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204 with a will to accomplish the effect of them; not for the purpose of finding arguments to maintain extravagant opinions—not that they should be spouted out and declaimed upon at undue times and places, and after such fashions as were not convenient to be suffered.' So far, it seemed as if the fruit which had been produced by this great and precious gift had been only quarrelling and railing, 'to the confusion of those that used the same, and to the disturbance, and in likelihood to the destruction, of all the rest of the King's subjects.'

Such shameful practices he was determined should be brought to an end. His 'daily study' was to teach his people to live together, not in rioting and disputing, but in unity, in charity, and love. He had therefore called his Parliament, prelates, and clergy to his help, with a full resolution to 'extinct diversities of opinion by good and just laws;' and he now gave them his last, solemn warning, if they would escape painful consequences, 'to study to live peaceably together, as good and Christian men ought to do.'

The great measure was now in motion; but its advance was still slow, and under the shadow of the absorbing interest which it created, two other statutes passed, without trace of debate or resistance; one of which was itself the closing scene of a mighty destruction; the other (had circumstances permitted the accomplishment of the design) would have constructed a fabric out of the ruins, the incompleteness of which, in


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 climate. Probably so delicate an instrument could not have long survived the rough horseback travelling, the expedition having had no vehicles. From this cause a number of the collected specimens—shells and novel small fish—could not be preserved. Mr. Waterhouse divides the country passed through into three great regions, which differ in soil and other features as well as in latitude and

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 now in the British Museum, named by Andreas Wagner Griphosaurus. Sir R. Owen has described it as A. macroura. Stimulated by the high price paid by the British Museum, the quarry owners diligently searched, and in 1872 another, much finer, preserved specimen was found. This was bought by K. W. v. Siemens, who presented it to the Berlin Museum. The late W. Dames has written an excellent monograph on it.

1911 Britannica-Archaeopteryx-British Museum.png

1911 Britannica-Archaeopteryx-Berlin.png

Archaeopteryx was a bird, without any doubt, but still with so many low, essentially reptilian characters that it forms a link between these two classes. About the size of a rook, its most obvious peculiarity is the long reptilian tail, composed of 20 vertebrae and not ending in a pygostyle. The last dozen vertebrae each carry a pair of well-developed typical quills. Upon these features of the tail E. Haeckel established the subclass Saururae, containing solely Archaeopteryx, in opposition to the Ornithurae, comprising all the other birds. Herein he has been followed by many zoologists. However, the fact that various recent birds possess the same kind of caudal skeleton, likewise without a pygostyle, although reduced to at least 13 vertebrae, shows that the two terms do not express a fundamental difference.

1911 Britannica-Archaeopteryx-Tail.png

The importance of Archaeopteryx justifies the following descriptive detail. Vertebral column composed of about 50 vertebrae, viz. 10-11 cervical, 12-11 thoracic, 2 lumbar, 5-6 sacral, and 20 or 21 caudal, with a total caudal length of the Berlin specimen of 7 in. The cervical and thoracic vertebrae seem to be biconcave; the cervical ribs are much reduced and were apparently still movable; the thoracic ribs are devoid of uncinate processes. Paired abdominal ribs are doubtful. Scarcely anything is known of the sternum, and little of the shoulder-girdle, except the very stout furcula; scapula typically bird-like. Humerus about 2 in. long, with a strong crista lateralis, which indicates a strongly developed great pectoral muscle and hence, by inference, the presence of a keel to the sternum. Radius and ulna typically avine, 2·1 in. in length. Carpus with two separate bones. The hand skeleton consists of 3 completely separate metacarpals, each carrying a complete, likewise free, finger; the shortened thumb with 2, the index with 3, the third with 4 phalanges; each finger with a curved claw. The whole wing is consequently, although essentially avine, still reptilian in the unfused state of the metacarpals and the numbers of the phalanges. The pelvis is imperfectly known. The preacetabular portion of the ilium is shorter than the posterior half. The hind-limb is typically avine, with intertarsal joint, distally reduced fibula, and the three elongated metatarsals which show already considerable anchylosis; reduction of the toes to four, with 2, 3, 4 and 5 phalanges; the hallux is separate, and as usual in recent birds posterior in position. Skull bird-like, except that the short bill cannot have been enclosed in a horny rhamphotheca, since the upper jaw shows a row of 13, the lower jaw 3 conical teeth, all implanted in distinct sockets.

The remiges and rectrices indicate perfect feathers, with shaft and complete vanes which were so neatly finished that they must have possessed typical radii and hooklets. Some of the quills measure fully 5 in. in length. Six or seven remiges were attached to the hand, ten to the ulna.

It is idle to speculate on the habits of this earliest of known birds. That it could fly is certain, and the feet show it to have

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1539.] these later days, the English Church is now languidly labouring to repair.

The thirteenth of the thirty-first of Henry VIII. confirmed the surrender of all the religious houses which had dissolved themselves since the passing of the previous Act, and empowered the King to extend the provisions of that Act, at his pleasure, to all such as remained standing. Monastic life in England was at an end, and for ever. A phase of human existence which had flourished in this island for ten centuries had passed out and could not be revived. The effort for the reform of the orders had totally failed; the sentiment of the nation had ceased to be interested in their maintenance, and the determined spirit of treason which the best and the worst conducted of the regular clergy had alike exhibited in the late rebellion, had given the finishing impulse to the resolution of the Government. The more sincerely 'religion' was professed, the more incurable was the attachment to the Papacy. The monks were its champions while a hope remained of its restoration. In the final severance from Rome the root of their life was divided; and the body of the nation, orthodox and unorthodox alike, desired to see their vast revenues applied to purposes of national utility. They were given over by Parliament, therefore, to the King's hands. The sacrifice to the old families, the representatives of the ancient founders, was not only in feeling and associations, but in many instances was substantial and tangible. They had reserved to themselves annual rents, services, and reliefs; they had influence in the


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Rh There is land for 8 ploughs. On the de- mesne are 2 ; and 14 villeins with 6 bor- dars have 6 ploughs. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 300 swine. In all it is worth 8 pounds ; when received 3 pounds; T.R.E. IO pounds. This manor Godric brother of Bishop Wlwi held ; he could not assign (dare) or sell (it) but by his leave.

The same Walter holds of the same bishop half a hide. There is land for half a plough. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 5 shillings. This land Leuric, a man of Earl Harold, held and could sell.

M. Walter himself holds of the same bishop [Wooburn]. It is assessed at 8½ hides. There is land for 9 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ; and 12 villeins with 13 bordars have 10 ploughs. There is 1 serf, and 8 mills worth (de) 104 shillings, meadow (sufficient) for 6 plough (teams) and for the horses. From a fishery (come) 300 eels ; woodland is there (to feed) 200 swine and (worth) 7 shillings and 4 pence (besides). In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 15 pounds ; when received 100 shillings; T.R.E. 12 pounds. This manor Earl Harold held.

In [Lude ] Walter holds of the same bishop 1½ hides. There is land for 2 ploughs. One and a half are there, and there could be half a plough more. There are 2 villeins with i bordar, i serf, and 3 mills worth (de) 14 shillings. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 30 shillings. Leuric, a man of Earl Harold, held this manor and could sell it.

The bishop himself holds [Gawcott] which belongs (jacet in) to the church of Bochingeham [Buckingham]. There is I hide. There is land for 1½ ploughs, and these are there with 2 bordars and 1 serf. Meadow is there (sufficient) for a half plough (team). It is and was worth 30 shillings ; T.R.E. 40 shillings. This land Bishop Wlwi held.

M. The Bishop of Bayeux holds in STANES [Stone] 7 hides. Helto holds of him. There is land for  ploughs. On the demesne are 3 ; and I villein with 15 bordars have I plough and there could be 2 more. There are 7 serfs. Meadow is there for plough (teams). In all (totis vallentiis) it is and was worth 100 shillings ; T.R.E. 6 pounds. This manor 2 brothers held : one a man of Ulf, the other a man of Eddeva. They could assign (dare) or sell (it) to whom they wished.

M. The same Helto He was probably steward (dapifer) to the bishop, from whom he held Swanscombe in Kent (J-H.R.) holds of the same bishop DANITONE [Dinton]. It is assessed at 15 hides. There is land for 13 ploughs. On the demesne are 3, and 35 villeins with bordars have 10 ploughs. There are serfs, meadow (sufficient) for 13 plough (teams) and I mill worth (de) 4 shillings. In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 15 pounds; and it was worth that from T.R.E. (semper). This manor Avelin, a thegn of King Edward, held.

In [Hartwell] Helto  holds of the bishop 3 hides. There is land for 3 ploughs, and they are there with I villein and 7 bordars and I mill worth (de) 8 shil- lings. In all it is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 50 shillings. This land three sokemen held : one, a man of Archbishop S(tigand), (held) half a hide ; another, a man of Earl Leofwine (Lewini), (held) 2 hides ' 2 hides ' interlined. ; the third, a man of Avelin, held half a hide. They could sell or assign (dare) (their land).

In the same vill Robert holds of the bishop 1 hide. There is land for 2 ploughs. One is there, and there could be another. One villein is there and 4 serfs. It is and was worth 20 shillings ; T.R.E. 40 shillings. This land Avelin, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

M. Roger holds [Weston (Turville)] of the bishop. It is assessed at 20 hides. There is land for 17 ploughs. On the demesne are 3 and there could be a

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Rh receive the stop, which is of the pattern shown by Fig. 32, so that it fits tightly against the leg of the bench. Fig. 26 shows a joiner's bench of another pattern, fitted with a good form of instantaneous grip vice; and another variety of this useful class of vice is shown in section at Fig. 31.

A bench with side and tail vices is illustrated at Fig. 27, and, although not much used by joiners, is a very useful form for small work or as a portable bench. The top and tail vice cheeks contain holes for the reception of bench stops of iron or wood, against which, or between which, work is held for framing, etc.

Bench Screws.—A common form of joiner's bench screw is shown by Fig. 28, inside and sectional views being shown respectively by Figs. 29 and 30. D is the side or cheek of the bench to which a wooden nut (A) is screwed. The box B, which accurately fits the runner shown inside it, is fixed to the top rail connecting the legs, and to the top and side of the bench. Care is taken to keep the runner at right angles to the vice cheeks. To fasten the vice outer cheek and screw together, so that upon turning the latter the former will follow it, a groove E is cut. Then from the under edge of the cheek a mortise is made, and a hardwood key is driven to fit fairly tight into the mortise, its end entering E. The screw cheek is usually about 1 ft. 9 in. long, 9 in. wide, and 2 in. to 3 in. thick. The runner is about 3 in. by 3 in. and 2 ft. long. The wooden screws and nuts can be bought ready made.

Bench screws are known in great variety,


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 Rh years, he took his sons Daniel and Aaron into partnership, the firm being known as Westervelt & Co. Jacob A. Westervelt was Mayor of New York in 1854.

George Steers, destined to become famous as the designer of the Adriatic, the Niagara, and the yacht America, was born in Washington, D. C, in the year 1819, and in 1843, after having built a number of fast sail- and row-boats for racing, entered into partnership with William Hathorne, the firm being known as Hathorne & Steers. Up to this time Mr. Steers, though he had shown unusual ability as a mechanic, cannot be said to have done anything predicting his future triumphs. Other firms that were building good vessels at this time were Thomas and William Collier; Perin, Patterson & Stack; Laurence & Folkes, and John Englis, some of whom we shall hear of again.

The merchants of Boston after the War of 1812, built or bought most of their vessels at Medford, Newburyport, Salem, Scituate, and Duxbury, within the State, and at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and other ports where timber was more plentiful. It was not until 1834, when the East Boston Timber Company was incorporated by James Paige, Francis Oliver, and Gideon Barstow, that ship-building began to flourish about Boston. Stephen White was the moving spirit in this transaction, as in 1833 he had bought on behalf of himself and associates, eighty thousand feet of land in East Boston, between Border and Liverpool streets, at three cents per foot, for the establishment of a timber yard and dock. Mr. White also purchased Grand Island, in the Niagara River, which was covered with valuable

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Rh world European. It is worth pausing for a moment to consider further the unique environment in which the Western strain of our human breed developed the enterprise and tenacity which have given it the lead in the modern world. Europe is but a small corner of the great island which also contains Asia and Africa, but the cradle land of the Europeans was only a half of Europe—the Latin Peninsula and the subsidiary peninsulas and islands clustered around it. Broad deserts lay to the south, which could be crossed only in some three months on camel back, so that the black men were fended off from the white men. The trackless ocean lay to the west, and to the north the frozen ocean. To the north-east were interminable pine forests, and rivers flowing either to ice-choked mouths in the Arctic Sea or to inland waters, such as the Caspian Sea, detached from the ocean. Only to the south-east were there practicable oasis-routes leading to the outer world, but these were closed, more or less completely, from the seventh to the nineteenth century, by the Arabs and the Turks.

In any case, however, the European system of water-ways was detached by the Isthmus of Suez from the Indian Ocean. Therefore from the seaman's point of view Europe was a quite


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Rh fourth. There 12 villeins have 12 ploughs and there could be one more. There are 12 serfs, and 4 mills worth (de) 33 shillings and 4 pence, meadow (sufficient) for 10 plough (teams) and (worth) 6 shillings (besides), and woodland (to feed) IOO swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 1 5 pounds; when received 8 pounds; T.R.E. 15 pounds.

Of the land of this manor Earl Leofwine (Lewinus) held 9½ hides, and Godric the sheriff 3½ hides as 1 manor, and 2 men of the same Godric 3½ hides, and 1 man of Earl Tosti 2 hides, and 2 men of Earl Leofwine (Lewini) 1½ hides. All could sell (their land). Of these hides one is held by the Bishop of Lisieux of the Bishop of Bayeux; there is land for i plough, but the plough is not there; it is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 5 shillings. Those men whom Roger holds in Weston did not belong to Earl Leofwine (Lewino) T.R.E.

M. The same (ipse) Roger holds [Bedgrove]. It is assessed at 2 hides. There is land for 3 ploughs. On the demesne is 1; and 5 villeins with 5 bordars have 2 ploughs. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 1 plough (team). It is worth 30 shillings; when received 10 shillings; T.R.E. 40 shillings. This manor Suen, a man of Alwin Varus, held and could sell.

In [Bierton] the same Roger holds of the bishop 1 hide and 3 virgates. There is land for 1½ ploughs, and these are there with 3 bordars. It is and was worth 20 shillings; T.R.E. 50 shillings. This land 2 sokemen held: one a man of Alwin Varus, the other a man of Earl Leofwine (Lewini). They could sell (their land).

In HORSEDENE [Horsenden] Roger holds of the bishop half a hide. There is land for half a plough, and this is there with 1 bordar. It is and was worth 3 shillings; T.R.E. 5 shillings. This land a man of Earl Leofwine (Lewini) held and could sell.

In the same vill Robert holds of the bishop exactly 20 hides 2 half a hide. There is land for half a plough, but the plough is not there. It is and was worth 2 shillings; T.R.E. 5 shillings. This land Goduin, a man of Earl Leofwine, (Lewini) held and could sell.

M. In [Chalfont (St. Peter)] Roger holds of the bishop 4 hides and 3 virgates. There is land for 15 ploughs. On the demesne is one 1; and 14 villeins with 4 bordars have 14 ploughs. There are 2 serfs, and i mill worth (de) 6 shillings, meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams), wood(land) (to feed) 600 swine, and a hawk's eyry (area). In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 11shillings; when received 60 shillings; T.R.E. no shillings. This manor Earl Leofwine (Lewinus) held.

In [Amersham] Roger holds of the bishop half a hide. There is land for 1 plough, and it is there with 3 bordars and mill worth (de) 4 shillings and meadow (sufficient) for i plough (team). This land is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 20 shillings. This land Alwin, a man of Queen Eddid, held and could sell.

In [Chesham] Roger holds half a hide. There is land for 2 ploughs. On the demesne is 1 plough; and 1 villein with 2 bordars have 1 plough. There is woodland (to feed) 50 swine. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 20 shillings.

In [Chesham] the Bishop of Bayeux himself holds 11 hides. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne is I hide, and on it is 1 plough; and 2 villeins with 3 bordars have 2 ploughs. There are serfs, and 2 mills worth (de) 3 shillings and meadow (sufficient) for 3 plough (teams). It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 60 shillings. This manor 2 sokemen held: one a man of Earl Leofwine (Lewini), the other a man of Earl Harold. They could sell (their land).

M. Gilbert Bishop of Lisieux holds of the Bishop of Bayeux [Tyler's (Green) ]. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 10 ploughs. On the demesne are 2, and there could be a third. There 14 villeins with 1 bordar have 6 ploughs and

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 50 timber. Sawmills were erected on the island, and a supply of the finest quality of ship timber was created, and brought by the Erie Canal to tidewater, thence by coasting vessels to East Boston. This attracted ship-builders from other towns, and eventually made Boston a famous ship-building centre. Stephen White owned the first ship built in East Boston, the Niagara, of 460 tons, appropriately named after the river from which the timber used in her construction had come. She was built in 1834, by Brown, Bates & Delano in their yard at the foot of Central Square, and was launched amid an uproar of guns, fire-crackers, shouts, and music, with a bottle of good Medford rum trickling down her port bow.

The first Boston ferry-boats, the East Boston, Essex, and Maverick, were built at East Boston in 1834–35, but nothing further was done in shipbuilding there until 1839, when Samuel Hall a well-known builder, of Marshfield and Duxbury, removed to East Boston and established a yard at the west end of Maverick Street. Mr. Hall not only contributed to the reputation and welfare of East Boston by building a large number of splendid vessels and providing employment for a great number of men, but he was also active in all municipal affairs. In appreciation of his successful efforts for the introduction of Cochituate water into East Boston in 1851, his fellow-citizens presented him with a thousand-dollar service of plate, consisting of eleven pieces, with the usual inscription, with which most of us are more or less familiar.

The Briggs Brothers, of South Boston, came from

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 Democratic Ideals and Reality, 1919 Fig 9 p64.jpg —The River and Coast Ways of the Seaman's Europe. The land surface of all Europe measures less than 2 per cent. of the surface of the Globe. This was the prison of mediæval Christendom, but the sea-base of modern Christendom.


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 been well adapted to arboreal life. The clawed slender fingers did not make Archaeopteryx any more quadrupedal or bat-like in its habits than is a kestrel hawk, with its equally large, or even larger thumb-claw.

.—H. v. Meyer, ''Neues Jahrb. f. Mineralog. (1861), p. 679; Sir R. Owen, “On the Archaeopteryx von Meyer...” Phil. Trans.'', 1863, pp. 33-47, pls. i.-iv.; T. H. Huxley, “Remarks on the Skeleton of the Archaeopteryx and on the relations of the bird to the reptile,” ''Geol. Mag. i., 1864, pp. 55-57; C. Vogt, “L’Archaeopteryx macrura,” Revue scient. de la France et de l’étranger, 1879, pp. 241-248; W. Dames, “Über Archaeopteryx,” Palaeontol. Abhandl.'' ii. (Berlin, 1884); Idem, “Über Brustbein Schulter- und Beckengürtel der Archaeopteryx,” ''Math. naturw. Mitth.'' Berlin. vii. (1897), pp. 476-492.

ARCHAISM (adj. “archaic”; from Gr. , old), an old-fashioned usage, or the deliberate employment of an out-of-date and ancient mode of expression. ARCHANGEL, a government of European Russia, bounded N. by the White Sea and Arctic Ocean, W. by Finland and Olonets, S. by Vologda, and E. by the Ural mountains. It comprehends the islands of Novaya-Zemlya, Vaygach and Kolguev, and the peninsula of Kola. Its area is 331,505 sq. m., and its population in 1867 was 275,779 and in 1897, 349,943. The part which lies within the Arctic Circle is very desolate and sterile, consisting chiefly of sand and reindeer moss. The winter is long and severe, and even in summer the soil is frozen. The rivers (Tuloma, Onega, Dvina, Mezen and Pechora) are closed in September and scarcely thaw before July. The Kola peninsula is, however, diversified by hills exceeding 3000 ft. in altitude and by large lakes (e.g. Imandra), and its coast enjoys a much more genial climate. South of the Arctic Circle the greater part of the country is covered with forests, intermingled with lakes and morasses, though in places there is excellent pasturage. Here the spring is moist, with cold, frosty nights; the summer a succession of long foggy days; the autumn again moist. The rivers are closed from October to April. The inhabitants of the northern districts—;nomad tribes of Samoyedes, Zyryans, Lapps, and the Finnish tribes of Karelians and Chudes—support themselves by fishing and hunting. In the southern districts hemp and flax are raised, but grain crops are little cultivated, so that the bark of trees has often to be ground up to eke out the scanty supply of flour. Potatoes are grown as far north as 65°. Shipbuilding is carried on, and the forests yield timber, pitch and tar. Excellent cattle are raised in the district of Kholmogory on the Dvina, veal being supplied to St Petersburg. Gold is found in the districts of Kola, naphtha and salt in those of Kem and Pinega, and lignite in Mezen. Sulphurous springs exist in the districts of Kholmogory and Shenkursk. The industry and commerce are noticed below in the article on the town Archangel, which is the capital. The government is divided into nine districts, the chief towns of which are—Alexandrovsk or Kola (pop. 300), (q.v.), Kem (1825), Kholmogory (1465), Mezen (2040), Novaya-Zemlya (island), Pechora, Pinega (1000) and Shenkursk (1308).

ARCHANGEL, chief town of the government of Archangel, Russia, at the head of the delta of the Dvina, on the right bank of the river, in lat. 64° 32′ N. and long. 40° 33′ E. Pop. (1867) 19,936; (1897) 20,933. As early as the 10th century, if not earlier, the Norsemen frequented this part of the world (Bjarmeland) on trading expeditions; the best-known is that made by Ottar or Othere between 880 and 900 and described (or translated) by Alfred the Great, king of England. The modern town dates, however, from the visit of the English voyager, Richard Chancellor, in 1553. An English factory was erected on the lower Dvina soon after that date, and in 1584 a fort was built, around which the town grew up. Archangel was for long the only seaport of Russia (or Muscovy). The tsar Boris Godunov (1598–1605) threw the trade open to all nations; and the chief participants in it were England, Holland and Germany. In 1668–1684 the great bazaar and trading hall was built, principally by Tatar prisoners. In 1691–1700 the exports to England averaged £112,210 annually. After Peter the Great made St Petersburg the capital of his dominions (1702), he placed Archangel under vexatious commercial disabilities, and consequently its trade declined. In 1762 it was granted the same privileges as St Petersburg, and since then it has gradually recovered its former prosperity. It is the seat of a bishop, and has a cathedral (1709–1743), a museum, the monastery of the Archangel Michael (whence the city gets its name), an ecclesiastical seminary, a school of navigation and a naval hospital. Linen, leather, canvas, cordage, mats, tallow, potash and beer are manufactured. There is a lively trade with St Petersburg, and the sea-borne exports, which consist chiefly of timber, flax, linseed, oats, flour, pitch, tar, skins and mats, amount in value to about 1½ millions sterling annually (82½ % for timber), but the imports (mostly fish) are worth only about £200,000. A fish fair is held every year on the 1st (15th) of September. Archangel communicates with the interior of Russia by river and canal, and has a railway line (522 m.) to Yaroslavl. The harbour, deepened to 18¼ ft., is about a mile below the city, and is accessible from May to October. About 12 m. lower down there are a government dockyard and merchants’ warehouses. A new military harbour, Alexandrovsk or Port Catherine, has been made on Catherine (Ekaterininsk) Bay, on the Murman coast of the Kola peninsula. The shortest day at Archangel has only 3 hrs. 12 min., the longest 21 hrs. 48 min. of daylight. ARCHBALD, a borough of Lackawanna county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., in the N.E. part of the state, 10 m. N.E. of Scranton. Pop. (1890) 4032; (1900) 5396; (1869 foreign-born); (1910) 7194. It is served by the Delaware & Hudson, and the New York, Ontario & Western railways, and by an interurban electric line. It is about 900 ft. above sea-level; in the vicinity are extensive deposits of anthracite coal, the mining and breaking of which is the principal industry; silk throwing and weaving is another industry of the borough. At Archbald is a large glacial “pot hole,” about 20 ft. in diameter and 40 ft. in depth. Archbald, named in honour of James Archbald, formerly chief engineer of the Delaware & Hudson railway, was a part of Blakely township (incorporated in 1818) until 1877, when it became a borough. ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr.  ), in the Christian Church, the title of a bishop of superior rank, implying usually jurisdiction over other bishops, but no superiority of order over them. The functions of the archbishop, as at present exercised, developed out of those of the (q.v.); though the title of archbishop, when it first appeared, implied no metropolitan jurisdiction. Nor are the terms interchangeable now; for not all metropolitans are archbishops, nor all archbishops metropolitans. The title seems to have been introduced first in the East, in the 4th century, as an honorary distinction implying no superiority of jurisdiction. Its first recorded use is by Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, who applied it to his predecessor Alexander as a mark of respect. In the same way Gregory of Nazianzus bestowed it upon Athanasius himself. In the next century its use would seem to have been more common as the title of bishops of important sees; for several archbishops are stated to have been present at the council of Chalcedon in 451. In the Western Church the title was hardly known before the 7th century, and did not become common until the Carolingian emperors revived the right of the metropolitans to summon provincial synods. The metropolitans now commonly assumed the title of archbishop to mark their pre-eminence over the other bishops; at the same time the obligation imposed upon them, mainly at the instance of St Boniface, to receive the (q.v.) from Rome, definitely marked the defeat of their claim to exercise metropolitan jurisdiction independently of the pope.

At the present day, the title of archbishop is retained in the Roman Catholic Church, the various oriental churches, the Anglican Church, and certain branches of the Lutheran (Evangelical) Church.

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Rh definite conception, even though the landsman might think of it as merging with Asia. It was a world apart, but within that world was ample fertility, and in its water-paths a natural provision for the intimacy of a family of nations. Water-paths they were, with branchings and crossings, for the boatmen, not venturing out on to the high seas, still sailed between the coasts and the horizon, just as they threaded their way between the two banks of the rivers. In the relatively roadless days, moreover, which followed on the decay of the Roman road system, the boatmen frequented many of the head-waters of the rivers, which we have now abandoned as no longer worth navigating.

There were two fortunate circumstances in regard to the mediæval siege of Europe. On the one hand, the Infidels had not command of inexhaustible man-power, for they were based on arid and sub-arid deserts and steppes, and on comparatively small oasis-lands; on the other hand, the Latin Peninsula was not seriously threatened along its oceanic border, for the Norsemen, though fierce and cruel while they remained Pagan, were based on fiord-valleys even less extensive and less fruitful than the oases, and wherever they settled—in England, Normandy, Sicily, or


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archaeopteryx


text: Talk:Second Variety

title: Talk:Second Variety


text: Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China


text: Category:Treaties of the Republic of China


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archangel (government)


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archangel (town)


text: Talk:The Variable Man

title: Talk:The Variable Man


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Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/93

Rh marsh thistle (Cnicus pratensis), the sawwort (Serratula tinctoria), the dwarf willow (Salix ripens), the orchids Orchis ericetorum and Habenaria bifolia, the ferns Lomaria Spicant, Lastrea or Dryopteris spinulosa, dilatata, and at one time the royal fern (Osmunda regalis), the club moss (Lycopodium inundatum) and L. Selago, and the horsetail Equisetum sylvaticum. The bramble flora is also rich, and other glareal and ericetal plants, such as the cudweeds Gnaphalium sylvaticum and Filago minima, the red sandwort (Buda rubra), the cinquefoil (Potentilla argentea), the clovers Trifolium striatum and T. filiforme, the dog violet (Viola canina), the St. John's worts Hypericum humifusum and H. pulchrum, and the heath rush (juncus squarrosus), occur.

Gerrard's Cross Common has besides many of the heath plants already alluded to the camomile (Anthemis nobilis), the pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium), and the chaffweed (Centunculus minimus).

The extensive common of Stoke Poges has a considerable number of very interesting species, among which may be mentioned the alder buckthorn (Rhamnus Frangula), the club moss (Lycopodium inundatum), the small scull-cap (Scutellaria minor), the all-seed (Millegrana Radiola), the pearlwort (Cerastium quaterncllum), masses of the dwarf furze (Ulex minor or nanus), the dwarf willow (Salix repens and its hybrid S. ambigua), the cudweed (Gnaphalium sylvaticum), etc.

The neighbourhood of Wycombe offers a very rich series of chalk plants which have already been referred to in the remarks on p. 38, but there are in addition plants such as the toothwort (Lathrea Squamaria), which grows at Hughenden, the vetch (Vicia gracilis), which formerly grew near Winter Hill, the white mullein (Verbascum Lychnitis) and the bloody crane'sbill (Geranium sanguineum), which grew on the banks of the railway with the woad (Isatis tinctoria) and are probably not native to Buckinghamshire. There also occur the periwinkle (Vinca minor), the rose Rosa systyla, the mint Mentha cardiaca, the sedge Carex paniculata, which is abundant in the marsh, the grass Bromus secalinus, extremely abundant in cornfields, the pretty Stachys annua of very local occurrence in arable soil, while the eyebright (Euphrasia Kerneri), the crane's-bill (Geranium rotundifolium) near West Wycombe, and the black mullein (Verbascum nigrum), are of local distribution.

Naphill Common has a special feature of interest in its being the home of the thrumwort (Damasonium Alisma), which is a diminishing species in Britain, and it also has some very fine juniper bushes (Juniperus communis); and a most luxuriant growth of the orpine (Sedum roseum) is in the neighbourhood.

I have already mentioned the characteristic species of the main valley of the Thames, but we may allude to some of the aquatics which it yields. They are not so numerous as formerly, as the more frequent traffic of steam launches of course exerts an inimical influence. There are however still recesses of the river where the fringed water-lily (Limnanthemum peltatum) abounds; the pondweeds Potamogeton prælongus, P. zosterfolius and P. interruptus, the water buttercup (Ranunculus fluitans), the water honewort (Ceratophyllum), the charad (Chara fragilis var. Hedwigii), the snowflake (Leucojum æstivum), the reed mace (Typha angustifolia),the American balsam (Impatiens fulva) now naturalized near Henley and bound to extend its area, the willows Salix purpurea, S. rubra and others, the water dropwort (Œnanthe fluviatilis) and in a backwater (Œ. Phellandrium, and the poisonous dropwort (''Œ. crocata), the sweet flag (Acorus Calamus) are among the more interesting species. Near Henley there are the clary (Salvia Verbenaca) and the hound's-tongue (Cynoglossum officinale), the mistletoe (Viscum album) on limes, black poplar and even on thorns, the rampions (Campanula Rapunculus), growing in a very wild situation near Hambledon, the meadow sage (Salvia pratensis), the spurge (Euphorbia Esula) on the river bank in a wild condition, the rose Rosa systyla, the wild licorice (Astragalus glycyphyllus), the garlic (Allium vineale), and the bedstraw (Galium erectum). On a common near Marlow occur the clovers Trifolium subterraneum, T . striatum, and the vetch Vicia lathyroides; and in fields the grass Poa pratensis var. angustifolia, the honewort (Carum segetum), and the tansy (Tanacetum vulgare'').

The wooded slopes of Clivedon are said to have yielded the golden saxifrage (Chrysosplenium alternifolium), but its occurrence has not been verified; the small teasel (Dipsacus pilosus) grows there, and the gravelly soil about Taplow has plenty of the lettuce Lactuca virosa, while the pretty grass Apera Spica-venti is common in the fields.

The meadows between Bray and Windsor have many interesting plants, but the special rarity has disappeared, namely Tordylium maximum, which at one time grew near Eton Wick. The water avens grows near Chalvey in the second locality known for it in Bucks, and also the rush Juncus obtusiftorus, the sedges Carex vesicaria, C. rostrata, C. Pseudo-cyperus, C. disticha and C. paniculata still grow there. The marsh stitchwort (Stellaria palustris), the water violet

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Rh articulary cavity at its upper anterior angle for its junction with the hyomandibular. The oblong lamella below the operculum is the suboperculum (32), and the one in front of this latter, below the horizontal limb of the præoperculum, is the interoperculum (33), which is connected by ligament with the angular piece of the lower jaw, and is also attached to the outer face of the hyoid, so that the gill-covers cannot open or shut without the hyoid apparatus executing a corresponding movement.

The chain of flat bones which, after the removal of the temporal muscles, appear arranged within the inner concavity of the præoperculum (Fig. 24), are comprised with the latter under the common name of mandibulary suspensorium. They connect the mandible with the cranium. The uppermost, the epitympanic or hyomandibular (23), is articulated by a double articulary head with the mastoid and posterior frontal. Another articulary head is destined for the opercular joint. The mesotympanic or symplectic (31) appears as a styliform prolongation of the lower part of the hyomandibular; is entirely cartilaginous in the young, but nearly entirely ossified in the adult. The position of this bone is noteworthy, because, directly inwards of its cartilaginous junction with the hyomandibular, there is situated the uppermost piece of the hyoid arch, the stylo-hyal. The next bone of the series is the pretympanic or metapterygoid (27), a flat bone forming a bridge towards the pterygoid, and not rarely absent in the teleosteous sub-class. Finally, the large triangular hypotympanic or quadrate (26) has a large condyle for the mandibulary joint.

The palatine arch (Fig. 26) connects the suspensorium with the anterior extremity of the skull, and is formed by three bones: the entopterygoid (25), an oblong and thin bone attached to the inner border of the palatine and pterygoid, and increasing the surface of the bony roof of the mouth towards the


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56 median line; it constitutes also the floor of the orbit. The pterygoid (24) (or os transversum) starts from the quadrate, and is joined by suture to the palatine, which is toothed, and reaches to the vomer and anterior frontal.

In the occipital region there are distinguished the basioccipital (5), readily recognised by the conical excavation corresponding and similar to that of the atlas, with which it is articulated through the intervention of a capsule filled with a gelatinous substance (the remains of the notochord); the exoccipitals (10), articulated, one on each side, to the basioccipital, and expanding on the upper surface of that bone, so as to meet and support the spinal column; a superficial thin lamella (13), suturally connected with the exoccipitals, not constant in fishes, and erroneously believed by Cuvier to be the petrosal (os petrosum) of higher animals; further, the paroccipitals (9), which are wedged in between the exoccipitals and supraoccipital. This last bone (8) forms the key of the arch over the occipital foramen, and raises a strong high crest from the whole length of its mesial line; a transverse supraoccipital ridge, coming from each side of the base of this spine runs outwards laterally to the external angles of the bone. The supraoccipital separates the parietals, and forms a suture with the frontals.

In front of the basioccipital the base of the skull is formed by the basisphenoid (parasphenoid of Huxley) (6). This very long and narrow bone extends from the basioccipital beyond the brain-capsule to between the orbits, where it forms the support of the fibro-membranous interorbital septum. Anteriorly it is connate with another long hammer-shaped bone (16), the vomer, the head of which marks the anterior end of the palate, and is beset with teeth. The alisphenoids (11) are short broad bones, rising from the basisphenoid; their posterior margins are suturally connected with the anterior of the basi- and ex-occipitals.


text:
User talk:71.119.135.231

Beeswaxcandle (talk) 03:27, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.119.135.231


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66 Russia—their small numbers were soon absorbed into the older populations. Thus the whole defensive strength of Europe could be thrown against the south-eastern danger. But as the European civilisation gained momentum, there was energy to spare upon the ocean frontage; Venice and Austria sufficed for the later struggle against the Turks.

After the essays, without practical result, of the Norsemen to force their way through the northern ice of Greenland, the Portuguese undertook to find a sea-way to the Indies round the coast of Africa. They were inspired to the venture by the lead of Prince Henry 'the Navigator,' half Englishman and half Portuguese. At first sight it seems strange that pilots like Columbus, who had spent their lives on coasting voyages, often going from Venice to Britain, should so long have delayed an exploration southward as they issued from the Straits of Gibraltar. Still more strange does it appear that when at last they had set themselves to discover the outline of Africa, it took them two generations of almost annual voyaging before Da Gama led the way into the Indian Ocean. The cause of their difficulties was physical. For a thousand miles, from the latitude of the Canary Islands to that of Cape Verde, the


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Rh African coast is a torrid desert, because the dry trade wind there blows off the land without ceasing. It might be a relatively easy matter to sail southward on that steady breeze, but how was the voyage back to be accomplished by ships which could not sail near the wind like a modern chpper, and yet dared neither sail out on to the broad ocean across the wind, nor yet tediously tack their way home off a coast with no supplies of fresh food and water, in a time when the plague of scurvy had not yet been mastered?

Once the Portuguese had found the ocean-way into the Indian seas, they soon disposed of the opposition of the Arab dhows. Europe had taken its foes in rear; it had sailed round to the rear of the land, just as Xerxes, Alexander, Hannibal, and the Crusaders had marched round to the rear of the sea.

From that time until the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, the seamen of Europe continued in ever-increasing number to round the Cape, and to sail northward on the Eastern Ocean as far as China and Japan. Only one ship, the Vega of the Swedish Baron Nordenskiold, has to this day made the passage round the north of Asia—with infinite risk, and in two years—and she happens not to have circumnavigated the Triple Continent,


text: Category:Thriller short stories

title: Category:Thriller short stories


text: Talk:Tony and the Beetles

title: Talk:Tony and the Beetles


text:
Author:John Skinner

Works

 * The British Tar
 * The Reel of Tullochgorum (1776)
 * The Monymusk Christmas Ba'ing
 * Ewie wi' the Crookit Horn
 * John o' Badenyon
 * The Marquis of Huntly's Reel
 * The Matrimonial Song
 * Lizzie Liberty
 * The Old Man's Song
 * Ode Horatiana, metro Tullochgormiano
 * A Preservative against Presbytery
 * Dissertation on Job's Prophecy
 * Ecclesiastical History of Scotland
 * Theological Works
 * Amusements of Leisure Hours, or Poetical Pieces chiefly in the Scottish Dialect
 * A Miscellaneous Collection of Fugitive Pieces of Poetry
 * Songs and Poems
 * A critical and exegetical commentary on Genesis

title: Author:John Skinner


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Rh The formation of the posterior part of the side of the skull is completed by the mastoid and parietal bones. The former (12) projects outwards and backwards farther than the paroccipital, forming the outer strong process of the side of the cranium. This process lodges on its upper surface one of the main ducts of the muciferous system, and affords the base of articulation to a part of the hyomandibular. Its extremity gives attachment to the strong tendon of the dorso-lateral muscles of the trunk. The parietals (7) are flat bones, of comparatively much smaller extent than in higher Vertebrates, and separated from each other by the anterior prolongation of the supra-occipital.

The anterior wall of the brain-capsule (or the posterior of the orbit) is formed by the orbitosphenoids (14), between which, superiorly, the olfactory nerves, and inferiorly, the optic, pass out of the cranium. In addition to this paired bone, the Perch and many other fishes possess another single bone (15),—the os sphenoideum anterius of Cuvier, ethmoid of Owen, and basisphenoid of Huxley; it is Y-shaped, each lateral branch being connected with an orbitosphenoid, whilst the lower branch rests upon the long basal bone.

A cartilage, the substance of which is thickest above the vomer, and which extends as a narrow stripe along the interorbital septum, represents the ethmoid of higher Vertebrata; the olfactory nerves run along, and finally perforate it.

There remain, finally, the bones distinguishable on the upper surface of the skull; the largest, extending from the nasal cavities to the occipital, are the frontal bones (1), which also form the upper margin of the orbit. The postfrontals (4) are small bones placed on the supero-posterior angle of the orbit, and serving as the point from which the infraorbital ring is suspended. The prefrontals (2), also small, occupy the anterior margin of the orbit. A pair of small tubiform bones (20), the turbinals, occupy the foremost part of the snout, in front of


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 McKinlay, on the other hand, took with him sheep and bullocks as well as horses, together with the variety of four camels; the bullocks were designed for carriage as well as food. Our traveller specially recommends the sheep, which he thinks no expedition should be without. The little creatures were easily managed, and they bravely held their way, keeping abreast of the party even on the longest marches. Next to this supply of animal food, the great staple is flour. With this the Australian traveller turns out his simply baked "damper" from the hot ashes; and hardly less important than the damper is the unfailing accompaniment of tea and sugar; some bacon, some rice, some et-ceteras follow, including of course, tobacco; with medicines (charitably including the rum in this particular division), lucifers, signal rockets, ammunition, rifles, and other defensive arms. These, with the canvas, the poles, the cords, and the fastening pins of the indispensable tents, a supply of blankets, and a very limited assortment of personal attire, comprise the main stay of the outfit.

The use of a cart or dray on these expeditions is a convenience hardly to be resisted. It was an indispensable component of the old official expeditions of any importance into the interior. The convenience of the cart, however, is sadly chequered by the delays and difficulties it brings


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 to the expedition. Stuart would have none of it. McKinlay took it in hand, at first with horses, afterwards with a team of bullocks. Nothing equals the slow steady pull of the bullock for mastering the thick and thin, the log, stump, and stone of nature's road in Australia. With the skilful bullock-driving of Ned Palmer, a marvellously long step of the rugged journey was accomplished; but although the cart did wonders, it must needs be given up. It was slow as the tortoise, but rarely as sure. All Ned's skill could not pilot "the wheels" against the laws of gravitation. Yesterday they were over their axles in Jones's swamp, and to-day they disappeared like a shot over the perpendicular ledge of Smith's Creek. To recover from disasters, indeed, is as much the forte of a true bullock-driver as to avoid them. The dray ever emerges triumphant from everything. Ned, like a geologist, only requires time; but time, in a flying march across Australia, is a costly requirement. The cart has been daily weighed in a balance of accumulating deficiences [sic], till at length the climax of its fate comes with the heavy rains encountered in the desert country. Conveyed to the top of a sand hill, it is buried along with such of the outfit it had carried as cannot be otherwise provided for. So the cart is abandoned, and poor Ned, freed from his ever-troublesome charge, is


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58 the frontals, and are separated from each other by intervening cartilage.

After removal of the gill-cover and mandibulary suspensorium, the hyoid arch, which encloses the branchial apparatus, and farther behind, the humeral arch are laid open to view (Fig. 25). These parts can be readily separated from the cranium proper.

The hyoid arch is suspended by a slender styliform bone, the stylohyal (29), from the hyomandibulars; it consists of three segments, the epihyal (37), ceratohyal (38), which is the longest and strongest piece, and the basihyal, which is formed by two juxtaposed pieces (39, 40). Between the latter there is a median styliform ossicle (41), extending forwards into the substance of the tongue, called glossohyal or os linguale; and below the junction of the two hyoid branches there is a vertical single bone (42), expanded along its lower edge, which, connected by ligament with the anterior extremity of the humeral arch, forms the isthmus separating the two gill-openings. This bone is called the urohyal. Articulated or attached by ligaments to the epihyal and ceratohyal are a number of sword-shaped bones or rays (43), the branchiostegals, between which the branchiostegal membrane is extended.

The branchial arches (Figs. 25 and 27) are enclosed within the hyoid arch, with which they are closely connected at the base. They are five in number, of which four bear gills, whilst the fifth (56) remains dwarfed, is beset with teeth, and called the lower pharyngeal bone. The arches adhere by their lower extremities to a chain of ossicles (53, 54, 55), basibranchials, and, curving as they ascend, nearly meet at the base of the cranium, to which they are attached by a layer of ligamentous and cellular tissue. Each of the first three branchial arches consists of four pieces movably connected with one another. The lowest is the hypobranchial (57), the next much longer one (58) the ceratobranchial, and, above this, a slender and a short


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 left, who knows? with the mixed emotions of the fond mother mourning for her rickety offspring, the object of all her past toils, anxieties, and affections.

Both Burke and Wills, and McKinlay, had the novel addition of a troop of camels to the live stock of their respective expeditions. The Victoria Government, shortly before the departure of the former, had imported a number of camels from India, and their merits were thus promptly put on trial by the opportunity of the Victoria expedition. Of these, Burke selected six with which to push on from Cooper's Creek, leaving the others, together with the bulk of the expedition, behind on the way. These camels in fact, and but a single horse, were the sole attendants of his small party. McKinlay took four camels, in company of a goodly quadrupedal assemblage, consisting besides of twenty-four horses, twelve bullocks, and a hundred sheep. The camel disputes with the horse the palm of usefulness in the Australian expeditions. In powers of endurance the camel seemed quite the equal of his rival, but he was more unruly and troublesome, and very uncompanionable with the other animals, his fellow travellers. McKinlay found a decided convenience in the height of his back, as compared with that of the horse, in keeping the supplies of the party out of the water on the occasion of traversing the flooded parts of the march.


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 But both horse and camel alike proved useful in other ways less premeditated. Necessity cures many prejudices, and hunger is a sauce to reconcile us to a very miscellaneous diet. As the stock diminished, and as the appetite increased, even horse-flesh proved no unsavoury morsel, lean, tough, and jaded as it too often was. Horse after horse fell under the "jerking" process, consisting of cutting the flesh into long strips, to be dried in the sun. The camel, too, took his turn under the knife, and our travellers were ever far more anxious to secure an adequate quantity than to differ about the quality of their fare. Only once was the case otherwise, when one of the camels, "old and worn out, with sores all over him," was doomed to the knife and the jerking. Refractory even in the pot, the tough liver and kidneys defy the teeth of the hungry travellers, and the cook is enabled to boast for once on the journey that there was superfluity on the board.

TRIBUTES TO THE EXPLORERS.

The Australian colonies may well be congratulated not only upon their taking upon themselves the entire cost and management of the exploration of this part of the empire, but upon the vigour with which they are prosecuting their exploratory duties—a vigour that promises ere long to make the whole of Australia about as


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 familiar to us as the other parts of the colonial empire. Meanwhile, well-merited honour has been done to the distinguished explorers we have been speaking of. Their services have been acknowledged and rewarded by their respective governments, while they themselves have been fêted by the colonists. Stuart, returning to Adelaide from his third expedition, greatly impaired in his health, was received with a welcome calculated at all events to renovate his spirits, for he was met by nearly 20,000 colonists, headed by the colonial governor. An interesting episode occurs with McKinlay. A public dinner is to be given him in Adelaide, and on the same day, it is said at the very hour fixed for the entertainment, the arrival of Howitt is announced in the city, on his return from his special expedition to Cooper's Creek for the purpose of bringing down to Melbourne the remains of Burke and Wills. This unexpected but timely visitor is of course a welcome and conspicuous guest on the occasion.

The South Australian Legislature, in the year 1859, agreed to bestow a public reward of £2,000 upon the colonist who should first traverse Australia from sea to sea. Stuart has received and well earned this reward. The area of his colony is traversed by the central line, north and south of Australia, and we have seen that the colony has been laudably and specially alive to its duties in


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 the long pending solution of the Australian problem. A sum of £1000 has also been awarded to McKinlay. As it is pleasant to narrate the liberalities of Governments, we go on to say that the relatives of Burke and Wills, as well as King, the survivor of the party, have received very considerable gratuities and pensions from the Government of Victoria. The relics of the heroes themselves, recovered as we have said by a special mission to the interior, were committed to the grave with the honours of a state funeral; while a grant of £4,000 has been made from the public revenue for the construction of a suitable memorial of their achievements and misfortunes.

WHAT IS IN THE FUTURE?

With pleasure we also observe, from a recent intimation of the Secretary for the Colonies, that the part of these Northern Australian regions continuous in a northerly direction with the colony of South Australia—the part, in fact, traversed and explored by Stuart—is to be annexed to that colony. The large remainder of North Australia, to the eastward, falls in the meantime naturally into Queensland, whose colonists, after the galloping fashion of pastoral settlement in Australia, have already advanced their squatting outposts beyond Port Denison, in latitude 20°, and the mouth of the Burdekin in latitude 19°—places


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 to the world within the last three years. We augur well of this Imperial arrangement, not merely because it forms a fitting acknowledgment of colonial enterprise, but because we may venture to see in it the beginning of a new policy, by which the Home Government frees itself, once for all, from the imaginary, or, at any rate, to it, the needless costs and difficulties of founding new colonies. Colonies already established and prosperous may be left to perform this duty, and they may be so left all the more readily when, as in this case, they are prompt to take the duty in hand, with all its outlay and trouble.

We may surely hope that the Imperial Government will not find itself necessitated to repress or prevent the extension of the Colonial Empire. And yet this has been the course for some time past, otherwise Northern Australia would already have been colonized. The contemplated arrangement we have just alluded to respecting that vast but waste colonial domain, will, we trust, for the future, have the effect of putting an end to this repressive system. Difficulties there may be as to new colonies, their land regulations, and the question of their preliminary expenses, but they are real difficulties only to the inexperience and remote position of the Imperial Government. South Australia and Queensland will deal with their respective portions of tropical Australia. In


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 new settlements so remote from head-quarters, these colonies must foresee the time when these, their far-off daughters, will demand separate establishments of their own. The Imperial mother may virtually go to sleep, until aroused at this stage of her children's and her grandchildren's growth by a call to adjudicate, as the supreme parent, upon the impending and, perhaps, contentious question of separation, while she finds at the same moment that a forty-fifth or a fiftieth member is about to be added to the world-wide colonial family.

Let us here advert to what may prove a very important contingency of the future, namely, the question of the particular form of government for these tropical regions. At the proper time this should form a special subject of Imperial consideration. The European may no doubt undertake various kinds of labour in these latitudes, but he is probably unsuited to field labour. The labouring hands of the dark races will be eagerly invited by the colonists, and, perhaps, the response on the part of the former will be as ready as the invitation. The superior race will then be exposed to the temptation of legislating for its own interests at the expense of the inferior. The temptation will ever lean in the direction of a coercive power in the hands of employers, and towards constituting a slave instead of a servant. The prevention of this possible evil will be much easier than its cure, and


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 the prevention lies in withholding from tropical Australia that complete self-government that now distinguishes the energetic colonies of the temperate latitudes. The Imperial Government thus retains an effective control over all the colonial legislation—a control it has virtually parted with in the self-governed colonies. Having once, by these free institutions, transferred the reins to the vigorous colonial grasp, we fear that the mere abstract Imperial supremacy, which, with all its strength of legal theory, still unites the Empire under one Government, would prove of small avail in regulating an exciting domestic question of colonial legislation. In the North Australia of the future no question, probably, will be more exciting than that of the regulations of the labour supply. Imperial views in such a question would take an equitable and humane direction for the necessary protection of the labourer; but we may rest assured from much previous experience that the views of a tropical Australian constituency and their legislators, all exclusively of the white and employing race, with their own direct interests and convenience involved, would take a direction quite different.

Already are associations projected in Victoria and South Australia for the colonization of the northern shores, and even a complete political constitution is amongst the items and attractions


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 of the business prospectus. Melbourne is the Australian headquarters of capital and enterprise, and will now, probably, with its large population of colonial youth, be fertile in genial adventure of this kind. For years past such associations have been kept in abeyance by the indifference or opposition of the Home Government. Melbourne enterprise will now enjoy a better chance, having an authority to deal with at Adelaide instead of Downing Street. We recommend the two sisters to a reciprocity of good offices and to mutual usefulness. Only let us no longer neglect that magnificent domain which has now been familiarized to us, and at the cost of so much effort and suffering, by Burke and Wills, Stuart, Landsborough, and McKinlay; no longer leave its bright streams to sparkle in a waste of sunshine, or its luxuriant grass to be annually burnt by the Aborigines, in the wanton riot of superabundance.


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Rh irregularly-shaped epibranchial (61). In the fourth arch the hypobranchial is absent. The uppermost of these segments (62), especially of the fourth arch, are dilated, and more or less confluent; they are beset with fine teeth, and generally distinguished as the upper pharyngeal bones. Only the ceratobranchial is represented in the fifth arch or lower pharyngeal. On their outer convex side the branchial segments are grooved for the reception of large blood-vessels and nerves; on the inner side they support horny processes (63), called the gill-rakers, which do not form part of the skeleton.

The scapular or humeral arch is suspended from the skull by the (suprascapula) post-temporal (46), which, in the Perch, is attached by a triple prong to the occipital and mastoid bones. Then follows the (scapula) supraclavicula (47), and the arch is completed below by the union of the large (coracoid) clavicula (48) with its fellow. Two flat bones (51, 52), each with a vacuity, attached to the clavicle have been determined as the (radius and ulna) coracoid and scapula of higher vertebrates, and the two series of small bones (53) intervening between the forearm and the fin as carpals and metacarpals. A two-jointed appendage the (epicoracoid) post-clavicula, is attached to the clavicle: its upper piece (49) is broad and lamelliform, its lower (50) styliform and pointed.

The ventral fins are articulated to a pair of flat triangular bones, the pubic bones (80).

The bones of the skull of the fish have received so many different interpretations that no two accounts agree in their nomenclature, so that their study is a matter of considerable difficulty to the beginner. The following synonymic table will tend to overcome difficulties arising from this cause; it contains the terms used by Cuvier, those introduced by Owen, and finally the nomenclature of Stannius, Huxley, and Parker. Those adopted in the present work are printed in italics. The


text: Talk:Beyond the Door

title: Talk:Beyond the Door


text: Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia/Results of recent exploration of interior Australia


text: Talk:The Crystal Crypt

title: Talk:The Crystal Crypt


text:
Page:An Introduction to the Study of Fishes.djvu/88

60 numbers refer to the figures in the accompanying woodcuts (Figs. 23-27).


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Page:China- Its State and Prospects.djvu/157

Rh each officer is removed every five years; and, however high and dignified, they must always state, in every public document, how many times they have been degraded, in order to keep their delinquencies in remembrance.

Some of the fiscal laws, regarding the enrolment of the people, have been quoted in a former chapter. Under this head, the regulations relative to the landtax are included. This impost is supposed not to exceed one-fiftieth of the produce. The enactments regarding the lending of money, limit the interest to three per cent, per month; and licenses are granted to moneylenders and pawnbrokers, by which no inconsiderable revenue is realized. The maker of false weights and measures, is threatened with sixty blows; and the individual who passes inferior articles for good merchandize, with fifty blows.

The ritual laws assign to the emperor the exclusive privilege of worshipping the Supreme, and prohibit subjects from offering the great sacrifices. Magistrates are required to superintend the sacred rites, in their various districts; and, on such occasions, are to prepare themselves, by fasting, self-denial, and abstinence from every indulgence, under penalty of forfeiting one month's salary. The neglecting to prepare the proper animals and grain, for the sacrifice, is punished with one hundred blows; and a wilful destroying of the public altars, is visited with as many strokes, and perpetual banishment. The deities to be worshipped by the magistrate, are the local gods, the genii of the hills and rivers, and of winds and rain, the ancient kings, and holy emperors, faithful ministers, and illustrious sages,—who are all to be honoured with the accustomed


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134 rites, by the respective officers of each district. While, however, the government requires its ministers to worship the gods, according to the state ritual, it strictly forbids the performance of unauthorized worship; and will not permit private persons to usurp the ceremonial exclusively claimed by the ruler. If it should be objected, that all this does not much display the wisdom of our Chinese legislators, we can only reply, that they are not the first who have failed, in attempting to legislate about religion.

The military laws commence with drawing a cordon around the imperial residence, and threatening any person with the bamboo who shall enter its precincts without authority; while those who intrude into the apartments actually occupied by the emperor shall be strangled. No person is allowed to travel on the roads expressly provided for his majesty; and during the imperial journey, all persons must make way for the state equipage. This regulation is intended to keep up the impression of awe, with which the Chinese invest their rulers, as though they were too divine and majestic to be beheld by mortal eyes; and is no doubt designed to preserve the person of the ruler safe from harm, which under a despotic government is not at all unnecessary. The code next proceeds to legislate on the government of the army, which it places entirely at the disposal of the emperor; and takes up the subject of nocturnal police, which prohibits all persons from stirring abroad, from nine in the evening till five in the morning. In order to protect the frontier, it is enacted, that whoever without a license passes the barriers, and holds communication with foreign nations, shall be strangled: and whoever introduces strangers into


text:
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title: Portal:Publishing companies


text:
Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/36

 climate. The first extends from the outside settlements of the north-west to between 27° and 28° of south latitude, and is a country watered by springs and available for pastoral use, although subject to great heat and drought in summer, and in many parts sandy and with but little vegetation. The second division comprises Central. Australia, extending for 700 miles to the southern part of Newcastle Water. The soil here changes, generally, for the worse; it is "somewhat sandy, and occasionally sandy and loamy," and the water supply seems more precarious. The third division extends from Newcastle Water to the sea at Van Diemen's Gulf, and is of a most superior character. It is generally well watered and grassed, having valleys of rich black alluvial soil, and a beautiful and luxuriant vegetation on the banks of the rivers.

The first region extends from Gooloo Springs to about 27° 18' of latitude, and may be distinguished as the country of springs and "saltbush." As cattle can live upon the salt-bush, this country is thus suitable for pastoral pursuits, and is being occupied by squatters. The springs by which it is characterized are very remarkable features, as they are found issuing forth from the surface of plains, or from the very top of little conical hills, which are evidently volcanic, and through which the water seems to find its way


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Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/35

first looked for some of the circus men of whom he might inquire about the fat lady. There was much confusion, for a circus wreck is about as bad a kind as can happen, and for some time Mr. Bobbsey could find no one who could tell him what he wanted to know.

Meanwhile Mrs. Bobbsey kept the four children and Dinah with her, surrounding their little pile of baggage off to one side of the tracks. Some of the big torches were still burning, and the full moon was coming up, so that there was plenty of light, even if it was night.

"Oh, but if we could only find Snoop!" cried Freddie. "Here, Snoop! Snoop!" he called.

"I had much rather find the fat lady, and

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/35


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Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/36

28 get back your lovely silver cup," said Mrs, Bobbsey. "I hope she hasn't taken it away with her."

"She had it in her hand when the train stopped with such a jerk," explained Flossie. "Oh, but mamma, don't you want us to find Snoop—dear Snoop?"

"Of course I do. But I want that silver cup very much, too. I hope your father finds it."

"But there never could be another Snoop," cried Flossie. "Could there, Freddie? And we could get another silver cup."

"Don't be silly," advised Bert, rather shortly.

"Oh, don't talk that way to them," said Nan. "They do love that cat so. Never mind, Flossie and Freddie. I'm sure we'll find him soon. Here comes papa."

Mr. Bobbsey came back, looking somewhat worried.

"Did you find her?" asked Mrs. Bobbsey anxiously.

"No," he replied, with a shake of his head. "She was the circus fat lady all right. It

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/36


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Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/37

Rh seems she missed the show-train, and came on in ours. And, when we stopped she got out, and went up ahead. Part of the circus train, carrying the performers, was not damaged and that has gone on. The fat lady is with that, so one of the men said."

"And, very likely, she has carried off our silver cup," exclaimed Mrs. Bobbsey. "Oh dear! Can you find her later, Richard?"

"I think so. But it will take some time. The circus is going to Danville—that's a hundred miles from here. But I will write to the managers there, and ask them to get our cup from the fat lady."

"But where is Snoop?" asked Freddie, with much anxiety.

"I don't know, my dear," answered Mr. Bobbsey. "I asked the circus men if they had seen him, but they were too busy to remember. He may be running around somewhere. But we can't wait any longer. We must get home. I'll speak to one of the switchmen, who stay around here, and if they see Snoop I'll have them keep him for us. We'll come back to-morrow and inquire."

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/37


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Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/38

30 "But we want Snoop now!" exclaimed Freddie, fretfully.

"I'm afraid we can't get him," said Mrs. Bobbsey, gently. "Come, children, let's go home now, and leave it to papa. Oh, to think of your lovely silver cup being gone!"

"Snoop is worse," said Flossie, almost crying.

"I—I'm sorry I let the fat lady take the cup," spoke Freddie.

"Oh, you meant all right, my dear," said his mamma, "and it was very kind of you. But we really ought to start. We may miss a trolley. Come, Dinah, can you carry all you have?"

"'Deed an' I can, Mrs. Bobbsey. But I suah am sorry 'bout dat an' Snoop."

"Oh, it wasn't your fault, Dinah," said Nan quickly. "He is getting to be such a big cat that he can easily push the slats off his box, now. We must make it stronger next time."

Flossie and Freddie wondered if there would be a "next time," for they feared Snoop was gone forever. They did not worry

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/38


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Rh so much about the silver cup, valuable as it was.

With everyone in the little party carrying something, the Bobbsey family set off across, the fields toward the distant trolley line that would take them nearly home. The moon was well up now, and there was a good path across the fields. Nan and Bert were talking about the wreck, and recalling some of the funny incidents of catching the circus animals.

Flossie and Freddie were wondering whether they would ever see their pet cat again. They had had him so long that he seemed like one of the family.

"Maybe he ran off and joined the circus," said Flossie.

"Maybe," spoke her brother. "But he can't do any tricks, so they won't want him in a show."

"He can so do tricks! He can chase his tail and almost grab it."

"That isn't a trick."

"It is so—as much as standing on your head."

"Children—children—I don't know what

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/39


text:
Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/40

32 I'll do with you if you don't stop that constant bickering," said Mrs. Bobbsey. "You must not dispute so."

"Well, mamma, but isn't chasing your tail a trick?" asked Flossie. "Freddie says it isn't."

"Well, it isn't a circus trick, anyhow," declared her brother. "I meant a circus trick."

"Well, Snoop is a good cat, anyhow," went on Flossie, "and I wish we had him back."

"Oh, so do I!" exclaimed Freddie, and thus that little dispute ended.

They were walking along through a little patch of woods now, when Bert, who was the last one in line, suddenly called out:

"Something is coming after us!"

"Coming after us? What do you mean?" asked Nan quickly, as she hurried to her father's side.

"I mean I've been listening for two or three minutes now, to some animal following after us along the path. Some big animal, too."

Flossie and Freddie both ran back and took hold of their mother's hands.

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/40


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Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/41

Rh "Don't scare the children, Bert," said Mr. Bobbsey, a bit sternly. "Did you really hear something?"

"Yes, father. It's some animal walking behind us. Listen and you can hear it yourself."

They all listened. It was very quiet. Then from down the hard dirt path they all heard the "pit-pat, pit-pat" of the footsteps of some animal. It was coming on slowly.

For a moment Mr. Bobbsey thought of the wild animals of the circus. In spite of what the men had said perhaps one of the beasts might have escaped from its cage. The others in the little party evidently thought the same thing. Mrs. Bobbsey drew her children more closely about her.

"'Deed an' if it's one ob dem elephants," said Dinah, "an' if he comes fo' me I'll jab mah hat pin in his long nose—dat's what I will!"

"It can't be an elephant," said Mr, Bobbsey. "One of the big beasts would make more noise than that. It may be one of the monkeys—I don't see how they could catch

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/41


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34 them all—they were so lively and full of mischief."

"Oh, if it's a monkey, may we keep it?" begged Flossie. "I just love a monkey."

"Mercy, child! What would we do with it around the house?" cried Mrs. Bobbsey. "Richard, can you see what it is?"

Mr. Bobbsey peered down the road.

"I can see something," he said. "It's coming nearer."

"Oh dear!" cried Nan, trembling with fear.

Just then a bark sounded—a friendly bark.

"It's a dog!" said Mrs. Bobbsey. "Oh, I'm so glad it wasn't—an elephant," and she hugged Freddie and Flossie.

"Pooh! I wasn't afraid!" cried Freddie. "If it had been an elephant I—I'd give him a cookie, and maybe he'd let me ride home on his back."

The animal barked louder now, and a moment later he came into sight on a moonlit part of the path. The children could see that it was a big, shaggy white dog, who wagged his tail in greeting as he walked up to them.

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/42


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Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/43

Rh "Oh, what a lovely dog!" cried Nan. "I wonder where he belongs?"

The fine animal came on. Bert snapped his fingers, boy-fashion.

Instantly the dog stood up on his hind legs and began marching about in a circle on the path.

"Oh, what a queer dog!" cried Flossie. "Oh I wish he was ours!"

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/43


text: The Bobbsey Twins at School/Chapter 3

title: The Bobbsey Twins at School/Chapter 3


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Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/44

on his four legs dropped the big white dog, and with another wag of his fluffy tail he came straight for Flossie.

"Be careful!" warned Mamma Bobbsey.

"He won't hurt her!" declared Bert "That's a good dog, anyone can tell that. Here, doggie; come here!" he called.

But the dog still advanced toward Flossie, who shrank back a bit timidly.

"You never can tell what dogs will do," said Mrs. Bobbsey. "It is best to be careful."

"I guess he knew what Flossie said to him," spoke up Freddie. "He knows we like dogs."

The dog barked a little, and, coming up to where Flossie was, again stood on his hind legs.

"That's a queer trick," said Mr. Bobbsey.

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/44


text:
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Rh "I guess this dog has been trained. He probably belongs around here."

"I wish he belonged to us," sighed Nan. Like Flossie and Freddie she, too, loved animals.

"Maybe we can keep him if we don't find Snoop," suggested Freddie. "Oh, papa, will you get Snoop back?" and Freddie's voice sounded as though he was going to cry.

"Yes, yes, of course I will," said Mr. Bobbsey quickly. He did not want the children to fret now, with still quite a distance yet to go home, and that in a trolley car. There were bundles to carry, weary children to look after, and Mrs. Bobbsey was rather tired also. No wonder Papa Bobbsey thought he had many things to do that night.

"Come along, children," called Mrs. Bobbsey, "it is getting late, and we are only about half way to the trolley. Oh dear! if that circus had to be wrecked I wish it could have waited until our train passed."

"Are you very tired?" asked her husband. "I can take that valise."

"Indeed you'll not. You have enough."

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/45


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Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/46

38 "Lemme hab it, Massa Bobbsey," pleaded Dinah. "I ain't carryin' half enough. I's pow'ful strong, I is."

"Nonsense, Dinah!" said Mr. Bobbsey. "I can manage, and your arms are full."

"I—I wish she had Snoop," said Freddie, but he was so interested in watching the queer dog that he half forgot his sorrow over the lost cat.

The dog seemed to have made great friends with Flossie. She was patting him on the head now, for the animal, after marching about on his hind legs, was down on all fours again.

"Oh, mamma, he's awful nice!" exclaimed Flossie. "He's just as gentle, and he's soft, like the little toy lamb I used to have."

"Indeed he does seem to be a gentle dog," said Mrs. Bobbsey. "But come along now. Don't pet him any more, or he may follow us. Flossie, and whoever owns him would not like it. Come on."

"Forward—march!" called Freddie, strutting along the moonlit path as much like a soldier as he could imitate, tired as he was.

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Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/47

Rh The Bobbseys and their faithful Dinah started off again toward the distant trolley that would take them to their home. The dog sat down and looked after them.

"I—I wish he was ours," said Flossie wistfully, waving her hand to the dog.

The Bobbseys had not gone on very far before Nan, looking back, called out:

"Oh, papa, that dog is following us!"

"He is?" exclaimed Mr. Bobbsey. "That's queer. He must have taken a sudden liking to us. But I guess he'll go back where he belongs pretty soon. Are you getting tired, little Fat Fireman? And you, my Fat Fairy?"

"Oh, no, papa," laughed Flossie. "I sat down so much in the train that I'm glad to stand up now."

"So am I," said Freddie, who made up his mind that he would not say he was tired if his little sister did not. And yet, truth to tell, the little Fat Fireman was very weary.

On and on went the Bobbsey family, and soon Bert happened to look back, and gave a whistle of surprise.

"That dog isn't going home, papa," he

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/47


text:
Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/48

40 said. "He's still after us, and look! now he's running."

They all glanced back on hearing this. Surely enough the big white dog was running after them, wagging his tail joyfully, and barking from time to time.

"This will never do!" exclaimed Mr. Bobbsey. "Whoever owns him may think we are trying to take him away. I'll drive him back. Go home! Go back, sir!" exclaimed Papa Bobbsey in stern tones.

The dog stopped wagging his tail. Then he sat down on the path, and calmly waited. Mr. Bobbsey walked toward him.

"Oh, don't—don't whip him, papa!" exclaimed Flossie.

"I don't intend to," said Mr. Bobbsey. "But I must be stern with him or he will think I'm only playing. Go back!" he cried.

The dog stretched out on the path, his head down between his fore paws.

"He—he looks—sad," said Freddie. "Maybe he hasn't any home, papa."

"Oh, of course a valuable dog like that has a home," declared Bert.

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/48


text:
Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/49

Rh "But maybe they didn't treat him kindly, and he is looking for a new one," suggested Nan, hopefully.

"He doesn't seem ill-treated," spoke Mrs. Bobbsey. "Oh, I do wish he'd go back, so we could go on."

Mr. Bobbsey pretended to pick up a stone and throw it at the dog, as masters sometimes do when they do not want their dogs to follow them. This dog only wagged his tail, as though he thought it the best joke he had ever known.

"Go back! Go back, I say!" cried Papa Bobbsey in a loud voice. The dog did not move.

"I guess he won't follow us any more," went on Mr. Bobbsey. "Hurry along now, children. We are almost at the trolley." He turned away from the dog, who seemed to be asleep now, and the family went on. For a minute or two, as Nan could tell by looking back, the dog did not follow, but just as the Bobbseys were about to make a turn in the path, up jumped the animal and came trotting on after the children and their parents,

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/49


text:
Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/50

42 his tail so fast that it seemed as if it would come loose.

"Is he coming?" asked Flossie.

"He certainly is," answered Bert, who was in the rear. "I guess he wants us to take him home with us."

"Oh, let's do it!" begged Flossie.

"Please, papa," pleaded Freddie. "We haven't got Snoop now, so let us have a dog. And I'm sure we could teach him to do tricks—he's so smart."

"And so he's coming after us still!" exclaimed Mr. Bobbsey. "Well, well, I don't know what to do," and he came to a stop on the path.

"Couldn't we take him home just for to-night?" asked Nan, "and then in the morning we could find out who owns him and return him."

"Oh, please do," begged Freddie and Flossie, impulsively.

"But how can we take him on a trolley car?" asked Mr. Bobbsey. "The conductor would not let us."

"Maybe he would—if he was a kind man,"

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/50


text:
Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/51

Rh suggested Freddie. "We could tell him how it was, and how we lost our cat"

"And our silver cup," added Flossie.

"Well, certainly the dog doesn't seem to want to go home," said Mr. Bobbsey, after he had tried two or three times more to drive the animal back. But it would not go.

"Go on a little farther," suggested Mrs, Bobbsey. "By the time we get to the trolley he may get tired, and go back. And if we want to lose him I think we can, by getting on the car quickly."

"But we don't want to lose him!" cried Freddie.

"No, no!" said Flossie. "We want to keep him. He can run along behind the trolley car. I'll ask the motorman to go slow, papa."

"My! This has been a mixed-up day!" sighed Mr. Bobbsey. "I really don't know what to do."

The dog seemed to think that he was one of the family, now. He came up to Flossie and Freddie and let them pat him. His tail kept wagging all the while.

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/51


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44 "Well, we'll see what happens when we get to the trolley," decided Mr. Bobbsey, thinking that there would be the best and only place to get rid of the dog. "Come along, children."

Freddie and Flossie came on, the dog between them, and this seemed to suit the fine animal. He had found friends, now, he evidently thought. Mr. Bobbsey wondered why so valuable a dog would leave its home. And he was very much puzzled as to what he should do if the children insisted on keeping the animal, and if it came aboard the trolley car.

"There's the car!" exclaimed Bert, as they went around another turn in the path and came to a road. Down it could be seen the headlight of an approaching trolley, and also the twin lamps of an oncoming automobile.

"Look out for the auto, children!" cried Mrs. Bobbsey.

They stood at the side of the road, and as the auto came up the man in it slowed down his machine. It was a big car and he was alone in it.

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/52


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Rh "Well, I declare!" exclaimed the autoist, as his engine stopped. "If it isn't the Bobbsey family—twins and all! What are you doing here, Mr. Bobbsey?"

"Why, it's Mr. Blake!" exclaimed Mr. Bobbsey, seeing that the autoist was a neighbor, and a business friend of his. "Oh, our train was held back by a circus wreck, so we walked across the lots to the car. We're homeward bound from the seashore."

"Well, well! A circus wreck, eh? Where did you get the dog?"

"Oh, he followed us," said Mrs. Bobbsey.

"And we're going to keep him, too!" exclaimed Flossie.

"And take him in the trolley with us," added her little brother.

"Well, well!" exclaimed Mr. Blake. "Say, now, I have a better plan than that," he went on. "Why should you folks go home in a trolley, when I have this big empty auto here? Pile in, all of you, and I'll get you there in a jiffy. Come, Dinah, I see you, too."

"Yes, sah, Massa Blake, I'se heah! Can't lose ole Dinah!"

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/53


text:
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46 "But we lost our cat, Snoop!" said Flossie, regretfully.

"And we nearly ran over an elephant," added Freddie, bound that his sister should not tell all the news.

"Well, get in the auto," invited Mr. Blake.

"Do you really mean it?" asked Mr. Bobbsey. "Perhaps we are keeping you from going somewhere."

"Indeed not. Pile in, and you'll soon be home."

"Can we bring the dog, too? " asked Flossie.

"Yes, there's plenty of room for the dog," laughed Mr. Blake. "Lift him in."

But the strange dog did not need lifting. He sprang into the tonneau of the auto as soon as the door was opened. Mr. and Mrs. Bobbsey lifted in Flossie and Freddie, and Nan and Bert followed. Then in got Papa and Mamma Bobbsey and Mr. Blake started off.

"This is lovely," said Mrs. Bobbsey with a sigh of relief. She was more tired than she had thought.

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text:
Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/55

Rh "It certainly is kind of you, Mr. Blake," said Papa Bobbsey.

"I'm only too glad I happened to meet you. Are you children comfortable?"

"Yep!" chorused Freddie and Flossie.

"And the dog?"

"We're holding him so he won't fall out," explained Flossie. She and her little brother had the dog between them.

On went the auto, and with the telling of the adventures of the day the journey seemed very short. Soon the Bobbsey home was reached. There were lights in it, for Sam, the colored man, had been telephoned to, to have the place opened for the family. Sam came out on the stoop to greet them and his wife Dinah.

"Here we are!" cried Papa Bobbsey. "Come, Flossie—Freddie—we're home."

Flossie and Freddie did not answer. They were fast asleep, their heads on the shaggy back of the big dog.

title: Page:Bobbsey Twins at School.djvu/55


text: The Bobbsey Twins at School/Chapter 4

title: The Bobbsey Twins at School/Chapter 4


text:
Page:Don Quixote (Cervantes, Ormsby) Volume 2.djvu/53

 Rh "Hark ye, Teresa,"replied Sancho, "I am glad because I have made up my mind to go back to the service of my master Don Quixote, who means to go out a third time to seek for adventures; and I am going with him again, for my necessities will have it so, and also the hope that cheers me with the thought that I may find another hundred crowns like those we have spent; though it makes me sad to have to leave thee and the children; and if God would be pleased to let me have my daily bread, dry-shod and at home, without taking me out into the byways and cross-roads — and he could do it at small cost by merely willing it — it is clear my happiness would be more solid and lasting, for the happiness I have is mingled with sorrow at leaving thee; so that I was right in saying I would be glad, if it were God's will, not to be well pleased."

"Look here, Sancho," said Teresa; "ever since you joined on to a knight-errant you talk in such a roundabout way that there is no understanding you."

"It is enough that God understands me, wife," replied Sancho; "for he is the understander of all things; that will do; but mind, sister, you must look to Dapple carefully for the next three days, so that he may be fit to take arms; double his feed and see to the pack-saddle and other harness, for it is not to a wedding we are bound, but to go round the world, and play at give and take with giants and dragons and monsters, and hear hissings and roarings and bellowings and howlings; and even all this would be lavender, if we had not to reckon with Yanguesans and enchanted Moors."

"I know well enough, husband," said Teresa, "that squires-errant don't eat their bread for nothing, and so I will be always praying to our Lord to deliver you speedily from all that hard fortune."

"I can tell you, wife," said Sancho, "if I did not expect to see myself governor of an island before long, I would drop down dead on the spot."

"Nay, then, husband," said Teresa, "let the hen live, though it be with her pip; live, and let the devil take all the governments in the world; you came out of your mother's womb without a government, you have lived until now without a government, and when it is God's will you will go, or be carried, to your grave without a government. How many there are in the world who live without a government, and continue to live


text:
Portal:General education

General

 * Portal:Commencement addresses
 * Discourse on the Method, 1637 by René Descartes
 * The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, 1771-1790
 * "On Education" from Parega und Paralipomena, 1851 by Arthur Schopenhauer
 * Education, 1852 article by Brigham Young appearing in Journal of Discourses
 * The Way of All Flesh, 1872-1884 by Samuel Butler
 * As to Education, 1886 by Joel Chandler Harris appearing in Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings
 * The Education of Henry Adams, 1906 by Henry Adams
 * Aristocratic Education, 1910 by Stephen Leacock
 * A Manual of Education, 1910 by Stephen Leacock
 * {{Empire and the century link|Education in South Africa|p=575|pp=86|author={author:E. B. Sargant|]]}}
 * {{Empire and the century link|Education in South Africa|p=575|pp=86|author={author:E. B. Sargant|]]}}
 * {{Empire and the century link|Education in South Africa|p=575|pp=86|author={author:E. B. Sargant|]]}}

Fiction

 * Nicholas Nickleby, 1838-1839 by Charles Dickens

title: Portal:General education


text:
Portal:History of education

Works

 * The probable course of legislation on popular education, and the position of the church in regard to it (1868) by David Melville
 * Tudor School-boy Life (1908) by Juan Luis Vives (translator Foster Watson) (1908)
 * Tudor School-boy Life (1908) by Juan Luis Vives (translator Foster Watson) (1908)
 * Tudor School-boy Life (1908) by Juan Luis Vives (translator Foster Watson) (1908)

title: Portal:History of education


text:
Portal:Theory and practice of education

General

 * Portal:Children's education
 * Portal:Female education
 * The Education of Children, by Menno Simons
 * The Education of Children, by Menno Simons
 * The Education of Children, by Menno Simons

Theory of Education

 * Interest and Effort in Education by John Dewey, 1913
 * The New Ideal in Education by Nicholai Velimirovic, 1916
 * Mortimer Adler:
 * "Liberalism and Liberal Education", 1939
 * "This Prewar Generation", 1940
 * "Two Essays on Docility", 1940
 * "Invitation to the Pain of Learning", 1941
 * "What Is Basic about English?", 1941
 * "The Chicago School (Adler)", 1941
 * "Liberal Education—Theory and Practice", 1945
 * "Labor, Leisure, and Liberal Education", 1951
 * Primary and classical education: an address delivered before the Philosophical Institution of Edinburgh, on Friday, November 1, 1867 (1867) by Robert Lowe
 * "Two Essays on Docility", 1940
 * "Invitation to the Pain of Learning", 1941
 * "What Is Basic about English?", 1941
 * "The Chicago School (Adler)", 1941
 * "Liberal Education—Theory and Practice", 1945
 * "Labor, Leisure, and Liberal Education", 1951
 * Primary and classical education: an address delivered before the Philosophical Institution of Edinburgh, on Friday, November 1, 1867 (1867) by Robert Lowe

Systems of individual educators and writers

 * Some Thoughts Concerning Education, 1693 by John Locke
 * John Dewey
 * My Pedagogic Creed, 1897
 * Democracy and Education, 1916
 * Catalogue of St. John's College, 1945 by Scott Buchanan

Higher Education

 * by Frank Wigglesworth Clarke
 * Should Students Study, by William Trufant Foster, 1917
 * by Frank Wigglesworth Clarke
 * Should Students Study, by William Trufant Foster, 1917
 * Should Students Study, by William Trufant Foster, 1917
 * Should Students Study, by William Trufant Foster, 1917
 * Should Students Study, by William Trufant Foster, 1917
 * Should Students Study, by William Trufant Foster, 1917
 * Should Students Study, by William Trufant Foster, 1917
 * Should Students Study, by William Trufant Foster, 1917
 * Should Students Study, by William Trufant Foster, 1917
 * Should Students Study, by William Trufant Foster, 1917
 * Should Students Study, by William Trufant Foster, 1917
 * Should Students Study, by William Trufant Foster, 1917

Classical vs. Modern Curriculum
A debate about the pre-eminence and necessity of the classical languages, Latin and Greek, in education.
 * by Alexander Bain
 * by Paul R. Shipman
 * by Josiah Parsons Cooke Jr.
 * by Edmund Janes James
 * by [[Author:C. A. Eggert|C. A. Eggert}}
 * by Josiah Parsons Cooke Jr.
 * by Josiah Parsons Cooke Jr.

title: Portal:Theory and practice of education