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Rh

1. How are the village lands divided out? Do they belong to individuals or to the village generally? 2. Does the same man plough the same land every year? Can he leave it to his children? Can the Sheikh take away land from a man? 3. What is the feddân? Give the size of this measure. Is it always the same? 4. Explain the words Shekârah, Mulk, Wakuf applied to land.

The lands of a village are divided into three classes:—

I., mulk, governed, appropriated or owned—that is real or freehold property.

Such lands are generally in close proximity to, if they do not immediately surround, a village or a town; and are almost invariably used as gardens or orchards.

Mulk lands can be given or willed to any person or institution, or they may be inherited by the heirs of the owner after his decease.

Such lands pay a money tax of between 3 and 5 per cent, on the valuation; such valuation being made once every five or seven years. This tax is paid into the Imperial Treasury.

No other tax is imposed on mulk lands. Houses or other buildings may be erected and trees planted on such lands at the option of the owner.

II. , ameeriyeh, formerly (originating at the time of the Mohammedan Conquest of Palestine) under the control of the Ameers, but now belonging to the Imperial State.

These lands are invariably arable and are called by the Felaheen, Aradee Muftala'h, agricultural lands, and are used for growing grain of various kinds, such as wheat, barley, beans, lentils—as a winter crop—or dourra (millet), simsem, an oleaginous seed—as a summer crop. Tobacco is also grown in small quantities in some villages.

Such arable lands of a village are held in common by all the members of the village or community, and are called, Aradee


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 Bassett, Alfred Barnard, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1881, B.A., 13th wrangler 1877, matric. London Univ. 1871, equity draftsman and conveyancer, a student of Lincoln's Inn 8 Jan., 1875, called to the bar 25 June, 1879 (only son of Alfred Bassett, late of Brighton, Sussex, gentleman, dec.); born,.
 * 75, Jermyn St., St. James', S.W.; 11, Old Square W.C.

Bassett, John Channon Lee, practises before the High Court at Allahabad, a student of the Inner Temple 29 Oct., 1872 (then aged 40), called to the bar 7 June, 1875 (youngest son of late Thomas Prichard Bassett, Esq., of Richmond, Surrey); born, 1832.
 * Allahabad, N.W.P. India.

Batchelor, Allan Edward, undergrad. Exeter Coll., Oxon, a member of the Oxford circuit, a student of the Middle Temple 22 Jan., 1875, called to the bar 25 June, 1879 (2nd son of Tom Benjamin Batchelor, of Maindee, Newport, Mon., gentleman); born,.
 * Maindee, Newport, Mon.; 19, Coleshill Street, Eaton Square S.W.; (?)73, Jermyn Street, S.W.; 2, Plowden Buildings, Temple, E.C.

Batchelor, Frederick William, B.A. Sidney Sussex Coll., Camb., a student of Gray's Inn 16 May, 1878, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1881 (eldest son of Rev. Frederick Thomas Batchelor, of Jacobstow, Cornwall); born.
 * 17, Frankfort Street, Plymouth.

Bateman, Alfred Edmund, of the Board of Trade (commercial department) since 1865, hon. secretary Statistical Society since 1882, secretary to royal commission for Anglo-French treaty negotiations 1881-2, author of various papers read before British Association, etc., a student of the Inner Temple 8 Nov., 1869 (then aged 25), called to the bar 18 Nov., 1872 (7th son of Rev. John Bateman, rector of East and West Leake, Notts); born 31 Aug., 1844; married 30 July, 1868, Edith Ellen, only child of James Eland Hobson, Esq., of Eaton Socon, Beds, and Kew, Surrey.
 * Haverfield, Kew, Surrey; Whitehall, S.W.

Bateman, Edward Louis, B.A. Univ. Coll., Oxon, assistant secretary to ecclesiastical commissioners and chief of augmentation department, a student of the Inner Temple 21 April, 1863 (then aged 28), called to the bar 6 June, 1866 (4th son of Rev. John Bateman, rector of East and West Leake, Notts); born 15 Sept., 1834.
 * 10, Whitehall Place, S.W.; 10, St. James' Place, S.W.

Bateman, Rowland Jones, M.A. (late fellow) New Coll., Oxon, equity draftsman and conveyancer, a student of Lincoln's Inn 25 Jan., 1848 (then aged 21), went to the Inner Temple 17 and called to the bar there 30 April, 1852 (2nd son of John Jones Bateman, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn, and of Portman Place, Middlesex); born, 1827; married 12 Aug., 1858, Jessy Jane Marianne, eldest dau. of Col. William Burlton, C.B.
 * 16, Old Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

Bateson, John, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1859, a student of the Inner Temple 21 March, 1854 (then aged 22), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1859 (5th son of Sir Robert Bateson, Bart., of Belvoir Park, co. Down); born 8 July, 1832; married 27 June, 1868, Edith Elizabeth, 4th dau. of Charles John Pearse, Esq. (see Foster's Baronetage).
 * Shieldaig, Achnasteen, N.B.

Bather, Edward William, B.A. Christ's Coll., Camb., conveyancer and equity draftsman, practises in Lancaster Chancery Court, a student of Lincoln's Inn 25 Jan., 1879 (then aged 25), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1881 (eldest son of John Bather, Esq., of Meole Brace, Salop); born, 1854.
 * Shrewsbury; 8, St. James' Square, Manchester.

Bathurst, Algernon, B.C.L. (late fellow), New Coll., Oxon, 1848, revising barrister Westminster since 187–, a student of Lincoln's Inn 23 Nov., 1843 (then aged 20), called to the bar 23 Nov., 1848 (5th son of Sir James Bathurst, K.C.B., of Somerleaze, Somerset); born 17 Feb., 1823; married 7 May, 1861, Rosetta, daughter of Thomas Alexander, Esq., of Ahilly, co. Donegal, and Frowick House, Essex, and has issue (see Foster's Peerage).
 * 19, Sinclair Road, Hammersmith, W.; 2, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

Bathurst, Charles, B.A. Christ Church, Oxon, J.P. co. Gloucester, a member of the Oxford circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 17 Jan., 1860 (then aged 23), called to the bar 6 June, 1863 (eldest son of Rev. W. H. Bathurst, of Lydney Park, co. Gloucester); born 27 Nov., 1836; married 27 Jan., 1864, Mary Elizabeth, dau. of late Lt.-CoI. Thomas Pasley Hay; she died 28 Jan., 1885, leaving issue (see Foster's Peerage).
 * Lydney Park, Lydney, Gloucestershire.

Bathurst, Edwin, a student of the Middle Temple 19 Nov., 1867, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1870 (youngest son of Thomas Bathurst, Esq., of Wandsworth, Surrey); born,.

Batley, John Armytage, LL.B., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1879, B.A. 1880, a student of Lincoln's Inn 17 Nov., 1876 (then aged 20), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1881 (eldest son of John Batley, Esq., of London); born, 1856.
 * 1, Mitre Court Buildings, Temple, E.C.

Batten, Edmund Chisholm, M.A., author of Specific Performance of Contracts, joint author of Equity in County Courts, J.P. Somerset and Inverness, assumed the additional surname of Chisholm by royal licence 1859, a student of the Inner Temple 1 May, 1838, called to the bar there 10 June, 1842, admitted a barrister of Lincoln's Inn ad eundem 5 Feb., 1849 (2nd son of John Batten, Esq., of Yeovil, Somerset); born 3 Nov., 1817; married Aug., 1843, Jemima, only sister of late D. Chisholm, of Erchless, Inverness, and has issue.
 * 25, Thurloe Square, S.W.; Thorn Faulcon, Taunton; 9, New Square, W.C.; Athenæum.

Batten, George Henry Maxwell, member of legislative council of the Government of India 1877 and 1879, private secretary to Lord Lytton (viceroy) 1879, Bengal C.S. 1855-82, educated at the Charterhouse and Haileybury Univ. Coll., prizeman in law, political economy, history, and mathematics 1850-1, a student of the Inner Temple 16 Jan.,

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 Bardwell, Thomas Newman Frederick, M.A., S.C.L. Pembroke Coll., Oxon, a student of the Inner Temple 4 Nov., 1873 (then aged 23), called to the bar 13 June, 1877 (only son of Frederick Bardwell, Esq., J.P., of Sheffield, Berks); born, 1850; married 29 April, 1880, Lucy Sophia, eldest dau. of W. B. Garnett-Botfield, Esq., of Decker Hill, Salop.
 * Bolton Hall, Wilberfoss, York; New University Club.

Barff, Frederic William, matric. London Univ. 1873, a student of the Inner Temple 6 Nov., 1876 (then aged 22), called to the bar 25 June, 1884 (only son of Frederic Barff, of London, gentleman); born, 1854.
 * 100, Abbey Road, N.W.

Barker, Edward James, a student of the Middle Temple 29 April, 1831, called to the bar 25 Nov., 1836 (2nd son of Field Dunn Barker, Esq., of Cambridge, dec.); born,.

Barker, Edwin Sandys, a member of the Oxford circuit, a student of the Middle Temple 8 Jan., 1870, went to the Inner Temple 29 Jan., 1870 (then aged 27), where he was called to the bar 27 Jan., 1873 (3rd son of John Barker, Esq., late of Broughton Lodge, Cartmel, co. Lanc., dec.); born, 1843.

Barker, Frederick, educated at Rugby, served in 5th adm. batt. Lanccahire rifle volunteers 1869-73, a student of the Middle Temple 11 Jan., 1870, called to the bar 18 Nov., 1872 (4th surviving son of John Barker, Esq., late of Broughton Lodge, Cartmel, co. Lanc., dec.); born 13 June, 1850; married 19 June, 1872, Louisa Augusta, youngest dau. of late Henry Hodgson, Esq., of Broughton Park, Manchester.
 * Longlands, Grange-over-Sands, Carnforth.

Barker, George Fisher Russell, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1874, B.A. 1871, educated at Westminster School, a student of Lincoln's Inn 4 Nov., 1873 (then aged 25), called to the bar 28 June, 1876 (4th son of Edgar Barker, late of London, surgeon, dec.); born 30 Oct., 1848.
 * 9, Oxford Square, Hyde Park, W.; 20, Old Buildings, W.C.

Barker, Henry Barnardiston Raymond, M.A., Caius Coll., Camb., 1847, a student of the Inner Temple 29 Oct., 1844 (then aged 22), called to the bar 28 Jan., 1849 (3rd son of Charles Raymond Barker, Esq.); born, 1822.
 * Care of, the Ryes, near Sudbury, Suffolk.

Barker, Henry Oliver, LL.D. Trin. Coll., Dublin, M.A. 1858, J.P. co. Meath, assistant registrar of deeds for Ireland 186–, a student of Lincoln's Inn 5 June, 1851 (then aged 19), where he was called to the bar 26 Jan., 1856, and also at King's Inns, Dublin, 1853 (6th son of Richard Barker, Esq., of Dublin); born 14 May, 1832.
 * 6, Gardiner's Row (and University Club), Dublin.

Barker, John Edward, M.A., Exeter Coll., Oxon, 1857, recorder of Leeds since Jan., 1880, a member of the North-eastern circuit, educated at Eton, a student of the Inner Temple 18 Nov., 1854 (then aged 22), re-admitted 14 Nov., 1859, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1862 (only son of Edward Barker, Esq., of Bakewell, co. Derby); born 9 April, 1832; married 14 Feb., 1860, Susan Marianne, widow of James Mosley Leigh, Esq., of Davenham, Cheshire, dau. of late William Rowley Wynyard, Esq., lieut. R.N.
 * Oakdale, Sheffield; 42, Bank Street, Sheffield; Oxford and Cambridge Club.

Barker, Samuel, undergrad.Pembroke Coll., Oxon, a student of the Inner Temple 29 March, 1867 (then aged 22), called to the bar 30 April, 1877 (only son of Samuel Barker, Esq., late of Regent's Park, Middlesex, dec.); born, 1845.

Barker, William Redhead Edmund, admitted a solicitor, , a student of the Middle Temple 11 May, 1878, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1881 (2nd son of late Peter Barker, of Hartlepool, co. Durham, solicitor); born ,.

Barkley, David Graham, M.A. Queen's Univ., Ireland, additional judge of High Court of the Punjab and a commissioner of Lahore, late assistant commissioner in Punjab, India, a student of Lincoln's Inn 19 Nov., 1868 (then aged 33), studentship May, 1870, called to the bar 10 June, 1870 (eldest son of James Barkley, of Maghera, co. Londonderry, draper); born, 1835.
 * Punjab.

Barlow, Alexander Robert Pratt, B.A. Christ Church, Oxon, a student of Lincoln's Inn 19 Jan., 1861 (then aged 22), called to the bar 30 April, 1864 (eldest son of James Pratt Barlow, Esq., of London); born 1 May, 1838 (see Foster's Baronetage)
 * 123, Sloane Street, S.W.

Barlow, Algernon, B.A., Trin. Hall, Camb., 1878, equity draftsman and conveyancer, a student of Lincoln's Inn 8 Feb., 1876 (then aged 20), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1879 (eldest son of Rev. John Mount Barlow, rector of Ewhurst, Surrey); born, 1856.
 * 9, Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

Barlow, Francis, M.A. (late fellow), Trin. Hall, Camb., 1824, hon. commissioner in lunacy since 1879, master and commissioner in lunacy 1842-79, deputy high steward Camb. Univ. since 1856, secretary of presentations to Lord Lyndhurst (lord chancellor 1841-2), a student of the Middle Temple 20 June, 1820, called to the bar there 11 Nov., 1825, admitted a barrister of Lincoln's Inn ad eundem 9 Jan., 1837 (eldest son of Rev. George Francis Barlow, of Burgh, Suffolk); born 26 Jan., 1799.
 * 48, Montagu Square, W.

Barlow, John Emmott, matric. London Univ. 1877, a student of the Inner Temple 2 Nov., 1880 (then aged 23), called to the bar 7 May, 1884 (eldest son of Thomas Barlow, of Stockport, merchant); born 16 April, 1857.
 * Torkington Lodge, near Stockport.

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text: Men-at-the-Bar/Barker, George Fisher Russell


text: Author talk:Benjamin Williamson

title: Author talk:Benjamin Williamson


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Page:The New Arcadia (Tucker).djvu/75

Rh "True, my girl; we are all a selfish lot, We, on the one hand, seek to hold the lands; the workings classes, for their part, will net permit needy cousins in the old country to share with them the bounties of this. If a man possess a trade or profession, he will keep all he can of it. 'Protection,' 'monopolies,' 'favoured classes,' 'locked-up' lands, and streams, and forests, all are barbarisms—un-English, un-Christian. In theory I am in favour of freedom, and fairer divisions of the good, things of this life, but in practice—well, I'd like to be left alone."

"I'm so eager to see the people, father. Won't they be delighted with this charming valley, and the neat-looking tents, with everything prepared for them?"

"They ought to be," observed Mr. Bowling, doubtfully.

"The pangs of hunger they have felt, and been oppressed by loads of care; they have had no interest in the country they have assisted to develop, nor in the undertakings in which they have been employed. Now they will have but to work; I hope they'll do it. Poor Courtenay! His work's cut out for him."

"Come and see the tents, father, before the settlers arrive. There are the Courtenays, and Jim and his wife, putting the finishing touch on everything."

The wide expanse of valley that spread beneath Heatherside—the Dowlings' abode—was strangely altered in appearance. The wattles and pine-ridges still dotted its undulating surface with clumps of trees midst sweeps of verdure; the creek, its waters still unpolluted, chattered in its willow-shaded channel. Magpies hopped and piped from the gaunt ringed timber; the grass was knee-deep, since the dead squatter's sheep had been sold or removed to the outer paddocks. Orchids and buttercups reared their heads above the meadow-like pastures, as if wondering how much higher their slender stalks must

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Irish Independent/1916/Obituary: Benjamin Williamson

The death has occurred in Dublin of Dr. Benjamin Williamson, D.Sc., F.R.S., D.C.L., Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin in his 89th year.

Dr. Williamson who had bee connected with the College for nearly 60 years, and had held the position of Vice-Provost for some years, was born in Cork, and received his early education in Kilkenny College. He became a Fellow of Trinity College in 1854, and was Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1884 and Senior Fellow in 1897.

He was the author of many notable works, including a Treatise on the Differential Calculus, 1872; Integral Calculus, 1874; Dynamics, 1884; Mathematical Theory of Stress and Strain, 1893. he wrote the articles "Infinitesimal Calculus", MacLaurin"; "Cauculus of Variations,' [sic] etc., for the 9th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.


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66 rise to surmount the unwonted growth. In the distance the lake, a mirror of silver, reflected the day's declining rays. All was silent, expectant—an earthly paradise awaiting the new race of Seth. Across the valley from side to side stretched a chain of tents, in squares and crescents. Each little tabernacle, labelled with the name of the intended occupant, stood open in a plot of five acres, duly pegged off. The belongings of each family, sent forward the day before, had been neatly bestowed in the allotted tent. The night previous, the balloting had taken place at the White House; Jim and Elms drawing, one the number of the allotment, the other the name of the future settler, from the doctor's hat on the one hand, from Mrs. Courtenay's reticule on the other. The good lady had protested.

"I want you to have a hand in it, my dear," the doctor had urged.

"I suppose because I do not approve."

"Oh, yes, you do; you are deeply interested already."

"Only for your sake."

"No wonder the lady demurs," remarked the incorrigible Tom, who had come to have a peep at the place. "Naturally she objects to have one man's hand in her reticule and another's in her husband's pocket. Typical and significant."

"Well, they'll soon be empty again," remarked the good lady. "My husband has not calculated what it will cost to feed a thousand mouths for two or three years, and to run all his factories."

"The labourers will feed themselves, my dear, if I give them the chance."

"But will they?"

"That is just the problem we are going to solve."

Now the doctor and his followers were putting the last rickety chair on its faulty legs in one tent, propping up

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Rh eyes filled me with fear and horror, and I wept inwardly at the sad history of my glorious country. To add to my grief and consternation, the Doctor pressed my arm, and directed my attention to a number of savage-looking men who were ranged along one side of the room, each with a black block before him, and a sharp axe by his side. The King was silent as the Cardinal approached him, and, bowing low, announced that the appointed hour for the execution of some of his Majesty's enemies—traitors to their country—was come.

The King answered: 'Ha! then let them die!'

In obedience to this mandate, the traitors were brought in strongly guarded. Their names are familiar to all readers of history I must not mention them here. I saw their heads rolling on the floor, but no blood appeared to follow them. Shylock here might have had his pound of flesh— if flesh there were—without a single drop of blood breaking his bond.

When the executions were over, and the bodies of the victims had been removed, I noticed a flutter and commotion in the room. A side door opened, and a number of ladies entered in solemn procession. They took their seats on each side of the King. They were clothed in black robes, and had crowns on their heads, and of the six who were thus seated, two had scarlet rings round their necks. A dead silence reigned in the hall and wondered why the Doctor had taken me there, as he well knew how abhorrent to me were scenes of blood, but I conjectured that he had some serious object in view. The King rose from his throne, and seemed to be absorbed by some mental agony. 'The women I have loved,' he murmured, 'and two of them died under the headsmen; it was too bloody—I was a monster, and I ask their forgiveness.' The Queens rose from their seats and knelt before him, and then they all resumed their seats.


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176 Several serious cases were now brought up for judgment, poor against rich, and rich against poor. The covetous and unjust rich were punished by being condemned to wander about for certain seasons with rolls of lead on their backs. How some seditious people were dealt with will appear from the following:

Ten strong, healthy-looking men were led in handcuffed to each other, and their accuser stood beside them. They were, he said, men belonging to the labouring class, men whose station in life was appointed by the Supreme Governor of the world, men who might be happy and contented if they would be so, and allow others to be so, but they would not. They had plenty of work, were paid fair wages, were kindly treated by their employers, all their complaints were listened to, and, if reasonable, promptly redressed; but they were not satisfied. They said Capital had no right to rule over them; they would be dictators and masters over their employers. They struck work, and formed themselves into impracticable and tyrannical combinations; harangued their fellow-workmen, and made them as rebellious as themselves; and left their wives and children in pitiable privation, alarm, and anxiety. They were disturbers of the social peace, and destroyers of the happiness and prosperity of the community.

The King asked the men if these charges were true; they were silent; they, who had been so eloquent and bombastic on their oratorical tubs, had now not a word to say. His Majesty then commanded that they should work in the lead marble mines during his pleasure.

'My lord Cardinal,' said the King, when these trials were over, 'we would hear thee speak. We are told thou hast been on a visit to another world.'

'The visit of which your Majesty has heard,' answered the Cardinal, 'was an involuntary, and I believe a spiritual,


text: Author talk:George Walter Prothero

title: Author talk:George Walter Prothero


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Rh one. Whether it occurred to me during sleep, or I was carried up by one of those powerful genii of whom your Majesty has heard, I do not know. I was upborne into the regions of upper air, into the dazzling light of a warm summer's day, and set down, after a long journey over mountains and through clouds, beside a heavenly lake of delicious water, surrounded by magnificent woods and hills. It was the Field of the Cloth of Gold, bereft of its decorations of art. I saw trees growing tall and stately under a blue sky, and green grass and flowers under my feet, and rocks and ornaments of nature a thousand times more beautiful to me than the sapphires and diamonds of this wretched place. Then by degrees, as my eyes could bear them, I saw sheep, horses, and cattle grazing on the hills; and as I travelled on without a guide through this splendid country, not knowing whither I was going, I saw a multitude of roads leading in all directions, some parallel with each other, and some crossing each other at all kinds of angles. They took up nearly the whole of the land, so that there was scarcely any room for gardens or meadows, or houses in which men might live. And I saw that a vast number of these roads had parallel lines of iron upon them, and every hour or so a long string of curious looking coaches would come rushing past me, suddenly appearing on one side and disappearing on the other, rolling on with a thundering sound, the horses flying so fast that I could not see them. I walked on and on in ever-increasing astonishment until I came to a large city, but it seemed only the ghost of a city. It had evidently been once rich and populous, but now had all the appearance of having been ruined by the wasteful extravagance of its inhabitants, or by the spoliations of a foreign enemy; but the coaches on their iron roads came in constantly snorting and whistling, bringing nothing or next to nothing. I wondered


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178 what became of all the horses which must have drawn them, but concluded that they must have stables for them underground. Some of the coaches were kitchens doubtless, for they had boilers for cooking purposes, with fires and chimneys. And I saw an immense building, nearly in the centre of the city, with a great crowd of poor, unhappy-looking people surrounding it, and crying, "Bring them out ! bring them out!" and lo! the doors were opened, and forth issued a number of ragged men, torn and bleeding; and each one had a long strap round his waist, at the end of which was fastened a kettle made of tin. And these poor men were immediately hunted through the streets, pelted with mud, and barbarously maltreated by the savage populace, until I pitied them and wept for their sufferings. Then I asked a bystander, who seemed to pity them too, who they were and what had they done. "They are our wicked woolgrowers and owners of land," said he with a frown, "who have ruined us, and swallowed up all our money." Then, sire, I was led down to the shore of a beautiful lake, whose waters were as salt as the ocean, and saw under the surface the black skeletons of hundreds of ships which had carried away the gold of that country, and brought back its merchandize and luxuries; and, behold, I heard a loud voice issuing from the heart of a great mountain which overlooked the city, saying: This is the land that trusted in the glory and power of its richest! And please, your Majesty, I remember no more.'

'Very remarkable; you have remembered more than enough, I think,' said the mighty monarch. 'Where is that country?'

'I know no more than you do, sir,' replied the Cardinal.

'Is there no one here who can tell us where that strange country is?' shouted the King in rising wrath.

Here is a gentleman, please your Majesty,' said the


text: Author talk:John William Mackail

title: Author talk:John William Mackail


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 Lewis-Lloyd, Robert, M.A., Magdalen Coll., Camb., 1862, an Etonian, goes the South Wales circuit, J.P., D.L. cos. Brecon and Radnor, high sheriff 1872, a student of the Inner Temple 18 Jan., 1860 (then aged 24), called to the bar 6 June, 1864 (eldest son of Thomas Lewis-Lloyd, Esq., of Nantygwilt, co. Radnor); born, 1836; married , 1865, Mary Anne Jane, eldest dau. of late Capt. Lewes, of Llanlear, co. Cardigan, and has issue.
 * Nantygwilt, Rhayader; University Club, W.

Lloyd, Thomas Edward, M.P. co. Cardigan 1874-80, practises at the chancery bar, J.P. cos. Cardigan and Carmarthen, educated at Rugby, a student of the Middle Temple 19 Jan., 1839, called to the bar 8 Nov., 1844 (eldest son of Thomas Lloyd, Esq., of Coedmore, Cheshire); born, 1820; married , 1850, Clemena Frances Phillott, 2nd dau. of late Rev. David Daniel; she died, 1882, leaving issue.
 * Coedmore, Cardigan; 3, Edinburgh Mansions, S.W.; 77, Chancery Lane, W.C.; 51, Victoria Street, S.W.; Garrick and Carlton Clubs.

Lluellyn, Raymond Maude, B.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1868, from Rugby, a student of the Inner Temple 22 Feb., 1873 (then aged 30), called to the bar 28 June, 1876 (youngest son of late Genl. Sir Richard Lluellyn, K.C.B.); born 22 Dec., 1842; married 21 March, 1872, Agnes Harriet, dau. of late Thomas Masters Usborne, Esq., of Clifton, co. Cork.
 * Peterley Manor, Great Missenden; 21, Cadogan Place, S.W.

Loader, John, registration agent, a student of the Middle Temple 23 Jan., 1882, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1884 (only surviving son of late Thomas Loader, of London, dec.); born,.
 * 24, Comeragh Road, S.W.

Loch, William Adam, F.R.G.S., Crown agent for Scotland in London, educated at the Charterhouse and the universities of London and Edinburgh, a student of Lincoln's Inn 20 Dec., 1834 (then aged 20), called to the bar 28 Jan., 1840 (3rd son of James Loch, Esq., M.P.); born 26 Nov., 1814; married 5 Jan., 1847, Sophia Brownrigg, youngest child of Major Bates, R.E.
 * 42, Redcliffe Gardens, S.W.

Lock, Benjamin Fossett, M.A., King's Coll., Camb., 1878, a member of the Western circuit, a student of Lincoln's Inn 30 Jan., 1869 (then aged 21), called to the bar 7 June, 1873 (3rd son of Henry Lock, of Dorchester, gent.); born, 1848; married 31 May, 1879, Jane E., dau. of Rev. J. P. Hammond, late vicar of Sopley.
 * 7, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

Locke, John Henry, M.A. Trin. Coll., Camb., a member of the South-eastern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 11 Jan., 1868 (then aged 19), called to the bar 18 Nov., 1872 (only son of late John Locke, Q.C., and a master of the bench of the Middle Temple); born, 1849.
 * 63, Eaton Place, S.W.; 2, Harcourt Buildings, Temple, E.C.

Locke, Samuel Archibald, practises before the High Court Madras, a student of the Middle Temple 4 Nov., 1871, called to the bar 6 June, 1874 (eldest son of Samuel Richard Locke, Esq., of Madras); born.
 * Madras.

Lockhart, James, M.A., Univ. Coll., Oxon, 1823, went the Oxford circuit, lord of the manor of Sherfield English, etc., a student of Gray's Inn 9 Feb., 1821, called to the bar 11 Feb., 1824 (eldest son of James Lockhart, Esq., of Haarlem, Holland); born, 1796; married , 1830, Caroline, dau. of Signor Manzini, of Rome, and had issue.
 * Sherfield English, Romsey.

Lockwood, Frank, Q.C., recorder of Sheffield since 1884, a member of the Bar Committee since 1883, a member of the Northern circuit, B.A., Caius Coll., Camb., 1869, a student of Lincoln's Inn 14 April, 1869 (then aged 22), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1872, Q.C. 16 Dec, 1882 (2nd son of Charles Day Lockwood, of Ardwick, Manchester, merchant); born, 1847; married 3 Sept., 1874, Julia Rosetta, 2nd dau. of late Salis Schwabe, of Manchester.
 * 18, Kensington Gardens Square, W.; 2, Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C.

Locock, Sir Charles Brodie, Bart., M.A., Trin., Coll., Camb., 1853 (scholar), a student of the Inner Temple 21 Jan., 1850, went to Lincoln's Inn 17 April, 1851, where he was called to the bar 6 June, 1853 (eldest son of Sir Charles Locock, Bart., of London, M.D., D.C.L.); born 21 July, 1827; married 27 Dec., 1859, Fanny Bird, 2nd dau. of Rev. Thomas Pitman, vicar of Eastbourne and prebendary of Chichester, and has issue (see Foster's Baronetage).
 * 22, Gloucester Square, W.; 9, Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.; Athenæum and Oxford & Cambridge Clubs.

Lodge, John William, M.A., Caius Coll., Camb., 1883, capt. 3rd batt. Yorkshire regt., a student of the Inner Temple 19 Feb., 1878 (then aged 22), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1883 (only son of Robert Lodge, Esq., of Bishopsdale, Yorks); born 8 Aug., 1854.
 * The Rookery, Bishopdale, Bedale; Conservative Club, St. James'.

Lodge, Oliver, a member of the Northern circuit, late scholar of Pembroke Coll., Oxon, a student of the Middle Temple 29 April, 1861, went to the Inner Temple 19 April, 1865 (then aged 24), where he was called to the bar 1 May, 1865 (2nd son of Robert John Lodge, of London, secretary to Marine Insurance Company); born, 1841.

Loehnis, Herman William, M.A., Trin. Coll., Oxon, 1884, from Dulwich Coll., goes the South-eastern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 9 Jan., 1879 (then aged 21), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1882 (only son of Herman Loehnis, of Dulwich Common, Surrey and of Berlin); born 2 Aug., 1857; unmarried
 * 1., King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C

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Rh Doctor, dragging me forward against my will, 'who can tell you all about it. He is just come from the very place. Mr. Oliver Ubertus, your humble and devoted subject—ahem!—and hopes your Majesty will be merciful to him, and not cut his head off this time.'

'That will be as he deserves,' replied the King. 'Come forward thou, Oliver U. Burstus, if that is thy name, and tell our Court what thou knowest of that strange land. Keep away from him, Doctor Julius; thou wilt prompt him; we know thy tricks and magic arts. Come to us anon: we would learn something of our precious body. Speak, man Ubustus; where dost thou come from?'

'From Tasmania, sire,' I answered, trembling from head to foot.'

'Where is that?'

'An island in the South Pacific Ocean.'

'An island of cannibals, ha!'

'No, sire—an island of most civilized and respectable people.'

'Proceed, and be brief; explain what thou heardest fall from the lips of our minister the Cardinal.'

'Sir, I am but ill-fitted ,to speak to your Mightiness, and after his Eminence the Cardinal, but I will describe that land to you to the best of my ability. It is not the land of my birth, but it is dear to me as my place of residence for many years, and the birth-place of my children. It is evident to me that his Eminence has seen a miraculous vision. The country he saw is certainly a most beautiful one; the multitudes of roads with the carriages travelling rapidly without horses, show how the revenues of the land, millions upon millions, have been spent year after year. The impoverished state of the city which he saw shadows forth its probable condition in future years, when all its riches shall be spent on roads, railroads, and other improvements; and when its annual


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180 public income will not be sufficient to pay the interest of its public debt. The unfortunate people whom his Eminence saw hunted through the streets, with tin kettles tied to them, represent, rather fantastically I admit, the landed proprietors of the island, who have been ruined by excessive taxation, and treated in a shameful manner by the misguided people of the cities, who have been led to believe, by their blatant politicians, that those persons were guilty of robbing them with their selfishness and rapacity.'

'Is that all?' asked the King.

'Sire, I could tell your Majesty a great deal more, but time will not permit me.'

'Shall we ever see that enchanted island of which thou hast spoken?'

'I cannot tell, sire; I am not a Jeremiah or a Daniel, and it is not an enchanted island. It is a sober, matter-of-fact island, as large as Ireland, and a thousand times more peaceable. The whole world has made similar advances and improvements.'

'Did we understand thee to say that there are real coaches there which travel on iron roads at great speed without horses?'

'Yes, my liege; I certainly did say so, and it is true.'

'What animals draw them then—asses?'

'Neither horses nor asses, nor animals of any kind.'

'What makes them go then? Have they sails, like ships?'

'No, sire; they are drawn by engines, which carry water and fire, and when the water boils, the vapour or steam rushes through pipes, and makes the wheels go round.'

'Doctor Julius, come forward! Is this man mad?' roared the King in a terrible voice.

'I think not, sire,' answered the Doctor, 'but he may not be quite well; he received very dreadful injuries in the


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Rh recent battle, and I am not prepared to answer for his hallucinations.'

'We do not believe a word he says,' said the King vehemently.

'Notwithstanding that, your Majesty,' said I calmly, ' I have told you the truth.'

'Be silent, thou caitiff! or, if thou wilt speak, tell us who governs England in these days. Who sits on our throne?'

'Queen Victoria—a good Queen, who never sheds the blood of her subjects.'

'Ha! dost thou say so? Then if she does not shed their blood or mar their white skins, it must be her duty and pleasure to hang or drown a good many of them, judging by your prepossessing countenance.'

'No, sire; only those who commit murder are hanged, and they only after a fair trial and plenty of time for deliberation.'

'I presume to hope your Majesty' said the Doctor, with an evident desire that the King and I should part friends; but he was abruptly interrupted by the sanguinary tyrant.

'Doctor Julius, speak not for him; he is doomed to die, and that within this hour. I can forgive a robber, a murderer, an adulterer, a miser, an incendiary, and a wretch that is poor, but a liar I cannot and will not forgive. Varlet, I convict thee of having told me the greatest lies which it is possible for a man to utter, and therefore I sentence thee to death; away with him to the block! away with him! A liar shall not live!'

I looked round in dismay; the halberdiers approached to lay their ruffianly hands upon me; the buffetiers wagged their jaws and gnashed their teeth. My friend the Doctor seemed as if he could not or would not interfere; but to


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182 my surprise the Cardinal stepped forward, and thus addressed the King:

'I take it upon myself to speak to your Majesty on behalf of this man, who is a stranger amongst us. He has answered your questions, and I am inclined to believe has spoken according to his convictions. He may be deranged in his mind—who can tell? It falls to the lot of many who are not suspected. He has not rebelled against your government, or conspired against your person. Forgive me, O my King—why therefore should he die? The world has changed since you and I lived in it. Discoveries of a wonderful nature have doubtless been made. We believe in the existence of heaven, but we cannot tell what marvels may be there to astonish and delight us when we get there. When I was in the world I thought only of the world, of my wealth, grandeur, and power, like the blind idiot and drivelling fool that I was. My cursed ambition and avarice deprived me of all sense and prudence, and thought of the terrible future; and had I served my God as well as I served thee, O King, I should not have been allowed to die in wretchedness on my way to the Tower of London. Be advised; let this man go; shed no more blood!'

'And dost thou charge me with thy death?' bellowed the King. 'What dost thou say to the Christian martyrs, Peter and Paul and Stephen, with hundreds more whom God allowed to die as they died?'

At that moment another commotion took place in the hall. A wild, foreign-looking man, with white hair flying behind him, rushed in and threw himself at the King's feet. He was followed by an infuriated woman, who was armed with a stout stick, with which she attacked the man, and rained on him a shower of blows. He did not resist her or attempt to defend himself, but roared, 'Save me! save me!' The woman screamed, 'Take that, you villain, and that, and that, and that!'


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Rh 'Unbearable outrage!' shouted the monarch. 'Seize that vile woman!'

She was instantly arrested, and disarmed of her stick. The man was commanded to stand up and tell the Court the meaning of the disgraceful disturbance.

He explained, with volleys of 'Your Majesty,' that he was quietly sitting in his house doing nothing at all, only thinking that if ever he went to the top of the earth again he would lead a different life, better becoming a captain and governor as he had been, when this woman, whom he acknowledged to have been his wife above ground, ran into the room suddenly, knocked him off his chair, and then with her stick drove him out of the house and into this hall, flying for protection and justice.

The King turned to the woman, and asked her why she had dared to beat her husband.

'Because I was in the humour,' answered the virago triumphantly. 'I used to flog him when we lived above on the earth, and I'll flog him still now we are in hell. If I did not flog him I should die of spite, malice, and vexation. He is a poor, miserable, pitiful coward, he is.'

'Is she thy wife? Thou hast said so. Art thou a liar too?' said the King.

'She is, your Majesty. I will tell the truth, as I live.'

'Then punish her sharply, and at once. There is a block, and beside it stands a headsman with his axe. Speak thou the word, and her miscreant head shall roll on the floor.'

'No, your Majesty,' replied the stranger, drawing himself up. 'I will not imbrue, even by word of mouth, my hands in a woman's blood. I would not even strike her, although she has struck me more blows than I can number. She has called me a pitiful coward, and I should be a coward if I struck her again—a woman was my mother.'

'Go to—thou art a fool!' said the King; 'and thou


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184 wouldst let a fool kick thee and spit in thy face because a fool was thy father. I hope she will murder thee in her next fit of spite. Loose her—let her go; now we shall see how soon she will tear him to pieces.'

But to the astonishment of all in the room, the woman, when she found herself free, fell on her face at her husband's feet, and implored him with tears to forgive her.

Greatly ashamed and bewildered at this scene, the tyrannical monarch turned to the stranger, and asked him who and what he was, and whence he came.

'I have been Governor and Captain-General, by my own appointment, of a large island somewhere on the surface of the earth, but the name of which has been obliterated from my mind. I came here from another island, to which I was sent against my will. I have been a great traveller, and have seen some strange sights. May I have the honour of relating some of my adventures to your Majesty?'

'Do so, but briefly. We will hear thee with patience.'

These adventures may not, critically speaking, be worth repetition, but I shall give them a place here, and a chapter to themselves, trusting to the kind forgiveness of my readers if they do not find them as interesting to them as they were to me when I heard them from the ghostly lips of the hero himself. From the fact of his having forgotten the name of Land of which he had been governor I concluded that there was a hitch in his intellect, and this was confirmed when he came to the close of his narrative. He appeared to be one of those imperfectly educated, or imperfectly trained, men who are so numerous in the world, men who posses great strength in some directions, but in others are like children; and I think we often receive more practical and useful lessons from the conduct and failings of such men than we are ever likely to do from whole libraries of Johnsonian moralities, with Bampton and Hulsean Lectures to boot.


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a native of some curious country in the upper world, where the sun shines, and where there are mountains and oceans, but I have forgotten the name of it, although it has an ancient, and not an inglorious, history, according to the opinions of human beings. I have also forgotten the name of a large island which I once conquered, and of which I was the governor. My brain, please your Majesty, is now an incomprehensible jumble; I can remember many things, but I have forgotten as many. Amongst the things I have forgotten are my own name, and the place where I was born. Among the large crowd of friends and enemies whom I once knew, and who are now only faint shadows of bygone years, there is one, however, whom I have not forgotten—it is my wife.

'I was an author in my time, and wrote several books. Amongst others a treatise on the Treaty of Tilsit, a Tragedy on the death of the Due D'Enghien, a History of the Afghan Revolution, etc. I believe I am descended from a great sea-king, named Ragnor Lodbrog, who sailed the German Ocean and the English Channel in search of prey, and carried all before him. He conquered Rouen, was bought off from Paris, and extended his excursions into


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Rh a derelict chest of drawers in another, tidying articles of vertu in a third.

"Well, what do you think of the camp?" asked the doctor of Dowling as he approached. "My back's broken with stooping about in these cramped little cribs all day," and the strong man threw back his shoulders and expanded his great chest as though to get his form into shape again.

"Your men are fortunate fellows," replied Bowling. "The valley is picturesque indeed, with its lines of white amongst the green and gold. You could not have selected a better site. The land will grow anything, if it's only scratched."

"We will do more than that," said the doctor. "We shall deepen the lagoons and have a splendid natural reservoir. We can shape the creek into a canal; get our craft from the centre of the settlement on to the lake, into the Silverbourne, to the Murray, and the world."

"Have you fully considered the cost of all these works?"

"Every penny. We shall accomplish all with our own labour, which we shall merely have to feed. After six months, provisioning will cost next to nothing."

"But men will not work for their food only."

"They will for homes and lands and share in the profits."

"You have launched upon an enormous undertaking."

"Not at all. In the ordinary course I must have invested scores of thousands of pounds in the enterprise. As it is, the settlers share the risk."

"How so?"

"They advance their labour. I put my land at their disposal. If the worst comes to the worst, I have drawn no profit from land, which at the same time has been improved; they, on the other hand, have toiled to little

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68 purpose. But they have lived in comfort meanwhile, and are better off than when they started. I have no fear, however, of failure, if they only rise to the occasion, and work like free men."

"That's the rub," said Dowling; "can you ever teach them to do that?"

"If making them interested principals—partners, in fact—will not do it, nothing will."

"How can you compel those to work who do not like it?. You will have some such."

"No doubt; all, however, have entered into a contract. If any will not work, neither shall they eat; they can go."

"Which a mighty lot will do."

"Not after the first few months. They will have given 'hostages to fortune.' Every month's labour will forge a chain of vested interest about them. Men will think twice before they abandon, in a tiff, their embryo farms and homes."

"But these people have always been of a roving disposition."

"Because you have never tried to interest them in their undertakings. Each week you give them a wage that virtually pays them off, buys out that healthful interest that should, by every means, be fostered. If these men worked for my uncle, or a contractor, they could depart any Saturday and leave him in the lurch, taking all their belongings with them. In this case they would have to abandon two-thirds of the result of their labour."

"Then you have the idea of dragooning and coercing them?"

"Certainly not, save for their own good. I desire to make labour more effective, more directly interested, and so more content. It is to the men's own interest that

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 Preach among us Popery; but like Navarro come to feed and cherish their wanton lusts, as I could give many instances, might I not be censured for long digressions in mingling English Histories with my American Travails.

Shewing to what Provinces of the East and West India's belonging to the Crown of Castilia ''are sent Missions of Friers and Jesuites. And Specially of the Missions Sent in the year'' 1625.

N all the Dominions of the King of Spain in America, there are two sorts of Spaniards more opposite one to another then in Europe, the Spaniard is opposite to the French, or to the Hollander, or to the Portugal; to wit, they that are born there of Spanish Parents, whom the Spaniards to distinguish them from themselves, term Criolio's, signifying the Natives of that Country. This hatred is so great, that I dare say, nothing might be more advantagious then this, to any other Nation that would Conquer America. And nothing more easily gained then the wills and affections of the Natives of the Country, to join with any other Nation to free and rescue themselves from that subjection, or kind of slavery, which they suffer under the hard usage of the Spaniards, and their partial Government and Justice toward them, and those that come from Spain. This is so grievous to the poor Criolio's or Natives, that my self have often heard them say, they would rather be subject to any other Prince, nay to the Hollanders then to the Spaniards, if they thought they might enjoy their Religion; and others wishing the Hollanders, when they took Truxillio in Honduras, had staied in it and entred further into the Land, they should have been welcome to them; and that the Religion they enjoied with so much slavery, was nothing sweet unto them. This mortal hatred betwixt


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 betwixt these two sorts of Spaniards, made the Criolio's so ready to join against the Marquess of Gelves Viceroy of Mexico, in the Tumult and Mutiny of that City, wherein they cleaving to Don Alonso de Zerna, the Arch Bishop caused the Viceroy to escape for his life by flight, and would then have utterly rooted out the Spanish Government, had not some Priests disswaded them from it; but of this I shall speak more largely hereafter. The cause of this deadly hatred hath proceeded from a jealousie which the Spaniards have ever had of the Criolio's, that they would fain withdraw themselves first from the Commerce with Spain, and secondly, from the Government which is laid upon them; which is such, that the Criolo's must be always under, and a subject, always governed, but scarce any a Governour. Never yet was there seen any Criolio made Viceroy of Mexico, or Peru; or President of Guatemala, or Santafe, or S.Domingo, or Governour of Yucatcan, Cartagena, Havana, or Alcalde, Major (as they call them) of Soconusco, Chiapa, San Salvador, and such like places of credit. So likewise in the Courts of Chancery, as S. Domingo, Mexico, Guatemala, Lima, and the rest, where commonly there are Six, called Oydores and one Fiscal, scarce one of them to be found a Criolio, or Native of the Country; though there be among them those that descended of the chief Conquerors; as in Lima and Peru the Pizarros, in Mexico and Guaxaca the house of the Marquess Dell Valle, Ferdinando Cortes his Successors, others of the house of Giron, others of the house of Aluarado, others of the Gusmanes, finally many of the chiefest houses of Spain; yet none of these ever preferred to any dignity. And not only thus are they kept from Offices, but daily affronted by the Spaniards as uncapable of any Government, and termed half Indians by them.

Which general contempt hath also spread it self in the Church, where no Criolio Priest is scarce ever preferred to be a Bishop, or Canon in a Cathedral Church, but all such as come from Spain. So likewise in the Religious Orders they have many years indeavored to keep under and suppress such as have been admitted to their Orders of the Natives of the Country, lest the number of them should prevail against Rh


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Rh they should postpone receipt of the fullest revenue of their toil, not grab what they can every Saturday night. We can feed them for half what it cost them to cater for themselves. That they have to the good. Undertakings that yield no profit under the wages system you will find we can prosecute to advantage, accepting lowest prices, reaping fullest profits."

"Well, we shall see."

"What is that music sounding over the hill?" asked Eva Bowling, running towards the speakers.

"You ought to know the sighing of the wind in the she-oaks on the hills," replied her father.

"Listen!" insisted the girl. "It is music, martial music—'The Campbells are coming.'"

"By Jove, it is some band. I can hear it, Courtenay. What does it mean?"

"My army, coming in peace and joy," replied the doctor, "to win its victories. Here they are!" he shouted to his wife further down the hill.

"Why have they a band?" inquired Dowling.

"To cheer them, of course, as music ever does," answered the doctor. "Why should not our regiment be enlivened through all its hard campaign by inspiriting strains? Why may not life here be brightened by the healthful accessories that render the city so attractive? We are going to set up 'counter attractions' on these plains, I assure you."

"Barmaids and dice," suggested Tom, coming up with the others. "I thought yours was to be a temperance settlement, Courtenay?"

"Not of your milk-and-water sort. A vigorous, manly life our people shall lead here. All that can properly delight eye and ear, and improve heart and mind, shall they know, if I can secure it."

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70 "I see them—here they come!" cried Eva with excitement.

Forthwith over the very ridges that the dying eye of the squatter had looked upon last, a troop bearing banners appeared. Instruments of brass shone in the sunlight—horse-teams, bullock-wagons, spring-carts, and drays, laden with singing, laughing, gesticulating women and children; men astride fowl-coops, youths waving their caps from the top of swaying loads, children running alongside, plucking the heather as the caravan descended into the valley—a long, animated line, winding through the solitary pine-trees, round the granite rocks, pilgrims from the dreary city, escaping to the paradise God had prepared for them.

In the midst of Settlement Square—as it was to be called—on "the village green" they met, the benefactors and the beneficiaries.

"Home, sweet Home," the band struck up as the players, all settlers, took their stand under a wide-spreading gum. There were wringing of hands, shouts of delight, capering of children, with some shedding of tears, as all speeded to see on which tent their names were inscribed, and what plot was to be the scene of their future labour.

As, an hour later, the doctor took his wife's arm and led her slowly homeward his hand trembled.

"It was almost too much for me," he confessed, "to see the pale-faced creatures, brave with hope, sweeping into the lovely valley. God help them—and us. The responsibility is great, and so is the joy." ....

"Do you remember the old squatter's last vision?" said Dowling to his wife as they walked home. "It was fulfilled, surely, this very evening,"

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 those that are brought from Spain; they have been very nice in choosing of them, and though they have been forced to admit of some, yet still the Provincials, the Priors, and all Superiors have been Spaniards born in Spain. Till now lately some Provinces have got the upper hand and prevailed against the Spaniards, and have so filled their Cloisters with Criolios or Natives, that they have utterly refused to admit the supplies of Spanish missions which formerly were sent unto them, and till this day are sent to others. In the Province of Mexico there are Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustines, Carmelites, Mercenarians and Jesuites, whereof the Jesuites and Carmelites only to this day prevail against Criolio's, bringing every two or three years Missions from Spain. The last Mission that was sent to the Mercenarians was the year 1625, and then was the opposition such between that Mission and the Criolio's, that in the Election of the next Provincial in their Cloister of Mexico, the Friers drew knives one against another, and were like to kill each other, had not the Viceroy gone to their Cloister to make Peace, and Imprison some of them. Yet at last by the multitude of voices the Native party prevailed, and till this day have exempted themselves from Spanish Missions, alledging (as others have done) that they have Friers enough in their Cloisters, and need none to be sent them from Spain; submitting themselves to the Pope, and presenting to him as stately gifts as ever Spaniards did before them. In the Province of Guaxaca none admit of Missionaries from Spain; true it is, the Dominicans are but newly subdued by the Criolian party; and as yet are strongly pleading at Rome for Spanish Friers, alledging that the glory and lustre of their Religion hath been much blurred since the non-admittance of supplies of their Zealous Compatriots. The Province of Guatemala, (which is of a large extent) containing Guatemala, Chiapa, the Zoques, part of Tabasco, the Zaldales, the Sacapulas, the Vera Paz, all the Coast lying to the South Sea, Suchutepeques and Soconusco, Comayagua, Honduras, S. Salvador, Nicaragua, hath in it these Orders chiefly, Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustines, (who are subject to Mexico being one poor Cloister in Guatemala) Jesuites also in Guate-


text:
Author:James Hume Nisbet

Works

 * The Practical in Painting (Edinburgh, 1880)
 * Life and Nature Studies (London, 1887)
 * The Land of the Hibiscus Blossom (London, 1888)
 * Dr. Bernard St. Vincent (London, 1889)
 * Eight Bells (London, 1889)
 * Memories of the Months (London, 1889)
 * Ashes (London, 1890)
 * Bail Up (London, 1889)
 * My Illustrated Diary of a Voyage from London to Australia (London, 1889)
 * The Black Drop (London, 1891)
 * Lessons in Art (London, 1891)
 * The Savage Queen (London, 1891)
 * A Colonial Tramp (London, 1891)
 * The Great Secret (London, 1895)

title: Author:James Hume Nisbet


text:
Author:Francis Russell Nixon

Works

 * Lectures on the Church Catechism (second edition, London, 1844)

title: Author:Francis Russell Nixon


text: Author talk:Paul N. Nicholaioff

title: Author talk:Paul N. Nicholaioff


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hopes and fears of the Egyptians with reference to the world beyond the grave are revealed to us in various books or collections of writings which have been preserved to us by the tombs.

Most of the evidence upon which the preceding Lectures are based has been taken from inscriptions sculptured or painted upon monuments of stone. But from the very earliest times to which it is possible to go back, the Egyptians were acquainted with the use of the pen and of papyrus as a material for writing upon. Leather skins are also recorded to have been used for certain documents, and some of these have actually been preserved. But the durability and other qualities of the papyrus recommended it for ordinary use beyond all other writing materials. The age of some of the papyri now in our museums must necessarily seem fabulous to those whose experience has been limited to Greek or Latin manuscripts, which are considered as of most venerable antiquity if they were written in the


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 fourth or fifth century after Christ, and, unless like the rolls of Herculaneum they can plead special reasons, are justly liable to suspicion if they lay claim to higher antiquity. There is probably not a Hebrew manuscript of the Old Testament which is a thousand years old. The oldest existing Sanskrit manuscripts were written only a few centuries ago. Some of our Egyptian papyri are not less than four thousand years old. You must bear in mind the difference of the conditions under which the oldest manuscripts of each country have been preserved. The climate and the insects of India are absolutely destructive of all organic substances. The Hebrew Biblical manuscripts of olden times have been intentionally destroyed, either out of reverence for a roll which was no longer in a condition suitable for use, or because the text of it, as being at variance with the Masoretic recension, was considered to be erroneous. The causes which have led to the destruction of Greek and Latin manuscripts, especially of the classical literature, are so obvious, that we can only wonder and be thankful that so much has been preserved. But the Egyptian manuscripts which we now possess—very few, alas! in comparison with the myriads which have perished—have been preserved by being kept from the air and damp in a perfectly dry climate, hermetically sealed in earthen or wooden vessels or under mummy coverings, sometimes at a depth of ninety feet within the living rock, and still


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 further protected by a thick covering of the pure, dry sands of the desert.

The literature which has thus been preserved and recovered is naturally for the most part of a religious character.

It is perhaps necessary that I should apologize for using the term literature in speaking of compositions written in the hieroglyphic character. It is, I know, hard to make strangers to the writing understand that signs representing birds or beasts may be and are as purely alphabetic letters as our A, B, C. Such, however, is the fact, and every simple sound in the language, whether vowel or consonant, had its corresponding letter. The language had no medial sounds, so that if a g or a d had to be transcribed from a foreign language, a k or a t had to be substituted. But it was from the alphabetic signs of the Egyptians that the Phœnicians derived their own, and from the Phœnician alphabet all those of Europe and Asia were derived: Greek, Etruscan, Roman, Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, Sanskrit and Zend. The Egyptian writing, it is true, was not confined to alphabetic characters. Some signs are syllabic, but these might at will be exchanged for


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 the equivalent combination of alphabetic ones, just as the Greek abbreviations which are so puzzling to some persons, either in the manuscripts or in the Aldine and other old editions of the classics, give place at the present day to the simple letters. And just as some persons saw considerable advantage in the use of Greek abbreviations, every Egyptologist will tell you that, each syllabic character being necessarily confined to a limited number of words, he is able to detect at a glance over a page the presence of a word he is looking for. But syllabic signs were not used, any more than Greek abbreviations, in consequence of a want of signs to express purely alphabetic values. In this matter Egyptian orthography differs essentially from Chinese or Assyrian. It may, however, be objected that Egyptian writing admits a certain number of ideographic signs commonly called determinatives, which are not pronounced; a sign, for instance, representing two legs is placed after words signifying motion. But if we compare our own writing either with Sanskrit or with ancient Greek or Latin manuscripts, we shall find plenty of ideographic signs in it. What else are notes of exclamation or of interrogation? What are inverted commas and vacant spaces between the words? Capital letters are to this day determinatives of proper names in English and French, and of substantives in German orthography. Our ideography is undoubtedly much simpler than the Egyptian, but it is quite as real. An


text: Author talk:Andrew Russell Forsyth

title: Author talk:Andrew Russell Forsyth


text: Author talk:Herbert Edward Ryle

title: Author talk:Herbert Edward Ryle


text:
Author talk:George Binney Dibblee

Death
"DIBBLEE.—On. Aug. 27, 1952, at Oakhurst Nursing Home, Midhurst, very peacefully, Fellow of All Souls, aged 84. Funeral at St. Mary's Catholic Cemetery, Harrow Road, on Monday, Sept. 1, at 11.30 a.m. R.I.P."
 * The Times, Thursday, Aug 28, 1952; Issue 52402; pg. 1; col A — Deaths

title: Author talk:George Binney Dibblee


text: Author talk:William Robertson Nicoll

title: Author talk:William Robertson Nicoll


text: Page:Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings, 1887, vol 4.djvu/569


text: Author talk:Edward Tyas Cook

title: Author talk:Edward Tyas Cook


text: Author talk:Edward Holland Nicoll

title: Author talk:Edward Holland Nicoll


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The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes/Boynton of Barmston and Burton Agnes

Notes


text: Author talk:James Lewis Caw

title: Author talk:James Lewis Caw


text: Author talk:Augustine Birrell

title: Author talk:Augustine Birrell


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Author:Josiah Latimer Clark

Works

 * Experimental Investigation of the Laws which govern the Propagation of the Electric Current in Submarine Telegraph Cables, (1855)
 * "On the Formation of Standards of Electrical Quantity and Resistance," in (British Assoc. Reports, vol. xxxi. pt. ii. p. 37) (1861). With C.T. Bright.
 * An Elementary Treatise on Electrical Measurement, (1868).
 * Electrical tables and formulæ, for the use of telegraph inspectors and operators, (1871). With Robert Sabine.
 * A Treatise on the Transit Instrument, (1882)
 * The Star Guide, (1886). With Herbert Sadler.
 * Dictionary of Metric and other useful Measures, (1891).
 * Memoir of Sir William Fothergill Cooke, (1895)

title: Author:Josiah Latimer Clark


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186 Spain. At length he determined to try his hand on England, but there he was defeated, and taken prisoner, in a bloody battle by Ella, King of Northumbria, and was shockingly put to death by being cast into a den in which numbers of poisonous reptiles had been thrown on purpose to destroy him. That is a clue for the knowing ones—let them find out my name.

'I was fourteen when the splendid palace of the king of my native land was burnt to ashes. The palace was situated on an island, to which access could only be had by means of a drawbridge. The flames ascended to an immense height, and were grand and awful beyond description. The lakes around our fine city reflected the splendour of the conflagration; and as I stood on an eminence looking at it at night, and heard the fire roaring, and the falling roofs crashing, and saw the pictures of the old knights who had long been dead moving as the devouring elements swept over the canvas, so that they seemed again animated with life, my mind was filled with extraordinary emotions. The fire could not be subdued; the poor king refused to believe that his palace was being consumed, and his servants were compelled to remove him from his burning chamber by force.

'A strong spirit of adventure took possession of me about this time, and I tormented my father until he bound me as apprentice to a ship in the coaling trade; at this I remained for four years, during which time I mastered the English language, read a great number of books, and made myself acquainted with astronomy, geography, and nautical science. At the age of eighteen I left the coal trade, and entered on board a South Sea whaler going to the Cape of Good Hope with stores. When we arrived there, I went to another ship bound for Algoa Bay. The captain told me he had in many perilous adventures; he was an officer on


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Rh board the Lady Jane Shore when she was piratically seized by the prisoners and soldiers on her way to Botany Bay, and escaped death by leaving his bed in the dark.

'When we arrived at Algoa Bay, we found two men-of-war belonging to England, and during the evening another entered the harbour, and cast anchor near them. I received an order immediately to pay the new arrival a visit; but, on going alongside in the boat, and being about to mount the side, I heard people talking in a foreign language, which I suspected was French. I returned to my ship with a report of what I had heard, and it was soon discovered that the stranger was the French frigate La Preneuse, of 44 guns, which had watched the English ships into the bay, and expected to make prizes of them in the morning. The latter lost no time in opening their fire, although both the captains were on shore. The battle lasted six hours, and at last the Frenchman spread his sails to the land breeze, and bade us good-bye.

'My next change was to the Lady Nelson, tender to the Investigator, discovery ship, under Captain Flinders, and we proceeded to Sydney to join that officer. (My memory becomes better as I get deeper into my history.) We spent a long time in surveying the coasts of Port Philip and Van Diemen's Land, now called Tasmania, where I was destined hereafter to spend many years of my chequered life. We then sailed to the northern shores of New Holland, where we lost all our anchors and cables on the coral reefs, but saved our vessel by means of a wooden anchor. When we got back to Sydney, however, our anchor would no longer sink, and our ship, the Lady Nelson, went on shore.

'In the year 1803 we set sail from Sydney with passengers and stores for the Derwent, and, after landing them, sailed to Port Philip, to bring over Colonel Collins and the persons who had attempted to form a settlement there. The soil


text:
Author:Charles Tilston Bright

Works

 * Submarine Telegraphs
 * The Story of the Atlantic Cable
 * Imperial Preferential Policy
 * The Locomotion Problem

Works about Bright

 * Life Story of Sir Charles Tilston Bright, by E. B. Bright (1899)

title: Author:Charles Tilston Bright


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188 was so arid and barren, and fresh water was so scarce, that it was judged necessary to abandon the place altogether.

'On the land where Colonel Collins stood, and which he abandoned in disgust, the city of Melbourne now stands and flourishes. People from Tasmania went there, and bought a few acres for a mere trifle, and found themselves in a few years' time millionaires. The gold mines of Victoria were the magician's wands.

'While we were away the site of the present city of Hobart was fixed upon, and a part of the wild Bush cleared for dwellings. It is a small but very pretty city now, but at that time the largest gum-trees thickly overshadowed an almost impenetrable scrub. Returning to Sydney to refit, we again went to Tasmania, and surveyed the entrance to the Tamar. Then we went to King Island, and amused ourselves with hunting the emu and killing sea-elephants; and on going back to Sydney, after a trip to the new settlement of Newcastle, seventy miles north of Port Jackson, I left the King of England's service.

'A voyage to New Zealand next engaged my attention, We filled a vessel with skins, and came back to Sydney. I then entered as chief officer of the Alexander, a whaler, and we sailed for the Derwent, where I struck the first whale that had ever been struck in Tasmanian waters. Directing our course to New Zealand, we filled our ship, after nearly losing her in a skirmish with the natives, and sailed for London, taking two of our savage friends with us. Baffled in our attempts to double Cape Horn, and driven three thousand miles out of our course, we made for Otaheite for provisions. Plenty of fresh meat was to be had but we were obliged to manufacture salt to cure it which detained us two months. Again setting sail, with an Otaheitan chief and a friend of his, we tried the Horn a second time, and succeeded in getting round,


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Rh though not without suffering many hardships. At St. Catherine's, in the Brazils, we stayed over three months, putting everything in order, and, after another long stoppage at St. Helena, waiting for convoy, arrived safely in the Thames.

'I soon became desirous of revisiting my native land, and, resigning the charge of my New Zealand friends into the hands of an excellent man, Sir Joseph Banks, I made my way to the city of my ancestors, which I found had just been bombarded by an English fleet. The most beautiful city in the world was a heap of ruins. Fifteen hundred of my poor countrymen had been destroyed. This made me detest England, a Power which I had previously respected, if not loved. To prevent our fleet from falling into the hands of the then conqueror of Europe, Napoleon Bonaparte, was her ostensible motive; but, although I did not love France, I determined to wreak summary vengeance on England. I therefore took the command of a fine ship, armed with twenty-eight guns, which had been purchased by my father and seven other merchants of—yes, Copenhagen I have it now—and presented to the Crown. We cut our way through the ice a month before it was expected that any vessel could get out, and, coming unawares among the English traders, captured eight or nine ships. I then stood boldly over to England, determined to immortalize my name by a glorious conquest, and found myself suddenly in sight of Flamborough Head, and at the same time within the reach of an English sloop of war, while a little way beyond lay another. To save my ship was now my work but we were obliged to fight. The enemy had a hundred and twenty men; I had only eighty-three; and in a few minutes we were hard at it, yard-arm to yard-arm, two against one. The fight lasted three-quarters of an hour; I fired seventeen broadsides, and did not cease until all my


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190 powder was gone, and my masts, sails, and rigging were shot to pieces. To resist any longer was impossible, so I struck my colours, as many a brave man has had to do before me.

'I was not in England above twenty-four hours when a letter arrived from London, from a gentleman whom I had met in my native city the year before, requesting me to hurry to London on important business. Having my liberty, though not on parole, I lost no time in complying with his request. I soon became known to several high officials of those stirring times, and renewed my acquaintance with Sir Joseph Banks, of whose friendship and good offices I shall feel proud as long as I shall be allowed to remember anything. He was a distinguished naturalist, and an honour to his country; and he had the privilege of sailing with the great Captain Cook, the immortal discoverer of Australia. A great stir was made in London just then about the condition of a certain island belonging to my native country, the name of which I cannot remember, the inhabitants being reduced almost to the horrors of a famine on account of the fierce hostilities carried on between Great Britain and that country. Permission was obtained from the British Government to freight a ship with provisions, and I agreed to take the command of her. We sailed from Liverpool in December—a time when it was considered madness to venture into such a high latitude when there were only two hours of daylight out of the twenty four. But we had plenty of light from the aurora borealis, and arrived in perfect safety, to the great joy of the starving people. Our cargo I foresaw would go but a little way towards supplying their wants, so I hastened back to Liverpool to get another.

'On my return to the island with more flour and other provisions, I discovered that an order had been issued


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Rh further communication with the English; and not liking the idea of taking my cargo back again, I made up my mind to act in the crisis with independent decision and energy. The next day was Sunday, and waiting quietly until the people had gone into church, I then took twelve well armed sailors with me, went on shore and marched straight up to the Governor's house, in front of which I stationed six of my men, sending the remainder to watch the rear with orders to fire on any man who should attempt to interfere. I then walked into the house with a loaded pistol in each hand. His lordship, Count Tramp, had luckily not gone to church, and I found him reposing on the sofa, not in the least expecting such a visitor. His surprise was very great, but he wisely made a virtue of necessity, and quietly accompanied me on board my vessel. Here was something to be proud of, your Majesty. The government of a large island, with a burning mountain in it, changed in a moment, and not a drop of blood spilt! Let the bloodthirsty battle-mongers of the world think of it. The people were astonished, but thinking that I acted with the connivance of the British Government, submitted without a murmur. To strengthen my position, I secured the iron chest, and issued a proclamation, wherein I stated roundly that the people, being tired of constant oppression, had unanimously called me to the head of the government.

'There have been worse governors in the world than Captain, it is wonderful that, in the multitude of things I can remember, my own long familiar name should have become a perfect blank. Well, perhaps it may come back some day, with interest, payable to the bearer. My proclamation, though written in rather a peculiar language, was eminently successful. The English residents never interfered, and the islanders made sure it was all right. Not being inclined to tyrannize over my fellow men, I resolved to


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reed, Isaac

ISAAC REED (1742–1807), English Shakespearian editor, son of a baker, was born on New Year's Day, 1742, in London. He was articled to a solicitor, and eventually set up as a conveyancer at Staple Inn, where he had a large practice. His major work was the Biographia dramatica (2 vols., 1782), consisting of biographies of the dramatists and a descriptive dictionary of their plays. This book, which was an enlargement of David Erskine Baker's Companion to the Playhouse (2 vols., 1764), was re-edited (3 vols.) by Stephen Jones in 1811, and is a valuable authority. The original work by Baker had been based on Gerard Langbaine's Account of the English Dramatick Poets (1691), Giles Jacob's Poetical Register (1719), Thomas Whincop's List of all the Dramatic Authors (printed with his tragedy of Scanderbeg, 1747) and the MSS. of Thomas Coxeter (1689–1747), an industrious antiquary who had collected much useful material. Reed's Notitia dramatica (Addit. MSS. 25390–2, British Museum), supplementary to the Biographia, was never published. He revised Dodsley's Collection of Old Plays (12 vols., 1780). He also re-edited Johnson and Steevens's edition (1773) of Shakespeare. Reed's edition was published in 10 vols. (1785), and he gave great assistance to Steevens in his edition (1793). He was Steevens's literary executor, and in 1803 published another edition (21 vols.) based on Steevens's later collections. This, which is known as the first variorum, was re-issued ten years later. He died on the 5th of January 1807. His valuable library of theatrical literature was catalogued for sale as Bibliotheca Reediana (1807).

See John Nichols' ''Lit. Anec. of the 18th Century'' (vol. ii., 1812); and Edward Dowden, Essays, Modern and Elizabethan.


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192 adopt popular measures. I established a free representative government and trial by jury. My Home Rule was not one of the Squelchers and the Squelched such as they are clamouring for in Ireland. I relieved the people from one-half of the taxes [think of that, ye plundering, insatiable Australian Parliaments—ye sons or daughters of the thirsty horseleech, think of that], supplying the deficiency by imposing a duty on all British goods imported and exported. I increased the salaries of the clergy, even that of the bishop—not forgetting, as richer governments do, the humble curates. Some of the latter had lived on twelve pounds a year, a sum upon which the foxhound of an English squire would starve. Consequently, I had pulpit eloquence on my side. I took the public schools and fisheries under my care, and compelled all public defaulters to cash up without delay. I next formally released (though without authority) the people from all debts due to the Crown of my native country, which had shamefully withheld the money subscribed for their relief by the nations of Europe, especially the English, after the terrible calamities of 1783. [The volcanic eruptions of that year from the Skeidara covered several fertile districts with lava, poisoned the water and atmosphere all around, drove the fishes away from the coasts, and caused a famine and pestilence which in two years destroyed 9,000 people, and thousands of horses and cattle.] Nor was I idle in organizing military defences. I established an army of eight hundred soldiers, well armed and mounted, and placed six guns in position to defend the harbour. Indeed, I am quite serious when I tell your Majesty that the laws and regulations I then made were so good that I have reason to believe they remain unaltered to the present day.

'I now thought it advisable to make a tour of the island. The country was very beautiful, with high and precipitous


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Rh

 By George Armstrong—

(10) Names and Places in the Old and New Testament and Apocrypha. This is an index to all the names and places mentioned in the Bible and New Testament, with full references and their modern identifications, as shown on the new map of Palestine.

(11) Besant and Palmer's "History of Jerusalem."—The "History of Jerusalem," which was originally published in 1871, and has long been completely out of print, covers a period and is compiled from materials not included in any other work, though some of the contents have been plundered by later works on the same subject. It begins with the siege by Titus and continues to the fourteenth century, including the Early Christian period, the Moslem invasion, the mediæval pilgrims, the Mohammedan pilgrims, the Crusades, the Latin Kingdom, the victorious career of Saladin, the Crusade of Children, and many other little-known episodes in the history of the city and the country.

(12) Northern 'Ajlûn "Within the Decapolis," by Herr Schumacher.

By Henry A. Harper—

(13) "The Bible and Modern Discoveries."—This work, written by a Member of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, is an endeavour to present in a simple and popular, but yet a connected form, the Biblical results of twenty-two years' work of the Palestine Exploration Fund. The writer has also availed himself of the discoveries made by the American Expeditions and the Egyptian Exploration Fund, as well as discoveries of interest made by independent travellers.

 The Bible story, from the call of Abraham to the Captivity, is taken, and details given of the light thrown by modern research on the sacred annals. Eastern customs and modes of thought are explained whenever the writer thought that they illustrated the text. This plain and simple method has never before been adopted in dealing with modern discovery.

To the Clergy and Sunday School Teachers, as well as to all those who love the Bible, the writer hopes this work will prove useful. He is personally acquainted with the land; nearly all the places spoken of he has visited, and most of them he has moreover sketched or painted. It should be noted that the book is admirably adapted for the School or Village Library.

By Guy le Strange—  (14) "Palestine under the Moslems."—For a long time it had been desired by the Committee to present to the world some of the great hoards of information about Palestine which lie buried in the Arabic texts of the Moslem geographers and travellers of the Middle Ages. Some few of the works, or parts of the works, have been already translated into Latin, French, and German. Hardly anything has been done with them in


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8  English, and no attempt has ever been made to systematise, compare, and annotate them.

This has now been done for the Society by Mr. Guy le Strange. The work is divided into chapters on Syria, Palestine, Jerusalem, and Damascus, the provincial capitals and chief towns, and the legends related by the writers consulted. These writers begin with the ninth century and continue until the fifteenth. The volume contains maps and illustrations required for the elucidation of the text.

The Committee have great confidence that this work—so novel, so useful to students of mediæval history, and to all those interested in the continuous story of the Holy Land—will meet with the success which its learned author deserves.

By W. M. Flinders Petrie—

 (15) "Lachish" (one of the five strongholds of the Amorites).—An account of the excavations conducted by Mr. Petrie in the spring of 1890, with view of Tell, plans and sections, and upwards of 270 drawings of the objects found.

By Trelawney Saunders—

(16) "An Introduction to the Survey of Western Palestine, describing its Waterways, Plains, and Highlands, with special reference to the Water Basin—(Map. No. 10)."

(17) "The City and the Land."—A course of seven lectures on the work of the Fund, 2nd edition, with Plan of Jerusalem, according to Josephus, now ready.

(18) "The Tell Amarna Tablets," including the one found at Lachish. By Major C. E. Conder, D.C.L., R.E.

The New Map of Palestine (scale $3⁄8$ of an inch to a mile).—Embraces both sides of the Jordan, and extends from Baalbek in the north to Kadesh Barnea in the south. All the modern names are in black; over these are printed in red the Old Testament and Apocrypha names. The New Testament, Josephus, and Talmudic names are in blue, and the tribal possessions are tinted in colours, giving clearly all the identifications up to date. It is the most comprehensive map that has been published, and will be invaluable to universities, colleges, schools, &c.

It is published in 20 sheets, with paper cover; price to subscribers to the Fund, 24s.; to the public, £2. It can be had mounted on cloth, rollers, and varnished for hanging. The size is 8 feet by 6 feet. The cost of mounting is extra (see Maps).

In addition to the 20-sheet map, the Committee have issued as a separate Map the 12 sheets (viz., Nos. 5–7, 9–11, 13–15, 20–22), which include the whole of Palestine as far north as Mount Hermon, and the districts beyond Jordan as far as they are surveyed. See key-map to the sheets.


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Rh The price of this map, in 12 sheets, in paper cover, to subscribers to the Fund, 12s. 6d.; to the public, £1 1s.

The size of the map, mounted on cloth and roller for hanging, is $4 1⁄2$ feet by $6 3⁄4$ feet.

Any single sheet of the map can be had separately, price, to subscribers of the Fund, 1s. 6d. Mounted on cloth to fold in the pocket suitable for travelling, 2s. To the public 2s. and 2s. 6d.

Single copies of these maps in sheets, with cover, can be sent by post to all foreign countries at an extra charge of 1s.

A copy of names and places in the Old and New Testament, with their modern identifications and full references, can he had by subscribers with either of these maps at the reduced price of 2s. 6d.

New Raised Map of Palestine.—The want has long been felt, and the wish often expressed, that a map showing the physical features of the Holy Land on a scale sufficiently large to show at a glance the relative proportions of the mountains, valleys, plains, &c., should be produced on the basis of the Surveys of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

This has now been accomplished by Mr. George Armstrong, Assistant Secretary to the Fund. The Raised Map embraces the whole country from Baalbek to Kadesh Barnea, and shows on the east of Jordan nearly all that is known. It is a reproduction in bold relief of the recently issued map, on the scale of three-eighths of an inch to the mile.

The seas, lakes, marshes, and perennial streams are in blue, the watercourses on the plains and main roads are marked by a grooved line, the Old and New Testament sites in red, and the plains and hills are in white.

Names are given to the coast towns and a few of the inland ones; the others have numbers corresponding with a reference sheet. The map measures 7 feet 6 inches by 4 feet, and is on view at the Office of the Fund, 24, Hanover Square.

Casts of this Map in fibrous plaster, partly coloured and framed, can be had for £7 7s. by Subscribers to the Fund, fully coloured £10 10s.; to the public, £10 10s. and £13 13s.

Photographs of the Raised Map are now ready. Size, $16 1⁄2$ inches by $8 1⁄2$ inches, price 5s.; 8 inches by $4 1⁄2$ inches, 1s.

Subscribers to the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society will shortly receive the Annual Report for the past year. The "Anonymous Pilgrims" is ready, and will be issued shortly.

The following are a few of the translations in hand:—Brocardus; Qualiter sita est Civitas Jerusalem; also extracts from various early writers illustrating topographical details of Jerusalem and the Holy Land, viz., Aristeas, Hecataeus, Origen, Cyril, St. Jerome, The Patriarch Sophronius, &c.


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6

By Major Conder, R.E.—

(1) "Tent Work in Palestine."—A popular account of the Survey of Western Palestine, freely illustrated by drawings made by the author himself. This is not a dry record of the sepulchres, or a descriptive catalogue of ruins, springs, and valleys, but a continuous narrative full of observations upon the manners and customs of the people, the Biblical associations of the sites, the Holy City and its memories, and is based upon a six years' experience in the country itself. No other modern traveller has enjoyed the same advantages as Major Conder, or has used his opportunities to better purpose.

(2) "Heth and Moab."—Under this title Major Conder provides a narrative, as bright and as full of interest as "Tent "Work," of the expedition for the Survey of Eastern Palestine. How the party began by a flying visit to North Syria, in order to discover the Holy City—Kadesh—of the children of Heth; how they fared across the Jordan, and what discoveries they made there, will be found in this volume.

(3) Major Conder's "Syrian Stone Lore."—This volume, the least known of Major Conder's works, is, perhaps, the most valuable. It attempts a task never before approached—the reconstruction of Palestine from its monuments. It shows what we should know of Syria if there were no Bible, and it illustrates the Bible from the monuments.

(4) Major Conder's "Altaic Inscriptions."—This book is an attempt to read the Hittite Inscriptions. The author has seen no reason to change his views since the publication of the work.

(5) Professor Hull's "Mount Seir."—This is a popular account of the Geological Expedition conducted by Professor Hull for the Committee of the Palestine Fund. The part which deals with the Valley of Arabah will be found entirely new and interesting.

(6) Herr Schumacher's "Across the Jordan."

(7) Herr Schumacher's "Jaulân."—These two books must be taken in continuation of Major Conder's works issued as instalments of the "Survey of Eastern Palestine." They are full of drawings, sketches, and plans, and contain many valuable remarks upon manners and customs.

By Walter Besant, M.A. —

(8) "The Memoirs of Twenty-one Years' Work."—This work is a popular account of the researches conducted by the Society during the twenty-one years of its existence. Out of print; new edition preparing.

(9) Herr Schumacher's "Kh. Fahil." The ancient Pella, the first retreat of the Christians: with map and illustrations.


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Rh Palestine and other Bible Lands. See list of Books, July Quarterly Statement, 1893.

It may be well to mention that plans and photographs alluded to in the reports from Jerusalem and elsewhere cannot all be published, but all are preserved in the offices of the Fund, where they may be seen by subscribers.

The third and revised edition of "Heth and Moab" is now ready.

A new edition of "Twenty-one Years' Work" is in course of preparation, and will be brought down to date.

The first volume of the "Survey of Eastern Palestine," by Major Conder, has been issued to subscribers; it is accompanied by a map of the portion of country surveyed, special plans, and upwards of 350 drawings of ruins, tombs, dolmens, stone circles, inscriptions, &c. The first 250 subscribers pay seven guineas for the three volumes; subscribers to the "Survey of Western Palestine" are privileged to have the volumes for this sum. The price will be raised, after 250 names are received, to twelve guineas. The Committee are pledged never to let any copies be subscribed for under the sum of seven guineas. A. P. Watt and Son, 2, Paternoster Square, are the Sole Agents. The attention of intending subscribers is directed to the announcement in the last page of this number.

Mr. H. Chichester Hart's "Fauna and Flora of Sinai, Petra, and the Wâdy Arabah" has been completed and sent out to subscribers.

The translation of the first portion of M. Clermont-Ganneau's work, "Archæological Researches in Palestine," is completed. The second part, it is expected, will be in the hands of the translator soon.

The books now contained in the Society's publications comprise an amount of information on Palestine, and on the researches conducted in the country, which can be found in no other publications. It must never be forgotten that no single traveller, however well equipped by previous knowledge, can compete with a scientific body of explorers, instructed in the periods required, and provided with all the instruments necessary for carrying out their work. The books are the following (the whole set (1 to 7 and 9 to 18) can be obtained by subscribers to the Fund on application to the Head Office only (24, Hanover Square, W.), for £3 10s. 0d., carriage paid to any part in the United Kingdom only):—


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4

The following gentlemen have kindly consented to act as Honorary Local Secretaries:—The Rev. I. W. Johnson, M.A., Benthall, Broseley; The Rev. J. C. Newton, Kobe, Japan; The Rev. Thos. M. B. Patterson, Hamilton, N.B.; Professor James S. Riggs, Auburn Theological Seminary; The Rev. Jeremiah Zimmerman, Syracuse; Walter Gr. Webster, Esq., Providence.

The new railway from Jaffa to Jerusalem has been laid down on the sheets of the large and small maps. Copies of these sheets are now ready.

The museum of the Fund, at 24, Hanover Square, is now open to subscribers between the hours of 10 a.m. and 5 p.m., except on Saturdays, when it closes at 2 p.m.

The Committee have to acknowledge with thanks the following donations to the Library of the Fund:—

The Committee will be glad to receive donations of Books to the Library of the Fund, which already contains many works of great value relating to


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Rh mile, embraces the whole country from Baalbec to Kadesh Barnea, and shows nearly all that is known on the east of the Jordan. The natural features of the country stand out prominently, and show at a glance the relative proportion of the mountains, heights, valleys, and plains. The seas, lakes, marshes, and perennial streams, are shown in blue, the watercourses on the plains and the main roads are marked by a grooved line, the Old and New Testament sites in red, and the hills and plains in white. Names are given to the coast and a few inland towns, but other towns are numbered to correspond to a reference list of names. The map measures 7 feet 6 inches by 4 feet. It will, perhaps, be specially interesting at the present time, when railway operations are going on in the country. The course of the new railway from Haifa to Damascus can be clearly traced, and the nature of the country it crosses can be seen at a glance. No doubt, too, the educational use to which the map will be put will be very considerable. Casts in fibrous plaster can now be had."

The "Jewish Chronicle" recently suggested that no Jewish school should be without a copy of the Raised Map. The same might also be said in reference to other schools, and especially Sunday Schools. With this map before the eye of the scholar a Bible lesson takes on quite a realistic character.

The construction of the Haifa-Damascus Railway is proceeding. By the kindness of Mr. Pilling, arrangements have been entered into for archæological discoveries made in the course of the works to be reported to the Fund, and, if necessary, to be carefully examined.

The Rev. Theodore E. Dowling, Jerusalem, asks for reliable information as to the origin of the "Jerusalem Cross." Four theories of the early history of this cross are current in Jerusalem. Can any date, prior to that of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem, be assigned to it? (See page 81.)

The annual subscriptions for 1894 from the Presidency of Bombay, collected in November, 1893, by the Rev. Theodore E. Dowling, of Jerusalem, during his present tour through India, were received too late to appear in the January number of the Quarterly Statement.

Index to the Quarterly Statement.—A new edition of the Index to the Quarterly Statements has been compiled. It embraces the years 1869 (the first issue of the journal) to the end of 1892. Contents:—Names of the Authors and of the Papers contributed by them; List of the Illustrations; and General Index. This Index will be found extremely useful. Price to subscribers to the Fund, in paper cover, 1s. 6d., in cloth, 2s. 6d., post free; non-subscribers, 2s. and 3s.


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2 Whether this indicates a permanent increase, or merely the highest amount of a cycle of years, cannot yet be determined. The diagram appended to Mr. Glaisher's paper will show at a glance the amount of the rainfall in the several years.

It is reported that a Turkish expedition is about to examine the shores of the Dead Sea, and that two boats manned by Jaffa sailors have been transported from Jaffa, and are now afloat on the Dead Sea for the purpose.

We are enabled this quarter to publish a paper by P. J. Baldensperger, Esq., on the "Orders of Holy Men in Palestine," and a paper by Major Conder on the Jews of Palestine under the Romans during the first two centuries of the Christian era.

A lecture by the Rev. Canon Curtis, of Constantinople, on the sarcophagi found at Sidon, and now in the Imperial Museum at Constantinople, is in print, and will, it is hoped, be published, with illustrations, in our April number.

Professor Ramsay, of Aberdeen, has favoured us with upwards of 200 Greek and other inscriptions collected in the Hauran by the Rev. W. Ewing, whilst attached to the Scotch mission at Tiberias. It is intended to publish them shortly.

The recent publication of a book in Jerusalem by Mr. G. R. Lees has given offence to the Turkish authorities, who seized the copies and prohibited the sale until certain alterations were promised. The matter is mentioned in these columns because everything connected with Jerusalem and the relations of our countrymen with the authorities concerns us. The Society has nothing to do with the work in question or with any works on the Holy Land except those published by themselves. We are, however, sure that Mr. Lees would be the last writer willingly to offend local feelings.

Mr. G. Armstrong's Raised Map of Palestine is attracting much attention, and it is difficult to supply promptly all the orders that come in for it.

The "Times" of September 18th contains the following remarks on Mr. Armstrong's new raised map of Palestine:—"After five years of untiring industry Mr. George Armstrong, the Assistant Secretary to the Palestine Exploration Fund, has produced and perfected a work of which he may justly feel proud. A raised map must prove of the greatest interest to all who have visited or intend to visit the tract of country which it represents, affording, as it does, a picture, au vol d'oiseau of all the physical features. Mr. Armstrong's interesting work will faithfully present to those who have had the advantage of touring in Palestine the old familiar routes they have traversed, and will give to those who have yet to enjoy such a journey a clear idea of the sort of country they may expect to see. The map, which is constructed on the basis of the Surveys of the Palestine Exploration Fund, on a scale of $3⁄8$-in. to the