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 at the west end, two towers to each transept and two towers at the junction of the choir with its apse. The doorways are triple at the west end, whilst to each transept is a vast triple porch in front of the three doorways. The whole of these doorways are covered with sculpture, much of it refined, spirited and interesting in the highest degree. You enter and find the interior surpassing even the exterior. The order of the columns and arches, and of all the details, is so noble and simple that no fault can be found with it. The whole is admirably executed; and, finally, every window throughout its vast interior is full of the richest glass coeval with the fabric. As compared with English churches of the same class, there are striking differences. The French architects aimed at greater height, greater size, but much less effect of length. Their roofs were so lofty that it was almost impossible for them to build steeples which should have the sort of effect that ours have. The turret on Amiens cathedral is nearly as lofty as Salisbury spire, but is only a turret; and so throughout. Few French churches afford the exquisite complete views of the exterior which English churches do; but, on the other hand, their interiors are more majestic, and man feels himself smaller and more insignificant in them than in ours. The palm must certainly be given to them above all others. There is no country richer in examples of architecture than France. The student who wishes to understand what it was possible for a country to do in the way of creating monuments of its grandeur, would find in almost every part of the country, at every turn and in great profusion, works of the rarest interest and beauty. The 19th century may be the consummation of all, but the evidences of its existence to posterity will not be one-tenth in number of those which such a reign as that of Philip Augustus has left us, whilst none of them will come up to the high standard which in his time was invariably reached.”

The remarks which have been made as to the variation in style visible in various parts of the same country, apply with more force, perhaps, in what we now call France than to any other part of Europe. For the purposes of complete study it would be necessary to keep distinct from each other in the mind the following important divisions:—(1) Provence and Auvergne; (2) Aquitaine; (3) Burgundy; (4) Anjou and Poitou, (5) Brittany; (6) Normandy; (7) the Île-de-France and Picardy; (8) Champagne; and, finally, (9) the eastern border-land (neither quite German nor quite French in its character), the meeting-point of the two very different developments of French and German art. Speaking generally, it is safe to say that Gothic architecture was never brought to its highest perfection in any portion of the south of France. Aquitaine, Auvergne and Provence were too wedded to classic traditions to excel in an art which seems to have required for its perfection no sort of looking back to such a past. Hence there is no Gothic work in the south for which it is possible to feel the same admiration and enthusiasm as must be felt by every artist in presence of the great works of the north. In Anjou this is less the case; but even there the art is extremely inferior to that which is seen in Normandy and the Île-de-France. Brittany may be dismissed from consideration, as being, like Cornwall, so provincial and so cut off from neighbours, that its art could not fail to be very local, and without much influence outside its own borders.

There are examples of true Gothic outside its proper habitat, almost pure French works being found as far south as Laon and Burgos, as far east as Strassburg and Lausanne and as far north as Canterbury and Cologne. Westminster Abbey was profoundly influenced by direct study of French work. Normandy, Burgundy, and the land as far north as Tournay seem to have shared in the work of transition; but the Gothic area proper is the Île-de-France with Picardy and Champagne, then Burgundy, Normandy and England.

The second stage of Gothic, introducing the traceried window, was opened by the building of the cathedral of Reims, begun in 1211. This is in every way one of the most perfect of cathedrals, as well for its sculpture and glass as for its structure. Reims was followed by the still greater cathedral at Amiens (fig. 40), which was begun in 1220 at the west front, so that the superb sculpture (Plate II., fig. 64) of the porches is earlier than that of Reims. Beauvais cathedral was begun in 1247 on a still vaster scale, and with an ambition that o’erleaped itself. Auxerre cathedral, and the very beautiful collegiate churches of St Quentin and Semur, also followed Reims. Two other cathedrals of the first rank which must be mentioned are those of Bourges and Le Mans, each of these having double aisles about the apse, with a large clerestory to the inner one of the two, above which rises the great clerestory. This scheme is one of the great feats of Gothic construction. Le Mans again furnished the most highly developed form of chevet planning (fig. 41). On this point Mr Street may again be cited. “It was in the planning of the apse, with its surrounding aisles and chapels, that all their ingenuity and science were displayed. A simple apse is easy enough of construction, but directly it is surrounded by an aisle or aisles, with chapels again beyond them, the difficulties are great. The bays of the circular aisle, instead of being square, are very much wider on one side than the other, and it is most difficult to fit the vaulting to the unequal space. In order to get over this, various plans were tried. At Notre Dame, Paris, the vaulting bays were all triangular on plan, so that the points of support might be twice as many on the outside line of the circle as on the inside. But this was rather an unsightly contrivance, and was not often repeated, though at Bourges there is something of the same sort. At Le Mans the aisle vaulting bays are alternately triangular and square; and this is, perhaps, the best arrangement of all, as the latter are true and square, and none of the lines of the vault are twisted or distorted in the slightest degree. The arrangement of the chapels round the apse was equally varied. Usually they are too crowded in effect; and, perhaps, the most beautiful plan is that of Rouen cathedral, where there are only three chapels with unoccupied bays between, affording much greater relief and variety of lighting than the commoner plan which provided a chapel to every bay. The planning and design of the chevet is the great glory of the French medieval school. When the same thing was attempted, as at Westminster, or by the Germans at Cologne, it was evidently a copy, and usually an inferior copy, of French work. No English works led up to Westminster Abbey, and no German works to the cathedral at Cologne.”

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/423


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Stalking The Pestilence

IN ALL the long red history of war, disease has stalked at the heels of armies. In the present generation it bids fair to cease stalking, at least at the heels of armies that are scientifically and modernly handled. I have just been studying the mortality statistics of Vera Cruz for the last sixteen months. There is a peculiar blank space at the head of the column marked "Cerebro-spinal Meningitis." For the first six months of 1913 there were no deaths from meningitis. In July there were three deaths. By December, in that month alone, there were twenty deaths. The abrupt appearance of this disease led me to inquire of Major F. M. Hartsock for an explanation. The appearance of meningitis in Vera Cruz seems to have been due to Mexico's customary way of doing business. From far up to the north a drove of Constitutionalist prisoners, infected with meningitis, was sent south. They were moved right along. No one in authority cared to segregate them and stamp out the disease. This wretched drove became a perambulating plague. It was a case, in poker parlance, of "passing the buck." At last they arrived in Mexico City, where they promptly infected their prison. Again the buck was passed, and they were shipped on to Vera Cruz. I do not possess the date of their arrival in the latter city, but it is patent that it must have been some time in July, 1913, at which date the death figures suddenly appear in the meningitis column. There seems to have been no further place to which to pass them along, so they were finally segregated in prison. From the first to the twentieth of April, 1914, there were six deaths from meningitis. It was about this time that the American forces landed and took possession of Vera Cruz, while General Maas, his soldiers, and released prisoners took to the brush. And they took their meningitis with them, for there has not been a case of it since in Vera Cruz.

Conquering the Grisly Monster, Typhoid

WHAT the adventures of this meningitis will be now that it has again gone wandering may be imagined. The very clothing of these men, as well as themselves, is saturated with meningitis, and that they will spread the infection cannot be doubted. At any rate, the times have changed, for the disease left town with old-fashioned war when modern war marched in. Smallpox appears to be endemic, rather than epidemic, in Vera Cruz, while tuberculosis, strange to say, collects a greater toll of death than all the more serious diseases added together. Here, in the tierras calientes, or hot lands, where it is so continuously warm that in a room flung wide to the outer air and every vagrant breeze even a sheet over one at night is suffocating, the natives crowd into small, unventilated rooms, weaken their lungs, and fall victims to the White Plague. Malaria, also, is a never-absent disease, the death line of it rising rhythmically in the rainy season and falling in the dry season. It, too, by its weakening effect on its victims, is the cause of their contracting other diseases from which they perish, chiefest of which, of course, is tuberculosis. But our army surgeons, wise in tropical diseases from their service in Cuba, Porto Rico, Panama, and the Philippines, are not apprehensive of any grave epidemics in Mexico. They have learned much and rapidly in the last decade and a half, and what they have learned is demonstrable by statistics. Typhoid has ever been a grisly monster to north European and American armies. The Latins and the Asiatics are more immune, this being doubtless due to a rigid selection, operating through many centuries, by which typhoid killed off all that were predisposed to typhoid. Thus, whenever men are gathered together in armies, there will be found a far greater proportion of nonimmunes among the north Europeans and Americans than among the Latins and Asiatics. In 1898, in Florida, the United States mobilized 12,000 men for a period of four months. During this time there were 2,600 cases of typhoid and 480 deaths from typhoid. Nor is this the whole story. The soldiers carried the disease with them into Cuba, where many another death resulted from the four months spent in Florida.

The Weapons—Sanitation and Vaccination

IN 1911, in San Antonio, Tex., 12,000 soldiers were mobilized for four months. During this period there were two cases of typhoid and no deaths. In 1913 and 1914, at Texas City and Galveston, 12,000 soldiers were in camp for many months, during which there was not a single death from typhoid nor a single case of typhoid. In this last long mobilization all other infectious diseases were practically negligible. In the year 1913, in the entire army of the United States, whether stationed at home, in Panama, Hawaii, or the Philippines, there were only six cases of typhoid. This remarkable record, covering so brief a period of time, has been made possible by two things: first, the education of soldiers in camp sanitation and personal hygiene; and, second, the inoculation, or vaccination, of the soldiers against typhoid.

Uncle Sam's Sure Method

THE United States was the first country to inoculate its soldiers and sailors against typhoid, and it is safe to assume, no matter in what other ways its soldiers may lose their lives in Mexico, that none will die from typhoid. The serum is hypodermically injected into the arm in a series of three injections, the intervals between injections being ten days. In a way, the injectee becomes a sort of peripatetic graveyard. The first injection puts into his blood the nicely dead carcasses of some 500,000,000 microorganisms along with all their virtues of deadness which bring about a change in the constitution of the blood that makes it resistant to future invasions of full-powered, malignant typhoid microorganisms. With this first injection, theoretically, the man has had reduced the 100 per cent of his nonimmunity to typhoid to 32 per cent. The second injection, ten days later, consists of a thousand million nicely dead carcasses of the disease. Also, it reduces his nonimmunity to 8 per cent. The third injection introduces another billion of the same ably efficient carcasses, and reduces his nonimmunity to zero. In short, when his body has become the living cemetery of half a billion more dead bodies that there are live humans in all the world, he has become so noxious to the particularly noxious and infective typhoid that he may be classed a positive immune.

No Indisposition from Inoculation

IT IS very easy, the actual process of inoculation. I have had the pleasure of reducing my nonimmunity of 100 per cent to zero per cent. The first inoculation was perpetrated in a transport hospital, the second in a captured academy turned into an army hospital, the third in a field hospital. The stab of the hypodermic syringe, different from the manner of administering morphine just under the skin, goes straight down and squarely down into the meat of the arm for half an inch; but the pang of the stab is no severer. The hurt of the stab is over the instant the skin is punctured. It is only the nerves of the skin that protest in either case. After an inoculation there is no indisposition. The arm is a trifle sore for several days, and that is all. Some inoculates aver that they awaken from the first night's sleep with a dark brown taste in their mouths. In rare cases a mild increase of temperature is noted, reaching its height some six hours after the inoculation and fading quickly away. I have talked with a daring one who took the total quantity at one time, and who stated that the impact was equivalent to a man's fist between the eyes and that he was not quite himself again for all of twenty-four hours.

But the big thing about the whole affair is the statistics. Individuals do not count. What counts is the results achieve by the inoculation of thousands of men. What counts is the reduction to nothing of typhoid cases in the army hospitals. What counts is the reduction to nothing of the army funerals due to typhoid. Modern war of men against men on the field of battle is now preceded by microorganic wars on the part of our surgeons before ever our men depart for the front. And, Heavens, what tremendous wars are waged by the surgeons! The mortality stuns one when endeavoring to contemplate its totality. When two billion five hundred million microorganisms are slain merely to make one soldier immune against one disease, the sum total of slain microorganisms for a whole army is much beyond mere human conception as the entire visible sidereal system along with what is invisible outside of it. Yet there can be no discussion of the efficacy of inoculation against typhoid. The morbidity and mortality tables of our large-scale army experiments tell the incontrovertible tale.

Surgeon Pioneers

NO HEALTHY recruit, having successfully passed the rigid physical examination, is any longer permitted immediately to join the organization to which he is allotted. Healthy recruits have a way of coming down with all sorts of diseases as soon as they change their environment, particularly with measles, mumps, diphtheria, whooping cough, and scarlet fever. In the old days so recent, before it was understood, the recruits spread these diseases among the regiments they joined. But to-day, ere they are received into the ranks of their company and regiment, no matter how healthy they may be at the time, they are forced first to undergo twelve days of isolation. In this phase, the clean record of the Texas City and Galveston mobilization in such simple diseases exceeded the record of the previous mobilization at San Antonio. While all this is a very recent practice, it is a practice wider spread than the army. No scientific hog breeder to-day, whether importing a prize boar from another State, another country, or another farm, is rash enough immediately to turn it in with his herd. It must first undergo its quarantine in a segregated part of the farm. The army surgeons to-day are our foreloopers and pioneers. Not only do they stay at home with the army and make it fit, but they scout ahead of the army so that its fitness my continue in strange lands and places. They gather the data on the diseases prevalent in all countries, and their battles and campaigns are planned and mapped and ready to be fought on an instant's notice, no matter to what intersection of latitude and longitude the army may be summoned. So it is, first, that every soldier up to the present moment landed in Mexico is free of all disease and immune to such diseases as smallpox and typhoid; and, second, that a complete and better body of data has been gathered by our surgeons on diseases in Mexico than has been gathered by the Mexican Government. Our men start uninfected with a fair promise of escaping infection when they tread Mexican soil. Thanks to our discoveries in Cuba some years ago regarding yellow fever, Vera Cruz was cleaned up. Hitherto, along with Panama (since cleaned up by us), it ranked with Guayanquil as one of the three plague ports of the New World. Remains Guayaquil—still revolutionizing—as great a yellow fever pesthole as ever. We have cleared yellow fever out of Panama, and it is to be doubted if a single case of yellow fever shows itself among our troops in Vera Cruz.

The Petrolero to the Front

YELLOW fever is so simple a thing to manage. Yet we paid a terrible death penalty for our ignorance through all the centuries down to just the other day. We know now that a certain breed of mosquito is the only carrier of the disease. We know that the way such a mosquito becomes infected is by biting a human being who is stricken with yellow fever. We know that only in the first three days that a human being is so stricken is it possible for the uninfected mosquito to become infected. The remedy, or rather the preventive, is equally simple. First, wire screen the yellow fever patient so that no mosquitoes may be infected by him. Second, fumigate the house in which he lies so that no possibly infected mosquitoes therein may infect other humans. Third, and purely a prevision, destroy all mosquitoes in the neighborhood. In the days of the Paris Commune the petroleur flourished. To-day, in the American armies on service in the tropics, the petrolero flourishes. He is the man who spreads oil on all stagnant waters. The larva of the mosquito cannot hatch in running water, nor in fish-inhabited water. But it can hatch in a sardine can or in the depression made by a cow's hoof in soft soil when such receptacles are filled with rain water. Not content with their own tropical experience, our army surgeons in Vera Cruz are reinforced by such experts from the Marine Hospital Service as G. M. Guiteras and Rudolph von Ezdorf, who have taken charge of the public health of this one-time death hole of Vera Cruz.

Killing two birds with one stone, or performing two actions with one movement, is a joy forever and cuts down the overhead. It so happens that the same preventative measures for yellow fever are preventative of malaria. Every wire screen about a patient, every drop of oil on the surface of standing water, performs the double duty. Further, purely as a prophylactic measure, each soldier will receive a determined number of grains of quinine daily until such time that Vera Cruz has been metamorphosed into a health resort.

Putting the Taxes at Hones Work

THE authorities at Vera Cruz did not know as much about their own water supply as did our army surgeons before our expedition started. They knew that the source of the water supply, the Jamapa River, was a fast-flowing stream and uncontaminated. Also, to make doubly sure, they were in possession of analyses of the water. Amebic dysentery is of rare occurrence in Vera Cruz. Smallpox is no longer a thing of which to be afraid. And, further, most of it seems to have deserted Vera Cruz along with General Maas and his soldiers. The United States is large. The United States army is small. It is scattered here and there in army posts. The average citizen knows less of his own army than he knows of north and south polar exploration. As regards the duties and activities of the army surgeons he does not dream of anything beyond the fact that they keep the soldiers well in time of peace, and in war dress wounds and amputate limbs. It would make him sit up and take notice if he could see how complex and multifarious are their activities here in Vera Cruz. To commence with, the army is not their only problem. To keep the army well, they must keep the city well. Not only must they attend to their own sick and wounded, but they must attend to the sick and wounded of the Mexican populace and army hospitals, public hospitals, charity hospitals, women's hospitals, and orphan asylums. Now Uncle Sam is somewhat meager in such matters. The people of Vera Cruz supported these institutions before, says Uncle Sam. Therefore, make Vera Cruz support them again. Do you think I am spending my money like a drunken sailor? Uncle Sam concludes indignantly. And our surgeons go and do it, though it takes all the rest of the army to help. Vera Cruz must pay for those institutions. But these institutions are two months behind in their bills and salaries, and there is no money in the city treasury. The last was clean looted by the officials who had charge of it. Army officers are told off to handle the collection of taxes. So far as the Vera Cruzan taxpayer is concerned, the taxes are as they always were. But for the first time in the history of Vera Cruz the taxes are expended without graft for public service. The back bills and salaries are paid, and the future bills and salaries are guaranteed.

Hosplitals First

THE hotels and cantinas are crowded with thirsty refugees, soldiers, sailors, and foreign guests, all with a penchant for long, cool drinks. More ice than ordinarily is consumed. The ice plant is a private enterprise. Its output is limited. There is not enough to go around. Hotels and cantinas are cash buyers and pay a premium for ice. Result: (a) the hospitals are skimped in ice; (b) the surgeons make the suggestion and the army takes charge of the ice plant, supplying the hospitals first and letting the hotels and cantinas have what is left. The naval authorities have already taken possession of the island and lazaretto Sacrificios, just outside the port of Vera Cruz. There is no yellow fever at present, but if a sporadic case should appear, Sacrificios is just the place to segregate it. I was in the field hospital just after an operation for appendicitis had been performed on one of our officers. In old San Sebastian Hospital lie many of the sick of the city and many of the soldiers that General Maas left behind to fight from the housetops. Many amputations had been performed, and more were being performed. Also, I watched the dressing of the wounds of these poor Federals, and want to register my protest right now that modern war, for the man who gets bullet wounded, is not at all as romantic as old time war. Furthermore, a modern bullet, despite its steel jacket which keeps it from spreading, is a terrifically disruptive thing to have introduced into one's body. I would far prefer being struck with an old-time bullet than with a modern one. It seems that the flight or our long, sharp-nosed, lean, cylindrical, modern bullet is divided into three flights much as the spinning of a top is divided into three spins. When first a top is spun, it jumps and bounces, and bounds about in an erratic way. After a time it attains equilibrium. This is its mid-spin. It makes no perceptible movement, and to the eye seems stationary and dead. It is this stage that the small boy calls "sleeping." Then comes its last spin. It bounds and wobbles about as it loses the last of its momentum, and it finally lies down on its side and is dead.

Sleeping and Wobbling Bullets

ALMOST precisely the same thing occurs with the modern bullet. Its first flight is something like seven hundred yards. During this period, like the top, it is erratic. It wobbles. If it hits anything while it is wobbling, a bad smashup is inevitable. In its mid flight, between seven hundred and twelve hundred yards, it "sleeps." If it hits anything while it is sleeping, it drills a clean hole. From twelve hundred yards on, losing momentum and equilibrium, it again wobbles, and this is no time to be struck by it. In the hospital of San Sebastian I examine the wound of a finely formed and muscular young man. Midway between knee and thigh a wobbling bullet had ploughed a path two inches wide and three inches deep. It was a clean path. Not an atom remained of the flesh that had filled that groove. You how read this, just draw with a lead pencil a groove two inches wide and three inches deep and you will more fully comprehend what happens to human flesh when a high-powered, wobbling bullet goes tearing through it.

High-Velocity Bone Shatterers

THE effect of such bullets on human bone can be readily imagined. There is no reason, with modern antiseptic surgery, why a clean-drilled hold thorough flesh and bone cannot be healed nicely. Unfortunately, such being the terrific impact and wobble of our high-velocity bullets of to-day, the bone is shattered for to great a distance into too many minute fragments. The only thing to do is take off the limb. When leaving the amputated in the wards of San Sebastian, I chanced to wander into the hospital chapel. The Chapel of Bethlehem it had been called once upon a time. It was very old, some two centuries or so, and was a fine example of the architectural feats achieve by the Spaniards in brick and stucco in a day when reinforce concrete was unheard of. Wide arches of incredible flatness and supporting enormous weights were revealed to be of brick by the spots where the plastering had come off. High arches spanned deep-embrasured windows, in which some of the ancient, hand-hewn sashes still remained. The high walls, rising to rafters far above, had caught the dust of years on the uneven plaster, which gave a fathomless velvet depth to the surface. The floor was of great, square marble flags.

Blasters of Flesh—and Repairers

THE statues of Christ, the Virgin, and the Saints that had graced the altar were long since gone. Gone, too, was the altar. Nothing remained save the lofty alls and cool depth of shadow to suggest that it had been a chapel. And as I stood in this place whence the worship of the gentle Nazarene had departed, strong on my vision were the amputated limbs, gaping wounds, and ruined bodies caused by our wobbling bullets. Came another picture: I seemed to glimpse a massed background of machinery and electrical apparatus, of weary-eyed astronomers searching the heavens, and chemist and physicists dissecting the atom, of teachers and preachers and great libraries of books. And against this background, well to the fore, were two groups of men whose brows were the brows of thinkers, and whose hands worked unceasingly at the making of devices. One group toiled at the mixing of chemicals and the making of mechanisms for the purpose of blasting human flesh and bone at longer distances and more efficiently. The other group toiled likewise with chemicals and instruments, seeking out new methods and greater knowledge of the constitution of man in order that they might repair the blasted flesh and bone caused by the devices of the first group.

Laughs for Our Descendants

SOME day in the far future pictures will be pained like that, and our descendants will gaze at them, shake their heads, and laugh at their silly ancestors, just as we to-day gaze at pictures of witch burning, and shake our heads and laugh at the silliness of our very immediate ancestors. Man has climbed far. It would seem that his climb has only begun. Out across the inner and outer harbors, in the midst of a fleet of similar monsters, the grim monster, the Arkansas was a striking sample of the mechanism produced by the war makers. Twelve million dollars she cost. Her great guns, turned upon Vera Cruz for an hour or so, could level the city to the ground as a stream of water would level a house of sand. Magnificent universities have been founded on less than it cost to build and equip her. The money expended on her would save from the White Plague a hundred thousand times more lives than she will ever destroy.

The Arkansas and the Solace

OVER a thousand skilled men are required to man her—skilled men such as built the Panama Canal and whose skill might well be devoted to making the Mississippi flood proof. Why, down in the bowels of the Arkansas, imbedded in the thickest of armor plate, in the battle control station, an enlisted sailor in the course of describing the new gyro-compass, gave me a lecture that no college professor could have bettered and that no tyro in such matters could have understood. Could Columbus or Captain Cook have stood beside me, and tried to master the details of that intricate compass, I swear their brains would have flown apart and they would have bitten their veins and howled. Quite in contrast, and lying not far away, was the solitary hospital ship, the Solace. Spick-and-span, and sweet and peaceful, and very antiseptic she was. I was followed up the gangway by two young men who just brought off form shore. I walked up the incline on my good two legs. They came up on their backs in wire-basket stretchers. A long roll of body-blasted young men had preceded them in the previous two days. Seventeen of these young men lay embalmed in caskets covered by the Stars and Stripes, waiting transshipment to their homes in the States. Two more young men lay dying. Threescore and more in various stages of recovery from body blasting lay in the bright and airy 'tween-decks wards. A number of amputations had been performed on them. The careful doctors, waiting, knew there were yet other amputations to be performed to save the lives of some of the young men.

The Price of Service

PASSING through the wards, one was again struck by the preponderance of youth. Lord, Lord! They were boys, healthy-bodied and lusty so short a time before, now lying, lax-muscled, with drawn faces that told all the story of the body blasting they had endured. One, alive and so lively just the other day, now with one leg, searched my eyes as if for understanding and sympathy for the terrible stump that screamed advertisement of the copper he had received—smashed down, from the back of life, to be a cripple to the end of his days. Another, a very boy, red-lipped and bright-eyed with fever, smiled wistfully. There was little hope for him. He was conscious, and, perhaps as men sometimes will be in such grievous circumstances, he was aware that time would soon cease for him. Oh, there was no whining among those lads! They tell of one, shot in two places, who was fetched aboard crying bitterly and indignantly. His plaint was that the Mexicans had got him unexpectedly before he had had a chance to get even one of them. As he said, he wouldn't have minded his own catastrophe if he had got one of them—only one of them.

The Dove Among the Eagles

THE beautiful operating room was well appointed. There were convalescent wards, segregated wards for infectious diseases, and, here and there, offices and workrooms presided over by experts, such as ear and throat specialists, eye specialists, stomach specialists. And there was a dentist and a completely equipped dental parlor. On deck, under the awnings, we drank long, cool drinks and gazed across the creamy-crested, pea-green saves to the big looming battleships, and on to the tiny, half-submerged atolls with lagoons of chrysoprase, and to the low-stretching breakwater, the lighthouses slim and white as votive candles, and the old fortresses of Santiago and San Juan de Ulloa. Suddenly all the panorama narrowed to a sleek gray dove that perched on the rail a dozen feet away, settled its wings, and preened its feathers. Somehow, that little gray dove reminded me that, while a fleet of battleships lay about us, the Solace was the only hospital ship in the entire United States navy. More than that—I remembered that she had not been originally designed for the purpose, being merely a merchant vessel purchased by the Government and made over. Also, I remember having traveled, years before, in tropic steamers, mere merchant vessels built for money making, that were far better fitted for the tropics than was the Solace.

Is the Nation So Poor?

SURELY the United States, that pays twelve to fifteen million dollars for ships like the Arkansas, the Texas, and the New York, should be able to afford the modest cost of a real hospital ship, designed, not for the making of dollars, but for the alleviation of the ills and injuries that afflict its sailors and marines. But there is justification for the existence of that array of war monsters among which we lay. As long as individuals in a wild country—say the head hunters and cannibals of the Solomon Islands—carry killing weapons, even a philosopher, traveling among them, would be wise to go armed. Neither algebraic nor high ethical arguments are efficacious dissuadements to a kinky headed man-eater with an appetite. In those Solomon Islands more than one scientist, for lack of a rifle had had his head decorate the grass huts and his body served up succulently from the hot ovents.

Arms and Savagery

ON a coral beach on the windward coast of Gudalcanar stands a monument to the memory of the "Austrian Expedition." This was a party of professors. They were equipped to pursue the vocations that obtain in a high civilization. They carried sextants, barometers, thermometers, artificial horizons, cameras, and fountain pens. They carried naturalists' shotguns of the tiniest caliber, butterfly nets, geologists' hammers, and notebooks for all sorts of records, also certain instruments with which to make skull measurements of the natives they might meet. But what they did not carry was Mauser rifles and long-barreled revolvers. They were not equipped for the anthropophagi they encountered. One man came back from that expedition to tell the tail, and he was merely a man in the employ of the professors. The column stands on the beach to mark that once they had been. Their heads remain to this day up in the bush of Guadalcanar. As with individuals, so with nations. As long as certain nations go armed in a wild and savage world, just so long must the enlightened nations go armed. The wild and savage world, with its silly man-killing devices, is doomed to pass. But until it passes, it would be silliness on the part of the enlightened nations to put aside their weapons. An international police force and an international police court will mark the beginning of the end of war. But as yet these two institutions have not been founded. So the united States will be compelled to go on building $15,000,000 battleships and training its young men to the old red profession. The point is: when wild and savage conditions make it imperative for a man or nation to go armed, it is equally imperative for the man or nation to go well armed. Ever has the sword, in the hands of the strong breeds, made for wider areas and longer periods of peace. In the end it is the sword that will make lasting and universal peace. When the last savage nation is compelled to lay down its weapons, war will have ceased. War itself, superior war if you please, will destroy itself.

And There We Are

BUT in the meantime—and there you are—what would have been the present situation if the United States had long since disarmed? Somehow, I, for one, cannot see the picture of Huerta listening to and accepting the high ethical advice of the United States.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stalking The Pestilence


text:
User talk:Vishwaalok

Aalok Biswas Born and raised in the oldest city of the world Varanasi, India. Commonly known as a place where Lord Shiva, the creator Himself, is supposed to be present, this city of approximately, and ever growing, population of 15 lac people, is a famous destination among travelers from all over the world. Here, you will find people from as far as Poland, who speak Hindi as fluently as a native can. And its said that, if you are on a world tour and you don't visit Varanasi, your tour is not complete. My heart fills with pain when I see the river slowly dying, from the terrace of my home in Varanasi, whenever I am there. As, right now, I am in the capital, New Delhi, for last 66 months or so. And this is my second long term stay here after 1995 to 1999. Apart from work, here are a lot of other things too, which keep me busy or I pretend to be, all the time. So, that pain gets subdued in the dog-eat-dog corporate brouhaha of this high paced city. Now married and blessed with a beautiful angel of seven year old, apart from work and managing the expenses, I am close to lead a perfect life. Though not doing well financially, as I believe "not manners but money maketh man today", I every now and then make my own silly contribution to the betterment of this world. No bull shit can happen in front of my eye. Be it a Cop or a highly placed influential man if on the road, and I see him creating a mess, I intervene, every now and then. And I make it sure that that guy remembers not to mess up next time. So the image I have here is of an arrogant guy who is not scared to walk in the police station and throw his blood stained clothes on the table of the in-charge, while riding on a bike and break the gate after wards. Obviously, I don't have any close friends, and the only pals are my angel and my wife. Popular in the masses as they acknowledge when I am out but they are not that close to come to my place. At 37, this is the way I am living, and I am positive there are other people in the society who don't hesitate to correct someone if he or she is creating a mishap by breaking the law or the rules of a civilized society. At present I am working on my projects, "Vishwaalok Foundation" & "Anonymous United" aiming towards the betterment of the world!

Vishwaalok by Aalok Biswas --Vishwaalok (talk) 21:34, 11 December 2012 (UTC)--Vishwaalok (talk) 21:34, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vishwaalok


text:
Page:Cadet Handbook and Section Roll.pdf/22

 candidates will be unable to communicate the nature of the questions to one another.

5. The names of the officers who pass the examination, the rank for which they were examined, together with the marks obtained in each subject and the aggregate, will be published in District Orders.

6. To pass, officers will be required to obtain not less than 50 per cent. of the maximum marks for each subject. To obtain “Special Mention” an officer must pass in each subject at one examination and obtain not less than .8 marks on the aggregate.

7. The subjects of the examination will be—

8. The maximum marks allotted for each subject will be 100.

9. The following certificates will be accepted in lieu of examination in the subjects for which the certificates were given, for the ranks of Lieutenant, Captain, and Major:—


text:
Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Storer, Bellamy (diplomat)

STORER, Bellamy, diplomat, b. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 28 Aug., 1844. He was graduated at Harvard university and at the Cincinnati law-school, being admitted to the bar in 1869. He practised successfully at the bar of his native city, and in 1891 he was elected to congress as a Republican, being re-elected two years later, In 1897 President

appointed him minister to Belgium, and after the close of the war with Spain Mr. Storer was promoted by being appointed U.S. minister to Spain as successor to Gen..


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Oliphant, Margaret Oliphant


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Weller, John B.


text: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 24

title: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 24


text: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 25

title: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 25


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Welch, John


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Tennessee

TENNESSEE, one of the southern states of the American Union, the third admitted under the federal constitution, situated between lat. 35° and 36° 35' N., and lon. 81° 37' and 90° 15' W.; greatest length from E. to W. 432 m., breadth 109 m.; area, 45,600 sq. m. according to the federal census, or 42,000 as reported by the state authorities. Its shape is rhomboidal, its E. and W. sides sloping at considerable, though not equal angles. It is bounded N. by Kentucky and Virginia, S. E. by North Carolina, S. by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and W. by Arkansas and Missouri, from which it is separated by the Mississippi river. The state is divided into 94 counties, viz.: Anderson, Bedford, Benton, Bledsoe, Blount, Bradley, Campbell, Cannon, Carroll, Carter,

Cheatham, Claiborne, Clay, Cocke, Coffee, Crockett, Cumberland, Davidson, Decatur, De Kalb, Dickson, Dyer, Fayette, Fentress, Franklin, Gibson, Giles, Grainger, Greene, Grundy, Hamblen, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Hawkins, Hardeman, Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Houston, Humphreys, Jackson, James, Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, Lake, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lewis, Lincoln, London, McMinn, McNairy, Macon, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Maury, Meigs, Monroe, Montgomery, Moore, Morgan, Obion, Overton, Perry, Polk, Putnam, Rhea, Roane, Robertson, Rutherford, Scott, Sequatchie, Sevier, Shelby, Smith, Stewart, Sullivan, Sumner, Tipton, Trousdale, Unicoi, Union, Van Buren, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Weakley, White, Williamson, and Wilson. The chief cities and towns are: Nashville, the capital, which in 1870 had 25,865 inhabitants; Brownsville, 2,457; Chattanooga, 6,093; Clarksville, 3,200; Columbia, 2,550; Gallatin, 2,123; Jackson, 4,119; Knoxville, 8,682; Lebanon, 2,073; Memphis, 40,226; Murfreesboro, 3,502; and Pulaski, 2,070. The population of the state and its rank in the Union at decennial periods, according to the federal census, have been as follows:

State Seal of Tennessee.

Included in the aggregate of 1860 are 60 Indians, and 70 in that of 1870. Of the total population in 1870, 623,347 were males and 635,173 females; 1,239,204 were of native and 19,316 of foreign birth. Of the natives, 1,027,653 were born in the state, 20,217 in Alabama, 18,021 in Georgia, 19,867 in Kentucky, 15,451 in Mississippi, 51,110 in North Carolina, 4,420 in Ohio, 4,074 in Pennsylvania,

13,854 in South Carolina, and 43,387 in Virginia and West Virginia. Of the foreigners, 4,539 were born in Germany, 2,085 in England, and 8,048 in Ireland. The density of population according to the federal census was 27.6 persons to a square mile. There were 231,365 families, with an average of 5.44 persons to each, and 224,816 dwellings, with an average of 5.6 to each. The increase of population from 1860 to 1870 was 13.4 per cent. There were 429,592 persons from 5 to 18 years of age, 222,903 males from 18 to 45, and 259,016 male citizens 21 years old and upward. There were 290,549 persons 10 years of age and upward who could not read, and 364,697 unable to write; of the latter, 178,725 were white and 185,952 colored, 163,206 males and 201,473 females; 225,724 were 21 years old and over. The number of paupers supported during the year ending June 1, 1870, was 1,349, at a cost of $99,811. Of the 1,332 receiving support at that date, 314 were colored. The number of persons convicted of crime during the year was 722. Of the 981 in prison June 1, 1870, 560 were colored. The state contained 876 blind, 570 deaf and dumb, 925 insane, and 1,091 idiotic. Of the total population 10 years old and over (890,872), there were engaged in all occupations, 367,987; in agriculture, 267,020, of whom 136,925 were laborers and 129,550 farmers and planters; in professional and personal services, 54,396, including 1,256 clergymen, 24,563 domestic servants, 16,780 laborers not specified, 1,126 lawyers, 2,220 physicians and surgeons, and 2,250 teachers not specified; in trade and transportation, 17,510; in manufactures and mechanical and mining industries, 29,061. The total number of deaths from all causes was 14,239, being 1.13 per cent, of the entire population; from consumption, 2,377, there being 6 deaths from all causes to 1 from this disease; from pneumonia, 1,298, or 11 deaths from all causes to 1 from this disease. There were 652 deaths from croup, 571 from intermittent and remittent fevers, 729 from cerebro-spinal, enteric, and typhus fevers, and 750 from diarrhœa, dysentery, and enteritis.—The state presents eight great topographical divisions. On its E. border the Unaka, Smoky, Bald, and other mountains, belonging to the Appalachian chain, have an average elevation of 5,000 ft. above the sea, and an area (according to state measurements) of 2,000 sq. m. Between these mountains and the Cumberland table land on the west the valley of East Tennessee comprises a succession of ridges and minor valleys running in almost unbroken lines from N.E. to S.W. The average elevation of this valley is 1,000 ft., and its area 9,200 sq. m. The Cumberland table land rises about 1,000 ft. above the valley of East Tennessee, and has an area of 5,100 sq. m. Its E. side forms an almost continuous N.E. line, and presents an abrupt, rocky rampart. The W. edge is irregular and jagged, with deep

coves and valleys. Next on the west, with average elevation of 1,000 ft. above the sea, an area of 9,300 sq. m., are the highlands, rim lands, or terrace lands, which extend to the Tennessee river. This division is for the most part a plain, traversed by numerous ravines and streams. In the centre of these highlands is the great central basin, elliptical and resembling the bed of a drained lake; its average depression is about 300 ft. below the highlands, and it has an area of 5,450 sq. m. This whole basin, with the surrounding highlands, is slightly inclined toward the northwest. The next natural division on the west is the western valley, or valley of the Tennessee, 10 or 12 m. wide, with an elevation of 350 ft. above the sea and an area of 1,200 sq. m. The surface is broken and irregular, various subordinate valleys extending from 20 to 25 m. into the highlands. The plateau or slope of West Tennessee, which constitutes the seventh grand division, is a great, gently undulating plain, which slopes toward the Mississippi. It has few rocks, is furrowed with river valleys, and extends westward for an average distance of about 84 m., when it abruptly terminates in a long and steep bluff or escarpment that overlooks the great alluvial bottoms of the Mississippi. It has an area of about 8,850 sq. m., with an average elevation of 500 ft. The extreme western natural division comprises the bottoms of the Mississippi, a low, flat, alluvial plain, having an area of 900 sq. m. and an average elevation of about 300 ft. It is covered with forests, and has numerous lakes and morasses. The state is also popularly divided into East, Middle, and West Tennessee; the first extending from the North Carolina border to about the middle of the Cumberland table land, the second from this line to the Tennessee river, and the third from the Tennessee to the Mississippi.—The rivers of Tennessee afford extensive commercial facilities and abundant water power. The most important are the Mississippi, which forms the W. border, and the Tennessee and the Cumberland, which with their tributaries drain more than three fourths of the state. The chief tributaries of the Mississippi are the Forked Deer and its branches (Obion river and South Forked Deer), the Big Hatchie, and Wolf river. The Forked Deer is navigable for steamboats to Dyersburg, and the Big Hatchie for several miles. (See, and .)—Geologically the state is divided into five districts or cross belts running from N.E. to S.W. The first, comprising the interval between the Mississippi and Tennessee rivers, is occupied (in an order from W. to E.) by the alluvial, tertiary, and cretaceous formations of the gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic seaboard. The second, from the Tennessee river to the W. foot of the Cumberland mountains, is a rolling country of nearly horizontal palæozoic rocks, with a great basin-like district of lower Silurian ground in the centre, watered by the Cumberland, Stone's, Duck, and

Elk rivers, and surrounded on all sides by sub-carboniferous hills. The third is the mountain division of the coal; a plateau 2,000 ft. above the sea, 40 m. wide by 140 m. long, bounded E. by the valleys of the upper Tennessee and Holston rivers, and covered with a plate of carboniferous rocks, which is thinned and broken up into patches and mounds as it approaches the Alabama state line. The fourth district is the great valley of Knoxville or East Tennessee. It is a prolongation of the great valley of Virginia, the valley of the Shenandoah, and that of Harrisburg and Reading, Pa. Its rocks are mainly of Silurian age, upturned and broken by enormous faults, which bring them against the coal. On its E. side rise the Unaka mountains and their continuations, forming a fifth district, the true prolongation of the Blue Ridge and South mountain range, extending laterally into North Carolina, and composed of rocks of the lower periods of the Silurian age, the equivalents of the slate rock, gneiss, and marble of western Massachusetts and Vermont, and partly of “calciferous sand rock” age. The most abundant and valuable minerals of Tennessee are coal, iron, and copper. The state is crossed by the great Alleghany coal field, which extends from Pennsylvania to Alabama. In Tennessee it is nearly coextensive with the Cumberland table land, and forms an irregular quadrilateral 71 m. wide at the N. end and 50 m. at the S. It covers about 5,100 sq. m. The amount of coal has been estimated at 42,127,360,000 tons. The production of the state in 1870, according to the federal census, was 3,335,450 bushels, valued at $330,498. In 1874 there were 12 mines in operation, producing about 10,000,000 bushels annually. Iron exists in four distinct belts or areas. The eastern belt stretches across the E. part of the state, at the base of the border range of mountains, extending into Virginia on the northeast and Georgia on the southeast. The most abundant ore in this belt is the limonite, which occurs in Johnson, Sevier, Carter, and Blunt cos. There are also veins of magnetite and hematite ore, which will yield from 60 to 70 per cent, of metallic ores. There are five furnaces in this region, capable of producing about 15,000 tons annually; but owing to the lack of railroad facilities the amount produced does not exceed 10,000 tons. Iron ore containing oxide of manganese is abundant in Greene co., from which spiegeleisen is made. The dyestone belt skirts the E. base of the Cumberland table land, extending beyond the limits of the state on the northeast and southeast. In Tennessee it reaches from Chattanooga to Cumberland gap, about 150 m.; it spreads out laterally from 10 to 20 m. into the valley of East Tennessee, and includes the Sequatchie and Elk valleys. The chief ore of this belt is a stratified red iron rock, highly fossiliferous, occurring in layers, and called at many points dyestone, being sometimes used for dyeing. The ore is a

of hematite, and yields from 50 to 60 per cent. of iron. There are four furnaces in this region. The Cumberland table-land belt of iron ore is coextensive with the coal field. The ore lies interstratified with shale, sandstone, and coal. It is called clay ironstone, and is an argillaceous carbonate of iron. It is inferior in quality, producing rarely more than 30 per cent., and usually not more than 20 per cent. of iron, and has not been worked. The western iron belt crosses the state N. and S., and lies mainly between the central basin and the Tennessee river, though extending in some counties a few miles W. of the river. It is about 50 m. wide, and embraces an area of about 5,400 sq. m. But the ore is found in available quantities only at certain points called “banks,” some of which are miles in extent, while others occupy only a few acres. Some of these banks have been worked for 80 years with no signs of exhaustion. The ore is a limonite or brown hematite, some of it being inferior in quality; in other places the yield of iron is from 40 to 55 per cent. There are 11 furnaces in this region, with a monthly capacity of about 4,230 tons. Tennessee has decided advantages for making iron, in the abundance, cheapness, and contiguity of ore and of fuel; the disadvantages are distance from market and want of transportation facilities. Valuable deposits of copper are found in Polk co. in the S. E. corner of the state, covering an area of 40 sq. m. The ore is smelted by two extensive companies at Ducktown, having 25 furnaces and employing about 900 hands. From 1865 to 1874 the larger of these companies produced 8,476,872 lbs. of ingot copper. Tennessee is rich in marble, which is found in every part of the state, the varieties including black, gray, magnesian, fawn-colored, white, red, variegated, conglomerate, and breccia. Many quarries are worked. Limestone and other building stone abound in various parts of the state. Slate is common, but little of it is valuable. Several beds of millstone have been found, the most noteworthy being in Claiborne co. Hydraulic rocks abound in many counties, especially in Hardin, Wayne, Perry, Decatur, Warren, and Montgomery, and in Knox and McMinn cos. in East Tennessee. Lithographic stone of an excellent quality occurs in McMinn co. Granite of various shades of color, some of it rivalling the Scotch granite, is found in Carter co.; and unakite, a greenish compact granite, in the Unaka mountains, being peculiar to that locality. Deposits of potter's clay are found in East Tennessee, on the Knoxville and Ohio railroad, and in the vicinity of the lower Tennessee river, in the counties of Hickman, Henry, Perry, and Wayne; also in Montgomery and Houston cos. Some of this clay has been worked up into stone ware. There are numerous potteries, the largest being in Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville. Kaolin is found in Carter co. Fire clay is found in Stewart and Houston cos.

and on the Cumberland river. It also exists in the coal measures immediately underlying a seam of coal. Lead occurs in various places in East and Middle Tennessee. Mines have been worked in Washington, Monroe, and Bradley cos.; one of the most promising is the Caldwell mine on Powell's river in Union co. This vein, which fills a nearly vertical fissure, about 20 in. wide, in nearly horizontal rocks, can be traced about a mile. The two ores of zinc, smithsonite and calamine, occur in considerable deposits in various localities, especially in Claiborne, Union, and Jefferson cos.; they are in greatest abundance in Union co. The Stiner belt, near Powell's river, is 50 or 60 ft. wide, and is marked by the absence of trees. The lead and zinc ores are often associated. Black oxide of manganese is found in small masses, associated with iron, all over the state. Iron pyrites also exists everywhere in the state; a large quantity is found associated with the copper at Ducktown. Large beds also occur near Greeneville in Greene co., and in Moore, Carter, and Perry cos. Heavy spar or baryta, used for cheap paints, is found in Middle and East Tennessee; it is mined in Greene, Washington, Jefferson, and some other counties. It is usually associated with lead, constituting the gangue of that mineral. Asbestus exists in large quantities in Cocke co. Copperas is abundant, and specimens of gypsum have been found. Salt was formerly made in the state, but its manufacture has been discontinued. Saltpetre abounds in numerous caves throughout Middle and East Tennessee. Petroleum has been found at various points, and 10,000 barrels of it has been obtained from the wells near Spring creek in Overton co.; but the production has not been found profitable. Extensive beds of lignite are found in many of the counties of West Tennessee. Alum occurs in the same situations as copperas in Middle Tennessee, Epsom salts in many of the saltpetre caves, and. large quantities of bluestone (sulphate of copper) at Ducktown. The state collection of minerals in the capitol comprises, besides a great variety of specimens, 200 kinds of marble, of all colors from Parian white to jet black, all found in the state. Tennessee has marked advantages in the number, variety, excellence, and medicinal value of its mineral waters. Mineral springs occur upon the lofty peaks of the Unakas and along the bases of the long ridges of the eastern valley. The Cumberland table land abounds with sparkling chalybeate springs. There are also valuable sulphur and chalybeate springs in West Tennessee.—Tennessee has numerous caves, many of which were explored in 1811-'12 for the saltpetre earth in them, and a large amount of nitre was then manufactured from the earthy material thus obtained. In the Cumberland mountains are several caves which are 100 ft. or more below the surface and several miles in extent. One has been descended to a depth of 400 ft., where a stream of water

was found having sufficient force and fall to drive a mill. Another, on the summit of Cumberland mountain, is perpendicular in its descent, and its depth has never yet been fathomed. Some of these caves contain fossils and bones of extinct species of animals; others, large deposits of the excrement of bats, valuable as a fertilizer. Big Bone cave when first explored contained bones of the mastodon. There are throughout the cavernous limestone region occasional “sink holes,”as they are termed. These are hopper-shaped cavities on the surface which communicate with the caves and underground streams. Near Manchester, Coffee co., is an ancient work called the Stone Fort, enclosed by a rude stone embankment by tourists called a wall, upon which trees are growing, whose age is estimated at over 500 years. This mysterious enclosure lies in a peninsula formed by the near approach of two forks of Duck river, and occupies an area of 37 acres.—The climate is generally mild and remarkably salubrious, excepting in the swampy districts of West Tennessee. The eastern division is noted for its pure mountain air. The mean annual temperature along a line running E. and W. through the middle of the state is about 57° in the valley of East Tennessee, 58° in Middle, and 59° in West Tennessee. The temperature is about one degree higher along the southern, and about one degree lower along the northern boundary. Going from W. to E. there is a difference of elevation of more than 6,000 ft., which gives a wide range of climate and great variety in vegetable productions.—East Tennessee, excluding its great valley, has a limited surface adapted to cultivation. The soil of Middle Tennessee is generally good, producing large crops of wheat, rye, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat, barley, potatoes, hemp, hay, sweet potatoes, flax, cotton, and tobacco. The western division is almost level, and cotton, tobacco, and all kinds of grain are grown in extraordinary abundance. The soil of this part is a rich black mould. Along the banks of the Mississippi and Tennessee are extensive cane brakes, covered with reeds. The country is well watered. The N.W. part contains an extensive tract of swampy land. Nearly half of the state is wooded land, and presents almost every variety of timber found in the United States. West Tennessee is specially noted for the magnificence of its forests. The high mountains in the east are covered with forests of pine, which yield tar, pitch, turpentine, and lumber for export; white pine, chestnut, hemlock, and black walnut grow to immense size in the coves of the mountains. On the mountain slopes the sugar maple, ash, cedar, juniper, and savin are also abundant; and in the lower lands as well as in Middle Tennessee the poplar, hickory, black walnut, oak, beech, locust, and cherry are found. The most extensive red cedar forests in the United States are found in the central basin of Middle Tennessee. In the swamps and low lands of

West Tennessee the cypress, hackmatack, cottonwood, and swamp cedar occur in large quantities. Several wild or indigenous grasses grow spontaneously. The pawpaw, a low bushy tree or shrub, bearing a fruit somewhat resembling the banana, though inferior to it, is found in the river bottoms. The persimmon, which is common, yields a fruit which in sweetness and pleasantness of flavor equals the date. The black haw, red haw, wild plum, blackberry, wood grape, muscadine, strawberry, whortleberry, gooseberry, and service berry all grow wild and yield luxuriantly. Nuts of various abound, as the walnut, hickory nut, hazel nut, chestnut, pecan, and chinquapin, all forming articles of export. Ginseng is found on all the elevated lands. The wild animals are the bear, found only in the mountainous districts, deer, raccoons, foxes, opossums, and squirrels. Horses, cattle, sheep, and swine are raised on large scale, and many thousands are annually exported. The hills and mountain slopes afford an abundance of fine pasturage. Much attention is given to wool growing.—According to the federal census of 1870, the state contained in farms 6,843,278 acres of improved land, 10,771,396 of woodland, and 1,966,540 of other unimproved land. The total number of farms was 118,141, containing an average of 166 acres each; 18,806 contained from 100 to 500 acres, 412 from 500 to 1,000, and 50 over 1,000. The cash value of farms was $218,743,747, of farming implements and machinery $8,199,487. The staple crops of 1873 were reported as follows by the United States department of agriculture:

The total value of these crops was $41,372,410; whole number of acres, 3,385,984. The number and value of domestic animals in 1874 were reported as follows:

Peanuts, constituting an important crop, are raised in the counties of Perry, Hickman, and Humphreys, and parts of Dickson and Lewis, all of which are on the W. side of the Highland rim. The production amounted to 680,000 bushels in 1872, 110,000 in 1873, 200,000

in 1874, and 250,000 in 1875. The average yield is about 40 bushels an acre. The shipment of cotton from Tennessee amounted to 378,813 bales in 1872-'3, 489,534 in 1873-'4, and 446,674 in 1874-'5, most of which was the product of the state. In 1873 there were 613,267 acres planted with cotton. The best grows in the S. half of West Tennessee; it is grown in the whole of the central basin S. of Nashville. As a tobacco-growing state Tennessee ranks third, Kentucky being first and Virginia second. The annual product of the state varies from 20,000,000 to 25,000,000 lbs., or from 13,000 to 22,000 hogsheads. The average yield per acre is between 700 and 800 lbs., though as much as 1,800 lbs. can be produced upon the best soils in good seasons. The soil and climate are well adapted to the cultivation of grapes; much attention has recently been given to this industry, and also to the production of honey.—The total number of manufacturing establishments, according to the census of 1870, was 5,317, using 732 steam engines of 18,467 horse power and 1,340 water wheels of 19,514 horse power, and employing 19,412 hands, of whom 17,663 were males above 16 years of age, 1,089 females above 15, and 660 youth. The amount of capital invested was $15,595,295; wages, $5,390,630; materials, $19,657,027; products, $34,362,636. The statistics of the most important industries were reported as follows:

There has been a marked progress in many industries since 1870, especially in the manufacture of cotton, iron, liquors, and carriages and wagons. In 1875 there were 40 cotton mills with 55,384 spindles; cotton consumed during the year, 6,701,718 lbs., or 14,443 bales. There are no United States customs districts in Tennessee, but Memphis and Nashville are

ports of delivery in the district of Louisiana. At the close of 1875 there were 27 national banks in operation, with a capital stock of $3,455,300 and a circulation of $2,474,323.—Tennessee had 466 m. of railroad in 1855, 1,253 in 1860, 1,296 in 1865, 1,492 in 1870, and 1,641 in 1875. The lines lying wholly or partly in the state in 1875 were as follows:

—The governor is elected for two years, and receives an annual salary of $4,000. He must be 30 years of age and a citizen of the state for seven years next preceding his election. He is not eligible for more than six years in any period of eight. In case of the removal of the governor from office, or of his death or resignation, the executive functions devolve upon the speaker elected by the senate. The secretary of state is elected for four years by joint vote of the general assembly, and receives a salary of $1,800 a year and perquisites. A bill may be passed over the executive veto by a majority vote of each house. The state treasurer and comptroller are appointed by the general assembly for two years. The constitution provides that the number of representatives in the legislature shall not exceed 75 until the population of the state shall be 1,500,000, and shall never exceed 99. The number of senators is limited to one third of the number of representatives. There are now (1876) 25 senators and 75 representatives. The sessions of the legislature are biennial, beginning on the first Monday of January in odd years. Senators and representatives receive $4 a day and $4 for every 25 miles travel to and from the capital. No member will be paid for more than 75 days of a regular session, or for more than 20 days of an extra session, or for any days when absent from his seat. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court and chancery, circuit, county, and justices' courts. The supreme court consists of a chief justice and five

who are elected by the people for eight years, and receive a salary of $4,000 each. Its jurisdiction is appellate only. Terms are held annually in Knoxville, Nashville, and Jackson. The attorney general and reporter for the state is appointed by the judges of the supreme court. Judges of the circuit and chancery courts are elected by the people for eight years. Two terms of the chancery court are held in each county annually. They have all the powers and jurisdiction incident to a court of equity, and exclusive jurisdiction of all equity cases where the amount in controversy exceeds $50. They have jurisdiction with the county courts over the person and property of persons of unsound mind, and of infants. Three terms of the circuit court are annually held in each county. Concurrently with justices of the peace they have jurisdiction of all debts and demands on contract over $50, and exclusive jurisdiction of matters relating to the validity of wills; also appellate jurisdiction of all suits brought before inferior tribunals. Each county has a court consisting of the justices of the county, which has jurisdiction of probate matters. Justices of the peace are elected by the people for six years, and constables for two years. Judges may be removed from office by a two-thirds vote of the legislature. They are prohibited from charging juries with respect to matters of fact, but may state the testimony and declare the law. Fines exceeding $50 on any citizen must be assessed by a jury. The right

of suffrage is given to every male person of the age of 21 years who is a citizen of the United States and a resident of Tennessee for one year, and of the county where he offers to vote for six months. There is no other qualification except the payment of a poll tax of not less than 50 cents nor more than $1 a year. In 1867 the state gave to negroes the right to vote. Elections for governor and members of the general assembly are held biennially in even years, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November; for judicial and other civil officers, on the first Thursday in August. Ministers of the gospel and priests are ineligible as members of the legislature. No person who denies the being of God or a future state of rewards and punishments can hold any civil office. Any person who has engaged in a duel or preparations for a duel, either as principal or second, is disqualified from holding any office of honor or profit, besides being subject to punishment by law. Amendments to the constitution may be proposed in either branch of the general assembly; before taking effect they must be approved by a majority of the members elected to each house of the general assembly when first proposed, by two thirds of the next legislature, and subsequently by a popular vote. The grounds of divorce are: impotence, adultery, desertion for two years, conviction of an infamous crime or of felony, malicious attempt upon the life of the wife, pregnancy by another man at the time of marriage without the husband's knowledge, cruelty, indignities by the husband forcing the wife to separation, abandonment of the wife or turning her out of doors, and refusal to provide for her. The legal rate of interest is 6 per cent., but any rate not exceeding 10 per cent. may be contracted for in writing; if more than 10 per cent. is agreed upon, only 6 per cent. can be collected. Usury is punishable by a fine of not less than $100. Tennessee is represented in congress by 10 representatives and 2 senators, and has therefore 12 votes in the electoral college.—On Dec. 19, 1874, the bonded debt of the state was $22,908,400, which was largely contracted by the indorsement of railroad bonds. The assets of the state on bond account amounted to $3,817,896. The state revenue during 1873 and 1874, not including bonds or coupons paid by railroad companies, amounted to $3,618,703, and the disbursements to $3,290,158. According to the federal census, the true value of property was $201,246,686 in 1850, $493,903,892 in 1860, and $498,237,724 in 1870. The assessed value of all taxable property, as reported by the state authorities, was $308,089,738 in 1873 and $289,533,656 in 1874. The amount of state tax levied in 1873 was: East Tennessee, $254,200; Middle, $542,686; West, $435,472; total, $1,232,358. In 1874 it was: East Tennessee, $192,913; Middle, $401,563; West, $410,190; total, $1,005,066. The total valuation of taxable property in 1872 was $265,874,258; taxation, $1,090,694. The

constitution provides that all property shall be taxed according to its value, so that the taxes shall be equal and uniform throughout the state, and that no species of property shall be taxed higher than any other of the same value. But the legislature is empowered to except from taxation property held by the state, counties, cities, or towns, and used exclusively for public or corporation purposes, and such as may be held and used for purposes purely religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational. In 1875 the comptroller reported that no railroad company had ever paid any taxes to the state; and that no corporations, excepting insurance companies and a few banks, had paid the taxes levied by law.—The state prison is in Nashville, and there are also several temporary prisons in various parts of the state, where convicts are employed upon railroads, mines, &c. The total number in confinement during the two years ending Dec. 1, 1874, was 1,625, of whom 744 were held on Dec. 1, 1872; 881 were received during that period, and 963 were in confinement at the end. Of the last number, 380 were white and 583 colored; 925 were males and 38 females; 13 had a good and 97 a fair education, 199 could read and write, and 654 had no education; 34 were under 16 years of age, and 275 under 21; 21 were sentenced for life, and 69 for 20 years or longer. The prisoners are employed under lease on public works, buildings, railroads, &c. The revenue thus received is reported to be greater than the cost of supporting the prison. There is preaching and Sunday school instruction. The state hospital for the insane, near Nashville, was opened in 1852. The average daily number of patients during the two years ending with 1874 was 379; the whole number under treatment during that period was 561, of whom 374 remained on Jan. 1, 1875. Of the latter, all but 37 were maintained free of charge. The cost of maintaining the institution during the two years named was $157,987. The accommodations of the hospital are inadequate, the number of insane in the state being estimated at not less than 1,200. The Tennessee school for the blind, in Nashville, opened in 1844, had 55 pupils in 1874. Its cost during that year was $33,890. It is estimated that there are not fewer than 1,200 blind in the state. This school has recently been very much enlarged. The Tennessee deaf and dumb school is in Knoxville, and was opened in 1845. The number of pupils in attendance during the two years ending with 1874 was 155, of whom 121 remained on Jan. 1, 1875. There were seven instructors. The ordinary expenditures during this period amounted to $53,356.—There was no satisfactory system of common schools in Tennessee prior to 1873, when the present law providing for a general state system was enacted. The school fund, which had been lost or diverted to other purposes, was restored, together with the suspended interest. A

fund, amounting in 1875 to $2,512,500, was thus secured; the interest on this, at the rate of 6 per cent. per annum, is distributed semi-annually among the counties according to school population. The law also authorizes for school purposes a poll tax of $1, and a tax of one mill on the dollar upon all the taxable property of the state, and provides that when the money derived from the school fund and the taxes imposed by the state shall be insufficient to support a public school for five months in the year in each of the districts in any county, the county court shall levy an additional tax for the purpose, or submit the proposition to a vote of the people. About one half of the counties of the state have levied an additional tax to prolong the schools. The total annual income from the permanent fund and state taxation is about $600,000. The state superintendent of public instruction is appointed for two years, and receives an annual salary of $3,000. County superintendents are elected biennially by the county courts. Three directors are elected in each district for three years. The public schools are free to all persons between the

ages of 6 and 18 years; but there must be separate schools for colored persons. The school population (one county not reporting) on June 30, 1875, was 425,901; white, 319,671; colored, 106,230. The number of pupils enrolled (one county not reporting) was 198,085; average attendance (16 counties not reporting), 136,118; number of schools (13 counties not reporting), 3,942; school revenue, $740,316; total expenditures, $703,358. In 1873-'4 public schools in various parts of the state received aid from the Peabody education fund to the extent of $34,300. The state normal university, under the control of the state board of education, was opened as a department of the university of Nashville in December, 1875. It has an annual revenue of $6,000 from the Peabody education fund and $6,000 from the university of Nashville. Normal instruction is also afforded in several of the colleges. In several of the cities there are efficient systems of free schools, supported in part by the cities and in part from the state and county school revenues. The universities and colleges of Tennessee, with the number of instructors and pupils in 1874-'5, were as follows:

The East Tennessee university embraces the state college of agriculture and the mechanical arts, for which provision was made by congress in 1862. The university was organized in 1840 (the East Tennessee college having been opened in 1808), and the agricultural college in 1869. There are three courses of study of four years each, agricultural, mechanical, and classical; and two preparatory courses of three years each. Each senator is entitled to name two, and each representative three students, who may attend the institution without charge for tuition, and may also pass free on railroads between their homes and the university. For others, the annual cost of tuition is $36 in the college and $30 in the preparatory department. Students are required to perform manual labor during the freshman and sophomore years. The university has a considerable library, and cabinets of geology, mineralogy, and zoölogy. The university of the South, at Sewanee, is under the control of the Protestant Episcopal

church. It has separate schools for each department of learning. The institution has about 10,000 acres of land on a plateau of the Cumberland mountains, 2,000 ft. above the sea and 1,000 ft. above the surrounding country. Owing to the favorable climate of this elevation, studies are continued during the summer, and a long vacation occurs in the winter. The university has a library of over 5,000 volumes. The East Tennessee Wesleyan university, at Athens, has a collegiate department, with classical and scientific courses, and preparatory and academic departments. Fisk university was organized in 1866 through the efforts of the American missionary association of New York. It is designed for the instruction of colored persons, and has made the training of teachers a prominent part of its work. It was named after Gen. C. B. Fisk, then commissioner of the freedmen's bureau, through whose efforts government buildings were obtained for the institution. Since 1871 upward

of $100,000 have been raised for it by concerts given in the north and in Great Britain by the “Jubilee Singers.” With this money 25 acres of land have been purchased, on which has been erected Jubilee hall, 128 by 145 ft. and six stories high. For the university of Nashville and Central Tennessee college, see ; for Cumberland university, see ; see also. Instruction in theology is provided by Central Tennessee college; in law, theology, and medicine, by Cumberland and Vanderbilt universities; and in medicine and surgery, by the university of Nashville and the Tennessee college of pharmacy in Nashville. The last named was organized in 1872, and in 1875-'6 had seven instructors. In 1870 the state contained 3,505 libraries with an aggregate of 802,112 volumes. Of these, 2,732 with 597,399 volumes were private, and 773 with 204,713 other than private, including the state library of 19,000 volumes. The total number of newspapers and periodicals in 1875 was 141, including 9 daily, 1 tri-weekly, 1 semi-weekly, 110 weekly, 1 bi-weekly, 1 semi-monthly, 17 monthly, and 1 quarterly. In 1870 there were 3,180 religious organizations, having 2,842 edifices with 878,524 sittings, and property valued at $4,697,675, divided as follows:

—The name of Tennessee is derived from Tannassee, the Indian name of the Little Tennessee river. De Soto probably visited the spot where Memphis now stands. The first settlement was attempted in 1754 by a small body of North Carolinians, but they were speedily driven from the country by the Indians. In 1756 the first permanent settlement was made, and Fort Loudon built on the Tennessee river about 30 m. from the present site of Knoxville. This was the first Anglo-American settlement W. of the Alleghanies and S. of Pennsylvania. In 1760 the fort was besieged by the Indians, and the whites capitulated, stipulating that they should be allowed to return to North Carolina. On the second day of their march they were overtaken by the savages and many of them butchered, and the survivors reduced to captivity. In 1761 another armed force from Virginia and North Carolina entered the district, and after a number of successful battles with the Indians compelled them to sue for peace. A treaty was

made with them, and the settlements along the Watauga and Holston rivers increased rapidly, being known from 1769 to 1777 as the Watauga association. In the colonial assembly of North Carolina in 1776 the territory was represented by deputies as the district of Washington; and in the revolutionary war the settlers flocked to the standard of the colonists. At the close of the revolution a settlement was made on the Cumberland river where Nashville now stands. From 1777 to 1784 the territory formed part of North Carolina, which set apart a portion of the district in the vicinity of Nashville for bounty lands for her revolutionary soldiers. In 1785 the people became dissatisfied with the manner in which they were treated by the government of that state, and organized the state of Franklin, which was maintained until 1788, when it was again united with North Carolina. In 1789 that state ceded the territory to the general government, and in 1790 it was organized, together with Kentucky, as the territory of the United States south of the Ohio. In 1794 a distinct territorial government was granted to Tennessee; and in 1796 a state constitution was formed at Knoxville, and Tennessee was admitted into the Union. The constitution was amended in 1834-'5, and again in 1853. The seat of government was at Knoxville from 1794 to 1811, excepting in 1807, when it was at Kingston; from 1812 to 1815 at Nashville; in 1817 at Knoxville; in 1816 and from 1819 to 1825 at Murfreesboro; and from 1826 to the present time it has been at Nashville. The general assembly of Tennessee was convoked in extra session Jan. 7, 1861, to consider what action should be taken by the state in view of the impending difficulties between the north and the south. In East Tennessee the people were generally opposed to secession; in West Tennessee there was a strong popular sentiment in favor of separation. The governor, Isham G. Harris, actively favored the southern cause. On Feb. 9 the people of the state voted on the question whether a convention should be held to consider the subject of withdrawing from the Union, and also for delegates to the convention. In a total vote of 127,000, there was a majority of nearly 12,000 against a convention. Of those who voted for delegates a majority of about 64,000 were in favor of the Union. The requisition for troops made upon Tennessee by the president after the firing upon Fort Sumter was refused by Gov. Harris, who again summoned the legislature to meet in extra session. Early in May a military league was formed with the Confederate States by commissioners appointed for that purpose, and was ratified by the legislature. On May 6 the legislature again provided for submitting the question of secession to the people. The election was held on June 8, and resulted in a majority of 57,675 for separation, the total vote being 152,151. In East Tennessee there was a large majority in favor

of the Union. Troops were now recruited and armed by the state for the confederate army and to resist invasion from the north. Batteries were erected to command the Mississippi from Memphis to the Kentucky line; troops were concentrated in West Tennessee under Gen. Pillow; and the confederate forces took possession of the three gaps in the mountains of East Tennessee. The invasion of Tennessee by the federal forces was begun early in 1862 by a combined naval and military expedition, which captured Forts Henry and Donelson in February. (See .) Nashville, the headquarters of the confederate general A. S. Johnston, was taken a few days afterward, when the state government was removed to Memphis. (See .) A large portion of the state having now been restored to federal authority, Andrew Johnson was appointed military governor by President Lincoln, and assumed the duties of the office in Nashville on March 12. In the same month a formidable fleet of gunboats left Cairo, Ill., for the purpose of regaining the Mississippi river from confederate control. The advance of this fleet forced the confederates to abandon Island No. 10, Forts Pillow and Randolph, and other strongholds; and on June 6 Memphis was taken by the federal forces after a severe engagement between the gunboats. In November Gen. Rosecrans advanced from Nashville upon Murfreesboro, which was the centre of Gen. Bragg's operations in Tennessee. After a severe engagement lasting several days, the place was abandoned by the confederates, Jan. 4, 1863, and then became the depot of supplies for Gen. Rosecrans's army. The confederates now fell back to Shelbyville, and on the advance of Rosecrans in June retired to Chattanooga, which they abandoned on Sept. 8 upon the approach of Rosecrans. On the 19th and 20th a severe battle was fought about 12m. S.W. of Chattanooga. (See .) The Union forces were repulsed, but continued to occupy Chattanooga, which however was besieged by the confederates. In the latter part of November an advance was made upon the confederate lines by Gen. Grant, which resulted in the complete rout of the confederates. In this engagement were fought the battles of Lookout mountain and Missionary ridge. (See .) In the mean time Gen. Burnside had marched into East Tennessee, and he took peaceable possession of Knoxville early in September. In November, 1864, the state was invaded by a confederate force under Gen. Hood. Battles were fought with the federal forces at Franklin and at Nashville, the latter resulting in the complete rout of the confederates, under Gen. Hood, and their retreat from the state. (See .) During 1864 numerous raids were made in different parts of Tennessee by the confederates. On Jan. 9, 1865, a state convention assembled in Nashville and proposed amendments to the

constitution, abolishing slavery and prohibiting the legislature from recognizing property in man. A schedule was adopted annulling the military league made in 1861 with the Confederate States, also the declaration of independence, the ordinance of secession, and all acts of the confederate state government, and prohibiting the payment of any debts contracted by that government. These amendments were ratified by the people on Feb. 22. W. G. Brownlow was subsequently chosen governor, and members of the legislature were elected. Each voter at these elections was required to take an oath that he had been and would continue to be loyal to the United States. The legislature met in Nashville early in April, ratified the 13th amendment to the federal constitution, reorganized the state government, and elected senators to congress. Among the acts passed was one prescribing the qualifications of voters, which disfranchised those who had not been “publicly known to have entertained unconditional Union sentiments from the outbreak of the rebellion until the present time.” The 14th amendment to the federal constitution was ratified in 1866, and the state was soon after admitted to representation in congress. The revision of the constitution by a convention sitting at Nashville from Jan. 10 to Feb. 22, 1870, was ratified on March 26 by a popular vote of 98,128 to 33,872.—See “The Geology of Tennessee,” by Dr. J. M. Safford (1869), and “The Resources of Tennessee,” prepared under the direction of the state board of agriculture by J. B. Killebrew (Nashville, 1874).


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/O'Neill, Brian MacPhelim


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Symmes, John Cleves


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Ormsby, John


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Swan, Joseph Rockwell


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Osborne Morgan, George


text:
User:Vishwaalok

Mission Vishwaalok

Born and raised in the oldest city of the world Varanasi, India. Commonly known as a place where Lord Shiva, the creator Himself, is supposed to be present, this city of approximately, and ever growing, population of 15 lac people, is a famous destination among travelers from all over the world. Here, you will find people from as far as Poland, who speak Hindi as fluently as a native can. And its said that, if you are on a world tour and you don't visit Varanasi, your tour is not complete. My heart fills with pain when I see the river slowly dying, from the terrace of my home in Varanasi, whenever I am there. As, right now, I am in the capital, New Delhi, for last 66 months or so. And this is my second long term stay here after 1995 to 1999. Apart from work, here are a lot of other things too, which keep me busy or I pretend to be, all the time. So, that pain gets subdued in the dog-eat-dog corporate brouhaha of this high paced city. Now married and blessed with a beautiful angel of seven year old, apart from work and managing the expenses, I am close to lead a perfect life. Though not doing well financially, as I believe "not manners but money maketh man today", I every now and then make my own silly contribution to the betterment of this world. No bull shit can happen in front of my eye. Be it a Cop or a highly placed influential man if on the road, and I see him creating a mess, I intervene, every now and then. And I make it sure that that guy remembers not to mess up next time. So the image I have here is of an arrogant guy who is not scared to walk in the police station and throw his blood stained clothes on the table of the in-charge, while riding on a bike and break the gate after wards. Obviously, I don't have any close friends, and the only pals are my angel and my wife. Popular in the masses as they acknowledge when I am out but they are not that close to come to my place. At 38, this is the way I am living, and I am positive there are other people in the society who don't hesitate to correct someone if he or she is creating a mishap by breaking the law or the rules of a civilized society. At present I am working on my projects, "Vishwaalok Foundation" & "Anonymous United" aiming towards the betterment of the world!

Author: Aalok Biswas

title: User:Vishwaalok


text: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 26

title: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 26


text: Category:User scn-N

title: Category:User scn-N


text: Category:User co

title: Category:User co


text: Category:User co-1

title: Category:User co-1


text: Category:User sq-1

title: Category:User sq-1


text: User:Ομαριος

title: User:Ομαριος


text:
Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Starling, Lyne

STARLING, Lyne, philanthropist, b. in Mecklenburg county, Va., 27 Dec., 1784; d. in Columbus, Ohio, 21 Nov., 1848. He removed to Ohio in early life, was a founder of Columbus, capital of the state, and, acquiring large wealth, devoted much of it to benevolent objects. He left a large sum to establish in Columbus the Starling medical college and hospital. It is a Gothic edifice of whitish limestone, and is among the most ornamental buildings in the city.


text:
Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Potts, Benjamin Franklin

POTTS, Benjamin Franklin, soldier, b. in Carroll county, Ohio, 29 Jan., 1836; d. in Helena Mont., 17 June, 1887. He was educated at Westminster college, New Wilmington, Pa., and admitted to the bar in 1859. He became captain in the 42d Ohio regiment in 1861, served in the Shenandoah valley, was commissioned colonel in 1862, participated in the Vicksburg campaign, and was then promoted to the command of a brigade and served under Gen.. On 5 Jan., 1865, he became brigadier-general of volunteers. He then returned to the practice of the law, was elected state senator of Ohio, and was governor of Montana in 1870-'83. Gen. Potts was in the legislature in 1884, and was a member of the Society of the army of the Tennessee.


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Defence Acts and Regulations.—An examination in knowledge of the Defence Act, as far as it relates to the training and efficiency of Senior Cadets, and the Regulations for the organisation and training of Senior Cadets, to consist of oral questions and answers. The questions will be prepared for each examination by the President of the Board, on Parts V., XII., XIII., XIV., and XV. of the Defence Act, and the Regulations and Instructions contained in Parts I., II., and III. of Regulations for Universal Training.