text:
Page:Scientific American - Series 1 - Volume 008 - Issue 29.pdf/5

 Scientific amttictlu NEW-YORK. A PRIL 2, 1853. The Credulous and Incrednlons Respeeting Inventions.

When any ot your feather literati writes about the opposition which had been made to certain - inventions (when they were first brought out) which have become famous, and of such great value to the world, they are sure to mark the opponents of them as having been men of scientific reputation, such as Dr. Lardner and his alleged opposition to Atlantic navigation. Now it is not true that men of real scientific reputation have in general been the opponents of new inventions, but the very reverse. The most incredulous an d yet most credulous of men respecting new unites far distant lands by a few days' ocean discoveries and inventions, are your light li- journey. The quantity of coal consumed ' to terati, your would-be great men in all things. move a machine may then be considered the These are the men who are always at the ear exponent of power to propel machinery. The of the public, and who both ridicule and power of a certain quantity of coal must be extol useful, and worthless new projects, definite-it cannot have the property of de without either rule or reason. And it always veloping infinite force, because the heat which happens when an invention o r a discovery is developed by the combustion of a certain which they had denounced turns out in spite quantity of coal is definite. By no plan hut of all opposition to be a grand and useful im- the hocus - pocus ot humbug (excuse the term, provement, they are sure to turn round, span- we would not use it only it is the best for the gle it with praise and bear false witness purpose) can it produce but a certain quantity of against scientific men. When corrected for motion-mechanical power. There are men, making erroneous statements they have no t however, who pretend to know something the honesty to publish the truth, consequently about science and logic-but they never sure their falsehoods go on among community like ly studied philosophy nor consulted reason rolling snow-balls, increasing in the magni- who have asserted that a certain quantity of tude of their evil according to the space over heat once developed by the combustion of a which they travel. When any new project certain amount of oal, will produce an infi which they had lauded to the skies, turns out nite quantity of motion. They say, " heat to be a worthless, useless, piece of trash, or produces motion, and when a certain quantity has been proven to be a d eception, they of it is d eveloped in steam and then conden are the very men who happened to see sed, it is ann'ihilated and lost, but the heat of through it all from the very first-they were hot air is given out, taken up by wire gauze, the true prophets, and some scientific men given out again, and so on, never lost, but go were the deceivers or deceived. When they ing on producing an infinite amount of force . ' make false statements about inventions a n d inventors, thereby doing great injury sometimes to the fame ot honest men, they have : not candor e to, !;�rre<:t t4uJ!il8l ves f. fear the public would be led to doubt their sagacity and veracity. Those who examine beneath the surface of society, kno w how to estimate such characters, they look upon them as the moths of literature. With respect to a new invention-its usefulness and practicability, or not-an opposing Their principle of logic m a y be thus defined mathematically. a x b=c-b=ax b=2c-b= a X b=3c, &c., a is a certain amount of heat, b.

and worship it, and pot only speak lightly of the services of such a faithful old servant as steam, but d eny their value. We were amused in reading in one of our daily papers last week, a slap-dash article on steam and caloric in which the editor writes the epitaph of the Jormer and the prologue to the reign of the latter. The caloric of the said paper was nothing more nor less than hot air -heat and air combined, and no more caloric in reality than steam is. The power of steam is developed by a che mical action, viz ., simple combustion, hence we cannot obtain power from a steam engine without burning iuel. It is this application of chemical force to move machinery, which has changed the whole face of society, in respect to commerce, travel and mannufacture during the last century. It is this action which now

Scitutific

229-' ment was most judicious and highly compli tion. Our position is, and w e hope always mentary to Mr. Fillmore's judgment. We will be above the in fl uence of place and pow predict for Mr. Mason, also, a popular career. er, and we intend that the public shall not suffer by our a.pplause ot objects doubtful in The Crystal Palace. their character. The attention of our readers is Farticular The Association did " not authorize " the ly directed to the following correspondence publication of our remarks ; well really this is between Messrs. Wood, Light, & Co., manu quite cool, we are happy to inform the publit; facturers ot machinery, Worcester, Mass., and that the Scientific American is not the official the managers of the Crystal Palace : organ of the company, we are the organ for " WORC ESTER, 21st March, 1853. the people-the exhibitors-in whose welfare To the Association for the Exhibition of we feel much interest. the Industry of all Nations, No. 53 Broadway, New York City : Events o f the Week. GENTLEMEN .-We observe this morning an article in the " Scientific American," headed " The Crystal Palace," the perusal of which has led us to the following conclusions, viz ., that if the article referred to be true, we do not consider ourselve.s bound to forward for exhibItion the machine we intended for that purpose, it being so e ntirely different from what was represented to us by your agent when he visited our works. We remain

out clearly the reasoning of the hot air philo sophers, who assert that a definite amount of heat can produce an infinite amount of motion -any number of strokes of an engine by multiplying and subtracting the same quantities of heat and air to and from one another alter candid opinion with reasons annexed, should nately. Heat produces great changes ; it causes bo always be esteemed of more value than indiscriminate praise. At the present day, w hen dies to move with great rapidity, but cold is men of all characters rush out with alleged as much the source of such a power as heat, new discoveries and inventions, unive rsal it produces as great changes. If the earth, laudation of everything is the greatest evil sea, and air, and the whole universe were of that can be inflicted on community. Candid one temperature there would be no motion. opposition and prudent praise, respecting what is apparently bad, and what is reasonably good, are the qualities which we like to see displayed in any m an, and these qualities of character are always exhibited b y those who are competent judges of new i nventions ap.d discoveries-those whe have devoted their time and attention to such matters.-

an engine.

Ii .ce.rtaiD. mount

The above is absurd, and points

of air, uukc the stroke of

H is the exhaustion ofthe hot steam and hot air into a colder medium, which makes their res pective engines move ; they could not exhaust into mediums of the same temperature. How absurd then, to talk of heat being the cause of all motion in machinery. It requires both heat and cold to produce motion (by chemical forces) in machinery. Heat heaves up rocks from the depths of burning craters ; cold splits rocks to pieces, and bursts hollow balls of iron into fragments. The currents of the ocean, and the whirlwinds in their wrath are not produced by heat alone, but heat and cold, they are the effects ot combined causes. These principles of mechanical philosophy as set forth, we hold to be incontrovertible ; there is a philosophy falsely so called which

Why 1 because their reputation in respect to the opinions they ad vance on such subj ects is at stake ; they, of necessity have to be honest, cautious, and discriminating ; if not, sooner or later, they will be the losers. In these days ot false l ights and false pressures, the public should be exceedingly cautious of those wh o express opinions about new inventions and

discoveries lest t hey be deceived by credulity in bad projects, and incredulity in go od ones. ==::>c::::

The Power ot' Heat and Cold.

It has often surprised us to see what an amount of clap-trap and deception there is in a name. For a great number of years heat Commissioner of Patents. had been employed in combination with wa ter to form-a useful agent-steam, which The Hon. Charles Mason, ot Iowa, a brother for a long time had driven our engines, looms, of Sepator Mason, of Virginia, has been ap. steamships, and locomotives, and has done pointed and confirmed Commissioner of Pa good service, but then it was nothing but tents. steamf a plain old fashioned name. Well all Mr. Mason is understood to possess high le at once there has arisen a great rival in fame gal qualifications, and it is confidently expect to it, which has been called caloric (in com ed that his administration of the affairs of the mon language heat) which no sooner has Office will prove highly satisfactory to the made its appearance nder such a cognomen, whole country. It gives us much pleasure to than straightway the whole race of light l i bear testimony to the ability and courtesy of terati-the lovers of long names, fall down Mr. Hodges, the late incumbent. His appoint-

forth the condeIl).nation of all high - minded men ; why had not these gentlemen a right to enquire into a matter in which they were inte rested, and why should they not have been treated with common civility 1 The public has recently been propagated in this and oth must and will doubt the motive which er cities, and which we have endeavored to prompts an associa tion to acts so small and controvert, because we believe that the pro contemptible. mulgation of any error in science and art hin The motives attributed to us in the post ders the progress of truth and retards the script are simply false and ridiculous, and march of discovery. would not elicit any remarks did w e not

VALUATION OF INDlG o .-As a great deal o f indigo i s used for dyeing i n our country, and as the imported kinds ( B engal and Guatema la) are very high in price, a method of esti mating the comparative value of different samples, must be v<)ry acceptable. The fol lowing is a method for estimating the same proposed by Dr. Penny, the eminent chemist in Glasgow : T e n grains o f the sample very finely pow dered are carefully rubbed with 2 measured most respectfully yours very truly, drachms of fuming sulphuric acid, and the WOOD, LIGHT, & CO. mixture allowed to digest 12 to 14 hours with [ANSWER] Association for the Exhibition of the In occasional stirring, the air being excluded. dustry of all Na.tions, Office No. 53 Broadway, A small flat bottomed flask, with a tight cork answers best for this operation. Some frag New York, 22 March, 1853 : MESSRS. WOOD, LIGHT, & Co., Worcester, ments of broken glass should be added to pre GENTLEMEN.-In answer to your letter of vent the indigo trom clotting. ' The temperature should be from 700 to 800 yesterday, I enclose you your application for Fah., if it rises higher sulphurous acid may space, which is considered as withdrawn. The Committee was disposed to conside r it as be generated and the whole operation render favorable as possible but in view of the very ed worthless. When the indigo is perfectly hasty conclusion at which you have arrived dissol ved the solution is gradually poured (constantly stirring) into a basm containing they have no reluctance in assigning th " space relinquished by you to some other of a pint of water ; by measure t of an ounce of the many worthy applicants who would oth hydrochloric acid is instantly added. An al erwise have been excluded. I have the ho cimetre of 100 equal parts is made up with 7!! grains of pure dry bichromate of potassa dis nor to he your very obedient servant, solved in it, and this is gradually adde d to the WM. WHETTEN, Sec . P. S.-Mr. Joseph E. Holmes, who called indigo in the basin, until a drop of the mix upon you, desires to express his surprise that ture, let fall upon a slip of filter paper pre you should have paid so much attention to a sents a light brown o r ochre shade, without publication not only not authorized by the as any mixture of blue or green. The number sociation but in manifest hostility to it, and of measures of bichromate solution used, is grQ.wilJAl: out of a sentiment of personal re then read off, and this shows the comparative sentment, the source of which was marle pub value of the samp1e: In applYIng the test drop to the paper, the best results are obtain lic some months since." ed by bringing the end of a glass rod in con LThe above correspondence between Messrs. tact with the indigo solution, and . then gently Wood, Light, & Co., and the Crystal Palace pressing it against the surface of the paper. Association resulted, as most of our readers It is advisable t@ keep the indigo solution will understand, from an article which ap gently warmed while the bichromate is being peared in number 27, headed " The Crystal added, and the mixture should be well stirred Palace," wherein we commented upon the in after each addition. Towards the conclusioR justice of compelling exhibitors to pay for ad the bichromate should be added very slowly mission, which we learned it was their inten and carefully, as one or two drops then pro tion to do. duce a great effect. The changes of color in The letter of the Association if construed the mixture clearly mdi cate the advance of the strictly in accordance with the language held operation. The original blue color of the sul forth, tully confirms the impression expressed, phate of Indigo becomes lighter and lighter, to in our article, because the firm did not wish then acquires a greenish shade, then greenish be considered as bound to forward a machine brown, and almost immediately after an providing they were to be charged for admis ochre brown. Ten grains of pure indigo re s!bn to the Palace, and without hesitancy quire nearly 7 grains of bichromate of potash. their application for space is returned to them, F o r dyers and color-makers in print works, thus virtually acknowledging that the charge the above mode of testing good indigo (we would be made. have not tried it) by Dr. Penny, if correct, is If, however, such is not their intention, invaluable, at the same time we can say, that then we say that the treatment of Messrs. long expepience enables a good practical che Wood, Light, & Co., is beneath ,the dignity mist to judge very closely ot the quality of which ought to characterize the management of so important an enterprize, and must draw indigo by the eye.

Patent Law C ase�.-8ewing Machine.

March 21 st, in a suit at equity, plaintiff, Elias Howe, Jr., defendants, John Woolredge et aI, the court granted a preliminary injunction against the use, sale, and manufacture of " Sin ger's Sewing Machines,)) and the �defendants were required to give bonds to account tor the use of the machines in case of a verdict for the plaintiff in the future trial at law.

In the U. S. Circuit Court, Boston, Monday

Gall. o n Horses. wish to still further illustrate the spirit w hich In France it is the practice when horses pervades the management. We have repeat edly asserted that we hoped the exhibition get their hair rubbed off, or the skin scarifie d, would prove successful ; we have no other to apply a blister to t h e part a t once. This, wish at heart and never had after it was fully if applied as soon as the injluy is done, will it is said, restore tle growth of hair ; it has settled th at it was to take place. We intended from the fi.st and stIll intend never been known to fail when applied in to keep an eye upon the manner in which it time. [The above is from the " Spirit of the is to be conducted, and we are bound as inde pendent journalists to express our disapproba. Times.)) We have been informed that a poul tion of all attempts to disregard the rights tice of honey and ley made from woodashes and interests of contributors, who alone are is the best 'substance for restoring the able to render it an affair creditable to the na- it looks more rational than applying a bli

 * )J

.

� 1853 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC


text:
Page:Scientific American - Series 1 - Volume 008 - Issue 29.pdf/6

 Scitutific An artesian well of great depth is being bored at present at St. Louis, for a sugar re finery m that city. It was begun in 1849, an d has been worked 1,590 ibet, nearly half the depth of the celebrated artesian well in Westphalia, Germany, which is sunk 2,385, The object is ' to obtain a supply of other tan limestone water which is the only sort that can be found by the ordinary channels in that vicinity. At the present depth of 1,590 feet a pretty copious stream of sulphur water flows from the well, having precisely the taste Artesian

W )'I1.

Riported Officially for the Scientific America,", LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS "oued from the United!ltate. Patent Omee F O R THE W E E K E N D I N G MAR C H 22. 1853. HYDRAUL I C STEAM PUMPs-By H. N. B l ack, of P hil adel p hia, Pa. : I d o not claim a double cylinder pump or water engine, nor o p e ning a val ve at th e e a d of the st r ok e of a ste am p iston, and injecting wa.ter i nt o a ste am cyl i n d er, fo r pr o duc i n g a partial vacuum j bu t I claim the combination of the double slotted water and steam cylinder, double pistons, and sl o tt ed p i s t o n r od, arranged and o p er at in g in the manner 8et for th. S E PARAT I N G PAPER BY S I N G L E S H E E TS-By J. P C o mly, of Dayto n, Ohio : I c laim, fi rs t, a t able or r ange of t ub es, c o n n e c ti n g with an exhaust pump or v acuu m, for separating the edge o f a sheet from a h e ap of paper, by atmospheric pressure, in combina tion with a r o l l e r, o r its e q ui v al e n t, t r a v er sin g to a.ud iro on the upper sheet, fo r the several purposes o f lowe r i n g and a d m it tin g air b e tw ee n t h e l e aves, p r e sen t i n g the edge of t he to p sheet to the t ubes, and, O n its backward s tr o ke, ser v in g to stra i g ht e n the pil e. Second, the tube or tubes aforesaid, i n combina tion with the vibr at i n g su p p o rting b ar, for uphold ing th e fo rward ed g e of the s he e t when dro pped by the t u b es, presentin g it p r o per l y t o t h e fi n g e r s, and s uppo r ti n g it from the h eap, while being drawn aw a y. TANNING-R o swell E n o s & Bela T. Hunt, o f st. C h ar le s, Ill. : We claim t h e p r oc e s s o f t anning with the u s e o f l i m e, s a lt, bran, sumac, and cutch, o r any other t anning i n r o o m o f cutch, substantially in the mauner d escr ibed whe reby we commence tanning, at the same time that w e commen c e reducing, as the s alt and bran overpowers the lime, the tan takes the place of the lime, and converts the hide into more perfect leather, and i n le ss time than can be made in any other way. Hides are not liable to get dmaged by our pro� cess, as w e d o n o t use an article that is i n j u r i o.us to l e at b e r It i s n o t o n t h e materials used that we claim let t e rs paten t, but on the manner of applying them t o the hide, a s set fo rth.

7th, limestone, 75; 8th, shale, 1 ; 9 th, lime stone, 38; 1 0 th, sandy shale, 7; 1 1 th, lime stone, 1 28; 12th, red marl, 1 5; 1 3th, shale, 30; 1 4th, red marl, 50; 1 5 th, shale, 3 0; 1 6th, limestone, 1 1 9; 1 7th, shale, 6 6; 1 8th, bitumi � nous marl, 1 5; 1 9 th, shale, 80; 20th, lime stone, 1 34; 2 1 st, chertz rock, 62; 22nrl, lime stone, 134; 2rd, shale, 70; 24th, limestone, 20; 25th, shale, 56; 26th, limestone, 34; 27th white soft sandstone, 15 feet. ' � The well was first commenced as a cistern. From the surface of thE: ground, where it is tourteen feet in diameter, it has a conical form, lessening at 'he depth of thirty feet to a diam eter of six feet. Thence the diameter is again lessened to sixteen inches, until the depth of 78 feet from the surface is attained From that point it is diminished to nine inch es, and this diameter is preserved to the depth of 457 feet. Passing this line the diameter to

of the Blue Lick water in Kentucky, although perhaps it is not quite so thorougl,ly impreg nated with sulphur. It is, however, conclu ded from recent indications, that a supply of pure s weet water will be now obtained. The following is a list of the different strata bored through in the course ot operations. 1 st. Through limestone, 28 feet; 2nd, shale 2; 3rd, limestone, 231; 4th, chertz rock, 1 5; 5th, limestone, 74; 6th, shale, 3 0;

C H E E S E P R E S S E S -B y Mills A. Hackley, o f Belle. VIlle, N. Y. : I claim the t urning table or its e q ui v a J e n t, in combination with the roUer in sueh manner, that v henever the table i s adj usted for t ur nin g the cheese, there will be a corresponding adju s t me n t of the roller fo r (acilltati ng the p ro ce s s o f tu r nin g the same. K N i T T I N G MACHINE S-By Wm. Mans field, o f Dra cut, Mass : I claim forming the l o o ps, in kn itti n g r i b b e d fabrics, by the com b i n a t i o n o f t w o sets o f needles, m a.d e t o o p e rate tag ether, a s set forth. the sa.me enabling m e t o give i mp o r t an t advantages in t h e cQDstruction and operation of the loom. D I ST I L L I N G R O S I N O I L -B y James Riley & Wm. o f Sout h fi e l d, N, Y . : We . claim the process by which we manufacture o i l from rosin, by p as si n g it from a n alembic, th rou gh e x pa n d i n g worms, o r their e q u i val e n t g  surrounded by a j acket o f fire-brick o r cl ay, whe r e by we prevent de str ucti ve d i stil la ti on, car b o n i za ti o n, and g reatl y economize t i me, as set for th.

All e n ,

HAR N E S S -B y James S tan br o u gh, of Ne wark, N. Y. : I claim the fo r ming o f r o unds, raise s, or ro l l s, o n the different p ar t s o f a harness o r other leather work, by doubli n g and stitchin g together a strap of l e a the r, at i ts e d ge s ,land then binding these edges by a s e parate piece, and connecting t he s titc hi n g o f s uch bin d i n g, b.v drawing up and fast e ni n g by the s i d e th e r e of, folds of the str ap; and this I claim, whe ther the s i ng l e strap only be used for fo r m i n g a sin .. gl e r oll, or a.. se c o n d ary str a p be used for forming two or more r o ll s, a s de s crib e d.

P E G G I N G B O O T S AND SHOE S -B y S e t h D _ Tripp, o f H o che.ter, Mass. (ass ig n or t o E. L . N or folk, o f Sal e m, Mass . : ) I claim the combinat i o n of each frame, with i t s supporting shaft, by means of a ro c k ar fr a m e, the same being for the purpose of allo w i n g a free ve r tic al, a s well as othe r m o v e m e nts, as de s cr i bed, by either of the fr ames, s o that it may b e g uided, in it s v er tical mo v e m ent, by the curvature of the upper surface of the sole of the b oo t o r shoel and h oriz o n t al ly by the cam wh ee l, s ubs tan t i al ly as s p e cifi e d. Also the m an n er of c ombining the awl and driver with one carrier, made t o o pe rat e a s d e s cr ibe d, where by t h ey a r e al t e r n ate ly p re se n te d o r brought d ow n against o r towa rds:th e s o l e, by t h e revelution of t he car rie r, as specified. Also the c o mbin ati o n of the guide with the knife o r chisel, and so a s to operate t h ere with, in t he man ner and for the purpose of g uid i n g said chisel pro perly against the peg wood, as descri qed. Also the impr o ve ment i n the con struction of the charger, v i z, the maki n g of the same, with two or more se p ara t e co m p artments fo r h ol din g t h e s tr i p s o f peg w o o d, w h i c h compartments a r e t o b e s ucc es si v e ly br ou g h t forwards under th e o pe rati o n of the p i s t o n s l i d e, as the several pieces o r strip s of peg w o o d are succe8sively cut u p into pegs, m e ani ng to c l a, i m a combination o f a s er i e s of c ompartments, in, th e o ne s i n g l e p i st o n slid e, made t o o p er ate as set

minous marl 15 feet in diameter was struck. The New Silver Coin. T h e marl marly resembled coal, and on being The weight of the new silver coinage au subjected to a great heat, without actlly thorized by the recent act of Congress, which burning, lost much of its weight. In the stra gGes into operation in June next, as compared tum of shale which follo wed, the salt in the with that coinage since the passage of the act water increased to two-and-a-half per cent. upon the same su@ject in 1837, is as follows : The hard streak passed was a bed of chertz, Silver. Act of Jan., 1837. Act ot Feb., '53. struck at a depth of 1 ,179 feet from the sur Dollar 412 grains. No change. face, and going down 62 feet. In this layer the salt in the water increased to full thme per cent. The boring at present is, as ap pears by the statement above, in a bed of white soft sand r9ck, the most promising that has yet been struck for a supply of water, Half D ollar, 206.t Quarter do. 1 0 3! 41 l Dime, 20! Half D ime, " " 1 9 2 grains.

of the earth at the beginning of a layer of limestone, the water in the well became salty. The level of the sea-reckoned to be five hundred and thirty-two feet below the city 01 St. Louis-was passed in the same layer two hundred feet lower still, in a bed of shale, the water contaiued one-and-a- half per cent. o f salt. At a depth o f 950 feet, a bed of bitu

shale, at the depth of twenty-nine or thirty feet from the surface. The water in the well however, is always higher than the water line of the river, and is not affected by the va riations of the latter. The first appearance of gas was found at a depth of 566 feet, in a stra ta of shale one and a half feet thick, which was strongly imbued with carbonated hydro gen. When about 2:i0 teet below the surface

the present bottom of the well, is three and a half inches. T h e lowest summer stand of t h e Mississip pi river is passed in the first stratum of the

erected, are struck like daggers into the part aimed at, and as the action of the compressing muscles of the bag is cpntemporaneous with the blow by which the wound is inflicted, the poison is, at the same momnt, inj<lcted with force into the wound from the apical or termi nal outlet 01 the perforated fang. "'"5Z:::l c::::=:o-

Baltimore. fang's point, this is left solid and entire, and fit The. Manchester (England) Chamber of for the purpose of perforation. It is only the Commerce have advan!'ed a loan for experi upper jaw that is so armed, and it is so formed menting in the culture of cotton in Trinidad, that the upper jaw of the venomous serpent for which purpose a model tarm is to be laid is not fixed, but plays or rotates backwards out. and forwards, having special muscles for those The deliveries of tea recently in London, movements which, when they push forward for one week were 509,218 lbs. bring the tooth attached to it into a the jaw The ice merchants say there will be a large vertical position, ready for actIOn, and when they draw back the jaw, replace the tooth in deficiency in the supply of that article the ' a horizontal position, where it rests, with the coming summer. Only about half the average point backwards, hidden in a bed of sOlt and annual crop has been stored. But about 1 0 0, slirqy gum. The wound is inflicted by a blow 000 tons are said t o be stored. Last year it rather than by a bite, the poison tangs, when was 200,000 tons and over. .

side of the slightly curved fang. The barrel aperture of the poison-canal is oblique and its opposite or terminal outlet is still more so, presenting the form of a narrow elliptical lon gitudinal fissure at a short distance from the

flattened tooth wheel we have supposed to be so approximated, are bent round the end of the poison duct, which closely adheres to and lines the canal, and the line of union of the two edges runs along the front and concave

Miscellaneous Items_ thing more than theory before we can affirm The block of marble for the Washington that the phenomenon last mentioned is sure to Monument, ordered by the Common Council occur at the d epth indicated. of New York is now finished, and is larg r Poison Fang of Serpents. than any that hail yet been s ent, being eigh t The instrument with which the cobra and feet wide, and five feet six inches in height. other venomous serpents are armed in so It weighs about four tons. The design is the deadly a mav ner, consists of several parts, a rms of the city of New York, cut in very namely, the tooth or poison fang, the movable high reliet, surrounded by a beautiful wreath stock or handle in which it is fixed, called the of oak and laurel leaves. The whole is sur jaw, the muscles or moving powers of the jaw, mounted by a large eagle standing on a globe. the bag containing the deadly liqllld called The block bears the following inscription in the poison sac, the pipe which carries the ve raised letters :-" Corporation of the City of nom into the tooth or poison duct, and the New York." The border is composed of squeezer or muscle that d rives the venom bundles of rods, encircled by a ribbon, to de from the bag, along the duct, through the tooth note that in union there is strength. The into the wound which the latter inflicts. The cost of the block will be about $2,500. tooth is not implanted in a socket like ordina The Pacific Railway in Missouri, has one ry teeth, but is firmly soldered, as it were, to of the most remarkable (though not the long the jaw bone, which commonly has no other est) tunnels in the world. For 930 feet in tooth to support, and is singularly modihed in one part, and 400 in another, it is cut through size and shape, to allow of the movements re the solid rock. The approaches to it, for long quisite for the deep plunge of the tooth into distances are cut filty feet in depth, faced the object aimed at. The tooth, in structure with the rock. The tunnel itself is sixteen resembles wh"t is called the canine tooth, feet high, arched over. which consists of a hard, pointed, long and No less than 40,000 pine logs have been cut, slender cone, with a hollow base, and if we and 25,000 have been put;nto the river at a suppose such a slender and partly hollow cone to be rolled out flat, the edges then bent to point sixty-five m iles from Potsdam) St. Law rence Co. A quantity sufficient to make 25,wards each other, and soldered together so as 000,000 feet of lumber, which, to be brought to form a canal open at both ends, we shall torm a good idea of the general form and to market, will pay a toll of $9,000 to the structure 'of a poison fang. The edges of the State.

The annual amount of lead produced from the Wisconsin Lead Mines, is about 40,000,000 pounds, which, at five cents a pound (a low enough estimate now,) amounts to $2,000,000.

reduced the rate of freight on bacon, beef, pork, whiskey, lard and lard oil, to 50 cents per 100 lbs. from Pittsburg to Philadelphia or

The Pennsylvania Railroad Company have

One Hundred Miles Per Hour.

"

96

"

=-=--

"

38'40 " 1 9 '20 "

A h o th e c o mbinati o n of me c h an ism by which t he charger is m o ve d, the same c o n s i s tin g i n the o p er a � t i n g spr ing, rack, click or pawl, and s pr i n g, applied t o the upright part of the paw l, t h e whole to act in conjunction with the piston sl id e, as d es crib e d. Also the combination of mechanism for o perat i n g the sl i d e, the same c o n sisting of the rac k o r r atc he t t he r e o f, i m p ell i n g pa wl, s p r i n g lever, c am, ratchet wheel, and spr i n g hook p a wl, as appl ie d to the frame a n d t h e b ar, an d m ad e to o p e ra.te substantially a s set forth, the same causing peg wood to b e s h o v e d t hr o u gh the charger, and keeping the pegs in ad vance of the peg wood, a nd succesRively forcing t h em into the correct p o sitio n over the h o l e made i n the s o l e by the awl. And, in cambination w i th t he p re s sure sp ri n g, I c l a i m the le'ver, with it s b en t pr oj ecti o n, spring, bent leverl and cam, the same being for the pur po s e as s e t fo r th. . ...--�

for t h.

Austrian papers state that a merchant of such as is wanted. Observations have been made with a Cel VIenna has lately presented to the Industrial sius thermometer of the temperature of the Union of that capital the details of a series of well. At the'mouth of the orifice, the ther experiment m ade by him to manufacture The mometer marks 5 0 degrees; at the depth of spiders' thread into woven tissues. 45 feet, the heat is regular, neither increasing thread is wound on a reel, and two dozen spi nor diminishing with the variations above, ders produce in six minutes. a beautiful and length. and at the distance of 351 feet, the heat has delicate thread, t wo thousand feet in of as be increased to 60 degrees. The calculations in The stuffs manutactured are spoken and the books give an increase of one degree in ing far superior to those of silk in beauty the temperature, lor every additional 100 delicacy of fabric. feet of depth, so that at the depth of 5,000 feet, the heat is supposed to be so intense as to melt iron. LThe greater part of the above is extracted from the " Missouri Republican," we therefore do not take upon ourselves to endorse the opinion therein mentioned of a gradual rise of temperature on getting deeper from the earth's surface, such hypothesis is a favorite one among some geologists,but we must have some---

Spider.' Thread.

" A Maine Yankee " announces through the " National Intelligencer," the invention of a form of road and improved locomotive, which, he says, will safely transport the mails and passengers at �the rate of one hundred miles per hour! The writer further says he has been made acquainted with the details of these improvements, ., which are so palpably correct in theory, and feasible in practice, that every civil engineer and railroad man will, on examination, at once recognize them as the desideratum, even to the extent ot safety and speed above indicated." The next Congress, it is said is to be invit ed to secure its adoption, and give to the world the result of the first experiment.- L Exchange. [Let us know the plan and then we can form some opinion of its correctness. It may be good and may be perfectly futile. We would state that 100 miles per hour have bee'n run by a lo comotive already. The Great Chestnut Tree.

Cotton In Africa.

which gives it the appearance of several trees growing together. In a circular space formed by these huge branches a hut has been erected for the accommoda tion of those who collect the chestnuts. New _ __ __ ' __ 'c ==  __  __ __

On one side of Mount Etna there is a fa mous chestnut tree, which is said to be one hundred and ninety six feet in circumference, j ust above the surface of the ground. Its en ormous trunk is separated into five divisions,

1 st July, 1853, and which the Secretary advertises will be paid on presentation, amounts thin. fm,Ii," ,f "" milli,., .f d.lI..

The p ublic debt of the United States due

---:::;:;:::: c:::=:::

Thirty varieties of cotton have been found growing spontaneously in Africa, A mis sionary says he has stood erect u nder the branches ot a cotton tree in a Goulah village' so heavily laden with bolls that it was prop ped up with forked sticks to prevent it from breaking under its o wn weight. The cotton was equal to that of any country. The na tives manufacture cotton goods extensively.

k

the place is not far f;om five thousand. .

The furnaces at the Mt. Savage establish ment, Md., are now in!Jlast, and the rolling mill continues, as it has done for some time, to turn out daily a large amount of superior rails. Over nine hundred hands are now ept b ilY .mpl,yol, Md tho ",p.l.fum .f

I ron Works.

II �

� 1853 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Scientific American - Series 1 - Volume 008 - Issue 29.pdf/7

 231' TO CORRESPON DENTS. J. C. S ., o f N. Y.-You appear t o have hit on the E ricsson propeller; the single propeller, with an in. creasing pitch in the blades, has been the most suc cessful : it is more simple and can b e made cheap Sir G. C. 's ideas are to be found in the " London 1I1echanic's 1I1agazine," in the diser; we prefer it.

American and Foreign Patent Agenoy

cUBsion of the Stirling Air E ngine, 1846. N. R. M. & C o ., N .Y.-Your water.. cock will work well enongh, if tho colnmn of feed water is Q[ gre at' er weight than the pressure of steam on the water in the boiler; if not, the water i n the boiler would be forced up the pipe. F. C .� of 1I1ich.-Yo ur torpedo would n o doubt be o f grea t beneflt, i n cases of danger, if constructed as you propose, but as we d o n o t know the plan, you

will readily j udge that we cannot B ay more about it, A. 111 . S ., of Ind .-You should write Iessrs. Doug-

lasas o f Middletown, Conn., for such information as you solici t of us. Those odd back numbers we h ave not.

Subscribers at 1I10unt 1I10rris, I11.-Your first letter came duly to hand with funds, but the name of the State was omitted both o n the letter and o n the en-

the entire right of E. Harrison's Flour and Grain 1I1i1l, for the United States and Territories, for the term of five y ear s, Itre now prpared to furnish said mills at short notice. These mill. are unequalled by any other mill in use, and will grind from 20 to 30 bushels per hour of fine mea.l, and will run 24 hours MPORTANT T O INVENTORS. . . . The under per day. without heating, as .the mills are self� cool signed having for several years been extensively ing. Thoy weigh from 1400 to 1500 Ibs., of the best engaged in procuring Letters Patent for new ,mecha'" French burr stone, 30 inches i n diameter : snugiy nical and chemical inventions, offer their services packed in a cast� iron frame, price of mill $200. pack to inventors npon the most reasonable terms. All ing $5. Terms cash Further particulars can be had 28tf by addressing as above, post-paid. business entrusted t o their charge is strictly confi dential. Private consultations are held with inven tors at their o ffi c e from 9 A . 111 ., until 4 P. 111 . In- r HE NE W HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO. Tentors, however; need not incur the expense o f at .. N o . 2 Howard st, New Hayen, C t ., are n o w fin� tending in person, as the preliminaries can all be ar ishing 6 large Lathes, for turning driving wheels, ranged by letter. 1I10dels can be sent with safety by and all kinds of large work; these latheR weigh 9 express or any other convenient medium. They tons, and swing 7 1�3 feet, shears about 16 feet long. should not be over 1 foot squar. in size, i f possible. Cuts and further particulars can be had by address28tf. Having Agents located in the chief cities o f En- ing as above, post-paid. rope, our facilities for obtaining Foreign Patents are unequalled. This branch of our bUBiness rec alves the ARKER'S PATENT METHOD OF BANDING especial atten.tion o f one of the members of the firm, l)ulleys.-Portable Sawing Machines, made se� who is prepared to. advise with inventors and manu .. parate either for circular or scroll sawing, ma.y be facturers at all times, relating t o Foreign Patents. ,een at N o . 110 E aspSth street, near Third avenue, MUNN & C O ., Scientific American Office, where any information will be given as to its appli� 128 Fulton street, New York. 2 8 2" cation t o other machinery.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

HAVEN THE NEWNew Haven, CMANUFACTURING BEARDSLEE'S PATENT PLANING Tongue ing and Grooving 1I1achines- These celebrated onn.) having purchased Company,

I

r

machines have n o w ben generally i n t roduced i n various p o r t i o n s of the. United States. 1I10re than thirty are now i n success(ul practical operation i n th e State o f New York alone. A s a n illu stration of the exten t o f w ork which they are capable o f per� forming, with unrivalled perfecti o n } i t i s s ufficient to state that, within the last six months and a half, over five millions of feet of spruce flooring h ave been planed, tongued and groovd by one of thes e machines at Plattsburgh, N. Y . . never running t o exceed t e n hours a day . The claim that t h e B eards lee machine was an infringe ment upon the Wood .. worth patent, has been' finally abandoned; a n d after the proofs had been taken, the suit instituted by the owners of that patent was discontinued, and the whole controversy terminated o n the first o f Novem ber last. Applications for machines or right-s may be made t o the subscriber, GEO. W . BEARDSLE E, 57 State street, o r N o . 764 Broadway, Al bany. 15tf

P

particular i n this respect they will save themselves, as well as us, much trouble sometimes.

d e n t s a r e too careless about mentioning the n a m e of the State from whence they hail; by being more

velope which c overed it, so we knew not where to a d dress the papers. Very many o f Our correspon...

ACHINE FOR MAKING RAILROAD Chal.. -Having built one o f my patent machi n e s for making Railroad Chairs, and operated i t i n presence of several scientific mechanics, who pronou n ce i t the m o s t perfect machine e v e r m a d e f o r the purpose. I am anxious to sell rights upon reasonable terms; 4000 perfect chairs can be made in o n e day, w i th o nl y one-third the usual labor. ROBERT GRIFFITHS, Newport, Ky., opposite Cincinnati. tf

M

'p ORTABLE STEAM ENGINE-Any. Tot oSASH OR CABINET MAKERS commence business.-A couple

o n e hav ing for salo a good second� hand Portable Steam Engine and Boiler, of from 3 to 7 horse� power, will C. H. WARN E R, do well to address. 1I1acon, Ga. 2 8 2*

P. N. FITZGERALD, C ounsellor at Law � has recently resigned the office o f principal Examiner of Patentsl which h e has held for many years, and is ready to assist, professionally, i n th e preparation and trial of patent causes b l-' fore the U. S. Oourts in a n y o f t h e States, a n d before the Su preme C o urt of the United States. H e also acts a s C o unsel. i ll cases before t h e Patent Oftlce, a n d o n ap� peals therefrom, but does not prepare applications for Patents Office corner of E and 8th st�., Washington, D. C. 1 8 tf

W

J. E. B ., of N .-We have received yours but do n ot understand the case, because you have not explained it, and your letter does not clear up th e cir M cumstances; a plain and clear statement of the cir� cumstances is the thing wanted in connection with

the Qlucidation of the power of the engines and speed of the screw. Write cautiously an d clearly. A. J. 111 . D ., of Geo .-Capt. Ericsson first built a s t ationary h o t-aIr engin e. You have got t h e re� c e i pt for glue by this time. The amount for the two patents would be about $1100. H. D ., of N. Y.-Alum water will tan your white skins j be sure and get the grease out of them; i t

BLOWER .-FOR LDEN'S PATENT FAN Foundries, Smitheries, Rolling Mills, Steam� boats, Ventilation, &c These B lowers possess many advantages over those of other � construction, they will preduce a stronger blast with less power, make less noise, and are less liable to get out o f order, they are made entirely of metal, of the best material and workmanship. A printed report o f a trial of them will be sent to those wishing it, by addre ss� ing th e subscriber. Also B irkinbine's Patent Im proved Hydraulic Ram and Force Pump. J. B. C HI29 2" CHESTER, Agent, 338 Broadway, N . Y.

A

ABOUT o f young men acquainted with working sash or cabinet ma chinery possessing a small capital can hear of a good chance for business in a large and flourishing city, where there is n o competition, and prices from 5 0 to 100 per cent higher than i n New York o r B o s t o n. Address J. E. TURNBUI,L, S a i n t Johns, N e w Brnnswick. 28 4*

ACHINERY.-S. C. HILLS, No. 12 Platt-st. N Y. dealer in Steam E ngines, B o ilers, Iron PIa. .. ners, Lathes, Universal Chucks, Drills; Kase's, Von Schmidt's and other Pumps; John s o n ' s Shingle Ma chines; Woodworth's, Daniel's and Law's Planing maehines; Dick's Presses, Punches and Shears; Mar ticing and Tennoning machinesj Belting; machinerY oil, Deal's patent Cob and Corn mills; Burr mill an d Grindstones; Lead and Iron Pipe &0. Letters to be 27U naticed must be Dost-llaid.

M

1I1i1k BOSTONBBELTING COMPANY-No. 37 Belt A street, o ston, 1I1anufacturers of 1I1achine ing. Steam Packing, E ngine and Conducting Hose, and all other articles of Vulcanized India Rubber, used for mechanical and manufacturing purposes. 28tf

B. ELY, C ounsellor at Law, 52 Washington � st., B o ston, will give particular attention t o Patent C ases. Refers to lIlunn & C o ., Scientil! American. 16tf

requires practice t o do so correctly.

H. M. S., of N. Y.-We d o not see any novelty in your arrangement o f windmill, an d feel sure no patent can be obtained. stantly on hand, time. P. c., o f Ky.-We keep Concentric Lath es con price $25 : also a very compact you can order at any

S. F., of Pa.-We are not acquainted with any better substance for smoothing the .pokes than what

. l. t

HE PROPRIETORS OF JAMES RENTON'S Patent, for the manufacturing of wrought� iron diteet from the ore, are desirous o f j ntroducing the AMILY SCHOOL FOR BOYS-Easton, C onn. Number Limited t o T welve. Summer Session invention generally, and invite parties who may wish you are using. begins May 2nd. Rev. C. T. Prentice, Principal, to negociate for rights for States and counties, or for furnaces, to make immediate application, and to viM J. S. D., of T e nn,-There is nothing new or paten.. References for circulars, etc.-S. H. Wales, E s q ., Scientific American Office; Rev. S. J. Prime, 142 sit the works at Newark and examine for themselves; table in your alleged improvement in brakes; the N s. t; F. C. W oodworth, Esq., 118. N assau s t., they are disposed to make liberal "rrangements with a sau l e .parties w l! o m a k e an early a,pplication. principl@ is good but not new. anks, Peclt 'Siip; NeW' Ynrk; Geocrge" rij)o Applicants for rights in the State o f New Jersey may J. M., of Pa.-G. W. Terry, of New Haven, C t ., Sterling, a n d J. D . Johnson, E sq s ., and Rev. 1I1r. Hewit, of Brid geport, Conn.; Rev. Messrs. Atwater, address Hon. J. M . Quinby, President of the Ameri can furnish y o u with information about works o n can Iron Co. Inquiries or applicatio n for other of Fairfield, and Hall, of Norwalk, C o n n. 29 States may be made to the subscribers. The furnace distilling and alcohol. which i s now i n operation at the American Iron C o ' s J. V. S., of Ohio .-We see nothing new o r patenta OODBURY'S PATENT PLA" ING Mach ' works, corner o f Parker a n d Passaic s t s ., Newark, N. -I have recently improved the manuf&cture of 1., is attrating considerable interest. Gentlemen ble in your device for feeding water to b oilers. my Patent Planing lachines, making them strong from all parts of the county have visited the works, o � F. 111 ., of C. W.-No person can in struct you and easy t o operate, an d am now ready to sell my examined the o}!leration, and express the highest how to make malleable iron, you must learn the 24 inch Surfacing Iachines for $700, and 14 inch Sur commendation of it. JA1I1ES RENTON, A. H. facing 1I1achines for $650 eacl}, I will warrant, by BROWN, Proprietors, N ewark, N. J. trade like any other profession. 26 5 " a special contract, that ONE of y aforesaid machines L. B. C ., o f S . C .-We feel greatly obliged to you will plane as many boards or plank a s two of the AXVELL IRON WORKS. 2 5 9 Bowery, N . Y . for the fine l ist of subscribers received from you, Wo odworth machines in the same time, and do i t Steam engines1 lathes, drilling and planing ma" and regret that we are unable t o furnish your club better and with less power. I also manufacture a chines, machinists' tools of every de scription, print� superior Tonguing and Grooving 1I1achine for $350, with the back numbers. ing, lithographic and copperplate presses, bookbind which can be either attached t o the Planing 1I1aJ. W. G., of Ind .-The edition o f 1I1innifie's Draw- chine, or worked separately. JOSE PH P. WOOD ers' cutting and embossing presses, rolling machines and squaring shears, iron backing presfes, improved ing Book, now publishing i n numbers, c ontains tha B URY, Patentee. B order st, E ast B oston, 1I1ass. 29tf standing press, proof and transfer presRes, cylinder same matter as the work originally pubH.shed; price TS, DESIGNERS, &c., one hundre d newspaper press, self- inking apparatus, and every O ARTIS article i n the press line, necessary in a priniing of in numbers 25cts. each; bound, $3, exclusive of pas� dollars premium.-The government of the Mass. fice or bindery, made to order, o n reasonable terms. achusetts Charitable 1I1echanic Asso ciation having tage, which is about SOcts. All kinds of repairing done with the greatest des J. C., o f N. H.-You will find several good receipts determined to procure a new diploma to be used at patch. N. B -Steam fire pumps made 10 per cent. the E xhibition the present year, hereby offer a pre 26 4* for making ink, blaCk, blue, and red, in Vol. 7, Sci. mium o f one hundred dollars for the best original cheaper than at any other establishment. design of one Artists and others who may b e dis Am., page 91. EE & LEAVITT -Manufacturers of every d e to compete. w il l please send their drawings to D. G. S ., of Pa.-Your paddle. w h eel is too c o m - p o sed scription of Cast Steel Saws, No. 53 Water ,treet, the secretary o n or before Saturday the thirtieth plioated to be of any practical benefit H put into use d ay of April next. E ach drawing must have some between Walnut and Vin e, Cincinnati O. 27 6 m '*' A. P., of N. J.-Your descript i o n is too concise to mark upon it, and must be accompanied by a sealed envelope, bearing a similar mark, and containing the PILLARD A N D DODGE-Arch Stre et Hall give a decided opinion upon the subject. address of the party sending it. For the d o sign Brass Foundry, and manufactory of plmbers' E. C. B ., o f N. Y.-We d o not kno w where Jeffries' whic h shall be adopted by the executive committee brass; water, steam, and gas cock constantly for 1Iiarine Glue is obtainable, perhaps the following the above premium will be paid. l'he other designs sale upon reasonable terms; 213 Ar c h street, Phi� 25 8 * recipe will be a substitute : cautchouc, 1 5 grs. j chlo- will be returned to their respective owners o n de� ladelphia, Pa. mand. Any further information may be obtained by roform, 2 o z .; masti c, 1-2 0 z .; dissolve the two first application to the Secretary. In behalf of the GovARON KILBORN, N o. 4 Howard s t, New H a ingredients, then add the mastic, and leave i t to ernment, F R E D. H. STIMPSON, Secretary. v e n, C onn., manufacturer o f steam E ngines, Boston, F eb. 23, 1 853 . 29 3 * macerate for a week. Another glue or cement is Bp il ers, &c. Noiseless fan blo wers and machinery i l!' general made by mixing a handful of quicklime. wi th four 25 10" OLIVER'S WIRE WORKS -No. 2 5 Fulton ounces of linseed 0' 1, washed, and boiled to a good � st, corner o f Water. Locomotive Spark Wire, AND PAPER, GLUE-Excelsior Sand and Em thickness, and kept in the shade o n tin plates to Patent Self� Setting Revolving Rat Traps; a n e w in ery Paper. AB B O T ' S 1I1anilla Sand and 1I1atch vented enclosed C oal and Aeh Separator. and Wove dry; it is afterwards rendered fit for use by boilin g Papers. Emery C loth, E mery, E mery Grit, Pumice Wire of every description. 28 4 * stone ground and i n lump, o f very superior quality; i t o v e r a fire. also Glue: o f all gradeRl and i n quantities to suit L. R ., of N . Y.-The magnet will not attach itoRCROSS ROTARY PLANING M ACIIINE, purchasers at the lowest manufacturers' prices, for -Decided by the Circuit C o urt not to infringe the self to the wheels. sale by WILLIAM B. PARSO N S, 2<14 Pearl street. Woodworth 1l1achine-I now offer my Planing 1I1a� 24 8* B last Pipe-Who can tell us what was the cause chines at a low price; they are not surpassed by any the bursting of the blast pipe at the Crane Iron machines as t o amount or quality of work. Tongue) of OTTON MACHINERY -Of the most approved ing and grooving machines also for sale, doing one Works, Pa, recently? plans, from the best .hops i n the country : or both edges as desired; 80 machines now in operai E. A. F., of S. C . -We have rece i ved yours, and drawings, specifications., and general arrangements tion . Address me a t Lowell, 1I1ass .� for the machinery, furnished at the lowest rates, by think as you do o n the subject. 27 10" N. G . NORO ROSS . W. B. LEONARD. and E. W. S MITH. 7 5 Merchants' J. ll . C, of Tenn.-Yours has come to hand and 2Stf LACK LEAD CRUCIBLES-The subscriber is Exchange, New York. will receive attention. now manufactlring and keeps o n hand an as sortment of the above crucibles for steel melting, OODWORTH PLANING MACHINES, O N 1I10ney received o n account o f Patent Office busi brass and other metal workers, which are warranted h a n d and manufactured to o r d e r, of superior ness for the week ending Saturday, 1I1arch 26 :equal to any now i n use. Orders respectfully 8olici� quality, at reduced price" warranted perfect. Also J . A, of Ct., $25; H. R ., of N . J., $30; T . F ., of ted by DANIEL ADEE, Agent, 107 Fulton street, steam engines and other machinery. by JOHN H, 27 4" C t ., $20 j J. I-I. B ., o f O t. � $30; J. B ., of N. Y., $20; N. Y. LESTER, 57 Pearl street, Brooklyn, L. 1. 22 8 * B. H. 0 ., of N. Y ., $30; A. C ., o f Ct .� $25; F. O. D ., EAR CUTTING-To order, executed with dis R. C W ., o f 0 ., $55; J. M. � o f D e l ., $25; of Pa., $20 HARRISON'S UNEQUALLED F L OUR AND patch, straight, spiral, and bevel, at the machine H. B ., of Ot., $30 N. N. T ., of N. Y .� $30; H. C. H, � GRAIN 1I1ILLS-Their frames and hopper are of N. Y ., $30; W. H, of N. Y.; $30; R. S ., of N shop No. 60 Vesey st, N. Y. G. W. WIGHT. 27 4" cast.. iron, and the stones French B urr, 3 0 inches in J .� $SO . diameter; grinds of wheat and corn 20 bushels an HORSE STEAM ENGINE FOR SALE-We hour, weighs fourteen hundred pounds. Specifications and drawings belonging t o parties These offer for sale an E ngine and B oiler, as follows mills, constructed upon a. new principle, have be with the follo wing initials have been forwarded to 8 horse, horizontal, cylinder 7 inches bore, 16 inch come widely known, and are producing a revolution the Patent Office during the week ending Saturday stroke, o n a cast-iron be, fiy wheel, driving pulley, in milling. C ash orders promptly supplied, and the governor, pump, pipes, etc.; has never been used. mills warranted t o work in the best manner. T h e March 26 : The B o iler has been used by the maker about o n e patentee offers $ 5 0 0 reward for a n y m i l l which will J . A " of C t .; B. J ., of N � Y .; A. L � 111 cJ ., of Oh l o ' ' ', It is cylinder, h orizontal. 16 feet long, 30 S. A. & J. G ., of R. I.; T. J A ., of Ohio; A C ., of year. diameter, has a steam chamber, try-cooks, do an equal amount of work with the same power inch and dressilOg. 1I1ade and for sale at the corner of S W. & G " a n d R . 111 . D ., of 1I1ass ,; J. ., o f c heck a n d safety valves : price, $600 . Addres 8 C ourt and Union streets, New Haven, C on n, by J. B " of R. I .; R. S., of N. J. I 1I1UNN & CO. 20 12* E DWARD HARRISON.

mortising machine for $20

NGINEERING-The undersigned i s prepared to furnish specifications, estimates, plans in general or detail of steamships, steamboats) propellers, high and low pressure e n gines, boilers, and machinery of every description. Broker in steam vessels, machinery, boilers, &c. General Agent for Ash croft's Steam and Vacuum Gauges. Allen & Noyes' 1I1etallic Self-adjusting Conical Pack ing, Taber's Water Gauge. Se wall's Salinometers, Dudgoon's Hy draulic Lifting Press, Roebling's Patent Wire Rope for hoisting and steering purposes, etc. etc. C H ARLES W . COPELAND, 29 13 " C onsultin g E ngineer, 64 Broad way.

E

STEAM ENGINES - The subscri ber is now prepared to supply excellent Porta ble E ngines, with B oilers, Pumps, Heaters, etc ., all complete, and very compact, say 1, 2, 2 1-2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 1 0 horse-power, suitable for printers, carpen� ters, farmers, planters, & c, they can be used with wood, bituminous, or ha.rd coal; a 2 1-2 horse en.. gine can be seen in store, i t occupies a space 5 feet by 3 feet, weighs 1500 Ibs. � price $240; other sizes S. C. HILLS. i n proportion. 27eotf 1I1achinery Agent, 12 1'latt st, N. Y.

P ORTABLE

EONA R D ' S MACHINER� DEPOT, 109 Pearl-st. and 60 Beaver, N. Y.-Leather B anding Manufactory, N. Y .-Machi nists' s Tools, a large as sortment from the " IJ owell Machine Shop," and oth er celebrated makers, Also a general supply of me chanics' and manufacturers' articles, and a superio quality o f oak� tanned Leather Belting. 27tf P. A. LE ONARD. ,

L

P AINTS ,

T

&e. &c .-American Atomic Drier Graining C o lors, Anti-friction Paste, Gold Size Z in c Drier, and Stove Polish. QUARTE RlIIAN &; SON, 114 John st., 27tt Paintsrs and C hemists,

F

HILDS, TAINTER & CO., Worcester, 1I1ass., Bliilders o f Daniel's Planers, with Read's feed motio n, and J. A. FAY &; C O ' s. celebrated W o o d working 1I1achinery. 24 8 *

C

.

CRUCIBLES and 1I1elting B uf nny form;�Irl1:e'ami q<l,.liiYl-mooeo Buit Pots. cus

LACK LEAD

tomers, for 3 cents per number, and warranted equa to any of the kind manufactured i n th e world. by D. H. PURINTON, Somerset, lass. 23 10"

W

.

DRAl<'T BOARDS-With extension scales, sheet fasteners, and T rule. See Report o f Worcester Fair, 1I1arylaRd State Fair, & c. &c, with their award s. $10 complete. Sent by express. Ad dress, p o st-paid. CHA1I1BE RLIN & C O ., Pittsfield 1I1ass. 16tf new Horizontal Steam F complete, with pumps 7 inch bore, 2 feetEngine stroke OR SALE-A

P ATENT

M

T

weI suited for a saw mill j price $325 j also o n e Ee cond-hand, nearly new, perpendicular) i n iron fram work, complete, with pump and governor, 4 horse power. price, $175 : all warrallted to work well and of sound materials. Address O . S I MON} Louisville, Ky ., (Main between 11th and 12th st.) 29 2 *

L S

ATHES F O R BROOM HANDLES, Etc.-We continue to sell Alcott's Concentric Lathe,which is adapted to turning Windsor Ohair Legs, Pillar. Rods and Rounds; Hoe Handles, Fork Hanliles an Broom Handles. This Lathe is capable o f turning under two inche diameter, with only the trouble of changing the dies and pattern to the size required. It will turn smooth over swells or depressions of 3-4 to the inch and work -as smoothly as on a straight line-and doe excellent work. Sold without frames for the low price o f $25-boxed and shipped with directions fo setting up, A.ddres. (post.paid) MUN N & C O. At t h i s Ollice.

L

d

A S

F'ALES

E

& GRAY (Successors to TRAC Y & FALE S), RAILROAD C AR 1I1AN U F AC 'l' U RE RS-Grove WOlCS, Hartford, C onnecticut. Pas senger, freight, and all other descriptions of railroad cars and l o comotive tender", made to order promptl y ltf

N

C

B. HUTCHINSON'S PATENT STAVE Cut ting Machines, the best i n use, and applicable alike to thick or thin staves; also his Head C uttll' g and '.rurning, and Stave Jointi n g Machines. For machines or territorial rights, apply to 0 B HU'fCHINSON & C O ., Syracuse, N. Y. 9tf

C

�

B

W

and turning tapers, cutti n g' screws, &c. We manufac ture and keep constantly on hand the above lath e s also d ouble slide C huck and common Hand Lathes Iron Planers, S. Ingerso!'s Patent Universal Ratche Dril l, &c. Weight of Axle Lathe, 5,500 Ibs; pri c $600; E ngine Serew Lathe, 1400 to 7, 0 0 0 Ibs; price $225 t o $675, BROWN & WHITE, 27tf Windsor Locks, C onn.

PATENT CAR AXLE LA.THES J - -also Patent Engine Screw Lathes, for bo ring

D. WHITE'S

G

C OCHRAN'S

E

8

CRUSHING MACHINE- Can be seen in daily operation in Thirteenth street, be tween 9th and 10th avenues. Parties i n want of a machine for crushing and pulverizing eJ.uickly and cheaply Quartz ROCk, Iro n, Lead, C opper, and Silver Ores, and other mineral substances equally hard, ar invited to witness the operation of these powerfu a.nd simple, but yet effective machines. } or further particular. apply t o E. & J. BUSSING &, C O ., No. 32 Clift� st., Y. N. 23tf ATENT LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, and information to inventors and patentees; for sale at the Scientific American office. Price 1 ' 2 1--2 cents.

P

�.

.

� 1853 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC


text:
Page:Scientific American - Series 1 - Volume 008 - Issue 29.pdf/8

 �23 2 W ..

---

Stitnfifit bnttitau. Carbonic Acid Ga�� base of the mountain, in one place, a stream Carbon exists in a variety of forms of water alrnost boiling hot, comes out. The same work here at the same price. But even charcoal, anthracite lamp-black, diamond, are surface of the mountain presents a desolate allowing the people ot Albany to put up the all different forms or- states of the same ele appearalice as far as the eye can reach. The figures one half more, they woul d find them ment. There is but a small amount of car mountain is either cracked, burned or broken all against the building of a new and expen bon in the mineral world-none, indeed, but into enormous and fearful depths by the ap sive ship canal, Let them get po werful dredg what is supposed to have been. of organic ori proach of the fires to the upper stratum ; roots ing boats and build walls to narrow the chan gin. But in the organized world it is a funda and trunks of the lofty trees are charred and nel, and then not fear, but a most wondertul mental and universal ele m ent. When wood blackened, mingling their pyroligneous odor change for the better will be effected in the or coal burns or decays, or when living things with the SUlphurous vapors from the hot caves perish, their carbon combines with oxygen, and crevices around. The calcined bones of Hudson River. and the substance formed is known as carbo birds, repti i es, and small quadrupeds, lie here IIogle'. Patent Universal Chnel,. nic acid. This is a universal product of com and there, half mixed with'the mineral ashes, FIG. 1 bustion, whether in the ungovernable confla to fill up the blasted view, while amidst the gration or the measured respiration of the va.t scene of desolation may be seen a solita living animal. C arbonic acid is a heavy gas ry wood-flower, springing from this perpetual :"'it extihguishes fire and destroys all allimal " hot-bed/' and presenting, in the uncongenial lite. If an animal attempts to breathe it atmosphere, a mockery of blr,om. pure, there is spasmodic cl osure of the glottIS and the animal dies as speedily as if strangled Astor Librar y. with a cord. It breathed. when diluted with The funds and property of the institution 9 0 per cent. of air, It acts as a llarcotic poison, a;:.e valued at $450,000. The cost of the inducing, sleep, torpor, and death. Carbonic buil ding and site $70,000, and the expendi acid gas and steam are employed in the Fire ture for books thus far $75,364. More than Annihilator to extinguish flame. There is a 60,000 volumes have been collected, and Dr. small portion of carbonic acid gas in the at Cogswell is now in Europe, authorized to ex mosphere, namely, one gallon diffused through pend $25,000 in the purchase of additional 2,000 gallons of air. This m ay be increased works. Commencing with about eighty ten-told or to one half per cent-more than thousand v.olumes, free from debt, and having this is inj urious. A man exhal es about 20 a vested fund of. $ 1 80,000, the' interelllh of The annexed engravings are a face view cubic feet of carbonic acid per day, which which is to be steadily applied to enlarging (fig. 1), and a back view (fig. 2) of the imwould 'therefore vitiate o r spoil 4,000 cubic the collection, this must ultimately become proved chuck, invented by S. S. Hogle, and feet of air each day, or equal to all that is to one of the largest libraries in the world. for which a patent was granted in November, be found over a space of iJ6 square feet to the 1841, but which has not been introduced into Butter. top of the atmosphere annually. La rger this region, and which is but very little known Forty thousand pounds of butter, recently quantities still are generated by combustion generally-not so much as it should be. E E and decay. . Water has a strong attraction for imported into Boston from Ireland, were ta are the jaws, they are worked by the screws, carbonic acid and absorbs much ot it. It then ken back in the Europa, which sailed on the B B. C C are the nuts o n the back side. acquires new properties, particularly the pow 2nd ult. , not having commanded Ii sufficient E very opposite jaw is. secured o n the same price. erof dissolving a great number of minerals. screw, and is worked by a simultaneous mo :::::.?= tion, except that the opposing screws on the A Rival to Tea. LITERARY NOTICES. same spindle are right and left. A is the cir The " Singapore Free Press 7) recommends THE C OLD GRAPE Ry-By W. Chorlton ; 12mo, cle plate of the chuck, and D are bolt openings the use of 'the coffee leaf as a substitute for pp . 93 ; published by J. C . H iker . 129 Fulton stre.et , in the back plate. The shanks o f screws, B the berry. The writer appears to be an Eng N. Y. This is a useful little manual for the lDe the use o f glass houses, but Wlt B, are tapered at the centre of the chuck, so lish planter of the D utch settlement of Pa grower, i n which advocated by the author a practI out heat, is ably that one works and rolls on the other, which dang, in Sumatra, where the coffee plant has cal gardener who gi y es directi ons as  o th e course

it be wise or not) in our schools, and will be understood, bnt we could not afford to do the

Deep <: ning the River. Clyde and lIudson.

Battell, with respect to improving the navi gation of the Hudson. In 1 750 there were only three feet o f water in the channel of the river Clyde ; in 1850 there were 1 7 feet of water. In 1 758 an act of Parliament was ob tained to make a lock to secure 4 feet ofwa ter up to Glasgow, but it never was made, for a plan of systematic improvement was laid out by the celebrated James Watt, which was soon acted upon, and from that day to this the improvement in the channel ot the river has steadily progressed. There were at that time

gow," which runs between New York and Glasgow, were built and received their en gines at the same place. The river is a very insignificant one at Glasgow, so far as it res pects the quantity of water discharged into it, and is no more to be compared with the Hud son, than is the Mohawk. It is not insignifi cant, however, in the lesson which it might teach the people of Albany, regarding the deep-lning of the Hudson, to promote its navi gation for vessels of heavy tonnage. As pro mised by us in the Scientific American of last week, we will proceed to prilsent an outline of what has been done on this river, which will be found, to sustain the views of Mr.

All the steamships of the Cunard Line were built on the River Clyde, in Scotland, and re ceived their engines at the City of Glasgow, at the extremity of navigation on that river. The Atlantic screw steamships, which run fro m Philadelphia to Liverpool,and the " Glas

were but 15 inches water, and about 3 feet spring tides. The. lowest tord was at Dum buck, 1 2 miles below Glasgow. It was deep ened in the autumn of 1 770 from 2 feet at low water to a depth of six teet, at an expense of �2,300 ($ 1 1 ,300). The great object of this deep cut was to allow a larger body of tidal water

a number of fords or san d ,. banks in the river, and at Glasgow there was one, on whIch there

the old Roman Empire.

up the river-the next step being by a jetty of stones run out from the shore to secure the ebbing of the waters through the new cut. The largest vessels now sail where once was this ford, which formed the outermost link of " The improvements were commenced . by deepening aMhe fords and running jetties of loose stones out from the shore to low-water

mark ; these guided the water into the chan nel, which was thereby deepened. C ontinu ous dykes, parallel with the current, were then formed, by which a uniform depth was maintained ; and in 1807 a tracking path was formed along the south dyke from Re.lfrew up to Glasgow, 24;i miles of these were dykes formed, and cost from 25s. to 30s. per lineal yard of dyke. In 1824 the tides and freshets had scoured away about two m illion cubic y ards, and gaine d '1 depth of 13 teet. In 1824 the steam dredging machine was introduced, being its first application to a river in Scot land, and since then about three million cubic yards of, tuff have been lifted , besides many tor.s of stones by means of diving bells. III 1 842-5 channels were cut through Port Glasgow and other banks, and 420,000 cubic yards removed. � The water above Glasgo w has, in suspen sion about 22,000 cubic yards of fine stuff' an nually. II: the harbor alone about 80,000 cu

allows them to cross in a very small space. been cultIvated for several generations, and that are and ought to be employe d. Works like It is calculated to chuck articles of a very where it is now prdduced in larger quantity, thi, that are written by really practical m e n, are far or e t o be trusted than the pseudo guides of large size and articles of only three- fourths of and ot b ette r quality than in any country of pretended agric ?-lturis s  ho m or often mislead the than .dlt ect hlm m .the tl g ht path. R eal ly It an inch in diame.ter�. . is strong and simple, the Malayan Islands, Java excepted. The enquirer works, :.written by plain practical men,. are practic al and any chips that may gather in the middle, coffee plant is an evergreen large shrub, which of the 'highest valu e, but the l rashy works of SClen tific quacks in eTery braneh of kno1t'ledge, are worse will fall out on the back side under the yields a profusion of leaves, and bears fruit than usele ss, This work is to be placed in tbe for !,�r category, and i. chea p at any price for real screws. It is adapted for centric and eccen for about t wenty years. T.he leaf, and even knowledge i8 worth its wei ght i n gold. tric chucking. The engravings will at once the twigs, have, i n a minor degree, the same H Graham'S American Magazine," for A p r il, i s e n show the machinist the difference between stimUlating and exhilarating property as the larged to 1 4 4 pages, and is one o f tbe v e r y best lit   . rary publicatiens in the country. The articles, OrI this and other chucks, and how each opposing berry, and its habitual use by the natives of ginal and selected, are from the first authors. D e  pair of j aws can approach near to and recede the country, agri.;ultural Malays of very sim w i tt & D avenport, agents, Tribune Buildings, N e w York. from the centre as may be desired. Instead ple habits, and little amenable to innovation, of having a screw for each jaw or sliding show. that they at least find the coffee leaf gripe piece, as in the old universal chuck, this to make a wholesome and agreea ble beve one. has two screw shafts, crossing one ano rage. The introduction o f this article into ther at right angles, with a right and left- our 'consumption would, we cannot help think ing, be a benefit to the poor, and to our co FIG. 2. lonial planters. In order to render coffee l eaves marketable for European consumption, the best mode of preparation will consist in subjecting them to the same kind of manipulation as tea nnder goes ; and for this purpose it would probably be expedient, at first, to employ, for instruc tion, Chinese skilled in the art, such men as Mr. Fortune lately brought from the northern provinces of China to Upper India. The leaves of coffee, neither fleshy nor succulent, are even more easily dried than those of tea, and being larger and more abun dant, while the plant itself is more easil y reared than tea and embraces a much wider geographical range, it is certain they might be sold at a handed screw on each, so that by the turn l ower price than the poorest Bohea. It may ing of each screw shatt, two jaws are m ade be added that the leaves so prepared would to approach or recede from one another in not be amenable to the charge of adulterations their radial grooves. To increase the capaci so often urged against the ground berry. .--==",=---

to be pursued with dlagrams o f the dIfferent ro ofs

Manufaeture rs and Inventors. A n e w Volume of the year. commence s about the middle of

SCIENTJFIC AI>lERICAN S eptemb er in each

It i s a j ournal o f Scientific, Mechanical, and

with a copious index, and from five to six hundred original engravings, together with a great amount o f practical i nformation concerning the progress o f i n v ontion a n d discoveq t hroughout t h e world. The

fOl'm Buitable for binding, and c�onstitutes, at the end of each year, a splendid volume of over 400 pages,

other improvements ; the advocate o f industry in all its various branch es. It is published weekly i n a

"n<",Y'

per annum to remove. The whole cost of maintaining the depth is upwards of �8000 ty of the chuck separate jaws are put on the a-year ; the average price being, lifting, 8d ; chuck, the o ne fitting into the mortise of the depositing, 4d-equal to 1s. per cubic yard." other, and secured by screws. The foregoing extracts marked as quoted, The assignee of the patent for this chuck, are from a paper on the subject by W. in this state, is Thomas Ashley, of Waterloo, Campbell, C. E. The facts prominently set Seneca C o ., N. Y., who manufactures the ar forth are, that by removing the fords or' sand ticle , and from whom more information may banks, aud dyking or walling up, as proposed be obtained by letter. by Mr. Battel, a river which at one time, only Experiments have been lately made at Ber admitted sloops and coal boats of about 100 and 200 tons, now allows ships o f 2000 tons lin with cannon having rifle bores, and loaded burden to sail up twelve miles above the place at the breech with a conical missile, which is (Dumbuck) where there were only 2 feet of hollow, and contains powder. These experi water 100 years ago. The price of dredging ments are said to be very successful. With and keeping the river clear, is given in Ster- 1 pounds of powder a missile was thrown whkh i. iIl I,e,., (wh'th" more than 6,000 feet.

bic yards of silt accumulate annually, and about 90,000 in the river, including an annual accumulation at Bowling of 60,000 cubic yards, which costs the trustees about �1200

ted and popular j o ur n al of the kind now published. Its E d itors, Contributors, and C orrespondents are among the ablest practical scientific men in th e The Patent

Scientifi C American is the most widely circula.

w or ld.

C laims

are published

weekly and are

invaluable to Inventors and Patentees.

The Burning Co al Mountain.

money to Travelling Agents, as we are not in the

We partioularly warn the public again st paying certificates of agency to any

been consumed up to the surface, and hence the least pressure thereon, it is presumed, might break through and let the adventurer down into the fiery chasm below. At the

nersville and fifteen. from Schuylkill Haven. It is now considered a very dangerous expe riment to travel over the mountain, as it is supposed that in many places the surface is a mere superficial crust or shell, the coal having

That p,ortion of the Broad Mountain, called the " Fiery Mountains,)) from the fact of the anthracite coal at 'that point being on fire which has been burning for the last fifteen years, is situated about five miles from Mi

habit o f furnishing on e.

Letters should be directed (post-paid) to

128 Fulton street, New Yorio.

MUNN & CO.,

Terms ! Terms ! Terms ! One copy, for One Year Five copies, for Six Ten C o pie s

M onth s for She M o nth s for

Six Mon ths

Ten Copies for Twelve Months, Fifteen Copioo for Twelve Months, Twenty Copies for Twelve Months,

.....,,,... fnll nlne.

so'uthern a.nd Western Money taken at par for '"" """ -.. ..... .. th..

$2 $1 $4 $8 $16 22 $28

. J � ,

� 1853 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC


text:
Page:Royalnavyhistory01clow.djvu/476

 exists in Greenwich Hospital, where it was placed by the Admiralty in 1846. The fund, which, before the utilisation of banks, and the value of investments became properly appreciated, the chest contained, continued, under varying regulations, to exist, until in 1803 it was transferred to the supervisors and directors of the chest at Greenwich, and practically became part of the relief funds at Greenwich Hospital. Not until 1829 did the stoppage on behalf of it of sixpence a month from the wages of every seaman of the Royal Navy cease.

Henry VIII. contributed greatly to the creation and development of the bases and arsenals of the navy, and built numerous important works of defence along the coast. He founded Woolwich Dockyard, and much improved the yards at Portsmouth "The land here, on the east side of Portsmouth Haven, runneth further by a great way straight into the sea, by south-east from the haven mouth, than it doth at the west point. There is, at this point of the haven, Portsmouth town, and a great round tower, almost double in quantity and strength to that which is on the west side of the haven, right against it; and here is a mighty chain of iron to draw from tower to tower. About a quarter of a mile above this tower is a great dock for ships, and in this dock lieth part of the ribs of the Henri Grace à Dieu, one of the biggest ships that have been made in hominum memoria. There be above this dock creeks in this part of the haven. The town of Portsmouth is fended from the east tower ... with a mud wall armed with timber, whereon are great pieces both of iron and brass ordnance; and this piece of the wall, having a ditch without it, runneth so far flat south-south-east, and is the most apt to defend the town there open on the haven. There runneth a ditch almost flat east for a space, and within it is a wall of mud like to the other, and so thence [it] goeth round about the town to the circuit of a mile. There is a gate of timber at the north-east end of the town; and by it is cast up a hill of earth ditched, wherein are guns to defend entry into the town by land. There is much vacant ground within the town wall. There is one fair street in the town, from west to north-east. I learnt in the town that the towers in the haven mouth were begun in King Edward the Fourth's time, and set forward in building by Richard the Third. King Henry the Seventh ended them at the procuration of Fox, Bishop of Winchester. King Henry the Eighth, at his first wars into France, erected in the south part of the town three great brewing-houses, with the implements, to serve his ships at such time as they should go to the sea in time of war. One Carpenter, a rich man, made of late time, in the middle of the High Street of the town, a Town House. The town is bare, and little occupied in time of peace." — Leland, 'Itinerary,' iii., pp. 81, 82. Leland was on his journey between 1536 and 1542; so that this description of Portsmouth applies to the town as it then was. The allusion to the ribs of the Henri Grace à Dieu is obscure, seeing that the ship was in existence until a later date. and Deptford, erecting at the latter large magazines and storehouses.

The fortification of Gravesend and Tilbury was his work, as was also the building of the castles at Walmer, Deal, Sandgate, Sandown, Portland, Hurst, Cowes, Camber, Southsea, Queenborough, Pendennis, and St. Mawes. At several of these places there were earlier

title: Page:Royalnavyhistory01clow.djvu/476


text:
Page:Royalnavyhistory01clow.djvu/477

 castles or towers, but Henry's strongholds were, for the most part, much finer coast defences than had previously been seen in England. The sums thus spent may be regarded as having been to a large extent wasted; for, even in those days, they might have been to

better advantage assigned to the increase of the fleet; but in an age when ships were much more at the mercy of the winds and waves than they were when the art of navigation had somewhat further progressed, it would perhaps have been injudicious of the

title: Page:Royalnavyhistory01clow.djvu/477


text:
Page:Royalnavyhistory01clow.djvu/478

 to neglect these works altogether. At one crisis during his reign, Henry was threatened with a combination between France and the Empire; and, had such an alliance attacked him with all its resources, and seized the most favourable occasion for doing so, it is possible that the coast castles might have proved very useful. Upnor Castle on the Medway, and works at Portland, Hurst, Southsea, Calshot, and elsewhere were built under Elizabeth, who also founded Chatham Dockyard, on the site of the modern gun-wharf. The yard was transferred to its present situation about 1622. Elizabeth, too, improved the defences of Plymouth. Scilly was first garrisoned, and St. Mary's Guernsey, and Jersey were fortified in 1593, when the Treaty of Melun was concluded with France against Spain.

The first real dry dock in England was built at Portsmouth under Henry VII., the superintendent of the work being Robert Brygandine, Clerk of the Ships, and the business being completed in 1496. This dock was of wood and stone, but was not closed by a caisson, or a dock gate on hinges. What were called the "dock gates" were two walls of wood or stone, one within the other, which overlapped and partially blocked the entrance. When a ship, after passing between these walls, had been berthed, the space between the two walls was filled with earth, etc., and the dock then pumped out. Such, at least, are the only conclusions to be plausibly drawn from contemporary accounts of the manner in which this dock was utilised.

Although, as has been said, dockyards were established or improved, the number of dry docks in the country remained very

title: Page:Royalnavyhistory01clow.djvu/478


text:
Page:Royalnavyhistory01clow.djvu/479

 small until after the end of the sixteenth century. From a letter addressed to the Lord High Admiral in 1583, and preserved among Pepys' 'Miscellanies' (viii. 198), it appears that there were then only two queen's dry docks in the Thames, one at Woolwich, and the other probably at Deptford. The writers, Sir John Hawkyns, William Wynter, and William Folstoke, proposed "to enlarge that at Woolwich to that length and bigness that two royal ships at one time might be brought in to be repaired and built within the same."

Before the time of Henry VIII., the general executive government of the navy and some of the various other functions now discharged by the Admiralty were for a long period in the hands of the Admirals-in-Chief, no matter whether they happened to be called at the moment Admirals of the North and of the West, and held divided but co-equal authority, or whether the single head was Lord High Admiral. The civil work was done by the Clerk of the Ships, and occasionally by the King's Chancery. But the increasing business of the service necessitated the erection of more elaborate machinery. A Lord High Admiral continued to be appointed as before. To relieve him, however, of various branches of his duty, especially in his administrative work, civil officers, known as Commissioners, were appointed in April, 1546, to attend to victualling, construction and repair of ships, procuring of suitable ordnance, etc. These civil officers constituted the Navy Board.

title: Page:Royalnavyhistory01clow.djvu/479


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/509

 Dec. 17, 1833.]

, Bishop of Smyrna, and Martyr, was a disciple of St. John; he was placed over the Church at Smyrna by the Apostle, and presided in it at least seventy years. Some persons have supposed that he was the "Angel," or Bishop, of Smyrna mentioned in Rev. ii. 8–11. Shortly after St. John's death, he was visited by Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch, who had as well as himself attended the teaching of St. John, and was then on his way to martyrdom at Rome. It was from Smyrna that Ignatius wrote several of his Epistles, especially that to the Romans; and, when he had left the place, and got as far as Troas, he wrote his Epistles to Polycarp and the Church at Smyrna. We owe it to Polycarp that these important Epistles were preserved to after-ages.

Among the disciples of Polycarp was Irenæus, who was Bishop of Lyons in France, after Pothinus, his predecessor, had been martyred in the great persecution there. He gives the following account of his Master in one of his works. "I remember," he says, "what happened when I was a boy, more vividly than what takes place now; for what we learn in our youth grows up with us, and at last becomes part of our mind itself. Thus I can describe even the place, where the sainted Polycarp used to sit and discourse, and his goings forth, and comings in, and his manner of life, and his personal appearance, and his discourses to the people; and his account of what passed between him and St. John,


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/510

 and the other Disciples who had seen the Lord; and his recollections of the sayings of those who were eye-witnesses of the Word of Life, of their account of His miracles, and His teaching, which was all agreeable to what is related in the Scriptures. To all this I used to listen with earnestness, through the mercy of God vouchsafed to me, recording them, not on paper, but in my heart; and through God's grace I ever have them accurately in mind." Irenæus says this, when writing against a friend of his, who had been formerly taught by Polycarp, but had fallen away from the true faith into heresy. He adds; "I protest in the sight of God, that if that Blessed and Apostolical Elder had heard any such doctrine as thine, Florinus, he would have cried out, and stopped his ears, and said after his manner; 'O my, unto what times hast thou reserved me, that I should hear such words!' and would have even fled the place in which he had heard them."

So far Irenæus. Now let us hear the account of Polycarp's Martyrdom, which took place under the Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, A. D. 169.

The Church of which dwelleth in Smyrna to the Church of  which dwelleth in Philomelium, and all the members, in every place, of the Holy Catholic Church, mercy, peace, and love, from  the, and our , be multiplied.

We have written to you, brethren, the history of those who have been martyred, and more particularly of the blessed Polycarp, who closed the persecution, setting a seal as it were upon it by his own martyrdom. For almost all that happened before was done, that the from on high might in him set forth to us this example of a true Christian confession. For he abode where he was, as also our did, that he might be delivered up, in order that we too might be followers of him, and not look only to our own good, but to the good of our neighbours also; for it is the part of a sincere and stedfast charity for a man to desire not only his own salvation, but also of all the brethren.


text:
Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part I.djvu/215

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive  : area beyond reach Soviet army. However, US attitude cld take acct such possibility only if every other possible avenue closed to preservation area from Kremlin control. Moreover, while Vietnam out of reach Soviet army it will doubtless be by no means out of reach Chi Commie hatchet men and armed forces.

 * 8.

Ho may indeed have never been other than a crafty Leninist, seeking a passing accommodation with the French or the U.S. while he gathered strength. His word and deed after 1949 support such a construction: In January 1950, the DRV declared itself to be the "only lawful government of the entire Vietnamese people," joined the Sino-Soviet Bloc, and began attacks on the U.S. "imperialists" and "interventionalists." Early in 1951, the DRV legalized the Lao Dong Party, expressly communist.

There remains, however, irresolvable doubt concerning Ho's earlier predilection for neutralism, or even a western affiliation. It can be said that, whatever Ho might have preferred, he was offered only narrow options. No reputable Westerner is known to have interviewed Ho face to face fram an abortive French attempt in 1947 to negotiate a Cochinchina settlement through late 1954. Ho had no direct means of communication with the U.S. after 1946, and the signals he received from the U.S. could hardly have been encouraging. By 1947, U.S. military equipment had already been used by French and British forces against the Vietnamese, and the U.S. had arranged credit for French purchase of $160 million worth of vehicles and miscellaneous industrial equipment for use in Indochina. Secretary of State George C. Marshall's January, 1947, public statement on Vietnam had been confined to a hope that "a pacific basis for adjustment of the difficulties could be found," and the Marshall Plan for Europe definitely U.S. resources behind France. But assurances from the Russians were not materially stronger. While the Soviets excoriated colonial powers other than France, potential imminence of a French Communist government muffled even their verbal backing of Ho, let alone recognition and aid. Rh

title: Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part I.djvu/215


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/511

 Noble, therefore, and blessed are all those testimonies, which have been offered up according to will; (for to  must we with especial reverence attribute the power over all things;) for who but must admire their nobleness, their endurance, their faithfulness to their Lord? For when torn with scourges, till their whole frame, even to the veins and arteries within, was laid open, they bore it so patiently, that the very bystanders pitied and bewailed them; yet they had attained to such a noble spirit, that not one of them uttered a cry or a groan himself, showing plainly to us, that in that hour of torment witnesses were absent from the flesh, or rather that our  stood near and held converse with them; and they, intent on  favour, despised this world's torments, that they might by one hour's anguish purchase redemption from eternal chastisement. The fire of their cruel tormentors felt cold to them, for they had before their eyes the fleeing from the eternal fire that never shall be quenched, and with the eyes of their heart they looked to the good things reserved for them that endure; the things which ear hath not heard, nor eye seen, neither have they entered into the heart of man; but which were already half shown by the to them, who were men no more, but already angels. In like manner also did those who were condemned to the wild beasts endure long time, in their confinement, fearful punishments; for they lay long stretched on sharp shells, and were buffeted with divers other torments, that, if he were able, the tyrant might by continued punishment turn them to a denial of the faith.

For many were the contrivances which the Devil wrought against them; but, (thanks be to ,) he prevailed not over them. For the heroic Germanicus gave courage to their fearfulness by the patient endurance that was in him; who fought with the wild beasts notably: for when the Proconsul endeavoured to persuade him, and besought him to compassionate his years, he provoked the animal, and drew it upon himself, wishing to be sooner freed from an unjust and lawless race. Upon this the whole multitude were struck with wonder at the Christians' noble love and devotion to their, and shouted, "Away with the godless men, look for Polycarp."

But one Phrygian, Quintus by name, who had newly arrived


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/512

 from Phrygia, when he saw the wild beasts, played the coward; yet this was the man who had prevailed on himself and others to offer themselves voluntarily for apprehension. Him the Proconsul, after much urging, persuaded to take the oath and offer sacrifice: wherefore, brethren, we commend not those who give themselves up, since the Gospel doth not so teach.

Now the truly admirable Polycarp, when he first heard of these clamours, was nowise troubled, but wished to remain in the city. The greater part of us, however, persuaded him to withdraw, and he withdrew to a small villa, not far distant from the city, and there remained with a few brethren, doing nothing else, night and day, but praying for all men, and for the Churches throughout the world, as was his practice. And as he prayed, three days before his apprehension, he saw his pillow, in a vision, on fire. Turning therefore to those who were with him, he said prophetically, "I must be burnt alive."

His pursuers persevering in their endeavours, he removed to another villa; and immediately they came to the first place, and when they found him not, they took hold of two young slaves, one of whom being put to the torture confessed. And truly it was impossible that he should remain concealed, when they who betrayed him were his own servants: and the Irenarch, who is also called the Distributor of lots, Herod by name, hastened to bring him to the theatre, that Polycarp might accomplish his lot, being made partaker of ; but they who betrayed him might undergo the penalties of Judas.

Taking therefore the lad with them, on the day of preparation, about the hour of supper, the search-officers and horsemen set forth with their ordinary weapons, as though they were pursuing a felon; and entering late in the evening, they found him lying down in a small chamber at the top of the house. From thence he might have got away to another place, but would not, saying, "The will be done;" but, on hearing that they were come, he descended from his chamber, and conversed with them. And they who were there marvelling at his age and vigour, some said, "Was there such a mighty work about arresting an old man like this?" And he gave orders immediately to set before them meat


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/513

 and drink as much as they would, and besought them to give him an hour's free space to pray. And when they permitted him, standing up he prayed, being full of the grace of, so that for two whole hours he could not cease; and they that heard him were astonished, and many repented that they had come out against such a divine old man.

After he had done praying, having made mention of all with whom he had ever met, great and small, noble and obscure, and of the whole Catholic Church throughout the world; when the hour of going forth arrived, they set him on an ass, and led him into the city, it being the day of the great Sabbath. As he went, the Irenarch Herod and his father Nicetes, who were driving forth, happened to meet him, and transferred him into their chariot; and sitting by him argued with him, saying, "What harm is there in saying. Lord Cæsar? and in sacrificing, and so saving your life?" with the other usual sort of arguments. At first he gave them no answer: but on their persevering he only said, "I will not do what you counsel me." So they, when they found their endeavours to persuade him fruitless, railed at him, and pushed him down from the chariot so hastily, that in his descent his shin was laid open. But he, nowise moved, passed on readily and speedily as though he had received no injury, being led by the attendants to the theatre.

As he entered it, though the tumult there was so great that many heard not, a voice came to Polycarp from Heaven, "Be strong, Polycarp, and play the man ." Him that spake, not one of us saw; but the voice, those of ourselves who were present heard. On his being led to the tribunal, there was immense clamour at the news that Polycarp had been apprehended. At last, when he was brought near, the Proconsul asked him, if he were Polycarp; and, on his acknowledging it, he began to persuade him to deny the faith, saying, "Compassionate thine years;" and other similar expressions, which it is their wont to use. "Swear by the fortune of Cæsar; think better of the matter; say, Away with the godless


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/514

 men ." But Polycarp regarded with a sad countenance the whole multitude of lawless heathen in the theatre; and waving his hand towards them, groaned, and looking up to Heaven said, "Away with the godless men." And when the Governor urged him further, and said, "Swear, and I will dismiss thee; revile Christ;" Polycarp replied; "Eighty and six years have I been his servant, and he hath wronged me in nothing, and how can I blaspheme my King and my Saviour." And on his pressing him again, saying, "Swear by the fortune of Cæsar," Polycarp replied; "If ye vainly suppose that I shall swear by Cæsar's fortune, as ye call it, pretending to be ignorant of my real character, let me tell you plainly, I am a Christian; and if ye wish to hear the Christian doctrine, appoint me a time, and hear me." The Proconsul answered, "Persuade the people." Polycarp replied, "To you I thought it right to give account, for we have been taught to give to rulers and the powers ordained of God such fitting honour as hurteth not our souls; but them I deem not worthy, that I should defend myself before them." The Proconsul said unto him, "I have wild beasts in readiness, to them will I throw thee, if thou wilt not change thy mind." But he said, "Bring them forth then, for the change of mind from better to worse I will never make. From cruelty to righteousness it were good to change." Again he said unto him, "I will have thee consumed by fire, since thou despisest the wild beasts, except thou change thy mind." Polycarp answered; "Thou threatenest me with a fire that burneth for an hour, and is speedily quenched; for thou knowest not of the fire of future judgment and eternal punishment reserved for the ungodly. But why tarriest thou? Bring what thou wilt."

As he spake these and other words, he was filled with confidence and joy, and his countenance was overspread with grace; so that not only was he not overthrown and confounded with what was said to him, but the Proconsul on the contrary was