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There was no sleep for us that night so we lit the blubber stove


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Page:English as She is Spoke.djvu/75

Rh

Shall I eat some plums soon?

It is not the season yet; but here is some peaches what does ripen at the eye sight.

It delay me to eat some wal nuts-kernels; take care not leave to pass the season.

Be tranquil, I shall throw you any nuts during the shell is green yet.

The artichoks grow its?

I have a particular care of its, because I know you like the bottoms.

It must to cup the tree.

It should pull the bad grasses up.

Do you like the reading good deal too many which seem me?

That is to me a amusement.

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44

All the fields that you see thither were been neglected; it must I shall grub up and to plough its.

The ground seems me a little scour with sand and yet it may one make it bring up; I want be fumed time by time.

Your pens have any notches, and its spit.

How do you like its? will you its are fine or broad?

I won't me also a wafer or some sealing wax and a seal.

In this drawer, there is all that, falding stick, rule, scraper, saud, etc.

There is the postman I go to put it him again.

What is there in new's litterature?

Little or almost nothing, it not appears any thing of note.

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Rh And yet one imprint many deal.

But why, you and another book seller, you does not to imprint some good wooks?

There is a reason for that, it is that you cannot to sell its. The actual-liking of the public is depraved they does not read who for to amuse one's self ant but to instruct one's.

But the letter's men who cultivate the arts and the sciences they can't to pass without the books.

A little learneds are happies enough for to may to satisfy their fancies on the literature.

Have you found the Buffon who I had call for?

I have only been able to procure the octo-decimo edition, which is embellished with plates beautifully coloured.

I have the teetht-ache.

Is it a fluxion, or have you a bad tooth?

I think that is a bad tooth; please you to examine my mouth?

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46 You have a bad tooth; will you pull out this tooth?

I can't to decide me it, that make me many great deal pain.

Your tooth is absolutely roted; if you leave it; shall spoil the others.

In such case draw it.

I shall you neat also your mouth, and you could care entertain it clean, for to preserve the mamel of the teeth; I could give you a opiate for to strengthen the gums.

I thank you; I prefer the only means, which is to rinse the mouth with some water, or a little brandy.

Who lhat be too washed, too many soaped, and the shirts put through the buck.

You may be sure; never I do else.

I row upon the belly on the back and between two waters.

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 A PRIZE SHORTHORN.


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 A BREAKFAST TABLE.

123


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 DINNER TABLE À LA RUSSE.


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29


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27


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 SOUPS.

Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management (172).jpg 1.—Mutton Broth. 2.—Pot-au-Feu. 3.—Tomato Soup. 4.—Kidney Soup. 5.—Consommé à la Celestine. 6.—Consommé à la Royale. 7.—Bonne Femme. 8.—Hollandaise. 9.—Consommé à la Julienne. 10.—Consommé à la Brunoise.


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text: Page:A Dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo Languages.djvu/352


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Page:A History of the University of Chicago by Thomas Wakefield Goodspeed.djvu/397

 HUTCHINSON COURT


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 THE ZIG ZAGS, BOX HILL, DORKING


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 THE SONG OF THE DEAD


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 THE SONG OF THE DEAD


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 THE WRECKS DISSOLVE ABOVE US


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 THE SONG OF THE SONS


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 THE SONG OF THE SONS


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 ENGLAND'S ANSWER


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 ENGLAND'S ANSWER


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text:
User:Claudio Pistilli

Hi, folks, I'm here to add my knowledge in order to improve this encyclopedia. I'm interested chiefly on biographies, countries, cultures, love chemistry (I'm a technician), Esperanto, Italian, English and study Russian. I'm from Brazil and I intend to translate to Portugue texts from English culture and to English biographies and curiosities from Portuguese culture. Hope everyone enjoy it!!!

 * Contribution:Grimm's Household Tales

 C laudio P istilli

eo:Uzanto:Claudio Pistilli pt:Usuário:Claudio Pistilli

title: User:Claudio Pistilli


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ollivant, Alfred


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ollyffe, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Lochlainn, Domhnall


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Lochlainn, Muircheartach


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Loghlen, Colman Michael


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Page:Colymbia (1873).djvu/38

32 and novel; but the broiling, stifling heat and the plague of flies would soon render a residence in this land intolerable."

"On the land, I grant you," interrupted the Instructor, "but we do not live on the land, but in the water."

"You astonish me more and more," I exclaimed; "how is it possible for human beings to live in the water? Their shape and muscular development are but ill-adapted for swimming, and though some of us have overcome the disadvantages of nature and can swim as well as dogs, still, the inconveniences of always remaining in the water and the fearful heat the head must be exposed to from the burning rays of the sun in this hottest region of the world, would suffice to prevent a long sojourn in such a situation."

"Doubtless," he replied, "if we kept our heads above the water, we should suffer, as you have rightly stated, from the heat of the sun, but we are exempt from this inconvenience, for we live under the water."

"That crowns all the wonderful things I have seen and heard since coming here," I exclaimed. "But how can human beings live beneath the water like fishes? They cannot transform their lungs into gills; their eyes are so constructed that contact with water destroys all useful vision. Then their bodies are of such specific gravity, that, unless they use considerable exertion, they must rise perpetually to the surface. In short," I added, rather petulantly, "I cannot regard what you have told me otherwise than as an attempt to hoax me, and, excuse me, but I think you do no credit to the office you hold under your Government, if you attempt to palm off such sorry jokes on those confided to your care."

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Page:What to draw and How to draw it by E. G. Lutz.djvu/22

 18


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Rh He smiled good-humouredly, and replied,—"I am neither surprised nor offended that you refuse credence to what I have said, for it is all so contrary to your previous experience and knowledge that it must be difficult for a man of intelligence and education, which I perceive you are" [here I became somewhat mollified and bowed], "to regard what I have told you otherwise than as a bad joke. However, you shall shortly be convinced that by the ingenuity of man these seemingly insuperable difficulties are capable of being overcome, and that, when driven out of the air by the stifling heat and vermin you have noticed, he can adapt himself to an aquatic life, and prove therein as much superior to the proper denizens of the watery element, as he is, under other circumstances, to the inhabitants of the dry land."

He spoke with so much sincerity and candour, and was so courteous withal, that I begged him to forgive my outburst of petulance, and promised implicit belief to all he was so kind as to inform me of; "for," I said, "what I have already seen is so surprising and incredible that I am not justified in refusing credence to what a gentleman of your courtesy tells me, however opposed it seems to my previous experience."

Our intercourse having been thus put on a pleasant footing, I was fairly installed as his disciple, and he immediately, in reply to my inquiries, began to give me an account of the mysterious country where fate had cast me, and its strange inhabitants. I shall give the substance of our numerous conversations in my Instructor's words, as nearly as I can remember them.

"Some suppose," he said, "that these islands were originally peopled by a shipwrecked crew of 5em

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26


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 61


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Page:Works of William Blake; poetic, symbolic, and critical (1893) Volume 2.djvu/317

 BLAKE THE ARTIST.


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Page:Colymbia (1873).djvu/40

34 men and women emigrating to some other part of the world. But our most learned pundits cite many circumstances that militate against this idea, and refer our origin to a much more remote time and quite a different race of men. And this latter idea is borne out by the fact that, scattered throughout the islands, are many monuments which could never have been constructed by an English race, and these monuments are covered with hieroglyphical inscriptions which have been read by the learned and refer to quite other manners and customs than ever obtained among men of European or, at least, Anglo-Saxon blood.

"That English was not always the language of the inhabitants is evident, not only from these monuments, but from numerous ancient documents preserved in our museums, and also from the presence in our spoken language of many words and forms of speech which were never derived from the English tongue.

"It is believed that the general habit of speaking and writing English dates from only a few centuries back, and is chiefly owing to the great number of English-speaking men and women who have from time to time been added to our community by means of shipwrecks; and as, until a very recent period, men of English race formed the vast majority of the seamen and travellers of the world, this predominance of the English language among us is hardly to be wondered at. An additional reason for the adoption of this language is that it is a much more convenient vehicle for thought than the ancient language of the island could ever have been, and that our literature is chiefly derived from the libraries that came into our

title: Page:Colymbia (1873).djvu/40


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Loghlen, Michael


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Rh possession from the shipwrecked British and American vessels.

"French and German are by no means unknown among us, and we have at various times received the crews and passengers of vessels from other countries than England. But, for the reasons I have given, English has come to be the only language spoken by us; and our knowledge of all the changes that from time to time take place in the English language is derived from the continued accessions of men and books the wrecks on our reef bring us.

"It is probable that the aboriginal inhabitants were a thick-skinned race who could stand the heat and could bear with impunity the assaults of the insects, for we find throughout the islands many traces of their dwellings and monuments, which; show that at one time the land was occupied by human beings.

"It is not known at what precise period the habits of the people underwent such a change as to lead them to forsake entirely the land, except for certain necessary operations which you will learn hereafter and to betake themselves to an aquatic life.

"It is probable that this change took place gradually. It is supposed that, as the Anglo-Saxon infusion increased, the race became less and less able to withstand the heat and other annoyances of a land-life; that they found immersion in the sea-water spared them many of the discomforts they experienced in the air; and that gradually, by little and little, the genius of our engineers and chemists succeeded in rendering a permanent or quasi-permanent abode under the water not only possible but absolutely preferable to a residence on the land.

"This faculty we found ourselves to possess of

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 304

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Lothchain, Cuan


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Page:VCH Surrey 1.djvu/29

 A HISTORY OF

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 A HISTORY OF

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 A HISTORY OF

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 A HISTORY OF

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36 adapting ourselves to a subaqueous life, early drew the attention of our philosophers to the probable evolution of the human race from some aquatic ancestor; and although all the missing links have not been discovered, it is considered highly probable that an animal allied to the seal-tribe was our not very remote progenitor. Some of our philosophers pretend, from the presence in man of certain rudimentary parts, to trace our origin to a fish; and a few go still farther, and affect to believe his parentage can be traced back to a mollusc."

"Ah," I interrupted, "our own philosophers go quite as far as yours. From noticing the monthly phases of some of our normal and morbid actions, they pretend to deduce the origin of man from a littoral ascidian mollusc that must have been powerfully affected by spring-tides to account for these phenomena of monthly periodicity in its descendants."

"But," he replied, rather testily—as he evidently did not like to be interrupted, or perhaps he was unwilling to admit that the speculations of our philosophers were worthy to be ranked with those of his countrymen,—"as spring-tides happen fortnightly, I don't see what they could have to do with phases of a monthly character."

"But you are aware," I rejoined, "that fortnightly periodicity has a tendency to become monthly; thus, our Fortnightly Review now only appears once a month."

"Bosh!" he exclaimed, raising his left elbow as high as his shoulder, which I afterwards learned was the gesture employed in this part of the world to denote contempt.

I begged pardon for interrupting him, and he went on:—

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Rh "There can be no doubt that we have solved the problem of life below the water, and whether this be a return to the habits of a remote ancestor, or a totally new faculty we have acquired, is of much less importance than the fact itself.

"It is believed that the first great requisite for our subaqueous life was the invention of a corrective of that defect of vision produced by the contact of the eye with the water. The cause of this defective vision is the optical structure of the eye itself, the refractive power of whose humours differs but slightly from that of water; consequently, when it is immersed in water, the rays of light are not deflected sufficiently to allow the images of external objects, to be accurately focussed on the retina; hence only a very imperfect vision is possible for the unaided eye below the water.

"Our opticians discovered that perfect vision could be restored under water by means of a lens of considerable power. Spectacles were constructed with such lenses, and the first step was made towards rendering life below water practicable.

"At first, we, like yourselves, constructed our lenses of solid glass; but as the refractive power of glass is not very much greater than that of water, there was an enormous difference between the power of a lens used in air and in water. Hence our opticians early adopted the plan of making lenses of all descriptions for use below water, of air. Air being the less refractive medium, our air lenses are of precisely the opposite shape to that of your glass lenses. Our ordinary method of making these air lenses is to have sections of thin glass globes of certain diameters fixed in a ring of metal or bone, with their concavities looking outwards. They thus enclose a concave

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Maelchonaire, Fearfeasa


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38 portion of air, which effects the required refraction. In the better kind of lenses the two surfaces of the glass are ground so that both shall be of exactly the same radius of curvature.

"All the lenses of our optical instruments for subaqueous use, microscopes, telescopes, &c., are made in this way. For spectacles these lenses are especially convenient, for while they are lenses of the required power under water, they have no refractive power in air, and consequently may be worn both in and out of the water; in the former case causing, in the latter not preventing, perfect vision.

"The next question that seems to have occupied the attention of the pioneers of our submarine life was that of obtaining the needful supply of air below the water; for it was extremely awkward, and indeed quite fatal to anything like residence under the water, to be obliged to come to the surface every minute or so, to get a chestful of air.

"This difficulty was overcome by the distribution of air-pipes throughout the area occupied.

"At first, as you may imagine, this was done on a very small scale. It was originally not expected that it would ever be possible to remain permanently below the water, but only for a few hours during the extreme heat of the day.

"But as time went on, the ingenuity of our engineers and mechanicians who kept themselves well posted in all the improvements in their arts that were made in Europe—for works on mechanical science formed a considerable proportion of the books rescued from the wrecks that were more frequent formerly than now,—overcame all difficulties; and as the area of inhabited space yearly extended, the net-work of air-pipes gradually spread over every portion of the vast inland sea

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text: Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1875.djvu/3


text: Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1881.djvu/3


text: Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1881.djvu/102


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text: Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1889.djvu/1


text: Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1889.djvu/3


text: Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1890.djvu/158


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text: Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1892.djvu/3


text: Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1893.djvu/70


text: Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1895.djvu/3


text: Page:Travel and Adventure in South-East Africa.djvu/69


text: Page:Treatise of Human Nature (1888).djvu/296


text: Page:Travel and Adventure in South-East Africa.djvu/107


text: Page:Travel and Adventure in South-East Africa.djvu/279


text: Page:Treatise on Political Economy (De Tracy).djvu/131


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 18.djvu/4


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 18.djvu/8


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 18.djvu/12


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 18.djvu/266


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 18.djvu/256


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 18.djvu/267


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 3.djvu/3


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 4.djvu/410


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 5.djvu/371


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 6, part 1.djvu/2


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 6, part 2.djvu/137


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 8.djvu/7


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 8.djvu/564


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 8.djvu/578


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 8.djvu/602


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 9.djvu/6


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 3.djvu/404


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 18.djvu/385


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 2.djvu/395


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 8.djvu/565


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 8.djvu/591


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 8.djvu/597


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Meara, Barry Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Meara, Kathleen


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ommanney, John Acworth


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Rh the increased weight of iron after being heated in air was due to its absorption of something in the air: "Il est très possible que cette augmentation de poids soit venue de la matière répandue dans l'atmosphère." (See Voltaire's paper in Recueil des Pièces qui ont remporté les Prix de l'Académie royale des Sciences, Paris, 1752, tome iv., p. 171.)

Although Priestley first isolated "dephlogisticated air" or oxygen, it was left for the genius of Lavoisier to first interpret the phenomenon of combustion; and in 1778 (the year that witnessed the deaths of Voltaire and Rousseau within thirty-three days of each other) he established the fact that oxygen was the universal oxidizing principle.

During 1775 and subsequent years Lavoisier expounded his views on the nature of respiration, fermentation, and combustion; and we have to this day excellent sepia drawings by Madame Lavoisier of her husband's experiments on respired air.

In 1783 the composition of water was discovered by Cavendish, and confirmed the same year by Lavoisier and Laplace. Lavoisier was then able to explain the reactions which take place when metals dissolve in acids; and when metals burn to form calces, that oxygen is instrumental in the combustion. From the work of Cavendish, he first clearly stated the compound nature of water and determined accurately its volumetric composition (Kopp). "Although Cavendish was the first to show that water is


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8 a hundred years. A theory is only useful when it explains the truths of science and helps the advancement of knowledge. Many theories have disappeared from the realms of science, and many are undergoing modification even at the present day.

About eleven years (1785) after the succession of Louis XVI. to the throne of his grandfather, the phlogistic doctrine was completely overthrown—and this was entirely due to the researches, philosophical deductions, and writings of the great Frenchman.

Lavoisier gave the present accepted definition of an "element," although it may be remarked en passant that the researches of Lockyer, Ramsay, and others in the present day have somewhat modified our views concerning the nature of the chemical elements.

About the years 1785-87 Lavoisier, aided by De Morveau (a convert to the nouvelle chimie), Berthollet, and De Fourcroy, formulated a new system of chemical nomenclature which was greatly needed for the further development of the Lavoisierian chemistry: elements, compounds, oxides (peroxides and protoxides), acids, salts, etc., were defined, thus forming the basis of the chemistry of to-day. Lavoisier was the general who marshalled the isolated facts and co-ordinated them into one harmonious and stupendous whole. The work of the four French chemists and the teaching of Lavoisier were, by the close of the eighteenth century, universally accepted by chemists.


text: Page:The fables of Aesop, as first printed by William Caxton in 1484, with those of Avian, Alfonso and Poggio. Vol 2.djvu/7


text: Page:The happy prince and other tales.djvu/73


text: Page:The happy prince and other tales.djvu/91


text: Page:The happy prince and other tales.djvu/97


text: Page:The happy prince and other tales.djvu/115


text: Page:The letters of William Blake (1906).djvu/306


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Page:The poems of Edgar Allan Poe (Robinson).djvu/272

 THE ENDYMION SERIES


text: Page:The poems of John Godfrey Saxe.djvu/429


text: Page:The poetical works of James Thomson (1895), Volume 1.djvu/420


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Rh Lavoisier was the first to attempt the ultimate analysis of organic compounds, by burning these bodies in a stream of oxygen, and collecting the water and carbonic acid produced. This work is of historical interest as being the last performed by the illustrious savant, and just before execution.

But his ultimate right to fame rests on his interpretation of the phenomenon of combustion—that it is not a decomposition but a combination; the indestructibility of matter (conservation of mass); his philosophical deductions of the work of others; the introduction of the balance into all chemical operations; the recognition as elements of those bodies only which yield but one kind of matter; the formation of compounds from elements; his system of nomenclature; and, finally, his work (in conjunction with Laplace) on specific heats. Surely a goodly list, and sufficient to make his name immortal in the history of chemistry.

His energy knew no bounds, and at an early age, twenty-five, he became fermier général under the Government, and had the right, with others, of collecting the indirect taxes throughout France; a and this position during the


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 ::THE LAOCOON


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 CORIOLANUS

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text: Page:Thomas Earle as a Reformer.djvu/10

title: Page:Thomas Earle as a Reformer.djvu/10


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 E

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Page:Traffics and Discoveries.djvu/349

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text: Page:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Volume 12.djvu/95


text: Page:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Volume 1 (1791).djvu/181


text: Page:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Volume 8 (1807).djvu/399


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 10.djvu/4


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 10.djvu/295


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 10.djvu/298


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 10.djvu/419


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 14.djvu/10


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 14.djvu/198


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 14.djvu/242


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 14.djvu/244


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 15.djvu/258


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 16.djvu/6


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 14.djvu/264


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 16.djvu/64


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 16.djvu/86


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 16.djvu/450


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 17.djvu/4


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 17.djvu/8


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 17.djvu/121


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 17.djvu/198


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 17.djvu/369


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 17.djvu/476


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 17.djvu/477


text:
Page:The Mediaeval Mind Vol 2.djvu/51

 SYMBOLISM

title: Page:The Mediaeval Mind Vol 2.djvu/51


text:
Page:The Mystery of Choice - Chambers.djvu/59

 THE MESSENGER.


text:
Page:The Mystery of Choice - Chambers.djvu/121

 THE WHITE SHADOW.


text:
Page:The Mystery of Choice - Chambers.djvu/197

 THE KEY TO GRIEF.


text: Page:The Natural History of Sokotra and Abd-el-Kuri.djvu/8


text: Page:The Parson's Handbook - 6th ed.djvu/81


text: Page:The Parson's Handbook - 6th ed.djvu/121


text: Page:The Parson's Handbook - 6th ed.djvu/341


text: Page:The Parson's Handbook - 6th ed.djvu/558


text: Page:The Plays of Euripides Vol. 1- Edward P. Coleridge (1910).djvu/179


text: Page:The Plays of Euripides Vol. 1- Edward P. Coleridge (1910).djvu/213


text: Page:The Plays of Euripides Vol. 1- Edward P. Coleridge (1910).djvu/253


text: Page:The Plays of Euripides Vol. 2- Edward P. Coleridge (1913).djvu/183


text: Page:The Poetical Works of Gavin Douglas, 1874 - Volume 2.djvu/339


text: Page:The Poetical Works of Gavin Douglas, 1874 - Volume 2.djvu/340


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Page:The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 Volume 3.djvu/653

 GENERAL INDEX


text: Page:The Return of Sherlock Holmes, edition published in 1905 by McClure, Phillips & Co., New York..djvu/6


text: Page:The Romance of Isabel, Lady Burton.djvu/384


text: Page:The Sceptical Chymist.djvu/761

title: Page:The Sceptical Chymist.djvu/761


text: Page:The Story of India (1897).djvu/3

title: Page:The Story of India (1897).djvu/3


text: Page:The Triumphs of Temper.djvu/25

title: Page:The Triumphs of Temper.djvu/25


text: Page:The Triumphs of Temper.djvu/67

title: Page:The Triumphs of Temper.djvu/67


text: Page:The Voice of Truth.djvu/80

title: Page:The Voice of Truth.djvu/80


text: Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 5.djvu/364


text: Page:The Return of Sherlock Holmes, edition published in 1905 by McClure, Phillips & Co., New York..djvu/277


text: Page:The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, v1.djvu/305


text: Page:The Triumphs of Temper.djvu/66

title: Page:The Triumphs of Temper.djvu/66


text: Page:The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle.djvu/101


text: Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 11.djvu/111


text: Page:The Yellow Book - 04.djvu/285

title: Page:The Yellow Book - 04.djvu/285


text: Page:The Yellow Book - 07.djvu/136

title: Page:The Yellow Book - 07.djvu/136


text: Page:The Yellow Book - 09.djvu/183

title: Page:The Yellow Book - 09.djvu/183


text: Page:The Works of Francis Bacon (1884) Volume 1.djvu/127


text:
Page:The Yellow Book - 08.djvu/252

 Geisha

By E. Hornel

title: Page:The Yellow Book - 08.djvu/252


text: Page:The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth century (1887) - Volume 1.djvu/204


text: Page:The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth century (1887) - Volume 1.djvu/273


text: Page:The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth century (1887) - Volume 1.djvu/282


text: Page:The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth century (1887) - Volume 2.djvu/232


text: Page:The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth century (1887) - Volume 2.djvu/269


text: Page:The Yellow Book - 04.djvu/165

title: Page:The Yellow Book - 04.djvu/165


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the Poet undertook to write and SING A SONG OF SIXPENCE for that popular price is not stated in his simple rhyme, but at all events we learn that he started with "a pocket full," and proceeded to draw on his imagination for all it was worth. What that famous blackbird pie really cost — except in blackbirds — is not disclosed, though the King seemed to show some anxiety about the state of his treasury, as he was discovered "in his counting house" immediately after the feast. But while the Queen, regardless of expense, regales herself on "bread and honey" in the parlour, and her Maid-of-honour, or perhaps of-all-work, is engaged at the clothes-line, nothing is said about a princess.

No doubt there was a princess, and that Princess might have been PRINCESS BELLE-ETOILE? Anyway here she is in the same boat — I mean book — and certainly her adventures


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 REV. F. MAHONEY.

("FATHER PROUT.")


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Page:The Maclise Portrait-Gallery.djvu/511

 REGINA'S MAIDS OF HONOUR.


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text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 1.djvu/294


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text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 1.djvu/380


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text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 1.djvu/481


text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 1.djvu/482


text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 1.djvu/480


text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 1.djvu/483


text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 1.djvu/484


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text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 1.djvu/486


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text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 2.djvu/8


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text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 2.djvu/519


text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 2.djvu/520


text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 2.djvu/521


text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 2.djvu/522


text: Page:The Lusiad (Camões, tr. Mickle, 1791), Volume 1.djvu/55


text: Page:The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley M.D. - Volume 1.djvu/3


text: Page:Burton's The Gentleman's Magazine 1840 volume 6.djvu/11


text: Page:Burton's The Gentleman's Magazine 1840 volume 6.djvu/17


text: Page:Burton's The Gentleman's Magazine 1840 volume 6.djvu/67


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text: Page:Burton's The Gentleman's Magazine 1840 volume 6.djvu/321


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text: Page:The Jungle Book (1910).djvu/331

title: Page:The Jungle Book (1910).djvu/331


text: Page:The Last Voyage of the Karluk, 1916.djvu/19


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 36.djvu/92

Mansel endeavoured to collect a force for the invasion of England (Lib. de Antiquis Legibus, pp. 67-69; Chron. Edw. I and II, i. 64). He died in France in great poverty, about the feast of St. Fabian, 20 Jan. 1265 (ib. i. 66; Chron. de Mailros, p. 214).

Mansel acquired an ill-name as the holder of numerous benefices; he is said to have had as many as three hundred, so that 'there was no wealthier clerk in the world.' Even in 1252 his annual rents were estimated at four thousand marks (, v. 355), and another estimate puts them as high as eighteen thousand (Chron. de Mailros, p. 214). On 20 Aug. 1256 he entertained Henry and Eleanor, the king and queen of Scotland, and many nobles at a magnificent banquet, such as no clerk had ever given (, v. 575). His chief preferments, with the dates of his appointment, were: chancellor of St. Paul's, 24 May 1243; dean of Wimborne Minster, 13 Dec. 1246; provost of Beverley, 1247; according to Dugdale he had resigned it by 1251, but he is still styled provost in 1258 (Monast. Angl. vi. 1307, 492-3; cf. Fœdera, i. 335); treasurer of York, January 1256. At various times he held prebends at London, Lincoln, Wells, Chichester, York, and Bridgnorth in Shropshire; he also held the benefices of Hooton, Yorkshire (Chron. de Melsa, ii. 112), Wigan, Howden, Ferring in Sussex, Sawbridgeworth in Dorset, and Maidstone in Kent. He is said to have refused more than one bishopric. The Melrose chronicler relates how when he had on one occasion obtained a fair benefice of 20l., he exclaimed 'This will provide for my dogs,' He founded a priory for Austin canons at Bilsington, near Romney in Kent, in June 1253, according to his charter, but in 1 258 according to Matthew Paris (v. 690-1;, Monast. Angl. vi. 492-3). It is not clear that he is the John Mansel whom John of Pontoise, bishop of Winchester (d. 1305), in his bequest to the university of Oxford, desired to be held in remembrance (Munimenta Academica, i. 82, ii. 371, Rolls Ser.) As rector of Wigan he obtained the first charter for that town on 26 Aug. 1246.

Mansel incurred much odium as having been Henry's chief adviser during the long era of his unpopularity, and also on account of his vast accumulation of preferment. An ecclesiastic only from the custom of his time, he was no doubt more at home in the council chamber or even the battle-field than in the church. But whatever his demerits, he must certainly have been a capable and diligent administrator. He served his master with unswerving loyalty, and was a true friend to many of his colleagues.

In the inquisition of Mansel's estates held after his death it was reported that his nearest heir was unknown; there is, however, a reference to a cousin Amabilla de Rypun (Col. Gen. i. 118). According to the statements in Burke, Mansel married Joan, daughter of Simon Beauchamp of Bedford, and left three sons: Henry, ancestor of the extinct baronets of that name and of Baron Mansell of Margam; Thomas, ancestor of Sir Richard Mansel of Muddlescombe, Carmarthenshire; and a third from whom descend the Maunsels of Limerick (Dormant Peerage: Baronetage: Landed Gentry). But it is extremely unlikely that an ecclesiastic in Mansel's position should have contracted any sort of marriage. More probably there has been some confusion with a namesake; another John Mansel is known to have held lands at Rossington, Yorkshire, in the reign of Henry III.  MANSEL, WILLIAM LORT (1753–1820), bishop of Bristol, born at Pembroke 2 April 1753, was son of William Wogan Mansel of Pembroke, who married Anne, daughter of Major Roger Lort of the royal Welsh fusiliers. He went to the grammar school at Gloucester, and was admitted as pensioner at Trinity College, Cambridge, on Jan. 1770, graduating B. A. 1774, M.A. 1777, and D.D. 1798. His college appointments were scholar 26 April 1771, junior fellow 1775, full fellow 1777, sublector secundus 1777-8, lector linguae Latinae 1781, lector primarius 1782, lector lingua Græcæ 1783, junior dean 1782-3 and 1785, and catechist 9 April 1787. His Latin letter to his relative, the Rev. Michael Lort [q. v.], soliciting his 'vote for the fellowship,' is printed in Nichols's ' Literary Anecdotes,' ii. 674-5. Mansel was ordained in the English church on 30 June 1783, was recommended by Trinity College to the Bishop of Ely for the sequestration of the living of Bottisham, near Cambridge, where he inserted in the registers a singular entry recording the death of Soame Jenyns (, English Libr. p. 296), and was presented by his college, on 6 Nov. 1788, to the vicarage of Chesterton in Cambridgeshire. While tutor at Trinity


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Mansel College he numbered among his pupils the Duke of Gloucester and Spencer Perceval, and was generally known as the chief wit and mimic of academic society. His popularity led to his election as public orator in 1788, and during his tenure of that office to 1798 he often preached before the university, and took part in county politics. Through Perceval's recommendation he was appointed by Pitt, on 26 May 1798, to the mastership of Trinity, in order that his strong discipline might correct some abuses which had crept into its administration; but it appears from the college records that there had been some informality in his admission, as a second grant was obtained from the crown, and he was admitted 'according to due form' on 4 July 1798. He was vice-chancellor of the university for the year 1799-1800. Perceval, the prime minister, selected Mansel for the bishopric of Bristol, to which he was consecrated on 30 Oct. 1808, and in his capacity of chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster the same 'friend' presented him to the rich rectory of Barwick-in-Elmet in Yorkshire. He died at the master's lodge, Trinity College, on 27 June 1820, aged 68, and was buried in the chapel on 3 July. His portrait, painted by T. Kirkby and engraved by W. Say, was published on 1 May 1812 by R. Harraden & Son of Cambridge. A second portrait, etched by Mrs. Dawson Turner from a sketch by G. H. H., a private plate, is dated in 1815 (, Biog. Sketches, i. 43). His arms, impaling those of the see, are on the organ screen in Bristol Cathedral (, Bristol Cathedral, ed. 1888, p. 51).

Mansel was the author of two sermons (1810 and 1813), and Spencer Perceval addressed to him in 1808 a printed letter in support of his bill for providing additional curates. His jests and verses obtained great fame. Many of his epigrams and letters have appeared in 'Notes and Queries,' 2nd ser. ix. 483, x. 41-2, 283-4, xii.221, 3rd ser. xil 485; in Gunning's 'Reminiscences,' i. 55-56, 194-5, 317, ii. 101; and in Bishop Charles Wordsworth's ' Annals of my Early Life,' pp. 69-70. Rogers expressed the wish that some one would collect his epigrams, as they were 'remarkably neat and clever.' A manuscript collection of them is known to have been in the possession of Professor James Cumming [q. v.], rector of North Runcton, Norfolk, at his death in 1861. Some poems to him by T. J. Mathias are in the latter's 'Poesie Liriche,' 1810, and 'Odæ Latinos.' One, supposed to be addressed to him by a parrot which he had neglected, was printed separately.  MANSELL, FRANCIS, D.D. (1579–1666), principal of Jesus College, Oxford, third son of Sir Francis Mansell, bart., and his first wife, Catherine, daughter and heir of Henry Morgan of Muddlescombe, Carmarthenshire, was born at Muddlescombe, and christened on Palm Sunday, 23 March 1678-9. He was educated at the free school, Hereford, and matriculated as a commoner from Jesus College, Oxford, 20 Nov. 1607. He graduated B.A. 20 Feb. 1608-9, M.A. 6 July 1611, B.D. and D.D. on 3 July 1624, and stood for a fellowship at All Souls in 1613 'as founder's kinsman, but that pretension being disliked, came in at the next election' (Life, by Sir Leoline Jenkins). On the death of Griffith Powell, 28 June 1620, Mansell was elected principal of Jesus College, and was admitted by the vice-chancellor in spite of protests from other fellows who had opposea the election. On 13 July Mansell expelled three of his opponents from their fellowships, and on the 17th, by the authority of the vice-chancellor, he proceeded against a fourth. His position does not, however, appear to have been secure, and before the expiration of the year he resigned the principalship and retired to his fellowship at All Souls. His successor, Sir Eubule Thelwall, having died on 8 Oct. 1630, Mansell was a second time elected principal. In the same year he became rector of Easington, Oxfordshire, and in 1631 of Elmley Chapel, Kent, prebendary of St. Davids, and treasurer of Llandaff.

Mansell's second tenure of office was marked by considerable extension of the college buildings. Thelwall's library, which does not seem to have been satisfactory, was pulled down, and the north and south sides of the inner quadrangle were completed. Mansell was indefatigable in collecting contributions, and from his own purse enriched the college with revenues and benefices. He was compelled to leave Oxford in 1643 to look after the affairs of his brother Anthony, who had been killed at the battle of Newbury, and for the next few years rendered efficient help to the royalist party in Wales. He returned to look after the college interests when the parliamentary visitation opened in 1647. He was ejected from the principalship and retired to Llantrithyd, Glamorganshire, where he was subjected to considerable persecution and annoyance at the hands of


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Mansell the puritans. In 1651 he again returned to Oxford and took up his residence with a baker in Holywell Street; but during the next year was invited by the fellows, in return for his good offices, to take rooms in Jesus College, where he remained for eight years. His successors in the principalship were first Michael Roberts and then Francis Howell, but after the Restoration Mansell was reinstated on 1 Aug. 1660. 'The decayes of age and especially dimness of sight' induced him to resign in 1661, and, gradually becoming more infirm, he died on 1 May 1666. There is an inscription to his memory in Jesus College Chapel.

 MANSELL, ROBERT (1573–1656), admiral, born in 1573, the fourth son of Sir Edward Mansell of Margam, Glamorganshire (d. 1595), and of his wife, the Lady Jane Somerset, youngest daughter of Henry, earl of Worcester (d. 1548). Through the Gamages of Coity he was related to Lord Howard, the lord admiral [see ], with whom, it is said, he first went to sea. This would seem to imply that he served against the 'Invincible Armada in 1588: but nothing is distinctly mentioned till 1596, when he served in the expedition to Cadiz under Howard and the Earl of Essex, and was knighted. In 1597 he was captain of the Mer-Honour, carrying Essex's nag in 'the Islands' Voyage.' In January 1598-9 he went out in command of a small squadron on the coast of Ireland, and in August 1600 was commanding in the Narrow Seas. As his force was weak, Sir Richard Leveson [q. v.], coming home from the coast of Spain, was ordered to support him. It was only for a short time, and on 9 Oct. he fought a savage duel in Norfolk with Sir John Heydon (see under ; Gent. Mag. new ser. xxxix. 481; Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 27961, and Eg. MS. 2714, ff. 96, 100, 112-22, containing several letters about the business, some in Mansell's handwriting). A formal inquiry followed, but Mansell was held guiltless, and in the following February 1600-1 was active in arresting the accomplices or companions of Essex. In October, in company with Sir Amyas Preston, he captured six Easterlings, or Hansa ships, and brought them in as being laden with Portuguese merchandise (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 31 Oct. 1601; Addit. MS. 5664, f. 225).

In September 1602 he was sent out in command of a small squadron to intercept six galleys, which were reported on their way from Lisbon to the Low Countries. He posted himself with three ships off Dungeness, with two fly-boats to the westward. In the Downs and off Dunkirk were some Dutch ships. On the 23rd the galleys appeared and were at once attacked. After being very roughly handled by the English they dispersed and fled, but only to fall into the hands of the Dutch, by whom and by a gale which came on afterwards they were completely destroyed (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 27 Sept. 1602;, A true Report of the Service done upon certaine Gallies, 1602). In the following spring, with the recognised title of 'vice-admiral of the Narrow Seas,' he was stationed with a squadron of six English and four Dutch shins to guard the Channel, and appears to have made some rich prizes, among others a carrack laden with pepper. At the same time he had to escort the French and Spanish ambassadors from Calais and Gravelines. He himself attended on the Spaniard at Gravelines, while the Frenchman, embarking at Calais, hoisted the French flag. Halfway across Mansell met him, and compelled him to strike the flag. The French complained to James, and the matter was smoothed over; but Mansell had clearly acted according to his instructions. On 15 Nov. he escorted Sir Walter Ralegh from London to Winchester for his trial. On 20 April 1604 he had a grant of the office of treasurer of the navy for life, on the surrender of Sir Fulke Greville, afterwards Lord Brooke [q.v.] It was, however, ten years before he reaped the full benefit of it. In 1605 he accompanied the Earl of Nottingham on his embassy to Spain. The story is told that at an entertainment given by the king of Spain some of the plate was stolen, and suspicion seemed to be thrown on the English, till at another entertainment Mansell saw a Spaniard in the very act of secreting a cup, and proved his guilt in presence of the whole assembly. During the following years he continued to command the ships in the Narrow Seas, and to perform some of the duties of treasurer. The accounts of the Prince Royal, launched at Deptford on 25 Sept. 1610, show him acting in this capacity. In the fete and mock fight given on the Thames on 11 Feb. 1612-13, in honour of the marriage of the


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 Princess Elizabeth, Mansell and the lord admiral commanded the opposing sides. In June 1613, however, he was committed to the Marshalsea for 'animating the lord admiral' against a commission to reform abuses in the navy. His real offence was questioning and taking counsel's opinion as to the validity of the commission, which was held to be questioning the prerogative [cf. ]. Notwithstanding his readiness to make submission, he was kept in confinement for a fortnight. In May 1618 he sold his office of treasurer of the' navy, consequent, it would seem, on his being appointed vice-admiral of England, a title newly created for Sir Richard Leveson, and which had been in abeyance since his death. The administration of the navy was notoriously corrupt during James I's reign, but there seems no ground for charging Mansell while treasurer with any gross dishonesty. He made no large fortune in office (, 'The Royal Navy under James I,' in English Hist. Rev. July 1892).

On 20 July 1620 Mansell was appointed to the command of an expedition against the Algerine pirates. Sir [q. v.] was the vice-admiral, and Sir [q. v.] rear-admiral. The fleet, consisting of six of the king's ships, with ten merchantmen and two pinnaces, finally sailed from Plymouth on 12 Oct., and after touching at Cadiz, Gibraltar, Malaga, and Alicante, anchored before Algiers on 27 Nov. After some negotiation forty English captives were given up. These, it was maintained, were all that they had; but though Mansell was well aware that this was false, he was in no condition to use force. His ships were sickly and short of supplies. He drew back to Majorca and the Spanish ports. It was 21 May 1621 before he again anchored off Algiers. On the 24th he sent in five or six fireships, which he had prepared to burn the shipping in the Mole, hey were, however, feebly supported—the ships stationed for the purpose were short of powder and could do nothing. The Algerines repelled the attack without difficulty and without loss, and, realising their danger, threw a boom across the mouth of the harbour, which effectually prevented a repetition of the attempt. Mansell drew back to Alicante, whence eight of his ships were sent to England. Before the end of July he was recalled with the remainder.

Some antagonism between him and the Duke of Buckingham prevented his being offered any further command at sea; and though he continued to be consulted as to the organisation and equipment of the navy, his attention was more and more devoted to his private interests in the manufacture of glass, in the monopoly of which he first obtained a share in 1615 (ib. iv. 9). As involving a new process for using sea-coal instead of wood, the monopoly was to a great extent of the nature of a legitimate patent; but it had to be defended equally against those who wished to infringe the patent, and against those who wished to break down the monopoly. He was M.P. for King's Lynn in 1601, Carmarthen in 1603, Carmarthenshire in 1614, Glamorganshire in 1623 and 1625, Lostwithiel in 1626, and Glamorganshire in 1627-8. In 1642 it was suggested to the king that the fleet should be secured by giving the command of it to Mansell, a man of experience and known loyalty. The king, however, judged him too old for so arduous a duty. He died in 1656, his will being administered by his widow on 20 June 1666. He was twice married, first, before 1600, to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir [q. v.] the lord keeper. In his correspondence in 1600 with Sir Bassingbourne Gawdy (d. 1606), who had married Dorothy, daughter of Sir Nicholas Bacon of Redgrave, Suffolk, son of the lord keeper, he signs himself 'your most assured loving frend and affection at unckle.' Gawdy was a magistrate for Norfolk, and, though many years older than his 'unckle,' gave him valuable support in the matter of the duel. He married secondly, in 1617, Anne, daughter of Sir John Roper, and one of the queen's maids of honour (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 18 Nov. 1616, 15 March 1617). She died in 1663. By neither wife had he any children. His portrait is preserved at Penrice, the seat of the Mansells in Gower. It has not been engraved.

Mansell in his youth wrote his name Mansfeeld. It is so spelt in the letters to Gawdy (Eg. MS. 2714 u. s.) In later life he assumed or resumed the spelling Mansell. The present baronet, descended from his brother, spells it Mansel. Other branches of the family have adopted Maunsell or Maunsel (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. ii. 430, 490).

MANSELL, THOMAS (1777–1858), rear-admiral, son of Thomas Mansell of Guernsey, was born 9 Feb. 1777. He entered the navy in January 1793, on board the Cres-


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  frigate with Captain [q. v.], whom he followed to the Orion, in which he was present in Lord Bridport's action off Lorient, at the battle of Cape St. Vincent, and at the battle of the Nile; after which he was promoted by Nelson to be acting-lieutenant of the Aquilon, a promotion which was confirmed by the admiralty to 17 April 1799. He subsequently served in the Channel and on the French coast, and at the reduction of the Cape of Good Hope, whence he was sent home by Sir Home Popham in command of an armed transport. He was flag-lieutenant to Sir James Saumarez in the Diomede, Hibernia, and Victory, and on 17 Sept. 1808 was promoted to the command of the Rose sloop, in which he took part in the capture of Anholt in the Baltic, 18 May 1809, and was at different times engaged with the Danish gunboats. In 1812 he was presented by the emperor of Russia with a diamond ring, in acknowledgment of his having piloted a Russian squadron through the Belt; and by the king of Sweden with the order of the Sword, 'in testimony of the esteem in which he held his services. In 1813 Mansell commanded the Pelican on the north coast of Spain, and on 7 June 1814 was advanced to post rank. It is stated that while in command of the Rose and Pelican he captured at least 170 of the enemy's vessels, some of them privateers of force. In 1837 he was nominated a K.C.H. and knighted. On 9 Oct. 1849 he became a rear-admiral on the retired list, and died in the early summer of 1868. In 1806 he married Catherine, daughter of John Lukis, a merchant of Guernsey, and by her had issue four daughters and four sons. These latter all entered the navy or marines. The second, Arthur Lukis, for some years commanded the Firefly, surveying ship, in the Mediterranean, and died, a retired vice-admiral, in 1890.

 MANSFIELD,. [See, 1705–1793, first , 1727–1796, second .]  MANSFIELD, CHARLES BLACHFORD (1819–1855), chemist and author, was born on 8 May 1819 at Rowner, Hampshire, where his father, John Mansfield, was rector. His mother was Winifred, eldest daughter of Robert Pope Blachford of Osborne House, Isle of Wight. He was educated first at a private school at Twyford, Berkshire, and afterwards at Winchester College. When sixteen his health broke down, and he passed a year with a private tutor in the country. On 23 Nov. 1836 he entered his name at Clare Hall, but did not begin residence till October 1839. Owing to frequent absences from ill-health he did not graduate B.A. till 1846 (M.A. 1849). Meanwhile he read widely, and his personal fascination rapidly gathered many friends round him. With Kingsley, who was his contemporary at Cambridge, Mansfield formed a lifelong friendship (Memoir, pp. xii–xiv). Medicine attracted him for a time, and while still at Cambridge he attended the classes at St. George's Hospital; but when he settled in London in 1846 he definitely devoted himself to chemistry, occupying his leisure with natural history, botany, mesmerism, and with abstruse studies in mediæval science. Chemistry, he satisfied himself, was a suitable starting-point for the system of knowledge which he had already more or less clearly outlined, whose aim, in his own words, was ‘the comprehension of the harmonious plan or order upon which the universe is constructed—an order on which rests the belief that the universe is truly a representation to our ideas of a Divine Idea, a visible symbol of thoughts working in a mind infinitely wise and good.’ In 1848, after completing the chemistry course at the Royal College, he undertook, at Hofmann's request, a series of experiments which resulted in one of the most valuable of recent gifts to practical chemistry, the extraction of benzol from coal-tar (see Chemical Soc. Journal, i. 244–68, for experiments), a discovery which laid the foundation of the aniline industry (, Gesch. der Chimie, 1889, p. 434). He published a pamphlet next year, indicating some of the most important applications of benzol, among others the production of a light of peculiar brilliancy by charging air with its vapour (Benzol, its Nature and Utility, 1849). Mansfield patented his inventions, then an expensive process, but others reaped the profits.

In the crisis of 1848–9 he joined Maurice, Kingsley, and others in their efforts at social reform among the workmen of London, and in the cholera year helped to provide pure water for districts like Bermondsey, where every drop was sewage-tainted. He also wrote several papers in ‘Politics for the People,’ edited by the Rev. [q. v.] and Mr. J. M. Ludlow, and afterwards in the ‘Christian Socialist.’ In September 1850 the description of a balloon machine constructed at Paris led him to investigate the whole problem of aeronautics, and in the next few months he wrote his ‘Aerial Navigation,’ still after forty years one of the most striking and suggestive works on its subject. In the winter of 1851–2 he delivered in the Royal Institution a course of lectures on the chemistry of the metals, remarkable for some brilliant generalisations and for an  at-


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  classification upon a principle of his own represented by a system of triangles (Chemical Soc. Journal, viii. 110; Preface to  Theory of Salts, pp. 23-7, where the principle is described). Next summer Mansfield, 'to gratify a whim of wishing to see the country, which I believed to be an unspoiled Arcadia' (Letters from Paraguay, Pref. p. 8), started for Paraguay. He arrived at Buenos Ayres in August, and having obtained permission from Urquiza, whom he describes as an 'English farmer-like, honest-looking man' (ib. p. 157), to go up the Parana, he reached Assumption on 24 Nov., and remained there two and a half months. Paraguay, under Francia and his successor Lopez, had been shut from the world for forty years, and Mansfield was, if not the first English visitor to the capital, certainly the first to go there merely to take notes. His letters, published after his death, contain bright and careful descriptions of Paraguayan society, 'the scenery, plant and bird life, and a scheme for the colonisation of the Gran Chaco, a favourite dream with him for the rest of his life. A sketch of the history of Paraguay, valuable for the period immediately preceding and following his arrival, forms the concluding chapter of the volume of 'Letters.' His earlier letters, printed in the same volume, deal in a similar manner with Brazil. These were translated into Portuguese by Pascual, and published along with elaborate critical essays on Mansfield's narrative at Rio Janeiro, the first volume in 1861, the second in 1862.

Mansfield returned to England in the spring of 1853, resumed his chemical studies, and began a work on the constitution of salts, based on the lectures delivered two years previously at the Royal Institution. This work, the 'Theory of Salts,' his most important contribution to theoretical chemistry, he finished in 1855, and placed in a publisher's hands. He had meanwhile been invited to send specimens of benzol to the Paris Exhibition, and on 17 Feb. 1855, while preparing these in a room which he had hired for the purpose in St. John's Wood, a naphtha still overflowed, and Mansfield, in attempting to save the premises by carrying the blazing still into the street, was so injured that nine days later he died in Middlesex Hospital. He had not completed his thirty-sixth year.

Mansfield's works, published at various intervals after his death, are fragments to which he had not added the finishing touch, yet each bears the unmistakable impress of a mind of the highest order, a constant attitude towards the sphere of knowledge more akin to that of Bacon or Leibnitz than of a modern specialist. The testimony, written or spoken, of many who knew him confirms Pascual's estimate, 'a great soul stirred by mighty conceptions and the love of mankind' (Ensaio Critico, p. 8). A portrait of Mansfield by Mr. Lowes Dickinson is in the possession of his brother, Mr. R. B. Mansfield. The engraving prefixed to the 'Letters from Paraguay' is from a photograph.

 MANSFIELD, HENRY (d. 1328), chancellor of Oxford University. [See .]  MANSFIELD (originally MANFIELD), JAMES (1733–1821), lord chief justice of the court of common pleas, born in 1733, son of John James Manfield, attorney, of Ringwood, Hampshire, was elected a scholar of Eton in 17 730 (, Alumni Eton. v. 339), and proceeded to King's College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship in 1764, graduated B. A. in 1765 and M.A. in 1758 (Grad. Cantabr.) His grandfather is said to have been a foreigner, and to have held some post in Windsor Castle. Mansfield inserted the s in his name while still at Cambridge. In November 1758 he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple. He practised both at common law and in chancery, and was engaged in some state trials. He was one of Wilkes's advisers on his return to England in 1768, and argued in support of his unsuccessful application in the king's bench to be admitted to bail for the purpose of prosecuting a writ of error against his outlawry (20 April). He took silk in July 1772, and was afterwards appointed counsel to the university of Cambridge. Another of Mansfield's clients was the bigamous Duchess of Kingston, whose immunity from punishment he materially contributed to secure in 1776. The same year he appeared for the defence in the Hindon bribery case, the year following for the incendiary, James Aitkin [q. v.], and in 1779 for the crown (with Attorney-general Wedderburn [q. v.]), on the information exhibited against George Stratton


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Mansfield [q. v.] and his colleagues in the council of Fort St. George for their usurpation of the government of the settlement in 1776 [see ].

Mansfield entered parliament on 10 June 1779 as member for the university of Cambridge, and on 1 Sept. 1780 was appointed solicitor-general, in which capacity he took part in the prosecution of Lord George Gordon [q. v.] in February 1781, and in that of the spy De la Motte, convicted of high treason in the following July. He went into opposition with Lord North in March 1782, and returned to office on the coalition between North and Fox in November 1788. In parliament he made a poor figure, whether in office or in opposition, and after the dismissal of the coalition ministry, 18 Dec. 1783, hardly opened his mouth in debate. He lost his seat at the general election of April 1784 and never re-entered parliament. Mansfield, with Attorney-general John Scott, afterwards Lord Eldon [q. v.], represented the Trinity Hall dons, June 1795, on the appeal of Francis Wrangham [q. v.] to Lord-chancellor Loughborough, as visitor of the university of Cambridge, against their refusal to elect him to a fellowship. The argument turned upon the proper construction of the words 'idoneus moribus et ingenio' in the college statutes, and Wrangham's counsel cited Terence, Horace, and other Latin authors to prove that 'mores,' as applied to an individual, could only mean morals — Wrangham's morals being unimpeachable. Mansfield, however, disposed of this contention by a single line from Ovid describing two mistresses, 'Hæc specie melior, moribus illa fuit;' and Lord Loughborough, accordingly, dismissed the appeal. In July 1799 Mansfield was appointed to the chief-justiceship of Chester, whence in April 1804 he was transferred to that of the common pleas and knighted. On qualifying for office by taking the degree of serjeant-at-law, he chose for his ring the Horatian motto 'Serus in cœlum redeas,' in allusion to the lateness of his advancement. He was sworn of the privy council on 9 May. On the return of the whigs to power after Pitt's death, he was offered the great seal, but declined it.

Mansfield was a sound, if not a profound, lawyer, a good scholar, and a keen sportsman. On circuit it was his custom to rise at five to kill something before breakfast. He was a dull speaker, with an ungraceful delivery and a husky voice. His advancement to the bench came too late for his reputation. He presided, however, for nearly ten years in the court of common pleas without positive discredit, in spite of declining powers, and resigned in Hilary vacation 1814. He died on 23 May 1821 at his house in Russell Square.

 MANSFIELD, WILLIAM ROSE, first  (1819–1876), general, born 21 June 1819, was fifth of the seven sons of John Mansfield of Diggeswell House, Hampshire, and his wife, the daughter of General Samuel Smith of Baltimore, U.S.A. He was grandson of Sir James Mansfield [q. v.], and among his brothers were Sir Samuel Mansfield, at one time senior member of council, Bombay, Colonel Sir Charles Mansfield of the diplomatic service, and John Mansfield, a London police-magistrate. He was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and passed out in November 1835 at the head of the five most distinguished cadets of his half-year. He was appointed ensign 53rd foot 27 Nov. 1886, became lieutenant in the regiment in 1838, and captain in 1843. After serving with the 53rd in the Mediterranean and at home, he accompanied the regiment to India, and was present with it in the first Sikh war at Buddiwal, Aliwal, and Sobraon, on which latter occasion he acted as aide-de-camp to Lord Gough (medal and clasps). He became major 8 Dec. 1847, and was employed in command of a small detached force suppressing disturbances in Behar early in 1848 (, p. 143). He afterwards commanded the regiment in the Punjab war of 1849, and at the battle of Goojerat (medal and clasp). On 9 May 1 851 he became junior lieutenant-colonel at the age of thirty-two, passing over the head of Henry Havelock [q. v.], and having purchased all his steps save the first. In 1851–2 he was constantly employed on the Peshawur frontier, either in command of the 53rd (see ib. pp. 143–6) or attached to the staff of Sir Colin Campbell, lord Clyde [q. v.], who was in command on the frontier, and who appears to have formed


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 [ 361 ]

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Class and Order.

Generic Character.

Cor. tubulosa, fauce clausa filamentorum barba. Bacca 2-locularis polysperma.

Specific Character and Synonyms.

LYCIUM japonicum inerme, foliis ovatis nervosis planis, floribus sessilibus. ''Thunb. Fl. Jap. p.'' 93. tab. 17. ''Linn. Syst. Vegetab. ed.'' 14. ''Murr. p.'' 228. Ait. Kew. v. 1. p. 256.

LYCIUM ''fœtidum. Linn. Suppl.'' 150.

LYCIUM ''indicum. Retz. Obs.'' 2. p. 12. n. 21.

LIGUSTRO affinis, frutex baccifer fœtens, Buxi facie — Come Gommi, Mantees. ''Kæmpf. Amœn. Exot. p.'' 780.

BUCHOZIE ''coprosmoides. L'Herit. Monograph.''

White flowers represented on white paper, make a poor figure, especially if small; our delineation, therefore, as we have too frequently to lament, does not du justice to the original, which forms a neat thick bush of humble growth, and in the autumn produces numerous white flowers, somewhat like those of Jasmine, but without scene, as is the whole plant if not bruised; but if you strongly squeeze a flower-but or the top of a young shoot betwixt your thumb and finger, you will perceive a smell highly disgusting, which likes to that of human ordure: Professor, who has minutely described this plant in his ''Obs. Bot.'' denies the existence of this smell, and thus very unjustly impeaches the veracity of the learned and accurate : Professor


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Mansfield a very high opinion of him (frontier medal and clasp).

At this period Mansfield is said to have had a taste for journalism, and desired to become a bank director. To the end of his life he believed himself better fitted to conduct grand financial operations than anything else. On 28 Nov. 1864 he became colonel by brevet. At the outbreak of the Russian war he addressed a letter to Lord Panmure, then secretary of war, which was afterwards published as a pamphlet, advocating greater facilities for enabling militiamen with their company officers of all ranks to volunteer into the line. In April 1855 he exchanged to the unattached list, and was appointed deputy adjutant-general in Dublin, and in June the same year was sent to Constantinople, with the local rank of brigadier-general in Turkey, to act as responsible military adviser to the British ambassador, Lord Stratford de Redcliffe [see {sc|Canning, Sir Stratford, Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe}}, 1786-1880].

He arrived in Constantinople when the plan for relieving Kars with the Turkish contingent was under consideration. Mansfield was in constant communication with the Turkish authorities on the subject (see, Life of Stratford de Redcliffe, ii. 352). He afterwards accompanied the ambassador to the Crimea, and is said to have rendered valuable services, which from their very nature have remained unknown to the public. At the close of the war in 1856 he received the quasi-military appointment of consul-general at Warsaw, with the rank of brigadier-general in Poland. With the summer of 1857 came the tidings of the outbreak of the mutiny, and the appointment of Sir Colin Campbell (Lord Clyde) to the chief command in India. In an entry in his diary on II July 1857, Colin Campbell wrote : 'Before going to the Duke of Cambridge I had settled in my mind that my dear friend Mansfield should have the offer made to him of chief of the staff. His lordship (Panmure) proposed the situation of military secretary, but that I told his lordship was not worth his acceptance, and I pressed for the appointment of chief of the staff being offered to him, with the rank of major-general and the pay and allowances of that office in India' (, Life of Clyde, i. 405). Mansfield was appointed chief of the staff in India, with the local rank of major-general, 7 Aug. 1857. Clyde's biographer states that when passing through London to take up his appointment Mansfield was consulted by the government, and submitted a plan of operations based on the same principles as that communicated in confidence by Clyde to the Madras government on his way to Calcutta (ib. ii. 411). Mansfield was Clyde's right hand, his strategetical mentor, it was said, throughout the eventful period that followed. He was in the advance on Lucknow and the second relief in October 1857 (for which he was made K.C.B.), and at the rout of the Gwalior contingent at Cawnpore on 6 Nov. following. On the afternoon of the battle he was sent by Clyde to occupy the Soubahdar's Tank, a position on the line of retreat of the enemy's right wing. Mansfield halted rather than push through about a mile of ruined buildings, in which the mutineers were still posted, after dark, by which the enemy were enabled to get off with all their guns. His conduct on this occasion has been sharply criticised (, iv. 192; cf., ii. 41). With Clyde, Mansfield was in the advance on Futtehgur and the affair at Kalee Nuddee, at the siege of Lucknow (promoted to major-general for distinguished service in the field), m the hot-weather campaign in Rohilcund, the battle of Bareilly and the affairs at Shahjehanpore, the campaign in Oude in 1858-9, and the operations in the Trans-Gogra (medal and clasp). When the peril was past, on Mansfield fell the chief burden of reorganising the shattered fragments of the Bengal native army, dealing with the European troops of the defunct company, and conducting the overwhelming mass of official correspondence connected therewith. Some of his minutes at this period are models of lucidity. In December 1859 he was offered the command of the North China expedition, which he refused, and Sir James Hope Grant [q. v.] was appointed. He remained chief of the staff in India until 23 April 1860. He held the command of the Bombay presidency, with the local rank of lieutenant-general, from 18 May 1860 to 14 March 1865. During this period he was appointed colonel 38th foot in 1862, and became lieutenant-general in 1864. He also published a pamphlet 'On the Introduction of a Gold Currency in India,' London, 1864, 8vo. On 14 March 1865 he was appointed commander-in-chief in India and military member of council, a position he held up to 8 April 1870. In the supreme council he was a warm supporter of John, lord Lawrence [q. v.] (cf Mansfield's Calcutta speech reported in the Times, 9 Feb. 1869).

Mansfield's independent military commands in India cannot be said to have been successful. He was unpopular, and sometimes wanting in temper and judgment. He had painful and discreditable quarrels, the most damaging of which was the court-martial on a member of his personal staff, against whom he brought a string of charges of peculation and


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Mansfield  accounts, not one of which, after most patient investigation, could be substantiated or justified, although the officer was removed from the service on disciplinary grounds (see reports of the Jervis court-martial in the Times, July-September 1866, and the scathing leader in the same paper of 3 Oct. 1866). Mansfield, who became a full general in 1872, commanded the forces in Ireland from 1 Aug. 1870 to 31 July 1875. In Ireland, too, he was unpopular, and in some instances showed lamentable failure of judgment.

Mansfield was raised to the peerage on 28 March 1871, during Mr. Gladstone's first administration, under the title of Baron Sandhurst of Sandhurst, Berkshire, in the peerage of the United Kingdom. He took an active part in the House of Lords in the debates on army reorganisation, and predicted that abolition of the purchase system would result in 'stagnation, tempered by jobbery.' He was a good speaker, but is said never to have carried his audience with him in the house or out of it. He was a G.C.S.I. 1866, G.C.B. 1870, P.C. Ireland 1870, and was created D.C.L. of Oxford in 1870. He died at his London residence, 18 Grosvenor Gardens, 23 June 1876, aged 57, and was buried at Digswell Church, near Welwyn, Hertfordshire.

His character has been impartially drawn by Malleson: 'Tall and soldierly in appearance, it was impossible for any one to look at him without feeling certain that the man before whom he stood possessed more than ordinary ability. Conversation with him always confirmed this impression. He could write well; he could speak well; he was quick in mastering details; he possessed the advocate's ability of making a bad cause appear a good one. He had that within him to procure success in any profession but one. He was not and could not become a great soldier. Possessing undoubted personal courage, he was not a general at all except in name. The fault was not altogether his own. Nature, kind to him in many respects, had denied him the penetrating glance which enabled a man on the instant to take in the exact lay of affairs in the field. His vision, indeed, was so defective that he had to depend for information regarding the most trivial matters upon the reports of others. This was in itself a great misfortune. It was a misfortune made irreparable by a haughty and innate reserve, which shrank from reliance on any one but himself. He disliked advice, and, although swayed perhaps too easily by those he loved and trusted, he was impatient of even the semblance of control from men brought into contact with him only officially and in a subordinate position. Hence it was that in an independent command, unable to take a clear view himself, he failed to carry out the idea which to so clever a man would undoubtedly have suggested itself had he had leisure to study it over a map in the leisure of his closet' (, iv. 192-3).

He married, 2 Nov. 1854, Margaret, daughter of Robert Fellowes of Shottesley Park, Norfolk, by whom he left four sons and a daughter. His eldest son, William, second and present lord Sandhurst, succeeded him in the peerage. From 1886 till her death in 1892, his widow took a prominent part as a member of the Women's Liberal Federation in the agitation in favour of Home Rule and other measures advocated by Mr. Gladstone.  MANSHIP, HENRY (fl. 1562), topographer, was a native of Great Yarmouth, and carried on business as a merchant there. He was elected a member of the corporation in 1550, and soon took an active part in public affairs. The old haven having become obstructed, Manship was, in 1560, named as one of a committee of twelve persons on whom was devolved the responsibility of determining where the new haven should be cut. He says that he 'manye tymes travayled in and about the business, and it was chiefly through his influence that Joas or Joyce Johnson, the Dutch engineer, was brought from Holland, and the present haven constructed under his direction. On 11 Feb. 1562 Manship was appointed a collector of the 'charnel rents' with George King. He compiled a brief record of all the most remarkable events in the history of the borough, under the title, 'Greate Yermouthe : a Booke of the Foundacion and Antiquitye of the saide Towne,' which was printed for the first time by Charles John Palmer, [q. v.], in 1847, with notes and appendix. The manuscript then belonged to James Sparke of Bury St. Edmunds, but it was sold (lot 234) at Palmer's sale in 1882.

(d. 1625), topographer, son of the above, born at Great Yarmouth, was educated at the free grammar school there. He became one of the four attorneys of the borough court. On 4 Nov. 1579 he was elected town clerk, but resigned the office on 2 July 1585. He continued to be a