text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/195

174 Mr. Friederich supposes our Sunda word Jélěma to be a corruption, so as to suit Polynesian organs, of the word Janma which is Sanscrit also, and means- Birth, production, according to Wilson's Sanscrit Dictionary. Calcutta 1819.

Jĕlĕng, flung away, knocked away, pitched off, ass by the violence of wind, of a stream of water, or said of any object which rebounds and strikes against another. Get along! Be off!

Jélėr, name of a small fish in the rivers, 3 or 4 inches long. It has no scales but 5 cyrrhi or beards about the mouth. Cobitis Ilasseltii.

Jĕlig, an idiomatic expression of hopping or jumping. Jĕlig bai turun, he came down with a hop.

Jĕling'er, active, stirring about. Said of man or beast, who is full of energy and stirs about. In good health- well.

Jĕlot, dropping out, not as a liquid, but as any hard substance, as a tooth out of the head, a plug or nail out of a hole &c.

Jĕmjĕm. the holy well called Zĕmzĕm in the mosque at Mecca.

Jĕmblung, pot-bellied. A man with a large paunch. (Jav. idem.)

Jénari, the period just before dawn. Very early in the morning before daybreak.

Jĕnat, the late, — said of a person who is dead. Jĕnat na dulur kula, my late brother. Jĕnat na Dĕmang, the Demang (who is now dead). Jĕnnat, in Marsden Page 105 Paradise, in Arabic Jĕnnat, as gone to Paradise. (Jav. idem. Arab, جَنَّةٌ Jarnat, garden, paradise.)

Jéndral, European- a General- a Governor General.

Jĕnĕng, title, honorary designation. Name of honour. Di bérė jĕnĕng, they gave him a title. (Jav. Balin. To stand in honour, to govern. Fr.)

Jĕngkang, to set the legs astride or apart. To open the legs. (Jav. To be in danger to fall hindwards.)

Jéngkol, name of a tree and its fruit. Inga Bigamina. The fruit is a concatenation of large round beans in a black pod. The natives are very fond of it, though it is stinking stuff and is apt to give them severe fits of strangury.

Jéngkolan, suffering from strangury in consequence of eating Jéngkol.

Jepit, jammed between, nipped, pinched. Evidently derived from Apit which Crawfurd says is Sanscrit, close, side by side, pressed or squeezed between two bodies. (Jav. Mal. Batav. idem.)

Jĕpit and Jĕpitan, nippers, pincers, blacksmith's tongs.

Jĕrami, Paddy straw. The straw from which the grain has been cut off. (See Jami.)

Jĕrih, feeling hurt or sore at getting a smaller portion or allowance than other people. (Jav. Bat. Jĕrih or Jrih, is to be afraid.)

Jĕro, deep, profound. Di jĕro, within, inside. Jĕro corresponds to the Malay word Dalĕm, and implies Inner in the sense of refined or accomplished. Basa jĕro, refined or far- fetched language.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/196

Rh Paré jěro, called in Malay Padi Dalěm. Paddy which is of the best description and requires full five months to grow. Orang jěro, people who attend on great men or ave about a court. Yet the Sundas do not say Jěro as applied to a native chief, but use the word Dalěm, which see. (Jav. Balin. id.)

Jěruk, orange, pumplemoos- Shaddock. Jěruk is the generic name for a great variety of Citrus- as
 * Jěruk manis, Citrus aurantium.
 * Jěruk Honje, Citrus Javanica.
 * Jěruk Ipis, a small thin skinned variety- limes. (Batav. Jěruk tipis.)
 * Jěruk Bali or Jěruk Machan, the Pumplemoos which is the Citrus Decumana.

Jěujěuh, the length of the foot, a foot mark long. As Jěungkal is the span of the hand, so Jěujěuh is the span of the foot.

Jěujěur, the shaft of a fishing net; a fishing rod.

Jěujěut, to plat, to interweave with the hands; to plat like matting. (Jav., Jějět, to interweave bambu.)

Jěunah, the maiden stem, the first fructification stem thrown out by the Kawung palm, and which is, of course, the first stem beaten and tapped for Sugar juice.

Jěuněum, the lair made by wild pigs to bring forth in. It resembles a large hay-cock; is made of grass, straw and twigs, under the middle of which they creep to bring forth.

Jěung, with. along with. Kudu jěung aing, it must be along with me.

Jěungjing, a tree, a variety of Acacia, very common in the jungle.

Jěungkal, a span, a span of the hand, a measure so called.

Jěuntas, a stage of rude sticks or poles set against a tree, in order to fell it, at some distance above the ground, where it is thinner.

Jěunti, is the name of a tree growing amongst Alang-Alang or ěurih, and is found in Krawang and the Prianger Regencies; it somewhat resembles the Sumpur, but is not that tree. The Jěunti at the east end of Java is called Sumpu, which is odd, from its resembling the Sunda Sumpur so closely.

Jiad, to help, to protect in difficulties. (Jav., Jiyad, coercion, violence.)

Jiat nika, preparatory arrangements; arrangements taken with care so that all may be in order.

Jiěun, to make, to construct. Lěuwěung dt jiěunan humah, that forest has been converted into humahs.

Jihénnēm, arabic, Hell. (Arabic, جَهَنَّمُ, Jahannam.)

Jijirih, shirking work, getting out of the way for fear of orders or incurring something unpleasant. (Cf. Jěrih, Jav., cowardly.)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/197

176 Jilid, arabic, to tan, to make leather; a skin, a roll, a volume. The covering or binding of a book. (Arabic, جِلْدٌ, Jild, the hide; leather, مُجَلِّدٌ, mujallad, covered with leather, a book, a tome.)

Jimat, an amulet, a talisman; spell, written charm, an incantation. It is the Arabic word Azimat of same import (عَزِيْمَةٌ).

Jin, arabic, evil spirit, demon; the race of genii. (جِنٌّ, Jinn, demons, genii.)

Jingjing, to lift up with the hand, to carry away in the hand without tying to a carrying stick. To carry off as a tiger carries its prey. This appears to be a sort of diminutive of Jungjung, to lift up.

Jingjingan, the stick in the native weaving loom, used to raise the alternate threads, by means of pieces of string tied to the same and the woof.

Jinis, the original true article; the Simon pure; that from which others are derived. (Seems to be the Arabic جِنْسٌ, Jins, which is taken from the Greek . Latin genus. Fr.)

Jintěn, cummin seed.

Jintěn, name of a plant with thick hairy crenulated leaf, often kept growing in a basket on the roof of houses and used in cookery. It is called in Malay Daun Kuching.

Jirak, name of a tree Dicalyt tinctorius, the bark is used in native dying processes.

Jirat, a noose with a limber stick bent down to it. A springe, a gin, a sliding knot. (Jav. Jirět idem.)

Jitun, olive. This word is Arabic- Zeitun. A variety of Jarak is called Jarak jitun, the olive atropha. Europeans call it vulgarly Palma Christi. (Arabic, زَيْتُوْنٌ.)

Jiwa, the soul, life. Jiwa, C. 212, life, existence; the sentient soul.

Jochong, sticking out stiff, rigid.

Jodo, a term applied to marriages where the parents on both sides give their consent, but the young people cannot made up their minds or agree. Jodo, Crawford- a pair, a brace, a couple, mate, match. (Jav. Jódó, with the meaning given by Crawfurd.)

Jodog, the open landing place at the entrance of a native house, which is ascended by steps. The open balcony at a native's door.

Jogéd, a variety of fish trap for catching lélé fish. It opens downwards and the lélé has to make its way up.

Jogjěrog, to trot; to jolt and shake on horse back. In contradistinction to the native pas. A derivation of the following word.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/198

Rh Jogjog, uneasy in motion, jolting; to keep moving. Jogjog di na kuda, jolting on horse back.

Joglo, a temporary accommodation shed: a canvass tent.

Jogo, to squat down on the hams, but not with the bottom touching the ground.

Jogor, stiff, unbending.

Johar, the planet Saturn. Béntang Johar, the star Saturn. (Cf. Jahal. Arab. زُحَلُ Zuhal)

Johor, name of a Malay state at the Southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula. Supposed to be so called from an Arabic word of the same sound meaning- Precious stone, or Pearl. It was founded by the Malay chiefs who were driven out of Malacca by the Portuguese. (Arabic, جَوْهَرٌ, Jauhar, from the Persian ݣَوْهَرگَوْهَر [sic], Gauhar, precious stones, pearls. Freytag.)

Jojong, keeping at one's work, or on our course, irrespective of what others are doing.

Jokjok, the place for putting rice in a native's house. The store place for rice. (Cf. Gericke s. v. meaning, to pour out, to fill.)

Jol, the idiomatic expression of coming. Jol bai datang, and pop he came; to pop suddenly upon any one; making appearance. Ti mana jol na, where did he pop from (come from). Chai na jol tijěro, the water oozes out.

Jolang, a wooden trough, a trough hollowed out from the stem of a tree. (Jav. Jolang, a chair for carrying people, hung round with clothes. Sund. Dulang, the same as our Jolang.)

Joli, a sedan chair, or any contrivance for carrying a person. (Jav. Balin. idem.)

Jolok, to probe at with a skewer; to poke at in a hole with any long thin implement,

Jombang, name of a violent current of wind passing through the country in one determined straight line and uprooting all before it. A sort of hurricane.

Jompo, disabled for work; not fit for work, from age or infirmity. (Jav. idem.)

Jompong, servants of nobles.

Jong, a Chinese junk; a ship. (Jav. Jong, idem.)

Jongjongan; a short period of time, a short interval, say of about half an hour, particularly as applied to work going on. A jongjongan is also a designation of distance, as much as a man can walk in about half an hoar and will be thus about two or three miles. Might be translated — „a joggle on." —

Jongko, to sit on the rump on the ground, with the knees bent up under the chin. (Batav. Jongkok.)

Jong'or, a bit of forest projecting beyond the general line; a bit of land projecting or jutting out.

Jonot, a name for a wild pig.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/199

178 Jontor, a projecting point, any large rough thing which sticks out. A headland, a promontory.

Jotang, name of a plant, Spilanthes acinella.

Jotang, name of a plant, Eclipta erecta.

Jual or Juwal, to sell. Daik di juwal, will you sell it? Hanto di juwal, it is not for sale. (Mai. Jav. idem.)

Jubag, crippled, laid up with desease in any part of the body.

Jubung, a circle of platted bambu set in a pan wherein sugar is boiling, to prevent its boiling over.

Jubur, the anus.

Judah, Jeddah on the coast of Arabia.

Jugang, a cross piece of wood ar bambu to distend any thing and prevent its collapsing, as a cross piece between two sides of a roof or other construction; a distender.

Jugang-jarging, walking backwards and forwards, with a swinging gait.

Jugja, and Jugjakarta, name of one of the present native seats of government, viz of the Sultan, in the native provinces of Java proper. Jugja is a corruption of Ayudya, the name of the kingdom of Rama in the Ramayana. Crawfurd. Ayodya, C. 45, a neg. Yodya, war- not to be warred against. The modern Oude the capital of Rama. Karta auspicious, fortunate, accomplished.

Jugjug, to direct the course to; to wish to get at; to aim at, to steer at, to drive, to chase away.

Jugul, a bit of bambu with a notch slit in it, serving to show the distance at wich ataps may be regularly laid on a roof, generally about four inches apart.

Juja, arabic, the Zodiacal sign Gemini. (Arab. ڷڄۄڒٲ Al- Jauzâ; probably from Scr. Yujau, the twins.)

Jujul, a stake or piece of wood, which being to long for its use, projects unnecessarily- sticking out.

Jujung, a fresh water river and pond fish, something like Gabus.

Jukung, name of a variety of cargo boat, in use on rivers.

Jukut, grass, of which the natives enumerate a great many varieties, always prefixing the word Jukut to each name.

Jukut Bau, stinking grass, Ageratum conyzoides. A plant which grows very rapidly amongst the mountains, and without care chokes all other plants, especially young paddy. It is called in some places Babadotan. The following are some of the most usual grasses known to the Sundaese, including those most sought after for cattle; Běuběuntěuran; Bibitungan; Girintingan; Jampang; Jampang pahit; Kalam měta or Lambeta; Pingping kasir; Těki; Tiké, a sort of grass on the sea shore, and Walingi.

Julang, a variety of the Buceros or Rhineceros bird, it resembles the Rangkung.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/200

Rh Juluk, to poke into a hole under water, with a stick to try if there is any fish in it, preparatory to using the hidi or spear point.

Julung-julung, a variety of fish. Sphyraena Jello.

Jumadil ahkir, arabic, the sixth month of the Mohammedan year; ahkir, means latter.

Jumadil awal, arabic, the fifth month of the Mohammedan year; awal means first, former.

Jumahat, arabic. Friday. The Mohammedan Sabbath. A week.

Jumarum, like needles, said of paddy just sprouted; literally like a Jarum or needle.

Jumbrah, a ceremony performed at Mecca, consisting in casting stones at a supposed demon or the Devil. The Sunda word is probably a corrupted form of the Arabic word Jamrat, which means gravel, and is applied to the same ceremony.

Jumlah, arabic, the sum, whole, total, aggregate, collection.

Jumpalit, turned topsy- turvy; with the bottom upwards.

Jung; a measure of land consisting of four bauhs. (Perhaps Skr. Janghâ, leg. Bâhu is arm.)

Jung, get along, go with you; go along; be off. Jung ria pulang- go along back with you. The idiomatic expression of lifting up. Jung di jungjung, and up they lifted it.

Jungjung, to lift up, to raise, to elevate, to prop up. A prop, a support.

Jungkěd, upset, turned over.

Jungkědkěn, to raise an object at one end while the other still rests upon the ground.

Jungkěl, turn or time of any measure of length. Sabraha jungkěl, how many measures is it? How many times of the measure?

Jungkěl, upset, cast down, tumbled over. Jungkěl bai di bědil, he shot at and tumbled him over.

Jungkkělkěn. to turn over by placing a lever underneath.

Jungklang, precipitous, steep.

Jungkulan, Java head: the west end of the island of Java. Derived from the verb Tungkulan, to hang over and fondle, as the hills and rocks here overhang the Indian Ocean.

Juragan, a headman or leader in any way. A petty district Chief; the Chief native or Headman on the private Estates, who has charge of the police. A headman in a boat. Compounded of Juru, an overseer, one who presides over or acts in any department of business, and Agěng Chief, though in the compound word the final g is hardly ever heard.

Jurak, name of a fish in the rivers.

Juré, the corner ridge pole of a house.

Jurig, an evil spirit, a sprite, a goblin.

Jurjana, base, evil, wicked, brutish, sensellamess, cious. Durjjana, C. 279, vile, bad, wicked, malicious. Kéchap jurjana, malicious speaking.

Juru, corner; the inner angle of anything; corner of a room.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/201

180 Juru, an overseer, director, one who presides over, or acts in any department of business.

Juru-basa, a linguist, an interpreter.

Juru-mudi, a helmsman, a steersman.

Juru-tulis, a clerck, a writer, a secretary.

Jurung, to assist; to come to the help of, to befriend.

Jut, the idiomatic expression of getting down, descending. Jut bai turun ti imah, and down he stepped from his house (always built on piles above the ground).

Ju-uh, much, as of flowing liquids; abundant in water or in juice. Said of the branch of a Kawung tree which yields much juice. Ju-uh tinggur, cha-ah sadapan said of the Kawung Palm — profusely flowing from the beaten stem, and sending forth a flood from the toddy tapping.  Ka, an inseparable particle used in the formation of derivative nouns, to which it is prefixed sometimes singly, but also, and that most frequently, the word to which it is prefixed, is followed by an, and by depriving the word of its initial Ka and affix an, the crude form of the word will be found and if necessary may be further sought in the dictionary. Kadua, the second, Katiga, the third. Kaburu, overtaken. Kangěunahan, delight, pleasurableness, derived from Ngěunah; Kaluhuran, height from luhur high.

Ka, a preposition in universal use; to, unto, towards. Ka mana, whither, or where are you going? Ka girang, up the river. Ka hilir, down the river. Kaluhur, upwards. Ka handap, downwards. It becomes often kang before a word beginning with a vowel. Bikun kadiyo kangaing, give it here to me.

Ka-adilan, justice, equity, righteousness. (Arabic, عادل, Adil, just.)

Ka-ang'inan, exposed to the wind; in a draft of wind.

Ka-angkat, taken away, removed.

Kababaran, overcome, outdone.

Kabadé, guessed, to know what a thing is, comprehended: to divine. Kayu iyo to kabadé, I do not know what is the name of this wood. Tachan di pupulih gěus kabadé, before he told me I had guessed it.

Kabadi, to be unwittingly overtaken by some evil or disease, which is supposed to be the work of evil genii, and for which a great variety of hocus-pocus incantations are put in requisition, to avoid the evil effects.

Kabah, arabic, the Kaaba. The temple at Mecca to which all good Mohammedans ought to make the pilgrimage. Close to the Kaaba is the celebrated well Zamzam. (ألكعبة, Al-Kâbot.)

Kabalik, upset, turned upside down, inverted.

Kabaya, Port: a loose robe, a dressing gown.

Kabaya-an, to be overtaken by some evil; to have met with a misfortune. See Baya.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/202

Rh Kabayan, a person of the olden time, before the introduction of Mohammedanism, who was possessed of much supernatural power. Probably derived from Baya, C. 460, fear, terror, alarm. (Kabayan at Bali is a person, who executes the orders of the village-chief, Mandeça. Transact Batav. Society of Arts and Sciences. Vol. XXIII, p. 45 of the „Verslag van Bali.” Fr.)

Kabayar, paid, debt cleared off. To kabayar, I c'ant pay it.

Kabědag, to overtake; overtaken, come up with. Done in time.

Kabéh, all, every one, the whole. Probably compounded of the inseparable particle Ka which see- and Béh, the interjection of sight In Malagasi Bé means numerous. (Kawi, Javan. Balin. idem. Seems to be a prolongated form of Kweh or Akweh, Kawi, Balin. of the same import, which exists in Javan. Keh. and in the corrupted form Kyéh  which the Javanese suppose to be Kawi. Gericke compares beh  which means in composition thirty. Fr.)

Kabělějog, got into difficulties about any thing; done, cheated, swindled. Said of anything which we undertake and cannot fulfil.

Kaběněran, as it so turns out, as chance will have it; luckily. Anything that comes apropos.

Kaběsékěn, to have a husky cough caused by anything getting into the throat and sticking there, as dust or any small particle.

Kabět, distracted, attention drawn away by something else than what we ought to be attending to. Perplexed.

Kaběuběuhěulan, unable to void excrement.

Kaběuki, whatever we desire; the thing desired or wished for. Kaběuki na ha na lauk munding, Buffaloe flesh is just what he likes.

Kaběulit, entangled by a rope or string getting twisted round it.

Kaběurěuyan, said when a bone or other impediment sticks in the throat.

Kabias, to be cast away at sea; drifted from one's course: to lose oneself in a forest. See Bias.

Kabina, exceedingly, in a high degree, generally said of something bad. Kabina bina těuyn, that is excessively bad; that is to bad!

Kabirěung'o, espied, discovered with the eye, viewed, beheld, inspected.

Kabiri, gelded, castrated. Kěbo kabiri, a gelded buffaloe. Hayam kabiri, a capon. Kabiri is also said of trees and plants, the tops of which are nipped oft to make them grow more luxuriantly side-ways, as Tobacco, Coffee trees &c. &c. Biri, C. Page 473 is a woman, a wife. With the constructive Ka before it would imply womanized. If this derivation is true. we would be led to the conclusion that the Islanders learnt the art of gelding from the Indians of the continent.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/203

182 Kabita, pleased with, delighted at, taken with, captivated. Evidently derived from Ka and Bita. Bita or Bhita, C. 474 — 495, fear, alarm, apprehension, terror. From this we must conclude that Kabita expresses an alarm lest we should be deprived of the object of our delight; and is thus literally- „alarmed about it."

Kabolér, behind in work, not able to get through a job, a task unaccomplished.

Kabongěrěui, wishing, longing.

Kabubuwahan, the kidneys. (See Buwah.)

Kabudayan, knowledge, skill. (Derived from buddhi, Scr., wisdom.)

Kabuhulan, notable to swallow; sticking in the throat.

Kabukti, got, obtained, come in possesion of, appropriated. Kalapa éta tachan kabukti buah na, the fruit of that Cocoa nut tree has not yet been obtained. See Bukti.

Kabul, arabic, receiving what we ask for; a petition granted; acceptable, consenting, receiving. Favourably.

Kabulan, the ceremony of taking a portion of the boiled rice when praying at Sěděkah bulan Mulud, which each man reserves for himself or for his family. The word is derived from Kabul, granted, the petition conceded (at the prayer).

Kabuli, a preparation of boiling rice with meat, butter and sweetmeats.

Kabur, run away, fled, made off, escaped.

Kaburu, overtaken, pursued and taken. Having time to finish any work. To kaburu, we had not time to get it done. It could not be accomplished.

Kabut, thrown about in confusion, scattered, dispersed. Kalang-kabut, disrupted, scattered, said either of men or things.

Kabuyutan, compounded of Buyut, which see. Anything which is buyut or sacredly forbidden. The Great grand father or Great grand child.

Kacha, glass for glazing; a looking glass. In this latherlatter [sic] sense more frequently called ěntěung. Kachaya, C. 118 a kind of silicious clay or earth from which glass is made. Or it may be derived from Chaya, bright, brilliant- Ch'hāyā, C. 203 radiance, splendour, but the Polynesian Ka prefixed, and the terminal ya elided, and will then denote the object of splendour, from its being transparent.

Kacha-kacha, a triumphal arch erected in honour of a great man. An arched gateway of ceremony, usually constructed of bambu.

Kachang, a pea, a bean, pulse. Dolichos and phaseolus of wichwhich [sic] the species are very numerous.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/204

Rh Kachang taněuh, ground nut, Arachis hypogcea, so called from the seed vessels returning into the earth, and becoming a sort of granulous root.

Kachap, is difficult to translate- and then- did'nt he- Kachap ngarajang, did'nt he fly at him.

Kachapi, name of a tree Sandoricum Nervosum. Produces a round apple-like fruit, full of cloves.

Kachapi, a native musical instrument; a kind of guitar or lute.

Kacha-piring, name of a large shrub with pure white flowers. Gardenia florida. Called also Picha piring which see.

Kachembang, a climbing shrub. Ardisia Tenniflora of the family Myrsinea. It bears a little black berry like the Privet oa the Ligustrum in Europe.

Kachichian, having something poured out or spilt upon it Kachichiau chi haněut, having warm water poured upon it.

Kachida, excessively, seriously, beyond hope of recovery. Rusak Kachida, excessively spoiled, knocked to pieces. Gěring kachida ill beyond hope of recovery. (Might be from Scr. Ch'hidâ, cutting, dividing. Fr.)

Kaching, left in the lurch, behind hand. Said of an idle good for nothing fellow who is always behind hand, who can never keep to time.

Kachip, a forceps or scissarsscissors [sic] for cutting the betel-nut.

Kachoa, a cockroach, when of large variety. A troublesome insect in store rooms; it gets amongst provisions and is especially fond of cheese. Blatta orientalis.

Kachokot, laid hold of, caught in the hand. Possible to be done. Said of work which can be got through. To Kachokot, I have no chance of getting through (that work). It is more thau can be got through.

Kachuali, except; with the exception of, unless.

Kachubung, Datura in varieties. Datura ferox, Datura metel. When the seeds of the Datura ferox are eaten, they cause a sort of frenzy or madness. These seeds are often mixed with bad opium to give it the appearance of being very efficaceous. A few of the seeds of the Kachubung are eccasionallyoccasionally [sic] given to the Perkutut doves which cause them to warble a great deal. See Kuchubung.

Kachugak, wounded in the foot or lower leg by anything large, as the end of a sharp stake or the like. When wounded by anything small, as a thorn, it is called Kasura.

Kadaik, resolution, vigour of mind or body. The will (to do anything) Rossa Kadaik na, vigourous in will or determination. (See Daik).

Kadal, a ground lizard, found much near houses and in gardens.

Kadalé, a variety of pulse frequently planted. Kadala, C. 101, a kind of small bean, usually called gram, which is given to horses.

Kadal-moyan, a piece of bambu which goes along the ridge-pole of the corners of a house, to which the covering is made fast, and the pegs to hold down the tatchlatch [sic] secured. LitterallyLiterally [sic]- the lizard sunning itself.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/205

184  a wood pigeon. A large wild pigeon in old forests which gives a loud and lugubrious cry or cov.

sometimes, at times.

the plural of Kadiyo, and is thus- come hither all of you-come here collectively.

to have come to us or to me. Kadatangan sémah, a stranger is come to me; that is I have got a stranger in the house. Kadatangan untung, to have got prosperity.

a Palace, the residence of a Datu or Rata.

to cut or hack with a sharp instrument, as with a sword or chopper.

heard. To kadéngi, I do not hear it I did not hear it Kadéngi ka jauh, heard a long way off.

troubled, in difficulties.

to lay down flat, to prostrate; to lay anything down on the ground.

a fruit resembling a mango.

the first wife of Mohamet; she was a widow when he married her, and set him up in the world. She died three days after Abu Taleb, aged 65 years, and was Mohammeds only wife till her death.

'tis true; Yes even so; now that JthinkI think [sic] of it. Used as if calling any circumstance to memory. Ho hading sia geus mayar, oh, now that think of it, you have paid. Běněr kading, now that JthinkI think [sic] of it, it is right.

to, on or at that very spot: there, with emphasis.

the place or dwelling where an Adipati lives.

hither, to this place, the usual expression for our — Come here!

a native stable for a horse; generally a single separate stall, made of open barwork with a roof, into which the horse is turned in loose and baned in.

name of a tree, Paupartia Dulcis or Spondias mangifera, somewhat resembling a small manggo.

China, a pretty shrub for the fences of garden plots. Panax Pruticosa.

an inland residency in Java, in which stand the magnificent ancient ruined temples of Boro Bodur. Both Marsden and Crawfurd give Kadu as Sanscrit implying the Dragon's tail, one of the nodes of the moon. Kadu is also the short for Kaduwa, C. 101. a sword, a sabre, and may have had some allusion to the kshattriyas or military caste settled here, and at no great distance from the abode of the holy men in Bagalén, and among the Prahu mountains.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/206

Rh

24


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/207

186 Kah, glue; the word is probably Chinese, as these people have it mostly in use in their handicrafts, and import the article from China.

Kahakan, eaten, consumed. Buah na gĕus kahakan, its fruit has been eaten. To kahakan ku aing, I did not get any to eat.

Kahalingan, shut out by, intercepted by. The view cut off. Gunung éta kahalingan ku gunung dĕui, that mountain is still shut out by other mountains — you cannot see it. (Jav. idem.)

Kahanan, place, residence, where -a man puts up. Subsistance, means of living. (From the Javanese hânâ, to be. Fr.)

Kahar, authority, rights. Most probably Arabic.

Kaharti, understood, comprehended. Understanding, comprehension. Meaning. (From Scr. Artha, Mai. Arti).

Kahayang, desire, wish; what we long for, longing.

Kahĕumpik, encompassed, hemmed in so as not to be able to move at liberty; in a dilemma.

Kahirupan, livelyhood, maintenance, sustinance; life, existence. (See Hirup.)

Kahkal, hard and firm as Dodol or any preparation of cookery.

Kahot, invulnerable; a person whom weapon cannot wound, as daring scoundrels or rebellious subjects always pretend to be. A brave daring man. (According to Gericke means Kahot in Kiwi, excellent, eminent; a brave warrior.)

Kahujanan, rained upon; got wet from rain.

Kahyangan, name on Bali for the abode of the gods. See Hyang. Also small houses where offerings are made to the gods. On Bali there are the Sad Kahyangan or six chief temples distributed among the petty states of that island, which are noted places of Hindu worship.

Kai, a term of respect for an old man- honoured Sir! a contraction of Kiai which see.

Ka-i, wood, especially wood which has been cut, planks, beams or teh like. (Cf. Mai, Kayu.)

Kai-akas, a small active crab on sea shore, which burrows in the sand.

Kain, cloth made of cotton especially. Kain meja, a table cloth.

Kairok, wrong, mistaken, confounded.

Kait, to pull towards one with a hooked stick; a hook or crook. Any weight which is weighed at once on the native or Chinese Dachin or steelyard; the quantity which is put upon the Kait or hook of the instrument, to be weighed is called Sa Kait.

Kaitken, to pull towards one with a hooked stick; to hang up to a hook. To put the bridle over a horse's head.

Kajagjag, said of water the bottom of which can be felt by a man standing upright in it As much as a man's depth.

Kajalikeuh, sprained in the foot.

Kajang, a large piece of stiff matting made of the unexpanded leaves of a Palm tree,


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/208

187 which are tacked together with split rattan, much used to keep off rain or wet, and as such are in universal use in all sorts of boats and river craft. Finer varieties are used for lining sugar baskets.

Kajar-kajar, name of a plant, Colocasia macrorhyza.

Kajĕun, never mind, it matters not; Ingkĕun na, kajĕun tĕuyn let it alone, it matters not the least. Kajĕun to di béré never mind even should he not give any.

Kaju, name of a tree, Anacardium Occidentalc, called also Jambu médé y and in Malay Jambu Monyat; the cashewapple. Kaju, C. 98 the cashew nut tree.

Kaka, Elder brother; a term of respect in adressing a man older than ourselves. In Malay Kaka is elder brother or sister. See Marsden Page 249. Akkā, C. 4. Eldest sister.

Kakab, a piece of injuk, as it comes from the tree in the shape of a triangular bit of matting. Injuk sa kakab, a piece of injuk. Kakabuĕun, the lungs; the part in the chest on which the breath of respiration acts.

Kakait, a stick with a hook to it, much used when cutting brush wood, or grass, both for the facility which it gives in the work, and from saving the hand from being poked amongst the grass where often the deadly Orai tanĕuh, or ground snake , lurks. (Cf.Kait)

Kakait bĕusi, name of a shrub, an Uncaria, the same as Kuku hĕulang. Also a separate variety.

Kakalén, a gutter, a drain for water, a ditch. Derived from Kali to dig, and thus is literally — „a dug out" — It is not derived from Kali a river, which word, in that sense, does not exist in Sunda. But Kali is the word for a river in both Javanese and Malay as spoken on the coasts of Java, and especially at Batavia. The Sunda people use for river, Chi, chai, waluran.

Kakang, elder brother, more frequently Kaka, which see. Kakap, name of a fine large sea fish of excellent flavour.

Kakapa, a padded cloth used by natives by way of a saddle. Kakara, now for the first time; never before; Kakara nyaho di hadé na, now for the first time we know of its being in order.

Kakarak, only now, just now, freshly; as yet; now for the first time. Kakarak datang sa orang as yet only one man is come. Kakarak lĕumpang, he has just gone away. Kakara and Kakarak are two distinct words, but there is only a slight shade of difference in meaning between them

Kakasih, see Kasih, affection, love.

Kakat, to lift up and take away, to remove. Kudu di kakat it must be taken away.

Kakatuwa, a cockatoo; used as applied to parrots imported from countries beyond Java, as the parrots of the Moluccos.

Kakawén, singing, songs. Derived from Kawih which see. Ornaments of speech, something in addition to the plain truth. (The original word is Scr. Kawi, a poet, or rather


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/209

188 Kawya, a poem. The word is a contraction from the following. Fr.)

Kakawian, singing, in the act of vociferating a song. The subject of a song, Eŭkěur kakawian in the act of singing.

Kakayon, timber, wood in general, all kinds of wood which grow. Wood taken as a class apart from shrubs or plants which do not grow wood or timber. (From Kayu.)

Kakĕduk and sometimes Kagěduk, a bit of bambu set in a running stream, so that the water constantly jerks it, by which strings are pulled to frighten pigs or birds.

Kakěmběn, a sort of scarf worn by women round the waist or breasts. The same as Karémbong which see. (On Bali Kamběn means the common clothing of a women; the scarf alluded to is called kamběn chěrik, that is a small cloth or kain. Fr.)

Kakén, a foot rule. (From Kaki.)

Kakénchéng, an iron open cooking pan formed like a concave segment of a sphere. A large sugar pan. (At Batavia it is made of copper.)

Kakénda, elder brother or sister; used only among people of rank. Compounded of kaka vide, and éndah, good, proper. (See above Baginda.)

Kakényéd, a small rope used as reins to a buffaloe yoked to plough or cart.

Kakěplok, knocking stones together to make a noise, as is done with stones under water to frighten fish towards any nets or traps which may be set. A joint of bambu set in the sawahs, which Alls and empties itself regularly, and the end which is split knocking against a stone, frightens the wild pigs away. (Jav. Képlok, to beat in the hands.)

Kakěpuk, in a hurry and confusion. Overhaste at any work whereby it is badly done. The reverse of Rinéh which see.

Kaki, a measure of a foot, which the word implies in Malay. The usual foot employed on Java is the
 * Amsterdam foot equal to ............11.146 English inches.
 * Rhineland foot equal to ............12.357 English inches.
 * The English foot is also in very general use . 12.000 English inches.

Kakiping, a wheel for a Pedaty or native cart, or a wheel for a Rice-mill, cut out of one disk of wood. Kĕping in Malay Marsden Page 260 flat (not convex). It is applied idiomatically in the enumeration of things flat and thin, as Kĕpingbatu a slate.

Kakituan, doing so, acting in that manner. Etymology kitu, thus, in that way.

Kakompongan, the flank of any four footed animal, as a horse or buffaloe or the like that part of the belly which adjoins the hind legs.

Kaku, stiff in expression or manner of speaking. Offended, vexed about anything without giving expression to it. (Malay also stupid; Javanese, Batavian stiff generally, even said from a dead body. Fr.)

Kakuprak, to knock about, to turn topsy turvy. To beat forest or jungle to drive out game. To knock people about and ill use them.

Kakurangan, deficiency, what is wanting. Dearth. (From Kurang Jav. Mal.)

Kala, a small scorpion. In Jampé it means the South; see Sěri. Kala, C. 111, a crab, the zodiacal sign scorpio.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/210

Rh Kala, time, period. Bahéula kala, in former times, in days of old. Kala, C. 111. Time, a division of time. C. 120. Time, a name of Yama, the Regent of death, see Yama. Also a form of Siwa.

Kalabang, a centipede, a poisonous insect with many feet. Scolopendra. (Perhaps from Kala and bang, red, its colour being reddish. Fr.)

Kalābu, of a dirty or darkish colour, greyish. (At Batavia idem. In Malay it means the (greyish) hide or mark in a sick eye. Fr.) Kalǎbu, upset, as a boat in water. (Labuh in Malay to let fall; in Javanese and Balinese to throw into the water or fire as a death punishment. Fr.)

Kalachés, name of a bird, also called Panyěusěup. Kalachi, a wooden shovellike spoon for stirring dodol when boiling.

Kala gamarang, a character in the Manek Maya, who was transformed into a hog. (In Javanese Kala Gumarang; see Gericke.)

Kalahang, a very stinking kind of Durian.

Kalahiran, birth, time of coming into the world. (From the Arabic ظاهر thlâhir, apparens, conspicuus, thus the time of coming to the daylight. Fr.)

Kalakai, leaves and refuse vegetable matter collecting on the surface of the around, especially in forests or uncultivated ground.

Kalakuan, conduct, deportment, behaviour. For the reason that, seeing that: Kalakuan handap, for the reason that it is low. (From Laku, to go, to behave.)

Kalalén, forgotten, from lali to forget. Is used when addressing an equal. Lali is also Javanese for- to forget. (Lali is also Malay and Balinese. Fr.)

Kalam, Arabic, a pen, as used by Arabs and natives. It is made of the substance called Ilarupat, which see. (قلم, qalam calamus scriptorius.)

Kalam měta, or Lambeta, name of a variety of grass.

Kalamantan, Pulo Kalamantan, the native name for the vast island called by Europeans Borneo. Quere Kala, C. 120, a name of Yama, the regent of the dead, a form of Siwa. Manthana, C. 517. agitating, stirring, churning. Can this in any way refer to the Hindu legend of the world having been formed by a process of churning. With Borneo surrounded, as it is, by the other islands of the Archipelago, the idea might suggest itself, of its having been the churning staff of such an exploit.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/211

190 Kalamari, yesterday. Kala, C. 111. Time. Mari, C. 538, killing; ruin; plague, epidemic; or Marita, C. 538. killed, slain, thus time which is dead.

Kalambu, curtains (of a bed).

Kalampah, used, in use, made use of. Usual expression in conversation. Basa kitu tilok kalampah, such a word is never made use of. (Lampah in Jav. the same as Laku, see Kalakon.)

Kalana, name of a great rebel in the 18 century on Java, called Kalana Jaya, strolling about and triumphant See ngalalana.

Kalang, a sort of outcasts on Java, perhaps now not found anywhere in the Sunda districts. Can these be the outcasts of Hindu times? The word is probably the same as heard in the Sunda expression Kalang-kabut, scattered, dispersed. In Roorda van Eysinga's dictionary of the Javanese language we find „Kalang, name of a people on Java, who formerly wandered about, but who are now chiefly fixed at Kali Wungu, Demak and Kěndal, and who have partly retained their peculiar customs." The word Balang, both in Javanese and Sunda, is to throw or fling, and Ka-balang, or by contraction perhaps Kalang, would mean flung out, and thus an outcast In Sunda also the word Alang-alangan means to wander about at random, and from this we may have Ka-alang. The Kalang are olso known about the Straits of Malacca, and occupied the present site of party of the town of Singapore, See Singapore Journal 1847 vol. I p. 300—804.

Kalang, field of battle; a circle for ronggengs to dance in. (Jav. kalang a circle; ngalang, to surround.)

Kalangan, circle, ring for fighting in &c.

Kalangan bulan, a circle of haze, or halo round the moon.

Kalang dada, a protector, a safeguard; any person or thing used as a main matter of protection.

Kalang kabut, disrupted, scattered, dispersed, driven in different directions.

Kalangkang, shadow, shade; the shadow of any object on which the sun shines.

Kalantaka, a small cannon on wheels, such as kept by native chiefs to fire salutes. (From Kâla, death, and antaka, finishing Fr.)

Kalanti, want of food, famine, famished. Pa-ih kalanti, died for want of food. Loba nu kalanti, many were famished.

Kalap, a disease suddenly turning a person half mad, as if possessed of the devil,


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/212

Rh Hair-brained. (Jav. Becoming distressed, miserable, by an accident, or any unknown reason. At Batavia it has the meaning given by the Sundas, a person not knowing where and what he is about. Fr.)

Kalapa, a cocoa nut, the cocoa nut tree-Cocos nucifera. Quere, may not this fruit have its name of Kalapa from having its fruits hidden within so much husk and shell, and thus secreted, see following word. A more decidedly Polynesian name for the Cocoa nut in many of the languages of the Archipelago is Niyor. (In Kawi exists also the form Kat'lapa. Fr.)

Kalapa, a secret place; an out of the way place in the forest, or among the mountains; out of sight, see Sunda. Perhaps from the etymon lap or lěp, covered up, hidden.

Kalapa, a variety of mangga so called.

Kaiapa-chiung, name of a tree wild in the jungle; Myristica glabra, a variety of wild nutmeg but without savour.

Kalarung, overlooked, passed over by mistake.

Kalayar, Trichosanthes Pubera, a liane with a bloodred fruit, which is of size of a hens egg but not eatable.

Kaiayar-kaloyor, to go strolling about without appearing to do any business; wandering negligently about.

Kaldé, an ass. C. 114 Kaludawā, an ass. The ass is not indigenons in Java, but a few years ago the Dutch government caused a great many to be imported under the idea that they would make useful beasts of burden. The experiment failed and the animal is now again very scarce.

Kalěbu, upset, turned upside down, especially as a boat in water. (See Kalabu.)

Kaléhkér, a small worm or grub, a sort of mite or acarus which eats timber in houses, especially near the surface, and after it is well dried.

Kaléng, Tin plate, such as used for lining cases, or white-smith's work. (Batav. idem.)

Kalěng'ěr, fainted away: lost consciousness. (Batav. id.)

Kalér, the north. (Jav. Balin. idem.)

Kāli, C. 121. One of the names of Durga, the wife of Siva; see Durga.

Kali, to dig, to grub up, to turn over the ground.

Kali, time, times, periods. Datang tilu kali, he came three times. This word is also most likely of Sanscrit origin. Kali and Kaliyuga, the fourth age of the world according to the Hindus. C. 113.

Kaliagé, Cudrania Pubesccns, a tall shrub with long and very sharp thorns.

Kalian, to dig, to dig at, to dig out.

Kaligung, confused in accounts; fancying that a debt is another figure than what it really is.

Kaliki, the castor oil plant, otherwise called Jarak jitun.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/213

192 Kalilipa, the milt, the spleen, the liver.

Kalilipan, an involuntary twinkling of the eye.

Kalima, the fifth.

Kalima, as Kalima Sahadat, the Mohammedan profession of faith. La ilah illallah Mohammad rasul Allah, There is no God but God and Mohammed is the Prophet of God. Kalimat, arabic, a word, the word (of God), vide Marsden, Page 264. (كلمة kalimat; شهادة shahadat, testimony, thus the word of testifying the faith. Fr.)

Kalimborot, Castanea Javanica; wild variety of Chesnut. The fruit is not eaten, or very rarely, as it purges severely; it is covered with sharp spines like needles.

Kalipa, arabic, a vicegerent, a deputy, a caliph. A common name for a man. The word is mostly used when referring to religious matters, خليفة, khalifat.)

Kaliru, wrongly understood, mistaken, got into confusion. One thing taken for another. (Jav. liru idem, and to exchange.)

Kaliwat, in excess, excessively, exceedingly. Kaliwat rusak excessively destroyed. (Jav. id.)

Kaliwon, the fifth day in the old Javanese Pasar or week of five days. Vide Manis.

Kaliwon, a petty officer of the village administration in some parts of the country. He is an inferior native official in Java, the origin of which is not clear. On Borneo, in Ngadju or Pulo Pétak, a village or collection of houses is called Lewu (see Indisch Archief 1849. Eerste jaargang, vijfde aflevering) and the compound Kaléwon would imply an official presiding over such a village. The official's name may have been preserved in Java, after the Léwu, from which it had been derived, had become obsolete, and replaced by the Indian word Désa. Léwu is probably a continuous pile of buildings in which the people of Borneo usually live together. Such a Léwu may at one time have been usual on Java, till superseded by the Kampung or fortified enclosure, which the necessity of self-protection may have forced upon tethe [sic] people. Some approach to a Léwu is still maintained by the inhabitants of the Tengger mountains in Pasuruan. (In Java it is the second in rank, following after the Toemenggoeng. Gericke.)

Kaloba-an, excess, abundance, more than required.

Kalong, a flying fox; a large animal of the bat kind. Pteropus Javanicus.

Kaloyor, strolling away, wandering about.

Kaluar, outside, without, excepting; go out! quitted an employment. Kudu kaluar, you must come out, you must leave your situation. Gěus kaluar, he has gone out; he has left his situation. Kaluar nu hadé, with the exception of those which are good. (Mai. id.)

Kaluarkěn, to dismiss, to turn out of an employment; to bring outside, to produce; to separate.

Kaluaran, literally „the outsiders;” among the Badui of South Bantem, those heathens who have been forced to leave the parent stock, in order that it may not exceed a fixed number are called Kaluaran.


text:
User:Charis~enwikisource

Nama Lengkap: Charis Achmad Tajuddin,

Alamat: Jalan Puspogiwang Timur 30 Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

Sekolah: SMA Negeri 3 Semarang

Pemilik Blog: Senandung Biolovers Muslim.

Ikut berpatisipasi pada proyek Kamus bahasa Sunda-Inggris.

Links
Email: charisbeli@yahoo.com
 * Senandung Biolovers Muslim

title: User:Charis~enwikisource


text:
The Civil Service and the Patronage/Appendix D

Most books on United States history contain some reference to the patronage; and during the last thirty years we have been so well supplied with indexes to periodical literature that it has seemed superfluous to reprint here the titles of the hundreds of articles which, while they have contributed to the general conclusions of this monograph, have not been cited or used in its contents. It has been thought best, therefore, to confine this bibliography

to those works which contain special information or which show some special excellency of treatment.

The greater part of the research for this volume was made in the Harvard College Library, which, valuable for the whole field, contains a particularly important collection of pamphlets on civil service reform. The library of the Harvard Law School is extremely rich in early editions of state laws. The American Antiquarian Society, at Worcester, possesses a very valuable collection of early newspapers; and the Wisconsin Historical Society has many rare tracts on early politics and much unique material on western history. The Chase manuscripts, to which reference is made in the footnotes, were in the possession of Professor Albert Bushnell Hart when I made use of them; they are now in the Library of Congress, and portions of them have been published by the American Historical Society in its report for 1902. The Foster manuscripts, in the possession of the Rhode Island Historical Society, are very instructive, though they are seldom mentioned in the footnotes: a few of them have recently been published in volume viii. of the Publications of the Society, under the editorship of J. Franklin Jameson. The kindness of Mrs. John R. Bartlett secured access to certain papers of the Hon. Thomas A. Jenckes of Rhode Island; and through Dr. U. B. Phillips was secured the use of some significant letters of William H. Crawford of Georgia.

The letters of application and of recommendation to office under the national government are in the keeping of the bureaus of appointments in the several departments. In the treasury department there is an elaborate system of filing for all current appointments, but those which are obsolete are relegated to the cellar; all matter relating to appointments in this department previous to the twenties was destroyed by fire. The state department has preserved its records from the foundation of the government, and has them all on file for reference. Mr. Gaillard Hunt made use of this material in writing his articles on office-seeking, and he has also prepared a calendar of all the material for the administration of Washington. These letters, however, are regarded as confidential and are not open to general use.

While this monograph was going through the press there appeared the Guide to the Archives of the Government of the United States in Washington, by Van Tyne and Leland, for the Carnegie Institution, in which the records of appointments and removals receive due attention.

for the students of Civil Service Reform, recommended by the Executive Committee of the Woman's Auxiliary to the Civil Service Reform Association, 1899.

of Civil Service Reform and Related Subjects. New York, 1900.

References to the History of Presidential Administrations. New York, 1885.

Handbook of the History, Diplomacy, and Government of the United States (§§ 21, 101, 108). Cambridge, 1901.

Syllabus for the Study of the History of Civil Service Reform. Published for the Massachusetts State Federation of Women's Clubs, 1903.

Every book covering the general history of the United States for any period subsequent to 1789 contains some reference to the history of the civil service. Those which contain the best accounts are Henry Adams's History of the Administrations of Jefferson and Madison; J. F. Rhodes's History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850; and Herman Van Holst's The Constitutional and Political History of the United States.

Nominations in Colonial New York. American Historical Review, vi. 260-275. New York, etc., January, 1901.

The Second Bank of the United States. Chicago, 1903.

The Struggle between President Johnson and Congress over Reconstruction. Columbia University, Studies in History, viii. No. I, pp. 1-142. New York, 1896.

The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson. New York, 1903.

Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction, and related topics. New York, etc., 1898.

Civil Service in Great Britain, a History of Abuses and Reforms and their Bearing upon American Politics. New York, 1880. The result of an investigation begun at the request of President Hayes, June 25, 1877.

Lincoln and the Patronage. American Historical Review, viii. 53-69. New York, etc., October, 1902.

Removal of Officials by the President of the United States. American Historical Association, Report, 1899, i. 67-86. Washington, 1900.

Calendar of Applications and Recommendations for Office during the Presidency of George Washington. Washington, 1901.

Office-seeking during Washington's Administration. American Historical Review, i. 270-283. New York, etc., January, 1896.

Office-seeking during the Administration of John Adams. American Historical Review, ii. 241-261. New York, etc., January, 1897.

Office-seeking during Jefferson's Administration. American Historical Review, iii. 270-291. New York, etc., January, 1898. —

The material for these three articles is drawn from the files of the state department at Washington, and many letters, heretofore unprinted and at present inaccessible to the student, are given in full.

Office-seeking during Washington's Administration. American Historical Review, i. 270-283. New York, etc., January, 1896.

The Early History of the United States Consular Service, 1776-1792. Political Science Quarterly, xiii. 19-40. New York, etc., March, 1898.

The American Caucus System: its Origin, Purpose, and Utility. New York, etc., 1885.

Early Political Machinery in the United States. Philadelphia, 1903.

Jefferson's Use of the Executive Patronage (abstract). American Historical Association, Papers, ii. No. 1, pp. 47-52. New York, etc., 1887. Contains valuable statistics.

History of the Appointing Power of the President. American Historical Association, Papers, i. No. 5. New York, etc., 1886.

Parties and Patronage in the United States. New York, etc., 1891. — An attempt to vindicate President Tyler's administration of the patronage.

History of Civil Service Reform. Brookline, Massachusetts, 1883.

(The), or United States Register. Philadelphia, 1794, 1796, 1798.

Civil Service Examinations, being Question Papers with Actual Answers of Successful and Unsuccessful Candidates. New York, 1886.

The Civil Service of the United States; also a description of the Civil Service of the States of New York and Massachusetts, and their Municipalities. New York, 1885.

Handbook of Competitive Examinations for Admission to every Department of her Majesty's Service.

Tables showing the Number of Positions in the Executive Civil Service of the United States, classified and unclassified, on June 30, 1896. Washington, 1897.

The Complete Guide to the Home Civil Service. 17th edition. London, 1881.

Les Emplois Publics. Paris, 1881.

Executive Register of the United States, 1789-1902. Baltimore, 1903. — A complete list of the heads of the executive departments from the beginning of the government.

(The). Published by Peter Force annually. Washington, 1820-1836.

The Civil Service Coach. The Civil Service Series. London, 1881.

The works and reminiscences of almost all the statesmen and prominent men of the period contain some material. In the same way the lives of nearly all statesmen, and many of those of other men, discuss some one phase of the subject, some another; some at length, some slightly. Among the best are those in the Statesmen Series, especially those by A. B. Hart and H. C. Lodge.

Life of Albert Gallatin. Philadelphia, 1879.

Works, with a Life of the Author. Edited by C. F. Adams. 10 vols. Boston, 1854-1856.

Memoirs, comprising parts of his Diary from 1795 to 1848. 12 vols. Philadelphia, 1874-1877. — The Index does not adequately open up these volumes for this subject. At the times when Adams was secretary of state and president almost every page contains some material. At later periods there is less, but still enough to repay a page by page examination.

Thirty Years' View; a History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years from 1820 to 1850. New York, 1854-1856. — Particularly valuable for the administrations of Jackson and Polk.

Correspondence. Edited by J. F. Jameson. American Historical Association, Report, 1899, ii. Washington, 1900. — Somewhat scattered material, particularly valuable for the Tyler administration. Calhoun's works contain only his speech of 1855, which is chiefly constitutional. The most important Calhoun material is in Edwards's History of Illinois.

Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln. New York, 1865. (The 24th edition, 1867, is entitled “Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln.”) — Contains the best anecdotes of Lincoln and the patronage.

George William Curtis. (American Men of Letters Series.) Boston, etc., 1894. — Contains a good account of the beginnings of the reform movement.

Private Correspondence. Edited by Calvin Colton. Boston, 1856. — Valuable for beginnings of the administrations from 1816 to 1850. Clay's Works contain nothing on this subject that is not in the congressional publications.

Life of James Buchanan. 2 vols. New York, 1883. — Invaluable for administrations of Polk and Buchanan; also on rotation.

Orations and Addresses. Edited by Charles Eliot Norton. 3 vols. New York, 1894.

Life and Writings of Alexander James Dallas. Philadelphia, 1871. — Intimate correspondence with Madison while Dallas was secretary of the treasury.

Memoirs of Aaron Burr. 2 vols. New York, 1836-1837. — Correspondence is valuable about 1801.

The Edwards Papers, being portions of a collection of the Letters, Papers, and Manuscripts of Ninian Edwards. Edited by E. B. Washburne. Chicago Historical Society, Collections, iii. Chicago, 1884. — Illinois politics and Illinois relations of national statesmen, particularly valuable because of the letters of Duff Green.

History of Illinois from 1778 to 1833, and Life and Times of Ninian Edwards. Springfield, 1870.

Writings. Edited by Henry Adams. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1879. — Invaluable for the intimate and constant correspondence with Jefferson, 1800-1812.

Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and John Adams. 2 vols. New York, 1846. — Intimate correspondence between Oliver Wolcott and officials and distinguished men, 1789-1800.

Reminiscences; or Men and Events at Home and Abroad. New York, 1869. — The inaccurate and prejudiced memoirs of a man who was very well acquainted with the Jackson and Van Buren administrations.

Letters, 1783-1804. American Historical Association, Report, 1896, i. 704-841. Washington, 1897. — Valuable for the whole period of federalist control.

Life of Edward Livingston; with introduction by George Bancroft. New York, 1864. — Interesting correspondence during the period for which he was secretary of state.

The Jefferson Papers. Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 7th series, i. Boston, 1900. — Much on the patronage.

Writings. Edited by P. L. Ford. 10 vols. New York, 1892-1899. — Valuable from 1789 to 1826, particularly 1789-1795 and 1801-1809.

Writings. Edited by H. A. Washington. 9 vols. Washington, 1853-1854.

Autobiography. Edited by William Stickney. Boston, 1872. — Invaluable for Jackson's administrations.

The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King. 6 vols. New York, 1894-1900. — Valuable material from 1789 to 1825.

Complete Works. Edited by J. G. Nicolay and John Hay. 2 vols. New York, 1894. — Valuable about 1849 and very rich from 1858 to 1865.

The Life and Times of Martin Van Buren, etc. Boston, 1846.

The Lives and Opinions of B. F. Butler and Jesse

Hoyt, etc. Boston, 1845. — Throws a lurid, though untrustworthy, light on New York and national politics under Jackson and Van Buren.

Letters and Other Writings. By order of Congress. 4 vols. New York, 1884.

Papers. Edited by Henry D. Gilpin. 3 vols. Washington, 1840.

Diary and Letters. Edited by Anne Gary Morris. 2 vols. New York, 1888. — Useful from 1789 to 1803.

Life of Andrew Jackson. 3 vols. New York, 1860. — Contains much source material of varying value.

Life of Josiah Quincy. Boston, 1867. — Valuable for reform efforts of 1811.

Memoir of the Life of John Quincy Adams. Boston, 1858. — Special information on the opening of J. Q. Adams's administration.

Life and Times of William Lowndes of South Carolina, 1782-1822. Boston, etc., 1901. — Valuable about 1812.

William Winston Seaton of the “National Intelligencer”: a Biographical Sketch [by his son]. Boston, 1871. — Valuable letters from 1809 to 1860, particularly for Adams's administration.

William H. Seward. 3 vols. (i. Autobiography, 1831-1846; ii.-iii. Seward at Washington, 1846-1872.) New York, 1890. — Particularly valuable for Taylor's administration.

Martin Van Buren. (American Statesmen Series.) New York, 1888. — One of the best secondary accounts of the spoils system.

Andrew Jackson as a Public Man. (American Statesmen Series) Boston, etc., 1882. — A good account of the origin of the spoils system, but not so good as that in Shepard's Van Buren.

Life of Abraham Lincoln. 2 vols. New York, 1900. — Contains invaluable source material for Lincoln's administration.

The Letters and Times of the Tylers. 3 vols. Richmond, 1884-1896.

Writings. Edited by W. C. Ford. 14 vols. New York, 1889-1893. — Full of details of the patronage; notes valuable.

Writings. Edited by Jared Sparks. 12 vols. Boston, 1837.

Correspondence and Journals, 1772-1806. Edited by W. C. Ford. 3 vols. New York, 1893-1894. — Valuable correspondence relating to Washington's administration and to Georgia and New York politics.

Letters. Edited by C. H. Van Tyne. New York, 1902.

Private Correspondence. Edited by Fletcher Webster. 2 vols. Boston, 1857. — Particularly valuable for Adams's administration.

Autobiography. Edited by Harriet A. Weed. Boston, 1884. — Very valuable for period 1848-1870.

, Lincoln and Seward. New York, 1874. — Very important account of a cabinet meeting in 1861.

An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs in consequence of the Senate's course, and particularly Mr. Webster's Speech upon the Executive Patronage Bill. Boston, 1835.

, and Correspondence between the Hon. John Adams, late President of the United States, and the late William Cunningham, Esq., beginning in 1803, and ending in 1812. Boston, 1823. — Chiefly important for the dismissal of Pickering.

of the State Committee of Republicans, appointed to correspond with the Committees of the Several Counties of the State of Pennsylvania on the Concerns of the Election of 1802. Printed by William Duane. [Philadelphia], 1802.

to the People of the American States who Choose Electors. . . to which is added a short sketch of the Biography of General George Clinton, and several Essays. Washington, 1808. — On rotation.

Administration Reform as an Issue in the next Presidential Canvass. Cambridge, 1888.

Constitutional Republicanism in Opposition to Fallacious Federalism. Boston, 1803.

Civil Service Reform versus Spoils System. New York, 1885. — Contains a bibliography.

Civil Service Reform as a Moral Question. New York, 1889.

Civil Service Reform in the New York Custom-House. New York, 1882.

The Prospect before Us. Richmond, 1800.

Sedgwick & Co., or a Key to the Six Per Cent Cabinet. Philadelphia, 1798.

Letters to Alexander Hamilton. New York, 1802.

A History of French Influence in the United States, to which is added an Exposition of the Congressional Caucus. Philadelphia, 1812.

The Reform of the Civil Service considered from the Party Standpoint. Read before the Rhode Island Historical Society, March 25, 1890. No title-page.

[] An Examination of the President's Reply to the New Haven Remonstrance. . . together with a List of Removals and New Appointments made since the Fourth of March, 1801. New York, 1801.

The Situation. New York, 1886.

Public Speculation Unfolded: in sixteen letters addressed to F. Childs and J. H. Lawrence of New York, by Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey, while Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States. New York, 1800.

Political Reminiscences. Boston, 1835. — Giving an account of the situation in Washington in 1829, with letters of recommendation, etc.

Our Revenue System and the Civil Service: shall they be reformed? Economic Monographs, No. 5. New York, 1878.

The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution. 4 vols. Washington, 1836.

(The). Edited by P. L. Ford. New York, 1898.

Cheetham's View of the Political Conduct of Aaron Burr, Esq., Vice-President of the United States. New York, 1802.

, editor. Essays on the Constitution of the United States. Brooklyn, 1892.

, editor. Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States. Brooklyn, 1888.

The Situation of Civil Service Reform in the United States. Boston, 1881.

A Concise History of the Efforts to obtain an Extension Suffrage in Rhode Island from the Year 1811 to 1842. Providence, 1842.

How you may aid Civil Service Reform. Civil Service Reform Association of Philadelphia, Publications, No. 8. Philadelphia [1882].

Reciprocity and Civil Service Reform, with comments by M. M. Trumbull. Chicago, 1893.

Civil Service Reform. Address read before the Michigan Conference of the Unitarian Churches in Detroit, October 21, 1880.

The Progress of Civil Service Reform in the United States. Boston, 1885.

[] The New-England Patriot, being a Candid Comparison of the Principles and Conduct of the Washington and Jefferson Administrations. Boston, 1810.

Reform of the Civil Service a Moral Duty. Sermon preached in Philadelphia, November 28, 1889. Philadelphia, 1889.

Letters addressed to the Various Candidates for the Governorship, and for Congress, the Assembly, and City Offices during the Campaign of 1882. New York, 1882.

upon the Duties and Emoluments of Certain Public Offices. New York, 1822. Criticism of the New York courts.

Soldiers' Exemption Bill. Speech in the Massachusetts Senate. No title-page.

, or Review of Jacksonism. New York, 1835. Newspaper extracts, etc.

History and Literature of Civil Service Reform. Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review, xlii. 1-21. New York, January, 1870.

of the Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, appointed to investigate the Administration of the Civil Service Laws of the State of New York. Albany, 1895.

The Workingmen's Interest in Civil Service Reform: the Spoils System in the Public Schools. Address before the Central Labor Union of Buffalo, April 4, 1888. [Buffalo, 1888.]

Address before the National League of the Civil Service Reform Association. Boston, 1892.

Author:Carl Schurz The Spoils System. Address to the Civil Service Reform League at Washington, December 12, 1895. [Philadelphia, 1896.]

The Competitive Test and the Civil Service of States and Cities. (Economic Tracts, No. 14.) New York, 1884.

Government Machinery. New York, 1880.

A Series of Letters addressed to Thomas Jefferson, Esq., President of the United States. Philadelphia, 1802.

(The); or the Cause and Cure of Present Evils. Addressed to the voters of Maryland. Baltimore, 1811.

Democracy in America. Translated by Henry Reeve, and revised by Henry Bowen. 2 vols. Boston, 1863.

[Pamphlets on Van Buren, 1832-1848, passim. Harvard College Library, shelf number 7393.23.] On the Post-Office Removals in 1820.

An Antidote to John Wood's Poison. New York, 1802.

The Great Struggle in England for Honest Government, . . . with a Letter on Reform in New York City by Thomas B. Musgrove. New York, 1881.

Political Essays on the Nature and Operation of Money, Public Finances, etc. Philadelphia, 1791.

Convention of Young Men in New York City. New York, 1834.

The Four Years' Term, or Rotation in Office. New York, 1883.

Rotation in Office. Political Science Quarterly, iv. 279-295. New York, etc., June, 1889.

shall be Governor, Strong or Sullivan? or the Sham-Patriot Unmasked. 1806.

Seven Decades of the Union. Philadelphia, 1876. Tyler administration.

The History of the Administration of John Adams. New York, 1802.

At the time of the first issue of Poole's Index the civil service was prominently before the public, and consequently all articles in the periodicals which the index includes have been made so easily accessible that it is unnecessary to recapitulate them here. The two most useful periodical publications are Niles's Register, which furnishes contemporary comment and episode throughout the period of the establishment of the spoils system, and the Nation, the date of whose foundation (1865) coincides with the beginning of the effective

reform movement. A useful list is found in the Fifteenth Report of the U.S. Civil Service Commission, pp. 511-517.

History and Present Condition of the Newspaper and Periodical Press of the United States. (Census Report, 1880.) Washington, 1881.

Albany, 1813, etc. Edited by Jesse Buel, and afterward by Leake and Croswell. — Often had the state printing, and was for many years the chief regency organ.

Boston, 1824, etc. — Chiefly commercial; Whig in politics, but not violent; valuable during the forties.

Cincinnati, 1836-1850. Whig.

Charleston, South Carolina, 1 788-1 817. — Jeffersonian Republican.

Indianapolis, 1889-1896.

Boston, 1881-1892. — Organ of the Boston and Cambridge Civil Service Reform Associations.

Baltimore, 1885-1892. — Organ of the Baltimore Civil Service Reform Association. In 1892 it was united with the Civil Service Record, under the title “Good Government.”

Philadelphia, 1791-1800.

Boston, 1790-1840. — Published and edited by Benjamin Russell for about forty years, ending 1828. Advocated the adoption of the constitution; Federalist, anti-Jacksonian, strongly partisan; very progressive, and the source of news for many New England papers, until the retirement of Mr. Russell.

Hartford, 1764, etc. — Representative of Connecticut Federalism in its successive forms; generally reliable and up to date.

New York, 1829-1861. — Edited by Mordecai M. Noah. Supported Jackson strongly in 1828.

Washington, 1822, etc. — Published and edited by Peter Force. In 1825, Clay transferred the printing under his control from Gales and Seaton to Force, who continued to be very near the administration for the next four years. The paper was very ably conducted, though of course partisan.

Washington, 1830-1845. — Published and edited by Blair and Rives. The official Democratic paper from its inception to its end; extremely partisan and unreliable.

New York, 1892, etc. — Organ of the National Civil Service Reform League.

Jackson, Tennessee, 1824-1830. — Valuable between 1825 and 1830.

Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1794-1839. — Strongly Federalist; used about 1800.

Lexington, Kentucky, 1807-1873. — Supported Adams in 1828.

New Orleans, 1825, etc. — Supported Jackson.

Washington, 1842, etc. — Published and edited by Thomas Allen. Violently partisan, and supported the spoils system; official Whig paper in 1841, but followed Tyler in his break with that party; important only during this administration. Mr. Allen later became editor of the Union.

Boston, 1784-1790. — In 1790 the name was changed to Columbian Centinel.

Worcester, 1771-1904. — Federalist and anti-Jacksonian; contains many long and violent communications, but its editorial and news columns are not unfair.

Nashville. Jacksonian.

New York, 1865, etc.

Washington, 1800-1869. — Published and edited by Samuel H. Smith and Joseph Gales, and later by Joseph Gales, Jr., and William Seaton. The administrative organ until 1825, when Clay took his patronage from it; it still supported Adams, however, and had the printing of the House. In 1843 it became the mouthpiece of the Whigs. After this date its importance diminished.

Cincinnati, 1823, etc. — From 1799 to 1823 its name was Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette.

New York, 1801, etc. — Established and edited by William Coleman under the direction of Alexander Hamilton. Strongly Federalist, but not scurrilous. In 1828, William Cullen Bryant became editor. The paper supported Jackson, and remained Democratic during the period for which it is used here.

New York, 1802, etc. — Published in the century in the interest of the Federalists.

New York, 1835, etc. — The Herald, edited by James Gordon Bennett, and the Tribune (see below), edited by Horace Greeley, tended, in the fifties, to supplant the official organs at Washington. They were enabled to do this by the introduction of the telegraph, and by the energy and alertness of their skilled Washington reporters.

New York, 1820-1850. — Religious. Its political notes are generally fair.

New York, 1841, etc. — Invaluable for Washington correspondence during the fifties and sixties. Independent and Republican.

Baltimore, 1811-1849. — Edited by Hezekiah Niles until 1846. On the whole non-partisan, but violent on particular issues.

Harrisburgh, 1791, etc. — Jeffersonian Republican.

Huntington, Pennsylvania. Republican.

Philadelphia, 1794-1840. — Strongly Federalist.

Philadelphia, 1800-1839. Federalist. — A continuation of Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser.

Washington, 1848-. Official Whig journal.

Richmond, 1804, etc. Published and edited by Thomas Ritchie. From early in the century until 1845, when Ritchie was transferred to the Union, the exponent of Virginian principles. The best newspaper in the South; well gotten out, quoting many other papers, and fairly reliable.

Springfield, 1879, etc. — Whig.

Cincinnati, January to October, 1828.

Washington, 1845, etc. — Established, with Thomas Ritchie as editor, to supplant the Globe as the official organ of the Democratic administration, because of the attitude of Blair on Texas and slavery. It continued to be the organ of the party until 1857, when the practice of having such a mouthpiece practically died out, although the Union continued to the close of the Buchanan administration.

Washington, 1826, etc. — Published and edited by General Duff Green. Strongly partisan, and supporter of the spoils system; official Democratic paper from 1828 to 1833, when the Globe was established to take its place because of Green's strenuous support of Calhoun.

Worcester. — Democratic.

So scattered is the material on this subject that it would be difficult to name a learned society whose publications could not furnish some little information. Only those specially useful will be mentioned here.

Publications.

Prize Essays on Municipal Reform. Boston, 1884.

Purposes, with Constitution and Officers. Cambridge, 1881.

Publication.

Bulletins.

Publications, 1888-1900. Boston.

Reports, 1883-1891. St. Louis.

Proceedings, 1882-1903. New York.

Six Reports of the Special Investigating Committee. Boston, 1891.

Publications, 1894-1895. Philadelphia.

Publications and Annual Reports, 1883-1901. New York.

Of the societies not specially devoted to this subject, the American Historical Society has published the most valuable material. Several collections of sources and several special articles are especially referred to elsewhere.

Good Government, Vol. xvi. No. 4, p. 48, gives a list of public documents on the subject. The most important is the Executive Journal of the Senate, which contains all nominations sent by the president to the Senate with the action upon them. In addition it gives all the rules proposed and adopted in the Senate for the regulation of its relations with the president. The portion recently published, including the period from 1869 to 1892, is particularly rich in this latter kind of material.

The annual reports of the United States Civil Service Commission are very satisfactory, as they are exhaustive and well arranged.

The Blue Book or Official Register containing a complete biennial list of officials is indispensable.

The reports to the Senate on the patronage in 1826 and 1835, with Mr. Jenckes^s report to the House in 1868, are the only special reports of much definite value, but there is hardly a report on an administrative question which does not yield some material.

Few state histories contain material on the patronage, and the works and lives of statesmen contain little on state conditions. The most useful sources are found in the newspapers, the laws, and the following works.

Life and Writings of James Sullivan. 2 vols. Boston, 1859.

Life of Elbridge Gerry. 2 vols. Boston, 1828-1829.

History of Windham County, Connecticut. 2 vols. Worcester, 1874-1880.

Military Papers. 5 vols. New York, etc., 1899-1902.

New York Council of Appointment.

The History of Political Parties in the State of New York. 2 vols. Cooperstown, 1846.

The Life and Times of Silas Wright. Syracuse, 1848.

Memoir of the Life and Times of General John Lamb. Albany, 1857.

The History of Tammany Hall. New York, 1901.

Military Minutes, 1783-1821. Edited by Hugh Hastings. 4 vols. Albany, 1901.

of the Different Governors to the Legislature of New York, commencing with those of George Clinton. Albany, 1898.

Public Papers. Vol. i, Military. New York, etc., 1898.

Lives of the Governors of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1872. Correspondence of Governor McKean.

Autobiography, 1745-1821. [Edited by J. S. Biddle.] Philadelphia, 1883.

Recollections of his Life, written by himself. Philadelphia, 1854.

The Forum. Philadelphia, 1851.

Life of the Hon. Thomas McKean. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1890.

Author:Alexander Graydon Memoirs of his Own Times, with Reminiscences of the Men and Events of the Revolution. Philadelphia, 1846.

Party Struggles over the First Pennsylvania Constitution. American Historical Association, Report, 1894, pp. 371-402. Washington, 1895.

The Revolutionary Movement in Pennsylvania, 1760-1776. University of Pennsylvania, Series in History, No. 1. Philadelphia, 1901.

, and Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution, 1787-1788. [Philadelphia], 1888.

Passages from his Diary, kept in Philadelphia and Lancaster during the American Revolution. Edited by William Duane. Philadelphia, 1839-1849.

Pennsylvania Politics early in this Century. Pennsylvania Magazine, xvii. 462-490. Philadelphia, January, 1894.

Sketches of Some of the First Settlers of Upper Georgia, of the Cherokees, and the author. New York, etc., 1855.

The Tammany Societies of Rhode Island. Brown University Historical Seminary, Papers, No. 8. Providence, 1897.

Report [to the General Assembly] of the Committee on the Subject of the Extension of Suffrage, June, 1829. [Providence, 1829.]


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/129

MONG the many gloomy novelists of the realistic school, perhaps the most full of gloom is Gissing. In common with all his characters, he lives under the weight of a great oppression: the power of the fearful and yet adored idol of Money. One of his typical stories is "Eve's Ransom," where the heroine, with various discreditable subterfuges, throws over the poor man whom she loves in order to marry the rich man whose income she loves still better. The poor man, finding that the rich man's income has given her a fuller life and a better character than the poor man's love could have given her, decides that she has done quite right, and that he deserves to be punished for his lack of money. In this story, as in his other books, Gissing has set forth, quite accurately, the actual dominion of money, and the impersonal worship which it exacts from the great majority of civilized mankind.

Gissing's facts are undeniable, and yet his Rh


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/130

118 attitude produces a revolt in any reader who has vital passions and masterful desires. His worship of money is bound up with his consciousness of inward defeat. And in the modern world generally, it is the decay of life which has promoted the religion of material goods; and the religion of material goods, in its turn, has hastened the decay of life on which it thrives. The man who worships money has ceased to hope for happiness through his own efforts or in his own activities: he looks upon happiness as a passive enjoyment of pleasures derived from the outside world. The artist or the lover does not worship money in his moments of ardor, because his desires are specific, and directed towards objects which only he can create. And conversely, the worshiper of money can never achieve greatness as an artist or a lover.

Love of money has been denounced by moralists since the world began. I do not wish to add another to the moral denunciations, of which the efficacy in the past has not been encouraging. I wish to show how the worship of money is both an effect and a cause of diminishing vitality, and how our institutions might be changed so as to make the worship of money


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/131

Rh grow less and the general vitality grow more. It is not the desire for money as a means to definite ends that is in question. A struggling artist may desire money in order to have leisure for his art, but this desire is finite, and can be satisfied fully by a very modest sum. It is the worship of money that I wish to consider: the belief that all values may be measured in terms of money, and that money is the ultimate test of success in life. This belief is held in fact, if not in words, by multitudes of men and women, and yet it is not in harmony with human nature, since it ignores vital needs and the instinctive tendency towards some specific kind of growth. It makes men treat as unimportant those of their desires which run counter to the acquisition of money, and yet such desires are, as a rule, more important to well-being than any increase of income. It leads men to mutilate their own natures from a mistaken theory of what constitutes success, and to give admiration to enterprises which add nothing to human welfare. It promotes a dead uniformity of character and purpose, a diminution in the joy of life, and a stress and strain which leaves whole communities weary, discouraged, and disillusioned.


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/132

120 America, the pioneer of Western progress, is thought by many to display the worship of money in its most perfect form. A well-to-do American, who already has more than enough money to satisfy all reasonable requirements, almost always continues to work at his office with an assiduity which would only be pardonable if starvation were the alternative.

But England, except among a small minority, is almost as much given over to the worship of money as America. Love of money in England takes, as a rule, the form of snobbishly desiring to maintain a certain social status, rather than of striving after an indefinite increase of income. Men postpone marriage until they have an income enabling them to have as many rooms and servants in their house as they feel that their dignity requires. This makes it necessary for them while they are young to keep a watch upon their affections, lest they should be led into an imprudence: they acquire a cautious habit of mind, and a fear of "giving themselves away," which makes a free and vigorous life impossible. In acting as they do they imagine that they are being virtuous, since they would feel it a hardship for a woman to be asked to descend to a lower social status


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/133

Rh than that of her parents, and a degradation to themselves to marry a woman whose social status was not equal to their own. The things of nature are not valued in comparison with money. It is not thought a hardship for a woman to have to accept, as her only experience of love, the prudent and limited attentions of a man whose capacity for emotion has been lost during years of wise restraint or sordid relations with women whom he did not respect. The woman herself does not know that it is a hardship; for she, too, has been taught prudence for fear of a descent in the social scale, and from early youth she has had it instilled into her that strong feeling does not become a young woman. So the two unite to slip through life in ignorance of all that is worth knowing. Their ancestors were not restrained from passion by the fear of hell-fire, but they are restrained effectually by a worse fear, the fear of coming down in the world.

The same motives which lead men to marry late also lead them to limit their families. Professional men wish to send their sons to a public school, though the education they will obtain is no better than at a grammar school, and the companions with whom they will associate


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/134

122 are more vicious. But snobdom has decided that public schools are best, and from its verdict there is no appeal. What makes them the best is that they are the most expensive. And the same social struggle, in varying forms, runs through all classes except the very highest and the very lowest. For this purpose men and women make great moral efforts, and show amazing powers of self-control; but all their efforts and all their self-control, being not used for any creative end, serve merely to dry up the well-spring of life within them, to make them feeble, listless, and trivial. It is not in such a soil that the passion which produces genius can be nourished. Men's souls have exchanged the wilderness for the drawing-room: they have become cramped and petty and deformed, like Chinese women's feet. Even the horrors of war have hardly awakened them from the smug somnambulism of respectability. And it is chiefly the worship of money that has brought about this deathlike slumber of all that makes men great.

In France the worship of money takes the form of thrift. It is not easy to make a fortune in France, but an inherited competence is very common, and where it exists the main purpose


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/135

Rh of life is to hand it on undiminished, if not increased. The French rentier is one of the great forces in international politics: it is he through whom France has been strengthened in diplomacy and weakened in war, by increasing the supply of French capital and diminishing the supply of French men. The necessity of providing a dot for daughters, and the subdivision of property by the law of inheritance, have made the family more powerful, as an institution, than in any other civilized country. In order that the family may prosper, it is kept small, and the individual members are often sacrificed to it. The desire for family continuity makes men timid and unadventurous: it is only in the organized proletariat that the daring spirit survives which made the Revolution and led the world in political thought and practice. Through the influence of money, the strength of the family has become a weakness to the nation by making the population remain stationary and even tend to decline. The same love of safety is beginning to produce the same effects elsewhere; but in this, as in many better things, France has led the way.

In Germany the worship of money is more recent than in France, England, and America;


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/136

124 indeed, it hardly existed until after the Franco-Prussian War. But it has been adopted now with the same intensity and whole-heartedness which have always marked German beliefs. It is characteristic that, as in France the worship of money is associated with the family, so in Germany it is associated with the State. Liszt, in deliberate revolt against the English economists, taught his compatriots to think of economics in national terms, and the German who develops a business is felt, by others as well as by himself, to be performing a service to the State. Germans believe that England's greatness is due to industrialism and Empire, and that our success in these is due to an intense nationalism. The apparent internationalism of our Free Trade policy they regard as mere hypocrisy. They have set themselves to imitate what they believe we really are, with only the hypocrisy omitted. It must be admitted that their success has been amazing. But in the process they have destroyed almost all that made Germany of value to the world, and they have not adopted whatever of good there may have been among us, since that was all swept aside in the wholesale condemnation of "hypocrisy." And in adopting our worst faults,


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/137

Rh they have made them far worse by a system, a thoroughness, and a unanimity of which we are happily incapable. Germany's religion is of great importance to the world, since Germans have a power of real belief, and have the energy to acquire the virtues and vices which their creed demands. For the sake of the world, as well as for the sake of Germany, we must hope that they will soon abandon the worship of wealth which they have unfortunately learnt from us.

Worship of money is no new thing, but it is a more harmful thing than it used to be, for several reasons. Industrialism has made work more wearisome and intense, less capable of affording pleasure and interest by the way to the man who has undertaken it for the sake of money. The power of limiting families has opened a new field for the operation of thrift. The general increase in education and self-discipline has made men more capable of pursuing a purpose consistently in spite of temptations, and when the purpose is against life it becomes more destructive with every increase of tenacity in those who adopt it. The greater productivity resulting from industrialism has enabled us to devote more labor and capital to


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/138

126 armies and navies for the protection of our wealth from envious neighbors, and for the exploitation of inferior races, which are ruthlessly wasted by the capitalist régime. Through the fear of losing money, forethought and anxiety eat away men's power of happiness, and the dread of misfortune becomes a greater misfortune than the one which is dreaded. The happiest men and women, as we can all testify from our own experience, are those who are indifferent to money because they have some positive purpose which shuts it out. And yet all our political thought, whether imperialist, radical, or socialist, continues to occupy itself almost exclusively with men's economic desires, as though they alone had real importance.

In judging of an industrial system, whether the one under which we live or one proposed by reformers, there are four main tests which may be applied. We may consider whether the system secures (1) the maximum of production, or (2) justice in distribution, or (3) a tolerable existence for producers, or (4) the greatest possible freedom and stimulus to vitality and progress. We may say, broadly, that the present system aims only at the first of these objects, while socialism aims at the second and third.


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/139

Rh Some defenders of the present system contend that technical progress is better promoted by private enterprise than it would be if industry were in the hands of the State; to this extent they recognize the fourth of the objects we have enumerated. But they recognize it only on the side of the goods and the capitalist, not on the side of the wage-earner. I believe that the fourth is much the most important of the objects to be aimed at, that the present system is fatal to it, and that orthodox socialism might well prove equally fatal.

One of the least questioned assumptions of the capitalist system is, that production ought to be increased in amount by every possible means: by new kinds of machinery, by employment of women and boys, by making hours of labor as long as is compatible with efficiency. Central African natives, accustomed to living on raw fruits of the earth and defeating Manchester by dispensing with clothes, are compelled to work by a hut tax which they can only pay by taking employment under European capitalists. It is admitted that they are perfectly happy while they remain free from European influences, and that industrialism brings upon them, not only the unwonted misery of


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/140

128, but also death from diseases to which white men have become partially immune. It is admitted that the best negro workers are the "raw natives," fresh from the bush, uncontaminated by previous experience of wage-earning. Nevertheless, no one effectively contends that they ought to be preserved from the deterioration which we bring, since no one effectively doubts that it is good to increase the world's production at no matter what cost.

The belief in the importance of production has a fanatical irrationality and ruthlessness. So long as something is produced, what it is that is produced seems to be thought a matter of no account. Our whole economic system encourages this view, since fear of unemployment makes any kind of work a boon to wage-earners. The mania for increasing production has turned men's thoughts away from much more important problems, and has prevented the world from getting the benefits it might have got out of the increased productivity of labor.

When we are fed and clothed and housed, further material goods are needed only for ostentation. With modern methods, a certain


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/141

Rh proportion of the population, without working long hours, could do all the work that is really necessary in the way of producing commodities. The time which is now spent in producing luxuries could be spent partly in enjoyment and country holidays, partly in better education, partly in work that is not manual or sub-serving manual work. We could, if we wished, have far more science and art, more diffused knowledge and mental cultivation, more leisure for wage-earners, and more capacity for intelligent pleasures. At present not only wages, but almost all earned incomes, can only be obtained by working much longer hours than men ought to work. A man who earns £800 a year by hard work could not, as a rule, earn £400 a year by half as much work. Often he could not earn anything if he were not willing to work practically all day and every day. Because of the excessive belief in the value of production, it is thought right and proper for men to work long hours, and the good that might result from shorter hours is not realized. And all the cruelties of the industrial system, not only in Europe but even more in the tropics, arouse only an occasional feeble protest from a few philanthropists. This is because, owing to the distortion


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/142

130 produced by our present economic methods, men's conscious desires, in such matters, cover only a very small part, and that not the most important part, of the real needs affected by industrial work. If this is to be remedied, it can only be by a different economic system, in which the relation of activity to needs will be less concealed and more direct.

The purpose of maximizing production will not be achieved in the long run if our present industrial system continues. Our present system is wasteful of human material, partly through damage to the health and efficiency of industrial workers, especially when women and children are employed, partly through the fact that the best workers tend to have small families and that the more civilized races are in danger of gradual extinction. Every great city is a center of race-deterioration. For the case of London this has been argued with a wealth of statistical detail by Sir H. Llewelyn Smith; and it cannot easily be doubted that it is equally true in other cases. The same is true of material resources: the minerals, the virgin forests, and the newly developed wheatfields of the world are being exhausted with a reckless


text:
User talk:Chintia gasela

Selamat datang
Halo Chintia, selamat bertanding, skoring bisa dilihat di halaman ini. Tiga hari tidak menyunting dianggap gugur yah. Mulai menyunting tanggal 3 Juli 2012, tanggal gugur kamu adalah tanggal 7 Juli 2012 apabila tidak berkontribusi :-) Siska.Doviana (talk)

Halaman habis - peserta untuk terus menyunting agar tidak gugur
Halo Chintia, Charis memberitahukan pada panitia bahwa halaman sudah habis. Ini panitia sadari beberapa jam yang lalu. Pengumuman beasiswa akan kita matikan lebih cepat dari rencana, karena halaman merah sudah tidak ada atau harus diidentifikasi berapa yang betul di "proofread" (kaji halaman) tetapi belum dikerjakan. Para peserta yang masih bertahan diharapkan untuk terus menyunting baik itu memvalidasi halaman atau memperbaiki halaman hingga tanggal 17 Juli, agar tidak gugur sembari panitia menghitung skornya. Untuk melihat halaman seluruhnya, silahkan klik kamus dalam versi halaman lengkap dan betulkan halaman yang bermasalah untuk terus menyunting. Terima kasih dan semoga yang terbaik yang menang. Siska.Doviana (talk) 13:07, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chintia gasela


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/143

Rh prodigality which entails almost a certainty of hardship for future generations.

Socialists see the remedy in State ownership of land and capital, combined with a more just system of distribution. It cannot be denied that our present system of distribution is indefensible from every point of view, including the point of view of justice. Our system of distribution is regulated by law, and is capable of being changed in many respects which familiarity makes us regard as natural and inevitable. We may distinguish four chief sources of recognized legal rights to private property: (1) a man's right to what he has made himself; (2) the right to interest on capital which has been lent; (3) the ownership of land; (4) inheritance. These form a crescendo of respectability: capital is more respectable than labor, land is more respectable than capital, and any form of wealth is more respectable when it is inherited than when it has been acquired by our own exertions.

A man's right to the produce of his own labor has never, in fact, had more than a very limited recognition from the law. The early socialists, especially the English forerunners of Marx, used to insist upon this right as the basis


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/144

132 of a just system of distribution, but in the complication of modern industrial processes it is impossible to say what a man has produced. What proportion of the goods carried by a railway should belong to the goods porters concerned in their journey? When a surgeon saves a man's life by an operation, what proportion of the commodities which the man subsequently produces can the surgeon justly claim? Such problems are insoluble. And there is no special justice, even if they were soluble, in allowing to each man what he himself produces. Some men are stronger, healthier, cleverer, than others, but there is no reason for increasing these natural injustices by the artificial injustices of the law. The principle recommends itself partly as a way of abolishing the very rich, partly as a way of stimulating people to work hard. But the first of these objects can be better obtained in other ways, and the second ceases to be obviously desirable as soon as we cease to worship money.

Interest arises naturally in any community in which private property is unrestricted and theft is punished, because some of the most economical processes of production are slow, and those who have the skill to perform them may


text:
Page:Whymenfightameth00russuoft.djvu/145

Rh not have the means of living while they are being completed. But the power of lending money gives such great wealth and influence to private capitalists that unless strictly controlled it is not compatible with any real freedom for the rest of the population. Its effects at present, both in the industrial world and in international politics, are so bad that it seems imperatively necessary to devise some means of curbing its power.

Private property in land has no justification except historically through power of the sword. In the beginning of feudal times, certain men had enough military strength to be able to force those whom they disliked not to live in a certain area. Those whom they chose to leave on the land became their serfs, and were forced to work for them in return for the gracious permission to stay. In order to establish law in place of private force, it was necessary, in the main, to leave undisturbed the rights which had been acquired by the sword. The land became the property of those who had conquered it, and the serfs were allowed to give rent instead of service. There is no justification for private property in land, except the historical necessity to conciliate turbulent robbers who would not