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182.] onwards. The moon had already arisen when they reached a hill on which they saw a crowd of little men and women, who had taken each other's hands, and were whirling round in the dance with the greatest pleasure and delight.

They sang to it most charmingly, and that was the music which the travellers had heard. In the midst of them sat an old man who was rather taller than the rest. He wore a parti-coloured coat, and his iron-grey beard hung down over his breast. The two remained standing full of astonishment, and watched the dance. The old man made a sign that they should enter, and the little folks willingly opened their circle. The goldsmith, who had a hump, and like all hunchbacks was brave enough, stepped in; the tailor felt a little afraid at first, and held back, but when he saw how merrily all was going, he plucked up his courage, and followed. The circle closed again directly, and the little folks went on singing and dancing with the wildest leaps. The old man, however, took a large knife which hung to his girdle, whetted it, and when it was sufficiently sharpened, he looked round at the strangers. They were terrified, but they had not much time for reflection, for the old man seized the goldsmith and with the greatest speed, shaved the hair of his head clean off, and then the same thing happened to the tailor. But their fear left them when, after he had finished his work, the old man clapped them both on the shoulder in a friendly manner, as much as to say, they had behaved well to let all that be done to them willingly, and without any struggle. He pointed with his finger to a heap of coals which lay at one side, and signified to the travellers by his gestures that they were to fill their pockets with them. Both of them obeyed, although they did not know of what use the coals would be to them, and then they went on their way to seek a shelter for the night. When they had got into the valley, the clock of the neighbouring monastery struck twelve, and the song ceased. In a moment all had vanished, and the hill lay in solitude in the moonlight.

The two travellers found an inn, and covered themselves

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300 up on their straw-beds with, their coats, but in their weariness forgot to take the coals out of them before doing so. A heavy weight on their limbs awakened them earlier than usual. They felt in the pockets, and could not believe their eyes when they saw that they were not filled with coals, but with pure gold; happily, too, the hair of their heads and beards was there again as thick as ever.

They had now become rich folks, but the goldsmith, who, in accordance with his greedy disposition, had filled his pockets better, was as rich again as the tailor. A greedy man, even if he has much, still wishes to have more, so the goldsmith proposed to the tailor that they should wait another day, and go out again in the evening in order to bring back still greater treasures from the old man on the hill. The tailor refused, and said, "I have enough and am content; now I shall be a master, and marry my dear object (for so he called his sweetheart), and I am a happy man." But he stayed another day to please him. In the evening the goldsmith hung a couple of bags over his shoulders that he might be able to stow away a great deal, and took the road to the hill. He found, as on the night before, the little folks at their singing and dancing, and the old man again shaved him clean, and signed to him to take some coal away with him. He was not slow about sticking as much into his bags as would go, went back quite delighted, and covered himself over with his coat. "Even if the gold does weigh heavily," said he, "I will gladly bear that," and at last he fell asleep with the sweet anticipation of waking in the morning an enormously rich man.

When he opened his eyes, he got up in haste to examine his pockets, but how amazed he was when he drew nothing out of them but black coals, and that howsoever often he put his hands in them. "The gold I got the night before is still there for me," thought he, and went and brought it out, but how shocked he was when he saw that it likewise had again turned into coal. He smote his forehead with his dusty black hand, and then he felt that his whole head was bald and smooth, as was also the place where his beard should have been. But his misfortunes


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183.] were not yet over; he now remarked for the first time that in addition to the hump on his back, a second, just as large, had grown in front on his breast. Then he recognized the punishment of his greediness, and began to weep aloud. The good tailor, who was wakened by this, comforted the unhappy fellow as well as he could, and said, "Thou hast been my comrade in my travelling time; thou shalt stay with me and share in my wealth." He kept his word, but the poor goldsmith was obliged to carry the two humps as long as he lived, and to cover his bald head with a cap.

A tailor who was great at boasting but ill at doing, took it into his head to go abroad for a while, and look about the world. As soon as he could manage it, he left his workshop, and wandered on his way, over hill and dale, sometimes hither, sometimes thither, but ever on and on. Once when he was out he perceived in the blue distance a steep hill, and behind it a tower reaching to the clouds, which rose up out of a wild dark forest. "Thunder and lightning," cried the tailor, "what is that?" and as he was strongly goaded by curiosity, he went boldly towards it. But what made the tailor open his eyes and mouth when he came near it, was to see that the tower had legs, and leapt in one bound over the steep hill, and was now standing as an all powerful giant before him. "What dost thou want here, thou tiny fly's leg?" cried the giant, with a voice as if it were thundering on every side. The tailor whimpered, "I want just to look about and see if I can earn a bit of bread for myself, in this forest." "If that is what thou art after," said the giant, "thou mayst have a place with me." "If it must be, why not? What wages shall I receive?" "Thou shalt hear what wages thou shalt have. Every year three hundred and sixty-five days, and when it is leap-year, one more into the bargain. Does that suit thee?"


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302 "All right," replied the tailor, and thought, in his own mind, "a man must cut his coat according to his cloth; I will try to get away as fast as I can." On this the giant said to him, "Go, little ragamuffin, and fetch me a jug of water." "Had I not better bring the well itself at once, and the spring too?" asked the boaster, and went with the pitcher to the water. "What! the well and the spring too," growled the giant in his beard, for he was rather clownish and stupid, and began to be afraid. "That knave is not a fool, he has a wizard in his body. Be on thy guard, old Hans, this is no serving-man for thee." When the tailor had brought the water, the giant bade him go into the forest, and cut a couple of blocks of wood and bring them back. "Why not the whole forest, at once, with one stroke. The whole forest, young and old, with all that is there, both rough and smooth?" asked the little tailor, and went to cut the wood. "What! the whole forest, young and old, with all that is there, both rough and smooth, and the well and its spring too," growled the credulous giant in his beard, and was still more terrified. "The knave can do much more than bake apples, and has a wizard in his body. Be on thy guard, old Hans, this is no serving-man for thee!" When the tailor had brought the wood, the giant commanded him to shoot two or three wild boars for supper. "Why not rather a thousand at one shot, and bring them all here?" inquired the ostentatious tailor. "What!" cried the timid giant in great terror; "Let well alone to-night, and lie down to rest."

The giant was so terribly alarmed that he could not close an eye all night long for thinking what would be the best way to get rid of this accursed sorcerer of a servant. Time brings counsel. Next morning the giant and the tailor went to a marsh, round which stood a number of willow-trees. Then said the giant, "Hark thee, tailor, seat thyself on one of the willow-branches, I long of all things to see if thou art big enough to bend it down." All at once the tailor was sitting on it, holding his breath, and making himself so heavy that the bough bent down. When, however, he was compelled to draw breath, it hurried him (for unfortunately he had not put


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184.] his goose in his pocket) so high into the air that he never was seen again, and this to the great delight of the giant. If the tailor has not fallen down again, he must be hovering about in the air.

A had done good business at the fair; he had sold his wares, and lined his money-bags with gold and silver. Then he wanted to travel homewards, and be in his own house before nightfall. So he packed his trunk with the money on his horse, and rode away.

At noon he rested in a town, and when he wanted to go farther the stable-boy brought out his horse and said, "A nail is wanting, sir, in the shoe of its left hind foot." "Let it be wanting," answered the merchant; "the shoe will certainly stay on for the six miles I have still to go. I am in a hurry."

In the afternoon, when he once more alighted and had his horse fed, the stable-boy went into the room to him and said, "Sir, a shoe is missing from your horse's left hind foot. Shall I take him to the blacksmith?" "Let it still be wanting," answered the man; "the horse can very well hold out for the couple of miles which remain. I am in haste."

He rode forth, but before long the horse began to limp. It had not limped long before it began to stumble, and it had not stumbled long before it fell down and broke its leg. The merchant was forced to leave the horse where it was, and unbuckle the trunk, take it on his back, and go home on foot. And there he did not arrive until quite late at night. "And that unlucky nail," said he to himself, "has caused all this disaster."

Hasten slowly.


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304

was once a poor shepherd-boy whose father and mother were dead, and he was placed by the authorities in the house of a rich man, who was to feed him and bring him up. The man and his wife had, however, bad hearts, and were greedy and anxious about their riches, and vexed whenever any one put a morsel of their bread in his mouth. The poor young fellow might do what he liked, he got little to eat, but only so many blows the more.

One day he had to watch a hen and her chickens, but she ran through a quick-set hedge with them, and a hawk darted down instantly, and carried her off through the air. The boy called, "Thief! thief! rascal!" with all the strength of his body. But what good did that do? The hawk did not bring its prey back again. The man heard the noise, and ran to the spot, and as soon as he saw that his hen was gone, he fell in a rage, and gave the boy such a beating that he could not stir for two days. Then he had to take care of the chickens without the hen, but now his difficulty was greater, for one ran here and the other there. He thought he was doing a very wise thing when he tied them all together with a string, because then the hawk would not be able to steal any of them away from him. But he was very much mistaken. After two days, worn out with running about and hunger, he fell asleep; the bird of prey came, and seized one of the chickens, and as the others were tied, fast to it, it carried them all off together, perched itself on a tree, and devoured them. The farmer was just coming home, and when he saw the misfortune, he got angry and beat the boy so unmercifully that he was forced to lie in bed for several days.

When he was on his legs again, the farmer said to him, "Thou art too stupid for me, I cannot make a herdsman of thee, thou must go as errand-boy." Then he sent him to the judge, to whom he was to carry a basketful of grapes, and he gave him a letter as well. On the way hunger and thirst tormented the unhappy boy so violently that he ate two of the bunches of grapes. He took the basket to the judge, but when the judge had read the letter, and


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185.] counted the bunches he said, "Two clusters are wanting." The boy confessed quite honestly that, driven by hunger and thirst, he had devoured the two which were wanting. The judge wrote a letter to the farmer, and asked for the same number of grapes again. These also the boy had to take to him with a letter. As he again was so extremely hungry and thirsty, he could not help it, and again ate two bunches. But first he took the letter out of the basket, put it under a stone and seated himself thereon in order that the letter might not see and betray him. The judge, however, again made him give an explanation about the missing bunches. "Ah," said the boy, "how have you learnt that? The letter could not know about it, for I put it under a stone before I did it." The judge could not help laughing at the boy's simplicity, and sent the man a letter wherein he cautioned him to keep the poor boy better, and not let him want for meat and drink, and also that he was to teach him what was right and what was wrong.

"I will soon show thee the difference," said the hard man, "if thou wilt eat, thou must work, and if thou dost anything wrong, thou shalt be quite sufficiently taught by blows."

The next day he set him a hard task. He was to chop two bundles of straw for food for the horses, and then the man threatened: "In five hours," said he, "I shall be back again, and if the straw is not cut to chaff by that time, I will beat thee until thou canst not move a limb." The farmer went with his wife, the man-servant and the girl, to the yearly fair, and left nothing behind for the boy but a small bit of bread. The boy seated himself on the bench, and began to work with all his might. As he got warm over it he put his little coat off and threw it on the straw. In his terror lest he should not get done in time he kept constantly cutting, and in his haste, without noticing it, he chopped his little coat as well as the straw. He became aware of the misfortune too late; there was no repairing it. "Ah," cried he, "now all is over with me! The wicked man did not threaten me for nothing; if he comes back and sees what I have done, he will kill me. Rather than that I will take my own life."


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Mr. Punch's Book of Sports HOW TO WIN THE DERBY

(By one who has all but done it.)

great care in purchasing a really good colt. Don't let expense stand in your way, but be sure you get for money money's worth.

Obtain the most experienced trainer in the market, and confide your colt to his care. But, at the same time, let him have the advantage of your personal encouragement and the opinion of those of your sporting friends upon whose judgment you can place reliance.

When the day of the great race draws near, secure the most reliable jockey and every other advantage that you can obtain for your valuable animal.

Then, having taken every precaution to win the Derby, why—win it!


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306 The boy had once heard the farmer's wife say, "I have a pot with poison in it under my bed." She, however, had only said that to keep away greedy people, for there was honey in it. The boy crept under the bed, brought out the pot, and ate all that was in it. "I do not know," said he, "folks say death is bitter, but it tastes very sweet to me. It is no wonder that the farmer's wife has so often longed for death." He seated himself in a little chair, and was prepared to die. But instead of becoming weaker he felt himself strengthened by the nourishing food. "It cannot have been poison," thought he, "but the farmer once said there was a small bottle of poison for flies in the box in which he keeps his clothes; that, no doubt, will be the true poison, and bring death to me." It was, however, no poison for flies, but Hungarian wine. The boy got out the bottle, and emptied it. "This death tastes sweet too," said he, but shortly after when the wine began to mount into his brain and stupefy him, he thought his end was drawing near. "I feel that I must die," said he, "I will go away to the churchyard, and seek a grave." He staggered out, reached the churchyard, and laid himself in a newly-dug grave. He lost his senses more and more. In the neighbourhood was an inn where a wedding was being kept; when he heard the music, he fancied he was already in Paradise, until at length he lost all consciousness. The poor boy never awoke again; the heat of the strong wine and the cold night-dew deprived him of life, and he remained in the grave in which he had laid himself.

When the farmer heard the news of the boy's death he was terrified, and afraid of being brought to justice—indeed, his distress took such a powerful hold of him that he fell fainting to the ground. His wife, who was standing on the hearth with a pan of hot fat, ran to him to help him. But the flames darted against the pan, the whole house caught fire, in a few hours it lay in ashes, and the rest of the years they had to live they passed in poverty and misery, tormented by the pangs of conscience.


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70 "Come, my head's free at last!" said Alice in a tone of delight, which changed into alarm in another moment, when she found that her shoulders were nowhere to be found: all she could see when she looked down, was an immense length of neck, which seemed to rise like a stalk out of a sea of green leaves that lay far below her.

"What can all that green stuff be?" said Alice. "And where have my shoulders got to? And oh, my poor hands, how is it I can't see you?" She was moving them about as she spoke, but no result seemed to follow, except a little shaking among the distant green leaves.

As there seemed to be no chance of getting her hands up to her head, she tried to get her head down to them, and was delighted to find that her neck would bend about easily in any direction, like a serpent. She had just succeeded in curving it down into a graceful zigzag, and was going to dive in among the leaves, which she found to be nothing but the tops of the trees


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Rh under which she had been wandering, when a sharp hiss made her draw back in a hurry: a large pigeon had flown into her face, and was beating her violently with its wings.

"Serpent!" screamed the Pigeon.

"I'm not a serpent!" said Alice indignantly. "Let me alone!"

"Serpent, I say again!" repeated the Pigeon, but in a more subdued tone, and added with a kind of sob, "I've tried every way, and nothing seems to suit them!"

"I haven't the least idea what you're talking about," said Alice.

"I've tried the roots of trees, and I've tried banks, and I've tried hedges," the Pigeon went on, without attending to her; "but those serpents! There's no pleasing them!"

Alice was more and more puzzled, but she thought there was no use in saying anything more till the Pigeon had finished.

"As if it wasn't trouble enough hatching the eggs," said the Pigeon; "but I must be on


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72 the look-out for serpents night and day! Why, I haven't had a wink of sleep these three weeks!"

"I'm very sorry you've been annoyed," said Alice, who was beginning to see its meaning.

"And just as I'd taken the highest tree in the wood," continued the Pigeon, raising its voice to a shriek, "and just as I was thinking I should be free of them at last, they must needs come wriggling down from the sky! Ugh, Serpent!"

"But I'm not a serpent, I tell you!" said Alice. "I'm a I'm a"

"Well! What are you?" said the Pigeon. "I can see you're trying to invent something!"

"I—I'm a little girl," said Alice, rather doubtfully, as she remembered the number of changes she had gone through that day.

"A likely story indeed!" said the Pigeon in a tone of the deepest contempt. "I've seen a good many little girls in my time, but never one with such a neck as that! No, no! You're a


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Rh serpent; and there's no use denying it. I suppose you'll be telling me next that you never tasted an egg!"

"I have tasted eggs, certainly," said Alice, who was a very truthful child; "but little girls eat eggs quite as much as serpents do, you know."

"I don't believe it," said the Pigeon; "but if they do, why then they're a kind of serpent, that's all I can say."

This was such a new idea to Alice, that she was quite silent for a minute or two, which gave the Pigeon the opportunity of adding, "You're looking for eggs, I know that well enough; and what does it matter to me whether you're a little girl or a serpent?"

"It matters a good deal to me," said Alice hastily; "but I'm not looking for eggs, as it happens; and if I was, I shouldn't want yours: I don't like them raw."

"Well, be off, then!" said the Pigeon in a sulky tone, as it settled down again into its


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74 nest. Alice crouched down among the trees as well as she could, for her neck kept getting entangled among the branches, and every now and then she had to stop and untwist it. After a while she remembered that she still held the pieces of mushroom in her hands, and she set to work very carefully, nibbling first at one and then at the other, and growing sometimes taller and sometimes shorter, until she had succeeded in bringing herself down to her usual height.

It was so long since she had been anything near the right size, that it felt quite strange at first; but she got used to it in a few minutes, and began talking to herself, as usual. "Come, there's half my plan done now! How puzzling all these changes are! I'm never sure what I'm going to be, from one minute to another! However, I've got back to my right size: the next thing is, to get into that beautiful garden—how is that to be done, I wonder?" As she said this, she came suddenly


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 of physical science, immersed as its students are apt to be in problems dealing with tangible facts in the world of experience, that there is a tendency among them to claim a superior status of objective reality and finality for the laws to which their data are found to conform. But these generalizations are not ultimate truths, when we have to consider the nature of experience itself. “Because reference to the Deity will not serve for a physical explanation in physics, or a chemical explanation in chemistry, it does not therefore follow,” as Professor Ward says (op. cit. vol. i. p. 24), “that the sum total of scientific knowledge is equally intelligible whether we accept the theistic hypothesis or not. It is true that every item of scientific knowledge is concerned with some definite relation of definite phenomena, and with nothing else; but, for all that, the systematic organization of such items may quite well yield further knowledge, which transcends the special relations of definite phenomena.”

At the opening of the era of modern scientific discovery, with all its fruitful new generalizations, the still more highly generalized laws of epistemology and of the spiritual constitution of man might well baffle the physicist and lead his intellect to “flounder.” It is fundamentally necessary, in order to avoid such floundering, that the “knowledge” of things sensible should be kept distinct from the “knowledge” of things spiritual; yet in practice they are constantly confused. When the physicist limits the term “knowledge” to the conclusions from physical apprehensions, his refusal to extend it to conclusions from moral and spiritual apprehensions is merely the consequence of an illegitimate definition. He relies on the validity of his perceptions of physical facts; but the saint and the theologian are no less entitled to rely on the validity of their moral and spiritual experiences. In each case the data rest on an ultimate basis, undemonstrable, indeed, to any one who denies them (even if he be called mad for doing so), except by the continuous process of working out their own proofs, and showing their consistency with, or necessity in, the scheme of things terrestrial on the one hand, or the mind and happiness of man on the other. The tests in each case differ; and it is as irrelevant for the theologian to dispute the “knowledge” of the physicist, by arguments from faith and religion, as it is for the physicist to deny the “knowledge” of the theologian from the point of view of one who ignores the possibility of spiritual apprehension altogether. On the ground of secular history and secular evidence both might reasonably meet, as regards the facts, though not perhaps as to their interpretation; but the reason why they ultimately differ is to be found simply in the difference of their mental attitude towards the nature of “knowledge”—itself a difference of opinion as to the nature of man.

AGNUS DEI, the figure of a lamb bearing a cross, symbolical of the Saviour as the “Lamb of God.” The device is common in ecclesiastical art, but the name is especially given in the Church of Rome to a small cake made of the wax of the Easter candles and impressed with this figure. Since the 9th century it has been customary for the popes to bless these cakes, and distribute them on the Sunday after Easter among the faithful, by whom they are highly prized as having the power to avert evil. In modern times the distribution has been limited to persons of distinction, and is made by the pope on his accession and every seven years thereafter.

Agnus Dei is also the popular name for the anthem beginning with these words, which is said to have been introduced into the missal by Pope Sergius I. (687–701). Based upon John i. 29, the Latin form is Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis. In the celebration of the mass it is repeated three times before the communion, and it is also appended to many of the litanies. By the judgment in the case of “Read and others v. The Bishop of Lincoln” it was decided in 1890 that the singing of the Agnus Dei in English by the choir during the administration of the Holy Communion, provided that the reception of the elements be not delayed till its conclusion, is not illegal in the Church of England.

AGOBARD (c. 779–840), Carolingian prelate and reformer, became coadjutor to Leidrad, archbishop of Lyons, in 813, and on the death of the latter succeeded him in the see (816). We know nothing of his early life nor of his descent. He pursued the same vigorous policy as his predecessor, who had been one of Charlemagne’s most active agents in the reformation of the Church. He was strongly opposed to the schemes of the empress Judith for a redivision of the empire in favour of her son Charles the Bald, Which he regarded as the cause of all the subsequent evils, and supported Lothair and Pippin against their father the emperor Louis I. Deposed in 835 by the council of Thionville, he made his peace with the emperor and was reinstated in 837. Agobard occupies an important place in the Carolingian renaissance. He wrote extensively not only theological works but also political pamphlets and dissertations directed against popular superstitions. These last works are unique in the literature of the time. He denounced the trial by ordeal of fire and water, the belief in witchcraft, and the ascription of tempests to magic, maintained the Carolingian opposition to image-worship, but carried his logic farther and opposed the adoration of the saints. The basis for this crusade was theological, not scientific; but it reveals a clear intellect and independent judgment In his purely theological works Agobard was strictly orthodox, except that he denied the verbal inspiration of the Scriptures. Agobard was reverenced as a saint in Lyons, and although his canonization is disputed his life is given by the Bollandists, Acta Sanctorum, Jun. ii. 748.

AGONALIA, in ancient Rome, festivals celebrated on the 9th of January, 17th of March, 21st of May, and 11th of December in each year in honour of various divinities (Ovid, Fasti, i. 319-332). The word is derived either from agonia, “a victim,” or from agonium, “a festival.”

AGONIC LINES (from Gr. -, privative, and , an angle), the term given to the imaginary lines on the earth’s surface connecting points at which the magnetic needle points to the geographical north and south. (See .)

AGONOTHETES, in ancient Greece, the president or superintendent of the sacred games. At first the person who instituted the games and defrayed the expenses was the Agonothetes; but in the great public games, such as the Olympic and Pythian, these presidents were the representatives of different states, or were chosen from the people in whose country the games were celebrated; thus at the Panathenaic festival at Athens ten athlothetae were elected for four years to superintend the various contests. They were variously called ,  ,  ,  ,  (at Athens),  or  (from the rod or sceptre emblematic of their authority), but their functions were generally the same.

AGORA, originally, in primitive times, the assembly of the Greek people, convoked by the king or one of his nobles. The right of speech and vote was restricted to the nobles, the people being permitted to express their opinion only by signs of applause or disapproval. The word then came to be used for the place where assemblies were held, and thus from its convenience as a meeting-place the agora became in most of the cities of Greece the general resort for public and especially commercial intercourse, corresponding in general with the Roman forum. At Athens, with the increase of commerce and political interest, it was found advisable to call public meetings at the Pnyx or the temple of Dionysus; but the important assemblies, such as meetings for ostracism, were held in the agora. In the best days of Greece the agora was the place where nearly all public traffic

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Rh upon an open place, with a little house in it about four feet high. "Whoever lives there," thought Alice, "it'll never do to come upon them this size: why, I should frighten them out of their wits!" So she began nibbling at the right-hand bit again, and did not venture to go near the house till she had brought herself down to nine inches high.


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 (4) Son of Eudamidas II., of the Eurypontid family, commonly called Agis III. He succeeded his father probably in 245, in his twentieth year. At this time the state had been brought to the brink of ruin by the growth of avarice and luxury; there was a glaring inequality in the distribution of land and wealth, and the number of full citizens had sunk to 700, of whom about 100 practically monopolized the land. Though reared in the height of luxury he at once determined to restore the traditional institutions of Lycurgus, with the aid of Lysander, a descendant of the victor of Aegospotami, and Mandrocleidas, a man of noted prudence and courage; even his mother, the wealthy Agesistrata, threw herself heartily into the cause. A powerful but not disinterested ally was found in the king’s uncle, Agesilaus, who hoped to rid himself of his debts without losing his vast estates. Lysander as ephor proposed on behalf of Agis that all debts should be cancelled and that Laconia should be divided into 19,500 lots, of which 4500 should be given to Spartiates, whose number was to be recruited from the best of the perioeci and foreigners, and the remaining 15,000 to perioeci who could bear arms. The Agiad king Leonidas having prevailed on the council to reject this measure, though by a majority of only one, was deposed in favour of his son-in-law Cleombrotus, who assisted Agis in bearing down opposition by the threat of force. The abolition of debts was carried into effect, but the land distribution was put off by Agesilaus on various pretexts. At this point Aratus appealed to Sparta to help the Achaeans in repelling an expected Aetolian attack, and Agis was sent to the Isthmus at the head of an army. In his absence the open violence and extortion of Agesilaus, combined with the popular disappointment at the failure of the agrarian scheme, brought about the restoration of Leonidas and the deposition of Cleombrotus, who took refuge at the temple of Apollo at Taenarum and escaped death only at the entreaty of his wife, Leonidas’s daughter Chilonis. On his return Agis fled to the temple of Athene Chalcioecus at Sparta, but soon afterwards he was treacherously induced to leave his asylum and, after a mockery of a trial, was strangled in prison, his mother and grandmother sharing the same fate (241). Though too weak and good-natured to cope with the problem which confronted him, Agis was characterized by a sincerity of purpose and a blend of youthful modesty with royal dignity, which render him perhaps the most attractive figure in the whole of Spartan history.

See Plutarch’s biography. Pausanias’ accounts (ii. 8. 5, vii. 7. 3, viii. 10. 5-8, 27. 13) of his attack on Megalopolis, his seizure of Pellene and his death at Mantinea fighting against the Arcadians, Acaheans and Sicyonians are without foundation (J. C. F. Manso, Sparta, iii. 2. 123-127). See also Manso, op. cit. iii. 1. 276-302; B. Niese, Geschichte der griechischen und makedonischen Staaten, ii. 299-303.

AGISTMENT. To “agist” (from O. Fr. agister, derived from gésir—Lat. jacere—to lie) is, in law, to take cattle to graze, for a remuneration. “Agistment,” in the first instance, referred more particularly to the proceeds of pasturage in the king’s forests, but now means either (a) the contract for taking in and feeding horses or other cattle on pasture land, for the consideration of a weekly payment of money, or (b) the profit derived from such pasturing. Agistment is a contract of bailment, and the bailer is bound to take reasonable care of the animals entrusted to him; he is responsible for damages and injury which result from ordinary casualties, if it be proved that such might have been prevented by the exercise of great care. There is no lien on the cattle for the price of the agistment, unless by express agreement. Under the Agricultural Holdings Act 1883, agisted cattle cannot be distrained on for rent if there be other sufficient distress to be found, and if such other distress be not found, and the cattle be distrained, the owner may redeem them on paying the price of their agistment. The tithe of agistment or “tithe of cattle and other produce of grass lands,” was formally abolished by the act of union in 1707, on a motion submitted with a view to defeat that measure.

AGITATORS, or, the name given to representatives elected in 1647 by the different regiments of the English Parliamentary army. The word really means an agent, but it was confused with “adjutant,” often called “agitant,” a title familiar to the soldiers, and thus the form “adjutator” came into use. Early in 1647 the Long Parliament wished either to disband many of the regiments or to send them to Ireland. The soldiers, whose pay was largely in arrear, refused to accept either alternative, and eight of the cavalry regiments elected agitators, called at first commissioners, who laid their grievances before the three generals, and whose letter was read in the House of Commons on the 30th of April 1647. The other regiments followed the example of the cavalry, and the agitators, who belonged to the lower ranks of the army, were supported by many of the officers, who showed their sympathy by signing the Declaration of the army. Cromwell and other generals succeeded to some extent in pacifying the troops by promising the payment of arrears for eight weeks at once; but before the return of the generals to London parliament had again decided to disband the army, and soon afterwards fixed the 1st of June as the date on which this process was to begin. Again alarmed, the agitators decided to resist; a mutiny occurred in one regiment and the attempt at disbandment failed. Then followed the seizure of the king by Cornet Joyce, Cromwell’s definite adherence to the policy of the army, the signing of the manifestoes; a Humble Representation and a Solemn Engagement and the establishment of the army council composed of officers and agitators. Having, at an assembly on Thriplow Heath, near Royston, virtually refused the offers made by parliament, the agitators demanded a march towards London and the “purging” of the House of Commons. Subsequent events are part of the general history of England. Gradually the agitators ceased to exist, but many of their ideas were adopted by the (q.v.), who may perhaps be regarded as their successors. Gardiner says of them, “Little as it was intended at the time, nothing was more calculated than the existence of this elected body of agitators to give to the army that distinctive political and religious character which it ultimately bore.”

 AGLIARDI, ANTONIO (1832–), papal diplomatist, was born at Cologno (Bergamo), Italy, on the 4th of September 1832. He studied theology and canon law, and, after acting as parish priest in his native diocese for twelve years, was sent by the pope to Canada as a bishop’s chaplain. On his return he was appointed secretary to the Propaganda. In 1884 he was created by Leo XIII. archbishop of Caesarea in partibus and sent to India to report on the establishment of the hierarchy there. In 1887 he again visited India, to carry out the terms of the concordat arranged with Portugal. The same year he was appointed secretary to the Congregation super negotiis ecclesiae extraordinariis, in 1889 became papal nuncio at Munich and in 1892 at Vienna. Allowing himself to be involved in the ecclesiastical disputes by which Hungary was divided in 1895, he was made the subject of formal complaint by the Hungarian government and in 1896 was recalled. His services were rewarded by a cardinalate and the archbishopric of Ferrara. In 1903 he was named vice-chancellor of the Roman Church.

AGNANO, LAGO DI, a circular lake, 5 m. W. of Naples, Italy. It was apparently not formed until the middle ages, as it is not mentioned by ancient writers; it was drained in 1870. It occupied the crater of an extinct volcano, 4 m. in circumference. On the south bank are the Stufe di S. Germano, natural sulphureous vapour baths, and close by is the Grotta del Cane, from the floor of which warm carbonic acid gas constantly rises to a height of 18 in., the fumes of which render a dog insensible in a few seconds. It is mentioned by Pliny (Nat. Hist. ii. 93). Remains of an extensive Roman building and some statues have been discovered close by.

AGNATES (Agnati), in Roman law, persons related through males only, as opposed to cognates. Agnation was founded on the idea of the family held together by the patria potestas ; cognatio involves simply the modern idea of kindred.

AGNES, SAINT, a virgin martyr of the Catholic Church. The legend of St Agnes is that she was a Roman maid, by birth a

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 their ten-game losing streak, arrived at Crosley Field, August 25. Sandy Koufax promptly braked the nosedive with a five-hitter, 7 to 2. Los Angeles won again the next day, 10 to 6. With a sweep of the Sunday bill, August 27, the Dodgers could retake the lead. They raced off to a 5 to 1 lead in the opener of the Sabbath double-header, but Cincinnati fought back to win, 6 to 5. When the Reds also won the nightcap, 8 to 3, behind Ken Johnson, they again were three and one-half games in front.

Following the Cincinnati series, the Dodgers won seven of their next nine engagements, capped by a four-game sweep over the Giants. The spurt reduced the Reds' advantage to a mere one game, September 6. But Alston's crew then went to San Francisco for the second half of a home-and-home series and faltered again, losing three in a row.

The Reds, meanwhile, opened their final home stand, September 8, by launching a six-game victory streak. They eventually clinched the flag on Tuesday, September 26. Sparked by Frank Robinson's two-run homer in the seventh inning and Jerry Lynch's two-run blast in the eighth, the Reds came from behind at Chicago to win, 6 to 3, and be assured of at least a pennant tie. Some six hours later, the race was over when Pirate Lefty Joe Gibbon blanked the Dodgers on one hit, 8 to 0, to snuff out their last hope.

Two player deals negotiated by Bill DeWitt the previous winter loomed large in Cincinnati's flag success. Less than six weeks after being appointed G. M., DeWitt completed a three-way swap in which the Reds obtained Pitcher Joey Jay from Milwaukee and Third Baseman Gene Freese from the Chicago White Sox. In the exchange, the Rhinelanders gave up Shortstop Roy McMillan, Pitcher Cal McLish and a minor leaguer.

Jay had never won more than nine games in his seven seasons with the Braves, but under Hutchinson's guidance the 26-year-old righthander blossomed into a star. Racking up a 21-10 record, Jay became the Reds' first 20-game winner since Ewell Blackwell in 1947. At the same time, Freese proved an early spark at bat and finished with 26 home runs and 87 RBIs while batting .277.

Frank Robinson was Cincinnati's big siege gun. Enjoying the finest year of his career, he batted .323, walloped 37 homers and drove in 124 runs to win league MVP honors. His outfield sidekick, Vada Pinson, also had a banner season, finishing second in the league batting race with .343 and producing 87 RBIs. Gordy Coleman also drove in 87 runs while socking 26 homers.

Next to Jay, Cincinnati's leading winner was Jim O'Toole. The lefthander posted a 19-9 ledger and the league's second lowest ERA, 3.09. Bob Purkey, the other member of the club's Big Three, won 16 games while losing 12. Rookie Ken Hunt furnished an early lift by gaining nine victories through July 7 before fading. Ken Johnson, purchased from Toronto on July 21, took up the late slack with a 6-2 record. Jim Brosnan proved a tower of strength in the bull pen with a 10-4 ledger.

Inability to win big at home and collapse of what was tabbed the best pitching staff in baseball cost Los Angeles the flag. Lacking a righty power hitter to take advantage of the Coliseum's short left field fence, the Dodgers were only 45-32 in their own park. A deal which brought Infielder Daryl Spencer from the Cardinals, May 30, was designed to alleviate the right-handed power deficiency, but just when he began finding the range, he fractured a small bone in the knee, July 4, and was shelved nearly three weeks. The club experienced several other costly casualties. These included veteran Duke Snider, who got away to a great start only to suffer a broken right elbow, April 17, and Relief Ace Larry Sherry, who was idled several times by injury and an ailing flipper.

Southpaws Johnny Podres and Sandy Koufax paced the Los Angeles staff with 18 victories each. Podres lost just five decisions while Koufax dropped 13, but Sandy set a modern N. L. record by striking out 269 in 256 innings. Stan Williams and Don Drysdale proved disappointments with 15-12 and 13-10 marks, respectively. Wally Moon was the club's leading hitter at .328, while Ron Fairly batted .322.

Despite boasting the league's heaviest scoring team and allowing the opposition only two more runs than the champion Reds, the Giants had to settle for third place, eight games back of Cincinnati. Still, with 85 victories, the club enjoyed its best record in four seasons in San Francisco and helped Al Dark make a successful managerial debut.

Orlando Cepeda and Willie Mays led the potent Giant attack. Cepeda, alternating between first base and the outfield, paced the loop in home runs.


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 46, and runs batted in, 142, and hit .311. Mays was right behind with a .308 average, 40 round-trippers and 123 RBIs. Unfortunately, Dark had no pitchers who could match the feat of his two slugging stars. Not a single San Francisco starting hurler could win more than 13 games. It remained for Stu Miller, ace fireman, to lead the chuckers. Enjoying his best season, Miller racked up 14 victories against just five losses in 63 relief appearances.

After eight years as one of the National League's powers, the Braves flopped to a fourth-place finish. It was their worst showing since moving to Milwaukee in 1953. The poor record cost Manager Chuck Dressen his job. Fifth during most of the first half, the Braves appeared to catch fire in a mid-August home stand, winning ten straight to kindle slight flag hopes, but then tapered off. On September 2, with the club in third place, Dressen was fired and Birdie Tebbetts, who had served as executive vice-president since October, 1958, took the helm.

Lack of pitching was the primary cause of Milwaukee's disappointing year. A sore throwing arm which shelved Catcher Del Crandall shortly after the season got under way also hurt the Braves' cause. Among the pitchers only veterans Warren Spahn and Lew Burdette succeeded in reaching double figures in victories. Spahn, who tossed a no-hitter in his third start, was only 8-11 at the AU-Star break, but went on to achieve the 20-victory level for the twelfth time with a 21-13 record. He also posted a 3.01 ERA to lead the league. Burdette finished with 18-11. Hank Aaron topped the Braves at bat with a .327 average and in RBIs with 120 while socking 34 homers. Joe Adcock belted 35 homers and Eddie Mathews 32 while batting .306.

A bad start and troubles on the road—chronic problems with the Cardinals in recent years—contributed to St. Louis' dip to fifth place. Other factors were the collapse of Pitchers Ernie Broglio and Lindy McDaniel, a spring training injury suffered by Pitcher Larry Jackson and the heart ailment which ended Catcher Hal Smith's playing career early in June.

Broglio, a 21-game winner the year before, slipped to 9-12. McDaniel lost the magic that made him the loop's ace reliever in '60. In a freak spring training mishap, Jackson's jaw was broken when a broken bat struck him. Weakened by weeks on a liquid diet, Larry was only 3-8 when Coach Johnny Keane succeeded Solly Hemus as manager, July 6. Jackson proceeded to win 11 of his next 12 decisions and finished with a 14-11 mark as the club racked up a 47-33 record under Keane. Only Lefty Ray Sadecki equalled Jackson's 14-victory total with the Cardinals. Captain Ken Boyer sparked St. Louis offensively with a .329 average, 24 homers and 95 RBIs.

The Pirates were the year's biggest disappointment. Champions in 1960. Danny Murtaugh's crew slipped all the way to sixth place. Pittsburgh hopes were jolted early in the season when Vern Law, 20-game winner the previous year, came up with an ailing pitching shoulder. He won only three games and made just one appearance after June 11. The Bucs put him on the retired list, July 7, when doctors ordered rest for his ailing flipper. Relief Ace Roy Face also encountered his worst season, winding up with a 6-12 record. Even Bob Friend, the club's leading winner, had a losing record of 14-19. The Pirates' brightest spots were provided by Roberto Clemente, who won the batting title with a .351 average, and First Baseman Dick Stuart, who hit .301 with 35 homers and 117 RBIs.

Owner P. K. Wrigley's decision to have a staff of coaches, rather than a manager, run the Cubs failed to produce any significant improvement in the club, and Chicago finished seventh for the second successive year. Harry Craft, Vedie Himsl, Lou Klein and Elvin Tappe took turns serving as head coach. Except during the first four weeks of the race, the Cubs occupied seventh place all the way. To add to Chicago's problems, the club's star performer. Shortstop Ernie Banks, fell victim of physical troubles. An ailing knee ended his five-year, 717-game playing streak, June 23, and later he was bothered by impairment of depth perception in his left eye. He hit only .278 but still managed to pace the Cubs in homers, 29. George Altman was the team's leading hitter at .303. Don Cardwell's 15-14 record topped Cub hurlers.

For the fourth consecutive year, the Phillies wound up in the league dungeon. Gene Mauch's hapless outfit never left the basement after May 1, when a ten-game losing streak set in. This tailspin, however, was nothing compared to the one the Phils encountered later on. Starting July 23, Philadelphia lost 28 out of 29 games, including a twentieth-century major league record of 23 defeats in a row. John Buzhardt finally snipped the skein by beating Milwaukee, 7 to 4, in the windup of a twin-bill, August 20.


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 18 BASEBALL GUIDE AND RECORD BOOK OFFICIAL NATIONAL LEAGUE BATTING AVERAGES (Compiled by Elias Sports Bureau, New York, N. Y. ) CLUB BATTING Club G. AB. R. OR. H. TB. 2B. 3B. HR. SH. SF. SB. CS. RBI. LOB. Pet. Pittsburgh 154 5211 694 675 1448 IJITS 232 57 128 64 37 26 30 646 1081 .273 St. Louis 155 5307 703 668 1436 2083 236 51 103 70 40 46 28 657 1142 .271 Cincinnati 154 5243 710 653 1414 2205 247 35 158 50 51 70 33 675 1016 .270 San Francisco 155 5233 773 655 1379 2211 219 32 183 70 48 79 54 709 983 .264 Los Angeles 154 5189 735 697 1358 2102 193 40 157 96 36 86 45 673 1095 .262 Milwaukee 155 5288 712 656 1365 2196 199 34 188 62 40 70 43 662 1093 .258 Chicago 156 5344 689 800 1364 2232 238 51 176 52 33 35 25 650 1119 .255 Philadelphia 155 5213 584 796 1265 1859 185 50 103 108 28 56 30 519 1057 .243 Totals 42128 5600 5600 11029 17066 1749 350 1196 572 313 468 288 5221 8586 .262 INDIVIDUAL BATTING (Top Fifteen Qualifiers for Batting Championship — 477 or More Plate Appearances ) Player and Club Bats G. AB. R. H. TB. 2B. 3B. HR. SH. SF.SB. CS.RBI. Pet. CLEMENTE, ROBERTO. Pitt R 146 572 100 201 320 30 10 23 1 3 4 1 89 .351 Pinson, Vada. Cincinnati L 154 607 101 208 306 34 8 16 4 8 23 10 87 .343 Boyer, Kenton, St. Louis R 153 589 109 194 314 26 11 24 5 6 3 95 .329 Moon, Wallace, Los Angeles L 134 463 79 152 234 25 3 17 4 4 7 5 88 .328 Aaron, Henry, Milwaukee R 155 603 115 197 358 39 10 34 1 9 21 9 120 .327 Robinson, Frank, Cincinnati R 153 545 117 176 333 32 7 37 10 22 3 124 .323 Cepeda, Orlando, San Francisco R 152 585 105 182 356 28 4 46 3 12 8 142 .Hll Mays, Willie, San Francisco R 154 572 129 176 334 32 3 40 4 18 9 123 .308 Mathews, Edwin, Milwaukee L 152 572 103 175 306 23 6 32 1 4 12 7 91 .306 Altinan, George, Chicago L 138 518 77 157 290 28 12 27 4 7 6 2 96 .303 Stuart. Richard. Pittsburgh R 138 532 83 160 309 28 ■ 8 35 1 5 3 117 .301 Hoak, Donald, Pittsburgh R 145 503 72 150 227 27 7 12 3 4 4 2 61 .298 Coleman. Gordon, Cincinnati L 150 520 63 149 262 27 4 26 4 7 1 3 87 .287 White, William, St. Louis L 153 591 89 169 279 28 11 20 2 5 8 11 90 .286 Adcock, Joseph, Milwaukee R 152 562 77 160 285 20 35 4 2 2 1 108 .285 Departmental Leaders: AB— Wills, 613; R— Mays. 129; H— Pinson, 208; TB— Aaron, 358; 2B— Aaron, 39; 3B— Altman, 12; HR— Cepeda, 46; SH— Wills, 13; SF— Robinson, 10; SB— Wills, 35; CS— Wills, 15; RBI— Cepeda, 142. (All Players in Ten or More Games — Listed Alphabetically) Player and Club Bats G. AB. R. H. TB. 2B. 3B. HR. SH. Aaron, Henry, Milwaukee R 155 603 115 197 358 39 10 34 1 Adcock, Joseph, Milwaukee R 152 562 77 160 285 20 35 4 Alou, Felipe, San Francisco R 132 415 59 120 193 19 18 2 Alou, Mateo, San Francisco L 81 200 38 62 91 7 2 6 1 Altman, George, Chicago L 138 518 77 157 290 28 12 27 4 Amaltitano, J. Joseph, San Francisco .'.R 109 384 64 98 123 11 4 2 4 Amaio, Ruben, Philadelphia ' R 135 381 34 98 133 14 9 1 11 Anderson, N. Craig, St. Louis ....". ...R 25 9 2 3 4 1 Anderson, Robert, Chicago R 57 42 5 6 12 2 2 Ashburn, Richie, Chicago L 109 307 49 79 94 7 4 1 Aspromonte, Robert, Los Angeles R 47 58 7 11 17 3 Bailey, L. Edgar, 12 Cin-107 SF L 119 383 43 94 148 13 1 13 1 Baidschun, Jack, Philadelphia R 65 11 1 Banks, Ernest, Chicago R 138 511 75 142 259 22 4 29 Barragan, P'acundo. Chicago .-...R10 28 3 6 9 1 1 Bauiner, James, Cincinnati :...R 10 24 3 3 1 Bauta, Eduaido, St. Louis '. . . .R 13 4 2 2 Bell, David, Cincinnati .'. .^ L 103 235 27 60 81 10 1 3 Bertell, Richard, Chicago R 92 267 20 73 88 7 1 2 1 Blasingame, Don, 3 SF-123 Cin L 126 451 60 100 129 18 4 1 9 Bolin, Bobby, San Francisco . .^. R 37 7 2 2 Boiling, Frank. Milwaukee .V,' R 148 585 86 153 222 16 4 15 10 Bouchee, Edward, Chicago L 112 319 49 79 133 12 3 12 4 Bowman, Ernest. San Francisco ... R 38 38 10 8 12 2 1 Boyd, Robert, Milwaukee. . .^^ .^,... . L 36 41 3 10 10 Bressoud, Edward, San Francisco fX...R 59 114 14 24 39 6 3 1 Brewer. James, Chicago. L 36 22 1 4 4 1 Bridges. Marshall. Cincinnati Both 13 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brogiio, Ernest, St. Louis. R 29 62 3 9 10 1 4 Brosnan, James, Cincinnati R 53 13 1 2 2 1 Buchek. Gerald, St. Louis r R 31 90 6 12 14 2 Buhl. Robert, Milwaukee R 32 60 2 4 4 2 Burdette, S. Lewis, Milwaukee R 42 103 10 21 35 5 3 3 Burgess, Forrest, Pittsburgh. L 100 323 37 98 157 17 3 12 SF.SB. CS.RBI. Pet. .327 .285

.289 .310 .303 .255

.257

.333

.143

.257

.241 .245

.000 .278

.214

.125

.500 .2.55

.273 .222

.286 .262 .248

.211

.244

.211 .182 .000 .145 .154 .133 .067  .204 .303


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Author:William Temple

 * Sir William Temple, English statesman and essayist (1628–1699)
 * William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (1881–1944)
 * William Frederick Temple, British science fiction author (1914–1989)

title: Author:William Temple


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 American League

Organized 1900 JOSEPH E. CRONIN President-Secretary-Treasurer

WILLIAM HARRIDGE Chairman of the Board THOMAS A. YAWKEY Vice-President

JOSEPH W. McKENNEY Director of Public Relations WILLIAM S. CUTLER Business Manager

Headquarters — 520 Boylston Street, Boston 16, Mass. Telephones — COpley 7-2500, 7-2501, 7-2502 Headquarters of Board Chairman — 310 S. Michigan Blvd., Chicago 4, III. Telephone — HArrison 7-4262 Directors, 1962 — Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Los Angeles, New York. Director of Motion Picture Division for American and National leagues — Lew Fonseca, 200 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago 4, Ill. Telephone: WAbash 2-9655. Umpires — Cal Hubbard, supervisor; Charles Berry, H. Sam Carrigan, Nestor Chylak, Calvin Drummond, John Flaherty, William Haller, G. James Honochick, Edwin Hurley, William Kinnamon, Joseph Linsalata, William McKinley. Larry Napp, Joe Paparella, John Rice, Ed Runge, Alexander Salerno, Harry Schwarts, W. Alaric Smith, Henry Soar, John Stevens, Robert Stewart, Frank Umont.

Official Statistician — Howe News Bureau, 30 N. LaSalle street, Chicago 2, Ill. Telephone: STate 2-4216.

Players cannot be transferred from one major league club to another after June 15 to the close of the championship season except through regular waiver channels.

Waiver price, $20,000. Inter-league waivers, $20,000, except selected players.

BALTIMORE ORIOLES President-General Manager — Leland S. (Lee) MacPhail. Jr. Chairman, Board of Directors— Joseph A. W. Iglehart Secretary — Robert J. Gill Treasurer — Zanvyl Krieger Farm Director — Harry I. Dalton Assistant Farm Director — Mike Seymour Field Coordinator — George Selkirk Traveling Secretary-Publicity Director — Robert W. Brown Business Manager — Herbert E. Armstrong Public Relations Director — Jerald S. Sachs Assistant Public Relations Director — Arthur Carr Ticket Manager — Elmer Burkart Controller — Joseph P. Hamper, Jr. Manager — William C. Hitchcock Club Physician — Dr. Erwin Mayer Executive offices — Memorial Stadium, Baltimore 18, Md. Telephone — CHesapeake 3-9800 Scouts — Jack Baker, Ed Burke, Joe Cusick, Arthur Ehlers. Hubie Fitzgerald, Phil Gallivan, Elmer Gray, Donald Green, Burleigh Grimes, Fred Hofmann, Vern Hoscheit, Byron Humphrey, George Klivak, Erv Knueppe, Jim


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Author talk:William Temple

Why I created this page
Creating this page and placing it in the Category:Author disambiguation pages seemed less drastic than moving the page Author:William Temple and trying to convert that title from a redirect to an author disambiguation page. Maybe that's what I should have done; but what I did serves the purpose and was done in good faith. I'm sorry if it creates a problem for an administrator. -- LegalBeagle (talk) 00:14, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Author pages disambiguated and this page moved into author space. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 00:53, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for cleaning this up. I should have waited a little longer to be sure I had it right. -- LegalBeagle (talk) 18:37, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Author talk:William Temple


text: The Pathway of Roses/Give Your Best to the World


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 of the twelve, the climate is moderate and the flowers bloom in wondrous profusion.

The most direct route to Yellowstone Park from either Chicago, on the east, or Seattle, Tacoma and Portland, on the west, is the Northern Pacific Railroad, which reaches the Park at Gardiner, Mont. This station is near the northern border, being the end of a spur that leaves the main line of the railroad at Livingston, fifty-four miles to the northeast. It is only a stone's throw to the entrance of the Park from the station, and but five miles to the Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel.

From St. Louis, Kansas City, and other middle-western and southern points, the Park is reached by way of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. This route brings the traveler to Cody, Wyo., from which there is a drive of sixty-three miles to the eastern entrance of the Park.

The Oregon Short Line reaches an entrance, Yellowstone, on the west, and provides a convenient means for travelers from Salt Lake City and points in the Southwest.


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Hillary Clinton's testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee regarding the attack on the American diplomatic mission in Benghazi

HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON: Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, and I thank you and the Ranking Member and members of the committee, both of longstanding tenure and brand new members, and I appreciate your patience for me to be able to come to fulfill my commitment to you, actually to the former chairwoman, that I would be here to discuss the attack in Benghazi. I appreciate this opportunity. I will submit my full testimony for the record. I want to make just a few points. First, the terrorist attacks in Benghazi that claimed the lives of four brave Americans – Chris Stevens, Sean Smith, Tyrone Woods, and Glen Doherty – are part of a broader strategic challenge to the United States and our partners in North Africa. I think it’s important we understand the context for this challenge as we work together to protect our people and honor our fallen colleagues. Any clear-eyed examination of this matter must begin with this sobering fact: since 1988, there have been nineteen Accountability Review Boards investigating attacks on American diplomats and their facilities. Since 1977, 65 American diplomatic personnel have been killed by terrorists. In addition to those who have been killed, we know what happened in Tehran with hostages being taken in 1979, our Embassy and Marine barracks bombed in Beirut in 1983, Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia in 1996, our embassies in East Africa in 1998, consulate staff murdered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in 2004, the Khost attack in Afghanistan in 2009, and too many others. But I also want to stress the list of attacks that were foiled, crises averted, and lives saved is even longer. We should never forget that the security professionals get it right more than 99% of the time, against difficult odds, because the terrorists only need to get it right once. That’s why, like all my predecessors, I trust the Diplomatic Security professionals with my life.

Let’s also remember that, as the Chairman and the Ranking Member pointed out, administrations of both parties, in partnership with Congress, have made concerted and good faith efforts to learn from the tragedies that have occurred, to implement recommendations from the Review Boards, to seek the necessary resources to better protect our people in a constantly evolving threat environment. In fact, Mr. Chairman, of the nineteen Accountability Review Boards that have been held since 1988, only two have been made public. I want to stress that because the two that have been made public, coming out of the East Africa Embassy bombings and this one, are attempts, honest attempts by the State Department, by the Secretary – Secretary Albright and myself – to be as transparent and open as possible. We wanted to be sure that whatever these independent, nonpartisan boards found would be made available to the Congress and to the American people, because, as I have said many times since September 11th, I take responsibility, and nobody is more committed to getting this right. I am determined to leave the State Department and our country safer, stronger, and more secure.

Now, taking responsibility meant not only moving quickly in those first uncertain hours and days to respond to the immediate crisis, but also to make sure we were protecting our people and posts in high-threat areas across the region and the world. It also meant launching an independent investigation to determine exactly what happened in Benghazi and to recommend steps for improvement. And it also meant intensifying our efforts to combat terrorism and support emerging democracies in North Africa and beyond. Let me share briefly the lessons we have learned up until now. First, let’s start on the night of September 11th itself and those difficult early days. I directed our response from the State Department and stayed in close contact with officials from across our government and the Libyan Government. So I did see firsthand what Ambassador Pickering and Chairman Mullen called timely and exceptional coordination – no delays in decision making, no denials of support from Washington or from our military. And I want to echo the Review Board’s praise for the valor and courage of our people on the ground, especially our security professionals in Benghazi and Tripoli. The board said our response saved American lives in real time, and it did.

The very next morning, I told the American people, and I quote, “heavily armed militants assaulted our compound,” and vowed to bring them to justice. And I stood later that day with President Obama as he spoke of an act of terror. Now you may recall, at this same time period, we were also seeing violent attacks on our embassies in Cairo, Sana’a, Tunis, and Khartoum, as well as large protests outside many other posts, from India to Indonesia, where thousands of our diplomats serve. So I immediately ordered a review of our security posture around the world, with particular scrutiny for high-threat posts. And I asked the Department of Defense to join Interagency Security Assessment Teams and to dispatch hundreds of additional Marine Security Guards. I named the first Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for High Threat Posts so that missions in dangerous places get the attention they need. And we reached out to Congress to help address physical vulnerabilities, including risks from fire, and to hire additional Diplomatic Security Personnel and Marine Security Guards. Second, even as I took these steps, I quickly moved to appoint the Accountability Review Board because I wanted them to come forward with their report before I left, because I felt the responsibility and I wanted to be sure that I was putting in motion the response to whatever they found; what was wrong, how do we fix it. I have accepted every one of their recommendations. Our Deputy Secretary for Management and Resources, Deputy Tom Nides, who appeared before this committee last month, is leading a task force to ensure all 29 are implemented quickly and completely, as well as pursuing additional steps above and beyond the board.

I pledged in my letter to you last month that implementation has now begun on all 29 recommendations. We’ve translated them into 64 specific action items. They were all assigned to specific bureaus and offices with clear timelines for completion. Fully 85 percent are on track to be completed by the end of March, with a number completed already. But we are also taking a top-to-bottom look to rethink how we make decisions on where, when and whether our people should operate in high-threat areas, and how we respond.

We are initiating an annual High Threat Post Review chaired for the first time in American history, I suppose, by the Secretary of State, and ongoing reviews by the Deputy Secretaries, to ensure that pivotal questions about security reach the highest level. And we will regularize protocols for sharing information with Congress. Now, in addition to the immediate action we took and the review board process, we’re moving on a third front: addressing the broader strategic challenge in North Africa and the wider region. Benghazi did not happen in a vacuum. The Arab revolutions have scrambled power dynamics and shattered security forces across the region. Instability in Mali has created an expanding safe haven for terrorists who look to extend their influence and plot further attacks of the kind we just saw last week in Algeria. And let me offer our deepest condolences to the families of the Americans and all the people from many nations killed and injured in the Algerian hostage crisis. We remain in close touch with the Government of Algeria, ready to provide assistance if needed, and also seeking to gain a fuller understanding of what took place so we can work together to prevent such terrorist attacks in the future. Now, concerns about terrorism and instability in North Africa are not new, of course. Indeed, they have been a top priority for this entire national security team. But we need to work together to accelerate a diplomatic campaign to increase pressure on al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb and the other terrorist groups in the region. I’ve conferred with the President of Libya, the Foreign Ministers and Prime Ministers of Tunisia and Morocco. Two weeks later, after the attack, I met with a very large group of regional leaders at the UN and was part of a special meeting focused on Mali and the Sahel. In October, I flew to Algeria to discuss the fight against AQIM. In November, I sent Deputy Secretary Bill Burns on an interagency group to Algiers to continue that conversation. And then in my stead, he co-chaired the Global Counterterrorism Forum that was held in Abu Dhabi and a meeting in Tunis working not only on building new democracies but reforming security services. These are just a few of the constant diplomatic engagements that we are having focused on targeting al-Qaida’s syndicate of terror – closing safe havens, cutting off finances, countering their extremist ideology, slowing the flow of new recruits. We continue to hunt the terrorists responsible for the attacks in Benghazi and are determined to bring them to justice. And we are using our diplomatic and economic tools to support the emerging democracies, including Libya, in order to give them the strength to provide a path away from extremism.

But finally, the United States must continue to lead in the Middle East, in North Africa, and around the globe. We’ve come a long way in the past four years, and we cannot afford to retreat now. When America is absent, especially from unstable environments, there are consequences. Extremism takes root; our interests suffer; and our security at home is threatened. That’s why Chris Stevens went to Benghazi in the first place. I asked him to go. During the beginning of the revolution against Qadhafi, we needed somebody in Benghazi who could begin to build bridges with the insurgents and to begin to demonstrate that America would stand against Qadhafi. Nobody knew the dangers or the opportunities better than Chris, first during the revolution, then during the transition. A weak Libyan Government, marauding militias, even terrorist groups; a bomb exploded in the parking lot of his hotel. He never wavered. He never asked to come home. He never said, “Let’s shut it down, quit, and go somewhere else.” Because he understood it was critical for America to be represented in that place at that pivotal time. So Mr. Chairman, we do have to work harder and better to balance the risks and the opportunities. Our men and women who serve overseas understand that we do accept a level of risk to represent and protect the country we love. They represent the best traditions of a bold and generous nation. They cannot work in bunkers and do their jobs. But it is our responsibility to make sure they have the resources they need to do those jobs and to do everything we can to reduce the risks they face. For me, this is not just a matter of policy. It’s personal, because I’ve had the great honor to lead the men and women of the State Department and USAID, nearly 70,000 serving here in Washington and at more than 275 posts around the world. They get up and go to work every day, often in difficult and dangerous circumstances thousands of miles from home, because they believe the United States is the most extraordinary force for peace and progress the earth has ever known. And when we suffer tragedies overseas, the number of Americans applying to the Foreign Service actually increases. That tells us everything we need to know about the kind of patriots I’m talking about. They do ask what they can do for their country, and America is stronger for it. So today, after four years in this job, traveling nearly a million miles and visiting 112 countries, my faith in our country and our future is stronger than ever. Every time that blue and white airplane carrying the words “United States of America” touches down in some far-off capital, I feel again the honor it is to represent the world’s indispensible nation. And I am confident that, with your help, we will continue to keep the United States safe, strong, and exceptional. And now I would be very happy to answer your questions.


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Ramsay, Hon. John James Garden


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Ramsay, Hon. Robert


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Randell, William Richard


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Rawson, Charles Collinson


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Real, His Honour Patrick