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 Belle-Isle [see ]. On 20 May 1761 Hotham was moved into the Æolus frigate, and, continuing till the end of the war on the same service, was very successful in the capture or destruction of the enemy's privateers and merchant ships.

From 1766 to 1769 Hotham commanded the Hero guardship at Plymouth, and in her, in the spring of 1769, went out to the Mediterranean, with the relief for the garrison of Minorca. From 1770 to 1773 he commanded the Resolution at Portsmouth. In 1776 he was appointed to the Preston of 50 guns, and with a commodore's broad pennant joined Lord Howe on the North American station [see ]. In 1777, when Howe was absent on the expedition against Philadelphia, Hotham was left senior officer at New York, and, in co-operation with Sir Henry Clinton the elder [q. v.], was endeavouring to secure a passage up the Hudson when the fatal news arrived of Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga. Continuing at New York, in the following July he took part under Howe in the preparations for the defence of Sandy Hook against the expected attack of D'Estaing and in the subsequent operations off Rhode Island. After the scattering of the fleets by the storm of 12 Aug., the Preston fell in with the 80-gun ship Tonnant alone and disabled, and boldly engaged her till the arrival of some of her consorts compelled Hotham to provide for his own safety. He was then sent to the West Indies in command of a reinforcement for Barrington, under whom he had a share in the brilliant action in the Cul-de-Sac of St. Lucia on 15 Dec. 1778 [see ].

During the summer of 1779 Hotham was stationed at Barbadoes, and early in 1780 moved his broad pennant to the Vengeance of 74 guns, in which he assisted in the several rencounters with the French fleet on 17 April, 15 and 19 May [see ]. When Rodney afterwards proceeded to the coast of North America, Hotham was left senior officer at the Leeward Islands, and was in Port Castries of St. Lucia during the hurricane of 10–12 Oct. The Vengeance was blown from her anchors and tailed on to the rocks, but by cutting away her masts and throwing her after guns overboard, she got off, and, the wind happily veering, escaped without further damage. It was, however, found necessary for her to go to England, and in the following spring Hotham was sent home in charge of the convoy from St. Eustatius. Of the departure and the wealth of this convoy the French had fairly accurate information, and despatched a squadron of eight ships of the line besides frigates, under the command of M. de la Motte Picquet, to waylay it on its approach to the Channel. In this they fully succeeded. Every available English ship had gone with Darby to the relief of Gibraltar [see ], and on 2 May La Motte Picquet fell in with the convoy some twenty leagues to the west of the Scilly Islands. Hotham, whose force consisted of two ships of the line and three frigates, was powerless. He signalled the merchantmen to disperse and make the best of their way independently, and for the men-of-war to close with the Vengeance. The French, however, avoided the battle-ships and gave chase to the richly laden merchantmen, many of which they captured. The remainder got into Bearhaven, where they were joined by the commodore.

In 1782 Hotham, again as commodore, commanded the Edgar in the grand fleet under Howe at the relief of Gibraltar and the rencounter with the allies off Cape Spartel. On 24 Sept. 1787 he was promoted to be rear-admiral of the red, and during the Spanish armament of 1790 hoisted his flag on board the Princess Royal. On 21 Sept. 1790 he was advanced to be vice-admiral of the blue, and in February 1793, with his flag in the Britannia, went out to the Mediterranean as second in command under Lord Hood, with whom he co-operated during the campaigns of 1793 and 1794, more especially in taking charge of the blockade of the French fleet in Golfe Jouan in the autumn of 1794 [see ]. On the departure of Hood for England, Hotham succeeded to the chief command, and in the following March was at Leghorn, when he learnt that the French were again at sea. Martin, the French admiral, had, against his own judgment, been forced out by the stringent orders of the Directory. In point of numbers his fleet was equal to that of the English, but of the crews more than three-fourths were at sea for the first time, and were totally ignorant of their duties (CHEVALIER, ii. 174). On 12 March the two fleets were in sight of each other, and Martin, who understood the inferiority of his ships, resolved to avoid an action. But the wind and various accidents during the night retarded his retreat. A partial and very straggling encounter followed, renewed again on the 14th, when two of the French ships, the Caira and Censeur, were captured. The rest escaped, for the English fleet was scattered, and Hotham, not fully alive to the disorganisation of the French navy, refused to follow


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 up the success, notwithstanding the pressing remonstrances of Nelson, who had distinguished himself in command of the Agamemnon, and who asserted his belief that, had the victory been pushed home, ‘we should have had such a day as the annals of England never produced’ (cf. letter to his wife, 1 April). It appeared, however, from the admiral's despatch that the French fleet was numerically equal or superior, and its real inferiority was not known at home; two ships had been captured, and the victory won for Hotham and his comrades the thanks of both houses of parliament. On 16 April Hotham was advanced to the rank of admiral, and on 13 July again fell in with the French fleet, under somewhat similar circumstances, in nearly the same locality, and with nearly the same result. The Alcide, a 74-gun ship, struck her flag, but before she was taken possession of she caught fire and was totally destroyed, the greater part of her crew perishing with her; some two hundred were taken up by the English boats. That, with a numerical superiority of twenty-three ships against seventeen, Hotham ought to have brought on a decisive action, has been very generally admitted even by French writers (cf., ii. 198). Nelson in still stronger language spoke of the affair as this ‘miserable action’ (cf. letter to his brother, 29 July).

Hotham had succeeded to the chief command by the accident of Hood's resignation. A good officer and a man of undaunted courage, he had on several occasions done admirably in a subordinate rank; but he was wanting in the energy, force of character, and decision requisite in a commander-in-chief. It does not appear to have been the intention of the admiralty that he should continue in that position; and in November 1795 he was relieved by Sir John Jervis, afterwards Earl of St. Vincent [q. v.], and returned to England. He saw no further service. On 7 March 1797 he was raised to the peerage of Ireland as Baron Hotham of South Dalton, near Hull; and on the death of his nephew, the son of his second brother, he also succeeded to the baronetcy, 18 July 1811. He died on 2 May 1813. He was unmarried, and the titles on his death passed to his younger brother Beaumont [q. v.]

HOTHAM, WILLIAM (1772–1848), admiral, second son of General George Hotham, and nephew of William, first lord Hotham [q. v.], was born on 12 Feb. 1772, and was educated at Westminster School. He entered the navy in 1786, on board the Grampus, with Captain Edward Thompson, in which he made a voyage to the Guinea coast. He afterwards served at Portsmouth, in the West Indies, and in the Channel; in 1790 in the Princess Royal under his uncle's flag, and in October he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. During the years immediately following he was employed on the coast of North America and in the West Indies, and in January 1794 he joined the Victory, carrying Lord Hood's flag in the Mediterranean. In the following May he served on shore at the siege of Bastia, under the immediate orders of Nelson, on 12 Aug. was promoted to the command of the Éclair, and on 7 Oct. was advanced to post rank, and appointed to the Cyclops, which continued attached to the Mediterranean fleet till the beginning of 1796, when she was sent home with despatches and paid off. In January 1797 Hotham was appointed to the Adamant of 50 guns in the North Sea. When the mutiny broke out the Adamant was the only ship, besides the Venerable, which did not join in it, and for several weeks these two ships alone maintained the blockade of the Texel [see ]. After sharing in the glories of Camperdown on 11 Oct. 1797, the Adamant was attached to the squadron off Havre, under Sir Richard Strachan, and towards the end of 1798 was sent out to the Cape of Good Hope, where she was principally employed in the blockade of Mauritius, and on 12 Dec. 1799, in company with the Tremendous, drove ashore and destroyed the French frigate Preneuse. The Adamant continued on this service till September 1801, when she was sent home with convoy and was paid off. In March 1803 Hotham was appointed to the Raisonnable, employed to watch the enemy's flotilla at Boulogne. On this service his health gave way, and in 1804 he resigned his command, and retired for a while from active service. Subsequently he was for a short time in command of the Sea Fencibles of the Liverpool district, and of the Royal Sovereign yacht, till his promotion to flag rank on 4 Dec. 1813. For several years he was attached to the court as gentleman-in-waiting, and at his leisure drew up an in-

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 Paris, with such success that he became well known to King Philip IV (, ii. 160, Engl. Hist. Soc.) But in 1289 he was sent by Edward I with Otho de Grandison on a mission to Pope Nicholas IV. Their business included the procuring of a dispensation for the contemplated marriage of Edward, the king's son, to Margaret of Scotland, the settlement of the arrears of the one thousand marks of tribute due to Rome, and the arrangements about the crusading tenth granted to Edward ten years before. The ambassadors left England on 10 May 1289 (, Hist. Doc. Scotl. 1286–1306, i. 134). Between 2 Aug. and 2 Nov. Hothum represented Edward exclusively, as Grandison was away in Apulia (ib. i. 136). Up to October he was with the pope at Rieti, and then returned with him to Rome. On 7 Oct. Nicholas issued a bull settling the disposition of the crusading tenth (Fœdera, i. 714, Record edition). On 4 Nov. Hothum, now again with Grandison, received the pope's quittance for the six years' arrears of tribute which they had previously paid (ib. i. 719). On 7 Nov. Hothum left Rome, and reached London on 31 Dec. (, i. 136). The business of the embassy was finished when, at Clipstone Palace on 14 Oct. 1290, Edward, in Hothum's presence, declared his willingness to go on crusade (Fœdera, i. 741). He was in 1290 reappointed provincial of England and also of Scotland (Ann. Reg. Scot. in, p. 255, Rolls Ser.; , Script. Ord. Pred. i. 459).

Hothum advised and prearranged that Edward should begin the treatment of the Scottish succession question by demanding that each of the claimants should recognise him as the suzerain of Scotland, and was one of the clerks summoned to the parliament of Norham in May 1291 (, ii. 33). He was present at the meeting at Berwick in October 1292, and was one of the many who thought that Edward should decide the Scottish suit by English custom, and not by written law (ib. p. 255). He also declared that Baliol had a better claim than Bruce (ib. p. 260).

In 1293 Hothum had a dispute with Archbishop Romanus of York, in consequence of his insisting that penitents who confessed to friars had no need to make their confession also to their parish priests (, Letters from the Northern Registers, pp. 102–3, Rolls Ser.) On 4 Aug. 1295 he preached a Latin sermon before the king and the two cardinals sent by Boniface VIII to mediate peace with France (, ii. 66).

On 16 June 1296 Boniface VIII made Hothum archbishop of Dublin by papal provision. The pope had quashed the election of Thomas Chadworth, and the see had been vacant since 1294. On 23 Nov. Edward received Hothum's fealty and restored him the temporalities of the see (, Cal. Doc. Ireland, 1293–1301, No. 351; cf. 192, 350, 357). Although on 22 Dec. he received letters of attorney for one year (ib. No. 287), he seems to have appeared in Ireland and taken part in some judicial business.

Hothum was still archbishop-elect when he accompanied Edward I, about August 1297, to Flanders. The pope gave him permission to be consecrated by any bishop in any place, and he was accordingly consecrated by of Durham [q. v.] at Ghent (, p. 178; Chartularies, &c., of St. Mary's, Dublin, ii. 290, Rolls Ser.) He was now appointed to negotiate for a truce or peace with France. After helping to negotiate a short truce at Courtray in November 1297 (Fœdera, i. 881), and treating with the French ambassadors at Tournay before Candlemas 1298 (ib. i. 885), he was formally commissioned (18 Feb.) by Edward I at Ghent, along with Bishop Bek and others, to treat with Boniface VIII as mediator for a peace with France (ib. i. 887). On 24 Feb. he received letters of protection for Rome, having previously, on 21 Feb., appointed attorneys to represent him for the next two years in Ireland (, Nos. 482, 483). Other indulgences, such as respite during pleasure of his debts to the Dublin exchequer, were also granted him (ib. No. 497). Hemingburgh (ii. 160) says that on his way to Rome, while passing through France, he persuaded his old friend King Philip to agree to accept the truce. In June 1298 he was at Rome, where Boniface successfully mediated the truce (ib. i. 893). The document in Rymer (i. 898), drawn up by an imperial notary, says that ‘Dublinensis episcopus’ was present on 19 Aug. at Edward I's camp near Edinburgh, where further negotiations with French ambassadors were transacted; but this must be a mistake for Bishop Bek, his colleague. Hothum died on his way home at Dijon on 30 Aug. 1298. His body was conveyed to London and buried in the Dominican church there. He is described as a man of extremely acute intellect, an eloquent speaker, ‘jocundus in verbis, in affatu placidus’ (, p. 364, Engl. Hist. Soc.; cf., ii. 160). He combined attachment to Edward I and the papacy in a very remarkable manner.

Hothum was a scholastic writer of some distinction. A list of his works is given by Quétif and Echard, ‘Script. Ord. Pred.’ i. 460. It includes:
 * 1) ‘Commentarii in IV Sententiarum libros.’
 * 2) ‘De immediata


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 was elected fellow. In 1675 he took holy orders, and in 1678 was appointed domestic chaplain to the Duke of Ormonde, lord-lieutenant of Ireland; but he did not long remain in Ireland. In 1685 he was made prebendary of Worcester, and in the same year was presented to the living of Dempsford in the gift of the crown. On 31 March 1687 the president of Magdalen College, Dr. Henry Clarke, died. On 5 April a mandate from James II arrived, ordering the fellows to elect as their president Anthony Farmer [q. v.], who was statutably ineligible. The fellows immediately addressed a protest to the king, and received a verbal answer by Lord Sunderland that the king expected to be obeyed. On 15 April, which was the last statutable day for the election, the fellows elected Hough as their president. Hough is described in the college register as ‘a gentleman of liberality and firmness, who by the simplicity and purity of his moral character, by the mildness of his disposition and the happy temperament of his virtues, and many good qualities, had given every one reason to expect that he would be a distinguished ornament to the college and to the whole university.’ On the following day, 16 April, Hough was presented to the visitor, the Bishop of Winchester, and formally admitted and sworn in president (, pp. 34–5). On 28 May the fellows were cited to appear before the ecclesiastical commissioners in June to give account of their refusal to elect the king's nominee (ib. pp. 49, 50). The matter came before the High Commission Court on 22 June, and the president's place was declared void. On 14 Aug. the king issued another mandate to the fellows of Magdalen, ordering them to elect Samuel Parker, bishop of Oxford. The fellows replied on 28 Aug. that the place was already filled. In September James II came to Oxford, and ‘rated’ the fellows ‘in foul language in a very angry tone,’ but they declined to displace Hough. Special commissioners sent by the king reached Oxford 20 Oct., being escorted by three troops of horse. Hough, the ‘pretended president,’ and the fellows were cited to appear before them on 21 Oct. in the hall of Magdalen College (ib. p. 108). Hough was first summoned, and, refusing to resign his claim, his name was ordered to be struck out of the books and the fellows commanded no longer to submit to him. On the next day (22 Oct.) Hough was again called before the commissioners, and again refused to submit or abandon the presidentship. In the afternoon (of 22 Oct.) he appeared a third time, and delivered a formal protest, promising to ‘appeal to my sovereign lord the king in his courts of justice.’ ‘Do you think to huff us, sir?’ asked Sir Thomas Jenner, one of the commissioners who denied the right to appeal. On 25 Oct. the Bishop of Oxford was admitted by proxy. Hough having declined to surrender the keys of the lodgings, they were broken open by force. On 10 Dec., the ecclesiastical commissioners having taken into consideration ‘the contemptuous and disobedient behaviour of Dr. John Hough and the fellows of Magdalen,’ declared them incapable of any ecclesiastical dignity. In September 1688 James II perceived the error of his policy, and wrote to the Bishop of Winchester that as he desired to preserve all the rights and immunities of the church of England, he directed him as visitor to restore Hough to the presidentship and to reinstate the ejected fellows.

Hough's bold resistance was soon after the revolution rewarded by a bishopric. In April 1690 he was consecrated bishop of Oxford, with license to hold the presidentship of Magdalen in commendam. In 1699 he succeeded Dr. William Lloyd as bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, and resigned the presidentship. On the death of Tenison in 1715 he was offered, but declined, the primacy. In 1717 he was translated to Worcester. Always liberal in distributing his wealth, he gave 1,000l. towards the new buildings at Magdalen; rebuilt the episcopal house (attached to the Lichfield and Coventry see) at Eccleshall; and performed a similar service to the see of Worcester. He also gave 1,000l. towards the erection of All Saints' Church in Worcester. He appears to have been of a quiet, retiring disposition. He died 8 March 1743, in his ninety-second year, without illness, and was buried in Worcester Cathedral. On the monument erected to him there he is represented as delivering his protest in the hall of Magdalen College.

Hough published in his lifetime eight occasional sermons. In a laudatory life written of him by John Wilmot, F.R.S., several of his letters are published.  HOUGHTON. [See also and .] HonioK.]


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 From the Armenian plateau, Ararat rises in a graceful isolated cone far into the region of perennial snow. It was long believed by the Armenian monks that no one was permitted to reach the “secret top” of Ararat with its sacred remains, but on the 27th of September 1829, Dr. Johann Jacob Parrot (1792–1840) of Dorpat, a German in the employment of Russia, set foot on the “dome of eternal ice.” Ararat has since been ascended by S. Aftonomov (1834 and 1843); M. Wagner and W. H. Abich (1845); J. Chodzko, N. W. Chanykov, P. H. Moritz and a party of Cossacks in the service of the Russian government (1850); Stuart (1856); Monteith (1856); D. W. Freshfield (1868); James Bryce (1876); A. V. Markov (1888); P. Pashtukhov and H. B. Lynch (1893). Mr Freshfield thus described the mountain:—“It stands perfectly isolated from all the other ranges, with the still more perfect cone of Little Ararat (a typical volcano) at its side. Seen thus early in the season (May), with at least 9000 ft. of snow on its slopes, from a distance and height well calculated to permit the eye to take in its true proportions, we agreed that no single mountain we know presented such a magnificent and impressive appearance as the Armenian Giant.” There are a number of glaciers in the upper portion, and the climate of the whole district is very severe. The greater part of the mountain is destitute of trees, but the lower Ararat is clothed with birches. The fauna and flora are both comparatively meagre.

Both Great and Little Ararat consist entirely of volcanic rocks, chiefly andesites and pyroxene andesites, with some obsidian. No crater now exists at the summit of either, but well-formed parasitic cones occur upon their flanks. There are no certain historic records of any eruption. The earthquake and fall of rock which destroyed the village of Arghuri in 1840 may have been caused by a volcanic explosion, but the evidence is unsatisfactory.

The name of Ararat also applies to the Assyrian Urardhu, the country in which the Ark rested after the Deluge (Gen. viii. 4), and to which the murderers of Sennacherib fled (2 Kings xix. 37; Isaiah xxxvii. 38). The name Urardhu, originally that of a principality which included Mount Ararat and the plain of the Araxes, is given in Assyrian inscriptions from the 9th century downwards to a kingdom that at one time included the greater part of the later Armenia. The native name of the kingdom was Biainas, and its capital was Dhuspas, now Van. The first king, Sarduris I. (c. 833 ), subdued the country of the Upper Euphrates and Tigris. His inscriptions are written in cuneiform, in Assyrian, whilst those of his successors are in cuneiform, in their own language, which is neither Aryan nor Semitic. The kings of Biainas extended their kingdom eastward and westward, and defeated the Assyrians and Hittites. But Sarduris II. was overthrown by Tiglath Pileser III. (743 ), and driven north of the Araxes, where he made Armavir, Armauria, his capital. Interesting specimens of Biainian art have been found on the site of the palace of Rusas II., near Van. Shortly after 645 the kingdom fell, possibly conquered by Cyaxares, and a way was thus opened for the immigration of the Aryan Armenians. The name Ararat is unknown to the Armenians of the present day. The limits of the Biblical Ararat are not known, but they must have included the lofty Armenian plateau which overlooks the plain of the Araxes on the north, and that of Mesopotamia on the south. It is only natural that the highest and most striking mountain in the district should have been regarded as that upon which the Ark rested, and that the old name of the country should have been transferred to it.

ARARAT, a municipal town of Ripon county, Victoria, Australia, 130 m. by rail W.N.W. of Melbourne. Pop. (1901) 3580. It lies at an elevation of 1028 ft. towards the western extremity of the Great Dividing range. It is the commercial centre of the north-western grain and wool-producing district and is also noted for its quartz and alluvial gold-mines. Excellent wine is made, and flour-milling, leather-working, brick and candle making and soap-boiling are the chief industries. The district also yields the best timber in great quantity. Granite, bluestone, limestone and slate abound in the neighbourhood. ARAROBA POWDER, a drug occurring in the form of a yellowish-brown powder, varying considerably in tint, which derives an alternative name—Goa powder—from the Portuguese colony of Goa, where it appears to have been introduced about the year 1852. The tree which yields it is the Andira Araroba of the natural order Leguminosae. It is met with in great abundance in certain forests in the province of Bahia, preferring as a rule low and humid spots. The tree is from 80 to 100 ft. high and has large imparipinnate leaves, the leaflets of which are oblong, about 1 in. long and in. broad, and somewhat truncate at the apex. The flowers are papilionaceous, of a purple colour and arranged in panicles. The Goa powder or araroba is contained in the trunk, filling crevices in the heartwood. It is a morbid product in the tree, and yields to hot chloroform 50% of a substance known officially as chrysarobin, which has a definite therapeutic value and is contained in most modern pharmacopoeias. It occurs as a micro-crystalline, odourless, tasteless powder, very slightly soluble in either water or alcohol; it also occurs in rhubarb root. This complex mixture contains pure chrysarobin (C15H12O3), di-chrysarobin methylether (C30H23O7·OCH3), di-chrysarobin (C30H24O7). Chrysarobin is a methyl trioxyanthracene and exists as a glucoside in the plant, but is gradually oxidized to chrysophanic acid (a dioxy-methyl anthraquinone) and glucose. This strikes a blood-red colour in alkaline solutions, and may therefore cause much alarm if administered to a patient whose urine is alkaline. The British pharmacopoeia has an ointment containing one part of chrysarobin and 24 of benzoated lard.

Both internally and externally the drug is a powerful irritant. The general practice amongst modern dermatologists is to use only chrysophanic acid, which may be applied externally and given by the mouth in doses of about one grain in cases of psoriasis and chronic eczema. The drug is a feeble parasiticide, and has been used locally in the treatment of ringworm. It stains the skin—and linen—a deep yellow or brown, a coloration which may be removed by caustic alkali in weak solution. ARAS, the anc. Araxes, and the Phasis of Xenophon (Turk. and Arab. Ras, Armen. Yerash, Georg. Rashki), a river which rises south of Erzerum, in the Bingeul-dagh, and flows east through the province of Erzerum, across the Pasin plateau, and then through Russian Armenia, passing between Mount Ararat and Erivan, and forming the Russo-Persian frontier. Its course is about 600 m. long; its principal tributary is the Zanga, which flows by Erivan and drains Lake Gokcha or Sevanga. It is a rapid and muddy stream, dangerous to cross when swollen by the melting of the snows in Armenia, but fordable in its ordinary state. It formerly joined the Kura; but in 1897 it changed its lower course, and now runs direct to the Kizil-agach Bay of the Caspian. On an island in its bed stood Artaxata, the capital of Armenia from 180 to  50. ARASON, JON (1484–1551), Icelandic bishop and poet, became a priest about 1504, and having attracted the notice of Gottskalk, bishop of Holar, was sent by that prelate on two missions to Norway. In 1522 he succeeded Gottskalk in the see of Holar, but he was soon driven out by the other Icelandic bishop, Ogmund of Skalholt. His exile, however, was brief, and some years after his return he became involved in a dispute with his sovereign, Christian III., king of Denmark, because he refused to further the progress of Lutheranism in the island. Then in 1548, when a large number of the islanders had accepted the reformed doctrines, Arason and Ogmund joined their forces and attacked the Lutherans. Civil war broke out, and in 1551 the bishop of Holar and two of his sons were captured and executed. Arason, who was the last Roman Catholic bishop in Iceland, is celebrated as a poet, and as the man who introduced printing into the island.

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 HOUGHTON, first (1809–1885). [See .]

HOUGHTON or HOUTONE, ADAM (d. 1389), bishop of St. David's and chancellor of England, was born at Caerforiog in the parish of Whitchurch, near St. David's, but his name clearly shows that his family was of English or Norman origin. Foss's conjecture that he was a son of John de Houghton, baron of the exchequer in 1347, seems untenable. Adam de Houghton was educated at Oxford, where he took the degree of doctor of laws. In 1337 Adam de Houton of Oxford, clerk, was in trouble for having wounded John le Blake of Tadyngton (, Hist. and Antiq. i. 434). Entering holy orders, he apparently became one of the royal clerks. Some time after 1354 he was appointed precentor of St. David's. On 2 Oct. 1360 he witnessed the parole entered into by Reynald d'Albigny, and was one of the commissioners appointed on 1 July 1361 to receive possession of the counties and cities surrendered by the French under the treaty of Brétigny (Fœdera, iii. 511, 679). On 20 Sept. 1361 he was papally provided to the see of St. David's, and received possession of the spiritualities on 15 Nov. and of the temporalities on 8 Dec. He was consecrated at St. Mary's, Southwark, on 2 Jan. 1362, by William Edendon, bishop of Winchester (, Reg. Sacr. Angl. p. 56). In June 1376 he was employed in the settlement of a dispute at Oxford (Fœdera, iii. 1055). As a supporter of the court he was a trier of petitions in every parliament down to 1377 (Rot. Parl. ii. 275–321). On 11 Jan. of that year he was appointed, probably through the influence of John of Gaunt, chancellor in succession to Sir John Knyvet [q. v.] In April he was at the head of the commissioners sent to negotiate for peace with France (Fœdera, iii. 1076), and was engaged on this business at Calais when Edward III's death recalled him to England in June. Houghton was at once resworn as chancellor, and held office till 29 Oct. 1378. In his addresses to parliament Houghton made a somewhat ludicrous use of biblical texts (cf. Rot. Parl. iii. 361;, i. 274). In 1380 Houghton was employed with Sir Simon Burley in the negotiations for the marriage of Richard with Anne of Bohemia (, viii. 8, ed. Buchon). He was a trier of petitions in 1384 and 1385. He died 13 Feb. 1388–9, and was buried in the chapel of his college of St. Mary at St. David's, under a large tomb which is now destroyed.

Houghton appears in the statute-book of his cathedral as one of its chief legislators. He established the cathedral school and endowed the choristers. He is also said to have erected the vicars' college; he certainly compelled the vicars to live together, which they had not previously done. But his chief foundation was the fine college or chantry of St. Mary, which he established in 1365, in conjunction with John of Gaunt. The cloisters which connect it with the cathedral are also due to him. There is a curious story that he was excommunicated by Pope Clement VI, and that he excommunicated the pope in return; the incident is alleged to have been represented in the windows of his college chapel. The story as given is chronologically impossible, but if the anti-pope Clement VII (1378–94) is intended, it would at least be intelligible.

HOUGHTON, ARTHUR BOYD (1836–1875), book illustrator and painter, fourth son of Captain M. Houghton, R.N., was born in 1836. In the early part of his career he devoted himself mainly to illustrations of books, the ‘Graphic,’ ‘Fun,’ and other serials. After returning with his father from India he began to paint in oil, and exhibited some humorous sketches of London life at the Portland Gallery. In 1861 he commenced to exhibit at the Royal Academy, sending ‘A Fisher’ and ‘Here i' the Sands,’ and contributed other oil-paintings in 1864, 1867, 1868, 1869, and 1870. He joined the (now Royal) Society of Painters in Water-colours, exhibiting in 1871 ‘Hiawatha and Minnehaha’ and ‘In Captivity,’ and a few other works of high merit in 1872 and 1874, but his fame depends mainly upon his designs for books. He supplied illustrations to editions of ‘Don Quixote,’ and the ‘Arabian Nights,’ published in 1866. The illustrations to the former book show much invention, but his talent found its most congenial field in the ‘Arabian Nights.’ His best designs for these tales are to be found, not in the edition just mentioned, but in Dalziel's ‘Arabian Nights’ (completed in 1865), to which he contributed over ninety illustrations. They are full of life and fancy, of gravity and passion, often wild and fantastic, but always in sympathy with the subject and never wanting in human character. A special word should be given to his children, which are spirited and natural,


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/January 1899/Our Florida Alligator


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/January 1899/The Racial Geography of Europe: Supplement - The Jews XVII


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 whether English or oriental. His designs were often striking in their effects of black and white, but they were wanting in tone and gradation, a defect partly due perhaps to the loss of one eye. Houghton was one of the brilliant band of book illustrators which included Frederick Walker and J. G. Pinwell. He died at 162 King Henry's Road, South Hampstead, London, on 23 Nov. 1875, and was buried in Paddington cemetery, Willesden Lane.

 HOUGHTON, DANIEL (1740?–1791), African traveller, was a native of Ireland. The reports of the African Association describe him as having ‘served as a captain in the 69th foot at Gibraltar, and afterwards as brigade-major to General James Rooke at Goree in 1779’ (Reports, vol. i. 1790). The only officer answering to this description is Daniel Houghton, who was appointed ensign 69th foot 14 Oct. 1758, lieutenant 14 July 1759, captain 21 July 1773. He served with the regiment at Gibraltar from 1770 to 1775, and retired from it in Ireland in 1778. He was probably related to Quartermaster and Captain Ralph Houghton, 24th and 69th foot. Among his brother officers in the 69th were Samuel Paterson, the South African explorer, and ‘Fighting Fitzgerald.’ Houghton was at Goree in 1779, and is said to have been at one time attached to the British consulate at Morocco. He married a lady with money, which was taken by his creditors, and he then sought employment from the association formed in 1788 for promoting African exploration. His offers to carry out the project of reaching the Niger by way of the Gambia and to visit Houssa and Timbuctoo were accepted. He left England 16 Oct. 1790, reached the Gambia 10 Nov., and was kindly received by the negro king of Barra, whom he had visited from Goree some years before. Having procured an interpreter, he proceeded to Junkiconda, where he obtained a horse and five asses to carry his belongings to Medina, the capital of Wolli. His slight knowledge of the Mandingo tongue disclosed to him a plot against his life among the negro concubines of the traders, who feared interference with their privileges. He arrived at Medina safely by a different route, but his despatches were lost at sea. In a letter which reached his wife he wrote in high terms of the king and people, and ‘hoped she would accompany him to a place where 10l. a year would keep them in affluence.’ He was sanguine also in respect of the commercial advantages obtainable. But disasters befell him: a fire, which destroyed the greater part of Medina, consumed the merchandise on which he relied to pay his expenses; his interpreter deserted with his horse and three of the five asses; a trade-gun burst in his hands, and injured his arms and face. On 8 May 1791 he set out on foot, in company with a slave merchant, and on 13 May crossed the uninhabited frontier between Wolli and Bondou, thus passing the previous limit of European discovery. Traversing the latter country, the people of which he described as a branch of the ‘Foulies’ (Foulahs) and of Arab descent, he reached the Falemé, the south-western boundary of the kingdom of Bambouk. Part of that kingdom had been lately ceded to the negro king of Bondou, whose son paid Houghton a visit with a band of armed followers, and helped himself to whatever took his fancy. Houghton was then sent back to the frontier, and arrived at Ferbanna, the capital of Bambouk, after a perilous journey, during which he was seized with a delirious fever. He was received with great kindness by the king of Bambouk, with whom he entered into negotiations to open a trade with England. These were interrupted by a great native annual festival. Houghton had previously accepted the offer of an old merchant of the city to conduct him to Timbuctoo and bring him back to the Gambia. He started for Timbuctoo in good health and spirits on 24 July 1791, the date of his last despatch. The only later communication received from him was a note in pencil to Dr. Laidley at the Gambia: ‘Major Houghton's compts. to Dr. Laidley; is in good health, on his way to Timbuctoo, but robbed of all his goods by Feudo Bucar's son.’ The name of the place looked like ‘Simbing.’ News of his death followed, but neither the place, supposed to be Jarra, nor the exact date was ascertained. The natives said he died a natural death, and that his remains lay under a tree. Whether he was murdered was doubtful, but he was stated to have tempted the cupidity of the natives by carrying too many bale-goods with him, contrary to the advice of friends. Houghton's explorations were followed up by Mungo Park. Disasters never diminished Houghton's love of enterprise or his good spirits. His journey from the Gambia to Bambouk, a thousand miles away, enlarged the limits of European discovery, and the information collected by him from native sources threw further light on the problem of the sources and course of the Niger. At the instance of the African Association George III bestowed a pension of 30l. a year on Houghton's widow. [Army Lists; African Assoc. Reports, vol. i. 1790. A good account of Houghton's explora-


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 tions is given in Georgian Era, iii. 42. Some brief biographical notices are given in different publications. In that in Nouv. Dict. Universelle he is called ‘Anthony,’ and the date of his birth given as 1750.]  HOUGHTON, HENRY HALL- (1823–1889), divine, son of Jeremiah Houghton, by his wife, Hannah Hall, was born at Dublin on 10 Dec. 1823. He was educated first at Sherborne school, and afterwards obtained a close scholarship at Pembroke College, Oxford. He graduated B.A. without honours in 1845, and became M.A. in 1848. He was ordained deacon in 1849, and priest in 1850. Until 1852 he served the curacy of St. Peter's, Cheltenham, but from that year ill-health compelled him to refrain from active work. In 1871, on the death of his uncle, John Hall, hon. canon of Bristol since 1846, he succeeded to the estate of Melmerby, Cumberland, and changed his name to Hall-Houghton. The work of his life was the endeavour to promote the accurate study of holy scripture. In conjunction with Canon Hall, he founded at Oxford in 1868, 1870, and 1871 the Canon Hall and the Hall-Houghton prizes for a knowledge of the Greek Testament, the Septuagint, and the Syriac versions. To the Church Missionary Society he gave in all a sum of 4,500l. to promote the systematic study of holy scripture by natives of North India, West Africa, North-west America, and New Zealand. In 1875 Hall-Houghton married Mary, daughter of the Rev. John Dawson Hull. He died at Melmerby Hall, on 4 Sept. 1889.

 HOUGHTON, JOHN (1488?–1535), prior of the London Charterhouse, born in Essex of honourable parents in or about 1488, studied at Cambridge, and took the degrees of B.A. and LL.B. His parents then wished him to marry, but as he had resolved to embrace the ecclesiastical life, he left them and dwelt in concealment with a devout priest until he could himself take holy orders. Subsequently he graduated B.D. at Cambridge (, Athenæ Cantabr. i. 52). Having exercised the functions of a secular priest for four years, he entered the Carthusian order in London at the age of twenty-eight, and after acting as sacristan for five years, became procurator for about three years. In 1530 he was made prior of Beauvale, Nottinghamshire, but was elected prior of his old house in London in November 1531. His biographer says ‘he was slight of stature, elegant in appearance, shy in look, modest in manner, sweet in speech, chaste in body, humble of heart, amiable and beloved by all’ (, Hist. of the Sufferings of Eighteen Carthusians, ed. 1890, p. 21).

The Charterhouse was perhaps the best ordered religious community in England. From the commencement of the divorce cause the monks had espoused Queen Catherine's side, and they regarded the reforming measures of the parliament with consternation. In 1534 the act was passed cutting off the Princess Mary from the succession, and requiring of all subjects of the realm an oath of allegiance to Elizabeth and a recognition of the king's marriage with Anne Boleyn. Royal commissioners appeared at the Charterhouse to require the submission of the brethren. They refused to take the oath of allegiance, and Houghton and Father Humphrey, the procurator, were accordingly sent to the Tower. At the end of a month Houghton was persuaded by ‘certain good and learned men,’ including Stokesley, bishop of London, that the cause was not one for which it was lawful to suffer. He therefore undertook to comply conditionally, with some necessary reservations, and was sent back to the cloister. The royal commissioners went there with the lord mayor for the oath, and it was refused. They went again, with the threat of instant imprisonment for the whole community, and then all the monks swore as they were required, protesting that they submitted only as far as it was lawful for them so to do.

Subsequently the Carthusians were called upon to acknowledge that the king was supreme head on earth of the church of England. Notice of the intention of the government having been signified to the order, Augustine Webster, prior of Axholme, Lincolnshire, and Robert Lawrence, prior of Beauvale, Nottinghamshire, came up to London, and with Houghton presented themselves before Cromwell, and entreated to be excused from submission. They were sent to the Tower, where they were soon joined by Richard Reynolds, a Brigittine monk of Sion. These four were examined on 26 April 1535 before a committee of the privy council, of which Cromwell was a member. On their refusal to accept the act of supremacy, they were brought to trial before a special commission, and on the following day (29 April) were found guilty by a jury and condemned to death. The execution took place at Tyburn on 4 May 1535, when for the first time in English history ecclesiastics were brought out in their habits without undergoing the previous ceremony of degradation. With the monks, John Haile, a secular priest, vicar of Isleworth, Middle-


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User talk:Marjoleinkl

See Archive for old messages.

No local VIAF required
Hi. With the linking of our author pages to Wikidata, there is no longer the need to add VIAF data, a simple is sufficient. We haven't bot removed ours at this point, however, we don't need more created in that fashion. Thanks. — billinghurst  sDrewth  14:13, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for letting me know, the template page was a bit vague in explaining this. Marjoleinkl (talk) 14:47, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

Notability for Wikidata?
Following your example I’ve been adding author info as much as I was comfortable with to Wikidata and so far that’s been going ok. I noticed you followed up on a few of my additions with extra claims, so I figure you are the perfect person to ask a question about this :) I was researching Author:Orville Paul Phillips and I found he has not published very much (he died very young due to an accident with electricity), so I am now wondering if he meets notability for addition to Wikidata. Thanks! Marjoleinkl (talk) 11:57, 2 September 2016 (UTC)
 * And while I have your attention, I remember you offered some information on tools to use getting Author data on Wikidata. I am very interested to learn more! The last few days I’ve become completely addicted to doing (basic) Author research, it’s completely and utterly satisfying work and I hope to get better at it in the long, when time permits. Marjoleinkl (talk) 12:25, 2 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Notability at WD is based on the sum of each others wikis, so if we determine a person as meeting our inclusion criteria, that is sufficient for WD. More at Wikidata:Wikisource.  Re work, I monitor Category:Author pages not connected to Wikidata, and by default all new author pages appear there, even if briefly. Re research, I have good access to US and UK people data, so can follow up if you get stuck. I will shortly provide a line you can add to your d:special:mypage/common.js which puts an "authority control" tool into your left sidebar. — billinghurst  sDrewth  13:05, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

mw.loader.load('//www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=User:Magnus Manske/authority control.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');
 * Thanks very much :) Marjoleinkl (talk) 13:33, 2 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I had added the code to my d:special:mypage/common.js and the authority control shows up in the sidebar, but nothing seems to happen when I press it. Any idea what I am missing? I use Chrome on Mac OS. Marjoleinkl (talk) 13:38, 6 September 2016 (UTC)
 * When I am on a person page there, mine pops up a box with results for authority control data across major WPs and at the bottom the results for VIAF. It should work in Chrome and on a Mac. Do other javascript files work for you? (wondering whether you have a security setting or gadget that is blocking the capability). — billinghurst  sDrewth  23:17, 6 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for letting me know what was supposed to happen. I was able to figure it out, it was missing some jQuery dependancies, so it didn’t recognize .dialog as a function. Loading another one of his scripts (wikidata_useful.js) in addition to the authority control seems to have fixed it. Marjoleinkl (talk) 06:38, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

/*Memoirs of a Huguenot Family*/
Please see on my talk page #122 Index:Memoirs of a Huguenot Family.djvu —Maury (talk) 09:22, 25 December 2016 (UTC)

James Macdonald Rogers
All the on-line listings of various naval registries which I can find have the name listed as "James Macdonald Rogers". --EncycloPetey (talk) 09:03, 21 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Hmmm strange, thanks for letting me know! I have the opposite happening, see http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7615040. and his obituary in the London Standard: https://newspaperarchive.com/uk/middlesex/london/london-standard/1911/01-17/page-9. I’ll give it a fresh look later today or tomorrow. Marjoleinkl (talk) 09:19, 21 February 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marjoleinkl


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 sex, suffered death. Houghton, in a touching and simple address to the people from the scaffold, said: ‘Our holy mother the Church has decreed otherwise than the king and parliament have decreed, and therefore, rather than disobey the Church, we are ready to suffer.’ One of his quarters, with an arm, was hung over the gate of the Charterhouse to awe the remaining monks into submission, but they were firm in their refusal of the oath.

Houghton was beatified by a decree of Pope Leo XIII, dated 29 Dec. 1886. He is said to have written: 1. ‘Conciones,’ lib. i. 2. ‘Epistolæ maxime ad Theodoricum Loerum Carthusianum.’ 3. An account of all the questions proposed to him in his different examinations, and of the answers which he made. The manuscript of the last work he sent to Father William Exmew, from whom it passed to Maurice Chauncy, who entrusted it to a learned Spaniard, named Peter de Bahis, for presentation, with a portion of Houghton's hair-shirt, either to the pope or to the president at the Grande Chartreuse (, Dict. of English Catholics, iii. 416).

HOUGHTON, JOHN (d. 1705), writer on agriculture and trade, studied for a time at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (, Memorials of Cambridge, i. 154). He subsequently became an apothecary and dealer in tea, coffee, chocolate, and other luxuries, first ‘against the Ship Tavern in St. Bartholomew Lane, behind the Royal Exchange,’ but by 14 Dec. 1703 at the ‘Golden Fleece at the corner of Little Eastcheap in Gracechurch Street,’ London. He constituted himself a kind of agent for advertisers, and his advertisements appended to his ‘Collections’ are newspaper curiosities. He died in 1705. In the letters of administration, P. C. C., granted on 10 Nov. 1705 to his widow Elizabeth, Houghton is described as late of the parish of St. Leonard, Eastcheap, London. He was elected F.R.S. on 29 Jan. 1680, and served on the society's committee for agriculture.

Houghton edited an entertaining periodical work entitled ‘A Collection of Letters for the Improvement of Husbandry & Trade,’ two vols. 4to, London, 1681–3. The letters treat of miscellaneous subjects, and were written by eminent authorities, Evelyn and Worlidge included. The editor excuses the want of arrangement, preferring a ‘libertine way of handling’ subjects before the ‘severest rules.’ An index accompanies each volume. Houghton first noticed the potato plant as an agricultural vegetable (ed. 1728, ii. 468), and that turnips were eaten by sheep (ib. i. 213, iv. 142–144). His ideas of improving trade are obsolete. In November 1691 he issued, with the approbation of the more distinguished fellows of the Royal Society, ‘A Proposal for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade,’ which ultimately took the shape of another ‘Collection’ published in weekly folio numbers, of which the first appeared on 30 March 1692, and the last (No. 583) on 24 Sept. 1703, forming, according to the editor's design, nineteen volumes. A selection from these miscellanies in four octavo volumes was published by Richard Bradley in 1727–8, with the title ‘A Catalogue of all sorts of Earths, the Art of Draining, of Brewing, of all sorts of Husbandry,’ and Houghton also published in 1693 a sixpenny sheet, containing ‘An Account of the Acres and Houses, with the proportional tax … of each county in England and Wales’ (reprinted in ‘Somers Tracts,’ ed. Scott, x. 596). To the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ he contributed in 1699 ‘A Discourse of Coffee’ (xxi. 311–17), and ‘The Conclusion of the Protestant States of the Empire, of the 23d of Sept. 1699 concerning the Calendar’ (xxii. 459–63).

HOUGHTON, ROBERT (1548–1624), judge, son of John Houghton of Gunthorpe, Norfolk, was born at Gunthorpe on 3 Aug. 1548, entered Lincoln's Inn on 11 March 1569, where he was called to the bar on 10 Feb. 1577, was Lent reader in 1591 and 1600, and one of the governors from 1588 to 1603. He was returned to parliament in 1592–3 for Norwich, of which city he was elected recorder in 1595. On 17 May 1603 he was called to the degree of serjeant-at-law. In 1612 he resigned the


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  of this election, and the appointment of Richard Grant [q. v.] (ib. iii. 169–72; Ann. Dunst. pp. 109, 113). In 1231 he became archdeacon of Northampton (ib. p. 128), which post he held till his death in 1246 (, iv. 552). Matthew Paris says that he died intestate, leaving great wealth, which excited the cupidity of the pope, who claimed the estates of clerks who left no will. But the ‘Dunstable Annals’ (pp. 264–5) record in 1274 the discharge of a debt due from the priory to Houton, by paying it, in accordance with his legacy, to the dean and chapter of Lincoln. Houton's name is also given as Octon, Hocton, Hotoft, and Hotosp.

HOVEDEN, JOHN (d. 1275), mediæval Latin poet, is said to have been born at London. He was a chaplain of Queen Eleanor, mother of Edward I (MS. Cott. Nero C. ix.), and was one of the first prebendaries of the collegiate church of Howden or Hoveden in Yorkshire, founded in 1266. He is described as a man of honourable life, skilful in astrology, and given to hospitality. The same authority states that he commenced to build the choir of Howden Church at his own cost, and was buried in it. After his death he was honoured as a saint, and the nave and choir were completed out of the offerings of the worshippers (Chron. Lanercost, p. 93, Bannatyne Club; cf., Itinerary, f. 58). Bale fixes his death in 1275; the ‘Lanercost Chronicle’ says about 1272. Bale and Pits call him a doctor of theology, but without any apparent authority. In MS. Sloane 1620 he is called magister Johannes de Houeden, astrologus.’

Hoveden's poems are not without some merit. Balinghem calls them wonderfully pathetic. They are all contained in MS. Cott. Nero C. ix. The chief is ‘Philomela sive meditacio de nativitate, passione, et resurrectione Domini nostri Jesu Christi;’ it contains nearly four thousand lines, and is written, like all his other poems, in rhyming quatrains. The first known edition is that of Peter Cæsar, printed at Ghent in 1516, but Philippus Boskhierus says that he had seen one without date or name of place, which was in his opinion more ancient. Boskhierus accordingly described his own edition as the third, published at Luxemburg in 1603, under the title, ‘Joannis Houdemii Angli … Christiados libri sex.’ Copious extracts are given in the ‘Passus Marianus’ of Antony de Balinghem, published at Douay in 1624. Other manuscripts are Brit. Mus. Harl. 985 (where the author is called N. de Hovedene, and there is an alternative title, ‘de processu Cristi et redempcionis nostre’), Laud. 368, and Lambeth 410. There is a French version in MS. C. C. C. Cambridge 471, ‘Li Rossignol, ou la pensée Johan de Houedene.’ There is also a French version among Lord Ashburnham's MSS., No. 399, ‘Le Tractiet du rossignol oyselet amoreux,’ sec. xv. (Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Rep. App. p. 88). This poem commences ‘Ave verbum ens in principio;’ another poem of the same title, which begins ‘Philomela prævia temporis amœni,’ has also been attributed to Hoveden, and very commonly, though wrongly, to S. Bonaventure (see 1882 edition of his works, published at Quaracchi, vol. i. Præf. Gen. p. xvi). In MS. Laud. 368 it occurs with an ascription to John Peckham [q. v.] The second poem, which is written in the same metre, is much shorter, and perhaps more graceful. It is printed among S. Bonaventure's works (e.g. ed. Venice, vi. 445), also at Paris in 1503, together with his ‘Centiloquium,’ and at Munich, 1645, with a lyrical paraphrase; it was translated into German verse, and printed, Munich, 1612, as ‘Nachtigall dess Heiligen Bonaventura;’ there is a Spanish version in the works of Ludovicus Granatensis, viii. 438, Madrid, 1788. The manuscripts are numerous, e.g. Cott. Cleop. A. xii., Harley 3766, Royal 8 G. vi. in British Museum, and Digby 28, Laud. 368 and 402, and Rawlinson A. 389 and C. 397 in Bodleian. In MS. Cott. Cal. A. ii. ff. 59–64, there is an English poem, ‘The Nyghtyngale,’ written about 1460, which is an imitation of the latter Philomela. Hoveden's other poems are: 2. ‘Quindecim gaudia virginis’ (MS. Laud. 368). 3. ‘Meditacio vocata cantica quinquaginta.’ 4. ‘Laus de Domino Salvatore, vel meditacio que Cythara vocatur’ (ib.) 5. ‘Quinquaginta salutationes virginis’ (ib.) 6. ‘Laus de beata virgine que Viola vocatur.’ 7. ‘Lira, extollens virginem gloriosam.’ 8. ‘Meditacio de nativitate et passione Christi, vocata Canticum divini amoris.’ Hoveden also wrote: 9. ‘Practica Chilindri,’ a short treatise in prose on the use of the Chilinder. Edited, with a translation by Mr. E. Brock, from MS. Sloane 1620, for the Chaucer Society, in ‘Essays on Chaucer,’ pt. ii. pp. 57–81. 10. ‘Speculum Laicorum,’ or ‘Loci Communes.’ This work, which is commonly ascribed to Hoveden, cannot, at least in its present form, be his, for it contains allusions to events which happened in 1298 and 1307 (MS. Bodl. 474, ff. 39 and 71), and would seem to date from the earlier part of the fourteenth century. It consists of quotations from the scriptures and the fathers, illustrated by moral stories,


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 many of which are taken from Odo of Sherston [q. v.], and was no doubt a commonplace book for the use of preachers; there are many other manuscripts. Tanner adds ‘De beneficiis dei ex Bernardo,’ and gives the first words, without saying where it is to be found. There are in the library at Leipzig a ‘Rosarium Mariæ Joannis Anglici, et ejusdem libri xii. de laudibus Mariæ’ (Report on Fœdera, Appendix A. p. 145, cf., App. p. 867; and , Athenæ Oxon. ii. 176), which may be some of Hoveden's poems.

HOVEDEN or HOWDEN, ROGER (d. 1201?), chronicler, was probably a native of Howden, a possession of the see of Durham, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, and very possibly a brother of a William of Hoveden, who was chaplain of Hugh de Puiset, bishop of Durham. Roger was one of the clerks of Henry II. He may have been with the king at Gisors on 26 Sept. 1173, as he gives some details about the conference not found elsewhere, and was certainly with him in France in the autumn of 1174. Henry then sent him to England so that he and Robert de Vaux might go together as envoys to Uchtred and Gilbert, the two sons of Fergus, lately prince of Galloway (d. 1160), to persuade them to submit to the English rather than to the Scottish king. When the envoys met the chiefs of Galloway about 23 Nov. they found that Uchtred had been killed by Gilbert's son Malcolm. Gilbert offered terms, which the envoys referred to the king, and Henry, on hearing of the murder of Uchtred refused them (Gesta Henrici II, i. 79, 80). At Whitsuntide, 1 June 1175, Roger was with the king at Reading, and was ordered to go to each of the twelve abbeys there that was without an abbot, bidding the chapters send up deputations to the king at Oxford on the 24th, so that the vacancies might be filled. With Roger was sent a clerk from the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1189 he served as an itinerant justice for the forests in Northumberland, Cumberland, and Yorkshire. After the death of Henry he probably retired from public life, perhaps to Howden, where he may have been parson, and employed himself on the composition of his chronicle. He records the arrival of Bishop Hugh at Howden and the attempt to arrest him there in 1190, adding something to the narrative in the ‘Gesta;’ he copies the notice of how John spent Christmas in 1191 with the bishop there, and records how Bishop Hugh was brought thither in his sickness, and died there on 3 March 1195, how on 11 Oct. Bishop Philip gave the benediction there to two abbots, and how King John granted the bishop a fair at Howden in 1200. As his chronicle ends somewhat abruptly in 1201, it may be supposed that he did not live long after that date. The title of magister prefixed to his name in an early manuscript of his book may, Bishop Stubbs thinks, possibly denote that he was ‘a scholar of one of the rising universities;’ Bale describes him as an Oxford man, and says that besides his chronicle he was the author of ‘Divinity Lectures.’ Although he writes in a neutral spirit about politics, he seems to approve of the king's conduct during the earlier part of the struggle with Becket, but in recording later phases of it he is influenced by the character of the archbishop as a saint and martyr; he dwells on the edifying death of the younger Henry, and he evidently took the part of Bishop Hugh in his quarrel with Geoffrey, archbishop of York. He nowhere in his chronicle mentions his own name. He divides his work into pars prior and pars posterior. The latter begins with the accession of Henry II. After giving a genealogy of the Northumbrian kings from Ida to Ceolwulf, the chronicle opens with the year 732. Down to the year 1148 he copies, Bishop Stubbs remarks, a compilation still extant in manuscript called the ‘Historia Saxonum vel Anglorum post obitum Bedæ,’ making very few additions to it. From 1148 to 1169 his arrangement and composition must, according to the same authority, be his own, though he could find matter in the chronicle of Melrose. He had access to some collection of Becket's correspondence and inserts several letters; his narrative of the archbishop's life and death seems to have been taken from the early ‘Passio,’ from the author of the ‘Gesta Henrici,’ and from some source now lost. From 1162 to 1192 he relies on the ‘Gesta Henrici,’ sometimes abridging it and sometimes greatly expanding it. He inserts a large number of additions, several being important documents such as the ‘Liber de Legibus Angliæ,’ the ‘Assisa de Forestis,’ the acts of the Council of Lombers, and some concerning the sees of York and Durham, and the crusade, together with stories and miscellaneous matter. From 1192 to 1201 his work is undoubtedly original, and is of the highest value. In spite of carelessness in chronology, a defect more evident in


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/The Labor Problem in the Tropics


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/Principles of Taxation: The Law of the Diffusion of Taxes XXXI


text:
Lefemine v. Wideman

Cite as: 568 U. S. ____ (2012)

Per Curiam

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

STEVEN LEFEMINE, DBA COLUMBIA CHRISTIANS FOR LIFE v. DAN WIDEMAN ET AL.

ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 12–168. Decided November 5, 2012

PER CURIAM.

This case concerns the award of attorney's fees in a suit alleging unconstitutional conduct by government officials. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit held that a plaintiff who secured a permanent injunction but no monetary damages was not a "prevailing party" under 42 U. S. C. §1988, and so could not receive fees. That was error. Because the injunction ordered the defendant officials to change their behavior in a way that directly benefited the plaintiff, we vacate the Fourth Circuit's decision and remand for further proceedings.

Petitioner Steven Lefemine and members of Columbia Christians for Life (CCL) engage in demonstrations in which they carry pictures of aborted fetuses to protest the availability of abortions. On November 3, 2005, Lefemine and about 20 other CCL members conducted such a demonstration at a busy intersection in Greenwood County, South Carolina. Citing complaints about the graphic signs, a Greenwood County police officer informed Lefemine that if the signs were not discarded, he would be ticketed for breach of the peace. Lefemine objected, asserting that the officer was violating his First Amendment rights, but the threat eventually caused him to disband the protest. See Lefemine v. Davis, 732 F. Supp. 2d 614, 617–619 (SC 2010). A year later, an attorney for Lefemine sent a letter to

Dan Wideman, the sheriff of Greenwood County, informing him that the group intended to return to the same site with the disputed signs. The letter cautioned that further interference would cause Lefemine "'to pursue all available legal remedies.'" Id., at 619. Chief Deputy Mike Frederick responded that the police had not previously violated Lefemine's rights, and warned that "'should we observe any protester or demonstrator committing the same act, we will again conduct ourselves in exactly the same manner: order the person(s) to stop or face criminal sanctions.'" Ibid. Out of fear of those sanctions, the group chose not to protest in the county for the next two years. See ibid.

On October 31, 2008, Lefemine filed a complaint under 42 U. S. C. §1983 against several Greenwood County police officers alleging violations of his First Amendment rights. Lefemine sought nominal damages, a declaratory judgment, a permanent injunction, and attorney's fees. See 732 F. Supp. 2d, at 620. Ruling on the parties' dueling motions for summary judgment, the District Court determined that the defendants had infringed Lefemine's rights. See id., at 620–625. The court therefore permanently enjoined the defendants "from engaging in content-based restrictions on [Lefemine's] display of graphic signs" under similar circumstances. Id., at 627. The court, however, refused Lefemine's request for nominal damages, finding that the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity because the illegality of their conduct was not clearly established at the time. See ibid. The court as well denied Lefemine's request for attorney's fees under §1988, stating that "[u]nder the totality of the facts in this case the award of attorney's fees is not warranted." Ibid.

The Fourth Circuit affirmed the denial of attorney's fees on the ground that the District Court's judgment did not make Lefemine a "prevailing party" under §1988. 672

F. 3d 292, 302–303 (2012). The court reasoned that the relief awarded did not "'alte[r] the relative positions of the parties'": The injunction prohibited only "unlawful, but not legitimate, conduct by the defendant[s]," and merely "ordered [d]efendants to comply with the law and safeguard [Lefemine's] constitutional rights in the future. No other damages were awarded." Ibid. Lefemine sought a writ of certiorari to review the Fourth Circuit's determination that he was not a prevailing party under §1988.

The Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976, 90 Stat. 2641, 42 U. S. C. §1988, allows "the prevailing party" in certain civil rights actions, including suits brought under §1983, to recover "a reasonable attorney's fee." A plaintiff "prevails," we have held, "when actual relief on the merits of his claim materially alters the legal relationship between the parties by modifying the defendant's behavior in a way that directly benefits the plaintiff." Farrar v. Hobby, 506 U. S. 103, 111–112 (1992). And we have repeatedly held that an injunction or declaratory judgment, like a damages award, will usually satisfy that test. See, e.g., Rhodes v. Stewart, 488 U. S. 1, 4 (1988) (per curiam).

Under these established standards, Lefemine was a prevailing party. Lefemine desired to conduct demonstrations in Greenwood County with signs that the defendant police officers had told him he could not carry. He brought this suit in part to secure an injunction to protect himself from the defendants' standing threat of sanctions. And he succeeded in removing that threat. The District Court held that the defendants had violated Lefemine's rights and enjoined them from engaging in similar conduct in the

 * The defendants did not appeal the District Court's judgment that they had violated Lefemine's First Amendment rights, so the Court of Appeals took as a given that a violation had occurred. See 672 F. 3d, at 299, n. 5.

future. Contrary to the Fourth Circuit's view, that ruling worked the requisite material alteration in the parties' relationship. Before the ruling, the police intended to stop Lefemine from protesting with his signs; after the ruling, the police could not prevent him from demonstrating in that manner. So when the District Court "ordered [d]efendants to comply with the law," 672 F. 3d, at 303, the relief given—as in the usual case involving such an injunction—supported the award of attorney's fees.

Because Lefemine is a "prevailing party," he "should ordinarily recover an attorney's fee unless special circumstances would render such an award unjust." Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U. S. 424, 429 (1983) (internal quotation marks omitted). Neither of the courts below addressed whether any special circumstances exist in this case, and we do not do so; whether there may be other grounds on which the police officers could contest liability for fees is not a question before us. Accordingly, the petition for certiorari is granted, the judgment of the Fourth Circuit is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

It is so ordered.

title: Lefemine v. Wideman


text:
Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/39

 He made the silent return to his British home to sleep well with his kindred. He left the coast of Virginia mourned, loved and regretted. Nor was the dead Governor forgotten in the great event when England had a King, and amid the joy notes that sounded over the James, September 20, 1660, there was a requiem in hearts: "He comes no more."

A name beloved as no other Virginian from 1622 till 1660. A great man of a great race

From 1660 a new regime stand recorded, namely:

The Colonial Government permanently established under Governor Spottswood, 1710, to mark the Second Century of Great Britain's occupation in the Western World.

______

See note on page 80.

title: Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/39


text: Talk:Lefemine v. Wideman

title: Talk:Lefemine v. Wideman


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/The Great Bombardment


text:
Category:United States Supreme Court slip opinions - Volume 568

This is a maintenance category for opinions and orders issued by the Supreme Court of the United States that are based on the "slip opinion" version of the document, and that are slated to be published in Volume 568 of the United States Reports. When that volume is published, these pages should be replaced with the final print edition. For more information, see Template:SCOTUS slip opinion.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/The Spirit of Conquest


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/A Short History of Scientific Instruction II


text:
Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/41

 Turn back the page of history, To Fourteen Hundred Ninety-seven, When Cabot touched the Greenland shore, His pilot guide the light of heaven; Recall the dangers of the land; Recall the perils of the sea. To seize and hold the new found land, The north New World discovery. Sir Walter Raleigh on the land, Bold Drake the viking of the sea, The pioneers of New World fame, To hold the great discovery. Drake, Gilbert, Raleigh and Cavendish. Historic men of enterprise, The men of opportunity, A world conquest before their eyes. The Benjamins of New World fame, Who left the Isaacs of the Old, To found a kingdom of conquest, A western empire long foretold. The call "Sail on" again was heard, The year of Sixteen hundred Seven, John Smith, the Captain Pioneer, The pilot chief to find a haven. After the Jamestown massacre, Matthews, he heard the call, "March On," He left the Old World for the New, His race to stand American. Let us revere his memory, The British chief of founding sires, The king makers of ancient Gaul, Since Charles Martel led pioneers.

title: Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/41


text:
Page:Face to Face With the Mexicans.djvu/353

Rh Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and the capital surrendered to General Scott. His last move, in the vain endeavor to retrieve his fortunes, was to besiege Puebla, when he was again defeated, this time by General Lane. After the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, in 1848, Santa Anna sailed for Jamaica. During this last exile the condition of the country bordered on anarchy, and the need of a strong government was so imperative that in 1853 Santa Anna was recalled. He was enthusiastically received, and appointed president for one year, when a constituent congress should be called. But instead of the latter, he instigated a new revolution, by which he was declared president for life, with the title—well calculated to provoke a smile—of "Serene Highness." A despotic spirit was soon manifested, and the result was the revolution of Ayutla, led by General Alvarez, one of the heroes of the wars of independence. After this memorable event, a desperate struggle of two years ensued, when Santa Anna abdicated, and left for Havana, August 16, 1855. Afterward, being a man of leisure, he visited Venezuela, where he remained two years. He then retired to the island of St. Thomas, where he lived quietly, probably meriting his title of "Serene Highness" more than at any other time in his career.

He returned in the early part of the French intervention, pledging neutrality; but having issued a manifesto calculated to cause disturbance, was ordered by Marshal Bazaine to leave the country, which he did, retiring again to St. Thomas.

After the fall of Maximilian, he returned to Vera Cruz to find himself a prisoner under sentence of death. Though this was not carried out, he was required to leave Mexico forever. From this time until the death of Juarez, in 1872, he resided in the United States. He returned once more to his native land, aged, feeble, and broken in spirit and fortune, and died in the City of Mexico on June 21, 1876, aged eighty-four years. He was buried at the church of Guadalupe, only a few prominent individuals following the funeral corétge.

Not the least singular circumstance in the stormy and checkered


text:
Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/42

 A name not written on the sand, But on the hearts of founding men; Who with their deeds make history Regardless of the record pen. Turn back the leaves of time today, Recall Smith mariners of old, The tempest tossed who reached Old Point, Who came to seize, who came to hold. Great Powhatan, the monarch king, Who welcomed Smith and his brave band, Foresaw the aim of Vikings bold In quest of gold, in quest of land. Jamestown the white man's cradle home, Historic town of founding days, In Pocahontas found a friend, To cast o'er Smith protecting rays. Child of the Sun, with heart of gold, With heroes courage undefiled, A daughter of the wilderness, A Princess of the forest wild.

Recall the story of the James, The legend of the famous river; The romance of the Indian girl, The keynote—then as now—"Forever." The marriage of the forest child, To lure her from her father's home; A marriage of diplomacy, To secure terms with Great Powhatan. The princess pined for kith and kin; Yet loyal from an English view. Her heart turned back to Accomack, The call of blood she heard was true. She died in England, "The Beloved," She left a son of honored name: Sir Thomas Rolfe of British birth, His sire, John Rolfe, of Jamestown fame.

title: Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/42


text:
Page:Face to Face With the Mexicans.djvu/355

Rh

Let us now take a pleasant stroll through the Alameda and along the great highway leading to Tacuba, until we come to the grand old church and pretty plasuella of San Fernando, and the Pantheon, bearing the same name. The little plaza is shaded by giant trees, fragrant with myriad flowers, carpeted with soft, green turf, and the air rendered sweet and delicious by the ripple of the sparkling fountain: a place for day-dreams, so quiet and redolent of the past. But, in pursuance of our object, we suddenly find ourselves within a broad, grated doorway, and the next moment a polite little old man, clad in domestic, comes forward, hat in hand, with a smile, and the question:

"What will you have?"

"We wish to see the monument to Juarez;" whereupon he leads the way, halting as we halt to read an inscription on this or that tomb or vault, and volubly relating the history of the occupants of this grand old burial-ground. He became so interesting at last, that I found myself desirous to know something of him, this plain, humble, polite old man. Without ceremony I asked:

"Tell me something of yourself."

"Muy bien, señora. You have heard of the battle of Chapultepec, between the Americans and Mexicans?"

"Yes!" I replied; "but what has that to do with you?"

He shook his head, as he recalled the scenes then enacted, and responded:

"I was the bugler on that awful day, and saw our dear old flag go down and the Americans take possession of that place, so sacred to every Mexican."

He then went on to relate the tragic and heart-rending incident of the death of the gallant forty-eight students, boys from fourteen to twenty, who had their swords wrested from their hands and died nobly in defense of their country. We listened to the old man's reminiscences as we passed the tombs of Zaragoza, Miramon, Mejia, and others; but welcomed the timely silence which fell on the party as we


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Page:Face to Face With the Mexicans.djvu/357

Rh The Enchanted Lake lies near, reflecting in its translucent depths the tropic growths surrounding it, and suggesting the romantic and shadowy traditions of the past.

Two hundred Indian aborigines constitute the entire population of San Pablo. They live by tilling the soil in the old-time honest way. The parents of Benito Juarez cultivated their few acres and tended their cattle with the rest, in happy equality. Amid these primitive surroundings the champion of Mexican independence and reform, on March 21, 1806, first saw the light. He never knew a mother's love, she having died at his birth, leaving him to the care of his grandmother and uncle. Here he lived until he was twelve years of age, and was so thoroughly an Indian that not one word of Spanish had ever passed his lips.

About this time he attracted the attention of a worthy citizen of Oaxaca, who took him into his service, and recognizing the boy's talents, determined to give him the best possible educational advantages. He placed him in the ecclesiastical seminary, with a view to the priesthood, but finding that profession repugnant to his tastes, within a year he threw off the robes and turned to the law. He entered the college of Oaxaca, where he pursued his legal studies, teaching at the same time. Here he graduated with honors, and in 1834 was admitted to the bar. During these years he distinguished himself in every branch of study, and his conduct was most exemplary.

He did not long pursue the practice of law, but devoted himself to political affairs. Quite early he began to study the welfare of his country, being deeply imbued with a sense of the importance of a radical change in affairs. The Conservatives imprisoned him for his outspoken utterances, but the effect was to add strength to his vigorous thought.

In 1842 he became chief justice of the Republic, which office he held for three years. He was made governor of his own State in 1847, and remained so until 1852, on every possible occasion introducing liberal measures and useful reforms. As a determined enemy to


text:
The Giaour (Byron)

 * The Giaour (1813) [unindexed]
 * The Giaour in The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) Poetry, Volume 3 (1904):

title: The Giaour (Byron)


text:
Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/43

 John Rolfe fell in the massacre, Sixteen hundred twenty-two. When Jamestown met a cruel fate, Revenge the Indian point of view. Recall that awful massacre, The fatal year from every view; When Indians fought for their own lands, Their river homes—they stood for true. A war cry sounded on the coast, The torch gave signal of alarm; The onset led by warriors brave, Avengers of their island home. The Indians chieftains, then as now, Believed in home rights of the free; They claimed their happy hunting grounds, The heritage of destiny. When England realized her loss, The Government changed point of view; "King James dissolved the Company," He called for men of courage true. Matthews commissioned by the Crown, First captain of the conquest helm, To seize and hold Virginia lands, A monarch of the New World realm, The call of Colonists he heard, An echo from the Indian nation; With supreme power, "In the King's name," To guard and guide the new plantation.

title: Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/43


text:
Page:Face to Face With the Mexicans.djvu/359

Rh another until he reached Vera Cruz. A strong defense was his recognition as president by the United States in 1859; but it was not until 1861 that he was enabled to establish his government at the capital, having defeated Miramon, who was at the head of the church party. The next year he was confirmed as president, and at once set about reorganizing the whole body politic. The suppression of religious orders, the confiscation of church property, and the suspension of the payments of foreign debts and national liabilities were the most prominent acts of his administration.

Mention has been made in another chapter of the wholesome effect of his vigorous measures, and the great work still goes on. Juarez seemed to have been born to redress the wrongs of the times, and events so shaped themselves in his stormy career as to develop the wonderful firmness and strength of his nature. After the issuance of his decree suspending the payment of national indebtedness, France, England, and Spain united to invade the country. The allied forces reached Vera Cruz; but Juarez having pledged himself that the interests of creditors should be protected, all withdrew except France. Under pretense of protecting its citizens, but really with a view to establishing a monarchy in which the interests of the church would be paramount, the French government sent an army of invasion, April, 1862, under General Forey, whose first movement was the capture of Puebla. Juarez, finding the capital insecure, retired to San Luis Potosi. In 1864, protected by French bayonets, Maximilian ascended his uncertain throne, while the government of the people, represented by Juarez, moved from one point to another until it finally rested at Paso del Norte.

While here. President Juarez was frequently invited to cross the river, and visit the American officers at Fort Bliss; but he always declined, fearing that such an act might be construed into an abandonment of his own beloved soil.

In June, 1866, he began his southward march. Over much of the same ground which he had traveled a fugitive, he now led his victorious army. In February, 1867, Marshal Bazaine, with his army, sailed


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/The Series Method: A Comparison


text:
Lara (Byron)

 * Lara (1814) [unindexed]
 * Lara in The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) Poetry, Volume 3 (1904):

title: Lara (Byron)


text:
Page:Face to Face With the Mexicans.djvu/361

Rh in the reform agitation, was Don Melchor Ocampo, Governor of Michoacan. He had also been a cabinet minister under Alvarez, in 1855-56. Alike in his brilliant and studious youth, and in the dignity of his mature manhood, he devoted himself to the cause of emancipating his country from military despotism and from the tyranny of those retrograde ideas which had so long retarded her progress. He was a poet and a scholar, as well as a patriot, philanthropist, and statesman, and his pen and sword were alike consecrated to the service of his country. Like many of his contemporaries and fellow-workers in the field of reform, he did not live to enjoy the fruits of his labors; but who will therefore say his life was incomplete, or not fully rounded out?

His tragic death exemplified all the manly virtues of his life, and it is fitting to relate how grandly and calmly this Mexican hero died.

He had retired to his country place near Pomoca, where he sought a quiet interval from the cares of state, solaced by friendship and surrounded by his trees and flowers.

In the early morning of a day in May, 1861, a company of reactionary soldiers, with their captain, approached the house. They entered and arrested a gentleman whom they saw there, Don Entimio Lopez, under the belief that he was Ocampo. The soldiers were about to retire with their prisoner when Ocampo appeared on the scene. He had been in an inner room, and had just discovered the presence of the soldiers, and his friend's arrest. He approached the captain, asking, tranquilly:

"For whom are you looking?"

"Ocampo," was the reply.

"Well, I am Ocampo: release this gentleman; he is my guest."

Without giving him time to get even his hat, they marched off with him to Tepeji deJ Rio, where, on being presented to General Marquez, the cause of the proceeding was clear and the issue certain. This general had given orders that any one taken prisoner who had labored in the cause of reform, should be instantly shot.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/The Earliest Writing in France


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/Sketch of Gabriel de Mortillet


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/Correspondence


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/Editor's Table


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/Scientific Literature


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/General Notices


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/Publications Received


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/Fragments of Science


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/Minor Paragraphs


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/February 1899/Notes


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Page:Face to Face With the Mexicans.djvu/364

358 employed by the United States in Mexico from April, 1846, to April, 1848, consisted of 54,243 infantry, 15,781 cavalry, 1,789 artillery, and 25,189 recruits; making a total of 96,995 men. The total number called out by the government exceeded 100,000 men. The number that actually served in Mexico exceeded 80,000 men, not all called out at the same time, but in successive periods. At the close of the war, according to the adjutant general's report, there were actually 40,000 in the field. *** The so-called improvements of warfare, in the opinion of men, justify the continuance of warfare on the ground that the destruction of life and the infliction of suffering have been undiminished by the new devices. God save the mark! Killing men is not a trade susceptible of improvement; the experiences of the Mexican war show that neither side dispensed with the horrors of ancient practices.

"The gain in territory by the United States was immense, comprising a surface of 650,000 square miles. From the mines alone it is computed that precious metals have been extracted to the extent of $3,500,000,000. Besides this, we must remember the vast wealth of Texas, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah.

"The loss in money to Mexico will never be ascertained. *** And yet, unhappy as the results were for it, one must acknowledge that its honor was maintained. The treaty represents, indeed, its great misfortune, but does not involve perpetually ignominious stipulations, such as many another nation has submitted to at the will of the conqueror."

A bitter dose is this that Mr. Bancroft has prepared to go down to posterity as the history of that war. But in accepting his faithful research, and reluctantly admitting the truthfulness of his assertions, a part of the public, at least, will attribute his severe criticisms of President Polk to a wide difference of political opinion.

It is not the writer's intention to cast any reflections upon President Polk or his administration, or to arouse bitter feeling in the survivors of that struggle. No one more upholds the bravery and


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Page:Face to Face With the Mexicans.djvu/365

Rh integrity of her countrymen. The war seemed to have been one of the exigencies of the times and our neighbors fit subjects for spoliation.

But did not Mr. Bancroft present his honest convictions, he would repudiate that boasted freedom of speech of which every American citizen is proud.

It is well, however, to have both sides of the question, and if this historian appears too severe to the average American mind, we have the writings of a sweet and gentle woman, which frankly take up the wrong-doings of her countrymen after the conquest of California. Let every American read for himself Helen Hunt Jackson's pathetic story of Ramona, and deplore the wrongs that were heaped upon the Temecula Indians, as well as other native races, who lived in California at and after the time of the conquest. How her generous nature revolted at the injustice of her own countrymen; and ere she closed her eyes in their last sleep, she presented her views in so eloquent a manner as to produce a deep and powerful impression throughout this great nation.

Her Century of Dishonor likewise unfolds a pitiable story of the course of our government towards the Mexican Indians. Her last words ever penned were the outpourings of her spirit in the form of a prayer to President Cleveland in behalf of the Indians. May it be good seed sown in good ground which shall come forth and produce abundantly in future generations!

Another thought is here suggested, which has already taken form in the minds of many eminent writers, such as David A. Wells, Joaquin Miller, Solomon Buckley Griffin, and numberless others, equally well known. The proposition is, that every banner, cannon, or other trophy captured during that unhappy contest be returned to Mexico. It would be but a just though tardy reparation of a great wrong.

If the matter were placed before Mrs. Cleveland, and the power given her to do as she in the goodness of her gentle heart and purity of purpose thought best, we are sure of one thing this Queen of


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/March 1899/The Evolution of Colonies: Social Evolution VII


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Page:Face to Face With the Mexicans.djvu/366

360 Hearts would undoubtedly say: "Give them every one back; I want to see fitting justice done to these people."

For the benefit of those who have not looked into the causes of the Mexican war, especially for the younger generation who may not have had access to standard works on the subject, I will state that the bone of contention was the boundary line between Texas and Mexico, when the former was about to relinquish her claims as a republic and seek admission into the United States. The strip of country involved in the controversy was that lying between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande, about 300 miles long and with an average width of 7S miles, equal altogether to 22,500 square miles. The Mexicans claimed the Nueces as the boundary, while the Americans claimed the Rio Grande.

Several of the most distinguished men of Mexico have married American women. Among them is Señor Mariscal, who at Washington, in 1866, married Miss Clara Smith, a brilliant American beauty. They have four lovely daughters, and live in great elegance at the Mexican capital. Señor Mariscal has been secretary of the Mexican Legation in Washington; twice minister to the United States; once minister to England; twice minister of justice; twice minister of foreign affairs, and justice of the supreme court. At present he fills the office of Minister for Foreign Affairs. Señor Mariscal enjoys the unbounded esteem and confidence of all who know him, and in public affairs no man is considered more upright and honorable. His superior intelligence and intimate acquaintance with the affairs and history of other countries and peoples have enabled him to render that assistance to his own country that perhaps no other could give; while his conversational powers and social accomplishments make him a leading figure in society. He is a native of Oaxaca.

General Ramon Corona, one of the bravest and most faithful of Mexico's sons, was minister to Spain for eleven years, having returned home in March, 1885. He is a man of distinguished appearance, a true type of the gallant soldier, with a splendid physique, noble head, fine, open expression, and the polished manner and gentle courtesy


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/March 1899/Politics as a Form of Civil War


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/March 1899/My Pet Scorpion


text:
Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/44

 Matthews, a son of fighting sires, From founding days of the Old World. Men of conquest, men of crusades, Descendants of Welsh chieftains bold. Men of King Alfred's day, that stood With Galahad, the Ap Matthew, Disciple of the Druid creed, To soil brave men are ever true. The native sons of Albion, The mountain men of British fame; Welshmen who fought for Harold bold, The northmen of King Edward's name. The Welsh mountains their kingdom home, Ages before the conqueror won; Defenders of old Briton's lands, Chiefs long before the quest of Rome.

After the conquest, 1066, The Matthew chief of valor won, A daughter of Louis of France, To give to Wales an allied son. A knight, he stood in the crusades, Under the banner of Lorraine. A shield he won, a crest of might, The Holy Bull of Roman fame. David, first lord of Cardingshire, Ninth removed from Galahad's reign; Great great grandson of Louis VI, Allied with Baldwin of Lorraine. Sir John, grandson of David First, Won English bride on Dover's shore; The Alpha Matthews to unite, The mountain bull with lion and bear.

title: Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/44


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/March 1899/The Racial Geography of Europe: The Peoples of the Balkan Peninsula - The Greek, the Slav, and the Turk XVIII


text: Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/48

title: Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/48


text:
Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/March 1899/Marvelous Increase in Production of Gold

The Racial Geography of Europe: The Peoples of the Balkan Peninsula - The Greek, the Slav, and the Turk


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/March 1899/The California Penal System


text:
Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/49

 Sir John stood for "North country men," A Welsh-Norman from English view; Under the motto of his race, To soil brave men are ever true. With House of York on British fields. He stood for kinsmen of Lorraine. He fought for the Plantagenets, Edward the Fourth of White Rose fame. Matthews of this great allied race, Ambitions and achievements won, In his own name—in his own right The Chieftain bold of old Jamestown; A man who heard the call "March on," The old war cry of famous sires, He heard the call all founders hear, To light the soul with sacred fires.

Matthews' first order "seize again." The Indian lands claimed by the Crown, "The Hunting Grounds" along the coast, The empire lands of Powhatan. When paths were hedged with ambush foes, In the dense wilderness of strife, Each forest path a trail of blood, To have and hold the price of life. They marked with blood each rood of land. The chief with Gideon's sword so true; They made each tree a musket shield, Each Indian trail a target view. Tidewater counties first to form. The basic arch of the new nation; The river lands of Powhatan, The cradle home of occupation. With Civil War raging at home, A second massacre ever near, The chief an iron man of war,

title: Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/49


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 54/March 1899/The Scientific Expert and the Bering Sea Controversy


text:
Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/50

 A man insensible of fear. When Indian war became a fact, He called "to arms" the pioneers. They fought as one, "In England's name," The brave Virginia cavaliers. Recall the Pilgrims of the James, To mark the course of onward still ! The trail of English pioneers, From Old Point Comfort to King's Mill. The city now of Williamsburg, The landmark of the onward march! The first incorporated town, The corner stone of royal arch.

Matthews won fruits of true success, He stood a self-reliant man; The guardian of the New World claim, Who seized and held Virginia's land. With kingly power, for "welfare" true, With record of unblemished fame, Defender bold of England's right, An enemy of Cromwell's reign. In days of the Surrender Act, He boldly claimed: "Virginia's free; We won our lands, we won our rights, The price of blood and victory"! He claimed results in New World name, He made demands without one fear, He stood the captain of his soul, The brave Virginia cavalier.

He stood the leader of results, The Captain General to '54: Then voice and vote proclaimed the chief, The life-elected Governor. Through his long reign progress was sure, Each final act his own decree;

title: Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/50


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hotham, Beaumont


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hotham, Charles (1800-1855)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hotham, Durant


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hotham, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hotham, John (d.1337)


text:
Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/51

 One head, one hand, trusted by all, He won the fruits of victory. The Captain-General Governor, King of Dominion cavaliers, Under the crown of James and Charles, Elected by the pioneers. He died a chieftain true to crown, In sixteen hundred and sixty. The Joshua of Jamestown coast, The pioneer of victory.

Let us revere our "Ap Matthew," A British Chief of conquest sires. "King Makers" of Gaul, Rome and Wales. Since Charles Martel led pioneers.

title: Page:Memories of Virginia.djvu/51


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hotham, John Sr. (d.1645)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hotham, John Jr. (d.1645)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hotham, William (1736-1813)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hotham, William (1772-1848)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hothum, William of