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142

"Frenchmen: In commencing war for the national independence, I relied on the union of all efforts, of all wills, and the concurrence of all the national authorities. I had reason to hope for success, and I braved all the declarations of the powers against me. Circumstances appear to me changed. I offer myself a sacrifice to the hatred of the enemies of France. May they prove sincere in their declarations, and really have directed them only against my power. My political life is terminated, and I proclaim my son, under the title of Napoleon II., Emperor of the French. The present ministers will provisionally form the council of the Government. The interest which I take in my son induces me to invite the chambers to form, without delay, the regency by a law. Unite all for the public safety that you may continue an independent nation."

title: Page:Napoleon's Addresses.djvu/146


text:
Page:Napoleon's Addresses.djvu/147

Rh

"I hereby solemnly protest, before God and man, against the injustice offered me, and the violation of my most sacred rights, in forcibly disposing of my person and my liberty. I came freely on board of the Bellerophon; I am not a prisoner; I am the guest of England. I was, indeed, instigated to come on board by the captain, who told me that he had been directed by his Government to receive me and my suite, and conduct me to England, if agreeable to my wishes. I presented myself in good faith, with the view of claiming the protection of the English laws. As soon as I had reached the deck of the Bellerophon, I considered myself in the home and on the hearth of the British people.

"If it was the intention of Government, in giving orders to the captain of the Bellerophon to receive me and my suite, merely to entrap me, it has forfeited its honor and sullied its flag.

"If this act be consummated, it will be useless for the English to talk to Europe of their integrity, their laws, and their liberty. British good faith will have been lost in the hospitality of the Bellerophon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:Napoleon's Addresses.djvu/147


text:
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144 "I appeal to history,—it will say that an enemy, who made war for twenty years upon the English people, came voluntarily, in his misfortunes, to seek an asylum under their laws. What more striking proof could he give of his esteem and his confidence? But what return did England make for so magnanimous an act? They pretended to hold out a friendly hand to this enemy; and when he delivered himself up in good faith, they sacrificed him."

title: Page:Napoleon's Addresses.djvu/148


text:
Page:Napoleon's Addresses.djvu/149

"Napoleon.

"This 15th April, 1821, at Longwood, Island of St. Helena. This is my Testament or act of my last will.

"1. I die in the Apostolical Roman religion, in the bosom of which I was born, more than fifty years since.

"2. It is my wish that my ashes may repose on the banks of the Seine, in the midst of the French people, whom I have loved so well.

"3. I have always had reason to be pleased with my dearest wife, Maria-Louisa. I retain for her, to my last moment, the most tender sentiments. I beseech her to watch, in order to preserve my son from the snares which yet environ his infancy.

"4. I recommend to my son, never to forget that he was born a French prince, and never to allow himself to become an instrument in the hands of the triumvirs who oppress the nations of Europe; he ought never to fight

title: Page:Napoleon's Addresses.djvu/149


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lefevre, George William


text:
Page:Napoleon's Addresses.djvu/150

146 against France, or injure her in any manner; he ought to adopt my motto: Everything for the French people.

"5. I die prematurely, assassinated by the English oligarchy and its . ..

"The English nation will not be slow in avenging me.

"6. The two unfortunate results of the invasions of France, when she had still so many resources, are to be attributed to the treason of Marmont, Augereau, Talleyrand, and La Fayette.

"I forgive them—may the posterity of France forgive them as I do.

"7. I thank my good and most excellent mother, the Cardinal, my brothers, Joseph, Lucien, and Jerome, Pauline, Caroline, Julie, Hortense, Catherine, Eugène, for the interest they have continued to feel for me. I pardon Louis for the libel he published in 1820; it is replete with false assertions and falsified documents.

"8. I disavow the Manuscript of St. Helena, and other works, under the title of Maxims, Sayings, etc., which persons have been pleased to publish for the last six years. Such are not the rules which have guided my life. I

title: Page:Napoleon's Addresses.djvu/150


text:
Page:Napoleon's Addresses.djvu/151

Rh caused the Duc d'Enghien to be arrested and tried, because that step was essential to the safety, interest, and honor of the French people, when the Comte d'Artois was maintaining, by his own confession, sixty assassins at Paris. Under similar circumstances I should act in the same way."

title: Page:Napoleon's Addresses.djvu/151


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lefevre, John George Shaw


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lefroy, John Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lefroy, Thomas Langlois


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Legat, Francis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Legat, Hugh


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Legate, Bartholomew


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Le Geyt, Philip


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Legge, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Legge, George (1648-1691)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Legge, George (1755-1810)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Legge, Heneage


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Brien, Paul


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Brien, Terence (d.1460)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Brien, Terence Albert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Brien, Turlough


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Brien, William (d.1815)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Brien, William Smith


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Brolchain, Flaibhertach


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Bruadair, David


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Bryan, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Bryen, Dennis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Bryen, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Legge, Henry Bilson-


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Byrne, Fiagh MacHugh


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Cahan, Donnell Ballagh


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Callaghan, John Cornelius


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Callaghan, Robert William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Caran, Gilla-an-Choimhdedh


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Carolan, Torlogh


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Carroll, Maolsuthain


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Carroll, Margaret


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Occam, Nicholas of


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ochiltree, Michael


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ochino, Bernardino


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ochs, John Ralph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ochterlony, David


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ockham, William


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Owling

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Owling


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Owen Sound

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Owen Sound


text:
Page:English folk-carols.djvu/34

 The shepherds brought these tidings

And rejoiced much in mind;

They left their flocks a-feeding

In tempest, storm and wind.

Straightway they went to Bethlehem

The Son of God to find—

Which brings tidings of comfort and joy,

Joy and joy.

Which brings tidings of comfort and joy.

Straightway they went to Bethlehem,

Where our sweet Saviour lay;

They found Him in a manger,

Where oxen feed with hay;

The Blessed Virgin Mary

Kneeling to the Lord did pray—

Which brings tidings of comfort and joy,

Joy and joy,

Which brings tidings of comfort and joy.

God bless the Master of this house

And Mis-ter-ess also;

God bless the little children

That round the table go;

God bless their friends and kindred,

That come from far and near;

May the Lord send a happy New Year,

Happy New Year,

May the Lord send a happy New Year.

title: Page:English folk-carols.djvu/34


text: Page:Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan.djvu/27


text:
Page:English folk-carols.djvu/39

 Prepare and go, the Angel said,

To Bethlehem, be ye not afraid;

There shall ye see, this blessed morn,

The heavenly Babe, sweet Jesus, born.

With thankful heart and with joyful mind

The shepherds went for this Babe to find;

And, as the heavenly Angel told.

They did our Saviour Christ behold.

Within a manger the Babe was laid;

The Virgin Mary beside Him stayed.

Attending on the Lord of Life,

Being both Mother, Maid and Wife.

If choirs of angels they did rejoice,

Well may mankind, both with heart and voice,

Sing praises to the God of heaven,

Who unto us His Son hath given.

title: Page:English folk-carols.djvu/39


text:
Page:English folk-carols.djvu/49

I sat on a sunny bank,

A sunny bank, a sunny bank,

As I sat on a sunny bank

On Christmas Day in the morning.

I saw three ships come sailing by,

Come sailing by, come sailing by,

I saw three ships come sailing by

On Christmas Day in the morning.

And who d'you think were on the ship,

Were on the ship, were on the ship,

And who d'you think were on the ship

But Joseph and his Fair Lady.

O he did whistle and she did sing,

And all the bells on earth did ring

For joy our Saviour Christ was born

On Christmas Day in the morning.

title: Page:English folk-carols.djvu/49


text:
Author:Augustus Matthiessen

Works

 * "On the metals of the alkaline earths." Brit. Assoc. Rep. (1855), p. 66.
 * "On the electric conducting power of the alkaline metals." Phil. Mag. XII, (1856), p. 199.
 * "On the preparation of Strontium and Magneisum," Chem. Soc. Journ. VIII, (1856) pp. 107-108.
 * "A few notes on Barium," Chem. Soc. Journ. VIII (1856)
 * "On the action of nitric acid and of binxoide of manganese and sulphuric acid on the organic bases," Roy. Soc. Proc. IX., (1857-59), pp. 635-638.
 * "On the action of nitruous acid on aniline," Roy. Soc. Proc. IX., (1857-59), pp. 118-119.
 * "On the electric conducting power of the metals", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 148 (1858), pp. 383–387.
 * "On the coercitive power of pure iron." Phil. Mag. XV.,(1858) p. 80.
 * "On the thermo-electric series," Phil Trans. (1858), pp. 369-382
 * "On the influence of temperature on the electric conductive-power of thallium and iron", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 153 (1863), pp. 369–383. With Carol Vogt.
 * "On the electric conducting power of Copper and its alloys." Roy. Soc. Proc. XI, (1860-62), pp. 126-131
 * "Researches into the chemical constitution of narcotine and its products of decomposition Part I", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 153 (1863), pp. 345–367. With George Carey Foster.
 * "On the influence of temperature on the electric conductive-power of alloys", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 154 (1864), pp. 167–200. With Carol Vogt.
 * "Researches into the chemical constitution of narcotine and its products of decomposition Part II", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 157 (1867), pp. 657–667. With George Carey Foster.
 * "Researches into the chemical constitution of narcotine and its products of decomposition Part III", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 159 (1869), pp. 661–665.
 * "Researches into the chemical constitution of narcotine and its products of decomposition Part IV", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 159 (1869), pp. 667–678. With Charles Romley Alder Wright.
 * "On Alloys: Part I", The Laboratory, Vol. 1. April 1867.
 * "On the Specific Gravity of Liquids and of Bodies Lighter than Water", The Laboratory, Vol. 1, June 1867. With Charles Hockin.
 * "On Alloys: Part II", The Laboratory, Vol. 1. June 1867. With Charles Hockin
 * "On Alloys: Part III", The Laboratory, Vol. 1. September 1867. With Charles Hockin

title: Author:Augustus Matthiessen


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Legge, William (1672-1750)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Legge, William (1731-1801)


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oxenford, John

OXENFORD, JOHN (1812–1877), English dramatist, was born at Camberwell on the 12th of August 1812. He began his literary career by writing on finance. He was an excellent linguist, and the author of many translations from the German, notably of Goethe's Dichtung und Wahrheit (1846) and Eckermann's Conversations of Goethe (1850). He did much by his writing to spread the fame of Schopenhauer in England. His first play was My Fellow Clerk, produced at the Lyceum in 1835. This was followed by a long series of pieces, the most famous of which was perhaps the Porter's Knot (1858) and Twice Killed (1835). About 1850, he became dramatic critic of The Times. He died in Southwark on the 21st of February 1877.

Many references to his pieces will be found in The Life and Reminiscences of E. L. Blanchard (ed. C. Scott and C. Howard, 1891).


text:
Author:Charles Hockin

Works

 * "On the Specific Gravity of Liquids and of Bodies Lighter than Water", The Laboratory, Vol. 1, June 1867. With Augustus Matthiessen.
 * "On Alloys: Part II", The Laboratory, Vol. 1. June 1867. With Augustus Matthiessen
 * "On Alloys: Part III", The Laboratory, Vol. 1. September 1867. With Augustus Matthiessen
 * "On the Electromotive Force of Mercury Alloys," Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. Vol .8 1879. With H. A. Taylor.

Works about Hockin

 * "Notes", Nature, May 11, 1882.

title: Author:Charles Hockin


text:
Page:Things Seen In Holland (1912).djvu/54

 Wandering away from the central part of the city, one will find in the neighbourhood of its two famed museums, the Rijks and the Stedelijk, to be dealt with summarily hereafter, many picturesque residences, which will gladden the eye, and make one wish in vain that they could be transplanted and kept outwardly as bright and clean in London's murky atmosphere. Amsterdam, like Rotterdam, has its "Zoo." Both of these places were laid out from the very first with a view to the requirements and habits of their inmates, an example followed nearer home in recent years only. In conclusion, Amsterdam is a centre from which all places in Holland can be easily reached. From Amsterdam, too, all the steamers going to the Dutch East Indies take their departure.

For the guidance of visitors to the house of the Six Family, it may be pointed out


text: Guatimala or the United Provinces of Central America in 1827-8/9


text:
Page:Things Seen In Holland (1912).djvu/57

 that one's visiting-card no longer suffices to secure admission. Visitors must be personally recommended by the Consuls representing their countries.

The Hague, 'S Gravenhage, or den Haag (the Count's enclosure, or hedge), was in olden times a hunting resort of the Counts of Holland. Commercially it has no importance, and in many respects it resembles the capital of the United States. Although not a seaport, it is more cosmopolitan than Amsterdam, the Dutch city par excellence. The Hague's aspirations are modern, and Dutch traditions are to its citizens a negligible quantity; it is striving to fall in with modern Europe. It is a beautiful city, with its wide streets and well-shaded avenues. Its houses have a characteristic feature in their artistic balconies, and bear an imprint of aristocracy; its citizens are prone to display a certain amount of , and


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Legh, Alexander


text:
Author:Moritz Hermann von Jacobi

Works

 * Benutzung der Naturkrafte zu menschichen Arbeiten (1834)
 * "Ueber die Construction schief liegender Raderwerke" (Crelle's Journal der Math., 1827)
 * "Ueber den Einfluss der Chausseen, Eisenbahnen und Wasserverbindungen auf den Nationalreichtum" (ib.)
 * "Memoire sur une machine magnetiqne". (Comptes Rendus, 1874)
 * "Memoire sur l'application de l'Electromagnetisme au Mouvement des machines" (On the Application of Electro-Magnetism to the Movement of Machines) (1835)
 * Die Galvanoplastik (1840)
 * "Eine Methode die Constanten der Voltschen Ketten zu bestimmen" (Bull. de l'Acad., 1842)
 * "Beschreibung eines verbesserten Voltagometers" (ib.)
 * "Ueber die Entwickelung der Galvanoplastik" (ib., 1843)
 * "Ueber die galvanische Vergoldung" (ib.)
 * "Einige Notizen uber galvanische Leitungen" (ib.)
 * "Ueber die Gesetze der Electromagnete" (with Lenz), (ib., 1844)
 * "Notice preliminaire sur telegraph electromagnetique entre St.-Petersburg und Tsarskoie-Selo" (ib.)
 * "Ueber galvanische Messing-Reduction" (ib.)
 * "Galvanische und electromagnetische Versuche" (ib., 1845 - 47, 1848 - 50)
 * "Vorlaufige Notiz uber galvanoplastische Reduction mittelst einer magneto-electrischen Maschine" (ib., 1847)
 * "Ueber eine Vereinfachung der Uhrwerke, welche zur Hervorbrin gung einer gleichformigen Bewegung bestimmt ist" (ib., 1848)
 * "Sur les telegraches electriques" (ib., 1849)
 * "Sur la theorie des machines electromagnetiques" (ib., 1851)
 * "Die galvanische Pendeluhr" (ib.)
 * "Sur la necessite d'exprimer la force des courants electriques et la resistance des circoits en unites unanimement et generalement adoptees" (ib., 1858)
 * "Sur quelques experiences concernant la mesure des resistances" (ib., 1859)
 * "Note sur la production de depots de fer galvanique" (ib., 1869)
 * "Confection d'etalons prototypes, destines a generaliser le systeme metriques" (Comptes Rendus, 1869)
 * "Notice sur l'absortion de l'hydrogene par le fer galvanique" (Bul. de l'Acad., 1870)
 * "Application des batteries secundaires ou de polarisation aux moteurs electromagnetiques" (ib., 1871)
 * "Sur la fabrication des etalons de longeur la galvanoplastie" (ib., 1872)
 * "Une reduction du fer par l'action d'un puissant solenoide electromagnetique" (ib., 1873)
 * "Courants d'induction dans les bobines d'un electro-aimant, entre les poles duquel un disque metallique est mis en mouvement" (Comptes Rendus, 1872)

title: Author:Moritz Hermann von Jacobi


text:
Page:Things Seen In Holland (1912).djvu/58

 to consider themselves vastly superior to the rest of the Dutch nation. It affords the former pleasure, but the latter treat the matter with cool indifference. Outside of The Hague the Court does not affect social life much, if at all, but the provinces delight in doing honour to the House of Orange.

The central part of the Dutch capital—that round the Vijver—has retained the old characteristics, while the modern part may be compared with Brussels. Like every other Dutch town or city, The Hague possesses a grim historical interest, for many dread scenes have taken place within its limits. From among its quaintly carved buildings arise the phantoms of the murdered dead—Oldenbarneveld, Cornelis and Jan De Witt, and Aleid van Poelgeest, the mistress of Albert, Count of Holland. With the exception of the


text:
Author:Siméon Denis Poisson

Works

 * Nouvelle théorie de l'action capillaire (4to, 1831)
 * Traité de méchanique (1833), translated as A Treastise of Mechanics by Henry Harte
 * Théorie mathématique de la chaleur (4to, 1835)
 * Supplement to the same (4to, 1837)
 * "On the Mathematical Theory of Heat," Summary of the book
 * Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matières criminelles et matière civile (4to, 1837)

title: Author:Siméon Denis Poisson


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leglæus, Gilbertus


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Legrew, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Le Grice, Charles Valentine


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Le Grys, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leguat, François


text:
Author:Jacob Cats

Works

 * Emblemata or Minnebeelden with Maegdenplicht. (1618)

title: Author:Jacob Cats


text:
Page:Things Seen In Holland (1912).djvu/61

 Binnenhof quarter, nowadays so well known to all through the sittings of the Peace Conference, the monuments are few, the city's chief feature consisting in rich modern dwellings. The famed Bosch, or wood, in which stands the Huis ten Bosch, the Dutch Trianon, is a perfect oasis. According to tradition, it is, like the wood of Haarlem, the remains of an ancient forest spared by the Spaniards, who were not wont to show mercy to anything Dutch. Among the trees in the Bosch are to be found some said to have been planted by Jacob Cats, the humorous burgher poet, and by Jakoba van Beieren (Jacqueline of Bavaria, Countess of Holland). The Huis was built in 1647 by Princess Amalia von Solms, consort of Frederik Hendrik of Orange. Among its treasures is an octagonal room covered with paintings, not by Dutch, but by Flemish


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Le Hart, Walter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leicester, Earls of


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leicester, Lettice, Countess of


text:
Author:Jacob Jordaens

Works

 * The Family of the Artist. (painting, 1621-22; see this page.)

title: Author:Jacob Jordaens


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leicester of Holkham, Earl of


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 4/The Lament of Tasso


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leicester, John Fleming


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leicester, Robert of


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leicester, William de


text:
Author:Paulus Potter

Works

 * [[Media:Paulus Potter - De Stier.jpg|De_Stier (Bull)]]. (painting, circa 1647)

title: Author:Paulus Potter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leichhardt, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leifchild, Henry Stormonth


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leifchild, John


text: Index:Scientific Memoirs, Vol. 1 (1837).djvu


text:
Author:David Mushet

Works

 * Papers on Iron and Steel

title: Author:David Mushet


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Anthony


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Chandos


text: Author:Michiel Adriaensz de Ruyter

title: Author:Michiel Adriaensz de Ruyter


text: Page:Short Stories (1912).djvu/153

title: Page:Short Stories (1912).djvu/153


text:
Page:Scientific Memoirs, Vol. 1 (1837).djvu/9

 CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

PART I.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Charles (1662-1701?)


text: Author:Cornelis Maartenszoon Tromp

title: Author:Cornelis Maartenszoon Tromp


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Egerton


text:
Page:Things Seen In Holland (1912).djvu/62

 artists, whom the Dutch Stadhouders patronized—to wit, Jacob Jordaens and his school. Prominent among these stands Jordaens' allegorical tableau, representing the apotheosis of Frederik Hendrik.

The Koninklijk Kabinet van Schilderijen, better known as the Mauritshuis, is the picture gallery of The Hague. It contains Rembrandt's “Lesson of Anatomy” and Paul Potter's “[[Media:Paulus Potter - De Stier.jpg|Bull]],” to say nothing of other valuable paintings; but this book does not purport to be a museum guide. In the Royal Cabinet of Curiosities at the Mauritshuis is the sword of De Ruyter; the bullet-riddled cuirass of Tromp (so often wrongly styled van Tromp); a


text:
Page:Scientific Memoirs, Vol. 1 (1837).djvu/10

vi PART II.

PART III.


text:
Page:Scientific Memoirs, Vol. 1 (1837).djvu/11

Rh

PART IV.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Evan


text:
Page:Scientific Memoirs, Vol. 1 (1837).djvu/12

viii LIST OF PLATES.

ERRATA.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Ferdinand


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Francis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Jared


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Oliph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Percival


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Richard


text: Author:Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov

title: Author:Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Samuel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Thomas (1504?-1571)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Thomas Pemberton


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leigh, Valentine


text: Author:Frederik Hendrik

title: Author:Frederik Hendrik


text: Author:William II (1626-1650)

title: Author:William II (1626-1650)


text: Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1881.djvu/49


text: Page:War and Other Essays.djvu/280

title: Page:War and Other Essays.djvu/280


text: Page:War and Other Essays.djvu/282

title: Page:War and Other Essays.djvu/282


text: Page:Ware - The American Vignola, 1920.djvu/60


text: Page:Works of John C. Calhoun, v3.djvu/667


text:
Page:What to draw and How to draw it by E. G. Lutz.djvu/34

30


text: Page:Woman in the Nineteenth Century 1845.djvu/171


text: Page:Woman in the Nineteenth Century 1855.djvu/401


text: Page:The colony of Western Australia (Ogle, 1839).djvu/368


text: Page:The Education of Henry Adams (1907).djvu/456


text:
Page:The Federalist (Ford).djvu/667

 APPENDIX.

title: Page:The Federalist (Ford).djvu/667


text: Page:The history of Korea, v1 (1905).djvu/337


text: Page:The history of Korea, v1 (1905).djvu/418


text:
Page:The kernel and the husk (Abbott, 1886).djvu/353

 APPENDIX


text: Page:The Plays of Euripides Vol. 1- Edward P. Coleridge (1910).djvu/143


text: Page:The poems of John Godfrey Saxe.djvu/473


text: Page:The yeasts (1920).djvu/5

title: Page:The yeasts (1920).djvu/5


text:
Page:Traffics and Discoveries.djvu/313

301

title: Page:Traffics and Discoveries.djvu/313


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 10.djvu/205


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 19.djvu/3


text: Page:Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, volume 5.djvu/269


text:
Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/121

Page 12.


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/449


text: Page:Summa Theologica (2nd rev. ed.) - Volume 16.djvu/8


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text:
Author:Christiaan Huygens

Works

 * De Saturni Luna Observatio Nova (About the New Observation of the Moon of Saturn [Discovery of Titan]). (1656)
 * The celestial worlds discover'd: or, Conjectures concerning the inhabitants, plants and productions of the worlds in the planets. (1698) external transcription
 * Treatise On Light, Thompson 1912 external scan

Works about Huygens

 * The wave theory of light; by Henry Crew, Published 1900 external scan
 * The wave theory of light; by Henry Crew, Published 1900 external scan

title: Author:Christiaan Huygens


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text: Page:The History of the Standard Oil Company Vol 1.djvu/321


text: Page:Index To Short Stories 1923.djvu/554


text: Page:International Library of Technology, Volume 53.djvu/446


text: Page:International Library of Technology, Volume 53.djvu/724


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Page:London - The Call of the Wild, 1903.djvu/55

 FRANÇOIS.


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 PERRAULT.


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 A CHINESE ENCAMPMENT

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text: Page:Fairy tales and stories (Andersen, Tegner).djvu/277


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lambe, William (1495-1580)


text: Page:Fairy tales and stories (Andersen, Tegner).djvu/539


text: Page:Famous Living Americans, with Portraits.djvu/167


text: Page:Father's memoirs of his child.djvu/231


text: Page:First Footsteps in East Africa, 1894 - Volume 2.djvu/265


text: Page:Great Men and Famous Women Volume 6.djvu/5


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text: Page:Gems of Chinese literature (1922).djvu/6


text: Page:General Zoology vol. 1 pt. 2.djvu/159


text: Page:Great Men and Famous Women Volume 3.djvu/33


text: Page:Great Men and Famous Women Volume 7.djvu/223


text: Page:Great Men and Famous Women Volume 8.djvu/27


text: Page:Grimm's Fairy Tales.djvu/238

title: Page:Grimm's Fairy Tales.djvu/238


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Page:Earth-Hunger and Other Essays.djvu/307

 DEMOCRACY


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lambe, William (1765-1847)


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text: Page:Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography volume 5.djvu/283


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 HONG-KONG


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 AUCKLAND


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Author:Constantijn Huygens

Works

 * Trijntje Cornelis. (1653)

title: Author:Constantijn Huygens


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Page:Things Seen In Holland (1912).djvu/63

 lock of hair of the heroic Lieutenant van Speijk, who in 1831 blew up his ship at Antwerp to preserve the honour of the Dutch tricolour; the clothes worn by William the Silent at the moment of his foul assassination; and a miniature Dutch house, made for Peter the Great, who refused to pay its cost, whereupon its architect, Brandt, presented it to the museum.

In close proximity to The Hague lies the fishing village of Scheveningen, which can be reached from the capital by two roads. The Old Road, or Scheveningsche Weg, was planned by the elder Huygens, the statesman, to enable him to visit his friend the poet Cats at his home among the dunes at Sorgvliet. Scheveningen is a fashionable watering-place, and that description will suffice. The memory of one of its native residents must, however, be rescued from oblivion. Some there are


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 MY ARM IS NOTHING WEAK MY STRENGTH IS NOT GONE BY


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Page:Bright's Anglo-Saxon Reader.djvu/307

 NOTES. 221 middle of the eighth century, the greater part_of Anglo~Saxon poetry was produced. However, these Anglian productions (except in the case of a few fragments, like the Hymn of Cwdmon, see p. 201) are pre- served only in copies made in the south during the tenth and eleventh centuries. By repeated transcription these poems were brought into more or less exact conformity with the lat/er language of the south, and therefore now represent no dialect in its purity, but a com- bination of chiefly Early and Late WestfSaxon with a residuum of Anglian forms. The case resembles that of the Homeric poems, which are in the Ionic dialect with an admixture of Aeolic forms sur- viving, as is conjectured, from the dialect in which the poems were originally composed, An almost complete collection of Anglo-Saxon poetry is contained in Grein’s Bibliothek der anyelsrichsischen Poesie, Giittingen and Cassel, 1857 f., re-edited by Wiilker, Cassel, 1881 f. Although the poems preserved in MS. Junius, XI.,.Bodl. Lib. corre- spond in character to Bede’s description (see p. ll) of Caedmon's com- positions and were therefore once all attributed to Caadmon, criticism has shown that these biblical poems are the \vork of diiierent authors. The “Genesis " alone (after eliminating a long interpolation, ll. 235- 851) is still claimed for Caedmon (see ten Brink, Appendix A). The Episode of the Offering of Isaac has the additional interest of being one of the most pathetic and hcstfhandled themes in the Mystery Plays of the early drama. 142, 10.- hrlncg Ines héuu landes, ‘the (elevated) border of the highland’ ; Bouterwek’s emendation hrycg ‘ ridge ’ is not required. 142, ll.-gegaerw:-in, more strictly gegxierwan, Anglian, 143, l.-Waldend (\V§ldend). Anglian; S. 158, 2. 143, 17.-hen dime, Rhythmically the contracted form héa is here dissyllabic. 143, 18.-Aldor (Alam-). Anglian. 144, 3. -gedzide. Anglian ; S. 429, n. l. 144, 8. - héan is rhythmically dissyllabic; cf. 143, 17. 144, 16 f. -Ure scencan etc; The MS. has sencan, which the editors have attempted to justify ; however, the substitution of scencan, ‘to pour out liquor for drinking# releases the passage of
 * ll dilliculties. The literal translation is: ‘to give drink to the fire

with (by means of) kin’s blood] 145, 7. -br65'or Ax-Bnes. The name of Abrahaufs brother Ha.- WB (Gen. xi. 26 f.) is here strangely obscured.


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lambert


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Page:Dramatis personae.djvu/159

 PROSPICE.

title: Page:Dramatis personae.djvu/159


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Page:Dramatis personae.djvu/255

 EPILOGUE.

title: Page:Dramatis personae.djvu/255


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title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/363


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Page:BirdWatcherShetlands.djvu/243

 A SEAL'S PLAYTHING

title: Page:BirdWatcherShetlands.djvu/243


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lambert, Aylmer Bourke


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Page:Things Seen In Holland (1912).djvu/64

 who will remember that ancient mariner old Spaan. He was wont to beckon the stranger to follow him to the strand, when, with a comprehensive wave of the arm, he would say to his victims: “You see all this? Well, it is the sea—the !” the last word pronounced with much emphasis. And then his outstretched palm would be ready to receive a reward for the valuable information he had imparted.

Each and every Dutch town has some special feature. The towns of old Frisia, the most poetical province in the Netherlands, are famous for their pretty women and their big Ameland horses, with small heads and long and broad necks. Enkhuizen, the deadest of all the “dead cities” on the Zuider Zee, is worth strolling through, if only to imagine oneself transplanted into the Middle Ages. Moreover, it is the birthplace of Paul Potter. Hoorn,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lambert, Daniel


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Page:Things Seen In Holland (1912).djvu/67

 which is perhaps less dead, may be styled its sister city, for both these once prosperous ports show few signs of any activity. In the latter, the St. Jans Gasthuis is a quaint and marvellous architectural achievement. At Zaandam is a shrine visited yearly by hundreds, for there stands the hut (Czaar Peterhuisje) wherein dwelt one Peter Mikhailoff, also known to his fellow-workers as “Peterbaas”—“Boss” Peter—who learnt shipbuilding in a practical fashion in the yard of the Heer Kalb, and whom history knows as Peter the Great.

Down the Maas is a little town seldom trodden by the traveller; but the Watergeuzen, the sturdy “sea-beggars” lovingly enshrined in the chronicles of the Dutch, have given it immortality. Its official name is nowadays Brielle, but the true name is Briel. It has been stated that


text: Author talk:Johan Hendrik Been

title: Author talk:Johan Hendrik Been


text: Author:Johan Hendrik Been

title: Author:Johan Hendrik Been


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 the word brill signifies spectacles, and that the Dutch sang words to the effect that

The foregoing is in reference to the capture of “Brill” on the first day of April, 1572, the first overt act in Holland's fight against Spanish supremacy. The pun is a poor one. In the first place, bril, not brill, is the Dutch word for a pair of spectacles. Again, Briel, or Brielle, is not so pronounced as to resemble bril, nor was Brielle ever called “Brill.” Heer Joh. H. Been, the archivist of the town, writes that adjoining “Maarland, Mareland, or Moerasland, which as early as 732 possessed a Christian church, was built the village of Den Briel. The two villages became together, ‘Den Briel’ (The Brielles). In old documents one finds ‘de Stede van den Briele.’ Hence the word Brielle. Den


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 The foregoing is a mere summary of the attractions of some of Holland's towns, serving to stimulate the interest of those visiting “the little country beneath the sea.”


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 known as the “Athens of the North.” The memory of the Elzevirs, those famous printers, haunts it still. There are people who are disappointed at not finding the “mill in which Rembrandt was born,” and some writers have expressed a regret that it no longer exists. As a matter of fact, Rembrandt was not born in a mill, as shown by the tablet now affixed to what is a stable or coach-house. Dordrecht is a pleasant town, with its vestal zone of four rivers—the Maas, the Waal, the Linge, and the Merwede—all embodied in its device:

It was the first town to cast off the yoke of the hated Spaniard. Cuyp, Bols, and Maes, a glorious group, are her sons.


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SELECTED FROM

THE TRANSACTIONS OF

AND FROM

FOREIGN JOURNALS.

EDITED BY

VOL. I.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR,

1837.


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Page:Scientific Memoirs, Vol. 1 (1837).djvu/7

 PREFACE.

the publication of the four parts which complete the present volume of the Scientific Memoirs, I have ventured to make the experiment how far I might be able to succeed in supplying an auxiliary which, as was stated in the Advertisement prefixt to the First Part, appeared to be much needed for the progress and advancement of science in this country.

My own conviction of the utility of such a work has been much strengthened since I have been engaged in it, both by the importance of the materials that present themselves, and by the expressed opinions of persons most competent to judge. How great indeed the disadvantage must be, under which those are placed who are engaged in any branch of scientific inquiry, from being uninformed as to what is doing, or has been done, by our active and laborious neighbours on the Continent, must be obvious to every one: and the cases are numerous to which the remark of Lenz, p. 312, speaking of Ohm's theory of the galvanic battery, will apply,—that, although given to the world several years ago, yet, “being only published in the German language, it is unknown both in France and in England.”

With regard to the execution of the work, I must submit it to the candid judgement of those who are aware of the difficulty of the task,—having availed myself of the valuable suggestions with which I have been favoured in the selection of memoirs, and of the best assistance within my reach for their translation. I shall be satisfied if what has been done should render the present volume useful to science, and if what there is still to do should induce the public to enable me to continue the work. Hitherto, as I can hardly yet boast of the sale of 250 copies, I am very far from having been repaid the cost of publication, to say nothing of the care and labour which have been required: nor could I be expected, having now finished a volume, which, from the nature of its materials, may be considered a complete work in itself, to proceed further unaided, until I have


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iv whether I may calculate upon adequate support. This, however, I cannot yet think it improbable that I shall obtain, when the plan and contents of the present volume shall have become better known; and with this view, I shall gladly receive the names of those who may be disposed to uphold the work by purchasing what has been published, and forming the list of my future subscribers.

I should hardly have been disposed to persevere further, had it not been for repeated expressions of strong interest in the success of the work, which have reached me from persons of the highest scientific eminence; among whom I may perhaps without impropriety mention the names of Ivory, of Babbage, Powell, Forbes, Lloyd, Challis, Owen, Wheatstone, Phillips, Talbot, Hamilton, Faraday, and others in this country, and of Hare, Henry, and Bache in the United States. To several of them I have been indebted for very important suggestions; and to Professor Wheatstone especially, for his valuable contributions.

From the kind assistance of men of science, and from an increased acquaintance with the sources whence the best materials are to be derived, I think I may fairly hold out to the public the prospect of some considerable improvements in the work: and I shall be thankful for any suggestion for this purpose. I may perhaps give the titles or early notices of such foreign scientific papers as shall not be adopted for immediate translation: and as our first volume may be said to have cleared off some arrears, we may now come nearer to the present time, and endeavour to supply what is of the latest date and of intrinsic value.

However, this, as I have already stated, must depend upon my prospect of future support, and the success of the present volume;—and, glad to have finished my humble but laborious task in completing it, I shall be able at my leisure to decide as to the future.

RICHARD TAYLOR.

Red Lion Court, June 29, 1837.


text: Author:Robert Blake

title: Author:Robert Blake


text: Author:Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp

title: Author:Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp


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Page:Things Seen In Holland (1912).djvu/71

 Briel has nothing in common with bril, but betokens a low-lying, swampy district, more or less covered with bushes, and suitable for pasturing cattle. Close to Prinsenhage, near Breda, there is also a hamlet called Briel, while in Vlaanderen (a district of Zeeland) the name Briel frequently occurs.”

Among many notable towns is Delft, with its mausoleum of William the Silent and the tombs of Grotius, of Tromp, who in 1652 defeated Blake at the battle of the Downs, and of Piet Hein, whose name survives in a Dutch song. Haarlem has


text: Author:Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg


text: Author:Piet Pieterszoon Hein

title: Author:Piet Pieterszoon Hein


text: Author talk:Thomas Banks Strong

title: Author talk:Thomas Banks Strong


text: Author:Laurens Janszoon Coster

title: Author:Laurens Janszoon Coster


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Page:Things Seen In Holland (1912).djvu/72

 erected a statue to Laurens Janszoon, called Coster (the Dutch word signifies “sexton,” for such was his occupation), and the Dutch claim that he invented printing before Gutenberg. The claim has long since been settled in favour of the latter, except in Dutch eyes. Among the pictures in the Stadhuis are the eight “Regent”


text:
Author:Frans Hals

Works

 * [[Media:Cavalier soldier Hals-1624x.jpg|Laughing Cavilier]]

title: Author:Frans Hals


text:
Page:Handbook of Western Australia.djvu/142

124 the Council, provided that they have paid all municipal rates and assessments, and have not received public relief during the year. Property rated below £25 qualifies for one vote, under £30 for 2, under £75 for 3, and above that amount for 4. All persons qualified as voters are also qualified as Councillors, but the Chairman must have the qualification to serve on the Grand Jury required by the Jury Act of 1871. Uncertificated and undischarged bankrupts or persons holding office of profit under or having interest in any contract with the Council, are excluded.

The Municipal Councils have power over roads, drains, wharves, public buildings, pounds, boundaries, fences, as well as over all sanitary regulations, whether for food or otherwise, and to appoint Inspectors, make rates, and borrow money for such purposes.

There are Municipalities at Albany, Bunbury, Busselton, Fremantle, Geraldton, Guildford, Newcastle, Perth, and York.

By the District Roads Act, 1871, amended in 1876, voters for members of Roads Boards must be seised as in occupation of rateable property within the district to the value of £5, 1 vote for under £10, 2 for under £25, 3 for under £50, and 4 for £50 and upwards. These Boards have not only the care of repairing and making roads and raising money for those purposes, but also {Act No. 12, 1875) of "making regulations directing the manner in which the leading horses in teams shall be driven or yoked."

—Schools, assisted by Government, were established in Perth and Fremantle in 1833, but the first systematic attempt to organise public schools was made in 1847, when the Governor issued a commission


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Page:Handbook of Western Australia.djvu/143

Rh to the Rev. J. B. Wittenoom, with Messrs R. W. Nash, G. F. Stone, and F. Lochée, to form themselves into a committee to consider the subject. On their recommendation two committees were appointed, one of ladies, the other of gentlemen, to superintend, respectively, the girls' and boys' schools at Perth. Subsequently, in 1856, a general Board of Education was appointed by the same authority. The Colonial Secretary was the chairman, and the other four members the Lord Bishop of Perth, the Roman Catholic Bishop residing in Perth, and the ministers of the Wesleyan and Congregational communions. The Roman Catholic Bishop however refused to act. The Board had a paid Secretary. Local Boards were also appointed to act, under instructions from the General Board, in the different districts of the Colony. The system of instruction in its main features corresponded with that of Ireland. In the first year there were 11 schools only, with 429 scholars attending. In 1870, there were 55 schools and 2188 scholars.

In 1871 the Elementary Act, still in force, was passed by the Legislative Council, and £6,181 were placed on the estimates for educational purposes. By this Act the constitution of the Central Board was altered. The Colonial Secretary still remained the chairman, but the other four members were to be laymen, appointed by the Governor for three years, no two of whom might be of the same religious denomination.

The principal provisions of this Act are that the Central Board shall exercise general supervision over all schools receiving Government aid, but in secular instruction only, with a more special direction over purely Government schools; appoint and instruct an Inspector of Schools; make by-laws and regulations;


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126 apportion and distribute funds; communicate with local Boards; confirm the appointment or dismissal of teachers; regulate their salaries and the fees to be paid by pupils, with power to grant exemption to such as were unable to pay such fees; and superintend the establishment of new schools, district boards, and regulate endowments.

The local boards are elected by the inhabitants of the different districts, and consist of five members, holding office, like those of the Central Board, for three years, and exercising the same authority; they are however subject to its control.

The schools consist of two classes, general and assisted. In the former the instruction given is purely secular, and occupies four hours in the day; one hour being allowed, in addition, for such religious instruction as may be given by the religious body to which the children respectively may belong,—but no catechism, or distinctive religious formulary may be used by the teacher of the school, nor may the Inspector inquire into the proficiency of any scholar in religious knowledge.

Schools founded by voluntary efforts may be assisted by Government aid to the amount of the income derived from fees, or other contributions, but only such as have 30 scholars. No grant-in-aid for building purposes may be made to such schools.

All children between the ages of 6 and 14 years are required to attend Government schools, unless residing beyond the distance of three miles from any school, or receiving efficient instruction elsewhere. District Boards are empowered to make by-laws for enforcing compulsory attendance. The amount of the instruction


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Rh given in the Government schools may be estimated from the highest standard (No. 7)—,viz.:—

1. Beading—To read with fluency, ease, and expression, an ordinary book, or passage from a newspaper, prose, or poetry.

2. Writing—Mercantile writing, to write on paper, from dictation, any ordinary passage, or to make an abstract from memory.

3. Arithmetic—Compound proportion, interest, decimal fractions, and the higher rules of arithmetic.

4. Geography—That of the world generally.

5. Grammar—Syntax, prefixes, and affixes, and the analysis of a simple sentence.

From this it will appear that the instruction given in the Government Schools is, in secular matters, sufficient for the ordinary demands of colonial life. There are now more than 60 schools scattered over the Colony and accessible to most of the population; there are also 21 Assisted Schools, 18 of the Church of Rome and three of the Church of England. Many efforts have been made from time to time to establish schools of a higher class, but never successfully. In 1863 the Bishop of Perth, by the aid of the Society for the promoting of Christian Knowledge, and local contributions, established a Grammar School at Perth, known as the Bishop's School, at which some of the leading men at present in the Colony were educated; it ultimately, however, failed to receive sufficient support, and has been continued as a private school until now; but in 1876 a bill was passed, and a grant made by the Legislative Council, for the establishment of a High School; and, under the provisions of this Act, a Council was appointed to organize and arrange it, and it was opened on 1st March, 1876.


text:
Author:Philip II of Spain

Works

 * Ban against William the Silent (1580).

title: Author:Philip II of Spain


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128 This school has been established for the purpose of giving to boys an education similar to that given in the grammar and advanced schools in the other Australasian Colonies. The instruction given in the school is entirely secular, but the house masters pay special attention to the religious and moral training of the boys committed to their care. For the purposes of the school, the year is divided into terms, as follows:—From 20th January to 20th April, from 10th May to 10th August, from 20th September to 20th December. The holidays are:—From 20th April to 20th May, from 10th August to 20th September, from 20th December to 20th January. The school fees {payable. in advance) are:—For boys under twelve years of age, £3 per term; for boys over twelve years of age, £A. per term; drawing, if required, £ Is. per term. This is, of course, exclusive of books and stationery. A discount of 10 per cent, is allowed when more than one boy comes from the same family. Headmaster, Mr. Richard Davies, B.A., of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; Assistant Master, Mr. E. W. Haynes, of Queen's University, Ireland. Boarders are received by the masters at the school house, and by the Rev. F. Coghlan. Terms, including school fees:—For boys under 12 years of age, £50 a year; for boys over 12 years of age, £60 a year.

—The judicial system of West Australia consists of a Supreme Court, presided over by a Chief Justice, and of Courts of Quarter and Petty Sessions, which are presided over by Justices as in England. The Magistrates are appointed for die Colony and not for particular districts; but the country is divided into districts, each of which has a paid Justice, styled the Resident Magistrate, who is a Justice of the Peace and has power to sit alone in all cases; while in all but very minor cases,


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Rh two Justices are required to form a Court. The Courts of Petty Session exercise Summary jurisdiction in minor offences, and, under 12th Vict. No. 18, have power to try in a summary manner aboriginal natives, and to punish them with not more than three years' imprisonment for any offence save murder, assault with intent to do bodily harm, arson, or rape. They have also a similar jurisdiction over convicts at large on tickets-of-leave in all indictable cases not punishable with death (16th Vic. No. 18, Sec. 2, 3, 4). Offences not punishable summarily are heard by Justices ministerially, and offenders committed for trial as in England, either in the Supreme Court, or, if within the jurisdiction of a Local Court of General or Quarter Sessions, at such Sessions.

The Ordinance 12 Vict. No. 2, making perpetual 9 Vict. No. 4, gives power to the Governor to establish Courts of General or Quarter Sessions in such districts as he may see fit. In pursuance of which Act, such courts have been established at Albany, Geraldton, and Roebourne, of which the Resident Magistrate is the chairman. These have power lo try any offence committed within certain limits not punishable with death; cases 80 punishable being committed for trial at the Supreme Court, and, if so committed, the matters are brought before the Attorney General, who, by 18 Vict., No. 5, has vested in him the powers of a Grand Jury; and if he, in the exercise of his discretion, decides to prosecute an offender, by the 21st section of the Supreme Court Ordinance, 20 Vict, No. 15, he is prosecuted by information at the suit of the Attorney General.

At Courts of Quarter Sessions the chairman examines witnesses and otherwise conducts the prosecution, and sums up the evidence for the jury. The jury, in both Courts consists of twelve, summoned and selected under


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130 the provisions of the Jury Act (1871). Prisoners may defend themselves or be defended by counsel, and any one admitted as a practitioner in the Supreme Court may practise either as Counsel or Attorney.

With respect to civil cases there is, in the district of each Resident Magistrate, a Local Court or Courts constituted under 27th Vict., No. 21, after the model of the English County Courts. In these the Resident Magistrate presides, with such other Justices of the Peace as may attend. The practice, procedure, and jurisdiction of these Courts are the same as of English County Courts as originally constituted.

The Supreme Court has also Civil Jurisdiction both at Common Law and in Equity, all actions being triable there with or without a jury, at the option of the parties. The Supreme Court is also a Court of Vice-Admiralty, of Probate and Divorce, and of Bankruptcy.

The Supreme Court has its regular staff of officers, besides the Chief Justice and the Attorney General. These are the Crown Solicitor, Registrar, Master, Bankruptcy Officer, Sheriff, Bailiff, &c.

Thus it appears that the entire judicial system of the Colony is based on that of England.

The three Resident Magistrates at Geraldton, Albany, and Roebourne have the titles and precedence of Government Residents, and there are also Resident Magistrates at Bunbury, Busselton, Fremantle, Greenough, Murray, Newcastle, Swan, Williams, and York. There is a Police Magistrate at Perth, who holds a weekly Court at Guildford.

—The Police Force is commanded by a Superintendent, and consists of 20 officers, and 137 mounted and foot constables, of whom 40 are aboriginals.


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Rh Head quarters are at Perth, and the more important stations are at Albany, Bunbury, Dongarra, Fremantle, Geraldton, Guildford, Kojonup, Newcastle, Roebourne, Williams and York.

A body of Water Police has stations at Fremantle, Albany, Champion Bay, Bunbury, Vasse, and the Lacepede Islands.

Under this head may be noticed the existence of a small schooner, which, on the part of the Government, overlooks the pearl fishing fleet. Her commander is in the Commission of the Peace.

Besides the Gaol for convict prisoners on the Imperial Establishment there are Gaols at Perth, Fremantle, Albany, and Geraldton, and an establishment for native convicts at Rottnest.

—From the sparseness of the population of the Colony it has been necessary that the Government should assist in providing medical attendance throughout its several districts. The introduction of convicts and establishment of local depots made this a part of the system. Medical men were therefore established in all the more important centres of population, besides the Medical Officer resident in the convict prison at Fremantle.

There are now hospitals at Albany, Bunbury, York, Toodyay, Champion Bay, Guildford, Perth, and Vasse, besides a Lunatic Asylum at Fremantle. The Medical establishment of the Colony is under the superintendence of the Colonial Surgeon residing at Perth, and there are Medical Officers at Albany, Bunbury, Fremantle, Geraldton (Champion Bay), Greenough, Pinjarrah, Roebourne, Toodyay, York, and Williams.

—There is a force of Enrolled Pensioners constituted in all respects as regular soldiers, quartered


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132 in barracks at Perth and Fremanlle, consisting of 230 Non-Commissioned Officers and men. These are commanded by a Field Officer on the Staff, having command also of whatever troops there may be in the Colony, and two other Staff Officers; there is a Surgeon-Major in charge of the Hospitals, and a Deputy Commissary in charge of stores. There are attached to this force two twelve-pound breech-loading Armstrong guns, two six-pound muzzle-loading field pieces, and two twelve-pound Howitzers. The men are armed with Schneider breech-loading rifles. There are also some 30 Enrolled Pensioners distributed at Geraldton, Greenough, York, Northam, Kojonup, Guildford, and Albany.

The Troop of Artillery has the use of two twelvepound breech-loading Armstrong guns belonging to the Pensioner Force, but the guns are harnessed and horsed at the expense of the Colony.

Every Volunteer, whether officer or private, who shall have served continuously for a period of five years, and qualified under the regulations, has claim to a grant of 50 acres of land, to be assigned by occupation-


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Rh certificate, exchangeable, at any time within three years after date, for grants in fee simple, on proof that improvements have been made to the value of £35. The present qoalification is to have attended at least the Infantry 13 parade diills and the Cavalry 8 parade drills; and, should a camp of instruction be formed, at least three days' field service in each year; to have at all times held one's self ready for duty and obtained a certificate of good conduct and efficiency. This force is reported as efficient.

Pensioners also may have lots of 30 acres assigned in the same manner exchangeable for grants in fee simple, after three years, on proof of good conduct, good service in the Force, and such improvements on the land as the Governor may from time to time specify to be necessary and publish in the Government Gazette.

religious establishments in Western Australia, being now independent of the Government, require separate consideration. The information which is given respecting them is derived from the heads of the different churches.

The Government has from the first contributed both in money and land to the Ecclesiastical Institutions of the Colony, and to the schools and charities connected with them. The Church of England was, until 1871, in connection with, and its ministers were chaplains under, the Government, as were also some of those of the Roman Catholic Church.

The amount expended by the Government for Ecclesiastical purposes, was in 1870 £3,540, and in


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 VOL. I.— PART I.

I.

Author:Edme Mariotte was the first, so far as I am aware, who attempted to appretiate the action of diaphanous substances in transmitting or intercepting the calorific rays which emanate from terrestrial sources. After having observed that solar heat concentrated at the focus of a metallic mirror, suffered no sensible diminution of intensity by being made to pass through a glass plate, he took and placed his apparatus before the fire of a stove, and found, that at the distance of five or six feet the temperature of the reflected image at the focus, when the rays were allowed to meet there without impediment, was such as the hand could not bear; but that when the plate of glass was interposed there was no longer any sensible heat, although the image had lost none of its brilliancy. Whence he concluded that none, or certainly but a very small portion, of the heat of terrestrial fire passes through glass. About a century after Mariotte's time, the same experiment was repeated by Scheele, who, instead of imitating the cautious reserve of his predecessor, asserted that from the moment when the glass was interposed there was no longer any heat whatever at the focus of the mirror.


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140 Essington on the North coast, without the limits of the Colony; those two missions failed within two years; the third, composed of the two Benedictine Monks Don J. Sena and Don R. Salvado, with some catechists, went to the North via Toodyay, in search of a site for their mission, which, guided by some aborigines they fixed on a pool of the river Maura about 80 miles from Perth, to which they gave the name of New Norcia. The principal object of this mission was to civilize and christianize the natives; so, following the example of St. Benedict, the two monks, aided by some natives, began to clear and cultivate some 50 acres of land granted them by the Colonial Government, and thus laid the foundation of "The Great Benedictine Mission," dedicated to the civilization and christianization of the aborigines.

The mission at Perth meanwhile progressed gradually. A convent for the Sisters of Mercy, school rooms, and residence for some native girls and for boarders were built. A house in Fremantle was bought and converted into a little convent, and a room set apart for a chapel, which was served on Sundays by a priest from Perth.

In 1848 the Bishop sent the Rev. J. Serra, his Vicar General, to Europe, to solicit alms and procure more missionaries for New Norcia; and 1,250 acres of land adjoining the mission were purchased with the collections made by him, and sheep and cattle for the support of the mission were pastured there. Father Serra was consecrated Bishop Coadjutor to Dr. Brady, and returned with large sums of money, and with missionaries in the ship of war "Ferrolana," which the Spanish Government had commissioned for that purpose, arriving in Fremantle in December 1849. This personal and material reinforcement gave new impulse to the missions. Chapels


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Rh and schools were enlarged in Perth and Fremantle, and schools were established in York, Toodyay, and subsequently in other places. In 1849 Dr. Brady sent Don R. Salvado to Europe, who took with him two christian native boys; he also collected large sums of money, and a number of missionaries versed in agriculture and various trades, and having been consecrated Bishop of Port Essington or Victoria, returned to Perth in 1853, and went with his party to New Norcia.

In 1852 Bishop Brady retired to Ireland, and in 1853 Bishop Serra again visited Europe, and brought back with him in 1855 more missionaries, and four Sisters of St. Joseph from France, whom he placed in the convent at Fremantle. Until this time there were no resident priests out of Perth and Fremantle, but now the establishment of clergy, building of chapels, schools, &c., commenced in different districts on the grants of land made by the Government for that purpose. In 1856, availing himself of the lay brothers trained in building, carpentry, &c.. Bishop Serra commenced the Presbytery at Fremantle, and the Episcopal residence in Perth, which was finished in 1859; the churches at Bunbury, Dardanup, and Toodyay, and the monastery at Subiaco, near Perth, were also built at that time, and the mission at New Norcia enlarged. In 1860 that mission was separated from the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Perth, of which we will speak again below.

In 1859 Bishop Serra left the Colony, and the Rev. Martin Griver became Administrator Apostolic of the Diocese. In 1860 the churches of Fremantle, Guildford, and York were commenced, and the first stone of the Cathedral at Perth was laid in 1863, funds having been provided by the councils of the Propagation of the Faith, and private gifts aided by the Imperial and Colonial


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142 Governments; it was opened on 29th January, 1865; it had cost £3,975 exclusive of the altar, church articles, and furniture.

In 1870 a building having been erected at New Norcia, and a matron appointed, the native girls were removed from Perth to the mission. The experience of more than twenty years had shown the capability of the natives for receiving instruction. "At the annual examinations, some of the native girls exhibited as much proficiency both in religious and secular knowledge as some of the most advanced town children." But after some years five or six died, and others having married young men educated at the mission, the removal of the girls there was determined upon.

The Sisters of Mercy and of St. Joseph had from the first taken charge of some few destitute children. It was now proposed that those of their faith should be taken from the Poor House, and placed under their charge, the Government paying for their maintenance what they would have cost in the Poor House; and to this, in 1868, Governor Hampton consented. This was the commencement of the Orphanage; the girls were taken to the convent, and the boys to the old monastery at Subiaco. In these they are trained for service, and with such happy results that the demand from settlers of all denominations is greatly in excess of the supply. As the Government allowance is only eightpence a head per diem, these orphanages have to depend greatly upon charitable contributions.

The Very Rev. Martin Griver, Apostolic Administrator of Perth, was consecrated Bishop of Tloa, in partibus, in 1869, and on the death of Dr. Brady succeeded to the See of Perth, which Diocese is


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Rh Mr. Buchanan having accepted a pastoral charge in South Australia, Mr. Gibbs haa conducted Divine Service at Bunbury. It is hoped that Mr. Buchanan's place will be supplied ere long by the Colonial Missionary Society.

the Land Regulations now in force revoke all those previously made, yet, as this alteration does not affect contracts, or engagements made under them, and as the various changes in the laws for the sale or lease of Crown Lands (all land not alienated by grant or purchase belonging to the Crown) have had much influence on the prosperity of the Colony, it may be well to give a brief account of them, and of the general results which they have produced.

The original grants of 453,000 acres to three persons, as already noted, were made under circular A, issued in 1829; but by circular B, which superseded it immediately, grants were made at the rate of 40 acres of freehold land for labour or material to the estimated value of £3 introduced into the Colony. 52,500 acres were thus allotted among 68 families, subject to conditional improvement, or forfeiture. By circular C, which applied to all immigrants arriving after December, 1830, one acre was granted for every three shillings of capital invested, and 100 acres for every servant introduced, subject to reversion if not improved; but, in 1831, circular D appeared, doing away with all free grants,


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152 excepting to officers retiring from the army or navy for the purpose of emigration, and offering land at an upset price of five shillings an acre. The result of such sales by auction was very inconsiderable. In 1835, to reduce the area of occupied lands, and as some lands had become liable to forfeiture from the persons to whom they had been granted not having been able to complete the necessary improvements, remission on the purchase of fee simple lands, or a grant in fee of three acres for every 10 surrendered were offered, and, accordingly, 316,749 acres were given up, and titles to 95,025 acres obtained in exchange. In 1841 the price of land was raised to 12 shillings and again to £1 an acre, to be sold in blocks of not less than 160 acres, with right of commonage; and this price was maintained by the Imperial land sales Act (5 and 6 Vict., c. 56) by which all lands were divided into town, suburban, or country, the latter to be sold in lots of not less than 160 or more than 640 acres, and those more distant from settlement by auction at an upset price.

In 1850 division into Classes was first made with respect to leased lands for pasture or tillage, Class A including all lands on the sea coast, or on rivers, or about towns, and Class 6 all other lands. Tillage Leases might be granted in either division for 8 years, renewable for 8 years, with right of pre-emption, and of payment for improvements on relinquishing a lease, in lots of not less than 10,000 acres at £5, or 10 shillings for 1000 acres. Under this arrangement 42,000 acres were purchased and 400,000 leased.

In 1860 the price was reduced to 10 shillings an acre, and the least quantity purchasable to 40 acres; and again in 1864, new regulations were proclaimed, and, in 1865, special regulations for mining leases. Crown


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Rh Lands were now divided into town, suburban, country, and mineral. The two former might be sold by auction, at upset prices to be regulated by the Governor; country lands at fixed price and limit as to quantity.

Pastoral Lands were classed A, B, and C. Those under Class A could only be let for one year, under depasturing licenses, at the annual rent of two shillings for each hundred acres; but holders of land within a Class A license might run one head of great stock for every 10 acres. Class B lands might be leased for 8 years, with preferable claim to renewal, in lots of not more than 10,000 acres, but any number of lots to one person at £5 yearly rent, subject to the same depasturing rights as in Class A; and tillage leases, of not more than 320 acres, but any number to any one person, at one shilling an acre.

There was a further division made of Northern and Eastern districts, the former to the North of the Murchison River, and the latter from 30° South latitude to the coast, and between the meridians of 121 and 129 degrees East. In these, Class A included all land within three miles of the sea coast, and Class C the remainder. The lands in Class A were for annual license, at a rent of five shillings a year for every 1000 acres for the first four years, and of 10 shillings for the next four years; those in Class C might have the lease extended to 8 years on the same conditions, by paying a fee of £5 at the commencement of the lease.

Mineral lands were those known, or supposed, to contain minerals, and might be sold, on application, in lots of not less than 80 acres each at £3 an acre, payable in three years, and in three instalments. Mining Licenses might be granted for one year subject to renewal, at the rate of two shillings the first year, and four shillings the


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154 second year for each acre. The holder of a mining license, or other holder on approved application, might obtain a mining lease for any period, not exceeding 10 years, at an annual rent of 8 shillings an acre.

The last great change in the Land Regulations was commenced in 1871. To this some amendments were made in 1873, also in 1874, and these were supplemented in 1875 by further regulations as to free grants to immigrants and by timber licenses, an epitome of which will be found at the end of this section. The results have been most satisfactory, as the following comparison will show. By the Census papers of 1870 it appears that the occupied lands of the Colony were thus distributed to that year:—

Lands held under lease from the Crown:—

In the year 1870 the land sold amounted to 358,875 acres, or 105,411 acres more than in the years 1868-9 together, and the amount of acres held in fee simple had increased to


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166 this shows that 111,226 acres were, at the end of 1876, held by tillage lease holders, and special occupiers; none of the redemption money for these lands is credited to the sales, but classed as rent charges. The accruing claims of Pensioners, Volunteers, and Immigrants already threaten to amount to 70,000 acres (which at ten shillings an acre is £35,000,) disposable in lots of 20 to 50 acres and upwards. When I mass together the whole of these, and take certain other claims for scrip which are outstanding, the large area of nearly 200,000 acres of the best of the Crown Lands appears pledged in the future. I am an advocate for the policy that if bonâ fide settlement on the land is obtained, direct revenue from the sale is not material, and if the result of this liberality in disposing of the public lands is such as the designers meditated, well and good; but I cannot conceal from myself the fact that when all these land orders and occupation certificates are going into the hands of the public, there will be something like a scramble for the pick of the country, and I fear the chief benefit may be to those of the runholders whose means and carefulness enable them to acquire large quantities of ground; and after they have simply complied with the conditions on which the grants are issued, will then be able to hold the country locked up in their hands. How long the present system shall be maintained, will be a question ere long to be considered. The cost of locating these selectors must be a heavy expense, and a considerable portion of the actual receipts from Crown Lands will have to be appropriated, in order to provide proper surveys of the plots and blocks for which no money is paid in return."

—The "Torrens System" was introduced into this Colony by an Act which became law in


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Rh 1875, and which is as nearly as possible a reprint of that which is in force in Victoria. Land is brought under its operation in two ways, involuntarily and voluntarily; that is to say, all lands granted out by the Crown after July, 1875, are ipso facto amenable to its provisions, while lands already alienated are entitled to its advantages on the application of persons who are able to show a good title. It is not a little singular that, though all England was under such a system in the days of the Conqueror, it should have fallen into disuse, and that it should not have been adopted on the foundation of a Colony.

The advantages resulting from this Act are:—

The expense of bringing land under its provisions is:—


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158

Crown Lands are specially classed as Town, Suburban, Rural, and Mineral.

Town and Suburban Lands are offered by Public Auction at an upset price determined by the Commissioner of Crown Lands and approved by the Governor in Council, and are put up either by order of the Commissioner, or upon the application of any one who, at the time of making the application, deposits one-tenth of the upset price; this, if no advance on the upset price be made, is considered as part payment for the purchase. Where lands are put up by the order of the Commissioner, the one-tenth of the whole purchase money has to be paid on the fall of the hammer. In either case the balance must be paid within thirty days after the sale; in default of this, the person to whom the land has been knocked down forfeits the deposit money and all title to the land. If any lands put up are not sold, they may be purchased at any time afterwards at the upset price, without going to auction. Every auction sale of land has to be notified in the Government Gazette at least twice before the day of sale. The lands to be offered, and the upset prices at which they are to be offered, then and there are stated.

Rural Lands are sold at ten shillings an acre, and the smallest quantity is forty acres; but any plot that is so shut in as not to contain forty acres may be sold, at a price to be fixed by the Governor in Council.

After payment of the purchase-money and fulfilment of conditions, a Permit to Occupy is issued by the Commissioner, which has to be given up when the Crown Grant is received.

A breadth of not more than one-fourth of the depth of any selection is allowed on a frontage line, unless in a special case by


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Rh The leases and licenses were distributed as follows:—

The amount received for the sale of land was in 1869 £8412; in 1876 £8460; but the Revenue derived from licenses, leases, &c., had increased from £15,077 to £23,706, or by more than one half as much again, and this without any large increase to the population from immigration, the increase during the year 1876 having been only 612 persons. It is obvious that any large increase of land sales must be expected only from the introduction of persons with capital.

From the report of the Commissioner of Crown Lands for 1876 it appears that the proceeds of land sales were less than in 1875 by £2,444 17s. 9d., but that from rents there was an increase of £1,326 6s. 11d., and he makes the following pertinent remarks on the operation of the present law: —

"The facility by which land is acquired by paying a portion of the redemption money annually, necessarily affects direct sales. A reference to the returns with


text: Author:Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo

title: Author:Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo


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2 Pictet, however, corrected the mistake by means of the apparatus known by the name of conjugate mirrors. A very transparent square of glass was placed between a thermometer and the heat of a lighted candle concentrated by the apparatus; the mercury in some moments rose several degrees; there was a perceptible elevation of temperature also when the candle was removed and a small jar filled with boiling water put in its place.

Some years later Herschel undertook a very extensive series of experiments on the same subject. They are described in the volume of the Philosophical Transactions for 1800. The author employs no artifice to increase the action of the rays of heat, and contents himself with the direct measurement of their effect by placing the thermometer at a very short distance from the diaphanous body.

But doubts were started as to the conclusions drawn from these different results. It was objected that part of the radiant heat was first stopped at the nearer surface of the glass, that it was gradually accumulated there and afterwards propagated from layer to layer, until it reached the further surface whence it began again to radiate on the thermometer. It was maintained even that nearly the whole of the effect was produced by this propagation. In short, some went so far as to deny altogether that the heat emitted by terrestrial bodies can be freely transmitted through any other diaphanous substance than atmospheric air.

M. Prevost, by means of a very ingenious contrivance, demonstrated the erroneousness of this opinion. Having attached to the pipe of a fountain a spout consisting of two parallel plates, he obtained a strip of water about a quarter of a line in thickness. On one side of this he placed an air thermometer and on the other a lighted candle or a hot iron. The thermometer rose, almost always, some fraction of a degree. Now it is quite evident that, in this case, a successive propagation through the several layers of the screen, which was in a state of perpetual change, could not take place. It was admitted, therefore, that other diaphanous media besides atmospheric air sometimes transmit the rays of heat as instantaneously as they always transmit those of light.

M. Prevost's process could not however be applied to solid bodies. It was therefore impossible to determine, by means of it, whether caloric was immediately transmitted through screens of glass. Delaroche completely solved this problem by employing a method invented by Maycock.


text: Author:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo

title: Author:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo


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 pieces of Franz Hals, constituting the highest expression of his art. The city is, moreover, the proud guardian of the banner of the widow Kenau Simons Hasselaer, who, with three hundred of her sex, defended the town against Frederic of Toledo, son of the Duke of Alva, in 1572. To Utrecht is due the honour that within its precincts the Netherlands formed a pact of union against Philip II. The famed Maliebaan, a triple avenue of magnificent lime-trees, which Louis XIV. preserved from the vandalism of his soldiers, is one of the glories of the city. Its Dom Kerk has undergone more transformations than any other religious edifice in the kingdom, and from its lofty tower all the provinces of Holland can be viewed with the aid of a telescope.

Leyden (in Dutch, “Leiden”) is a famed University town, and was at one time


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Rh The method consists in observing the thermometer as in the preceding cases; that is, when the caloric rays fall upon it after having passed through the plate of glass. We thus obtain a complex measure of the effects produced by immediate transmission and by that conducting power of the layers to which we have given the name of successive propagation. If we know the value of either of these, we have that of the other. Now it is easy to determine the influence of the conducting power by repeating the experiment after having blackened with Indian ink that surface of the plate which is turned towards the calorific source. In this case, the immediate radiation being intercepted, it is clear that the elevation of the temperature at the other side must be attributed only to the conducting power of the layers. Should the elevation be now found less than it was at first, it will be a decisive proof of immediate transmission. And such was the fact in almost all the experiments of Delaroche; I say almost all, because it was found that the quantity of heat freely transmitted varied with the temperatures of the source. For temperatures lower than that of boiling water it was nothing, and when an Argand lamp was employed, it was found to be more than half of the whole quantity.

No doubt can be raised as to the truth of this beautiful discovery of Delaroche; and yet the method which he has employed to measure the quantities of heat freely transmitted is by no means exact, especially in respect to high temperatures. In order to understand this seeming paradox two things are to be observed; 1st, the difference produced by change of surface between the two quantities of heat which penetrate the glass by reason of its conducting power; 2nd, the difference produced between those two quantities by the total or partial interception of the calorific rays.

It is fully proved by the experiments of Leslie and others, that glass, when blackened with Indian ink, absorbs all the rays of heat, though, in its natural state, it reflects a certain number of them. The quantity of heat which penetrates the screen will therefore be greater in the former than in the latter case. However, as polished glass reflects but a very small portion of caloric rays, the error arising from a difference in the state of the surface will be reduced to a very inconsiderable quantity and may be safely disregarded. But the case is different when we examine the error produced by the total or partial interception of the caloric radiation. In some of the experiments of Delaroche one half, at least, of the incident rays immediately passed through the screen. Thus it was evident that it was the other only which was stopped at the first surface of the glass. The effect of conduction must therefore be limited to this latter half. But as the screen, when blackened, stops the whole radiation,


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4 it is then exposed to a heat twice as strong, and therefore exhibits a far greater effect of conduction. Hence it follows that when we deduct from the observation furnished by the transparent glass the observation furnished by the glass blackened, the result obtained will be lower than the true temperature of the rays transmitted freely. But the error will not be the same in all cases. Being of no account when boiling water is employed, it will increase in proportion as the temperature of the source is raised. The measures of the free radiations which suffer the greatest diminution will be those furnished by the highest temperatures. Hence it is evident that this latter cause of error in the measure of the immediate irradiation, instead of invalidating the law of Delaroche, serves only to give it greater certainty. We are therefore justified in saying, as we have said, that the want of exactness in the method has no influence whatsoever on the truth of the law which it has served to establish.

To Delaroche we are also indebted for a discovery, no less important than the foregoing, relative to the amount of loss sustained by the same rays of heat in passing successively through two squares of glass. But I abstain, for the present, from entering into any detail on this subject, as I shall have occasion to speak of it hereafter.

None of those whose labours we have been thus briefly noticing has thought of making an exact comparison between the transmissions of caloric rays through screens of different kinds; and, if we except the experiments of M. Prevost and those of Herschel, from which no consequence can be deduced, all the others were confined to the single purpose of ascertaining the law of transmission through glass only. Neither has sufficient attention been given to the influence of the state of the


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Rh surface, or that of the thickness of the layers and their internal structure on the quantities of heat which freely pass through them. I have endeavoured to supply these different omissions, but the undertaking has proved too vast for me, and several parts of it are therefore incomplete. I hope however that I shall be able hereafter to return to these, and to treat them in a manner more satisfactory.

In the mean time I present to the Academy the results of my first researches disposed in two memoirs. That which I offer at present contains an account of the method pursued in the measurement of calorific transmission and the application of the method in the case of an unvarying source acting on bodies of different kinds. In the second I shall explain the facts connected with the succession of the screens and the variation of the sources.

We have already observed that a diaphanous screen placed at a certain distance from a calorific source stops a portion of the rays which strike its first surface, while the rest pass freely through. We have remarked besides that after a certain time the heat stopped at the anterior surface, and accumulated there by successive radiations, passes on from layer to layer till it reaches the other surface, whence it begins to radiate anew; and that this radiation mingling with the heat which passes through the screen by immediate transmission, prevents its being measured exactly.

When the screens are liquid, the influence of the conducting power of the layers may always be destroyed if we incessantly renew the matter of the screen by means analogous to the strip of water employed by M. Prevost. But it would be always very difficult, and often impossible, to apply this artifice to solid bodies and even to such liquids as can be obtained only in small quantities. In order therefore to attain the same end in a general manner, and to render the experiments in some degree independent of conduction, other means must be employed.

If we consider with due attention the manner in which the second surface of the interposed plate is heated, and the radiation which results from it, we shall see that the latter possesses properties very different from those that belong to the caloric which is freely transmitted. In order to be satisfied of this, we have only to observe that its action changes with the change of distance between the screen and the source; a thing which does not happen, even in the slightest degree, to those rays that are transmitted freely. In fact, it is with the caloric transmitted immediately, as it is with light.


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6 If between the flame of a candle and the eye we interpose a plate of glass or any other substance more or less transparent, we find the diminution of the intensity of the light always the same, however the distance between the plate and the candle may vary. The effect produced by distance on the freely transmitted caloric is exactly similar; and if at a certain distance from the active source there be a thermoscopic apparatus sensible to this portion of heat, the apparatus will always give the same indication, whether the screen be laid close to the source or to the thermoscope.

But it is clear that it must happen quite otherwise to the conductible caloric; for this portion of the heat, when it has reached the further surface of the screen, leaves it in the form of diverging rays which become weaker in proportion to the distance. In other words, the further surface of the screen being heated becomes a new calorific source whose intensity of radiation must decrease as the distance increases.

We possess, therefore, a very simple contrivance for destroying the influence of conduction, if we keep the action of the free radiation intact. This contrivance consists in removing the screen so far from the thermoscope that the radiation of its own heat may, on account of its extreme feebleness, be totally disregarded.

There are, however, some precautions to be taken; for in proportion as the distance between the screen and the thermoscope is increased, the distance between the source and the screen is diminished. The latter is therefore more heated, and radiates with greater force upon the instrument. It is easy to show by calculation that we always gain; that is, that we always weaken the conductible caloric more and more by removing the screen from the thermoscope, until we have placed it midway between the thermoscope and the source. Let us, therefore, put the screen in this position (which is the most favourable of all), and we shall see that its heat has then no appretiable influence on the