text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/International Science

INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE.—International scientific organizations and conventions may be divided into four groups according to their subjects and methods of procedure. Some are intended to establish uniformity in the standards of measurements, others to advance science by coöperation, and others, again, merely to encourage personal interchange of opinion. The second group, having scientific progress for its direct objective, may be further subdivided into two, according as the coöperation is essential to secure necessary observations in different parts of the world, or is only helpful by promoting coördination and therefore economy of labour.

In the years before the World War, it was customary, for scientific purposes, to form a new international body whenever the need arose a procedure which was natural and effective so long as each subject could be treated separately without relation to others. The disadvantages of an almost indefinite multiplication of independent bodies dealing with mutually connected subjects had, however, become apparent, and as the World War was nearing its end, efforts were made to organize international coöperation in scientific research on a better basis.

The following list (probably not complete) of the international bodies that were in existence at the outbreak of war in 1914 will give an idea of the range of subjects covered:—

—Agreements on standards and methods of observation:—

—Associations formed for the purpose of investigating scientific problems in which coöperation between different nations is considered desirable:—

—Distribution of work bearing on the same problem for the purpose of economizing time and expenditure:—

—Periodic International Congresses serving mainly for friendly interchange of views:—

An effort, emanating from Belgium, had been to centralize all international undertakings, and an “Office Central des Institutions Internationales” was established at Brussels. On of the publications of this office, which received no general recognition, gives what purports to be a complete list of international congresses, unions and associations. Their total number is 279, but many of them were of a social or semi-political or trade character. Among those referring to science the following are not already included in the above list:—

With regard to the origin and aims of some of the most important of these organizations, the following notes may be added.

1. The “Bureau International des Poids et Mesures” was established in 1873 at Sèvres as the outcome of an international commission constituted in 1869 for the construction of metric standards. The existing convention was agreed upon in 1875. Great Britain joined the convention in 1884; the annual contribution now ranges between £200 and £300.

2. The International Conference on Electrical Units and Standards which was held in London in 1908 recommended that the various Governments interested should establish a Permanent International Commission for Electrical Standards. The conference requested Lord Rayleigh, then president, to nominate a Scientific Committee of 15 members to formulate a plan of such commission and, in the meantime, to direct such work as would be necessary in connexion with the maintenance and inter-comparison of standards. This committee has done much valuable work, but the intended Permanent Commission never came into being.

3. The International Electrotechnical Commission was formed for the purpose of carrying out a resolution of government delegates who met at the International Electrical Congress of St. Louis in 1904. This resolution was to the effect: “That steps should be taken to secure the coöperation of the technical societies of the world by the appointment of a representative commission to consider the question of the standardization of the nomenclature and ratings of electrical apparatus and machinery.” The statutes of this commission were finally adopted at a meeting held in London on Oct. 22 1908. They provide for the formation by the Sectional Societies of each country of committees who shall represent that country on the International Commission. The central office is in London. Each Electrotechnical Committee provides funds for its own expenses, and contributes its share to the expenses of the central office. At the last meeting of the commission in Berlin before the war (1913) 24 countries were represented.

4. International Association for Testing Material.—Six international congresses were held between 1884 and 1912 with the view of introducing greater uniformity in the methods of testing materials adopted in different countries. At the last two pre-war congresses (Copenhagen, 1909, and New York, 1912) England was represented. The resolutions of the congresses ar not binding on anyone, and merely serve to express the opinion of the majority. Nevertheless, the work of this organization has become of considerable importance. After the congress of 1912 a report of the British delegates advocating that the British Government should continue its official support was laid on the table of the House of Commons.

5. Joint International Committee on Atomic Weights.—This committee grew out of an organization formed by the leading chemical societies in Europe and America. It was finally constituted in 1901-2, when the business of the committee was entrusted to four men, being representatives of the chemical societies of America, England, France and Germany respectively. The object of this committee was to draw up annual reports on work connected with the determination of atomic weights, to consider the results, and to recommend any changes in the Tables of Atomic Weights which might seem desirable for promoting uniformity in teaching and in the literature of the subject. These reports were published each year until the beginning of the war.

6. Annual Publication of Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants.—This is an undertaking with its headquarters at Paris, managed by an International Committee. Special committees have also been instituted in different countries (France, England, Germany, Holland, United States) to assist the work.

7. International Commission of Illumination.—The object of this organization, formed by scientific societies in different countries, was “to study and advance by congress and publications the knowledge and practice of the art of illumination, and to secure international agreement on matters of general concern to the science and art of illumination.”

8. There were two important “Conférences Internationales des Ephémérides Astronomiques,” one in 1896, which established greater

uniformity in the adopted constants, such as that of the solar parallax and aberration, and one in 1912, which arranged for collaboration in different countries.

9. The International Meteorological Conference and Committee.—Beginning with 1891, the directors of the meteorological institutes and observatories of different countries met periodically in “conference,” normally every ten years. The functions of the conference are to propose measures of coöperation likely to prove helpful to the development of meteorology, to bring about uniformity of ideas, and to foster good relations between the workers of different countries. The conference appoints, when it deems necessary, commissions with independent powers to promote the study of special subjects. In addition to the purely meteorological commissions appointed by the conference, there were, at the outbreak of the war, five others concerned respectively with (a) Scientific Aeronautics, (b) Terrestrial Magnetism, (c) Radiations, (d) Solar Physics, and (e) the Application of Meteorology to Agriculture.

10. The International Solar Union was an association of scientific bodies. Of these, three were domiciled in the United States, three in France, two each in Great Britain, Italy, Spain and Germany, one each in Austria, Canada, Holland, Russia, Sweden and Switzerland. Meetings were held every three years, and the business in the meantime was carried out by an Executive Committee of three members only. So far as fundamental measurements are concerned, the Solar Union has, by means of its members working independently in different countries, determined secondary standards of wavelength spread over different parts of the spectrum. It has also, through a number of committees, investigated questions relating to sunspot spectra and solar radiation. In 1913 the union decided to extend its range so as to include the whole of stellar physics.

11. The “International Telegraphic Union,” an institution having its “bureau” at Berne, and maintained by subscriptions from the States adhering to the union. Occasional conferences were held which led to “conventions,” of which a number are in force. The bureau issues a monthly bulletin—“Le Journal Télégraphique.” The union was an official rather than a scientific body, the delegates of the conferences being selected from the clerical staff of the Telegraph Office for Great Britain and its colonies.

13. Bureau International de l'Heure.—At an International Conference summoned by the “Bureau des Longitudes” of Paris in 1912, the following resolutions were passed:—

“1. Il est utile de chercher à réaliser l'unification de l'heure.

“2. L'heure universelle sera celle de Greenwich.

“3. Il sera utile de créer une Commission Internationale de l'Heure.”

A provisional committee was formed to give effect to the last of these resolutions, and statutes were prepared in which the objects of the International Commission were defined as follows:—“To unify the ‘hour’ by radio-telegraphic signals or otherwise, whether for the purpose of scientific objects of high precision, or to supply the ordinary needs of navigation, meteorology, seismology, railway traffic, the postal and telegraphic services, public administration, watch-makers, private individuals, etc.” An International Bureau was to be established providing for scientific assistants charged with the conduct of special researches. The cost was to be divided between the States forming the union either through their governments or some scientific body. The proposed statutes were submitted to the meeting of the International Association of Academies held in 1913 at St. Petersburg and received their unanimous support. The outbreak of the war prevented further action.

1. The International Geodetic Association was formed by 21 contributing States and has an annual income of nearly £3,000, the subscription for the larger States being £300. According to its convention, which held for 12 years at a time, and was renewable, the Prussian Geodetic Institute at Potsdam was its Central Bureau. Its president, vice-president, and secretary belonged to different countries, and retained their position for the duration of the convention, which lapsed in 1916. Its most useful work dealt with the standardization and comparison of pendulums for gravity measurements. In later years it devoted itself almost entirely to investigations on changes of latitude.

2. The International Seismological Association was formed in 1903 on the pattern of the Geodetic Convention, the Imperial Seismological Station at Strassburg being selected as the Central Bureau. France, the United States and Great Britain at first refused to join this association, and the International Association of Academies appointed a committee to suggest such alterations in the proposed convention as would enable these countries to take part in the work. The principal changes proposed and ultimately accepted were: (1) that Strassburg should not necessarily remain the Central Bureau, the selection of its domicile being left to the triennial meetings, (2) that the president should only hold office for three years, (3) that a State may join through one of its scientific societies, and not necessarily through its Government, and (4) that the correspondence between the president and the organizations in each State be carried out through the secretary of the association and not through diplomatic channels as originally provided. The United States joined as soon as these changes were accepted; France

and Great Britain a few years later. The organization then consisted of 20 States, with an annual income of £1,700; the larger States contributing £160 annually. The principal functions of the bureau were to receive and distribute information and to publish systematic lists of earthquakes. Part of the funds was used in paying scientific workers appointed by the association for the purpose of carrying out special researches. The convention lapsed in 1915.

3. International Commission for the Telegraphic Distribution of Astronomical Information.—This was to begin with a body consisting of the directors of the principal astronomical observatories in Europe and America, which arranged for the telegraphic distribution of astronomical information. The preliminary arrangements were confirmed by a meeting of astronomers held in Vienna in 1883, when formal statutes for the future conduct of the work were adopted. The headquarters of the organization were at Kiel. The office and working expenses were met by subscriptions from the observatories receiving the information. These were originally fixed at 6 annually, but were subsequently reduced owing to the facilities given by cable companies, which transmit a certain number of messages without charge.

4. The International Permanent Agricultural Institute.—This was the outcome of an international meeting held at Rome during 1905 on the invitation of the King of Italy. The institute has its permanent seat at Rome, and its constitution follows lines similar to those of other international conventions. The principal object of the institute is to collect, publish and disseminate statistical information relating to agriculture, to notify new diseases in plants, and to present, if expedient, to the Governments, for their approval, measures for the protection of the common interests of agriculturists. Questions relating to the economic interests of States are excluded.

5. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.—This was constituted in 1902 as a result of discussions held at conferences meeting in Stockholm and Christiania in 1899 and 1901 respectively. It confined itself to questions relating to sea fisheries in N.-European seas, and developed as an economic and political, rather than a scientific, movement. The headquarters were at Copenhagen. The countries originally adhering to the convention were Denmark, Germany, England, Finland, Holland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. The first convention was made for five years, but annual meetings continued to be held. A number of committees were appointed to deal with different branches of the work. Large sums of money were spent on the work; the total contribution of England amounted to £70,000 (£14,000 annually).

6. The Marey Institute.—This institute was founded by M. Marey for the standardization and improvement of instruments used in physiological researches. Its laboratory is at Paris, and its work is controlled by an International Committee. The French Government contributed annually 25,000 fr., and the Swiss Government 1,000 fr. In addition, occasional money contributions were made by the academies of Paris, Leipzig, and St. Petersburg, as well as the Royal Society and the university of London.

7 and 8. The Solar Union and the Scientific Sub-Committees of the International Meteorological Committee are entered both under Groups I. and II., because their activity includes to a considerable degree scientific investigation as well as standardization.

1. The International Astrographic Chart.—The idea of forming a detailed photographic chart of the heavens originated with the late Sir David Gill, but the organization for its practical execution was mainly due to the efforts of Adml. Mouchez, who at the time was director of the Paris observatory. Its programme of work was determined upon at an international conference held in Paris in 1887. The photographs were taken at 18 observatories, of which six were in Great Britain and its colonies, four in France and its colonies, two in Italy, one each in Germany, Finland and Chile. Each country paid the expenses of its own observatories.

2. Carte Internationale du Monde au Millionième.—The proposal to issue a map of the world on a uniform plan was initiated at a conference held in London in 1910. In this conference only those countries took part who were represented by ambassadors at the Court of St. James. A second conference, in which other countries also took part, was held at Paris in Dec. 1913. Further details with regard to the construction of the map were settled, and it was resolved that a permanent central office should be established in England for the communication of data, interchange of information, and the publication of an annual report. The headquarters of the office are at the Ordnance Survey, Southampton.

3. The International Catalogue of Scientific Literature.—This catalogue, which begins with the year 1901, has its central office in London. Twenty-nine countries (counting the four Australian colonies separately) participate in the work, and most of them have established Regional Bureaux for the preliminary work of preparing the slips which are transmitted to England. The annual expenses before the war were approximately covered by the guarantees of different countries, which took the form of subscriptions for copies of the work, and the independent sales.

Sufficient has now been said to illustrate the variety both in method of work and constitution of the great number of

Unions that had gradually come into existence before the World War. The freedom from tradition and convention with which scientific men interested in a particular subject combined together for a common object had undoubted advantages, as each combination could adopt the constitution best suited to its needs. But there were serious drawbacks. One was the multiplication of bodies. The above list includes five independent organizations dealing with divisions of astronomy. Though they concerned themselves with well-defined branches of the subject, and did not interfere with each other, the great increase in the number of meetings that had to be attended by the same men at different times and in different parts of the world called for some kind of unification. The formation of a more comprehensive body dealing with the whole of astronomy became, for this reason alone, almost inevitable. Then there was the question of funds, which could only be obtained with increasing difficulty, unless some particular Government showed a special and not always altruistic interest in the subject, and attained its object by diplomatic pressure. The International Geodetic Association was brought into existence through diplomatic agencies, and its constitution was vitiated by a not very effective but nevertheless annoying attempt at Government control. It was provided, for instance, that correspondence between the president and the scientific organizations in each State should only be carried out through diplomatic channels, and the association could not itself determine the seat of its Central Bureau. The delegates at the meeting were appointed by the Governments, and often received definite instructions beforehand with regard to their vote. Similar provisions were made originally in the case of the International Association of Seismology, and were abandoned only as a concession to France, England and the United States, who made this a condition of their joining.

It had been hoped at one time that a combination of the leading academies of different countries would help in systematizing international efforts. In the year 1899 a meeting was held at Wiesbaden at which representatives of the principal scientific and literary academies discussed the formation of an International Association of Academies, and drafted statutes for such an association. The proceedings at the meeting having been ratified by the bodies concerned, the association was formed and held five meetings at triennial intervals (Paris 1901; London 1904; Vienna 1907; Rome 1910; and St. Petersburg 1913). Twenty-four academies ultimately formed part of the association, though two of them (the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Finnish Academy of Helsingfors), having only been elected in 1913, never took an active part in the work. The declared object of the association was “to prepare and promote scientific enterprises (travaux scientifiques) of general interest, proposed by one of the Associated Academies, and tc facilitate in a general way scientific intercourse between different countries.” The attitude of this new body towards other international organizations was discussed at the meeting held at London in 1904 when the following resolution was passed by 19 votes against one:—

“That the initiation of any new international organization, to be maintained by subventions from the different states, demands careful previous examination into the value and objects of such organization, and that it is desirable that proposals to establish such organizations should be considered by the International Association of Academies before definite action is taken.”

This resolution only applied to the initiation of new organizations, as the Association of Academies could not claim to exercise any control over the large number that were already in operation. Nevertheless, it was hoped that it might promote coördination by suggestion and advice.

The Association of Academies included the humanistic well as the scientific branches of knowledge. It would be easy to point out some valuable undertakings carried out by this body, but the sum total of its effective influence was disappointing. In view of the later period of reconstruction it is necessary to allude to the main source of its weakness. Owing to the limitations of their membership and the great subdivision of our

present knowledge, the great academies of the world have lost some of their former authority, which has passed into the hands of specialized societies. While still supreme in questions of general policy, they cannot supply by themselves alone such detailed knowledge as is required in international work.

This then was the position when the World War broke out, and scientific coöperation in peaceful pursuits was inevitably in abeyance. In due course the work of reconstructing it on new lines had to be taken in hand. Informal correspondence between the secretaries of the Royal Society and the Paris Academy of Sciences was interrupted by the death of M. Darboux, a man of great experience and sound judgment combined with a wide and generous outlook. Its resumption after a short interval led to a conference of representatives of the scientific academies in the Allied countries which was held in London on Oct. 11 1918. There were two guiding principles underlying the resolutions arrived at. The first was that no results could be hoped for from any international organization necessitating friendly coöperation and personal intercourse between former belligerents until sufficient time had elapsed for the strong resentment engendered by the initiation and conduct of the war to subside; the second motive was not to lose the favourable opportunity of reconstructing the whole of the international work, by substituting a logical system for the haphazard jumble of conventions and agreements to which its spasmodic historical growth had led. It was the second as much as the first consideration which necessitated a lengthened period for the exclusion of enemy interests which were mainly responsible for the older organizations, some of these having been largely under Government control. For reasons already given, the academies had to recognize that, though they could properly be the organizing authorities, the controlling body in each country would have to be of a more representative character. The main principles were embodied in the following resolutions, which, it will be seen, make special provision for the administrative relations between public services in which coöperation of enemy countries would naturally be resumed after the declaration of peace:—

1. That it is desirable that the nations at war with the Central Powers withdraw from the existing conventions relating to International Scientific Associations in accordance with the statutes or regulations of such conventions respectively, as soon as circumstances permit; and that new associations deemed to be useful to the progress of science and its applications be established without delay by the nations at war with the Central Powers with the eventual coöperation of neutral nations.

2. That certain associations, such as the Metric Convention, depending on diplomatic agreements, be taken into consideration during the peace negotiations.

3. It is not intended that these measures be applied to agreements relating to indispensable administrative relations between public services, such as those regulating navigation, meteorological telegrams, railways, telegraphs, etc.

4. A committee of inquiry be constituted by the conference, the academies of the countries at war with the Central Powers having power to add further members. This committee shall prepare a general scheme of international organizations to meet the requirements of the various branches of scientific and industrial research, including those relating to national defence.

5. Each of the academies represented at the conference shall be invited to initiate the formation of a National Council for the promotion of the researches specified in resolution 4.

6. An International Council, having as nucleus the committee specified in resolution 4, shall be formed by the federation of the National Councils.

7. The conference, being of opinion that all industrial, agricultural and medical progress depends on pure science, draws the attention of the various Governments to the importance of theoretical and disinterested researches, which after the restoration of peace should be supported by large endowments. The conference urges similarly the creation of large laboratories for experimental science, both private and national.

At a further meeting, held at Paris at the end of Nov. 1918, representatives of the following countries were present: Belgium, Brazil, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Poland, Rumania, Serbia and the United States of America. The delegates of Greece and Portugal were prevented from attending. The meeting confirmed the London resolutions and discussed the methods of giving effect to them. A committee

of five delegates, representing Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy and the United States respectively, was appointed to make more definite proposals for the proposed organizations, and the International Research Council was finally constituted at a meeting held at Brussels in July 1919. In the meantime the Treaty of Peace with Germany had been drafted. Article 282 of this treaty, as ultimately ratified, runs as follows:—“From the coming into force of the present Treaty, and subject to the provisions thereof, the Multilateral Treaties, Conventions and Agreements of an economic and technical character enumerated below and in the subsequent articles shall alone be applied as between Germany and those of the Allied and Associated Powers party thereto.” The list of 26 conventions and agreements which form the exceptions contains only two of the scientific organizations with which we are here concerned, viz. (20), convention of May 20 1875, regarding the unification and improvement of the metric system, and (23) convention of June 7 1905, regarding the creation of an International Agricultural Institute at Rome. It would appear from this that Germany must be considered to have withdrawn from all other scientific organizations, at any rate from those which had received Government support. This view is further confirmed by Article 24 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, according to which:—

It is a reasonable interpretation of this article that so long as Germany remained excluded from the League of Nations it was not intended to give financial support to international organizations of which Germany formed a part. The way seemed therefore open to reconstruct international scientific work unhampered by the agreements that existed before the war.

A full report of the Proceedings of the Brussels Conference having been published (Harrison & Sons, London), it is only necessary here to outline the general organization that was agreed upon. The objects of the International Research Council, which was now constituted, are defined as follows:—

(1) To coördinate international efforts in the different branches of science and its applications.

(2) To initiate the formation of international associations or unions deemed to be useful to the progress of science in accordance with Article I. of the resolutions adopted at the Conference of London, Oct. 1918 (see page 17 of this report).

(3) To direct international scientific activity in subjects which do not fall within the purview of any existing international associations.

(4) To enter through the proper channels into relation with the Governments of the countries adhering to the International Research Council in order to promote investigations falling within the competence of the Council.

It should be noticed that, once an international association has been formed, it becomes autonomous and is independent of the parent body, subject only to the approval of its statutes and the conditions laid down for admission. The statutes exclude the Central Powers, and lay down a majority of three-quarters for the admission of all but the specified belligerent countries; but so far as countries neutral during the war are concerned, the provision is dealt with by the unanimous invitation extended to them. The following countries had joined the International Research Council by May 1921:—Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Greece, Holland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Monaco, Norway, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States and the United Kingdom.

The statutes remain in force until Dec. 1931, but can be

altered at any time with the approval of two-thirds of the adhering countries. Different countries have voting powers according to their contributions, which depend on their population. Self-governing dominions count as independent States.

In addition to the International Research Council, unions were definitely constituted to organize international work in astronomy, geodesy and geophysics and chemistry. In each case the adhering countries constitute National Committees to superintend their part of the work. These National Committees are formed according to the decision of each country, under the responsibility either of its principal academy, or of its National Research Council (where such exists), or of some other national institution or association of institutions, or of its Government.

While the academies of most countries have been satisfied with nominating National Committees on a representative basis for the special purpose of organizing the international work, the United States has established a National Research Council, which is subdivided according to subjects, and which deals with national as well as international activities.

In extensive subjects covering a large range such as astronomy and geophysics, subdivision into groups is necessary, but each union adopts the methods that appear to them to be most effective. While astronomy works through as many as 32 standing committees, the Union of Geodesy and Geophysics has divided itself into six sections, comprising (a) geodesy, (b) seismology, (c) meteorology, (d) terrestrial magnetism and electricity, (e) physical oceanography, and (f) vulcanology.

In addition to the three unions which were actually brought into being at the time, the conference at Brussels formulated proposals for adding unions in the following subjects: mathematics, physics, scientific radio-telegraphy, geology, biological sciences, geography and, finally, bibliography and documentation. The first of these was subsequently constituted at a meeting held in Strassburg, and already counts many countries as adherents. The unions of physics and scientific radio-telegraphy also received substantial support, and it was expected in May 1921 that they would probably be constituted shortly. It seems probable that the international work, which is now established on a sufficiently uniform system to avoid overlapping and waste, while allowing complete liberty of organization within their respective spheres, will in future be carried out as efficiently as is possible in a domain which presents so many inherent difficulties.

In conclusion, and in order to avoid any misunderstanding or misapprehension as regards the general attitude of international science towards research, a declaration of policy which was adopted at the Paris Conference of Nov. 1918 may be quoted:—“The International Research Council recognizes that all great advances in science are initiated by individual efforts, and that it has become increasingly necessary to encourage these efforts. It includes, therefore, within its functions the task of actively encouraging all endeavours to supply the means and freedom necessary to those capable of conducting scientific researches of a high order.” (A. S.*)


text:
Page:Mind (New Series) Volume 9.djvu/481

 After this it seems almost trivial to mention that (as has long been recognised) the Aristotelian conception of ἐνέργεια affords no foothold for the ‘unknowable substrate’ view of Substance, since the δύναμις is entirely dependent on the

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Mind (New Series) Volume 9.djvu/482

 ἐνέργεια. Once, therefore, all potentialities were realised, the antithesis between appearance and reality would disappear in their coincidence. And a κόσμος composed of ἐνέργειαι ἀκινησίας would have nothing to fear from an irruption of incalculable and inexplicable ‘Things-in-themselves’. And finally, in spite of the risk of exposing myself to a charge of a μεταβάσις εὶς ἄλλο γένος, I cannot forbear to point out that no one who believes that it is the duty of philosophy to systematise the whole of experience can fail to appreciate the great practical value of putting before men a metaphysical ideal of Being which stimulates us to be active and to develop all our powers to the utmost, while at the same time warning us that such self-realisation must assume the form, not of a hideous, barbarous and neurotic restlessness, or of an infinite (and therefore futile) striving and struggle, but of the harmonious equipoise of an Ἐνέργεια Ἀκινησίας.


text:
Executive Order 10999

By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, including authority vested in me by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (72 Stat. 1799), it is hereby ordered as follows:

These plans and programs shall be designed to develop a state of readiness in those areas with respect to all degrees of national emergency, including attack upon the United States.

{|style="border-collapse:collapse; empty-cells:hide; margin: 0em 0em 0em 3.0em;"

 * }

John F. Kennedy The White House, February 16, 1962. [FR Doc. 1962–xxxx Filed 2–19–62; 8:45 am] Billing Code xxxx–xx–x

title: Executive Order 10999


text:
Executive Order 11000

By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, including authority vested in me by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (72 Stat. 1799), it is hereby ordered as follows:

John F. Kennedy The White House, February 16, 1962. [FR Doc. 1962–xxxx Filed 2–19–62; 8:45 am] Billing Code xxxx–xx–x

title: Executive Order 11000


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/552

532 For the present, however, the conflagration was extinguished. The cathedral was turned into an arsenal, fortified and garrisoned; and the suspicion and jealousy which had been raised between the spiritualty and the gentlemen soon doing its work, the latter offered their services to Suffolk, and laboured to earn their pardon by their exertions for the restoration of order. The towns one by one sent in their submission. Louth made its peace by surrendering unconditionally fifteen of the original leaders of the commotion. A hundred or more were taken prisoners elsewhere, Abbot Mackarel and his canons being of the number; and Suffolk was informed that these, who were the worst offenders, being reserved for future punishment, he might declare a free pardon to all the rest 'without doing unto them any hurt or damage in their goods or persons.'

In less than a fortnight a rebellion of sixty thousand persons had subsided as suddenly as it had risen. Contrived by the monks and parish priests, it had been commenced without concert, it had been conducted without practical skill. The clergy had communicated to their instruments alike their fury and their incapacity.

But the insurrection in Lincolnshire was but the first shower which is the herald of the storm.


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/553

1536.] On the night of the 12th of October there was present at an inn in Lincoln, watching the issue of events, a gentleman of Yorkshire, whose name, a few weeks later, was ringing through every English household in accents of terror or admiration.

Our story must go back to the beginning of the month. The law vacation was drawing to its close, and younger brothers in county families who then, as now, were members of the inns of court, were returning from their holidays to London. The season had been of unusual beauty. The summer had lingered into the autumn, and during the latter half of September young Sir Ralph Ellerkar, of Ellerkar Hall in 'Yorkyswold,' had been entertaining a party of friends for cub-hunting. Among his guests were his three cousins, John, Robert, and Christopher Aske. John, the eldest, was the owner of the old family property of Aughton-on-the-Derwent, a quiet unobtrusive gentleman with two sons, students at the Temple: of Robert, till he now emerges into light, we discover only that he was a barrister in good practice at Westminster; and Christopher was the possessor of an estate in Marshland in the West Riding. The Askes were highly connected, being cousins of the Earl of Cumberland, whose eldest son, Lord Clifford, had recently married a daughter of the Duke of Suffolk, and niece of the King.


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/554

534 The hunting party broke up on the 3rd of October, and Robert, if his own account of himself was true, left Ellerkar with no other intention than of going direct to London to his business. His route lay across the Humber at Welton, and when in the ferry he heard from the boatmen that the commons were up in Lincolnshire. He wished to return, but the state of the tide would not allow him; he then endeavoured to make his way by by-roads and bridle-paths to the house of a brother-in-law at Sawcliffe. But he was met somewhere near Appleby by a party of the rebels. They demanded who he was, and on his replying, they offered him the popular oath. It is hard to believe that he was altogether taken by surprise; a man of such remarkable powers as he afterwards exhibited could not have been wholly ignorant of the condition of the country; and if his loyalty had been previously sound he would not have thrown himself into the rising with such deliberate energy. The people by whom he was 'taken,' as he designated what had befallen him, became his body-guard to Sawcliffe. He must have been well known in the district. His brother's property lay but a few miles distant, across the Trent, and as soon as the news spread that he was among the rebels his name was made a rallying cry. The command of the district was assigned to him from the Humber to Kirton, and for the next few days he remained endeavouring to organize the


text: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/255

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/255


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Kairwan

KAIRWAN, kḯr-wän' (Ar. kairuwân, from the Persian kârawân, caravan, or resting-place). A town in Tunis, 30 miles southwest of Susa (with which it is connected by rail), and about 80 miles south of the city of Tunis. It is situated in a treeless plain, covered in part by salt marshes, some distance west of a stream flowing south to Sedi el-Heni Lake (Map: Africa, E 1). About A.D. 670 the Mohammedan General Ukbah, after having conquered Northern Africa, selected a site in the midst of a dense forest, then infested by wild beasts and reptiles, as the location of a military post. It was to keep in check the Berber hordes, and was selected far from the sea in order to avoid danger of attack. This ‘resting-place’ soon developed into a city, which the fertility of the region made celebrated for its olive groves and luxuriant gardens. Fifteen

years after its founding it was besieged by an overwhelming force of Berbers, and fell into their hands after Ukbah had been killed in battle. It was later recaptured, and though more than once besieged remained for four centuries the ‘holy city,’ the Mecca of Northern Africa. In the tenth century the city was embellished by the Aghlabites; later it suffered considerably from the rivalry of Mahdiyyah, and then of Tunis; but in the eleventh century, as the capital of the Siride Muizz, was still famous for its wealth and prosperity. About the middle of that century, however, the Fatimites of Egypt instigated the Egyptian Bedouins to invade this part of Africa; Kairwan, attacked and taken, was so utterly destroyed that it never afterwards regained its former position; it continued, nevertheless, to be the centre of theological study. In 1881 it was taken by the French without much difficulty, though much opposition had been expected from the religious zealots. It was then newly fortified and made the capital of a ‘contrôle civil.’

It is surrounded by a high brick wall, pierced by five main gateways, and surmounted by towers; the circuit is about 3500 yards, and almost forms a hexagon. Until the French occupation access to the city was difficult for non-Mohammedans; but visitors at present have little trouble in entering even the mosques. There are about eighty ecclesiastical structures; numerous tombs of saints and warriors, for the dead are brought from afar to be buried in the ‘holy city;’ and about thirty mosques, of which six are important ones. The Ukbah mosque, which was rebuilt in 827, is in the northern section of the city, and is one of the most magnificent and sacred in Islam, being considered one of the four gates of Paradise. It contains about 430 antique Roman columns of marble, granite, and porphyry, with horseshoe arches; the ceiling is flat, of dark wood; in the centre of the immense court, which is surrounded by a double colonnade, is a marble fountain over the sacred well, which is supposed to communicate with the Zemzem at Mecca; the mihrab is tiled; the sanctuary double, with ten arches in one direction and seventeen in the other. The chief manufactures of the place to-day are copper utensils, carpets, morocco leather, oil of roses, saltpetre, and potash; the handsome bazaars are well stocked, though nothing is exported. Population, in 1896, 26,000, including that of seven populous suburbs.


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/555

1536.] into some kind of form. But he was doubtful of the prospects of the rebellion, and doubtful of his own conduct; the commons of the West Biding beginning to stir, he crossed into Marshland; and passing the Ouse into Howdenshire, he went from village to village, giving orders that no bells should be rung, no beacon should be lighted, except on the receipt of a special message from himself.

Leaving his own county, he again hastened back to his command in Lincolnshire; and by this time he heard of Suffolk's advance with the King's answer to the petition. He rode post to Lincoln, and reached the town to find the commons and the gentlemen on the verge of fighting among themselves. He endeavoured to make his way into the cathedral close, but finding himself suspected by the commons, and being told that he would be murdered if he persevered, he remained in concealment till Suffolk had made known the intentions of the Government; and then, perhaps satisfied that the opportunity was past, perhaps believing that if not made use of on the instant it might never recur, perhaps resigning himself to be guided by events, he went back at full speed to Yorkshire.

And events had decided: whatever his intentions may have been, the choice was no longer open to him.

As he rode down at midnight to the bank of the Humber, the clash of the alarm-bells came pealing far over the water. From hill to hill, from church tower to church tower, the warning lights were shooting. The fishermen on the German Ocean


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/556

536 watched them, flickering in the darkness from Spurnhead to Scarborough, from Scarborough to Berwick-upon-Tweed. They streamed westward, over the long marshes across Spalding Moor; up the Ouse and the Wharf, to the watershed where the rivers flow into the Irish Sea. The mountains of Westmoreland sent on the message to Kendal, to Cockermouth, to Penrith, to Carlisle; and for days and nights there was one loud storm of bells and blaze of beacons from the Trent to the Cheviot Hills.

All Yorkshire was in movement. Strangely, too, as Aske assures us, he found himself the object of an unsought distinction. His own name was the watchword which every tongue was crying. In his absence an address had gone out around the towns, had been hung on church doors, and posted on market crosses, which bore his signature, though, as he protested, it was neither written by himself nor with his consent. Ill composed, but with a rugged eloquence, he called upon all good Englishmen to make a, stand for the Church of Christ, which wicked men were destroying, for the commonwealth of the realm, and for their own livings, which were stolen from them by impositions. For those who would join it should be


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/557

1536.] well; those who refused to join, or dared to resist, should be under Christ's curse, and be held guilty of all the Christian blood which should be shed.

Whoever wrote the letter, it did its work. One scene out of many will illustrate the effect.

William Stapleton, a friend of Aske, and a brother barrister, also bound to London for the term, was spending a few days at the Grey Friars at Beverley, with his brother Christopher. The latter had been out of health, and had gone thither for change of air with his wife. The young lawyer was to have set out over the Huinber on the 4th of October. At three in the morning his servant woke him, with the news that the Lincolnshire beacons were on fire, and the country was impassable. Beverley itself was in the greatest excitement; the sick brother was afraid to be left alone, and William Stapleton agreed for the present to remain and take care of him. On Sunday morning they were startled by the sound of the alarm-bell. A servant who was sent out to learn what had happened, brought in word that an address had arrived from Robert Aske, and that a proclamation was out, under the town seal, calling on every man to repair to Westwood Green, under the walls of the Grey Friars, and be sworn in to the commons. Christopher Stapleton, a sensible man, made somewhat timid by illness, ordered all doors to be


text:
Executive Order 11001

By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, including authority vested in me by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (72 Stat. 1799), it is hereby ordered as follows:

John F. Kennedy The White House, February 16, 1962. [FR Doc. 1962–xxxx Filed 2–19–62; 8:45 am] Billing Code xxxx–xx–x

title: Executive Order 11001


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/558

538 locked and bolted, and gave directions that no one of his household should stir. His wife, a hater of Protestants, an admirer of Queen Catherine, of the Pope, and the old religion, was burning with sympathy for the insurgents. The family confessor appeared on the scene, a certain Father Bonaventure, taking the lady's part, and they two together 'went forth out of the door among the crowd.' 'God's blessing on ye,' William Stapleton heard his sister-in-law cry.—'Speed ye well,' the priest cried; 'speed ye well in your godly purposes.' The people rushed about them. 'Where are your husband and his brother?' they shouted to her. 'In the Freers,' she answered. 'Bring them out!' the cry rose. 'Pull them out by the head; or we will burn the Freers and them within it.' Back flew the lady in haste, and perhaps in scorn, to urge forward her hesitating lord—he wailing, wringing his hands, wishing himself out of the world; she exclaiming it was God's quarrel—let him rise and show himself a man. The dispute lingered; the crowd grew impatient; the doors were dashed in; they rushed into the hall, and thrust the oath down the throat of the reluctant gentleman, and as they surged back they swept the brother out with them upon the green. Five hundred voices were crying, 'Captains! captains!' and presently a shout rose above the rest, 'Master William Stapleton shall be our captain!' And so it was to be: the priest Bonaventure had willed it so; and Stapleton, seeing worse would follow if he refused, consented.

It was like a contagion of madness—instantly he


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/559

1536.] was wild like the rest. 'Forward!' was the cry—whither, who knew or cared? only 'Forward!' and as the multitude rocked to and fro, a splashed rider spurred through the streets, 'like a man distraught,' eyes staring, hair streaming, shouting, as he passed, that they should rise and follow, and flashing away like a meteor.

So went Sunday at Beverley, the 8th of October, 1536; and within a few days the substance of the same scene repeated itself in all the towns of all the northern counties, the accidents only varying. The same spirit was abroad as in Lincolnshire; but here were strong heads and strong wills, which could turn the wild humour to a purpose—men who had foreseen the catastrophe, and were prepared to use it.

Lord Darcy of Templehurst was among the most distinguished of the conservative nobility. He was an old man. He had won his spurs under Henry VII. He had fought against the Moors by the side of Ferdinand, and he had earned laurels in the wars in France against Louis XII. Strong in his military reputation, in his rank, and in his age,, he had spoken in Parliament against the separation from the See of Home; and though sworn like the rest of the peers to obey the law, he had openly avowed the reluctance of his assent—he had secretly maintained a correspondence with the Imperial Court.

The King, who respected a frank opposition, and


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/560

540 had no suspicion of anything beyond what was open, continued his confidence in a man whom he regarded as a tried friend, and Darcy, from his credit with the Crown, his rank, and his position, was at this moment the feudal sovereign of the East Riding. To him Henry wrote on the first news of the commotion in Lincolnshire, when he wrote to Lord Hussey and Lord Shrewsbury, but entering into fuller detail, warning him of the falsehoods which had been circulated to excite the people, and condescending to inform him 'that he had never thought to take one pennyworth of the parish churches' goods from them.' He desired Lord Darcy to let the truth be known, meantime assuring him that there was no cause for alarm; 'one true man was worth twenty thieves and traitors,' and all true men, he doubted not, would do their duty in suppressing the insurrection.

This letter was written on the same 8th of October on which the scenes which have been described took place at Beverley. Five days later the King had found reason to change his opinion of Lord Darcy.

To him, as to Lord Hussey, the outbreak at this especial crisis appeared inopportune. The Emperor had just suffered a heavy reverse in France, and there was ro prospect at that moment of assistance either from Flanders or Spain. A fair occasion had been lost in the preceding winter—another had not yet arisen. The conservative English were, however, strong in


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Kaisarieh

KAISARIEH, kī'sȧ-rē'e. A town of Asiatic Turkey, situated in the Vilayet of Angora, a short distance from Mount Argæus, and 160 miles southeast of Angora (Map: Turkey in Asia, F 3). It has narrow and crooked streets, and is partly surrounded by walls. There are a mosque, dating from 1238. and extensive bazaars. The chief occupation of the inhabitants is trade, for which the city is well adapted on account of its location. Kaisarieh is the seat of a Greek bishop, an Armenian archbishop, and a Roman Catholic bishop. In the town are also a high school, a kindergarten, and an American mission. Population, estimated at 72,000. Kaisarieh occupies the site of the ancient Cæsarea, in Cappadocia.


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/65

Rh the clouds might, nevertheless, overtake us; and here, perhaps in the territory of the Valais, shut in on both sides by mountains, we might be covered with the clouds, and in one night snowed up. Thus whispered alarm, which got possession almost entirely of one ear: at the other, good courage was speaking in a confident tone, and, reproving me for want of faith, kept reminding me of the past, and called my attention to the phenomena of the atmosphere before us. Our road went continually on toward the fine weather. Up the Rhone all was clear; and, although a strong west wind kept driving the clouds behind us, they could not reach us.

The following was the cause of this. Into the valley of Valais there are, as I have so often remarked already, running down from the neighbouring mountain chains, many ravines, which fall into it like little brooks into a great stream, as, indeed, all their waters flow off into the hone. Out of each of these openings R rushes a current of wind, which has been forming in the inner valleys and nooks of the rocks. Whenever the principal drift of the clouds up the valley reaches one of these ravines, the current of the wind does not allow the clouds to pass, but contends with them and with the wind that is driving them, and thus detains them, and disputes with them for whole hours the passage up the valley. This conflict we often witnessed; and, when we believed we should surely be overtaken by the clouds, an obstacle of this kind would again arise: and, after we had gone a league, we found they had scarcely stirred from the spot.

Toward evening the sky was. uncommonly beautiful. As we arrived at Brieg, the clouds got there almost as soon as we: however, as the sun had set, and a driving east wind blew against them, they were obliged to come to a halt, and formed a huge crescent, from mountain to mountain, across the valley. The cold air had


text:
Executive Order 11003

By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, including authority vested in me by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (72 Stat. 1799), it is hereby ordered as follows:

John F. Kennedy The White House, February 16, 1962. [FR Doc. 1962–xxxx Filed 2–19–62; 8:45 am] Billing Code xxxx–xx–x

title: Executive Order 11003


text:
Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/320

 of the supremest importance, and therefore of the greatest difficulty. It can only be determined by men who are prepared to do everything which the situation demands from their courageous statesmanship, and which a conscientious sense of duty requires. Should it be the privilege and, I may say, the blessing of those statesmen to deal with it successfully, their works will unfold a new page in the history of the achievements of modern legislation, and in the glory of the Empire. And in the stupendous work upon which great men are at this moment, while we sit here banqueting, engaged—to which they are devoting, the experience of illustrious lives—the statesmanship which has built up the grandeur and protected the renown of the Empire—and to which they are giving the value of services which are a kind of consecration of any cause—I say in this, perhaps of all works of modern times, the greatest in its difficulty, and the vastest in its consequences, they should be supported by our warmest sympathies and our purest prayers. It is under these circumstances that we are here this evening to celebrate a festival which appeals, and ever has appealed, to the emotional sentiment of one large section of the community, and the kindly feeling of all just and gentle men of all parts of the Empire. How different is our fortunate condition here to that of the Imperial statesmen who are called upon to face the situation in England. If this were a political demonstration—which it is not, and never should be—I might properly say that while our immediate duty is to provide for the removal of a paltry pecuniary deficit, which can be instantly effaced by a little self-denial and a slight immediate personal sacrifice there, at the heart of the Empire, the deficit to be met is one which has gone through centuries of accumulated

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/320


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Kaiser

KAISER, kī'zẽr (OHG, keisur, AS. cāsere, OS. kēsur, Goth. kaisar, Gk. καῖσαρ, kaisar, emperor, from Lat. Cæsar, referring especially to Gaius Julius Cæsar). The German equivalent for Emperor. Under the early Roman Empire the

acknowledged heirs to the throne added the name Cæsar to their own in honor of the ‘divine Julius.’ ../Diocletian/ (q.v.) made it distinctively a title and bestowed it on the two associates and successors of the senior Emperors or Augusti. On the division of the Roman Empire (395 A.D.) the title was borne by the Emperors of the West and of the East. It passed away in the West with the dethronement of the last Emperor (A.D. 476), but was revived in 800, when Charles the Great was crowned Roman Emperor in Saint Peter's, at Rome. From this time dates the association of the Roman Imperial title with the kingship of a ‘barbarian’ nation, first the Franks and then after 962 the Germans. (See .) From Otho the Great to Francis II. the King chosen by the German nation as King of the Romans became Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, at first by consecration at Rome, but later through the very act of election. It was customary, however, for the German King of the Romans to be chosen during the lifetime of the Emperor, on whose death he succeeded to the higher title. Charles V. was the last German King crowned in Italy, namely at Bologna, in 1530. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, but the Imperial title was retained by the House of Hapsburg, the head of which since 1804 has borne the title of Emperor (Kaiser) of Austria. On January 18, 1871, William I. of Prussia assumed the title of German Kaiser as head of the newly created Empire. See ; .


text:
Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/321

 —a deficit which retrenchment cannot help to extinguish nor fresh taxation efface; which can only be met and removed by heroic justice, and a statesmanship little short of inspiration."

Mr. Dalley was recently offered the high position of Chief Justice of New South Wales, in succession to the late Sir James Martin, but, with characteristic generosity, he declined the honour in favour of the present holder of the office—Sir Frederick Darley, a Dublin man, who followed the Munster circuit for nine years, and afterwards attained considerable distinction at the colonial bar.

"The ability of our countrymen in the administration of government and in the science of politics has been exhibited in our colonies, as well as in numerous instances at home. It was shown by Lords Wellesley, Lawrence and Mayo, in an empire which was founded by Clive and Hastings, and extended by Wellington and Gough. In Canada it was proved by Lords Monck and Lisgar, where also Sir Garnet Wolseley maintained the national reputation. In Australia, under circumstances of almost unparalleled difficulty, similar powers were exercised by several Irishmen in the civil and legal organisation of a new society, notably by the subject of the present sketch."

It is in these words that the Dublin University Magazine introduced its illustrated sketch of the colonial career of Sir William Foster Stawell, the recently retired Chief Justice of Victoria, and now the Lieutenant-Governor of that colony. As a junior member of the Irish bar, he thought he saw a quicker way to fame and fortune in a young and rising colony, and he was not disappointed in his anticipations. From his first appearance in Melbourne, he took a leading position at the bar, and on the erection of Victoria into a separate

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/321


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/66

60 greatly condensed them; and, where their edge stood out against the blue sky, it presented to the eye many beautiful, light, and elegant forms. It was quite clear that they were heavy with snow: however, the fresh air seemed to us to promise that much would not fall during the night.

Here we are in a very comfortable inn; and, what greatly tends to make us contented, we have found a roomy chamber with a stove in it, so that we can sit by the fireside, and take counsel together as to our future travels. Through Brieg runs the usual road to Italy, over the Simplon. Should we, therefore, give up our plan of going over the Furca to Mount St. Gothard, we shall go with hired horses and mules to Domo d'Ossula, Margozro, pass up Lago Maggiore, and then to Bellinzona, then on to St. Gothard, and over Airolo, to the monastery of the Capuchins. This road is passable all the winter through, and good travelling for horses. However, to our minds it is not very inviting, especially as it was not in our original plan, and will not bring us to Lucerne till five days after our friend. We should like better to see the whole of the Valais up to its extreme limit, whither we hope to come by to-morrow evening; and, if fortune favours, we shall be sitting, by about the same time next day, in Realp, in the canton of Uri, which is on Mount Gothard, and very near to its highest summit. If we then find it impossible to cross the Furca, the road back to this spot will still be open to us, and we then shall pursue from necessity what we will not do from choice.

You can well believe that I have here closely examined the people, whether they believe that the passage over the Furca is open; for that is the one idea with which I rise, and lie down to sleep, and occupy myself all day long. Hitherto our journey was like a march directed against an enemy; and now it is as if we were approaching the spot where he has entrenched himself,


text:
Portal:Weird Tales

Main page

 * Weird Tales — with copyright information and links to monthly contents listings
 * Weird Tales (Canadian, 2nd series) — second Canadian reprint edition

Issues online

 * Primary edition

Categories

 * Category:Weird Tales — issues of Weird Tales.
 * Category:Weird Tales index pages — scans that have been proofread or are in the process of being proofread.
 * Category:Letter writers published in Weird Tales — authors with published letters in Weird Tales.

Templates

 * WT link — for linking to a story, poem or article in Weird Tales.
 * WT letter — for linking to a letter published in Weird Tales.

title: Portal:Weird Tales


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/67

Rh and we must give him battle. Besides our mule, two horses are ordered to be ready by the evening.

, Nov. 11, 1779.

Evening, six o'clock.

Again we have had a pleasant and prosperous day. This morning, as we set out early and in good time from Brieg, our host, when we were already on the road, said, "If the mountain (so they call the Furca here) should prove too fearful, you can easily come back, and take another route." With our two horses and mule we soon came upon some pleasant meadows, where the valley becomes so narrow that it is scarcely some gunshots wide. Here are some beautiful pasture-lands, on which stand large trees; while pieces of rock lie scattered about, which have rolled down from the neighbouring mountains. The valley gradually grows narrower; and the traveller is forced to ascend along the side of the mountain, having, the while, the Rhone below him, in a rugged ravine on his left. Above him, however, the land is beautifully spread out. On the variously undulating hills are verdant and rich meadows and pretty hamlets, which, with their dark brown wooden houses, peep out prettily from among the snow. We travelled a good deal on foot, and we did so in turns to accommodate one another; for, although riding is safe enough, still it excites one's alarm to see another riding before you along so narrow a track, and on so weak an animal, and just on the brink of so rugged a precipice. And, as no cattle can be left in the meadows (for the people here shut them all up in sheds at this season), such a country looks lonely; and the thought that one is continually being hemmed in closer and closer by the vast mountains fills the imagination with sombre and disagreeable fancies, enough to make you fall from your seat if you are not very firm in the saddle. Man


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/68

62 is never perfectly master of himself. As he lives in utter ignorance of the future, as, indeed, what the next moment may bring forth is hidden from him, he has often, when anything unusual falls beneath his notice, to contend with involuntary sensations, forebodings, and dream-like fancies, at which shortly afterward he may laugh outright, but which at the decisive moment are often extremely oppressive.

In our noonday quarters we met with some amusement. We had taken up our lodgings with a woman in whose house everything looked neat and orderly. Her room, after the fashion of the country, was wainscoted; the beds ornamented with carving; the cupboards, tables, and all the other little repositories which were fastened against the walls or to the corners, had pretty ornaments of turner's work or carving. From the portraits which hung around in the room, it was easy to see that several members of the family had devoted themselves to the clerical profession. We also observed over the door a collection of bound books, which we took to be the endowment of one of these reverend personages. We took down the "Legends of the Saints," and read it while our meal was preparing. On one occasion of our hostess entering the room, she asked us if we had ever read the history of St. Alexis. We said no, and took no further notice of her question, but went on reading the chapter we each had begun. When, however, we had sat down to table, she placed herself by our sides, and began again to talk of St. Alexis. We asked her whether he was her patron saint or that of her family; which she denied, affirming at the same time, however, that this saintly person had undergone so much for the love of God, that his history always affected her more than any other's. When she saw that we knew nothing about him, she began to tell us his history. "St. Alexis," she said, "was the son of noble, rich, and God-fearing parents


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/69

 in Rome; and in the practice of good works he delighted to follow their example, for they did extraordinary good to the poor. All this, however, did not appear enough to Alexis; but he secretly devoted himself entirely to God's service, and vowed to Christ perpetual virginity. When, in the course of time, his parents wished to marry him to a lovely and amiable maiden, he did not oppose their will, and the marriage ceremony was concluded; but, instead of retiring to his bed in the nuptial chamber, he went on board a vessel which he found ready to sail, and with it passed over to Asia. Here he assumed the garb of a wretched mendicant, and became so thoroughly disguised, that the servants of his father who had been sent after him failed to recognise him. Here he posted himself near the door of the principal church, invariably attending the divine services, and supporting himself on the alms of the faithful. After two or three years, various miracles took place, betokening the special favour of the Almighty. In the church, the bishop heard a voice bidding him summon into the sacred temple that man whose prayer was most acceptable to God, and to keep him by his side while he celebrated divine worship. As the bishop did not at once know who could be meant, the voice went on to announce to him the beggar, whom, to the great astonishment of the people, he immediately fetched into the church. St. Alexis, embarrassed by having the attention of the people directed to him, quietly and silently departed, also on shipboard, intending to proceed still farther abroad. But, by a tempest, and other circumstances, he was compelled to land in Italy. The saint, seeing in all this the finger of God, was rejoiced to meet with an opportunity of exercising self-denial in the highest degree. He therefore set off direct for his native town, and placed himself as a beggar at the door of his parents' house. With their usual pious benevolence did


text: Page:Weird Tales volume 36 number 02.djvu/1


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Kaiserslautern

KAISERSLAUTERN, kī'zẽrs-lou'tĕrn. A prominent and thriving town of the Bavarian Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Waldlauter, 42 miles by rail west of Mannheim (Map: Germany. B 4). It has fine schools, hospitals, an industrial museum, a municipal theatre, and all the modern improvements. The most prominent church is the Protestant. The principal industries comprise spinning factories (worsted and cotton), and manufactories of sewing and other machines, boilers, bells, furniture, and shoes. There are also extensive railway shops and ironworks. The trade in lumber and fruit is extensive. The town is of ancient origin. In the twelfth century Frederick Barbarossa built a fine palace here. It was demolished during the Spanish War of Succession. Kaiserslautern became a free Imperial city in the thirteenth century, but lost its independence in 1357, when it passed to the rulers of the Palatinate. It became French in 1801, and passed to Bavaria in 1816. It was the seat of the Provisional Government during the uprising in the Palatinate in 1849. Population, in 1890, 37,047; in 1900, 48,306.


text:
Executive Order 11004

By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, including authority vested in me by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (72 Stat. 1799), it is hereby ordered as follows:

John F. Kennedy The White House, February 16, 1962. [FR Doc. 1962–xxxx Filed 2–19–62; 8:45 am] Billing Code xxxx–xx–x

title: Executive Order 11004


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Kaiserswerth

KAISERSWERTH, kī'zẽrs-vĕrt. A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the right bank of the Rhine, six miles from Düsseldorf (Map: Germany, B 3). It is chiefly important for the house of evangelical deaconesses established by Theodor Fliedner (q.v.) in 1836 and now having branches all over the civilized world. Population, in 1890, 2379.


text: Weird Tales/Volume 36/Issue 2/It Happened to Me


text: Weird Tales/Volume 36/Issue 2/The Eyrie

title: Weird Tales/Volume 36/Issue 2/The Eyrie


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 2.djvu/39

 No. 51.]

is often asked, "Why should not a man attend both the Church and Meeting, if he derives benefit from both?" And again, "Why should not a man be a Dissenter, though he have nothing particular to object against the Church, if he is not violent in his opposition to the Church?" The following remarks, in answer to these questions, were written by a clergyman for the use of his parishioners.

Many of you have made remarks to me on the subject of Dissent, when I have been visiting you in your cottages; and the substance of these remarks has apparently been, that it was of very little importance, whether a man belonged to the Church or dissented from it, because the difference is after all but small between Churchmen and Dissenters. You have thus spoken (as it would seem) sometimes with a view of drawing out my opinions, sometimes as a sort of defence or apology for your own, sometimes in

title: Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 2.djvu/39


text:
Executive Order 11005

By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, including authority vested in me by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (72 Stat. 1799), it is hereby ordered as follows:

“Domestic surface transportation and storage” means rail, motor, and inland water transportation facilities and services and public storage. “Public storage” as used herein includes warehouses and other places which are used for the storage of property belonging to persons other than the persons have the ownership or control of such premises. “Inland water transportation” includes shipping on all inland waterways and Great Lakes shipping engaged solely in the transportation of passengers or cargo between United States ports on the Great Lakes. Specifically excluded, for the purposes of this order, are petroleum and gas pipelines, petroleum and gas storage, agricultural and food resources storage, including the cold storage of food resources, the St. Lawrence Seaway, ocean ports, and Great Lakes ports and port facilities, highways, streets, roads, bridges, and related appurtenances, maintenances of inland waterways, and any transportation owned by or pre-allocated to the military.

John F. Kennedy The White House, February 16, 1962. [FR Doc. 1962–xxxx Filed 2–19–62; 8:45 am] Billing Code xxxx–xx–x

title: Executive Order 11005


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 2.djvu/40

2 order to invite an argument. I have purposely in my answers abstained from entering into the question, and confined myself to saying simply that I did not think as you did upon the matter. It would by no means have fallen in with the purpose for which I visited you on first coming to the parish, to have entered into any lengthened reasonings. My object in calling was to express my good-will towards you, and therefore to seek our points of agreement, and not our points of difference.

At the same time you are not to suppose that I at all wish to conceal my sentiments, and it is because some of you may perhaps have an erroneous impression of what my opinion is on this subject, that I now write this. My observations will be as short as I can well make them. I shall avoid as much as possible any thing like controversy, or any expressions of opinion as to the relative merits of this or that form of dissent, or any discussion of the particular Articles of Faith (so far as there may be said to be such at all) among the several persuasions around us.—Bear in mind my object is to show you that Dissent is a sin.

But before I proceed further I must make two observations, which I wish you to keep in mind, while you read these remarks, because they will remove some difficulty, which you might otherwise feel in what follows.

1. I allow there may be conscientious Dissenters, nay, I hope in charity, there are many;—but by a conscientious Dissenter I mean a man who separates himself from the Church, because he thinks he finds something in her doctrines or discipline so far contrary to scriptural truth, and the precepts of the Gospel, that by adhering to her, he would be putting an obstacle in the way of his own salvation. Other persons may think themselves conscientious Dissenters who do not go nearly so far in their condemnation of the doctrines or practice of the Church: nay, so far from it, that they would defend their Dissent upon the ground that there is no material difference between the system and teaching in the one, and the system and teaching in the other. But such men I do not call conscientious Dissenters, but careless or weak-minded persons, who cannot have thought much or seriously upon the subject, and who can hardly have read with attention what is to be found in the New Testament respecting the sin of

title: Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 2.djvu/40


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 2.djvu/41

Rh schism, or on the authority of the Church, and the duty of obedience to it. Indeed, a man ought to consider very seriously what account he can give of his faith, who is so far both Churchman and Dissenter, and so far disposed towards both as to attend indiscriminately one or other place of worship, who also could give very little better explanation of the difference between one and the other, than a statement of the difference in the public services of each, and other particular matters of form, and of external observance. Such a person can be neither a true Churchman nor a conscientious Dissenter. He cannot be a true Churchman, for if he was he would not attend a Dissenting place of worship. For Dissent from the Church must imply a condemnation of something or other, be it of more or less importance, in the doctrines or discipline of the Established Church. And whoever attends service in a Meeting-house, when he has the opportunity of going to the Parish Church, does by so doing give his silent approbation to the principle of Dissent, and shows that at least he does not disapprove the opinions of the particular body, to whose Meeting he goes. He cannot be, on the other hand, a conscientious Dissenter, or he would not frequent the Church, i.e. a place of worship, which is supported by a system, which he considers one of injustice, and which excludes and condemns that to which he himself belongs; to say nothing about the probability of his hearing something, which though not directly levelled against Dissent, still is in spirit a reproof and protest against it.

2. When I say that Dissent is a sin, I by no means thereby imply, that for that reason every Dissenter is at once and necessarily a sinner. To say that a particular thing is a sin, is a very different thing from saying that every one who does it is a sinner. It will be as well to make this quite clear to you, and therefore I will give you some cases, in which you would, without hesitation, make the same remark that I have done.—To kill a fellow-creature is undoubtedly a crime; but you would not say that the person who killed another by accident, or in defence of his

title: Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 2.djvu/41


text:
Page:The European Concert in the Eastern Question.djvu/325

 river police below Galatz, and exclusive of the Port of Soulina, shall henceforward bear the title of Inspector of the Navigation of the Lower Danube^ and shall, as formerly, be assisted by a Chancellor and by Sub-Inspectors stationed on the different sections of the river under his superintendence, and all placed under his orders.

The Inspector of the Navigation, the Chancellor of the Inspection, as well as the Sub-Inspectors of the river sections, the Captain of the port of Soulina, and all the staff placed under the orders of the last-mentioned official, are named by the Commission by simple majority of votes, and without distinction of nationality. Their appointment can likewise be cancelled by the Commission.

The Inspector of the Navigation and the Captain of the port of Soulina perform their functions under the direct authority of the Commission, which pays them, and before which they and their subordinates take oath of office. They decide, as Judges of First Instance, upon contraventions committed within the limits of their respective districts, in matters of police and of navigation, and their decisions are given in the name of the European Commission of the Danube.

III. The management of the funds of the Soulina Navigation shall no longer be entrusted to a special agent. It shall be placed exclusively in the hands of the European Commission, or of the authority which may succeed it, and shall be carried on in the manner which is or may be determined by the said Commission or authority.

The method of levying the dues and the administration of the funds of the Soulina navigation may be modified by an unanimous decision arrived at in plenary session.

IV. The final provision of Art. XIV of the Public Act of 1865 is modified in the following sense — namely, that the prohibition to employ any portion of the sums collected by dues levied on sea-going vessels, or of loans, raised by the hypothecation of these dues, to cover the expense of works or of administrative expenditure in relation to a section of the river lying above Isaktcha, is limited to that part of the river which lies above Galatz.

V. The European Commission is charged with the


text:
Page:The European Concert in the Eastern Question.djvu/326

 maintenance and the administration of all the lighthouses forming the system of lighting the mouths of the Danube ; consequently, the proportion of the total amount of dues levied at Soulina, representing the light dues, shall belong, without deduction, to the Navigation Fund.

VI. The sanitary Regulations applicable to the mouths of the Danube, including the tariffs of sanitary dues, shall be elaborated and modified, in concert with the European Commission, by the International Council, to be established at Bucharest.

The present Regulations shall remain in force until otherwise ordered, reserving, however, the right of the European Commission to demand the immediate abrogation of those which may be in opposition to the interests of the navigation and to the principles laid down in Articles XVIII, XIX, and XX of the Public Act of the 2nd November, 1865.

In order to determine more exactly the sense of the stipulations of the said Art. XX relative to measures of quarantine, properly so called, which are put in force in time of epidemic, it is expressly understood and agreed that these measures are exclusively applicable to vessels and travellers coming from infected localities, and in non-infected ports ; and that any exceptional and restrictive measures shall be abolished, with regard to inter-communication between riverain ports, as soon as the epidemic has become general along its banks.

And in order to facilitate, in time of epidemic, the maintenance of the river police, it is further agreed that the Inspector of Navigation, the Chancellor of the Inspection, and the sectional Sub-Inspectors, shall continue, as hitherto, to pass freely to and fro on the river, under the sole condition that they must submit, in caiie they may have rendered themselves liable to infection ('en cas de compromission') to the same precautions as are laid down by the regulations for the Health Officers. The same immunities shall be extended, in case of necessity, to the engineers, employes, and workmen of the European Commission.

VII. In regard to matters specially concerning the administration of the sanitary service at Soulina, the International Council at Bucharest shall come to an understanding with the Commission with respect to the nomination and pay-


text:
Page:Weird Tales volume 36 number 02.djvu/32

 Back in Chicago, his marriage to the semi-invalid Bernice had seemed a good bargain, for she was wealthy, very generous, and had never attempted to pry too deeply into his outside affairs. But here, where he saw no one but her and a handful of stinking red-skins; where he heard nothing but that savage caterwauling and her incessant coughing—! He flung himself into the canoe and paddled furiously toward the mainland—and Hilda Johannson.

What a difference that Swedish farmer's daughter could make in his exile, if she would only cast aside her backwoods scruples! He railed inwardly at her now, for her frigid aloofness had long since fired him with a consuming infatuation. Nothing was right on this damn Michigan peninsula!

Floating across the slimy lake in ceaseless, maddening rhythm, the savage chant intruded itself upon his mind again and drove out thoughts of Hilda. He laid aside the paddle for a moment to stop his ears, so unbearable had the sound become. It had begun early this evening when the pale new moon cast its first reflection on the waters, and it would continue every night until this moon had waned. It had been Bernice's infantile delight in its crazy significance that precipitated his furious departure from the house. She had said:

"It's a ceremony the tribe holds every year at this time to appease the Spirits of the Lake—the Neebanawbaigs, they call them. This is a holy lake to the Indians, you know; and they say if anyone affronts it, or harms its friends, the Neebanawbaigs take terrible vengeance!" Here she had laughed self-consciously—as well she might!—before she went on:

"Two Horses—that's our old housekeeper's cousin, you know—spoke so convincingly of its terrors that I made it a peace offering this afternoon. I cast a bouquet of garden flowers on the waters, and said a prayer Two Horses taught me. Now, no one may harm me, for fear the Spirits of the Lake will punish them."

That last bit of addle-brained nonsense had marked the limit of Roger's endurance.

What civilized man wouldn't have blown up and flown out of the house in disgust after that? And, because Bernice's silliness had driven him away so early in the evening, he would arrive at his rendezvous with Hilda half an hour too soon. Roger Benton felt terribly abused.

Hilda, following the custom of her sex, did not appear until much later than the waiting man expected.

When she finally came in sight, she presented a striking contrast to the thin, dark, ailing woman he had left in anger. Tall, strong, blonde as her Viking forebears, she strode with lithe grace along the forest path.

Eyes that were too cold, and a thin lipped mouth too firmly set, marred the beauty of her face. But Roger Benton had never noted these imperfections. His long wait had sharpened his desire. Forgetting past rebuffs, he rushed to meet her and clasped her in his arms.

She coolly disengaged herself and sat down upon a fallen tree.

Irritably, he threw himself beside her. "Hilda, why do you hold me off like this?" he pouted. "You know I'm mad—insane about you."

Her thin lips curled in a faint smile. "You have no right to be mad about me—you're a married man."

"We're not children! You know how little I care about my wife! Besides, it's only a question of time before—" He paused.

"Before she will die, you mean," she finished simply.

He turned his head away. "Yes. She thinks she's getting better; but the doctors don't tell her what they tell me." His arms clasped her again, "And the moment I'm free, I'll marry you—I swear it! But I


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 2.djvu/42

4 country, or of his own life, or by command of lawful authorities, was a criminal. There are, indeed, few deeds which are in a general way sins, which may not be committed under such circumstances as to rescue the person who did them from being on that account a sinner. There was once a nation which did not think thieving wrong: there is a nation which does not consider a parent's destroying a child, when too poor to maintain it, as a sin: and there is a class or sect in another nation who hold the same opinion as to the lives of their parents, when too old to be serviceable to themselves. You see from these illustrations that the degree of criminality attaching to a person for his actions, depends very much on the extent of knowledge he has of the nature of the act, his education, and various other circumstances. It is very difficult to weigh these exactly in estimating how far any particular person himself does wrong while he is committing a wrong act; alone can see the heart; and, therefore, it is better to speak without immediate reference to persons, and only as to the character of the opinion or action under consideration.

With these explanations, first, on the score of conscience causing it; next, of circumstances varying the degree of criminality in different persons, I repeat Dissent is a sin, which I now go on to prove to you.

Persons dissent from the Church on account of some difference or other, this is plain; and, from what I have already said, it is also plain that I do not intend to say any thing in what follows concerning the greater differences which cause Dissent, i.e. differences which are founded upon a different interpretation of Scripture. For when a man thinks the Church unscriptural, he has a good reason for leaving it, and is (what I have called above) a conscientious Dissenter; though at the same time I am bound to say, I think his conscience a very erroneous one, which leads him to consider the Church unscriptural; and while I allow him to be conscientious in one sense of the word, yet I also think him heretical,—just as those men who (as our foretold) thought, when they persecuted the Apostles, "they did  service," were wrong, not in that they obeyed their conscience, but because they had not a more enlightened conscience. "The light that is in" a merely conscientious Dissenter is (what has called)

title: Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 2.djvu/42


text:
Page:The European Concert in the Eastern Question.djvu/327

 ment of the sanitary staff, the organization and working of the offices, the establishment and maintenance of a lazaretto, and the method of levying the sanitary dues, and the objects to which shall be devoted the proceeds of these dues, which shall form a special fund.

In order to ensure at all times to the staff, as well as to the property and works of the European Commission, the benefits of neutrality guaranteed to them by Art. XXI of the Public Act of the 2nd November, 1865, and Art. VII of the Treaty of London of the 13th March, 1871, the engineers, employes, and workmen of the European Commission may be furnished with a badge, bearing on a blue ground the white letters ' C. E. D.' Moreover, the Commission shall not be compelled to hoist upon its establishments, of whatsoever nature, and upon its boats, any flag other than its own, which is composed of five parallel stripes perpendicular to the staff, arranged in the following order of colour : — red, white, blue, white and red, the blue stripe having a height double that of each of the other stripes, and bearing in white the letters 'C.E.D.'

IX. All the provisions of the Public Act of the 2nd November, 1865, which are not expressly modified by the present Additional Act, retain all their force and efficiency.

The Regulations of Navigation and of Police, and the Tariff of Navigation Dues, shall be eventually revised by the European Commission, in order to be placed in accord with the position created by the Treaty of Berlin.

X. The present Act shall be ratified.

''Each of the High Contracting Parties shall give one ratification only. The ratifications shall he deposited within a t/ear, or sooner if possible, in the archives of the European Commission of the Danube''.

In witness whereof the respective Delegates and Plenipotentiaries have signed the present Additional Act, and have thereto affixed their seals.

Done at Galatz, the 28th day of May, 1881.


text:
Executive Order 11006

a dispute exists between the Eastern Air Lines, Inc., a carrier, and certain of its employees represented by the Flight Engineers' International Association, EARL Chapter, a labor organization; and this dispute has not heretofore been adjusted under the provisions of the Railway Labor Act, as amended; and this dispute, in the judgement of the National Mediation Board, threatens substantially to interrupt interstate commerce to a degree such as to deprive a section of the country of essential transportation service: , by virtue of the authority vested in me by Section 10 of the Railway Labor Act, as amended (45 U.S.C. 160), I hereby create a board of three members, to be appointed by me, to investigate this dispute. No member of the board shall be pecuniarily or otherwise interested in any organization of airline employees or any carrier.

The board shall report its findings to the President with respect to the dispute within thirty days from the date of this order.

As provided by Section 10 of the Railway Labor Act, as amended, from this date and for thirty days after the board has made its report to the President, no change, except by agreement, shall be made by Eastern Air Lines, Inc., or by its employees, in the condition out of which the dispute arose.

John F. Kennedy The White House, February 22, 1962. [FR Doc. 1962–xxxx Filed 2–26–62; 8:45 am] Billing Code xxxx–xx–x

title: Executive Order 11006


text:
Page:The European Concert in the Eastern Question.djvu/328

In proceeding to sign the Additional Act the Delegate declares, by order of his Government, that he signs the Act in question under the following reserve : the provisions of Articles V and VI of the Additional Act shall not be applicable to the left bank of the Kilia branch, that is to say, to Russian territory, it being, nevertheless, understood that this reserve cannot alter in any way the stipulations of the Treaties concerning the European Commission of the Danube,

The Delegate of Roumania declares, on his part, by order of his Government, that he signs the Additional Act under reserve of the equality of the rights of the Riverain States as regards the provisions of Articles V, VI, and VII of the said Act: it is, nevertheless, understood that the provisions of Art. V shall be applicable, during the duration of the European Commission, to existing rights only ; and that the provisions of Art. VII are maintained so far as concerns exclusively the levying of sanitary dues, and the management of the fund which is to be formed by means of the product of these taxes.

The Delegates respectively acknowledge and take note of these declarations and reserves, and it is confirmed that, subsequently to the drafting of the text of Art. VII, an understanding has been arrived at between the Roumanian Government and the European Commission, in the sense that the levying of the sanitary dues, and the management of the fund to be formed out of their product, shall come into the hands of the Commission.

The Delegates of Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Great Britain, Italy, Roumania, Russia, and Turkey, affix to the Additional Act their signatures and the seal of their arms.

The present Protocol is drawn up and signed in nine copies, of which one is deposited in the archives of the Commission, together with the initialled copy of the Additional Act.

Done at Galatz the 38th May, 1881. [The same signatures.]


text:
Page:The European Concert in the Eastern Question.djvu/329

 No. VIII.

In the Name of Almighty God. Signatory Powers of the Treaty of Berlin, having deemed it necessary to assemble their Plenipotentiaries in Conference at London, in order to come to an understanding as to the decisions to be taken in virtue of Article LIV of the Treaty of Berlin of the 13th July, 1878, and in respect of the execution of Article LV of the same Treaty, concerning the navigation of the Danube from the Iron Gates to its mouths, have appointed their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say:

Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Right Honourable Granville George, Earl Granville, &c.. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and Lord Edmond George Petty Fitzmaurice, &c.. Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ;

His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, George Herbert, Count Mūnster, his Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Her Britannic Majesty; His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, &c., and Apostolic King of Hungary, Louis, Count Karolyi of Nagy-Karoly, &c., his Ambassador Extraordinary to Her Britannic Majesty ;

The President of the French Republic, Charles Tissot, &c., Ambassador of the French Republic to Her Britannic Majesty, and Camille Barrere, French Delegate on the Danube Commission, &c. ;


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 2.djvu/43

Rh "darkness." I say this before passing on to consider (as I mean to do) the other kind of Dissenters, those, viz. who dissent for some lesser difference, merely lest you should suppose that I consider a person absolved from all guilt, on the ground of his being conscientious; for as a good conscience is a great treasure, so a dark conscience is like the blind leading the blind. Now then let me address myself to that larger number of persons who have no material objection against the Church as to its doctrines or discipline, and who do not think that a Dissenter will be saved a bit more than a Churchman; who, indeed, are so far from condemning the Church, that they always feel rather disposed, when acknowledging their Dissent, to make a sort of apology or explanation for their leaving the Church, as, e.g. that "it was so far to go to Church," or that "their health was weak," or "no good sittings were to be had," or that "they had an objection to the clergyman of the parish," or that "they were more edified by the service at Meeting, as more spiritual," or such reasons. I shall begin by placing before you some arguments, which indirectly support my assertion concerning the sinfulness of Dissent.

(1.) Christians are required to unite in serving God in mutual charity and hearty concord. Hence such directions as these from the Apostles to different Churches, viz. that they should endeavour to keep "the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace," that they should be "like-minded, having the same love," being "of one accord, of one mind, standing fast in one Spirit with one mind," that they should "walk by the same rule and mind the same thing," that "with one mind and one mouth they should glorify, the Father of our ," that they should "all speak the same thing," that there should be "no divisions among them," but that they be "perfectly joined together in the same mind and in the same judgment ."

As to the construction which some persons put on such passages, viz. by making them to refer to an unity in the spiritual sense, to a mystical union of the faithful all over the world, in

title: Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 2.djvu/43