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 • breakup. В это время в неприятельской армии уже началось разложение. The breakup of the enemy army had already begun at that time.

разложить (-ложу, -ложит; pct of раскладывать and разлагать) to spread. Ветер такой сильный, что никак не удаётся разложить скатерть. There's such a strong breeze that I just can't spread the tablecloth. • to put away. Я разложил свой вещи по ящикам. I put my things away into their respective drawers. • to break down. У нас в лаборатории стараются разложить это вещество на составные части. We're trying to break this down into its component parts. □ Помогите мне разложить для вас эту складную кровать. Help me make this folding bed up for you. • Мы разложили костёр. We built a campfire.

-ся to be decomposed. Труп уже совершенно разложился и мы не могли опознать утопленника. The corpse was completely decomposed and we couldn't identify the drowned person. □ Он пьёт, играет в карты, на работу не ходит — одним словом, разложился окончательно! Now he drinks, plays cards, and doesn't want to work; in a word, he's just going to pot.

разлука. □ Она была пять лет в разлуке с сыном. She's been parted from her son for five years.

разлюбить (-люблю, -любит; pct of разлюблять) to stop loving. Что же, значит разлюбила она тебя? Well, does that mean she's stopped loving you? □ Я теперь разлюбил театр. I don't like the theater any more now.

разлюблять (dur of разлюбить).

размах (/g -у/) extent. Размах строительства у нас сейчас колоссальный. The extent of our building activities is tremendous. • scale. Он привык к большому размаху. He's used to doing things on a large scale. □ Он ударил топором с размаху. He swung the ax hard. • Я со всего размаху ударился головой о низкую притолоку. I ran into the door full force.

размахивать ([-x*v-] dur) to wave. Он размахивал белым платком. He was waving a white flag.

разменивать (dur of разменять).

разменять (pct of разменивать) to change. Где тут можно разменять сторублёвку? Where can I have this one-hundred-ruble note changed?

размер size. Какой размер ботинок вы носите? What size shoe do you wear? □ Голод тогда достигал ужасающих размеров. The famine was reaching tremendous proportions at that time.

разместить (pct of размещать) to place. Не знаю, право, где их всех разместить. I really don't know where to place them all. □ Вас уже разместили по квартирам? Have you been assigned to your respective apartments? • Я еле-еле разместила мою мебель в этой маленькой комнате. I could hardly get my things into the little room. • Этот военный заём был размещён очень быстро. This war loan was subscribed very quickly.

размещать (dur of разместить).

размещу See разместить.

разминуться (pct) to miss each other. Какая досада! Мы с вами разминулись. What a shame that we missed each other! • to pass each other. Переулок такой узкий, что двум автомобилям тут не разминуться. This alley is so narrow that two cars can't pass each other.

размою See размыть.

размывать (dur of размыть).

размыть (-мою, -моет; ррр -мытый; pct of размывать) to wash out. Всю дорогу размыло — не проедешь. You'll never get through because the whole road is washed out.

разнести (-несу, -сёт; p -нёс, -несла, -о, -и; pct of разносить) to scatter. Ветер разнёс мой бумаги по всей комнате. The wind scattered my papers all over the room. • to shatter. Бомба разнесла дом. A bomb shattered the house. • to spread. Не говорите ей; она моментально всё разнесёт по городу. Don't tell her; she'll spread it all over town in no time. • to enter (into books). Эти счета надо будет разнести по книгам. These bills have to be entered on the books. □ Критика его разнесла беспощадно. The critics tore into him mercilessly. • Вас, однако, здорово разнесло. You've gotten as big as a house. • Он разнёс повестки по адресам. He delivered the announcements to the respective addresses. • Ну и разнёс же он меня вчера! He gave me a good calling down yesterday.

разница difference. Я не вижу большой разницы между этими двумя методами. I don't see a big difference between these two methods. — Ну, какая ризница? Пойдёте завтра. What difference does it make? You'll go tomorrow. — Вы вчера переплатили, можете получить разницу в кассе. You paid too much yesterday. You can get the difference at the cashier's.

разногласие difference of opinion. По этому вопросу у нас нет разногласий. There's no difference of opinion among us on this question.

разнообразие change. Давайте, для разнообразия, пойдём завтра в балет. Let's go to the ballet tomorrow for a change. • variety. Это путешествие дало мне поразительное разнообразие впечатлений. That trip gave me a remarkable variety of impressions.

разносить (-ношу, -носит; dur of разнести) to deliver. Когда у вас разносят письма? When do they deliver mail here?

разношу See разносить.

разный different. У нас с ним разные вкусы. My tastes are different from his. — Туда можно проехать разными дорогами. There are different ways of getting there. • unlike one another. Эти сёстры совсем разные — одна в отца, другая в мать. These sisters are entirely unlike one another. One takes after the father and the other after the mother. • various. Об этом ходят разные слухи. There are various rumors spreading around about it. □ по-разному in different ways. Об этом можно судить по-разному. You can judge this in different ways. разно in different ways. Мы с вами, повидимому, разно смотрим на вещи. Evidently, we look at things in different ways. □ Тут остались разные мелочи, которые не вошли в чемодан. There still remain a lot of odds and ends that won't go into the suitcase. • Там было столько разных сортов сыра, что у меня глаза разбежались. They had such a large variety of cheese that I didn't know which one to taste first.

разобрать (разберу, -рёт; p разобрала; разобрался, -бралась, -лось, -лись; pct of разбирать) to take apart. Придётся разобрать мотор. We'll have to take the engine apart.


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118 sought hardy heroes, Heatho-Scilfings, in arms o’erwhelming Hereric’s nephew. Then Beowulf came as king this broad realm to wield; and he ruled it well fifty winters, a wise old prince, warding his land, until One began in the dark of night, a Dragon, to rage. In the grave on the hill a hoard it guarded, in the stone-barrow steep. A strait path reached it, unknown to mortals. Some man, however, came by chance that cave within to the heathen hoard. In hand he took a golden goblet, nor gave he it back,

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh stole with it away, while the watcher slept, by thievish wiles: for the warden’s wrath prince and people must pay betimes!

That way he went with no will of his own, in danger of life, to the dragon’s hoard, but for pressure of peril, some prince’s thane. He fled in fear the fatal scourge, seeking shelter, a sinful man, and entered in. At the awful sight tottered that guest, and terror seized him; yet the wretched fugitive rallied anon from fright and fear ere he fled away, and took the cup from that treasure-hoard. Of such besides there was store enough, heirlooms old, the earth below, which some earl forgotten, in ancient years, left the last of his lofty race, heedfully there had hidden away, dearest treasure. For death of yore had hurried all hence; and he alone left to live, the last of the clan, weeping his friends, yet wished to bide warding the treasure, his one delight, though brief his respite. The barrow, new-ready, to strand and sea-waves stood anear, hard by the headland, hidden and closed; there laid within it his lordly heirlooms


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 • to make out. Что написано в этом объявлении? Я отсюда не могу разобрать. What's written on that poster? I can't make it out from here. — Что они там наделали — сам чорт не разберёт. The devil himself couldn't make out what they've done there. • to clear up. Вот, разберите наш спор. Won't you try to clear up our disagreement? □ Я опоздал — персики уже все были разобраны. I got there late and the peaches were already sold out.

-ся to figure out. Мне трудно разобраться в их отношениях. It's difficult for me to figure out what their relations are.

разобью See разбить.

разобьюсь See разбиться.

разовью See развить.

разовьюсь See развиться.

разогнать (разгоню, -гонит; p разогнала; pct of разгонять) to scatter. Проливной дождь мигом разогнал толпу. The downpour scattered the crowd immediately. • to scare away. Осторожнее, а то вы тут всех моих цыплят разгоните. Careful or you'll scare all my chickens away. • to drive away. Мало-помалу она разогнала всех его друзей. Little by little she drove all his friends away. • to fire. Новый заведующий разогнал всех слабых работников. The new manager fired all the poor workers. □ Ну, спасибо! Беседа с вами разогнала моё плохое настроение. Well, thanks; the talk with you pulled me out of my blues. • Сидят до поздней ночи, никак их не разгонишь. They stay far into the night and you just can't get rid of them. • Что это он так разогнал машину? Why did he step on the gas so?

разозлить (pct).

-ся to get mad. Он разозлился на меня ни за что, ни про что. Не got mad at me for no reason at all.

разойдусь See разойтись.

разойтись (-йдусь, -йдётся; p разошёлся, -шлась, -шлось, шлись; pap разошедшийся; pct of расходиться) to go (said of several persons). Вы опоздали, все уже разошлись. You're late; everybody's gone already. • to separate. Она разошлась с мужем. She and her husband have separated, • to break up. Мы были когда-то очень дружны, но теперь разошлись. We were once very good friends, but we've broken up now. • to part company. Нам с вами лучше разойтись полюбовно. We'd better part company peacefully. • to be sold out. Учебники русского языка для иностранцев все разошлись. The textbooks of the Russian language for foreigners are all sold out. • to let oneself go. Вы бы посмотрели, как он разошёлся вчера на вечеринке, просто прелесть! It would have done your heart good to see how he let himself go at the party last night. □ Тучи разойдутся, тогда полетим. We'll take off when it clears up. • Деньги все разошлись, я и сам не знаю на что. My money's all gone and I have no idea where it went to. • Осторожнее, не споткнитесь, тут половицы разошлись. Be careful. Don't trip over the loose floor boards.

разолью See разлить.

разорвать (-рву, -рвет; p -рвала; разорвался, -рвалась, -рвалось, -рвались; pct of разрывать) to tear. Он разорвал письмо на мелкие клочки. He tore the letter into small pieces. • to tear up. Она разорвала простыню на бинты. She tore the sheet up for bandages. • to tear to bits. Вчера у нас волк овцу разорвал. Yesterday a wolf in our neighborhood tore a sheep to bits.

разоружение disarmament.

разочарование disappointment. Какое разочарование — спектакль отменяется. What a disappointment! The show has been cancelled. □ В вашем возрасте — и разочарование в жизни? Вросьте! Don't tell me that at your age you're disillusioned!

разошёлся See разойтись.

разрежу See разрезать.

разрезать (-режу, -жет; pct of разрезать and разрезывать, and of резать) to cut. Она разрезала ленту на две части. She cut the ribbon in two.

разрезать (dur of разрезать) to cut. Не разрезайте пирога, пока гости не придут. Don't cut the pie before the guests come.

разрезывать (dur of разрезать) to cut.

разрешать (dur of разрешить) to let. Вы разрешаете мне прочесть это письмо? Will you let me read that letter? • to solve. Это не разрешает вопроса. That doesn't solve the problem.

разрешение permission. Для осмотра дворца вам нужно иметь разрешение. You have to have permission to visit the palace. — Ау вас есть разрешение фотографировать? Do you have permission to take pictures? • solution. Вот то удачное разрешение вопроса. This is a good solution to the problem. □ С вашего разрешения я закрою окно. If you don't mind, I'll close the window.

разрешить (pct of разрешать) to permit, to allow. Доктор разрешил ему встать с постели. The doctor permitted him to get out of bed. • to clear up. Я надеюсь, что вы разрешите мой сомнения. I hope you'll clear up my doubts. □ Разрешите пройти. May I pass, please?

разруха disorganization. Мы избежали хозяйственной разрухи во время войны. We avoided an economic disorganization during the war.

разрушение destruction.

разрывать (dur of разорвать).

разряд classification. Я — секретарь и получаю зарплату по пятнадцатому разряду. I'm a secretary and get paid according to the fifteenth classification. • class. Он слесарь четвёртого разряда. He's a locksmith, fourth class.

разуметься (dur). □ разумеется of course. Разумеется, мы это сделаем, если вы настаиваете. Of course, if you insist we'll do it. само собой разумеется it goes without saying. Я, само собой разумеется, сразу согласился. It goes without saying, I agreed at once.

разумный intelligent. Вы человек разумный. Сами знаете, что этого делать нельзя. You're an intelligent person; you ought to know that you mustn't do such things. • sensible. Этого я от неё не ожидал, она мне всегда казалась такой разумной девушкой. I didn't expect that of her; I always thought she was such a sensible girl. □ разумно wisely. Вы поступили очень разумно, отказавшись туда ехать. You acted wisely in refusing to go there. • intelligently. Надо разумно распределить время. You have to divide your time intelligently. □ Наконец-то он сказал нечто разумное. He's finally said something that makes sense.

разъединить (pct of разъединять) to disconnect. Нас разъединили. We were disconnected. • to tear apart. Жизнь нас разъединила. Life tore us apart.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Elm

ELM (AS., OHG. elm, Ger. Ulme, elm, ultimately connected with Lat. ulmus, Ir. leamh, elm), Ulmus. A genus of trees of the natural order Urtieaceæ, natives of temperate climates. The serrated leaves have unequal sides, and the small flowers which grow in clusters appear before the leaves unfold. The fruit is a samara, or compressed one-seeded little nut, winged all around. One of the most important species is the Ulmus campestris, a tree of 60 to 80 feet in height, with ovate-elliptical, doubly serrated leaves, and almost sessile flowers. The tree is found all over Europe; also in the west of Asia and north of Africa, and introduced into America. The wood, which is compact and durable, especially in water, is used for a great variety of purposes by wheelwrights, machine-makers, ship and boat builders, etc. It is also prized by joiners for its fine grain, and the mahogany color which it readily assumes on the application of an acid. It is reckoned superior to the wood of any other species of elm. The bark is used in dyeing and in sugar-refining, and, in times of scarcity, has been used in Norway for grinding into meal and mixing in bread, which has a less disagreeable taste than that made from meal mixed with fir-bark. The inner bark is used medicinally in cutaneous diseases; it is mucilaginous, and has a bitter, astringent taste. The elm balsam (beaume d'orme), which was formerly in great repute, is a brownish substance, which is found in dried galls of the elm-leaves in the south of Europe, Persia, etc. From these galls in an

earlier stage flows a clear, viscid, sweetish liquid, called elm water (eau d'orme), which is used for washing wounds, contusions, and sore eyes. The elm is one of the principal timber-trees of the British Isles, most extensively planted, and a chief ornament of English scenery. The cork-barked elm, a variety of Ulmus campestris, is distinguished by the corky wings of the bark of the branches. It is taller than Ulmus campestris, of more spreading habit, with much larger leaves, and is a common European tree. The Dutch cork-barked elm is generally considered a variety of Ulmus campestris. It has a still more corky bark, still larger leaves, is of very quick growth, but its wood is very inferior. The broad leaved or wych elm (Ulmus montana), a tree of very quick growth, is the only species that can with certainty be regarded as indigenous to Scotland. It has rough, broad leaves, a stem less upright than that of the English elm, and large, spreading branches. The wood is used for all the purposes of the English elm. Protuberances of gnarled wood are not infrequently produced, which are finely knotted and richly veined; they are much esteemed for veneering, and are sometimes very valuable. Varieties of this species are known as the giant elm and Chichester elm. The smooth-leaved elm (Ulmus montana) a native of Europe, is distinguished by much smaller leaves and is by some regarded as a variety. A variety called the Huntingdon elm is much esteemed. The Cornish elm (Ulmus stricta), now considered a form of Ulmus campestris, found in the southwest of England, is remarkable for its rigid. erect, and compact branches. Ulmus pedunculata, a Continental species with a large spreading head and smooth bark, is distinguished also by the long stalk of its flowers and its ciliated fruit. The American or white elm (Ulmus Americana), which attains its loftiest stature between latitudes 42° and 46° N., is a magnificent tree, sometimes 120 feet in height. The trunk leaches 60 or 70 feet before it separates into branches, and the widely diffused pendulous branches float gracefully in the air. It is one of the finest street and park trees. In New England it is highly prized for this purpose. There are a number of famous elm-trees, among them the ‘Washington elm,’ at Cambridge, Mass. The timber is used for agricultural implements, wagon-hubs, saddle-trees, and cooperage. The red or slippery elm (Ulmus fulva) is also common in the basin of the Mississippi as far south as latitude 30°, and in western Canada and New England. It attains a height of 50 or 60 feet. The wood is more valuable than that of the white elm, but inferior to the English elm. The leaves and bark yield an abundant mucilage, which is bland and demulcent, and esteemed a valuable remedy in catarrh, dysentery, and other complaints. The wahoo or winged elm (Ulmus alata) is a small tree, found from latitude 37° to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas, remarkable for the branches being furnished on two opposite sides with wings of cork. The wood is fine-grained, compact, and heavy. The corky white elm (Ulmus racemosa), a larger species attaining a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 3 feet, ranges from western New England to Minnesota and southward. The wood of this species excels in its strength, toughness, flexibility, and durability. In China is found a species of elm, the

leaves of which bear galls used in tanning and dyeing.

The name ‘Spanish elm’ is given in the West Indies to a tree also called Bois-de-Chypre (Cordia gerascanthus), of the natural order Boraginaceæ, the timber of which is valuable; also to Hamelia ventricosa, of the natural order Rubiaceæ, the timber of which is known to cabinetmakers as prince-wood. The water-elm (Phanera aquatica) is a tree 30 to 50 feet high, occurring from North Carolina to Kentucky, Missouri, and southward. The name elm is applied in Australia to two timber-trees, Aphananthe Philippinensis of the order Urticaceæ, and Duboisia myoporoides of the order Solenaceæ. For illustration, see.

title: The New International Encyclopædia/Elm


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text: The Oldest English Epic/Chapter 1/Beowulf 31


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80 native received him kindly, neither appearing to remember, nor exhibiting any wish to resent, the punishment he had received;—being conscious, no doubt, that he had deserved it.

He did not see any of their women, who seem, even here, to have a will of their own; for although Wellington used his endeavours to introduce them, they would not listen to him, but kept constantly out of sight. In the evening, the Captain retired to rest, as the natives did, on the sand. Next day, he returned to the settlement in safety, to the great joy of all our people, who, thenceforth, began to consider the natives in a more favourable light than they had hitherto done.

Captain Barker informed me he had lent Wellington a canoe for a fortnight, and that no person in the settlement believed it would ever be returned. Dr. Davis, who still viewed the natives (and particularly Wellington), with a prejudiced eye, was quite confident that he would never again visit the settlement; or if he did so, that he would make some excuse for not returning the canoe.

I learned also, that a considerable number of Malay proas, chiefly from Macassar, had visited the settlement last season, and that while they remained, their crews had conducted themselves with much propriety. They were highly gratified by their reception, and much pleased with the prospect of being able to carry on their operations without fear of molestation from the natives, with whom they are always at variance, and

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Rh whom they represented as very bad characters,—stating that they were in the habit of stealing their canoes, and spearing their men, whenever an opportunity offered.

They spoke well of the natives of the coast, on the gulf of Carpentaria, four of whom were accompanying them to Macassar.

While they lay in Raffles' Bay, two canoes were stolen from them, and they came ashore, in great wrath, to attack the natives, some of whom were in the settlement. This warfare, in a neutral port. Captain Barker would not permit; at the same time, he informed them, that if they could point out the depredators, he would give his assistance, not only to punish the guilty, but also to get the canoes returned; but that he would not allow the natives to be attacked indiscriminately. After a little demurring, they acquiesced in the justice of this decision, and returned on board.

As the four men from the Gulf of Carpentaria were, at the same time, missing, it was hinted that they had taken the canoes to convey them home. This, however, the Malays would not believe, but affirmed that the Raffles' Bay natives had also taken them away.

The Malays described an island in the Gulf of Carpentaria as abounding with sandal wood: this, if true, would render it of some importance, and Captain Barker intended to proceed thither with them next season, to ascertain the truth of the report. They inquired if they would be allowed to settle at Raffles' Bay; and

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82 were much pleased when informed that they would not only have such permission, but that their interests would be protected.

A considerable number of proas commonly proceed in company, under the command of the most experienced chief, whom they recognize as a leader only while it suits their convenience, as they disperse whenever they consider it more conducive to their advantage. When they are in the fleet, however, they all follow the motions of their leader. The proas are all armed, although indifferently: each proa is generally, but not always, provided with a compass. Even the most experienced of the Malays have no notion of a chart, nor are they expert sailors: indeed, there is not much occasion for this exercise of skill, as they only come and go with a fair wind.

On leaving Macassar, they steer so as to make the coast of New Holland about Port Essington, which is their place of general resort; they then pass to the eastward, by Raffles' Bay, through Bowen's Straits, and proceed, according to their own report, as far east as Cape York.

When the season draws near an end, they direct their course west, retracing their eastern route, and assemble in Port Essington, prior to their departure for Macassar.

They left the settlement, highly pleased with their reception,—promising to revisit it, in great numbers next year.

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Rh As the brig Amity was lying in port, awaiting to be relieved by the Mermaid, Captain Barker determined to proceed in her, to take a minute survey of Port Essington, as he thought it probable that he might receive orders to remove the settlement thither; and I very willingly accepted the invitation to accompany him.

On the 22d of June, when we were all ready for departure, a vessel was discovered in the offing, standing into the Bay, but it was evident she was not the daily-expected Mermaid. Dr. Davis being indisposed. Captain Barker requested me to board her. She proved to be the brig Resource, from Sydney to the Isle of France. Her object in touching here was to land the crew of the Mermaid, which vessel had been wrecked on the 13th of June, from what I could learn, on the outer barrier reef. The crew took to the whale-boat, and, after three days, were picked up by the schooner Admiral Gifford, and shortly afterwards sent on board the Swiftsure; which ship was, on July 5th, wrecked off Cape Sidmouth and her crew were also on board the Resource.

The master of the late Mermaid accompanied me on shore, with the despatches, which he had saved; and which, he informed me, contained orders for the abandonment of the settlement. This intelligence caused universal regret. I do not suppose that six volunteers

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84 would have been found, if left to their choice, to proceed to Sydney.

However, although the orders created vexation and surprise; yet, on reflection, it was evident that something of the kind might have been expected, from the unfavourable reports that had been, in the first instance, transmitted to head-quarters respecting the settlement.

We also learned, that H. M. S. Satellite might be daily expected, on her way to India; and the colonial brig Governor Phillips, to assist in conveying the settlers to Sydney.

The ship Reliance was also about to leave Sydney, to proceed, through Torres' Straits, for India. As there were several newly-married people on board, it was hoped she would get safely through,—as a reef, or a crowded boat, would not be a very agreeable place to spend the honey-moon.

On the 24th of July, about midnight, my friend Mr. Radford died. He had been complaining ever since his arrival from Coupang, and had been confined to bed for the last fortnight, during which, he was sedulously attended by Dr. Davis. But the force of the disease,—acute hepatitis, supervening on the chronic form,—baffled his best-directed exertions.

It may easily be imagined that I felt, very severely, the loss of an individual whose friendship I had experienced under circumstances not easily to be forgotten. On Sunday, after divine service, he was consigned to

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Rh the grave, with military honours, and with great respect; every man, woman, and child, in the settlement attending, as he was much beloved.

On Wednesday, the 29th of July, early in the morning. Dr. Davis and myself descried a sail in the offing; and, in a short time, two more were discovered. One of them appeared to be a man-of-war; the others we supposed to be the Government vessels. Governor Phillips and Lucy Anne; and we hastened back to the settlement to communicate the intelligence.

The man-of-war proved to be H. M. S. Satellite; but the merchant vessels were, the ship Reliance, and the brig Thompson, which had profited by the opportunity of proceeding through Torres' Straits, by the inner passage, under the guidance of Captain Laws, and had put in here for a supply of water.

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to meet several old shipmates in the Satellite, I was not long in paying her a visit; and the cordial reception I met with, recalled to my memory the days of "Auld lang syne." I dined on board with Captain Laws, from whom I received much information respecting the inner route through Torres' Straits. He told me he had seen the wreck of the Swiftsure, within less than half a mile of the shore at Cape Sidmouth;—that he had sent on board, but nothing was observed excepting a few empty casks floating in the hold.

In the evening of the 30th, Wellington, the native chief, with a number of his tribe, visited the. settlement, and brought back the canoe. I was much pleased at this occurrence, as it established the

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Rh that Captain Barker and myself firmly maintained, viz. that the natives were not such rogues as they were reported to be; and that they were "more sinned against than sinning." This was the first time I had seen Wellington, and I was agreeably deceived in his appearance.

Next morning, Captain Barker made him a present of the canoe; but it was some time before he could believe that it was a gift: it is needless to say how highly gratified he was by such an acquisition.

At this time, there happened to be a misunderstanding between him and Miago, on account of jealousy, for Miago had lately become rather a favourite in the camp; and, consequently, received many a piece of old iron hoop, and even two or three nails, and other presents: these favours were far from being relished by Wellington, who occasionally got sulky; as he wished himself to be the only source through which any of his subjects should receive favours: but the present of the canoe had put him into such good humour, that he resolved to gratify us with a dance.

In the evening, a large fire was kindled just before the fort, and the natives danced round it with great vigour and spirit, to the music, produced by one of their party from a long hollow tube. Dr. Davis joined them, but although he might "keep time" correctly enough for a civilized ball-room, yet he fell short in that necessary part, at least to a savage ear; so they, in very polite terms, requested that he would not

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88 fatigue himself, but stand and look at them. Lieutenant Weston, of the East India Company's service, took a very spirited and correct sketch of this singular performance. Wellington did not dance himself, being busily employed in persuading us that Miago was only a Mandrowillie, and therefore not entitled to so much attention.

After the dance, they were all regaled with a mess of rice, of which they are very fond. Supper being finished, they requested permission to remain all night in the settlement, which was granted; and Captain Laws having invited Wellington, and several others, including Miago, to visit the Satellite next forenoon, they retired very quietly and contentedly to rest.

On the morning, long before the appointed time, Wellington and his party, consisting of Olobo and Miago, pulled on board the Satellite in his lately-acquired canoe. Captain Laws, Captain Barker, and myself, went on board about eleven o'clock. We found our sable friends highly delighted with their entertainment, having been shaved and clothed. They seemed to pay particular attention to the manoeuvres of the marines.

Captain Laws having ordered two guns to be loaded, the natives begged that they might not be fired. Olobo jumped on the poop, and placed himself behind a sailor, of whom he kept fast hold, scarcely having courage to peep over his shoulders. Wellington was invited to fire the first gun, but no persuasion

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Rh could prevail on him to do so; and placing his hands over his ears, he went to the opposite side of the deck. Miago was then led to the gun; when Wellington, fearing that Miago might acquire more credit, jumped to the gun, and fired it. Miago fired the second gun without hesitation, and when he and Wellington saw the shot strike the water near the shore, their astonishment was extreme. After a few seconds of mute surprise, Miago cut a variety of capers on the quarter-deck, to the infinite amusement of the ship's company. As for Olobo, he appeared to be glad that the affair was over.

While we were at tiffin in the cabin, Wellington came down, and requested that no present might be given to any person but himself. This prohibition was directed in a special manner against Miago. Then turning round to the Captain's steward, he inquired his name, and what he was. On learning that he was a Mandrowillie, he immediately took him by the back of the neck, and endeavoured to thrust him out of the cabin. Being requested to desist, he did so, but with some reluctance; he requested permission to sit down with us, and was gratified by receiving the desired indulgence. He then resumed the old grievance about Miago, with great vehemence of jargon and gesture. In the midst of his oration, he happened to turn round, and to his astonishment beheld Miago standing at the cabin door, listening with great tranquillity and composure to his harangue; when, with

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90 dexterity that could not have been exceeded by a civilised man of the world, if caught in such an awkward predicament, he immediately changed the subject, pretending to be talking of something else, and at the same time very graciously and condescendingly presented some fish-hooks to Miago, who received them with sulky indifference.

The sight of dinner, which was now ready for them, restored good humour. They were served, on the quarter-deck, with a large dish of rice, sugar, yams, and pumpkins, of which they partook very heartily. They did not appear to relish the pumpkins, but the yams and rice they enjoyed greatly. They requested some of the sailors, who had been civil to them, to partake; and seemed to think it strange that they could not come abaft the gangway to do so.

As they could not consume the half of what was prepared for them, Wellington received permission to take the remainder on shore; when he made an equal distribution of it amongst a number of his tribe, who had been on the beach all day, waiting his return. He also entertained them with an account of his adventures on board, with which they appeared to be no less gratified, than with the habiliments and other presents which their chieftain had received.

Next day, the same party were taken on board the ship Reliance, after having received particular instructions not to throw aside their dress (which they were apt to do) in the presence of the ladies. As the ship

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Rh had no guns, and was otherwise unlike the Satellite, Wellington called her a Mandrowillie ship, and paid little attention to any thing on board. He had, however, sufficient good taste to admire the ladies, and was particularly struck with the beautifully luxuriant ringlets of one of them.

On Sunday, August the 2d, Wellington and a few natives; and shortly afterwards, Miago and others from a different part of the coast, paid another visit to the settlement.

Having obtained the loan of King's Australia, I embraced the opportunity of comparing the Baffles' Bay dialect with those he has taken notice of:—they did not bear the smallest resemblance. Wellington being placed in a chair alongside of me, and being in a good humour, he went on some time pretty well, now and then digressing about Miago being a Mandrowillie, and stating his annoyance at our marked attentions to him.

While he was thus remonstrating, Miago made his appearance, and of course was kindly received; but this was so discordant with the feelings of Wellington, that he became sulky, and would not answer any more questions. I then addressed myself to Waterloo, the chief that ran away with the axe (after having seen and tried its use), who gladly began to communicate the desired information. On this, Wellington thought it prudent to be communicative, and gave me the native names for "head," "eyes," "nose," "mouth," &c., with such volubility, that I could not understand

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92 him. It was with difficulty I could keep his attention to the subject; he said nothing more about Miago, he being present, but ever and anon talked about a mambrual.

After having explained to him that I would give him a present, if he would have a little patience, he was satisfied, but kept a bright look out, lest any of his tribe should in the interim receive any thing; at last I succeeded in removing his fears in that respect, but another unlooked-for result followed. Not possessing the same interest in communicating, as I did in receiving information, his attention being kept so long on an object altogether uninteresting to him, he soon fell fast asleep.

On Monday, Captain Laws gave a déjeuné à la fourchette on board the Satellite; Captain Barker, Dr. Davis, Lieutenants Weston and Gray, and three ladies, were present, which rendered it quite a gay scene in this remote corner of the globe. The crew of the Satellite pitched their tents on shore; and Captain Laws embraced this opportunity of painting the ship inside and out. The officers also took up their abode on shore, which made the settlement assume a very active appearance.

We learned, from despatches, that the Governor Phillips, was, after her return from Norfolk Island, to proceed immediately for Raffles' Bay, to assist in the removal of the settlement, and as Captain Laws imagined that she had arrived in Sydney the same morning

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 "Well, Miss Miranda, I shall expect of course to be paid for my time bye and bye; but more than that I don't want for myself. If I fail, I shall think others have failed before me; and I may perhaps have done a little good." This being her tone, I am proud of her, and look upon her as a fellow-worker in the cause, who has come in by God's providence to relieve Ockey of a burden, and so setting her free to work her higher influence all the more. I am to go and teach as usual; and Ockey will keep the accounts for Amelia. Amelia said to M., " You know, Miss M., I shall want your Mamma to come and give the spirit." The debt on the toys is £25, which Amelia is to repay, as she can—half to us and half to Mr. Neale. He did not wish to take any, and entered with zeal into the new plan. Ockey seemed quite touched. … He seemed most anxious that the teaching should go on. The children are quite in love with his Geography lessons, and won't hear a word against him. On the morning of the day it was all settled, Ockey received the sweetest letter from Miss Harris, asking what sum it would require to carry on the toys for another year; but dear 0. very properly, I believe, was firm to carry out the change. We must give all our influence now to the new phase of things, since the spirit is the same. … Ockey begins to-morrow to work at home. I mean to read some nice book to her, and do all I can to make her happy. She is my own brave, beautiful, good tender Ockey; and it's a hard trial to lose one's post in a Cause; but the Cause itself (that being God's) can never be lost.


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Rh that he left it, she ought to have made her appearance ere this; and apprehensions were now entertained that she had met with some accident, and various circumstances rendered this not at all improbable.

To obviate the inconveniences that would arise to the settlement, in the event of such an accident, it was judged expedient by Captain Laws and Captain Barker to charter (under certain conditions) the brig Thompson, to carry cattle, stores, and a proportion of the people, as far as Swan River, (where the cattle and stores were to be left,) and the people to be carried on, in the brig Amity, to King George's Sound.

Tuesday, August the 4th, Wellington, accompanied by a native, paid another visit to the camp: to-day his first word was "Mambrual," and the second "Miago mandrowillie." He was gratified by my saying "ēē ēē." and was then presented with a shirt, when he begged that Miago should not receive any thing. After having adjusted his shirt-collar by the aid of a looking-glass, and having admired himself sufficiently, he accompanied Captain Laws and myself into the bush, and, being in a good humour, he gave us the native names of such natural objects as presented themselves.

We visited Mr. Radford's grave, and Wellington appeared to be a good deal affected, when he understood who was buried there, repeatedly uttering in a plaintive tone, "Mutē commissarēē andē." He was very particular in his inquiries as to the names and rank of others buried near the same spot; and on returning, we

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94 overheard him explaining these particulars to the other natives.

Passing the hut, inhabited by the soldier and his wife under whose charge the native girl was, Wellington went to take some notice of her, but she endeavoured to hide herself, and could not be induced to come near him, until forced to do so;—being somewhat piqued at this, he informed us she was a Mandrowillie.

It is a singular circumstance, that this girl has such an aversion to her countrymen, that if, while she happens to be playing with any of the other children, she observes the natives coming towards the settlement, she instantly endeavours to get out of their view.

Orders were received from Sydney to leave this girl behind; but, as it was imagined that such orders had been issued under the impression that her removal would be against the wishes of the natives. Captain Barker determined to take her to Sydney; more particularly as her father, and all the other natives were extremely solicitous that she should not be left behind, and expressed great satisfaction when they understood that she was to be taken with us. It was some time, however, before the natives could comprehend that we were all going away. They appeared to be very sorry, and many of them gave us to understand that they would willingly accompany us.

On Friday, August the 7th, the brig Thompson was chartered conditionally to assist in conveying us to Swan River; and arrangements were now made for the division of the people: Dr. Davis was to proceed in the

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Rh Amity, and I was to accompany the Commandant in the Thompson.

This chartering of the Thompson was judicious; she was to remain ten days; and if, during that interval, the Governor Phillips did not arrive, she was then definitively engaged to proceed to Swan River for the sum of 400l. Should, however, the Grovernor Phillips arrive, she was to receive 50l. as demurrage, and the charter to be void. This afternoon the Reliance sailed for India.

On Sunday, the 9th, several of the natives visited the settlement; the timorous Olobo received a mambrual, which he stowed carefully away in his basket, lest, as I imagine, Wellington might perceive and wish to have it.

In the afternoon a vessel hove in sight, which it was hoped might be the Governor Phillips; but she proved to be the schooner Admiral Gifford, from Sydney, employed in the Trepang fishery, in which she had been pretty successful.

In the evening, as several of the midshipmen were amusing themselves by firing at the marines' weather-cock, one of the balls whistled over the heads of Olobo and his company, who were enjoying themselves with a large dish of rice; and who (being previously rather alarmed by the foolish and reprehensible conduct of the gun-room steward, in snapping an unloaded pistol at Olobo's breast) started off like lightning into the bush. This event caused us much annoyance.

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96 From the master of the Admiral Gifford, I learned the following particulars, which, if true, reflect little credit on all concerned.—While off Hammond's Island, the natives made a signal for them to come on shore; a boat was accordingly sent, and soon returned with two natives, who came without hesitation. They were well treated on board, having received food and various presents. The boat was again sent on shore with them, and the crew were directed to procure tortoiseshell.

Shortly after they landed, the natives endeavoured to entice the sailors into the bush; but, not succeeding, they attacked and knocked two of them down, and were advancing towards the third, when he fired his musquet, and killed one of those who had been on board. Another of the sailors, while lying on the ground, being attacked by two natives, who were struggling to obtain possession of his pistol, discharged it, and killed them both. After this, the other natives fled, and the boat returned; when the master, hearing the account of the transaction from the mate and sailors, went immediately on shore, but could discover no trace of the natives, dead or alive.

I have not the smallest doubt, that this shameful transaction is widely different from the exparte relation given of it; and it is much to be regretted, that cognizance of such occurrences is not taken before a competent court of justice. The outrageous behaviour of the greatest part of those lawless vagabonds, employed, or employing themselves, along the coast, in procuring seal-skins, towards the Aborigines, is quite notorious:

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 November 22nd, 1857.

I don't know whether you will receive this letter, or the box that was despatched yesterday, first. So I must tell you that in it you will find a very few drawings of mine. I will tell you a little about them. I have selected them from a great many that I have done, for I have been at work at that kind of drawing all the summer. I am speaking of the flowers. You will see we chose to send you the water forget-me-not, cranes-bill and lady's-finger, all of which were old favourites of yours. There is one page of virginian creeper and creeping jenny which I send, partly because they are of London growth; and when I had no fresh bright wild country things, day after day did I persevere in drawing the dirty little fellows from the black wall and dirty earth; so they seem to me rather characteristic of my work. The dear buglos is one of my friends; the bramble you know I always loved; and so I have sent you a little piece shaded. I am rather proud of the stalk of the highest leaf; indeed I like it all. Then those drawings on note-paper are copies from Albert Dürer. Is not that a beautiful little piece with the thistle and grass, and stones? How do you like my old donkey's head? It is nearly the first animal I have ever drawn. In the picture, which is one of Joseph and Mary taking Christ, when a little child, down into Egypt, the donkey is being led by Joseph, and he is just looking out of the corner of his eye in that odd way at the thistle, evidently thinking if his rein is long enough for him to snatch at it; but he is nearly past it, and clearly will have to go without the treat. Down below two little lizards are at play; on a log a little bird is perched. I hope you will receive the drawings on my birthday.


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Rh many well authenticated instances of their horrible cruelty have come to my knowledge. In the present instance, it is evident, that the story is exceedingly confused; and this occurrence may be the cause of the destruction of the next Europeans who land on the island;—as these savages, cherishing revenge, will probably inflict it on the first Europeans that fall within their power.

It is the duty of every one (and it ought to be enforced) to behave with great caution and mildness in his intercourse with the natives; but more particularly with those, whose abode lies in the track of ships, the crews of which, by a misfortune common in these seas, may be (as they frequently have been) entirely at the mercy of these ignorant, but not naturally evil-disposed savages.

I was also informed by the master, who had touched at Hammond's Island on a former occasion, that the natives are cannibals, as they felt the fleshy part of his arms with apparent delight: this he observed to be a general action among cannibals. But, perhaps, the Malays, who accuse the Aborigines of Raffles' Bay of being cannibals, because they eat snakes, may be equally right in their surmises.

On Tuesday afternoon, 11th of August, we were gratified by a visit from three natives; Jacama, alias Waterloo, Marambal, alias Alligator, (so named on account of his immense mouth, and long white teeth,) and Mimaloo, alias One-eye. Orders were given to

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98 prevent the discharge of fire-arms in the camp, as it was deemed indiscreet to run any risk of breaking the good understanding that at present existed, by any incautious act; the natives not being able to discern the difference between firing for fun, and firing with intent to destroy.

They came to the cottage just as we had finished dinner; and knowing they were welcome, walked in, and made themselves at home. They discovered great emotion at the sight of a turtle, which I had received from the master of the Admiral Gifford. Waterloo requested very clamorously to have it; but he was kept within bounds by the other two.

Mimaloo then showed us their method of killing the turtle, and pointed out, with signs of ecstatic delight, the parts of it that they chiefly prized; and—whatever difference may exist between them in other respects—we found, that in the knowledge of turtle, a savage is as skilful as an alderman.

They were much amused by a musical snuff-box: Mimaloo, in particular, paid great attention to it; at first, the "stops" seemed to confound him; but he soon started up, and, with Marambal, danced a waltz in a manner that astonished us.

Captain Laws then sent for the ship's fiddler; who turned to, con amore, with a favourite half-deck tune. After having heard it once. Dr. Davis, Marambal, and Mimaloo, began the dance: the Doctor was soon obliged to give in; but the two natives continued, with

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Rh XXXVII

long will you remain? The midnight hour

Has tolled its last stroke from the minster tower.

Come, come; the fire is dead, the lamp burns low;

Your eyelids droop, a weight is on your brow;

Your cold hands hardly hold the weary pen:

Come; morn will give recovered strength again.

No; let me linger; leave me, let me be

A little longer in this reverie:

I'm happy now; and would you tear away

My blissful thought that never comes with day.

A vision dear, though false, for well my mind

Knows what a bitter waking waits behind.

Can there be pleasure in this shadowy room,

With windows yawning on intenser gloom,

And such a dreary wind so bleakly sweeping

Round walls where only you are vigil keeping?

Besides, your face has not a sign of joy,

And more than tearful sorrow fills your eye.

Look on those woods, look on that mountain lorn,

And think how changed they'll be to-morrow morn:

The doors of heaven expanding bright and blue;

The leaves, the green grass, sprinkled with the dew;

And white mists rising on the river's breast,

And wild birds bursting from their songless nest,


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Rh And your own children's merry voices chasing

The phantom ghost that pleasure has been raising.

Aye speak of these; but can you tell me why

Day breathes such beauty over earth and sky,

And waking sounds revive, restore again

To hearts that all night long have throbbed with pain?

Is it not that the sunshine and the wind

Lure from itself the woe-worn mind,

And all the joyous music breathing by,

And all the splendours of that cloudless sky,

Regive him shadowy gleams of infancy

And draw his tired gaze from futurity?

August 12, 1839.


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150 XXXVIII

sinks the summer evening now

In scattered glory round;

The sky upon its holy brow

Wears not a cloud that speaks of gloom.

The old tower, shrined in golden light,

Looks down on the descending sun;

So softly evening blends with night,

You scarce can say when day is done.

And this is just the joyous hour

When we were wont to burst away

T' escape from labour's tyrant power

And cheerfully go out to play.

Then why is all so sad and lone?

No merry footstep on the stair,

No laugh, no heart-awaking tone,

But voiceless silence everywhere.

I've wandered round our garden ground,

And still it seemed at every turn

That I should greet approaching feet,

And words upon the breezes hung.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Elm-Insects

ELM-INSECTS. The elm seems peculiarly susceptible to the attacks of foliage-eating insects. Most of these, however, are foreign species, which have been accidentally imported and acclimated, and which are likely to attack the European elm in preference to American species. Hence it has been recommended that a few European elms be included within all plantations to serve as traps for the insects, which may thus be attacked more easily than if scattered over the

whole plantation. The gypsy moth, brown-tail (see ), tussock-moth (q.v.), and other defoliaters, are more or less numerous, especially in New England, where great sums of money (see ) have been and continually are spent by local governments in suppression of the evil; while the bagworm and various minor insects, such as bark-lice and leaf-beetles, attack these trees in the South and West.

The Elm-Leaf Beetle is, of all these, perhaps the most generally destructive to the foliage of this tree. It is a well-known European pest, which first appeared in the United States about 1837, and has gradually become widespread. It is a yellowish-brown chrysomelid beetle, a quarter of an inch long, with three indistinct dark stripes on the wings. The beetles begin to feed while the leaves are growing, and eat round holes in them. They soon deposit clusters of bottle-shaped orange-colored eggs on the under sides of the leaves, and then die. The caterpillar-like grubs speedily hatch and begin feeding. They are black at first, but become more yellowish with each molt, until finally they are wholly yellow except three dark stripes. South of Philadelphia, two broods are usually produced annually, but northward only one. The larvæ feed voraciously and soon skeletonize the leaves, and the infested tree rapidly becomes as if burned. The grubs then crawl or fall to the ground and go into the pupa state near or on the surface of the soil, sometimes so numerously as to make a noticeable yellow carpet all about the trunk of the tree. Ordinarily, however, they are more scattered, seeking crevices which will protect them somewhat; and in this state those of the single northern brood or of the second southern brood pass the winter, full details of this life-history will be found in Marlatt's Elm Leaf Beetle, published as “Circular No. 8” by the Department of Agriculture (Washington, 1895), and the author recommends the following remedial measures: “The adults, for a week or two after emerging, feed on the newly expanded foliage, and a spraying with Paris green or other arsenical will destroy the great majority of them. Especial pains should be taken to accomplish the destruction of the insect in this stage. . . . If rains interfere with spraying for the adults,

or if it be neglected, the trees should be sprayed with arsenicals promptly on the first appearance of the larvæ, and the application perhaps renewed a week or ten days later, especially if rains have intervened.”


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Rh In vain, they will not come to-day,

And morning's beams will rise as drear.

Then tell me, are they gone for aye,

Or gleams the sun amongst the mists of care?

Be still, reviving hope doth say,

Departed joys 'tis fond to mourn,

Think every storm that rides its way

Prepared a more divine return.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Elmira

ELMI′RA. A city and county-seat of Chemung County, N. Y., 100 miles southeast of Rochester, on the Chemung River, and on the Erie, the Lackawanna, the Northern Central (Pennsylvania System), and the Lehigh Valley railroads (Map:, D 3). It has the New York State Reformatory, a State armory, Elmira Free Academy, (q.v.), a United States Government building, accommodating the post-office, Federal courts, etc., Steele Memorial Free Library, Arnot-Ogden Memorial Hospital, and homes for orphans and the aged. A monument to the Rev. T. K. Beecher is one of the features of the city. Eldridge, Hoffman, Wisner, and Riverside parks are worthy of mention. Elmira is noted for the extent and variety of its manufactures, the chief industrial plants being rolling-mills, railroad-car shops, iron and steel bridge works, steel-plate works, boot and shoe factories, hardwood finishing works, table-factories, bicycle-factories, silk-mills, glass-factories, knitting-mills, fire-engine works, engine and boiler works, dye-works, lubricator-factories, tobacco and cigar factories, leaf-tobacco warehouses, door, sash, and blind factories, breweries, etc. The city government is administered under the charter of 1894 by a mayor, chosen every two years, and a unicameral city council. Besides the executive and aldermen, there are elected by the people the recorder, city judge, and twelve supervisors to act as a county board. Population, in 1890, 30,893; in 1900, 35,672. Near the site of Elmira, now marked by a monument to General Sullivan, was fought, August 29, 1779, the battle of Newtown, in which General Sullivan with an American army of 5000 defeated a force of Indians and Tories led by Sir John Johnson and Joseph Brant, and numbering about 1500. First permanently settled in 1788, and incorporated as the village of Newtown in 1815, then re-incorporated as the village of Elmira in 1828, Elmira became the county-seat in 1836, and was chartered as a city in 1864. In 1861 it was chosen as the State military rendezvous, and in 1864-65 had one of the Northern prisons for Confederate prisoners.


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154 XLI

sun is near meridian height,

And my sun sinks in endless night;

But if that night bring only sleep,

Then I shall rest, while thou wilt weep.

And say not that my early tomb

Will give me to a darker doom;

Shall these long agonising years

Be punished by eternal tears?

No: that I feel can never be;

A God of hate could hardly bear

To watch through all eternity,

His own creation's dread despair!

The pangs that wring my mortal breast,

Must claim from Justice lasting rest;

Enough, that this departing breath

Will pass in anguish worse than death.

If I have sinned; long, long ago

That sin was purified by woe.

I have suffered on thro' night and day;

I've trod a dark and frightful way.

Earth's wilderness was round me spread,

Heaven's tempests beat my naked head;

I did not kneel; in vain would prayer

Have sought one gleam of mercy there!


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Rh How could I ask for pitying love,

When that grim concave frowned above,

Hoarding its lightnings to destroy

My only and my priceless joy?

They struck—and long may Eden shine

Ere I would call its glories mine;

All Heaven's undreamt felicity

Could never blot the past from me.

No! Years may cloud and death may sever,

But what is done, is done for ever.

And thou false friend and treacherous guide

Go sate thy cruel heart with pride.

Go, load my memory with shame;

Speak but to curse my hated name;

My tortured limbs in dungeons bind,

And spare my life to kill my mind.

Leave me in chains and darkness now,

And when my very soul is worn,

When reason's light has left my brow,

And madness cannot feel thy scorn,

Then come again; thou wilt not shrink—

I know thy soul is free from fear—

The last full cup of triumph drink,

Before the blank of death be there.


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156 The raving, dying victim see,

Lost, cursed, degraded all for thee!

Gaze on the wretch—recall to mind

His golden days left long behind.

Does Memory sleep in Lethean rest?

Or wakes its whisper in thy breast?

O Memory wake! Let scenes return,

That e'en her haughty heart must mourn!

Reveal; where o'er a lone green wood

The moon of summer pours

Far down from heaven its silver flood

On deep Eldenna's shores;

There, lingering in the wild embrace

Youth's warm affections gave,

She sits and fondly seems to trace

His features in the wave.

And while on that reflected face

Her eyes intently dwell;

'Fernando, sing to-night,' she says,

'The lays I love so well.'

He smiles and sings, through every air

Betrays the faith of yesterday;

His soul is glad to cast for her

Virtue and faith and Heaven away.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Elmira College

ELMIRA COLLEGE. An educational institution for women, situated in Elmira, N. Y. The college received its charter in 1855, and was the first institution exclusively for women which had as high a standard as colleges for men. It is under Presbyterian control. The college confers the degrees of bachelor of arts, bachelor of science, and master of arts upon students of classical and scientific courses, and bachelor of music upon students of music. The average attendance is 150 in the college and 100 in the school of music. The library contains 8000 volumes. The property of the college is valued at $230,000. There is a fund of $25,000 for the aid of needy students.


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Rh Well, thou hast paid me back my love!

But, if there be a God above,

Whose arm is strong, whose word is true,

This hell shall wring thy spirit too!


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The New International Encyclopædia/Elmira Reformatory

ELMIRA REFORMATORY. An institution situated in Elmira, N. Y. It is the State reformatory for men between the ages of sixteen and thirty, who have not been previously committed to a State prison. Regarding the term of imprisonment the law states: “Every

. . . shall be a general sentence to imprisonment in the New York State Reformatory at Elmira and the courts of this State . . . imposing such sentence shall not fix or limit the duration thereof. The term of such imprisonment. . . shall be terminated by the managers of the reformatory,. . . but such imprisonment shall not exceed the maximum term provided by law for the crime for which the prisoner was convicted and sentenced.” (Laws of 1877, sec. 2, c. 173.) The institution was opened in 1876, though the law authorizing it was enacted in 1866. Its establishment introduced a new era in prison science. It has had great success and has been widely copied. In comprehensiveness and adaptation of training to individual needs it is unequaled. It has cared for 9000 prisoners. The average number of inmates in 1901 was 1500, and the average yearly cost per inmate $140. See ; The Elmira Reformatory (New York, 1891); Wines, Punishment and Reformation (New York, 1895); and the Year Books of the Reformatory.
 * . Consult: Winter,


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Rh undiminished spirit, and intuitive skill, to perform feats worthy of, and receiving, unbounded applause. All the natives keep exceedingly correct time; and, if dancing consists in easy and gracefully varied positions of the body, the civilised professors of that useful art might have profited by the skill of the sable Mimaloo.

At length, from the fiddler's elbow becoming tired, the music ceased, one dancer threw himself on the ground, and the other rested his head on my knees; I placed him on a chair, when, balancing it on the after-legs, his head against the wall, he threw his legs on the table with all the nonchalance of an Indian pilot. This free and easy way created much mirth, particularly to the sailors, who were assembled round the cottage to witness the amusement.

Marambal then requested to have some water in a basin: which being brought to him, he squeezed into it honey out of a meshy fibrous bundle formed from the inner bark of young trees, (the only method the natives have of retaining honey,) and then dipping the bundle into the water, he sucked it with great avidity and seeming satisfaction. Having repeated this several times, he handed it to Mimaloo, who in the same manner partook of the refreshing beverage. They remained with us until after tea, which Marambal and Mimaloo partook of with becoming propriety. Waterloo's manner was more uncouth.

This scene must have appeared very strange to those who had formerly witnessed and borne a part in

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100 others so totally different. The same individuals that they had been accustomed, to consider, to treat, and to fear, as wild beasts, were now found to be, if not quite tame, at all events, not so maliciously disposed as represented. Indeed, it was impossible for any person, possessing common feelings of humanity, not to rejoice at the happy change brought about, in a great measure, if not entirely, by the judicious conduct of Captain Barker.

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, the 14th, Captain Laws formed a party to go to Croker's Island, to pay the natives a visit; and accordingly, after an early breakfast on board the Satellite, the party, consisting of Captains Laws, Barker, Dr. Davis, Mr. Clery, purser, and myself, started in the yawl. Having arrived at the island, we landed in a small bight a little to the southward of Palm Bay. Captain Barker, Captain Laws, and I, struck into the interior, while Mr. Clery, and Dr. Davis, walked along the shore in search of shells; and the boat was ordered to ply to windward through Bowen's Straits. After we had walked a little distance, we came in sight of a considerable tract entirely free from trees, (here and there a clump of pandanus excepted,) and exhibiting an agreeably verdant

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102. We walked across it, and found the soil tolerably good, and abounding with grass. Skirting the eastern and southern boundaries of this plain, there is a lagoon of considerable width, containing water as clear as crystal. We walked some distance into this, but the water becoming too deep, and the reeds very high, we were obliged to retrace our steps, which we found some difficulty in doing.

Having at length got out of the lagoon, we took a detour southerly, and ascending a rising spot of ground, we had a commanding view of the plain, which Captain Barker named Laws's Plains: this tract, by a rough computation, contains about 5000 acres of land, the half of which may safely be said to be fit for, and would reward the labour and expense of, cultivation. It is probable that part of it may be overflowed during the rainy season; but this would be rather advantageous for the growth of rice,—at all events, it could be easily drained.

Leaving this spot, we proceeded in a south-westerly direction, and after a fatiguing walk, we came to mangroves, and experienced much difficulty in penetrating through the almost impervious jungle. Arriving at length at a creek, we crossed it by a native bridge of rather a fragile texture. Issuing out of the mangroves, we came to a circular sandy spot of some extent, on which we perceived numerous and recent marks of children, as if they had been in play. We looked around on all sides, and called out, but did not meet any of them.

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Rh During our excursion, we saw fires in several parts of the island, and fell in with many of the haunts of the natives: we were somewhat disappointed in not having had an interview with any of them, particularly as, knowing this island to be well inhabited, we had anticipated such an event.

A short walk from this spot brought us to the beach, and we saw the yawl standing into a fine bay a little to the southward of us We had not walked far, when we observed some native boys running towards us, calling out "Commandant! Commandant!" It appeared evident that they only knew him by name; and it must have been extremely pleasing to him, to receive such an unequivocal proof of the estimation in which he was held by these children of nature.

Others of the natives soon joined us, who in like manner were only acquainted with the Commandant by name; none of them having visited the settlement, as far as he could recollect. They endeavoured to come into the little boat with us; but as it was sufficiently deeply laden, they were given to understand that a boat would be sent for them afterwards; and it was accordingly sent, but they would not come on board. Mr. Clery and Dr. Davis we found in the yawl; they had not been successful in gathering shells, and, as the day was hot, they thought it more prudent to take a sail, than to walk along the sandy shore.

We now willingly betook ourselves to dinner, our expedition having given us a good appetite. We kept at

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104 the same time coasting along, many of the natives running after us, until nearly dark, when we anchored, and Captain Barker went on shore to communicate with them. In a short time, off came my friend Miago, who expressed much satisfaction at seeing me; he was accompanied by several others, who received a hearty welcome.

The tide in a short time fell so much, that the yawl was aground, and we could walk on shore without difficulty. We all did so, and found many of the natives assembled, and Captain Barker in the midst of them. We learned that Wooloogary, the King, was absent, with a number of his people, catching turtle. His brother, Wadiea, a placid-looking old man, dressed in a shirt, (which I recognised as having formerly belonged to me,) received us very politely, and was presented by Captain Barker with a hatchet,—an article which is held in the highest estimation.

The women were at some distance, and we were promised a sight of them, if we remained until next morning; but although desirous of obtaining a glimpse of the sable beauties, we did not take advantage of their offer, which in all probability was not sincere. To amuse us, as well as themselves, they turned to, and danced away with much mirth and glee round a large fire, to their own musical instrument, the ebero.

Being somewhat fatigued from the walk through wood, water, and mangroves, I lay down on the beach, suffering from headach, increased by a complete ducking

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Rh I received by falling into the creek. Wadeia observing that I did not appear well, came towards me, and, on understanding that I complained of headach, he pressed it in the same manner as any civilized nurse would have done. I requested him to send one of the boys for water: not one of them, however, would obey him, and, instead of enforcing obedience, he went for it himself, and, in a short time, returned with a basket-ful.

Having spent about an hour with them, we returned to the yawl; and after supper, it was agreed to take a nap for a few hours. At two, A. M., we awoke, got under weigh, and plied to windward. At daylight, we saw three canoes, with two natives in each, who seemed rather to avoid us, but we would have joined them, had we not been prevented by a reef that extended a considerable way from the shore.

We sailed round Mount Norris Bay, and observed that it had been correctly surveyed by Captain King. We then returned by Bowen's Straits, which, as Captain King had not passed through, and as it is the common route of all the Malay proas, passing to and from the eastward, Captain Laws surveyed very carefully. Moreover, we noticed that the trepang, the object of their voyage, abounded here.

About half way through the Straits, on the side of the Cobourg Peninsula, there is a capacious bay, having a sufficient depth of water for a first-rate man-of-war, within a few fathoms of the shore. This bay, which was considered by Captain Laws as a very eligible spot

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inhabitants of Murray's Island are totally distinct from any of the Aborigines of New Holland, to whom, in every respect, they are far superior; but they have the character of being very treacherous, daring, and deceitful. Horsburgh, in his Directory, cautions voyagers to be on their guard, in their intercourse with the natives of the numerous Islands in Torres Straits, particularly with those of Murray's Island.

I touched there several years ago, and remained two days, during which, I had unreserved intercourse with the natives, whom I found to be, like all other savages, prone to thieving, but otherwise not evil disposed. I made some observations at the time, which, with other manuscripts, &c., were lost in the Governor Ready, and I therefore give the following imperfect sketch from memory.

On the 25th of June, 1822, I sailed from Sydney, in the ship Richmond, in company with the Mary Anne and Almorah. On the 11th of July, the three ships passed through the Great Barrier reef in safety, and anchored off Murray's Island. An immense number of natives were observed running along the

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306 shore; and, as we imagined, from their gestures, earnestly inviting us to land. Shortly after we anchored, a boat from each ship was manned, and the three Commanders and myself proceeded on shore; on approaching which, the natives, who had waded out a considerable distance, surrounded the boats, shouting, "Warēka, Warēka," "Mabouse," and "puta, puta," with great vociferation, and holding out bows and arrows, clubs, tortoise-shell, cocoa nuts, plantains, &c., calling, at the same time, "torre, torre."

There could not be less than three hundred of the natives in the water, and on the shore. They treated our Lascars with utter contempt, and the Lascars did not seem particularly anxious to cultivate their acquaintance.

An active barter soon commenced. The natives would not permit their commodities out of their hands, until they had possession of what they considered an equivalent; but, as we gave them our articles to inspect, without hesitation, they soon laid aside their mistrust. This caution, on their part, shows that they must have been cheated, in former dealings with Europeans. Old knives, and old iron hoops straightened, and cut into pieces of six or eight inches in length, were first brought into the market, and were exchanged to great advantage. But the tomahawks and axes, which had been reserved as superior articles of traffic, and concealed in the bottom of the boat, were all stolen by the natives, at the same time that they were apparently propitiating the muskets, which were in the stern-sheets, by placing green leaves on the locks, and repeating, in a conciliating tone, "puta, puta." One, who was detected, flagrante delicto, ran on shore,—the others clearing a way for him—and, although instantly pursued, he got clear off with his much-valued prize. This incident, however, did not disturb the general tranquillity; but afterwards, iron hoops were at a discount.

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 THE WORKS OF XENOPHON


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