text:
Hoyle's Games Modernized/Chess Open 2

This Opening, invented by the Spaniard Ruy Lopez in the sixteenth century, is still resorted to in tournaments and matches, where caution and safety are essential. Instead of developing the Bishop to Q B 4 with the intention of an attack upon Black's weakest point—viz., the K B P, White plays 3. B to Q Kt 5, threatening 4. B takes Kt, and 5. Kt takes P. In answer to 3. B to Kt 5, Black may play 3. ... P to Q R 3; 3. ... K Kt to B 3 (best); 3. ... K Kt to K 2 (not so good); 3. ... B to B 4; 3. ... Kt to Q 5 (not to be recommended); 3. ... P to Q 3 (a safe, but dull defence); 3. ... P to B 4 (risky); and 3. ... P to K Kt 3, the latter involving the development of the K B to Kt 2.

White's replies are, in answer to 3. ... P to Q R 3; 4. B takes Kt; or 4. B to R 4. And in answer to 3. ... Kt to B 3; 4. Kt to B 3; 4. P to Q 3; 4. Q to K 2; 4. P to Q 4, or 4. Castles.

The main defences are 3. ... P to Q R 3, and 3. ... Kt to B 3. The latter is to be preferred; for to a certain extent the White Bishop is not in such a favourable position at Kt 5 as at R 4; it should, therefore, not be driven into a better one.

These moves complete the Ruy Lopez Opening.

 * White could here temporarily win a pawn with 4. B takes Kt, Q P takes B, 5. Kt takes P. But 5. ... Q to Q 5 wins it back for Black; it is, therefore, useless to exchange the powerful King's Bishop.

This is the quietest form of the Lopez and may be adopted with safety.

A good move, as it anticipates White's advance of the Q R P, and thus renders the Queen's side safe.

It would be bad to play here 14. ... P takes P, because it not only would give White an open Rook's file, but also isolate Black's R P and Q B P, a weakness from which he could not recover against the best play.

Neither side has so far gained any material advantage.

Not 11. ... B to Kt 2, because of 12. B takes P ch., Kt takes B; 13. Q takes B, &c.

At the present day, however, as we have said, the defence of 3. ... P to Q R 3 is discarded by the best authorities in favour of 3. ... Kt to K B 3. The game may then proceed as follows:

 * If 7. ... Q P takes B, White would obtain an advantage by 8. P takes P, Kt to B 4; 9. R to Q sq., B to Q 2; 10. P to K 6 (!), P takes P; 11. Kt to K 5, Kt to Q 3 (or B to Q 3); 12. Q to R 5; ch., P to Kt 3; 13. Kt takes Kt P, and wins.

 * The tempting move 10. ... B to R 3, winning the exchange, would be unsound, because of White's reply 11. Q to Kt 4, Castles; 12. B to R 6, &c.

Another variation proceeds as follows:

The remaining Openings, though not less important, we shall be compelled to deal with more briefly. It must, however, be remembered that it is only the first three or four moves on either side (or even less) which constitute a given Opening. All beyond these are optional, though in many instances the best moves in continuation on either side have been ascertained by careful analysis, and these are consequently known, among players, as "book" moves.

After 1. P to K 4, P to K 4; 2. Kt to K B 3, Black may defend the attacked King's pawn with 2.... P to Q 3, and this constitutes Philidor's Defence.

If 4. Q takes P, Black replies 4.... Kt to Q B 3 (best); 5. B to Q Kt 5, B to Q 2; 6. B takes Kt, B takes B; 7. B to Kt 5, Kt to B 3; 8. B takes Kt. Q takes B; 9. Q takes Q, P takes Q; 10. Kt to B 3, and Black has two Bishops against two Knights, and an open Kt and K file for his Rooks, and consequently the advantage.

{| {|
 * | 4.
 * | 5.
 * | 6.
 * | 5.
 * | 6.
 * | 6.
 * | 6.
 * | 6.

{|
 * | 7.
 * | 8.
 * | 9.
 * | 10.
 * | 11.
 * }
 * | 9.
 * | 10.
 * | 11.
 * }
 * | 10.
 * | 11.
 * }
 * | 11.
 * }
 * }
 * | 12.
 * | 13.
 * | 13.
 * | 13.
 * | 13.

 * | 14.
 * | 15.
 * | 16.
 * | 17.
 * | 18.
 * | 19.
 * }
 * }
 * | 17.
 * | 18.
 * | 19.
 * }
 * }
 * | 18.
 * | 19.
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

This variation has been selected to illustrate mate being given by castling.

The Three Knights' Game is brought about if, after 1. P to K 4, P to K 4; 2. Kt to K B 3, Kt to Q B 3, White plays 3. Kt to B 3, The following is an example:

If Black moves 3. ... Kt to B 3, the previous moves being the same as in the Three Knights' Game, it is called the Four Knights' Game. It is convertible into a Ruy Lopez, if White plays 4. B to Kt 5; and into a Double Ruy Lopez, if Black replies 4. ... B to Kt 5.

If White had played 9. P takes Q P, Black's best reply would have been 9. ... P takes P, attacking the Rook; if 9. P takes Kt P, Black replies 9. ... B takes Kt P, with a promising attack.

If, after 1. P to K 4, P to K 4, White plays 2. Kt to Q B 3, the Vienna Opening is the result. The Q Kt does not act immediately, but rather seems to relinquish the advantage of the first move; but this is only apparently so. For in all Openings the Q Kt plays an important rôle, and, having this piece in play, White soon resumes the attack, and with increased vigour in certain variations.

The defences for Black are—2. ... B to B 4; 2. ... B to Kt 5; 2. ... Kt to Q B 3; 2. ... Kt to K B 3. The latter yields the most satisfactory results. 2. ... Kt to Q B 3 may lead to the Steinitz Gambit, a difficult game for both sides; whilst 2. ... B to Kt 5 is the least satisfactory variation of all.

In this variation it is not advisable to take the offered Gambit pawn, though Black might have done so if he had played 2. ... Kt to Q B 3 instead of 2. ... Kt to K B 3.

 * If 6. Kt takes Kt, Black would win with 6. ... Kt to Q 5; 7. Q to Q 3 (best), P takes Kt; 8. Q takes P, B to K B 4, to be followed by Kt takes P: ch. &c.

{| {|
 * | 1.
 * | 1.

 * | 2.
 * | 3.
 * | 4.
 * | 5.
 * | 6.
 * | 7.
 * | 8.
 * }Even game.
 * }
 * | 5.
 * | 6.
 * | 7.
 * | 8.
 * }Even game.
 * }
 * | 7.
 * | 8.
 * }Even game.
 * }
 * | 8.
 * }Even game.
 * }
 * }
 * }

This gambit is an offshoot of the Vienna Opening. It leads to a very difficult game, and the student will be well advised to avoid it. It is, however, desirable that he should know the moves of the Opening.

This constitutes the Steinitz Gambit. The White King becomes exposed to a violent attack; but if the attack fails, White is able to exchange pieces, and so obtain a superior End game, his King (an essential factor in the ending) being in better play than the Black King.

Next in importance to the Ruy Lopez and the Vienna Opening is the Scotch, an Opening very frequently adopted in matches and tournaments. If after 1. P to K 4, P to K 4; 2. Kt to K B 3, Kt to Q B 3; White plays 3. P to Q 4, it is called the Scotch Game. Black's best move is 3. ... P takes P (not 3. ... Kt takes P), and White can either retake the Pawn or leave it. In the latter case the Opening becomes the Scotch Gambit. The former Opening is considered sounder than the latter, and for that reason is met with more frequently nowadays. Formerly, when Gambits generally were more in vogue, the Scotch Gambit enjoyed corresponding popularity. A few of the most essential variations of this interesting Opening follow. First, of the Scotch game.

The Pawn not being re-taken, as in the Scotch Game, constitutes the Scotch Gambit.

Not 5. ... Kt to K 4, which most beginners are in the habit of playing, because White would still proceed exactly as after the move given in the text, and after the exchanges Black would have the K Kt not developed.

 * If 10. Q takes P: ch., then 10. ... Q takes Q; 11. P takes Q, Kt to Kt 5; 12. Kt to R 3, R to K sq.: ch.; 13. K to Q sq., Kt takes Q P, &c.

Forming the position shown in Fig. 11.

The opening moves in each case are 1. P to K 4, P to K 4; 2. P to Q 4, P takes P. If White continue 3. P to Q B 3, it is called the Danish Gambit, which is rarely played now. The Centre Gambit is a modification of the Scotch, and similar to it in many of the continuations. 3. Q takes P constitutes this Gambit. (Strictly speaking, it is not a Gambit, the pawn not being sacrificed.) Latterly the Centre Gambit has been somewhat neglected.

These moves constitute the Danish Gambit.

(Or 7. ... P to Q 4, equally good, and leading to a livelier game.)

And White is better developed, for the pawn minus. Still Black has a tangible advantage.

 * Formerly the continuation was 4. Q to Q sq., Kt to B 3; 5. B to Q 3, P to Q 4, &c., but the text-move is now considered superior to the retreat of a developed piece, especially as from K 3 the range of the Queen's action on both sides should prove more advantageous to White.

 * If 5. P to K 5, Black's best reply is 5. ... Kt to K Kt 5; 6. Q to K 4, P to Q 4; 7. P takes P e.p.: ch., B to K 3; 8. P takes P, Q to Q 8: ch., followed by 9. ... Kt takes P: ch. and 10. ... Kt takes Q, with the better game.

Here, after 1. P to K 4, P to K 4; 2. Kt to K B 3, Black, instead of defending the K P with 2. ... Kt to Q B 3, plays Kt to K B 3, attacking the opponent's K P. This mode of defence is sometimes adopted if the second player wishes to avoid the Ruy Lopez, Scotch Opening, or Evans Gambit. On the whole it yields a safe defence, although somewhat tame in the majority of variations.

The reader has already had several examples of Gambits, but others still remain to be described. A pawn is sacrificed in order to get a compensating advantage in a rapid development of the pieces, and an immediate attack. Formerly the Gambits were played very frequently, but more perfect knowledge of the possible defences has caused the less speculative Openings to be resorted to in preference—a tacit admission that the Gambits are for the most part hazardous for the first player, though they give rise to ingenious combinations and interesting positions.

The principal Gambits (apart from the "Evans") are the King's Knight's and King's Bishop's Gambits. From the former spring other well-known Gambits, such as the Kieseritzky, Allgaier, Muzio, &c.

This move completes the Gambit.

This move has a double object. First, it protects the Gambit pawn, which would be attacked after White's necessary P to Q 4, and then it enables Black to post his B at Kt 2, which is essential, as in some variations White might play P to K R 4, when without the B at Kt 2, Black could not reply P to K R 3, because his Rook would not then be protected, and his pawns on the King's side would be broken up.

See previous remark. Of course, were Black now to advance the attacked pawn, he would weaken the Gambit pawn.

The intention being to play P to K 5 and Q to R 7, attacking two pieces, and threatening mate. Black prevents this by—

White has not as yet gained any marked advantage to compensate for the sacrificed pawn.

Black's best defence in the King's Knight's Gambit is to play 4. ... P to Kt 5, thereby forcing White to adopt either the Muzio or the Salvio attack, in either of which cases Black should get the best of the game, as we proceed to show.

The Knight cannot go back to Kt sq., consequently White must either give it up or play Kt to K 5, which will be treated in the Salvio Gambit. Leaving the Knight en prise constitutes the Muzio Gambit.

The position is now as represented in Fig. 12.

This further sacrifice may be regarded as compulsory. White gains time to develop his pieces, as Black has, after the capture of the K P, both King and Queen in an exposed position.

Threatening 10. R to K sq.; or if Black plays 9. ... Q takes P; 10. B to B 3, &c. White has gained no material advantage.

Reverting to the position after Black's 5th move (Fig. 12), instead of, as in the preceding variation, 6. Q takes P, let White play—

This attack, if not properly met, is extremely embarrassing for Black; but, against the correct play, it is inferior to the one already given.

And Black even without Castling may assume the counter-attack with R to Kt sq., bringing the Queen into play as soon as feasible.

This move constitutes the Salvio attack. White attacks Black's K B P, intending to obtain a compensating advantage for being compelled to move his King without castling.

Better here, as in most cases, than 7.... K to Q sq., for it keeps an attack upon the B in case the Kt has to move.

Black has by far the better position.

Here the opening moves are again: 1. P to K 4, P to K 4; 2. P to K B 4, P takes P; 3. Kt to K B 3, P to K Kt 4. If White plays 4. B to B 4, Black can play either 4. ... B to Kt 2, thus consolidating his King's pawns, which are difficult to break up, or 4. ... P to Kt 5, with the consequences shown in the Muzio and Salvio. To obviate this, White plays now 5. P to K R 4. Black's Knight's pawn cannot be defended with P to K R 3, the Bishop not being yet at Kt 2. Therefore Black's best course (B to K 2 not being good) is 5. ... P to Kt 5, to which White replies 6. Kt to K 5—the Kieseritzky, or 6. Kt to Kt 5, the Allgaier, to be considered subsequently.

Black has various defences here, the best being the text-move and 5. ... Kt to K B 3.

 * If 6. Kt takes Kt P, Black replies 6. ... P to Q 4; 7. Kt to B 2, Kt to K 2; 8. P takes P, Castles; 9. B to K 2, Kt to B 4, with the better game.

And Black has a good game.

Here, as in the Muzio, a piece is sacrificed for an early and strong attack. The opening moves are—

This move involves the sacrifice of the Knight, and constitutes the Allgaier.

Black gives up this pawn to free his Bishop and protect the pawn at Kt 5.

 * Threatening to win the Queen by 14. ... Q to K 2, and 15. ... B to Kt 2.

 * To be able to play, in reply to 14. ... Q to K 2; 15 B to R 3. This avoids the immediate danger, but White has no tangible advantage.

An important modification of this is the Allgaier-Thorold, in which White at move 7 advances the Queen's pawn, instead of at once checking after the sacrifice of the Knight. The following is an example of this Gambit, and a probable continuation.

Black has slightly the advantage.

This should rather be called the Cunningham Defence to the King's Knight's Gambit. The opening moves are: 1. P to K 4, P to K 4; 2. P to K B 4, P takes P; 3. Kt to K B 3, B to K 2. This defence is less favourable than either the Muzio or the Salvio.

The game may proceed as follows—

 * This is the best move, which should give the advantage to White. Less favourable is Cunningham's own line of play: 5. P to K Kt 3, P takes P; 6. Castles, P takes P: ch.; 7. K to R sq., P to Q 4, 8. B takes P, Kt to K B 3; 9. B takes P. ch., K takes B; 10. Kt takes B, R to B sq.; 11. P to Q 4, K to Kt sq., with a good game for Black.

Here the opening moves are: 1. P to K 4, P to K 4; 2. P to K B 4, P takes P; 3. B to B 4. The Bishop being developed at this stage, instead of the King's Knight, gives the Opening its name. Its special feature is that White exposes himself to a check, which compels him to move his King, and thus loses the privilege of castling without gaining such an immediate attack as in the Salvio. But though White thus gives up the attack temporarily, he is able to reassume it with intensified vigour, owing to the exposed position of the Black Queen. The check with the Queen is therefore now only resorted to in conjunction with 4. ... P to Q 4, a counter-gambit which furthers Black's development.

Or 3. ... Q to R 5: ch., followed by 4. ... P to Q 4.

 * Not 4. P takes P, because of 5. ... Q to R 5: ch.; 6. K to B sq., B to Q 3; 7. Kt to K B 3, Q to R 4; 8. P to Q 4, Kt to K 2; 9. Kt to B 3, Castles, with the better game.

Upon the same principle as in the other Gambits (or, indeed, as in every strong pawn position), viz., to attempt to break the force of the united pawns.

Reverting to the position after Black's 5th move, White has two other attacks here—viz., 6. Q to B 3, and 6. P to K Kt 3.

Two other continuations for Black should be noted by the student—viz., 3. ... P to K B 4, and 3. ... Kt to K B 3.

{| {|
 * | 7.
 * | 8.
 * | 9.
 * | 8.
 * | 9.
 * | 9.
 * | 9.
 * | 9.

 * }Even game.
 * }

Although, in the majority of Gambits, the defence should obtain, if not an advantage, at least an even game, some players (fearing to give their opponent the chance of a sudden and vigorous attack) decline to accept the Gambit.

There are various modes of refusing the Gambit; the one most frequently resorted to being by playing B to B 4. The game may proceed as under:

Intending to establish a centre with 5 P to Q 4.

 * 5. P to K R 3, B takes Kt; 6. Q takes B, may also be played.

And White has, so far, carried out his plan of establishing a centre. The position is about even.

The following defence is known as the Falkbeer Counter-Gambit, after its author:

Not 3. B P takes P, because of 3. ... Q to R 5: ch., which would give Black a winning game.

Black gives up a pawn for the attack, and a spirited game. It would be disadvantageous for Black to play 3. ... Q takes P, because White would then develop his pieces quicker, which it is the object of Black's counter-gambit to prevent.

Both White's and Black's moves are the best available.

Black takes with the pawn in order to maintain the attack, for which he gave up a pawn.

 * Again the best moves for both sides. Black could not play 6. ... B to Q B 4, because of 7. B takes P: ch., K takes B; 8. Q to R 5: ch., P to Kt 3; 9. Q takes B, &c.

title: Hoyle's Games Modernized/Chess Open 2


text:
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/31

Anno 9 3. AGNA CHARTA, or the Great Charter, containing Thirty-seven Chapters.

Charta Foresta, or the Charter of the Forest, containing Sixteen Chapters.

Anno 14. Henrici 3.

HE Statute of Ireland.

Anno 20 Henrici 3.

HE Statutes made at Merton, containing Eleven Chapters.

Anno 21 Henrici 3. HE Statute of the Leap Year.

Anno 38 Henrici 3. Ententia lata super Chartas.

Anno 51 Henrici 3. HE Statute of Bread and Ale.

The Statute concerning common Days in Bank.

The Statute concerning common days in a Writ of Dower.

The Statute of Distresses in the Exchequer.

The Statute of the Exchequer.

The Statute of the Pillory and Tumbrel.

Anno 52 Henrici 3. HE Award made between the King and his Commons at Kenielworth.

The Statutes made at Marleberge, or Marlborough, containing Twenty-nine Chapters.

The Sentence of Curse given by the Bishops, against the Breakers of the Great Charter.

Anno 3 Edwardi. HE Statute of Westminster the first, containing Fifty-one Chapters.

Anno 4 Edwardi. Statute for the Extent of a Manor.

A Statute touching the Office of Coroners,

The Statute of Bigamy, containing Six Chapters.

Anno 6 Edwardi HE Statutes made at Gloucester containing Fifteen Chapters.

An Exposition upon the Statute of Gloucester,

Statute of Quo Warranto, the First.

Anno 7 Edwardi. Statute forbidding bearing of Armour

The Statute of Mortmain.

Anno 9 Edwardi. Correction of the Twelfth Chapter of the Statute of Gloucester, touching calling Foreigns to Warranty in London.

Anno 10 Edwardi. New Statute of the Exchequer, called the Statute of Rutland.

Anno 11 Edwardi. HE Statute of Acton Burnell.

Anno 12 Edwardi. tatute of Wales.

Anno 13 Edivardi. HE Statute of Westminster the Second, containing Fifty Chapters.

The Statute of Winchester containing Six Chapters.

The Statute of Merchants.

The Statute of Circumspecte agaits.

A Statute for the City of London.

The Form of Grants, and of Exemplification of Charters.

Anno 14 Edwardi. HE Statute of Exeter Articles of the Statute of Exeter Anno

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Nutt, George Washington Morrison


text: Southern Historical Society Papers/Volume 04/July/A Slander Refuted


text:
Page:Southern Life in Southern Literature.djvu/321

[Richard Malcolm Johnston was born in Hancock County, Georgia, in 1822. After graduating from Mercer University, he entered upon the practice of law, but in 1857 became professor of English literature at the University of Georgia. After the war he established a boarding school for boys at Sparta, Georgia, and afterward near Baltimore, Maryland. It was in Baltimore that he died, in 1898. His racy character studies, entitled "Dukesborough Tales," which had appeared in the Southern Magazine, were first collected into book form in 1871, but did not attract general attention until published again nine years later. This initial volume was followed by several volumes of fiction,—novels and collections of tales, as well as of literary and social papers.]

It was the custom of the pupils in the Goosepond, as in most of the other country schools of those times, to study aloud. Whether the teachers thought that the mind could not act unless the tongue was going, or that the tongue going was the only evidence that the mind was acting, it never did appear. Such had been the custom, and Mr. Meadows did not aspire to be an innovator. It was his rule, however, that there should be perfect silence on his arrival, in order to give him an opportunity of saying or doing anything he might wish. This


text:
Hoyle's Games Modernized/Chess Close

All games which commence with any other move than 1. P to K 4, or in which Black replies with any other move than 1. ... P to K 4, are called Close Games. These Openings are resorted to either by the first player, if he has to meet an opponent who is well versed in book knowledge, or by the second player, if he is afraid to trust himself in the wide field of the Open Games, with all the numerous variations and combinations, which the first player, knowing what Opening he proposes to adopt, might have prepared.

The Close Games require a considerable knowledge of pawn-play, which is a specialty, only to be acquired by long experience. In the Open Games the attack is mostly made with pieces, while in close or irregular games the pawns are pushed forward, and the pieces are posted behind them in strategical positions, and only come into action after the dispositions of the plan of campaign are matured. Any attempt at full treatment at the Close Games would therefore be out of place in an elementary treatise.

The French Defence and the Sicilian Defence are, however, exceptions. They are very frequently played. To these, therefore, it will be necessary to devote special attention.

This move of Black constitutes the French Defence. It gives a safe but dull game, with the exception of a few variations. The game may continue as follows:

To prevent the establishment of a centre. It may be taken as a principle—always try to prevent or break the formation of a centre.

In anticipation of Black's probable 5. ... Q to Kt 3, when White would have to develop his K Kt.

In order to play his Bishop to K 3, which he cannot do now, because the Kt P would be en prise.

To prevent 9. ... Kt to B 4, attacking Bishop and Queen's Pawn. 9. ... Kt to K Kt 5 would be loss of time, as White would play 10. B to Kt sq., and then drive the Knight back.

The White Bishop cannot move, because of Kt to B 7: ch., and if 11. Castles, Black would win the exchange with 11. ... Kt takes B; 12. Q takes Kt, B to Kt 4.

With a very good game for Black.

P to K 5 on White's third move having been found unsatisfactory, the modified form here given is now fashionable.

Again the attempt to break the centre.

As the pawn cannot be defended, Black utilises his time by bringing an additional piece into play.

Again an attack upon the centre.

This move of Black constitutes the Sicilian Defence, its main object being to prevent White from establishing a centre.

White might also play 2. B to B 4, or 2. Kt to K B 3; the development of the Q Kt is, however, generally adopted.

Black remains with an isolated Queen's pawn after the exchanges which follow; but as in most forms of the Sicilian Defence, Black's Queen's pawn is weak, the position arising from Black's text-move is not inferior to any other he can obtain.

The Queen's Gambit, 1. P to Q 4, P to Q 4; 2. P to Q B 4, P takes P; 3. P to K 3, or 3. P to K 4, or 3. Kt to K B 3, &c., is rarely played, because the Gambit pawn cannot, as in the King's Gambit, be defended by Black with the Knight's pawn; therefore the offered Gambit is usually declined (say, by 2. ... P to K 3), and the games take the form of close openings. The Queen's Gambit Declined is a very popular Opening in tournaments.

The Fianchetto takes various form—viz., the King's Fianchetto, wherein White commences with 1. P to K Kt 3, and 2. B to Kt 2; and the Queen's Fianchetto, where White plays 1. P to Q Kt 3, and 2. B to Kt 2; the King's Fianchetto Defence, where Black defends with 1. ... P to K Kt 3, and 2. ... B to Kt 2; and the Queen's Fianchetto Defence, where Black defends with 1. ... P to Q Kt 3, and 2. ... B to Kt 2. The Double Fianchetto is where either White or Black develops both Bishops at Kt 2. The shape of White's development against either Fianchetto defence should be as under:

All kindred Openings should be treated after this manner—viz., the opposing player should aim at the formation of a strong centre, so as to close the diagonal occupied by the Bishop.

title: Hoyle's Games Modernized/Chess Close


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Nuttall, Enos


text:
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/47

1

THE

Made in the Ninth Year of King Henry the Third, and confirmed by King Edward the First in the Five and twentieth Year of His Reign.

DWARD by the grace of God King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Guyan, to all Archbishops, Bishops, &c. We have seen the Great Charter of the Lord Henry, sometimes King of England, our father, of the Liberties of England, in these words:

" by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Guyan, and Earl of Anjou, to all Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Earls, Barons, Sheriffs, Provosts, Officers, and to all Bailiffs and other our faithful Subjects, which shall see this present Charter, Greeting. Know ye that we, unto the Honour of Almighty God, and for the salvation of the souls of our progenitors and successors ⟨Kings of England,⟩ to the advancement of holy Church, and amendment of our Realm, of our meer and free will, have given and granted to all Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Earls, Barons, and to all free-men of this our realm, these liberties following, to be kept in our kingdom of England for ever."

 IRST, We have granted to God, and by this our present Charter have confirmed, for us and our Heirs for ever. That the Church of England shall be free, and shall have all her whole rights and liberties inviolable.  We have granted also, and


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Nuttall, Thomas


text:
Hoyle's Games Modernized/Chess End

As before stated, the game of Chess consists of three parts:

The, i.e., the strategical disposition of the forces; the , i.e., the campaign, and the.

The Middle part of the game commences where the Opening ceases, and here the player is thrown upon his own resources.

The End Game commences where the Middle Game ceases, and this latter stage of the game is a study in itself. In the majority of cases the treatment of the End Game is a matter of intuition. The student may, however, be assisted by the knowledge of general principles, and by familiarity with certain standard positions, which frequently occur in practice. Examples of these positions, and the methods of dealing with them, will be given in the following pages.

In the majority of games, either one or the other player remains at the close with a pawn, which has to be queened. Fig. 13 illustrates an ending in which White is a pawn ahead, and if he had the move, would win with 1. R to R 2, checkmate. It being, however, Black's turn to move, he is able to exchange both Queen and Rook, and if he can stop White's pawn from reaching the 8th square and becoming a Queen, he may draw the game. There is a simple method of ascertaining this at a glance without calculation (by means of the imaginary "square" depicted in Fig. 14). Black forces the exchange of pieces thus:

Producing the position shown in Fig. 14; and Black draws; for the Black King can reach the pawn before the White King can approach to defend it. Consequently White can only advance the pawn; but the Black King will be able to stop it from queening, for his next move will bring him within the square (indicated above) in which the pawn stands, and in such case he can always overtake it. Thus—

And the pawn is lost. It will be seen that the Black King remains with every move within the square of the pawn.

Fig. 15 illustrates a position in which the pawn can be supported by the King. Here if White were at once to advance the pawn, the Black King would move within the square of the pawn and capture it. Therefore the King must go to protect it.

If Black had played 8. ... K to B sq., White would have played 9. K to R 7.

And the pawn cannot be prevented from queening.

The position being as in Fig. 16, the shortest way to checkmate the Black King is as given below:

Not 8. Q to Kt 3, because Black would then be stalemate, a contingency which White must carefully guard against in similar positions.

Fig. 17 shows the most unfavourable position for White's two Rooks. The shortest way to checkmate the Black King is as follows:

Fig. 18 represents the most unfavourable position for White. The shortest way to checkmate the Black King is—

It will be noticed that the White King always approaches at the distance of a Knight's move, whilst the Black King moves either on diagonals, or takes the "opposition" to the White King.

N.B.—The Rook can only checkmate on an outer row or file of the board.

To checkmate with two Bishops is comparatively easy. Fig. 19 illustrates the most unfavourable position for White, and the solution given is the shortest attainable.

 * White must he careful not to stalemate the Black King. For instance, if Black were to play here 15. ... K to R sq., White could not play 16. B to K B 5; but must play 16. B to K 3, K to R 2; 17. B to B 5: ch., K to R sq.; 18. B to Q 4 mate.

To checkmate with Bishop and Knight is a very difficult process. Checkmate can only be forced if the Black King is driven to one of the Rook squares of the same colour as the Bishop. In the position shown in Fig. 20 the Black King must be driven either to Q R sq., or K R 8. Frequently the Bishop and Knight are separated from the White King; in that case the Black King cannot be prevented from moving to a Rook square of the opposite colour to the Bishop. Then the forces must be brought together to act in concert with the White King; when, by combined action, the Black King can be forced on to a corner square of the same colour as White's Bishop, and checkmated as shown in the appended solution. Mate can be forced in the most unfavourable position (see Fig. 20) in about thirty or thirty-one moves.

 * If 1. ... K to B 5; then 2. B to Q sq., K to B 6; 3. K to Kt 5, K to Q 6; 4. K to B 5, K to K 5; 5. B to B 2: ch., K to K 4; 6. Kt to Q 4, K to B 3; 7. K to Q 6, K to B 2; 8. Kt to B 3, K to B 3; 9. Kt to K 5, K to Kt 2; 10. K to K 6, and the King is gradually forced on to the last row.

The King is now on the Rook square of opposite colour to the Bishop, and must be driven to K R 8, or Q R square, in order to be checkmated.

Purposely losing a move (coup de repos); it is immaterial where the Bishop moves to so long as it remains on the same diagonal, the object being to force Black to move, without altering White's position.

To prevent the King from returning to Kt sq. if the Kt moves.

The Black King is now gradually forced on to the fatal White corner.

Not to R 4, because at Kt 5 the Bishop guards the additional square R 6.

If 24. ... K to Q sq., then 25. Kt to B 6, checkmate.

With two Knights alone no mate can be forced, except through incorrect play on the part of the defence. Consequently the remaining with two Knights should be avoided. If the player has the option to change off pieces, he should keep Bishop and Knight rather than two Knights.

title: Hoyle's Games Modernized/Chess End


text: Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/1


text: Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/2


text: Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/3


text: Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/4


text:
Author:Richard Malcolm Johnston

Works

 * Dukesborough Tales
 * The Goosepond Schoolmaster in Southern Life in Southern Literature (Chapter IV of The Goosepond School, in Dukesborough Tales)

title: Author:Richard Malcolm Johnston


text:
Hoyle's Games Modernized/Chess Obs

A good system for the student is to practise one Opening only, attack and defence alternately, till it is thoroughly well mastered, and so on with every other Opening. The student should not get into the habit of playing with one colour only, or he will find himself at a disadvantage when he cannot have his favourite colour. He must not make a move without carefully weighing the possible replies. If he finds a good move, let him still try to find a better one. When his opponent makes a move, he must try to discover the object of such move, whether it is immediately menacing, or only indirectly so. In the first case, a suitable defence must be found; in the latter case, he may profit by the respite to bring a piece into play.

The first principle is to develop the pieces quickly, and never to commence an attack with insufficient forces. If a player is able to bring more pieces into play than his opponent, it is obvious that he must be stronger. The Opening correctly played is frequently half the battle won.

Avoid useless checks. Avoid useless exchanges. Bear in mind that it is disadvantageous to be left with two Knights only, as mate cannot be given with them. If the player has the better game, he should avoid remaining with a Bishop of different colour from a like piece of his opponent, as Bishops of different colour frequently lead to a draw.

The student should further accustom himself to an elegant style of play—viz., strictly to adhere to the laws of the game; never to take back a move; never to touch a man until he has determined where to move it; and to move his pieces quietly.

The literature of chess is very extensive, but many of the best works would be practically useless to a beginner, as too advanced for his capabilities. Any of the works mentioned next below may be studied with advantage by the learner.

 * (Oval Series). By L. Hoffer. Routledge, 1s.

 * By E. Lasker. Bellairs & Co. 2s. 6d. nett.

 * By R. F. Green. Bell & Sons. 1s.

 * By F. J. Lee and G. H. D. Gossip. Ward & Downey. 1s.

 * By G. H. D. Gossip. Ward & Downey. 1s.

 * By I. Gunsberg. Bell & Sons, 1s.

 * By James Mortimer. Sampson Low & Co. 1s.

 * Anon. British Chess Company. 6d.

 * By S. Tinsley. British Chess Company. 6d.

 * Anon. British Chess Company. 4d.

To more advanced players may be recommended, in addition—

 * By Howard Staunton. Bell & Sons. 5s.

 * By Howard Staunton. Bell & Sons. 5s.

 * By J. Löwenthal. Bell and Sons. 5s.

 * By E. Freeborough and C. E. Ranken. Kegan Paul & Co. 8s.

 * By E. Freeborough. Kegan Paul & Co. 7s. 6d.

 * By E. Freeborough. Kegan Paul & Co. 1s. 6d. nett.

 * By J. Kling and B. Horwitz. Bell & Sons. 7s. 6d.

 * By William Cook. Simpkin, Marshall & Co. 4s.

 * By G. H. D. Gossip. Routledge. 7s. 6d.

 * By James Mason. Horace Cox. 2s. 6d.

 * By James Mason. Horace Cox. 5s. nett.

 * By James Mason. Horace Cox. 2s. net.

 * By H. E. Bird. Dean & Sons. 3s.

 * By H. E. Bird. Sampson Low & Co. 2s. 6d.

 * By H. E. Bird. Warne & Co. 3s. 6d.

 * By G. H. D. Gossip. Ward & Downey. 1s.

 * (1895). Edited by Horace Cheshire. Chatto & Windus. 7s. 6d. net.

title: Hoyle's Games Modernized/Chess Obs


text: Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/5


text: Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/6


text: Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/7


text: Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/8


text: Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/686


text: Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/685


text: Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/684


text: Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/683


text: Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/682


text:
A Modern Goddess

With blossoms, gay tulips and daffies in hands What cares she that Time hurries on with his sickle? In sweet indecision she daintily stands - Spring - with her flowers and nature so fickle.

Alas! and Ah, me! still cold winter holds sway! This is not the goddess of rondel or sonnet, But Maude - who tramps over the town day by day- Hunting false flowers for her early Spring bonnet.

title: A Modern Goddess


text:
Page:Southern Life in Southern Literature.djvu/322

304 morning there did not seem to be anything heavy on his mind which required to be lifted off. He, however, looked at Brinkly Glisson with an expression of some disappointment. He had beaten him the morning before for not having gotten there in time, though the boy's excuse was that he had gone a mile out of his way on an errand for his mother. He looked at him as if he had expected to have had some business with him, which now unexpectedly had to be postponed. He then looked around over the school, and said: "Go to studyin'."

He had been in the habit of speaking but to command, and of commanding but to be obeyed. Instantaneously was heard, then and there, that unintelligible tumult, the almost invariable incident of the country schools of that generation. There were spellers and readers, geographers, and arithmeticians, all engaged in their several pursuits, in the most inexplicable confusion. Sometimes the spellers would have the heels of the others, and sometimes the readers. The geographers were always third, and the arithmeticians always behind. It was very plain to be seen that these last never would catch the others. The faster they added or subtracted, the oftener they had to rub out and commence anew. It was always but a short time before they found this to be the case, and so they generally concluded to adopt the maxim of the philosopher, of being slow in making haste. The geographers were a little faster and a little louder. But the spellers and readers had it, I tell you. Each speller and each reader went through the whole gamut of sounds, from low up to high, and from high down to low again; sometimes by regular ascension and descension, one note at a time, sounding what musicians call the diatonic intervals; at other times, going up and coming down upon the perfect fifths only. It was refreshing to see the passionate eagerness which these urchins manifested for the acquisition of knowledge! To have heard them for the first time,


text:
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/681

A.D. 1460

TEM de avisamento assensu & aucoritate predictis ordinatum est & stabilitum quod mulieres existentes etatis quatuordecim annorum tempore mortis antecessrum suorum absque questione seu difficultate habeant liberationem terrarum & tenementorum suorum sibi devcensorum quia vic lex istius terre vult quod tunc ipse haberent.

End of the FIRST VOLUME.


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Nye, Edgar Wilson


text:
Page:Southern Life in Southern Literature.djvu/323

Rh one might possibly have been reminded of the Apostles preaching at Pentecost, when were spoken the languages of the Parthians and Medes, Elamites and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea and Cappadocia; in Pontus and Asia, Phrygia and Pamphylia; in Egypt and in the parts of Syria about Gyrene; and Strangers of Rome, Jews and Proselytes, Cretes and Arabians. Sometimes these jarring tongues sub sided a little, when half a dozen or so would stop to blow; but in the next moment the chorus would swell again in a new and livelier accrescendo. When this process had gone on for half an hour, Mr. Meadows lifted his voice and shouted, "Silence!" and all was still.

Now were to commence the recitations, during which stillness like that of death was required. For as great a help to study as this jargon was, Mr. Meadows found that it did not contribute any aid to the doing of his work.

He now performed an interesting feat. He put his hand behind the lapel of his coat collar, and then, after withdrawing it, and holding it up, his thumb and forefinger joined together, he said: "There is too much fuss here. I’m going to drop this pin, and I shall whip every single one of you little boys that don’t hear it when it falls. Thar!"

"I heerd it, Mr. Meadows! I heerd it, Mr. Meadows!" exclaimed, simultaneously, five or six little fellows.

"Come up here, you little rascals. You are a liar!" said he to each one. "I never drapped it; I never had nary one to drap. It just shows what liars you are. Set down and wait awhile; I’ll show you how to tell me lies."

The little liars slunk to their seats, and the recitations commenced. Memory was the only faculty of mind that got development at this school. Whoever could say exactly what the book said was adjudged to know his lesson. About half of the pupils on this morning were successful. The other half were


text:
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/46

The TITLES of the STATUTES. 3. Against Extortions of the Officers of the Exchequer.

4. Concerning Brewers in Kent.

5. Touching Silk-women.

6. Concerning the Abbot of Fountaine in Yorkshire 7. Touching the Number of Attorneys in Norfolk, Suffolk and Norwich,

Evocation of a Parliament holden at Coventry 20 die, Novembris, Anno 37 H.6.

2. Women of the Age of 14 Years, at the Death of their Ancestors, shall have Livery of their Lands.


text:
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/24

xx AVING thus endeavoured to obviate the Objections which have been made to the Validity of several Acts printed in former Collections, and continued in this, it may be proper to take Notice of a Complaint, frequently made concerning the vast Multiplicity of our Statute Laws, which has been deemed the Occasion of such Confusion and Perplexity, that a Proposal to reduce their Bulk, was long since recommended to the Parliament from the Throne itself, at a Time when the Statute Laws of this Kingdom, were not an Eighth Part so voluminous as they are at present.

It hath been observed, that in early Times former Laws were considered no longer in Force, than as they were preserved in the last Publication; and by this Means, it is said, the Laws were kept within narrower Bounds, until they were greatly enlarged, both in Number and artificial Construction, by King Edward I..

This Method, it may be allowed, was well adapted to prevent the Statute Code from swelling to an inconvenient Size; but it may be worth while to confider, whether, had this Practice been continued, it might not, in some Respects, have proved of Prejudice to Posterity.

If, upon the Promulgation of a new Law, all former Laws thereby superseded, had been consigned to Oblivion, how many curious and useful Pieces of Antiquity would have been lost; and how many Lights to Jurisprudence would have been utterly extinquishedextinguished [sic]! If all the Laws which have been altered or repealed by subsequent Acts, or which, being grown old by the Introduction of new Habits and Customs, do not agree with the present State of the Times, were to be left out of our Statute Books, how greatly would Posterity be at a Loss to account for several Institutions, which are only to be explained by Reference to those venerable Relicts of Antiquity!

It may be a Question therefore, whether an Attempt to contract: the Bulk of our Statute Code by such Expedients, might not prove an Innovation more dangerous than useful; there being many repealed and obsolete Ads, which though they do not govern, are yet very proper to guide; as they frequently contain Matter of curious


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rural Libraries

RURAL LIBRARIES of the present are largely an outgrowth of the general library movement in the United States for the past 40 years. Nevertheless, many of these libraries are due to earlier educational movements. The desire for self-education which has characterized the United States ever since the colonial period stimulated the growth of societies devoted, like Franklin's Junta, to the improvement of their members. These spread to the small towns throughout the original colonies. The isolation of these small communities, due to wretched transportation facilities, made these societies play a large part in the community life. Libraries were a recognized part of the activities of many of these societies. Even when the society dissolved, the library often persisted to become either the predecessor or the direct ancestor of a modern public library. Many of the libraries of New England, New York and the Atlantic seaboard originated in this way. The lyceum movement, which was influential throughout the North and West from about 1830 till after the Civil War, through its lecture courses and public discussions caused the formation of many society libraries. Even the villages, too small to maintain lecture courses, had their local “literary” or “debating societies.” Many of these maintained small libraries for their members. School libraries became fairly common. Many of these like the “school district libraries” of New York State (authorized by law in 1834) served as rural community libraries also. Sunday-schools became very common everywhere. A small library was considered an essential part of nearly all of these, whether urban, village or in isolated church or schoolhouse. These libraries served an excellent purpose in familiarizing the rural sections with the library idea even though their books were usually confined to the mediocre or evangelistic types.

Massachusetts in 1890 established a library commission which took for its purpose the founding of a free public library in every town in the State. Other library commissions were founded. In every case the founding and maintenance of rural libraries was one of their chief duties. Through the traveling libraries maintained by these commissions the number of rural libraries was greatly increased and the number and quality of their books and periodicals materially improved. The commissions have also done excellent work in attempting to put the small rural libraries in touch with larger libraries and other library activities of their respective States.

Coincident with the rise of library commissions, the University Extension movement, which was imported from England in 1887 and flourished in the United States for more than a decade afterward, promoted the formation of “extension centres” and study clubs. The need of library facilities for the use of these groups soon became apparent and, in many cases, led

to the formation of rural libraries free for the use of the entire community. Later educational reading circles and other extension movements of universities or State departments of education, have done much to show the need of rural libraries. Rural community centres also usually have a small library as part of their equipment.

Rural libraries, like rural schools, are probably only at the beginning of their adequate development. In many cases they will, in all probability, be merged with the rural school library. In the larger villages the rural library will probably he independent of the school library, though co-operating with it in every practicable way. Virtually all the State library commissions, many of the State departments of education and the Federal Bureau of Education are increasing their efforts to obtain good library facilities for all residents of the State, whether in the city, the town, the remote hamlet or the isolated farmhouse. The rural school has been made possible only through State supervision and State support. It seems probable that the rural library as well is destined to receive a greater share of State support than it now gets. Closer organization of rural library interests has been begun in some places through district libraries which act as reference and distributing centres for the small libraries of their districts. In many States the county has been adopted as the district unit. The first of these county libraries was the Brumback Library of Van Wert, Ohio, which became the library centre for Van Wert County in 1894. The best-known State system of county libraries is that of California.

Many rural libraries depend almost entirety on voluntary “library associations” or educational and social clubs for their support. In an increasing number of cases the library is aided by the tax funds obtained from State and local sources. The rural libraries entirely supported by funds raised by public taxation are as yet in the minority. This, however, is the only logical means by which library facilities can be supplied adequately to rural districts and State support of libraries must increase with a growing interest in rural education. Trolley lines, better roads and the automobile have made it easier for the smaller towns and villages to act as library centres for the surrounding rural population. Book-wagons with definitely planned routes have been used to supplement the work of the local library (e.g., at Hagerstown, Md., and by the library commissions of Connecticut and Delaware).

Rural libraries are of great educational significance because of their direct contact with the people they serve. The material they circulate becomes a force in the community to an even greater extent than it does in larger places. Numerically, the rural library exceeds any other type. No library movement which does not take into account the rural library can have more than partial success.

The great needs of rural libraries are more money for more and better books and for the payment of salaries which will attract and hold librarians who are not only socially-minded but who have education and book sense enough to get the books most needed for the specific communities the libraries serve.

The State library commissions are aiding the small libraries to get better books, through bulletins, book lists and other publications whose purpose is to advise the library in the selection of suitable books. The Wisconsin Free Library Commission regularly includes in its monthly “Bulletin” a “Selected list of current books.” The New York State Library issues an annual ‘Best Books for a Small Library.’ The Booklist of the American Library Association serves a similar purpose for larger libraries. In the matter of salaries, the chief force at present is a growing realization, on the part of rural library boards, of the need of competent librarians. This is aided by a tendency, clearly apparent at present, toward the requirement of definite minimum educational and professional qualifications for all librarians engaged in public libraries of all types.

Bibliography. — The literature of rural libraries is relatively scanty. Valuable material is listed in Cannons, H. G. T., ‘Bibliography of Library Economy’ (London 1910) and in ‘Library Work’ (cumulated, Minneapolis 1912). The Library Journal and Public Libraries contain much material on the subject of rural and other small libraries. The most direct source of information is often the bulletins of the different library commissions, since these are chiefly devoted to the interests of small libraries.


text:
Page:Richard Nixon's presidential daily calendar - 1969.djvu/1808

 * }


text:
Hoyle's Games Modernized/Draughts

DRAUGHTS.

 * "In friendly contention, the old men
 * Laughed at each lucky hit or unsuccessful manœuvre—
 * Laughed when a man was crowned, or a breach was made in the king-row."
 * —Evangeline.

The game of Draughts is played on a board of sixty-four squares of alternate colours, and with twenty-four pieces, called men (twelve on each side), also of opposite colours. It is played by two persons; the one having the twelve black or red pieces is technically said to be playing the first side, and the other, having the twelve white, to be playing the second side. Each player endeavours to confine the pieces of the other in situations where they cannot be played, or both to capture and fix, so that none can be played; the person whose side is brought to this state loses the game.

The essential rules of the game are as under—

The board shall be so placed that the bottom corner square on the left hand shall be black.

The men shall be placed on the black squares.

The black men shall be placed upon the supposed first twelve squares of the board; the white upon the last twelve squares.

Each player shall play alternately with black and white men. Lots shall be cast for the colour at the commencement of a match, the winner to have the choice of taking black or white.

The first move must invariably be made by the person having the black men.

At the end of five minutes "Time" may be called; and if the move be not completed on the expiry of another minute, the game shall be adjudged lost through improper delay.

When there is only one way of taking one or more pieces, "Time" shall be called at the end of one minute; and if the move be not completed on the expiry of another minute, the game shall be adjudged lost through improper delay.

After the first move has been made, if either player arrange any piece without giving intimation to his opponent, he shall forfeit the game; but, if it is his turn to play, he may avoid the penalty by playing that piece, if possible.

After the pieces have been arranged, if the person whose turn it is to play touch one, he must either play that piece or forfeit the game. When the piece is not playable, he is penalised according to the preceding law.

If any part of a playable piece be played over an angle of the square on which it is stationed, the play must be completed in that direction.

A capturing play, as well as an ordinary one, is completed the moment the hand is withdrawn from the piece played, even though two or more pieces should have been taken.

When taking, if a player remove one of his own pieces, he cannot replace it, but his opponent can either play or insist on his replacing it.

Either player making a false or improper move shall forfeit the game to his opponent, without another move being made.

The "Huff" or "Blow" is, before one plays his own piece, to remove from the board any of the adverse pieces that might or should have taken. The "Huff" does not constitute a move.

The player has the power either to huff, compel the take, or to let the piece remain on the board, as he thinks proper.

When a man first reaches any of the squares on the opposite extreme line of the board, it becomes a "King." It must be crowned (by placing a man of the same colour on the top of it) by the opponent, and can afterwards be moved backwards or forwards as the limits of the board permit.

A Draw is when neither of the players can force a win. When one of the sides appears stronger than the other, the stronger party may be required to complete the win, or to show a decided advantage over his opponent within forty of his own moves—counted from the point at which notice was given—failing in which, he must relinquish the game as a draw.

The above diagram (Fig. 1) shows the board set for play, and Fig. 2 shows the draught-board numbered for the purpose of recording moves.

The men being placed as shown in Fig. 1, the game is begun by each player moving alternately one of his men along the diagonal on which it is situated. The men can only move forward either to right or left one square at a time, unless they have attained one of the four squares on the extreme further side of the board (technically termed the "crown-head"). This done, they become Kings, and can move either forward or backward. The pieces take in the direction they move, by leaping over any opposing man that may be immediately contiguous, provided there be a vacant square behind it. If several men should be exposed by having open spaces behind them alternately, they may be all taken at one capture, and the capturing piece is then placed on the square beyond the last man.

To explain the mode of capturing by a practical illustration, let us begin by placing the men as for a game. You will perceive that Black, who always plays first, can only move one of the men placed on 9, 10, 11, or 12; supposing him, then, to play the man on 11 to 15, and White to answer this by playing 22 to 18, Black can take the white man on 18 by leaping from 15 to 22, and removing the captured piece from the board. Should Black not take the man on 18, but make another move—say 12 to 16, for instance—he is liable to be "huffed"; that is, White may remove the man (that on 15) with which Black should have taken, off the board for not taking. When one party "huffs" the other in preference to compelling the take, he does not replace the piece his opponent moved, but simply removes the man huffed from the board, and then plays his own move.

It is generally better to keep your men in the middle of the board than to play them to the side squares, as in the latter case one-half of their power is curtailed.

When you have once gained an advantage in the number of your pieces, you increase the proportion by exchanges, but in forcing them you must take care not to damage your position. Open your game at all times upon a regular plan; by so doing you will acquire method in both attack and defence. Accustom yourself to play slowly at first, and, if a beginner, prefer playing with better players than yourself. Note their methods of opening a game, and follow them when opportunity presents itself.

If playing against an inferior, it is as well to keep the game complicated; if with a superior, to simplify it. Avoid scattering your forces; as they get fewer, concentrate them as much as possible.

Never touch the squares of the board with your fingers; and accustom yourself to play your move off-hand, when you have once made up your mind.

Do not lose time in studying when you have only one way of taking, but take quickly.

Pay quite as much attention to the probable plans of your adversary as to your own.

Remember that the science of the game consists in so moving your pieces at the commencement as to obtain a position which will compel your adversary to give his men away. One man ahead with a clear game should be a certain win.

In conclusion, the student is strongly advised to study and master the theory and practice of the play embraced in the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Positions (see post). These endings, in different forms, are of very frequent occurrence, and should be thoroughly mastered.

1. The "Ayrshire Lassie" is formed by the first four moves (counting the play on both sides): 11 to 15, 24 to 20, 8 to 11, 28 to 24.

2. The "Bristol" is formed by the first three moves: 11 to 16, 24 to 20, 16 to 19. It was so named in compliment to the players of that city for services rendered to the late Andrew Anderson, one of the greatest masters of the game.

3. The "Cross" is formed by the first two moves: 11 to 15, 23 to 18. It is so named because the second move is played across the direction of the first.

4. The "Defiance" is formed by the first four moves: 11 to 15, 23 to 19, 9 to 14, 27 to 23. It is so named because it defies or prevents the formation of the "Fife" game.

5. The "Dyke" is formed by the first three moves: 11 to 15, 22 to 17, 15 to 19.

6. The "Fife" is formed by the first five moves: 11 to 15, 23 to 19, 9 to 14, 22 to 17, 5 to 9. It has been so called since 1847, when Wyllie, hailing from Fifeshire, played it against Anderson.

7. The "Glasgow" is formed by the first five moves: 11 to 15, 23 to 19, 8 to 11, 22 to 17, 11 to 16. It has been known by this name since Sinclair, of Glasgow, played it against Anderson at a match in 1828.

8. The "Laird and Lady" is formed by the first five moves: 11 to 15, 23 to 19, 8 to 11, 22 to 17, 9 to 13. It was so called from its having been the favourite opening of Laird and Lady Cather Cambusnethan, Lanarkshire.

9. "The Maid of the Mill" is formed by the first five moves: 11 to 15, 22 to 17, 8 to 11, 17 to 13, 15 to 18. It was so named in compliment to a miller's daughter, who was an excellent player, and partial to this opening.

10. The "Old Fourteenth" is formed by the first five moves: 11 to 15, 23 to 19, 8 to 11, 22 to 17,4 to 8. It was so named through being familiar to players as the fourteenth game in Joshua Sturge's Guide to the Game of Draughts, published in 1800, which for many years was the leading authority on the game.

11. The "Second Double Corner" is formed by the first two moves: 11 to 15, 24 to 19. It is so named because the first move of the second player is from the one double corner towards the other.

12. The "Single Corner" is formed by the first two moves: 11 to 15, 22 to 18. It is so named from the fact of each of these moves being played from one single corner towards the other.

13. The "Souter" is formed by the first five moves: 11 to 15, 23 to 19, 9 to 14, 22 to 17, 6 to 9. The game was so named owing to its being the favourite of an old Paisley shoemaker (Scotticé, souter).

14. The "Whilter" is formed by the first five moves: 11 to 15, 23 to 19, 9 to 14, 22 to 17, 7 to 11. "Whilter" or "Wholter," in Scotch, signifies an overturning, or a change productive of confusion.

15. The "Will-o'-the-Wisp" is formed by the first three moves: 11 to 15, 23 to 19, 9 to 13.

N.B.—The reader should observe, in studying the position following, that the numbering of the squares always starts from the black side of the board, whether black occupy the upper or the lower rows.

To win with two Kings against one in the double corner (see Fig. 3) is often a source of difficulty to the learner, and yet, once known, nothing is more simple. The following shows how to force the win:

This, again, is a state of things of very frequent occurrence, and the novice, even with the stronger game, may find it somewhat difficult to deal with.

The proper course for White is either to pin one of Black's men, and then go for the other, or to force an exchange, so as to be left with two Kings to one, when the game, as we have seen, is a foregone conclusion. To avoid this, Black naturally endeavours to reach the two double corners, so as to have his men as far apart as possible, and to divide the attacking force. Where Black adopts these tactics the proper play, on the part of White, is to get his three Kings in a line on the same diagonal as Black's two. Thus, if Black is at 32 and 5, White must manœuvre to place his men upon squares 23, 18 and 14. If Black occupies 28 and 1, White must secure 19, 15 and 10. In this position, however Black may play, he is compelled, on White's next move, to accept the offer of an exchange. White has then two Kings to one, and the game is practically at an end.

There are four often recurring situations known as the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Positions. It is highly desirable that the student should make himself well acquainted with them.

 * B. wins. Very critical, and requires extreme care in forcing the win.

For further information as to the science of the game, see the article "Draughts" in The Book of Card and Table Games, of which the above account is an abridgment. The reader desirous of still more minute information will find it in The Game of Draughts Simplified, by Andrew Andersen. The fifth edition (1887) of this standard work (James Forrester, 2s. 6d.) is edited by Mr. Robert McCulloch, the writer of the above-mentioned article. Mr. McCulloch has also produced a book of his own, The Guide to the Game of Draughts (Bryson & Co., Glasgow, 2s. 6d.). These are thoroughly up-to-date publications. We may mention in addition the American Draughtplayer, by H. Spayth, the accepted authority in America, and two valuable works by Mr. Joseph Gould, The Problem Book, and Match Games.

title: Hoyle's Games Modernized/Draughts


text:
Page:Richard Nixon's presidential daily calendar - 1969.djvu/1809

Congressional Briefing - Cabinet Room - November 21, 1969

 * George D. Aiken

 * J. W. Fulbright

 * Mike Mansfield

 * Hugh Scott

 * Margaret Chase Smith

 * John Stennis

 * E. Ross Adair

 * Leslie Arends

 * Gerald R. Ford

 * John W. McCormack

 * L. Mendel Rivers

 * William P. Rogers, Secretary of State

 * Melvin R. Laird, Secretary of Defense

 * Earl G. Wheeler, Gen., Chairman, JCS

 * U. Alexis Johnson, Under Secretary for Political Affairs

 * Richard Sneider, staff, NSC

 * Armin H. Meyer, Ambassador to Iran

 * Henry A. Kissinger, Assistant for NSA


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Newberry, John Strong

NEWBERRY, nū'bĕr-ĭ, John Strong, American geologist: b. Windsor, Conn., 22 Dec. 1822; d. New Haven, 7 Dec. 1892. His early life was passed chiefly in the Western Reserve, Ohio, and he was graduated at the Western Reserve College in 1846 and at the Cleveland Medical School in 1848. From 1851 to 1855 he practised medicine in Cleveland. He was assistant surgeon and geologist to the government expedition that explored the country between San Francisco and the Columbia River; also accompanied Lieutenant Ives in his exploration of the Colorado River, and the expedition under Captain Macomb in its exploration from the Sania Fé to the junction of the Grand and Green rivers. His reports upon the scientific results of these expeditions brought him great credit in the scientific world. At the beginning of the Civil War he became attached to the Sanitary Commission, and later secretary of its Western department. He was afterward

connected with the Smithsonian Institution, and with the Columbian (now George Washington) University, Washington, and in 1866 was appointed professor of geology and palæontology at the Columbia College School of Mines, which post he retained till his death. Besides many special reports and parts of general reports, his writings include: ‘The Rock Oils of Ohio’ (1859); ‘Catalogue of the Plants of Ohio’ (1860); ‘Iron Resources of the United States’ (1874); ‘The Structure and Relations of Dinichthys’ (1875); ‘Palæozoic Fishes of North America’ (1889); ‘Later Extinct Floras’ (1898); etc. He was especially conversant with the palæontology of the Carboniferous Era in America, and particularly with extinct fishes; and as a teacher he had great popularity and influence. He was among the early members of the National Academy of Sciences. The most interesting portions of the ‘Report on the Colorado River of the West, Explored in 1857-58’ (Washington 1861) were written by him and relate to the geology, physiography and Indians of that region. Consult the memoir by J. J. Stevenson in the American Geologist (Minneapolis, July 1893), and White, C. A., ‘Biographical Memoir of John Strong Newberry’ (Washington 1908).


text:
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/45

The TITLES of the STATUTES 3. For the Transportation of Butter and Cheese to other Places than Calais.

4. Touching Merchandizes foreign bought and foreign sold, and the Duty of the Hosts of Merchants Strangers.

5. Touching Collectors of Dismes and Fifteens.

6. No Lands shall be granted by Letters Patents, before the King's Title be found.

7. For returning of Offices by Escheators.

8. What Things are requisite to make the King's Safe Conduct good. 9. Touching Entries by Philizers and Exigenters.

10. Commissions of Sewers shiall be awarded during Ten Years.

11. None shall be Justices of Peace, unless he hath Lands to the yearly Value of Twenty Pound.

12. Appeals or Indictments supposed in a Place where there is none such, shall be void.

13. No Man outlawed in Lancashire shall forfeit any other Lands or Goods, but such as he hath in the same Shire.

14. Concerning the making of Arrays and Panells of Inquests.

15. Against the Carriage of Woolls to other Places than to Calais.

16. There shall be one Measure of Cloth through the Realm.

17. Touching the gauging of Vessels of Wine, Oil, and Honey. 18. Concerning Captains abating Soldiers Wages.

19. Touching Soldiers departing without Licence from their Captains.

1. OR the Inrollment of Safe Conducts.

2. Touching Outlawries in the County of Lancaster.

3. For Punishment of Welssh Men for Robberies in the Counties adjoining.

4. Custems shall be paid by Persons made Denizens as Merchants Aliens.

5. No Customer, Comptroller, &c shall have any Ship, use Merchandize, keep a Wharf or an Inn, or be Factor.

6. Touching Shipping of Corn over the Sea.

7. Concerning not customing Goods brought first into Wales, and from thence into England.

8. The King's Purveyors taking Cattle to the Value of Forty Shillings or under, and not making present Payment, may be resisted.

9. The Order of Trial of Countesses, &c. by their Peers.

10.For making of Worsteds in Norwich.

11. For taking away the Pain of Treason in case of breaking of Safe Conducts.

12. For Reformation of Partition of Woolls by the Mayor of the Staple of Calais.

1. OUCHING Purveyors.

2. Concerning the shipping of Woollen Thrums out of this Realm.

3. For the true making of Worsteds in Norfolk.

4. For taking Outlaws in Wales resorting into Herefordshire.

5. Confirmation of the. Statute 13 H.6. cap. 2. for conveying of Corn over the Sea.

6. Against gathering of Head-pence by the Sheriff of Northumberland.

7. None shall be SherifF, Under-Sheriff, or Sheriff's Clerk, above One Year, except the City of London.

8. Concerning Commissions of Sewers.

9. Against Extortion of Sheriffs.

10. For levying of Knights Wages for the Parliament.

11. Touching the Trial of new foreign Pleas, pleaded after Issue joined.

12. Concerning Wages for Servants of Husandry and Labourers.

13. Against Purveyors.

14. Touching Election of Knights for the Parliament.

15. Touching Payment of Gauge-pence, and the Office of Gaugers.

16. Concerning Inquests to be taken by Escheators, and their Fees.

17. No new Impositions shall be laid upon them which buy, Wines in Gascoigne and Guien.

Gainst Welsh Men.

1. Estraint of Importation of the Produce of Brabant, &c. 2. Confirmation of the Liberties of the Staple. 3. No Gold or Silver shall be carried out of the Realm by Merchants Aliens.

4. An Act against Welsh Men confirmed.

5. Against holding Fairs upon Festival Days and Sundays.

6. The King's Pardon to the Clergy.

1.  Estraint of Importation of the Produce of Brabant, & c.

2. Concerning Purveyors.

3. The King's Pardon to Sheriffs for occupying above a Year.

4. Touching Welsh Men and Lancashire Men taking Goods and Cattle under Colour of Distress.

5. Against Extortions by Searchers and Customers.

1. Tainder of Jack Cade.

2. Touching Process against Breakers of Truce.

3. For repealing of Letters Patents made to Citizens of York.

1.onfirmation of the Attainder of Jack Cade. 2. Against Rioters disobeying Privy Seals and the King's Proclamation.

3. Touching Attachments made by the Wardens of the Marches towards Scotland.

4. By what Means he shall obtain Remedy, who having a Safe Conduct, is robbed upon the Sea.

5. No Customer, Comptroller, Aulnager, &c shall have any Estate certain in his Office.

6. For the making perpetual the Statute of 20 H. 6. cap. 2, touching the Forfeiture of those which be outlawed in Lancashire.

7. Exceptions out of the general Resumption.

8. An Act qualifying a Subsidy before granted to the King of Woolls, Fells, and Cloth transported.

9. A Remedy for a Woman which is forced against her Will to be bound by Statute or Obligation.

1. Remedy for Executors against Servants, which imbezzel their Masters Goods after his Death.

2. Repeal of an Act 31 H. 6. cap, 6, for Outlawries in Lancashire. 3. Against


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Newberry, Truman Handy

NEWBERRY, Truman Handy, American naval commander and financier: b. Detroit, 5 Nov. 1864. He was graduated at Yale University in 1885 and entered the railroad business. His industry soon made him a prominent figure in business and financial enterprises of his State. Newberry was one of the organizers of the Michigan State Naval Brigade, serving as landsman (1895), lieutenant and navigator (1897-98). In the Spanish-American War he participated in the attack of the Yosemite on the Spanish munitions ship, Antonio Lopez. In 1899 he was appointed colonel and aide-de-camp to the governor of Michigan; and later became Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1905-08). On the retirement of Secretary Metcalfe, he was appointed Secretary of the Navy in the Cabinet of President Roosevelt, serving from December 1908 to March 1909. In the European War, Mr. Newberry was given the post of lieutenant-commander of the United States Naval Reserve, and is chief assistant to the commander of the third naval district.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Newberry

NEWBERRY, S. C., city, county-seat of Newberry County, on the Atlantic Coast Line and the Southern railroads, about 40 miles northwest of Columbia. It is in a region in which the cultivation of cotton is one of the chief industries. It has manufacturing establishments for cottonseed-oil, cotton goods, preparing cotton for shipment, coffins, fertilizers and lumber products. It has considerable trade, chiefly in cotton products, fruits and vegetables. It is the seat of Newberry Lutheran College and has a handsome city hall and courthouse. The electric-lighting plant and waterworks are civic property. A mayor and unicameral council elected every two years administer city affairs under a charter of 1894. Pop. 6,000.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Newberry Library

NEWBERRY LIBRARY, Chicago, Ill., is a free library of reference established in 1887 and maintained by a moiety of the estate of Walter Loomis Newberry (1804-68), a pioneer merchant of Chicago. Since 1894 it has occupied a fine structure of Spanish-Romanesque

architecture built of Connecticut granite, situated on Walton place, between Dearborn avenue and North Clark street. The collection consists of over 375,000 books, pamphlets, manuscripts, etc., representative of the principal fields of knowledge and branches of learning which fall within its province; bibliography and the history of printing, religion and theology, philosophy, psychology and ethics, history, political science, geography, biography, language, literature and (in part) the fine arts. The original plans of the trustees contemplated the gathering of a general collection of reference and source books on all subjects. Later, however, a co-operative arrangement was entered into with the Chicago public and other libraries under which the field of knowledge was roughly divided among them, and a policy of non-duplication of books was adopted. In each of its divisions the library possesses many treasures, making it one of the most valuable book collections in the United States. Under the head of education, notably, teachers will find an excellent working collection of authoritative works on the past history of their profession and on its present condition, tendencies, methods, theory and practice. The majority of the books are, naturally, mainly intended for the use of professional scholars, but all classes of readers from the most learned investigator to the boy or girl seeking information for school use are welcomed.


text:
Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/312

⌊The fourth book is made up of forty hymns, divided into eight anuvāka-groups of five hymns each. The normal length of each hymn, as assumed by the Anukramaṇī, is 7 verses; but this is in only partial accord with the actual facts. There are twenty-one hymns of 7 verses each, as against nineteen of more than 7 verses each. Of these nineteen, ten are of 8 verses each; three are of 9 and three are of 10; two are of 12; and one is of 16 verses. The seven hymns which make the Mṛgāra group (hymns 23-29) have 7 verses each. And they are followed by a group of four Rigveda hymns (30-33). The last two hymns of the book (39-40) have a decided Brāhmaṇa-tinge. The entire book has been translated by Weber, Indische Studien, vol. xviii. (1898), pages 1-153.⌋

Found in Pāipp. v. (in the verse-order 2, 1, 3, 4 cd 5 ab, 6, 4 ab 5 cd, 7). Reckoned by Kāuç. (9. 1) as one of the hymns of the bṛhachānti gaṇa, and used in various ceremonies: with i. 4-6 and other hymns, for the health and welfare, of kine (19. 1); for success in study and victory over opponents in disputation (38. 23 f.); at the consummation of marriage (79. 11; the comm. says, only vs. 1); and vs. 1 on entering upon Vedic study (139. 10). These are all the applications in Kāuç. that our comm. recognizes; in other cases where the pratīka of vs. 1 is quoted, the vs. v. 6. 1, which is a repetition of it, is apparently intended: see under hymn v. 6. The editor of Kāuç. regards the rest of the anuvāka, from vs. 2 to the end of h. 5, to be prescribed for recitation in 139. 11; but this seems in itself highly improbable, and the comm. does not sanction it. In Vāit. (14. 1), vss. 1 and 2 are added to the gharma-hymn given for

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/312


text:
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/32

 rdinatio pro sattu Hiberniæ containing Eight Chapters.

HE Statute of Westminster the Third, ''viz. Quia emptores terrarum'', containing Three Chapters.

The Statute upon the Writ of Quo Warranto.

The new Statute of Quo Warranto.

The Manner of levying Fines.

HE Statute of Vouchers.

A Statute of Waste.

The Statute De defensione juris.

The Statute of Money.

The little Statute of Money.

Articles of Money.

HE Statute of Persons to be put in Assises.

The Statute of Trespassers in Parks.

HE Statute upon the Writ of Consultation.

A Confirmation of the Charters of the Liberties of England, and of the Forest, containing Seven Chapters.

The Sentence of the Clergy, given against the Breakers of the Articles above written.

HE Statute of Fines levied, containing Four Chapters.

An Ordinance of purchasing Liberties.

''Stat. de Falsa Moneta.''

Statute of Wards and Reliefs.

A Statute for Persons appealed by Approvers.

Articles upon the Charters, containing Twenty Chapters.

tatute of Escheators.

N Ordinance of Measures.

HE Statute of Protections.

A Definition of Conspirators.

The Statute of Champerty.

An Ordinance for Inquests.

An Ordinance of the Forest.

An Ordinance of measuring of Land.

HE Statute of Joint-tenants. Articles of Inquisition upon the Statute of Winchester

A Statute of Amortising Lands.

A Statute de Tallagio non concedeno containing Six Chapters.

Ordinatio Forestæ, containing Six Chapters, The Oath of the Sheriff.

tatutum de Apportis Religioforum containing Four Chapters. ''Stat. ne Rector prosternat arbores in cæmetrio''

tatute of Knights. The Statute of Breakers of Prison.

Statute made at Staundford, being a Confirnlatiom of 28 Edw. I.

De Statuto pro Clero inviolabiliter observando.

Statute, that none shall be impeached for the Return of Peter de Gaveston A Statute that none shall be impeached for the Taking and Death of Peter de Gaveston

RTICLES for the Clergy, containing Sixteen Chapters. A Statute for Sheriffs, made at Lincoln.

tatute of Gavelet in London.

HE Statute of York, containing Six Chapters. The Statute of Essoins.

Statute of Sheriffs, and the Green Wax,

HE Statute of Carlise, concerning Fines levied.

A Statute revoking the Pardon granted to the Despensers. A Statute, that none shall be impeached for Felonies or Trespasses in the Prosecution of Hugh le Despenser, &c. The Form of the Charters thereon. A Statute revoking the Pardon granted to the Prosecutors of Hugh le Despenser, &c.

tatute revoking an Establishment of the Houshold. A Statute of Estreats.

HE King's Prerogative, containing Sixteen Chapters The Manner of doing Homage and Fealty.

Statutum de Terris Templariorum.

Statute for View of Frankpledge.

RTICLES against the King's Prohibition.

An Ordinance for Bakers and Brewers and other Victuallers; and for Ells, Bushels, and Forestallers, containing Ten Chapters.

The Statute called Rageman, of Justices assigned.

The Customs and Assise of the Forest:, or the Articles of Attachments of the Forest.

The Statute of Arms at Tornaments.

A Statute of View of Land, and Essoin of the King's Service.

A Statute of Justices assigned.

A Composition of Ells and Perches.

A Statute of the Writ of Inquiry to be granted of Lands to be put in Mortmain. The


text:
William Morris as an Exponent of Socialism

The Anarchists say that all the ills of humanity come from monopolies or government,—that there has not been an effort made by society for its betterment which has not been met by an appeal to authority. Reformers have been burned at the stake, slavery upheld as a divine institution, countless millions slaughtered in wars of conquest and aggression, and, in general, the mass of humanity made the slaves of a few rulers. Class legislation, the prevention of competition, the monopolizing of the means of existence, have resulted in political knavery, civic unrighteousness, and commercial Iniquity, and have indoctrinated mankind with a lust for criminal gain which has destroyed most of that which was good within him. The reflex action on humanity has poisoned the pure streams of morality which spring from the free earth. They claim that, under State Socialism, we would have a policeman to thump into us health, wealth, and wisdom, and to tell us what to eat, drink, or wear. There would be State doctors, State bar-tenders, State pie-inspectors, State nurseries, and State families.

They say there is no magic whatever in the name "State." The State, they say, is merely a corporation organized by authority, the powers of which have now been taken possession of by the wealthy and privileged classes. Its purpose are not the prevention of aggression, but committing aggression, the enforcing of codes of bad morals, and holding the people in slavery.

They say this corporation is supported largely by criminals, [52] who are the managers of the same, and that it commits more crimes of violence and more robbery than all the rest of society; that it manufactures criminals by means of its criminal laws; that, by permitting the organization of sub-State bodies,

—private corporations,—it allows industrial buccaneers and privateers with roving letters of marque to embark on the high seas of commerce, ready to destroy all honest merchantmen; that its patent and copyright Jaws, its laws for restriction of free trade, and all the mass of class legislation which it has built up, are only the means whereby the poor are exploited and the monopolists made rich beyond the dreams of romance.

They say that all attempts to make people good by having corporate legislators pass certain enactments, and then filing them away in pigeon holes, is futile, and they claim that humanity cannot be raised, like hothouse flowers, but should be allowed natural growth.

They claim that, under a natural condition, in which society was not interfered with by the police, morality would develop, and that, by unions, associations, societies, and clubs, organized for the purpose of carrying on any necessary operation of society, people would be far better off morally, mentally, physically, and financially, and that there would not be the enormous economic waste which is incident to governmental control.

They claim that by voluntary organization for the prevention of aggression mankind would be much safer than it can possibly be under present conditions.

These and many more things they Claim, which it might be worth while to look into, for many of them seem to bear critical examination.


text:
Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/313

143 the pravargya rite of the agniṣṭoma; and vs. 1 appears again in the agnicayana (28. 33) accompanying the deposition of a plate of gold. And the comm. further quotes the hymn as employed by the Nakṣ. K. (18) in the brāhmī mahāçānti, and by Pariç.. 11. 1 in the tūlāpuruṣa ceremony. There is nothing at all characteristic or explanatory in any of these uses. The hymn is quite out of the usual Atharvan style, and is, as it was doubtless intended to be, very enigmatical; the comm. does not really understand it or illuminate its obscurities, but is obliged at numerous points to give alternative guesses at its meaning; and the translation offered makes no pretense of putting sense and connection into its dark sayings.

Translated: Ludwig, p. 393; Deussen, Geschichte, i. 1. 255; Griffith, i. 129; Weber, xviii. 2.

1. The bráhman that was first born of old (purástāt; in the east?) Vena hath unclosed from the well-shining edge (sīmatás; horizon?); he unclosed the fundamental nearest shapes (viṣṭhā́) of it, the womb (yóni) of the existent and of the non-existent.

2. Let this queen of the Fathers (? pítrya) go in the beginning (ágre) for the first birth (janús; race?), standing in the creation; for it (him?) have I sent (hi) this well-shining sinuous one (? hvārá); let them mix (çrī; boil?) the hot drink for the first thirsty one (? dhāsyú).

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/313


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Newbery, John

NEWBERY, John, English publisher and bookseller: b. Waltham Saint Lawrence, Berkshire, 1713; d. London, 22 Dec. 1767. Going to London he began in 1745, in Saint Paul's Churchyard, the publishing and selling of books, which he combined with the sale of patent medicines. He also published The Universal Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, in which Johnson's ‘Idlers’ appeared, and The Public Ledger, in which Goldsmith's ‘Citizen of the World’ was printed. Newbery made a specialty of books for children, and published the ‘Juvenile Library,’ a choice collection of volumes, among which were ‘Goody Two Shoes,’ ‘Tommy Trip and His Dog Jowler’ and other surviving favorites. He was also publisher of the first religious periodical The Christian Magazine.


text:
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/33

 The Statute of Jewry.

A Statute of the Chattles of Felons.

The Statute for Tenants by the Curtesy of England.

Prohibition on the Articiili Cleri.

Articles and Oaths of the King's Ministers in Eyre.

Of the Great Assise, and Battle.

Of the Division of Pence.

 * 1) N Act, that none be grieved for the Pursuit of King Edw. II.
 * 2) A Confirmation of the Exile of Sir Hugh Spencer and his Son.
 * 3) An Adnullation of Fines levied to the Spencers.
 * 4) An Act of Trial of an Averment in Writs of false Judgement.
 * 5) An Act touching Averment against Returns of Bailiffs of Franchises.
 * 6) An Act concerning Attaint, as well upon the Principal, as upon Damages in Trespasses,
 * 7) An Act against Gaolers, that compel Prisoners to make Appeals,
 * 8) An Act against Offenders in Forests.

 * 1) Confirmation of the Great Charter, and the Charter of the Forest.
 * 2) How every Person may use his Woods within the Forest ; seizing of the Temporalties of Bishops.
 * 3) A Confirmation of King Edward the Second's Pardon to the Jews, and all others.
 * 4) An Act for ordering the King's Debts.
 * 5) An Act limiting how far the Subjects shall be bound to go to the Wars.
 * 6) An Act for the Tax of the Aid granted to the King.
 * 7) An Act for Wages to be given to Soldiers.
 * 8) An Act that no Money be taken for fair Pleading.
 * 9) A Confirmation of Liberties of Cities and Boroughs.
 * 10) There shall be no more Grants of Corodies at the King's Request, by Bishops, Abbots, &c.
 * 11) An Act, that no Suits be made against Indictors in Spiritual Courts.
 * 12) No Forfeiture but a Fine shall be made for Alienation of Lands holden of the King.
 * 13) Purchasing of Lands holden of the King as of some Honour.
 * 14) An Act against Maintainers of Quarrels.
 * 15) None shall be bound by writing to come armed to the King.
 * 16) Who shall be Justices of the Peace
 * 17) Indictments to be by Indenture in Sheriffs Turns.

 * 1) Confirmation of the Great Charter, and the Charter of the Forest.
 * 2) In what Cases only Pardon of Felony shall be granted : Who shall be Justices of Assise.
 * 3) No Man shall come before the Justices, or go or ride armed.
 * 4) A Confirmation of the Statute of Lincoln, for Sheriffs.
 * 5) An Act for Delivery of Writs to Sheriffs to be executed.
 * 6) A Confirmation of the Statute of Winchester, and for assigning Power to Justices of the Peace.
 * 7) An Act for Punishment of Felons and Murderers.
 * 8) An Act that Right be not delayed to the Subjects.
 * 9) An Act that all Staples shall cease.
 * 10) The King's Pardon of Fines forfeited.
 * 11) The Common Bench shall not be removed without Warning by Adjournment.
 * 12) Hundreds and Wapentakes shall be annexed to Counties, and, not let to farm.
 * 13) An Act for Process in Trespass done in the Time of King Edward the Second.
 * 14) For the measuring and Assise of Cloth.
 * 15) An Act for Fairs to be holden in their usual Time.
 * 16) An Act for Nisi prius to be granted as well at the Tenant's Suit, as at the Demandant's.
 * 17) An Act touching Writs of Deceipt given in a Scire facias in a Plea of Land

 * 1) Confirmation of the Great Charter, the Charter of the Forest, and of all Statutes not repealed.
 * 2) The Authority of Justices of Assise, Gaol-delivery, and of the Peace.
 * 3) An Act touching Purveyance of the King and Queen's Houses.
 * 4) A Confirmation of the Statute of 28 Ed. 1. stat. 3. c.2., touching Purveyors.
 * 5) The King's Pardon of certain Fines.
 * 6) A Confirmation of the Statute of Carlisle.
 * 7) Executors shall have an Action of Trespass for a Wrong done to the Testator.
 * 8) An Act touching the Passage over the Seas at Dover.
 * 9) Sheriffs and Bailiffs shall have sufficient in the County.
 * 10) Sheriffs and Gaolers shall receive Offenders without taking any Thing.
 * 11) Justices of Assife shall inquire of Maintenance, Conspiracy, and Champerty.
 * 12) An Act for the Sale of Wines.
 * 13) A Confirmation of the Statute of Northampton, made 2 Edw. 3. for granting of Pardon;
 * 14) An Act for a Parliament to be holden once every Year.
 * 15) An Act for Wapentakes and Hundreds to be letten at the old Farm.

 * 1) Confirmation of the Great Charter, and the Charter of the Forest.
 * 2) An Act against the King's Purveyors.
 * 3) A Confirmation of the Statute of Carlisle, touching Religious Houses.
 * 4) An Act that Sheriffs and other Officers shall have sufficient in the County.
 * 5) The Penalty if any do sell Ware at a Fair after it is ended.
 * 6) Nisi prius shall be granted in Attaint, but no Essoin or Protection: Days given.
 * 7) Attaint shall be granted in Trespass, if the Damage pass 40 s.
 * 8) The Marshals of the King's Bench shall not bail Felons.
 * 9) An Act that none be attached or judged, nor outed of his Lands or Goods, contrary to the Great Charter.
 * 10) An Act for Punishment of Jurors that take Money to give their Verdict.
 * 11) Process against those that be appealed, indicted, or outlawed in one County, and remain in another.
 * 12) An Act for Allowance of Charters of Pardon in 'Outlawries at the Suit of the Party.
 * 13) An Act touching the avoiding Outlawries by Imprisonment.
 * 14) An Act for arresting of suspected Persons and Nightwalkers.

2. An
 * 1) N Act that Merchant Strangers may freely sell all manner of Merchandizes to whom they will without Disturbance.


text:
Legal Correspondence Regarding Mr. Wadsworth's Arrest

"Dear Sir - We represent Mr. F. E. Wadsworth, manager of the firm of H. Seberer & Co., Detroit, Mich. and on his behalf we desire to lodge a complaint against John D. Gable, officer No. (indecipherable). On Tuesday, November 6, Mr. Wadsworth was in the office of Scofield, Mason & Co., Cumberland and Fairhill streets, when he was unlawfully arrested and assaulte by this officer, who had no warrant at all for his arrest. This officer detained Mr. Wadsworth without a warrant, until someone from the police station appeared with a warrant. This warrant had been sworn out against him by Frederick Talbot......Mr. Talbot accused Mr. Wadsworth of obtaining money by false pretences and, without the shadow of a case in law against him, the latter was held by Magistrate Gillespie. Mr. Wadsworth is now in Detroit; but when he comes on here to the trial of the case, I desire to present the evidence against this officer. There are far too many arrests made in this town without any warrant whatever, and I trust you will use your efforts to make an example of this officer, who admittedly, without any possible right, assaulte and detained a citizen without any warrant of law. Be kind enough to advise me what steps are required by my client in this matter."

- Samuel Williams Cooper

"Dear Sir - The superintendent of police has handed me yours of the 12th, together with the statement of the facts of the case as gathered by the lieutenant of the district. This department has nothing at all to do with the question whether Talbot had a right to issue the warrant for Mr. Wadsworth. The fact is that Talbot had the warrant and demanded that the officer should arrest Mr. Wadsworth. Under a rule of this department an officer is prohibited from serving a warrant unless it has been backed by his lieutenant. The officer so informed Talbot, who went off to get the warrant backed. The officer states that, while Talbot was on this errand, Wadsworth came out of the mill and the officer stepped up to him, and told him he would have to detain him, as there was a warrant out for his arrest. If that statement is correct, I cannot concede that the officer did anything wrong in the premises. If you can controvert that fact, I will order the officer up for trial and arrange for a hearing at a time to suit the convenience of your client."

- Director Beitler

"If I correctly understand the numerous decisions of our courts, a police officer without a proper warrant in his possession has no more right to arrest or interfere with a citizen than an utter stranger, and the mere fact that a warrant has been issued, whether properly or improperly, makes no difference whatever, unless he has it with him and is prepared to show it as his authority. Any other system of arrest is an absolute violation of the constitutional rights of citizens, and a complete subversion of the repeated decisions of our judges."

- Samuel Williams Cooper (only a portion of this response remains)


text:
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu/34

 #An Act that no Man shall lose his Land because of Nonplevin.
 * 1) An Act limiting what Essoins shall be allowed to Executors being sued for the Debt of the Testator.
 * 2) An Act. for Trial of Deeds, dated where the King's Writ runneth not.
 * 3) An Act that Justices of Assise, &c. shall send their Records to the Exchequer.

 * 1) N Act that no Sterling Money nor Plate be carried out of the Realm.
 * 2) An Act that no false Money be brought into the Realm.
 * 3) An Act that no Sterling Halfpence nor Farthings be molten by Goldsmiths.
 * 4) An Act whereby Black Money is prohibited to be current.
 * 5) For Punisliment of the Offenders of this Statute.
 * 6) An Oath of Merchants and Shipmasters, that they shall not offend this Statute.
 * 7) An Act for Tables of Exchange.
 * 8) An Act for Passage of Pilgrims at Dover only.
 * 9) An Act for Search, that no Money or Plate be carried out of the Realm, nor false Money brought in.
 * 10) An Act for the Wages of Searchers, and their Punishiment.
 * 11) An Act that Hostlers in every Port be sworn to search their Guests.

 * 1) Confirmation of the Great Charter, the Charter of the Forest, and of all Statutes not repealed.
 * 2) An Act that no Pardon be granted against the Statute made at Northampton, Anno 2 Ed. 3. c. 2.
 * 3) They that have Charters of Pardon, shall find Surety for their good abearing.

 * 1) hings purveyed for the King's House shall be praised, and Tallies made thereof.
 * 2) The Sheriff shall make Purveyance for the King's Horses.
 * 3) Certain Persons shall be appointed to hear the Offences of the Keepers of the King's Horses.
 * 4) Articles sent to the several Sheriffs for preserving the Peace of the Kingdom till the Meeting of the next Parliament, annexed to the preceding Statute.

Tatutum de Cibariis utendis, editum apud Nottingham.

 * 1) n Act against Carriage of Woolls out of the Realm.
 * 2) An Act against wearing of outlandish Cloth.
 * 3) An Act against bringing of foreign Cloths into the Realm.
 * 4) An Act concerning the wearing of Furs.
 * 5) An Act licencing Clothworkers of strange Lands to come and dwell in England, and other the King's Dominions.

 * 1) Confirmation of Liberties of the Church, and the  Great Charter.
 * 2) & 3. An Act of the King's Pardon.
 * 3) An Act wherby Presentment of Engleschrie is abolished.
 * 4) An Act for Redress of Delays in Judgments in the King's Courts.
 * 5) An Act for Amendment of Records.
 * 6) How long Sheriffs shall tarry in their Offices.
 * 7) An Act concerning Escheators and Coroners.
 * 8) An Act concerning Bailiffs errant, and against letting to Farm of Hundreds and Wapentakes.
 * 9) Sheriffs shall have the keeping of Gaols.
 * 10) The Clerk of the Statutes shall be resident upon his Office.
 * 11) An Act for true Weights and Measures.
 * 12) An Act touching Waste done by Escheators in Wards Lands.
 * 13) An Act for Writs of Search.
 * 14) An Act against granting of Pardon to Felons.
 * 15) An Act touching the granting of Nisi prius before any Justices.
 * 16) An Act touching a Juris Utrum, and other Writs maintainable for Pardons, Vicars, Provosts, &c.
 * 17) An Act against vouching to Warranty a dead Person.
 * 18) An Act against Purveyors.
 * 19) An Act of Subsidy and Fifteen.
 * 20) An Act of Subsidy of Woolls, and Custom for the same.

. N Act touching the Subsidy. 2. An Act that all Merchants Strangers may have safe Conduct.

Statute made at Westminster, April'' 16. Anno14 Edw3. ''Stat 4. reciting some former Grants, and limiting the Custom on Wooll, Plate, & c.

 * 1) N Act that spiritual Persons Goods be not taken by the King's Takers.
 * 2) An Act touching Presentments to Churches made by the King in another's Right.
 * 3) An Act against seizing the Bishops Temporalties into the King's Hands.
 * 4) & 5. Acts against Waste done by Escheators in Bishops Temporalties, and who shall have them during the Vacation.

N Act that the Subjects of England shall be out of Subjection of the Kings of France,

 * 1) n Act for the Maintenance of the Great Charter and of other Charters.
 * 2) An Act concerning Trial by Peers.
 * 3) The Chancellor and other great Officers to swear to keep the Laws.
 * 4) An Act for Offices to be seized into the King's Hands in Time of Parliament.
 * 5) An Act appointing who shall punish Usury.
 * 6) Ministers of the Church shall not answer before the King's Justices for Things done touching the Jurisdiction of the Church.

Revocation of the said former Statute, made 15 Ed. 3.

N Act for a Subsidy of Woolls, and other Things concerning Woolls, containing Seven Chapters.

N Act for the Searching of Money.

Statute for Declaration of Exigents. Anno