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192 imperceptibly find himself involved in various intricate paths, all leading him farther and farther astray. In vain he beholds the guiding-stars of heaven shining before him. No choice is left him—he must descend the precipice, and offer himself up a sacrifice to his fate. After the false step which I had rashly made, and which entailed a curse upon me, I had, in the wantonness of passion, entangled one in my fate who had staked all her happiness upon me. What was left for me to do in a case where I had brought another into misery, but to make a desperate leap in the dark to save her?—the last, the only means of rescue presented itself. Think not so meanly of me, Chamisso, as to imagine that I would have shrunk from any sacrifice on my part. In such a case it would have been but a poor ransom. No, Chamisso; but my whole soul was filled with unconquerable hatred to the cringing knave and his crooked ways. I might be doing him injustice; but I shuddered at the bare idea of entering into any fresh compact with him. But here a circumstance took place which entirely changed the face of things. . ..

I know not whether to ascribe it to excitement of mind, exhaustion of physical strength (for during the last few days I had scarcely tasted anything), or the antipathy I felt to the society of my fiendish companion; but just as I was about to sign the fatal paper, I fell into a deep swoon,


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Rh and remained for a long time as if dead. The first sounds which greeted my ears on recovering my consciousness were those of cursing and imprecation; I opened my eyes—it was dusk; my hateful companion was overwhelming me with reproaches. "Is not this behaving like an old woman? Come, rise up, and finish quickly what you were going to do; or perhaps you have changed your determination, and prefer to lie groaning there?"

I raised myself with difficulty from the ground and gazed around me without speaking a word. It was late in the evening, and I heard strains of festive music proceeding from the ranger's brilliantly illuminated house; groups of company were lounging about the gardens; two persons approached, and seating themselves on the bench I had lately occupied, began to converse on the subject of the marriage which had taken place that morning between the wealthy Mr. Rascal and Minna. All was then over.

I tore off the cap which rendered me invisible; and my companion having disappeared, I plunged in silence into the thickest gloom of the grove, rapidly passed Count Peter's bower towards the entrance-gate; but my tormentor still haunted me, and loaded me with reproaches. "And is this all the gratitude I am to expect from you, Mr. Schlemihl—you, whom I have been watching all the weary day, until you should recover from

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194 your nervous attack? What a fool's part I have been enacting! It is of no use flying from me, Mr. Perverse—we are inseparable—you have my gold, I have your shadow; this exchange deprives us both of peace. Did you ever hear of a man's shadow leaving him?—yours follows me until you receive it again into favor, and thus free me from it. Disgust and weariness sooner or later will compel you to do what you should have done gladly at first. In vain you strive with fate!"

He continued unceasingly in the same tone, uttering constant sarcasms about the gold and the shadow, till I was completely bewildered. To fly from him was impossible. I had pursued my way through the empty streets towards my own house, which I could scarcely recognize—the windows were broken to pieces, no light was visible, the doors were shut, and the bustle of domestics had ceased. My companion burst into a loud laugh. "Yes, yes," said he, "you see the state of things: however, you will find your friend Bendel at home; he was sent back the other day so fatigued, that I assure you he has never left the house since. He will have a fine story to tell! So I wish you a very good night—may we shortly meet again!"

I had repeatedly rung the bell; at last a light appeared; and Bendel inquired from within who was there. The poor fellow could scarcely contain himself at the sound of my voice. The door


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Rh flew open, and we were locked in each other's arms. I found him sadly changed; he was looking ill and feeble. I, too, was altered; my hair had become quite gray. He conducted me through the desolate apartments to an inner room, which had escaped the general wreck. After partaking of some refreshments, we seated ourselves; and, with fresh lamentations, he began to tell me that the gray, withered old man whom he had met with my shadow had insensibly led him such a zig-zag race, that he had lost all traces of me, and at last sank down exhausted with fatigue; that, unable to find me, he had returned home, when, shortly after, the mob, at Rascal's instigation, assembled violently before the house, broke the windows, and by all sorts of excesses completely satiated their fury. Thus had they treated their benefactor. My servants had fled in all directions. The police had banished me from the town as a suspicious character, and granted me an interval of twenty-four hours to leave the territory. Bendel added many particulars as to the information I had already obtained respecting Rascal's wealth and marriage. This villain, it seems—who was the author of all the measures taken against me—became possessed of my secret nearly from the beginning, and, tempted by the love of money, had supplied himself with a key to my chest, and from that time had been laying the foundation of


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Rh

close those gates, we're trapped!" yelled Clark.

They spurred desperately forward. From the guard-towers on either side of the gate, several dozen soldiers had run out and formed a line in front of the gate. Behind that line, a half-dozen other Red warriors were slowly forcing the great valves shut.

"Ride through them!" Clark shouted. "It's now or never."

They crashed into that solid line of guards—and stopped! For these soldiers grabbed their bridles and stirrups and clung to them, holding them, stabbing at them with their swords. The crazed horses whirled and plunged in a mad inferno of struggle, the riders rising like swimmers above a wave of armored men and slashing swords.

Clark felt a blade sear along his forearm, and glimpsed the brutal face of the Red warrior stabbing at him. His gun kicked in his hand and the man fell with his forehead driven in. Clark shot again, trying to clear away the men clinging to his bridle. Link Wilson's heavy gun was booming, while Blacky Cain, his eyes blazing and a frozen killer mask on his face, was viciously shooting the men trying to pull him down.

"Dordona! Dordona!" pealed a silver cry from the girl Lurain, wielding her sword with wildcat swiftness and fury.

The gates were almost closed! And from far back at the palace of Thargo, masses of soldiers were coming on the run. Clark had a cold, sinking sense that they were trapped. Then he heard a hoarse cry.

"Out of my way, you scum!" Ephraim Quell shouted, forcing through his attackers, clubbing his reversed gun on their heads.

Quell broke through them. Clark saw the bony Yankee skipper break through on his mount to the half-dozen men who now had pushed the gates within a foot of closing. Ephraim Quell's gun-butt smashed down among them, sent them reeling, his horse trampling them. The Yankee leaped from his horse, swiftly pulled on one of the great valves.

He pulled it open a few yards, by frenzied, tremendous effort. But the men he had scattered were on their feet again, rushing at him and stabbing with their swords. Quell reeled back from them.

Clark shouted, his voice ringing over the mad din, and the others heard and pushed desperately forward. The horses, maddened by the struggle to the pitch of frenzy, surged forward crazily toward the gate-opening that promised freedom, trampling down the clinging guards.

Clark's gun blazed the last of its clip, and the men stabbing at Quell fell. Link Wilson spurred in, grabbed the Yankee skipper's horse, helped haul the bony seaman up onto it. Then before the guards they had broken through could reach them again, their horses were bolting out through the opened gates. Wild from the battle and unaccustomed gunfire, they plunged for freedom, Clark's and Lurain's steeds jamming momentarily in the narrow opening.

Then they were all out in the open moonlight of the plain, the dark walls and confusion and raging shouts of K'Lamm behind them. Plunging, racing, snorting, the horses galloped wildly over the moonlit sea of grass and brush. The wild uproar of the Red city receded swiftly.

"Which way to Dordona?" cried Clark to Lurain, shouting to her over the rush of wind.

"We follow the way now," she cried. "Due east from here it lies—we go to the river, and along it to my city."

Now the horses were settling to a


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196 his present wealth. Bendel related all this with many tears, and wept for joy that I was once more safely restored to him, after all his fears and anxieties for me. In me, however, such a state of things only awoke despair.

My dreadful fate now stared me in the face in all its gigantic and unchangeable horror. The source of tears was exhausted within me; no groans escaped my breast; but with cool indifference I bared my unprotected head to the blast. "Bendel," said I, "you know my fate; this heavy visitation is a punishment for my early sins: but as for thee, my innocent friend, I can no longer permit thee to share my destiny. I will depart this very night—saddle me a horse—I will set out alone. Remain here, Bendel—I insist upon it: there must be some chests of gold still left in the house—take them, they are thine. I shall be a restless and solitary wanderer on the face of the earth; but should better days arise, and fortune once more smile propitiously on me, then I will not forget thy steady fidelity; for in hours of deep distress thy faithful bosom has been the depository of my sorrows." With a bursting heart, the worthy Bendel prepared to obey this last command of his master; for I was deaf to all his arguments and blind to his tears. My horse was brought—I pressed my weeping friend to my besom—threw myself into the saddle and, underline friendly shades of


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197 night, quitted this sepulchre of my existence, indifferent which road my horse should take; for now on this side the grave I had neither wishes, hopes, nor fears.

After a short time I was joined by a traveller on foot, who, after walking for a while by the side of my horse, observed that as we both seemed to be travelling the same road, he should beg my permission to lay his cloak on the horse's back behind me, to which I silently assented. He thanked me with easy politeness for this trifling favor, praised my horse, and then took occasion to extol the happiness and the power of the rich, and fell, I scarcely know how, into a sort of conversation with himself, in which I merely acted the part of listener. He unfolded his views of human life and of the world, and, touching on metaphysics, demanded an answer from that cloudy science to the question of questions—the answer that should solve all mysteries. He deduced one problem from another in a very lucid manner, and then proceeded to their solution.

You may remember, my dear friend, that after having run through the school-philosophy, I became sensible of my unfitness for metaphysical speculations, and therefore totally abstained from engaging in them. Since then I have acquiesced in some things, and abandoned all hope of


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the name of the merciful and compassionate God.

A. L. M. That is the book! there is no doubt therein; a guide to the pious, who believe in the unseen, and are steadfast in prayer, and of what we have given them expend in alms; who believe in what is revealed to thee, and what was revealed before thee, and of the hereafter they are sure. These are in guidance from their Lord, and these are the prosperous. Verily, those who misbelieve, it is the same to them if ye warn them or if ye warn them not, they will not believe. God has set a seal upon their hearts and on their hearing; and on their eyes is dimness, and for them is grievous woe. And there are those among men who say, 'We believe in God and in the last day;' but they do not believe. They would deceive God and those who do believe; but they deceive only themselves and they do not perceive. In their hearts is a sickness, and God has made them still more sick, and for them is grievous woe because they lied. And when it is said to them, 'Do not evil in the earth,' they say, 'We do but what is right.' Are not they the evildoers? and yet they do not perceive. And when it is said to them, 'Believe as other men believe,' they say, 'Shall we


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198 others; trusting, as you advised me, to my own plain sense and the voice of conscience to direct, and, if possible, maintain me in the right path.

Now this skilful rhetorician seemed to me to expend great skill in rearing a firmly-constructed edifice, towering aloft on its own self-supported basis, but resting on, and upheld by, some internal principle of necessity. I regretted in it the total absence of what I desired to find; and thus it seemed a mere work of art, serving only by its elegance and exquisite finish to captivate the eye. Nevertheless, I listened with pleasure to this eloquently gifted man, who diverted my attention from my own sorrows to the speaker; and he would have secured my entire acquiescence if he had appealed to my heart as well as to my judgment.

In the meantime the hours had passed away, and morning had already dawned imperceptibly in the horizon; looking up, I shuddered as I beheld in the east all those splendid hues that announce the rising sun. At this hour, when all natural shadows are seen in their full proportions, not a fence or shelter of any kind could I descry in this open country, and I was not alone! I cast a glance at my companion, and shuddered again—it was the man in the gray coat himself! He laughed at my surprise, and said, without giving me time to speak: "You see, according to the


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 remainder whose immundane and ethereal character permits of no ordinary interpretation, and whose vaguely exciting and disquieting effect suggests possible minute glimpses into a sphere of mental existence no less important than physical life, yet separated from that life by an all but impassable barrier. From my experience I cannot doubt but that man, when lost to terrestrial consciousness, is indeed sojourning in another and uncorporeal life of far different nature from the life we know, and of which only the slightest and most indistinct memories linger after waking. From those blurred and fragmentary memories we may infer much, yet prove little. We may guess that in dreams life, matter, and vitality, as the earth knows such things, are not necessarily constant; and that time and space do not exist as our waking selves comprehend them. Sometimes I believe that this less material life is our truer life, and that our vain presence on the terraqueous globe is itself the secondary or merely virtual phenomenon.

It was from a youthful revery filled with speculations of this sort that I arose one afternoon in the winter of 1900-01, when to the state psychopathic institution in which I served as an interne was brought the man whose case has ever since haunted me so unceasingly. His name, as given on the records, was Joe Slater, or Slaader, and his appearance was that of the typical denizen of the Catskill Mountain region; one of those strange, repellent scions of a primitive Colonial peasant stock whose isolation for nearly three centuries in the hilly fastnesses of a little-traveled countryside has caused them to sink to a kind of barbaric degeneracy, rather than advance with their more fortunately placed brethren of the thickly settled districts. Among these odd folk, who correspond exactly to the decadent element of "white trash" in the South, law and morals are non-existent; and their general mental status is probably below that of any other section of the native American people.

Joe Slater, who came to the institution in the vigilant custody of four state policemen, and who was described as a highly dangerous character, certainly presented no evidence of his perilous disposition when I first beheld him. Though well above the middle stature, and of somewhat brawny frame, he was given an absurd appearance of harmless stupidity by the pale, sleepy blueness of his small watery eyes, the scantiness of his neglected and never-shaven growth of yellow beard, and the listless drooping of his heavy nether lip. His age was unknown, since among his kind neither family records nor permanent family ties exist; but from the baldness of his head in front, and from the decayed condition of his teeth, the head surgeon wrote him down as a man of about forty.

From the medical and court documents we learned all that could be gathered of his case: This man, a vagabond, hunter and trapper, had always been strange in the eyes of his primitive associates. He had habitually slept at night beyond the ordinary time, and upon waking would often talk of unknown things in a manner so bizarre as to inspire fear even in the hearts of an unimaginative populace. Not that his form of language was at all unusual, for he never spoke save in the debased patois of his environment; but the tone and tenor of his utterances were of such mysterious wildness, that none might listen without apprehension. He himself was generally as terrified and baffled as his auditors, and within an hour after awakening would forget all that he had said, or at least all that had caused him to say what he did; relapsing into a bovine, half-amiable normality like that of the other hill-dwellers.


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 As Slater grew older, it appeared, his matutinal aberrations had gradually increased in frequency and violence; till about a month before his arrival at the institution had occurred the shocking tragedy which caused his arrest by the authorities. One day near noon, after a profound sleep begun in a whisky debauch at about five of the previous afternoon, the man had roused himself most suddenly, with ululations so horrible and unearthly that they brought several neighbors to his cabin—a filthy sty where he dwelt with a family as indescribable as himself. Rushing out into the snow, he had flung his arms aloft and commenced a series of leaps directly upward in the air; the while shouting his determination to reach some "big, big cabin with brightness in the roof and walls and floor and the loud queer music far away." As two men of moderate size sought to restrain him, he had struggled with maniacal force and fury, screaming of his desire and need to find and kill a certain "thing that shines and shakes and laughs." At length, after temporarily felling one of his detainers with a sudden blow, he had flung himself upon the other in a demoniac ecstasy of blood-thirstiness, shrieking fiendishly that he would "jump high in the air and burn his way through anything that stopped him."

Family and neighbors had now fled in a panic, and when the more courageous of them returned, Slater was gone, leaving behind an unrecognizable pulp-like thing that had been a living man but an hour before. None of the mountaineers had dared to pursue him, and it is likely that they would have welcomed his death from the cold; but when several mornings later they heard his screams from a distant ravine they realized that he had somehow managed to survive, and that his removal in one way or another would be necessary. Then had followed an armed searching-party, whose purpose (whatever it may have been originally) became that of a sheriff's posse after one of the seldom popular state troopers had by accident observed, then questioned, and finally joined the seekers.

third day Slater was found unconscious in the hollow of a tree, and taken to the nearest jail, where alienists from Albany examined him as soon as his senses returned. To them he told a simple story. He had, he said, gone to sleep one afternoon about sundown after drinking much liquor. He had awaked to find himself standing bloody-handed in the snow before his cabin, the mangled corpse of his neighbor Peter Slader at his feet. Horrified, he had taken to the woods in a vague effort to escape from the scene of what must have been his crime. Beyond these things he seemed to know nothing, nor could the expert questioning of his interrogators bring out a single additional fact.

That night Slater slept quietly, and the next morning he wakened with no singular feature save a certain alteration of expression. Doctor Barnard, who had been watching the patient, thought he noticed in the pale blue eyes a certain gleam of peculiar quality, and in the flaccid lips an all but imperceptible tightening, as if of intelligent determination. But when questioned, Slater relapsed into the habitual vacancy of the mountaineer, and only reiterated what he had said on the preceding day.

On the third morning occurred the first of the man's mental attacks. After some show of uneasiness in sleep, he burst forth into a frenzy so powerful that the combined efforts of four men were needed to bind him in a straitjacket. The alienists listened with keen attention to his words, since their curiosity had been aroused to a high pitch by the suggestive


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II, 14-22. believe as fools believe?' Are not they themselves the fools? and yet they do not know. And when they meet those who believe, they say, 'We do believe;' but when they go aside with their devils, they say, 'We are with you; we were but mocking!' God shall mock at them and let them go on in their rebellion, blindly wandering on.

Those who buy error for guidance, their traffic profits not, and they are not guided. Their likeness is as the likeness of one who kindles a fire; and when it lights up all around, God goes off with their light, and leaves them in darkness that they cannot see. Deafness, dumbness, blindness, and they shall not return! Or like a storm-cloud from the sky, wherein is darkness and thunder and lightning; they put their fingers in their ears at the thunder-clap, for fear of death, for God encompasses the misbelievers. The lightning well-nigh snatches off their sight, whenever it shines for them they walk therein; but when it is dark for them they halt; and if God willed He would go off with their hearing and their sight; verily, God is mighty over all.

O ye folk! serve your Lord who created you and those before you; haply ye may fear! who made the earth for you a bed and the heaven a dome; and sent down from heaven water, and brought forth therewith fruits as a sustenance for you; so make no peers for God, the while ye know!

And if ye are in doubt of what we have revealed unto our servant, then bring a chapter like it, and call your witnesses other than God if ye tell truth. But if ye do it not, and ye shall surely do it not, then

B 2


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4 fear the fire whose fuel is men and stones, prepared for misbelievers. But bear the glad tidings to those who believe and work righteousness, that for them are gardens beneath which rivers flow; whenever they are provided with fruit therefrom they say, 'This is what we were provided with before,' and they shall be provided with the like ; and there are pure wives for them therein, and they shall dwell therein for aye.

Why, God is not ashamed to set forth a parable of a gnat, or anything beyond; and as for those who believe, they know that it is truth from the Lord; but as for those who disbelieve, they say, 'What is it that God means by this as a parable? He leads astray many and He guides many;'—but He leads astray only the evildoers; who break God's covenant after the fixing thereof, and cut asunder what God has ordered to be joined, and do evil in the earth;—these it is who lose.

How can ye disbelieve in God, when ye were dead and He made you alive, and then He will kill you and then make you alive again, and then to Him will ye return? It is He who created for you all that is in the earth, then he made for the heavens and fashioned them seven heavens; and He knows all things.

And when thy Lord said unto the angels, 'I am about to place a vicegerent in the earth,' they said,


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II, 29-36. 'Wilt Thou place therein one who will do evil therein and shed blood? we celebrate Thy praise and hallow Thee.' Said (the Lord), 'I know what ye know not.' And He taught Adam the names, all of them; then He propounded them to the angels and said, 'Declare to me the names of these, if ye are truthful .' They said, 'Glory be to Thee! no knowledge is ours but what Thou thyself hast taught us, verily, Thou art the knowing, the wise.' Said the Lord, 'O Adam declare to them their names;' and when he had declared to them their names He said, 'Did I not say to you, I know the secrets of the heavens and of the earth, and I know what ye show and what ye were hiding?' And when we said to the angels, 'Adore Adam,' they adored him save only Iblîs, who refused and was too proud and became one of the misbelievers. And we said, 'O Adam dwell, thou and thy wife, in Paradise, and eat therefrom amply as you wish; but do not draw near this tree or ye will be of the transgressors. [sic] And Satan made them backslide therefrom and drove them out from what they were in, and we said, 'Go down, one of you the enemy of the other, and in the earth there is an abode and a provision for a time.' And Adam caught certain words from his Lord, and He turned towards him, for He is the compassionate one easily turned. We said, 'Go down therefrom altogether and haply there may come from me a guidance, and whoso follows my guidance, no fear is theirs, nor shall they grieve.


text: The Qur'an (Palmer)/Baqarah

title: The Qur'an (Palmer)/Baqarah


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Rh fashion of this world, mutual convenience binds, us together for a time; there is plenty of time to think of parting. The road here along the mountain, which perhaps has escaped your notice, is the only one that you can prudently take; into the valley you dare not descend—the path over the mountain would but reconduct you to the town which you have left—my road, too, lies this way. I perceive you change color at the rising sun—I have no objections to let you have the loan of your shadow during our journey, and in return you may not be indisposed to tolerate my society. You have now no Bendel; but I will act for him. I regret that you are not over-fond of me; but that need not prevent you from accepting my poor services. The devil is not so black as he is painted. Yesterday you provoked me, I own; but now that is all forgotten, and you must confess I have this day succeeded in beguiling the wearisomeness of your journey. Come, take your shadow, and make trial of it."

The sun had risen, and we were meeting with passengers; so I reluctantly consented. With a smile, he immediately let my shadow glide down to the ground; and I beheld it take its place by that of my horse, and gayly trot along with me. My feelings were anything but pleasant. I rode through groups of country people, who respectfully made way for the well-mounted stranger. Thus I proceeded, occasionally stealing a


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200 glance with a beating heart from my horse at the shadow once my own, but now, alas, accepted as a loan from a stranger, or rather a fiend. He moved on carelessly at my side, whistling a song. He being on foot, and I on horseback, the temptation to hazard a silly project occurred to me; so, suddenly turning my bridle, I set spurs to my horse, and at full gallop struck into a by-path; but my shadow, on the sudden movement of my horse, glided away, and stood on the road quietly awaiting the approach of its legal owner. I was obliged to return abashed towards the gray man; but he very coolly finished his song, and with a laugh set my shadow to rights again, reminding me that it was at my option to have it irrevocably fixed to me, by purchasing it on just and equitable terms. "I hold you," said he, "by the shadow and you seek in vain to get rid of me. A rich man like you requires a shadow, unquestionably; and you are to blame for not having seen this sooner."

I now continued my journey on the same road; every convenience and even luxury of life was mine; I moved about in peace and freedom, for I possessed a shadow, though a borrowed one; and all the respect due to wealth was paid to me. But a deadly disease preyed on my heart. My extraordinary companion, who gave himself out to be the humble attendant of the richest individual in the world, was remarkable for his dexterity;


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Rh in short, his singular address and promptitude admirably fitted him to be the very beau ideal of a rich man's lacquey. But he never stirred from my side, and tormented me with constant assurances that a day would most certainly come when, if it were only to get rid of him, I should gladly comply with his terms, and redeem my shadow. Thus he became as irksome as he was hateful to me. I really stood in awe of him—I had placed myself in his power. Since he had effected my return to the pleasures of the world, which I had resolved to shun, he had the perfect mastery of me. His eloquence was irresistible, and at times I almost thought he was in the right. A shadow is indeed necessary to a man of fortune; and if I chose to maintain the position in which he had placed me, there was only one means of doing so. But on one point I was immovable: since I had sacrificed my love for Minna, and thereby blighted the happiness of my whole life, I would not now, for all the shadows in the universe, be induced to sign away my soul to this being—I knew not how it might end.

One day we were sitting by the entrance of a cavern much visited by strangers who ascended the mountain; the rushing noise of a subterranean torrent resounded from the fathomless abyss, the depths of which exceeded all calculation. He was, according to his favorite custom, employing all the powers of his lavish fancy, and all the


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202 charm of the most brilliant coloring, to depict to me what I might effect in the world by virtue of my purse, when once I had recovered my shadow. With my elbows resting on my knees, I kept my face concealed in my hands, and listened to the false fiend, my heart torn between the temptation and my determined opposition to it. Such indecision I could no longer endure, and resolved on one decisive effort.

"You seem to forget," said I, "that I tolerate your presence only on certain conditions, and that I am to retain perfect freedom of action."

"You have but to command; I depart," was all his reply.

The threat was familiar to me; I was silent. He then began to fold up my shadow. I turned pale, but allowed him to continue. A long silence ensued, which he was the first to break.

"You cannot endure me, Mr. Schlemihl—you hate me—I am aware of it—but why?—is it, perhaps, because you attacked me on the open plain, in order to rob me of my invisible bird's nest? or is it because you thievishly endeavored to seduce away the shadow with which I had entrusted you—my own property—confiding implicitly in your honor? I, for my part, have no dislike to you. It is perfectly natural that you should avail yourself of every means, presented either by cunning or force, to promote your own interests. That your principles also should be of the strictest


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Rh sort, and your intentions of the most honorable description,—these are fancies with which I have nothing to do; I do not pretend to such strictness myself. Each of us is free, I to act, and you to think, as seems best. Did I ever seize you by the throat, to tear out of your body that valuable soul I so ardently wish to possess? Did I ever set my servant to attack you, to get back my purse, or attempt to run off with it from you?"

I had not a word to reply.

"Well, well," he exclaimed, "you detest me, and I know it; but I bear you no malice on that account. We must part—that is clear; also I must say that you begin to be very tiresome to me. Once more let me advise you to free yourself entirely from my troublesome presence by the purchase of your shadow."

I held out the purse to him.

"No, Mr. Schlemihl; not at that price."

With a deep sigh, I said, "Be it so, then; let us part, I entreat; cross my path no more. There is surely room enough in the world for us both."

Laughing, he replied: "I go; but just allow me to inform you how you may at any time recall me whenever you have a mind to see your most humble servant: you have only to shake your purse, the sound of the gold will bring me to you in an instant. In this world every one consults his own advantage; but you see I have thought of yours, and clearly confer upon you a new power. Oh


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive made no effort to hide the touch-and-go nature of French defensive capabilities during the rainy season already under way. The bleak picture darkened further after General Valluy reported in early June to U.S., British, Australian, and New Zealand Chiefs of Staff assembled in Washington that the Delta was in danger of falling to the communists, that neither Frenchmen nor Vietnamese would fight on in the south in that eventuality, and that only prompt allied intervention could save the situation.

 * h.

Valluy's presentation merely reinforced what the U.S. already was aware of, namely, that while the communists put forth unacceptable proposals at Geneva, they were driving for important gains in the Delta that would thoroughly demoralize French Union soldiers and set the stage for French withdrawal to the south. Deterioration on the battlefield and pessimism at the negotiating table, therefore, worked hand-in-hand toward confirming to Washington that its goals for an Indochina settlement were unrealistic, but rather that the only way to attain them was through decisive military victory in conformity with the original "united action" proposal of March 29. Rh

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Page:EB1911 - Volume 28.djvu/1082

 Delagoa Bay. At that time the Transvaal government—which had been the first to reap the benefit of Great Britain’s defeat of the Zulu by acquiring the “New Republic”—was endeavouring to obtain the territories of Zambaan and Umtegiza, hoping also to secure a route through Tongaland to Kosi Bay. President Kruger protested in vain against this annexation, Great Britain being determined to prevent another Power establishing itself on the south-east African seaboard.

In 1893 Sir M. Osborn was succeeded as resident commissioner by Sir Marshal Clarke who gained the confidence and good will of the Zulu. At the close of 1897 Zululand, in which Tongaland had been incorporated, was handed over by the Imperial government to Natal, and Sir (then Mr) C. J. R. Saunders was appointed civil commissioner of the province, with whose government he had been associated since 1887. In 1898 Dinizulu was allowed to return and was made a “government induna.” Officially one of several chiefs subject to the control of the resident magistrate, he was, in fact, regarded by most of the Zulu as the head of their nation. His influence appeared to be in the main exercised on the side of order. During the war of 1899–1902 there was some fighting between the Zulu and the Boers, provoked by the Boers entering Zulu territory. A Zulu kraal having been raided, the Zulu retaliated and, surrounding a small Boer commando, succeeded in killing every member of it. In September 1901 Louis Botha made an attempt to invade Natal by way of Zululand, but the stubborn defence made by the small posts at Itala and Prospect Hill, both within the Zulu border, caused him to give up the project. Throughout the war the Zulu showed marked partiality for the British side.

At the close of the war the Natal government decided to allow white settlers in certain districts of Zululand, and a Lands Delimitation Commission was appointed. The commission, however, reported (1905) that four-fifths of Zululand was unfit for European habitation, and the remaining fifth already densely populated. The commissioners urged that the tribal system should be maintained. Meantime the coal mines near St. Lucia Bay were opened up and connected with Durban by railway. At this time rumours were current of disaffection among the Zulu, but this was regarded as the effervescence natural after the war. In 1905 a poll tax of £1 on all adult males was imposed by the Natal legislature, this tax was the ostensible cause of a revolt in 1906 among the natives of Natal, who were largely of Zulu origin. Bambaata, the leader of the revolt, fled to Zululand. He took refuge in the dense bush in the Nkandhla highlands, where Cetywayo’s grave became the rallying point of the rebels, who in April were joined by an aged chief named Sigananda and his tribe. After an arduous campaign, the Natal force (about 5000 strong) being commanded by Col. Sir Duncan McKenzie, the rebellion was crushed by July 1906, without the aid of imperial troops. Bambaata was killed in battle (June 10th), his head was cut off for purposes of identification, but afterwards buried with the body. Sigananda surrendered. In all some 3500 Zulus were killed and about 3000 taken prisoners, the majority of the prisoners being released in 1907 (see further : History). Zululand remained, however, in a disturbed condition, and a number of white traders and officials were murdered. Dinizulu had been accused of harbouring Bambaata, and in December 1907 the Natal government felt justified in charging him with high treason, murder and other crimes. A military force entered Zululand, and Dinizulu surrendered without opposition. He was brought to trial in November 1908, and in March 1909 was found guilty of harbouring rebels. The more serious charges against him were not proved. He was sentenced to four years’ imprisonment and deprived of his position as a government induna. Other Zulu chiefs were convicted of various offences and sentenced to imprisonment. At his trial Dinizulu was defended by W. P. Schreiner, ex-premier of Cape Colony, while Miss H. E. Colenso (a daughter of Bishop Colenso) constituted herself his champion in the press of Natal and Great Britain. On the day that the Union of South Africa was established (31st of May 1910), the Botha ministry released Dinizulu from prison. He was subsequently settled on a farm in the Transvaal and given a pension of £500 a year.

 ZUMALACÁRREGUI, THOMAS(1788–1835), Spanish Carlist general, was born at Ormaiztegui in Navarre on the 29th of December 1788. His father, Francisco Antonio Zumalacárregui, was a lawyer who possessed some property, and the son was articled to a solicitor. When the French invasion took place in 1808 he enlisted at Saragossa. He served in the first siege, at the battle of Tudela, and during the second siege until he was taken prisoner in a sortie. He succeeded in escaping and in reaching his family in Navarre. For a short time he served with Gaspar de Jauregim, known as “The Shepherd” (El Pastor), one of the minor guerillero leaders. But Zumalacárregui, who was noted for his grave and silent disposition and his strong religous principles, disliked the disorderly life of the guerrillas, and when regular forces were organized in the north he entered the 1st battalon of Guipuzcoa as an officer. During the remainder of the war he served in the regular army. In 1812 he was sent with despatches to the Regency at Cadiz and received his commission as captain. In that rank he was present at the battle of San Marciál (31st of August 1813). After the restoration of Ferdinand VII. he continued in the army and is said to have mad a careful study of the theory of war. Zumalacárregui had no sympathy with the liberal principles which were spreading in Spain, and became noted as what was called a Servil or strong Royalist. He attracted no attention at headquarters, and was still a captain when the revolution of 1820 broke out. His brother officers, whose leanings were liberal, denounced him to the revolutionary government, and asked that he be removed. The recommendation was not acted upon, but Zumalacárregui knew of it, and laid up the

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text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Andros, Edmund


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Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part III.djvu/19

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive III. A. 1.

title: Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part III.djvu/19


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Faneuil, Peter


text:
Page:The European Concert in the Eastern Question.djvu/178

 Art. XV. ''The two Controllers-General will he named for five years. In case of their resignation or their deaths the proceedings taken to replace them will he the safne as those taken for their nomination. ''

XVI. ''The two Controllers-General will have the same rank and will receive the same remuneration. ''

XVII. They will he accountable only to us.

Commission of the Public Debt. XVIII. The Commission of the Public Debt is permanent until the entire debt is redeemed.

XIX. The Commissioners will have the right to send the funds which they will have encashed direct to the Bank of England and to the Bank of France. They will have the necessary powers to make this transmission of funds ; but it will be their duty to come to an understanding beforehand with the Minister of Finance and the Controllers-General.

XX. An English Commissioner will be added to the Commission of the Public Debt. The nomination and the choice of this Commissioner will belong to us ; but in order to satisfy ourselves with regard to the guarantees offered by the person whom we shall choose, we shall address ourselves unofficially to the English Government, and we shall only engage a person furnished with the authority and acquiescence of his Government. If the English Government, at the time when this nomination is to be made, should not give its authority or its acquiescence, we should make choice of a higher official in the English service, either on the active or on the retired list.

XXI. The merchandize or produce given for payment of taxes in the provinces specially set apart for the service of the debt will be placed at the exclusive disposal of the Commissioners of the Debt, who will have the power to sell it, coming, however, to an understanding ('en se concertant toutefois') with the Minister of Finance and the Controllers-General as to the best means of realizing it.


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 XXII. The members of the Commission of the Public Debt will not be able to accept any other functions in Egypt.

Railways and Port of Alexandria. XXIII. The railways which are now actually being worked, and the port of Alexandria, will be placed under a Special Administration, which will be accountable only to us. railways This Administration will be composed of five Administrators, of whom two will be English, one French, and two natives.

One of the two English Administrators will have the functions of President.

XXIV. The annexation of the Administration of the Port of Alexandria to the Special Administration of the Railways, and the application of their revenues to the service of the Preference Debt, are not in any case to prejudice the contracts already existing with the contractors, nor to modify the relations of the Government to the latter with regard to the work which is still to be executed.

XXV. The nomination and the choice of the Administrators will belong to us, but in order to satisfy ourselves with regard to the guarantees offered by the foreign Administrators whom we may choose, we shall address ourselves unofficially to the Governments of England and France, and we shall only engage persons furnished with the authority or the acquiescence of their Governments. In the event that one or the other of these Governments should not give its authority or acquiescence, our choice will be made amongst the higher officials, either civil or military, of the two countries, or of their great railway companies, either in active service or on the retired list.

XXVI. The foreign Administrators will be named for five years. In case of their resignation or their death the same proceedings will take place for replacing them as have been fixed for their nomination.

XXVII. The Administration, formed as described above, will continue to act until all the privileged bonds specially created have either been redeemed or paid off. The port of Alexandria being comprised in this guarantee for the


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 sum of 2,000,000l., can be freed from this guarantee and detached from the Joint Administration as soon as 3,000,000l. of these preference bonds shall have been redeemed or repaid.

The railways being comprised in this guarantee for 15,000,000l. sterling in preference stock, can be freed by the redemption or the repayment of 15,000,000l. of this stock.

XXVIII. The Administrators will propose for our choice and nomination the superior employes of the railways and the port.

They will name the other employés direct.

They will have the right to suspend all the employes from their functions; they may also dismiss them after a regular inquiry.

They alone will have the right to make any modifications in the tariffs and in the regulations in force, under our sanction.

They will be exclusively charged with the duty of making contracts for the purchase of rolling-stock or of fixtures, and for the materiel necessary for the working of the railways and the service of the port. They will decide on the necessity of repairs in the materiel or the permanent way, as well as for the maintenance of the port, all under our approval.

XXIX. Provision will be made from the general resources of the Budget for extraordinary expenses, which will have been decided on by the Administrators and approved by us.

XXX. All the receipts of the railways and of the port of Alexandria according as they come in, with the exception of what is necessary for the ordinary outlay for maintenance and for working expenses, and with the exception of the rights of the contractors of the port provided for in the contracts, will be paid into the Treasury of the Public Debt, to which they are assigned.

XXXI. The Commission of the Public Debt will open a special account for the service of the preference 5 per cent, bonds. The Commission will be bound to send any funds which are paid into it by the Administration of the Railways and the Port, to the Banks of England and France,


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Andros, Edmund

ANDROS, Sir Edmund, an English colonial governor, born in London, Dec. 6, 1637, died there, Feb. 24, 1714. He was brought up at court, his father being an officer of the royal household. He was a major in Prince Rupert's dragoons, and in 1674 succeeded his father as bailiff of Guernsey. In the same year he was commissioned governor of New York, and received its surrender by the Dutch after their brief repossession of it. He administered its affairs in the interest of the duke of York, was involved in controversies with the surrounding colonies and with the French in Canada by his extensive claims to jurisdic- tion, and in 1680 seized the government of East Jersey, deposing Philip Carteret. He was recalled to England in 1681, cleared himself of several charges preferred against him, and retired to Guernsey. New England having been consolidated, Andros was appointed its governor general in 1686, under instructions which, while establishing religious toleration, forbade all printing, and authorized him to appoint and remove his own council, and with their consent to enact laws, levy taxes, and control the militia. Carrying out these instructions in a despotic manner, his government soon became very odious to the colonists. Connecticut having held out against him, he appeared in the council chamber at Hartford with an armed guard in October, 1687, and demanded the surrender of its charter, which is said to have been prevented by its sudden removal and concealment in a hollow tree afterward celebrated as the charter oak. Contemporary documents, however, seem to prove that no such event occurred, that Andros really possessed himself of the original charter, and that a duplicate had been concealed some time previously. (See Brodhead's “History of New

York,” vol. ii., pp. 472-'3.) In 1688 New York and New Jersey were added to his jurisdiction, and Francis Nicholson was appointed lieutenant governor there. On the news of the revolution in England, the people of Boston imprisoned Andros and several of his officers, April 18, 1689, and the New England colonies restored their former governments, while Jacob Leisler usurped authority in New York. (See .) In July he was sent to England by order of King William, with a committee of accusers, but was acquitted without a formal trial. In 1692 he was made governor of Virginia, where he made himself comparatively popular, but was removed in 1698 through the influence of Commissary Blair. In 1704-'6 he was governor of Guernsey. In 1691 Andros published a narrative of his proceedings in New England, which was republished in 1773.


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 de leur rang et de leur dignité. Il ne sera porté, toute-fois, aucune atteinte aux propriétés mobilières et immobilières du clergé chrétien. L’administration des affaires temporelles des communautés chrétiennes et autres, non musulmanes, sera placée sous le sauvegarde d’un conseil, dont les membres seront choisis parmi le clergé et les laïques de chaque communauté.

IV. Dans les villes, bourgades et villages, où la population appartiendra en totalité au même culte, il ne sera mis aucune entrave à la réparation ou à la restauration, d’aprés la forme primitive, des édifices consacrés au culte, ainsi que des écoles, des hôpitaux et des cimetières. Quand il sera nécessaire d’ériger de nouveaux édifices de ce genre, le plan et la forme, approuvés par le patriarche ou les chefs de communauté, devront être soumis, une fois seulement, à la Porte, qui acceptera les plans présentés, et en ordonnera l’exécution, conformément à l’irâdé (décret) imperial qui sera rendu à cet effet. Dans le cas contraire, elle fera ses observations dans un délai déterminé. Si une communauté se trouve seule dans une localité, sans être mêlée avec d’autres communions religieuses, elle ne sera soumise à aucune espèce de restriction dans l’exercice public et extérieur de son culte. Quant aux villes, bourgades et villages, composés d’habitants appartenant à différents cultes, chaque communauté pourra, dans le quartier distinct qu’elle habite, réparer et restaurer ses églises, hôpitaux, écoles et cimetières en se conformant aux principes ci-dessus indiqués.

V. Quant aux nouveaux édifices, dont la construction sera nécessaire, les patriarches ou chefs de communauté demanderont, à cet égard, l’autorisation nécessaire à la Porte ; et notre permission souveraine sera accordée, à moins qu’il n’y ait, pour le gouvernement, quelque obstacle administratif.

VI. L’intervention de l’autorité dans ces sortes de choses sera entièrement gratuite.

VII. Le gouvernement prendra les mesures énergiques et nécessaires pour assurer à chaque culte, quel que soit le nombre de ses adhérents, la pleine liberté de son exercice. VIII. Tout mot et toute expression ou appellation tendant à rendre une classe de mes sujets inférieure à l’autre, à raison du culte, de la langue ou de la race, sont à jamais abolis et effacés du protocole administratif.

IX. La loi punira l’emploi, entre particuliers, ou de la part des agents de l’autorité, de toute expression ou qualification injurieuse ou blessante.

X. Le culte de toutes les croyances et religions existant dans


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 30:1

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title: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 30:1


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Leipsic

LEIPSIC (Ger. Leipzig), a city of Saxony, in an extensive and fertile valley, watered by the Pleisse, here joined by the Elster and other small rivers, within a few miles of the Prussian frontier, 60 m. W. N. W. of Dresden, and 92 m. S. S. W. of Berlin; pop. in 1871, 106,925. Most of the ancient fortifications, excepting the castle or citadel of Pleissenburg, have been converted into public walks and partly laid out as gardens. The most fashionable public square is the Augustusplatz; and the most picturesque from the quaintness of its buildings, particularly of the town hall (Rathhaus), is the Marktplatz. The allied sovereigns met in this square after the battle of Leipsic, previous to which Napoleon had resided there in the Königshaus, so called from having formerly served as an electoral and royal residence. Near the square stands Auerbach's cellar, made famous by Goethe's “Faust,” and still frequented by the students. The principal Protestant churches

are those of St. Nicholas, St. Thomas, and St. Paul's or university church. Leipsic contains monuments of Gellert, Prince Poniatowski, who was drowned in the Elster at the close of the great battle in 1813, Hahnemann, Bach, and other eminent persons. Among the principal public buildings are the observatory, which occupies the tower of the citadel of Pleissenburg, the general exchange and book exchange, the Saxon-Bavarian railway depot, the post office, the custom house (finished in 1853), the new city theatre (finished in 1868), and the new city hospital (opened in 1871). Leipsic takes a foremost position in Germany, in the history of the reformation as well as of literature. The university is one of the oldest in Germany; the 450th anniversary of its foundation was celebrated in December, 1859. Prominent among the university buildings is

the Augusteum, 300 ft. long and three stories high, containing a great hall, lecture room, museums of natural history, and a library with 200,000 volumes and 2,500 manuscripts. The use of the German language as a medium of public learned instruction was first introduced at Leipsic in 1688 by Thomasius, the son of the teacher of Leibnitz. The university is one of the few scholastic establishments on the continent which have retained their own landed estates. The property of the institution is very considerable, and embraces, besides a number of landed estates, 41 large buildings in the city; and the endowment for stipends, free board, &c., amounts to over $500,000, nearly 200 poor students being sometimes supported by the university. Philology was long the great specialty of the university, although many of its leading members have been eminent in other branches. About the middle of the present century the university suffered greatly from the anti-liberal policy of the Saxon government, which caused a number of the most eminent professors to leave, and the attendance of students diminished from 1,300 in the early part of the century to about 800 in 1860. Since then it has not only recovered from these losses, but become in every respect one of the most prominent universities of Germany. The number of matriculated students rose to 1,179 in 1866, 1,803 in 1871, 2,204 in 1872, 2,650 in 1873, and 2,876 for the winter of 1873-'4, including 45 from the United States. The numbers for the last two years exceeded those of any other German university. Among its 107 professors were some of the most eminent scholars of Germany; as Delitzsch and Tischendorf in the theological faculty; Wächter and Hänel in the law faculty; Weber, Wunderlich, Czermak, Bock, and Carus in the medical faculty; the philosophers Ahrens and Drobisch, the geographer Peschel, the astronomer Bruhns, the naturalists Kolbe and Leuckart, the historians Wuttke and Voigt, the philologists Ritschl, Curtius, and Lange, and the orientalists Ebers, Brockhaus, and Fleischer. The university building has been greatly enlarged; a third chemical laboratory was established in 1867, a physiological laboratory in 1869, and a pathological laboratory in 1871. A new building for the physical institute was begun in 1872, and another for the anatomical institute in 1873. The budget for 1872 appropriated for the university 169,000 thalers. Besides this university, Leipsic has an agricultural institute, two gymnasia, a Realschule, one of the largest commercial schools of Germany, an industrial school, institutions for the deaf and dumb and the blind, and a number of other schools. It possesses also a town library with a remarkable collection of oriental manuscripts and Turkish works, and a considerable number of societies and journals for the promotion of science, letters, and art. A conservatory of music was founded by Mendelssohn-Bartholdy in 1843, and a professorship of music was

in the university in 1860. Few towns are more devoted to the cultivation of music and the drama. Since 1871 Leipsic has been the seat of the supreme commercial court of the German empire.

— The three annual commercial fairs of Leipsic are the most important in Europe, and are attended by persons of almost all nations, but chiefly by Germans and merchants from Poland, Russia, and other Slavic countries. The number of visitors is usually about 60,000, and the transactions amount to about $50,000,000 annually. Notwithstanding the commercial magnitude of its fairs, Leipsic is still more extensively known by the book trade of which it is the centre. In 1871 there were in the city 249 publishers and booksellers. The principal publishing houses are those of Brockhaus and B. Tauchnitz. The number of printing offices was 50, and of bookbinding establishments 180. Five principal railways have their depots at Leipsic, and a number of less important lines branch off from here. Among the chief manufactures are tobacco, cigars, and pianos. — Leipsic is first mentioned as a town in the beginning of the llth century, and its commercial importance began as early as the 13th. It suffered much during the thirty years' war, and the great victory of Gustavus Adolphus over Tilly, Sept. 7, 1631, was gained in its vicinity at Breitenfeld. On Oct. 16-19, 1813, was fought the memorable battle of Leipsic, called by the Germans the great Völkerschlacht, which precipitated the downfall of Napoleon, already weakened in his resources by the disasters of the Russian campaign. On the 16th the main army of the allied troops of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, about 160,000 strong, under Prince Schwarzenberg, attacked the French stationed in and around Leipsic, and from 9 o'clock in the morning until noon a series of villages on the south of the city occupied by the French were furiously but unsuccessfully assaulted. Napoleon, assuming the offensive, then adopted his favorite measure of a grand attack on the enemy's centre, and a powerful column of the old and young guards, preceded by a train of artillery, pierced the allied army. Schwarzenberg ordered up his reserves, and Napoleon doing the same, a general engagement ensued along the whole line of attack, distinguished by frequent charges of immense bodies of cavalry. At one time Murat at the head of the cuirassiers of the old guard nearly succeeded in capturing the emperor of Russia and the king of Prussia; but the Cossacks of the imperial guard and the Austrian reserves coming up to the front at all points, the French were checked, and at nightfall both armies remained nearly in the position they had occupied in the morning. The only decided success of the French was on the western side of Leipsic, where Bertrand drove back the Austrians under Gyulai, and preserved a line of retreat through Lindenau in case of disaster. During the engagement between the main armies Blücher arrived from Halle with the army of Silesia, about

60,000 strong, and after an obstinate conflict drove Marmont out of the village of Möckern. On the 17th, a Sunday, both armies by tacit agreement rested, and Napoleon, conscious of his weakness, made an ineffectual attempt to procure an armistice. The 18th found his forces, about 160,000 in number, arranged in a semicircle around the north, east, and south of the city; while to oppose him Schwarzenberg, strengthened by the arrival of the Russian reserves under Benningsen and Bernadotte's army of the north, brought into the field 300,000 men and nearly 1,400 cannon. Against these odds the French fought with heroic courage, and their artillery, amounting to 800 pieces, was played with a rapidity and effect which for a long time kept their assailants in check. Gradually their circle of defence was narrowed, and at a critical period of the day they were weakened by the defection of large bodies of Saxon and Würtemberg troops, who immediately turned their guns against their former comrades. The allies having at length penetrated into the suburb of Schönfeld, Napoleon became convinced that the city was no longer tenable, and, taking advantage of a cessation of hostilities at nightfall, commenced a retreat. Amid a scene of fearful confusion the French filed off through Lindenau. Early on the morning of the 19th the allies forced an entrance into the city, and a terrible conflict ensued with the French rear guard, who were encumbered with immense trains of baggage and artillery and crowds of wounded. In the height of the mêlée the bridge of Lindenau, the only outlet of retreat over the river Elster, was prematurely blown up, leaving 12,000 soldiers, besides 25,000 sick and wounded, in the hands of the allies. Marshal Macdonald by great exertion succeeded in swimming his horse across the river, but Prince Poniatowski in attempting the passage was drowned. The total loss of the French during the three days of fighting was more than 60,000; that of the allies 50,000. At 2 P. M. on the 19th the carnage ceased, and Napoleon was in full retreat toward the Rhine.

title: The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Leipsic


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Leisler, Jacob

LEISLER, Jacob, an American adventurer, born in Frankfort, Germany, executed in New York, May 16, 1691. He came to America in 1660 as a soldier in the service of the Dutch West India company. Leaving the army soon after his arrival, he engaged in the Indian trade, and became a comparatively wealthy man. In 1674 he was appointed a commissioner of the forced loan imposed by Colve. While on a voyage to Europe in 1678 he was captured by Moorish pirates, and was compelled to pay a ransom of 2,050 pieces of eight to obtain his freedom. Previous to this voyage he was a resident of Albany, and had been involved in the ecclesiastical difficulties of that city in 1676, in which he suffered both in character and purse, having been mulcted in the entire cost of the litigation which was instituted by him and Jacob Milborne, who

became his son-in-law as well as his secretary and fellow sufferer. Under Dongan's administration in 1683 he was appointed one of the judges, or “commissioners” as they were styled, of the court of admiralty in New York. In 1688 Gov. Dongan was succeeded by Lieut. Gov. Francis Nicholson, who was in command of the colony when Jacob Leisler, supported by the mass of the lower orders of the inhabitants, seized the fort and the public funds on the last of May, 1689, for “the preservation of the Protestant religion.” On June 2 Leisler with his own train band of 49 men took possession of the fort, and resolved, as he expressed it himself, not to leave until he had brought all the train bands fully to join with him. On the next day he declared for the prince of Orange. A committee of safety was then formed, who on June 8 commissioned Leisler as “captain of the fort.” In this capacity he at once began to repair the fort, and strengthened it with a “battery” of six guns beyond its walls, which was the origin of that public park still known as the Battery. Nicholson and the council of the province, with the authorities of the city, headed by Stephanus van Cortlandt the mayor, attempted by pacific means to prevent the uprising, but without effect. Becoming finally alarmed for their own safety, the lieutenant governor sailed for England, and the mayor with the other officials retired to Albany. On Aug. 16 the committee of safety appointed Leisler “commander-in-chief of the province,” with the full power of a governor in all matters civil and military. He now attempted to reduce Albany and the northern parts of the colony, which from the first had refused to recognize his authority, although that city, as well as the whole province, had acknowledged William and Mary immediately on the arrival of the news of the great revolution in England. Milborne was sent in November with an armed force to Albany, to assist in its defence against some Indian hostilities which were threatened, but directed by Leisler to withhold it unless his own authority was recognized. This was refused, and Milborne returned unsuccessful. In December arrived a despatch from William and Mary directed “to Francis Nicholson, Esq., or in his absence to such as for the time being takes care for preserving the peace and administering the laws in his majesty's province of New York.” This Leisler construed as an appointment of himself as the king's lieutenant governor. He therefore dissolved the committee of safety, swore in a council, and assumed the style of a royal lieutenant governor and commander-in-chief. After the massacre at Schenectady in February, 1690, he engaged with great vigor in the expeditions against the French, and equipped and despatched against Quebec the first fleet of men-of-war sent forth from the port of New York. A few months later Major Ingoldesby arrived with the news of Sloughter's appointment as governor, and demanded possession of

the fort, which Leisler refused. On Sloughter's own demand immediately upon his arrival in March, 1691, he likewise refused to surrender it, until he was convinced of Sloughter's identity, and the latter had sworn in his council. Leisler was immediately imprisoned, charged with treason and murder, and shortly after tried and condemned to death. His son-in-law and secretary Milborne was also condemned on the same charges. These trials were manifestly unjust; the judges were the personal and political enemies of the prisoners, and so gross were the acts of some of the parties that Sloughter hesitated at signing the death warrants, and it is said that he finally did so when under the influence of wine. By the English law of treason their estates were forfeited to the crown, but the committee of the privy council to whom the matter was referred reported that although the trial was in conformity to the forms of law, they nevertheless recommended the restoration of the estates of the culprits to their heirs. In 1695 Leisler's son succeeded in procuring the passage of an act of parliament reversing his father's attainder. In 1698 the earl of Bellamont, who had been one of the most influential supporters of the efforts of Leisler's son, was appointed governor of New York, and through his influence the assembly voted an indemnity to Leisler's heirs. The bones of Leisler and Milborne were taken up and honorably interred in the Dutch church.


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The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Leith

LEITH, a seaport town of Edinburghshire, Scotland, situated on the Water of Leith at its confluence with the frith of Forth, almost adjoining Edinburgh; pop. in 1871, 44,280. Until the passing of the burgh reform act of 1833, it was dependent upon and governed by the city of Edinburgh, of which it forms the port. It has a Latin school, a mechanics' hall, several hospitals, and a public library. Among its numerous manufactures are sail cloth, glass ware, soap, paints, and chemicals. The town is built on the low ground adjoining the frith. The more ancient streets and lanes are narrow and tortuous, but those of the modern part of the town are commodious and well built. The harbor, originally a difficult one, on account of the sands brought down by the river accumulating within it, is now one of the most commodious on the E. coast; and its piers, docks, and other works which have been constructed within the present century afford excellent accommodation for shipping. A large portion of the trade of this port is with the Hanse towns, Holland, Denmark, and the Russian Baltic ports. The coastwise entrances during the year ending Sept. 30, 1871, were 2,878, tonnage 292,354; the clearances 3,445, tonnage 382,199. The entrances from the colonies and foreign countries were 1,444, tonnage 423,211; the clearances to the same 882, tonnage 335,789. Of the entrances 1,504, tonnage 435,128, and of the clearances 1,310, tonnage 388,555, were foreign vessels. The customs revenue for the same period amounted to £164,245.

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The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Hartford (county)

HARTFORD, a N. county of Connecticut, bordering on Massachusetts, divided into two unequal parts by the Connecticut river, and watered by Farmington, Mill, Podunk, Scantic, and other rivers; area, 750 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 109,007. The surface is much diversified, part of the river valleys being alluvial and subject to inundation, while other portions of the county are hilly and even mountainous. Most of the soil is fertile and highly cultivated; the E. part is famous for excellent dairy farms. The Connecticut river is navigable by sloops to Hartford, and by small steamboats through the county, which is also intersected by several railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 6,458 bushels of wheat, 69,387 of rye, 217,502 of Indian corn, 119,335 of oats, 450,158 of potatoes, 1,301,352 lbs. of butter, 103,406 of cheese, 5,830,209 of tobacco, 25,925 of wool, and 95,615 tons of hay. There were 7,062 horses, 16,657 milch cows, 5,742 working oxen, 13,283 other cattle, 8,009 sheep, and 9,645 swine. There were 1,031 manufacturing establishments, with an aggregate capital of $21,259,828; annual value of products, $35,039,324. The most important were 7 manufactories of agricultural implements, 18 of carriages, 17 of clock cases and materials, 3 of clocks, 72 of clothing, 4 of cotton goods, 6 of cotton thread, &c., 6 of cutlery, 5 of axes and edge tools, 3 of firearms, 1 of gunpowder, 34 of hardware, 9 of hosiery, 23 of iron castings, &c., 26 of machinery, 27 of paper, 7 of plated ware, 21 of saddlery and harness, 3 of silk goods, 61 of tobacco and cigars, 10 of wood work, 12 of woollen goods, 36 of bricks, 12 of furniture, 30 flour mills, 2 planing mills, 26 saw mills, 3 bookbinderies, and 12 printing establishments. Capital, Hartford.


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The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Hartford (city)

HARTFORD, a city in the town of the same name, seat of justice of Hartford co., and capital of Connecticut, the second city in the state in point of population, situated on the W. bank of the Connecticut river, at the head of sloop navigation, 50 m. by the river from Long Island sound, 33 m. N. N. E. of New Haven, 100 m.

N. E. of New York, and 95 m. W. S. W. of Boston; lat. 41° 45' 59" N., lon. 72° 40' 45" W. The town extends 5½ m. N. and S. and 3 m. E. and W., embracing about 16½ sq. m. The city comprises 10 sq. m., and is about 3¼ m. long from N. to S., with an average breadth of 3 m., the width near the centre, however, being less than 2 m. It is intersected by Park river, which is spanned by 11 bridges, and is bounded W. by the N. and S. forks of that stream. A bridge across the Connecticut, 1,000 ft. long, connects it with East Hartford. The city is laid out with considerable regularity, part of the streets running nearly parallel to the river, and others crossing them E. and W. Main street, which extends from N. to S. through the principal portion of the city, is the great

thoroughfare, and the seat of the principal retail trade. It is broad, and for more than a mile presents an almost unbroken range of brick and stone edifices. On this street are many of the principal public buildings and churches. State and Commerce streets are also the seats of a large and active business. Asylum street, extending W. to the railroad depot, is filled by large brick and freestone edifices, and is the seat of a very extensive and heavy business. In the outskirts are many tasteful and elegant residences; and the city, as a whole, is exceedingly well built. The state house, erected in 1794, is a handsome Doric edifice containing the legislative apartments and several law courts. In the senate chamber is an original painting of Washington

by Stuart. On the E. side of the state house square a building is in course of construction for the accommodation of the post office, United States courts, &c., to cost about $300,000. The city hall, in the Grecian style, the state arsenal, the opera house, and the Union railroad depot, are among the finest of the other public edifices. The city park, embracing 46 acres, is beautifully situated in a bend of Park river, S. of the depot, and contains a fine bronze statue of Bishop Brownell and a statue of Gen. Putnam. Here the new state house, of marble, in the modern Gothic style, is in course of construction (1874). It is to be 300 ft. long by 200 ft. broad in the widest part, and 250 ft. high to the top of the dome, which is 87 ft. above the roof. Besides capacious

chambers for the two houses of the legislature, it will contain rooms for the supreme court and the state library. It is to be completed in May, 1876, and will cost about $1,500,000. Besides the state house and city parks, there are two other public squares. Of the seven cemeteries, the most noteworthy is Cedar Hill in the S. W. part of the town, comprising 268 acres. The population of the town has been as follows: in 1790, 4,090; in 1800, 5,347; in 1810, 6,003; in 1820, 6,909; in 1830, 9,789; in 1840, 12,793; in 1850, 17,966; in 1860, 29,152; in 1870, 37,743, and of the city 37,180, of whom 10,817 were foreigners. The number of families was 7,427; of dwellings, 6,688.

— The Connecticut river is open from about the middle of March to the middle of December.

during which time steamers run daily to New York and different points on the river, and in summer to various watering places on Long Island sound. There are also lines of steamers to Philadelphia and Baltimore, and packet lines to New York, Boston, Albany, Philadelphia, and other points. Railroad communication with New York and the principal places in New England is furnished by the New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield, the Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill, the Connecticut Valley, and the Connecticut Western lines; while local travel is accommodated by street cars, by omnibus to West Hartford, and stages to the neighboring towns. Hartford has an active trade with the surrounding country, and carries on an extensive wholesale business with the west and south. The tobacco of the immediate vicinity is mostly sold here. The manufactures are varied and extensive, embracing iron and brass foundery products, steam engines and boilers, screws, saddlery hardware, carriage hardware, sewing machines, files, water wheels, forgings, wire, steel, machinists' tools, plumbers' materials, lawn mowers, eyelets, stone ware, britannia ware, silver-plated ware, gold pens, spectacles, organs, carriages, sash, doors, and blinds, woollens, rag carpets, envelopes, saddlery and harness, beer, gin, soap for fulling and scouring, cigars, fertilizers, &c. Three companies are engaged in the manufacture of firearms, Sharps's rifles and Colt's pistols being manufactured here. The Colt company has a capital of $1,000,000, and possesses works and grounds covering 123 acres diked in from the river. Cheney brothers, an incorporated company, with a capital of $1,000,000, manufacture silk goods and sewing silk; their principal mills are in South Manchester. The aggregate value of the manufactures for 1873 was about $10,000,000. Including the New York and New England railroad company, with a capital of $20,000,000, there are 103 incorporated companies in Hartford, having an aggregate capital of $37,740,300, of which about one half are manufacturing companies, 8 or 10 are mining companies, and the rest are transportation companies, benevolent associations, &c. Book publishing is extensively carried on, 11 firms being engaged in the business. The greater part of the books published here are sold by subscription through agents, who are employed in all parts of the country. The city contains 14 hotels. There are 10 national banks, with an aggregate capital of $6,562,800; 2 state banks, with $650,000 capital; 5 savings institutions, with deposits, Jan. 1, 1873, amounting to $10,041,600 65; and 3 trust companies, with a capital of $650,000. The deposits of “the society for savings,” incorporated in 1819, alone amounted to $7,020,544 54. The insurance business is proportionally far more extensive than that of any other city of the United States, and has ramifications all parts of the country. The number of

fire insurance companies is 8, having an aggregate capital of $7,100,000, besides 2 mutual companies, with cash assets, Jan. 1, 1873, amounting to $152,341 18. The oldest company is the Hartford, incorporated in 1810, and having a capital of $1,000,000. The Ætna, with a capital of $3,000,000, was incorporated in 1819, and in 54 years paid losses to the amount of $39,000,000. There are 8 life insurance companies (3 mutual), a life and accident, and an accident insurance company, having gross assets, Jan. 1, 1873, to the amount of $78,330,201. The Connecticut mutual company, incorporated in 1846, had nearly $35,000,000 assets; the Ætna, over $17,500,000; the Connecticut general, about $10,800,000; and the Phœnix mutual, over $8,000,000. The aggregate assets of the banking and insurance companies at the beginning of 1874 were over $135,000,000. — The city is divided into 7 wards, and is governed by a mayor holding office for two years, a board of aldermen of 14, and a common council of 28 members. One alderman is elected annually from each ward for two years; the councilmen hold office one year. The recorder holds the city court, and the police judge, with an associate, the police court. The police force consists of 40 men. A paid fire department was organized in 1864; it comprises six steam engines, one hook and ladder, and two hose companies. A fire alarm telegraph is in operation, with 35 alarm boxes, and there are 261 hydrants and 5 reservoirs. Works were erected in 1855 (still maintained to meet any emergency) for pumping water from the Connecticut river, which supplied the city till 1867, when the new works at West Hartford went into operation. These works furnish water from a stream in that town to two reservoirs, one having a capacity of 165,000,000 and the other of 229,000,000 gallons, whence it is distributed through nearly 54 m. of mains. The total cost of apparatus for supplying the city with water to March 1, 1873, was $1,065,826. The streets are well paved and drained, and lighted with gas. The ordinary receipts into the city treasury for the year ending April 1, 1873, amounted to $638,691 72; the ordinary expenditures, including $100,000 for the purchase of the Trinity college grounds, were $648,196 16; total receipts, $1,160,115 05; total expenditures, $1,157,793 89. The floating debt was $221,404; funded debt, $1,986,000. The sinking fund amounted to $161,167. The grand list, or assessed valuation of the town, in 1860, was $24,813,190; in 1865, $36,948,305; in 1870, $44,509,427; in 1872, $45,676,497. Sessions of the United States circuit and district courts are held here annually. — The benevolent organizations of Hartford are numerous. The American deaf and dumb asylum was chartered in 1816. The main building is 130 ft. by 50, and four stories high. In 1873 the asylum had 18 teachers, 280 pupils, and a library of 2,500 volumes. (See .) The Connecticut retreat for the

chartered in 1824, is situated on a commanding eminence just outside the city, surrounded by about 17 acres of ground pleasantly laid out in gardens and walks. The main edifice is of freestone plastered over with cement. The number of officers and attendants, Jan. 1, 1874, was 32; of patients, 139. The Hartford hospital was incorporated in 1854; the buildings with the grounds, 7 acres in extent, cost $188,495 60; the hospital has accommodations for 100 patients, and possesses a permanent fund of $153,500. The Hartford orphan asylum was established in 1833. Among other charitable organizations are the Hartford dispensary, the city missionary society, the Connecticut home missionary society, the Connecticut Bible society, and the missionary society of Connecticut, organized in 1798, “to Christianize the heathen in North America, and to promote Christian knowledge in new settlements in the United States.” There are 90 unincorporated societies for benevolent, social, and other purposes, including 10 lodges of freemasons, 3 of odd fellows, and 20 temperance societies. The county jail, situated in Pearl street, has 96 cells. A new building is in course of erection further N. Among the educational institutions, the most prominent is Trinity college (Episcopal), founded in 1823, and having in 1873-'4 17 professors and instructors, 94 students, and a library of 15,000 volumes. The buildings, comprising three stone halls, called respectively Seabury, Jarvis, and Brownell, occupy (1874) a site on the W. side of Trinity street, adjacent to the city park. The grounds, however, have been sold to the city, the trustees reserving the right to use them until April, 1877, with the exception of Brownell hall, a portion of which has been demolished to make room for the new state house. A new site for the college, about a mile south of the present one, has been purchased. (See .) The theological institute of Connecticut (Congregational) was chartered in 1834, and in 1873-'4 had 3 professors, 18 students, and a library of 7,000 volumes. The Hartford female seminary, founded in 1823, had in 1872 3 instructors and 123 pupils. There are 13 select schools. The town is divided into 10 school districts. The number of public school houses in 1873 was 16, containing 105 rooms and 5 halls; number of teachers, 128; children of school age (4 to 16), 9,138; whole number registered, 6,905; average attendance, about 4,000. The total expenditure for school purposes was $171,814 46, of which $91,674 85 was for teachers' wages. The two evening schools had 10 teachers and 501 pupils. The high school was established by vote of the town in March, 1847, and the first building was completed in December of that year. A new building, one of the finest school edifices in the country, was erected in 1869 on a handsome site a short distance S. W. of the union depot. It is 100 by 85 ft. in its external dimensions, and consists of two

surmounted by a Mansard roof, with a raised basement. On the N. E. corner is a tower 120 ft. high, containing a clock and an observatory, and on the S. E. corner is another tower 68 ft. high. It was constructed of brick and stone, at a cost of about $102,000, and will accommodate 409 scholars. The number of teachers in 1873 was 15; of pupils, 404. The number of volumes in the school libraries is about 3,000. The schools are under the supervision of a board of 9 visitors, besides which there is a committee for each district and the high school. The Hartford grammar school, the oldest educational institution in the state, was first endowed with a gift of land by William Gibbins in 1655, and about 10 years afterward received a considerable sum from the estate of Governor Edward Hopkins. It was incorporated in 1798. The scholars must pursue a classical course of study. Tuition is free. Since the organization of the high school, the grammar school has practically formed part of the classical department of that institution, though governed by its own board of trustees. There are 4 daily and 8 weekly newspapers, and 3 monthly periodicals, of which one is published by the students of Trinity college. The Wadsworth athenæum, in Main street, is a castellated granite building, 100 ft. long by 80 ft. deep in the centre and 70 ft. deep on the wings, with central towers 70 ft. and corner buttresses 56 ft. high. Its cost, over $60,000, was defrayed by the contributions of citizens. In this building are the reading room and library (containing 23,000 volumes) of the young men's institute; the rooms of the Connecticut historical society, which possesses a library of 16,000 volumes; the Watkinson library (27,000 volumes); and a gallery of valuable paintings and statuary. The state library contains 12,000 volumes. The Connecticut school of design was chartered in 1872. There are 26 churches, of which 11 are in Main street within a distance of a mile, and 7 chapels. The number of religious societies is 40, viz.: 5 Baptist, 1 Catholic Apostolic, 1 Church of Christ, 12 Congregational, 8 Episcopal, 2 Jewish, 4 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 2 Roman Catholic, 1 Second Advent, 1 Spiritualist, 1 Unitarian, and 1 Universalist. Besides the Sunday schools connected with the churches, there are 3 mission Sunday schools, with 60 teachers, 470 pupils, and libraries containing 1,000 volumes. The corner stone of a Roman Catholic cathedral to be erected on Farmington avenue was laid in 1873. — Hartford was first settled in 1635 by emigrants from Newtown (now Cambridge), Mass., and from Dorchester and Watertown, many of whom had come originally from Braintree, England. The present locality of Hartford was called by the Indians Suckiaug. The first settlers named it Newtown; but in 1637 it was formally called Hartford, after Hertford, England, the birthplace of the Rev. Samuel Stone, one of the first pastors of the settlement. In 1633 the Dutch had erected a

fort on Dutch point, at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut rivers, within the present limits of Hartford; but in 1654 they were dispossessed by an act of the general court, and the new colony came entirely into the hands of the English. Among the early settlers were a number who had been persons of eminence and affluence in England, and who were held in high honor through all the New England settlements, many of whom were founders of families yet prominent in the city. The first town organization admitted inhabitants, and even temporary residents, only by vote of the town meeting. There was a public market semi-weekly, and a public fair twice every year. The first town meeting was held in 1635, and the first general court of Connecticut in 1636. The first church came ready organized from Cambridge, with its pastors, Hooker and Stone; and its first house of worship was erected in 1638. The first war was the Pequot war in 1637, for which Hartford contributed 43 out of 90 men, including commander and chaplain, besides a large share of provisions, equipments, &c. In 1639 a constitution for the government of the colony was formed. (See, vol. v., p. 260.) A school was in operation in 1638, and in 1643 £16 a year was voted to the teacher. A house correction was in operation in 1640; the first inn was ordered by the general court and established in 1644. In 1650 the first code of laws was drawn up, chiefly by Roger Ludlow, which reduced the number of capital offences from 160, under English law, to 15. In 1687 the independent spirit of the colony was shown by their quiet but determined resistance to Andros, in his attempt to take away the charter of 1662, when, according to current accounts, the lights in the council chamber were all in an instant extinguished, and the charter seized and carried off in the dark, and hid in the famous “charter oak.” (See .) In 1764 the first printing office was set up by Thomas Green. In 1775 a patriotic and enterprising committee met and made arrangements for raising men and money, which resulted in the taking of Ticonderoga. In 1784 the city was incorporated; in 1792 the first bank and first charitable society were established. From the union of the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven in 1665 till 1701 the legislature met in Hartford; between the latter date and 1818 one stated session was held in Hartford and one in New Haven each year; and from 1819 to 1874 there was an annual session at those places alternately. In 1875, by virtue of a constitutional amendment ratified by a popular vote in 1873, Hartford is again to become the sole capital.


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Author:James William Hawes

The American Cyclopædia (1879)

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title: Author:James William Hawes


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Author:Joseph Bosworth

Works

 * An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Bosworth's works collected and arranged posthumously by T. N. Toller).

title: Author:Joseph Bosworth


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Author:James Summers

Works

 * A Handbook of the Chinese Language. (1863) (Copy at: Google Books)

title: Author:James Summers


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Author:Thomas Northcote Toller

Works

 * An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Joseph Bosworth's works collected and arranged posthumously.)
 * Scan available at http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/oe_bosworthtoller_about.html

title: Author:Thomas Northcote Toller


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