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Rh change in everybody. Lettie was brighter, more imperious, and very gay; Emily was quiet, self-restrained, and looked happier; Leslie was jollier and at the same time more subdued and earnest; George looked very healthy and happy, and sounded well pleased with himself; my mother with her gaiety at our return brought tears to our eyes.

We dined, one evening at Highclose with the Tempests. It was dull as usual, and we left before ten o’clock. Lettie had changed her shoes and put on a fine cloak of greenish blue. We walked over the frost-bound road. The ice on Nethermere gleamed mysteriously in the moonlight, and uttered strange half-audible whoops and yelps. The moon was very high in the sky, small and brilliant like a vial full of the pure white liquid of light. There was no sound in the night save the haunting movement of the ice, and the clear tinkle of Lettie’s laughter.

On the drive leading to the wood we saw someone approaching. The wild grass was grey on either side, the thorn trees stood with shaggy black beards sweeping down, the pine trees were erect like dark soldiers. The black shape of the man drew near, with a shadow running at its feet. I recognised George, obscured as he was in his cap and his up-turned collar. Lettie was in front with her husband. As George was passing, she said, in bright clear tones:

“A Happy New Year to you.”

He stopped, swung round, and laughed.

I thought you wouldn’t have known me,” he said.

“What, is it you George?” cried Lettie in great 25


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386 surprise—“Now, what a joke! How are you?”—she put out her white hand from her draperies. He took it, and answered, “I am very well—and you—?” However meaningless the words were, the tone was curiously friendly, intimate, informal.

“As you see,” she replied laughing, interested in his attitude—“but where are you going?”

“I am going home,” he answered, in a voice that meant “have you forgotten that I too am married?”

“Oh, of course!” cried Lettie. “You are now mine host of the Ram. You must tell me about it. May I ask him to come home with us for an hour, mother?—It is New Year’s Eve, you know.”

“You have asked him already,” laughed mother.

“Will Mrs. Saxton spare you for so long?” asked Lettie of George.

“Meg? Oh, she does not order my comings and goings.”

“Does she not?” laughed Lettie. “She is very unwise. Train up a husband in the way he should go, and in after life——. I never could quote a text from end to end. I am full of beginnings, but as for a finish! Leslie, my shoe-lace is untied—shall I wait till I can put my foot on the fence?”

Leslie knelt down at her feet. She shook the hood back from her head, and her ornaments sparkled in the moonlight. Her face with its whiteness and its shadows was full of fascination, and in their dark recesses her eyes thrilled George with hidden magic. She smiled at him along her cheeks while her husband crouched before her. Then, as the three walked along towards the wood she flung her draperies into loose eloquence and there was a glimpse of

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Author:John Bourne

Works

 * A Catechism of the Steam Engine (1856)
 * A Treatise on the Steam Engine (1847)

title: Author:John Bourne


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Page:Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management.djvu/42

20 being perfectly true. You may imagine that the lady of the house is really at home, and that she would make an exception in your favour, or you may think that your call is not desired; but, in either case, not the slightest word is to escape you which would suggest, on your part, such an impression.

Visits of Condolence should be paid within a week after the event which occasions them. If the acquaintance, however, is but slight, they should not be made until immediately after the family has appeared in public. A lady should send in her card, and, if her friends be able to receive her, the visitor's manner and conversation should be subdued, and in harmony with the character of her visit. Visitors paying visits of condolence should be dressed in black, or at any rate very quietly. Sympathy with the affliction of the family is thus expressed.

Receiving Morning Calls.—The foregoing description of the etiquette to be observed in paying them will apply to the receiving of calls. It is to be added, however, that, generally speaking, all occupations should be suspended on the entrance of morning visitors. If a lady, however, be engaged with light needlework, she may continue it quietly during conversation, particularly if the visit be protracted.

Formerly the custom was to accompany all departing visitors to the door of the house, and there take leave of them; but modern society, which dispenses with a great deal of this kind of ceremony, now merely requires that the lady of the house should rise from her seat, shake hands, or bow, and ring the bell to summon the servant to attend them and open the door. In making a first call, either upon a newly-married couple or on persons newly arrived in the neighbourhood, a lady should leave her husband's card, together with her own, at the same time stating that the profession or business in which he is engaged has prevented him from having the pleasure of paying the visit with her. It is a custom with many ladies, when on the eve of an absence from their neighbourhood to leave or send their own and husband's cards, with the letters P. P. C. in the right-hand corner. These letters are the initials of the French words Pour prendre congé, meaning "To take leave."

Visiting Cards and Invitations.—The fashion of visiting cards used to vary much, some being made extremely thin, but those of medium thickness are now usually preferred. When calling at a house, it used to be customary to turn up the lower right-hand corner of the card, to denote that a personal call had been made, but this is not general any longer. Tennis and croquet invitations are issued with the word at the bottom right-hand corner. For Soirées, "At Homes," Conversaziones, Dinners and Balls, invitation cards are used; but for Weddings the invitations are issued upon notepaper. Gilt edges and gilt decorations are not often used nowadays, nor is the monogram, or crest, or both frequently embossed at the head of the paper.


text:
Author:Albert Frederick Mummery

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 * The physiology of industry; being an exposure of certain fallacies in existing theories of economics

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Author:John Norman Collie

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 * From the Himalaya to Skye
 * Climbing on the Himalaya and Other Mountain Ranges
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Page:Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management.djvu/43

Rh It is customary at many houses during summer to give tennis or croquet teas. The meal is very informal, and often served out of doors. Iced tea, coffee, claret-cup, etc., are served, with sandwiches, pastry, cakes and other light viands. The tables are set under shady trees, and a couple of servants or members of the family are in attendance at them, the visitors themselves going to the table for what they may want. The following is a form for wedding invitations:—

The morning calls having been paid or received, and their etiquette properly attended to, the next great event of the day in most establishments is "The Dinner"; and we will only make a few general remarks on this important subject here, as in future pages the whole "Art of Dining" will be thoroughly considered, with reference to its economy, comfort and enjoyment.

Invitations for Dinner.—In giving these it is usual to give from a fortnight's to three weeks' notice, and formal ones are sent on printed cards, such as the following—


text:
Author:Hugh Edward Millington Stutfield

Works

 * El Maghreb: 1200 Miles' Ride Through Marocco (1886)
 * The Brethren of Mount Atlas (1891)
 * Climbs and exploration in the Canadian Rockies (1903)
 * The Burden of Babylondon, or, The Social Incubus, and Other Vers de Société (1905)
 * The Roman Church and the Entente (1918)
 * The Roman Mischief-Maker (1919)
 * Priestcraft: A Study in Unnecessary Fictions (1921)
 * Mysticism and Catholicism (1925)

title: Author:Hugh Edward Millington Stutfield


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Page:Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management.djvu/44

22 In accepting an invitation the form of words used is—

while in declining one it is usual to say—

Before the Dinner.—A dinner-party, in an establishment where such an event is of rare occurrence, is apt to cause great anxiety to the inexperienced hostess, particularly when she cannot place full reliance in the training and capabilities of her servants. But, whatever her fears of disaster may be, she must meet her guests with a bright and cheery welcome.

In giving any entertainment of this kind, the hostess should endeavour to make the guests enjoy the time spent under her roof, and the guests themselves should remember that they have come with the object of mutual entertainment. An opportunity is thus given to all for innocent pleasure and intellectual intercourse, in the course of which pleasant and valuable friendships may be formed and information acquired that may prove useful through life. Many celebrated men and women have been great talkers; and one may recall the genial Sir Walter Scott, who would speak freely to any one, and was wont to say that he never did so without learning something.

With respect to the number of guests, it has often been said, that a private dinner-party should consist of not less than the number of the Graces, or more than that of the Muses. A party of ten or twelve is,


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Rh perhaps, as a general rule, sufficient for enjoyment. Gloves are worn by ladies at dinner-parties, but should be taken off before the actual meal begins.

Going to Dinner.—Dinner having been announced, the host offers his arm to, and places on his right hand at the dinner-table, the lady to whom he desires to pay most respect, either on account of her age, position, or because she is the greatest stranger in the party. If this lady be married and her husband present, the latter takes the hostess—who always enters the dining-room last—to her place at table, and seats himself at her right hand. The rest of the company follow the host in couples, as specified by the master or mistress of the house, the whole party being arranged according to their rank and other circumstances which may be known to the host and hostess.

Guest Cards.—It will be found of great assistance to the placing of a party at the dinner-table, to have the names of the guests neatly written on small cards called "Guest cards" and placed at that part of the table where it is desired the several guests should sit. It is a matter of taste what cards should be used for this purpose; small plain ones are perfectly admissible, but those with gold, silver or coloured borders are more effective and show more distinctly, laid as they are upon either white table cloths or serviettes. Some with floral ornamentation are frequently used. Sometimes the menu card is a double one, which folds like a ball programme, and upon the outside of this the guest's name is written.

The Dinner à la Russe, introduced into England about the middle of the nineteenth century, has now largely taken the place of the old custom of having all the dishes served from the table. The service of dinner is fully dealt with in subsequent pages.

Dessert.—When dinner is finished, the dessert is placed on the table, accompanied by finger-glasses, in which the tips of the fingers are dipped after the fruit or sweetmeats of this course have been taken.

Leaving the Dinner Table.—When fruit has been taken, and a glass or two of wine passed round, the time will have arrived when the hostess, after catching the eye of the lady first in precedence, rises, and gives her guests the signal to retire to the drawing-room. The gentlemen will rise at the same time, and the one nearest the door open it for the ladies, all courteously standing until the last lady has withdrawn.

In former times, when the bottle circulated freely amongst the guests, the ladies retired earlier than they do at present. Thanks, however, to the changes time has wrought, strict moderation is now invariable amongst gentlemen, and they now take but a brief interval for tobacco, talk, and coffee, before they rejoin the ladies.

After-dinner Invitations, by which we mean invitations for the evening, may be given. The time of arrival of these visitors will vary according to their engagements, or sometimes will be varied in obedience to the caprices of fashion. Guests invited for the evening are, however,


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Page:From Anne Warren Weston to Boston Female Anti-slavery Society; Monday, August 21, 1837.pdf/3

 species of declamation. Our only guides in this matter must be the Bible & the dictates of common sense. Let us first refer to the Bible. St Paul in his Epistle to the Church at Corinth directs that women who were ignorant & uninformed should not interrupt the meeting of the church by asking questions. By a rather singular modern interpretation this passage has been adduced as proving that the Apostle commands all women, how ever well informed and capable of teaching never to attempt to do so, but under all possible circumstances to keep silent in public assemblies. Because ignorant women are forbidden to interrupt a meeting does it therefore follow that well instructed ones may not address a meeting of their own convening. Again St Paul in addressing Timothy says "I suffer not a woman to teach," not to usurp authority over the man." Does any one understand this command as literal. No it is conceded that she may teach her own sex, that is supposing she addresses them by twos & threes in her own drawing room. She is only out of her sphere when she attempts to teach men. But is it improper to express her views on any subject whatever, we may suppose if we please, Slavery to one or two men in the seclusion of her own home! No, I suppose would be the general answer. But if it should happen that on this point she is well informed & they are ignorant, & if she be willing to utter her opinions and they begin to be convinced by them, ah! the whole thing begins to assume "a questionable shape." I am fearful that they are learning & she is teaching. Does any one say "this is absurd; St Paul's adm(?)tion was never designed to be thus applied. It condemns only public teaching "! I reply" If we depart from the literal interpretation I have as good authority for supposing that a woman may teach in a mixed assembly as my opponent may have for supposing that she may teach a half a dozen men & women in her own house. We can call to mind no other text that bears(?) (opposed by) upon this subject. On the other hand we have good reason to suppose that women on the day of Pentecost spoke to an assembly composed of men from every every nation under heaven. St Paul gives directions in what manner women should pray and prophesy, which directions would certainly seem to be somewhat unnecessary if they were to pray & prophesy at home merely. We are not made acquainted with the precise mode in which women "laboured" with Paul "in the Gospel," but there exists no proof that it was not by teaching in mixed assemblies. There is no absurdity in supposing that the women to whom not only Paul but "all the churches of the Gentiles gave thanks," the woman who was competent to instruct a man "eloquent & mighty in the scriptures" might not occasionally have pointed out the fact of salvation even to promiscuous assemblies.

Let us now consult the dictates of our own reason. If an assembly of men are uninformed upon a point of great moral importance, is there necessarily any impropriety or indelicacy in the fact that a woman who possesses the requisite information should in all the simplicity & dignity of high & holy purpose declare it to them. Is any real modesty & decorum sacrificed in this procedure? Is it any but a false delicacy that is endangered. We allow that the delicacy which consists in a hearty adoption of the most frivolous forms of conventional life and the propriety which derives its very being from the false code of morals adopted by those who compose what is commonly called "good society" is very decidedly outraged by the conduct we have been defending. But we trust, we are


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24 considered at liberty to arrive whenever it will best suit themselves—usually between nine and twelve, unless earlier hours are specifically named. By this arrangement, those who have numerous engagements to fulfil, can contrive to make their appearance at two or three parties in the course of one evening.

Ball or Evening Party Etiquette.—The etiquette of the dinner-party table being disposed of, let us now enter into that of an evening party or ball. The invitations for these are usually on "At Home" cards, filled in with the name and address of the sender and the date of the invitation, with the word "Dancing" or "Music," as the case may be, in one corner. They should be sent out about three weeks before the day fixed for the event, and should be replied to within a week of their receipt. By attention to these courtesies, the guests will have time to consider their engagements, and prepare their dresses, and the hostess will learn in good time the number of guests likely to be present.

Short or verbal invitations, except to relatives or close friends, are not, formally speaking, correct, but, of course, very much depends on the circumstances under which the invitation is given. Social forms, while never allowed to become a fetish, should not be altogether neglected even among close friends and relatives, for unintentional neglect of a customary formality may be misunderstood and strain a valued friendship.

Arrival of Guests.—Visitors on arrival should be shown to a room exclusively provided for their reception; and in that set apart for the ladies, attendants should be in waiting to assist those ladies who may require help. It will be found convenient, where the number of guests is large, to provide numbered tickets, so that they can be attached to the cloaks and wraps of each visitor; a duplicate of the ticket should be handed to the guest. Tea and coffee is provided in an ante-room, for those who would like to partake of it.

Introductions.—The lady of the house usually stands at the door of the drawing-room to receive her guests. She may introduce some of them to others, where she may imagine mutual acquaintance will be suitable and agreeable. It is very often the practice of the master of the house to introduce one gentleman to another, but occasionally the lady performs this office.

The custom of non-introduction is very much in vogue in many houses, and guests are thus left to discover for themselves the position and qualities of the people around them. The servant, indeed, calls out the names of all the visitors as they arrive, but, in many instances, mispronounces them; so that it will not be well to follow this information, as if it were an unerring guide. But the gentleman is, of course, introduced by either host or hostess to the lady whom he is to take in to dinner.

Refreshments.—A separate room or buffet should be set apart for


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145 accident of her having wings in common with the whole kurwie race could not be remedied so that she might be enabled to gratify her inordinate longing by being taught the role of a terrestial bird?"

"There is certainly one way in which the thing could be done," said Dame Courtenie, "but really I do not like to propose it, lest in doing so you may imagine that I purpose making a bumbuma koeworie (laughing jackass ) of you; or, at least, that the required sacrifice (for there is a sacrifice in it, and a great one, too) would be greater by far than the benefit accruing; but since you seem to have taken the matter so much to heart, I shall tell you the penalty you must pay, ere you can attain your wishes, and then, of course, it will rest solely with yourself whether you will agree to it or not. It is this simply, you must allow yourself to be shorn of your wings, and so become a walking bird, such as I am. Remember, however, that if you elect to have your wings cut off, you will ever after be compelled (whether you like it or not) to walk on the earth, and perhaps you might not be altogether willing to do that, as who knows but what some fine day you might have a longing to soar untrammelled away into the mysterious depths of the clouds, as has been your habit hitherto, and in the event of some such case arising, it is more than probable that your disgust at the cause of your inability would be considerable; consequently, your having complied with the rule which alone can procure you the advantages possessed by the animals of the earth, would be a constant source of


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146 regret to you; therefore, I strongly advise you to consider the matter well in all its bearings before you think of coming to any decision."

The sly dame Courtenie saw plainly enough that the poor innocent Kurwie had already made up her mind to the sacrifice of her wings, although all the time she pretended not to be paying the slightest attention to her too-willing victim's cogitations; however, when the stupid simpleton, after no very long course of thought, said: "Well, you cut 'em tertow (wing or arm) belonging to me, for although lam perfectly well aware of the seriousness of such a proceeding, still I think that the advantages I shall gain thereby will considerably more than counterbalance the deprivation."

When the deluded biped had finished speaking, the wicked Courtenie's eyes twinkled with untold roguery. So greatly overjoyed was she at the success cf her nefarious scheme, she came very nearly forgetting her assumed rolêrôle [sic], and so spreading out her wings in perfect jubilation, which, if she had done, as a matter of course her little piece of diabolism would have come to a termination. With a severe struggle, however, she managed to keep her countenance whilst she performed the required amputation, but almost before the delicate operation was finally completed, she gave unrestrained reins to her mirth, so spread wide her wings, bowed several times most gracefully to her all too confiding victim, and finished off by saying: "I hope, dear Kurwie, that you will be successful in your sport, even to the top of your heart, and that your vocal powers, when you try them, will far outrival in sweetness those possessed by any other bird


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147 which walks the earth." Thereupon the cunning dame Courtenie made a few Thespean steps, in which she was joined by all her kindred there assembled, brimful of malicious glee, after which one and all cut an astonishing wing, by way of finale; then, spreading out their wings to the ambient air, they flew away, leaving the mutilated Kurwie lost in wonder.

The Bumbuma Koeworie, sitting on a neighbouring tree, saw and heard the whole performance, and although up to that time he and. all his kind had been mute birds, the successful wicked cunning of the sly dame Courtenie thus displayed before him so tickled his risible faculties, that before he was aware of it he burst out with a loud, long and joyous laugh, and from thence even to the present day, anything at all comical or absurd passing under the observation of the Koeworie, is certain to elicit much and prolonged laughter.

When the Kurwie's consternation, consequent upon the abruptness of the Courtenie's departure, had subsided some, what, she soliloquised thus:—"How vilely that abominable old Dame Courtenie has imposed upon me to be sure, to say that she and all her fellows were only walking birds, when 'tis plainly enough demonstrated that they can fly as well as ever I could. I trust that the cunning creature has not perverted the truth as much with regard to my being able to catch fish now that my wings have been out away; but this thought need not trouble my head long, as I can easily put it to the test, which I shall do forthwith." Alas! that it should fall to our task to relate it, but, sad to tell, the poor misled Kurwie's first fishing experiences


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148 nearly proved fatal to her, and after all she did not succeed in capturing even a paltry tadpole, much less a fish. After shaking the water out of her feathers upon reaching land, to console herself, as it were, for her decided failure in the fishing rôle which she had just adopted, she raised her head with no inconsiderable amount of pride, drew it well back, closing her eyes the while, and opening her beak to the widest possible extent, intent upon flooding the whole vicinity with a stream of unheard of melody; but alas! and thrice alas! the horrible sounds which issued from her throat were so terrible to hear, the Kumbama Koeworie came nearly tumbling off his perch from the force of downright fear, whilst she herself had all but swooned away by reason of her own discordant uproar.

Thus, when all too late, she had discovered how completely gulled she had been by the plausible cunning of the wicked Courtenie. Being, however, sensible beyond the general run of birds, she saw that repining would be but of very sorry avail, as do what she might her wings could not be restored to her; therefore, comforting herself in the best manner possible under the trying circumstances, she stalked away from the scene of her folly a wiser though a much sadder bird.

She walked away leisurely across the swelling undulations of the plains, pecking the succulent herbage as she passed, which she found wonderfully palatable and more to her taste than anything her late cloud world could offer, and when, with a crop full almost to bursting, she found herself comfortably squatted under the fragrant shelter of a Myall scrub, she came to the conclusion that she was not so badly


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149 off after all. She therefore thereupon determined never again to allow either her curiosity or appetite to induce her to forsake that of which she was already assured for the somewhat doubtful good of a brilliant shadow.

Time passed on its course even in those times, when the sun did not shine upon the earth, and when the season came round when it was usual for the animals of the earth to add to their several kinds, the Kurwie had nearly forgotten that she had ever been other than a terrestrial bird, and the scene of her transformation had almost faded from her memory.

In this teaming time both the Kurwie and the Courtenie were honoured by the cares of maternity, and some short time after the production of the respective broods, one day the sly old Dame Courtenie espied the Kurwie with her numerous covey coming along by the margin of the marsh upon which she was feeding with her brood all about her. Just then a maliciously cunning thought occurred to her, which caused her to tell the young Courtenies hastily to hide in the grass with the exception of one, and with this solitary one she walked about pretending to be carefully catering for its welfare, when up stalked the Kurwie surrounded by her large family of Kurwielets.

"Good day," quoth the Kurwie, "how do you get on? but I need scarcely inquire either, as it is palpable enough to all that you are as happy as can be, and small wonder I may say, seeing you have only one chick to provide for; but if you had as many little bills to provide for as I have you would find yourself in a very different pickle, I can tell you."


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150 "No, I should not," replied the cunning old dame, "I know better than that. Why, my clutch was quite as numerous as yours is when I had done hatching."

"What has become of them, then? I only see one."

"Become of them, indeed, why dead to be sure. I pecked all their brains out—yes, and ate them, too, and very good they were. I had no idea of killing myself by scratching for so many; no, not I. One is ample for any reasonable bird to rear."

"Ah, to be sure, I never thought of that," soliloquised the Kurwie, "it is not by any means a bad idea;" then aloud, "I say, Dame Courtenie, did you not think it very wrong to kill all your brood but one chick?"

"Wrong, indeed, not I. I even find one a greater tax on my energies than I care for, but I'll rear him now that he is so well grown. If I were in your place, however, I should kill (without the slightest scruple) every chick you have, and never think twice about it, that I should. Why, by the time that these young ones of yours are old enough to look after themselves you will be quite worn down to bones and feathers, when, if you don't take care, you will stand a fair chance of visiting your old aerial abode in the clouds through the agency of a whirlwind. Now, don't you be soft-hearted in the matter; just take my advice, and let their brains out without more ado. If, however, you should have a sort of slight affection for the little torments do as I did, save one, but if you do like me you will find that one all too many for your personal comfort."

"Well, Dame Courtenie, I think you are quite right, a clutch like mine is too much of a good thing altogether.


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User talk:Obmen

— billinghurst  sDrewth  12:35, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

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Page:Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management.djvu/47

Rh refreshments. A supper is also often provided at private parties; and this requires, on the part of the hostess, a great deal of attention and supervision. It usually takes place between the first and second parts of the dances arranged. Programmes of these dances are printed in various forms, and have pencils attached. The monogram of the hostess, or the name of the house, with the date of the party, frequently heads these programmes.

At Private Parties, a lady should not refuse the invitation of a gentleman to dance, unless she be previously engaged. The hostess must be supposed to have asked to her house only those persons whom she knows to be of good character, as well as fairly equal position; hence to decline the offer of any gentleman present would be a tacit reflection on the master and mistress of the house. It may be mentioned here that an introduction at balls or evening parties does not necessarily involve a subsequent acquaintanceship, no introduction, at these times, giving a gentleman a right afterwards to address a lady. She is consequently free next morning to pass her partner at a ball of the previous evening without the slightest recognition, if she prefers to do so.

Dancing.—The ball is generally opened by the lady of the house. Whilst the host will usually lead off the dance with the lady highest in rank of those present or the greatest stranger, it will be well for the hostess, even if she is an ardent and accomplished dancer, not to indulge in the art to an unlimited extent, as the duties of entertaining make considerable demands on her attention and time. A few dances will suffice to show that she shares in the pleasures of the evening.

The hostess and host, during the progress of a ball, will chat with their friends, and take care the ladies are furnished with seats, and that those who wish to dance are provided with partners. A gentle hint from the hostess that a lady lacks a partner during several dances, is certain not to be neglected by any gentleman. In this way the comfort and enjoyment of the guests can be promoted, and no lady will experience the sensation of being a wallflower throughout the evening. Beside her other cares, the mistress has frequently the added duties of a chaperon either of her own or some friend's daughters. Without making vexatious regulations, or preventing the enjoyment of her charges, she must be able to ensure their doing nothing that is either outré or in bad form. At a ball she will take special care that her charges always know where to find her, though no reasonable chaperon will expect a girl to be always with her.

Departure.—When any of the carriages are announced, or the time for the departure of the guests arrives, they should bid farewell to the hostess, without attracting the attention of the other guests to their departure. If this cannot be done, without creating too much bustle, it will be better for the visitors to retire quietly without taking their leave. Within a week of the entertainment, the hostess should receive from every guest a call, where possible, or cards expressing the


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26 experienced from her entertainment. To neglect such an obvious duty is an offence against all social rules

Having shortly treated different forms of social gatherings, we now return to the ordinary routine of the household, though all the details we have given of dinner parties, balls, etc., belong to the department of the mistress. Without a knowledge of the etiquette to be observed on these occasions, a mistress would be unable to enjoy and appreciate those friendly meetings which, giving a pleasant change, make the quiet, happy life of an English gentlewoman the more enjoyable. In their proper places, all that is necessary to be known respecting the dishes and appearance of the breakfast, dinner, tea, and supper tables will be set forth in this work.

Home Gatherings are more frequent and more important than social entertainments. Both, however, have to be studied with a view to efficiency, enjoyment and economy. These points will be dealt with in the pages on "Cookery." Here we will only say, that for both mistress and servants, it will be found wise to cook and serve the dinner, and to lay the tablecloth and the sideboard, with the same cleanliness, neatness and scrupulous exactitude, whether it be for the family, or for "company." If this be strictly adhered to, the details of work will become as second nature to all energies, and the trifling extra trouble entailed is amply repaid by the increased efficiency of servants, the feeling that one is always prepared for any chance callers, and the moral stimulus that is given by having all things done decently and in order.

Evenings at Home should form a pleasant, improving and restful portion of the daily round. Few hours of the day present more opportunities for forming and strengthening good habits and tendencies among the young. In many homes this is the only time when the busy father has the opportunity, and the mother the leisure, to share in the pursuits and pastimes of their children. If children do not find pleasure at home they will seek it elsewhere, often in undesirable directions. Hence it should form part of the settled domestic policy of every parent to make children feel that home is one of the happiest places in the world, thus cultivating in them an attachment to home interests that may prove an invaluable safeguard in the crucial years of their youth. With this object in view all innocent games and pastimes should be encouraged; the young collector, naturalist, carpenter or engineer should be helped in his interesting and instructive hobbies. Games of skill, like chess and draughts, which have an educational value, should be introduced and opportunity given for cricket, cycling, walking, hockey and healthy sport, whilst children who show any talent for music, drawing, modelling, composition, etc., should know that a keen interest is taken in their pursuits.

Fancy needlework often forms a portion of the evening's recreation for the ladies of the household, and this may be made more pleasant by reading aloud some standard work, whether of instruction, humour,


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Rh or romance, and there is no greater safeguard against those low-class and pernicious publications, which, alas! abound, than an early acquaintance with the real masterpieces of literature.

Retiring for the Night.—It is well to remember that early rising is almost impossible if retiring to rest at a late hour is the practice of the household. The younger members of a family should go early and at regular hours to their beds, and the domestics as soon as possible after a reasonably appointed hour. Either the master or the mistress of a house should, after all have gone to their separate rooms, see that all is right with respect to lights and fires below; and no servants should on any account be allowed to remain up after the heads of the house have retired.

Having thus dealt with daily routine from rising at morning to retiring at night, there remain only now to be considered a few matters, respecting which the mistress of the house may be glad to receive information.

When taking a House in a new locality, it will be etiquette for the mistress to wait until the older inhabitants of the neighbourhood call upon her, thus evincing a desire, on their part, to become acquainted with the new-comer. It may be, that the mistress will desire an intimate acquaintance with but few of her neighbours; but it is to be specially borne in mind that all visits, whether of ceremony, friendship, or condolence, should be punctiliously returned, though some time may be allowed to elapse in the case of undesirable acquaintance.

Letters of Introduction.—You may perhaps have been favoured with letters of introduction from some of your friends, to persons living in the neighbourhood to which you have just come. In this case, enclose the letter of introduction in an envelope, with your card. Then, if the person to whom it is addressed call in the course of a few days, the visit should be returned by you within the week, if possible. It is now more usual to write by the post and introduce a friend, instead of leaving everything to be said by the letter that is given.

In the event of your being invited to dinner under the above circumstances, nothing but necessity should prevent you from accepting the invitation. If, however, there is some distinct reason why you cannot accept, let it be stated frankly and plainly. An opportunity should, also, be taken to call in the course of a day or two, in order to express your regret that untoward circumstances have made it impossible for you to be present.

In Giving a Letter of Introduction, it should always be handed to your friend unsealed. Courtesy dictates this, as the person whom you are introducing would, perhaps, wish to know in what manner he or she was spoken of. Should you receive a letter from a friend, introducing to you any person known to and esteemed by the writer, the letter should be immediately acknowledged, and your willingness expressed to do all in your power to carry out his or her wishes.


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 WILHELM MEISTER'S TRAVELS

THE RECREATIONS OF THE GERMAN EMIGRANTS


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151 Many thanks for your good advice, which I shall follow incontinently. I shall save one, though, just for company's sake."

The foolish Kurwie was but a very short time engaged in the destruction of her promising brood, whilst the cunning old Courtenie looked on all the time with badly-suppressed glee, and when but one of the late numerous clutch remained alive she clapped her wings and danced, ejaculating the while, "Geralka Beralka, Geralka Beralka," which brought the whole of her abundant brood speedily from their hiding places in the rushes to her heels.

The vile, barefaced wickedness of the cunning Dame Courtenie being thus patently made manifest, rendered the poor simple bereaved Kurwie absolutely dumb, so that she could do nothing but gaze open-mouthed in speechless horror; but whilst so engaged the punishment of the wicked overtook the infamous Dame Courtenie on the spot where her latest villany [sic] had been so shamelessly enacted.

Her long graceful neck, which had hitherto been the admiration and envy of bird and beast, became awry and crooked on the instant, and her dulcet vocal powers disappeared as though they had never been, leaving her with two discordant notes only, these being the tones by which she had been accustomed to call her family around her, Geralka Beralka, Geralka Beralka, and from these, down even to the present time, the tones have not varied. This deprivation, together with the crooked neck, still remains distinctive characteristics of well-merited punishment, and doubtless they will be reproduced from generation to


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Rh of equations to new equations, replacing expressions by others in accordance with the equations.

Thus the proof of the proposition 2x2 = 4 runs:

 * (Ων)μx=Ων×μx Def.

Ω2×2x=(Ω2)2x=(Ω2)1+1x=Ω2Ω2x=Ω1+1'Ω1+1'x''

=(Ω'Ω)'(Ω'Ω)x=Ω'Ω'Ω'Ωx=Ω1+1+1+1

Logical research means the investigation of all regularity. And outside logic all is accident.

The so-called law of induction cannot in any case be a logical law, for it is obviously a significant proposition.—And therefore it cannot be a law a priori either.

The law of causality is not a law but the form of a law.

"Law of Causality" is a class name. And as in mechanics there are, for instance, minimum-laws, such as that of least action, so in physics there are causal laws, laws of the causality form.

Men had indeed an idea that there must be a "law of least action", before they knew exactly how it ran. (Here, as always, the a priori certain proves to be something purely logical.)

We do not believe a priori in a law of conservation, but we know a priori the possibility of a logical form.

All propositions, such as the law of causation, the law of continuity in nature, the law of least expenditure in nature, etc. etc., all these are a priori intuitions of possible forms of the propositions of science.

Newtonian mechanics, for example, brings the description of the universe to a unified form.

Rh


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152 generation through all time, or so long as the Courtenie race has a single representative on the fair face of the earth.

CHAPTER XIX.

AN ADDITIONAL EPISODE IN THE LIVES OF THE KURWIE AND COURTENIE; OF THE FIRST ADVENT OF THE SUN's LIGHT ON THE EARTH AND ITS CAUSE; REWARDS AND PUNISHMENT FOR GOOD AND BAD DEEDS; NOBLE CONDUCT AND ITS GUERDON, AS DISPLAYED IN THE LEGEND OF THE NGAROU (BUSTARD, OR WILD TURKEY OF THE COLONISTS) PEOPLE.

The Courtenie and Kurwie did not again come in contact until a goodly time had elapsed after the cruel slaughter of the Kurwielets, and when chance did once more bring them together, the feelings of the Kurwie were scarcely of a friendly nature towards the cunning old Dame Courtenie.

The wholesale slaughter of her promising young brood by the margin of the great reedy marsh still rankled in her mind, and the unsolicited presence of the vile Dame Courtenie, that had, by dint of the most specious mendacity, induced the unmotherly act, did not tend to lessen the never ceasing regret; but, on the contrary, it brought all the terrible proceedings as vividly to her mind as though the deed were only a day old, instead of a dozen moons.

Breeding time had again come round, and the Kurwie was patiently sitting on thirteen eggs, which, she trusted, would in due time produce an equal number of downy Kurwielets. the fate of which she determined should be very different to that of her former clutch.


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153 When Dame Courtenie saw her simple victim of old so contentedly sitting beneath a bushy tree, the dense foliage of which kept the chill, biting winds at a respectable distance. She immediately divined that poor Kurwie was contentedly engaged hatching another brood. This being apparently so. the wicked old bird set her cunning wits to work at once to turn the circumstance to some malicious account. Accordingly, with much pretended meekness, she approached the sitting Kurwie, saying, "Ah, my dear Kurwie, I am so overjoyed to meet you again; it does seem quite an age since we last forgathered. Where have you been all the while? Surely you have not avoided me purposely?" Indeed, then, dame Courtenie, that is just what I have done; and now that you are here I do not wish to have anything to say to you at all, your absence I assure you is appreciated infinitely more than your abominable presence, therefore, if it be all the same to you, you had better take yourself off at once. You're a vile old bird, and should not be allowed to come near any bird, or beast either, for that matter, that has the slightest pretensions to respectability."

"Poor old thing" rejoined the Courtenie, "I believe you are in a passion. What, have you not forgotten the little cheepers yet, that you so properly knocked on the head, by my advice, last season? Well to be sure, now after that conduct nothing can astonish me. Certainly gratitude does not seem to be a failing of yours, but it serves me right, and just shows the folly of throwing away good advice on fools; however, I shall be more careful in future."

The Kurwie, being a bird of long suffering, could upon


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4 The Purple Emperor sniffed. His broad, hairless, sunburnt features bore that obstinate expression which always irritated me. Perhaps the manner in which he wore his hat intensified the irritation, for the flapping brim rested on both ears, and the two little velvet ribbons which hung from the silver buckle in front wiggled and fluttered with every trivial breeze. His cunning eyes and sharp-pointed nose were out of all keeping with his fat red face. When he met my eye, he chuckled.

"I know more about insects than any man in Morbihan—or Finistère either, for that matter," he said.

"The Red Admiral knows as much as you do," I retorted.

"He doesn't," replied the Purple Emperor angrily.

"And his collection of butterflies is twice as large as yours," I added, moving down the stream to a spot directly opposite him.

"It is, is it?" sneered the Purple Emperor. "Well, let me tell you, Monsieur Barrel, in all his collection he hasn't a specimen, a single specimen, of that magnificent butterfly, Apatura Iris, commonly known as the 'Purple Emperor'."

"Everybody in Brittany knows that," I said, casting across the sparkling water; "but just because you happen to be the only man who ever captured a Purple Emperor in


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154 occasion stand a considerable amount of humbug, but to becalled a fool was a trifle more than her good nature could put up with; therefore she sprang off her nest, intending to make it a salutary warning to old dame Courtenie, and as she did so she said, "You wretched wry-necked old harridan, what do you mean by coming here at all? If you don't get out of this neighbourhood at once I shall incapacitate you from ever doing so." Thereupon she made a determined rush at the crooked-necked brute, intent on slaughter dire; unfortunately, however, she knew but little of the cunning possessed by the sly grey bird, as the immediate sequel demonstrated. The Conrtenie [sic] waited calmly until her furious adversary was within a few feet, when she nimbly flapped her wings and vaulted lightly over the poor Kurwie's back, alighting close by the side of the nest; meantime the impetus of the Kurwie's deadly attack had carried that poor bird many yards away, and by the time she had stayed her irate career, and turned round, the wicked old Courtenie had danced all the eggs but one to smash, and that one she held in one foot, whilst she wickedly hopped about on the other, to an accompaniment of derisive ejaculations.

When the irate Kurwie saw the destruction which theCourtenie had effected with her cherished eggs, with foam flaked beak, she again rushed madly at the vile old brute; but, alas, the result of this second attack was as futile as the former one, for, judging her time accurately, the sly Courtenie again sprang into the air, as Kurwie came up with a rush, sending the egg which she held in her claw, at the same time, flying to the sky with as great velocity


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Rh Let us imagine a white surface with irregular black spots. We now say: Whatever kind of picture these make I can always get as near as I like to its description, if I cover the surface with a sufficiently fine square network and now say of every square that it is white or black. In this way I shall have brought the description of the surface to a unified form. This form is arbitrary, because I could have applied with equal success a net with a triangular or hexagonal mesh. It can happen that the description would have been simpler with the aid of a triangular mesh; that is to say we might have described the surface more accurately with a triangular, and coarser, than with the finer square mesh, or vice versa, and so on. To the different networks correspond different systems of describing the world. Mechanics determine a form of description by saying: All propositions in the description of the world must be obtained in a given way from a number of given propositions—the mechanical axioms. It thus provides the bricks for building the edifice of science, and says: Whatever building thou wouldst erect, thou shalt construct it in some manner with these bricks and these alone.

(As with the system of numbers one must be able to write down any arbitrary number, so with the system of mechanics one must be able to write down any arbitrary physical proposition.)

And now we see the relative position of logic and mechanics. (We could construct the network out of figures of different kinds, as out of triangles and hexagons together.) That a picture like that instanced above can be described by a network of a given form asserts nothing about Rh


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Rh the picture. (For this holds of every picture of this kind.) But this does characterize the picture, the fact, namely, that it can be completely described by a definite net of definite fineness.

So too the fact that it can be described by Newtonian mechanics asserts nothing about the world; but this asserts something, namely, that it can be described in that particular way in which as a matter of fact it is described. The fact, too, that it can be described more simply by one system of mechanics than by another says something about the world.

Mechanics is an attempt to construct according to a single plan all true propositions which we need for the description of the world.

Through their whole logical apparatus the physical laws still speak of the objects of the world.

We must not forget that the description of the world by mechanics is always quite general. There is, for example, never any mention of particular material points in it, but always only of some points or other.

Although the spots in our picture are geometrical figures, geometry can obviously say nothing about their actual form and position. But the network is purely geometrical, and all its properties can be given a priori.

Laws, like the law of causation, etc., treat of the network and not of what the network describes.

If there were a law of causality, it might run: "There are natural laws".

But that can clearly not be said: it shows itself.

In the terminology of Hertz we might say: Only uniform connexions are thinkable.


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Rh country?" Confucius replied, "With such principles you might pacify the world, how much more the Loo country." In a few years, Confucius became the prime minister of his sovereign; but seeing his prince carried away with the love of women and music, he resigned his office, and quitted Loo. At the age of seventy- five, he died. The writings compiled by Confucius and his followers are the most ancient Chinese records that have been handed down to the present time. Some of these are, professedly, collections of earlier documents, and refer to the traditionary period of Yaou and Shun, as well as to the times of Wan Wang, B.C. 1120; but it is more than probable, that some of the odes and speeches, collected by Confucius, were merely traditionary notices, found in the mouths of bards and statesmen, and not documents actually committed to writing before his time. Confucius' history of his own times commences with the reign of the emperor Ping, B.C. 720, and is as much to be depended on as the recitals of the Greek and Roman historians;—it not only bears on itself the stamp of credibility, but laid the foundation of all the subsequent historical works which China has produced. The well known "Four Books" are written by the followers of Confucius, and contain an account of the sayings and doings of the sage and his immediate disciples, something similar to our Gospels and Acts, or as has been observed, corresponding to Boswell's Life of Johnson.

It is very singular, that China should have given birth, at the same time, to two remarkable men, differing essentially in their doctrines and views, each the founder of a system of religion and morals, which has


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Rh

We cannot compare any process with the "passage of time"—there is no such thing—but only with another process (say, with the movement of the chronometer).

Hence the description of the temporal sequence of events is only possible if we support ourselves on another process.

It is exactly analogous for space. When, for example, we say that neither of two events (which mutually exclude one another) can occur, because there is no cause why the one should occur rather than the other, it is really a matter of our being unable to describe one of the two events unless there is some sort of asymmetry. And if there is such an asymmetry, we can regard this as the cause of the occurrence of the one and of the non-occurrence of the other.

The Kantian problem of the right and left hand which cannot be made to cover one another already exists in the plane, and even in one-dimensional space; where the two congruent figures a and b cannot be made to cover one another without

moving them out of this space. The right and left hand are in fact completely congruent. And the fact that they cannot be made to cover one another has nothing to do with it.

A right-hand glove could be put on a left hand if it could be turned round in four-dimensional space.

What can be described can happen too, and what is excluded by the law of causality cannot be described.

The process of induction is the process of Rh


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 overspread and divided China, from their days to the present time. These individuals have been already referred to, viz., Confucius and Laou-tsze, and their interview with each other recorded. Though they seem to have had a respect for each other, yet they do not appear to have combined or coalesced in the plans they laid down for the instruction of posterity. Of Confucius it is said, that he never spoke of the strange and marvellous, and sought to fix men's attention on the duties of the human relations; while the other inculcated a contempt for worldly greatness and domestic happiness—placing the chief good in mental abstraction, and professing to deal much with the spiritual world. The one erred in being too sceptical, and the other in being too superstitious; yet they have both retained their hold of the mind of China, even to the present day, and it is difficult now to say, which system is most prevalent throughout the empire.

About the same period, Buddhism arose in India; and though it did not immediately spread into the ultra Gangetic nations, it diffused itself rapidly on its subsequent introduction, and now exerts as great an influence over the minds of the vulgar as the other two sects do over the learned and the superstitious.

A little more than two hundred years before the Christian era, China became subject to a fourth dynasty, called Tsin, from which Chin, or China, the name by which that country is known in the western world, is probably derived. The ruler of Tsin conceived the insane idea of establishing a dynasty, which should extend from the beginning to the end of time. With this view, he collected and burnt all the records of previous ages, and buried alive four hundred and


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Rh assuming the simplest law that can be made to harmonize with our experience.

This process, however, has no logical foundation but only a psychological one. It is clear that there are no grounds for believing that the simplest course of events will really happen.

That the sun will rise to-morrow, is an hypothesis; and that means that we do not know whether it will rise.

A necessity for one thing to happen because another has happened does not exist. There is only logical necessity.

At the basis of the whole modern view of the world lies the illusion that the so-called laws of nature are the explanations of natural phenomena.

So people stop short at natural laws as at something unassailable, as did the ancients at God and Fate.

And they both are right and wrong. But the ancients were clearer, in so far as they recognized one clear terminus, whereas the modern system makes it appear as though everything were explained.

The world is independent of my will.

Even if everything we wished were to happen, this would only be, so to speak, a favour of fate, for there is no logical connexion between will and world, which would guarantee this, and the assumed physical connexion itself we could not again will.

As there is only a logical necessity, so there is only a logical impossibility.

For two colours, e.g. to be at one place in the visual field, is impossible, logically impossible, for it is excluded by the logical structure of colour. Rh


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155 as a Toort (star) falls to the earth. When the egg reached the sky, it struck on a great heap of wood which had been gathered there by Ngoudenout, and the concussion was so great, fire immediately followed the violent contact, and lo, the whole world was incontinently flooded with celestial light!

The consternation of the Kurwie, and old dame Courtenie as well, upon this sudden deluge of unheard of effulgence was so altogether overpowering, their virulent feud was forgotten on the moment, and they and their descendents have ever since dwelt together in perfect amity, jointly paying due homage to the celestial orb of day, which had its being, and arose, out of their latest and most deadly quarrel; and which has continued ever since to bless the face of all nature with its brilliant and vivifying rays.

When the sun had thus made his glorions appearance, blessing the hitherto gloomy earth with his light and genial warmth, those of the birds and beasts who had been good in their respective generations, and had striven on all occasions to assist their fellows when overtaken by trouble, and had looked after their own food, without reference to what their neighbours fed upon, were at once converted into blackfellows, and their ancient fellows that had been discontented grumblers, and otherwise obnoxious were given them to prey upon.

This is one of the very few instances wherein their legends speak of rewards and punishments for good and bad behaviour.

Another instance is illustrated in the legend of the ogre Ngarou, that lived on the earth ages before the advent of


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Rh Let us consider how this contradiction presents itself in physics. Somewhat as follows : That a particle cannot at the same time have two velocities, i.e. that at the same time it cannot be in two places, i.e. that particles in different places at the same time cannot be identical.

(It is clear that the logical product of two elementary propositions can neither be a tautology nor a contradiction. The assertion that a point in the visual field has two different colours at the same time, is a contradiction.)

All propositions are of equal value.

The sense of the world must lie outside the world. In the world everything is as it is and happens as it does happen. In it there is no value—and if there were, it would be of no value.

If there is a value which is of value, it must lie outside all happening and being-so. For all happening and being-so is accidental. What makes it non-accidental cannot lie in the world, for otherwise this would again be accidental.

It must lie outside the world.

Hence also there can be no ethical propositions. Propositions cannot express anything higher.

It is clear that ethics cannot be expressed. Ethics is transcendental.

(Ethics and aesthetics are one.)

The first thought in setting up an ethical law of the form "thou shalt…" is: And what if I do not do it? But it is clear that ethics has nothing to do with punishment and reward in the ordinary sense. This question as to the consequences of an action must therefore be irrelevant. At least these consequences will not be events. For there must be something right in that formulation of the question. There must be some sort Rh


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156 the Sun. This vile Ngarou's habits were of a most depraved nature, in fact many of them had never been heard of in Ngaroudom until his hideous appearance came on the scene to defile the earth.

His prevailing penchant, and the one most dreaded by the innocent Ngarou people, was that of slaying his unsuspicious fellows and feasting upon their flesh.

To enable him to pander easily to this detestable longing of his, he had cunningly made his camp on the margin of a nice plain, where delicious yams grew abundantly; and where Ngarous from all quarters made a point of assembling, in the proper seasons, to feed on the succulent and milky roots, so grateful to their simple tastes.

In the long, gloomy periods of that sunless time, when crowds of Ngarous feasted on the fair yam plain, this wicked old monster would patiently wait, and watch, until some unwary young Ngarou separated from his fellows, to enjoy his accustomed siesta by some fragrant myall tree, away from the noise and turmoil caused by his busily feeding brethren; and as soon as slumber had supervened upon his preceding state of repletion, the old watchful vagabond would stealthily creep up to his unsuspicious and unconscious victim, and throttle him ere he had a chance of waking.

The position chosen by the wicked old Ngarou for his camp was not only advantageous to him, by reason of its near proximity to the succulent yam-field, but also because the great highway, along which the Ngarou people were wont to travel, when visiting their breeding grounds every season, ran close by the spot.


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Rh of ethical reward and ethical punishment, but this must lie in the action itself.

(And this is clear also that the reward must be something acceptable, and the punishment something unacceptable.)

Of the will as the subject of the ethical we cannot speak.

And the will as a phenomenon is only of interest to psychology.

If good or bad willing changes the world, it can only change the limits of the world, not the facts; not the things that can be expressed in language.

In brief, the world must thereby become quite another. It must so to speak wax or wane as a whole.

The world of the happy is quite another than that of the unhappy.

As in death, too, the world does not change, but ceases.

Death is not an event of life. Death is not lived through.

If by eternity is understood not endless temporal duration but timelessness, then he lives eternally who lives in the present.

Our life is endless in the way that our visual field is without limit.

The temporal immortality of the human soul, that is to say, its eternal survival after death, is not only in no way guaranteed, but this assumption in the first place will not do for us what we always tried to make it do. Is a riddle solved by the fact that I survive for ever? Is this eternal life not as enigmatic as our present one? The solution of the riddle of life in space and time lies outside space and time. Rh


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Rh (It is not problems of natural science which have to be solved.)

How the world is, is completely indifferent for what is higher. God does not reveal himself in the world.

The facts all belong only to the task and not to its performance.

Not how the world is, is the mystical, but that it is.

The contemplation of the world sub specie aeterni is its contemplation as a limited whole.

The feeling of the world as a limited whole is the mystical feeling.

For an answer which cannot be expressed the question too cannot be expressed.

The riddle does not exist.

If a question can be put at all, then it can also be answered.

Scepticism is not irrefutable, but palpably senseless, if it would doubt where a question cannot be asked.

For doubt can only exist where there is a question; a question only where there is an answer, and this only where something can be said.

We feel that even if all possible scientific questions be answered, the problems of life have still not been touched at all. Of course there is then no question left, and just this is the answer.

The solution of the problem of life is seen in the vanishing of this problem.

(Is not this the reason why men to whom after long doubting the sense of life became clear, could not then say wherein this sense consisted?)

There is indeed the inexpressible. This shows itself; it is the mystical.

The right method of philosophy would be this.


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157 As a matter of course, many travelling Ngarous were overcome by fatigue, called at the camp, and asked permission to rest their wearied wings and feet ere proceeding further on their journey.

On those occasions the wicked old monster seemed the very personification of hospitality, nothing was too good for his way-worn guests; and the manner in which he used to make his better half trot about to procure yams, as well as other esculents, for the tired travellers to feast upon, was really something to admire.

After feasting his visitors until their crops were incapable of further distention [sic], with the assistance of his dame he would then prepare soft and fragrant couches of yam stalks, for the reception of their weary limbs, upon which he had much pleasure in seeing them prepare to repose. When this wished-for moment arrived, he would bid them take a good sound sleep, so that they might rise refreshed for another weary day's travel.

Thereupon he and his spouse would retire as though they also were about to court repose; this, however, was the very furthest idea from their wicked thoughts, as the retiring to rest was only the merest pretence, meant to lull his guests into feelings of false security; in most cases too the ruse succeeded. As soon as silence had fallen on the sleeping camp, and no sound was there, saving the deep breathing of the sore winged and footed sleepers, the detestable old ogre wonld [sic] stealthily arise, using much caution the while, fearful lest the least stir should awaken the weary travellers, and so frustrate his diabolical designs.


text:
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2059

“The Security Council,

“Commending the efforts of the United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria (UNSMIS),

“1.  Decides to renew the mandate of UNSMIS for a final period of 30 days, taking into consideration the Secretary-General’s recommendations to reconfigure the Mission, and taking into consideration the operational implications of the increasingly dangerous security situation in Syria;

“2.  Calls upon the parties to assure the safety of UNSMIS personnel without prejudice to its freedom of movement and access, and stresses that the primary responsibility in this regard lies with the Syrian authorities;

“3.  Expresses its willingness to renew the mandate of UNSMIS thereafter only in the event that the Secretary-General reports and the Security Council confirms the cessation of the use of heavy weapons and a reduction in the level of violence by all sides sufficient to allow UNSMIS to implement its mandate;

“4.  Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council on the implementation of this resolution within 15 days;

“5.  Decides to remain seized of the matter.”


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Page:History of Southeast Missouri 1912 Volume 1.djvu/20

xiv and crosses the state line into Arkansas finally pouring its waters into the St. Francois.

West of Crooked creek a number of other smaller streams flow into the alluvial district. The first of these of importance is Castor river which enters the alluvial district near Zalma in Bollinger county. Castor flows south and southeast through parts of Stoddard and New Madrid counties and finally empties into Little river.

Two other streams of importance having their source in the Ozarks make their way through the alluvial district. The easternmost of these, the St. Francois river, leaves the hills in the edge of Wayne county and flows directly through Stoddard and forms the state line between Dunklin county and Arkansas. West of St. Francois river, Black river enters the alluvial district at Poplar Bluff. It, together with a number of smaller tributary streams, most of them rising in the hills, cross the state line into Arkansas from Bollinger county.

Besides these more important streams there are several other smaller ones such as Varner river, Buffalo creek, Taylor slough, and Chilleteeaux in Dunklin county, Pemiscot bayou in Pemiscot county and Portage bay and Open bay in New Madrid and Pemiscot counties.

With the exception of part of the sand ridges in Scott, New Madrid, and Dunklin counties this entire alluvial section was formerly heavily timbered, the entire country being covered with a heavy growth of oak, gum, Cottonwood, hickory, ash and other varieties of trees in the higher portions, and with cypress in those parts of the bottoms where water stood. There are still vast quantities of timber in this section, but it is fast being denuded of its timber.

This alluvial region presents an interesting geological problem. Those who have studied the region are not in agreement as to how the vast Mississippi embaymeut was formed. It has been suggested by some students that this great plain stretching from the mouth of the Mississippi to Cape Girardeau and varying in width from five to forty miles, is a coastal plain formed by the action of the waves against the land surface. No doubt a plain so formed would bear some resemblance to the alluvial plain of the Mississippi valley, but it is difficult to believe that such a plain as this could have been formed by wave action; the resulting debris from the destruction of the land surface must have retarded the action of the waves long before they sculptured a plain extending so far into the land.

Without attempting to go into minute details the probabilities are that the alluvial section as it now exists is a river valley. Early in geologic times the head of the Gulf of Mexico was near the site of Cape Girardeau and there was thus thrust into the heart of the North American continent a great triangular gulf. This gulf has been filled with alluvial soil from Cape Girardeau to the present southern limit of the delta. It is not possible to determine how deep the alluvial deposits are since there have been made no borings deep enough to find the bed of rock. Certain borings made for artesian wells and at New Madrid for the purpose of finding support for a bridge, indicate that the alluvial soil is more than two hundred feet in depth though there is very good reason to believe that it is very much deeper than this. A boring made at Cairo, Illinois, extended to a depth of 1,200 feet without striking bed rock.

It is plainly evident that the amount of alluvial material deposited in this gulf is


text: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus/7

title: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus/7


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Rh. It was brought down doubtless in large part by the great rivers which occupied the present position of the Mississippi and Ohio, perhaps at one time much larger than the present streams.

The soil now found in the alluvial section is not, however, the original deposits. There seems good reason for believing that the clay ridge known as Crowley's ridge is a remnant of the original deposit in the valley. This first deposit was raised up by the action of the forces beneath the surface and was then sculptured down by the action of the stream. This action has been going on for many thousands of years doubtless and the original deposits have been removed in large part except Crowley's ridge. Not only has the river sculptured the original deposits, it seems to have meandered back and forth across this great valley now washing the bluffs along the eastern side and now those along the western side, alternately sculpturing away deposits of alluvium and reforming them in other places.

The alluvial plains as they now exist then represent two separate cycles of stream action. The first consisted in filling in the arm of the Gulf of Mexico with alluvial deposits. This was separated from the second cycle of the stream action by the uplift of the deposited material above their former level; in the second cycle they are wearing down and redistributing this uplifted material into its present position. There seems no reason to doubt that within a comparatively short geologic time Crowley's ridge will entirely disappear under the action of the forces now at work upon it.

It is evident that there exists a complete contrast in physical characteristics between these two sections of Southeast Missouri. The most obvious of these differences is the fact that there are no hills in the alluvial section, while the whole Ozark uplift is dotted with them. There is also a marked difference in the streams; those of the plateau having their origin in springs of clear limpid water, flow between banks which are sometimes steep and even rugged in appearance. They have a swift current, are narrow and deep, but such of them like Castor, Whitewater, and the St. Francois which pass from the uplift to the alluvial plains undergo a complete change of character. They are no longer deep, narrow, and swift of current, with well marked banks, but they become wide and shallow and spread out over many miles.

The soils, too, are different. In the upland are the clays. They follow the outline of the hills on which they were deposited. The characteristic soil of the plains is a sandy loam, while gravels, clays and marl are to be found in places. The distinct characteristic soil is that which makes the great ridges on which are situated the flourishing towns of the district.

In minerals, also, the contrast between the sections is striking. No other section of equal size in the world contains a greater variety and wealth of minerals than the Ozark plateau. Here are to be found the great deposits of copper, zinc, lead, iron, and others. The alluvial plains on the other hand have no minerals except bog ore. The materials of which the plains are formed are the loose elastics. While the plains are lacking in mineral wealth, they possess great supplies of timber. The hills are covered in many places with timber, but the valuable trees in greatest numbers are to be found in the rich soil of the low lands. Here flourish the cotton wood, oak, gum, cypress, and hickory in great


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Page:Wittgenstein - Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1922.djvu/211

Rh INDEX
 * of synonyms, 4.243

Unspeakable, the, and philosophy, 4. 1 15

Value, 6.4, 6.41

Variable {See also Propositional variable)
 * an expression presented by, 3.313
 * is sign of formal concepts, 4.1271
 * can be regarded as propositional variable, 3.314
 * determination of values of, 3.317
 * form of, 4.1271 (2)
 * general propositional, 5.242
 * general propositional form is a, 4.53
 * in expression of general term of series, 5.2522
 * names, as sign for pseudo-concept, object, 4.1272 (1)
 * name, can be conceived as propositional variable, 3.314 (2)
 * needed for expressing general term of formal series, 4.1273 (1)
 * propositional {See Propositional variable)
 * used for operations, 5.24 (1)
 * values of, 3.315, 5.501 (6)

Whitehead, 5.452 (2), 5.252

Will, the, 6.423, 6.43

Words, cannot occur both in and out of propositions, 2.0122

World, my
 * I am, 5.63
 * limits of, 5.62 (3)

World, the
 * and life are one, 5.621
 * and logical space, 1.13
 * and what is the case, 1
 * completely described by totality of true elementary propositions, 4.26
 * composed of facts, not things, 1.1
 * connexion with logical propositions, 6.124
 * divides into facts, 1.2
 * independent of my will, 6.373, 6.374
 * information about, given by simplicity of description, 6.342 (2)
 * is total reality, 2.063
 * is totality of atomic facts, 2.04
 * its form consists of objects, 2.023
 * limits of, 5.61 (i)
 * logic of, shown in tautologies and equations, 6.22
 * logical properties of, 6.12, 6.124
 * names not needed for description of, 5.526
 * nature of, revealed by possibility, 3.3421
 * objects its substance, 2.021
 * projective relation of propositional sign to, 3.12
 * sense of, 6.41 (i)
 * the subject does not belong to it, 5.632

"Zero-method", in logic, 6.121 (2)


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Page:History of Southeast Missouri 1912 Volume 1.djvu/22

xvi abundance. No other part of the United States possesses more valuable timbers than the low lands in Southeast Missouri.

This contrast between sections is also to be seen in their climate. Spring visits the lowlands at least two weeks earlier than it does the uplands. The winters, too. are not so cold on the plains, and the rain-fall is considerably greater. In fact the line marking forty inches of annual precipitation coincides quite closely with the escarpment which separates the plateau from the plain. These differences of climate and soil have resulted in certain differences in the crops cultivated in the two sections. The great staple crops, wheat and corn, are extensively grown in both sections, but in addition to these the alluvial soil produces large crops of cotton and melons which cannot be grown successfully in the hills.


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Page:American Archives, Series 5, Volume 2.djvu/741

1345 the natives of such countries, islands, cities, or towns of France, or any commercial companies established by the Most Christian King, shall pay, but shall enjoy all other the rights, liberties, privileges, immunities, and exemptions in trade, navigation, and commerce, in passing from one port thereof to another, and in going to and from the same, from and to any part of the world, which the said natives or companies enjoy.

. His Most Christian Majesty shall retain the same rights of fishery on the banks of Newfoundland, and all other rights relating to any of the said islands, which he is entitled to by virtue of the treaty of Paris.

. The Most Christian King shall endeavour, by all the means in his power, to protect and defend all vessels, and the effects belonging to the subjects, people, or inhabitants of the said United States, or any of them, being in his ports, havens, or roads, or on the seas near to his countries, lands, cities, or towns; and to recover and to restore to the right owners, their agents, or attorneys, all such vessels and effects which shall be taken within his jurisdiction; and his ships of war, or any convoys sailing under his authority, shall upon all occasions take under their protection all vessels belong to the subjects, people, or inhabitants, of the said United States, or any of them, and holding the same course or going the same way; and shall defend such vessels as long as they hold the same course or go the same way, against all attacks, force, and violence, in the same manner as they ought to protect and defend vessels belonging to the subjects of the Most Christian King.

. In like manner the said United States, and their ships of war, and convoys sailing under their authority, shall protect and defend all vessels and effects belonging to the subjects of the Most Christian King; and endeavour goods, or in any other way. And if A., to favour the said B., shall join in the present war against, A. shall not make a separate peace.

VIII. In case of any war between A. and, A. shall never invade, nor attempt to invade, or get possession for himself of, nor any of the countries, cities, or towns, on the continent of , nor of the islands of , nor any other island near to the said continent, in the seas, or in any gulf, bay, or river thereof, it being the true intent and meaning of this treaty, that the said B. shall have the sole, exclusive, undivided, and perpetual possession of all the countries, cities, and towns, on the said continent, and of all islands near to it, whenever they be confederated or united with B.

That A. be permitted to retain the same rights of fishery on the banks of Newfoundland, and all other rights relating to any the said islands, which he is entitled to by virtue of the treaty of Paris.

IX. Nor shall A. at any time make any claim or demand to the said countries, islands, cities, and towns mentioned in the next preceding article, or any of them, or to any part thereof, for or on account of any assistance afforded to B. in attacking or conquering the same, or in obtaining such submission or confederation as has been mentioned in the preceding articles, nor on any other account whatever.

X. If in any war A. shall conquer or get possession of, now under the jurisdiction of , or any of them, or any dominions of , in , the subjects or people of B. shall enjoy the same rights, liberties, privileges, immunities, and exemptions in trade, commerce, and navigation, to and from the said, that are mentioned in the second article in this treaty.

XI. It is the true intent and meaning of this treaty, that no higher or other duties shall be imposed on the exportation to B. of any thing of the growth, production, or manufacture of, now belonging to , or which may hereafter belong to A., than the lowest that are or shall be imposed on the exportation thereof to , or to any other part of the world.

XII. It is agreed by and between the said parties, that no duties whatever more than shall ever hereafter be imposed on the exportation of from any of the islands and dominions of A. to B.

XIII. The subjects or people of B. being merchants and residing in, and their property and effects, shall be exempt from.

XIV. The merchant ship of either of the parties, which shall be making into a port belonging to the enemy of the other ally, and concerning whose voyage, and the species of goods on board her, there shall be just grounds of suspicion, shall be obliged to exhibit, as well upon the high seas as in the ports and havens, not only her passports, but likewise certificates expressly showing that her goods are not of the number of those which have been prohibited as contraband.

XV. If, by the exhibiting of the abovesaid certificates, the other party discover there are any of those sorts of goods which are prohibited and declared contraband, and consigned for a port under the obedience of his enemies, it shall not be lawful to break up the hatches of such ship, or to open any chest, coffers, packs, casks, or any other vessels found therein, or to remove the smallest parcels of her goods, whether such belong to the subjects or people of A. or B., unless the lading be brought on shore in the presence of the officers of the Court of Admiralty, and an inventory thereof made, but there shall be no allowance made to sell, exchange, or alienate the same in any manner, until after that due and lawful process shall have been had against such prohibited goods, and the Court of Admiralty shall, by a sentence pronounced, have confiscated the same, saving always as well the ship itself as any other goods found therein, which by this treaty are to be esteemed free; neither may they be detained on pretence of their being, as it were, infected by the prohibited goods, much less shall they be confiscated as lawful prize; but if not the whole cargo, but only part thereof, shall consist of prohibited or contraband goods, and the commander of the ship shall be ready and willing to deliver them to the captor who has discovered them, in such case the captor, having received those goods,

to recover and restore them, if taken within the jurisdiction of the said United States, or any of them.

. The Most Christian King and the said United States, shall not receive nor suffer to be received, into any of their ports, havens, roads, countries, islands, cities, or towns, any pirates or sea-robbers, or afford or suffer any entertainment, assistance, or provision, to be afforded to them; but shall endeavour by all means, that all pirates and sea-robbers, and their partners, sharers, and abettors, be found out, apprehended, and suffer condign punishment; and all the vessels and effects piratically taken, and brought into the ports and havens of the Most Christian King, or the said United States, which can be found, although they be sold, shall be restored, or satisfaction given therefor: the right owners, their agents, or attorneys, demanding the same, and making the right of property to appear by due proof.

. The Most Christian King shall protect, defend, and secure, as far as in his power, the subjects, people, and inhabitants of the said United States, and every of them, and their vessels and effects of every kind, against all attacks, assaults, violences, injuries, depredations, or plunderings, by or from the King or Emperor of Morocco or Fez, and the states of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, and any of them, and every other Prince, State, and Power on the coast of Barbary, in Africa, and the subjects of the said King, Emperor, States, and Powers, and every of them, in the same manner, and as effectually and fully, and as much to the benefit, advantage, ease, and safety of the said United States, and every of them, and of the subjects, people, and inhabitants thereof, to all intents and purposes, as the King and Kingdom of Great Britain, before the commencement of the present war, protected, defended, and shall forthwith discharge the ship, and not hinder her by any means freely to prosecute the voyage on which she was bound.

XVI. On the contrary it is agreed, that whatever shall be found to be laden by the subjects or people of either party, on any ship belonging to the enemy of the other, or to his subjects, although it be not of the sort of prohibited goods, may be confiscated in the same manner as if it belonged to the enemy himself, except such goods and merchandises as were put on board such ship before the declaration of war, or even after such declaration, if so be it were done without the knowledge of such declaration. So that the goods of the subjects and people of either party, whether they be of the nature of such as are prohibited or otherwise, which, as is aforesaid, were put on board any ship belonging to an enemy before the war, or after the declaration of it without knowledge of it, shall nowise be liable to confiscation, but shall well and truly be restored without delay to the proprietors demanding the same, but so as that if the said merchandises be contraband, it shall not be any ways lawful to carry them afterwards to any ports belonging to the enemy.

. And that the more effectual care may be taken for the security of the subjects and people of both parties, that they suffer no injury by the men-of-war or privateers of the other party, all the commanders of the ships of A. and of B.; and all their subjects and people, shall be forbid doing any injury or damage to the other side; and if they act to the contrary they shall be punished, and moreover shall be bound to make satisfaction for all matter of damage and the interest thereof, by reparation, under the pain and obligation of their person and goods.

All ships and merchandises, of what nature soever, which shall be rescued out of the hands of any pirates or robbers on the high seas, shall be brought into some port of either State, and shall be delivered to the custody of the officers of that port, in order to be restored entire to the true proprietor as soon as due and sufficient proof shall be made concerning the property thereof.

. It shall be lawful for the ships of war of either party, and privateers, freely to carry whithersoever they please, the ships and goods taken from their enemies, without being obliged to pay any duty to the officers of the Admiralty or any other judges: nor shall such prizes be arrested or seized where they come to and enter the ports of either party; nor shall the searchers or other officers of those places search the same, or make examination concerning the lawfulness of such prizes; but they may hoist sail at any time, and depart and carry their prizes to the place expressed in their cmmissions, which the commanders of such ships of war shall be obliged to show. On the contrary, no shelter or refuge shall be given in their ports to such as shall have made prizes of the subjects, people, or property of either parties; but if such should come in, being forced by stress of weather or the danger of the sea, all proper means shall be vigorously used, that they go out and retire from thence as soon as possible.

. If any ships belonging to either of the parties, their subjects or people, shall, within the coasts or dominions of the other, stick upon the sands or be wrecked, or suffer any other damage, all friendly assistance and relief shall be given to the persons shipwrecked, or such as shall be in danger thereof; and letters of safe conduct shall likewise be given to them for their free and quiet passage from thence, and the return of every one to his own country.

XXI. In case the subjects and people of either party, with their shipping, whether publick and of war, or private and of merchants, be forced, through stress of weather, pursuit of pirates or enemies, or any other urgent necessity, for seeking of shelter and harbour, to retreat and enter into any of the rivers, creeks, bays, havens, roads, ports, or shores belonging to the other party, they shall be received and treated with all humanity and kindness, and enjoy all friendly protection and help; and they shall be permitted to refresh and provide themselves at reasonable rates with victuals and all things needful for the sustenance of their persons or reparation of their ships and conveniency of their voyage; and they shall no ways be detained or hindered from returning Fifth Series. — Vol. II. 85


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ador, Gustave

ADOR, GUSTAVE (1845-), Swiss statesman, a member of a family of Vaud, which in 1814 obtained the burghership of Geneva, and grandson of Jean Pierre Ador, who first obtained this right, was born at Geneva Dec. 23 1845. He studied law at the academy (now the university) of Geneva and in 1868 became an advocate. In 1871 he started his political career as member of the communal council of Cologny, and was twice mayor, in 1878-9 and 1883-5. He was a member of the cantonal Parliament 1874-6, and continuously from 1878 to 1915 save for a short break in 1902. In 1878-9 he represented Geneva in the Swiss Conseil des États. Then he became a member of the executive of the canton of Geneva, being put in charge of the Department of Justice and Police. He resigned after an unfavourable election in 1880, but once more became member of the cantonal executive in 1885, and for 12 years had charge of the cantonal finances. In 1889 he became a member of the Swiss Conseil National, and remained so till 1917, being elected its president in 1901. He was president of the cantonal executive in 1890, 1892, and 1896. In 1894 he became lieutenant-colonel in the Swiss army. In 1914 he founded in Geneva the association for facilitating communications between prisoners-of-war and the central Geneva agency, and succeeded in giving this enterprise great importance and a wide-spread extension. After the enforced resignation of Arthur Hoffmann, Ador, in order to soothe the Entente, became a federal councillor or member of the Federal Executive in June 1917 and was entrusted with the Department of Foreign Affairs. Towards the end of 1918 he was elected by Parliament to be the Swiss President for 1919, but retired from the Federal Executive at the end of his year of office.


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Rh Things (See Objects)

Thinkable
 * and picturable, 3.001
 * and possible, 3.02
 * is demarcated by philosophy, 4.114
 * only uniform connexions are, 6.361

Thought
 * a priori, criterion of, 3.04
 * as a logical picture, 3
 * as method of projection, 3.11 (2)
 * contains possibility of a state of affairs, 3.02 (1)
 * disguised by language, 4.002(4)
 * expressed by signs, 3.1
 * form of, 4.002 (4)
 * how expressed in propositions, 3.2
 * is applied propositional sign, 3.5
 * is the significant proposition, 4

Time
 * a form of objects, 2.0251
 * "passage" of, 6.3611 (i)
 * sequence of events in, 6.3611 (1, 2)
 * temporal objects unthinkable apart from, 2.0121 (4)

Totality of atomic facts, 2.05

Translation
 * and projection, 4.0141
 * as criterion for "what is common" to symbols, 3.343

Truth
 * and falsity, not coordinate relations, 4.061
 * concept of, explained, 4.063
 * concept of, Frege's account false, 4.431 (3)
 * its connexion with pictorial nature of proposition, 4.06
 * not a property, 6.111

Truth-arguments, elementary propositions are, 5.01

Truth-conditions
 * groups of, can be ordered in a series, 4.45
 * how expressed, 4.442 (4)
 * of propositions, and truth possibilities of elementary propositions, 4.41
 * symbolism for, 4.43
 * relation to truth-possibilities, 4.431 (1)

Truth-functions
 * and truth-operations, 5.3 (2, 3)
 * are results of operations, 5.234
 * can be ordered in series, 5.1 (1)
 * general form of, 6 (1)
 * not material functions, 5.44 (1)
 * notations for, 3.3441
 * of two variables, itemized, 5.101 (1)
 * result from application of simultaneous denial, 5.5 (1)
 * the term introduced, 5.

Truth-grounds
 * and deducibility, 5.11, 5.12, 5.121
 * as measure of probability, 5.15, 5.151
 * defined, 5.101 (2)

Truth-operations
 * and truth-functions, 5.3 (2, 3)
 * defined, 5.234

Truth-possibilities
 * defined, 4.3
 * of combinations of elementary propositions, 4.28
 * schemata for, 4.31

Understanding
 * depends on understanding elementary propositions, 4.411
 * of general propositions depends on understanding elementary propositions, 4.411
 * of names, 4.243
 * of propositions, 4.02, 4.024


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text: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus/Index

title: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus/Index