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 throughout life a member of that religious body. He studied medicine at the Pennsylvania Hospital, where he graduated doctor of medicine in May 1798, his thesis being ‘An Experimental Dissertation on the Rhus vernix, Rhus radicans, and Rhus glabrum,’ Philadelphia, 8vo. The following year he left America, went to Java, and took service under the Dutch government there and at Sumatra. When the English took temporary possession of the Malayan colonies of the Dutch in 1811, he permanently transferred his services to the British flag, and was despatched by Sir Stamford Raffles to the smaller island of Banca to investigate its natural history. A most valuable report followed. Horsfield left the East Indies in 1819, after nearly twenty years' service. In 1820 he was appointed keeper of the museum of the East India Company in Leadenhall Street, and held the post until his death. He died on 24 July 1859.

His name is botanically commemorated by the Horsfieldia of the Dutch botanist Blume. Besides numerous papers on scientific subjects, he published: With Sir William Jardine he brought out ‘Illustrations of Ornithology’ in 1830, 4to, and a collection of annulosa brought by him from Java was described by W. S. Macleay in 1815.
 * 1) ‘Descriptive Catalogue of Lepidoptera in the H.E.I.C. Museum,’ 2 pts. 1828–9, 4to.
 * 2) ‘Zoological Researches,’ 1821, 4to.
 * 3) ‘Plantæ Javanicæ rariores, quæ in insula Java 1802–18 collegit T. Horsfield; Descriptiones elaboravit J. J. Bennett, observationes adjecit R. Brown,’ fol., London, 1838–52, with fifty coloured plates.
 * 4) Catalogues of the mammals, birds, and lepidoptera in the museum under his charge between 1851 and 1854.

HORSFIELD, THOMAS WALKER (d. 1837), topographer, was for some years minister of a dissenting congregation meeting at the Westgate Chapel at Lewes, Sussex, and more popularly known as the ‘Bull Meeting.’ He also took pupils. Horsfield compiled for (1781–1858) [q. v.] ‘The History and Antiquities of Lewes and its vicinity … with an Appendix containing an Essay on the Natural History of the District by Gideon Mantell’ (with plates and a supplement), two vols. 4to, Lewes, 1824–7. This was followed by a more important undertaking, ‘The History and Antiquities and Topography of the County of Sussex,’ two vols. 4to, Lewes, 1835. In the compilation of the first volume, which contains East Sussex, Horsfield was assisted by [q. v.]; the second volume, on West Sussex, is mainly an abridgment of the histories of Dallaway and Cartwright. In 1835 Horsfield was appointed to succeed Benjamin Rigby Davis as presbyterian minister at Chowbent, Lancashire, where he died on 26 Aug. 1837, leaving a widow and eight children (Gent. Mag. 1838, pt. i. 102). He was elected F.S.A. in 1826.

HORSFORD, ALFRED HASTINGS (1818–1885), general, son of General George Horsford, a distinguished West India officer, once lieutenant-governor of Bermuda, who died at Paris, 28 April 1840 (Gent. Mag. 1840, pt. ii. p. 430), was born at Bath in 1818, and was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was appointed a second-lieutenant in the rifle brigade, 12 July 1833. His subsequent military commissions were: first lieutenant 23 April 1839, captain 5 Aug. 1842, major 26 Dec. 1851, lieutenant-colonel 28 May 1853 (all in the rifle brigade), brevet-colonel 28 Nov. 1854, major-general 1 Jan. 1868, lieutenant-general 1874, and general 1 Oct. 1877. He served with the 1st battalion rifle brigade in the Kaffir war of 1847–8; returned to the Cape with the battalion as major in 1851; and commanded the battalion in the Kaffir war of 1852–3 (medal). He accompanied the battalion to the East in 1853, and served with it in Bulgaria and the Crimea, including the battles of the Alma, Inkerman, and Balaklava, and the early part of the siege of Sebastopol (C.B., knight of the Legion of Honour, British and Turkish Crimean and Sardinian medals). He was appointed one of the lieutenant-colonels of the 3rd battalion rifle brigade when formed at Portsmouth in 1855, and took a wing of the battalion out to Calcutta, where it landed in October 1857. Horsford commanded the battalion which formed part of Walpole's brigade at the battle of Cawnpore and in the advance on Lucknow. He commanded a brigade from February 1858 at the siege of Lucknow and in the operations in Oude and the Trans-Gogra. When Lord Clyde returned to Lucknow after the final defeat of the rebels at the Raptee, 30 Dec. 1858, Horsford's brigade was left to watch the Nepaul frontier at the point where the Raptee debouches from the mountains. He returned home soon afterwards; was deputy-adjutant-general at the horse guards 1860–6, brigadier-general at Aldershot 1866–9, major-general on the staff at Malta 1870–2, major-general commanding the south-eastern district 1872–4, and military secretary at the horse guards 1874–80. In 1874 he was sent


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 to represent Great Britain at the international conference on the usages of war, held at Brussels. Horsford was made a K.C.B. in 1860, and G.C.B. in 1875. He was a special commissioner of Chelsea Hospital, and successively colonel of the 79th Cameron highlanders, the 14th foot, and colonel-commandant 2nd battalion rifle brigade. He died at Munlochy, near Inverness, 13 Sept. 1885.

HORSFORD, JOHN (1751–1817), major-general H.E.I.C. Bengal artillery, son of John Horsford, gentleman, of St. George's, Middlesex, was born 13 May 1751. He was sent to Merchant Taylors' School in 1759, and matriculated at St. John's College, Oxford, 30 June 1768, and was a fellow from 1768 to 1771, but never took a degree. Disinclination to enter the church as his friends desired was the alleged cause of his enlisting, under the assumed name of Rover, in the East India Company's artillery early in 1772. The inquiries set on foot attracted the attention of Colonel Pearce, commanding the Bengal artillery. Horsford having pointed out an error in a Greek quotation in some papers he was copying for the colonel, that officer, as the story goes, suddenly called him by his right name as he was leaving the room. An order, dated Fort William, 9 March 1778, addressed to ‘Captain Watkin Thelwall, commanding No. 1 company, notifies that Sergeant John Rover, of the company under your command, is this day appointed a cadet of artillery under the name of “John Horsford.”’ Horsford's commissions were dated: lieutenant-fireworker, 31 March 1778; first-lieutenant, 5 Oct. 1778; captain, 26 Nov. 1786; major, 6 Aug. 1801; lieutenant-colonel, 1 May 1804; colonel, 25 July 1810; major-general, 4 June 1811. Except General Litellus Burrell [q. v.] Horsford is an almost unique example of a man rising from the ranks to a high military position in the East India Company's army. Horsford commanded a company of Bengal artillery detached to Madras in the second Mysore war, under Lord Cornwallis, in 1790–1, including the capture of Bangalore, the action at Arikera, and operation against Seringapatam. He commanded the artillery in the campaigns under Lord Lake in 1803–5, including the battles of Alighur and Delhi, siege of Agra, capture of Deig, and siege of Bhurtpore. He commanded a brigade and also directed the artillery at the siege of Komanur, August-November 1807. On the resignation of Colonel Nicholas Carnegie in 1808 Horsford succeeded to the command of the Bengal artillery, of which he remained virtually the head until his death. He was not engaged in the Nepaul war; but the artillery arrangements for those operations and for the grand army under the Marquis of Hastings, which subsequently took the field against the Pindarrees, were directed by him. He was made a K.C.B. 7 April 1815, and 28 June 1816 was appointed an extra major-general on the staff of the grand army. His last military operation was the direction of the artillery at the siege of Háthras in March 1817. He died at Cawnpore of heart disease, on 20 April, ten days after his return from the field, in the sixty-sixth year of his age and the forty-fifth of his military service, during which he never had a day's leave from his duties. The historian of the Bengal artillery writes of him: ‘A sound constitution and strict temperance enabled him to endure what our modern nervous temperaments would shrink from. Intellectually, in scientific attainments and habits of order and system he stood confessedly unrivalled’ (, ii. 235). In March 1801, at Cawnpore, Horsford addressed a paper to Lord Lake setting forth the defects in organisation of the artillery branch. In June 1816 he addressed a similar memorial to the Marquis of Hastings, which showed that the lessons taught by the great continental wars in Europe had not escaped him. His high reputation secured attention to his representations, and although he did not live to see the results, the reorganisation of the Bengal artillery that followed in 1817–18 added largely to the efficiency of that famous corps.

HORSLEY, CHARLES EDWARD (1822–1876), musical composer, son of William Horsley [q. v.], was born in London 16 Dec. 1822. Both his maternal grandfather, Dr. Callcott, and his father were composers. He received his earliest musical training from his father, and, when sufficiently advanced, studied the piano under the guidance of Moscheles. By the advice of Mendelssohn, who during his first visit to England became very intimate with the Horsley family, he was sent to Cassel, where he was under the tuition of Hauptmann. From Cassel he went to Leipzig. There he enjoyed the great advantage of personal instruction from Mendelssohn, and contracted a friendship with the composer Spohr.

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 Horsley wrote, while in Germany, several instrumental works, including a trio for piano, violin, and violoncello, and an overture which was produced at Cassel in 1845.

On his return to England he devoted himself to teaching music, and won considerable distinction as a performer on the piano and the organ. Shortly after he settled in London, at the age of twenty-four, he achieved a success with an oratorio, ‘David;’ and again, three years later, with a second oratorio, ‘Joseph.’ Both works were written for the Liverpool Philharmonic Society. From 19 Sept. 1853 till June 1857 he was organist of St. John's, Notting Hill. In 1854 he composed an anthem for the consecration of Fairfield Church, and in 1860 produced at the Glasgow musical festival a third oratorio, ‘Gideon.’

In 1868 he went to Australia, and lived for some time in Melbourne. For the opening of the Town Hall in that city, in 1870, he wrote an ode, ‘Euterpe,’ for solos, chorus, and orchestra. A selection from this was performed at the Crystal Palace in March 1876. From Melbourne he proceeded to the United States, and died in New York, 28 Feb. 1876.

Besides the compositions already mentioned, Horsley's writings include: music to ‘Comus,’ which was much praised on its production; a song, ‘The Patriot Flag,’ and an anthem written while he was in America; and a number of songs, anthems, pianoforte pieces, and sonatas for piano, piano and flute, and piano and violoncello. He edited a ‘Collection of Glees,’ by his father, in 1873, and his own ‘Text-Book of Harmony’ was published posthumously in London in 1876.

 HORSLEY, JOHN (1685–1732), archæologist, of a Northumberland family, is said by Turner to have been born at Pinkie House in the parish of Inveresk, Midlothian, in 1685. Hinde thinks he was a son of Charles Horsley, a member of the Tailors' Company of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and that he was probably born there. He was educated at the Newcastle grammar school, but went at a very early age to the Edinburgh University, where he matriculated on 2 March 1698, and graduated M.A. on 29 April 1701. Soon after this he became minister of the presbyterian congregation of Morpeth, Northumberland, vacated by the removal of Jonathan Harle or Harley (afterwards M.D.) to Alnwick, Northumberland. Calamy visited him on his way to Scotland in April 1709. According to Evans's ‘List’ (1715–29) he was minister at Morpeth and Newbiggin-by-the-Sea jointly, and had two hundred hearers, including ten county voters. He is probably identical with the John Horsley who in 1721 is described as ‘gent.’ of Widdrington, near Morpeth, and who acted as agent to a York building company, then holding the Widdrington estates. He made calculations of the rainfall at Widdrington in 1722 and 1723. He kept a school at Morpeth; Newton Ogle, afterwards dean of Winchester, was one of his pupils. At a later period he employed himself there, and at Newcastle, as a lecturer on natural science. His letters show that he was at Bath in 1727 and in London in 1728. On 23 April 1730 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In a letter (undated, probably May 1731) to Robert Cay of Newcastle he encloses advertisements for the ‘Newcastle Courant’ of ‘a complete course of experimental philosophy’ at Morpeth and of his great work on Roman Britain, which was then approaching completion. His correspondence with Roger Gale [q. v.], who contributed an article to ‘Roman Britain,’ belongs to 1729–31. The researches by which he accumulated material and the labour expended on his book told fatally on his constitution. It is a monument of his accuracy and judgment, but he died before the day of publication. His dedication to Sir Richard Ellys is dated 2 Jan. 1731–2. His last lecture was delivered at Newcastle on 7 or 8 Jan. He died on 12 Jan. 1731–2, aged 46, and was buried on 15 Jan. in the churchyard at Morpeth. His widow removed to Newcastle; her maiden name is not known. Wood says she was a daughter of Principal Hamilton of Edinburgh, who had been minister of Cramond (1694–1709), and thus accounts for Horsley's knowledge of the parish of Cramond; the statement seems based on a confusion with another John Horsley [see ], but Hamilton knew Horsley, and visited him on 15 Nov. 1727. He had a daughter, who married E. Randall, clerk to a merchant in the South Sea House, London; another daughter, who married Samuel Hallowell or Halliwell, a Newcastle surgeon; and a son, George, who was apprenticed (23 Dec. 1732) to Hallowell, and died young. His scientific apparatus was purchased by Caleb Rotheram (afterwards D.D.), who established a dissenting academy at Kendal in 1733; after Rotheram's death, by John Holt of Kirkdale, near Liverpool; then by the Warrington Academy, of which Holt be-


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 came mathematical tutor; in 1786 it was presented to New College, Hackney; and was ultimately deposited in Dr. Williams's Library when at Red Cross Street; in 1821 it is mentioned as still existing, but only a few broken remnants now remain (1891).

Horsley published: 1. ‘Vows in Trouble,’ &c., 1729, 12mo. 2. ‘The Vanity of Man … Funeral Sermon for … Jonathan Harle, M.D.,’ &c., 1730, 8vo. 3. ‘Some Account of the Life of … Harle,’ &c.; included, with No. 2, in Harle's ‘Two Discourses,’ &c., 1730, 4to. 4. ‘A Brief and General Account of the … Principles of Statics, Mechanics, Hydrostatics, and Pneumatics,’ &c., Newcastle-upon-Tyne [1731?], 12mo (a handbook to his lectures). Posthumous were: 5. ‘Britannia Romana, or the Roman Antiquities of Britain, in Three Books,’ &c., 1732, fol. The three books deal respectively with history, inscriptions, and geography; there are 105 copper-plate engravings. The British Museum has a copy with additions by John Ward, LL.D. The map of ancient Britain is reproduced in D'Anville's ‘Ancient Geography,’ 1775, fol. The original copper-plates were offered for sale by Randall in 1763 to the Society of Antiquaries; in 1769 to Richard Gough [q. v.] for 100l.; in 1780 to Andrew Gifford [q. v.] for twenty guineas. No sale was effected; John Nichols, in December 1784, would have given forty guineas for them, but they were already melted down. 6. ‘A Map of Northumberland, begun by the late John Horsley, F.R.S., continued by the Surveyor he employed [George Mark],’ &c., Edinburgh, 1753. 7. ‘Materials for the History of Northumberland,’ 1729–30, printed in ‘Inedited Contributions to the History of Northumberland,’ &c. [1869], 8vo. Horsley had projected histories of Northumberland and Durham. His paper on the Widdrington rainfall is in ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ xxxii. 328.

HORSLEY, SAMUEL (1733–1806), bishop of St. Asaph, son of John Horsley, by his first wife, Anne, daughter of William Hamilton, D.D., principal of Edinburgh University, was born on 15 Sept. 1733 in St. Martin's Place, by St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, at which his father was lecturer. He was baptised on 8 Oct., and Zachary Pearce, vicar of St. Martin's, afterwards bishop of Rochester, was his godfather. The bishop's grandfather, Samuel Horsley, who was born on 17 March 1669 and died on 4 July 1735, was second son of William Horsley of Broxbourne, Hertfordshire (d. 10 Feb. 1709). John Horsley, the bishop's father (1699–1777), born on 13 Nov. 1699, was educated for the dissenting ministry at the university of Edinburgh, where, on 24 Feb. 1723, ‘Johannes Horseley’ and Isaac Maddox (sic), ‘Angli præcones evangelici, academiæ olim alumni,’ were ‘nunc demum’ admitted to the degree of M.A., the diploma being given on 9 March. Neither John Horsley nor Madox (afterwards bishop of Worcester) seems to have held any dissenting pastorate; both are included by Calamy among those who conformed about 1727. John Horsley, while still lecturer at St. Martin's, became (1745) rector of Thorley, Hertfordshire; he further received from Madox the rectory of Newington Butts, Surrey, a peculiar in the gift of the Bishop of Worcester. As his second wife, he married Mary, daughter of George Leslie; by whom he had three sons and four daughters. Mary, his second daughter (1747–1824), married William Palmer, of Nazeing Park, Essex, grandfather of Roundell Palmer, first earl of Selborne. He died on 27 Nov. 1777, aged 78; his widow died on 21 Oct. 1787 at Nazeing, Essex.

Samuel Horsley received his early training from his father. In a letter of 20 Feb. 1770 he says that he learned Latin without a master. A letter to his maternal grandmother from William Cleghorn, professor of moral philosophy at Edinburgh, dated ‘Huntingdon, 26th Octr. 1750,’ gives a minute description of him at the age of seventeen; his eyes and his complexion ‘dark as a raven, his nose even set,’ his brows ‘begin to shew that they are somewhat capable of assuming his father's frown.’ He was admitted pensioner at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, on 24 Oct. 1751, became a fellow-commoner in 1757, and took his name off the books in 1758, in which year he graduated LL.B. He became curate at Newington, succeeding to the living on his father's resignation in 1759. On 4 April 1767 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society; his pursuit of astronomical and geometrical science is proved by his earliest publications. In 1768 he went to Oxford as private tutor at Christ Church to Heneage Finch, lord Guernsey, afterwards (1777) fourth earl of Aylesford. It is an


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 instance of his sagacity that in his letter of 20 Feb. 1770, dealing with education, he specifies as the finest subject for historical study the ‘decline of the Roman Empire,’ lamenting that in English there is nothing on this period that is not superficial. His conjectural restoration of a lost treatise of Apollonius of Perga was printed (1770) at the Clarendon Press. On 30 Nov. 1773 he was elected one of the secretaries of the Royal Society. In the ‘Transactions’ of the society (Phil. Trans. lxiv. 96) is a letter addressed to him (21 Dec. 1773) by Richard Price, D.D., occasioned by Priestley's experiments on gases. On 14 Jan. 1774 he was incorporated B.C.L. at Oxford, proceeding D.C.L. on 18 Jan. In the same month he was presented by the father of his pupil to the rectory of Albury, Surrey, holding it by dispensation along with Newington. Lowth, as soon as he became bishop of London, made him his domestic chaplain, with a prebend at St. Paul's in 1777. At the end of the year he succeeded his father as lecturer at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. In 1779 Horsley resigned Albury; in 1780 Lowth presented him to Thorley, on the resignation of Archdeacon Eaton; in 1781 Lowth made him archdeacon of St. Albans, and in 1782 presented him to the vicarage of South Weald, Essex, when he resigned Thorley.

Horsley made his first controversial allusion to Priestley in a Good Friday sermon (17 April 1778) on the distinction between moral and physical necessity. Priestley in June published a very courteous letter in reply, treating the difference between his position and Horsley's as merely verbal. On 22 May 1783 Horsley delivered a charge to the clergy of his archdeaconry, in which he submitted to severe criticism the first part of Priestley's ‘History of the Corruptions of Christianity’ (1782), dealing with the development of opinion on the person of our Lord. Almost simultaneously Samuel Badcock [q. v.] attacked Priestley in the ‘Monthly Review’ (June 1783). Into the main argument Horsley declined to enter, though he gave it as his own view that the opinion of the church was uniform on this point during the first three centuries. He restricted his polemic to an endeavour to show that Priestley was ‘altogether unqualified to throw any light upon a question of ecclesiastical antiquity’ (Tracts, 1789, p. 85). Priestley was a pioneer of the modern method of investigating the development of doctrine, but the weak places in his scholarship and his haste in drawing conclusions were exposed by Horsley with much learning and in a style of extraordinary vigour, combining great dignity with an unsparing force of sarcasm. The controversy lasted till 1790; in the course of it Priestley published his maturer work, ‘History of Early Opinions,’ 1786, which Horsley declined to read.

In December 1783 Horsley became a member of the club then established by Johnson at the Essex Head, Essex Street, Strand; he attended Johnson's funeral in the following year. During the session 1783–4 occurred a very acrimonious dispute respecting the management of the Royal Society, in which Horsley took a prominent part against the president, Sir Joseph Banks [q. v.] Horsley at length withdrew from the society. His speech is given in ‘An Authentic Narrative of the Dissensions in the Royal Society,’ 1784. Kippis, in his ‘Observations,’ 1784, criticised Horsley's action and defended Banks. In 1785 Horsley completed his edition of Sir Isaac Newton's works, which he had projected in 1776, and begun in 1779. He had access to Newton's papers in the possession of John Wallop, second earl of Portsmouth, and found ‘a cartload’ of manuscripts on religious topics, but did not deem them fit to be published.

Thurlow's favour promoted Horsley to a prebend at Gloucester 19 April 1787. In 1788 he was raised to the see of St. David's, still retaining the rectory of Newington. His primary charge was delivered in 1790. He did much to improve the condition of his clergy, helping them in their difficulties with his purse as well as his counsel, and raising the minimum stipend for curates from 7l. to 15l. It had been customary for Welsh candidates for orders to receive their whole training at one of the nonconformist academies. Horsley declined to accept certificates from Castle Howel [see ]. He urged his clergy by letter (24 Aug. 1789) to use their influence at the Carmarthen election against John George Phillips, who had voted for the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, and who notwithstanding was re-elected (1790). In the House of Lords, however, he spoke (31 May 1791) in favour of the Catholic bill. He took an active part in 1792 in favour of the measure for the relief of the Scottish episcopal church; the clause requiring the Scottish clergy to signify their assent to the Anglican articles was of his introduction. On 30 Jan. 1793 he preached a remarkable sermon before the House of Lords at Westminster Abbey, depicting the dangers of the revolutionary spirit; as he began his peroration the whole assembly rose in rapt enthusiasm.

In November 1793 Horsley was translated


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 to the see of Rochester, holding with it the deanery of Westminster, and resigning Newington. He led an active life; during his stay at the episcopal residence at Bromley, Kent, his favourite exercise was rowing. He pursued in his new diocese his endeavours for the welfare of the clergy, and had much to do with a movement for augmenting the value of livings in the city of London. Stanley has referred to the pompous style of his chapter orders at Westminster: ‘We, the Dean, do peremptorily command and enjoin.’ The abbey clergy and other officials warmly expressed their gratitude for his attention to their interests. The charge at his second visitation (1800) of Rochester alludes to Priestley's removal to America, ‘the patriarch of the sect is fled.’ In November 1801, at four o'clock in the morning, he made a speech in the lords against the terms of the peace with France. He was translated to St. Asaph on 26 June 1802.

Though in his seventieth year Horsley again addressed himself to the needs of a Welsh diocese. He speaks (ib. p. 333) of a ‘dislike of trouble’ in his natural disposition, and accuses himself of indolence. But he shirked no labour in his public work, and kept up his literary and mathematical activity. He seems, indeed, to have neglected his private affairs. He spent money thoughtlessly, and was deep in debt. His coach was always drawn by four horses. He insured his life for 5,000l., but allowed the policy to lapse two days before his death. In July 1806 he visited his diocese. Intending to visit Thurlow at Brighton, he arrived there on 20 Sept., having heard on the way the news of Thurlow's death on the 12th. On 30 Sept. he was seized with dysentery; it appears from a letter written that day, that he had adopted millennial notions, expecting Napoleon to set up as Messiah. He died at Brighton on 4 Oct. 1806. A funeral service was held at Westminster Abbey; he was buried under the altar at St. Mary's, Newington Butts; the Latin inscription on his monument was written by himself; his remains, with those of his second wife, and daughter by his first wife, were removed to Thorley on 18 July 1876, on the demolition of St. Mary's to make way for a railway. His funeral sermon was preached on 19 Oct. by Robert Dickinson, lecturer at St. Mary's, Newington Butts. Horsley is described as somewhat irritable in temperament and dictatorial in manner; apart from polemics he was notably generous, and so charitable as to be easily imposed upon. His intellectual force was great, and his learning admirably digested. As a speaker and preacher his deep-toned and flexible voice gave due effect to his strong argumentative powers.

Horsley married, first, on 16 Dec. 1774, Mary (d. August 1777), daughter of John Botham, his predecessor at Albury, by whom he had a daughter, who died young, and a son, Heneage (b. 23 Feb. 1776), of Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford (M.A. 1802), rector of Woolwich, afterwards rector of Gresford, Denbighshire, and prebendary of St. Asaph, ultimately episcopal clergyman at Dundee, and Dean of Brechin (d. 6 Oct. 1847); secondly, Sarah Wright, a protégée of his first wife and in her service; she died without issue on 2 April 1805, aged 53; on her presentation at court, Queen Charlotte noticed her ladylike bearing. There is a portrait of Horsley at the Deanery, Westminster; another is in the possession of Professor Jebb at Cambridge, and a miniature on ivory is in the National Portrait Gallery. A portrait, by James Green [q. v.], was engraved by Meyer; another, by Ozias Humphrey [q. v.], was engraved by James Godby [q. v.], and again by Blood. His episcopal seal is in the possession of the Rev. H. H. Jebb, at Awliscombe, Devonshire.

His publications may be thus classed: Scientific: 1. ‘The Power of God, deduced from the computable instantaneous productions of it in the Solar System,’ &c., 1767, 8vo. 2. ‘Apollonii Pergæi Inclinationum libri duo. Restituebat,’ &c., Oxford, 1770, 4to. 3. ‘Remarks on the Observations made in the late Voyage towards the North Pole,’ &c., 1774, 4to (a letter to Constantine John Phipps [q. v.]). 4. ‘Isaaci Newtoni Opera … Commentariis illustrabat,’ &c., 1779–85, fol. 5. ‘Elementary Treatises on … Practical Mathematics,’ &c., Oxford, 1801, 8vo. 6. ‘Euclidis Elementorum libri priores xiii,’ &c., Oxford, 1802, 8vo. 7. ‘Euclidis Datorum liber,’ &c., Oxford, 1803, 8vo. 8. ‘A Critical Essay on Virgil's … Seasons … With a … Method of investigating the Risings … of the Fixed Stars,’ &c., 1805, 4to. Also papers in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ vols. lvii.–lxvi.; astronomical observations corrected for John Robinson's ‘History of Hinckley,’ 1782; and dissertation on the Pleiades in William Vincent's ‘Voyage of Nearchus,’ 1797, 4to. Theological: 1. ‘Providence and Free Agency,’ &c., 1778, 4to. 2. ‘A Charge … to the Clergy of the Archdeaconry of St. Albans,’ &c., 1783, 4to. 3. ‘Letters … in reply to Dr. Priestley,’ &c., 1784, 8vo. 4. ‘A Sermon on the Incarnation,’ &c., 1785, 4to. 5. ‘Remarks upon Dr. Priestley's second Letters,’ &c., 1786, 8vo. (Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5 were reprinted, with supplements, in ‘Tracts in Controversy with Dr. Priestley,’


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538 Would that breast were bared before thee

Where thy head so oft hath lain,

While that placid sleep came o'er thee

Which thou ne'er canst know again:

Would that breast, by thee glanced over,

Every inmost thought could show!

Then thou would'st at last discover

'Twas not well to spurn it so.

Though the world for this commend thee—

Though it smile upon the blow,

Even its praises must offend thee,

Founded on another's woe:

Though my many faults defaced me,

Could no other arm be found,

Than the one which once embraced me,

To inflict a cureless wound?

Yet, oh yet, thyself deceive not—

Love may sink by slow decay,

But by sudden wrench, believe not

Hearts can thus be torn away:


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 &c., Glocester (sic) and London, 1789, 8vo; the 3rd edit., Dundee, 1812, 8vo, has appendix by Heneage Horsley; No. 4, with his first charge as bishop of St. David's, was published in Welsh, Brecon, 1791, 12mo). 6. ‘The Analogy between the Light of Inspiration and the Light of Learning,’ &c., Glocester [1787], 4to. 7. ‘On the Principle of Vitality in Man,’ &c., 1789, 4to. 8. ‘A Review of the Case of the Protestant Dissenters,’ &c., 1790, 8vo. 9. ‘An Apology for the Liturgy and Clergy … By a Clergyman,’ &c., 1790, 8vo. Also separate sermons (1786–1806), included with many posthumous sermons (not prepared for publication) in ‘Sermons,’ Dundee, 1810–22, 8vo, 4 vols. (edited by Heneage Horsley); reprinted, 1829, 8vo, 2 vols.; and episcopal charges (1790–1806), included in ‘Charges,’ 1813, 8vo (edited by Heneage Horsley); reprinted, 1830, 8vo. His ‘Three Sermons on the Sabbath,’ &c., were reprinted by the S.P.C.K., 1853, 12mo. Philological: 1. ‘On the Prosodies of the Greek and Latin,’ &c., 1796, 8vo (anon.). 2. ‘Critical Disquisitions on the 18th chapter of Isaiah,’ &c., 1799, 4to. 3. ‘Hosea translated … with Notes,’ &c., 1801, 4to; 1804, 4to. Posthumous were: 4. ‘The Book of Psalms translated,’ &c., 1815, 8vo; 3rd edit., 1833, 8vo. 5. ‘Biblical Criticism on the first fourteen Historical Books of the Old Testament … first nine Prophetical Books,’ &c., 1820, 8vo, 4 vols. (edited by Heneage Horsley); 2nd edit., 1844, 8vo, 4 vols. Political: 1. ‘A Circular Letter to the Diocese of Rochester on the Scarcity of Corn,’ &c., 1796 (WATT). 2. ‘Another Circular Letter … on the Defence of the Kingdom,’ &c., 1798 (ib.) Posthumous was: 3. ‘Speeches in Parliament,’ &c., Dundee, 1813, 8vo, 2 vols. (edited by Heneage Horsley). Horsley adopted some peculiarities of orthography, e. g. ‘ledde,’ ‘redde’ (sometimes ‘red’). The last editions of his Sermons, Charges, Psalms, and Biblical Criticism, making 8 vols., have been reissued, without date, with general title ‘Theological Works.’

HORSLEY, WILLIAM (1774–1858), musical composer, the descendant of an old Northumbrian family, whose castle still stands near Morpeth, was born on 15 Nov. 1774. He very early displayed an aptitude for music, and at the age of sixteen definitely chose it as his profession. After some training from Gardiner, a pupil of Pepusch, he was articled for five years to the pianist, Theodore Smith. Smith gave him scanty instruction and treated him harshly. More profitable was the acquaintance he contracted with the three brothers Pring and John Wall Callcott [q. v.] By them he was encouraged to attempt glee-writing, the branch of art in which he afterwards established his reputation. A number of glees, canons, and rounds were the outcome of this period, besides several anthems and cathedral services.

In 1794 Horsley was elected to the post of organist of Ely Chapel, Holborn, and three years later, on 15 June 1797, was admitted a member of the Royal Society of Musicians. In the following year, with the co-operation of Dr. Callcott, he founded the ‘Concentores Sodales,’ a club for the encouragement of glee and canon writing, which flourished, with varying fortunes, until 1847. About the same time he was appointed assistant-organist to Dr. Callcott at the Asylum for Female Orphans, and in consequence resigned his post at Ely Chapel. On 8 June 1800 he took the degree of Mus. Bac. at Oxford, his exercise being an anthem, ‘When Israel came out of Egypt.’ In the course of the next year the Vocal Concerts were revived, and Horsley wrote for them several glees and songs, as well as some instrumental pieces, including three symphonies. In 1802 he succeeded Dr. Callcott as organist to the Asylum, and held the appointment until 1854. In 1813 he joined Clementi, Bishop, Smart, Attwood, Cramer, and others in founding the Philharmonic Society. From 1812 to 1837 Horsley also fulfilled the duties of organist at the new Belgrave Chapel in Halkin Street. In 1838 he exchanged this post for that of organist to the Charterhouse.


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 glands of the skin of the face in man, and is frequent in the skin of the dog. Many Acari are parasitic on marine and freshwater molluscs, and others are found on the feathers of birds and the hair of mammals. Others have a special faculty of consuming dry, powdery vegetable and animal refuse, and are liable to multiply in manufactured products of this nature, such as mouldy cheese. A species of Acarus is recorded as infesting a store of powdered strychnine and feeding on that drug, so poisonous to larger organisms. Reference to literature (40).

cited by numbers in the text.—1. Strauss-Dürckheim (as reported by MM. Riester and Sanson in an appendix to the sixth volume of the French translation of Meckel’s Anatomy, 1829); 2. Lankester, “Limulus an Arachnid,” ''Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.'' vol. xxi. N.S., 1881; 3. Idem, “On the Skeletotrophic Tissues of Limulus, Scorpio and Mygale,” ''Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.'' vol. xxiv. N.S., 1884; 4. Idem. ''Trans. Zool. Soc''. vol. xi., 1883; 5. Lankester and A. G. Bourne, “Eyes of Limulus and Scorpio,” ''Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci''. vol. xxiii. N.S., Jan. 1883; 6. Milne-Edwards, A., “Recherches sur l’anatomie des Limules,” ''Ann. Sci. Nat. 5th Series, Zoologie, vol. xvii., 1873; 7. Owen, Richard, “Anatomy of the King-Crab,” Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xxviii., 1872; 8. Kishinouye, “Development of Limulus longispina,” Journal of the Science College of Japan, vol. v., 1892; 9. Brauer, “Development of Scorpion,” Zeitschrift für wiss. Zoologie, vol. lix., 1895; 10. Hansen, H. J., “Organs and Characters in Different Orders of Arachnida,” Entomol. Meddel.'' vol. iv. pp. 137-149; 11. Watase, “On the Morphology of the Compound Eyes of Arthropods,” ''Studies from the Biolog. Lab. Johns Hopkins University'', vol. iv. pp 287-334; 12. Newport, George, “Nervous and Circulatory Systems in Myriapoda and Macrourous Arachnids,” ''Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 1843; 13. Lankester, “Coxal Glands of Limulus, Scorpio and Mygale,” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.'' vol. xxiv. N.S., 1884; 13. W. Patten and A. P. Hazen, “Development of the Coxal Glands of Limulus,” ''Journ. of Morphology, vol. xvi., 1900; 13. Bernard, “Coxal Glands of Scorpio,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xii., 1893, p. 55; 14. Benham, “Testis of Limulus,” Trans. Linn. Soc., 1882; 15. Lankester, “Mobility of the Spermatozoa of Limulus,” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.'' vol. xviii. N.S., 1878; 16. Korschelt and Heider, Entwickelungsgeschichte (Jena, 1892), ibique citata; 17. Laurie, M., “The Embryology of a Scorpion,” ''Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.'' vol. xxxi. N.S., 1890, and “On Development of Scorpio fulvipes,” ibid. vol. xxxii., 1891; 18. Lankester (Homoplasy and Homogeny), “On the Use of the term Homology in Modern Zoology,” ''Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1870; 19. Idem, “Degeneration, a Chapter in Darwinism,” 1878, reprinted in the Advancement of Science (Macmillan, 1890); 20. Idem, “Limulus an Arachnid,” Q. J. Micr. Sci.'' vol. xxi. N.S.; 21. Claus, “Degeneration of the Acari and Classification of Arthropoda,” ''Anzeiger d. k. k. Akad. Wissen. Wien, 1885; see also Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.'' (5) vol. xvii., 1886, p. 364, and vol. xix. p. 225; 22. Lindström, G., “Researches on the Visual Organs of the Trilobites,” ''K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl.'' xxxiv. No. 8, pp. 1-86, Pls. i.-vi., 1901; 22*. Zittel, American edition of his Palaeontology (the Macmillan Co., New York), where ample references to the literature of Trilobitae and Eurypteridae will be found; also references to literature of fossil Scorpions and Spiders; 23. Hoek, “Report on the Pycnogonida,” Challenger Expedition Reports, 1881; Meinert, “Pycnogonida of the Danish Ingolf Expedition,” vol. iii., 1899; Morgan, “Embryology and Phylogeny of the Pycnogonids,” ''Biol. Lab. Baltimore, vol. v., 1891; 24. Bourne, A. G., “The Reputed Suicide of the Scorpion,” Proc. Roy. Soc.'' vol. xlii. pp. 17-22; 25. Lankester, “Notes on some Habits of Scorpions,” ''Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool.'' vol. xvi. p. 455, 1882; 26. Huxley, “Pharynx of Scorpion,” ''Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.'' vol. viii. (old series), 1860, p. 250; 27. Pocock, “How and Why Scorpions hiss,” Natural Science, vol. ix., 1896; cf. idem, “Stridulating Organs of Spiders,” ''Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.'' (6), xvi. pp. 230-233; 28. Kraepelin, Das Thierreich (Scorpiones et Pedipalpi) (Berlin, 1899); Peters, “Eine neue Eintheilung der Skorpione,” ''Mon. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1861; Pocock, “Classification of Scorpions,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii., 1893; Thorell and Lindström, “On a Silurian Scorpion,” Köngl. Svens. Vet. Akad. Handl.'' xxi. No. 9, 1885; 29. Cambridge, O. P., “A New Family (Tartarides) and Genus of Thelyphonidea,” ''Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) x., 1872, p. 413; Cook, “Hubbardia, a New Genus of Pedipalpi,” Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, vol. iv., 1899; Thorell, “Tartarides, &c.” Ann. Mus. Genova, vol. xxvii., 1889; 30. M'Cook, American Spiders and their Spinning Work (3 vols.; Philadelphia, 1889–1893); 31. Peckham, “On Sexual Selection in Spiders,” Occasional Papers Nat. Hist. Soc. Wisconsin, vol. i. pp. 1-113, 1889; 32. Moggridge, Harvesting Ants and Trap-Door Spiders (1873); 33. Bertkau, Ph., Arch. f. Naturgesch.'' vol. xlviii. pp. 316-362; Idem, same journal, 1875, p. 235, and 1878, p. 351; Cambridge, O. P., “Araneidea” in ''Biologia Centr. Americana'', vols. i. and ii. (London, 1899); Keyserling, Spinnen Amerikas (Nuremberg, 1880–1892); Pocock, “Liphistius and the Classification of Spiders,” ''Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) x., 1892; Simon, Hist. nat. des Araignées'', vols. i. and ii., 1892, 1897; Wagner, “L’Industrie des Araneína,” ''Mém. Acad. St-Pétersbourg; Idem, “La Mue des Araignées,” Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. vi.; 34. Grassi, G. B. “Intorno ad un nuovo Aracnide artrogastro (Koenenia mirabilis) &c.” Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital. vol. xviii., 1886; 35. H. J. Hansen and Sörensen, “The Order Palpigradi, Thorell (Koenenia), and its Relationships with other Arachnida,” Ent. Tidskr.'' vol. xviii. pp. 233-240, 1898; Kraepelin, Das Thierreich (Berlin, 1901); 36. Bernard. “Compar. Morphol. of the Galeodidae,” ''Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. vi., 1896, ibique citata; Dufour, “Galeodes,” Mém. prés. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. xvii., 1862; Kraepelin, Das Thierreich (Berlin, 1901); Pocock, “Taxonomy of Solifugae,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xx.; 37. Balzan, “Voyage au Vénézuela (Pseudoscorpiones),” Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 1891, pp. 497-522; 38. Guérin-Méneville, Rev. Zool., 1838, p. 11; Karsch, “Ueber Cryptostemma Guer.” Berliner entom. Zeitschrift'', xxxviii. pp. 25-32, 1892; Thorell, “On an apparently new Arachnid belonging to the family Cryptostemmidae,” ''Westv. Bihang Svenska Vet. Akad. Handligar'', vol. xvii. No. 9, 1892; 39. Hansen and Sörensen, On Two Orders of Arachnida (Cambridge, 1904); Sörensen, “Opiliones laniatores,” ''Nat. Tidskr. (3) vol. xiv., 1884; Thorell, “Opilioni,” Ann. Mus. Genova, vol. viii., 1876; 40. Berlese, “Acari, &c., in Italia reperta” (Padova, 1892); Canestrini, Acarofauna Italiana (Padova, 1885); Canestrini and Kramer, “Demodicidae and Sarcoptidae” in Das Thierreich (Berlin, 1899); Michael, “British Oribatidae,” Ray Soc.; Idem, “Oribatidae” in Das Thierreich (Berlin, 1898); Idem, “Progress and Present State of Knowledge of Acari,” Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1894; Nalepa, “Phytoptidae,” Das Thierreich (Berlin, 1898); Trouessart, “Classification des Acariens,” Rev. Sci. Nat. de l’ouest. p. 289, 1892; Wagner, Embryonal Entwick, von Ixodes (St Petersburg, 1893); 41. Bertkau, Ph., “Coxaldrusen der Arachniden,” Sitzb. Niederl. Gesellsch., 1885; 42. Patten, W., “Brain and Sense Organs of Limulus,” Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. vol. xxxv., 1894; see also his “Origin of Vertebrates from Arachnids,” ibid.'' vol. xxxi.

Authorities not cited by numbers in the text:—

Lung-books:—Berteaux, “Le Poumon des Arachnides,” La Cellule, vol. v. 1891; Jawarowski, “Die Entwick. d. sogen. Lunge bei der Arachniden,” ''Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. vol. lviii., 1894; Macleod, “Recherches sur la structure et la signification de l’appareil respiratoire des Arachnides,” Arch. d. Biologie. vol. v., 1884; Schneider, A., “Mélanges arachnologiques,” in Tablettes zoologiques'', vol. ii. p. 135, 1892; Simmons, “Development of Lung in Spiders,” ''Amer. Journ. Science'', vol. xlviii., 1894. Coxal Glands:—Bertkau, “Ueber die Coxaldrusen der Arachniden,” ''Sitzb. d. Niederl. Gesellsch., 1885; Loman, “Altes und neues über das Nephridium (die Coxaldrüse) der Arachniden,” Bÿd. tot de Dierkunde, vol. xiv., 1887; Macleod, “Glande coxale chez les Galéodes,” Bull. Acad. Belg. (3) vol. viii., 1884; Pelseneer, “On the Coxal Glands of Mygale,” Proc. Zool. Soc., 1885; Tower, “The External Opening of the brick-red Glands of Limulus,” Zool. Anzeiger'', vol. xviii. p. 471, 1895. Ento-sternite:—Schimkewitsch, “Bau und Entwick. des Endosternites der Arachniden,” ''Zool. Jahrb.'', Anal. Abtheil., vol. viii., 1894. Embryology:—Balfour, “Development of the Araneina,” ''Q. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xx., 1880; Kingsley, “The Embryology of Limulus,” Journ. Morphology'', vols. vii. and viii.; Kishinouye, “Development of Araneina,” ''Journ. Coll. Sci. Univ. of Japan, vol. iv., 1890; Locy, “Development of Agelena,” Bull. Mus. Harvard, vol. xii., 1885; Metchnikoff, “Embryologie d. Scorpion,” Zeit. wiss. Zool. vol. xxi., 1871; Idem'', “Embryol. Chelifer,” ''Zeit. wiss. Zool. vol. xxi., 1871; Schimkewitsch, “Développement des Araignées,” Archives d. Biologie'', vol. vi. 1887. Sense organs:—Bertkau, “Sinnesorgane der Spinnen,” ''Arch. f. mikros. Anat.'' vol. xxvii. p. 589, 1886; Graber, “Unicorneale Tracheaten Auge,” ''Arch. f. mikr. Anat. vol. xvii., 1879; Grenacher, Gehörorgane der Arthropoden (Göttingen, 1879); Kishinouye, “Lateral Eyes of Spiders,” Zool. Anz.'' vol. xiv. p. 381, 1891; Purcell, “Phalangiden Augen,” ''Zool. Anzeiger'', vol. xv. p. 461.

General works on Arachnida:—Blanchard, “Les Arachnides” in L’Organisation du regne animal; Gaubert, “Recherches sur les Arachnides,” ''Ann. Sci. Nat. (7) vol. xiii., 1892; Koch, C., Die Arachniden (16 vols., Nuremberg, 1831–1848); Koch, Keyserling and Sörensen, Die Arachniden Australiens (Nuremberg, 1871–1890); Pocock, Arachnida of British India (London, 1900); Idem, “On African Arachnida,” in Proc. Zool. Soc. and Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897–1900; Simon, Les Arachnides de la France (7 vols., Paris, 1874–1881); Thorell, “Arachnida from the Oriental Region,” Ann. Mus. Genova'', 1877–1899.

ARAD, or, a town of Hungary, capital of the county of the same name, 159 m. S.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900) 53,903. It is situated on the right bank of the river Maros, and consists of the inner town and five suburbs. Arad is a modern-built town, and contains many handsome private and public buildings, including a cathedral. It is the seat of a Greek-Orthodox bishop, and possesses a Greek-Orthodox theological seminary, two training schools for teachers—one Hungarian, and the other Rumanian—and a conservatoire for music. The town played an important part in the Hungarian revolution of 1848–49, and possesses a museum containing relics of this war of independence. One of the public squares contains a martyrs’ monument, erected in memory of the thirteen Hungarian generals shot here on the 6th of October 1849, by order of the Austrian general Haynau. It consists of a colossal figure of

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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vermorel, Auguste Jean Marie


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 they'll cut us down from a distance like grain in harvest-time!"

Khal Kan groaned. He saw the dilemma. They could not hope to smash the Bunt lines that Egir had reformed—and in a long battle the new poisoned arrows of the green men would take heavier and heavier toll of them.

The safety of Jotan was now a crushing weight on his shoulders. He was king now, and the dire responsibility of the position in this mad moment left him no time even for sorrow for his father. A battle lost here now meant that Jotan was defenseless before Egir's horde.

With a groan, he ordered a trumpeter to sound retreat.

"Fall back toward Jotan!" he ordered. "March the footmen back on the double, Brusul—we'll cover your withdrawal with the horsemen."

Through the long, hot hours of that afternoon, the bitter righting retreat surged back northward to Jotan. The Bunt columns followed closely, the green men howling with triumph.

Ever and again, Khal Kan and his riders charged back against the pursuing Bunts and smashed their front lines, making them recoil. Each time, empty saddles showed the toll of the poisoned shafts.

Sunset was flaring bloodily over the Dragals when they came back by that bitter way to the black towers of Jotan. Footsore, reeling with fatigue, Brusul's spearmen marched through the gate into the city.

One last charge back at the Bunts made Khal Kan with the horsemen. He rode back then with Golden Wings, who was swaying in her saddle. They two were the last of the riders to enter the city.

The great gates hastily ground shut, as sweating men labored in the dusk at the winches. Through the loopholes of the guard-towers, Khal Kan looked out and saw the Bunt hordes outside spreading to encircle the whole land side of Jotan.

"They have now four fighting-men to every one of ours," he muttered through his teeth. "We are in a trap called a city."

He was staggering, his face grimed and smeared with sweat and dust and blood. Golden Wings pressed his arm in complete faith.

"It was only the foul trick of the poisoned arrows that defeated tis!" she exclaimed. "But for that, we'd have rolled them into the sea."

"We have Egir to thank for that," rasped Khal Kan. "While that man lives, doom hangs like a thundercloud over Jotan."

He stepped to the window and sent his voice rolling out into the gathering darkness."

"Egir, will you settle this man to man, sword to sword? Speak!"

Back came a sardonic voice from the camp of the Bunts.

"I am not so simple, my dear nephew! Your city's a nut whose shell we'll soon crack and pick, so rest you."

Khal Kan set guards at every rod of the wall. Jotan's streets were dark under the two moons, for no torches had been lit this night. The sound of women's voices wailing a requiem for his dead father brought his numbed mind a sick sense of loss.

No one else in Jotan spoke or broke the stillness. Awful and imminent peril crushed the city's folk. But from the darkness outside the walls came the sound of distant hammering as the Bunt hordes began making scaling-ladders for the morrow.

ROM a window of the palace, before he collapsed in drugged sleep of exhaustion, Khal Kan saw the Bunt fires hemming in the whole landward side of the city in their crescent of flame

Henry Steven's wife had been worried about him all day. He had been


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Rh Still thine own its life retaineth—

Still must mine, though bleeding, beat;

And the undying thought which paineth

Is—that we no more may meet.

These are words of deeper sorrow

Than the wail above the dead;

Both shall live—but every morrow

Wake us from a widowed bed.

And when thou would'st solace gather—

When our child's first accents flow—

Wilt thou teach her to say "Father!"

Though his care she must forego?

When her little hands shall press thee—

When her lip to thine is pressed—

Think of him whose prayer shall bless thee—

Think of him thy love had blessed!

Should her lineaments resemble

Those thou never more may'st see,

Then thy heart will softly tremble

With a pulse yet true to me.

All my faults perchance thou knowest—

All my madness—none can know;

All my hopes—where'er thou goest—

Wither—yet with thee they go.

Every feeling hath been shaken;

Pride—which not a world could bow—

Bows to thee—by thee forsaken,

Even my soul forsakes me now.


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 of Meath, but protracted litigation ensued as to the right of patronage (, Ecclesiastical Register, Dublin, 1830, App. p. 275). When in 1717 the case was decided in the crown and Hort's favour, on appeal to the British House of Lords, Hort resigned his English benefice. In 1718 he became dean of Cloyne and rector of Louth, in 1720 dean of Ardagh, and early in 1721 bishop of Ferns and Leighlin (, Hist. of the Church of Ireland, ii. 375–9, London, 1840). Archbishop King of Dublin refused to take part in Hort's consecration as bishop, because Hort, in his letters patent, was erroneously styled D.D. He, however, issued a commission for the purpose. Archbishop King's action gave rise to the rumour that Hort had never received holy orders in the church of England. According to Bishop Henry Downes, it was rumoured at the time that the Archbishops of Armagh, Dublin, and Tuam petitioned the king to recall Hort's nomination, probably on account of his early connection with nonconformists (, Correspondence, ed. John Nichols, London, 1809). Hort was translated to the united sees of Kilmore and Ardagh in 1727, and, retaining Ardagh in commendam, to the archiepiscopal see of Tuam in 1742. About 1738 his voice failed from over-exertion, and he was disabled from preaching (pref. to Sermons, 1738). Contemptuous reference is made to him in Swift's ‘Great Storm of Christmas 1722.’ He is said to have been the last magnate who ate his dinner from a wooden trencher. The archbishop died on 14 Dec. 1751, and was interred in St. George's Chapel, Dublin. He married in 1725 Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. William Fitzmaurice, brother of the twentieth Lord Kerry, and uncle of the twenty-first Lord and first Earl of Kerry. Hort had two sons and four daughters. John Hort, his second son, was appointed English consul-general at Lisbon in 1767, was created a baronet in the same year, and died on 23 Oct. 1807, being succeeded by his son, Josiah William, whose grandson, Fenton Josiah, is the present baronet.

In 1738 Hort published at Dublin a volume consisting of sixteen sermons, which reached a second edition. His ‘Charge to the Clergy of Kilmore’ was published in 1729. Another ‘Charge,’ delivered at his primary visitation of the diocese of Tuam, first issued in 1742, was republished in the ‘Clergyman's Instructor,’ Oxford, 1807. Many of Hort's sermons were also printed separately.

HORTON, CHRISTIANA (1696?–1756?), actress, belonged to a Wiltshire family; married when very young a musician, who ill-treated her; joined while still in her youth a company of strolling players under a manager called Booker; and in the summer of 1713 at Windsor played Marcia in ‘Cato’ with a wretched company. Barton Booth [q. v.] saw her in 1714 play in Southwark fair the part of Cupid in a droll called ‘Cupid and Psyche,’ and took her to Drury Lane, where she appeared during the season of 1714–15 as Melinda in the ‘Recruiting Officer.’ She remained at Drury Lane until the season of 1734–5, when she went to Covent Garden. She practically quitted the stage in 1750, retiring on a small pension, but reappeared at Drury Lane 20 April 1752 at a performance partly for her benefit given by Garrick and Lacy, and played Queen Elizabeth in the ‘Unhappy Favourite’ of Banks. Her thanks to her friends were published in an advertisement. She died about 1756. Of cold temperament, of good character, and of admirable beauty, Mrs. Horton played at one or other house the leading parts in tragedy and comedy. She was the original Mariana in the ‘Miser’ of Fielding, Drury Lane, 17 Feb. 1733. Her characters included Lady Lurewell, Mrs. Sullen, Marcia in ‘Cato,’ Olivia in the ‘Plain Dealer,’ Belinda in the ‘Old Bachelor,’ Queen Katherine, Lady Macbeth, Belvidera, Cleopatra, Hermione, Cordelia, Jane Shore, Lady Betty Modish, Mrs. Ford, Angelica in ‘Love for Love,’ and innumerable others. Barton Booth and Wilks declared her the best successor to Mrs. Oldfield. Steele complimented her highly on her performance of Lady Brumpton in the ‘Funeral;’ Victor specially praises her Millamant in ‘The Way of the World,’ and Davies, who says that in this part she was held to have eclipsed Mrs. Oldfield, commends her Belinda. The author of ‘Betterton's History of the Stage’ says in 1741 that in comedy she is without a rival, asserts that in the meridian of life she retained her beauty and some of her bloom, and ‘is by far the best figure on either stage’ (p. 165). Late in life she grew stout. Refusing angrily a reduced salary of four pounds a week offered her in good nature by Rich, she was unable to obtain a further engagement. On one occasion, by a display of spirit, she won to approval a refractory audience. She was extremely vain, and on the verge of sixty dressed like a young girl, laced herself until her figure was distorted, and simpered and ogled to the last.


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540 But 'tis done—all words are idle—

Words from me are vainer still;

But the thoughts we cannot bridle

Force their way without the will.

Fare thee well! thus disunited—

Torn from every nearer tie—

Seared in heart—and lone—and blighted—

More than this I scarce can die. [First draft, March 18, 1816. First printed as published, April 4, 1816.]

A SKETCH.

Honest—honest Iago!

If that thou be'st a devil, I cannot kill thee."

in the garret, in the kitchen bred,

Promoted thence to deck her mistress' head;

Next—for some gracious service unexpressed,

And from its wages only to be guessed—


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 Davies says she refused honourably brilliant offers of ‘protection,’ that of all women he ever saw she had ‘the greatest pretence to (justification for) vanity,’ and that her sole passion was to be admired.

HORTON, ROBERT JOHN WILMOT- (1784–1841), political pamphleteer, only son of Sir Robert Wilmot, bart., of Osmaston, Derbyshire, by his first wife, Juliana Elizabeth, second daughter of the Hon. John Byron, and widow of the Hon. William Byron, was born on 21 Dec. 1784. He was educated at Eton, and on 27 Jan. 1803 matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1806, and M.A. 1815. In July 1815 he unsuccessfully contested the borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme against Sir John Chetwode. He was, however, returned for that borough at the general election in June 1818, and continued to represent it until his retirement from the House of Commons at the dissolution in July 1830. His first reported speech in the house was in the defence of the Windsor establishment in February 1819 (Parl. Debates, xxxix. 587–8), and in the same year he opposed Sir Francis Burdett's motion for reform (ib. xl. 1477–81). In the following year he was selected to second the address at the opening of the session (ib. new ser. i. 33–5), and in 1821 he was appointed under secretary of state for war and the colonies in Lord Liverpool's administration, in the place of Henry Goulburn [q. v.] He was admitted to the privy council on 23 May 1827, and in the following year resigned office with others of the Huskisson party. He still continued to take an active part in the debates. In February 1828 he voted for Lord John Russell's motion for the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts (ib. xviii. 782), and on 18 March 1829 spoke warmly in favour of the second reading of the Roman Catholic Relief Bill (ib. xx. 1190–1200). From 1831 till 1837 he was governor and commander-in-chief of the island of Ceylon. He was knighted on 22 June 1831 (London Gazettes, 1831, i. 1255), and made a G.C.H. On the death of his father in July 1834 he succeeded to the baronetcy, and died at Sudbrooke Park, Petersham, on 31 May 1841, in his fifty-seventh year. He was a man of cultivated tastes, and took great interest in the political and social questions of the day. Greville, in recording his attendance at one of Wilmot-Horton's lectures at the Mechanics' Institute, says: ‘He deserves great credit for his exertions, the object of which is to explain to the labouring classes some of the truths of political economy, the folly of thinking that the breaking of machinery will better their condition, and of course the efficacy of his own plan of emigration. … He is full of zeal and animation, but so totally without method and arrangement that he is hardly intelligible. The conclusion, which was an attack on Cobbett, was well done, and even eloquent’ (, Memoirs, 1st ser. 1874, ii. 97–8).

He married, on 1 Sept. 1806, Anne Beatrix, eldest daughter and coheiress of Eusebius Horton of Catton, Derbyshire, by whom he had four sons and three daughters. He assumed the additional name of Horton by royal license on 8 May 1823, in compliance with the directions in his father-in-law's will (London Gazettes, 1823, i. 755). His widow survived him many years, and died on 4 Feb. 1871. She was the subject of Byron's lines, ‘She walks in beauty’ (, Poetical Works, 1855, ii. 15). Some letters written by Wilmot-Horton to Mrs. Leigh relating to the destruction of Byron's ‘Memoirs,’ and the proposed repayment to Moore of the 2,000l. by her and Lady Byron, are preserved among the Addit. MSS. in the British Museum (31037, ff. 47–60). The ‘Memoirs’ were destroyed by Wilmot-Horton and Colonel Doyle, acting as the representatives of Mrs. Leigh, after a meeting at Mr. Murray's house (, Memoirs of Thomas Moore, 1853, iv. 192; see also, Memoirs of John Murray, i. 445).

He was the author of the following works:  ‘Speech delivered in the Town Hall of Newcastle-under-Lyne, on the occasion of the Election of the Mayor and other Corporate Officers of that Borough,’ &c., London, 1825, 8vo. No. 17 of a series.  ‘A Letter to the Duke of Norfolk on the Catholic Question,’ London, 1826, 8vo.  ‘A Letter to the Electors of Newcastle-under-Line [on the Catholic Question],’ London, 1826, 8vo.  ‘A Letter [to Sir Francis Burdett; in reply to his speech in opposing a parliamentary grant of 30,000l. for the purposes of emigration]’ [London, 1826], 8vo.  ‘Speech … in the House of Commons on the 6th of March, 1828, on moving for the production of the evidence taken before the Privy Council upon an Appeal against the compulsory Manumission of Slaves in Demerara and Berbice,’ London, 1828, 8vo.  ‘Protestant Securities suggested, in an Appeal to the Clerical Members of the University of Oxford,’ London, 1828, 8vo; 2nd edition, to which is prefixed a Letter to the Bishop of Rochester, London, 1828, 8vo.  ‘A Letter to the Bishop of Rochester, in Explanation of his Suggestion


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 of Protestant Securities,’ London, 1828, 8vo. This letter is prefixed to the 2nd edition of ‘Protestant Securities suggested,’ &c.  ‘Protestant Safety compatible with the Remission of the Civil Disabilities of Roman Catholics; being a Vindication of the Security suggested by the Right Hon. R. Wilmot-Horton for the Settlement of the Roman Catholic Question,’ &c., London, 1829, 8vo.  ‘Correspondence upon some points connected with the Roman Catholic Question between the Right Hon. R. Wilmot-Horton, M.P., and the Right Rev. P. A. Baines; with an Appendix … and a Dedication to the Members of both Houses of Parliament, by the Right Hon. R. W. Horton,’ London, 1829, 8vo.  ‘The Causes and Remedies of Pauperism in the United Kingdom considered. Part i. Being a Defence of … the Emigration Committee against the Charges of Mr. Sadler,’ London, 1829, 8vo. No more published.  ‘An Inquiry into the Causes and Remedies of Pauperism. First series containing Correspondence with C. Poulett Thomson. Second series containing Correspondence with M. Duchatel. Third series containing Letters to Sir Francis Burdett … upon Pauperism in Ireland. Fourth series. Explanation of Mr. Wilmot-Horton's Bill, in a Letter and Queries addressed to N. W. Senior … with his Answers,’ &c., London, 1830, 8vo, 4 parts.  ‘First Letter to the Freeholders of the County of York on Negro Slavery: being an Inquiry into the Claims of the West Indians for equitable Compensation,’ London, 1830, 8vo.  ‘Second Letter to the Freeholders of the County of York on Negro Slavery,’ &c., London, 1830, 8vo.  ‘Correspondence between the Right Hon. R. Wilmot-Horton and a select Class of the Members of the London Mechanics' Institution,’ London, 1830, 8vo.  ‘Lecture I (–II) delivered at the London Mechanics' Institution … December 1830 … on Statistics and Political Economy, as affecting the … Labouring Classes,’ London, 1831, 8vo, 2 parts.  ‘Letters on Colonial Policy, particularly as applicable to Ceylon,’ by Philalethes, Colombo, 1833, 8vo.  ‘Exposition and Defence of Earl Bathurst's Administration of the Affairs of Canada, when Colonial Secretary, during the years 1822–7 inclusive,’ London, 1838, 8vo.  ‘The Object and Effect of the Oath in the Roman Catholic Relief Bill considered; with Observations on the Doctrines of certain Irish Authorities with respect to Tithes, and on a Policy of a Concordat with the See of Rome. With an Appendix,’ London, 1838, 8vo.  ‘Reform in 1839 and Reform in 1831,’ London, 1839, 8vo.  ‘Letters [signed Philalethes] containing Observations on Colonial Policy, originally printed in Ceylon in 1832. By … Sir R. Wilmot-Horton. To which is added the Prospectus of the British Colonial Bank and Loan Company,’ London, 1839, 8vo.  ‘Ireland and Canada; supported by local evidence,’ London, 1839, 8vo.
 ‘Correspondence between … Sir Robert Wilmot-Horton, Bart., and J. B. Robinson, Esq., Chief Justice of Upper Canada, upon the subject of the pamphlet lately published, entitled “Ireland and Canada,”’ London, 1839, 8vo.
 ‘Observations upon Taxation as affecting the Operative and Labouring Classes, made at the Crown and Anchor on the evening of the 6th of August, 1839. To which is added a Letter to Joseph Hume, Esq., M.P.,’ London, 1840, 8vo.

HORTON, THOMAS (d. 1649), regicide, was originally a servant and falconer to Sir [q. v.] He joined the army of Sir Thomas Fairfax, and by May 1643 had become a colonel. On 24 June of that year the parliament resolved that he be recommended to Lord Inchiquin ‘to have the command which Sir William Ogle formerly had in Ireland’ (Commons' Journals, iii. 143). Horton afterwards ably seconded Cromwell's operations in South Wales. At the close of April 1648 he despatched a force to take Brecknock, while he engaged Colonel Powell near Carmarthen. Powell, however, slipped away without much loss. A defeat which he inflicted on Colonel John Poyer's forces was also indecisive. After many ‘tedious, hungry, and wet marches over the steep and craggy mountains,’ he again came up with the enemy, who were now almost eight thousand strong, on the morning of 8 May between St. Fagans and Peterstown, where after a ‘sharp dispute’ for nearly two hours, he totally routed them, pursued them for seven miles, and took three thousand prisoners, including Major-general Stradling. His own forces numbered barely three thousand (letter to the parliament). Tenby Castle, long held by Powell, surrendered to him on 31 May. Parliament ordered a thanksgiving to be observed for the victory, and passed an act settling the lands belonging to Major-general Rowland Langhorne and other
 loyal-


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 Hungary, with four allegorical groups, and medallions of the executed generals. Arad is an important railway junction, and has become the largest industrial and commercial centre of south-eastern Hungary. Its principal industries are: distilling, milling, machinery-making, leather-working and saw-milling. A large trade is carried on in grain, flour, alcohol, cattle and wood. Arad was a fortified place, and was captured by the Turks during the wars of the 17th century, and kept by them till the end of that century. The new fortress, built in 1763, although small, was formidable, and played a great rôle during the Hungarian struggle for independence in 1849. Bravely defended by the Austrian general Berger until the 1st of July 1849, it was then captured by the Hungarian rebels, who made it their headquarters during the latter part of the insurrection. It was from it that Kossuth issued his famous proclamation (11th August 1849), and it was here that he handed over the supreme military and civil power to Görgei. The fortress was recaptured shortly after the surrender of Görgei to the Russians at Világos. The fortress is now used as an ammunition depot.

The town of Uj-Arad, i.e. New Arad (pop. 6124), situated on the opposite bank of the Maros, is practically a suburb of Arad, with which it is connected by a bridge. The town was founded during the Turkish wars of the 17th century. The works erected by the Turks for the capture of the fortress of Arad formed the nucleus of the new town.

Világos, the town where the famous capitulation of Görgei to the Russians took place on the 13th of August 1849, lies 21 m. by rail north-east of Arad.

ARAEOSTYLE (Gr. , weak or widely spaced, and  , column), an architectural term for the (q.v.) given to those temples where the columns had only timber architraves to carry.

ARAEOSYSTYLE (Gr. , widely spaced, and  , with columns set close together), an architectural term applied to a colonnade, in which the (q.v.) is alternately wide and narrow, as in the case of the western porch of St Paul’s cathedral and the east front of the Louvre by Perrault.

ARAGO, DOMINIQUE FRANÇOIS JEAN (1786–1853), French physicist, was born on the 26th of February 1786, at Estagel, a small village near Perpignan, in the department of the eastern Pyrenees. He was the eldest of four brothers. Jean (1788–1836) emigrated to America and became a general in the Mexican army. Jacques Étienne Victor (1799–1855) took part in L. C. de S. de Freycinet’s exploring voyage in the “Uranie” from 1817 to 1821, and on his return to France devoted himself to journalism and the drama. The fourth brother, Étienne Vincent (1802–1892), is said to have collaborated with H. de Balzac in the Héritière de Birague, and from 1822 to 1847 wrote a great number of light dramatic pieces, mostly in collaboration. A strong republican, he was obliged to leave France in 1849, but returned after the amnesty of 1859. In 1879 he was nominated director of the Luxembourg museum.

Showing decided military tastes François Arago was sent to the municipal college of Perpignan, where he began to study mathematics in preparation for the entrance examination of the polytechnic school. Within two years and a half he had mastered all the subjects prescribed for examination, and a great deal more, and, on going up for examination at Toulouse, he astounded his examiner by his knowledge of Lagrange. Towards the close of 1803 he entered the polytechnic school, with the artillery service as the aim of his ambition, and in 1804, through the advice and recommendation of S. D. Poisson, he received the appointment of secretary to the Observatory of Paris. He now became acquainted with Laplace, and through his influence was commissioned, with J. B. Biot, to complete the meridional measurements which had been begun by J .B. J. Delambre, and interrupted since the death of P. F. A. Méchain (1744–1804). The two left Paris in 1806 and began operations among the mountains of Spain, but Biot returned to Paris after they had determined the latitude of Formentera, the southernmost point to which they were to carry the survey, leaving Arago to make the geodetical connexion of Majorca with Ivica and with Formentera.

The adventures and difficulties of the latter were now only beginning. The political ferment caused by the entrance of the French into Spain extended to these islands, and the ignorant populace began to suspect that Arago’s movements and his blazing fires on the top of Mount Galatzo were telegraphic signals to the invading army. Ultimately they became so infuriated that he was obliged to cause himself to be incarcerated in the fortress of Belver in June 1808. On the 28th of July he managed to escape from the island in a fishing-boat, and after an adventurous voyage he reached Algiers on the 3rd of August. Thence he procured a passage in a vessel bound for Marseilles, but on the 16th of August, just as the vessel was nearing Marseilles, it fell into the hands of a Spanish corsair. With the rest of the crew, Arago was taken to Rosas, and imprisoned first in a windmill, and afterwards in the fortress of that seaport, until the town fell into the hands of the French, when the prisoners were transferred to Palamos. After fully three months’ imprisonment they were released on the demand of the dey of Algiers, and again set sail for Marseilles on the 28th of November, but when within sight of their port they were driven back by a northerly wind to Bougie on the coast of Africa. Transport to Algiers by sea from this place would have occasioned a weary stay of three months; Arago, therefore, set out for it by land under conduct of a Mahommedan priest, and reached it on Christmas day. After six months’ stay in Algiers he once again, on the 21st of June 1809, set sail for Marseilles, where he had to undergo a monotonous and inhospitable quarantine in the lazaretto, before his difficulties were over. The first letter he received, while in the lazaretto, was from A. von Humboldt; and this was the origin of a connexion which, in Arago’s words, “lasted over forty years without a single cloud ever having troubled it.”

Through all these vicissitudes Arago had succeeded in preserving the records of his survey; and his first act on his return home was to deposit them in the Bureau des Longitudes at Paris. As a reward for his adventurous conduct in the cause of science, he was in September 1809 elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, in room of J. B. L. Lalande, at the remarkably early age of twenty-three, and before the close of the same year he was chosen by the council of the polytechnic school to succeed G. Monge in the chair of analytical geometry. About the same time he was named by the emperor one of the astronomers of the Royal Observatory, which was accordingly his residence till his death, and it was in this capacity that he delivered his remarkably successful series of popular lectures on astronomy, which were continued from 1812 to 1845.

In 1816, along with Gay-Lussac, he started the Annales de chimie et de physique, and in 1818 or 1819 he proceeded along with Biot to execute geodetic operations on the coasts of France, England and Scotland. They measured the length of the seconds-pendulum at Leith, and in Unst, one of the Shetland isles, the results of the observations being published in 1821, along with those made in Spain. Arago was elected a member of the Board of Longitude immediately afterwards, and contributed to each of its Annuals, for about twenty-two years, important scientific notices on astronomy and meteorology and occasionally on civil engineering, as well as interesting memoirs of members of the Academy.

In 1830, Arago, who always professed liberal opinions of the extreme republican type, was elected a member of the chamber of deputies for the Lower Seine, and he employed his splendid gifts of eloquence and scientific knowledge in all questions connected with public education, the rewards of inventors, and the encouragement of the mechanical and practical sciences. Many of the most creditable national enterprises, dating from this period, are due to his advocacy—such as the reward to L. J. M. Daguerre for the invention of photography, the grant for the publication of the works of P. Fermat and Laplace, the acquisition of the museum of Cluny, the development of railways and electric telegraphs, the improvement of the

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 of the queen.  ‘On the Rise and Growth of the Law of Nations, … from the earliest times to the Treaty of Utrecht,’ London, 1882, 8vo.  ‘Mary Stewart: a brief statement of the principal charges which have been brought against her, together with answers to the same,’ published after his death, Edinburgh, 1888, 8vo.

HOSIER, FRANCIS (1673–1727), vice-admiral, born at Deptford, and baptised at St. Nicholas Church there 15 April 1673, was son of Francis Hosier, clerk of the cheque at Gravesend and agent victualler at Dover (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1664–7;, Diary, 6 Sept., 24 Nov. 1668, 12 Feb. 1668–9), and his wife Elizabeth Hawes. He was possibly related to John Hosier who commanded the Magdalen merchant ship in the parliament's service 1642–50 (, Memoirs of Sir W. Penn, i. 111, 297). He entered the naval service about 1685 (Report on petition, 27 Feb. 1716–17, in Home Office Records, Admiralty, vol. xlvi.), and in 1692 was appointed lieutenant of the Neptune, which carried Sir George Rooke's flag at Barfleur. In 1695 he commanded the Portsmouth Prize, and took post from 27 June 1696, when he was appointed to the Winchelsea of 32 guns. In December 1698 he commanded the Trident Prize; on 12 Jan. 1703–4 he was appointed to the Burlington of 50 guns, and in 1706 was moved into the Salisbury, also of 50 guns, in which, in October 1707, he brought home from the Scilly Islands the body of Sir [q. v.] Early in 1710, in company with the St. Albans off Cape Clear, he captured the Heureux, a large French ship, which was taken into the service as the Salisbury Prize. In 1711 he went out to the West Indies to reinforce Commodore [q. v.], and took a distinguished part in the action with the Spanish galeons off Cartagena on 27 July. In June 1713 he was appointed to the Monmouth; but at the accession of George I, being ‘spoken of as one not well affected to the protestant succession,’ he, with several others, was suspended from the service during the king's pleasure. He was reinstated in his rank, 5 March 1716–1717 (Home Office Records, Admiralty, vol. xlvi. 27 Feb. 1716–17; vol. xxxvii. 5 March). On 6 March 1718–19 he was appointed to the Dorsetshire with the temporary rank of rear-admiral, on the special and peculiar staff of the Earl of Berkeley [see, third ]. This was only till 15 April; and on 8 May he was promoted to be rear-admiral of the white. In 1720 and again in 1721 he commanded a division of the fleet in the Baltic under Sir [q. v.] On 16 Feb. 1722–3 he was advanced to be vice-admiral of the blue; and on 9 March 1725–6 was appointed to command a squadron sent out to the West Indies, to prevent the Spaniards sending home treasure. The treasure ships were at Porto Bello, and when Hosier signified the object of his coming, they were dismantled and the treasure sent back to Panama. Hosier, however, judged it necessary to keep up a close blockade of Porto Bello, in the course of which, while lying at the Bastimentos, a virulent fever broke out among the crews of the squadron. By December the state of all the ships was alarming. With great difficulty they were taken to Jamaica, where they were cleared out, and new men entered to replace the dead. The contagion, however, remained, and during the spring and summer, while the squadron was blockading Havana or Vera Cruz, the same mortality continued. Hosier himself at last fell a victim, and after ten days' sickness died at Jamaica on 25 Aug. 1727. The fever carried off in all four thousand men, some fifty lieutenants, and eight or ten captains and flag-officers, including Hosier's immediate successors, Commodore St. Lo and Vice-admiral Edward Hopson. Hosier's body was embalmed, sent to England by the Happy sloop, and he was buried ‘with great funeral pomp’ in the church of St. Nicholas at Deptford; 8 Feb. 1727–8 (St. Lo to Admiralty, 20 Sept. 1727; Notes and Queries, 6th ser. xi. 108). The sum of 500l. was expended on the ceremony.

The circumstances of Hosier's sad fate were grossly misrepresented by later political prejudice, which ascribed his death chiefly to personal feelings of resentment at the inactivity forced upon him by the orders of the government, or to ‘chagrin at the wanton and wicked destruction of so many brave men, whose fate he could only lament and not avert;’ an erroneous view which Glover's ballad has stamped on the popular memory.

Hosier left a widow, Diana, and one daughter, Frances Diana, who afterwards married Richard Hart.


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 HOSKEN, JAMES (1798–1885), vice-admiral and pioneer of ocean steam navigation, was born at Plymouth on 6 Dec. 1798. His father, a warrant officer, served with distinction through the wars of American independence and of the French revolution, and was present in seventeen general actions, from St. Lucia in 1778 to that off Cape Finisterre in 1805. He died in 1848 at the age of ninety-one. James Hosken entered the navy in 1810 as midshipman on board the Formidable, and served in the Baltic, the Mediterranean, and North Sea, till the peace; afterwards in the Pique in the West Indies from 1816 to 1819, for three years in the Channel in the Wolf brig, and from 1824 to 1828 in the Scout revenue cutter, in days when smuggling was still a living reality. In 1828 he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Etna in the Mediterranean; in 1832 he had command of the Tyrian packet, carrying the mails to Brazil, and from 1833 to 1836 of a merchant ship trading from Liverpool to South America. In 1837 he devoted himself to the study of the marine steam engine, and towards the end of the year was appointed to the command of the Great Western, a large steamship specially built to solve the still open question of the practicability of ocean steam navigation. After going round from the Thames to Bristol she made her final start on 8 April 1838, and arrived at New York on the 23rd. It was a great experiment brought to a successful issue. The Sirius, which had left Cork some four days before the Great Western left Bristol, arrived two hours sooner, making the passage with difficulty in nineteen days, four days more than the Great Western. With a little experience the Great Western's fifteen days was reduced to thirteen, and the following year, after such a run out, 18–31 May, Hosken was presented by the passengers with a telescope, recording the then unparalleled achievement in the inscription. In November 1843 he was further presented with a gold watch by the underwriters of Lloyd's, in testimony of their high opinion of his skill and care ‘in having successfully navigated the Great Western steamship sixty-four passages between England and America.’ Hosken's repute was at this time very high; he had been repeatedly thanked by the admiralty for information on the subject of steam navigation and the screw-propeller. In 1844 he was appointed to command the Great Britain, which, both as a screw steamer and from her size, was looked on as one of the wonders of the world. At Bristol the gates, piers, and coping of the dock had to be removed before she could be got out; when she came round to London in April 1845 the queen and the prince consort paid her a visit, and Hosken, by her majesty's command, was presented the next day at a drawing-room. At Plymouth, at Dublin, and again at Liverpool, she was visited by crowds. She sailed from Liverpool for New York in August 1845, and after making three or four trips was stranded in Dundrum Bay on the night of 22 Sept. 1846. She had left Liverpool the previous forenoon; the weather became very thick, and an error in his chart led Hosken to suppose that the light on St. John's Point, at the entrance of the bay, was on the Calf of Man, which they had passed four hours before. Many months afterwards the ship was got safely afloat, but Hosken had no further employment in the merchant service.

From 1848 to 1849 Hosken was harbour-master, postmaster, and chief magistrate at Labuan, then lately ceded to England. He also had some correspondence about 1850 with Henry Labouchere, afterwards lord Taunton [q. v.], upon the subject of the Mercantile Marine Bill, before the House of Commons at that time. In 1851 he was appointed to the command of the Banshee despatch vessel in the Mediterranean, and afterwards in the Channel. In September 1853 he was promoted to be commander, and in the Baltic campaigns of 1854–5 commanded the Belle-Isle hospital ship: at the end of the war he was employed in the same vessel in bringing home troops from the Crimea. In June 1857 he was promoted to be captain, and in 1868 was placed on the retired list. He became rear-admiral in 1875, and vice-admiral in 1879, and having preserved his faculties to a very advanced age, died at Ilfracombe on 2 Jan. 1885. He was twice married, and left issue.

HOSKING, WILLIAM (1800–1861), architect and civil engineer, born at Buckfastleigh, Devonshire, on 26 Nov. 1800, was eldest son of John Hosking, at one time a woollen manufacturer in Devonshire. Owing to business losses the father accepted a government office in New South Wales, and with his wife, whose maiden name was Mann, and his three sons, William, Peter Mann, and John, went to the colony in 1809. In Sydney William was apprenticed to a general builder and surveyor, and for nearly four years he worked with his own hands ‘in actual constructions, which involved most of the handicrafts employed by the engineer and architect’ (Introductory Lecture at King's College,


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 acting queerly, she thought anxiously, ever since he had awakened that morning.

He had been pale and stricken and haggard since he had awakened. He had not gone to the office at all, a tiling unprecedented. And he had spent most of the day pacing to and fro in the little house, his haunted eyes not seeming to see her, his whole bearing one of intense excitement.

Henry was afraid—afraid of the dread climax to which things were rushing in the other world of Thar. He knew the awful peril in which Jotan now stood. Once those hordes of Bunts got over the wall, the city was doomed.

"I've got to quit driving myself crazy about it," he told himself desperately that afternoon. "It's just a dream—Thar and Khal Kan must be only a dream."

But his feverish apprehension was not lessened by that thought. No matter if Thar was only a dream, it was real to him!

E KNEW Jotan and its people, from the nightly dreams of his earliest childhood. Every street of the black city he had known and loved, as Khal Kan. Even if it were only a dream, he couldn't let the old, lovely city and its people be overwhelmed by Egir and his green barbarians.

If Thar was the dream, and the city Jotan was taken and Khal Kan was slain—there would be an end to his precious dream-life, forever. Only the monotonous existence of Henry Stevens would stretch before him.

And if Thar happened to be the reality, then it was doubly vital that Khal Kan's people be saved from that menace.

"Yet what can I do?" Henry groaned inwardly. "What can Khal Kan do? The Bunts will surely break into the city—"

The poisoned arrows, new to the Jotanians, gave Egir's green warriors a terrific advantage. That, and their outnumbering hordes, would enable them to scale the walls of Jotan and then the end would be at hand.

"Damn Egir for his deviltry in using those arrows!" Henry muttered. "I wish I could take a dozen machine-guns across. I'd show the cursed traitor."

It was a vain and idle wish, he knew. Nothing material could traverse the gulf between dream-world and real world, whichever was which. His own body, even—Henry Stevens' body—never crossed that gulf. AH he took into Thar each night were his memories of Henry Stevens' life on Earth during the day, and that seemed only a dream.

He could take memory across, though. And that thought gave pause to Henry. A faint gleam of hope appeared on his horizon. As Khal Kan, he would remember everything that he did or learned now, as Henry Stevens. Suppose that he—

"By Heaven!" Henry exclaimed excitedly. "There's a chance I could do it! A trick to overmatch Egir's poisoned arrows!"

His wife watched him puzzledly as he pored excitedly over certain volumes of their encyclopedia. She saw him hastily jot down notes, and then for a long time that evening he sat, moving his lips, apparently memorizing.

Henry was vibrant with excitement and hope. He, Henry Stevens of Earth, might be able to save Khal Kan's city for him!

"If Khal Kan will only do it!" he thought prayerfully. "If he won't just ignore it as dream—"

Waiting tensely for sleep that night, Henry repeated over and over to himself the simple formula he had gleaned from the encyclopedia.

"Khal Kan must try it!" he told himself desperately.

Sleep came slowly to him. And as he fell asleep, he knew that in his dream he would wake to what might be the last day of Jotan's existence....


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arad

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arad


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 1841, p. 9). In 1819 he returned with his parents to England, and in 1820 was articled for three years to W. Jenkins, architect, of Red Lion Square. He subsequently travelled for a year in Italy and Sicily, studying for his profession and making drawings. Of these he exhibited three, all executed in 1824, viz. at the Royal Academy in 1826, ‘View of the Temple of Juno Lucina, Agrigentum, Sicily,’ and in the Suffolk Street Gallery in 1826 and 1828 respectively, ‘View of the Temple of Concord, Agrigentum,’ and ‘Temple of Neptune at Pæstum.’ In Suffolk Street he also exhibited designs, chiefly of domestic buildings. On 14 Feb. 1830 he was elected F.S.A. In 1834 he was appointed engineer to the Birmingham, Bristol, and Thames Junction, afterwards called West London Railway, and designed for it, 1838–9, the arrangement at Wormwood Scrubbs by which the Paddington Canal was carried over the railway, and a public road over the canal. The structure was altered in 1860, but when first executed met with much notice. (For drawings and descriptions see Public Works of Great Britain, 1838, plates lxxiii. lxxiv. pp. 66, 67, 68;, Traité Théorique et Pratique de l'Art de Bâtir (supplement by G. Abel Blouet), 1847, plate xcvi. vol. i. p. 213; , Allgemeine Bauzeitung, 1838, plate ccxi. p. 205; and Companion to the Almanac, 1840, p. 249). During 1843 Hosking was engaged in planning and taking levels for a projected branch railway (afterwards abandoned) between Colchester and Harwich. He was elected a fellow of the Institute of British Architects on 16 Jan. 1835, and was a member of council for the session 1842–3.

In January 1829 he delivered a course of six lectures on architecture at the Western Literary Institution in Leicester Square, in which he treated of the modern buildings of the metropolis in a judicious spirit (cf. Athenæum, 1829, p. 157). In 1840 he became professor of the ‘arts of construction, in connection with civil engineering and architecture,’ at King's College, London, a professorship which was altered the following year into the combined one of the ‘principles and practice of architecture’ and of ‘engineering constructions.’ This he held till his death. When the Metropolitan Building Act of 1844 was passed he was appointed senior official referee, and retained the post until the office was superseded by the act of 1855. In 1842, in conjunction with John Britton, he made drawings and drew up detailed reports for the restoration of St. Mary Redcliffe Church at Bristol. An abstract, with engraved plan and views of the church, was printed for the vestry in 1842, and on 5 Dec. 1842 he read a paper on the subject at the Institute of British Architects. An elevation of the west front of the church, with the tower and spire as proposed, drawn by J. Benson, was exhibited in the Royal Academy in 1843. Among many other works Hosking designed a residence for W. Redfern, esq., Campbellfield, New South Wales, in 1830; Trinity Chapel, Poplar, 1840 (elevation of the portico and section of the chapel were given in the ‘Companion to the Almanac,’ 1842, pp. 211, 212), to which he afterwards added a minister's residence; and the buildings in Abney Park cemetery, 1841. He died at his residence, 23 Woburn Square, on 2 Aug. 1861, in his sixty-first year. On 3 Sept. 1836 he married Elizabeth (born 8 Dec. 1809), second daughter of William Clowes the printer. By her he had ten children, eight of whom survived him. His widow lived till 17 Aug. 1877. Both were buried at Highgate cemetery.

Hosking's most important publication was his work on bridges. First privately printed as ‘Preliminary Essay on Bridges,’ 1841, it was again privately printed in 1842 (twenty-five copies), with additional essays on the practice and architecture of bridges. In 1843 was published his ‘Theory, Practice, and Architecture of Bridges,’ the theory being supplied by J. Hann. Hosking claimed to have first suggested groining a bridge arch, or carrying a groining through the length of a series of arches. He recommended the placing of parapets upon a corbelled cornice, and showed that the thickness and extension of bays might be reduced without imperilling the structure's strength. He also published: 1. ‘Selection of Architectural and other Ornament’ (with J. Jenkins), 1827, the text in both French and English. 2. ‘Introductory Lecture delivered at King's College to the class of Civil Engineering and Architecture,’ 1841. 3. ‘Introductory Lecture delivered at King's College on the Principles and Practice of Architecture,’ 1842. The lecture was reported in the ‘Civil Engineer,’ 1842, p. 91, and reviewed after publication, p. 411. 4. ‘Guide to the Proper Regulation of Buildings in Towns,’ 1848; 2nd edit., entitled ‘Healthy Homes,’ 1849. 5. ‘Some Observations upon the recent Addition of a Reading-room to the British Museum,’ 1858. (In a folio pamphlet of thirty-four pages, accompanied by plans and elevations, the author set forth his claim to be considered the originator of the scheme to increase the accommodation of the British Museum by the erection of a circular building, a modified copy of the Pantheon in Rome, in the unoc-


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 cupied quadrangle. He submitted his drawings to the trustees of the Museum on 30 Nov. 1849, and an account of the scheme, with some discussion, appeared in the ‘Builder’ in 1850, pp. 295–6. When Panizzi's plan for the reading-room was adopted in 1854, Hosking regarded it as ‘an obvious plagiarism’ of his own suggestion and design, and the matter caused him bitter disappointment. Cf. ‘Illustrated London News,’ 1855, p. 403.).

Hosking wrote the articles on ‘Architecture’ and on ‘Building’ for the seventh edition of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica.’ These were illustrated from drawings by Hosking and Jenkins, and reappeared in the eighth edition; that on ‘Architecture,’ with a supplement written in 1853, and articles on ‘Construction’ and ‘Drainage of Towns’ being added. Many of the plates were retained in the ninth edition to illustrate the rewritten articles. Hosking's articles were republished in a separate volume in 1832, 1846, 1860, and (revised by Ashpitel) in 1867. He was preparing an enlarged and improved edition of them at the time of his death. He communicated papers to the Society of Antiquaries (cf. Archæologia, xxiii. 85, 411); and to the Institute of British Architects (1842–3). Among drawings illustrating his papers preserved in the Institute library, is a suggested design for remodelling Westminster Bridge upon the existing piers, besides one for altering the parapets of London Bridge (see, Bridges, pt. ii. pp. 237, 245, and pl. 39). In 1844 he read a paper at the Institution of Civil Engineers ‘On the Introduction of Constructions to retain the Sides of Deep Cuttings in Clays or other Uncertain Soils,’ printed in the ‘Minutes of Proceedings’ of the institution, and with woodcuts in the ‘Civil Engineer,’ 1845, p. 209.

 HOSKINS, ANTHONY (1568–1615), jesuit, a native of Herefordshire, was born in 1568. He entered the English College at Douay 17 April 1590, but the next year passed into Spain, where in 1593 he became a member of the Society of Jesus. In 1603 he came to England on the mission, and in 1609 went to Brussels as vice-prefect of the English mission in Belgium. Going again on a mission to Spain about 1611, he was vice-prefect there also. He died 10 Sept. 1615 at the English College of Valladolid. Hoskins wrote ‘A Briefe and Clear Declaration of Sundry Pointes absolutely dislyked in the lately enacted Oath of Allegiance proposed to the Catholikes of England …,’ St. Omer, 1611, 12mo. He translated the Apologies of Henry IV and Louis XIII for the Society of Jesus at Paris, St. Omer, 1611, 4to, and ‘An Abridgment of Christian Perfection,’ from the French of Alphonsus Rodriquez, St. Omer, 1612. He also modernised Richard Whytford's translation of the ‘De imitatione Christi’ of Thomas à Kempis, St. Omer, 1613, 12mo. In the two last he calls himself F. B. and B. F. respectively.

 HOSKINS, JOHN (1566–1638), wit and lawyer, born in 1566 at Monton or Monkton, now known as Monnington-upon-Wye, in the parish of Llanwarne, Herefordshire, an estate of which his family had long possessed the leasehold interest, was the son of John Hoskins, who married Margery, daughter of Thomas Jones of Llanwarne. He was at first intended for trade, but his desire for learning was so keen that his father complied with his wish that he should be taught Greek. For one year he was educated at Westminster School, but when his father discovered that his family was akin to that of William of Wykeham, the boy was, in order to obtain the advantages of the relationship, admitted a scholar at Winchester College in 1579. He matriculated at New College, Oxford, on 5 March 1584–5, having obtained a scholarship there 22 June 1584, and after two years became a full fellow 22 June 1586. He graduated B.A. 6 May 1588, and M.A. 26 Feb. 1591–2, when he also served as terræ filius, but with such bitterness of satire that he was forced to resign his fellowship, and was driven from the university.

Hoskins withdrew into Somerset, and supported himself by teaching. For a year he taught in a school at Ilchester, where he compiled a Greek lexicon as far as the letter M, and was probably engaged afterwards in a similar position at Bath. His fortune was made when he married in Bath Abbey, on