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 available for modern comparisons by C. S. Peirce's reduction of them in 1876 (Annals of Harvard Coll. Observatory, ix. 56). They were completed so as to embrace nearly all Flamsteed's stars, in two manuscript catalogues made known in 1883, together with a journal giving the dates of all the observations. Such as referred to variable stars thus acquired significance (, ib. xiv. 345; Proceedings of Amer. Acad. xix. 269; Observatory, vii. 256, &c.). Herschel discovered and assigned a period of sixty days to the variations of α Herculis (Phil. Trans. lxxxvi. 452). He ascribed stellar light-fluctuations to the display, through axial rotation, of unequally luminous hemispheres. His comparison in 1798 of the prismatic light of six bright stars was a venture upon new ground of unsuspected fertility (ib. civ. 264).

His theory of the constitution of the sun as a dark, cool body, surrounded by a shell of lucid clouds floating in a transparent atmosphere (ib. lxxxv. 46), held its ground until past the middle of last century. He surmised the periodicity of sun-spots, and attempted to substantiate his idea of a corresponding weather cycle by showing that the price of wheat rose as spots grew scarce (ib. xci. 310). His telescopic scrutiny of the solar surface was all but exhaustive. Among his few illusory observations were those of supposed volcanic outbursts on the moon in 1783 and 1787 (ib. lxxvii. 229) and of four additional Uranian satellites. He, however, established the retrograde revolutions of the pair genuinely seen. His results relative to Saturn, published in six memoirs between 1790 and 1808, included the first determination of its rotation and polar compression, with many observations of great interest on the rings. From recurrent changes of brightness in the fifth satellite (Japetus), he inferred the identity of its periods of rotation and revolution (ib. lxxxii. 14), and found the same law to prevail in the Jovian system. The ‘trade wind’ explanation of Jupiter's belts was suggested by him in 1781 (ib. lxxi. 118); he investigated in 1781 and 1784 the rotation of Mars, and adverted to the analogy between that planet and the earth, demonstrating the general permanence of its markings, and from their seasonal changes the glacial nature of its polar spots (ib. lxxiv. 233). A pungent repudiation in 1793 of Schröter's claim to the discovery of mountains in Venus formed a rare exception to the cordiality of his relations with his contemporaries. His proposal to designate the minor planets as ‘asteroids’ drew upon him a gratuitous attack, probably from Brougham, in the first number of the ‘Edinburgh Review.’ Herschel made important physical observations on the comets of 1807 and 1811, concluding them to be in part self-luminous and of nebular origin.

His discovery of the ‘infra-red’ solar rays renders him illustrious as a physicist. No one before him had suspected the unequal distribution of heat in the spectrum; and he pursued the subject with marvellous sagacity in four papers communicated to the Royal Society in 1800, dealing with the laws of reflection, refraction, and transmission of radiant heat. He traced the ‘heat’ and ‘light curves’ of the solar spectrum with maxima in the infra-red and yellow respectively, and conjectured that ‘the chemical properties of the prismatic colours might be as different as those which relate to light and heat’ (ib. xc. 270).

Herschel's achievements opened a new era in astronomical optics. The importance of large telescopic apertures, as giving proportionate power of ‘space penetration,’ was first by him insisted upon and exemplified, and his specula were as remarkable for perfect figure as for great size. When he began to observe, it was almost unheard of that a star should be seen without ‘rays’ or ‘tails.’ Henry Cavendish happening to sit next Herschel at dinner, slowly addressed him with, ‘Is it true, Dr. Herschel, that you see the stars round?’ ‘Round as a button,’ exclaimed the doctor, when the conversation dropped, till at the close of dinner, Cavendish repeated interrogatively, ‘Round as a button?’ ‘Round as a button,’ briskly rejoined the doctor, and no more was said. Herschel's extraordinary natural qualifications as an observer were diligently cultivated. ‘Seeing,’ he wrote to Dr. Watson in 1782, ‘is in some respects an art which must be learnt,’ and he compared its practice to that required for playing ‘one of Handel's fugues upon the organ.’ He presents a rarely happy combination of the speculative and experimental faculties, his thoughts transcending, yet eagerly seeking the control of visible facts. ‘As a practical astronomer,’ Professor Holden says, ‘he remains without an equal. In profound philosophy he has few superiors. … His is one of the few names which belong to the whole world.’ Holden's Herschel, his Life and Works, 1881; Holden's and Hastings's Synopsis of the Scientific Writings of Sir William Herschel, Washington, 1881; Mrs. John Herschel's Memoir of Caroline Herschel; Gent. Mag. xcii. pt. ii. pp. 274, 650; Ann. Reg. 1822, p. 289; Europ. Mag. January 1785 (with portrait); Bessel's Abhandlungen, iii. 468; Fourier's Éloge Historique, Paris Memoirs, 1823, p. lxi; Arago's Analyse


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 Historique de la Vie et des Travaux de Sir William Herschel, Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes 1842, p. 249; Arago's Biographies of Distinguished Scientific Men, p. 167, London, 1857; Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (Bruhns); Dunkin's Obituary Notices, p. 86; Nature, vol. xxiii. (Hind); Fétis's Biographie Universelle des Musiciens, tome iii. (inaccurate); Mrs. Papendick's Journals, i. 252 (inaccurate); Madame d'Arblay's Diary, passim; Public Characters, 1798–9, p. 384 (portrait in frontispiece), translated in Monatliche Correspondenz, v. 70; Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden, i. 224, Weimar, 1798 (portrait by Westermayr); Bossut's Saggio sulla Storia delle Matematiche, iv. 203; Hutton's Math. Dict. i. 643 (Herschel's Telescope), 1815; Sir J. Herschel's The Telescope, p. 142; Struve's Études d'Astronomie Stellaire, pp. 21–44; Proctor's Universe of Stars, p. 182; Encycl. Brit. 8th edit. i. 838 (Forbes); Foreign Quart. Rev. xxxi. 438; Revue Britannique, June 1876, p. 283 (Sachot); Grant's Hist. of Physical Astronomy; Clerke's Popular Hist. of Astronomy; Edinburgh Phil. Journal, iv. No. 16, 1822; R. Wolf's Mittheilungen, iii. 1872, No. xxiii. 57; Mädler's Geschichte der Himmelskunde, ii. 1; Wolf's Gesch. der Astronomie, p. 503; manuscript letters of Sir W. Herschel, lent by Sir W. J. Herschel; information from Miss Herschel. Parts of Herschel's papers in the Philosophical Transactions were translated into German by Dr. J. W. Pfaff, with the title ‘W. Herschel's Entdeckungen,’ Erlangen, 1828; 2nd edit., Leipzig, 1850. A Catalogue of his nebulæ, reduced to 1830, was published by Dr. Auwers at Königsberg in 1862.]

HERSCHELL, RIDLEY HAIM (1807–1864), dissenting minister, was born on 7 April 1807 at Strzelno, a small town in Prussian Poland about thirty miles from Thorn. The town was in French occupation at the time, and just before the child's birth a cannon-ball entered the room where the mother lay. The incident suggested the name ‘Haim’ (i.e. ‘life’) for her newborn son. His parents were devout Jews. His grandfather, Rabbi Hillel, who lived with them, exercised a great influence on the character of his grandson. He was a man of simple and intense faith, but gentle and considerate to those who differed from him.

When the boy was eleven years old he left home to seek instruction at a noted rabbinical school, and from that time he was never wholly dependent upon his parents. After a few years he returned home with a view to entering his father's business. Finding the life uncongenial he went to the university of Berlin about 1822, and while studying supported himself by teaching. In 1825 he paid a short visit to England, travelling mostly on foot, and occupied himself during his sojourn in learning English. After completing his studies at Berlin, and visiting England a second time, he went to Paris. The writings of English freethinkers had increased an alienation from his early beliefs already begun at Berlin. He yielded to the seductions of Paris, but in consequence, apparently, of the death of his mother, his religious feelings revived. He was powerfully impressed by reading a part of the Sermon on the Mount which had been used to wrap up a parcel. He studied the New Testament, but his Jewish instincts set him against the Roman catholic ritual. He is said to have thrown into the Seine a crucifix given him by a priest. Shortly after he came again to England, and was eventually (in 1830) baptised by the Bishop of London, one of his sponsors being the Rev. Henry Colborne Ridley, whose surname he assumed. He shrank from taking orders, and for some years occupied himself almost exclusively in mission work among the Jews. In 1835 Lady Olivia Sparrow induced him to undertake the direction of schools and mission-work established by her, first in the fishing village of Leigh in Essex, and subsequently in Brampton, Huntingdonshire. In both places he laboured with great success. By the aid of friends he opened a chapel in London in 1838, where he soon collected a congregation, and organised a ‘church.’ He did not associate himself with any of the nonconformist societies, although his religious belief was distinctly of the same type. Among his hearers were many members of the church of England, as well as of various denominations of dissenters. He was distinguished by the breadth of his views and catholic sympathies. He made many continental journeys, and his personal influence was felt far beyond the limits of his London congregation.

In 1846 Herschell removed to Trinity Chapel, John Street, Edgware Road. He had taken a principal part in founding the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews. He now established a home for Jews who were inquiring into Christianity, and was always untiring in endeavouring to find occupation for Jewish converts. He was one of the first to organise school excursions. He joined heartily with Sir Culling Eardley and others in establishing the Evangelical Alliance, the spirit of which animated his life. He died after a lingering illness on 14 April 1864. Herschell was twice married, first to Helen Skirving Mowbray, and secondly to Esther Fuller-Maitland. Three children survived him, a son, the present Lord Herschell, and two daughters. Herschell's books include: ‘A Brief Sketch of the

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  State and Future Expectations of the Jews,’ 3rd edition, 1834, 12mo. ‘A Visit to my Fatherland,’ London, 1844, 12mo. ‘Psalms and Hymns for Congregational Use,’ 1846, 32mo. ‘Jewish Witnesses; that Jesus is the Christ,’ 1848, 12mo. ‘The Mystery of the Gentile Dispensation, and the Work of the Messiah,’ 1848, 12mo. ‘Far above Rubies,’ a memoir of his first wife, 1854, 8vo. ‘The Golden Lamp, an Exposition of the Tabernacle and its Services,’ 1858, 8vo. ‘Strength in Weakness; Meditations on some of the Psalms,’ 1860, 16mo. He edited for a time the ‘Voice of Israel.’

HERSCHELL, SOLOMON (1761–1842), chief rabbi. [See .]

HERSHON, PAUL ISAAC (1817–1888), hebraist, born of Jewish parents in Galicia in 1817, became at an early age a Christian. As a missionary he was an active promoter of the objects of the London Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews in England and the East. He became in succession director of the House of Industry for Jews at Jerusalem and of the model farm at Jaffa. In 1859 he retired from the mission field in order to devote himself to work on the Talmud and Midrashim. He died, comparatively suddenly, 14 Oct. 1888, at Wood Green, Middlesex, in his seventy-first year, leaving a large amount of literary matter in manuscript. He published: He also translated from the Judæo-Polish, with notes and indices, Jacob ben Isaac of Janowa's rabbinical commentary on Genesis, 8vo, London, 1885; and compiled a digest of marginal references in Hebrew for the whole Bible, which is now the property of the London Jews' Society, but has not been published.
 * 1) ‘Extracts from the Talmud,’ 12mo, London, 1860.
 * 2) ‘The Pentateuch according to the Talmud. Part 1. Genesis. With Commentary and Notes,’ 8vo, London (1878).
 * 3) ‘A Talmudic Miscellany; … or a thousand and one Extracts [translated] from the Talmud, the Midrashim, and the Kabbalah,’ 8vo, London, 1880, forming vol. xix. of Trübner's ‘Oriental Series.’
 * 4) ‘Treasures of the Talmud … translated, with Notes,’ &c., 8vo, London, 1882.
 * 5) ‘The Pentateuch according to the Talmud. Genesis. With a Talmudical Commentary,’ 8vo, London, 1883.

HERT, HENRY (fl. 1549), ttheologian. [See .]

HERTELPOLL or HARTLEPOOL, HUGH (d. 1302?), was a Franciscan friar at Oxford in 1282, when he was appointed by Devorguilla, widow of John Balliol, one of her two ‘proctors’ for the new college of Balliol. It was probably about this time that Hugh, having taken the doctor's degree, was divinity reader to the Franciscans at Oxford, being the twentieth in order. He was fourteenth provincial minister of the Franciscans in England in 1299 (Rec. Office, Q. R. Wardrobe, 8/2), and in this capacity in 1300 he presented twenty-two friars to the Bishop of Lincoln at Dorchester to be licensed to hear confessions at Oxford (Reg. Dalderby, f. 13). He again appears as provincial minister in 1302 (Reg. of Friars Minors, London), in which year he attended the general chapter at Genoa, and was appointed by Edward I one of his five proctors at the papal court to negotiate peace with the French (Almain Roll, 30 Ed. I, 9 Sept. 1302). He probably died in this or the following year, and was buried among the Franciscans at Assisi. The statement that he died about 1314 is unlikely, as Richard Conyngton, the sixteenth provincial, was already minister in 1310 (Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. p. 393). Hugh is said to have written ‘Commentarii in quatuor libros Sententiarum, Quæstiones disputatæ, Conciones de Tempore,’ &c. (, Suppl. Scriptt. Ord. Francisc. p. 360).

HERTFORD,. [See, 1586–1660; , 1719–1794.]

HERTFORD,. [See, seventh (of the Clare family) 1243–1295; , eighth , 1291–1314; , said to be first , d. 1136?;, sixth , 1222–1262; , third , d. 1173;, 1538–1621.]

HERTSLET, LEWIS (1787–1870), author, was born in November 1787. He entered the civil service, and on 5 Feb. 1801 was appointed sub-librarian in the foreign office, and on 6 Jan. 1810 librarian and keeper of the papers. He was one of the two


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  of the lords justices in England while George IV was absent in Hanover in 1821. He remained librarian till 20 Nov. 1857, when he retired on a pension. He died at his house, Great College Street, Westminster, 16 March 1870, having married Hannah Harriet, daughter of George Cooke of Westminster; his youngest son, Sir Edward Hertslet, K.C.B. (1824–1902), succeeded him as librarian at the foreign office.

Hertslet wrote:
 * 1) ‘A Complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions at present subsisting between Great Britain and Foreign Powers, so far as they relate to Commerce and Navigation, to the Repression and Abolition of the Slave Trade, and to the Privileges and Interests of the Subjects of the high contracting Powers,’ 2 vols., 1820.
 * 2) ‘A Complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions and reciprocal Relations subsisting between Great Britain and Foreign Powers, and of the Laws, Decrees, and Orders in Council concerning the same,’ 16 vols., of which the first eleven are by Hertslet, and the rest by his son Edward, 1827–85.
 * 3) ‘Treaties, &c., between Turkey and Foreign Powers,’ 1835–55 (privately printed 1855).

HERVEY or HERVÆUS (d. 1131), bishop successively of Bangor and Ely, of Breton race, was a royal clerk, high in favour with William Rufus and confessor to Henry I. By Rufus he was thrust into the see of Bangor, with haughty disregard of the authority of the tribal king of Gwynedd, and was consecrated by Archbishop Thomas of York in 1092, while the see of Canterbury was vacant after the death of Lanfranc ( ap., p. 1707). As bishop of Bangor, Hervey attended Anselm's council at Westminster (Michaelmas 1102), being the first Welsh bishop present at an English synod (, English Canons, ii. 25). Hervey belonged to the type of Norman prelates who, as Orderic laments ( Hist. Eccles. lib. x. c. 2), owed their promotion to favour with the king, or the influence of some powerful noble, or simoniacal purchase, and not to holiness of life or learning. The Welsh, as yet only half subdued, refused to recognise as their bishop a Norman ignorant of their language and character, while he vainly sought to conquer their repugnance by violence, wielding against them ‘the two-edged sword of temporal and spiritual power’ (‘Richard of Ely,’ Anglia Sacra, i. 279), now visiting them with excommunication, now with force of arms. The Welsh met force with force. His brother fell a victim to the murderous attacks; many of Hervey's adherents were killed or grievously wounded, and he was plainly told that the same fate awaited him if he fell into their hands. Hervey was not only in constant fear for his life, but ran the risk of starvation, his mutinous flock refusing the customary dues and offerings. At last he fled to England, and took refuge in the royal court, petitioning for translation to a more agreeable see, and suggesting that of Lisieux. The pope was applied to on his behalf; both Paschal and Anselm told the king that the proposed translation was uncanonical, but the pope agreed that if Hervey could be canonically elected to a vacant see no obstacle would be raised ( and, i. 299, 303–6). At length, on the death of Richard, abbot of Ely, in 1107, Hervey was appointed by the king ‘administrator’ of the vast estates of the abbey until a new abbot should be appointed. Richard had striven hard for the conversion of the abbey into an episcopal see. The idea had found favour with the king, and its accomplishment was only prevented by Richard's death. Hervey, who by his courteous behaviour had ingratiated himself with the monks of Ely, promoted the scheme vigorously, and brought it to a successful issue. The council which sat in London at Whitsuntide 1108, under the presidency of Anselm, decreed that the diocese of Lincoln being too extensive for the effectual oversight of a single bishop, the county of Cambridge should be taken from it and constituted a new diocese with its episcopal see at Ely, and Hervey for its first bishop. The bishop of Lincoln, Robert Bloet, was compensated for the loss of his dues with the manor of Spaldwick in Huntingdonshire. The following year, after Anselm's death, the new see was confirmed by a council sitting at Nottingham, 17 Oct. 1109, and a charter of foundation was given by Henry I, and witnessed among many others by Hervey as the first bishop. Hervey had previously taken a journey to Rome to have the establishment of the see confirmed by the pope, and on his return had been put into possession of the new bishopric, 27 June 1109. He at once set himself to confirm and enlarge the privileges and possessions of the abbey. He used his influence with the king, with the aid of bribes, to free the convent from the services due for the custody of the castle of Norwich, and to get rid of recalcitrant tenants who rejected his authority. The monkish historian tells us nothing of any spiritual works carried out by Hervey, but says that he left the foundation in the enjoyment ‘of much greater privileges, rights, and immunities than most others in the kingdom.’ Relying on his influence


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 with the king, he divided the lands and revenues of the monastery between himself and the monks, greatly to his own advantage, assigning the worst lands to the latter, the historian complains, and reserving the richer and more productive for himself. Seeking also in every way, it is said, to impoverish the abbey, he obtained a discharge for himself and his successors from the repair or enlargement of the church, and imposed this duty on the monks alone (, Hist. of Ely, p. 136; ‘Richard of Ely,’ Anglia Sacra, i. 616). Warned by a vision of St. Edmund, he had a causeway constructed across the previously impassable fen from the village of Soham to Exning, ‘a work which caused all to wonder and bless God’ (‘Richard of Ely,’ u.s.).

In his endeavours to secure from the king redress of grievances or increase of privileges, Hervey made frequent journeys to Normandy. He attended the council of London on clerical marriages 1 Aug. 1129. He also took part, a few months before his translation, in the consecration of Thomas, the archbishop of York, and after it in that of Theulf to the see of Worcester. Towards the close of his life he proposed to enter his convent as a monk, but was prevented by death. In his last sickness he sent for his relative, [q. v.], afterwards bishop of London, who at his suggestion had originally left France for England, and sought his aid in settling both his temporal and spiritual affairs. He died 30 Aug. 1131, and was buried the next day in his cathedral. Dempster (Hist. Eccl. Scot. viii. 660) ascribes to Hervey a book of Letters to Henry I, but no such work is now extant (, Cat. Brit. Hist. ii. 182). Tanner confuses him with Hervé Nedellec (Hervæus Natalis).

HERVEY, AUGUSTUS JOHN, third (1724–1779), admiral and politician, second son of, lord Hervey of Ickworth [q. v.], and grandson of, first earl of Bristol [q. v.], was born on 19 May 1724. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1736, was stationed chiefly in the Mediterranean, and, as he quickly acquired a practical knowledge of nautical affairs, was advanced to be lieutenant on 31 Oct. In 1744 he met at Winchester races the notorious Miss [q. v.], then on a visit at Lainston in Hampshire, and having obtained a short leave of absence, they were married in Lainston Church at eleven o'clock on the evening of 4 Aug. 1744. A few days later the young lieutenant embarked at Portsmouth to join his vessel, the Cornwall, then the flagship of Vice-admiral Davers, on the Jamaica station. On his return to England in 1746 the married pair lived together as husband and wife in Conduit Street, Hanover Square, London, and their child, Henry Augustus, was born at Chelsea, and baptised in its parish church on 2 Nov. 1747. Walpole says that Hervey had two children by this marriage, but this statement seems to be erroneous, for the pair soon separated, and their only child, put out to nurse, shortly afterwards died. On 16 Sept. 1746 Hervey was promoted to the command of the sloop Porcupine, and was employed as a cruiser, with the result that he captured off Cherbourg a small French privateer, the Bacquer Court. In the following January he was appointed a post-captain in the navy, and promoted to the command of the Princessa, a third-rate of 70 guns, which had been taken from the Spaniards. In her and in the Phœnix of 24 guns he served in the Mediterranean under Admirals Medley and Byng. While in the latter vessel, in April 1756, he was despatched by the Hon. [q. v.], then commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean squadron, from Villa Franca to England with the earliest intimation of the sailing of the French fleet from Toulon to Minorca. He joined Byng off Majorca on 17 May, and patriotically offered to convert his ship, if necessary, into a fireship, but the change was not considered desirable. Hervey took part in Byng's indecisive engagement, and when Captain Andrews was slain in the action was promoted to his place in the Defiance of 64 guns. He was ordered home as a witness at Byng's trial, and on its conclusion, being advanced to the command of the Hampton Court, was sent back to his former station where he distinguished himself (July 1757) by driving the Nymph, a French frigate of 32 guns, on the rocks off Majorca, and, on a refusal to surrender, sinking her. In February 1758, when on the same station, he fell in with the little squadron of the Marquis du Quesne, but was not fortunate enough to get to close quarters with the enemy until Captain Gardiner had attacked and captured the Foudroyant. As the captain was slain in the contest, Hervey removed to his vessel, the Monmouth, and in the following July burnt the Rose, a French frigate of 36 guns,


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 off the island of Malta, a proceeding of which its inhabitants complained as an insult to their neutrality. During Hawke's operations in the Channel in the summer of 1759 ‘Hervey and Keppel were the eyes and hands of the fleet,’ and both secured their chief's enthusiastic commendation. As commodore, he watched the French fleet in Brest, and in the sight of twenty ships of the line in that harbour gallantly cut off with his boats some of the enemy's vessels that were seeking its shelter. On 28 Sept. in that year he again distinguished himself by rowing at night in the Monmouth's barge, in company with four other boats, into the harbour, and carrying off a little yacht belonging to the French admiral. Though a shot passed through his coat, he was not wounded, and he won the gratitude of the sailors who supported him by surrendering to them his share of the prize and head money. With this in-shore work off Brest Hervey's ship, the Monmouth, was so worn out that he was obliged to come home, and thus experienced the mortification of missing his lawful share in Hawke's victory of Quiberon (November 1759). By way of reward, he was appointed in the spring of 1760 to command the Dragon, a new ship of 74 guns. He now served under Keppel at Belleisle, when he made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the isle of Groa, near Quiberon. In the autumn of 1761 Hervey was ordered to proceed with Commodore Barton to the West Indies to join Rodney in his expedition against the French island of Martinico. Here he aided in the successful attack, and was afterwards ordered by Rodney to proceed in the Dragon with five other vessels to demand the surrender of St. Lucia. The island was at once given up (February 1762). An expedition, the naval part of which was under the direction of Sir George Pocock, had sailed from England against the Havannah, and this was joined by a portion, including Hervey's ship, of the fleet previously under Rodney's command. Hervey captured the castle which defended the river Coximar, and, at Keppel's direction, under whose immediate command he now acted, hastened to cannonade with three other vessels from the seaward the fort of Moro Castle, which commanded the entrance to the harbour of the Havannah. He had the misfortune to be grounded, but persevered in firing until ordered to desist, when his ship was obliged to withdraw in order to be refitted. After a terrible loss of life Moro Castle was taken nearly a month later, and the Havannah was soon afterwards surrendered. Hervey was despatched to England with the news, and on his way captured a large French frigate laden with military stores for Newfoundland, which the enemy had a short time before made a descent upon. Peace quickly followed, when Hervey resigned his command and accepted the captaincy of the Centurion of 50 guns under the Duke of York.

Hervey's active life at sea now ceased. He had long been in parliament. At the general election of 1754 he, Lord Petersham, and his uncle, Felton Hervey, were all returned for the family borough of Bury St. Edmunds, and the two latter were declared elected. Hervey succeeded to a vacancy in 1757, and he was again returned in 1761. In February 1763 he vacated his seat, and in December 1763 represented Saltash in Cornwall, and sat for Bury from 1768 until he succeeded to the peerage in 1775. During this period his preferment was rapid. On 6 Nov. 1762 he was created colonel of the Plymouth division of marines, when the corporation of Plymouth made him a freeman of the borough (12 Jan. 1763). For a short time in 1763 he was commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, and in that year was made a groom of the bedchamber. When his elder brother became lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Hervey was appointed his chief secretary, and was sworn a member of its privy council (14 Oct. 1766), but resigned on 6 July 1767 through a difference with his brother concerning their relations with the Grenville family. From 26 Jan. 1771 he held a lordship of the admiralty under Lord Sandwich, but on succeeding, 18 March 1775, to the earldom of Bristol and to considerable wealth, he resigned all his offices. In the last month he was advanced to be rear-admiral of the blue, and in January 1778 he was promoted to be vice-admiral of the blue.

Hervey was a frequent speaker in parliament, and a constant writer in the newspapers. He and his elder brother arranged the reconciliation of Lord Temple and George Grenville in 1765. Through his connection with the Duke of York he took an active part in May 1766 in the debates on the grants to the royal dukes, and made himself so obnoxious to the Rockingham ministry that Rockingham thought of depriving him of his posts. When the Grafton-Chatham cabinet was formed, he moved the address in the commons with ‘a directly opposition speech’ (November 1766). In the subsequent year he made himself popular in the navy by a measure for raising the half-pay of lieutenants from 2s. to 3s. a day, and in 1771, when just appointed to the admiralty under Sandwich, and eager to maintain its efficiency, he made a candid speech on the address of thanks on the convention with Spain (, Debates, ii. 305–7). While Hervey


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 sat at the board of admiralty he ranked as a prime favourite of Lord Sandwich, but on becoming Lord Bristol he grew dissatisfied with his friend and became his personal enemy. Some difference existed between him and Keppel in 1765, but it was gradually effaced, and in 1778 Keppel received from him among the peers the highest praise. He was the first to rouse the navy over the attack on Keppel, and he signed a memorial to the king in condemnation of the court-martial on that admiral, and on the acquittal his house in St. James's Square was brilliantly illuminated. His speech on 23 April 1779 over the condition of the navy, which ended with a motion for the removal of Sandwich from his office, was printed in that year. His constitution, naturally strong, was weakened by the changes of climate necessary in his profession. He died at St. James's Square, London, on 23 Dec. 1779, and on 28 Dec. was buried at Ickworth, Suffolk, where in the previous year he had restored the church and built the brick tower. As he left no legitimate issue, the title and entailed estates passed to his brother Frederick Augustus [q. v.], bishop of Derry, but he alienated all that he could. He bequeathed all his personalty and an estate of 1,200l. a year in Yorkshire to Mrs. Nesbit, and she was to allow Augustus Henry, his natural son by Mrs. Clarke (‘Kitty Hunter’), 300l. a year during a minority and 400l. afterwards. To this son he left his father's manuscripts, but these and the ‘Memoirs’ were not to be published during the reign of George III, and neither he nor Colonel the Hon. William Hervey, their next possessor, was to ‘give, lend, or leave them to his brother Frederic.’

Hervey lost reputation through his relations with his wife. Their union was dissolved by the ecclesiastical court on 11 Feb. 1769 through collusion, and Walpole adds that Hervey's consent was obtained through a bribe of 14,000l. When she was presented at court as Duchess of Kingston in March 1769, ‘Augustus Hervey chose to be there, and said aloud that he came to take one look at his widow.’ He afterwards denied the rumour that he was about to marry Miss Moysey, the daughter of a physician at Bath. His original correspondence with Lord Hawke is in the Record Office (Admirals' Despatches, Channel, vol. vi.), and his journals ‘kept on board the Greyhound, John Ambrose, commander; Pembroke, the Hon. Will. Hervey, commander; and Gloucester, the Hon. George Clinton, commander, from 5 June 1736 to 15 Feb. 1739–40,’ are at the British Museum (Addit. MS. 12129). Many letters by him are in Keppel's ‘Life of Lord Keppel’ and the ‘Grenville Papers,’ vols. iii. and iv. On account of the similarity of handwriting, Dr. O'Conor suggested him as a possible author of the letters of ‘Junius.’ His portrait by Reynolds was engraved by Edward Fisher in 1763, and is now, as the property of the corporation of Bury St. Edmunds, in its public library. The background represents the attack on Moro Castle. A portrait of him by Gainsborough was engraved by James Watson in 1773. A character of Lord Bristol by Lord Mulgrave was circulated in 1780, and is reprinted in Nichols's ‘Literary Anecdotes,’ viii. 11–12. He was active and brave, but reckless and over-confident.

HERVEY, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, D.D., fourth (1730–1803), bishop of Derry, third son of John Hervey, baron Hervey of Ickworth [q. v.], and grandson of John Hervey, first earl of Bristol [q. v.], was born on 1 Aug. 1730. He was educated at Westminster School and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. as a nobleman in 1754, and was created D.D. in 1770. Originally intended for the bar, he entered one of the inns of court, but finally took holy orders. He became a clerk of the privy seal in 1756, principal clerk in 1761, and a royal chaplain in 1763. But substantial preferment, though eagerly solicited by him, came slowly, and in the meantime Hervey visited the chief cities and places of interest on the continent. He was passionately fond of art, and Italy naturally possessed great attractions for him. Being at Naples in 1766, at a time when Vesuvius was in a state of agitation previous to its eruption, he visited the crater; was severely wounded in the arm by a falling stone, and thenceforth closely studied volcanic phenomena. His interest in this field of science brought him into contact with Sir John Strange, at that time British resident at Venice, with whom he formed a lifelong friendship, and with the Italian naturalist, Fortis, with whom he made a journey through


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 Dalmatia, and whom he more than once liberally supplied with money for the prosecution of his studies. Hervey afterwards claimed to have been the first to draw attention to the geological formation of the Giant's Causeway, on the coast of Antrim.

During the brief period of his brother's viceroyalty in Ireland [see ] he was nominated for the first bishopric that fell vacant there, and on 2 Feb. 1767 he was created bishop of Cloyne. Anxious to ingratiate himself with the Irish clergy, and to prove himself superior to the prejudice which restricted almost every gift in the church to Englishmen, he offered his chaplainship to Philip Skelton as a mark of his admiration for his ‘Deism Revealed.’ The offer was accepted, but came to nothing, owing to Skelton's eccentric behaviour. On 18 Feb. 1768 Hervey was translated to the very rich bishopric of Derry; but during his short tenure of the see of Cloyne he did much to improve its property by reclaiming the bog of Cloyne, which had hitherto been a source of constant dispute and a harbour for loose persons. His action was fiercely resented by the Irish, particularly the Casey family, who claimed a proprietary right in the bog, and tore down his fences and gates as fast as he erected them, involving him in much expensive litigation. In the end, however, he triumphed, and in 1768 the right of the see of Cloyne to the bog was finally established. His tenure of the bishopric of Derry was marked by the like assiduous attention to the welfare of his diocese. Having personally visited every parish, he instituted a fund for the support of superannuated clergymen. He was generous and even lavish in his expenditure of the revenues of his see for public purposes. He opened out wild and uncivilised districts by roads constructed at his own expense; he contributed largely to the building of a new bridge on the Foyle; he was actively engaged in fostering agriculture and in introducing new and improved methods of farming, and it was chiefly at his instigation that extensive operations in search of coal were undertaken. In addition to the princely residences he erected at Downhill and Ballyscullion, and adorned with the rarest works of art, the city and county of Londonderry owe to him many of their chief architectural beauties. In 1770 the corporation of Londonderry presented him with the freedom of their city, a compliment never before paid to his predecessors, and the city of Dublin conferred a similar honour on him.

At a time when sectarian jealousies ran high, Hervey did much by his example to soften their asperities and to cultivate a spirit of toleration. In parliament he warmly advocated a relaxation of the penal laws, and it was largely due to his exertions that the act relieving the catholics from the oath of supremacy was passed. He was strongly opposed to the tithe system, and suggested that in lieu of it a portion of land should be assigned to each clergyman for his subsistence. His suggestion was favourably received by his fellow-bishops, and an experiment made of it in his diocese; but ill-health and other circumstances compelled him to drop it before it had a fair trial. From his letters to Strange it would appear that from 1777 to 1779 he resided chiefly in Italy. He had gone to Rome partly on account of his son, who had a taste for architecture, and partly for the sake of some Irish records to be found there; but he himself was much more interested in investigating the subterraneous rivers of Istria. In the summer of 1778 he was attacked by a severe illness, which compelled him to pass the winter at Naples. On the death of his elder brother (Augustus John [q. v.]) in December 1779, he succeeded to the earldom of Bristol and an annual rental of about 20,000l.; but his brother, with the characteristic eccentricity of the family, took care by a codicil to deprive him of all that he possibly could, including the private papers of the family and the deer in Ickworth Park. On his return to Ireland Hervey seems for a time to have abstained from any active part in politics, and it was not until after the great volunteer convention at Dungannon in February 1782 that he publicly announced his intention of joining the corps of Londonderry volunteers. Thenceforth he threw himself enthusiastically into the movement, contributing largely to the purchase of camp equipage, and even entering into negotiations with Strange for the purchase of several ships of the line from the Venetian state. His popularity with every class of the community, especially with the presbyterians, his enormous wealth and undoubted ability soon raised him to a prominent position among the volunteers of the north. Like most of the intelligent politicians of the time, he was strongly convinced of the necessity of supplementing the legislative enactments of 1782 by a radical reform of the representation of the Irish House of Commons; but, unlike the majority of them, he would gladly have seen the elective franchise extended to the Roman catholics. His opinions in this respect naturally drew him closer to the democratic party; but it would be a mistake to attribute to him any sympathy with republicanism. His views, although extreme, showed a keener perception


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 of the critical nature of the situation than those of Grattan and Charlemont.

At the grand convention of volunteers held in Dublin in November 1783, he played a prominent and picturesque part as a delegate from county Derry. Accompanied by his nephew, the notorious George Robert Fitzgerald [q. v.], and attended by a troop of dragoons, he proceeded from his diocese to Dublin with all the pomp and ceremony of a royal progress. Dressed entirely in purple, with diamond knee- and shoe-buckles, with white gloves fringed with gold lace, and fastened by long gold tassels, he entered Dublin seated in an open landau, drawn by six horses, caparisoned with purple trappings, and passed slowly through the principal streets to the Royal Exchange, where the delegates of the volunteer companies were assembled. He was doubtless disappointed at not being elected president, but he showed no resentment. He advocated the incorporation of the catholics in whatever scheme of reform was adopted, and his suggestion that the convention should allow itself to be guided by the practical experience of Flood saved the proceedings from degenerating into a mere farce. His conduct was as far removed as possible from that of an ambitious demagogue or a would-be leader of an armed rebellion. He wisely counselled—unfortunately without success—that the convention should dissolve itself before Flood introduced his bill into the House of Commons. After the dissolution of the convention Hervey was the recipient of many laudatory addresses from the principal volunteer companies in the north, and his replies, especially that to the address of the Bill of Rights Battalion, seem to have alarmed the government so much that they even contemplated the advisability of arresting him (Add. MSS. 33100 f. 461, 33101 f. 29, 77). But with the collapse of the volunteer movement Hervey ceased to take any active interest in Irish politics. He voted by proxy for the Act of Union, and there is extant a curious letter from him to Pelham, dated Venice, 16 June 1798, in which he attributes what success the rebellion had to the tithe grievance, and advocates the endowment by the state of nonconformist ministers as the best remedy for Irish disaffection. His health seems to have been indifferent, and what time he did not spend in superintending the arrangement of his art treasures at Downhill and Ballyscullion appears to have been passed chiefly on the continent. At a late period of his life he became enamoured of the Countess Lichtenau, the mistress of Frederick William II of Prussia, and his letters to her reveal a shameless disregard of his profession and ordinary morality (see also Memoirs of Lady Hamilton, pp. 112–26; Life of Grattan, iii. 116). In 1798 he was arrested by the French in Italy, and confined for a time in the castle of Milan. A valuable collection of antiquities which he was on the point of transmitting to England was seized at the same time. A remonstrance, signed by 345 artists of different nations, was presented to Citizen Haller, administrator of the finances of the army of Italy, and the collection was redeemed for the sum of 10,000l., under an arrangement with the directory; but within a week after the payment of the money it was again plundered, and the whole dispersed. Hervey died at Albano on 8 July 1803 (see, Personal Recollections, p. 191). His body was brought to England in April 1804, and interred in the church of Ickworth, near Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, the ancient seat of the Herveys. There is no monument to his memory inside the church; but an obelisk erected by the inhabitants of Derry, to which the Roman catholic bishop and resident dissenting minister had alike contributed, stands in the park. According to Sir Jonah Barrington, Hervey's personal appearance was extremely prepossessing. He was rather under the middle size, but well built. His character betrayed all the eccentricity for which his family was remarkable, and which had given rise to the saying that God had created men, women, and Herveys. John Wesley, who spent a Sunday with him in 1775, was much impressed by the ‘admirable solemnity’ with which he celebrated the Lord's Supper. Charlemont, who had better opportunities for knowing him, describes him as a bad father, a worse husband, a determined deist, very blasphemous in his conversation, and greatly addicted to intrigue and gallantry (, Hist. of England, vi. 334–5).

He succeeded to the barony of Howard de Walden through his grandmother in 1799. He married very early (1752), against the wishes both of his own and his wife's family, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Jermyn Davers, and sister and heiress of Sir Charles Davers, bart.; she died on 16 Dec. 1800, having had two sons, Augustus John, lord Hervey (d. 1796), and Frederick William, fifth earl and marquis of Bristol (1769–1859), and three daughters. [Almost all Hervey's papers have unfortunately perished. A number of curious facts relating to him were collected by Cole, and will be found among his manuscripts in the British Museum (Add. MSS. 5829, 5852), and are the chief sources of the life in Chambers's Biog. Dict. To the authorities mentioned by Cole, including Sir William Hamilton's Observations on Mount Vesuvius and Boswell's Hist. of Corsica, may be


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Armstrong, Alexander


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Herschel, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Herschell, Ridley Haim


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hershon, Paul Isaac


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hertelpoll, Hugh of


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hertslet, Lewis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hervey (d.1131)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hervey, Augustus John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hervey, Frederick Augustus


text: Ten Minute Stories

title: Ten Minute Stories


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If a dispute regarding the interpretation or application of the present Convention arises between two or more Parties to the Convention, they shall, upon the request of any of them, seek to resolve it by a process of consultation and negotiation.

If the dispute is not resolved within six months of the date on which the request referred to in article 41 has been made, any party to the dispute may submit it to the conciliation procedure specified in the Annex to the present Convention by submitting a request to that effect to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and informing the other party or parties to the dispute of the request.

Any State at the time of signature or ratification of the present Convention or accession thereto or at any time thereafter, may, by notification to the depositary, declare that, where a dispute has not been resolved by the application of the procedures referred to in articles 41 and 42, that dispute may be submitted for a decision to the International Court of Justice by a written application of any party to the dispute, or in the alternative to arbitration, provided that the other party to the dispute has made a like declaration.

Notwithstanding articles 41, 42 and 43, if a dispute regarding the interpretation or application of the present Convention arises between two or more Parties to the Convention, they may by common consent agree to submit it to the International Court of Justice, or to arbitration, or to any other appropriate procedure for the settlement of disputes.

Nothing in articles 41 to 44 shall affect the rights or obligations of the Parties to the present Convention under any provisions in force binding them with regard to the settlement of disputes.


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346 1. As from the fifteenth day of May next after the passing of this Act, and during the continuance thereof, the annual value of all agricultural lands and heritages in Scotland—

(1) shall for the purpose of the occupiers' consolidated rate leviable by county councils, including the portion thereof leviable under the Public Health (Scotland) Acts, be held to be the nearest aggregate sum of pounds sterling to three-eighths of the annual value thereof as appearing on the valuation roll; and

(2) shall for the purpose of the occupiers' share of the poor rate, the school rate, and the other rates leviable by parish councils be held to be the nearest aggregate sum of pounds sterling to three-eighths of the annual value thereof as appearing on the valuation roll, subject to the deductions in pursuance of section thirty-seven of the

Provided that where lands and heritages are classified in terms of section thirty-six of the, if it shall be certified by the Secretary for Scotland that the rates leviable on the occupiers of agricultural lands and heritages in pursuance of the classification are less than, or as nearly as may be the same as, the rates which would without classification be leviable on such occupiers in terms of this Act such classification (herein-after termed a certified classification) shall have effect, and sub-section (2) shall not apply.

The expression "agricultural lands and heritages" means any lands and heritages used for agricultural or pastoral purposes only, or as market gardens, orchards, or allotments, but does not include woodlands or land occupied together with a house as a park, garden, or pleasure ground, or any land kept or preserved mainly or exclusively for sporting purposes. Provided that if any question shall arise as to the lands and heritages falling within the foregoing definition it shall be determined summarily by the sheriff whose decision shall be final.

The expression "parish council" includes school board where a school rate is levied directly by a school board.

1.—(1.) The Secretary for Scotland shall ascertain and certify the amount which is to be taken as having been raised during the local financial year ending the fifteenth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six, by each rating authority by each rate to which this Act applies, and the portion of such amount which represents the occupiers' share of such rate in each rateable area.

(2.) The Secretary' for Scotland shall ascertain and certify the valuation of each rateable area to which this Act applies for the said year, and the portion of such valuation which represents the valuation of agricultural lands and heritages.

(3.) That part of the occupiers' share of each rate which represents the portion borne by the valuation of agricultural lands and heritages in the rateable area to the whole valuation of the rateable area shall to the extent of five-eighths thereof, ascertained and certified by the Secretary for Scotland, to the amount regulating


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1896. the distribution of the balance of moneys herein -after mentioned in respect of that rate.

(4.) The Secretary for Scotland may in case of error amend, or for the purpose of meeting any alteration in an area or authority to which a certificate relates may vary, a certificate under this Act, and any such amendment or variation shall have effect from the date of the original certificate, or any later date fixed by the said Secretary, but, save as in this section provided, a certificate shall be final and binding on all persons.

3.—(1.) During the continuance of this Act, the Commissioners Payment to of Inland Revenue, in such manner, by such payments, and under such regulations as the Treasury may direct, shall pay to the Local Taxation (Scotland) Account, out of the proceeds of the estate duty Account, derived in Scotland from personal property, such sums as may be ascertained by the Treasury to be equal to eleven eightieth parts of the sums payable under the to the Local Taxation Account therein mentioned.

(2.) The first payment under this section shall be made during the six months ending on the thirty-first day of March next after the passing of this Act, so as to make up a half-yearly payment to meet the payments out of the Local Taxation (Scotland) Account which may be made during the six ensuing months.

4. The sums paid to the Local Taxation (Scotland) Account under this Act in respect of any financial year shall be applied by or under the direction of the Secretary for Scotland in manner Taxation following (that is to say):—

(1.) In paying to the Commissioners of Inland Revenue the sums payable during that year for land tax by royal burghs and burghs of barony or regality in Scotland; and in paying to any burgh a sum equal to the annual amount of the land tax redeemed by such burgh; and

(2.) In transferring to an authority to be hereafter determined by Act of Parliament the sum of fifteen thousand pounds for the improvement of congested districts in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, such sum to be applied as may be provided in the said Act, and until so applied to remain to the credit of the Local Taxation (Scotland) Account; and

(3.) In distributing the balance among county councils and parish councils in Scotland in proportion to the amounts ascertained and certified as herein-before provided for the purpose of regulating such distribution.

(4.) Every sum paid or payable under this Act out of the Local Taxation (Scotland) Account to any authority in respect of any rate shall for all purposes be deemed to have been raised or to be raiseable from occupiers by the said rate.

5. As from the fifteenth day of May next after the passing of Certain this Act, and during the continuance thereof, section thirty-sixof the the  and all enactments which require assessments during leviable by county councils under the Public Health (Scotland)


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Rh course, and it roars and tumbles savagely over the obstruction. A French guide-book asserts that at the spot an English lady, the Lady Clara, standing on the bridge, recited the celebrated soliloquy of Hamlet, in this fashion: "To die, to slip!" and then flung herself into the abyss. No such an incident ever occurred there.

The Brêche de Roland, a gash in the high ridge of snow and rock above Gavarnie, now becomes visible, as Pragnères is reached, but it is invisible from Gavarnie itself.

The story goes that Roland hacked this opening in the rock with his sword Durandal in the hopes of breaking the blade, so that the Saracens might not get possession of it at his death. But the tale has been transferred hither from Roncevaux. It is certainly curious to note how that legends of Roland have attached themselves to numerous places in the Pyrenees from west to east. He occupies there the place that King Arthur does in England, Scotland, and Wales. We have seen how that at S. Savin he was said to have fought with giants. Now it is a curious fact that according to tradition Vizos, near Luz, was occupied by a race of giants called Empresous, les Preux, and that representatives of them remained on there till the end of the eighteenth century. The Revolution seems to have cut them down, for we hear of no others since then. In the Archives of Luz is a record of the death of an Empresou named Barèque, in 1771, at the age of a hundred and ten. These giants had a cemetery of their own, and a baptistery of their own. They seem to have been regarded with something like the repulsion with which the Cagots were considered. In the churchyard have been turned up human bones of extraordinary size.

The valley or gorge of the Gave has been much belauded and often described. This naturally has produced

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348 Acts to be levied in like manner as the assessment for the relief of the poor, and all classifications other than certified classifications and all established usages under the provisions of section thirty-five of the, shall have no force or effect.

Provided that, notwithstanding the provisions of this Act, a parish council shall have power (1) to alter any classification so far as necessary to enable it to become a certified classification, or (2) to abandon any certified classification.

6. In the case of any holding in a crofting parish, the Crofters Commission in fixing a fair rent for such holding shall not be entitled to take into account the relief effected by this Act from a proportion of the consolidated rate, poor rate, and other rates before mentioned.

7. This Act may be cited as the Agricultural Rates, Congested Districts, and Burgh Land Tax Belief (Scotland) Act, 1896.

8. This Act shall continue in force for five years after the thirty-first day of March next after the passing thereof, and no longer, unless continued by Parliament.

An Act to make provision for the Construction of a Railway in Africa, from Mombasa to the Victoria Nyanza, through the Protectorates of Zanzibar, British East Africa, and Uganda. {{right|{{larger|[14th August 1896.]}}

{{di|W}}HEREAS it is expedient to provide for the construction of a railway (in this Act called the Uganda Railway) from Mombasa on the east coast of Africa to the Victoria Nyanza through the protectorates of Zanzibar, British East Africa, and Uganda, at an estimated cost, exclusive of the expenditure authorised by the {{Short-title|s=Appropriation Act|y=1895 (s. 2)|c=Appropriation Act, 1895, session two,}} of three million pounds:

Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:

{{L sidenote|Issue of money out of Consolidated Fond for purposes of Act}}1.—(1.) The Treasury shall issue out of the Consolidated Fund or the growing produce thereof such sums not exceeding in the whole the sum of three million pounds as may be required by a Secretary of State for defraying the costs of the construction of the Uganda Railway, whether incurred before or after the passings of this Act. (2.) Before any money is issued under this section, the Secretary of State shall submit to the Treasury an estimate, with such details as may be required by them, of the expenditure and period for and within which it is proposed to expend that money.

{{L sidenote|Borrowing for purposes of Act and accounts and audit }} 2.—(1.) The Treasury may, if they think fit, at any time for the purpose of providing money for the issue of sums out of the  {{sidenotes end}}


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Sixtieth session Agenda item 26

The General Assembly,

Having examined the report of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples,

Recalling its resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960, containing the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, and all its subsequent resolutions concerning the implementation of the Declaration, the most recent of which was resolution 59/136 of 10 December 2004, as well as the relevant resolutions of the Security Council,

Bearing in mind its resolution 55/146 of 8 December 2000, by which it declared the period 2001-2010 the Second International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism, and the need to examine ways to ascertain the wishes of the peoples of the Non-Self-Governing Territories on the basis of resolution 1514 (XV) and other relevant resolutions on decolonization,

Recognizing that the eradication of colonialism has been one of the priorities of the United Nations and continues to be one of its priorities for the decade that began in 2001,

Reconfirming the need to take measures to eliminate colonialism by 2010, as called for in its resolution 55/146,

Reiterating its conviction of the need for the eradication of colonialism, as well as racial discrimination and violations of basic human rights,

Noting with satisfaction the achievements of the Special Committee in contributing to the effective and complete implementation of the Declaration and other relevant resolutions of the United Nations on decolonization,

Stressing the importance of the formal participation of the administering Powers in the work of the Special Committee,


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1896.  Consolidated Fund under this Act, or repaying to that fund all or any part of the sums so issued, borrow money by means of terminable annuities for such period not exceeding thirty years from the passing of this Act as the Treasury may fix, and all sums so borrowed shall be paid into the Exchequer.

(2.) The said annuities shall be paid out of the moneys annually provided by Parliament for the foreign and colonial services; and if those moneys are insufficient, shall be charged on and paid out of the Consolidated Fund or the growing produce thereof, but shall not be payable as part of the permanent annual charge for the National Debt.

(3.) The Secretary of State shall in every financial year cause to be made out and laid before the House of Commons an account, in the form required by the Treasury, of the money expended and borrowed and the securities created under this Act, and the accounts of expenditure under this Act shall be audited and reported upon by the Comptroller and Auditor General as appropriation accounts in manner directed by the

3. This Act may be cited as the Uganda Railway Act, 1896.

  An Act to continue various Expiring Laws. [14th August 1896.] HEREAS the Acts mentioned in Part I. of the Schedule to this Act are, in so far as they are in force and are temporary in their duration, limited to expire on the thirty-first day of December one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six:

And whereas the Act mentioned in Part II. of the Schedule to this Act is, to the extent aforesaid, limited to expire on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven:

And whereas it is expedient to provide for the continuance as in this Act mentioned of those Acts, and of the enactments amending or affecting the same:

Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:

1.—(1.) The Acts mentioned in Part I. of the Schedule to this Act shall, to the extent specified in column three of that Schedule, be continued until the thirty-first day of December one thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven, and shall then expire, unless further continued.

(2.) The Act mentioned in Part II. of the Schedule to this Act shall, to the extent specified in column three of that Schedule, be continued until the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-eighty and shall then expire, unless further continued.

(3.) Any unrepealed enactments amending or affecting the enactments continued by this Act shall, in so far as they


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 Governing Territories to their natural resources, including land, and to establish and maintain control over the future development of those resources, and requests the administering Powers to take all necessary steps to protect the property rights of the peoples of those Territories;

12. Urges all States, directly and through their action in the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system, to provide moral and material assistance to the peoples of the Non-Self-Governing Territories, and requests the administering Powers to take steps to enlist and make effective use of all possible assistance, on both a bilateral and a multilateral basis, in the strengthening of the economies of those Territories;

13. Reaffirms that the United Nations visiting missions to the Territories are an effective means of ascertaining the situation in the Territories, as well as the wishes and aspirations of their inhabitants, and calls upon the administering Powers to continue to cooperate with the Special Committee in the discharge of its mandate and to facilitate visiting missions to the Territories;

14. Calls upon the administering Powers that have not participated formally in the work of the Special Committee to do so at its session in 2006;

15. Requests the Secretary-General, the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system to provide economic, social and other assistance to the Non-Self-Governing Territories and to continue to do so, as appropriate, after they exercise their right to self-determination, including independence;

16. Approves the report of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples covering its work during 2005, including the programme of work envisaged for 2006;

17. Requests the Secretary-General to provide the Special Committee with the facilities and services required for the implementation of the present resolution, as well as the other resolutions and decisions on decolonization adopted by the General Assembly and the Special Committee.

62nd plenary meeting 8 December 2005

_______________

Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixtieth Session, Supplement No. 23 (A/60/23).

Ibid., chap. II, annex.

Resolution 217 A (III).

See resolution 54/91.


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United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/60/472

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Noting with interest the cooperation and active participation of some administering Powers in the work of the Special Committee, and encouraging the others also to do so,

Taking note of the fact that the Special Committee held a Caribbean regional seminar on the mid-term review, follow-up and priorities for action of the Second International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism at Canouan, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, from 17 to 19 May 2005,

1. Reaffirms its resolution 1514 (XV) and all other resolutions and decisions on decolonization, including its resolution 55/146, by which it declared the period 2001-2010 the SecondInternational Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism, and calls upon the administering Powers, in accordance with those resolutions, to take all necessary steps to enable the peoples of the Non-Self- Governing Territories concerned to exercise fully as soon as possible their right to self-determination, including independence;

2. Reaffirms once again that the existence of colonialism in any form or manifestation, including economic exploitation, is incompatible with the Charter of the United Nations, the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights;

3. Reaffirms its determination to continue to take all steps necessary to bring about the complete and speedy eradication of colonialism and the faithful observance by all States of the relevant provisions of the Charter, the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights;

4. Affirms once again its support for the aspirations of the peoples under colonial rule to exercise their right to self-determination, including independence, in accordance with relevant resolutions of the United Nations on decolonization;

5. Calls upon the administering Powers to cooperate fully with the Special Committee to finalize before the end of 2005 a constructive programme of work on a case-by-case basis for the Non-Self-Governing Territories to facilitate the implementation of the mandate of the Special Committee and the relevant resolutions on decolonization, including resolutions on specific Territories;

6. Welcomes the progress made in the ongoing consultations between the Special Committee and New Zealand, as administering Power for Tokelau, with the participation of representatives of the people of Tokelau, as evidenced by the decision of the General Fono of Tokelau in November 2003 to actively explore with New Zealand the option of self-government in free association;

7. Also welcomes the dispatch of the United Nations special mission to Bermuda, at the request of the territorial Government and with the concurrence of the administering Power, which provided information to the people of the Territory on the role of the United Nations in the process of self-determination, on the legitimate political status options, as clearly defined in General Assembly resolution 1541 (XV) of 15 December 1960, and on the experiences of other small States which have achieved a full measure of self-government;


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Page:Implementation of the declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries (2006).djvu/3

8. Requests the Special Committee to continue to seek suitable means for the immediate and full implementation of the Declaration and to carry out the actions approved by the General Assembly regarding the International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism and the Second International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism in all Territories that have not yet exercised their right to self-determination, including independence, and in particular:

(a) To formulate specific proposals to bring about an end to colonialism and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-first session;

(b) To continue to examine the implementation by Member States of resolution 1514 (XV) and other relevant resolutions on decolonization;

(c) To continue to examine the political, economic and social situation in the Non-Self-Governing Territories, and to recommend, as appropriate, to the General Assembly the most suitable steps to be taken to enable the populations of those Territories to exercise their right to self-determination, including independence, in accordance with relevant resolutions on decolonization, including resolutions on specific Territories;

(d) To finalize before the end of 2006 a constructive programme of work on a case-by-case basis for the Non-Self-Governing Territories to facilitate the implementation of the mandate of the Special Committee and the relevant resolutions on decolonization, including resolutions on specific Territories;

(e) To continue to dispatch visiting missions to the Non-Self-Governing Territories in accordance with relevant resolutions on decolonization, including resolutions on specific Territories;

(f) To conduct seminars, as appropriate, for the purpose of receiving and disseminating information on the work of the Special Committee, and to facilitate participation by the peoples of the Non-Self-Governing Territories in those seminars;

(g) To take all necessary steps to enlist worldwide support among Governments, as well as national and international organizations, for the achievement of the objectives of the Declaration and the implementation of the relevant resolutions of the United Nations;

(h) To observe annually the Week of Solidarity with the Peoples of Non-Self-Governing Territories;

9. Calls upon all States, in particular the administering Powers, as well as the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system, to give effect within their respective spheres of competence to the recommendations of the Special Committee for the implementation of the Declaration and other relevant resolutions of the United Nations;

10. Calls upon the administering Powers to ensure that the economic activities in the Non-Self-Governing Territories under their administration do not adversely affect the interests of the peoples but instead promote development, and to assist them in the exercise of their right to self-determination;

11. Urges the administering Powers concerned to take effective measures to safeguard and guarantee the inalienable rights of the peoples of the Non-Self-


text:
Portal:United Nations General Assembly Resolutions/61

fa:قطعنامه‌های مجمع عمومی سازمان ملل Résolutions de l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies id:Wikisource:Resolusi Majelis Umum PBB 联合国大会决议


text:
Portal:United Nations General Assembly Resolutions/60

 * United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/60/472, 2006, 60/119. Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

fa:قطعنامه‌های مجمع عمومی سازمان ملل Résolutions de l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies id:Wikisource:Resolusi Majelis Umum PBB 联合国大会决议


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/370

350 temporary in their duration, be continued in like manner, whether they are mentioned in the Schedule to this Act or not

2.This Act may be cited as the Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1896.


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Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/284

 Victoria; and the followers of King William, under the pretence of demonstrating their ultra-loyalty, seized the opportunity to once more outrage the feelings of Irish Catholics. Outside their hall they exhibited a most offensive design, which naturally provoked a counter demonstration This was resented by the Orangemen within the building and the murder of an inoffensive boy was the result of their indiscriminate shooting amongst the crowd below. By a regrettable miscarriage of justice, the ringleaders in this disgraceful affair escaped the punishment they so richly deserved. The Protestant chaplain who accompanied the Queen's son, was himself deeply disgusted at the misconduct of the Orangemen on this occasion. At the 245th page of his narrative of the Prince's travels, he thus severely comments on the occurrence, and shrewdly philosophises on the evil results of the Orange organisation from its beginning:

"A serious disturbance, resulting in the loss of life, too place in front of the Protestant Hall in the course of the evening. On the night of illumination the front of the hall had been decorated with a large transparency, representing William III. crossing the Boyne, with a figure of Britannia on one side, and the motto, 'This we will maintain.' This exhibition of a design of such a decidedly party characters had been generally condemned as likely to provoke the animosity of an opposite faction, and the authorities tried but without success, to prevail upon the Orangemen not to exhibit it. On the night that it was lit up a few of the more excitable Ribbonmen loudly expressed their indignation at the party emblem, and threatened to destroy it, but contented themselves with throwing a few stones and slightly damaging it. On Wednesday night, however, a large crowd collected in front of the building, abused the Orangemen

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/284


text: Page:Philosophical Review Volume 1.djvu/731


text:
Page:Chronological Table and Index of the Statutes.djvu/377

 ;
 * See.

 * See ;.
 * See ;.

 * See.
 * See.

 * Excise duties on, and regulations as to
 * (E. S.) 32 & 33 Vict. c. 14. s. 18, &c.
 * (E. S.) 32 & 33 Vict. c. 14. s. 18, &c.

 * Carrying, in affray of the peace
 * 2 Edw. 3. c. 3.
 * Riding armed to be felony
 * 25 Edw. 3. stat. 5. c. 2.
 * Subjects may carry for defence
 * 1 Will. & Mar. sess. 2. c. 2.
 * Training to use of, without lawful authority.
 * See.
 * Prohibition of exportation or importation of, and of ammunition, gunpowder, &c., by proclamation or Order in Council.
 * See ;.
 * See also ; ;.
 * See also ; ;.

 * See ; ; ;.
 * See ; ; ;.

 * Punishment for riotous seizing of
 * 5 & 6 Vict. c. 28.
 * Carrying without licence, deposit of. And searching for, restrictions on sale of, or of gun-powder, and summary proceedings for offences as to, in proclaimed districts
 * 11 & 12 Vict. c. 2.
 * 19 & 20 Vict. c. 36.
 * 28 & 29 Vict. c. 118.
 * 33 & 34 Vict. c. 9.
 * 36 & 37 Vict. c. 24.
 * 38 & 39 Vict. c. 14.
 * See also ; ; ;.
 * See also ; ; ;.

 * Billeting and quartering of soldiers on anyone without his consent illegal
 * 3 Cha. 1 . c. 1.
 * 16 Cha. 1. c. 14.
 * 31 Cha. 2. c. 1.
 * Billeting and quartering except on innkeepers, &c.
 * See.
 * Billeting and quartering on officers and men in service of customs forbidden
 * 39 & 40 Vict. c. 36. s. 9.
 * Right of command of, in Crown
 * 13 Cha. 2. stat. 1. c. 6.
 * Standing, in peace, without consent of Parliament
 * 1 Will. & Mar. sess. 2. c. 2.
 * Government, discipline, and pay of.
 * See.
 * Seducing from allegiance or to mutiny
 * (E. S.) 37 Geo. 3. c. 70.
 * Will. 4. & 1 Vict. c. 91.
 * Certificate to discharged soldiers
 * 43 Geo. 3. c. 61.
 * Payment of half pay and pensions
 * 47 Geo. 3. sess. 2. c. 25.
 * 2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 106.
 * 26 & 27 Vict. c. 12.
 * Assignment of half pay and pension, and trafficking in commissions (see also).
 * 4 Geo. 3. sess. 2. c. 25.
 * 49 Geo. 3. c. 126.
 * 2 & 3 Vict. c. 51.
 * 38 & 39 Vict. c. 16. (Exchanges).
 * Examination and settlement of regimental and other accounts
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 128.
 * 26 & 27 Vict c. 12.
 * Retirement of officers on half or full pay
 * 51 Geo. 3. c. 103.
 * 52 Geo. 3. c. 151.
 * 26 & 27 Vict. c. 12.
 * Exemption of officers from serving on juries.
 * See.
 * Agents for regiments alone to receive pay, &c. of soldiers
 * 58 Geo. 3. c. 73. s. 4.
 * Administration to prize money and effects of soldiers, and payment of regimental debts
 * 2 & 3 Will.4. c.53.
 * 26 & 27 Vict. c. 57.
 * Laying before Parliament accounts of half-pay, pensions, &c.
 * 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 24. s. 25.
 * Substitution of declarations for oaths under Acts relating to army pay office
 * 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 62.
 * Provision as to one in fifty not being a British subject
 * 7 Will. 4. & 1 Vict. c. 29.
 * Commissions in, to natives of Ionian Islands.
 * See.
 * Commissions in, unaffected by demise of Crown.
 * See.
 * Enlistment, term of service, and re-enlistment in—
 * after 20th June 1867 (see also )
 * 30 & 31 Vict. c. 34.
 * 40 & 41 Vict. c. 7. s. 50. (temp.)
 * after 9th August 1870 (see also )
 * 33 & 34 Vict. c. 67.
 * 40 & 41 Vict. c. 7. ss. 50, 103. (temp.)
 * Desertion from and fraudulent confession of desertion (see also )
 * 10 & 11 Vict. c. 62. s. 10.
 * Enlistment for general service, and transfer from regiment to regiment (see also )
 * 33 & 34 Vict. c. 67. ss. 6, 7.
 * 40 & 41 Vict. c. 7. s. 103. (temp.)
 * 40 & 41 Vict. c. 7. s. 103. (temp.)


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text:
Author:Ridley Haim Herschell

Works

 * ‘A Brief Sketch of the Present State and Future Expectations of the Jews,’ 3rd edition, 1834, 12mo.
 * ‘A Visit to my Fatherland,’ London, 1844, 12mo.
 * ‘Psalms and Hymns for Congregational Use,’ 1846, 32mo.
 * ‘Jewish Witnesses; that Jesus is the Christ,’ 1848, 12mo.
 * ‘The Mystery of the Gentile Dispensation, and the Work of the Messiah,’ 1848, 12mo.
 * ‘Far above Rubies,’ a memoir of his first wife, 1854, 8vo.
 * ‘The Golden Lamp, an Exposition of the Tabernacle and its Services,’ 1858, 8vo.
 * ‘Strength in Weakness; Meditations on some of the Psalms,’ 1860, 16mo.
 * (ed.) ‘Voice of Israel’

title: Author:Ridley Haim Herschell


text:
Page:Whymper - Scrambles amongst the Alps.djvu/274

 Page 274 - Scrambles amongst the Alps - Whymper.jpg "WE SAW A TOE–IT SEEMED TO BELONG TO MOORE-WE SAW REYNAUD A FLYING BODY."


text:
User:Cantons-de-l'Est

Talk to me on the French Wikisource : Cantons-de-l'Est

title: User:Cantons-de-l'Est


text:
Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/285

 and their picture, sang 'The Wearing of the Green,' and ended by throwing a shower of stones at the obnoxious device. The people within the building immediately fired an indiscriminate volley in amongst the crowd. Two men and a poor boy were seriously wounded, and the boy eventually died from the effects of his wound. One man was arrested as he was escaping from the building, and others were subsequently captured who were known to have been inside at the time when the shots were fired. They were tried some weeks afterwards, but, for some reason or other not ascertained, were acquitted. Nothing can excuse the Orangemen for having in the first instance exhibited a party device, which they knew would provoke retaliation and lead to a breach of the peace. Amongst the numerous causes which may have combined to produce Fenianism, it becomes a question whether the constant irritation and annoyance inflicted on their enemies by Orangemen, in their noisy celebration of the 'Battle of the Boyne,' for the last two hundred years, have not had a much greater effect than all other grievances, fancy or real, put together. It is scarcely possible to conceive that even less excitable people than the Roman Catholic population of Ireland would tamely submit to incessant taunts and most provokingly contrived devices and emblems to remind them of defeat and subjection."

Reverting from this digression to the career of Sir John O'Shanassy, it has to be recorded of him that no man in his lifetime laboured more earnestly or more successfully to build up a new Ireland at the antipodes. Seeing around him a wide expanse of rich undeveloped country, he wisely encouraged emigration from the oppressed old land to the

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/285


text: Historical Essays and Studies/The Causes of the Franco-Prussian War


text:
Cato's Letters/Letter 100

SIR, I intend in this, and my next letter, to write a dissertation upon libels, which are liberties assumed by private men, to judge of and censure the actions of their superiors, or such as have possession of power and dignities. When persons, formerly of no superior merit to the rest of their fellow-subjects, came to be possessed of advantages, by means which, for the most part, they condemned in another situation of fortune, they often have grown, on a sudden, to think themselves a different species of mankind; they took it into their heads to call themselves the government, and thought that others had nothing to do but to sit still, to act as they bade them, and to follow their motions; were unwilling to be interrupted in the progress of their ambition, and of making their private fortunes by such ways as they could best and soonest make them; and consequently have called every opposition to their wild and ravenous schemes, and every attempt to preserve the people’s right, by the odious names of sedition and faction, and charged them with principles and practices inconsistent with the safety of all government.

This liberty has been approved or condemned by all men, and all parties, in proportion as they were advantaged or annoyed by it. When they were in power, they were unwilling to have their actions scanned and censured, and cried out, that such licence ought not to be borne and tolerated in any well-constituted commonwealth; and when they suffered under the weight of power, they thought it very hard not to be allowed the liberty to utter their groans, and to alleviate their pain, by venting some part of it in complaints; and it is certain, that there are benefits and mischiefs on both sides the question.

What are usually called libels, undoubtedly keep great men in awe, and are some check upon their behaviour, by shewing them the deformity of their actions, as well as warning other people to be upon their guard against oppression; and if there were no further harm in them, than in personally attacking those who too often deserve it, I think the advantages which such persons receive will fully atone for the mischiefs which they suffer. But I confess, that libels may sometimes though very rarely, foment popular and perhaps causeless discontents, blast and obstruct the best measures, and now and then promote insurrections and rebellions; but these latter mischiefs are much seldomer produced than the former benefits; for power has so many advantages, so many gifts and allurements to bribe those who bow to it, and so many terrors to frighten those who oppose it; besides the constant reverence and superstition ever paid to greatness, splendor, equipage, and the shew of wisdom, as well as the natural desire which all or most men have to live in quiet, and the dread which they have of publick disturbances, that I think I may safely affirm, that much more is to be feared from flattering great men, than detracting from them.

However, it is to be wished, that both could be prevented; but since that is not in the nature of things, whilst men have desires or resentments, we are next to consider how to prevent the great abuse of it, and, as far as human prudence can direct, preserve the advantages of liberty of speech, and liberty of writing (which secures all other liberties) without giving more indulgence to detraction than is necessary to secure the other: For it is certainly of much less consequence to mankind, that an innocent man should be now and then aspersed, than that all men should be enslaved.

Many methods have been tried to remedy this evil: In Turkey, and in the eastern monarchies, all printing is forbidden; which does it with a witness: for if there can be no printing at all, there can be no libels printed; and by the same reason there ought to be no talking, lest people should talk treason, blasphemy, or nonsense; and, for a stronger reason yet, no preaching ought to be allowed, because the orator has an opportunity of haranguing often to a larger auditory than he can persuade to read his lucubrations: but I desire it may be remembered, that there is neither liberty, property, true religion, art, sciences, learning, or knowledge, in these countries.

But another method has been thought on, in these western parts of the world, much less effectual, yet more mischievous, than the former; namely, to put the press under the direction of the prevailing party; to authorize libels to one side only, and to deny the other side the opportunity of defending themselves. Whilst all opinions are equally indulged, and all parties equally allowed to speak their minds, the truth will come out; even, if they be all restrained, common sense will often get the better: but to give one side liberty to say what they will, and not suffer the other to say any thing, even in their own defence, is comprehensive of all the evils that any nation can groan under, and must soon extinguish every seed of religion, liberty, virtue, or knowledge.

It is ridiculous to argue from the abuse of a thing to the destruction of it. Great mischiefs have happened to nations from their kings and their magistrates; ought therefore all kings and magistrates to be extinguished? A thousand enthusiastick sects have pretended to deduce themselves from scripture; ought therefore the holy writings to be destroyed? Are men’s hands to be cut off, because they may and sometimes do steal and murder with them? Or their tongues to be pulled out, because they may tell lies, swear, or talk sedition?

There is scarce a virtue but borders upon a vice, and, carried beyond a certain degree, becomes one. Corruption is the next state to perfection: Courage soon grows into rashness; generosity into extravagancy; Frugality into avarice; justice into severity; religion into superstition; zeal into bigotry and censoriousness; and the desire of esteem into vainglory. Nor is there a convenience or advantage to be proposed in human affairs, but what has some inconvenience attending it. The most flaming state of health is nearest to a plethory: There can be no protection, without hazarding oppression; no going to sea, without some danger of being drowned; no engaging in the most necessary battle, without venturing the loss of it, or being killed; nor purchasing an estate, going to law, or taking physick, without hazarding ill titles, spending your money, and perhaps losing your suit, or being poisoned. Since therefore every good is, for the most part, if not always, accompanied by some evil, and cannot be separated from it, we are to consider which does predominate; and accordingly determine our choice by taking both, or leaving both.

To apply this to libels: If men be suffered to preach or reason publickly and freely upon certain subjects, as for instance, upon philosophy, religion, or government, they may reason wrongly, irreligiously, or seditiously, and sometimes will do so; and by such means may possibly now and then pervert and mislead an ignorant and unwary person; and if they be suffered to write their thoughts, the mischief may be still more diffusive; but if they be not permitted, by any or all these ways, to communicate their opinions or improvements to one another, the world must soon be over-run with barbarism, superstition, injustice, tyranny, and the most stupid ignorance. They will know nothing of the nature of government beyond a servile submission to power; nor of religion, more than a blind adherence to unintelligible speculations, and a furious and implacable animosity to all whose mouths are not formed to the same sounds; nor will they have the liberty or means to search nature, and investigate her works; which employment may break in upon received and gainful opinions, and discover hidden and darling secrets. Particular societies shall be established and endowed to teach them backwards, and to share in their plunder; which societies, by degrees, from the want of opposition, shall grow as ignorant as themselves: Armed bands shall rivet their chains, and their haughty governors assume to be gods, and be treated as such in proportion as they cease to have human compassion, knowledge, and virtue. In short, their capacities will not be beyond the beasts in the field, and their condition worse; which is universally true in those governments where they lie under those restraints.

On the other side, what mischief is done by libels to balance all these evils? They seldom or never annoy an innocent man, or promote any considerable error. Wise and honest men laugh at them and despise them, and such arrows always fly over their heads, or fall at their feet. If King James had acted according to his coronation oath, and kept to the law, Lilly-Bulero might have been tuned long enough before he had been sung out of his kingdoms. And if there had been no South-Sea scheme, or if it had been justly executed, there had been no libels upon that head, or very harmless ones. Most of the world take part with a virtuous man, and punish calumny by the detestation of it. The best way to prevent libels, is not to deserve them, and to despise them, and then they always lose their force; for certain experience shews us, that the more notice is taken of them, the more they are published. Guilty men alone fear them, or are hurt by them, whose actions will not bear examination, and therefore must not be examined. It is fact alone which annoys them; for if you will tell no truth, I dare say you may have their leave to tell as many lies as you please.

The same is true in speculative opinions. You may write nonsense and folly as long as you think fit, and no one complains of it but the bookseller: But if a bold, honest, and wise book sallies forth, and attacks those who think themselves secure in their trenches, then their camp is in danger, they call out all hands to arms, and their enemy is to be destroyed by fire, sword, or fraud. But it is senseless to think that any truth can suffer by being thoroughly searched, or examined into; or that the discovery of it can prejudice true religion, equal government, or the happiness of society, in any respect: Truth has so many advantages above error, that she wants only to be shewn, to gain admiration and esteem; and we see every day that she breaks the bonds of tyranny and fraud, and shines through the mists of superstition and ignorance: and what then would she do, if these barriers were removed, and her fetters taken off?

Notwithstanding all this, I would not be understood, by what I have said, to argue, that men should have an uncontrolled liberty to calumniate their superiors, or one another; decency, good manners, and the peace of society, forbid it: But I would not destroy this liberty by methods which will inevitably destroy all liberty. We have very good laws to punish any abuses of this kind already, and I well approve them, whilst they are prudently and honestly executed, which I really believe they have for the most part been since the Revolution: But as it cannot be denied, that they have been formerly made the stales of ambition and tyranny, to oppress any man who durst assert the laws of his country, or the true Christian religion; so I hope that the gentlemen skilled in the profession of the law will forgive me, if I entrench a little upon their province, and endeavour to fix stated bounds for the interpretation and execution of them; which shall be the subject of my next letter.

T I am, &c.

title: Cato's Letters/Letter 100