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Rh dale (, Hamiltons). Lauderdale left London on the 24th, and on 15 Feb., in order to rouse the Scots against the English, declared that the latter would endure neither the covenant, presbytery, monarchical government, nor the Scots; while a little later he was urging Charles to make greater concessions to Scottish opinion on the subject of religion (, iii. 328, 330).

In the contest which followed the publication of the ‘Engagement’ in Scotland, Lauderdale, though he sought to convince his old friends that he had been forced into compliance (, iii. 45), was prominent in Hamilton's party [see, third and first ]. From April to June he was in constant correspondence with royalists in England (Hamilton Papers, pp. 180–206). The doubt as to his fidelity to the covenant is seen in the fact that he was this year left out of the list of commissioners who were appointed to arrange uniformity of worship with England; and Baillie records his strong expression of opinion against the violent methods of the covenanters (, iii. 64). ‘More than any other man in Scotland he represented the insurrection of the lay feeling against clerical predominance’ (, iii. 417). On 1 May he joined in a letter to the queen and the prince, inviting the latter to Scotland (, Hamiltons, p. 346), and he urged upon his brother-engagers the immediate invasion of England. He was probably the author of the Scots manifesto against toleration of the sects or of those who used the prayer-book, though it did not really represent his feelings. The invasion took place in July, and was crushed by Cromwell and Lambert at Preston on 17 Aug. Lauderdale was not with the expedition, as he had been appointed on 19 July to carry the invitation of the committee of estates to the prince to come to Scotland upon comparatively easy conditions (, iii. 422), but he was at the time in correspondence with the queen, Lord Holland, and Lady Carlisle (Bodl. Libr. Mus. 203, p. 50). On 5 Aug. he was at Yarmouth Roads, and he joined the prince in the Downs on the 10th. He carried with him letters also from the estates to the Prince of Orange and the king and queen of France. The negotiations were conducted on board the fleet, but upon the arrival of the news of Hamilton's defeat, 20 Aug. (, Hamiltons, pp. 366, 367), the prince sailed to Holland. Lauderdale accomplished his mission with dexterity and success (Hamilton Papers, pp. 232–50), the prince accepting all his terms on the 16th; and it was no doubt at this time that he laid the foundation of his great influence with Charles II. His movements are now obscure. Burnet, however (Hamiltons, p. 377), states that he came back to Scotland at the end of January 1649, but that, warned by Balmerino, whom he had converted to royalism, and who supplied him with money (ib. p. 342), that the jealousy of Argyll would expose himself and Lanark to danger, he at once returned to Holland (, p. 38; see also the Moderate Intelligencer, 1–8 Feb. in Brit. Mus. E. 591. 27). Moreover, the ‘Engagement’ was condemned by the Scottish parliament. It is certain that Lauderdale was with Charles II to the end of April 1649, and that he was instrumental in inducing him to reject the proposals of Ormonde and Montrose, and to accept the parliament's invitation to Scotland in spite of the hard conditions imposed by the dominant Argyll faction (, iii. 73).

Lauderdale accompanied Charles to Scotland, but was debarred by the ‘protesters’ from his presence and councils, and ordered into banishment until he made public repentance in Largo Church on 26 Dec. 1650 for his participation in the Engagement. He continued, however, under suspicion, and it was now that he began to conceal his identity in correspondence under the pseudonym of ‘John Reid’ or ‘Red.’ In 1651 he followed Charles to Worcester, and was there taken prisoner. At the time he was on terms of close personal friendship with Charles. On 17 Sept. his trial was ordered, and he was kept prisoner, first in the Tower and then at Windsor (, vi. 238) and Portland, until Monck's entry into London in March 1660. He had been excepted from Cromwell's Indemnity Act, 1654 (, vii. 301), and his estates confiscated, a provision of 300l. a year only being given out of his estates to his wife and family (, Lauderdale Papers; MS. Corresp. of Sir R. Moray). On 23 March 1660 Thurloe notes that he was busily dealing with the presbyterians.

Immediately upon his release Lauderdale joined with Crawfurd and Sinclair in a letter to their friends in Scotland, urging unanimity in rallying the old ‘Engagement’ party; and he himself wrote to the prince at Brussels, receiving a reply in April signed ‘Your most affectionate friend.’ Poverty at first prevented him from going over in person, but he sent further letters through James Sharp, and on being furnished with funds by John Leslie, seventh earl of Rothes [q. v.], he went with the fleet in May to Breda (Lauderdale Papers; , Diary, 10 May). There he recommenced the close connection with Charles, Lauderdale and Sharp ‘having very much of


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jacobsen, Johan Adrian

JACOBSEN, Johan Adrian Norwegian ethnologist and explorer: b. Risö, 1853. For seven years after 1867 he was member of a whaling crew on the Spitsbergen and Murman coasts. He traveled along the west coast of South America in 1876-77 and subsequently visited the Arctic regions, bringing back hundreds of ethnographical specimens. In 1881 he was engaged by the Berlin Museum für Völkerkunde to gather ethnographical and other specimens on the west coast of North America, also Korea, Japan, Siberia, the South Sea Islands, etc. He spent seven years in this work, collecting in all over 18,000 specimens. Subsequently he made collections in Germany and Norway. At the Columbian Exposition of 1893 he exhibited a marvelous ethnographical collection from 25 non-European peoples. These formed the nucleus around which has grown the Field Columbian Museum of Chicago. He has published ‘Reise an der nordwestküste Amerikas’ (1884); ‘Eventyrlige farter’ (1894); ‘Reise in der inselwelt des Banda-Meeres’ (1896).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 9 JUNE 1982

Rh

rank of chief magistrate or as a magistrate of a regional division or any other person, except a person in the service of the State, who by virtue of his qualifications is entitled to be admitted and authorized to practise and be enrolled as an advocate in terms of the provisions of section 3 of the Admission of Advocates Act, 1964 (Act No. 74 of 1964), and who, after obtaining such qualifications, was concerned in the application of the law for a continuous period of not less than ten years, who shall also be the chairman of the board of review; and

one of the remaining two shall be a person holding a degree or diploma in law.

(4) The State President may for good cause withdraw the appointment of a member of a board of review and may, subject to the provisions of subsection (3), appoint another person in his place,

(5) If at any stage during the investigation and consideration of a matter by a board of review in terms of section 38 (3) any member of that board of review dies or vacates his office for any other reason, the State President shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (3), appoint another person in his place, and the investigation and consideration of the matter in question shall thereupon be continued by the board of review as so constituted.

36. (1) A member of a board of review shall be appointed for such period as the State President may determine at the time of the appointment.

(2) A person whose term of office as a member of a board of review has expired shall be eligible for reappointment.

(3) (a) The regulations made under the provisions of section 2 (b) of the Judges’ Remuneration Act, 1978 (Act No. 91 of 1978), or which are in terms of the provisions of section 4 (2) of the said Act deemed to have been made under the first-mentioned provisions, shall mutatis mutandis apply to that member of a board of review who is a judge of the Supreme Court of South Africa.

(b) A member of a board of review who is not such a judge and who is not subject to the provisions of the Public Service Act, 1957 (Act No. 54 of 1957), shall be paid such remuneration, including reimbursement for transport, travelling and subsistence expenses incurred by him in the performance of his functions under this Act, as the Minister of Justice may with the concurrence of the Minister of Finance from time to time determine.

37. The decision of two of its members shall constitute a decision of a board of review.

38. (1) Subject to the provisions of section 42 (3) the Minister shall, whenever he has in terms of the provisions of section 18 (1), 19 (1) or (20), 20 or 28 (1) taken steps in respect of a particular person, submit the matter in the manner prescribed in this section to a board of review for investigation and consideration.

(2) The Minister shall as soon as possible after the expiration of the period of fourteen days referred to in section 25 (2) or 28 (9), whichever is applicable, cause to be submitted to the board of review—

a copy of the notice whereby the steps referred to in subsection (1) were taken;

a written statement containing the reasons for the taking of the steps in question and all information which induced the Minister to issue the notice in question, as well as such additional information, if any, as may relate to the matter and which may have come to the knowledge of the Minister after the issue of the notice in question;


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Martin   MARTIN or MARTYN, HENRY (d. 1721), essayist, was the eldest son of Edward Martyn of Upham, in the parish of Aldbourn, Wiltshire, and was brother of Edward Martyn, Gresham professor. He was a lawyer by profession, but in consequence of bad health was unable to attend the courts. He wrote a few papers in the 'Spectator.' No. 180 is undoubtedly his, and possibly Nos. 200 and 232. In No. 555 Steele acknowledges his indebtedness to him. He says that Martyn's name could hardly be mentioned in a list in which it would not deserve precedence; and in an ensuing list gives it precedence over Pope, Hughes, Carey, Tickell, Parnell, and Eusden (Spectator, ed. Chalmers, London, 1808, Preface, p. lix). In 1713 and 1714, during the controversy concerning the treaty of commerce made with France at the peace of Utrecht, when a number of leading merchants instituted a paper called 'The British Merchant, or Commerce Preserved,' to counteract the influence of Defoe's 'Mercator,' Martyn took a leading part in the enterprise, and it was in a great measure due to his papers in the 'British Merchant' that the treaty was ultimately rejected [see, fl. 1721, and, fl. 1712]. As a reward he was made inspector-general of imports and exports of customs by the government. He died at Blackheath, 26 March 1721 (British Merchant, London, 1721, Preface, p. xiv).

His only son, (1700–1761), born in London 8 Jan. 1700, was admitted scholar of King's College, Cambridge, 3 Feb. 1718–19. He graduated as B.A. 1722, and M.A. 1726, and was made fellow of King's College 4 Feb. 1721-2. His name disappears from the list of fellows in 1754. He was entered of the Temple, but did not practise law, and obtained a place in the custom house, which he relinquished in 1738, when he was appointed by Sir Robert Walpole to the treasurership of excise. This office he retained till his death at Highgate in 1761. In 1740 be inherited a good estate from an aunt, and in 1753 was one of the esquires at the installation of Sir Edward Walpole as knight of the Bath. He was a learned and agreeable man, and an excellent musician. He wrote fourteen sonatas for the violin, which were published after his death.  MARTIN, HUGH (1822–1885), minister of the free church of Scotland, born at Aberdeen on 11 Aug. 1822, was son of Alexander Martin, and was educated at the grammar school and Marischal College of his native city. He had a distinguished career in the university classes, obtaining, among numerous prizes, the Gray bursary, the highest mathematical reward at Marischal College. He graduated M.A. in April 1839, and subsequently attended the theological classes at King's College, Aberdeen. He was in his student days opposed to the 'non-intrusion' party, which in 1843 became the free church; but at the general assembly of the church of Scotland in 1842 he was converted by a speech of Dr. Cunningham to free church principles. Licensed as a minister in 1843, he was appointed in 1844 to Panbride, near Carnoustie, in the presbytery of Arbroath, to build up the free church charge after the disruption. Martin remained at Panbride till 1868, when he was called to the important charge of Free Greyfriars in Edinburgh. This position he held till June 1865, when he retired owing to ill-health. In 1866-8 Martin acted as examiner in mathematics for the degree of M.A. in the university of Edinburgh, which conferred upon him in 1872 the degree of doctor of divinity. In the debates in the general assembly of the free church Martin was a frequent and an able speaker. On his retirement from Greyfriars, Martin took a house at Lasswade, near Edinburgh, where he occupied himself with music and mathematics. He died 14 June 1885.

Martin was a frequent contributor to the 'British and Foreign Evangelical Review' and the 'Transactions of the London Mathematical Society.' His works comprise: 1. 'Christ's Presence in the Gospel History,' 8vo, London, 1860. 2. 'The Prophet Jonah, his Character and Mission to Nineveh,' 8vo, London, 1866. 3. 'A Study of Trilinear Co-ordinates,' 8vo, Cambridge, 1867. 4. 'The Atonement,' 8vo, London, 1870. 5. 'National Education,' 8vo, Edinburgh, 1872. 6. 'Mutual Eligibility,' 8vo, Edinburgh, 1872. 7. 'Relations between Christ's Headship over Church and State,' 8vo, Edinburgh, 1875. 8. 'The Shadow of Calvary,' 8vo, Edinburgh, 1875. 9. 'The Westminster Doctrine of the Inspiration of Scripture,' 8vo, London, 1877 (this work reached a fifth edition in the same year). 10. 'A Sequel


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Rh the king's ear.’ He was perhaps already planning the re-establishment of episcopacy (Lauderdale Papers, i. 29), although, to maintain his influence in Scotland, he kept the design very secret. A sharp contest for power in Scottish affairs now ensued between the old cavalier, ‘malignant’ party, of whom John Middleton, first earl of Middleton [q. v.], William Cunningham, ninth earl of Glencairn [q. v.], and Sir Archibald Primrose [q. v.] were the chiefs, and that section of the nobles who, while bending to the presbyterian domination, had brought about the ‘Engagement.’ The three above named became high commissioner, chancellor, and clerk register respectively; but Lord Rothes became president of the council, and John Lindsay, seventeenth earl of Crawford [q. v.], another devoted friend of Lauderdale, and a staunch presbyterian, was made treasurer. The great fight was regarding the secretaryship, upon which, as giving him constant access to the king's ear, Lauderdale had fixed his ambition. Opposed though he was by the whole influence of Monck, Clarendon, and the bishops, who favoured the claims of Newburgh, and who wished to make Lauderdale chancellor to keep him away from London, he won the day. When Clarendon urged his presbyterianism, he pointed to his services and his long imprisonment, and Charles's personal pleasure in his society doubtless had much to do with the choice.

For maintaining his hold upon the king, and for overcoming the many difficulties which the jealousy of his rivals in Scotland, the antagonism of Clarendon, and his own poverty brought upon him, Lauderdale was well fitted by a character which had hitherto had no fair play. To great knowledge of affairs and of character he joined fertility of resource, a strong will, coolness and courage, extreme selfishness, readiness to strike at the right moment, keen discernment in choosing his tools, and utter unscrupulousness. Without gratitude or integrity, he succeeded in retaining the willing services of high-minded men, while, in his own phrase, he knew ‘how to make use of a knave as well as another.’ He was a bold and unabashed liar, hating ‘damned insipid lies.’ Deeply read in divinity and foreign languages, he soon proved himself as well the rival in debauchery, so far as embarrassed means would allow, of the most licentious of Charles's courtiers. His face and figure were unattractive; his wit was coarse but, like the whole nature of the man, robust. By dexterity and industry he soon made himself indispensable to Charles. It was noticed that he was ‘never from the king's ear,’ and was ‘a very cunning fellow’ (, 2 March 1664; Quarterly Review, April 1884, p. 415). He was lodged in Whitehall, on the northern side of the stone gallery south of the Privy Gardens (English Illustr. Magazine, i. 79).

Lauderdale's principal object was to keep Scottish affairs in Scottish hands. He strongly opposed Clarendon's arrangement, which placed Englishmen on the Scottish privy council, and as soon as he became supreme overthrew it. He induced Charles to permit the committee of estates to meet, and to order the English garrisons to be removed from Ayr, Leith, Inverness, and Perth, securing for himself in May 1662 a grant of the ground upon which the Leith fortifications stood. This he afterwards sold to the council of Edinburgh for 5,000l. (, Memoirs, p. 24). He had already received charters of the lordship and regality of Musselburgh, the barony of Cranschawis, the barony and regality of Thirlestane, the lands of Rodgerslaw, &c., on 15 May 1661, and to these was added the forest of Lauder, 13 Oct. 1664. Both to the Rescinding Act of Middleton's ‘drunken administration’ and to the grant of an annual subsidy of 40,000l. he offered the strongest opposition (, Memoirs, p. 31). At the trial of Archibald Campbell, Marquis of Argyll [q. v.], he appears first to have tried to save him, for which purpose he obtained an order from Charles giving indemnity for all acts committed before 1651; but afterwards, under pressure from Rothes, to have yielded to his old enmity for him, and to have withdrawn his aid (ib. p. 38).

There is no reason to think that Lauderdale aided in the restoration of episcopacy; indeed, Burnet says that he privately opposed it, and Mackenzie adds that he urged Charles to submit the question to a general assembly or to the provincial assemblies (ib. p. 54). From all open opposition, however, he carefully forbore. Meanwhile he was at pains to acquire support in Scotland. Rothes secured for him powerful influence; his brother, Charles Maitland, gained over William Bellenden, lord Bellenden [q. v.]; his private agent, William Sharp, brother of James Sharp, now primate of Scotland, was indefatigable. The ablest of his opponents, Primrose, was won over in 1662–3; and by espousing the interest of the Marquis of Argyll's son [see, ninth ] he secured a useful friend. To gain popularity, and to lessen Middleton's control of the purse, he induced Charles, 23 Jan. 1663, to remit half the fines levied upon those who were excepted from the Act of Indemnity;


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Rh and Middleton's recall of this remission by private warrant was a proximate cause of the latter's fall.

The direct struggle between Lauderdale and the Middleton faction now began. Middleton's friends first passed an act imposing upon all persons in the public employment an oath abjuring both the national covenant and the solemn league and covenant. This they hoped would turn out Lauderdale, who had been a prominent upholder of both. It did actually turn out the conscientious Lord Crawford from the treasurership; but Lauderdale at once declared his readiness to take a cartload of oaths (ib. p. 65), and to turn Turk to keep his place (Lauderdale Papers). Middleton then attached to the Indemnity Act a clause by which twelve persons, to be selected by ballot, should be excepted from public service, and by unsparing corruption Middleton succeeded in placing Lauderdale, Sir Robert Moray [q. v.], and Crawford among the twelve. The blundering trickery of the plot, the attempt to secure secrecy and its failure, and Lauderdale's exposure of the conspiracy to the king at the critical moment, may be read in Burnet (i. 269–72), and in the ‘Lauderdale Papers’ (i. 105, 117). Lauderdale's enemies next sought to ruin him by asserting that they had proofs of his double dealing regarding the surrender of Charles I to the English; but this also proved only a scare, as the papers were not originals (ib. pp. 127, 128). Lauderdale now struck his blow. He called for a full investigation, and on 7 Sept. 1663 exposed Middleton's action in so masterly an harangue before the Scottish privy council that by the end of May the commissioner was forced to resign. Rothes succeeded him as Lauderdale's tool, and Lauderdale himself went to Scotland in May 1663 to take vengeance on the conspirators, leaving Moray as his deputy in London.

Henceforward all Scottish business was conducted by Charles, Lauderdale, and Moray, the English ministers being excluded. Lauderdale's chief business in Scotland was to make the crown absolute both in state and church. The lords of the articles were replaced upon the footing of 1633, which made the crown practically supreme over parliament. Strong acts were passed against the covenanters, which secured his reputation as a friend of the church, while his National Synod Act placed her in complete subservience to the crown. In October he returned to Whitehall, with greatly augmented credit, leaving Scotland under Rothes and James Sharp. The result of their misgovernment was the premature covenanting rising of 1666, and a design on the part of his own friends Rothes, Sharp, Hamilton, Dalyel, and Archbishop Burnet of Glasgow to consolidate a party resting on the support of the troops, and strong enough to throw off Lauderdale's domination. Lauderdale displayed the greatest skill in breaking up this new cabal. By January 1667 Rothes had returned to his old allegiance, and Sharp was disgraced. Lauderdale was, too, greatly strengthened by the wane of Clarendon's influence and of that of the strong church party. In June 1667 he sent Moray to report on the state of the country, and by the end of the year had forced Rothes to resign the commissionership and the treasury, which was placed in commission of Lauderdale's friends. He then carried out the disbanding of the troops, replacing them by a militia of twenty-two thousand men, secured Sharp's service against his former confederates, applied a policy of toleration to the covenanters, and effected the disgrace of Archbishop Burnet of Glasgow, who opposed it. In October 1669 he went again as high commissioner, with instruction to deal with the union, the militia, forfeitures, and conciliation. With a high hand he carried, in a carefully packed parliament, an act allowing Charles to use the militia when and where he pleased, and the Act of Supremacy, which still further enslaved the church. An immediate result of the last act was the resignation of Burnet. So drastic were these measures that he could justly say, ‘The king is now master here in all causes and over all persons.’ The negotiations for the union—a measure to which he was very hostile—proved abortive, and were postponed, 13 Nov. 1669 (ib. ii. 159). His last act before returning to the court at the end of the year was the annexation to the crown of the Orkneys and Shetlands, which had been formerly granted to the predecessors of the Earl of Morton, who was thus persecuted because he was a son-in-law of Middleton (, p. 175). On his reappearance in Scotland in July 1670 acts were passed empowering commissioners for the union to confer with the English, suppressing conventicles, quartering the militia upon the disaffected, raising troops of horse, foot, and dragoons, and giving toleration to submissive ministers (Lauderdale Papers, ii. 184–7). In the same year Lauderdale, along with other protestant ministers, was duped by the king in the matter of the sham treaty of Dover.

In 1671 Lauderdale's first wife died at Paris. She was Anne, second daughter of Alexander Home, first earl of Home [q. v.], by the daughter of Edward Sutton, baron Dudley. By her Lauderdale had a daughter, who was married at Highgate before the


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Martin Orissa. The governor-general in 1821 made him surgeon to his body-guard, and he served in the first Burmese war. In 1826 he married a daughter of Colonel Patten, C.B., began civil practice in Calcutta, and soon attained success. He was made presidency surgeon in 1830, and also surgeon to the general hospital in Calcutta. lie published at Calcutta in 1837 ' Notes on the Medical Topography of Calcutta,' which gives a readable account of sanitary advantages and disadvantages from the time of the 'large shady tree under which Job Charnock sat in 1689, down to 1837, followed by a clear general account of the diseases of Bengal and their remedies. He left India after publishing two important memoirs 'On the Draining of the Salt-water Lake' and 'On the Reoccupation of Negrais Island,' and settled in practice in London, where he lived for some time in Grosvenor Street. The Royal College of Surgeons elected him a fellow in 1843, and the Royal Society in 1845. He became inspector-general of army hospitals and a member of the army sanitary commission. He wrote with Dr. James Johnson in 1841 a work 'On the Influence of Tropical Climates on European Constitutions.' On its reaching in 1856 a seventh edition Martin completely rewrote this voluminous book. It contains many interesting records of cases and shows extensive reading in the medical books of its own period. Another edition appeared in 1861. He published for private circulation in 1847 'A Brief Topographical and Historical Notice of Calcutta,' and also wrote the article on 'Hospitals' in Holmes's 'System of Surgery,' as well as some pamphlets on subjects connected with the medical service of the army. In 1860 he was made C.B. and was knighted in the same year. He was one of the first surgeons who used injections of iodine for the cure of hydrocele. He became somewhat deaf in old age, but discharged official duties till a fortnight before his death, which was due to pneumonia, and took place at his house in Upper Brook Street, London, 27 Nov. 1874.

 MARTIN, JOHN (1619–1693), divine, son of John Martin, a schoolmaster, was born at Mere, Wiltshire, 12 Dec. 1619. He became a batler at Trinity College, Oxford, in Lent term 1637, but, failing to obtain a scholarship, migrated to Oriel, where, being 'put under a careful tutor', he graduated B.A. 25 Feb. 1640. He is styled M.A. in the registers at Melcombe Horsey, Dorset. On the outbreak of the civil war Martin seems to have joined the royalist army, and was noticed by Sir John Penruddocke [q.v.], who promised him a living. He was ordained by Bishop Skinner in Trinity College chapel, 21 Dec. 1645, and two days later was presented to the living of Compton Chamberlayne, Wiltshire, the family seat of the Penruddockes. Here Martin lived in much repute among his neighbours and congregation, until ejected by the parliament on his refusal to subscribe to the covenant, but he seems to have been soon reinstated in the living. He rented in the meantime a small grazing farm at Tisbury, Wiltshire. When the royalists rose in rebellion at Salisbury, December 1654, under the leadership of Colonel John Penruddocke [q. v.], Martin was suspected of participation and was arrested, but the evidence was insufficient and he was released. Penruddocke was executed, and buried at night by Martin at Compton Chamberlayne, 19 May 1658. Martin was a trustee of his friend's estate, and preserved it from sequestration. He also offered an asylum in his house to the wife and family of the cavalier. On the Restoration Martin's loyalty and gifts were rewarded by the living of Melcombe Horsey, Dorset, but he continued to hold Compton Chamberlayne. On 22 Nov. 1668 Bishop Ward appointed him to the prebend of Yatesbury, and on 5 Oct. 1677 to that of Preston in the church of Salisbury. He was also rural dean of Chalk, in the same diocese, but refused, from modesty, the appointment of canon residentiary of Salisbury. In October 1675 he was made chaplain to the Earl of Nottingham. Martin was one of the nonjurors, although he did not actively join in the schism. In February 1690 he lost the Melcombe Horsey living, but Bishop Burnet says he ‘continued him in his living [of Compton Chamberlayne] until his death.’ He also records that he continued to pay him the lectureship there, value 30l. per annum, out of his private purse.

A sermon by Martin entitled ‘Hosanna, a Thanksgiving,’ 28 June 1660, is dedicated to ‘William, Marquis of Hertford, and Lady A. P.,’ i.e. Lady Arundella Penruddocke, mother of Colonel Penruddocke. Another sermon, ‘Lex Pacifica,’ printed London, 1664, was preached at the Dorchester assizes, 5 Aug., and is dedicated to Sir Matthew Hale [q. v.], the high sheriff, and the justices. Martin also published ‘Go in Peace, brief Directions for Young Ministers in their Visitation of the Sick, useful for … both Health and Sickness,’ London, 1674; and ‘Mary Magdalen's Tears wiped off, or the


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Rh court, on 11 Dec. 1666, to John Hay, lord Yester [q. v.], afterwards marquis of Tweeddale (, Peerage of Scotland). According to Burnet (i. 546) his first wife was an imperious and ill-tempered woman, and she appears to have been neglected and ill-treated. On 17 Feb. 1672 he married his second wife, Elizabeth (d. 1698), eldest daughter of William Murray [q. v.], whipping-boy to Charles I, created Earl of Dysart. She was widow of Sir Lionel Tollemache, and after her father's death took the title of Countess of Dysart. For many years the connection between her and Lauderdale had been very close, and had embittered his relations with his first countess (, i. 449). Under this new influence he seems rapidly to have deteriorated, and to have thrown over all the friends, Robert Moray, Tweeddale, and, later, Kincardine, whose help and advice had been of the utmost service to him.

Lauderdale was now at the height of insolence and power. His influence over Charles was complete. Scotland was at his feet; all places were filled by himself and his friends; Rothes had been compelled to give up even the presidency of the council; and there was absolutely no opposition to his will. He was more like the vizier of an oriental sovereign than the servant of a constitutional king. In private life he was the type of all that was worst in Charles's court. Before 1672 he received a letter from Richard Baxter, reproving him in the most outspoken way for profligacy of the worst kind.

Lauderdale is spoken of as one of the ‘cabal’ of 1667, along with Lords Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, and Ashley; but he was not so in the sense in which the English ministers were. He was the intime of Charles, with little care for or participation in English politics; irresponsible to the English parliament, but ready to support the king in any course he might choose to take. Thus in 1676, when Charles made a money treaty with Louis XIV, with which Danby refused to be associated, Lauderdale alone was trusted by the king (Dalrymple, p. 103). On 2 May 1672 he was made Duke of Lauderdale and Marquis of March (as descended from the Dunbars, Earls of March) in the Scottish peerage, by patent to him and his heirs male, and on 3 June knight of the Garter. In May he again came to Scotland. The ‘cabal’ was then in the thick of its work. The Declaration of Indulgence had been issued, and it is significant that, along with instructions to put an end to the conventicle difficulty either by indulgence or severity, he was to see that the militia was ready to march, and to purge it of all discontented men.

The Test Act of 1673 dispersed the cabal, and, upon James's resignation of his post of lord high admiral, Lauderdale was placed upon the commission for the admiralty. His position was not otherwise affected, except that, as the act put an end to indulgence in England, it left him without any interest in indulgence in Scotland. In October 1673 he went north to raise money for the Dutch war, and to persecute the conventiclers, to embody more troops, quarter garrisons upon disaffected persons, and to impose bonds by which landlords and tenants became mutual pledges for each other's good behaviour (Lauderdale Papers, ii. 234). He now met with opposition for the first time. Shaftesbury in England was active in aiding it, and the fall of the cabal created the belief that his own influence was waning. The opposition—the ‘party,’ as it was called—was led by William Douglas, third duke of Hamilton [q. v.]; but it was disconcerted by the dismissal of Shaftesbury, and by the steady support which Lauderdale received from Charles and James. On 13 Jan. 1674 the first attack was made upon him in the House of Commons. The two great grievances were that he had suggested the Militia Act of 1669, and that he had declared in council that ‘the king's edicts were equal with the laws.’ It was unanimously voted that an address should be presented praying for his removal from all his employments and from the king's presence and councils. The sudden prorogation of 24 Feb., however, put an end to the matter (Parl. Hist. iv. 625–66). It illustrates Lauderdale's position that he pointed out to Charles that he was simply his private servant, in no way amenable to the English parliament; while his deputy, Alexander Bruce, second earl of Kincardine [q. v.], refused to answer questions from a committee of the house (Lauderdale Papers, iii. 26, 32). From both Charles and James he received letters of 13 and 14 Jan., promising him that whatever happened their favour was secure (ib.) Meanwhile Lauderdale had gone to Scotland. Charles would not yield to his suggestion that the leaders of the ‘party’ should be ostracised; but the deputation which had gone to complain of him had to return defeated, and General Drummond was imprisoned at his instance upon a baseless charge. His violence now alienated the Earl of Kincardine, one of the ablest as well as the most moderate of his supporters.

The Scottish parliament was then also prorogued. On 25 June 1674 Lauderdale received further honours. He was made a peer


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a copy of any written representations or information, if any, submitted in terms of the provisions of section 25 (2) or 28 (9) to the Minister by the person concerned; and

such additional report or information relating to the matter as the Minister may deem necessary.

(3) After having received the documents and information referred to in subsection (2), the board of review shall investigate and consider the matter and may for that purpose, subject to the provisions of subsection (4), in its discretion also hear oral evidence or representations from any person.

(4) If the person in respect of whom the steps were taken which form the subject of the matter being investigated by the board of review, in writing applies therefor to the board of review, the board of review shall afford that person an opportunity of giving oral evidence before it, unless the chairman of the board of review is of the opinion that it would not be in the public interest so to hear such person.

(5) After having investigated and considered a matter as contemplated in subsection (3) the board of review shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (6), furnish the Minister with a written report on its findings in relation to the matter.

(6) The board of review shall in a report referred to in subsection (5)—

state whether or not it is of the opinion, by virtue of its investigation and consideration of the matter in question, that grounds exist for the amendment of the provisions of, or the withdrawal of, the notice whereby the steps in question were taken by the Minister; and

where the board of review is of the opinion that grounds exist for such amendment or withdrawal, make a recommendation in this regard to the Minister.

(7) The Minister shall as soon as possible after receipt of the report referred to in subsection (5) notify the person concerned of the findings and the recommendation, if any, of the board of review.

39. (1) The provisions of section 8 (2) to (12), inclusive, shall mutatis mutandis apply in respect of a board of review.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) any reference in the said provisions of section 8 to—

an inquiry, referred to in section 7 (3), by an advisory committee shall be construed as a reference to the investigation and consideration by a board of review of a matter in terms of section 38 (3);

the chairman of an advisory committee shall be construed as a reference to the chairman of a board of review;

a person appearing as a witness before an advisory committee in terms of section 7 or 8 shall be construed as a reference to a person appearing as a witness before a board of review in terms of section 38 or this section; or

the proceedings, deliberations, recommendations, record of proceedings or functions of an advisory committee shall be construed as a reference to the proceedings, deliberations, recommendations, record of proceedings or functions of a board of review.

40. The secretarial work incidental to the performance by a board of review of its functions shall, subject to the directions of the chairman of the board of review, be performed by persons in the service of the State designated for that purpose by the Minister of Justice.

41. (1) The Minister need not give effect to any recommendation made to him by a board of review in terms of section 38 (6) (b), but if the Minister’s refusal to give effect to such recommendation has the effect that stricter measures than those


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Rh of England as Earl of Guilford and Baron Petersham, with descent to his heirs male, and he was placed on the privy council (, Peerage). The English title was perhaps to give him security against parliamentary attack as an English commoner (, Own Time, ii. 49, note). In April 1675 the commons again fell upon him, when Burnet was examined as a hostile witness. Three separate addresses were made to the king for his removal, but Charles declared that no special charge was made out, and refused to agree to them (Parl. Hist. iv. 684–99). According to Wodrow (ii. 298, ed. 1829), it was Lauderdale who in this year suggested the Test Bill, with its oath against endeavouring any alteration in the government of church and state. Throughout Danby's rule he was on terms of intimate confidence with that minister.

Conventicles meanwhile were again rapidly increasing, and the savage laws which had been enacted at Lauderdale's bidding had roused such resistance on all sides that he found himself deserted by the lowland landlords. He called to his aid, therefore, the broken highland nobles, and in the winter of 1677, with the active concurrence of the bishops, he let loose eight thousand highlanders upon the west country. This crime brought complaints once more to a head, and in 1678, in defiance of a proclamation which he had induced Charles to issue, forbidding the discontented nobles to leave Scotland, a large number, with Hamilton again at their head, and under the patronage of Monmouth, appeared in London, and formed a close connection with the country party. It was one phase of the great contest in which the Monmouth, Shaftesbury, and anti-catholic party, backed by Louis XIV, was opposed to Charles, James, Danby, and Lauderdale. After a two months' duel Charles, who could not then afford disturbance, sent orders that the highlanders were to be dismissed, in spite of the ‘Narrative’ which Lauderdale presented in defence of his conduct. On 23 April the king summoned the Scottish council. But personal attachment to Charles and James prevailed, and Charles's orders were approved. In May the commons at Westminster voted that an address should be prepared demanding Lauderdale's removal. The address was prepared, but by an unsparing use of court influence was thrown out by a single vote (Lauderdale Papers, iii. 135). Lauderdale, leaving Alexander Stuart, fourth earl of Murray, as his deputy, at once went to Scotland to preside at a convention of estates summoned to vote the money rendered necessary by Charles's difficulties; the old opposition was renewed, but was met with a high hand, and on 19 and 24 July 1678 he received the personal congratulations of Charles and James.

The feeling of the English parliament again found voice on 8 May 1679, in an address to the king for Lauderdale's removal from his councils and presence, and from all offices of trust, on account of his arbitrary and destructive counsels, and as contriving to raise jealousies between England and Scotland. It is clear, however, from the language of the address, that it was as the personal friend of James that the Shaftesbury party attacked him. Once more he was saved by the dissolution of parliament on 26 May (Parl. Hist. iv. 1130–50). At the same time, and in agreement with the Shaftesbury party, a fresh attack was made upon Lauderdale by the Scottish nobles who followed Hamilton. They laid before Charles their grievances in a paper called ‘Matters of Fact.’ On 8 July a conference was held between the party lords and the king's advocate before Charles. The result was another triumph for Lauderdale (, Church Hist. iii. 158–173, ed. 1829). In 1679 took place the last rising of the covenanters, who were crushed at Bothwell Brigg on 22 June. As secretary Lauderdale was responsible for the very limited indemnity issued by Charles on 27 July. But he did not, as represented in ‘Old Mortality,’ preside at the judicial cruelties which followed, for he appears never to have left Whitehall.

In 1680 Lauderdale's health began to give way. In April of that year he had a fit of apoplexy, and in June he went to Bath. At the end of October he resigned the secretaryship to the Earl of Murray. On 29 Nov. he voted for the condemnation of the catholic Earl of Stafford, and, according to Douglas, thus lost the favour of James. James succeeded him as commissioner in June 1681, and Douglas records that in 1682 he was deprived of all his other offices, except that of extraordinary lord of session, which he held for life, and of all pensions to himself and his duchess. The remainder of his life he lingered out at Tunbridge Wells, worn out with debauchery and the toils of his earlier days, and on 20 Aug. (or 24?) 1682 he died there. He was buried, with magnificent ceremony, at Haddington, on 5 April 1683 (Lauderdale Papers, iii. 230), being succeeded in his father's Scottish earldom by his brother Charles, but leaving no heir to his dukedom or English peerage. The only two authentic portraits are the picture by Lely and the miniature by Cooper in the royal collection at Windsor.


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74 saved the man's life at the risk of his own. The cabin passengers of the Britannia presented him with a substantial testimonial in appreciation of his humane and gallant conduct. At this time he was twenty-three years old. Two years later he was promoted to captain, and in this capacity he made five voyages round the globe.

In 1843 he took command of the Natchez. This ship, as we have seen in Chapter III., was one of the full-pooped New Orleans packets, and was built by Isaac Webb in 1831. Captain Waterman took her around Cape Horn to the west coast of South America, thence across the Pacific to Canton, where he loaded a cargo of tea for New York, and made the passage home in 94 days and the voyage round the globe in 9 months and 26 days. In 1844 Captain Waterman sailed again in the Natchez from New York for Valparaiso and made the passage in 71 days, thence to Callao in 8 days, and to Hong-kong in 54 days. She again loaded tea for New York and sailed from Canton January 15, 1845, passed Java Head on the 26th, and 39 days out was off the Cape of Good Hope, crossed the equator 61 days out, arriving in New York April 3d, 78 days from Canton, a total distance of 13,955 miles. Her run from the equator to New York in 17 days, and indeed, this whole passage, was most remarkable, as the Natchez during her packet days had established the reputation of being an uncommonly slow ship. Captain Waterman received a grand ovation in New York upon this record passage from China, and it was suggested that he had brought the old hooker home by some route unknown to

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by the board of review remain in force in respect of the person concerned, the Minister shall within fourteen days after such refusal submit—

all the documents referred to in section 38 (2);

a copy of the report submitted to him by the board of review in terms of section 38 (5); and

such further report, if any, as the Minister may deem necessary,

and which relate to the matter in question, to the Chief Justice of South Africa for the purposes of the review, in terms of subsection (2), of the Minister’s action in respect of the person concerned,

(2) The Chief Justice or such other judge of the appellate division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as may be designated for that purpose by the Chief Justice shall consider the contents of all documents submitted to the Chief Justice in terms of subsection (1) and may, if after such consideration he is satisfied that in the matter in question the Minister—

exceeded the powers conferred upon him by this Act; or

acted in bad faith; or

based his decision on considerations other than those contemplated in section 18 (1), 19 (1) or (2), 20 or 28 (1), whichever is applicable in the matter in question,

set aside the steps taken by the Minister in respect of the person concerned, whereupon the notice whereby those steps were taken shall by like notice be withdrawn by the Minister.

(3) If the Chief Justice or the judge of appeal referred to in subsection (2), as the case may be, is after consideration of the documents in question not satisfied as contemplated in that subsection, he shall endorse on the written statement referred to in section 38 (2) (b) which has been submitted to the Chief Justice in terms of subsection (1) (a) of this section, his certificate to the effect that no grounds exist for the setting aside of the relevant steps taken by the Minister.

(4) No court of law shall have jurisdiction to pronounce upon any finding in terms of subsection (2) or (3) of the Chief Justice or of the judge of appeal referred to in subsection (2).

(5) If the Chief Justice or a judge of appeal has under subsection (2) set aside any steps taken by the Minister, he shall furnish the Minister with the reasons for setting aside such steps.

42. (1) No proceedings shall after the expiration of a period of fourteen days as from the date upon which a notice was in terms of section 18 (1), 19 (1) or (2), 20 or 28 (3) (a) delivered or tendered to the person concerned, be instituted in any court for an order declaring that notice invalid, and no court shall after the expiration of a period of twelve months as from that date have jurisdiction to pronounce in such proceedings upon the validity of that notice: Provided that if the court concerned is satisfied that the fact that such proceedings have at the expiration of the said period of twelve months not yet been concluded, is not due to the fault of the party who instituted the proceedings, the court may extend that period by such further period as the court may deem fit.

(2) No court shall have jurisdiction to make an order whereby, pending the outcome of any proceedings referred to in subsection (1), the operation of any notice which has in terms of section 18 (1), 19 (1) or (2), 20 or 28 (3) (b) been delivered or tendered to the person concerned, is suspended or in any other manner postponed.

(3) The provisions of section 38 shall not apply in respect of steps taken by the Minister in terms of section 18 (1), 19 (1) or (2), 20 or 28 (1) in respect of any person, if proceedings as contemplated in subsection (1) have been instituted in connection with the notice whereby those steps were taken by the Minister, and if such proceedings are instituted at a time when steps have


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Maskell its definition by Pope Pius IX in 1854, and acquiesced with reluctance in the decree of the Vatican council defining the dogma of papal infallibility (see his Letter to the Editor of the Dublin Review upon the Temporal Power of the Pope and his personal Infallibility, London, 1869, 8vo, and his pamphlet entitled What is the meaning of the late Definition on the Infallibility of the Pope? London, 1871, 8vo). From the 'Tablet' in 1872 he reprinted in pamphlet form, under the title ' Protestant Ritualists' (London, 8vo), some very trenchant letters on the privy council case of Sheppard v. Bennett, and generally on the position of the high church party in the church of England. Maskell never took orders in the church of Rome, and spent his later life in retirement in the west of England, dividing his time between the duties of a country gentleman and antiquarian pursuits. He was a man of considerable literary and conversational powers, had a large and well-assorted library of patristic literature, and was an enthusiastic collector of mediæval service books, enamels and carvings in ivory, which from time to time he disposed of to the British and South Kensington Museums. For the committee of council on education he edited in 1872 'A Description of the Ivories, Ancient and Modern, in the South Kensington Museum,' with a preface — a model in its kind — reprinted separately under the title 'Ivories Ancient and Mediæval' in 1875, London, 8vo. Maskell was in the commission of the peace, and a deputy-lieutenant for the county of Cornwall, he died at Penzance on 12 April 1890. He married twice, but had issue only by his first wife.

Besides the works above mentioned Maskell published: 1. 'Budehaven; a Pen-and-ink Sketch, with Portraits of the principal Inhabitants,' London, 1863, 8vo, reprinted, with some other trifles, under the title 'Odds and Ends,' London, 1872, 12mo. 2. 'The Present Position of the High-Church Party in the Established Church of England' (a review of the Rev. James Wayland Joyce's 'The Civil Power in its Relation to the Church,' with a reprint of the two letters published in 1850), London, 1869, 8vo. 3. 'The Industrial Arts, Historical Sketches, with numerous Illustrations,' anon, for the Committee of Council on Education, London, 1876, 8vo, and some other miscellanea. He printed privately a catalogue of some rare books in his library, as 'Selected Centuries of Books from the Library of a Priest in the Diocese of Salisbury,' Chiswick, 1848, and a 'Catalogue of Books used in and relating to the public services of the Church of England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,' 1845, 16mo.

 MASKELYNE, NEVIL (1732–1811), astronomer royal, was the third son of Edmund Maskelyne of Purton in Wiltshire, by his wife Elizabeth Booth, and was born in London on 6 Oct. 1732. From Westminster School he entered in 1749 Catharine Hall, Cambridge, but migrated to Trinity College, whence he graduated in 1754 as seventh wrangler, taking degrees of M.A., B.D., and D.D. successively in 1757, 1768, and 1777. He was elected a fellow of his college in 1757, and admitted to the Royal Society in 1758. Having been ordained to the curacy of Barnet in Hertfordshire in 1755, he was presented by his nephew, Lord Clive, in 1775 to the living of Shrawardine in Shropshire, and by his college in 1782 to the rectory of North Runcton, Norfolk. The solar eclipse of 25 July made an astronomer of him, as it did of Lalande and Messier; he studied mathematics assiduously, and about 1755 established close relations with Bradley, He learned his methods, and assisted in preparing his table of refractions, first published by Maskelyne in the 'Nautical Almanac' for 1767, the rule upon which it was founded having been already communicated to the Royal Society (Phil. Trans, liv. 205). Through Bradley's influence he was sent by the Royal Society to observe the transit of Venus of 6 June 1761, in the island of St. Helena. He proposed besides to determine the parallaxes of Sirius and the moon (ib. li. 889, iii. 21), but met disappointment everywhere. The transit was concealed by clouds; a defective mode of suspension rendered his zenith-sector practically useless (ib. liv. 348). An improvement on this point, however, which he was thus led to devise, was soon after universally adopted; and during a stay in the island of ten months he kept tidal records, and determined the altered rate of one of Shelton's clocks (ib. pt. 441, 586). On the voyage out and home he experimented in taking longitudes by lunar


text: Grimm's Household Tales, Volume 2/The Peasant's Wise Daughter


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 in the city, and afterwards as a private tutor of science and mathematics. "As a schoolmaster he began life, as a schoolmaster he ended it," but such routine work was not the sole occupation of his mind—far from it.

His scientific Observations upon the Weather were begun on 24th March 1787, and continued until the day before his death (i.e. for over half a century).

In 1794 Dalton was elected a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, and for fifty years he spent his time, in a room of the Society's house in George Street, in teaching, writing, and studying.

His first paper, in 1794, was "Extraordinary Facts relating to the Vision of Colours." Dalton had a defective colour sense, which was amusingly confirmed by the presentation to his mother of a pair of scarlet silk stockings when he was under the impression that they were drab. On another occasion, when selecting cloth for a new suit of clothes, he requested a drab material; a piece caught his eye, and he remarked that it was just what he required, but the tailor informed him it was scarlet cloth for hunting coats.

About this time he published a book on Meteorological Observations and Essays, recording the connection between the aurora borealis and electricity, on the dew-point, thermometers, barometers, etc.

In 1799 he proved that aqueous vapour exists in the atmosphere. In 1800 he published a paper on the


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 power of water for heat; and in 1801 appeared his Constitution of Mixed Gases, wherein he proved "the total pressure of a mixture of two gases on the walls of the containing vessel is equal to the sum of the pressures of each gas; in other words, that if one gas is removed the pressure now exerted by the remaining gas is exactly the same as was exerted by that gas in the original mixture."

It may be mentioned that among Dalton's pupils was the celebrated James Prescott Joule (of the "mechanical equivalent of heat" and the "conservation of energy" fame). Both tutor and pupil are in the first rank of scientific investigators, and hence Manchester has the perhaps unique distinction of having been the home of two of the greatest natural philosophers who ever lived.

John Dalton, the Quaker philosopher, was the founder of the atomic theory, and this great generalization is one of the foundation-stones of modern chemistry.

Leucippus appears to have been the first to grasp the idea that matter is composed of ultimate particles or atoms. Democritus of Abdera (born 460 B.C.) developed the atomic theory of Leucippus, and stated that atoms were impenetrable and indivisible. Epicurus (born 340 B.C.) gave mobility to the atoms, and otherwise greatly improved the atomic theory of the Greek philosophers. According to these sages "the world is composed of an innumerable quantity of atoms, mobile,


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 infinitely small, and distant from each other." These ideas were nothing more than a brilliant speculation. The atomic theory remained a speculation for over two thousand years, until Dalton discovered the law of mutiplemultiple [sic] proportions, and deduced therefrom that matter is composed of atoms having weights, and that the atoms are of various kinds. When atoms of the same kind come into juxtaposition, elements are formed, such as oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine, etc. Compounds are formed from the juxtaposition of different kinds of atoms, such as water, ammonia, carbon dioxide, etc.

This is not all: to Dalton's law of multiple proportions, the law of Avogadro is adjoined. The latter law establishes that all gases, temperature and pressure being equal, have the same elastic force. As this force is probably due to the shock of atoms or groups of atoms (molecules) on the sides of vessels which contain the gases, it is evident that equal volumes of all elementary gases contain the same number of molecules or atoms. And, finally, Dulong and Petit proved that the atoms of the elements all possess the same specific heat. All these laws, which were the result of observation and experiment in the early part of the nineteenth century, have converted into a scientific theory the ideas of the philosophers of ancient Greece.

Dalton's laboratory was in the lower rooms of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, and


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Maskelyne distances, and published on his return 'The British Mariners Guide,' London, 1763, containing easy precepts for this method, which he was the means of introducing into navigation. Deputed by the board of longitude in 1763 to try Harrison's fourth time-keeper (Observatory, No. 173, p. 122), he went out to Barbados as chaplain to her majesty's ship Louisa, accompanied by Mr. Charles Green. His astronomical observations there were presented to the Royal Society on 20 Dec. 1764 (Phil. Trans. liv. 389).

Maskelyne succeeded Nathaniel Bliss [q.v.] as astronomer royal on 26 Feb. 1765, and promptly obtained the establishment of the ' Nautical Almanac,' The first number — that for 1767 — was issued in 1766, and he continued for forty-five years to superintend its publication. Of the 'Tables requisite to be used with the Nautical Ephemeris,' compiled by him in 1766 for the convenience of seamen, ten thousand copies were at once sold, and they were reprinted in 1781 and 1802. Maskelyne's administration of the Royal Observatory lasted forty-six years, and was marked by several improvements. The observations made were, on his appointment, first declared to be public property, and he procured from the Royal Society a special fund for printing them. They appeared accordingly in four folio volumes, 1776-1811, and were at once made use of abroad, Delambre's solar and Burg's lunar tables being founded upon them in 1806. They numbered about ninety thousand, yet Maskelyne had but one assistant. Their scope was limited to the sun, moon, planets, and thirty-six fundamental stars, formed into a reference catalogue (for 1790) of careful accuracy. The proper motions assigned to them were employed in Herschel's second determination of the solar translation (ib. xcv. 233). Maskelyne perfected in 1772 the method of transit-observation by noting, in tenths of a second, the passages of stars over the five vertical wires of his telescope. He obviated effects of parallax by using a movable eyepiece. In 1772 he had achromatic lenses fitted to Bradley's instruments, and he procured about the same time a forty-six inch telescope, with triple object-glass by Dollond. The value of his later observations was impaired by the growing deformation of Bird's quadrant ; and a mural circle, six feet in diameter, which he ordered from Troughton, was only mounted after his death.

Maskelyne published in the 'Nautical Almanac' for 1769 'Instructions relative to the Observation of the ensuing Transit of Venus,' and observed the phenomenon himself on 3 June at Greenwich with a two-foot Short's reflector (ib. lviii. 233). From observations of it made at Wardhus and Otaheite he deduced a solar parallax of 8 723 (, Astronomy, i. 398, 1797). He discussed the geodetical data furnished bv Charles Mason (1730-1787) [q. v.] and Dixon from Maryland (Phil. Trans, lviii. 323), explained a method of making differential measures in declination and right ascension with Dollond's divided object-glass micrometer (ib. lxi. 536), and facilitated the use of Hadley's quadrant (ib. p. 99). His invention of the prismatic micrometer (ib. lxvii. 799) had been in part anticipated by the Abb6 Rochon. The discharge of his onerous task of testing timepieces exposed him to unfair attacks, especially from Mudge and Harrison, against which he defended himself with dignity. In 1772 he proposed to the Royal Society a mode of determining the attraction of mountains by deviations of the plumb-line (ib. lv. 495), and Schiehallion in Perthshire was fixed upon as the subject of experiments, skilfully conducted by Maskelyne from June to October 1774. Their upshot was to give 11" 6 as the sum of contrary deflections east and west of the hill, whence Hutton deduced for the earth a mean density of 45 (ib. lxviii. 782). The Copley medal was in 1775 awarded to Maskelyne for his ' curious and laborious observations on the attraction of mountains.' In the dissensions of the Royal Society in 1784 Maskelyne strongly supported Dr. Charles Hutton [q. v.] against the president, Sir Joseph Banks. He advertised astronomers in 1786 of the vainly expected return of the comet of 1532 and 1661 (ib. lxxvi. 426), and discussed in 1787 the relative latitude and longitude of the observatories of Greenwich and Paris (ib. lxxvii. 151). Always attentive to the needs of nautical astronomy, he directed Mason's correction of Mayer's 'Lunar Tables,' and edited the completed work in 1787. His essay on the ' Equation of Time' (ib. liv. 336) was translated in Bernoulli's 'Recueil pour les astronomes' (ib. i. 1771); his observations of the transit of 1769 were communicated to the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia in 1770 (Trans, i. 100, 2nd edit. 1789); he edited in 1792 Taylors ' Tables of Logarithms,' and in 1806 Earnshaw's 'Explanations of Time-keepers.'

Maskelyne was elected in 1802 one of eight foreign members of the French Institute. Indefatigable in the duties of his office, he rarely left the observatory, where he died on 9 Feb. 1811, aged 79. He married about 1785 a daughter of Henry Turner of Botwell, Middlesex, and sister of Lady Booth. Their only child, a daughter, Margaret, was born in 1786, and married in 1819


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 "was never remarkable for neatness. … His bottles were of every shape, size, and colour, and his apparatus was of the most humble and inexpensive description. He often performed experiments at the cost of a few shillings on which others would spend as many pounds." What wonderful results were obtained with such meagre appliances! It may be asked whether the laboratories of Lavoisier, Priestley, and Dalton, with their meagre appliances, produced better work than the luxuriously-fitted laboratories of to-day. The question is not easily answered. It must, however, have been simply delightful to have worked under Lavoisier, Priestley, or Dalton, each a genius and pioneer in the early days of modern chemistry. Lavoisier and Dalton were the architects of a new chemistry—a chemistry which has stood the test of time, and is of the greatest value to all nations—in fact, the "wealth of nations."

In 1803 Dalton published a paper "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and other Liquids." This memoir had an important bearing on Henry's law discovered in the same year.

The first account of Dalton's famous atomic theory appeared in Thomson's Chemistry in 1807, he having told Thomson of his experiments and deductions. In 1808 Dalton published his New System of Chemical Philosophy, in which the theory of atoms was fully expounded; and he described experiments directed towards the estimation


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 of the relative weights of atoms. The numbers he obtained as representing the atomic weights were in many cases erroneous; but they were rectified by the work of Berzelius (1779-1848), and even now these constants of nature are subject to frequent revision. It was, however, to the genius of Dalton that the atomic weights of the elements were first comprehended.

Since Dalton's time, the sizes, intervals, and velocities of atoms have been ascertained. These problems have been solved by Clausius, Kelvin, Clerk Maxwell, and others from various sides: "from a comparison with the wave-lengths of light, with the tenuity of the thinnest films of soap-bubbles just before they burst, and from the kinetic theory of gases, involving the dimensions, paths, and velocities of elastic bodies, constantly colliding, and by their impacts producing the resulting pressure on the confining surface." For instance, one cubic centimetre of air contains twenty-one trillions of molecules; the average distance between each molecule equals ninety-five millionths of a millimetre; the average velocity of each molecule is four hundred and forty-seven metres per second; and the average number of impacts received by each molecule is four thousand seven hundred millions per second.

In 1865 Loschmidt of Vienna, twenty-one years after Dalton's death, calculated that the diameter of an atom of oxygen was the one-ten-millionth of a centimetre;


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 and Kelvin came to the conclusion that the distance between the centres of contiguous molecules is less than the one-five-millionth and greater than one-thousand-millionth of a centimetre.

All this work has been the outcome of Dalton's atomic theory. Sir George Darwin says that "within the last few years the electrical researches of Lenard, Röntgen, Becquerel, the Curies, Larmor, Thomson, and a host of others have shown that the atom is not indivisible (as Dalton assumed), and a flood of light has been thrown thereby on the ultimate constitution of matter. Among all these fertile investigators it seems that J. J. Thomson stands pre-eminent, because it is practically through him that we are to-day in a better position for picturing the structure of an atom than was ever the case before. It has been shown that the atom really consists of large numbers of component parts. By various converging lines of experiment it has been proved that the simplest of all atoms, namely, hydrogen consists of about three hundred separate parts; while the number of parts in the atom of the denser metals must be counted by tens of thousands. These separate parts of the atom have been called corpuscles or electrons, and may be described as particles of negative electricity."

As Professor Rutherford says: "It is not true that the discoveries of the last ten years had weakened the atomic theory. On the contrary, they had enormously


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GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 9 JUNE 1982

Rh

by virtue of the provisions of section 38 already been taken in relation to the case in question, all steps so taken shall lapse.

43. (1) Any person who—

is subject to any restriction imposed upon him by way of a notice in terms of section 18 (1), 19 or 20; or

is in detention in terms of the provisions of section 28,

may after the expiration of a period of—

in the case of a person referred to in paragraph (a), twelve months; or

in the case of a person referred to in paragraph (b), six months,

as from the date upon which that person was in terms of the provisions of section 38 (7) notified of the outcome of the investigation by a board of review in respect of his case, and thereafter at intervals of not less than twelve months, in the case of a person referred to in paragraph (a), or six months, in the case of a person referred to in paragraph (b), as from the date upon which such person was notified of the outcome of an investigation in terms of this section, request the Minister in writing to submit his case to the board of review concerned for investigation and consideration and may in such request specify any change in the circumstances or of the facts pertaining to his case which has occurred since the initial investigation referred to in this subsection, and which in his opinion may serve as justification for the amendment of the provisions of, or the withdrawal of, the notice in terms of which the said restrictions are applicable to him or he is in detention.

(2) As soon as possible after receipt of a request referred to in subsection (1), the Minister shall submit such request together with his report on the matter to the board of review concerned for investigation and consideration.

(3) The provisions of section 38 (3) to (7), inclusive, shall mutatis mutandis apply in respect of the investigation and consideration by the board of review of any matter submitted to it in terms of subsection (2), and to the furnishing of the Minister with a report after the conclusion of such investigation.

(4) The Minister need not give effect to any recommendation made to him by a board of review by virtue of the provisions of subsection (3), but if the Minister’s refusal to give effect to such recommendation has the effect that stricter measures than those recommended by the board of review remain in force in respect of the person concerned, the Minister shall within fourteen days after such refusal submit a copy of—

the request referred to in subsection (1),

his report referred to in subsection (2); and

the report of the board of review referred to in subsection (3),

to the Chief Justice of South Africa for the purposes of the review of the Minister’s action in respect of the person concerned, and the provisions of section 41 (2), to (4), inclusive, shall mutatis mutandis apply in respect of such review.

(5) The case of a person referred to in subsection (1) (a) or (b) of this section in respect of whom an investigation in terms of section 38 was excluded by virtue of the provisions of section 42 (3) may, notwithstanding the provisions of the said section 42 (3), be submitted, in the circumstances referred to in and in accordance with the provisions of this section, for investigation and consideration by a board of review, and the reference in subsection (1) to the date upon which a person was in terms of the provisions of section 38 (7) notified of the outcome of the investigation by a board of review in respect of his case shall, for the purposes of this subsection, be construed as a reference to the date upon which judgment was given by the court concerned in a relevant proceeding referred to in section 42 (3).


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 it." It is an error to suppose that recent research has removed Dalton's atomic theory or rendered it obsolete. We now know that Dalton's atoms are not atoms, but it is still true that "elements combine in constant proportions by weight." In the words of Sir George Darwin: "The vast edifice of modern chemistry has been built with atomic bricks." From the later work of to-day we know that the atom is not the ultimate form of matter. There are corpuscles and ions inconceivably smaller; but, says Professor A. Smithells, "few will deny that the atomic theory stands to-day an indispensable instrument for productive work; it has neither had its day nor ceased to be. We are now called upon to subdivide our atom, to credit it with an unsuspected store of energy, to consider it a congeries of unsubstantial electrons. There can be no possible objection from our side; it will undo nothing that has been done, and we may have good hopes that it will lead to the doing of many new things in chemistry."

In 1802 Dalton ascertained the composition of the atmosphere, namely, that a hundred volumes contain twenty-one volumes of oxygen and seventy-nine volumes of nitrogen. In 1804 he was asked to give a course of lectures at the Royal Institution of London; and in these lectures he explained his views on the absorption of gases by liquids, on the constitution of gases, etc. As a lecturer, his manner lacked charm and gracefulness, but in spite of these defects his genius was greatly appreciated.


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 He was a man of great industry, perseverance, and modesty. "It was with difficulty that he accepted any of the numerous honours proffered him. At first declining to become a candidate for the F.R.S., he was elected in 1822 without his knowledge." In 1830 he was elected one of the eight foreign associates of the Académie des Sciences, and in 1832 Oxford University conferred upon him the degree of D.C.L.

In 1822, Dalton visited Paris. Here he met many distinguished men, among whom may be mentioned, Cuvier, Laplace, Gay-Lussac, Arago, Biot, and others.

In 1836 William IV., on the recommendation of Lord Melbourne, granted Dalton a civil list pension of £300 a year.

In 1834 he received the degree of LL.D. from Edinburgh University.

Dalton's private life was monotonous, and to a certain extent uneventful. His character "was most amiable, simple, and unostentatious." His life was in his work. Science was everything to him. The chief recreation in which he indulged was bowls; he belonged to a bowling club which met at the Dog and Partridge Tavern in Manchester. Dalton was of medium height, robust and muscular; his voice was gruff, and his manner curt. When asked why he never married, he replied that he never had time (most likely impecuniosity was the primary cause). He was not, however, totally indifferent


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 to the influence of women, for a warm friendship existed between him and Miss Nancy Wilson. The lady died young, but he always cherished her memory with affection. Another valued friend of Dalton's was Mademoiselle Clementine Cuvier, the daughter of the celebrated naturalist.

Concerning Dalton's atomic theory, it may be stated that he introduced the idea of weights—his theory is essentially one of weight—the relative weights of the different atoms. The first public notice of the atomic theory is contained in his paper, "An Experimental Inquiry into the Proportion of the Several Gases contained in the Atmosphere." He found that oxygen has the power of combining in two different proportions with nitric oxide, forming two distinct bodies, and that the quantities by weight of oxygen which combine are in the simple ratio of one to two. No intermediate compound could be obtained. It was this fact that led to the atomic theory, and the law of multiple proportions. "It is to Dalton—who made his living by giving private lessons at half a crown each—that we owe this knowledge which has made the fortunes of thousands, because he first told us the laws which govern chemical action."

Dalton's atomic theory is, however, somewhat different from the one of to-day. In his day the smallest particle (elementary or compound) was an atom, whereas now compound bodies are composed of atoms of the elements


text: Biographies of Scientific Men/Dalton

title: Biographies of Scientific Men/Dalton


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 which form the compounds, and are termed molecules. The molecule of a compound contains different atoms, whereas the molecule of an element contains the same atoms.

Although not an accurate manipulator (who could be with such crude apparatus at his disposal?), he was a philosopher, a deep thinker, yea, a genius. He was gifted with that most useful "article"—scientific imagination. "He formed clear mental images of the phenomena which he studied, and these images he was able to combine and modify so that there resulted a new image containing in itself all the essential parts of each separate picture which he had previously formed."

In 1837 his health began to fail and his mental powers to decline; he had a paralytic seizure, but afterwards recovered to a certain extent.

Seven years later he had another attack, which proved fatal on 27th July 1844. With public honours his remains were buried in Ardwick Cemetery, Manchester; and a massive tomb of red granite marks the spot where the founder of the atomic theory lies buried.

Of posthumous honours, there is a beautiful statue of Dalton by Sir Francis L. Chantrey in the vestibule of the Manchester Town Hall; and in the same building


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 there is a fresco, by Madox Brown, representing Dalton collecting methane or marsh gas from a stagnant pool. Opposite to Dalton's statue is one of Joule, by Gilbert. These two statues are the most beautiful sculptures Manchester possesses, and they commemorate the life-work of two men who are to the northern city what Shakespeare is to Stratford-on-Avon, or Kelvin to Glasgow. In addition to these honours to Dalton's memory, there are the Dalton chemical and mathematical scholarships awarded by the authorities of the Owens College, Manchester; and a street in Manchester bears his name.

To conclude, the "atomic theory," in the words of the celebrated French chemist Wurtz, "has thrown light upon the most recent discoveries, as it has been, since the time of Dalton, its immortal author, the most perfect instrument in the most profound theoretical conceptions, and the safest guide in experimental researches."


text: Grimm's Household Tales, Volume 2/Old Hildebrand


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Littleton London. On 3 Feb. 1669 he was admitted rector of Chelsea (, Repertorium, i. 586). In gratitude for the benefactions to the church there of his friend, Baldwin Hamey the younger [q. v.], Littleton appended to his ‘Latin Dictionary’ some verses in praise of Hamey, and after Hamey's death printed his essay ‘On the Oath of Hippocrates,’ 1693 (, Coll. of Phys. ed. 1878, i. 211, 215). He accumulated the degrees in divinity on 12 July 1670, and took with him a highly complimentary letter from Henchman, bishop of London (, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 320). During the same year Charles II made him his chaplain and gave him a grant of the reversion of the head-mastership of Westminster School upon the death of Busby. In September 1674 he became prebendary of Westminster (, Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 362), in 1683 rector of Overton, Hampshire (, Alumni Oxon.), and in 1685 he was licensed to the church of St. Botolph, Aldersgate, which he served for about four years (, i. 916). He was also chaplain to the prince palatine. He died on 30 June 1694, and was buried in Chelsea Church where there is a monument to his memory (, Survey, ed. Strype, Appendix, p. 71).

Littleton was married three times. He married secondly, by license dated 24 Jan. 1666–7, Miss Susan Rich of West Ham, Essex (, London Marriage Licenses, col. 849). By his marriage with the daughter of Richard Guildford of Chelsea he acquired a large fortune, but he left his widow, who was buried at Chelsea on 14 Nov. 1698, in poor circumstances (, Chelsea, ed. 1829, i. 180–2). His books were sold in 1695 (, Collections, ed. Doble, Oxf. Hist. Soc., ii. 362).

In addition to his classical attainments Littleton was a good mathematician, and well skilled in oriental languages and rabbinical learning. He collected books and manuscripts from all parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, to the ‘great impoverishment’ of his estate. Collier says that his erudition procured for him the title of the ‘Great Dictator of Learning,’ and that he was charitable to a fault, ‘easy of access, wonderfully communicative of his rare learning and knowledge, facetious and pleasant in conversation, never ruffled with passion.’ He adds that he was ‘endued with a strong habit of body made for noble undertakings, of a clean and venerable countenance’ (Dict. Supplement).

His great work, entitled ‘Linguæ Latinæ Liber Dictionarius quadripartitus. A Latin Dictionary in four parts,’ was published at London in 1673 in massive quarto. Other editions appeared in 1678, 1685, 1695, 1723, and a sixth edition in 1735, a few months before the issue of Ainsworth's ‘Dictionary,’ by which it was superseded. The editions of 1678 and 1695 were much enlarged, and were accompanied with chronological tables of events down to his own time. Littleton had laboured much at a ‘Greek Lexicon,’ but died before its completion.

In 1683, under the name of Redman Westcot, he published an English translation, with copious notes, of Selden's ‘Jani Anglorum Facies Altera,’ fol., London.

He published also: 1. ‘Pasor metricus sive Voces omnes Novi Testamenti primogeniæ … Hexametris Versibus comprehensæ. Accessit diatriba in VIII Tractatus distributa; in quâ agitur de flectendi, derivandi, & componendi ratione … Margaritæ Christianæ, sive Novi Testamenti adagiales formulæ, colligente A. Schotto huc congestæ ut juventuti materiam ad Praxin subministrent,’ 3 pts. 4to, London, 1658. 2. ‘Elementa Religionis, sive quatuor Capita Catechetica,’ 8vo, London, 1658. 3. ‘Solomon's Gate: or, an Entrance into the Church, being a familiar explanation of the Grounds of Religion conteined in the four heads of Catechism,’ &c., 8vo, London, 1662. 4. ‘Sixty-one Sermons preached mostly upon publick occasions,’ &c., 3 pts., fol. London, 1680, 1679.

Littleton likewise published several single sermons. He prefixed a long copy of Latin elegiacs to Nathaniel Hodges's ‘Λοιμολογία,’ 1672. He wrote the preface to ‘Cicero,’ edited by Thomas Gale, 2 vols. fol., 1681, in which he says that he had an edition of ‘Epiphanius’ ready for the press, and that John Pearson, bishop of Chester, had ‘overlooked’ it. The life of Themistocles in vol. i. of the English translation of Plutarch's ‘Lives,’ 8vo, 1683, was contributed by Littleton.

LITTLETON, EDWARD,  (1589–1645), born at Munslow, Shropshire, in 1589, was eldest son of Sir Edward Littleton of Henley in the county, chief justice of North Wales, by Mary, daughter of Edmund Walter, chief justice of South Wales. He matriculated at Oxford as a gentleman-commoner of Christ Church on 28 Nov. 1606 (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 291), and was admitted B.A. on


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GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 9 JUNE 1982

Rh

(6) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act the Minister may at any time of his own accord submit, mutatis mutandis in accordance with the provisions of section 38, the case of any person referred to in subsection (1) (a) or (b) to a board of review for the investigation and consideration thereof, and the making of a recommendation in connection therewith to the Minister, by the board of review.

44. (1) The Minister of Justice may appoint so many persons as he may deem necessary as Inspectors of Detainees and may from time to time appoint a person as an acting Inspector of Detainees to perform the functions of a particular Inspector of Detainees whenever such Inspector of Detainees is for any reason unable to perform his functions.

(2) Every Inspector of Detainees shall be so appointed to perform in respect of a particular part of the Republic the functions prescribed by section 45.

(3) An Inspector of Detainees shall hold office on such conditions, including conditions pertaining to remuneration and allowances, as the Minister of Justice may with concurrence of the Minister of Finance from time to time determine.

45. (1) An Inspector of Detainees shall as frequently as possible visit every person who is under the provisions of section 29 being detained within the area in respect of which such inspector has been appointed as such, so as to satisfy himself as to the well-being of that person.

(2) A visit referred to in subsection (1) shall take place in private: Provided that if the Inspector of Detainees deems it necessary for the purposes of an interview with any person visited by him in terms of that subsection, an interpreter may be present.

(3) An Inspector of Detainees shall in writing report any matter in connection with the circumstances of a person referred to in subsection (1) which in the opinion of the said inspector needs to be rectified, to the person in charge of the place where such first-mentioned person is being detained and shall furnish the Minister as well as the Commissioner with a copy of such report.

(4) An Inspector of Detainees shall after each visit referred to in subsection (1), fully and in writing report to the Minister regarding his findings during that visit and regarding steps, if any, taken by him in terms of subsection (3), and may in such report make such recommendations as he may deem necessary.

(5) Whenever an Inspector of Detainees is of the opinion, on the ground of his findings during any visit referred to in subsection (1), that an offence may have been committed in respect of a person referred to in subsection (1) during such person’s detention, he shall furnish the attorney-general concerned with a copy of the report referred to in subsection (4).

CHAPTER 5

46. (1) Whenever a magistrate has reason to apprehend that the public peace would be seriously endangered—

by any gathering in his district; or

by a particular gathering or any gathering of a particular nature, class or kind at a particular place or in a particular area or wheresoever in his district,

he may—

prohibit for a period not exceeding forty-eight hours every gathering in his district or that particular gathering or any gathering of a particular nature, class or kind at a particular place or in a particular area or everywhere in his district, except in such cases as he may expressly authorize in the prohibition in question or at any time thereafter; or


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GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 9 JUNE 1982

Rh

direct that that particular gathering or any other gathering with the same purpose shall be held only in accordance with such conditions as he may determine in the direction in question, including, in the case of any gathering which takes the form of a procession, and without derogating from the generality of the preceding provisions of this paragraph, conditions—

prescribing the route to be taken by the procession concerned;

prohibiting the procession or any person forming part thereof from entering any place specified in the direction;

requiring the persons forming the procession to travel in vehicles,

as the case may be.

(2) A magistrate who—

imposes a prohibition under subsection (1) (i) shall do so—

by notice in the Gazette; or

by notice in a newspaper circulating where the prohibition is to apply; or

by causing it to be made known by means of radio; or

by causing notices to be distributed amongst the public and to be affixed in public or prominent places where the prohibition is to apply; or

by causing it to be announced orally where the prohibition is to apply;

issues a direction under subsection (1) (ii) shall do so by a written notice signed by him and addressed and delivered or tendered to the person desiring to convene or organize the gathering in question, and shall in addition publish that direction in a manner provided in paragraph (a): Provided that if the identity or whereabouts of the person desiring to convene or organize the gathering in question is unknown, or if in view of the urgency of the case it is not feasible to deliver or tender the said written notice to him, publication of the direction in a manner determined in paragraph (a) shall be sufficient.

(3) The Minister may, if he deems it necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the State or for the maintenance of the public peace or in order to prevent the causing, encouraging or fomenting of feelings of hostility between different population groups or parts of population groups of the Republic, prohibit in a manner determined in subsection (2) (a)—

any gathering in any area; or

any particular gathering or any gathering of a particular nature, class or kind at a particular place or in a particular area or wheresoever in the Republic,

during any period or on any day or during specified times or periods within any period, except in those cases determined in the prohibition in question by the Minister or which the Minister or a magistrate acting in pursuance of the Minister’s general or special instructions may at any time expressly authorize.

47. (1) A police officer of or above the rank of warrant officer may, if he has reason to believe that a gathering prohibited under section 46 will take place, cause access to any place or area where he believes it will take place, and to any other place or area adjacent thereto, to be barred and such place or area to be kept closed or inaccessible to the public, for such time as may be necessary to prevent the gathering from taking place.

(2) The said police officer shall notify the fact that a place or area is so closed or inaccessible to members of the public, at the entrance thereto or in the vicinity of the place or area in a manner described in section 46 (2) (a) (iv) or (v).


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jacobus, Melancthon Williams

JACOBUS, Melancthon Williams, American Presbyterian clergyman and educator: b. Allegheny, Pa., 15 Dec. 1855. He was graduated from Princeton in 1877, from the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1881, and after study of Göttingen and Berlin (1881-84), was pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Oxford, Pa., in 1884-91. In 1891 he became professor of New Testament exegesis and criticism in the Hartford (Conn.) Theological Seminary. He received the degree of D.D. from Lafayette College (1892) and from Yale University (1910). Besides editorial work on numerous theological standard texts, his Stone lectures at the Princeton Theological Seminary (1897-98) appeared as ‘A Problem in New Testament Criticism’ (1900).


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GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 9 JUNE 1982

Rh 48. (1) Whenever—

a gathering which has been prohibited in terms of section 46 takes place or is proceeded with; or

any of the persons attending a gathering (whether or not the gathering has been so prohibited)—

kill or seriously injure, or attempt to kill or seriously injure, or show a manifest intention of killing or seriously injuring, any person; or

destroy or do serious damage to, or attempt to destroy or do serious damage to, or show a manifest intention of destroying or doing serious damage to, any valuable property, whether movable or immovable,

a police officer of or above the rank of warrant officer may call upon the persons attending the gathering to disperse, and for that purpose he shall endeavour to obtain the attention of those persons by such lawful means as he deems most suitable, and then in a loud voice order them in each of the official languages to disperse and to depart from the place of the gathering within the time specified by him.

(2) If within the time so specified the persons assembled have not so dispersed and departed, a police officer of or above the rank aforesaid may order the police under his command to disperse the gathering and may for that purpose order the use of force, including, subject to the provisions of section 49, the use of firearms and the other weapons therein mentioned, but the degree of force which may be so used shall not be greater than is necessary for dispersing the persons assembled, and the force used shall be moderated and proportionate to the circumstances of the case and the object to be attained.

49. (1) Firearms or other weapons likely to cause serious bodily injury or death shall not, by virtue of the power conferred by section 48, be used to disperse a gathering until weapons less likely to cause such injury or death have been used and the gathering has not been dispersed, or unless or until any of the persons attending the gathering—

kill or seriously injure, or attempt to kill or seriously injure, or show a manifest intention of killing or seriously injuring, any person;

destroy or do serious damage to, or attempt to destroy or do serious damage to, or show a manifest intention of destroying or doing serious damage to, any valuable property, whether movable or immovable.

(2) Firearms or other weapons likely to cause serious bodily injury or death shall be used for the purposes aforesaid with all reasonable caution, without recklessness or negligence, and so as to produce no further injury to any person than is necessary for the attainment of the object aforesaid.

50. (1) If a police officer of or above the rank of warrant officer is of the opinion—

that the actions of a particular person contribute towards the continuation of a state of public disturbance, disorder, riot or public violence which exists at any place within the Republic; and

that the detention of that person will contribute towards the termination or combating of that state of public disturbance, disorder, riot or public violence; or

that the detention of a particular person will contribute towards the prevention of the resumption, at the same place or at any other place in the Republic, of such a state of public disturbance, disorder, riot or public violence,

he may without warrant arrest that person or cause him to be arrested and, subject to the provisions of this section, cause him to


text:
User talk:Audrey E Randles

Jeepday (talk) 23:20, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Outlines of the Coresynthesis Model
Two quick points, the work on your user page is probably not appropriate for Wikisource, see WS:WWI for some pointers. Second it seems like a work you have invested some work into, posting on Wikisource or Wikipedia releases your interest in the work "you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 License" see the message below when you are editing. If you have any questions leave a note at my talk page. Jeepday (talk) 23:25, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

JeepdaySock (AKA, Jeepday) 11:40, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

Copyright violation
Hi, the work you have uploaded The Theory of Matrix is being discussed at WS:COPYVIO. You are welcome to join in the discussion. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 00:20, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Audrey E Randles


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446 A servant of Cromwell in the Exchequer had married a nun. The Duke of Norfolk met the man a few days after the execution: 'I know ye well enough,' the Duke said: 'by God's body sacred it will never out of my heart as long as I live.' The servant quoted Scripture. 'I never read the Scripture,' the Duke answered, 'nor never will read it: it was merry in England afore the new learning came up; yea, I would all things were as hath been in times past.' 'I did ask of my friends,' said a Mr Lascelles, 'what news there were pertaining to God's holy Word. We have lost, I said, so noble a man, which did love and favour it so well. I supposed the ringleaders, as the Duke of Norfolk and my Lord of Winchester, not to lean that way; and I did advise that we should not be too rash and quick; for if we would let them alone, and suffer a little time, they would, I doubted not, overthrow themselves, standing manifestly against God and their prince.'

These are specimens of the language used by different men, according to their sympathies, in the summer and autumn of 1540. Meanwhile, Anne of Cleves being pensioned off, the King married, without delay or circumstance, Catherine, daughter of Lord Edmund Howard. Three full years of unproductiveness had gone since Jane Seymour's death; and


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1540.] Henry's unpromising constitution was matter of calculation in Scotland. If there were to be more children, the precious time might not be longer squandered. 'His Highness,' therefore, 'was earnestly and humbly solicited by his council and nobles of his realm to frame his heart to the love and favour of some noble personage, to be joined with him in lawful matrimony, by whom his Majesty might have some more store of fruit and succession to the comfort of the realm.' In compliance with the request, repeated as it had been with wearying frequency, 'upon a notable appearance of honour, cleanness, and maidenly behaviour, in Mistress Catherine Howard, his Highness was finally contented to honour that lady with his marriage, thinking in his old days, after sundry troubles of mind which has happened to him by marriage, to have obtained such a jewel for womanhood and very perfect love towards him as should not only have been to his quietness, but also have brought forth the desired fruits of marriage.' The domestic arrangements were established at last, it was to be hoped, satisfactorily. Elsewhere the consequences of the change threatened to be considerable. The impression that the destruction of the Protestant alliance would place England on good terms with the Catholic powers was but partially true. The recovery of power by the conservative party implied of itself


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448 relations with the Empire. The English nobles were constant to the national traditions of enmity and friendship; the alliance of the French was a thing of yesterday; the princes of Spain and Burgundy had stood side by side with England for five generations. The interest rather perhaps than the sentiment of Charles V. taught him to respond to the feeling; he was gratified not a little by the sacrifice of Anne of Cleves; and in the concluding months of the year the renewal of the early engagement between himself and the Princess Mary was talked of openly both in Flanders and England. The Duke of Cleves, on the other hand, on the verge of a quarrel with the Emperor for the Duchy of Gueldres, sought and obtained the support of France, cementing his alliance by a marriage with the daughter of the Queen of Navarre.

Indications were thus apparent of a change of partners preparatory to the opening of a new game: and little differences simultaneously arose between the Courts of London and Paris, which might easily haA 7 e been composed had there been a desire to settle them, but which, as easily, with the wind in the wrong quarter, might be fanned into a quarrel.

By the treaty drawn at Moor Park in 1525, and a second time ratified in London in 1532, the French and English Governments had undertaken respectively to give neither shelter nor countenance to refugees. In virtue of this obligation Henry had demanded the


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Jacobs, Sarah Sprague