text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Swaffham

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Swaffham


text:
Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/40

Mr. Punch's Book of Sports against our Parisian "onze," for you rightly conjectured that by our experience of the formidable game in action, we should be able to judge of its risks and dangers, and after mature investigation be able, so to revise and ameliorate the manner of its playing as to bring it into harmony with the taste and feeling of the athletic ambition of the rising generation of our young France.

A Match has taken place, as you will see by "Le Score" subjoined, which I enclose for your inspection. It was not without its fruits. It disclosed to us, as you will remark by referring to "Le Score," very practically the dangerous, and I must add, the murderous capabilities that "Le Cricquette" manifestly possesses. Our Revising Committee has already the matter in hand, and when their report is fully drawn up, I shall have much satisfaction in forwarding it to you. Meantime, I must say that the substitution of a light large ball of silk, or some other soft material for the deadly "boule de canon" as used by your countrymen, has been decided upon as absolutely necessary to deprive the game of barbarism, and harmonise it with the instincts which Modern and

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/40


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Mr. Punch's Book of Sports How he will be played—shortly. Offices of the Athletic Congress, Paris.

,

I am overwhelmed with my gratitude to you and to the generous dignitaries the Chancellors of your Universities, the Heads of your great Public Seminaries, and the Principal of your renowned Mary-le-bone College Club for the information they have given me concerning "Le Criquette," your unique National game, and I thank you in the name of my Committee for your present of implements—les wickettes, le boule de canon, les gros bois (the batsman's weapons), le cuirasse pour les jambes de Longstoppe, and other necessaries for the dangers of the contest that you have so kindly forwarded for our inspection. But most of all are we indebted to you for sending over a 'ome team of your brave professionals to play the match

title: Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/38


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Swahili

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Swahili


text: Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/37

title: Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/37


text:
Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/36

Mr. Punch's Book of Sports

.——Dr. W. G. Grace to be Cricket-Field-Marshal.

title: Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/36


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Mr. Punch's Book of Sports {| align=center |-
 * width=400px |  (receives a severe contusion of the cheek-bone from the boule de canon, which is delivered with murderous intent by a swift "round-and bowlsman"), b.
 * | 0
 * | Le Général (hits his three wickettes into the air, in a daring attempt to stop the boule de canon with his batsman's club), b.
 * | 0
 * | Le Duc de (has his pince-nez shattered to atoms by the boule de canon, and, being unable to see, withdraws from the "innings"), b.
 * | 0
 * |, M. le docteur , le Professeur d' Equitation (all the three being given, in turn, "out, legs in front of the wickette," leave the ground to arrange a duel with the Umpire), b.
 * | 0
 * | M. de (on reaching the wickette and seeing the terrible approach of the boule de canon, has a shivering fit which obliges him to sit down), b.
 * | 0
 * | 0
 * | M. de (on reaching the wickette and seeing the terrible approach of the boule de canon, has a shivering fit which obliges him to sit down), b.
 * | 0
 * | 0
 * }

title: Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/44


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Swallow

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Swallow


text:
Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/45

Mr. Punch's Book of Sports

So the game stood at the end of the fifth day, when, spite all the efforts of "All France," even the putting on of three "Bowlsmen" at once, it was found impossible to take even one of the "'Ome-team" wickettes. Yet the contest was maintained by the "Outside" with a

title: Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/45


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Mr. Punch's Book of Sports wonderful heroism and élan, for though by degrees, in nobly attempting to stop the flight of the boule de canon as it sped on its murderous course, driven by the furious and savage blows of the batsmen in all directions over the field, the fieldsmen, one by one, struck in the arms, legs, head and back, began to grow feeble under their unceasing blows and contusions, still one and all from the "Long-leg-off" to the indomitable "Longstoppe," faced the dangers of their situation with a proud smile, indicative of the noble calm of an admirable spirit. So, Monsieur, the game, which was not finished, and which, in consequence, the Umpire, with a chivalrous generosity, announced as "drawn,' came to its conclusion. You will understand, from the perusal of the above, the direction in which my Committee will be likely to modify the rules of the game, and simplify the apparatus for playing it, so as to give your "Cricquette" a chance of finding itself permanently acclimatised in this country.

Accept, Monsieur, the assurance of my most distinguished consideration,

THE SECRETARY OF THE PARIS ATHLETIC CONGRESS.

title: Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/46


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Laura (who wishes to master the mysteries of Cricket). "But then, Emily, what happens it the bowler gets out before the batter?" [Emily gives it up !

title: Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/47


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Rh

Small Boy Cricket.—Father. Well, and how did you get on? Small Boy. Oh, I kept wicket and caught one out. It came off his foot. Father. But that wouldn't be out. Small Boy. Oh, yes, it was. The umpire gave it out. You see, it hit him "below the elbow."

To .—What would you give a thirsty batsman? Why, a full pitcher.

—We hear that a distinguished member of the Cricketing Eleven of All England is going to be married. It is said that the object of his affections is a Beautiful Catch.

title: Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/48


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Swallow-hole


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mannin, James


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Swammerdam, Jan


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manning, Henry Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manning, Owen


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manning, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manning, Samuel (d.1847)


text:
Page:Zodiac stories by Blanche Mary Channing.pdf/24

Rh goat! Please tell me about them, Grandpapa?"

Mr. Elvaston drew her on his knee.

"Well, the Zodiac was supposed to be a belt or zone through which the sun travelled in the course of the year. There were twelve signs in this zone, one for each month, and these signs were groups of stars, called constellations. They had each a different name; the sign for this month is "Libra," or the scales. Do you see?

"Y-es, pretty well," said Ethelind, "but I wanted to hear the stories about the funny creatures. You used to tell me such nice stories when I was here last year, Grandpapa; don't you remember? Could n't you tell me some now?"

Mr. Elvaston did not answer at once; he seemed to be thinking.

Ethelind laid her head on his shoulder, and watched his fine blue eyes. They had a way of lighting up suddenly when


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8 a good thought came to him, and they lit now.

"I will tell you a story for every sign as it comes round," he said, "and then you will always remember them. It will be one way to make the twelve months pass quickly, too, eh?"

"Twelve stories! How nice!" cried Ethelind. "Will you tell me the first one now, Grandpapa ?"

Mr. Elvaston passed his hand gently over her hair.

"Not now, my pet," he answered; "I have an article to finish now. We will have the story to-morrow."

"Make it a long one," she begged; "and, oh! Grandpapa,—I've got such a delightful idea!"

"Let us hear it."

"Are n't twelve stories enough to fill a book?"

"Yes."

"Then, let's write all the stories down,


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Rh and get them printed, so that some other children besides me can know about the signs too. Shall we?"

"We will see," said Grandpapa.

And this is the book of Ethelind's Zodiac Stories.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manning, Samuel (1822-1881)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manning, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manning, William Oke


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Swan, John Macallan


text:
Author:John Hope

 * John Hope (1725-1786), Scottish botanist
 * John Hope (1739-1785), English author

title: Author:John Hope


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manningham, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mannock, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manny, Walter de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mannyng, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Map, Walter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maplet, John (d.1592)


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Swan

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Swan


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maplet, John (1612?-1670)


text:
Author:John Hope (1739-1785)

Works

 * ‘Occasional Attempts at Sentimental Poetry by a Man of Business,’ 1769
 * ‘The New Brighthelmston Guide, a sketch in miniature of the British Shore,’ 1770
 * ‘Letters on certain Proceedings in Parliament during the Sessions of the years 1769 and 1770,’ 1772
 * ‘Thoughts in Prose and Verse started in his walks,’ Stockton, 1780; published the same year at London and Edinburgh
 * ‘Letters on Credit,’ second edition
 * with a postscript and a short account of the bank at Amsterdam, 1784; originally contributed to the ‘Public Advertiser,’ ‘of very little value,’ observes M'Culloch (Literature of Political Economy, p. 354)

title: Author:John Hope (1739-1785)


text:
Page:Grimm's Fairy Tales.djvu/58

 40 you ask it for anything?" said the wife. "No," said the man; "what should I ask for?" "Ah!" said the wife, "we live very wretchedly here, in this nasty dirty pigstye; do go back and tell the fish we want a snug little cottage."

The fisherman did not much like the business: however, he went to the sea-shore; and when he came back there the water looked all yellow and green. And he stood at the water's edge, and said,—

Then the fish came swimming to him, and said, "Well, what is her will? what does your wife want?" "Ah!" said the fisherman, "she says that when I had caught you, I ought to have asked you for something before I let you go; she does not like living any longer in the pigstye, and wants a snug little cottage." "Go home, then," said the fish; "she is in the cottage already!" So the man went home, and saw his wife standing at the door of a nice trim little cottage. "Come in, come in!" said she; "is not this much better than the filthy pigstye we had?" And there was a parlour, and a bedchamber, and a kitchen; and behind the cottage there was a little garden, planted with all sorts of flowers and fruits; and there was a courtyard behind, full of ducks and chickens. "Ah!" said the fisherman, "how happily we shall live now!" "We will try to do so, at least," said his wife.

Everything went right for a week or two, and then

title: Page:Grimm's Fairy Tales.djvu/58


text:
User:Bettenandi

Interested in transcribing and proofreading archival records.

contact: bettenandi@gmail.com

title: User:Bettenandi


text: Author:James Rymer

title: Author:James Rymer


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 11.djvu/485

  sympathy of England, he began active preparations for the expedition to Marsala. At the last moment he hesitated, but Crispi succeeded in persuading him to sail from Genoa on the 5th of May 1860 with two vessels carrying a volunteer corps of 1070 strong. Calling at Talamone to embark arms and money, he reached Marsala on the 11th of May, and landed under the protection of the British vessels “Intrepid” and “Argus.” On the 12th of May the dictatorship of Garibaldi was proclaimed at Salemi, on the 15th of May the Neapolitan troops were routed at Calatafimi, on the 25th of May Palermo was taken, and on the 6th of June 20,000 Neapolitan regulars, supported by nine frigates and protected by two forts, were compelled to capitulate. Once established at Palermo, Garibaldi organized an army to liberate Naples and march upon Rome, a plan opposed by the emissaries of Cavour, who desired the immediate annexation of Sicily to the Italian kingdom. Expelling Lafarina and driving out Depretis, who represented Cavour, Garibaldi routed the Neapolitans at Milazzo on the 20th of July. Messina fell on the 20th of July, but Garibaldi, instead of crossing to Calabria, secretly departed for Aranci Bay in Sardinia, where Bertani was fitting out an expedition against the papal states. Cavour, however, obliged the expedition to sail for Palermo. Returning to Messina, Garibaldi found a letter from Victor Emmanuel II. dissuading him from invading the kingdom of Naples. Garibaldi replied asking “permission to disobey.” Next day he crossed the Strait, won the battle of Reggio on the 21st of August, accepted the capitulation of 9000 Neapolitan troops at San Giovanni and of 11,000 more at Soveria. The march upon Naples became a triumphal progress, which the wiles of Francesco II. were powerless to arrest. On the 7th of September Garibaldi entered Naples, while Francesco fled to Gaeta. On the 1st of October he routed the remnant of the Bourbon army 40,000 strong on the Volturno. Meanwhile the Italian troops had occupied the Marches, Umbria and the Abruzzi, a battalion of Bersaglieri reaching the Volturno in time to take part in the battle. Their presence put an end to the plan for the invasion of the papal states, and Garibaldi unwillingly issued a decree for the plébiscite which was to sanction the incorporation of the Two Sicilies in the Italian realm. On the 7th of November Garibaldi accompanied Victor Emmanuel during his solemn entry into Naples, and on the morrow returned to Caprera, after disbanding his volunteers and recommending their enrolment in the regular army.

Indignation at the cession of Nice to France and at the neglect of his followers by the Italian government induced him to return to political life. Elected deputy in 1861, his anger against Cavour found violent expression. Bixio attempted to reconcile them, but the publication by Cialdini of a letter against Garibaldi provoked a hostility which, but for the intervention of the king, would have led to a duel between Cialdini and Garibaldi. Returning to Caprera, Garibaldi awaited events. Cavour’s successor, Ricasoli, enrolled the Garibaldians in the regular army; Rattazzi, who succeeded Ricasoli, urged Garibaldi to undertake an expedition in aid of the Hungarians, but Garibaldi, finding his followers ill-disposed towards the idea, decided to turn his arms against Rome. On the 29th of June 1862 he landed at Palermo and gathered an army under the banner “Roma o morte.” Rattazzi, frightened at the prospect of an attack upon Rome, proclaimed a state of siege in Sicily, sent the fleet to Messina, and instructed Cialdini to oppose Garibaldi. Circumventing the Italian troops, Garibaldi entered Catania, crossed to Melito with 3000 men on the 25th of August, but was taken prisoner and wounded by Cialdini’s forces at Aspromonte on the 27th of August. Liberated by an amnesty, Garibaldi returned once more to Caprera amidst general sympathy.

In the spring of 1864 he went to London, where he was accorded an enthusiastic reception and given the freedom of the city. From England he returned again to Caprera. On the outbreak of war in 1866 he assumed command of a volunteer army and, after the defeat of the Italian troops at Custozza, took the offensive in order to cover Brescia. On the 3rd of July he defeated the Austrians at Monte Saello, on the 7th at Lodrone, on the 10th at Darso, on the 16th at Condino, on the 19th at Ampola, on the 21st at Bezzecca, but, when on the point of attacking Trent, he was ordered by General Lamarmora to retire. His famous reply “Obbedisco” (“I obey”) has often been cited as a classical example of military obedience to a command destructive of a successful leader’s hopes, but documents now published (cf. Corriere della sera, 9th of August 1906) prove beyond doubt that Garibaldi had for some days known that the order to evacuate the Trentino would shortly reach him. The order arrived on the 9th of August, whereas Crispi had been sent as early as the 16th of July to warn Garibaldi that, owing to Prussian opposition, Austria would not cede the Trentino to Italy, and that the evacuation was inevitable. Hence Garibaldi’s laconic reply. From the Trentino he returned to Caprera to mature his designs against Rome, which had been evacuated by the French in pursuance of the Franco-Italian convention of the 15th of September 1864. Gathering volunteers in the autumn of 1867, he prepared to enter papal territory, but was arrested at Sinalunga by the Italian government and conducted to Caprera. Eluding the surveillance of the Italian cruisers, he returned to Florence, and, with the complicity of the second Rattazzi cabinet, entered Roman territory at Passo Corese on the 23rd of October. Two days later he took Monterotondo, but on the 2nd of November his forces were dispersed at Mentana by French and papal troops. Recrossing the Italian frontier, he was arrested at Figline and taken back to Caprera, where he eked out his slender resources by writing several romances. In 1870 he formed a fresh volunteer corps and went to the aid of France, defeating the German troops at Chatillon, Autun and Dijon. Elected a member of the Versailles assembly, he resigned his mandate in anger at French insults, and withdrew to Caprera until, in 1874, he was elected deputy for Rome. Popular enthusiasm induced the Conservative Minghetti cabinet to propose that a sum of £40,000 with an annual pension of £2000 be conferred upon him as a recompense for his services, but the proposal, though adopted by parliament (27th May 1875), was indignantly refused by Garibaldi. Upon the advent of the Left to power, however, he accepted both gift and pension, and worked energetically upon the scheme for the Tiber embankment to prevent the flooding of Rome. At the same time he succeeded in obtaining the annulment of his marriage with the countess Raimondi (with whom he had never lived) and contracted another marriage with the mother of his children, Clelia and Manlio. In 1880 he went to Milan for the inauguration of the Mentana monument, and in 1882 visited Naples and Palermo, but was prevented by illness from being present at the 600th anniversary of the Sicilian Vespers. On the 2nd of June 1882 his death at Caprera plunged Italy into mourning.

See Garibaldi, Epistolario, ed. E. E. Ximenes (2 vols., Milan, 1885), and Memorie autografiche (11th ed., Florence, 1902; Eng. translation by A. Werner, with supplement by J. W. Mario in vol. iii. of 1888 ed.); Giuseppe Guerzoni, Garibaldi (2 vols., Florence, 1882); Jessie White Mario, Garibaldi e i suoi tempi (Milan, 1884); G. M. Trevelyan, Garibaldi’s Defence of the Roman Republic (London, 1907), which contains an excellent sketch of Garibaldi’s early career, of the events leading up to the proclamation of the Roman Republic, and a picturesque, detailed and authoritative account of the defence of Rome and of Garibaldi’s flight, with a very full bibliography; also Trevelyan’s Garibaldi and the Thousand (1909).

 GARIN LE LOHERAIN, French epic hero. The 12th century chanson de geste of Garin le Loherain is one of the fiercest and most sanguinary narratives left by the trouvères. This local cycle of Lorraine, which is completed by Hervis de Metz, Girbers de Metz, Anséis, fils de Girbert and Yon, is obviously based on history, and the failure absolutely to identify the events recorded does not deprive the poems of their value as a picture of the savage feudal wars of the 11th and 12th centuries. The episodes are evolved naturally and the usual devices adopted by the trouvères to reconcile their inconsistencies are absent. Nevertheless no satisfactory historical explanation of the story has yet been offered. It has been suggested by a recent critic (F. Settegast, Quellenstudien zur gallo-romanischen Epik, 1904) that these poems resume historical traditions going back to the Vandal irruption of 408 and the battle fought by the Romans and the West Goths against the Huns in 451. The cycle relates

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 11.djvu/485


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Page:Lewis Carroll - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.djvu/26

6 Down, down, down. There was nothing else to do, so Alice soon began talking again. "Dinah'll miss me very much to-night, I should think!" (Dinah was the cat.) "I hope they'll remember her saucer of milk at tea-time. Dinah, my dear! I wish you were down here with me! There are no mice in the air, I'm afraid, but you might catch a bat, and that's very like a mouse, you know. But do cats eat bats, I wonder?" And here Alice began to get rather sleepy, and went on saying to herself, in a dreamy sort of way, "Do cats eat bats? Do cats eat bats?" and sometimes, "Do bats eat cats?" for, you see, as she couldn't answer either question, it didn't much matter which way she put it. She felt that she was dozing off, and had just begun to dream that she was walking hand in hand with Dinah, and was saying to her very earnestly, "Now, Dinah, tell me the truth: did you ever eat a bat?" when suddenly, thump! thump! down she came upon a heap of sticks and dry leaves, and the fall was over.


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Rh Alice was not a bit hurt, and she jumped up on to her feet in a moment: she looked up, but it was all dark overhead; before her was another long passage, and the White Rabbit was still in sight, hurrying down it. There was not a moment to be lost: away went Alice like the wind, and was just in time to hear it say, as it turned a corner, "Oh my ears and whiskers, how late it's getting!" She was close behind it when she turned the corner, but the Rabbit was no longer to be seen: she found herself in a long, low hall, which was lit up by a row of lamps hanging from the roof.

There were doors all round the hall, but they were all locked; and when Alice had been all the way down one side and up the other, trying every door, she walked sadly down the middle, wondering how she was ever to get out again.

Suddenly she came upon a little three-legged table, all made of solid glass; there was nothing on it but a tiny golden key, and Alice's first idea was that this might belong to one of the


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8 doors of the hall; but, alas! either the locks were too large, or the key was too small, but at any rate it would not open any of them. However, on the second time round, she came upon a low curtain she had not noticed before, and behind it was a little door about fifteen inches high: she tried the little golden key in the lock, and to her great delight it fitted!

Alice opened the door and found that it led into a small passage, not much larger than a rat-hole: she knelt down and looked along the passage into the loveliest garden you ever saw. How she longed to get out of that dark hall, and wander about among those beds of bright


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Rh flowers and those cool fountains, but she could not even get her head through the doorway; "and even if my head would go through," thought poor Alice, "it would be of very little use without my shoulders. Oh, how I wish I could shut up like a telescope! I think I could, if I only knew how to begin." For, you see, so many out-of-the-way things had happened lately, that Alice had begun to think that very few things indeed were really impossible.

There seemed to be no use in waiting by the little door, so she went back to the table, half hoping she might find another key on it, or at any rate a book of rules for shutting people up like telescopes: this time she found a little bottle on it, ("which certainly was not here before," said Alice,) and tied round the neck of the bottle was a paper label, with the words "DRINK ME," beautifully printed on it in large letters.

It was all very well to say "Drink me," but the wise little Alice was not going to do that


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10 in a hurry. "No, I'll look first," she said, "and see whether it's marked poison or not;" for she had read several nice little stories about children who had got burnt, and eaten up by wild beasts and other unpleasant things, all because they would not remember the simple rules their friends had taught them: such as, that a red-hot poker will burn you if you hold it too long; and that if you cut your finger very deeply with a knife, it usually bleeds; and she had never forgotten that, if you drink much from a bottle marked "poison," it is almost certain to disagree with you, sooner or later.

However, this bottle was not marked "poison,"


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Rh so Alice ventured to taste it, and finding it very nice, (it had, in fact, a sort of mixed flavour of cherry-tart, custard, pine-apple, roast turkey, toffee, and hot buttered toast,) she very soon finished it off.

"What a curious feeling!" said Alice; "I must be shutting up like a telescope."

And so it was indeed: she was now only ten inches high, and her face brightened up at the thought that she was now the right size for going through the little door into that lovely garden. First, however, she waited for a few minutes to see if she was going to shrink any further: she felt a little nervous about this; "for it might end, you know," said Alice to herself, "in my going out altogether, like a candle. I wonder what I should be like then?" And she tried to fancy what the flame of a candle looks like after the candle is blown out,


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12 for she could not remember ever having seen such a thing.

After a while, finding that nothing more happened, she decided on going into the garden at once; but, alas for poor Alice! when she got to the door, she found she had forgotten the little golden key, and when she went back to the table for it, she found she could not possibly reach it: she could see it quite plainly through the glass, and she tried her best to climb up one of the legs of the table, but it was too slippery; and when she had tired herself out with trying, the poor little thing sat down and cried.

"Come, there's no use in crying like that!" said Alice to herself, rather sharply; "I advise you to leave off this minute!" She generally gave herself very good advice, (though she very seldom followed it,) and sometimes she scolded herself so severely as to bring tears into her eyes; and once she remembered trying to box her own ears for having cheated herself


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Rh in a game of croquet she was playing against herself, for this curious child was very fond of pretending to be two people. "But it's no use now," thought poor Alice, "to pretend to be two people! Why, there's hardly enough of me left to make one respectable person!"

Soon her eye fell on a little glass box that was lying under the table: she opened it, and found in it a very small cake, on which the words "EAT ME" were beautifully marked in currants. "Well, I'll eat it," said Alice, "and if it makes me grow larger, I can reach the key; and if it makes me grow smaller, I can creep under the door; so either way I'll get into the garden, and I don't care which happens!"

She ate a little bit, and said anxiously to herself, "Which way? which way?" holding her hand on the top of her head to feel which way it was growing, and she was quite surprised to find that she remained the same size: to be sure, this is what generally happens when one eats cake, but Alice had got so much into the


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14 way of expecting nothing but out-of-the-way things to happen, that it seemed quite dull and stupid for life to go on in the common way.

So she set to work, and very soon finished off the cake.


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  three wars against hosts of heathen invaders. In the first of these Charles Martel and his faithful vassal Hervis of Metz fight by an extraordinary anachronism against the Vandals, who have destroyed Reims and besieged other cities. They are defeated in a great battle near Troyes. In the second Hervis is besieged in Metz by the “Hongres.” He sends first for help to Pippin, who defers his assistance by the advice of the traitor Hardré. Hervis then transfers his allegiance to Anséis of Cologne, by whose help the invaders are repulsed, though Hervis himself is slain. In the third Thierry, king of Moriane sends to Pippin for help against four Saracen kings. He is delivered by a Frankish host, but falls in the battle. Hervis of Metz was the son of a citizen to whom the duke of Lorraine had married his daughter Aelis, and his sons Garin and Begue are the heroes of the chanson which gives its name to the cycle. The dying king Thierry had desired that his daughter Blanchefleur should marry Garin, but when Garin prefers his suit at the court of Pippin, Fromont of Bordeaux puts himself forward as his rival and Hardré, Fromont’s father, is slain by Garin. The rest of the poem is taken up with the war that ensues between the Lorrainers and the men of Bordeaux. They finally submit their differences to the king, only to begin their disputes once more. Blanchefleur becomes the wife of Pippin, while Garin remains her faithful servant. One of the most famous passages of the poem is the assassination of Begue by a nephew of Fromont, and Garin, after laying waste his enemy’s territory, is himself slain. The remaining songs continue the feud between the two families. According to Paulin Paris, the family of Bordeaux represents the early dukes of Aquitaine, the last of whom, Waifar (745–768) was dispossessed and slain by Pippin the Short, king of the Franks; but the trouvères had in mind no doubt the wars which marked the end of the Carolingian dynasty.

See Li Romans de Garin le Loherain, ed. P. Paris (Paris, 1833); ''Hist. litt. de la France'', vol. xxii. (1852); J. M. Ludlow, Popular Epics of the Middle Ages (London and Cambridge, 1865); F. Lot, Études d’histoire du moyen âge (Paris, 1896); F. Settegast, Quellenstudien zur gallo-romanischen Epik (Leipzig, 1904). A complete edition of the cycle was undertaken by E. Stengel, the first volume of which, Hervis de Mes (Gesellschaft für roman. Lit., Dresden), appeared in 1903.

 GARLAND, JOHN (fl. 1202–1252), Latin grammarian, known as Johannes Garlandius, or, more commonly, Johannes de Garlandia, was born in England, though most of his life was spent in France. John Bale in his Catalogus, and John Pits, following Bale, placed him among the writers of the 11th century. The main facts of his life, however, are stated in a long poem De triumphis ecclesiae contained in Cotton MS. Claudius A x in the British Museum, and edited by Thomas Wright for the Roxburghe Club in 1856. Garland narrates the history of his time from the point of view of the victories gained by the church over heretics at home and infidels abroad. He studied at Oxford under a certain John of London, whom it is difficult to distinguish from others of the same name; but he must have been in Paris in or before 1202, for he mentions as one of his teachers Alain de Lisle, who died in that year or the next. Garland was one of the professors chosen in 1229 for the new university of Toulouse, and remained in the south during the Albigensian crusade, of which he gives a detailed account in books iv.-vi. In 1232 or 1233 the hatred of the people made further residence in Toulouse unsafe for the professors of the university, who had been installed by the Catholic party. Garland was one of the first to fly, and the rest of his life was spent in Paris, where he finished his poem in 1252. Garland’s grammatical works were much used in England, and were often printed by Richard Pynson and Wynkyn de Worde. He was also a voluminous Latin poet. Works on mathematics and music have also been assigned to him, but the ascription may have arisen from confusion of his works with those of Gerlandus, a canon of Besançon in the 12th century. The treatise on alchemy, Compendium alchimiae, often printed under his name, was by a 14th-century writer named Martin Ortolan, or Lortholain.

The best known of his poems beside the “De Triumphis Ecclesiae” is “Epithalamium beatae Mariae Virginis,” contained in the same MS. Among his other works are his “Dictionarius,” a Latin vocabulary, printed by T. Wright in the Library of National Antiquities (vol. i., 1857); Compendium totius grammatices ..., printed at Deventer, 1489; two metrical treatises, entitled Synonyma and Equivoca, frequently printed at the close of the 15th century.

For further bibliographical information see the British Museum catalogue; J. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca Latina mediae et infimae aetatis ..., vol. iii. (1754); G. Brunet, Manuel du libraire, &c. See also ''Histoire litt. de la France'', vols. viii., xxi., xxiii. and xxx.; the prefaces to the editions by T. Wright mentioned above; P. Meyer, La Chanson de la croisade contre les Albigeois, vol. ii. pp. xxi-xxiii. (Paris, 1875); Dr A. Scheler, Lexicographie latine du XII e et du XIII e siècles (Leipzig, 1867); the article by C. L. Kingsford in the ''Dict. Nat. Biog.'', giving a list also of the works on alchemy, mathematics and music, rightly or wrongly ascribed to him; J. E. Sandys, ''Hist. of Class. Schol.'' i. (1906) 549.

 GARLIC (O. Eng. gárleác, i.e. “spear-leek”; Gr.  ; Lat. allium; Ital. aglio; Fr. ail; Ger. Knoblauch), Allium sativum, a bulbous perennial plant of the natural order Liliaceae, indigenous apparently to south-west Siberia. It has long, narrow, flat, obscurely keeled leaves, a deciduous spathe, and a globose umbel of whitish flowers, among which are small bulbils. The bulb, which is the only part eaten, has membranous scales, in the axils of which are 10 or 12 cloves, or smaller bulbs. From these new bulbs can be procured by planting out in February or March. The bulbs are best preserved hung in a dry place. If of fair size, twenty of them weigh about 1 ℔. To prevent the plant from running to leaf, Pliny (Nat. Hist. xix. 34) advises to bend the stalk downward and cover with earth; seeding, he observes, may be prevented by twisting the stalk.

Garlic is cultivated in the same manner as the (q.v.). It is stated to have been grown in England before the year 1548. The percentage composition of the bulbs is given by E. Solly (Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond., new ser., iii. p. 60) as water 84.09, organic matter 13.38, and inorganic matter 1.53—that of the leaves being water 87.14, organic matter 11.27 and inorganic matter 1.59. The bulb has a strong and characteristic odour and an acrid taste, and yields an offensively smelling oil, essence of garlic, identical with allyl sulphide (C3H5)2S (see Hofmann and Cahours, Journ. Chem. Soc. x. p. 320). This, when garlic has been eaten, is evolved by the excretory organs, the activity of which it promotes. From the earliest times garlic has been used as an article of diet. It formed part of the food of the Israelites in Egypt (Numb. xi. 5) and of the labourers employed by Cheops in the construction of his pyramid, and is still grown in Egypt, where, however, the Syrian is the kind most esteemed (see Rawlinson’s Herodotus, ii. 125). It was largely consumed by the ancient Greek and Roman soldiers, sailors and rural classes (cf. Virg. Ecl. ii. 11), and, as Pliny tells us (N.H. xix. 32), by the African peasantry. Galen eulogizes it as the rustic’s theriac (see F. Adams’s Paulus Aegineta, p. 99), and Alexander Neckam, a writer of the 12th century (see Wright’s edition of his works, p. 473, 1863), recommends it as a palliative of the heat of the sun in field labour. “The people in places where the simoon is frequent,” says Mountstuart Elphinstone (An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul, p. 140, 1815), “eat garlic, and rub their lips and noses with it, when they go out in the heat of the summer, to prevent their suffering by the simoon.” “O dura messorum ilia,” exclaims Horace (Epod. iii.), as he records his detestation of the popular esculent, to smell of which was accounted a sign of vulgarity (cf. Shakespeare, Coriol. iv. 6, and Meas. for Meas. iii. 2). In England garlic is seldom used except as a seasoning, but in the southern countries of Europe it is a common ingredient in dishes, and is largely consumed by the agricultural population. Garlic was placed by the ancient Greeks on the piles of stones at cross-roads, as a supper for Hecate (Theophrastus, Characters,  ); and according to Pliny garlic and onions were invocated as deities by the Egyptians at the taking of oaths. The inhabitants of Pelusium in lower Egypt, who worshipped the onion, are said to have held both it and garlic in aversion as food. Garlic possesses stimulant and stomachic properties, and was of old, as still sometimes now, employed as a medicinal remedy.

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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Garin le Loherain


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Garland, John


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" and curiouser!" cried Alice (she was so much surprised, that for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good English); "now I'm opening out like the largest telescope that ever was! Good-bye, feet!" (for when she looked down at her feet, they seemed to be almost out of sight, they were getting so far off). "Oh, my poor little feet, I wonder


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16 who will put on your shoes and stockings for you now, dears? I'm sure I shan't be able! I shall be a great deal too far off to trouble myself about you: you must manage the best way you can;—but I must be kind to them," thought Alice, "or perhaps they won't walk the way I want to go! Let me see: I'll give them a new pair of boots every Christmas."

And she went on planning to herself how she would manage it. "They must go by the carrier," she thought; "and how funny it'll seem, sending presents to one's own feet! And how odd the directions will look!

Oh dear, what nonsense I'm talking!"

Just at this moment her head struck against the roof of the hall: in fact she was now rather more than nine feet high, and she at once took up the little golden key and hurried off to the garden door.


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Rh Poor Alice! It was as much as she could do, lying down on one side, to look through into the garden with one eye; but to get through was more hopeless than ever: she sat down and began to cry again.

"You ought to be ashamed of yourself," said Alice, "a great girl like you," (she might well say this,) "to go on crying in this way! Stop this moment, I tell you!" But she went on all the same, shedding gallons of tears, until there was a large pool all round her, about four inches deep and reaching half down the hall.

After a time she heard a little pattering of feet in the distance, and she hastily dried her eyes to see what was coming. It was the White Rabbit returning, splendidly dressed, with a pair of white kid gloves in one hand and a large fan in the other: he came trotting along in a great hurry, muttering to himself as he came, "Oh! the Duchess, the Duchess! Oh! won't she be savage if I've kept her waiting!" Alice felt so desperate that she was ready to ask help


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18

of any one; so, when the Rabbit came near her, she began, in a low, timid voice, "If you please, sir" The Rabbit started violently, dropped the white kid gloves and the fan, and skurried away into the darkness as hard as he could go.


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Rh Alice took up the fan and gloves, and, as the hall was very hot, she kept fanning herself all the time she went on talking: "Dear, dear! How queer everything is to-day! And yesterday things went on just as usual. I wonder if I've been changed in the night? Let me think: was I the same when I got up this morning? I almost think I can remember feeling a little different. But if I'm not the same, the next question is. Who in the world am I? Ah, that's the great puzzle!" And she began thinking over all the children she knew, that were of the same age as herself, to see if she could have been changed for any of them.

"I'm sure I'm not Ada," she said, "for her hair goes in such long ringlets, and mine doesn't go in ringlets at all; and I'm sure I can't be Mabel, for I know all sorts of things, and she, oh! she knows such a very little! Besides, she's she, and I'm I, and—oh dear, how puzzling it all is! I'll try if I know all the things I used to know. Let me see: four times five is twelve,


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20 and four times six is thirteen, and four times seven is—oh dear! I shall never get to twenty at that rate! However, the Multiplication Table doesn't signify: let's try Geography. London is the capital of Paris, and Paris is the capital of Rome, and Rome—no, that's all wrong, I'm certain! I must have been changed for Mabel! I'll try and say 'How doth the little—'" and she crossed her hands on her lap as if she were saying lessons, and began to repeat it, but her voice sounded hoarse and strange, and the words did not come the same as they used to do:—


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Rh "I'm sure those are not the right words," said poor Alice, and her eyes filled with tears again as she went on, "I must be Mabel after all, and I shall have to go and live in that poky little house, and have next to no toys to play with, and oh! ever so many lessons to learn! No, I've made up my mind about it; if I'm Mabel, I'll stay down here! It'll be no use their putting their heads down and saying, 'Come up again, dear!' I shall only look up and say, 'Who am I then? Tell me that first, and then, if I like being that person, I'll come up: if not, I'll stay down here till I'm somebody else'—but, oh dear!" cried Alice, with a sudden burst of tears, "I do wish they would put their heads down! I am so very tired of being all alone here!"

As she said this she looked down at her hands, and was surprised to see that she had put on one of the Rabbit's little white kid gloves while she was talking. "How can I have done that?" she thought. "I must be growing small


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22 again." She got up and went to the table to measure herself by it, and found that, as nearly as she could guess, she was now about two feet high, and was going on shrinking rapidly: she soon found out that the cause of this was the fan she was holding, and she dropped it hastily, just in time to save herself from shrinking away altogether.

"That was a narrow escape!" said Alice, a good deal frightened at the sudden change, but very glad to find herself still in existence; "and now for the garden!" and she ran with all speed back to the little door: but, alas! the little door was shut again, and the little golden key was lying on the glass table as before, "and things are worse than ever," thought the poor child, "for I never was so small as this before, never! And I declare it's too bad, that it is!"

As she said these words her foot slipped, and in another moment, splash! she was up to her chin in salt water. Her first idea was that she had somehow fallen into the sea, "and in


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Rh that case I can go back by railway," she said to herself. (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion, that wherever you go to on the English coast you find a number of bathing machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them a railway station.) However, she soon made out that she was in the pool of tears which she had wept when she was nine feet high.

"I wish I hadn't cried so much!" said Alice, as she swam about, trying to find her way out.


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24 "I shall be punished for it now, I suppose, by being drowned in my own tears! That will be a queer thing, to be sure! However, everything is queer to-day."

Just then she heard something splashing about in the pool a little way off, and she swam nearer to make out what it was: at first she thought it must be a walrus or hippopotamus, but then she remembered how small she was now, and she soon made out that it was only a mouse that had slipped in like herself.

"Would it be of any use, now," thought Alice, "to speak to this mouse? Everything is so out-of-the-way down here, that I should think very likely it can talk: at any rate, there's no harm in trying." So she began: "O Mouse, do you know the way out of this pool? I am very tired of swimming about here, O Mouse!" (Alice thought this must be the right way of speaking to a mouse: she had never done such a thing before, but she remembered having seen in her brother's Latin Grammar, "A


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshall, Stephen


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Rh a mouse—to a mouse—A mouse—O mouse!") The Mouse looked at her rather inquisitively, and seemed to her to wink with one of its little eyes, but it said nothing.

"Perhaps it doesn't understand English," thought Alice; "I daresay it's a French mouse, come over with William the Conqueror." (For, with all her knowledge of history, Alice had no very clear notion how long ago anything had happened.) So she began again: "Où est ma chatte?" which was the first sentence in her French lesson-book. The Mouse gave a sudden leap out of the water, and seemed to quiver all over with fright. "Oh, I beg your pardon!" cried Alice hastily, afraid that she had hurt the poor animal's feelings. "I quite forgot you didn't like cats."

"Not like cats!" cried the Mouse, in a shrill, passionate voice. "Would you like cats if you were me?"

"Well, perhaps not," said Alice in a soothing tone: "don't be angry about it. And yet


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26 I wish I could show you our cat Dinah: I think you'd take a fancy to cats if you could only see her. She is such a dear quiet thing," Alice went on, half to herself, as she swam lazily about in the pool, "and she sits purring so nicely by the fire, licking her paws and washing her face—and she is such a nice soft thing to nurse—and she's such a capital one for catching miceoh, I beg your pardon!" cried Alice again, for this time the Mouse was bristling all over, and she felt certain it must be really


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshall, Thomas Falcon


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Rh offended. "We won't talk about her any more if you'd rather not."

"We, indeed!" cried the Mouse, who was trembling down to the end of his tail. "As if I would talk on such a subject! Our family always hated cats: nasty, low, vulgar things! Don't let me hear the name again!"

"I won't indeed!" said Alice, in a great hurry to change the subject of conversation. "Are you—are you fond—of—of dogs?" The Mouse did not answer, so Alice went on eagerly: "There is such a nice little dog near our house I should like to show you! A little bright-eyed terrier, you know, with oh! such long curly brown hair! And it'll fetch things when you throw them, and it'll sit up and beg for its dinner, and all sorts of things—I can't remember half of them—and it belongs to a farmer, you know, and he says it's so useful, it's worth a hundred pounds! He says it kills all the rats and—oh dear!" cried Alice in a sorrowful tone. "I'm afraid I've offended it


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28 again!" For the Mouse was swimming away from her as hard as it could go, and making quite a commotion in the pool as it went.

So she called softly after it: "Mouse dear! Do come back again, and we won't talk about cats or dogs either, if you don't like them! " When the Mouse heard this, it turned round and swam slowly back to her: its face was quite pale (with passion, Alice thought), and it said in a low, trembling voice, "Let us get to the shore, and then I'll tell you my history, and you'll understand why it is I hate cats and dogs."

It was high time to go, for the pool was getting quite crowded with the birds and animals that had fallen into it: there were a Duck and a Dodo, a Lory and an Eaglet, and several other curious creatures. Alice led the way, and the whole party swam to the shore.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshall, Thomas William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshall, Walter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshall, William (fl.1535)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshall, William (fl.1630-1650)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshall, William (1745-1818)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshall, William (1748-1833)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshall, William (1806-1875)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshall, William (1807-1880)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marsham, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marsham, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshman, John Clark


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshman, Joshua


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mar, Donald (d.1297)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mar, Donald (1293?-1332)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mar, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mar, William


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User talk:Kiyoweap

Welcome
Beeswaxcandle (talk) 10:07, 22 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Thx. Basically I spotted a couple of wikipedia articles that were ripped from the 1911 Encyclopeida Britannica. They need overhaluing, but I wanted to tag it with the "The 1911 Encyclopeida Britannica article on XXX can be found at wikisource." But the etexts of the particular articles hadn't been created from the scans. One of the articles "Houdenc, Raoul de" I copy and pasted the text off of Gutenberg. For the other article "Garin le Loherain" I created the page-spaces for Vol. 11, pp.485-486 I think, and then created the transcluded article. --Kiyoweap (talk) 10:34, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kiyoweap


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Rh degree of B.D. He was elected to a fellowship on 18 March 1823, received the office of moderator, and joined the Astronomical Society. He published at Cambridge in 1826 ‘The Elements of the Theory of Plane Astronomy,’ an excellent work, of which a new edition, enlarged by Dr. Hymers, appeared in 1832. About 1837 Maddy resigned his fellowship from conscientious motives, and with it his sole means of livelihood. He supported himself by teaching mathematics in London until his death, which occurred at Sutton Coldfield, near Birmingham, on 13 Aug. 1857. His character was of the highest stamp.

 MADERTY,. [See, 1540?–1623.]

MADGETT or MADGET, NICHOLAS (fl. 1799), Irish adventurer, born at Kinsale, co. Kerry, was (according to a secret correspondent of Lord Castlereagh—probably Samuel Turner) in 1799, at the time of Humbert's expedition to Ireland, near sixty years of age, and had lived for forty years in France. He was employed in the French foreign office in 1794 and the succeeding years in negotiating measures between the French government and Irish politicians for a French invasion of Ireland. In 1794 he gave William Jackson (1737?–1795) [q. v.] his instructions before Jackson set out on his fatal mission to Ireland to ascertain the chances of success for an immediate French expedition. When Wolfe Tone went to Paris in February 1796, Delacroix, the foreign minister, told him to speak without reserve to Madgett. During his eight months' stay in Paris, Tone saw much of him, and Madgett translated for him memorials to the French government, and showed great zeal in forwarding preparations for a French expedition to Ireland. His favourite scheme of obtaining recruits among the Irish prisoners of war, for which purpose he visited Orleans before Tone left, Tone thought ‘damned nonsense,’ but believed Madgett ‘very sincere in the business,’ though he ‘pestered him confoundedly.’ Lord Castlereagh's correspondent reported that Madgett lived in the Rue de Bac, near Thomas Muir [q. v.], with whom he was in the strictest intimacy, and that he was ‘one of the most active instruments of the French Directory in everything that respects Ireland.’ In August 1798 Castlereagh's secret agent was sworn by Madgett and Muir into ‘the secret committee for managing the affairs of Ireland and Scotland.’ In the third volume of ‘Lettres officielles et confidentielles de Napoleon Bonaparte’ there is a memorandum signed by Madgett and addressed to Delacroix, informing him that George III had funds in the Bank of Venice (10,000,000l. sterling), and requesting him to represent to Bonaparte the importance of seizing them (Castlereagh Corr. vol. i. editor's note to p. 398).

Another Irishman, a priest named Maget, has been wrongly identified with the Irish adventurer. Maget the priest returned to Ireland in 1793 from a comfortable living in the south of France (Cork Gazette, 22 July 1795), and ‘made himself very remarkable in all public circles by vehement denunciations of the French revolution. Having thus recommended himself to the English government, he became a spy [in Paris] and was apprehended as such by the Convention, and handed over to the Committee of Public Safety to be disposed of’ (, United Irishmen, 3rd ser. i. 31, note). This person seems to have arrived in France with a passport in the name of Hurst in May 1794, and was imprisoned as a spy till 24 Nov. 1795. His age was stated to be thirty-six.

MADOCKS, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1774–1828), philanthropist, born in 1774, was the third son of John Madocks of St. Andrew's, Holborn, and of Fron Yw in Denbighshire, an eminent chancery barrister, who was M.P. for the borough of Westbury in Wiltshire (1786–90). William matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, on 1 March 1790, proceeded B.A. in 1793, and M.A. in 1799, and was a fellow of All Souls' College 1794–1818 (, Alumni Oxon. p. 901). He first settled at Dolmelynllyn, near Dolgelly, but purchased in 1798 the estate of Tan-yr-Allt, adjoining Penmorfa marsh in Carnarvonshire; here he commenced about 1800 to bank out the sea, and succeeded in recovering or converting into dry land about two thousand acres which previously formed the marsh. In 1807 he obtained a grant from the crown, confirmed by act of parliament, vesting in him and his heirs all the sands known as Traeth Mawr in the estuary close to his residence, which was then washed by the sea (see engraving in ‘European Magazine,’ liii. 129), and extending from correct section


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Rh Pont Aberglaslyn to Gêst point. He then constructed across Traeth Mawr an embankment nearly a mile in length, which shut out the sea, and was the means of reclaiming nearly three thousand more acres of land. A road was also constructed along the embankment, and it forms the line of communication between the counties of Carnarvon and Merioneth. The work was completed in 1811, at an expense of more than 100,000l. The town of Tremadoc, so called after its founder, with a neat Gothic church and other public buildings, was built by Madocks on Penmorfa at his own expense. Madocks sat in parliament for Boston in Lincolnshire from 1802 until 1820, when he became M.P. for Chippenham. He took an active part in politics on the whig side, and on 11 May 1809 moved an impeachment of Lord Castlereagh and of Spencer Perceval for bribery at an election (, Parl. Debates, xiv. 380–92, 486–527). He also seconded, on 15 June 1809, Sir Francis Burdett's plan of parliamentary reform (ib. xiv. 1056). He became involved in pecuniary difficulties, and retired to the continent, where he died, in Paris, in September 1828. He married in 1818 Mrs. Gwynn of Tregunter, Breconshire, by whom he had one daughter, who survived him.

Madocks is the author of a little dramatic dialogue, called ‘The Amateur Actor and the Hair Dresser,’ published in the ‘European Magazine,’ liii. 215–16.  MADOG MAREDUDD (d. 1160), prince of Powys, was the son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn ap Cynfyn and nephew of Iorwerth ab Bleddyn [q. v.] His father, who at his death in 1132 was lord of all Powys (Annales Cambriæ, sub anno, ‘dux Powisorum;’ Brut y Tywysogion, as printed in the Oxford edition of the ‘Red Book of Hergest,’ p. 308, ‘tegwch a diogelwch holl powys ae hamdifyn’). The son Madog, if he did not at once succeed to his father's position, doubtless attained it before long, and held it for some years. The contemporary poet, Gwalchmai, speaks of the influence of Madog as stretching from Plynlimmon to the gates of Chester, and from Bangor [Iscoed] to the extremity of Meirionydd, i.e. over all Powys (Myvyrian Archaiology, 2nd ed. p. 148); the same idea prevailed, too, as to the extent of his power when (probably at the end of the twelfth century) the story of ‘Rhonabwy's Dream’ was cast into its present form (Mabinogion, Oxford edition, p. 144). According to Powel (Historie of Cambria, ed. 1584, p. 153), on the other hand, Madog ruled only over Northern Powys, which thus got its title of Powys Fadog. Maredudd, Powel tells us, ‘had two sons, Madoc … and Gruffyth, betweene whom Powys was diuided;’ but the fact is that Gruffydd died before his father in 1128 (Annales Cambriæ, sub anno). As to the name Powys Fadog, it clearly came into existence at the same time as Powys Wenwynwyn, viz. about the beginning of the thirteenth century, when Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor [q. v.] and Gwenwynwyn [q. v.] ruled Northern and Southern Powys respectively. Madog ap Maredudd was certainly lord of Powys Wenwynwyn, for about 1149 he gave Cyfeiliog, one of its regions, to his nephews, Owain and Meurig ap Gruffydd, and in 1156 he built a stronghold in Caer Einion, which was also a region of Southern Powys (ib.; Brut y Tywysogion, pp. 316, 318).

Madog was prince of Powys during the reign of Stephen, the period during which the Welsh shook off the rigid control established by Henry I, and regained much which they had lost through the Norman conquest. Like other Welsh princes, he seems to have profited by this movement. About 1149 he rebuilt the castle at Oswestry, a spot which had not been Welsh ground for nearly a century, and which was soon recovered by the English. Madog's appearance in the district was probably directly due to the turmoil caused by the civil war, for Oswestry was part of the Fitzalans' territory, and William Fitzalan [q. v.] took active part on the side of the empress (, in Y Cymmrodor, x. 43). Rhys Cain's attempt (Cae Cyriog MS. quoted in History of Powys Fadog, i. 119–20) to represent the Fitzalans as the new-comers is discredited by its gross anachronisms.

The salient feature of Madog's career is not, however, his success against the English, but his friendship with them. During the first half of the twelfth century Gwynedd had been gradually growing at the expense of the minor northern principalities, until in Madog's time it was a formidable neighbour to Powys, conterminous with it from Machynlleth to Chester. Madog first adopted the policy, which afterwards became popular with princes of Powys, of protecting his realm by cultivating the friendship of his English neighbours. In the year in which he had fortified Oswestry, his neighbour, Owain Gwynedd [q. v.], had built a castle in Ial, always reckoned a district of Powys. The encroachment called for immediate


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Madocks, William Alexander


text:
User:Kiyoweap

Please visit wikipedia:user:Kiyoweap :)

title: User:Kiyoweap


text:
User talk:Azfar

JeepdaySock (AKA, Jeepday) 11:26, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

Question.
Another question.

Previous Question (Context)

Hi, I am part of a group that is interested in Malaysian government documents.

We would like to contribute Malaysian government documents to Portal:Malaysia. At the same time we would also like to then link the pages to an external website that would discuss said documents. Would that violate any policies/rules?

So as an example, in a page for the Education Blueprint of Malaysia.

Would it be acceptable to add links that lead to forums or blogs that expands and/or discuss the document on the page?

And would it be possible to tag said links as opinions? (Azfar (talk) 06:06, 23 January 2013 (UTC))

 * Our endeavour is to reproduce the original documents, then the level of any further link addition within the text is for linking within Wikisource to other documents or authors as relevant, though there can be some value to links that add clarification. We would generally not be adding active links "within the body" of a work to a blog or forum.  If that sort of linking was relevant and pertinent, then a single non-controversial link in the notes section of header may be the route to undertake, though we would encourage you to utilise the edition parameter of header   which will put an active link to the talk page of the work.  From that talk page you can be a little more adventurous in adding some links and context to the link, and purpose. To note that this should pretty well replicate my answering your other question at the other page. — billinghurst  sDrewth  01:22, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Azfar


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Macculloch, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Martin, Peter John


text: Template:DNB JMC

title: Template:DNB JMC


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Macdonald, Alexander (1700?-1780?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/MacIntyre, Duncan Ban


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title: Template:DNB HB-E


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194

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Macdonald, John (1620?-1716?)


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168 working of that "business" which is a sort of cement for the scenes. Support could be found from many quarters for what Dr. Furness says in behalf of actors as useful critics; but without further reasoning, one may invite attention to some considerations in regard to Othello suggested by quotations from memoirs of the profession and other records, and especially from Booth's annotated acting-copy, extracts from which, although not made with any view to publication, may be found in the Variorum edition of the play.

Mr. White, in his satirical essay upon The Acting of Iago, expresses the opinion that all the modern impersonations are inadequate, and that the fault springs from a radical misconception of the character. Theatrical companies are made up, every one knows, with an actor for each of the varieties of human nature which are usual in a play; so far as character is concerned, they enact types. Iago, of course, falls to the lot of the "heavy villain," whose aim, in stage life, is to do his wickedest always, everywhere, and in as many guises as possible; he is continually pointing to the mark of Cain on his forehead, so that there shall


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Rh be no mistake about his identity. "I think," says Booth,—and the criticism holds all the meat of Mr. White's essay in a nutshell,—"the light comedian should play the villain's part, not the 'heavy man;' I mean the Shakespearean villains." In consonance with this is his reiterated advice to his Iago to think evil all the time, but not to show it; to be the prince of good fellows, inexhaustible in bonhomie, genial, jovial, gentlemanly,—the friend and pleasant companion whom every one liked, whom Desdemona trifled with, and Cassio respected for his soldiership, and Othello trusted as a man as faithful in love as he was wise in the world. "A certain bluffness," Booth says "(which my temperament does not afford), should be added to preserve the military flavor of the character: in this particular I fail utterly; my Iago lacks the soldierly quality." So far, certainly, Booth does not differ from Mr. White in his conception of the bearing, the outward manner and sensible aspect, of the Venetian liar. Let us look at it from Mr. White's point of view: "Edwin Booth's Iago is not externally a mere hardened villain, but a super-subtle Venetian, who works out his devilish plans with a dexterous


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170 of touch and smooth sinuosity of movement that suggest the transmigration of a serpent into human form. And in his visage, and, above all, in his eye, burns the venom of his soul.... But even Edwin Booth's Iago, although much finer and more nearly consistent with itself and with the facts of the tragedy than any other that is known to the annals of the stage, is not the Iago that Shakespeare drew." But what is it that is lacking? Mr. White paints Iago as the popular flatterer, the sympathetic sycophant, the gay, easy-going, pleased, and pleasing fellow; and, so far as the side shown to the world is concerned, this is Booth's conception, and (allowing for the defect of soldier-like frankness which he feels in himself) it is his impersonation. Why is it not, then, Shakespeare's Iago? Mr. White is ready with his answer: Because Shakespeare's Iago would do no harm, except to advance his fortunes; he had no malice; he was merely selfish, utterly unscrupulous as to his means of obtaining what he sought, ready to win his gain at any ruin. Now, it is clear that the evil which Mr. White has just said burns in the actor's eye is not mere selfishness, not the cold light of


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Rh calculation simply, with no more rooted passion; it is just what Mr. White says Iago did not have,—it is malice. So one gets the hint; and on searching the remarks of Booth to see what indications there are of his conception of the essence of Iago's soul, the spring of his motive, the changing emotions that enveloped his thoughts at their birth, one perceives at once that, while Booth would have Iago outwardly amiable, he has not the least idea of reducing the dye of villainy in which the character has been steeped by those of old time. Inside, Booth has no doubt, Iago was a spirit of hate, and he knows at what moments of anxious interest, at what crises of the temptation and the plotting, this will gleam out in the expression of the eye, or in those slight tell-tale changes which are natural to the most self-possessed man, and are significant to us only because we are on the watch for them. By observing, consequently, with what passages he connects this devilish malignancy of nature in Iago, one can judge, as between him and Mr. White, what justification he has for making Iago cruel as well as selfish, and revengeful as well as ambitious. Mr. White's theory is that Iago wished to


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172 supplant Cassio, and ruined Desdemona in order to accomplish this end; that he used his suspicion of Othello's intimacy with his wife almost as an after-thought, to bolster up his purpose with an excuse; and that, having chosen his method with perfect indifference to its morality or its humanity, he overreached himself and failed. This view may gain upon one by its plausible and emphatic setting forth, just as pleas for Judas Iscariot or any other client of a clever devil's advocate may do, but only momentarily; for when one attempts to adjust the speeches of Iago, word by word and line by line, to this conception, especially with such notes of direction and caution as these of Booth's to the actor, echoing the text, as they do, through all modulations of suspicion, suspense, and suppressed passion, the idea of an Iago without malice simply dissolves, and leaves not a rack behind. In reality, this new notion of Mr. White's is only the old story that Iago is motiveless, which has disturbed so many critics, and given occasion to such marvelous explanations of his villainy. The disparity between the moral causes and the mortal results, between the errors and the penalties of the victims, has


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Rh been widely felt; the attempt is consequently made to ascribe a cause for the catastrophe that shall justify it to the reason; and naturally one writer has over-accented and exaggerated one element in the play, and a second writer another element, and so on; but Mr. White bears away the palm from all in his assertion that Iago did all the mischief just to get on in the world, and that the only reason it was so great was because of the unlimited power for harm in the union of ability to flatter with utter unscrupulousness in a man's make-up. Shakespeare gives the key-note of the action in the very first words Iago utters, unheard except by his own bosom. What was the first thought on his lips then? "I hate the Moor." And perhaps in that most difficult moment of the rôle, the climax of Iago's fate, the elder Booth was right in making the expression of this intense enmity dominant in "the Parthian look which Iago, as he was borne off, wounded and in bonds, gave Othello,—a Gorgon stare, in which hate seemed both petrified and petrifying." In this matter the actors seem to carry it over the editor, who, indeed, was in that essay a better social satirist than Shakespearean scholar; and, to


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174 our mind, the conception of Mr. White is too inharmonious, also, with the intellectual power and the delight in its exercise so marked in Shakespeare's and in Booth's Iago.

There is more scope for different interpretations in Othello's case than in Iago's. Othello, it is obvious to any one of the least insight, is a character in whom temperament counts for so much more than anything else as practically to possess the whole man; his actions proceed directly from his nature; his doubts and suspicions act at once upon his heart, and are converted into emotion of the most simple and primitive type almost instantaneously; his mental agony itself tends to become blind physical suffering; he does not think,—he feels. It is in the expression of temperament that the actor is left most free by the dramatist, is least shackled by words, and oftenest relies upon other modes of utterance, among which (we too easily forget) language is only one.

In Othello, consequently, who is the creature of his temperament, the actor influences the character to an unusual degree; and as the range of feeling is from the lowest notes


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Rh of tender happiness to the explosions of unlimited despair, the way in which the actor conceives of feeling, his ideas of what makes it noble, and of the manner in which a grand nature would express it, affect the play profoundly. A certain bent has been given to the stage interpretation and also to criticism, by the notion that Shakespeare meant to exhibit in Othello a barbaric passion, the boiling up of a savage nature, the Oriental fervor and rashness, the dæmon of the Moorish race. Yet nothing is plainer in Shakespeare than his utter disregard of historical accuracy; he never depicted a race type, except the Jewish. If Theseus is an Athenian, or Coriolanus or Cæsar himself a Roman, then Othello may be a Moor; but it is most conformable to the facts to regard them all as simply ideal men, who take from their circumstances a color of nationality and a place in time, but who are essentially all of one race. The view of those actors who give Othello a ferocity of emotion because he is a Moor, or of those critics who discern in the violence and brute unreason of some players in this part something to praise on the score of Othello's birth under a hot Mauritanian sun deserves no sympathy. The


text: Index:Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 2000.pdf


text: Index:Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Amendment Act 2002.pdf


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REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

Registered at the Post Office as a Newspaper

OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENCY

It is hereby notified that the President has assented to the following Act which is hereby published for general information:—


text: Author:William Munk

title: Author:William Munk


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(English text signed by the President.) (Assented to 2 February 2000.)

To give effect to section 9 read with item 23(1) of Schedule 6 to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, so as to prevent and prohibit unfair discrimination and harassment; to promote equality and eliminate unfair discrimination; to prevent and prohibit hate speech; and to provide for matters connected therewith.

PREAMBLE

The consolidation of democracy in our country requires the eradication of social and economic inequalities, especially those that are systemic in nature, which were generated in our history by colonialism, apartheid and patriarchy, and which brought pain and suffering to the great majority of our people;

Although significant progress has been made in restructuring and transforming our society and its institutions, systemic inequalities and unfair discrimination remain deeply embedded in social structures, practices and attitudes, undermining the aspirations of our constitutional democracy;

The basis for progressively redressing these conditions lies in the Constitution which, amongst others, upholds the values of human dignity, equality, freedom and social justice in a united, non-racial and non-sexist society where all may flourish;

South Africa also has international obligations under binding treaties and customary international law in the field of human rights which promote equality and prohibit unfair discrimination. Among these obligations are those specified in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination;

Section 9 of the Constitution provides for the enactment of national legislation to prevent or prohibit unfair discrimination and to promote the achievement of equality;

This implies the advancement, by special legal and other measures, of historically disadvantaged individuals, communities and social groups who were dispossessed of their land and resources, deprived of their human dignity and who continue to endure the consequences;

This Act endeavours to facilitate the transition to a democratic society, united in its diversity, marked by human relations that are caring and compassionate, and guided by the principles of equality, fairness, equity, social progress, justice, human dignity and freedom.

E IT THEREFORE ENACTED by the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:―

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1

DEFINITIONS, OBJECTS, INTERPRETATION, GUIDING PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF ACT

Definitions

Objects of Act

Interpretation of Act


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Guiding principles

Application of Act

CHAPTER 2

PREVENTION, PROHIBITION AND ELIMINATION OF UNFAIR DISCRIMINATION, HATE SPEECH AND HARASSMENT

Prevention and general prohibition of unfair discrimination

Prohibition of unfair discrimination on ground of race

Prohibition of unfair discrimination on ground of gender

Prohibition of unfair discrimination on ground of disability

Prohibition of hate speech

Prohibition of harassment

Prohibition of dissemination and publication of unfair discriminatory information that unfairly discriminates

CHAPTER 3

BURDEN OF PROOF AND DETERMINATION OF FAIRNESS OR UNFAIRNESS

Burden of proof

Determination of fairness or unfairness

Hate speech and harassment not subject to determination of fairness

CHAPTER 4

EQUALITY COURTS

Equality courts and presiding officers

Clerks of equality courts

Witnesses

Rules and court proceedings

Institution of proceedings in terms of or under Act

Powers and functions of equality court

Assessors

Appeals and reviews

CHAPTER 5

PROMOTION OF EQUALITY

General responsibility to promote equality

Duty of State to promote equality

Responsibility of persons operating in public domain to promote equality

Social commitment by all persons to promote equality

Special measures to promote equality with regard to race. gender and disability

Illustrative list of unfair practices in certain sectors

CHAPTER 6

GENERAL PROVISIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ACT

Regulations

Implementation of Act

CHAPTER 7

REVIEW OF ACT, SHORT TITLE AND COMMENCEMENT

Establishment of Equality Review Committee

Powers, functions and term of office of Equality Review Committee


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Directive principle on HIV/AIDS, nationality, socio-economic status and family responsibility and status

Short title and commencement

CHAPTER 1

DEFINITIONS, OBJECTS, INTERPRETATION, GUIDING PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF ACT

Definitions

1. (1) In this Act, unless the context indicates otherwise—

“age” includes the conditions of disadvantage and vulnerability suffered by persons on the basis of their age, especially advanced age;

“clerk of the equality court” means a clerk of an equality court appointed or designated in terms of section 17, read with section 31, and includes any reference to “a clerk”;

“Commission for Gender Equality” means the Commission for Gender Equality referred to in section 187 of the Constitution;

“complainant” means any person who alleges any contravention of this Act and who institutes proceedings in terms of the Act;

“Constitution” means the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996);

“constitutional institution” means any of the relevant institutions supporting constitutional democracy referred to in Chapter 9 of the Constitution and includes the Pan South African Language Board;

“Department” means the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development;

“discrimination” means any act or omission, including a policy, law, rule, practice, condition or situation which directly or indirectly—

imposes burdens, obligations or disadvantage on; or

withholds benefits, opportunities or advantages from,

any person on one or more of the prohibited grounds;

“equality” includes the full and equal enjoyment of rights and freedoms as contemplated in the Constitution and includes de jure and de facto equality and also equality in terms of outcomes;

“equality court” means a court contemplated in section 16, read with section 31, and includes any reference to “court”;

“family responsibility” means responsibility in relation to a complainant’s spouse, partner, dependent, child or other members of his or her family in respect of whom the member is liable for care and support;

“family status” includes membership in a family and the social, cultural and legal rights and expectations associated with such status;

“harassment” means unwanted conduct which is persistent or serious and demeans, humiliates or creates a hostile or intimidating environment or is calculated to induce submission by actual or threatened adverse consequences and which is related to—

sex, gender or sexual orientation; or

a person’s membership or presumed membership of a group identified by one or more of the prohibited grounds or a characteristic associated with such group;

“HIV/AIDS status” includes actual or perceived presence in a person’s body of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or symptoms of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), as well as adverse assumptions based on this status;

“marital status” includes the status or condition of being single, married, divorced, widowed or in a relationship, whether with a person of the same or the opposite sex, involving a commitment to reciprocal support in a relationship;


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“Minister” means the Minister for Justice and Constitutional Development;

“nationality” means ethnic or national origin and includes practices associated with xenophobia and other adverse assumptions of a discriminatory nature but does not include rights and obligations normally associated with citizenship;

“person” includes a juristic person, a non-juristic entity, a group or a category of persons;

“pregnancy” includes any condition related to pregnancy, intended pregnancy, potential pregnancy or termination of pregnancy;

“prescribed” means prescribed by regulation in terms of this Act;

“presiding officer” means a presiding officer of an equality court contemplated in section 16, read with section 31;

“prohibited grounds” are—

race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status. ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture. language and birth; or

any other ground where discrimination based on that other ground—

causes or perpetuates systemic disadvantage;

undermines human dignity; or

adversely affects the equal enjoyment of a person’s rights and freedoms in a serious manner that is comparable to discrimination on a ground in paragraph (a);

“regulation” means a regulation in terms of this Act;

“respondent” means any person against whom proceedings are instituted in terms of this Act;

“sector” means any sector referred to in section 29, and includes the sectors set out in the Schedule:

“socio-economic status” includes a social or economic condition or perceived condition of a person who is disadvantaged by poverty, low employment status or lack of or low-level educational qualifications;

“South African Human Rights Commission” means the South African Human Rights Commission referred to in section 184 of the Constitution;

“the State” includes—

any department of State or administration in the national, provincial or local sphere of government;

any other functionary or institution—

exercising a power or performing a function in terms of the Constitution or a provincial constitution; or

exercising a public power or performing a public function in terms of any legislation or under customary law or tradition;

“this Act” includes any regulation made in terms of this Act.

Objects of Act

2. The objects of this Act are—

to enact legislation required by section 9 of the Constitution;

to give effect to the letter and spirit of the Constitution. in particular—

the equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms by every person;

the promotion of equality;

the values of non-racialism and non-sexism contained in section 1 of the Constitution;

the prevention of unfair discrimination and protection of human dignity as contemplated in sections 9 and 10 of the Constitution;

the prohibition of advocacy of hatred. based on race, ethnicity, gender or religion, that constitutes incitement to cause harm as contemplated in section 16(2)(c) of the Constitution and section 12 of this Act;

to provide for measures to facilitate the eradication of unfair discrimination, hate speech and harassment, particularly on the grounds of race, gender and disability;

to provide for procedures for the determination of circumstances under which discrimination is unfair;


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to provide for measures to educate the public and raise public awareness on the importance of promoting equality and overcoming unfair discrimination, hate speech and harassment;

to provide remedies for victims of unfair discrimination, hate speech and harassment and persons whose right to equality has been infringed;

to set out measures to advance persons disadvantaged by unfair discrimination;

to facilitate further compliance with international law obligations including treaty obligations in terms of, amongst others, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

Interpretation of Act

3. (1) Any person applying this Act must interpret its provisions to give effect to—

the Constitution, the provisions of which include the promotion of equality through legislative and other measures designed to protect or advance persons disadvantaged by past and present unfair discrimination;

the Preamble, the objects and guiding principles of this Act, thereby fulfilling the spirit, purport and objects of this Act.

(2) Any person interpreting this Act may be mindful of—

any relevant law or code of practice in terms of a law;

international law, particularly the international agreements referred to in section 2 and customary international law;

comparable foreign law.

(3) Any person applying or interpreting this Act must take into account the context of the dispute and the purpose of this Act.

Guiding principles

4. (1) In the adjudication of any proceedings which are instituted in terms of or under this Act. the following principles should apply:

The expeditious and informal processing of cases, which facilitate participation by the parties to the proceedings:

access to justice to all persons in relevant judicial and other dispute resolution forums;

the use of rules of procedure in terms of section 19 and criteria to facilitate participation;

the use of corrective or restorative measures in conjunction with measures of a deterrent nature;

the development of special stills and capacity for persons applying this Act in order to ensure effective implementation and administration thereof.

(2) In the application of this Act the following should be recognised and taken into account:

The existence of systemic discrimination and inequalities, particularly in respect of race. gender and disability in all spheres of life as a result of past and present unfair discrimination, brought about by colonialism, the apartheid system and patriarchy: and

the need to take measures at all levels to eliminate such discrimination and inequalities.

Application of Act

5. (1) This Act binds the State and all persons.

(2) If any conflict relating to a matter dealt with in this Act arises between this Act and the provisions of any other law, other than the Constitution or an Act of Parliament expressly amending this Act, the provisions of this Act must prevail.

(3) This Act does not apply to any person to whom and to the extent to which the Employment Equity Act, 1998 (Act No. 55 of 1998), applies.


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CHAPTER 2

PREVENTION, PROHIBITION AND ELIMINATION OF UNFAIR DISCRIMINATION, HATE SPEECH AND HARASSMENT

Prevention and general prohibition of unfair discrimination

6. Neither the State nor any person may unfairly discriminate against any person.

Prohibition of unfair discrimination on ground of race

7. Subject to section 6, no person may unfairly discriminate against any person on the ground of race, including—

the dissemination of any propaganda or idea, which propounds the racial superiority or inferiority of any person, including incitement to, or participation in, any form of racial violence;

the engagement in any activity which is intended to promote, or has the effect of promoting, exclusivity, based on race;

the exclusion of persons of a particular race group under any rule or practice that appears to be legitimate but which is actually aimed at maintaining exclusive control by a particular race group;

the provision or continued provision of inferior services to any racial group, compared to those of another racial group;

the denial of access to opportunities, including access to services or contractual opportunities for rendering services for consideration, or failing to take steps to reasonably accommodate the needs of such persons.

Prohibition of unfair discrimination on ground of gender

8. Subject to section 6, no person may unfairly discriminate against any person on the ground of gender, including—

gender-based violence;

female genital mutilation;

the system of preventing women from inheriting family property;

any practice, including traditional, customary or religious practice, which impairs the dignity of women and undermines equality between women and men, including the undermining of the dignity and well-being of the girl child;

any policy or conduct that unfairly limits access of women to land rights, finance, and other resources;

discrimination on the ground of pregnancy;

limiting women’s access to social services or benefits, such as health, education and social security;

the denial of access to opportunities, including access to services or contractual opportunities for rendering services for consideration, or failing to take steps to reasonably accommodate the needs of such persons;

systemic inequality of access to opportunities by women as a result of the sexual division of labour.

Prohibition of unfair discrimination on ground of disability

9. Subject to section 6, no person may unfairly discriminate against any person on the ground of disability, including—

denying or removing from any person who has a disability, any supporting or enabling facility necessary for their functioning in society;

contravening the code of practice or regulations of the South African Bureau of Standards that govern environmental accessibility;

failing to eliminate obstacles that unfairly limit or restrict persons with disabilities from enjoying equal opportunities or failing to take steps to reasonably accommodate the needs of such persons.

Prohibition of hate speech

10. (1) Subject to the proviso in section 12, no person may publish, propagate, advocate or communicate words based on one or more of the prohibited grounds, against any person, that could reasonably be construed to demonstrate a clear intention to—


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be hurtful;

be harmful or to incite harm;

promote or propagate hatred.

(2) Without prejudice to any remedies of a civil nature under this Act, the court may, in accordance with section 21(2)(n) and where appropriate, refer any case dealing with the publication, advocacy, propagation or communication of hate speech as contemplated in subsection (1), to the Director of Public Prosecutions having jurisdiction for the institution of criminal proceedings in terms of the common law or relevant legislation.

Prohibition of harassment

11. No person may subject any person to harassment.

Prohibition of dissemination and publication of information that unfairly discriminates

12. No person may—

disseminate or broadcast any information;

publish or display any advertisement or notice,

that could reasonably be construed or reasonably be understood to demonstrate a clear intention to unfairly discriminate against any person: provided that bona fide engagement in artistic creativity, academic and scientific inquiry. fair and accurate reporting in the public interest or publication of any information, advertisement or notice in accordance with section 16 of the Constitution, is not precluded by this section.

CHAPTER 3

BURDEN OF PROOF AND DETERMINATION OF FAIRNESS OR UNFAIRNESS

Burden of proof

13. (1) If the complainant makes out a prima facie case of discrimination—

the respondent must prove, on the facts before the court. that the discrimination did not take place as alleged; or

the respondent must prove that the conduct is not based on one or more of the prohibited grounds.

(2) If the discrimination did take place—

on a ground in paragraph (a) of the definition of “prohibited grounds”, then it is unfair, unless the respondent proves that the discrimination is fair;

on a ground in paragraph (b) of the definition of “prohibited grounds”, then it is unfair—

if one or more of the conditions set out in paragraph (b) of the definition of “prohibited grounds” is established; and

unless the respondent proves that the discrimination is fair.

Determination of fairness or unfairness

14. (1) It is not unfair discrimination to take measures designed to protect or advance persons or categories of persons disadvantaged by unfair discrimination or the members of such groups or categories of persons.

(2) In determining whether the respondent has proved that the discrimination is fair, the following must be taken into account:

The context;

the factors referred to in subsection (3);

whether the discrimination reasonably and justifiably differentiates between persons according to objectively determinable criteria, intrinsic to the activity concerned.

(3) The factors referred to in subsection (2)(b) include the following:

Whether the discrimination impairs or is likely to impair human dignity;

the impact or likely impact of the discrimination on the complainant;

the position of the complainant in society and whether he or she suffers from


text: Author talk:John Monsey Collyer

title: Author talk:John Monsey Collyer