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XI] Jerusalem that day, and the morrow. And when David had called him, he did eat and drink before him; and he made him drunk: and at even he went out to lie on his bed with the servants of his lord, but went not down to his house.

And it came to pass in the morning, that David wrote a letter to Joab, and sent it by the hand of Uriah. And he wrote in the letter, saying, Set ye Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle, and retire ye from him, that he may be smitten, and die. And it came to pass, when Joab observed the city, that he assigned Uriah unto a place where he knew that valiant men were. And the men of the city went out, and fought with Joab: and there fell some of the people of the servants of David; and Uriah the Hittite died also.

Then Joab sent and told David all the things concerning the war; and charged the messenger, saying, When thou hast made an end of telling the matters of the war unto the king, and if so be that the king's wrath arise, and he say unto thee, Wherefore approached ye so nigh unto the city when ye did fight? knew ye not that they would shoot from the wall? Who smote Abimelech the son of Jerubbesheth? did not a woman cast a piece of a millstone upon him from the wall, that he died in Thebez? why went ye nigh


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386 had time been granted him. He laid the foundation of the study of Celtic Place-Names, and did much to reduce the study of Norse-Gaelic names to scientific accuracy. From him we know practically all that is known about the origin of our Highland personal names. Truly a great achievement for a man with scanty leisure, who is cut off before he has reached fifty-two.

And now he is gone, and Inverness is a less interesting place than it was. The sturdy, square figure, the massive head, the rugged, kindly face, the shrewd grey eyes twinkling under bushy brows are now but memories. We shall miss his sage counsel and his friendly clasp; we shall long sorrow for the loss of the light and leading that he alone could give in many departments. He was a great man, and he deserved well of Scotland. We shall not look upon his like again. A chuid de Phàras da!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh the wall? then say thou, Thy servant Uriah the Hittite is dead also.

So the messenger went, and came and shewed David all that Joab had sent him for. And the messenger said unto David, Surely the men prevailed against us, and came out unto us into the field, and we were upon them even unto the entering of the gate. And the shooters shot from off the wall upon thy servants; and some of the king's servants be dead, and thy servant Uriah the Hittite is dead also. Then David said unto the messenger, Thus shalt thou say unto Joab, Let not this thing displease thee, for the sword devoureth one as well as another: make thy battle more strong against the city, and overthrow it: and encourage thou him.

And when the wife of Uriah heard that Uriah her husband was dead, she mourned for her husband. And when the mourning was past, David sent and fetched her to his house, and she became his wife, and bare him a son. But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord.

the Lord sent Nathan unto David. And he came unto him, and said unto him, There were two men in one city; the one rich, and the other poor. The rich man had exceeding many flocks and herds: but the poor man had nothing, save one little ewe


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XII] lamb, which he had bought and nourished up: and it grew up together with him, and with his children; it did eat of his own meat, and drank of his own cup, and lay in his bosom, and was unto him as a daughter. And there came a traveller unto the rich man, and he spared to take of his own flock and of his own herd, to dress for the wayfaring man that was come unto him; but took the poor man's lamb, and dressed it for the man that was come to him. And David's anger was greatly kindled against the man; and he said to Nathan, As the Lord liveth, the man that hath done this thing shall surely die: and he shall restore the lamb fourfold, because he did this thing, and because he had no pity.

And Nathan said to David, Thou art the man. Thus saith the Lord God of Israel, I anointed thee king over Israel, and I delivered thee out of the hand of Saul; and I gave thee thy master's house, and thy master's wives into thy bosom, and gave thee the house of Israel and of Judah; and if that had been too little, I would moreover have given unto thee such and such things. Wherefore hast thou despised the commandment of the Lord, to do evil in his sight? thou hast killed Uriah the Hittite with the sword, and hast taken his wife to be thy wife, and hast slain him with the sword of the children of Ammon. Now


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Victoria


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186 that Hugh Lindsay had cause to be satisfied with the place, and George Copeland to be satisfied with himself.

There had been some changes at Branxholm during his absence. Amy Staunton had sprung up into an elegant girl of fifteen Isabel Lindsay, a year older and a head taller and very much larger in the frame, had nearly given up lessons, and was beginning to be of some use in the house. Phemie was still learning something from her young governess, and Allan did not see any prospect of ever completing his education; everything he learned only showed him how much more there was to be known.

The Hammonds had gone to England with no intention of returning, leaving their home station under the care of a Scotchman named McCallum, and this overseer, was a more frequent visitor at Branxholm than any neighbour the Lindsays ever had. As George travelled towards the station, feeling more of the old home longing than he had done since he had left England, he heard from an acquaintance that Mr. McCallum was looking after Jessie Lindsay, and that her father was greatly pleased to see it. "She's the best of the whole lot of Lindsays," said his informant; "and McCallum knows what he is about when he makes up to her."

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Rh How grave Jessie looked when George met her eyes; they were not what a casual observer would call fine eyes, though they were well shaped and of a very clear blue colour, for they were neither flashing nor sparkling nor melting; but they had a steady light in them that one could depend on, and if they were well looked into they repaid the trouble. She looked older than when George had parted from her—no unpleasantly older—there were no lines on her cheek or brow or round the corners of her mouth, but her face looked calm and more thoughtful, and her movements were a little more deliberate.

George could get no opportunity of speaking to her for hours. Allan and his father were full of questions as to how matters were going on at Gundabook; Isabel laid hold of him to see her new pony; Jamie wanted to see if he could come up to George with the rifle after a year's hard practice, and kept him an hour before he was satisfied that George was still greatly his superior; but Jessie was shy and silent, and would give him no chance to speak to her. A chance observation of Isabel's about McCallum's visits called up the colour to her cheek, but George thought it was indignation and not consciousness—he

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188 had seen both, and fancied he knew the difference.

"I suppose you are not going to milk this afternoon;' said he; "I would go and bail up the cows for you if you were—I wonder if the poor beasts will know me again."

"I'll milk if you would like it," sad Jessie in a low voice, "and Biddy (for Judy is married and gone from Branxholm) will see to the things in the house and get the tea with some looking after from Isabel."

"The cows have not forgotten me," sad George, as he bailed up the very strawberry cow whose leg he had released from the rope a year ago before Jessie had changed his life for him. "And I want to know whether you have forgotten me, or what passed between us here."

"I have forgotten none of it. There are few things that I forget. It humbles me much to recollect all that passed here. I think you might have spared me that pain, but I deserved it," said Jessie.

"Jessie," said he, "I did not mean you to take it like this. I only thought that if you would call to mind how you felt then, and would only feel to me in the same way now, I would be happy—happier than I ever thought to be in my life, for now I do really love you. I'd be glad,

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 the whole being enclosed in a square; in the apse at the east end the seats of the tribune are still preserved.

Domestic Work.—The domestic work in central Syria is, in a way, even more remarkable than the ecclesiastical. Broadly speaking, there are two types of plan—those found in the towns and grouped together, and those which, with increased area, constituted a villa. At El Barah the average house occupied a site of about 80 ft. by 60 ft., of which about 30 ft. in width was occupied by an open court; facing this court, which was enclosed with high walls, is an open colonnade on two floors, which always faces south, occupies the whole front (80 ft.) of the house, and is the only means of approach to the rooms in the rear, three on each floor, side by side. In the centre of these rooms, 14 ft. wide each, an arch is thrown across on each floor, which carries slabs of stone covering the first floor and the roof; the upper storey was reached probably by a timber staircase, now gone, but in poorer dwellings an external flight of steps in stone led to an upper floor. All the houses face the same way. The colonnade of the house consisted of about fifteen columns on each storey. Each column, including its capital and base, was cut out of a single stone; on the upper storey, between the columns, are stone vertical slabs forming a balustrade; the houses are all built in fine ashlar masonry with architraves and cornices to doors and windows, a luxury which in England could rarely be indulged in for ordinary houses. At El Barah, in an area of about 250 ft. by 150 ft. as shown by de Vogüé, there are about 100 monolith columns, 12 ft. high, on the ground storey alone. In a villa at El Barah the open court is surrounded on three sides by buildings, those at the east end of considerable extent and in three storeys. A smaller example at Mujeleia has two courts, one of them being for stables and other services; otherwise the residence of the proprietor is similar to the one above described. Here and there the fantasy of the artist has been allowed to revel in the carving of the balustrades, door lintels, &c. The capitals are of endless design, and show interpretations of Ionic and Corinthian capitals, in some cases not dissimilar to the Byzantine versions in St Mark’s at Venice.

Hostelries and public baths are amongst other civil buildings which are recognizable, the hostelries in some cases being attached to the monasteries.

Tombs.—The principal tombs are either excavated in the rock, with an open court in front and an entrance portico, like the tombs of the kings at Jerusalem, and sometimes a superstructure of columns or a podium raised above them; or again they are built in masonry, and take the form of sepulchral chapels; in the latter case, if many sarcophagi have to be deposited, and the chapel is of great length, arches are thrown across, about 6 ft. centre to centre, to support the slabs of stone with which they are covered. This carries on the traditional custom of the Roman temples in Syria, the roofs of which, in stone, were similarly supported. Sometimes there will be two storeys, the upper one covered with a dome. Those which are peculiar to the country are square tombs, with a pyramidal stone roof all built in horizontal courses, and either enclosed with a peristyle all round, on one or two storeys, or having a portico in front with flat stone roof. The cornices, string courses and lintels of the doors of these tombs of the 4th and 5th centuries, are enriched with carving, showing strong Byzantine influence, though probably due to the employment of Greek artists.

The earliest places of Christian worship in Egypt were probably only chapels or oratories of small dimensions attached to the monasteries, which were spread throughout the country; a wholesale destruction of these took place at various times, more especially by the order of Severus, about 200, so that no remains have come down to us. The most ancient examples known are those which are attributed to the empress Helena, of which there are important portions preserved in the churches of the White and Red monasteries at the foot of the Libyan hills near Suhag.

Although the plan of the Coptic church is generally basilican, i.e. consists of nave and aisles, it is probable that they were not copied from Roman examples, but were based on expansions of the first oratories built, to which aisles had afterwards been added. There are no long transepts, as in the early Christian basilicas of St Peter’s at Rome, and of St Paul outside the walls, and there is only one example of a cruciform church with a dome in the centre following the Byzantine plan. Even at an early period the nave and aisles were covered sometimes with barrel vaults, either semicircular or elliptical. The Coptic church was always orientated with the sanctuaries at the east end. The aisles were returned round the west end and had galleries above for women. Sometimes the western aisle has been walled up to form a narthex; in many cases a narthex was built, but, in consequence of the persecution to which the Copts were subject at the hands of the Moslems, its three doors have been blocked up and a separate small entrance provided. The narthex was the place for penitents, but was sometimes used for baptism by total immersion, there being epiphany tanks sunk in the floor of the churches at Old Cairo, known as Abu Serga, Abu-s-Sifain (Abu Sefen) and El Adra; these are now boarded over, as total immersion is no longer practised.

There are a few exceptions to the basilican plan; and in four examples (two in Cairo and two at Deir-Mar-Antonios in the eastern desert by the Gulf of Suez) there are three aisles of equal widths, divided one from the other by two rows of columns with three in each row, thus dividing the roof into twelve square compartments, each of which is covered with a dome.

The sanctuaries at the east end, as developed in the Coptic church, differ in some particulars from those of any other religious structures. There are always three chapels or sanctuaries, with an altar in each, the central chapel being known as the Haikal. The chapels are more often square than apsidal, and are always surmounted by a complete dome, a peculiarity not found out of Egypt. The seats of the tribune are still preserved in a large number of the sanctuaries, and there are probably more examples in Egypt than in all Europe, if Russia and Mount Athos be excepted. Those of Abu-Serga, El Adra and Abu-s-Sifain, with three concentric rows of seats and a throne in the centre, are the most important; but even in the square sanctuaries the tradition is retained, and seats are ranged against the east wall, and in one case (at Anba-Bishôi) three steps are carried across, and behind them is a segmental tribune of three steps, with throne in the centre.

The most remarkable Coptic churches in Egypt are those of the Deir-el-Abiad (the White monastery) and the Deir-el-Akhmar (the Red monastery) at Suhag. These were of great size, measuring about 240 ft. by 130 ft. with vaulted narthex, nave and aisles separated by two rows of monolith columns taken from ancient buildings, twelve in each row and probably roofed over in timber, and three apses, directed respectively towards the east, north and south. These apses are unusually deep and have five niches in each, in two storeys separated by superimposed columns. In the church of St John at Antinoe there are seven niches. A similar arrangement is found in the three apses, placed side by side, in the more ancient portion of St Mark’s, Venice, built 820, and said to have been copied from St Mark’s at Alexandria. There is no external architecture in the Coptic churches; they are all masked with immense enclosure walls, so as to escape attention. The walls of the interior still preserve a great portion of the paintings of scriptural subjects; the screens dividing off the Haikal and other chapels from the choir are of great beauty, and evidently formed the models from which the panelled woodwork, doors and pulpits of the Mahommedan mosques have been copied and reproduced by Copts.

Illustrations are given in A. J. Butler’s Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt (1884); Wladimir de Bock’s Matériaux archéologiques de l’Égypte chrétienne (1901); and A. Gayet’s L’art coptique.

“Romanesque” is the broad generic term adopted about the beginning of the 19th century by French archaeologists in order to bring under one head all the various phases of the round-arched Christian style, hitherto known as Lombard and Byzantine Romanesque in Italy, Rhenish in Germany, “Romane” and Norman in France, Saxon and Norman in England, &c. In character, as well as in time, the Romanesque lies between the Roman and the Gothic or Pointed style, but its first manifestation in Italy has already been described in the section on “Early Christian Architecture,” and it only remains to deal with the subsequent development from the age of Charlemagne, which marks an epoch in the history of architecture, and from which period examples are to be found in every country.

In consequence of the lack of homogeneousness in the Romanesque style as developed in Italy, owing to the mixture of styles, and the difficulty of tracing the precise influence of any one race in buildings frequently added to, restored or rebuilt, their description will be more easily followed if a geographical subdivision be made, the simplest being Northern or Lombard Romanesque, Central Romanesque and Southern Romanesque; after the latter would follow the Sicilian Romanesque, which, owing to the Saracenic craftsman, constitutes a type by itself. This leaves still one other phase to be noted, the influence recognized in northern Italy of the architectural style of the Eastern Empire at Byzantium, either direct or through Istria and Dalmatia. In the churches at Ravenna, this influence has already been referred to in the section on “Early Christian Architecture,” but it appears again in the church of St. Mark at Venice, and in much of its domestic architecture, so that it is necessary to recognize another term,, that of “Byzantine Romanesque.”

Northern or Lombard Romanesque.—Although the materials for forming an adequate notion of the earlier work of the Lombards are very scanty, after their conversion to the Catholic faith the Church probably exercised a powerful influence in their architectural work. Under Liutprand, towards the close of the 8th century, an order

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text: The Landmark of Freedom

title: The Landmark of Freedom


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66 house near the town; who, when he came to this country, brought a variety of fruit trees, packed and stowed at the bottom of the ship's hold. The Ribstone Pippin, French Crab, Golden Harvey, and a few other sorts of choice apples, survived the voyage, and have stocked the gardens of the Colony, in which fruits of this kind are produced in greater abundance and perfection than in England. People in this country often occupy houses as soon as they are built, and finish them as they have opportunity. In the earlier days of the colony J. H. Butcher, as well as many others, was robbed of much of what was available in his house, by Bush-rangers; but these marauders have been so reduced, that the inhabitants now live in such security, as often to be without fastenings to their doors and windows.

26th. We had a religious interview with the prisoners in the jail, and a meeting with the inhabitants in the court-house. In the latter, it did not seem to be my place to express much; nevertheless I was well satisfied in having appointed the meeting; believing that if people were directed to wait more singly upon the Lord, they would not omit assembling for worship because no minister was present, as some did to-day, when their minister was prevented from arriving by the stormy weather. It is a hurtful thing to lean upon man, in that which is a duty to God, and which ought to be performed in spirit and in truth.

27th. Accompanied by J. H. Butcher, we visited some of the settlers upon the Coal River. The district which bears this name is remarkably rich and fertile: it consists chiefly of extensive grassy levels, and gentle undulations, thinly timbered, and bounded by more thickly wooded hills, of various height and form. In this district there is a striking variety in the settlers. One of them is an intelligent man from one of the West India islands, who is improving a beautiful park-like estate, on which he has put up about 17 miles of post and rail fence, at the rate of £70 per mile, by free, and £60 by convict labour. Another was a prisoner, in the earlier days of the Colony: he became free and obtained a location of land, but retained such a love for strong drink as was incompatible with


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1832.] in the scale of society. Few of this class have retained their possessions; and the greater strictness in the penal discipline of latter years, combined with the new regulations, which put a stop to the granting of land, and only allow it to become the property of settlers by purchase, now precludes such men from becoming proprietors. The day was bright and pleasant. Numbers of little green Parrots were extracting honey from the flowers of the Black-butted Gumtree; and Anguillaria dioica, a little, purple-spotted, white-blossomed, bulbous plant, was decorating a sunny bank, as one of the first harbingers of spring.

28th. We have lodged a few nights at the Lenox Arms, a good inn, but with higher charges than in England. This evening we returned to Glen Ayr, after attending a meeting for the formation of a Temperance Society, and visiting some caves, in a range of hills near Richmond, called the Oven Hills. Formerly they were the resort of a horde of bush-rangers, the name of the chief of whom was Michael Howe. These hills are of silicious sandstone, and are clothed chiefly with thin grass, and Gum and She Oak trees.

29th. We visited Orielton, a fine estate, on which a considerable quantity of land has been brought into cultivation. Our guide thither was a prisoner constable, from Birmingham. On remarking to him, that we met with many prisoners from that place, he replied, that many of them were persons who had formed bad habits, beginning with drinking; and that they were often drawn into this practice by having their wages paid at public-houses, or by the wages of several being paid to one man, which occasioned them to resort to public-houses for change, in order to divide the sum. From Orielton we went to Sorell Town, and became the guests of James Norman, one of the Colonial Chaplains, with whom we became acquainted in Hobart Town.

30th. Sorell Town, often called Pitt Water, from being situated on a little gulf of that name, has a neat Episcopal place of worship, a parsonage, a Government School-house, and a watch-house of stone, as well as about 50 houses and cottages, most of which are of wood. There is likewise


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68 near the town, a bird-cage windmill,—a lively object, and rare in this country. The land in the vicinity is considered the richest in the Colony; some of it is said to have produced sixteen crops of wheat in succession, many of them self-sown: but this careless sort of agriculture, has in some places allowed Perennial Cress, an imported plant that has become a troublesome weed, to take almost exclusive possession of the land.—An estate of 400 acres is now on sale. The price asked is £2,000—a large sum for this country. A meeting was held for the formation of a Temperance Society: it was the first for a philanthropic purpose ever held in the place.

31st. We visited the lower settlement on Pitt Water, and dined with James Gordon, a native of Middleton Tyas, Yorkshire, who was acquainted with some of the older branches of my family, and was one of the first persons who welcomed me to this land, where a knowledge of family connexions, is a source of great interest, often producing pleasant recollections. At his house we found several of the females landed from the Princess Royal, and formed an acquaintance with Charles Price, an Independent Minister, who came out as superintendent of the female emigrants, and had much trouble with some disorderly individuals, who were injudiciously put on board, to the destruction of the comfort of all the others. In the evening we had a meeting with a small company in the Government School-house at Sorell Town.

9th mo. 1st. Accompanied by J. H. Butcher, who again joined us at Sorell Town, we visited a number of the settlers to the north of that place, to invite them to a meeting. Some of these were born on Norfolk Island and others in this Colony; and, as is the case in numerous instances, these are less intemperate than many originally from Europe.—The view from behind Sorell Town is striking and beautiful. Undulating, cultivated ground, divided into fields by post and rail fences, and ornamented by the scattered dwellings of settlers, stretches in various directions among the woody hills, except to the south, where the lively-looking little town stands on the shore of Pitt Water, in


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1832.] which are several small islands. On its further side is a long and narrow woody point of land, over which are seen the sea in Frederick Henry Bay, the hills of Tasmans Peninsula and Muddy Plains, and more remotely, those of Bruny Island. In the distance, surmounting the lower hills to the west, Mount Wellington, the top of which is still covered with snow, bounds the interesting picture. The weather has become as fine as that of 5th month, in England. Many little flowers begin to enamel the ground, one of which is too much like an English daisy not to excite the pleasing recollections associated with that little flower. Others, by their form and colour, bespeak the antipodes of England: and "strange bright birds" of the parrot tribe, as they exhibit in the sun their brilliant plumage of crimson, yellow, blue, and green, remind the British spectator, that he is in a foreign land; his ears are also assailed by the strange sound of their screaming voices, and by the unceasing noise of frogs and crickets, the former of which often rival that of a spinning mill.

By the day of the week, it is a year since we sailed from London. The time seems to have gone rapidly, though we have passed through a great variety of scenes. On the 5th, it will be a year since we saw the face of a member of our own Society, to which we do not feel the less attached on that account. The remembrance of the last meeting we were at, with our fellow professors, is still fresh in our recollection. The Comforter, who powerfully affected our minds at that time, is still, through the mercy of God in Christ Jesus, present with us, to bless and to keep us; so that from season to season we can acknowledge that the Lord hath dealt bountifully with us.

On the 2nd we had a meeting with about 70 persons, in the school-house at Sorell Town, and on the 3rd, after a rough passage over the Bluff Ferry, and a walk of nine miles through the bush, we re-crossed the Derwent, in a large boat, from Kangaroo Point, to Hobart Town, where we were cheered by letters from our friends in England.


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the exception of holding a meeting with a road party at a place called Robleys Barn, and another with the inhabitants of Clarence Plains, in a school-house, on the east side of the Derwent, we remained in Hobart Town till the 25th of 9th month. In the mean time, a few persons began to meet with us frequently for public worship; among these was a member of our Society, who came out to the Swan River, but not succeeding there, proceeded to V. D. Land, and took up his residence in Hobart Town, where he has not found it easy to obtain a livelihood. At the conclusion of one of our meetings, a young man informed me, that he felt burdened in mind from not having expressed something that had impressed him, believing that he ought to have communicated it. I therefore requested the company again to take their seats; and he proceeded in a humble but feeling manner, to comment on the declaration of Christ, "My yoke is easy and my burden is light;" saying, he had felt it so, when he had waited on the Lord for strength; but that when he had attempted in his own will and strength to perform religious acts, he had become burdened by them. At another time, after I had made some remarks on the advantage of allowing the mind to dwell under the


text: Narrative of a Visit to the Australian Colonies/Chapter 5


text: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 7

title: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 7


text:
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Rh was the conqueror. The two women became his wives, and he had many children.

After this, Ballen-ballen (the Jay), who at that time was a man, had a great many bags full of wind, and being angry, he one day opened the bags, and made such a great wind that and nearly all his family were carried up into the heavens.

Pal-ly-yan, who is described sometimes as a brother of, and sometimes as a son, has the control of the waters, great and small. He is supreme over rivers, creeks, and lagoons; and the sea obeys him likewise. All creatures that live in the deeps or shallows he can control. There is nothing in the deep waters of the rivers that can perplex him; and his chief pleasure is to paddle in the shallow waters, and to dive to great depths in the deep waters. One day he was playing in a deep, deep water-hole. He thumped and threshed the waters with his hands, in the same manner as the women beat the skins when men dance the corrobboree. The water became thick; it became very thick; it became as mud; and Pal-ly-yan could no longer see through it as before. But something he saw at length. And dividing the thick waters with a bough, so as to get a glimpse of things underneath, he beheld what appeared to be hands, such as had given to the men he had created. Pal-ly-yan took a strong twig, bent it into the form of a hook, and again divided the waters, and there appeared two heads (such as had given to the men), then bodies (similar to those made by ), and finally two creatures like Mon-mon-deek (young women). Pal-ly-yan named one Kun-ner-warra, and the other Ku-ur-rook, and he brought them to, his brother, to show them to him. gave to each man whom he had created a woman. put into the hands of the men spears. To each man he gave a spear; and Pal-ly-yan gave to each woman and put into her hands a Kan-nan (digging-stick). Pal-ly-yan spake to the men and women, and told them to live together. He ordered that the men should use their spears for killing the kangaroo, and he told the women to use the Kan-nan to dig roots.

and Pal-ly-yan remained with the blacks for three days. They showed the men how they should spear the kangaroo and the emu, and they told the women where they could find roots.

On the third day,, Pal-ly-yan, and the four blacks sat down. A whirlwind (Pit-ker-ring or Wee-oong-koork) came, on the third day, when they had all sat down. On the third day, when they had all sat down, there came a storm (Koor-reen), a great storm (Borrn-geen-borrn-geen), and the whirlwind and the storm and the great storm carried and Pal-ly-yan upwards—far away—and the blacks saw  and Pal-ly-yan no more.

There was a time when men and women were numerous. In some parts of the earth they were very numerous, and they were wicked; and

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modes of ornamenting the shields, clubs, and other weapons of the Aboriginal natives of Victoria are similar to those of the people who fabricated the urns of baked or burnt clay found in tumuli in England and Scotland. They are restricted to forms few and simple, but, whether separate or in combination, not without some pleasing effects. Of the hundreds of old weapons that I have examined—weapons made before the natives had gathered any hints from Europeans—I find that the lines carved on them were in the form of the chevron, herring-bone, or saltier. In some, the round or egg-shaped figure was used as a border. If the reader will refer to the figures of the shields and clubs in this work, he will see every variety of these styles; and in not a few broad bands at right-angles to the longer axis of the shield, or in the form of a cross with two feet (saltier).

Similar figures are found impressed on an urn recovered from the stone cists of Lesmurdie, in Banffshire; and on another of well-baked material and of unusual thinness which was "discovered under a tumulus at Memsie, Aberdeenshire. Beside the latter lay a bronze leaf-shaped sword, broken in two."

In the Memsie urn, the round dots or rings are arranged in a band dividing one set of herring-bone lines from others above and below it.

It seems that the savage, in all parts of the world, has, in his first attempts at ornamentation, used the lines above described for decorating his weapons and utensils. We may suppose that he depicted, first, straight lines; secondly, lines forming the herring-bone and the chevron; and, lastly, the saltier, which would arise naturally out of the combinations of those figures. This is borne out by a careful examination of the wooden shields.

Some of the spear-shields are ornamented with dots and bands only; and the bands are always hollowed out. Curved lines are rarely seen. Any attempt to represent a curve in all the specimens I have examined has been a failure. The folds of the snake and the neck of the swan are shown as angles—acute or obtuse—not as curves.

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text: Author talk:Neil Munro

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 known as the Magistri Commacini was established, to whom were given the privileges of freemen in the Lombard State. These Commacini, so named from the island in the lake of Como whence they sprang, were trained masons and builders, who in the 9th and 10th century would seem to have carried the Lombard style through north and south Italy, Germany and portions of France. It was at one time assumed that they had influenced the church architecture throughout Europe, but this is not borne out by the evidence of the buildings themselves, except in the Rhenish provinces and in the districts on the slope of the Harz Mountains, where in sculpture a strange mixture is found of monstrous animals with Scandinavian interlaced patterns and Byzantine foliage, bearing a close resemblance to the early sculpture in Sant’ Ambrogio at Milan and San Michele at Pavia (Plate V, fig. 72). Although the earliest Lombard buildings in Italy (such as those of San Salvatore in Brescia, San Vincenzo-in-Prato at Milan the church of Agliate and Santa Maria delle Caccie at Pavia) were basilican in plan with nave and aisles, there are some instances in which the adoption of a transept has produced the Latin cross plan (e.g. San Michele at Pavia, Sant’ Antonino at Piacenza, San Nazaro-Grande at Milan, and the cathedrals of Parma and Modena), though to what extent this is due to subsequent rebuilding is not known. In the early basilicas above mentioned the columns, carrying the arcades between nave and aisles, were taken from earlier buildings, while the capitals, where not Roman, were either rude imitations of Roman, or Byzantine in style. The roofs were always in wood, and the exteriors of the simplest description. In the external decoration, however, of the apses of the churches of San Vincenzo-in-Prato, Santa Maria delle Caccie, the church at Agliate and the ancient portion of S. Ambrogio at Milan, we find the germ of that decorative feature which (afterwards developed into the eaves-gallery) became throughout Italy and on the Rhine the most beautiful and characteristic element of the Lombard style. In order to lighten the wall above the hemispherical vault of the apse, a series of niches was sunk within the arches of the corbel table, which gave to the cornice that deep shadow where it was most wanted for effect. In addition to the churches above named, similar niches are found in the baptisteries of Novara and Arsago, the Duomo Vecchio at Brescia and the church of San Nazaro Grande at Milan. Towards the close of the 11th century, the imposts of these niches take the form of isolated piers, with a narrow gallery behind, and eventually small shafts with capitals are substituted for the piers, producing the eaves-galleries of the apses, which in Santa Maria Maggiore at Bergamo (1137) and the cathedral of Piacenza are the forerunners of numerous others in Italy, and in the churches of Cologne, Bonn, Bacharach and other examples on the Rhine, constitute their most important external decoration. In the apses of San Vincenzo-in-Prato and of the church at Agliate (both of the 9th century) there is another decorative feature, destined afterwards to become one of the most important methods of breaking up or subdividing the wall surface, i.e. the thin pilaster strips, which, at regular intervals, rise from the lower part of the wall to the corbel table of the cornice.

The two most important churches of the Lombard Romanesque style are those of Sant’ Ambrogio at Milan and S. Michele at Pavia, their importance being increased by the fact that they probably represent the earliest examples of the solution of the great problem which was exercising the minds of the church builders towards the end of the 11th century, the vaulting of the nave. In the original church, of the 9th century, the nave and aisles of Sant’ Ambrogio were divided in the usual way with arcades, and were covered with open timber roofs. In the rebuilding of the church (fig. 35) the nave (38 ft. wide) was divided into four square bays, and compound piers of large dimensions were built, to carry the transverse and diagonal ribs of the new vault. To resist the thrust, the walls across the aisles were built up to the roof, and had external buttresses, the diagonal ribs instead of following the elliptical curve which the intersection of the Roman semicircular barrel-vault gave to the groin, were made semicircular, so that the web or vaulting surface which rested on these ribs rose upwards towards the centre of the bay, giving a distinct domical form to the vault. The aisles, being half the width of the nave, were divided into eight compartments, two to each bay of the nave, and were covered both in the ground storey and the triforium with intersecting groin vaults. When this rebuilding took place, the front of the church was brought forward, bearing a narthex, and the arcades of the atrium were rebuilt in the first years of the 12th century. The triple apse, to the external decoration of which we have called attention, the crypt underneath, and the south campanile, are the only remains of the 9th century church. The campanile on the north side was built 1125–1149, and the decoration with pilaster strips, semi-detached shafts, and arched corbel table, is repeated on the façade of the church and on the arcade round the atrium. In the rebuilding, portions of the sculptural decoration of the 9th century church were utilized; this would appear to have been a Lombard custom, as in the church of San Michele the lower part of the main front is encrusted with sculptured decoration taken from the earlier churches built on the site. These ancient sculptures are of special interest, as they constitute the best records of the rude Lombard work of the 8th and 9th centuries, and are intermingled with Byzantine scroll work and interlaced patterns. If the plan of Sant’ Ambrogio, with its comparatively thin enclosure walls suggests its original construction as an ordinary basilica, this is not the case with San Michele (fig. 36), where all the external walls are of great thickness, showing that from the first it was intended to vault the whole structure The church is much smaller than Sant’ Ambrogio, there being originally only two square bays to the nave (in the 15th century the vaults were rebuilt with four bays); the transept, however, projects widely beyond the aisles, and as there is another bay given to the choir in front of the apse, the area of the two churches is about the same. The existing church was probably begun shortly after the destructive earthquake of 1117, and was consecrated in 1132. In Sant’ Ambrogio the transverse and diagonal arches spring from just above the triforium floor, so that there was no room for clerestory windows, and consequently the interior is dark. In San Michele the ribs rise from the level of the top of the triforium arcades and two clerestory windows are provided to each bay. The crossing of the nave and transept is covered with a dome carried on squinches, which dates from the first building. The dome over the fourth bay of Sant’ Ambrogio replaced the original vault about the beginning of the 13th century.

The cathedral of Novara, originally of the ordinary basilica type of the 10th century with timber roofs, was reconstructed in the 11th century, compound piers being built to carry the transverse and diagonal ribs and walls built across the outer aisles to resist the thrust; on the other hand SS. Pietro and Paolo at Bologna is a 12th century church which was designed from the first to be vaulted. To these, and still belonging to the basilican plan, must be added San Pietro in Cielo d’oro (1136) and San Teodoro, both in Pavia; S. Evasio at Casale-Monferrato, having a comparatively narrow nave with double aisles on either side and a very remarkable narthex or porch. S. Lorenzo at Verona (lately restored), which in the 12th century was rebuilt with compound piers to carry a vault (the apse and the two remarkable circular towers in the west front belong to the ancient church); and Sant’ Abbondio at Como, often restored and partly rebuilt, retaining, however, some of the original sculpture of the early Lombard period.

Of churches built on the plan of the Latin cross, examples are Sant’ Antonino at Piacenza, with an octagonal lantern tower over the crossing, Parma cathedral (c. 1175), with an octagonal pointed dome over the crossing; Modena cathedral, rebuilt and consecrated in 1184; San Nazaro-Grande at Milan; and San Lanfranco at Pavia, the two latter without aisles.

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360

Ceannach (line 10).—Here ‘bribe, reward.’

Trulainn (line 13).—‘Topsy-turvy.’

A’ mathachadh air (note 1).—‘To make it good upon him’ (i.e. to insist on his believing).

Dh’ fhalbh na guilean geala (note 2).—‘The blindnees has gone.’ Nach ann agam bha na suilean geala—‘Wasn’t I stupid!’

Beannachd an Dàin ’s an Dòmhnaich (note 2).—A common ending for tales in Eigg; a shrewd man’s wish, to have both fate and Heaven, paganism and Christianity on his side.

Siùrra feamann (line 2).—The wrack along the water-mark—mistranslated ‘seaweed seekers’ in W. H. Tales.

Bearradh eoin is amadain (line 13).—‘This phrase is explained to mean clipping the hair and beard off one side of the head. The idea is taken from clipping one wing of a bird, and the punishment was probably inflicted at some period, for the phrase occurs several times in Gaelic tales.’—W, H. Tales.

the exception of a poem of about 2000 lines on the Passion of Christ, written in the fifteenth century, the whole of the real literature of the Cornish language consists of religious dramas. There are, it is true, several songs, epigrams, epitaphs and proverbs, and one story in prose, but these belong to the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and most, if not all of them, were composed by men whose real language was English, though in some cases they knew the broken-down Cornish of the period very well. There is also a fragment of 41 lines of verse, which I discovered many years ago on the back of a deed of 1340 in the British Museum. This fragment, which seems by the writing to be of about 1400, may be part of a drama, and I am inclined to think that it is, but there is not enough to be quite certain.

The existing complete dramas are:—

1. The trilogy known as the Ordinalia, consisting of:

a. Origo Mundi, which begins with the Creation of the


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 to quote Tolstoy at some length; but before doing so, I will make a general remark on each of these two points.

First on our spiritual judgments and the sense of value in general.

It is notorious that facts are compatible with opposite emotional comments, since the same fact will inspire entirely different feelings in different persons, and at different times in the same person; and there is no rationally deducible connection between any outer fact and the sentiments it may happen to provoke. These have their source in another sphere of existence altogether, in the animal and spiritual region of the subject's being. Conceive yourself, if possible, suddenly stripped of all the emotion with which your world now inspires you, and try to imagine it as it exists, purely by itself, without your favorable or unfavorable, hopeful or apprehensive comment. It will be almost impossible for you to realize such a condition of negativity and deadness. No one portion of the universe would then have importance beyond another; and the whole collection of its things and series of its events would be without significance, character, expression, or perspective. Whatever of value, interest, or meaning our respective worlds may appear endued with are thus pure gifts of the spectator's mind. The passion of love is the most familiar and extreme example of this fact. If it comes, it comes; if it does not come, no process of reasoning can force it. Yet it transforms the value of the creature loved as utterly as the sunrise transforms Mont Blanc from a corpse-like gray to a rosy enchantment; and it sets the whole world to a new tune for the lover and gives a new issue to his life. So with fear, with indignation, jealousy, ambition, worship. If they are there, life changes. And whether they shall be there or not depends almost always upon


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 non-logical, often on organic conditions. And as the excited interest which these passions put into the world is our gift to the world, just so are the passions themselves gifts,—gifts to us, from sources sometimes low and sometimes high; but almost always non-logical and beyond our control. How can the moribund old man reason back to himself the romance, the mystery, the imminence of great things with which our old earth tingled for him in the days when he was young and well? Gifts, either of the flesh or of the spirit; and the spirit bloweth where it listeth; and the world's materials lend their surface passively to all the gifts alike, as the stage-setting receives indifferently whatever alternating colored lights may be shed upon it from the optical apparatus in the gallery.

Meanwhile the practically real world for each one of us, the effective world of the individual, is the compound world, the physical facts and emotional values in indistinguishable combination. Withdraw or pervert either factor of this complex resultant, and the kind of experience we call pathological ensues.

In Tolstoy's case the sense that life had any meaning whatever was for a time wholly withdrawn. The result was a transformation in the whole expression of reality. When we come to study the phenomenon of conversion or religious regeneration, we shall see that a not infrequent consequence of the change operated in the subject is a transfiguration of the face of nature in his eyes. A new heaven seems to shine upon a new earth. In melancholiacs there is usually a similar change, only it is in the reverse direction. The world now looks remote, strange, sinister, uncanny. Its color is gone, its breath is cold, there is no speculation in the eyes it glares with. "It is as if I lived in another century," says one asylum


text: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 8

title: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 8


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H plete act of apostasy which is now preserved in the Public Record Office, and has only lately become known (State Papers, Dom. Eliz. vol. cl. No. 80). Why he did not occupy the place on the hurdle by Campion's side the catholics of his day never knew. Within a short time Hart repented of his weakness, and again stood firm in the catholic faith. According to Cardinal Allen, Hart's mother visited him in the Tower, and she, ‘a gentlewoman of a noble spirit, spoke to him in such lofty tones of martyrdom, that if she found him hot with the desire of it, she left him on fire.’

Walsingham gave Hart leave to go to Oxford for three months upon condition that he should confer with John Rainoldes or Reynolds, a protestant divine, on matters in controversy between the English and Roman churches. Hart acquitted himself with honour, and Camden styles him ‘vir præ cæteris doctissimus.’ The conference appears to have taken place in 1582. Dodd says it was held on very unequal terms, as Hart was unprovided with books and was labouring under great infirmity caused by the rigour of his confinement (Church History, ii. 145). Hart returned to Walsingham as resolute in the catholic faith as before, and was sent back to the Tower. On the anniversary of the day when he should have died, his name reappears in Rishton's diary, 1 Dec. 1582: ‘John Hart, priest, under sentence of death, was punished by twenty days in irons, for not yielding to one Reynolds, a minister.’ Six months later he was put into the pit for the same offence for forty-four days. On 18 March 1582, while in prison, he was admitted into the Society of Jesus. On 21 Jan. 1584–5 he and twenty others, among whom was Jasper Heywood [q. v.], were conveyed to France and banished the realm for ever by virtue of a commission from the queen. They were landed on the coast of Normandy and were sent to Abbeville after signing a certificate to the effect that they had been well treated on the voyage (, Chronicles, iii. 1379, 1380). Hart proceeded to Verdun and thence to Rome. His superiors ordered him to Poland, and he died at Jarislau on 17 or 19 July 1586. The necrology of the province, however, states that he died in 1595.

‘The Summe of the Conference betwene John Rainoldes and John Hart, touching the Head and Faith of the Church. Penned by John Rainoldes, according to the notes set down in writing by them both; perused by J. Hart, &c.,’ was published at London in 1584, 4to, reprinted in 1588, 1598, and 1609, and translated into Latin (Oxford, 1610, fol.) by Henry Parry, afterwards bishop of Gloucester. Dodd asserts that the particulars of the conference are very unfairly given by Rainoldes.

HART, JOSEPH (1712?–1768), independent divine and hymn-writer, was born in London about 1712, and was religiously brought up. After much spiritual perturbation, extending over four-and-twenty years, he achieved his conversion, after hearing a sermon on Rev. iii. 10 preached in the Moravian Chapel in Fetter Lane, on Whit-Sunday, 1757. From the end of 1760 until his death on 24 May 1768 he preached regularly at Jewin Street Chapel, London, where he gathered a large congregation. He was buried in Bunhill Fields. Twenty thousand people are said to have listened to the funeral sermon. He left a widow and several children.

Hart published: 1. ‘The Unreasonableness of Religion; being Remarks and Animadversions on Mr. John Wesley's Sermon on Rom. viii. 32,’ London, 1741, 12mo (an apparently serious argument to prove that religion not only receives no support from reason, but is diametrically opposed to it); and 2. ‘Hymns, &c., composed on various Subjects. With a Preface, containing a brief Account of the Author's Experience,’ London, 1759, 12mo. The hymns are of an ultra-Calvinistic tone. The preface has been reprinted as ‘The Experience of Joseph Hart,’ London, 1862, 16mo.

HART, JOSEPH BINNS (1794–1844), organist and compiler of dance music, born in London in 1794, was chorister at St. Paul's Cathedral, under Sale, from 1801 to 1810, and during those years had lessons on the organ from S. Wesley and Matthew Cook, and on the pianoforte from J. B. Cramer. At the early age of eleven Hart often played as deputy for Attwood, the organist of St. Paul's. In 1810 he was elected organist of Walthamstow Church, Essex, and joined the Earl of Uxbridge's household as organist for three years. Hart was elected, after severe competition, organist of Tottenham Church (Middle-


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 sex). On the introduction of the quadrille at Almack's by Lady Jersey after 1815 (, iii. 55), Hart, who was described as teacher and pianist at private balls, began his long series of adaptations of national and operatic airs to the fashionable dance measures. His most notable achievement was the compilation in 1819 of the tunes of the Original Lancers, which are still popular (ib. ii. 89). From 1818 to 1821 Hart was chorus-master and pianist at the English opera (Lyceum), and wrote the songs for ‘Amateurs and Actors,’ 1818, ‘The Bull's Head,’ ‘A Walk for a Wager,’ 1819, ‘The Vampyre,’ 1820, and other musical farces and melodramas. From 1829 until his death Hart lived at Hastings, where he opened a musicseller's shop, conducted a small band, and played the organ at St. Mary's Chapel. He died on 10 Dec. 1844 at Hastings, aged 50.

Some of Hart's most successful quadrilles were based on the music of ‘Don Giovanni,’ 1818, ‘Les Lanciers,’ 1819, ‘Les Hussars,’ Locke's ‘Macbeth,’ ‘Pietro l'Eremita,’ 1822, English melodies, ‘Donna del Lago,’ 1823, ‘Der Freischütz,’ 1824, Irish melodies, and Scotch melodies. He composed forty-eight sets in all. He was also the author of some waltzes and royal gallopades. ‘An Easy Mode of Teaching Thorough Bass and Composition’ is ascribed to him.

HART, PHILIP (d. 1749), organist and musical composer, was son of James Hart (1647–1718), a gentleman of the Chapel Royal, and chorister of Westminster Abbey, many of whose songs appear in Playford's ‘Collections’ from 1676 to 1692, and who was buried in Westminster Abbey on 5 May 1718. The son Philip was for upwards of fifty years organist of St. Andrew Undershaft and of St. Michael's, Cornhill. He resigned his appointment at St. Michael's, and on 28 May 1724 was elected the first organist of St. Dionis Backchurch. He died on 17 July 1749, at an advanced age, and after a long illness. By his will (dated 13 Oct. 1747, which was witnessed by John Byfield, apparently the organ-builder), he bequeathed his property to his nephew William, son of his brother, George Hart (a member of the Chapel Royal, 1694). Hart is said by Hawkins to have been a sound musician, but to have ‘entertained little relish’ for innovations. Hawkins also describes Hart's frequent use of the ‘shake’ in playing, and records how he was wont to discourse music at Britton's in the company of Handel, Pepusch, Woollaston, and others. As a composer, Hart was no more than respectable. His setting of Hughes's ‘Ode in Praise of Musick’ was performed on St. Cecilia's day, 1703, and published in 4to. The manuscript score, entitled ‘An Ode to Harmony,’ is now in the British Museum. Hart edited about 1720 in 8vo, ‘Melodies proper to be sung to … ye Psalms of David,’ and published music to ‘The Morning Hymn’ (from ‘Paradise Lost’) in 1729, 4to. His other compositions were: Some of Hart's music is in a manuscript collection of ‘Suites for the Harpsichord,’ Addit. MS. 31465 (British Museum). .
 * 1) ‘Fugues for the Organ and Harpsichord,’ an early work.
 * 2) Anthems: ‘I will give thanks,’ and ‘Praise the Lord, ye Servants,’ in vol. v. of the Tudway Collection (Harleian MS. 7341).
 * 3) Many songs, including a ‘Song upon the Safe Return of His Majesty King William,’ written about 1700, and ‘Sound the Trumpet,’ which was written to celebrate the nuptials of the Prince of Orange and the Princess Royal, 1734, and others, like ‘Ye curious Winds,’ in Handelian style.

HART, SOLOMON ALEXANDER (1806–1881), painter, was born at Plymouth in April 1806. He was of the Jewish race and religion. His father was Samuel Hart of Plymouth, who began life as a worker in silver and gold at Bath; he is mentioned by Bromley (Catalogue of Engraved British Portraits, 1793) as a mezzotint engraver, and studied painting under Northcote in London in 1785.

Young Hart was educated under the Rev. Israel Worsley, a unitarian minister. Father and son went to London in 1820; the former taught Hebrew and the latter prepared drawings to become a student at the Royal Academy, where he was admitted in August 1823. To gain his living and help to support his father he coloured theatrical prints and painted a few miniatures. He commenced exhibiting at Somerset House with a miniature of his father in 1826. His first oil painting, ‘Instruction,’ was shown two years later at the British Institution, and was sold at the private view. Next year he was an exhibitor of five pictures, but did not sell one. In 1830 he exhibited at the Society of British Artists in Suffolk Street a more ambitious work called ‘Interior of a Polish Synagogue,’ afterwards known as ‘The Elevation of the Law’ (engraved in the Art Journal, 1851). This was purchased by Robert Vernon and bequeathed


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 Leaving Cambridge he held for a short time a post in the treasury; and subsequently entered the office of Mr. (now Lord) Thring, parliamentary draughtsman. In 1869 Sir John Duke (now Lord) Coleridge, solicitor-general in Mr. Gladstone's first ministry, introduced a long-promised bill for the abolition of religious tests at the universities, and quoted Hartog's case in support of his argument. Many other references were made to Hartog's disability in the succeeding debates. The commons passed the bill in 1869 and 1870, but the lords rejected it on both occasions. On 3 March 1871 Hartog was examined at length by a select committee of the House of Lords, appointed to consider the question of university tests, and presided over by Lord Salisbury. His evidence made considerable impression. The bill was passed by the House of Lords in May, and received the royal assent 16 June 1871. Unfortunately Hartog died from smallpox three days later (19 June) before he could benefit by the new legislation.

HARTOPP, JOHN (1637?–1722), nonconformist, born about 1637, was the only son of Sir Edward Hartopp, bart., of Freeby, Leicestershire, by Mary, daughter of Sir John Coke, knt., of Melbourne, Derbyshire. He succeeded as third baronet in 1658. By his marriage with Elizabeth, daughter of [q. v.], he inherited the latter's house at Stoke Newington, Middlesex. When in London, of which he became an alderman, he attended the independent meeting-house in Leadenhall Street, over which Dr. John Owen presided, and continued a member under successive ministers until his death. In early life he used to take down in shorthand the discourses of famous preachers, that he might read them to his family. Thirteen sermons of John Owen, preserved in this way, were published by Hartopp's grand-daughter, Mrs. Cooke, in 1756. Hartopp represented Leicestershire in the parliaments of 1678–9, 1679, and 1680–1. He zealously supported the bill of exclusion in 1681. In the next reign he was heavily fined for nonconformity. He died on 1 April 1722, aged 85, and was buried on the 11th in Stoke Newington Church beside his wife, who had died on 9 Nov. 1711. Isaac Watts, who resided with the Hartopps for five years at Stoke Newington, preached their funeral sermons. By will Hartopp left 10,000l. for the instruction of youth for the dissenting ministry; but his heirs, taking advantage of a defect in the conveyance, appropriated the bequest to themselves. Nearly one half of the legacy, however, was eventually restored, and applied to the use for which it was originally designed. Hartopp appears to have had a family of four sons and nine daughters. His son and successor, John (1680?–1762), in whom the title became extinct, assisted Lady Mary Abney in erecting a monument over Watts's remains in Bunhill Fields.

HARTRY, MALACHY, alias JOHN (fl. 1640), hagiographer, a native of Waterford, was educated at the Irish college at Lisbon, and became a monk of the order of Cîteaux in the abbey of Palacuel in Spain. Hartry subsequently joined the Cistercians in Ireland in their missionary labours, and endeavoured to investigate the history of the Irish branch of the order. Some of the materials thus obtained he transmitted to the Cistercian historiographers on the continent, and they refer to him under the name of ‘Artry, natione Hibernus.’ He appears to have remained in Ireland till 1651, and to have died soon after in Flanders. Two unpublished Latin works compiled by Hartry are extant in the archives of the see of Cashel. They are in one volume, written on vellum, with illuminated title-page and coloured drawings. The first is entitled ‘Triumphalia chronologica de cœnobio Sanctæ Crucis sacri ordinis Cisterciensis in Hibernia,’ and is dated 1640. It comprises an account of the establishment of the Cistercian abbey of Holy Cross in Tipperary, with notices of its relics and administrators (cf. transcript in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 31879). The second manuscript gives an account of Cistercian establishments in Ireland, mainly copied from Sir James Ware (cf. Chartularies of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin, Rolls Ser., 1884). A description of Hartry's compilations, by the author of the present notice, will be published by the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts. [Archives of the see of Cashel; Menologium Cisterciense, Antwerp, 1630; Bibliotheca Scriptorum Ordinis Cisterciensis, Col.-Agripp. 1656;


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Rh The gods who fill the court of Zeus and surround his throne are so numerous that a complete account of each would exceed the limits of our space. The legend of Zeus is typical, on the whole, of the manner in which the several mythical chapters grew about the figures of each of the deities. Some of these were originally, it is probable, natural forces or elemental phenomena, conceived of at first as personal beings; while, later, the personal earth or sun shaded off into the informing genius of the sun or earth, and still later was almost freed from all connection with the primal elemental phenomenon or force. In these processes of evolution it seems to have happened occasionally that the god shed, like a shell or chrysalis, his original form, which continued to exist, however, as a deity of older family and inferior power. By such processes, at least, it would not be difficult to explain the obvious fact that several gods have "under-studies" of their parts in the divine comedy. It may be well to begin a review of the gods by examining those who were, or may be supposed to have been, originally forces or phenomena of Nature.

This claim has been made for almost all the Olympians, but in some cases appears more plausible than in others. For example, Apollo is regarded as a solar divinity, and the modes in which he attained his detached and independent position as a brilliant anthropomorphic deity, patron of art, the lover of the nymphs, the inspirer of prophecy, may have been something in


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 scholars who do not know a word of Egyptian, and Egyptologists who do not know a word of Sanskrit, will give different names to these personages. But the comparative mythologist will hardly hesitate about assigning his real name to each of them, whether Aryan or Egyptian. One of the most curious instances of the identification of myths is to be seen in a bas-relief at the Louvre, wherein the legend of our own St. George and the Dragon, which is at bottom the same as that of Indra and Vritra, is represented by Horus spearing a crocodile.

The Lectures on the Science of Language delivered nearly twenty years ago by Professor Max Müller, have, I trust, made us fully understand how, among the Indo-European races, the names of the sun, of sunrise and sunset, and of other such phenomena, came to be talked of and considered as personages of whom wondrous legends are told. Egyptian mythology not merely admits, but imperatively demands, the same explanation. And this becomes the more evident when we consider the question how these mythical personages came to be invested with the attributes of divinity by men who, like the Egyptians, as we have seen, had so lively a sense of the divine. Here we are at once brought into contact with the notion of the Reign of Law.


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Rh with it the solution of what was my difficulty,—to wit, the relation between the name Malory and the dissyllabic form Maleore; for one can hardly help seeing that while the latter postulates the Welsh place-name Maelor, the former more naturally connects itself with the derived Latin Mailorius.

Thus far of Malory’s name: we now come to his work, which, as already mentioned, was finished in 1469. It was, however, not printed till 1485, when its publication was undertaken by Caxton. Then followed two editions by Wynkyn de Worde in 1498 and 1529, and before the middle of the seventeenth century four more editions appeared: all these seven were in black letter. The eighteenth century appears to have been content with what the three previous ones had done for the text of Malory; but the nineteenth century has already seen it edited no less than six times, notably by Southey, Wright, Sir E. Strachey, and H. Oskar Sommer. Dr. Sommer’s edition is comprised in three stately volumes, published in London by David Nutt: the first volume, consisting of the Text, appeared in 1889; then followed a volume of Introduction in 1890, and one of Studies on the Sources in 1891. This edition marks an era in the history of the Morte Darthur, seeing that special pains have been taken to make it reproduce the Caxton original, which is not known to exist in more than two copies, one of which is not quite perfect. This latter copy belongs to the Althorp Library, while the other, the perfect copy, once belonged to the Harleian Library. As regards its later history, we are told that it was purchased by the Earl of Jersey for his library at Osterley Park, and that in 1885 it became the property of a citizen of the United States, Mrs. Abby E. Pope of Brooklyn. Lastly, I must add that no trace of Malory’s own manuscript has ever been found.

The question of the sources of Malory’s work is no new one, and it had been to some extent discussed by M. Gaston Paris and M. J. Ulrich, in the introduction to their Merlin, edited from a manuscript belonging to Mr. Alfred Huth, London, and published in Paris in 1888 by the Société des anciens Textes français; but the exhaustive treatment of the subject was reserved for Dr. Sommer, who has devoted to it his third volume. The space at my disposal will only allow of my mentioning his conclusions in the briefest manner possible. Most of Malory’s originals prove to have been romances written


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48
 * 42 Geo. 3 c. 119.
 * An Act to suppress certain Games and Lotteries not authorised by Law.
 * 43 Geo. 3 c. 10.
 * An Act the title of which begins with the words "An Act to amend" and ends with the words " serving in the Militia."
 * 43 Geo. 8 c. 50.
 * An act for more speedily completing the Militia of Great Britain, raised under Two Acts, passed in the Forty Second Year of the reign of his present Majesty; and for amending the said Acts.
 * 43 Geo. 3 c. 51.
 * An Act to render more effectual an Act passed in the Forty-second Year of His present Majesty's Reign for consolidating the provisions of the several Acts passed for the Redemption and Sale of the Land Tax.
 * 43 Geo. 3. c. 59.
 * An Act for remedying certain Defects in the Laws relative to the building and repairing of County Bridges, and other Works maintained at the Expence of the Inhabitants of Counties in England.
 * 43 Geo. 3. c. 73.
 * An Act the title of which begins with the words "An Act to amend an Act," and ends with the words "better Collection of the said Duties."
 * 43 Geo. 3. c. 86.
 * An Act to prevent unlawful Combinations of Workmen, Artificers, Journeymen, and Labourers in Ireland; and for other purposes relating thereto.
 * 43 Geo. 3. c. 89.
 * An Act for providing Relief for the Families of Militia Men in Scotland when called out into actual Service.
 * 43 Geo. 3. c. 100.
 * An Act to render more effectual two Acts made in this present Session of Parliament, for the more speedily completing the Militia of Great Britain, and for raiding an additional Military Force for the better Defence of the United Kingdom.
 * }
 * 43 Geo. 3. c. 73.
 * An Act the title of which begins with the words "An Act to amend an Act," and ends with the words "better Collection of the said Duties."
 * 43 Geo. 3. c. 86.
 * An Act to prevent unlawful Combinations of Workmen, Artificers, Journeymen, and Labourers in Ireland; and for other purposes relating thereto.
 * 43 Geo. 3. c. 89.
 * An Act for providing Relief for the Families of Militia Men in Scotland when called out into actual Service.
 * 43 Geo. 3. c. 100.
 * An Act to render more effectual two Acts made in this present Session of Parliament, for the more speedily completing the Militia of Great Britain, and for raiding an additional Military Force for the better Defence of the United Kingdom.
 * }
 * 43 Geo. 3. c. 89.
 * An Act for providing Relief for the Families of Militia Men in Scotland when called out into actual Service.
 * 43 Geo. 3. c. 100.
 * An Act to render more effectual two Acts made in this present Session of Parliament, for the more speedily completing the Militia of Great Britain, and for raiding an additional Military Force for the better Defence of the United Kingdom.
 * }
 * 43 Geo. 3. c. 100.
 * An Act to render more effectual two Acts made in this present Session of Parliament, for the more speedily completing the Militia of Great Britain, and for raiding an additional Military Force for the better Defence of the United Kingdom.
 * }
 * }


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wilson, Woodrow


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 The Reign of Law.

M. de Rougé, in the extract which I have read from his Lecture, quotes the Egyptian expression, "the Only Being, living in truth," "le seul Etre, vivant en vérité." But the original words, ānχ em maāt, mean very much more than "living in truth." A more grammatically exact translation would be, "who lives by truth," or "whose existence depends upon truth;" but "truth" is not the exact meaning of maāt. When speaking of the moral code recognized by the Egyptians, I used the word "Right" as including both Truth and Justice. But it now becomes necessary to define the term more precisely.

Maāt as a noun signifies a perfectly straight and inflexible rule. It is evidently, I believe, derived from the root mā, "to stretch out," or "hold out straight before one," "protendere," as in the act of presenting an offering, mā hotep. "I have stretched out (mā-na) my hand, as the master of the crown," says the Osiris in the Book of the Dead. "Tehuti has extended to her (mā-nes) his hand," is said in one of the texts at Dendera. With this notion of stretching out are


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, in the Egyptian as well as in the Indo-European and the Semitic languages, the notions of "straight, right, righteous, true, rule, row, order." Our own word rule, like the Latin regula and rectus, is derived from the Aryan root arg, from which we have in Sanskrit ringe, I stretch myself (like the Greek ), rigus straight, right, righteous; rāgis, a line, a row; in Zend, erezu, straight, right, true, and, as a substantive, finger. In Gothic we have rak-ja (uf-rak-ja, stretch out), rach-ts, right, straight. The Egyptian maāt is not only Truth and Justice, but Order and Law, in the physical as well as in the moral world. It is in allusion to the fixed and unalterable laws of nature (which of course were very imperfectly known to them) that the Egyptians used the expression ānχ em maāt, "living or existing by or upon rule," which, if not actually a term equivalent to divinity, is at least with them the attribute most constantly connected with it. It was in consequence of the persistent recurrence of the same physical phenomena in an order which never varied and was never violated, that the Sun and Moon and other powers,


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H  and godlynes.’ A list of Harvard's books, consisting chiefly of theological, general, and classical literature (, History of Harvard University, i. 10), is in the college archives. One volume has been preserved; the others were burned in 1764. His widow, Ann, married the Rev. Thomas Allen.

The ‘ever-memorable benefactor of learning and religion in America,’ as Edward Everett justly styles Harvard (Address at the Erection of a Monument, Boston, 1828, p. 4), was, in the opinion of his contemporaries, ‘a godly gentleman and a lover of learning’ (New England's First Fruits, 1643, reprinted in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. i. 242), as well as ‘a scholar, and pious in his life, and enlarged toward the country and the good of it in life and death’ (Autobiography of the Rev. Thomas Shepard in, Chronicles of the First Planters, Bost. 1846, p. 552). He preached and prayed with tears and evidences of strong affection (, Wonder-working Providence, in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. new ser. vii. 16). The autographs written on taking his degree are preserved at Cambridge (tracings in, Memorial History of Boston, ii. 318). No specimen of his handwriting is known to be extant in America. The alumni of Harvard erected a granite monument to his memory in Charlestown burial-ground, dedicated by E. Everett 26 Sept. 1828. A seated statue was presented by S. J. Bridge to the university, and unveiled by the Rev. G. E. Ellis (see Address, Cambridge, Mass., 1884), 15 Oct. 1884.

 HARVEY, BEAUCHAMP BAGENAL (1762–1798), politician, son of Francis Harvey of Bargay Castle, Wexford, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and called to the bar in 1782. He acquired considerable reputation as a barrister, and promoted the public movements for catholic emancipation and parliamentary reform. On the death of his father in 1792 Harvey inherited estates in Wexford and Waterford, with an annual rental of 3,000l. He presided as chairman in 1793 at meetings of the Society of United Irishmen, Dublin. Although diminutive in stature and of feeble constitution, he distinguished himself as a duellist. He was nominated as a delegate by a public meeting in Wexford in March 1795 to present an address to Earl Fitzwilliam and a petition to the king. Before the commencement of the Wexford insurrection in 1798, Harvey induced his tenants to give up the arms with which they had provided themselves. After the government troops had evacuated Wexford on 30 May 1798, the leaders of the insurgents unanimously agreed on 1 June, in their camp, that Harvey should be appointed to command them in chief. Apprehensive for his own safety, and in the hope of checking excesses, Harvey unwillingly accepted the post. As commander, he sent a despatch to General Johnson at New Ross on 5 June, demanding the surrender of that town, with a view to avert rapine and bloodshed, but the messenger who carried the paper was shot. On the following day Harvey, as commander-in-chief, signed a series of orders summoning men to his camp and prohibiting, on pain of death, plunder and excesses. He exerted all his energies to restrain his followers, and publicly reprobated the destruction of life and property. The insurgents, after their repulse at Ross, deposed Harvey from the command. He subsequently sought safety in flight, and took refuge in a cave on a rocky island outside Wexford Harbour. He was arrested there, brought to Wexford, and arraigned before a court-martial with Cornelius Grogan [q. v.] and John Henry Colclough [q. v.] After an elaborate defence Harvey was sentenced to death. He was hanged on 26 June at the bridge of Wexford, on which his head, with those of others, was impaled. Harvey left no children; he was attainted in July 1798, but his brother was allowed to acquire his property.

 HARVEY, CHRISTOPHER (1597–1663), poet, son of the Rev. Christopher Harvey of Bunbury in Cheshire, was born in 1597. He was a batler of Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1613, and graduated B.A.


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 19 May 1617, licensed M.A. 1 Feb. 1619–20. In 1630 he was rector of Whitney in Herefordshire; at Michaelmas 1632 he became head-master of Kington grammar school, but he seems to have returned to Whitney on or before the following 25 March, when a new head-master was appointed. Between 1630 and 1639 five of his children were baptised at Whitney. On 14 Nov. 1639 he was instituted to the vicarage of Clifton on Dunsmore, Warwickshire. He owed this preferment to his patron Sir Robert Whitney, as we learn from a dedicatory epistle to Whitney in his edition of Thomas Pierson's ‘Excellent Encouragements against Afflictions,’ 1647. Harvey was buried at Clifton on 4 April 1663.

Harvey was the author of ‘The Synagogue,’ a series of devotional poems appended anonymously to the 1640 edition of George Herbert's ‘Temple,’ and reprinted with most of the later editions of the ‘Temple.’ He was a man of sincere piety but little originality; and the ‘Synagogue’ is merely a thin imitation of Herbert. In 1647 he issued anonymously ‘Schola Cordis, or the Heart of it Selfe gone away from God; brought back againe to him; and instructed by him. In 47 Emblems,’ 12mo; 2nd edition 1664; 3rd edition 1675. The volume has on the title-page ‘By the Author of the Synagogue.’ The emblems were adapted from Von Haeften's ‘Schola Cordis,’ and have been republished, with the ‘Synagogue,’ in Dr. Grosart's ‘Fuller Worthies Library.’ Harvey also published ‘Ἀφηνιαστής. The Right Rebel. A Treatise discovering the true Use of the Name by the Nature of Rebellion,’ 1661, 8vo, and ‘Faction Supplanted: or a Caveat against the ecclesiastical and secular Rebels,’ 1663, which was chiefly written in 1642 and finished on 3 April 1645. Wood supposed that ‘Faction Supplanted’ was the ‘same with the former [“The Right Rebel”], only a new title put to it to make it vend the better,’ but states that he had not seen either book. He also attributes to Harvey a book called ‘Conditions of Christianity.’

Harvey was a friend of Izaak Walton, and prefixed commendatory verses to the ‘Compleat Angler,’ ed. 1655. The fourth edition of the ‘Synagogue’ has commendatory verses by Walton, who also quoted one of the poems from the ‘Synagogue’ in the 1655 edition of the ‘Angler.’ Some bibliographers have erroneously ascribed the ‘Synagogue’ to Thomas Harvey.

HARVEY, DANIEL WHITTLE (1786–1863), politician, eldest son of Matthew Barnard Harvey of Witham, Essex, merchant, by a daughter of Major John M. Whittle of Feering House, Kelvedon, Essex, was born at Witham in 1786, and served his articles with Wimbourne, Collett, & Co., attorneys, 62 Chancery Lane, London. On coming of age he took possession of his maternal estate, Feering House, and commenced practice as a country solicitor in the neighbourhood. From 1808 till 1818 he was a member of the common council of the city of London for the ward of Bishopsgate. He was admitted a student of the Inner Temple on 7 Nov. 1810, and in Michaelmas term 1818 became a fellow of the society. He continued, however, to practise as an attorney at Colchester till Trinity term 1819, when at his own request his name was struck off the rolls. In Trinity term 1819 he applied to be called to the bar, but his application was refused. He was heard in his own defence before the masters of the bench on 5, 6, and 9 Nov. 1821, when it was stated (1) That he, being the plaintiff's attorney in a case Shelly v. Rudkin in January 1809, stole from the office of the attorney for the defendant a certain document. (2) That he sold an estate for John Wall Frost in October 1809 and kept back from him 500l., part of the purchase money. The benchers on 13 Nov. still refused to admit him. He then appealed to the judges as visitors of the inn, but they on 1 Feb. 1822 confirmed the decision of the benchers. At his request the case was reheard by the benchers, 19 Nov.–13 Dec. 1834, but with the same result. Later in 1834 a select committee of the House of Commons, of which Daniel O'Connell was chairman, inquired into the accusations and entirely exonerated Harvey. The benchers asserted their independence of the House of Commons, and nothing further was heard of the matter (Two Reports of Select Committee on the Inns of Courts, 1834).

On 12 Oct. 1812 he unsuccessfully contested Colchester, and at a by-election, 19 Feb. 1818, was again beaten, but at the general election on 22 June in the same year he was elected by a large majority in a fourteen days' contest, when his heavy expenses were paid by a rich relative. Two years later, on 14 July, he was re-elected for Colchester, but his election was declared void. He was again elected for Colchester on 14 July 1826, and continued to represent it till 29 Dec. 1834. From 1835 to January


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 1840 he sat for Southwark. The dissenters of Essex were his great supporters, and he was a prominent advocate of their claims. He was long recognised as a leading member of the radical party, and was an eloquent speaker in parliament and in public meetings. His love of company and his extravagance of living involved him in financial difficulties, and in February 1839 he was glad to accept the office of registrar of metropolitan public carriages.

The ‘Sunday Times’ newspaper was started by Harvey in 1822, and having worked it into a good circulation he sold it at a considerable profit. Early in 1833 he purchased the ‘True Sun,’ a daily paper, which had been commenced in the previous year by Patrick Grant; to accompany it he brought out the ‘Weekly True Sun,’ No. 1, 10 Feb. 1833, price 7d. The former came to an end with No. 442, new series, 23 Dec. 1837, and the latter with No. 331, 29 Dec. 1839. He then commenced the ‘Statesman, or the Weekly True Sun,’ No. 1, 5 Jan. 1840, but this, like its predecessors, although ably edited, was not a success, and a so-called No. 381, 27 Dec. 1840, was its last appearance.

By the act, 2 & 3 Vict. c. xciv. 17 Aug. 1839, the new metropolitan police regulations were extended to the city of London. Before the bill finally passed, Harvey was privately designated commissioner of the new force by Lord Melbourne's government, who, it is said, were so anxious to prevent his future presence in the House of Commons that they inserted a special clause in the act making it impossible for a police commissioner to be elected a member of parliament. He commenced his new duties in January 1840, and although often at variance with the corporation respecting his salary and his residence in the city, during the twenty-three years of his rule he never neglected his work, and created a well-disciplined body of men. He died at his official residence, 26 Old Jewry, city of London, 24 Feb. 1863, and was buried in the ground of the unitarian chapel at Hackney. A monument was erected over his grave at the cost of the city police force. He married, 23 May 1809, Mary, only daughter of Ebenezer Johnston of Bishopsgate Street and Stoke Newington, who is said to have brought him 30,000l.; she died 19 March 1864. Harvey was the writer of:
 * 1) ‘A Letter to the Burgesses of Colchester containing a statement of Proceedings upon his Application to be called to the Bar,’ 1822.
 * 2) ‘Inns of Court. The Speech and Reply of D. W. Harvey on moving for leave to bring in a Bill to regulate the admission of Students and Barristers; with Address to Electors of Colchester touching official appointment of Mr. Harvey under the Charities Commission,’ 1832.
 * 3) ‘Proceedings in a cause, Harvey v. Andrew, referred to in a Speech of D. W. Harvey on 14 June 1832 in the House of Commons,’ 1832.
 * 4) ‘A Letter from D. W. Harvey to his Constituents, a statement of the treatment he has received from members of His Majesty's Government,’ 1832.
 * 5) ‘Speech of D. W. Harvey at a meeting at Colchester in vindication of his conduct regarding the County and Borough of Essex,’ 1832.
 * 6) ‘Inns of Court. Case of D. W. Harvey,’ 1833.
 * 7) ‘To Sir T. Denman and the rest of the Judges, the Petition of D. W. Harvey,’ 1833.
 * 8) ‘Report of Proceedings before the Benchers upon the application of D. W. Harvey to be called to the Bar,’ 1834; 2nd edition, 1834.
 * 9) ‘An Address upon the Law of Railway Speculation, with hints for legislative interference,’ 1846.
 * 10) ‘Speech on moving for a Committee to inquire into the Crown Lands,’ 1849.
 * 11) ‘A Letter to Lord John Russell on the Benchers and the Bar,’ 1852; 2nd edition, 1862.

HARVEY, EDMOND (fl. 1661), regicide, a citizen of London, was apparently a mercer in partnership with Alderman Edmund Sleigh. With Sleigh he contributed 300l. towards equipping the sea forces raised to repress the rebellion in Ireland, under an ordinance of the commons dated 14 April 1642 (, Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, ed. 1870, p. 443). During the same year he was appointed a colonel of horse in the army of the parliament under the Earl of Essex (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1641–3, p. 466), and received a vote of thanks for his services (, Anglia Rediviva, ed. 1854, p. 6; Commons' Journals, ii. 726). Several charges of plundering and extortion were afterwards brought against him. When in May 1644 the committee of both kingdoms proposed to send him to the Earl of Essex with money and arms (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1644, pp. 172, 175), he refused to march unless the arrears of pay due to himself and his regiment were first discharged (Commons' Journals, iii. 488). The committee were accordingly instructed to secure the horse and arms, discharge his quarters, take his musters, and despatch his pay (ib. iii.


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H 490, 505). An ordinance was passed on 3 March 1647 for paying him 1,448l. in satisfaction of his arrears (ib. v. 477). At the sale of bishops' lands in 1647 and 1648 Harvey purchased for 7,617l. 2s. 10d. the manor of Fulham, Middlesex, other land in Fulham for 674l. 10s., and a fee farm rent out of the manors of Burton and Holnest, Dorsetshire (, Collectanea, i. 3, 123, 127). He also bought from the Nourse family of Woodeaton, Oxfordshire, the lease of the great tithes of the see of London, and resided at the episcopal palace at Fulham. On being nominated one of the commissioners to try the king he attended regularly; but on the last day (27 Jan. 1649) he expressed his dissatisfaction with the proceedings, and refused to sign the warrant. Soon afterwards he was made first commissioner of customs and a navy commissioner. In the beginning of November 1655 Harvey sumptuously entertained Cromwell at Fulham (Mercurius Politicus, November 1655, p. 5740), but on the 7th of that month was ordered to the Tower for joining with three other commissioners of customs in defrauding the Commonwealth, and he was subsequently dismissed from his office. In January 1656 his wife Judith obtained permission for him to reside at Fulham for a month, on his giving security for 10,000l. (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1655–6, pp. 8, 55, 92). On his promising to refund the money fraudulently acquired he was discharged from custody in the following February (ib. Dom. 1655–6, pp. 169, 352–3, 1656–7, passim). At the Restoration, though he surrendered himself, he was excepted both as to life and property; on 16 Oct. 1660 was brought to trial at the Old Bailey, and was sentenced to death, but was ordered on 31 Oct. 1661 to be confined in Pendennis Castle, Cornwall (ib. Dom. 1661–2, pp. 130, 134).

HARVEY, EDMUND GEORGE (1828–1884), author and musical composer, was born on 20 Feb. 1828 at Penzance. His father, (1798–1864), born at Penzance on 15 June 1798, was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge (B.A. 1828, M.A. 1835); was vicar of Truro from 1839 to 1860, and a prebendary of Exeter; died at Torquay on 6 Oct. 1864; and published, besides numerous sermons: 1. ‘The Tucknet Split,’ 1824 (under the pseudonym of ‘Pindar’). 2. ‘Sketches of Hayti,’ London, 1827, 8vo. He also edited some of John Wesley's minor works. Edmund George, the eldest son, graduated B.A. at Queens' College, Cambridge, 1850. He afterwards resided for a few years on the continent, and made a ‘pair-oar expedition’ through France, Prussia, &c., which he described in ‘Our Cruise in the Undine.’ He was ordained in 1854, becoming in 1859 curate at St. Mary's, Truro, and in 1860 rector of this, the family living. In 1865 he was transferred to the vicarage of Mullyon or Mullion, Cornwall. Harvey was much interested in church music. He died on 21 June 1884, aged 56, and was buried at Truro.

Harvey published, besides sermons and parochial addresses: 1. ‘Our Cruise in the Undine,’ 1854, 8vo. 2. ‘Short Services for Daily Use in Families,’ 1856; 2nd edition, 1864, 12mo. 3. ‘Psalmody, Gregorian Tones,’ &c., Truro, 1858, 12mo. 4. ‘A Form of Pointing the Canticles to the use of the Anglican Chant,’ Truro, 1859, 12mo (printed for the Cornwall Association of Church Choirs, of which the author was an honorary secretary). 5. ‘Gregorian Chants and Anglican;’ a leaflet, Hayle, 1872, 8vo. 6. ‘Mullyon; its History, Scenery, and Antiquities,’ &c., Truro, 1875, 4to. ‘Truro, Concise History of Ancient Church and City,’ with illustrations, was announced in 1878, but never published. Harvey's musical publications include: ‘La Rosaura,’ polka, 1846; ‘When Death is drawing near,’ 1853; ‘Undinen,’ waltzes, Bruges, 1853; ‘S. Matthias,’ ‘S. Malo,’ and ‘S. Lucian,’ hymn-tunes, Truro, 1859–62; ‘O Lord, my God,’ Weston-super-Mare, 1864; ‘The Signal Gun,’ German melody harmonised, Weston-super-Mare, 1864; ‘Our Children's Matin Hymn,’ London, 1864; ‘Our Children's Evensong,’ London, 1864, 12mo; ‘The Wortle Te Deum’ for parish choirs, London, 1865, 12mo; ‘Strawberry Leaves,’ old Cornish song harmonised, Mullyon, 1867; ‘A Litany of the Holy Name,’ Mullyon, 1870; ‘The Truro Use,’ edited by Harvey, Truro, 1877.

HARVEY, EDWARD (1783–1865), admiral, third son of Captain John Harvey [q. v.], and younger brother of Admiral Sir John Harvey [q. v.], was with his father as a first-class volunteer on board the Brunswick in the battle of 1 June 1794; afterwards with his brother John in the Prince of Wales; in the Beaulieu frigate he was present at the battle of Camperdown; and was again with his brother in the Southampton and Amphitrite. In July 1801 he was made a lieute-


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H nant; and after continuous service, mostly in the North Sea and Mediterranean, was promoted in January 1808 to the command of the Cephalus sloop in the Mediterranean, where, on 18 April 1811, he was posted to the Topaze, which he brought home and paid off in 1812. From 1830 to 1834 he commanded the Undaunted on the Cape of Good Hope and East India stations; in 1838 the Malabar in the West Indies; and from 1839 to 1842, the Implacable in the Mediterranean, where he took part in the operations on the coast of Syria, including the bombardment of St. Jean d'Acre in 1840. He attained his flag on 17 Dec. 1847; and from 1848 to 1853 was superintendent at Malta, with his flag in the Ceylon. He became vice-admiral 11 Sept. 1854; was commander-in-chief at the Nore from 1857 to 1860; was promoted admiral 9 June 1860; was nominated a K.C.B. on 28 June 1861, and a G.C.B. on 28 March 1865, a few weeks before his death on 4 May 1865. He married Miss Cannon of Deal, and by her had issue; among others, Henry, a captain in the navy, who died in the West Indies in 1869, while in command of the Eclipse.

HARVEY, ELIAB (1758–1830), admiral, second son of William Harvey of Rolls Park, near Chigwell in Essex, for many years M.P. for the county (d. 1763), was born 5 Dec. 1758. He was great-grandson of Sir Eliab Harvey, the brother of the great William Harvey (1569–1657) [q. v.] In 1771 he was nominally entered on board the William and Mary yacht. He afterwards served in the Orpheus frigate with Captain MacBride, and in the Lynx in the West Indies. In 1776 he was sent out to North America in the Mermaid, from which he was transferred to the Eagle, then carrying Lord Howe's flag. He returned to England in October 1778, and on 26 Feb. 1779 was promoted to be lieutenant of the Resolution, which, however, he did not join. In May 1780 Harvey was returned to parliament as member for Maldon in Essex. His elder brother William, M.P. for Essex, had died in the previous year, and Harvey had succeeded to a very handsome property. He had just come of age, and for the time appears to have won some distinction as a man about town and a reckless plunger. According to Walpole, he lost 100,000l. one evening at hazard to a Mr. O'Byrne, who said, ‘You can never pay me.’ ‘I can,’ answered Harvey; ‘my estate will sell for the debt.’ ‘No,’ said O'Byrne, ‘I will win 10,000l.; you shall throw for the other 90.’ They did, and Harvey won (Walpole's Letters, ed. Cunningham, vii. 329). In August 1781 Harvey was appointed to the Dolphin; in the following February he was moved into the Fury sloop; and on 21 March he was promoted to the command of the Otter, in which he served in the North Sea till his advancement to post rank on 20 Jan. 1783. Shortly afterwards he married Lady Louisa Nugent, younger daughter of Earl Nugent. He commanded the Hussar for a few weeks during the Spanish armament in 1790. On the outbreak of the revolutionary war in 1793, he was appointed to the Sta. Margarita frigate, in which he served under Sir John Jervis [q. v.] at the reduction of Martinique and Guadeloupe (March, April 1794). On her return to England in the summer, the Sta. Margarita was attached to the Channel fleet, and on 23 Aug. was one of the squadron under Sir John Borlase Warren [q. v.], which drove a French frigate and two corvettes on shore on the coast of Bretagne. Early in 1796 Harvey was moved into the Valiant of 74 guns, and in her went to the West Indies with the squadron under Sir Hyde Parker (1739–1807) [q. v.] In 1797 ill-health obliged him to return to England, and in the spring of 1798 he was appointed to the command of the Sea Fencibles in the Essex district. In 1799 he was appointed to the Triumph of 74 guns, and commanded her in the Channel and off Brest till the peace of Amiens. He represented Essex from 1803 till 1812; and in November 1803 he commissioned the ‘Fighting Téméraire’ of 98 guns. After eighteen months' service in the blockade of Brest and in the Bay of Biscay, the Téméraire in the autumn of 1805 formed part of the fleet off Cadiz. In the battle of Trafalgar she was the second ship of the weather line, closely following the Victory, and her share in the action was particularly brilliant. ‘Nothing could be finer,’ wrote Collingwood; ‘I have no words in which I can sufficiently express my admiration of it.’ On 9 Nov. 1805 Harvey was included in the general promotion consequent on the creation of the new grade of ‘admirals of the red,’ and became rear-admiral. In the following spring he hoisted his flag on board the Tonnant, in the Channel fleet under the command of Lord St. Vincent, and after St. Vincent's retirement under that of Lord Gambier [q. v.], with whom he was present in Basque Roads in April 1809. He conceived himself aggrieved by the appointment of Lord Cochrane to a special command, and expressed his anger on the quarter-deck of the flagship so publicly