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 their action upon a wet tatty, keeps the house comparatively cool.

4. THE PUNJAUB.—The climate of Lahore is very different from that of the Central Provinces along the Ganges, and is quite uninfluenced by the monsoon. The prevailing wind during the hot season is from the east, its cooling properties on a tatty are very feeble, and the delicious coolness and comfort derived from tatties in Upper India are little known at Lahore.

An occasional shower, perhaps once in eight, ten, or fifteen days, falls during April, May and June, and though it cools the atmosphere for a couple of days, yet the dampness it engenders prevents the action of the tatty. The heat is consequently very great, and the thermometer ranges from 85° to 95°, or even 100°, in the best houses, rendering punkahs, both night and day, indispensable. The hot weather, really distressing hot weather, however, does not commonly commence till 15th April.

The dust is something incredible. People in England, or even in the Upper Provinces, will not believe, that for days and weeks together the azure vault of heaven, with not a cloud upon it, is as completely eclipsed by impalpable dust as during the densest London fog; and when the wind is high, an elephant might pass by unseen


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 occupied by the governor of the Straits; there are several other country houses perched amongst the tops of the hills, and available for rent. The rains and fogs are very frequent and very heavy; and the temperature is about ten degrees lower than that of the town; 72, while below it is 82 degrees, but it is a very dull abode for a stranger. There is much trouble in obtaining supplies, and few people like a long residence there.

The population of Penang is extremely mixed, being Malays, Burmese, Chinese, and Hindostannies. Penang is one of the penal settlements of India, and a large number of felons are there undergoing punishment. A resident magistrate, and an assistant-surgeon are stationed here, and the wing of a regiment from Madras.

4. MALACCA. is the next station in proceeding down the Straits. It is very little frequented by strangers; the country is low and swampy, here and there varied by a little rising hill. The scenery is not agreable, either dense groves of cocoa-nuts or impenetrable forests. The atmosphere is intensely damp;the sky generally cloudy and overcast, with frequent heavy showers. The town is of considerable extent, of Dutch construction, and may contain 15,000 inhabitants, of whom Chinese and Portuguese form a large proportion. The Chinese are the most wealthy, and

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 only a few yards away. The slightest wind raises it in clouds, a string of camels darkens the horizon, a cavalry parade obscures the whole hemisphere for hours after; once or twice in a month, in a week, or sometimes in a day, a storm of dust takes place that baffles all description; yet the following transcript from my note book may give some idea of it:— "The weather had been unusually calm and sultry for some days previous; during the forenoon the sky was heavily overcast, a slight breeze only was fanning the date trees at intervals, and now and then a magnificent column, like a vidette of the approaching hurricane, wheeled spirally over the parade, and with its foot upon the earth, and its head in the heavens, disappeared upon the horizon. The thermometer was only 85°; the weather-door was left ajar to invite in a gentle current of air; the punkah was hanging motionless from the ceiling; the tatty reclining dry and dusty against the pillars of the verandah; and the punkah-walla and the bheestie were taking their araum in the open air, and plying their hookah. Old tyrant Sol never looked so bewildered before, he could not show his naked face anywhere; one could form no conception of his locality: no shadow followed his footsteps; his standing orderly, the sundial,had a perfect sinecure of it, and stood at ease all day long. It might have been morning


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 vessels, but where time is no object, and where the chief benefit to be obtained is at sea, I think the sading-vessel holds out most advanatages to the invalid.

3. PENANG.—The Straits and China is a favourite resort, especially in hot weather, for it is curious, that the climate of the Straits, though under the line, is less hot and less oppressive than during the warmest season in Bengal. Europeans do not dread the sun there as they do in India. Penang, or Prince of Wales Island, was in former years a good deal frequented, but now few visitors spend any time there. George Town, the capital, stands upon a large tract of level ground on the mainland side of the island. It is but of small extent, and the houses of the few residents are widely scattered, but it contains no hotel for the accommodation of travellers. The site of the town is so little raised above the level of the sea, that a large portion of it is flooded at high water; and where the sea is banked out, the soil is flowing with water, and converted into rice fields. Large tracts are planted with nutmegs and cloves, and nearly equal portions are in a state of nature, overgrown with mangrove and other jungle. The mountains are very steep on all sides, and clothed in deep forests. On the summit of the highest mountain, rising to 2,000 feet, stands a Government-house, occasionally


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 or evening twilight for any evidence he gave to the contrary, and one felt a sort of independence and impunity in stalking about under a sola topie at noonday, without the dread of being stared into night blindness,or knocked to the ground by one of his vertical beams. About 2 p.m. the breeze had died away to a perfect calm; not a leaflet was in motion; but allow dark arch of dust became perceptible on the northern horizon, gradually approached the zenith, and descended the southern hemisphere without being felt below. The hum of the crowd hurrying to their homes portended a coming storm; and man and beast were seen running for shelter in all directions. On came an army of clouds rolling, reeling and tumbling over one another in silent yet stupendous grandeur. Now it began to blow, increasing to a perfect hurricane, so laden with dust that neither man nor beast could stand against it,nor see to move a step; but lay down on the ground or in a ditch, where they happened to be. Day seemed suddenly changed into night; candles were lighted to see one's way across the room; on blew the wind for an hour, and on seemed to run a horizontal stream of dust: on looking out of the window the sky, if such could be called sky, presented a lurid blood-red hue as if it were charged with red-hot dust and ashes. Such might have been the last days of Pompeii and


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 in very delicate health, and a native servant will be desirable. A milch goat will also be very useful. She will give little trouble, and can be fed and housed with the ship's stock. Let him by all means take a swinging cot with him.

Making ones will is at all times a serious matter, few people like to think of it,but postpone it to some future opportunity. This is a great mistake, for in the event of the invalid's dying intestate in the Colonies, those most dear to him may, in consequence, have much difficulty, and be subject to years of delay before they can recover his property. Let him, herefore,have his will made in due form, registered, or left with his agents. But every officer ought to have his will made when in good health, so as not to be obliged to add to his despondency when ill.

The usual way of drawing one's pay while absent from India, is to authorise some house of agency in Calcutta to draw it monthly, receiving in return a letter of credit on the different places he may visit,for so much a month.

The last public document to be attended to, is the pilot's certificate. Blank forms will be given him by the adjutant-general, to be signed by the pilot on his leaving the ship, and his leave of absence will be calculated there from.

There is every facility in making the voyage to the Straits and China, both by steam and by


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prisoners of War


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, and had the same quantity of material fallen from the heavens that drifted along with the wind, Lahore would no doubt long ago have shared the fate of these celebrated cities. Not a flash of lightning illuminated the darkness, not a clap of thunder broke the monotony,not a drop of rain nor a hailstone fell, and even the wind was silent, as if stealing a march on some distant province; the storm sank exhausted towards evening, and the night became cool, calm, and serene. Next morning every article of furniture was embedded in dust, and if it had had adhesion enough, it would have furnished correct casts of domestic economy. The besom of destruction seemed to have swept the earth of every particle of dust, leaving only coarse gravel, konkur and brick bats, and one felt inclined to hope that matter for such another storm could not be pounded up for a month thereafter. But the sun of the Punjaub, and the sons and daughters of Lahore produce dust enough for such a storm once or twice a week. The roads of the old regime are ankle deep in dust, it plunges under the horses' feet like so much water, a carriage moving along at an easy pace reminds one of the old paintings of Aurora, the wheels enveloped in clouds and the rider only free.

Whirlwinds are very common in these arid regions; and in a calm day, when not a breath of


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 fresh air and the light of day, admitting nothing but salt water and the light of the sea, the heat and perspiration rendering the cabin untenable. The situation of an invalid under such circumstances, who requires more free air than a man in health,and is unable to leave his cabin, or his cot, is most distressing, and can be conceived only by one who has witnessed it. It was once my misfortune to attend a brother officer in a violent fever so situated, and during a gale of wind, and he soon became delirious and died. I would strongly dissuade any invalid against engaging a cabin on the lower deck of any ship, not excepting the magnificent ships of Messrs. Green & Co., or Smith & Co. A cabin on the poop will be one-third more expense,but this must not be thought of when the recovery of health is concerned. At the same time, I consider a voyage to England in a poop cabin of one of the above companies' ships, with a good table and a pleasant party of passengers, more likely to restore a person to health than any other possible means he can have recourse to, in the same space of time. Having obtained leave to sea, the invalid will do well to be on board his ship the day before she drops down the river; he will thus have time to put everything in its proper place and lash it down. A small private store of jam, raspberry vinegar, arrow-root and tapioca, and a box of spices, if


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 to be got at all the presidencies, who negociate such affairs for their constituents.

2. PRECAUTIONS.—Though no change contributes so certainly and rapidly to convalescence as going to sea, yet proper precautions are necessary before embarking, and if the invalid hurries on board-ship without these, he will soon have occasion to repent of it, and get worse instead of better.

The P. and O. Steamers, crowded with one or two hundred passengers, are not the conveyances for one seriously indisposed; where privacy, peace and quiet are unknown, and the whole frame from stem to stern is inconstant vibration; where he must share a space of six feet square, with one or two, perhaps, as great invalids as himself, and where even if he had a cabin to himself, especially on the lower deck, the heat would render it intolerable. Even the magnificent sailing ships in port are not to be fixed upon at hazard, for they differ as widely as their captains in their comfort and accommodation. No two things differ so widely as a passenger-ship lying at anchor in the Hoogly for the inspection of passengers, and the same ship fully laden and under sail at sea; in the river all light, and air, and peace, and quietness; at sea,perhaps all dark, damp and unventilated; intolerably hot and unwholesome; the ports instead of


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 air is stirring, four, six or more of such columns may be counted at one time. A spiral column of dense dust first makes it appearance on the ground, with abase of ten or twelve feet diameter, and gyrations from twenty to forty in a minute. Every light body is caught in its eddies, and twisted up with great velocity to the sky. Its onward motion is crooked and irregular, perhaps only one or two miles an hour, and the noise as it advances resembles the crackling of a large fire. The atmosphere beyond the gyrations is not in the least agitated; and one may walk in company with it, only a few yards apart, and watch its phenomena without being sensible of its force or sprinkled with its dust. After traversing the earth for a mile or two, it gradually becomes expended, and its tract remains on the sky for some time after all is quiet on the ground. I feel at a loss to account for such winds by any known theory, though the cause is probably the same as that of the waterspout: they occur only in calm weather, and are not known in a stormy day, nor does either thunder or lightning accompany them, or any change of weather follow them. These whirlwinds strikingly exemplify the lately-discovered law of storms, though only in miniature; and I have no doubt if their scientific authors were in the Punjaub, they would be able to make most valuable notes in their horn book.


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 The mirage is also seen in great perfection in the Punjaub, and an arid waste of sand is apparently as if by magic transformed into a beautiful lake, fringed with foliage.

Meteors are very frequent, with a degree of splendour and duration seldom equalled; thunder and lightning are less frequent and less vivid than in other parts of India.

The rains that afford so much relief in the Central Provinces, and are looked forward to as an oasis in the desert, are merely nominal at Lahore, and very little more falls during July, August and September than during the three previous months. Withal the rivers rise high, owing to supplies from the mountains, and if two or three days' rain take place, when it is so swollen by the snow, a large part of the country is inundated, as the following extract from my Note Book of July, 1847, will show:—

"A change is now come o'er the spirit of the dream; the rebellious dust that wont to fly into every body's face is now become a kneaded clod, a plastic mass of clay, fit for the mould of the brick-maker, or the trowel of the sculptor; the windows of heaven have been opened wide, and copious showers of welcome rain have fallen upon the fevered earth and the no less fevered inhabitants. The Ravee is full to overflowing, and has extended its dimensions up to the city walls and


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1. LEAVE TO SEA—FORMS.—When a sick officer arrives at the Presidency having been recommended by a division medical committee to proceed to sea, he must present his case to the garrison surgeon, or a presidency surgeon; and if he concurs in the original recommendation, the invalid must appear before the medical board in person, if able to do so; or if unable to leave his room, one of the members of the board visits him, and on the board's giving their final approval, he next applies for leave. Previous to his doing so, he must obtain vouchers from the presidency paymaster, the military auditor-general, the accountant-general, and if of the medical service,from the presidency dispensary; that there are no public demands against him; and furnished with these, he then finally submits his application through the assistant adjutant-general at the presidency, and his leave is granted. These forms of office are a very serious matter to any one in delicate health, and generally require eight or ten days to get through them; but there are army agents


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 entered some of its gates; every ditch is now become a canal, every hole a pool of water, every hollow a placid lake; islands, isthmuses and peninsulas have started into existence, and given new forms and features to the arid landscape, otherwise so tame and dreary. Large boats navigate the public thoroughfares, and excite nearly as much curiosity as an alligator or a dolphin would do; and if the water rises only three feet higher the whole cantonment of Anarkuullee will be under water, and become a peopled jeel."

Again, on the 13th July, I find—

"A week only has passed since a heavy fall of rain took place, yet the weather has become oppressively hot. The thermometer 87° to 90°; the atmosphere is loaded with vapour, so that objects cannot be seen a mile off. One feels as if in a vapour bath; and when sitting on a chair under a punkah, the perspiration trickles down the back in streamlets. I have no strength nor spirits to do any thing, both being below zero, and roll upon a couch most of the day." By the middle of September the heat begins to moderate, and by the 1st October the weather is temperate and agreeable. By the 1st November the temperature is delightful, sharp and frosty, and until the middle of April nothing could surpass the climate, yet six or eight months pass away without an inch of rain falling. Much


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 of Concan. The latitude of Mahableshwur is 17° 56' north, longitude 73° 30' east, elevation 4700 feet above the sea. Its distance from the coast is only twenty-five miles, and from Bombay seventy miles. The range of the thermometer runs from 61 to 72.

The Mahableshwur hills differ from most other sanataria in India,inasmuch, as all invalids leave them in the hot season. The rains are so excessive, as to render a residence there intolerable.

10. DEFECTS OF HILL CLIMATES.—I have now concluded a sketch of the Sanataria in India, resorted to by invalids in search of health. Would I could say to every sick officer, go to one, or other and you will get well but since I cannot, I may at least say, go there in hope, and get as well as you can, but be prepared for the rainy season. Infinite as are the advantages of all, over the plains, their climate is still imperfect, and the rainy season neutralizes a considerable portion of the benefits that would otherwise be derived from them. Some will be disappointed, and after one or two seasons spent amongst the hills, without the desired restoration to health, will be under the necessity of proceeding to sea.


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 cloudy weather occurs in the cold season, sometimes for weeks together, every day betokening rain, but it either ends in a dust storm or a few drops.

The peculiarity of the climate of Lahore, I may say of the Punjaub, is the extraordinary drought that exists throughout the year, so that where artificial means are not used to irrigate the soil, the country becomes a desert,hence the excessive aridity, the dust and heat. It has lately become a speculation whether the absence of vegetation and forest is a cause of drought, or whether in the event of these being increased to a large extent, rain would be more copious. That they stand in the relation of cause and effect, I think most certain, but which takes precedence, I imagine it is very difficult to decide. I have studied the phenomen a of clouds and rain in the Himalayah, but have not been able to trace any difference between what fell on a bare range of mountains and what on a range covered with forest; both seemed to partake of it alike according to their elevation; the higher the mountain the more cloud and rain; not the greater the forest the more rain.

Still we have well authenticated instances, where the cutting down of extensive forests greatly reduced the average fall of rain, but we want the counter argument to prove that the extension of forests added to the humidity of the climate;


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 nevertheless, the presumption is that it would, and were it possible to overrun the Punjaub with forest or vegetation more rain would fall, and the climate would be cooler.

As to the seasons of the Punjaub, they are nearly similar to those in upper India. The crops of wheat and barley, &c. being cut down in April, and those of the hot season in October.

The climate of the Punjaub does not seem favourable to animal life, especially of those parasite classes that frequent large cantonments in the north-west provinces. Mosquitoes are few, as well as fleas and bugs, white-ants, and ants in general; lizards, scorpions, jackdaws, hawks, vultures, jackalls, are far below the average; but flies, (the commonblack-fly), fire-flies, sand-flies, and crickets, swarm in every house. By means of good chicks the house-fly may be kept at bay,but the sand-fly abounds in every room. Though mere phantoms of material creatures, imperceptible to the ear and nearly so to the eye, and best discovered by their own shadow on the wall,and so fragile as to be broken into pieces by the stroke of a horse's hair, yet their bite is like the prick of a red-hot needle; and so venomous that the part swells to the size of half a cherry, remaining for days intolerably itchy, and requiring the greatest self-restraint to refrain from tearing it open: without noise, their assaults are unheard; their size


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 regiments generally, throughout the Madras presidency, similar to Landour and Darjeling, should be established in these hills, and I feel assured that government would be amply compensated for any expense incurred in its construction, by the saving annually of hundreds of valuable lives. Such an asylum offered to the sick soldier,dragging out a mere existence in the plains, would be hailed as a boon, and a blessing conferred upon the rank and file.

By a census given me by Dr. Cuirie, senior medical officer in 1853, the following officers visited the Neilgherries on medical certificate:

Dr. Currie reports in most favourable terms as to the climate of these hills. The only cases not likely to benefit by a residence there, are asthma, consumption, diarrhœa, dysentery, and affections of the liver.

9. MAHABLESHWUR HILLS.—This is the principal sanatarium of the Bombay Presidency. It stands on the ridge of the western ghauts, a range of mountains running parallel to the coast, and at this point separated from the sea by the district


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 enables them to enter curtains where a mosquito would not penetrate; and a thin covering of silk, or cotton or woollen gives no protection, for their fangs penetrate them all. A mosquito is a trifle to it, a bug or a flea easily repelled in comparison. More sleep is lost by this little wretch than by all other domestic plagues put together, and nothing but a punkah gives one a chance of a night's sleep.

Next to the sand-flies, the crickets are the great annoyance; they keep up a deafening chatter all night long;nor are they free from offence, but gratify their palates upon most things that lie about the room; boots and shoes, brushes,combs, backs of books and leather and cloth of most kinds; nay, I believe, they attack the very nails of our toes and fingers, for I never could account for the notches being made in any other way.

Next in precedence of annoyance comes a species of insect known from their shape by the name of "fish." They are equally modest and retiring as the sand-fly and the cricket, but do not prey upon humanity. Their particular taste lies in dress coats and warm clothing, paper, and pastry work and furriery; and, unless the owner is constantly on the alert and musters his wardrobe, he will most likely require a new outfit next cold season, when he comes to stand muster himself.

5. OF BURMAH.—The climate of Burmah


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{|
 * V
 * a good deal that of Bengal Proper, the country within the delta of the Irrawaddy being equally flat and liable to inundation; but the monsoon sets in much earlier, generally about the 12th of May, the rains continuing with occasional glimpses of sunshine, until the middle of September; during the rains the atmosphere is so excessively moist that every article in the house becomes mouldy, and unless dried once a week over a charcoal fire, one's clothes would rot in their trunks. Hence, every careful man, who consults his health and his economy, has a standing brazier of burning charcoal with a large frame of basket-work, to place over it, which he uses as a kiln to dry his clothes and everything else of value. For a month previous to the monsoon the heat of the day is very great; every article is of a temperature above blood-heat, and on sitting down on a chair one has the idea that some playful person has been heating it as a practical joke. However, the nights are at all seasons cool and admit of a sound night's sleep. Though most of the trees shed their leaves and remain bare during the cool weather, yet fires are unknown, and an Alpaca coat is warm enough even in what is called winter.
 * V
 * a good deal that of Bengal Proper, the country within the delta of the Irrawaddy being equally flat and liable to inundation; but the monsoon sets in much earlier, generally about the 12th of May, the rains continuing with occasional glimpses of sunshine, until the middle of September; during the rains the atmosphere is so excessively moist that every article in the house becomes mouldy, and unless dried once a week over a charcoal fire, one's clothes would rot in their trunks. Hence, every careful man, who consults his health and his economy, has a standing brazier of burning charcoal with a large frame of basket-work, to place over it, which he uses as a kiln to dry his clothes and everything else of value. For a month previous to the monsoon the heat of the day is very great; every article is of a temperature above blood-heat, and on sitting down on a chair one has the idea that some playful person has been heating it as a practical joke. However, the nights are at all seasons cool and admit of a sound night's sleep. Though most of the trees shed their leaves and remain bare during the cool weather, yet fires are unknown, and an Alpaca coat is warm enough even in what is called winter.
 * a good deal that of Bengal Proper, the country within the delta of the Irrawaddy being equally flat and liable to inundation; but the monsoon sets in much earlier, generally about the 12th of May, the rains continuing with occasional glimpses of sunshine, until the middle of September; during the rains the atmosphere is so excessively moist that every article in the house becomes mouldy, and unless dried once a week over a charcoal fire, one's clothes would rot in their trunks. Hence, every careful man, who consults his health and his economy, has a standing brazier of burning charcoal with a large frame of basket-work, to place over it, which he uses as a kiln to dry his clothes and everything else of value. For a month previous to the monsoon the heat of the day is very great; every article is of a temperature above blood-heat, and on sitting down on a chair one has the idea that some playful person has been heating it as a practical joke. However, the nights are at all seasons cool and admit of a sound night's sleep. Though most of the trees shed their leaves and remain bare during the cool weather, yet fires are unknown, and an Alpaca coat is warm enough even in what is called winter.

6. THE RAINS.—During such an ordeal, as the hot season, the rains are looked for with intense interest, and the exile awaits their approach as
 * }


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, if it were only kept in repair, and houses may be got to hire at moderate rent. An assistant-surgeon is stationed here, and the bazar is tolerably well supplied.

7. KOTAGHERRY.—Kotagherry has a climate in some respects similar to Coonoor, but there is no public accommodation there; many of the houses are in ruins and very few to be had for rent. There is no medical officer stationed there, supplies must be got either from Coonoor, which is thirteen miles distant, or from Ooty, which is seventeen miles distant. It is a bleak,bare, barren, blasted place, and affords very little inducement for invalids to live there.

8. JACKATALLA.—It is very remarkable, that the advantges of the Neilgherries should have been well known, and appreciated for more than thirty years, and that only very recently they have been thought of as a station for European troops. A wing of a European regiment is now quartered at Jackatalla, about three miles from Coonoor. At present they are living in temporary huts of wattel and daub, but substantial barracks in every way excellent are being built for their better accommodation. The health of the troops here is very good, the proportion of sick to well only 3 or 4 per cent., equal to that of England. It is much to be regretted, that no sanatarium for the reception of the sick of


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 the captive does the tread of the deliverer that is to set him free, and hails the first nimbous cloud upon the horizon as the traveller does the oasis in the desert—as the cast away mariner does the coming sad. The first roll of the thunder is welcome to his ear, as the signal gun of approaching assistance to the almost despairing warrior, and the first drops are as refreshing as a cup of cold water to a feverish patient, as auspicious as the first dew of perspiration on his burning forehead.

In Bengal, about the 20th of June, a change comes o'er the spirit of the atmosphere,and symptoms indicate the approach of the South West monsoon. The view is circumscribed with mist and haze: the air feels damp, and the tatty loses its cooling properties, the punkah is insisted on more urgently; the system feels more relaxed, the perspiration more clammy and profuse, and prickly heat more annoying. A nimbous cloud, with a fine cauliflower head, is seen on the western horizon, gradually ascends, accompanied by a whole army of others, which soon occupy the whole hemisphere. A portentous stillness prevads; the leaflets upon the trees hang motionless; the cattle of the field startle home; the birds of prey soar far aloft above the clouds; the natives are seen running for shelter in all directions, and the hum of the multitude in the bazars denotes active


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 of his step increases with the elevation, and,in the great majority of cases, rapidly conduct him to robust health and strength.

The monsoons seem to influence the seasons more than the declination of the sun. The sun is vertical twice a year, and consequently there are two springs, but these by the residents are little noticed, for vegetation is at no time suspended; the setting-in of the South-west monsoon is the most important day of the year. It generally sets in early in June, and continues till the middle of November; some years the rains and fogs are very continuous and disagreeable, and during others there are many intermissions of pleasant weather. The winter months are the most congenial, and this is the season when the Neilgherries are most frequented. Many visitors leave them during the South-west monsoon, averse to the rain and the fog.

6. COONOOR.—Yet the Neilgherries have an advantage peculiarly their own, and afford a transition of climate calculated to please and to benefit almost any invalid. If Ootacamund is found too rainy, foggy, and damp, one has only to cross over to Coonor, which is comparatively exempt from the above inconveniences and is considerably milder. It is only ten miles distant; is 12 or 1500 feet lower than Ooty, and 3° or 4° warmer. There is a very good hotel there, a good public


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 commissariat department admit of it, the traveller will do well to halt a few days at Sispara, for the scenery around it is exceedingly grand. This route is not practicable for carriages, but well adapted for riding.

5. CLIMATE.—The elevation of Dodabetta, the highest point of the Neilgherries,is 8,730 feet above the sea, and of the lake at Ootacamund, 7,361 feet; and few of the houses stand more than 500 feet above the level of the lake. The average height of the barometer is 23 inches; average fall of annual rain, 50 inches; average temperature, 58°; the extremes of heat being 32° and 77°. Hoar frost lies white in the morning during November, December, January and February; and people ride and walk about at all hours during the day, in the hottest weather without apprehension from the sun;warm clothing is worn at all seasons, a turf and wood fire after dark, and a couple of English blankets at night are at all times welcome; mosquito-curtains are unknown, and other domestic insects give no annoyance. Few climates in the world are more equable throughout the year,than the Neilgherries, equally removed from the winter and rough weather of our northern Sanataria, and the scorching heat of the plains. Indeed, there is a buoyancy and exhilaration in the air which is quite delightful, and the spirits of the invalid rise, and the elasticity


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 preparations being made for a coming storm. Soon the forked lightening flashes among the clouds, the thunder rolls high over head, the sun is eclipsed with dust, and darkness prevails, rendering candles in the house indispensable.

The storm now breaks with great fury, unroofing houses, upsetting carriages, tearing up trees by the roots; the electric fluid not unfrequently striking the earth and causing loss of life. The first drops of rain hop upon the dust like globules of mercury, and had stones, as large as pigeons' eggs, come tumbling down like grape shot. Now the monsoon is begun in real earnest, and the arid soil drinks deep of its abundance by its thousand fissures. Few people can contain their joy upon this occasion, and many rush out bareheaded into the shower, and saturate their clothes to the skin before they return.

The thermometer which wont to stand about 90° or 96° now falls 10°, and if the rains continue abundant seldom rises above 80° at sunrise and 85° at noon. Strangers are apt to believe that during this season the rain pours down incessantly by night and day. But so far is this from being the case, that it seldom rains for twelve hours in succession, and on an average seldom more than six hours out of the twenty-four. The forenoons are generally dry. The greater part of the rain falls in the afternoon or at night, and two or


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 during the day at Mundium and Goondlepet, where there are good bungalows, especially at the latter. Leaving Goondlepet about midnight, the traveller reaches Segoor, at the foot of the Ghaut, about nine, ; and reaches Ooty in the afternoon, the carriage going up without impediment all the way. However,as the carriage is both tedious and tiresome, it will be well to have a pony in readiness at Segoor, to ride up to Kulhutty to breakfast, where there is a good bungalow, and on to Ooty in the afternoon. Heavy baggage may be booked at Madras, and landed at Ooty with every facility and at a very moderate charge. By the above route there are only two hot stages, for on reaching the high table land of Mysore at Pulmanair, 3,000 feet above the sea, the temperature becomes quite agreeable.

Visitors from the West coast and from Bombay generally approach by the Khoondah Ghaut. They land at Calicut, embark in a boat at Baypore, not far from it, and proceed up the river in one tide to Ariacode, where there is a bungalow; there are other bungalows at Yeddemuttum, Woondoor, Sholakul, the last at the foot of the hid, 26 miles distant from Ariacode; thence to Sispara at the top of the Ghaut, 11 miles; to the Avalanche, 18 miles; and thence to Ooty, 13 miles. At Sispara and the Avalanche there are very good bungalows, but supplies doubtful. Should the


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 three days of continued rain do not happen above four or five times during the monsoon. Withal, the quantity of rain that fails is almost incredible in some provinces amounting to no less than eighteen or nineteen feet.

7. INUNDATION.—The Ganges now rises from forty to fifty feet, overflows its banks and inundates the country,like a sea. Boats pursue their course through the interior of the country, over corn fields and orchards, along the highways, or through lately populous streets, the streams of population being replaced by muddy water. The natives embark their goods and chattels to keep them dry, and tie their boats to the door posts; where the oxen lately trod out the corn, they swim across to higher pasture; the timid deer is driven from its haunts and glad to claim protection in a cow-house; the elephant and the wild hog swim from island to island and are often captured in the transit; and even the sulky tiger, tamed of his ferocity, has on such occasions sneaked into a cottage,and, docile as a dog,laid himself down an unwelcome guest in a corner. Contrary to what might be expected, these inundations carry little devastation and no care nor despondency along with them. In proportion to the inconvenience suffered now is the abundance of the coming harvest; according to the height to which the waters rise, so high rise the hopes of


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 the husbandman: for a copious sediment of rich alluvial earth is deposited on the lately cropped soil,which requires only to be stirred and sprinkled with grain to return fruit, some thirty, some sixty and some a hundred fold. The earth now teems with vegetation; the arid soil becomes a jungle; the growth of plants may almost be watched with the naked eye; and tender shoots run up into stems sixty or eighty feet in height in one season. Animal life is equally prolific; the soil is literally encrusted with toads and frogs and creeping things of every description, and the noise of insects is quite deafening.

The rains are more and more scanty and irregular towards the north-west. In the Punjaub very little falls during the hot season, and beyond the main chain of the Himalayah the monsoon is unknown.

8. THE COLD WEATHER.—About the middle of September the rains begin to intermit; about the 1st of October there is only an occasional shower; about the middle of October the monsoon generally changes, often with as much violence as it set in with;the wind settles in the north-east; and the weather becomes calm, cool and clear. By the 1st of November the temperature is very congenial, and till the middle or end of March no climate in the world could surpass it, especially in the north-western provinces. The


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 be raised about six feet, the present arch-ways through them should be contracted or closed, with a safety sluice at one end, as in the lowest bund, and thus admit of a sheet of water as high as the Botanic Gardens. It is a subject of universal regret that the banks of the lake should to this late day be as bare as a mill-pond,instead of being, as they might be, ornamented with trees. The trees of Australia grow splendidly in these hills, and require only two or three years protection from cattle to become independent. The scenery around Ooty, though tame and wanting in sublimity, is pretty, and the approach to it by the Segoor Ghaut, with its numerous white houses glistening in the sun, and the highest mountain, Dodabetta, forming the background,makes a very pleasing landscape.

4. ROUTES TO OOTY.—The best route from Madras to Ootacamund is via Arcot, Pulmanair, Bangalore, Seringapatam, Goondlepet, Segoor, and Kulhutty; distance about 300 miles. From Madras to Bangalore, the distance 208 miles, is performed by horse-transit in a comfortable spring carriage in three nights, resting during the day at Arcot and Pulmanair, where there are staging bungalows and the means of getting rice and a curry. At Bangalore there is a good hotel.

From Bangalore to Ootacamund the journey is made by relays of bullocks in three nights, halting


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 thermometer ranges from 40° to 60°. The invalid leaves his couch; the convalescent rapidly recruits his condition; the European feels new health and vigour diffused through his frame; enters upon a new lease of life, and feels a buoyancy of spirits and an elasticity of gait that is most delightful; he now glories in his strength; exercise is the greatest enjoyment; he becomes in a great measure reconciled to the fiery ordeal from which he escaped, and thinks it was all worth enduring to obtain such heavenly weather. The climate of the north-west provinces is, from 15th October to 15th April, unsurpassed by any region in the world.


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1. MODE OF TRAVELLING.—Before the Assistant-surgeon has been two months in Calcutta,he will be glad to leave it, and most probably will be ordered to some of the large stations of the upper provinces, Benares, Cawnpore, Merut, Umballa, Lahore, or Peshawur, to do duty under the Superintending-surgeon. This is the best thing that could happen to him, his pay will be increased to 256 a month, and he will be granted boat allowance, or have a free passage provided in one of the river steamers.

2.BOATING ON THE GANGES.—The best sort of boat for the river is a small beauleah or budjerow, with eight or ten oars; this contains two comfortable cabins, and a flat planked roof, where one can take exercise. A larger boat is generally unwieldy and too heavy for the crew allowed it. Up-countrymen are always preferred to Bengalese, and Hindoos to Mussulmen. Before engaging a boat, examine if she is sound, well found in cables sails, ropes, and a good iron anchor. Boats are engaged by the month or by the trip, the latter


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{|
 * XIII
 * are fast decreasing, and the very race seems threatened with extermination, unless Government take some means to suppress the unnatural custom.
 * XIII
 * are fast decreasing, and the very race seems threatened with extermination, unless Government take some means to suppress the unnatural custom.
 * are fast decreasing, and the very race seems threatened with extermination, unless Government take some means to suppress the unnatural custom.

3. THE LAKE.—The chief feature in the landscape is the lake, a serpentine sheet of water several miles in circumference, formed by throwing a high dam across the principal ravine, around which is the public drive. It is a very extraordinary fact that the authorities of Ootacamund are taking the most active measures to ruin the lake, the greatest ornament of these hills, which preceding authorities have gone to so much labour and expense to construct. A cutting at Kaitee, on a gigantic scale, for a new road to Coonoor is being made across a spur of the elk hill, and to save the expense of cooly hire in removing the earth, a stream of water is brought down from Dodabeth, by which thousands of tons of soil are washed away, a great part of which finds its way into the lake. Indeed, a great part of the head of the lake is already in a state of marsh. This is very much to be regretted, for the lake is being silted up, in order to save a trifle in excavating a road that I feel confident will not remain open two monsoons before it be closed by landslips. It appears to me that the very opposite policy ought to be adopted with reference to this beautiful lake—that the three upper bunds should
 * }


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 Fruit trees of all sorts, both tropical and temperate, grow well at Ooty, but the fruit is very indifferent, the rapid change of seasons, and the double spring ripening it before it is matured. Even European vegetables, though they grow well, are indifferent in flavor, with the exception of pulse and potatoes, which latter are very good, and are imported in large quantities to the plains. European flowers, however, thrive very well, and the parterres are rich in variety and luxuriant. Coffee is found to grow admirably at the height of 5,000 feet, and there are many extensive in these hills; and I have no doubt that tea also would be a successful speculation, for this plant thrives very well at Ooty.

Amongst the inhabitants of these mountains there is a very remarkable race called Todars, which is worthy of a few remarks. They are a very primitive, and a very fine people,entirely pastoral in their habits, and move about with their large herds of buffaloes from one locality and elevation to another, according to the season, living on the produce of their herds, and cultivating nothing. They do not intermarry with other tribes, and consequently their type is well preserved, but polyandryism is their system of matrimony; one woman being the joint wife of the sons of the same family, which custom is so unfavourable to progenitiveness, that their


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 is the best way. A written agreement should be made, and not more than one-third paid in advance, the rest by instalments at different parts of the voyage. Those not experienced in boating ought to allow the boatmen to have all their own way; for though the stranger may be convinced of their doing many things wrong, yet he will be a loser in time and temper by attempting to introduce improvement. The most important thing to be attended to is the place of spending the night. They should always, if possible, be made fast in a creek, where shelter may be got in the event of a storm; for a boat made fast on a leashore, with a great extent of water to windward, especially if the wind be against the current, is sure to be swamped. The means in use for ascending the river are sailing and tracking. When the wind is fair and strong enough, sail is set, and thirty or forty miles are sometimes made good in one day. When there is no wind, the crew walk along the shore, and drag the boat on by a long rope made fast to the top of the mast. In this last way ten or twelve miles a day is good work. When neither sail nor tracking can be had recourse to, the boatmen take to their oars, or push along with bamboos at the rate of only one mile an hour.

To one not acquainted with the navigation of large rivers, a voyage up the Ganges in country


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 and flowers planted round them, and vary in rent from 40 to 80, or 100 rupees per month. There is a handsome church here, where the bishop in general presides;a resident chaplain, and two medical officers, and a commandant, who is empowered with magisterial authority. There are excellent schools for both boys and girls; a first-rate hotel, and a comfortable club, and numerous shops well furnished with every article of European supplies, so that the visitor need incumber himself with nothing more than his personal baggage.

The roads are excellent, and fit for wheeled carriages all the way up, whilst numerous beautiful rides are cut along the hills that overlook it in every direction.

The vegetation of the Neilgherries is very different from that of northern India. There are no pine trees, no oaks, no walnuts, no chesnuts; but the rhododendron is abundant, growing to a diameter of two or three feet. The woods (the shoalas as they are called,) upon the table-land, are composed of low, stunted, crooked, gnarled trees,always in leaf, prettily tinted with all shades of green, so continuous and solid-looking, that one feels inclined to walk along upon their tops; but useless as timber, and without variety. Along the brows of the mountains the trees attain to a much larger growth, and afford the finest timber.


text:
Author:Lucius Hudson Holt

Contributions to EB1922

 * (section on )

Translations

 * The Elene of Cynewulf, by Cynewulf

title: Author:Lucius Hudson Holt


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1. NEILGHERRY HILLS.—These hills, the principal Sanatarium of the Madras presidency, stand in N. lat. 11° 30' E. long. 77° 30'; they are isolated all round with the exception of one neck that connects them with the western ghauts, and rise from the surrounding country in bold precipices, clothed in dense forests, or cleft by waterfalls into deep ravines. Their summits form an extensive table land, thirty or forty miles in length, by fifteen or twenty in breadth, diversified by innumerable hills and undulations, generally bare, with narrow valleys between, marshy and mossy, or filled with umbrageous trees.

2. 00TACAMUND.—In the centre of this table-land stands the principal station, Ootacamund, in an extensive valley, with numerous minor hills and valleys scattered over it, affording most convenient sites for houses,and every facility for the construction of roads. The houses, about 150 in all, are generally good, some with flat roofs, some thatched, and some tiled; for the most part furnished with a profusion of trees and shrubbery,


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 wished-for locality seems to have been found out in the province of Kunawur,in the valley of the Sutlej, beyond the great snowy range. There at Chini,in the midst of the most sublime scenery in the world, at an elevation of 5 or 6,000 feet above the sea, with a summer mild enough to bring grapes to perfection, and a winter cold enough to produce snow and ice, with little fog, no periodical rains and moderate showers at all seasons; in that happy land a climate appears to have been found, with every peculiarity desirable for European invalids.

The Marquis of Dalhousie lately spent one summer in Kunawur, and his Lordship and staff entertained the highest opinion of its advantages. Kunawur is but a thinly populated country, though possessing a most fertile soil, and every convenience for settlements. Chini, the most desirable site for a sanatarium, is only one hundred miles from Simlah, and a grand new road between the two is now almost completed, fit for beasts of burden.

It appears very desirable that a practical experiment should be made of its capabilities as a sanatarium, by locating a hundred invalids there for two or three seasons.


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 boats may possibly be considered a mere pleasure-trip; but much experience convinces me that it is full of risk both to person and property. The rate of insurance for a four month's voyage on the Ganges is about the same as that from Calcutta to London. Indeed, the management of a boat dining such a voyage, and with the appliances in use, is more precarious than that of a fine ship to England. One might imagine that nothing more was necessary than to continue to ascend and descend the stream,and he cannot go wrong; but the whole country is for three or four months of the year covered in a great measure with water and is more like an inland sea than a river without current or permanent landmark, where old channels are filled up every year, and new ones are formed; where the banks that resist the sapping of the river appear under so many different shapes; where at one time a large thriving town is created, and a month thereafter not a stick of it remains; in two or three months more an extensive tract is found covered with slime and alluvial deposit, and a month thereafter the villagers return and reconstruct their city of fresh reeds and bamboos as before. Even in the dry season, the Ganges is divided into so many channels and islands that it resembles a net, and renders it very difficult to determine the navigable channel. Then the voyager meets with rapids,


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 ten from Subathoo, at an elevation of 6,000 feet; the country in general bleak and bare,and without trees. Another European corps is stationed at Subathoo, at an elevation of only 4,000 feet, with much undulating ground well adapted for houses, and with a climate intermediate between Simlah and the plains; its winters are so mild that ice and snow are hardly known; its rains and fogs are also much more moderate, and its summer heat such as not to require a punkah. Many, therefore, prefer it as a residence throughout the year.

14. MURREE.—This is the most recent station selected for a sanatarium, and was established so late as 1851. It stands in north lat. 33° 50', and long. 73°;its elevation [from 7,000 to 8,000 feet; in the Hazarah country, and only forty-five miles distant from Rawul Pindee. It has the advantage of all the other sanataria in having much table land convenient for building, and the means of a carriage road all the way up. It abounds in wood and water, and has a calcareous formation. It is chiefly resorted to by officers cantoned in the Punjaub. Its climate and seasons differ but little from that of the Himalayah.

15. KUNAWUR.—The severe winters, the brooding mists, the excessive rains, and the pre-disposition to diarrhœa, peculiar to the whole Himalayah Sanataria, have of late directed public attention to some still more favored spot; and the


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 where all the strength of his crew is insufficient to drag the boat up stream, and often in such rapids the tracking rope breaks, when there are only two or three persons on board; the boat descends the stream like an arrow at the mercy of the current; perhaps it strikes upon a bank and upsets, or it may be that a mass, large as an elephant, tumbles from the high bank and swamps it. Then there are storms and lea-shores, and dashing waves equally formidable to the crazy craft and the primitive crew, as to a ship well manned at sea, and, what is worse, the boatmen on any emergency become panic-struck and desert the boat and the voyager at his utmost need, and worse still, the inhabitants on shore will render him no assistance. In the event of his boat's going to the bottom they will not allow him to enter their huts, no, not even their cow-houses, and he is driven to the shift of taking up his quarters in some uninhabited ruin. The natives of India with all their gentleness and inoffensiveness are probably the most inhospitable race on the face of the globe to all but those of their own caste. When wrecked, the stranger will run no risk of being injured in person or robbed of his property, but he must calculate on no fellow-feeling for his destitute condition.

But travelling by country boats, especially up


text:
Author:Luise Ernestine Charlotte von Eschwege von der Gröben

Works

 * (ed.) Ralph Heathcote; letters of a young diplomatist and soldier during the time of Napoleon, giving an account of the dispute between the Emperor and the Elector of Hesse. (1907)


text:
Author:Ralph Heathcote (1782-1854)

Works

 * Ralph Heathcote; letters of a young diplomatist and soldier during the time of Napoleon, giving an account of the dispute between the Emperor and the Elector of Hesse. (1907, collected and edited by his grand-daughter, Louisa Countess Gröben)

title: Author:Ralph Heathcote (1782-1854)


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 gorgeous colours as to drive the landscape artist to despair. I have seen many sublime scenes in many lands, but none to be compared to a sunset in the Himalayah.

13. SIMLAH, SUBATHOO, &c.—Simlah is the principal sanatarium in the Himalayah, and has been for many years the resort of the head quarters of the army (now moved to Calcutta), and occasionally of the Governor-General. It stands in north lat. 30° 36', and east long. 77° 10', at an elevation varying from 7,000 to 9,000 feet; but most of the houses are placed below 8,000 feet, and overlook the valley of the Sutlej, though at a distance of many miles.

It has a good club, and one or two hotels. Houses are abundant, and at moderate rents, and supplies of every description are procurable. Carriages are unknown there, but it abounds in the most picturesque rides. Umballah is the nearest station to it in the plains, the distance from it to Kallca, at the foot of the hills, is seventy or eighty miles, thence to Simlah forty or fifty miles.

A European regiment is stationed at Kussowlie 6,500 feet high. There is little or no table land here, the sites for the houses and barracks being scooped out of the mountains. A European regiment is stationed at Dugshai, eighteen miles distant from Kalka, eight from Kussowlie, and


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 stream, is now very rarely practised; and I shall introduce the stranger to the river steamers.

3. RIVER STEAMERS.—There are many steamers regularly running up the Ganges from Calcutta to Allahabad, but neither the Jumna nor the Ganges admits of their going beyond it. Government first took the lead in internal steam navigation, but now the greater number of their vessels have been withdrawn to Pegu, and the river is in a great measure left open to private speculation. The voyage from Calcutta to Adahabad is made in from fifteen to twenty days, and no better opportunity can be found of seeing Indian life and scenery than in such a trip. The stranger not pressed for time, cannot do better than engage a passage in one of the steamers. He will have a comfortable cabin to himself, as much tonnage as he requires, he will have a good table, plenty of society, a spacious deck to exercise upon: every evening the steamers anchor; and at most stations they halt a few hours, admitting of a run on shore, and an inspection of what is best worth seeing in the neighbourhood.

4. DAWKING.—There are no mail coaches in Bengal, but there are several transit companies, where one can take his passage along the grand trunk road almost to the banks of the Sutlej. The carriages are compact oblong ones, made to carry


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 and enlarging till the Dhoon is hidden from view. Soon this grand army forms into divisions, each advancing up some of the many ravines, filling every valley, and shrouding every ridge in impenetrable fog. About nine, the leading columns have got to the crests of the mountain, and a grand struggle takes place between the ascending clouds from the south, and the remains of the night wind from the north. Now, as the north wind lulls, the vanguard of a division rolls over the ridge, but as it freshens is driven back again, broken and dispersed over the curling heads of the main body in the centre. About half-past ten the day is generally decided, the south wind prevads, and a whole hemisphere of clouds bursts over the mountains like a deluge, rushes down the opposite valleys, and envelops the highest mountains in gloom. A steady heavy fog continues during the day, so damp, that every hair on one's cheek has its dew-drop. Now and then the sun looks through, the lightning flashes, and the thunder rolls. The windows of heaven are opened,and soon every crevice resounds with the rush of water. Towards sunset the north wind regains the ascendancy", the nimbous clouds are once more beat back to the plains, the lost sun comes out in glorious majesty, illuminating every rock and every ridge with golden light and purple shade, tinting the clouds and the sky in such


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 two passengers, one in front and one behind, with an intermediate frame to fit in between the seats, so as to admit of the recumbent position. Most people prefer paying extra, and having a carriage to one's-self. Enough baggage is allowed to supply one's wants on the journey. Travellers may either run along night and day, at the rate of seven or eight miles an hour; or they may halt a few hours at the numerous staging bungalows upon the route, paying a charge of one rupee for the accommodation. These bungalows are placed at from ten to fifteen miles distant along the whole trunk road. They all contain two or four suites of apartments, with an establishment of servants, and the means of getting comfortable meals at moderate rates. The first eighty miles are now performed by railway, which is open as far as Raneegunge.

Journeys off the line of the trunk road are performed by palanquin dawk; arrangements can be made with the postmaster at every station. The traveller provides his own palanquin, and Government the bearers, at the rate of eight annas a mile. He is allowed two men to carry his baggage, and can either move along continuously, at the rate of three or four miles an hour, or halt at staying bungalows, as may be convenient; for there are bungalows at convenient distances on the route to every station, even off the trunk line.


text: Author:Reginald Brodie Dyke Acland

title: Author:Reginald Brodie Dyke Acland


text:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities/C, K

Cabeiria – Camilli

 * Cabeiria
 * Caccabus
 * Kakegorias dike
 * Kakologias dike
 * Kakosis
 * Kakotechnion dike
 * Cadaver
 * Cadiscus
 * Caducariae leges
 * Caduceus
 * Cadurcum
 * Cadus
 * Caelatura
 * Caelibatus
 * Caelum
 * Caementum
 * Caeritum tabulae
 * Caesar
 * Caestus
 * Calamistrum
 * Calamus
 * Calathus
 * Calator
 * Calautica
 * Calcar
 * Calceus
 * Calculator
 * Calculi
 * Calda
 * Caldarium 1.
 * Caldarium 2.
 * Caldarium 3.
 * Calendarium
 * Calida
 * Caldarium
 * Caliendrum
 * Caliga
 * Calix 1.
 * Calix 2.
 * Callis
 * Callisteia
 * Callynteria
 * Calo
 * Calpis
 * Calthula
 * Calumnia
 * Camara 1.
 * Camara 2.
 * Camara 3.
 * Camilli

Caminus – Cardo

 * Caminus
 * Camisia
 * Campagus
 * Campana
 * Campestre
 * Campidoctores
 * Camus
 * Canabus
 * Canaliculus
 * Canalis
 * Canathron
 * Cancellarius
 * Cancelli
 * Candela
 * Candelabrum
 * Candidatus
 * Candys
 * Canephorus
 * Canistrum
 * Canna
 * Canon
 * Cantabrum
 * Cantharus
 * Canticum
 * Capis
 * Capisterium
 * Capistrum
 * Capita aut navia
 * Capital
 * Capitalis
 * Capite censi
 * Capitis deminutio
 * Capitium
 * Capitolini ludi
 * Capitulum
 * Capsa
 * Capsarii
 * Capsula
 * Cappulus
 * Caput 1.
 * Caput 2.
 * Caput extorum
 * Carabus
 * Caracalla
 * Carbasus
 * Carbatina
 * Carcer
 * Carceres
 * Carchesium
 * Cardo

Carina – Celox

 * Carina
 * Caristia
 * Carmentalia
 * Carnarium
 * Carneia
 * Carnifex
 * Carpentum
 * Carpou dike
 * Carrago
 * Carruca
 * Carrus
 * Cartibulum
 * Caryatides
 * Cassis
 * Castellum aquae
 * Castra
 * Castrenses
 * Catagogia
 * Catagrapha
 * Catalogus
 * Catalyseos tou demou graphe
 * Cataphracti
 * Catapirates
 * Catapulta
 * Cataracta
 * Kataskopes graphe
 * Catasta
 * Caeia
 * Catella
 * Catena
 * Catervarii
 * Katharmi
 * Cathedra
 * Catillus
 * Catinus
 * Caupo
 * Caupona
 * Causa liberalis
 * Causae probatio
 * Causia
 * Cautio
 * Cavaedium
 * Cavea
 * Cavere
 * Ceadas
 * Cedit dies
 * Celeres
 * Cella
 * Cellarius
 * Celox

Cena – Cheironomia

 * Cena
 * Cenaculum
 * Cenatoria vestis
 * Cenotaphium
 * Censitor
 * Censor
 * Censuales
 * Census
 * Centesima
 * Centesimae usurae
 * Cento
 * Centonarii
 * Centumviri
 * Centuria 1.
 * Centuria 2.
 * Centuriata comtia
 * Centurio
 * Centussis
 * Cepotaphium
 * Cera
 * Cercurus
 * Cerdo
 * Cerevisia
 * Cerialia
 * Cernere hereditatem
 * Cernuus
 * Ceroma
 * Certamina
 * Certi
 * Ceruchi
 * Cervesia
 * Cervi
 * Cervical
 * Ceryx
 * Cessio bonorum
 * Cessio
 * Cesticillus
 * Cestrosphendone
 * Cestrum
 * Cestus 1.
 * Cestus 2.
 * Cetra
 * Chalkeia
 * Chalcidicum
 * Chalcioicia
 * Chalcus
 * Charila
 * Charistia
 * Charta
 * Cheironomia

Cheirotonia – Circitores

 * Cheirotonia
 * Chele
 * Chelidonia
 * Chelys
 * Cheme
 * Cheniscus
 * Chernibon
 * Chernips
 * Cherostae
 * Chiliarchus
 * Chiramaxium
 * Chiridota
 * Chirographum
 * Chironomia
 * Chirurgia
 * Chiton
 * Chitonia
 * Chlaina
 * Chlamys
 * Chloeia
 * Choenix
 * Choes
 * Choraules
 * Choregia
 * Choregus
 * Chorobates
 * Chorus
 * Chous
 * Chreous
 * Chronologia
 * Chryselephantina
 * Chrysendeta
 * Chrysoaspides
 * Chrysous
 * Chthonia
 * Chytra
 * Chytropus
 * Ciborium
 * Cidaris
 * Cilicim
 * Cilliba
 * Cinctus gabinus
 * Cinerarius
 * Cineres
 * Cingulum
 * Ciniflo
 * Cippus
 * Cirsenses ludi
 * Circinus
 * Circitores

Circumlitio – Codex hermogenianus

 * Circumlitio
 * Circumluvio
 * Circus
 * Cirrus
 * Cisium
 * Cissybium
 * Cista
 * Cistophorus
 * Cithara
 * Civile jus
 * Civilis actio
 * Civis
 * Civitas
 * Clabularis
 * Clandestina possessio
 * Clarigatio
 * Classes
 * Classiarii
 * Classicum
 * Clathri
 * Claustrum
 * Clava
 * Clavarium
 * Clavis
 * Clavus
 * Clavus annalis
 * Clavus gubernaculi
 * Clavus latus
 * Clepsydra
 * Cleruchi
 * Clerus
 * Cleteres
 * Clibanarii
 * Cliens
 * Clientela
 * Clima
 * Clipeus
 * Clitellae
 * Cloaca
 * Cloacarium
 * Klopes
 * Coa vestis
 * Coactor
 * Cochlis
 * Coclea
 * Coclear
 * Codex
 * Codex accepti et expensi
 * Codex gregorianus
 * Codex hermogenianus

Codex justinianeus – Compensatio

 * Codex justinianeus
 * Codex theodosianus
 * Codicarii
 * Codicillus
 * Condon
 * Coemptio
 * Coena
 * Cognati
 * Cognitor
 * Cognomen
 * Coheres
 * Cohors
 * Colacretae
 * Coliphium
 * Collare
 * Collatio bonorum
 * Collectarii
 * Collegatarius
 * Collegium
 * Colliciae
 * Collybistes
 * Collybus
 * Collyrium
 * Colobium
 * Colonatus
 * Colonia
 * Colores
 * Colossus
 * Colum
 * Columbar
 * Columbarium
 * Columen
 * Columna
 * Columnarium
 * Colus
 * Coma
 * Comes
 * Comissatio
 * Comitia
 * Comitialis dies
 * Comitium
 * Commentarius
 * Commercium
 * Commissoria lex
 * Commissum
 * Commixtio
 * Commodatum
 * Communi dividundo actio
 * Comoedia
 * Compensatio

Comperendinatio – Convenire

 * Comperendinatio
 * Compes
 * Competitor
 * Compita
 * Compitalia
 * Compluvium
 * Compromissum
 * Comus
 * Concha
 * Conciliabulum
 * Conciliarii
 * Concilium
 * Concio
 * Conclave
 * Concubina
 * Condennatio
 * Condictio
 * Conditorium
 * Conductio
 * Condy
 * Confarreatio
 * Confessio
 * Confessoria actio
 * Confiscatio
 * Confusio
 * Congiarium
 * Congius
 * Connubium
 * Conopeum
 * Conquisitores
 * Consanguinei
 * Conscripti
 * Consecratio
 * Consensus
 * Consiliarii
 * Consilium
 * Consistorium
 * Constituta pecunia
 * Constitutiones
 * Consualia
 * Consul
 * Consularis
 * Contio
 * Contorniati
 * Contractus
 * Controversia
 * Contubernales
 * Contubernium
 * Contus
 * Convenire

Conventiones – Crobylus

 * Conventiones
 * Conventus
 * Convivium
 * Cooptare
 * Copa
 * Cophinus
 * Copis
 * Coquus
 * Corbis
 * Corbitae
 * Cordax
 * Coriarius
 * Cornicines
 * Cornicularius
 * Corniculum
 * Cornu
 * Cornu copiae
 * Corolla
 * Corona
 * Coronis
 * Corporati
 * Corpus
 * Corpus juris civilis
 * Correus
 * Corrigia
 * Cortina
 * Corvus
 * Corybantes
 * Corycus
 * Cosmetae
 * Cosmetes
 * Cosmi
 * Cothurnus
 * Cottabos
 * Cotyla
 * Cotyttia
 * Covinarii
 * Covinus
 * Crater
 * Crates
 * Craticula
 * Craticulum
 * Crepida
 * Crepitaculum
 * Cretio hereditatis
 * Crimen
 * Crinis
 * Crista
 * Critae
 * Crobylus

Crocota – Cyclopeia

 * Crocota
 * Cronia
 * Crotalum
 * Crumena
 * Crusta
 * Crux
 * Crypta
 * Crypteia
 * Cryptoporticus
 * Ctesibica machina
 * Cubicularii
 * Cubiculum
 * Cubitus
 * Cubus
 * Cucullus
 * Cudo
 * Culcita
 * Culina
 * Culleus 1.
 * Culleus 2.
 * Culpa
 * Culter
 * Cultrarius
 * Cunae
 * Cuneus
 * Cuniculus
 * Cupa
 * Cura
 * Curator
 * Curatores
 * Curia 1.
 * Curia 2.
 * Curiales
 * Curiata comitia
 * Curio
 * Curius
 * Currus
 * Currus arcuatus
 * Cursores
 * Cursus
 * Cursus publicus
 * Curilis sella
 * Custodes 1.
 * Custodes 2.
 * Custodia
 * Custos urbis
 * Cythus
 * Cybaea
 * Cylas
 * Cyclopeia

Cylindrus – Cyzicenus oecus

 * Cylindrus
 * Cylix
 * Cyma
 * Cymatium
 * Cymba
 * Cymbalum
 * Cymbium
 * Kybeis
 * Kyrios
 * Cyzicenus nummus
 * Cyzicenus oecus


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Page:Railways Act 1921 (ukpga 19210055 en).pdf/11

[Ch. 55.] the management of such funds unaltered until other provision is made by Parliament ;and

(f) shall incorporate the provisions contained in the to this Act with respect to existing officers and servants; and

may make such incidental and supplemental provisions as appear necessary or expedient in order to give full effect to the provisions of the scheme and the purposes of this Act.

Provisions as to determination of terms and conditions of amalgmation or transfer

6. For the purpose of determining the terms and conditions of amalgamation between any constituent companies or of the transfer of the undertaking of any subsidiary company, the amalgamation tribunal shall take into consideration all the circumstances of the case, and in particular the value on a net revenue earning basis of each of the constituent and subsidiary companies as a separate company, and its value as a component part of the amalgamated company : so, however, that regard shall not be had to economies or accretions of traffic or other circumstances tending to, enhance its value as such component part attributable solely to the provisions of this Act relating to amalgamation and absorption:

Provided that, in the case of the line of one company being worked by another company under an arrangement whereby a percentage of the gross receipts of the line so worked is payable to the owning company, the amalgamation tribunal in determining the terms and conditions of transfer shall not take into account any higher charging powers than those authorised in respect of the line under the statutory provisions in force in the year nineteen hundred and thirteen.

Suplementary provisions as to schemes

7.—(1) Every amalgamation scheme and every absorption scheme shall be so framed as to, come into operation on the first day of July, nineteen hundred and twenty-three, or such earlier or later date, as the amalgamation tribunal, after consultation with the Minister, may fix:

Provided that each amalgamation scheme shall be deemed to come into operation immediately before the absorption scheme or schemes by which subsidiary companies are absorbed by the amalgamated company formed by the amalgamation scheme. 7


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[Ch. 55.] (2) Before an agreed amalgamation or absorption scheme is referred to the amalgamation tribunal, the scheme shall be submitted to the proprietors and debenture stock-holders of each constituent and subsidiary company affected thereby in the manner provided in order sixty two of the standing orders relative to private business in the House of Commons, and that order shall apply accordingly as if the scheme were a Bill, and any statement required by the order to be deposited at the Private Bill Office shall be deposited with the amalgamation tribunal.

(3) A scheme under this Part of this Act shall, when confirmed or settled by the amalgamation tribunal, be binding on all -persons and have effect as if enacted in this Act, and where any such scheme provides for the substitution of any securities of an amalgamated company for securities of a constituent or subsidiary company any trustee or other person acting in a fiduciary capacity who at the date of the amalgamation or absorption held and was entitled to hold any securities of the constituent or subsidiary, company shall be entitled to hold the securities of the amalgamated company which may be substituted therefor.

(4) No stamp duty shall be payable in respect of any amalgamation or absorption scheme.

(5) Printed copies of every proposed amalgamation scheme and absorption scheme submitted to the Minister or prepared by the amalgamation tribunal in accordance with the provisions of sections two and four of this Act, respectively, shall be placed on sale at such places and at such price as the Minister. may direct, and notice that such copies are on sale and the places where they may be obtained shall be published in the London and Edinburgh Gazettes, and no such scheme shall be confirmed or settled by the amalgamation tribunal until the expiration of twenty-one days after the publication of such notice.

(6) Every amalgamation and absorption scheme shall be deemed to be statutory rules within the meaning of the ; but nothing in this provision shall be construed as making any such scheme statutory rules to which section one of that Act applies.

(7) If as respects any group the amalgamation tribunal postpones the date on which the amalgamation 8


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Page:Railways Act 1921 (ukpga 19210055 en).pdf/13

[Ch. 55.] and absorption schemes relating to the group are to come into operation to a date later than the said first day of July, then, during the period of postponement, the undertakings of all the constituent and subsidiary companies in the group may, and shall if the amalgamation tribunal so direct, be used, worked, managed, maintained and repaired as one joint undertaking, and the net receipts of the joint undertaking shall be distributed amongst the constituent and subsidiary companies upon such terms and subject to such conditions and in such proportions as may be agreed upon by the several companies with the approval of the amalgamation tribunal or in default of agreement as may be determined by the amalgamation tribunal, and the following provisions of this Act relating to amalgamated companies shall apply as if such joint undertaking were the undertaking of an amalgamated company and as if the governing body of the joint undertaking were an amalgamated company.

Preliminary scheme

8.—(1) Any two or more constituent companies in any group may, at any time after the passing of this Act, submit to the Minister for reference to the amalgamation tribunal a preliminary scheme for the amalgamation of those companies, or for the absorption by one of such companies of the other or others of them.

(2) A constituent company may, at any time after the passing of this Act, submit to the Minister for reference to the amalgamation tribunal a preliminary scheme for the absorption by that constituent company of any subsidiary company or companies in the same group upon such terms as may be agreed between those companies.

(3) The amalgamation tribunal shall approve any such preliminary scheme so referred to them unless it appears to them that the provisions of this Act relating procedure preliminary to the submission of a scheme have not been complied with, or unless, after hearing such of the other constituent companies in the group as desire to be heard, the tribunal consider the scheme to be inconsistent with or prejudicial to an amalgamation scheme for the whole group made in accordance with the provisions of this Act. 9


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[Ch. 55.] Notices, &c.

81. Any notice, application, request, or other document authorised or required by this Act to be sent to a railway company may, unless some other manner is prescribed by the rates tribunal, be sent by post in a prepaid letter addressed to the secretary of the company at the principal office of the company.

Mode of action by Board of Trade

82. Anything by this Act authorised or required to be done. by the Board' of Trade may be done by the action by President or a secretary or assistant secretary of the Board, or any person authorised in that behalf by the President.

Application to Scotland

83. This Act in its application to Scotland shall be subject to the following modifications:—

(a) " Burgh " shall be substituted for " borough," " servitude " for " easement," and Secretary for Scotland " for " Minister of Health ":

(b) Subsection (5) of the, section of this Act, whereof the marginal note is " Constitution and procedure of amalgamation tribunal," shall not apply to proceedings before the amalgamation tribunal in Scotland or to inquiries in Scotland by any Commissioner or other person authorised by the said tribunal, and for the purposes of the summoning and examination of witnesses and the production of documents the tribunal or Commissioner, or person authorised as aforesaid shall have the like powers as are conferred upon Commissioners by section ten of the

(c) The expenses incurred by any town or county council in any application or representation authorised by the section of this Act whereof the marginal note is " Provision for applications by public authorities in certain cases," shall be defrayed in the case of a town council out of the burgh general assessment, and in the case of a county council out of the general purposes rate or such other rate as the county council may with, the approval of the Secretary for Scotland designate.

Provisions as to Irish Railways

84.—(1) Railway companies in Ireland shall until other provision is made by the Council of Ireland, compile and render such statistics and returns as are at the 67


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[Ch. 55.] this Act in pursuance of any statute agreement or otherwise being rendered by such companies.

(2) Save as aforesaid, the provisions of this Act shall not apply to railway companies in Ireland.

Definition of railway company.

85. For the purposes of this Act, the expression "railway company" includes a joint committee of two or more railway companies and the owners of any railway to which at the passing of this Act a Railways Rates and Charges Order within the meaning of Part III. of this Act applies, and, where a railway is owned by a joint committee of two or more railway companies, it shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to be jointly owned by those companies.

Short title and repeal.

86.–(1) This Act may be cited as the Railways Act, 1921.

(2) The enactments mentioned in the to this Act are, except so far as they relate to Ireland, hereby repealed to the extent specified in the third column of that schedule, but this repeal shall not, as respects the enactments mentioned in Part II. of that schedule, have effect until the appointed day fixed under Part III of this Act, and nothing in this repeal shall affect the constitution of the Light Railway Commission or the remuneration of any members thereof so long as they continue to perform the duties reserved to them under this Act.

Provided that, for the purpose-of the said schedule, the expression " light railway " shall not include a light railway forming part of the system of an amalgamated company, and an amalgamated company owning a light railway shall not, in relation thereto, be deemed to be a light railway company. 68


text:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities/Babylonicum

BABYLO´NICUM (usually in plural), a Babylonian coverlet, placed upon couches (Lucr. 4.1029; Fest. p. 298, Müller) and horses (Dig. 34, tit. 2, s. 25.3), sometimes used as a garment (amictus aureo Babylonico, Publ. Syr. ap. Petron. 55), though Ulpian (Dig. l.c.) denies that it should be classed as a dress (non puto vestis esse), was much prized by the Romans for its brilliant colour (Lucr. l.c.） and embroidery (Mart. 8.28, 17).


text:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities/Bacchanalia

BACCHANA´LIA the name under which the festivals of Dionysus or Bacchus were known at Rome. The circumstances of the introduction of these rites at Rome are given in detail by Livy, 39.8-19 (cf. V. Max. 1.3, 3, and 6.3, 7). According to his account, a Greek priest of no education or position brought into Etruria the secret nightly celebration of this worship. It was not only accompanied by all manner of licentious excesses, but was also made the occasion for planning the most revolting crimes, perjury, forgery, false accusations, poisoning, and assassination. From Etruria the [p. 1.265] contagion spread to Rome. If Livy's narrative is to be trusted, at first the rites were comparatively innocent. Women only were initiated, and that by day, three times in the year, and the priesthood was held by matrons in turn. It is quite possible that in this statement Livy has in view the worship of Stimula or Simila, an early Italian deity, afterwards identified with Semele, whence Ovid (Ov. Fast. 6.503-515) regards her rites as of a Bacchanalian character. Possibly Virgil is thinking of the same, when (Aen. 7.385) he speaks of the Bacchic rites as existing in Italy in the time of Aeneas. In any case it is hardly conceivable that the corrupt Etruscan cult should have so much changed its character in passing into Rome, as Livy's account would require us to believe. He goes on to say (100.13) how a certain Pacullia Annia, a Campanian priestess, claiming to be acting under the inspiration of the gods, changed the whole character of the worship. She was the first to admit men, by initiating her own sons; she altered the time of celebration from the day to the night; and held initiations five times every month instead of three times a year. The promiscuous admission of men and women and the licence of night opened the way to all manner of debauchery and crime. The most horrible immoralities were practised; the wildest frenzy indulged in. Men flung themselves about as if possessed, and uttered frantic prophecies; women dressed as Bacchanals, with dishevelled locks, ran down to the Tiber, and plunged into the water torches, which, composed of a mixture of sulphur and lime, were not extinguished in the waves. The initiated were a vast number,—“alter jam prope populus,” as Livy puts it,—including many of high birth, both men and women. To secure the complete subjugation of the votaries, a rule was made that none should be admitted who were not under twenty years of age, a time at which the judgment is weak and the passions strong. For some time, although the existence of these rites was generally known, not only by report, but also by the clanging of cymbals and the howlings of the devotees by night (ib. 100.15), their real nature was not suspected. But in B.C. 186 the lewd and criminal character of the meetings was brought to the knowledge of the consuls. P. Aebutius, the orphan of a Roman knight, had been left by the death of his guardians to the charge of his mother Duronia and his stepfather Sempronius Rutilus. The latter had embezzled his property, and in order to escape punishment desired either to make away with the youth, or to get him entirely into his power. Duronia, who was entirely devoted to her husband, determined to avail herself of the Bacchanalia for the corruption or destruction of her son. She informed him that at a time when he was sick she had vowed that he should be initiated into the Bacchic rites, if he recovered, and that now was the time to discharge the vow. Aebutius, taking the matter lightly, mentioned it to a freedwoman, Hispala Fecenia, with whom he had a liaison; but she, in the utmost terror and distress, warned him of the dangers that he was incurring: she, when still a slave, had accompanied her mistress to the orgies, and had seen the vile practices of the votaries. Aebutius, returning to his mother, refused to be initiated, without disclosing his reasons. She in a fury drove him from the house. He took refuge with his father's sister, and at her advice laid the whole facts of the case before the consuls. Hispala was induced by them to confess all that she knew; the senate was consulted; and full powers given to the consuls to investigate the matter. Prompt measures were taken to secure evidence, and to prevent the escape of the guilty. The inquiry led to the belief that more than 7000 men and women were implicated in the affair. Those who were merely initiated, and had taken the oath binding them to every kind of crime and lewdness, were punished with imprisonment; those against whom actual guilt was found—and these, we are told, were the majority—received capital punishment. The women for the most part were handed over to their relations, or to those who were responsible for them, for private execution; the rest were put to death in public. One of the most ancient and precious records of the old Latin language preserved to us is the bronze tablet containing the letter in which the consuls communicated to the magistrates in agro Teurano (Tirioli, in the country of the Bruttii) part (as Mommsen thinks) of the decree of the senate passed on this occasion (op. Mommsen, C. I. L. 1.196; Ritschl, P. L. M. E. tab. xviii.); doubtless it is only a specimen of many which mutatis mutandis were sent throughout Italy. The Bacchanalia are rigidly prohibited: if any one, Roman, Latin or ally, considers himself under a religious obligation bacanal habere, he can only do so by obtaining permission from the praetor urbanus, confirmed by a vote of the senate in which not less than 100 have taken part. No priest, president, or common purse is allowed, nor any kind of common vow. Not more than two men or three women (five in all) should celebrate the rites, except by special permission. These regulations were carried out with unflinching rigour, apparently not without the use of military force (Cic. de Leg. 2.1. 5, 37); but it was some years before the Bacchanalian rites were completely extinguished in Southern Italy (Liv. 39.41, 40.19). It has been supposed, but probably not with justice (cf. Preller, Röm. Myth. p. 718), that a fragment of Varro's satires Preserved by Nonius, p. 112, points to a subsequent revival of these rites at Rome. Otherwise we have no further trace of them in literature or history. The were of an entirely different character.


text:
Presidential speech at the Connecticut vigil

Thank you, Governor. To all the families, first responders, to the community of Newtown, clergy, guests. Scripture tells us:

 * Do not lose heart. Though outwardly we are wasting away, inwardly, we are being renewed, day by day. For light and momentary troubles are achieving for us an eternal glory that far outweighs them all. So we fix our eyes, not on what is seen, but on what is unseen. Since what is seen is temporary, but what is unseen is eternal. For we know that if the earthly tent we live in is destroyed, we have a building from God: an eternal house in heaven, not built by human hands.

We gather here in memory of twenty beautiful children, and six remarkable adults. They lost their lives in a school that could have been any school -- in a quiet town full of good and decent people, that could be any town in America.

Here in Newtown, I come to offer the love and prayers of a nation. I am very mindful that mere words cannot match the depths of your sorrow, nor can they heal your wounded hearts. I can only hope it helps for you to know: that you're not alone in your grief. That our world, too, has been torn apart; that all across this land of ours, we have wept with you. We've pulled our children tight. And you must know that whatever measure of comfort we can provide, we will provide. Whatever portion of sadness that we can share with you to ease this heavy load: we will gladly bear it. Newtown, you are not alone.

As these difficult days have unfolded, you've also inspired us. With stories of strength and resolve and sacrifice. We know that when danger arrived in the halls of Sandy Hook Elementary, the school's staff did not flinch. They did not hesitate. Dawn Hocksprung and Mary Sherlach, Vicki Soto, Lauren Russeau, Rachel Davino and Anne Marie Murphy. They responded as we all hope we might respond in such terrifying circumstances: with courage, and with love, giving their lives to protect the children in their care. We know that there were other teachers who barricaded themselves inside classrooms and kept steady through it all. And reassured their students by saying: ''Wait for the good guys, they are coming. Show me your smile.''

And we know that good guys came, the first responders who raced to the scene, helping to guide those in harm's way to safety and comfort those in need, holding at bay their own shock and their own trauma, because they had a job to do and others needed them more. And then there were the scenes of the schoolchildren: helping one another, holding each other, dutifully following instructions in the way that young children sometimes do. One child even trying to encourage a grownup by saying: I know karate, so it's OK; I'll lead the way out.

As a community, you've inspired us, Newtown. In the face of indescribable violence, in the face of unconscionable evil, you've looked out for each other. And you've cared for one another. And you've loved one another. This is how Newtown will be remembered, and with time and God's grace, that love will see you through. But we as a nation: we are left with some hard questions. You know someone once described the joy and anxiety of parenthood as the equivalent of having your heart outside of your body all the time, walking around. With their very first cry, this most precious, vital part of ourselves, our child, is suddenly exposed to the world, to possible mishap, or malice. And every parent knows there's nothing we will not do to shield our children from harm, and yet we also know that with that child's very first step and each step after that, they're separating from us, that we won't, that we can't, always be there for them. They will suffer sickness and setbacks and broken hearts and disappointments. And we learn that our most important job is to give them what they need to become self-reliant and capable and resilient, ready to face the world without fear. And we know we can't do this by ourselves. It comes as a shock, at a certain point, where you realize no matter how much you love these kids you can't do it by yourself. That this job of keeping our children safe -- and teaching them well -- is something we can only do together: with the help of friends and neighbors, the help of a community and the help of a nation. And in that way we come to realize that we bear responsibility for every child, because we're counting on everybody else to help look after ours. That we're all parents, that they are all our children.

This is our first task, caring for our children. It's our first job. If we don't get that right, we don't get anything right. That's how as a society we will be judged. And by that measure, can we truly say, as a nation, that we're meeting our obligations? Can we honestly say that we're doing enough to keep our children -- all of them -- safe from harm? Can we claim, as a nation, that we're all together, there, letting them know they are loved and teaching them to love in return? Can we say that we're truly doing enough to give all the children of this country the chance they deserve to live out their lives in happiness, and with purpose?

I've been reflecting on this the last few days, and if we're honest with ourselves, the answer is no. We're not doing enough. And we will have to change. Since I've been president this is the fourth time we have come together to comfort a grieving community torn apart by mass shootings. Fourth time we've hugged survivors. The fourth time we've consoled the families of victims. And in between, there have been an endless series of deadly shootings across the country, almost daily reports of victims, many of them children, in small towns and in big cities all across America, victims whose... much of the time their only fault was being at the wrong place at the wrong time. We can't tolerate this anymore. These tragedies must end. And to end them, we must change. We will be told that the causes of such violence are complex, and that is true. No single law, no set of laws can eliminate evil from the world or prevent every senseless act of violence in our society, but that can't be an excuse for inaction. Surely we can do better than this. If there's even one step we can take to save another child, or another parent, or another town, from the grief that's visited Tucson and Aurora and Oak Creek and Newtown, and communities from Columbine to Blacksburg before that, then surely we have an obligation to try. In the coming weeks, I'll use whatever power this office holds to engage my fellow citizens, from law enforcement, to mental health professionals, to parents and educators, in an effort aimed at preventing more tragedies like this. Because what choice do we have? We can't accept events like this as routine. Are we really prepared to say that we're powerless in the face of such carnage? That the politics are too hard? Are we prepared to say that such violence visited on our children year after year after year is somehow the price of our freedom?

You know all the world's religions, so many of them represented here today, start with a simple question: why are we here? What gives our life meaning? What gives our acts purpose? We know our time on this Earth is fleeting. We know that we will each have our share of pleasure and pain. That even after we chase after some earthly goal, whether it's wealth or power or fame or just simple comfort, we will, in some fashion, fall short of what we had hoped. We know that no matter how good our intentions, we'll all stumble, sometimes, in some way. We'll make mistakes. We'll experience hardships. And even when we're trying to do the right thing, we know that much of our time will be spent groping through the darkness, so often unable to discern God's heavenly plans.

There's only one thing we can be sure of. And that is the love that we have: for our children, for our families, for each other. The warmth of a small child's embrace: that is true. The memories we have of them, the joy that they bring. The wonder we see through their eyes. That fierce and boundless love we feel for them. A love that takes us out of ourselves and binds us to something larger. We know that's what matters. We know we're always doing right when we're taking care of them. When we're teaching them well. When we're showing acts of kindness. We don't go wrong when we do that. That's what we can be sure of. And that's what you, the people of Newtown, have reminded us. That's how you've inspired us. You remind us what matters. And that's what should drive us forward in everything we do, for as long as God sees fit to keep us on this Earth.

Let the little children come to me, Jesus said, and do not hinder them, for to such belongs the kingdom of heaven. Charlotte. Daniel. Olivia. Josephine. Ana. Dylan. Madeline. Catherine. Chase. Jesse. James. Grace. Emilie. Jack. Noah. Caroline. Jessica. Benjamin. Avielle. Allison. God has called them all home. For those of us who remain: let us find the strength to carry on and make our country worthy of their memory. May God bless, and keep, those we've lost in His heavenly place. May He grace those we still have with His holy comfort, and may He bless and watch over this community and the United States of America.


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Author talk:Albert Tracy Leffingwell

Possible match
This might be Albert Leffingwell but I can't be sure at the moment. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 04:33, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Irving A. Watson (Ed.) Physicians and Surgeons of America (1896) attribute PSM articles to the above person. However, his full name is stated as "Albert Tracy Leffingwell". Captain Nemo (talk) 03:49, 13 July 2015 (UTC).

title: Author talk:Albert Tracy Leffingwell


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Page:Democratic Ideals and Reality (1919).djvu/216

204 we shall leave such bitter feelings that no workable League of Nations can ensue. You have in mind, of course, the results of the annexation of Alsace in 1871. But the lessons of History are not to be learned from a single instance. The great American Civil War was fought to a finish, and to-day the Southerners are as loyal to the Union as are the Northerners; the two questions of Negro slavery and of the right of particular States to secede from the Federation were finally decided, and ceased to be the causes of quarrel. The Boer War was fought to a finish, and to-day General Smuts is an honoured member of the British Cabinet. The War of 1866, between Prussia and Austria, was fought to a finish, and within a dozen years Austria had formed the Dual Alliance with Prussia. If you do not now secure the full results of your victory and close this issue between the German and the Slav, you will leave ill-feeling which will not be based on the fading memory of a defeat, but on the daily irritation of millions of proud people.

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The condition of stability in the territorial rearrangement of East Europe is that the division should be into three and not into


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Rh two State-systems. It is a vital necessity that there should be a tier of independent States between Germany and Russia. The Russians are, and for one, if not two, generations must remain, hopelessly incapable of resisting German penetration on any basis but that of a military autocracy, unless they be shielded from direct attack. The Russian peasantry cannot read; they have obtained the only reward they looked for when they sided with the revolutionaries of the towns, and now as small proprietors they hardly know how to manage their own country-sides. The middle class have so suffered that they were ready to accept order even from the hated Germans. As for the workmen of the towns, only a small minority of the Russian population, but because of their relative education and of their command of the centres of communication the rulers to-day of the country, Kultur knows well how to 'influence' them.