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The Moths of the British Isles Second Series/Chapter 5

Some specimens are browner and others greyer than that shown on Plate 36, Fig. 1; the pale even lines are generally edged with reddish brown, and the notch under the tip of the wing is margined with the same colour.

The caterpillar has the first and second pairs of prolegs very short, and below the brown-ringed spiracles there is a projecting ridge, fringed with a row of fleshy greenish-white filaments, some of which are forked. Bluish-green, sometimes tinged with ochreous; raised dots, black at the tips, on a base of whitish green; along the middle of the back is a series of darker green spear-points, and beyond this on each side a pale line, edged above by a fine wavy black line, and below by a darker green line; the eighth and eleventh rings of the body darker than the others. (Abridged from description by Buckler.) It feeds on lichens growing upon larch, spruce, hawthorn, sloe, fruit trees, etc., from September to May. The moth is out in June, July, and August, and may be beaten from the branches of trees, and from hedges, but the flushing of a specimen in this way is always a more or less casual event. It has been taken on several occasions at street lamps, and also in illuminated moth traps.

In England the species seems to be widely distributed over the southern counties to Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire; and in the east to Norfolk. It has also been recorded from Derbyshire (one), and Yorkshire (two).

The range abroad extends to Amurland.

In the shape of its wings and general appearance the dingy insect represented on Plate 36, Fig. 2, would seem to belong to the Geometridæ rather than to the present group, and, indeed, has been mistaken for a dark form of Ematurga atomaria. However, the long, projecting palpi are evidence of its being a member of this sub-family.

The caterpillar, which is moderately stout, and tapers slightly towards each end, has only twelve feet. Ground colour, sooty black, with orange-coloured raised dots, from which arise long recurved hairs. The late Mr. W. H. Tugwell (from whose description of the larva that given above has been adapted), in 1884, was shown caterpillars upon a black sooty-looking fungus (determined by Dr. M. C. Cooke as an effused Muscedine), growing in masses on rotten wood in an old wooden building in Bermondsey, near the river. He afterwards reared the moths.

The caterpillar hatches from the egg in August, but it is not full grown until May or June, when it spins a fairly compact cocoon of greyish silk, which is coated with particles of decayed wood and dried fungus.

The moth is out in June and July, and most of the known British specimens have been captured in London, or reared from caterpillars found therein. Stephens (1831) mentions three or four examples taken during the previous thirty years, and gives as localities—Blackfriars bridge, and Little Chelsea; Stainton (1859) adds, Fleet Street. Other specimens have been taken in the City in 1855, 1859, 1862, 1870, 1879, and 1881. One occurred at Clapham in 1864, and one has been reported from Crome in Worcestershire. More recent records are—one specimen flying around a sugared post at Walthamstow, July 29, 1901; eight, chiefly at light, at Camberley, 1904-5; and lastly, a specimen at St. Katharine's Docks, July, 1906.

This species is shown in both sexes on Plate 35, Figs. 1 ♂, 2 ♀; it is the Pyralis tentaculalis of Haworth, and also that author's tarsicrinatus, and the tarsicrinalis of Stephens. The general colour is brownish, sometimes inclining to ochreous, and occasionally with a greyish cast. The submarginal line starts from the front edge, before the tip, of the fore wing.

The caterpillar is greyish brown, darker freckled, and dotted with black, downy; three broken darker lines along the back, the central one broad and inclining to black, and lower down along the sides is a series of blackish streaks; head, darker. It feeds in July and August, and hibernates when nearly or quite full grown. Among various foods that have been mentioned for it are raspberry, ivy, and knotgrass. Some years ago I had some moths emerge in the autumn; these resulted from caterpillars that I had reared from the egg on blackberry, and I remember that they showed a decided preference for the withered leaves left in the cage for them to pupate among. (Plate 34, Fig. 2.)

The moth is out in June and July, but individuals of a second generation seldom occur in the open. Although it occurs in woods, it is far more frequent in lanes and hedgerows. Common and generally distributed, from Worcester southwards, and to the east and west; northwards its range extends to Yorkshire, but it is local and uncommon.

In Scotland it is not scarce in some parts of Ayrshire, and has been recorded from Kircudbrightshire. Kane mentions it as fairly common in Ireland.

The range abroad extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan.

This species (Plate 35, Fig. 3) is somewhat similar to the last in colour, but it is smaller, and the submarginal line is rather curved, and runs to the tip of the fore wing. The caterpillar is obscurely greyish, with a pinkish tinge; three darker lines along the back, the central one broadest, but not distinct on the first three rings; head, brown, freckled with darker brown, plate of first ring of the body, blackish brown. It feeds on oak, and may be beaten from the foliage in August and September. Buckler states that this species passes the winter in the chrysalis state, and this has been confirmed by Plum. (Plate 34, Fig. 1; after Hofmann.)

The moths emerge in June and July, and may frequently be dislodged from trees, hedges, and undergrowth in the daytime. Pretty generally distributed over the southern half of England, plentiful in many parts, and widely spread over the northern half of the country. It is not scarce in some parts of Wales, but seems to be uncommon in Scotland, and has been recorded from the south only. In Ireland it has a wide range, but does not appear to be noted as common in any locality.

The species depicted on Plate 36, Fig. 8, from a continental specimen, is exceedingly rare in England, in fact, apart from the specimens mentioned by early authors, only three authentic British examples appear to be known. These are—one captured at Brighton, Sussex, in June, 1858; one in June, 1859, in Epping Forest, Essex; and one taken at sugar by the Rev. B. H. Binks, of Stonor, Henley-on-Thames, in July of the year last mentioned.

Stephens (1834), who gives a very unsatisfactory description of the species, refers to two specimens, of which one was in his collection, from Devonshire. Wood's figure (768) of emortualis, in the Westwood edition of the Index Entomologicus, does not represent this species, but is far more like Herminia derivalis, Hübner.

Abroad, the range extends to Amurland.

A portrait of this uncommon British moth will be found on Plate 35, Fig. 4. The greyish fore wings are crossed by three paler edged reddish-brown lines, the outer one running to the tip of the wing, and the inner one is sometimes faint or absent.

The caterpillar is said to feed in July and August on sallow and aspen, and is described by Hofmann as having only fourteen feet; green, inclining to greyish, in colour, with black spiracles, and the ring divisions yellowish. (Plate 39, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.)

The moth is out in May and June, and in its few known localities in England it is found in moist woods, hiding among grass and varied undergrowth.

Stephens (1834) wrote, "A very rare and local insect: I have specimens taken many years since in the neighbourhood of Bexley, in which vicinity I believe my friend Mr. Newman has captured it within these few years; it has also been found at Charlton." Since that time other localities in Kent have been mentioned, among which were Darenth Wood and West Wickham; the species was also noted from Birch wood, Surrey. A specimen was found in a gas lamp at Dulwich in 1858 by the late Mr. C. G. Barrett, and one was taken in Shooter's Hill wood, Kent, in June, 1859.

Between 1862 and 1868 specimens were obtained at Haslemere, Surrey, and near Sevenoaks, Kent. According to Barrett it occurred at Petersfield, on the borders of Sussex and Hampshire, in 1877.

It has also been recorded from Dunham, Cheshire.

Abroad, its distribution extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan.

The fore wings of this species (Plate 35, Fig. 5) are whitish tinged with brown, inclining to purplish on the outer margins; beyond the blackish central dot there are two series of blackish dots crossing the wings, but these are not always distinct.

The caterpillar, which feeds on various marsh grasses, Carex, Luzula, etc., hatches from the egg in late summer, hibernates when about half-grown, and feeds up in the spring. It is pale greyish brown with fine yellowish freckles; there are three lines along the back; the central one dark, finely edged on each side with pale greyish, the outer ones pale; the usual dots are dusky and the spiracles are black.

The moth may be found in June and July in fens and marshes, where it hides among the herbage in the daytime, but is easily seen and netted when it takes wing at dusk, or sits on the sedges, etc., before or after flight.

It is most frequent in the fens of Cambridge and Norfolk, (Stalham), but occurs also in Suffolk; Essex (Shoeburyness); Kent (Deal); Surrey (recorded from marshes near Redhill, Dorking and Guildford); Sussex; Hants (bogs near Lyndhurst), and, according to Barrett, Somerset.

This local species has the wings pretty much of the same shape as those of S. emortualis, and has been mistaken for that species; but the colour is ochreous-brown, and the cross lines are dark brown. Its favourite haunts appear to be woods in Kent and Sussex, and in the last-named county it is perhaps most frequently met with in Abbots wood, Guestling, and Lewes. It has also been recorded from Essex (Colchester). (Plate 35, Fig. 6.)

The caterpillar feeds on dead oak leaves, chiefly those that have fallen to the ground. After hibernation it becomes full grown about June, and is then brown with a downy appearance; there are three faintly darker lines along the back, and the usual dots are dusky. (Plate 34, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) The moth is out in June and July, and in the daytime may be put up from its lurking place among herbage in wood clearings, or netted as it flies in the gloaming. It is also attracted by sugar and light.

The species has been erroneously recorded from Chester and Barmouth (North Wales); and Mr. Carr informs me that he is not quite sure that a specimen he recorded from Dawlish, South Devon, was correctly identified. In the catalogue of Malvern Lepidoptera H. derivalis is stated to be rather common in that district, but the occurrence of the species in the Midlands requires confirmation.

Abroad, the range extends to Amurland.

The fore wings of the species shown on Plate 35, Fig. 7, are greyish brown, crossed by three darker lines, the outer one almost parallel with the hind margin, and edged with whitish.

The caterpillar feeds on the dead leaves of oak and birch, and has almost attained full growth when it retires for the winter. In the spring it has been known to eat birch catkins. The general colour is reddish ochreous, with diamond-shaped markings, forming a series along the back and two series along each side.

The moth, which is out from late May until early July, frequents the more open parts of woods, and in the daytime may be induced to show itself by tapping the lower branches of trees or brushing the bushes and undergrowth as we pass along.

The species is widely distributed over England, from Staffordshire southwards, but it is apparently most frequently met with in some of the woods of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex.

The distribution abroad extends to Amurland.

The portraits of this species on Plate 35 show each sex in its most usual form: Fig. 8 representing the male, and Fig. 9 the female. The outer and inner areas of the fore wings are generally ashy grey, more or less brownish tinged, in the male; and the same parts are whitish in the female. Although some examples of the male have the outer and inner areas whitish, as in the female, they can be distinguished by their darker hind wings and the blackish central crescent thereon. A form of the female in which the large central patch of the fore wings is reddish brown has been named rufescens, Tutt; there may be males also of this form, but I have not seen any. In both sexes, the brown patch extends nearer to the inner margin in some specimens than in others, and not infrequently there is a spur from the lower edge of the patch to this margin.

The caterpillar is green, with darker green lines, one along the middle of the back, and two along each side; the usual raised dots are green or brownish, and each emits a fine hair; the head is green and rather glossy. It feeds on bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in August and September. (Plate 37, Fig. 1; after Hofmann.) The moth, which is out in June and July, hides by day among heather, bilberry, etc., especially where these plants overhang the edges of banks or trenches. It may be found locally in most of the southern counties of England from Kent to Cornwall; also in Berks, Stafford, and Leicester. It has been recorded from Suffolk, Worcester, Cheshire (one at electric light, Chester, July, 1900), and North Wales. In Ireland it is widely distributed, and is not uncommon in Co. Kerry.

This species (Plate 35, Fig. 10) is more generally distributed and common than any other of the group. Wherever nettles grow in quantity there we may expect to find this moth in its season, that is, in June and July. In favourable years there is sometimes a second flight, on a small scale, in the autumn; this was the case in 1905.

The caterpillar is green, with raised dots, from each of which a brownish hair arises; the line along the middle of the back is dark, and those along the sides are yellowish; the head is ochreous brown. It feeds on nettles in May and June. (Plate 37, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.)

In Amurland, and some other parts of eastern Asia, the species is represented by the brown-sprinkled yellowish form, var. deleta, Staudinger.

The fore wings of this species are brown, crossed by a number of darker lines and a thicker angulated line beyond the middle; the latter is outwardly edged with pale brown, chiefly towards the costa; some white dots on the veins represent the submarginal line, and below the tips of the wings there are some black streaks.

One example of this form of the species, which is a variable one, was taken by the Rev. O. Pickard, Cambridge, in September, 1884. He found it sitting on a door-jamb in his garden at Bloxworth, Dorset.

The specimen shown on Plate 36, Fig. 9, hails from Mogador.

Abroad, the range of the species includes southern Europe, Asia Minor, Egypt, North-West Africa, Madeira, and the Canaries.

Two forms of this species are shown on Plate 35. The typical one is represented by Fig. 12, and Fig. 11 shows ab. palpalis, Tutt (?), Fabr. and Stephens. The front margin of the fore wings is often streaked with a pale colour, and in ab. radiatalis, Hübner (134), which is otherwise similar to the last-named form, this is pale or ochreous brown. A uniform pale greyish form has been named ab. unicolor, Tutt, and one almost entirely ochreous or greyish-ochreous, ab. ochrea, Tutt.

The caterpillar is green, with blackish dots; a darker line along the middle of the back, and white lines along the sides; head, yellowish green dotted with black. It feeds on hop (Humulus lupulus) in June and early July, and in the daytime may be found on the undersides of the leaves. (Plate 37, Fig. 2; after Hofmann.) The moth is out in August and September, and after hibernation reappears in the spring, and may be met with until June. It may be obtained at sugar, or at ivy bloom. Given the food plant, the species will probably be found in most of the counties of England from Worcester southwards, but its occurrence northwards appears to have been very rarely noted.

The range abroad extends to East Siberia.

This species, and also the two immediately following, are so small in size, and so obscure in appearance, that they are probably more often neglected than secured when met with. The moth under consideration, and of which the sexes are figured on Plate 36 (Figs. 3 ♂ and 4 ♀) has brownish fore wings which are crossed by two rather irregular blackish lines, sometimes hardly traceable on the front margin; the outer line is edged externally with whitish, and the space between the lines is often somewhat darker; the black central mark is more or less X-shaped.

The caterpillar does not seem to have been noted in this country, and it is not well known on the continent. It is said to feed on the flowers, chiefly the withering ones, of heather and thyme, in August and September.

The moth is out in July and early August, sometimes in September. Its haunts are the edges of woods, hillsides, and sloping banks, where there is plenty of bushes and herbage to hide in. From such retreats it may be disturbed, but is more easily obtained at sugar, or honey dew, and sometimes at ivy bloom. It is widely distributed over the southern half of England; occurs in South Wales, and has been recorded from Cheshire and Yorks.

Abroad, the species is found in Holland, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Armenia, and the Canaries; also recorded from south Sweden and Corea.

Although somewhat similar in the general colour of the forewings, this species (Plate 36) may be distinguished from the preceding by the whitish dash from the tips of the wings and the black streak running inwards from it; this black streak is to be seen clearly in Fig. 6 ♂, but owing to the darker ground colour is less distinct in Fig. 7 ♀.

The caterpillar is shining purplish-brown, inclining to yellowish-brown below, with three pale brownish lines along the back, the central one rather broad, and that on each side is edged below with dusky. What the food may be in a natural state has not been ascertained, but the caterpillars have been reared from the egg on a diet of thyme flowers, supplemented by the bodies of a few brothers or sisters. July and August.

The moth has been noted in June (end), July, August, September, and October; but whether there are two generations or only one in the year is not definitely known; the assumption is that there are two.

This species is partial to moist localities, and its favourite haunts are fens, mosses, or marshy heaths, and the outskirts of damp woods. It ranges over the greater part of England, and is found in Wales (Pembrokeshire). In Scotland it has been noted from Roxburghshire, and is locally common in Clydesdale. It is known to occur in Cork, Kerry, and Sligo, and probably is to be found in other parts of Ireland.

The species shown on Plate 36, Fig. 5, is much smaller than either of the last two. The narrow fore wings are whitish-ochreous, more or less thickly sprinkled with brown; the first of the three dark cross lines is often indistinct, the second is bent under the black central dot, and the third runs obliquely to the tip of the wing; the last two are each outwardly edged with whitish.

Nothing seems to be known of the early stages.

This species was first made known as an inhabitant of the British Isles by Doubleday, who described it as Hypenodes humidalis, in 1850, from specimens taken in Ireland by Weaver in 1848. In 1850 it was found plentifully on one of the Cheshire moors; and Harrison, in The Zoologist for 1851, writes: "From the middle of July up to the 8th of August, it might be seen any fine evening, between the hours of six and eight, flying on most of our swamps [Keswick] in plenty." He goes on to state that the moths were so common that he boxed forty in less than an hour, and could have secured as many dozens. At the present day the species is to be found on boggy heaths and moors in Surrey, Hampshire, Dorset, and from Somerset through Gloucestershire into Berkshire, and thence northwards through Warwick and Staffordshire to Cheshire, Lancashire, and Cumberland. Barrett mentions Perthshire as a Scottish locality, and Kane states that it is common at Killarney in Ireland. When this species and its allies receive more of the collector's attention they may probably be found in many localities from which there are no records at present.

The range abroad extends to Amurland.


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Workers Memorial Day, 2012

For centuries, American workers have called upon boundless drive and initiative to raise our cities, manufacture our goods, and build an economy that remains the engine and the envy of the world. Generations put their lives on the line to pursue prosperity, braving the hazards of the factory floor and the heat of the fields without protective equipment or the right to a safe workplace. Through the unbending conviction of workers, labor unions, and public health advocates, we secured that basic right over 40 years ago, helping protect Americans from death or injury. Yet, despite the progress we have made, it remains a deplorable fact that an average of 12 individuals die on the job every day. On Workers Memorial Day, we honor all who have perished, and we recommit to ensuring no worker ever has to choose between life and a paycheck.

Every year, more than 3 million Americans are injured on the job. Some will never fully recover; some will never come home at all. Tragically, many incidents occur due to preventable hazards that cast our Nation's most vulnerable workers into harm's way -- in the mine shaft, on the construction site, or at the factory. This is unacceptable, and as we reflect on the terrible burden these workers and their families have borne, we must do more to fulfill the promise of a safe workplace for all.

My Administration remains committed to realizing that vision. The Department of Labor and agencies across the Federal Government are striving to defend workers' rights, hold employers accountable, and empower Americans across our country with the tools they need to stay safe on the job. We are pursuing enhanced whistleblower protections that will reinforce every worker's right to raise their voice without fear of retaliation. Over 2 years after the explosion at Upper Big Branch Mine in West Virginia, we continue to advance and enforce new standards and programs that will help ensure that tragedy was the last of its kind. And, through a variety of public-private partnerships, we are collaborating with businesses, employees, trade associations, and labor organizations to eliminate workplace hazards and strengthen our competitiveness in the global economy.

When the Congress passed the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 and the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, our Nation took great strides toward safe and healthful working conditions for all. Yet, when millions of Americans suffer workplace-related injury or illness every year, and thousands lose their lives, we know we cannot give up the fight.

Today, we reflect on their sacrifice, and we rededicate ourselves to protecting the health, safety, and dignity of every worker.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 28, 2012, as Workers Memorial Day. I call upon all Americans to participate in ceremonies and activities in memory of those killed or injured due to unsafe working conditions.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-seventh day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand twelve, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-sixth.

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title: Workers Memorial Day, 2012


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Macfarren Holmes, for pianoforte, and Cipriani Potter for composition, and one Smithies for trombone, an instrument which he undertook, in accordance with the Academy rules, as a second study.

In September 1830 his first important orchestral work, a symphony in C, was produced at an Academy concert, and was followed in December 1831 by another in D minor. For the opening of the Queen's Theatre in Tottenham Street, under his father's management in 1831, Macfarren wrote an overture in D, and in 1832 the music to a piece entitled 'The Maid of Switzerland.' On 26 June 1833 another overture by him was played at the Royal Academy two days after its author had received the bronze medal for composition and improvement in piano-playing. On 17 July in the same year a 'grand overture' was produced at Paganini's concert at Drury Lane Theatre, and on 24 May 1834 an 'Incantation and Elfin Chorus' were given for the first time.

In 1834 Macfarren made his first attempt at dramatic composition, writing a large portion of an opera on the subject of 'Caractacus,' for which his father furnished the libretto. This work was, however, never performed in public, the censor of plays, T. J. Serle, condemning it on the score of historical inaccuracy. At the first concert of a recently formed society of British musicians, 27 Oct. 1834, a symphony in F minor by Macfarren was produced (Atheæum, 2 Nov. 1834), and a year later, 2 Nov., W. H. Holmes played Macfarren's pianoforte concerto in C minor at one of the same society's concerts; the overture to the 'Merchant of Venice ' also dates from this period (ib. 22 Oct. 1835). In 1836 Macfarren wrote in a single night his overture 'Chevy Chase,' as a prelude to a play by J. R. Planche. This work was the means of introducing Macfarren to continental audiences, and Mendelssohn subsequently produced it at one of the Leipzig Gewandhaus concerts in 1843.

On quitting the Royal Academy in 1836, Macfarren became music teacher in a school in the Isle of Man, but there practically his sole opportunities for obtaining musical practice were occasional performances in private of Bach's organ fugues on the piano, the pedal parts, being played by a retired naval officer on the contrabass! He devoted much of his spare time, however, to composition, and set to work upon an opera, called at first 'Craso, the Forlorn,' a title afterwards changed to 'El Malechor,' when the opera was enlarged to two acts; for this also his father wrote the libretto. 'El Malechor' was a very ill-fated work; it was accepted for performance by Bunn at Drury Lane in 1839, by Barnett at the St. James's, and by Balfe at the English Opera House in 1840, but as each of these managers became bankrupt before the work could be produced, it never obtained a hearing, only one song being at any time performed in public.

In 1837 Macfarren resigned his post in the Isle of Man, and composed a farewell overture for all the available orchestral resources of the island. The piece was written for sixteen flutes, one clarinet, one violoncello, and some ten or twelve violins — as difficult an orchestra to write for as could well be imagined. On reaching London in 1837 Macfarren was appointed to a professorship of harmony and composition at the Royal Academy of Music, and about the same time wrote the overture to 'Romeo and Juliet.' To the year 1838 belong the conception, composition, and production (13 Aug.) within a month of the 'Devil's Opera,' one of Macfarren's best dramatic works (cf., Life, and Musical World, 16 Aug. 1838, and Athenæum, 18 Aug. 1838). A jubilee performance of this work was given at Taunton under T. Dudeney in 1888. Later in 1838 the first part of Mr. W. Chappell's 'Collection of National English Airs. . . harmonized by W. Crotch, G. A. Macfarren, and J. A. Wade,' was issued; the whole of the musical part was entrusted to Macfarren.

On the occasion of the queen's marriage in 1840, the Macfarrens, father and son, wrote an 'Emblematical Tribute' for Drury Lane, and in the same year Macfarren joined the council of the newly established Musical Antiquarian Society. For this society he edited Purcell's 'Dido and Æneas,' and several other works by old English composers, and also arranged a pianoforte score of this opera and of the same composer's 'Bonduca.' The former work, however, was subsequently discovered to have been edited from incomplete manuscripts.

In 1844 the Handel Society was founded by Macfarren, in accordance with a suggestion of his father, who died a year earlier. Of this society Macfarren was secretary, and for it he edited 'Belshazzar,' 'Judas Maccabeus,' and 'Jephtha;' it ceased in 1848, owing to want of support.

In January 1845 Macfarren became conductor at Covent Garden, where, under Laurent's management, he produced the 'Antigone' with Mendelssohn's music; on 9 June his C sharp minor symphony, which was composed some years previously and dedicated to Mendelssohn, was given by the Philharmonic Society. In 1846 Macfarren completed an opera on the subject of 'Don


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The Moths of the British Isles Second Series/Chapter 6

By some systematists this small group of moths is treated as a subfamily of the Geometridæ. Brephos, however, which is typical of the family, does not seem to have any close affinities with the Noctuidæ or with the Geometers, and is therefore better considered as apart from both those families. Meyrick includes Brephos with Aplasta, Erannis, and Baptria, in his family Monocteniadæ.

Only five species are known to inhabit the Palæarctic Region, and two of these occur in Britain.

The white markings of the fore wings vary a good deal in size; in some specimens, chiefly males, they are very small and confined to the front margin; in others, mainly females, they are much enlarged, and the central one is continued as a band across the wings. On the orange hind wings the blackish central band is usually more or less complete, but sometimes it is nearly or quite absent above the blackish triangular patch on the inner margin. Occasionally, there is a yellow blotch at the anal angle, and frequently another on the costal area. Still more rarely the whole ground colour is yellow. (Figured on Plate 38, Figs. 1 ♂ and 2 ♀.) The caterpillar is green, with six white lines along the back, and white stripes along the sides. When young it feeds on the catkins of birch, and afterwards on the foliage. April to early June. (Plate 39, Fig. 1.)

The moth is out in March and April, and on sunny days the males may be seen flying, generally pretty high up, on the lee side of the birch trees growing on heaths; also in open spaces in or around birch woods. The females rest on the twigs, as also do the males when the sun is obscured. Both sexes have been found sitting on the ground in sunny glades.

The species is widely distributed over the southern and eastern counties, common in many parts; but its range extends through England to Durham, and it has been recorded from Wales. Although it does not seem to have been noted in Scotland south of Kincardineshire, it occurs on the east to Moray. Westmeath is the only Irish locality that has so far been mentioned.

Its distribution abroad extends to East Siberia and Amurland.

Very similar to the last species, but rather smaller in size, and the fore wings are much less variegated. The antennæ of the male of this species are bipectinated, whilst those of parthenias are finely serrated. (Plate 38, Figs. 4 ♂ and 5 ♀.)

The caterpillar feeds in May and June on aspen, eating the foliage and hiding between two leaves drawn together. The head is greenish or greenish-brown, with three conspicuous black spots. Body, green, olive-green, or reddish; line along middle of the back darker green edged with white; two thin white lines on each side, and a whitish stripe along the spiracles. When mature it burrows into decayed bark or wood (virgin cork in confinement), and before changing to a reddish-brown chrysalis, it spins a thin covering of silk and woody particles over the mouth of the chamber. The caterpillar and the chrysalis are shown on Plate 39, Figs. 2 and 2a. Although the bulk of the moths emerge the following April, some have been known to remain until the following or even the third year. The males fly about aspen, but only in the sunshine; in other respects its habits are pretty much those of the last species.

The distribution of the species in England seems confined to two areas: a western one represented by Worcester, Gloucester, with Monmouth, Wales, Wilts, and Dorset; and an eastern one by Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. In Scotland only recorded from Moray.

The range abroad extends to Amurland.


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Macfarren Quixote' (begun in 1841), and it was produced on 3 Feb. 1846 under Bunn's management at Drury Lane, with a libretto by the elder Macfarren. Macfarren had already made the acquaintance of Dr. Day, and staunchly championed Day's system of harmony, advocating and teaching it within the walls of the Royal Academy. Macfarren was consequently 'invited to discuss the question' of the system's orthodoxy before a board which consisted of his colleagues at the Academy. After a lively discussion Macfarren resigned his professorship and severed his connection with the Academy rather than abandon a theory which he felt to be sound. He was, however, reinstated in 1851, and permitted to teach any system he pleased.

In 1847, owing to continued failure of his eyesight, Macfarren visited an oculist in New York; but the results of the visit, which extended to some eighteen months, were not satisfactory. During his absence he worked much at composition, and completed an opera, 'Charles the Second,' with a libretto by Desmond Ryan; it was produced at the Princess's Theatre 27 Oct. 1849, E. J. Loder conducting, and immediately met with success, being played throughout the greater part of two seasons. In 1850 (Sunday Review, January 1888) the serenata 'The Sleeper Awakened,' the libretto written by John Oxenford, was performed at Her Majesty's Theatre (national concerts), Sims Reeves taking the part of Abou Hassan. Macfarren's next work of importance was the opera, 'Allan of Aberfeldy ' (libretto again by Oxenford), written for Bunn, manager of Drury Lane Theatre in 1861, but, just as the rehearsals were about to begin, Bunn again became bankrupt, and the opera was never produced. On 26 April 1863 the Harmonic Union gave at Exeter Hall the first performance of a cantata 'Lenora,' the libretto of which was an arrangement by Oxenford of a German ballade by Burger. Julius Benedict conducted, and the work was repeated at the Birmingham Festival under Costa in 1855. The following year witnessed the production of an overture to 'Hamlet' by the New Philharmonic Society, a full analysis of which was given in the programme. For the Bradford Festival of 1857 Macfarren wrote one of his best works, the cantata 'May Day,' Costa conducting. On 9 May 1860 a composition in similar form, entitled 'Christmas,' was produced by the London Musical Society under Alfred Mellon. Five months later one of Macfarren's greatest successes was achieved in the production of the opera 'Robin Hood' at Her Majesty's Theatre. E. T. Smith was the manager, Charles Hall the conductor, and Sims Reeves, Santley, and Madame Lemmens-Sherrington sang the principal parts. In his 'Life and Recollections ' Reeves writes that 'Macfarren composed the principal part in what is now recognised as that master's best opera, for myself.' The 'Musical World' of October 1860 speaks in glowing terms of the success of this work. It was during its composition, and probably owing to the great strain put upon him by it, that Macfarren's eyesight completely failed; henceforth he was compelled to dictate all his compositions and literary works to an amanuensis.

On the occasion of the marriage of the Prince of Wales, Macfarren wrote an allegorical masque, 'Freya's Gift,' to a libretto by Oxenford, for the Royal English Opera at Covent Garden, where it was performed on 10 March 1863, and in October of the same year German Reed commissioned him to compose an opera di camera, the result being 'Jessy Lea,' which was followed in 1864 by a work on similar lines entitled 'The Soldiers Legacy' (libretto by Oxenford). In the former work Madame Edith Wynne made her first public appearance as an opera singer.

The year 1864 was a very busy one, for, in addition to the work just mentioned, Macfarren wrote an opera to a libretto by Edward Fitzball, called 'She Stoops to Conquer,' which was produced at Covent Garden (Royal English Opera), 11 Feb., Alfred Mellon conducting; while another grand opera in four acts, 'Helvellyn' (libretto by Oxenford), was produced at Covent Garden, Mellon once more being the conductor; the orchestra being led by J. T. Carrodus, and Parepa and Lemmens-Sherrington sustaining principal parts. For some time after the production of these works Macfarren remained comparatively idle, the next compositions of importance being a setting of Christina Rossetti's 'Songs in a Cornfield' for female voices, which Leslie's Choir produced in 1868, and a cantata, 'Outward Bound' (libretto by Oxenford), written for the Norwich Festival of 1872.

With the exception of 'Kenilworth,' an opera written about 1880 for Madame Albani, but never produced, Macfarren thenceforth abandoned opera writing, and devoted himself to oratorio. His first work in this form was ' St. John the Baptist,' produced on 23 Oct. 1873 at the first Bristol Festival, the libretto being compiled by Dr. E. G. Monk. This composition was begun in 1870, and was to have been given at the Gloucester Festival in 1871, but, owing to some misunderstanding, Santley retired, and the composer withdrew his work. So pronounced was its success, however, in 1873, that Macfarren immediately received


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Proclamation 8810

When President Dwight D. Eisenhower established Law Day in 1958, he proclaimed it "fitting that the people of this Nation should remember with pride and vigilantly guard the great heritage of liberty, justice, and equality under law which our forefathers bequeathed to us." Today, we celebrate that enduring legacy and renew our commitment to a democracy sustained by the rule of law.

This year's Law Day theme, "No Courts, No Justice, No Freedom," recalls the historic role our courts have played in protecting the fundamental rights and liberties of all Americans. Our courts are the guarantors of civil justice, social order, and public safety, and we must do everything we can to enable their critical work. The courthouse doors must be open and the necessary services must be in place to allow all litigants, judges, and juries to operate efficiently. Likewise, we must ensure that access to justice is not an abstract theory, but a concrete commitment that delivers the promise of counsel and assistance for all who seek it.

Today, let us reflect upon the role generations of legal and judicial professionals have played in building an America worthy of the ideals that inspired its founding. The timeless principles of equal protection and due process remain at the heart of our democracy, and on Law Day, we recommit to upholding them not just in our time, but for all time.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, in accordance with Public Law 87-20, as amended, do hereby proclaim May 1, 2012, as Law Day, U.S.A. I call upon all Americans to acknowledge the importance of our Nation's legal and judicial systems with appropriate ceremonies and activities, and to display the flag of the United States in support of this national observance.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this first day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand twelve, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-sixth.

title: Proclamation 8810


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Macfarren commissions to write two more works of a similar class; one, the 'Resurrection,' was produced at the Birmingham Festival in 1876, and met with a very enthusiastic reception (Monthly Musical Record, 1 Oct. 1876), though it has been rarely performed since; the other, 'Joseph,' was given at the Leeds Festival 21 Sept. 1877. 'Joseph,' if of academic value, was certainly not a popular success. Concessions were made to the popular taste by the 'introduction of two contralto songs, apropos of nothing; but for the rest, it is feared that the public will find the work dry, if not pedantic' (Monthly Mus. Rec. October 1877, p. 155). It is possible that the want of success was due to the badness of the libretto. Both these works were conducted by the composer's brother, W. C. Macfarren. They were quickly followed by a cantata, 'The Lady of the Lake,' which was written for and produced at the opening of the Glasgow Town-hall, 15 Nov. 1877;

In February 1875, on the death of Sir William Sterndale Bennett [q. v.], Macfarren was elected principal of the Royal Academy of Music, and in March, professor of music at Cambridge University. In April the degree of Mus. Doc., honoris causa, was conferred upon him at Cambridge, an example which was followed in 1876 by the university of Oxford, and in 1887 by Dublin University. In 1878 he was also created M.A. by Cambridge, and in 1883 knighthood was offered to him, and was, after much hesitation, accepted.

In November and December 1882 he composed the music for the performances of Sophocles's 'Ajax' in Greek at Cambridge, Stanford directing (Mus. Times, 1 Jan. 1883). In 1883 Macfarren wrote his fourth oratorio, 'King David,' which was performed at the Leeds Festival in October under Sir Arthur Sullivan. 'Its reception was most cordial, this result being no doubt aided by a very fine performance' (ib. November 1883, p. 605). For the opening of the International and Universal Exhibition at the Crystal Palace, April 1884, Macfarren wrote his 'St. George's Te Deum,' when it was performed by the Handel Festival orchestra under Mr. Manns. A curious feature of the performance was the use made of the bands of the Grenadier and Scots Guards, in addition to the ordinary orchestra; and the introduction of the National Hymns of a number of European countries lent the work a peculiar appropriateness. From this date Macfarren devoted most of his time to his duties at Cambridge and at the Royal Academy of Music, and though he wrote some music (sonatas for violin and piano in A and C; a piano sonata in G minor; six other similar works, and a quartet in G minor for strings, most of which are still in manuscript), none of it was in the operatic or oratorio form. After some months of failing health, he died suddenly on 31 Oct. 1887, at his house, 7 Hamilton Terrace, London. A requisition for his burial in Westminster Abbey was refused, but a memorial service took place in the abbey after the funeral at Hampstead cemetery on 5 Nov. (Sunday Review, January, 1888). Macfarren married, on 27 Sept. 1844, Clarina Thalia Andrae, a native of Lübeck, at Marylebone Church. Madame Macfarren made her début on the stage, in the part of the page in her husband's opera, 'Charles the Second,' 27 Oct. 1849. As principal of the Royal Academy of Music, Macfarren introduced many new customs; he founded the fortnightly meetings of the professors, which, however, now have 'virtually been merged in the meetings of the R.A.M. club, since established' (Life of Macfarren, 1892, p. 347). He also gave an address at the beginning of each academical year at the Academy, and during his lifetime delivered an immense number of lectures on almost every conceivable musical subject at Cambridge, London (Royal Institution 1867; City of London Institute 1866–67–68–70), and elsewhere. His talents were of a very high order, and he had an extraordinary capacity for work, and an indomitable courage in facing the misfortune of blindness; but he was not a genius, and his works, especially those in the larger forms, lack genuine inspiration. They are consummate masterpieces or ingenuity and of learning; they are admirably constructed; they are the results of incessant labour, and the natural outcome of an intellect trained to the utmost pitch of mechanical skill, but they bear the stamp of artificiality (cf. Musical Times, December 1887). As a composer he exercised little influence over his contemporaries, and none over his successors.

As a writer of theoretical works Macfarren will possibly be known to posterity after his compositions have been forgotten; but these, too, suffer by their dogmatical and one-sided tone. His lectures and his text-book of counterpoint will always be of interest, at least as a landmark in contemporary musical history.

Besides the orchestral and vocal compositions already enumerated, he composed: 1. Quartets for strings, in A, 1843; G minor, 1852; G, manuscript, 1878. 2. Quintet for piano and strings, in G minor, 1844. 3. Violin Concerto in G minor, written for Strauss, and produced at a Philharmonic concert in 1873. 4. Symphonies in D, 1858; and E minor, 1874,


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Rh She came downstairs nervously. She was wearing a new net blouse that she thought became her. It had a high collar with a tiny ruff, reminding her of Mary, Queen of Scots, and making her, she thought, look wonderfully a woman, and dignified. At twenty she was full-breasted and luxuriously formed. Her face was still like a soft rich mask, unchangeable. But her eyes, once lifted, were wonderful. She was afraid of him. He would notice her new blouse.

He, being in a hard, ironical mood, was entertaining the family to a description of a service given in the Primitive Methodist Chapel, conducted by one of the well-known preachers of the sect. He sat at the head of the table, his mobile face, with the eyes that could be so beautiful, shining with tenderness or dancing with laughter, now taking on one expression and then another, in imitation of various people he was mocking. His mockery always hurt her; it was too near the reality. He was too clever and cruel. She felt that when his eyes were like this, hard with mocking hate, he would spare neither himself nor anybody else. But Mrs. Leivers was wiping her eyes with laughter, and Mr. Leivers, just awake from his Sunday nap, was rubbing his head in amusement. The three brothers sat with ruffled, sleepy appearance in their shirt-sleeves, giving a guffaw from time to time. The whole family loved a “take-off” more than anything.

He took no notice of Miriam. Later, she saw him remark her new blouse, saw that the artist approved, but it won from him not a spark of warmth. She was nervous, could hardly reach the teacups from the shelves.

When the men went out to milk, she ventured to address him personally.

“You were late,” she said.

“Was I?” he answered.

There was silence for a while.

“Was it rough riding?” she asked.

“I didn’t notice it.”

She continued quickly to lay the table. When she had finished—

“Tea won’t be for a few minutes. Will you come and look at the daffodils?” she said.

He rose without answering. They went out into the back garden under the budding damson-trees. The hills and the sky were clean and cold. Everything looked washed, rather hard. Miriam glanced at Paul. He was pale and impassive.


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MacFirbis for orchestra. 5. Pianoforte Sonatas in E flat and A, 1842. 6. Trio in E minor, for piano and strings, 1843. 7. Anthems, church services, and several hundreds of songs, ballads, glees (Shakespeare's songs for four voices, 860-4); six convivial glees for three voices, 1836; part songs to words by Charles Kingsley, 1865.

Macfarren's chief contributions to the literature of music are: 1. 'Rudiments of Harmony, with Progressive Exercises,' London, 1860; 16th ed. 1887. 2. 'Six Lectures on Harmony, delivered at the Royal Institution,' London, 8vo, 1867; 2nd ed. 1877; 3rd ed. 1882. 3. 'On the Structure of a Sonata.' London, 1871. 4. 'Eighty Musical Sentences,' written in 1867, but first published in 1875. 5. 'Counterpoint, a Practical Course of Study,' London, 4to, 1879; 3rd ed. 1881; another in 1885. 6. 'Musical History briefly narrated and technically discussed,' originally published under the heading 'Music' in the 'Encyclopædia Britannica,' 9th ed., but reissued in book form with the addition of 'A Roll of the Names of Musicians, and the Times and places of their Births and Deaths,' Edinburgh, 1885. 7. 'Addresses and Lectures,' London, 1888, with portrait. He also prepared biographical notices of musicians for the 'Imperial Dict. of Biog.;' analyses of works by the great composers; analytical programmes for the Philharmonic Society, 1868-80; and for the Sacred Harmonic Society, the Birmingham Festivals, &c. The following portraits of Macfarren exist: 1. Life-size kitcat, by Mrs. Goodman, in the possession of Mr. W. C. Macfarren. 2. Life-size three-quarter length by Cyrus Johnson, in the possession of the artist; this was exhibited at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1887, and at the Victorian Exhibition 1892. 3. A bas-relief plaque by Mrs. Henry Holmes, in the possession of the Royal Academy of Music.

 MACFIRBIS, DUALD (1585–1670), Irish historian, wrote his name in Irish Dubhaltach MacFirbhisigh, and in English letters Dudley Ferbisie {Clarendon MS. 68, fol. 59 b). It was latinised Firbissius by O'Flaherty (Ogygia, p. 219), from which Charles O'Conor (Ogygia Vindicata, p. ix) constructed the form under which he is now generally known in English books (, Lectures, i. 120; Hennessy, Chronicum Scotorum, p. i). His family were the hereditary historians of O'Dubhda, and the inauguration of that chief was performed by MacFirbis raising 'a wand above his head and pronouncing his name. The chief members of the family, known as hereditary historians, are: Gilla Isa Mor MacFirbis (d. 1279), Sean MacDonchadh MacFirbis (d. 1362), Amhlaibh MacFirbis (d. 1362), Fearbiseach MacFirbis (d. 1379), and Donnchadh MacFirbis (d. 1376). Other members of his family of historical note are: Domhnach MacFirbis, who wrote at Lackan, co. Sligo, in 1390 'Leabhar buidh Lecain' (now H. 2, 16, library of Trinity College, Dublin), a collection of historical and ecclesiastical pieces in prose and verse, an account of the contents of which is given in O'Curry's ' Lectures on the MS. Materials of Irish History,' p. 191; and Giolla Iosa Mor MacFirbhisigh, who wrote at Lackan in 1416 'Leabhar Lecain,' a manuscript of six hundred pages, of small folio size, containing a great variety of history and genealogy, now in the library of the Royal Irish Academy.

Duald was the eldest of the four sons of Giolla Iosa Mor MacFirbhisigh, the third son of Dubhaltach, who wrote a 'Leabhar Gabhala,' and was born in 1585 in the newly built castle of Lackan. His father was a scholar of some distinction, and sent him to study literature, history, and Brehon law under the famous legal family of MacAedh again in Ormond, co. Tipperary. Besides Irish learning he acquired Latin, English, and some Greek. When his education was finished he returned to Tireragh, co. Sligo, and lived there till the death of his father, the final dispossession of O'Dubhda and ruin of the Irish interest in that district in 1643, when he migrated to Galway. He there Became acquainted with Roderic O'Flaherty [q. v.] and Dr. John Lynch [q. v.], both of whom speak gratefully of receiving instruction in Irish history from him. He copied three fragments of Irish annals (571–910) for Dr. Lynch in 1643 from a vellum manuscript of Giolla na naemh MacAedhagain — printed in the volume of the Irish Archaeological Society for 1860. His transcript was edited by John O'Donovan. For five years he was engaged on a great treatise on Irish genealogy, which he finished in 1650, and called 'Craobha coibhneasa asas geuga geneluigh gacha gabhala dar ghabh Ere' ('The Branches of


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218 It seemed cruel to her that his eyes and brows, which she loved, could look so hurting.

“Has the wind made you tired?” she asked. She detected an underneath feeling of weariness about him.

“No, I think not,” he answered.

“It must be rough on the road—the wood moans so.”

“You can see by the clouds it’s a south-west wind; that helps me here.”

“You see, I don’t cycle, so I don’t understand,” she murmured.

“Is there need to cycle to know that?” he said.

She thought his sarcasms were unnecessary. They went forward in silence. Round the wild, tussocky lawn at the back of the house was a thorn hedge, under which daffodils were craning forward from among their sheaves of grey-green blades. The cheeks of the flowers were greenish with cold. But still some had burst, and their gold ruffled and glowed. Miriam went on her knees before one cluster, took a wild-looking daffodil between her hands, turned up its face of gold to her, and bowed down, caressing it with her mouth and cheeks and brow. He stood aside, with his hands in his pockets, watching her. One after another she turned up to him the faces of the yellow, bursten flowers appealingly, fondling them lavishly all the while.

“Aren’t they magnificent?” she murmured.

“Magnificent! it’s a bit thick—they’re pretty!”

She bowed again to her flowers at his censure of her praise. He watched her crouching, sipping the flowers with fervid kisses.

“Why must you always be fondling things!” he said irritably.

“But I love to touch them,” she replied, hurt.

“Can you never like things without clutching them as if you wanted to pull the heart out of them? Why don’t you have a bit more restraint, or reserve, or something?”

She looked up at him full of pain, then continued slowly to stroke her lips against a ruffled flower. Their scent, as she smelled it, was so much kinder than he; it almost made her cry.

“You wheedle the soul out of things,” he said. “I would never wheedle—at any rate, I’d go straight.”

He scarcely knew what he was saying. These things came from him mechanically. She looked at him. His body seemed one weapon, firm and hard against her.


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Rh “You’re always begging things to love you,” he said, “as if you were a beggar for love. Even the flowers, you have to fawn on them——”

Rhythmically, Miriam was swaying and stroking the flower with her mouth, inhaling the scent which ever after made her shudder as it came to her nostrils.

“You don’t want to love—your eternal and abnormal craving is to be loved. You aren’t positive, you’re negative. You absorb, absorb, as if you must fill yourself up with love, because you’ve got a shortage somewhere.”

She was stunned by his cruelty, and did not hear. He had not the faintest notion of what he was saying. It was as if his fretted, tortured soul, run hot by thwarted passion, jetted off these sayings like sparks from electricity. She did not grasp anything he said. She only sat crouched beneath his cruelty and his hatred of her. She never realized in a flash. Over everything she brooded and brooded.

After tea he stayed with Edgar and the brothers, taking no notice of Miriam. She, extremely unhappy on this looked-for holiday, waited for him. And at last he yielded and came to her. She was determined to track this mood of his to its origin. She counted it not much more than a mood.

“Shall we go through the wood a little way?” she asked him, knowing he never refused a direct request.

They went down to the warren. On the middle path they passed a trap, a narrow horseshoe hedge of small fir-boughs, baited with the guts of a rabbit. Paul glanced at it frowning. She caught his eye.

“Isn’t it dreadful?” she asked.

“I don’t know! Is it worse than a weasel with its teeth in a rabbit’s throat? One weasel or many rabbits? One or the other must go!”

He was taking the bitterness of life badly. She was rather sorry for him.

“We will go back to the house,” he said. “I don’t want to walk out.”

They went past the lilac-tree, whose bronze leaf-buds were coming unfastened. Just a fragment remained of the hay-stack, a monument squared and brown, like a pillar of stone. There was a little bed of hay from the last cutting.

“Let us sit here a minute,” said Miriam.

He sat down against his will, resting his back against the hard wall of hay. They faced the amphitheatre of round hills that glowed with sunset, tiny white farms standing out,


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220 the meadows golden, the woods dark and yet luminous, tree-tops folded over tree-tops, distinct in the distance. The evening had cleared, and the east was tender with a magenta flush under which the land lay still and rich.

“Isn’t it beautiful?” she pleaded.

But he only scowled. He would rather have had it ugly just then.

At that moment a big bull-terrier came rushing up, open-mouthed, pranced his two paws on the youth’s shoulders, licking his face. Paul drew back, laughing. Bill was a great relief to him. He pushed the dog aside, but it came leaping back.

“Get out,” said the lad,“ or I’ll dot thee one.”

But the dog was not to be pushed away. So Paul had a little battle with the creature, pitching poor Bill away from him, who, however, only floundered tumultuously back again, wild with joy. The two fought together, the man laughing grudgingly, the dog grinning all over. Miriam watched them. There was something pathetic about the man. He wanted so badly to love, to be tender. The rough way he bowled the dog over was really loving. Bill got up, panting with happiness, his brown eyes rolling in his white face, and lumbered back again. He adored Paul. The lad frowned.

“Bill, I’ve had enough o’ thee,” he said.

But the dog only stood with two heavy paws, that quivered with love, upon his thigh, and flickered a red tongue at him. He drew back.

“No,” he said—“no—I’ve had enough.”

And in a minute the dog trotted off happily, to vary the fun.

He remained staring miserably across at the hills, whose still beauty he begrudged. He wanted to go and cycle with Edgar. Yet he had not the courage to leave Miriam.

“Why are you sad?” she asked humbly.

“I’m not sad; why should I be,” he answered. “I’m only normal.”

She wondered why he always claimed to be normal when he was disagreeable.

“But what is the matter?” she pleaded, coaxing him soothingly.

“Nothing!”

“Nay!” she murmured.

He picked up a stick and began to stab the earth with it.

“You’d far better not talk,” he said.


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MacFirbis  and Genealogical Boughs of every Plantation of Ireland'). The original manuscript is in the collection of the Earl of Roden, and there is a copy, made in 1836 by Eugene O'Curry, in the library of the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin. The book gives an account of all the existing Irish clans, of their saints and kings, as well as of the mythical Tuatha de Danaan and Firbolg, who were believed to have preceded the Gaedhel in Ireland. In the same year he wrote two poems on 'O'Seachnasaigh of Gort' (, Lectures, p. 123). In 1655 Sir James Ware [q. v.] brought MacFirbis to Dublin to do literary work for him, and lie continued to translate and transcribe Irish manuscripts till Ware's death in December 1666. He then left Castle Street, Dublin, returned to Lackan, and lived, as so many Irish gentlemen then did, as a poor landless sojourner in a cottage on the former estate of his family. Much of what he wrote in Ware's house has since disappeared, but there remain translations (1) of the 'Annals of Ulster' (in British Museum); (2) of the 'Annals of Inisfallen;' (3) of 'Annals' from 1443 to 1468 (printed by Irish Archæological Society, 1846, edited by J. O'Donovan); (4) of the 'Registry of Cionmacnoise' (in British Museum, printed by Kilkenny Archæological Society, 1857). These are all in English, with occasional brief notes in Irish explaining the translation. Thus to the statement ' Dermot the second of Moylurg died,' he adds the word 'tanaiste,' to explain that this Dermot was the heir and not the successor. At the same period he wrote ' An Account of Extinct Irish Bishopricks ' and 'A List of Irish Bishops,' both in English (holograph manuscripts in British Museum, Clarendon 68). In Irish he wrote during the same period, in 1656, an unfinished composition, 'Ughdair na h-Erend' ('The Authors of Erin, with an Account of their Authorship and their Paternity'). The ma- nuscript is in the Bodleian Library (Rawlinson 480). The authors are those who treat of 'Senchas' (history), 'Dligh' (law), 'Liaighais' (physic), with the aesdana or poets, but the account does not get beyond those mythical authors whom every Irish literary man knew by name, and ends with Naente nae Brethach, whose death is computed to have taken place two centuries before the Christian era. In 1666 he prepared an abridged edition of his genealogical treatise. It was probably in this period that he transcribed the Irisn chronicle known as 'Chronicum Scotorum,' edited by W. M. Hennessy in the Rolls Series in 1866. The date of a collection of glossaries in his hand, in the library of Trinity College, Dublin (II. 2, 15), is not known. It includes copies of Cormac's 'Glossary' [see, 836-908] and of O'Davoren's. In 1670 he began a journey to Dublin. It was probably to be performed on foot, and his reputation as a learned man would open every Irish door on the way to him. One evening he rested in a small shop in Dunfiin, co. Sligo. A Mr. Crofton came into the shop flushed with drink, and attempted to kiss the girl in charge. She tried to stop him by saying that the old gentleman in the next room would see him, when he took a knife which lay on the counter, and rushing up to MacFirbis stabbed him to the heart. MacFirbis was a tall man, with brown hair, of dignified aspect. He was the last of the hereditary sennachies of Ireland, and in moderate prosperity and extreme adversity, in youth, and till old age, was constantly devoted to the preservation of Irish literature and history. He wrote a clear Irish hand, with large, well-formed letters, not all joined together, slightly sloping, and looking as if rapidly written. His English hand is also clear, with now and then a reminiscence of the Irish character in the letters.

 MACFLYNN, FLORENCE or FLANN (d. 1256), archbishop of Tuam, also called Fiacha O'Flyn, was chancellor of Tuam and sub-deacon to the pope when he was elected archbishop about May 1250; the royal assent was given on 27 May, and seisin was granted on 25 July, but MacFlynn appears to have had to go to Rome, and he was not consecrated till 25 Dec. 1250. In the following year, like his predecessors, he endeavoured to obtain possession of the see of Ennachdune or Annaghdown in Galway; his opponent, Concord, was at first supported by the king, but MacFlynn eventually obtained confirmation (, i. 3131, ii. 274). He held a synod at Tuam in 1251. His episcopate was marked by some quarrels with Thomas, the bishop-elect of Achonry in 1251, and Thomas, bishop of Cionmacnoise in 1255 (ib. i. 3156, ii. 456). In 1255 he made a journey to England to lay a statement of grievances before the king on behalf of the Irish church :


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M'Gauley namely, that the bishops and their tenants were dragged into the court contrary to the ancient liberties of the churches, and that they were oppressed by the sheriffs and the barons. Henry ordered such remedy as tended to the welfare of the church to be applied (ib. ii. 460). The 'Annals of the Four Masters 'says that MacFlynn then returned home. In 1 256 he seems to have made a fresh journey to England about May, to present a further petition on the same matter (ib. ii. 503), but died on the way at Bristol. Leave to elect a successor was issued on 29 June (ib. ii. 507). MacFlynn is described as a man of wisdom and learning, with a knowledge of law.

 M'GAULEY, JAMES WILLIAM (d. 1867), was professor of natural philosophy to the board of national education in Ireland from 1836 to 1856. He appears to have then gone to Canada till about 1865, when he settled in England. He became a member of the council of the Inventors' Institute (of London), and took an active part in the executive committee of that body, and was one of the editors as well as a contributor to their organ, the 'Scientific Review.' At the time of his death, on 25 Oct. 1867, he was also managing director to the Inventors' Patentright Association.

M'Gauley's principal works were: 1. 'Lectures on Natural Philosophy,' 8vo, Dublin, 1840; 3rd edit. 1851. 2. 'The Elements of Architecture,' 16mo, Dublin, 1846. 3. 'A Key to the Treatise on Arithmetic. . . used in the Irish National Schools,' 16mo, Dublin, 1852. 4. 'A Treatise on Algebra,' 16mo, Dublin, 1854. He also wrote papers on 'Natural Philosophy and Chemistry,' which appeared in the ' Reports of the British Association,' the 'Philosophical Magazine,' the 'Chemical News,' and the 'Scientific Review,' between 1835 and 1867.

 M'GAVIN, WILLIAM (1773–1832), controversialist, born on 25 Aug. 1773 at Darnlaw, in the parish of Auchinleck, Ayrshire, was third son of James M'Gavin, farmer, by Mary M'Millan, a farmer's daughter of Muir-Kirk, in the same shire. The farm of Darnlaw was the property of James Boswell, Johnson's biographer. Beyond receiving a few weeks' instruction at the village school, he was entirely self-educated. In 1783 his father removed to Paisley, and in 1785 William was bound apprentice to a weaver, but in 1790 he entered the service of John Neilson [q. v.], a well-known Paisley printer and bookseller. During the three years that he remained there he carefully studied English grammar and composition, and obtained some knowledge of science. In 1793 he went to assist his elder brother in the management of a school, of which he soon obtained the sole charge. About 1796 he commenced a small thread business at Paisley, but was unsuccessful. In January 1799 he was engaged as bookkeeper to David Lamb, an American cotton merchant in Glasgow; to whose two sons he at the same time acted as tutor. In 1803, on Lamb's removal to America, the whole management of the business devolved upon him, and on the death of the father he entered in 1813 into partnership with the son.

M'Gavin belonged to the antiburgher communion, and was a member of the congregation of the Rev. James Ramsay, whom he joined about 1800, and subsequently assisted to form an independent or congregational church, occasionally preaching for him. In April 1804 he was regularly ordained Ramsay's co-pastor. He withdrew from the pastorate in 1807, and afterwards became an itinerant preacher and an active director of the various benevolent and religious societies at Glasgow. His business proving unprofitable, M'Gavin was induced to undertake in 1822 the Glasgow agency of the British Linen Company's bank. 1 He died on 23 Aug. 1832. A monument to his memory was erected in the necropolis of Glasgow and at Auchinleck. On 7 Oct. 1805 he married Isabella Campbell of Paisley. M'Gavin was a genuine philanthropist, quick-tempered, but warm-hearted and open-handed. From 1818 to 1822 he contributed to the 'Glasgow Chronicle' a series of letters on the principal points of controversy between the Roman and reformed churches under the general title of 'The Protestant.' William Eusebius Andrews [q. v.] forthwith started a weekly paper, called 'The Catholic Vindicator,' in reply to 'The Protestant,' but abandoned it after a year. When issued in book form 'The Protestant' formed four large 8vo volumes, and passed through six editions. Some statements contained in it relative to the building of a Roman catholic chapel in Glasgow led to an action for libel at the instance of the officiating priest in April 1821, which resulted in a verdict of 100l. damages


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Macgill who survived him with an only daughter, the wife of the Rev. Dr. Alison of Edinburgh.

Macgeorge's works are: 1. 'Insignia of Glasgow,' 1866. 2. 'Principles of the Free Church,' 1873. 3. 'Free Church Claims: their Real Character and Tendency,' 1877. 4. 'Old Glasgow: the Place and the People,' 1880, illust. 8vo and 4to, 1888; an able and trustworthy treatise. 5. 'Flags, their History and Use,' illust. 4to, 1881, a work of much research and interest. 6. 'William Leighton Leitch, Landscape Painter,' 1884. 7. 'The Church in its relation to the Law and the State,' a dissertation contributed to Professor Story's 'Church of Scotland, Past and Present, and also issued separately, 1891. For the Maitland Society he edited 'Miscellaneous Papers illustrative of the Reigns of Mary and James VI,' 1834, 4to.

 MACGILL, HAMILTON MONTGOMERY, D.D. (1807–1880), united presbyterian divine, born in 1807 in Catrine, Ayrshire, was educated at Mauchline,and entered Glasgow University in 1827 and the Divinity Hall of the United Secession church in 1831. He was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Kilmarnock in March 1836, and was ordained minister of Duke Street Church, Glasgow, in February 1837 as colleague to Dr. Muter. In 1840 he separated, with part of the congregation, from Duke Street, and formed the Montrose Street Church. In 1858 he became home mission secretary of the united presbyterian church, and he resigned his pastoral connection. He previously edited the 'Juvenile Missionary Magazine,' and now became editor also of the 'Missionary Record.' In 1868 Macgill resigned the home secretaryship on becoming foreign mission secretary, and that office he neld at his death. He received the degree of D.D. in 1870 from the university of Glasgow. He was an eloquent and popular preacher, and performed his secretarial duties with care and judgment. He died 3 June 1880.

Macgill published, besides sermons and addresses, an elaborate 'Life of Dr. Heugh,' his father-in-law, in 1850, and the, well-known and learned work, entitled 'Songs of the Christian Creed and Life,' selected and translated, 1876.

 MACGILL, STEVENSON (1765–1840), professor of theology at Glasgow, son of Thomas Macgill, a shipbuilder, of Glasgow, was born at Port Glasgow on 19 Jan. 1765. His mother, Frances, daughter of George Welsh, esq., of Lochharet in East Lothian, may have been a descendant of the Rev. John Welch [q. v.], son-in-law of John Knox. Macgill was educated in the parish school at Port Glasgow and Glasgow University, which he entered at the age of ten and took the nine years' course, gaining many distinctions in classics and theology. After acting as a private tutor to the Earl of Buchan, among others, he was licensed to preach by the Paisley presbytery in 1790, and in the following year was presented to the parish of Eastwood, Renfrewshire. He also received an offer of the chair of civil history in the united colleges of St. Salvator and St. Leonard at St. Andrews, together with a small country living, but conscientious scruples prevented his accepting any plurality. In 1790 he contributed the ‘Student's Dream’ anonymously to ‘Macnab's Collection,’ and in 1792 published a tract against the French revolution called ‘The Spirit of the Times.’ In 1797 he was translated to the Tron Church, Glasgow, and the ‘dearth’ which occurred soon afterwards gave abundant scope for his parochial energies. On 23 Aug. 1803 he received the degree of D.D. from the university and Marischal College, Aberdeen. He bestowed considerable attention on the prisons, infirmary, and lunatic asylum, and in 1809 published his ‘Thoughts on Prisons,’ advocating extensive reforms, which were not, however, adopted when the Glasgow prison was built. He insisted upon further church accommodation, urging that lack of it encouraged the growth of dissent, and started an association for mutual instruction in literature and theology, before which he read a series of essays, afterwards published as ‘Letters addressed to a Young Clergyman,’ 1809. A second edition, enlarged and dedicated to Hannah More, was issued in 1820. In 1814 he was elected to the chair of theology in the university of Glasgow, vacated by the death of Dr. Robert Findlay [q. v.]; he demitted his charge of Tron Church on 9 Nov. 1814, and was succeeded by Dr. Thomas Chalmers [q. v.]; and as professor reorganised the study of theology. In 1823 he engaged in a warm dispute with some of his university colleagues, notably Patrick Macfarlan [q. v.], on the question of pluralities, and his views were subsequently adopted by a royal commission on the Scottish universities. Macgill was mainly instrumental in the erection of the monument to Knox in Glasgow Necropolis; in 1828 he was unanimously elected moderator of the general assembly; in January 1834 he was appointed chaplain in


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  to his majesty by William IV; and in 1835 dean of the Chapel Royal. He died on 18 Aug. 1840, aged 75.

His works, besides those already mentioned, are:
 * 1) ‘Discourse on Elementary Education,’ 1811, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘Lectures on Rhetoric and Criticism,’ Edinburgh, 1838.
 * 3) ‘Sermons,’ with portrait, Glasgow, 1839.
 * 4) ‘Discourses,’ with biographical memoir, Glasgow, 1844.

M'GILL, WILLIAM, D.D. (1732–1807), Scottish divine, youngest son of William M'Gill, farmer, of Carsenestock, Wigtownshire, was born in 1732. After passing through schools at Monigaff and at Penmnghame, Wigtownshire, he entered Glasgow College, and graduated M. A. On 10 Oct. 1769 he was licensed by Wigtown presbytery, and from 12 June 1760 acted as assistant to Alexander Ferguson, minister of Kilwinning, Ayrshire. He was presented by the town council and session in April 1761 to the second charge in Ayr, and ordained there on 22 Oct. 1761. His colleague was, D.D. [q. v.], Burns's 'D'rymple mild,' a kindred spirit with himself in disposition and in theological tendencies. Botn belonged to the 'moderate' party in the Scottish church, and were inclined to go further than their leader, William Robertson, D.D., the historian, inasmuch as they advocated (before 1780) the abolition of subscription.

In 1786, prior to which he had received the degree of D.D., M'Gill published an essay on 'The Death of Christ,' which exhibits marked divergence from the theory of atonement upheld in the standards of his church. He had evidently been much influenced by the earlier volumes of Priestley's 'Theological Repository' (1770-1), which he quotes with approval (pp. 542 sq.) Dalrymple, in a 'History of Christ' (1787), commended his colleague's work. No immediate action was taken by the authorities on his church, but in 1789 M'Gill excited some angry feeling by publishing a political sermon. On 16 April 1789 a complaint was presented to the synod of Glasgow and Ayr alleging that M'Gill's essay contained heterodox doctrine. The synod required the presbytery of Ayr to take up the case, and see if there were grounds for the complaint. On appeal to the general assembly the synod's order was quashed (1 June), but the presbytery was recommended to take steps to preserve purity of doctrine. The next meeting of presbytery (16 July) was attended by a concourse of people from far and near, and gave rise to Burns's satire 'The Kirk's Alarm,' William Auld, minister of Mauchline, Ayrshire ('Daddy Auld'), moved for a committee of inquiry, which was carried against a proposition by Thomas Thompson, minister of Dailly, for a committee of conference with M'Gill. On the committee appointed was Auld's elder, William Fisher ('holy Willie'). The committee met six times, and presented a report of fifty pages. M'Gill's case was conducted by Robert Aiken ('Orator Bob'), writer in Ayr. The presbytery on 30 Sept, referred the case to the synod, which on 14 Oct. directed the presbytery to take action. On 27 Jan. 1790 M'Gill handed in his answers to charges, and the case was again (24 Feb.) referred to the synod, M'Gill appealing against the reference. It was evident that the various courts were willing to shift the responsibility of dealing with the matter. At length M'Gill stopped proceedings by offering (14 April) an explanation and apology, which the synod accepted as satisfactory. His parishioners had warmly supported him, the provost of Ayr, John Ballantine, being 'deaf To the church's relief.' Burns's own judgment is expressed in the lines,

Priestley regrets that M'Gill 'was not more firm, especially if the general assembly would have supported him.' No further prosecution ensued, though one seems to have been meditated. On 12 May 1791 [q. v.] writes to William Turner of Newcastle, 'The second storm which threatened good Dr. M'Gill is happily blown over.'

M'Gill died of asthma on 30 March 1807, in his seventy-fifth year. He was a man of erect and commanding. stature. Lockhart mentions his 'cold, unpopular manners.' His character was probably marked by reserve, but it is certain that he was beloved by his flock; and he never made a personal enemy. Burns speaks of his 'close, nervous excellence.' He married, on 7 Nov. 1763, Elizabeth Dunlop of Ayr (d. 9 June 1786 and had three sons and five daughters, all of whom died before him except his fourth daughter, Mrs. Graham.

He published:
 * 1) 'A Practical Essay on the Death of Jesus Christ. In two parts.


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 :: Containing, I. The History, II. The Doctrine, of His Death,' &c, Edinburgh, 1786, 8vo.
 * 1) 'The Benefits of the Revolution,' &c, Kilmarnock, 1789, 8vo (sermon). Also three single sermons, 1793-6.

 MACGILLIVRAY, CHARLES R. (1804?–1867), physician and Gaelic scholar, the son of a small farmer, was born in Kilfinichen, Mull, about 1804. He received his elementary education at the school of his native parish, and when about twenty went to Glasgow, where he found employment in a druggist's shop. In 1849 he commenced business as a druggist, and in 1853 graduated M.D. In 1869 he was appointed lecturer in Gaelic at the Glasgow Institution. He died in Glasgow in 1867.

MacGillivray was an enthusiastic Gaelic scholar, and assisted Dr. Norman Macleod [q. v.] with his publications. In 1868 he pubished a Gaelic grammar, but his best-known work is a translation of Bunyan's 'Pilgrim's Progress' (1869), in which he was helped by Archibald Macfadyen the hymn-writer. He also translated parts of Howie's 'Scotch Biography' into Gaelic, published in London in 1870-3.

 MACGILLIVRAY, WILLIAM (1796–1862), naturalist, was born at Old Aberdeen, 26 Jan. 1796. As a child he spent eight years (1799-1807), in the island of Harris, Outer Hebrides. He then returned to Aberdeen and studied under Ewan M'Lachlan, and in 1808 entered as an arts student at King's College, Aberdeen, where he graduated M.A. in 1815. "While at the university he made some study of medicine, chiefly under Dr. Barclay, but, after some five years' trial, he abandoned it for natural science. In 1817 he began the study of zoology with a fellow-student, W. Craigie, and for a time acted as dissector to the lecturer on comparative anatomy at King's College. His vacations as a student had been spent in the Western Isles, and he subsequently rambled over most parts of Scotland. With his journal and a copy of Smith's 'Flora Britannica' he walked from Aberdeen to London, for the purpose of seeing the country and visiting the British Museum. He afterwards attended the lectures of Robert Jameson [q. v.] in Edinburgh, Subsequently geologising, gathering gulls' eggs and shooting birds in the Outer Hebrides. On 29 Sept. 1820 he married Marion Askiil in the Island of Harris. In 1823 he accepted the appointment of 'assistant and secretary to the regius professor [R. Jameson] of natural history, and regius keeper of the museum of the Edinburgh University.' He retired after a few years in order to continue his observations in the field, but in 1831 was appointed 'Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh.' He resigned the post in March 1841, when he succeeded Dr. Davidson as 'Professor of Natural History in the Marischal College, and University of Aberdeen.' In 1844 his old college bestowed upon him the honorary degree of LL.D.

As professor, MacGillivray was busily occupied in delivering lectures, and in forming a collection for the use of the students. He also embarked in numerous literary undertakings, and the strain proved too much. Early in 1850 he spent a month in exploring the central region of the Grampians, the district around Lochnagan, and from the results of the exposure he never recovered. He went to Torquay to recruit later in the year, and shortly after his arrival at Torquay his wife suddenly died. His own death took place at Aberdeen on 4 Sept. 1852.

MacGillivray was not only a keen observer of scientific phenomena, but a most careful and exact recorder of what he saw. He achieved striking success in several branches of natural science, in any one of which, had his vocation permitted, he might have become a brilliant specialist. He had the highest qualifications as a curator of museums. Shortly before he died, MacGillivray had completed what was the great work of his life, 'A History of British Birds.' This had been begun before 1837, when the first volume was issued, and extended to five volumes in 8vo, the last two being completed in the intervals of illness. The style is singularly clear, while the care devoted to anatomical details and to the graphic descriptions of the haunts and habits of the birds gives it permanent scientific value. MacGillivray, for the first time in the history of the science, based his classification of birds on their anatomical structure. The work was considered by Audubon and others to be the best of its kind in English.

MacGillivray's first published note was on the occurrence of a walrus on the shore of Lewis, in Deer, 1817 (Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. ii. 1820); his last completed work was the manuscript for a 'Natural History of Dee Side.' This manuscript was purchased by


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 the queen, and at her command privately printed under the editorship of Professor E. Lankester, in 1855.

The following is a list of his other works:
 * 1) 'A Systematic Arrangement of British Plants by W. Withering, Corrected and Condensed [and furnished], with an Introduction to Botany, by W. MacGillivray,' 8vo, London, 1830; 10th ed. 1858.
 * 2) 'The Travels of A. von Humboldt … a Condensed Narrative,' 8vo, Edinburgh Cabinet Library, vol. x. 1832; 2nd edit. 1859.
 * 3) 'Lives of Eminent Zoologists, from Aristotle to Linnæus,' 8vo, Edinburgh Cabinet Library, vol. xvi. 1834; 2nd edit. 1860.
 * 4) 'Descriptions of the Rapacious Birds of Great Britain,' 8vo, London, 1836.
 * 5) 'A History of British Quadrupeds,' in Jardine's Naturalist's Library, vol. xxii. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1838; 2nd issue 1845-6, vol. xvii.
 * 6) 'A Manual of Botany,' 8vo, London, 1840; 2nd edit. 1853.
 * 7) 'A Manual of Geology,' 12mo, London, 1840; 2nd edit. 1841.
 * 8) 'A Manual of British Ornithology,' 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1840-2; 2nd edit. 8vo, 1846.
 * 9) 'A History of the Molluscous Animals of the Counties of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Banff,' &c, 12mo, London, 1843; 2nd edit. 1844.
 * 10) 'Domestic Cattle; the Drawings by J. Cassie, jun.,' 8 pts. issued 1845.

MacGillivray conducted the 'Edinburgh Journal of Natural History and of Physical Science' from its inception in October 1835 to its termination in May 1840. With this was issued a translation of a portion of Cuvier's 'Animal Kingdom.' He edited with notes a translation from the French of Richard's 'Elements of Botany,' 8vo, Edinburgh and London, 1831; also a new edition of Sir J. E.; Smith's 'Introduction to … Botany,' 12mo, London, 1836, and the 6th edit., enlarged, of Thomas Brown's 'Conchologists' Text-Book,' 12mo, Edinburgh and London, 1845. He wrote the description of the species, with their anatomy, of several hundred specimens of birds for Audubon's 'Ornithological Bibliography' (5 vols. 1831-9), and prepared the greater part, if not the whole, of that author's 'Synopsis of the Birds of North America' (1839). He also wrote a sketch of the section Palmipes, for Wilson's article, 'Ornithology,' in the 7th edit, of the 'Encyclopædia Britannica,' and did the drawings for sixteen quarto plates illustrative of the 'Internal Structure of Fossil Vegetables formed in the Carboniferous and Oolitic Deposits of Great Britain,' by Witham. In addition he wrote more than thirty minor papers, which appeared in the 'Transactions of the Wernerian Natural History Society,' 'Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' 'Edinburgh Quarterly Journal of Agriculture,' 'Prize Essays and Transactions of the Highland Society,' and 'Edinburgh Journal of Medical and Natural Science.

Among his papers at his death was found the unfinished manuscript of a projected 'History of the Vertebrated Animals,' and he probably translated or edited many other works of which no record was kept.

A collection of original water-colour drawings by him of British mammals, birds, and fish is preserved in the Zoological Department of the British Museum (Natural History).

The only published portrait—that in Harvie-Brown and Buckley's 'Vertebrate Fauna of the Outer Hebrides/ pt. ii.—is from one in oils by MacGillivray himself, retouched after his death by a local artist. It is not considered a good likeness.

MacGillivray's son, (1822-1867), naturalist, the eldest of thirteen children, was born at Aberdeen 18 Dec. 1822; but spent his childhood in Edinburgh, where he afterwards studied medicine. In 1842, before the course was complete, he was appointed by Lord Derby naturalist under Professor [q. v.], on board the Fly, commanded by Captain Blackwood, and sailed in her to Torres Straits and the Eastern Archipelago. He returned to England in 1846, and later in that year was appointed naturalist on board the Rattlesnake, under Captain Owen Stanley. Professor Huxley, then an assistant-surgeon in the royal navy, was also of the staff. On his return in 1850, MacGillivray wrote an account of the voyage, which was published in 1852. Later in that year he sailed, also in the capacity of naturalist, in the Herald, under Captain Denham, on a surveying voyage to the coasts of South America, and for the South Pacific. MacGillivray, however, left the vessel at Sydney in 1855, and spent the rest of his life in making excursions to various of the Australasian islands, collecting natural history specimens, and studying the habits of the aborigines. Accounts of these expeditions appeared from time to time in the Sydney papers. His constitution was at length undermined by the constant fatigue and exposure, and he died at Sydney 6 June 1867. The molluscan genus MacGillivray is was named in his honour. [Memoir by J. Harley in Selection of Papers of Leicester Lit. and Phil. Soc. pp. 107-64; Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1853, liv. 189-206; Encycl. Brit. 9th edit.; North Brit. Rev. six. 1-10; Athenæum, 18 Nov. 1852; Gent. Mag. 1852, pt. ii. p. 533; Preface to the Rapacious Birds; Good Words, 1868, pp. 425-9, and portrait of J. MacGillivray; information kindly


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 supplied by the Rev. P. Beaton of Paris, and R. Walker, M.A., registrar, &c., of the Aberdeen University.]

 MAC GIOLLA CUDDY (1618–1693) Irish Jesuit. [See .]

 McGLASHAN, ALEXANDER (d. 1797), Scottish violinist, flourished in Edinburgh about the, end of the last century. He was an able and spirited leader of the fashionable bands in Edinburgh, and had some reputation as a composer of Scottish music. He edited 'A Collection of Strathspey Reels, with a Bass for the Violoncello and Harpsichord' (Edinburgh, 1780), and 'A Collection of Scots Measures, Hornpipes, Jigs, &c.' (1781). He was generally known as 'King McGlashan,' a name which he acquired from his stately appearance and showy style of dress (Chambebs). He died in May 1797 (Glen).

 McGLASHAN, JOHN (d. 1866), legal author, was a solicitor in Edinburgh. He joined in 1824 the Society of Solicitors-at-Law, and was one of the solicitors before the supreme courts from 1831. About 1855 he went to New Zealand, where he died in 1866. In 1831 he published 'Practical Notes on the Act of Sederunt,' which, under the title given to the second edition, 'Practical Notes on the Jurisdiction and Forms of Process in Civil Causes of the Sheriff Courts of Scotland,' reached a fourth edition. 'The Law and Practice in Actions of Aliment' appeared in 1837, and a 'Digest of the Laws relating to Pawnbrokers' in 1844.

 MACGOWAN, JOHN (1726–1780), baptist minister, was born in 1726 at Edinburgh. After receiving a good education, he was apprenticed to a weaver. He subsequently settled in Bridge Street, Warrington, as a baker. He had early become a Wesleyan, and now joined the methodist movement as a preacher. At a later period he was attracted by the independents, but finally joined the particular baptists. He ministered at the old baptist chapel at Hill Cliff, near Warrington, and afterwards at Bridgnorth (Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vii. 75).

In September 1766 Macgowan became pastor of the old meeting-house in Devonshire Square, Bishopsgate, opened by [q. v.] in 1687. Here he remained until his death. His preaching, despite its Calvinistic tone, became popular. In failing health, Macgowan administered the sacrament for the last time on 12 Nov. 1780, and died 25 Nov. He was buried in Bunhill Fields (cf. ). He left a widow and children.

Macgowan was a writer of some talent. In controversy his style was caustic and ironical, and in his devotional works he had frequent recourse to allegory. His books went through many editions in London, the North of England, and America. Several were published under pseudonyms, i.e. ‘The Shaver’ and ‘Pasquin Shaveblock.’ His chief work, ‘Infernal Conferences, or Dialogues of Devils, by the Listener,’ London, 1772, 2 vols. 12mo, may have been suggested by ‘The Dialogues of the Dead’ (London, 1760) of George, lord Lyttelton. He edited, with notes, ‘Night, a Satire upon the Manners of the Rich and Great,’ by [q. v.], probably about 1768.

The titles of his chief other publications are: ‘Letter to an Arian,’ dated 28 April 1761, printed in John Allen's ‘Crown of Crowns,’ 3rd edit. 1816. ‘The Arians' and Socinians' Monitor, being a Vision that a young Socinian lately had,’ London, 1761; 3rd edit. 1795; 12th edit. 1883. ‘Death: a Vision, or the Solemn Departure of Saints and Sinners, represented under the Similitude of a Dream,’ London, 1766; 2nd edit. 1768; 7th edit. 1780; other editions, Leeds, 1805; Edinb. 1844, &c. ‘Priestcraft Defended; a Sermon occasioned by the Expulsion of Six Young Gentlemen from the University of Oxford, for praying, reading, and expounding the Scriptures; humbly dedicated to the Vice-Chancellor and the Heads of Houses, by the Shaver.’ This pamphlet, written in a satirical vein upon a ‘text taken from the “St. James's Chronicle” of Thursday, 17 March 1768,’ relating to the expulsion (cf. Gent. Mag. 1768, pp. 225, 410), ran through eleven editions in eight months. It was followed by ‘A Further Defence of Priestcraft, being a Practical Improvement of the Shaver's Sermon on the Expulsion of Six Students, &c., occasioned by a Vindication of that pious act, by a Member of the University,’ 5th edit. 1768. This was answered by ‘The Shaver Shaved by a Matriculated Barber,’ London, 1769. ‘The Shaver's New Sermon for the Fast Day, by Pasquin Shaveblock,’ 5th edit. 1795, appears to be by Macgowan, although the preface to this edition is dated ‘Barbers' Hall, 17 Feb. 1795,’ five years after his death. ‘Familiar Epistles to the Rev. Dr. Priestley, by the


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 35.djvu/99

 Author of “The Shaver's Sermon,”’ London, 1771. ‘The Life of Joseph, the Son of Israel,’ in eight books, London, 1771; in ten books, with a frontispiece, dedicated to the Rev. Dr. Honywood, 1799. This has been frequently reprinted, and was translated into Gaelic by [q. v.], Glasgow, 1831. ‘Socinianism brought to the Test, &c., in a series of Twenty Letters to Dr. Priestley.’ An answer to ‘A Free Address to Protestant Dissenters’ (1768), London, 1773. ‘A curious Letter to the Rev. S. B. Blacket, occasioned by his Sermon preached before the Bishop of Exeter at the Consecration of St. Aubin's Church, Plymouth.’ ‘The Foundry Budget opened, or the Arcanum of Wesleyanism disclosed,’ a reply to W. Sellon's ‘Defence of God's Sovereignty against the Aspersions cast upon it,’ by E. Coles, London, 1780; another edit. Manchester. ‘Discourses on the Book of Ruth, and other Important Subjects,’ edited and prefaced by the Rev. J. Reynolds, 1781.

A collected edition, consisting of ‘Infernal Conferences’ and four other of Macgowan's works, with portrait and illustrations, was published soon after his death, London, no date. Another, containing nine of the above, was published in 2 vols. London, 1825. ‘Church and King,’ a thanksgiving sermon for 29 May, by Pasquin Shaveblock, London, 1795, although attributed to Macgowan, seems unlikely to be his.

MACGRADOIGH, AUGUSTIN (1349–1405), also called Magraidin (O'Donovan), Magradian, and MacCraith (O'Reilly), Irish chronicler, probably a native of Heath, was born in 1349. He entered the convent on Oilen-na-naomh in Loch Ree of the Shannon, and became a canon-regular of St. Austin. He became famous as a scribe, and was versed in secular as well as religious learning. He continued the annals of [q. v.] to the year 1405, and his death is recorded in those annals by a subsequent hand. The O'Clerys (Annala Rioghachta Eireann, ii. 754) give'a long extract from a bookwritten in part by him and called 'Liubhar an Oilen,' but it is not certain that this, which is not now extant separately or in full, is a different work from his continuation of 'Tighearnach,' Some lives of saints which he is said to have written, have not been identified in modern times, but are probably in existence. He died in the last week of October 1405 at Oilen-na-naomh.

MACGREGOR, CHARLES METCALFE (1840–1887), major-general, born at Agra in 1840, second son of Robert Guthrie MacGregor, was brought up in Perthshire and was educated at Marlborough College. As ensign in the 57th Bengal N.I. he was present at the outbreak. of the mutiny at Firozpur in 1857, and took .part in the pursuit of the 10th light cavalry. He was engaged in the final operations at the siege of Delhi, accompanied Colonel Gerrard's column at the taking of Rewari; at Kariaonda, and in the action of Narnoul, where he captured a gun, cutting down one of the gunners. MacGregor next distinguished himself, when under Sir T. Seaton's command, in hand-to-hand combats at Gangeri, Patiali, and Manipuri. He also served with Lord Clyde's army throughout the siege, and storming of Lucknow (where his elder brother had recently died during the defence of the residency), and killed a Sepoy after a desperate encounter. He accompanied Sir Hope Grant's force to the north of Lucknow, where he fought at Bari, and then in many other minor skirmishes was always noticeable for his gallant disregard of danger.

In August 1858 MacGregor was given the command of a squadron of Hodson's horse and after crossing a river near Daryabad, under a heavy fire, with only seventy sabres, he charged the enemy and captured a gun, his horse being killed and himself severely wounded. On recovery he rejoined Sir Hope Grant's force, with which he was present at the passage of the Gogra, in actions at Wazirgaon, Machligaon, Bankasia, and in the operations across the Rapti river. In 1859 he led the advance guard of Sir A. Horsford's expedition, charged the enemy three times at Sarwaghat, where he killed four Sepoys in hand-to-hand fight, having his horse wounded. Subsequently, while serving with Brigadier HoldicVs column, he captured Murad Baksh, the famous rebel chief, who had opened fire on the English women at Cawnpore. In 1860 MacGregor, having joined Fane's horse (now 19th Bengal lancers), served in it through the campaign in China.


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