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 following year, and executing many water-colour studies of the pictures at Venice. He began to exhibit in 1850, showing ‘Excelsior,’ an illustration of Longfellow's poem, in the Royal Scottish Academy, where it was followed in 1851 by ‘Cain;’ and during the rest of his life, with the single exception of 1856, he contributed to every exhibition of the body, of which he was elected an associate in 1858 and an academician in 1863. His works were also frequently exhibited in the Royal Academy of London from 1861 to 1887, and he contributed to the exhibitions of the Glasgow Institute, and to those of the Scottish Society of Painters in Water-colours, of which he was a member.

After his first return from the continent he produced several Italian figure-pictures, but he soon devoted himself mainly to portraiture, in which he attained success and popularity. His female portraits in particular—among which may be named Mrs. Shand, 1866; Mrs. Simon Laurie, 1871; the Countess of Strathmore, 1876; Mrs. W. Horn, 1884; and Mrs. Hamilton Buchanan, 1885—are distinguished by much grace, refinement, and sweetness of colouring. His male portraits, many of which have been engraved, include D. O. Hill, R.S.A., 1870; David Laing, LL.D., 1874; Sir George Harvey, P.R.S.A., 1874; Thomas Carlyle (of which the artist executed two replicas), 1875; Sir Theodore Martin, K.C.B., 1876; the Duke of Sutherland, 1877; the Very Rev. Principal Tulloch, 1879; Sir Noel Paton, R.S.A., 1879; and Principal Shairp, 1886. In addition to portraits, Herdman produced many important figure-subjects from Scottish history, as well as from poetry and fiction, characterised by well-considered composition and free, unlaboured handling. The most important of these are: ‘After the Battle, a scene in Covenanting Times’ (engraved by Francis Holl, A.R.A., for the Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in Scotland), 1870; ‘Interview between Jeanie and Effie Deans,’ 1872; ‘A Conventical Preacher arrested,’ 1873; ‘Lucy Ashton,’ 1874; ‘The First Conference between Mary Stuart and John Knox,’ 1875; ‘Charles Edward seeking shelter in the House of an Adherent’ (engraved by Robert Anderson, A.R.S.A., for the above association), 1876; ‘St. Colomba rescuing a Captive,’ 1883; ‘His Old Flag,’ 1884; and ‘Landless and Homeless,’ 1887. Four cabinet-sized pictures from the life of Queen Mary were published in 1867–8 as photographs by the Art Union of Glasgow, which in 1878 issued a similar series of photographs from pictures illustrating Campbell's ‘Poems;’ and various of the artist's works in addition to the two above named, were engraved in the publications of the Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in Scotland. Another interesting class of Herdman's works comprises studies of single female figures, classical, rustic, or fancy, such as ‘Sibylla,’ 1872; ‘Penelophon,’ 1881; ‘Antigone,’ 1882; ‘Tympanistria,’ 1885; and ‘By the Woodside,’ 1885, works more or less ideal in aim, in which the artist's refinement and the delicacy of his flesh-painting are very distinctly visible. His landscapes are mainly in water-colours, done during autumn holidays in Rannoch or Arran, broad and direct in treatment, and with great purity of colouring. He was also favourably known as a flower-painter. He was a man of wide information and fine culture, a member of the Hellenic Society, Edinburgh, and a vice-president of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. His genial manners, sound judgment, and upright character won for him the respect and affection of his brother artists.

Herdman died very suddenly in his studio, of heart disease, on 10 Jan. 1888. An ‘Address to the Students of the Board of Manufacturers' Art School,’ which he had spent the last evenings of his life in preparing, and which his death prevented him from delivering, was published in pamphlet form (Edinburgh, 1888). He is represented in the National Gallery of Scotland by ‘La Culla,’ his diploma work, and ‘After the Battle.’ A bust of Herdman by W. Brodie, R.S.A., and portraits by himself and by his son, Mr. Duddingstone Herdman, are in the possession of the family, and another oil portrait by his own hand is in the collection of artists' portraits formed by the late Mr. Macdonald of Kepplestone, Aberdeenshire.

HERDMAN, WILLIAM GAWIN (1805–1882), artist and author, was born on 13 March 1805 at Liverpool, where his father was a corn merchant. He was an art teacher for many years in his native town, and an active member of the Liverpool Academy, until about 1857, when he was expelled for some action he had taken in protesting against the patronage of pre-Raphaelite artists by that institution. He then started a


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive of a neutral state in Vietnam (or even the creation of two opposed half-states) met the immediate requirements of the USSR in the best manner possible under the circumstances — and it was the short-range solution that the Soviets, as well as the other delegations, were seeking at Geneva. The future would take care of itself.

 * g.

Whether or not the cause and effect relationship can be proved with any accuracy, the fact remains that the French did not ratify the EDC agreements when these were presented to the French Assembly a month after Geneva. The reaction in the USSR was described as "jubilant," hailing the French rejection as "an important event in the political history of Europe." This event, following closely on the termination of the Geneva Convention, was seen by the Soviets as, at least in part, influenced by the communist strategy of letting the French off the hook in Geneva.

 * 2.

 * a.

At least for the immediate future, a communist consolidation of all of Indochina was out of the question. Regardless of how inevitable the surge of communist control into the area might seem, the move had come to a halt temporarily at the 17th parallel. In effect, the communists were not prepared to take the risks in pursuing their very real superiority, if not on the battlefield, then in the psyche. The communist assertion at Geneva that the Viet Minh controlled three quarters of the area of Vietnam was close to the truth. The decision to relinquish this local control throughout Vietnam must have been viewed as a loss.

 * b.

A major political and military objective of China was the prevention of U.S. bases in Southeast Asia. This aim, paralleling the Soviet objective of blocking U.S. influence in Europe, was an important part of overall Chinese strategy at Geneva. But, if the Chinese Government considered the Geneva provisions a first step toward Southeast Asia's neutralization, this estimate was quickly disabused. The governments of Laos and Cambodia issued declarations on 21 July, which left room for the conclusion of alliances and the stationing of foreign forces on their territory. To ease the communist outcry, both countries vowed not to ally themselves in any manner "not in conformity with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations," nor to permit foreign bases while their security was not threatened. Nevertheless, their delegates indicated even before the Conference that U.S. protection of their countries against aggression was desirable. The two zones of Vietnam, in contrast, were categorically enjoined from permitting the establishment of foreign military bases and from adhering to military alliances (Article 19 of the armistice agreement). The Chinese, because they were unable to obtain Rh

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 rival establishment. He exhibited several landscapes at the Royal Academy and the Suffolk Street Gallery between 1834 and 1861, besides many works at local exhibitions. He was very successful in his topographical views, a large collection of which is preserved at the Liverpool Free Library. His principal publication was entitled ‘Pictorial Relics of Ancient Liverpool, accompanied with Descriptions of Antique Buildings.’ 1843, fol.; 2nd ser. 1856. He also published: 1. ‘Views of Fleetwood-on-Wyre,’ Manchester, 1838, fol. 2. ‘Studies from the Folio of W. H.,’ Manchester, 1838, fol. 3. Three papers on linear perspective, in the ‘Art Journal.’ 1849–50. 4. ‘A Treatise on the Curvilinear Perspective of Nature, and its Applicability to Art,’ 1853, 8vo. 5. ‘Thoughts on Speculative Cosmology and the Principles of Art,’ 1870, 8vo. 6. ‘Hymns and Sacred Melodies,’ 4to. 7. ‘A Treatise on Skating.’ 8. Poems in manuscript and print (in the Liverpool Free Library). He died at Liverpool on 29 March 1882. One of his sons, William Herdman, published in 1864 a volume of ‘Views of Modern Liverpool.’

 HERDSON, HENRY (fl. 1651), writer on mnemonics, probably received part of his education at Cambridge, as he terms that university his ‘dearest mother.’ He styled himself professor of the art of memory by public authority in the university of Cambridge. Afterwards he taught his art in London at the Green Dragon, against St. Antholin's Church. In or about 1649, when Dr. Thomas Fuller [q. v.] came out of the pulpit of St. Dunstan's-in-the-East, Herdson told him in the vestry, before credible people, that he, in Sidney College, Cambridge, had taught him the art of memory, but the doctor denied that he had seen Herdson before.

He wrote: 1. ‘Ars Mnemonica, sive Herdsonus Bruxiatus; vel Bruxus Herdsoniatus,’ London, 1651, 8vo. 2. ‘Ars Memoriæ: The Art of Memory made plaine,’ London, 1651, 8vo. These works are usually bound up together. The first is a republication of a portion of Brux's ‘Simonides Redivivus;’ the second, which is reprinted in Feinaigle's ‘Art of Memory’ (ed. 1813, pp. 297–317), consists of a meagre epitome of the principles of the mnemonic art.

 HEREBERT or HERBERT, (d. 687), hermit, resided on the island in Derwentwater which still bears his name. He was a disciple and close friend of St. Cuthbert, to whom he paid an annual visit for spiritual advice. The two friends both died on 20 March 687, Herebert suffering much from sickness before his death. In 1374 Thomas Appleby, bishop of Carlisle, directed the vicar of Crossthwaite to hold a yearly mass on St. Herebert's Isle on 15 April (the document is printed in Smith's edition of, App. p. 783). The remains of Herebert's cell are still shown. Mayhew, in his ‘Trophæa Congregationis Anglicanæ Ord. S. Benedicti,’ erroneously claims Herebert for his order.

 HEREFORD,. [See .] HEREFORD,. See, first (of the Bohun line), 1176–1220;, second , d. 1274;, third , d. 1298;, fourth , 1276–1332; , d. 1071;, alias , fl. 1071–1075;, d. 1143.]

HEREFORD,. [See, d. 1558.]

HEREWALD (d. 1104), bishop of Llandaff, was a Welshman by birth, who had spent much of his time in England and was conspicuous for his piety. He was unanimously elected in 1056 bishop of Llandaff by Gruffydd ab Llewelyn, ‘the unconquered king of the Britons,’ Meurig ab Hywel, the king of Morganwg, and the magnates, secular and clerical, of Wales. He seems to have been consecrated by Joseph, bishop of St. David's. In the next century the chapter of St. David's pointed to this as an example of the exercise of archiepiscopal functions by the bishops of St. David's (, De Invectionibus, in Opera, iii. 57, Rolls Ser.), but the act could have had no such significance at the time. The


text:
Robert Browning (Coates)

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Robert Browning" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Robert Browning" in Poems II.

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 consent of the English authorities, lay and ecclesiastical, was still necessary for Herewald's complete recognition as a bishop. This was not obtained until 1059, when at the Whitsuntide gemot, held at Westminster, Archbishop Kinsi of York (in the absence of Stigand, whose own legal position was equivocal) confirmed Herewald's appointment in the presence of Eadward the Confessor and of all the wise men of the land.

This account of Herewald's appointment comes from the curious and not very trustworthy twelfth-century register of the see of Llandaff called the ‘Liber Landavensis’ (pp. 254–5). Its accuracy, however, in some minute points, such as the absence of Stigand, and the holding of the Whitsuntide gemot of 1059 at London, are, as Professor Freeman (Norm. Conquest, ii. 447, 3rd ed.) points out, evidence of the general truth of the whole story. Ralph de Diceto (Abbrev. Chron. i. 203, Rolls Ser.) says, however, that Herewald was consecrated by Lanfranc at Canterbury in 1071. This date has the advantage of cutting short by twelve years an episcopate of a very remarkable length for the time and country. If, however, we accept the story of the ‘Liber Landavensis,’ we must regard this ‘consecration’ as simply a fresh recognition of his appointment by the Norman archbishop. The ‘Canterbury Rolls’ speak of William investing Herewald, and also of Lanfranc consecrating him (in, De Præsulibus, ed. Richardson), but as they immediately go on to say that he died in 1104, ‘forty-eight years after his consecration,’ they cannot be regarded as very valuable evidence. But the latter statement, corresponding exactly with the account in the ‘Liber Landavensis’ of Herewald's consecration in 1056, is another indirect confirmation of the Llandaff record. The probability that King William invested Herewald is much greater than that Lanfranc consecrated him.

The ‘Liber Landavensis’ preserves some few records of Herewald's acts as bishop. He obtained from King Gruffydd, whose authority could not, however, have been great in Morganwg, a grant of certain districts within the see of St. David's, over which he claimed jurisdiction (Lib. Land. pp. 257–9, 263–8). The grant seems, however, of very doubtful authenticity, certainly it was never acted upon. Herewald also summoned a diocesan synod for the purpose of excommunicating Cadwgan, son of Meurig, king of Glamorgan, for the murder of a nephew of the bishop's and other violence and outrage which he had committed when drunk on a Christmas visit to him at Llandaff. Cadwgan was forced to submit and buy his restoration to the bishop's favour by repentance and a fresh grant of land to the see (ib. pp. 255–257). Herewald is also said to have obtained grants of land from Iestin, son of Gwrgan, as a recompense for the violation of a maiden by his kinsman (ib. p. 259), from Caradog ab Rhydderch, who had stolen the bishop's dinner and remained all night drunk in his house (ib. p. 261), and from Caradog, son of Rhiwallon, in recompense for the murder of his brother (ib. p. 262). Herewald showed great activity in consecrating churches and ordaining priests. During his episcopate Glamorgan was conquered by Robert Fitzhamon [q. v.] and the Normans. Towards the end of his life he seems to have been suspended by Archbishop Anselm (, Epp. iii. 23). Herewald died on 6 March 1104 (ib. p. 268).

HEREWARD (fl. 1070–1071), outlaw (called on the bad and late authority of ‘John of Peterborough’ the, i.e. apparently ‘the watchful one’), fills a larger place in legend than in authentic history. A few references to him in the chronicles and an account of his possessions in Domesday are all that we really know of him. But his exploits in defending Ely from the Normans caused the generation succeeding his own to regard him as the popular hero of the English resistance to their French conquerors. Popular songs commemorated his wonderful deeds, and were the sources of many mythical histories which disagree with each other, and with known history. They are written with obvious exaggeration, though some of them are not sixty years subsequent in date to the time when Hereward in all probability was still alive.

Two distinct legendary sources make Hereward the son of Leofric of Bourn, and the authentic testimony of Domesday shows that he was in all probability a Lincolnshire man. But Morkere, not Leofric, held Bourn in the days of King Edward, and the romancer, by making out Leofric to be a kinsman of Ralph, the French earl of Hereford, shows that his main object was to exalt the family of his hero. A pedigree writer of the fifteenth century boldly says that Hereward was the son of Leofric, earl of the Mercians (, Chroniques


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1896.

 * }


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 Anglo-Normandes, ii. xii, from a Cotton. MS.) This story, though accepted by Sir Henry Ellis (Introd. &c. to Domesday, ii. 146), would be rejected for its absurdity, even if it came from a less suspicious source.

Hugo Candidus (Hist. Burg. p. 49) says that Hereward was the ‘man’ of the monks of Peterborough. We also learn from Domesday that Hereward owned lands in several places in Lincolnshire. Along with a certain Toli he had once possessed four bovates at Laughton (‘Loctone’), which afterwards belonged to Oger the Breton (f. 364 b). The same Oger, who at the time of Domesday held Bourn itself, was also tenant of the ‘land of St. Guthlac’ (i.e. of Crowland Abbey) in Rippingale (‘Repinghale’) which had been once part of the monks' domain, but had been let out to Hereward to farm by Abbot Ulfcytel on terms to be agreed on between themselves. This must have been after 1062, the date of Ulfcytel's appointment. But as Hereward did not keep his agreement Ulfcytel took the land back into his own hands (Domesday, f. 377). The unruly character ascribed in the legends to Hereward is borne out both by this and by another passage in the ‘Survey,’ which refers to a claim raised by him, or on his behalf, for the land of Asford in Barholm (‘Bercham’) hundred in Kesteven, Lincolnshire. But the wapentake men certified that this land did not belong to Hereward on the day of his flight (ib. f. 376 b). Hereward also appears in ‘Domesday’ as a landowner in the distant shires of Warwick and Worcester in the days of King Edward. He had four librates of land at Marston Jabbett (‘Merstone’) in Hemlingford (then called Coleshill) hundred (ib. f. 240), three virgates of land at Barnacle (‘Bernhangre’) in the same neighbourhood (ib. f. 240 b), and three virgates at Ladbrooke (‘Lodbroc’) (ib. f. 241), all within Warwickshire. Hereward also held five hides of land at Evenlode in Worcestershire (ib. f. 173). It is, however, very possible that the Hereward of the midlands is another Hereward.

Nothing more is heard of Hereward in real history after his flight from England until he reappears to fight against the Normans. The false Ingulf (in, i. 67) makes him banished at his father's request for his violence, and says that he visited Northumberland, Cornwall, Ireland, and Flanders, in which latter country he married the beautiful Turfrida. But the ‘Gesta Herewardi’ give a long and plainly mythical account of his wanderings. This story makes him first go to Northumberland, where Gilbert of Ghent, said to be his godfather, had summoned him. This is, of course, wrong, as Gilbert only came over with the Conqueror; but it may possibly represent in a distorted form some real connection with Gilbert, because in ‘Domesday’ Gilbert held the soke over Oger's lands in Laughton, part of which had once belonged to Hereward. The ‘Gesta’ go on to tell so many wonderful tales of Hereward's feats in Flanders, that the Canon de Smet, disgusted that no Flemish historian except M. Kervyn de Lettenhove had mentioned so great a hero, consecrated a long article to Hereward's Flemish exploits. The canon complained that he could get no help from Flemish authorities (‘Hereward le Saxon en Flandre’ in Bulletins de l'Académie de Bruxelles, vol. xiv. pt. ii. pp. 344–60). Of course the whole story has no historical basis.

In the spring of 1070 the Danish fleet of Osbeorn and Christian, allowed by William under a treaty to winter in England, appeared in the Humber and Ouse, and roused the country to revolt. At last they came to Ely, when ‘the English folk of all the fenlands came to them, weening that they should win all the land’ (Anglo-Saxon Chron. s.a. 1070). About the same time the stern rule of the new Norman abbot Turold drove into revolt the tenants of Peterborough Abbey, hitherto under the milder government of Abbot Brand, who was, according to the legend, Hereward's uncle. Hereward put himself at their head, and joined with the Danes, whom he incited to plunder Peterborough (, p. 48). On 2 June 1070 Hereward and his gang of outlaws sailed up to Peterborough with many ships. They soon put down the weak opposition of the monks, and burnt all the monks' houses and all the town save one house. They then rushed through the burning streets to the monastery church, climbed up to the holy rood and to the steeple, in their greedy search for booty, and ‘went away with so many treasures as no man may tell to another, saying that they did it from love to the monastery’ (ib.) But the approach of Turold drove them all back to their ships, and they went to Ely, whence the Danes soon departed with the spoil, leaving the outlaws to resist the Normans as best they could.

For a whole year nothing is heard of ‘Hereward and his gang,’ but there can be no doubt that they continued to hold out in the isle of Ely. The fame of their resistance gradually gathered the few who still dared to remain open foes of King William. The brothers Eadwine and Morkere now finally broke from the king. After Eadwine's death in an attempted flight to Scotland, Morkere found a refuge with Hereward. Siward Barn, the Northumbrian thegn, and Æthelwine, bishop of Durham, came there from the north. The fame of Ely as a camp of refuge became so


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 great, that the legends put Eadwine, who was dead, and Stigand, who was in prison, among those who sought shelter there. At last William himself led an expedition against the valiant outlaws, and from his camp at Cambridge assailed the island by land and water. Hereward displayed prodigies of valour, but at last William ‘wrought a bridge, and went in.’ Thereupon Æthelwine, Morkere, and all who were with him, lost heart and surrendered to the king, ‘except only Hereward,’ says the chronicle, and ‘all who could flee away with him.’ ‘And he boldly led them out, and the king took their ships, weapons, and treasures, and all the men, and did with them what he would’ (ib. s.a. 1071). Florence of Worcester confirms the account of the chronicle, and says that the ‘vir strenuissimus’ Hereward escaped through the marshes with a few companions. The undoubted history of Hereward here ends, but the legend goes on to speak of his later exploits against the Normans. According to the ‘Gesta’ he obtained in the end a pardon from William, and thus died in peace. This is confirmed by the entries in ‘Domesday Book,’ which make Hereward still holding at the time of the ‘Survey’ the lands at Marston Jabbett and Barnacle, which he had possessed in the days of King Edward (Domesday, f. 240, 240 b). But instead of ‘holding them freely,’ he held them of the Count of Meulan. Their value was still the same as in King Edward's days. If, therefore, we could be sure that this Hereward was the same as the defender of Ely, we should know that he was alive in 1086.

The French rhyming chronicler, Geoffrey Gaimar [q. v.], who wrote within eighty years of Hereward's escape from Ely, gives a different account. As in the ‘Gesta,’ Hereward is reconciled with William through his wife, and in 1073 William took him along with him to the war of Maine. One day his chaplain, who was on the watch, went to sleep. Some Normans at once fell on Hereward, who after he had slain sixteen of his foes was himself slain. One of his murderers, Asselin, swore that had there been three other such men in England, the French would have all been killed or driven out.

Up to the thirteenth century a wooden castle in the fenland was known as Hereward's Castle (Flores Hist. ii. 9, Engl. Hist. Soc.)

HERFAST known to the Normans as (d. 1084?), chancellor and bishop, was probably of Norman birth, though in all likelihood, as his name suggests, of Teutonic extraction. Modern authorities describe him, on insufficient evidence, as a monk in early life of the abbey of Bec. The first fully authenticated mention of him is as chaplain to William of Normandy, several years before the duke came to England. According to William of Malmesbury he was a man of slender ability and moderate learning, but there are difficulties about the story that when, as the duke's chaplain, he rode in high state to the monastic school of Bec he exposed himself by his ignorance and arrogance to the open scorn of Lanfranc, and that he consequently prejudiced his master against Lanfranc. Herfast followed William to Eng-


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Song: "My Love is Fairer than the Tasselled Corn"

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Song—My Love is Fairer than the Tassled Corn" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Song" in Poems I.


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The Tomb said to the Rose

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "The Tomb Said to the Rose—After the French of Victor Hugo" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "The Tomb said to the Rose" in Poems II.

title: The Tomb said to the Rose


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Exaltation

 * Exaltation—After the French of Victor Hugo, a poem by Florence Earle Coates
 * Exaltation, a poem by Bertram Dobell

title: Exaltation


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 land in 1066, and not later than 1068 William, as king of England, appointed Herfast to the office of chancellor; it is Herfast's distinction to be reckoned the first that held that office. In 1070 he became bishop of Elmham, and resigned the chancellorship. His consecration must have speedily followed his nomination, for he officiated at Lanfranc's consecration to the archbishopric of Canterbury in August of the same year. William of Malmesbury states that the prognostic given him when—as bishops entering on their consecration were wont to do—he sought for such from the gospels was ‘not this man, but Barabbas;’ but the chronicler would seem to have been glad to think evil of Herfast.

In accordance with the decisions of the council of the church that met at London in 1075, Herfast, in 1078, shifted his see from Elmham to Thetford, and thus took the first step towards its permanent establishment at Norwich [see ]. Resolved to defeat the claims to exemption from episcopal jurisdiction advanced by the monastic bodies, Herfast engaged in an obstinate and prolonged conflict with Baldwin, abbot of St. Edmundsbury. In the course of the dispute he is said to have threatened to fix his see at Bury. King William, Lanfranc, and Pope Gregory himself were gradually drawn into the quarrel; and it was not composed till the pope, who sided with the abbot, had expressed himself sternly against Herfast in a peremptory letter to Lanfranc. Lanfranc, who had at first shown a leaning towards the bishop's side, lectured him sharply on his conduct, and the king is said—though the statement is doubtful—to have given judgment against him. It would appear from Lanfranc's letters during the business that the bishop was reputed a man of somewhat unclerical laxity of life, though no distinct immorality is laid to his charge. Even the son Richard whom he is said to have made heir need not, considering the frequency of clerical marriages in Herfast's younger days, be taken to have been born out of wedlock. Herfast is usually stated to have died in 1084. A successor in his bishopric was appointed in 1086.

 HERICKE. [See also and .] HERICKE or HERRICK, WILLIAM (1562–1653), goldsmith and moneylender, fifth son of John Hericke or Herrick (the name is also spelt Heyrick and Eyricke) of Leicester, by Mary, daughter of John Bond of Ward End, otherwise Little Bromwich, Warwickshire, was baptised at St. Martin's, Leicester, 9 Dec. 1562. About 1574 he was sent to London, and bound apprentice to his elder brother Nicholas, father of Robert Herrick [q. v.], who carried on the business of a goldsmith in Cheapside. He afterwards set up in the same way of business on his own account in Wood Street, and became one of the most prosperous merchants in the city of London. Elizabeth is said to have employed him on a mission to the Grand Turk; its precise object is not known, but on his return he was probably the bearer of the complimentary letter from the Grand Turk to the queen dated 25 March 1581, and printed in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ (1792, pt. ii. 1071). His own portrait in Turkish costume, with that of a Turkish lady whom he brought home with him, was long preserved at Beaumanor Park, Leicestershire, which he purchased in 1594–5 from the Earl of Essex, and which was subsequently confirmed to him by several royal grants. He was returned to parliament for the borough of Leicester on 16 Oct. 1601. After the accession of King James he was appointed (3 May 1603) his principal jeweller (, Fœdera, ed. Sanderson, xvi. 502), was granted the reversion of the office of one of the four tellers in the exchequer (20 June 1604), and on 2 April 1605 was knighted at Greenwich (Cal. State Papers, Dom. Addenda, 1580–1625, p. 446;, Mem. ii. 57). On 20 May he was chosen alderman for the ward of Farringdon Without, but being in embarrassed circumstances, by reason of the immense sums he had lent the king, obtained exemption from the obligation of serving the office by payment of a fine of 300l. On 10 June following the common council made an order exempting him for life from liability to serve the office of sheriff. In October he was again returned to parliament for Leicester. The king soon afterwards made him liberal grants of land in various counties and towns. He was re-elected member of parliament for Leicester on 8 Jan. 1620–1. On the accession of Charles I he was replaced in the office of king's jeweller by James Heriot (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1625–6, p. 52). He was evidently in disfavour at court, and in 1635 he refused either to pay ship-money or to attend the council when summoned to answer for his conduct (ib. 1635 p. 427, 1636 p.


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214

{{Statute table/collective/entry|y=17 & 18 Vict.|c=90|s=Registration of Births, Deaths, and Marriages (Scotland)|Year=1854|rowspan=3|Collective title=Births, Deaths, and Marriges (Scotland}|syear=1854|eyear=1860}}

 * }


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Cendrillon

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Cendrillon" in Harper's Monthly Magazine (August 1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Cendrillon" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Cendrillon" in Poems I.

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 242). He suffered much in estate during the civil wars. He died on 2 March 1652–3, and was buried in St. Martin's Church, Leicester. Hericke married, on 6 May 1596, Joan, daughter of Richard May of Mayfield Place, Sussex. His son Richard Heyrick [q. v.] is noticed separately.

HERING, GEORGE EDWARDS (1805–1879), landscape-painter, born in London in 1805, was younger son of a German who, although belonging to the baronial family of von Heringen in Brunswick, was established as a bookbinder in London. At an early age he lost his father. Hering was at first placed as clerk in a bank, but was soon permitted by his family to adopt art as his profession. In 1829 he studied in the art school at Munich, and was patronised by Lord Erskine, who sent him with letters of introduction to Venice. After residing there for about two years, he travelled in Italy, and round the Adriatic to Constantinople, Smyrna, &c. On his return to Rome he became acquainted with John Paget, and with Paget and Mr. Sanford went on a tour through Hungary and Transylvania among the Carpathian mountains. Paget published an account of this tour with illustrations by Hering, and Hering on his return to England published in 1838 a volume of ‘Sketches on the Danube, in Hungary, and Transilvania, etc.’ While a resident at Rome, Hering, owing to his mixed origin, was able to bring together the somewhat rival colonies of German and English artists in that city. Finally he settled in London, where he practised as a landscape-painter for the rest of his life, paying occasional visits to Italy. His favourite subject was Italian scenery, in which he showed a free touch, careful finish, and bright, lucid colouring. He especially excelled in lake scenery. In 1836 he first exhibited at the Royal Academy, sending ‘The Ruins of the Palace of the Cæsars, Rome,’ and was a regular contributor from that time to the Academy and to the British Institution. In 1841 he exhibited a painting of ‘Amalfi,’ which, through the agency of Samuel Rogers, was purchased by the prince consort; it was engraved by E. Goodall for the ‘Art Journal’ in 1856, and a similar painting of ‘Capri,’ also purchased for the royal collection, was engraved for the same journal by R. Brandard. Hering seldom painted subjects of British scenery, though a few Scottish scenes by him are noteworthy. A picture of ‘Tambourina’ was engraved for him by C. G. Lewis. A small example of his painting is in the South Kensington Museum. In 1847 he published a set of twenty coloured lithographs, ‘The Mountains and Lakes in Switzerland, the Tyrol, and Italy.’ Hering died in London in 1879. His wife was also an artist, and exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1853 and 1858.

HERIOT, GEORGE (1563–1624), founder of Heriot's Hospital, Edinburgh, was born in that city 15 June 1563. His father, George Heriot, who belonged to the old Haddingtonshire family, the Heriots of Trabourn, settled early as a goldsmith in Edinburgh, which he represented repeatedly in the Scotch parliament. The younger Heriot was brought up in the business of his father, who, on his marriage in 1586 to the daughter of a respectable Edinburgh tradesman, gave him fifteen hundred merks Scots, about 80l. sterling, ‘for the setting up of ane buith to him.’ This booth, seven feet square, one of several on the site of the entrance hall of the present Signet Library, was identified long afterwards as Heriot's, when his name was found carved over the door, while inside were the forge, bellows, and crucible of a working goldsmith, now preserved in the museum of Heriot's Hospital (, i. 175). He was admitted on 28 May 1588 a member of the incorporation of Edinburgh goldsmiths. In January 1594 mention is made of ‘George Heriot the younger’ as ‘deacon convener’ of the incorporated trades of Edinburgh (Scotch Privy Council Reg. v. 124). In July 1597 James VI of Scotland appointed Heriot goldsmith for life to his consort Anne of Denmark [q. v.], and in April 1601, with complimentary references to his past services, jeweller to the king, considerable fees being attached to the two offices, which he held conjointly. In the official records of the time he is described as advancing money to the king and queen, who when pressed for it deposited jewels with him, at the same time permitting him to pawn them. At one time he held, apparently as security for loans to the royal pair, the title-deeds of the chapel royal of Stirling (ib. iv. 542–3;, p. 7). His services to them were deemed so valuable that an apartment was assigned to him in Holyrood Palace. It is computed that during the ten years preceding the accession of James to the throne of England the queen's dealings with Heriot must have amounted to 50,000l. sterling. In December 1601 Heriot figures as a member of a syndicate commis-


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 sioned by the government to issue a new Scotch currency in substitution of one much debased (Scotch Privy Council Reg. vi. 314, &c.). In January 1603 he is referred to as one of the ‘tacksmen,’ i.e. farmers of the customs (ib. vi. 516).

Soon after the arrival in London of James as king of England, in the spring of 1603, Heriot followed him thither, and is represented as ‘dwelland foreanent the New Exchange,’ which stood on part of the site now occupied by the Adelphi. In May 1603 he was one of three persons appointed jewellers to the king, with a joint yearly salary of 150l. (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 15 May 1616). About 1608 his first wife died, and Heriot went to Scotland to marry, on 24 Aug. 1609, Alison, eldest daughter of James Primrose of Carrington, clerk to the Scotch privy council, and grandfather of the first Earl of Rosebery. In 1609, after Heriot's return to England, his business appears to have grown so large that he could not find workmen to execute the orders given him, and in the March of that year an official notification, in which he is styled ‘His Majesty's Jeweller,’ was issued to the local authorities throughout the kingdom, directing them to assist him in ‘taking up of such workmen as he shall necessarily use for the furthering of the service,’ with the proviso that they were to receive the customary wages (, p. 11). At this time the queen seems to have been some 18,000l. in his debt for jewels, &c., and she offered interest at the rate of ten per cent. to any person who would advance her the money to pay off Heriot and his fellow-creditors (cf. Cal. State Papers, Dom. 18 Dec. 1609;, p. 12). In 1613 he lost his second wife, to whom he was deeply attached. About the same time he petitioned the king and queen for payment of the greater part, still outstanding, of the 18,000l., and some satisfaction seems to have been made. In 1620 a grant was made to him of the imposition on sugar for three years (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 18 Nov. 1620). He was then possessed of house property in the parish of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, as well as of an estate at Roehampton; and in 1622 he had interviews in London with countrymen who wished to dispose of land in Scotland.

A widower without legitimate offspring, Heriot resolved to devote the bulk of his property to found a charitable institution in Edinburgh. Partly from a fear that if this intention were not made known during his lifetime a claim to his wealth might be set up by a niece, he executed, on 3 Sept. 1623, a ‘disposition and assignation’ of his property to the town council of Edinburgh. They were to devote it mainly to the education of the children of decayed burgesses and freemen of Edinburgh ‘for the honour and due regard,’ he wrote, ‘which I bear to … Edinburgh, and in imitation of the public, pious, and religious work founded within the city of London called Christ's Hospital.’ His intentions in this respect were more fully expressed in his will, which was executed 10 Dec. 1623, and in which the ministers of Edinburgh were added to the town council as managers of the hospital, he leaving them to call it by his name. He made provision for two youthful illegitimate daughters, and bequeathed suitable legacies to his near relatives. Heriot died in London 12 Feb. 1623–1624, and was buried in his parish church, St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. A eulogium on him is said to have been pronounced at the funeral by his friend Walter Balcanquhall, D.D. (1586?–1645) [q. v.] In his will Heriot empowered Balcanquhall to arrange with the town council of Edinburgh for the fulfilment of his wishes respecting the hospital, and to draw up its statutes. The property bequeathed for this object included debts due by the royal family and the nobility and gentry of both kingdoms, and yielded a net capital sum of 23,625l., which was so judiciously administered that in 1880 the annual income alone of Heriot's trust was 24,000l. The hospital, a noble building, was opened in 1659, when thirty boys were admitted. In 1880 it gave a sound middle-class education to 180. With a surplus income of 3,000l. a year its governors established in 1838 a number of free schools in Edinburgh for the primary education of the children of poor parents. In 1885 these were handed over to the Edinburgh School Board, and effect was given to an extensive scheme framed by the Scotch Endowed Schools Commissioners, with the object of promoting secondary and higher education. This scheme included the establishment of a day-school within the walls of the hospital, and of technical, scientific, and general schools in other parts of the city.

An original portrait of Heriot, taken in his twenty-sixth year, is in the hospital, together with a copy by Scougall of Paul Vansomer's portrait of Heriot in his maturity. The latter portrait is said to be ‘indicative of the genuine Scottish character,’ and of ‘a personage fitted to move steadily and wisely through life’ (, p. 25). An idealised, it might be called an imaginary, Heriot is a central figure in the ‘Fortunes of Nigel,’ where Scott makes James I address him as ‘Jingling Geordie.’ [Hist. of George Heriot's Hospital, with a Memoir of the Founder, and an Account of the Heriot Foundation Schools, by William Steven, D.D.,


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1896. deliver an account, in accordance with section eight of the principal Act, in the case of a sale within one month after the sale, and in the case of a person coming into possession, or if in possession becoming competent to dispose, within six months after he so copies into possession, or becomes competent to dispose.

21. Where on the death of a deceased person estate duty becomes payable by a person in respect of any property passing under a settlement made by a will or disposition which took effect before the commencement of the principal Act, and before that before commencement any duty mentioned in paragraphs three to five of the First Schedule to the principal Act has been paid or is payable under the same Mali or disposition on the capital value of the property, the Commissioners of Inland Revenue shall allow the duty so paid or payable as a deduction from the estate duty to the extent to which it has been paid or is payable in respect of the property on which estate duty is payable.

22. There shall be added to sub-section five of section ten of the Appeal from principal Act the following proviso: Provided that in every such county court case any party shall have a right of appeal to Her Majesty's Court of Appeal.

23.The Finance Act, 1894, shall be construed as if there were Amendment of added in section twenty-three thereof, after sub-section fifteen, the following enactment:

Provided that for the purposes of section eighteen of this Act entail in such institute or heir of entail shall not be deemed to be a person competent to dispose of such estate, unless he is entitled to disentail it without obtaining the consent of any subsequent heir of entail, or having the consent of any subsequent heir valued and dispensed with.

24.—(1.) Unless the context otherwise requires—

(a) this Part of this Act shall come into operation on the first day of July one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six, which day is in this Part of this Act referred to as the commencement of this Part of this Act; and

(b) the expression "deceased person" means a person dying after the commencement of this Part of this Act.

(2.) Part L of the Finance Act, 1894, is in this Act referred to as "the principal Act."

25. Income tax for the year beginning on the sixth day of April one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six, shall be charged at the rate of eightpence.

26.—(1.) Where this or any other Act enacts that income tax shall be charged in any year at any rate, there shall be charged, levied, and paid during that year in respect of all property, profits, and gains respectively described or comprised in


text:
Song (Brontë, "Come to the banquet—triumph in your songs!")

Come to the banquet - triumph in your songs! Strike up the chords - and sing of Victory! The oppressed have risen to redress their wrongs; The Tyrants are o'erthrown; the Land is free! The Land is free! Aye, shout it forth once more; Is she not red with her oppressors' gore? We are her champions - shall we not rejoice? Are not the tyrants' broad domains our own? Then wherefore triumph with a faltering voice; And talk of freedom in a doubtful tone? Have we not longed through life the reign to see Of Justice, linked with Glorious Liberty?

Shout you that will, and you that can rejoice To revel in the riches of your foes. In praise of deadly vengeance lift you voice, Gloat o'er your tyrants' blood, you victims' woes. I'd rather listen to the skylarks' songs, And think on Gondal's, and my Father's wrongs.

It may be pleasant, to recall the death Of those beneath whose sheltering roof you lie; But I would rather press the mountain heath, With naught to shield me from the starry sky, And dream of yet untasted victory - A distant hope - and feel that I am free!

O happy life! To range the mountains wild, The waving woods - or Ocean's heaving breast, With limbs unfettered, conscience undefiled, And choosing where to wander, where to rest! Hunted, oppressed, but ever strong to cope - With toils, and perils - ever full of hope!

'Our flower is budding' - When that word was heard On desert shore, or breezy mountain's brow, Wherever said - what glorious thoughts it stirred! 'Twas budding then - Say has it blossomed now? Is this the end we struggled to obtain? O for the wandering Outlaw's life again!


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1896. 30. Where this or any other Act enacts that the annual value Inspectors or of any property which has been adopted for the purpose of income tax under Schedules A. and B. in the Income Tax Act, 1853, of inhabited house duty, during any year shall be taken as the annual value of such property for the same purpose during any subsequent year, the inspectors and surveyors of taxes shall be inhabited the assessors for such subsequent year of the income tax under the said Schedules A. and B., and of the inhabited house duty.

31.—(1.) The amount assessed in any year in any land tax parish Remission of on account of the unredeemed quota of land tax charged against that parish shall not after the passing of this Act exceed the amount shilling in the which would be produced by a rate of one shilling in the pound on pound, the annual value of the land in the parish subject to land tax, and any excess above the said amount shall be remitted for that year.

(2.) Sections one hundred and eighty and one hundred and eighty-one of the Land Tax Redemption Act, 1802, shall be construed as if the rate of one shilling in the pound on the annual value of the land were substituted for the rate of four shillings therein mentioned.

32.—(1.) The owner of any land may in any year redeem the land tax charged on such land by payment to the Commissioners of Inland Revenue of a capital sum, equal to thirty times the sum assessed on such land by the assessment last made and signed, after deducting any increase of the assessment made by virtue of this section, and such sum may be paid either in a single payment, or by such annual instalments as may be agreed upon with the Commissioners, and interest at the rate of three per cent, per annum on so much of the capital sum as remains unpaid shall be payable with each instalment, and all the instalments remaining unpaid may be paid at any time.

(2.) If an assessment on account of the unredeemed quota of land tax charged against any land tax parish would but for this section be made at a rate less than one penny in the pound on the annual value of the land in the parish subject to land tax such assessment shall be made at a rate of not less than one penny in the pound, except where such an assessment would produce a net sum exceeding the amount required for the redemption of the whole of the unredeemed quota, in which case the assessment shall be at such rate as will produce a net sum equal to that amount.

(3.) Any surplus land tax in any land tax parish received by reason of an increased assessment under the foregoing enactment, or otherwise received under the Land Tax Acts, shall be paid and applied in manner provided with respect to surplus land tax by section one hundred and fourteen of the Taxes Management Act, 1880 ((RL sidenote|43 & 44 Vict. c. 19.}}, except that such surplus, so far as it is not applied in payment to the assessors, shall be deemed to have redeemed so much of the


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The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar/The Song ("My soul, lost in the music's mist")

THE SONG

My soul, lost in the music's mist, Roamed, rapt, 'neath skies of amethyst. The cheerless streets grew summer meads, The Son of Ph[oe]bus spurred his steeds, And, wand'ring down the mazy tune, December lost its way in June, While from a verdant vale I heard The piping of a love-lorn bird.

A something in the tender strain Revived an old, long-conquered pain, And as in depths of many seas, My heart was drowned in memories. The tears came welling to my eyes, Nor could I ask it otherwise; For, oh! a sweetness seems to last Amid the dregs of sorrows past.

It stirred a chord that here of late I 'd grown to think could not vibrate. It brought me back the trust of youth, The world again was joy and truth. And Avice, blooming like a bride, Once more stood trusting at my side. But still, with bosom desolate, The lorn bird sang to find his mate.

Then there are trees, and lights and stars, The silv'ry tinkle of guitars; And throbs again as throbbed that waltz, Before I knew that hearts were false. Then like a cold wave on a shore, Comes silence and she sings no more. I wake, I breathe, I think again, And walk the sordid ways of men.


text: Talk:The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar/The Song ("My soul, lost in the music's mist")


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324 unredeemed quota of the land tax in the parish as is equal to one thirtieth part of such surplus.

33. Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Land Tax Acts shall apply to any redemption of land tax under this Part of this act; provided as follows:—

(a.) Where an owner redeems under this Act land tax upon any land by payment of a capital sum, the Commissioners of Inland Revenue in accordance with the prescribed regulations, shall, on his application at the date of the redemption, grant to him a certificate charging the land with the amount of that sum, and with interest equal to the amount of the land tax redeemed, and he shall be entitled to the charge as if it were a mortgage secured to him by a mortgage deed; and such charge, when the certificate is registered in pursuance of the Land Charges Registration and Searches Act, 1888, shall have priority over all other charges and incumbrances, and any money authorised to be invested in real security may be invested on the security of any such charge.

(b.) For the redemption under this Act by a capital sum of land tax charged upon land —

(i.) if the land is held upon any trust, or for any purpose, or for the benefit of any university or college, money may be applied which is held on the same trust, or for the same purpose, or for the benefit of the same university or college; and

(ii.) if the land is held for any purpose by a corporation or trustees, money may be applied which is applicable for that purpose, and any of such land may be sold to raise money for the redemption.

34. The Commissioners of Inland Revenue may prescribe regulations and forms for the purposes of this Part of this Act and may prescribe any forms required for the purpose of the Land Tax Acts, and any forms so prescribed, or forms to the like effect varied as circumstances require, shall when used be sufficient in law.

35. In this Part of this Act, unless the context otherwise requires—}

The expression "land subject to land tax" includes all the property specified in section four of the Land Tax Act, 1797 which is not exonerated from land tax:

The expression "unredeemed quota of the land tax" means the part of the land tax charged against a land tax parish under the Land Tax Acts, which for the time being remains payable:

The expression "land tax parish" means any parish, township, tithing, precinct, or place, for which a separate assessment of land tax is for the time being made:

The expression "annual value" means annual value by determination of the General Commissioners of Income Tax for the purpose of Schedule A. in the Income Tax Act, 1842, or in the case of any land subject to land tax, the annual value of which is not so determined, means annual value as determined by those Commissioners for the purposes of this Act


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 death the scavenger has nothing to do with murder that is all assassin's work Jesus needs to stop stealing souls from the source of souls the scavenger known as grim reapers & Jesus needs to stop slandering via 20nm atomic splitter nerved tenticles that can be seen with 20nm nickel due to the nickel nuturolising the magnetic field from Jesus's tentecles that worp light and evirement

a-wing have sullied the glory of the sky; The winds bear on their pinions the horror of Death's cry; Assassining one another, men rage and fall and die.

Has Antichrist arisen whom John at Patmos saw? Portents are seen and marvels that fill the world with awe, And Christ's return seems pressing, come to fulfil the Law.

The ancient Earth is pregnant with so profound a smart, The royal dreamer, musing, silent and sad apart, Grieves with the heavy anguish that rends the world's great heart.

Slaughterers of ideals with the violence of fate Have cast man in the darkness of labyrinths intricate To be the prey and carnage of hounds of war and hate.

Lord Christ! for what art waiting to come in all Thy might And stretch Thy hands of radiance over these wolves of night, And spread on high Thy banners and lave the world with light?

Swiftly arise and pour Life's essence lavishly On souls that crazed with hunger, or sad, or maddened be, Who tread the paths of blindness forgetting the dawn and Thee.

25]

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Come Lord, to make Thy glory, with lightnings on Thy brow! With trembling stars around Thee and cataclysmal woe, And bring Thy gifts of justice and peace and love below!

Let the dread horse John visioned devouring stars, pass by; And angels sound the clarion of Judgment from on high. My heart shall be an ember and in thy censer lie.

27]

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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/345

1896. on the like basis as if it were determined for the purpose of Schedule A.

The expression "owner" in relation to any land means any person entitled under the Land Tax Acts to redeem the land tax assessed on that land:

The expression "Land Tax Acts" means the Land Tax Act, and the Land Tax Redemption Act, 1802, and the enactments amending those Acts:

Other expressions have the same meaning as in the Land Tax Acts.

36. In the application of this Part of this Act to Scotland, the following provisions shall have effect:—

(1.) The expression "county" shall be substituted for the expression "land tax parish;"

(2.). The expression "bond and disposition in security in his favour" shall be substituted for the expression "mortgage secured to him by mortgage deed;"

(3.) The expression "heritable security" shall be substituted for the expression "real security;"

(4.) The certificate of charge granted under this Part of this Act by the Commissioners of Inland Revenue may be recorded in the register of sasines, and when so recorded shall have priority over all other charges and incumbrances.

37. Whereas by the Indian Army Pension Deficiency Act, 1885, the annual charge in respect of certain Indian army pensions therein mentioned was made payable out of a fund thereby placed rate of interest in the hands of the National Debt Commissioners, and called the for the Indian Army Pension Deficiency Fund, and in order to make the fund solvent, an annuity of one hundred and fifty thousand pounds, payable to the Commissioners, was by section four of the said Act charged on the Consolidated Fund, until all charges on the Indian Army Pension Deficiency Fund ceased;

And whereas by section five of the same Act the National Debt Commissioners were authorised to lend money, to be repaid out of the said Deficiency Fund by an annuity, with interest at three and a quarter per cent, per annum;

And whereas the charge on the said Deficiency Fund has proved to be larger than was originally estimated, and consequently the Fund is insufficient to meet those charges thereon, and it is therefore expedient to increase the amount of the annuity, and to authorise the reduction of the rate of interest on any money to be lent as above mentioned: Be it therefore enacted that—

(1.) The annuity charged on the Consolidated Fund by section four of the Indian Army Pension Deficiency Act, 1885, shall, as


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326 from the first day of April one thousand eight hundred and ninety six, be two hundred and fifteen thousand pounds, and the said Act shall have effect as if "two hundred and fifteen thousand pounds, beginning on the first day of April one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six," were substituted in the said section for "one hundred and fifty thousand pounds, beginning on the first day of April one thousand eight hundred and eighty-five."

(2.) The rate of interest for any money lent after the first day of April one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six under section five of the said Act shall be such as the National Debt Commissioners, with the approval of the Treasury, may determine.

38. Section twenty-seven of the Inland Revenue Regulation Act, 1890, shall be amended by the addition thereto of the following enactment:—

Any person who has been admitted as a solicitor, and is employed or authorised by the Commissioners or the solicitor of Inland Revenue, may appear in, conduct, defend, and address the court in any legal proceeding in a county court in England or Ireland where the proceeding relates to inland revenue or to any matter under the care or management of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue.

39. Part One of this Act, so far as it amends the Customs Consolidation Act, 1876, shall be construed together with that Act

Part Two of this Act shall be construed together with the Acts relating to the duties on beer.

Part Three of this Act shall be construed together with the Stamp Act, 1891.

Part Four of this Act shall be construed together with Part One of the Finance Act, 1894

Part Five of this Act shail be construed together with the Income Tax Act, 1842, and the Income Tax Act, 1863.

Part Six of this Act shall be construed together with the Land Tax Acts as defined in that Part.

40. The Acts mentioned in the schedule to this Act are hereby repealed to the extent in the third column of that schedule mentioned.

41. This Act may be cited as the Finance Act, 1896.


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Strauss, Richard

STRAUSS, RICHARD (1864–), German composer (see ). His opera, Ariadne auf Naxos (1912), was produced at His Majesty's theatre by Thomas Beecham in May 1913 and the same year Der Rosenkavalier, first produced at Dresden in 1910, was performed at Covent Garden with great success, eight performances being given; in point of fact, this proved to be Strauss's most popular opera. His other recent works include Festliches Praeludium, for orchestra (1913), and Josephs Legende (1914). In addition to the works enumerated mention should be made of Eine Alpensinfonie, (1915, op. 64); and the three-act opera, Die Frau ohne Schatten, libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal (1916, op. 65). In the winter of 1920-1 Strauss visited S. America, where he officiated at Buenos Aires as opera conductor, subsequently returning to Vienna.


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stravinsky, Igor


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Page:The American Indian.djvu/476

410, and

Author:Clark Wissler

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/476


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Streuvels, Stijn

STREUVELS, STIJN, the pen-name of (1871-), Flemish author, who was born at Heule, West Flanders, Oct. 4 1871. He was a nephew of Guido Gezelle (1830-1899), a celebrated Flemish poet, and until 1905 worked as a baker at Avelghem, a village near Courtrai in West Flanders. Writing in the West Flemish dialect, he was accepted in Belgium and Holland as the most distinguished Low Dutch author of his day. He produced many short stories, including Openlucht (1905) and De Vlaschaard (1908), a collection of which,

into English by A. Teixeira de Mattos. appeared in 1915 under the title of The Path of Life. In 1912 appeared Het glorierijke Licht (“The Glorious Light”).


text:
Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/347

1896.


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Page:The American Indian.djvu/475

Rh

See Spinden, Herbert J., and Will, George F.

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/475


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Page:The American Indian.djvu/474

408

(Editor).

, and

Author:Edward H. Thompson

Author:Edward Burnett Tylor

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/474


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Strindberg, August

STRINDBERG, AUGUST (1849–1912), Swedish author (see ), died at Stockholm May 14 1912. His plays have been translated into English by E. and W. Oland (1912–3) and H. B. Samuel (1914).

See A. Henderson, European Dramatists: August Strindberg (1914); C. D. Marcus, Strindbergs Dramatik (1918); C. L. Schleich, Erinnerungen an Strindberg (1917).


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322 the several Schedules A., B., C, D., and R in the Income Tax Act, 1853, the tax at that rate:

for every twenty shillings of the annual value or amount of property, profits, and gains chargeable under Schedule A., C., D., or E. in the said Act; and

for every twenty shillings of one third of the annual value of lands, tenements, hereditaments, and heritages chargeable under Schedule B. in the said Act in respect of the occupation thereof.

(2.) The deduction of one eighth out of the duties chargeable under Schedule B. shall cease.

(3.) All such enactments relating to income tax as were in force on the fifth day of April one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six shall have full force and effect with respect to the duties of income tax hereby granted, so far as those enactments are consistent with this Act.

27. For the purposes of any claim to exemption, relief, or abatement from income tax, the income arising from the occupation of lands, tenements, hereditaments, and heritages chargeable under Schedule B. in the Income Tax Act, 1853, shall be taken to be one third of the annual value thereof under that schedule, except that if any person occupying, either as owner or otherwise, any lands for the purpose of husbandry only shows at the end of any year, to the satisfaction of the General Commissioners of Income Tax, that his profits and gains arising from the occupation of lands during the year fell short of one third of the said annual value thereof, the income arising from the occupation shall be taken at the actual amount of such profits and gains, and if the whole of the income tax has been paid, the amount overpaid shall be certified and repaid in manner provided by section one hundred and thirty-three of the Income Tax Act, 1842

Any owner or other person in receipt of the rent of any lands, although not the occupier thereof, who is aggrieved by the amount of the annual value of the lands, as ascertained for the purpose of the assessment made thereon under Schedule A. in the Income Tax Act, 1853, shall have the same right of appeal to the General Commissioners of Income Tax as if the assessment were made upon him, and section fifty-seven of the Taxes Management Act, 1880, shall apply accordingly.

29. The annual value of any property which has been adopted for the purpose either of income tax under Schedules A and B. in the Income Tax Act, 1853, or of inhabited house duty, during the year ending on the fifth day of April one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six, shall be taken as the annual value of such property for the same purpose during the next subsequent year; provided that this section,—

(a) so far as respects the duty on inhabited houses in Scotland, shall be construed with the substitution of the twenty-fourth day of May for the fifth day of April; and

(b) shall not apply to the metropolis as defined by the Valuation (Metropolis) Act, 1869


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/348

328


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212 3. California Area. In California we have a marginal or coast area, which Kroebe divides into four sub-culture areas. However, by far the most extensive is the central group to which belongs the typical culture. Its main characteristics are: acorns, the chief vegetable food, supplemented by wild seeds, roots and berries are scarcely used; acorns made into bread by a roundabout process; hunting mostly for small game and fishing where possible; houses of many forms, but all simple shelters of brush or tule, or more substantial conical lean-to structures of poles; the dog was not used for packing, and there were no canoes, but used rafts of tule for ferrying; no pottery, but high development of basketry, both coil and twine; bags and mats very scanty; cloth or other weaving of twisted elements not known; clothing was simple, and scanty, feet generally bare; the bow, the only weapon, usually sinew-backed; work in skins very weak; work in wood, bone, etc., weak; metals not at all; stone work not advanced; no picture writing; designs only upon baskets and not symbolic; social organizations simple without gens or clan forms; political solidarity almost lacking; no formal social ranking, but some tendency to recognize property distinctions; ritualism, fetishism, and religious symbolism almost lacking; well developed puberty ceremonies for girls and a kind of secret initiation for men; a mourning ceremony in which gifts are burned; a tendency to maintain a series of dances in a fixed order; a semi-underground or earth-covered house for ceremonies, a sweat house and the sleeping place of adult males; shamanism conspicuous, but absence of fasting and other inducing methods; regalia not elaborate, feather head bands most general; creation and culture origin myths prevail, a dignified creator, but in addition coyote tales.

As with the preceding areas, we must again consider intermediate groups. In the South, the characteristic linguisticindividuality vanishes to make room for large groups of Yuman and Shoshonean tribes; here we find some pottery, sandals, wooden war clubs, and even curved rabbit sticks, all intrusive; but, in ceremonies and other non-material traits, these tribes conform to the California type we have outlined. The extinct

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Page:The roamer and other poems (1920).djvu/29

Rh Making a third where he with memory sat

Keeping o'er beauty dead eternal watch,

And, shining, lift his dry eyes from the ground,

And lull the venom feeding at his heart;

Such virtue did it draw from other days;

And with its orb his lids sank down in sleep,

The soul within him slumbering, and dear light

From eyes that cannot mourn fell on his breast,

And under morning stars he urged his way;

And roaming sang; but not the song of prime,—

A music of the darkened fields of night,

Earth-sorrow, and the wandering cries of night:

"O still expectant band of singing youth,

Who from the rose of dawn steal prophecy

And holy hope, and chanting triumph go,

Filling the morning air with sacred names!

O fortunate if in your faith ye die,

While yet the sun-flush leaps from mount to mount,

And glory's purpose dreams upon your brows!

O, one with them, me too desire has raised

To fly beyond the sensual reach of man

And break the bounds of earth's prosperity!

When hath their virtue shrunk to Nature's will?

And what their profit—do they grow and thrive?


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/349

1896.

An Act to amend the Bishopric of Bristol Act, 1884. [7th August 1696.]

HEREAS by the Bishopric of Bristol Act, 1884, provision made for the disunion of the sees of Gloucester and Bristol and for the constitution of a separate bishopric of Bristol, and it was thereby amongst other things provided that the diocese should consist of the deaneries and parishes as therein mentioned


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20 In every land they lay them down to die.

Woe to the remnant of the noble band!

The most are dead who that dear music built—

Their hymns shall be a nation's memory.

The few ride on, their lips too firm for song;

On many a lonely field they find how hard

The bright rebellion is that showed so fair

'Gainst this world’s wrong; now, taught within, they learn

What might it takes to wield a heavenly sword!"

He could not stay the spirit's wandering cries,

The music of the breaking heart of man,

Made hoarse by passion now, with grief grown stern:

"Is God then weary? has the flaming sphere,

Belted with burning noons and starred with night,

Paused in its revolution in the deep?

And that young spirit that there stands imprisoned,

Throned in the sapphire of crystàlline light,

Or in the starry concave of deep sleep

Reposes, till new dawn with rose-flushed dreams

Kisses his eyelids wide—shall he be stricken,

Creation's precious jewel, heart and eye


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/350

330 And whereas it is expedient that the boundaries of the said diocese should be altered and amended as herein-after mentioned:

Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:

1. This Act may be cited as the Bishopric of Bristol Amendment Act, 1896.

2. Section two of the schedule to the Bishopric of Bristol Act, 1894, is hereby repealed, and there shall by virtue of this Act be substituted for it the following section, that is to say: —

The diocese to consist of — (a.) The deaneries of Bristol and Stapleton;

(b.) The deaneries of Malmesbury or Malmesbury North, Chippenham or Malmesbury South, and Cricklade, in the county of Wilts (except the parishes of Kemble and Poole Keynes in the deanery of Malmesbury and the parishes of Somerford Keynes and Shamcote in the deanery of Cricklade, which four lastly-mentioned parishes shall form part of the rural deanery of Cirencester) and the deanery of Bitton in the county of Gloucester;

and all other provisions of the said Act as amended by the Bishopric of Bristol Amendment Act, 1894. and all other enactments having reference in any manner to the section aforesaid shall be read and have effect accordingly.

An Act to make better Provision for the Prevention and Settlement of Trade Disputes. [7th August 1896.]

E it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:

1.—(1.) Any board established either before or after the passing of this Act which is constituted for the purpose of settling disputes between employers and workmen by conciliation or arbitration, or any association or body authorised by an agreement in writing made between employers and workmen to deal with such disputes (in this Act referred to as a conciliation board), may apply to the Board of Trade for registration under this Act.

(2.) The application must be accompanied by copies of the constitution, byelaws, and regulations of the conciliation board, with such other information as the Board of Trade may reasonably require.

(3.) The Board of Trade shall keep a register of conciliation boards, and enter therein with respect to each registered board its name and principal office, and such other particulars as the Board of Trade may think expedient, and any registered conciliation


text: Wikisource:Community portal/Projects

title: Wikisource:Community portal/Projects


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1896. board shall be satisfied to have its name removed from the register on sending to the Board of Trade a written application to that effect.

(4.) Every registered conciliation board shall furnish such returns, reports of its proceedings, and other documents as the Board of Trade may reasonably require.

(5.) The Board of Trade may, on being satisfied that a registered conciliation board has ceased to exist or to act, remove its name from the register.

(6.) Subject to any agreement to the contrary, proceedings for conciliation before a registered conciliation board shall be conducted in accordance with the regulations of the board in that behalf.

2.—(1 .) Where a difference exists or is apprehended between an employer, or any class of employers, and workmen, or between different classes of workmen, the Board of Trade may, if they think fit, exercise all or any of the following powers, namely,—

(a) inquire into the causes and circumstances of the difference;

(b) take such steps as to the Board may seem expedient for the purpose of enabling the parties to the difference to meet together, by themselves or their representatives, under the presidency of a chairman mutually agreed upon or nominated by the Board of Trade or by some other person or body, with a view to the amicable settlement of the difference;

(c) on the application of employers or workmen interested, and after taking into consideration the existence and adequacy of means available for conciliation in the district or trade and the circumstances of the case, appoint a person or persons to act as conciliator or as a board of conciliation;

(d) on the application of both parties to the difference, appoint an arbitrator.

(2.) If any person is so appointed to act as conciliator, he shall inquire into the causes and circumstances of the difference by communication with the parties, and otherwise shall endeavour to bring about a settlement of the difference, and shall report his proceedings to the Board of Trade.

(3.) If a settlement of the difference is effected either by conciliation or by arbitration, a memorandum of the terms thereof shall be drawn up and signed by the parties or their representatives, and a copy thereof shall be delivered to and kept by the Board of Trade.

3., shall not apply to the settlement by arbitration of any difference or dispute to which this Act applies, but any such arbitration proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with such of the provisions of the said Act, or such of the regulations of any conciliation board, or under such other rules or regulations, as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties to the difference or dispute.

4. If it appears to the Board of Trade that in any district or Power for trade adequate means do not exist for having disputes submitted to Board of a conciliation board for the district or trade, they may appoint any


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xii CHAPTER XI.

.

Pages 232-252

CHAPTER XII.

.

1865 CHAPTER XIII.

.

CHAPTER XIV. .

CHAPTER XV.

.


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Saint Sophia, Church and Mosque of

SAINT SOPHIA,. A celebrated structure at Constantinople. The first church of this name was built by the Emperor Constantine, on the occasion of the translation of the seat of empire to Byzantium, and is so called as being dedicated to the Hagia Sophia (holy wisdom), or the Logos. The building of Constantine was subsequently rebuilt and enlarged by his son Constantius; this second church of Constantius, having been destroyed in 404, was rebuilt by Theodosius the younger in 415; and it lasted unaltered till the battle of the factions of the circus, under Justinian, in 532, in which year it was totally destroyed. The present building is substantially that which was erected by Justinian in expiation of this sacrilege. It was consecrated in 537, and occupied less than seven years in its erection. Ten thousand workmen are said to have been employed

upon it. The materials were supplied from every part of the empire, including columns and marbles from pagan monuments. Untold sums were lavished upon its decoration and the sacred furniture with which it was adorned. The church is the masterpiece of Byzantine architecture, and one of the epoch-making buildings of the world. Its architect was ../Anthemius/ (q.v.).

The building may be described as a square of 241 feet, forming interiorly a Greek cross, and surrounded in the interior by a woman's choir or gallery, supported by magnificent columns. In the centre rises a dome, supported at the front and back by two great semi-domes, which in their turn rest upon smaller semi-domes, and on the sides by heavy buttresses, the whole presenting a series of unexampled beauty. The height of the dome is 175 feet. The building is approached by a double porch, which is about 100 feet in depth. The whole of the interior was richly decorated with marbles and mosaics. Even in the reign of Justinian, a further reconstruction of the building became necessary, the dome having fallen in in consequence of an earthquake in 558, but this may be said to have been the last important change in the structure within the Christian period of Constantinople.

On the occupation of that city by the Turks in 1453, Saint Sophia was appropriated as a mosque. All its purely Christian fittings and internal structures were swept away. The Christian emblems were either mutilated or covered from view by a coating of plaster. The latter course was adopted throughout the building in the case of mosaic pictures, containing representations of the human figure, which the Koran proscribes as unlawful, and thus the mosaics have in great part escaped destruction. The Sultan Abdul Medjid having ordered a complete restoration of the building, the mosaics were accidentally brought to light, and, with the consent of the Sultan, accurate copies were made of all of these interesting relics of antiquity. The interior of the building at present is restored for Mohammedan worship, the Christian decorations being again carefully covered up. Consult: Salzenburg, Altchristliche Baudenkmäler Konstantinopels (Berlin, 1854); Pulgher, Les anciennes églises byzantines de Constantinople (Vienna, 1878-80); Adamy, Architektonik der altchristlichen Zeit (Hanover, 1884); Lethaby and Swainson, The Church of Sancta Sophia (London, 1894); and Barth, “Konstantinopel,” in Berühmte Kunststatten (Leipzig, 1901).


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Page:Duffy's Irish Catholic Magazine April 1847 p. 75.png

 Seems but commissioned to repeat In echo's accents—silvery sweet— That thou, O Lord, didst give it birth There is a tongue in every flame— There is a tongue in every wave— To these the bounteous Godhead gave These organs but to praise his name! O mighty Lord of boundless space, Here can'st thou be both sought and found— For here in every thing around, Thy presence and thy power I trace. With faith my guide, and my defence, I burn to serve in love and fear; If as a slave Oh! leave me here; If not, O Lord, remove he hence!

Angel.Patrick! Patr.Who calls? Paul.There's no one by— Nobody calls. The man's distraught—[Aside. Methinks a poet he should be. Angel.Patrick! Patr.Who calls again? Angel.'Tis I, Paul.He speaks and yet I can see naught— Well let him speak: what's that to me? I am not placed to guard his tongue.[Exit. Patr.Ah! can I trust my wondering eyes, That Heaven so great a favour sends?— A glorious cloud from yonder skies With mingled tints of pearl and rose, And all its summer bravery hung, Before my raptur'd sight descends— And now its glittering gates disclose The sun within more glorious still; He comes in purple and in gold— He comes, as comes the smiling dawn, In his crimson chariot drawn By the running rosy hours— Scattering over vale and hill Jessamine and all sweet flowers. Never yet by day or night Did I such a sight behold! Angel.Patrick! Patr.I'm dazzled with the light— Who art thou, celestial Lord? Angel.Patrick, of my own accord Here my course I have not bent, I am Victor, hither sent (Guardian Angel of thy soul), From the happy realms of bliss, Even by God, to give thee this.[Gives him the letter. Patr.Oh! sweet messenger divine, Happy harbinger of joy, How can I my heart controul? Seeing thee, who, like the seven That before God's footstool shine, All thy eternal hours employ, 'Mid the sweet choirs singing, solely, “Holy! holy! holy! holy! Mighty Lord of Earth and Heaven.” Angel.Read the letter. Patr.Can it be That the scroll is sent to me? Yes to me 'tis sent indeed. [Reads the superscription, which is addressed: “.”] Angel.Open it. Patr.Within I read, “Come, Patrick, come, we wait for thee To free us from our slavery” So ends the writing; it is clear This means more than doth appear— Faithful guardian, let me know Who are those who call me so. Angel.Look within this mirror then. Patr.Heavens! Angel.What do you behold? Patr.A mighty crowd of young and old, Tender children, women, men, Calling me. Angel.And those you see Are the Irish people. They Stretch their longing arms to thee, Waiting for the blessed day, When the darkness pass'd and gone, Thou wilt bring, like morning light, Tidings of the Faith—Begone! Thou, I know, will not be loth To listen to thy God's command— Leave thy slavery, and go Legate and Apostle both, Of the favour'd Irish land. First to France depart and take There at blessed German's feet The habit of a monk. To Rome, Then, a rapid journey make— Then with letters from the Pope, Good Celestine, thou wilt come Hither, full of heavenly hope, Thou, St. Martin, too, wilt see Bishop of Tours. But now with me Borne upon the mighty wind Let us leave this land behind. Now that I have let thee know What thy glorious fate must be, And the task reserved for thee, Let us on our journey go.[Exeunt. []

“ symbolic sense of the holy vestments worn by the priests of the Catholic church was seen in the sublime prayers which they repeated, as they clothed themselves to minister at the altar. A long sermon of Ives de Chartres is devoted to explaining, for the edification of manners, the mystic beauty of the priest's vestments, in which every part had a divine meaning. Witness, says Walafried Strabo, that alb denoting purity, that belt signifying continence, that stole obedience, and that flowing chasuble which is placed over all to denote charity, the greatest of all virtues. The gloves of the bishop, were put on to signify that his good works were sometimes to be in secret, and not before men; and, there were laid aside, to remind him that his light was to shine before men. The mystic sense of the pallium, symbol of unanimity, as Pope Symmachus styles it, writing to a bishop of Austria, in the year 504, and which ancient authors mention as being taken from the body of St. Peter, that is to say, from the altar over his relics, and to which they ascribe the plenitude of the pontificial office, is explained by Isidorus Palusista, in his epistle to Count Herminius. The bishop, he says, wears upon his shoulders a band, not of linen, but of wool, to signify that he is an imitator of Christ,


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Ragnarök

RAGNARÖK,. In Scandinavian mythology, the end of the world, and the fall of the gods before the combined demon hosts of the world. The word ragnarök really means “judgment of the gods,” but it has been conceived sophistically to mean “twilight of the gods,” and as the Götterdämmerung has formed the basis of the Wagnerian music-drama Der Ring des Nibelungen. The fundamental conception of the ragnarök is the end of the Golden Age, brought about by the conflict of the two types of Norse gods, known respectively as Æsir and Vanir, and by the Æsir's violation of their oaths. The chief source of these conceptions is the poem of the Elder Edda, called the Völuspa, a mixture of heathen and Christian conceptions. The battle between the gods and demons is ushered in with the appearance of the divine war maidens, the Walkyries. Balder, the beautiful god, is dead, through Loki's malignant treachery, and his fate seals the doom of the other gods. The giant watchman Eggther strikes his harp, and in each of the three worlds, that of the giants, the Æsir, and Hel, a cock crows calling the warriors to the battle. The hell-hound Garme bays aloud; the wolf Fenrir tears his chain. On the earth men are engaged in bloodshed and incest. Floods rise everywhere. The old world tree, the ash Yggdrasil, sways to its roots. Then the god Heimdaler sounds his horn, calling the gods to the fray. In mighty array the demon hosts come marching against the gods from the east, north, and south. Odin engages in combat with Fenrir; Freyr with Surtr; Thor with the serpent Midgard; all the three gods fall in the struggle. The demons are masters of the battle-field. The sun grows black, the earth sinks into the sea, the stars fall from heaven. Vapor and fire rage, the high flame licks the sky. The world and the gods are gone. But from out of the flood rises a new earth which unsown grows grain, and the Æsir come again. Consult Chantepie de la Saussaye, The Religion of the Teutons (Boston, 1902).


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Rh Of all that is—disrealmed and headlong cast,

And, prone in whirling fate and unplumbed night,

Fall with a world unhinged? because His will,

Who works in awful secrecy of change,

Conceives, creates, but knows not to preserve?

The Hand that fused the obscure elements

And cast the mould of Nature—does it tire?

When hath He called thy shoulder to the wheel?

When hath He sought thy door? or sued to thee

For thy alliance? strength or counsel craved?

O insolent! thinking to help thy God!"

He sang no more, but silent was his heart;

Nor music knew, save, as one hears in sleep

The wild wind sighing in an outer world,

He heard around him earth's old cradle-song

Of wood and wave, life's grieving undertones;

Or the deep chord of color, or lyric form,

Motionless charm, with sudden piercing pain

Made his blood wild; and if at times there woke

Rapture of heart and ecstasy of soul,

They were the spirit's intense agony;

And earth more beautiful, and love more sweet,

Were unto him increase of loneliness

The long, long years. O, wherefore should he sing!


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316 with men who sought only personal aggrandizement and the opportunities for place and power.

The result of the coalition of such conflicting elements may be read in the rapid succession of events, one military leader succeeding another, and, fired by jealousy and the dread of rivalry, summarily disposing of his predecessor. The popular idol of to-day may tomorrow be a victim to his own superiority, as envy, like death, loves a shining mark. His place in history cannot be augured from his fate at the hands of his countrymen. Time avenges all such, and many who were executed as traitors are now revered as martyrs, their dust the choicest treasure of the Grand Cathedral and San Fernando. The strife in which they lived is past; the passions to which they were sacrificed are stilled forever, and only their great deeds survive. They live in the hearts of their countrymen, and in every part of the republic their memorials are to be found in the forms of mural tablet or shaft.

The facilities now offered for travel in Mexico place within the reach of all who desire it, the privilege of visiting in person the historic places mentioned in this connection; and at almost every turn of the railway the eye may rest upon some evidence of a sanguinary contest or memorial of stirring event.

It was my pleasure and privilege to make pilgrimages to many of these places, and often while gazing upon shaft or cross my heart has been thrilled as I recalled the unparalleled struggles of the Mexican people for liberty.

Let us turn for a moment to the first scene in the grand drama for liberty.

The hour is midnight. The inhabitants are wrapped in a calm and delightful repose. The gray-headed veteran and the child with golden curls—youth and innocence, old age and infirmity—are alike in profound slumber, in blissful unconsciousness of the coming storm. It is in the unpretentious town of Dolores—suggestive name! The


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Ragozin, Zénaïde Alexeïevna

RAGOZIN, , (1835—). A Russian-American author, born in Russia, where she was educated. After several years spent in travel, she emigrated to the United States in 1874. Among her published works are: The Story of Chaldea (1886); The Story of Assyria (1887); The Story of Media,

Babylon, and Persia (1888); The Story of Vedic India (1895); all in the “Story of the Nations” series; and five volumes of biography in “Tales of the Heroic Age” series. She translated from the French Anatole Leroy Beaulieu's The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians.


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Rh Santa Barbara were at least variants, living upon sea food, having some wood work, making plank canoes, and excellent workers of stone, bone, and shell. In northern California are again the Karok, Yurok, Wishosk, Shasta, and Hupa and other Athapascan tribes; here sea food on the coast and salmon in the interior rival acorns and other foods; dug-out canoes; rectangular gabled houses of planks with circular doors; basketry almost exclusively twined; elkhorn and wooden trinket boxes; elkhorn spoons; stone work superior to that of central California; the occasional use of rod, slat, and elkskin armor and also basket hats of the northern type. These all suggest the culture farther north (Area 4), as do the appearance of carving and the more elaborate decorative art. Also, social organization becomes more definite, with clear-cut property distinctions, mourning ceremonies, and the secret initiations are wanting; and the use of stuffed albino deerskins in certain ceremonies is distinctive. Even the mythology is said to have leanings toward that of the North and East.

4. North Pacific Coast Area. Ranging northward from California to the Alaskan peninsula we have an ethnic coast belt, known as the North Pacific Coast area. This culture is rather complex and presents highly individualized tribal variations; but can be consistently treated under three subdivisions: (a) the northern group, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian; (b) the central group, the Kwakiutl tribes and the Bellacoola; and (c) the southern group, the Coast Salish, the Nootka, the Chinook, Kalapooian, Waiilatpuan, Chimakuan, and some Athapascan tribes. The first of these seem to be the type and are characterized by: the great dependence upon sea food, some hunting upon the mainland, large use of berries; dried fish, clams, and berries are the staple food; cooking with hot stones in boxes and baskets; large rectangular gabled houses of upright cedar planks with carved posts and totem poles; travel chiefly by water in large, sea-going dug-out canoes, some of which had sails; no pottery nor stone vessels, except mortars; baskets in checker, those in twine reaching a high state of excellence among the Tlingit; coil basketry not made; mats of cedar bark and soft bags in

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214 abundance; the Chilkat, a Tlingit tribe, specialized in the weaving of a blanket of goat hair; there was no true loom, the warp hanging from a bar, and weaving with the fingers, downward (Fig. 70); clothing rather scanty, chiefly of skin, a wide basket hat (only one of the kind on the continent and apparently for rain protection); feet usually bare, but skin moccasins and leggings were occasionally made; for weapons the bow, club, and a peculiar dagger, no lances; slat, rod, and skin armor; wooden helmets, no shields; practically no chipped stone tools, but nephrite or green stone used; wood work highly developed, splitting and dressing of planks, peculiar bending for boxes, joining by securing with concealed stitches, high development of carving technique; work in copper may have been aboriginal, but, if so, very weakly developed; decorative art is conspicuous, tending to realism in carved totem poles, house posts, etc.; some geometric art on baskets, but woven blankets tend to be realistic; each family expresses its mythical origin in a carved or painted crest; the tribe of two exogamic divisions with maternal descent; society organized as chiefs, nobles, common people, and slaves; a kind of barter system expressed in the potlatch ceremony in which the leading units of value are blankets and certain conventional copper plates; a complex ritualistic system by which individuals are initiated into the protection of their family guardian spirits, those so associated with the same spirit forming a kind of society; mythology characterized by the Raven legends.

The central group differs in a few minor points: use a hand stone hammer instead of a hafted one; practically no use of skin clothing, but twisted and loosely woven bark or wool; no coil or twined basketry, all checker work; has a tendency toward paternal descent for its exogamic groups; the crest system less in evidence, but the initiation groups very strong, particularly the cannibal cult, and far less associated with the clans.

Among the southern group appears a strong tendency to use stone arrow-heads in contrast to the North; a peculiar flat club, vaguely similar to the New Zealand type, the

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text:
User talk:Nikolas Tales

Hello. --Nikolas Tales (talk) 21:56, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

Welcome
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title: User talk:Nikolas Tales


text:
Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part III.djvu/123

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive a U.S. guarantee of the Accords, could not prevent the U.S. from subsequently bringing Cambodia and Laos within the security perimeter of SEATO through the Protocol, a device broached by Under Secretary Smith at Geneva. Later, the U.S. spread this umbrella over SVN as well.

 * 3.

 * a.

In terms of advantages, the military accords signed 21 July by Ta Quang Buu, Vice-Minister of National Defense of the DRV, and Brigadier General Delteil, Commander of French Union Forces in Indochina, ceded the DRV full control of all Vietnamese territory north of the line set roughly at the 17th parallel. French attempts to acquire enclaves in the area of the bishoprics and around. Haiphong had been rejected, and all French forces were to be withdrawn from Haiphong within 300 days. Moreover, the Final Declaration of the Conference specified, that the demarcation line was provisional and, under Article 7; would be expunged by elections to be held in July, 1956. The DRV, therefore, could look forward to a possible legal victory at the ballot boxes within two years.

But, the disappointments to the Viet Minh must have weighed heavily also. National unity was specifically compromised by the creation of two zones divided by a demilitarized area at the 17th, rather than the 13th or 14th, parallel. A fast political solution in six months had to be bargained away as well; elections would not be held, for two years, and even then under international, not strictly Vietnamese, supervision. Finally, the Viet Minh had been forced to yield completely on their claims advanced in support of the Pathet Lao and Free Khmer forces. In Laos and Cambodia, as in Vietnam, international rather than indigenous inspection teams were to be admitted. The so-called resistance forces would either have to be withdrawn (in Laos, following temporary regroupment) or demobilized (in Cambodia) on the spot. The Viet Minh could, only salvage promises from the governments of Laos and Cambodia — contained, in their separate delegations of 21 July — that "citizens" of the two countries would, be able to participate as candidates or electors in elections to be held during 1955. The Viet Minh accepted these results even though they went well beyond compromise positions which they advanced through the talks.

 * b.

The Viet Minh had no desire to surrender their control over considerable areas of Vietnam outside the Tonkin Delta. During June and July, according to CIA maps, Viet Minh forces held down the larger portion of Annam (excepting the major port cities) and significant pockets in the Cochin-China delta. Their consequent claim to all the territory north of a line running northwest from the 13th to the 14th parallel (from Tuy Hoa on the coast through Pleiku to the Cambodian border) was far more in keeping with the actual military situation than the French demand Rh

title: Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part III.djvu/123


text: User:Nikolas Tales

title: User:Nikolas Tales