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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wood, Leonard

WOOD, LEONARD (1860–), American soldier, was born at Winchester, N.H., Oct. 9 1860. He graduated from the Harvard Medical School in 1884, was appointed assistant surgeon with the rank of first-lieutenant in the U.S. army in

1886, and at once joined Capt. Lawton’s expedition against the Apaches in the southwest, resulting in the capture of Geronimo. For distinguished services he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. In 1891 he was promoted captain and full surgeon, and later, while stationed in Washington, D.C., was President McKinley’s personal physician. Here he became the close friend of Theodore Roosevelt, then Assistant-Secretary of the Navy. On the outbreak of the Spanish American War in 1898 Wood was commissioned colonel of volunteers, and together with Roosevelt, as lieutenant-colonel, raised the famous regiment of “Rough Riders,” composed of western ranchmen and cowboys as well as members of prominent eastern families eager to serve under these two strenuous leaders. For conduct at Las Guasimas and San Juan Hill, Wood was promoted brigadier-general July 1898 and in Dec. major-general of volunteers. He was military governor of Cuba from 1899 to 1902 when the Cuban Republic was established. Under his guidance great improvements were made in schools and sanitation. Meanwhile he had been honourably discharged from voluntary service and appointed brigadier-general in the regular army Feb. 1901. In March 1903 he was sent to the Philippines and in Aug. promoted major-general. For three years he was governor of the Moro Province and during 1906–8 was commander of the Philippines Division. In 1908 he returned to America as commander of the Eastern Department for a year. In 1910 he was special American ambassador to the centenary celebration of Argentine independence. On his return he was appointed chief of staff, serving until 1914, when he was again given command of the Eastern Department. General Wood often had disapproved the policies of the War Department, and as early as 1908 had urged preparedness. To him was largely due the establishment of a summer camp at Plattsburg for training civilian officers, which, was taken as a model for other camps of the kind after America’s entrance into the World War. In 1915, when he gave unofficial indorsement to the proposed formation of the American Legion whose purpose was to establish a body of some 300,000 men ready for immediate service, he was rebuked by the Secretary of War. Just before America’s entrance into the World War in 1917 it was announced that the Eastern Division, then under Gen. Wood’s command, had been divided into three divisions, and Gen. Wood was assigned to the Southeastern Division, with the alternative of choosing either Hawaii or the Philippines. As a soldier desiring active service he naturally chose the American post; but the apparent motive of the War Department to humiliate him aroused criticism. He was later transferred to Camp Funston, where he trained the 89th Div., N.A. In Jan. 1918, while in France, presumably preparatory to bringing his troops there, he was painfully wounded by the explosion of a French mortar. After his return to America he was on the point of embarking with the 89th Div., when he ,was suddenly assigned to the Western Department, no reason being given. It was generally understood that his name was not on the list of officers submitted by Gen. Pershing as acceptable for duty overseas. By change of orders he was returned to Camp Funston, where he trained the 10th Div. of the regular army and other troops. In 1919 he was put in command of the Central Department, with headquarters at Chicago. In 1920 he was a prominent candidate for the presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention. He led on the first four ballots and never fell below second place. When the supporters of Governor Lowden, his chief competitor, were released after the eighth ballot, they swung to Senator Harding, a “dark horse,” who was nominated on the tenth ballot, with 692 votes to 156 for Gen. Wood. In 1921 Gen. Wood was sent on a special Federal mission to the Philippine Is. to report on conditions there. During his absence he was appointed head of the university of Pennsylvania. In Oct. 1921 he retired from active service in the army and was appointed governor-general of the Philippines. He was granted a year’s leave of absence from the university of Pennsylvania, but it was thought that he might be able to assume his academic duties in Oct. 1922. He was the author of The Military Obligation of Citizenship (1915, lectures at

and elsewhere); Our Military History, Its Facts and Fallacies (1916); and Universal Military Training (1917).

See I. F. Marcosson, Leonard Wood, Prophet of Preparedness (1917); Joseph H. Sears, The Career of Leonard Wood (1919); and Leonard Wood on National Issues (1920), compiled by Evan J. David.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wood, Mrs. John

WOOD, MRS. JOHN [Matilda Charlotte] (1833-1915), English actress, was born at Liverpool Nov. 6 1833, the daughter of Henry Vining, and first appeared on the stage at Brighton at the age of eight. As a young girl she played leading parts in comedy at the Theatre Royal, Manchester, and in 1852 appeared there as Ophelia. After her marriage she acted for some years in America, beginning in 1854 with The Loan of a Lover, followed by many other parts. She opened a theatre of her own in New York in 1863 but returned to England in 1866. From that time until her retirement from the stage in 1905, she was in the first rank of robust comedy actresses. Her management of the Court theatre between 1883 and 1891 saw the production of many of Pinero's best comedies. Later she appeared in elderly rôles in most of the Drury Lane melodramas, her last appearance being in Hall Caine's The Prodigal Son in 1905. She died at Birchington-on-Sea Jan. 11 1915.

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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Orton, Edward, Jr.

ORTON, EDWARD, JR., an American educator, born in Chester, N. Y. in 1863. He graduated from Ohio State University in 1884 and for four years afterwards served as chemist in a blast furnace. He was the first to begin the manufacture of “ferro-silicon” as an alloy of iron in the United States. Largely through his efforts a school for instruction in the technology of clay, glass and cement industries was established. From 1902 to 1906 he was dean of the College of Engineering at the Ohio State University, serving again in that capacity from 1910 to 1916. He served as major in the Quartermaster Service in 1917. He was a member of many important professional societies. He wrote many reports on clay industries and many technical articles for professional magazines.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ortolan

ORTOLAN, a European yellowish-brown bunting (Emberiza hortulana) famous as a dainty. It is migratory, spreading over northern Europe in summer to breed, and making its nest in bushes or small trees, and singing pleasantly. Toward autumn, when it begins to migrate southward, it is plump and regarded as excellent eating. These birds are caught in great numbers, at that season along the shores of Italy and the eastern Mediterranean, and are kept in confinement and fed for some time until they become exceedingly fat and delicate, and form a table luxury. The favorite method of preparing the ortolans for table consists in roasting them in egg shells — a mode of cookery borrowed from the ancients, among whom these birds brought very high prices. In former times the island of Cyprus formed a chief depot for the exportation of these birds, which were pickled in spices and vinegar and packed in casks containing from 300 to 400 each. From 400 to 500 casks are annually exported from Cyprus.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ortmann, Arnold Edward

ORTMANN, Arnold Edward, American Palæontologist: b. Magdeburg, Prussia, 8 April 1863. He studied at the universities of Jena, Kiel and Strassburg, gaining the Ph.D. diploma at Jena in 1885. After doing military service in Germany he was sent to Zanzibar, Africa (1890-91), in search of natural history specimens. He came to the United States in 1894, was made curator of invertebrate palæontology (1894-1903) at Princeton, and became (1903-) curator of invertebrate zoology at Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. He was professor of physical geography at the University of Pittsburgh from 1910. In 1911 he was given the degree of Sc.D. by the University of Pittsburgh. He was a member of the Princeton Arctic Expedition in 1899. He has written among numerous other works ‘Grundzüge der Marinen Tiergeographie’ (1886); Continuation of Die Decapodon in Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreiche's (1898-1900); ‘Tertiary Invertebrates of the Princeton Expedition to Patagonia’ (1902). Besides being associate editor of the American Naturalist he has written many articles for the periodicals.


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 non-threat, any aircraft approaching a U.S. Navy ship could be considered a threat. However, an aircraft at high altitude (above 25,000 ft) will likely not be evaluated as a threat.

2. U.S. Navy units operating in the Persian Gulf have insufficient current information on commercial traffic schedules, on commercial air routes and on the type and ranges of IFF codes used by commercial traffic. With over 1,000 commercial flights per week within the Persian Gulf area, it would be difficult for individual ships to maintain current, accurate airline information.

3. Due to heavy pilot workload during take-off and climb-out, and the requirement to communicate with both Approach Control and Tehran Center, the pilot of Iran Air Flight 655 probably was not monitoring IAD.

4. Any aircraft, including commercial aircraft, could be used in a suicide mission role, therefore, Commanders cannot disregard an aircraft squawking Mode III, IFF, flying on a commercial air corridor, and on a CBDR to his ship.

5. Current verbal warnings and challenges used by JTFME units are ambiguous because they do not clearly identify to pilots exactly which aircraft the ship is attempting to contact.

6. The limited number of VHF radios on U.S. surface units degrades their ability to simultaneously monitor the IAD frequency and communicate with civilian air traffic control agencies.

7. Bandar Abbas Tower, Approach Control and Tehran Center did not hear, or failed to relay, the IAD warnings issued by USS VINCENNES to IR 655.

8. The current tools used by the U.S. Navy for differentiating between friendly and hostile unknown aircraft were designed primarily for the open ocean environment. U.S. Naval weapon systems can reach further and often react more quickly than sensors can evaluate. This is especially true in the Persian Gulf areas where reaction time is constrained by geography Therefore, altitude is one of the most useful indicators for establishing "no hostile intent."

G.

1. CJTFME's confidence in CO USS VINCENNES, and in the capability of the AEGIS system, coupled with information available to him in his Flag Plot, were the factors involved in his concurrence with CO, USS VINCENNES decision to engage TN 4131. He exhibited prudence and good judgment in telling USS VINCENNES to warn the aircraft before engaging it.


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 UNCLE SAM'S LOBSTER NUSERY

ere are some things you would see if you visited one of Uncle Sam's fish hatching stations. These pictures were taken at a hatchery where he makes a specialty of raising lobsters and turning them out in the ocean to grow up. Each mother lobster lays several thousand eggs attached by a kind of glue to her swimmerettes, as shown in the pictures below. At these fish hatcheries the eggs are hatched in glass jars. You see the hands of a man who is removing the eggs from a mother lobster. The lobster on the right is in what is called the first stage of growth. He has lost the power to swim and is learning to walk. " Lobster" is from an old Anglo Saxon word meaning "spider". Doesn't this baby lobster remind you of a Spider?

That man is putting scrambled hen's eggs, liver and beef finely cut, into the water to feed the baby lobsters.

Where the mother lobster carries her eggs

The copper ticket of the lobster below says: "Please return to Wickford Station and state where found."

At the fourth stage of growth lobsters are poured into the ocean.

Lobsters are caught in a pot or trap baited with fish or meat.

In this circle are four chapters in the story of a lobster's life. In the first two stages after the egg, lobsters can swim, but when they reach the fourth stage they lose the power to swim and must learn to walk, as baby lobster is doing at the top of the page.

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 FARMING UNDER THE SEA

HOW THE SPONGE CROP IS HARVESTED

"When the vessel reaches the grounds, the men go out in boats, one man leaning over the sea bottom with a water glass. When a sponge is seen, it is secured with a kind of steel fork on a slender pole." The New Student's Reference Work.

DO YOU WONDER IT WAS MISTAKEN FOR SPUN GLASS?

"One kind of sponge looks lie a beautiful vase of spun glass. When first brought to Europe they were not though to be sponges at all, but vases made by skill-ful workes in glass."

FROM SEA BOTTOM TO THE MARKET

Below on the left a greek sponge gatherer is going down in a diving suit off the Florida Coast. After being gathered, sponges are put into those wicker pens where the tide washes them, but cannot wash them away.

Below, to the right, is a sponge market where the sponges are graded and offered for sale.

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 WHY "JACK" GETS HIS FACE WASHED

HEN a bee pokes her nose into an alfala blossom she trips the stamen, which jumps up like a jack-in-the-box and scatters pollen on her breat; this she rubs against the sticky end of the pistill of this and other alfalfa blossoms and so fertilizes them. To produce new varieties, Uncle Sam's experts do this tripping with a pin and wash of the pollen with a rubber bulb such as dentists use do the flower cannot fertilize itself. Then Pollen is applied from the flower of the plant with which the crossing is to be made.

A and B before and after tripping, C, held by pin ; D, after washing; E,after pollination ; F, pin removed. Picture No. 2. shows how the sweet pea (A is crossed by the removal of stamens BC); D, after fertilizing; E, second morning; F, third morning.

Lettuce flower pollen can be removed with a small rubber tube attached to the garden hose. Such flowers as the single rose are easily crossed by the water method or by removing stamens (Sta.) and applying pollen to the pistill (P).

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 22 from India or China was for a subaltern £95, and for a general officer £234, to say nothing of directors and governors and their families, and that these ships usually carried from twenty to thirty passengers, we may conclude that this also was a considerable source of revenue.

Then captains were permitted to own the dunnage used for the protection of homeward cargoes, which they supplied in the form of stone and chinaware, canes, bamboos, rattans, sapan-wood, horns, nankins, etc. All of these goods might in those days be bought at very low prices in India and China, and under the monopoly of the East India Company, they sold at very high prices in London. Most of this "dunnage," however, came to the captains in the form of presents, known in the fragrant language of the Far East as "cumshaws," from admiring Indian and Chinese merchants.

Naturally all of the cargoes were well dunnaged, so much so, indeed, as finally to attract the attention of the benevolent Court of Directors, who deemed it expedient to restrain the zeal of their captains in this direction by issuing an order that "as dunnage has been brought home in the Company's ships far beyond what is necessary for the protection of the cargo and stores, occupying tonnage to the exclusion of goods, or cumbering the ship, the court have resolved that unless what is brought home of those articles appears absolutely and bona fide necessary for and used as dunnage, the exceeding of such requisite quantity shall be charged against the tonnage of the commanders and offenders." This dunnage business had been

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 DO PLANTS HAVE "FEELINGS" TOO?

ou know how your legs kick when somone kicks your feet.So all living things, including plants respond to touch, but some, like the sensitive plant, show their feelings more than others. Choloroform has the same effect on plants it has on people—after taking it they stop "showing their feelings." Some plants get food by closing their leaves on insects that touch them. In the circle is a leaf of a big pitcher plant that grows in California and catches insects in its pitchers. Notice the flange that guides the insect into the pitcher.

This man is chloroforming a sensitive plant. On the left is the Trumpet Leaf.—a plant that catches ants—and on the right the Huntsman's Cup, that "eats" cockroaches.

The Venus fly trap has leaves like jaws that snap up insects touching them. On the right is another kind of pitcher plant. The picture shows its pitchers full of sweetened water are kept open to attract insects. (See )

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4 to divide into preferred and deferred half-shares), and to borrow 25,000l. Extension of time for completion of railways authorised by act of 1893 for 3 years, from 28th March, 1898; period for completion of works authorised by this act, 5 years additional lands; and other purposes.

By act of 1st August, 1899, further powers were conferred on the company to raise additional capital not exceeding 60,000l. in new ordinary 10l. shares, and to borrow 20,000l; to raise half the capital authorised by acts of 1893 and 1896 in preference shares at interest not exceeding 4½ per cent. per annum; to construct new works to be completed within 5 years; additional lands; abandonment of portion of lines authorised by act of 1893; extension of time for completion of lines authorised under acts of 1893 and 1896; and for other purposes.

By act of 6th August, 1900, extension railways were authorised to Paddington on the north and the Elephant and Castle on the south. Length, 2 miles 1 furlong 5 chains; and powers to raise additional capital of 1,000,000l. in ordinary shares, and to borrow 333,000l.; period for completion, 5 years.

By act of 1902 powers for the compulsory purchase of land under the act of 1896 were extended to the 1st August, 1904, and the time for the completion of the works authorised by the acts of 1893, 1896, and 1899 extended to the 1st August, 1905.

By act of 11th August, 1903, the time for the completion of the works authorised by the act of 1900 was extended to the 6th August, 1907, and for compulsory purchase of lands to the 6th August, 1905. Power was given to acquire land for a station in the Westminster Bridge Road and to enter into agreements with the Underground Electric Railways Company of London Limited for the supply of electrical power, the haulage of trains and the equipment and electrical working of the traffic of the Baker Street and Waterloo Company.

By act of 22nd July, 1904, powers were given to acquire additional land and construct stations at Westminster Bridge and Regent's Park.

On 14th November, 1900, the whole of the 2,385,000l. share capital was offered for subscription at par, in 66,000 4 per cent. preference shares, and 172,500 ordinary shares of 10l. each. Total shares issued to 30th June, 1904, ordinary, 98,185, preference, 66,000. Total received on share account to 30th June, 1904, 1,641,850l. Interest during construction will be paid half-yearly at the rate of 3 per cent. per annum, subject to the provisions of the company's acts, on ordinary shares Nos. 1 to 250, 271 to 27,171, and 34,172 to 34,601, and preference shares Nos. 1 to 10,750 and 65,894 to 66,000. All interest up to the 30th June, 1904, has been paid. Subscribers were permitted to pay up In full on allotment. Borrowing powers, 890,000l.

No. of Directors.—Maximum, 10; minimum, 4; quorum, 3, if number of directors do not exceed 7, and if the number exceed 7, the quorum to be 5. Qualification, 50 shares.

OFFICERS.Sec., George Boxall; Auditors, G. J. Whitelaw and Jas. Attfield; Bankers, London Joint Stock Bank, Craven Road, W.

Offices―Paddington Terminus, W.

Incorporated by act of 28th July, 1873, to construct a line commencing by a junction with the Corwen and Bala at Llangower, and terminating at Festiniog. Length, 22¼ miles. Capital, 190,000l., and 68,300l. on loan. The Great Western may subscribe 256,000l. under this and subsequent acts. Power to enter into working and other arrangements with Great Western, Festiniog, and other companies.

By act of 16th April, 1878, the time for the completion of this railway was extended to 28th July, 1881.

The share capital was increased by 48,000l., and debenture by 16,000l., under authority of Bala and Festiniog Railway Additional Capital Certificate, 1882.


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 yet they differ, for that they are, is part of another science, (for the subject genus is another,) but why they are, is a province of a superior science, of which they are the essential qualities. Hence from these things also it is apparent that we cannot demonstrate each thing simply, but from its proper principles, and the principles of these have something common.

If then this is evident, it is also clear that it is impossible to demonstrate the proper principles of each thing, for they will be the principles of all things, and the science of them the mistress of all (sciences): for the man has more scientific knowledge who knows from superior causes, since he knows from prior things when he knows not from effects, but from causes. So that if he knows more, he knows also most, and if that be science, it is also more, and most of all such. Demonstration however is not suitable to another genus, except as we have said, geometrical to mechanical or optical, and arithmetical to harmonical demonstrations. Nevertheless it is difficult to know whether a man possesses knowledge or not, since it is hard to ascertain if we know from the principles of each thing or not, which indeed constitutes knowledge. We think however that we know, if we have got a syllogism from certain primary truths, but it is not so, since it is necessary that they should be of a kindred nature with the primary.


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 ANGLO SAXON ANTIQUITIES FROM TAPLOW, BUCKS

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 in England; and copy after copy must have been made, during a considerable interval, before the style of workmanship on the costliest objects could have fallen so far below that of the earliest examples. Similarly debased is the ornament on the pair of gilt bronze clasps (fig. 3) found in the same grave close together on the left side of the waist. They appear to have belonged to the belt, from which no doubt a knife and other objects were suspended; and each pair consists of two triangular plates smaller than that of the buckle, but not unlike that in outline and decoration, though the delicate cell-work and inlay of the larger jewel are here unrepresented.

Above the head on the right were two shield bosses of iron belonging to an ordinary type, the wooden framework of the shields having perished. Close to these lay an iron knife and a ring of the same metal, 4½ inches in diameter. Opposite these relics, near the south-east corner of the grave, was, first, a bucket of about 12 inches diameter, with an iron frame and ashen staves, the outside coated with thin embossed plates

of bronze. Next came to light a fine piece of bronze-working in the shape of a standing bowl (see fig.), 12 inches high and 16 inches in diameter at the rim, which is twelve-sided with knobs at the angles and a pair of massive drop-handles. The base contained a quantity of carbonate of lead to ensure stability, but the vessel lay on its side; and underneath the stem was a small drinking-horn with silver-gilt bands and 202

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Rh The mound or barrow was 30 yards from the west end of the old church, and exists to this day almost in its original form. The trunk of an ancient yew tree, with a girth of over 20 feet, still stood on the sum- mit when excavations were undertaken in October 1883 at the instance of Mr. James Rutland, who was assisted in the work by the late Dr. Joseph Stevens of Reading, who presented an illustrated report to the British Archaeological Association ; by the late Major Cooper King of Sandhurst, who prepared a plan of the interment ; and by Mr. Walter Money, F.S.A., of Newbury. The present account is mainly derived from the unpublished manuscript of Mr. Rutland, who however related most of the particulars to the Maidenhead Naturalists' Field Club in 1884, and also to the Society of Antiquaries of London. Before the excavation began, measurements were taken, and the barrow was found to be roughly circular, about 240 feet in circumference at the base, and 80 feet in diameter ; while the flat top was 1 5 feet above the level of the churchyard and had a diameter of 20 feet. A start was made at the southern end, from which a cutting was directed towards the centre ; other openings were then made from the north and west, and a tunnel driven below the yew tree which subsequently collapsed. Among the roots between 2 and 3 feet from the top of the mound were found several pieces of dressed chalk that may well have formed part of a door or window in the Norman church, and been buried in the mound when that structure was restored or rebuilt in the fourteenth century.

The cuttings disclosed several irregular layers of black earth alter- nating with red sand and gravel ; and the numerous relics of human workmanship proved that the entire mound had been thrown up by man, though perhaps not all on one occasion. The upper layers contained fragments of coarse pottery, bones and bone tools, hammer-stones and flint flakes, cores and scrapers, all irregularly dispersed throughout the mass ; while about 1 2 feet down, in the western shaft, was found a pair of bronze tweezers, perhaps of Roman date. At the bottom of the ex- cavation occurred a fragment of ' Samian ' ware and part of a brick, both undoubtedly of Roman origin.

These remains of the civilization that prevailed in Britain during the first four centures of our era would no doubt be lying on or near the surface of the soil at the time the mound was thrown up ; while relics of a ruder age would be naturally included in the material taken from a lower level to form the upper part of the mound. Latest of all was the interment over which this imposing monument was raised, and a detailed account of the principal discovery may now be proceeded with. The ex- cavation had reached a depth of 20 feet from the summit, when several strands of gold thread were discovered. These had been woven into braid with a diamond pattern, and to judge from previous discoveries of the same kind in Kent and the Isle of Wight, were sufficient indication

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Chapter 10
I those principles in each genus, the existence of which it is impossible to demonstrate. What then first things, and such as result from these signify, is assumed, but as to principles, we must assume that they are, but demonstrate the rest, as what unity is, or what the straight and a triangle are; it is necessary however to assume that unity and magnitude exist, but to demonstrate the other things.

Of those which are employed in demonstrative sciences, some are peculiar to each science, but others are common, and common according to analogy, since each is useful, so far as it is in the genus under science. The peculiar indeed are such as, that a line is a thing of this kind, and that the straight is, but the common are, as that if equals be taken from equals the remainders are equal. Now each of these is sufficient, so far as it is in the genus, for (a geometrician) will effect the same, though he should not assume of all, but in magnitudes alone, and the arithmetician in respect of numbers (alone).

Proper principles, again, are those which are assumed to be, and about which science considers whatever are inherent per se, as arithmetic assumes unities, and geometry points and lines, for they assume that these are, and that they are this particular thing. But the essential properties of these, what each signifies, they assume, as arithmetic, what the odd is, or the even, or a square, or a cube; and geometry,


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Rh of a rich interment beneath. In the centre of the area covered by the mound, and below the yew tree, was found a rectangular grave that had been cut in the gravel about 6 feet below the original level of the church- yard ; and measured 12 feet in length and 8 feet in width. There can be no doubt that this was the principal interment in the mound, and the grave-furniture proved it to be of Anglo-Saxon date, though there is absolutely no foundation for the belief that it was the tomb of a Viking. Of the skeleton but little remained, but in a straight line, running parallel with the longer sides of the graves approximately east and west, several vertebra? were discovered a little to the south of the centre. These with part of a thigh-bone to the west, and a fragment of jaw-bone containing a tooth to the east, may be taken to prove that the interment was not orientated in the Christian manner. The position of the gold braid, spreading north-west and south-west from a point near the top of the vertebral column, supports this view ; though the iron spearhead which is usually found beside the skull must have been inverted when the burial took place, as the point was found only a few inches from the west end of the grave. At the side of the body had been placed an iron sword, 2½ inches wide and 32 inches long, in a wooden scabbard, with the grip under the arm. In one account this weapon is said to have been on the warrior's left hand, but it is more generally held to have been on the north side, and is so located on a plan of the grave prepared during the excavation. In this connection more than one writer has called attention to Roman sepulchral monuments in the Rhine district representing a horseman spearing a prostrate foe, his sword girt high upon his right side ; and the Roman brooch worn on the shoulder is perhaps represented in the Taplow barrow by a remarkable buckle (fig. i), which seems to have fastened the gold- embroidered garment of wool. It is of gold, in almost perfect preservation, and bears a very close resemblance to more than one specimen from the richer graves of Kent. The hoop is set with garnets backed with gold foil, and two of the cells or cloisons are filled with an opaque substance resembling lapis lazuli. The plate is triangular, two of the corners being marked with cabochon garnets, and the end with a large cell-work boss with slabs of the same stone ; while the central space, round which is a raised border of applied gold wires, is filled with a filagree design representing in a very imperfect and confused manner the animal forms affected by Teu- tonic artists in metal during the pagan period. In the fifth century the treatment was fairly naturalistic, though examples of that date are scarce

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O account of the story of Buckinghamshire could be considered complete which did not include particulars of the prehistoric antiquities found from time to time within its borders. In these relics we find the only existing traces of periods and peoples that have long since passed away; and, fragmentary and partial as this species of evidence might at first appear, it is remarkable to find how important and how precise are the conclusions to which it leads.

The prehistoric antiquities of Buckinghamshire cannot, it is true, be accurately described as of first-rate interest in point of numbers or special importance, but it would obviously be unfair to judge of the richness of this or any other county by the number of recorded antiquities found in it. The simple fact is that many of the English counties have been practically neglected as far as their prehistoric remains are concerned, and it is only in quite recent years that scientific methods have been applied to the deciphering and illustrating of some of the most interesting phases of the early history of mankind.

Yet if the prehistoric remains of this county are numerically few, they are characteristic of each of the various periods into which archæologists divide the prehistoric past.

Following the plan already adopted in these volumes, it is proposed to describe and figure the more important of these remains under their respective heads, prefixing to each section a few introductory remarks in order to give to the general reader an intelligible idea of the succession and relation of the stages or phases of human culture.

The main divisions of prehistoric civilization have received the designations: (1) palæolithic age, (2) neolithic age, (3) bronze age, and (4) prehistoric iron age. It is proposed to adhere to this method of division on the present occasion, but it must be confessed that the use of precise terms of this kind is not entirely convenient and is not without its dangers. There is constant need to remember, when using these terms, that they apply, not to definite periods of time, but to stages of culture and progress, usually regular as to succession, but very irregular as to chronology, and, except in the division between the palæolithic and neolithic stages, largely represented by periods of transition and overlapping.

The materials for the reconstruction of the story of Buckinghamshire in palaeolithic times are few and not particularly important. They

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 what is not proportionate, or what is to be broken, or to incline; but that they are, they demonstrate through things common, and from those which have been demonstrated. So also astronomy, for all demonstrative science is conversant with three things, those which are laid down as existing, and these are the genus, (the essential properties of which the science considers,) and common things called axioms, from which as primaries they demonstrate; and thirdly, the affections, the signification of each of which the demonstrator assumes. There is nothing however to prevent certain sciences overlooking some of these, as if the genus is not supposed to be, if it be manifest that it exists, (for it is not similarly manifest that number is, as that the cold and hot are,) and if (the science) does not assume what the affections signify, if they are evident, as neither does it assume what things common signify, (as what it is) to take away equals from equals, because it is known; nevertheless these things are naturally three, viz. that about which demonstration is employed, the things demonstrated, and the principles from which they are.

Neither however hypothesis nor postulate is that which it is necessary should exist per se, and be necessarily seen, for demonstration does not belong to external speech, but to what is in the soul, since neither does syllogism. For it is always possible to object to external discourse,


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 proposition. But intellect, science, and opinion, and what is asserted through these, are true, wherefore it remains that opinion is conversant with the true or false, which yet may have a various subsistence, but this is the notion of an immediate and not necessary proposition. This also agrees with what appears, for both opinion is unstable, and its nature is of this kind, besides, no one thinks that he opines, but that he knows, when he thinks it impossible for a thing to subsist otherwise than it does, but when he thinks that it is indeed thus, yet that nothing hinders it being otherwise, then he thinks that he opines; opinion as it were being conversant with a thing of this kind, but science with what is necessary.

How then is it possible to opine and know the same thing, and why will opinion not be science, if a person admits that every thing which he knows he may opine? for both he who knows and he who opines will follow through media till they come to things immediate, so that if the former knows, he also who opines knows. For as it is possible to opine that a thing is, so likewise why it is, and this is the medium. Or if he so conceives things which cannot subsist otherwise, as if he had the definitions through which the demonstrations are framed, he will not opine, but know; but if that they are true, yet that these are not present with them essentially, and according to form, he will opine and not know truly both the that and the why, if indeed he should opine through things immediate; but if not


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Rh have been noted only in the southern end of the county and have a close relationship to the drift gravels of the Thames valley in which they have been discovered. The fact that at least some specimens have undergone drift-wear, indeed, suggests that, strictly speaking, they neither have now, nor ever had, any connection with the past history of the area we now know as Buckinghamshire, because drift-wear shows that they have travelled a considerable distance down the Thames valley since they were shaped by primitive man. Their place of origin as human tools or weapons may have been Oxfordshire, or even farther off.

In order to obtain a glimpse of Buckinghamshire in those far-off times it is necessary to consider the river-drift deposits of the Thames valley as a whole. This is the more desirable because the palæolithic age is separated from our own times by a long period of time and great physical changes, with the natural result that scarcely anything in the form of archæological relics less hard than stone has survived. Founded on the evidence of the bruised, battered, and worn flint implements, our ideas of the condition of man in palæolithic times are far from extensive and far from satisfactory. Still, as far as they go, they are perhaps more precise than one might imagine who had not studied the subject.

The Thames valley contains a number of beds of drift-gravel among which a large total number of palæolithic tools and weapons have been found. It has already been mentioned that some of these have been much worn and have obviously been transported to considerable distances. Others, particularly those found in sand or brick-earth, show no sign of drift-wear. In other parts of the Thames valley it is clear that the manufacture of palæolithic implements was carried on close by the river-side. Mr. F. C. J. Spurrell found the site of a regular implement factory at Crayford, Kent; Mr. J. Allen Brown found another at Acton, Middlesex; and still another has been found by Mr. W. G. Smith, at Caddington, in Bedfordshire. In all these cases it has been found possible to replace the flakes, as they were struck off by palæolithic man, so as to build up the nodule of flint practically to its original form.

One of the features of the occurrence of palæolithic implements in the Thames valley, and in other valleys, is the comparative abundance of implements, flakes, etc., at one spot and the rarity or entire absence of them at many other parts of the valley. It is possible, or even probable, that the physical forces which are responsible for the presence and arrangement of drift-gravel in a river valley may have had an intimate relation to the diffusion of implements, but it is impossible to avoid the inference that the population of the country in the palæolithic age was sparse, partial, and chiefly confined to the banks or immediate neighbourhood of rivers. In palæolithic times, however, it must be remembered that the River Thames was a very much larger body of water than at present, and adequately filled up its valley.

The actual remains of the palæolithic age found in Buckinghamshire comprise flakes and implements or weapons formed of flint of the usual character and types of river-drift implements. These have been dis-

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Rh park herd of white cattle in the county, nearest known being at Ewelme in Oxon, about five miles from the Bucks border or less, as I believe the park was two miles nearer the border than the village is. The cattle there are alluded to in 1536 and down to 1627. Bones of the urus are dredged in some numbers from the bed of the Thames, together with great quantities of red deer bones, a few bison, and other animals.]

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 The reader should bear in mind throughout that the date of the Domesday Survey is 1086; that 'the time of King Edward ' ('T.R.E.'), to which it refers, normally means the date of his death (January 5, 1066) ; and that the intermediate date, which is usually entered as ' when received,' is that at which the estate passed into the hands of the new holder or was confirmed by the Conqueror to the old one. These values, which are possibly approximate, were sometimes identi- cal at two of the periods, and sometimes at all three ; in the latter case the formula ' valuit semper ' is employed.

The Domesday 'hide' was a unit of assessment divided into four quarters called ' virgates,' each of which was reckoned to contain 30 acres, but these were merely fiscal, not areal measures. ' Demesne ' is used in two senses : manors held ' in demesne ' were those which the tenant-in-chief (who held directly of the Crown) retained in his own hands, instead of enfeoffing under-tenants therein ; but when the ' demesne ' of a manor is spoken of, the term denotes that portion which the holder (whether a tenant-in-chief or only an under-tenant) worked as a home farm with the help of labour due from the peasants who held the rest of the manor from him. Of the peasantry the three main classes are styled, in descending order, villeins, bordars, and serfs ; the serfs were specially connected with the lord's portion of the manor; the phrase ' villeins with bordars ' is merely a variant of ' villeins and bordars.' The essential element of the plough (' caruca ') was its team of oxen, always reckoned in Domesday as eight in number ; their im- portance is indicated in this county by the entry of the water-meadows that supplied them with hay.

Buckinghamshire is one of the counties in which the letter ' M,' denoting ' Manerium ' (manor), is found prefixed to entries. The double numbering of the fiefs is due to an error of the scribe, who has omitted to number, in the text, that of the Bishop of Lincoln, which has thrown out the numbering of all those that follow. Another error of the scribe is his writing, here as under Berkshire, ' Molebec ' for ' Bolebec ' in one instance, and conversely ' Berlaue ' for ' Merlaue ' (Marlow), which points to an easy confusion of the two letters.

The text has been prepared by Mr. Ragg and revised by Mr. Round, who has also added the footnotes which bear his initials.

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 but not always to internal. Whatever things then, being demonstrable, a man assumes without demonstration, these, if he assumes what appear probable to the learner, he supposes, and this is not an hypothesis simply, but with reference to the learner alone; but if, there being no inherent opinion, or when a contrary is inherent, the demonstrator assumes, he requires the same thing to be granted to him. And in this hypothesis and postulate differ, for postulate is any thing sub-contrary to the opinion of the learner, which though demonstrable a man assumes, and uses without demonstration.

Definitions then are not hypotheses, (for they are not asserted to be or not to be,) but hypotheses are in propositions. Now it is only necessary that definitions should be understood, but this is not hypothesis, except some one should say that the verb to hear is hypothesis. But they are hypotheses, from the existence of which, in that they are, the conclusion is produced. Neither does the geometrician suppose falsities, as some say, who assert, that it is not right to use a false (principle), but that the geometrician does so, when he calls a line a foot long when it is not so, or the line which he describes a straight line when it is not straight. The geometrician indeed concludes nothing from the lines being so and so, as he has said, but concludes those, which are manifested through these (symbols). Moreover postulate and every hypothesis are either as a whole or as in a part, but definitions are neither of these.


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fo. 143 BOCHINGHEHAM with BORTONE [Buckingham with Bourton] was assessed (se defendebat) at 1 hide T.R.E., and is assessed at the same now (et modo similiter facit). There is land for 8 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and (the) villeins have 3½ ploughs and there could be 2½ more. There are 26 burgesses and 11 bordars and 2 serfs. There is 1 mill worth (de) 14 shillings. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 8 plough (teams); pasture for the live stock (pecuniam) of the vill. In all (In totis valentiis) it used to pay T.R.E. 10 pounds by tale. It now pays 16 pounds of blanch (albo) silver.

Bishop Remigius holds the church of this borough, and land for 4 ploughs which belongs to it. There are 4 ploughs and 3 villeins and 3 bordars and 10 cottars and 1 mill worth (de) 10 shillings; meadow is there (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams), wood (nemus) for the fences. It is and was worth 6 pounds; T.R.E. 7 pounds. This church Bishop Wlwi held of King E[dward].

In this borough the Bishop of Coutances has 3 burgesses whom Wlward son (filius ) of Eddeva held. These pay 6 shillings and 6 pence yearly, and to the king 11 pence.

Earl Hugh has i burgess who was a man of Burcard of Senelai [Shenley]. He pays 26 pence yearly and to the king 5 pence.

Robert de Olgi has i burgess who was a man of Azor son of Toti. He pays 16 pence, and to the king 5 pence.

Roger de Ivri has 4 burgesses who were men of the same Azor. These pay 7 shillings and 6 pence, and to the king 13 pence.

Hugh de Bolebec has 4 burgesses who were men of Alric. These pay 28 pence, and to the king 12 pence.

Manno the Breton (Brito) has 4 burgesses who were men of Eddeva wife of Syred. These pay 29 pence. They owe no dues to the king.

Hascoi Musart has 1 burgess who was a man of Azor son of Toti. He pays 16 pence, and to the king 2 pence.

Ernulf de Hesding has i burgess who was Wilafs (man). He pays 2 shillings yearly, and to the king 3 pence.

William de Castellon has of the Bishop of Bayeux's fee 2 burgesses who were men of Earl Leofwine (Leivint). These pay 16 pence, and to the king now nothing, but T.R.E. they paid 3 pence.

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 parent that some things are present with each genus, although they are not separable, so far as each is such a thing. Nevertheless, it is impossible for those who have not sense to make an induction, for sense is conversant with singulars, as the science of them cannot be received, since neither (can it be obtained) from universals without induction, nor through induction without sense.

Chapter 19
syllogism consists of three terms, and one indeed is able to demonstrate that A is with C from its being present with B, and this last with C, but the other is negative, having one proposition (to the effect) that one certain thing is in another, but the other proposition (to the effect) that it is not with it. Now it is clear, that the same are principles, and what are called hypotheses, since it is necessary to demonstrate by thus assuming these, e. g. that A is present with C through B, and again, that A is with B through another medium, and that B is with C in like manner. By those then who syllogize according to opinion only, and dialectically, this alone it is clear must be


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 Rh favorably for about two centuries when this mandate was issued, and had enriched many a deserving mariner. It was estimated that an Indiaman's captain received in one way or another from £6000 to £10,000 per annum, and there is a record of one ship that made what was known as a double voyage—that is, from London to India, China, and return—a twenty-two months' cruise—whose commander made profits amounting to the tidy sum of £30,000.

The mates and petty officers were also well provided for, having forty and one half tons of space allotted among them to do with as they pleased, and all hands were supplied with wines, spirits, and beer in quantities which if stated might seem like an attempt to impose upon the reader's credulity.

A more showy if less substantial honor was conferred by the distinctive dress of the company's servants. The captains were arrayed in a picturesque uniform consisting of a blue coat with black velvet lapels, cuffs and collar, bright gold embroidery, and yellow gilt buttons engraved with the Company's crest, waistcoat and breeches of deep buff, black stock, or neck-cloth, cocked hat and side-arms. The chief, second, third, and fourth officers wore uniforms of a similar though less gorgeous character, and all were particularly requested "not on any account to appear in boots, black breeches, and stockings" and "to appear in full dress when attending the Court of Directors."

The charter of the East India Company provided that its ships should fly the long coach-whip pennant of the Royal Navy. During the last quarter

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 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

One burgess of Earl Aubrey's fee pays to the king 2 pence.

Lewin of Neweham [Nuneham Courtenay, Oxon] has 5 burgesses, and he had them T.R.E. These pay him 4 shillings yearly, and to the king 12 pence.

i KING WILLIAM ii The Archbishop of Canter- bury iii The Bishop of Winchester iiii The Bishop of Lincoln v The Bishop of Bayeux vi The Bishop of Coutances vii The Bishop of Lisieux viii The abbot of Westminster ix The abbot of St. Albans x The abbess of Barking xi The canons of Oxford xii Rainbald the priest xiii The Count of Mortain xiiii Earl Hugh of Chester xv Walter Gifard xvi William de Warenne xvii William Pevrel xviii William son of Ansculf xix Robert de Todeni xx Robert de Oilgi xxi Robert Gernon xxii Geoffrey de Mannevile xxiii Gilbert de Gand xxiii Miles Crispin xxv Edward de Sarisberie xxvi Hugh de Beauchamp xxvii Hugh de Bolebech xxviii Henry de Ferrariis xxix Walter de Vernon xxx Walter son of Other xxxi Walter the Fleming xxxii William de Felgeres xxxiii William the chamberlain xxxiiii William son of Constantine xxxv William son of Magnus xxxvi Turstin son of Rolf xxxvii Turstin Mantel xxxviii Ralf de Felgeres xl Bertran de Verdun xli Nigel de Albini xlii Nigel de Bereville xliii Roger de Iveri xliiii Richard Ingania xlv Manno the Breton xlvi Gozelin the Breton xlvii Urse de Berseres xlviii Winemar (the Fleming) xlix Martin l Hervey Legatus li Hascoit Musart lii Gunfrey de Cioches liii Gilo brother of Ansculf liiii Queen Mathildis lv Countess Judith lvi Azelina wife of (Ralf) Tail- gebosch lvii Thegns and almsmen of the king

I. THE KING'S LAND

[Aylesbury], a demesne manor of the king, is and was assessed, T.R.E. and after (se defendit semper) at 16 hides. There is land for 16 ploughs. On the demesne are 2. There 20 villeins with 14 bordars have 10 ploughs and there could be 4 more. There are 2 serfs, and 2 mills worth (de) 23 shillings. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 8 plough (teams) ; and from what there is besides (de remanenti) (come) 2O shillings. In all (totis valentiis) it pays 56 pounds assayed (arsas) and weighed out, and from the toll 10 pounds by tale. T.R.E. it used to pay 25 pounds by tale.

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214

Uncle Richard had been driven from the roof of the storehouse, and could see that all hope was over, he went off to take his turn at the engines. He worked at the pumps with all his might and main, as if to deaden his sorrow; but now and again he looked towards the house and thought, "Poor Christian Frederick!"

Jacob Worse was directing the operations, and had had the planking, which surrounded the building-yard on the side where the warehouses lay, pulled down in order to get room for the engines. He managed to get some order among the men who were handing the water, and drove the idle spectators up into the yard near the house. As he happened to pass Uncle Richard, the latter asked him, "Do you think there is any hope, Worse?"

"No!" answered Worse, in a low tone; "I am working in sheer desperation."

"So am I," said the attaché, with a nod; "but think of poor Christian Frederick."

Just then a murmur went through the crowd, who

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Rh In this manor was and is 1 sokeman holding I virgate of land, which he could assign (dare) or sell to whom he wished, and yet he always does service to the king's sheriff. The church of this manor the Bishop of Lincoln holds.

fo. 143b [Wendover] is and was assessed T.R.E. and after (se defendat semper) at 24 hides. There is land for 26 ploughs. On the demesne are 3. There 26 villeins with 6 bordars have 17 ploughs and there could be 6 more. There are 2 mills worth (de) 10 shillings, meadow (sufficient) for 3 plough (teams); and from what there is besides (de remanenti) (come) 20 shillings. There is woodland (to feed) 2,000 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it pays yearly 38 pounds assayed (arsas) and weighed out. T.R.E. it used to pay 25 pounds by tale. In this manor are 2 sokemen holding 1½ hides. They did not belong to it (non jacuerunt ibi) T.R.E.

[(Princes) Risborough] was Earl Harold's vill. It is and was assessed T.R.E. and after (se defendat semper) at 30 hides. There is land for 24 ploughs. In the demesne are 20 hides, and there are 4 ploughs on it. There 30 villeins with 12 bordars have 20 ploughs. There are 3 serfs and 2 mills worth (de) 1 4 shillings and 8 pence. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 7 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 1,000 swine. In all it pays yearly 47 pounds of blanch (albo) silver all but 16 pence. T.R.E. it used to pay 10 pounds by tale. To this manor belongs and belonged (facet et jacuii) a certain burgess of Oxeneford [Oxford] paying 2 shillings. There is besides a salt worker of Wicg [Droitwich] who renders [ ] loads (summas) of salt. And in the same manor was and is a certain sokeman holding 3 virgates. He could indeed (quidem) sell (his land), but yet he has done service to the sheriff.

[Swanbourne] was Earl Harold's vill. It is assessed at 4½ hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 hides and 3 virgates, and there is I plough and there could be another. There 3 villeins have 1½ ploughs and there could be as many more. There is I serf, and meadow (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams). Altogether it pays yearly 30 shillings of blanch (albo) silver. T.R.E. (it paid) 30 shillings by tale.

[Upton ] was Earl Harold's vill. It is assessed at 18 hides. There is land for 10 ploughs. In the demesne are 2½ hides, and there are 2 ploughs on it. There 19 villeins with 5 bordars have 15 ploughs. There are 2 serfs, and 1 mill worth (de) 4 shillings. From fisheries (come) 1,000 eels. Meadow is there sufficient for 2 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 200 swine. Altogether it pays yearly 2 1 pounds assayed (arsas) and weighed out. T.R.E. it used to pay 15 pounds by tale.

[Brill] was King Edward's manor. It is and was assessed T.R.E. and after (se defendat semper) at 20 hides. There is land for 25 ploughs. On the demesne are 3. There 19 villeins with 13 bordars have 17 ploughs and there could be 5 more. There are 2 serfs, and 1 mill worth (de) 10 shillings, meadow sufficient for 20 plough (teams) and woodland (to feed) 200 swine. Altogether it pays yearly 38 pounds of blanch (albo) silver, and for the forest 12 pounds assayed (arsas) and weighed out. T.R.E. it used to pay 18 pounds by tale.

[Biddlesden] King William holds. Earl Aubrey had it of him. There are 4 hides and 1 virgate. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 hides, and there is 1 plough on it, and there could be 2 more. There 4 villeins and 5 bordars have 2 ploughs and there could be 3 more. There are 4 serfs, and 2 mills worth (de) 28 pence, meadow (sufficient) for 1 plough (team) and woodland (to feed) 200 swine. It is worth 30 shillings; when received 4 pounds; T.R.E. 40 shillings. This manor was held by Azor son of Tored, a thegn of King Edward.

II. THE LAND OF ARCHBISHOP LANFRANC

M. Archbishop Lan franc holds [ ]. It is assessed at 40 hides. There is land for 30 ploughs. In the demesne are 18 hides,

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Rh could read the name of the vessel—Morten W. Garman.

"Why, that's the old Consul's name," said several voices.

Uncle Richard had already heard the name from his brother, and, looking up, he saw the name of their father standing out in its gold letters amidst the flames, which were curling up the vessel's side. Jacob Worse seized the nozzle of the hose, and with one sweep forced the water to such a height that the fire was quenched for the moment.

But now it was plain to all that the ship's fate was sealed, and even if there were some among the spectators who might owe Garman and Worse a grudge, still they could not but feel that it was a pity for the proud ship to be thus doomed to destruction.

Morten had returned after his interview with his father, and was standing close by Uncle Richard. Every eye was fixed on the ship. The fire increased every second, and with a loud roar the flames burst out above the roof of the storehouse, and at each blast of wind the conflagration waxed higher and higher, until the heat by the engines became almost intolerable. The more furiously the fire raged, the more silent grew the crowd. No orders were heard, and the shouts of encouragement from the seamen died away; while the strokes of the pump no longer fell with the same determined regularity. Even Jacob Worse lost heart.

But now a shout is heard from a small boy belonging to the West End, who had climbed up into the

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216 rigging of a coaster which lay off one of the warehouses. "She's giving way! She's off! Hurrah! She's off!"

A murmur of disapproval went through the crowd at this ill-timed joke. But see! it almost seems as if the joke were a reality. The excitement increases every moment, and with it are heard cries of hope and fear. Yes!—no!—yes! she really is moving. She's off! The pumps are deserted amidst breathless expectation, while the sound of voices waxes higher and higher, not only in the yard itself, but among the crowd who surround it, till it becomes a cheer, a joyous cry of hundreds; men, women, boys, all shouting they know not what, till all is mingled in one tumultuous roar.

For see! she's starting. The huge dark mass begins to move; and inch by inch, with ever-increasing speed, the massive hull glides out through the flames; her shining sides disappear foot by foot through the smoke; the golden band flashes in the glare, and high as if in triumph does the bow rear itself heaven-wards, while the stern dives deep into the waves. Then is heard a hissing and a crackling as if a hundred glowing irons had been cast into the water, as the burning stern cleaves its way into the billows, which come foaming up over the sides, and in under the counter, while the tiny flames which were flickering along the seams are quenched by the rush of air.

The wind, which got more power now that the ship was away, swept down on to the still burning buildings, and, spreading out over the ground, hid from

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Rh view the vessel, which was gliding out into the harbour, by a curtain of dark smoke fringed with flame; and in the midst of the place where she had stood, which looked vast indeed now she was gone, stood a little band of bent and tar-stained men, fanning their faces with their caps. In the midst of the band was seen the form of a tall and slender youth, his face glowing red in the light of the fire.

"Gabriel!" shouted Uncle Richard. "Gabriel!" was repeated by a hundred voices. The attaché elbowed his way towards him, followed by some of the crowd, who, however, stopped and formed a respectful ring round the hero of the day. Uncle Richard gave Gabriel a hearty embrace, and then turning round to the crowd he cried, "Three cheers for Gabriel Garman! Hurrah!" He was about to wave his hat, when he discovered that he was bare-headed.

"Hurrah!" shouted the spectators with a mighty cheer; they were just in the humour for cheering.

"Three cheers for the carpenters!" shouted Gabriel; but his boy's voice broke into a discordant scream in the effort. But it did not matter; a wild hurrah was given for the shipwrights, another for the ship, and another for the firm. There was cheering and rejoicing without end.

"Come with me," said Gabriel to the workmen.

"Father was going to give you a breakfast, but now it will have to be a supper."

The shipwrights laughed heartily at this joke, but the laughter was even louder when Uncle Richard

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NOTES TO DOMESDAY MAP

(Compiled by F. W. RAGG, M.A., with notes by J. HORACE ROUND, M.A.)

this map those manors in which the king had an interest are given in red capital letters, those of the Bishop of Bayeux in small red type, and those of Walter Gifard in black capitals. In the case of manors in which both the king, or bishop, and Walter Gifard had an interest, the names are printed in red but underlined in black. The boundaries of the Hundreds cannot be shown, but their Domesday names will be found on the map together with reference letters. Though the name of a manor or of a Hundred is often given in more than one form by the survey, only one of these can be here shown. The modern river names have been given for the convenience of the reader.

The relative sparseness of names in the district of the Chiltern Hills, in which long lingered great heaths and commons, should be observed on the map.

A Bonestov B Sigelai C Moleslov, Moslai, Moisselai D Rovelai E Stodfald, Stofald F Lammva G Mursalai, Murselai H Coteslai, Coteshale I Erlai K Votesdone L Esse(n)dene M Tichesele N Stants O Elesberie P Riseberge Q Dustenberge R Burneham S Stoches

The positions of the vills which gave their names to the Hundreds of Coteslai and Erlai are indicated on the map by crosses, although they are not mentioned in Domesday.

When, through the omission of the heading, a vill seems to be placed in the wrong Hundred, the letter denoting that Hundred is added in parentheses.

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218 added, "I think you have earned your breakfast as well." They thought the remark so wonderfully witty, that they laughed as if they would never stop, and the joke about "Uncle Richard's breakfast" was a proverb both with them and their successors ever after.

In the mean time, the storehouse, and everything the yard contained which was burnable, was on fire. The flames began stealing down the ways, but no one took any notice of them. The ship was saved. Nothing else was of much consequence, and fortunately the wind was blowing off the land. Morten was busy setting a watch for the night, and the engines were kept ready in case the wind might change.

As Uncle Richard and Gabriel were walking back arm-in-arm to the house, the latter had to relate how it had all happened. Gabriel told his uncle how he had found the shipwrights all beginning to assemble under the ship, and so he had thought he had better take command.

"Take command!" cried Uncle Richard; "why, what a boy you are, Gabriel!" And then Gabriel went on to explain how they got the ways in their places, loosened the cradle, and wedged up the fore part of the vessel; then the stays were hastily removed; it was Begmand who had taken away the last from the stern amidst the fire and smoke, and so away went the ship just in the nick of time. Tom Robson ought really to have all the praise, since everything was ready to hand, and in the most perfect order.

Rachel came to meet them on the steps; she went

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Rh straight up to Uncle Richard and whispered in his ear, "Be calm, uncle; don't let us spoil Gabriel's evening. Father has had a stroke. He is in bed, and the doctor is here."

The attaché entered without saying a word, and Rachel threw her arms round her brother's neck and said, "Who would have thought of your being such a clever boy, Gabriel?"

"Boy!" said Gabriel.

"Or man, I shall have to say in future," answered Rachel, with a smile. "But what have you done with your workmen?"

They were not far behind; and Rachel distributed among them beer, wine, sausages, bacon, white bread, and other delicacies, until Gabriel remarked, "You are much more liberal than Miss Cordsen; but had you not got some chickens for the ball?"

Yes, indeed! She had forgotten the ball. Rachel's feelings were so pained by seeing Gabriel in such high spirits, that she could not contain them any longer, so she said quietly, "Gabriel, there will be no ball to-morrow. Father is ill."

Gabriel had not to ask why. He saw it was something serious. The workmen were standing by the steps, laden with the good things, and uncertain where they should take them.

"Come, let us go back to the ship-yard," said Gabriel; "we shall be all to ourselves there, and besides, it will be nice and warm."

Rachel could hear from his voice that there were tears in his eyes, and the thought occurred to her,

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Rh instance, in Oxfordshire, was an outlying portion of Buckingham- shire, under which county it is surveyed. More remarkable is the case of Lillingstone, a lo-hide vill, which occupies a corner of Buck- inghamshire, projecting into Northamptonshire. Five of its hides, now represented by Lillingstone Dayrell, are duly surveyed in our county, but the other five, which now constitute Lillingston Lovell, were surveyed under Oxfordshire, to which county they continued to belong. About half way between Lillingstone and the Oxfordshire border was another ' island ' of that county, namely Boycot ; and yet a third, Ackham- stead, lay in the south of the county.

Apart from this, we have to remember that places on the border of a county are sometimes surveyed in Domesday partly under one county and partly under another. Ibstone, for instance, which is now in Oxfordshire, but which lies just on the border, appears in Domesday as a vill assessed at 4 hides, Hervey holding the whole of it. Of these hides 2 are entered under Buckinghamshire as ' Hibestanes,' and the other two under Oxfordshire, one as ' Ypestan ' and the other as ' Ebestan.' On the Bedfordshire border Edlesborough, itself in Buckinghamshire, has 20 of its 30 hides surveyed in that county, while the rest are entered under Bedfordshire. What is true of counties is true also of Hundreds ; Mr. Ragg observes, as the result of tabulating Domesday Hundreds, that ' vills could be divided by the boundaries of Hundreds or counties as they appear in Domesday, not always into sections which contained commen- surable numbers of hides and as in the case of Senelai [7 + 5] with but partial regard to separation into portions which take note of 5.' He consequently holds that ' the hidation as it occurs in Domesday is a reminiscence of a more ancient state of things than counties and Hun- dreds, at least as therein given.'

Mr. Morley Davies, in his study on the ancient Hundreds of the county, has similarly pointed out that, in Domesday, Hundreds, like counties, have their detached portions, and that their boundaries, like those of counties, occasionally intersect a vill, or, as he prefers to describe it, divide two townships of the same name. These features, of course, are in no way peculiar to Buckinghamshire, but they are of singular interest to those who seek to explore our earlier history and to trace the building up of all but the oldest counties from probably pre-existent Hundreds and of Hundreds, possibly, from vills. Whether the Hundred or the vill (or township) was the older unit, or whether they are equal in antiquity, we can hardly say at present ; but the map of England that great palimpsest, as Professor Maitland has well termed it still bears the impress of our earliest national developments, and its patient study may yet provide an answer to the riddles of the past.

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220 how he had grown from a boy to a man in the last few hours.

The storehouse had now fallen in, and the ruins were still burning on the ground. The yard, thanks to Mr. Robson, had been so well cleared, that the watchmen had but little difficulty in keeping the fire isolated. After midnight the wind lulled, and the thick clouds of smoke soared up into the air, and were driven slowly over the fjord.

As the ship took the water, she drove across the wind a little way from the shore, and fouled an old brig belonging to the firm; and for the rest of the night was heard the shouting and singing of the numerous volunteers, who were hard at work clearing the vessels, and mooring the newly launched one.

The shipwrights sat comfortably in the yard, just near enough to the fire to feel its warmth. They had got far more than they could fairly take on board, and, every now and then, they treated one of the watchmen to something as he passed.

The only flaw in their pleasure was that Gabriel could not be with them. He had been obliged to tell them that the Consul was ill, and that he must, therefore, remain in the house. No one thought of accusing Gabriel of pride, and they all drank his health, and as many other healths as they could find an excuse for, in bumpers of the wine to which they were so little accustomed. Of the food which had been given to them, they ate as much as they could, and when they could eat no more, they divided the remainder by lot, just as they shared the shavings for

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 28 of the eighteenth and first part of the nineteenth centuries, the ships were built, rigged, equipped, armed, manned, and handled like the frigates of the Royal Navy, though they were beautifully and luxuriously fitted for passengers, many of whom were personages of high social and official rank. They differed, however, from the frigates in one important particular. Whereas, the navy constructors, as we have seen, profited by the models of the French frigates, the builders of the Indiamen kept to the full-bodied, kettle-bottomed model, in order that these ships might carry large cargoes. They were of quite as bad a type as the ships of the more humble merchant marine. I have before me the particulars of one of the East India Company's ships that carried four hundred and nineteen tons of general cargo, and required eighty tons of iron kentledge to keep her on her legs. They were nevertheless grand, stately-looking ships, and were well cared for.

The crews were divided into the usual two watches, but the officers had three watches, four hours on and eight hours off. The watches were divided into messes of eight men each, who had a space allotted to them between the guns in the between-decks. Here their hammocks were slung and their chests, mess-kids, copper pots, kettles, and tin pannikins were stowed, clean and bright, under the inspection of the commander and the surgeon, who were assisted in their duties by wearing white gloves with which to test the appearance of cleanliness. The crews slept in hammocks which were stowed in nettings at seven bells in the morning watch, to

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Rh their fires, laughing the whole time heartily at the sport. Then away they all wandered homewards to the West End, carrying sausages, chickens, bottles of wine, and other delicacies. The sun was just rising over the corner of the mountain to the east of the town, and lit up the window-panes of the cottages, till it looked as if the whole West End was illuminated.

That morning there was not a wife who had the heart to find fault with her husband because he had had a little drop too much. Eating and drinking went on merrily, combined with gossiping and running from house to house. The children sat up in bed, blinking at the sunlight, and stuffing themselves with sausages, still half in doubt whether it was real tangible sausage they were eating, or whether it was not one of those lovely dreams which sometimes visit the hungry.

The sun was shining over the bay of Sandsgaard, where the new ship now lay securely moored with hawsers both ahead and astern. The sounds of activity from West End could be heard far out into the fjord.

In Begmand's cottage Marianne lay raving in delirium, and the neighbour who attended her said she had the fever. Anders, who had burnt himself on the side of the face at the fire, was sitting with her, a handkerchief tied round his head.

The townspeople managed to get home by degrees. Some pretended that they did not see the sun, and went to bed. Others stayed up, and went yawning about all day. More than half the town had been at

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222 Sandsgaard that night, or else on the heights above the house, looking on the fire.

One of the few people who had not been at the fire was our friend Woodlouse. When he and the Swede parted, after the fight between Martin and Robson, he went straight off to his home in the town. As he passed the first house, he met some people who were running, and deaf as he was, he heard the two cannon shots which gave warning of a fire. When he got to the church, he saw that the door was open, and that there was a light in the place from whence the bells were pulled. Woodlouse looked in and saw a pair of legs, now bending, now straightening again, now going up, and now down. From what he saw, he drew the conclusion that some one was tolling the big bell. He observed carefully what time it was by the church clock, and as he went along, he was already making up his mind how he should answer the inquiries of the police, for he fully expected the cause of the fire would be the subject for investigation.

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Rh

Garman was in bed, now three days after the fire. The left side was almost powerless; but the doctor said there was still a chance of recovery, since the patient had managed to get through the first few days. The Consul had not hitherto spoken a word, but the eyes moved occasionally, and especially the right one, for the left was half closed, and the mouth remained crooked.

Uncle Richard sat constantly by the bed, watching his brother, until their eyes happened to meet, when he would look away with an expression that was meant to be unconcerned, for the doctor had particularly said that the patient was not to be excited. When the attaché was alone with his brother, he was always anxious lest he should begin to speak, and it so happened that he began to do so one day just after the doctor had been, as if he had been waiting for him to leave the room.

"Richard," said he all at once, "there will have to be a great many changes."

"There, now he is off!" thought the attaché.

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224 The Consul waited a little before he continued. "It was a heavy loss, which will affect us all. The ship was not insured."

"Yes; but, you see," answered Uncle Richard, in a tone that was most unbecoming in its frivolity, "it is extraordinary what may possibly happen; in the case of a ship, for instance."

The Consul regarded him expectantly.

"How shall I get on?" thought his brother, looking round vainly for assistance.

"What do you mean, Richard?" "Yes, he is a wonderful boy, Gabriel is," said the attaché, trying to smile. "I don't mean in school, but I mean—well, I hardly know; well, he knows a good deal about ship-building."

"What's the matter with Gabriel?" asked the Consul, quickly.

"Oh, nothing is the matter with Gabriel; he is all right—quite right. Did you think there was anything wrong?"

At this moment Rachel entered the room, and Uncle Richard gave a sigh of relief.

Rachel saw in a moment that her father had begun to talk, and went over to the bed.

"Tell me all about it, Rachel," said the invalid.

"I should like to tell you the whole story, father; everything has turned out so well. But I am not sure that you could bear the surprise—and such a joyful surprise, too." As she said these words she looked at him calmly.

The invalid began to get impatient, and Rachel

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Rh took hold of his hand as she continued her story. "You see, the ship was ready for launching, quite ready, and so away she went just at the very nick of time—without being burnt, you understand—out into the fjord; and now she is quite safe, and everything is all right. Now, father, you know it all."

"But what about Gabriel?" said the Consul, looking at his brother.

"Oh, it was Gabriel who managed everything, because Tom Robson never came," said Rachel.

"Drunk, you know; drunk as a lord. In bed all the time. Dead drunk—don't you see?" said Uncle Richard, explaining his words with signs and gestures.

"There, now, father, you mustn't ask any more questions," said Rachel, decidedly. "Now we have told you the whole story."

Her father looked at her, and she could just feel the light pressure of his hand on hers. She then took Uncle Richard with her out of the sick-room, and gave him strict orders not to be there alone in future; an injunction which he found most unreasonable.

Miss Cordsen's time was fully occupied, both with the invalid, who would have none but her and Rachel near him, and also with getting everything into order again after the preparation for the ball. In those few days, however, the old lady formed a far higher opinion of Rachel than she had hitherto done.

Pastor Martens had not had an opportunity of speaking to Madeleine by herself since his proposal. But at this time of anxiety and excitement he came very frequently to Sandsgaard. Mrs. Garman kept

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226 her bed, for what reason it was not easy to know; and so it chanced that several times, when he came, no one but Madeleine happened to be in the room. At first she was very shy and timid, but when she found that he was not in the least offended with her, she could not help appreciating his conduct. Of all others, he was certainly the person who showed her the most attention; for her father's thoughts were entirely engrossed with her uncle's illness.

A few days after this, when the Consul had been quiet for some time, he said to Rachel, "Send Gabriel in here."

Mr. Garman gave Gabriel his right hand, which he was now able to move a little. "Thanks, my boy; you have saved us from a heavy loss, and shown yourself a man. If what I hear from Rachel is true, that you would prefer to give up your studies"

"Not without you wish it, father," stammered the boy.

"I should wish you to go to the commercial school in Dresden, and then take your place in the firm, when you have gained sufficient instruction."

"Father! father!" cried Gabriel, bending down over the Consul's hand.

"There, my boy, let me see that you are able to work, and then you may turn out good for something after all. And now will you do me the favour of finding another name for the ship? For I wish her to have a new one," said the Consul, calmly.

This great honour was almost too much for Gabriel, but with a sudden inspiration he cried, "Phœnix!"

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 THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

for 1 plough, and it is there with 1 bordar.

[Soulbury] Goduin the bedell holds of the king half a hide. There is land for 1 plough, and it is there with 1 bodar, Meadow is there (sufficient) for 1 plough (team). It is and was worth TRE and after (valuit semper) 7½ shillings. Alric Bolest held it TRE. And he who now holds it says this : ' that after the coming of King William it was forefeit'

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Rh A faint smile flitted over the right side of the Consul's face. "Very well; we will call her Phœnix. And will you see the name painted on her stern?"

As Gabriel left the room he met Miss Cordsen. He threw his arms round her neck, and began hugging and kissing her, repeating all the time, incoherently, the words, "Phœnix—Dresden—the firm."

Miss Cordsen scolded and struggled. She was afraid to scream; but he was too strong for her, and the old lady had to resign herself to her fate. At length he ran off, and Miss Cordsen was left, arranging her cap-strings, and saying to herself, "They are all alike, one and all." But when Gabriel ran across the yard, and, meeting the fat kitchen-maid Bertha, gave her a friendly slap on the back, the old lady clapped her hands together, and exclaimed, "Well, I declare, he is the worst of the whole lot!"

The Consul had several long interviews with Morten, who put on an air of importance before the clerks and workpeople. But his feelings, when he took his father's place in the old armchair in the office, are not easily described.

Fanny saw little of her husband, and noticed him even less. Her connection with Delphin had obtained a power over her, which she could not previously have believed possible, and she strove by every means at her command to keep him fast. But since the day on which Delphin had discovered that Madeleine knew of his intimacy with Fanny, his position became almost unbearable. He would gladly have done with it, but had not the will, and he lacked the courage

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228 to leave the place, and be quit of it all for ever. And so deeper and deeper he fell into the snare. He was weary of lying and living a life of shame, but the effort required was more than he could command. And often, when conversation flagged, he felt instinctively that she knew what was passing in his mind; as if their secret was determined to make its voice heard, although Fanny kissed him, and went on talking and laughing incessantly in order to deafen it.

One thing was a source of wonder to every one, and that was, how lukewarm the authorities were in endeavouring to discover how the fire had arisen; for that it was malicious no one doubted for a moment. It is true there were a few inquiries made at long intervals, but nothing came to light. This was not, however, much to be wondered at, considering that it was only a pack of old women and children from the West End who were questioned, while those to whom suspicion really attached were allowed to go unexamined.

Anders Begmand had been brought up, but the magistrate stated that his evidence could not be received, on the ground of his mental deficiency and general infirmity. So there the matter ended.

Woodlouse's expectation was not fulfilled; neither he, nor the Swede, nor Martin were examined, and after a few ill-natured remarks in the papers, the affair died out and was forgotten. But in the West End, and indeed also in the town amongst the lower orders, people would smile and shake their heads

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Rh mysteriously when the matter was mentioned. They might say what they liked about Garman and Worse in other ways, but the firm must be allowed the credit generally of not placing their people in an uncomfortable position. And since the ship had so fortunately been saved, there was no more use in raking up the matter any further. Every one knew the story about Marianne, so now the best thing for both parties was to cry quits, and start fair for the future. It was all very well for the police magistrate to sit there looking so serious, bullying and questioning as if he meant to get at the point; but this was really only for the sake of appearances. One thing was perfectly plain—that it must all end as the grand folks chose it should; and when Garman and Worse were determined that nothing should come out, the magistrate might do whatever he liked, but he would certainly never discover anything.

This kind of thing might be unpleasant enough sometimes, but in this particular instance it was most fortunate, and the lesson to be learnt from it all was—if, indeed, there was any one who did not know it already—that it is as well to be on good terms with grand folks, even if it does cost something.

But no one would have anything to do with Martin. He had escaped scot-free from those common enemies of mankind, the law and the police, but he was a marked man, even among his own friends, and they did not scruple to let him know plainly, that the sooner he packed himself off out of the country the better.

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Rh the pipe of the boatswain's whistle. The decks were washed and holystoned in the morning watch, and at eight bells all hands breakfasted. On Wednesdays and Saturdays, the between-decks were turned out, washed, and holystoned. On Sunday mornings the crew was mustered and inspected by the chief officer, and then assembled for Divine service, which was read by the commander, as the Court of Directors required the captains "to keep up the worship of Almighty God, under a penalty of two guineas for every omission not satisfactorily accounted for in the log-book."

The crews were drilled at the guns and with cutlass, musket, and boarding-pikes, and other small arms. Courts-martial were held on board and the rawhide cat-o'-nine-tails was freely used by the boatswain upon the naked backs and shoulders of triced-up seamen—one, two, three dozen, perhaps, with a bucket of salt water to rinse off the blood. This was not so brutal a form of punishment as may perhaps appear to landsmen, and was probably the best method of enforcing proper discipline among the reckless men who for the most part formed the crews of ships at that period.

These vessels carried large crews, whose work was easy and who were well looked after and provided for. They had plenty of the best food and quite as much rum as was good for them. In the dog-watches they were allowed and even encouraged to enjoy themselves in the manner known on board ship as "skylarking." Saturdays they had to themselves to wash and mend their clothes, and in the dog-watches of that day they were given an extra

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 HE beginnings of the Church in Buckinghamshire are almost as difficult to trace as they were found to be in the neigh- bouring county of Bedford, mainly because there was no local chronicler and the political conditions of the county were of a most unsettled kind until after the end of the tenth century. Somewhere in the neighbourhood of the present county of Buckingham the Britons of the Midlands made their last stand against the invading Saxons, when in the year 570 ' the royal town of Ægles- burh ' fell into the hands of Kenwulf, and Celtic Christianity shared the fate of Celtic independence ; again in the eighth century the conquests of Offa added Buckinghamshire to the Mercian kingdom ; and later on, in the tenth and eleventh centuries, the county was ravaged at least four times by the Danes.

There seems, however, to be little doubt that the final conversion of Buckinghamshire to Christianity was accomplished by monks con- nected with the mission of St. Birinus at Dorchester, while it was still a part of the West Saxon kingdom. Nothing, however, is certainly known of the details of this conversion. There are legends connecting some of the royal saints of the seventh century with this county : the infant Saint Rumwald, represented as a grandson of Penda, is said to have made arrangements for his own burial at Buckingham ; and St. Osyth was by some accounts born at Quarrendon, and translated for a short time to Aylesbury in the tenth century when her monastery in Essex was ravaged by the Danes. But none of this can be called history. Nothing which has even an approximate claim to the title can be found until after the county had become a part of Mercia. The same some- what doubtful charter, which recounts the gifts of Offa to St. Alban's

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Rh Abbey, includes among them ' the wood called Horuudu ' and three manses at ' Scelfdune ' and certainly Little Horwood as well as Winslow were always traditionally reckoned amongst the earliest endow- ments of the abbey. Another (and equally doubtful) charter of some- what later date assigns to the same house 10 manses at Turville (Thyre- feld) of the gift of Egfrid the son of Offa.

Of the foundation of the church at Buckingham and the still more important church at Aylesbury, there is no clear account ; but it seems probable that they were two of the oldest churches in the county. Buckingham, being of sufficient importance to give its name to the shire somewhere in the ninth century, would probably be provided with a church at any rate from that time ; and it is possible, if the conjec- ture of Mr. Morley Davies in his recent paper on the Buckinghamshire Hundreds is correct, that there was a church in Aylesbury earlier still. From the first, indeed, the church at Aylesbury tended to become the chief ecclesiastical centre of the county. It seems strange that Bucking- ham, as the county town, should never have had more than one parish and one church ; still stranger that its one church should be dependent originally as a mere chapelry upon King's Sutton in Northamptonshire. On the other hand, it is clear from the Domesday Survey that Ayles- bury not only possessed valuable lands, but received from an early date contributions of grain from the sokemen of eight surrounding hundreds.

It is difficult even to guess at the number of churches which may have existed in Buckinghamshire before the Conquest. Only two are named in Domesday besides those above mentioned the church of Haddenham and the minster of St. Firmin at (North) Crawley. There is a Saxon church still standing at Wing, which Professor Baldwin Brown assigns to the tenth century, and the name of Whitchurch speaks for itself. There were probably many more of which no trace or record remains.

The sees of Canterbury, Winchester and Dorchester, were endowed with lands in Buckinghamshire before the Conquest, and Barking Abbey, as well as St. Alban's, had property in this county. There is an interesting series of charters referring to the manor of Monks' Ris- borough, which seems to have been bestowed at an early date upon the

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230

was no hope of the young Consul's recovery. For a fortnight he had been wavering to and fro. Sometimes it appeared as if the right side would prevail, but then the left got the upper hand again; and each time the paralysis seemed to get a firmer hold.

Miss Cordsen heard the doctor say to Richard, "He may perhaps linger for a few hours, but he cannot live through the night." The old lady remained for a few minutes in the sick-room, and then went upstairs. Her own apartment was a picture of old-fashioned neatness. Carpets and chairs carefully covered, boxes locked, nothing lying about; everything trim, well cared for, and shielded from prying eyes.

There arose an odour of clean linen and lavender as she opened the press, and in a little secret drawer, behind a bundle of well-starched nightcaps, there lay, carefully wrapped up, a miniature portrait in a black frame. It represented a young man dressed in a green frock-coat, with a broad velvet collar. The hair was slightly red, and brushed back in the fashion of the

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50 'Father' Tiber was for shipping purposes merely a creek, navigable for the small seacraft of those days, which entered thus from the coast a few miles into the midst of the plain, but that was enough to give Rome the advantage over her rivals, the towns crowning the Alban and Etruscan hills of the neighbourhood. Rome had the bridge and the inmost port just as had London.

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Rh time, in two locks in front of the ears. The eyes were blue and clear, and the under jaw was slightly projecting. Miss Cordsen sat a long time gazing at the portrait, and tear after tear dropped down among the other secrets which lay cherished in the old press among the linen and dry lavender.

Uncle Richard sat gazing at his brother. The doctor's words had deprived him of all hope, but even yet he could not bring himself to believe that the end could be so near.

"It will soon be all over, Richard," said the invalid, in a feeble voice.

The attaché sat down by the side of the bed, and after a short struggle broke into tears, and laid his head on the coverlid.

"Here am I, so strong and well," he sobbed, "and can't do even the smallest thing to help you! I have never been anything to you but a trouble and a burden."

"Nonsense, Dick!" answered the Consul; "you have been everything to me—you and the business. But I have something for which to ask your forgiveness before I die."

"My forgiveness?" Uncle Richard thought he was wandering, and looked up.

"Yes," said the Consul, as what was almost a smile passed over the half-stiffened features. "I have made a fool of you. Your account does not exist. It was only a joke. Are you angry with me?"

How could he possibly be angry? He laid his face down again on the withered hand, and as he lay there

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