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 America, collections were examined at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, the horticultural exhibit at the Panama-Pacific Exposition in 1915, the museum at Chicago, but especially the Jessup collection in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Much careful counting of rings was done at the latter.

Considering all the trees examined, the conclusion was reached that the conifers, by the great regions they cover, the great variety of climates they endure, and especially by the prominence of their rings, seem best adapted to the purpose in hand. The chief trees, used with approximate number of rings measured in each, are: the yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) about 14,000; Scotch pine (P. silvestris) about 9,000; hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) 2,500; Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata) 2,500; sequoia (Sequoia gigantea) 47,000.

INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL STUDIES ON THE YELLOW PINE. Before taking up the details of collection and measurement it is desirable to describe certain preliminary studies, such as those upon the yearly identity of the rings, time of the year of ring formation, and so forth. These studies were made chiefly upon the yellow pine of northern Arizona, but from the similarity between the pine and the other trees used it seems safe to say that the results apply equally to the Scotch pine, sequoia, hemlock and other species employed.

Location. — The yellow pines upon which the studies were made were obtained near Flagstaff, in the central part of northern Arizona, at an elevation of about 6,800 feet above the sea. The northern part of the State is largely a plateau forming the southern extension of the great Colorado Plateau. This high area is intersected some 65 miles north of Flagstaff by the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River. South of the town the high elevation extends 50 to 75 miles, varying only a few hundred feet from place to place, and then falls away abruptly at the "Rim." Oak Creek Canyon begins some 10 miles south of Flagstaff and flows to the south into the Verde River. The general drainage nearer town is gently to the northeast into the Little Colorado River some 40 miles away. Ten miles north of town the plateau culminates in the San Francisco Peaks, which reach an elevation of 12,700 feet. This mountain is a finely shaped volcanic mass with the old crater breaking away into a canyon toward the northeast. The town is in latitude 35° N. and longitude 113° W., and lies between two ancient lava streams 200 to 400 feet in height. It has a "wash" flowing through it from north to south, but this carries water only in time of severe storm or of rapidly melting snow.


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 II. PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE YELLOW PINE. YEARLY IDENTITY AND THE DATING OF RINGS. In comparing the growth of trees with rainfall and other data, it is essential that the date of formation of any individual ring shall be certain. This depends directly on the yearly identity of the rings or the certainty with which one ring and only one is formed each year. The fundamental starting-point in all identification is the ring partially formed at the time of cutting the tree. This is usually found with ease and has led to no uncertainty in the pine. In the sequoia this partial ring is exceedingly soft and had been rubbed off in nearly all trees examined. It was found unmistakably in a tree cut on the date of visit. Superficial counting of rings is subject to errors due to omission and doubling of rings. In the first investigation of trees at Flagstaff it was supposed that the results were subject to an error of 2 per cent, most of which arose from double rings near the center of the tree. But the discovery and application of the method of cross-identification revolutionized the process of ring identification, and it was proved that the error of unchecked counting in the Arizona pines was 4 per cent and lay almost entirely in the recent years. It was due to the omission of rings or the fusion of several together.

Apart from cross-identification, confidence in the yearly identity of rings comes from the following sources :

(1) Belief that the well-marked seasons of the year cause absolute stoppage of growth in winter. The January mean temperature at Flagstaff is 29° F. and that of July is 65° F.

(2) The known time of cutting of nearly 100 different trees distributed through perhaps a dozen different years successfully and accurately checks cross-identification in the later years of the tree.

(3) The various identifications adopted for recent years check exactly with the neighboring rainfall records in Prescott and other places where such comparison can be made. This will have further illustration in connection with the chapter on rainfall and tree-growth.

(4) A check on the accuracy of the accepted identification of the Flagstaff trees was made by noting every statement of weather, freshets, or crop-failures mentioned by the historian Bancroft in his accounts of the settlements of Arizona and New Mexico. There were 14 cases in which the noted feature of the year agrees with the tree-record to one doubtful disagreement. The most striking correspondences occur with reference to the flood on the Rio Grande in 1680, the famines between 1680 and 1690, and the droughts in Arizona in 1748, 1780, and 1820-23.

The effect of the undetected omission or the doubling of the rings in individual trees is to lessen the intensity of the variations in the curve of growth obtained by the averaging of many trees. The

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 may be divided into two classes: first, local errors of identity in small groups of rings in a few individual trees, which simply flatten the curve without affecting the final count; second, cases in which a given ring, in spite of attempts at cross-identification, is still in doubt, showing clearly in perhaps half of the trees and not in the other half. Such cases affect the final count, but do not flatten the curve. They leave a question of one year in the dating of all the earlier portions of the curve. Only two cases of this latter kind have been noted. One was the year 1822 in the Flagstaff pines (of which there is very little doubt) and the other is the ring 1580 in the sequoias, which was finally decided by material gathered in the special trip of 1919.

CROSS-IDENTIFICATION. Apart from care in measuring the rings, the details of which will be given in Chapter IV, the most fundamental and essential feature of the method of studying tree-growth is the cross-identification of rings among a group of trees. The ease and accuracy with which this can be done in a fairly homogeneous forest is remarkable. A group of 13 tree sections collected along a distance of a quarter of a mile in the forest of Eberswalde, near Berlin, show almost identical records. Two to ten rings in every decade have enough individuality to make them recognizable in every tree. A group of 12 sections from Central Sweden show such agreement that there is not a single questionable ring in the last 100 years or more. Especially marked combinations of rings can occasionally be traced across Europe between the groups hereafter mentioned. In Arizona the identification across 70 miles of country is unquestioned, and even at 200 miles the resemblance is apparent.

The value and accuracy of cross-identification was first observed in 1911 in connection with the Prescott trees. After measuring the first 18 sections, it became apparent that much the same succession of rings was occurring in each; therefore the other sections were examined and the appearance of some 60 or 70 rings memorized. All the sections were then reviewed and pinpricks placed in each against certain rings which had characteristics common to all. For example, the red ring of 1896 was nearly always double, while the rings of 1884 and 1885 were wider than their neighbors. In the 60 years investigated several obvious details in each decade appeared in every tree. After this success it was evident that the process should be applied to the Flagstaff trees which had been previously collected. Of the 25, however, only 19 had been preserved. A minute comparison was made between these with complete satisfaction. Since then this process has been applied with great care to every group.

After the Flagstaff set was finished, it was compared with the Prescott group. It was interesting to find that the Flagstaff ring records


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ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

Differential patterns;


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 TEXT-FIGURES.


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 could be identified at once in terms of the rings at Prescott; the narrow ring of 1851 was seen to correspond to one in the Prescott series. The compressed series from 1879 to 1885 likewise had its counterpart at Prescott and formed the portion of the sections which gave the most difficulties in identification. On the whole, so far as can be judged without minute study, the Prescott trees from relatively high elevations approximating the elevation at Flagstaff have a considerably closer resemblance to the Flagstaff sections than do those growing at lower altitudes.

Cross-identification and climate. — The process of cross-identification appears to be applicable to areas far removed from one another, but as the distances increase the resemblances between tree-growth records decrease, due to climatic differences. The correspondence between trees in different regions thus becomes a test of climate and we note a possible field for the application of this process in the delineation of similar climatic areas or meteorological districts. It seems to the author that in this way the growth of vegetation may easily be made of fundamental value in practical meteorology.

MONTH OF BEGINNING ANNUAL MEANS. It is evident that it must take some time for the transmutation of rain into an important part of the organic tissue. There is evidence, as will be shown later, that the summer rains often have a prompt effect. The winter precipitation, however, is necessarily more remote in its action. Much of the first growth in the spring must come from the melting of the autumn and winter snows. It seems reasonable, therefore, to consider any snowfall as applying to the following yearly ring. At Flagstaff the precipitation of November is almost always in the form of snow, and therefore that month should certainly be considered as falling after the arboreal New Year of that locality. In view of the uncertainty as to the exact month when the precipitation begins to have an influence upon the growth of the following season, and of probable variations in different years, it seemed wise to test the matter by a purely empirical method. The annual rainfall was ascertained for yearly periods beginning (1) with July 1 of the preceding year, (2) with August 1, and so on to (9) with March 1 of the current year. Another method involved a separating of the summer rains, one-half to apply on each adjacent winter, while a final method involved a similar division of the winter rains. This was done for 12 years at Flagstaff and 43 at Prescott. Part of the Flagstaff curves are given in the lower portion of figure 4, where the rainfall can be compared with the growth of the trees. The curves plotted from these tests were found to have substantial disagreements, although of course the smoothed curves of all of them would be practically identical. A comparison of the growth of the tree with these various curves showed


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 that the use of the year beginning November 1 at Flagstaff and September 1 at Prescott gave the closest agreement between growth and rainfall. At Flagstaff the majority of the trees came from a thin clay soil derived in place from decomposed lava, and so there was little depth for the storage of moisture. At Prescott the sections of group 5, shown in the solid line of figure 7, came from trees growing in a porous soil of decomposed granite in a rather flat depression with reaarded drainage, so that conservation would have a greater influence. Perhaps this explains why the year beginning September 1 gives the best results.

In the region of the great sequoias nearly all the precipitation in the mountains (and quite all in the valleys where comparative rain records are found) comes in the winter months. For these trees, therefore, the winter precipitation is compared with the growth for the succeeding year and the month of beginning annual means is in the autumn.

THE TIME OF YEAR OF RING FORMATION. Among the problems connected with the relation of the growth of trees and the amount of rainfall, one of the most interesting was suggested by Director R. H. Forbes, formerly of the Arizona Experiment Station. This was to determine the time of formation of the red or autumn portion of the rings and the causes for the formation of double rings, which were very numerous in the Prescott group. It seems evident at once that the growth of red cells is related to the decreased absorption of moisture as winter approaches. A number of tests were made on the Prescott group. The first was designed to determine the character of the rainfall in the years producing double rings. The half-dozen most persistent cases were selected and in each of these the red ring was found double in the following number of cases: 4 out of 10 in 1896; 5 out of 10 in 1891; 7 out of 10 in 1881; 4 out of 10 in 1878, 1872, and 1871. The average width of all the rings was 1.55 mm. The mean rainfall by months for the years above selected was found and is plotted in the solid line of the upper diagram of figure 1. Six other rings showing one double in 10 trees in 1898, but no doubles in 1897, 1885, 1884, 1876, and 1874, and averaging 1.54 mm. in thickness, were then selected and the curve of rainfall by months for the year during which they grew has been plotted as the upper dotted line in figure 1. In each curve the 6 months preceding and the 2 months following the year are included. The curves seem to indicate clearly that the chief cause of doubling is a deficiency of snowfall in the winter months, December to March. This appears to mean that if the winter precipitation is sufficient to bridge over the usual spring drought, the growth continues through the season, giving a large single ring which ends only in the usual red growth as the severity of winter comes on. If, however, the preceding winter precipitation has not been entirely adequate, the spring drought taxes the resources of the tree and some red tissue is formed because of deficient absorption in the early summer before the rains begin. When these rains come the tree continues its growth.


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 It appears further that if not only the winter snows are lacking, but the spring rains are unusually scanty, then the tree may close up shop for the year and produce its final red tissue in midsummer, gaining no immediate benefit from the summer rains. This appears to be the interpretation of the lower diagram of figure 1. Here the same 6 big

doubles mentioned above are plotted, together with a selected list of 6 small singles particularly deficient in red tissues. They are, 1904 double once in 10, 1902 double once in 10, 1899 single, 1895 single, 1894 single, and 1880 double once in 10. In these it is evident that drought in the spring stops the growth of the tree. The double ring, therefore, seems to be an intermediate form between the large normal single ring, growing through the warm parts of the year, and the small, deficient ring, ending its growth by midsummer. This occasional failure to benefit by the summer rains probably explains why the Prescott trees do not show an agreement of more than about 70 per cent between growth and rainfall. It suggests also that the Flagstaff trees, which grow under conditions of more rainfall and have very few double rings, give a more accurate record than those of Prescott.

Consistent with this view of the doubling is the condition of the outer ring in the Prescott sections collected by Mr. Hinderer. These trees


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Rh and his eyes never met mine during the telling. He had begun with a painful effort, but as he went on he grew more and more excited and more and more inflamed with hatred of the malicious old Greek teacher, till it almost seemed as if he had forgotten me and was living the astounding experience through for himself alone. When he was through, his ecstasy of indignation left him and he sat dejected and apprehensive, studying me pitifully out of the corners of his deep gray eyes.

he stopped speaking, there was a moment of silence. Then I said something. I think what I said was, "Very extraordinary!"

He smiled, a strained, sarcastic smile. "Extraordinary?" he repeated, with an interrogation point in his voice.

"Your nerves were strained to the breaking-point," I said. "Your trouble with the old rascal had driven you half distracted. Then there was all that occultistic hodgepodge with the old Hindoo. And you were overworked and run down, anyway. No wonder you dreamed dreams and saw visions. And it may have been that there was some telepathic contact between you and Wolansky, and when he had his apoplectic attack——"

The sarcastic smile deepened on Banaotovich's face. "So you have it all explained, and I'm acquitted?" he inquired.

"Acquitted?" I cried. "You were never even accused. If the state were to bring action against every man who had a feeling that he would be happier if someone else were out of the way, the state would have a big job on its hands!"

"Very true," Banaotovich assented icily. "I see I haven't got very far with you yet. You are forcing me to continue my not very edifying autobiography.—Did you know my father?"

I remembered his father, and I remembered that he had not enjoyed the best possible reputation.

"I think I knew him," I said hesitantly. "He was a—a money-lender, wasn't he?"

"Don't spare my feelings," said Banaotovich bitterly. "He was a usurer, and a cruel one. I had a feeling for years that his business was a disgrace to the family, and I made no bones about telling him so. There were ugly scenes. I thought several times of leaving home. Finally, Father told me one day that since I didn't approve of the way he got his money, he was doing me the favor of disinheriting me. I told him that was all right with me, that I'd rather starve than live on money that was stained with the blood of poor debtors.

"I thought at the time that I meant it. But about that time I had become interested in a young woman. I had never had much to do with the girls, and very few of them seemed at all interested in me. But this one appeared to like me, and when I made advances to her, she didn't repel me. I am no connoisseur of female beauty, but I think she was unusually attractive, and at that time I was half mad about her. Still waters run deep, you know.

"Well, she had me under her spell so completely that I changed my mind about Father's money. I began to truckle to him, much as I had truckled to Wolansky. I began to feel him out to find whether he had made a will. He was very cold and non-committal. Finally I asked him outright if he would reconsider his decision to leave me penniless. He told me it was I that had made the decision, not he, and that he had no use for wishy-washy people that changed their minds like weather-cocks. He was very sarcastic. I lost my temper and answered him back. We had a terrible quarrel, and finally he—he struck me. I was twenty years old


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 were cut during various months from May to November. Naturally, those cut in May are in the midst of their most rapid growth, while those cut in summer may or may not show the double ring just forming. The conditions are shown in table 2.

By reference to figure 1, showing the curves of monthly rainfall for 1909 and 1910, it will be seen that 1910 would be likely to carry its growth through the year and produce a single line, as in group 3 above. The year 1909 is of intermediate character, having heavy winter precipitation and a severe spring drought of 3 months. In the groups cut at this time 33 out of 43 show a red ring forming in July, August, or September, doubtless the preliminary ring of a double. This lesser red ring is due to the spring drought, and its appearance at this time indicates a lag of a couple of months, more or less, in the response of the tree to rain. The whole matter of the relative thickness of the red and white portions of the rings is illustrated in figure 2. The heavy sinuous line shows the rainfall month by month at Prescott throughout the 43 years under consideration. The total rainfall for the year is indicated by the dotted rectangles while the size and character of the, rings is shown in the solid rectangles. In these the white portion indicates the white tissue and the shaded portion indicates red tissue.

Significance of subdivisions in rings.—The normal ring consists of a soft, light-colored tissue which forms in the spring, merging into a harder reddish portion which abruptly ends as the tree ceases growth for the year. The present subject (namely, the time of year of ring formation) indicates that the red tissue appears as the tree feels lack of sufficient moisture. Therefore, the great diversity in relative size of the red tissue and the occasional appearance of false rings undoubtedly has a real significance as to distribution of precipitation during the growing-season. This subject is a very promising one, but has received little attention in the present work. The trees of the Prescott group offer a few interesting examples of two or three false red rings in one year; they also have exceptionally many cases of omitted rings; both of these peculiarities are explained by the fact that these trees are close to the lowest elevation at which the climate permits them to live; they are therefore greatly affected by rainfall distribution and probably exaggerate its changes.


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 NUMBER OF TREES NECESSARY FOR RELIABLE RESULTS.

In seeking the best curve of tree-growth which a given locality can supply, it might be thought at first that a very large number of trees must be obtained in order to get an average, but experience has shown that the number may be very small. In order to test the accuracy obtained from a small number of trees, a comparison was made between large groups and small. Of the original 25 trees in the first Flagstaff group, 19 were subjected to very careful cross-identification. Averages were then obtained of the oldest 5, going back about 400 years, the oldest 10 (350 years), the oldest 15 (300 years), and the entire 19 reaching back only 200 years. Finally, the record of the oldest 2 was carried back fully 500 years. On plotting the groups of 15, 10, and 5 with its extension of 2, it became immediately evident that 5 trees gave almost the same growth as 15, even to small details. Between these 5 and the oldest 2 taken by themselves the agreement was not quite so perfect, yet was so close that errors thus introduced would not affect the curves. It must not be taken for granted without test that this remarkable agreement between very small groups of trees is true necessarily for other trees or even for


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456 and a bigger man than he. And I think no man ever had more stubborn pride, at bottom, than I have.

"It was the Wolansky thing all over again. The humiliation, the effort at ingratiation, the failure, the long, eating, gnawing, growing hatred. And it—it ended the same way. The night of brooding that hardened into a devilish decision, the vision of the long arm, growing, stretching, crawling—but not so far this time, only through two walls and across our own house. You remember that Father died of an apoplectic stroke, just as Wolansky had done a year or two before."

"Yes, I think I remember," I said in considerable embarrassment. The thing did begin to look uncanny. I was thoroughly sorry for the poor, cracked fellow, but I would just as soon not have been alone with him in that solitary drinking-place in the twilight.

"Well?" he said, almost sharply.

"Well, Banaotovich," I answered with a show of confidence, "you have had a great deal of unhappiness, and you have my sympathy. This strange faculty you have of anticipating deaths, like the night-owls and the death-watch that ticks in the walls, has made these bereavements an occasion of self-torment for you. I think you should see a psychiatrist."

"Anticipating—anticipating?" Banaotovich had gone back and was repeating a word I had used, and as he repeated it he drummed madly on the table with his fingers. "It's a curious coincidence that 'anticipating' is just the word my wife used when I told her about it."

"You—told—your wife—what you have just tojd me?" I stammered. "Do you think that was wise?"

"I couldn't help it," he said with a catch in his throat. "I thought I loved her, and I had to talk to somebody. I was miserable, and I had a feeling that she might understand and be brought closer to me by sympathy. Now that I think of it, I can see that I was an egregious idiot, but I discovered long ago that we aren't rational beings after all. We are driven or drawn by mysterious forces, and we go to our destination because we can't help it.

"My wife had always seemed a little timid with me. I never seemed to have the gift of attracting people. And I don't know whether she would ever have been interested in me at all if I hadn't used a little—a little charm the Hindoo taught me. Perhaps that didn't have much to do with it—but I had never been happy with her. However that may be, one evening when she seemed unusually approachable, I had just the same impulse that I had when I met you here tonight, and I told her about Wolansky and Father. She pooh-poohed it all just as you did. But she was afraid. I could see that. She was more and more afraid of me as the days went by. For a long time she tried to be cordial and natural in my presence, but it was a sham and the poor thing couldn't keep it up. Each of us knew as well what was in the mind of the other as if we had talked the situation over frankly for hours. We reached the point where we couldn't look each other in the face. No solitude could have been as ghastly as that solitude of two people who shared a revolting secret. For I had convinced her that I was guilty. I had succeeded in doing what I had set out to do, and I had ruined two lives in doing it. I have the faculty, it seems, of poisoning whatever I touch. Only today, my wife said to me——"

I started to my feet with a great rush of relief and thankfulness. "Ah, your wife is alive, then?" I cried.

"My wife is alive. That is—my second wife is alive," he said, with a horrible! forced smile.


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 this yellow pine under all conditions. Without doubt it is here due to homogeneous climatic conditions in a uniform topography and a tree sensitive to varying moisture-supply.

In a good many cases where the number of trees in a group has decreased in earlier years, it has been found (by carrying overlapping curves through a considerable period) that a few trees give essentially the same curves as a large number. From the entire experience I have been led to assign a minimum preferably of 5 trees in any one group, while in some groups (notably the yellow pine of Arizona and the sequoias of California, together with the Scotch pine in central Sweden and in north Germany), 2 trees would give a very excellent record. In only one group have 5 failed to give a satisfactory record, and that was the set of Scotch pines from the outskirts of Christiania. The cross-identification of this group was not felt to be satisfactory, and a double number of trees from that locality would have been an advantage. This failure was thought to be due in part to the rugged character of the region.

Direction of maximum growth.—The maximum trunk-growth was observed to occur a little east of north. The average difference between the radii was 12 per cent. An explanation of this increased growth to the north is to be found in the increased amount of moisture on that side, due to the slower melting of snow and decreased evaporation in the shade. For nearly all these trees the ground had a gentle slope toward the south, so that moisture working down hill reaches the north side of the root system first.

Rate of growth and age.—The relation of average ring-width to radius was found to be intermediate between an inverse proportion to the radius and an inverse proportion to the square of the radius. If the tree merely increased in diameter without growing upward, the width should be roughly inversely proportional to the radius. If the tree is increasing in height at the same time, we should expect an inverse proportion to the square of the radius. We find the relation to be between these.

Growth and soil.—In early studies of 25 yellow pines at Flagstaff it was noticed that a certain subgroup of 6 trees dropped to its strong minima in 1780 and 1880 more promptly than the others. This appears to be connected with the soil upon which the trees grew. This subgroup stood on a limestone formation where the soil is porous and the rock below full of cracks. The other two subgroups grew on recent lavas, very compact and unbroken, covered with a rather thin layer of clayey soil. With the former, therefore, the rain passed quickly through the soil and away, and we do not find so much conservation of moisture as in the latter, where the water could find no convenient outlet. On the whole, the growth seems to be more rapidly influenced by changes of moisture on limestone than on volcanic rocks.


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Rh The little wheel at the end of the jagger is made to revolve, and is used for marking pastry which has to be divided after it is baked. The price of a jagger is from 6d. to 1s. 6d.

Coffee and Pepper Mills.—Patent improved mills for grinding coffee, pepper, spice, etc., may be had to fix permanently to the wall, or temporarily to the kitchen table or dressers. They are provided with a regulating screw, to grind fine or coarse, as may be desired. They are made in four sizes, and cost from 3s. to 9s. each.

Wire Dish Cover.—This is an article belonging strictly to the larder, and is intended for covering over meat, pastry, etc., to protect it from flies and dust. It is a most necessary addition to the larder, especially in summer time. These covers are made in sizes ranging from 10 inches to 20 inches in length, and sold at prices rising from 1s, 3d. to 4s. 3d., according to size. Round plate covers in the same material are supplied at from 1s. 3d. Wire meat safes, japanned, 16 in., 18 in., 20 in., 22 in. and 24 in. square, are supplied at from 20s. Wooden meat safes, with panels of perforated zinc, 24 in., 27 in. and 30 in. square, are sold at from 9s. 6d.

Knife Tray, Plate Basket and Plate Carrier.—A knife tray should be provided for keeping close at hand all knives in daily use. The wicker tray, lined with tin, sold at 2s. 9d. to 3s. 9d., according to size, is very easily washed, and will always appear clean and in nice order, if properly looked after. Japanned trays, equally cleanly and serviceable, may be had, single, with round corners, at from 2s. to 7s.; double, with square corners, from 2s. 6d. to 8s. Wicker plate baskets, for spoons, forks, etc., lined with baize, are supplied in four sizes from 2s. 6d. to 5s. each; and wicker plate carriers for dinner plates, unlined, at 4s., or lined with tin, 6s. The tin, if japanned, costs 10s. 6d. A wicker basket for the reception of plates that have been used and removed from table, with loose wicker lining and lined with tin, is supplied in three sizes at 4s. to 6s. 6d.

Baking Dish.—Many housewives prefer for family pies and puddings a baking dish made of tin, which may be covered with a wire grating, so that it may be used for baking meat and potatoes, the latter being placed in the dish and the meat on the wire grating. Seamless baking-pans, in all forms, oblong, square, round and oval, may be had in sizes ranging from 4 to 20 inches, at prices from 5d. to 4s. each, according to size.

Tartlet Pans.—The trimmings of pastry rolled out, laid in a tartlet pan, and baked, form the foundation of open tarts. The pans are made in all sizes, from 6 inches to 12 inches in length, with plain or fluted edges, at prices ranging from 2d. to 1s. 6d., according to size and shape.

Patty-pans.—These are made of tin, and used for cheese-cakes, little tarts, mince-pies, etc. Some are fluted and some plain, and they are manufactured in all sizes and of different shapes, both oval


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Rh I sank back gasping. "What did you do with your first wife, you dirty hound?" I moaned in helpless indignation.

his eyes, and a wave of bitter triumph played about the muscles of his mouth. "Have I convinced you too, at last?" he said.

Then I realized that I had been an insulting idiot. At worst, the man before me was a pathological case, and he certainly belonged in an asylum rather than in a prison.

"Forgive me, Banaotovich," I panted. "I don't know what made me——"

He looked at me sadly, almost compassionately. "There is nothing to forgive," he said, very quietly. "I am all you called me and a thousand times worse. Now let me finish my story."

"You don't need to," I said hastily. "I know all the rest of it."

All interest, I am afraid nearly all sympathy, had gone out of me. What I wanted most of all was to get away from this melancholy citizen with power and madness in his gray eyes.

"No, you don't know quite all of it yet," he insisted. "Perhaps if I tell you the whole story, even if you can't excuse me—and I don't deserve your excusing, I don't want your excusing—you can understand me a little belter, and think of me a little more kindly.

"There was another woman. I couldn't help it, any more than any of us can help anything. A fine, sympathetic young woman, who loved me because she knew I was unhappy. I had been married to the other woman for four years. We were completely estranged. We could scarcely bear to speak to each other. I couldn't be easy one moment in the same house with her. I had a cot in my office out in town because I couldn't even sleep soundly at home. It was hell. The terror in her eyes made me physically sick. My wife learned about the other woman. My wife was a devout Catholic, and there was no possibility of a divorce. I could read in my wife's face just what went on in her mind. She knew the other woman had become my only reason for living. And one day I read in her eyes, along with the terror, a glint of desperate determination. She knew she was in danger, she knew I had a power that I could exercise when I chose in spite of all the courts and police and jails in the country. She knew her life was in danger, and her eyes told me that mine was in danger for that very reason. I didn't blame her. Half my grief through all the years had been grief for her. But the instinct of self-defense in me was strong—and—she went—too—like——"

He never finished his sentence. He dropped his head on the table and began to sob hysterically. I laid a gingerly hand on his shoulder.

"Banaotovich," I said unsteadily, "I'm sorry for you——"

He sat up and supported his chin in both hands. "I haven't been as—as bad as all this sounds like," he said after a while. "Before I was married a second time, I went to the chief of police and gave myself up. The chief listened to my story — I didn't try to explain it all, as I've done with you, but just blurted out the main facts; but the longer he listened the uneasier he became, and when I got through he asked me nervously if I didn't think I ought to go into a sanitarium for a while. Then he bowed me out in a big hurry. Perhaps if I had told him all the ins and outs of it, it might have been different——"

"But don't you think he's right about the sanitarium?"

"Right? I'm as sane as you are. I've killed three people, a crazy scoundrel, a


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, Frederick Scotson


text:
Page:Weird Tales volume 30 number 04.djvu/74

458 hard man, and a pure, innocent woman. But I did it all because I had to. A sanitarium wouldn't do me or anyone else any good, and it would be a heavy expense. I have taken the responsibility for another pure, innocent woman, and I must support her. The war and the depression swept away my father's fortune, and my present business has dwindled away till I am making only the barest living. I have applied for the agency for a big Berlin insurance company, and if I can get it, along with my other business, I shall be fairly comfortable. But I understand there is some talk of their sending in a representative from outside. If they do that, if they take the bread out of my mouth like that, it won't be good for the outsider!"

He was drunk, and his drunkenness was working him into an ugly mood. He was dangerous, and physical courage was never my strong point.

"What is the name of the Berlin company?" I asked timidly.

He named the firm I myself worked for. Then he fumbled for his bottle, and with stern and painful attention set about the difficult and delicate task of filling his glass again. I muttered something about being back in a moment, and made for the door. He was too busy to pay any attention to me.

When I had the door safely shut behind me, I sprinted through the rain to my hotel as if the devil himself were after me....

a long time before I got over waking up in the middle of the night with the feeling that an icy, iron-muscled hand was clutching at my throat. I don't have the experience often any more, but I have never seen the city of my birth since that awful night. I got out on the midnight train, and my company obligingly gave me territory on the other side of Germany.

Some time ago I happened to see a notice in the paper to the effect that a certain patient named G. Banaotovich had died suddenly in the Staatliche Nervenheilanstalt in Nuremberg. But I have met the name rather frequently of late, and I think it is a fairly common one. I didn't investigate.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, George Aitken


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Rh yelled, shaking swords and fists in imprecation. "Death and torture for the Dordonan wench!"

Lurain looked neither to right nor left. Again that strong, unwilling respect for the girl stirred in Clark Stannard.

"You are still our prisoner," he leaned forward to tell her. "They shall not take you from us."

"I do not fear them—nor you," snarled Lurain without turning. "The day comes when this Red spawn go to their doom."

At the end of the broad avenue down which they rode loomed the largest building in the city. It was an hexagonal scarlet tower, blunt and truncated, a hundred feet high, a squat, ugly structure. They dismounted in front of it, and the Red captain Dral strode to them.

"The king Thargo has been already informed of your coming and anxiously awaits you," he informed Clark smoothly.

"Lead the way," Clark said curtly. "Our prisoner goes with us." And as they started forward he muttered to his men, "Keep close together and don't make a move unless we're attacked."

They followed Dral into the building, past red-armored guards and down corridors. Dral clanked in the lead, Clark following with the girl, her dark head high, his five men rolling belligerently along and staring about with frank curiosity.

They emerged into a large, round banqueting-hall with red stone walls, lit by shafts of sunset from slit-like windows. All around it were tables, empty now except for one raised on a dais. There alone sat a man in the red helmet and armor, a great jewel blazing on his breast. Behind him hovered a wrinkled- faced, withered old man with sly eyes.

"The strangers and the captive, great king," announced Dral as he paused and bowed to the sitting man. The man stood up.

"You are welcome, strangers," Thargo told Clark. "Yes, more than welcome, when you bring as captive Lurain of Dordona."

Thargo, king of K'Lamm, was a big man. Well over six feet he towered, and his shoulders were as broad as Mike Shinn's. His shining red armor well set off that towering, great-thewed figure.

There was power in his face, not only the arrogant consciousness of utter authority, but hard power innate in the man himself. It was in the square, merciless mouth, in the flaring nostrils, strongest of all in the black, penetrating eyes behind which little devil-lights of mockery and amused contempt seemed to dance.

"Be ready for trouble," Clark muttered to his men. "It may pop right this minute."

For Dral, the Red captain, was now making a respectful report to his lord. And Thargo stiffened as he heard.

"So you claim the Black girl as your prisoner?" he said to Clark, his eyes narrowing.

Clark nodded curtly. "We do. We took her, and she is ours."

"Now why, strangers from outside, did you penetrate this land?" Thargo asked thoughtfully. "No others from outside have ever crossed the death mountains and entered. What object brought you here?"

"In the great world outside," Clark told him, "there are legends of a strange, shining lake in this land. We came in search of that lake, and once we find it, will return with some of its waters to our own land."

"The legends you heard were true, strangers," said Thargo, with changed expression. "That shining Lake of Life does exist in this land, but not here, not at K'Lamm. For many generations we of K'Lamm have been striving also to win to that lake. It may be," he added


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, James (d.1819)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, James (1788-1870)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, Jeremiah


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, John (1688-1736)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, John (1744-1805)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, John (d.1807)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, Richard (1739-1831)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, Richard (1780-1856)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, Samuel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, Thomas (d.1792)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, Thomas (1801-1867)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, Thomas (1820-1876)


text:
Author talk:Elizabeth Douglas Van Buren

Biographical sources
- AdamBMorgan (talk) 20:31, 8 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Find a Grave

title: Author talk:Elizabeth Douglas Van Buren


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, William (d.1603)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, William (1698-1780?)


text:
White House Press Secretary on Sandra Fluke (2012 August 8)

White House Press Secretary on Sandra Fluke

James "Jay" Carney

The White House James S. Brady Press Briefing Room

August 8, 2012 The White House

Office of the Press Secretary

For Immediate Release

August 08, 2012

Press Gaggle by Press Secretary Jay Carney en route Denver, Colorado, 8/8/2012

Aboard Air Force One

En Route Denver, Colorado

12:05 P.M. EDT

MR. CARNEY: Good day, friends. Thank you for joining us aboard Air Force One as we make our way to Colorado. Jen Psaki and I will be briefing again -- together again today.

I have one quick announcement to make, which is, at the top of the flight, the beginning of the flight, the President had a phone call -- phone conversation with the Prime Minister of India. The President expressed his condolences to the Prime Minister because, as you know, several of the victims in the shooting in Wisconsin were Indian nationals.

The two leaders spoke about their shared commitment to tolerance and religious freedom. And the President again reiterated his appreciation for the significant contributions that Sikhs make to the broader American community, and again reiterated his condolences.

I believe Jen has a topper as well. MS. PSAKI: The President, as you know, is kicking off this morning a two-day trip to Colorado. The first event will be focused on -- he will focus his remarks on his commitment to ensuring women have access to affordable health care, can make choices about their health care decisions. And it will just serve as a reminder to women in Colorado and women across the country of the stakes in this election that we are facing.

The women -- the audience will also have a heavier concentration of women. Men, of course, are allowed into the event. But we did include, in addition to inviting people of the community -- it’s free and open to the public -- we did invite several local women’s groups and organizations.

As you know, Sandra Fluke will be introducing the President at the event this morning. She had an op-ed this morning in a local paper, I encourage you to read. And finally, Elizabeth Banks -- excellent actress -- put out -- is featured in a video the campaign put out overnight, also talking about the same issues and the stakes for women in this election.

____________________


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, William (1788-1869)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, William George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, William Tierney


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Page:Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth - 1919.djvu/46

36 from the interior. The logs came from the vicinity of Dalarne in central Sweden, a large district. The bark is taken off as required by law and the logs are floated down to the mill. I visited the mill on Saturday, December 28, 1912. Twelve sections had been cut, but they were too thick and the whole 12 were cut a second time. These logs had been in the water a year and the last ring would therefore be of 1911 or possibly 1910. Of the 12, I think that all but 2 or 3 show the 1911 ring. Though these sections must have come from a considerable area (unless in the water and mid-afternoon darkness they accidentally secured original neighbors from thousands of logs), they identify among themselves extremely well. Cycles or pulsations were noticed and marked on all the sections of this group before identification. No. S 8 seems the most regular; a photograph of it is reproduced in plate 4,. The cross-identification for the last 100 years hardly needs review, as it is entirely reliable and practically nowhere are there doubtful rings.

The means of the years 1820 to 1910 are given in the appendix and a plot of the same will be found in figure 8. The tree-growth in this group and others before 1820 will be taken up separately. There seems to be here no real change of growth with age, and the values were changed to standard by dividing by 0.8 mm. These results were then smoothed by Hann's formula and plotted in figure 23.

This group of 6 sections was measured at Stockholm on December 27, 1912, in the office of Professor Gunnar Schotte, chief of the Swedish Forest Service. In my lists they are numbered from S 13 upward. They are all Pinus silvestris save S 14 and S 17, which are spruce, Picea excelsa. No. S 14 is noted particularly because it showed as perfect a sun-spot rhythm as G 8 from Eberswalde, whose photograph is given in plate 8,. An entirely satisfactory cross-identification was made at the time of measurement.

The individual trees came from different localities and are therefore mentioned separately. No. S 13 was marked "4105-6" and was cut in May 1909. It grew about 100 miles southwest of Stockholm, in latitude 58° 40'. About 1833 it has a doubtful ring which was settled by comparison with other measures. Its center was in 1763. No. S 14, a Picea excelsa, marked "4105-14," was cut in July 1910 on the east side of Vetter Lake, less than 100 miles southwest of the preceding. Its center was in 1816. No. S 15, marked "4105-2," was cut in August 1909, about latitude 64° 30', near Lycksele, Lapland. It showed clear and well-sized rings to its center in 1701. No. S 16, marked "4131-a1," was cut in August 1910, in Elfdals, in latitude 61° 24'. Its center was about 1838, but its inner 10 rings were uncertain and therefore not


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80 The original means of 11 trees are given in the upper line of figure 27. In the middle line these are smoothed by Hann's formula and in the lower line is the sunspot curve, displaced three years to the left in the portions since 1810 and one year in the same direction before that date. The tree crests anticipated the solar crests by three years when the trees were large and making good growth, but when small this anticipa-

tion of the sunspot maximum was considerably less. A correlation is evident, but it is hard to give a satisfactory explanation of the phase displacement. Figure 28 gives details of the time relation between tree-growth, rainfall, and solar activity. In figure 29 the curves of figure 28 have been summated on an 11.4-year period, as was done in figure 25. At the bottom is the sunspot curve from 1834 to 1912 inclusive; directly above it is the curve of rainfall for the vicinity of Windsor, compiled chiefly from records at Hanover and Concord and covering 1835 to 1912; above that is the tree-growth from 1834 to 1912, and in the upper line the sunspot curve is repeated with a displacement of — 3 years.


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Page:Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth - 1919.djvu/33

Rh


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark-Kennedy, John


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 from overlapping means, but the point midway between the vertex and the middle of the base is the point from Hann's formula. In the present work Hann's formula has been used frequently, and in order to shorten description of processes the word "Hann" has been used as a verb.

In the analysis of curves already performed by the periodograph, the curves have sometimes been smoothed by Hann's formula before plotting and photographing. But a trifling error in the focus immediately smooths the curve, and therefore it is evident that the preliminary smoothing of a curve before plotting need not be done.

Such preliminary smoothing helps the eye to judge variations in the curve. The effect of out-of-focus position in a photograph may be called optical smoothing. It is evident that optical smoothing may be done in two directions, vertically and horizontally. In plotting a curve it is evident that the desired smoothing must be in a horizontal direction, but in the differential photographs made with the periodograph, the directions of optical smoothing may have a very important bearing on the judgment of the significance of the photograph. Of course, in the differential pattern, long interference fringes are sought and these are emphasized by optical smoothing parallel to them. Some illustrations of this will be given under the subject of the periodograph. Perhaps no feature of this subject of tree-growth and climatic and solar variation has received more adverse comment than the matter of smoothing curves. The author is entirely open to conviction as to the advantage and disadvantage of such process, but it seems well to remember that our views as to this are likely to be a matter of convention rather than of actual thought in relation to the subject in hand. For instance, a monthly mean is a smoothed result. The rainfall, instead of being taken as it came, mostly in a few days, especially in the summer, is treated as if it were the same for every day in the month. Yearly means are smoothed values. The ordinary method of plotting yearly means is a smoothed representation of those quantities. The unsmoothed representation consists of what one may call a columnar plot. Examples of plots of that type may be found in connection with some rainfall records published by the United States Weather Bureau and in a representation of the London rainfall for more than 100 years published by the British Rainfall Association, and elsewhere. In this kind of plot the rain for a year is not represented by a dot, but by a block column which extends from the base-line up to the required amount and it has a width equal to the interval of one year according to the scale of the plot. Now, the ordinary way of representing rainfall places a dot at the middle of the top of this column, and these dots are connected together by straight lines. It is immediately


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Adam


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Alured (1696-1742)


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Page:Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth - 1919.djvu/58

 delightfully mild summers. The latter have occasional thunder-storms whose waters quickly run down the mountain slope. Thus conservation plays an important part in the growth of these trees by rendering the winter precipitation more important than the summer and by permitting the moisture to remain long in the swampy places.

Three groups were obtained from this general region in 1915. The first of these came from the uplands above Camp 6 close to the west line of section 17, township 13 south, range 29 east. This region may be found on the Tehipite Quadrangle of the United States Geological Survey. The group includes Nos. 1 to 5. No. 1 was a splendid tree, about 19 feet in its greatest diameter, growing at the uppermost limit of the logging area. Its growth was rapid, and yet it was an extremely sensitive tree, showing beautiful variations from year to year. No. 2 was obtained a little lower down and is mentioned here because it has been used as the standard of the whole sequoia group, having probably a more perfect record than any other tree measured. Its center was about 300 B. C. No. 5 was a small tree which was cut just at the time I came within hearing distance. I thought that two blasts of dynamite were set off and found afterwards that only one charge of dynamite had been used to break through the last support of the mighty tree; the other report was the tree itself crashing to the ground. Yet this was a small tree, only some 12 feet in diameter, and its age was about 700 years. It proved of particular value to the whole sequoia group, because it was the only tree on which was obtained the ring of the current year, thus permitting a very important correction to be made in the dating of rings. This had an important bearing on the relationship of rings to rainfall.

The second group included Nos. 6 to 11, and was made about a mile to the north and 700 feet lower altitude in the swampy basin whose outlet was similarly toward the northeast. No. 6 grew at the edge of the little brook running through the basin and its rings proved later very uncertain in identity, because its habit was complacent, i. e., the rings were nearly all alike in size. No. 7 was an improvement on it, and No. 8, which was still farther from the creek, was perhaps the best of this group of 6. It gave a very fine cross-identification with the first group. No. 11 was also very close to the creek near the outlet of the basin and, as with No. 6, it was impossible to be sure of the identification, owing to its complacent character.

The third group consisted of 4 trees from Indian Basin, about 10 miles northwest of the Redwood Basin and 3 miles north of Hume. This basin is a broad, flat, fertile area with an outlet toward the northeast. Four trees were obtained there which Huntington had already counted. Nos. 12 and 13 came from the flat middle area of the basin. No. 12 was not included in the final averaging because its rings


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 {|
 * || DOUGLASS PLATE 5
 * | A
 * Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth Plate 5A.jpg
 * }
 * Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth Plate 5A.jpg
 * }

A. Upland contours, above Camp 6 in Sequoia Grove: D-19.

B. Basin contours, Indian Basin, looking S. E.: D-12 and D-13 in center.


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Rh

In 1911 the writer visited Flagstaff again and made a trip into the forest where cutting was going on, in order to procure a few additional samples of the yellow pine which would check the recent part of the tree-record previously obtained and bring it up to date for comparison with rainfall values. The location was about 12 miles southeast of town and from 6 to 12 miles east of the region from which the first Flagstaff group was obtained. Seven cuttings were procured from the edges of stumps, thus bringing away a triangular pyramid of wood, which included the outer 50 to 100 rings.

Figure 4 shows how well the second group checks the first and indicates that even a small group of trees, no more than 7 in number, is sufficient to give results of considerable accuracy. Indeed, we may go further and say that a single tree under favorable conditions may give results of very great value. This is evident in figure 5, where the 7 sections from the last Flagstaff group are plotted separately, the most rapid grower at the top, just below the rainfall curve, and the slowest-growing tree at the bottom. All rise alike because the conditions of rainfall in 1900–10 were more favorable than in the preceding decade, but all (especially the curve of section 4) show a more or less close relation to the rainfall at Flagstaff, even though that town was some 12 miles away. The great sinuosity which a quick-growing tree may show is well illustrated in section 4 in the great differences between successive years. A lack of sinuosity is shown in section 5 at the bottom. This difference supports the conclusion already reached that slow-growing trees are of less value than rapid ones in the determination of climatic cycles. The results of the measures of this group serve as a check on the preceding measures and are shown in the figures just referred to. They are, therefore, not tabulated in this book.

Prescott is located in the northerly part of the Bradshaw Mountains, at an elevation of 5,200 feet. The rocky subsoil is largely granite disintegrated at the surface and worn into steep hillsides, deep gorges, and picturesque masses of rounded boulders. The ridges are sharp and rugged, and the general contour is very irregular. There are very


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Alured (1745?-1832)


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Page:Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth - 1919.djvu/155

Rh , 1906. The periodogram and its optical analogy. Proc. Roy. Soc. A., Vol. 77: 136–140

. 19062. On the periodicities of the sunspots. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. A., Vol. 206: 69–100.

1915. The vegetation of a desert mountain range as conditioned by climatic factors. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 217.

1915. A theory of gravitation and related phenomena, Washington, D. C. September.

1905. Periodic variation of rainfall in the arid region. Wea. Bur. Bull. N. W. B. No. 326.

1911. On possible phase relations between the planets and sunspot phenomena. (Papers of the I. U. S. R. Computing Bureau, No. VII.) Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc. 72: 9. November 1911.

1913. Radial motion in sunspots. Astroph. Jour., 37: 322, reprinted in Cont. Mt. Wilson Sol. Obs. No. 69; continued in Astroph. Jour., vol. 38; reprinted in Cont. Mt. Wilson Sol. Obs. No. 74.

1916. Researches on solar vortices. Astroph. Jour., vol. 43. reprinted Cont. Mt. Wilson Sol. Obs. No. 109.

1913. On the harmonic analysis of Wolf's sunspot numbers, with special reference to Mr. Kimura's paper. (Papers of the I. U. S. R. Computing Bureau, No. IX.) Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc., 73: 549, May 1913.

. 19132. On the expression of sunspot periodicity as a Fourier sequence, and on the general use of a Fourier sequence in similar problems. (Papers of the I. U. S. R. Computing Bureau, No. X.) Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc., 73: 714. November 1913. . 19133. Further remarks on the expression of sunspot periodicity as a Fourier sequence. (Papers of the I. U. S. R. Computing Bureau, No. XII.) Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc., 74: 16. November 1913.

. 19134. On a simple method of detecting discontinuities in a series of recorded observations, with an application to sunspots, suggesting that they are caused by a meteor swarm due to successive encounters of the Leonids with Saturn, which has been more than once considerably perturbed by the Leonid swarm. (Papers of the I. U. S. R. Computing Bureau, No. XIII.) Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc., 74: 82. December 1913.

. 1915. Reply to Professor Sampson's objections to the hypothesis of a sunspot swarm. Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc., 75: 138. January 1915.

1917. Lithologic evidence of climatic pulsations. Science, N. S., Vol. XLVI, No. 1178: 90–93. July 27, 1917.

1898. The variation of solar radiation. Astroph. Jour., Vol. VII, No. 4: 255–272.

. 1901. The solar constant. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Wea. Bur., No. 254.

. 1904. The absorption of radiation by the solar atmosphere and the intrinsic radiation of that atmosphere. Astroph. Jour., Vol. XIX, 2. 1914. The effect of climatic conditions on the rate of growth of date palms. Bot. Gaz., Vol. LVII, No. 4: 324–327.

1917. Astronomische Mitteilungen gegründet von Dr. Rudolf Wolf. No. CVI.


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Rh trees, shows so much greater agreement than the others that it has been used alone in drawing final conclusions. Its site was a small, poorly drained level space near the bottom of the valley.

In this group there was no necessity of duplicating the Flagstaff records, and therefore small V-shaped cuttings were made at the edges of the stumps, only triangular pieces of wood giving the outer half century of ring-growth being brought away. These were the samples on which the value of the cross-identification was discovered, as already described. Identical series of rings were observed in nearly every tree of the group.

Out of 67 sections averaging 50 rings each, only 6 gave any identification trouble. In 2 of these, 2 rings were lacking, but when allowance was made for this defect the identification was satisfactory. Another section had 2 extra rings, and another had 2 extra and 3 lacking. The other 2 sections proved especially puzzling and were finally omitted from the means. Of these 6 troublesome sections, the first 5 were very slow growers. Hence it would seem advisable not to use extremely slow-growing trees any more than is necessary. It may be urged that trees do not grow continuously at the slow or fast rate and that we can not tell how much of the change is due to rainfall. On the whole, however, it seems advisable to exclude trees or parts of trees whose identification is extremely difficult. The inner rings if well identified may be extremely useful in carrying back early records, as the slow-growing trees are likely to be among the oldest.

The averages of 4 subgroups and the means of all the Prescott trees will be found plotted in figure 6. The curve of the fifth subgroup is given in figure 7, where it may be compared with the rainfall of Prescott.

This group of 11 sections was obtained in January 1913 at Fleet, near Aldershot, some 30 miles west-southwest of London. The trees were the common pine, Pinus silvestris, and averaged about a foot in diameter. The growth was very rapid and the wood was full of


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Page:Paradisi in sole paradisus terrestris (1904 reprint).djvu/26

6 pread into many places within the knot, which if continually they be not plucked vp, they will poile the whole knot it elfe; and therefore once in three or foure yeares at the mot, it mut be taken vp and new et, or ele it will grow too roynih and cumberome. Hyope hath alo been ved to be et about a knot, and being weete, will erue for trewings, as Germander: But this, although the rootes doe not runne or creep like it, yet the talkes doe quickly grow great aboue ground, and dye often after the firt yeares etting, whereby the grace of the knot will be much lot. Marierome, Sauorie, and Thyme, in the like manner being weete herbes, are ved to border vp beds and knots, and will be kept for a little while, with cutting, into ome conformity; but all and euery of them erue mot commonly but for one yeares ve, and will oone decay and perih: and therefore none of thee, no more than any of the former, doe I commend for a good bordering herbe for this purpoe. Lauander Cotton alo being finely lipped and et, is of many, and thoe of the highet repect of late daies, accepted, both for the beauty and forme of the herbe, being of a whitih greene mealy colour, for his ent melling omewhat trong, and being euerliuing and abiding greene all the Winter, will, by cutting, be kept in as euen proportion as any other herbe may be. This will likewie oone grow great and tubbed, notwithstanding the cutting, and betides will now and then perih in ome places, epecially if you doe not trike or put off the now, before the Sunne lying vpon it diolue it: The rarity & nouelty of this herbe, being for the mot part but in the Gardens of great perons, doth caue it to be of the greater regard, it mut therfore be renewed wholly euery econd or third yeare at the most, becaue of the great growing therof. Slips of Iuniper or Yew are alo receiued of ome & planted, becaue they are alwayes green, and that the Iuniper epecially hath not that ill ent that Boxe hath, which I will preently commend vnto you, yet both Iuniper and Yew will oon grow too great and tubbed, and force you to take vp your knot ooner, than if it were planted with Boxe. Which latly, I chiefly and aboue all other herbes commend vnto you, and being a mall, lowe, or dwarfe kinde, is called French or Dutch Boxe, and erueth very well to et out any knot, or border out any beds: for beides that it is euer greene, it being reaonable thicke et, will eaily be cut and formed into any fahion one will, according to the nature thereof, which is to grow very lowly, and will not in a long time rie to be of any height, but hooting forth many mall branches from the roote, will grow very thicke, and yet not require o great tending, nor o much perih as any of the former, and is onely receiued into the Gardens of thoe that are curious. This (as I before aid) I commend and hold to bee the bet and uret herbe to abide faire and greene in all the bitter tormes of the harpet Winter, and all the great heates and droughts of Summer, and doth recompence the want of a good weet ent with his freh verdure, euen proportion, and long lating continuance. Yet thee inconueniences it hath, that beides the vnpleaing ent which many milike, and yet is but mall, the rootes of this Boxe do o much pread themelues into the ground of the knot, and doe draw from thence o much nourihment, that it robbeth all the herbes that grow neare it of their ap and ubtance, thereby making all the earth about it barren, or at leat lee fertile. Wherefore to hew you the remedy of this inconuenience of preading, without either taking vp the Boxe of the border, or the herbes and flowers in the knot, is I thinke a ecret knowne but vnto a few, which is this: You hall take a broad pointed Iron like vnto a Slie or Cheill, which thrut downe right into the ground a good depth all along the inide of the border of Boxe omewhat cloe thereunto, you may thereby cut away the preading rootes thereof, which draw o much moiture from the other herbes on the inide, and by this meanes both preerue your herbes and flowers in the knot, and your Boxe alo, for that the Boxe will be nourihed ufficiently from the ret of the rootes it hooteth on all the other ides. And thus much for the liuing herbes, that erue to et or border vp any knot. Now for the dead materials, they are alo, as I aid before diuers: as firt, Leade, which ome that are curious doe border their knots withall, cauing it to be cut of the breadth of foure fingers, bowing the lower edge a little outward, that it may lye vnder the vpper crut of the ground, and that it may tand the fater, and making the vpper edge either plain, or cut out like vnto the battlements of a Church: this fahion hath delighted ome, who haue accounted it tately (at the leat cotly) and fit for their degree, and the rather, becaue it will be bowed and bended into any round quare, angular, or other proportion as one liteth, and is not much to be miliked, in that the Leade Rh


text: Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth/Chapter 1


text: Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth/Chapter 2


text: Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth/Chapter 3


text: Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth/Chapter 4


text: Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth/Chapter 5


text: Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth/Chapter 6


text:
User talk:Legofan94

Welcome
Welcome

Hello, Legofan94, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Again, welcome! Beeswaxcandle (talk) 21:13, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Hyphens at ends of pages
Hi, Legofan94. Can I point out one thing you missed when you validated Page:Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth - 1919.djvu/130. Hyphenated words at the ends of pages need special treatment, or in that case one would end up with "scat- tered" instead of "scattered" when the pages get transcluded to the main space. The last word should be and the first on the next page. (Stands for hyphenated word start, end). Have a look at Help:Proofread. Chris55 (talk) 21:52, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

The mysterious Header toggle button
When proofreading in the Page: namespace and you have your toolbar turned on in "my preferences" (Show edit toolbar (requires JavaScript)), then you will see the button in your toolbar, and clicking it toggles the header/footer on and off. In this space we put the relevant components for top and bottoms of pages, usually by use of the template RunningHeader, so for example produces Personally, I have my header/footer set to open in the Page: namespace and I achieved this by activating that option in my preferences (Show header and footer fields when editing in the Page namespace.) — billinghurst  sDrewth  07:13, 23 September 2012 (UTC)

Thanks
Hi. Just to thank you for validating Liquefaction of Gases. Bye--Mpaa (talk) 21:54, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

Speedy validation
I noticed that you validated three pages (Page:The varieties of religious experience, a study in human nature.djvu/497/98/99, etc.) in one minute! Just keep in mind that I often make proofreading mistakes, so a longer look may be in order when validating pages I have proofread. Londonjackbooks (talk) 22:46, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello and Welcome!

A TIP:

Some people, like myself, may read several pages and then validate them one after the other or don't validate anything. Sometimes I will read many pages of a book until I spot something wrong and then I validate all pages I have determined as correct and perhaps correct the page that I spotted as incorrect if I believe that I know how to correct it. If not then I leave it alone for others to correct. Part of my point here is that the number of validations cannot be determined by the time stamped. A person could read, oh, say, 20 pages, and see no errors depending on the accuracy of that editor. Then the person can validate many pages one after the other. I sometimes do this because I get interested in reading. I often prefer reading several pages and then going back to validate them -- or leave them as is. Finally, I want to thank you for what you did with the "Southern Historical Society Papers" which is about what Southern military and civilians left behind as their stories of Southern History during and after the American "Civil War" —Maury (talk) 23:07, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

validating
I read your page where you stated you could help others and I am asking you to help me and one other person who has done a lot of work on about 40 volumes of the "Southern Historical Society's "Papers". They just need to be validate and everyone else doesn't care to bother with these volumes. (Probably too much for them.)It would please me to no end to complete volume 1 by validating here http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Southern_Historical_Society_Papers_volume_01.djvu

Are you willing? Kindest regards, —Maury (talk) 23:27, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

Legofan94, I'm not just asking, I am begging. The volumes were placed on WikiSource long ago, or at least it seems long ago, and I have edited on several of the volumes--almost all of them I think. A friend helped but that was also long ago and beyond that nobody has helped to simply validate much less proofread -- proofread or validate, whichever you prefer and I don't complain if you work fast--and I do humbly thank you!!! Happy Holidays to you and your family. —Maury (talk) 05:16, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

I prefer a "snowplow" because there are many other volumes. I will come along behind you after awhile. You will soon become exhausted because there are many volumes. But others took a look and never started, except one other person who gave up, and me --and now you. Thank you for being a dedicated and true Southerner. I was born in Virginia. My wife's ancestry comes from Georgia but we live in Texas. Deo Vindice. —Maury (talk) 05:43, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Legofan94, are you still willing to do some validating on the Southern Historical Society Papers? I stated above that I prefer "snowplow" but slower is still okay because it gets some done. Kindest regards, —Maury (talk) 20:38, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Legofan94, thank you for the validations. —Maury (talk) 04:22, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

 * update- but you did not format the pages so I am doing that today. —Maury (talk) 15:30, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

Catalogue of books suitable for a popular library.djvu
I took out the period addition in the template.

Adding dots where needed should be easy than figuring out where they need to be supressed.

ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 17:23, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

CBSPL
What was the page 24 issue? ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 21:22, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

Index:Joseph Payne Brennan - H. P. Lovecraft, An Evaluation.pdf
Hello. You've just validated all the pages in that index, but did not mark the index itself as a validated. Are there any issues remaining? --Nonexyst (talk) 20:02, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

Conquest of Mexico table of illustrations list changes
Hi. In a multi page table layout, excepting the first page, the table definition and the column caption "page" must be hidden in the page headers. Subsequently, excepting the last page, the closing end code of tables must be hidden in the footers. This way the transcluded table appears seamless with a single table definition, a single column caption and a single table end code, because the headers and footers are omitted. When you moved the column caption "page" into the page text body then the word appears wherever the pages are joined.

{|width=500
 * page
 * page

=
========= end of page header and beginning of body of text

=
========= end of body of text beginning of page footer
 * }
 * }

Look at the results on this page. — Ineuw talk 05:13, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

EB1911 contributor table Braces
Hi, I have made a new template "Template:EB1911 contributor table B/entry" which contains an option for a brace. Use a "brace=" option to specify the brace you'd like to use. See Page:EB1911 - Volume 01.djvu/25 where I've used the new template. There may some little formatting adjustments to make but this first draft looks OK at first try. — DivermanAU (talk) 03:09, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

Border needed in "Costumes of the Canary Islands"
Hi Legofan94!

I have checked your revision but I have a doubt, how can I add the border? Should I extract the border image and include in the page, or should I use Border to make it? Thanks in advance. I await your answer ―if you're going to reply me in your talk, please, ping me―.

Regards, Ivanhercaz | Talk  02:09, 24 July 2016 (UTC)

I believe it's going to require an extracted border image. I've seen it done before but I'm having trouble finding a comprable work on the wiki. If you do extract the image, it should also be altered to a plain black and white border, rather than the yellow of the book itself. I'll look some more into the style guides and keep you posted.

Also: I saw that the final page of the source in question is marked copyright 2011. Does that mean it's a modern print run? I've found that Wikisource likes to scan the earliest editions of a work possible, since there's a guarantee that all information is in the public domain.

Legofan94 (talk) 02:26, 24 July 2016 (UTC)

Okay. I await your amswer about the border, while I'm going to search some example.

About the copyright: it is the mark of when the work was digitalised and who digitalise it. I have a doubt because one page is a "new" text, look that. It's strange because I download the document in a website that shows the information for the first edition, and unique if I'm not wrong.

Regards, Ivanhercaz | Talk  02:52, 24 July 2016 (UTC)

Here, [|this page] is the closest to what I'm actively trying to describe. it links the entire custom border, and removes the color of the parchment itself, but does not allow writing inside the border given. I am still certain I have seen an example of what I am describing somewhere on the website though.

AHA! found it! this [] is what I was looking for! an image file which wraps around the text on the page. this is exactly what needs to be done.Legofan94 (talk) 03:05, 24 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Absolutely awesome template Legofan94! Could you check the page and tell me if it fits fine?
 * Thank you so much for your search and help. Regards, Ivanhercaz | Talk Plume pen w.png 16:55, 24 July 2016 (UTC)

Not a problem, I'm always happy to help. Yes, the template is in the right formatting, but "65 Cornhill" has been cut off. I'll try adding the line back in, but the image file may have to be resized to accommodate it. I'm also unsure whether or not the border should be edited to remove color, since the page itself is yellow. Even if it was, I'm not sure how this would be done, but this is of less concern. I think you've done a fantastic job! Legofan94 (talk) 17:04, 24 July 2016 (UTC)

 * I was talking to you "I think that I have accomplished to add "65 Cornhill" without problems" and then I was going to say you but I have check that you have fix that without problems. About the background, I haven't got problems if it's necessary to be added. Thank you for your comments, I'm happy to contribute :) Now there is a "problem" that I hope that it could be solve soon. Regards, Ivanhercaz | Talk Plume pen w.png 17:12, 24 July 2016 (UTC)

I couldn't help you there, But I'd recommend reading Copyright discussions to find a general consensus of what is and is not public domain. It is a common practice to redact certain portions of a source which are still in copyright, and leave the rest unaltered. Also, do you have any better scans of the illustrations? the text is so blurred on the bottom of pages like this it's almost impossible to read. Legofan94 (talk) 17:29, 24 July 2016 (UTC)

 * All right, I will comment the problem in Copyright discussions. About the scans, I have tried to make the djvu files in a better resolution but it don't see better, but in in PDF viewer I could check it better. In the case that you have mark as "illegible" it is the same and I can't read it. But it's curious because it's the only plate with a different "Printed by", and illegible. I will search a better scan to try to clarify. Do you think that the rest of illustrations could be validate?
 * Regards, Ivanhercaz | Talk Plume pen w.png 18:14, 24 July 2016 (UTC)

One page left to validate on Iran Air Flight 655
Hi Legofan94,

If you felt like having a quick look at Page:Iran Air Flight 655 investigation.djvu/88 that is the last one left to validate in the entire work... Thanks. CharlesSpencer (talk) 07:49, 20 August 2017 (UTC)

 * thanks for the help with the last few pages, I've validated the final one and I've marked the work as done. I'm still uncomfortable with "Iran Air Flight 655 investigation" for a number of reasons, mainly because so many editors have published different aproaches to it's formatting, and I'm not sure if the validated formatting is 100% consistent with itself. If you see anything problematic that I missed in my run-through of this work, please feel free to fix it.

 * I agree - I ended up redoing some pages to ensure the manuscript amendments under FOI from (S) (secret) to (U) (unclassified) were captured, but I can't say I've made a comprehensive review... CharlesSpencer (talk) 07:25, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

Yeah ... nah
Please don't start converting pages to use something like Dotted TOC page listing as that is just going to cause arguments. Thanks. — billinghurst  sDrewth  00:30, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Legofan94


text: Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth/Chapter 7


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Charles (d.1750)


text: Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth/Chapter 8


text: Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth/Appendix


text:
Page:Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth - 1919.djvu/39

 {|
 * || DOUGLASS PLATE 3
 * | A
 * Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth Plate 3A.jpg
 * | B
 * Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth Plate 3B.jpg
 * }
 * | B
 * Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth Plate 3B.jpg
 * }

A. Section of Scotch pine from southern England.

B. Section of Scotch pine from coast of Norway.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Charles (d.1767)


text:
Page:Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth - 1919.djvu/49

Rh used. No. S 17, Picea excelsa, marked "4105-5," was cut in May 1909, in the same locality as S 14 and shows a similar rhythm. Its center was in 1777. No. S 18 was a small section marked "4131-a-12." It was cut in October 1910, in latitude 58°, well to the west of the others. Its radius measured only 2 inches. The average diameter of the other sections was about 12 inches.

On page 115 will be found the means of these sections, with two extrapolations, one from 1820 to 1848 and the other from 1820 to 1878. This curve will be found plotted in figure 8. It has been corrected for age and reduced to percentages by dividing by the readings of a straight line extending from 1.90 mm. in 1820 to 0.70 mm. in 1910. This corrected set has been smoothed by Hann's formula and will be found plotted in figure 23. EBERSWALDE (PRUSSIA) GROUP. These 13 trees were cut and sections prepared for me by the kindness of Professor A. Schwappach of Eberswalde. They were all Pinus silvestris planted about 1820 to 1830, exactly alike in height and size, with tall, straight, clear trunks about 10 inches in diameter and bushy tops. The land is a gently rolling country with a slight northerly slope, leaf-covered ground, a sandy soil with loam on top, and an elevation above the sea of 200 to 300 meters. The height above the city level was 200 feet or so; the locality was south and west of Eberswalde station. The trees cut were scattered along a quarter of a mile and so did not represent any close grouping. Their rings show almost identical records; 2 to 10 in every decade have enough individuality to make them recognizable in every tree.

On the first examination of these sections in November 1912, it was evident that their growth follows with fidelity the sunspot curve since 1830. This may be traced in the curves below and in the accompanying photographs of two of the sections in plate 8. It will be seen at once that there is a rhythmic sway in the growth, groups of large rings alternating with small ones. The arrows placed in the photographs mark the years of maximum sunspots. Taking the group as a whole, the maximum growth comes within 0.6 year of the sunspot maximum. To one maximum alone they fail to respond, namely, 1894; instead of rising, the curve drops in 1892, 1893, and 1894. I have tried to find cause for this, but was informed by Professor Schwappach that there were no fires, pests, or other known causes for it except climatic conditions.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Charles Cowden


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/105

 god of the lower world, and to the souls of the dead. Although no performances were allowed at the theatre, a sort of rehearsal took place, at which the players for the ensuing dramatic festival were selected.

The name Anthesteria, according to the account of it given above, is usually connected with  (“flower,” or the “bloom” of the grape), but A. W. Verrall (Journal of Hellenic Studies, xx., 1900, p. 115) explains it as a feast of “revocation” (from (, to “pray back” or “up”), at which the ghosts of the dead were recalled to the land of the living (cp. the Roman mundus patet). J. E. Harrison (ibid. 100, 109, and Prolegomena), regarding the Anthesteria as primarily a festival of all souls, the object of which was the expulsion of ancestral ghosts by means of placation, explains  as the feast of the opening of the graves ( meaning a large urn used for burial purposes),  as the day of libations, and  as the day of the grave-holes (not “pots,” which is  ), in point of time really anterior to the  . E. Rohde and M. P. Nilsson, however, take the  to mean “water vessels,” and connect the ceremony with the Hydrophoria, a libation festival to propitiate the dead who had perished in the flood of Deucalion.

See F. Hiller von Gärtringen in Pauly-Wissowa’s Realencyclopädie (s.v.); J. Girard in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités (s.v. “Dionysia”); and F. A. Voigt in Roscher’s Lexikon der Mythologie (s.v. “Dionysos”); J. E. Harrison, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion (1903); M. P. Nilsson, Studia de Dionysiis Atticis (1900) and Griechische Feste (1906); G. F. Schömann, Griechische Alterthümer, ii. (ed. J. H. Lipsius, 1902), p. 516; A. Mommsen, Feste der Stadt Athen (1898); E. Rohde, Psyche (4th ed., 1907), p. 237.

ANTHIM THE IBERIAN, a notable figure in the ecclesiastical history of Rumania. A Georgian by birth, he came to Rumania early in the second half of the 17th century, as a simple monk. He became bishop of Râmnicu in 1705, and in 1708 archbishop of Walachia. Taking a leading part in the political movements of the time, he came into conflict with the newly appointed Greek hospodars, and was exiled to Rumelia. But on his crossing the Danube in 1716 he was thrown into the water and drowned, as it is alleged, at the instigation of the prince of Walachia. He was a man of great talents and spoke and wrote many Oriental and European languages. Though a foreigner, he soon acquired a thorough knowledge of Rumanian, and was instrumental in helping to introduce that language into the church as its official language. He was a master printer and an artist of the first order. He cut the wood blocks for the books which he printed in Tirgovishtea, Râmnicu, Snagov and Bucharest. He was also the first to introduce Oriental founts of type into Rumania, and he printed there the first Arabic missal for the Christians of the East (Râmnicu, 1702). He also trained Georgians in the art of printing, and cut the type with which under his pupil Mihail Ishtvanovitch they printed the first Georgian Gospels (Tiflis, 1709). A man of great oratorical power, Anthim delivered a series of sermons (Didahii), and some of his pastoral letters are models of style and of language as well as of exact and beautiful printing. He also completed a whole corpus of lectionaries, missals, gospels, &c.

See M. Gaster, Chrestomathie roumaine (1881), and “Gesch. d. rumänischen Litteratur,” in Gröber, ''Grundriss d. rom. Philologie'', vol. ii. (1899); and E. Picot, Notice sur Anthim d’Ivir (Paris, 1886).

ANTHOLOGY. The term “anthology,” literally denoting a garland or collection of flowers, is figuratively applied to any selection of literary beauties, and especially to that great body of fugitive poetry, comprehending about 4500 pieces, by upwards of 300 writers, which is commonly known as the Greek Anthology.

Literary History of the Greek Anthology.—The art of occasional poetry had been cultivated in Greece from an early period,—less, however, as the vehicle of personal feeling, than as the recognized commemoration of remarkable individuals or events, on sepulchral monuments and votive offerings. Such compositions were termed epigrams, i.e. inscriptions. The modern use of the word is a departure from the original sense, which simply indicated that the composition was intended to be engraved or inscribed. Such a composition must necessarily be brief, and the restraints attendant upon its publication concurred with the simplicity of Greek taste in prescribing conciseness of expression, pregnancy of meaning, purity of diction and singleness of thought, as the indispensable conditions of excellence in the epigrammatic style. The term was soon extended to any piece by which these conditions were fulfilled. The transition from the monumental to the purely literary character of the epigram was favoured by the exhaustion of more lofty forms of poetry, the general increase, from the general diffusion of culture, of accomplished writers and tasteful readers, but, above all, by the changed political circumstances of the times, which induced many who would otherwise have engaged in public affairs to addict themselves to literary pursuits. These causes came into full operation during the Alexandrian era, in which we find every description of epigrammatic composition perfectly developed. About 60, the sophist and poet, Meleager of Gadara, undertook to combine the choicest effusions of his predecessors into a single body of fugitive poetry. Collections of monumental inscriptions, or of poems on particular subjects, had previously been formed by Polemon Periegetes and others; but Meleager first gave the principle a comprehensive application. His selection, compiled from forty-six of his predecessors, and including numerous contributions of his own, was entitled The Garland ( ); and in an introductory poem each poet is compared to some flower, fancifully deemed appropriate to his genius. The arrangement of his collection was alphabetical, according to the initial letter of each epigram.

In the age of the emperor Tiberius (or Trajan, according to others) the work of Meleager was continued by another epigrammatist, Philippus of Thessalonica, who first employed the term anthology. His collection, which included the compositions of thirteen writers subsequent to Meleager, was also arranged alphabetically, and contained an introductory poem. It was of inferior quality to Meleager’s. Somewhat later, under Hadrian, another supplement was formed by the sophist Diogenianus of Heracleia (2nd century ), and Strato of Sardis compiled his elegant but tainted  (Musa Puerilis) from his productions and those of earlier writers. No further collection from various sources is recorded until the time of Justinian, when epigrammatic writing, especially of an amatory character, experienced a great revival at the hands of Agathias of Myrina, the historian, Paulus Silentiarius, and their circle. Their ingenious but mannered productions were collected by Agathias into a new anthology, entitled The Circle ( ); it was the first to be divided into books, and arranged with reference to the subjects of the pieces.

These and other collections made during the middle ages are now lost. The partial incorporation of them into a single body, classified according to the contents in 15 books, was the work of a certain Constantinus Cephalas, whose name alone is preserved in the single MS. of his compilation extant, but who probably lived during the temporary revival of letters under Constantine Porphyrogenitus, at the beginning of the 10th century. He appears to have merely made excerpts from the existing anthologies, with the addition of selections from Lucillius, Palladas, and other epigrammatists, whose compositions had been published separately. His arrangement, to which we shall have to recur, is founded on a principle of classification, and nearly corresponds to that adopted by Agathias. His principle of selection is unknown; it is only certain that while he omitted much that he should have retained, he has preserved much that would otherwise have perished. The extent of our obligations may be ascertained by a comparison between his anthology and that of the next editor, the monk Maximus Planudes ( 1320), who has not merely grievously mutilated the anthology of Cephalas by omissions, but has disfigured it by interpolating verses of his own. We are, however, indebted to him for the preservation of the epigrams on works of art, which seem to have been accidentally omitted from our only transcript of Cephalas.

The Planudean (in seven books) was the only recension of the anthology known at the revival of classical literature, and was first published at Florence, by Janus Lascaris, in 1494. It long continued

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/105


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Charles Mansfield


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Cuthbert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Edward (d.1630)


text:
User talk:Payansarun

Hi and welcome to Wikisource. The article Servant of God Rev.Sr.Rani Maria that you contributed is not appropriate for Wikisource and more properly belongs on Wikipedia. I have moved it to your user space User:Payansarun/Sister Rani Maria so that the work you have done will not be lost. When you have put the article on Wikipedia let me know and I will then delete it from your userspace. For more details on what Wikisource includes click here. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 21:33, 8 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Since I wrote the above we have been advised that the article was copied from http://www.srranimaria.com/lifehistory.html and http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Sister-Rani-Maria,-martyr-of-the-faith:-the-conversion-of-her-assassin-18166.html As we are not able to host works that are copyrighted by other organisations, I have deleted the page. See our copyright policy for more details. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 06:11, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Payansarun


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Edward (1730-1786)


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anthim the Iberian


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Edward Daniel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Edward Goodman


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, George (1660-1736)


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Italian).djvu/56

48 again, and carrying on, with a terrible knitting of his brows, most weighty reflections.

"Thanks," he answered, "I will go to put away my cloak and come back at once."

"Lay your cloak down here," replied the Moro, not without some haste and a new tone of imperiousness not at all pleasing to Don Rocco.

He silently placed his cloak and hat on the table and sat down under the chimney-cap beside his host.

"You will excuse me if I have made a little fire," he continued. "I have been here at least a half-hour. I thought you were at home studying. Is n't to-day Saturday? And are you not obliged to say to-morrow morning the few customary absurdities to the peasants?"

"You mean the exposition of the Gospel," answered Don Rocco with warmth, for on that ground he knew no fear.

"A hint is all you need!" said the Moro. "Excuse me, I am a peasant myself, and talk crudely, maybe, but respectfully. Will you give me a pinch of snuff?"

Don Rocco held out the snuff-box to him.

"Is this da trozi!" said he with a wink. This word, as well as the expression "by-paths tobacco," was used in speaking of the tobacco which was smuggled into the State.

"No," answered Don Rocco, rising. "Perhaps I have a little of that upstairs."


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Italian).djvu/57

Rh "Never mind, never mind," the Moro hastened to say. "Give here." And sticking three fingers into the snuff-box he took up about a pound of snuff and breathed it in little by little, as he gazed at the fire. The dying flame illumined his black beard, his earthy complexion, and his brilliant, intelligent eyes.

"Now that you are warmed," Don Rocco made bold to say after a moment's silence, "you may go home."

"Hum!" said the man, shrugging his shoulders. "I have a little business to transact before I leave."

Don Rocco squirmed in his chair, winking hard, and frowning heavily.

"I suggested it because it is so late," he mumbled, half churlishly, half timidly. "I also have something to do."

"The sermon, eh?—the sermon, the sermon!" the Moro repeated mechanically, looking at the fire, and ruminating. "See here," he concluded, "suppose we do this. There are pens, paper, and inkstand in the sitting-room. Sit down there and write your stuff. Meanwhile, if you will allow me, I will take a mouthful, as it is sixteen hours since I have eaten. When we have finished we will talk."

At first Don Rocco was not disposed to agree, but he was as halting in his secular utterances as he was fiery in his sacred eloquence. He


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, George (1796-1842)