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Marten (, p. 545). D'Ewes describes him as one ' that used to snarl at everybody,' and couples him with Pym and the ' fiery spirits who, accounting their own condition desperate, did not care how they hazarded the whole kingdom to save themselves ' (ib. pp. 532, 540). On 27 Sept. 1642 he attacked William Russell, fifth earl of Bedford, for his not pursuing William Seymour, marquis of Hertford, and on 5 Dec. criticised with equal severity the slowness of his movements. In April 1644 he became involved in a quarrel with Algernon Percy, teuth earl of Northumberland [q. v.], one of the commissioners at the Oxford treaty with the king. Suspecting Northumberland's fidelity to the parliamentary cause, he opened a letter from Northberland to his wife, for which act Northumberland, meeting Marten at a conference in the Painted Chamber, gave him several blows with his cane. Each house took up the cause of its member, and complained of a breach of privilege, but the quarrel was privately made up (ib. p. 546 ; Mercurius Aulicus, 20 April; Lords' Journals, vi. 11; Commons' Journals,'' iii. 51 ). Marten showed as little respect to the House of Lords in general as to individual members of it, and that assembly was greatly indignant at the words used by Marten concerning their delay to pass the ordinance for sequestering the estates of royalists (Lords' Journals, v. 696).

On questions concerning the dealings of the parliament with the King Marten was equally outspoken. At the close of the Oxford treaty, urging the rejection of the king's messages, he bluntly said : 'Let us not trouble ourselves to send away an answer, but rather answer them with scorn, as being unworthy of our further regard' (, Great Civil War, i. 126). The House of Lords wished to respect the king's private property, but Marten seized his horses and refused to return them, alleging that he saw no reason why the king's horses should not be taken as well as his ships (Lords' Journals, vi. 26, 28 ; Mercurius Aulicus, 8 May l^S). He was in his element as a member of the committee for destroying the superstitious images in the Queen's Chapel at Somerset House, and is said to have seized the regalia in Westminster Abbey, declaring that 'there would be no further use of these toys and trifles' (Commons' Journals, iii. 24; Heylyn, History of the Presbyterians, p. 452, ed. 1672; Sanderson, Life of Charles I, p. 623; Mercurius Aulicus, 3 April 1643). His scandalous utterances about the king are frequently commented upon in the royalist newspaper (ib. 26 May, 10 July 1643). On 16 Aug. 1643, defending a pamphlet which proposed the king's deposition, Marten said that he saw no reason to condemn the author, and that 'it were better one family should be destroyed than many.' Pressed to explain himself, he boldly answered that he meant the king and his children; on which he was expelled from the house and committed to the Tower (ib. 19 Aug. 1643 ; Gardiner, Great Civil War, i. 238). He was discharged from his imprisonment on 2 Sept., but not readmitted to parliament till 1643 (Commons' Journals, iii. 226).

Debarred from politics, Marten now returned to military life. By this time his regiment, which had often been complained of for its want of discipline, had been drafted into the armies of Essex and Waller (ib. iii. 124, 195, 212). On 22 May 1644, however, the commons recommended him to Essex to be governor of Aylesbury. In that capacity he did good service during the rest of the war. He also acted as commander-in-chief (under Colonel Dalbier) of the infantry employed in the siege of Dennington Castle during the winter of 1645-6 (ib. iii. 503, iv. 330 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1644-7, pp. 204, 212).

On 6 Jan. 1646 the House of Commons rescinded the vote for Marten's expulsion, and readmitted him to sit (Commons' Journals, iv. 897 ; cf. Somers Tracts, vi. 588). He resumed at once his old position as leader of the extreme party, which had now considerably increased in numbers, and outside the parliament was closely associated with the levellers. To the Scots and the presbyterians he gave great offence by a pamphlet refuting the claims of the Scots to dictate the terms of the parliament's agreement with the king, incidentally comparing the covenant to 'an almanac of the last year.' 'Our condition,' he concluded, 'would be lower and more contemptible if we should suffer you to have your will of us in this particular, than if we had let the king have his. A king is but one master, and therefore likely to sit lighter upon our shoulders than a whole kingdom ; and if he should grow so heavy as cannot well be borne, he may be sooner gotten off than they' (The Independency of England endeavoured to be maintained, 4to, 1647). Equally obnoxious to them was his proposal that the establishment of presbyterianism should be coupled with toleration for even catholics (Gardiner, Great Civil War, iii. 212). On the question of the treatment of the king Marten was as outspoken as before his expulsion. In April 1647, when letters were read in the house from the parliament's commissioners desiring directions how to


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Marten deal with the crowds who flocked to be cured by the king's touch, Marten scornfully remarked that he knew not but the parliament's great seal might do it as well it there were an ordinance for it. When it was moved to consider the question of the propositions to be sent to the king, he replied that the man to whom the said propositions were to be sent 'ought rather to come to the bar himself than be sent to any more' (Clarendon State Papers, vol. ii. App. p. xxxvii). He followed up this suggestion by proposing a motion that no further addresses should be made to Charles, but it was rejected by 84 to 34 votes (22 Sept. 1647;, Great Civil War, iii. 201). But on 3 Jan. 1648 the house came round to Marten's views, and a similar motion was passed by 141 to 91 votes.

Marten sided with the army in their quarrel with the parliament, and signed the engagement of 4 Aug. 1647, promising to stand by them in supporting the freedom of the parliament against the dictation of the London mob (, vii. 754). His readiness to attack abuses of all kinds and the straight-forwardness of his political career had gained him great popularity. 'The true lovers of their country in England,' said a member of parliament to John Lilburne [q. v.], 'were more beholden to Mr. Henry Marten for his sincerity, uprightness, boldness, and gallantry, than to half, if not all, of those that are called conscientious men in the house.' Such, at all events, was the belief of the levellers, with whom, during 1647, 1648, and the first half of 1649, Marten was intimately connected, lie was chairman of the committee appointed to consider Lilburne's imprisonment, and to him, in May 1647, Lilburne addressed a pamphlet, complaining that his negligence or wilful delay had prevented the presentation of their report (Rash Oaths Unwarrantable, 4to, 1647, p. 2). Other letters of the same nature followed, but in September, when the report was actually brought in, the house, in spite of Marten's efforts, referred it back to the committee (A Copy of a Letter written to Col. Henry Marten by John Lilburne, 20 July 1 647 ; Two Letters writ by Lieut.-Col. John Lilburne, prerogative prisoner in the Tower, to Col. Henry Marten upon the 1 3 and 5 September, 1647 ; The Additional Plea of Lieut.-Col. John Lilburne, 28 Oct. 1547, p. 22).

Lilburne was now convinced that Cromwell, not Marten, was to blame, and Cromwell's negotiations with the king had also roused Marten's suspicions. If Lilburne's statement may be believed, Marten was so convinced of Cromwell's treachery, that he resolved to emulate Felton, 'and for that end provided and charged a pistol, and took a dagger in his pocket, that if the one did not, the other should despatch him.' An accident prevented the first attempt to fulfil this design, but when Cromwell heard of Marten's armament, he was so terrified that he immediately changed his policy and supported the vote of ' No Addresses ' (A Declaration of some of the Proceedings of Lieut.-Col. John Lilburne, 4 to, 1648, n. 15). Much more probable is the report that Marten, like Rainsboro ugh, talked of impeaching Cromwell (Gardiner, Great Civil War, iii. 252). In February 1648 Cromwell is said to have desired a meeting with Marten in order to a reconciliation, but that they parted ' much more enemies than they met;' nor were Marten's suspicions removed till some months later (ib. pp. 295, 327 ). During the second civil war Marten, thinking, after the readmission of the impeached presbyterian leaders, that his further presence in parliament was useless, left the house and commenced raising a regiment of horse in Berkshire. He had no legal authority to do so, and his intention was to oppose the parliament by arms in the event of their concluding to restore Charles I. A commission given by him to one of his captains is couched in the following terms : ' By virtue of that right which I was born to as an Englishman, and in pursuance of that duty which I owe my said country, I have resolved to raise and conduct a regiment of harquebusiers on horseback, on the behalf of the people of England, for the recovery of their freedom, and for common justice against tyranny and oppression' (Clarke MSS.) The regiment was mounted by the simple process of stopping travellers on the highway, or breaking into the stables of country gentlemen. In response to loud complaints, parliament ordered the forces of the adjacent counties, under the command of Major Richard Fincher, to disperse Marten's adherents, and he was driven to remove to Leicestershire, and ultimately to join Cromwell in the north (Mercurius Pragmaticus, 22-9 Aug. 1648 ; Tanner MSS. lvii. 197 ; Portland MSS. i. 495; Grey, Examination of Neat's Puritans, vol. iii. App. p. 67 ; Commons 1 Journals, v. 676).

Marten returned to his place in parliament, in co npany' with Cromwell, on 7 Dec, after Pride's Purge, and took part in the meetings at Windsor and Whitehall, in which Lilburne and his committee drew up the draft ' Agreement of the People,' which was afterwards submitted to the council of war (Gardiner, Great Civil War, iii. 535, 540; Lilburne, Legal Fundamental Liberties, 1648, p. 88; Foundations of Freedom, or an Agreement of

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Marten the People, 1648). In the preparations of parliament for bringing the king to trial Marten was extremely active (Commons' Journals, vi. 96, 103, 107, 110). He was appointed one of the king's judges, sat with great regularity, and signed the death-warrant. A witness at the trial of the regicides describes Marten, when the judges were endeavouring to find an answer to give the king in case he should demand by what authority they sat, as supplying them with the formula: 'In the name of the Commons in Parliament assembled, and all the good people of England.' The familiar story of Marten and Cromwell inking each other's faces as the king's death-warrant was being signed rests on the authority of Marten's servant, Ewer (Trial of the Regicides, 4to, 1660, pp. 247-8). At the Restoration Marten wrote a defence of the king's execution, in the form of a letter to a friend, but while he justified the act itself, he regretted its consequences. 'Had I suspected,' he said, 'that the axe which took off the king's head should have been made a stirrup for our first false general, I should sooner have consented to my own death than his' (, Familiar Epistles, p. 3).

No man was more prominent in the proceedings for the establishment of the republic. The device and the legend on the new great seal were, according to Whitelocke, 'for the most part the fancy of Mr. Henry Marten, more particularly the inscriptions' (Memorials; Commons' Journals, vi. 115). He was charged with the preparation of the act for taking down the arms of the late king and demolishing his public statues. The inscription 'Exit Tyrannus Regum ultimus,' &c, by which the statues were to be replaced is said to have been his composition (ib. vi. 142, 274; Author:John Forster (historian), British Statesmen, p. 519). He was one of the tellers in the division on the abolition of the House of Lords, and a member of the committee appointed to prepare the act for that purpose (Commons' Journals, vi. 132). On 14 Feb. 1649 parliament elected him a member of the council of state, thirteenth on the list of those chosen. On 3 July they further voted that lands to the value of 1,000l. a year should be settled upon him as compensation for his disbursements, arrears of pay, and services to the state. The manors of Hartington and Leominster were accordingly settled upon him by an ordinance of parliament, 28 Sept. 1649 (ib. vi. 141, 196,248, 300). By another vote on 2 Feb. 1649 parliament ordered that Marten's regiment of horse should be completed and taken on to the regular establishment of the army, but this intention was not carried out (ib. vi. 129;, Original Letters, 1739, i. 273). These favours were no doubt largely dictated by the desire of the government to conciliate the levellers through Marten. As one of the pamphleteers of that party observes: 'When the king was to come to the block and a bloody High Court of Injustice and a Council of State erected, then what a white boy was Col. Marten! A regiment of horse was voted for him by the House to keep the pretty baby at play with that fine tantarara tantara, while their work was over' (, Defiance, 1649, p. 7). After the levellers had been suppressed there was no inducement to continue Marten's regiment, and some risk in doing so. It does not appear that Marten countenanced the attacks made by Lilburne and his associates on the new government. He endeavoured rather to mediate between them, twice obtained Lilburne's release from imprisonment, and was instrumental in procuring the payment of his arrears (Commons' Journals, vi. 441;, A Preparative War Hue and Cry after Sir Arthur Haselrig, 1649, p. 40: The Trial of Lieut.-Col. John Lilburne, by , 1649, p. 143).

Marten was re-elected a member of the second council of state of the Commonwealth, and sat also in the fourth, but was omitted in the third and fifth. His influence was greater in the debates of the parliament than in the deliberations of the council. 'His speeches in the House,' says Aubrey, 'were not long, but wondrous poignant, pertinent, and witty. He was exceedingly happy in apt instances; he alone hath sometimes turned the whole House' (Letters from the Bodleian, ii. 436). His jests are said to have saved the lives of Judge Jenkins [see ] and [q. v.] when parliament would have had them sentenced to death (ib. ii. 308; Somers Tracts, ed. Scott, v. 129; Hist MSS. Comm. 13th Rep. iv. 389). Algernon Sydney describes the happy manner in which Marten allayed a wrangle about the oath to be taken by the council of state (Sydney Papers, ed. Blencowe, p. 238). In legislation Marten's most important work was an act for the relief of poor prisoners for debt (Commons' Journals, vi. 262, 270, 275, 289;, Collection of Acts, fol. 1658, pt. ii. p. 87). As an administrator he never earned any fame, nor did he show any sign of constructive statesmanship. His influence, therefore, which had been at its height in 1649, perceptibly declined during the next few years.

From the first foundation of the Commonwealth Marten's relations with Cromwell, if the newspapers can be trusted, were


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Rh the important despatches arrived. They were examined by the port-captain, Mr. Aspinwall was informed that they were all right, and the port-captain was requested to give the information to the builders, which, of course, was done. The ship, however, was finished without the slightest alteration from the original plans. Mr. Aspinwall, who never doubted that his pet project had been carefully carried out, attributed much of the success of this vessel to the placing of her masts by foreign rules.

The sharp model of the Rainbow gave rise to a great deal of discussion while she was on the stocks in course of construction. It was generally admitted by the recognized shipping authorities of South Street, that she was a handsome vessel, but whether she could be made to sail was a question on which there were varieties of opinion. She proved an excellent ship in every way and exceedingly fast. Her second voyage to China out and home, was made in six months and fourteen days, including two weeks in port discharging and loading cargo. She went out to China against the northeast monsoon in ninety-two and home in eighty-eight days, bringing the news of her own arrival at Canton. Captain John Land, her able and enthusiastic commander, declared that she was the fastest ship in the world, and this was undeniably true; finding no one to differ from him, he further gave it as his opinion that no ship could be built to outsail the Rainbow, and it is also true that very few vessels have ever broken her record. She was lost on her fifth voyage while bound from New York for Valparaiso in 1848 under

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Marten hostile, and as his suspicions of Cromwell's ambition increased they found expression in his speeches (, History of Independency, ii. 150;, Athenæ, iii. 1240; Letters from the Bodleian Library, ii. 436 ; Mercurius Pragmaticus, 27 Feb.-5 March 1649). A quarrel between Bradshaw and Marten is also recorded (, Original Letters, i. 443). Most of his colleagues were offended by Marten's moral irregularities. At a masque given by the Spanish ambassador great scandal was caused by his giving 'the chief place and respect' to Marten's mistress, who was 'finer and more bejewelled' than any lady present (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 192)' Whatever support he had once had in the army he had lost by making himself the mouthpiece of the party who opposed the dissolution of the parliament, and publicly declaring that the young republic, like the infant Moses, would be best brought up by the parent who had given it birth (Newsletter, 27 Feb. 1650 ; Clarendon MSS. ; cf. History of the Rebellion, xiv. 6). Moreover the army as early as 1647 had publicly demanded 'that such men, and such men only, might be preferred to the great power and trust of the Commonwealth as are approved at least for moral righteousness.' Hence when Cromwell broke up the Long parliament and the army seized power Marten inevitably disappeared from political life. In Cromwell's brief harangue to the house he pointedly reproached it with the immorality of some of its members, and is said to have applied to Marten the same contumelious epithet which Charles I had once employed (, Memorials, iv. 5 ; Newsletter, 29 April 1663 ; Clarendon MSS.)

Marten was not a member of any of the parliaments called during the protectorate. Now that his immunities in that capacity had ended, his creditors began to be importunate, and in January 1655 he was outlawed. His letters during 1656 and 1657 are dated from 'The Rules in Southwark,' his debts having apparently brought him to the King's Bench prison (Hist. MSS. Comm. 13th Rep. iv. 392, 898).

When the Long parliament was restored, in May 1659, Marten resumed his seat in that body. The rumour ran that he was fetched from his prison in order to make up a quorum (England's Confusion, 4to, 1659, p. 10;, Chronicle, p. 746). On the first day of its meeting Marten was selected to draft a letter to the absent members, to draw up a declaration to the people, and, as a member of the committee, to consider the administration of justice (Commons' Journals, vii. 645). But he played no important part in the proceedings of the house, and was not one of the twenty-one members of parliament elected to form the council of state on 13 May 1659. However, when the Rump was again restored, after its interruption by Lambert, a fresh council was chosen, of which Marten was a member, 31 Dec. 1659 (ib. vii. 800). He was naturally omitted from the presbyterian council chosen on 23 Feb. 1660. Marten was sufficiently clear-sighted to perceive the probable result of Monck's policy, and bold enough to point out the difference between his professions and his actions, which he illustrated in his usual way by an anecdote (Ludlow, Memoirs, ed. 1698, ii. 810, 831;, Life of Monck, trans, by Wortley, p. 243).

On the return of Charles II he made no attempt to fly, and gave himself up on 20 June 1660, in obedience to the king's proclamation of 6 June summoning the regicides to surrender, 'under pain of being excepted from any pardon or indemnity for their respective lives and estates.' The commons excepted him from the act of indemnity, but not capitally, in consequence of his surrender. The lords resolved that all the king's judges should be absolutely excepted, both for life and estate. In the act as finally passed, 29 Aug., Marten and eighteen other regicides were excepted, with a saving clause stating that in consequence of their surrender under the proclamation, in case they were attainted for their part in the king's death, their execution should be suspended until it should be ordered by a special act of parliament for the purpose. Marten was thus left very uncertain as to his ultimate fate. With his usual humour he observed that 'since he had never obeyed any royal proclamation before, he hoped that he should not be hanged for taking the king's word now' (, iv. 356 In the House of Commons Lord Falkland pleaded for his life, using Martin's own jest about D'Avenant as an argument in his favour (, pp. 308, 435). What saved him was probably the fact that in his own days of power he had frequently intervened on behalf of endangered royalists. His trial took place at the Old Bailey on 16 Oct. 1660. After claiming that he was not excluded from the Act of Indemnity, on the ground that his name was 'Harry Marten,' and not 'Henry Martyn,' as the act had it, he pleaded 'not guilty.' In his defence he first objected to the word 'maliciously' used in the indictment, and then argued that he was justified by the authority of parliament and the statute of Henry VII concerning obedience to a de facto government. He admitted his part in the


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Marten king's death. 'I am sorry to see so little repentance,' observed the solicitor-general.' If it were possible,' replied Marten, 'for that blood to be in the body again, and every drop that was shed in the late wars, I could wish it with all my heart.' This qualified expression of regret was far from satisfying the court, and the chief justice in his charge to the jury commented on his lack of proper penitence, adding, 'I hope in charity he meant better than his words were.' Marten concluded his defence by professing his resolution to submit peaceably to the government for the future, if the king was pleased to spare his life. 'I think,' he said, 'his majesty that now is, is king upon the best title under heaven, for he was called in by the representative body of England.' At this implied denial of the king's hereditary claim the solicitor-general again protested. Marten's conduct throughout was marked by courage and self-possession.

The jury convicted Marten, but, as had been agreed, execution was suspended, and he was imprisoned. In the second parliament of Charles U, which met in May 1661, a bill for executing' the nineteen regicides who had been respited passed the House of Commons. While it was under discussion in the House of Lords Marten and his companions were fetched from their prisons to be examined. To the question what he could say for himself why the act for his execution should not pass (7 Feb. 1601) Marten replied by pleading his surrender in obedience to the king's proclamation. 'That honourable House of Commons, that he did so idolise, had given him up to death, and now,' said Marten, 'this honourable House of Peers, which he had so much opposed, especially in their power of judicature, was made the sanctuary for him to fly to for his life' (Lords' Journals, xi. 380). The lords spared their old enemy, and the bill was dropped. The remainder of Marten's life was passed in prison. In July 1662 he was removed from the Tower and transferred to the charge of William, first baron Widdrington, at Berwick. In May 1065 he was removed to Windsor and placed under the custody of John, baron (afterwards viscount) Mordaunt (d. 1675) [q. v.], but proving an 'eyesore to his majesty,' was finally sent away to Chepstow Castle. At Chepstow, on 9 Sept. 1680, he died (Cal. State Papers, Dom 1661-2 p. 446, 1665 p. 374, 1607 p. 465).

Marten was originally buried in the chancel of Chepstow Church, but a subsequent incumbent, thinking the site too sacred for a regicide, moved him into the body of the church. Archdeacon Coxe [see, 1747-1828], in his 'Historical Tour in Monmouthshire,' collected some traditional anecdotes about Marten's life in prison. The same work contains a view of the tower in which Marten was confined, a facsimile of the inscription on his tombstone, and a portrait of him in the possession of the neighbouring family of Lewis of St. Pierre. His epitaph, 'by way of acrostic on himself,' is also printed by Wood (Athenæ, iii. 1242). Southey visited Marten's prison, and wrote a sonnet on him, which Canning parodied and applied to Mrs. Brownrigg (Poetry of the Anti-Jacobin, ed. Edmonds ). Marten's character is very favourably judged by Aubrey in the notes which be supplied to Anthony à Wood. 'He was a great and faithful lover of his country. . . not at all covetous. . . not at all arrogant. . . a great cultor of justice, and did always in the house take the side of the oppressed' (Letters from the Bodleian Library, iii. 435). Burnet could see nothing but Marten's vices (Own Time, ed. 1833, i. 291 ). Forster's 'Life of Marten,' published in 1837, is an uncritical panegyric. Carlyle characterises him, with more justice : 'A right hard-headed, stout-hearted little man, full of sharp fire and cheerful light ; sworn foe of cant in all its figures; an indomitable little Roman pagan if no better' (Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, ed. 1871, iii. 168). He was too much of the 'Roman pagan ' to succeed as a leader of puritans.

By his wife Margaret, widow of William Staunton, Marten had a daughter Mary, who married Thomas Parker, afterwards the last Lord Morley and Monteagle [q. v.] He had also a son Henry, who seems to nave died young, and three other daughters, Jane, Anne, and Frances (Hist MSS. Comm. 13th Rep. iv. 398-9 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1636-7, p. 275 ;, Pedigrees of Knights, p. 372).

Marten published one speech and several pamphlets: 1. 'A Speech delivered at the Common Hall in London, 28 July 1643, concerning Sir William Waller,' &c, 4to, 1643. 2. 'A Corrector of the Answerer to the Speech out of doors, justifying the worthy Speech of Mr. Thomas Chaloner. . . Edinburgh, as truly printed by Evan Tyler, printer to the King's most Excellent Majesty, as were the Scottish papers, anno 1646,' 4to, n.d. This, which was printed in London in 1646, is anonymous. The Bodleian copy is noted by Barlow as 'supposed to be writ by Mr. H. Martin,' and the style justifies the supposition. 3. 'The Independency of England endeavoured to be maintained against the Claims of the Scots Commissioners,' 4to, 1647. This, which is Marten's best pam-


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 68 command of Captain Hayes, and it was supposed that she foundered off Cape Horn.

The Ariel, 572 tons, was built by John Currier at Newburyport in 1846, for Minot & Hooper, of Boston. This ship became celebrated in the China trade and was bought by N. L. & G. Griswold, and has a record of 90 days from Canton to New York.

In 1846, Howland & Aspinwall, for whom Captain Robert H. Waterman had been making some remarkably fast voyages in the old packet ship Natchez, had a clipper ship built especially for him, entrusting the design and construction to Smith & Dimon, the builders of the Rainbow, though all the details of spars, sails, and rigging were carried out under the supervision of Captain Waterman. This ship was the famous Sea Witch, of 890 tons, length 170 feet, breadth 33 feet 11 inches, and depth 19 feet. She carried a cloud of canvas; three standing skysail yards, royal studding sails, large square lower studding sails with swinging booms, ringtail, and water sails.

When loaded the Sea Witch lay low on the water; her hull was painted black and her masts had a considerable rake; her figurehead was an aggressive-looking dragon, beautifully carved and gilded. She had the reputation at that time of being the handsomest ship sailing out of New York, and her officers and crew were picked men, several of whom had sailed with Captain Waterman on his voyages in the Natchez. She sailed on her first voyage, bound for China, December 23, 1846, went to sea in a strong northwest gale, and made a remarkable fine run southward, arriving off the harbor of Rio

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Marten phlet, is reprinted in vol. xvii. of the 'Old Parliamentary History,' p. 51. Mr. Forster praises it as containing passages which, 'for closeness of reasoning, familiar wit of illustration, and conciseness of style,' are 'quite worthy of Swift' (British Statesmen, iv. 272). 4. 'The Parliament's Proceedings justified in declining a Personal Treaty with the King,' 4to, 1648. 6. 'A Word to Mr. William Prynne, Esq., and two for the Parliament and Army, reproving the one and justifying the other in their late Proceedings, 4to,' 1649. 6. There is attributed to him also 'Mr. Henry Marten his Speech in the House of Commons before his departure thence, 8 June 1648,' 4to, 1648. This, as Wood remarks in a note on the copy in the Bodleian Library, is 'a piece of roguery fathered upon him.' Fragments of several unfinished pamphlets by Marten are among the Marten MSS. in the possession of Captain Loder-Symonds, and it is probable that he published others anonymously (Hist MSS. Comm. 13th Rep. iv. 400). The manuscript notes include Marten's comments on Walter's 'History of Independency,' Harrington's 'Oceana,' and other works. Marten was also the author of an epitaph on his mother, buried in Longworth Church, Berkshire, and some verses on the death of his nephew Charles Edmonds (, Antiquities of Berkshire, i. 162; Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. p. 81). In 1662 there was published a quarto pamphlet entitled 'Henry Marten's Familiar Letters to his Lady of Delight,' published by 'Edmundus de Speciosa Villa,' i.e. Edmund Gayton [q. v.], and printed at Oxford. A second edition was printed at London in 1685. This contains some genuine letters from Marten to his mistress, Mary Ward, together with a letter in justification of his share in the king's death. Gayton added a preface, some mock heroic compositions of his own, and notes.  MARTEN, MARIA. [See under, murderer.]  MARTIAL or MARSHALL, RICHARD (d. 1563), dean of Christ Church, Oxford, possibly son of William Marshall (fl. 1535) [q. v.], was said to be from Kent, and was a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, from 1532 till 1538. He graduated B.A. 5 Dec. 1537, and his subsequent degrees were M.A. 5 Oct. 1540, B.D. October 1544, and D.D. 18 July 1552. He became fellow of his college in 1 538, but migrated to Christ Church about 1540, becoming a student there. At Corpus he was Greek lecturer, and noted as a strong Roman catholic of the old school. He was one of the witnesses against John Dunne in October 1538. In Edward's reign he is said to have turned protestant, and was vice-chancellor in 1552, but he 'returned to his vomit' under Mary. He also dug up the body of Peter Martyr's wife in Christ Church, and had it cast on his dunghill. In consequence of his activity he became dean of Christ Church in 1553, and is probably the Marshall or Martial who held prebends at St. Paul's and Winchester during Mary's reign. In 1554 he took part in the Oxford disputation on transubstantiation, and he was one of the witnesses against Cranmer, aided in the degradation of Ridley, and almost caught Jewel when he fled from Oxford after his recantation in the autumn of 1555. But at Elizabeth's accession he lost his preferments. He had, however, powerful friends, as he had been domestic chaplain to Lord Arundell. He is included in a list of persons in hiding early in Elizabeth's reign, and is supposed to have found refuge either with the Earl of Cumberland or Mr. Metcalf in the north. He was captured and brought to London, and signed a fresh recantation, which Strype prints, and was ready, it is said, to repeat it in public, but died, presumably in prison, some time in 1563.  MARTIALL or MARSHALL, JOHN (1534–1597), Roman catholic divine, was born in 1534 at Daylesford, Worcestershire, according to the Oxford records, though the admission-book of Winchester College states that he was a native of Defford, in that county (, Winchester Scholars, p. 124). He was admitted into Winchester College in 1545, and was elected to New College, Oxford, where he became a probationary fellow


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Smyth, Robert Brough


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Martiall 24 Aug. 1549, and a perpetual fellow in 1551. On 8 July 1550 he graduated B.C.L. (, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 149), and about the same time he was appointed usher, or second master, of Winchester School, under Thomas Hyde (1524-1597) [q. v.] Being attached to the Roman catholic religion he retired to Louvain soon after the accession of Elizabeth, and studied divinity. In 1568 he was invited to Douay by William (afterwards cardinal) Alien, and graduated B.D. in the university there, 6 July 1568. Martiall was one of the six persons who were first engaged in establishing the English College in that city, but he soon left the new seminary, on account of the smallness of his emolument (Records of the English Catholics, i. 3, 4). Afterwards, by the interest of Dr. Owen Lewis [q. v.l archdeacon of Hainault, and eventually bishop of Cassano, he was appointed a canon of the collegiate church of St. Peter at Lille in Flanders. The civil tumults in the Low Countries long prevented him from obtaining possession of his canonry, but he was formally installed in 1579, and he enjoyed the dignity foreighteen years (, De Anglice Scriptoribus, p. 795). He died on 3 April 1597 at Lille, in the arms of his friend William Gifford [q. v.], afterwards archbishop of Rheims, and was buried in St. Peter's Church.

He bequeathed a valuable ring, with a stone in it, to adorn a piece of the Cross, preserved as a relic in the cathedral at Lille. Martiall's works are: 1. 'A Treatyse of the Crosse, gathred out of the Scriptures, Councelles, and auncient Fathers of the Primitiue Church,' Antwerp, 1564, 8vo ; dedicated to Queen Elizabeth by the author, who was 'emboldened upon her keeping the image of a crucifix in her chapel' (Strype, Annals, i. 507-8). An answer published by Jamps Calf hill [q. v.] in 1565 was reprinted by the Parker Society in 1846. 2. 'A Replie to M. Calfhills "blasphemous Answer made against the Treatise of the Crosse,' Louvain, 1566, 4to. A rejoinder by William Fulke [q. v.], published with his ' Stapletoni Fortalitium Expugnatum,' London, 1580, 12mo, was printed in an English translation by the Parker Society in 1848. 3. 'A Treatise on the Tonsure of Clerics,' left imperfect, was not printed.  MARTIN. [See also and .]  MARTIN (d. 1241), bishop of Bangor. [See .]  MARTIN  (d. 1336), Franciscan, was a member of the Minorite convent at Oxford in 1300. He became D.D. and regent master of the Franciscan schools between 1300 and 1310. In 131 1 he was summoned to Avignon to take part on the controversy between the conventual and spiritual Franciscans, as one of the four advisers of the general minister. The dispute was tried by a commission of cardinals and theologians, and decided at the council of Vienne in favour of the better section of the conventuals. Martin pleaded the cause of the latter, and was eviuently one of the leading Franciscans of the time. Bale says that he died at Newcastle in 1336. He is said to have written a universal chronicle ; but that which is sometimes ascribed to him is the well-known chronicle of Martin us Polonus, friar preacher, with the continuation by Hermann Gygas ; (Arundel MS. Brit. Mus. 371, printed 1750). The 'Questiones Almoich in 1 et 2 Sententiarum,' now or formerly extant among the manuscripts in Bibliotheca S. Antonii, Padua (see, Catalogue, a.d. 1039), are probably by Friar William of Alnwick.  MARTIN, ANTHONY (d. 1597), miscellaneous writer, son of David Martin (d. 1556) of Twickenham, Middlesex, by his wife, Jane Cooke (d. 1563) of Greenwich, Kent, was a member of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, when Queen Elizabeth visited the university in August 1564. He does not appear to have graduated. About 1570 he was appointed gentleman sewer of the queen's chamber, which office he held for life. On the night of 27 April 1570, after leaving the palace at Westminster, he was waylaid by George Varneham of Richmond, Surrey, with whom he was at feud, and forced to fight with him. He gave Varneham a wound, of which he died the following day, and Martin had to enter into recognisances to appear at the next gaol delivery at Newgate (Middlesex County Records, ed. Jeaffreson, i. 65-6). By letters patent dated on 8 Aug. 1588 he was constituted keeper of the royal library within


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text: Author:George Herbert (1850-1895)

title: Author:George Herbert (1850-1895)


text:
Author:Alfred Maczewski

Works

 * Articles in A Dictionary of Music and Musicians edited by George Grove (1900)

title: Author:Alfred Maczewski


text: Author:Catherine Mary Phillimore

title: Author:Catherine Mary Phillimore


text:
Author:Carl Ferdinand Pohl

Works

 * Mozart and Haydn in London (1867)
 * Joseph Haydn (1875)

title: Author:Carl Ferdinand Pohl


text: Author:William Pulling

title: Author:William Pulling


text:
Author:Robert Prescott Stewart

Works

 * "O Come, All Ye Faithful", adaptation of Frederick Oakeley's translation of "Adeste Fideles"

title: Author:Robert Prescott Stewart


text: Author:Franklin Taylor

title: Author:Franklin Taylor


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Palmer, Hon. Sir James Frederick


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Parata, Wiremu


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Parker, Gilbert


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Parker, Sir Henry Watson


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Parker, Stephen Henry


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Parnell, Samuel Duncan


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Parry, Right Rev. Edward


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Parry, Right Rev. Henry Hutton


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Parsons, Hon. John Langdon


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pasley, Major-General Hon. Charles


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pater, Thomas Kennedy


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Paterson, Alexander Stewart


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Paterson, Hon. William


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Patterson, Hon. James Brown


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Patteson, Right Rev. John Coleridge


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Paul, George William


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Peacock, Hon. Alexander James


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pearson, Hon. Charles Henry


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pearson, Right Rev. Josiah Brown


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pearson, Hon. William


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pedder, Sir John Lewis


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pell, Professor Morris Birkbeck


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 4. The fourth line, divided, shows its subject with rags provided against any leak (in his boat), and on his guard all day long.

5. The fifth line, undivided, shows its subject (as) the neighbour in the east who slaughters an ox (for his sacrifice); but this is not equal to the (small) spring sacrifice of the neighbour in the west, whose sincerity receives the blessing.

6. The topmost line, divided, shows its subject with (even) his head immersed. The position is perilous.

LXIII. The character called Kî is used as a symbol of being past or completed. î denotes primarily crossing a stream, and has the secondary meaning of helping and completing. The two characters, combined, will express the successful accomplishment of whatever the writer has in his mind. In dealing with this lineal figure, king Wăn was thinking of the condition of the kingdom, at length at rest and quiet. The vessel of the state has been brought safely across the great and dangerous stream. The distresses of the kingdom have been relieved, and its disorders have been repressed. Does anything remain to be done still? Yes, in small things. The new government has to be consolidated. Its ruler must, without noise or clamour, go on to perfect what has been wrought, with firmness and correctness, and ever keeping in mind the instability of all human affairs. That every line of the hexagram is in its correct place, and has its proper correlate is also supposed to harmonize with the intimation of progress and success.

Line 1, the first of the hexagram, represents the time immediately after the successful achievement of the enterprise it denotes;--the time for resting and being quiet. For a season, at least, all movement should be hushed. Hence we have the symbolism of a driver trying to stop his carriage, and a fox who has wet his tail, and will not tempt the stream again.

Line 2 is weak, and in its proper place. It also has the strong correlate 5; and might be expected to be forward to act. But it occupies its correct and central place, and suggests the symbol of a lady whose carriage has lost its screen. She will not advance


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 12, 11. While Phî and Thâi their different scopes prefer,

34, 33. Tâ Kwang stops here as right; withdraws Thun there.

14. Tâ Yû adhering multitudes can show;

13. Thung Zăn reflects their warm affection's glow.

50, 51. Ting takes what's new; the old is left by Ko.

61, 62. Sincere is Kung Fû; but exceeds, Hsiâo Kwo.

55, 56. Făng tells of trouble; Lü can boast few friends.

30, 29. Fire mounts in Lî; water in Khân descends.

9. Hsiâo Khû with few 'gainst many foes contends.

10. Movement in Lî, unresting, never ends.

5. Hsü shows its subject making no advance:

6. In Sung we seek in vain a friendly glance;

28. And Tâ Kwo's overthrown with sad mischance.

44. Kâu shows a meeting, where the many strong Are met by one that's weak, yet struggles long.

53. In Kien we see a bride who will delay To move until the bridegroom takes his way.

27. Body and mind are nourished right in Î;

63. All things are well established in Kî î.


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Rh 1876 £3,464. By the last Census, taken in 1870, there were 14,619 persons of the Church of England; 7,118 Roman Catholics; 1,374 Wesleyans; 882 Independents; 583 other Protestants; and 309 Jews. By the returns of marriages given below it would appear that the relative proportions have altered:—

From the following accounts of the different establishments it will appear that the offices of religion and ministration of the Clergy are more generally accessible throughout the Colony than from its scattered population might be anticipated.

—The ministerial staff of the Anglican Church in this Colony consists, at the present time, of a Bishop, Dean, Archdeacon, and 18 licensed Clergymen in Priest's Orders. A layman awaits ordination prior to his taking charge of a district, and there are also two theological studentships founded by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge to further the training in the Colony of candidates for Holy Orders. There are 16 Parochial Districts, and two about to be formed. The financial affairs of the Church are under the control of an Incorporated Body, called the Standing Committee, which consists of the Bishop, three clerical and four lay members; all, with the exception of the Bishop, elected by the Synod at its annual session. The Synod is composed of all the licensed Clergy of the Diocese and of two lay representatives from each Parish. The Bishop is President, and has the power, never probably to be exercised, of putting a veto upon any Bill introduced for enactment.


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Rh There are 33 consecrated churches, and 25 schoolrooms and private houses in which Divine Service is celebrated. There are 12 parsonages, and the Bishop's House. The ecclesiastical edifices, while they display for the most part (as must be the case in the early days of every struggling Colony) a great absence of resources both in money and art, are sufficiently numerous and substantial to show the earnestness and zeal of the church people in securing the ministrations of religion.

A brief sketch of the history of the Church in this Colony may be interesting. The first clergyman officially connected with the Colony was the Rev. John Burdett Wittenoom, M.A., of Brasenose College, Oxon, who came here shortly after the Colony was founded, and held the Colonial Chaplaincy in Perth until his death at the close of 1854. Upon the constitution of the See of Adelaide, Western Australia was attached to that diocese, and formed a separate Archdeaconry, to which the Rev. John R. Wollaston, M.A., Christ College, Cambridge, was appointed. By the aid of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel and of the Colonial Church and School Society, as the latter was then called, supplemented by the Local Government, the number of the clergy was increased. Some of those whose services were thus engaged had received ordination at home, while two of the early settlers in the Colony received ordination from Bishop Short. The introduction of convicts in 1850 made the country settlers anxious to obtain more efficient spiritual oversight, and in answer to their appeal the Imperial Government, in 1852, sent out three Chaplains, one to Fremantle, one to York, and the other to Bunbury. From that date, the Imperial Government for many years made all appointments to


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Rh the Chaplaincies, the Colonial Government co-operating in its provision of (one half of) the stipend. In 1857, the See of Perth was constituted, and Dr. Mathew Blagden Hale, a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, who had been for several years Archdeacon of Adelaide, was appointed to the Bishopric. Dr. Hale arrived here as Bishop in 1858; but some months before his arrival Archdeacon Wollaston had entered into his rest. A long official journey undertaken in the heat of summer was followed by a brief illness, and his death. He is a man to be had in remembrance for his patient untiring zeal, and for the great simplicity and unselfishness of his character. Bishop Hale's episcopate lasted from 1857 to 1875. During it the Church of England here passed through many stages of progress. The vacant Archdeaconcy was filled up, a Dean appointed, and a site purchased for the Bishop's residence, which was subsequently erected in a great measure at the Bishop's cost, with lodgings for the Clergy in proximity to it. A little later, new chaplaincies were formed, a second Archdeaconry (now for some years in abeyance) founded at the North.; various Churches and Parsonages erected, and Synodical action established.

A great effort was made, supported by the munificence of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, to establish a good Collegiate School, after the model, on a smaller scale, of St Peter's School in Adelaide. Local contributions to the amount of £550 met the Society's grant of £1100, and after the opening of the school many endeavors were made to release it from accumulating debt, and to render it self-supporting. Unhappily, a few were left to struggle against the difficulties that the interest of the many would have surmounted, and the school was closed and the premises


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 out and going to pieces in this way, just on account of the indifference and neglect of one's posterity!"—and the poor ghost grated his teeth in a way that give me a wrench and a shiver—for the effect is mightily increased by the absence of muffling flesh and cuticle. "I reside in that old graveyard, and have for these thirty years; and I tell you things are changed since I laid this old tired frame there, and turned over, and stretched out for a long sleep, with a delicious sense upon me of being done with bother, and grief, and anxiety, and doubt, and fear, for ever and ever, and listening with comfortable and increasing satisfaction to the sexton's work, from the startling clatter of his first spadeful on my coffin till it dulled away to the faint patting that shaped the roof of my new home—delicious! My! I wish you could try it to night!" and out of my reverie deceased fetched me with a rattling slap with a bony hand.

"Yes, sir, thirty years ago I laid me down there, and was happy. For it was out in the country, then—out in the breezy, flowery, grand old woods, and the lazy winds gossiped with the leaves, and the squirrels capered over us and around us, and the creeping things visited us, and the birds filled the tranquil solitude with music. Ah, it was worth ten years of a man's life to be dead then! Everything was pleasant. I was in a good neighbourhood, for all the dead people that lived near me belonged to the best families in the city. Our posterity appeared to think the world of us. They kept our graves in the very best condition; the fences were always in faultless repair,

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 THE PEOPLE'S THEATER

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 [To face page 566. JULY 22nd, 1588. CAPTURE OF THE SAN SALVADOR. (From Pine's 'Tapestry Hangings of the House of Lords.')

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Page:Richard Nixon's presidential daily calendar - 1969.djvu/716

 APPENDIX D ATTENDANCE LIST

White House Reception May 7, 1969

Mr. Fred Agnich ✓

Mr. Olof V. Anderson ✓

Mr. and Mrs.✓ Alvin L. Aubinoe

Mr.✓ and Mrs.✓ James French Baldwin

Mr. and Mrs. George F. Barrett

Mr. F. Gregg Bemis, Jr.

Mr. W. M. Bennett

 — Mr. Farrell Willard

Mr. and Mrs. Gerhard D. Bleicken

Mr. Elmer H. Bobst

Mr.✓ and Mrs.✓ Samuel A. Breene

Mr.✓ Lewis T. Breuninger and guest

Mrs.✓ George C. Brock

The Honorable✓ and Mrs.✓ Wiley T. Buchanan

Mr.✓ and Mrs.✓ Roy Burlew

Mr.✓ and Mrs.✓ Neil Carothers

Mr.✓ and Mrs.✓ William Cassady

Mr.✓ Harry J. Cavanagh

Mr.✓ George Champion

Mrs.✓ Claire L. Chemault

The Honorable✓ George Christopher

Mr.✓ and Mrs.✓ J. D. Stetson Coleman

Mr.✓ and Mrs.✓ Howard V. Corcora

Mr.✓ James Crosby

Mr.✓ David Cudlip

Mr.✓ and Mrs.✓ Kenneth H. Dahlberg

Mr.✓ Bill Daniels

General✓ Harry Disston

Mr.✓ Fred L. Dixon

Mr.✓ and Mrs. Edward R. N. Douglas

Mr. Pierre S. duPont, IV

Mr.✓ Thomas B. Evans, Jr. & MRS.✓

Mr.✓ and Mrs.✓ Albert B. Fay

Mr. (and Mrs.) William H. Fetridge

Mr. Edward Ridley Finch, Jr.

Mr. Max M. Fisher

The Honorable and Mrs. J. Clifford

Mr.✓ and Mrs. E. A. Hayes

Mr. F. Peavey Heffelfinger

Mr.✓ and Mrs.✓ George Heinze

Mr.✓ (and Mrs.✓) F. Warren Hellman

Mr.✓ Marco F. Hellman

Colonel✓ (and Mrs.) Charles J. Hodge

Mr.✓ and Mrs.✓ Raymond C. Johnson


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Rh one morning, when it was found trampled into the mud at the foot of the staff, they left it there, and no man put his hand to it to hoist it again. A certain thing which was sure to happen sooner or later happened now. Some of the chief citizens went to the magistrate by night, and said, —

"We can endure this hated tyranny no longer. How can we cast it off?"

"By a coup d'etat."

"How?"

"A coup d'etat. It is like this: Everything is got ready, and at the appointed moment I, as the official head of the nation, publicly and solemnly proclaim its independence, and absolve it from allegiance to any and all other powers whatsoever."

"That sounds simple and easy. We can do that right away. Then what will be the next thing to do?"

"Seize all the defences and public properties of all kinds, establish martial law, put the army and navy on a war footing, and proclaim the empire!"

This fine programme dazzled these innocents. They said,

"This is grand, — this is splendid; but will not England resist?"

"Let her. This rock is a Gibraltar."

"True. But about the empire? Do we need an empire, and an emperor?"

"What you need my friends, is unification. Look at Germany; look at Italy. They are unified. Unification is the thing. It makes living dear. That constitutes

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Page 134.


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Page 69.


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Page 82.


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Page 64.


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Rh let to a gentleman keeping a private school, some years before Bishop Hale's resignation of the See.

The Native Mission, removed from Albany to Perth, was taken up by the Bishop at the request of the leading Church people of the Diocese, and placed under his sole charge. The present Mission House was built, and the boys and girls as they reached adult age sent to the more advanced institution at Poonindie, South Australia.

During Bishop Hale's episcopate, a change, slow in its operation, but most serious in its character, was made in the relation hitherto existing between the Church and the Colonial Government. In passing the Public Estimates through the Legislative Council, for 1872, the Ecclesiastical staff of the Church of England was removed from the Fixed Establishments, and the amount voted for Church purposes placed, with the grants for the Roman Catholic and Nonconformist Communions, under the general heading of "Ecclesiastical." The change seemed one of words, and excited little interest, but it involved the question of "Church and State," and within a day or two the Legislative Council passed a resolution affirming that this change in the Estimates was not to act prejudicially to the interest of existing Chaplains. One effect of this change was to rouse Churchmen to see clearly that when the vested interest of the Chaplains then in office shall have expired, the Church must find internal means of pecuniary support. To this awakening the institution of a Sustentation and Endowment Fund in the latter part of Bishop Hide's episcopate is due. The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and that for the Propagation of the Gospel agreed generously to contribute £200 each, annually, for a fixed period, to meet an annual contribution in the Colony of three times the amount.


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Rh of the other islands, when streams of molten lava and showers of ashes and scoriæ are ejected from chasms that open up in uncertain places. These eruptions drive all into the sea, or cause them to take shelter in the numerous caverns with which the islands abound. The red-hot lava and ashes cause terrible conflagrations in our forests, and many of those who are physically incapacitated from living in the water have been smoked or roasted to death in their subterranean retreats. In short, life on land is attended by so many discomforts and dangers that the country would long ago have been depopulated, were it not for the safe asylum afforded by our sub-aqueous abode."

I was much struck by the perfect stillness of the air, which seldom stirred the surface of the water sufficiently to cause the slightest ripple. It was owing to this glass-like smoothness of the surface that external objects were so distinctly observed through the circular opening I before described, and that such a perfect reflection of the bottom of the sea was seen from below.

I had read that even in tropical regions certain winds, which we call trade-winds, prevailed and a steady breeze blew almost constantly in one direction or another. To my inquiry whether this portion of the globe was not subject to these winds, the Instructor replied:—

"This region is situated precisely in the angle between the north-east and south-east trade-winds, and is quite exempt from their influence. We are occasionally visited by terrific cyclones or circular hurricanes, and then the surface of our inland sea is agitated to a considerable degree; but the agitation

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138 Upon Bishop Hale's translation to Brisbane, Dr. Henry H. Parry, a graduate of Balliol College, Oxon, for several years coadjutor Bishop of Barbadoes, was appointed to the See of Perth. During the short period of his administration, the affairs of the Church have received a great impulse. The Clergy have been considerably increased in number; grants have been made by the Parent Church Societies at home to meet our necessities, and a foundation laid by the generosity of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge towards the training of a native Ministry. The Church serving as a Cathedral is now condemned as unworthy of the noble purposes which a Cathedral is designed to discharge, and the erection of a handsome Parish Church, a more suitsblesuitable [sic] and the only available representative of what we want, has been resolved upon. Towards its erection between £5000 and £6000 have been raised, (part of it conditionally) in the Colony, while the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge has given £500 to this object. The erection of the material edifice will be accompanied by measures for establishing a small staff of Clergy in the capital, who shall personally carry out to the outlying districts fer and near the evidence of that central power and energy which the Mother Church is designed more silently to express.

In the furtherance of religious education, the disused Collegiate School-house is to be opened as a boarding house for the children of churchmen, feeding a secular High School established by the Government, while it honors and cherishes the first principles of our faith.

A scheme is also maturing by the Bishop for a dutiful, voluntary taxation of all classes of adult church-people in all parts of the diocese. Diligent


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Rh inquiries have also been set on foot as to the best method of teaching the native and half-caste population, so as to christianize and civilize them.

This sketch may suffice to show that, with grounds of humiliation within her communion, and with discouragements from without, God has hitherto helped her on her way,

—In the year 1843, on the petition of the few Roman Catholics residing in the Colony, Dr. Folding, Archbishop of Sydney, sent the Rev. J. Brady as his Vicar General, accompanied by the Rev. J. Joosteens. A grant of land having been obtained from the Government, the building of a church was commenced.

The Rev. J. Brady then proceeded to Rome, and on his giving an account of the new mission, the Congregation de Propaganda Fide recommended its erection into a new Diocese; and accordingly he was consecrated the first Bishop of Perth in May 1845. Desirous not only to supply the religious wants of the European population, but to civilize and christianize the Aborigines, he secured the assistance of Don Joseph Serra and Don Rosendo Salvado; also of some other religious persons from France, and some catechists, and nuns of the Institute of our Lady of Mercy for the education of children and the visitation of the sick. With those the Bishop arrived at Fremantle in January 184ft, when schools for boys, girls, and infants were commenced by the good ladies the Sisters of Mercy, who gained the sympathy of many parents of other religious denominations, who gladly availed themselves of their services for the education of their children.

The Bishop distributed his clergy in four divisions; the first to King George's Sound; the second to Port


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46 does not extend to any great depth, so that when we are four or five fathoms below the surface we are not aware of the slightest movement of the water, and would only know that a hurricane is raging above by the circumstance that then the mirror above us is broken into fragments, and where the sky is seen when it is calm through the circular opening, nothing but a patch of broken light is visible. But these hurricanes are of short duration, and occur at rare intervals, so that they do not interfere in the slightest degree with the avocations nor even with the amusements of the inhabitants of the watery depths.

It was some weeks before I could trust myself to stay altogether beneath the water, and to sleep there; but at last I accomplished even this most difficult feat. To do this at first, I had to lie down on my back, in a sort of niche among the corals lined with soft sponges, with an air-tube between my lips and a spring-compressor on my nose to prevent me drawing the water in by my nostrils. I practised regular breathing, which gradually seemed to come quite naturally and to be performed without conscious effort, nor was it interrupted when unconsciousness overtook me and I slept soundly. I was soon able to dispense with the nose-clip, the muscles of the nostrils acting automatically and closing the nasal orifices completely.

When I had thoroughly mastered this difficulty, my Instructor pronounced me qualified by aquatic accomplishments for admission as a citizen of this remarkable community.

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HILST fitting myself physically for the new life I was about to enter on, I was also engaged in adapting myself intellectually for the same object.

I have said nothing about the mode in which conversation is carried on below the water. Sound, as is well known, is transmitted more readily and with greater velocity through water than through air, but talking in the ordinary way is not practicable in water; for, with every word uttered, there comes out of the mouth a great bubble of air that very much interferes with the distinctness of the sound emitted, and has a most unbecoming and ridiculous appearance. Therefore, though a single word may occasionally be ejaculated, no conversation could be carried on in this way. And yet these submarine people are as great talkers as are to be found anywhere, and they have several different modes of conversing with one another; but all these modes are based on a common principle.

I have already stated that among the books in the Instructor's grotto were some which were filled with a strange character which I could not understand, consisting of dots and lines, like what we use in our telegraphic printing.

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Germany's High Seas Fleet in the World War/Preface

Preface
THE victor has the privilege of writing the story of the war; for one mistrusts the vanquished, because he will try to palliate and excuse his defeats. But we are victors and vanquished at one and the same time, and in depicting our success the difficult problem confronts us of not forgetting that our strength did not last out to the end.

Exceptionally tragic is the fate of our Fleet. It embodied the sense of power resulting from the unification of the Empire, a sense which was conscious of its responsibility to provide for the suitable security of our immensely flourishing political and economical ex- pansion. By creating a fleet we strengthened our claim to sea-power, without which the Empire must wither away, we remained a thorn in the side of the British, and their ill-will was the constant accompaniment of our growth. The freedom of the seas, which we strove for in line with our evolution, England was never willing to grant, even if it had to come to a world-War on the point.

In the four years' struggle which Germany waged against the desire of its enemies to destroy it, the Fleet was able, beyond all foreign expectations, to hold its own, and what is more, it was our conduct of the naval war that succeeded in forcing the stubborn enemy to the brink of destruction. But, nevertheless, we have lost the war, and with the surrender of the German Fleet the expectations of an independent shaping of our destiny have vanished for long enough.

To the history of the naval war, as it presented itself to me and was for some years carried on under my guidance, this book will add a contribution. I should like, however, along with the description of my war experiences, to give the assurance to the German people that the German Fleet, which ventured to boast of being a favourite creation of the nation, strove to do its duty, and entered into the war inspired only by the thought of justifying the confidence reposed in it and of standing on an equal footing with the warriors on land. The remembrance of the famous deeds which were accomplished on the sea will henceforth preserve over the grave of the German Fleet the hope that our race will succeed in creating for itself a position among the nations worthy of the German people.

SCHEER.

Weimar, September, 1919.