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The TITLES of the STATUTES. 14. Concerning Livery and Retainers.

15. The Manner of the Election of Knights of Shires for the Parliament.

16. Touching Payment of Annuities granted to the King's Servants.

17. For taking of Apprentices.

18. An Indemnity for the suppresing the late Riots.

1. Confirmation of Liberties and Statutes not repealed.

2. Touching the Sealing of Kendal Cloth.

3. Touching Felonies in South Wales.

4. Touching Disclaimer in Felonies in Wales.

5. Remedy where Lords of antient Demesnes, or Mayor or Bailiffs of Liberties, be named Disseisers, to take away their Franchise.

6. Repeal of a Statute made 7 Hen. 4. cap. 10. touching the Length and Breadth of Cloths.

7. Goods shall be chargeable for the Payment of the Quinzie, where they where at the time when the same was granted. 8. For free Elections, and against Transportation of Money,

9. Elections to Spiritual Promotions shall be free, and not interrupted by the Pope or the King.

10. A Pardon granted by the King to all that have purchased Provisions or Translations to Archbisiopricks, Bishopricks, &c.

1. THE Penalty on a Sheriff for making an untrue Return of the Election of the Knights of Parliament.

2. No common Hostler shall be Customer, Comptroller, or Searcher.

3. Touching Amendment of Records after Judgment.

4. Against Labourers using unlawful Games.

5. For the abolishing of Galley Halfpence.

6. Touching the Aulnage of Cloths.

7. Merchant Strangers shall pay Custom for Cloths cut in small Pieces.

8. Touching Exchanges of Money by Merchants.

9. Against taking Inquests not returned by the Sheriff.

1.Confirmation of Liberties and Statutes not repealed.

2. Touching Justices of Assise and Gaol-delivery.

3. Confirmation of Statutes made against Liveries and Retainers.

4. Confirmation of Statutes touching Aulnage and Measuring of Cloths.

5. Customers and other Officers to be resident upon their Offices.

6. Abolishing of Galley Halfpence.

7. Justices of the Peace and Sheriffs to arrest such as commit Riots or Routs, and to inquire of them and record their Offences. 1. For Election of Knights and Burgesses of the Parliament.

2. Confirmation of former Statutes made for pulling down of Wears and Kiddels, &c.

3. Against Forgers of false Deeds.

4. To prevent Extortions of Sheriffs and their Bailiff's.

5. For Addition to be given, in case where Process of Outlawry lieth.

6. English Mens Punishment of Misdemeanors in Wales shall not be revenged.

7. Touching French Men beneficed in England.

8. To prevent the Repair of Irish Men into England.

9. Revocation of certain Grants of Lands and Offices in Calais.

10. By what Measure Purveyors shall take Corn.

. OWER given to Ordinaries to inquire of the Government of Hospitals.

2. Touching Writs of Certiorari and Corpus cum causa granted for Persons in Execution.

3. For granting a Copy of a Libel in the Spiritual Court.

4. Touching Labourers, and of the Office of a Justice of the Peace.

5. Process against Felons dwelling in Tindale and Examshire. 6. Concerning the Observation of Truce and Safe Conduits.

7. For Reformation of Heresy and Lollardy.

8. For Suppressing of Riots, Routs, and unlawful Assemblies.

9. Touching Process against Rioters that flee into Woods.

HAT Persons shall be Justices of Peace.

2. For Wages of Priests.

3. For the Sufficiency of Jurors.

4. Touching Goldsmiths and Gilding of Silver Ware.

5. To prevent Rebellions of Welsh Men.

6. For Shipping of Staple Ware.

OR abolishing of Galley Halfpence, Sufkins, and Dotkins.

onfirmation of Liberties and Franchises, and Statutes not repealed.

2. Touching Abbots and Priors being Suitors to Courts Baron in Yorkshire and Lancashire.

3. Britons not made Denizens shall depart the Realm.

4. All Provisions, Licences, and Pardons, touching Benefices full of an Incumbent, shall be void.

5. Touching Attaints upon a false Verdict given in the City of Lincoln. 7. Against the clipping, washing, and filing of Money.

8. Touching Fees for Probates of Testaments.

Onfirmation of the Great Charter, the Charter of the Forest, and of Statutes not repealed.

2. For Sheriffs to have Allowance of certain Eftreats their Accounts.

3. Touching Patten-makers.

4. Against taking of excessive Wages of Servants of Husbandry.

5. Confirmation of the Statutes made ; H. 4. cap. 7. & cap, 9. for Hosts to be assigned to Merchant Strangers.

6. Touching Benefices granted to Irishmen.

7. In what Cases Letters of Marque may be granted.

8. The King's Pardon. BBOTS and others may make Attornies until the next Parliament.

or appealing and indicting Men of Lancashire, &c. Process against Makers, &c. of false Deeds. Anno


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XXX] it withal. And thou shalt make the staves of shittim wood, and overlay them with gold. And thou shalt put it before the vail that is by the ark of the testimony, before the mercy seat that is over the testimony, where I will meet with thee. And Aaron shall burn thereon sweet incense every morning: when he dresseth the lamps, he shall burn incense upon it. And when Aaron lighteth the lamps at even, he shall burn incense upon it, a perpetual incense before the Lord throughout your generations. Ye shall offer no strange incense thereon, nor burnt sacrifice, nor meat offering; neither shall ye pour drink offering thereon. And Aaron shall make an atonement upon the horns of it once in a year with the blood of the sin offering of atonements: once in the year shall he make atonement upon it throughout your generations: it is most holy unto the Lord.

And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel after their number, then shall they give every man a ransom for his soul unto the Lord, when thou numberest them; that there be no plague among them, when thou numberest them. This they shall give, every one that passeth among them that are numbered, half a shekel after the shekel of the sanctuary: (a shekel is twenty gerahs:) an half shekel shall be the

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Rh offering of the Lord. Every one that passeth among them that are numbered, from twenty years old and above, shall give an offering unto the Lord. The rich shall not give more, and the poor shall not give less than half a shekel, when they give an offering unto the Lord, to make an atonement for your souls. And thou shalt take the atonement money of the children of Israel, and shalt appoint it for the service of the tabernacle of the congregation; that it may be a memorial unto the children of Israel before the Lord, to make an atonement for your souls.

And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, Thou shalt also make a laver of brass, and his foot also of brass, to wash withal: and thou shalt put it between the tabernacle of the congregation and the altar, and thou shalt put water therein. For Aaron and his sons shall wash their hands and their feet thereat: when they go into the tabernacle of the congregation, they shall wash with water, that they die not; or when they come near to the altar to minister, to burn offering made by fire unto the Lord: so they shall wash their hands and their feet, that they die not: and it shall be a statute for ever to them, even to him and to his seed throughout their generations.

Moreover the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, Take thou also unto thee principal spices, of pure


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 definition, and name, is the same thing, in order to confirm definition; but definition must necessarily possess all those other things which have been mentioned.

Chapter 3
subvert definition then, we must make our attempt always in this manner, and through these things; but if we desire to confirm, it is first necessary to know, that no one, or few, of those who discuss, syllogistically infer definition, but all assume such sort of thing, as a principle; for instance, both those who are conversant with geometry and numbers, and other such instructions: next, that it is the business of another treatise accurately to assign both what definition is, and how it is necessary to define, but now only so much must be observed, as is sufficient for our present purpose, viz. that it is possible there may be a syllogism of definition, and of the very nature of a thing. For if definition be a sentence denoting the very nature of a thing, and it is necessary that things predicated in the definition should alone be predicated in (reply to) what a thing is, but genera and differences are predicated in reply to this question, it is evident that if any one assumes those things only to be predicated in reference to what a thing is, that the sentence which contains these, will evidently be a definition, since there cannot be possibly another definition, as nothing else is predicated of the thing, in reference to what it is.

Evidently then, there may be a syllogism of definition, but from what we ought to construct it, has been more accurately determined in other places; these same places, however, are useful for the proposed method. For in contraries, and other opposites, we must observe whole sentences, observing them also, according to parts; as if the opposite (be the definition) of the opposite, it is necessary that what is stated, should be of the thing proposed. Since however, there are many connexions of contraries, we must select from them, that definition which especially appears


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 contrary; whole sentences then, must be considered in the manner stated, but according to parts, thus. In the first place, (it must be shown) that the assigned genus is rightly assigned, for if the contrary be in the contrary genus, but the thing proposed is not in the same, it will clearly be in the contrary (genus), since contraries must of necessity either be in the same, or in contrary genera. We also think that contrary differences are predicated of contraries, as of white and black, for the one is dissipative, the other is collective of vision. Wherefore, if contraries are predicated of a contrary, the assigned (differences) would be predicated of the thing proposed, so that since both genus and differences are rightly assigned, it is evident that what is assigned, will be a definition. Or it is not necessary that contrary differences should be predicated of contraries, unless they should be contraries in the same genus, yet of those of which the genera are contrary, there is nothing to prevent the same difference being predicated of both; e. g. of justice and injustice, for the one is a virtue, but the other a vice of the soul, so that the word "of the soul," being a difference, is predicated of both, since there is of the body also, a virtue and a vice. Nevertheless, this at least is true, that the differences of contraries are either contrary or the same; if then a contrary be predicated of a contrary, but not of this, it is evident that the difference adduced, will be predicated of this. In short, since definition consists of genus and differences, if the definition of the contrary be manifest, the definition also of the thing proposed, will be manifest. For as what is contrary, is either in the same, or in a contrary genus, and likewise either contrary or the same differences, are predicated of contraries, it is evident, that the same genus will be predicated of the thing proposed, which was also of the contrary; but the differences are contrary, either all or some, yet the remainder are the same, or on the contrary, the differences are the same, but


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To face page 9, vol. I.

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 хвали, хвалите; хвалящий, хваля, хвалимый; хвалил, хвалила; похваленный [-lj'n'y], похвален, похвалена. The dictionary indicates shifting stress by giving the pr S1 and S3: хвалить, хвалю, хвалит.

When verbs in [itj] are compounded with the stressed preverb вы-, they keep the ending [-i] in the imv: курить "to smoke," курию, курит, imv кури; выкурить "to smoke up," imv выкури.

Before the pr S1 ending [-u] and in the ppp the final consonant of the stem is replaced as follows:

[bj, fj, mj, pj, vj] add [ij]: любить "to love," люблю, любишь, любит, любим, любите, любят; люби; любил; возлюбленный

[dj, zj] are replaced by [ž]: щадить "to spare," щажу, щадит, пощажённый; разить "to strike down," ражу, разит, поражённый

[sj] is replaced by [š]: броснть "to throw," брошу, бросит, брошенный

[stj] is replaced by [šč]: чистить "to clean," чащу, чистит, почищенный

[tj] is replaced by [č]: тратить "to spend," трачу, тратит, потраченный

[zdj] is replaced by [žj]: ездить "to ride," езжу, ездит, заезженный "worn out by riding."

A few verbs are irregular in replacing [tj] by [šč]: посетить "to visit," посещу, посетит, посещённый. A few replace [dj] by [ždj] in the ppp: наградить "to reward," награжу, наградит, награждённый; also, with [zdj], пригвоздить "to nail on," пригвозжу, пригвоздит, пригвождённый. These forms are shown in the dictionary.

Most irregular verbs are peculiar only in that the inf stem and the pr stem do not match. Thus, держать "to hold" has the pr forms as of Class Four: держу, держит; the dictionary, by showing these forms, tells the whole story: imv держи, p держал, ppp подержанный. Similarly, чуять "to scent" has the pr stem [čuy-]: чую, чует; this indication suffices: imv чуй, p чуял, чуяла.

All other irregularities are cited in the dictionary and require no comment here; we name some of the more frequent ones in §§27, 28, 29. When the dictionary cites irregular forms between slanted lines, this means that the regular forms are also used.

A few verbs have a pr stem ending in consonant plus [y]; these insert a vowel in the imv form: пить "to drink," пью, пьёт; the imv is пей, пейте.

Some irregular verbs have the pr like Classes One, Two, and Three, but the pr stem ends in a consonant other than [n, j]: несу "I carry," несёшь, несёт, несём, несёте, несут, imv неси, несите. All those whose pr stem ends in [g] and nearly all whose pr stem ends in [k] replace these consonants by [ž] and [č] respectively before the endings that we write with [j]: могу "I can," можешь, может, можем, можете, могут, imv помоги "help"; пеку "I bake," печёшь, печёт, печём, печёте, пекут; imv пеки.

The verbs давать "to give," даю, даёт; -знавать (used chiefly in compounds) "to know," -знаю, -знаёт; -ставать (used chiefly in compounds) "to stand," -стаю, -стаёт, form the imv and prger as if they were regular verbs: давай, давайте, давая.

Only four verbs are entirely irregular in the present forms:

бежать "to run": бегу, бежишь, бежит, бежим, бежите, бегут, imv беги дать "to give": дам, дашь, даст, дадим, дадите, дадут, imv дай есть "to eat": ем, ешь, ест, едим, едите, едят, imv ешь хотеть "to want"; хочу, хочешь, хочет, хотим, хотите, хотят, imv хоти

Some verbs whose inf stem has only one syllable (not counting preverbs) have shifting stress in the p forms. Some stress only the F ending: жить "to live," живу, живёт, p жил, жила, жило, жили. Mostly such verbs draw the stress back to a preverb in the other p forms: занять "to occupy," займу, займёт, p занял, заняла, заняло, заняли, and they similarly stress the ppp forms: занятый "occupied," sh занят, занята, занято, заняты. In the p refl forms they often stress the last syllable throughout, but in this there is much variation: занялся "occupied himself," занялась, занялось, занялись. A few draw the stress back to a preceding не "not": быть "to be," буду, будет, p был, была, было, были, but не был [nje b'l] "he was not," не была [nj' bila], не было, не были.

Some few verbs stress all the p endings: вёл "he led," вела, вело, вели.

Some irregular verbs make the ppp with [-t]: занять "to occupy," занятый; дуть "to blow" (otherwise regular: дую, дует, дуй, дул, дула), надутый "puffed up"; брить "to shave," брею, бреет, побритый; петь "to sing," пою, поёт (imv пой), петый "(one that has been) sung."

Some irregular verbs have the inf stem ending in a consonant. This consonant combines in various ways with the inf ending [-tj], which here sometimes has a stressed form [-tji]. In the p forms, final [d, t] drop before the [-l]; after other consonants the [-l] drops in the M form. After [r] the inf ends in [-etj]. The ppp, when not formed with [-t], is made with [-jonn], before which [g, k] are replaced by [ž, č]. The following are typical instances:

stem [vjod-] вести "to lead," веду, ведёт, p вёл, вела, вело, вели, поведённый

stem [strjig-] стричь "to shear," стригу, стрижёт, imv стриги, p стриг, стригла, стригло, -и, стриженный


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 the genera are contrary, or both genera and differences are contrary, for both cannot possibly be the same, or else there will be the same definition of contraries.

Besides, (we must argue) from cases, and conjugates, since genera must of necessity follow genera, and definitions be consequent to definitions: thus, it oblivion be the loss of science, to become oblivious, will be to lose science, and to have forgotten, to have lost science; any one then of the before-mentioned particulars being admitted, the rest must necessarily be admitted. Likewise, also, if destruction be a dissolution of substance, to be destroyed will be for substance to be dissolved, and destructively will be dissolvingly, and if what is destructive is dissolvent of substance, destruction is a dissolution of substance; similarly also, of other things, wherefore any one being assumed, all the rest will be conceded.

Also, (we must argue) from things which subsist similarly as to each other; for if the salubrious is productive of health, the productive of a good habit will be effective of a good habit, and the beneficial will be productive of good. For each of the above named, subsists similarly with regard to its proper end, so that if the definition of one of them, is to be effective of the end, this will also be the definition of each of the rest.

Moreover, from the more and the similar, in as many ways as it is possible to confirm, comparing two with two, thus; if this is more the definition of that, than something else of another thing, but the less is a definition, the more also (will be a definition); also if this is similarly the definition of that, and another thing of something else, if the one is a definition of the other, the remainder will also be of the remainder. When however, one definition is compared with two things, or two definitions with one, the consideration from the more is of no use, as neither can there possibly be one definition of two things, nor two of the same.


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 FIG. 253.

1.—.

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 FIG. 254. 2—, &c.

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 Annesfield House, March 5th, 1866.

My dear Miss Mitchell, I thank you very much for the beautiful cake you sent me. When it arrived on Wednesday afternoon Mrs Camfield did not know who it was for, until she read Annie Courthope's letter, and then we found that it was for me, Mr Camfield said that he was jealous that it was not for for him. I must thank you too for the pretty needle- book that came with Miss Summer she arrived on Saturday the 3rd we were looking for the cart all day on Friday and on Saturday morning it came about ten o'clock we are all glad to see Miss Summer back again and we are glad to see Mr Mitchell too. In the after noon he went with Mr Camfield

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Chapter 4
which have already been stated, and also the others from cases and conjugates, are the most appropriate places; wherefore we ought especially to retain these, and to have them at hand, since they are most useful to the greatest number (of problems). Of the rest also, those which are especially common, for these are the most efficacious of the remaining ones; as, for instance, to regard singulars, and to consider in species, whether the definition is suitable, as species is synonymous. Such however is useful against those who lay down that there are ideas, as was before observed; moreover, whether a name is introduced metaphorically, or whether the same thing is predicated of itself as different, and if there be any other place common and efficacious, we must employ it.

Chapter 5
it is more difficult to confirm, than to subvert definition, is evident from what will next be said, since it is not easy for him (who interrogates) to perceive and take from those who are interrogated, propositions of this kind; as that of the things in the assigned definition, one is genus, but another difference, and that genus and differences are predicated (in reply) to what a thing is. Still without these there cannot possibly be a syllogism of definition, as if certain other things also are predicated of a thing, in respect of what it is, it is dubious whether what is stated, or something else, is its definition, since definition is a sentence signifying what is the very nature of a thing. Now it is evident from what follows, for it


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Organon (Owen)/Topics/Book 8

Chap. 1. Of the Order of Argument.
 * 1.1. Points to be attended to by the questionist: what is common to the dialectician and to the philosopher, and what is not. Cf. Rhet. iii. 13, et seq.
 * 1.2. Certain propositions distinguished, which, non-necessary, are assumed by reasoners. Vide b. ii.-vii.
 * 1.3. Those which are necessary are to be concealed, and argued remotely.
 * 1.4. Conclusions to be named last.
 * 1.5. Propositions not to be assumed continuously.
 * 1.6. Rule to be observed as to assuming an universal prop. in the the definition.
 * 1.7. Concealment of the object of the desired concession, necessary.
 * 1.8. The desired proposition to be elicited from similitude.
 * 1.9. Rules to be observed for masking design.
 * Self-objection.
 * Custom.
 * Apparent indifference.
 * Comparison.
 * Non-proposition of assumption.
 * Question of desired assumption.
 * Extension and irrelevant amplification.
 * 1.10. Induction and division to be used for ornament.
 * 1.11. Examples, and comparisons, for illustration.

Chap. 2. Other Topics relative to Dialectic Interrogation.
 * 2.1. Of the employment of induction in disputation.
 * 2.2. When an objection may fairly be demanded, and how.
 * 2.3. How to meet it.
 * Examples.
 * 2.4. Case of denial.
 * 2.5. Direct demonstration preferable to the deduction "ad absurdum."
 * 2.6. Things to be proposed which it is difficult to meet.
 * 2.7. The conclusion not to be made a matter of petition.
 * 2.8. Not every universal, is a dialectic proposition.
 * 2.9. The same thing ought not to be repeatedly interrogated.

Chap. 3. Of Dialectic Argument generally.
 * 3.1. Things first and last, difficult to impugn, but easy to defend.
 * 3.2. Those proximate to the principle, difficult to impugn.
 * 3.3. What definitions are most difficult of attack.
 * 3.4. What difficulties hinder a confutation of an opponent's thesis.
 * 3.5. Difficulty arising from a badly enunciated definition.
 * 3.6. Whether things are to be conceded, which are more difficult than the problem itself.

Chap. 4. Of Dialectic Responsion.
 * 4.1. The duty of the questionist and of the respondent.

Chap. 5. Various Objects in Disputation of the Thesis, etc.
 * 5.1. Different method in dispute to be observed by him who wishes to teach, to overcome, and to investigate.
 * 5.2. Thesis either probable, or improbable, or neither.
 * 5.3. Duty of the respondent, as to concession, in the case of the improbable.
 * 5.4. Case of the probable.
 * 5.5. Of what is neither.
 * 5.6. Defence of what is not simply, probable or improbable.
 * 5.7. Of defending the opinion of another.

Chap. 6. Certain Rules as to Admissible Points.
 * 6.1. Of admitting and refusing those things which do, and do not, pertain to the subject.
 * Of the probable irrelevant.
 * The improbable irrelevant.
 * The probable relevant.
 * Improbable relevant.
 * Neither, and irrelevant.
 * Relevant.
 * Badness of argument, from things more improbable than the conclusion.

Chap. 7. The Practice of the Respondent in cases of Ambiguity.
 * 7.1. Respondent to confess his incomprehension of the obscure.
 * 7.2. What is to be simply admitted or denied, etc.
 * 7.3. Result of not forseeing ambiguity.

Chap. 8. Of Responsion to Induction.
 * 8.1. He is shown to argue perversely, who neither has any thing to object to an induction, nor whence he can prove the contrary.

Chap. 9. Of the Defence of the Thesis.
 * 9.1. The disputant ought to set out to himself in argument, the thesis, and the definition.
 * 9.2. But not defend an improbable hypothesis.

Chap. 10. Of the Solution of False Arguments, and of the Methods of preventing the Conclusion.
 * 10.1. In cases of false inference the cause to be investigated.
 * 10.2. Four ways of preventing an argument being conclusive.
 * 10.3. The first alone a solution.

Chap. 11. Of the Reprehension of Argument.
 * 11.1. Reprehension of arguments themselves, different from the reprehension of persons employing them.
 * 11.2. Contentious argument to be avoided.
 * 11.3. Origin of bad arguments.
 * 11.4. Reprehensions of an argument per se, five in number.
 * 11.5. Argument may be reprehensible per se, yet commendable as to the problem, or vice versâ.
 * 11.6. When the thesis is not refuted—distinction between a philosophema, an epicheirema, a sophism, and an aporema.
 * 11.7. Of the probability of the conclusion.
 * 11.8. Error of proving by circumlocution, or from things which are not evident, as to the cause whence the reasoning proceeds.

Chap. 12. Of Evident and False Reasoning.
 * 12.1. When an argument is clear.
 * 12.2. False in four ways.
 * 12.3. If it be false, whether it is the fault of the arguer, or of the argument.
 * 12.4. What we are to regard in examining argument.

Chap. 13. Of Petitio Principii, and Contraries.
 * 13.1. Petitio principii occurrent in five ways.
 * 13.2. Of the "begging" of contraries.
 * 13.3. Difference between them.

Chap. 14. Of Dialectic Exercise.
 * 14.1. Conversion of arguments, useful for dialectic exercise.
 * 14.2. Also an individual scrutiny of arguments, pro and con.
 * 14.3. Also a thorough knowledge of the most usual arguments, especially as to primary theses.
 * 14.4. An adversary's single argument, to be divided into many.
 * 14.5. And to be rendered as universal, as possible.
 * 14.6. The contrary mode to be adopted, by the disputant himself.
 * 14.7. How inductive, and syllogistic arguments are to be allotted.
 * 14.8. Object of dialectic exercise.
 * 14.9. Not every one is to be disputed with. Montaigne's Ess. xxv.
 * 14.10. Special provision to be made, as to universal arguments.

title: Organon (Owen)/Topics/Book 8


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 is more easy to conclude one, than many things. To the subverter indeed, it is sufficient to dispute against one (part of the definition), (for having subverted any one part, we shall have subverted the definition,) but it is necessary for the confirmer, to prove that all those things are inherent, which are in the definition. Moreover, the confirmer must adduce an universal syllogism, since it is requisite that of every thing of which a name is predicated, the definition should be predicated, and besides this, vice versâ, if the assigned definition is to be proper. On the other hand, it is not requisite for the subverter to demonstrate the universal, since it suffices to show that the definition is not verified of any one of the things under the name, if also it should be necessary to subvert universally, neither thus, is reciprocation necessary in subversion, for it is enough that the subverter show universally, that the definition is not predicated of some one of those things, of which the name is predicated. On the contrary, it is not necessary to show that the name is predicated, of what the definition is not predicated. Further, if also it is present with every thing under the name, yet not with it alone, the definition will be subverted.

In like manner, it is with regard to property and genus, since in both, it is easier to subvert, than to confirm. About property then, it is evident from what we have stated, as for the most part property is assigned in conjunction, so that it is possible to subvert by taking away one (word); but he who confirms, must of necessity conclude every thing by syllogism. Now almost every thing else, which may be said of definition, will also be suitable to say of property, since the confirmer ought to show that it is inherent in every thing under the name, but it suffices for the subverter to show it non-inherent in one thing; if also it is inherent in every thing, but not in it alone, thus too, it becomes subverted, as was observed about definition. Concerning genus indeed, (it is evident,) because it is necessarily confirmed only in one way, if a person shows it present with every individual; nevertheless, it is subverted in two ways, for both if it has been shown not present with any, and not with a certain one, what was assumed in the beginning is subverted. Moreover, it is not enough, for the confirmer


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 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 51

what the statement of Captain Sutherland would lead one to anticipate.

"Next morning, however, going towards the shore, a number of dark brown kangaroos were seen feeding upon a grass plat by the side of the wood, and our landing gave them no disturbance*. I had with me a double-barrelled gun fitted with a bayonet, and the gentlemen my companions had muskets. It would be difficult to guess how many kangaroos were seen; but I killed ten, and the rest of my party made up the number to thirty-one taken on board in the course of the day; the least of them weighing sixty nine, and the largest one hundred and twenty-five pounds. These kangaroos had much resemblance to the large species found in the forest lands of New South Wales; except that their colour is darker, and they were not wholly destitute of fat.

"After this butchery, for the poor animals suffered themselves to be shot in the eyes with small shot, and in some cases to be knocked on the head with sticks, I scrambled with difficulty through the brush-wood and over fallen trees, to reach the higher land with the surveying instruments; but the thickness and height of the wood prevented any thing else being distinguished. There was little doubt, however, that this extensive piece of land was separated from the continent; for the extraordinary tameness of the kangaroos and the presence of the seals upon the shore, concurred with the absence of all traces of men to show that it was not inhabited.

"The whole ship's company was employed this afternoon in skinning and cleaning the kangaroos, and a delightful regale they afforded, after four months' privation from almost any fresh provisions." "In gratitude for so seasonable a supply, I named this southern land Kangaroo Island."

 * This was before the runaway sailors and convicts had settled there.

E2


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Maccabees, Books of the

MACCABEES,. Certain apocryphal Jewish writings, treating chiefly of the history of the ../Maccabees/ (q.v.). They consist of four books, of which the first two were received in the Vulgate, and declared canonical by the Council of Trent. The third is also considered canonical by the Greek Church. The First Book — the most important — comprises the period B.C. 175-135, and relates the attempt of Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, to suppress the Jewish cult and force the people into acknowledgment of the Greek gods (ch. i.); the rising of Mattathias and his sons against the oppressor (ch. ii.); the heroic deeds of Judas Maccabæus (chs. iii.-ix. 22); of Jonathan (chs. ix. 23-xii.); and of Simon, until the election of John Hyrcanus to the dignity of high priest (chs. xiii.-xvi.). The account bears, on the whole, the marks of great accuracy, and proceeds chronologically after the Seleucidan Era. According to Origen and Jerome, this book was originally written in Hebrew, and internal evidence confirms the correctness of this view. The original text is lost, but the Greek translation is a faithful reproduction. The author, a Palestinian and a patriotic Jew, was devoted to the Asmonean dynasty. He must have stood close to the centre of political life in Palestine. All the evidence available is in favor of the assumption that the book was finished shortly after the death of John Hyrcanus (say between B.C. 100 and 90), and the vividness of the descriptions makes it highly probable that the author was himself a witness of some of the Maccabean struggles and writes in part from personal observation and reminiscences. His attachment to the Jewish priesthood points to his having been a Sadducee. Except for the documents which the author incorporates into his book and the various speeches which are not to be regarded as authentic or verbatim (any more than in the narratives of Greek historians), the first book of Maccabees is a trustworthy source for the period it covers, though, of course, the events are colored by the author's fervent partisanship.

The second book of the Maccabees differs widely from the first. It also deals with the national uprising, but covers only the fifteen years from B.C. 175 to 161. Prefixed to the history are two letters (chs. i.-ii. 18), purporting to have been sent from the Palestinian to the Egyptian Jews, inviting them to celebrate the feast of the reinauguration of the temple. The author then announces in a preface the subject of his work and his source, which is a history of the period in ‘five books,’ composed by ../Jason of Cyrene/ (q.v.). Of this larger work he gives an epitome. He begins with the attempted spoliation of the temple by Heliodorus, under Seleucus Philopator, and ends with the death of Nicanor. The author concludes with an epilogue in regard to his own work. While the contents of the two letters correspond to the conditions prevailing at the time of the dates attached, which are equivalent to B.C. 143 and 124 respectively, the letters themselves are fabrications, and were probably written originally in Hebrew. The extract from Jason's work — a history embellished by additions, of a partly moralizing, partly legendary nature — contains many chronological and historical errors, and bears the stamp of being written merely for religious and didactic purposes. The history of

Jason was composed by a contemporary of persons who had taken part in the Maccabean struggle, but he received his information orally at second hand. The epitomist, who also prefixed the two letters, wrote in Greek, apparently in Alexandria, toward the close of the first century B.C.

The third and fourth books of the Maccabees are only remotely connected with the Maccabean history. The third book may be described as a religious novel, the subject of which is the triumph of the Jews over their enemies. It deals with a supposed pre-Maccabean incident — the miraculous deliverance of the Jews of Egypt from the attempt of Ptolemy Philopator (B.C. 221-204) to destroy them in revenge for a humiliation which he suffered during a visit to Jerusalem, when he endeavored to enter the temple, but was prevented by divine intervention. Five hundred elephants are set upon the Jews, imprisoned in the hippodrome, but two angels intervene, and the elephants turn against the men of Ptolemy's army and trample them to death. The Jews are set free and the King, besides providing a banquet lasting seven days, issues a proclamation in their favor. The book, which has, of course, no historical value whatsoever, was probably written by an Alexandrian Jew in Greek at the close of the first century B.C., as an encouragement to the Jews in their struggle against Roman subjection. The book is not referred to by any of the early Jewish writers, and the earliest Christian witness to it occurs in the third century A.D.

The fourth book is of a homiletical character. It consists of two parts: (1) A philosophical discussion on the thesis that “the pious reason is absolute master of the passions;” followed by (2) illustrations of the thesis by stories of Jewish martyrs. In the second portion the author reproduces chapters iii.-vii. of the second book of Maccabees, which accounts for the title of the book. It was formerly held that the book was by Josephus, but Freudenthal has shown conclusively that the author was a Hellenistic Jew, probably of Alexandria, who wrote at the beginning of the Christian Era. While of no historical value and marred by exaggerated accounts of the sufferings of Jewish martyrs, it is of great interest because of the picture it affords incidentally of family life among the Jews in the writer's days, as also for some of its doctrines, e.g. that the death of a martyr is an expiatory offering for his people.

A fifth book of the Maccabees is sometimes referred to. It is an Arabic work printed in the Paris and London Polyglots with Latin translation, and contains a history of the Jews beginning with the account of Heliodorus (II. Mac. iii.) and ending with the downfall of the Asmoneans. It is based upon I. and II. Maccabees and Josephus.

. English translations of the books of the Maccabees have been published by Cotton, Bagster, and Churton; there is a French translation by Reuss (in La Bible, Paris, 1874 sqq.), and a recent German translation by Kautzsch in Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments (Tübingen, 1898). There are commentaries by Bissell, Zöckler, Fritzsche, and Grimm. For special treatises, consult: Willrich, Juden und Griechen (Göttingen, 1896); Schlatter, Jason von Cyrene (Munich, 1891); Niese, Kritik der beiden Makkabäerbücher

1900); Freudenthal, Die Flavius Josephus beigelegte Schrift über die Herrschaft der Vernunft (Breslau, 1869). Consult, also, the Hebrew histories of Wellhausen, Guthe, and Stade, and Schürer, History of the Jewish People in the Time of Christ, vol. i. (Edinburgh, 1896).


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Page 170.—"The scientific gentlemen landed again to examine the natural productions of the Island, and in the evening eleven more kangaroos were brought on board; but most of these were smaller and seemed to be of a different species to those of the preceding day. Some of the party saw several large running birds which, according to their description, seemed to be the emu or cassowary.

"All the cliffs of Kangaroo Island seen to the west of the anchorage had the appearance of being calcareous, and the loose stones scattered over the surface of Kangaroo Head and the vicinity were of that substance; but the basis in this part seemed to be a brown slate, lying in strata nearly horizontal, and laminae of quartz were sometimes seen in the interstices. In some places the slate was split into pieces of a foot long, or more, like iron bars, and had a shining ore-like appearance; and the strata were there farther from the horizontal line than I observed them to be elsewhere.

"A thick wood covered almost all that part of the Island visible from the ship; but the trees in a vegetating state were not equal in size to the generality of those lying on the ground, nor to the dead trees standing upright. Those on the ground were so abundant, that, in ascending the higher land, a considerable part of the walk was made upon them. They lay in all directions, and were nearly of the same size, and in the same progress towards decay; whence it would seem that they had not fallen from age, nor yet been thrown down in a gale of wind. Some general conflagration, and there were marks apparently of fire on many of them, is perhaps the sole cause which can be reasonably assigned." "They were a species of eucalyptus, and being less than the fallen trees, had most probably not arrived at maturity; but the wood is hard and solid, and may thence be supposed to grow slowly."

Page 172. — "The soil of that part of Kangaroo Island


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 to show that it is inherent, but also it must be shown that it is inherent, as genus; but to the subverter it is enough to show it non-inherent, either in a certain or in every individual: still it seems, as in other things, to destroy, is easier than to produce, so in these, subversion, is easier than confirmation.

In the case of accident, we can more easily subvert, than construct the universal, for the confirmer must show that it is present with every, but the subverter need only show it non-inherent in one. On the contrary, it is easier to confirm, than to subvert the particular, as it suffices for the confirmer to show it present with a certain one, but the subverter must show that it is present with none.

It appears also clear why it is the easiest thing of all, to subvert definition, for many things being asserted in it, very many are given; but from the greater number, a syllogism is more quickly made, since it is likely that error should arise in many, more than in few, things. Moreover, it is possible to argue against definition through other things also, since whether the sentence be not appropriate, or whether what is assigned be not genus, or something of those in the definition be non-inherent, the definition will be subverted; but against other things, neither can we assume those arguments which are derived from definitions, nor all others, since those only which belong to accident, are common to all the particulars mentioned. For it is necessary that each of the things stated should be inherent, if however genus is not inherent as property, the genus will not yet be subverted; likewise, also property need not be inherent as genus, nor accident as genus or property, but merely inherent. Wherefore it is impossible to argue from some things to others, except in definition; hence, it is evident that to subvert definition is the easiest thing of all, but to confirm it the hardest, since we must syllogistically infer all those particulars, (viz. that all the


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 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 53

examined by us was judged to be much superior to any before seen, either upon the south coast of the continent, or upon the islands near it; with the exception of some portions behind the harbours of King George's Sound. The depth of the soil was not particularly ascertained; but from the thickness of the wood it cannot be very shallow. Some sand is mixed with the vegetable earth, but not in any great proportion; and I thought the soil superior to some of the land cultivated at Port Jackson, and to much of that in our stony counties in England."

Page 183. — "The entrance of a piece of water at the head of Nepean Bay is less than half a mile in width and mostly shallow; but there is a channel sufficiently deep for all boats near the western shore. After turning two low islets near the east point, the water opens out, becomes deeper, and divides into two branches, each of two or three miles long. Boats can go to the head of the southern branch only at high water; the east branch appeared to be accessible at all times; but as a lead and line were neglected to be put into the boat, I had no opportunity of sounding. There are four small islands in the eastern branch; one of them is moderately high and woody, the others are grassy and lower, and upon two of these we found many young pelicans unable to fly. Flocks of the old birds were sitting upon the beaches of the lagoon, and it appeared that the islands were their breeding places; not only so, but from the number of skeletons and bones there scattered, it should seem that they had for ages been selected for the closing scene of their existence."

Page 184. — "I named this piece of water Pelican Lagoon. It is also frequented by flocks of the pied shag, and by some ducks and gulls, and the shoals supplied us with a few oysters. The surrounding country is almost everywhere thickly covered with brushwood; and the soil appeared to be generally of a good quality, though not


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 54 NATURAL FEATURES OF

deep. Not being able to return on board the same night, we slept near the entrance of the lagoon."

Mr. Westall corroborates the reports of Captains Sutherland and Flinders. He says that the land of Kangaroo Island is decidedly fertile; the trees are large, but a number of them had been thrown down by some inexplicable cause. Young ones were growing up between the fallen trunks, and the grass was thick and short. A number of very large kangaroos were found there. The appearance of the land there, says Mr. Westall, was decidedly better than that at Port Lincoln, and that again is better than the soil at King George's Sound.

Of the western shore of Yorke's Peninsula nothing is known, but we are now approaching a spot which has been explored, though not so completely as could be wished, by Captain Sturt, (a most enterprising traveller now in England,) who was employed by the Government of New South Wales to conduct an expedition of discovery into the interior. The following extract from the official report of that expedition relates to the country visited by Captain Sturt, after he had got within the limits of the new Colony.

Extracts from "Two Expeditions into the Interior of Southern Australia, during the years 1828, 1829, 1830, and 1831; with Observations on the soil, climate, and general resources of the Colony of New South Wales," by Captain Charles Sturt, 39th Regiment, &c.

Vol. II. p. 180.— "The valley of the Murray, at its entrance, cannot be less than four miles in breadth. The river does not occupy the centre, but inclines to either side, according to its windings, and thus the flats are of greater or less extent, according to the distance of the river from the base of the hills. It is to be remarked, that the bottom of the valley is extremely level, and extensively covered with reeds. From the latter circumstance, one would be led to infer that these flats are


text:
User talk:Wizardist

Welcome
Welcome

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Again, welcome! -- Cirt (talk) 14:26, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

Splitting images
Please see my comments here: Scriptorium, using #lst for this is not a good idea, the images need to be split. Can you provide a link to the work?--Doug.(talk • contribs) 12:30, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Answered in the Scriptorium. Thanks for reminding me the thread I've started. The issue is still with no adequate resolution. Wizardist (talk) 12:40, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wizardist


text:
Page:The new British province of South Australia.djvu/74

 SOUTH AUSTRALIA 55

subject to overflow, and no doubt can exist as to the fact of their being, at least partially, if not wholly, under water at times. A country in a state of nature is, however, so different from one in a state of cultivation, that it is hazardous to give an opinion as to its practical availableness, if I may use such a term. I should undoubtedly say the marshes of the Macquarrie were frequently covered with water, and that they were wholly unfit for any one purpose whatever. It is evident from the marks of the reeds upon the banks, that the flood covers them occasionally to the depth of three feet, and the reeds are so densely embodied, and so close to the river side, that the natives cannot walk along it. The reeds are the broad flag-reed (arundo phragenatis), and grow on a stiff earthy loam, without any accompanying vegetation; indeed they form so solid a mass that the sun cannot penetrate to the ground to nourish vegetation. On the other hand, the valley of the Murray, though covered with reeds in most places, is not so in all. There is no mark upon the reeds by which to judge of the height of inundation; neither are they of the same kind as those which cover the marshes of the Macquarrie. They are the species of round reed of which the South Sea Islanders make their arrows, and stand sufficiently open, not only to allow of a passage through, but for the abundant growth of grass among them. Still I have no doubt that parts of the valley are subject to flood; but, as I have already remarked, I do not know whether these parts are either deeply or frequently covered. Rain must fall simultaneously in the S.E. angle of the island in the intertropical regions, and at the heads of all the tributaries of the main stream, ere its effects can be felt in the lower parts of the Murray. If the valley of the Murray is not subject to flood, it has only recently gained a height above the influence of the river, and still retains all the character of flooded land. In either case, however, it contains land that is of the very richest kind


text:
User talk:Osiris (usurped)~enwikisource

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title: User talk:Osiris (usurped)~enwikisource


text:
User:Wizardist

be:User:Wizardist

title: User:Wizardist


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Casas, Bartolomé de las


text:
User:Kamble

.

title: User:Kamble


text:
Page:Smith - The game of go.djvu/180

154

5. Q 4. This is not a good move for Black and will result in his getting a confined position.

6. O 4.

7. R 5.

8. Q 6.

9. R 4.

10. O 3.

11. P 2.

12. O 2.

13. R 6.

14. Q 7.

15. S 8. Black cannot play at R 8, as White would cut at R 7.

16. E 3.

White has the better position.

1. C 15.

2. D 17. "Komoku kakari." This is the alternative method of defense to this opening.

3. F 17. Black attacks from both sides.

4. E 17. This is the crucial move. White plays thus first to get a strong position on line 17, also to prepare for getting out at D 15. Two connected stones always form a strong base.

5. G 16.

6. D 15.

7. D 14.

8. E 15.

9. B 16. Black now invades the corner; he wishes to occupy C 17, an important point.

10. B 17.

11. C 17.

12. C 18.

13. C 16.

14. B 18.

title: Page:Smith - The game of go.djvu/180


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Catenhusen, Ernst


text:
Page:Smith - The game of go.djvu/181

Rh

15. E 18.

16. D 18.

17. G 14.

18. F 14.

19. D 13. Guarding the connection at C 14.

20. G 13.

21. H 14.

22. F 12.

Black has the better position. This is an old "Joseki." It is not much liked at the present time.

1. C 15.

2. D 17.

3. F 16. This is a variation; the intention is to confine White to the margin.

4. E 17.

5. E 15. This is to prevent White from coming to D 15.

6. G 17.

7. H 16.

8. H 18. This is a correct move. H 17 would be inferior.

9. G 16.

10. K 17.

Even game.

1. C 5.

2. D 3

3. F 4.

4. E 3.

5. C 3. This is unusual; E 5 is the customary move.

6. C 2

title: Page:Smith - The game of go.djvu/181


text: Mexico, as it was and as it is/Letter 2

title: Mexico, as it was and as it is/Letter 2


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Catesby, Mark


text:
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 56 NATURAL FEATURES OF

— soil that is the pure accumulation of vegetable matter, and is as black as ebony. If its hundreds of thousands of acres were practically available, I should not hesitate to pronounce it one of the richest spots of equal extent on earth, and highly favoured in other respects. How far it is available* remains to be proved; and an opinion upon either side would be hazardous, although that of its liability to flood would, most probably, be nearest the truth. It is, however, certain, that any part of the valley would require much labour before it could be brought under cultivation, and that even its most available spots would require almost as much trouble to clear them as the forest tract, for nothing is more difficult to destroy than reeds. Breaking the sod would naturally raise the level of the ground, and lateral drains would most probably carry off all floods; but then the latter at least is the operation of an advanced stage of husbandry only. I would, however, observe, that there are many parts of the valley decidedly above the reach of floods. I have, in the above observations, been more particularly alluding to the lowest and broadest portions of it. I trust I shall be understood as not wishing to overrate this discovery on the one hand, or, on the other, to include its whole extent in one sweeping clause of condemnation."

Page 229. — "We were borne over its ruffled and agitated surface (Lake Alexandrina) with such rapidity, that I had scarcely time to view it as we passed; but cursory as my glance was, I could not but think I was leaving behind me the fullest reward of our toil, in a country that would ultimately render our discoveries valuable, and benefit the colony for whose interests we

 * "Available" means here, available under the circumstance of dispersed and divided labour. In the time of Alfred, a surveyor might have doubted whether the rich garden grounds near Fulham, or the marsh of the Isle of Dogs, was "available." Captain Sturt had lived in a colony where pains have been taken to disperse and divide the settlers.


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156

7. C 4.

8. G 3.

9. B 2.

10. G 4.

11. E 5.

12. D 2.

13. G 5.

14. J 4.

Even game; the corner is divided.

1. R 16. This move, called "Komoku" is the most frequently used opening when there are no handicaps; it is also the safest for the weaker player.

2. P 17. White's best reply.

3. N 17. This move is called "Ikken basami"; this is the most usual way of continuing: it gives Black an attack at once.

4. R 17. White plays to get the corner.

5. S 17.

6. Q 16.

7. R 15. Black must extend; R 18 would be bad.

8. R 18. White must do the same; he cannot play at S 18.

9. Q 13.

10. S 18. White cannot neglect this move after Black plays at Q 13; if Black had played at R 12, White could have played elsewhere.

Black has the better position.

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Rh originally intended for hearers who were supposed to know all about them. For us, the order and nature of the events referred to are sometimes by no means clear, especially when we can get little help from external sources. In this particular instance, however, it is not difficult to read between the lines, and put together a complete story, and we have the Scandinavian accounts to help us.

Eanmund and Eadgils are banished from Sweden for rebellion (2379 ff.), and take refuge at the court of the Geat king, Heardred. The fact of their finding an asylum with his hereditary foes (see Ongentheow) seems to have so enraged the Swedish king Onela, their uncle, that he invades Geatland (2202 ff.) and succeeds in slaying Heardred (2384 ff.), but allows Beowulf to succeed to the Geat throne unmolested (2389—90). Heardred is the second Geat king (see Hasthcyn) who had fallen by the hands of the Swedes, and Beowulf at a later time (2392) balances the feud by supporting Eadgils in his subsequent invasion of Sweden, in which the latter slew the king, his uncle Onela (2391 ff.). This version of the story is confirmed by reference to the Norse accounts, in which Aðils (=Eadgils) slays Āli (=Onela) on the ice of Lake Wener (see l. 2396).

Heyne (followed unfortunately by Brooke) seems to pervert and distort this simple story almost beyond belief. He says (the square brackets are mine): ‘The relations of Ohthere’s sons to Hygelac’s son appear according to the text to be as follows. Ohthere’s sons, Eanmund and Eadgils, have revolted against their father (2381) [why their father rather than Onela?], in consequence of which they have to quit Sweden (2379) and come to Heardred (2380). One of them kills the latter under mysterious circumstances (2385) [2385 does not say so]; it must have been Eanmund, whom Weohstan slays on the spot therefor, cf. 2612. Eadgils escapes to his home (2387, for “Ongenþīoes bearn” here means his grandson Eadgils, for “bearn” can be used in the sense of descendant, cf. Daniel 73: “Isrāēla bearn”) [special pleading! “Isrāēla bearn” = the children of Israel. What possible inference can there be from this to the meaning “grandson”? And why go to Daniel, in preference to referring to the seven instances of this use of “bearn” in his own glossary to Beowulf? How much better to take “bearn” to mean son, as in every other case of its singular use in the poem!], where in the meantime his father Ohthere seems to have died [!]. After Beowulf has become king of the Geats (2389), his thoughts turn to taking his revenge on Eadgils (2391); he becomes his enemy [the MS. has “freond” !!]. Eadgils invades the land of the Geats (2393—4; read

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144 “gestepte” from “gesteppan,” and not “gestēpte” from “gestēpan”), but is killed by Beowulf (2396) [then “Beowulf” is the subject of “wearð” (2392), “sunu Ōhteres” (2394) is the subject of “gestepte,” and “hē” (2395) again refers to Beowulf! And Eadgils has meantime become king of Sweden (2396)].’ See also Ēanmund.

I have treated this question thus fully in the hope of ending a misinterpretation, which has obtained some vogue.

Finn (Fin 1096, 1146, 1152; gen. Finnes 1068 etc.), king of Friesland

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iv. 1- 3. He who was born forth the knowing relative of it speaks all the births (jániman) of the gods; he bore up the bráhman from the midst of the bráhman; downward, upward, he set forth unto the svadhā́s.

4. For he of the heaven, he of the earth the right-stander, fixed (skabh) [as his] abode (kṣéma) the (two) great firmaments (ródasī) the great one, when born, fixed apart the (two) great ones, the heaven [as] seat (sádman) and the earthly space (rájas).

5. He from the fundamental birth (janús) hath attained (aç) unto (abhi) the summit; Brihaspati, the universal ruler, [is] the divinity of him; since the bright (çukrá) day was born of light, then let the shining (dyumánt) seers (vípra) fade out (? vi-vas) ⌊shine out?⌋.

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12

Him se yldestaondswarode, werodes wīsa,word-hord onlēac: “Wē synt gum-cynnesGēata lēode ond Higelācesheoið-genēatas. Wæs mīn fæderfolcum gecȳþed, æþele ord-frumaEcgþēow hāten; gebād wintra worn,ǣr hē on weg hwurfe gamol of geardum;hine gearwe geman witena wel-hwylcwīde geond eorþan. Wē þurh holdne higehlāford þīnne, sunu Healfdenes,sēcean cwōmon, lēod-gebyrgean;wes þū ūs lārena gōd. Habbað wē tō þǣm mǣranmicel ǣrende Deniga frēan;ne sceal þǣr dyrne sum wesan, þæs ic wēne.Þū wāst gif hit is, swā wē sōþlīce*secgan hȳrdon, þæt mid Scyldingumsceaðona ic nāt hwylc, dēogol dǣd-hata, deorcum nihtum ēaweð þurh egsanuncūðne nīð, hȳnðu ond hrā-fyl.Ic þæs Hrōðgār mæg þurh rūmne sefanrǣd gelǣran, hū hē frōd ond gōdfēond oferswȳðeþ, gyf him ed-wendanǣfre scolde bealuwa bisigu,bōt eft cuman, ond þā cear-wylmascōlran wurðaþ; oððe ā syþðanearfoð-þrāge,

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text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/New Bedford

NEW BEDFORD, a city, port of entry, and one of the county-seats of Bristol Co., Mass.; on Buzzards Bay, and on the New York, New Haven, and Hartford railroad; 55 miles S. of Boston. It contains a custom house, county court house, public library, parks, hospitals, and an excellent school system. National and savings banks, waterworks, electric lights, electric street railroads, and daily and weekly newspapers. New Bedford is one of the leading cities in the United States as an industrial center. The city ranks first in the United States in the manufacture of fine cotton goods and fine cotton yarns. The number of cotton-mill employees in 1920 was about 38,000. There was over $6,000,000 invested in other industries, including a rope

a copper rolling mill, one of the largest twist drill plants in the world, a large cut glass works, a shoe factory, a paint mill, and numerous other smaller industries. A large pier, costing over $450,000, has been built by the State. The British destroyed a large part of New Bedford in 1778, in retaliation for the injury done to British commerce by privateers from that port. Pop. (1910) 96,652; (1920) 121,217.


text:
User talk:Kamble

JeepdaySock (talk) 17:50, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kamble


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Newbern

NEWBERN, a city, port of entry, and county-seat of Craven co., N. C.; at the junction of the Neuse and Trent rivers; and on the Atlantic Coast Line and the Norfolk Southern railroads; 108 miles E. S. E. of Raleigh. It has steamship communication with Norfolk, Baltimore, and New York. Here are a public library, and several National and State banks. The city exports fish, cotton, turpentine, lumber, vegetables, and naval stores. It has grist and sawmills, turpentine distilleries, carriage and tobacco factories, manufactories of agricultural implements, etc. During the early part of the Civil War Newborn was strongly fortified by the Confederates, but on March 14, 1862, it fell into the hands of General Bumside, after a sharp action. Pop. (1910) 9,901; (1920) 12,198.


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Newberry

NEWBERRY, a city of South Carolina, the county-seat of the county of the same name. It is 43 miles W. N. W. of Columbia and is situated on the Columbia, Newberry and Laurens, and Southern railroads. It is the center of an important cotton-growing region and has important manufactures of cotton goods, cottonseed oil, fertilizers, etc. The town contains an excellent city hall and court house and the Newberry College. Pop. (1910) 5,028; (1920) 5,894.


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Newberry College

NEWBERRY COLLEGE, a coeducational institution in Newberry, S. C.; founded in 1856 under the auspices of the Lutheran Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 9; students, 219; volumes in the library, 8,000; productive funds, $150,000; endowment, $200,000; income, $30,000.


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145 6. Verily doth the kāvyá further (hi) that of him—the abode (? dhā́man) of the great god of old (pūrvyá); he was born together with many thus, sleeping now in the loosened (vi-si) eastern half.

7. Whoso shall approach (? ava-gam) with homage father Atharvan, relative of the gods, Brihaspati—in order that thou mayest be generator of all, poet, god, not to be harmed, self-ruling (? svadhā́vant).

1. He who is soul-giving, strength-giving; of whom all, of whom [even] the gods, wait upon the instruction; who is lord (īç) of these bipeds, who of quadrupeds—to what god may we pay worship (vidh) with oblation?

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text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Newberry, Truman Handy

NEWBERRY, TRUMAN HANDY, United States Senator from Michigan. Born in Detroit, Nov. 5, 1864, and graduated from Yale University in 1885. In the same year he became the General Freight and Passenger Agent of the Detroit, Bay City and Alpena railway. Later he became constructing engineer for many large Michigan firms, and served as president or director of many of them. He took a great interest in the Navy and served in it during the

War. In 1905 he became Assistant Secretary of the Navy and later, for a brief period at the close of Roosevelt's administration, Secretary of the Navy. In 1919 he was elected United States Senator on the Republican ticket against Henry Ford, his Democratic antagonist. Charges of bribery were made by Mr. Ford, and in 1920 a Michigan jury convicted Newberry of having obtained his seat by unlawful methods. The verdict was reversed, and he took his seat.


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Rh

þrēa-nȳd þolað,þenden þǣr wunað on hēah-stedehūsa sēlest.” Weard maþelode,ðǣr on wicge saet, ombeht unforht:“Ǣghwaþres sceal scearp scyld-wigagescād witan, worda ond worca,sē þe wel þenceð. Ic þæt gehȳre,þæt þis is hold weorod frēan Scyldinga.Gewītaþ forð beran wǣpen ond gewǣdu,ic ēow wīsige; swylce ic magu-þegnasmīne hāte wið fēonda gehwoneflotan ēowerne, nīw-tyrwydnenacan on sande, ārum healdan,oþ þæt eft byreð ofer lagu-strēa*maslēofne mannan wudu wunden-halstō Weder-mearce. Gōd-fremmendra swylcum gifeþe bið, þæt þone hilde-rǣshāl gedīgeð.” Gewiton him þā fēran; flota stille bād, seomode on sāle sīd-fæþmed scip, on ancre fæst. Eofor-līc scionon

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text:
Page:Richard Nixon's presidential daily calendar - 1969.djvu/1810

 * }


text: The New International Encyclopædia/New Bedford


text:
Page:Richard Nixon's presidential daily calendar - 1969.djvu/1811

 * }


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Newbern


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Newberry