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Talk:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Loder, George

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George Patrick Henry Loder 1816-1868]

George was born in Bath and baptised at St Mary's Chapel, Walcot, Bath in Somerset on 14 Nov 1816 as George Patrick Henry, male, to George Loder a Musician and mother Mary. Their abode was Kingsmead Terrace. File Number 15693 Register Number 1259. As he was born in 1816 his mother was not Fanny Philpot as stated by other sources but Mary Cook, his father's first wife who died in 1821 in Bath in 1816. He was described as being of short stature, with a magnificent beard.

He died in Adelaide, Australia on 15 July 1868 aged 52 of phthisis alcoholism, tuberculosis worsened by the consumption of alcohol. His father George Loder was a successful flautist in Bath and he was a nephew of the well-known John David Loder. Following in the family footsteps he gained recognition as a Musical Director and as an internationally famous conductor and composer. Working in England, the United States, and Australia he played many musical instruments including the piano, flute, violin and double bass.

The Times on 12 April 1832 recorded that George Loder (aged about 18) had received a medallion from the Royal Humane Society for rescuing a person from drowning.

New York Immigration records show that he arrived in America on October 8, 1838 on the Vessel Samson. “George Loder, 24yrs”. For articles describing his performances see http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Default/Skins/BEagle/Client.asp?Skin=BEagle&AppName=2&GZ=T&AW=1350223769187

Loder's music was perhaps more popular in America than in Britain. He had travelled to the USA with Madame Anna Bishop and Boscha, the harpist. Living first in Baltimore and then in New York he was prominent in the early years of the Philharmonic Society which was founded in 1842. He helped to establish the Philharmonic and Vocal Societies and wrote The New York Glee Book (1843) for the New York Vocal Institute of which he was Principal in 1844. This was reissued as “The Philadelphia and New York Glee Book” in 1864 and contained many of his original part songs. He also published The Middle Voice, Twelve Solfeggi (1860), and various individual songs and instrumental pieces both in England and America and arranged sheet music such as Oh! Boatman, Haste. http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/piece-info.cgi?id=516

He played the double bass for five seasons, conducting and managing concerts with Catherine Hayes, and occasionally conducted the society's orchestra, notably at the first American performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony given on 20 May 1846 by the New York Philharmonic under George Loder. The sixth symphony of Beethoven was listed as a number five that night, but there was no confusion because the audience wasn't paying attention. Beethoven's original intent was that the scherzo and trio both be played twice before going on to the transitional section to the finale.

The Era (London) Sunday June 20, 1847 Musical Matters:

New York - Mr. G. Loder, a very clever English musician, who is settled in this city, gave a concert on the 27th of May, when he produced a new overture of his own, which was a most dashing, brilliant, and effective composition, and was decidedly successful.

On November 23, 1850, at the first concert of the Philharmonics ninth season, given in NYC, Loder conducted his own Marmion Overture and Niels Gades Symphony No 1 in C minor, works that he had introduced respectively, in 1846 and 1848. Appearing on the same program, the Philharmonic hornist Henry Schmitz. Sources: Henry Schmitz – http://www.rjmartz.com/hornplayers/schmitz/ Classical music almanac – http://cdexchang.blogspot.com.au/2010/11/november-23.html Composers Datebook: http://composersdatebook.publicradio.org/listings/datebook_20111121.shtml

George Loder Musical Director, Arranger, Composer, Writer. This site lists pieces by Loder and descriptions of the theatres in New York where they were performed. http://www.ibdb.com/person.php?id=412159

Pieces included: The Spirit of the Air [Original, Musical, Opera, Romance] Music by George Loder; George Loder Apr 7, 1851 - Apr 24, 1851 which starred his first wife.

The World's Fair [Original, Musical] Musical Director: George Loder Feb 10, 1851 - Mar 6, 1851

"The Andalusian" (or The Young Guard) which ran at Brougham's Lyceum Theatre, Broadway, New York, USA from January 15, 1851 until February 1851 Category - Musical, opera, original, Broadway Libretto and Music by George Loder, Musical Director.

The Bohea-man's Girl [Original, Musical, Burlesque, One Act] Music arranged by George Loder Mar 11, 1845 - Apr 25, 1845

The Cat's in the Larder [Original, Musical, Burlesque, Opera] Music arranged by George Loder Dec 23, 1840 - Jan 24, 1841

La Musquitoe [Original, Musical, Ballet, Burlesque, Comedy] Music has been begged, borrowed and stolen... in the most imprudent and free and easy style by George Loder May 21, 1840 - May 30, 1840.

Thirty seven other hits for him from 1846 are listed on: http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Default/Skins/BEagle/Client.asp?Skin=BEagleandAppName=2andGZ=TandAW=1250201126625

The 1850 USA census lists him and his family in 5th Ward, New York. George P. H. Loder, 25yrs, musician Harriet N. Loder, 30yrs Richard B. Loder, 11yrs George A. Loder, 8yrs Frank Loder, 4yrs Ellen Ward, 25yrs (no occupation shown, born Ireland)

No further records have been found to confirm the sons in the census except for one entry in 1880 at Oakland, Alameda in California for Frank Loder born circa 1846 in New York, father born England, mother born New York. Occupation: Bill poster.

San Francisco had its first taste of opera in 1853, when "Ernani " was given under his management.

The Era (London) Sunday June 5, 1853 Theatricals in America From our Correspondent New York, May 16 - Mr. George Loder took his benefit at the San Francisco on the 6th, and played the Gipsy Chief in Guy Mannering.

The Era (London) Sunday October 2, 1853 Theatricals in America. From our own Correspondent New York, Sept 12 - The Pacific Musical Troupe, under the management of George Loder, has been performing at the New Concert Hall, San Francisco, with great success.

After his wife died in November 1855 he then travelled from San Francisco to Australia on the Horizant, departing on 25 April 1856 (Brooklyn Daily Eagle 30 May 1856) He went with the soprano Anna Bishop and Boscha the harpist, settling in Adelaide as conductor of William Saurin Lyster's Opera Companies. The newspaper article from which this is taken mentions that he had only one living relative, Kate Fanny Thompson née Loder the pianist who married Sir Henry Thompson (see online tree.) Newspapers here place him in Melbourne Sept/Oct 1856, Tasmania Jan/Feb 1857 and Melbourne in March to June 1857. George Loder took over as musical director in October 1856 for the remainder of Bishop's tour, joined by flautist Siede (Germany 1825-1903) {1856-1903} as associate artist. Again, both came to Australia direct from working in the United States. Loder was already known in Australia as a composer; in 1851, Sara Flower and John Howson had sung his duet Peace to the Dead in Sydney http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/7264/1/ga-skinner-2011-thesis.pdf

He briefly returned to the UK where he was once more active in London as an organist, singer, conductor, and composer. Here, on 11 June 1859, he conducted the revival of the opera Raymond and Agnes by his cousin Edward Loder. Records show that he married in London, confirmed by the 1861 census which shows him living with a new wife, Emma Jane, at 42 Mornington Road, Pancras, Marylebone. George Loder, 42yrs, Composer of Music and Emma Loder, wife, 28yrs, Singer and comedienne with Sarah Flindell, servant, 54yrs. In 1860 he composed Pets of the Parterre, The Love in a Garden, a comic operetta, author Coyne, Joseph Stirling, Mr., 1803-1868, which had been produced at the Lyceum and Adelphi theatres and was first performed on 5 Nov. 1860 at the Royal Lyceum Theatre. Source: Victorian Plays and Playwrights.

He and Emma then travelled to New Zealand, arriving in Wellington on February 26, 1863. Arrival of Miss Neville. We are happy in observing that those talented artistes, Miss Neville and Mr. George Loder, have now arrived in Wellington, and will give their celebrated drawing entertainment "The old House at Home" on Monday next, in the Odd Fellows Hall. Performed by Miss Emma Neville and Mr. George Loder.” This was reviewed in the Argus, 3 February, 1862, p. 5.

In 1863 he returned to Australia, conducting the first Australian performance of Les Huguenots in Melbourne that year.

The Courier newspaper in Brisbane (Qld) on Thursday 27 August, 1863 page 2 reports on the brilliant performance by George Loder and Miss Neville at the School of Arts on the previous evening. There was a more brilliant and numerous assemblage at the School of Arts last evening to hear Miss Neville and Mr. George Loder, than had filled the same building on any former occasion. It has often been said, that if artistes of talent visited Brisbane they would not be properly appreciated by the public, but after last evening we think that such a statement will henceforth be looked upon as erroneous. Ugly as the School of Arts is, on ordinary occasions, last evening it looked at what we imagine must be its best. In honor of the patronage of his Excellency Sir George and Lady Bowen, everybody in the lower part of the house appeared in full dress, and the scene presented was one worthy of a far larger building. The vice-regal party arrived a few minutes before eight o'clock, and upon their entrance Seal's band played the National Anthem. The programme was slightly altered. Miss Neville singing that beautiful song from the opera of Lurline, "Sweet Spirit hear my Prayer." At first she did not appear in good voice but it was only for a short time as both she and Mr. Loder surpassed "even themselves," if such a thing is possible and were unusually happy in every item of the programme. Shortly after the doors were opened, it was impossible to obtain unreserved seats, 'and many had to go away disappointed. It is seldom the people of Brisbane have a musical treat, and therefore we hope that Miss Neville and Mr. Loder will not be in a hurry to leave this part of the colonies.

They were mentioned in NZ again in November and December of 1864. In May 1866 he left the Lyster Theatre in Sydney just before the court case against Emma in June 1866 in Sydney. Lyster's Opera Company. We observe that Mr. George Loder, who was the leader, left Lyster's Opera Company, lately, in Sydney, and was succeeded by Mr. John Hill. A new basso was engaged. Wellington Independent Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle, Volume XXV, Issue 62, 19 May 1866, Page 2 The first reference of them being Mr & Mrs Loder is in an article in 1866. Mr. and Mrs. Loder. — Mr. Loder and Miss Emma Neville are in Adelaide where they intend to establish an academy of music. August 21, 1866 in NZ, Wellington Independent, Volume XVII, Issue 1835, Volume XXI, Issue 2404, 21 August 1866, Page 4 Reference of their being Mr. and Mrs. Loder was also in an article in the Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle, Vol. XXVI, Issue 17, 7 February 1867, Page 3 Thatcher. We learn from the Wellington Evening Post that Thatcher is at present in Adelaide, performing in his usual style, making "hits," and caricaturing local celebrities. He is accompanied by Mrs. G. Loder (Miss Neville that was) who sings ballads, and Mr. Pappin, who is also a vocalist, Mr. George Loder acting as pianist. The performers are drawing good houses. Articles published after his death also confirm this.

In Nov 1867 George conducted the orchestra in Adelaide for the visit by the Duke of Edinburgh. After his death in 1868 one article in NZ notes that "he had arrived in Australia some years ago".

Otago Witness, Issue 761, 30 June 1866, Page 11 Emma Loder, alias Neville, appeared in the Police Court, Sydney, on the 20th ult., to answer an information, made by William Arthur Hellyer, for having, on the 25th April, unlawfully assaulted him. The complainant said that on the day named he went, at the instance of his father, to defendant's lodging, in Jamison street; he asked to see Mrs. Loder, and on proceeding upstairs, found his father with the defendant and her husband; after a few minutes, he said to his father, " You wished for this interview, did you not? ' his father replied in the affirmative, and Mrs. Loder said, “Wait until the servant has cleared away." They had been taking luncheon. As he sat on a chair, Mrs. Loder passed him, saying as she passed, “You are a liar;" to which he (witness) responded, " You are a ---_____;" she then struck him on the face with a paper. Other words took place, in the course of which he repeated the epithet to Mrs. Loder, and told Mr. Loder that he was a "contemptible thing” to allow his (witness's) father to run after his wife's heels as he did. The defendant then struck him with her hand on his head, and with her fist, upon his face- the latter blow of such violence as to raise a lump. Mr. Hellyer and Mr. Loder then interfered, and the witness said that if she struck him again, he would floor the whole lot of them. She had no conversation with defendant until she called him a liar; he said he would make Sydney stink for all of them, and then Mr. Loder ordered him out of the room. Mr. W. Hellyer cross-examined the witness at considerable length for the defence, and for the defence gave another version of the affair. The Bench found the assault to be proved, and ordered the defendant to pay a penalty of 1s, with costs, or to be imprisoned twenty-four hours.

A google search for Madame Carandini states she performed in Adelaide in the 1860s and 1870s, which corresponds with George and Emma being in Adelaide at that time. The Apollo was on the first floor facing Bourke Street (the theatre itself was further back on the site, behind a hotel and an open courtyard). There was a balcony over the Apollo's hall section and a Saloon at right angles to the hall. Admission to these parts was two shillings while the hall cost one shilling. The first performance reflected Coppin's claim in advertisements that the Music Hall would present only 'respectable entertainment'. Local singers Madame Marie Carandini and Walter Sherwin and the Missies Royal performed excerpts from the opera Il Trovatore to the accompaniment Mr. Loder's orchestra. Catering for other tastes, Mr. R. Barlow, a popular minstrel-show singer, sang 'The Blue Tailed Fly.'

The State Library NSW website shows a PDF of the cover of "The Prince Alfred Waltz" composed by George Loder for the visit to Australia by the Prince. This confirms that he was in the town where he died seven months later and the facts in the article about Carnadini: Quintette : written and composed in honor of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh, upon the occasion of the grand banquet given by the Mayor of Adelaide, 9th Nov. 1867 (by George Loder). Finnigan's wake polka [music] composed by Th. Heydecke ; arranged for the pianoforte by George Loder. Published in Adelaide in 1866, author Thomas http://image.sl.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/ebindshow.pl?doc=music_file/a1074;thumbs=1

http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/catalogues/index.html Held in Victorian state library:

Oh! boyhood's days [music] words by Frank Younge ; music by George Loder. Creator Loder, George, 1816-1868. Other Creators Younge, Frank. Published Melbourne : W.H. Glen and Co., [188-?]

"Plays and Players" a book by Laurence Hutton, published in New York in 1875 records the death of George Loder in Adelaide and notes "also of Mrs. Loder, his wife, who died in San Francisco in 1855." Unfortunately the records for San Francisco were mostly lost in the fires after the 1906 earthquake. Strong on Music, vol 2, Reverberations 1850-1856 (a book about the music in New York) lists "Mrs. George Loder, a singing actress". The reference is for the year 1850 and concerns his first wife.

Death in 1868 George's death was announced in the Government Gazette. The following obituary notice appeared in an Adelaide newspaper on 16th July 1868. On 11 June he conducted the revival of his cousin's opera Raymond and Agnes. In 1861 he published Pets of the Parterre a comic operetta, which had been produced at the Lyceum and Adelphi theatres. Then in 1862 wrote 'The Old House at Home', a musical entertainment which was staged at the Adelphi. The following obituary notice appeared in an Adelaide newspaper on 16th July 1868: Our readers will regret, if they are not surprised, to hear of the death of Mr. George Loder, the musician, in the prime of life. The event took place on Wednesday morning at about 11 o'clock. The immediate cause of his death was phthisis, but Mr. Loder has suffered a great many months from general debility and the prostration of his ordinary physical powers. It will be remembered that he was formerly of Lyster's Operatic Company. Few men, comparatively speaking, to be able to wield the baton with equal skill. His accomplishments as a pianist were also of a very high order. Unquestionably the secret of his success was the fact that he was a lover of music for its own sake. His taste was refined and highly cultivated, and he entered into the study of music as a science and its practice as an art - not merely intellectually, but with the entire force of his being. He detested the charlatan. He could not endure to witness the slaughter of the creations of genius so often effected by incompetent performers. He had not sympathy for the mere cold-blooded mechanical manipulator. To his cultivated ear the voice of music spoke to life and beauty, and his heart beat responsive to its utterances. We refer to him now, as he was before the death of his accomplished wife, which occurred December 5th 1867. Since that event Mr. Loder has been the shadow of his former self. He has now "joined the great majority." We here repeat the sketch of his great professional career, which we published about a month ago as follows: - "Mr. Loder was born in 1816, and is the brother of a famous lady formerly known in England as Kate Loder, the eminent pianist; but now the wife of Sir Henry Thompson. Mr. Loder was the chosen accompanist of Madame Bishop in her ballads at Julien's concerts many years ago. He also conducted her and Bochsa in New York at the entertainments entitled "Boscha's voyage Musicale". At these concerts Madame Bishop was the principal vocalist, Boscha the harpist, and there was a full band and chorus. At San Francisco Mr. Loder was conductor of the opera company with which Miss Catherine Hayes and Miss Thillon were associated. Subsequently he had been professionally engaged in the Australian colonies, where his abilities are appreciated by those best able to form an opinion upon the subject". We may add that Mr. Loder was one of the originators of the Musical Society of London and subsequently the conductor to the New York Philharmonic Society. We understand he has no relations in the colonies, and that the sister already mentioned is his only surviving relative."

Nelson Evening Mail, Volume III, Issue 203, 27 August 1868, Page 2 The Adelaide correspondent of the Hamilton Spectator, in referring to the death of Mr George Loder, writes as follows: Another well-known name has been struck by death from the citizenship of Adelaide. Mr. George Loder, the clever composer and musician, has taken his departure for the ' undiscovered bourne.' He was a man who had once almost a cosmopolitan reputation as a rare musician, having conducted some of the grandest opera companies in the world, and being associated with names of the most sterling note. His sister was Kate Loder, the eminent pianist, who afterwards married Sir Henry Thompson. Some six months ago Mrs. Loder (well known through all the colonies as Emma Neville) died suddenly, leaving a blank among public vocalists; and ever since that time Mr. Loder's name has been less and less heard of. He died on a lonely bed in the hospital, with no relation near to close his death-glazed eyes, or drop a kindly tear over his pillow. What a sad end for genius, to die poverty-stricken and half forgotten in a public hospital in this faraway land.

Southland Times, Issue 999, 7 August 1868, Page 2 The telegraph announces the death, yesterday, at Adelaide, of Mr. George Loder, the well-known composer of music, and at one time the conductor of the Lyster opera troupe here. Mr. Loder had an excellent reputation in London, and arrived in Australia some years ago in company with Mrs. Loder (Miss Emma Neville) to give musical and dramatis entertainments. In these they were less successful than, perhaps, they had a right to expect. Their last engagement was played in Adelaide, where Mrs. Loder died some time ago; and for months past Mr. Loder has lingered in gradually declining health, a victim of broken hopes and spirits."

IN MEMORIAM: GEORGE LODER. A soul attuned to harmonies, than 'whom No son of Britain ever left her strand More highly gifted; A great maestro-one - one whose art o'en there Had in Fame's temple ... Byronie fire ! Oh for a Tennysonian inspiration ! To -write 'George Loder' in such burning words As live…. South Australian Chronicle and Weekly Mail (Adelaide, SA : 1868 - 1881) Saturday 25 July 1868 p 3 Article

We regret to announce that Mr. George Loder died on Wednesday morning, after a lingering illness. This will cause sincere regret to many who admired Mr. Loder as a musician of a very high order, and respected his amiable and honorable qualities. He first came to the colony with Madame Anna Bishop, 11 years ago, and contributed much to the enjoyment of her entertainments. Very recently, it will be remembered, Madame Bishop gave a tangible and appropriate proof of her kindly recollection of her professional connection with Mr. Loder, in the form of a benefit concert at White's Rooms which was very largely attended, and at which Mr. Loder appeared, looking the wreck of his former self. His connection with Lyster's Opera Company, as conductor, on the occasion of their first visit to Adelaide is fresh in the recollection of lovers of the opera, who bear unanimous testimony to the effect that the conductor's baton was never in more efficient hands. For the last few weeks Mr. Loder has been rapidly sinking, and while many will be startled to hear of his death, his intimate friends have been fully prepared for the sad event. The remains of the late Mr. George Loder, the composer and professor of music, were borne from the deceased's late residence, North-terrace, to their place of interment, in the West-terrace Cemetery, on Thursday morning. The procession consisted of a hearse, two mourning coaches, and several vehicles, which contained Messrs. — Needham, A. G. Downer, G. H. Egremont-Gee, E. Sawtell, F. Ellard, J. A. T. Lake. A. J. Solomon, J. Shakespeare, A. Jones, W. Ware, W. C. Rigby, A. Wilson, and others. The service at the grave was conducted by the Rev. Mr. Pollitt. South Australian Advertiser, 18 July 1868, p 6 http://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/loder-george-14275

Poem http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/41404984 GEORGE LODER. Died 15 July, 1868

Close his eyes ! fold his hands ! Lo now his spirit stands Within Heaven's portal. O weary, weary mortal !

Thy pilgrimage is past; And thou art with the Freed, and safe at Home at last. Close his eyes! those kindly eyes! Low in the dust he lies, With kings and sages; And through the coming ages His sleep shall be profound, Grandly unbroken by the raving worl! around. Leave him there ! All in vain Our wish to see again Here the Great Musician. Now, through spheres Elysian, His Music swells and rolls, Attuned to golden harps, and choired by saven souls, Godfrey Hobart.

Sources and research: D. Smith, and L. Cowan Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians. N. Temperley, 'Loder', New Grove. The Era (20 Sept 1868) • private information (1893) N. Burton and N. Temperley, 'Loder, Kate (Fanny).' The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (L.M. Middleton) H.E. Krehbiehl: The Philharmonic Society of New York: A Memorial (New York, 1892), 53-4 G.C.D. Odell: Annals of the New York Stage, iv (New York, 1928/R); v (New York, 1931/R) W.A. Orchard: Music in Australia (Melbourne, 1952), 147 H. Shanet: Philharmonic: a History of New York's Orchestra (Garden City, NY, 1975) © The new Grove dictionary of women composers, ed. J. A. Sadie and R. Samuel (1994) Burke, Peerage L. M. Middleton, 'Loder, George (1816-1868)', Rev. David J. Golby, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 11 Jan 2008 George Loder (1816-1868): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16917 Kate Fanny Loder (1825-1904): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/60936 Oxford University Press 2007 Neighbour: 'Schoenberg, Arnold', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 5 October 2001),  http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/piece-info.cgi?id=516

Further notes on George Loder – Mr. E. J. Loder, the composer of the Night Dancers, Nourjdhad, and other popular operas, and brother of Mr. George Loder, the well-known conductor of the Lyster Opera Company, died lately at Bath. (This is wrong as he died in London and was a first cousin). Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle, Vol. XXIV, Issue 96, 10 August 1865, Page 3

Mrs. Catharine Sinclair (nee Forrest) has purchased an estate in Scotland for $50,000, the savings of her theatrical career. It is said that she is soon to be married to George Loder, the composer. Date: 1858-02-19; Paper: Albany Evening Journal Date: 1858-03-24; Paper: Daily Globe says they were married in England

Weekly Hawk Eye and Telegraph of Burlington, Iowa from 23 Feb. 1858: "It is said that George Loder, the musical composer, is to marry Mrs. Catherine Sinclair, the divorced wife of Edwin Forrest, the tragedian."

Catherine Norton Sinclair Forrest (born 1817) died in 1891. Confirming she did not marry George Loder. Her first husband was American actor Edwin Forrest (1806-1872) whom she divorced c.1850 after he had an affair with actress Josephine Cliften. (Source - Responses to Rootschat posting) D. Smith's research [A reminiscence about the Philharmonic of NY mentioned George Loder (in the New York Times) whose father was a famous musician in London, whose "music is still played. "Bath and its Musical Diaspora 1788-1868", by Andrew Clarke, which follows the careers of the following musicians: Loder, John David, 1788-1846; Viner, William Litton, 1790-1867; and Loder, George Patrick Henry, 1816-1868.  Our reference is PP/1887 Bath Record Office, Guildhall, High Street, Bath, BA1 5AW]


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1536.] first time to tolerate the society and submit to the dictation of a lay peer who had been a tradesman's orphan and a homeless vagabond. The Reformation in their minds was associated with the exaltation of base blood, the levelling of ranks, the breaking down the old rule and order of the land. Eager to check so dangerous a movement, they had listened, some of them, to the revelations of the Nun. Fifteen great men and lords, Lord Darcy stated, had confederated secretly to force the Government to change their policy; and Darcy himself had been in communication for the same purpose with the Spanish ambassador, and was of course made aware of the intended invasion in the preceding winter. The discontent extended to the county families, who shared or imitated the prejudices of their feudal leaders; and those families had again their peculiar grievances. On the suppression of the abbeys the peers obtained grants, or expected to obtain them, from the forfeited estates. The country gentlemen saw only the desecration of the familiar scenes of their daily life, the violation of the tombs of their ancestors, and the buildings themselves, the beauty of which was the admiration of foreigners who visited England, reduced to ruins. The abbots had been their personal friends, 'the trustees

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502 for their children and the executors of their wills;' the monks had been the teachers of their children; the free tables and free lodgings in these houses had made them attractive and convenient places of resort in distant journeys; and in remote districts the trade of the neighbourhood, from the wholesale purchases of the corn-dealer to the huckstering of the wandering pedlar, had been mainly carried on within their walls.

'The Statute of Uses,' again, an important but insufficient measure of reform, passed in the last session of Parliament but one, had created not unreasonable irritation. Previous to the modification of the feudal law in the year 1540, land was not subject to testamentary disposition; and it had been usual to evade the prohibition of direct bequest, in making provision for younger children, by leaving estates in 'use,' charged with payments so considerable as to amount virtually to a transfer of the property. The injustice of the common law was in this way remedied, but remedied so awkwardly as to embarrass and complicate the titles of estates beyond extrication. A 'use' might be erected on a 'use;' it might be extended to the descendants of those in whose behalf it first was made; it might be mortgaged,


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273 CHAPTER XX.

icy breath of the South Antarctic was causing finger-tips to tingle as we steamed away from Invercargill in the good ship Wairarapa, and left the shores of Maoriland to fade away in the blue haze of distance. What a feast of picturesque grandeur and beauty had we not stored up in memory! What visions of the wondrous glory of the Almighty's creative skill did we not recall as we pondered over the incidents of our all too short summer holiday! And yet we had not half exhausted the marvels of this land of wonders. The weird solemnity of Lake Taupo, with its volcanic eruptions and abysmal activities; the awful majesty and rugged grandeur of the Alpine gorges and passes; the labyrinthine intricacies and astounding sinuosities of the West Coast Sounds, with their startling contrasts of bluff and craggy

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1536.] or transferred as a security to raise money. The apparent owner of a property might effect a sale, and the buyer find his purchase so encumbered as to be useless to him. The intricacies of tenure thus often passed the skill of judges to unravel; while, again, the lords of the fiefs were unable to claim their fines or fees or liveries, and the Crown, in cases of treason, could not enforce its forfeitures. The Statute of Uses terminated the immediate difficulty by creating, like the recent Irish Encumbered Estates Act, parliamentary titles. All persons entitled to the use of lands were declared to be to all intents and purposes the lawful possessors, as much as if the lands had been made over to them by formal grant or conveyance. They became actual owners, with all the rights and all the liabilities of their special tenures. The embarrassed titles were in this way simplified; but now, the common law remaining as yet unchanged, the original evil returned in full force. Since a trust was equivalent to a conveyance, and land could not be bequeathed by will, the system of trusts was virtually terminated. Charges could not be created upon estates, and the landowners complained that they could no longer raise money if they wanted it; their estates must go wholly to the eldest sons; and, unless they were allowed to divide their properties by


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XXV] my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life with the Lord thy God; and the souls of thine enemies, them shall he sling out, as out of the middle of a sling. And it shall come to pass, when the Lord shall have done to my lord according to all the good that he hath spoken concerning thee, and shall have appointed thee ruler over Lsrael: that this shall be no grief unto thee, nor offence of heart unto my lord, either that thou hast shed blood causeless, or that my lord hath avenged himself: but when the Lord shall have dealt well with my lord, then remember thine handmaid.

And David said to Abigail, Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, which sent thee this day to meet me: and blessed be thy advice, and blessed be thou, which hast kept me this day from coming to shed blood, and from avenging myself with mine own hand. For in very deed, as the Lord God of Israel liveth, which hath kept me back from hurting thee, except thou hadst hasted and come to meet me, surely there had not been left unto Nabal by the morning light any that pisseth against the wall. So David received of her hand that which she had brought him, and said unto her. Go up in peace to thine house; see, I have hearkened to thy voice, and have accepted thy person.

And Abigail came to Nabal; and, behold, he held a feast in his house, like the feast of a king; and Nabal's


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Rh heart was merry within him, for he was very drunken: wherefore she told him nothing, less or more, until the morning light. But it came to pass in the morning, when the wine was gone out of Nabal, and his wife had told him these things, that his heart died within him, and he became as a stone. And it came to pass about ten days after, that the Lord smote Nabal, that he died.

And when David heard that Nabal was dead, he said. Blessed be the Lord, that hath pleaded the cause of my reproach from the hand of Nabal, and hath kept his servant from evil: for the Lord hath returned the wickedness of Nabal upon his own head. And David sent and communed with Abigail, to take her to him to wife. And when the servants of David were come to Abigail to Carmel, they spake unto her, saying, David sent us unto thee, to take thee to him to wife. And she arose, and bowed herself on her face to the earth, and said, Behold, let thine handmaid be a servant to wash the feet of the servants of my lord. And Abigail hasted, and arose, and rode upon an ass, with five damsels of hers that went after her; and she went after the messengers of David, and became his wife. David also took Ahinoam of Jezreel; and they were also both of them his wives.

But Saul had given Michal his daughter, David's


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XXVI] wife, to Phalti the son of Laish, which was of Gallim.

the Ziphites came unto Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not David hide himself in the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon? Then Saul arose, and went down to the wilderness of Ziph, having three thousand chosen men of Israel with him, to seek David in the wilderness of Ziph. And Saul pitched in the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon, by the way. But David abode in the wilderness, and he saw that Saul came after him into the wilderness. David therefore sent out spies, and understood that Saul was come in very deed.

And David arose, and came to the place where Saul had pitched: and David beheld the place where Saul lay, and Abner the son of Ner, the captain of his host: and Saul lay in the trench, and the people pitched round about him. Then answered David and said to Ahimelech the Hittite, and to Abishai the son of Zeruiah, brother to Joab, saying. Who will go down with me to Saul to the camp? And Abishai said, I will go down with thee. So David and Abishai came to the people by night: and, behold, Saul lay sleeping within the trench, and his spear stuck in the ground at his bolster: but Abner and the people lay round about him. Then said Abishai to David, God hath delivered thine enemy into thine hand this day: now therefore


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When part of the territory of a State, or when any territory for the international relations of which a State is responsible, not being part of the territory of that State, becomes part of the territory of another State:

(a) treaties of the predecessor State cease to be in force in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates from the date of the succession of States; and

(b) treaties of the successor State are in force in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates from the date of the succession of States, unless it appears from the treaty or is otherwise established that the application of the treaty to that territory would be incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty or would radically change the conditions for its operation.

State A newly independent State is not bound to maintain in force, or to become a party to, any treaty by reason only of the fact that at the date of the succession of States the treaty was in force in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates.

1. Subject to paragraphs 2 and 3, a newly independent State may, by a notification of succession, establish its status as a party to any multilateral treaty which at the date of the succession of States was in force in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates.

2. Paragraph 1 does not apply if it appears from the treaty or is otherwise established that the application of the treaty in respect of the newly independent State would be incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty or would radically change the conditions for its operation.


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3. When, under the terms of the treaty or by reason of the limited number of the negotiating States and the object and purpose of the treaty, the participation of any other State in the treaty must be considered as requiring the consent of all the parties, the newly independent State may establish its status as a party to the treaty only with such consent.

1. Subject to paragraphs 3 and 4, a newly independent State may, by a notification of succession, establish its status as a contracting State to a multilateral treaty which is not in force if at the date of the succession of States the predecessor State was a contracting State in respect of the territory to which that succession of States relates.

2. Subject to paragraphs 3 and 4, a newly independent State may, by a notification of succession, establish its status as a party to a multilateral treaty which enters into force after the date of the succession of States if at the date of the succession of States the predecessor State was a contracting State in respect of the territory to which that succession of States relates.

3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 do not apply if it appears from the treaty or is otherwise established that the application of the treaty in respect of the newly independent State would be incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty or would radically change the conditions for its operation.

4. When, under the terms of the treaty or by reason of the limited number of the negotiating States and the object and purpose of the treaty, the participation of any other State in the treaty must be considered as requiring the consent of all the parties or of all the contracting States, the newly independent State may establish its status as a party or as a contracting State to the treaty only with such consent.

5. When a treaty provides that a specified number of contracting States shall be necessary for its entry into force, a newly independent State which establishes its status as a contracting State to the treaty under paragraph 1 shall be counted as a contracting State for the purpose of that provision unless a different intention appears from the treaty, or is otherwise established.

1. Subject to paragraphs 3 and 4, if before the date of the succession of States the predecessor State signed a multilateral treaty subject to ratification, acceptance or approval and by the signature intended that the treaty should extend to the territory to which the succession of States relates, the newly independent State may ratify, accept or approve the treaty as if it had signed that treaty and may thereby become a party or a contracting State to it.

2. For the purpose of paragraph 1, unless a different intention appears from the treaty or is otherwise established, the signature by the predecessor State of a treaty is considered to express the


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 intention that the treaty should extend to the entire territory for the international relations of which the predecessor State was responsible.

3. Paragraph 1 does not apply if it appears from the treaty or is otherwise established that the application of the treaty in respect of the newly independent State would be incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty or would radically change the conditions for its operation.

4. When, under the terms of the treaty or by reason of the limited number of the negotiating States and the object and purpose of the treaty, the participation of any other State in the treaty must be considered as requiring the consent of all the parties or of all the contracting States, the newly independent State may become a party or a contracting State to the treaty only with such consent.

1. When a newly independent State establishes its status as a party or as a contracting State to a multilateral treaty by a notification of succession under article 17 or 18, it shall be considered as maintaining any reservation to that treaty which was applicable at the date of the succession of States in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates unless, when making the notification of succession, it expresses a contrary intention or formulates a reservation which relates to the same subject matter as that reservation.

2. When making a notification of succession establishing its status as a party or as a contracting State to a multilateral treaty under article 17 or 18, a newly independent State may formulate a reservation unless the reservation is one the formulation of which would be excluded by the provisions of subparagraph (a), (b) or (c) of article 19 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

3. When a newly independent State formulates a reservation in conformity with paragraph 2, the rules set out in articles 20 to 23 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties apply in respect of that reservation.

1. When making a notification of succession under article 17 or 18 establishing its status as a party or contracting State to a multilateral treaty, a newly independent State may, if the treaty so permits, express its consent to be bound by part of the treaty or make a choice between differing provisions under the conditions laid down in the treaty for expressing such consent or making such choice.

2. A newly independent State may also exercise, under the same conditions as the other parties or contracting States, any right provided for in the treaty to withdraw or modify any consent expressed or choice made by itself or by the predecessor State in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates.


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3. If the newly independent State does not in conformity with paragraph 1 express its consent or make a choice, or in conformity with paragraph 2 withdraw or modify the consent or choice of the predecessor State, it shall be considered as maintaining:

(a) the consent of the predecessor State, in conformity with the treaty, to be bound, in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates, by part of that treaty; or

(b) the choice of the predecessor State, in conformity with the treaty, between differing provisions in the application of the treaty in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates.

1. A notification of succession in respect of a multilateral treaty under article 17 or 18 shall be made in writing.

2. If the notification of succession is not signed by the Head of State, Head of Government or Minister for Foreign Affairs, the representative of the State communicating it may be called upon to produce full powers.

3. Unless the treaty otherwise provides, the notification of succession shall: (a) be transmitted by the newly independent State to the depositary, or, if there is no depositary, to the parties or the contracting States; (b) be considered to be made by the newly independent State on the date on which it is received by the depositary or, if there is no depositary, on the date on which it is received by all the parties or, as the case may be, by all the contracting States.

4. Paragraph 3 does not affect any duty that the depositary may have, in accordance with the treaty or otherwise, to inform the parties or the contracting States of the notification of succession or any communication made in connection therewith by the newly independent State.

5. Subject to the provisions of the treaty, the notification of succession or the communication made in connection therewith shall be considered as received by the State for which it is intended only when the latter State has been informed by the depositary.

1. Unless the treaty otherwise provides or it is otherwise agreed, a newly independent State which makes a notification of succession under article 17 or article 18, paragraph 2, shall be considered a party to the treaty from the date of the succession of States or from the date of entry into force of the treaty, whichever is the later date.


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2. Nevertheless, the operation of the treaty shall be considered as suspended as between the newly independent State and the other parties to the treaty until the date of making of the notification of succession except insofar as that treaty may be applied provisionally in accordance with article 27 or as may be otherwise agreed.

3. Unless the treaty otherwise provides or it is otherwise agreed, a newly independent State which makes a notification of succession under article 18, paragraph 1, shall be considered a contracting State to the treaty from the date on which the notification of succession is made.

1. A bilateral treaty which at the date of a succession of States was in force in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates is considered as being in force between a newly independent State and the other State party when:

(a) they expressly so agree; or (b) by reason of their conduct they are to be considered as having so agreed.

2. A treaty considered as being in force under paragraph 1 applies in the relations between the newly independent State and the other State party from the date of the succession of States, unless a different intention appears from their agreement or is otherwise established.

A treaty which under article 24 is considered as being in force between a newly independent State and the other State party is not by reason only of that fact to be considered as being in force also in the relations between the predecessor State and the newly independent State.

1. When under article 24 a treaty is considered as being in force between a newly independent State and the other State party, the treaty:

(a) does not cease to be in force between them by reason only of the fact that it has subsequently been terminated as between the predecessor State and the other State party;

(b) is not suspended in operation as between them by reason only of the fact that it has subsequently been suspended in operation as between the predecessor State and the other State party;


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Rh I little knew what wilder woe

Had filled the Poet's heart.

I did not know the nights of gloom,

The days of misery;

The long, long years of dark despair,

That crushed and tortured thee.

But, they are gone; from earth at length

Thy gentle soul is pass'd,

And in the bosom of its God

Has found its home at last.

It must be so, if God is love,

And answers fervent prayer;

Then surely thou shalt dwell on high,

And I may meet thee there.

Is he the source of every good,

The spring of purity?

Then in thine hours of deepest woe,

Thy God was still with thee.

How else, when every hope was fled,

Couldst thou so fondly cling

To holy things and holy men?

And how so sweetly sing,

Of things that God alone could teach?

And whence that purity,


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94 That hatred of all sinful ways—

That gentle charity?

Are these the symptoms of a heart

Of heavenly grace bereft:

For ever banished from its God,

To Satan's fury left?

Yet, should thy darkest fears be true,

If Heaven be so severe,

That such a soul as thine is lost,—

Oh! how shall I appear?

.

REGRET.

ago I wished to leave

"The house where I was born;"

Long ago I used to grieve,

My home seemed so forlorn.

In other years, its silent rooms

Were filled with haunting fears;

Now, their very memory comes

O'ercharged with tender tears.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/To Cowper


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive  : are consistent with our own highest interests. There are greater hazards in not advising a potential enemy of what he can expect of us, and in failing to disabuse him of assumptions which might lead to a miscalculation of our intentions."

To the contrary, a statement before the Foreign Relations Committee by Secretary Dulles himself can be cited to demonstrate more modest, less obligatory designs:

 * "I might say in this connection, departing somewhat from order of my presentation, that it is not the policy of the United States to attempt to deter attack in this area by building up a local force capable itself of defense against an all-out attack by the Chinese Communists if it should occur. We do not expect to duplicate in this area the pattern of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and its significant standing forces. That would require a diversion and commitment of strength which we do not think is either practical or desirable or necessary from the standpoint of the United States.

 * "We believe that our posture in that area should be one of having mobile striking power, and the ability to use that against the sources of aggression if it occurs. We believe that is more effective than if we tried to pin down American forces at the many points around the circumference of the Communist world in that area.

 * "It may very well be that other countries of the area will want to dedicate particular forces for the protection of the area under this treaty. But we made clear at Manila that it was not the intention of the United States to build up a large local force including, for example, United States ground troops for that area, but that we rely upon the deterrent power of our mobile striking force."

By looking into the words of the treaty in the light of its origins and the interests of the U.S. as perceived in 1954, and by comparing these with NATO language, origins, and development, it is possible to make a tentative judgment on the issue of obligation. Whereas it is clear that NATO was intended for deterrence against aggression and defense with U.S. forces should deterrence fail, SEATO seems to have been designed with a view only toward deterrence. Defense, especially with U.S. ground forces, was not seriously contemplated.

There are three pieces of evidence in support of this contentious conclusion: (1) the stringent preconditions which the U.S. delegation to the Manila Conference to establish SEATO were instructed to insist upon; (2) the lack of institutional and force structure development in SEATO as compared to NATO; and (3) the fact that SEATO and NATO treaty terminology differ in respect to the use of force and other matters. Rh


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98 Then hear me now, while, kneeling here,

I lift to thee my heart and eye,

And all my soul ascends in prayer,

Oh, give me—give me Faith! I cry.

Without some glimmering in my heart,

I could not raise this fervent prayer;

But, oh! a stronger light impart,

And in Thy mercy fix it there.

While Faith is with me, I am blest;

It turns my darkest night to day;

But while I clasp it to my breast,

I often feel it slide away.

Then, cold and dark, my spirit sinks,

To see my light of life depart;

And every fiend of Hell, methinks,

Enjoys the anguish of my heart.

What shall I do, if all my love,

My hopes, my toil, are cast away,

And if there be no God above,

To hear and bless me when I pray?

If this be vain delusion all,

If death be an eternal sleep,

And none can hear my secret call,

Or see the silent tears I weep!


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Rh Oh, help me, God! For thou alone

Canst my distracted soul relieve;

Forsake it not: it is thine own,

Though weak, yet longing to believe.

Oh, drive these cruel doubts away;

And make me know, that Thou art God!

A faith, that shines by night and day,

Will lighten every earthly load.

If I believe that Jesus died,

And, waking, rose to reign above;

Then surely Sorrow, Sin, and Pride,

Must yield to Peace, and Hope, and Love.

And all the blessed words He said

Will strength and holy joy impart:

A shield of safety o'er my head,

A spring of comfort in my heart.

.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/The Doubter's Prayer


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive Unlike the guidance under which U.S. negotiators helped to frame NATO, U.S. representatives to the conference establishing SEATO were given four uncompromisable pre-conditions:

(a) The U.S. would refuse to commit any U.S. forces unilaterally;

(b) Were military action to be required, one or more of the European signatories would have to participate;

(c) The U.S. intended to contribute only sea and air power, expecting that other signatories would provide ground forces;

(d) The U.S. would act only against communist aggression.

These instructions not only clearly exempt the use of U.S. ground forces, but presuppose multilateral action before the U.S. would act in any capacity.

With respect to the comparative development of SEATO and NATO, U.S. behavior also indicates great restraint and avoidance of commitment. NATO was formed in 1949, and within two years it was well institutionalized — combined command forces in-being and a Standing Group for policy guidance. The U.S. consistently resisted the efforts of its SEATO partners for comparable institutions. Secretary Dulles, in fact, sought to discourage public identification of SEATO with NATO. Only in 1959, did the U.S. accede to the formation of a modest SEATO secretariat. Moreover, SEATO had to wait until 1960 before the U.S. would participate in the development of a series of SEATO contingency plans. Most important, no U.S. troops have ever been designated specifically for SEATO.

Comparing the specific terminology of the operative sections of the SEATO and NATO treaties gives additional credence to the non-obligation argument. The key articles of both treaties are those calling for action against an enemy threat. Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty declares that the member nations "agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all," and that in that event each will take "forthwith...such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force...." The correlative phraseology in the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty Article IV declares that "each Party recognizes that aggression by means of armed attack against any of the Parties, or against any state or territory which the Parties by unanimous agreement may hereafter designate, would endanger its own peace and safety, and agrees that it will in that event act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional process." The SEATO wording is thus intentionally ambiguous on the point of just what response would be made by the members in the event of an armed attack. Such an attack against one of the SEATO members would be viewed as a "common danger" rather than as an "attack Rh


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Rh But, is it sweet to look around, and view

Thousands excluded from that happiness

Which they deserved, at least, as much as you,—

Their faults not greater, nor their virtues less?

And, wherefore should you love your God the more,

Because to you alone his smiles are given;

Because he chose to pass the many o'er,

And only bring the favoured few to Heaven?

And, wherefore should your hearts more grateful prove,

Because for the Saviour did not die?

Is yours the God of justice and of love?

And are your bosoms warm with charity?

Say, does your heart expand to all mankind?

And, would you ever to your neighbour do—

The weak, the strong, the enlightened, and the blind—

As you would have your neighbour do to you?

And, when you, looking on your fellow-men,

Behold them doomed to endless misery,

How can you talk of joy and rapture then?—

May God withhold such cruel joy from me!

That none deserve eternal bliss I know;

Unmerited the grace in mercy given:


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive on all." Where NATO prescribes action "forthwith," SEATO requires only that the "common danger" be "met" in accordance with "constitutional processes." SEATO also forecloses action on the treaty of any threatened state without the consent of that state — a qualification designed to reassure members that their independence was not threatened by neocolonialism or other domination in a SEATO guise.

In some respects, however, the SEATO Pact is broader than its NATO counterparts. The nature of the threat is loosely defined in Article IV as "any fact or situation that might endanger the peace of the area" and provision is made to protect threatened member countries of the region. The area of applicability is left flexible. Moreover, Article II of the SEATO Treaty applies the pact against not only "armed attack" but also "subversive activities directed from without against [members] territorial integrity and political stability." Also, unlike the North Atlantic Treaty, there is no clause in the SEATO Treaty implying a dependence on United Nations intervention to restore peace once the treaty were invoked. Rh


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 26.djvu/304

 HESLOP, LUKE (1738–1825), archdeacon of Buckingham, was born and baptised on St. Luke's day, 18 Oct. 1738. He was admitted a sizar at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 30 May 1760; was appointed chapel clerk on 31 Oct. following; was elected a Sterne scholar 19 Oct. 1764, a Spencer scholar November 1764, and a fellow of his college 26 Jan. 1769. In 1764 he was senior wrangler. He graduated B.A. 1764, M.A. 1767, and B.D. 1775. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the professorship of chemistry in 1771, but served as moderator (1772–3). John Green [q.v.], bishop of Lincoln, a former master of Corpus Christi, appointed Heslop his examining chaplain, and on 2 Sept. 1778 collated him to the archdeaconry of Buckingham, together with a prebendal stall at Lincoln. On 28 Sept. 1776 he was appointed prebendary in St. Paul's Cathedral and vicar of St. Peter-le-Poor, London. He was subsequently rector of Adstock, Buckinghamshire, for upwards of twenty-five years, holding in addition during the latter part of the period the rectory of Addington. In 1803 he became rector of Bothal in Northumberland, but soon resigned the living on being appointed rector of St. Marylebone, London, and vicar of St. Augustine's in Bristol. In 1809 he settled in Marylebone and devoted himself to his extensive parish. Few men ever held successively more church preferments, yet he died a comparatively poor man at 27 Nottingham Place, Marylebone, on 23 June 1825, aged 86. His constitution was remarkably vigorous, and for eighty years he never suffered from ill-health. He was buried in the new church of St. Marylebone. He married in 1773 Dorothy, daughter of Dr. Reeve. She died at Bury, 28 Dec. 1827. Heslop was the author of two sermons and a charge (1807) and of: 1. ‘Observations on the Statute of 31 Geo. II, c. 29, concerning the Assize of Bread,’ 1799, 4to. 2. ‘A Comparative Statement of the Food produced from Arable and Grass Land and the returns from each, with Observations on Inclosures and the Effect of an Act for Enclosing Commons,’ 1801, 4to. 3. ‘Observations on the Duty of Property,’ 1805.

HESLOP, THOMAS PRETIOUS (1823–1885), physician, was born in the West Indies in 1823, his father being a Scottish officer of artillery, and his mother an Irish lady named Owen. His youth was spent with his uncle, Dr. Underhill of Tipton, Staffordshire, by whom he was educated for the medical profession. He completed his course at Dublin and Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in 1848. After being house-physician to the General Hospital, Birmingham, from 1848 to 1852, Heslop was lecturer on physiology at Queen's College, Birmingham, from 1853 to 1858, and physician to the Queen's Hospital from 1853 to 1860 and from 1870 to 1882. He actively promoted the establishment of the Women's Hospital, the Free Hospital for Children, and the Skin and Lock Hospital at Birmingham, and of the Birmingham Medical Institute. He did important work as a governor of King Edward's Grammar School, and as chairman of Mason's College; to the latter institution he gave a library of eleven thousand books. He died near Braemar on 17 June 1885, of angina pectoris, and was buried at Dublin on 20 June. Heslop wrote ‘The Realities of Medical Attendance on the Sick Children of the Poor in Large Towns,’ 1869.

HESSE-HOMBURG, (1770–1840). [See ]

HESSEL, PHŒBE (1713?–1821), reputed female soldier and centenarian, was buried, according to the registers of Brighthelmstone (Brighton) parish, Sussex, on 16 Dec. 1821, at the age of 108 years (Notes and Queries, 5th ser. i. 222). A tombstone in Brighton churchyard, erected by a local tradesman soon afterwards, relates that Phœbe Hessel, born in Stepney in 1713, ‘served in many parts of Europe as a private soldier in the 5th regiment of foot,’ and that she was wounded at Fontenoy (where the 5th foot was not present), and died 12 Dec. 1821 (ib., 1st ser. vi. 170). Different writers, among them Erredge, the Brighton historian, and Hone (Year-Book, p. 210), give portraits of her as a well-known ‘character’ in Brighton, accompanied by accounts of her military career taken down from her own lips. It is not unlikely that she had served in the ranks, and if not actually a centenarian attained a great age; but the stories, as given, are utterly inconsistent with each other and with the facts of regimental history.

HESTER, JOHN (d. 1593), distiller, or, as he styled himself, ‘practitioner in the Spagericall Arte,’ carried on business at Paul's


text: United States – Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense/IV. A. 1. U.S. MAP for Diem: The Eisenhower Commitments, 1954–1960


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106 But, none shall sink to everlasting woe,

That have not well deserved the wrath of Heaven.

And, oh! there lives within my heart

A hope, long nursed by me;

(And, should its cheering ray depart,

How dark my soul would be!)

That as in Adam all have died,

In Christ shall all men live;

And ever round his throne abide,

Eternal praise to give.

That even the wicked shall at last

Be fitted for the skies;

And, when their dreadful doom is past,

To life and light arise.

I ask not, how remote the day,

Nor what the sinners' woe,

Before their dross is purged away;

Enough for me, to know

That when the cup of wrath is drained,

The metal purified,

They'll cling to what they once disdained,

And live by Him that died.

.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/A Word to the Elect


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive


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112 Were all unprized, uncourted then—

And all the joy one spirit showed,

The other deeply felt again;

And friendship like a river flowed,

Constant and strong its silent course,

For nought withstood its gentle force:

When night, the holy time of peace,

Was dreaded as the parting hour;

When speech and mirth at once must cease,

And Silence must resume her power;

Though ever free from pains and woes,

She only brought us calm repose.

And when the blessed dawn again

Brought daylight to the blushing skies,

We woke, and not reluctant then,

To joyless labour did we rise;

But full of hope, and glad and gay,

We welcomed the returning day.

.

PASSION.

have won a wild delight,

By daring wilder sorrow;

Could I gain thy love to-night,

I'd hazard death to-morrow.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Past Days


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Rh THE CONSOLATION.

bleak these woods, and damp the ground

With fallen leaves so thickly strown,

And cold the wind that wanders round

With wild and melancholy moan;

There is a friendly roof, I know,

Might shield me from the wintry blast;

There is a fire, whose ruddy glow

Will cheer me for my wanderings past.

And so, though still, where'er I go,

Cold stranger-glances meet my eye;

Though, when my spirit sinks in woe,

Unheeded swells the unbidden sigh;

Though solitude, endured too long,

Bids youthful joys too soon decay,

Makes mirth a stranger to my tongue,

And overclouds my noon of day;

When kindly thoughts, that would have way,

Flow back discouraged to my breast;—

I know there is, though far away,

A home where heart and soul may rest.


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Rh Warm hands are there, that, clasped in mine,

The warmer heart will not belie;

While mirth, and truth, and friendship shine

In smiling lip and earnest eye.

The ice that gathers round my heart

May there be thawed; and sweetly, then,

The joys of youth, that now depart,

Will come to cheer my soul again.

Though far I roam, that thought shall be

My hope, my comfort, everywhere;

While such a home remains to me,

My heart shall never know despair!

.

EVENING SOLACE.

human heart has hidden treasures,

In secret kept, in silence sealed;—

The thoughts, the hopes, the dreams, the pleasures,

Whose charms were broken if revealed.

And days may pass in gay confusion,

And nights in rosy riot fly,

While, lost in Fame's or Wealth's illusion,

The memory of the Past may die.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/The Consolation


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Rh Life and marriage I have known,

Things once deemed so bright;

Now, how utterly is flown

Every ray of light!

'Mid the unknown sea of life

I no blest isle have found;

At last, through all its wild wave's strife,

My bark is homeward bound.

Farewell, dark and rolling deep!

Farewell, foreign shore!

Open, in unclouded sweep,

Thou glorious realm before!

Yet, though I had safely pass'd

That weary, vexed main,

One loved voice, through surge and blast,

Could call me back again.

Though the soul's bright morning rose

O'er Paradise for me,

William! even from Heaven's repose

I'd turn, invoked by thee!

Storm nor surge should e'er arrest

My soul, exulting then:

All my heaven was once thy breast,

Would it were mine again!

.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Regret


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Rh PRESENTIMENT.

", you've sat there all the day,

Come to the hearth awhile;

The wind so wildly sweeps away,

The clouds so darkly pile.

That open book has lain, unread,

For hours upon your knee;

You've never smiled nor turned your head

What can you, sister, see?"

"Come hither, Jane, look down the field;

How dense a mist creeps on!

The path, the hedge, are both concealed,

Ev'n the white gate is gone;

No landscape through the fog I trace,

No hill with pastures green;

All featureless is nature's face,

All masked in clouds her mien.

"Scarce is the rustle of a leaf

Heard in our garden now;

The year grows old, its days wax brief,

The tresses leave its brow.

The rain drives fast before the wind,

The sky is blank and grey;

O Jane, what sadness fills the mind

On such a dreary day!"


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102 Eight months are gone, the summer sun

Sets in a glorious sky;

A quiet field, all green and lone,

Receives its rosy dye.

Jane sits upon a shaded stile,

Alone she sits there now;

Her head rests on her hand the while,

And thought o'ercasts her brow.

She's thinking of one winter's day,

A few short months ago,

When Emma's bier was borne away

O'er wastes of frozen snow.

She's thinking how that drifted snow

Dissolved in spring's first gleam,

And how her sister's memory now

Fades, even as fades a dream.

The snow will whiten earth again,

But Emma comes no more;

She left, 'mid winter's sleet and rain,

This world for Heaven's far shore.

On Beulah's hills she wanders now,

On Eden's tranquil plain;

To her shall Jane hereafter go,

She ne'er shall come to Jane!

.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Presentiment


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104 application of quantitative methods not only to solve but also to furnish problems ready made. Biometry has now safely passed that stage in development which every new line of investigation passes through sooner or later, in which it suffers at the hands of its over- zealous would be friends. It is gradually coming to be clearly recognized by general biologists that biometric methods when properly used add an important weapon of research to the investigator's armament. It is the purpose of this paper to attempt in a very modest way to help along, if possible, this better understanding of and greater sympathy towards biometric work.

II.

The underlying and essential point of view of biometry has been, and to a considerable extent still is, quite generally misunderstood by biologists. In the first place biometry is often strongly and unjustly criticised because it has developed primarily as a « statistical» science. It is supposed that this method of inquiry cannot properly or profitably have anything to do with any problems not immediately reducible to frequency polygons and correlation tables. The charge is made that biometrical methods can deal only with mass phenomena, and that they intentionally disregard the detailed study of the individual. Such a charge is based on an entire misconception of the biometrical standpoint. This attitude, however, has done a great deal of harm in hindering the wider use of these methods by biologists. Nothing has been more strongly emphasized by the trend of recent biological discovery than the importance of the thorough, searching study of the individual, whether the matter under investigation be behavior, inheritance, variation, or morphogenesis. It is no recommendation for a new line of scientific inquiry to be supposed to ignore or belittle this fact. A second misconception which prevails rather widely is to the effect that biometric methods, being supposedly entirely statistical in character, necessarily require as a working postulate at the ontstart that the accumulation by selection

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102 of small «fluctuating » variations is the primary and fundamental, if not the sole method of organic evolution. Such an idea is, of course, absurd. The purpose of biometrical study so far as it is applied to the evolution problem is precisely to find out what has been the method of evolution. Whatever the result of such inquiry may turn out to be has no relation to either the validity or usefulness of biometric methods per se. The statistical methods or calculus developed by Pearson are particularly adapted to the study of variation of the continuous fluctuating type, but one who uses this calculus is in no way compelled because of this fact to take any particular position in regard to the question of the biological importance or significance of this kind of variation in evolution. This is a matter to be settled by direct experiment and observation. If, as many biologists are coming to believe, this type of variation has, in a strict sense, very little if any significance in evolution biometric methods will help to demonstrate the fact. Further, as has been implied above, the statistical study of variation is only one side of biometry.

Based on a misconception similar to that just discussed in the point of view which criticises biometry as being necessarily tied fast to a particular view regarding the hereditary process. The «law of ancestral inheritance » first enunciated by Galton and later extensively developed by Pearson is simply a statistical statement. It concerns itself with the end results of the action in a general population of a whole complex of biological processes, of which inheritance is only one. It is the writer's opinion that this «law » probably has very little direct relation to the really significant basic facts of heredity, and that whatever apparent significance it may have is largely accidental and fortuitous. But whether this opinion is correct or not certainly has no bearing on the question of the validity of bringing « appropriate » and « correct» mathematical methods to the aid of the investigator wherever they can be of help in solving problems. It is a confusion of thought to criticise a scientific method of investigation because of the theoretical views held by some of those who employ it. There is yet to be discovered a scientific method which can be depended upon to give correct results invariably, regardless of how it is handled or applied. Biometry is no worse off

title: Page:Scientia - Vol. X.djvu/113


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122 But, there are hours of lonely musing,

Such as in evening silence come,

When, soft as birds their pinions closing,

The heart's best feelings gather home.

Then in our souls there seems to languish

A tender grief that is not woe;

And thoughts that once wrung groans of anguish,

Now cause but some mild tears to flow.

And feelings, once as strong as passions,

Float softly back—a faded dream;

Our own sharp griefs and wild sensations,

The tale of others' sufferings seem.

Oh! when the heart is freshly bleeding,

How longs it for that time to be,

When, through the mist of years receding,

Its woes but live in reverie!

And it can dwell on moonlight glimmer,

On evening shade and loneliness;

And, while the sky grows dim and dimmer,

Feel no untold and strange distress—

Only a deeper impulse given

By lonely hour and darkened room,

To solemn thoughts that soar to heaven,

Seeking a life and world to come.

.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Evening Solace


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106 in this regard than is the experimental method, the position of which in biological epistemology is now so secure. The real purpose of biometry is the general « quantification » of biology. Its fundamental viewpoint is that without a study of the quantitative relations of biological phenomena in the widest sense it will never be possible to arrive at a full and adequate knowledge of those phenomena. This viewpoint insists that a description which says nothing about the magnitude of the thing described is not complete but, on the contrary, lacks an element of primary importance. It insists, also, that an experiment which takes no account of the «probable error» of the results reached is inadequate and as likely as not to lead to incorrect conclusions. Further, and more broadly, it is certain that not only are quantitative « methods » needed in biology, but also that a far more serious need is for something of the epistemological viewpoint — the mode of thinking — which is characteristic of the exact sciences. What the writer conceives to be the true and basic standpoint of biometry cannot be better expressed than in the following remarks of that master of an exact physical science, Lord Kelvin, in an address on Electrical Units of Measurement .— «I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it, but when you can not measure it, when you can not express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts, advanced to the stage of science, whatever the matter may be ».

Having taken this position the next thing in order obviously is to develop mathematical methods especially adapted to the treatment of biological data. Such a step is no more to be criticised than is the demand of the experimentalist that he shall have apparatus adapted to his needs, or of the morphologist that he shall have the latest and best type of microscope for his most detailed and important researches. It is the most obvious right of an investigator that he shall have highly developed and adapted technical aids whatever his field of work. In accord with this principle

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Rh there has been developed (partly by borrowing from mathematics and partly de novo) a very efficient and tolerably complete system of special mathematical methods particularly adapted to the analysis of quantitative biological data. Unfortunately the more recondite of these methods can not be understood at all by the general biologist unless a considerable amount of careful and thorough study is given to them. Even the simpler of current biometric methods are uot fully understood by the majority of biologists, nor can they be except through special study of their mathematical origin and development. But is there any reason why the biologist should expect to have intuitive comprehension of these methods? No one would expect to apply successfully the complicated and delicate surgical technique of Pawlow or Carrel to the solution of biological problems without careful preliminary study and practice of these methods, continued till they were really « mastered ». The case is not different with any other higher development of scientific technique.

Because of the lack of a full comprehension of the meaning and significance of the mathematico-statistical methods used in biometry, these methods have been subjected to a great deal of unreasonable and futile criticism. It is argued that these methods are in large part worthless because they are « too refined ». Biological data are held to be of so coarse and inaccurate a character as to make any but the roughest kind of treatment of them of no significance. Such a view misses entirely the purpose and meaning of the biometrical calculus. It is just because biological data necessarily are often rough that we need refined mathematical methods in their treatment in order to test and check the conclusions to be drawn from them, and in order to show their true trend and significance. An example will help to make the point here clear. Mortality statistics are usually available only in units of years of life. This is a rough unit. For actuarial purposes it is desirable to know, for example, the probable duration of life much more accurately than in terms of years. It is possible to get this information, accurate to a very high degree, by the application of appropriate mathematical treatment to the rough yearly data. In this connection, too, is to be considered the frequently made statement that no statistical constant can be more accurate than the

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108 data on which it is based. It is very easy to demonstrate that this is not true.

While, as has been pointed out in this section, the methods and point of view of biometry have not always been understood, yet the indications are that matters are improving very rapidly in this respect. In particular the great interest and activity now being displayed in the study of inheritance and plant and animal breeding is doing much to increase the use of biometric methods. Breeders are accumulating masses of data which they wish to analyze. To do this necessitates in many cases the use of biometric methods. As the really purposeful employment of these methods to help solve practical problems increases they must inevitably come to be better understood by the great mass of biologists.

III.

Let us now turn to a consideration of some of the ways in which biometrical methods may be of immediate value to the progress of biology. What has biometry to offer to biology that is useful ? Or, in other words, what is the significance of biometry? Stated most broadly it may be said that biometry brings to biology a fairly well developed method or system for the more precise, accurate and complete description of biological phenomena. Biometry is, in last analysis, a descriptive method. Like all other descriptive methods, or phases of science, it is not likely in and by itself ever to solve completely any problems. It must always work in conjunction with the exi^e- rimental method to attain the highest (i. e., most valuable) type of results. But at the same time it brings to the aid of the experimentalist that which is of the utmost importance, namely an adequate method of describing, analyzing and in general reaching correct conclusions from the results of experimentation.

Biometry affords an extension of descriptive methods in a direction where such an extension is an absolute requisite of scientific work, and in a direction where no other method

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54 Oh, bitter, blighting, keen sensation,

Which will not weaken, cannot die,

Hasten thy work of desolation,

And let my tortured spirit fly!

Vain as the passing gale, my crying;

Though lightning-struck, I must live on;

I know, at heart, there is no dying

Of love, and ruined hope, alone.

Still strong, and young, and warm with vigour,

Though scathed, I long shall greenly grow,

And many a storm of wildest rigour

Shall yet break o'er my shivered bough.

Rebellious now to blank inertion,

My unused strength demands a task;

Travel, and toil, and full exertion,

Are the last, only boon I ask.

Whence, then, this vain and barren dreaming

Of death, and dubious life to come?

I see a nearer beacon gleaming

Over dejection's sea of gloom.

The very wildness of my sorrow

Tells me I yet have innate force;

My track of life has been too narrow,

Effort shall trace a broader course.


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Rh is available. Ordinary biological observation and description has as its unit the individual, or some part of the individual. It describes the individual in terms of its qualities or attributes. If an adequate description of the individual is given it does not concern itself solely with the separate parts, but discusses the qualities and attributes of the individual as a whole. Thus it would not be an adequate description of a man to say that he was the sum of such and such bones, muscles, nerves and blood vessels. A cat possesses much the same bones, muscles, nerves and blood vessels that a man has. It is probably no exaggeration to say that the similarity between men and cats in respect to these organ systems is so great that a person without previous experience of either — say a Martian — unless he were deeply versed in anatomy, might very possibly consider cats to be dwarf men if he had as a basis of distinction only a formal description of the organ systems named. Any adequate description of an organism must include as its most fundamental and important part an account of the attributes and qualities of that organism « as a whole ».

Now a little consideration will serve to convince one that the ordinary methods of description as used in biology fail (i. e., become altogether inadequate) when the attempt is made to deal with any group of individuals, as for example a population, race, variety, species or larger group. These methods fail because they are fundamentally and necessarily incapable of giving a description of the group (whatever its magnitude) «in terms of anything but the individuals which compose it. » That is to say they have no way of getting at a description of a group (e. g., a species) « as a whole » or as such, in terms of its (the group's) attributes and qualities. Let an illustration make this point clear. The purpose of systematic zoology is to classify and arrange animals in natural groups. As a necessary step in the carrying out of this purpose it is obliged to attempt to define, which means describe, these groups. But its whole way of going about this process is a confession of the fundamental inadequacy of the method. The

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110 systematist frankly makes no attempt whatever to describe or define a particular species « as a species » (i. e., as a « group » of animals) in terms of its (the species') qualities. Instead he describes one individual animal belonging to this species; affirms either expressly or tacitly that all other individuals belonging to the species are « about » or « generally » like the individual described, and then calls the net result the definition or description of the species. But now sorely this is not a description of the « species » at all. An adequate description of the species will be one which takes account of its peculiarities « as a unit », and indicates how it as a unit or as a whole is distinguished from other similar groups. In making this statement there is, of course, no implication that the facts set forth by the systematist are not desirable and useful. But something more is needed to gain a well-rounded adequate idea of the group, whether species, variety or any other.

It is a particular and fundamental point of significance of biometry for biology that it offers an adequate solution of just this problem of the description of the group as whole or a unit in terms, not of its component individuals, but of its own attributes and qualities. The biometrical constants (mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, etc.) are constants characteristic of the « group » as such, and not of any particular individual or individuals in it. So, further, the shape of the variation curve for a particular group of organisms is something definitely characteristic for the group.

The fact that in statistical methods we have the means of accurately describing the attributes of groups of organisms as groups affords an opportunity of investigating why groups (i. e., species, varieties, etc.) come to have the characteristics which they to. It is the highest aim of the biometrical study of variation do determine the biological causes which underlie the formation of the « particular » sort of frequency curves which actually are found, rather than some one of the innumerable other sorts which might conceivably have arisen in any individual instance! A « first study » in this direction was made by the writer for variation in the plant Ceratophyllum. More recently very fundamental researches of a

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Rh The world is not in yonder tower,

Earth is not prisoned in that room,

'Mid whose dark pannels, hour by hour,

I've sat, the slave and prey of gloom.

One feeling—turned to utter anguish,

Is not my being's only aim;

When, lorn and loveless, life will languish,

But courage can revive the flame.

He, when he left me, went a roving

To sunny climes, beyond the sea;

And I, the weight of woe removing,

Am free and fetterless as he.

New scenes, new language, skies less clouded,

May once more wake the wish to live;

Strange, foreign towns, astir, and crowded,

New pictures to the mind may give.

New forms and faces, passing ever,

May hide the one I still retain,

Defined, and fixed, and fading never,

Stamped deep on vision, heart, and brain.

And we might meet—time may have changed him;

Chance may reveal the mystery,

The secret influence which estranged him;

Love may restore him yet to me.


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Rh similar character have been made by Jennings on variation in Paramecium. The first necessity in all such analytical studies must be a precise description and definition of the things which are to be analyzed. Such a description the application of biometric methods furnishes.

In what has been said regarding biometry as a method of group description reference has been made, for the sake of simplicity of illustration, to groups of « individual organisms ». The same considerations, however, apply with equal or perhaps even greater force to the study by biometrical methods of groups of « like » parts or organs within the single individual. Appropriate quantitative methods make it possible to detect and analyze the most subtle phenomena of differentiation in the development and growth of the individual. In the absence of methods for dealing with a group of parts or individuals as such one would be quite unable to attack a whole series of interesting and fundamental problems of morphogenesis. Such problems, for example, as the precision of morphogenetic localization, or the degree of variability of successively regenerated structures (does the morphogenetic mechanism «learn» to work better with practice ?), or the existence and nature of fundamental laws of growth determining the general features of the tectonics of large groups of plants and animals, etc. There is a host of problems of morphogenesis of this general character as yet hardly touched at all by the biologist. Biometric methods which enable us to deal with groups of things or events as groups furnish the key to the successful attack on these problems. Pioneer work in this direction is being done but there is a vast and fertile field here, the proper cultivation of which will demand the combined efforts of many workers. To the application of appropriate biometric methods in this field we may confidently look, I think, as the source of a significant advance in the building up of a causal morphology.

The second fundamental contribution of biometry to biology lies in the fact that it has shown, and in the future

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112 will still more impress upon the biologist, the significance and great importance in all his work of what may be called the «probable error concept». Whatever the material of scientific investigation, whether animate or inanimate, it is a fact of universal experience that just as soon as observation cr experiment concerns itself with any « quantitative » aspect of a phenomenon it is impossible ever to get « precisely » the same result twice. The more refined and delicate the instrument, and the finer the units in which the measurement is made, the more evident does it become that the « absolute » determination of any magnitude whatsoever is humanly impossible. The problem of all quantitative science, therefore, is to determine with a maximum of accuracy the probability that any particular unknowable magnitude lies within any assigned limits. One can never say, and be scientifically accurate, that a particular stick is precisely 11.5 cm. long, but if it be worth one's while, it is possible to determine the mathematical probability that the true length of the stick lies between say 11.498 and 11.502 cms. In the writer's opinion it must be regarded as the point of greatest value of statistical theory for science in general that it furnishes the method of determining such probabilities.

That the probable error concept is of high importance for biology is so evident as not to need lengthy discussion. When one considers what a large part of the results of experimental investigations of all kinds of physiological topics (to take but one instance) are quantitative in character, and based on the observation of relatively few individual cases, the significance of probable error determinations in that field is clear. Similarly in the experimental study of inheritance along mendelian lines the results are in almost every case quantitative and statistical in character. A statement of such results without probable errors is incomplete.

In the third place biometry gives us a method of measuring the relationship between phenomena, in the multitude of cases where this relationship is not of a « cause and effect» sort. In observed biological phenomena there very often exists a correlation rather than a strictly causal relation between events or characters. The reason for this doubtless lies in the fact that in biology we are dealing in most instances with complex phenomena, in which the actual condition

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Rh STANZAS.

thou be in a lonely place,

If one hour's calm be thine,

As Evening bends her placid face

O'er this sweet day's decline;

If all the earth and all the heaven

Now look serene to thee,

As o'er them shuts the summer even,

One moment—think of me!

Pause, in the lane, returning home;

'Tis dusk, it will be still:

Pause near the elm, a sacred gloom

Its breezeless boughs will fill.

Look at that soft and golden light,

High in the unclouded sky;

Watch the last bird's belated flight,

As it flits silent by.

Hark! for a sound upon the wind,

A step, a voice, a sigh;

If all be still, then yield thy mind,

Unchecked, to memory.

If thy love were like mine, how blest

That twilight hour would seem,

When, back from the regretted Past,

Returned our early dream!


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Rh observed is the resultant of the combined action of many causes. As the complex phenomena are analyzed into their simple (or, perhaps better, simpler) components correlation passes over into causation. It is, however, a great aid in making such analyses to have a method of measuring exactly the degree of correlation which exists between observed phenomena or characters. Of such methods current biometrical technique furnishes a great wealth. It is possible now to determine the degree of correlation or association existing between not only physically measurable characters, but also between qualitative characters not capable of precise measurement.

IV.

Let us now turn our attention to the consideration of the limitations of biometry as a branch of biological science. There is, I think, fundamentally but one such limitation. This arises out of the fact, already mentioned, that biometrical methods of research are, in last analysis, strictly and purely « descriptives » in character. There are but two general ways of acquiring and formulating a knowledge of natural phenomena. These are the descriptive method on the one hand, and the experimental method on the other hand. Biometrical methods belong in the first of these categories. The only thing which they are able to do is to furnish a description, in quantitative terms, of existing phenomena. This does not, of course, imply that they are not useful aids in experimental investigations. Indeed it is just here that, in the writer's opinion, biometry finds in general its highest usefulness in biology. It is only desired to emphasize the fact that biometric methods are per se purely descriptive, and have the limitations implied thereby.

In actual biometric work the importance of keeping clearly in mind the limitations and precise significance of the methods used is great. To reach biologically significant results one must understand clearly just what is being measured and what the utility of that measurement really is. Failure to do this is bound to result in confusion of thought. No description has any significance unless the thing described

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