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 погасать (dur of погаснуть).

погасить (-гашу, -гасит; pct of гасить) to put out. К счастью, нам удалось быстро погасить пожар. Fortunately, we were able to put out the fire quickly. — Погасите свечу. Put the candle out.

погаснуть (p -гас, -гасла, -о, -и; pct of гаснуть and погасать) to go out. У нас вчера во всём доме вдруг погас свет. Yesterday the lights went out suddenly in our house.

погашу See погасить.

погибать (dur of погибнуть) to die. Я здесь просто погибаю от скуки. I'm just dying of boredom here. □ В вас погибает большой комический актёр. You're wasting your talent; you should have been a comedian.

погибнуть (p -гиб, -гибла; pct of погибать) to die. Он погиб на фронте. He died at the front.

погладить (pct of гладить) to pet. Мой сын погладил собаку, а они его укусила. My son was petting the dog and she bit him. • to iron. У меня всё бельё уже поглажено. All my wash is already ironed. □ *Нас за это по головке не погладят! They won't thank us for it.

поглядеть (-гляжу, -глядит; pct of глядеть) to look. Поглядите, что они делают! Look at what they are doing! • to watch. (no dur) Вы идите в театр, а я погляжу за детьми. You go to the theater and I'll watch the children. • (no dur) Что-то тут не ладно, как я погляжу! It's my impression that something's not right here.

погляжу See поглядеть.

поговорить (pct) to talk. Вам нужно поговорить с директором. You'll have to talk to the manager. — Поговорили об этом дня два и забыли. They talked about it for about two days and then forgot about it.

поговорка saying. Это старая русская поговорка. It's an old Russian saying.

погода weather. Всю неделю стояла ужасная погода. The weather was terrible all week long. □ *Нельзя сидеть у моря и ждать погоды, надо действовать. Don't let grass grow under your feet. You've got to get out and do something.

погодить (pct) to wait. Погодите, он сейчас выйдет. Wait, he'll be out in a minute. □ погоди wait and see. Погоди, достанется тебе от отца! Wait and see, you're going to get it from your father! □ Позвоните немного погодя. Call a little later.

погожу See погодить.

поголовно without exception. В этом виноваты все поголовно. Everybody, without exception, is guilty.

пограничник frontier guard.

погреб (P -а, -ов) cellar.

погрозить (pct of грозить).

погрузка loading. Сколько человек вам понадобится для погрузки? How many men will you need for loading?

погубить (-гублю, -губит; pct of губить) to ruin. Молчите, вы всё дело погубите. Keep quiet — you'll ruin the whole thing.

погулять (pct) to take a walk. Пойдём погуляем. Let's go take a walk. □ Погуляли и будет, а теперь за дело! You've had your fun; let's get down to work now.

под (/with a and i/) under. Придётся поставить чемодан под кровать. You'll have to put the suitcase under the bed. — Ему под пятьдесят. He's just under fifty. — Эти вещи хранятся у меня под замком. I keep these things under lock and key. — Она уже несколько лет находится под наблюдением врача. She's been under a doctor's care for several years now. — Я служил под его командой. I served under his command. — Она всецело под его влиянием. She's entirely under his influence. — Он пишет под псевдонимом. He writes under a pen name. • below. Они жили раньше под нами. They used to live a floor below us. • underneath. Наденьте свитер под пальто. Put a sweater on underneath your overcoat. • near. В то время под Ленинградом шли бой. At that time they were fighting near Leningrad. • into. Этот участок отдан под огород. This empty lot was made into a vegetable garden. • towards. Я заснул только под утро. I only fell asleep towards morning. □ под гору downhill. Дальше дорога идёт под гору. The road goes downhill now. под дождём in the rain. Нам пришлось простоять целый час под дождём. We had to stand in the rain for an hour. □ У меня тут всё под рукой. I have everything handy here. • Мы с ним встретились под новый год. I met him New Year's Eve. • Что вы понимаете под этим термином? What does that term mean to you? • Он меня постриг под машинку. He used clippers on me. • Дайте, я возьму вас под руку. Let me take your arm. • Его за это отдали под суд. He was put on trial for it.

подавальщица waitress. Она была подавальщицей в столовой. She was a waitress in a lunchroom.

подавать (-даю, -даёт; imv -давай; pap -давая; dur of подать) to serve. Пожалуйста, подавайте поскорее, мы спешим на поезд. Will you serve us quickly please? We have to make a train. — У нас всегда подают чай в стаканах. We always serve tea in glasses. • to give. Он не подавал повода к такому подозрению. He gave no cause for suspicion. — Не надо было подавить ему напрасных надежд. You shouldn't have given him any false hopes. • to set. Он подаёт вам плохой пример. He sets a bad example for you. □ подавать вид to show. Только не подавайте виду, что вы об этом знаете. Be sure to show you know nothing about it. подавать надежды to show promise. (no pct). Этот скрипач подаёт надежды. This violinist shows promise. □ Он уже полгода не подаёт никаких признаков жизни. There wasn't any word from him for six months.

подавить (-давлю, -давит; pct of подавлять and подавливать).

-ся to choke. Я вчера за обедом чуть не подавился костью. Yesterday at dinner I almost choked on a bone.

подавливать (dur of подавить).

подавлять (dur of подавить).

подавно all the more reason. Если уж он это сделал, то вы и подавно сумеете. If he's done it, there's all the more reason why you should be able to. □ Вам тяжело это слушать, а ей и подавно. If you find it's hard to hear, think how much harder it is for her.

подам See подать.

подарить (pct of дарить) to give a present. Что бы мне ему подарить? I don't know what to give him for a present. • to make a present. Эту книгу мне подарил сам автор. The author himself made me a present of this book.

подарок (-рка) present. Я хочу сделать ему хороший по-


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iv. 21-

1. Increase, O Indra, this Kshatriya for me; make thou this man sole chief of the clans (víç); unman (nis-akṣ) all his enemies; make them subject to him in the contests for preeminence.

2. Portion thou this man in village, in horses, in kine; unportion that man who is his enemy; let this king be the summit of authorities (kṣatrá); O Indra, make every foe subject to him.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/358


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46

beloren lēofumæt þām lind-plegan, bearnum ond brōðrum;hīe on gebyrd hruron gāre *wunde;þæt wæs gēomuru ides. Nalles hōlingaHōces dohtor meotod-sceaft bemearn,syþðan morgen cōm, ðā hēo under sweglegesēon meahte morþor-bealo māga,þǣr hē[o] ǣr mǣste hēold worolde wynne.Wīg ealle fornam Finnes þegnas,nemne fēaum ānum, þæt hē ne mehteon þǣm meðel-stede wūg Hengestewiht gefeohtan, ne þā wēa-lāfewīge forþringan þēodnes ðegne;ac hig him geþingo budon, þæt hīe him ōðer fleteal gerȳmdon, healle ond hēah-setl,þæt hīe healfie geweald wið Eotena bearnāgan mōston, ond æt feoh-gyftumFolcwaldan sunu dōgra gehwylceDene weorþode, Hengestes hēaphringum wenede, efne swā swīðesinc-gestrēonum fǣttan goldes,swā hē Frēsena cyn on bēor-selebyldan wolde. Ðā hīe getrūwedonon twā healfa fæste frioðu-wǣre;Fin Hengeste elne unflitmeāðum *benemde, þæt hē þā wēa-lāfeweotena dōme ārum hēolde,þæt ðǣr ǣnig mon wordum ne worcumwǣre ne brǣpe, ne þurh inwit-searoǣfre gemǣnden, ðēah hīe hira bēag-gyfanbanan folgedon

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Author:Emily Jane Brontë/Index of Titles

 * The Absent One (From our evening fireside now)
 * All day I've toiled, but not with pain
 * All her tresses backward strayed
 * All hushed and still within the house
 * Alone I sat; the summer day
 * And first an hour of mournful musing
 * And like myself lone, wholly lone
 * And now the house-dog stretched once more
 * Anticipation (How beautiful the earth is still)
 * Aspin Castle (How do I love on summer night)
 * At Castle Wood (The day is done, the winter sun)
 * At such a time, in such a spot
 * Awake, awake! how loud the stormy morning
 * Aye—there it is! it wakes to-night

 * The battle had passed from the height
 * Bitterly, deeply I've drunk of thy woe
 * The Bluebell (The Bluebell is the sweetest flower)
 * The busy day has hurried by

 * * The Caged Bird (see "And like myself lone, wholly lone")
 * Child of delight, with sun-bright hair
 * * Claudia (see "Lines by Claudia")
 * Cold, clear, and blue the morning heaven
 * Come hither, child; who gifted thee
 * Come, walk with me
 * Companions all day long we've stood
 * Confidence (Oppressed with sin and woe)

 * Darkness was overtraced on every face
 * A Day Dream (On a sunny brae alone I lay)
 * Death (Death! that struck when I was most confiding)
 * A Death-Scene (O Day! he cannot die)
 * * The desert moor is dark (compare "Light up thy halls! 'Tis closing day")
 * Despondency (I have gone backward in the work)
 * Douglas Ride (Well narrower draw the circle round)

 * The Elder's Rebuke (Listen! When your hair, like mine)
 * Encouragement (I do not weep; I would not weep)
 * The evening sun was sinking down

 * Fair sinks the summer evening now
 * Faith and Despondency (The winter wind is loud and wild)
 * Fall, leaves, fall; die, flowers, away
 * Far, far is mirth withdrawn
 * * A fresh wind waves (compare "And first an hour of mournful musing")

 * Geraldine ('Twas night, her comrades gathered all)
 * Gleneden's Dream (Tell me, whether is it winter?)
 * * Go to the grave in youth's bare woe! (compare "Heaven's glory shone where he was laid")
 * Gods of the old mythology
 * Grave in the Ocean (Where beams the sun the brightest)

 * Had there been falsehood in my breast
 * Harp of wild and dream-like strain
 * * He smiles and sings (compare "Thy sun is near meridian height")
 * * The heart which cannot know another
 * Heaven's glory shone where he was laid
 * * Here am I standing lonely (compare "Now—but one moment—let me stay")
 * * Here with my knee upon thy stone (compare "O hinder me by no delay!")
 * High waving heather 'neath stormy blasts bending
 * His land may burst the galling chain
 * Honour's Martyr (The moon is full this winter night)
 * Hope (Hope was but a timid friend)
 * How Clear She Shines (How clear she shines! How quietly)
 * * How deep into the wilderness (compare "The night was dark, yet winter breathed")
 * How Edenlike seem palace walls
 * How long will you remain? The midnight hour
 * How still, how happy! These are words

 * I am the only being whose doom
 * I do not see myself again
 * * I gazed upon the cloudless moon (compare "Had there been falsehood in my breast")
 * I know not how it falls on me
 * * I know our souls are all divine (compare "At such a time, in such a spot")
 * I know that to-night the wind it is sighing
 * I saw thee, child, one summer day
 * I see around me piteous tombstones grey
 * I would have touched the heavenly key
 * If grief for grief can touch thee
 * I'll come when thou art saddest
 * I'm happiest now when most away
 * I'm standing in the forest now
 * In dungeons dark I cannot sing
 * In Memory of a Happy Day in February (Blessed be Thou for all the joy)
 * In the same place, when nature wore
 * It is too late to call thee now
 * Its faded buds already lie
 * It's over now; I've known it all
 * * It was a little budding rose (compare "On its bending stalk a bonny flower")
 * It was night, and on the mountains
 * * It was the autumn of the year
 * I've been wandering in the greenwoods

 * * Lady, watch Apollo's journey (compare "Cold, clear, and blue the morning heaven")
 * The Lady to Her Guitar (For him who struck thy foreign string)
 * Ladybird! ladybird! fly away home
 * Last Words (I knew not 'twas so dire a crime)
 * Light up thy halls! 'Tis closing day
 * Lines (Far away is the land of rest)
 * Lines (I die, but when the grave shall press)
 * Lines (The soft unclouded blue of air)
 * Lines by Claudia (I did not sleep; 'twas noon of day)
 * A little while, a little while
 * Loud without the wind was roaring (posthumous)
 * Loud without the wind was roaring (unpublished)
 * Love and Friendship (Love is like the wild rose-brier)

 * May flowers are opening
 * Mild the mist upon the hill
 * Month after month, year after year
 * * The Moors (compare "Loud without the wind was roaring")
 * My ancient ship upon my ancient sea
 * My Comforter (Well hast thou spoken, and yet not taught)
 * My Lady's Grave same as "Song" (The linnet in the rocky dells)

 * * Never (see "That Word 'Never'")
 * The night is darkening round me
 * The night of storms has past
 * The night was dark, yet winter breathed
 * The Night-Wind (In summer's mellow midnight)
 * No coward soul is mine
 * None of my kindred now can tell
 * Now—but one moment—let me stay
 * Now trust a heart that trusts in you

 * O dream, where art thou now?
 * O God of heaven! The dream of horror
 * O hinder me by no delay!
 * * O innocence, that cannot live (compare "In the same place, when nature wore")
 * O might my footsteps find a rest!
 * O mother! I am not regretting
 * O wander not so far away!
 * Oh, all the cares these noontide airs
 * The old church tower and garden wall
 * The Old Stoic (Riches I hold in light esteem)
 * On its bending stalk a bonny flower
 * On the Fall of Zalona (All blue and bright in golden light)
 * * One pause upon the brink of life
 * The organ swells, the trumpets sound
 * * The Outcast Mother

 * The Philosopher (Enough of thought, philosopher!)
 * Plead for Me (Oh, thy bright eyes must answer now)
 * A Prayer (My God! O let me call Thee mine!)
 * The Prisoner (In the dungeon-crypts idly did I stray)

 * Redbreast, early in the morning
 * Remembrance (Cold in the earth—and the deep snow piled above thee)
 * Retirement (O let me be alone awhile!)
 * Roderic (Lie down and rest, the fight is done)
 * Rosina (Weeks of wild delirium past)
 * Rosina, this had never been

 * Self-Interrogation (The evening passes fast away)
 * A Serenade (Thy Guardians are asleep)
 * Shall earth no more inspire thee
 * She dried her tears and they did smile
 * Shed no tears o'er that tomb
 * * The Signal Light (see 1. "The Visionary" 2. "The Prisoner")
 * * Silent he sat. That stormy breast (compare "Lines")
 * Sleep brings no joy to me
 * Sleep, mourner, sleep! I cannot sleep
 * Sleep not, dream not; this bright day
 * Song (Geraldine, the moon is shining)
 * Song (King Julius left the south country)
 * Song (The linnet in the rocky dells)
 * Song (Lord of Elbe, on Elbe hill)
 * Song (O between distress and pleasure)
 * Song (This shall be thy lullaby)
 * Song (What rider up Gobeloin's glen)
 * Stanzas (I'll not weep that thou art going to leave me)
 * Stanzas (Often rebuked, yet always back returning)
 * Stanzas To—— (Well, some may hate, and some may scorn)
 * The starry night shall tidings bring
 * Stars (Ah! why, because the dazzling sun)
 * Start not! upon the minster wall
 * Still beside that dreary water
 * The sun has set, and the long grass now
 * Strong I stand, though I have borne
 * A sudden chasm of ghastly light
 * The sunshine of a summer sun
 * Sympathy (There should be no despair for you)

 * Tell me, tell me, smiling child
 * That dreary lake, that moonlight sky
 * That wind, I used to hear it swelling
 * That Word 'Never' (Not many years but long enough to see)
 * There let thy bleeding branch atone
 * There swept adown that dreary glen
 * There was a time when my cheek burned
 * There's something in this glorious hour
 * This summer wind with thee and me
 * A thousand sounds of happiness
 * Through the hours of yesternight
 * Thy sun is near meridian height
 * 'Tis moonlight, summer moonlight
 * To a Bluebell (Sacred watcher, wave thy bells!)
 * To a Wreath of Snow (O transient voyager of heaven!)
 * To Imagination (When weary with the long day's care)
 * To the Horse Black Eagle that I rode at the Battle of Zamorna (Swart steed of night, thou hast charged thy last)
 * * 'Twas just the time of eve (compare "The night of storms has past")
 * 'Twas one of those dark, cloudy days
 * 'Twas yesterday at early dawn
 * The Two Children (Heavy hangs the rain-drop)

 * * Upon her soothing breast (compare "Heaven's glory shone where he was laid")

 * The Visionary (Silent is the house: all are laid asleep)

 * The Wanderer from the Fold (How few, of all the hearts that loved)
 * Warning and Reply (In the earth—the earth—thou shalt be laid)
 * Weaned from life and flown away
 * Were they shepherds, who sat all day
 * What winter floods, what streams of spring
 * When days of beauty deck the vale
 * Where were ye all? and where wert thou?
 * * Why ask to know what date, what clime?
 * Why do I hate that lone green dell?
 * The wind I hear it sighing
 * The wind was rough which tore

 * Yes, holy be thy resting-place
 * Yet o'er his face a solemn light


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189 3. Let this man be riches-lord of riches; let this king be people-lord of people; in him, O Indra, put great splendors; destitute of splendor make thou his foe.

4. For him, O heaven-and-earth, milk ye much that is pleasant (vāmá), like two milch kine that yield the hot-draught (gharmá-); may this king be dear to Indra, dear to kine, herbs, cattle.

5. I join to thee Indra who gives superiority (? utttarā́vant), by whom men conquer, are not conquered; who shall make thee sole chief of people (jána), also uppermost of kings descended from Manu.

6. Superior [art] thou, inferior thy rivals, whosoever, O king, are thine opposing foes; sole chief, having Indra as companion, having conquered, bring thou in the enjoyments (bhójana) of them that play the foe.

7. Of lion-aspect, do thou devour (ad) all the clans (viç); of tiger-aspect, do thou beat down the foes; sole chief, having Indra as companion, having conquered, seize thou on (ā-khid) the enjoyments of them that play the foe.

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Rh and more clear that too much care could not be taken to prevent the object of the visit being known to the warriors. An expedition had been sent down once before, but news of its intentions had reached the Agency in time for the culprit to escape. He could not refrain, even after this warning, from openly vaunting his crime.

In order then to deceive as to the purport of their appearance at the Agency, the captain in command resorted to a ruse. He sent fifty men to the camp ten miles away to make inquiries for three Indians who had murdered citizens on the Red River the year before. Colonel Custer was ordered to take five picked men and go to the trader's store, where the Indians resort constantly. This required great coolness and extreme patience, for they had to lounge about, seemingly indifferent, until they could be certain the right man was discovered. The cold made the Indians draw their blankets around them and over their heads. There is never any individuality about their dress unless when arrayed for a council or a dance; it was therefore almost impossible to tell one from the other.

Colonel Tom had to wait for hours, only looking furtively when the sharp eyes of these wary creatures were off guard. At last one of them loosened his blanket, and with the meagre description that had been given him, Colonel Tom identified him as Rain-in-the-face. Coming suddenly from behind, he threw his arms about him, and seized the Winchester rifle that the savage attempted to cock. He was taken entirely by surprise. No fear showed itself, but from the characteristically

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text: United States Statutes at Large/Volume 1/4th Congress/2nd Session/Chapter 20


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206 stolid face hate and revenge flashed out for an instant. He drew himself up in an independent manner, to show his brother warriors that he did not dread death.

Among them he had been considered brave beyond precedent, because he had dared to enter the Agency store at all, and so encounter the risk of arrest. The soldiers tied his hands and mounted guard over him. About thirty Indians surrounded them instantly, and one old orator commenced an harangue to the others, inciting them to recapture their brother. Breathless excitement prevailed. At that moment the captain in command appeared in their midst. With the same coolness he had shown in the war and during the six years of his Indian campaigns, he spoke to them, through an interpreter. With prudence and tact he explained that they intended to give the prisoner exactly the treatment a white man would receive under like circumstances; that nothing would induce them to give him up; and the better plan, to save bloodshed, would be for the chiefs to withdraw and take with them their followers. Seeing that they could accomplish nothing by intimidation or by superior numbers, they had recourse to parley and proposed to compromise. They offered as a sacrifice two Indians of the tribe in exchange for Rain-in-the-face.

It was generosity like that of Artemus Ward, who offered his wife's relatives on the altar of his country, for they took care not to offer for sacrifice any but Indians of low rank. Rain-in-the-face was a very distinguished warrior among them, and belonged to a family of six brothers, one of whom, Iron Horse, was

title: Page:Boots and Saddles.djvu/219


text: United States Statutes at Large/Volume 6/4th Congress/2nd Session/Chapter 21


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"The book should be carefully read by all those whose duties under Mr. Cross's recent Bill are just now commencing."—Medical Times.

"We offer her our hearty commendation, and we trust that her little book will have a wide sale. It is not less interesting than instructive."—Builder. "There are few who have so good a right to be heard on the matter as the author of this volume. She has not only thought long and deeply on the problem to be solved, but she has worked nobly to aid in its solution. . . . We know nothing in literature of this kind more touching than the simple, unaffected tale of her struggles, disappointments, and triumphs. There is not a word of mere sentimentalism in any one of her papers; she is clear, practical, and definite."—Globe. "Miss Octavia Hill has grappled successfully with one of the most difficult and disheartening of our social problems."—Nonconformist.


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 lowest class, partly because they come in like a rate in aid of wages, not so regular as that of the old poor-law, yet still appreciable—partly because they tempt large numbers who might raise themselves to hang on to low callings, and make competition fiercer in them and the chance of absolute want greater. The street-sellers and low class desultory workers usually remain what they are by choice; a little self-control would raise them into the ranks of those who are really wanted, and who have made their way from the brink of pauperism to a securer place, and one where they are under better influences. Above all is this true of the children. A little self-control would enable the daughters of most of these people to rise into the class of domestic servants; and their sons, instead of remaining street-sellers, would soon learn a trade or go to sea if they cared to do regular work. We are largely helping, by our foolish gifts, to, keep them herded together in crowded, dirty,


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 badly-built rooms, among scenes of pauperism, crime, and vice. And we each of us think it is only the two shillings and sixpence, only the shilling for this or that perfectly justifiable object we have given. I have sometimes wanted to move some widow and her children to the North, where the children would learn a trade and support themselves well, where the woman would find much more work at washing and charring, and where the family would have a cottage healthy and spacious, instead of the one close room. The widow has been a little fearful of making so important a step. If the guardians, if the clergy, if, above all, the visitors, have let the need of work teach its own natural lesson, that family has removed and has been happy and independent. I have now several such well established in the North. But if the various donors have broken in with their miserable pittances of fixed or desultory relief, the family, in poverty and uncertainty of income, have dragged on here in London. In


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 nearly every case requiring help there is some such step of self-help which ought to be taken by the family itself, or some member of it; some girl ought to go to service, some boy to get a place, some member of the family to begin learning a trade, some cheaper lodging to be found. Depend on it, you cannot wisely help a family, you cannot tell whether help at all is needed, till the circumstances and character of each member has been well investigated. Lay this to heart as a fact—I am certain of it. Let it be with any of you who desire to do good a strict rule to yourselves to have the case of every family you want to help thoroughly scrutinised. If you can make up your mind not to give anything pending the receipt of a report, so much the better. But if you can't (I think you soon will), at any rate never give a sixpence without sending for a report on the case; it will guide your future action in that and other instances. It is not much I ask of you. The Charity


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"She examines the question patiently and thoroughly, and her book contains much information, and will be useful as a text-book to those who are desirous to use their abilities to the best advantage in the wide and difficult field of philanthropy."—Athenæum.

"We recommend Miss Stephen's book to all who are thinking of entering sisterhoods, and still more to all who are engaged in the conduct of them. They will find in it much that deserves consideration, much from which, if they will honestly apply it, they cannot fail to derive profit."—Saturday Review.

"There are few who have so good a right to be heard on the matter as the author of this volume. She has not only thought long and deeply on the problem to be solved, but has worked nobly to aid in its solution. . . . We know nothing in literature of this kind more touching than the simple, unaffected tale of her struggles, disappointments, and triumphs. There is not a word of mere sentimentalism in any one of her papers ; she is clear, practical, and definite."—Globe.


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 is just now questioning itself as to whether investigation, organisation, deliberate and experienced decision, which it feels to be essential if wise relief is to be secured, are, or are not, compatible with gentle and kindly relief; whether charity can be fully of the heart, if it is also of the head. If so, how are you to get the full strength of head and heart. If this is impossible, what in the world you are to do, for you cannot give up either. You ask practically, I fancy, when you invite me here, what I think on these points.

I answer, then, emphatically and decidedly, that my experience confirms me entirely in the belief that charity loses nothing of its lovingness by being entirely wise. Now it cannot be wise without full knowledge of the circumstances of those to be dealt with—hence the necessity of investigation; it cannot come to satisfactory conclusions on those facts unless it employs the help of experienced men hence the need of a committee for decision; it will


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 not be gracious and gentle, nor fully enter into individual needs, unless it secures the assistance of a good body of visitors. I do not wish to draw your attention to any special form of organisation, but I believe you will find, the more you think of it, that some form is needed, and that whatever it be, it will have to secure those three as essentials—good investigation, decision by a wise committee, and the help of a staff of visitors.

I shall say nothing further on the first head, Investigation, except that I consider it is done best by a good paid officer. A great deal of the preliminary work is quickly and well done by an experienced person, which it would be difficult for a volunteer to do; neither is it a sort of work which it is worth while for a volunteer to undertake. I refer to verifying statements as to residence, earnings, employment, visiting references, and employers. The finishing touches of investigation, the little personal facts, the desires and hopes, and to a certain extent


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206 succeeding generations. It will give a share in his country to be inherited by the poorest citizen. It will be a link between the many and through the ages, binding with holy happy recollections those who together have entered into the joys its beauty gives—men and women of different natures, different histories, and different anticipations—into one solemn joyful fellowship, which neither time nor outward change can destroy—as people are bound together by any common memory, or common cause, or common hope.


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58 Society in every district in London will do the work for you free of charge. I am afraid I cannot yet promise you that it will always advise you as to efficient treatment; some of the committees could, and all that could would. But it is even more difficult to advise as to suitable treatment than to investigate a case, and it is not easy to find members for thirty-eight committees yet who know very much of the subject. But every Charity Organisation Committee will know far more than inexperienced visitors, and I should strongly advise all visitors to consult the Committee about families in their district apparently needing relief.

I hope you will notice that I have dwelt on the need of restraining yourselves from almsgiving on the sole ground that such restraint is the only true mercy to the poor themselves. I have no desire to protect the purses of the rich, no hard feeling to the poor. I am thinking continually and only of what is really


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164 'Why did I doubt? In God's control

Our mutual fates remain,

And pure as now, my Angel's soul

Must go to heaven again.'

The revellers in the city slept,

My lady in her woodland bed;

I watching o'er her slumber wept,

As one who mourns the dead.


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Rh 'Why sank so soon the summer sun

From our Zedona's skies?

I was not tired, my darling one,

Of gazing in thine eyes.

'Methought the heaven, whence thou hast come,

Was lingering there awhile;

And earth seemed such an alien home

They did not dare to smile.

'Methought each moment, something strange

Within their circles shone,

And yet, through every magic change,

They were my darling's own.

'Methought—what thought I not, sweet love?

My whole heart centred there;

I breathed not but to send above

One gush of ardent prayer.

'Bless it! My gracious God!' I cried.

'Preserve Thy mortal shrine,

For Thine own sake, be Thou its guide,

And keep it still divine—

'Say, sin shall never blanch that cheek,

Nor suffering change that brow.

Speak, in Thy mercy, Maker, speak,

And seal it safe from woe.


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 дарок. I'd like to make him a nice present. • gift. Это я вам в подарок принёс. I mean it as a gift.

подать (-дам, -даст, §27; imv -дай; подал, подала, подало, -и; подался, -лась, лось, -лнсь; ppp поданный, sh F -дана; pct of подавать) to serve. В котором часу подать вам завтрак? What time do you want breakfast served? — Обед подан, пожалуйте к столу. Dinner is served; come on in, please. • to give. Вы подали хорошую мысль. You gave us a good idea. □ подать в суд to take to court. Он грозится, что подаст на них в суд. He's threatening that he'll take them to court. подать мяч to serve a ball. Я подал бы мяч лучше, если бы у меня была лучшая ракетка. I'd serve the ball better if I had a better racket. подать руку to shake hands. После этого я ему руки больше не подам. After that, I couldn't even shake hands with him. □ Подайте ему пальто. Help him on with his coat. • Лошади поданы! The carriage is ready.

подберу See подобрать.

подбирать (dur of подобрать) to pick up. Не подбирайте яблок с земли. Don't pick these apples up from the ground.

подбородок (-дка) chin.

подвал basement.

подведу See подвести.

подвезти (-везу, -везёт; p -вёз, -везла, -о, -и; pct of подвозить) to bring up. К счастью, провизию подвезли во-время. Fortunately the food supplies were brought up on time. • to give a lift. Садитесь, подвезу. Get in; I'll give you a lift.

подвёл See подвести.

подвергать (dur of подвергнуть) to expose. Я не хочу вас подвергать опасности. I don't want to expose you to danger. □ Охота вам подвергать себя насмешкам! I can't understand why you want to be the butt of every joke.

подвергнуть (p -верг, -всргла; pct of подвергать). □ подвергнуть критике to criticize. Его поведение было подвергнуто суровой критике. His conduct was severely criticized.

подвести (-веду, -дёт; p -вёл, -вела, -о, и; pap -ведший; pct of подводить) to lead up. Лошадей подвели к крыльцу. The horses were led up to the stoop. • to place under. Хорошо бы под этот дом подвести каменный фундамент. It would be a good idea to place a stone foundation under this house. • to let down. Надеюсь, что он нас не подведёт. I hope he won't let us down. • to put on the spot. Вы меня очень подвели своим замечанием. You put me on the spot with your remark. □ подвести итог to add up. Вы уже подвели итог вашим расходам? Did you add up your expenses? подвести итоги to take stock. Завтра мы закончим работу и сможем подвести итоги. Tomorrow we'll finish the job and we'll be able to take stock. □ Железную дорогу подведут к нашему городу? Will the railroad run to our city? • Я не знаю, под какую категорию его подвести. I don't know how to type him. • *У меня от голода животики подвело, I feel faint from hunger.

подвиг great deed. Мы никогда не забудем подвигов нашей армии. We'll never forget the great deeds of our Army. □ Выйти в такую погоду — просто подвиг с вашей стороны. You have a lot of courage to go out in such weather.

подвигать (dur of подвинуть).

-ся. □ Ну, как подвигается ваша работа? Well, how's your work coming along?

подвинуть (pct of подвигать) to move. Подвиньте стол поближе к дивану. Move the table closer to the couch.

-ся to move over. (no dur) Подвиньтесь-ка, гражданка, дайте мне тоже место. Will you move over, miss, and make room for me.

подвода horse and wagon. Наймите подводу для перевозки мебели. Hire a horse and wagon to move the furniture.

подводить (-вожу, -водит; dur of подвести) to bring to. Не подводите ребёнка к окну. Don't bring the child to the window. • to let down. Разве я вас когда-нибудь подводил? When did I ever let you down? □ Она слишком сильно подводит глаза. She uses too much eye-shadow.

подвожу See подводить.

подвоз supply. Сегодня на базаре был плохой подвоз овощей. There was a poor supply of vegetables on the market today.

подвозить (-вожу, -волит; dur of подвезти).

подвязка garter.

подготавливать (dur of подготовить).

подготовить (pct of подготавливать and подготовлять) to prepare. (no dur) Вы считаете, что ваш мальчик хорошо подготовлен к экзамену? Do you think your boy is well prepared for the exam? • to get together. Подготовьте материал и садитесь за работу. Get your material together and get down to work. □ Её надо подготовить к этому известию. You have to break the news to her gently.

подготовлять (dur of подготовить).

поддавать (dur of поддать).

подданная (AF/ppp of поддать/) subject. Она голландская подданная. She's a Dutch subject.

подданный (AM/ppp of поддать/). □ британский подданный British subject.

подданство citizenship, nationality.

поддать (/pct of поддавать/) to add.

подделка imitation. Это настоящий персидский ковёр или подделка? Is this a genuine Persian rug or just an imitation? • forging. Он сидит за подделку документов. He's in prison for forging documents.

поддержать (-держу, -держит; pct of поддерживать) to hold up. Поддержите его, а то он упадёт. Hold him up or else he'll fall. • to support. Он поддержал моё предложение. He supported my proposal. — Весь цех поддержал её кандидатуру. The entire shop supported her candidacy. • to maintain. Он это сделал, чтобы поддержать свой престиж. He did it to maintain his prestige. □ Идёмте с нами, поддержите компанию. Be a good sport; come along with us.

поддерживать (dur of поддержать) to support. Она поддерживает своих родителей. She supports her parents. • to keep. Он здесь поддерживает порядок. He keeps things in order here. • to keep going. Мне ужасно трудно было поддерживать этот разговор. It was very difficult for me to keep this conversation going. □ Мы поддерживаем с ним знакомство. We see him every so often.

поддержка support. Он их единственная поддержка. He's


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 ber of relatives, where not only their genera, but also the things themselves are predicated with reference to something, and are referred to one and the same thing; thus appetite is the appetite of something, and desire the desire of something, the double also is the double of something, and the double of the half. Those also whose essence is not really amongst relatives, but in short, of which there are habits or passions, or some such thing manifested in their definition which are predicated of these. Thus, the odd is a number having a middle, but there is an odd number, wherefore there is a number number having a middle, and if is a concavity of nose, but there is a concave nose, there is then nose nose concave.

They seem to produce (trifling) sometimes which really do not produce it, because the inquiry is not added, whether the double enunciated by itself signifies something or nothing, and if it signifies any thing whether it signifies the same, or something else, but the conclusion is immediately adduced; yet from the name being the same, there seems to be the same thing and the same signification.

Chapter 14
is what we have declared before; sometimes, however, it is possible to produce this, and not producing to seem to do so, and producing it, not to appear to, as Protagoras said, if and, are of the masculine gender:  for he who says , commits a solecism according to him, but to others does not seem to, but he who says , seems to solecize but does not. Hence it is clear that a certain art can produce this; wherefore many arguments which do not infer a solecism, seem to infer it as in the elenchi.

Almost all apparent solecisms, indeed, are from


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 their sole support. — Мой план нашёл у него полную поддержку. My plan got his wholehearted support.

подежурить (pct). □ Вы можете пойти, я за вас подежурю сегодня вечером. You can go. I'll take over your duty for tonight.

подействовать (pct of действовать) to have an effect. Это лечение прекрасно на меня подействовало. This treatment had a wonderful effect on me. • to use one's influence. Постарайтесь хоть вы на него подействовать, чтобы он приходил во-время. Maybe you can use your influence and make him come on time.

поделать (pct). □ Ничегчо не поделаешь, придётся потесниться. It just can't be helped; we'll have to crowd ourselves to make room for others.

поделить (-делю, -делит; ppp -делённый; pct) to divide. Поделите эти деньги между собой. Divide this money among you.

-ся to share. Он всегда готов поделиться последней копейкой. He'll share his last penny with you. — Я пришла поделиться с вами своей радостью. I came to share my good news with you.

поделывать (dur). □ Давно вас не видел, что поделываете? I haven't seen you in a long time. How're you getting along?

подённый. □ подённо by the day. Мне платят подённо. I'm paid by the day.

подержанный (ppp of подержать) secondhand. Хотите купить подержанный велосипед? Do you want to buy a secondhand bicycle?

подержать (-держу, -держит; pct) to hold. Подержите минутку мой пакет. Will you please hold my package a minute?

поджаривать (dur of поджарить).

поджарить (pct of поджаривать) to fry. Поджарить вам картошки? Should I fry some potatoes for you?

подземный underground. Здесь был подземный ход. There was an underground passage here.

подирать (dur of подрать).

подкладка lining. Он купал пальто на шёлковой подкладке. He bought a topcoat with a silk lining. □ Теперь мне ясна вся подкладка этого дела. Now I understand what's behind this affair.

подкова horseshoe.

подле (See also около) near, next to. Он стоял подле меня. He was standing next to me.

подлежать (-жу, -жит; dur) to be subject to. Это не подлежит обложению пошлиной. This is not subject to duty. □ Эти сведения ещё не подлежат огласке. So far this news is not for publication. • Это не подлежит никакому сомнению. There's no doubt about it.

подлец (-a) rascal.

подливка gravy.

подлинник original. Покажите мне подлинник этого документа. Show me the original of this document.

подлый (sh подл, -дла) low. Он просто подлый человек. He's just a low person. □ подло mean. Они с нами подло поступили. They did a mean thing to us.

подмёл See подмести.

подмести (-мету, метёт; p -мёл, -мела,; pap -мётший; pct of подметать) to sweep. Не забудьте подмести перед уходом. Don't forget to sweep before you leave.

подметать (dur of подмести) to sweep. Кто сегодня будет подметать пол? Who'll sweep the floor today?

подмётка sole. Сделайте мне подмётки и набойки. Put new soles and heels on my shoes. □ *Он ей и в подмётки не годится. He's not fit to lick her boots.

подмету See подмести.

подмышка. □ подмышкой under one's arm. Он всегда ходит с большим портфелем подмышкой. He always carries a large briefcase under his arm.

поднимать (dur of поднять) to lift. Ему нельзя поднимать тяжести. He mustn't lift anything heavy. • to arouse. Соревнование, несомненно, поднимает интерес к работе. Competition undoubtedly arouses interest in work. — Нечего было поднимать весь дом на ноги из-за такого пустяка. There was no sense in arousing everybody in the house over such a trifle. □ Не поднимайте скандала по пустякам! Don't make a fuss over such a trifle.

-ся to go up. Ему будет очень трудно подниматься по лестнице. It'll be very hard for him to go upstairs. • to come up. В этом году у нас в огороде всё прекрасно поднимается. Everything is coming up beautifully in our vegetable garden this year. — Кажется, поднимается метель. It looks as if a snowstorm is coming up. • to be rising. Барометр поднимается. The barometer is rising. □ У него рука не поднимается подписать этот приказ. He just can't sign this order.

подниму See поднять.

поднимусь See подняться.

подножка running board. Я вскочил на подножку трамвая. I jumped on the running board of the trolley.

поднос tray.

поднять (подниму, поднимет; p поднял, подняла, подняло, -и; поднялся, поднялись, -лось, -лись; ppp поднятый, sh F -нята; pct of поднимать) to lift. Я не могу поднять этого один. I can't lift it by myself. • to pick up. Помогите-ка мне поднять этот ящик. Will you help me pick this box up. • to raise. Они подняли американский флаг. They raised the American flag. — Кто из вас поднял этот вопрос? Which one of you raised this question? • to get someone up. Меня сегодня подняли спозаранку. They got me up very early today. • to boost. Своими шутками он поднял упавшее было настроение. He boosted everybody's spirits with his jokes. □ поднять на смех to make fun of. Его подняли на смех. They made fun of him. поднять шум to raise a howl. Газеты подняли шум вокруг этого дела. The newspapers raised a howl about it. □ Ваша задача поднять их активность. Your task is to make them more active.

-ся to rise. Он поднялся со стула. He rose from his chair. — Уровень воды сильно поднялся. The water level rose sharply. — Тесто уже поднялось. The dough had already risen. — Поднялся ветер. The wind rose. — Все, как один, поднялись на защиту родины. They rose as one in defense of their country. — У нас поднялось настроение. Our spirits rose. • to get up. Я сегодня поднялся раньше обычного. I got up earlier than usual today. • to go up.


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 hoc, and when the case signifies neither male nor female, but what is between, for hic signifies the masculine, hæc the feminine, and hoc, indeed, ought to signify what is between, but frequently signifies either of these, as, for instance; "What is this?" "Calliope," "wood," "Coriscus." All the cases then of the masculine and feminine differ, but of what is between, some do, and others do not; frequently, therefore, when "hoc" is given, they syllogize as if "hunc" were said, and in like manner take one case for another. Now a paralogism is produced, because "hoc" is common to many cases, for "hoc" at one time signifies "hic," and at another time "hunc;" it is requisite, however, that it should signify alternately with the verb "est," "hic," but with "esse," "hunc," for instance, "est Coriscus," "esse Coriscum." Also in like manner with feminine nouns, and with those which are called, (furniture,) but which have a feminine or masculine inflection, for whatever end in and , have alone the inflection of  as , wood, , a rope, but those which are not thus, (have the inflexion) of the masculine or feminine, some of which we refer to , as , a bladder, is a masculine noun, but , a bed, is feminine; wherefore, likewise, in such things also, "est" and "esse" will produce a difference. In a certain respect too, a solecism is similar to those so called elenchi, from things not similar being similarly assumed, for as in them in things, so in these a solecism is committed in words, for "man" and "white" are both things and words.

It is evident, then, that we must endeavour to infer a solecism from the cases enumerated.

Such, then, are the species of contentious arguments, and the parts of the species and the modes


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 separately, and what in a sentence are not the same. For the hollow in common, signifies the same thing in a flat nose and a crooked leg, but when added, nothing prevents (its signifying a different thing), but the one signifies (what happens) to the nose, and the other to the leg, for there it signifies a flat nose, but here a crooked leg, and it makes no difference to say a flat nose or a hollow nose. Moreover, we must not grant diction in a direct (case), for it is false, since is not a hollow nose, but this is an affection, as it were, of the nose, so that there is no absurdity, if a flat nose be a nose having a hollowness of nose.

Chapter 32
solecisms, indeed, whence they appear to happen we have shown before, but how we must solve them will be evident in the arguments themselves. For all these aim at constructing hoc; Is what you say truly this thing truly, but you say that something is a stone, something then is a stone. Or is to say a stone, not to say "quod" but "quem," not "hoc" but "hunc," if then some one should ask; Num quem vere dicis est hunc? he would not seem to speak conformably to the Latin language, as neither if he should say; Num quam dicis esse, est hic? but when he says wood, or whatever signifies neither the feminine nor the masculine, it makes no difference. Wherefore, a solecism does not arise, if what you say is, be "hoc," but you say that wood is, this therefore is wood: a "stone," however, and "hic," have the appellation of the masculine. If, indeed, some one should inquire is he, she? and again, what? (quid)? Is not he Coriscus? and then should say, he therefore is she, he does not syllogistically collect a solecism, not even if Coriscus signify, what she


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 у него опять поднялась температура. His temperature went up again. • to climb. Мы поднялись на гору. We climbed up the mountain. □ Она уже поднялась с постели. She's already out of bed.

подо (for под before some clusters, §31) below. Она живёт подо мной. She lives on the floor below. • under. Он упал и скрылся подо льдом. He fell in and disappeared under the ice.

подобный similar. Нечто подобное случилось с одним моим приятелем. A similar thing happened to a friend of mine. • like. Видели вы что-нибудь подобное? Have you ever seen anything like it? □ и тому подобное (и.т.п.) and the like. Мне прислали из дому варенье, печенье и тому подобное. They sent me some jam, cookies, and the like from home. □ Ничего подобного! Nothing of the kind!

подобрать (подберу, -рёт; p -подобрала; -брался, -бралась, -лось, -лись; ppp подобранный, sh F -брана; pct of подбирать) to pick up. Санитары быстро подобрали раненых. The medical corpsmen promptly picked up the wounded. • to gather up. Она подобрала волосы под платок. She gathered her hair up under her kerchief. • to match. Я никак не могу подобрать галстук к этому костюму. I just can't find a necktie to match this suit. • to select. Она подобрала подходящих людей для этой работы. She selected a number of suitable people for this work. □ Постарайтесь подобрать ключ к этому замку. Try to find a key to fit this lock.

подождать (-жду, -ждёт; p -ждала; pct of ждать) to wait. Подождите меня. Wait for me. — Подождите! Тут, кажется, какое-то недоразумение. Wait, there seems to be some kind of misunderstanding here.

подозревать (-ваю, -вает; dur) to suspect. Я его ни в чём дурном не подозреваю. I don't suspect him of anything bad. — Я и не подозревал, что вы так хорошо говорите по-английски. I didn't suspect that you speak English so well.

подозрение suspicion. Он арестован по подозрению в краже. He's held under suspicion of robbery. — Это ни на чём не основанное подозрение. It's an unwarranted suspicion.

подойду See подойти.

подойти (-йду, -идёт; p -шёл, -шла, -о, -и; pap -шедший; pct of подходить) to come near. Он подошёл к окну. He came near the window. • to approach. Мы подошли к границе пешком. We approached the border on foot. — К этому вопросу надо подойти серьёзно. This matter has to be approached seriously.

подоконник window sill.

подоплёка ins and outs. Он-то знает всю подоплёку этого дела. He certainly knows all the ins and outs of this affair.

подошва sole. Я купил башмаки на толстой подошве. I bought a pair of shoes with thick soles. — У меня мозоль на подошве. I have a corn on the sole of my foot. □ подошва горы foot of a mountain. □ Это жаркое жёсткое, как подошва. This roast is as tough as shoe leather.

подошёл See подойти.

подписать (-пишу, -пишет; pct of подписывать) to sign. Подпишите эту бумагу. Sign this paper. — Мы уже подписали контракт. We already signed the contract.

-ся to sign. Где мне подписаться? Where do I sign? • to subscribe. Я хочу подписаться на этот журнал. I want to subscribe to this magazine.

подписка subscription. Bee почтовые отделения принимают подписку на газеты и журналы. All post-office branches take magazine and newspaper subscriptions. □ Подписка на заём проходит успешно. The loan is being well subscribed. • Ко дню его рождения мы собрали по подписке ему на подарок. We all chipped in for his birthday present.

подписывать (dur of подписать) to sign. Я никогда ничего не подписываю, не читая. I never sign anything without reading it first.

-ся to sign. Вы подписываетесь полным именем? Do you sign your full name? • to endorse. Я охотно подписываюсь под этим заявлением. I endorse this statement wholeheartedly.

подпись (P -си, -сёй F) signature. Это ваша подпись? Is this your signature? — Это распоряжение пошло к заведующему на подпись. This directive was sent to the manager for signature.

подпишу See подписать.

подпишусь See подписаться.

подполье (gp -льев) cellar. Мы спрятали оружие в подполье. We hid the weapons in the cellar. • underground. Во время оккупации он работал в подполье. During the occupation he was active in the underground.

подражать (dur) to imitate. Не подражайте ему. Don't imitate him. • to copy. Они подражают нашим методам. They copy our methods. • to ape. Она во всём подражает старшей сестре. She apes her sister in everything.

подразумевать (-ваю, -вает; dur) to mean. Что вы, собственно, под этим подразумеваете? Just what do you mean by that?

подрать (-деру, -дерёт; p -драла; -дрался, -дралась, -дралось, -дрались; pct of подирать; refl is pct of драться /refl of драть/).

подробность (F) detail. Не вдавайтесь в излишние подробности. Don't go into unnecessary details. □ Мы обсуждали вопрос во всех подробностях. We discussed the question at great length.

подробный detailed. Он дал подробный отчёт о своей поездке. He gave a detailed report of his trip. □ подробнее in more detail. В следующий раз напишу подробнее. I'll write you about it in more detail later. подробно in detail. Он вам об этом расскажет подробно. He'll tell you about it in detail.

подруга friend. Она лучшая подруга моей сестры. She's my sister's best friend. • mate. Мы с ней школьные подруги. We were schoolmates. □ Она всю жизнь была ему верной подругой. She was a good wife to him.

подружиться (pct of дружиться) to become friends. (no dur) Мы с ним очень подружились. We became great friends.

подряд (/cf ряд/) in a row. Я ему сказал это три раза подряд, авось запомнит. I told him that three times in a row; I hope he'll remember it. □ несколько дней подряд for several days running. Несколько дней подряд я старался достать билеты в оперу. For several days running I've been trying to get tickets to the opera.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Pastor

PASTOR (Lat., shepherd; so called because frequently seen near flocks of sheep). The popular, as well as the generic name of certain birds of the starling family (Sturnidæ). They differ from starlings in the compressed and slightly curved bill. In habits, as in structure and food, the groups are very similar. (See .) They are confined to the Old World, and especially to the Orient, though one species, the rose-colored pastor, or rose-starling (Pastor roseus), glossy black, with pink back and abdomen, is occasionally seen (sometimes in vast flocks) about the Mediterranean. It is not only a very handsome bird, but is very useful, especially where locusts occur, as the pastors eat the young locusts greedily, and are for this reason sometimes called ‘locust-birds’ (q.v.). In India the species is numerous and familiar, and is included with the mynas. See Plate of.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lorient

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lorient


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Loriner

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Loriner


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 which have been stated; still it makes no slight difference to concealment, if things which belong to interrogation, are arranged in a certain manner, as in the case of dialectics, hence, after the above-mentioned particulars, these must be first discussed.

Chapter 15
thing which contributes to confutation by an elenchus is prolixity, for it is difficult to consider many things at once, and for prolixity we must employ the above-named elements. Another thing is rapidity, for those who are slow, perceive less; anger also, and contention, for all men who are disturbed, have less power of observation. The elements, however, of anger, are for a man to render himself obviously willing to commit injustice, and to conduct himself with thorough impudence. Moreover to arrange the questions alternately, whether a man has many arguments for the same thing, or (to show) that they subsist in one way, and not in another, for at the same time it happens that (the opponent) will guard against many things or such as are contrary. In short, all the things enumerated before as contributing to concealment, are useful also for contentious arguments; for concealment is for the sake of escaping notice, and escaping notice for the sake of deception.

Against those indeed who deny whatever they think contributes to the argument, an interrogation must be made from negation, as if he (the querist)


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The New International Encyclopædia/Pastor, Ludwig

PASTOR, päs'tôr, (1854—). A German historian, born at Aix-la-Chapelle. He studied at the universities of Bonn, Berlin, and Vienna, became a lecturer at Innsbruck in 1880, and was appointed to a professorship of history there in 1880. In the preparation of his historical works he made extensive research in the archives of Germany, France, and Italy, particularly those of the Vatican, first made accessible by Leo XIII. His chief publication is his Geschichte der Päpste seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters (1886-95; 4th ed., 1899-1901; English trans., London, 1891-98), an extensive and thorough history of the Papacy from the close of the Middle Ages. Other volumes by him are Die kirchlichen Reunionsbestrebungen während der Regierung Karls V. (1879), and Die Korrespondenz des Kardinals Contarini während seiner deutschen Legation (1880).


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The New International Encyclopædia/Pastoral Epistles

PASTORAL EPISTLES. A sub-group in the collection of New Testament letters which in their several addresses claim to have been written by the Apostle Paul. They comprise the following three writings: I. Timothy, II. Timothy, and Titus. They are called Pastoral because of the rather unusual character of their contents, as compared with the Apostle's other letters, being addressed to helpers of the Apostle, whom he had left in pastoral care of certain fields, and whom he wished in these communications to instruct regarding the duties involved in their charges. See the articles on the individual Epistles.


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 wished the contrary, or by making the interrogation equally; for it not being evident what (the interrogator) wishes to assume, (the respondents) are less indignant. When, too, any one admits the several particulars partially, by making an induction of the universal, frequently an interrogation must not be made, but we must use it as granted, for sometimes they (the respondents) think they have admitted, and appear to the auditors from making mention of induction, as if the particulars had not been questioned in vain; and in those wherein the universal is not signified by name, we must yet use similitude, as may be expedient, for similitude frequently escapes notice. In order also to assume a proposition, we ought to make the inquiry by a comparison of the contrary; as if it should be necessary to assume, that it is right in all things to obey a father, (we must ask) whether it is necessary to obey parents in all things, or to disobey them in all? and, (if it is answered that we ought) frequently (to obey them, we must ask) whether many things are to be conceded to them, or a few? for if it is necessary (to obey them), many things will seem to be conceded, for when contraries are placed by each other, they appear to men to be greater, and great, and worse, and better.

The sophistical false accusation indeed of those who question, when not syllogistically concluding any thing, they do not question the extreme, but conclusively say, as if a syllogism had been made, "it is not so and so;" this very much and frequently causes a person to appear confuted by an elenchus.

It is also sophistical, when a paradox is laid down, to demand that what is apparent should be answered, that being proposed which seemed true from the beginning, and to question things thus, "Whether does it seem so to you?" for it is necessary if the question be of those things from which a syllogism is formed, that there should be either an elenchus or a paradox; if he grants, an elenchus, but if he neither concedes nor says that it seems to him to be true, something contrary to opinion, and if he does not concede, but acknowledges it seems true to him, a form of elenchus.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Pastoral Poetry

PASTORAL POETRY (Lat. pastoralis, relating to a shepherd, from pastor, shepherd; connected with pasci, to feed, pabulum, food, OChurch Slav. pasati, to feed, Skt. pā, to protect). A kind of poetry in which the incidents, thoughts, and emotions of cultivated society are presented under the disguise of rustic life. The characters are shepherds and shepherdesses, in a setting of valley and hillside, and the usual theme is love. This artificial literary genre flourished in antiquity and for centuries throughout Western Europe. The oldest extant forms are the idyl and the eclogue, but the pastoral motive may enter the romance and the drama.

. The pastoral undoubtedly takes its root far hack in Greek literature. According to Ælianus (Varia Historia, x. 18) its inventor was Stesichorus of Himera in Sicily (who died about B.C. 555); and his subject was the blindness of Daphnis, afterwards the typical love-lorn cowherd. According to the ancient grammarians,

it originated in the rustic cult of Artemis at Syracuse (Scholia upon Theocritus). These traditions certainly point to very old folksongs now lost. The extant pastoral dates from Theocritus, who flourished about B.C. 270 at the courts of Syracuse and Alexandria. To him are attributed thirty-one idyls (little pictures of life), of which ten are strictly bucolic. Here first occur Thyrsis, Tityrus, Corydon, Damoetas, Daphnis, Lycidas, Menaleas, and Amaryllis, names since made familiar to Western Europe. Theocritus seemingly reproduces the language of the peasants, their melodies, superstitions, and custom of answering one another in verse. His idyls are short descriptive lyrics combined with little dramatic pieces, sometimes comic, like the mimes which had been popular in Sicily since Sophron (about 440 B.C.). The poet introduces himself under the name of Simichidas, and devotes an idyl to his patron Ptolemy Philadelphus of Alexandria, and another to Hiero II. of Syracuse. Theocritus was followed by two poets: Bion of Symrna, known for his beautiful Lament for Adonis, and Moschus, author of the still more beautiful Dirge for Bion. Several centuries later an unknown Greek writer told the story of Daphnis and Chloe in prose. The theme of the romance is artless innocence; its tone is sensuous and decadent. The pastoral poem had already been adapted to Italy by Vergil (d. 19 B.C.). However much Theocritus may have idealized his country scenes, he yet had nature before his eyes. The purely artificial pastoral began with Vergil, who took his notes not so much from nature as from Theocritus. Vergil composed ten graceful bucolics, which he called eclogæ (i.e. selections). Like Theocritus, he wove into them incidents from his own life. From Vergil the pastoral motive spread to Horace, Catullus, and other Roman poets, and eventually throughout Western Europe.

. The pastoral of the Renaissance did not spring from Vergil alone. To it contributed the pastourelles, love songs with a rustic setting, which were cultivated in various countries of Southern Europe in the thirteenth century. They especially flourished in Provence, as early as the twelfth century, whence they were largely diffused. They were in no way connected with Vergil, but they seem to have had their source in folk-song. In the fourteenth century the two streams of influence — the native and the classic — united to form the modern pastoral. The Vergilian revival first took the form of allegories in which the learned addressed Latin epistles to one another under pastoral names. Eclogues of this kind passed between Dante and Giovanni del Virgilio, professor of Latin at Bologna (about 1320). Dante figures as Tityrus and his friend as Mopsus. Petrarch (1304-74) also composed a pastoral in twelve eclogues, in which he worked out an elaborate allegory. Dante and Petrarch thus mark the reappearance of Vergil as a literary force. Boccaccio (1313-75) blends the ancient and the indigenous pastoral. He wrote Latin eclogues much in the manner of his great compatriots. His Ameto (1342) is the first pastoral romance in the vernacular. He took as his model the song-fable in which prose is employed for the narrative and verse for the expression of the feelings. Under the names Caleone and Fiammetta Boccaccio veiled his passion for Maria, natural daughter of King Robert of

Naples. The Ameto, with its disguised personal history and cross-loves, is the prototype of the later Italian pastoral romances, of which a famous specimen is the Arcadia (1504) by Jacopo Sannazaro. Another aspect of the pastoral, which indeed is found in Petrarch, was rendered by Mantuan (d. 1516). His rustics were made a medium for fierce satire on women, the Court, and the Church. Attention has already been called to the dramatic element in the pastoral as early as Theocritus. When the popularity of the mediæval mystery play began to wane, the pastoral drama, easily expanded from the eclogue, was one of the forms that took its place. Even in Boccaccio's Ninfale Fiesolano the pastoral begins to assume a dramatic turn. But the first distinctive pastoral drama is the Orfeo of Poliziano, a sort of opera given at Mantua in 1471. It is founded on the story of Orpheus and Eurydice. During the next century many similar pastorals were produced at the Italian courts. By far the best of them is the Aminta of Tasso, performed at Ferrara in 1573. Equally well known in its own time was the Pastor Fido of Guarini (1590).

. In the Spanish Peninsula the native pastoral songs counted for much more than elsewhere. As early as 1300 the pastourelle was cultivated at the Court of Dom Diniz, King of Portugal. And in Spain proper the Christmas mystery play, performed by real shepherds, was in fact a pastoral. The way was thus prepared for Juan de la Encina (d. 1534), who, besides translating Vergil's eclogues, composed pastoral pieces for recital before audiences at the house of the Duke of Alba. To this time belong also the pastoral lyrics by Garcilaso (d. 1536), one of Spain's greatest poets. Under Italian influences, the pastoral romance made its appearance with the Menina e Moça (Girl and Maiden) of the Portuguese Ribeiro (d. 1550). It was followed by the more famous Diana (1558) of Montemayor, a Portuguese by birth who chose to write in Spanish. For Spain the pastoral sentiment received its most refined expression in Cervantes, in his Galatea (1584) and the closing chapters of Don Quixote (1616).

. In Southern France the pastoral love song goes back to the twelfth century. At the outset this kind of poetry belonged to the country folk, who sang it especially in May, but as early as Marcabru the pastoral is already an artistic form and becomes stereotyped. A knight, happening to come where a shepherdess is, makes love to her, but he is usually dismissed. This is the theme of all. No pastorals of genuinely popular design have survived. The pastoral soon appeared in Northern France. From the beginning of the thirteenth century the French pastorele strongly influenced that of Provence. The shepherd Robin or Robert was adopted in the South, and Marion, too. The old theme blooms charmingly in the Jeu de Robin et de Marion (c. 1283) by Adam de la Halle. Though the song fable of Aucassin et Nicolette (c.1225) contains delightful rustic scenes, it is hardly a true pastoral. During the sixteenth century the pastoral disguise was sometimes employed by the poets. Clement Marot (d. 1544) addressed an eclogue to the King, in which he described the course of his life under the symbol of the four seasons. The pastoral ideal, enforced by translations of

the Italian Arcadia, the Spanish Diana, and the Greek Daphnis and Chloe, culminated in the Astrée (1610-25) of Honoré d'Urifé, an immense prose romance. Here the bucolic life reached its extreme idealization. The nymphs appear in gilded buskins, arms adorned with bracelets, and heads covered with garlands of pearls. From the Astrée the pastoral made its way into Germany, where it flourished for more than a century. Of the German pastorals may be cited the Hercynia of Opitz (1622), the Daphnis (1754) and the Idyllen (1756) of Gessner, the Luise (1795) of Voss, and Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea (1797), in which the idyl returned to the truthfulness and simplicity of Theocritus.

. Before the sixteenth century there was nothing beyond the realistic treatment of the shepherd scenes in the religious drama, and Robene and Makyne of Robert Henryson (d. 1506?), written in the Scotch dialect. The pastoral on the Continental model made its first English appearance in the six dull eclogues of Alexander Barclay (d. 1552). They closely resemble the work of Mantuan. In 1563 appeared eight equally dull eclogues by Barnabe Googe. To Tottel's Miscellany (1757) Surrey contributed two beautiful pastoral songs in the Italian manner. The important date for the English pastoral is 1579, when Edmund Spenser published the Shepherd's Calendar. In twelve eclogues under this title, Spenser handles the leading motives — allegory, satire, and love. During the next quarter of a century English literature became saturated with pastoral sentiment. In all the great writers lived the image of a ‘golden world’ somewhere in Arcadia or the Forest of Arden. The pastoral poem was cultivated in many lyrics, of which may be cited Marlowe's Passionate Shepherd; and in many collections, as Britannia's Pastorals of William Browne and the Eclogues of George Withers. Of romances inspired originally by Italy and Spain, the most typical is Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia (1590), which had many imitators. There was, moreover, another large group of romancers, at the head of whom stood Robert Greene and Thomas Lodge, the authors respectively of Menaphon (1589) and Rosalind (1590). Undying charm was given to the pastoral ideal by Fletcher, Ben Jonson, and Shakespeare, in The Faithful Shepherdess, The Sad Shepherd, and As You Like It. A generation later Milton placed the masque in an exquisite pastoral setting and composed his great dirge in the manner of Moschus (Comus and Lycidas). After Milton the English pastoral fell into sad ways. The pastorals of Pope and Ambrose Philips — each published in 1709 — are utterly conventional. Their imagery, when not borrowed, is either false or so general as to convey nothing. In ridicule of Philips, John Gay professed to depict rustic life with the gilt off. His Shepherd's Week (1714) probably comes somewhere near country manners. William Shenstone wrote several pretty ballads, in which appear Strephon and Chloe. We come to something better in Allan Ramsay's Gentle Shepherd (1728), a genuine picture of Scotch rural life. Later in the eighteenth century, the pastoral was fused with other forms of descriptive poetry and hardly existed as an independent species. The pastoral elements may, however, be uncovered. For example, the summons from the city to the country, so

in Cowper, is a motive of Spenser. And the lyrics of Burns, many of them, are pastoral songs. The Vergilian type of pastoral has become thoroughly discredited. But several of the greatest English poets in the nineteenth century drew upon the Sicilian idylists. There they found truth, grace, and charm. The two finest dirges since Milton — Shelley's Adonais and Arnold's Thyrsis — go back to Bion and Moschus. Pastoral themes were beautifully rendered by Landor in some of his Hellenics (1847), for example “The Hamadryad.” Theocritus is easily discovered in Tennyson's Dora and The Miller's Daughter.

. Material for the history of the pastoral is scattered. Consult: Lang, Theocritus, Bion, and Mochus, “Golden Treasury Series” (London and New York, 1880); Gaspary, Geschichte der italienischen Litteratur (Berlin, 1885-88); better in the translation of Zingarelli, Storia della letteratura italiana (Turin, 1889-91); Warren, History of the Novel (New York, 1895); Dunlop, History of Prose Fiction (1888); Herford, Spenser: Shepherd's Calendar (ib., 1895); Chambers, English Pastorals (ib., 1896); Stedman, Victorian Poets (ib., 1887); Smith, “Pastoral Influence in the English Drama,” in the Publications of the Modern Language Association (Baltimore, 1897); the authorities referred to under , , and ; and the writers mentioned in this article.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Pastoral Staff

PASTORAL STAFF. See.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Pastoral Symphony, The

PASTORAL SYMPHONY,, or . The title of Beethoven's sixth symphony, F major, opus 68, written in the country in 1807, and produced December 22, 1808, at Vienna in the An der Wien Theatre. It belongs to Beethoven's so-called second period, and is representative of the free, joyous music which characterizes his compositions of the years 1800-15. See .


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 in what genus they are contained, and whether it is, or is not an elenchus.

Yet the argument is acute, which reduces a person to the greatest doubt, since this is especially pungent. Now doubt is two-fold, one in arguments concluding syllogistically, with regard to which interrogation is to be subverted, but the other in contentious arguments, as to how some one should speak of the thing proposed, wherefore in the syllogistic, the shrewder arguments cause greater investigation, but a syllogistic argument is most acute, if from things which appear especially probable, a person subverts what is especially probable. For the argument being one, when the contradiction is transposed, will have all the syllogisms alike, for a person will always, from probable assertions, subvert or confirm what is similarly probable, wherefore it will be necessary to doubt. An argument then of this kind is especially acute, which makes a conclusion equal to the questions, but that next, which is from all similar (assumptions), for this in like manner will produce doubt, as to which of the interrogatories is to be subverted; nevertheless, this is difficult, since a subversion is to be made, but what is to be subverted is uncertain. Of contentious arguments, the most acute is that in which at first it is forthwith uncertain whether it is syllogistically concluded or not, and whether the solution is from the false or from division, but the second of the rest is that which evidently must be (solved) through division or removal, but in which it is not clear through the removal or division of what interrogation it must be solved, indeed whether this removal or division is from the conclusion, or from one of the interrogatories.

Sometimes therefore, the argument which is not conclusive is silly, e. g. if the assumptions be very incredible or false, but sometimes it is not to be despised. For when one of such interrogations is deficient,


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The New International Encyclopædia/Pastorels

PASTORELS (OF. pastorel, Fr. pastoral, from Lat. pastoralis, relating to a shepherd). A name given to certain disorderly bands which appeared in France during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. They were recruited from the lower orders of society, including many shepherds, whence the name. In the year 1251 a certain Jacob, who claimed to be Lord of Hungary, and is commonly known as Jacob of Hungary, appeared as their leader in Flanders. He was an unprincipled adventurer and fanatic, but an able man. The King, Louis IX. (Saint Louis), was then in the East, engaged in the disastrous Seventh Crusade, and the preceding year had been a prisoner in the hands of the Mohammedans. Jacob preached that God had rejected princes and the mighty and would free the Holy Land by means of the common people. He claimed to have special revelations and assumed ecclesiastical functions. He formed his followers in well-organized companies, and, ostensibly on the way to Palestine, they began to overrun the country. The true character of the movement soon became evident. The rulers were attacked, property was destroyed, priests and monks were murdered. and the Jews in particular suffered cruel persecution. The disorders were ultimately put down with a firm hand. Jacob was killed while haranguing a crowd in Paris, or, according to another account, in a conflict at

Bourges. Seventy years later, under Philip V., similar disorders broke out under the same pretext. These bands of Pastorels ultimately threatened to attack Avignon, when the Pope, John XXII., excommunicated them, and the Seucschal of Carcassone dispersed them with an army.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Guarini, Giovanni Battista

GUARINI, , (1538-1612). An Italian poet, born at Ferrara. On the termination of his studies at the universities of Pisa, Padua, and Ferrara, he was appointed to the chair of literature in the last, and soon after the publication of some sonnets obtained for him great popularity as a poet. At the age of thirty he accepted service at the Court of Ferrara, and was intrusted by Duke Alfonso II. with various diplomatic missions. Differences between him and the Duke induced him to withdraw from the Court of Ferrara about the year 1587. Having resided successively in Savoy, Mantua, Florence, and Urbino, he returned to his native Ferrara, and discharged one final public mission, that of congratulating Pope Paul V. on his election (1605). He died in Venice, whither he had been summoned to attend a lawsuit.

As a poet he is remarkable for refined grace of language and sweetness of sentiment, while his defects are occasional artificiality, due to an unnatural quintessence of conceit, a too constant recurrence of antithetical imagery, and an affected dallying with his pleas. His chief and most popular work, Il pastor fido, is regarded in Italy as a standard of elegant pastoral composition, and obtained a high measure of popularity on its appearance. The writer designed it as a tragicomic pastoral; its first dramatic representation was in honor of the nuptials of the Duke of Savoy and Catharine of Austria (1585). It was not published until 1590, at Venice, and Guarini continued to make changes in it until the twentieth edition appeared at Venice in 1602. Altogether, some 120 editions of this favorite work have been issued; the best is that of G. Casella (Florence, 1866), containing an essay on the poet, which is also to be found in vol. ii.

of Casella's Opere (Florence, 1884). Translations of the Pastor fido have appeared in very many modern languages. In its kind, the play has been surpassed only by the Aminta of Tasso. In editorial work Guarini prepared the Scelte delle rime of Tasso, published at Ferrara in 1582. Mention may be made, among Guarini's other works, of his Compendio della poesia tragicomica, published in 1601, and again in the 1602 edition of the Pastor fido; his dialogue, Il segretario (1594), on the duties of a secretary, and on matters of logic, rhetoric, etc.; the prose comedy La idropica, written about 1584 (published 1613); his Lettere (1593); the Trattato della politica libertà (first published in Venice, 1818), Consult: Rossi, ''Battista Guarini ed. Il pastor fido'' (Turin, 1880); Cian. in Archivio veneto, second series, vols. xxxii. and xxxiii. (Venice, 1880); Ruggieri's life of Guarini, published in the edition of the Trattato della politica libertà (Venice, 1818); Saviotti, Guariniana (Pesaro, 1888); M. W. Shelley, Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy, vol. ii. (London, 1835).


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Pastor Fido

PASTOR FIDO. See.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Loris

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Loris


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Loris-Melikov, Michael Tarielovich, Count


text:
User talk:Me.ankushdevmore

Welcome

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title: User talk:Me.ankushdevmore


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lorium

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lorium


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lörrach

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lörrach


text:
Template:Statute table

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title: Template:Statute table


text:
Proclamation of Independence (Bangladesh)

PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE

 * Mujibnagar, Bangladesh
 * Dated 10th day of April, 1971.

Whereas free elections were held in Bangladesh from 7th December, 1970 to 17th January, 1971, to elect representatives for the purpose of framing a Constitution,

AND

Whereas at these elections the people of Bangladesh elected 167 out of 169 representatives belonging to the Awami League,

AND

Whereas General Yahya Khan summoned the elected representatives of the people to meet on the 3rd March, 1971, for the purpose of framing a Constitution,

AND

Whereas the Assembly so summoned was arbitrarily and illegally postponed for indefinite period,

AND

Whereas instead of fulfilling their promise and while still conferring with the representatives of the people of Bangladesh, Pakistan authorities declared an unjust and treacherous war,

AND

Whereas in the facts and circumstances of such treacherous conduct Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the undisputed leader of the 75 million people of Bangladesh, in due fulfillment of the legitimate right of self-determination of the people of Bangladesh, duly made a declaration of independence at Dacca on March 26, 1971, and urged the people of Bangladesh to defend the honour and integrity of Bangladesh,

AND

Whereas in the conduct of a ruthless and savage war the Pakistani authorities committed and are still continuously committing numerous acts of genocide and unprecedented tortures, amongst others on the civilian and unarmed people of Bangladesh,

AND

Whereas the Pakistan Government by levying an unjust war and committing genocide and by other repressive measures made it impossible for the elected representatives of the people of Bangladesh to meet and frame a Constitution, and give to themselves a Government,

AND

Whereas the people of Bangladesh by their heroism, bravery and revolutionary fervour have established effective control over the territories of Bangladesh,

We the elected representatives of the people of Bangladesh, as honour bound by the mandate given to us by the people of Bangladesh whose will is supreme duly constituted ourselves into a Constituent Assembly, and

having held mutual consultations, and

in order to ensure for the people of Bangladesh equality, human dignity and social justice,

declare and constitute Bangladesh to be sovereign Peoples' Republic and thereby confirm the declaration of independence already made by Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and

do hereby affirm and resolve that till such time as a Constitution is framed, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman shall be the President of the Republic and that Syed Nazrul Islam shall be the Vice President of the Republic, and

that the President shall be the Supreme Commander of all the Armed Forces of the Republic,

shall exercise all the Executive and Legislative powers of the Republic including the power to grant pardon,

shall have the power to appoint a Prime Minister and such other Ministers as he considers necessary,

shall have the power to levy taxes and expend monies [sic],

shall have the power to summon and adjourn the Constituent Assembly, and

do all other things that may be necessary to give to the people of Bangladesh an orderly and just Government,

We the elected representatives of the people of Bangladesh do further resolve that in the event of there being no President or the President being unable to enter upon his office or being unable to exercise his powers and duties, due to any reason whatsoever, the Vice-President shall have and exercise all the powers, duties and responsibilities herein conferred on the President,

We further resolve that we undertake to observe and give effect to all duties and obligations that devolve upon us as a member of the family of nations and under the Charter of United Nations,

We further resolve that this proclamation of independence shall be deemed to have come into effect from 26th day of March, 1971.

We further resolve that in order to give effect to this instrument we appoint Prof. Yusuf Ali our duly Constituted Potentiary and to give to the President and the Vice-President oaths of office.

PROF. YUSUF ALI

Duly Constituted Potentiary

By and under the authority

of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh


text:
Template:Statute table/chapter

 * -class="__stchapter"

title: Template:Statute table/chapter


text:
Template:Statute table/doc

This page contains information on the templates used to creates the tables for the Chronological Table in Chronological Table and Index of the Statutes.

Parameters

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 * Statute table/e - This template is used to generate a table footer (and marginal notes) in Mainspace, it is ignored in Page :namespace It  should be placed at the end of a section immediately preceding the relevant tag. There should be a line break between this template at the precceding statute table/chapter,Statute table/repeal, Statute table/repeal-follow &c.
 * Statute table/continuation - This is used to generate the continuation line in the headers of the Page:d version of table - takes a single parameter, being the the text to be used (without the cont.)}}
 * Statute table/chapter - See Documentation
 * Statute table/year -Generates a year entry which precedes /chapter entries. Takes 2 parameters -  is a short form suitable for use in an anchor, 1876, and  being the long form. e.g 39 & 40 Vict. (1876)
 * Statute table/named - As Documentation, with the additional  (non optional), used to provide a chapter name, which is shown in ( itlaicised brackets) . Typically this name will be a short-title.
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 * Statute table/repeal - used to insert additional repeals. Takes a single parameter, being the repeal concerned.
 * Statute table/repeal-follow - used to insert additional repeals, to follow on from a lead description. (Typically the lead will say something like "Rep in Part—" with this template being used to indicate the repeals "in part" concerned.  Takes a single parameter, being the repeal concerned.

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Where a section is present within a single Pages, the  should be used instead, and the relevant single page given via the  parameter.

title: Template:Statute table/doc


text:
Page:Memorials of a Southern Planter.djvu/292

 282 they died, across the church pews, waiting for a tardy coffin and a shallow grave. At last the coffins do not come fast enough, and many are buried in goods boxes without a prayer save the silent one breathed by the two men who give all their time to these last offices.*

Thomas was in his eighty-first year, and the strain and anxiety and the labor he performed came near killing him. One day he drove forty miles in passing back and forth between his house and Dry Grove, carrying food and fresh nurses to relieve exhausted ones. He said afterwards many, many times that he could never forgive himself for placing his children in such a position of danger. His daughters had obtained his consent before going into the fever-stricken village to nurse their friends. He seemed to think he had failed in his duty, and never ceased to express the deepest self-condemnation at having yielded his judgment to their wishes.

The neighborhood was desolated by the fever. During preceding years family connections and friends had died or moved away, and the circle of congenial friends, always small, had grown smaller as time went on. Under these circumstances, and as there appeared to be no hope of improvement in their surroundings, the Burleigh family resolved on leaving the old home forever, as soon as the last of the debts were paid. A sum of money sent by Frederick Dabney as a gift to his uncle he sent at once to his creditors. Still, three years were to elapse before the final payments were made. Our dearest father had been so shaken by the scenes that he and his children had passed through during the fever, that we thought it best to persuade him to take a change every winter by going to visit one or other of his married children. The summers were made pleasant at Burleigh by the society of his affectionate nieces and nephews and their families, but the winters were lonely and depressing. We were the more earnest in this, as during the years 1879 and '80 he

.* As in time of war the favorite sport of children is playing soldier, so in the last days of the pestilence the forlorn little orphans made mimic graves, decking them with wild flowers and grasses and marking head and foot with broken bits of china.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lorraine

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lorraine


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Pastorius, Francis Daniel

PASTO'RIUS, (1651-1719). An American colonist, born at Sommerhausen, in Franconia, Germany. Having joined the Society of Friends while in England, where he met William Penn, Pastorius, in 1683, led a party of German and Dutch Mennonites to the new colony of Pennsylvania, where they founded Germantown. He was a man of noble character and deep learning, and exerted great influence among his countrymen. Five years after his arrival in America he signed a protest addressed to the Friends' yearly meeting in Burlington, N. J., which characterized slavery as unchristian. This protest is said to have been the first formal plea for emancipation made in America, and is the subject of Whittier's “Pennsylvania Pilgrim.” Whittier also translated the Latin ode to posterity which Pastorius prefixed to the Germantown book of records. Among his other writings is an interesting Geographical Description of Pennsylvania, first published under the title, Umständige geographische Beschreibung der allerletzt erfundenen Provintz Pennsylvania (1700).


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Los Islands


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lossiemouth


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lössnitz

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lössnitz


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ossining

OSSINING, a village in Westchester co., N. Y., on the Hudson river, and on the New York Central and Hudson River railroad; 30 miles N. of New York. It is situated at the widest part of the river on ground rising to an altitude of 300 feet, and commands a fine view of many interesting points on the river. Here are military academies, street railroad and electric light plants, a portion of the Croton aqueduct, which is carried across Kill brook by a stone arch 88 feet wide and 70 feet high; National and savings banks, and several weekly newspapers. It has manufactories of lime, sleighs, carriages, cotton gins, steam engines, gas and water pipe, etc. A State penitentiary, one of the most famous of American prisons, is located here. On this account, after many attempts to have its former name, Sing Sing, changed, the Legislature in 1901 granted this privilege, and the name Ossining was adopted. Pop. (1910) 11,480; (1920) 10,739.


text:
Talk:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Spelman, Clement

Comment moved from page. Charles Matthews (talk) 19:46, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

Clement Spelman d 1679 is buried in All Saints Church Narborough, Norfolk. His monument stands on a plinth in the chancel. During Victorian restoration work his plinth was reduced in height and it was discovered that his coffin was stood upright inside. it appears that he insisted on this to avoid being trodden on. i have a photo if needed of this monument


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lost Property


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Pasturage

PASTURAGE (OF. pasturage, Fr. pâturage, from OF. pasturer, Fr. pâturer, from ML. pasturare, to pasture, from Lat. pastura, feeding, pasture, from pasci, to feed; connected with pastor, shepherd, pabulum, food, OChurch Slav. pasati, to feed, Skt. pā, to protect). In law, the right of one who is not the owner of land to put his cattle and sheep on such land to feed there. In England the strips of waste land between inclosed fields and the public highways are presumed to belong to the owner of the inclosed land, subject to the right of passage in the public, and he can pasture his own cattle there, and prevent others from doing so. Pasturage is one of the rights in ‘common’ in many communities in Great Britain. The right is seldom separated from the ownership of the land itself in the United States. See ; .


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lostwithiel


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Propolis

PRO'POLIS (Lat., from Gk. πρόπολις, bee glue, suburbs, from πρό, pro, before + πόλις, polis, city). A substance commonly known as ‘bee glue,’ which is obtained by the domestic honeybee from the buds and crevices of trees, and is carried by the workers to the hive in the basket-like cavities on the tibial joints of the hind legs. It is resinous in its chemical composition, and differs with the tree from which it is collected. It is used at once to stop up crevices in the hives, and to varnish the whole interior surface as well as to glue movable portions fast; also in strengthening the attachments of combs, and if the latter are designed exclusively for honey the

edges of the completed cells receive a thin coating. The flight-hole is often made smaller by filling a part of it with masses of propolis, sometimes mixed with old wax. Bees of the Carniolan race gather the smallest quantities of propolis and those of the Tunisian race the greatest amount; on this account the former are better suited to the production of white-comb honey.


text:
Author talk:William Henry Williamson

Birth & Death
I have put more effort then generally required to find birth and death dates for this author. Nothing found, I am begging to suspect that William Henry Williamson is pseudonym (as is "W. Dane Bank") There are some similar names, but without putting the author name with a known book title and and date, I hesitate to make any assumptions. I think I am giving up the dates search now. Jeepday (talk) 20:19, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

 * W. Dane Bank is a known pseudonym, (see, where another novel, James, is mentioned). He is in Who's who among living authors of older nations (1932), p. 426, born Manchester March 1870. Another pseudonym "W. Shaw Heath". Charles Matthews (talk) 08:45, 17 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Born 18 March 1870 in Denton, Lancashire, probably died in the 1940s. Having a subscription to BDM site helps. 2A00:23C7:C582:B900:90F8:9818:65F2:5688 10:22, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Author talk:William Henry Williamson


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lot

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lot


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lot (river)


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lot (department)


text: Our Common Land (and other short essays)/Chapter 3


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lot-et-Garonne


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lothair I.

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lothair I.