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196 The author of this novelty was John Lom, who had engaged the services of Donald, Quandak, Takawarrant, his old servant and our old acquaintance Popgun. They were blackened and decorated according to Quandak's instructions, and being armed with long spears, they went through their wild dance to the tune of Maria, who was beating time as she sang the strange air in her native tongue.

The impression which this produced among the superstitious Highlanders was most striking. The dark spectres, whose wild and curious attitudes were increased by the glare of the fire, reminded the spectators of descriptions they had heard of the inhabitants of the lower regions.

When the leader of the dance perceived by the looks and gestures of the spectators, that their superstition was raised to its highest pitch, he gave a pre-arranged signal, when they all shook their spears in the air, gave one simultaneous yell, and darted towards the thickest part of the crowd, as if charging them.

This produced great alarm, a passage was made for them through the dense and terror-stricken crowd. Men and women screachedscreeched [sic] and yelled, some were sprawling on the ground, and some clung frantically to each other, while their supposed enemies made their escape to the castle.

Charlie and his friends succeeded, after some time, in pacifying the people, and convinced them that their imagined spectres were really human, and meant to do them no harm. When order was at length restored, they found that the casualties were only a few bruises scratches, &c. The dancing was then resumed, and kept up for some time, until the advancing morning warned them that it was time to return to their homes, when the corroboree became the staple of their future evening fireside tales.

The marriage of George and Catherine was another joyful event, which succeeded the bonfire, and added one more to the links of happiness and friendship, which Charlie and his wife had brought about among the people.

title: Page:Lindigo.djvu/196


text: Lindigo, the White Woman/Chapter 28

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lindigo, the White Woman/Chapter 28


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Page:Lindigo.djvu/197

Rh

Our tale is now drawing to a close, but before we drop the curtain, we will give the reader another peep at the different characters.

It will, therefore, be necessary to mention that, after Charlie Stuart's departure from Australia, vague rumours of the captivity of a white woman being among the Warrigal tribe, daily increased. These surmises first gained ground from some hints dropped by Takawarrant, when Charles and Quandak were away on their expedition, and also from a few Warrigals, who were mixing with the civilized natives. Consequently an expedition was set on foot by some philanthrophicphilanthropic [sic] and chivalric colonists for her rescue.

After a great deal of fatigue and expense, this was abandoned, little expecting that she was settled comfortably at home with her husband. The band of natives who witnessed the rescue of Lindigo, and the death of their leaders, became so alarmed that a similar fate awaited them, that they sought the security of the snowy mountains, never afterwards holding intercourse with other tribes. They sometimes visited the 90-mile beach, but always kept aloof from civilized society.

Our last budget from the Highlands contained the gratifying intelligence that the Lochlinn estate is progressing favourably, under the able management of Charlie, assisted by George, who occupies both farms, the latter's wife declares that she has quite weaned her husband from taking a spree, ever since the day he was caught.

Major Campbell and his friend, Captain John McDonnell (John Lom) have both succeeded to their parents' estates after having distinguished themselves in the Crimea. They, with their families, annually visit the Lochlinn estate. On these occasions the Major indulges freely in his whiskey toddy, while John Lom, who has not forgotten his tricks, never fails to gratify

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198 his propensity, and frequently favours the company with the "Battle of Inverlochy."

The real "Fighting Jack" has passed away at an advanced age, leaving his wealth to John Lom for having so successfully personated him at the Forbes'.

All our friends are united in their endeavours to bring up their children that they may prove not only a pleasure to their parents and friends, but also ornaments to society, and may their endeavours be crowned with the most complete success.

Donald and his wife are surrounded by a numerous family, who are uncommonly destructive to the corn-ricks, by pulling out straws for whistles. Donald plays at the castle on special occasions, and always gives great pleasure by his skilful execution.

Quandak and Maria are not quite so satisfied, and would have no objection to return to Australia, and resume the opossum cloak.

Takawarrant has become an accomplished sportsman, and is a great enemy to all kinds of game. He is also an excellent horseman, and is quite delighted with the life.

But the last, and most interesting part of our communication, was to the effect that Bella had presented her husband with twin girls, and that they had been named Pamul and Lindigo.

title: Page:Lindigo.djvu/198


text: Lindigo, the White Woman/Chapter 29

title: Lindigo, the White Woman/Chapter 29


text: Author talk:Richard Morton

title: Author talk:Richard Morton


text: Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia/Index


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Page:Authors daughter v1.djvu/150

prospect of going home to England was also agreeable to Mrs. Hammond, because it would put a stop to Louis' and Fred's frequent rides to Branxholm, and prevent her making herself odious by laying her commands on them that they were to discontinue the practice. She disliked giving orders that she could not enforce, and she was very anxious to retain the love and confidence of her boys, so she put a constraint on herself and listened to what they said on their return from their visits without making much objection, lest they should get in the habit of going there and not telling her. But Amy Staunton was still a mere child, and no positive harm could be done yet. It had been one of the contingencies that the mother had dreaded in case of receiving Amy as an inmate that one of

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Rh her sons might; become attached to her; and the likelihood pressed itself more strongly on her, when she saw that Louis in particular was very full of her praises.

One day when the boys had ridden across after school hours to ask Allan to show them how to shoe a horse, they were as usual invited to take tea. The coldness felt towards Mrs. Hammond was not extended to her sons, who were nice lads and had no airs, Mrs. Lindsay said. Amy was busy making a pretty net for Jessie's hair after the pattern of one of her own, which had been greatly admired, and Louis, wishing to show that he could do some things, though he was no quite so clever as Allan, said that he would like to help Miss Staunton with her work, as he had made fishing nets, and could do the stitch ever so fast. Amy's netting-needle, however, being of slender carved ivory was slighter than any that Louis had ever worked at, and the thread finer and more apt to go into knots, and in giving his work a hasty tug he snapped the needle into three pieces. He was sorry that his display of skill had turned out so ill, and profuse in apologies for his awkwardness, and in explanations of how he came to give the thread such a jerk; but he would send to Adelaide for a netting-needle, and it should come out the very first opportunity. Allan saw

title: Page:Authors daughter v1.djvu/151


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Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/216

 character. The principal lakes, some of which, from their extent and depth, seemed to be permanent, were fringed with luxuriant grass, and fed by fine deep, broad creeks, whose cool and shaded waters afforded delightful bathing for the party.

And yet the precarious climate of all this lake region, variegated as it now is by well supplied lakes and creeks, and in many parts waving with long grass, holds us in suspense as to its practical value for colonization. The great question is the permanency of the water—or at least of some portion of it here and there, even although that portion be reduced, during unusually dry seasons, merely to the deeper corner of some lake, or an occasional water-hole in the bed of a creek. The live-stock can readily put up with the dried-up tinder-looking vegetation. Indeed this natural hay is greatly relished by them, and during very hot dry weather, when the grass-growing quite ceases, a very small supply may suffice for the animals. But water is indispensable for daily wants, and cannot conveniently be very far distant. We have already alluded to the rapidity of evaporation over the open area of this lake district. A very striking instance occurs further on in the case of the very promising Lake Hodgkinson itself, "a splendid sheet of water," as Mr. McKinlay calls it, but which, during a brief absent interval, on one occasion, of but twelve


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 days, the party found had changed its level to a very ominous extent, and what was still more discouraging, had in that short time changed the quality of its waters, from being quite drinkable and good, to a state entirely unfit for use by either the men or the quadrupeds. The bitter or other qualities imparted by the soil had not previously been detected unpleasantly in the larger body of water, but as the volume diminished by evaporation, these qualities gradually predominated to the extent of thus rendering the water useless. This alternation did not, however, seem to be a characteristic of all these natural water reservoirs.

The teeming life of the country seemed, as Mr. McKinlay thought, to supply the best assurance as to the permanency of the water. And yet, in alluding to the great numbers of the Aborigines he saw hereabouts, he remarks that Sturt in passing this neighbourhood seventeen years before, had met no such multitude. On the contrary, he states that few natives were seen. And with respect to this fine lake country, it must have presented quite a different appearance to Sturt, for, as Mr. Davis observes, he does not allude to any such promising features as were now seen, although he must have passed at no great distance from McKinlay's line of march. Had the unusually dry season, then, during which, as we know, Sturt went upon his central expedition, dried up every


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 thing—creek and lake, high plain and "claypan hollow," and left the crisp and brittle grass to be swept away by the hot wind? Mr. McKinlay dilates upon creeks winding their devious course alternately through flooded flats and grassy hollows; one in particular running "principally through what was recently a large lake, now a splendidly grassed plain of vast extent." A month or two more perhaps, and the retrospect would class the grassy plain, with the lakes, as among the things that are not. If so, what a country of contrasts! The sheep grew so fat, says the journal, that one in a condition fit for "jerking" could hardly be found in the flock.

The Aborigines seemed to pour out from every "nook and corner" where there was water. They were in companies of fifty or a hundred, and sometimes in considerably greater bodies. They were mostly an athletic, hearty, well-conditioned people. There were few children among them, and the most of these, as Mr. McKinlay states, were females. Both sexes of adults had the custom of knocking out the four front teeth of the upper jaw, but a good many preserved the perfect set. With one or two suspicious exceptions, they generally were quite inoffensively disposed, and Mr. McKinlay delighted the simple creatures by distributions of bead necklaces, and on one occasion by the welcome feast of a sheep.


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148 how disappointed Amy looked and Jessie too, so he said he knew he could make another, no so fine or so pretty, but which might answer the purpose. He looked at the broken implement attentively, and went to get a piece of hard wood, for he had nothing else to make it of; and Amy put the fragments of her netting-needle and her work into the little case which she had for such things. It was one of her mother's, somewhat like her work-box, but instead of the coronet it had a coat of arms on the centre plate. Louis Hammond, who was at an awkward age and felt awkward after his performance with he netting-needle, began to admire the box.

"Don't break that too," said she pleadingly.

"It is so curious, is it not, George?" said Louis to George Copeland, who had just come in for supper.

George looked at it attentively. "How strange, Miss Staunton, that you should have these arms on your box. Where in all he world did you pick it up? I know that crest as well as I know the lion and the unicorn—Lord Darlington's, it is."

Amy coloured. How had George Copeland any knowledge of her mother's family, and how did he recognize the crest? This was the only thing in her possession that was marked with the Darlington arms.

title: Page:Authors daughter v1.djvu/152


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 17th. The cart is off, and we are only waiting till it gets a certain distance ahead, so that it may not be too late in coming into camp after us, as the cart carries the commissariat, and it won't do to let that be much behind in arriving after us poor famished mortals.

At 10·45 all off; horses and camels with their attendants. Blacks all around us to say "Goodbye;" they lined the side of the lake, jabbering their farewells; but there was no cambric fluttering in the breeze, there was no fair one who had lost her heart taking a last fond look of the gay deceiver. I can assure you, gentle reader, we all left free and unencumbered with the sins consequent on civilization. There is an encampment of 300 or 400 up the creek; they could soon make short work of us if they knew how we travelled. Twelve to fourteen miles to-day, nothing but sand hills and flooded flats all sandy.

Here during our long stay we got up a newspaper called the "Dakoo Review"—Mr, Hodgkinson editor,—the leading article of which I give with one or two other contributions.

"CHRISTMAS DAY.

"No snowdrift hides from view the face of the earth, no frost holds in its adamantine chain the waters; while bright as may be the stars, and deeply blue the sky, their splendour is not derived


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Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/220

 from stern winter's power. As with nature, so with mankind, the eye in vain seeks those pitiable objects of charity abounding in more northern lands; no wretched outcast parades his barely-covered and famine-stricken form, while the hand idly retains the ready dole. Still, though in lieu of this, we are now beneath a sultry sun, and seek relief in densest shade, though the myriad, busy ant swarms on the ill-protected plate, and the rapacious fly devours our luscious plums, yet the cherished recollections of the season hedge round us, repelling all incongruity, and demanding all effort for enjoyment. It must not, however, be forgotten that Christmas comprehends other duties besides those of feasting, and that our presence among the unenlightened of the earth affords to us a particular opportunity of discharging them; the good sense of the community will enable them to effect this. No one will attempt to give the savage a desire for an article of luxury incapable of an entire gratification on our limited stock of currants. No one will sigh for roast beef when only our toiling bullocks meet the gaze; but all doubtless will raise the deadly gun, bringing down the swift pigeon and obese ducks, or extend commerce by a traffic for the scaly 'parro' (a kind of fish). Should the dusky savage chaunt [sic] his wild corroboree on these southern shores, let the north resound in reply with the good old Anglo-Saxon


text:
Page:Authors daughter v1.djvu/153

Rh "I was my mother's," said she quickly; "I don't exactly know how she came by it, but I know she was some connection of the Darlingtons. You know that you claim relationship with Lord Lindsay of Balcarras, Jessie," continued Amy laughing.

"I can't count it nor follow my mother when she counts it," said Jessie. "But what do you know about this Lord Darlington, George?"

"My father's landlord had a son married to a daughter of the Earl of Darlington, and that's how I came to know the family and the crest. Mr. Anthony Derrick, that's Lord Darlington's grandson, is the heir to old Mr. Derrick, for Mr. John he died young, and it's likely he'll soon come in for the property; for the old squire, is as old as my grandfather, and he died an old man of seveny-six, years ago."

"Derrick " said Louis Hammond; "I should know that name. They were surely friends of mamma's. I have heard mamma speak of them."

"Oh! Mr. Derrick, the old squire, was well known far and near; they called him the cotton lord, but that was before my father went to Stanmore estate that Mr. Derrick bought. The money was all made with spinning-jennies, and this lad, young Mr. Anthony, will get the most of

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150 it, for Mr. John was the only son. His grandfather sets great store by the boy."

"I hope he is a good lad then," said Amy, in a low eager tone.

"Good enough, I dare say, and quite able to spend a fortune. He's proud and high of course, seeing what he is born to; but his grandfather thinks nothing too good for him. It is a pity when old people set their hearts too much on boys. If my grandfather had seen what I've come to, every hair on his grey head would have stood on end. Ne'er-do-wells are best at a distance, as Mrs. Lindsay would say. Tom and Charlie have turned out better than me, that's one comfort," said George, with something between a sigh and a laugh.

"You've not turned out ill," said Jessie Lindsay gravely. "My father is much pleased with you and so are we all. Why don't you write to your friends, you that can write so well? I don't believe you have written once since you came here."

"Oh! I am a rolling stone," said Copeland. "I'll stay out my year here, where, as you say, I have got a good character; and then I'll be of to get another, perhaps not so good. Does your father want hand, Master Louis?"

"Yes, to go up the Darling to one of his

title: Page:Authors daughter v1.djvu/154


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Rh stations there. I am very sure he would like you, for he was wondering who to send. I wish he would send me, instead of poking me with Mr. Prince over those detestable Latin and Greek lessons, and those beastly problems. Fred and I hate them like poison, and after a year of that we're to go to England, and Fred will be sent to Harrow, or Rugby, or Eton to be flogged; and I to Oxford or Cambridge to be plucked. The whole business is a complete sell; and my father and mother have set their hearts on it, and it must be gone through. I know I'll be running away and going to sea or something of that sort, and then what will their feelings be? What is the use of all that rubbish? If a man can back a horse, and hunt up cattle, he may live like a gentleman in the bush. I don't mind learning to shoe a horse, or carpentering like Allan, and if my father would only trust me on the Darling I'm sure I'd give him satisfaction; but that brutal lingo that Mr. Prince is hammering into us is fit for nothing but monkeys to jabber. And I am sure the governor knows nothing about it himself, though he looks so wise when Prince tells him what book of Virgil we are at, and quotes a line or two of the gibberish, as if he understood every word of it. The girls actually say they like their lessons, but it must be all pretence;

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152 they can't do it, or if they really do, what can you expect from a parcel of girls? but they bother Prince as much as Fred and me do. But as the governor won't hear of me going up the Darling, it's very likely he would give you the billet, Copeland," said Louis.

"My father has no wish to part with you, George," said Jessie.

"Nor have I," said Allan, who had returned with the piece of wood he wanted. "We might make it as well worth your while as Mr. Hammond. You know my father is buying a new station a Gundabook, and he says he would like to send you to it, as Jamie can come home from school to be of some use at home. He would have sent me, but now that I am really learning I don't want to leave my little schoolmistress. But my father has such trust in you."

"But our station on the Darling is a far bigger one, and carries four times the sheep that Mr. Lindsay can put on Gundabook," said Louis; "and with my father going away a man would have more charge. George asked me if my father wanted a hand, Allan; I did not put it into his head."

"You see what it is to get a good character. It is new to me to be in such demand," said George.

title: Page:Authors daughter v1.djvu/156


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Page:China- Its State and Prospects.djvu/159

Rh the interior, or plots the removal of subjects out of the empire, shall, without any distinction between principals and secondaries, be beheaded. No law is more frequently or more lightly broken than this; the natives emigrate by thousands annually; while dozens of catholic priests are every year clandestinely introduced into the country, and protestant missionaries land frequently on all parts of the coast, and walk over hill and dale unhurt, and almost unhindered by the natives.

Respecting the policy of this regulation, however, much may be said. Though the Chinese flatter themselves with the idea that they are the greatest of nations, and almost the only people worthy of being called a nation; they cannot but see, how easily they have been overcome by a barbarous tribe from the north; and how much they are disturbed by every petty insurrection on their mountains, and every paltry piracy on their coasts. Contrasted with their own weakness, they must be aware of the power of foreigners. They see the rapid strides which Europeans are making towards conquest and power in the eastern world; and how the English, in particular, from the establishment of a factory, have proceeded to the erection of a battery; and then sending out their armies, have subdued whole kingdoms to their sway; till they number a hundred millions among their subjects, whom they keep in awe by a few thousand European troops. The Chinese, seeing this, could not but be alarmed for their safety, and the integrity of their empire. They therefore decided on checking the threatened evil in its infancy, and resolved to keep at arm's length a power, with which they knew that they could not successfully grapple. They judged that if they could but keep out


text: China: Its State and Prospects/Chapter 7


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Page:China- Its State and Prospects.djvu/172

the Chinese language, both the oral and written mediums are of the most primitive order. Their words are all monosyllabic, and their characters symbolic; while both continue as they most probably existed in the earliest ages of antiquity. The first invention of the written character was such an effort of genius, that the Chinese have hardly ventured to advance on the original discovery, and have contented themselves with imitating the ancients. Before, however, we discuss the nature of their figures, it will be necessary to trace the progress of the human mind, in the art of communicating and recording thoughts: and point out how the Chinese were led to the adoption of their present mode of writing.


text: Slave Trade Act

title: Slave Trade Act


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 7.djvu/95

Rh

ANOTHER SIMPLE BALLAT.

1.

sate scribbling a play,

Mr. Sotheby sate sweating behind her;

But what are all these to the Lay

Of Gally i.o. the Grinder?

Gally i.o. i.o., etc.

2.

I bought me some books tother day,

And sent them down stairs to the binder;

But the Pastry Cook carried away

My Gally i.o. the Grinder.

Gally i.o. i.o., etc.

3.

I wanted to kindle my taper,

And called to the Maid to remind her;

And what should she bring me for paper

But Gaily i.o. the Grinder

Gally i.o. i.o.

4.

Among my researches for

I went where one 's certain to find her:

The first thing by her throne that one sees

Is Gally i.o. the Grinder.

Gally i.o. i.o.


text:
Author:Heinrich Gustav Magnus

Works

 * Über einige Erscheinungen der Capillarität, Poggendorffs Annalen, 1827, S. 153-169
 * Über einige Wasserstoffverbindungen, Pogg. Ann., 1829, S. 521-527
 * Beschreibung eines Maximumthermometers, Pogg. Ann., 1831, S. 136-149
 * Über die Weinschwefelsäure, Pogg. Ann., 1833, S. 367-387
 * Über die Wirkung des Ankers auf Elektromagnete und Stahlmagnete, Pogg. Ann., 1836, S. 417-443
 * Über das Carbidsulfat und die Aethionsäure, Pogg. Ann., 1839, S. 509-524
 * Über die Ausdehnung der Gase durch Wärme, Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie, 1841, S. 59-84
 * Versuche über die Spannkräfte des Wasserdampfes, Pogg. Ann., 1844, S. 225-247
 * Über das Absorptionsvermögen des Blutes für Sauerstoff, Pogg. Ann., 1845, S. 177-206
 * Über Diffraktion des Lichtes im leeren Raum, Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie, 1847, S. 79-85
 * Über die Bewegung der Flüssigkeiten, Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie, 1848, S. 135-164
 * Über die Ernährung der Pflanzen, Erdmanns Journal für Praktische Chemie,S. 65-75
 * Über thermoelectrische Ströme, Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie, 1851, S. 1-32
 * Über die Abweichung der Geschosse, Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie, 1852, S. 1-24
 * Hydraulische Untersuchungen, Pogg. Ann., 1855, S. 1-59
 * Über direkte und indirekte Zersetzung durch den galvanischen Strom, Pogg. Ann., 1858, S. 553-580
 * Über den Durchgang der Wärmestrahlen durch die Gase, Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie, 1861, S. 246-260
 * Über die Verdichtung von Dämpfen an der Oberfläche fester Körper, Annalen der Physik, 1864, S. 174-186
 * Über Emission, Absorption und Reflexion der bei niederer Temperatur ausgestrahlten Wärmearten, Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie, 1869, S. 201-232

title: Author:Heinrich Gustav Magnus


text:
Talk:Summa Theologiae/Prologue

All comments, questions, quiries, or any and all discussion points or topics should be written in the very first or cover discussion page of the Summa Theologiae here because of the large amount of different pages. And then specified which part and of which question you are referring. Or if you prefer you can leave a comment on my talk page at User talk:Harryjamespotter1980

title: Talk:Summa Theologiae/Prologue


text:
Talk:Summa Theologiae/First Part/Question 1

All comments, questions, quiries, or any and all discussion points or topics should be written in the very first or cover discussion page of the Summa Theologiae here because of the large amount of different pages. And then specified which part and of which question you are referring. Or if you prefer you can leave a comment on my talk page at User talk:Harryjamespotter1980


text:
Author:Johann Wilhelm Hittorf

Works

 * "On the Migration of Ions during Electrolysis"

title: Author:Johann Wilhelm Hittorf


text:
Author:James Cumming

Works

 * 'A Manual of Electro-Dynamics"

title: Author:James Cumming


text:
Author:John Hilton

Contributions to EB1922

 * (sections on, and )

title: Author:John Hilton


text:
Author:Wilhelm von Beetz

Works

 * Leitfaden der Physik. Leipzig (11. Auflage, 1893)
 * Ueber galvanische Trockenelemente und deren Anwendung zu elektrometrischen und galvanometrischen Messungen; 1885, 16 pages
 * Offizieller Bericht über die im königlichen Glaspalaste zu München 1882 unter dem Protektorate seiner Majestät des Königs Ludwig II. von Bayern stattgehabte Internationale Elektricitäts-Ausstellung verbunden mit elektrotechnischen Versuchen; Autotypie-Verlag, 1882 244 pages, 1883 398 pages
 * Grundzüge der Elektrizitätslehre: zehn Vorlesungen. Stuttgart (1878)
 * Ueber den electrochemischen Vorgang an einer Aluminiumanode; 1877
 * Ueber die electromotorische Kraft und den inneren Widerstand einiger Thermosäulen; 1877, 3 pages
 * "Ueber die Cohäsion von Salzlösungen" von G. Quincke; 1876
 * "Heer Beetz legt vor und bespricht eine Abhandlung von Wilhelm von Bezold "Ueber das doppelte Maximum in der Häufigkeit der Gewitter während der Sommermonate."; 1875, 19 pages
 * Der Antheil der bayerischen Akademie an der Entwicklung der Electricitätslehre; 1873, 31 pages
 * Über die Wärme: ein Vortrag gehalten im wissenschaftlichen Verein am 28. Januar 1854; Schneider, 1854, 39 pages
 * Über Magnetismus: ein Vortrag gehalten im wissenschaftlichen Verein am 13. März 1852; Berlin, G. Reimer, 1852, 27 pages
 * Die Fortschritte des Galvanismus in den Jahren 1837 - 1847; Dove´s Report der Physik; Berlin, Veit & Comp., 1849

title: Author:Wilhelm von Beetz


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 7/A Volume of Nonsense


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 7/Stanzas


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 7/To Penelope


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 7/The Charity Ball


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 7/Another Simple Ballat


text:
Page:The kernel and the husk (Abbott, 1886).djvu/241

Rh XX

——,

You wish to draw my attention to the Resurrection of Christ. "That," you say, "is either miraculous or nothing. The arguments by which you appear to be driving miracles into non-existence—expelling them first from profane history, then from the Old Testament, then step by step from every part of the New—cannot make a stand at your convenience, so as to except the Resurrection. Yet even St. Paul makes the Resurrection of Jesus the basis of his own belief and Gospel. If, therefore, that final miracle falls to the ground, the Pauline Gospel falls with it: and to that downfall I fear your arguments all tend, although you yourself do not see it or wish it."

I entirely deny the quiet assumption of your first sentence; which, as it stands (but I am sure you cannot mean it), affirms that the Resurrection of Christ "is either miraculous or nothing." I assert, without fear of contradiction, that if the phenomena which convinced the earliest disciples and St. Paul of the reality of the Resurrection of Christ, were not miraculous but natural, they constitute the most wonderful event in the history of the world. But what you wish to say, I suspect, is this: "By the Resurrection of Christ I mean the Resurrection of the body; now if Christ's body was raised again, the act must have been miraculous." But how if the Resurrection was spiritual? St. Paul himself speaks of a "spiritual body," not a material body, as rising in the


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226 Resurrection. Do you suppose that a "spiritual body" can be touched? Or that St. Paul could have touched the presence that appeared to him when he heard the words, "Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me?" Now if the Resurrection of Christ was spiritual and not material, there may have been no suspension at all of the laws of material nature, but simply a real, spiritual fact, manifested to the world according to certain laws by which spiritual facts are manifested to the senses.

But this theory, you will reply, although possibly consistent with the Pauline narrative, is inconsistent with the Gospel accounts of the Resurrection. It certainly is. But it is quite certain—however unprepared you may possibly be for the statement—that the Gospel accounts of the Resurrection, taken altogether, cannot be compared, for weight, with the Pauline evidence. You know that the oldest Gospel (St. Mark xvi. 8) terminates (probably because it was left incomplete) with a vision of angels who speak of the tomb as empty and of Christ as risen; but not a word about Christ's resurrection itself. The next Gospel in chronological order (St. Matthew's) mentions one appearance of Christ to some women, and another to some disciples in Galilee; but as to the last it is said that "some doubted." Not till we come to St. Luke's Gospel do we find detailed appearances of Jesus to disciples in or near Jerusalem, in the course of which Jesus is present at a meal and offers to eat, as evidence that He is no mere spirit. In the last Gospel of all (St. John's) there is added an appeal to the sense of touch; and in an Appendix to that Gospel, Jesus is represented as inviting the disciples to a repast of fish and bread, apparently miraculously supplied and prepared ("they see a fire of coals there and fish laid thereon, and bread," John xxi. 9), which He distributes to the disciples. Afterwards he holds a long discourse with them. Similarly long discourses between


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Letter 20] the risen Saviour and the disciples are recorded in the first chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which we know to have been written after the Gospel of St. Luke. You see how unsatisfactory all this is. The further back we go, and the nearer to the event, the more meagre and shadowy does the evidence become. It does not appear in a form ample and cogent until a period so late as to throw irresistible doubt upon its truth. How can we possibly answer the doubter's natural question, "If there was this unanswerable evidence of the material resurrection of Jesus, why was it suppressed for two generations?" Moreover, some of these later accounts, which relate the handling of the body of Jesus, or the presence of Jesus at the breaking of bread, might be literal misinterpretations of some traditions concerning visions of Christ accompanying the "handling of the body of the Lord Jesus" in the Lord's Supper. It is very significant that St. Peter—whose allusions in the Acts of the Apostles to his personal evidence concerning the Resurrection of Christ are of the briefest kind—is introduced by St. Luke as mentioning only one definite kind of manifestation of Jesus; and that is one in which the Apostles "did eat and drink with him after he rose from the dead." (Acts x. 41). Lastly, there are traces of interpolations, or additions, at a very early date in the post-resurrection chapters of St. Luke, and probably of St. Matthew and St. John; and in dealing with the post-resurrection narrative of the life of Christ some of the earliest Fathers quote passages not found in our Gospels but agreeing somewhat with the suspected additions in the third and fourth Gospel. The sum of all is, so far as my own experience goes, that after a patient and prolonged study of the evidence, with every desire, and indeed I may say with an intense anxiety (at one period of my life), to justify myself in continuing to believe all that I once


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228 believed, I now rise from the perusal of the last chapters of the Gospels and the first chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, with the conviction that something certainly happened to persuade the Apostles that their Master had verily risen from the dead, but what that something was, the evidence, so far as it can be obtained from the Gospels, does not enable us to determine.

But we have not yet touched on the evidence of St. Paul and to this we now pass. Here at last we stand on firm ground. Here for the first time we find (in St. Paul's first Epistle to the Corinthians xv. 8), the unquestionable evidence of an eye-witness, probably recorded several years before the appearance of any Gospel now extant. No one who is competent to form an opinion on the question can for a moment doubt St. Paul's assertion that Christ "appeared" to him, and that some such appearance as that recorded thrice in the Acts, converted him from a persecutor into an apostle of Christianity. We have just been asking, "What was that unknown something—possibly some manifestation of Jesus after death—which inspired the Twelve with the conviction and the faculties necessary to overcome the world?" Now we seem to have found the answer. An appearance that overcame and converted a recalcitrant enemy might well satisfy and imbue with confidence loving disciples, longing to believe. Especially might this be the case if Jesus had predicted, as I believe He did predict, that His work would not be cut short by death, but that in Him would be fulfilled the saying of Hosea: "In the third day he shall raise us up and we shall live in his sight." Although these words may have been neglected or not understood at the time when they were uttered, they may have well recurred to the minds of the Disciples, after their Master's death, with a powerful effect. To urge that the despair of the Twelve could be a greater obstacle than the vehement


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Letter 20] and bigoted antagonism of Saul, in the way of their receiving a vision of their beloved Master, is a paradox so pedantical that it is scarcely worth mentioning. You cannot have forgotten, too, how St. Paul himself assumes that the appearances of the Saviour to himself, and to the original Apostles, were of the same kind and on the same footing: "He appeared unto Cephas, he appeared unto James, he appeared unto five hundred brethren ... and last of all he appeared unto me also." In the two latest Gospels these "appearances" have been magnified into accounts that represented Jesus as possessed of flesh and bones, as capable of eating, as reclining at a meal, and as entering into long and familiar discourses: naturally we ask as to St. Paul's, the indisputably earliest account of a manifestation of Christ, what traces it exhibits of similar distortions and exaggerations? You know the answer. There are no such traces. The manifestation to St. Paul is plainly admitted by the accounts in the Acts to be what is commonly called subjective. The "subjectivity" of some of the earlier manifestations of Jesus to the disciples is dimly suggested by some passages in the Gospels which describe how "some doubted" and others failed to recognize Him; but it is not merely suggested, it is plainly expressed, in the accounts of the manifestation to St. Paul. The Apostle is clearly stated to have seen a sight and heard words, which other people, his companions, with the same opportunities for seeing and hearing, did not see and did not hear. Putting aside some slight discrepancies in the three accounts given in the Acts—


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230 discrepancies easily and naturally explicable, and valuable as shewing that the accounts have not been arbitrarily harmonized—we may say that this is the substantial result: the Lord Jesus appeared to St. Paul in what is called a vision. I myself firmly believe that there was a spiritual act of Jesus simultaneous with the conveyance of the manifestation to the brain of the Apostle. But none the less,—however coincident it may have been with a spiritual reality, if there was no presence of a material body, the manifestation of Jesus to St. Paul must be placed in the class of visions: and if it was not seen by others who had the same physical means of seeing, it must be called, in some sense, "subjective."

Yet this vision sufficed for him and for the world. In the strength of this vision, (followed, no doubt, by subsequent visions and communings with the Lord Jesus), the Thirteenth Apostle, the intruder, as he might be called—not "chosen of men," like Matthias, not called by Christ in the flesh—did the great work of which you and I, with millions of others, are now joint inheritors. Think of it! Is it not a remarkable instance of "men working one thing while God worketh another" to see the Apostles with due form and ceremony electing their substitute for the Traitor to be the solemnly ordained Twelfth Apostle, (henceforth unnamed in Holy Writ) and all the while the Holy Spirit preparing a Thirteenth! And for this Thirteenth Apostle, who never looked on the face of Christ, never heard a single word of His doctrine, it has been reserved to tell us perhaps more about the meaning of Christ's teaching and certainly to give us more cogent proof of His Resurrection than all the other Apostles and Evangelists put together! Truly the last has been first!


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Letter 20] And in the strength of his proof of Christ's Resurrection—mere vision though we may call it—this Thirteenth Apostle, in the face of persecutions outside the Church, and discouragements and jealousies inside the Church, first converted the Roman empire to the Christian faith; then, fifteen centuries afterwards, reconverted and purified a large section of the Church from mediæval corruptions; and now, as I believe, some nineteen centuries afterwards, is on the point of still further purifying the Church from antique superstition and from modern materialism!

What shall we say of the mighty vision that originated these stupendous results? Shall we take the view of the modern scientific young man, and lecture the great Apostle on the folly of that indiscreet journey to Damascus at noon-tide, when his nerves were a little over-wrought after that unpleasant incident of poor Stephen? Shall we say it was all ophthalmia and indigestion—that flash of blinding light, those unforgettable words, "Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me?"—all a mere vision? Is a fact that changed the destinies of Europe to be put aside with the epithet "mere"? Would not even a materialist stonemason recognize that a vision which built St. Peter's and St. Paul's is of some tangible importance? You and I and your scientific young lecturer—do we not in some sort owe our existence to this "mere vision," but for which the earth might be a chaos of barbarism, England a forest scantly populated with tattooed bipeds, and our civilized selves non-existent? Patricidal creatures, let us not speak lightly of the "mere" author of our own important being!

To my mind the manifestation of the Resurrection of Christ appears, not as an isolated fact, but as a part, and the central part, of the great revelation of the immortality of the soul which has been conveyed by God to man, in accordance with the laws of human nature, from the


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232 beginning of the creation of the world by the medium of imaginative Faith. In the same way the laws of astronomy have been conveyed by God to man, in accordance with the laws of human nature, from the beginning of the creation of the world, by the medium of imaginative Reason. I have shewn in previous letters that Imagination has been the basis of all that is worth calling knowledge. To shew the bearing of this on the manifestations of the Resurrection of Christ shall be the object of my next letter.


text: The Kernel and the Husk/The Manifestation of Christ to St. Paul


text:
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title: Portal:Amazing Stories


text: Hollingsworth v. Leiper

title: Hollingsworth v. Leiper


text: Ogden v. Ash

title: Ogden v. Ash


text: Marriot v. Davey

title: Marriot v. Davey


text: Stotesbury v. Covenhoven

title: Stotesbury v. Covenhoven


text: Somers v. Balabrega

title: Somers v. Balabrega


text: Sliver v. Shelback

title: Sliver v. Shelback


text: Belt v. Dalby

title: Belt v. Dalby


text: Kunckel v. Baker

title: Kunckel v. Baker


text: Moore’s Lessee v. Few

title: Moore’s Lessee v. Few


text: Dutilh v. Ritchie

title: Dutilh v. Ritchie


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title: Shotwell v. Boehm


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title: Grier v. Grier


text: Lee v. Biddis

title: Lee v. Biddis


text: Kerlin’s Lessee v. Bull

title: Kerlin’s Lessee v. Bull


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 4/A very Mournful Ballad on the Siege and Conquest of Alhama


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pittsburg (Kansas)


text: Purviance v. Angus

title: Purviance v. Angus


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/577

Rh SONETTO DI VITTORELLI.

PER MONACA.

Sonetto composto in nome di un genitore, a cui era morta poco innanzi una figlia appena maritata: e diretto al genitore della sacra sposa.

TRANSLATION FROM VITTORELLI.

ON A NUN.

Sonnet composed in the name of a father, whose daughter had recently died shortly after her marriage; and addressed to the father of her who had lately taken the veil.

two fair virgins, modest, though admired,

Heaven made us happy; and now, wretched sires,


text: Chaplin v. Kirwan

title: Chaplin v. Kirwan


text: Hooten v. Will

title: Hooten v. Will


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pittsburg (Pennsylvania)

PITTSBURG, or, the second largest city of Pennsylvania, U.S.A., and the county-seat of Allegheny county, on the Allegheny, Monongahela and Ohio rivers, 440 m. by rail W. by S. of New York City, 360 m. W. by N. of Philadelphia, 368 m. N.W. of Washington and 468 m. E. by S. of Chicago. Pop. (1890), 238,617; (1900), 321,616, of whom 84,878 were foreign-born, 17,040 were negroes and 154 were Chinese; (1910 census, after the annexation of Allegheny), 533,905. Of the 84,878 foreign-born in 1900, 21,222 were natives of Germany, 18,620 of Ireland, 8902 of England, 6243 of Russian Poland, 5709 of Italy, 4107 of Russia, 3553 of Austria, 3515 of German Poland, 2539 of Wales, 2264 of Scotland, 2124 of Hungary, 1072 of Sweden and 1023 of Austrian Poland. Area (including Allegheny, annexed in 1906), 40.67 sq. m. Pittsburg is served by the Pennsylvania (several divisions), the Baltimore & Ohio, the Pittsburg & Lake Erie (controlled by the New York Central System), the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis (controlled by the Pennsylvania Company), the Pittsburg, Chartiers & Youghiogheny (controlled jointly by the two preceding railways; 21 m. of track), the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburg, and the Wabash-Pittsburg Terminal (60 m. to Pittsburg Junction, Ohio; controlled by the Wabash railway), and the Pittsburg Terminal (also controlled by the Wabash and operating the

West Side Belt, from Pittsburg to Clairton, 21 m.) railways, and by river boats on the Ohio, Monongahela and Allegheny.

Picturesque rolling plateaus, the three rivers and narrow valleys, from which rise high hills or precipitous bluffs, are the principal natural features of the district over which the city extends. Retail houses, wholesale houses, banks, tall office buildings, hotels, theatres and railway terminals are crowded into the angle, or “The Point,” formed at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, with Fifth Avenue as the principal thoroughfare, especially for the retail houses, and Fourth Avenue as the great banking thoroughfare. Factories extend for miles along the banks of all three rivers into the tributary valleys, and are the cause of Pittsburg's nickname, “The Smoky City.” The more attractive residential districts are on the plateau in the eastern portion of the district between the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers and on the hills overlooking the Allegheny river from the north. Overlooking the Monongahela river is Schenley Park (about 422 acres), the first city park, of which about 400 acres were given to the city in 1890 by Mrs. Mary E. Schenley. About 2 m. to the north, overlooking the Allegheny river, is Highland Park (about 366 acres), which contains the city reservoirs and a picturesque lake. Adjacent to Schenley Park are Homewood and Calvary cemeteries; and adjacent to Highland Park is Allegheny cemetery. Across the Allegheny river, in the Allegheny district, are the beautiful Riverview Park (240 acres), in which is the Allegheny Observatory, and West Park (about 100 acres). A number of bridges span the rivers.

The city has some fine public buildings, office buildings and churches. The Allegheny county court-house (1884-1888) is one of H. H. Richardson's masterpieces. The Nixon theatre is also notable architecturally. The high Frick Office building has exterior walls of white granite; in its main hall is a stained-glass window by John La Farge representing Fortune and her wheel. A large government building of polished granite contains the post office and the customs offices. St Paul's Cathedral (Roman Catholic, 1903-1906) is largely of Indiana limestone. The city is the see of a Roman Catholic and a Protestant Episcopal bishop. In Schenley Park is the Carnegie Institute (established by a gift of $10,000,000 from Andrew Carnegie, who made further contributions of $9,000,000 for its maintenance), with a main building containing a library, a department of fine arts, a museum (see ) and a music hall, and several separate buildings for the technical schools, which had 2102 students in 1909. The main building, dedicated in April 1907, is 660 ft. long and 400 ft. wide; in its great entrance hall is a series of mural decorations by John White Alexander, a native of the city. The library, in which the institution had its beginning in 1895, contains about 306,000 volumes. The Phipps Conservatory was presented to the city in 1893 by Henry Phipps (b. 1839), a steel manufacturer associated with Andrew Carnegie. It is the largest in America, and, with its Hall of Botany, which is utilized in instructing school children in botany, is situated in Schenley Park. The conservatory is maintained by municipal appropriations. There is a zoological garden in Highland Park. In December 1907 it was decided that the several departments of the Western University of Pennsylvania, then in different parts of the city, should be brought together on a new campus of 43 acres near the Carnegie Institute. In July 1908 the name was changed to “The University of Pittsburgh.” The university embraces a college and engineering school, the Western Pennsylvania School of Mines and Mining Engineering, a graduate department, an evening school of economics, accounts and finances, a summer school, evening classes, Saturday clasess, and departments of astronomy (the Allegheny Observatory, in the Allegheny district), law (the Pittsburg Law School), medicine (the Western Pennsylvania Medical College), pharmacy (the Pittsburgh College of Pharmacy) and dentistry (the Pittsburgh Dental College). The institution had its beginning in the Pittsburgh Academy, which was opened about 1770 and was incorporated in 1787. It was incorporated as the Western University of Pennsylvania in 1819,

but was only a college from that date until 1892, when the Western Pennsylvania Medical College became its department of medicine. In 1895 the department of law was added, the Pittsburgh College of Pharmacy was united to the university, and women were for the first time admitted. In 1896 the department of dentistry was established. In 1909 the university had 151 instructors and 1243 students. In the east end is the Pennsylvania College for Women (Presbyterian; chartered in 1869), with preparatory, collegiate and musical departments. In the Allegheny district are the Allegheny Theological Seminary (United Presbyterian, 1825), the Western Theological Seminary (Presbyterian, opened 1827), and the Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary (1856). Although Allegheny is now a part of Pittsburg, the two public school systems remain independent. The Pittsburg High School (five buildings in 1910) has a normal course; and there are various private schools and academies.

The Pittsburg Gazette-Times is probably the oldest newspaper west of the Alleghany Mountains; the Gazette was founded in 1786 and in 1906 was consolidated with the Times (1879). Other prominent newspapers of the city are the Dispatch (1846), the Chronicle Telegraph (1841), the Post (1792; daily, 1842), which is one of the few influential Democratic newspapers in Pennsylvania, the Leader (Sunday, 1864; daily, 1870) and the Press (1883). Two German dailies, one Slavonic daily, one Slavonic weekly, two Italian weeklies, and iron, building, coal and glass trade journals are published in the city. In Pittsburg is the publishing house of the United Presbyterian Church, and The Christian Advocate (weekly, Methodist Episcopal, 1834) is published here under the auspices of the general conference.

The oldest hospital is the Reineman (private; 1803) for maternity cases; the municipal hospital (1878) is for contagious diseases; the Sisters of Charity, the Sisters of Mercy, the Institution of Protestant Deaconesses, the Presbyterian Church and the United Presbyterian Woman's Association each have charge of a hospital; and there is also an eye, ear and throat hospital (1895). The Western Pennsylvania Institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb (1876), in Edgewood Park, is in part maintained by the state. And the state assists the Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Women (1882), and the Home for Colored Children (1881). Among other charitable institutions are the Curtis Home (1894) for destitute women and girls, the Bethesda Home (1890) for homeless girls and their children, the Florence Crittenton Home (1893) for homeless and unfortunate women, the Roselia Foundling Asylum and Maternity Hospital (1891), the Protestant Home for Incurables (1883), the Pittsburg Newsboys' Home (1894), the Children's Aid Society of Western Pennsylvania, the Pittsburg Association for the Improvement of the Poor and the Western Pennsylvania Humane Society.

Pittsburg is in the midst of the most productive coalfields in the country; the region is also rich in petroleum and natural gas. The city is on one of the main lines of communication between the east and the west, is the centre of a vast railway system, and has freight yards with a total capacity for more than 60,000 cars. Its harbour has a total length on the three rivers of 27.2 m., and an average width of about 1000 ft., and has been deepened by the construction (in 1877-1885) of the Davis Island dam, by dredging, under a federal project of 1899. Slack water navigation has been secured on the Allegheny by locks and dams (1890 and 1896 sqq.) at an expense up to July 1909 of $1,658,804; and up to that time $263,625 had been spent for open-channel work. The Monongahela from Pittsburg to the West Virginia state line (91.5 m.) was improved in 1836 sqq. by a private company which built seven locks and dams; this property was condemned and bought for $3,761,615 by the United States government in 1897, and, under the project of 1899 for rebuilding three of the locks and enlarging another, and that of 1907 for a new lock and dam and for other improvements, $2,675,692 was spent up to July 1909. Coal is brought to the city from the coalfields by boats on the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers as well as by rail, and

great fleets of barges carry coal and other heavy freight, such as steel rails, cotton ties, sheet iron, wire and nails, down the Ohio in the winter and spring. A ship canal to provide water communication between Pittsburg and Lake Erie has been projected. The railways have a heavy tonnage of coal, coke and iron and steel products, and a large portion of the iron ore that is produced in the Lake Superior region is brought to Pittsburg. In 1908 the river traffic amounted to 9,090,146 tons, most of which was carried on barges down the Ohio. Pittsburg is also a port of entry; in 1907 the value of its imports amounted to $2,416,367, and in 1909 to $2,062,162.

The value of the factory products in 1905 was $165,428,881, and to this may be added $45,830,272 for those of the city of Allegheny, making a total of $211,259,153. In the manufacture of iron and steel products Pittsburg ranks first among the cities of the United States, the value of these products amounting in 1905 to $88,250,805 or 53.3% of the total for all manufactures; if the manufactures of Allegheny be added they amounted to $92,939,860 or 43.7%. Several neighbouring cities and towns are also extensively engaged in the same industry, and in 1902 Allegheny county produced about 24% of the pig-iron, nearly 34% of the Bessemer steel, more than 44% of the open-hearth steel, more than 53% of the crucible steel, more then 24% of the steel rails, and more than 59% of the structural shapes that were made in that year in the United States. In 1905 the value of Pittsburg's foundry and machine shop-products was $9,631,514; of the product of steam railway repair shops, $3,726,990 (being 424.8% more than in 1900); of malt liquors, $3,166,829; of slaughtering and meat-packing products, $2,732,027; of cigars and cigarettes, $2,297,228; of glass, $2,130,540; and of tin and terne plate, $1,645,570. Electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies were manufactured largely in the city (value in 1905, $1,796,557), and there was another large plant for their manufacture immediately outside of the city limits. Coke, cut cork, rolled brass and copper were other important products in 1905. In 1900, and for a long period preceding, Pittsburg ranked first among American cities in the manufacture of glass, but in 1905 it was outranked in this industry by Muncie, Indiana, Millville, New Jersey, and Washington, Pennsylvania; but in the district outside of the city limits of Pittsburg much glass is manufactured, so that the Pittsburg glass district is the greatest in the country, and there are large glass factories at Washington (18 m. south-west), Charleroi (20 m. south) and Tarentum (15 m. north-east). In Pittsburg or the immediate vicinity are the more important plants of the United States Steel Corporation, including that of the Carnegie Company. Here, too, are the plants of the Westinghouse Company for the manufacture of electrical apparatus, of air brakes invented by George Westinghouse (born 1846), and of devices for railway signals which he also invented. In the Allegheny district the H. J. Heinz Company has its main pickle plant, the largest establishment of the kind in the country.

The Pittsburg charter of 1816 vested the more important powers of the city government in a common council of 15 members and a select council of 9 members, and until 1834 the mayor was appointed annually by these city councils from their own number. By the Wallace Act of the state legislature in 1874 a form of government was provided for cities of three classes, and Pittsburg became a city of the second class (population between 100,000 and 300,000); under the act of 1895 a new classification was made, under which Pittsburg remains in the second class. An act of 1887 had amended the provisions of the Wallace Act in regard to second class cities by changing the terms of select councilmen from two to four years and of common councilmen from one to two years. In 1901 a new act was passed for the government of cities of the second class. It provided that the executive be a “city recorder”; this provision was repealed in 1903, when the title of mayor again came into use. The mayor holds office for three years, has the powers and jurisdiction of a justice of the peace, appoints the heads of departments (public safety, public works, collector of delinquent taxes, assessors, city treasurer, law, charities and correction,

and sinking fund commission), and may remove any of the officers he has appointed, by a written order, showing cause, to the select council. The city controller is elected by popular vote. The legislative bodies are the select and common council, elected under the law of 1887; by a three-fifths vote it may pass resolutions or ordinances over the mayor's veto. The department of public safety controls the bureaus of police, detectives, fire, health, electricity and building inspection; the department of public works controls bureaus of surveys, construction, highways and sewers, city property, water, assessment of water rents, parks, deed registry, bridges and light. In 1909 the taxable valuation was $100,771,321, and the tax rate was 13.8 mills for city property, 9.2 mills on rural property and 6.9 mills on agricultural property. The tax rate for separate indebtedness varied from 6 mills in Allegheny to 16.2 mills in the 43rd ward. The water-supply of Pittsburg is taken from the Allegheny river and pumped into reservoirs, the highest of which, in Highland Park, is 367 ft. above the river; and there is a slow sand filtration plant for the filtration of the entire supply.

Pittsburg owed its origin to the strategic value of its site in the struggle between the English and the French for the possession of the North American continent. A few Frenchmen attempted to establish a settlement here in 1731, but were soon driven away by the Indians. In 1753, after the French had laid formal claim to this region and the Ohio Land Company had been formed with a view to establishing a settlement within it, Robert Dinwiddie, governor of Virginia and a shareholder in the Ohio Company, sent George Washington with a letter to “the commandant of the French forces on the Ohio” (then stationed at Fort Le Bœuf, near the present Waterford, about 115 m. north of the head- waters of that river) asking him to account for his invasion of territory claimed by the English. This was Washington's first important public service. He reached the present site of Pittsburg on the 24th of November 1753, and subsequently reported that what is now called “The Point,” i.e. the tongue of land formed by the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, was a much more favourable situation for a fort and trading post than the one about two miles up the Monongahela (near the present site of McKees Rocks) which had been tentatively selected by the Ohio Company. Accordingly, on the 17th of February 1754, a detachment of about 40 soldiers, under the command of Captain William Trent, reached “The Point,” and began to build a fortification (under the auspices of the Ohio Company), which it seems to have been the intention to call Fort Trent, and which was the beginning of the permanent settlement here by whites. On the 17th of the following April, however, Ensign Edward Ward, commanding the soldiers, in the absence of Captain Trent, was forced to evacuate the unfinished fortification by a party of about 1000 French and Indians, under Captain Contrecœur, who immediately occupied the works, which he enlarged and completed, and named Fort Duquesne, in honour of Duquesne de Menneville, governor of New France in 1752-1755. In the following summer Washington attempted to recover this fort, in a campaign which included the skirmish

(commonly considered the beginning of the French and Indian—Seven Years'—War) on the 28th of May 1754, at Great Meadows (in what is now Wharton township, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, about 50 m. south-east of Pittsburg), between a detachment under his command and a scouting party under N. Coulon de Jumonville, in which Jumonville and several of his men were killed; the building, at Great Meadows, by Washington, of Fort Necessity, and its capitulation (July 3); and the retreat of Washington to Virginia. Another expedition, led by Major-General Edward Braddock, resulted in the engagement known as “Braddock's Defeat” (July 9, 1755), fought within the present borough of Braddock (about 8 m. east of Fort Duquesne), in which Braddock's force was practically annihilated, and Braddock was mortally wounded, dying four days later. The fort was finally recaptured by the English in 1758, as the result of an elaborate expedition (involving about 7000 troops) planned by Brigadier-General John Forbes (1710-1759), and prosecuted, with the assistance of Colonel George Washington and Colonel Henry Bouquet, in the face of great difficulties. General Forbes himself was so ill that he had to be carried in a litter throughout the campaign. The troops having rendezvoused during the summer (of 1758) at Ray's Town (now Bedford, Pennsylvania), and at Loyalhanna creek (now in Westmoreland county), about 50 m. to the north-west (where Fort Ligonier was built), Colonel Bouquet, commanding the division at the latter place, despatched Major James Grant (1720-1806) at the head of about 850 men to reconnoitre the fort. Grant advanced to a hill (still known by his name, and upon the crest of which the court-house now stands) within about a quarter of a mile of the fort. Here he rashly divided his force, and in a sortie of French and Indians, on the morning of the 14th of September, one of his divisions was surrounded, and a general rout ensued in which about 270 of Grant's men were killed, about 40 were wounded, and others (including Grant) were taken prisoners. Forbes's army advanced to within about 15 m. of the fort on the 24th of November, whereupon the French blew up part of the works, set fire to the buildings and retreated down the Ohio in boats. The English occupied the place on the next day and General Forbes ordered the immediate erection of a stockade fort near the site of the old one. In reporting to Lieut.-Governor William Denny (Nov. 26) the success of the expedition he dated his letter from Fort Duquesne “or now Pitts-Bourgh,” and this name, with its subsequent modification “Pittsburgh,” was thereafter more commonly used than that of Fort Pitt, which, as designating the fortification proper appears to have been first applied by General John Stanwix to the enlarged fort built (at a cost, it was estimated, of £60,000) chiefly under his direction during 1759-1760.

The first considerable settlement around the fort sprang up in 1760; it was composed of two groups of houses and cabins, the “lower town,” near the fort's ramparts; and the “upper town,” built chiefly along the banks of the Monongahela, and extending as far as the present Market Street. In April 1761, according to a census of the settlement, outside of the fort, taken for Colonel Bouquet, there were 332 inhabitants and 104 houses.

Fort Pitt was one of the important objective points of Pontiac's conspiracy (1763), and as soon as the intentions of the Indians became evident, Captain Simeon Ecuyer, the Swiss officer in command of the garrison (which then numbered about 330), had the houses outside the ramparts levelled and prepared for a siege. The Indians attacked the fort on the 22nd of June (1763), and kept up a continuous, though ineffective, fire upon it from the 27th of July until the 1st of August, when they drew off and advanced to meet the relieving party under Colonel Bouquet. They were defeated at Bushy Run, and Colonel Bouquet relieved the fort on the 10th of August (see ). In 1764 Colonel Bouquet added to the fort a redoubt, the “Block House,” which still stands, the sole remaining trace of Fort Pitt, and is owned and cared for by the Daughters of the American Revolution.

A second town, laid out in 1764, by Colonel John Campbell (with the permission of the commandant at Fort Pitt), is bounded in

the present city by Water Street, Market Street, Second Avenue and Ferry Street, and comprises four blocks. In November 1768, at a general council of the Six Nations with Sir William Johnson and representatives of Pennsylvania and Virginia, held at Fort Stanwix, on the site of the present Rome, New York (q.v.), at which was signed a treaty establishing the boundary line between the English possessions and the territory claimed by the Six Nations, the Indians sold for $10,000 to Thomas Penn (1702-1775) and Richard Penn (1706-1771), respectively, the second and third sons of William Penn—the founder of Pennsylvania—by his second wife, the remaining land in the province of Pennsylvania to which they claimed title, namely the tract lying south of the west branch of the Susquehanna river and of a straight line from the north-west corner of what is now Cambria county to the present Kittanning (in Armstrong county), and all of the territory east of the Allegheny river below Kittanning and south of the Ohio river. To this transaction the commissioner from Virginia seems to have made no objection, though the tract included the Fort Pitt region and other territory then claimed by Virginia. In January-March 1769 the Penns caused to be surveyed the “Manor of Pittsburgh,” a tract of about 5700 acres, including much of the original city, intending to reserve it for their private use; but in the following April they offered at public sale the lands in the remainder of their purchase of the preceding year. At this time the settlement about Fort Pitt consisted of about twenty houses, occupied chiefly by Indian traders. By order of General Thomas Gage the fort was abandoned as a military post in October 1772, and was partly dismantled. In January 1774 it was occupied by an armed force under Dr John Connolly, a partisan of Lord Dunmore, governor of Virginia, and by him was named Fort Dunmore (which name, however, was never formally recognized), this being one of Dunmore's overt acts ostensibly in support of his contention that the Fort Pitt region was included in Augusta county, Virginia. In the following April Connolly took forcible possession of the court-house at Hanna's Town (near the present Greensburg), the county-seat of Westmoreland county (which then included the Fort Pitt region), a few days afterwards arrested the three justices who lived in Pittsburg, and for the remainder of the year terrorized the settlement. Lord Dunmore himself issued a proclamation dated “Fort Dunmore,” 17th September (1774), in which he called upon the inhabitants to ignore the authority of Pennsylvania, and to recognize only that of Virginia. A year afterwards Fort Pitt was occupied by a company of Virginia soldiers by order of the Virginia Provincial Convention (assembled at Williamsburg in August 1775), but this move apparently was more for the defence of the frontier in the coming war than an expression on the Pennsylvania-Virginia boundary dispute; and, in November, Connolly was arrested at Fredericksburg, Maryland, on the charge of furthering Dunmore's plans for invading the western frontier. The boundary itself was in controversy until 1780, and the marking of the boundary lines was not completed until 1785. During the War of Independence the fort was maintained as a frontier Indian post, and as a protection against the British at Detroit. Soon after the close of the war it was neglected, and by 1791 it was in bad repair; therefore at the time of the Indian hostilities of 1792 another stockade fort was built near the bank of the Allegheny river and about a quarter of a mile above the site of Fort Pitt, this new fort being named Fort Lafayette, or, as it was more commonly called, Fort Fayette. After General Anthony Wayne's defeat of the Indians, at Fallen Timbers, Ohio (Aug. 20, 1794), Pittsburg lost its importance as a frontier post.

In January 1784 the sale of the land included in the “Manor of Pittsburgh” was begun by the grandsons of William Penn, John Penn (1729-1795), the second son of Richard Penn and lieutenant-governor of Pennsylvania in 1763-1771 and in 1773-1776; and John Penn (1760-1834), the fourth son of Thomas Penn; and in the following June a new series of town lots was laid out in which was incorporated Colonel Campbell's survey. Thereafter, settlers, chiefly Scotch and Irish, came rapidly.

Pittsburg and its vicinity witnessed much of the disorder, and some of the violence against person and property, incident to the Whisky Insurrection of 1791-94. Delegates from Allegheny, Westmoreland, Washington and Fayette counties met here on the 7th of September 1791, and passed resolutions severely denouncing the excise tax; and a similarly constituted gathering, on the 24th of August 1792, voted to proscribe all persons who assisted in the enforcement of laws taxing the manufacture of liquor. Thereafter various persons who had paid the excise tax, or had assisted in collecting it, were tarred and feathered or had their houses or barns burned. General John Neville (1731-1803), having accepted the office of chief excise inspector for Western Pennsylvania, his fine country residence, about 7 m. south-west of Pittsburg, was attacked by a mob of about 500 men on the 16th and 17th of July 1794. The defenders of the property (who included a squad of soldiers from the garrison at Pittsburg) killed two and wounded several of the attacking party, but they were finally forced to surrender, and General Neville's mansion and other buildings were burned to the ground. A mass meeting of about 5000 citizens of the above-mentioned counties (many of them armed militiamen), at Braddock's Field, on the 1st and 2nd of August 1794, threatened to take possession of Fort Lafayette and to burn Pittsburg, but cooler counsel prevailed, and after voting to proscribe several persons, and marching in a body through the streets of the town, the crowd dispersed without doing any damage. Upon the arrival in the following November of the troops sent by President Washington, a military court of inquiry, held at Pittsburg, caused the arrest of several persons, who were sent to Philadelphia for trial, where some of them were found guilty and sentenced to terms of imprisonment, but the sentences were not enforced.

The town was made the county-seat in 1791, it was incorporated as a borough in 1794, the charter was revived in 1804, and the borough was chartered as a city in 1816. As early as the year of its incorporation as a borough Philadelphia and Baltimore merchants had established an important trade with it. Their goods were carried in Conestoga wagons to Shippensburg and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and Hagerstown, Maryland, taken from there to Pittsburg on pack horses, and exchanged for Pittsburg products; these products were carried by boat to New Orleans, where they were exchanged for sugar, molasses, &c., and these were carried through the gulf and along the coast to Baltimore and Philadelphia. Boat-building was begun in Pittsburg in 1797 or earlier; the galley “President Adams,” built by the government, was launched here in 1798, and the “Senator Ross,” completed in the same year, was launched in 1799. In 1797 glassworks which were the first to use coal as a fuel in making glass were built here; later Pittsburg profited greatly by the use of its great store of natural gas in the manufacture of glass. In 1806 the manufacture of iron was well begun, and by 1825 this had become the leading industry. On the 10th of April 1845 a considerable portion of the city was swept by fire, and in July 1877, during the great railway strike of that year, a large amount of property was destroyed by a mob. The commercial importance of the city was increased by the canal from Pittsburg to Philadelphia, built by the state in 1834 at a cost of $10,000,000. The first petroleum pipe line reached Pittsburg in 1875. A movement to consolidate the cities of Pittsburg and Allegheny, together with some adjacent boroughs, was begun in 1853-1854. It failed entirely in that year but in 1867 Lawrenceville, Peebles, Collins, Liberty, Pitt and Oakland, all lying between the two rivers, were annexed to Pittsburg; in 1872 there was a further annexation of a district embracing 27 sq. m. south of the Monongahela river; in 1906 ../Allegheny/ (q.v.), although a large majority of those voting on the question in that city were opposed to it, was annexed, and in November 1907 the Supreme Court of the United States declared valid the act of the state legislature under which the vote was taken.


text:
Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/391

Rh was drawn up for uniting some of the smaller benefices, where it was in any way possible for an incumbent to serve two. It was noticed at the same time that Colnbrook, a market town and much frequented, ought to have a separate endowment ; and Fenny Stratford (where it may be remembered there was once a gild chapel) ought to have a church built. These good intentions deserve to be recorded, though their authors had not much time to carry them into effect. During the Civil War this county was continually traversed by troops, chiefly belonging to the Parliament : there was a Royalist garrison for some time at Boar- stall ; Parliamentary forces were stationed at Newport Pagnel and at Aylesbury ; and some small engagements actually took place around these centres. The church at Great Marlow was at one time fortified and occupied by soldiers. Other churches suffered more or less from the violence of the fanatical soldiery : the parish register of Maids Moreton, for instance, records how the ' reverend and religious rector ' died in March 1643, 'almost heartbroken with the insolence of the rebels against the Church and the king,' having seen the windows of his church broken, the cross cut off the steeple, and the ' costly desk in the form of a spread eagle gilt, on which he used to lay Bishop Jewel's works, doomed to perish as an abominable idol.' A letter of a soldier stationed at Aylesbury describes how he and his companions broke into the church there, defaced the stained glass windows, and burned the altar rails. It is also asserted that they were guilty of similar outrages at Lillingstone Dayrell, Grandborough, Winslow, Hogshaw, East Claydon, and Addington ; and it may have been at this time that the effigy of a priest in Woughton Church was * designedly mutilated, for fear ignorent popish Christians should fall down and worship it,' and monuments defaced in other places also. Such excesses were of course common enough at this period. A story is also given by Walker from the Mercurius Rusticus of 1646, of the rough handling of the aged rector of Tyringham, arrested on suspicion by a troop of soldiers near Stony Stratford, and carried to the gaol at Aylesbury. It is said that they robbed him of everything he had, even to his boots and cap, but when they ordered him to take off his cassock, he, ' being not sudden in obeying the command nor over hasty to untie his girdle to disrobe himself of the distinctive garment of his profession,' was accused

title: Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/391


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/578

536 Heaven for a nobler doom their worth desires,

And gazing upon either, both required.

Mine, while the torch of Hymen newly fired

Becomes extinguished,—soon—too soon expires;

But thine, within the closing grate retired,

Eternal captive, to her God aspires.

But thou at least from out the jealous door,

Which shuts between your never-meeting eyes,

May'st hear her sweet and pious voice once more:

I to the marble, where my daughter lies,

Rush,—the swoln flood of bitterness I pour,

And knock, and knock, and knock—but none replies. [First published, Childe Harold, Canto IV., 1818.]

ON THE BUST OF HELEN BY CANOVA.


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pittsfield

PITTSFIELD, a city and the county-seat of Berkshire county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., in the western part of the state among the Berkshire Hills, and about 150 m. W. of Boston. Pop. (1890), 17,281; (1900), 21,766, of whom 4344 were foreign-born; (1910 census), 32,121. Area, about 41 sq. m. It is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford and the Boston & Albany (New York Central & Hudson River) railways, and by two inter-urban electric lines. Pittsfield is a popular summer resort; it lies in a plain about 1000 ft. above sea-level, is surrounded by the picturesque Berkshire Hills, and is situated in a region of numerous lakes, one of the largest—Lake Pontoosuc—being a summer pleasure resort. On either side of the city flow the east and west branches of the Housatonic river. Standing in the public green, in the centre of the city, is the original statue (by Launt Thompson) of the “Massachusetts Color Bearer,” which has been reproduced on the battlefield of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The principal institutions are the House of Mercy Hospital, with which is connected the Henry W. Bishop Memorial Training School for nurses, the Berkshire Home for aged women, the Berkshire Athenaeum, containing the public library, the Crane Art Museum and a Young Men's Christian Association. Prominent buildings are St Joseph's Cathedral and the buildings of the Berkshire Life Insurance Company, the Agricultural National Bank and the Berkshire County Savings Bank. In the south-western part of Pittsfield, on the boundary between it and Hancock, is Shaker Village, settled about 1790 by Shakers. Pittsfield has water-power and important manufacturing industries. In 1905 its factory products were valued at $8,577,358, or 49.1% more than in 1900. Fully half of the manufactures consist of textile goods.

The first settlement in what is now Pittsfield was made in 1743, but was soon abandoned on account of Indian troubles. In 1749 the settlement was revived, but the settlers did not bring their families to the frontier until 1752. The settlement was first called “Boston Plantation,” or “Poontoosuck,” but in 1761, when it was incorporated as a township, the name was changed to Pittsfield, in honour of the elder William Pitt. In 1891 Pittsfield was chartered as a city. It was here, in the Appleton (or Plunkett) House, known as “Elm Knoll,” and built by Thomas Gold, father-in-law of Nathan Appleton, that in 1845 Henry W. Longfellow (who married Nathan Appleton's daughter) wrote his poem “The Old Clock on the Stairs.” For thirty years (1842-1872) Pittsfield was the home of the Rev. John Todd (1800-1873), the author of numerous books, of which Lectures to Children (1834; 2nd series, 1858) and The Student's Manual (1835) were once widely read. From 1807 to 1816 Elkanah Watson (1758-1842), a prominent farmer and merchant, lived at what is now the Country Club, and while there introduced the merino sheep into Berkshire county and organized the Berkshire Agricultural Society; he is remembered for his advocacy of the building of a canal connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean, and as the author of Memoirs: Men and Times of the Revolution (1855), edited by his son, W. C. Watson.

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pittsfield


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pittston

PITTSTON, a city of Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the Susquehanna river just below the mouth of the Lackawanna, about 11 m. S.W. of Scranton and about 9 m. N.E. of Wilkes-Barré. Pop. (1890), 10,302; (1900), 12,556, of whom 3394 were foreign-born; (1910 census), 16,267. It is served by the Erie, the Lehigh Valley, the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, the Central of New Jersey, the Delaware & Hudson, and the Lackawanna & Wyoming Valley railways; there is an electric railway from Pittston to Scranton, and a

belt-line electric railway connects Pittston with Avoca, Nanticoke, Plymouth and Wilkes-Barre. Two bridges connect the. city with the borough of West Pittston (pop., 1910, 6848). Pittston is in the midst of the richest anthracite coal region of the state, and fire-clay also abounds in the vicinity. In 1905 the value of the factory products was $1,474,928 (47.8% more than in 1900). Pittston, named in honour of William Pitt, earl of Chatham, was one of the five original towns founded in the Wyoming Valley by the Susquehanna Company of Connecticut; it was first settled about 1770 and was incorporated as a borough in 1803. It was chartered as a city in 1894.

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pittston


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 4/Sonetto di Vittorelli


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 4/Translation from Vittorelli


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 4/On the Bust of Helen by Canova


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayne, Cuthbert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayne, Jasper


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayne, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayne, Perry


text:
Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/392

Rh of resistance and wounded so badly that his arm had to be amputated at the end of the journey.

Those of the extreme reformers who at the beginning of the war had hoped not merely for the abolition of episcopacy, but for complete freedom of worship, were however doomed to disappointment. The new system established by Parliament required as strict a conformity as the old. Some incidents in the career of the famous Sir Samuel Luke show the spirit in which a typical Presbyterian would regard the Inde- pendents and other sectaries so numerous at this time in the army. To the former, the parish church, purified from all superstitious services and ornaments, was still the proper and official meeting-house for religious exercises ; those who absented themselves or organized private assemblies were viewed with disfavour. Just after Naseby, Sir Samuel, then governor of Newport Pagnel, ordered a public thanksgiving to be made on the next Sunday in the parish church. But when the day came, he found a great many places vacant ; inquiring into the matter, he heard that two captains of Colonel Fleetwood's regiment, who had passes for London, were stopping in the town, and at the hour appointed for the general thanksgiving had drawn away a large crowd of men and women to Lathbury for the purpose of holding religious exercises after their own fashion. The irate governor at once had them arrested under an ordinance of Parliament for the apprehension of stragglers from the army, and sent them back to Sir Thomas Fairfax. In a letter written to that general shortly after, he expresses in scornful terms his disapproval of such methods. ' For you to draw my parishioners away and so leave the church empty I could no longer endure. If they return back again to me I shall send them up to your Assembly, and then I hope you will take order that such Anabaptistical companions trouble us no more. I hear the praying and preaching regiments, as they term you, trusted more to earth than to heaven ' (at a recent engagement), 'for their heels were their chiefest refuge. . . . most of you found four legs under you.'

Another instance of the desire for religious liberty carried to its utmost extreme is found in this county, in Roger Crab the hermit, who could not find a resting place in any of the sects, and after a chequered career, first in the army (when he was once condemned to death for disobeying orders) and afterwards as a tradesman at Chesham, ended by selling all his worldly goods, and departing to Uxbridge, that he might

title: Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/392


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayne, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayne, Simon


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayne, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayne, Zachary


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maynwaring, Everard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayo, Charles (1750-1829)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayo, Charles (1792-1846)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayo, Charles (1837-1877)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayo, Daniel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayo, Elizabeth


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayo, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayo, Herbert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayo, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayo, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mazzinghi, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mead, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mead, Matthew


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mead, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mead, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Meade, Richard Charles Francis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Meadley, George Wilson


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Meadowcourt, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Meadows, Alfred


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Meadows, Drinkwater


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Meadows, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Meadows, Joseph Kenny


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Meadows, Philip


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Meager, Leonard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Meagher, Thomas Francis


text: Innes v. Miller

title: Innes v. Miller


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Medhurst, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Medhurst, Walter Henry (1796-1857)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Medhurst, Walter Henry (1822-1885)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Medina, John Baptist


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Medland, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Medley, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Medley, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Medley, Samuel (1738-1799)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Medley, Samuel (1769-1857)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Medows, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Medwall, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Medwin, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mee, Anne


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Meehan, Charles Patrick


text:
Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/419

Rh Elizabeth Wyvill, occurs 1530, died 1534 Margaret Hard wick, last prioress, elected A pointed oval seal of Prioress Isolt de Beauchamp, attached to a charter dated Feast of St. Valentine, 1325-6, represents the Virgin Mary, full length, the Holy Child with nimbus on her left arm. The legend, which is defaced, runs : ... p. ... DICAT. VGO MAR[IA].

The priory of Ankerwick seems to have been founded during the reign of Henry II., probably not before 1160, by Gilbert de Muntfichet, lord of Wyrardisbury, whose son Richard was also reckoned as a founder and benefactor. This is another poor and small monastery of which very little is known ; it was dedicated to the honour of St. Mary Magdalene. At the beginning of the six- teenth century there were six or seven nuns besides the prioress : an income of about £20 would probably never have supported more. And yet we find here, as at Ivinghoe and Little Marlow, the names of some well-known county families among the prioresses.

Of the external history of the house abso- lutely nothing is known : it probably went through the same struggles as other small monasteries during the fourteenth century, and the death of a prioress (unnamed) is recorded in 1349 We may surely hope that in the course of three or four hundred years it was in some sense a source of blessing to the neighbourhood, although of this we have no record. It was surrendered some time before 8 July, 1536, when the prioress, Magdalen Downes, received a pension of £5 a year.

What we know of the internal history of this house we must frankly own is not greatly to its credit ; yet the recorded episcopal visitations are separated by considerable spaces of time, and it would be rash to conclude from their tone that the monastery was never in a very satisfactory condition. As early as 1197 a single runaway nun managed to give the priory a good deal of trouble. She is de- scribed as ' A. the daughter of W. Clement,' and had been fifteen years professed ; at the end of that time she grew weary of the cloister and returned to her friends. Now if she had only asked them for shelter and protection, very little might have been heard of the affair : she would have been ordered to return, and excommunicated if she did not obey ; and that might have been the end of the matter. But she was bold enough to claim a share in her father's property on the ground that she had been forced into the monastery against her will by a guardian who wished to secure the whole inheritance ; and this roused her own relations against her. They appealed to no less a person than the pope himself, Celes- tine III., who first appointed delegates to hear the case, and then, as the nun still proved difficult to deal with, sent a formal letter to be published by the Abbot of Reading and the prior of Hurley, ordering her to return to her monastery on pain of excommunication. The affair came at last into the Curia Regis,

title: Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/419


text: James v. Allen

title: James v. Allen


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Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/418

Rh give alms for the maintenance of the ' poor nuns of St. Margaret's priory ' ; from which we may surely infer that he had visited the house and was satisfied with its condition in other respects. Poverty and obscurity are indeed in no sense a reproach to a convent of nuns. Again in the fifteenth century (during which only two names of prioresses can at present be recovered) there is indirect evi- dence of the faithful observance of the Bene- dictine rule in this house. During the epis- copate of Bishop Alnwick a nun of some years' standing at the Augustinian priory of Grace Dieu sought and obtained permission to leave her own monastery and retire to St. Margaret's, Ivinghoe. After she had actually gone there, her original superior sent and fetched her back again ; whereupon she ap- pealed to the bishop. He examined the matter, and finding that she had made the change not from levity of mind, but from a motive always sanctioned by the Church the desire, namely, of passing a minore religione ad majorem, causa arctioris aut durioris vitaeordered that she should be allowed to remain at St. Margaret's. Bishop Alnwick was an energetic visitor of the monasteries in his diocese, and would soon have discovered if the priory of Ivinghoe did not really offer to the nun in question the stricter life which she desired.

Bishop Longland visited the house in 1530 and found there a prioress with three or four nuns. The house was said to be in debt, but under no other reproach, except that one of the ladies had visited her friends without per- mission, and stayed away from her monastery from the Feast of St. Michael till Passion Sunday in the next year. She was enjoined not to go out again without permission from the prioress : and for a penance she was to say the seven penitential psalms every Tues- day, Wednesday, and Saturday, with an addi- tional Pater, Ave and Credo every day.

In 1535 the local, commissioners found five nuns here, of whom two were professed and three only novices : three of these were suffi- ciently attached to their religious life to decline the opportunity of returning to the world, and asked permission to enter another house of the order. There were four ser- vants living in the monastery, which was said to be of competent estate and no longer in debt.

The house was originally endowed with only a small portion of land in the wood of Ivinghoe : to which was added later the church of Merrow in Surrey with lands attached, and ten acres of assart at Hemel Hempstead. The priory is not mentioned in the Taxation of Pope Nicholas : its re- venue is given in the Valor Ecclesiasticus as £14 3s. 1d. clear. The survey of the local commissioners returned it first as worth £13 3s. 1d. and later as £19 8s. 9d. ; the bells, lead, etc., were valued at £8 10s. 6d., and the moveable goods at £l 13s. 4d. The Minis- ters' Accounts only give a total of £10 4s. 1½d.

Alice, occurs 1237 Isolt, died 1262 Cicely, elected 1262, resigned 1275 Maud de Hockliffe, elected 1275, died 1296 Isolt de Beauchamp, elected 1296 Sibyl de Hampstead, resigned 1340 Maud de Cheyney, elected 1340 Eleanor Cross, died 1467 Eleanor Symmes, elected 1467

title: Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/418