text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/215

194 Kami, we, us, also I. A polite expression whereby the speaker does not put himself above the person addressed, which he would do by using the pronoun aing. Imah, kami, my house. Kami kabéh daik ka gunung, we are all going to the mountains. (Mal. and Kawi, I, me; we, us.)

Kam-kam, a Chinese weapon of defence, like the blade of a sword mounted with a spear handle.

Kampa, to express oil with a peculiar press used by the natives and called Kampahan. (Mal. id.)

Kampahan, a wooden press to extract oil. There are two uprights set in two horizontal pieces, and by forcing in wedges the two uprights are driven together and thus exercise a great pressure on any oil producing matter placed between them.

Kampak, an axe; an axe such as used by Europeans and Chinese in contradistinction to the native axe called Baliyung, which see.(Kampak Jav. a great axe without a wooden shaft. Fr.)

Kampil, a bag, a large bag for Rice, Coffee &c. (Jav. A bundle, pak, bag.)

Kampu, a large wooden bucket or tub, in which oil is kept or measured. Ampuh, in Malay to overflow. Kampung, a village; is properly Malay, but is still from associating with Europeans and Chinese often used, especially to designate themselves as- orang kampung, village people, as distinct from foreigners. Kampung is probably derived from Kapung or Kepung to enclose, with the peculiar m interposed, giving it the sense of an enclosed place or village, as in rude states of society, every village was a fortified place. The usual word for village in Sunda is Lumbur. Kampung in Malay is not merely a village, but „an inclosure" a place surrounded with a paling; a fenced or fortified village; see Marsden in voce Page 267. The Etymon of Kampung signifying enclosure, is also heard in the Malay expression Kain běkampo which is another name for a Sarong. See Singapore Journal April 1849 Page 275.

Kampung, to mix, to associate.

Kampungkěn, to join together, to unite, to collect into a common stock, especially a number of small things or trading articles.

Kamudi, a helm, a rudder, an oar to steer by. (Mal. كمودي Kumŭdi; Jav. Kamudi, Kĕmudi, Kumudi.)

Kamuning, name of a tree common about towns and in cultivated places. It has a pretty white flower and yields a handsomely mottled wood. Murraya exotica of the family Aurantiaceae.

Kana, to become, for the purpose. Kana hadé mohal, It is not likely to do any good. Jadi kana goréng, It will turn out bad. This word is evidently compounded of the particle Ka which see, and na, his, her, its- possessive pronoun.

Kanang'a, name of a tree with its yellow flower, which is much sought after by the natives to stick in their hair, Unona Odorata. Kanari, name of a tree, the fruit of which yields a fine esculent oil; Canarium


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/64

60 believe that these effector elements are the most primitive members in the typical neuromuscular mechanism.

That there is absolutely no trace of nervous activity in sponges is probably not true, but their extreme inertness shows that this function is certainly in a most primitive state and corresponds at best probably only to that sluggish form of reception and transmission that Kraft (1890) demonstrated for ciliated epithelium and that is probably characteristic of other epithelia. Taking all in all, the only element of the neuromuscular mechanism that is really present in sponges is the effector as represented by the sphincters of the pores and oscula.

If independent effectors occur in sponges, it is not unlikely that they may be present in the higher animals, and as possible examples of these the sphincter pupillæ of the eye in vertebrates and the heart-muscle may be considered. The sphincter pupillæ is a ring of muscle imbedded in the iris and surrounding the pupil in the eyes of most vertebrates. Its contraction would naturally reduce the size of the pupil and thereby diminish the amount of light that enters the eye. In the higher vertebrates it is well known that this reaction has the character of a simple reflex in which the retina is the receptor, with the optic nerve as its transmitting organ, and the stem of the brain is the adjustor from which the oculomotor nerve transmits peripherally to the effector, the sphincter pupillæ. In the lower vertebrates, particularly in the fishes and amphibians, it has long been known that the sphincter pupillæ will react in a characteristic way even in extirpated eyes. This fact has been explained by those who cling to the idea of a reflex as due to intraocular nervous connections between the retina and the sphincter. But Steinach (1892) demonstrated the contraction of the pupil in the extirpated eyes of lower Vertebrates from which the retina had been removed and moreover he showed that when a minute beam of light was thrown on a part of the sphincter, that part contracted first and was followed later by the rest of the muscle, an observation recently confirmed by Hertel (1907) in the eyes of higher vertebrates, including man. It therefore seems quite certain that the sphincter pupillæ of the vertebrate eye, though usually controlled by nerves, is a muscle that can be directly stimulated and in this respect is an independent effector like the sphincters of the pores in sponges.

A second case of independent muscle action in the higher metazoans is the heart-muscle. This muscle for a long time past has been the occasion of much discussion. In the vertebrates it is still an open question whether the beat of the heart is primarily nervous or muscular in its origin and the neurogenic and the myogenic theories of heart action have had a lengthy history (Engelmann, 1904; Howell, 1906). To Harvey we owe not only the discovery of the circulation of the blood, but the first true ideas of the action of the heart, for he showed that

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/65

Rh the active phase of the heart-beat was during contraction, not during expansion, as had been generally supposed, and that the heart was in reality a muscular force pump. Harvey seems likewise to have had the idea, though perhaps not very clearly expressed, that the heart-beat was dependent upon the heart-muscle and not upon some extra-cardiac mechanism. In this sense he may be regarded as the founder of the myogenic theory. Later Willis pointed out that the stomach, intestine, and heart received nerves from the brain and he believed that the movements of these parts were controlled by such nerves; he therefore may be looked upon as the originator of the neurogenic theory. To account for the fact that the heart would continue to beat for some time after its removal from the body, it was assumed by the neurogenists that the branches of the nerves left in the substance of the heart when this organ was cut from the body were sufficient to maintain the heartbeat for some time, but Haller opposed this view and declared that the heart-muscle itself was directly stimulated by the blood that coursed through it. The older form of the neurogenic theory, however, was entirely swept away by the discovery of the brothers Weber that the vagus nerve when stimulated, instead of increasing the heart-beat brought this organ to a standstill. At about this time Remak described nerve ganglia within the substance of the heart and these have been accepted by the modern neurogenists as the nervous mechanism for the heart-beat. The fact that it is practically impossible to get adult, vertebrate heart-muscle free from nerve-cells has left the problem of the heart-beat in these animals in a situation difficult for experimental approach. That the heart-muscle in vertebrates is always a continuous one, the auricles and ventricles being connected by at least a slender bridge of muscle, favors the myogenic theory, as does also the fact that the beat can be reversed in that the ventricle can be made to contract first and the auricle afterwards. In fact the general proposition, clearly expounded by Gaskell (1900), that the vertebrate heart is a muscular tube over which a myogenic wave of contraction proceeds from the posterior to the anterior end, has much in its favor and yet there are facts enough to show that the neurogenic interpretation of the action of the adult vertebrate heart is not an impossibility. The unfavorable conditions that surround the study of the vertebrate heart have forced investigators to seek evidence concerning the nature of the heart-beat in other animals and as a result two remarkably clear sets of cases have been obtained. The first of these is the heart of the king-crab, Limulus. The heart of this animal, as Carlson (1904) has pointed out, possesses the unique feature of a complete anatomical separation of nervous and muscular parts. The heart itself is a long, segmented, muscular tube situated near the dorsal line of the animal. On the dorsal face of the heart is a median nerve-cord


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/66

62 ganglion-cells and connected with two parallel lateral nerve-strands that lie near the sides of the heart. This whole nervous mechanism may be dissected off from the heart, leaving this organ in other respects intact.

If a vigorous Limulus is opened from the dorsal side and the heart exposed, it will be seen to contract at the rate of about twenty beats per minute, and this is likely to continue under the conditions of simple exposure for some twelve to fifteen hours. If now the median nerve-cord and the lateral strands are dissected away, the heart comes to a standstill and never again shows a natural beat, though a stimulus applied directly to its substance will cause it to contract. If instead of removing the nerves, the median and lateral strands are cut through at any plane, care being taken not to injure the underlying heart-muscle, the two regions of the heart thus established beat independently and coordination of the heart as a whole is lost. If the nervous connections are left intact but the muscular heart is completely cut across in several places, the whole organ continues to beat in complete coordination. It is quite clear from these observations that the heart-beat of Limulus is absolutely dependent upon an extra-cardiac nervous mechanism and that this beat is carried out in exact accordance with the neurogenic theory. Since the artificial stimulation of a cardiac nerve in Limulus is followed by tetanus in the region of the heart under the control of this nerve, the conclusion is justified that the heart-muscle of Limulus is comparable rather with the skeletal muscles of this animal than with the so-called organic muscles, for skeletal muscles show tetanus when thus stimulated.

As Carlson himself remarks, however, the fact that the heart-beat of Limulus is neurogenic does not prove that the heart in other animals necessarily functions in a like way. In fact it is comparatively easy to point to another example in which the evidence for the myogenic beat is just as strong as that already presented for the neurogenic beat. This example is the tunicate heart. The tunicate heart, as for


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/67

Rh instance that of Salpa, is a muscular tube over which peristaltic waves run from end to end. As is well known, the direction of these waves reverses from moment to moment, running for a short interval toward the visceral end of the heart, advisceral waves, and then forward the respiratory end, abvisceral waves. In Salpa africana-maxima, to take a single instance, according to Schultze (1901), after 16 abvisceral waves had passed over the heart in some 20 seconds, a resting period of

2 seconds ensued, whereupon 18 advisceral waves occupying 25 seconds preceded another resting period, etc. When the heart is removed from the body of a Salpa, it continues to beat with characteristic reversal. Stimulation of the central nervous ganglion of a normal Salpa has no effect upon the heart-beat, and though a removal of this organ is followed by a reduction in the rate, the same reduction is to be observed when other parts of the body than the central nervous organ are cut

out. Small fragments of the heart of Salpa also beat rhythmically when entirely isolated, a fact recently confirmed by Hunter (1903) on Molgula, and a most careful search of these fragments has failed to reveal nerve-cells or nerve-fibers. It seems therefore clear that the rhythmic heart-beat of the tunicates is myogenic in origin. This seems also to be true of the embryonic, vertebrate heart, for His (1891) has shown that this organ beats at a time when no trace of nervous tissue can be discovered in it.


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/68

64 From this general discussion it is quite evident that the cardiac muscles of different animals act in very different ways and that while some, like the heart of Limulus, have a neurogenic beat, others like that of the tunicates have a myogenic beat.

From this rather lengthy digression we may return to the question raised in the earlier part of this lecture, namely, the possibility of the existence of physiologically independent muscles. This I believe to have been demonstrated in part at least in the sphincter pupillæ of the lower and perhaps all vertebrates, and wholly so in the tunicate heart and the embryonic vertebrate heart. The complete freedom of such muscles from nervous control and their dependence on direct stimulation for normal action is a repetition of a process that, in my opinion, characterized all primitive muscles such as we now meet with in the sphincters of sponges. Such muscles as these sphincters I believe to represent the original and primitive elements around which the other members of the neuromuscular mechanism, the sense organs and the central nervous organs, subsequently developed. In my opinion then, effectors in the form of muscles preceded in an evolutionary sense the receptors and adjustors, and formed the centers around which these organs developed later.


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/69

Rh

 Those who intend to study medicine are advised by the Medical Faculty to pay special attention to the study of Natural History, Chemistry, Physics, and the French and German languages, while in College.

This sentence of advice is contained in the catalogue of Harvard University issued in 1874. Thirty-two years later, at the dedication of the new buildings, it found more vigorous expression in the address of President Eliot.

It is here assumed that these special studies form a part of the work for a bachelor's degree in arts or science, which the student has obtained before beginning his medical studies. Two groups of competent teachers of medicine dissent from this advice—those who believe that the bachelor's degree is unnecessary, since two years of special college work are sufficient; and those who consider that the degree should be required, but as a result of studies in literature, art, history and philosophy, rather than in biological science. Some physicians, therefore, send their sons to college with the advice, "Study nothing which bears upon medicine: you will have enough of that later"; and of those who have followed these directions, some have succeeded notably, both as practitioners and scientists. Because of this difference of opinion, an explanation of the relation of certain college courses to the study of medicine may be helpful to students.

Zoology.—It has long been recognized by the public that zoology is not medicine. When Harvey studied the circulation of the blood, "he fell mightily in his practice." "Had anatomists only been as conversant with the dissection of the lower animals as they are with


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/70

66 that of the human body," he wrote in 1628, "the matters that have hitherto kept them in a perplexity of doubt would, in my opinion, have met them freed from every kind of difficulty." However, the public was unwilling to admit that this was a proper occupation for a physician, and in 1711 Addison wrote:

Huxley admits that he really has never been able to learn exactly why a physician is expected to know zoology, and writes:

This is a part of Huxley's argument for excluding comparative anatomy and botany from the curriculum of medical schools. As a preliminary training for the physician he approved of them, for later he wrote:

These fundamental truths are taught in college. In a general course in zoology the student should learn what an animal is, and into what great classes animals are divided. Representatives of these classes should be studied in the laboratory, and the probable relationship of one class to another, and of man to other mammals, should be considered.

The biological methods which the student should have learned in college include dissection and microscopic technic. It requires but little imagination to compare the work of two students beginning human dissection—one producing a set of instruments which he has already used, and proceeding to follow in minute detail structures similar to those which he has previously studied in the cat or rabbit; the other attempting to learn the general plan of the body and how to dissect, while he is supposed to be mastering the minutiae of human anatomy. Practise in the dissection of vertebrates and a general knowledge of their bones, muscles, nerves, vessels and organs are essential for good work in human anatomy.

Similarly in microscopic anatomy no student can afford to try to learn how to handle a microscope while his companions, by its use, are making rapid progress in the study of human tissues. The student


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/71

Rh who has learned how to cut and stain sections for microscopic examination will be at considerable advantage. Some medical schools give courses in this "microscopic technic," but the time is better spent in studying sections than in preparing them. It has been found by Professor Waite that the better medical schools afford less time for this subject than inferior schools. A college course in which the chief tissues are prepared and studied is therefore recommended.

Embryology, which deals with the development of the body from the egg-cell to the adult organism, is divisible into two parts. That which deals with the early stages and chiefly with lower vertebrates and the invertebrates, has grown up in zoological laboratories. That which deals with the formation of the organs and the nervous, vascular and muscular systems in mammals, and with the development of the membranes in man, has been studied especially in medical schools. It is this portion of the subject which is an invaluable aid in understanding anatomy, histology and pathology, and its study should precede the medical school work in these subjects. Unless this is possible in the medical school which the student is to attend, college work in embryology should be considered. Thus in the Medical Department of Johns Hopkins University, where the teachers of anatomy are distinguished for their researches in embryology, no medical school work in this subject is required; a college course is recommended.

Special courses in the anatomy of the nervous system are given both in college and in the medical school, though generally from different standpoints. The subject is so intricate that the college work will be found of considerable assistance.

Occasionally a college announces a course on some one group of animals, such as the protozoa, insects, or worms, as desirable in preparation for medicine. The knowledge of these groups obtained from the general course should be sufficient for a practitioner. The theoretical and statistical study of variation and heredity has only a general interest for medical students, and courses in systematic zoology are of still less importance.

The value of zoological courses as a preparation for anatomy and histology is shown in the following table, based upon the marks of the class which entered the Harvard Medical School in 1907. The table shows the number of men obtaining the grades A to E, A being the highest (90-100 per cent.), and E failure to pass (less than 50 per cent.).


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/72

72 From this table it is seen that the more zoology the student has taken the better his grade in anatomy and histology. As already stated, however, the practitioner must not specialize in anatomy, and the only college courses which it seems wise to recommend to all candidates for the medical school are as follows: General zoology, dissection of vertebrates, practise in the use of the microscope and in microscopic technic, elementary embryology.

Botany.—The study of plants is clearly less intimately related to medicine than the study of animals. The peculiar importance of the bacteria, however, makes a laboratory half-course in the morphology of plants, with special reference to the fungi, very desirable. This will give the student a more comprehensive idea of these organisms than can be obtained in a medical school; it will show their relation to yeasts, moulds and other low plants, some of which are of medical importance. At the same time the student will be trained in making accurate observations of natural phenomena and in reasoning on the basis of what he has himself observed. This ability, which may be cultivated both in botanical and zoological courses, is of the utmost value to the physician.

The study of the flowering plants was once intimately associated with medicine; and the array of drugs still used, which are derived from plants, would seem to make it important. The teacher of pharmacology, however, is not seeking students familiar with medicinal foxgloves and white poppies, but desires those well trained in chemistry. The botany of flowering plants is, therefore, not recommended.

Geology.—Geology appeals irresistibly to a "naturalist," but has little value for the physician. The air, soil and water are discussed in courses on hygiene, and in connection with drainage problems and water supplies geological knowledge is important. This, however, is not a sufficient reason for recommending geology.

Chemistry.—The study of chemistry in preparation for the work of a medical school is of great importance. Accordingly both a considerable amount of theoretical chemistry and not a little laboratory work are desirable.

General descriptive inorganic chemistry and qualitative analysis are a necessary introduction to all chemical study, and must come first in any plan of chemical training; they serve to familiarize the student with the characteristics of simple chemical processes and substances, and with the more elementary chemical theories. These courses must be followed by at least a brief course in organic chemistry, because that subject, with its unique and highly important theoretical development, is absolutely essential to an understanding of certain physiological processes; and it is of such a nature that it can be assimiliatedassimilated [sic], even in its most simple form, only after a considerable period of time has been devoted to its study.


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/73

Rh Quantitative analysis is important in another way. It gives valuable training to the hand and eye, and develops a particular form of accuracy which is required in biochemical work, and which enables the student to interpret justly the work of others.

Physical chemistry to-day contains a mass of material of the highest importance in all branches of biological science. An elementary acquaintance with it is essential for understanding such subjects as the physiology of the blood and the functional activity of the kidney and lung, since it explains the nature of solutions and the conditions governing the passage of substances through membranes.

Many medical schools require for entrance, work in general chemistry and qualitative analysis, and a few call for organic chemistry. These are essential. A half course in quantitative analysis and a half course in physical chemistry are desirable.

Physics.—Many students who are careful to take courses in biology and chemistry in preparation for medicine neglect physics entirely, or think that the elementary work done for admission to college is sufficient. A thorough college course, with laboratory work consisting of accurate measurements, is necessary for certain branches of medical practise and for the fundamental study, physiology. Physics is related to physiology in many ways. In studying muscular contraction the elements that constitute mechanical work and the action of levers should be known. For the study of the circulation it is necessary to understand the principles of hydraulics and the transmission of pressure in fluids; the laws of osmosis (studied in physical chemistry) aid in interpreting the diffusion of fluids between vessels and tissues. In considering the constructive and destructive changes in the body, the principle of the conservation of energy should be kept constantly in mind. To understand the maintenance of normal temperature and the changes in fever, some knowledge of the physics of heat is needed. An understanding of electricity is necessary for explaining the electrical changes produced in living tissues, and in order to stimulate tissues experimentally so that their activities may be studied. Electrical stimulation is used in treating certain diseases, and the physiological laboratory contains many pieces of electrical apparatus. The importance of the X-ray in medicine is sufficiently well known. In order to understand vision and the application of lenses to the eye, the principles of reflection and refraction must be understood. The nature of sound and its transmission through various media is similarly related to the physiology of hearing. It is a serious mistake to begin work in a modern laboratory of physiology before taking a thorough college course in general physics.

Mathematics.—The value of mathematics for medicine is indirect, since it is required chiefly in preparation for physics. The student


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/74

70 taking such a course in physics as has been recommended, should have had algebra, plane geometry and plane trigonometry. These courses come normally within the province of any good high school program. For advanced work in physics, solid geometry and higher mathematics are needed. For the benefit of medical students the mathematical requirement in certain special courses in physics is made as light as possible. It may be noted, however, that in the college course for future medical students outlined by Johns Hopkins University, the study of mathematics extends through two years.

Psychology.—Although psychology is a college study directly related to medicine, it appears that no medical school has yet required it for admission. A course in psychology often begins with a summary account of the nervous system and sense organs, and proceeds with the study of the states of consciousness. It discusses sensations and the nature of pain, and deals with instincts, memory, habits and the will. It gives the student a good understanding of "treatment by suggestion" and is a foundation for the study of abnormal minds, especially of hallucinations, illusions and delusions. Some knowledge of child development and an insight into sexual instincts, neurasthenia and psychasthenia are afforded by such a course. It is important for parts of physiology, pediatrics and internal medicine, and particularly for neurology and psychiatry. A half-course in psychology is therefore recommended.

French and German.—Since much of the progress of medicine is recorded in French and German publications, it is desirable, and in several schools it is required, that students should be able to read both of these languages. A beginning should be made before entering college. Courses in general literature, with practise in writing and speaking, will be found more profitable than those which are restricted to reading scientific prose. The importance of French and German in medicine is indicated by the number of periodicals in these languages for which medical libraries subscribe. The figures for the scientific libraries at the Harvard Medical School and for the Boston Medical Library, which is used largely by practitioners, are as follows:

Since this medical literature should be at the command of students and practitioners, and is indispensable for investigators, it is necessary to be able to read both French and German.

Other Foreign Languages.—Although important medical articles


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/75

Rh are published in Italian, and to a less extent in Spanish and other modern European languages, they are not so numerous as to justify a study of these languages. Latin is required for admission to certain medical schools, "in order to enable the student the more rapidly to master scientific and medical nomenclature." The international anatomical nomenclature is now entirely Latin and many of its terms are employed as English words. It is, therefore, very desirable that a student of medicine should have studied Latin as a part of his preparation for college. Greek is of much less importance, although it has supplied many barbarous medical terms.

English.—Although some students believe that in an examination in anatomy they should be marked upon anatomy alone, and not upon English, this is impossible. Every examiner, as well as every intelligent patient, will judge of the physician, in part at least, by his manner of expression. In a lot of examination books which had been marked in the usual way, there were a few with the grade A, and in none of these was there an example of strikingly bad English. The first book of low grade (60 per cent.) which was taken up, contained the following statement:

It is useless to assert that clear and well-ordered anatomical knowledge exists in a mind which can not express it.

The study of English literature in college is to be recommended not only for its utilitarian value, but as a source of recreation and diversion from specialized scientific studies. There may be a few medical students who need the advice which Holmes gave to the young practitioner: "Do not linger by the enchanted streams of literature," but many more should heed the warning—"Do not let your literary life become a memory—a reminiscence." Unfortunately there are those who enter medicine with nothing on which to found a literary reminiscence.

Drawing.—The principles of drawing are taught in connection with courses in the fine arts or in architecture. Accuracy of observation may be developed in such courses, for no sooner does one begin to draw or model an object than attention is called to many details otherwise overlooked. For this reason drawing is required in studying anatomy, especially microscopic anatomy, in certain medical schools; and inability to draw seems to many students a justification for deficiencies in these subjects. To be sure, their professors are often in a similar predicament: Ruskin says:


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/76

72

If a course in art can develop this ability, it should be considered by medical students. To perceive accurately is not only a source of great enjoyment in itself, but to a certain extent it is an aid to the practising physician. One medical school in the United States recommends drawing for admission, and another provides instruction in anatomical drawing as an elective course.

College Physiology and Hygiene.—Some colleges offer courses in physiology which are dilute presentations of medical school work. Thus, in one course, the student may be taught something of human anatomy, physiology, hygiene and medical bacteriology, all of which may be useful for those who are not intending to study medicine. It is wholly undesirable for the medical student to take time from other college work for the sake of such courses.

The Value of Research.—Some teachers believe that the original investigation of a subject in science, since it compels the student to think for himself and to depend upon his own observations, is worth several regular courses as a preparation for medical study. Certain researches, moreover, are not difficult. A study of the variation in the number of rays in the daisy, or of spinal anomalies in the salamander, might be made by an undergraduate if specially taught for this purpose. Such researches, however, are generally at the expense of fundamental education, and "researchlings" are not good students of elementary subjects.

Summary of Recommendations.—In the preceding pages it has been recommended that the medical student should have studied Latin, French, German, mathematics, physics and drawing in preparation for college; and that in college he should elect courses in zoology, botany, chemistry, physics, psychology, English, French and German, since these studies will be of direct value in connection with his work in the medical school. Between two and three years will be required for the recommended studies, but some time will be free for philosophy, history and political economy. These subjects are named since they


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/77

Rh are the ones not already discussed which were formerly required for the bachelor's degree, and which are now considered by some to be an essential part of a good education. Three full years of college work which have included such courses as have been recommended, and which have led to the bachelor's degree, will be accepted as a good preparation by any medical school in the United States.

The Value of the Bachelor's Degree.—The value of the bachelor's degree for students of medicine is now generally recognized. A few medical schools require it and many recommend it. Students should, however, be warned against believing that the degree may be earned by two years of college work. This low standard, thinly disguised by the fact that the degree is not given the student until he has spent two years in the medical school, has been adopted by many colleges and is sometimes announced with considerable satisfaction, as follows:

The incalculable advantages of such a combination course must commend themselves at a glance, alike to would-be medical students who realize the value of an academic degree to the physician, and to candidates for an academic degree who contemplate a medical career and hesitate before the length of time demanded by its preparatory work.

Not only should protest be made against reducing the college work to two years, but much might be said in favor of four years, leading to the master's degree. In the Harvard Faculty of Medicine there are fifteen men who graduated from college since 1890. Two of these are doctors of philosophy; of the remaining thirteen doctors of medicine, six are masters of arts. The positions held by the six masters of arts and the seven bachelors of arts, respectively, are as follows:

Since this list happens to include few practitioners, it may be noted that the college classes of '88-'90 supplied the faculty with six members, all practitioners; five of the six are masters of arts.

Not long ago, American medical schools received freely students with no college training. Scattered through the classes there were some who, without being required to do so, had obtained a college degree. The success of these men has been so notable that the requirements for admission are rapidly becoming more stringent. At Columbia University the effect of demanding one year of college work has been to eliminate that stratum of medical students described by Professor Wood as the submerged tenth. Most of the good schools now require two


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/78

74 years of college work, and the student is tempted to regard this as ample preparation. The community meanwhile is seeking not younger but abler physicians. A shorter preparation than that which was obtained by many leading practitioners of the present generation is not likely to make their successors more efficient.

The Value of Scientific Preparation.—There are some physicians who believe that the preparation which has here been recommended produces scientists and not practitioners. It is clear, however, that a single course in physiology, even a very thorough one, does not make a physiologist. The professor of embryology who addressed the students who had just finished his course as "fellow embryologists" was greeted with a roar of laughter. Some of those who know that scientists are not produced by the medical school course still assert that it develops an undesirable type of scientific practitioner. A graduating class has recently been told that "At the bedside science is sometimes a hindrance." Scientific knowledge is often contrasted with common sense and sympathetic humanity, as if they were incompatible and the patient must choose between them. The medicinal effect of a merry heart, known since the time of Solomon, has been rediscovered with great eclat, and the physician whom Holmes described as having a smile "commonly reckoned as being worth five thousand dollars a year to him" has his successors. The character of a physician is unquestionably of great importance, yet medicine is not an art of which "haply we know somewhat more than we know." No condemnation is too severe for a physician who, without adequate knowledge of the medical sciences, attends his patient with self-confidence and a genial smile.

The college student may well be assured that the way to financial and professional success in medicine is through long and careful preparation. In this great pursuit he will not become narrow. He will develop what Dr. James Jackson long ago described as "a mind liberalized by scientific studies," If he loses a certain breadth of culture because of specialization, still, as Cardinal Newman has said, "the advantage of the community is nearly in inverse ratio with his own."


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/79

Rh

EVOLUTIONIZING as the life work of Charles Darwin was in the fields of biology and psychology, one may doubt if his writings disturbed the intellectual peace anywhere more profoundly than in the "Sweet Jerusalem" of pre-Darwinian social philosophy. Borrowing a shocking thought from the Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus, Mr. Darwin, in due course of time, gave it back to Malthusians and Godwinites, to Ricardians and Ruskinites, to Benthamites and Owenites, with a new and terrific voltage.

Nine years before "The Origin of Species" was published, Herbert Spencer, in the concluding chapters of "Social Statics," had offered an explanation of society in terms of a progressive human nature, adapting itself to changing conditions of life. These chapters are the germ of that inclusive conception and theory of evolution which were elaborated in the ten volumes of the "Synthetic Philosophy." Five years later, or four years before "The Origin of Species" saw the light, Mr. Spencer, in the first edition of his "Principles of Psychology," set forth an original interpretation of life, including mental and social life, as a correspondence of internal relations to external relations, initiated and directed by the external relations. Finally, in April, 1857, Mr. Spencer published, in The Westminster Review, his epoch-marking paper on "Progress: Its Law and Cause," in which his famous law of evolution was partially formulated, and evolution was declared to be the process of the universe and of all that it contains.

Mr. Spencer thus had seen evolution in its whole extent, as adaptation and differentiation. He had not yet mentally grasped the universal redistribution of energy and matter, wherein every finite aggregate of material units, radiating energy into surrounding space, or absorbing energy therefrom, draws itself together in order-making, coherence, or distributes itself abroad in riotous disintegration. That universal equilibration, which in fact is the beginning and the end of evolution, was the aspect of the world which in thought Mr. Spencer arrived at last of all.

It is not given to any one human intellect to discover all truth, and there is more in evolution than even Mr. Spencer perceived, either at the beginning of his great work, or in the fulness of his powers. Intent upon the broader aspects of cosmic transformation, his mind did not


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/80

76 seize upon certain implications of universal rearrangement. In the concrete world of living organisms, equilibration becomes the relentless struggle for existence, in which the weakest go to the wall. Natural selection follows. It was this intensely concrete aspect that Mr. Darwin saw, and intellectually mastered.

The distinction here indicated between evolution as a universal process, comprehensively described by Spencer, and Darwinism, or Mr. Darwin's account of one vitally important and concrete phase of that process, has often been noted, and is usually observed by careful writers. It is of particular importance in any discussion of social evolution. To indicate how far our theories of social origins, our philosophies of history and of human institutions, have become not only evolutionist, in the Spencerian sense of the word, but also Darwinian, is the purpose of my lecture this afternoon.

It was not until the publication of "The Descent of Man," in 1871, when controversy over "The Origin of Species" had raged through twelve years of intellectual tempest, that the full significance of natural selection for the doctrine of human progress was apprehended by the scientific world. Mr. Spencer saw it when "The Origin of Species" appeared. Mr. Darwin himself had perceived that he must offer a credible explanation of the paradox that a ruthless struggle for existence yields the peaceable fruits of righteousness. But it was neither Mr. Spencer, nor Mr. Darwin, who first recognized the specific phase of the life struggle in which the clue to the mystery might be sought. The gifted thinker who made that discovery was Walter Bagehot, editor of the London Economist, whose little book on "Physics and Politics, or Thoughts on the Application of the Principles of Natural Selection and Inheritance to Political Society," was published, first as a series of articles in The Fortnightly Review, beginning in November, 1867. Mr. Darwin rightly calls these articles "remarkable." Revised and put together in book form they made a volume of only two hundred and twenty-three small pages in large type, but no more original, brilliant or, as far as it goes, satisfactory examination of the deeper problems of social causation has ever been offered from that day until now. It anticipated much that is most valuable in later exposition.

In the "Social Statics," Mr. Spencer had shown that primitive man, subsisting upon inferior species and contending with them for standing room and safety, necessarily developed a human nature adapted to the task of slaughter, cruel, therefore, and unscrupulous; but that triumphant posterity, inheriting a subjugated world, and no longer bound to kill, might become sympathetic enough to cooperate successfully in peaceful activities. The exact relation, however, of this process to group formation or to the collective activity of a cooperating group when formed, Mr. Spencer at this time certainly did not see. For, incredible though it may seem, Mr. Spencer did not at this time so much


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/81

Rh as make note of the terrific struggles for control of food-getting opportunities that occur among individuals or between groups of the same species, variety or race. Conflict among men of the same cultural attainments Mr. Spencer thought of only as prompted by surviving savage instincts, engendered by predatory habits, in the lawless youth of the race.

It was specifically the phenomena of group solidarity and of collective conflict, in distinction from a merely individual struggle for existence, which Mr. Bagehot selected for examination, and his mind penetrated directly to the essential conditions of the problem. He said:

Addressing himself to the question how the necessary likeness in mind and feeling are produced, Mr. Bagehot answers: By one of the most terrible tyrannies ever known among men, namely, the authority of customary law; and in accounting for the origin and force of custom, he develops a theory of the function of imitation which anticipates much, but by no means all, of the sociological theory of Gabriel Tarde. Custom, however, tends to create a degree of similarity among social units, and an unchanging way of life, fatal to further progress. To reintroduce and to maintain certain possibilities and tendencies toward variation is, as Bagehot sees the process, one of the chief uses of conflict. Social evolution thus proceeds through the conflict of antagonistic tendencies, on the one hand toward uniformity and solidarity; on the other hand toward variation and individuality. In some groups, one of these tendencies predominates. Contending together, group with group, in the struggle for existence, those groups survive in which the balancing of these tendencies secures the greatest group efficiency. It is not too much to say that in this interpretation, Mr. Bagehot arrived at conclusions which to-day we recognize as belonging to the theoretical core of a scientific sociology.

Mr. Darwin, in those chapters of "The Descent of Man" in which he treats of the origin of social instincts and the moral faculties, adopt? in substance the conclusions of Mr. Bagehot, and with his keen sense for what is essential, lays emphasis upon four facts, namely: (1) the


text:
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 75.djvu/82

78 importance of group or tribal cohesion as a factor of success in intertribal struggle, (2) the importance of sympathy as a factor in group cohesion, (3) the importance of mutual fidelity and unselfish courage, and (4) the great part played by sensitiveness to praise and blame in developing both unselfish courage and fidelity. In terms of these four facts, Mr. Darwin finds an answer to the question, how, within the conditions fixed by a struggle for existence, social and moral qualities could tend slowly to advance and to be diffused throughout the world.

That the studies of both Mr. Bagehot and Mr. Darwin left much still to be said on the subject of group feeling and cooperative solidarity was shown when, in 1890, Prince Peter Alekseevich Kropotkin published in The Nineteenth Century his fascinating articles on "Mutual Aid among Animals," afterwards supplemented by studies of mutual aid among savages and among barbarians. These articles contained nothing essentially new in theory, but they contributed to our knowledge an immense mass of facts demonstrating how great has been the part played by sympathy and helpfulness in the struggle for existence, and how inadequate would be any interpretation of natural selection which accounted for it wholly in terms of superior strength, cruelty and cunning. Mr. Darwin never claimed to offer an adequate explanation of the variations which natural selection preserves or rejects. He sometimes took them for granted, he sometimes spoke of them as accidental or fortuitous. He would have been the last to pretend that he had told us all that we should like to know about the beginnings of sympathy or of sensitiveness to praise or blame. But, starting from sympathy and the desire for approval as traits that may actually be observed among gregarious creatures, and that presumably have somehow had a natural origin, Darwin and Kropotkin convincingly demonstrate that groups possessing these qualities have a certain advantage in the struggle for life.

To account more fully for the origins, in distinction from the natural selection of the social qualities, was the problem that Mr. John Fiske attacked in his theory of the effects of prolonged infancy, first published in the North American Review of October, 1873, and a year later in the "Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy." Fiske discriminates between "gregariousness" and "sociality," without, however, sufficiently analyzing the one or the other, or quite defining the difference. By sociality he seems to mean a relatively high development of sympathy, affection and loyalty to kindred or comrades. He argues that sociality has its origin in small and permanent family groups. These are not necessarily monogamous at first. They may be polygamous or polyandrian, and may broaden out into clans. But they must be more enduring than matings observed in the merely gregarious herd.


text:
User:Jati155

Truth in Number Beasiswa Jalan Jakarta

title: User:Jati155


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/388

Rh Péjét, a speckled fowl, white and black.

Pĕkih, arabic: a high priest; a man well versed in the Mahomedan religion. A Mahomedan high priest attached to the old court of Bantam; an official of this designation is still consulted in some of the native law courts in Bantam.

Pěkir, arabic: a man well versed in the Mahomedan religion. A theologian. Pěkir masakat, the poor theologian, a man who stadies the Mahomedan religion, but being poor is forced to beg. A religious mendicant. Pělak, to plant, to put into the ground. Pělak guriang (vide voce) said of fruit trees and bambus found growing wild in the forests and mountains. Planted by the mountain spirits.

Pělěkat, instructions, mandates, precepts, behests. (From the Dutch plakaat, publication, notification). Pělěkatan, to give instructions or precepts, to issue behests. Pělěm, pleasant and luscious to the taste. Anything which is grateful to the taste, neither too dry nor too moist, as for instance ripe fruits, or well savoured meat.

Pělén, entire, ungelded, — is usually applied to buffaloes or bulls. Kěbo pělén, an entire buffaloe. Pělěpěs, said of seed-paddy which will not come up, being either too old, or from having laid piled in large heaps by sweating has lost its power of vegetation. Said of a fire when burning off jungle, which has subsided or is dying out. Pělér, the penis, — used as a word of insult. Pělés, the Dutch flesch, a flask bottle, a case bottle; square bottles, such as gin is imported in. Pélét, the wood naturally mottled black and white, and which is in great request for kris sheaths. It is procured from the Tangkélé tree. Pělit, deceiving, fraudulent. Acting contrary to promise. Pělkara, same as Pěrkara, which see. Pélla, viz Hoih pélla, name of a variety of rattan. Makes good lashings when split up, and much used in house building. Pélor, a ball, a bullet, for cannon or gun. Pelouro, (Portuguese), a ball. Pěluh, imbecile, wanting in manly force. Non potest feminam subire. Pěluk, to hug, to clasp, to embrace, to hold in the arms. The idiomatic word Luk, a bending, with the prefix Pa, made short Pě = Pěluk, a bending or embrace (of the arms). Pělus, a very long and thin gourd, about a couple of feet long. Pěmpěurěuman, an involuntary twinkling of the eye. Pěmpuhunan, the place in a paddy plantation, either in sawahs or in humahs, where the first paddy is transplanted in a sawah, or the first grain dropped in a humah, which is done with many superstitious observances. The Pěmpuhunan consists of the twigs of several various trees, which are considered emblematic of healthy growth. The etymon of the word is from Puhu, the lower stump of a tree, hence Puhu-an


text:
User:Mariapdw

Hanya buruh pabrik rokok yang ingin berpartisipasi dalam kompetisi ini. saat ini saya berdomisili di Kabupaten Kediri, Jawa Timur

title: User:Mariapdw


text:
Page:A Life of Matthew Fontaine Maury.pdf/147

Rh

consequence of his Inca Papers, and because of Maury's urgency on the subject, the Navy Department organized an exploring expedition for the Amazon and its tributaries, and placed it under the command of Lieut. William Lewis Herndon, U.S.N., who on his return from South American wrote a most instructive and valuable book, entitled, "Exploration of the Valley of the The Amazon".

This gallant officer whom Maury loved with a love "passing that of a woman" went down with his ship, the unfortunate 'Central America' in a storm off Cape Hatteras in 1857.

He lost his life in his devotion to duty, and while saving the women and children and passengers entrusted to his care. Maury being ordered by the Secretary of the Navy to prepare a report of the loss of this brave officer and his ship, wrote as follows:—

On the 12th day of Sept. last, at sea, the U.S. mail steamship, 'Central America,' with the California mails, many of the passengers and crew, and a large amount of treasure on board, foundered in a gale of wind.

The law requires the vessels of this line to be commanded


text:
User:Moivan

Truth in Number Beasiswa Jalan Jakarta

title: User:Moivan


text:
User talk:85.72.47.220

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource. We appreciate your contribution, but it unfortunately does not seem to be appropriate for Wikisource. Wikisource is a collection of previously published texts. If the page you contributed does not meet these requirements, it will be deleted shortly. Thank you. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 09:25, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:85.72.47.220


text:
User talk:117.206.42.148

A from this account or IP address, which appeared to be a test edit, was removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for this purpose. The community portal has information on contributing to this library. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 09:33, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:117.206.42.148


text:
User talk:59.57.14.78

A from this account or IP address, which appeared to be a test edit, was removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for this purpose. The community portal has information on contributing to this library. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 09:40, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:59.57.14.78


text:
User talk:Yudajatnika

Halo Yuda, Tidak perlu diganti karena tulisannya harus sama dengan naskah aslinya. 06Ivonne (talk) 10:20, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Selamat datang
Halo Yudajatnika, silahkan mulai menyunting. Tiga hari tidak menyunting akan langsung dianggap gugur. Peraturan kompetisi bisa dilihat disini, papan nilai bisa dilihat disini. Siska.Doviana (talk) 00:11, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

Gugur
Halo Yuda, Anda dianggap gugur karena sudah tiga hari tidak menyunting Special:Contributions/Yudajatnika. 06Ivonne (talk) 06:51, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yudajatnika


text:
User talk:Alexandersulu75

Selamat Datang
Halo Alexander, tolong sebutkan lokasi saat ini yah. Apabila tidak menyunting dalam tiga hari maka akan dianggap gugur. Penilaian dapat dilihat disini dan itu akan diperbarui secara berkala. 06Ivonne (talk) 10:26, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Gugur
Halo, Anda dianggap gugur karena sudah tiga hari tidak menyunting Special:Contributions/Alexandersulu75. 06Ivonne (talk) 06:55, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alexandersulu75


text:
User talk:Alfatikhul

Selamat Datang
Halo, tolong sebutkan lokasinya saat ini. Apabila tiga hari tidak menyunting akan dianggap gugur. Penilaian dapat dilihat disini dan akan diperbarui secara berkala. 06Ivonne (talk) 10:30, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Bukan anggota
Halo status anggota WMID nya saya hapus karena ikut lomba bukan berarti jadi anggota ;-) jadi anggota WMID ada prosesnya dan berbayar. Terima kasih, salam Siska.Doviana (talk)

Gugur
Halo, Anda dianggap gugur karena sudah tiga hari tidak menyunting Special:Contributions/Alfatikhul. 06Ivonne (talk) 06:58, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alfatikhul


text: User:GilangPradipta

title: User:GilangPradipta


text:
User talk:Anjar Prihatanto Pamilih

Selamat Datang
Halo Anjar, Selamat datang. Apabila tidak menyunting selama tiga hari maka akan dianggap gugur. Penilaian dapat dilihat disini dan itu akan diperbarui secara berkala. Selamat menyunting! 06Ivonne (talk) 10:36, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Gugur
Terima kasih telah berpartisipasi pada kompetisi Beasiswa Perjalanan Jakarta, berdasarkan catatan kontribusi pengguna, anda dinyatakan gugur oleh panitia per 10 Juli 2012 karena tidak menyunting setelah tanggal 6 Juli. Sampai bertemu dikompetisi selanjutnya! Siska.Doviana (talk) 10:37, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anjar Prihatanto Pamilih


text:
Page:Australian Emigrant 1854.djvu/145

 "When I made my first excursion into the bush, my mind was well crammed with dreadful yarns of bush-rangers and blacks. I left the town armed for a fight, and the weight of the ammunition I carried far exceeded that of my grub. I have grown wiser since then. The object I had in view was to find out an old friend and schoolfellow who had located on the Goulburn. You will not be surprised to hear that more than once on my journey I got out of my reckoning, and one evening, after a day's wandering, scarcely knowing in what direction, it was with no slight degree of satisfaction I saw a hut in the distance. On reaching it I found it occupied by two men, whose appearance made me almost regret I had fallen in with them. One was deformed, his face was nearly hidden by a crop of red whiskers, that part of it which was to be seen was not calculated to make a favourable impression upon a stranger. His 'chum' as he called him, was quite as ill-looking, with the additional disadvantage that all his face was exposed, for he had no whiskers. They gave me a surly welcome, and a feed off a kangaroo haunch, and I thought they appeared anxious that I should turn in, which I was not sorry to do, being very tired, A loud peal of thunder awakened me out of a dream in which, I remember, two ruffianly bushrangers, the counterparts of my entertainers, played a horribly conspicuous part. As I awoke I saw the two men seated over the fire, and my dream seemed to have assumed a reality: they were whispering and muttering indistinctly to each other. Hearing the words 'old man' repeated frequently, I listened more attentively. 'He died game though' said one, 'the first shot smashed his arm, but he fought well arder that. I settled him at last, though'—and here he drew his hand across his throat. I felt anything but comfortable, and my suspicions were not relieved by the events which ensued.

title: Page:Australian Emigrant 1854.djvu/145


text:
User talk:Jagunk55

Selamat Datang
Halo, tolong sebutkan lokasi Anda saat ini. Tiga hari tidak menyunting akan dianggap gugur. Penilaian dapat dilihat disini dan akan diperbarui secara berkala. Selamat menyunting! 06Ivonne (talk) 10:42, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Gugur
Terima kasih telah berpartisipasi pada kompetisi Beasiswa Perjalanan Jakarta, berdasarkan catatan kontribusi pengguna, anda dinyatakan gugur oleh panitia per 9 Juli 2012 karena tidak menyunting setelah tanggal 5 Juli. Sampai bertemu dikompetisi selanjutnya! Siska.Doviana (talk) 11:18, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jagunk55


text:
User:Marccc

{| width="100%"
 * style="vertical-align:top" |
 * style="vertical-align:top" |

about me
''more? - comming soon''

 * name: Martin
 * nickname: Marccc
 * date of birth: 16th of November 197x
 * Marccc comes from: Munich (Germany)
 * Marccc lives in: Stuttgart (Germany)
 * my userpages
 * commons
 * de
 * en
 * wikisource

 * more information:
 * (soon)

 * width="30%" style="vertical-align:top" |

Hello
... and welcome to my user site.

 * colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" |
 * colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" |

For correcting links and spelling mistakes on this page I`m thankful. Messages to me please write only on my discussion page!

 * }

title: User:Marccc


text:
Page:Australian Emigrant 1854.djvu/146

124 "'Where did you stow him?' inquired the deformed one.

"'Outside' was the reply; 'and now I think on it, I should have put him out of sight: I'll do it at once.' He left the hut for a few moments, and returned with his hands smeared with blood.

"I need not tell you I slept no more for that night, and that I left as early as I could the next morning without exciting suspicion. Not far from the hut I passed a heap of bark, a little pool of blood stood near it which had trickled from some object—I had little doubt what that object was—hidden underneath.

"Very soon after leaving, I was fortunate in meeting with the settler to whom the hut belonged, in which I had slept, and I told him of the conversation I had overheard, and my impression that some dark deed had been committed. We returned together, and I could see that my sudden re-appearance took the inmates quite by surprise. The master asked a few common-place questions, to which it struck me the answers were unsatisfactory and confused.

"Without further hesitation I led him to the heap of bark, underneath which, I had little doubt, lay the victim of a barbarous deed. As the horrible mystery was being revealed, I was not surprised to find the two men narrowly observing our motions from the hut, but when the removal of the last sheet of bark was accompanied by a loud roar of laughter from the owner of the station, I was considerably flabbergasted.—Oh murder! murder!" he cried, 'I shall die o'laughing—why it's an old man sure enough.' There indeed lay the body, but it was of an old man kangaroo—a regular boomer: there was a gash across the throat and one fore arm was broken. Didn't I feel uncommonly small at the 'dreadful revelation.' So the murder was out. Now for the moral," said Dodge, assuming

title: Page:Australian Emigrant 1854.djvu/146


text:
Page:Australian Emigrant 1854.djvu/147

 a look of mock gravity.—"Don't put down the ugliest fellows for the greatest rascals, nor jump at conclusions on hearing only the fag end of a yarn."

After our explorers had spent several days and had penetrated some distance into the ranges at the back of Westernport, they could well have imagined themselves in another land. The country was altogether of a different character to any which they had yet passed through. They travelled in the midst of gloom, for the foliage of the lofty trees meeting far overhead, prevented more than an occasional stream of sun-light falling upon the moist earth. The air was laden with a scent of musk which became most oppressive, though the silvery leaves of the straggling shrubs from whence the odour proceeded tended slightly to enliven the prospect. Though the sun had risen some hours, yet the atmosphere was humid and unwholesome. The general silence which prevailed became painfully perceptible by the distinctness with which each drop of water could be heard as it fell on the underlaying leaves, seemingly accompanied by tiny echoes. During the day few sounds of birds or beasts, nor even of insects, helped to dispel the universal gloom. The valleys were, if possible, more thickly timbered than the tops of the hills. They abounded with tree ferns, which there appeared to attain their greatest luxuriance. Such was the general character of the region through which they were passing.

"This don't suit me," said Dodge, almost out of temper; "I don't want to learn the philosophy of a man's eating his boots: I'm not so fond of leather as that; and I don't wish to enjoy such an appetite as would induce me to eat a black fellow stuffed with broken bottles, and I like to know when it's day and when it's night—this ain't neither, and I don't like your high districts: I like a low neighbourhood. A pretty place this in

title: Page:Australian Emigrant 1854.djvu/147


text:
User talk:Jati155

Selamat Datang
Halo, tolong sebutkan lokasi anda saat ini untuk pendataan panitia. Tiga hari tidak menyunting akan dianggap gugur. Penilaian dapat dilihat disini dan akan diperbarui secara berkala. Selamat menyunting! 06Ivonne (talk) 10:58, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Gugur
Terima kasih telah berpartisipasi pada kompetisi Beasiswa Perjalanan Jakarta, berdasarkan catatan kontribusi pengguna, anda dinyatakan gugur oleh panitia per 12 Juli 2012 karena tidak menyunting setelah tanggal 8 Juli. Sampai bertemu dikompetisi selanjutnya! Siska.Doviana (talk) 13:41, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jati155


text:
User talk:Mariapdw

— billinghurst  sDrewth  07:45, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Selamat Datang
Halo Maria, tolong sebutkan lokasi anda saat ini untuk pendataan panitia. Tiga hari tidak menyunting maka akan dianggap gugur. Penilaian dapat dilihat disini dan akan diperbarui secara berkala. Selamat menyunting! 06Ivonne (talk) 10:59, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

lokasi saya di Kediri, Jawa Timur Mariapdw (talk) 07:07, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Halaman habis - peserta untuk terus menyunting agar tidak gugur
Halo Maria, Charis memberitahukan pada panitia bahwa halaman sudah habis. Ini panitia sadari beberapa jam yang lalu. Pengumuman beasiswa akan kita matikan lebih cepat dari rencana, karena halaman merah sudah tidak ada atau harus diidentifikasi berapa yang betul di "proofread" (kaji halaman) tetapi belum dikerjakan. Para peserta yang masih bertahan diharapkan untuk terus menyunting baik itu memvalidasi halaman atau memperbaiki halaman hingga tanggal 17 Juli, agar tidak gugur sembari panitia menghitung skornya. Untuk melihat halaman seluruhnya, silahkan klik kamus dalam versi halaman lengkap dan betulkan halaman yang bermasalah untuk terus menyunting. Terima kasih dan semoga yang terbaik yang menang. Siska.Doviana (talk) 13:07, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mariapdw


text:
User talk:Moivan

Selamat Datang
Halo Moivan, tolong sebutkan lokasi Anda saat ini untuk pendataan. Apabila tidak menyunting selama tiga hari maka akan dianggap gugur. Penilaian akan diperbarui dan dapat dilihat disini. 06Ivonne (talk) 11:05, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Gugur
Terima kasih telah berpartisipasi pada kompetisi Beasiswa Perjalanan Jakarta, berdasarkan catatan kontribusi pengguna, anda dinyatakan gugur oleh panitia per 9 Juli 2012 karena tidak menyunting setelah tanggal 5 Juli. Sampai bertemu dikompetisi selanjutnya! Siska.Doviana (talk) 11:16, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Moivan


text:
User talk:Rians rhanx~enwikisource

Selamat Datang
Halo, tolong langsung disebutkan lokasi Anda saat ini yah. Apabila tidak menyunting selama tiga hari akan dianggap gugur. Penilaian dapat dilihat disini dan akan diperbarui secara berkala. 06Ivonne (talk) 11:07, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Gugur
Halo, Anda dianggap gugur karena sudah tidak menyunting selama tiga hari Special:Contributions/Rians_rhanx. 06Ivonne (talk) 06:43, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rians rhanx. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rians rhanx~enwikisource that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:31, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:48, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rians rhanx~enwikisource


text:
User talk:Sheilladifa

Sheilla Difa Ramadhiani,lahir tanggal 8 Januari 1999.Tinggal di Tangerang Selatan.Sekarang Ia bersekolah di SMPN 4 Tangerang Selatan.

Halo Sheilla, Terakhir anda menyunting tanggal 6 Juli 2012, bila hari ini tidak menyunting juga maka akan dianggap gugur. Penilaian dapat dilihat disini. 06Ivonne (talk) 08:43, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

Halaman habis - peserta untuk terus menyunting agar tidak gugur
Halo Sheila, Charis memberitahukan pada panitia bahwa halaman sudah habis. Ini panitia sadari beberapa jam yang lalu. Pengumuman beasiswa akan kita matikan lebih cepat dari rencana, karena halaman merah sudah tidak ada atau harus diidentifikasi berapa yang betul di "proofread" (kaji halaman) tetapi belum dikerjakan. Para peserta yang masih bertahan diharapkan untuk terus menyunting baik itu memvalidasi halaman atau memperbaiki halaman hingga tanggal 17 Juli, agar tidak gugur sembari panitia menghitung skornya. Untuk melihat halaman seluruhnya, silahkan klik kamus dalam versi halaman lengkap dan betulkan halaman yang bermasalah untuk terus menyunting. Terima kasih dan semoga yang terbaik yang menang. Siska.Doviana (talk) 13:07, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Gugur
Halo Sheilla, terakhir anda menyunting tanggal 9 Juli 2012 dan karena tidak menyunting lagi selama tiga hari maka dianggap gugur. Penilaian bisa dilihat di tabel ini. Terima kasih atas partisipasinya. 06Ivonne (talk) 05:21, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sheilladifa


text:
User talk:Marccc

=Hello=

Welcome
Welcome

Hello, Marccc, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * Help pages
 * Style guide
 * Inclusion policy
 * For Wikipedians

You may be interested in participating in Add the code active projects, PotM or CotW to your page for current wikisource projects.
 * Proofread of the Month
 * Community collaboration
 * Requested texts

You can put a brief description of your interests on your user page and contributions to another Wikimedia project, such as Wikipedia and Commons.

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikisource, the library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please "sign" your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question.

Again, welcome! Zyephyrus (talk) 14:25, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marccc


text:
Page:The White Peacock, Lawrence, 1911.djvu/278

was the Sunday after Leslie’s visit. We had had a wretched week, with everybody mute and unhappy.

Though Spring had come, none of us saw it. Afterwards it occurred to me that I had seen all the ranks of poplars suddenly bursten into a dark crimson glow, with a flutter of blood-red where the sun came through the leaves; that I had found high cradles where the swan’s eggs lay by the waterside; that I had seen the daffodils leaning from the moss-grown wooden walls of the boat-house, and all, moss, daffodils, water, scattered with the pink scarves from the elm buds; that I had broken the half-spread fans of the sycamore, and had watched the white cloud of sloe-blossom go silver grey against the evening sky: but I had not perceived it, and I had not any vivid spring-pictures left from the neglected week.

It was Sunday evening, just after tea, when Lettie suddenly said to me:

“Come with me down to Strelley Mill.”

I was astonished, but I obeyed unquestioningly.

On the threshold we heard a chattering of girls, and immediately Alice’s voice greeted us:

“Hello, Sybil, love! Hello, Lettie! Come on, here’s a gathering of the goddesses. Come on, you just make us right. You’re Juno, and here’s Meg,


text:
Page:The White Peacock, Lawrence, 1911.djvu/279

Rh she’s Venus, and I’m—here, somebody, who am I, tell us quick—did you say Minerva, Sybil dear? Well you ought, then! Now Paris, hurry up. He’s putting his Sunday clothes on to take us a walk—Laws, what a time it takes him! Get your blushes ready, Meg—now Lettie, look haughty, and I’ll look wise. I wonder if he wants me to go and tie his tie. Oh, Glory—where on earth did you get that anti-macassar?”

“In Nottingham—don’t you like it?” said George referring to his tie. “Hello, Lettie—have you come?”

“Yes, it’s a gathering of the goddesses. Have you that apple? If so, hand it over,” said Alice.

“What apple?”

“Oh, Lum, his education! Paris’s apple—Can’t you see we’ve come to be chosen?”

“Oh, well—I haven’t got any apple—I’ve eaten mine.”

“Isn’t he flat—he’s like boiling magnesia that’s done boiling for a week. Are you going to take us all to church then?”

“If you like.”

“Come on, then. Where’s the Abode of Love? Look at Lettie looking shocked. Awfully sorry, old girl—thought love agreed with you.”

“Did you say love?” inquired George.

“Yes, I did; didn’t I, Meg? And you say ‘Love’ as well, don’t you?”

“I don’t know what it is,” laughed Meg, who was very red and rather bewildered.

“ ‘Amor est titillatio’—‘Love is a tickling,’—there—that’s it, isn’t it, Sybil?”


text:
Page:A Wayfarer in China.djvu/141

 OR once the sun was shining gloriously as we descended the one long street of Ta-Shu-p'u, lined with food-shops, to the ferry across the Ta Tu Ho, here about six hundred feet wide. Unlike the crossing of the Yangtse at Lung-kai, where we were the only ones to be ferried over, we found ourselves here in a crowd of coolies and ponies impatiently waiting their turn, for we were now on a main travelled road. The two great flat-bottomed boats were loaded to the brim, and the crossing was safely accomplished to the tune of much shouting and kicking (by the ponies). Sitting at ease in my chair I enjoyed the grand views up and down the river, which here swings out from the cliffs in a splendid curve. Above and below the ferry the Ta Tu runs through a wild, little-known region. Few trails cross the precipitous mountains that hem in its turbulent waters, which are navigable for short distances only by timber rafts, and even on these the dangers of the journey are so great that the owners of the timber are expected to bind themselves to provide coffins in case of a fatal accident.

title: Page:A Wayfarer in China.djvu/141


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/271

250 Lěndi, name of a fish inhabiting pools in caverns in the ground.

Lénéng, beardless as paddy; without awns.

Lěng, the idiomatic expression of telling to walk off, or of walking off. Lĕng, gĕrrah kaditu dĕui, be off! and bear a hand and go there again. Lng bdlik ka imah, and off I went on my return home.

Lĕng'ĕr, naughty as a child.

Lénggang, the swinging about of the arms, either in walking or in dancing. A pole tax called Pajĕg lénggang, exacted from those who do not plant and  therefore do not pay a regular Paddy tax. The synic idea conveyed is that such persons are taxed for swinging their arms about.

Léngkéh, a small waist; a mark of beauty in a native's idea.

Léngkéng, The celebrated Chinese nut and tree of this name. The dried nuts are much imported from China. Euphoria Litschi.

Léngkéng, afflicted with the venereal disease.

Lĕngkĕp, complete, perfect, prepared beforehand.

Lĕngkĕt, clammy, viscous. Said of Kawung toddy which will not boil to sugar and set, but remains like molasses or treacle.

Lĕnglĕngan, daft, imbecile; not in a right state of mind.

Léng'o, unloaded, not carrying anything with one, unincumbered; unmarried. Nuntun kuda léng’o, led an unloaded horse.

Léngsar, smooth and even on the surface; free from asperities.

Léngsér, a petty official. A subordinate used by men of rank.

Lĕnjĕng, straight, not crooked.

Léntah, a leech, a bloodsucker. Hirudo.

Lényap, to disappear, to vanish. To kĕbĕl dĕui lényap bai, not long afterwards he disappeared.

Léob, to boil, to cook in water.

Léor, a variety of long gourd- Cucurbita villosa. Called in Malay Baligo.

Léos, to act contrary to orders , to be perverse.

Lĕp, the idiomatic expression of folding down, or laying down in layers. This is the etymon of the lap in Salapan, Dalapan , the numbers nine en eight , which mean literally-one fold down -two folds down, from the ten fingers held up.

Lĕpan, a fold down, a layer. Lĕpan paré, a layer of bundles of paddy as piled in store.

Lĕpéhkĕn, to spit out the superfluous saliva from the mouth, which accumulates in chewing beetle.

Lĕpot, let go, let slip, slipped out.

Lépotkĕn, to let go, to release, to set free.

Lépus, every where examined, and carefully investigated, especially as a country, a district, a forest , or a plantation.

Lés, the idiomatic expression of getting out of the way, of sneaking off. Lĕs bai ngilĕs, and he suddenly sneaked off. Lĕs owoh, and in a jifiey he was gone.


text:
Page:A Wayfarer in China.djvu/142

 On the farther side we landed on a stretch of shingle, across which we picked our way for a mile to the prosperous trading centre of Fulin, lying on the right bank of the Liu Sha, or "River of Flowing Sand," a small stream flowing into the Ta Tu from the north. Our path led outside the town on the top of a narrow earth embankment, which bordered an irrigating ditch carried along the side of the hill. I should gladly have got off, but there was no chance to dismount save into the water on the one hand or into the valley thirty feet down on the other. But I think you can trust the Yunnan pony anywhere he is willing to go, and mine did not hesitate. In fact, he never balked at anything asked of him save once at a shaky "parao," or footway, constructed along the face of the cliff on timbers thrust into holes bored in the solid rock, and another time when he refused a jump from a boggy rice-field to the top of a crumbling wall hardly a foot wide with another bog on the other side.

Fulin was crowded with coming and going coolies and I could hardly force my way through, but one gets used to staring crowds, and I had long since abandoned the practice of taking refuge in my chair on entering a town, save at the largest ones. Then it was certainly pleasanter and perhaps safer to make my way through the throng enthroned high on the shoulders of my coolies, but in the villages I walked or rode my pony as chance served. Even in the

title: Page:A Wayfarer in China.djvu/142


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/522

Rh Toblong, with a hole broken through the bottom or side, so that you can see through. Burst open in a gap.

Toblongan, to make a hole in. To make or force an opening.

Toblos, burst open, disrupted.

To-él, to touch lightly with the point of the finger, or with the point of a stick. To touch by reaching at from a distance. To tickle a young woman, to poke at her in fun.

Togaran, to beat or thump violently,—as with a crowbar or with a beam of wood. Using a crowbar to burst open anything.

Togé, the kachang taněuh, or ground-nut swollen and burst with vegetation, by exposure to wet. Such Togé being fried is eaten and considered by the natives as a delicacy.

Togog, a character in Pantuns, the son of Samar; he is represented as a monkey.

Tohaga, strong and powerful.

Tojér and Tojérkén, to kick out with the feet. To shove and stamp at with the foot. Di tojér ku suku, he stamped at it with his foot.

Tojérěun, at the feet. Near the place where the feet come, as the end of a bed, or end of a sofa, where the feet are when lying down. A refined expression.

Tojo-an, to work at here and there. To pick out here and there. To do something at here and there. Not each and every one, but only some. Di mana nu goréng kudu di tojo-an di hadéan, wherever it is bad you must repair it here and there.

Tok, the idiomatic expression of knocking. Tok bai di kětrokan, rapping he gave it a knock. Tok-tokan, to rap, to knock at.

Toké, a large description of house lizard, called in Malay Géko. Both words being taken from the peculiar loud cry of the animal. A large one is six inches long in body with a tail of five inches more. The animal is nearly four inches in circumference round the belly, bites hard and is speckled with various colours. It walks and runs along the ceiling of a room as easy as on a flat table, the paws being peculiarly formed for that purpose.

Tokér, to push backwards with the foot. To give a shove at with the foot so as to throw backwards. See Tajong, to kick forwards.

Toko, the weevil in rice. A small black beetle which never fails to make its appearance in rice which has been ground some time. It is the Calandra Oryzae.

Toko, the shop of an European. A merchant's office. A place where merchandise is sold.

Tolok, bambu baskets with lids fitting to them, for the purpose of carrying any goods with greater safety. Two such Toloks are generally carried by one man, one at each end of a stick laid across the shoulders.

Tolu, three, more frequently Tilu, but Tolu is in constant use at Jasinga. To-lu is probably To-ru, not of one appearance, disparity, as two was expressed by Rua = parity. In many of the languages of Polynesia three is expressed by Talu, Télu or Tolu, all having evidently the same meaning. Oru occurs at Saparua, Toru at the Marquesas,


text:
Page:A Wayfarer in China.djvu/143

 smallest places our entrance was the signal for an uproar. The scores of dogs—big, gaunt pariahs—that infested every village, greeted us as we passed through the gate with a chorus of barks, sending the word down the line. To his credit be it said, Jack paid little attention to them, tittupping along, head up, tail up, only when they came too close turning on them with a flash of white teeth that sent the cowardly brutes flying and brought cries of delight from the village folk who crowded nearer to inspect the strange dog, so small, so brave, and so friendly.

Seen from within, Fulin was not attractive and I escaped outside leaving my men to get their breakfast, which they generally had at about nine o'clock, for the Szechuan order of day is not like that of Yunnan. We were on the road often before six o'clock, and my cook always succeeded in getting me some tea before starting, but the coolies fasted until eight or after, when they stopped for a hearty breakfast. At noon there was usually a second long halt, this time for me and the pony, but the coolies took nothing more save the hourly cups of tea until we reached our night's stopping-place about the middle of the afternoon. The start at dawn was delightful; less so getting into the town with half an afternoon before me, and I made it the rule to stop a mile or so outside the town for a nap in peace and quiet, but the quiet was hard to find. Generally there

title: Page:A Wayfarer in China.djvu/143


text:
Page:A Wayfarer in China.djvu/144

 was a retired nook not too far from the trail, most times a graveyard, but then came the difficulty of getting there unobserved, for if seen we were sure to be tracked. Oh, the races I have run, playing hide-and-seek with the crowd, stealing under a village wall like a thief, hiding behind a little shrine, and the end was always the same, to be wakened from my first nap by Jack barking at a large blue spot a little distance off, which slowly resolved itself into a stolid line of villagers.

For a few miles we followed up the left bank of the Liu Sha, whose waters were turbid with the red soil of Szechuan. The fertile bottom lands were carefully cultivated with rice, and on the higher ground maize and sugar-cane were growing. Dotted about the fields were clumps of mulberry and orange trees, and the flanks of the enclosing mountains were covered with a sparse growth of oak and pine.

After a time we climbed by a long, steep rock staircase to another valley some fifteen hundred feet above the level of Fulin and into cooler weather and clearer air. Just before entering Han Yuan Kai, where we spent the night, we passed under a very beautiful "pailou," or memorial arch, built of stone and elaborately carved with spirited figures representing historic scenes. The workmanship and variety of these arches are very remarkable. They abound all over Szechuan, especially in the Chengtu

title: Page:A Wayfarer in China.djvu/144


text:
Page:A Wayfarer in China.djvu/145

 plain, and usually commemorate the good deeds of an official (his best act, perhaps, was setting up this memorial to himself), or the virtues of some woman whose merit lay almost invariably in many years, or many children, or above all in remaining a widow. I have heard of a pailou in Kwangtung province in honour of a woman marked out among women for her years, her goodness, and above all for her many descendants, who numbered six sons, forty grandsons, one hundred and twenty-one great-grandsons and two great-great-grandsons.

Han Yuan Kai is on the mandarin road that connects Chengtu and Ya-chou with the frontier. Here we entered a new magistracy, and it was necessary to send to Ch'ing Ch'i, the district headquarters, for a fresh relay of soldiers. One of those who had come with me from Ta-shu-p'u started at once on our arrival at Han Yüan Kai about the middle of the afternoon, and made the journey, twenty-five li each way, to Ch'ing Ch'i-hsien and back before night, bringing with him the two men who were to go on with me. Truly the West China man is no weakling.

During the next day we were following the great tea-road, the road by which most of the twelve million pounds of brick tea consumed by the guzzling Tibetans is carried to the frontier market at Tachienlu. At all hours of the day straggling lines of men or ponies or mules were in sight, toiling along under

title: Page:A Wayfarer in China.djvu/145


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/273

252 Lěuncha, a shrubby plant. Solanum nigrum.

Lěunchang, and lěunchangěun, said of the skin rubbed sore or chafed.

Lěung'an, the hand. The fore leg of a beast, especially when killed for food. The fruit stem of the Kawung Palm tree, from which is tapped the toddy , which is boiled down into Java Sugar Panjang lěungan, long handed, means a thief. (Cf. Mal. Tangan. Jav. and also Mal.(java) lěngěn, (arabic)lângan, the fore arm).

Lěung'it, to lose, lost. The same etymon is heard in the Malay word Ilang, to lose.

Leung'itan, lost, disappeared, gone without our knowledge. Uneasy at missing.

Lěungsir, name of a tree. Irena glabra.

Lěunyai, a glow-worm. Lampyris noctiluca.

Lěupas, let go, discharged, set at liberty. Flown or run away. Remote, going quickly or far. Lěupas nakěr, he went off very rapidly. Lěupas manuk éta lamun liar, that bird goes far away when it goes abroad. (Jav. Lěpas. Mai. Lapas).

Lěupaskěn, to let go, to liberate, to discharge.

Lěupěut, either ketan or common rice put up in small packages, made of young cocoa nut leaves, either already boiled or preparatory to cooking, used to take on journeys.

Lěusěuhan, to use for the first time, to make a first trial with. Ngalěusěuhan samping anyar, to wear for the first time a new cloth. Ngalěusěuhan panggilingan anyar, taking a first trial with a new mill.

Lěut, the idiomatic expression of coming into sight, of making appearance, as growing up as a crop of anything on the ground.Lěut bai datang manuk na, and the birds made their appearance in a flock.Lěut bai jélěma moro, and the people made their appearance in a crowd. Lěut bai paré na gědé, and the paddy had grown up and looked thriving.

Lěut, and lěut-lěutan, an interruption, a space between, at intervals. See Hěulěut, and Sělat.

Lěutak, mud, mire, wet clay.

Lěutik, small, diminutive. The final syllable is evidently Tika, C. 216 little, small in quantity, few. Nu lěutik, those of humble degree, the common people. Lěutik ang'ěn, faint hearted, wanting courage.

Lëuwěk-liyěuk, staring about, looking in all directions, prying about

Lěuwěung, a forest, a wilderness. Lěuwěung manwangan, an ancient untouched forest Lěuwěung ganggong, old forest.

Lěuwi, a deep spot in a river with little current, called in Malay Kědung. This word often inters into the composition of proper names of places, as Lěuwi Liang , name of an es- state under Buitenzorg.

Lěuwih, more, in excess. Lěuwih hadé, better, more good. Leuwih jangkong, taller, more tall. Lěuwih jěro, deeper. Lěuwih těuyn, vastly in excess. (Mai. Lebeh. Jav. Luwih)

Lěuyir, late in the season, long in coming to perfection or ripening. Paré lěuyir, late paddy, long in ripening. Di pelak na gěus lěuyir, it was late in the season when it was planted.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/275

254 Liliuran, to take turn and turn about; to work alternate turns. To help a neighbour with any work in order to have the same assistance in return.

Lima, the number five. In the languages of the Pacific, Lima is the word for the hand, and no doubt indicates the origin of Lima as the numeral 5 from the fingers of the hand. Though the word no longer exists in this sense on Sumatra or Java, still Lima is hand on Bali, Imê on Lombok, Lima in Bugis, Limei in the Aroo Isles, and Liman on Kissa, one of the Serwatty group to the eastward of Timor.

Lima blas, fifteen.

Lima puluh, fifty.

Liman, an elephant. In South Bantam there is a Chiliman, which probably originally meant „Elephant River", though no elephants are now found wild on Java. Gaja is the more usual word now a days for elephant. In Malay also the Sanscrit word Gaja is the usual word for elephant, though in that language is still retained the word Béram, which is thought to have been the indigenous designation of the animal. Liman, will be derived from lima. Lima-an, having a hand, from the use to which it puts its trunk. If this acceptation is correct we might almost be sure that the elephant was once a denizen of the Sunda forests, as it is still found wild in the Lampungs across the straits of Sunda.

Limang kupang, five hundred, the number 500. Litterally five kupang or 500 Chinese kupang or pichis, the value of which in money of the present day, according to the natives is 20 Dutch doits. The final ng is added to Lima five.

Limas, a leaf twisted into the shape of a cup and made fast with a sprig of bambu, to be used as a temporary cup to hold bubur or pap.

Limas, a roof with sloping ridge at four corners, abutting against a common ridge pole. A four sided roof.

Limbung, top heavy, heavy towards the top so as easily to upset.

Limo, a small sour orange or lime used in making sambĕl. Lima-déhi, C. 608, a tree, citrus acida. Déhi- C. 285, the lime of which there are several species in Ceylon.

Limpas, covered over with water, overflown.

Limus, a bad variety of Manga. Mangifera foetida, which with the Kěmang is probably indigenous to Java. These two are not called Mangga by the natives, but have, as is here seen, purely indigenous native names and grow wild. The proper Manggas were probably originally introduced from the continent and brought their name with them. The Limus is called Bachang about Batavia, a word derived from Amba, C. 43, mangga, Chan, C. 191, vile, base. On Sumatra especially, it is sometimes called Ambachang vide Marsden Page 14 and 360, which is still nearer its real origin.

Linchar, the plank running the length of a native's house, along the lower ledge, and there holding fast the Bilik. See Lakop.

Linděuk, tame; familiar to man, as animals.

Lindung, shade, shaddow, shelter; concealment. See Ngalindung.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/276

Rh Ling'as, wild, and avoiding the familiarity of man; said of wild animals. Said of a skittish horse which gets easily afraid. Said of a man who skulks out of the way for fear of being apprehended.

Lingga, name of an island on the East coast of Sumatra between Bangka and Singapore. It has a tall peak on it high 3604 Ehineland feet, which may have been fancifully taken for the Lingga, or Linga, C. 607, the penis, the phallus of Siwa under that emblem; according to the Hindu philosophy the Androgynal symbol of the creative power Brahma, to whom, as not being the living god but an agent or emanation of the supreme being, no temples are erected or dedicated.In the Singapore Journal vol 5 Page 544 we have the following remark about this island.—„ Lingga, an island on the East coast of Sumatra. It is almost a perfect Trinacria; it is volcanic, conical and cleft, and thus combines four Hindu mysticisms, the explanation of which, in addition to its Hindu name, will form a long chapter for any one willing and able to undertake that work. The equinoctial line passes almost through the centre of the island".

Linggis, a crowbar, a rod of iron used as a gaveloc.

Linglung, forgetful as an old man.

Lingsig, quick, expeditious; having time.

Lingsir, descending, declining; Mata poi gěus lingsir, the sun has begun to decline. The sun has passed the meridian. (Jav. Mal. Bal. idem.)

Lini, an earthquake. Lina, C. 608, hidden, concealed. Is the Sunda word derived from this? as the Earthquake arises from a „hidden source". Linayi it is concealed, contracted into Lini. (Balin. Linu. Jav., Lindu).

Lintang, a star, more generally called Bėntang.

Lintěuh, fat, corpulent, in good case.

Linting, to scorch and bruise, as in preparing some roots for food.

Linu, on edge, as the teeth from any unpleasant grating or sound.

Lio, a place where briks and tiles are made, a brickery.

Liplap, a person whose parents are one of them European and the other native. Mostly born of a native mother by an European father.

Liput, covered over with anything, as with earth, with water &c. &c.

Liron, to take in turns, turn and turn about; a person assisting another by helping at some work in return.

Lironkěn, to take in turns, especially said of sawahs left to a family of children, each works the sawah for a year and then passes it on to another.

Lisan, word, speech.

Lisung, the stem of a tree cut out like a boat with aflat bottom; it has a conical hole also at one end, in this implement paddy is pounded and reduced to rice in every village. A rice-block.

Lita, covered over, buried under, as under water, under the surface of the ground.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/277

256 which has sunk from sight or is covered over as if nothing was concealed, or no opening had been made, as when a stone has been thrown into water.

Liuh, stagnant as water, not having a current. Still and quiet.

Liung, to surround, to encompass, to gather around.

Liur, a turn at any work; a turn at work alterately with some one else. The person taking such turn.

Liwat, to go past, to go beyond; to pass over; to exceed. (Batav. Jav. idem.)

Liyěk, to trample down, to paddle upon and injure; to tread under foot.

Loa, a variety of fig tree. Ficus Lucescens.

Loba, many, abundant, plenty. Loba jėlěma, many people. Loba amat omong sia, what lots of jaw you have got.

Lobah, about at a particular place, in the neighbourhood of. Lobah tuwěr, about the knees. Loba imah batur, in the neighbourhood of my companion's house.

Lobak, radish. Kaphanus caudatus.

Lochéng, a bell.

Lochot, tumbling out, getting loose; detached.

Lod, the idiomatic expression of anything falling or plumping into water. Lod bai chai di isingan, and plump he eased himself into the river.

Lodoh, dirty, foul, impure in conduct; foul in his actions. (Jav. idem. At Batavia it means foul, overripe said of fruit.)

Lodong, a large joint of bambu or more commonly two joints with the intermediate diaphragm knocked out for holding liquids, as water, oil &c.

Logak, a small hole or hollow in any surface when horizontal.

Logat or Loghat, arabic, word, meaning, interpretation; a vocabulary, a dictionary. (نُغَةّ Loghat, words, to which a meaning is attached; word, saying. عِلْمُآنًّلَغةِ, Ilmulloghat, the lexicography.)

Lohong, forward, impudent.

Lohor, the time of day which answers to our 2 o'Clock P.M. The first period for Mohammedan prayers after noon. (Arab. ظُهُور thluhûr, which means the backside, dorsum, tergum. The backside of the day.)

Lohor akhir, about 3 o'Clock P.M. (Arab. ظُهُورآخِر).

Lojor, long and narrow. Batu lojor, a long narrow stone.

Loklak, Conus, a hard solid shell fish. From the apex of the shell large white rings are made, which the natives like to wear, under the idea that these rings snap asunder, when they come in contact with any vessel containing poison, and thus give the wearer timely notice of the danger.

Loklok, solitary, stuck away by oneself; moping alone.

Lol, the idiomatic expression of projecting, or sticking out, protruding. Lol bai ku


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/278

Rh  di ragapan, and sticking out his hand he caught hold of it. Lol bai nontot ti jero ruas and projecting it stuck out of the bambu case.

Lolocho, to pound Seureuh in a small hand cylinder for old people who have no teeth to chew. To clean iron weapons with acids.

Loloh, to feed animals, to stuff with food. Kĕbo di loloh ku hu-ut bĕunang nguyahan, the buffaloes were fed with bran which had salt in it.

Loloh kĕbo, name of a plant. Eaphidophora laura.

Lololkĕn, to stick out, to cause to project. Letah na di lololkĕn, he stuk out his tongue.

Lolong, blind, unable to see, though the eyelids are open and the eyes appear perfect.

Lolongkro, a ravine on the face of a mountain; a gully, a chasm.

Lolong'ok, the door at the back of a native house. The door at the Goah.

Loma, an intimate friend.

Lonchér, loosened, shaking as the handle of any instrument; getting loose or detached.

Long, a cage- word made use of in Pantuns. Long kanchana, a golden cage.

Long, a squib; an instrument consisting of a bambu tube for firing off moistened gunpowder. (Chinese. Used at Batavia.)

Longlongan, spirits or fairies who take away our goods without our knowledge.

Longsong, speedy, quick, expeditious.

Longsor, to give, to present with.

Lonjong, long and even, said of a stone; a slab of a stone.

Lontar, name of a palm tree, from which in some parts of the country much toddy is drawn. Borassus Flabelliformis. The Javanese in East Java, call this tree Siwalan, and apply lontar merely to the leaves. Siwalan may still be Hindu, Siwa the god so called, alan, C. 49 an ornament = the ornament of Siwa. It is generally supposed that the original name of this palm was Rontal but that the initial and final letters have been transposed. Ron is said to be an old Polynesian name for leaf- and on Bali, Don means leaf which is evidently a contraction of Dahu-an = Don, see voce Daun. Tal is Tala, C. 229 the Palmyra tree. Dontal is thus the leaf - Palmyratree, on the leaves of which, in former times, the natives used to write, and by a slight inaccuracy of understanding the original words, they have transferred to the tree, a name which in its original only strictly applied to the leaves. (According to Gericke also the name of the tree in Javanese and Malay. In Bali also. The leaves are in common use on Bali and in some parts of the interior of Java as the only writing material Fr).

Lonté, a harlot, a whore, a prostitute. (Jav. Lonté id.)

Lopak, to plate, to cover with a plate of metal, especially silver or gold.

Lopang, name of a creeper with deeply scolloped leaf, and rough to the feel; Cower white; fruit round and red, but not eaten on account of its bitterness.

Loréng, striped, streaked, as some animals, dogs, tigers &c. (Jav. Léréng according to Gericke, but there also is heard machan loréng, the striped tiger Fr.)