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 04 THE WAR AND ITS HEROES. he left the haunts of the old " bower " I think he regretted it. But work called him. The fiat had gone forth from the imperial closet at Washington, that another "On to Richmond'' should be attempted — and where the vultures of war hovered, there was the post Off duty for the Horse Artillery. The cavalry crossed the Rluc Hidge, and met the ad valuing column at Aldic — and l'elham was again in his clement, hurling destruction upon the ranks of General Bayard. Thenceforward, until the banks of the Kappahaunock were reached by the cavalry, falling back in order, ad was designed — from that instant the batteries of the BOOM Artillery disputed every step of ground. The direction of the artillery was hit with unhesitating confidence to the young officer ; and those who witnessed, during that arduous movement, the masterly handling of his gum. ean tell how this confidence was justified. It was the eye of the great soldier, the hand of the born artillerist which was evident in his work, during those days of struggle. He fell back neither too soon nor too late, and only limbered up his guns to unlimber again in the first position which he reached. Thus fighting every inch of the way from Aldie, round by Paris and Markham's, he reached tlm Rappahannock, and posted his artillery at the fords, where he stood and bade the enemy defiance. That page in the history of the war is scarcely known ; but those who were present know the obstinacy of the cont< and the nerve and skill which were displayed by the young officer. That may be uuknown, but the work done by l'elham on the great day of l"r« derieksburg is a part of history now. All kuow how stubbornly he stood on that day — what laurels encircled his young brow when night at last came. This was the climax of his fame — the event with which his name will be inseparably connected. With one Napoleon gun, he opened the battle on the right, and instantly drew upon himself the fire, at close range, of four batteries in front, and a heavy enfilading fire from 30-pOUnjd 1'arrois across the river. Rut this did not daunt him. Tliat NapoleOD gun wa- the same which he had used at the battle of Cold Harbour — it was taken from the enemy at Seven Pines — and, in the hands of the young officer it had won a fame which must not be tarnished by defeat ! It- grim voice must roar, however great the odds; its reverberating defiance must roll over the plain, until the bronze war dog was silenced. Bo it roared on steadily, with l'elham beside it, blowing up caissons and continuing to tear the enemy's ranks. General Lee was watching it from the hill above, and exclaimed, with eyes filled with admiration, " It is glorious to see such courage in one so young!" It was glorious, indeed, to sec that one gun, placed in an important position, J'old its ground with a firmness so unflinching and heroic — to sec a beardless boy sternly standiug in that horrible hurricane of shell, with iron resolution and a soul as immovable as rock. Not uutil his last round of ammunition was shot away did Pelhain retire, and then only after a peremptory order 6ent to him. He afterwards took command of the entire artillery on the right, and fought it until night with a skill and courage which were admirable. He advanced his guns steadily, and at nightfall wae thundering en the flank of

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Page:War and its Heroes.djvu/63

 THE WAT? AND : 05 the retreating foe, who no longer r< ; lied No tins ir came back from those batteries he had fought with 1p> Napol g — he had triumphed* That triumph was complete an 1 placed forevei uj a record, when the commander-in-chief, whom he loved and admired i him the name, in his report, of the "gallant Pelham." Supreme tribute to his courage — immortalizing him in history ! To he the none mentioned in all that host of heroes, and mentioned as the "gallant Pelham !" Thenceforward there was little f<>r him to desire. He had never cared fur rank, only ]<.> ; anil now his nam,' was deathless. It i« true that he had sometimes said, with modest and noble pride, that lie thought it some- what hard to be considered I 2 for promotion, when they gave him great commands — as at Sha lied on him when the hardest work w 1 in<. But he never d sired a mere title he had not won, and did hi* soldier's duty thoroughly, trusting to time. So noble and important, however, had been his recent services that promotion was a n of course. The President had appointed him a Lieutenant-Colonel, and it only awaited the formal confirmation of the Senate when he fell on tl 'ian- n"<-k. Ui- f.ill was a | unity to the nation, but none to him. It wa3 tit that such a spirit should lay down his irreat work the hard life of the world had dimmed the polish of the good kni| lie wai no promoti in at the 1 men. He had won, if not worn boo inished his ta^k, the ■ world. I adid, how rich in ' the an? ; n a ■■ with the leader tn combats, and fought hi of his h I ■ II — intuit - ; and th

that the -

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:War and its Heroes.djvu/63


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Page:War and its Heroes.djvu/64

 from the hands of the well known young leader. What terrified the foe was the guage of success to our own men. The roar of Pelham's Napoleons was a welcome sound. When the deep-mouthed thunder of those guns was heard, the faintest took heart, and the contest assumed a new phase to allfor that sound had proved on many a field the harbinger of Victory. At Manassas, Williamsburg, Cold Harbour, Groveton, Oxhill, Sharpsburg, Sheppardstown, Kearneysville, Aldie, Union, Upperville, Markham, Barbee's, Bazel River and Fredericksburg—at these and many other places, he fought his Horse Artillery, and handled it with heroic contempt of danger! One day, when I led him to speak of his career, he counted up something like sixty battles, great and small, which he had been in, and in every one he had borne a prominent part. Talk with the associates of the young leader in those hard-fought battles, and they will tell you a hundred instances of his dauntless courage. At Manassas, he took position in a place so dangerous, that an officer, who had followed him up to that moment, rode away with the declaration, that "if Pelham was fool enough to stay there, he was not." But General Jackson thanked him, as he thanked him at Cold Harbour, when the brave young soldier came back covered with dust from fighting his Napoleon — the light of victory in his eyes. At Markham, while he was fighting the enemy in front, they made a circuit and charged him in the rear; but he turned his gun about, and fought them, as before, with his "French Detachment," singing the loud, triumphant Moensacilois as that same Napoleon gun broke their ranks and drove them back. All that whole great movement was a marvel of hard fighting, however, and Pelham was the hero of the stout, close struggle, as he was of the hot contest on the right at Fredericksburg. Any other chief of artillery might have sent his men in, leaving the direction of the guns to such officers as the brave Captain Henry; but this did not suit the young chieftain. He must go himself with the one gun forward, and beside that piece he remained until it was ordered back - directing his men to lie down, but sitting his own horse, and intent solely upon the movements and designs of the enemy, wholly careless of the "fire of hell" hurled against him. It was glorious, indeed, as General Lee declared, to see such heroism in the boyish artillerist and well might General Jackson speak of him in terms of "exaggerated compliment" and ask General Stuart "if he had another Pelham, to give him to him!"

Modest, brave, loving and beloved—the famous soldier, the charming companion, passed away from the friends who cherished him, leaving a void which no other being can fill. Alabama lent him to Virginia for a time; but, alas! the pale face smiles no more as he returns to her. Many mourn his early death here where his glory was won, as in the southern land from whence he came. To thesethe wile circle who loved him for his great qualities, and his kind, good heart—his loss is irreparable, as it is to the whole land. The "breed of noble minds" like his is not numerous, and, when such forms disappear, the gap is hard to fill—the struggle for our liberties is more arduous than before. But the memory of this threat young soldier still remains with us—his name is immortal in history as in many hearts which throbbed at his death.

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Page:Smith - The game of go.djvu/207

Rh

45. R 11. Takes.

46. M 5. This move is necessary because Black's position above it has become strong.

47. O 13. The continuation would now be either 48 P 13, 49 O 15, or 48 O 15, 49 P 13.

1. C 4.

2. Q 3.

3. D 17.

4. E 3.

5. R 16.

6. C 15.

7. D 5.

8. P 17.

9. F 4.

10. C 11. White cannot play 10 at G 3 because Black would then occupy C 11.

11. F 3.

12. K 3.

13. R 5.

14. O 4.

15. F 16.

16. H 17.

17. C 13.

18. C 8. Abandoning the stone at C 15.

19. C 16.

20. R 13.

21. Q 15.

22. N 16.

23. Q 17.

24. P 18.

25. R 9. If 25 were played at Q 8, 26 R 8 would be the result

26. P 14.

27. O 16.

28. O 15.

29. P 16.

30. N 17.

31. Q 18.

32. R 7.

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Page:Smith - The game of go.djvu/209

Rh

33. S 7. This move insures a connection between the stones at R 5 and R 9.

34. E 4. This move rescues No. 4

35. E 2.

36. D 2.

37. G 2.

38. E 5.

39. D 3.

40. D 6.

41. C 3.

42. H 15.

43. Q 7.

44. N 13. This prevents Black from cutting at N 15 and Q 13.

45. F 14.

46. C 6.

47. G 13.

1. C 4.

2. Q 3.

3. D 17.

4. E 3.

5. R 16.

6. C 15.

7. D 5.

8. F 16.

9. D 15.

10. D 16.

11. E 16.

12. C 16.

13. E 17.

14. E 15.

15. D 14.

16. C 17.

17. F 17.

18. G 16.

19. H 18. This move is much better than G 17.

20. C 14.

21. E 14.

22. F 15.

23. F 14.

24. H 16.

25. J 17.

26. G 18.

27. F 18.

28. G 14.

29. E 12.

30. C 11.

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Rh

31. G 13.

32. H 13.

33. G 12. H 14 would be bad.

34. J 14.

35. M 17.

36. J 11

37. G 10.

38. Q 5.

39. R 10.

40. R 8.

41. P 16.

42. J 3.

43. P 10.

44. P 12.

45. R 12.

46. R 17. A sacrifice.

47. Q 17.

48. D 8.

49. H 9.

50. N 12.

title: Page:Smith - The game of go.djvu/211


text: Ælfric's Lives of Saints/06mau

title: Ælfric's Lives of Saints/06mau


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Page:Beowulf (Wyatt).djvu/263

Rh

worn, st. neut., multitude, number, 264; ''acc. sg.'' þonne hē wintrum frōd worn gemunde, “when he, old in years, remembered the number [of them],” 2114. Qualified by fela or eall: ''nom. sg. worn fela, “a great number,” 1783; acc. sg.'' þū worn fela…ymb Brecan sprǣce, “thou hast said a great deal about Breca,”

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Page:Southern Life in Southern Literature.djvu/433

[Sidney Lanier was born in Macon, Georgia, in 1842. His ancestors had been for generations musicians. At fourteen he entered the sophomore class of Oglethorpe College at Midway. Georgia, and graduated in 1860. He was at once appointed a tutor in the college, but the war broke out shortly and he joined the Confederate army. He saw service in Virginia, and toward the close of the war was put in charge of a blockade-running vessel. His vessel was captured in 1864, and he was confined for five months in Point Look out prison. The exposure and hardships of this experience germinated the seeds of consumption, against which he had to fight the rest of his life and to which he finally succumbed. After the war Lanier lived in Georgia and Alabama, earning a living as teacher, hotel clerk, and lawyer. But finding that his health grew no better and feeling that he was wasting his genius in uncongenial pursuits, he decided to devote himself to literature and music. In 1873 he went to Baltimore and found employment as first flutist in the Peabody Symphony Orchestra. In Baltimore he found musicians, literary people, and libraries, and his genius would undoubtedly have blossomed rapidly had it not been for ill health. Recurring attacks of his malady compelled him to seek health in visits to the mountains of North Carolina and the mild climate of Florida. In 1879 he was appointed lecturer on English literature at Johns Hopkins University, a position which assured an income and which was entirely congenial. His health, however, was rapidly failing, and finally the sufferer was obliged to quit work and go to the mountains of North Carolina. There in the little village of Lynn his brave fight closed in the early autumn of 1881.]


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Here wintry winds and cheerless The dying firelight blew, While he whose song was peerless Dreamed the drear midnight through,


text:
User talk:70.27.29.234

Thanks for the help. Please put suggestions on the talk page to avoid confusion. Ret.Prof (talk) 11:21, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.27.29.234


text: Page:Adventures of Rachel Cunningham.djvu/1


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Page:Southern Life in Southern Literature.djvu/463

[William Hamilton Hayne, the son of Paul Hamilton Hayne, was born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1856. He was educated mainly at his father's home, "Copse Hill," near Augusta, Georgia. Like his father he has devoted himself wholly to literature, beginning to publish verses in newspapers and magazines in 1879. His collected poems were published in 1892 under the title "Sylvan Lyrics and Other Verses." Mr. Hayne lives at Augusta, Georgia.]

O come to the meadow, with me, For the lark is hovering high, To bathe in the light of the sun And the south winds wandering by!


text:
Author:William Hamilton Hayne

Works

 * Sylvan Lyrics and Other Verses (1892)

title: Author:William Hamilton Hayne


text:
User:Ret.Prof/Paralipomena

PARALIPOMENA AND THE HEBREW (ARAMAIC) GOSPEL

(Draft)

The Hebrew Gospel, titled the Gospel of Christ, but more commonly referred to as Matthaei Authenticum, or the Authentic Gospel of Matthew, is a lost gospel preserved within the Paralipomena. This primary source document was a collection of sayings circulated among the Ebionites, the Nazarenes, the Hebrews, etc. Mythicists have long argued that no such work ever existed. However the discovery of Hebrew Gospel fragments has forced historians to reevaluate the scholarship in this area. Scholars do agree that the Gospels found in the New Testament were all composed in Koine Greek. However, some now argue that a primitive Hebrew work lay behind the Canonical Gospels. The Hebrew Gospel is the subject of heated scholarly debate, for academics “have long disagreed over the most basic issues”

Gospel comparison chart
The material in the chart is from the Gospel Parallels by B. H. Throckmorton, The five Gospels by R. W. Funk,     Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching by Maurice Casey, 2010,   The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition by J. R. Edwards.

Hebrew Gospel (text as reconstructed by P Parker)

Summary
There is increasing consensus among 21st Century scholars that there was a Hebrew gospel behind the Canonical Gospels. There is continued debate as to whether this Semitic Saying Source was written in Aramaic, Hebrew or a combination of the two.

Although there is considerable evidence that the Hebrew Gospel was in wide circulation in the Early Church there is little consensus on how and to what degree it was used in later Gospels. On one extreme there are scholars who believe it served as the fountainhead or original source of almost all the subsequent gospels. Other scholars contest this position. There is no scholarly consensus.

Earliest Paralipomena

The Hebrew Gospel(s) was in wide circulation until the time of Jerome, then it was lost. However the remains have been preserved in the form of extracts, sayings, fragments, quotations, excerpts, etc. They form a body of Hebrew Paralipomena which is currently the subject of scholarly debate.

 * Rabban Gamaliel (Date of Birth is unknown but scholars agree he was a contemporary of Jesus) Let us turn to the end of the Gospel, where it is written  "I came  not to take away from the Law of Moses, nor to add to the Law of Moses."

 * Ignatius (b. 43 A.D.) I know and believe that after His resurrection He lived in the flesh, for when He came to those disciples with Peter, Jesus said, “Take hold of me, handle me, and see that I am not a bodiless demon." And immediately they touched Him and believed.

 * Papias (b. 63 A.D.) Matthew wrote down the oral teachings of Jesus (logia) in a Hebrew dialect (en Hebraidi dialecto), and everyone  translated  (hermeneusen) them to the best of their ability."
 * Pantaenus the Philosopher Pantaenus went to India where the Christian community had collected Matthew's writings. Indeed,  Bartholomew, one of the Apostles, had preached to Indian people, and left them Matthew's Gospel in Hebrew script, which they had preserved. After many good deeds, Pantaenus finally became the head of the School in Alexandria, and expounded the treasures of divine doctrine both orally and in writing.

 * Justin (b. 100 A.D.)  SEE the Paralipomena according to Justin Martyr BELOW.
 * Hegesippus (b. 110 A.D.)    He (Hegesippus) mentions also some things from the Syriac (Aramaic) Gospel of the Hebrews  concerning a Hebrew dialect, by which he evidences that he was converted from Judaism to Christianity.

 *  Irenaeus (b. 114 A.D.)   Matthew composed a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect while Peter and Paul were preaching at Rome and laying the foundations of the Church.
 *  Irenaeus  Those who are called Ebionites accept that God made the world. However their opinions with respect to the Lord are quite similar to those of Cerinthus and Carpocrates. They use only Matthew's gospel, and reject the Apostle Paul, calling him an apostate from the Law..
 *  Irenaeus  For the Ebionites, who use only Matthew's gospel, are convicted out of that very book as not holding right views about the Lord.

 * The Translator Symmachus As to these translators it should be stated that Symmachus was an Ebionite. But the heresy of the Ebionites, as it is called, asserts that Christ was the son of Joseph and Mary, considering him a mere man, and insists strongly on keeping the law in a Jewish manner, as we have seen already in this history. Commentaries of Symmachus are still extant in which he appears to support the doctrine laid down  using Matthew's Gospel.

 * Clement of Alexandria (b. 150 A.D.)  As it is also written in the Gospel of the Hebrews,  “He that is amazed will prevail, and he that prevails shall rest in peace.”
 * Clement of Alexandria  Matthew the Apostle constantly said, that "If the neighbour of an elect man sins, the elect man has sinned. For had he conducted himself as the Word prescribes, his neighbour also would have been filled with such reverence for the life he led as not to sin.

 * Hippolytus (b 170 A.D.) Bartholomew, again, preached to the people of India, to whom he also gave a copy of Matthew's Gospel.
 * Hippolytus Matthew, having composed a Gospel in Hebrew script, published it in Jerusalem, and slept in Hierae of Parthia.

 * Origen (b. 185 A.D.) The first Gospel was composed by Matthew, who was once a tax collector, but afterwards an Apostle of Jesus Christ, and it was prepared for the converts from Judaism, and published in Hebrew script.
 * Origen And if any should lend credence to the Gospel according to the Hebrews, where the Saviour Himself says: " My mother, the Holy Spirit, took me by one of my hairs and carried me off to the great Mount Tabor," There is the difficulity of explaining how the Holy Spirit can be the mother of Christ. However, this is not difficult to explain, for if “whoever does the will of the Father in Heaven is brother and sister and mother”, and if the name “brother of Christ” applies not only to men, but also to beings of more divine rank, there is nothing wrong in the Holy Spirit being his mother, when anyone who does the will of the Father in Heaven is called “mother of Christ”.
 * Origen It is written in that Gospel which is styled, According to the Hebrews: The second rich youth said to him, “Rabbi, what good thing can I do and live?”  Jesus replied, “Fulfill the law and the prophets.”  “I have,” was the response. Jesus said, “Go, sell all that you have and distribute to the poor; and come, follow me.”  But the rich man began to scratch his head, for it did not please him. And the Lord said, “How can you say, I have fulfilled the law and the prophets, when it is written in the law: You shall love your neighbor as yourself and many of your brothers, sons of Abraham, are covered with filth, dying of hunger, and your house is full of many good things, none of which goes out to them?” And he turned and said to Simon, his disciple, who was sitting by Him, “Simon, son of Jonah, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for the rich to enter the Kingdom of Heaven.”

 * Ephem the Syrian Matthew wrote his Gospel in Hebrew script.

 * Eusebius (b. 260 A.D.) They (the Apostles) were led to write only under the pressure of necessity. Matthew, who had at first preached to the Hebrews, when he was about to go to other nations, committed the Gospel according to himself to writing in his native dialect. Therefore he supplied the written word to make up for the lack of his own presence to those from whom he was sent.
 * Eusebius (Catalogs of the Early Church) In his catalog of Church writings he lists the Gospel of the Hebrews, “… which some reject, but which others class with the accepted books. And among these some have also placed the Gospel of the Hebrews, with which those Hebrews who accept Christ are especially delighted. All these may be reckoned among the disputed books (as opposed to 'accepted' or 'spurious' books).
 *  Eusebius The [Ebionites] imagine that they must reject all Epistles of Paul, since they call him an apostate from the Law and they used only the Gospel called the Gospel of the Hebrews.
 * Eusebius Christ himself taught the reason for the divisions of souls that come to pass in houses, as we have found in the Gospel among the Jews in Hebrew script, in which He said, “I will choose for myself the best which my Father in Heaven has given me.”
 * Eusebius  But the Gospel composed in Hebrew script which has reached our hands turns the threat not against the man who had hid the money, but against him who has lived dissolutely – for it told of three: one wasted his master’s possessions with harlots and flute-girls, one multiplied his gains, and one hid the talent. Accordingly, one was accepted, one was only rebuked, and one was cast into prison.

 * Didymus the Blind (b. 313 A.D.) There are many people with two names. Scripture calls Matthew “Levi” in the Gospel of Luke, but they are not the same person. Rather Matthias who replaced Judas, and Levi are the same man with a double name. This is obvious in the Gospel of the Hebrews.

 * Epiphanius (b. 315 C.E. - Bishop of Salamis) The Nazarenes have Matthew's gospel complete in Hebrew. They have this preserved gospel as it was first written in Hebrew script.
 * Epiphanius  They only accept Matthew's gospel, and like the followers of Cerinthus and Merinthus, they use it alone. They call it the Gospel of the Hebrews, for in truth Matthew alone in the New Testament expounded and declared the Gospel in Hebrew script.
 * Epiphanius ...and Matthew's Gospel was actually composed in Hebrew script.
 * Epiphanius Their Gospel commences as follows: “In the days of King Herod of Judea, a certain man named John came baptizing with a baptism of repentance in the river Jordan. He was said to be of the family of Aaron, the priest, son of Zechariah and Elizabeth, and all went out to him... And it came to pass when John baptized, that the Pharisees came to him and were baptized, and all Jerusalem also. He had a garment of camels' hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins. And his meat was wild honey, which tasted like manna, formed like cakes of oil”
 * Epiphanius ...which they call the Hebrew Gospel is written the following, “There was a certain man named Jesus, about thirty years old, who chose us. He came to Capernaum and entered the house of Simon, surnamed Peter, and said, ‘As I passed by the Sea of Galilee, I chose John and James, sons of Zebedee, and Simon, and Andrew, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot, Judas Iscariot; and you Matthew, sitting at the tax office, I called and you followed me. You therefore, I want to be the Twelve Apostles, to symbolize and be a testimony unto Israel.’”
 * Epiphanius And after many other words, this Gospel continues, “After the people were baptized, Jesus also came and was baptized by John. And as Jesus came up from the water, Heaven was opened, and He saw the Holy Spirit descend in the form of a dove and enter into Him. And a voice from Heaven said, ‘You are my beloved Son; with You I am well pleased.’ And again, ‘Today I have begotten You.’  Immediately a great light shone around the place; and John, seeing it, said to Him, ‘Who are you, Lord?  And again a voice from Heaven said, ‘This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.’ Then John, falling down before Him, said, ‘I beseech You, Lord, baptize me!’ But He forbade him saying, ‘Let it be so; for thus it is fitting that all things be fulfilled.’”
 * Epiphanius They also deny that He is a man, basing their assertion on the word which the Savior spoke when it was announced to Him, “Behold, your mother and your brothers stand outside.” “Who are My mother and brothers?” And stretching out His hand toward his disciples He continued, “These who do the will of My Father are my brothers and sisters.”
 * Epiphanius The disciples say, “Where do you wish for us to prepare the Passover feast for you?” And look what they have the Lord say, “I have not desired to eat meat in this Passover with you.”
 * Epiphanius Jesus came and announced, as it says in the account called the Gospel of the Hebrews, “I have come to destroy sacrifices; and if you do not stop making sacrifices, the wrath of God will not leave you.”
 * Epiphanius Matthew was the first to become an Evangelist and was directed to compose the first Gospel.
 * Epiphanius As I said, Matthew was privileged to be the first to compose a Gospel, and this was absolutely right because he had repented of many sins.
 * Epiphanius Matthew composed his gospel in Hebrew script.

 * Chrysostom Of Matthew, it is reported, that the Jews who believed came to him. They asked him to leave in writing those same things, which he had preached to them orally. Therefore Matthew composed the Gospel in Hebrew script.

 * Jerome ( b. 345 A.D.) Matthew, also called Levi, who used to be a tax collector and later an apostle, composed the Gospel of Christ, which was first published in Judea in Hebrew script for the sake of those of the circumcision who believed. This Gospel was afterwards translated into Greek (though by what author uncertain). Now this Hebrew original is preserved to this day in the library at Caesarea, which Pamphilus the Martyr so diligently collated. I have also had the opportunity of having this volume transcribed for me by the Nazarenes of Beroea, Syria, who use it. It should be noted that wherever the Evangelist (whether on his own account or in the person of our Lord and Saviour) quotes the testimony of the Old Testament he does not follow the authority of the language of the Septuagint but Hebrew Scriptures, from which he quotes these two sayings: "Out of Egypt have I called my Son" and,  "hence he shall be called a Nazarene.”
 * Jerome In the Gospel which the Nazarenes and the Ebionites use which I have recently translated from Hebrew to Greek, and which most people call the authentic Gospel of Matthew, the man who had the withered hand is described as a mason who begged for help in the following words: “I was a stone-mason, earning a living with my hands. I beg you, Jesus, restore my health to me, so that I need not beg for my food in shame.”
 * Jerome In the Gospel which I have recently translated, he puts forth evidence respecting the person of Christ saying " But I have both seen him in the flesh after the resurrection and believe that it was he and when he came to Peter, and to those who were with Peter, he said to them, ' Behold, touch me and see how I am not a bodiless demon, and straightway they touched him and believed”
 * Jerome Pantaenus (sent to India by Demetrius, Bishop of Alexandria) found that Bartholomew, one of the Twelve Apostles, had preached the Advent of the Lord Jesus according to Matthew's Gospel composed in Hebrew script, which he brought back to Alexandria.
 * Jerome The first to compose a gospel was Matthew, the tax collector named Levi who published the Gospel in Judea in Hebrew script, chiefly for the Jews who believed in Jesus.
 * Jerome "In Bethlehem of Judea." This [Judea] is a clerical error. For I believe that it was first published by the Evangelist [Matthew] as we read in the original Hebrew script. (i. e., Micah V, 1) "Judah," not "Judea".
 * Jerome  Also, the Gospel entitled According to  the Hebrews, recently translated by me into Greek and Latin, which Origen often quotes, states, after the Resurrection of the Saviour: “Now the Lord, after he had given His grave clothes to the servant of the priest, appeared to James, for James had taken an oath that he would not eat bread from that hour on which he had drunk the cup of the Lord until he saw Him risen from the dead.” And a little further on the Lord says, “‘bring a table and bread.’” And immediately it is added, “He took bread and blessed and broke and gave it to James the Just and said to him, ‘My brother, eat your bread, for the Son of Man is risen from the dead.’”
 * Jerome In the Gospel of the Hebrews, which was composed in the Syro-Chaldaic dialect (Aramaic) but in Hebrew script, that the Nazarenes make use of at this day, (I mean the Gospel of the Apostles, or, as it is generally maintained, Matthew's gospel, a copy of which is in the library at Caesarea), the following narrative is given: “Behold the mother of the Lord and his brothers said to him, ‘John the Baptist baptizes for the forgiveness of sins. Let us go and be baptized by him.’ But Jesus said to them, ‘in what way have I sinned that I should go and be baptized by him? Unless perhaps, what I have just said is a sin of ignorance.’” And in the same volume, “‘If your brother sins against you in word, and makes amends, receive him seven times a day.’ Simon, His disciple, said to Him, ‘Seven times in a day!’ The Lord answered and said to him, ‘I say unto thee, until seventy times seven.’ ”
 * Jerome In the Gospel of the Hebrews, for “bread essential to existence,” I found instead of "supersubstantial" bread “Mahar”, which means “of tomorrow”; so the sense is: our bread for tomorrow, that is, of the future, give us this day.
 * Jerome In the Gospel that the Nazarenes use, for “son of Barachias” we find written “son of Jehoiada.”
 * Jerome In the Gospel called According to the Hebrews, Barabbas is interpreted as “son of their rabbi”, who was condemned for sedition and murder.
 * Jerome In the Gospel that we have often mentioned,  "the very great lintel of the Temple broke and fell into pieces".
 * Jerome  In the Hebrew Gospel of Matthew it states, ‘Give us this day our bread for tomorrow.'
 * Jerome  For when the Apostles thought Him to be a spirit, or in the words of the Gospel of the Hebrews, which the Nazarenes read, “A bodiless demon”
 * Jerome But in the Gospel which is composed in Hebrew script and which the Nazarenes read, the whole fountain of the Holy Spirit descends upon Him, for the Lord is Spirit and where the Spirit resides, there is liberty. Further in the Gospel which we have just mentioned we find the following written: “ And it came to pass, as the Lord ascended from the water, the whole fountain of the Holy Spirit descended upon Him and rested on Him saying, ‘My Son, in all the prophets was I waiting for You that You should come and I might rest in You. For You are My rest. You are My first begotten Son that prevails for eternity.’ ”
 * Jerome In the Gospel According to the Hebrews that the Nazarenes read, it says, “Even now my mother the Holy Spirit carried me away.” This should upset no one because “spirit” in Hebrew is feminine, while in our language it is masculine and in Greek it is neuter. In divinity there is no gender.
 * Jerome In the Gospel of the Hebrews that the Nazarenes read there belongs among the most serious sins, "He that has grieved the spirit of his brother."
 * Jerome As we also read in the Hebrew Gospel, the Lord says to his disciples: ”And never be joyful, except when you behold your brother with love.”
 * Jerome Whoever has read the Song of Songs knows that the Word of God is also the bridegroom of the soul. And whoever accepts the Gospel circulating under the title Gospel of the Hebrews, which we most recently translated, in which it is said by the Saviour, “Even now my mother, the Holy Spirit, carried me away by one of my hairs,” will not hesitate to say that the Word of God proceeds from the Spirit, and that the soul, which is the bride of the Word, has the Holy Spirit (which in Hebrew is feminine in gender, RUA).
 * Jerome In the Gospel composed in Hebrew script we read not that the curtain of the Temple was torn, but that the astonishingly large lintel of the Temple collapsed.
 * Pope Damasus (To Jerome) To his most beloved son Jerome:  DAMASUS, Bishop, sends greetings in the Lord. The orthodox Greek and Latin versions [of the Gospel of Matthew] put forth not only differing but mutually conflicting explanations of the saying 'Hosanna to the son of David'. I wish you would write...stating the true meaning of what is actually written in the Hebrew text.
 * Jerome (Reply) “Matthew, who composed his Gospel in Hebrew script, wrote, 'Osanna Barrama', which means 'Hosanna in the Highest.’”
 * Jerome I will now speak of the New Testament, which was undoubtedly composed in Greek, with the exception of the Apostle Matthew, who was the first in Judea to produce a Gospel of Christ in Hebrew script. We must confess that as we have it in our language, it is marked by discrepancies, and now that the stream is distributed into different channels we must go back to the fountainhead.

The Fayum Fragment
The Fayum Fragment is perhaps the oldest Gospel fragment known to scholars. Harnack believes that the fragment belongs to the Gospel of the Hebrews a suggestion made before him already by Chiapelli.

 * Fayum Fragment “Before I must depart, all of you . . . will be offended on this night according to the Scripture : ‘ I will smite the shepherd and the sheep shall be scattered’ ” but Peter said, “Although even all, yet not I,” and Jesus said, “Before the cock crow twice you shall deny me three times. ... “

The Oxyrhynchus Fragments
Oxyrhynchus is a city in Upper Egypt, located about 160 km south-southwest of Cairo. It is also an archaeological site, considered one of the most important ever discovered. For the past century, the area around Oxyrhynchus has been continually excavated, yielding an enormous collection of papyrus texts dating from the time of the Early Church. Under this heading we bring two gospel fragments; the first was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1904; the second in 1908.

Besides these gospel fragments we also bring the Oxyrhynchus Sayings or Logia. These were found in 1897 and 1903. Oxyrhynchus 840, is a single, small vellum parchment leaf with 45 lines of text. It probably dates from before 200, but no more is determinable from this evidence. The fragment begins with a warning to an evildoer who plans ahead, but who does not take the next life into account. There follows sections of a narrative unparalleled in any other known gospel tradition. Jesus is called Savior, which is rare in the New Testament, but not unparalleled. The absence of connections in this piece to special interests within the early Christian community, as well as the presence of both numerous semitisms and an informed view on Temple matters lead naturally to a Hebrew Gospel link.

Further, it is likely that the original document was composed in the First Century, since it shares none of the uncontrolled fantasies about Jesus or the disciples that 2nd and 3rd century apocryphal accounts typically exhibit. Oxyrhynchus 1224 consists of two small papyrus fragments. They contain 12 logia, each about a sentence. Two of the longer ones are parallel to Mark 2:17 and Luke 9:50, but the differences in phrasing show they are textually independent of the Gospels. A precise date for composition is unknown; 50 A.D. is possible and some scholars have argued that the preservation of the Hebrew Gospel in Oxyrhynchus in Middle Egypt evinces the breadth of its dissemination in early Christianity. Oxyrhynchus 654 and other fragments show a link between the Hebrew Gospel and the Gospel of Thomas. (The relationship of the Hebrew Gospel to Thomas becomes more clear when it is understood that that Gospel according to the Hebrews, under various names, such as the Gospel according to Peter, according to the Apostles, the Nazarenes, Ebionites, Egyptians, etc., with modifications certainly, but substantially the same work, was circulated very widely throughout the early Church.)

 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus taught saying, “Do not worry all day or all night about your food, wondering what you will eat, or your clothes, wondering what you will wear. You are worth far more than the lilies that grow but do not spin. If you have one garment, what do you lack? Who can add years to your life? He, Himself will provide you with clothing!”
 * His disciples said unto Him : " When will you be manifest to us, and when shall we see you?"
 * He replied "When you shall be stripped and not be ashamed. The key of knowledge you hid; you entered not in yourselves and to them that were entering in you opened not."

 * Oxy Fragment Jesus said, "The Pharisee plans in advance, before doing wrong, he slyly reasons everything out. Be careful that you do not end up suffering the same fate as them. For the wicked of humanity receive retribution not only among the living, but they will also undergo punishment and much suffering later."

 * Leading them, he went into the place of purification itself and walked about in the Temple. Then Levi, a High Priest of the Pharisees came toward them and said to the Savior, "Who permitted you to wander in this place of purification and to see these holy vessels, even though you have not bathed and the feet of your disciples are unwashed? And now that you have defiled it, you walk around in this pure area of the Temple where only a man who has bathed and changed his clothes can walk, and even such a person does not dare to look upon these holy vessels."

 * Standing nearby with his disciples, the Savior replied, "Since you are here in the Temple too, are you clean?"

 * The Pharisee answered him saying, "I am clean, for I bathed in the Pool of David. I went down into the pool by one set of stairs and came back up by another. Then I dressed in white clothes and they were clean. Only then did I come and look at these holy vessels."

 * And the Savior said to him, "Woe to you blind guides who cannot see! You have washed in the running waters that dogs and swine are cast into day and night. And when you washed yourself, you scrubbed the outer layer of skin, the layer of skin that whores and flute-girls anoint with oil and wash and wipe and beautify for the lust of men; but within they are full of scorpions and all wickedness. But I and my disciples, who you say have not bathed, have been dipped in the waters of eternal life which come from . . . But woe unto the . ..

 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus continued to teach saying, “Then and only then will you will see more clearly to remove the speck from your brother’s eye.”
 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus taught saying, “If you do not fast, you will not find the Kingdom of Heaven. And if you do not remember the Sabbath Day and keep it holy, you shall never see your Heavenly Father.”
 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus said: "I stood in the midst of the world, and in the flesh was I seen by the multitudes, and I found them drunken, and found none thirsty among them. My soul grieves over the plight of the sons of men, for their hearts are blind and do not see their poverty."
 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus said: "Wherever there are two, they are not without God's presence; and where there is one only, I say, I am with him."
 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus taught saying, “Just as a doctor does not treat his own, neither is a prophet acceptable in his own land.”
 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus taught saying, “A city on a hill shall neither fall nor be hidden.”
 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus said: "Thou hearest with one ear but the other thou hast closed."
 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus taught saying, “He who seeks will find, he who finds will be surprised. He that is amazed will prevail, and he that prevails shall rest in peace.” (See Above - Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis [Miscellanies] 2.9.45 re the Hebrew Gospel)
 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus said: "Who are they that draw you to the Kingdom? The Kingdom is in Heaven but they that are on Earth and the birds of the heaven and every creature that is under the earth and in Hades and the fishes of the sea, these are they that draw you to it. The Kingdom of Heaven is within you. Only he who knows himself can find it, for if you shall truly know yourselves, you are the sons and daughters of the Father Almighty, and ye shall know yourselves to be in the city of God, and you are the city."
 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus taught saying, “A man will not hesitate to inquire boldly about the seasons, prating of the place of glory but you shall hold your peace, for many who are first shall be last, and those who are last shall be first. However, only a few truly find the Kingdom of Heaven.”
 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus taught saying, “Everything that is not obvious, indeed all that is hidden from you shall be revealed. In truth, there is nothing closed that will not be revealed, nor is there anything which is buried, which will not be uncovered.”
 * Oxy Fragment  His disciples question Him and said, "How shall we fast? And how shall we pray? And how are we to give alms? And of such duties what are we to observe?" Jesus said, "See that you do not lose your reward. Do nothing save the things that belong to the truth, for if you do these, you shall know a hidden mystery.
 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus taught saying, “Pray for those who persecute you.”
 * Oxy Fragment  Jesus taught saying, “He who is against you is for you and he who is far from you will draw near tomorrow.”
 * Oxy Fragment  When the Rabbis and Pharisees and priests saw Him, they were greatly upset, for he reclined with sinners. Overhearing them, Jesus explained, “The healthy have no need of a doctor”.

The Paralipomena according to Justin Martyr
Arthur Lillie argues that Justin Martyr is quoting from the  Hebrew Gospel. Lillie points out that although Justin mentions other books of the Bible by name, he never mentions the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John. Indeed, Justin states that he is citing the "Memoirs of the Apostles," the alternative title for Matthew's Hebrew Gospel. Dr. Gilles goes one step further, arguing that the wording shows that Justin cannot be quoting from the Canonical Gospels but rather a single work, probably Matthew's Hebrew Gospel. This position has been challenged by Nicholson and others.
 * Justin (b. 100 A.D.) When Jesus went down into the water, fire was kindled above the Jordan, and when He came up from the water, the Holy Spirit came upon Him. "You are my Son: this day I have begotten you" And later the voice spoke to him, saying, “You are My Son, today I have begotten You”. This is recorded in the Memoirs of the Apostles.
 * Justin Be kind and merciful even as your Heavenly Father is merciful.
 * Justin And our Lord Jesus Christ said: "In whatsoever things I may find you, in this will I also judge you."
 * Justin "To him that strikes you on the one cheek offer also the other, and him that takes away your cloak or coat forbid not. And whosoever shall be angry shall be in danger of the fire. And everyone that makes you go with him a mile, follow him two. And let your good works shine before men, that they, seeing them, may glorify your Father who is in Heaven.
 * Justin "I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance. For the Heavenly Father desires rather the repentance of the sinner rather than his punishment."
 * Justin  "Give to him who asks, and from him that would borrow, turn not away. For if you lend to them of whom you hope to receive, what good thing do you do? Even the tax collectors do this. Lay not up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust corrupt and where thieves break through, but lay up for yourself treasure in Heaven, where neither moth nor rust corrupts. For what is a man profited if he gains the whole world and lose his own soul? And what shall a man give in exchange for it? Lay up, therefore, treasure in Heaven, where neither moth nor rust corrupts.
 * Justin  "You shall love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy strength, and thy neighbor as thyself.
 * Justin "If you love them that love you, what good thing do you do? For even the sexually immoral do this. But I say to you, pray for your enemies, and love them that hate you, and bless them that curse you, and pray for them that spitefully use you.
 * Justin "The New Law wishes you to Sabbatize always.
 * Justin "If your right eye offend you, cut it out; for it is better for you to enter the Kingdom of Heaven with one eye than having two eyes to be cast into everlasting fire.
 * Justin  "He who looks on a woman lustfully commits adultery with her in his heart before God.
 * Justin "What he wishes for himself, he wishes also for his neighbor,"
 * Justin "Many shall come in my name, clothed outwardly in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves. And there shall be schisms and heresies."
 * Justin "This great wisdom of the Almighty, Maker of All shall be hidden from you.
 * Justin "They shall come from the East and from the West and shall sit down with Abraham and Isaac and Jacob in the Kingdom of Heaven but the Sons of the Kingdom shall be cast out into the outer darkness.
 * Justin  "Not everyone who says to me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the Kingdom of Heaven, but he that does the will of my Father who is in Heaven. For whosoever hears me and does my sayings, hears him that sent me. And many will say to me, Lord, Lord, have we not eaten and drunk in your name and done wonders? And then will I say to them, 'Depart from me, you workers of iniquity.’ Then there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth, when the righteous shall shine like the sun, and the wicked are sent into everlasting fire. For many shall come in my name clothed outwardly in sheep's clothing, but inwardly being ravening wolves, not bringing forth good fruit, and being hewn down and cast into the fire.
 * Justin Wishing to show them this also, that it is not impossible for flesh to ascend into Heaven as He had said, "that our dwelling-place is in Heaven." He was taken up into Heaven while they beheld, as He was in the flesh.

The Sinful Woman
This story has long been the subject of scholarly debate. Although it is part of the Gospel of John, most literary critics agree that it was not originally found there. Papias states that it is from the Hebrew Gospel.
 * Sinful Woman A woman condemned for sinful behavior was being sent to the customary place for stoning. When the Savior realized elders were making ready to stone her, he said to them, "Whoever has not sinned, let him cast the first stone. Whoever believes himself not to have sinned, let him take up a stone and smite her. No one dared for they knew themselves well and feared they may have to give account.

Early MSS transcripts
The most ancient manuscripts of Matthew's Gospel end with the following citation: "Here ends the copy of the Gospel of the apostle Matthew. He wrote it in the land of Palestine, by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, in the Hebrew language, eight years after the bodily ascension of Jesus the Messiah into Heaven, in the first year of the reign of Claudius Caesar, Emperor of Rome." Also Theophylact and Euthymius do also assert this Gospel to have been written in the eighth year after Christ's Ascension.

Later Paralipomena
This category of Hebrew Paralipomena tends to be later and less reliable.
 * Islamic Hadith Uzza, who, during the Pre-Islamic Period became a Christian used to write with Hebrew script. He would copy from the Gospel in Hebrew as much as Allah wished him to write.

 * Marius Mercator The followers of Ebion receive only the Gospel according to the Hebrews, they call the Apostle (Paul) an apostate . . .they make use of  Matthew's Gospel alone.

 * Venerable Bede Here it must be noted that the ‘’Gospel according to the Hebrews’’, as it is called, is not to be reckoned among apocryphal but among ecclesiastical histories; for it seemed good even to the translator of Holy Scripture himself, Jerome to cite many testimonies from it, and to translate it into the Latin and Greek language.

 * Sedulius Scottus Then James, the son of Alphaeus, vowed not to eat bread from the table of the Lord until he saw Christ rising again, as is read in the Gospel of the Hebrews.
 * Sedulius Scottus In the Gospel of the Hebrews instead of "supernatural bread" I found moar, which means "tomorrow's bread".

 * MarNote The Hebrew Gospel reads here: “If you be in My heart and do not the will of My Father who is in Heaven, I will cast you away from My heart.”
 * MarNote The Hebrew Gospel has “the Kingdom of Heaven is plundered”.
 * MarNote The Hebrew Gospel states, “I am grateful to you”.
 * MarNote The Hebrew Gospel does not have, “three days and three nights”.
 * MarNote The Hebrew Gospel has, “Corban is what you should gain from us”.
 * MarNote The Hebrew Gospel has, “And he delivered unto them armed men, to sit near the cave and guard it day and night”.
 * MarNote The Hebrew Gospel has not “to the Holy City,” rather “to Jerusalem”.
 * MarNote The Hebrew Gospel states “son of John” for “Bar-Jona”.
 * MarNote The Hebrew Gospel states immediately after the seventy times seven: “For in the prophets, after they were anointed with the Holy Spirit, there was found in them sinful speech.”
 * MarNote The Hebrew Gospel has, “And he denied and swore and cursed”.

Edwards

[https://www.google.de/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Ebionites+was+merely+a+so-called+Matthew%2C”+%22a+falsified+abridgment+%28NTAp%2C+1%3A141%29+%22. Zondervan]

Zondervan

title: User:Ret.Prof/Paralipomena


text:
Author:Madison Julius Cawein

Works

 * The poems of Madison Cawein (1907) in 5 vols.
 * Poems (1911) selected by the author

title: Author:Madison Julius Cawein


text:
User talk:Ret.Prof/Paralipomena

 Welcome to the Sandbox (Talk) of    Retired Professor  ''' (NOTE: It is not a BLOG)  .

.

=Your feedback is appreciated= Please feel free to comment on my proposed edits either by email or below. Ret.Prof (talk) 13:42, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ret.Prof/Paralipomena


text:
Page:Beowulf (Wyatt).djvu/262

238

title: Page:Beowulf (Wyatt).djvu/262


text:
Page:Southern Life in Southern Literature.djvu/470

  While the stormwinds waft on high Their ringing battle-cry: "Our country,—our country forever!"

The brave old flag above them is rippling down its red,— Each crimson stripe the emblem of the blood by heroes shed; It shall wave for them victorious or droop above them,—dead, For they'll answer to the roll call in the mornin'.

They'll rally to the fight In the stormy day and night, In bonds that no cruel fate shall sever; While the stormwinds waft on high Their ringing battle-cry: "Our country,—our country forever!"

[Madison Julius Cawein was born in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1865. After graduating from the high school of that city, he engaged in business, but found time for the writing of poetry and the study of literature. His first volume of verse, "Blooms of the Berry," published in 1887, made but little impression until, in 1888, Mr. W. D. Howells praised it in the "Editor's Study" of Harper's Magazine. This drew attention to Cawein's work, and gradually his circle of admirers was enlarged. In all, Cawein published some twenty columns of poems, the best of which he collected toward the close of his life in a volume entitled "Selected Poems." He died in Louisville in 1914.]


text:
Page:Southern Life in Southern Literature.djvu/475

A few more friendly suns will call The bluets through the loam And star the lanes with buttercups Away down home.

"Knee-deep!" from reedy places Will sing the river frogs. The terrapins will sun themselves On all the jutting logs. The angler s cautious oar will leave A trail of drifting foam Along the shady current Away down home.

The mocking bird will feel again The glory of his wings, And wanton through the balmy air And sunshine while he sings,


text:
Talk:Ælfric's Lives of Saints

Information about this edition of the text
Welcome to this electronic edition of Ælfric's Lives of Saints, being the earliest hagiographic collection written in a European vernacular (vi⁊ Old English, West-Saxon dialect), on the edge of the first millennium.

Overview
This edition is in the public domain.

What is this?
Ælfric (born c. 955) is one of the most prominent authors in Old English. Among many other writings, he authored two series of homilies (Sermones Catholici). This hagiographic collection, which can practically be regarded as forming a ‘third series’, dates 996-997.

The electronic edition before you is based on an excellent edition by W. W. Skeat, which was edited primarily from MS. Cotton Julius E. vii. It basically reproduces the text as it stands in Skeat's edition, but with de-expanding the contractions, making it closer to the original manuscript.

Raison d'être (by Júda Ronén)
They say necessity if the mother of invention. Well, in my case it is necessity that drove me into tedious typing of thousands of lines in Old English: I'm currently writing an M.A. thesis on the narrative grammar of Ælfric's Lives of Saints. For my work, I needed an electronic — searchable, copy-paste-able — edition of the corpus. I've looked far and wide for such an edition, but all I found was the Toronto Dictionary of Old English corpus, which is indeed very impressive but ignores the original punctuation and orthography, and introduces various changes (such as modern punctuation, god forbid!…). For my purposes, this makes it quite unusable. So, if no one have made any suitable electronic edition of this wonderful text, I had to make one, and the result is before you (it is currently work in progress).

The way I see it editors are just another link in the long chain of scribes. Once they used to sit in candle-lit rooms using the skin of a dead animal; nowadays they sit under fluorescent lamps typing on keys made of ancient fossilized organic materials (again, dead animals…).

The previous link in this particular chain is W. W. Skeat (1835–1912), whose photograph is on the right. Between 1881 and 1900 he published the first press edition of Ælfric's Lives of Saints (Skeat, Walter W. (ed. and tr.), with Gunning and Wilkinson (translators into Modern English). Ælfric’s Lives of Saints. Being a set of sermons on saints’ days formerly observed by the English Church. EETS OS 76, 82 and 94, 114. London: N. Trübner & Co., 1881–85, 1890-1900. Reprinted as 2 volumes, 1966). This edition is still the one used today by scholars, more than one hundred years after its publication. It is on this distinguished edition that I based the one before you. It is by no means intended to be a replacement for Skeat's edition (it does not, for example, contain any scholarly notes or readings from manuscripts other than Cotton Julius E. vii), but a supplement, suitable for certain uses. A new, definitive, edition of this text is certainly needed; I have many ideas as to what exactly it will look like, but I hope this edition may be used in order to save time digitising the text.

This edition was originally meant to be hosted on a private yet publicly readable wiki. After reading this I've decided to use Wikisource instead, and I'm very happy with this decision!

--Rumpelstilzchen (talk) 12:30, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

Comparison of editions
Three first lines of the passion of Eadmund from MS Cotton Julius E. vii f. 203 recto The same lines from p. 314 of the second volume of Skeat's edition
 * Eadmund-ms.jpg
 * [[File:Eadmund-skeat.jpg]]

ƿæs snotor ⁊ ƿurðfull · ⁊ ƿurðode symble mid æþelum þeaƿum þone ælmihtigan god · This edition (use the Junicode font for best results)

Roadmap
This is how I see the desirable progress of this project:
 * 1) Finishing typing the hagiographies in
 * 2) Finishing typing the rest in
 * 3) Adding Skeat's footnotes
 * 4) Obtaining a digital facsimile of the main manuscript (MS Julius E. vii.), and uploading it to Wikimedia Commons. Right now I have low resolution files for Eadmund (#32) only.
 * 5) Fixing every place in which doubt occurs about the accuracy of Skeat's reading of the MS (I'm sure we will find most doubts unjustified)
 * 6) Unifying contractions according to the MS
 * 7) Linking the text with the images of the facsimile, by using the Proofread Page extension
 * 8) Obtaining digital facsimiles of the other MSs
 * 9) Linking them as well, page by page, so the reader will be able to compare them easily
 * 10) Verifying Skeat's footnotes
 * 11) Having eternal glory :-)

I'll be happy to hear your thoughts :-)

--Rumpelstilzchen (talk) 06:47, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi. As a general comment, I think that if you will find the text to be uploaded to Commons, it is more convenient to do all the text work directly in the proofreading extension. You will avoid the typing thanks to OCR and can concentrate in fixing OCRs errors. Moreover, everything will be comparable page by page, not only the images.--Mpaa (talk) 11:26, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for comment. Although this might ease the work on the Modern English translation in Skeat's edition (in which I'm not interested so much; if anyone else wants to add it, go ahead), I fear it will only slow things down as far as the Old English text is concerned, since the output of the OCR will be too jumbled to be useful. You see, even in a nice and tidy printed book like Skeat's, OCRing Old English poses various difficulties, such as the significant use of italics (e.g. "sancte" vs. "sancte") in modern editions. OCRing medieval manuscripts is well out of the question for the next hundreds of years… --Rumpelstilzchen (talk) 13:06, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

To this I'll add 10.5: a new translation! --Rumpelstilzchen (talk) 08:52, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

Chances are slim you'll pull off making the facsimiles publicly accessible. Libraries tend to assert copyright over the facsimiles they produce, no matter how you and I may protest about the principle of substantial modification. --Pslangeslag (talk) 20:27, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

Vim keymap
I've just uploaded the custom keymap I made for typing Old English in Vim. In case you want to contribute to this edition or type in Old English for any other purpose, you might be interested in having a look at it:

title: Talk:Ælfric's Lives of Saints


text:
Author:William Swainson (1789-1855)

Works

 * Zoological Illustrations (Three volumes, 1820–1821)
 * Zoological Illustrations Series II (Three volumes, 1832–1833)
 * Habits and Instincts of Animals

title: Author:William Swainson (1789-1855)


text: Template:New texts/2012/03

title: Template:New texts/2012/03


text:
Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl1

 * Rostrum breve, crassum, validissimum, ad basin cute tectum; mandibulâ superiore aduncâ; inferiore sub-recurvatâ, breviore. Nares rotundæ, nudæ, fermè verticales. Pedes scansorii.

 * Bill short, thick, very strong, covered at the base by a cere; upper mandible sharply hooked; under mandible obtuse, curving upwards, and much shorter. Nostrils round, naked, nearly vertical. Feet scansorial.

 * P. viridis, alis spuriis aurantiis, remigibus exterioribus basi cæruleis, caudâ brevi cuneatâ.

 * Green Parakeet, with the spurious wings golden-orange: outer quills blue at their base. Tail short, wedged.

 * Le Perruche à tache souci. Le Vaill. pl. 58, 59. p. 169.

We only thoroughly identified this beautiful little bird, by an inspection of the costly work of Le Vaillant on this family, in the Banksian Library: for the description of the orange-winged Parakeet of Dr. Latham is not applicable; and Dr. Shaw has persisted in the old error of considering this species a variety of the Toui Parakeet, although the question had been put at rest by the original description and sound reasons of Le Vaillant. There is a wide difference between naturalists who compile, and form their theories from books, and those who study nature, and think for themselves; and nothing will result from the first but mischief to the science, and perplexity to the student.

Our figure is from a specimen brought from Demerara by C. Edmonston, Esq.; another is in the possession of A. MacLeay, Esq. Though rare in our cabinets, M. Le Vaillant says it is common in Cayenne. He has given a beautiful figure of the female, which is entirely green.

Total length six inches. Plumage above entirely green, beneath paler and inclining to yellow; just under the lower mandible is a small snuff-coloured spot, and a very narrow line of the same in front just above the nostrils; the quills dark-green, the greater ones on their outside base are blue, with which the head is also tinged. The spurious wings are entirely of a rich and clear orange. Inner wing-covers green. Quills inside greenish-blue, except on each side the shafts, where there is a line of black. Tail short, cuneated, hardly projecting an inch beyond the wings, both above and below green: the interior margin dirty-yellow, the feathers pointed. Bill and legs flesh-colour.

title: Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl1


text: Ælfric's Lives of Saints/07agn

title: Ælfric's Lives of Saints/07agn


text:
Zoological Illustrations/Preface

The termination of the first volume of the Zoological Illustrations is accomplished, and its contents will not only enable our readers to discern the nature of the work, but likewise to form a judgement, on that degree of improvement which we have introduced since its first publication, and they may safely rely on the continuation being in no respect inferior.

In commencing a work of this nature, we have had two principal objects in view: the diffusion of original observations, which, while they might further the ends of science, would also be interesting to the general reader; and that of discouraging the publication of distorted figures copied from old authors, by accustoming the public eye to original designs and correct representations of natural objects. How far we may have succeeded in this latter object, remains to be judged by others; we are however satisfied with having made the attempt, and we hope that abler pencils than our own, may engage in the prosecution of this most desirable object; for it is only by the publication of original matter, that a check can be given to the increasing number of compilations and multiplied copies of "ill-shaped" figures, by which error is perpetuated, and science retarded.

The only original work that has appeared in this country similar to our own, is the Zoological Miscellany by Dr. Leach, which, as it was discontinued after the third volume, it may be presumed was unsuccessful: although little can be said of many of the figures in the early volumes, those in the latter are much to be praised, and the whole are original; the descriptions also abound with details highly interesting to the scientific world, for which indeed the learned author principally intended it; nevertheless it is a question, whether science in the end would not have been equally, and perhaps more advanced, had this work been more adapted to general readers. Instruction in these days of refinement must be made easy, palatable, and enticing; the eye must be pleased, while the understanding is improved, and Wisdom in her simple dignified garb will often be deserted for Ignorance, decked out in the glittering trappings of Folly.

The Naturalist's Miscellany conducted by Dr. Shaw, in its miscellaneous nature also resembled the present work, and reached to the extent of twenty-four volumes. What an invaluable fund of information these might have contained had their contents been original! Unfortunately, however, the exceptions are so few, that the whole may be termed a loose compilation, the descriptions being mostly given in as few words as possible, and the figures not only copied from wretched representations found in old authors, but often coloured from their descriptions only! It is indeed lamentable that the Author, whose talents and abilities were unquestionable, should have exerted them so little, and thus have descended to the rank of a voluminous compiler, for little better can be said of the General Zoology, begun and continued under his name: little original matter can there be found, excepting in the latter volumes, yet even in these no notice whatever is taken of the immense number of new species discovered in Africa by Le Vaillant, and long ago published in the Oiseaux d'Afrique: the engravings also are in like manner copied from old prints, enlarged or diminished as occasion offers, without even a regard to the selection of the best. It may be as well to observe in this place, that a great number of generic distinctions have been made in the two last volumes; which, as they have not been followed by any of the great and acknowledged Zoologists on the Continent, and appear to us in many instances trivial and unnecessary, will not be adopted in this work.

It will be unnecessary to point out with regard to the scientific arrangement, that we have avowedly adopted the principles of the modern classification; which the strict followers of Linnæus (in this country alone) have so long, but so ineffectually opposed. The first has been designated as the natural, and the other the artificial system; and, without entering into a critical disquisition on these definitions, it will be sufficient to observe, that by the Artificial System we bend nature to conform to certain arbitrary principles, which we lay down and to which we insist all her productions known and unknown will conform; while in the Natural method, we endeavour by tracing her modifications, to adapt our system to that which appears to regulate her operations. In the one we give laws, in the other receive them; by the first we are taught to believe that the highest attainment of the science, is that of ascertaining the name of an object in our Museum, or of giving a new one; we record it in our favourite system as a grammarian enters a new word in his dictionary, and there the matter terminates. Where the artificial system ends, the natural begins; for we then proceed to the investigation of affinities founded on anatomical construction, economy, and geographic distribution; our attention ceases to be confined to individuals, and extends to large groups; general facts enable us to draw general conclusions, till the mind begins faintly to discern a vast and mighty plan, by which the zones of the earth are peopled by their own respective races of animate beings; blending their confines unto each other with divine harmony, beauty, and usefulness.

That these inquiries and results have had a most wonderful effect on the natural sciences of late years, is abundantly evident. Geology, a subject hardly thought of in this country a few years ago, is now found to be a science of the first importance; with this, however, Conchology is so intimately connected, that without a certain knowledge of it, the geologist is frequently unable to prosecute inquiries of the most interesting nature; and there is little doubt but that Botany has been raised to the rank it now so justly holds, solely because its natural system has been more generally studied and advocated in this country, than that of any other branch of Natural History. In this science at least, we possess a superiority which our continental neighbours cannot dispute; and the name of Brown will be enrolled in the brightest page of our philosophic inquirers.

That the prejudiced adherence to the strict Linnæan system, has been the primary cause why Zoology has been more neglected with us than on the Continent, will admit of little doubt; for by shutting the door to all further improvement, it has impressed the generality of our countrymen with an idea, that the highest object of the Naturalist was to label the contents of a museum, and to arrange stuffed animals, like quaint patterns of old china, in glass cases: to thinking minds no less than to the vulgar, this idea has produced a feeling of contempt and ridicule, and very few of those qualified by nature for accurate investigation and philosophic reasoning, have been induced to make the science a study; and thus from such an unfortunate prejudice, to use the words of a powerful writer of the present day, "some future historian of the progress of human knowledge, will have to state that England, till within the few last years, stood still at the bottom of the steps where Linnæus had left her; while her neighbours were advancing rapidly towards the entrance of the temple."

Finally—Linnæus to a comprehensive genius united indefatigable industry; yet he could not see and study those innumerable productions that have been discovered since his death: in proportion as our knowledge of objects increases, so must our systems change, until the natural one is fully developed; and the question simply comes to this, Whether the Linnæan method should be upheld as a solitary exception to the mutability of human wisdom.

The sun of truth must however finally prevail, and there is every reason to think it has already broke, and will gradually disperse these mists of prejudice. It is however much to be regretted, that our public institutions are wholly inadequate to facilitate not only the advancement of students, but the researches of those who are already engaged in prosecuting their inquiries: in Scotland alone are founded any Professorships of Natural History, and the establishment of our National Museum (in this branch only) is confessedly difficult: materials for study are more necessary in this science than any other; yet the public Institutions and libraries of the metropolis, "rich and rare" in every other department of knowledge, in most instances are deficient in this of the most elementary books; setting aside those of illustration, which, from being unavoidably expensive and within the reach of few purchasers, are more particularly adapted for such general repositories of learning. The protracted ill-health of its noble possessor, was the cause no doubt of the Banksian magnificent library being left deficient in several of the latest continental works; and that of the British Museum I have reason to think is still more defective. To the honour however of the keepers of the Bodleian and Radcliffe Libraries, it should be mentioned, that no pains or expense have been spared to render them as perfect in this branch as possible; and we have been told that the latter particularly is the most magnificent in the kingdom.

We shall now as briefly as possible advert to the contents of this volume.

In the Ornithological department the systems of Cuvier and Temminck have mostly superseded all others: as a whole, we give a decided preference to the latter, as being more natural, though it may be doubted if the generic distinctions are not too few, while those of Cuvier are too many: both however can be considered only as sketches, subject to improvement—as natural affinities are more studied.

Regarding that part of our work which relates to Entomology, we have given a decided preference to the Lepidoptera, for the simple reason that this order has received less attention from all writers, concerning their real characters and affinities, than any other; indeed they have been most unaccountably neglected even by Latreille, the great founder of the modern school: we have therefore thought it necessary to propose in this department many new genera, and only have to regret that their definitions could not be made more perfect without the destruction of the specimens, frequently not our own, and which therefore was unattainable: a more extended knowledge of the natural affinities existing in this tribe, will alone confirm or annul the propriety of these distinctions.

In Conchology many of the genera long established on the Continent, but new to our own collectors, have been characterized and illustrated, as well as specific distinctions defined between shells hitherto considered as varieties; and here it must be observed that so much latitude has been given to the meaning of the term variety, that in its general acceptation its definition becomes impossible: our own idea of its true meaning is, a shell possessing one or more characters which are changeable and uncertain, and which consequently will not serve as indications by which it may infallibly be distinguished from all others; variety depends on local circumstances, and affects the size, colour, and greater or less development of the same modification of structure; a species is permanent, its structure always the same though more or less developed, producing and perpetuating its kind, and depending on formation, discernible in youth, and matured in age: we cannot therefore comprehend the contradictory term of permanent varieties in a state of nature (though such occur in domesticated animals), which some authors have used, and which has led to, in many instances, the most erroneous conclusions.

It is lamentable to see the opposition which is still made by our own writers against all the modern improvements; yet although Linnæan Introductions to Conchology are constantly issuing from the press, the desire of being acquainted with a more natural and intelligible classification has already appeared; and as we are frequently questioned on the subject, we cannot in this place do better than refer the young student to the valuable article on Conchology contained in the late supplement to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the perusal of which will convey more solid information, and less perplexity, than all the Introductions our booksellers can boast of.

With respect to the quotations or synonyms, it should be observed that we have in most instances limited them only to original works, all doubtful ones have been rejected, and such only given as have been actually consulted; indeed to this latter cause must be attributed the occasional omission of some, existing in books we had not the immediate power of consulting; our own library is not small; but the difficulty and expense of procuring all the new continental publications, and the impossibility of meeting with them at our public libraries, may have sometimes led us into error, and unintentionally to have passed over the discoveries of others.

With the few additions contained in the Appendix we shall now conclude; trusting that in the remarks drawn from us by the present state of the science in this country, our zeal for truth will not give us an appearance of want of candour or of vanity. The truth of our remarks on the labours of others, every one at all acquainted with the subject can inquire into, and either acknowledge or disprove: we neither deprecate nor despise criticism: an author who presumes to instruct others, should have his pretensions publicly canvassed, his merits admitted, or his deficiency exposed; no one is more sensible than we are that our own pretensions chiefly consist in having set an example for others more able to follow: and if we have in any way advocated the cause of truth and science, our object will be attained, and we shall then gladly retire in the shade.

 * Sept. 15, 1821.
 * Sept. 15, 1821.

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.

 * Bruguire, Encycl. Meth. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, par M. Bruguire, 1 vol. 4to. and 4 vols. of Plates, forming part 10, 19, 21, 23, of the "Encyclopedie Méthodique." Paris, 1789-1792.

 * Bloch. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, en 6 parties, 8vo. Berlin, 1796.

 * Cramer. Papillons Exotiques, 4 vols. 4to. Amsterdam, 1779-1782.

 * Cuvier. Le Règne Animal, 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1817.

 * Chemnitz, Martini. Neus Systematisches Conchylein Cabinet, 11 vols. Nurnburg, 1781-1795.

 * Dill. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. By F. W. Dillwyn, 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1817.

 * Edwards. A Natural History of uncommon Birds, &c.; and Gleanings of Natural History. By G. Edwards, 7 vols. 4to. 1763, &c.

 * Fab. Ent. Syst. Entomologia Systematica, emendata et aucta. J. C. Fabricius, 4 vols. 4to. Hafnia, 1792-1794.

 * Gen. Zool. General Zoology, commenced by Dr. Shaw, and continued by Mr. Stevens, 11 vols. 8vo. to 1819.

 * Gmelin Linn. Syst. Nat. C. Linné Systema Naturæ. Cura J. F. Gmelin. Lipsiæ, 1788-1793.

 * Godart in Encycl. Method. Encyclopedie Méthodique, t. 9. p. 1. 1819.

 * Gualtieri. Index Testarum Conchyliorum quæ adservantur in Musæo N. Gualtieri. Florentiæ, 1742.

 * Illiger. Prod. Systematis Mammalium et Avium, 8vo. Berolini, 1811.

 * Knorr. Les Delices des Yeux et de l'Esprit, 6 P., 4to. Nuremb. 1760, &c.

 * Klein Hist. Pisc. Historiæ Nat. Piscium promovendæ Missus, 6, 4to. Dantzic, 1740-49.

 * Linn. Syst. Nat. See Gmelin.

 * Linn. Trans. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 13 vols. 4to. 1791-1821.

 * Lister. M. Lister Historia Conchyliorum, folio. Oxonii, 1770.

 * Lamarck Syst. Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertèbres. Par le Chevalier de Lamarck, 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1815-1819.

 * —— Anal. Mus. Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 4to. 1802-1821.

 * Lath. Synop. Suppl. A General Synopsis of Birds. By Dr. J. Latham, 3 vols, and 2 Supplements, 4to. London, 1782, &c.

 * —— Index Ornith. Index Ornithologicus, 2 vols. 4to. London, 1790.

 * Martyn Univ. Conch. The Universal Conchologist. By T. Martyn, 4 vols. 4to. London, 1784, &c.

 * Martini. See Chemnitz.

 * Pennant. British Zoology. By T. Pennant, 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1812.

 * Risso Icth. Ichtyologie de Nice, 1 vol. 8vo. Paris, 1810.

 * Rumph. Thesâurium Imaginum Piscium, &c., folio. Hagæ, 1739.

 * Seba. Albertus Seba Rerum Naturalium Thesauri, 4 vols. folio. Amsterdam, 1734-1765.

 * Say. Description of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the United States. By Thomas Say. Philadelphia, 1819.

 * Shaw in Gen. Zool. See General Zoology.

 * Temminck Pig. et Gall. Histoire Naturelle Générale des Pigeons et des Gallinaces. Par C. J. Temminck, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1813.

 * —— Manuel. Manuel d'Ornithologie, 2d edit., 2 vols. 8vo. 1820.

 * Le Vaill. Hist. Nat. des Toucans et des Barbus, folio. Paris, 1806.

 * —— Hist. Nat. des Perroquets, 2 vols. folio. Paris, 1801.

 * White's Voyage. Journal of a Voyage to N. S. Wales, 4to. Lond. 1790.

title: Zoological Illustrations/Preface


text:
Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl2

frontalis.

Blue Nuthatch.

 * Rostrum rectissimum, acutum, compressum; utroque mandibulo ad apicem æque inclinato; apice integro cuneo compresso simili. Nares basales, ovales, apertæ, plumis setaceis incumbentibus extrinsecus tectæ. Pedes tribus digitis anticis; uno postico; digitus interior minimus; exterior ad basin medio connexus; hallux productus validus. Ungues compressissimi; antici subæquales; posticus maximus. Cauda brevis, rectricibus duodecim subæqualibus.

Typus Genericus S. Europæa.

 * Bill very straight, sharp-pointed, compressed; both mandibles equally inclining to the tip, which is entire, and resembles a compressed wedge. Nostrils basal, oval, open, covered externally with incumbent setaceous feathers. Feet with three toes forward and one backward; inner toe very small; outer toe connected to the middle at its base; hind toe lengthened, strong. Claws much compressed; anterior nearly equal, posterior largest. Tail short, of twelve nearly equal feathers.

Generic Type Sitta Europæa.

 * S. supra cœrulea; supercilio, fronte, et remigibus lateralibus in medio nigris; subtus cinereo-fusca, auribus lilacinis, mento albo.

 * Nuthatch, above blue: line above the eye, front, and middle of the lateral tail-feathers black; beneath cinereous brown, ears lilac, chin white.

The present species is one of the many interesting birds collected in Java by my friend Dr. Horsfield: it was not, however, until I had described and engraved another specimen, sent to Sir J. Banks from Ceylon, that I discovered the species had already been included in the Doctor's account of the birds of Java, presented to the Linnæan Society, where he has described it under the name of Orthorynchus frontalis.

The specific name of its first describer is of course retained: with respect, however, to its generic situation, I must be allowed to dissent from considering it as a distinct genus, merely from the prolongation of the hinder toe being somewhat more developed than in Sitta Europæa and Carolinensis, both which birds are now before me, and which in themselves differ in the relative proportion of this part: thus in S. Carolinensis the hind toe and claw is two-tenths of an inch shorter than the leg; in S. Europæa it is one-tenth shorter; and in the present species it just exceeds that of the leg: in every other respect not the slightest difference I apprehend will be observed.

Total length five inches. Size of the European Nuthatch. Bill, from the angle of the mouth to the tip, eight lines; front of the head velvet-black, continued in a stripe of the same colour over the eye, and terminating above the ear feathers: the upper plumage is of a rich blue, more brilliant on the head, and paler on the front, and external margins of the quills. Spurious wings and lesser quills black margined with blue. Inner wing-covers deep black; the under plumage is a light-brown, changing to lilac on the ears and sides of the neck, and tinged with cinereous on the flanks and vent: the chin is white; tail even, the two middle feathers blue, the rest more or less black, having the external margins and tips blue. The outer quill of the wings is short, the second and third longest and equal, the fourth rather less; the hind toe with the claw, measures one inch in a straight line.

title: Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl2


text: Ælfric's Lives of Saints/08aga

title: Ælfric's Lives of Saints/08aga


text: Ælfric's Lives of Saints/14geo

title: Ælfric's Lives of Saints/14geo


text: Ælfric's Lives of Saints/20aed

title: Ælfric's Lives of Saints/20aed


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Oeser, Adam Friedrich

OESER, ẽ'zẽr, (1717-90). A German painter, etcher, and sculptor, born at Pressburg, Hungary. He was a pupil, in Vienna, of Van Schuppen and Daniel Grau at the Academy, where he was awarded the first prize in 1735, and of Raphael Donner in sculpture. In 1739 he went to Dresden, won reputation with portraits, executed mural paintings in Castle

Hubertsburg in 1749, and removed to Leipzig in 1759. Appointed director of the newly founded Academy there in 1764, he zealously opposed mannerism in art and was a stout champion of Winckelmann's advocacy of reform on antique lines. Among the numerous pupils he educated was Goethe, with whom he kept up friendly relations afterwards at Weimar. As specimens of Oeser's paintings may be mentioned “The Artist's Children” (1766, Dresden Gallery); “Marriage at Cana” (1777), and four others (Leipzig Museum); and “The Painter's Studio” (Weimar Museum). His best effort in sculpture is the monument of Elector Frederick Augustus (1780) on the Königsplatz in Leipzig. For his biography consult Dürr (Leipzig, 1879).


text: Ælfric's Lives of Saints/32ead

title: Ælfric's Lives of Saints/32ead


text:
Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl3

zonata.

Zoned Mitre.

 * Testa inæqualiter fusiformis, spirâ productâ attenuatâ, labio exteriore intus edentulo. Columella plicata.

 * Shell unequally fusiform. Spire lengthened, attenuated. Outer lip simple, not toothed within. Columella plaited.

 * M. epidermide luteâ, fulvo-marmoratâ, anfractibus infernè basi nigris, columellâ quinque-plicatâ. Linn. Trans. xii. p. 338.

 * Mitre, with the epidermis marbled with brownish-yellow; volutions at their base black; columella five-plaited.

 * Mitra zonata. Marryat in Linn. Trans. vol. xii. pl. 10. fig. 1. 2.

This unique and beautiful Mitre has been already described by Captain Marryat in the Linnæan Transactions: the figures, however, are uncoloured, and give a very indifferent idea of the graceful symmetry of its form. My friend Dr. Leach, with his usual liberality, permitted me to draw the accompanying figure of it at the British Museum, where it is now deposited.

It appears to have been taken near Nice in the Mediterranean, adhering to a sounding-line, in very deep water; a very singular locality, since nearly all the Mitres have generally been supposed to inhabit the tropical seas, or at least far from the coasts of Europe. It should, however, be remarked, that Cypræa lurida, an Asiatic shell, I have found on the shores of Greece: and C. Ulysses, in his travels in the kingdom of Naples, enumerates several shells as inhabiting the warm shores of the Tarentine Bay, which are generally known only as natives of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. These facts, with many others, prove the physical distribution of Molluscæ to be less decidedly marked than almost any other class of animals.

This genus is included with that of Voluta by Linnæus and our own writers, although long ago justly separated by the continental zoologists.

title: Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl3


text:
Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl4

melastomus.

Blackmouthed Bulimus.

 * Testa ovalis, vel oblongo-ovalis. Spira elevata. Os integrum, sub-ovale. Columella lævis, simplex. Labium externum crassum, reflexum. Internum ultra medium cavo-inflexum. Operculum nullum.

 * Shell oval or oblong-oval. Spire elevated. Mouth entire, sub-oval. Column smooth, simple. Exterior lip thick, reflected. Interior lip beyond the middle inflected, and hollowed beneath. Operculum none.

 * B. testâ oblongo-ovatâ, albâ, cinereo marmoratâ, spiræ anfractibus longitudinaliter plicatis, labio exteriore complanato; aperturâ nigrâ.

 * Shell oblong-ovate, white, marbled with cinereous. Spiral whorls longitudinally plaited. Outer lip flattened; aperture black.

The genus Bulimus was long ago formed by Scopoli out of the heterogeneous mixture of shells thrown together in the Linnæan genus Helix, &c.: it comprehends some of the larger and most beautiful of the exotic land shells, among which the present species will stand conspicuous both in beauty of colouring and excessive rarity. While travelling among the forests of Brazil, in the province of Bahia, I found the shell here figured one morning on the leaves of a Solanum. I not only searched myself, but promised as a reward to any of my Indians who would bring me another, a two-bladed Birmingham knife!—the greatest temptation they could have!—but in vain; for I never saw another before or since.

There are many peculiar characters presented in this species independent of its colour: the spiral whorls are strongly plaited longitudinally about half their length, and marked very slightly (but sufficiently distinct) with several oblique indented striæ; the principal whorl has a row of indented and unequal sulcations near the suture, and a slight appearance of elevation along the white transverse band; the outer lip is thick, broad, and flattened beneath; but the margin is reflected back, and forms a prominent rim on the upper surface. The shell, when viewed closely, appears rough with minute scale-like elevations, very much resembling shagreen.

title: Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl4


text:
Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl5

Statira.

 * Palpi breves, curvati, compressi ad linguam, squamis dense tecti. Articulis tribus; primo longissimo, ad basin curvato, ultrà erecto; secundo erecto, brevi; tertio minimo, proclivi; apice nudo, obtuso. Antennæ breves, cylindraceæ, ad apicem nudum et abruptè truncatum sensim incrassatæ. Alæ anteriores trigonæ. Abdomen maris, ultimo articulo acuto, et subtùs tenui unco incurvato; valvis magnis, attenuatis, aduncis.

Typus Genericus Colias Ebule.

 * Palpi short, curved, compressed on the tongue, thickly covered with scales. Articulations three; the first very long, curved at the base, erect beyond; the second erect, short; the third minute, inclining forward; the tip naked, obtuse. Antennæ short, cylindric, gradually thickening to their tip, which is naked and abruptly truncate. Anterior wings trigonal. Abdomen of the male with the last joint pointed, and a slender incurved hook beneath; the valves large, attenuated and hooked.

Generic Type Colias Ebule.

 * C. alis dilutè flavis, vel fulvis; anticis suprà, puncto medio margineque extimo, nigris; subtùs ferrugineis; posticis subtùs, singulis duobus niveis punctis inæqualibus; palpis productis.

 * Wings diluted yellow or fulvous; anterior with a black border and central dot, which beneath is ferrugineous; posterior beneath, each with two unequal snowy spots; palpi lengthened.—Female.

 * Papilio Statira. Cramer, pl. cxx. fig. C. D.

The present insect is selected to illustrate a very elegant family of Butterflies, whose predominant tints are composed of orange, yellow, and white, variously blended and disposed in a greater or less degree throughout all the species. The generic characters above given will distinguish them as peculiar to the tropics, and principally those of South America; one or two species only being found in Africa, and five or six inhabiting India.

I have no doubt this is the ''Pap. Statira of Cramer; it is found only in Brazil, and has been erroneously considered by Godart and Latreille as a variety of C. Jugurthina, an Indian insect, and which in fact is not in itself a species, being no other than the female of C. Alcmeone'', as an attentive examination of a vast number of both, collected in Java by Dr. Horsfield, enabled me to ascertain.

The extraordinary prolongation of the last joint of the palpi, and the white borderless spots beneath, which are never silvered, will distinguish this species through all the variations; in the ground colour of its wings, which in no two specimens are exactly alike, and one before me is nearly white; the lesser snowy dot is sometimes very obscure, and often wanting; but the prolongation of the palpi is even expressed in Cramer's figure above quoted.

I have examined about a dozen specimens, mostly captured by myself, and all have been females; and I strongly suspect future and more decided observations will prove C. Evadne to be the other sex: it has the palpi lengthened, though in a less degree; and the articulations of the antennæ in both insects will be found somewhat thickened at their termination when viewed under a magnifier, a peculiarity I have seen in no other species; and although I have examined near thirty specimens of C. Evadne, they have invariably proved to be males.

The palpi in this insect will be found at variance with the generic character now given; a striking proof that in a natural system no single part can be taken as an unerring criterion for generic distinction, without making it eventually an artificial one. The Colias Drya of Fabricius has the same formation of palpi, but is a totally different insect.

title: Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl5


text:
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Rh

seofon niht swuncon;hē þē æt sunde oferflāt, hæfde māre mægen.Þā hine on morgen-tīd on Heaþo-Rǣmas holm up ætbær; ðonon hē gesōhteswǣsne ēðel, lēof his lēodumlond Brondinga, freoðo-burh fægere,þǣr hē folc āhte, burh ond bēagas.*Bēot eal wið þē sunu Bēanstānessōðe gelǣste. Ðonne wēne ic tō þēwyrsan geþingea, ðēah þū heaðo-rǣsagehwǣr dohte, grimre gūðe,gif þū Grendles dearst niht-longne fyrstnēan bīdan.” Bēowulf maþelode,bearn Ecgþēowes: “Hwæt! þū worn fela,wine mīn Unferð, bēore druncenymb Brecan sprǣce, sægdest from his sīðe.Sōð ic talige, þæt ic mere-strengomāran āhte, earfeþo on ȳþum,ðonne ǣnig ōþer man. Wit þæt gecwǣdoncniht-wesende ond gebēotedon(wǣron begen þā git on geogoð-fēore),þæt wit on gār-secg ūt aldrum nēðdon;ond þæt geæfndon swā. Hæfdon swurd nacod,þā wit on sund rēon, heard on handa;wit unc wið hron-fixas werian þōhton.Nō hē wiht fram mē flōd-ȳþum feorflēotan meahte,

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Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl6

Leachiana.

Leachian Colias.

—See Pl. 5.

 * C. alis subrotundatis, integris, virescenti-albidis, anticis supra fulvis, margine punctoque medio nigris, singulis subtus maculâ centrali ferrugineâ. Encycl. Method.

 * (Male) wings slightly rounded, entire, greenish white; anterior pair above orange, at their tips, margin, and central dot black: each pair beneath with a central ferrugineous spot. Female ——?

 * C. Leachiana. Godart in Encycl. Method. vol. ix. p. 91.

In size this insect is the largest of the genus yet discovered; it was first noticed by Godart, who has given it the name of my learned and valued friend, Dr. W. E. Leach, of the British Museum, whose talents are too well known to need any eulogium in this place.

It appears to inhabit both the northern and southern extremities of Brazil; for I have seen it in a box sent from Parà, and my specimens were captured in Minas Geraes by my friend Dr. Langsdorff. It is, however, a rare species; for I have only seen seven or eight specimens, and they were all males: the female, when found, will probably differ as remarkably as in most of this genus.

The opaque spot on the inferior wings above is very large; but the tuft of hair corresponding beneath the superior wings, is entirely wanting. It should be likewise observed, that although this insect in every outward respect resembles a genuine Colias (the type of which may be C. Ebule), it differs very materially in the terminal appendages of the abdomen; the last joint being the shortest, and scarcely pointed; and the hook, instead of being concealed beneath this segment, is exserted beyond it, and met by two others, one at the base of each lateral valve: these valves are also much shorter, ovate, and not attenuated, although ending in an incurved hook. In the present ignorance in which a true knowledge of the Lepidoptera is involved, it is impossible to say how far these dissimilarities may point out natural groups; it is therefore of the highest importance to the science such facts should be noticed.

title: Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl6


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Page:O. F. Owen's Organon of Aristotle Vol. 2 (1853).djvu/173

 concluded through many things, by him who wishes to assume continuously from the first, or the arguments appear captious, as we cannot demonstrate any thing without beginning from appropriate principles, and continuing in a regular series, as far as the last. Respondents, therefore, neither think fit to define, nor consider whether the questionist defines, but when it is not evident what the proposition is, it is not easy to attack it; now, such a thing especially occurs about principles, for other things are demonstrated through these, but these cannot possibly be through others, but it is necessary to make known each thing of this kind by definition.

Those also are difficult to impugn which are very near the principle, since it is impossible to provide many arguments against them, since there are but few media between the thing itself and the principle, through which it is necessary that things subsequent to them should be demonstrated. Still, of all definitions, those are most difficult to impugn which employ such names, as at first are uncertain whether they are predicated simply or multifariously; besides which, it is unknown, whether they are predicated by the definer properly or metaphorically. For from their obscurity a person does not obtain arguments, but from his being ignorant whether such things are said metaphorically, he is without reprehension.

In short, every problem, when it is difficult of opposition, must be supposed either to stand in need of definition, or as among the number of things predicated multifariously, or metaphorically, or as not remote from principles, or from its not being first apparent to us, to which of the before-named modes this


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Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl7

cucullata.

Hooded Seed-eater.

 * Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, rectissimum; mandibulis subæqualibus; apice immarginato, recto, acuto; mandibulâ superiore culmine convexâ; inferiore basi marginis angulatâ, utrinque subtusque convexâ.

Typus Genericus Fringilla Canaria. Lath., &c.

 * Bill short, stout, very conic, without any curvature above; both mandibles nearly equal, the tip entire, straight and sharp; upper mandible convex above: lower one at the base of the margin with an obtuse angle, the sides and under part convex.

Generic Type Fringilla Canaria. Latham, &c.

.

 * C. aurantia: capite, gutture, fasciâ trans tectrices, remigibus caudâque nigris; remigibus primoribus basi obliquè aurantio fasciatis.

 * Orange: head, front of the neck, bar across the wing-covers, quills and tail black; greater quills at their base obliquely barred with orange.

A richly coloured little bird, much smaller than our Goldfinch, and approaching very near to the Bouvreuil de Bourbon of Buffon, from which, however, I think it quite distinct. The only one I have yet seen is in the possession of E. Falkner, Esq. of Fairfield near Liverpool, who received it with a few other rare birds from the Spanish Main.

Total length four inches. Bill blackish and very sharp. The whole head and forepart of the neck is black. The plumage of the body is a fine reddish-orange, duller on the back and brightest beneath: wing-covers the same; the greater ones at their base black, which forms a bar: the quills are also black, the greater ones having at their base an oblique bar of orange, and some of the lesser ones slightly margined externally with white. Tail divaricated and black; some of the lateral feathers faintly margined with orange. Spurious wings black. Legs and claws brown.

The Bouvreuil de Bourbon, and the B. du Cap de Bonne Esperance of Buffon (Pl. Enl. pl. 204. fig. 1, 2.) appear to have been described as the different sexes of one bird (the Orange Grossbeak of Latham) on mere conjecture. I think them quite distinct, inhabiting different countries, and having all the appearance (in the figures) of being two male birds; for the females in this family seldom possess the rich colours of the male; and the figure of the last of these birds, has not the slightest habit of a female.

The present genus was formed by Cuvier, (though but very slightly defined,) and includes the common Goldfinch and Canary-bird.

title: Zoological Illustrations/VolI-Pl7