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 You say,’ added he in a trembling voice, ‘that the phantom kissed the two children’s foreheads?’ I answered him, that it was even so. He then exclaimed, in accents of the deepest despair, ‘Oh heavens! they must then both die!—

Till now the company had listened without the slightest noise or interruption to Ferdinand: but as he pronounced the last words, the greater part of his audience trembled; and the young lady who had previously occupied the chair on which he sat, uttered a piercing shriek.

“Imagine,” continued Ferdinand, “how astonished my friend must have been at this unexpected exclamation. The vision of the night had caused him excess of agitation; but the melancholy voice of the count pierced his heart, and seemed to annihilate his being, by the terrifying conviction of the existence of the spiritual world, and the secret horrors with which this idea was accompanied. It was not then a dream, a chimera, the fruit of an over-heated imagination! but a mysterious and infallible messenger, which, dispatched from the world of spirits, had passed close to him, had placed itself by his couch, and by its fatal kiss had dropt the germ of death in the bosom of the two children.

“He vainly entreated the count to explain this extraordinary event. Equally fruitless were his son’s

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Rh of Cambria.’ In all probability the passage about Madog was substantially contained in Llwyd's manuscript, and the story may thus be thrown as far back as 1559. Powel tells us that Madog left Wales to avoid the unbrotherly strife which followed the death of Owain Gwynedd in 1170, and that, after leaving Ireland to the north, he came to a strange land, which must, says our author, have been Florida, or New Spain. He returned after his first voyage, and then with ten vessels made a second expedition, after which he was never heard of more. But reasons are given for believing that he founded a settlement in America, e.g. the occurrence of certain words of Welsh significance in American languages, the fact that in some parts of the continent the cross was honoured, and the avowedly foreign origin of the ruling class in Mexico.

It has been maintained by the defenders of the Madog theory that Powel's narrative is professedly based upon one by Gutyn Owain, who flourished in the age before Columbus. But it is only on one point, in fact, that he cites the bard, viz. the number of ships which Madog had with him on his second voyage; and tradition, we have already seen, had fixed upon ten as the number of Madog's fleet before there was any talk of his having discovered America. Powel's real authority, it is easy to see, was popular tradition—the old legend about the mysterious disappearance amplified into a discovery of the New World. We are told by him that in the popular account there was much exaggeration (of the kind to be expected in a fairy tale), so that he only gave what he took to be the basis of fact (Historie of Cambria, ed. 1584, pp. 166 et seq.)

A story so flattering to national pride naturally made great headway. James Howell accepted it, and in confirmation quoted the four lines from Maredudd ap Rhys (‘Madoc wyf,’ &c.) as having been found upon Madog's tomb ‘in the West Indies nere upon 600 years since’ (Ep. Ho-El. ed. Jacobs, iv. ep. 30). It was believed by Theophilus Evans (Drych y Prif Oesoedd, 1716, pt. i. cap. 1), who also quotes the supposed epitaph upon Madog. Sir Thomas Herbert (1606–1682) [q. v.], in his ‘Travels into Africa and Asia the Great’ (3rd ed. 1677), tells the story with much detail, though his arguments are only those of Powel refurbished. But the doughtiest champions of the theory were Dr. W. O. Pughe and his friend Iolo Morganwg [see, 1740–1826]. In 1791 they wrote a series of notes in its defence for the ‘Gentleman's Magazine;’ in the ‘Cambrian Biography’ (1803, art. ‘Madog ab Owain Gwynedd’) it is stated in the most positive form; and in vol. i. of the ‘Cambro-Briton’ (1820, pp. 57 et seq.), with which Dr. Pughe was closely connected, a Dr. John Jones, who had thrown doubt upon it, is very severely treated. It was from Dr. Pughe and his circle that Southey heard the story; with the result that in 1805 he published ‘Madoc.’ So great was the enthusiasm at this period that Iolo Morganwg at one time thought seriously of visiting America on a tour of search for the ‘Madogwys’ (, Recollections of Iolo Morganwg, 1850, pp. 36–7), and in 1790 a young man named John Evans actually left Wales with the intention of preaching the gospel to his imaginary kinsmen. He wandered about the continent a good deal and endured many hardships, but, though he reached the district (the lower Missouri valley) where the Welsh Indians were at this time generally held to be situated, there is nothing to show that he made any discovery of the kind expected (Enwogion Cymru, 1870).

During the present century the adherents of the theory have gradually disappeared. Catlin believed that the Mandans of the upper Missouri were remnants of the Welsh colony (North American Indians, 5th ed. 1845, ii. 259), but the arguments he alleges are not convincing. Thomas Stephens expressed himself somewhat doubtfully upon the question in the ‘Literature of the Kymry’ (1st ed. 1849), but, when a prize was offered in connection with the Llangollen Eisteddfod of 1858 for ‘the best essay on the discovery of America in the twelfth century by Prince Madoc ap Owen Gwynedd,’ he sent in an elaborate essay showing that the discovery could not have taken place. Though the ablest essay in the competition, this was denied the prize, on account of the opinions expressed in it.

 MADOG GRUFFYDD MAELOR (d. 1236), prince of Northern Powys, probably succeeded on the death of his father, Gruffydd Maelor, in 1191, to the greater part of that principality, and in 1197, by the death of his brother Owain, became ruler of the whole. It was in the latter year that Gwenwynwyn [q. v.] inherited from his father, Owain Cyfeiliog, the southern half of Powys, so that the two regions, remaining for some twenty years in the hands of these two princes, came naturally to be known as Powys Fadog and Powys Wenwynwyn.


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Rh Madog was a contemporary of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth [q. v.], and is at all times found acting with the minor princes whom that great ruler controlled and occasionally drove into rebellion. He joined Llywelyn, Gwenwynwyn, and the South Welsh princes in writing to complain to Innocent III of the ecclesiastical tyranny exercised by England over Wales (, De Jure et Statu Menevensis Ecclesiæ, Dist. iv.) In 1211, when John invaded Wales in order to humble Llywelyn, Madog was one of the band of princes who seized the opportunity to cast off the yoke of Gwynedd. Like the rest, he returned in 1212 to his old allegiance. His name appears in a list of Llywelyn's allies drawn up on 18 Aug. 1214 (, Princes of Upper Powys, document 9), and his household troops were with the Prince of Gwynedd in the South Welsh expedition of December 1215. In 1223 he was one of the princes who undertook, in case Llywelyn did not observe his promises to the king, to make good the default (, Fœdera, ed. 1739, tom. i. pt. i. p. 89). He died in 1236.

Madog was the founder of Valle Crucis (or Llan Egwestl) Abbey, the building of which began in 1200. The ‘Myvyrian Archaiology’ contains one poem in his honour by Llywarch ab Llywelyn (2nd edit. p. 209) and two by Einion Wan (pp. 232–3).

 MADOG (fl. 1294–1295), leader of the North Welsh rebellion, is termed by Trivet ‘quemdam de genere Lewelini principis ultimi;’ Walter of Hemingburgh says he claimed to be descended ‘de sanguine principis Leulini;’ the ‘Annals of Worcester’ call him ‘Madocus ap Lewelin.’ Contemporary narratives of his rebellion only supply accounts of him, but it may safely be concluded that he was a natural son of Llywelyn, the last prince of Wales [see, d 1282.] The occasion of the rebellion was the heavy taxation levied in 1294 towards the king's projected expedition to Gascony. It broke out, as the result of a previous arrangement, in all parts of Wales on Michaelmas day, Madog being the leader in the north. At Carnarvon advantage was taken of the Michaelmas fair to fall upon the English suddenly; many were slain, including Roger Puleston, the sheriff of Anglesey, and the town and castle were burnt. Edward, after sending in November his brother Edmund, earl of Lancaster [q. v.], and Henry Lacy, third earl of Lincoln [q. v.], to quell the rising without much result, invaded North Wales himself. He reached the mouth of the Conway, and spent his Christmas in the town. Owing to the division of his army, however, and the capture of his provision wagons, he was for a time reduced to great straits. On 5 March 1295 the Earl of Warwick greatly improved the position of the invaders by a night attack upon Madog's host, which had encamped on a plain between two groves. After a stubborn fight the Welsh were defeated and Madog forced to flee from the field, which henceforth was known as Maes Madog, i.e. Madog's field (Ann. Wig.) After Easter the king crossed over to Anglesey, began the building of Beaumaris Castle, and received the submission of large numbers of the men of the island. In May he travelled to South Wales. Madog still remained under arms, but his submission was not long delayed. According to some authorities (, Ann. Osen.) he was captured; the language of the ‘Annals of Worcester’ (‘Madocus ab Lewelin, ducente domino Johanne de Haveringe, venit cum sua familia ad pacem regis’) and of the ‘Annals of Dunstable’ (‘Maddoc … per dictum Johannem de Haverigge ad pacem regis venit’) rather implies that he came in voluntarily. Hemingburgh tells us that he made terms for himself by promising to deliver up his fellow-conspirator Morgan; but Morgan had already made his peace (Ann. Wig.) Madog's surrender took place on 31 July (ib.) Edward was able to meet the magnates of the realm in August with the news of the entire suppression of the rising. Of the insurgents only a certain Cynan was executed (ib.), though the rest were probably subjected to some confinement.

 MADOG BENFRAS (i.e. ) (fl. 1350), Welsh poet, was son of Gruffydd ab Iorwerth ab Einion Goch o Sonlli ab Ieuaf ap Llywarch [ab Ieuaf?] ap Nynniaw ap Cynwrig ap Rhiwallon. He and his three brothers, called ‘Brodyr Marchwiail,’ played prominent parts in the fourteenth-century movement for the revival of Welsh poetry. Madog, according to tradition, won the chair and the birchen wreath offered for the best love song in the third of the three ‘Eisteddfods of the Renaissance.’ He was the friend of Dafydd ap Gwilym, who playfully introduces him into one of his poems as


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Rh Hir ab Einion Yrth ap Cunedda Wledig (Harl. MS. 3859, as printed in Y Cymmrodor, ix. 170; Jesus Coll. MS. 20, as printed in Y Cymmrodor, viii. 87). To Cunedda is attributed by tradition the first onslaught upon the Irish of Gwynedd, and to his grandson Cadwallon (wrongly called Caswallon) their final overthrow in their stronghold of Anglesey (Iolo MSS. Liverpool reprint, pp. 78, 81, 82). Thus Maelgwn belongs to the age immediately succeeding that of Brythonic conquest in Wales, reaping the benefit of that conquest in a reign of prosperity and power. It would appear from Gildas that he became king by overthrowing his uncle, whose name is not given, that his arms were afterwards successfully turned against many other British princes, and that the position he finally achieved was one of great consequence in the island. Tradition and Gildas agree in representing him as a strenuous, wilful ruler, wielding great power over his subjects. The catalogue of crimes laid to his charge by the monk includes the overthrow of his uncle and other princes, the murder of his nephew and of his first wife (both steps towards a second marriage with the nephew's wife), and the disgraceful abandonment of monastic vows solemnly and deliberately taken. Legends tell us of the craft of Maelgwn in procuring himself a ‘white chair of waxed wings’ on which to ride the rising flood tide when the men of Wales met to choose an overlord on the sands of Dyfi (ib. pp. 73–4), of his imprisonment of Prince Elphin ap Gwyddno in a prison of thirteen locks (ib. p. 73), and of the Yellow Monster which at last put an end to his wickedness (ib. p. 78; Bustl y Beirdd as given in Myvyrian Archaiology, 2nd edit. p. 29). Gildas calls him ‘cunctis pene Britanniæ ducibus … status liniamento editiorem’ (§ 33 in Stevenson's edit.), and he was known to later tradition as Maelgwn Hir (i.e. the Tall).

Maelgwn's better-known epithet connects him with Gwynedd, or North-west Wales. The rock of Degannwy, near Llandudno, is said to have been his principal stronghold (‘Hanes Taliesin’ in Mabinogion, iii. 329), and a Bryn Maelgwn in the immediate neighbourhood favours the statement. So he is said by some authorities (e.g. by in Mona Antiqua, and by  in the Essay on the Welsh Saints) to have founded the bishopric of Gwynedd, establishing Deiniol at Bangor Fawr yn Arfon. This is a little difficult to reconcile with the date of Deiniol (whose father, Dunawd, died about 597), but, the invectives of Gildas notwithstanding, there is every reason to suppose that Maelgwn, like the rest of his house, gave official countenance to Christianity. It was his father, Cadwallon, who, according to one tradition (Iolo MSS. Liverpool reprint, p. 82), set the saints in Anglesey to teach the faith of Christ, and his daughter Eurgain founded the church of Northop (Myv. Arch. 2nd edit. p. 424). Hence Professor Rhys conjectures that the contest between Maelgwn and his bards on the one hand and Elphin and Taliesin on the other represents the antagonism between court Christianity and the dying paganism of the older bardic society (‘Hanes Taliesin’ in Mabinogion; Hibbert Lectures for 1886, p. 547). That Maelgwn had minstrels attached to his court we know, not only from tradition (Iolo MSS. p. 73), but also from Gildas (§ 34 in Stevenson's edition, sentence beginning ‘Arrecto aurium’).

Tradition makes Maelgwn die a victim to the avenging wrath of the Fad Felen or Yellow Monster. He saw it, says one account, through the keyhole of the church at Eglwys Rhos, where he had taken refuge, and forthwith perished (Iolo MSS. p. 78). This is but a lively way of putting the fact, testified to by some early though not contemporary authorities (Chronicle in Harl. MS. 3859, printed in Cymmrodor, ix. 155; Liber Landavensis, 1840 edit. p. 101), that he met his death by the ‘yellow pestilence,’ a plague also mentioned by Irish annalists, and fixed by them at about A.D. 550. The chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth (who otherwise follows Gildas almost entirely) and an old proverb, ‘Long sleeps Maelgwn in Eglwys Rhos’ (Transactions of the Liverpool Eisteddfod, p. 560; Myv. Arch. p. 849; Annales Cambriæ, sub anno 547, has ‘llis’ for ‘eglwys’), confirm the story that the king died in the little church of Eglwys Rhos, the nearest to his castle of Degannwy. The date 547 given in the tenth-century chronicle in Harleian MS. 3859 was for some time a stumbling-block to historians, since Gildas speaks of Maelgwn as alive in a work long believed to have been written in 560. But M. de la Borderie has recently shown that there is no reason for assigning the ‘Epistola’ to the latter date, an earlier year in the century being in fact what one would expect (Revue Celtique, 1883, vi. 1–13).

 MAELMURA (d. 886), Irish historian, was a native of Ulster, and is generally called Maelmura Othna, from the ancient


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 endeavours to obtain from the count the developement of this mystery, which apparently concerned the whole family. ‘You are as yet too young,’ replied the count: ‘too soon, alas! for your peace of mind, will you be informed of these terrible circumstances which you now think mysterious.’

“Just as they came to announce to my friend that all was ready, he recollected that during the recital the count had sent away Emily and her two younger brothers. Deeply agitated, he took leave of the count and the two young children who came towards him, and who would scarcely permit themselves to be separated from him. Emily, who had placed herself at a window, made a sign of adieu. Three days afterwards the young count received news of the death of his two younger brothers. They were both taken off in the same night.

“You see,” continued Ferdinand, in a gayer tone, in order to counteract the impression of sadness and melancholy his story had produced on the company; “You see my history is very far from affording any natural explication of the wonders it contains; explanations which only tend to shock one’s reason: it does not even make you entirely acquainted with the mysterious person, which one has a right to expect in all marvellous recitals. But I could learn nothing more; and the old count

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 dying without revealing the mystery to his son, I see no other means of terminating the history of the portrait, which is undoubtedly by no means devoid of interest, than by inventing according to one’s fancy a dénouement which shall explain all.”

“That does not appear at all necessary to me,” said a young man: “this history, like the one that preceded it, is in reality finished, and gives all the satisfaction one has any right to expect from recitals of this species.”

“I should not agree with you,” replied Ferdinand, “if I was capable of explaining the mysterious connection between the portrait and the death of the two children in the same night, or the terror of Juliana at sight of the other portrait, and her death, consequently caused by it. I am, however, not the less obliged to you for the entire satisfaction you evince.”

“But,” resumed the young man, “what benefit would your imagination receive, if the connections of which you speak were known to you?”

“Very great benefit, without doubt,” replied Ferdinand; “for imagination requires the completion of the objects it represents, as much as the judgment requires correctness and accuracy in its ideas.”

The mistress of the house, not being partial to these metaphysical disputes, took part with Fer-

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 dinand: “We ladies,” said she, “are always curious; therefore don’t wonder that we complain when a story has no termination. It appears to me like seeing the last scene of Mozart’s Don Juan without having witnessed the preceding ones; and I am sure no one would be the better satisfied, although the last scene should possess infinite merit.”

The young man remained silent, perhaps less through conviction than politeness. Several persons were preparing to retire; and Ferdinand, who had vainly searched with all his eyes for the young lady with flaxen hair, was already at the door, when an elderly gentleman, whom he remembered to have seen in the music-room, asked him whether the friend concerning whom he had related the story was not called Count Meltheim?

“That is his name,” answered Ferdinand a little drily; “how did you guess it?—are you acquainted with his family?”

“You have advanced nothing but the simple truth,” resumed the unknown. “Where is the count at this moment?”

“He is on his travels,” replied Ferdinand. “But I am astonished”

“Do you correspond with him?” demanded the unknown.

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 MR. CAMPBELL AND MR. CRABBE.

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 MR. BROUGHAM—SIR FRANCIS BURDETT.

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 LORD ELDON

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MR. WILBERFORCE.

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 MR. T. MOORE.—MR. LEIGH HUNT.

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Author:Charles Henry Pearson

Works

 * A History of England during the Early and Middle Ages in two volumes, (1861-8)
 * Historical Maps of England during the First Thirteen Centuries (1869), third edition (1884)
 * History of England in the Fourteenth Century
 * English Grammar
 * National Life and Character (1893)

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Rh as assistant-keeper of manuscripts, was made a knight of the Guelphic order in 1832, a knight bachelor in 1833, and in 1837 became head of the manuscript department. In that situation he personally displayed the most unremitting diligence, but he failed, partly through a lack of cordiality in his relations with some of his colleagues, to maintain the department at a high level of efficiency. The great amount of manual as well as mental labour performed by him in the service of the museum did not disable him from literary pursuits, nearly all the editorial work on which his reputation as a scholar principally rests having been performed during his connection with that institution. He was also indefatigable in amassing manuscript material, much of which remains unused. As a palæographer he had no rival in his day, his sagacity, confirmed by long practice, appearing almost intuition. It was most conspicuously evinced in 1859 in the recognition of the notes in the ‘Perkins’ copy of the Shakespeare folio as forgeries, though personal considerations induced him to leave further investigation to others [see under ]. His only extensive contributions to palæographic literature, however, were the text he wrote for Shaw's work on illuminated ornaments (1833) and his edition of the English translation of Silvestre's ‘Universal Palæography,’ 1850.

As an antiquary he published four great editions of ancient works, which stand out decisively from the mass of similar publications. The philological importance of his edition of ‘Havelok the Dane,’ 1828, is only surpassed by his publication for the Society of Antiquaries of Layamon's ‘Brut,’ 1847. Layamon [q. v.] is an English Ennius as regards language, though his matter is derived from foreign sources. A still more truly national work was Madden's magnificent edition, in conjunction with the Rev. Josiah Forshall [q. v.], of Wiclif's Bible, 1850, in the preparation of which sixty-five manuscripts were consulted by the editors. From 1866 to 1869 appeared in the Rolls Series his edition of Matthew Paris's ‘Historia Anglorum,’ with an important preface, pointing out that the largest portion of the ‘Flores Historiarum,’ attributed to the pseudo Matthew of Westminster, is partly in the handwriting of Matthew Paris himself, containing also a full investigation of the various manuscripts, and the proof of the untrustworthiness of the text given by Archbishop Parker. The third volume is prefaced by a biography of Matthew Paris, with an estimate of his place in literature.

Among Madden's minor publications, all of importance, may be especially named his editions of the metrical romances of ‘William and the Werewolf’ (1832) and ‘Syr Gawayne’ (1839), and of the old English versions of the ‘Gesta Romanorum’ (1838). He also edited (1831) the ‘Register of the Privy Purse Expenses of Mary Tudor as Princess,’ and wrote a number of separate memoirs on antiquarian and palæographical subjects, the best known of which is his ‘Observations on an Autograph of Shakspere and the Orthography of his Name’ (reprinted from the ‘Archæologia,’ vol. xxvii., in 1838). He contends that the name should be written ‘Shakspere,’ and that the extant autographs present no obstacle to the acceptance of that spelling. He had projected a history of chess in the middle ages, in conjunction with Howard Staunton [q. v.], but the book was never completed. Madden's abilities were rather critical than constructive, and he makes little effort to invest his subjects with the literary charm which they might well have admitted. He was well versed in early French and English, including their dialectical forms, but was disqualified from great eminence as a philologist by an imperfect knowledge of German.

Madden was one of the first hundred members selected for the Athenæum Club on 12 June 1830. He was elected an F.R.S. in February 1830, was a gentleman of the privy chamber both to William IV and Queen Victoria, a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries (1828), and a member of the Royal Irish Academy and of numerous other learned societies. He died of pleurisy at his residence in St. Stephen's Square on 8 March 1873. His journals and papers were bequeathed to the Bodleian Library, where they are to remain unopened until 1920.

Madden was twice married. One of his sons, Mr. Frederic William Madden, is a distinguished numismatist, and author of a standard work on Hebrew coinage (1864).  MADDEN, GEORGE ALLAN (1771–1828), major-general in the British and Portuguese armies, eighth son and fifteenth and youngest child of James Madden, of Cole Hill House, Fulham, Middlesex, was born in London 3 Jan. 1771, and was baptised at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. After attending private schools, and accepting an


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 Services of Colonel G. A. Madden, privately printed in 1815, and family papers and memoranda; Napier's Hist. Peninsular War, revised ed. (1852), passim; Philippart's Roy. Mil. Calendar, 1820, iv. 98 et seq.; Gurwood's Wellington Desp. vols. iv. v.; Wellington's Supplementary Desp. vols. vi. vii. xiii. xiv. xv.; Archdeacon H. P. Wright's Hist. of the ‘Domus Dei’ or Royal Garrison Church, Portsmouth (1873). Madden's second name is misspelt in all army lists. The date of his death is wrongly given in the Army List and in obituary notices.]

MADDEN, RICHARD ROBERT (1798–1886), miscellaneous writer, youngest son of Edward Madden, silk manufacturer, of Dublin, by his second wife, Elizabeth, youngest daughter of Thaddeus Forde of Corry, co. Leitrim, was born on 22 Aug. 1798. He was educated at a private school in Dublin, and studied medicine in Paris, Naples (where in 1823 he made the acquaintance of Lady Blessington and her circle), and at St. George's Hospital, London. While in Italy he acted as the correspondent of the ‘Morning Herald.’ Between 1824 and 1827 he travelled in the Levant, visiting Smyrna, Constantinople, Candia, Egypt, and Syria. He returned to England in 1828, and in the following year was elected a member of the College of Surgeons, of which he was made a fellow in 1855. For a time he practised as a surgeon in Curzon Street, Mayfair, but in 1833 went out to Jamaica as one of the special magistrates appointed to administer the statute abolishing slavery in the plantations. His zeal on behalf of the negroes in his district (that of Kingston) embroiled him with the planters, and he resigned his office in November 1834. After a tour on the American continent he returned to England, and in 1836 was appointed superintendent of liberated Africans and judge arbitrator in the mixed court of commission, Havana. There he remained until 1840, when he accompanied Sir [q.v.] on his philanthropic mission to Egypt. In 1841 he was employed on the west coast of Africa as special commissioner of inquiry into the administration of the British settlements, and exposed the iniquitous ‘pawn system,’ which was slavery under a specious disguise. From November 1843 to August 1846 he resided at Lisbon as special correspondent of the ‘Morning Chronicle.’ In 1847 he was appointed colonial secretary of Western Australia, where he exerted himself to protect such rights as still remained to the aborigines. Returning to Ireland on furlough in 1848 he interested himself in the cause of the starving peasantry, and in 1850 resigned his Australian office for that of secretary to the Loan Fund Board, Dublin Castle, which he held until 1880.

Madden is best known as the author of ‘The United Irishmen, their Lives and Times,’ London, 1843–6, 7 vols. 8vo, 2nd edit. 1858, 2 vols. 8vo, an historical work of some importance, though written in an extremely partisan spirit; ‘The Life and Martyrdom of Savonarola,’ London, 1853, 2 vols. 8vo, an extremely inartistic performance; and ‘The Literary Life and Correspondence of the Countess of Blessington,’ London, 1855, 8vo. Madden was a member of the Royal Irish Academy, and a corresponding member of the Society of Medical Science. He was a devout Roman catholic, a patriotic Irishman, and an excellent host and raconteur. He died at his residence in Vernon Terrace, Booterstown, on 5 Feb. 1886, and was buried in Donnybrook graveyard.

Madden married in 1828 Harriet, youngest daughter of John Elmslie of Jamaica, who survived him and died on 7 Feb. 1888. By her he had issue three sons, of whom two survived him. Besides the three works above mentioned Madden published the following:  ‘Travels in Turkey, Egypt, Nubia, and Palestine in 1824–7,’ London, 1829, 2 vols. 8vo.  ‘The Mussulman,’ a novel, London, 1830, 3 vols. 8vo.  ‘The Infirmities of Genius, illustrated by referring the Anomalies in the Literary Character to the Habits and Constitutional Peculiarities of Men of Genius,’ London, 1833, 2 vols. 8vo.  ‘A Twelve-month's Residence in the West Indies during the Transition from Slavery to Apprenticeship,’ London, 1835, 2 vols. 8vo.  ‘Letter to W. E. Channing, D.D., on the Subject of the Abuse of the Flag of the United States in the Island of Cuba, and the Advantage taken of its Protection in Promoting the Slave Trade,’ Boston, 1839, 12mo.  ‘Poems by a Slave in the Island of Cuba recently liberated, translated from the Spanish; with the History of the Early Life of the Negro Poet, written by Himself; to which are prefixed Two Pieces Descriptive of Cuban Slavery and the Slave-Traffic by R. R. M.,’ London, 1840, 8vo.  ‘Address on Slavery in Cuba, presented to the General Anti-Slavery Convention,’ London, 1840, 8vo.  ‘Egypt and Mohammed Ali, illustrative of the Condition of his Slaves and Subjects,’ London, 1841, 12mo.  ‘The History of the Penal Laws enacted against Roman Catholics,’ London, 1847, 8vo.  ‘The Island of Cuba: its Resources, Progress, and Prospects,’ London, 1849, 12mo.  ‘Shrines and Sepulchres of the Old and New Worlds: Records of Pilgrimages in many Lands,’ &c., London,<section end="Madden, Richard Robert"/> </ol>


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Rh engagement on trial in a merchant's office from September 1787, his father, in February 1788, obtained for him a commission in the army. He was appointed cornet in the 14th light dragoons (now hussars) in Ireland, 14 March 1789. On 30 June 1791 he purchased (from Arthur Wellesley, afterwards Duke of Wellington, then promoted in the 58th foot) a lieutenancy in the 12th or Prince of Wales's light dragoons (now lancers), in which regiment he became captain 29 June 1793 and major 25 Dec. 1800. After serving several years in Ireland, he embarked with his regiment at Cork in September 1793 for Ostend. Contrary winds drove them back, and the regiment was counter-ordered to Toulon, then just relieved by Admiral Hood [see ]. Adverse winds and defective supplies caused innumerable delays, and Toulon had been evacuated before the regiment arrived. Madden was with the mounted portion of the regiment, which was refused permission to land at Leghorn. At Porto Ferrajo, island of Elba, no forage could be found. At length, at the invitation of Pope Pius VI, it was put ashore at Civita Vecchia, 6 March 1794, the surviving horses, it is said (Services of Colonel G. A. Madden, p. 3), having then been nine months ashipboard. During the stay of the troops at Civita Vecchia gold medals were presented by the pope to the officers. It appears from the exergue that the medals were originally struck to commemorate the restoration of the port; but a subsequent order of the general commanding directed them to be constantly worn by the recipients, out of respect to the memory of the ill-fated pontiff. Pictures of the reception of the officers at Rome by Pius VI are at South Kensington, and in the officers mess 12th lancers. The regiment left Civita Vecchia in May 1794; took part in the operations in Corsica ending with the fall of Calvi in August, and was ordered home in November the same year. Madden's troop was shipwrecked on the coast of Spain. The men and horses were saved, and were assigned quarters by the Spanish government in one of the Puntales forts, near Cadiz, where they remained until a ship was sent out from England to fetch them home in August 1795 (ib. p. 4).

Madden's conduct was warmly approved by the British authorities at Gibraltar. In January 1797 he went with his regiment to Portugal, and was stationed three years at Lisbon. In 1801 the regiment accompanied Sir Ralph Abercromby [q. v.] to Egypt, and took part in the battle before Alexandria and the advance on Cairo. During the latter, Madden, the youngest field officer of cavalry present with the army, was sent by Lord Hutchinson [see, second ] with detachments of the 12th and 26th (afterwards 23rd) light dragoons, on special service towards Rosetta. Throughout the march on Cairo Madden's activity and intelligence won Hutchinson's high approbation.

There was much want of harmony between Madden and the officer in temporary command of the regiment, Colonel Browne, afterwards General Browne-Clayton, K.C. (see Gent. Mag. 1845, ii. 197). An angry altercation on duty matters had taken place between them (see Trial of G. A. Madden, London, 1803, pp. 37–8), and in August 1801 Madden charged Browne with having committed perjury in a recent court-martial on a captain of the 12th dragoons. In consequence Madden was arraigned before a general court-martial on a charge of unofficerlike conduct and disrespect to his commanding officer. The court-martial, of which Major-general (Sir) John Moore was president, and Colonels John Stuart (of Maida), Alan Cameron of Lochiel [q. v.], and other famous officers were members, was held in the camp before Alexandria, 31 Aug. 1801. Two editions of the proceedings were printed. The court found Madden guilty of the charge, and adjudged him to be dismissed the service. Lord Hutchinson refused to confirm the proceedings. Eventually, Madden, who was very popular with his brother-officers, was sent home, and permitted to retire by the sale of his commissions (Lond. Gaz. 26 May 1802), all of which he had purchased. When the 12th light dragoons arrived in England three years later, a duel took place between Madden and Blunden, a major of the regiment, who had taken a part against Madden in the quarrel. Madden, after receiving his adversary's shot, fired in the air, and the matter ended.

Madden was on terms of the closest intimacy with the margrave and margravine of Anspach [see under ], and lived with the family at Benham, Berkshire, and Brandenburgh House, Hammersmith, during the greater part of 1804–5. On 4 July 1805 he was, at the margrave's instance, appointed inspecting field-officer of yeomanry cavalry and volunteers in the midland district, with the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel. On 17 May 1807 his appointment was renewed in the Severn district. He held the post until June 1809, when he was appointed a brigadier-general in the Portuguese army, with pay and allowances as in the British service


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Rh On 10 Sept. 1809 Marshal Beresford gave Madden a Portuguese cavalry brigade. Five months later Lord Wellington inspected the brigade, and expressed the highest approval of its discipline and good order, to which it had been brought in the face of difficulties of every kind. In August 1810 Madden's brigade was sent into Spain, to be attached to the Spanish army of Estramadura, commanded by the Marquis de la Romana. Wellington, who thought highly of Madden, recommended him to Romana as ‘un officier Anglais de beaucoup de talent’ (, v. 220). Madden's brigade remained with the Spaniards, under Romana and his successor, Mendizabel, throughout the French siege of Badajoz until its surrender to the French in March 1811 (see, revised ed. vols. iii. iv.) At Fuente de Cantos, 15 Sept. 1810, he saved the Spanish army—which, hard pressed by the French, was retreating in disorder, and like to disperse in flight—by most gallantly charging with his brigade a superior force of French hussars (ib. iii. 17). At Gebora, on the San Engracio heights, on 19 Feb. 1811, when the Spanish army was routed, and Madden's Portuguese, following the dastardly example of the Spaniards, ran away (ib. iii. 97–8), he was allowed on all sides to have done all that man could do. His brigade was with Beresford's army before Badajoz, but a small portion only were engaged at Albuera, the rest being on detached duty with Madden, who was unaware of the likelihood of a battle; it was subsequently with the allied cavalry under General William Lumley [q. v.], and with Wellington's army until the latter raised the second siege of Badajoz and retired behind the Caya. During the latter part of these operations Madden's command was augmented by two more regiments, raising the Portuguese cavalry under him to the strength of a division. When Wellington's army went into cantonments for the winter, the Portuguese cavalry was sent to Oporto, where it remained during the rest of the year. Early in 1812 it was ordered to Golegao, near Lisbon. The difficulty of procuring remounts decided Beresford to reduce the number of regiments, and to give up the idea of employing the Portuguese cavalry in brigades for a time. Madden thus found his occupation gone, and returned home in the early summer of 1812. In the meantime he had been reinstated in his rank in the British service, ‘at the special request of the Prince Regent and the government of Portugal, in recompense for his services in the army of that country’ (Lond. Gaz. 3 March 1812). In the ‘Annual Army List’ of 1813 his name reappears as lieutenant-colonel, late 12th dragoons, with seniority from 4 July 1805.

Madden went back to Portugal in August 1812, and was appointed to command the 7th brigade of Portuguese infantry, which passed the winter of 1812–13 in villages about the Estrella mountains, and by arduous forced marches joined Wellington at Vittoria the morning after the great victory of 21 June 1813. Madden commanded the brigade, which was attached to the sixth British division, in the operations in the Pyrenees during the blockade of Pampeluna, including the affairs at St. Estevan and Sauroren. He attained the rank of marechal de campo, or major-general, in the Portuguese service, on 4 June 1813, but to avoid difficulties as to precedence, the promotion appears not to have been announced until after the arrival from home of the 4 June birthday ‘Gazette,’ by which he was promoted colonel in the British army. Notwithstanding the high character of his services with the Portuguese army—he had been third in seniority among the English officers, and had commanded a cavalry division—the precedence given by his Portuguese rank was regarded as unfair to the English colonels of equal standing, and he was directed to resign his brigade to the next senior officer, Sir John Douglas. After witnessing the assault on San Sebastian as a spectator, he repaired to Lisbon to await orders, and remained unemployed until the peace, when he returned home. He became a major-general in the British army 12 Aug. 1819.

Madden was made C.B. 4 June 1815, a knight commander of the Tower and Sword in Portugal 19 Dec. 1815, and a knight bachelor 5 July 1816. He had, besides the papal medal, the Turkish order of the Crescent, the general officers' gold medal for the Pyrenees, and the Portuguese ‘Guerra Peninsular’ cross, decreed 1 July 1816, and given some years later to all officers effective in the six campaigns 1809–16 (see Naval and Mil. Gaz. 27 April 1844, p. 261). Madden died unmarried, on 8 Dec. 1828, at the age of fifty-seven, at Portsmouth, at the house of his brother, Captain William John Madden, half-pay royal marines, who was father of Sir Frederic Madden [q. v.] He was buried with military honours in Portsmouth Royal Garrison Church, where is a tablet to his memory.

Madden's portrait was painted in 1817 by Miss Geddes, afterwards Mrs. Margaret Sarah Carpenter [q. v.], and copied in oils by Samuel Cousins, R.A.

[Notes supplied by Madden's grandnephew, Frederic William Madden, esq., M.R.A.S., from


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 1851, 2 vols. 8vo.  ‘Phantasmata, or Illusions and Fanaticisms of Protean Forms, productive of Great Evils,’ London, 1857, 2 vols. 8vo.  ‘The Turkish Empire in its Relations with Christianity and Civilisation,’ London, 1862, 2 vols. 8vo.  ‘Galileo and the Inquisition,’ London, 1863, 8vo.  ‘The History of Irish Periodical Literature from the End of the 17th to the Middle of the 19th Century: its Origin, Progress, and Results, with Notices of Remarkable Persons connected with the Press in Ireland during the past Two Centuries,’ London, 1867, 2 vols. 8vo. From materials collected by him also was compiled ‘Ireland in '98: Sketches of the Principal Men of the Time, based upon the Published Volumes and some Unpublished Manuscripts of the late Dr. Madden,’ ed. J. Bowles Daly, LL.D., London, 1888, 8vo.

MADDEN, SAMUEL, D.D. (1686–1765), miscellaneous writer and philanthropist, born in Dublin on 23 Dec. 1686, was son of John Madden, M.D., one of the original members of the Irish College of Physicians, by his first wife, Mary, daughter of Samuel Molyneux, and sister of the famous [q. v.] and of Sir [q. v.], professor of physic at Dublin. He entered the university of Dublin on 28 Feb. 1700. On the death of his father in 1703 he succeeded to the family estates, and took possession of the seat of Manor Waterhouse, co. Fermanagh, three miles from Newtown Butler. He graduated B.A. in 1705 and D.D. 23 Jan. 1723 (Cat. of Dublin Graduates, 1869, p. 364). After being ordained a clergyman of the established church, he obtained the living of Galloon, co. Fermanagh, including the village of Newtown Butler, and about 1727 that of Drummully, adjacent to the village of Newtown Butler, which was in the gift of the family. In 1729 he appointed as curate [q. v.], who also acted as private tutor to Madden's sons.

In 1729 Madden published ‘Themistocles, the Lover of his Country,’ a tragedy in five acts, and in verse (three editions, London, 1729, 8vo). It was acted with considerable success at the theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields. In the following year he printed ‘A Letter from the rev. mr. M[a]d[de]n to the hon. lady M[oly]n[eu]x, on occasion of the death of the rt. hon. S[amue]l M[oly]n[eu]x,’ Dublin, 1730, fol., a single leaf. On 7 Sept. 1730 he submitted to the university of Dublin, through its parliamentary representative, Marmaduke Coghill, a scheme for the encouragement of learning by the establishment of premiums, for which he proposed to raise a fund, amounting at the lowest to 230l. per annum. Of this sum 80l. per annum was to be derived from a tax on undergraduates, and in addition 3,000l. was to be raised by subscription, and Madden himself contributed 600l. to carry out the scheme, which was, with some modifications, adopted by the university. The details were explained in ‘A Proposal for the General Encouragement of Learning in Dublin College,’ Dublin, 1731, 4to; 2nd edit. 1732. He next published, anonymously, ‘Memoirs of the Twentieth Century: being original Letters of State under George the Sixth … received and revealed in the year 1728, and now published for the Instruction of all eminent Statesmen, Churchmen, Patriots, Politicians, Projectors, Papists, and Protestants,’ London, 1733, 8vo. This cumbrous satire was to have extended to six volumes, only one of which, however, was published. A thousand copies were printed with unusual despatch, and within a fortnight nine hundred of them were delivered to the author, and probably destroyed. The current report was that the edition was suppressed on the day of publication (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ii. 32). At this period Madden also published, anonymously, ‘A Letter concerning the Necessity of Learning for the Priesthood,’ Dublin, 1733, 8vo. It was followed by ‘Reflections and Resolutions proper for the Gentlemen of Ireland, as to their Conduct for the Service of their Country,’ Dublin, 1738, 4to. The latter was reprinted, Dublin, 1816, 8vo, by the philanthropic Thomas Pleasants, but without the original preface, the existence of which was positively denied by the editor (, Bibl. Man. ed. Bohn, p. 1447). In this remarkable work the low condition of the country is ascribed to the extravagance and idle dispositions of the people. Madden recommended that criminals, instead of being executed or transported, should be employed in manufacturing hemp and flax in workhouses; that itinerant husbandmen should be encouraged to travel through the country, in order to give instruction to farmers; and that schools and professorships of agriculture should be established in the principal towns. The latter part of the work enumerates the benefits derivable from a judicious distribution of premiums, a subject which he brought under the notice of the Dublin Society,


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Rh founded by himself and others for the improvement of ‘husbandry, manufactures, and other useful arts.’ He published ‘A Letter to the Dublin Society on the improving their Fund; and the Manufactures, Tillage, &c., in Ireland,’ Dublin, 1739, 8vo; and in order to promote his object he settled 150l. per annum during his life, adding in some years another 150l., besides obtaining a subscription of nearly 500l. per annum ‘for the encouragement of sundry arts, experiments, and several manufactures not yet brought to perfection in this kingdom.’ The scheme excited a beneficial spirit of emulation among the artists and manufacturers (, ii. 32, 33).

Dr. Johnson assisted Madden in preparing for publication ‘Boulter's Monument, a Panegyrical Poem, sacred to the memory of Dr. Hugh Boulter, late Lord Archbishop of Ardmagh,’ Dublin, 1745, 8vo; another edition, London, 1745, 8vo. It contains 2,034 lines of verse, and is dedicated to Frederic, prince of Wales. Notwithstanding his whig politics, and his connection with Boulter's party, Madden appears to have been on friendly terms with Swift. He contributed liberally to the funds of the ‘Physico-Historical Society,’ founded in 1744, and undertook, but did not complete, a ‘History of the County of Fermanagh,’ which was to have been brought out under its auspices. In 1746 he composed a tragedy, of which nothing is known except that he bequeathed it to Thomas Sheridan, and in 1748 he wrote a poem and dedicated it to Lord Chesterfield, but as it was published anonymously there is a difficulty in identifying it. His latest production is a metrical epistle of about two hundred lines, prefixed to the second edition of Dr. Thomas Leland's ‘History of Philip of Macedon,’ 1761. He died at Manor Waterhouse on 31 Dec. 1765. He acquired the sobriquet of ‘Premium Madden,’ and Dr. Johnson declared that ‘his was a name which Ireland ought to honour.’

Two three-quarter-length portraits of Madden, painted in oils, are preserved; one at the residence of his representatives at Hilton, co. Monaghan, the other in the possession of John Madden, esq., of Roslin Manor, Clones. In both he is represented in clerical costume, with full, flowing, curled dark hair, and a benevolent expression. The Dublin Society possess a white marble bust, and his portrait was engraved by John Brooks; by Spooner in 1752, ‘ex marmore Van Nost,’ and by R. Purcell in 1755, from the original by Thomas Hunter.

Madden married Jane, daughter of Mr. Magill of Kirkstown, co. Armagh, by whom he had five sons and five daughters. Skelton relates that he had frequent bickerings with Mrs. Madden, who was proud and parsimonious, and ruled her husband with supreme authority.

His second son, Samuel Molyneux Madden, who succeeded to the family estates, and died in 1783, bequeathed a fund to the university of Dublin, to be distributed in premiums at fellowship examinations. The Madden premiums were first bestowed in 1798 (see, Hist. of the University of Dublin, 109–12).  MADDISON or MADDESTONE, RALPH (1571?–1655?), economic writer, born about 1571, was eldest son of Edward Maddison of Fonaby, Lincolnshire, by his wife Katharine, daughter of Ralph Bosville of Bradbourne, Kent. He was knighted at Whitehall in 1603, and was frequently employed by James I in commercial affairs. He was a member of the royal commission on the woollen trade in 1622, but on the reappointment of the commission in 1625 his name was omitted. He endeavoured, however, to bring his views to the notice of the commissioners, and he wrote to the king on ‘the depth of the mystery of trade.’ In 1640, when it was proposed to supply the king's financial necessities by debasing the currency, Maddison wrote to him (7 July), pointing out the evils which would result from such a measure. ‘A man of good affections to the parliament’ (Tanner MSS. lvi. 54), he advanced money to it during the civil war. During the Commonwealth he appears to have held some office in the mint. The committee on the coinage (August 1649) were instructed to confer with him upon the value of gold. He died probably about the end of 1655.

Maddison married, about 1594, Mary, daughter of Robert Williamson of Walkeringham, Nottinghamshire, by whom he had several children.

Maddison published ‘England's Looking in and out; presented to the High Court


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Rh of Parliament now assembled,’ London, 1640, 8vo, reprinted in 1641. The pamphlet contains a clear statement of the theory of the balance of trade. The sections on currency and the foreign exchange are based upon Gerard Malynes's ‘Lex Mercatoria.’ The pamphlet was reprinted, with only a few verbal changes, as ‘Great Britain's Remembrancer, Looking in and out; tending to the Increase of the Monies of the Commonwealth. Presented to his Highness the Lord Protector and to the High Court of Parliament now assembled,’ London, 1655, 8vo. New chapters, however, were added, in which the author recommended the establishment of a bank, a council for mint affairs, and free ports.

 MADDOCK, HENRY (d. 1824), legal author, eldest son of Henry Maddock of Lincoln's Inn, barrister-at-law, resided for a time at, but took no degree from, St. John's College, Cambridge, and on 25 April 1796 entered Lincoln's Inn, where he was called to the bar in Michaelmas term 1801, and afterwards practised as an equity draftsman. He died at St. Lucia, in the West Indies, in August 1824.

Maddock published: 1. ‘The Power of Parliaments considered in a Letter to a Member of Parliament,’ London, 1799, 8vo; an argument against the legislative union with Ireland, based on an alleged inherent incapacity of the Irish parliament to part with its own powers. 2. ‘A Vindication of the Privileges of the House of Commons, in answer to Sir Francis Burdett's Address,’ &c., London, 1810, 8vo. 3. The first part of ‘An Account of the Life and Writings of Lord Chancellor Somers, including Remarks on the Public Affairs in which he was engaged, and the Bill of Rights, with a Comment,’ London, 1812, 4to, a fragment justly praised by Lord Campbell (Chancellors, iv. 62 n.) 4. ‘A Treatise on the Principles and Practice of the High Court of Chancery,’ London, 1815, 2 vols. 8vo, a work of solid and accurate learning, of which a second edition, much enlarged, appeared in 1820, and a third in 1837, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. ‘Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Court of the Vice-Chancellor of England during the time of Sir Thomas Plumer, Knt.,’ London, 1817–22, 5 vols. 8vo.

 MADDOX, ISAAC (1697–1759), bishop of Worcester, son of Edward Maddox, citizen and stationer of London, was born in the parish of St. Botolph, Aldersgate, on 27 July 1697. Early left an orphan, he was brought up by an aunt, who sent him to a charity school, and then put him to a pastrycook. He was too studious for an apprentice, and obtained further schooling from Hay, then curate (afterwards vicar) of St. Stephen's, Coleman Street, and from an uncle at Newington Green. On an exhibition (1718–21) from the presbyterian fund, he studied at Edinburgh University. The degree of M.A. was granted by the senatus on 23 Feb. 1723 (diploma followed on 9 March) to Maddox and John Horsley (father of Bishop Samuel Horsley) [q. v.], who are described as ‘Angli præcones evangelici, academiæ olim alumni.’ It is improbable that Maddox as a presbyterian held any congregational charge, though he may have acted as chaplain and tutor; ‘præco’ would naturally imply that he was licensed, but not ordained. Calamy is wrong in placing his conformity about 1727. He received deacon's orders in London on 10 March 1722–3 from Thomas Green [q. v.], bishop of Norwich, and became curate at St. Bride's, Fleet Street. He had priest's orders on 9 June 1723 from Edmund Gibson [q. v.], bishop of London, who sent him to Oxford. He entered Queen's College, Oxford, on 15 June 1724, and was incorporated a member, and admitted B.A. by decree of convocation on 9 July 1724. In the same month he was inducted into the vicarage of Whiteparish, Wiltshire. He was incorporated in 1728 at Queens' College, Cambridge, and admitted M.A. on 15 April. In October 1729 he was appointed clerk of the closet to Queen Caroline. Edward Waddington, bishop of Chichester, who had made him his domestic chaplain, collated him in January 1729–30 to the prebend of Bury in Chichester Cathedral, and on 14 Feb. he was collated to the rectory of St. Vedast, Foster Lane, London. He was admitted D.D. at Cambridge by royal mandate on 28 Oct. 1730.

In 1733 Maddox published the work by which he is best known, a ‘Vindication’ of the Elizabethan settlement of the church of England: it was undertaken at Gibson's suggestion as a reply to the first volume (1732) of the ‘History of the Puritans’ by Daniel Neal [q. v.], who replied in a ‘Review’ (1734). Maddox convicts Neal of occasional slips, but fails to shake his general credit. As a statement and defence of the anti-puritan position, Maddox's book has merit and ability. Zachary Grey [q. v.], who criticised Neal's subsequent volumes, had


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Rh supplied Maddox with material, through Gibson, and was dissatisfied with Maddox's omission of all acknowledgment.

Maddox was installed dean of Wells in January 1733–4. He was elected bishop of St. Asaph in June, and consecrated on 4 July 1736. He did not reside in his Welsh diocese, living chiefly in London, with a country house at Little Marlow, Buckinghamshire, and visiting his diocese in summer, but not every year. In 1743 he was translated to Worcester, succeeding to ‘Hough's unsullied mitre.’ His episcopate was marked by much active philanthropy. He had always been a benefactor to London hospitals. As president of the Small-pox Hospital he preached on 5 March 1752 a sermon on inoculation, which reached a seventh edition, and occasioned some controversy. He was the main promoter of the Worcester Infirmary (opened at the end of 1745), consulting Philip Doddridge, D.D. [q. v.], who had taken a similar part (1743) in the founding of the County Infirmary at Northampton. He interested himself in the encouragement of native industries, and was a liberal supporter of a scheme (by which he lost money) for the extension of British fisheries. In parliament he strongly advocated the restriction of the traffic in spirits. For a sermon against excessive use of spirituous liquors he received on 8 Feb. 1751 the thanks of the common council of London. The lease of the property of Lloyd's school (founded by his predecessor, William Lloyd, D.D. (1627–1717) [q. v.]) he renewed without fine. As a preacher, especially of charity sermons, he was in great request. He was the first bishop who preached (1742) for the Sons of the Clergy. His relations with his ‘protestant brethren, the dissenters,’ were always amicable. When Doddridge was at Bristol (August 1751) in his last illness, Maddox called to offer the use of his carriage. A year before his death he set apart 200l. a year towards the augmentation of smaller benefices in his diocese. He was kindly and hospitable.

He died at Hartlebury on 27 Sept. 1759, and was buried in the south transept of his cathedral, where an elaborate monument is erected to his memory. He married in 1731 Elizabeth (d. 19 Feb. 1789), daughter of Richard Price of Hayes, Middlesex, and niece of Bishop Waddington, by whom he had a son, Isaac Price Maddox, who died in 1757, aged 16, and two daughters. Mary, his only surviving child, subsequently married James Yorke, afterwards bishop of Ely.

In addition to 1. ‘A Vindication of the Government, Doctrine, and Worship of the Church of England, established in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth,’ &c., 1733, 8vo, he published 2. ‘An Epistle to the … Lord Mayor … concerning the … Excessive Use of Spirituous Liquors,’ &c., 2nd ed. 1751, 8vo; reprinted 1864, 12mo. Nichols gives a list of fifteen of his separate sermons between 1734 and 1753; there are others later, and a charge (1745). His name is often spelt Madox, but this seems unauthorised; his signature till 1730 is certainly Maddox.

 MADDOX, WILLIS (1813–1853), painter, was born at Bath in 1813. In early life he was patronised by William Beckford the younger [q. v.] of Fonthill, for whom he painted several sacred pictures, such as ‘The Annunciation,’ ‘The Temptation,’ ‘The Agony in the Garden,’ &c. He exhibited for the first time at the Royal Academy in 1844, sending a painting of a piece of still life which passed into Beckford's collection. In 1847 he exhibited his first important picture, ‘Naomi, Ruth, and Orpah;’ in 1849 he sent a portrait of Halil Aga Riskalla, and in 1850, one of the Turkish ambassadors, Mehemet Ali. In 1852 he sent ‘Aina Tellet, or the Light of the Mirror,’ and a portrait of the Duke of Hamilton. Owing to his success in painting the portraits of distinguished Turks, Maddox was invited to Constantinople to paint the sultan, for whom he executed several portraits. He died of fever at Pera, near Constantinople, on 26 June 1853. Maddox painted several good portraits, of which there are many examples at Bath and at Bristol.

 MADDY, WATKIN (d. 1857), astronomer, a native of Herefordshire, was educated at Hereford grammar school. He graduated as second wrangler in 1820 from St. John's College, Cambridge, proceeded M.A. in 1823, took orders, and in 1830 a


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maddox, Isaac