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Manners to Pitt, dated 16 June 1784, says: 'Were I to indulge a distant speculation, I should say that without an union Ireland will not be connected with Great Britain in twenty years longer' (Correspondence, 1890, pp. 18-19). In a speech delivered in the House of Lords on 11 April 1799 Richard Watson, bishop of Llandaff, who had been the duke's tutor at Cambridge, mentioned that he had pressed the importance of a legislative union upon Rutland, who replied that 'he wholly approved of the measure, but added the man who should attempt to carry the measure into execution would be tarred and feathered' (Parl. Hist., xxxiv. 736). After a long correspondence between the English and Irish governments, Pitt's commercial propositions were laid before the Irish House of Commons on 7 Feb. 1785 in the form of ten resolutions. They passed through the Irish parliament after a concession had been made by Rutland to Grattan's views. Owing to the determined opposition of the English manufacturers, the resolutions were so materially altered in the English parliament that when Orde, the chief secretary, moved for leave to bring in the bill embodying them (12 Aug. 1785), it was denounced by Grattan in a magnificent speech, and Rutland had to abandon the idea of carrying it through the Irish parliament.

Rutland was an amiable and extravagant peer, without any particular talent, except for conviviality. The utmost magnificence signalised the entertainments of the vice-regal court, and the duke and the duchess 'were reckoned the handsomest couple in Ireland' (, Historic Memoirs, ii. 225). In the summer of 1787 Rutland went for a tour through the country, and was entertained at the seats of many noblemen. 'During the course of this tour,' says Wraxall, 'he invariably began the day by eating at breakfast six or seven turkey's eggs as an accompaniment to tea and coffee. He then rode forty and sometimes fifty miles, dined at six or seven o'clock, after which he drank very freely, and concluded by sitting up to a late hour, always supping before he retired to rest' (Memoirs, v. 34). Upon his return to Dublin he was seized with a violent fever, and died at Phœnix Lodge on 24 Oct. 1787, aged 33. His body, after living in state in the great committee room of the House of Lords, was removed to England with great pomp (London Gazettes, 1787, pp. 545-7), and was buried at Bottesford, Leicestershire, on 25 Nov. 1787. George Crabbe the poet, who had been the duke's domestic chaplain at Belvoir, wrote 'A Discourse read in the Chapel at Belvoir Castle after the Funeral of His Grace the Duke of Rutland,' &c. (London, 1788, 4to); while Bishop Watson pronounced an extravagant panegyric on the late duke during the debate on the address on 27 Nov. 1787 (Parl. Hist. xxvi. 1233-4).

Rutland was an intimate friend of William Pitt, who owed his first seat in the House of Commons to the duke's influence with Sir James Lowther (, ii. 81-2). Part of the 'Correspondence between the Right. Hon. William Pitt and Charles, Duke of Rutland, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland 1781-1787,' was privately printed by Lord Mahon (afterwards Earl Stanhope) in 1842 (London, 8vo). This volume was reprinted and published by the present Duke of Rutland in 1890 (London, 8vo). The correspondence of the Irish government with Thomas Townshend (afterwards Viscount Sydney) during Rutland's viceroyalty is preserved at the Record Office. The 'Parliamentary History' records no speeches delivered by Rutland in the House of Lords. His speeches in the Irish parliament will be found in the 'Journals of the Irish House of Lords' (v. 533-4, 635-6, 658, 660, 754-5, vi. 2-3, 124-5).

He married, on 26 Dec. 1775, Lady Mary Isabella Somerset, the youngest daughter of Charles, fourth duke of Beaufort, by whom he had four sons—viz. (1) John Henry, who, born on 4 Jan. 1778, succeeded as the fifth duke, and died on 20 Jan. 1857; (2) Charles Henry Somerset, who, born on 24 Oct. 1780, became a general in the army, and died on 25 May 1855; (3) Robert William, who, born on 14 Dec. 1781, became a major-general in the army, and died on 15 Nov. 1835; and (4) William Robert Albanac, who, born on 1 May 1783, died on 22 April 1793—and two daughters: (1) Elizabeth Isabella, who married Richard Norman of Leatherhead, Surrey, on 21 Aug. 1798, and died on 5 Oct. 1853, and (2) Katherine Mary, who married Cecil Weld Forester (afterwards first Baron Forester) on 17 June 1800, and died on 10 March 1829. The duchess survived her husband many years, and died in Sackville Street, Piccadilly, on 2 Sept. 1831, aged 75. She was a strikingly handsome woman, and Wraxall gives a glowing description of her charms (Memoirs, v. 36-7). Sir Joshua Reynolds, to whom the duke gave a large number of commissions, painted her four times. The first portrait, taken in March 1780, and engraved by Valentine Green in the same year, was destroyed in the disastrous fire at Belvoir in October 1816. A half-length portrait of the duke, painted in 1776 by Reynolds, belongs to the Marquis of Lothian. There are engravings by Dickinson (1794) and Hodges of a whole-length portrait by Reynolds.


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Manners  of the duke and the duchess painted by Richard Cosway were engraved by William Lane [q. v.]

 MANNERS, CHARLES CECIL JOHN, sixth (1815–1888), born 16 May 1815, was eldest surviving son of John Henry, fifth duke of Rutland, by Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of the fifth earl of Carlisle. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was created M.A. in 1835. He was elected M.P. for Stamford in 1837, and sat for that borough till 1852, when he was returned for North Leicestershire. From 1843 to 1846 he was lord of the bedchamber to the prince consort. He was a strong conservative and protectionist, opposed Lord John Russell on the sugar duties, and generally supported Lord George Bentinck during his leadership of the protectionist party in the House of Commons (1846-7). He was never a powerful speaker, though he spoke very often. After 1852 he grew out of sympathy with the conservative policy; and the lord-lieutenancy of Lincolnshire was, according to Greville, given to him in that year 'to stop his mouth,' He became lord-lieutenant of Leicestershire, 20 March 1857, and in the same year succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland. He was made K.G. in 1867, and died unmarried at Belvoir, 4 March 1888. He was succeeded by his brother, Lord John James Robert Manners, seventh and present duke of Rutland. Rutland's political views were formed in the days preceding the repeal of the corn laws, and were never afterwards modified. Personally he was popular, and a splendid rider to hounds, though in later years he was disabled by gout.

  MANNERS, EDWARD, third (1549–1587), born in 1549, was eldest son of Henry, second earl of Rutland [q. v.], by Margaret, fourth daughter of Ralph Neville, fourth earl of Westmorland. He seems to have been educated at Oxford, though he did not graduate there as a student. He bore the title of Lord Roos or Ros, the old title of his family, until 1563, when by the death of his father he became third Earl of Rutland. He was made one of the queen's wards, and was specially under the charge of Sir William Cecil, who was connected with him by marriage. He accompanied the queen on her visit to Cambridge in 1564, and was lodged in St. John's College, and created M.A. 10 Aug. In October 1566 he was made M.A. of Oxford. In 1569 he joined the Earl of Sussex, taking his tenants with him, and held a command in the army which suppressed the northern insurrection. In 1570 he passed into France, Cecil drawing up a paper of instructions for his guidance. He was in Paris in the February or the next year. At home he received many offices, and displayed enthusiastic devotion to the queen. On 5 Aug. 1570 he became constable of Nottingham Castle, and steward, keeper, warden, and chief justice of Sherwood Forest; in 1571 he was feodary of the duchy of Lancaster for the counties of Nottingham and Derby; in 1574 he was appointed lord-lieutenant of Nottinghamshire.

On 17 June 1577 Rutland was placed on the ecclesiastical commission for the province of York, and in 1579 on the council of the north. In the grand tilting match of 1580 Rutland and twelve others contended with a similar number, headed by Essex, before the queen at Westminster. His public offices probably now absorbed all his time, as in 1581 a relative, John Manners, seems to have been managing his estate. On 23 April 1584 he became K.G., and on 14 June 1585 lord-lieutenant of Lincolnshire. His style of living was very expensive; when he went with his countess to London about 1586 he had with him forty-one servants, including a chaplain, trumpeter, gardener, and apothecary. In June 1586, with Lord Eure and Randolph, he arranged a treaty of peace with the Scots at Berwick, and his brother Roger wrote that his conduct had been approved by the court. On 6 Oct. he was one

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Manners of the commissioners to try Mary Queen of Scots. The queen promised to make him lord chancellor after the death of Sir Thomas Bromley [q. v.], which took place 12 April 1587, and he was for a day or two so styled. He died, however, on 14 April 1587 at his house at Ivy Bridge in the Strand. Camden says that he was a learned man and a good lawyer. His funeral was very costly; his body was taken to Bottesford, Leicestershire, and buried in the church, where there is an epitaph. Eller gives an account of his will. A late portrait, attributed to Jan Van der Eyden [q. v.], is at Belvoir. After negotiations with several other ladies, he married (later than January 1571-2) Isabel, daughter of Sir Thomas Holcroft of Vale Royal, Cheshire, and left a daughter, Elizabeth, who was styled Baroness Roos; she married in 1588 Sir William Cecil, afterwards Lord Burghley, and died in 1591. Her son William was in right of his mother confirmed in the barony of Roos in 1616, and died in 1618 [see under ]. The earl was succeeded by his brother John, fourth earl, who, dying 21 Feb. 1587-8, was followed by his son Roger, fifth earl [q. v.] The widow, who lived till 1606, was troubled with money difficulties owing to her husband's debts, and engaged in litigation about his will. Many of the earl's letters are preserved at Belvoir Castle.

 MANNERS, FRANCIS, sixth (1578–1632), second son of John, fourth earl of Rutland, nephew of Edward, third earl [q. v.], and brother of Roger, fifth earl [q. v.], was born in 1578. He seems to have been with his brothers under the care of John Jegon [q. v.] at Cambridge. In 1598 he went abroad, and in the course of his travels through France, Germany, and Italy he was entertained by various princes, notably the Emperor Mathias and the Archduke Ferdinand. Returning to England he took part, like his brothers, Roger, fifth earl of Rutland [q. v.], and Sir George Manners, in Essex's plot in February 1600-1, and was imprisoned in the Poultry Counter. He was fined a thousand marks and committed to the custody of his uncle Roger at Enfield. Sir Robert Cecil, however, obtained a remission of the fine, and thus the affair cost little either to him or his brother George. As soon as he was free he wrote a penitent letter to his uncle Sir John Manners of Haddon. In November 1601 he became a member of the Inner Temple.

He was prominent at the court of James I, and was created K.B. on 4 Jan. 1604-5 at the same time as Prince Charles, and on 27 May 1607 became joint keeper of Beskwood Park. On 26 June 1612 he succeeded his brother Roger as sixth earl of Rutland, and was made lord-lieutenant of Lincolnshire on 15 Julv following. On 7 Aug. in the same year he entertained James I at Belvoir, and the king repeated the visit five times in after years. He held the offices of constable of Nottingham Castle and keeper of Sherwood Forest from October 1612 until April 1620, and at the burial of Prince Henry carried the target. He took part in all the court ceremonies, and was made K.G. 24 April 1616. The title of Lord Roos had been carried by a daughter of the third Earl of Rutland into the family of the Marquis of Exeter [see under ]; but Rutland claimed it, and he was acknowledged to be Lord Roos of Hamlake on 22 July 1616.

On 6 April 1617 Rutland became a privy councillor, and attended the king into Scotland the same year. He was created warden and chief justice of the royal forests north of the Trent on 13 Nov. 1619, and custos rotulorum for Northamptonshire on 7 Feb. 1622-3. Although he seems to have disapproved an extreme policy in church matters, his family connection with Buckingham secured him the appointment, on 21 April 1623, of admiral of the fleet to bring home Prince Charles from Spain. At the coronation of Charles he bore the rod with the dove. He died on 17 Dec. 1632 at an inn in Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire. Many of his family were round him, and he made them a curious speech, of which notes are preserved at Belvoir. He was buried at Bottesford. Rutland married, first, on 6 May 1602, Frances, daughter of Sir Henry Knevet of Charlton, Wiltshire, and widow of Sir William Bevil of Kilkhampton, Cornwall; secondly, after 26 Oct. 1608, Cicely Tufton, daughter of Sir John Tufton and widow of Sir Edward Hungerford. The courtship, of rather a mercenary character, is described in a letter preserved at Belvoir. By his first wife he had a daughter Catherine, who married the Duke of Buckingham on 16 May 1620 [see under, first ], and after his death Randal Mao


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Author:William Barnes

Poetry

 * Index of titles
 * Index of first lines

 * Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect (First collection) (1844)
 * Hwomely Rhymes: A Second Collection of Poems in the Dorset Dialect (1859)
 * Poems of Rural Life, in the Dorset Dialect, (Third collection) (1862)
 * Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect, the three collections combined (1879)
 * Poems, Partly of Rural Life (in National English) (1846)
 * Poems of Rural Life in Common English (1868)
 * Select poems of William Barnes (1908) (edited by Thomas Hardy)

Philology

 * An Investigation of the Laws of Case in Language (1840)
 * Se Gefylsta, an Anglo-Saxon Delectus (1849).
 * A Philological Grammar Grounded Upon English, and Formed from a Comparison of More Than Sixty Languages (1854)
 * Tiw; or, A view of the roots and stems of the English as a Teutonic tongue (1862)
 * A Grammar and Glossary of the Dorset Dialect, with the History, Outspreading, and Bearings of South-Western English (1863)
 * An Outline of English Speech-craft (1878)

Other Works

 * A few Words on the Advantages of a More Common Adoption of The Mathematics as a Branch of Education (1834)
 * Mathematical Investigation of the Principle of Hanging Doors, Gates, Swing Bridges, and other Heavy Bodies (1835)
 * Humilis Domus: some Thoughts on the Abodes, Life, and Social Condition of the Poor, especially in Dorsetshire (1849)
 * Notes on Ancient Britain and the Britons (1858)
 * Views of Labour and Gold (1859)
 * Early England and the Saxon English (1869)
 * An Outline of Redecraft or Logic (1879)

Works about Barnes

 * Baxter, Lucy E. (as “Scott, Leader”) (1887) The Life of William Barnes, Poet and Philologist
 * Venn, J.; Venn, J. A., eds. (1922–1958). “Barnes, William”. Alumni Cantabrigienses. Cambridge University Press.
 * Jacobs, Wills D. (1952) William Barnes, Linguist
 * Venn, J.; Venn, J. A., eds. (1922–1958). “Barnes, William”. Alumni Cantabrigienses. Cambridge University Press.
 * Jacobs, Wills D. (1952) William Barnes, Linguist
 * Jacobs, Wills D. (1952) William Barnes, Linguist

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Manners province of York. He died, seemingly of the plague, on 17 Sept. 1563, and was buried at Bottesford in Leicestershire. Rutland carried on his father's work of altering Belvoir, completing the restoration in 1556. A late portrait, attributed to Van der Eyden, is at Belvoir. He married first, on 3 July 1536, Lady Margaret Neville, fourth daughter of Ran, earl of Westmorland — she died at Holywell, London, 13 Oct. 1559, and had a splendid funeral at St. Leonard's, Shoreditch; secondly, Bridget, daughter of John, lord Hussey, and widow of Sir Charles Morison of Cashiobury, Hertfordshire, who after his death remarried Francis, second earl of Bedford, and died 12 Jan. 1600-1. He was succeeded by his eldest son by his first wife Edward, third earl of Rutland, who is separately noticed. Much of his correspondence is preserved at Belvoir.

 MANNERS, JOHN, eighth (1604–1679), eldest son of Sir George Manners (d 1623) of Haddon, was cousin of George, seventh earl of Rutland, and was descended from Sir John Manners, the second son of Thomas Manners, first earl of Rutland [q. v.] His mother was Grace, second daughter of Sir Henry Pierrepoint and sister to Robert, earl of Kingston. He was born at Aylestone, Leicestershire, on 10 June 1604, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he does not seem to have graduated. In November 1621 he became a member of the Inner Temple. He was high sheriff of Derbyshire in 1634 and 1636, and M.P. for the same county from 1640 to 1642. On 29 March 1642 he succeeded as eighth earl of Rutland. Throughout the struggle between the king and parliament Rutland was a moderate parliamentarian. In January 1642–3, when parliament was summoned to Oxford, he was one of the twenty-two peers who remained at Westminster. In July 1643 he was sent with Lord Grey on a mission from the parliament to Edinburgh to ask for assistance from the Scots (cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. App. pt. i. pp. 96, 112). He retired, however, on the plea of ill-health. On 16 Oct. 1643 he took the covenant. In November 1643 he was nominated first commissioner of the great seal, but was excused at his own request. Belvoir was taken by the royalists under Sir Gervase Lucas early in 1643, and all Rutland's estate was soon in the hands of the enemy, who wasted the timber. In November 1645 the castle was stormed by a party under Sydenham Poyntz, the outworks were taken, and on 3 Feb. 1645–6 the garrison marched out under a capitulation. In 1645 Rutland was sent to Scotland as chief commissioner from the English parliament. On 28 Nov. 1646 he was made lord warden of the forests north of the Trent. On 9 Oct. 1647 Fairfax gave orders to garrison Belvoir for the parliament, as it had been disgarrisoned, and Rutland was proposed in 1648 as a commissioner to treat with the king in the Isle of Wight. He was also made one of the navy committee. In May 1648 more horse soldiers were sent to Belvoir, much to Rutland's discontent, which was increased in May 1649, when the council of state recommended that the house should be demolished. Rutland complained that he had lost three years' rents. He received 1,500l. compensation for the damage done in dismantling Belvoir, and after this time lived chiefly at Nether Haddon in Derbyshire. After the Restoration he rebuilt the house at Belvoir, completing it in 1668. On 14 Feb. 1667 he became lord-lieutenant of Leicestershire, and died at Nether Haddon 29 Sept. 1679. He was buried at Bottesford, Leicestershire. He married in 1628 Frances (d. 1671), second daughter of Edward, first lord Montagu of Boughton. He was succeeded by his third son, John, ninth earl and first duke of Rutland, who is separately noticed. Three portraits, by Van der Eyden, by Cooper, and in miniature, are at Belvoir.  MANNERS, JOHN, ninth and first  (1638–1711), born at Boughton, Northamptonshire, 29 May 1638, was third son of John, eighth earl of Rutland [q. v.] He was M.P. for Leicestershire from 1661 till 1679, when he succeeded his father as Earl of Rutland. He was made lord-lieutenant of Leicestershire 4 June 1677, and a


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Manners list of his household at the time shows the state which he maintained at Belvoir. He was summoned to the House of Lords as Lord Manners of Haddon on 30 April 1679, but succeeded to the earldom on 29 Sept. following. He bore the queen's sceptre with the cross at the coronation of James II, but he seems to have followed his father in politics, and 11 Aug. 1687 was dismissed from his lord-lieutenancy for political reasons. At the revolution he joined the Earls of Stamford and Devonshire and others in raising forces for William in Nottinghamshire. The Princess Anne, when she fled from Whitehall, took refuge at Belvoir. Manners was restored to his lord-lieutenancy 6 April 1689. He was very rich, and gave his daughter a marriage portion of 15,000l. in 1692. On 29 March 1703 he was made Marquis of Granby and Duke of Rutland, and having in this year resigned his lord-lieutenancy he was restored to it in 1706. During the last years of his life he lived entirely in the country, having a rooted objection to London, for which probably his matrimonial unhappiness was accountable. He died at Belvoir 10 Jan. 1710-11 (, Monumenta Anglicana, 1700-15, p. 202), and was buried at Bottesford, Leicestershire. Rutland married, first, 15 July 1658, Lady Anne Pierrepoint, daughter of Henry, marquis of Dorchester. From her he was divorced by act of parliament on 22 March 1670. This divorce created considerable excitement at the court, the Duke of York being against the granting of it and the king on the other side (, Own Time). Rutland married in 1671 his second wife, Lady Anne Bruce, daughter of Robert, first earl of Aylesbury, and widow of Sir Seymour Shirley, bart. She died in July 1672. His third wife, whom he married on 8 Jan. 1673, was Catherine Noel, daughter of Baptist, viscount Campden. By her, who died in 1732, he had two sons and two daughters, of whom John (d. 1721) succeeded as second duke, and married Catherine, daughter of Lord William Russell. Several portraits of the first duke, with one of his third wife, are at Belvoir.  MANNERS, JOHN, (1721–1770), lieutenant-general, colonel of the royal horse guards (blues), eldest son of John, third duke of Rutland, K.G. (1696–1779), by his marriage in 1717 with Bridget, only daughter and heiress of Robert Sutton, lord Lexinton [q. v.], was born 2 Aug. 1721, and was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He travelled some time on the continent with his tutor John Ewer [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Bangor. In 1741 he was returned to parliament for the borough of Grantham; and during the Jacobite rising four years later received his first military commission, dated 4 Oct. 1745, as colonel of a regiment of foot raised by the Rutland interest at Leicester. The 'Leicester Blues,' as it was called, was one of fifteen short-service regiments formed on a scheme proposed by the Duke of Bedford, which Horace Walpole declares to have been a gross job, as not six out of the fifteen were ever raised (, Letters, i. 890). Granby's regiment was one of the exceptions. It was in Lichfield camp in November 1745 when the Duke of Cumberland was marching on Carlisle, and, under Lieutenant-colonel John Stanwix, was with General Wade at Newcastle-on-Tyne and Gateshead in 1746 (see War Office Marching Books, 1745-6). Granby was then serving as a volunteer with Cumberland's army. His name is mentioned in a despatch in the 'London Gazette' of 22-5 March 1746, as having been present in an affair with the rebels at Strathbogie. In a letter to his father, dated Fort Augustus, 17 June 1746 (the earliest of Granby's letters among the family papers), he describes the devastation of the highlands after Culloden, in accordance with the duke's directions to destroy and burn all the country (Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep. pt. v., Rutland MSS. ii. 196-7). Granby's regiment, the men of which had been for some time clamouring for discharge (ib. pp. 197-8), was disbanded, 25 Dec. 1746. Granby retained his rank and seniority as colonel in the army.

On his first appointment a new writ had been issued, but he was re-elected for Grantham, and was again returned in the general election of 1747. Letter-books preserved at Belvoir Castle show that Granby and his brother, Lord Robert Manners-Sutton, made the campaign of 1747 with the army in Flanders. On 31 Sept. 1750 Granby married Frances, eldest daughter of Charles Seymour, sixth duke of Somerset. Horace Walpole writes to Mann of the marriage projects: 'The bride is one of the heiresses of old proud Somerset. . . . She has 4,000l. a year; he is said to have the same at present, but not to touch hers. He is in debt 10,000l.' The lady, 'who never saw nor knew the value of ten shillings while her father lived, and has had no time to learn it. . . squandered 7,000l. in all sorts of baubles and fripperies' just before


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30 For to breakfast.

John bring us some thing for to breakfast.

Yes, Sir; there is some sousages. Will you than I bring the ham?

Yes, bring-him, we will cup a steak put a nappe clothe upon this table.

I you do not eat?

How you like the tea.

It is excellent.

Still a not her cup.

For to ask some news.

It is true what is told of master M***?

Then what is told of him?

I have heard that he is hurt mortally.

I shall be sowow of it, because he is a honestman.

Which have wounden him?

Do know it why?

The noise run that is by to have given a box on the ear to a of them.

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26 Have you wexed my shoes?

I go wex its now.

It must that I may wash my hands, the mouth and my face.

Will you and take a walk with me?

Wait for that the warm be out.

Go through that meadow. Who the country is beautiful! who the trees are thick!

Take the bloom's perfume.

It seems me that the corn does push alredy.

You hear the bird's gurgling?

Which pleasure! which charm!

The field has by me a thousand charms.

Are you hunter? will you go to the hunting in one day this week?

Willingly; I have not a most pleasure in the world. There is some game on they cantons?

We have done a great walk.

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Rh

We shall have a fine weather to day.

There is some foggy.

I fear of the thunderbolt.

The sun rise on.

The sun lie down.

It is light moon's.

It is to day courier day's; I have a letter to write.

At which does you write?

Is not that? look one is that.

This letter is arrears.

It shall stay to the post. This pen are good for notting. During I finish that letter, do me the goodness to scal this packet; it is by my cousin.

How is the day of month?

The two, the three, the four, etc.

That is some letter to me.

Go to bear they letter to the post.

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28

Do you like the gaming?

At what pack will you that we does play?

To the cards.

Waiter, give us a card's game.

What is the trump?

The club's king.

Play, if you please.

The heart's aces.

We do ought.

This time I have a great deal pack.

Can you do me a coat?

What doth will you do to?

From a stuff what be of season.

How much wants the ells for coat, waist coat, and breeches?

Six ells.

What will you to double the coat?

From some thing of duration. I believe to you that

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Rh When do you bring me my coat?

The rather that be possible.

Bring you my coat?

Yes, sir, there is it.

You have me done to expect too.

I did can't to come rather.

It don't are finished?

The lining war not sewd.

It is so that do one's now.

Button me.

It pinches me too much upon stomack.

The sleeves have not them great deal wideness?

No, sir, they are well.

Your razors, are them well?

Yes, Sir.

Comb-me quickly; don't put me so much pomatum. What news tell me? all hairs dresser are newsmonger.

Sir, I have no heared any thing.

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2 The doctrines of Aristotle, and Byzantine, Egyptian, Arabian, and European writers concerning the "four elements"—earth, water, fire, and air—and other non-scientific theories were swept away by the master-mind of the great Frenchman. Even Priestley, Cavendish, Scheele, Macquer, and other distinguished men could not entirely divest themselves of the phlogistic theory; in fact, Black "was the only chemist of his age who completely and openly avowed his conversion to the new Lavoisierian doctrine of combustion."

In 1764 Lavoisier (having been called to the bar as an avocat) gained the prize awarded by the Government of Louis XV. for the best method of lighting the streets of Paris and other large towns, and elaborate experiments on the subject are to be found in the memoirs of the Académie des Sciences—"the greatest scientific body on earth"—as the illustrious Academy has been called by a distinguished American writer; and in 1768 Lavoisier was elected one of its members. Between that date and 1774 he published many papers on chemical, mathematical, and geological subjects—all of which are remarkable for showing the extraordinary ardour and devotion to science of this truly great philosopher. The accuracy of his work and reasoning powers will be found by referring to two of his papers in the memoirs of the Academy for 1770, in which he refutes the idea, held by many, that water could be converted into earth; and it is remarkable that


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Rh in this his first important research he employs the balance—"the essential instrument of all chemical research." He heated water in a closed and weighed glass vessel for a hundred and one days, and at the termination of the experiment found that the vessel had lost 17·4 grains, and on evaporation of the water a solid residue weighing 20·4 grains was obtained—the excess being due to unavoidable experimental error. Lavoisier concluded that water when heated was not transmuted into earth, which was the theory entertained by the alchemists and some of the pneumatic chemists. He proved that the water dissolved some of the constituents of the glass—a conclusion confirmed by Scheele. This research had a far-reaching and an important bearing on the notions or theories of the times—theories that had existed for centuries were to be swept away by his clinching experimental proof of their absurdity; the art of alchemy and the pursuit of the philosopher's stone was rendered futile; but, above all, the experiments proved that the old alchemical idea of the transmutation to be false; and it led him to


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Rh made a small fire where he was roast a herring what he did keep of her pocket. He was always the precaution one to provide him self of a small of bread and one bring up a water bottle, and thus with a little money.

A blind did hide five hundred crowns in a corner of their garden; but a neighbour, which was perceive it, did dig up and took its. The blind not finding more her money, was suspect that might be the robed, but one work for take again it? He was going find the neighbour, and told him that he came to get him a council; than he was a thousand crowns which the half was hided into a sure part and I don't know if want, if to put the remains to the same part. The neighbour was council him so and was hasten to carry back that sum, in the hope soon to draw out a thousand. But the blind

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52 having finded the money, was seized it, having called her neighbour, he told him: "Gossip, the blind saw clearer than this that may have two eyes."

A man one's was presented at a magistrate which had a considerable library. "What you make?" beg him the magistrate. "I do some books," he was answered. "But any of your books I did not seen its.—I believe it so, was answered the author; I mak nothing for Paris. From a of my works is imprinted, I send the edition for America; I don't compose what to colonies."

One eyed was laied against a man which had good eyes that he saw better than him. The party was accepted. "I had gain, over mild the one eyed; why I see you two eyes, and you not look me who one."

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4 enunciate one of the most profound truths in science—the non-indestructibility of matter—"rien ne se crée, rien ne se perde de la nature"—matter is everlasting. In every chemical reaction there is no loss of matter, only new forms are produced. This is the basis of every chemical equation known at the present day; and, consequently, it is impossible to overestimate the importance of the conservation of mass, which Lavoisier established by means of the new instrument of precision—the balance; although it had been a philosophic theory of early Greek and Latin writers. The idea of the mass of matter was first shaped into an exact form by Galileo, and more especially by Newton, in the glorious age of the development of the principles of inductive reasoning enunciated by Bacon and Descartes in their philosophical treatises.

In 1772 Lavoisier published the results of his experiments on the calcination of metals, the burning of phosphorus and sulphur, and the increased weight in each case was due to absorption of air, and that when the calces of metals were heated with charcoal they were reduced to the metallic state. Twenty years before these experiments, and twenty-two years before the discovery of oxygen by Priestley, Voltaire came to the conclusion that


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Rh A english lord was in their bed tormented, cruelly of the gout, when was announced him a pretended physician, which had a remedy sure against that illness. "That doctor came in coach or on foot?" was request the lord. "On foot," was answered him the servant. "Well, was replied the sick, go tell to the knave what go back one's self, because if he was the remedy, which he exalt him self, he should roll a coach at six horses, and I would be send for him my self and to offer him the half part of my lands for to be delivered of my sickness."

A duchess accused of magic being interrogated for a commissary extremely unhandsome, this was beg him selve one she had look the devil. "Yes, sir, I did see him, was answer the duchess, and he was like you as two water's drops."

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54 A Lady, which was to dine, chid to her servant that she not had used butter enough. This girl, for to excuse him selve, was bing a little cat on the hand, and told that she came to take him in the crime, finishing to eat the two pounds from butter who remain. The Lady took immediately the cat, was put into the balances it had not weighted that one an half pound.

A countryman which came through to Paris upon the bridge to the change, not had perceived merchandises in several shops. The curiosity take him, he come near of a exchange desk:—"Sir, had he beg from a look simple, tell me what you sell." The loader though that he may to divert of the personage:—"I sell, was answered him asse's heads."—"Indeed, reply to him the countryman, you make of it a great sale, because it not remains more but one in your shop."

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 had also lost control over the other cities of Argolis, which they never succeeded in recovering. Partly in consequence of its defeat, partly out of jealousy against Sparta, Argos took no part in the war against Xerxes. Indeed on this, as on later occasions, its relations with Persia seem to have been friendly. About 470 the conflict with Sparta was renewed in concert with the Arcadians, but all that the Argives could achieve was to destroy their revolted dependencies of Mycenae and Tiryns (468 or 464). In 461 they contracted an alliance with Athens, thus renewing a connexion established by (q.v.). In spite of this league Argos made no headway against Sparta, and in 451 consented to a truce. A more important result of Athenian intervention was the substitution of the democratic government for the oligarchy which had succeeded the early monarchy; at any rate forty years later we find that Argos possessed complete democratic institutions.

During the early Peloponnesian War Argos remained neutral; after the break-up of the Spartan confederacy consequent upon the peace of Nicias the alliance of this state, with its unimpaired resources and flourishing commerce, was courted on all sides. By throwing in her lot with the Peloponnesian democracies and Athens, Argos seriously endangered Sparta’s supremacy, but the defeat of Mantineia (418) and a successful rising of the Argive oligarchs spoilt this chance. The speedily restored democracy put little heart into the conflict, and beyond sending mercenary detachments, lent Athens no further help in the war (see ).

At the outset of the 4th century, Argos, with a population and resources equalling those of Athens, took a prominent part in the Corinthian League against Sparta. In 394 the Argives helped to garrison Corinth, and the latter state seems for a while to have been annexed by them. But the peace of (q.v.) dissolved this connexion, and barred Argive pretensions to control all Argolis. After the battle of Leuctra Argos experienced a political crisis; the oligarchs attempted a revolution, but were put down by their opponents with such vindictiveness that 1200 of them are said to have been executed (370). The democracy consistently supported the victorious Thebans against Sparta, figuring with a large contingent on the decisive field of Mantineia (362). When pressed in turn by their old foes the Argives were among the first to call in Philip of Macedon, who reinstated them in Cynuria after becoming master of Greece. In the Lamian War Argos was induced to side with the patriots against Macedonia; after its capture by Cassander from Polyperchon (317) it fell in 303 into the hands of Demetrius Poliorcetes. In 272 the Argives joined Sparta in resisting the ambition of King Pyrrhus of Epirus, whose death ensued in an unsuccessful night attack upon the city. They passed instead into the power of Antigonus Gonatas of Macedonia, who maintained his control by means of tyrants. After several unavailing attempts (q.v.) contrived to win Argos for the Achaean League (229), in which it remained save during a brief occupation by the Spartans  (q.v.) and Nabis (224 and 196).

The Roman conquest of Achaea enhanced the prosperity of Argos by removing the trade competition of Corinth. Under the Empire, Argos was the headquarters of the Achaean synod, and continued to be a resort of Roman merchants. Though plundered by the Goths in 267 and 395 it retained some of its commerce and culture in Byzantine days. The town was captured by the Franks in 1210; after 1246 it was held in fief by the rulers of Athens. In later centuries it became the scene of frequent conflicts between the Venetians and the Turks, and on two occasions (1397 and 1500) its population was massacred by the latter. Repeopled with Albanian settlers, Argos was chosen as seat of the Greek national assembly in the wars of independence. Its citadel was courageously defended by the patriots (1822); in 1825 the city was burnt to the ground by Ibrahim Pasha. The present town of 10,000 inhabitants is a purely agricultural settlement. The Argive plain, though not yet sufficiently reclaimed, yields good crops of corn, rice and tobacco.

In the early days of Greece the Argives enjoyed high repute for their musical talent. Their school of bronze sculpture, whose first famous exponent was Ageladas (Hagelaidas), the reputed master of Pheidias, reached its climax towards the end of the 5th century in the atelier of (q.v.) and his pupils. To this period also belongs the new Heraeum (see below), one of the most splendid temples of Greece.

Remains of the early city are still visible on the Larissa acropolis, which towers 900 ft. high to the north-west of the town. A few courses of the ancient ramparts appear under the double enceinte of the surviving medieval fortress. An aqueduct of Greek times is represented by some fragments on the south-western edge. In the slope above the town was hewn a theatre equalling that of Athens in size. The Aspis or smaller citadel to the north-east has revealed traces of an early Mycenaean settlement; the Deiras or ridge connecting the two heights contains a prehistoric cemetery.

The Argive Heraeum.—Since 1892 investigation has added considerably to our knowledge concerning the Argive Heraeum or Heraion, the temple of Hera, which stood, according to Pausanias, “on one of the lower slopes of Euboea.” The term Euboea did not designate the eminence upon which the Heraeum is placed, or the mountain-top behind the Heraeum only, but, as Pausanias distinctly indicates, the group of foothills of the hilly district adjoining the mountain. When once we admit that this designated not only the mountain, which is 1730 ft. high, but also the hilly district adjoining it, the general scale of distance for this site grows larger. The territory of the Heraeum was divided into three parts, namely Euboea, Acraea and Prosymna. Pausanias tells us that the Heraeum is 15 stadia from Mycenae. Strabo, on the other hand, says that the Heraeum was 40 stadia from Argos and 10 from Mycenae. Both authors underestimate the distance from Mycenae, which is about 25 stadia, or a little more than 3 m., while the distance from Argos is 45 stadia, or a little more than 5 m. The distance from the Heraeum to the ancient Midea is slightly greater than to Mycenae, while that from the Heraeum to Tiryns is about 6 m. The Argive Heraeum was the most important centre of Hera and Juno worship in the ancient world; it always remained the chief sanctuary of the Argive district, and was in all probability the earliest site of civilized life in the country inhabited by the Argive people. In fact, whereas the site of Hissarlik, the ancient Troy, is not in Greece proper, but in Asia Minor, and can thus not furnish the most direct evidence for the earliest Hellenic civilization as such; and whereas Tiryns, Mycenae, and the city of Argos, each represent only one definite period in the successive stages of civilization, the Argive Heraeum, holding the central site of early civilization in Greece proper, not only retained its importance during the three periods marked by the supremacy of Tiryns, Mycenae and the city of Argos, but in all probability antedated them as a centre of civilized Argive life. These conditions alone account for the extreme archaeological importance of this ancient sanctuary.

According to tradition the Heraeum was founded by Phoroneus at least thirteen generations before Agamemnon and the Achaeans ruled. It is highly probable that before it became important merely as a temple, it was the fortified centre uniting the Argive people dwelling in the plain, the citadel which was superseded in this function by Tiryns. There is ample evidence to show that it was the chief sanctuary during the Tirynthian period. When Mycenae was built under the Perseïds it was still the chief sanctuary for that centre, which superseded Tiryns in its dominance over the district, and which this temple clearly antedated in construction. According to the Dictys Cretensis, it was at this Heraeum that Agamemnon assembled the leaders

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Regrets the Elimination of the Amateur Racer by Tremendous Cost of Modern Racing Machine.

Charles Jarrott, the English motorist and cyclist, remembered in New York, no doubt, from the fact that he, with Charles Wridgeway, contested on the high-banked track at Morris Heights the first motor tricycle race ever held in America, arousing tremendous interest and enthusiasm, the winner of several of the prominent European long-distance races, besides innumerable cycling contests, has written a book of experiences with motor racing and cars since the inception of the motor car as a racing engine, just ten years ago. In the course of a series of thrilling and exciting incidents, as well as humorous and tragic accidents, he writes of the conditions of motor racing to-day, regretting the passing of the old conditions. Regarding the sport as the greatest evolved by man, his criticism of some of the attributes of present-day racing may suggest the curbing of tendencies which he regards as deleterious. He says:

"I confess that motor racing appeals to me as the greatest sport evolved by man. Competitive effort for any reward except the gain of money is exhilarating and ennobling to the individual character. The curse of commercialism is the ruin of every sport and any degeneracy of motor racing as a sport is due to the financial issues new involved in each race—the immense value of victory and the commercial disaster of defeat. The same story has been told of other sports where the gain of the victor can be used for commercial profit. The charm disappears, the sordid element is obtruded to the extinction of every other feature. If the racing of motor cars dies the death that is predicted for it, it will be because the sporting element has been obliterated by the all-devouring monster of commecialism—the curse of the twentieth century.

"I have raced because I loved it. I raced at the beginning of the sport because I loved it, and I would race to-day because of love of it, but a race of to-day presents little or the charm of the race of five years ago. It would have less of the sporting feeling—the good comradeship between fellow-competitors. It would be instead, a play—a tragedy of commercialism with each hired man striving for death of his rival commercially, showing no mercy, no quarter, because the winning car is placed on a pedestal in a Grand Marque; because the world places an enormous financial premium on its success and supremacy must be obtained at all costs.

"Under the conditions that obtained in the old days the competitive element entered into it in the rivalry of the various manufacturers, for they entered in the hope that they could beat their rivals, but the purpose of the race was to prove to the general public that a motor car would go, and was capable of covering long distances in a speedy and reliable manner; the events were educational, and made for the evolution of the machines. The financial aspect was satisfied with the experience gained and the advance made. The individual interest was not exterminated.

"Dozens of the racers owned their own cars, and others raced at their own expense. New cars were built for every race, each new car making a big advance over former cars. Cars were not ready until the very last minute before the race, and in consequence none was particularly handicapped. In each event were lines of untried cars formed up to test their capabilities over hundreds of miles of unknown road. In addition to the excitement of driving a new car you always had the satisfaction of driving a faster car than you ever drove before, perhaps faster than any one had ever driven before, over a road varying in grade, character, and scenery, with every kaleidoscopic feature. You had to prove your power to control a high—speed motor car at high pressure, and prove your superiority over your competitors.

"There was no circular course over which you could practice and study every little curve and corner for months. You traveled hundreds of miles of straight road, narrow road, right-angle corners, treacherous turns, maybe mountain passes, rough surfaces, and dangerous obstacles, all enveloped in a dense pall of dust caused by cars which preceded you. The unnownunknown [sic] presents itself at every turn, and your neck and safety depend on the soundness of your judgment. If you are better able to deal with the ever-recurring problems you gain; if not you lose. You wrestle physically and mentally with the difficulties until the excitement of it enters your soul and you realize that this is the sport of the gods. The glorious uncertainty, capped by the exhilaration of speed, would fascinate the most hardened.

"But these conditions have changed. The terrific speeds of latter—day contests and the disasters of many of them have ended what need never have been ended with ordinary foresight, until the only form of motor racing that is possible is that which is confined to a circuit which cars travel round and round to complete the distance. The dreary monotony of those rounds destroys the charms and, instead of judgement, success hangs on reckless and daring driving rendered possible by knowledge of the course.

"The first circuit race was the Circuit des Ardennes, in 1902. and although I succeeded in winning, I never was more bored in a contest than during the last three-quarters of the distance. The continuous passing of the some landmarks and the knowledge of each turn and twist made it most tiring—an uninteresting driving strain instead of a delightful sporting event.

"It has been realized, too, that speed has its limitations; that reliability scores over speed, and that the combination of the two wins success, so that any slight stoppage may mean defeat in a race decided by seconds. The unlimited expenditure of money in preparation gives the cars of one make a big advantage, and win at all costs is the spirit. It is a pity. The result is that only men who make a business of driving can hope to be successful. No amateur owner would enter the contest unless a man of limitless means and leisure, so that he can take weeks for preparation and study every stone in the circuit. The business man finds racing an impossibility.

"And as a result of making driving a matter of dollars and cents and of increased speed, the contests are become gladiatorial. Fast speed is interest, but is not necessary. There would be more interest if twenty keen automobilists would take twenty cars of like build drawn by lot on the day of a contest, and start on a stretch of road for a given point. When the twenty arrived at their destination there would be more to tell of roads missed, mechanical derangements met, and kindred subjects. Uncertainty of the road, uncertainty of your machine, uncertainty as to how your competitors were faring would give the interest, not the speed; you would pray for more, but be satisfied that your rivals were on an equality with you.

"It is simply with motor racing as with any other sport. Put a man in competition, with an interest in common and a chance of winning, and it does not matter whether it is riding or driving horses, sailing yachts, or running a foot race, it's good sport. Enjoyment comes from environment, companionship, temperament, and conditions—from equality and uncertainty. I look on motor racing as the sport of sports, because it fills to the full all cravings of a restless, adventure-loving temperament."


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 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS OF ADDITIONAL ARTICLES JACKMAN, MGR. ARTHUR, D.D., London : Eng- lish Hierarchy, Reorganization of the. JENKINS, REGINA RANDOLPH, Baltimore, Maryland: Harland, Henry. KAUPAS, A. B., WiLKESBARRE, PENNSYLVANIA: Lithuanians in the United States. KELLEHER, JOHN, S.T.L., B.C.L., Professor, St. John's College, Waterford, Ireland: Boycotting. KELLY, BLANCHE M., New York: Hopkins, Gerard Manley; Lesueur, Jean-Fran(ois; Maffei, Marchese Francesco Scipione; Queen's Daugh- ters. KENNEDY, DANIEL J., O.P., S.T.M., Professor OF Sacramental Theology, Catholic Uni- versity of America: Deza, Diego. KERNAN, THOMAS P., B.A., Utica, New York: Devereux, John C; Devereux, Nicholas. KIRSCH, MGR. JOHANN P., S.T.D., Professor of Pathology .4.nd Christian Arch.«ology', University of Fribourg, Switzerl. d: Ana- stasius BibUothecarius. KLEINSCHMIDT, BEDA, O.F.M., Bonn, Ger- many: Rossellino, Bernardo. LA FAROE, JOHN, S.J., Leonardtown, Mary- land: La Farge, John. LENHART, JOHN M., O.M.Cap., Lector of Philosophy, St. Fidelis Monastery, Vic- toria, Kansas: Tibet, Missionaries, Language and Literature of. LINDSAY, LIONEL ST. GEORGE, B.Sc, PH.D., Editor-in-Chief, "La Noua-elle France", Quebec: Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedey de. LCFFLER, KLEMENS, Ph.D., Libr.arian, Univer- sity of Mijnster: Constantius, Flavins Julius; Savigny, Karl Friedrich. MacERLEAN, ANDREW A., LL.B. (Fordham), New York: Claret y Clard, Antonio Maria, Venerable; Cross, Daughters of the; Cross, Daughters of the, French; Cross, Daughters of the Holy; Diocese; Ernakulam, Vicariate Apos- toMc of; Lambert, Louis A.; Lanigan, John; McCarthy, Justin; MacMahon, Heber; Maginn, Edward; Prefecture Apostolic; Tallaght, Mon- astery of; Vicariate Apostohc. MacERLEAN, JOHN, S.J., Professor of Hebrew and Ecclesiastical History, Jesuit Scholas- ticate, Milltown Park, Dublin: Bourke, Ulick Joseph; Keating, Geoffrey; Kickham, Charles Joseph; MacCarthy, Bartholomew. McGIVNEY, JAMES A., S.J., St. Andrew-o.- HuDSON, Poughkeepsie, New York: Ceva, Thomas. MEEHAN, THOMAS F., New York: Barron, Edward; Griffin, Martin Ignatius Joseph; Lathrop, George Parsons; Murray, John O'Kane; Walsh, Patrick; Webb, Benjamin Joseph. OTT, MICHAEL, O.S.B., Ph.D., Professor of the History of Philosophy, St. John's College, Collegeville, Minnesota: Andechs; Aulne Abbey; Averbode; Chorepiscopi. OTTEN, JOSEPH, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Haberl, Francis Xavier; Morales, Crist6bal. OTTEN, SUSAN TRACY, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- vania: Hello, Ernest. Greek Catholic Seminary of Kadi-Iveui, Constantinople: Colonia; Lyrba. PLASSMAN, THOMAS, O.F.M., Ph.D., S.T.D., St. Bona'enture's Seminary', St. Bonaventure, New York: Elbel, Benjamin; Musso, Cornel- ius; Schatzgeyer, Caspar; Smits, William. POTAMIAN, BROTHER, F.S.C., D.Sc. (Lond.), Professor of Physics, Manhattan College, New York: Beccaria, Giovanni Battista. RANDOLPH, BARTHOLOMEW, CM., M.A., Teacher of Philosophy and Church History, St. Joh.n's College, Brooklyn, New York: Bor^, Eugene. REZEK, ANTOINE IVAN, Houghton, Michigan: Leopoldine Society, The. RICHARZ, HERMAN, S.V.D., President of St. Joseph's Institute, Techny, Illinois: Jans- sen, Arnold. ROBINSON, PASCHAL, O.F.M., Professor of Medieval History, C.tholic Unr-ersity op America: Alvarus Pelagius; Celestines; Christopher Numar of Forli. RODRIGUEZ Y FERNANDEZ, TEODORO, O.S.A. S.T.M., L.Sc, Rector, University of the EscoRiAL, Spain: Camara y Castro, Tomds. SACHER, HERMANN, Ph.D., Editor, "Koner- s.ationslexikon", Assist.^nt Editor, "Staats- lexikon" of the Gorresgesellsch.aft, Frei- burg, Germany: Centre, The. SCHEID, N., S.J., Stella Matutina College, Feldkirch, Austria: Baumgartner, Alexander. SENFELDER, LEOPOLD, M.D., Teacher of the History of Medicine, University of Vienna: Caldani, Leopoldo Marco Antonio; Ingcn- Housz, Jan. SEROCZYNSKI, FELIX THOMAS, A.B., Ham- mond, Indiana: Barzynski, Vincent; Dabrow- ski, Joseph. • Deceasod
 * PETRIDES, SOPHRONE, A.A., Professor,


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 Preface As originally planned and announced The Catholic Encyclopedia was not to have an Index Volume. The editors were of the opinion that the alphabetical order of the articles and niunerous cross references would enable the reader to find readily the topics ordinarily sought after. Few encyclopedias have indexes. No sooner had the first volume appeared than subscribers urged upon the editors the necessity of publishing an Index. The numerous topics treated in the articles, all of unusual character and interest, would, it was argued, be extremely difficult to find without the aid of an analytical index. Such an index would tell the reader at a glance every part of the work in which a given topic is discussed, and bring together in alphabetical arrangement every other topic closely related with it. Shortly after deciding to prepare an analytical index of the Encyclopedia, in April, 1907, the editors began the work, by training a corp of assistants who, as each successive volume appeared, selected the titles which would be most com- monly the subject of inquiry. In this way the titles selected were available for reference as the work went on so that they could be constantly tested by the editors, and, on the completion of the Fifteenth Volume of the Encyclopedia, nothing further remained to be done except the arrangement and verification of the titles as they occur in the passages indicated, and the usual painstaking reading of printer's proofs which such work requires. The Index will make the volumes proper of the Encj'clopedia immensely more valuable than they would have been without it. It also serves to reveal the vast and varied information contained in the work as well as the complete and thorough treatment of the subjects discussed. For the benefit of all who may wish to use the Encyclopedia not only for reference, but also for systematic reading. Courses of Reading are published in this voliune, bringing together in logical and chronolog- ical sequence the subjects which the alphabetical order of the Encyclopedia has necessarily kept apart. In addition to the Index, this volume contains certain articles supplying in- formation chiefly about prominent persons deceased, dioceses erected, ecclesiastical legislation enacted, and omissions observed, since the issue of the volumes in which these subjects might have appeared in alphabetical order. Though these articles are in no way essential, or even integral, to the completeness of the Encyclopedia, it was thought proper to add them here in order to bring the information contained in the work up to date, instead of waiting until such time as they would appear in a supplemental volume. As in the Preface to Volume One, so now in this concluding statement, the Editors express their gratitude to all who have aided them in the publication of the Encyclopedia, to the hierarchy, the clergy, promoters, patrons, contributors, publishers, reviewers, to a faithful staff of editorial assistants, and to all associated in any manner with the business of producing and circulating the work.


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 List of Contributors of Additional Articles AMADO, RAMON RUIZ. S.J., LL.D., PH.L., Col- DWIGHT, WALTER, S.J., Associate Editor, "America", New York: Dwight, Thomas. FENNELLY, MOTHER M.^RY DE CHANTAL, Superior General Congregation op the Sisters op St. Brigid, Tullow, Ireland: Brigidines, Institute of the. FORTESCUE, ADRIAN, PH.D., S.T.D., Letch- worth, Hertfordshire, England: Aquileian Rite. FURLONG CARDIFF, WILLIAM, S.J., Colegio del Salvador, Bdenos Aires: Alarc6n, Pedro Antonio de; Andres, Juan; Cuyo, Virgin of; Lossada, Luis de; Menendez y Pelayo, MarceUno ; Rioja, Francisco de; Saavedra, Fajardo Diego de. GERR.'UID, TH0M.S L., Chelmsford, Essex, England: Eugenics, The Church and. GOLUBOVICH, GIROLAMO, O.F.M., Florence, It.ly: MarignoUi, Giovanni de.'. GOYAU, GEORGES, Associate Editor, "Revue DES Deux Mondes", Paris: Charette de la Con trie. Baron Athanase-Charles-Marie; Dax, Diocese of; Fischer, Antonius; Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole; Menestrier, Claude-Frangois; Vaison, Ancient Dioce.se of. GRATTAN-FLOOD, W.H., M.R.I.A., Mus.D., RosE.MOUNT, Enniscorthy, IRELAND : Capocci, Gaetano. GUINEY, LOUISE IMOGEN, Oxford, England: Johnson, Lionel Pigot. HANDLEY, marie LOUISE, New York: Dupre, Giovanni; Mino di Giovanni; Rossellino, An- tonio di Matteo di Domenico. HEALY, PATRICK J., S.T.D., Professor op Church History, Catholic University of America: Macarius the Alexandrian; Macarius the Egj-ptian, or the Elder; Peace of the Church. HENRY, H.T., Litt.D., LL.D., Rector op Roman Catholic High School for Boys, Philadel- phia, Professor of English Literature and Gregori. Chant, St. Charles SEinNAHY, OvERBUooK, Pennsylvania: Gloria Laus Et Honor; Jesu Dulcis Memoria HYVERNAT, henry, S.T.D., Profes.sor of Se.mitic Languages and Biblical Archeol- ogy, Catholic Unit;rsit»' of America, Wash- ington: Coptic Literature; Versions of the Bible, Coptic. lege of St. Ion.tius, Sarrl4, Barcelona: Guadix, Diocese of. BAUMG.ARTEN, MGR. PAUL MARIA, J.U.D., S.T.D., Rome: Cardinal Vicar. BECHTEL, FLORENTINE, S.J., Professor of Hebrew ant) Sacred Scripture, St. Louis University, St. Louis: Bickell, Gustav. BENIGNI, MGR. UMBERTO, Prothonot.«y Apostolic Partecipante, Professor of Ec- clesi.^stical History, Pontificia Accademia DEI NoBiLi EccLESi.STici, RoME : Capecelatro, Alfonso. BOLOS, RAM6N, S.J., B.^^rcelona: ComeUas y Cluet, Antonio. BROOKFIELD, PETER PAUL, O.S.B., Downside .Abbey. Bath, England: Celestine Order; MalUng Abbey; Meaux. BUTITON, EDWIN, S.T.D., F.R. Hist. Soc, Vice- President, St. Edmund's College, Ware, Engl.4Nd: Archpriest Controversy. BUTLER, RICHARD URBAN, O.S.B., Downside Abbey, Bath, England: Butler, General Sir William Francis. CALLAN. CHARLES J., O.P., S.T.L., Professor op Philosophy, Dominican House of Studies, Washington: Gonzdlez, Zeferino; Gotti, Vin- cent Louis. CAMPBELL, JOHN M., M.A., LL.D., Phil.<.del- phia: Campbell, James. CH.NDLERY, PETER JOSEPH, S.J., Manresa House, Roehampton, Lo.vdon: Foley, Henrj'. COYLE, MOIRA K., New York: Bismarck, Dio- cese of; Cali, Diocese of; Fiji, Vicariate .Apostolic of; Kearney, Dioce-se of; Kottayam, Vicariate Apostolic of. CRIVELLI, CAMILLUS. S.J., Rector, Sacred Heart College, Puebla, Mexico: Eguiara y Eguren. Juan Jose; Hidalgo, Miguel; Martin, Enrico. CUTHBERT, FATHER, O.S.F.C, St. Anselm's House, Oxford: Piatus of Mons. DANIEL, J.E., Oblate Schola.sticate, Ottawa, Canada: Keewatin, Vicariate Apostohc of. DEVLIN, WILLIAM, S.J., Boston College, Bos- ton: Shirley, James.


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 THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA AN INTERNATIONAL WORK OF REFERENCE ON THE CONSTITUTION, DOCTRINE, DISCIPLINE, AND HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH EDITED BY CHARLES G. HERBERMANN, Ph.D., LL.D. EDWARD A. PACE, Ph.D., D.D. CONDE B. PALLEN, Ph.D., LL.D. THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D. JOHN J. WYNNE, S.J. ASSISTED BY NUMEROUS COLLABORATORS FIFTEEN VOLUMES AND INDEX VOLUME XVI SPECIAL ED ITION TINDER THE AUSPICES OP THE KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS CATHOLIC TRUTH COMMITTEE ■flew 13orft THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PRESS, INC.


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ASSISI food is incorporated into the living tissue and the manner in which truth is acquired by the growing mind. That education means the assimilation of truth is almost a commonplace in modern pedagogy. Few, however, have felt the full force of the com- parison or realized how completely the psychological m this as in other instances follows on the lines of the physiological. Just as the living cell cannot dele- gate the task of iissiniilation, so the mind cannot by any contrivance of educational methods evade the task of performing the assimilative proce.-is for it.-ielf. . that the teacher can do is to prepare the material and to stimulate the mind of the pupil; the pupil himself must perforin the final act of acquiring knowledge, namely the act of incorporating into his mind the truth presented to him. In the second place, the mind cannot take over into its own suli- stance a complex truth as such. The truth must hrst be broken up into less complex component parts, which are assimilable by the mmd in its present con- dition of development. I'here is little profit, for example, in placing before the pupil a finished essay, unless the pupil is taught to 'analyze the finished literary product into its con- stituent elements, and to reconstruct those elements into a living whole. This, of course, implies much more than the t;isk of summarizing each paragraph and labelling it more or less happily. When the term assimilation is use<l with reference to mental development, it is well to remember that, while it originally referred to the building up of anatomical elements, the.se elements, once constructed, have an immediate physiological bearing. Each particle of matter that is lifted into the living tissue acquires thereby a functional unity, that is, it is brought into functional relation with everj' other particle of the organism. Similarly, a truth once incorporated into the mind sheiLs it-s light on the entire mental content, and is in turn illumined by every previoiLsly assimi- lated truth. Acting on these principles, the up-to- datx- educationist insists: first, that each new truth should Ije not only an addition to the stock of knowl- edge of the pupil, but also a functional acquisition, something that stimulates the pupil's mind to in- crease Assist, The Diocese ok, is in the civil province of I'mbria, Italy. The town of .s.sisi (.4s.si.'{ii/in), which takes its name from Mount .si, on which it is situated, lies almost in the centre of the province of I'mbria. about halfway between the cities of Perugia and Foligno. and forty-one miles north of Rome. The be- ginnings of ..ssisian history are involved in much ob- scurity; but in early imperial times it had become a flourishing municipality of no mean importance, and lays claim, with some show of truth, to being the birth- place of the Latin poet Sextus .urelius Propertius. The (iospel w;us first preached to the A.ssisians about the middle of the third century by St. Cyspohtus, Hishop of Hcttona (ancient Vcttona), who suffered martyrdom under the Kmpcror Maximian. About 2'.ir> iit. Kufinus was appointed Hishoji of Assisi by Pope St. Fabian; suffered martyrdom about '236; and was succeeded by St. Victorinus. Both St. Victorinus and his immediate successor. St. Sabinus. died martyrs, the latter being most cruelly beaten to death. Of the bishops who occupied the See of Assisi during the fifth and sixth centuries, one, .Aventius, is worthy of mention. It was this heroic prelate who interceded (.■>4.')) with Totila in behalf of the Assi.sians, and saved the city from the ravages of the Ostrogothic army on its way to Rome. In succeeding centuries mention is made of several Bishops of .ssisi who weri- present at general councils of the Church. Thus, in 0.59, Aquilinus was sum- inoneil l>y Pope Martin I to be present at the Lateran Coimcil, convened for the purpose of formulating decrees against the Monothelites. In the seventh and eighth centuries As.sisi fell under the power of the Lombard dukes, and in 773 wsis razed to the gn)und by Charlemagne for its determined resistance to him. He restored it, however, and at the same time all traces of Arian belief and Lombard sympa- thies disappeared. About the same time the great castle, or Kocca d'A.ssisi, was built, which stronghold made the town thenceforth a great power in the pohtical life of central Italy. Bishop Hugo, whose episcopate lasted from 1030 to 10.30, transferred the ey)iscopal chair to the cathedral of San Rufino, which he himself raised over the little oratory be- neath which the Saint's bones had rested for eight centuries. From St. Rufinus to the present incum- bent of the See of A.ssi.si, the Right Reverend .Monsig- nor Ambrose Luddi. O.P.. the bishops of that see have numbered some ninety-two; but of these some arc little known, and the existence of others is more or less problematical. A.ssisi is chiefly famous as the birthplace of St. Francis. All the places sanctified by his presence have been preserved in their original state or transformed into sanctuaries. Foremost among these is the ba.silica of Our Lady of Angels, erected on the model of St. Peter's at Rome through the beneficence of Pope St. Pius '. which shelters the famous little chapel of the Porziuncula, the cradle of the Franciscan Order, where St. Francis received the great Fcnlono il' Assisi, more commonly known as the Portiuncula Indulgence. Within this basilica also stands the tiny cell in which St. Francis died, and which contains among other things the well- known statue by Luca della Robbia made after the Saint's death mask. St. I'rancis's remains now repo.se in the patriarchal basilica of San Francesco, erecteil through the exertions of Brother F.lias, the first .stone of which was laid by dregory IX, 25 July, rJ28. Consecrated by Innocent I', this church is composed of three .sanctuaries, one over the other, and is one of the earliest specimens of Gothic archi- tecture in Italy. "There is nothing like it", says Taine. " Before seeing it one has no idea of the art and genius of the Middle Ages." It is difficult to overestimate the stimulus given to Italian art by the building of this great double basilica, in the decora- tion of which the foremost painters of the day were engaged, including CiinaViue and Giotto, whose famous mystical frescoes, illustrative of the vows of poverty, chastity, and obethence, adorn the lower church. The recent revival of widespread interest in all that concerns St. Francis has made Assisi the goal of a new race of literary and artistic pilgrims. The splendours and a.s.sociations of the ba.silicas of San Francesco and Santa Maria degli .-Vngt^li tend to overshadow the other churches of Assisi. The cathedral of San Rufino. mentione<l above, which dates from IHU, is noted foi its beautiful facade and po.sses.ses a font (the only one in .X.ssisi) in which not only St. Francis and St. Clare, but the Emperor Frederick 11 was baptized. The Chie.sa Nuova, a Greek cross, surmounted by five cupolas and standing on the .site of St. Francis's parental house, was built at the expense of Philip 111 of Spain, in 1615. Santa Chiara, a splenilid Gothic church of the thirteenth century, due to the genius of Filippo di Campello, contains the remains of St. Clare, the co-foundress with St. Francis of the Poor Ladies, or Clares, as they are now called, and daughter of Count Favorino Scifi. an .ssisian noble. The convent of St. Damian's. in which the holy abbess lived, stands without the city and is little changed since her day.


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 872 COURSES OF READING Deger IV-677 Flandrin VI- 96 GaUait VI-349 Steinle XIV-285 Seitz XIII-687 Ittenbach VIII-256 Nuller. X-310 Meissonier X-149 Rethel XII-794 Magaud IV-522 MiUet X-310 MiiUer X-629 Froment in Vt-309 Puvis de Chavannes XII-584 Worndle XV-709 Gaillard VI-335 Tissot XIV-741 Miintz X-640 After 1600 {South of the Alps) Carducci III-345 Bordone 11-684 Campi III-224 Vargas. ., XV-213 Allari family 1-325 Van de Velde XV-270 Volterra XV-504 Castello III-409 Morales -. X-551 Franco VI-235 Boceaccino 11-607 Va,sari XV-274 Sdnchez XIII-427 Tintoretto XIV-737 Morono X-576 Campi 111-224 Navarrete X-723 Cambiaso, Giovanni III-209 Cambiaso, Luca III-209 Caliari (Veronese) III-169 Baroccio 11-303 Tibaldi X1V-7I5 Borras 11-687 Contarini IV-324 Passignano XI-521 Theotocopuli XIV-628 Carducci III-345 Vanni XV-272 Jduregui VIII-325 Baglioni 11-203 Reni, Guide XII-771 Domenichino V-102 Lanfranco VIII-786 Ribera XIII- 31 Feti VI- 52 Echave V-270 Berrettini 11-516 Lopez IX-355 Cano III-250 Grimaldi VI- 35 Sassoferrato XIII-485 Herrera VII-295 Rosa XIII-183 Castiglione III^IO Dolci V- 93 Zurbardn XV-170 Veldzquez XV-323 MuriUo X-644 Iriarte VIII-132 Marrata IX-636 Cignani III-770 Meneses X-187 Giordana VI-564 Gaulli VI-397 Pozzo XII-330 Francescini VI-205 Cignani III-771 Maffei IX-522 Tiepolo XIV-723 Cignari III-771 Guardi VII- 49 Piranesi 11-319 Bartolozzi 11-319 Bayeu y Subias 11-358 Goya y Lucientes VI-686 Cosway IV-421 Brumidi Ill- 8 III. Sculpture Sculpture XII-641 Catacombs III-424 Bas-relief 11-341 Wood-Carving XV-698 Metal Work X-218 Pulpit XII-563 Ivory VIII-257 Before 1500 Andrea Pisano 1-470 Orcagna XI-27o Querela XII-601 Ghiberti VI-544 Ciccioni III-76S Robbia XIII- 95 Pollajuolo XII-216 Majano IX-556 San Gallo, Guiliano da XIII-t43 Foppa VI-133 Sansovino XIII— 153 DonateUo V-115 Buonarroti, Michelangelo Ill- 59 Juste family VIII-571 Nola XI- 90 Rovezzano XIII-212 After 1500 Cellini 111^89 Bologna 11-641 Danti IV-421 Campagna 111-220 Juan Bautista de Toledo VlIl-531 Duquesnoy V-206 Bernini 11-510 Borromini 11-688 Cano III-250 Montanes X-520 Canova III-298 Kessels VIII-629 Decker IV-666 Krafft VIII-695 Girardon Vl-570 Coysevox lV-463 Coustou lV-455 Donner, George Raphael V-131 Donner, Matthiius V-131 Houdon V1I^99 Kessels VIIl-629 Achtermann 1-104 Schwanthaler XIII-593 Gasser von Valhorn VI-392 Knabl VII-669 Mohr X-432 Sibbel XlIl-767 IV. Music (a) Early notation 'II- 65 Counterpoint 1 '-436 Canon III-255 Harmony VIl-139 Oratorio XI-270 For the Blind V-313 (b) Music, Kiflosiastiral X-648 Cussiiidorus, Influence of 111—407 Ambrosiau Chant 1-389


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Rh The commander Forbin of Janson, being at a repast with a celebrated Boileau, had undertaken to pun him upon her name: "What name, told him, carry you thither? Boileau: I would wish better to call me Drink wine." The poet was answered him in the same tune: " And you, sir, what name have you choice? Janson: I should prefer to be named John-Meal. The meal don't is valuable better than the furfur?"

A Physician eighty years of age had enjoied of a health unalterable. Theirs friends did him of it compliments every days: "Mister doctor, they said to him, you are admirable man. What you make then for to bear you as well?—I shall tell you it, gentlemen he was answered them, and I exhort you in same time at to follow my exemple. I live of the product of my ordering without take any remedy who I command to my sicks."

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Manners her marriage; 'so her 4,000l. a year is to be set aside for two years to pay her debts. Don't you like this English management? Two of the greatest fortunes mating, and setting out with poverty and want' (Letters, ii. 223-4). Granby was returned for Cambridgeshire in 17o4, and represented it in successive parliaments up to his death. He became a major-general, 4 March 1755, and colonel of the royal horse guards (blues), 13 May 1758. He appears to have been in Germany (near Embden) in July 1758 (Rep. Rutland MSS. ii. 200), and in command at Cassel in May 1 759 (ib. p. 201). He had obtained the rank of lieutenant-general in February 1759, was at the head of the blues at the battle of Minden, 1 Aug. 1759, and had set his regiment in motion to follow the retreating French when he was peremptorily halted dv Lord George Sackville [see ]. Granby and Sackville did not get on well together, but Sackville was confident Granby would readily acknowledge that the object of the halt was to carry out Prince Ferdinand's orders as to preserving the alignment (Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. pt. iii.) After the battle Granby was specially thanked by Prince Ferdinand. When Sackville resigned, Granby became commander-in-chief of the British contingent from 14 Aug. 1759 (Rep. Rutland MSS. ii. 201). The strength of the British troops, after the arrival of the reinforcements in 1760, was thirty-two thousand men. In this position Granby acquired high reputation during the ensuing campaigns. He was a great favourite with Prince Ferdinand, a circumstance which his critics attributed to his pliant disposition and hard drinking; but the fact remains that the troops under his orders were always assigned the post of danger, and, with their commander, always proved themselves worthy of the honour. At Warburg in Westphalia, when the French were defeated, with the loss of fifteen hundred men and ten guns, on 31 July 1760, a brilliant charge of the British heavy cavalry led by Granby, in the words of Prince Ferdinand, 'contributed extremely to the success of the day.' Ferdinand testified to the 'unbeschreibende Tapferkeit' with which Granby's corps defended the wooded heights of Fellinghausen (Kirchdenkern) on 15 July 1761, against the attack of the French under De Broglie, and on the morrow against the united efforts of De Broglie and Soubise, who were compelled to retreat in what turned into a flight to the Rhine. On 24 June 3762, at Gravenstein, where he commanded the right wing of the allies; at Wilhelmstahl next day, when he cut off the French rear-guard, and the elite of their grenadiers laid down their arms to the 5th foot, one of the regiments under his orders; on 6 Aug. of the same year, when he stormed the heights of Homburg, and so cut off the French from their base at Frankfort-on-Maine, Granby's services were as important as they were brilliant. He left a sickbed on an inclement night during the siege of Cassel, to head the cavalry in seizing a position of importance to the security of the army, declared by the other generals to be impracticable. Ligonier rallied him pleasantly in a letter of 7 Oct. 1762 on his new cure for fever (ib. ii. 369).

As a divisional leader Granby was unquestionably a splendid soldier. He was brave to a fault, skilful, generous to profuseness, careful of his soldiers, and beloved by them. When the troops in Germany, through no fault of his, were in bad quarters, he is stated to have procured provisions and necessaries for the men at his own cost; his table was at the same time always open to the officers. The sick and wounded of all ranks found in him a constant friend. In the days of his political power he warmly opposed the principle of dismissing military officers for their political opinions.

Granby's order-books in Germany are in the British Museum (Add. MS. 28855), together with a proposal by him to raise a regiment of light dragoons (ib. 32903, f. 23). The regiment, known as the 21st light dragoons or royal Windsor foresters, was raised in the neighbourhood of London early in 1761. Granby was colonel, and his brother, Lord Robert Manners-Sutton, lieutenant-colonel commanding. It was said to be one of the finest corps in the service. It was disbanded at Nottingham, 3 March 1763 (see, Nottingham Date Book). Granby, who was long dangerously ill with fever at Warburg during the latter part of 1762, returned home early in 1763 His popularity was then unbounded. Fox [see, 1705-1774] wrote asking his political support in October 1 762 (Rep. Rutland MSS. ii. 360), and special messengers awaited his return at all the principal ports to offer him a choice of the ordnance or the horse guards (cf. , Memoirs of the Reign of George III, i. 146-370). Granby was made master-general of the ordnance on 1 July 1763, and became twelfth commander-in-chief, 13 Aug. 1766. In this position he was savagely assailed three years later by 'Junius,' who declared that he 'had degraded the office of commander-in-chief to that of a broker in commissions.' Sir [q. v.] replied in a letter to the 'Public Advertiser,' defending Granby, which provoked 'Junius' to further attacks. As the object of 'Junius' was to overthrow


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Manners the Grafton ministry, he doubtless thought it necessary to use extra pains to damage the reputation of those who stood highest in public opinion. After Granby's death 'Junius' declared that he bore him no ill-will — that his (Granby's) 'mistakes in public conduct did not arise from want of sentiment or judgment, but, in general, in the difficulty of saying no to the bad people who surrounded him' (ib.) Walpole speaks of him as having sunk (in public estimation) by changing his views so often (Letters, v. 214-16). Early in 1770 Granby made a public recantation of the views he had previously expressed at the Middlesex election, and declared that he should always lament his vote on that occasion as the greatest misfortune of his life. Shortly afterwards he cut short his public career by resigning all his appointments, the colonelcy of the blues excepted. His latter days appear to have been much harassed by creditors.

Granby was made P.C. in 1760, lord-lieutenant of Derbyshire in 1762, and LL.D. Cambridge in 1769. He died at Scarborough, of gout in the stomach, 18 Oct. 1770, aged 49, and was buried at Bottesford, Leicestershire. His unsecured debts at his death are stated at 37,000l. (Rutland MSS. ii. 316). By his marriage he had issue, John, lord Roos, born on 27 Aug. 1751, died in 1760; Charles, afterwards Marquis of Granby and fourth Duke of Rutland; Lord Robert Manners [q. v.], and three daughters.

Granby was twice painted by Reynolds, and one of these portraits, showing him on horseback, is now in the National Gallery.

 MANNERS, ROBERT (d. 1355?), constable of Norham, is said to have been son of a certain William de Manners who died in 1349. He obtained a grant of land in Berrington, Northumberland, in 1329, and petitioned the king for Learmouth on account of his own and his father's services in the Scottish wars in 1331. A curious letter of 1333 from the Bishop of Durham to the council, referring to his jurisdiction over Norham, mentions Manners as constable, and seems to mark an earlier date than 1345, which is usually assigned to his appointment. Manners was a rough border soldier. He was ordered to give up two hostages whom he illegally detained in 1333. In 1&40 he was M.P. for Northumberland, and in 1341 he aided Lord Grey of Werk in stopping a raid of the Earl of Sutherland. In 1342 he was allowed to embattle Etal in Northumberland, and thus founded the influence of his family in that district. He arranged the truce with David Brjace the same year, and when the Scots invaded England, in alliance with the French, in 1346, he took part in the battle of Neville's Cross. He seems to have died in 1355, as in that year the custody of Etal was given to the Lethams, who were afterwards, in the interest of the heir, accused of wasting it. Sir Robert's wives were Margaret and a certain Ada. The pedigree is differently stated, possibly because of the two seats of the family, but it is certain that his heir was John Manners, who was born in 1355. Possibly John was a grandson of Sir Robert.

The second (1408–1461) was probably grandson of Sir John Manners and great-great-grandson of the first Sir Robert. He was a justice of the peace for Norhamshire in 1438, when he succeeded to the family property, was sheriff of Northumberland in 1454, and M.P. for Northumberland in 1459. He died about 1461, and was buried in the church of the Austin Friars, London. He married Johanna, daughter of Sir Robert Ogle, and sister of Robert, first lord Ogle [q. v.], and by her, who died in 1488, left four sons: 1. Sir Robert Manners, Sheriff of Northumberland in 1463, 1465, when he was knighted, and 1485, who married Eleanor, daughter of Lord Roos, and so brought that title into the Manners family; he was grandfather of Thomas Manners, first earl of Rutland [q. v.] 2. John Manners (d. 1492). 3. Gilbert Manners, a retainer of the Earl of Warwick. 4. Thomas Manners of Etal.

 MANNERS, ROBERT (1758–1782), captain in the navy, born Feb. 1758, was the second son of John Manners, marquis of Granby [q. v.], and grandson of John, third


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1537.] in their places to reduce a barbarous country into order, should not set an example of anarchy. A more serious matter than paltry wranglings and quarrels lay in the misrepresentations which had been made to him on the finances. He wrote angrily, expatiating upon the sums which he had spent, and the gulf into which they seemed to have been thrown. 'For all this,' he said, 'what have we gotten since the first stay of the violence of the late rebellion of Thomas Fitzgerald? In words you say we have now great revenues, and so indeed we have; but when anything is there to be paid, we see not what stead the same do stand us in, or to what purpose they serve. Good councillors,' he continued, 'should before their own private gains have respect to their prince's honour, and to the public weal of the country whereof they have charge. A great sort of you—we must be plain—desire nothing else but to reign in estimation, and to fleece from time to time all that you may catch from us.' The rebuke was partially deserved. In part it arose from the misrepresentations of the deputy, whose hasty accusations fell in for the present with the King's anxiety and vexation. On the same authority, Henry singled out for especial admonition Archbishop Brown, who had succeeded the murdered Allen—a man who was perhaps as foolish as he was supposed to be, but he was tolerably right-minded, and scarcely merited the tone in which he was addressed.

'We have advanced you,' the King said, 'in


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418 of your supposed good qualities; yet nevertheless, as we do both partly perceive, and partly by sundry advertisements be informed, the good opinion that we have conceived of you is in manner utterly frustrate, for neither do you give yourself to the instruction of our people there in the Word of God, ne frame yourself to stand us in any stead for the furtherance of our affairs. Such is your lightness in behaviour, and such is the elation of your mind in pride, that, glorying in foolish ceremonies, and delighting in 'we' and 'us,' in your dreams you compare yourself so near to a prince in honour and estimation, that all virtue and honesty is almost banished from you. Reform yourself therefore with this gentle advertisement. Do first your duty towards God in the execution of your office; do then your duty towards us in the advancement of our affairs, and we shall put your former negligence in oblivion. If this will not serve, but that ye will still persevere in your fond folly, let it sink into your remembrance that we be able, for the not doing of your duty, to remove you again, and to put another man of more virtue and honesty in your place.'

The King's interference did not soothe the disagreements. He trusted too absolutely to Grey; and Grey, who at the outset seems to have divided the blame with the council, was every day deserving a larger share of it. Through this period of Irish history there is one standard which will rarely mislead the judgment. The


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Manners duke of Rutland. On 13 May 1778 he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Ocean, in which he was present in the action off Ushant on 27 July. On 17 Sept. he was moved into the Victory, flagship of Admiral Keppel, and on 15 July 1779 into the Alcide, one of the ships which went out to Gibraltar with Rodney and defeated the Spanish squadron off Cape St. Vincent. On 8 Dec. 1779 Lord Sandwich had written of Lord Robert to Rodney: 'There is another young man of fashion now in your squadron concerning whom I am tormented to death. I cannot do anything for him at home; therefore, if you could contrive while he remains with you, by some means or other, to give him rank, you will infinitely oblige me' (, Life of Rodney, i. 207). Rodney accordingly took the first opportunity, 17 Jan. 1780, to promote Manners to be captain of the Resolution, under Sir Challoner Ogle (d. 1816) [q. v.], whom he constituted a commodore. The Resolution returned to England with Rear-admiral Robert Digby [q. v.], and was shortly afterwards sent out to rsorth America with Rear-admiral Thomas (afterwards Lord) Graves [q. v.] When Rodney, after his visit to the coast of North America in the summer of 1780 [see ; ], returned to the West Indies, he took the Resolution with him, shortly after which Ogle, having been promoted to be rear-admiral, went home, leaving Manners in command of the ship. The whole business is a curious illustration of the crooked policy of the then first lord of the admiralty. In the following year the Resolution went north with Sir Samuel (afterwards Lord) Hood [q. v.], and took part in the action off Cape Henry on 5 Sept. She was afterwards with Hood at St. Kitts in January 1782, and in the battle of Dominica, 12 April 1782, was in the centre of the line, the third ship astern of the Formidable. In the action Manners received several severe wounds, in addition to having one leg shot off. From the strength of his constitution hopes were entertained of his recovery. He was put on board the Andromache frigate for a passage to England, but some days later lockjaw set in, and terminated fatally (, Observations on the Diseases incident to Seamen, p. 479). He is described as a young man of great gallantry and promise. His portrait by Reynolds has been engraved.  MANNERS, ROGER, fifth (1576–1612), born 6 Oct. 1576, was son of John, fourth earl of Rutland, and nephew of Edward, third earl [q. v .] His mother was Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Charleton of Apley Castle, Shropshire. He was educated for a time at Queens' College, Cambridge, and had a man and a boy to look after him. On 21 Feb. 1587-8 he succeeded as fifth Earl of Rutland on the death of his father, and, passing through London on his way to Cambridge, he had an interview with Queen Elizabeth, who spoke kindly to him and said that 'she knew his father for an honest man.' In 1590 his tutor, John Jegon [q. v.], removed to Corpus Christi College, and among other of his pupils, Rutland went with him; Burghley wrote approving of the change, and also of his going down to Belvoir for the hunting season. Jegon took great care of him, writing many letters to his mother. On 20 Feb. 1595 he became M.A. Burghley approved of his making a foreign tour, though he wrote that the young earl knew very little about his estate, and in September 1595 he received leave to travel abroad. For his guidance a manuscript of 'Profitable Instructions' (now Harl. MS. 6265, p. 428) was drawn up, which was printed, with two similar essays, in 1633, and was then assigned to Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex. Bacon was more probably the author (cf., Bacon, ix. 4 so.) His old tutor Jegon warned him against the character of the French. Rutland sailed early in 1596 from Plymouth, and fassed by way of Paris to Switzerland and taly. In North Italy he had a dangerous illness (cf., Elizabeth, i. 428, ii. 26). He seems to have been fond of learned men, and met Caspar Waser at Zurich (Zurich Letters, Parker Soc, ii. 326). On 2 Feb. 1597-8 he was admitted member of Gray's Inn. As he had announced some time before his intention of joining Essex in his Irish expedition, he was made a colonel of foot in 1599. Essex knighted him 30 May 1599, but he passed only a short time in Ireland, as he was in England in June 1599, in some disgrace with the court. On 10 July 1599, he was incorporated M.A. at Oxford. Wood describes him as ' an eminent traveller and good soldier.' He passed a short time on service with the Dutch in company with the Earl of Northumberland, and 14 June 1600 became constable of Nottingham Castle and steward of Sherwood Forest. On 8 Feb. 1600-1 he took part in Essex's plot, and was one of those who were captured at Essex House. His uncle Roger, an old servant of the queen, who had three nephews implicated, lamented that they had ever been born. In the Tower, Rutland soon came to his senses, wrote very penitently, was examined and rated by the council, and was


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1537.] relation in which any man in high office placed himself towards the Earl of Ormond, was a sure measure either of his understanding or his loyalty; and to the deputy's misfortune, either through personal antipathy, or because in his connection with the Geraldines he shared the Geraldine prejudices, he would neither accept Ormond for an adviser, nor could be brought to regard him except with passionate dislike. He even ventured to suggest a suspicion to Henry that Ormond was disloyal; and the King now felt that, if he was capable of so considerable an error, he could no longer himself be absolutely free from blame.

To ascertain the true state of things, therefore, if truth in Irish matters was ascertainable at all, a commission was appointed on the 3ist of July, composed of George Paulet, a brother of Lord St John, two gentlemen named Moyle and Berners, and Sir Anthony St Leger. These four, taking with them funds to satisfy the claims of the army, were instructed to proceed to Dublin, and—after settling with the men as moderately as might be possible, but 'so as they might be contented, without grudge or murmur,'—to dispose of the plans of conquest, by disbanding all except three hundred and forty of the best troops. The expense of a large force could no longer be endured, until the Irish revenues became productive. Costly expeditions wore a fair appearance in a despatch; but meanwhile O'Brien's Bridge had been reconstructed, and O'Brien himself was independent and indifferent. The money was gone; the result was nothing. After dismissing