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Rh looks and the beautiful play of their white rounded limbs.

As my intimacy with Julian and his family increased, I was thrown a good deal into the company of his lovely sister Lily. I was much charmed with her intelligence and winning ways. She was very curious about the manners of the ladies of England, and used to put to me the most embarrassing questions concerning them.

She could not understand the dresses of our ladies, with the external appearance of which she was well acquainted from the illustrated English works that frequently came into her hands.

"If the ladies of your country," she would say, "have to dress themselves in those complicated robes and change their costume several times a day, in addition to arranging and re-arranging their elaborate constructions of false hair, how can they possibly have time to do anything else?"

I replied that in fact many of them did little else, whereupon she expressed her wonder that they could be so enslaved to an occupation that, after all, was of no benefit, but only did harm to themselves.

I explained that it was by their elaborate costumes that many of our ladies endeavoured to obtain admiration more than by the qualities of their minds or by the agility of their bodies. Female dress, I observed, was considered usually as a means to an end, that end being the attraction of the opposite sex, with the view of forming matrimonial alliances.

"How dreadful!" exclaimed Lily, "I am sure I could not bear to be swathed in those terrible garments with their tight bands, pins and hooks-and-eyes.

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mantell, Gideon Algernon

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh during part of the time by pacemakers on bicycles. Moreover, his manager and friends went from one stopping place to another by train, in advance of the cyclist, to make arrangements for his reception. Practically everywhere along the route this French rider was met by groups of cyclists who escorted him from point to point and showed him the best route to take

to avoid steep hills and thick traffic. In Russia he had rather a sorry time on some of the vilest roads, or apologies for them, that are the only means of transit from town to town when once the rider is away from the precincts of Petrograd.

This cross Continental journey was more in the nature of a record performance than Jefferson’s ride to Constantinople, because Terront, on his Rudge, was out to do the distance against time. He set himself the task

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mantell, Joshua


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mantell, Thomas


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 dealing with the cycle industry must necessarily include some reference to the petrol propelled type of cycle which is now so common a feature of our roads. The two industries are also so closely allied that one hardly knows where one begins and the other leaves off.

Practically from the earliest time, when inventors turned their attention to mechanical propulsion on the road, it was the bicycle rather than the carriage on four

wheels that they sought to provide with an engine. Thus it was that the earliest experiment with petrol propelled vehicles was an internal combustion engine fitted to a bicycle by Messrs. Daimler and Otto, in Germany, in 1886. Little was heard of this early trial because the Otto-Daimler engine was afterwards utilized and exploited for use on motor cars. In 1895 a weird motor bicycle appeared in Paris, made by two engineers named Wolfmuller and Geisenhof. This was the first

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106 machine offered for public use, and it was brought to Humber's, Coventry, in 1896. It was too crude to gain the attention of the Coventry makers and little more was heard of motor cycles until 1897, when a Paris firm dealing in gramophones introduced the Werner front driven bicycle which, owing to ingenuity and fair reliability for those days, rapidly made a market. The Werner was exploited in this country by a Coventry firm called the Motor Manufacturing Co., who occupied part of the building now used by the Daimler Co.

The Werner inspired Coventry cycle mechanics to try their hands at a motor bicycle, but several early models known to the writer never saw more than the four walls of the shop in which they were built, because their tests never got to the road stage.

Two Coventry engineers, named Perks and Birch, were among the first to produce a practical British motor cycle. They were employed by Singer & Co., and their engine was carried inside the wheel of the machine, first in the rear wheel and afterwards, for tricycles, in the front wheel. It was probably the first

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108 makers, however, were not to have everything their own way, for in 1903, a London maker, named J. A. Prestwich, put on the British market a light engine of 28 lbs. which very soon leapt to the front, and was the precursor of the popular J.A.P. engines of to-day. Heavier types of engine were fitted to Excelsiors, and gradually the trade increased. Between 1905 and 1907 the demand for motor cycles showed signs of a slump;

cycle makers, one after the other, gave up making motor bicycles, but the Bat, Triumph, Quadrant, Rex, J.A.P., and many others, stuck to their guns and despite the vagaries of battery ignition, unsuitable tyres, and other troubles, they were eventually rewarded for their faith in the machine. The arrival of the high tension magneto solved the trouble of accumulator batteries, and firms who were fortunate or sufficiently long sighted to obtain delivery of these machines from Germany, hardly ever looked back. Engines increased in size and power, two and four-cyclindercylinder [sic] engines were introduced, the latter from BelguimBelgium [sic], and very soon practically every

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Rh youthful and ambitious pedal cyclist was yearning for a motor.

London clubs instituted trials and hill climbing competitions on a big scale, and the advertisement obtained from these largely aided the sale of motor cycles. For a very long time the daily press was extremely cynical respecting motor cycles and, in some cases, they had cause to be. However, Rome was not

built in a day, and if some of the incompetent critics on the daily papers had tempered the wind to the shorn lamb a little, the industry would not have been so long climbing the rungs of the ladder of success.

Up to about 1909–10 nearly every motor cycle was fitted with a four-stroke engine, as they are called to differentiate them from the two-stroke type. Briefly, the four-stroke engine has a power impulse, or explosion, every other revolution or every fourth stroke of the piston (down and up being counted as two strokes), whereas the two-stroke has an impulse every revolution or every two strokes of the piston.

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Rh single or twin cylinder model from 5 to 8 H.P., for side-car touring, and costing from £75 to £100 complete. (These prices have since been approximately doubled.)

Up to now the motor bicycle only has been dealt with, but quite early in the history of the industry the question of carrying a passenger in a fore-carriage or side-car was seriously attracting the attention of makers and riders alike. The trailer and the quadricycle were the

first forms of passenger attachment. They were both superseded, first by the fore-carriage attachment and later by the side-car. Various claims have been made as to the origin of the side-car, but I believe the first practical design was protected by a small London firm of cycle makers and sold to the Cycle Components, Ltd., Birmingham. The idea was ridiculed as un-mechanical, but it remains to-day the most economical form of passenger motoring and without it not more than one-quarter to one-third of the motor bicycles manufactured would be sold. The manufacture of side-cars

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Rh of the cycle industry, it is a trade quite separate from cycle making.

For many years the motor cycle laboured under a disadvantage, in so much that it possessed no change speed gear or clutch. To start the engine the whole machine had to be pushed along at a smart trot until the engine began to work, when the rider had to make a “running mount” and put one foot on the left pedal

of the crank axle and swing the other leg over the back wheel. This required some agility to perform with success.

Gradually, the trade brought out change speed gears and clutches. The latter enabled the engine to be started with the bicycle at rest, the change speed gear enabled steep hills to be climbed without hard pedalling or dismounting and running alongside. The change speed gears are dealt with separately in Chapter VIII.

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196

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 326 The Fiery Gross was the first ship to get her final chest of tea on board, at midnight, and she towed to sea early on the morning of May 29th; the Ariel left the Pagoda Anchorage at 10: 30 and the Serica and Taeping at 10:50 on the 30th; the Taitsing followed at midnight on the 31st. Here we must bid good-bye to the Ada, Black Prince, Chinaman, and Flying Spur, for these vessels, unfortunately, did not finish loading in time to take part in the race. The five competing ships, however, represented the flower of the fleet, and for this reason had been the favorites with shippers. The Fiery Cross, Taeping, and Serica were fast and well-tried vessels, while the Ariel and Taitsing were just beginning their successful career. The captains, Keay, of the Ariel; Robinson, of the Fiery Cross; Innes, of the Serica; McKinnon, of the Taeping, and Nutsfield, of the Taitsing, were all seamen of skill and experience, well known in the China trade.

The Fiery Cross found a light northeast breeze outside, and passed through the Formosa Channel with royal studdingsails set, followed by the other four ships. They all carried this breeze for four hundred miles, when the Fiery Cross drifted into a calm which let the other ships run up, but she was the first to get the southwest monsoon, and soon drew away again. On June 8th the Fiery Cross and Ariel met on opposite tacks, both ships having a strong southwest breeze, and the Fiery Cross passed three miles to windward. She kept her lead through the Straits of Sunda, passing Anjer Point at noon on June 19th, and was followed by the Ariel on the morning of June 20th and the Taeping during that

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 Rh afternoon; the Serica passed Anjer Point on the 22d. and the Taitsing on the 25th. From Anjer Point to the meridian of Mauritius they all carried fresh trade winds, and it was on this stretch across the Indian Ocean that each ship made her best twenty-four hours' run—the Ariel, 317; Taeping, 319; Serica, 291; Fiery Cross, 328; and Taitsing, 318 miles.

The Fiery Cross rounded the Cape of Good Hope on July 14th, 46 days from Foo-chow, followed by the Ariel also 46 days; Taeping, 47 days; Serica, 50 days, and Taitsing, 54 days. The Fiery Cross was on the equator, August 3d, 20 days from the Cape of Good Hope, with the Ariel still only one day astern, while the Taeping and Taitsing had each gained 1 and the Serica 2 days on this stretch. On August 9th, in latitude 12° 29' N., the Fiery Cross and Taeping exchanged signals, and they continued in company, with calms and variable winds until the 17th, when the Taeping picked up a breeze which carried her out of sight while the Fiery Cross lay becalmed for another twenty-four hours. Meanwhile, the Ariel, which was about thirty miles further to the westward, found better winds and now led the fleet, while the Taitsing brought up a good breeze and passed the Taeping, Serica, and Fiery Cross and was closing on the Ariel. At the Azores the Ariel still held the lead, though closely followed by the Taitsing, Fiery Cross, Serica, and Taeping in the order named. From the Azores to the entrance of the English Channel, the Taeping and Serica passed the Taitsing and Fiery Cross and closed on the Ariel, the Taeping leading the Serica by about six hours.

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140 And then the stays they wear under them,—do tell me what they are like."

I described as well as I was able these stiff constructions which ladies wear for the support of their backs, and for the production of what they consider a fine figure. As I cannot boast of any intimate acquaintance with these articles of dress, it is highly probable that my description did not quite do them justice, for Lily burst into an uncontrollable fit of laughter.

"What!" she exclaimed, as soon as her merriment had subsided, "do they actually wear a machine stiffened with whalebone and steel, and laced so tight they can hardly breathe in it, much less bend their bodies about in a natural way? They must reduce themselves to the condition of our poor turtles, who cannot, for the life of them, bend their backbone either forwards or backwards. Do tell Julian all about those stays; he will certainly conclude them to be a striking instance of what he calls 'atavism,' and affirm this to be a proof that you terrestrials are descended from tortoises or crabs! How I pity those poor English ladies encased in their carapace of bone and steel! Why, no English lady could move about so!"

With that she threw herself backwards, and executed a succession of the most graceful and ravishing circles in the water.

"No," I said, "certainly no English lady could do that, but they have no need to do it; and indeed it would be dangerous to attempt it, for you must remember that they live in air and move about on land, and not in the water like you."

"Ah!" she said, "how I commiserate them

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Rh to inhabit such a medium as air! I know, when I have ventured on shore, the mere weight of my own body nearly bore me to the ground, and though my limbs were in perfect freedom I could hardly keep myself erect or walk along without a painful sense of fatigue. What must it be for those poor creatures with that mass of clothes to weigh them down, with that top-heavy-looking head-dress to over-balance them, and with that inflexible corset to embarrass their movements? Surely that very unnatural mode of life must make them very often ill."

I admitted that there was a great deal of delicacy among my fair countrywomen, and that much of it might be owing to the faulty character of their attire.

"Why then do they wear clothes at all?" said my pretty companion, "surely they have less need to wear them than we have, as the weight of every thing is so much greater in air than in water."

I explained, as well as I could without giving offence, that it would be considered indelicate in ladies to go about in England so scantily clad as she was.

"Indelicate!" she exclaimed, "why, I should think the indelicacy consisted in making themselves larger in some places than they ought to be by padding, and smaller in others than they really are by tight-lacing, in supplying a deficient complexion by rouge, in increasing the height at one end by enormous erections of false hair, and at the other by those preposterous high heels which nearly upset the wearers on their noses. Besides, I think you must be hoaxing me when you talk of the indelicacy of my costume, for I have read descriptions of theatrical

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142 performances in your country and seen illustrations of them in your papers, where the young ladies on the stage were scarcely more clad than we are, and yet the performances were said to be attended by the highest and noblest of the land, both ladies and gentlemen."

I confess this was a home-thrust I found some difficulty in parrying, but I tried to get out of it by saying that people expected to see on the stage the very opposite to what would be approved of in private life.

This explanation did not satisfy my fair questioner, nor was I altogether satisfied with it myself. She perceived my embarrassment, and, with fine feminine tact, immediately changed the subject of conversation.

"What I think I would like best in your terrestrial life, would be to go up in a balloon. When sailing about in the air, ascending or descending at pleasure, one would feel oneself emancipated for the time from those everlasting laws of gravitation which keep you plodding about on the dirty earth. In a balloon, you must experience some of our sensations in the clear water that buoys us up."

I explained that the temperature fell rapidly as we mounted, so we had to encumber ourselves with a still greater load of garments than we required down on earth.

She shrugged her white shoulders at this; and made a pretty mouth indicative of dislike.

"After all, then," she said, "there is nothing like the water for comfort and pleasure."

One evening, when she was my partner at a gyrating assembly, in the pause between two dances, she said:—

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Rh "How is it possible to dance those waltzes and galops you are so fond of in Europe? With your small rooms, choke-full of people, and every lady with yards of superfluous skirt trailing after her, I should think that, when you began to turn round, the ladies' dresses would twist about the gentlemen's legs, and you would all come to the ground together."

I told her that such a catastrophe would often happen were it not that the ladies' ball-dresses were usually made of such flimsy material that they readily gave way when they became twisted round any object.

"Then after a fast and furious dance," she said, "your ladies' costumes will not be much more ample than ours."

I tried to make her comprehend the mysteries of underclothing, and told her that they might lose several layers of their dress and after all be still sufficiently covered. This amused her greatly, and she made a hundred quaint remarks about the dilapidated and forlorn appearance of the fair dancers at the end of a ball, with their beautiful and costly dresses torn to ribbons, their hair all dusty and disheveled, their complexions spoiled, and their bodies sinking with fatigue.

Of course I told her it was not half so bad as she thought, and, besides, we never noticed how young ladies looked at the end of a ball, provided they looked well at the beginning.

On another occasion, Lily said:—

"One of the most disgusting of your amusements, must be your feasts, great and small, where ladies and gentlemen are not only not ashamed but actually take pride in assembling together to cram themselves with all sorts of food and drink. No wonder, with

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144 your frequent dinner parties, most of you suffer from indigestion, for you must, on those occasions, eat and drink more than is good for you. We, who are accustomed to swallow our food when alone, thinking that the art of eating can never be a graceful one, but so very much the reverse, that we would be ashamed to eat before our most intimate friends,—we cannot understand the pleasure of sitting for hours crowded round a table, and watching one another during all that time making those horrid contortions of features which accompany the act of chewing and swallowing. I can imagine nothing more calculated to disenchant a man or a maiden of that worship and adoration that belong to love, than the sight of the beloved object stuffing a superfluity of meat and pudding into his or her gaping mouth, and washing it down with a totally unnecessary quantity of intoxicating liquors."

"Ah," said I, with a half-suppressed sigh, elicited by the fond remembrance of some joyous feasts, "you can never know the delights of a good dinner, seasoned with the witty sallies or instructive discourse of a select company of intelligent men and lovely women."

"Are your dinner parties, then, always composed of witty men and lovely women?"

I was obliged to confess that the guests did not always answer to this description, but then we would generally find a solace for the lack of brilliant conversation in the well-cooked dishes and the exquisite wines supplied by the entertainer.

"I could understand that," she replied, "if the excellence of the cookery and the cellar were always in an inverse proportion to the agreeableness of the

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Rh ; but you do not mean to say that that is always the rule?"

"Alas! no," I said, "the dinners are sometimes as bad as the company is dull, and then we are regularly bored. However," I added, "when a gentleman gives a feast he generally takes care to secure the presence of some literary or scientific celebrity, or some person of a rank superior to that of the generality of his guests; and the satisfaction we get by merely sitting at the table with such a superior person, though he may be neither entertaining nor handsome, is a sufficient compensation for bad cookery and general discomfort. Indeed," I assured Lily, "many persons who have no pretensions to wit or learning themselves acquire a sort of prestige for both from the mere circumstance of being able to boast of having dined in company with some literary lions; and I know some otherwise not very distinguished men who are very much looked up to in consequence of its being known that they have occasionally sat at the same table with a lord."

I could not get this beautiful water-nymph to see these things from the true British point of view. In fact I thought I saw something like an expression of contempt steal over her charming features, and I fear I rather blushed and betrayed some awkwardness at having to apologize as it were for some of our most cherished English habits and ideas, which in England need no apology, but which I felt could not appear in the same light to a Colymbian.

If any such feeling possessed Lily she took good care to give no expression to it in words, but merely said:—

"I fear I should be quite incapable of appreciating the pleasure of your dinner parties under the most favourable conditions of agreeable company and nice 5em

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E have already seen how, about the year 1855, the extreme clippers were succeeded in the United States by a class of vessels known as medium clippers. These vessels were not so sharp and did not carry as heavy spars or so much canvas as the old clippers, but they could carry more cargo and could be handled with fewer men. This made them more profitable when the demand for speed and the rates of freight had declined, and the extreme clippers were unable to command any higher rate than the medium clippers. After the Civil War ship-building for the oversea carrying trade steadily declined, though it was not until 1893 that the last American wooden sailing ship, the Aryan, was launched. During these thirty-eight years a good many ships were built, and by degrees a new type of vessel, designed to carry large cargoes at moderate speed, was developed, which enterprising agents advertised as clippers; but those who had known the real clippers were not deceived. Many of the old names survived; thus there were a second Memnon, another Rainbow, Sea Witch, Oriental, Eclipse, Comet, Northern Light, Ringleader,

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 LINE, alias, FRANCIS (1595–1675), jesuit and scientific writer, was born in 1595, most probably in London, though two catalogues of members of the Society of Jesus state that he was a native of Buckinghamshire. He entered that society in 1623, was ordained priest in 1628, and was professed of the four vows on 20 Aug. 1640. For many years he was professor of Hebrew and mathematics in the college of the jesuits at Liège. He was sent to the English mission about 1656, and for a short time he served in the Derby district. During 1659 and several succeeding years he was labouring in the London district; and in 1665 he was stationed in the Lancashire district. During the time that he was serving the English mission he constructed the curious dial which was set up in the king's private garden at Whitehall on 24 July 1669. In 1672 he was again at Liège, where he was spiritual father, and where he died on 25 Nov. (N.S.) 1675 (Florus Anglo-Bavaricus, p. 37).

His works are:
 * 1) ‘Refutation of the attempt to Square the Circle,’ London, 1660, 8vo; written in consequence of the acrimonious obstinacy with which his friend Father Gregory à Vincentio had defended his book ‘De quadraturâ Circuli’ against the unanswerable reply of Huyghens.
 * 2) ‘Tractatus de Corporum Inseparabilitate,’ London, 1661, 8vo. A reply by Gilbert Clerke was published under the title of ‘Tractatus de Restitutione Corporum in quo experimenta Torricelliana et Boyliana explicantur, et Rarefactio Cartesiana defenditur,’ London, 1662, 8vo. Another reply is entitled ‘A Defence of the Doctrine touching the Spring and Weight of the Air, proposed by [the Hon.] Mr. Robert Boyle, in his new Physico-Mechanical Experiments; against the objections of F. Linus. By the Author of those Experiments,’ London, 1662, 8vo.
 * 3) ‘An Explication of the Diall sett up in the Kings Garden at London, an. 1669. In which very many sorts of Dyalls are conteined; by which, besides the Houres of all kinds diversly expressed, many things also belonging to Geography, Astrology, and Astronomy are by the Sunnes shadow made visible to the eye. Amongst which, very many Dialls, especially the most curious, are new inventions, hitherto divulged be [sic] None,’ Liège, 1673, 4to, pp. 60 and 18 copperplates. It was also printed in Latin, Liège, 1673, 4to, pp. 74. Pennant says the description of this remarkable dial surpassed his powers (Description of London, p. 110). It stood on a pedestal, and consisted of six parts, rising one above the other, with multitudes of planes cut on each, which were so many dials subservient to the purposes of geography, astrology, and astronomy.
 * 4) ‘A Letter [dated 6 Oct. 1674] animadverting on Newton's Theory of Light and Colors,’ in ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ ix. 217 (see, Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton, 1855, i. 79).
 * 5) ‘Some Optical Assertions concerning the Rain-bow, transmitted from Liege, where they were publicly discussed in August last: Delivered here in the same Language [Latin], wherein they were communicated,’ in ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 26 Sept. 1675, x. 386
 * 6) ‘A Treatise on the Barometer.’
 * 7) ‘Tractatus de Horologiis,’ manuscript, pp. 82, with illustrations, preserved in the library of the university of Liège.

 LINES, SAMUEL (1778–1863), painter, designer, and art instructor, was born in 1778 at Allesley, near Coventry, where his mother was mistress of a boarding-school. On his mother's death in his boyhood he was placed in the charge of an uncle, a farmer, who employed him in agricultural work. Lines, however, managed to teach himself the rudiments of drawing and painting, and in 1794 he was apprenticed to Mr. Keeling, a clock-dial enameller and decorator of Birmingham, for whom he worked as designer. He was employed in a similar capacity by Mr. Clay, the papier-mâché maker, and also by the die engravers Wyon and Halliday. Among other objects he was frequently employed to design presentation shovels and swords of state, manufactured by Mr. Gunby of Birmingham, a great amateur of art, with a fine private collection, and Gunby's gallery was freely open to Lines, as well as to his contemporary David Cox the elder. In 1807 Lines commenced teaching drawing in Birmingham, using casts to draw from; he set up a school in Newhall Street, met with success, and was able to build himself a house in Temple Row, where he resided for the remainder of his life. In 1809 Lines, with the elder [q. v.], [q. v.], John Vincent Barber [see under ], and other artists established a life academy in Peck Lane, New Street, which was in 1814 removed to larger premises in Union Passage. It was in this room that the first exhibition of the works of Birming-


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  artists was held in 1814. Lines took a large share in the foundation of the Birmingham School of Art in 1821, and on the subsequent foundation of the Birmingham Society of Artists he was elected treasurer and curator, holding those offices till he reached the age of eighty, when he resigned, and was elected an honorary member. Nearly all the artists of the neighbourhood and many from other parts of the country received instruction in drawing at Lines's academy. A good landscape-painter himself, he possessed a great faculty of teaching others, and many of his pupils attained to much excellence. He died at his house in Temple Row on 22 Nov. 1863. A portrait of him by W. T. Roden, and a drawing of ‘Llyn Idwal,’ the property of the Midland Institute, are in the Museum and Art Gallery at Birmingham. He very rarely exhibited out of Birmingham.

(1804–1833), painter, third son of the above, was born at Birmingham on 15 Jan. 1804, and was taught drawing and painting by his father. He showed some skill in sketching trees, and was employed to make lithographed drawings for drawing-books. He was an occasional exhibitor at the Royal Academy, and showed much promise. He died at his father's house in Birmingham on 9 Nov. 1833, aged 29.

LINFORD, THOMAS (1650–1724), divine. [See .]

LINGARD, FREDERICK (1811–1847), musician, fifth and youngest son of Thomas Lingard, agent to the Mersey and Irwell, or ‘Old Quay,’ Company, was born in Manchester in 1811. He was intended for the bar, but preferred to enter the musical profession, and studied church music with Harris, a Manchester organist. Lingard was for two years organist and choirmaster at St. George's Church, Hulme, Lancashire, when his brother, Joshua Lingard, was the incumbent. About 1835 Lingard became lay-vicar of Durham Cathedral. He was also a teacher of music and composer. He died at Durham on 4 July 1847, aged 36, and was buried in St. Giles's churchyard, Durham. Lingard published ‘Antiphonal Chants for the Psalter,’ 1843; a ‘Series of Anthems,’ a compilation from various sources; many anthems and chants issued singly and frequently used at Durham Cathedral, and many separately published songs and duets.

LINGARD, JOHN, D.D. (1771–1851), Roman catholic historian of England, was descended from a family, which, though in humble circumstances, had been established from time immemorial at Claxby, Lincolnshire. His father, John Lingard, was a carpenter, and his mother was Elizabeth, daughter of a farmer named Rennell, who was prosecuted on account of his attachment to the Roman catholic religion, sentenced to two years' imprisonment, and mulcted in a heavy fine. This, added to previous misfortunes, rendered it desirable for the young couple to remove to Winchester, and there their son John was born on 5 Feb. 1771. At an early period he was recommended to the notice of Bishop Challoner, and Bishop James Talbot, Challoner's successor, sent him to the English College at Douay, which he entered as a student on 30 Sept. 1782. After a brilliant course of humanities, he entered the school of theology in October 1792. He adopted the strongly Gallican views entertained by his teachers. At the commencement of the revolutionary troubles he had a narrow escape from the fury of the populace, and left the college on 21 Feb. 1793, in company with William (afterwards Lord) Stourton, and two brothers named Oliveira. On arriving in England he was invited to the residence of Charles Philip, lord Stourton, who appointed him tutor to his son and heir. In 1794 he removed to Tudhoe, Durham, to join some of the Douay students, who had escaped from the citadel of Dourlens. In that year he migrated with his companions to Pontop Hall, the missionary residence of the Rev. Thomas Eyre, and afterwards to Crookhall, near Durham, where they resumed their collegiate exercises [see, 1748–1810]. Lingard, who had rapidly completed his course of theology, received the appointment of vice-president in the new college of Crookhall. On 18 April 1795 he was ordained priest by Bishop Gibson at York; about the same time he became prefect of studies; and for many years he filled the chair of natural and moral philosophy. He made his first appearance as an author in 1805, when he contributed to the ‘Newcastle Courant’ a series of letters which were afterwards collected under the title of ‘Catholic Loyalty Vindicated.’ These were followed in 1806 by the first edition of ‘The Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church.’ In 1808 Lingard removed with the Crookhall community to their final destination at St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, and remained there till September 1811. On the 21st of the following month he was appointed to the professorship of Sacred Scripture and Hebrew


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Rh in the Royal College of St. Patrick, Maynooth, but the former holder of the office, Matthias Crowley, had gone over to the established church, and Lingard refused to accept a chair which had been ‘infected by the leprosy of hypocrisy’ (, Irish Wits, pp. 90, 91). At a later period he declined an offer from Bishop Poynter of the presidency of the seminary at Old Hall Green.

On retiring from Ushaw he withdrew to the secluded mission at Hornby, nine miles from Lancaster. In this quiet village he spent nearly all the remainder of his long life. His residence, near Hornby Castle, the seat of his devoted friend Pudsey Dawson, was a small, unpretentious building, connected with a little chapel, built by himself, where he regularly officiated. There he pursued his literary studies without interruption, and soon after his settlement at Hornby he began to work at his ‘History of England,’ which was originally intended to be a modest ‘abridgment for the use of schools.’ In April 1817 he left England with a party of friends on a tour to Rome and the southern states of Italy, having been commissioned by Dr. Poynter to negotiate some matters of importance with the holy see. He was graciously received by Consalvi, the cardinal secretary of state, who granted him facilities for obtaining transcripts of unpublished documents in the Vatican archives. When he left Rome he was able to inform Dr. Poynter that he had succeeded in his mission, and that, among other matters, the English College was again restored to the government of the secular clergy.

Before the close of 1817 his work was so far advanced that he made proposals for publication to Mr. Mawman, who purchased for a thousand guineas so much of the ‘History’ as should extend to the death of Henry VII, and early in 1819 the three volumes embracing that period made their appearance. The portion embracing the reigns from Edward III to Henry VII was written in seven months and under great pressure. ‘It was a greater labour,’ Lingard subsequently wrote, ‘than I ever underwent in my life; nor would I have done it, had I not found that unless I fixed a time, I should never get through’ (letter to Kirk quoted in Memoir, p. 28). To the graces of style Lingard avowedly paid little attention (ib.) In 1820 the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI appeared in a fourth volume; those of Mary and Elizabeth, James I, Charles I, and Charles II followed at various intervals, and in 1830 the eighth and concluding volume brought the ‘History’ down to the revolution of 1688.

The work met from the first with a good reception. Its reputation grew with the appearance of each succeeding volume. Its temperate tone, especially on religious topics, commended the work to the attention of protestant readers, who seemed surprised to find a Roman catholic ecclesiastic treating controverted questions in a spirit of candour and truthfulness. Many of the mistakes and misstatements of Hume and other historians were unostentatiously exposed and refuted in the notes, in order that—to use Lingard's own words—he might not repel protestant readers, while furnishing every necessary proof in favour of the catholic side. Indeed, his avowed object was to shock popular prejudices as little as possible, and to do good to the cause he had at heart by writing a book which protestants would read. ‘I succeeded,’ he says in one of his letters, ‘in awakening the curiosity of some minds in the universities, in provoking doubts of the accuracy of their preconceived opinions, and in creating a conviction that such opinions were unfounded.’ As early as 1825 this was fully understood at Rome. ‘Your History,’ wrote Dr. Gradwell, ‘is much spoken of in Rome as one of the great causes which have wrought such a change in public sentiment, in England, on Catholic matters.’ The work was nevertheless regarded with suspicion from the outset by the ultra-papal party, who disliked Lingard's Gallican tendencies, and who were offended at the timid, apologetic attitude which he often assumed. As early as 1819 Bishop Milner attacked the ‘History’ in the ‘Orthodox Journal,’ and in 1828 Father Ventura, in some anonymous ‘Osservazioni sulla Storia d'Inghilterra,’ bearing the imprint of Bastia, though really published at Rome, described Lingard as a dangerous enemy of the rights of the church.

From the protestant point of view the work was subjected to severe criticism in two articles in the ‘Edinburgh Review’ by Dr. John Allen (April 1825 and June 1826). The first article discussed Lingard's treatment of Anglo-Saxon history and the second his account of the St. Bartholomew's Massacre. Throughout the critic charged Lingard with suppression and perversion of the facts. Lingard replied to the second article in ‘A Vindication of certain Passages in the fourth and fifth Volumes of the “History of England,”’ London, 1826. In the fifth edition (1827) Lingard answered a reply by Allen and defended himself from Todd's strictures on his character of Cranmer and from an attack on his account of Anne Boleyn in the ‘Quarterly Review’ (vol. lxv.) Macaulay, while admitting that Lingard was ‘a very


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Rh able and well-informed writer,’ said that his ‘fundamental rule of judging seems to be that the popular opinion on an historical question cannot possibly be correct.’

The ‘History’ passed through many editions, and Lingard spared himself no pains in revising his information in the light of recently published authorities. The original edition, ‘A History of England, from the first Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of William and Mary in 1688,’ London, 1819–30, 4to, appeared in 8 vols.; the 2nd edit. in 14 vols. London, 1823–31, 8vo; the 3rd edit. in 14 vols. London, 1825, 8vo; the 4th edit. in 13 vols. London, 1839; 5th edit. 10 vols. London, 1849–51 (the last edit. revised by the author); 6th edit. 10 vols. London, 1854–5. Several abridgments and American reprints have appeared, and the work has been translated into French, Italian, and German.

As regards the Anglo-Saxon and Norman periods the ‘History’ has been superseded by more recent investigation, but his accounts of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are still useful, and the work remains an authority for the period of the Reformation, as representing the views of an enlightened catholic priest concerning the events which led to the abolition of the papal jurisdiction in this country.

In recognition of the author's merits Pius VII on 24 Aug. 1821 caused a brief to be issued, conferring upon him the triple academical laurel, and creating him doctor of divinity and of the canon and civil law. Pope Leo XII was as much attached to him as his predecessor. When in 1825 Lingard paid his second visit to Rome, the pontiff saw him frequently and tried to persuade him to take up his residence there. Leo gave him the gold medal which etiquette then generally confined to cardinals and princes, and at the creation of cardinals in 1826 the pope informed the consistory that among those whom he had reserved in petto for the same dignity one was ‘a man of great talents, an accomplished scholar, whose writings, drawn ex authenticis fontibus, had not only rendered great service to religion, but had delighted and astonished Europe.’ In Rome, according to Canon Tierney, this was generally understood to refer to Lingard. Cardinal Wiseman, however, held the opinion that the person thus reserved was not Lingard, but the Abbé de Lamennais (Recollections of the last four Popes, 1858, p. 328); and an able writer in the ‘Rambler’ for November 1859 (ii. 75–83) came to the conclusion that Leo intended to raise both Lingard and Lamennais to the purple and that both received a verbal promise of the cardinal's hat. A summary of this controversy, by Mr. Joseph Gillow, appeared in the ‘Catholic News’ (Preston), 9 April 1892.

Lingard returned from Rome in October 1825. In 1839 Lord Melbourne, at the request of Lord and Lady Holland, granted him 300l. from the privy purse of the queen (Athenæum, 1 July 1871). He had previously received for the first two editions of his ‘History’ a gross sum of 4,133l., and with this money and other proceeds of his pen he established several burses for the education of ecclesiastical students at Ushaw. In the preface to the last edition of his ‘History’ (1849) he informed the public that ‘a long and painful malady, joined with the infirmities of age, had already admonished him to bid final adieu to those studies with which he had been so long familiar.’ He survived, however, more than two years, suffering intensely from an accumulation of maladies, and died at Hornby on 17 July 1851 in his eighty-first year. His body was interred in the cloister of the college cemetery at Ushaw.

In his personal character and demeanour he was most gentle, kind, and obliging, and in the quiet village and neighbourhood to which he had retired he was a universal favourite. At assize time several leaders of the northern circuit, including Scarlett, Pollock, and Brougham, were in the habit of visiting Hornby on a Sunday or other vacant day, in order to have the pleasure of his society. Although he never aspired to ecclesiastical honours he had a great share in the direction of the affairs of the Roman church in England, and was frequently consulted by the bishops on matters of importance.

Besides his ‘History’ his works are: 1. ‘Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church,’ 2 vols. Newcastle, 1806, and again 1810, 8vo; Philadelphia, 1841, 12mo. A so-called third edition, bearing the title ‘The History and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church,’ 2 vols. London, 1845, is really a new work, although the substance of the old work is incorporated in it. Another edit. 2 vols. London, 1858, 8vo. 2. ‘Remarks on a Charge delivered to the Clergy of theDiocese of Durham by Shute [Barrington], Bishop of Durham,’ 1807; a reply to strictures on this pamphlet by Thomas Le Mesurier, G. S. Faber, and others, with ‘some observations on the more fashionable methods of interpreting the Apocalypse,’ was issued by Lingard in 1808. 3. ‘Documents to ascertain the Sentiments of British Catholics in former ages respecting the Power of the Popes,’ 1812, 8vo. 4. ‘A Review of certain Anti-Catholic Publications, viz. A Charge delivered to the Clergy of the


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Rh Diocese of Gloucester, in 1810, by G. I. Huntingford … and a Charge delivered to the Clergy of the Diocese of Lincoln, in 1812, by G. Tomline,’ London, three editions, 1813, 8vo. 5. ‘Examination of certain Opinions advanced by Dr. Burgess, Bishop of St. David's, in two recent Publications, entitled Christ, and not Peter, the Rock, and Johannis Sulgeni versus hexametri in laudem Sulgeni patris’ (anon.), Manchester, 1813, 8vo. 6. ‘A Collection of Tracts on several Subjects connected with the Civil and Religious Principles of the Catholics,’ 1813, and London, 1826, 8vo. 7. ‘Strictures on Dr. Marsh's “Comparative View of the Churches of England and Rome,”’ London, 1815, 8vo. 8. ‘A Reply to the Observations of the “Edinburgh Review” on the Anglo-Saxon Antiquities,’ in the ‘Pamphleteer,’ vol. vii. London, 1816, 8vo. 9. ‘Observations on the Laws and Ordinances which exist in Foreign States relative to the Religious Concerns of their Roman Catholic subjects,’ London, 1817, 8vo. 10. ‘Supplementum ad Breviarium Romanum adjectis officiis Sanctorum Angliæ,’ London, 1823, 8vo. 11. ‘A new Version of the Four Gospels, with Notes critical and explanatory, by a Catholic,’ London, 1836, 8vo. This version was coldly received by the extreme papal party. In general Lingard translated from the Greek text, and gave reasons for preferring it to the Latin Vulgate. 12. ‘Catechetical Instructions on the Doctrines and Worship of the Catholic Church,’ 2nd edit. London, 1840, 12mo; new edit. London, 1844, 12mo.

Lingard wrote prefaces to Ward's ‘Errata of the Protestant Bible,’ Dublin, 1810 and 1841, 8vo, and to ‘The Faith and Doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, proved by the testimony of the most learned Protestants,’ anon. [by the Hon. William Talbot], Dublin, 1813, 12mo. Replies to some of his controversial works were published by Bishop Barrington, Bishop Phillpotts of Exeter, and N. J. Hollingsworth.

A fine portrait of Lingard by James Lonsdale hangs in the hall of Ushaw College, and an engraving by Henry Cousins was published in 1836. A miniature taken in 1849 by T. Skaife was engraved by M'Cabe for the fifth edition of the ‘History.’

LINGARD or LYNGARD, RICHARD (1598?–1670), dean of Lismore, probably an Englishman, was educated at Cambridge. Proceeding to Ireland, he was ordained deacon on 22 Oct. 1621, priest on 22 Oct. 1622, and became vicar of Killaire in the county of Meath, a benefice which no longer exists. On 28 Sept. 1633 he was collated to the vicarage of St. Mary's, Athlone, with that of Kilclough and the curacy of Ballyloughloe, all in the diocese of Meath and the county of Westmeath. In March 1639 he was appointed archdeacon of Clonmacnoise. Charles I granted him the rectorial tithes of his benefice of Athlone as an augmentation, and added to them the tithes of Ratoath, near Dublin.

Lingard remained legally rector of Athlone until 1660, though his place was supplied by puritan preachers during the Commonwealth, and he himself was obliged to fly from his parish. At the Restoration he was appointed by royal mandate (dated 29 Dec. 1660) to a senior fellowship in the university of Dublin, and was made professor of divinity about the same time. On 31 May 1661, in conjunction with the vice-chancellor (Jeremy Taylor) and the provost (Thomas Seele), he was authorised by the university to arrange for the transfer of Archbishop Ussher's library from the castle to Trinity College, and to catalogue it. In 1662 he held the post of vice-provost of the university. He became D.D. of Dublin (ad eund. Cantabr.) in 1664, and dean of Lismore on 2 March 1666, in which year (6 April) he resigned his fellowship. On 15 July 1669 the university of Oxford directed that he should be admitted to the degree of D.D., ‘but whether he was so it appears not,’ says Wood. He died on or about 10 Nov. 1670, and was buried in the chapel of Trinity College, Dublin. A monument erected to his memory in the vestibule of the chapel has disappeared. In 1671 ‘An Elegy and Funeral Oration,’ spoken in memory of him in the college hall, in which ‘may be seen a just character of his great learning and worth,’ was published at Dublin.

He published: 1. ‘A Sermon preached


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Rh before the King at Whitehall in Defence of the Liturgy,’ London, 1668. 2. ‘Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman [Lord Lanesborough] leaving the University,’ London, 1670, 1671, 1673, Dublin, 1713.

Lingard's will, preserved in the Record Office, Dublin (see Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. ii. 104–5), and proved in York, bears date 10 Nov. 1670. In it he referred to some literary notes, and gave instructions, which do not seem to have been carried out, for the printing of a few sermons.

LINGEN, HENRY (1612–1662), royalist, born on 23 Oct. 1612, was eldest son of Edward Lingen of Sutton Frene, Herefordshire, by Blanch, daughter of Sir Roger Bodenham, K.B., of Rotherwas in the same county (, Mansions of Herefordshire, p. 179). He inherited large estates in Shropshire, Herefordshire, and Gloucestershire, and his force of character gave him much influence in these counties. In 1638–1639 and again in 1643 he was appointed high sheriff of Herefordshire. On 9 June of the latter year he received a commission from the king to raise a regiment of a thousand men (Harl. MS. 6852), and by September 1644 he was colonel of six troops of horse (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1644, p. 511). His arbitrary mode of collecting contributions for the royal cause exposed him to the obloquy of the puritans. In July 1644 he joined Sir William Vavasour in the siege of Brampton Bryan Castle, and was entrusted with the sole command on Vavasour being summoned to Gloucester. The news of the defeat of the royalists at Gloucester compelled him to raise the siege on 6 Sept. following. He retired to Goodrich Castle, which he strongly garrisoned, and watched the south of the county. In July 1645 he was knighted by Charles ‘at Mr. Prichard's house, near Grosmont,’ Abergavenny (, Diary, Camd. Soc., p. 205). Lingen was in Hereford when the city was surprised by Colonel Birch on the morning of 18 Dec. 1645. He escaped across the frozen river, and shut himself up in Goodrich Castle. Thence he sent out parties to collect assessments and contributions, and to levy requisitions for the maintenance of his soldiers throughout the neighbourhood. Birch found that no one was safe between Gloucester and Hereford. With Colonel Kyrle he therefore made an effort to storm Goodrich Castle on the night of 9 March 1645–6, but succeeded only in burning down the stables and outhouses, and establishing a close blockade. During the temporary absence of Birch, Lingen, with a mere handful of comrades, attempted the recovery of Hereford, and was repulsed evidently only because none seconded him from within the city. After a desperate resistance of two months Goodrich Castle surrendered to Birch on 31 July 1646. The garrison is traditionally known to have marched out to a lively tune called after their leader ‘Sir Harry Lingen's Fancy’ or ‘Delight.’

Lingen spent two months in prison at Hereford, but petitioned on 1 Oct. 1646 to compound for his estate, and seems to have been speedily liberated. It was necessary for the support of his numerous family that he should recover some portion of his estates by composition with the victors, but as a preliminary he was obliged to take the covenant, which he must have abhorred, on 23 Nov., and the negative oath on 2 Dec., restraining him from any future attempt against the parliament. He was, however, cheered by a special commission from the Prince of Wales. On 22 Aug. 1648 he issued a manifesto by which he hoped to foment a rising in Shropshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire, and Herefordshire. Hereford and Dawley Castles and other strongholds were to have been seized, but the plot was detected by Captain Yarrington or Yarranton, governor of Hartlebury, one of the endangered places, and measures were taken to suppress it. Notwithstanding this disappointment Lingen drew together his body of horse, came down upon Harley's county troop near Leominster in September, and took eighty prisoners. Two or three days later he was overthrown ‘between Radnor and Montgomeryshire’ by Harley and Horton's forces, when all the captives were recovered. Lingen himself, seriously wounded, was made prisoner, and was confined in Redd Castle, Montgomeryshire (Cal. Clarendon State Papers, i. 440). The House of Commons ordered him to be banished on 10 Nov., but the sentence was revoked on 13 Dec. following (Commons' Journals, vi. 73, 96). He was ultimately obliged to sell a portion of his estates. The fine levied by parliament upon his property amounted to 6,342l., and it had been heavily taxed by the maintenance of a regiment of horse. Sir Robert Harley was authorised to recompense himself for his losses out of Lingen's property, but through his son


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Rh Edward he generously returned the schedule, waiving all right or title to the estates which it had conferred upon him.

Lingen was elected M.P. for Hereford on 20 Nov. 1660, and again in April 1661. As a county magistrate he dealt severely with nonconformists. He died at Gloucester on his way home from London, and was buried at Stoke Edith, Herefordshire, on 22 Jan. 1661–2. By his wife Alice (d. 1684), fifth daughter of Sir Walter Pye, bart., of the Mynde, Herefordshire, he had a large family. In consideration of his heavy losses his widow was authorised, by warrant dated in November 1663, to receive 10,000l. under certain conditions (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1663–4, pp. 348, 363). A portrait of Lingen is given in Webb's ‘Civil War in Herefordshire,’ ii. 258, from the original in the possession of Mrs. Kennedy.

LINLEY, ELIZABETH ANN, afterwards (1754–1792). [See .]

LINLEY, FRANCIS (1774–1800), organist and composer, was born at Doncaster in 1774. Though blind from his birth he received a good education, and studied music under Dr. Miller of Doncaster. About 1790 Linley held the post of organist at St. James's Chapel, Pentonville, London. In 1796 he bought the business of Bland, music-seller in Holborn, but his affairs, commercial and domestic—he had married a blind lady—did not prosper. He went to America and remained there several years, returning to England in 1799, and died, aged 26, at his mother's house at Doncaster on 15 Sept. 1800.

Linley's compositions and compilations include: 1. ‘Three Sonatas for Pianoforte and Flute,’ Op. 1. 2. ‘Thirty Familiar Airs for two German Flutes,’ with prefatory remarks, about 1790. 3. ‘Three Solos for the German Flute, with Accompaniment for Violoncello.’ 4. ‘Through Groves and Flowery Fields,’ ‘When Angry Nations,’ and other songs. 5. ‘Practical Introduction to the Organ,’ in five parts, Opus 6, of which the 12th edition appeared about 1810; it contains a description of the organ, fifteen preludes, eight voluntaries, eight full pieces, eight fugues, and psalms.

LINLEY, GEORGE (1798–1865), verse-writer and musical composer, the son of a tradesman, was born at Leeds in 1798, and partly educated at Eastbury's quaker school. Linley contributed verses to the local newspapers, and published some pamphlets before leaving Leeds in early life. After a residence in Doncaster (see Modern Hudibras, p. 66) and Edinburgh, he finally settled in London, where he made some reputation as the writer and composer of songs and ballads. Among his most fashionable and popular ballads, composed between 1830 and 1847, were, ‘Thou art gone from my gaze,’ ‘Song of the roving gipsey,’ ‘Constance;’ and later, between 1852 and 1862, with a stronger vein of melody, ‘Minnie,’ ‘Old friends at home,’ and Burns's ‘Jolly Beggars.’ Linley's flowing style of composition was little suited to the stage, and his musical pieces produced at London theatres had small measure of success. He was also the author of some farces, and of satirical poems. His ‘Musical Cynics of London, a Satire; Sketch the First,’ London, 1862, a savage onslaught upon Chorley the critic, proved more fatal to the reputation of the author than to that of the victim. It contained smart and clever passages, and, like the ‘Modern Hudibras,’ 1864, was widely read, and passed through two editions. ‘The Showman,’ a work upon which Linley was engaged towards the end of his life, was not published. He died, after a lingering illness, at Kensington, London, on 10 Sept. 1865. He left a widow, a daughter, and three sons.

Linley wrote and composed several hundred songs between 1830 and 1865. The musical play, ‘Francesca Doria,’ for which he wrote the songs and the music, was produced at the Princess's Theatre, London, on 3 March 1849, and published in the same year. ‘The Toymakers,’ operetta by Linley, was brought out at Covent Garden Theatre by the English Opera Company on 19 Nov. 1861. ‘Law versus Love,’ comedietta in one act, by him, was performed at the Princess's Theatre on 6 Dec. 1862.

, junior (d. 1869), son of the above, published: 1. ‘The Goldseeker,’ and other poems, London, 1860. 2. ‘Old Saws newly set,’ London, 1864. He died 28 April 1869.

LINLEY, MARY, afterwards (1758–1787), vocalist, the second daughter of Thomas Linley the elder [q. v.], musician, was born in Bath 4 Jan. 1758. In 1771 she appeared at the Three Choirs Musical Festival at Hereford, and in 1772


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Rh at Gloucester, with her more celebrated sister Elizabeth Ann, afterwards Mrs. Sheridan [q. v.] On the retirement of Mrs. Sheridan, Mary Linley filled her place in oratorio and concert room. On 25 July 1780 she married Richard Tickell, pamphleteer and commissioner of stamps. She died at Clifton on 27 July 1787, leaving two sons and a daughter, and was buried in Wells Cathedral.

Mrs. Sheridan was passionately attached to this sister, and on her death in 1788 wrote some pathetic verses, which are quoted by Moore (Life of R. B. Sheridan, pp. 392–6). Moore also gives some letters written from Bath by Mary Linley upon the production there of the ‘Rivals’ in 1775.

Gainsborough painted Mrs. Sheridan and Mrs. Tickell together, the original picture being at present in the Dulwich College Gallery. A miniature by Cosway, after a sketch of Mrs. Tickell taken shortly before her death, while asleep (see, Sheridan, p. 390), by a Bristol artist, is in the possession of Lumsden Propert, esq., M.D.; another miniature, by Gainsborough, belongs to C. E. Lees, esq.

LINLEY, THOMAS, the younger (1756–1778), violinist and composer, son of Thomas Linley the elder [q. v.], was born at Bath in May 1756. Under his father's instruction he showed at a very early age marked skill on the violin, and at the age of seven was taken as pupil for five years by Dr. Boyce. When eight years old he performed in public, and at the end of his period of tuition with Dr. Boyce he wrote six violin solos, which are dated 1768. In 1770 he went to Florence, where he received lessons on the violin from Nardini, and made the acquaintance of Mozart, who became warmly attached to him. On his return to England in 1773 Linley became leader of the orchestra and solo player at his father's concerts at Bath, and subsequently at the Drury Lane Oratorios. Parke (Musical Memoirs, i. 204) considered him ‘one of the finest violin-players in Europe.’

He was drowned, through the capsizing of a boat, on 5 Aug. 1778, while on a visit to the Duke of Ancaster at Grimsthorpe in Lincolnshire, and was buried in the duke's vault. A portrait of him together with his sister Mary (by Gainsborough) is at Knole, in the possession of Lord Sackville.

Linley's compositions include: An anthem with orchestral accompaniment, ‘Let God arise!’ written for the Worcester festival of 1773; the overture, a duet, trio, and three or four airs for the ‘Duenna,’ 1775; a chorus and two songs for the ‘Tempest,’ and an ‘Ode on the Witches and Fairies of Shakspere,’ 1776; a short oratorio, ‘The Song of Moses,’ composed for Drury Lane; additional accompaniments for wind instruments to the music in ‘Macbeth;’ and a glee for five voices, ‘Hark! the Bird's Melodious Strain,’ written at the request of his sister, Mrs. Sheridan, who usually sang the upper part. Most of his musical works were comprised in the posthumous collection of his father's works and his own, published in 1800. There was published anonymously in London, 1778, ‘A Monody (after the manner of Milton's ‘Lycidas’) on the Death of Mr. Linley, who was drowned August 5th, 1778.’

LINLEY, THOMAS, the elder (1732–1795), musical composer, born at Wells in 1732, was the son of a carpenter. Being sent on one occasion to execute some carpentering work at Badminton, the seat of the Duke of Beaufort, he derived such pleasure from listening to the playing and singing of Thomas Chilcot, the organist of Bath Abbey Church, that he determined to become a musician.

He studied first under Chilcot at Bath, and afterwards at Naples under Paradies. On his return to England he set up in Bath as a singing-master, in which capacity Parke (Musical Memoirs, i. 203) declares him to have been ‘almost unrivalled in England.’ For many years, assisted by his children, he carried on the concerts in the Bath Assembly Rooms with great success, devoting special attention to the production of Handel's works.

On the retirement in 1774 of John Christopher Smith, Linley took his place as joint-manager with Stanley of the Drury Lane Oratorios. He still, however, made his home in Bath, at No. 5 Pierrepont Street, in which house his daughter Elizabeth Ann (afterwards Mrs. Sheridan) was born. After Stanley's death in 1786, Linley continued to direct the Oratorios with the assistance of Dr. Arnold.

In 1775, together with his eldest son, Thomas, he composed and compiled the music to the comic opera ‘The Duenna,’ written by his son-in-law, Sheridan, who added one or two airs by Jackson of Exeter. The piece was produced at Drury Lane on 21 Nov. 1775, and enjoyed the then unparalleled run of seventy-five nights. While the piece was in


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70 and round. The price of a dozen patty-pans, in tin, ranges from 2d. upwards, according to size and shape.

Raised Pie Mould.—The moulds in which raised pies are made open at the side, with loose bottom plates. They are usually, though not necessarily, oval in shape; they are made from 6 inches to 11 inches in length; and the smallest size is supplied in strong tin at 2s. to 3s.

Border Mould.—This mould measures 7 inches in length, 2 $1/2$ inches in height; its capacity is 1$1/2$ pints, and its price in copper, lined with pure tin, 8s. Very effective designs may now be obtained in strong tin from 10d. upwards.

Coffee and Tea Canisters, etc.—Japanned tin is the metal of which canisters for tea and coffee are composed. The flavour of the tea and the aroma of the coffee may be preserved by keeping them in tin canisters. The prices of these canisters, to hold from 2 oz. to 6 lb., range from 6d. to 3s., according to size. Among other boxes, made in tin and japanned, for the reception of articles of daily use and consumption may be named, at 3s., 3s. 6d. and 4s. 6d., according to size; at 2s., 2s. 6d. and 3s., according to size;, square in shape, with division, in five sizes without drawer to receive pounded sugar dropping from divisions through perforated bottom, from 2s. 9d. to 9s. 6d.; or in three sizes with drawers, from 6s. 6d. to 10s. Round, holding from 1 lb. to 6 lb., are sold at from 8d. to 4s. 6d., according to size; and, bright tin inside and japanned blue with black hoops outside, ranging in capacity from 1 gallon to 3 bushels, are supplied at from 3s. 6d. to 28s., according to size.

Hot-water Dish.—In cold weather such joints as venison, a haunch, saddle or leg of mutton should always be served on a hot-water dish, as they are so liable to chill. This dish is arranged with a double bottom which is filled with very hot water just before the joint is sent to table, and so keeps that and the gravy hot. Although an article of this description can scarcely be ranked as a kitchen utensil, still the utility of it is obvious. Hot-water dishes may be had, made entirely of metal, of various sizes from 21s. upwards, or in nickel, electro-plated, at higher prices. Hot-water plates range in price from 1s. 6d. upwards.

Gravy Strainer.—One of these is absolutely indispensable. One variety is like an inverted cone with the pointed end cut off, having a handle attached to it, and a plate perforated with very fine holes, or piece of wire netting, at the bottom, below which is a rim on which it stands. It is made in three sizes, with fine or coarse bottom, sold at 1s. 6d., 1s. 9d. and 2s. each, according to size. Another kind is made in the form of a cone; but this, of course, will not stand by itself, terminating as it does in a point. It is made in three sizes, with fine or coarse netting, sold at 10d. to 2s. 6d., according to size.

Egg Poacher.—When eggs are much used in a family, an egg poacher


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Rh rehearsal Linley came to London at Sheridan's urgent request, and never afterwards returned to Bath. In 1776 he joined with Sheridan and Richard Ford in purchasing Garrick's share in Drury Lane, and directed the music there for about fifteen years. On 2 Nov. 1777 he was admitted a member of the Royal Society of Musicians.

He married (about 1753?) and had twelve children, of whom only three (Ozias, William, and Jane) survived him. During the later years of his life monetary difficulties (greatly complicated by those of Sheridan) and grief at the loss of his children undermined his health. The death of his son Thomas in 1778 induced an attack of brain fever, after which he never regained his strength. He died suddenly at his house in Southampton Street, Covent Garden, on 19 Nov. 1795, and was buried on 28 Nov. in Wells Cathedral, where a monument, erected to his memory by his son William, states that he died ‘aged 63.’ The monument (originally situated in the nave of the cathedral, but transferred during a restoration to the cloister) is also to the memory of Linley's daughters, Mary (afterwards Mrs. Tickell) [q. v.] and Elizabeth Ann (afterwards Mrs. Sheridan) [q. v.], and of Mary, the infant daughter of the latter.

Linley's music, which gained for him a high position among English composers, is distinguished by admirable taste and simplicity of design. Dr. Burney, who calls him ‘a masterly performer on the harpsichord,’ says that his style of composition ‘seems to have been formed upon the melodies of our best old English masters.’ His personal manner appears to have been grave and reserved, though in moments of relaxation he was full of anecdote. Busby, in his ‘Concert-Room Anecdotes’ (i. 171), relates an instance of the correctness of Linley's judgment in vocal matters.

His compositions include the music to the following dramatic pieces: ‘The Duenna’ (in collaboration with his son Thomas), 1775; ‘Selima and Azor’ (by Sir George Collier, chiefly adapted from Grétry's ‘Zemire et Azor’), and some of the music for a production of ‘The Tempest’ at Drury Lane, 1776; ‘The Camp’ (a jeu d'esprit by Richard Tickell, his son-in-law, on a camp formed in the summer of 1778 at Coxheath), 1778; ‘The Gentle Shepherd’ (altered by Tickell from the original of Allan Ramsay), ‘The Carnival of Venice’ (by Tickell), and ‘Robinson Crusoe,’ 1781; ‘The Triumph of Mirth,’ 1782; ‘The Spanish Maid,’ 1783; ‘The Spanish Rivals,’ 1784; ‘Tom Jones,’ 1785; ‘The Strangers at Home’ (comic opera, libretto by James Cobb), ‘Richard Cœur-de-Lion’ (adapted from Grétry), and ‘Love in the East,’ 1788.

He also contributed the music for the song in the ‘School for Scandal,’ 1777, wrote new accompaniments to the airs in the ‘Beggar's Opera’ for a production on 8 Nov. 1777, and set the portions to be sung of Sheridan's ‘Monody on the Death of Garrick,’ 1777.

Other of his works are: ‘Elegies for Three Voices, with an Accompaniment for a Harpsichord and Violoncello,’ written while he was at Bath, and published in London about 1770; ‘Twelve Ballads,’ London, 1780; an anthem, ‘Bow down thine ear,’ inserted in Page's ‘Harmonica Sacra;’ and various separate songs, glees, and canzonets.

A posthumous collection of works by himself and his son Thomas was published in two volumes by his widow, London, 1800. It comprises songs, cantatas, madrigals, and elegies, and includes an admirably graceful five-part madrigal, ‘Let me, careless,’ by the elder Linley. Some part-songs by Linley are in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 31415.

Linley's sons Thomas [q. v.] and William [q. v.] and his daughters Mary Linley [q. v.] and Elizabeth Ann Sheridan [q. v.] are noticed separately.

His eldest son, (1766–1831), musical amateur and composer, matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 19 March 1785, graduated B.A. 1789, and took holy orders. He became minor canon of Norwich 1790, vicar of Stoke Holy Cross, Norfolk, 1807, and of Trowse with Lakenham 1815 (, Alumni Oxon.) He subsequently resigned his benefice, and accepted on 5 May 1816 a junior fellowship, with the post of organist, at Dulwich College. He died there, aged 65, on 6 March 1831. His portrait, by Sir Thomas Lawrence, is at Dulwich. His anthems and services (see Notes and Queries, 4th ser. ii. 323) have not been published (Gent. Mag. 1831, i. 474).

A younger daughter, (d. 1784), was a favourite singer at Bath concerts and in oratorio. She died at an early age of brain fever, at her father's house in Bath, on 15 Sept. 1784. After one of the severest paroxysms she rose up in bed and began to sing the air, ‘I know that my Redeemer liveth,’ in as full and clear a tone as when in perfect health (, Reminiscences, ii. 127). This circumstance gave rise to the false impression that Miss Linley died suddenly ‘at the piano,’ or ‘on the concert platform.’

Another son, Samuel, who was a lieutenant in the navy, died from fever a few years after the death of his elder brother, Thomas. Another daughter, Jane, was married to Charles Ward, secretary to the management of Drury Lane Theatre.


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Rh not required, the British tea clippers were extremely fast vessels, chiefly on account of their narrow beam, which gave their hulls a comparatively small wetted surface, and their smooth copper bottoms which reduced skin resistance. Under these conditions they were, perhaps, as fast as the American clippers of the same class, though from very different causes;—such ships, for instance, as the Sea Witch, Samuel Russell, Game Cock, Phantom, White Squall, Nightingale, Shooting Star, Northern Light, Surprise, Witch of the Wave, Sword-Fish, and others. But if speed is to be considered as the maximum performance of a ship under the most favorable conditions, though these conditions may not often occur, then the British tea clippers were certainly no match for the larger American ships such as the Flying Cloud, Typhoon, Neptune's Car, Challenge, Comet, Hurricane, Flying Fish, Stag-Hound, Young America, Trade-Wind, and others of this class, to say nothing of the James Baines, Red Jacket, Champion of the Seas, Lightning, Sovereign of the Seas, and Great Republic. The greater breadth of the American ships in proportion to their length, meant, in sailing vessels of this type, not only power to carry canvas, but also power in the form of buoyancy; and this, with their longer and sharper ends, enabled the American clippers to be driven at much greater speed than the British clippers in strong gales and before heavy seas. It should, however, be remembered that none of the British tea clippers exceeded 1000 tons register, and it may again be said that they probably combined the good qualities of a merchant ship in a

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Rh   LINLEY, WILLIAM (1771–1835), author and musical composer, youngest son of Thomas Linley the elder [q. v.], was born at Bath in 1771. He was sent to St. Paul's School in February 1785 at the age of thirteen (, St. Paul's School Reg. p. 185), and afterwards was removed to Harrow. Although not destined for the musical profession, he was taught singing by his father and counterpoint by Abel (Preface to Eight Glees). Linley entered the East India Company's service as a writer, and sailed for Madras in 1790. In 1791 he was appointed assistant under the collector of Madura and Dindigal, and in 1793 deputy secretary to the military board. He returned to England in 1796 to recruit his health, and entered into association with his brother-in-law, Sheridan, at that time manager of Drury Lane Theatre, where he brought out ‘Harlequin Captive, or Magic Fire,’ an entertainment, on 18 Jan. 1796; ‘The Honeymoon,’ comic opera, on 7 Jan. 1797; and ‘The Pavilion,’ entertainment, on 16 Nov. 1799 (afterwards altered to ‘The Ring,’ 1800). A manuscript score of ‘The Pavilion,’ dated 1796, is in Brit. Mus. Egerton MS. 2494. These pieces, of which Linley was both author and composer, met with a bad reception, although they contained much graceful music (see, Reminiscences, ii. 127). In 1800 Linley resumed his duties at Madras, becoming in 1801 paymaster at Nellore, and in 1805 sub-treasurer and mint-master to the presidency, Fort St. George. In 1806 he finally left India.

Linley settled in London, and devoted himself to musical composition, although he claimed for himself only the title of amateur. He joined the Catch and Glee Clubs, and was a member of the Madrigal Society from 1809 until his death, and of the Concentores Sodales. His ‘At that dread hour’ won the Glee Club prize in 1821; and his words for a requiem in memory of Samuel Webbe, 1816, were selected from among a number submitted as most suitable for musical setting by the committee. He occasionally visited Bath, and many of his anthems were performed at Bath Abbey Church and St. Margaret's Chapel, of which he was joint proprietor. His chief work was a collection in two volumes of Shakespeare's dramatic lyrics, 1816, the music by Purcell, Arne, and others, with many original numbers. Several of these, ‘Honour, riches,’ ‘Now the hungry lion,’ and ‘Lawn as white as snow,’ were popular enough to be republished in the ‘Shakespeare Vocal Magazine’ (1864, &c.), but generally Linley's music was too academic in style to please. He was an accomplished singer in his youth, and his rendering of a song by Purcell was the subject of Coleridge's sonnet, beginning ‘While my young cheek retains its healthful hues.’

Linley survived his brothers and sisters, and died, after a few hours' illness, at his chambers, Furnival's Inn, on 6 May 1835, aged 64. He was buried, the last of his name, in the family vault at St. Paul's, Covent Garden. His property was bequeathed to Elizabeth, only daughter of his sister, Mrs. Tickell [see ]. A portrait of Linley by Lawrence is at Dulwich College; another, by Lonsdale, was engraved by W. P. Sherlock, and published as a frontispiece to ‘Eight Glees.’ He left to Dulwich College many family portraits by Lawrence, Reynolds, and others.

Linley published: 1. Some songs sung in ‘Vortigern,’ 1796. 2. ‘Trip to the Nore,’ 1797. 3. ‘Flights of Fancy,’ a set of six glees, 1799? 4. ‘Six Canzonets, Duets,’ 1800. 5. ‘Eight Songs for Tenor or Soprano,’ with a preface, 1809. 6. ‘A Set of Canzonets,’ 1812? 7. ‘Shakespeare's Dramatic Lyrics,’ 2 vols. 1816. 8. ‘Requiem,’ 1820. 9. ‘Eight Glees,’ with preface and portrait (four of the glees republished from ‘Flights of Fancy’), 1830.

Linley left in manuscript forty glees, contained in two volumes, Additional MSS. 31715–16, British Museum. Some volumes of manuscript anthems and services, by William Linley and Ozias Thurston Linley, were in 1868 in the possession of B. St. J. B. Joule (see Notes and Queries, 4th ser. ii. 323).

Linley was author of the following novels, &c.: 1. ‘Forbidden Apartments,’ 2 vols. 1800. 2. ‘Adventures of Ralph Roybridge,’ 4 vols. 1809, 12mo. 3. ‘Charles Leftley's Life and Writings, together with Poems by W. Linley,’ 1814. His verses on the death of Mrs. Sheridan are quoted in Moore's ‘Life of Sheridan,’ p. 499, and he composed a rhymed epitaph for the monument in Wells Cathedral over the remains of his father and sisters (see Hist. of Somersetshire, ii. 83). A manuscript address for Drury Lane Theatre, 1812, is in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 27900, f. 23.


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Rh forms a desirable addition to the utensils of the kitchen. These are made in different forms, the ordinary poacher being in the form of a circular tin plate, with three or four depressions, to contain the eggs, and with an upright handle rising from the centre. The plate is supported by feet, on which it stands when lowered into the saucepan. Poachers for three eggs are sold for 1s. 4d.; for four eggs at 1s. 11d.

Cask Stand.—For beer it is desirable to have a stand by which the cask may be raised or lowered without shaking its contents. The lever cask stand will be found most useful for this purpose. This stand is, perhaps, the best that has yet been produced, its action being very simple and easy to understand. The price of stand for a 9-gallon cask is 6s.; for an 18-gallon cask, 8s.

Beer Tap.—The best kind of tap for home use is the brass syphon beer tap, which requires no vent-peg, and is fitted with a protector in front, to receive the blows of the mallet in tapping a cask. The protector may be unscrewed to clean the syphon tube when it is in the cask. Another improvement consists in the self-acting tube being brought down close to the mouth of the jug, glass or vessel into which the beer is drawn. Directions for keeping the tap in order are given to the purchaser. This tap is sold at 3s. 6d.

The Corrugated Kettle.—The chief feature of this kettle is the fluted form of the bottom, which not only adds considerably to its strength, but increases the heating surface about 20 per cent., thereby causing the water to boil in a very much shorter time than in an ordinary flat-bottomed kettle. The peculiar form of this kettle, both as regards the fluted bottom and dome top, renders it especially suitable for use on gas or petroleum stoves or spirit lamps. This kettle is made in polished steel in nine sizes, holding from 1 to 12 pints, and sold at prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 4s. 3d., according to size. It is also made in polished copper or brass in the four smaller sizes, from 1 to 3 pints, sold at from 5s. to 7s. 6d. with ordinary handle. In the five larger sizes, holding from 4 to 12 pints, it is made in polished copper with turned handle and spout, and sold at prices ranging from 8s. to 18s.

Coffee-pot.—When well made, coffee, perhaps, is the most delicious and refreshing of all the infusions that are made for household use, but the goodness of coffee very often depends on the construction of the vessel in which it is made, and it is most desirable to use one in which the aromatic oil of the berry developed in the process of roasting is not driven off by boiling, on the one hand, which invariably spoils coffee, and not made sufficiently perceptible by the endeavour to make it at too low a temperature, which is too often the case. In one of the Patent Coffee Cans either contingency is happily avoided by the peculiar construction of this coffee-pot, in which the coffee, when making, is surrounded by a jacket of boiling water, and thus kept at such a temperature that the valuable principle in which the aroma lies is not driven off, but gradually and continuously brought out,


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338 higher degree than any other vessels that have ever been built.

The Melbourne, already mentioned, was perhaps the fastest ship ever built in Great Britain. In 1875, commanded by Captain Marsden, she made the passage from London to Melbourne in the not very remarkable time of 74 days, but when running her easting down in strong westerly gales she sailed 5100 miles in 17 days, an average of 300 miles a day, and her best twenty-four hours' run was 374 miles, an average of over 15½ knots. She was an iron vessel of 1865 tons register; length 269 feet, breadth 40 feet, depth 23 feet 7 inches, and while not an extreme clipper, was a finely designed ship.

It should be remembered that both the American and the British clippers were dependent upon the form of their lines for stability; this problem in their design was therefore a far more intricate and difficult one to deal with than that of producing stability by hanging a huge mass of lead below the body of a hull, as is the custom with our modern racing yachts.

Yachting is the grandest of sports when yachtsmen handle their yachts themselves, and there are a good number of yachtsman who are excellent seamen and navigators. It is pleasant to recall that in the race for the Emperor's Cup in 1905, four of the competing yachts were sailed and navigated by their owners; and although there is far too much wasteful extravagance and enervating luxury in yachting, still, the increasing number of yachtsmen who show a keen interest and are amateur experts in the design, construction, rigging, and sailing of

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72 thus increasing to a wonderful extent the flavour and fragrance of the drink. By means of this utensil coffee can be made to perfection in so short a time as two minutes, which shows how easy and rapid the process is when performed by means of this utensil. They are kept in various sizes, and made of various materials, and vary in price from 5s. 6d. upwards.

Freezing Machines.—Ice is now so much used at English tables that it has become a necessary of household economy, and dessert ices follow summer dinners as a matter of course. Dessert ices are, by modern invention and ingenuity, placed within the reach of most housekeepers, and it is easy to make ices by one of the patent freezing machines, which afford a quick, economical and most simple method of freezing. Two ices, or an ice and an ice pudding can be made at the same time by these machines. The mixture to be iced is placed in the tubes or cylinders; outside these tubes rough ice and salt are placed, the ice being pounded, and the salt and a little water added; the piston is then worked up and down. This movement produces a constant change and agitation of the ice and salt, which is compelled to pass round and round the agitator. Two stirrers are attached to the piston, and work at the same time with it; these "stirrers" go up and down inside the cylinders, and stir up and mix the cream or water mixture undergoing the freezing process. This agitation of the cream, etc., is necessary to prevent the future ice from being lumpy and snowy. When the freezing is complete the stirrers are taken out of the cylinders, and the ice pressed down firmly by a presser; this moulds it to the form of the cylinder. It is set by keeping it still in the machine for a short time longer, still working the piston up and down; it is then turned out, beautifully iced and moulded. The same ice and salt which freezes the dessert ices will afterwards freeze a block of pure water ice, or may be used to cool wine.

These freezing machines are made in oak, and are supplied in three sizes, Nos. 1, 2 and 3, to freeze and mould 1, 2 and 3 pints respectively, at £2 10s., £3 5s., and £3 15s. These are to be used with ice and salt only.

Refrigerators are very necessary in a household, as they ensure both comfort and economy, and, indeed, promote good health in the summer. They consist essentially of cupboards or chests, lined with zinc, and kept cool by ice. The ice receptacle, however, should have no connexion with the storage part, as the food should be kept in a cold, dry atmosphere. A properly-made refrigerator consists of a wood cupboard or chest, lined inside with zinc, and having a tight fitting door; between the zinc lining and wood casing there should be a layer of insulating material, such as thick felt (the cheapest), or better, asbestos, or its artificial substitute, slag-wool. This insulating layer prevents loss by too rapid dissipation of the cold by contact with the hotter outside


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 328 At daybreak on the morning of September 5th, two of the clippers sighted each other running in for the Lizard; they were about five miles apart, beam and beam, steering on slightly converging courses. There was a strong southerly wind with smooth sea, and both ships were being driven at their utmost speed—a good fifteen knots—their lee scuppers smothered in foam, with the wind well abaft the starboard beam; both were under the same canvas, main skysail, topmast, topgallant, royal, and square lower studdingsails. Neither captain required the example of the other to send his ship along at her best speed—they had been doing that for ninety-eight days and nights. When their signals could be made out these ships proved to be the Ariel and the Taeping. After passing the Lizard the wind moderated, and they raced up channel almost side by side, now one and then the other gaining a slight advantage, but never far apart, and as they passed the various headlands along the coast they presented a spirited marine picture. They were off the pilot station at Dungeness at three o'clock the next morning and burned their blue lights for pilots, who boarded both ships at the same time. With a moderate wind they were now making not more than five or six knots through the water, but the tide was sweeping them along fast. Off the South Foreland the wind slackened again with the rising sun. Here the Ariel held a slight lead and she passed Deal at 8 o'clock, followed by the Taeping eight minutes later, but as the latter vessel had sailed from the Pagoda

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Rh their yachts, is an encouraging sign for the future of the sport.

Nevertheless, it must be frankly admitted that yacht racing, even across the Atlantic, in comparison with the old clipper ship racing, resembles snipe shooting as compared with hunting big game in the wilds of Africa, while the gold and silver yacht racing cups appear as mere baubles beside the momentous stake of commercial supremacy for which the clippers stretched their wings.

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 Rh twenty minutes after the Ariel, ninety-nine days before, she had won the race by twelve minutes. Both ships had sailed 16,000 miles.

The Serica passed Deal four hours later; all three ships went up the Thames on the same tide, and after the usual tugboat race, the Taeping arrived in the London Docks at 9:45, the Ariel in the East India Docks at 10:15, and the Serica in the West India Docks at 11:30 on September 6th. The Fiery Cross passed Deal on the 7th and the Taitsing on the 9th, each 101 days from the Pagoda Anchorage.

The following is an abstract of their logs:

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330 The best twenty-four hours' runs were as follows:

This contest of 1866 was one of the grandest ocean races ever sailed, partly on account of the number of evenly matched vessels engaged in it, but chiefly by reason of the splendid manner in which it was contested and the close, exciting finish. The tea cargoes of the five ships were: Taeping, 1,108,709 lbs.; Ariel, 1,230,900 lbs.; Serica, 954,236 lbs.; Fiery Cross, 854,236 lbs.; Taitsing, 1,093,130 lbs.

The usual altercation arose over the award of premium, which this year was 10 shillings per ton; Shaw, Maxton & Co., owners of the Ariel, protested that their ship had arrived first at Deal and was therefore entitled to the prize money, but the contention of Rodger & Co., owners of the Taeping, that their ship had made the fastest passage and had also reached her dock first, prevailed, and the matter was finally adjusted by dividing the premium. The captains all dined together at the Ship and Turtle Tavern in Leadenhall Street, and harmony was restored, but there were no premiums after this race. The system of awards had always led to controversy, and such an effort to combine sport and business could not be made to flourish. There had also been heavy betting on these races, large sums of money changing hands, and this

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 CHAPTER XXXIV

Dessert at the Present Day does not hold the same relationship to the dinner that it held with the ancients—the Romans more especially. On ivory tables they would spread hundreds of different kinds of raw, cooked and preserved fruits, tarts and cakes, as substitutes for the more substantial comestibles with which the guests were satiated. No part of a dinner is governed more by individual tastes and circumstances than the dessert; it may consist of one or more dishes of choice fruits; or a varied display may be provided at a comparatively trifling cost, when the dessert is composed principally of fruits in season and homemade sweets. Pines, melons, grapes, peaches, nectarines, plums, strawberries, cherries, apples, pears, oranges, figs, raisins, walnuts, filberts, crystallized fruits, fancy ices, fancy cakes and biscuits, make up the dessert, together with dainty sweets and bon-bons, with which the present chapter deals.

Dessert Services.—The shape, material and pattern of dessert services is so varied, and depends so much upon taste, that the word "fashion" may hardly be used in reference to them, though it may be said that the services now used are those in which the colours are pale and delicate, and that the stands for fruit are of medium height or quite low. White china now forms some of the prettiest dessert services, and is well calculated to show off the beauty of the fruit, the effect being particularly good when the stands are surrounded by trails of flowers and foliage, or placed upon artistically arranged silk of some delicate hue, contrasting or harmonizing with the flowers. If available, bon-bons are usually served in small silver dishes constructed for the purpose, otherwise they should be daintily arranged in small fancy dishes lined with lace-edged dessert papers, or in tiny ornamental paper cases.

Arrangement of Fruit.—No hard and fast rules can be laid down with reference to this, except that such easily damaged fruits as strawberries should never be mixed with the more solid kinds. In nearly 1066


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20 will. You are misdirecting your power, and are forming obstacles and pitfalls for yourself.

The divine will does not attempt to overcome evils and obstacles with antagonistic or domineering forces; the divine will does not fight wrong, it transforms wrong. It works in silence and serenity, but goes so deeply into the elements of things that it undermines the very first causes of all adverse or detrimental conditions. It does not resist the surface, but goes calmly beneath the surface and transforms those undercurrents from which surface conditions proceed.

The divine will, by going into the deeper life of all things, transforms all things into harmony with itself; and can transform all things because its power is supreme. Therefore when we are in the midst of adversity, we should not rail against fate nor antagonize those conditions that seem to work against us. We have within us the power of divine will, and this will change everything for good.

But it not only can, it will. It is not the will of God to keep any person in adversity. It is the will of God to set every person free, and every person will be set free when he places his life completely in the hands of divine will.

When the individual mind can say, from the heart, Thy will be done, the individual life has been placed in the power of divine will and that life will at once begin to pass


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Rh out of adversity, sickness, trouble and want, into the world of freedom.

However, we do not give up our individuality when we give our mind over to divine will; we do not become automatons in the hands of some superior power; on the contrary, we open our minds to that power that alone can produce individuality. The individuality we now possess has been formed by whatever measure of divine will that we have incorporated in our own conscious existence, and by opening our minds completely to divine will, we shall gain sufficient power to make our individuality infinitely stronger and superior to what it now is. Our purpose is not to be used by the Supreme, but to use the power of the Supreme.

To live the life of God, think the thought of God, and will with the will of God—that is the secret path to the highly developed individuality; and it is such an individuality that becomes a master mind, a Son of the Most High.

When the individual mind declares, Thy will be done, consciousness must fully recognize the presence of Supreme power, and must realize, with depth of thought and feeling, that Supreme power invariably leads to higher ground—the world of freedom and superior existence.

When the mind gives up to divine will in an indifferent, submissive, self-surrendering attitude, it is not giving up to divine will; it is simply giving up to the surrounding


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 Rh no less than 157 runs were made over distances of thousands of miles, most of them considerably within an average rate of 92 days from Sandy Hook to San Francisco, or well within 3 days of the fastest record time. These records prove, if proof were needed, that the reputation of American clipper ships for speed does not rest upon the fast passages of a few ships, but is based upon the established records of many swift vessels.

Judged by any standard of beauty, the American clipper ships were handsome, noble-looking vessels. During the past fifty years I have seen many fleets of men-of-war and merchant ships, besides naval reviews, and at various times the squadrons of yachts that gather each summer in Cowes Roads and Newport Harbor, but I have never seen a collection of vessels which could compare in stately beauty with the fleet of American clipper ships which lay in the harbor of Hong-kong during the autumn of 1858.

The American clippers were all built of wood and their hulls were painted black from the metal up, though the Invincible carried a crimson stripe, and the Challenge, N. B. Palmer, Sweepstakes, and perhaps two or three others, a stripe of gold. Their yards and bowsprits were usually painted black, the lower masts white to the tops, with the tops and doublings above scraped bright and varnished, but the Challenge, Young America, and Mandarin carried black lower masts, and a few other ships kept their lower masts bright.

Many of their figureheads were of considerable artistic excellence, being designed by skilful artists,

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22 forces of fate. Such a mind will permit the forces of adversity to have their way, thinking that it is the will of God that much suffering still must be endured, and will consequently drift with circumstances, accepting whatever comes as a necessary chastisement.

This method, however, weakens the mind and places the individual more out of harmony with God than ever before. We always place ourselves out of harmony with God when we accept evil as coming from Him, and we weaken our own ability to use divine will when we permit adversity to exist thinking that it was sent from God.

To give the mind over to divine will is not to give up at all, in the ordinary sense of the term; we simply place ourselves in that position where we can use the power of the one true will instead of a mere imitation. We blend our own desires and aims with that power that we know can see us through, and we work in the realization that whatever is detrimental in our plans will be eliminated as we press on towards the great goal in view.

The mind that is aimless, waiting for the will of God to take him where he belongs, will drift with fate. He is not in the hands of divine will, he is in the hands of circumstances because he has not given divine will something to do. God does not tell us what to do; He has given us the wisdom to know our own desires and our own tendencies, and He has


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Rh given us the power to fulfill those desires, but we must take individual action; this is why we have individuality and free individual choice.

However, when we do take individual action, God will work with us if we enter into harmony with Him, and when He is with us, failure is impossible.

To use divine will, we must first have a lofty purpose in view; we must have something high and something definite that we wish to attain; we must have something upon which to apply the limitless power of divine will, and we must desire to reach that goal with the very deepest and strongest desires of heart and soul.

Then we must will to press on, knowing that we are using divine will, the Supreme will of the Most High, because this is the only will in the universe. It is the will that eternally wills the higher, the greater and the better—the will that is invincible, and always does what it wills to do.

To the minds of the many the true meaning of the will of God has not been made perfectly clear; therefore the majority, even among those who have strong spiritual tendencies, hesitate to give up to the absolute direction of higher power. There is a slight dread in the mind of the average person whenever he thinks of entering the uncertainty and the mysteriousness of the seeming void, and as long as things are reasonably well he does not care to give up to some power