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Page:Wittgenstein - Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1922.djvu/209

Rh States of affairs (Sachlage)
 * can be described, not named, 3.144 (i)
 * connexion of object with, 2.0122
 * possibility of, 2.014

Structure
 * and form, 2.033
 * and internal property, 4.122(2)
 * connexion with operation, 5.22
 * logical, 4.014 (2)
 * logical relations shown by, 4.1211 (2)
 * of a picture, 2.15 (2)
 * of atomic fact, 2.032, 2.034
 * of propositions, and deducibility, 5.13
 * of propositions, stand in internal relations, 5.2
 * properties of, and tautology, 6.12 (3)

Subject, the
 * and the body, 5.631 (2)
 * does not belong to the world, 5.632
 * is a limit of the world, 5.632, 5.641 (3)
 * no such thing exists, 5.542 (1), 5.631 (1)

Substance
 * of the world, identified with objects, 2.021
 * exists independently of what is the case, 2.024
 * is form and content, 2.025

Successor, definition of, 4.1252(4)

Superstition, 5.1361 (2)

Symbolizing, methods of, 3.322

Symbols
 * and signs, 3.326
 * as equivalent to rules, 5.541
 * composite, criterion of, 5.5261 (2)
 * difference of, 3.323 (3)
 * different, may have common sign, 3.321
 * equated with expressions, 3.31
 * essential features of, 3.34
 * for complexes, how defined, 3.24 (4)
 * have sign for perceptible part, 3.32
 * presuppositions of, 5.5151 (3)
 * what signifies in, 3.344

Tautology
 * a limiting case of combinations of symbols, 4.466 (4)
 * an ungeneralized proposition can be, 6.1231 (2)
 * and properties of structure, 6.12 (3)
 * as showing logic of the world, 6.22
 * defined, 4.46 (4)
 * derivation of tautology from, 6.126 (3)
 * effect of adjoining, to a proposition, 4.465
 * follows from all propositions, 5.142
 * has no truth conditions, 5.461 (2)
 * how used in demonstrating logical properties, 6. 121
 * is analytical proposition, 6. 11
 * is without sense, 4.461 (3)
 * its truth certain, 4.464 (1)
 * logical proposition is, 6.1
 * method for recognizing, 6.1203
 * not a picture of reality, 4.462
 * not nonsensical, 4.4611
 * probability of, 5.152 (4)
 * says nothing, 4.461 (1), 5.142, 6.11
 * shared by propositions, 5.143 (1)
 * shows that it is a tautology, 6.127 (2)

Theory of knowledge, how related to psychology and philosophy, 4.1121 (2) Theory of types, 3.33i-3.333, 5.252, 6.123 (2)


text: Category:Magicians

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Magicians


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Page:Wittgenstein - Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1922.djvu/208

Rh Sense — continued
 * how determined, 4.063 (2)
 * independent of facts, 4.061 (1)
 * of truth-functions as a function, 5.2341 (i)
 * only propositions have it, 3.3
 * opposite, 4.0621 (3)
 * postulate of determinateness of, 3 23
 * requires substance, 2.021 1
 * reversed by denial, 5.2341 (3)
 * what a picture represents is its, 2.221

Senseless (Sinnlos)
 * distinct from nonsensical, 4.461 (3), 4.4611
 * examples of the, 4.1272 (9), 4.1274, 5.1362 (2)
 * "laws of inference" are, 5.132 (4)
 * tautology and contradiction are, 4.461 (3)

Series, formal {See Formal series)

Showing
 * by tautologies and contradictions, 4.461 (1)
 * by structure, 4.1211 (2)
 * correctness of solipsism, 5.62 (2)
 * examples of, 4.1211, 6.12, 6.1201, 6.127 (2), 6.36 (2)
 * excludes saying, 4. 1212
 * generality, 5.1311 (2)
 * logic of the world, 6.22
 * logical form, 4. 121 (4)
 * needed for form of representation, 2.172
 * of operations, 5.24 (i)
 * of sense, 4,022
 * that a formal concept applies, 4.126 (3)
 * that internal properties hold, 4.122 (4)
 * that one proposition follows
 * from another, 4.1 211 (2)
 * that the world is my world, 5.62 (3)
 * the inexpressible, 6.522
 * what it says, by proposition, 4.461 (1)

Sight, field of, 5.633, 5.6331

Sign
 * and symbol, 3.326
 * application of, 3.262
 * as likeness of the signified, 4.012
 * as perceptible part of symbol, 3.12 3.32
 * cannot receive a wrong sense, 5.4732
 * complex, 3.1432
 * equivalence of, 5.47321 (2)
 * how it determines a logical form, 3.327
 * identity of tokens of, 3.203
 * possible, 5.473 (2)
 * primitive (See Primitive signs)
 * propositional (See Propositional sign)
 * simple, 3.201, 3.202
 * the same, may belong to different symbols, 3.321
 * unused, 3.328 (1)

Similes, 4.015

Simplicity of objects, 2.02, 2.021

"Socrates is identical", 5.473 (2), 5.4733 (3)

Solipsism
 * coincides with realism, 5.64
 * correct in intention, 5.62

Soul, 5.5421 {See also Subject)

Space
 * a form of objects, 2.0251
 * congruence in, 6.36111
 * geometrical figures cannot contradict laws of, 3.032
 * logical (See Logical space)
 * spatial objects must lie in, 2.0131 (1)
 * spatial objects unthinkable apart from, 2.0121 (4)
 * symmetry in, 6.3611 (3)
 * visual, 2.0131 (2)

"Spatial spectacles", 4.0412


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Advertisement

ADVERTISEMENT (see ). — The great public service rendered by advertising during the World War was one of the most striking features of the progress made in this form of business during the decade 1910-20.

Before 1915 no Government in modern times had attempted to raise subscriptions to a loan through the persuasive methods of commercial advertising on a large scale. The custom was merely to publish the prospectus, and leave it to the investor to form his judgment of its merits. It was not till the floating of the 4½% War Loan in 1915 that the British Government took any definite steps to depart from precedent. At an early stage in its subscription, when it was feared that the result would not be as good as had been hoped for, a Treasury official asked the advice of a well-known London journalist, and at his suggestion it was decided to spend £100,000 in advertising under his direction. A little more than £60,000 was actually spent in advertising, and the subscriptions to the loan eventually realized nearly £600,000,000. Later, this new departure was followed, but only after stereotyped official methods had again proved inadequate, in the campaigns for National War Bonds after Dec. 1916, by a considerable extension of advertising, while in the United States it was freely employed in the raising of the Liberty Loans (see ).

Before this, advertising by poster had been employed effectively in England to gain enlistments for the army. In this connexion, and in the loan advertising of 1915 and following years, both in Great Britain and America, advertising reached an effectiveness and power that had never been imagined. It is true that the subject dealt with was in everyone's mind; the appeal was to patriotism, to emotion as well as to cold reason

and self-interest. The interests of the writer and of the reader of the advertisements were identical. Even so, the results were amazing. In 1917 a leading American banker said it was impossible to float a loan of $3,000,000,000 because there were “only 275,000 investors in the country.” But after widespread advertising there were more than 6,000,000 individual subscribers to this loan, and the amount was greatly over-subscribed. For the last of the American war loans, the “Victory Loan” floated after the Armistice, nearly 21,000,000 subscribers were obtained — one for every five of the country's population, including women and children.

War advertising enlisted much new talent in writing and illustrating. The foremost artists and writers on both sides of the Atlantic volunteered their services and competed for the honour of having their productions used. With professional advertising men, printers, engravers and lithographers all giving their best, the result was an excellence in form and character that had never been achieved before. While the tide of patriotic emotion raised by the war brought new resources to advertising, their proper application would not have been possible without the knowledge gained in advertising for ordinary business purposes during previous years (see ).

In the years before 1915 remarkable advances had been made. The number of articles of trade-marked, advertised merchandise had increased rapidly. Stimulated by advertising revenue, scores of weekly and monthly publications had obtained circulation running into hundreds of thousands, and some had passed the million mark. Great daily newspapers had a similar growth and could afford to sell their copies at a price which did not pay for the paper on which they were printed. Posters and advertising signs had passed from their former rude state to a high degree of attractiveness.

At the same time came a remarkable improvement in the character of advertising. Misleading advertisements and advertising of questionable merchandise or of uncertain financial offers were gradually weeded out. Publications found it unprofitable to accept advertising that was offensive to their better clients. The Association of Advertising Clubs of the World adopted “Truth in Advertising” as their slogan, and vigilance committees were appointed to eradicate misleading or untruthful advertising of whatever products. Advertising had become a business of high principles and well-defined ethics. One of the most powerful influences in the development of advertising along sound business and ethical lines was the advertising agency. Beginning more than half a century before as an agency for the selling of space in publications, the modern advertising agency grew into a service institution, acting on behalf of its clients in planning advertising campaigns, selecting the mediums to be used, preparing advertisements, attending to all the details of engraving, type-setting and plate-making and performing many other incidental services. The advertising agency attracted well-educated young men in increasing numbers and represented a recognized field for the employment of talent.

All advertising is more or less a competition for public attention. As the volume of advertising increased the competition became more keen, and resulted in improvement of both the writing and artistic treatment of advertisements. One of the most notable features in recent years has been the use of illustrations in colour, made possible by improved processes of colour-engraving and by the perfection of high-speed colour printing presses. One popular magazine in America, with a circulation approaching two million, has contained more than 50 full-page advertisements in colour in a single issue. Every one of these pages was printed by four-colour process, and gave a faithful reproduction of the subject. This has made it possible to display all sorts of merchandise, including foods, in their natural tempting colours, and textiles with all their shades and patterns, as well as to reproduce beautiful paintings for their attractive value. Perhaps as a result of this achievement in colour printing, there has been a remarkable improvement in the artistic worth of advertising illustrations. Celebrated painters and illustrators no

longer find it beneath their dignity to make pictures for advertising purposes, especially as the bids for their services run to large figures. Similar improvement has been achieved in typography, engraving and lithography, and in all the mechanical processes of reproduction.

As the volume of advertising expenditure has grown, so has the number of publications which derive their chief support from advertising. These publications have been divided more and more in recent years into groups or classes, each with an appeal to a certain class of the population. The number of general publications reaching all classes has been correspondingly reduced. The most prominent class publications are the women's magazines, chiefly of monthly issue, of which in 1921 there were four or five in America with more than a million circulation. These magazines deal with home problems, dressmaking, cooking, care of children and kindred subjects, and are the most valuable mediums for the advertising of foods, textiles and all household commodities. There are similar class publications devoted to business interests, the world of books, motion pictures, the theatre, fashionable society, sports of one kind and another and all classes of commercial and industrial enterprises. The significance of this tendency is that advertising of each kind may be placed before the readers it especially interests, with a selected audience and less waste of circulation.

Each succeeding year has seen some enlargement of the possibilities of advertising. Paid space has been used in increasingly large amounts in political campaigns, local and national, presenting the records of candidates and showing photographs of themselves and their families. It is used more and more to influence public opinion on behalf of one cause or another. Industrial disputes, involving strikes or lock-outs, have led employers and employees alike to appeal through advertisements to the public for sympathy and moral support. Public service institutions have used advertising to put themselves in a better light before the public or to explain the necessity for increased revenue. In one notable case, advertising was used to turn business away. The American Telephone & Telegraph Co. was seriously affected by the entry of the United States into the World War. It could not obtain the supplies it needed; the Government took thousands of its highly trained workers; and at the same time demands on its service increased enormously. The Company was wise enough to advertise, explaining why its service was deficient, why applicants were kept waiting for installations, and also imploring the public neither to conduct unnecessary conversations over the wires nor to prolong use beyond the time required. Similar advertising was employed by the American railways in the period immediately following their return from Government control to private management, but in this case the explanation of inadequate service was followed by an appeal for higher passenger and freight rates to provide revenue for rehabilitation. During the same period, the Chicago meat-packers, facing threatened Federal action for the further regulation of their activities, entered upon an elaborate advertising campaign to convince the public of their blamelessness.

All these varied developments of advertising have been of the utmost interest to students of economic trends. It is certain that advertising has been largely instrumental in changing buying habits and in introducing many things which have quickly become a part of everyday life. The chief function of advertising is the saving of time. Information, whether as to merchandise or controversial or public issues, can be placed before great numbers of the population almost over night. Public education on any subject can be effected in days or weeks, where years were required by old-fashioned methods of canvassing. For this reason it has been possible to build up entire new industries on advertised products within a short period. In political life, and in financial operations, advertising has served to eliminate the secrecy and ignorance which invite deceit and fraud. The whole tendency is to take the public into confidence and play the game in the full light of fair and frank publicity. Advertising is no weapon for dark causes and no advocate for unworthy goods. To be effective it must be a sincere expression of the character

of the advertiser. Unless it bears the stamp of truth and sincerity it is ineffective and defeats its own purpose.

This individuality of a business house as well as the conditions under which it operates and the field from which it may seek custom must all be considered carefully before embarking on an advertising campaign. It is well to seek the expert assistance of an advertising agency of established reputation. The implements of advertising are many, including newspapers, weeklies, magazines, trade publications, outdoor displays, cards in railway cars and the sending of circulars and booklets to persons whose names have been selected on some sound principle. Each is more efficient for one purpose than another, and knowledge and judgment are needed to plan a campaign that will achieve results at economical cost. The advertising policy of a business house and the selection of an advertising agency and advertising manager should be a concern for the executive heads who direct the permanent interests of the business. For advertising, once entered upon, is a continuing influence. The advertising for any one week or any one month, unlike that week's or month's buying or selling, cannot be regarded as a completed transaction. Advertising, it already has been said, is an expression of character. It reveals the character of the advertiser, and immediately begins to form a consciousness of the particular house or merchandise advertised in the mind of the public. It has an influence also on the advertiser's own organization. The workman in the factory and the salesman in the shop judge from the advertising their employer's sincerity and desire to serve. If the advertising is such that they can take pride in it; if it is attractive in appearance; if it is placed in the right environment; if it is a worthy representation of the purposes and ideals that animate the business — then the advertising will stimulate every employee to greater efforts and enhance the moral of the organization. Every advertisement tends to create or destroy the one great business asset, reputation.

The steady growth of advertising is assured. While there are no authentic data on the amount spent for advertising, it has been estimated that the expenditure for all forms of advertising in America in 1920 was upwards of $1,200,000,000, an increase of approximately 100% in five years. Individual industrial firms in Great Britain spend as much as £200,000 a year on advertising, and the total expenditure there on all forms of publicity is estimated at over a hundred million sterling annually. With the growth in public intelligence and the realization of the power of advertising, it is likely to be still more widely employed in the future. The modern business concern is adopting advertising as a part of its fixed business policy; not as an expedient for occasional use but as an element of business to be constantly employed.


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Page:From Anne Warren Weston to Boston Female Anti-slavery Society; Monday, August 21, 1837.pdf/4

 not now addresing woman of this clas. We trust that all who have embraced the A.S. cause from Christian motives will feel that touching this question they owe a responsibility not to man but to God alone. And here we may well pause & consider how different are the views with which He regards woman's sphere & duties from those which the generality of men entertain. While by man too frequently regarded as a being whose chief object should be to subserve his enjoyment or convenience of whose duties & responsibilities he is to be the judge, whose very final accountability is almost merged in his other & widely differing is the duty & the destiny his Creator appoints. Individually must she judge of her duty, individually perform it & God has said that each one of their own doings shall give account to him. Is it then wise to govern our own views of duty by the opinions of others? Who are those who are now opposing woman's influence as exerted in favour of the E(?) (?) As a general thing are they not the men whose opposition to the course of the injured and outraged Slave has ever been bitter & unrelenting. Will you allow these men who have been for years unmindful of there own most solemn duties to prescribe to you yours. Shall they whose influence is given to a system that considers women as goods & chattels be esteemed by you as fit judges of the sphere you shall occupy? I know that the sneering allusions, false representations & contemptuous sarcasms to which we are subjected may be to some of us a bitter taste(?) But if in view of these things our hearts fail us, let us look to the faith & view of the sphere that women there occupies shall strengthen us to endure. Woman labouring in the rice fields of Carolina & in the burning sugar plantations of Louisiana under the lash of a driver is (?) pe(?) fearfully "out of her sphere". Woman holding her fellow creatures, as property, shamelesly advertising uns(?)ys in the public papers and trading in broken hearts & outraged affections is we allow, very much "out of her sphere." Woman, upholding by her influence this system, pleading for its continuance, using all her ingenuity to palliate its guilt, and throwing obstacles in the way of emancipation, appears to us also to be out of her sphere, but with regard to those women who labour for the extinction of Slavery, who petition Congres for its abolition, who urge the claims of the slave whenever opportunity presents, who in time "feels for those in bonds as bound with them" of such such(?) we say they are in the very sphere to which God has appointed every Christian, they are but fulfilling the Augustine injunction to do good to all men as they have opportunity."

A few lines more and we will close a communication that we fear is already too long. The path that Sarah & Angelina Grimké have marked out for themselves is one in which they will probably


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Page:Wittgenstein - Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1922.djvu/207

Rh Pseudo-concept, 4.1272 (1)
 * proposition and thing as, 5.5351 (1)

Pseudo-propositions, 5.535 (1)
 * arising from use of pseudo-concepts, 4.1272 (4)
 * mathematical propositions are, 6.2 (2)

Psychology, and philosophy, 4.1121

Range, defined, 4.463

Reality
 * as existence of atomic facts, 2.06 (1)
 * completely described by proposition, 4.023 (2)
 * described by internal properties of proposition, 4.023 (4)
 * empirical, bounded by totality of objects, 5.5561 (1)
 * form of, 2.18
 * how linked to pictures, 2.1511-2.15121
 * logical features of, 4.023 (5)
 * not pictured by tautology or contradiction, 4.462
 * pictures are models of, 2.12
 * pictures compared with, 2.21, 2.223
 * proposition as picture of, 4.01 (1), 4.021
 * propositions are compared with, 4.05
 * total, is the world, 2.063

Representation, logic of, 4.015 (See also Form of representation)

Representing relation, belongs to the picture, 2.1513

Right and left hand, Kantian problem of, 6.361 11

Rules, as equivalent to symbols, 5.514 Russell, 3.318, 3.325, 3.331, 3.333, 4.0031, 4.12721, 4.1272 (8), 4.1273, 4.241 (3), 5.02 (2), 5.132 (4), 5.252, 5.4, 5.42, 5.-452 (2), 5.513 (3), 5.521, 5.525. 5.5302, 5.535, 5.541 (4), 5.5422, 5.553 (1), 6.123 (2), 6.1232

Russell's paradox, 3.333 (4)

Saying
 * by propositions, 4.022 (2)
 * impossibility of, what we cannot think, 5.61 (4)

Scaffolding, logical, 3.42 (3), 4.023 (5), 6.124

Scepticism, 6.51 (1)

Self-evidence (See also Obviousness)
 * how discarded in logic, 5.4731
 * not a criterion of logical propositions, 6. 1 271
 * of mathematical propositions, 6.2341

Sense
 * and deducibility, 5.122
 * cannot be supplied by assertion, 4.064
 * characterized by expressions, 3.31 (1)
 * connexion with method of projection, 3. 11 (2)
 * equated with representation of state of affairs, 4.031 (2)
 * expressible only by facts, 3.142
 * new, how communicated, 403 (1)
 * objects occurring in, 4.1211 (1)
 * of propositional sign, needs no explanation, 4.02, 4.021
 * of propositions
 * and possibilities of existence of atomic facts, 4.2
 * contained in sense of other propositions, 5.122
 * expressed by spatial position, 3.1431 (2)
 * form only of, contained in proposition, 3.13 (4)


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Author:Henry Haxton

Works

 * (with Cecil Weatherly)

title: Author:Henry Haxton


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aehrenthal, Aloys Lexa von, Count

AEHRENTHAL, ALOYS LEXA VON, (1854-1912), Austro-Hungarian statesman (see ; ), was born at Gross-Skal, Bohemia, the son of Baron (Freiherr) Johann Lexa von Aehrenthal and his wife Marie, née Countess Thun-Hohenstein, and began his diplomatic career in 1877 as attaché to the Paris embassy under Count Beust. He went in 1878 in the same capacity to St. Petersburg, and from 1883 to 1888 he worked at the Foreign Office in Vienna under Kalnoky, with whom he formed close relations. In 1888 he was sent as councillor of embassy to St. Petersburg, where he exercised considerable influence with the ambassador, Count Wolkenstein. Recalled in 1894 to service in the Foreign Office, he undertook important duties, and in the following year went to Bucharest as ambassador. Here he succeeded in strengthening the relations between the courts of Vienna and Bucharest, the secret alliance which King Charles had concluded in 1883 with the Central European Powers being renewed on Sept. 30. In 1899 he became ambassador in St. Petersburg, where he remained until his appointment as Foreign Minister in Oct. 1906. Aehrenthal at this time thought that Austria-Hungary must, even at the cost of some sacrifice, come to an agreement with Russia. In this sense he endeavoured to continue the negotiations successfully begun by his predecessor, Prince Franz Liechtenstein (b. 1853), for the bridging over of the differences on Balkan questions

between Vienna and St. Petersburg, in order to create a basis for a permanent friendly relation between Austria-Hungary and Russia. He played a principal part in concluding the Mürzsteg Agreement of 1903. During the Russo-Japanese War he took a strong line in favour of a benevolent attitude on the part of the Vienna Cabinet towards Russia. When, in Oct. 1906, he succeeded Count Goluchowski as Foreign Minister he at first maintained the views which he had professed as ambassador. He was determined to preserve the interests of Austria-Hungary in the Balkans, but also showed himself prepared to meet the Russian wishes in the Dardanelles question. Accordingly he entered into negotiation, after the outbreak of the Young Turk revolution in the summer of 1908, with Isvolski, arranging with him Sept. 15 at the château of Buchlau, in Moravia, an agreement which aimed at securing for Austria-Hungary the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and for Russia the opening of the Dardanelles to Russian warships.

It was only when Isvolski's proposals were wrecked on the opposition of England, and the Russian minister protested against the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had meanwhile been accomplished, and supported the Serbs in their opposition to Austria-Hungary, that Aehrenthal abandoned the idea of a friendly accommodation with the Russian Government. In the sharp struggle during the annexation crisis, not only with Russia and Serbia, but with the Western Powers, he held with tenacious energy to his purpose, and, powerfully supported by Germany, succeeded in carrying out his intentions after excited negotiations which threatened to lead to war. The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was acknowledged by the Powers; an agreement was reached with Turkey; Serbia, after long hesitation, was obliged to submit. For this achievement Aehrenthal was rewarded by his master by elevation to the rank of Count (Aug. 18 1909), while at the courts of his opponents he was hated but respected.

This was the zenith of his political career. Few at this time realized the danger which arose later from the closer adhesion of Russia to the Western Powers, especially as Aehrenthal took the greatest pains to prove in all quarters, after the conclusion of the annexation crisis, that Austria-Hungary cherished no far-reaching plans of conquest. In this spirit he offered the most decided opposition to those circles at the court of Vienna which advocated a bloody reckoning with Serbia. He held fast by the Triple Alliance, for he saw in this the surest bulwark of peace. He sought to form the most intimate relations with the German Empire, but insisted on the independence of the Habsburg Monarchy, and energetically repulsed all efforts on the part of the German chancellery to set limits to that independence. One of his most difficult tasks was to adjust the ever-recurring conflicts with Italy, who, while officially supporting the political action of the Triple Alliance, often embarked on courses directly opposed to the interests of Austria-Hungary. A succession of agreements which he concluded with the Italian Foreign Minister, Tittoni, justified his efforts, and enabled him to maintain correct relations with the Italian Government. Yet, by the maintenance of his peace policy, which had the full approval of the Emperor Francis Joseph, he came into serious conflict with the party led by the chief of the general staff, Conrad von Hötzendorf, which championed a policy not afraid of energetic, warlike methods. The battle, carried on on both sides with tenacious endurance, ended in 1911 with the victory of Aehrenthal and the resignation of Hötzendorf.

In the solution of questions of internal policy Aehrenthal, as Foreign Minister, only took part in so far as they seemed to him to affect the interests of the monarchy as a whole. With the Czechs, who on his accession to office had shown some suspicion on account of his intimate connexion with the leading members of the loyal Bohemian landed aristocracy, he succeeded in maintaining reasonably good relations. As against the Magyars, he upheld the view that the unity of the monarchy must not be shaken, and he therefore offered a determined resistance to the attempts of the party of independence to intrench on the rights of the Crown in military matters. He realized the need for an

increase of the army and the reorganization of the army and navy, but he opposed the far-reaching demands of the War Minister and the chief of the general staff.

Aehrenthal married in 1902 Pauline, Countess Széchényi. He died Feb. 17 1912.

Even during his lifetime the estimate of his political policy fluctuated violently. On the one hand it was blamed as provocative, on the other as weak. After the disastrous result of the World War, bringing with it the downfall of the Habsburg Monarchy, it is still more difficult to answer the question whether the path pursued by Aehrenthal in foreign affairs was the right one. It is certain that the Entente Powers were drawn more closely together by the active part played, during his period of office, by Austria-Hungary in Balkan affairs. It is true that the chances of success for the Central Powers in an international struggle were better in the years 1909 and 1911 than in 1914. But the question remains undecided whether, if his activity had been longer continued, Aehrenthal would have been able to maintain the position of Austria-Hungary as a great power without an appeal to the decision of arms. There is no doubt that Aehrenthal was a statesman of considerable mark, a man of wide knowledge and well-ordered intelligence; he was ambitious, but not vain, and an untiring worker. Moreover, in moments of great excitement he was able to maintain outward calmness. He was convinced of his own value, but had no desire to parade it. The Emperor Francis Joseph esteemed him, stood by him in the good and evil hours of his administration of foreign affairs, and repeatedly refused to accept his tendered resignation.

 * (Author:Alfred Francis Pribram)


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Page:Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management.djvu/50

28 Order and Punctuality are so important to the comfort and happiness of the household that every mistress should fix stated hours for meals, etc., which ought to be strictly observed by every member of the family.

The specimen card of order of the household will guide the mistress in drawing up a set of rules adapted to the special requirements of her own home.

Furnishing a House is an anxious and onerous undertaking, involving far more ramifications, details and difficulties than can be dealt with here. A few useful elementary rules to be observed are as follows: before purchasing a single article, the future abode should be carefully inspected, and a careful plan made with exact measurements of the height, length and breadth of every room and of all recesses contained in them, for a few inches difference more or less will render quite impossible or useless for your room a suite or article of furniture fancied by you, or recommended by the plausible salesman, who has never seen the house to be furnished. Then, still, before any purchases are made, a list of the articles desired and necessary for the new house should be made, re-made, altered and considered, priced and re-priced, estimated and re-estimated. No trouble or care can be considered excessive in this task, for to most people, furnishing from cellar to attic, as the phrase


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Rh sixty learned men, wishing to make posterity believe that the dominion of the world commenced with himself, the first universal emperor of China. The object of obliterating all remembrance of antiquity was, however, defeated by the subsequent discovery of the books of Confucius, in the wainscot of an old house; and the intention of perpetuating his rule to succeeding generations was also frustrated by the demise of his son, only two years after his own death, by which means the empire passed into other hands, and his dynasty became extinct. Though the writings of Confucius were recovered, yet they were much injured, and, in many parts, defective; which has greatly detracted from the integrity, intelligibility, and, in the opinion of some, from the credibility of the whole.

During the life-time of this monarch the famous Chinese wall was erected, in order to keep out the Tartars, who then infested the northern frontier. Almost every third man was drafted, throughout the empire, for the accomplishment of this undertaking; and being but poorly supplied with provisions, many of them died in the work. Hence the Chinese call it, "The ruin of one generation, and the salvation of thousands." However true the first part of this sentence may be, the latter is not so exactly correct, as the Tartars have several times invaded China, notwithstanding their wall, and are now in possession of the empire. Still it is a stupendous work, stretching over fifteen hundred miles of country, crossing hills and rivers, and provided with gates and towers, at certain intervals, so that if well manned and guarded, in a country where artillery is seldom employed, it might still be serviceable in keeping out an enemy, were not the


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14 dreaded Tartar hordes now on both sides of the wall, and in possession of the palaces and capital of the empire. The name of the first ruler of the Tsin dy nasty is, however, held in detestation by the Chinese.

Since the days of Tsin, a succession of dynasties have swayed the destinies of China; among the most celebrated of which are Han, Tang, Sung, and Ming, with the two Tartar dynasties Yuen and Tsing. The dynasty Han, lasting from B.C. 205 to A.D. 226, is distinguished for the military prowess and courage at that time displayed; hence the Chinese are still fond of calling themselves sons of Han. After the downfaldownfall [sic] of this race of kings, six smaller dynasties followed, of whom little remarkable is recorded. During the Tang dynasty, from A.D. 620 to 906, learning was extensively cultivated, and the literary examinations were then first established. Between the age of Tang and Sung, five smaller dynasties intervened, during which period printing was invented by one Fung-taou, A.D. 924; while the practice of binding the feet of women appears to have commenced about the same time. At the close of the Sung dynasty, A.D, 1275, Marco Paulo, the Venetian traveller, visited China. While the Mongolian Tartars had possession of China the grand canal was dug, which proved of such incalculable service to the empire; and the Yellow River was brought back to its former bed, by which means much land was brought under cultivation, and former inundations prevented. Under the reign of the Ming dynasty, from A.D. 1368 to A.D. 1643, the Portuguese visited China, and settled themselves at Macao. The present Tartar race have possessed the throne one hundred and ninety-four years.


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Rh


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User:Metaknowledge

Please see wikt:User:Metaknowledge.

title: User:Metaknowledge


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User talk:Metaknowledge

Please see wikt:User talk:Metaknowledge.

title: User talk:Metaknowledge


text: The Folk-Lore Journal/Volume 1/Greek Folk-lore


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Disconto-Gesellschaft, The

DISCONTO-GESELLSCHAFT, The. The Disconto-Gesellschaft (Disconto-Gesellschaft in Berlin) was founded in 1851 as a “credit partnership,” and in 1856 was changed into a limited liability joint-stock company under the name of “Direktion der Disconto-Gesellschaft,” with a capital of 30,000,000 marks. Its founder was David Hansemann, later Prussian Minister of Finance. Its purpose and earliest activities were in the fostering of current account business and the underwriting of German state and local loans and railway shares. In 1890 a branch was opened in London, from which dates this institution's activities in overseas matters. In 1901, on the liquidation of the house of M. A. Rothschild & Sons of Frankfort-on-the-Main, a branch was established in that city, connection being made with the Rothschild Syndicate, with which it has

since been largely identified. The interests formed with this group made the Disconto-Gesellschaft a prominent factor in the underwriting of many important national and railway loans, notably the state loans of Russia, Rumania, China and Japan. In addition, in connection with other interests, it was instrumental in the financing of the Kamerun Railroad Company and the Great Venezuelan Railroad, both speculative enterprises, and the latter eventually of great financial annoyance. As a national factor, the Disconto-Gesellschaft has lent its greatest support to industry through the promotion and financing of enterprises for the development of Germany's natural resources: the mining of coal and metals, smelting, iron and steel, potash, shipbuilding, electrical development, railways, fire and life insurance, etc. It assisted in the underwriting of the 10,000,000 thaler (30,000,000 marks) 5 per cent loan for the Krupp Works, in 1874 — the first instance in Germany of the issue of fractional form bonds secured by blanket mortgage and providing for common representation of the holders of these bonds. Beginning in 1881, this institution has established or participated in the establishment of 15 important banking institutions, having 87 branches, scattered throughout Europe, Asia, South Pacific, South America and Africa; and through communities of interest has banking connections in Hamburg, Leipzig, Bremen, Mannheim and Geestmunde, these latter having 51 branches and numerous other agencies throughout the empire. In 1914 it absorbed the A. Schaaffhausen'scher Bankverein, this latter still retaining its name and clientele. Close relations have been established with other important financial and industrial institutions, its directorate having (1908) representation on the boards of 92 corporations. The capital for the same year was 170,000.000 marks; surplus, 57,592,611 marks; and annual dividend, 8 per cent. The total capital power of the Disconto-Gesellschaft group amounted to 564,747,329 marks, of which 437,786,200 marks represented capital and 126,981,129 marks surplus. Consult Riesser, Dr. J., ‘Die deutsche Grossbanken und ihre Konzentration’ (1909); ‘Germany's Economic Forces’ (1913); ‘Report on Co-operation in American Export Trade’ (Washington 1916).


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, Elizabeth


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, Grey


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, John (fl.1810-1870)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, John Gilbert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, Richard (d.1764)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, Richard (1740?-1814?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, Robert (fl.1681)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, Robert (fl.1800-1836)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, Samuel (1609-1672)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, Samuel (1780-1848)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, Thomas (1517?-1594)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, Thomas (fl.1626)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, Thomas (1759-1840)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, Thomas Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, Thomas Thornville


text: Author:Walker Featherstonhaugh

title: Author:Walker Featherstonhaugh


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, William (fl.1653)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, William Durrant


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, William Ricketts


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cooper, William White


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coote, Charles (d.1642)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coote, Charles (d.1661)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coote, Charles (1761-1835)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coote, Edmund


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coote, Eyre (1726-1783)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coote, Eyre (1762-1824?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coote, Henry Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coote, Holmes


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coote, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Copcot, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cope, Alan


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cope, Edward Meredith


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cope, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cope, Michael


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cope, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cope, Walter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Copeland, William Taylor


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coperario, Giovanni


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Copinger, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Copland, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Copland, Patrick


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Copland, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Copland, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Copleston, Edward


text: The Folk-Lore Journal/Volume 1/Notes, Queries, Notices, and News (pp. 226-33)


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Education, Courses of Study in

EDUCATION, Courses of Study in. The course of study which forms the outline of work in the best schools of to-day is a broad, socialized program, having little resemblance to the brief course in the schools of 50 years ago. Reading, writing and arithmetic were then the subjects of instruction covered in the elementary schools. In the “academies” Latin and Greek were the principal subjects with some mathematics, as the purpose of the instruction was preparation for college. In many States there are now certain statutory requirements relative to the course of study such as the teaching of physiology and hygiene and instruction in reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, geography and history. The emphasis to be given to these different subjects, the assignment of time allotments, and the teaching of other subjects such as music, drawing or science are fixed largely by local superintendents and boards of education.

During recent years courses of study have been “enriched” and “vitalized” by the introduction of many new subjects. Some have held that too much new matter has been added with the result that thorough work is no longer possible. On the other hand, the vast changes in the social and economic life of the day demand a closer relation between the program of studies and the immediate daily life of the child. The scientific study of the progress of pupils has established the fact that there has been considerable waste in useless repetition in the elementary grades. The activities which have been introduced through play and games, story-telling, dramatization, handwork, weaving, sewing, cooking, wood-working, modeling, gardening and other means have been added largely because of their interest. They were considered helpful devices in the monotony of the daily routine. Only recently has their social value been appreciated. The recognition of the importance of these activities in the growth and development of the child has given them a definite place in the course of study. The evidence of waste in effort and of undue time allotments for the fundamental subjects makes the articulation of the new work more easily accomplished. The schools are an important part of the social life of the community, not apart from it. In the process of education the course of study must present in rational sequence type forms of life experiences. The vast changes in our social conditions have reacted on the whole theory and practice of education. Courses of study are, therefore, not definite and final, but subject to constant modification.

Health education was not thought of yesterday, but is all-important to-day. Physical training, supervised playgrounds and recreational centres are provided in the educational program of every progressive community. The school day is being lengthened, and the time is not far distant when the course of instruction will be continuous throughout the year

Too often this enrichment has resulted in mere multiplicity of subjects and congestion of the program. It should not mean this if the entire course is unified and the common aims of the instruction determined. The study of the relative values of the different subjects of instruction and the elimination of useless material has resulted in the consensus of educational leaders that six years is ample time in the elementary grades to be given to the study of the so-called common branches. At least it is thought that the problem in the first six years has been too much a mere pouring in process to give the child a vast accumulation of facts; that he should master the fundamental processes of reading, writing and arithmetic, and form a proper mental attitude toward his social environment.

The thought has been held for several years that many of the so-called secondary subjects should be begun before the ninth year. The several reports on this subject which appeared around 1900 emphasized the unreasonable rigidity of the system which fixed eight years for the elementary course and four years for the secondary course. These discussions lately centred on the necessity of economy of time and a more thorough instruction in subject matter. The epoch-making treatment of the subject of adolescence by Hall was a new and compelling factor in the consideration of the reorganization of the course of study. It became clear that the psychological break came too late; that the eight and four plan for the elementary and secondary school work was illogical as well as uneconomical; that the development of the youth, physically as well as psychologically, demanded the reorganization of the school work on the six and six or the six-three-three plan, by which some differentiation in the course of study and methods of instruction might be made after the sixth school year. The great elimination of pupils in the seventh and eighth grades and the failure of the course of study to function compelled remedial action. Hall's complete discussion of adolescence and Dewey's emphasis on the relation between the course of study and the social environment have resulted indirectly, if not directly, in the development of the intermediate school, covering the seventh, eighth and ninth years. In the six-three-three plan the elementary work is followed by a three-years' intermediate course, and that in turn by the secondary course of three years. The course of study in the intermediate school, or junior high school as it is sometimes called, is to assist the boys and girls to find themselves; the work is slightly differentiated into groups to meet individual needs and to give an acquaintance with the first principles of a few fundamental occupations. The work is departmental and promotions are made by subjects. The courses are in a sense prevocational in that the pupil has the opportunity to test his inclinations and capacity through the socialized grouping and co-ordination of

subjects. He is given more freedom than in the elementary school but is not left on his own resources as in the secondary schools. The organization of the intermediate school with the development of the course of study best suited to the peculiar needs of the pupil in his relation to his social environment is only a step in the solution of a large educational problem; it is far from being solved.

In the secondary field courses of study are still largely dominated by the college idea. The college preparatory aim persists not only in the course of study but in the treatment of separate subjects of instruction. In very few of the courses of study in the secondary schools has there been any complete correlation of work or definite aim. The subjects are too often unrelated to each other and bear little relation to the social environment. The mortality in the secondary schools is very high, as only 20 to 25 per cent of first year pupils complete the course. While no one factor is responsible for this condition, the failure of the course of study to function has been a determining element.

School courses have been planned for the graduate, not for the pupil who goes part way through, notwithstanding the fact that the great majority do not complete the course. The aim of the eight-year elementary course has been the completion of the requirement for “admission to high school.” The aim of the high school course has been the “college” or professional school requirement. The needs of scarcely 5 per cent of secondary pupils have determined the course of study for the other 95 per cent. The relation of the school work to the social environment has been almost entirely overlooked in both the general outlines of courses of study and in the method of treatment of the subjects of instruction.

The solution seems to be in the shortening of the elementary course and in the modification of the work in the seventh, eighth and ninth grades, or intermediate school, so that a slight differentiation in work may begin before the adolescent period, and that the secondary course of three years furnish opportunities for the development of the different types of individual pupils. Each course should be based on definite needs and have a definite and specific aim. It should furnish the pupil the opportunity to carry forward the particular work in which he showed or developed interest in the intermediate school.

The more logical break which comes at the end of the three-year period at the close of the intermediate courses does not leave the pupil wandering aimlessly. He has been given an opportunity to find his bent. The diversified course of study in the intermediate school holds the pupil much better, and even if he should leave school at the end of this period, he has had the advantage of an additional year beyond the eight grades, with a course of instruction planned to meet his needs.

A reconstruction of the secondary course is under way. In part the needs of pupils are being met through the organization of technical high schools, commercial high schools, vocational and continuation schools, and in some high schools special courses in technical, commercial or vocational subjects are offered along with the so-called academic work. There are two schools of thought with regard to the

courses; one, that there should be set up an independent educational organization for this vocational work, and the other that such a program is undemocratic, that the courses in vocational, technical and academic subjects should be carried along side by side with no separate educational administrative organization.

This adjustment with the environment is being worked out and courses are being evolved with definite social aims. There will be no fixed courses of study, as they will always be subject to modification as the needs change. There will be no final differentiation between academic and vocational, as technical or cultural training will depend upon the needs of the pupil rather than on any mere arbitrary classification of studies. Courses of study must be adjusted with the whole environment in terms of individual and community needs.

Bibliography. — Bagley, William C., ‘The Educative Process’; Dewey, John, ‘Democracy and Education’; Dewey, John, ‘The Child and the Curriculum’; Hall, G. Stanley, ‘Youth: Its Education, Regimen and Hygiene’; Hanus, Paul H., ‘Educational Aims and Values’ O'Shea, M. V., ‘Education as Adjustment’; National Society for the Study of Education, Fourteenth Year-book, Part I; Fifteenth Year-book, Part III.


text: Author:George Martin Wiley

title: Author:George Martin Wiley


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schaaffhausen'scher, A., Bankverein

SCHAAFFHAUSEN'SCHER, A., (shȧf-hou'zĕn-shĕr bănk-fĕr-īnė,) BANKVEREIN. The A. Schaaffhausen'scher Bankverein of Cologne was founded in 1848 as a reorganization of the firm of Abraham Schaafhausen (seriously affected by the troubles of the same year), with a capital of 5,187,000 thalers (about 15,600,000 marks), of which the initial issue was 3,199,800 thalers. In 1914 it was absorbed by the Disconto-Gesellschaft (q.v.), retaining its name and clientele under the management of W. L. Deichmann, Gustav Mevissen and Victor Wendelstadt, men of caution and experience, the institution began its activities in the fostering of important industrial enterprises. Its purpose may be inferred from an excerpt from the annual report for 1852 — “the function of a great banking institution is not so much to start new branches of industry through extensive participation, as to induce the capitalists of the country, by recommendations based on exhaustive investigations, to turn idle capital toward such enterprises, which, when properly launched, in response to existing requirements, and offering the guarantee of expert management, bid fair to yield reasonable profits.” Industrial in purpose, current account business was secondary, and deposits were received only on condition of three, six and 12 months' notice being given for their withdrawal, and then only at a low rate of interest. The close identification from the first with the prosperous and flourishing Rhenish-Westphalian industry, and the strict adherence to its original purpose, lent strength to the Bankverein to weather the financial crisis of 1857 without the necessity of canceling any of its outstanding credits — a strong factor in extending its influence during succeeding years. One after another it nurtured industrial enterprises within its banking zone, each becoming an added source of strength for the Bankverein. In 1891 a branch was opened at Berlin — a branch in fact as well as name — the parent institution remaining the only one of the five German “great” banks having its headquarters outside of Berlin. In 1908 the number of branches was 10, with one silent partnership, or “Commandite” and 15 deposit offices. Six subsidiary banking companies have been founded wholly or in part by the Bankverein (largely in co-operation with the Dresdner bank), giving foreign banking and exchange facilities, a small incident in the general scheme of the Bankverein. Four German banks with 13 branches have been absorbed wholly and another jointly with the Dresdner bank. In addition, through ownership of shares, it maintains community of interest relations with three important banks, having 21

branches and numerous agencies, deposit offices and subsidiary connections. Most important, however, is the community of interest, mutual in terms, between the Dresdner Bank and the Bankverein, beginning 1 Jan. 1904. Representation is maintained on the boards (1908) of 94 other industrial and financial institutions. The capital of the Bankverein (1908) was 145,000,000 marks; and 34,157,125 marks surplus. The total capital power of the A. Schaaffhausen'scher Bankverein group was (1908) 278,538,001 marks, of which 231,000,000 marks constituted the capital, and 47,538,001 marks the surplus. Consult Riesser, Dr. J. (1909), ‘Die deutsche Grossbanken und ihre Konzentration’; ‘Germany's Economic Forces’ (1913); ‘Report on Co-operation in American Export Trade’ (Washington 1916).


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Author:Edward Pococke

Works

 * Specimen historiae arabum (1649), a short account of the origin and manners of the Arabs, taken from Bar-Hebraeus
 * Porta Mosis (1655), extracts from the Arabic commentary of Maimonides on the Mishnah, with translation and notes
 * Translation of Eutychius ' Annals in Arabic and Latin (1656)
 * An Arabic translation of Hugo Grotius ' De veritate (1660)
 * Arabic history of Bar-Hebraeus (Greg. Abulfaragii historia compendiosa dynastiarum) (1663)
 * Lexicon heptaglotton (1669)
 * English commentaries on the Bible books of Micah (1677), Malachi (1677), Hosea (1685) and Joel (1691)
 * "Life of Mohammed, Part III" by Al-Ghazali, translated by Edward Pocock from History of the Saracens

title: Author:Edward Pococke


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Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part I.djvu/86

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive recourse, and that to maintain leadership of the nationalist movement in South Vietnam they had to make the Viet Minh the most unbending foe of compromise with the French.

The situation in all of Vietnam at the end of the war was confused—neither the French, nor the Viet Minh, nor any other group exercised clear authority. While the Viet Minh was far and away the single most powerful Vietnamese organization, and while it claimed dominion over all Vietnam, its authority was challenged in the North by the Chinese and in the South by the British. The French position was patently more tenuous than that of the Viet Minh until 9 October 1945. On that date, France and the UK concluded an agreement whereby the British formally recognized French civil administration in Indochina and ceded its occupation rights to France south of the 16th parallel. This ceding of authority in the South did not, as a practical matter, ensure French rule. With only 35,000 French soldiers in South Vietnam, the Viet Minh and other parties were well able to contest the French.

Viet Minh authority in Annam and Tonkin was less ambiguous, but by no means unchallenged. In the North, the salient political fact of life for the Viet Minh was the presence of the Chinese Nationalist Army of Occupation numbering 50,000 men. Through this presence, the Chinese were able to force the Viet Minh to accommodate Chinese-Viet Nationalists within the DRV and to defer to Chinese policy in other respects. The resultant situation in North Vietnam in the autumn of 1945 is depicted in the map on page B-41.

The Viet Minh had to go further still in accommodating the wishes of the Chinese. In setting up the DRV government of 2 September 1945, pro-Chinese, non-Viet Minh politicians were included, and the ICP took only 6 of 16 cabinet posts. On 11 November 1945, the Viet Minh leadership went even further, and formally dissolved the ICP in the interest of avoiding "misunderstandings." Even this, however, was not sufficient. Compelled by opposition demands, Ho agreed to schedule national elections for January of 1946. The results of these elections were arranged beforehand with the major opposition parties, and the Assembly thus "elected" met on 2 March 1946. This Assembly approved a new DRV government, with the ICP holding only 2 of 12 cabinet posts.

By then, France was ready to pose a stronger challenge. French reinforcements had arrived in Indochina, so that Paris could contemplate operations in North Vietnam as well as in Cochinchina. In early 1946, the Chinese turned over their occupation rights in the North to France. Faced with increased French military power and Chinese withdrawal, and denied succor from abroad, Ho decided that he had no recourse save to negotiate with the French. On 6 March 1946, Ho signed an Accord with the French providing for French re-entry into Vietnam for five years in return for recognizing the DRV as a free state within the French union. Rh

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 Weybridge, January 1st, 1861. .

.... I am just going to Cumberland for three weeks. Think of the glory of that! To-morrow I am to see Ruskin about my work. We had a very delightful evening on my birthday ; you know he sent me "The Angel in the House" and "Faithful for Ever." Ruskin and I had a delightful long talk on the 5th about all sorts of things. . . . This bright, beautiful Christmas, with all its glorious thoughts, makes one hope that next year we shall all be together. Dearest Andy, you know I would not urge you lightly to leave a work you had undertaken ; but I do feel that we ought to be all together again. Life is too short and precious for us to spend much of it separate ; and we do want all our strength for work here. . . . It's a miserable fact that I never write to you except about business ; but I should have liked to tell you about our new home, with its wide stone stairs, and large, light, quiet rooms. I am looking forward to your return with great longing. . . . It's striking twelve, so I must not write more ; but, dearest Andy, I do wish you all good birthday wishes, and that this year may be brighter than any before it. Give darling Flo a kiss for me ; how delicious it will be to see her again ! Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. May 18th, 1861. .

... I wish, dear Mir., that you were having a holiday ; it seems really hard for you alone to be work-


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive This Accord taxed Ho's popularity to the utmost, and it took all Ho's prestige to prevent open rebellion. On 27 May 1946, Ho countered these attacks by merging the Viet Minh into the Lien Viet, a larger, more embracing "national front." Amity within the Lien Viet, however, lasted only as long as the Chinese remained in North Vietnam. When they withdrew a few weeks later, in mid-June, the Viet Minh, supported by French troops, attacked the Dong Minh Hoi and the VNQDD, as "enemies of the peace," effectively suppressed organized opposition, and asserted Viet Minh control throughout North Vietnam.

But even this ascendancy proved transitory. Ho Chi Minh, though he tried hard, was unable to negotiate any durable with the French in the summer and fall of 1946. In the meantime, the DRV and the Viet Minh were drawn more and more under the control of the "Marxists" of the former ICP. For example, during the session of the DRV National Assembly in November, nominal opposition members were whittled down to 20 out of more than 300 seats, and a few "Marxists" dominated the proceedings. Nonetheless, the DRV government maintained at least a facade of coalition. A chart (pp. 51–55) of its leadership during 1945–1949 illustrates that through 1949, ICP members remained in the minority, and nominally oppositionist VNQDD and Dong Minh Hoi politicians were consistently included.

Although the Cochinchina war continued throughout 1946, with the Viet Minh assuming a leading role in resistance, war in North Vietnam did not break out until December, 1946. A series of armed clashes in November were followed by a large scale fighting in Hanoi in late December. The DRV government took to the hills to assume the status of shadow state. The Viet Minh transformed itself back into a semi-covert resistance organization and committed itself throughout the nation to the military defeat of the French. During the opening year of the war, 1947, the Viet Minh took steps to restore its image as a popular, patriotic, anti-foreign movement, and again to play down the ICP role in its leadership. The DRV government was reorganized and prominent communists excluded. As the Viet Minh gathered strength over the years, however, these same leaders reentered the DRV government.

In February 1951, addressing the Congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party (Lao Dong), Ho Chi Minh stated that the Communist Party had formed and led the Viet Minh, and founded and ruled the DRV. When the French colonialists reappeared in South Vietnam and a Nationalist Chinese-sponsored government seemed in prospect in North Vietnam, Ho averred, the party went underground, and entered into agreements with the French:

 * "Lenin said that even if a compromise with bandits was advantageous to the revolution, he would do it...."

Rh

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schadow, Johann Gottfried

SCHADOW, shä'dō, Johann Gottfried, German sculptor: b. Berlin, 20 May 1764; d. there, 27 Jan. 1850. After many vain struggles to become an artist, he was admitted to the studio of the sculptor Tassaert and thus at length succeeded in devoting himself to his chosen art. Soon afterward he ran off with his sweetheart to Vienna, and there married her; and then, at the expense of his father-in-law, went to Italy, where he wrought with unwearied diligence from 1785 to 1787 in the museum of the Vatican and of the Capitol, winning a prize by his group ‘Perseus and Andromeda.’ In 1788 he obtained the position in Berlin which had become vacant by the death of his teacher Tassaert. His first great work was the monument erected in the Church of Saint Dorothea, Berlin, to the memory of the margrave, natural son of Friedrich Wilhelm II. This was followed by the colossal statue of Ziethen in hussar uniform; the statue of Frederick the Great in Stettin; of Leopold of Dessau in Berlin; of Blücher in Rostock; the Tauenzien monument in Breslau; Luther's in Wittenberg, etc. The four-horse chariot of Victory, over the new Brandenburg Gate of Berlin, was modeled by Schadow. Schadow executed many busts of his eminent countrymen and numerous relievos and statuettes. In 1788 he was made rector and in 1822 director of the Academy of Art in Berlin, a position which he retained until his death. He was one of the first of the modern sculptors who dared to withstand the fantastic mannerism of the 18th century for which he substituted a powerful representation of character based on a study of the antique. His most eminent pupil in this respect is Rauch; among his other pupils may be named Dannecker, Tieck and Zauner. His chief literary works are ‘Wittenberg Denkmäler der Bildnerei, Baukunst und Malerei, mit historischen und artistischen Erläuterungen’ (1825); ‘Polyklet, oder von den Massen des Menschen nach dem Geschlechte und Alter’ (1834); ‘National-physiognomien, oder Beobachtungen über den Unterschied der Gesichtszüge und die äussere Gestaltung des menschlichen Kopfs, in Umrissen bildlich darftestellt’ (1835); ‘Kunstwerke und Kunstansichten’ (1849). Consult Dobbert, ‘Gottfried Schadow’ (1887).


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schadow, Rudolph

SCHADOW, Rudolph, son of the preceding, German sculptor: b. Rome, 9 July 1786; d. there, 31 Jan. 1822. He was trained as sculptor by his father and his principal works are

‘Spinning Girl’; ‘Achiles and Penthesilea’; ‘John Baptist’ and ‘Virgin and Child.’


text:
Wikisource:Administrators/Archives/William Maury Morris II

2012/07 nomination (withdrawn)

 * ' I withdraw from nomination ' out of necessity in real life issues. I thank all who supported me. It was very kind of you and I sincerely appreciate it. William Maury Morris II  (talk) 15:51, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

After months of working on this user to take the leap and let me submit him for admin, he has finally agreed.

He has been with the community since 2006 using User:Brother Officer, User:William Maury Morris and User: MAURY. Being unaware of community attitudes towards undisclosed socking, there was a discussion Archived discussion which was resolved favorably.

He is active on Scriptorium, he has a great habit of communicating with user on talk pages. He has experience monitoring Special:RecentChanges, Yet Another Edit Counter shows over 8,000 edit patrols. He brings some Spanish and 1 year of French skills to the table as well. But what it really comes down to is activity and trust community trust, he is active on the project and in the community, and has mine and I believe the communities trust. Jeepday (talk) 21:19, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Support As nom, Jeepday (talk) 21:43, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support --Zyephyrus (talk) 23:10, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * support — Ineuw talk 23:12, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support --Eliyak T · C 00:32, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support - Theornamentalist (talk) 02:25, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support - AdamBMorgan (talk) 13:17, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support — George Orwell III (talk) 01:42, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support--Jusjih (talk) 17:09, 13 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schadow-Godenhaus, Friedrich Wilhelm

SCHADOW-GODENHAUS, gō'dĕn-hows, Friedrich Wilhelm, younger brother of the preceding, German painter: b. Berlin, 6 Sept. 1789; d. Düsseldorf, 19 March 1862. He received his first lessons in drawing from his father, then turned to painting and became the pupil of Weitsch. He served in the war between 1806 and 1807 and three years later resumed his artistic studies in Rome, where Cornelius, Overbeck, Veit and others had founded the new school of the ../Nazarenes/ (q.v.). He joined their company and from that time made the Italian masters his models, while the favorite subjects of his pencil were biblical, or selected from the mystical and allegorical wonders of mediæval tradition. As in the case of Overbeck, his devotion to this latter field of human imagination led him to become a member of the Roman Catholic Church. He painted ‘Heaven's Queen’ for Madame von Humboldt and a ‘Holy Family’ for the Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria. The best work he did at Rome is seen in the frescoes for the Casa Bartholdy; ‘Jacob with Joseph's Bloody Coat’; ‘Joseph in Prison’ (both in the Berlin National Gallery). In 1819 he was called to Berlin as professor of the Art Academy there. During his incumbency he painted the ‘Bacchanalian Procession’ on the proscenium of New Theatre; many portraits; the ‘Visit of the Wise Men’ in the Garrison Church at Potsdam and another altar-piece for the church at Schulpforta. One of his finest pictures is 'Freeborn Poetry,' a lovely winged maiden rising from earth to heaven. In 1826 he was made director of the Academy in Düsseldorf and with a circle of enthusiastic pupils became the founder of the Düsseldorf school. He retained this connection until 1859, when age and failing sight led him to retire. Among his religious paintings are ‘Christ on the Mount of Olives’; ‘Christ at Emmaus’; ‘The Dead Body of Christ watched over by his Mother surrounded by Angels’ (1836). His health drove him to seek a change in the warmer climate of Italy (1840), and at Rome he painted ‘Earthly and Heavenly Love’; ‘Piety and Vanity in their Relationship with Religion,’ the last appearing under the form of the Saviour, and ‘Heaven, Purgatory, Hell’ after Dante. As an author he wrote ‘The Influence of Christianity on the Painter's Art’ (1843). His paintings are mostly found in Düsseldorf and Berlin, but one of his best works, the ‘Wise and Foolish Virgins,’ is in the Museum at Frankfort-on-the-Main. He was perhaps more successful as a teacher and demonstrator than as a creative artist, but he had a very distinct, even though one-sided influence, upon the religious art of Germany. He gave a new and vigorous impulse to the oil painting of his day without resorting to that pre-Raphaelite realism which sometimes lent to the canvases of Cornelius a certain crudeness bordering on the grotesque. Consult Hübner, ‘Schadow-Godenhaus und seine Schule’ (1869).


text:
Wikisource:Administrators/Archives/Chris55

2012-07 admin

 * Support. Active Wikipedian since 2006/7, currently active at Wikisource on Portal and Page namespaces. Block on Wiktionary is at his own request due to loss of login info. No concerns here. --Eliyak T · C 17:24, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * support — Ineuw talk 17:38, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * no concerns about his work so far, and absolutely no issues with his work in Page: ns, or contributions to WS:S, though I have been waiting to see more in the other ns, especially main ns where he is quite light [//toolserver.org/~tparis/pcount/index.php?name=Chris55&lang=en&wiki=wikisource edit counter]]. The main ns is where we will have the bulk of our problematic patrolling, copyvio, etc. and the tools are mostly actioned through there. — billinghurst  sDrewth  15:12, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support, like billinghurst I had some concerns about the users range of editing. When I dug a little deeper and balance with the Wikipedia account Wikipedia edit count and the 1,000 plus edit patrols here, I think it all speaks well of the readiness for the extra tools. Jeepday (talk) 21:42, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. --Zyephyrus (talk) 22:23, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support - AdamBMorgan (talk)
 * Support - Theornamentalist (talk) 20:43, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support - I have been told, if you can see it you can contribute so here I am and here is my take on WS and this area and all workers on WS (as a "family" according to the stated wisdom of Billinghurst). I beleive that WS would be served far better with Chris55 than with myself. I believe that he has more of what I do not—technology skills to build. So what if one person doesn't have X# of edits, or whatever along those lines? Those are simple things done over time. Chris55 works in more professional and important areas and he achieves his goals. I do not know how many administrators are being sought, or needed, or for what specific reasons. I do know that I have seen Chris55's work and am highly impressed. For one instance, I refer to his work on the "Help:Searching" page and his placement of search engines in various places and especially areas that have many volumes. With the "engine" he adds to specific areas of many volumes one can get the returns of only those volumes (e.g. Southern Historical Society Pages which in total consist of 52 volumes) as opposed to the standard search that will find more than what one is specifically looking for in many other works aside from the SHSP volumes. Each has its value. I like his attitude and envy his abilities. His talk page states; "I'm interested in the use of Wikisource for high-quality ebooks.; and I'd like to help to make it [searches and ebooks] more accessible to the newcomer"; and "If we can encourage people to visit and use the books here I'm sure the word will spread and the community will grow." Chris55 is what *I* prefer as a capable administrator who also has technological skills that I do not come close to. One does not need to be an administrator for what I love to do on WS. Support whomever but do so sensibly. My respects to all here and not here — to all who love and build on Wiki areas right down to the editing of removing an extra space whether administrator or not. Kindest regards with sincere thoughts and feelings for everything and everyone involved in instigating and in creating for us all — a better world. William Maury Morris II  (talk) 01:25, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support--Jusjih (talk) 17:05, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support — George Orwell III (talk) 23:40, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

2013-08 confirmation

 * Symbol abstain vote.svg Abstain Seems to be absent since January. --EncycloPetey (talk) 20:03, 1 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Symbol_support_vote.svg Weak support. Not as active as he used to be.  —Clockery Fairfeld  (talk) 12:56, 4 August 2013 (UTC)
 * MODCHK (talk) 01:48, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * inactivity —Maury (talk) 02:10, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * --Zyephyrus (talk) 07:41, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * flash in the pan — billinghurst  sDrewth  13:32, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Non-use of tools begs the question of whether they are needed; however, non-use also means they're not being abused. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 09:40, 29 August 2013 (UTC)

2014-09 confirmation

 * — George Orwell III (talk) 19:48, 1 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Prosody (talk) 00:59, 2 September 2014 (UTC)
 * — Ineuw talk 02:30, 2 September 2014 (UTC)
 * --Zyephyrus (talk) 18:09, 2 September 2014 (UTC)
 * --EncycloPetey (talk) 00:56, 5 September 2014 (UTC)
 * — billinghurst  sDrewth  14:09, 6 September 2014 (UTC)
 * --Jusjih (talk) 06:23, 10 September 2014 (UTC)

2015-10 confirmation

 * Note: Last edit here 29 November 2014. Continuing active on the English Wikipedia.

 * , in order to have on Wikisource a variety of admins: I think this one, still active in wikimedia projects, is still reachable and competent about the texts they have created.--Zyephyrus (talk) 15:53, 1 October 2015 (UTC)
 * — Ineuw talk 22:31, 3 October 2015 (UTC)
 * — per our policy on inactive administrators Beeswaxcandle (talk) 23:11, 3 October 2015 (UTC)
 * seems gone from here. Has not edited, and nothing in the admin logs since 2012. Rights seem unneeded, and welcome to reapply. — billinghurst  sDrewth  02:39, 4 October 2015 (UTC)
 * for no recent activity or unique linguistic skill. Other administrators understanding this admin's languages are here.--Jusjih (talk) 00:38, 7 October 2015 (UTC)
 * - I've notified at his en.wikipedia user talk page, of this ongoing discussion. If he were to become more active or make a statement of some sort, I could support. :) -- Cirt (talk) 11:18, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't oppose it if my administratorship were to lapse as I don't see myself being very active in the foreseeable future. Chris55 (talk) 19:51, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Okay, thank you for the response, and good luck to you in the future, -- Cirt (talk) 20:59, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Removal requested.[//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steward_requests%2FPermissions&type=revision&diff=14412254&oldid=14411590] Hesperian 11:37, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Done.[//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steward_requests%2FPermissions&type=revision&diff=14412462&oldid=14412254] Hesperian 13:24, 1 November 2015 (UTC)


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schaeberle, John Martin

SCHAEBERLE, shā'bėrlé, John Martin, American astronomer: b. Würtemherg, Germany, 10 Jan. 1853. He was brought to Ann Arbor, Mich., in his infancy, and was graduated from the University of Michigan in 1876 as a

civil engineer. He has, however, devoted himself to the study of astronomy, to which department of knowledge he has made valuable contributions. From 1876 to 1888 he taught astronomy in the University of Michigan, and was then called to the Lick Observatory at Mount Hamilton, Cal., where he made several important astronomical investigations. He had charge of the expedition to witness the eclipse at Cayenne in 1889, and of those for the same purpose to Chile in 1893, and to Japan in 1896. He is now, and has been for some years past, engaged in theoretical and experimental investigations on gravitation, light, heat and electricity. He is a frequent contributor to astronomical journals.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schaeffer, Nathan C.

SCHAEFFER, Nathan C., American clergyman and educator: b. Maxatawny, Berks County, Pa., 3 Feb. 1849; d. Lancaster, Pa., 14 March 1919. In 1867 he was graduated at Franklin and Marshall College after which he studied divinity at the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church and finished his education at the universities of Berlin, Tübingen and Leipzig. From 1875 to 1877 Dr. Schaeffer was professor at Franklin and Marshall College and from 1877 to 1893 was principal of the Keystone State Normal School. In the year last named he became State superintendent of public instruction, a post he held until his death. He also served as president of the State board of education and was president of a commission that prepared a new school code for the State, and was a member of the simplified spelling board. In 1879 he received the degree of doctor of philosophy and in 1904 received the degrees of doctor of divinity and doctor of laws from Dickinson College. He was a prolific writer on educational and religious subjects. His works include ‘Thinking and Learning to Think’ (1900); ‘History of Education in Pennsylvania’; (editor) ‘Bible Readings for Schools’ (1897); introduction to Hinsdale's ‘Civil Government’; Riddle's ‘Nicholas Comenius’; ‘Life of Henry Harbaugh,’ and editor of the Pennsylvania School Journal after 1893.


text: Category:Mishnah Orlah

title: Category:Mishnah Orlah


text:
Page:First Voyage Round the World.djvu/35

 his ship, carrying away so much honour from having been present in the action: and each one was to act according to his own will, for he would give an account of all to the king in his letters. But the captains, occupied with their profits of selling and taking in cargo, set little store by this, and the governor departed, saying that he was not going to take anyone away with him against his will."

Albuquerque then went to Cananor, which G. Correa says he again left on the 3rd October for Goa (tom., p. 140); tres is probably an error for treze, the 13th, which would be in accordance with the statement of the document that Albuquerque sailed from Cochim on the 11th of October. Gaspar Correa gives the following names of captains who accompanied Albuquerque against Goa.

∗Joan de Lima. Jeronymo de Lima, his brother. Manuel de Lacerda. Fernan Peres d'Andrade. Simāo d'Andrade, his brother. Diogo Fernandes de Beja.

∗Manuel da Cunha. Duarte de Mello. Francisco de Tavora. Vasco Fernandes Coutinho. ∗Gracia de Sousa. Gaspar Cāo. Lopo Vaz de Sampayo. Ayres da Silva. Diniz Fernandes de Mello.

Joan Serrano. Diogo Mendes de Vascogoncellos. Pero Coresma. Baltesar da Silva. Mice Vinete Cerniche. Antonio Raposo. ∗Simāo Martins. Gaspar de Paiva. Francisco Pantoja. ∗Bastian de Miranda, d'Azevedo.

Afonso Pessoa. Jorge Martins de Liāo. Francisco Pereira.

He also mentions, p. 145, the following gentlemen as being with Albuquerque in the attack on Goa:

∗ The names marked with an asterisk are among those who gave an opinion at the Council of War above mentioned.


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Page:Winston Churchill to Franklin D. Roosevelt - NARA - 194855.jpg

 May 7, 1940.

My dear Mr. President,

In view of the interest you displayed in the Battle of the River Plate, I thought you would like to see an advance copy of the official account of the Battle which we shall shortly be publishing.

Yours

Winston S. Churchill

The President of the United States.


text:
User talk:Ngfarb

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikisource! I just noticed your work on Chapter 6 of Yoma, and I think you are doing quite a good job! If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask at my talk page. --Eliyak T · C 03:32, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ngfarb


text:
User talk:66.229.241.84

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource. We appreciate your contribution, but it unfortunately does not seem to be appropriate for Wikisource. Wikisource is a collection of previously published texts. If the page you contributed does not meet these requirements, it will be deleted shortly. Thank you. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 06:11, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:66.229.241.84


text:
User talk:Gwgold

Please do not add advertising or inappropriate external links to Wikisource. Wikisource should not be used for advertising or promotion. Inappropriate links include (but are not limited to) links to personal web sites, links to web sites with which you are affiliated, and links that exist to attract visitors to a web site or promote a product. Read what Wikisource includes for further explanations of what is considered appropriate. Please do not re-add it, as doing so may result in yourself being blocked. See the Community Portal to learn more about Wikisource. Thank you. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 06:16, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gwgold


text:
Page:Life of Octavia Hill as told in her letters.djvu/222

 M. from her position, and for the sake of her family. Minnie's pupils, who are coming daily to be taught with the others, are the children of a widow who is working hard to educate them well to support themselves. They are dear, earnest, thoughtful, gentle, well-trained girls; so that the work will be very nice, and supplies an object now that the home is rather broken up.

1862.

As to needlework, it is one of my great desires to teach it to those children thoroughly, as well as all habits of neatness, punctuality, self-reliance, and such practical power and forethought as will make them helpful in their homes. I think they may be taught to delight in them. When lessons are over, I hope to read to them, while they work; or we will sing or talk together. If the children have time for study, work, walking, and play, I so much hope some of the elder ones will manage to spare some time for teaching quiet little children, either on Sunday or some other day. I think it would deepen their interest in their own studies so much; but I do mean to be so very careful not to overwork them. I may find that one cannot set them to teach without overstraining them.

14, Nottingham Place, (undated). Probably August 1862.

I believe that I really have not written to you since you left us, which certainly is very shameful behaviour on my part. ... A. is certainly infinitely better than she was, in mind and spirits, but just as foolish about overwork. It seems impossible to influence


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Page:China- Its State and Prospects.djvu/18

xii


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Page:Fraud of Feminism.djvu/113

 Feminist lies I understand false statements put forward by persons, many of whom should be perfectly well aware that they are false, apparently with the deliberate intention of misleading public opinion as to the real position of woman before the law. By fallacies I understand statements doubtless dictated by Feminist prepossessions or Feminist bias, but not necessarily suggesting conscious or deliberate mala fides.

Of the first order, the statements are made apparently with intentional dishonesty in so far as many of the persons making them are concerned, since we may reasonably suppose them to have intelligence and knowledge enough to be aware that they are contrary to fact. The talk about the wife being a chattel, for example, is so palpably absurd in the face of the existing law that it is nowadays scarcely worth making (although we do hear it occasionally even now). But it was not even true under the old common law of England, which, for certain disabilities on the one hand, conceded 109

title: Page:Fraud of Feminism.djvu/113


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Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/386

 with politics and elections, all rather in a wild way, and it brings him into strange company, and sets him on reading strange books. So he has picked up this notion among others, which I understand the French are very full of, as well as our Frenchified newspapers. But I should not have thought of arguing with him about it, it seems so absurd and shocking of itself, if I had not been afraid of his doing my nephew some harm by it; for Philip was in the room with us, of course listening eagerly to what passed. But I do not know" (interrupting himself,) "why I am troubling you, Sir, with this conversation."

"By all means go on, I beg of you. I am a little inquisitive to know what he could have to say for such a notion."

"His fancy was, as far as I could make it out, that the peace and order of the country is every thing. And if, said he, people can go on well, and be faithful and happy in marriage without any public religious service, why should it be urged on them by the law?"

"To which I suppose you answered, that there is another world as well as this; and it does not follow that things will turn out well in that, because to our short and dim sight they seem to go on in peace and order here."

"To be sure, Sir, that is very plain; but I do not think I went so deep. I took him straight to Scripture; for in that way I thought Philip would attend to me most. I put it to him in this way: if marriage is a different thing to a Christian from what it would be to any one else; if it is not only one of the greatest earthly blessings, but also a special and holy token, appointed by God to signify unto us the mystical union that is betwixt Christ and his Church; then, to enter on it without prayer, or in any other but a religious way, must be almost as affronting to the Almighty, as if one profaned the Sacrament of His Son's body and blood. And again, since we are plainly told, that Christian men ought never to expect any blessing from God, except as members of His Son's body, (that is, I take it, as parts of His Church,) how can one help fearing to forfeit the whole of the blessing intended in matrimony, if one scornfully refuse it as offered by the Church? And I take it, that every man does reject it in God's sight, who, disliking it in his heart,


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Page:Fraud of Feminism.djvu/114

110 to the wife certain corresponding privileges on the other. The law of husband and wife, as modified by statute in the course of the nineteenth century, as I have often enough had occasion to point out, is a monument of legalised tyranny over the husband in the interests of the wife.

If in the face of the facts the word chattel, as applied to the wife, has become a little too preposterous even for Feminist controversial methods, there is another falsehood scarcely less brazen that we hear from Feminist fanatics every day. The wife, we are told, is the only unpaid servant! A more blatant lie could scarcely be imagined. As every educated person possessing the slightest acquaintance with the laws of England knows, the law requires the husband to maintain his wife in a manner according with his own social position; has, in other words, to feed, clothe and afford her all reasonable luxuries, which the law, with a view to the economic standing of the husband, regards as necessaries. This although the husband has no claim on the wife's property or income, however wealthy she may be. Furthermore, it need scarcely be said, a servant who is inefficient, lazy, or otherwise intolerable, can be dismissed or her wage can be lowered. Not so that privileged person, the legally wedded wife. It matters not whether she perform her duties well, badly, indifferently, or not at all, the husband's legal

title: Page:Fraud of Feminism.djvu/114


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Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/387

 submits to it merely because it is the law of the land. Thus I went on, not expecting to make any impression on Mr. Vane; indeed, I saw too clearly that he was sneering in his heart all the time, but he did not like to say much, for fear of turning Philip against him; who, as I rejoiced to perceive, entered very much into this part of my talk. And as we walked away to my sister's, he expressed to me some wonder that so pious a man as Mr. Vane should ever have approved of the notion of marrying by Justices of the Peace. 'But I assure you, uncle,' said he, 'that we none of us agree with him. My mother and Letitia would both of them be miserable if they thought the Church's blessing would be wanting on our union. And although I must acknowledge that I could wish some parts of the service omitted, yet it must be owned, on the whole, to be extremely beautiful; and I for my part,' he went on to say, 'never expect to see the day, when I shall take any dislike to the Church, for that or any other reason.'"

Here I interrupted Richard in his recital. "I do wish," I said, "that people who are so much wiser and more delicate than the Prayer Book, would look a little into their Bibles too. And when they have well reformed both, we shall see how purely the world will go on, the warnings of God being silenced, and the mistake corrected, which the Church has made, in speaking out plainly about fashionable and shameful sins."

My friend Richard smiled at my vehemence, and said, "To be sure, Sir, it is tolerably plain, (what I have often thought of the warnings of the Athanasian Creed also,) that the very repugnance which many men feel towards repeating them, is rather a proof of their usefulness and necessity, supposing the substance of them to be true. For it is plain, that people who shudder so much at repeating them after the Church, would never have courage to deliver the like warnings for themselves. And the same kind of remark may be made on the passages you now allude to in the Office for Matrimony. And thus people might be left to perish unwarned, through false delicacy, or false good-nature. I must say, that if I was a Clergyman, and felt, as I suppose I should feel, that such warnings ought to be given, I should feel most deeply obliged to the Prayer Book for putting


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Page:Fraud of Feminism.djvu/115

Rh obligations remain just the same. It will be seen, therefore, that the wife in any case receives from the husband economic advantages compared with which the wages of the most highly paid servant in existence are a mere pauper's pittance. This talk we hear ad nauseum, from the Feminist side, of the wife being an "unpaid servant," is typical of the whole Feminist agitation. We find the same deliberate and unscrupulous dishonesty characterising it throughout. Facts are not merely perverted or exaggerated, they are simply turned upside down.

Another statement commonly made is that women's lower wages as compared with men's is the result of not possessing the parliamentary franchise. Now this statement, though not perhaps bearing on its face the wilful deception characterising the one just mentioned, is not any the less a perversion of economic fact, and we can hardly regard it otherwise than as intentional. It is quite clear that up to date the wages of men have not been raised by legislation, and yet sections of the working classes have possessed the franchise at least since 1867. What legislation has done for the men has been simply to remove obstacles in the way of industrial organisation on the part of the workman in freeing the trade unions from disabilities, and even this was begun, owing to working-class pressure from outside, long before—as long ago as the twenties of the last century under the

title: Page:Fraud of Feminism.djvu/115


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Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/388

 words into my mouth, and commanding me to speak them. I would much rather have it so, than be left to form words of my own. I should feel it less painful to myself, and probably less annoying to others. And now that we are upon this subject; permit me, Sir, just to ask you, do you not think it would do much good, and correct what may perhaps be justly called the vulgar objections to the Marriage Service, if men would try to enter a little more into the spirit of the household stories, and family scenes in the Old Testament? The book of Ruth especially—can any one read it reverentially, and not learn a great deal of the difference between True and False Delicacy? You will feel my meaning, Sir, at once."

"Indeed," said I, "I do; and although I am not aware that I ever before heard it said in so many words, yet, I should imagine it must have been silently experienced by every right-minded reader. And if it should turn out, that the spirit of that Book is exactly the same with the spirit of our Marriage Service, who would desire a more complete vindication of it? But pray let us go back to your story, which I beg pardon for having interrupted. You were on the way to your sister, Mrs. Carey's; and I think you told me, that you found it very hard to make her so much as understand your objection to the marriage, or how any one could possibly imagine Baptists, as such, to be aliens to the Church."

"Yes! she was quite positive at first, that I must have some view of my own, some worldly purpose, in 'setting my head' against the match. As long as she had this fancy, she would not even listen to my arguments: and as it was, I believe she did but half hear them. I did not indeed trouble her with many: for I thought that two or three plain texts, with the interpretation confirmed by a little unquestionable history, might and ought to be sufficient."

"Let me just guess, what line you probably took with her. I suppose you first pointed out to her, that our Saviour's praises are made to individuals, not simply as believing and repenting, but as joining themselves, by faith and repentance, to the Church which He was founding through his Apostles. For


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Page:Fraud of Feminism.djvu/116

112 auspices of Joseph Hume and Francis Place. Now women's unions enjoy precisely the same freedom as men's unions, and nothing stands in the way of working women organising and agitating for higher wages. Those who talk of the franchise as being necessary for working women in order to obtain equal industrial and economic advantages with working men must realise perfectly well that they are performing the oratorical operation colloquially known as "talking through their hat." The reasons why the wages of women workers are lower than those of men, whatever else may be their grounds, and these are, I think, pretty obvious, clearly are not traceable to anything which the concession of the franchise would remove. If it be suggested that a law could be enacted compulsorily enforcing equal rates of payment for women as for men, what the result would be the merest in such matters can foresee—to wit, that it would mean the wholesale displacement of female by male labour over large branches of industry, and this, we imagine, is not precisely what the advocates of female suffrage are desirous of effecting.

Male labour, owing to its greater efficiency and other causes, being generally preferred by employers to female labour, it is not likely that, even for the sake of female beaux yeux, they are going to accept female labour in the place of male, on an equal wage basis. All this, of course, is quite apart

title: Page:Fraud of Feminism.djvu/116


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Page:China- Its State and Prospects.djvu/19

Rh