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 that it was no use his listening at all. So I went away for the present, hoping before long to have an opportunity of speaking to him when he was more willing to hear."

"I thought," said I, "that you told me just now of your having conversed with the young woman herself: did I mistake you? or was that at another time?"

"That was just as I was going away: I passed by accident through the room where she was, and we had a very few words together. It was plain at once, by her manner, that she considered me personally unkind in what I had been saying of her to my sister. I begged her to bear with me, considering that I was so much older, and that I could have nothing at heart but my nephew's good; and I put her in mind of two or three things which had passed, such as I thought would be most apt to pacify and soothe her when she remembered them; and then I begged her seriously to consider, not at present whether I was right or no in my opinion of the necessity of Baptism, but, supposing I thought myself right, how could I act otherwise than I was doing? Which, I asked, is the truer charity? to let people go on unbaptized and unsanctified, for fear of paining them;—to treat them as if they were quite safe, when, if you will believe our, you must believe they have not yet even entered into the Church and Kingdom of ,—or to show them that you feel in earnest for their danger; to remind them what sentence the Church would pass on them, should they die in their present condition? She would not, in that case, allow them Christian burial. Why? Evidently, because she thinks them not members of body; not entitled by covenant to those promises, the rehearsing of which over the grave are in her mind a part of Christian burial. I believe and obey the Church; and if it was the nearest and dearest relation I have, I should count it kindness, not cruelty, to treat him as she would have him treated; to 'have compassion on him, making a difference,' and so try to bring him, with an humble and penitent heart, to our Baptism in good time.

"This was the tone of what I said to her; but I had hardly time for so much as this: however, as she is naturally good tempered and candid, she seemed to take it pretty well."


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 "I should like to know," said I, "whether she has ever expressed any wish for Baptism. A person who thinks of it, but is as yet irresolute, may be regarded, I should think, in a different light from one who distinctly slights and disparages it; more like one of the beginners in Christianity, who were called in old time Catechumens. Whereas, those who indulge in scorn, and make themselves easy in such a condition, show the very temper of the worst heretics. Have you any notion to which of these two classes the young woman you are speaking of rather belongs?"

"I should not suppose she had ever thought much of the matter, until of late, that the question has been started by this proposed wedding. What thoughts she has, I should fear, are rather of the scornful kind. She has been used to hear people say, under breath, perhaps, but not the less emphatically for that, something like what Naaman the Syrian said, 'May I not wash elsewhere and be clean?' with plenty of hints about superstition and Popery, and other words of the like sound."

"It is too likely; one has heard of late of too much of that kind among the Baptists, and among others who agree with them in slighting the ancient Church. And worse consequences even than the contempt of Baptism follow, I fear, too often. Persons become generally irreverent towards religion altogether. A proud common sense, as it calls itself, usurps the place of that humility which befits a creature and a sinner in judging of his duties towards . Nothing is cordially believed which is not theoretically understood: nothing carefully and reverently practised, of which the use is not perceived. And thus the religion of our time is in danger of dwindling down to a wretched kind of political decency: and where, of all parties, is the change going on most rapidly? Among those who left the Apostolical Church because it was not spiritual enough for them!"

"And yet, Sir, is there any thing so strange in that? Our blessed joined the two together,—the high, mysterious, and spiritual, doctrine of the Trinity, with the no less mysterious communication of grace by water Baptism. They who begin by being so bold as to despise the water, which He commanded to be used, it is very natural, as far as I see, that they should end

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 by despising the word which He commanded to be spoken,—the sacred name of the, the , and the ."

"It is indeed but too natural, like all the other steps which men make down the broad way which leads to perdition. But it is some kind of satisfaction to me to find, that quiet thoughtful laymen see the danger, as well as we who are of the clergy. And I suppose we shall be pretty well agreed upon the remedy, namely, to do what little we can towards reviving among men the knowledge and love of the ancient Church."

"Ah, Sir, if that might be! But a Christian must not despond about the Church, nor the meanest Christian of being made useful, in his place, towards the highest ends. I will not therefore indulge in forebodings; but will rather try again what I can do with the opportunity which Providence has put in my way. I certainly will do nothing to countenance this marriage; and if I cannot prevent it, at least some part of what I say may rise up in some of their minds some day, and may help them to truer and better thoughts. But you must help me, Sir, with your advice, and (may I be so bold?) with your prayers."

"It is my bounden duty, Richard," said I, as I shook him by the hand at parting. "And take this Scripture home for your comfort; that if a man humbly 'cast his bread upon the waters,'—if he trust his Maker with it in earnest, he shall 'find it after many days.'"


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32 met with. Near the populous city of Shang-hae, coffins were seen in the corners of the fields, kept above ground till the bodies should decay; when the bones might be collected into jars, placed by the cottage door, and the coffin and the room might serve for other occupants. At the great island of Choo-san, scores of coffins were observed under a precipice, scattered about in confusion, some fresh, and others in a state of decay, all denied the right of sepulture, from the crying necessity of a want of room. In the neighbourhood of Peking, the cemetery may be large, because the population is great, and the ground round the capital comparatively barren; but generally throughout the country, and particularly in the more level and fertile provinces, the living cannot afford much room for the dead, and the cemeteries are therefore contracted and few.

The encouragement given to agriculture would also argue a dense population. It is an ancient maxim with the Chinese, that when people are hungry there is no attending to the dictates of justice and propriety, and only when a population is well fed, can they be well governed. Hence from the earliest antiquity, the emperor has set an example of industry to his people, by personally and publicly holding the plough once a year, while the empress does the same with regard to the loom. In arranging the various classes of the people, the Chinese place the literati in the foremost rank, as learning is with them the stepping stone to honour; but immediately after the learned, the husbandman takes the precedence of all others, because being engaged in raising the necessaries of life, he is abundantly more important than the mechanic, who merely changes the forms of matter; and the merchant, who originates


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136 has for his problem to get over the obvious incompatibility of the truth he has himself abundantly demonstrated in the course of his book, that the woman-type, in every respect, physiological and psychological, approaches the child-type, while the man-type, in its proper progress towards maturity, increasingly diverges from it. The obvious implication of this fact is surely plain, on the principle of the development of the individual being a shorthand reproduction of the evolution of the species, or, to express it in scientific phraseology, of ontogeny being the abbreviated recapitulation of the stages presented by philogeny. If we proceed on this well-accredited and otherwise universally accepted principle of biology, the inference is clear enough—to wit, that woman is, as Herbert Spencer and others have pointed out, simply "undeveloped man"—in other words, that Woman represents a lower stage of evolution than Man. Now this would obviously not at all suit the book of Mr Ellis's Feminism. Explained away it has to be in some fashion or other. So our author is driven to the daring expedient of throwing overboard one of the best established generalisations of modern biology, and boldly declaring that the principle contained therein is reversed (we suppose "for this occasion only") in the case of Man. In this way he is enabled to postulate a theory consoling to the Feminist soul, which affirms that adult man

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text: Tracts for the Times/Tract 40

title: Tracts for the Times/Tract 40


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Rh is nearer in point of development to his pre-human ancestor than either the child or the woman! The physiological and psychological analogies observable between the child and the savage, and even, especially in early childhood, between the child and the lower mammalian types—analogies which, notably in the life of instinct and passion, are traceable readily also in the human female—all these count for nothing; they are not dreamt of in Mr Ellis's Feminist philosophy. The Modern Feminist dogma requires that woman should be recognised as equal in every respect (except in muscular strength) with man, and if possible, as rather superior to him. If Nature has not worked on Feminist lines, as common observation and scientific research alike testify on the face of things, naughty Nature must be "corrected," in theory, at least, by the ingenuity of Feminist savants of the degraded male persuasion. To this end we must square our scientific hypotheses!

The startling theory of Mr Havelock Ellis, which must seem, one would think, to all impartial persons, so out of accord with all the acknowledged laws and facts of biological science, appears to the present writer, it must be confessed, the very reductio ad absurdum of Feminist controversial perversity.

I will conclude this chapter on Feminist Lies and Fallacies with a fallacy of false analogy or false

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138 illustration, according as we may choose to term it. This quasi-argument was recently put forward in a defence speech by one of the prisoners in a suffragette trial and was subsequently repeated by George Bernard Shaw in a letter to The Times. Put briefly, the point attempted to be made is as follows:—Apostrophising men, it is said: "How would you like it if the historical relations of the sexes were reversed, if the making and the administrating of the laws and the whole power of the State were in the hands of women? Would not you revolt in such a condition of affairs?" Now to this quasi-argument the reply is sufficiently clear. The moral intended to be conveyed in the hypothetical question put, is that women have just as much right to object to men's domination, as men would have to object to women's domination. But it is plain that the point of the whole question resides in a petitio principie—to wit, in the assumption that those challenged admit equal intellectual capacity and equal moral stability as between the average woman and the average man. Failing this assumption the challenge becomes senseless and futile. If we ignore mental and moral differences it is only a question of degree as to when we are landed in obvious absurdity. In "Gulliver's Travels" we have a picture of society in which horses ruled the roost, and lorded it over human beings. In this satire Swift in effect put the

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Rh question: "How would you humans like to be treated by horses as inferiors, just as horses are treated by you to-day?" I am, be it remembered, not instituting any comparison between the two cases, beyond pointing out that the argument as an argument is intrinsically the same in both.

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text: The Fraud of Feminism/Chapter 6

title: The Fraud of Feminism/Chapter 6


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was all so new and strange to Helen and Ruth that neither had considered the possibility of homesickness. Indeed, how could they be homesick? There was too much going on at Briarwood Hall for the newcomers to think much of themselves.

The plump girl next to Ruth seemed of a friendly disposition, for when she had satisfied the first cravings of her appetite—oh, long before she came to the cup-custard!—she said:

"Which are you—Cameron, or Fielding? I'm Stone—Jennie Stone."

Ruth told her their names and asked in return:

"Are you on our corridor, too? I know you are rooming in the same building as Helen and I."

"Yes," said the fat girl. "I'm in a quartette with Mary Cox, Lluella Fairfax and Belle Tingley. Oh, you'll see plenty of us," said Heavy. "And I say! you're going to the Upede meeting to-night; aren't you?"


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58 "Why—yes. Do you all belong?"

"Our quartette? Sure," said the plump girl in her off-hand way. "We'll show you some fun. And I say!"

"Well?" asked Ruth.

"How often are they going to send you boxes from home?"

"Boxes from home?" repeated the girl from the Red Mill.

"Yes. You know, you can have 'em sent often if you keep up with your classes and don't get too many demerits in deportment. I missed two boxes last half because of black marks. And in French and deportment, too. That was Picolet's doing—mean thing!"

"I had no idea that one would be allowed to receive goodies," said Ruth, who of course expected nothing of the kind from home, but did not wish to say so.

"Well, you want to write your folks that you can receive 'em right away. A girl who gets things from home can be very popular if she wants to be. Ah! here's the custard."

Ruth had difficulty in keeping from laughing outright. She saw plainly that the nearest way to Miss Jennie Stone's heart lay through her stomach.

Meanwhile Helen had become acquainted with the girl on the other side who had called them


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Rh "Infants." But she was a good-natured girl, too, and now Helen introduced her to her chum as Miss Polk. She was a dark-haired, plain-faced girl and wore eye-glasses. She was a Junior and already Helen had found she belonged to the F. C.'s.

"I guess most of the stiff and starched ones belong to that Forward Club," whispered Helen to her chum. "But the jolly ones are Upedes."

"We'll wait and see," advised Ruth.

Supper was over then and the girls all rose ind strolled out of the room in parties. Ruth and Helen made their way quietly to the exit and looked for the office of the Preceptress. The large building with the tower—the original Briarwood Hall—was partly given up to recitations and lecture rooms and partly to the uses of the Tellinghams and the teachers. Besides this great building there were two dormitory buildings, the gymnasium, the library building, and a chapel which had been built only the year before by subscriptions of the graduates of the school and of the parents of the scholars then attending. But it was growing dusk now and the two friends could not see much of the buildings around the campus.

Mrs. Grace Tellingham and her husband (the Doctor never by any chance came first in anybody's mind!) had started the school some years


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60 before in a small way; but it had grown rapidly and was, as we have seen, very popular. Many girls were graduated from the institution to the big girls' colleges, for it was, in fact, a preparatory school.

The chums went in at the broad door and saw a library at the right hand into which a tidy maid motioned them, with a smile. It was a large room, the walls masked by bookshelves, all filled so tightly that it did seem as though room for another book could not be found. But Mrs. Tellingham was not there.

Bending over the table, however, (and it was a large, leather-covered table with a great student lamp in the center, the shade of which threw a soft glow of light in a circle upon it) was a gentleman whose shoulders were very round and who seemed to be so near-sighted that his nose must have been within an inch or so of the book which he read. He was totally unconscious of the girls' presence, and he read in a half whisper to himself, like a child conning a lesson.

Ruth and Helen looked at each other, each thinking the same question. Could this be Doctor Tellingham, the great historian? They glanced again at the hoop-shouldered man and wondered what his countenance was like, for they could not see a feature of it as he read. But Ruth did notice one most surprising fact. The stooping


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Rh man wore a wig. It was a brown, rather curly wig, while the fringe of natural hair all around his head was quite white—of that yellowish-white that proclaims the fact that the hair was once light brown, or sandy in color. The brown wig matched the hair at one time, without doubt; but it now looked as though two gentlemen's heads had been merged in one—the younger gentleman's being the upper half of the present apparition.

For several minutes the chums stood timidly in the room and the old gentleman went on whispering to himself, and occasionally nodding his head. But at length he looked up, and in doing this he saw the girls and revealed his own countenance.

"Ah-ha!" he ejaculated, and stood upright. He was not a small man, but he was very bony. He had a big, long, smoothly-shaven face, on which his beard had sprouted in patches only, and these shaven patches were gray, whereas the rest of his face was smooth and dead-white. Indeed, he had so much face, and it was so bald, that if the brown wig had chanced to tumble off Ruth thought that his appearance would have been actually terrifying.

"Ah-ha!" he said again, and smiled not unkindly. The thick spectacles he wore hid his eyes, however, and to look into his big face was


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62 like looking at the white wall of a house with the windows all shuttered. "You want something!"

He said it as though he had made a most profound discovery. Indeed, they found afterward that Doctor Tellingham always spoke as though he were pronouncing a valedictory oration, or something quite as important as that. The doctor never could say anything lightly. His mind was given up entirely to deep subjects, and it seldom strayed from his work.

"You want something," he repeated. "Stop! never mind explaining. I shouldn't be able to aid you. Mrs. Tellingham—my wife, my dears—will be here anon."

He at once bobbed down his head, revealing nothing to the eyes of the two girls but the brown wig and the hair that didn't match, and went on whispering to himself. Helen and Ruth exchanged glances and Helen had difficulty in keeping from laughing outright.

In a moment more Mrs. Tellingham came into the room. At close view Ruth saw that she was even more attractive than she had seemed at a distance. Her countenance was firm without being stern—the humor about the mouth relieved its set expression.

"My dear! my dear!" ejaculated the Doctor, raising his head so that the long, bald expanse of


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Rh his face came into view again for a moment, "somebody to see you—somebody wants something."

Mrs. Tellingham approached Helen first and took her hand. Her handclasp was firm, her manner one to put the girl at her ease.

"You are Mr. Macy Cameron's daughter?" she questioned. "We are glad to see you here. You have found your room?"

"Yes, Mrs. Tellingham," replied Helen.

The Preceptress turned to Ruth and shook hands with her. "And you are Ruth Fielding? Do as well this first half as your last teacher tells me you did, and we shall be good friends. Now, girls, sit down. Let us talk a bit."

She had a quick, bright way of speaking; yet her words were not wasted—nor her time. She did not talk idly. Nor did the two chums have much to say but "Yes" and "No." In the course of her remarks she said:

"This is your first experience, I understand, away from home and in a school of this character? Yes? Ah, then, many things will be new and strange to you, as well as hard to bear at first. Among two hundred girls there are bound to be girls of a good many different kinds," and she smiled. "You will find some thoughtless and careless—forgetting what they have been sent to the school for. Avoid that class. They will not


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Rh Monday noon, I have just come from the Dedication of the Pennsylvania Hall. It (?) a very beautiful room and was thronged & overflowing. 2,000 must have been there. Various interesting letters were read and David Paul Berion(?) gave an addres which I cannot criticise now for part of it was very good & part very poor. He is an eloquent man & quite pleasing but defective in point of principle.


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64 aid you in your own intention to stand well in the classes.

"Keep before you the fact that your friends have sent you here for improvement—not to kill time. All girls like fun; I hope you will find plenty of innocent amusement here, I want all my girls happy and content. Use the advantages of our gym; join the walking club; we make a point of having one of the best basketball teams in this part of the State. Tennis is a splendid exercise for girls, and we have an indoor as well as outdoor courts. Yes, do not neglect the good times. But remember, too, that amusement isn't the main issue of life at Briarwood Hall. Let nothing interfere with the study hour. Keep the rules—we strive to have as few as possible, so that there may be less temptation to break them," and the Preceptress smiled her quick, understanding smile again.

"By the way, there are social clubs in the school. To-night—have you been invited to any gathering?"

"Both the Forward Club and the Up and Doings have invited us to attend their meetings," said Ruth, quietly.

"Ah!"

"We are going to the Up and Doings, Mrs. Tellingham," said Helen.

"Ah!" was again the lady's comment, and


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Rh they learned nothing from her countenance. Nevertheless, Ruth thought it better to explain:

"We were very kindly received by Miss Cox, and shown our room by her, and she invited us to her club first of all."

"Indeed! We shall be glad to have you come to our club, too, before you make up your minds to join any," said Mrs. Tellingham, with an accent on one word that made both Ruth and Helen mark it well. The F. C.'s were plainly approved by the Preceptress.

"There!" she continued, nodding smilingly at the chums. "I am sure we shall get on together. You will become acquainted with both your school-fellows and your instructors in course of time. There are not so many at Briarwood Hall but that we are still one great family. One thing girls come away from home for, to an institution like this, is to learn self-control and self-government. If you need help do not be afraid to go to your instructors, or come to me. Confide in us, But, on the other hand, you must learn to judge for yourself. We do not punish an act of wrong judgment, here at Briarwood." And so the Preceptress bade them good-evening.

"Isn't she nice?" whispered Ruth, as she and Helen made their exit from the room.

"Ye-es," admitted her chum. "But you can see she is dreadfully 'bossy.'"


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66 At that Ruth laughed heartily. "You foolish child!" she said, shaking her chum a little. "Isn't she here to 'boss'? My goodness! you didn't expect to do just as you pleased here at Briarwood; did you?"

Helen Cameron had been used to having her own way a good deal. Being naturally a sweet-tempered girl, she was not much spoiled. But Mrs. Murchiston had been unable to be very strict with the twins when Mr. Cameron was so indulgent himself.

Mary Cox and "Heavy" Stone were waiting on the steps for the friends as they came out. There was another group of girls on the path, too, who eyed Ruth and Helen interestedly as the latter came down the steps with the two Juniors, "'The Fox' has been in the poultry yard again, and has caught two chickabiddies," laughed one of these idle girls.

Ruth flushed, but Helen did not hear the gibe, being much interested in what Mary Cox was saying to her. Ruth walked beside the good-natured Jennie Stone.

"My, my!" chuckled that damsel, "aren't those Fussy Curls jealous? They had to take the teachers into their old club so as to be more numerous than the Upedes. But I guess Mary Cox will show 'em! She is a fox, and I guess she always will be!"


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Rh "Is that what they call Miss Cox?" asked,Ruth, not a little troubled.

"Oh, she's foxy, all right," said this rather slangy young lady. "She will beat the Fussy Curls every time. She's President of the Upedes, you know."

Ruth was still troubled, and she hastened to say:

"You know, we haven't been asked to join the club, Miss Stone. And my chum and I are not sure that we wish to join any of the school clubs at first. We—we want to look around us, you know."

"That's all right," said Jennie Stone, cordially. "You'll be put up for membership when you want to be. But we'll show you some fun. No use getting in with those poky F. C.'s. You'll never have a bit of fun if you train with them."

They went back to the building in which they had supped and upstairs to one of the assembly rooms. The stairway and hall were well filled with girls now, and several of them nodded smilingly to Ruth and Helen; but their escorts did not let the chums stop at all, ushering them at once into the room where the Up and Doing clan was gathering.

Mary Cox left Heavy to introduce the newcomers while she went at once to the rostrum, and with two or three of the other girls—who were


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68 evidently officers of the club, likewise—held a short executive session in secret. By and by Mary rapped on the desk for order, and the girls all took seats. Ruth, who was watchful, saw that the company numbered scarcely a score. If these were all the members of the club, she wondered how many of the Briarwood girls belonged to the rival association.

The meeting, as far as the business went, was conducted briskly and to the point. Then it was "thrown open" and everybody—but the visitors—talked just as they pleased. Helen and Ruth were made to feel at home, and the girls were mosemost [sic] lively and good-natured. They heard that the Upedes were to have a picnic at a grove upon the shore of Lake Triton on the Saturday week, and that Old Dolliver and his ramshackle stage, and another vehicle of the same caliber, were engaged for the trip.

"But beware of black marks, girls," warned Mary Cox. "Picolet will be watching us; and you know that, this early in the term, two black marks will mean an order to remain on the school premises. That old cat will catch us if she can."

"Mean little thing!" said Heavy, wheezily. "I wish anybody but Miss Picolet lived in our house."

From this Ruth judged that most of these Up


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Rh and Doings were in the dormitory in which she and Helen were billeted.

"I don't see what Mrs. Tellingham keeps Picolet for," complained another girl.

"For a spy," snapped Mary Cox. "But we'll get the best of her yet. She isn't fit to be a teacher in this school, anyway."

"Oh, she's a good French teacher—of course. It's her native tongue," said one of the other girls, who was called Belle Tingley.

"That's all very well," snapped Mary. "But there's something secret and underhand about her. She claims to have nobody related to her in this country; but if the truth were known, I guess, she has reason to be ashamed of her family and friends. I've heard something"

She stopped and looked knowingly at Ruth and Helen. The former flushed as she remembered the man in the red waistcoat who played the harp aboard the steamboat. But Helen seemed to have forgotten the incident, for she paid no attention to Mary's unfinished suggestion.

It worried Ruth, however. She heartily wished that her chum had said nothing to the Cox girl about the man who played the harp and his connection with the little French teacher.


text: Ruth Fielding at Briarwood Hall/Chapter 7


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social meeting of the Up and Doing Club lasted less than an hour. It was quite evident that it had been mainly held for the introduction of Ruth Fielding and her chum into the society of the Briarwood girls. Those gathered in the assembly room did not number any Seniors, but were all of the Junior grade, and all older than Ruth and Helen. "Primes" were not allowed by Mrs. Tellingham to join any of the class-governed societies.

In spite of the fact that Ruth suspected Mary Cox of deliberately throwing herself in the way of Helen and she on their arrival at the school, with the sole object of getting them pledged to this society, the girl from the Red Mill could not fail to appreciate the good-natured attempts of the Upedes to make them both feel at home in their new surroundings. They must be grateful for that.

Nor were they urged at this time to join the club. At least, nobody said more to Ruth about


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Rh joining than had the stout girl, Jennie Stone, on their way to this meeting. The party broke up in such good season, that it was scarcely dark when the chums left the room in the dining hall and strolled back to their dormitory with their new friends. The lamps around the campus were being lighted by a little old Irishman, who wore a wreath of short, gray whiskers and hair about his face—a regular frame. His long upper lip and his chin were shaven, and this arrangement gave him a most comical appearance.

"You're late again to-night, Tony," Jennie Stone remarked, as she and Ruth came down the steps of the dining hall together.

The little Irishman backed down the short flight of steps he carried, with a groan. He had just lighted the final lamp of the series that surrounded the campus.

"And well I might be—well I might be," grumbled the man. "'Tis me needs fower pair of hands, instead of wan pair, and as many legs as a cinterpig." Tony evidently meant centipede. "'Tis 'Tony, here!' and 'Tony, there!' iv'ry blissid minute av th' day. An' 'tis movin' trunks, an' boxes, and the like—Mis' Grace should hire a nelephant at this time of the year, an' so I tell her. An' what with these here foreigners, too—bad 'cess to them! I have to chase ev'ry rag, tag, and bobtail off the place, so I do"


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72 "Not tramps again, Tony?" cried Jennie Stone.

"'Tis worse. Musickle bodies, they be. Playin' harps an' fiddles, an' the loikes. Sure, 'twill be hand-organs an' moonkeys to-morrer, belike. Ah, yes!"

"Maybe some of these traveling musicians can play the marble harp yonder," said Heavy, with a chuckle, pointing to the now half-shrouded figure in the center of the campus.

"Oh, wirra, wirra! don't be sayin' it," grumbled the old man. "There's bad luck in speakin' of thim folks."

Jennie Stone squeezed Ruth's arm, still laughing, as they went on and left the old Irishman. "He's just as superstitious as he can be," she whispered. "He really believes the old story about the harp."

"He ought to believe in a harp," laughed Ruth, in return, "he being Irish. Tell me, who is he?"

"Anthony Foyle. He's the only workman about the place who sleeps on the premises. His wife's our cook. They're a comical old couple—and she does make the nicest tarts! They'd melt in your mouth if you could only make up your mind to hold them long enough on your tongue," sighed Heavy, rapturously.

"But what's the story about the marble harp?"


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Rh queried Ruth, as they came to the dormitory and joined the other girls. "You mean the harp held by that figure at the fountain?"

"Hello!" cried Belle Tingley. "Heavy's trying to scare the Infant with the campus ghost story."

"Oh! a real ghost story!" cried Helen. "Do let's hear it."

"Come into our room, Cameron," said Lluella Fairfax, lazily, "and I will tell the tale and harrow up thy young soul"

"And make thy hair stand on end like quills upon the fretful 'porkypine,'" finished Mary Cox. "Yes! let Lluella tell it. It is well for Infants to learn the legends as well as the rules of Briarwood Hall."

Helen was used to being called "Infant" by now and didn't mind so much. She was so much taken with their new friends and the Upedes in general that she went right into the room occupied by Mary Cox and her chums, without a word to Ruth, and the latter followed with Heavy, perforce.

The windows of the "quartette" looked out upon the campus. The lights in the other dormitory shone brightly and the lamps around the open space, which the buildings of Briarwood surrounded, glimmered in the dark. Voices came up to them from the walks; but soon these ceased,


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74 for the girls were all indoors. The campus was deserted.

"Don't let's light the lamp," said Lluella. "I can tell stories better in the dark."

"And ghost stories, too," laughed Helen.

"Not so much of a ghost story—at least, there's nothing really terrible about it," returned Miss Fairfax, slowly. "I suppose there are not many people who talk about it, outside of our own selves here at Briarwood. But once—before the school came here—the marble statue down there was the talk of the whole countryside. I believe Mrs. Tellingham doesn't like the story to be repeated," added Miss Fairfax. "She thinks such superstitions aren't good for the minds of the Primes and Infants," and the story-teller laughed.

"However, it is a fact that the original owner of Briarwood Hall had a beautiful daughter. She was the apple of his eye—all beautiful daughters are apples of their fathers' eyes," said Lluella, laughing. "Jennie is her father's apple"

"Adam's apple," suggested Mary Cox.

"Such a size for an Adam's apple would choke a giant," murmured Belle Tingley, for the three were always joking poor Heavy because of her over-plumpness.

"Don't you bother about my father," said


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Rh Jennie, calmly. "He gives me a dollar every month for chocolate creams, and you girls help eat them, I notice."

"Hurrah for the Stone pere!" cried Mary Cox. "Go on, Lluella."

"You sound as though you cheered for a seawall of masonry, or some such maritime structrue," complained Jennie. "'Stone pere, indeed!"

"She sha'n't have any of the next box of creams, Heavy," said Lluella, soothingly.

"And I'm not sure that you will, either," replied the fat girl. "Do tell your story, Miss!" and Heavy yawned monstrously.

"How dare you yawn before 'taps'?" cried Belle. "I'll douse the water-pitcher over you, Jennie."

At this threat the fat girl sat up promptly and again urged Lluella to continue her tale. So Miss Fairfax continued:

"This rich old gentleman with the apple in his eye—in other words, a beautiful daughter—had a great deal more money than sense, I think. He engaged a sculptor to design a fountain for his lawn, and the draped figure you have seen upon that pedestal down yonder, is supposed to be the portrait of the beautiful daughter cut into enduring marble by the man who sculped. But, unfortunately for the old gentleman's peace of mind,


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76 while he sculped the marble the artist likewise made love to the young lady and they ran away and were married, leaving the old gentleman nothing but the cold marble statue playing the marble harp, in place of a daughter.

"The father's heart at once became as adamant as the marble itself, and he refused to support the sculptor and his wife. Now, either the runaway couple died miserably of starvation in a garret, or were drowned at sea, or were wrecked in a railroad accident, or some other dreadful catastrophe happened to them—I'm not sure which; for after a time there began to be something strange about the fountain. The old man lived here alone with his servants for a number of years; but the servants would not remain long with him, for they said the place was haunted."

"Oh my!" exclaimed Helen.

"That's right, Miss Cameron. Please show the proper amount of thrilling interest. They said the fountain was queer. The water never poisoned anybody; but sometimes the marble strings of the marble harp in the marble hand of the marble daughter would be heard to twang in the night. Weird music came from the fountain at ghostly hours. Of course, the little harp the statue holds is in the form of a lyre; and what the people were who told these stories about the ghostly twanging of the instrument—you may


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Rh draw your own conclusions," laughed Lluella Fairfax.

"However, the old gentleman at last broke up his household, or died, or moved to town, or something, and Briarwood was put up for sale and the school came here. That was a good many years ago. Dr. Tellingham's wig matched his fringe of hair when the school first began here, so that must have been a good while ago. The twanging of the marble harp has been heard down through the school ages, so it is said—particularly at queer times"

"Queer times?" asked Ruth.

"Why, when something out of the common was about to happen. They say it twanged the night before our team beat the basket-ball team from Varden Preparatory. There was a girl here once who ran away because her folks went to Europe and left her behind at school. She was determined to follow them, and she got as far as New York and stole aboard a great steamer so as to follow her parents; only the steamship she boarded had just come in instead of just going out. They say the marble harp twanged then."

"And when Heavy failed to oversleep one morning last half the marble harp must have twanged that time," declared Mary Cox.

A gentle snore answered from the window seat, where Jennie Stone had actually gone to sleep.


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78 "Wasted humor," said Mary, laughing. "Heavy is in the Land of Nod. It's been a hard day for her. At supper she had to eat her own and Miss Fielding's share of the cup-custards."

Ruth and Helen had already risen to go.

"You'll remember, Infants," said Lluella, "when you hear the twang of the ghostly harp, that something momentous is bound to happen at Briarwood Hall."

"But more important still," warned Mary, "be sure that your lights are out within twenty minutes after retiring bell sounds. Otherwise you will have that cat, Picolet, poking into your room to learn what is the matter."


text: Ruth Fielding at Briarwood Hall/Chapter 8


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Rh 11 & as the weather had much ameliorated our sail was very delightful. We bought crackers & apples & feasted ourselves. 's place is a fine one but nothing very remarkable. At we went on board the "New Philadelphia" & had a most lovely sail. Mary & I sat on the upper deck and I cannot tell you how beautiful the banks of the Delaware looked. The trees & ground were of the most beautiful green, the trees of all shades & the loveliest seats & cottages I ever beheld. is beyond every thing. A little after & we reached the city. Les than 24 hours after we left Boston. Maria, Mrs Phil(?) (?) E. &co stepe(?) into one carriage; Mary, Abby Shelly, S. Paul Anna P. into another & Mrs Basset on the outside of one & Diane & Lucretia. Mary Parker are found settled there. She & Charles Burleigh & Anna Coffin, L. Motts mother decided us, Lucretia being (?) down. She soon app(?)ed how ever, kissed me very kindly welcomed the rest. Mary R. explained to her that E. & herself did not consider themselves as invited guests they only wished to know the nearest rooming place. Lucretia (?) them wait till after dinner & then she would arrange. She gave us a nice dinner & then with great simplicity & warmth of summer assessed us that all our party must stay. If Maria & I who were to have a large bed would have Mary in & if Elizabeth was willing to sleep with Mis Parker with Susan Paul in the room, there would be no difficulty. This was at once assented to, only Mary was put in with M. Parker and E. with us because of her ill health Mr & Mrs Burleigh were both staying here. The first is a pretty little smiling fellow with the Presbyterianisms pretty much washed out. After dinner it was proposed that we should go over to Fairmount but we did not feel able, any of us, I was obliged to lie down; (?) (?) called but I could not get up to see him. I slept an hour or two, I could not have stood it. When I came to go to bed, Lucretia begged me to feel at liberty to have(?) any friends here at any time. Luig(?) Chester(?) is here, staying in the kitchen most of the time but treated very kindly. The house is large & handsome, neat as an upper drawer, very


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Rh nothing, and only barters and exchanges commodities for the sake of gain. This honour put upon agricultural employments is evidently the result of design; and shews that the country, being overstocked with inhabitants, needs cultivating to its utmost extent, in order to provide the people with sustenance.

The industry and skill of the Chinese, striving to produce as many of the necessaries of life as possible, would also argue a dense population, ever struggling against threatening want, and compelled to exert themselves for their daily bread. In tropical climates, where the ground is fertile, and the population scanty, the natives find that, by a few months' labour, they can produce sufficient food for a whole year's consumption, and are therefore indisposed to exert themselves further. But in China, the inhabitants are incessantly employed, and every individual is obliged to be busy in contributing his quota to the common weal. Everyone, in the least acquainted with the manners of the Chinese, knows that they are untiring in their exertions to maintain themselves and families. In the business of agriculture, they are more particularly active, raising two crops from the ground every year, extending their cultivation in every possible direction, and bringing the most unpromising spots into use, in order that nothing may be lost. Their skill in effecting these objects is not, considering their few advantages, contemptible. They thoroughly understand the importance of varying the crops; they know perfectly well the seasons and soils adapted for certain productions; and they are fully sensible of the importance of manuring the ground, in order to maintain its fertility. A stranger is struck with this, on first setting his foot on the shores of China. Rh


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34 Almost every individual met with, in the paths and fields, is provided with a basket and a rake; and every evening, the cottager brings home a certain quantity to add to the mest heap, which is a most important appendage to every dwelling. Having but few sheep and cattle, they are obliged to make the most of the stercoraceous stock of men and swine. This is carefully collected, and actually sold at so much per pound, while whole strings of city scavengers may be seen cheerily posting into the country, every successive morning, with their envied acquisitions; little heeding the olfactory nerves of the less interested passengers. Every other substance likely to answer the end, is anxiously collected, and carefully disposed, so as to provide for future exigencies; such as decayed animal and vegetable matter, the sweeping of streets, the mud of canals, burnt bones, lime; and, what is not a little singular, the short stumpy human hair, shaven from millions of heads, every ten days, is industriously gathered up, and sold for manure throughout the empire. In the high importance placed on stercoration, in China, we see an illustration of that passage in 2 Kings, vi. 25, that when there was a great famine in Samaria, "the fourth part of a cab of dove's dung was sold for five pieces of silver."

The skill of the Chinese husbandman is also manifested in the arrangement and irrigation of his rice lands. The centre and south of China rice is the staple commodity; and it is well known that rice will not thrive unless supplied with water. From the preparing of the ground for the seed, almost to the reaping of the harvest, the rice fields must be overspread with water. In order to this, each field is made perfectly level, with an


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34 The Daily Duties of a Housekeeper are regulated, in a great measure, by the size of the establishment she superintends. She should rise early, and see her assistants are duly performing their work, and that the preparations for breakfast are progressing satisfactorily. After breakfast, which, in large establishments, she will take in the "housekeeper's room," with the lady's-maid, butler, and valet, served by one of the under-maids, she will, on days set apart for such purposes, carefully examine the household linen, with a view to its being repaired, or further necessary supplies being procured; she will also see that the furniture throughout the house is well rubbed and polished; and attend to all the necessary details of marketing and ordering goods from the tradesmen.

The Housekeeper's Room is generally made use of by the lady's-maid, butler and valet, who take there their breakfast, tea and supper. The lady's-maid will also use this apartment as a sitting-room, when not engaged with duties which would call her elsewhere. In different establishments, according to their size, means and expenditure of the family, different rules, of course, prevail. For instance, in mansions where great state is maintained, and there is a house-steward, two distinct tables are kept, one in the steward's room for the principal members of the staff, the second in the servants' hall for the other domestics. At the steward's dinner-table, the steward and housekeeper preside; and here, also, may be included the lady's-maid, butler, valet.

After Dinner, the housekeeper, having seen that her assistants have returned to their various duties, and that the household is in proper working order, will have many important matters claiming her attention. She will, possibly, have to give the finishing touch to some article of confectionery, or be occupied with some of the more elaborate processes of the still-room. There may also be the dessert to arrange, ice-creams to make; and many employments that call for no ordinary degree of care, taste and attention.

The Still-room was formerly much more common than at present, for in days of "auld lang syne" the still was in constant requisition for the supply of home-made wines, spirits, cordials and syrups, home-made medicines, scents, and other aromatic substances for the toilet, and sweet-flavoured waters for the purposes of cookery. There are some establishments, however, in which distillation is still carried on, and in these the still-room maid has her old duties to perform. In a general way, however, this domestic is immediately concerned with the housekeeper. For the latter she lights the fire, dusts her room, prepares the breakfast table, and waits at the different meals taken in the housekeeper's room. A still-room maid may learn a very great deal of useful knowledge from her intimate connexion with the housekeeper, and if she be active and intelligent, may soon fit herself for a better position in the household.

Evening Occupation.—In the evening, the housekeeper will often busy


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Rh herself with the necessary preparations for the next day's duties. Numberless small, but still important, arrangements will have to be made, so that everything may move smoothly. At times, perhaps, attention will have to be paid to the preparation of lump-sugar, spices, candied peel, the stoning of raisins, the washing, cleansing, and drying of currants, etc. The evening, too, is the best time for attending to household and cash accounts, and making memoranda of any articles she may require for her store-room or other departments.

Periodically, at some convenient time—for instance, quarterly or half-yearly—it is a good plan for the housekeeper to make an inventory of everything she has under her care, and compare this with the lists of a former period; she will then be able to furnish a statement, if necessary, of the articles which, from wear, breakage, loss, or other causes, it has been necessary to replace or replenish.

Responsibilities.—In concluding these remarks on the duties of the housekeeper, we will briefly refer to the very great responsibility which attaches to her position. Like "Caesar's wife," she should be "above suspicion," and her honesty and sobriety unquestionable; for there are many temptations to which she is exposed. From a physical point of view, a housekeeper should be healthy and strong, and be particularly clean in her person, and her hands, though they may show a slight degree of roughness, from the nature of some of her employments, still should have a nice appearance. In her dealings with the various tradesmen, and her behaviour to the domestics under her, the demeanour and conduct of the housekeeper should never diminish her authority or influence.

Seasons for different kinds of work.—It will be useful for the mistress and housekeeper to know the best seasons for various occupations connected with Household Management; and we, accordingly, subjoin a few hints which we think will prove valuable.

In the winter months, some of the servants have much more to do, in consequence of the necessity there is to attend to the necessary fires.

In the summer, and when the absence of fires gives the domestics more leisure, a little extra work can be easily performed.

Spring is the usual period set apart for house-cleaning, and removing all the dust and dirt which, notwithstanding all precautions, will accumulate during the winter months, from dust, smoke, gas, etc. This season is also well adapted for washing and bleaching linen, etc., as the weather not being then too hot for the exertions necessary in washing counterpanes, blankets, and heavy substances, the work is better and more easily done than in the greater heats of July. Winter curtains should be taken down, and replaced by the summer white ones; and furs and winter clothes also carefully laid by. The former should be well shaken and brushed, and then pinned upon paper or linen, with camphor to preserve them from moths. Spring cleaning must include the turning out of the all the nooks and corners of drawers, cupboards,


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36 lumber-rooms, etc., with a view to getting rid of unnecessary articles, which left there create dirt and harbour mice and other vermin, though only useless encumbrances left where they are, they may be of great value to one's poorer neighbours. Sweeping chimneys, taking up and cleaning carpets, painting and whitewashing the kitchen and offices, papering rooms, when needed, and, generally speaking, giving the house, a bright and new appearance, for the approaching summer, are among the cares of this season. Oranges should now be preserved, and wine made.

Summer will be found the best period for examining and repairing household linen, and for "putting to rights" all those articles which have received a large share of wear and tear during the winter. The old proverb, "A stitch in time saves nine," applies very strongly to the care of such linen articles as table cloths, serviettes, sheets, pillow-slips, etc., a little early and careful attention to which will often prolong their period of usefulness. In June and July, currants, raspberries, strawberries, gooseberries, and other summer fruits should be preserved, and jams and jellies made. Eggs are cheap and plentiful at this season of the year, and the housekeeper should preserve, by one of the several satisfactory methods, a good supply for the winter months, when eggs, though more in demand than ever, are scarce and dear. Many households also find it economical to purchase in June a supply of salt butter in kegs for winter use. In July, too, the making of walnut ketchup should be attended to, as the green walnuts will be approaching perfection for this purpose. Many other pickles may also be made at this season, full directions for which are given in our pages.

Autumn fruit of various kinds, as plums, damsons, blackberries, cranberries and many others, should be bottled and preserved, and jams and jellies made. Pickled mushrooms, mushroom and tomato ketchup, pickled cabbage and beetroot, and many such stores should be prepared at this season. The apples and pears for winter use should now be gathered in and stored. These should be frequently looked over, and any fruit showing symptoms of decay removed. Filberts, cob nuts, and walnuts should also be preserved in sand and salt to prevent them from drying up and decaying.

In September and October it will be necessary to prepare for the cold weather, and get ready the winter clothing for the various members of the family. The white summer curtains will now be carefully put away, the fire-places, grates, and chimneys looked to, and the house put in a thorough state of repair.

In December, the principal household duty lies in preparing for the creature comforts of those near and dear to us, so as to meet Old Christmas with a happy face, a contented mind, and a full larder. And in stoning plums, washing currants, cutting peel, beating eggs, and mixing a pudding, a housewife is not unworthily greeting the season of good will.


text: Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management/Chapter III


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 DEDICATION.

I. morning came. Its footsteps scared away The gentle sleep that hovered lightly o'er me; I left my quiet cot to greet the day, And gaily climbed the mountainside before me. The sweet young flowers! how fresh were they and tender, Brimful with dew upon the sparkling lea; The young day opened in exulting splendour, And all around seemed glad to gladden me.

II. And, as I mounted, o'er the meadow ground A white and filmy essence 'gan to hover; It sailed and shifted till it hemmed me round, Then rose above my head, and floated over. No more I saw the beauteous scene unfolded— It lay beneath a melancholy shroud; And soon was I, as if in vapour moulded, Alone, within the twilight of the cloud.

III. At once, as though the sun were struggling through, Within the mist a sudden radiance started;


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Here sunk the vapour, but to rise anew, There on the peak, and upland forest parted. Oh, how I panted for the first clear gleaming, Made by the gloom it banished doubly bright! It came not, but a glory round me beaming, And I stood blinded by the gush of light.

IV. A moment, and I felt enforced to look, By some strange impulse of the heart's emotion; But more than one quick glance I scarce could brook, For all was burning like a molten ocean. There, in the glorious clouds that seemed to bear her, A form angelic hovered in the air; Ne'er did my eyes behold a vision fairer, And still she gazed upon me, floating there.

V. "Dost thou not know me?" and her voice was soft As truthful love, and holy calm it sounded. "Know'st thou not me, who many a time and oft Poured balsam in thy hurts when sorest wounded? Ah, well thou knowest her, to whom for ever Thy heart in union pants to be allied! Have I not seen the tears—the wild endeavour That even in boyhood brought me to thy side?"

VI. "Yes! I have felt thy influence oft," I cried. And sank on earth before her, half-adoring; "Thou brought'st me rest when passion's lava tide Thro' my young veins like liquid fire was pouring. And thou hast fanned, as with celestial pinions, In summer's heat, my parched and fevered brow; Gav'st me the choicest gifts of earth's dominions, And, save through thee, I seek no fortune now.


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Rh

VII. "I name thee not, but I have heard thee named, And heard thee styled their own ere now by many; All eyes believe at thee their glance is aimed, Though thine effulgence is too great for any. Ah! I had many comrades whilst I wandered— I know thee now, and stand almost alone: I veil thy light, too precious to be squandered, And share the inward joy I feel with none."

VIII. Smiling, she said—"Thou seest 'twas wise from thee To keep the fuller, greater revelation: Scarce art thou from grotesque delusions free, Scarce master of thy childish first sensation; Yet deem'st thyself so far above thy brothers, That thou hast won the right to scorn them! Cease Who made the yawning gulf 'twixt thee and others? Know—know thyself—live with the world in peace."

IX. "Forgive me!" I exclaimed, "I meant no ill, Else should in vain my eyes be disenchanted; Within my blood there stirs a genial will I know the worth of all that thou hast granted. That boon I hold in trust for others merely, Nor shall I let it rust within the ground; Why sought I out the pathway so sincerely, If not to guide my brothers to the bound?"

X. And as I spoke, upon her radiant face Passed a sweet smile, like breath across a mirror, And in her eyes' bright meaning I could trace What I had answered well, and what in error.


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4 She smiled, and then my heart regained its lightness, And bounded in my breast with rapture high: Then durst I pass within her zone of brightness, And gaze upon her with unquailing eye.

XI. Straightway she stretched her hand among the thin And watery haze that round her presence hovered; Slowly it coiled and shrunk her grasp within, And lo! the landscape lay once more uncovered— Again mine eye could scan the sparkling meadow, I looked to heaven, and all was clear and bright; I saw her hold a veil without a shadow, That undulated round her in the light.

XII. "I know thee!—all thy weakness, all that yet Of good within thee lives and glows, I've measured; She said—her voice I never may forget— "Accept the gift that long for thee was treasured. Oh! happy he, thrice-blessed in earth and heaven, Who takes this gift with soul serene and true, The veil of song, by Truth's own fingers given, Enwoven of sunshine and the morning dew.

XIII. "Wave but this veil on high, whene'er beneath The noonday fervour thou and thine are glowing, And fragrance of all flowers around shall breathe, And the cool winds of eve come freshly blowing. Earth's cares shall cease for thee, and all its riot; Where gloomed the grave, a starry couch be seen; The waves of life shall sink in halcyon quiet; The days be lovely fair, the nights serene."


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Rh XIV. Come then, my friends, and whether 'neath the load Of heavy griefs ye struggle on, or whether Your better destiny shall strew the road With flowers, and golden fruits that cannot wither, United let us move, still forward striving; So while we live shall joy our days illume, And in our children's hearts our love surviving Shall gladden them, when we are in the tomb. A. M.

  TO THE KIND READER. one talks more than a poet; Fain he'd have the people know it. Praise or blame he ever loves; None in prose confess an error, Yet we do so, void of terror, In the Muses' silent groves.

What I erred in, what corrected, What I suffered, what effected, To this wreath as flowers belong; For the aged and the youthful. And the vicious and the truthful, All are fair when viewed in song.

  SOUND, SWEET SONG. , sweet song, from some far land. Sighing softly close at hand, Now of joy, and now of woe! Stars are wont to glimmer so. Sooner thus will good unfold; Children young and children old Gladly hear thy numbers flow.


text: The Works of J. W. von Goethe/Volume 9/Dedication


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Dedication

 * Dedication, a poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
 * Dedication, a poem by John Keble, from The Christian Year
 * Dedication, a poem by Thomas Henry Kendall, from Leaves from Australian Forests
 * Dedication, "Before a midnight breaks in storm", a poem by Rudyard Kipling, from The Five Nations
 * Dedication, a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, from Ultima Thule
 * Dedication, a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, from The Seaside and the Fireside
 * Dedication, a poem by Ewart Alan Mackintosh
 * Dedication, a poem by Robert Louis Stevenson
 * Dedication, "Spring speaks again, and all our woods are stirred", a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne, from Tristram of Lyonesse and Other Poems
 * Dedication, "The sea gives her shells to the shingle", a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne, from Poems and Ballads
 * Dedication, "A sea-mew on a sea-king's wrist alighting", a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne, from Songs of the Springtides
 * Dedication: To my Mother, a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne, from The Tale of Balen
 * Dedication, "The years are many, the changes more", a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne, from Poems and Ballads (third series)
 * Dedication, "The sea of the years that endure not", a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne, from Astrophel and Other Poems
 * Dedication, a poem by Alfred Tennyson, from Idylls of the King
 * Dedication, a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier
 * Dedication, a poem by Francis William Lauderdale Adams

title: Dedication


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Rh when we have really gone. I begin to feel as if we’d stagnated here. I begin to feel as if I was settling and getting narrow and dull. It will be a new lease of life to get away.

“But I’m wondering how we shall be over there. Mrs. Saxton feels very nervous about going. But at the worst we can but come back. I feel as if I must go somewhere, it’s stagnation and starvation for us here. I wish George would come with me. I never thought he would have taken to public-house keeping, but he seems to like it all right. He was down with Meg on Sunday. Mrs. Saxton says he’s getting a public-house tone. He is certainly much livelier, more full of talk than he was. Meg and he seem very comfortable, I’m glad to say. He’s got a good milk-round, and I’ve no doubt but what he’ll do well. He is very cautious at the bottom; he’ll never lose much if he never makes much.

“Sam and David are very great friends. I’m glad I’ve got the boy. We often talk of you. It would be very lonely if it wasn’t for the excitement of selling things and so on. Mrs. Saxton hopes you will stick by George. She worries a bit about him, thinking he may go wrong. I don’t think he will ever go far. But I should be glad to know you were keeping friends. Mrs. Saxton says she will write to you about it——.”

George was a very poor correspondent. I soon ceased to expect a letter from him. I received one directly after the Father’s.

“My Dear Cyril,

“Forgive me for not having written you before, but you see, I cannot sit down and write to you any


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400 time. If I cannot do it just when I am in the mood, I cannot do it at all. And it so often happens that the mood comes upon me when I am in the fields at work, when it is impossible to write. Last night I sat by myself in the kitchen on purpose to write to you, and then I could not. All day, at Greymede, when I was drilling in the fallow at the back of the church, I had been thinking of you, and I could have written there if I had had materials, but I had not, and at night I could not.

“I am sorry to say that in my last letter I did not thank you for the books. I have not read them both, but I have nearly finished Evelyn Innes. I get a bit tired of it towards the end. I do not do much reading now. There seems to be hardly any chance for me, either somebody is crying for me in the smoke room, or there is some business, or else Meg won’t let me. She doesn’t like me to read at night, she says I ought to talk to her, so I have to.

“It is half-past seven, and I am sitting ready dressed to go and talk to Harry Jackson about a young horse he wants to sell me. He is in pretty low water, and it will make a pretty good horse. But I don’t care much whether I have it or not. The mood seized me to write to you. Somehow at the bottom I feel miserable and heavy, yet there is no need. I am making pretty good money, and I’ve got all I want. But when I’ve been ploughing and getting the oats in those fields on the hillside at the back of Greymede church, I’ve felt as if I didn’t care whether I got on or not. It’s very funny. Last week I made over five pounds clear, one way and another, and yet now I’m as restless, and discontented as I can be, and


text: Page:Two Treatises of Government.djvu/10


text:
Author:George Augustus Moore

Works

 * Flowers of Passion (1878)
 * Martin Luther: A Tragedy in Five Acts (1879)
 * Pagan Poems (1881)
 * A Modern Lover (1883)
 * A Mummer’s Wife (1885)
 * Literature at Nurse (1885)
 * A Drama in Muslin (1886)
 * Confessions of a Young Man (1886)
 * A Mere Accident (1887)
 * Parnell and His Island (1887)
 * Spring Days (1888)
 * Mike Fletcher (1889)
 * Impressions and Opinions (1891)
 * Vain Fortune (1891)
 * Modern Painting (1893)
 * The Strike at Arlingford (1893)
 * Esther Waters (1894)
 * , co-authored with John Oliver Hobbes
 * Celibates (1895)
 * Evelyn Innes (1898)
 * The Bending of the Bough (1900)
 * Sister Theresa (1901)
 * The Untilled Field (1903)
 * The Lake (1905)
 * Memoirs of My Dead Life (1906)
 * The Apostle: A Drama in Three Acts (1911)
 * Hail and Farewell (1911, 1912, 1914)
 * Elizabeth Cooper (1913)
 * Muslin (1915)
 * The Brook Kerith: A Syrian Story (1916)
 * Lewis Seymour and Some Women (1917)
 * A Story-Teller’s Holiday (1918)
 * Avowals (1919)
 * The Coming of Gabrielle (1920)
 * Heloise and Abelard (1921)
 * In Single Strictness (1922)
 * Conversations in Ebury Street (1924)
 * Pure Poetry: An Anthology (1924)
 * The Pastoral Loves of Daphnis and Chloe (1924)
 * Daphnis and Chloe, Peronnik the Fool (1924)
 * Ulick and Soracha (1926)
 * Celibate Lives (1927)
 * The Making of an Immortal (1927)
 * The Passing of the Essenes: A Drama in Three Acts (1930)
 * Aphrodite in Aulis (1930)
 * A Communication to My Friends (1933)
 * Diarmuid and Grania: A Play in Three Acts (1974), co-written with W. B. Yeats, Edited by Anthony Farrow

title: Author:George Augustus Moore


text: Index:Iraqdossier.djvu

title: Index:Iraqdossier.djvu


text:
Page:The White Peacock, Lawrence, 1911.djvu/409

Rh I seem eager for something, but I don’t know what it is. Sometimes I wonder where I am going. Yesterday I watched broken white masses of cloud sailing across the sky in a fresh strong wind. They all seemed to be going somewhere. I wondered where the wind was blowing them. I don’t seem to have hold on anything, do I? Can you tell me what I want at the bottom of my heart? I wish you were here, then I think I should not feel like this. But generally I don’t, generally I am quite jolly, and busy.

“By jove, here’s Harry Jackson come for me. I will finish this letter when I get back.

“——I have got back, we have turned out, but I cannot finish. I cannot tell you all about it. I’ve had a little row with Meg. Oh, I’ve had a rotten time. But I cannot tell you about it to-night, it is late, and I am tired, and have a headache. Some other time perhaps——

The spring came bravely, even in south London, and the town was filled with magic. I never knew the sumptuous purple of evening till I saw the round arc-lamps fill with light, and roll like golden bubbles along the purple dusk of the high road. Everywhere at night the city is filled with the magic of lamps: over the river they pour in golden patches their floating luminous oil on the restless darkness; the bright lamps float in and out of the cavern of London Bridge Station like round shining bees in and out of a black hive; in the suburbs the street lamps glimmer with the brightness of lemons among the trees. I began to love the town. 26


text: Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction

title: Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction


text:
User:Panglossa/Books/Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar

 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/Translator's Preface
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/From the German Preface
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/Additions and Corrections
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/List of abbreviations
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/Siloam inscription
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/1. The Semitic Languages in General
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/2. Sketch of the History of the Hebrew Language
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/3. Grammatical Treatment of the Hebrew Language
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/4. Division and Arrangement of the Grammar
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/5. The Consonants: their Forms and Names
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/6. Pronunciation and Division of Consonants
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/7. The Vowels in General, Vowel Letters and Vowel Signs
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/8. The Vowel Signs in particular
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/9. Character of the several Vowels
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/10. The Half Vowels and the Syllable Divider (Šewâ)
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/11. Other Signs which affect the Reading
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/12. Dageš in general, and Dageš forte in particular
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/13. Dageš lene
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/14. Mappîq and Rāphè
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/15. The Accents
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/16. Of Maqqēph and Mèthĕg
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/17. Of the Qerê and Kethîbh. Masora marginalis and finalis
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/18. Peculiarities and Changes of Letters: the Syllable and the Tone
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/19. Changes of Consonants
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/20. The Strengthening (Sharpening) of Consonants
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/21. The Aspiration of the Tenues
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/22. Peculiarities of the Gutturals
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/23. The Feebleness of the Gutturals א and ה
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/24. Changes of the Weak Letters ו and י
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/25. Unchangeable Vowels
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/26. Syllable-formation and its Influence on the Quantity of Vowels
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/27. The Change of the Vowels, especially as regards Quantity
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/28. The Rise of New Vowels and Syllables
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/29. The Tone, its Changes and the Pause
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/30. Stems and Roots; Biliteral, Triliteral, and Quadriliteral
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/31. Grammatical Structure
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/32. The Personal Pronoun. The Separate Pronoun
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/33. Pronominal Suffixes
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/34. The Demonstrative Pronoun
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/35. The Article
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/36. The Relative Pronoun
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/37. The Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/38. The Verb: General View
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/39. Ground-form and Derived Stems
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/40. Tenses. Moods. Flexion
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/41. Variations from the Ordinary Form of the Strong Verb
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/42. The Strong Verb
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/43. Its Form and Meaning
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/44. Flexion of the Perfect of Qal
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/45. The Infinitive
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/46. The Imperative
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/47. The Imperfect and its Inflexion
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/48. Shortening and Lengthening of the Imperfect and Imperative. The Jussive and Cohortative
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/49. The Perfect and Imperfect with Wāw Consecutive
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/50. The Participle
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/51. Niph˓al
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/52. Piʿēl and Puʿal
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/53. Hiphʿîl and Hophʿal
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/54. Hithpaʿēl
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/55. Less Common Conjugations
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/56. Quadriliterals
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/57. Strong Verb with Pronominal Suffixes
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/58. The Pronominal Suffixes of the Verb
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/59. The Perfect with Pronominal Suffixes
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/60. Imperfect with Pronominal Suffixes
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/61. Infinitive, Imperative and Participle with Pronominal Suffixes
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/62. Verbs with Gutturals
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/63. Verbs First Guttural
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/64. Verbs Middle Guttural
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/65. Verbs Third Guttural
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/66. Verbs Primae Radicalis Nûn (פ״ן)
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/67. Verbs ע״ע
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/68. Verbs פ״א
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/69. Verbs פ״י. First Class, or Verbs originally פ״ו
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/70. Verbs פ״י. Second Class, or Verbs properly פ״י
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/71. Verbs פ״י. Third Class, or Verbs with Yôdh assimilated
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/72. Verbs ע״וּ
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/73. Verbs middle i (vulgo ע״י)
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/74. Verbs ל״א
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/75. Verbs ל״ה
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/76. Verbs Doubly Weak
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/77. Relation of the Weak Verbs to one another
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/78. Verba Defectiva
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/79. The Noun. General View
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/80. The Indication of Gender in Nouns
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/81. Derivation of Nouns
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/82. Primitive Nouns
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/83. Verbal Nouns in General
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/84a. Nouns derived from the Simple Stem
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/84b. Formation of Nouns from the Intensive Stem
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/85. Nouns with Preformatives and Afformatives
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/86. Denominative Nouns
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/87. Of the Plural
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/88. Of the Dual
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/89. The Genitive and the Construct State
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/90. Real and Supposed Remains of Early Case-endings
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/91. The Noun with Pronominal Suffixes
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/92. Vowel Changes in the Noun
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/93. Paradigms of Masculine Nouns
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/94. Formation of Feminine Nouns
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/95. Paradigms of Feminine Nouns
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/96. Nouns of Peculiar Formation
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/97. Numerals. (a) Cardinal Numbers
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/98. Numerals. (b) Ordinal Numbers
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/99. The Particles. General View
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/100. Adverbs
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/101. Prepositions
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/102. Prefixed Prepositions
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/103. Prepositions with Pronominal Suffixes and in the Plural Form
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/104. Conjunctions
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/105. Interjections
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/106. Use of the Perfect
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/107. Use of the Imperfect
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/108. Use of the Cohortative
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/109. Use of the Jussive
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/110. The Imperative
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/111. The Imperfect with Wāw Consecutive
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/112. The Perfect with Wāw Consecutive
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/113. The Infinitive Absolute
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/114. The Infinitive Construct
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/115. Construction of the Infinitive Construct with Subject and Object
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/116. The Participles
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/117. The Direct Subordination of the Noun to the Verb as Accusative of the Object. The Double Accusative
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/118. The Looser Subordination of the Accusative to the Verb
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/119. The Subordination of Nouns to the Verb by means of Prepositions
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/120. Verbal Ideas under the Government of a Verb. Co-ordination of Complementary Verbal Ideas
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/121. Construction of Passive Verbs
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/122. Indication of the Gender of the Noun
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/123. The Representation of Plural Ideas by Means of Collectives, and by the Repetition of Words
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/124. The Various Uses of the Plural-form
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/125. Determination of Nouns in general. Determination of Proper Names
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/126. Determination by Means of the Article
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/127. The Noun determined by a following Determinate Genitive
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/128. The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/129. Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocution
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/130. Wider Use of the Construct State
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/131. Apposition
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/132. Connexion of the Substantive with the Adjective
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/133. The Comparison of Adjectives. (Periphrastic Expression of the Comparative and Superlative)
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/134. Syntax of the Numerals
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/135. The Personal Pronoun
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/136. The Demonstrative Pronoun
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/137. The Interrogative Pronouns
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/138. The Relative Pronoun
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/139. Expression of Pronominal Ideas by means of Substantives
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/140. Noun-clauses, Verbal-clauses, and the Compound Sentence
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/141. The Noun-clause
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/142. The Verbal-clause
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/143. The Compound Sentence
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/144. Peculiarities in the Representation of the Subject (especially in the Verbal-clause)
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/145. Agreement between the Members of a Sentence, especially between Subject and Predicate, in respect of Gender and Number
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/146. Construction of Compound Subjects
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/147. Incomplete Sentences
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/148. Exclamations
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/149. Sentences which express an Oath or Asseveration
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/150. Interrogative Sentences
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/151. Desiderative Sentences
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/152. Negative Sentences
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/153. Restrictive and Intensive Clauses
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/154. Sentences connected by Wāw
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/155. Relative Clauses
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/156. Circumstantial Clauses
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/157. Object-Clauses (Oratio Obliqua)
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/158. Causal Clauses
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/159. Conditional Sentences
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/160. Concessive Clauses
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/161. Comparative Clauses
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/162. Disjunctive Sentences
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/163. Adversative and Exceptive Clauses
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/164. Temporal Clauses
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/165. Final Clauses
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/166. Consecutive Clauses
 * Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/167. Aposiopesis, Anacoluthon, Involved Series of Sentences


text:
Author talk:Stanley John Weyman

British vs. American editions
When adding links to external scans on this page, I have usually chosen the earliest work with a clear scan. This is often the British edition (sometimes the first edition) of the work. However, the American editions seem to have additional illustrations that would be an advantage. Proofreaders have the option of (1) using the scan linked on the author page, (2) using a different scan from the Internet Archive (or elsewhere), or (c) Proofread both editions. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 12:41, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Author talk:Stanley John Weyman


text: The Works of J. W. von Goethe/Volume 9/To the Kind Reader


text:
Page:The White Peacock, Lawrence, 1911.djvu/410

402 In the mornings I loved to move in the aimless street’s procession, watching the faces come near to me, with the sudden glance of dark eyes, watching the mouths of the women blossom with talk as they passed, watching the subtle movements of the shoulders of men beneath their coats, and the naked warmth of their necks that went glowing along the street. I loved the city intensely for its movement of men and women, the soft, fascinating flow of the limbs of men and women, and the sudden flash of eyes and lips as they pass. Among all the faces of the street my attention roved like a bee which clambers drunkenly among blue flowers. I became intoxicated with the strange nectar which I sipped out of the eyes of the passers-by.

I did not know how time was hastening by on still bright wings, till I saw the scarlet hawthorn flaunting over the road, and the lime-buds lit up like wine drops in the sun, and the pink scarves of the lime-buds pretty as louse-wort a-blossom in the gutters, and a silver-pink tangle of almond boughs against the blue sky. The lilacs came out, and in the pensive stillness of the suburb, at night, came the delicious tarry scent of lilac flowers, wakening a silent laughter of romance.

Across all this, strangely, came the bleak sounds of home. Alice wrote to me at the end of May:

“Cyril dear, prepare yourself. Meg has got twins—yesterday. I went up to see how she was this afternoon, not knowing anything, and there I found a pair of bubs in the nest, and old ma Stainwright bossing the show. I nearly fainted. Sybil dear, I hardly knew whether to laugh or to cry when I saw


text: The Works of J. W. von Goethe/Volume 9/Sound, Sweet Song


text: Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 9.djvu/8


title: Page:Iraqdossier.djvu/1


title: Page:Iraqdossier.djvu/2


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Page:Iraqdossier.djvu/4

CONTENTS
Page

Foreword by the Prime Minister 3

Executive Summary 5

Part 1: Iraq’s Chemical, Biological, Nuclear and Ballistic Missile Programmes 9

 * Chapter 1: The role of intelligence 9

 * Chapter 2: Iraq’s programmes 1971–1998 11

 * Chapter 3: The current position 1998–2002 17

Part 2: History of UN Weapons Inspections 33

Part 3: Iraq under Saddam Hussein 43 Rh

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Page:Iraqdossier.djvu/5

 2

title: Page:Iraqdossier.djvu/5


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Page:Iraqdossier.djvu/6

 FOREWORD BY THE PRIME MINISTER, THE RIGHT HONOURABLE TONY BLAIR MP

The document published today is based, in large part, on the work of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). The JIC is at the heart of the British intelligence machinery. It is chaired by the Cabinet Office and made up of the heads of the UK’s three Intelligence and Security Agencies, the Chief of Defence Intelligence, and senior officials from key government departments. For over 60 years the JIC has provided regular assessments to successive Prime Ministers and senior colleagues on a wide range of foreign policy and international security issues.

Its work, like the material it analyses, is largely secret. It is unprecedented for the Government to publish this kind of document. But in light of the debate about Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), I wanted to share with the British public the reasons why I believe this issue to be a current and serious threat to the UK national interest.

In recent months, I have been increasingly alarmed by the evidence from inside Iraq that despite sanctions, despite the damage done to his capability in the past, despite the UN Security Council Resolutions expressly outlawing it, and despite his denials, Saddam Hussein is continuing to develop WMD, and with them the ability to inflict real damage upon the region, and the stability of the world.

Gathering intelligence inside Iraq is not easy. Saddam’s is one of the most secretive and dictatorial regimes in the world. So I believe people will understand why the Agencies cannot be specific about the sources, which have formed the judgements in this document, and why we cannot publish everything we know. We cannot, of course, publish the detailed raw intelligence. I and other Ministers have been briefed in detail on the intelligence and are satisfied as to its authority. I also want to pay tribute to our Intelligence and Security Services for the often extraordinary work that they do.

What I believe the assessed intelligence has established beyond doubt is that Saddam has continued to produce chemical and biological weapons, that he continues in his efforts to develop nuclear weapons, and that he has been able to extend the range of his ballistic missile programme. I also believe that, as stated in the document, Saddam will now do his utmost to try to conceal his weapons from UN inspectors.

The picture presented to me by the JIC in recent months has become more not less worrying. It is clear that, despite sanctions, the policy of containment has not worked sufficiently well to prevent Saddam from developing these weapons.

I am in no doubt that the threat is serious and current, that he has made progress on WMD, and that he has to be stopped.

Saddam has used chemical weapons, not only against an enemy state, but against his own people. Intelligence reports make clear that he sees the building up of his WMD capability, and the belief overseas that he would use these weapons, as vital to his Rh

title: Page:Iraqdossier.djvu/6


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Page:Iraqdossier.djvu/7

 strategic interests, and in particular his goal of regional domination. And the document discloses that his military planning allows for some of the WMD to be ready within 45 minutes of an order to use them.

I am quite clear that Saddam will go to extreme lengths, indeed has already done so, to hide these weapons and avoid giving them up.

In today’s inter-dependent world, a major regional conflict does not stay confined to the region in question. Faced with someone who has shown himself capable of using WMD, I believe the international community has to stand up for itself and ensure its authority is upheld.

The threat posed to international peace and security, when WMD are in the hands of a brutal and aggressive regime like Saddam’s, is real. Unless we face up to the threat, not only do we risk undermining the authority of the UN, whose resolutions he defies, but more importantly and in the longer term, we place at risk the lives and prosperity of our own people.

The case I make is that the UN Resolutions demanding he stops his WMD programme are being flouted; that since the inspectors left four years ago he has continued with this programme; that the inspectors must be allowed back in to do their job properly; and that if he refuses, or if he makes it impossible for them to do their job, as he has done in the past, the international community will have to act.

I believe that faced with the information available to me, the UK Government has been right to support the demands that this issue be confronted and dealt with. We must ensure that he does not get to use the weapons he has, or get hold of the weapons he wants. Rh

title: Page:Iraqdossier.djvu/7


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Page:Iraqdossier.djvu/8

 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Rh
 * 1) Under Saddam Hussein Iraq developed chemical and biological weapons, acquired missiles allowing it to attack neighbouring countries with these weapons and persistently tried to develop a nuclear bomb. Saddam has used chemical weapons, both against Iran and against his own people. Following the Gulf War, Iraq had to admit to all this. And in the ceasefire of 1991 Saddam agreed unconditionally to give up his weapons of mass destruction.
 * 2) Much information about Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction is already in the public domain from UN reports and from Iraqi defectors. This points clearly to Iraq’s continuing possession, after 1991, of chemical and biological agents and weapons produced before the Gulf War. It shows that Iraq has refurbished sites formerly associated with the production of chemical and biological agents. And it indicates that Iraq remains able to manufacture these agents, and to use bombs, shells, artillery rockets and ballistic missiles to deliver them.
 * 3) An independent and well-researched overview of this public evidence was provided by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) on 9 September. The IISS report also suggested that Iraq could assemble nuclear weapons within months of obtaining fissile material from foreign sources.
 * 4) As well as the public evidence, however, significant additional information is available to the Government from secret intelligence sources, described in more detail in this paper. This intelligence cannot tell us about everything. However, it provides a fuller picture of Iraqi plans and capabilities. It shows that Saddam Hussein attaches great importance to possessing weapons of mass destruction which he regards as the basis for Iraq’s regional power. It shows that he does not regard them only as weapons of last resort. He is ready to use them, including against his own population, and is determined to retain them, in breach of United Nations Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR).
 * 5) Intelligence also shows that Iraq is preparing plans to conceal evidence of these weapons, including incriminating documents, from renewed inspections. And it confirms that despite sanctions and the policy of containment, Saddam has continued to make progress with his illicit weapons programmes.
 * 6) As a result of the intelligence we judge that Iraq has:
 * 7) *continued to produce chemical and biological agents;
 * 8) *military plans for the use of chemical and biological weapons, including   against its own Shia population. Some of these weapons are deployable   within 45 minutes of an order to use them;
 * 9) *command and control arrangements in place to use chemical and biological   weapons. Authority ultimately resides with Saddam Hussein. (There is   intelligence that he may have delegated this authority to his son Qusai);

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Page:Iraqdossier.djvu/9

   These judgements reflect the views of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). More details on the judgements and on the development of the JIC’s assessments since 1998 are set out in Part 1 of this paper. Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction are in breach of international law. Under a series of UN Security Council Resolutions Iraq is obliged to destroy its holdings  of these weapons under the supervision of UN inspectors. Part 2 of the paper sets out the key UN Security Council Resolutions. It also summarises the history of the UN inspection regime and Iraq’s history of deception, intimidation and  concealment in its dealings with the UN inspectors. Rh
 * developed mobile laboratories for military use, corroborating earlier reports about the mobile production of biological warfare agents;
 * pursued illegal programmes to procure controlled materials of potential use in the production of chemical and biological weapons programmes;
 * tried covertly to acquire technology and materials which could be used in the production of nuclear weapons;
 * sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa, despite having no active civil nuclear power programme that could require it;
 * recalled specialists to work on its nuclear programme;
 * illegally retained up to 20 al-Hussein missiles, with a range of 650km, capable of carrying chemical or biological warheads;
 * started deploying its al-Samoud liquid propellant missile, and has used the absence of weapons inspectors to work on extending its range to at least   200km, which is beyond the limit of 150km imposed by the United Nations;
 * started producing the solid-propellant Ababil-100, and is making efforts to extend its range to at least 200km, which is beyond the limit of 150km   imposed by the United Nations;
 * constructed a new engine test stand for the development of missiles capable of reaching the UK Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus and NATO members   (Greece and Turkey), as well as all Iraq’s Gulf neighbours and Israel;
 * pursued illegal programmes to procure materials for use in its illegal development of long range missiles;
 * learnt lessons from previous UN weapons inspections and has already begun to conceal sensitive equipment and documentation in advance of the return   of inspectors.

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 But the threat from Iraq does not depend solely on the capabilities we have described. It arises also because of the violent and aggressive nature of Saddam Hussein’s regime. His record of internal repression and external aggression gives rise to unique concerns about the threat he poses. The paper briefly outlines in Part 3 Saddam’s rise to power, the nature of his regime and his history of regional aggression. Saddam’s human rights abuses are also catalogued, including his record of torture, mass arrests and summary executions.  The paper briefly sets out how Iraq is able to finance its weapons programme. Drawing on illicit earnings generated outside UN control, Iraq generated illegal income of some $3 billion in 2001.  Rh

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 CHAPTER 1: THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE Since UN inspectors were withdrawn from Iraq in 1998, there has been little overt information on Iraq’s chemical, biological, nuclear and ballistic missile programmes. Much of the publicly available information about Iraqi capabilities and intentions is dated. But we also have available a range of secret intelligence about these programmes and Saddam Hussein’s intentions. This comes principally from the United Kingdom’s intelligence and analysis agencies – the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the Security Service, and the Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS). We also have access to intelligence from close allies. Intelligence rarely offers a complete account of activities which are designed to remain concealed. The nature of Saddam’s regime makes Iraq a difficult target for the intelligence services. Intelligence, however, has provided important insights into Iraqi programmes and Iraqi military thinking. Taken together with what is already known from other sources, this intelligence builds our understanding of Iraq’s capabilities and adds significantly to the analysis already in the public domain. But intelligence sources need to be protected, and this limits the detail that can be made available. Iraq’s capabilities have been regularly reviewed by the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), which has provided advice to the Prime Minister and his senior colleagues on the developing assessment, drawing on all available sources. Part 1 of this paper includes some of the most significant views reached by the JIC between 1999 and 2002.

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 CHAPTER 2

IRAQ’S PROGRAMMES: 1971–1998

Iraq has been involved in chemical and biological warfare research for over 30 years. Its chemical warfare research started in 1971 at a small, well guarded site at Rashad to the north east of Baghdad. Research was conducted there on a number of chemical agents including mustard gas, CS and tabun. Later, in 1974 a dedicated organisation called al-Hasan Ibn al-Haitham was established. In the late 1970s plans were made to build a large research and commercial-scale production facility in the desert some 70km north west of Baghdad under the cover of Project 922. This was to become Muthanna State Establishment, also known as al-Muthanna, and operated under the front name of Iraq’s State Establishment for Pesticide Production. It became operational in 1982-83. It had five research and development sections, each tasked to pursue different programmes. In addition, the al-Muthanna site was the main chemical agent production facility, and it also took the lead in weaponising chemical and biological agents including all aspects of weapon development and testing, in association with the military. According to information, subsequently supplied by the Iraqis, the total production capacity in 1991 was 4,000 tonnes of agent per annum, but we assess it could have been higher. Al-Muthanna was supported by three separate storage and precursor production facilities known as Fallujah 1, 2 and 3 near Habbaniyah, north west of Baghdad, parts of which were not completed before they were heavily bombed in the 1991 Gulf War. Iraq started biological warfare research in the mid-1970s. After small-scale research, a purpose-built research and development facility was authorised at al-Salman, also known as Salman Pak. This is surrounded on three sides by the Tigris river and situated some 35km south of Baghdad. Although some progress was made in biological weapons research at this early stage, Iraq decided to concentrate on developing chemical agents and their delivery systems at al-Muthanna. With the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War, in the early 1980s, the biological weapons programme was revived. The appointment of Dr Rihab Taha in 1985, to head a small biological weapons research team at al-Muthanna, Rh

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