text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Republican Party

REPUBLICAN PARTY. In the history of American politics the term Republican has been applied to political organizations representing the most diverse principles. During the years 1791-92, under the leadership of Jefferson, the opponents of centralization in the National Government were molded into an effective political party, which assumed the official name Democratic-Republican, though its members generally called themselves Republicans. Later this organization became known as the ../Democratic Party/ (q.v.). During the years 1825-29 the followers of Clay and of Adams were known as National Republicans. (See .) In ordinary usage, however, the term Republican is applied to the powerful party which was organized in 1854-56 and elected Lincoln in 1860.

The present Republican Party took its rise from one overpowering impulse — opposition to the extension of slavery. Northern Whigs acceded with great repugnance to the new Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (see ), and its enforcement became daily more odious. When the ../Kansas-Nebraska Bill/ (q.v.) became a law the revolt was instantaneous. On the very morning after the passing of this bill, May 27, 1854, a gathering of some thirty Congressmen discussed the necessity of organizing a new party, and it was agreed that ‘Republican’ would be its appropriate name. Previously, on February 28, 1854, a mass meeting of Whigs, Democrats, and Free Soilers, in Ripon, Wis., had resolved that if the Kansas-Nebraska Bill should pass, they would “throw old party organizations to the winds, and organize a new party on the sole issue of the non-extension of slavery.” Three weeks later local organization was effected, and the name ‘Republican’ was suggested as the one which the party should and probably would adopt. It was in Michigan, however, that the fusion of the opponents of the extension of slavery first completed a State organization, and formally adopted the name (July 6, 1854).

The new party was formed not so much by a coalition as by a fusion of diverse elements. There were: (a) a large proportion of the anti-slavery Whigs, like Seward, Greeley, and Lincoln; (b) the Free Soilers (see ), like Hale, Julian, and Sumner; (c) a great body of Know-Nothings, like Wilson, Banks, and Colfax; (d) some Abolitionists, who, though impatient with the Republicans' repeated assertion that they did not purpose to interfere with slavery where it actually existed, nevertheless found in the new party the best promise of effective opposition to slavery; and finally (e) anti-slavery Democrats, such as Hamlin, Cameron, and Bryant, who brought with them a strong popularizing influence. Later the war crisis led other Democrats into the Republican ranks, though in some

as in the cases of Butler and Johnson, their allegiance was but temporary.

Before the new party had been in existence a year it had secured a popular majority for the opponents of slavery in 15 of the 31 States, and had elected 11 United States Senators and a plurality in the House of Representatives. The first Republican national convention met at Philadelphia, on June 17, 1856, and was attended by delegates from all the Northern States, from the Territories of Minnesota, Nebraska, and Kansas, from the District of Columbia, from Virginia, and from the border States of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky. The nomination for the Presidency was given to John C. Frémont, whose career as an explorer and pioneer made him a magnetic leader. The platform declared it to be “both the right and the duty of Congress to prohibit in the Territories those twin relics of barbarism, polygamy and slavery;” it demanded the immediate admission of Kansas as a free State, and denounced the ../Ostend Manifesto/ (q. v.), “with its highwayman's plea that might makes right.” Whig influence was apparent in its strong declaration in favor of internal improvements at national expense, including the construction of a railway to the Pacific. Frémont obtained 114 electoral votes (Buchanan, the Democratic candidate, receiving 174), and polled a popular vote of 1,341,264, carrying all the free States with the exception of New Jersey, California, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Illinois. (See and, section History, for details on Presidential elections.) A slight falling off in Republican strength in Congress reflected the waning of the first enthusiasm and the defection of some of the least disinterested members, but their places were soon more than filled by new adherents from the shattered American Party and from Whigs and Democrats, to whom the Dred Scott decision and the Lecompton Bill were intolerable. During Buchanan's administration the Republicans devoted their efforts to protesting against the extension of slavery, and to unsuccessful attempts to secure the passage of a Homestead Bill and the appropriation of public lands for educational purposes. In 1860 the Republican national convention was held in Chicago. The platform denounced Democratic threats of disunion; insisted that the rights of the States should be maintained inviolate, especially the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively; declared that “the normal condition of all the territory of the United States is that of freedom, which Congress is bound to preserve and defend;” demanded the prompt admission of Kansas as a free State, and the passage of a Homestead Bill; favored a protective tariff, and river and harbor improvements; and advocated a Pacific railway, to be aided by national grants. In the balloting for candidates the more prominent leaders, Seward and Chase, were soon passed over as having made too many enemies or aroused too great apprehensions, and on the third ballot the nomination fell to Lincoln, largely from considerations of ‘availability,’ for as yet the full measure of his strength had by no means been revealed. Governor Hamlin, of Maine, a former Democrat, was given the second place on the ticket. Out of the 303 electoral votes Lincoln received 180, and his plurality was nearly 500,000; but his strength

was exclusively in the North, and his vote fell far short of a majority.

Republican rule began even before Lincoln's inauguration, for in the closing months of the 30th Congress the withdrawal of Southern members gave the Republicans a majority in both Houses, a fact promptly signalized by the admission of Kansas, and by the passage of a protective tariff act. The conduct of the war against the Confederate States was thrown into the hands of the loose-constructionist Republican Party; yet the opposition, especially in the later years of the conflict, was vigorous. The chief war measures were enacted by Republican votes, and favorite Republican policies were also brought to realization in the Homestead Bill of 1862, and the grants in aid of railways and of education. Really ‘pivotal,’ however, was the party's policy toward slavery. Here Lincoln himself took the lead. The preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation (q.v.), issued upon his own responsibility, served to “unite the South and divide the North.” Formidable reaction followed, and in the autumn elections of 1862 the very existence of the Union was at stake. No one could doubt that the loss of Republican ascendency would result in the ending of the war by some compromise which would involve the dissolution of the Union, yet the great States New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois all showed Democratic majorities; but the New England States, Kansas and Minnesota, California and Oregon followed the President's leading, and the border States, too, came to the support of his policy. In the resulting Congress the Republicans found themselves in control by a majority of about twenty votes. Lincoln's policy had been vindicated: he had been clear-sighted enough to recognize that the moment had come to commit the party to an aggressive policy, and on a question of right and wrong he had been willing to trust the people. But nothing less than an amendment to the Constitution could be relied upon actually to abolish slavery forever. Such an amendment was proposed in December, 1863, but went over to the next session, and therefore became one of the vital issues of the campaign of 1864. Lincoln insisted that the advocacy of such an amendment should be made the ‘keystone’ of the platform. In sharp contrast with the resolutions of 1860, the Republican Convention now declared that slavery was the cause and the strength of the rebellion; that it was “hostile to the principle of republican government,” and that “the national safety demanded its utter and complete extirpation from the soil of the Republic;” that the Constitution should be so amended as to “terminate and forever prohibit the existence of slavery within the limits or the jurisdiction of the United States;” and that no terms but unconditional surrender should be granted to the rebellious States. Lincoln was renominated by acclamation, and, as a mark of recognition of the patriotism of the loyal men of the border States, the nomination for the Vice-Presidency was given to Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee. Lincoln's vote in the electoral college exceeded that of his Democratic opponent, McClellan, ten to one, yet it is significant that his popular majority was less than 500,000. January 28, 1865, with the aid of eleven Democratic votes, the joint resolution (v. Amend. XIII. U. S. Const.) was passed by the House.

The end of the war found the Republican Party strong and united. But a severer test awaited it in the problem of reconstruction (q.v.), and but few weeks were needed to show how irreparable a loss the party had sustained in the death of Lincoln, and what a wretched blunder, from a purely Republican point of view, it had committed in making it possible for a strict-constructionist Democrat of Johnson's personality and antecedents to become President. During Johnson's administration the Republican majority in both Houses of Congress was overwhelming. Between the President and Congress there speedily arose over the policy to be pursued in reconstructing the South a controversy which culminated in the unsuccessful impeachment. The party in its platform of 1868 sanctioned the reconstruction policy of Congress, and insisted upon “equal suffrage to all loyal men in the South.” General Grant received the unanimous nomination for the Presidency. His election was made a certainty by the fact that in the South negro suffrage was protected by Federal arms, while many of the whites were still disfranchised. Consequently only four of the Southern States, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Louisiana, chose Democratic electors. Republican majorities were maintained in both branches of Congress throughout Grant's first administration, although the opposition was gradually gaining strength. As a party measure the ratification of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments was exacted from Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia as a condition precedent to readmission, and the appointment of Federal supervisors of elections was authorized. Stimulated by protests against the manipulation of office for private or party purposes, the Republicans passed the first law for the reform of the civil service. The growing sentiment in favor of universal amnesty, universal enfranchisement, civil service reform, and the limiting of the power of the Federal Government over the local affairs of the States led to the breaking away of the Liberal Republicans (q.v.), who in 1872 made these the chief planks in their platform. Their avowed failure to come to any agreement as to the tariff, and their ill-advised nomination of Greeley, made the movement but a slight menace to the reëlection of Grant, whom the Republicans had unanimously renominated upon a platform consisting chiefly of a glorification of the party's past achievements and strongly advocating a protective tariff. As a result of the ../Crédit Mobilier/ (q.v.) and other scandals the feeling became widespread that the Republican Party's long tenure of office had lowered the ethical tone of the party, and had given it into the hands of self-seeking and overbearing leaders. Moreover, the Republicans, as the party in power, were held responsible for the panic of 1873. Hence defection grew to such an extent that many of the Northern States were carried by the Democrats, who in 1875 secured a majority of 182 to 110 in the House. The Republican national convention in 1876 indorsed civil service reform, and commended the provision already made for the resumption of specie payments. The nomination for the Presidency was given to Governor Hayes of Ohio, and in the ensuing campaign many of the Liberal Republican bolters returned to their former allegiance. The result of the election was long in doubt, but by the ../Electoral Commission/ (q.v.) all the questions at issue were decided in

favor of Hayes, who was declared to have received 185 votes to 184 for Tilden, his Democratic opponent.

With the administration of Hayes there began a new period in the history of the Republican Party. The issues which had called it into existence had passed away, and the withdrawal by the President of the Federal troops from the South at the beginning of his administration may be said to have closed the strife between the two sections of the country. The old party leaders had left the field, for the most part, and their places had been taken by such men as Blaine, Garfield, Conkling, Sherman, Schurz, Hoar, and Edmunds. The task which faced them was new, for economic problems upon which neither party had developed well-united views had become dominant; the currency, the tariff, and commercial relations were to be adjusted to the new and rapidly expanding industrial life of the people. In the first two years of Hayes's administration the Democrats were in control of the House, and in the last two years of both branches of Congress, while from the members of his own party the President received but half-hearted support, for it was by the aid of Republican votes that the Bland Silver-Purchase Bill was passed over his veto, and that the further retirement of United States notes was forbidden. The Republican convention of 1880 favored a protective tariff, Federal aid to popular education, “the protection of the honest voter at the South,” and thorough civil service reform. Grant was for a time the leading candidate, but after a long contest the convention was ‘stampeded’ for Garfield, who was nominated on the thirty-sixth ballot. In order to conciliate the supporters of Grant, the second place on the ticket was given to Chester A. Arthur. During the administrations of Garfield and Arthur party lines were greatly blurred. The tariff act of 1883 and also the Pendleton Civil Service Bill received support from both sides of the chambers, yet they were in the main regarded as Republican measures. In 1884 the Republican platform was unusually pronounced in its advocacy of a protective tariff and urged international bi-metallism, the regulation of interstate commerce, and the restoration of the navy to its old-time strength and efficiency. The nomination of Blaine proved in many respects to be ill-advised. A large section of the party (see ) refused to support him, and gave their votes mainly for Cleveland, who was elected, carrying not only the ‘Solid South,’ but also New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Indiana. During his administration Democrats were in the majority in the House. Substantial gains were made in the reform of the civil service and in the regulation of interstate commerce (Act of 1887), both of which the Republican platform had urged. A protectionist faction in the Democratic Party aided the Republicans in preventing a reduction of import duties. Cleveland's message of December, 1887, made the tariff the dominant issue of the campaign of the following year. The Republican platform declared the party to be “uncompromisingly in favor of the American system of protection;” asserted its opposition to combinations organized “to control arbitrarily the conditions of trade among citizens;” favored the “use of both silver and gold as money,” and the building up of a strong navy. The nomination of Harrison,

of Indiana, and Morton, of New York, helped the party to regain those States and win the election. A scanty majority was secured in both branches of Congress. The “Omnibus Bill” for the admission of the Dakotas, Montana, and Washington brought the Republicans some votes, and Speaker Reed's rules put the House under the firm control of the majority, although they aroused not a little opposition. The protectionist McKinley Tariff Bill was passed, with the addition of a reciprocity clause. But in the Congressional elections of 1890 the Republicans were overwhelmingly defeated, and the Democrats carried the Presidential election of 1892 by a large electoral majority. The Republican platform had been very similar to that of 1888, and the nominations had aroused little enthusiasm; a rise in retail prices had followed the going into effect of the McKinley tariff, and had made it unpopular. During the first half of Cleveland's second administration the Republicans were in a decided minority in both Houses. But the reaction due to the disastrous panic of 1893 and dissatisfaction with the long-deferred and inconsistent Wilson-Gorman Tariff Bill presently reversed the situation in Congress, again bringing the Republicans into control. In the campaign of 1896 the currency issue was the all-important one. Twenty-two Republican State conventions pronounced against the free coinage of silver, and the platform of the national convention asserted the party's opposition to free coinage except by international agreement. Upon the adoption of this resolution, thirty-four free-silver delegates withdrew from the convention. The platform further “renewed and emphasized the party's allegiance to the policy of protection,” and promised “to all of our products” “the most ample protection;” it favored a protectorate over Hawaii, and insisted that the United States “should actively use its influence and good offices to restore peace and give independence to Cuba.” In this campaign the Republicans received aid from the ‘Gold Democrats;’ even the ‘Solid South’ was broken. McKinley received a majority over all other candidates of 280,257. The appeal which the Democrats had made to class animosity had reacted in favor of the Republicans, as the party of conservatism. In the following year the Republicans found themselves in control of both branches of Congress, though their majority in the Senate was but narrow. The Dingley Bill was promptly passed, restoring the strongly protective character to the tariff. The war with Spain, in 1898, forced to the front questions of policy which had been quite unforeseen, and on which clean-cut party lines could not be drawn. The annexation of Hawaii had long been a favorite measure with some Republicans, and was effected by Republican votes. In 1899 the Republicans secured a strong majority in the Senate, and forthwith enacted a law making the gold dollar unequivocally the unit of value. Upon questions relating to the government of ‘dependencies,’ however, there was some crossing of party lines, a few leading Republicans with most of the Democrats taking the ground that the United States could not govern alien peoples without the consent of the governed. In the campaign of 1900 the great issue was that of ‘imperialistic expansion.’ The Republican platform renewed the pledge of independence to Cuba; and declared it to be “the high duty of the

“to put down armed insurrection and to confer the blessings of liberty and civilization upon all rescued peoples,” promising them the largest measure of self-government consistent with their welfare and our duties. Again McKinley was the Republican nominee against Bryan, and he increased his vote over that of 1896. Outside of the Southern States the Democrats secured only 13 electoral votes, all from States dominated by the silver interest. In the first Congress of the new century the Republicans increased their strength in both Houses. The pledge of Cuban independence was redeemed, but within the party there arose serious differences as to the policy to be pursued toward the Philippines and also over reciprocity, which had been strongly indorsed in Republican platforms, but to which large financial interests, of great weight in Republican councils, stood inflexibly opposed.

The Republican Party began its career through a fusion of various party elements opposed to the extension of slavery. Its original task was accomplished with the close of the reconstruction period. New tasks have caused a differentiation in the party's personnel and in its centres of influence. In the industrial agitations of the closing years of the nineteenth century it found itself forced to stand upon the defensive as the party of conservatism. It has ever represented strong nationalizing forces at home, and a vigorous foreign policy, and its principles of broad interpretation of the Constitution have led it to enter with confidence upon the solution of problems imposed upon the United States by the expansion which followed the war with Spain.

Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power (Boston, 1872); Greeley, The American Conflict (Hartford, 1864); Bancroft, Life of Seward (New York, 1900); Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress (Norwich, 1884); an article by Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and United States History (Chicago, 1881); Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 (New York, 1896); Stanwood, History of the Presidency (Boston, 1900); Smith, The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest (New York, 1897); Nicolay and Hay, Ahraham Lincoln, a History (New York, 1890); J. T. Morse, Life of Lincoln (Boston, 1898); Autobiography of Thurlow Weed (Boston, 1884); Geo. W. Julian, Political Recollections, 1840 to 1872 (Chicago, 1884); H. E. von Holst, Political and Constitutional History of the United States, vols. iv. to viii. (Chicago, 1876-92); J. P. Gordy, History of Political Parties and Political History of the United States (Columbus, Ohio, 1895-98).


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Republican River

REPUBLICAN RIVER. One of the headstreams of the Kansas River. It is formed by two forks in east central Colorado, and flows northeast into Nebraska, then east, and finally southeast into Kansas, where it joins the Smoky Hill River at Junction City to form the Kansas River (Map: Nebraska, F 3). It is about 500 miles long.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Barkly, Sir Henry


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Barlee, Sir Frederick Palgrave


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Barling, Joseph


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Barlow, Right Rev. Christopher George


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Barrow, John Henry


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Barry, Right Rev. Alfred


text:
Author:Alfred Barry

Works

 * Introduction to the Old Testament
 * Notes on the Gospels
 * Cheltenham College Sermons
 * Notes on the Catechism
 * Life of Sir Charles Barry, R.A.
 * University Sermons
 * First Words in Australia (1884)
 * The Teacher's Prayer Book
 * The Parables of the Old Testament
 * Christianity and Socialism (1891)

title: Author:Alfred Barry


text:
User talk:Isacq

— billinghurst  sDrewth  15:54, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Isacq


text: Lindigo, the White Woman

title: Lindigo, the White Woman


text: Lindigo, the White Woman/Chapter 1

title: Lindigo, the White Woman/Chapter 1


text: Lindigo, the White Woman/Chapter 2

title: Lindigo, the White Woman/Chapter 2


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Barry, Hon. Sir Redmond


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Yoma/Chapter 6/1

Hebrew Text
שני שעירי יום הכפורים, מצותן שיהיו שניהן שוין במראה ובקומה ובדמים ובלקיחתן כאחד. ואף על פי שאינן שוין, כשרין. לקח אחד היום ואחד למחר, כשרין. מת אחד מהן, אם עד שלא הגריל מת, יקח זוג לשני. ואם משהגריל מת, יביא זוג אחר ויגריל עליהם בתחלה, ויאמר, אם של שם מת, זה שעלה עליו הגורל לשם יתקים תחתיו. ואם של עזאזל מת, זה שעלה עליו הגורל לעזאזל יתקים תחתיו. והשני ירעה עד שיסתאב, וימכר ויפלו דמיו לנדבה, שאין חטאת צבור מתה. רבי יהודה אומר, תמות. ועוד אמר רבי יהודה, נשפך הדם, ימות המשתלח. מת המשתלח, ישפך הדם.

English Translation
 The two Yom Kippur goats: It is commanded that both of them should be equivalent in appearance, in stature, and in value, and that they are purchased together. However, they are considered fit [for the rite] even if they are not equivalent. [And even] if one is purchased today and the other tomorrow, they are considered fit.

If one of them dies: If it has died prior to the drawing of the lots, [a new goat] should be purchased to compliment the remaining one. But if it died from the drawing of the lots onward, two [new] goats are to be purchased together, and lots drawn over them from the beginning. If [the goat designated] for Adonai has died, is should be recited [over the replacement], “This is [the goat] whose lot was drawn for Adonai, let it stand in place of the one [which died].” If [the goat designated] for Azazel has died, is should be recited [over the replacement], “This is [the goat] whose lot was drawn for Azazel, let it stand in place of the one [which died].” And the other [goat of the pair] is sent to pasture until it becomes unfit for sacrifice. [At that point], it may be sold, and it's value is considered a freewill offering, since [a goat that has been] designated for the public sin offering is not to be slaughtered.

Rabbi Yehuda said that it may be slaughtered.

And Rabbi Yehudah further said, if the blood [of the first goat] were spilled, then the scapegoat [lit. the one which is to be sent] should be slaughtered as well. [Likewise,] if the scapegoat is slaughtered, then the blood [of the first goat] should be spilled.

Explanation
משנה יומא ו א


text:
Page:Lindigo.djvu/24

24 whom she meant having come, Mary answered, "Oh! the Prince! I mean Mr. Charlie, to be sure!"

Bella blushed unconsciously, and wished to know what proof she had of such a fact, when Mary a little embarrassedly narrated the plan Donald and herself had invented in order to communicate the agreeable intelligence.

Her young mistress coloured more deeply on hearing her own name coupled with Charlie's in the air, and on learning that both of them were the subject of Donald and Mary's gossip (by the maid's own confession) she was therefore resolved for the future to be more reserved in Charlie's company, and never again to manifest the same joy and happiness on meeting him before Mary or Donald. Vain reasoning. Little did she know how her very looks and pretended indifference betrayed more fully the state of her mind to the more practised eye of her maid; and this evening, in listening to the music, that she more than formerly extolled the beautiful pibroch, and Donald's excellence in giving it more justice than any other piper; but above all, the bright hue of her cheeks, and the brilliant light of her eyes, when noticing some object opposite in Charlie's room, with something like a spyglass levelled at her.

Mary was indeed correct in her conjectures, for Charlie paid his visit to Mr. McKay that evening as usual on his arrival from the University.

What conversation had taken place between himself and Bella on that occasion we know not; however, this much came to our knowledge, that when Charlie had taken his leave of Mr. McKay, Bella met him (I suppose accidentally) in the lobby, and that the young student promised to shoot a brace of ptarimganptarmigan [sic] in Ben Mòr next morning, provided the young lady met him at the bridge of Linn to receive the same. Hence the unfortunate recountre, detailed in the first chapter, which was mainly attributable to Mary Grant's prying black eyes, and prevented her modest young mistress trusting her, as usual, in her company, particularly as she expected to meet a certain young gentleman with game. We also suspect that the same reasons sent Donald Munro to the post-office on that morning instead of accompanying his young master as formerly to Ben Mòr.

title: Page:Lindigo.djvu/24


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Yoma/Chapter 6/2

Hebrew Text
בא לו אצל שעיר המשתלח וסומך שתי ידיו עליו ומתודה.

וכך היה אומר, אנא השם, עוו פשעו חטאו לפניך עמך בית ישראל.

אנא בשם, כפר נא לעונות ולפשעים ולחטאים, שעוו ושפשעו ושחטאו לפניך עמך בית ישראל, ככתוב בתורת משה עבדך לאמר, (ויקרא טז) כי ביום הזה יכפר עליכם לטהר אתכם מכל חטאתיכם לפני יי תטהרו.

והכהנים והעם העומדים בעזרה, כשהיו שומעים שם המפרש שהוא יוצא מפי כהן גדול, היו כורעים ומשתחוים ונופלים על פניהם, ואומרים, ברוך שם כבוד מלכותו לעולם ועד.

English Translation
 [The High Priest] approaches the scapegoat and places both of his hands on it and confesses. He recites the following: “O Adonai I pray, Your people the house of Israel have done wrong, they have transgressed, they have sinned before You. “O for the sake of the Holy Name, grant atonement for the wrongdoings, for the transgressions, and for the sins which they, Your people the house of Israel, have done wrongly, which they have transgressed, which they have sinned before You. As it is written in the Torah of Moses Your servant: “For on this day shall atonement be made for you, to cleanse you; from all your sins shall ye be clean before the LORD.” (Lev 16:30 JPS)

Then, when the priests and the people who stood in the Temple court heard the Ineffable Name intoned by the High Priest, they would bow and prostrate themselves and fall on their faces. Then they would say, “Blessed is His glorious kingdom for ever and ever.”

Explanation
משנה יומא ו ב


text: Lindigo, the White Woman/Chapter 3

title: Lindigo, the White Woman/Chapter 3


text:
Page:Lindigo.djvu/25

Rh

We left Mr. Brown proceeding on his way towards Mr. McKay's residence with his lordship's note. Mounted on a spirited horse, and dressed in his best livery, with his mind meditating on the sensation his appearance would create on the ignorant people he was going to visit. Approaching Mr. McKay's house in a swinging canter, the first person he encountered after springing out of his saddle with a cavalier air, was Mary Grant, who had been wondering what stylish gentleman was coming.

Brown, who was instantly struck with the pretty Highland lassie, brought all his fascinating powers to bear in order to take her tender heart by storm. Approaching her with a theatrical air, he presented Mr. McKay's note, at the same time placing his left hand on his heart, making a low bow, and addressing her in the following strain:—

"Hadorable Hangel, padon my presumption in presenting you with a billet which his lodship has done me the honour to convey to Mr. Maky, the gentleman of this Hestablishment."

Never before having been addressed in such high-flown language, moreover by such a handsome and well-dressed gentleman, Mary tripped away gaily on her mission, delivered the note to Mr. McKay, who, on perusing it, sent her back immediately to conduct the bearer to a room, where he was to be treated to eatables and drink.

On executing her commission, Mary was again besieged with a repetition of Mr. Brown's enconiums on her charms, which raised her vanity to the highest pitch, and sent her up-stairs (she hardly knew whether on her head or heels) to her young mistress' room; and which, on entering, she startled its fair occupant with the following effusion:—

"Darling Miss Bella! such a charming gentleman below with a letter to the master from some lord at the castle. You never heard such fine words as he said to me and such beautiful English. He called me his hadorable hangel, and many other fine things; and such splendid clothes, with a gold band round his hat! If

title: Page:Lindigo.djvu/25


text:
Page:Elementary Chinese - San Tzu Ching (1900).djvu/96

 Liang see. [The last two characters are the double surname of the third commentator, who lived in the 5th cent. B.C.]

Ching see. It may here be noted that the term Classics is not applied only to the works mentioned in lines, , but includes also the Four Books ( et seq.). Eitel wrongly inserts "six," although the commentary particularly repudiates any such limitation: 四書六經皆經也 ssŭ shu liu ching chieh ching yeh the Four Books and Six Classics are all Classics.

Chi see.

Ming see.

Fang see lines,.

Tu see lines,.

Tzŭ see. [This injunction includes 諸子 chu tzŭ philosophers generally, orthodox and otherwise,  guiding the student towards his right goal, the ultimate glorification of Confucianism. Eitel wrongly restricts it to "the ten philosophers," meaning the five philosophers mentioned in lines —, with five other lesser lights, the works attributed to some of whom are now recognised to be spurious, viz. 列子 Lieh Tzŭ, 管子 Kuan Tzŭ, 韓非子 Han Fei Tzŭ, 淮南子 Huai-nan Tzŭ, and 鶡冠子 Ho Kuan Tzŭ.]


text:
Page:Elementary Chinese - San Tzu Ching (1900).djvu/97

Ts'o is composed of 手 shou hand as radical, and 最 tsui to collect as phonetic.

Ch'i appears to have been written 兀 (see ) in early ages, meaning a stand for exhibiting things. It is defined as a word for pointing at things, a demonstrative, and is now classified under radical 八 pa. It is sometimes a demonstrative, and sometimes merely the article, definite or indefinite.

Yao is composed of an obsolete character representing the two hands as radical, and 交 chiao to interlace, originally a picture of crossed legs, as phonetic. The whole is a picture of a man standing with his arms akimbo, and meant waist, now written 腰 with 肉 jou flesh as radical: hence necessary, important, to need, etc. Read it means to meet, to intercept, to make an agreement, etc.

Chi see. It is not meant that such facts should be learnt by rote, but rather noted for use.

Ch'i see.

Shih is composed of 史 shih historian, its old radical, with a contraction of 之 chih as phonetic, and originally meant duties of office, to serve. It is now classed under radical 亅 (obsolete), and means business, affairs, but here points towards facts, as opposed to theories, which facts heterodox writers may have simply misinterpreted.


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Wu see. Chief is implied.

Tzŭ see.

Chê see.

Yu see.

Hsün is composed of 艸 ts'ao vegetation as radical, with 旬 hsün a period of ten days, a decade, as phonetic. It is the name of a plant, not identified, and here the surname of 荀況 Hsün K'uang.

Yang see. It is here the surname of 楊雄 Yang Hsiung.

Wên see.

Chung see. Sometimes wrongly written 仲.

Tzŭ see. These three characters form the posthumous title conferred upon 王通 Wang T'ung, a philosopher who flourished A.D. 583—616.

Chi is composed, under its old form, of 又 yu hand as


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 radical, and 人 jen man, and is explained as to seize the man ahead, hence to come up to. Here = and.

Lao see.

Chuang is composed of 艸 ts'ao vegetation as radical, and 壯 chuang strong as phonetic. (The latter, composed of 士 shih a soldier as its old radical, with 爿 ch'iang or ch'uang a bedstead as phonetic, was the original character.) It is here the surname of a philosopher of the 4th cent. B.C., who wrote on the teachings of Lao Tzŭ.

Ching see title and.

Tzŭ see.

T'ung see.

Tu see.

Chu is composed of 言 yen words and 者 chê. It is not necessary always to translate it rigorously; sometimes it is a mere sign of the plural. It also has various prepositional values, such as at, on, in, to, etc.

Shih was composed, under its old form, of 又 yu hand grasping 中 chung the middle, sc. impartiality. It is defined as one who records events, and was applied in early ages to the Grand Astrologer of the Court.


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K'ao is composed of 老 lao old abbreviated, and an obsolete phonetic. It originally meant old; then it came to signify a dead father; now it is the common term for examination.

Shih is composed of three 十 shih tens, thirty years being the Chinese estimate of the length of a generation of men. It is also used in the sense of mankind, the world.

Hsi is 糸 ssŭ silk, with a dash at the top, and means to tie, to bind. [Eitel translates this line by "Searching their chapters on genealogy and their family records." But hsi has no such meaning as "records."]

Chih see lines,.

Chung see.

Shih see. [Eitel continues "So as to know both the end and the beginning of history."]

Tzŭ see.

Hsi is composed of 兮 hsi separation of vapour, later a particle of emphasis (an old radical), with 義 i as phonetic. It originally meant vapour, but here stands for the name of the legendary Emperor 伏 Fu (or 庖 P'ao) 羲 Hsi, who reigned B.C. 2953—2838, and is said to have developed the Diagrams


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 from the marks on the back of a tortoise. It is now classed under radical 羊 yang a sheep.

Nung appears under a dozen different forms, the original composition of which is obscure. It is now classed under radical 辰 ch'ên heavenly bodies, and seems to have been originally associated with the dim light of dawn, but here stands for the name of the legendary Emperor 神農 Shên Nung, the Divine Husbandman, who reigned B.C. 2838—2698, and is said to have first taught the art of agriculture.

Chih see.

Huang is composed of 田 t'ien fields and 光 kuang under an old form. It is one of the five colours (青 ch'ing blue and green, 黃 huang yellow, 赤 ch'ih red, 白 pai white, 黑 hei black), and is assigned to earth. It is now the Imperial colour, which under the Chou dynasty was red.

Ti is now classed under radical 巾 chin a napkin, but in early ages it was classed under 上 shang above, with 束 tz'ŭ a thorn as phonetic. It originally meant to investigate judicially, the ruler of the world, and so came to mean the Supreme Being, God, and also the deified spirits of Imperial ancestors. Some have traced it to the eight-pointed star of Babylon, but in the old form given in the Shuo Wên dictionary there are but seven points. [The Yellow Emperor reigned B.C. 2698—2598, and is the reputed inventor of clothes.]

Hao see.


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Rh pinafores. I was a kid of four when he first went to sea. It surprised me to find how boisterous he could be.

"'Now we shall see what you are made of,' he cried. And he held me off by the shoulders, and punched my ribs, and hustled me into his berth. 'Sit down, Ned. I am glad of the chance of having you with me. I'll put the finishing touch to you, my young officer, providing you're worth the trouble. And, first of all, get it well into your head that we are not going to let this brute kill anybody this voyage. We'll stop her racket.'

"I perceived he was in dead earnest about it. He talked grimly of the ship, and how we must be careful and never allow this ugly beast to catch us napping with any of her damned tricks.

"He gave me a regular lecture on special seamanship for the use of the Apse Family; then changing his tone, he began to talk at large, rattling off the wildest, funniest nonsense, till my sides ached with laughing. I could see very well he was a bit above himself with high spirits. It couldn't be because of my coming. Not to that extent. But, of course, I wouldn't have dreamt of asking what was the matter. I had a proper respect for my big brother, I can tell you. But it was all made plain enough a day or two afterwards, when I heard that Miss Maggie Colchester was coming for the voyage. Uncle was giving her a sea-trip for the benefit of her health.

"I don't know what could have been wrong with her health. She had a beautiful colour, and a deuce of a lot of fair hair. She didn't care a rap for wind, or rain, or spray, or sun, or green seas, or anything. She was a blue-eyed, jolly girl of the very best sort, but the way she cheeked my big brother used to frighten me. I always expected it to end in an awful row. However, nothing decisive happened till after we had been in

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120 Sydney for a week. One day, in the men's dinner hour, Charley sticks his head into my cabin. I was stretched out on my back on the settee, smoking in peace.

"'Come ashore with me, Ned,' he says, in his curt way.

"I jumped up, of course, and away after him down the gangway and up George Street. He strode along like a giant, and I at his elbow, panting. It was confoundedly hot. 'Where on earth are you rushing me to, Charley?' I made bold to ask.

"'Here,' he says.

"'Here' was a jeweller's shop. I couldn't imagine what he could want there. It seemed a sort of mad freak. He thrusts under my nose three rings, which looked very tiny on his big, brown palm, growling out—

"'For Maggie! Which?'

"I got a kind of scare at this. I couldn't make a sound, but I pointed at the one that sparkled white and blue. He put it in his waistcoat pocket, paid for it with a lot of sovereigns, and bolted out. When we got on board I was quite out of breath. 'Shake hands, old chap,' I gasped out. He gave me a thump on the back. 'Give what orders you like to the boatswain when the hands turn-to,' says he; 'I am off duty this afternoon.'

"Then he vanished from the deck for a while, but presently he came out of the cabin with Maggie, and these two went over the gangway publicly, before all hands, going for a walk together on that awful, blazing hot day, with clouds of dust flying about. They came back after a few hours looking very staid, but didn't seem to have the slightest idea where they had been. Anyway, that's the answer they both made to Mrs. Colchester's question at tea-time.

"And didn't she turn on Charley, with her voice like an old night cabman's! 'Rubbish. Don't know

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Rh where you've been! Stuff and nonsense. You've walked the girl off her legs. Don't do it again.'

"It's surprising how meek Charley could be with that old woman. Only on one occasion he whispered to me, 'I'm jolly glad she isn't Maggie's aunt, except by marriage. That's no sort of relationship.' But I think he let Maggie have too much of her own way. She was hopping all over that ship in her yachting skirt and a red tam o' shanter like a bright bird on a dead black tree. The old salts used to grin to themselves when they saw her coming along, and offered to teach her knots or splices. I believe she liked the men, for Charley's sake, I suppose.

"As you may imagine, the fiendish propensities of that cursed ship were never spoken of on board. Not in the cabin, at any rate. Only once on the homeward passage Charley said, incautiously, something about bringing all her crew home this time. Captain Colchester began to look uncomfortable at once, and that silly, hard-bitten old woman flew out at Charley as though he had said something indecent. I was quite confounded myself; as to Maggie, she sat completely mystified, opening her blue eyes very wide. Of course, before she was a day older she wormed it all out of me. She was a very difficult person to lie to.

"'How awful,' she said, quite solemn. 'So many poor fellows. I am glad the voyage is nearly over. I won't have a moment's peace about Charley now.'

"I assured her Charley was all right. It took more than that ship knew to get over a seaman like Charley. And she agreed with me.

"Next day we got the tug off Dungeness; and when the tow-rope was fast Charley rubbed his hands and said to me in an undertone—

"'We've baffled her, Ned.'

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122 "'Looks like it,' I said, with a grin at him. It was beautiful weather, and the sea as smooth as a millpond. We went up the river without a shadow of trouble except once, when off Hole Haven, the brute took a sudden sheer and nearly had a barge anchored just clear of the fairway. But I was aft, looking after the steering, and she did not catch me napping that time. Charley came up on the poop, looking very concerned. 'Close shave,' says he.

"'Never mind, Charley,' I answered, cheerily. 'You've tamed her.'

"We were to tow right up to the dock. The river pilot boarded us below Gravesend, and the first words I heard him say were: 'You may just as well take your port anchor inboard at once, Mr. Mate.'

"This had been done when I went forward. I saw Maggie on the forecastle head enjoying the bustle and I begged her to go aft, but she took no notice of me, of course. Then Charley, who was very busy with the head gear, caught sight of her and shouted in his biggest voice: 'Get off the forecastle head, Maggie. You're in the way here.' For all answer she made a funny face at him, and I saw poor Charley turn away, hiding a smile. She was flushed with the excitement of getting home again, and her blue eyes seemed to snap electric sparks as she looked at the river. A collier brig had gone round just ahead of us, and our tug had to stop her engines in a hurry to avoid running into her.

"In a moment, as is usually the case, all the shipping in the reach seemed to get into a hopeless tangle. A schooner and a ketch got up a small collision all to themselves right in the middle of the river. It was exciting to watch, and, meantime, our tug remained stopped. Any other ship than that brute could have been coaxed to keep straight for a couple of minutes—

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Rh but not she! Her head fell off at once, and she began to drift down, taking her tug along with her. I noticed a cluster of coasters at anchor within a quarter of a mile of us, and I thought I had better speak to the pilot. 'If you let her get amongst that lot,' I said, quietly, 'she will grind some of them to bits before we get her out again.'

"'Don't I know her!' cries he, stamping his foot in a perfect fury. And he out with his whistle to make that bothered tug get the ship's head up again as quick as possible. He blew like mad, waving his arm to port, and presently we could see that the tug's engines had been set going ahead. Her paddles churned the water, but it was as if she had been trying to tow a rock—she couldn't get an inch out of that ship. Again the pilot blew his whistle, and waved his arm to port. We could see the tug's paddles turning faster and faster away, broad on our bow.

"For a moment tug and ship hung motionless in a crowd of moving shipping, and then the terrific strain that evil, stony-hearted brute would always put on everything, tore the towing-chock clean out. The tow-rope surged over, snapping the iron stanchions of the head-rail one after another as if they had been sticks of sealing-wax. It was only then I noticed that in order to have a better view over our heads, Maggie had stepped upon the port anchor as it lay flat on the forecastle deck.

"It had been lowered properly into its hardwood beds, but there had been no time to take a turn with it. Anyway, it was quite secure as it was, for going into dock; but I could see directly that the tow-rope would sweep under the fluke in another second. My heart flew up right into my throat, but not before I had time to yell out: 'Jump clear of that anchor!'

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124 "But I hadn't time to shriek out her name. I don't suppose she heard me at all. The first touch of the hawser against the fluke threw her down; she was up on her feet again quick as lightning, but she was up on the wrong side. I heard a horrid, scraping sound, and then that anchor, tipping over, rose up like something alive; its great, rough iron arm caught Maggie round the waist, seemed to clasp her close with a dreadful hug, and flung itself with her over and down in a terrific clang of iron, followed by heavy ringing blows that shook the ship from stem to stern—because the ring stopper held!"

"How horrible!" I exclaimed.

"I used to dream for years afterwards of anchors catching hold of girls," said the man in tweeds, a little wildly. He shuddered. "With a most pitiful howl Charley was over after her almost on the instant. But, Lord! he didn't see as much as a gleam of her red tam o' shanter in the water. Nothing! nothing whatever! In a moment there were half-a-dozen boats around us, and he got pulled into one. I, with the boatswain and the carpenter, let go the other anchor in a hurry and brought the ship up somehow. The pilot had gone silly. He walked up and down the forecastle head wringing his hands and muttering to himself: 'Killing women, now! Killing women, now!' Not another word could you get out of him.

"Dusk fell, then a night black as pitch; and peering upon the river I heard a low, mournful hail, 'Ship, ahoy!' Two Gravesend watermen came alongside. They had a lantern in their wherry, and looked up the ship's side, holding on to the ladder without a word. I saw in the patch of light a lot of loose, fair hair down there."

He shuddered again.

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 San see.

Huang was originally composed of 自 tzŭ from, with 王 wang prince (as though de par le roi) as radical, and means great. It is classed under radical 白 pai white (hence a suggested connection with the White Tsar), and is part of the term 皇 帝 huang ti Emperor. [Mr. Demetrius Boulger made an amusing blunder in his History of China, vol. I, p. 6, note, by confounding Huang ti Emperor, as above, with Huang ti the Yellow Emperor of :—"Hoangti means the Yellow Emperor; but it henceforth became a usual title for the first ruler of a new dynasty to take."]

Chü is composed of 尸 shih a corpse as radical, and 古 ku ancient. It originally meant to squat on the heels, and is now classed under radical 口 k'ou mouth.

Shang see.

Shih see.

T'ang is composed of 口 k'ou mouth as radical, with 庚 kêng to change as phonetic. It originally meant big words; hence, to boast. It here stands for tbe famous Emperor, better known from his canonisation as 堯 Yao, who reigned B.C. 2357—2258 and had previously been Marquis of T'ang.

Yu see.

Yü is composed of 虍 hu tiger as radical, with 吳 wu as phonetic, and originally meant a fabulous animal. It now


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 means to reckon, to be anxious, etc., and here stands, with yu = occupier, for the place of birth of the famous Emperor, better known from his canonisation as 舜 Shun, who reigned B.C. 2255—2205. [Eitel translates, "Next comes T'ang having Yü to follow him." Père Zottoli says in a note "Yeou yu vero dicitur Choen 舜 imperator, item a feudi nomine," which would appear to be incorrect.]

Hao see.

Erh see.

Ti see.

Hsiang see. It is quite wrong here to squeeze out the usual sense of reciprocity. There was in fact no reciprocity in the case. Yao abdicated in favour of Shun, and Shun put the Great Yü on the throne.

I is composed of 手 shou hand as radical, with a phonetic composed of 口 k'ou mouth and 耳 êrh ear, to whisper. It is now commonly used in the sense of to salute with the folded hands.

Hsün is composed of 孫 sun grandchild as phonetic, with the walking radical.

Ch'êng is composed of 禾 ho grain and a phonetic which seems


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 to have meant to pick up with the 爪 chao claws, fingers. It originally signified to weigh, hence to estimate, to entitle. Read it is a weighing-machine.

Shêng is composed of 成 ch'êng as phonetic, and an obsolete radical 皿 min dishes. Read it means to hold, to contain.

Shih see. [Père Zottoli seems to have pressed the hsiang too closely, "mutuique honoris observantia, nuncupatur florentissima ætas." Eitel misses the meaning of both lines, "who in mutual deference successively resigned, Though they were by reputation most prosperous rulers." He has evidently read 治 for 世 with "Chan Yo-han."]

Hsia see.

Yu see.

Yü originally meant insects, and 虫 ch'ung insects might well have been chosen as its radical. It is however classed under an obsolete word 內 jou the footprints of certain animals, and here stands for the wise Minister, afterwards first Emperor of the Hsia dynasty, popularly known as 大禹 ta yü the Great Yü, who reigned B.C. 2205—2197. He is chiefly famous for having drained the empire of a vast body of water, which some have tried to identify with Noah's flood.

Shang is composed of 內 nei inside, with 口 k'ou mouth inside it, the two forming an old radical, with 章 chang a document, abbreviated, as phonetic. It is now classed under radical 口 k'ou


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 mouth, and is the name of a dynasty which lasted from B.C. 1766—1122.

Yu see.

T'ang is composed of 水 shui water as radical, with a common phonetic (lines, ), and originally meant hot water. It here stands for the first Emperor of the Shang dynasty, who reigned B.C. 1766—1753 and is popularly known as 成湯 ch'êng tang T'ang the Completer.

Chou see.

Wên see.

Wu is composed of 止 chih to stop, as radical, and 戈 ko spear, weapons; stoppage of hostilities being the ultimate object of war. This etymology is dated back in the Tso Chuan to B.C. 595.

Ch'êng see.

San see.

Wang is composed of three horizontals which stand for heaven, earth, and man in the middle, the line for man being nearer to heaven than to earth, in token of his divine obligations. These are united by a vertical line which typifies the influence of the sovereign. The character was originally a radical, but is now classed under 玉 yü jade. Read = to rule. [The two in, King Wên and King Wu, who were father and son, count only as one. For although King Wu was the first


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 sovereign of the Chou dynasty, King Wên is regarded as its virtual founder, and is thus allowed to share posthumously in the honours of his son. Wên and Wu are the names under which they were severally canonised.]

Hsia see.

Ch'uan see.

Tzŭ see. [Up to the time of the Great Yü, some virtuous man had always been chosen as successor to the reigning monarch, a system, which Yü himself strove to carry on. After his death, however, his nominee was set aside and his own son was appointed.]

Chia is composed of 冖 mien shelter as radical, and 豭 chia a boar, abbreviated, as phonetic. It is the equivalent of our word home, a pig under a roof forming an ideogram which should be especially suggestive to our neighbours in the sister isle.

T'ien see.

Hsia is composed under its old form of a line below a line, thus forming an ideogram. It is now classed under radical 一 i one. [Under heaven, all beneath the canopy of the sky, is the common term for the empire, as being commensurate with the world. For the above two lines Eitel has, "(As to the time occupied by each Dynasty,) as the founder of the Hsia delivered the throne to his son (B.C. 2197), his family possessed all the country to Heaven subject."]


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Ssŭ see.

Pai see.

Tsai4 is composed of 車 ch'ê cart as radical, and an obsolete phonetic, and originally meant to contain, to load, full, complete, etc. Read it means a year, which sense seems to have been derived from full, complete. There are however other and more fanciful explanations. [Four hundred is a round number. The Hsia dynasty lasted from B.C. 2205—1766. Eitel says to 1818, but this was the date of the accession of the last Emperor.]

Ch'ien see.

Hsia see.

Shê is composed of 示 shih divine manifestation as radical, and 土 t'u earth, and originally meant lord or spirit of the earth; hence, sacrifices to such spirits, the sacrificial communion of the Emperor, the Son of Heaven, with the Supreme Being. [Eitel has, "When at last Heaven removed Hia's tutelary altar." But there is no need to supply Heaven as a subject to ch’ien; the root idea is sufficient.]

T'ang see.


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 Fa is composed of 人 jen man and 戈 ko a spear, and means to cut down, to destroy. See.

Hsia see. [Gradually the sovereigns of this dynasty, which had been founded under such brilliant auspices, began to degenerate, the climax being reached under the reign of 桀癸 Chieh Kuei, who came to the throne in B.C. 1818 and for many years indulged in cruel brutality and lust almost unparalleled in history.]

Kuo see.

Hao see.

Shang see. [Shang was further changed to 殷 Yin in B.C. 1401.]

Liu see.

Pai see.

Tsai see.

Chih see.

Chou is composed of 糸 ssŭ silk as radical, and what appears to be 寸 ts'un an inch but is really an abbreviation of 肘 chou elbow, as phonetic. It originally meant crupper, but here stands for 紂辛 Chou Hsin, who was under this Yin or Shang dynasty


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Rh precisely what Chieh Kuei had been under the Hsia dynasty, the immediate cause of its downfall.

Wang see.

Chou see.

Wu see.

Wang see.

Shih see. [The value of shih in this combination seems to have been missed by translators. The character carries within it a reference to the previous opposition of King Wu's father, who however had not achieved any tangible result. Hence King Wu shih was the first = finally. Père Zottoli has "tunc occidit T'cheou;" but tunc is inadequate, and there is no aspirate in the proper name. Eitel has for the two lines, "The founder of the Cheu dynasty was Wu Wang, He having made a commencement by destroying the tyrant Cheu."]

Chu is composed of 言 yen words as radical, and 朱 chu a pearl as phonetic, and originally meant to punish.

Chou see.

Pa see.

Pai see.


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 Tsai see. [The Chou dynasty lasted from B.C. 1122–B.C. 255.]

Tsui is composed of 冃 mao an old word for a hat, as radical, over 取 ch'ü to take. It originally meant to seize, to collect; and from the idea of collecting many came its modern sense as a superlative. [Ch'ü to take is composed of 耳 êrh ear and 又 yu hand, and refers to the old custom of cutting off the left ears of prisoners in war for transmission to the victorious chieftain or prince.]

Ch'ang see.

Chiu was an old radical, and was explained as a picture of cauterisation from behind, to cauterise being expressed later on by the addition of 火 huo fire as radical, thus 炙. How it came to signify length of time is not clear. It is now classed under radical 丿 p'ieh. ["Being peerless in length of duration" is Eitel's strange rendering of this line.]

Chou see.

Ch'ê is composed of 車 ch'ê cart as radical, and a common phonetic. It is colloquially read.

Tung see. [In B.C. 781, during the reign of 平王 King P'ing, the capital was transferred from 鎬 Hao in the modern province of Shensi to 洛邑 Lo-i in Honan. [Eitel wrongly gives B.C. 770 as the date, and Père Zottoli contents himself with a note explaining that the Court was moved "ad orientem."]


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Rh "After the tide turned poor Maggie's body had floated clear of one of them big mooring buoys," he explained. "I crept aft, feeling half-dead, and managed to send a rocket up—to let the other searchers know, on the river. And then I slunk away forward like a cur, and spent the night sitting on the heel of the bowsprit so as to be as far as possible out of Charley's way."

"Poor fellow!" I murmured.

"Yes. Poor fellow," he repeated, musingly. "That brute wouldn't let him—not even him—cheat her of her prey. But he made her fast in dock next morning. He did. We hadn't exchanged a word—not a single look for that matter. I didn't want to look at him. When the last rope was fast he put his hands to his head and stood gazing down at his feet as if trying to remember something. The men waited on the main deck for the words that end the voyage. Perhaps that is what he was trying to remember. I spoke for him. That'll do, men.'

"I never saw a crew leave a ship so quietly. They sneaked over the rail one after another, taking care not to bang their sea chests too heavily. They looked our way, but not one had the stomach to come up and offer to shake hands with the mate as is usual.

"I followed him all over the empty ship to and fro, here and there, with no living soul about but the two of us, because the old ship-keeper had locked himself up in the galley both doors. Suddenly poor Charley mutters, in a crazy voice: 'I'm done here,' and strides down the gangway with me at his heels, up the dock, out at the gate, on towards Tower Hill. He used to take rooms with a decent old landlady in America Square, to be near his work.

"All at once he stops short, turns round, and comes

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126 back straight at me. 'Ned,' says he, 'I am going home.' I had the good luck to sight a four-wheeler and got him in just in time. His legs were beginning to give way. In our hall he fell down on a chair, and I'll never forget father's and mother's amazed, perfectly still faces as they stood over him. They couldn't understand what had happened to him till I blubbered out, 'Maggie got drowned, yesterday, in the river.'

"Mother let out a little cry. Father looks from him to me, and from me to him, as if comparing our faces—for, upon my soul, Charley did not resemble himself at all. Nobody moved; and the poor fellow raises his big brown hands slowly to his throat, and with one single tug rips everything open—collar, shirt, waistcoat—a perfect wreck and ruin of a man. Father and I got him upstairs somehow, and mother pretty nearly killed herself nursing him through a brain fever."

The man in tweeds nodded at me significantly.

"Ah! there was nothing that could be done with that brute. She had a devil in her."

"Where's your brother?" I asked, expecting to hear he was dead. But he was commanding a smart steamer on the China coast, and never came home now.

Jermyn fetched a heavy sigh, and the handkerchief being now sufficiently dry, put it up tenderly to his red and lamentable nose.

"She was a ravening beast," the man in tweeds started again. "Old Colchester put his foot down and resigned. And would you believe it? Apse & Sons wrote to ask whether he wouldn't reconsider his decision! Anything to save the good name of the Apse Family! Old Colchester went to the office then and said that he would take charge again but only to sail her out into the North Sea and scuttle her there. He was nearly off his chump. He used to be darkish iron-grey,

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Rh but his hair went snow-white in a fortnight. And Mr. Lucian Apse (they had known each other as young men) pretended not to notice it. Eh? Here's infatuation if you like! Here's pride for you!

"They jumped at the first man they could get to take her, for fear of the scandal of the Apse Family not being able to find a skipper. He was a festive soul, I believe, but he stuck to her grim and hard. Wilmot was his second mate. A harum-scarum fellow, and pretending to a great scorn for all the girls. The fact is he was really timid. But let only one of them do as much as lift her little finger in encouragement, and there was nothing that could hold the beggar. As apprentice, once, he deserted abroad after a petticoat, and would have gone to the dogs then, if his skipper hadn't taken the trouble to find him and lug him by the ears out of some house of perdition or other.

"It was said that one of the firm had been heard once to express a hope that this brute of a ship would get lost soon. I can hardly credit the tale, unless it might have been Mr. Alfred Apse, whom the family didn't think much of. They had him in the office, but he was considered a bad egg altogether, always flying off to race meetings and coming home drunk. You would have thought that a ship so full of deadly tricks would run herself ashore some day out of sheer cussedness. But not she! She was going to last for ever. She had a nose to keep off the bottom."

Jermyn made a grunt of approval.

"A ship after a pilot's own heart, eh?" jeered the man in tweeds. "Well, Wilmot managed it. He was the man for it, but even he, perhaps, couldn't have done the trick without the green-eyed governess, or nurse, or whatever she was to the children of Mr. and Mrs. Pamphilius.

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128 "Those people were passengers in her from Port Adelaide to the Cape. Well, the ship went out and anchored outside for the day. The skipper—hospitable soul had a lot of guests from town to a farewell lunch—as usual with him. It was five in the evening before the last shore boat left the side, and the weather looked ugly and dark in the gulf. There was no reason for him to get under way. However, as he had told everybody he was going that day, he imagined it was proper to do so anyhow. But as he had no mind after all these festivities to tackle the straits in the dark, with a scant wind, he gave orders to keep the ship under lower topsails and foresail as close as she would lie, dodging along the land till the morning. Then he sought his virtuous couch. The mate was on deck, having his face washed very clean with hard rain squalls. Wilmot relieved him at midnight.

"The Apse Family had, as you observed, a house on her poop . . ."

"A big, ugly white thing, sticking up," Jermyn murmured, sadly, at the fire.

"That's it: a companion for the cabin stairs and a sort of chart-room combined. The rain drove in gusts on the sleepy Wilmot. The ship was then surging slowly to the southward, close hauled, with the coast within three miles or so to windward. There was nothing to look out for in that part of the gulf, and Wilmot went round to dodge the squalls under the lee of that chart-room, whose door on that side was open. The night was black, like a barrel of coal-tar. And then he heard a woman's voice whispering to him.

"That confounded green-eyed girl of the Pamphilius people had put the kids to bed a long time ago, of course, but it seems couldn't get to sleep herself. She heard eight bells struck, and the chief mate come below

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Rh to turn in. She waited a bit, then got into her dressing-gown and stole across the empty saloon and up the stairs into the chart-room. She sat down on the settee near the open door to cool herself, I daresay.

"I suppose when she whispered to Wilmot it was as if somebody had struck a match in the fellow's brain. I don't know how it was they had got so very thick. I fancy he had met her ashore a few times before. I couldn't make it out, because, when telling the story, Wilmot would break off to swear something awful at every second word. We had met on the quay in Sydney, and he had an apron of sacking up to his chin, a big whip in his hand. A wagon-driver. Glad to do anything not to starve. That's what he had come down to.

"However, there he was, with his head inside the door, on the girl's shoulder as likely as not—officer of the watch! The helmsman, on giving his evidence afterwards, said that he shouted several times that the binnacle lamp had gone out. It didn't matter to him, because his orders were to 'sail her close.' 'I thought it funny,' he said, 'that the ship should keep on falling off in squalls, but I luffed her up every time as close as I was able. It was so dark I couldn't see my hand before my face, and the rain came in bucketfuls on my head.'

"The truth was that at every squall the wind hauled aft a little, till gradually the ship came to be heading straight for the coast, without a single soul in her being aware of it. Wilmot himself confessed that he had not been near the standard compass for an hour. He might well have confessed! The first thing he knew was the man on the look-out shouting blue murder forward there.

"He tore his neck free, he says, and yelled back at him: 'What do you say?'

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130 "'I think I hear breakers ahead, sir,' howled the man, and came rushing aft with the rest of the watch, in the 'awfullest blinding deluge that ever fell from the sky,' Wilmot says. For a second or so he was so scared and bewildered that he could not remember on which side of the gulf the ship was. He wasn't a good officer, but he was a seaman all the same. He pulled himself together in a second, and the right orders sprang to his lips without thinking. They were to hard up with the helm and shiver the main and mizzen-topsails.

"It seems that the sails actually fluttered. He couldn't see them, but he heard them rattling and banging above his head. 'No use! She was too slow in going off,' he went on, his dirty face twitching, and the damn'd carter's whip shaking in his hand. 'She seemed to stick fast.' And then the flutter of the canvas above his head ceased. At this critical moment the wind hauled aft again with a gust, filling the sails and sending the ship with a great way upon the rocks on her lee bow. She had overreached herself in her last little game. Her time had come—the hour, the man, the black night, the treacherous gust of wind the right woman to put an end to her. The brute deserved nothing better. Strange are the instruments of Providence. There's a sort of poetical justice"

The man in tweeds looked hard at me.

"The first ledge she went over stripped the false keel off her. Rip! The skipper, rushing out of his berth, found a crazy woman, in a red flannel dressing-gown, flying round and round the cuddy, screeching like a cockatoo.

"The next bump knocked her clean under the cabin table. It also started the stern-post and carried away the rudder, and then that brute ran up a shelving, rocky shore, tearing her bottom out, till she stopped

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Rh short, and the foremast dropped over the bows like a gangway."

"Anybody lost?" I asked.

"No one, unless that fellow, Wilmot," answered the gentleman, unknown to Miss Blank, looking round for his cap. "And his case was worse than drowning for a man. Everybody got ashore all right. Gale didn't come on till next day, dead from the West, and broke up that brute in a surprisingly short time. It was as though she had been rotten at heart." . . . He changed his tone, "Rain left off? I must get my bike and rush home to dinner. I live in Herne Bay—came out for a spin this morning."

He nodded at me in a friendly way, and went out with a swagger.

"Do you know who he is, Jermyn?" I asked.

The North Sea pilot shook his head, dismally. "Fancy losing a ship in that silly fashion! Oh, dear! oh dear!" he groaned in lugubrious tones, spreading his damp handkerchief again like a curtain before the glowing grate.

On going out I exchanged a glance and a smile (strictly proper) with the respectable Miss Blank, barmaid of the Three Crows.

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User:Ngfarb

Nathan G. Farb

title: User:Ngfarb


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 Eitel “Great Learning”), although the term really means “Learning for Adults,” in which sense it was understood by the author of The Little Learning .]

Nai see.

Tsêng see.

Tzŭ see. [This philosopher was 曾參 Tsêng Ts'an, vulg. Tsêng Shên, one of the most famous of the disciples of Confucius, B.C. 505—437. But it is by no means certain that he wrote The Great Learning, which was originally § 42 of the Book of Rites, being taken thence to form one of the Four Books by Chu Hsi .]

Tzŭ see.

Hsiu is composed of 彡 shan feather ornamentation as radical, with 攸 yu to move in water, as phonetic. It means to embellish, to repair, and has been classed by K'ang Hsi under radical 人 jen man, though its congener 脩 hsiu dried meat, salary of teachers, appears correctly under radical 肉 (月 in combination) jou meat. The character 身 shên is here understood from the text of The Great Learning, which Dr. Legge renders by "the person;" but this is ambiguous, and destroys the numerical climax.

Ch'i originally meant the level of growing corn, of which the old form was a picture; hence to level, to regulate. The word 家 chia family is here understood as above.


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94 still, notwithstanding. It is now classed under radical 小 hsiao small.

Yu is composed of the walking radical and a phonetic which originally meant a streamer or pennant. It is used with 游, which is now a distinct character but which appears to have been once only another form.

Shui (see ) means to stop, to halt, to counsel, and here refers to a class of adventurers who wandered from State to State, offering plans for vengeance etc. on rival rulers. This character is also sometimes read for 悅 to take pleasure in.

Shih see.

Ch'un see.

Ch'iu see. [With the transfer of the Court (see ) the period known later on as the Spring and Autumn may be roughly said to have begun, although the work of Confucius which gave its name to the epoch starts only from B.C. 722. Père Zottoli strangely mistakes the last two words for the book, and translates by "Initio apparuit Chronicorum liber." The book could scarcely have appeared at the beginning of the period it describes.]

Chung see.

Chan is composed of 戈 ko spear as radical, with tan single as phonetic.

Kuo see. [The Spring and Autumn period, as chronicled


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Rh by Confucius, ended in B.C. 484, after which the States quarrelled among themselves for two hundred years, the greater coercing or absorbing the less powerful, until the event related in lines,. There is an historical work, the 戰國策 Chan kuo ts'ê, which records the troubles of these times, covering the period B.C. 362-255.]

Wu see.

Pa is composed of 月 yüeh moon, its old radical, and an obsolete phonetic, and originally referred to the new moon. It is now classed under radical 雨 yü rain. [The Five Chieftains were Dukes 桓 Huan, 文 Wên, 襄 Hsiang, 穆 Mu, and Prince 莊 Chuang. They were the rulers of various States under the Spring and Autumn period.]

Ch'iang is composed of 虫 ch'ung insect as radical, with 弘 hung the clang of a bow as phonetic, and originally meant a fierce kind of fly. It is now classed under radical 弓 kung a bow, and is also written 強.

Ch'i see.

Hsiung is composed of 隹 chui birds as radical, with 厷 kung the arm as phonetic, and is defined as 鳥父 niao fu the male of birds. [The States alluded to as flourishing during the second epoch were 秦 Ch'in, 楚 Ch'u, 齊 Ch'i, 燕 Yen, 漢 Han, 趙 Chao, and 魏 Wei.]

Ch'u was originally a picture of luxuriant vegetation, and meant


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 to go in, a sense which is still, though rarely, attached to it. Its modern radical is 凵, an obsolete word meaning to contain. [Père Zottoli translates this line by "septem potentes exorti sunt," by which he refers to men and not to States, since he always translates the latter by "regna." He does not however mention in his notes the names of the seven heroes to whom he alludes. Ho Hsing-ssŭ gives them in his commentary as the Princes of the first six States given above, with the Prince of the 梁 Liang State as the seventh. The translation adopted is based on Wang Hsiang's commentary.]

Ying is composed of 女 nü woman, and 羸 lei thin with 羊 yang sheep left out, the latter being given in the Shuo Wên as phonetic. It was the family name of the Emperor 少昊 Shao Hao, B.C. 2958, and is classed like other old clan names, and like 姓 hsing surname (= woman-born, from 女 nü woman and 生 shêng to produce), under 女 as radical. See.

Ch'in is composed of 禾 ho grain as radical, and a contraction of 春 ch'un spring as phonetic. It was the name of a fief bestowed upon the descendants of a Minister under the Emperor Shun and adapted for growing grain.

Shih see. [Père Zottoli has "Yng e Ts'in familia," and shows by his note that he means "familia" to belong to "Yng." Eitel has "a man of the Ying clan, being the sovereign of the Ts'in family." The translation however must be based on the following facts. Ying was the name of an old family or clan, one member of which received the fief of Ch'in for services rendered to a sovereign of the Chou dynasty; 是爲秦氏


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 hence the House of Ch'in and the First Emperor (see ).]

Shih see. [Eitel translates with fatal inaccuracy "Commenced to absorb and to unite etc."]

Chien is composed of a hand (old form) grasping two (= plurality) ears of grain, under which radical it was originally classed, now under 八 pa.

Ping is composed of 从 ts'ung to follow, its old radical, with 幵 ch'ien level as phonetic. It originally meant to follow; hence, two together, united, etc. It is also explained as two 人 jen men grasping two 干 kan shields, q.d. united. [The above union was accomplished in B.C. 221 by the then ruler of the Ch'in State. After vanquishing and absorbing the other States, he succeeded in proclaiming himself 始皇帝 Shih Huang Ti the First Emperor of a united China. He died B.C. 210.]

Ch'uan see.

Erh see.

Shih see. [Erh Shih, or Second Generation, is the title under which is known in history the youngest son of the First Emperor, the latter having declared that the line he founded should endure for ten thousand generations. His elder brother was murdered to clear the way, a fate he himself shared in B.C. 207. Eitel wrongly translates the title, with the following result, "the throne of which was delivered only to the second generation."]


text: Talk:A Tale of the Huguenots or Memoirs of a French Refugee Family


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Yoma/Chapter 6/3

Hebrew Text
מסרו למי שהיה מוליכו.

הכל כשרין ח להוליכו, אלא שעשו הכהנים (גדולים) קבע ולא היו מניחין את ישראל להוליכו.

אמר רבי יוסי, מעשה והולכו ערסלא, וישראל היה.

English Translation
 [The High Priest] delivered [the scapegoat] to the one who would lead it [into the wilderness]. Everyone is fit to lead it, but the priests made it a fixed practice that Israelites were not allowed to lead it.

Rabbi Yosi recounts that Arsela led [the scapegoat], and that he was an Israelite.

Explanation
משנה יומא ו ג


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Ch'u is composed of 林 lin a forest, one half of which is the radical under which it is now classed, and 疋 (now a piece or bale) an old form of 足 tsu foot, as phonetic. Its chief meanings are to punish, clear, perspicuous; but it is here only the name of a State.

Han is composed of 水 shui water as radical, and a contraction of 難 nan difficult as phonetic. It originally meant waves, and is the name of a famous river. It has also been applied to the Milky Way, and is here the name of a State.

Chêng is composed of 爪, chao claws, its modern radical, which is the picture of a hand with the back uppermost, 又 yu a hand, and an obsolete character meaning to drag, i.e. two hands tugging.

Kao see.

Tsu see. [Kao tsu is a "temple name," often bestowed after death upon the first Emperor of a dynasty. The Emperor here in question was 劉邦 Liu Pang, a quondam beadle, who in B.C. 202, after a successful revolution, mounted the throne as first Emperor of the Han dynasty.]

Hsing is composed of 臼 chiu a mortar with 同 t'ung inserted, the lower portion being originally a pair of hands holding up the mortar (cf. ). It means by extension to prosper. [Eitel wrongly translates "Kao Tsu, being victorious."]


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Han see.

Yeh was originally composed of 巾 chin a napkin below an obsolete radical meaning luxuriant vegetation, and meant a toothed board for a stand of bells. It is now classed under radical 木 mu wood, and means property, trade, calling, etc.

Chien is composed of 廴 yin to progress as radical, and 聿, here a contraction of 律 lü statutes. It originally meant to fix the laws of a State.

Chih see.

Hsiao see.

P'ing see. [Hsiao P'ing is here the dynastic title of the Emperor who came to the throne in A.D. 1.]

Wang see.

Mang is composed of 犬 ch'üan a dog lying down in the middle of 艸 ts'ao vegetation, doubled, under which radical it is now classed. It means jungle, and also rude, coarse, but is here merely part of the name of a famous usurper who occupied the throne between A.D. 9—23.

Ts'uan is composed of 算 suan to calculate as phonetic, and 厶 ssŭ an obsolete word meaning private, selfish, as radical. It is


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 defined as to rebel and seize, which sense is fairly deducible from the component parts.

Kuang see.

Wu see.

Hsing see. [Kuang Wu is the dynastic title of a descendant of Kao Tsu in the ninth degree, who destroyed Wang Mang the Usurper and placed himself upon the throne in A.D. 25. Here again Eitel wrongly renders hsing by victorious.]

Wei see.

Tung see.

Han see. [Under the former dynasty, now known as 西漢 hsi han the Western Han or as the 前漢 ch'ien han Earlier Han, the capital was at 長安 Ch'ang-an in Shensi. It was moved eastward to 洛陽 Lo-yang in Honan by Kuang Wu; hence the term Eastern. This dynasty is also known as 後漢 hou han the Later Han, a name subsequently bestowed upon one of the Five Dynasties mentioned in lines —.]

Ssŭ see.

Pai see.

Nien was originally written with 禾 ho grain as radical above


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cairnech


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 千 ch'ien a thousand as phonetic, and meant ripe grain, from which it is not a very far cry to year. It is now classed under radical 干.

Chung see.

Yü see.

Hsien is composed of 犬 ch'üan dog as radical, with an obsolete word meaning tripod as phonetic. It was originally a term applied to fat dogs offered in sacrifice at the ancestral temple. It means to present to a superior, but is here the dynastic title of the last Emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty, whose reign ended A.D. 221.

Wei is composed of 委 wei to depute as phonetic, with 鬼 kuei disembodied spirit as radical. It here stands for portions of modern Shansi and Honan, over which a son of the great 曹操 Ts'ao Ts'ao ruled as first Emperor.

Shu is composed, under its old form, of 虫 ch'ung insect as radical, below 目 mu eye as formerly written, with a curved line. It originally meant caterpillar or looper, the curved line being a picture of the loop formed by the insect when moving. It is here a name for modern Ssŭch'uan, over which 劉備 Liu Pei, a quondam artisan, ruled as first Emperor.

Wu is a common surname, and is popularly known as 口天吳 k'ou t'ien wu the wu which is made up of k'ou and t'ien, in allusion to its structure. It here stands for that part of the


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Yoma/Chapter 6/4

Hebrew Text
וכבש עשו לו מפני הבבליים ט שהיו מתלשים בשערו, ואומרים לו, טל וצא, טל וצא.

מיקירי ירושלים היו מלוין אותו עד סכה הראשונה.

עשר סכות מירושלים ועד צוק, תשעים ריס, שבעה ומחצה לכל מיל.

English Translation
 A ramp was made for [the scapegoat], on account of the Babylonian [Jews] who would pluck at it's hair, saying to it, “Take [my sins] and leave! Take them and leave!”

Some of the nobles of Jerusalem would accompany it until the first booth.

There were ten booths from Jerusalem to the cliff, a distance of 90 ris, seven and a half per mile.

Explanation
משנה יומא ו ד


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 empire known as modern Kiangsu, over which 孫權 Sun Ch'üan ruled as first Emperor.

Chêng see.

Han see.

Ting is a picture of a bronze vessel with three legs and two handles, used for burning incense. It is here figuratively employed, just as throne is often used in English.

Hao see.

San see.

Kuo see. [The period covered by these rival Kingdoms was only about 45 years in all, yet it is one of the most famous in Chinese history and is the subject of a widely-known historical romance, based upon the tragedies enacted while the empire was thus torn by civil war.]

Ch'i is composed of the walking radical with 乞 ch'i to beg as phonetic. It is also read, and commonly means until. [Eitel has "Followed by the reigns of the Two Tsin" but there is no authority for such a rendering.]

Liang is composed of 一 i one, with an obsolete word meaning again as both radical and phonetic; i.e. one taken again = two.


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 It was originally the twenty-fourth part of an ounce, equal to the weight of 100 grains of millet, but now = 1/16 of a 斤 and is classed under radical 入 ju to enter.

Chin was originally composed of 日 jih sun beneath a contraction of 至 chih to arrive, duplicated, and meant to go in. It was explained thus: "When the sun comes out, all things go in." It here stands for the Western Chin dynasty, A.D. 265—317, and the Eastern Chin, A.D. 317—420, so called because their capitals were at 洛陽 Lo-yang in Honan and 南京 Nanking in Kiangsu, respectively.

Sung is composed of 宀 mien shelter as radical and 木 mu wood, and originally meant a hut, a dwelling. It is now a common surname, and here stands for a dynasty, A.D. 420—479, generally known as the 劉宋 Liu Sung, from the surname of its founder, to distinguish it from the great Sung dynasty.

Ch'i under its old form was a picture of ears of grain growing up level, and was intended to express the idea of evenness. It is here the name of a dynasty, A.D. 479—502.

Chi is composed of 糸 ssŭ silk and an old word which meant broken turned round as though mended; hence its meanings, to splice, to continue a line.

Liang is composed of 木 mu wood as radical, with 水 shui water, and 刅 ch'uang to wound (= 創 ) as phonetic. It means


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 a bridge, a beam, and is here the name of a dynasty, A.D. 502—557. See lines,.

Ch'ên is composed of 阜 or  a mound, 阝 in combination, always on the left, as radical, 木 mu wood, and 申 shen to report as phonetic, and has apparently no connection with 東 tung east. It means to set forth, to state, and is here the name of a dynasty, A.D. 557—589.

Ch'êng is composed of 手 shou hand as radical, with 卩 chieh the half of an official seal or tally, and an obsolete character meaning the hands reverently folded. It signifies to receive from a superior.

Wei see. Nan see. Referring to the four dynasties in lines, , to each of which the word nan southern is often prefixed.

Ch'ao is composed of 倝 kan dawn (into the composition of which enters 旦 tan the sun appearing above the horizon, dawn), an old radical, and 舟 chou boat as phonetic. It was originally read, and meant early morning. Read it means the Court, audiences being held at dawn, and so by extension a dynasty. In consequence of its change of form it is now classed under radical 月 yüeh the moon.

Tu is composed of 者 and 邑 i a town or hamlet, 阝 in combination, always on the right. It also means all, every.

Chin see.

Ling is composed of 阜 fou a mound as radical, with


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 a common phonetic. It means a tumulus, especially of a tomb. Chin-ling is here an old name for Nanking, the southern capital, which had also been the capital under the Eastern Chin dynasty.

Pei see.

Yüan see. Here a surname.

Wei see. [The Northern Wei dynasty was founded in A.D. 386 by a Tartar of the 拓跋 Toba family, which name was changed by a later Emperor to 元 Yüan. Eitel wrongly translates "The northern (Toba, subsequently called) Yuen, family established the Wei dynasty." The construction however is peculiar, there being a pause at pei, the influence of which extends down to .]

Fên is composed of 八 pa divide, its old radical, and 刀 tao a knife, its modern radical. Read it means share, portion.

Tung see.

Hsi see. [In A.D. 534 the Northern Wei came to an end, and from its ruins arose the short-lived Eastern and Western branches which were displaced by the Ch'i and Chou (see lines, ) dynasties, respectively.]


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Yü is composed of 冖 mien an obsolete word meaning cover as radical, with 于 yü (= 於 ) as phonetic. It means space, the empyrean, but is here part of the surname of the founder of the Northern Chou dynasty, A.D. 557—589.

Wên see.

Chou see.

Yü see. [Eitel, to get out of his previous difficulty, here translates yü by "whilst," a sense which can never under any circumstances be yielded by this character.]

Kao is supposed to be the picture of a raised terrace, and its common meaning is high, elevated; but here it is the surname of the founder of the Northern Ch'i dynasty, A.D. 550—589.

Ch'i see.

Tai is composed of the walking radical, and an obsolete phonetic which is a picture of a hand catching hold of a tail, thus suggesting the idea of reaching. It is often written 迨.

Chih see.

Sui, which is said to be a contraction of 隨, was originally composed of 肉 jou flesh as radical, with the contraction of an obsolete word meaning to destroy. It meant to tear or rend


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Yoma/Chapter 6/5

Hebrew Text
על כל סכה וסכה אומרים לו, הרי מזון והרי מים, ומלוין אותו מסכה לסכה, חוץ מאחרונה שבהן שאינו מגיע עמו לצוק, אלא עומד מרחוק ורואה את מעשיו.

English Translation
 At each and every booth they said to [the one who was leading the scapegoat], “here is food, and here is water.” They accompanied him from each booth to the next, except for the final one, since they did not reach as far as the cliff with him, but rather they stood at a distance and watched what he did [in performance of the rite].

Explanation
משנה יומא ו ה


text:
Page:Elementary Chinese - San Tzu Ching (1900).djvu/125

 meat, and was pronounced. It is now classed under 阜 fou a mound, and is the name of a dynasty founded A.D. 589.

I see.

T'u see.

Yü see. [Eitel says the Sui dynasty "united in one the central lands as well as the borders." There is no authority for this violence done to t'u yü, which simply means territory, i.e. the empire.]

Pu see.

Tsai is composed of 一 i one, and a contraction of 冓 kou which is said to be a picture of mutually handing over in exchange, out of which some idea of two, second, etc., has been "chiselled." It is now classed under an obsolete radical 冂 meaning waste land on the very outskirts of the known world. [The line means that the dynasty ended with its second Emperor.] Ch'uan see.

Shih was origin ally composed of 手 shou hand as radical, with 乙 i a cyclical character as phonetic, and meant to relax, to let go; hence the modern signification. It is now classed under radical 大 ta great.


text:
Page:Elementary Chinese - San Tzu Ching (1900).djvu/126

 T'ung is composed of 糸 ssŭ silk as radical and 充 ch'ung to fill, to fulfil, as phonetic. It means to gather together, all, collectively, etc.

Hsü is composed of 糸 ssŭ silk as radical, and 者 chê as phonetic, and is defined as one end of a skein of silk, giving the idea of continuity. In this sense it enters into the 年號 nien hao year-title of the reigning Emperor, who is popularly known as 光緒 Kuang Hsü Glory Continued.

T'ang see. [This dynasty flourished A.D. 618—907, and formed a brilliant epoch in Chinese history.]

Kao see.

Tsu see. [The founder's name was 李淵 Li Yüan.]

Ch'i is composed of 走 tsou to walk as radical, and 已 i finished as phonetic. It also means to rise, to begin, etc.

I see lines,. [Eitel here translates "by raising loyal armies,"—loyal, that is, to a rebel, which in Chinese is a contradiction in terms. The word here rendered by volunteer has already been explained under. Similarly, 義學 i hsüeh is a free school, 義山 i shan a free burying-ground, i.e. schools and cemeteries provided for the public from a sense of duty, and so on. Père Zottoli's translation "eduxit legitimum exercitum" seems to be equally reprehensible.]

Shih see.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Burton, Richard Francis


text:
Page:Elementary Chinese - San Tzu Ching (1900).djvu/127

 Ch'u is composed of 余 yü I, myself, as phonetic, with 阜 as radical. It originally meant the steps to a hall, and then to take away, to subtract, as in modern Chinese.

Sui see.

Luan is composed of 乙 i a cyclical character, said to have once meant to govern, as radical, with a phonetic which also meant to govern. It seems to have originally signified to put confusion in order, but now means sedition, rebellion, etc.

Ch'uang is now composed of 刀 tao knife as radical, with 倉 ts'ang a granary as phonetic. It appears to have been a form of 刅 and meant to wound, to cut into, in which sense it is read. The later reading to begin, to lay the foundations of, etc., has probably been developed from the idea of cutting into.

Kuo see. [Eitel deals with this line in evident ignorance of the fact that kuo is often used in the sense of family, line; e.g. 無子國除 wu tzŭ kuo ch'u having no son his house came to an end. He translates by "And created the modern Chinese empire's foundation." Père Zottoli too errs, but not so glaringly, with "jecit regni fundamenta."]

Chi is composed of 其 as phonetic, with 土 t'u earth as radical, and means the beginning of a wall.


text:
Page:Elementary Chinese - San Tzu Ching (1900).djvu/128

Erh see.

Shih see.

Ch'uan see. [That is, there were twenty-one Emperors, the Empress who usurped the throne between A.D. 684—705 being excluded.]

San see.

Pai see.

Tsai see. [The T'ang dynasty lasted from A.D. 618 to 907.]

Liang see. [It here stands for the name of a State, the Prince of which, by name 朱温 Chu Wên, assassinated the last Emperor of the T'ang dynasty, and placed himself upon the throne, A.D. 907. Eitel wrongly regards Liang as the name of the dynasty mentioned in, thus, "Cheu Wen, the founder of the Heu Liang dynasty, destroyed it."]

Mieh is composed of a phonetic which originally meant to destroy by fire, the word 火 huo fire being present in it, and the radical 水 shui water, which seems to have been added to express the extinction of fire.

Chih see.


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Yoma/Chapter 6/6

Hebrew Text
מה היה עושה, חולק לשון של זהורית, חציו קשר בסלע וחציו קשר בין שתי קרניו, ודחפו לאחוריו, והוא מתגלגל ויורד, ולא היה מגיע לחצי ההר, עד שנעשה אברים אברים.

בא וישב לו תחת סכה אחרונה עד שתחשך.

ומאימתי מטמא בגדים, משיצא חוץ לחומת ירושלים.

רבי שמעון אומר, משעת דחיתו לצוק.

English Translation
 What did he do? He divided a strip of crimson cloth; one end of it he tied to the rock, and one end he tied between [the scapegoat's] two horns. He pushed it backward [over the cliff until] it was tumbling down. By the time it was halfway down the mountain [the strip of cloth ran out and] it's body was dislocated. [The one who led the goat] came and sat in the final booth until it was dark.

And from what time were his clothes ritually unclean? From when he exited completely through the wall of Jerusalem.

Rabbi Shimon says, from the time that he pushed it over the cliff.

Explanation
משנה יומא ו ו