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CH. VII by bringing him hot water when he was fully dressed and looking surprised at his collar, but he got a breakfast, I must admit, with scarcely any difficulty.

After that the hotel scored heavily by the fact that there are twenty-four hours in the day and Kipps had nothing to do in any of them. He was a little footsore from his previous day's pedestrianism, and he could make up his mind for no long excursions. He flitted in and out of the hotel several times, and it was the polite porter who touched his hat every time that first set Kipps tipping.

"What 'e wants is a tip," said Kipps.

So at the next opportunity he gave the man an unexpected shilling, and having once put his hand in his pocket, there was no reason why he should not go on. He bought a newspaper at the book-stall and tipped the boy the rest of the shilling, and then went up by the lift and tipped the man a sixpence, leaving his newspaper inadvertently in the lift. He met his chambermaid in the passage and gave her half a crown. He resolved to demonstrate his position to the entire establishment in this way. He didn't like the place; he disapproved of it politically, socially, morally, but he resolved no taint of meanness should disfigure his sojourn in its luxurious halls. He went down by the lift (tipping again), and, being accosted by a waiter with his gibus, tipped the finder half a crown. He had a vague sense that he was making a flank movement upon the hotel and buying over its staff. They would regard him as a character. They

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 EXECUTIVE ORDERS—1944


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348 would get to like him. He found his stock of small silver diminishing, and replenished it at a desk in the hall. He tipped a man in bottle green who looked like the man who had shown him his room the day before, and then he saw a visitor eyeing him, and doubted whether he was in this instance doing right. Finally he went out and took chance 'buses to their destinations, and wandered a little in remote, wonderful suburbs and returned. He lunched at a chop house in Islington, and found himself back in the Royal Grand, now unmistakably footsore and London weary, about three. He was drawn towards the drawing-room by a neat placard about afternoon tea.

It occurred to him that the campaign of tipping upon which he had embarked was perhaps after all a mistake. He was confirmed in this by observing that the hotel officials were watching him, not respectfully, but with a sort of amused wonder, as if to see whom he would tip next. However, if he backed out now, they would think him an awful fool. Everyone wasn't so rich as he was. It was his way to tip. Still

He grew more certain the hotel had scored again.

He pretended to be lost in thought and so drifted by, and having put hat and umbrella in the cloakroom went into the drawing-room for afternoon tea.

There he did get what for a time he held to be a point in his favour. The room was large and quiet at first, and he sat back restfully until it occurred to him that his attitude brought his extremely dusty boots too prominently into the light, so instead he sat

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 PROCLAMATIONS


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 EXECUTIVE ORDERS


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CH. VII up, and then people of the upper and upper middle classes began to come and group themselves about him and have tea likewise, and so revive the class animosities of the previous day.

Presently a fluffy, fair-haired lady came into prominent existence a few yards away. She was talking to a respectful, low-voiced clergyman, whom she was possibly entertaining at tea. "No," she said, "dear Lady Jane wouldn't like that!"

"Mumble, mumble, mumble," from the clergyman.

"Poor dear Lady Jane was always so sensitive," the voice of the lady sang out clear and emphatic.

A fat, hairless, important-looking man joined this group, took a chair and planted it firmly with its back in the face of Kipps, a thing that offended Kipps mightily. "Are you telling him," gurgled the fat, hairless man, "about dear Lady Jane's affliction?" A young couple, lady brilliantly attired and the man in a magnificently cut frock coat, arranged themselves to the right, also with an air of exclusion towards Kipps. "I've told him," said the gentleman in a flat, abundant voice. "My!" said the young lady, with an American smile. No doubt they all thought Kipps was out of it. A great desire to assert himself in some way surged up in his heart. He felt he would like to cut in on the conversation in some dramatic way. A monologue something in the manner of Masterman? At any rate, abandoning that as impossible, he would like to appear self-centred and at ease. His eyes, wandering over the black surfaces of a noble

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350 mass close by, discovered a slot—an enameled plaque of directions.

It was some sort of musical box! As a matter of fact, it was the very best sort of Harmonicon and specially made to the scale of the Hotel.

He scrutinised the plaque with his head at various angles and glanced about him at his neighbours.

It occurred to Kipps that he would like some music, that to inaugurate some would show him a man of taste and at his ease at the same time. He rose, read over a list of tunes, selected one haphazard, pressed his sixpence—it was sixpence!—home, and prepared for a confidential, refined little melody.

Considering the high social tone of the Royal Grand, it was really a very loud instrument indeed. It gave vent to three deafening brays and so burst the dam of silence that had long pent it in. It seemed to be chiefly full of the greatuncles of trumpets, megalotrombones and railway brakes. It made sounds like shunting trains. It did not so much begin as blow up your counter-scarp or rush forward to storm under cover of melodious shrapnel. It had not so much an air as a ricochette. The music had, in short, the inimitable quality of Sousa. It swept down upon the friend of Lady Jane and carried away something socially striking into the eternal night of the unheard; the American girl to the left of it was borne shrieking into the inaudible. " cockalorum Tootletootle tootle loo. cockalorum tootle lootle loo., bump, bump—." Joyous, exorbitant music it

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CH. VII was from the gigantic nursery of the Future, bearing the hearer along upon its torrential succession of sounds, as if he was in a cask on Niagara. Whiroo! Yah and have at you! The strenuous Life! Yaha! Stop! A Reprieve! A Reprieve! No! Bang! Bump!

Everybody looked around, conversation ceased and gave place to gestures.

The friend of Lady Jane became terribly agitated.

"Can't it be stopped?" she vociferated, pointing a gloved finger and saying something to the waiter about "That dreadful young man."

"Ought not to be working," said the clerical friend of Lady Jane.

The waiter shook his head at the fat, hairless gentleman. People began to move away. Kipps leant back luxurious, and then tipped with a half crown to pay. He paid, tipped like a gentleman, rose with an easy gesture, and strolled towards the door. His retreat evidently completed the indignation of the friend of Lady Jane, and from the door he could still discern her gestures as asking, "Can't it be stopped?" The music followed him into the passage and pursued him to the lift and only died away completely in the quiet of his own room, and afterwards from his window he saw the friend of Lady Jane and her party having their tea carried out to a little table in the court. , bump, bump, floated up to him, and certainly that was a point to him. But it was his only score; all the rest of the game lay in the hands of

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352 the upper classes and the big hotel. And presently he was doubting whether even this was really a point. It seemed a trifle vulgar, come to think it over, to interrupt people when they were talking.

He saw a clerk peering at him from the office, and suddenly it occurred to him that the place might get back at him tremendously over the bill.

They would probably take it out of him by charging pounds and pounds.

Suppose they charged more than he had!

The clerk had a particularly nasty face, just the face to take advantage of a vacillating Kipps.

He became aware of a man in a cap touching it, and produced his shilling automatically, but the strain was beginning to tell. It was a deuce and all of an expense—this tipping.

If the hotel chose to stick it on to the bill something tremendous what was Kipps to do? Refuse to pay? Make a row?

If he did he couldn't fight all these men in bottle green.…

He went out about seven and walked for a long time and dined at last upon a chop in the Euston Road; then he walked along to the Edgeware Road and sat and rested in the Metropolitan Music Hall for a time until a trapeze performance unnerved him and finally he came back to bed. He tipped the lift man sixpence and wished him good-night. In the silent watches of the night he reviewed the tale of the day's tipping, went over the horrors of the previous

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CH. VII night's dinner, and heard again the triumphant bray of the harmonicon devil released from its long imprisonment. Everyone would be told about him tomorrow. He couldn't go on! He admitted his defeat. Never in their whole lives had any of these people seen such a Fool as he! Ugh! …

His method of announcing his withdrawal to the clerk was touched with bitterness.

"I'm going to get out of this," said Kipps, blowing windily. "Let's see what you got on my bill."

"One breakfast?" asked the clerk.

"Do I look as if I'd ate two?" …

At his departure Kipps, with a hot face, convulsive gestures and an embittered heart, tipped everyone who did not promptly and actively resist, including an absent-minded South African diamond merchant, who was waiting in the hall for his wife and succumbed to old habit. He paid his cabman a four shilling piece at Charing Cross, having no smaller change, and wished he could burn him alive. Then in a sudden reaction of economy he refused the proffered help of a porter and carried his bag quite violently to the train.

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text: Kipps/Book 2/Chapter 7

title: Kipps/Book 2/Chapter 7


text:
Mr. Punch's Book of Sports

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title: Mr. Punch's Book of Sports


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lyell, Charles (1797-1875)


text:
Page:Colymbia (1873).djvu/90

84 seems to be a ready method of reconciling all inconsistencies and contradictions between the customs and fashions of the unknown people and their would-be imitators, and it serves the great bulk of the professors with a facile solution of the difficulty.

Some few professors will not adopt this solution, but insist on their disciples imitating literally the customs of the unknown people. These persons are regarded by the general community as eccentric fanatics and not quite right in the head. I don't know in what else they try to conform to the customs of the unknown people, but I know that they wear long flowing robes which have an exceedingly droll and awkward appearance in the water.

The ancient books contain a large number of maxims, as the professors call them, but which seemed to me rather to deserve the name of truisms, which the professors say are peculiar to transcendental geography, and would never have been known had it not been for the books. No professor ever quotes any of these maxims without claiming for them an exclusively transcendental character. I may mention a few of these sayings, which the reader will perceive are of the tritest character, "The whole is greater than a part;" "No one can be in two places at the same time" (they were not as far advanced as our legislator who felicitously added, "unless he is a bird"); "A small loaf is better than no bread." Some of the maxims are not applicable to aquatic life, such as:—"If you try to sit between two stools you will fall to the ground;" "Spur not the willing horse." Many more I could enumerate, but these will suffice. The professors are hard put to it to adapt such sayings to Colymbian audiences, as the Colymbians do not sit

title: Page:Colymbia (1873).djvu/90


text: Author talk:Ralph Walter Page

title: Author talk:Ralph Walter Page


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Rh on stools or ride on horses. They have to fall back on the "figurative" sense in which they allege them to be used in the books.

The books likewise contain sundry precepts of the same trite character, as: "Do not play with sharp-edged tools;" "Do not say or do anything to annoy others;" "Do not eat more than is good for you," and so on.

Once when a professor was vaunting the eminently transcendental character of these maxims and precepts, I ventured to remark that precisely the same maxims and precepts were to be met with in all terrestrial countries, and that I believed they were merely the expression of the common sense of all mankind. But he was thoroughly persuaded that mankind could not have found them out for themselves, and that they must first have been taught them by the ancient books. Without denying that they existed among terrestrial communities, he inferred from that very circumstance that at some remote period a transcendental professor had by some means or other been conveyed to a terrestrial country and had taught the inhabitants some of the wisdom of transcendental geography.

Some of the precepts of the ancient books are quite opposed to the habits of the Colymbians, and even to the doctrines inculcated by the professors. Thus, the books said, that if your enemy kicked you on one shin, you were to present him the other shin to be similarly kicked; and if a pickpocket emptied the contents of one of your pockets, you were at once to offer him the contents of the other pocket. Now, Colymbians of all classes, I observed, kicked those who kicked them, and punished those whom they detected stealing from them; and the professors themselves invariably acted in this way. When I called the attention of one of

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Rh INDEX TO THE THIRTY-FIFTH VOLUME. MacCarwell or MacCerbhaill, David (d. 1289) 1 M'Caul, Alexander (1799-1868). 1 McCausland, Dominick (1806-1873). . 2 McCbeyne, Robert Murray (1818-1843). . 8 Macclesfield, Earls of. See Gerard, Charles Id. 1694), first Earl of the Gerard family ; Gerard, Charles (1659 ?-1701), second Earl; Parker, Thomas (1666-1732), first Earl of the Parker family ; Parker, George (1701 ?- ), second Earl. McCluer, John (d. 1794?) .... 8 McClore, Sir Robert John Le Mesurier (1807- ) 4 MacCodrnm. John (ft. 1750) .... 5 MacCoisse, Erard or Urard (tL 1023) . . 6 McComb, WiUiam (1793-1878) ... 7 McCombie, William (1809-1870) ... 7 McCombie, WiUiam (1805-1880) ... 8 MacConmidbe,Gillabrigbde(/7.1260) . . 8 McConnell, William (1883-1867) ... 9 MacCormac, Henry, M.D. (1800-1886) . . 9 McCormick, Charles (1765 P-1807) . . . 10 Maccormick, Joseph (1733-1799) ... 10 McCormick, Robert (1800-1890) ... 11 McCracken, Henry Joy (1767-1798) . . 11 MacCreery, John (1768-1882). ... 12 McCrie, Thomas, D.D. (1772-1885) . . 12 McCrie, Thomas, the younger (1797-1875) . 14 MacCuairt, James (J?. 1712) .... 14 McCullagh, James (1809-1847) ... 16 MacCuUoch, Horatio (1805-1867) ... 15 McCuUoch, Sir James (1819-1898). . . 16 MaccuUoch, John, M.D. (1778-1885) . . 17 McCulloch, John Ramsay (1789-1864) . . 19 McCulloch, WiUiam (18*16-1885). See under McCulloch, John Ramsay. MacCurtin, Andrew (in Irish MacCruitin), (d. 1749) 21 MacCurtin, Hugh (1680 ?-1766) . . .22 Macdiannid, Jolin (1779-1808) ... 23 M'Diarmid, John (1790-1852) ... 23 Macdonald, Alexander, third Lord of the Isles and teeth Earl of Ross (d. 1449) . . 24 Macdonald or Macdonnell, Alexander or Alaster (d. 1647) 25 Macdonald, Alexander, or Maclan of Glencoe (d.1692) 26 Macdonald, Alexander or Alestair of Glen- garry (d. 1724). See MacdoneU. Macdonald, Alexander, Alasdair MacMhaigh- stir Alasdair (1700 ?-l 780?) ... 27 Macdonald, Alexander (1786-1791) . . 29 Macdonald, Alexander (1766-1837) Macdonald, Alexander (1791?-1850) Macdonald, Andrew (1756 ?-1790) . Macdonald, Angus (1884-1886) Macdonald, Archibald (1736-1814) . Macdonald, Sir Archibald (1747-1826) 80 80 80 80 Pi.01 Macdonald, Donald, second Lord of the Isles and ninth Earl of Ross (d. 1420?) . . 82 Macdonald, Duncan George Forbes (1828?- ) 88 Macdonald, Flora (1722-1790) . 88 Macdonald, Hugh (1701-1773) ... 35 Macdonald, Hugh (1817-1860) ... 86 Macdonald, John, of Isla, first Lord of the Isles (d. 1386?) 86 Macdonald, John, fourth and last Lord of the Isles, and eleventh Earl of Ross (d. 1498 ?) 37 Macdonald, John (1620 ?-1716 ?) ... 89 Macdonald, John (ft. 1778) .... 40 Macdonald, John (1727-1779) ... 40 Macdonald, Sir John (1782-1830). See Kinneir. Macdonald, John (1769-1831). ... 40 Macdonald, John (1779-1849) . .41 Macdonald, Sir John (tL 1860) . • . 42 Macdonald, John, D.D. (181&-1889) . . 48 Macdonald, Sir John Alexander ( 1816-1891 ) . 48 Macdonald, Lawrence (1799-1878) ... 46 Macdonald, Patrick (1729-1824) ... 47 Macdonald, Ranald, D.D. (1756-1832) . . 47 Macdonald, WiUiam Bell (1807-1862) . . 47 Macdonald, William Russell (1787-1864) . 48 MacdoneU or Macdonald, Alexander or Ale- stair of Glengarry (d. 1724) . . . 4S Macdonell, Alexander (1762-1840). . . 49 MacdoneU or Macdonnell, Alexander Ranald- son (d. 1828) 60 MacdoneU, Sir James (d. 1857) ... 51 MacdoneU, James (1841-1879) ... 51 Macdonlevv, Cormac (fl. 1469) . . 62 Macdonnell, Alexander or Alaster (d. 1647). See Macdonald. MacDonnell, Alexander, third Earl of Antrim (d!1696?). See under MacDonnell, Randal, viscount Dunluce, second Earl and first Marquis of Antrim. Macdonnell, Alexander (1798-1886) . . 52 McDonnell, Sir Alexander ( 1794-1875) . . 68 MacDonneU, John (1691-1764) ... 58 MacDonnell, Sir Randal, Vi*count Dunluce and first Earl of Antrim (d. 1686), caUed Arranach 64 MacDonnell, Randal, Viscount Dunluce, se- cond Earl and first Marquis of Antrim (1609-1688) 65 MacDonnell, Sir Richard Graves (1814-1881) 58 McDonnell, Robert (1828-1889) ... 59 MacDonnell, Sorley Boy (Carolus Flavus) (1606?-1590) 69 MacDougaU, Allan (1750 ?-1829) ... 62 McDougall, Francis Thomas (1817-1886) . 62 MacDougaU, Sir John (1790-1865). . . 64 MacdowaU, Andrew. Lord Bankton (1686- 1760) 64


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Rh 446 Index to Volume XXXV. PAOK MacNally, Leonard (1752-1820). . .248 Macnamara, James (1768-1826). . .244 McNamara, Thomas (1808-1892). . .245 Macnaughton, John (d. 1761). See Mac- Nagbten. Macnee, Sir Daniel (1806-1882). . .246 McNeile, Hugh (1795-1879). . . .246 McNeill, Duncan, Baron Colonsay and Oronsay (1798-1874) 247 Macneill, Hector (1746-1818). . .248 McNeill, Sir John (1795-1883). . .249 MacNeill, Sir John Benjamin (1798 ?-1880). 251 MacNeven or MacNevin, William James, M.D. (1763-1841) 252 Macnicol, Donald (1735-1802). . .258 Macnish, Robert (1802-1837). . • .258 Maconochie, afterwards Maconochie-Welwood, Alexander, Lord Meadowbank (1777- ) 254 Maconochie, Allan, Lord Meadowbank (1748- ) 256 MacPhail, James (ft. 1785-1805). . .257 Macpherson, David (1746-1816). . .258 Macpherson, Duncan (d. 1867). • . 258 Macpherson, Ewen (d. 1756) .... 258 Macpherson, Ewen (1804-1884). See under Macpherson. Ewen (cL 1756). Macpherson, Sir Herbert Taylor (1827-1886). 260 Macpherson, James (d. 1700*) .... 261 Macpherson, James (1786-1796). . .261 Macpherson, John (1710-1765). See under Macpherson, Sir John. Macpherson, Sir John (1745-1821). . .267 Macpherson, John, M.D. (1817-1890). . 269 Macpherson, Paul (1756-1846). . .269 Macpherson, Samuel Charters (1806-1860). 270 Macpherson, William (1812-1893). . .271 Macquarie, Lachlan (d. 1824). . . .271 Macqueen, James (1778-1870). . .278 Macqueen, John Fraser (1803-1881). .274 Macqueen, Robert, Lord Braxfield (1722- ) 274 Macquin, Ange Denis (1756-1828). . .275 Macrae, James (1677 P-1744). . .276 Macready, William Charles (1798-1873). 277 Macro, Cox (1683-1767) 283 Macsparran, James (d. 1757) .... 284 Mactaggart, John (1791-1830). . .285 Macvicar, John Gibson (1800-1884). . 285 Macward or Macuard, Robert (1633 P-1687). 286 McWilliam, James Ormiston (1808-1862). 287 Madan, Martin (1726-1790). . . .288 Madan, Spencer (1729-1818). . . .290 Madan, Spencer (1758-1886). . . .291 Madden, Sir Frederic (1801-1873). . .291 Madden, Sir George Allan (1771-1828). . 292 Madden, Richard Robert (1798-1886). . 295 Madden, Samuel, D.D. (1686-1765). . 296 Maddison or Maddestone, Sir Ralph (1571 ?- ?). . . . . . . .297 Maddock, Henry (d. 1824). . . .298 Maddox, Isaac (1697-1 759). . . .298 Maddox, Willis (1813-1853). . . .299 Maddy, Watkin (d. 1857). . . .299 Maderty, Lord. See Drummond, James (1540 P-1623). Madgett or Mad get, Nicholas (fl. 1799). . 800 Madocks, William Alexander (1774-1828). 800 Madog ap Maredudd (d. 1160). . .801 Madog ab Owain Gwvnedd (1150-1180 ? ) .802 Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor (d. 1236). . 303 Madog (ft. 1294-1295) 304 Madog Benfras (i.e. Greatbead) (ft. 1850). 304 Madox, Thomas (1666-1727). . . .805 Mael, Saint See Mell. Mael-Dubh (<*. 675 ? ). See Maildulf. MaelgwnGwynedd(d.560?). . .805 Maelmura (<f*886) 806 Maelsechlainn I (d. 868) 807 Maelsecblainn II (949-1022). . . .808 Magan, Francis (1772 P-1843). . .809 Magauran, Edmund (1548-1593). . .810 Magee, James (d. 1866). See under Magee, John (d. 1809). Magee, John (d. 1809) 811 Magee, John (fl. 1814). See under Magee, John (d. 1809). Magee, Martha Maria (<L 1846). . . 818 Magee, William (1766-1831 ). . . .818 Magee, William Connor (1821-1891 ). .815 Magellan or Magalhaens, Jean Hvacinthe de (1723-1790). . . . . .817 Mageoghegan, Conall (ft. 1635). .818 Magheramorne, Lord (1823-1890). See Hogg, Sir James Macnaghten McGarel. MagiD, Robert (1788-1889). . . .819 Maginn, Edward, D.D. (1802-1849). . 819 Maginn, William, LL.D. (1798-1842). . 820 Maglorius, Saint (495 P-675). . . .828 Magnus, Thomas (d. 1550) .... 824 Magraidan, Augustin (1849-1405). SeeMac- gradoigh. Magrath, John Macrorv ( fl. 1459). . .825 Magrath, Meiler (1523>-1622). . .825 Maguire, Cathal Macmagbnusa (1439-1498). 827 Maguire, Connor or Cornelius, second Baron of Enniskillen (1616-1645). . . .828 Maguire, Hugh, Lord of Fermanagh (d. 1600) 329 Maguire, John Francis (1815-1872). . 830 Maguire, Nicholas (1460P-1512). . .881 Maffutre, Robert (1826-1890). . . .832 Maguire, Thomas, D.D. (1792-1847). . 332 M:i£iiih>,Tlionias (1831-1889). . .833 Mnliotxu-d, Frederick Henry Horatio Akbar (1M!'-Iss4) 833 Mahnn. Viscount (1805-1876). See Stanhope, Philip Henry, fifth Earl Stanhope. Mahon, Charles James Patrick, better known as The O'Gorman Mahon (1800-1891). 334 Mahony, Connor, Cornelius, or Constantino, called also Cornelius a Sancto Patricio {ft. ) 385 Mahony, Francis Sylvester, best known by his pseudonym of Father Prout (1804-1866) 836 Maidment, James (1795 F-1879) . . .838 Maidstone or Maydestone, Clement (fl. 1410). 839 Maidstone, Ralph of (d. 1245 ?). See Ralph. Maidstone or Maydestone, Richard (d. 1896) . 839 Maihew, Edward (1570-1625) . . .840 Maildulf or Mailduf (d 675 ? ) . . .341 Maimbrav or Mainbray, Stephen Charles Tri- boudet (1710-1782). See Demainbray. Main, James (1700-1761). See Man. Main, Robert (1808-1878) . . . .842 Main, Thomas John (1818-1885) . . .843 Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner (1822-1888) 843 Maine, Jasper (1604-1672). See Mayne. Main waring or Maynwaring, Arthur (1668- ) 846 Mainwaring, Everard, M.D. (fl. 1698). See Maynwaring. Mainwaring, Matthew (1561-1652) . . 848 Mainwaring, Sir Philip (1589-1661) . . 848 Mainwaring, Roger (d. 1653). See Manwaring.


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86 the latter to the apparent opposition of the practice to the precept, he denied that there was any opposition; it was only because my defective transcendental education disabled me from perceiving the perfect agreement between the precepts of the books and the practice of their interpreters. When my transcendental education was complete, he observed, I should be able to see the harmony of the books' precepts with the doctrines and practice of the professors. I felt that my transcendental education was still very far from perfect.

The books convey but little information respecting the physical geography of the unknown country, so little can be said about it; but the professors consider themselves perfectly free to discourse at any length on its metaphysical geography, for an account of which they make large draughts on their imagination; and as it is entirely a matter of fancy, the descriptions of the professors differ infinitely among one another and are often mutually contradictory. But this does, not seem to create any perplexity in their hearers' minds.

It is evident that the latitude the generality of the professors allow themselves in the interpretation of the records of the unknown country, enables them to vary their lectures ad infinitum. In fact, the subject of transcendental geography is used by many merely as a peg to hang all sorts of theories upon; an excuse for inculcating all the notions of the individual lecturer on morality, education, politics, science, or anything else equally irrelevant. Hence, probably, the reason why people can go on year after year nominally attending lectures on transcendental geography, while really they are listening to the views

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Rh of a more or less intelligent and eloquent man on all possible subjects.

Although the Colymbians are such sticklers for the teaching of transcendental geography, I could not observe that the science exercised the slightest influence on their actions or dealings with one another. I found among my acquaintances several who declared the unknown country, which formed the theme of the transcendental geographers, to have no existence; or, if it had, that no human being knew anything about it, or could tell what were the manners and customs of the inhabitants or the form of their government. And yet the mode of life and behaviour under all circumstances of these anti-transcendentalists differed in no appreciable manner from those of the transcendentalists.

I noticed, to be sure, that transcendental geography sometimes produced an effect on the phraseology of its more enthusiastic votaries. One could never be long in their company without hearing some reference to the unknown country, and they were in the habit of rebuking actions they did not approve of by saying, "that is not according to the manners of the unknown people," just as we sometimes say when a person makes a false reckoning, "That's not according to Cocker."

The chief visible effect produced on the Colymbians by their transcendental geography is the singular custom of its professors in always wearing, day and night, a very stiff collar of green-tinted shark's skin, which is certainly not becoming, and must be particularly inconvenient in the conditions of their life. But the wearers evidently attach a high value to this collar, and would not part with it on any account,

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88 even if they could, which is doubtful, for the collars are fixed in such a firm manner round their throats, that it would be impossible to remove them without utterly destroying them.

These collars they obtain at the colleges of transcendental geography after a very severe examination, which, as is invariably the case with all examinations here under Government control, as this is, is principally on the hieroglyphics and scarcely touches on geography. Along with the collar the successful candidates obtain the title of "Transcendental," as an affix to their name, and of this they are vastly proud. In fact, with their collar and their title they seemed to me to consider themselves, and are regarded by some of their hearers, as beings of a superior race to all not so decorated. Some of the men of Colymbia, moved doubtless by envy at the prestige given to the professors, and believing it was due more to the collar they wore than to the subject they professed, endeavoured to get up an agitation in order to induce the legislature to pass a kind of law, compelling the transcendental professors to discard their green collars which gave them an unfair advantage in general society, or at least to confine the wearing of it to the actual time when they were engaged in lecturing. But this move failed most signally, as it was easily to be foreseen it would, and the consequence was that the collars of the professors became greener, higher and stiffer than ever, to the disgust of their opponents, and to the great discomfort of the wearers, who, however, bore their sufferings with fortitude as they saw the annoyance they caused their enemies.

The young men of my acquaintance mostly exhibited a remarkable reluctance to talk about transcendental

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Rh geography, which, however, they must have studied for many years, for some of them still attended, with surprising regularity, the periodical lectures on the subject. When I pressed them on the point, they either gave me an astonished stare, as if to express their amazement that I could trouble myself about it, or they would say, "As it was no concern of theirs, they did not profess to understand it." Some would admit in confidence that they did not derive the slightest benefit from the constant instruction given in transcendental geography; but they were, notwithstanding, strong advocates for its retention as a branch of general education, for they were convinced it did a great deal of good to their neighbours, and especially to those who were but scantily educated in other matters. As for themselves, though it could do them no good, they attended the lectures regularly, by way of example, pour encourager les autres.

I encountered few enthusiasts for the science among my male friends, excepting always the professors themselves; but many of the ladies are very zealous for the diffusion of a knowledge of transcendental geography, and some even assist the public labours of the professors by their own private efforts.

It seemed to me that the ladies who chiefly occupied themselves in this manner were seldom very young, and, if young, were rarely among the best-looking. I observed that they did not frequent the gyrating assemblies, which I imagined might be due to their having little chance of being selected as partners by the young men, among their prettier and more graceful female companions. But I was mistaken, for one of them assured me it was entirely by their own choice that they eschewed these frivolous assemblies, as she

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90 called them, and devoted themselves to the diffusion of a knowledge of transcendental geography.

"Indeed," she added, "the study of this noble science is so fascinating, that it takes away all desire for those amusements and occupations in which the generality of mankind waste so much precious time."

I thought that time could not be so very precious to those who spent it in the acquisition and propagation of such a very useless science as transcendental geography, but I did not say so for fear of offending her. If only, I thought, I could persuade her and others to leave this absurd pseudo-science alone, and study the tenets and elevating teachings of the Church of England, how much more profitably their time would be occupied!

I occasionally went to hear some of the most celebrated professors of transcendental geography lecture in the great halls I have before alluded to. These lectures were delivered in the musical language employed by other lecturers and public speakers, but it struck me that the music was generally of a dull character, and the audience were seldom roused to the pitch of excitement and interest they displayed when they were addressed by other lecturers. In fact, the majority seemed rather bored than interested, and many would fall asleep during the delivery of the lecture. All appeared relieved when it came to an end. They seemed, in fact, to attend the lectures as a sort of duty, and were glad when it was over.

After the first emotions of surprise and curiosity had subsided, I found these everlasting dissertations on a country and people of which, if they had any real existence, the speakers could know nothing at all, insufferably dull, and I wondered what could induce this

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Rh intelligent people to crowd these halls each time a professor of transcendental geography held forth.

On inquiry, I ascertained that few of the audience were attracted by the interest of the subject, but almost all attended the lectures because it was considered the correct thing to do so, because others did so, because they met their friends and acquaintances there, with whom they could make arrangements for future pleasure parties, or interchange ideas concerning literature, art or politics, or indulge in gossip and sprightly conversation, or even carry on flirtations after the lecture was over.

Many of the professors themselves seemed to dismiss all thought of the matter from their minds as soon as the lecture was over, and would engage in conversation on other subjects, or in the diversions of society just like ordinary mortals; so that, except by the everlasting green collar, they were not to be distinguished from other people.

I never could ascertain what connexion this green shark's-skin adornment had with the subject of their teaching. They certainly had no reason to suppose that the inhabitants of the unknown country wore green collars. In fact, when they attempted to describe the dress worn in that country, no mention was made of a collar of any kind; on the contrary, the throat was said to be destitute of any covering whatsoever, and was always so depicted in the pictorial representations of the unknown people, and green was precisely the colour which was universally held to be peculiarly distasteful to the ruler of the unknown country; moreover sharks, which were the greatest terror of the Colymbians, were, in all the teachings of the professors, said to have no existence in the

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92 unknown country. So that the wearing of green shark's-skin collars by the professors of transcendental geography was one of those anomalies of which I found so many examples among the Colymbians.

The evidence in support of the reality of the unknown country and of everything relating to it being so slight, the accounts of it in the old books being so vague and contradictory, and the principles of transcendental geography being so deficient in precision and definiteness, the professors differ very much among themselves as to almost all matters connected with the subject. In fact, they often hold and teach precisely opposite views.

There is no board or council connected with the Colleges of Transcendental Geography to whom disputed points can be referred. The highest legal authority—which, by the way, knows nothing of transcendental geography—is alone entitled to decide what is correct teaching—what incorrect. Accordingly, when one professor disapproves of the teaching of another professor, he is at liberty to cite his colleague before the legal tribunal in order to obtain a decision as to the correctness of the matter taught.

A case of this sort occurred during my residence in Colymbia. A professor of transcendental geography had publicly taught that the inhabitants of the unknown country were not of terrestrial habits, as had been usually believed, but inhabited the water like the Colymbians. The chief force of his argument lay in this: that as life in the unknown country was universally acknowledged to be an advance on life here, and as the aquatic habits of the Colymbians were without doubt and by general agreement allowed to be a far higher state of being than life on land, it

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Rh followed that the unknown people, if superior to us, could not be subjected to the inferior terrestrial life, above which the Colymbians had risen. Therefore, the unknown people must be denizens of the water like themselves, and all the references in the books to terrestrial life must be understood in a non-natural sense and as mere metaphors and figures of speech.

That the books said nothing about the aquatic habits of the unknown people was evidently owing to this, that they were written at a time when, and given to a people of terrestrial habits to whom an aquatic life was unknown and to whom a description of aquatic habits would have been incomprehensible. That the language of the books was therefore adapted to the limited intelligence and ignorance of these first recipients; but that it was for the Colymbians to reconcile the descriptions of the books with the habits and customs of the superior beings who lived in water, and to cease to represent the unknowns—who were confessedly their superiors—as bound to the inferior mode of life on land the Colymbians had long ago abandoned.

This doctrine, enforced with a degree of eloquence unusual among professors of transcendental geography, proved very attractive to the Colymbians, and the professor had a great many followers among the people, and even brought several other professors over to his mode of thinking.

The teachers of the old doctrine got alarmed at this; and, with the view of stopping the teaching of the audacious innovator, they cited him before the highest legal tribunal of the country.

The learned pundits of the law laid their heads together, pottered over the books for what seemed an unconscionably long time, comparing the new doctrine

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94 taught with the ancient documents before them, and at length delivered judgment in the following terms:—

"The matters to which the implicated doctrines relate are confessedly not comprehensible, or very imperfectly comprehensible, by the human understanding; the province of reasoning as applied to them is therefore very limited, and the terms employed have not, and cannot have, that precision of meaning which the character of the argument demands;—therefore, the defendant is at liberty to maintain that the habits of the unknown people are aquatic, for though the books nowhere say they are, it is equally certain that they nowhere say they are not."

This judgment created quite a consternation among the conservative party, and did not please the innovators, who half expected that their novel views would have been authoritatively declared to be the only sound ones, the only ones in consonance at once with the ancient books and with the spirit of the age. The general dissatisfaction that prevailed after the declaration of this judgment convinced me that the professors did not value the perfect liberty accorded to them of teaching their own views unless it were accompanied by the right to impose them on their neighbours.

One remarkable feature about transcendental geography is the opinion obstinately held by the professors and their most zealous partisans, that all the education of the country ought to be confided to the professors of transcendental geography only. Now, though the principles of this science are, if not exactly antagonistic, certainly extremely unlike any that regulate the exact and natural sciences, still these curious people hold

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Rh that mathematics, natural history, and even the elementary branches of knowledge, as reading, writing, arithmetic, and the hieroglyphical language, can only he correctly and safely taught by those who are thoroughly conversant with transcendental geography.

At one time, it appears, all the teaching of the country was in their hands, and every branch of knowledge was imparted to the youth accompanied by a strong dose of the transcendental science. But it gradually became apparent that these branches of useful knowledge were very imperfectly taught by them, and that everything that seemed in any way opposed to, or could lead to a doubt of the truth of, transcendental geography, was not taught at all. So that what was actually taught was not up to the mark of the real progress of those who cultivated the exact and natural sciences unhampered by transcendentalism.

Such being the case, the education of the young was taken out of the hands of the transcendental geographers, and entrusted more and more to instructors who had not graduated at the transcendental colleges. But this change was not accomplished without a severe struggle, and the transcendentalists and their partisans never ceased to lament the change, and every now and then made efforts to regain the sole control of education.

They predicted the direst calamities to the state from the practical separation of education from transcendentalism, contending that it would lead to the ruin of the moral and material welfare of the people. That the general intelligence and even the morality, had palpably gained by the separation, did not reconcile them to it. On the contrary, they denounced the

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96 progress that had been made, and affirmed, with truth, that the estimation of transcendental geography had declined in at least equal proportion. This was freely acknowledged by their opponents, who had the cruelty to insinuate that this was all the better for the people.

Hence it came to pass that the community was divided into two great parties, called the positivists and the transcendentalists; the former contending that positive science was alone advantageous; while the latter affected to sneer at positive science, alleging that transcendental geography was the only knowledge really useful to mankind.

So bitter did the controversy become, that the transcendentalists took every opportunity of denouncing positive science, and the positivists were not slow in assuming an attitude of unmitigated hostility to transcendental geography, which they affirmed to be a false science, quite unfitted for the wants of the actual condition of society.

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Author:Roger de Wendover

Works

 * Flores Historiarum (Flowers of History)
 * Flowers of History Volume I (English Translation) (1849)
 * Flowers of History Volume II (English Translation) (1849)

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Rh Index to Volume XXXV. PAGK Mainwaring, Rowland (1783-1862). . 348 Mainwaring, Sir Thomas (1623-1689). . 849 Mainzer, Joseph (1801-1861). . . .349 Mair, John (1469-1550). See Major, John. Maire, Christopher (1697-1767). . .850 Maire, WilUam (d. 1769) 850 Maitland, Anthony, tenth Earl of Lauderdale (1785-1863). See under Maitland, James, eighth Earl of Lauderdale. Maitland, Charles, third Earl of Lauderdale (d. 1691) 350 Maitland, Charles (1815-1866). . .351 Maitland, Edward Francis, Lord Barcaple (1803-1870). See under Maitland, Thomas, Lord Dundrennan. Maitland, Frederick Lewis (d. 1786). See under Maitland, Sir Frederick Lewis. Maitland, Frederick (1763-1848). . .352 Maitland, Sir Frederick Lewis (1777-1839). 858 Maitland, James, eighth Earl of Lauderdale (1759-1839) 855 Maitland, Sir John, Lord Maitland of Thirle- stane (1546 P-1595) 357 Maitland, John, second Earl and first Duke of Lauderdale (1616-1682). . . .360 Maitland, John, Lord Ravelrig, and fifth Earl of Lauderdale (1650 P-1710). . .867 Maitland, John Gorham (1818-1863). . 367 Maitland, Sir Peregrine (1777-1854). . 867 Maitland, Sir Richard, Lord Lethingtou ( 1496- ) 368 Maitland, Richard, fourth Earl of Lauderdale (1653-1695) 870 Maitland, Richard (1714P-1763). . .870 Maitland, Samuel Roffev (1792-1866). . 871 Maitland, Sir Thomas ( 1759 P-1824). . 874 Maitland, Thomas, Lord Dundrennan (1792- ) 876 Maitland, Thomas, eleventh Earl of Lauder- dale (1803-1878) 876 Maitland, William (1528 P-1573). . .877 Maitland, William (1693 P-1757). . .883 Maitland, William Fuller (1813-1876). . 383 Maittaire, Michael (1668-1747). . .884 Majendie, Henrv William (1754-1830). . 885 Major or Mair, John (1469-1550). . .886 Major, John (1782-1849) 888 Major, John Henniker-, second Lord Hen- niker (1752-1821). See Henniker-Major. Major, Joshua (1787-1866). . . .888 Major, Richard Henry (1818-1891). . 889 Major, Thomas (1720-1799). . . .889 Makelsfeld, William (<L 1303 ? ). See My kela- feld. Makemie, Francis (1658-1708). . .390 Makin, Bathsua (ft. 1678). . . .891 Makittrick, James (1728-1802). See Adair, James Makittrick. Makkarell or Mackarell, Matthew (d. 1587). 391 Makyn, David (d. 1588?). See Mackenzie, Dugal. Malacbv I (<L 863). See Maelsechlainn I. MalachyMor (949-1022). See Maelsechlainn II. Malachy of Ireland ( fi. 1810). . . .892 MalachyMacaedh(<£l348). . . .892 Malachv O'Morgair, Saint (1094 P-1148). . 892 Malard, Michael (fl. 1727). . . .894 Malby,Sir Nicholas (1580 P-1584). . .895 Malcolm I (MacDonald) (d 954). . .398 Malcolm II (Mackenneth) (d. 1034). . 899 Malcolm III, called Canmore (<*. 1098). . 400 Malcolm IV (The Maiden) (1141-1165). 401 Malcolm, Sir Charles (1782-1851). . .402 Malcolm, James Peller (1767-1815). . 403 Malcolm, Sir John (1769-1883). . .404 Malcolm, Sir Pulteney (1768-1888). . 412 Malcolm, Sarah (1710 P-l 783). . .414 Malcolme, David (d. 1748). . . .414 Malcom, Andrew George, D.D. (1782-1823). 415 Malcome, John (1662P-1729). . . .415 Maiden, Daniel (d. 1736). . . .416 Maiden, Henry (1800-1876). . . .417 Maldon, Thomas (rf. 1404). . . .417 Malebysse, Richard (d. 1209). . . .418 Malet, Sir A lexander ( 1 800-1886 ). See under Malet, Sir Charles Warre. Malet, Arthur (1806-1888). See under Malet, Sir Charles Warre. Malet, Sir Charles Warre (1753 P-1816). . 418 Malet, George Grenville (1804-1856). See under Malet, Sir Charles Warre. Malet or Mallet, Robert (<*. 1106 ? ). .420 Malet or Mallett, Thomas (1582-1665). . 420 Malet or Mallet, William (d. 1071). . 421 Malet or Millet, William (ft. 1 195-1215). 421 Malger (d 1212). See Mauger. Malham, John (1747-1821). . . .422 Malim, William (1533-1594) .... 422 Malins, Sir Richard (1805-1882). . .423 Malkin, Benjamin Heath, D.C.L. (1769- ) .424 Malleson, John Philip (1796-1869). . .424 Mallet, originally Malloch, David (1705 ?- ) .425 Mallet, Sir Louis (1823-1890). . . .428 Mallet, Robert (1810-1881). . . .429 Mallett, Francis, D.D. (<*. 1570). . .430 Malloch, David (1705 P-1765). See Mallet Mallory or Mallorie, Thomas (1605 P-1666 ?). 481 Mallory or Mallery, Thomas (A. 1662). See under Mallory or Mallorie, Thomas. Malmesbury, Earls of. See Harris, James (1746-1820), first Earl; Harris, James Howard (1807-1889), third Earl. Malmesbury, Oliver of (d. 1060?). See Oliver. Malmesbury, William of (1095 P-1148 ?). See William. Malone, Anthony (1700-1776). . .432 Malone, Edmund (1704-1774). See under Malone, Edmund (1741-1812). Malone, Edmund (1741-1812). . .433 Malone, William (1586-1656). . . .438 Malory, Sir Thomas (ft. 1470). . .439 Maltby, Edward (1770-1859) .... 440 Maltby, William (1763-1854). . . .442 END OF THE THIRTY-FIFTH VOLUME.


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Rh

—Lobs.

("Ladies v. Gentlemen.") The Ladies came out as they had gone in, all "Ducks."

And what did the Gentlemen make?—Love.

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Y young friend Julian, who, as I have intimated, took a great fancy to me, and whose friendly feelings I reciprocated, besides being an adept at all the amusements and games which occupied so much of the time of the young folks, was very well informed, had read much, and was as familiar with the manners and customs of my dear native land as though he had lived there for years. And yet he had never quitted Colymbia, and did not go ashore once in a twelve-month. In fact, it is not considered "the thing" among the genteel classes to quit the water at all, and any one whose occupation takes him much out of the water rather loses caste among his fashionable friends, and is looked on as decidedly vulgar.

Julian had very advanced views in biology, was an enthusiast for the evolution of species, and thoroughly believed in the continuous advance towards perfection of the human race. He looked on the Colymbians as the most advanced of human beings, and as immeasurably superior to any of the terrestrial inhabitants of the globe.

I could not always agree with him on this point, as the prejudices of my education stood in the way of my regarding the aquatic life of my new friends as 5em

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 the basic tellurate montanite, Bi2(OH)4TeOe; the silicates eulytite and agricolite, Bi4(SiO2)3; and the urnayl arsenate walpurgite, Bi(UO2),(OH)24(A3O4)4.

Metallurgy.—Bismuth is extracted from its ores by dry, wet, or electro-matallurgical methods, the choice depending upon the composition of the ore and economic conditions. The dry process is more frequently practised, for the easy reducibility of the oxide and sulphide, together with the low melting-point of the metal, renders it possible to effect a ready separation of the metal from the gangue and impurities. The extraction from ores in which the bismuth is present in the metallic condition may be accomplished by a simple liquation, or melting, in which the temperature is just sufficient to melt the bismuth, or by a complete fusion of the ore. The first process never extracts all the bisbuth, as much as one-third being retained in the matte or speiss; the second is more satisfactory, since the extraction is more complete, and also allows the addition of reducing agents to decompose any admixed bismuth oxide or sulphide. In the liquidation process the ore is heated in inclined cylindrical retorts, and the molten metal is tapped at the lower end; the residues being removed from the upper end. The fusion process is preferably carried out in crucible furnaces; shaft furnaces are unsatisfactory on account of the disintegrating action of the molten bismuth on the furnace linings.

Sulphuretted ores are smelted, either with or without a preliminary calcination, with metallic iron; calcined ores may be smelted with carbon (coal). The reactions are strictly analogous to those which occur in the smelting of galena (see ), the carbon reducing any oxide, either present originally in the ore or produced in the calcination and the iron combining with the sulphur of the bismuthite. A certain amount of bismuth sulphate is always formed during the calcination; this is subsequently reduced to the sulphide and ultimately to the metal in the fusion. Calcination in reverberatory furnaces and a subsequent smelting in the same type of furnace with the addition of about 3% of coal, lime, soda and fluorspar, has been adopted for treating the Bolivian ores, which generally contain the sulphides of bismuth, copper, iron, antimony, lead and a little silver. The lowest layer of the molten mass is principally metallic bismuth, the succeeding layers are a bismuth copper matte, which is subsequently worked up, and a slag. Ores containing the oxide and carbonate are treated either by smelting with carbon or by a wet process.

In the wet process the ores, in which the bismuth is present as oxide or carbonate, are dissolved out with hydrochloric acid, or, if the bismuth is to be extracted from a matte or alloy, the solvent employed is aqua regia or strong sulphuric acid. The solution of metallic chlorides or sulphates so obtained is precipitated by iron, the metallic bismuth filtered, washed with water, pressed in canvas bags, and finally fused in graphite crucibles, the surface being protected by a layer of charcoal. Another process consists in adding water to the solution and so precipitating the bismuth as oxychloride, which is then converted into the metal.

The crude metal obtained by the preceding processes is generally contaminated by arsenic, sulphur, iron, nickel, cobalt and antimony, and sometimes with silver or gold. A dry method of purification consists in a liquation on a hearth of peculiar construction, which occasions the separation of the unreduced bismuth sulphide and the bulk of the other impurities. A better process is to remelt the metal in crucibles with the addition of certain refining agents. The details of this process vary very considerably, being conditioned by the composition of the impure metal and the practice of particular works. The wet refining process is more tedious and expensive, and is only exceptionally employed, as in the case of preparing the pure metal or its salts for pharmaceutical or chemical purposes. The basic nitrate is the salt generally prepared, and, in general outline, the process consists in dissolving the metal in nitric acid, adding water to the solution, boiling the precipitated basic nitrate with an alkali to remove the arsenic and lead, dissolving the residue in nitric acid, and reprecipitating as basic nitrate with water. J. F. W. Hampe prepared chemically pure bismuth by fusing the metal with sodium carbonate and sulphur, dissolving the bismuth sulphide so formed in nitric acid, precipitating the bismuth as the basic nitrate, re-dissolving this salt in nitric acid, and then precipitating with ammonia. The bismuth hydroxide so obtained is finally reduced by hydrogen.

Properties.—Bismuth is a very brittle metal with a white crystalline fracture and a characteristic reddish-white colour. It crystallizes in rhombohedra belonging to the hexagonal system, having interfacial angles of 87° 40′. According to G. W. A. Kahlbaum, Roth and Siedler (Ziet. Anorg. Chem. 29, p. 294), its specific gravity is 9·78143; Roberts and Wrightson give the specific gravity of solid bismuth as 9·82, and of molten bismuth as 10·055. It therefore expands on solidification; and as it retains this property in a number of alloys, the metal receives extensive application in forming type-metals. Its melting-point is variously given as 268·3° (F. Rudberg and A. D. von Riemsdijk) and 270·5° (C. C. Person); commercial bismuth melts at 260° (Ledebur), and electrolytic bismuth at 264° (Classen). It vaporizes in a vacuum at 292°, and its boiling-point, under atmospheric pressure, is between 1090° and 1450° (T. Carnelley and W. C. Williams). Regnault determined its specific heat between 0° and 100° to be 0·0308; Kahlbaum, Roth and Siedler (loc. cit.) give the value 0·03055. Its thermal conductivity is the lowest of all metals, being 18 as compared with silver as 1000; its coefficient of expansion between 0° and 100° is 0·001341. Its electrical conductivity is approximately 1·2, silver at 0° being taken as 100; it is the most diamagnetic substance known, and its thermoelectric properties render it especially valuable for the construction of thermopiles.

The metal oxidizes very slowly in dry air at ordinary temperatures, but somewhat more rapidly in moist air or when heated. In the last case it becomes coated with a greyish-black layer of an oxide (dioxide (?)), at a red heat the layer consists of the trioxide (Bi2O3); and is yellow or green in the case of pure bismuth, and violet or blue if impure; at a bright red heat it burns with a bluish flame to the trioxide. Bismuth combines directly with the halogens, and the elements of the sulphur group. It readily dissolves in nitric acid, aqua regia and hot sulphuric acid, but tardily in hot hydrochloric acid. It is precipitated as the metal from solutions of its salts by the metals of the alkalis and alkaline earths, zinc, iron, copper, &c. In its chemical affinities it resembles arsenic and antimony; an important distinction is that it forms no hydrogen compound analogous to arsine and stibine.

Alloys.—Bismuth readily forms alloys with other metals. Treated with sodammonium it yields a bluish-black mass, BiNa3, which takes fire in the air and decomposes water. A brittle potassium alloy of silver-white colour and lamellar fracture is obtained by calcining 20 parts of bismuth with 16 of cream of tartar at a strong red heat. When present in other metals, even in very small quantity, bismuth renders them brittle and impairs their electrical conductivity. With mercury it forms amalgams. Bismuth is a component of many ternary alloys characterized by their low fusibility and expansion in solidification; many of them are used in the arts (see ).

Compounds.—Bismuth forms four oxides, of which the trioxide, Bi2O3, is the most important. This compound occurs in nature as bismuth ochre, and may be prepared artificially by oxidizing the metal at a red heat, or by heating the carbonate, nitrate or hydrate. Thus obtained it is a yellow powder, soluble in the mineral acids to form soluble salts, which are readily precipitated as basic salts when the solution is diluted. It melts to a reddish-brown liquid, which solidifies to a yellow crystalline mass on cooling. The Hydrate, Bi(OH)3, is obtained as a white powder by adding potash to a solution of a bismuth salt. Bismuth dioxide, BiO or Bi2O2, is said to be formed by the limited oxidation of the metal, and as a brown precipitate by adding mixed solutions of bismuth and stannous chlorides to a solution of caustic potash. Bismuth tetroxide, Bi2O4, sometimes termed bismuth bismuthate, is obtained by melting bismuth trioxide with potash, or by igniting bismuth trioxide with potash and potassium chlorate. It is also formed by oxidizing bismuth trioxide suspended in caustic potash with chlorine, the pentoxide being formed simultaneously; oxidation and potassium ferricyanide simply gives the tetroxide (Hauser and Vanino, Zeit. Anorg. Chem., 1904, 39, p. 381). The hydrate, Bi2O4·2H2O, is also known. Bismuth pentoxide, Bi2C5, is obtained by heating bismuthic acid, HBiO3, to 130°C.; this acid (in the form of its salts) being the product of the continued oxidation of an alkaline solution of bismuth trioxide.

Bismuth forms two chlorides: BiCl2 and BiCl3. The dichloride, BiCl2, is obtained as a brown crystalline powder by fusing the metal with the trichloride, or in a current of chlorine, or by heating the metal with calomel to 250°. Water decomposes it to metallic bismuth and the oxychloride, BiOCl. Bismuth trichloride, BiCl3, was obtained by Robert Boyle by heating the metal with corrosive sublimate. It is the final product of burning bismuth in an excess of chlorine. It is a white substance, melting at 225°–230° and boiling at 435°–441°. With excess of water, it gives a white precipitate of the oxychloride, BiOCl. Bismuth trichloride forms double compounds with hydrochloric acid, the chlorides of the alkaline metals, ammonia, nitric oxide and nitrosyl chloride. Bismuth trifluoride, BiF3, a white powder, bismuth tribromide, BiBr3, golden yellow crystals, bismuth iodide, BiI3, greyish-black crystals, are also known. These compounds closely resemble the trichloride in their methods of preparation and their properties, forming oxyhaloids with water, and double compounds with ammonia, &c.

Carbonates.—The basic carbonate, 2(BiO)2CO3·H2O, obtained as a white precipitate when an alkaline carbonate is added to a solution of bismuth nitrate, is employed in medicine. Another basic carbonate, 3(BiO)2CO3·2Bi(OH)3·3H2O, constitutes the mineral bismutite.

Nitrates.—The normal nitrate, Bi(NO3)3·5H2O, is obtained in large transparent asymmetric prisms by evaporating a solution of the metal in nitric acid. The action of water on this solution produces a crystalline precipitate of basic nitrate, probably Bi(OH)2NO3, though it varies with the amount of water employed. This precipitate constitutes the “magistery of bismuth” or “subnitrate of bismuth” of pharmacy, and under the name of pearl white, blanc d’Espagne or blanc de fard has long been used as a cosmetic.

Sulphides.—Bismuth combines directly with sulphur to form a, disulphide, Bi2S2, and a trisulphide, Bi2S3, the latter compound being formed when the sulphur is in excess. A hydrated disulphide, Bi2S2·2H2O, is obtained by passing sulphuretted hydrogen into a solution of bismuth nitrate and stannous chloride. Bismuth

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98 an improvement on the terrestrial life to which I had been accustomed. Thus it happened that we often had conversations about the relative advantages of the aquatic and terrestrial modes of existence. He would wonder at my preference for our English ways, and would hold forth in something like the following strain:—

"If you consider the structure of the human body, you must allow that it is but ill-adapted for terrestrial life. The smooth hairless skin is so unfitted for exposure to the sun and air, that if you would go about in the air with any comfort, you must cover yourself from head to foot with clothes. Now, these clothes, with their ligatures and fastenings, never fit like the woolly or hairy covering of the brutes; they not only hinder the free play of your muscles, but they cramp and distort the body and limbs out of all their natural proportions. Your tailors, milliners, shoemakers and other providers of clothing have so acted on your frames that your bodies are squeezed in at the waist to the extent of deformity; the various organs of the body are displaced or impeded in their proper functions, and you suffer from innumerable diseases, all occasioned by the pressure of your weight of garments. Your feet are so cramped by the hard leather boots you wear, that the toes soon lose all their natural play, and put you to constant torture, owing to the callosities and distortions they contract from wearing such irrational coverings. Your hats, too, are the cause of perpetual head-aches, loss of hair and congestion of the brain. In short, clothes are the producers of so much misery and ill-health, that it is evident man was never intended by nature to wear them. And yet you cannot exist in the air without them!

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Rh "Look, now, how different it is when you live in the water! Clothes here would be not only useless but could not be worn. The body and limbs have therefore perfect liberty to develope [sic] themselves to the utmost degree of perfection, and you see what beauty of form prevails here. No deformed limbs, no crooked backs, no dyspepsia, no disturbance of the functions of any of the organs are to be found in this subaqueous abode. The smooth hairless skin is eminently fitted for gliding uninterruptedly through the water; the equable pressure of the fluid medium in which we float renders it a matter of perfect indifference whether our head or our heels are uppermost. The suspension of the laws of gravitation for us when we inhabit a medium of the same specific gravity as our own bodies, enables us to use our limbs entirely for the purpose of working, moving about or engaging in our games and sports.

"How different is it when we live in the air! There, in order to avoid a rush of blood to the head, we must raise ourselves on our legs, and at every step we have to carry forward the whole dead weight of our body, whereby fatigue is soon produced. Then, on land, the least exertion causes us to perspire, and we must be perpetually drinking to supply the waste of fluids thereby produced. Rest is impossible unless we throw the whole weight of our body on to such contrivances as chairs or couches. In short, life on land is a mere burden.

"Whereas here, we have no sense of fatigue except what is produced by the excessive action of our limbs, and we obtain rest and refreshment by merely ceasing to move them. Diseases which, on land, are mostly produced by the excessive labour of carrying about your heavy bodies encumbered by a mass of heavy

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 disulphide is a grey metallic substance, which is decomposed by hydrochloric acid with the separation of metallic bismuth and the formation of bismuth trichloride. Bismuth trisulphide, Bi2S3, constitutes the mineral bismuthite, and may be prepared by direct union of its constituents, or as a brown precipitate by passing sulphuretted hydrogen into a solution of a bismuth salt. It is easily soluble in nitric acid. When heated to 200° it assumes the crystalline form of bismuthite. Bismuth forms several oxysulphides: Bi4O3S constitutes the mineral karelinite found at the Zavodinski mine in the Altai; Bi6O3S4 and Bi2O3S have been prepared artificially. Bismuth also forms the sulphohaloids, BiSCl, BiSBr, BiSI, analogous to the oyxhaloids.

Bismuth sulphate, Bi2(SO4)3, is obtained as a white powder by dissolving the metal or sulphide in concentrated sulphuric acid. Water decomposes it, giving a basic salt, Bi2(SO4)(OH)4, which on heating gives (BiO)2SO4. Other basic salts are known.

Bismuth forms compounds similar to the trisulphide with the elements selenium and tellurium. The tritelluride constitutes the mineral tetradymite, Bi2Te3.

Analysis.—Traces of bismuth may be detected by treating the solution with excess of tartaric acid, potash and stannous chloride, a precipitate or dark coloration of bismuth oxide being formed even when only one part of bismuth is present in 20,000 of water. The blackish brown sulphide precipitated from bismuth salts by sulphuretted hydrogen is insoluble in ammonium sulphide, but is readily dissolved by nitric acid. The metal can be reduced by magnesium, zinc, cadmium, iron, tin, copper and substances like hypophosphorous acid from acid solutions or from alkaline ones by formaldehyde. In quantitative estimations it is generally weighed as oxide, after precipitation as sulphide or carbonate, or in the metallic form, reduced as above.

Pharmacology.—The salts of bismuth are feebly antiseptic. Taken internally the subnitrate, coming into contact with water, tends to decompose, gradually liberating nitric acid, one of the most powerful antiseptics. The physical properties of the powder also give it a mild astringent action. There are no remote actions.

Therapeutics.—The subnitrate of bismuth is invaluable in certain cases of dyspepsia, and still more notably so in diarrhoea. It owes its value to the decomposition described above, by means of which a powerful antiseptic action is safely and continuously exerted. There is hardly a safer drug. It may be given in drachm doses with impunity. It colours the faeces black owing to the formation of sulphide.

 BISMUTHITE, a somewhat rare mineral, consisting of bismuth trisulphide, Bi2S3. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system and is isomorphous with stibnite (Sb2S3), which it closely resembles in appearance. It forms loose interlacing aggregates of acicular crystals without terminal faces (only in a single instance has a terminated crystal been observed), or as masses with a foliated or fibrous structure. An important character is the perfect cleavage in one direction parallel to the length of the needles. The colour is lead-grey inclining to tin-white and often with a yellowish or iridescent tarnish. The hardness is 2; specific gravity 6.4–6.5. Bismuthite occurs at several localities in Cornwall and Bolivia, often in association with native bismuth and tin-ores. Other localities are known; for instance, Brandy Gill in Caldbeck Fells, Cumberland, where with molybdenite and apatite it is embedded in white quartz. The mineral was known to A. Cronstedt in 1758, and was named bismuthine by F. S. Beudant in 1832. This name, which is also used in the forms bismuthite and bismuthinite, is rather unfortunate, since it is readily confused with bismite (bismuth oxide) and bismutite (basic bismuth carbonate), especially as the latter has also been used in the form bismuthite. The name bismuth-glance or bismutholamprite for the species under consideration is free from this objection.

 BISMYA, a group of ruin mounds, about 1 m. long and m. wide, consisting of a number of low ridges, nowhere exceeding 40 ft. in height, lying in the Jezireh, somewhat nearer to the Tigris than the Euphrates, about a day’s journey to the south-east of Nippur, a little below 32° N. and about 45° 40′ E. Excavations conducted here for six months, from Christmas of 1903 to June 1904, for the university of Chicago, by Dr Edgar J. Banks, proved that these mounds covered the site of the ancient city of Adab (Ud-Nun), hitherto known only from a brief mention of its name in the introduction to the Khammurabi code (c. 2250 ). The city was divided into two parts by a canal, on an island in which stood the temple, E-mach, with a ziggurat, or stage tower. It was evidently once a city of considerable importance, but deserted at a very early period, since the ruins found close to the surface of the mounds belong to Dungi and Ur Gur, kings of Ur in the earlier part of the third millennium Immediately below these, as at Nippur, were found the remains of Naram-Sin and Sar-gon, c. 3000 Below these there were still 35 ft. of stratified remains, constituting seven-eighths of the total depth of the ruins. Besides the remains of buildings, walls, graves, &c., Dr Banks discovered a large number of inscribed clay tablets of a very early period, bronze and stone tablets, bronze implements and the like. But the two most notable discoveries were a complete statue in white marble, apparently the most ancient yet found in Babylonia (now in the museum in Constantinople), bearing the inscription—“E-mach, King Da-udu, King of Ud-Nun”; and a temple refuse heap, consisting of great quantities of fragments of vases in marble, alabaster, onyx, porphyry and granite, some of which were inscribed, and others engraved and inlaid with ivory and precious stones.

 BISON, the name of the one existing species of European wild ox, Bos (Bison) bonasus, known in Russian as zubr. Together with the nearly allied New World animal known in Europe as the (North) American bison, but in its own country as “buffalo,” and scientifically as Bos (Bison) bison, the bison represents a group of the ox tribe distinguished from other species by the greater breadth and convexity of the forehead, superior length of limb, and the longer spinal processes of the dorsal vertebrae, which, with the powerful muscles attached for the support of the massive head, form a protuberance or hump on the shoulders. The bisons have also fourteen pairs of ribs, while the common ox has only thirteen. The forehead and neck of both species are covered with long, shaggy hair of a dark brown colour; and in winter the whole of the neck, shoulders and hump are similarly clothed, so as to form a curly, felted mane. This mane in the European species disappears in summer; but in the American bison it is to a considerable extent persistent.

The bison is now the largest European quadruped, measuring about 10 ft. long, exclusive of the tail, and standing nearly 6 ft. high. Formerly it was abundant throughout Europe, as is proved by the fossil remains of this or a closely allied form found on the continent and in England, associated with those of the extinct mammoth and rhinoceros. Caesar mentions the bison as abounding, along with the extinct aurochs or wild ox, in the forests of Germany and Belgium, where it appears to have been occasionally captured and afterwards exhibited alive in the Roman amphitheatres. At that period, and long after, it seems to have been common throughout central Europe, as we learn from the evidence of Herberstein in the 16th century. Nowadays bison are found in a truly wild condition only in the forests of the Caucasus, where they are specially protected by the Russian government. There is, however, a herd, somewhat in the condition of park-animals, in the forest of Byelovitsa, in Lithuania, where it is protected by the tsar, but nevertheless is gradually dying out. In 1862 the Lithuanian bisons numbered over 1200, but by 1872 they had diminished to 528, and in 1892 there were only 491. The prince of Pless has a small herd at Promnitz, his Silesian estate, founded by the gift of a bull and three cows by Alexander II. in 1855, his herd being the source of the menagerie supply.

Bison feed on a coarse aromatic grass, and browse on the leaves, shoots, bark and twigs of trees.

The American bison is distinguished from its European cousin by the following among other features: The hind-quarters are weaker and fall away more suddenly, while the withers are proportionately higher. Especially characteristic is the great mass of brown or blackish brown hair clothing the head, neck and forepart of the body. The shape of the skull and horns is also different; the horns themselves being shorter, thicker, blunter and more sharply curved, while the forehead of the skull is more convex and the sockets of the eyes are more distinctly tubular. This species formerly ranged over a third of North America in countless numbers, but is now practically extinct. The great herd was separated into a northern and

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100 garments, or by the disastrous pressure of the clothes, which cannot be worn without tight ligatures, or by the mere want of use of the muscles of the body and limbs, owing to the hindrances to free motion these clothes offer,—diseases, I say, are almost entirely unknown here, and we read with astonishment of the multitude of doctors needed in every community of terrestrial mortals.

"And then, consider the expedients you are obliged to adopt on land to obviate the disadvantages under which you labour. When you wish to travel any distance, you must employ horses, carriages or steam-engines, and all this because the burden of your own weight is too great for you; and you must always take along with you great boxes full of clothes. For purposes of locomotion, your erect posture, whereby you have the use of only two limbs, puts you at a disadvantage compared with the lowest class of animals, which have all at least four limbs that they can use for progressive motion, and for supporting the weight of the body. On land, man is inferior, as regards his power of moving, to the horse, the dog, the deer, and even those contemptible animals the hare and the rabbit. These animals, too, have all a special covering of wool or hair that fits them for life in the air, and does not interfere with the play of their muscles or obstruct the action of their organs, like your artificial covering of clothes.

"On the other hand, in water man has no superior, nor even an equal among the lower animals, as far as locomotion is concerned. The long leverage of his arms and the powerful thrust of his legs enable him to excel the seal in speed as well as in all the subtler evolutions that he can perform in the water.

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Rh "When you terrestrials do go into the water you imitate the dog or the horse and swim with your heads above the water, whereby you lose all the advantage for aquatic life your physical construction gives you over these animals.

"The structure and shape of your limbs, of your hands and your feet, show that you were intended not for walking—which you do awkwardly and insecurely on two limbs only—but for swimming; and that not on the surface like a dog or a duck, but below the water like a seal. Look at your broad flat palms, and the fingers capable of being so approximated as to give you precisely the flipper of the seal with the additional advantage of a long lever in the arm. How unlike a dog, whose mode of swimming you yet imitate! He has a narrow paw, incapable of offering any great resistance to the water.

"Then look at your foot, so ill adapted for walking that you have to cover it with stout leather to prevent it being cut to pieces by the ground you walk on; but so admirably fitted for propelling you in the water, whilst its curved and arched back offers the least resistance to the water when you draw up your leg towards your body in swimming, preparatory to striking out again.

"Your physiologists pretend to derive the human race from those hideous monsters, the apes; but some of the most sagacious among them are forced to acknowledge that man shows signs of having been derived from a marine ancestor. How it has escaped them that we must have a common ancestor with the seal, I know not. And yet it is a well-ascertained fact that the brain of a seal in size and general appearance more nearly resembles that of man than

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102 does the brain of any other animal; and look at the position and appearance of a seal's head when he comes to the surface of the water: can anything more closely resemble the head of a man in like circumstances? You would almost swear it was a human head at the first glance, so round, so elegantly poised on the shoulders, so intelligent-looking, with its large soft eye, and its high broad forehead. And then its voice, which you call a bark, but which is actually the rudiment of the human voice, uttering the first two syllables that children emit, "Mama!" with such distinctness that your ignorant showmen call it the "talking fish." Your men of science may tell you that you descend from monkeys, but I range myself with those who maintain our descent from the seal.

"You terrestrials have never yet been able to understand the use of the spleen; and, indeed, in your aerial life it is of no use at all, except to swell and get painful when you have the ague: it can even be entirely removed without injury to the terrestrial animal. But, if you ask our anatomists, they will tell you that it is of the greatest utility to a lung-breathing animal below the water, for it acts as a receptacle for a large supply of oxygenated blood, to enable us to exist for a longer time submerged, without breathing, than we otherwise could. Of course, as you terrestrials never make any use of it, it degenerates with you to a mere rudimentary organ; but after you have passed some years in the water, you will find that it has gradually regained the function it had lost by long disuse, and you will find that it will enable you to exist a considerable length of time under water without the need of air.

"Another proof of our aquatic origin is afforded by

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