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210 and luxuriant, but we knew from experience, that these apparently fertile spots (chiefly Mr. Peel's) were in reality very barren.

We continued our course in the same direction through the mountains, keeping the wimpling-burn on our left.

We suddenly came to a native village, and were startled by the cries of women and children, who were running from us with all speed, and the vociferations of men who, were running towards us with poised spears. Captain Bannister instantly levelled his fowling-piece, but I requested him not to fire; and, as I thought I knew more about the natives than he did, I advanced without fear, feeling assured there was no occasion for any,—imagining that no European had been here before us.

I gave them to understand that we were in search of water, turning, at the same time, in a direction from their abandoned village; this pleased them, they laid aside their spears, and then came and joined us, without hesitation, and led us to the stream, showing us the water, which they called muga.

These natives were more muscular, and better formed, than those in the neighbourhood of Port Jackson. We had surprised them at their toilette; as they were newly painted, their noses ornamented with the leg bones of the kangaroo, and one of them had his head decorated with the red feathers of the black cockatoo.

We walked along the banks of the stream, until we

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text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Baptists, German Brethren

BAPTISTS, Gertnan Brethren. See .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh came to the spot where it divided; one branch coming from the south-east, and another from the north-east. We halted here a little, and took some refreshment, in which the natives joined. Lieutenant Everard taught one of them the song named "Jolly Dick," and he appeared very apt, pronouncing every word very distinctly, except "fiddlestick," which he could make no hand of.

They appeared exceedingly quick in imitating our sounds, as they repeated very distinctly after us (and which was rather laughable), "Let us keep together in case of treachery;" "They are not to be trusted," &c.

We learned from them, that there was plenty of muga to the northward; and, supposing that there might be a lake, whence the various rivers take their rise, we determined to go in search of it, and requested them to accompany us, although we were not without suspicion, that their design was merely to draw us farther from their dwelling.

We came to a spring, when they called out, "Muga, Muga;" we drank a little, and gave them to understand that we wanted to go where there was a greater collection of it. We accordingly kept advancing: at the same time, it was observed, that they were deviating from a straight course; but a short distance brought us to a fine stream, running north-west, which we supposed emptied itself into the Swan: we still called out muga, muga, and proceeded on, until we came to their place of hunting, which, as they described to us, abounded in kangaroos.

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120 and heapéd hoard of heavy gold that warden of rings. Few words he spake:— “Now hold thou, earth, since heroes may not, what earls have owned! Lo, erst from thee brave men brought it! But battle-death seized and cruel killing my clansmen all, robbed them of life and a liegeman’s joys. None have I left to lift the sword, or to cleanse the carven cup of price, beaker bright. My brave are gone. And the helmet hard, all haughty with gold, shall part from its plating. Polishers sleep who could brighten and burnish the battle-mask; and those weeds of war that were wont to brave over bicker of shields the bite of steel rust with their bearer. The ringéd mail fares not far with famous chieftain, at side of hero! No harp’s delight, no glee-wood’s gladness! No good hawk now flies through the hall! Nor horses fleet stamp in the burgstead! Battle and death the flower of my race have reft away.” Mournful of mood, thus he moaned his woe, alone, for them all, and unblithe wept by day and by night, till death’s fell wave o’erwhelmed his heart. His hoard-of-bliss


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212 They distinctly pronounced "kangaroo," without having heard any of us utter that sound; they also called it waroo, but whether they distinguished "kangaroo" (so called by us, and also by them,) from the smaller kind, named "wallabi," and by them "waroo," we could not form any just conclusion.

One of them, who appeared to be superior to the others, both in rank and intelligence, shewed us various roots which they used for food, and also the manner of digging for them; and, in return for our civility, in giving him and his friends a little biscuit, he procured a handful of loathsome-looking grubs from a grass tree, and offered them to us, after having himself ate two or three, to show us that they were used by them as food. His polite offer being courteously declined, he snapped them up, one by one, smacking his lips, to show us that what we had refused was esteemed, by him, as a "bonne bouche."

We continued advancing for some time, but saw no indications of a great lake, which we fancied existed somewhere near; and the natives began to lag behind, allowing us to proceed as we pleased. One of them was requested to lead the way, as directly as possible, to the water. He did so; and, after going a short distance, we came to another spring of pure water. He desired us to go through the brush, and examine it; although there was nothing to be learned from such a close scrutiny, to please him, we complied with the request, and, on turning round, the natives had disappeared!

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Baptists, Old School

BAPTISTS, Old School or Primitive. This body split off from the other Baptist denominations about 1835, though they themselves claim to be the “original Baptists.” They are opposed to the strong Calvinistic tendencies exhibited by others of the Baptist denominations, and do not countenance paid ministers, and consequently they do not maintain theological seminaries, schools or colleges. They have gradually lost their hold in the Middle States, where education has spread, but they still hold their own in the mountainous regions of Georgia, Tennessee and North Carolina. In all they have nearly 3,000 churches and over 100,000 members.


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Rh The cry of "treachery" immediately arose from some of our party, who supposed that they had either led us into a convenient place, where they could spear us with facility, or, had gone for more assistance, to cut off our return.

But these were false alarms. Their conduct, which, at the moment, surprised us, might very easily be accounted for, without suspecting any hostility or masked treachery towards us. We had come upon them unawares, and our interview had been friendly,—we asked them to show us water, which request they complied with again and again; until, being tired out, with walking so fast, and so far, they contrived this mode of making their escape, as our desire for muga, I dare say, appeared to them, unquenchable.

We then retraced our steps in a direct line to the principal stream, which we were enabled to do, by having had an eye, either on the compass or on the sun, while going along with the natives.

It being now some time after noon, we agreed to halt a little, and take our repast, which we did with much pleasure, sitting on the bank, with our feet in the cool, limpid, rapid stream.

It was now proposed, that we should proceed another day on discovery, directly east, to endeavour to see what kind of country there was to the eastward of the mountains; but this proposal, not being relished by the majority, was, after some discussion, abandoned.

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214 Having rested an hour, we proceeded south-east, to gain the highest part of the hill, being anxious to obtain even a pisgah-view of the eastern land; but when we got there, we could see to no extent, on account of the thickness of the wood.

We then continued our journey, directly south, to avoid going near the native village, knowing that the natives (who were, no doubt, strictly watching all our movements) would be pleased, by our not indulging in too much curiosity. In fact, the best method of making them familiar is, to pretend not to care much about them.

We passed another village, apparently deserted: these habitations, resembling a beehive cut vertically in halves, are formed from the stems of the grass tree, stuck in the ground, and joined at the top, with the leaves and boughs interwoven.

After walking some distance south, we struck to the westward, and pursued our way to our rendezvous, where we arrived about eight o'clock, and partook of a savoury meal, which had been prepared for us.

Being somewhat fatigued by a twelve hours' rather sharp march, over an uneven country, we soon retired to sleep, except the individual who had to watch the stars,—in order to ascertain the exact latitude of the river at this place.

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text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Baptists, Seventh-Day

BAPTISTS, Seventh-Day, who hold that the command to observe the seventh day, the Jewish Sabbath, is incumbent upon all Christians as well as Jews, date the foundation of

their society back to 1676, when the first church of the denomination was opened in London by Francis Bampfield, prebendary of Exeter Cathedral. Since then various churches professing the same views as Bampfield have come into existence and several of them have disappeared. The original society is still active. The first church of the Seventh-Day Baptists was founded at Newport, R. I., in 1671 by Stephen Mumford. Although this latter is older than the English by a few years it does not appear that the one grew out of the other. The American society, which has its missionary headquarters at Westerly, R. I., is active in missionary work and maintains a publishing house at Plainfield. N. J.; an academy at Salem, W. Va., and two colleges, one at Milton, Wis., and the other at Alfred Centre, N. Y. The 96 churches and more than 8,000 members of the American society are scattered over 24 States.


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morning, as we were on the point of proceeding down the river, we were overtaken by the Governor, and some of his party, who had bivouacked last evening about half a mile above us. The Governor and Lieutenant Roe seemed rather astonished, when informed that our present position was, from observations that were to be depended on, to the northward of the estuary of the Swan.

Captain Barker now joined us, and from him I learned, that they had followed the principal branch of the Canning, until it entered the mountains,—that the land on its banks was very tolerable, and, in some places, rich; but not to be compared with that on the banks of the Swan. He also informed me, that he had

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text: Narrative of a Voyage Round the World (Wilson)/Chapter 14


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Baptists, Sixth-Principle

BAPTISTS, Sixth-Principle, believe that the laying-on of hands is an indispensable ordinance of the Church of Christ. They are a survival of the General Baptists who early made their appearance in Connecticut and Rhode Island. In 1917 the Society had less than 1,000 members.


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216 seen two graves, which, from a spear being fixed on one, and a piece of kangaroo skin on the other, he supposed belonged to a male and a female.

We all proceeded down together, until we arrived at the island, when we took different channels,—we preferring our old one. We experienced, however, far greater difficulty in getting the boat over, as the sand was now uncovered in various places.

After much fruitless toil, we were compelled to carry everything from the boat to a dry sand-bank; then, by main force, we dragged her into deep water, and reloaded her.

We stopped here to refresh, and to take more observations; which, being finished, we proceeded down the river, and a little before dark, arrived at the foot of Mount Eliza.

As we had experienced some inconvenience when we last halted here, from not being able to observe the stars to the northward, we determined to ascend the hill; but this was objected to by some, who felt neither interest nor amusement in such pursuits, and who would much sooner have gone to Perth.

Captain Barker and myself, however, ascended, and were followed by all the others. We got a fire kindled, and everything up; when some commenced to cook supper, and others to observe the moon's distance from the evening star.

The black swan which we had run down (after several unsuccessful attempts to shoot it) in Moreau's inlet,

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Rh although rather tough, was considered a dainty. After supper, we retired to rest,—those excepted whose task it was to observe the stars.

Although frequently baffled by the annoying intervention of clouds, we succeeded in obtaining the meridian altitude of several, which gave the latitude 31° 57' 48" south.

Next morning, early, we moved our camp, and, in descending the hill, found a fine stream of pure water, which we regretted had not been discovered earlier, as we should not have been under the necessity of using the water of the river, which, from being brackish, was not very palatable.

We proceeded down the river, and stopped at the spot, where Captain Stirling says "a communication might easily be formed between the river and the sea."

All the party left the boat, to examine whether Captain Stirling's account was correct,—one excepted, who had no desire for that kind of knowledge, only to be obtained by personal, and more particularly by pedestrian, exertion.

On our return to the boat, he showed us a specimen of pretty pure salt; a rock of which he had discovered just above the spot where the boat remained in waiting for us. In this instance, therefore, a want of curiosity was attended with some advantage.

Having landed our fellow-explorers at Freemantle, Captain Barker and myself proceeded directly to the brig (found five feet water on the bar), where we

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218 all well, and highly gratified with our little excursion. We immediately projected another expedition to visit the newly-discovered river, named the Murray; but were prevented from putting it into execution, by the variable and stormy state of the weather.

On Friday, the 12th of November, Captain Telfer, of the Ephemina, Mr. Hickey, and myself, took a trip to Buache, or Garden Island. Before landing, we paid a visit to H.M.S. Sulphur, and were received by Captain Dance and his officers with courteous cordiality; and from the first lieutenant (Mr. Preston, formerly of the Success, who is an enterprising and indefatigable explorer) I learned many facts, corroborative of those I had already heard, relative to Melville Island and Raffles Bay.

On leaving the Sulphur, we pulled to the southward. Arriving nearly at the southern extremity of the Island, we landed, intending to penetrate across it; but, from the thickly interwoven underwood, our progress being painful and slow, the attempt was abandoned.

We returned, and walked along the shore. On our arrival at the southern extremity of the island, we observed that it was separated from the main land by a channel, about half a mile wide; and there appeared to be, from the colour of the water, considerable depth on the southern side. From general appearances, however, and from the extensive reefs observed to seaward, this opening can only be considered a practicable passage for boats, during moderate weather.

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Rh While walking round the south-west side of the islands, we perceived a seal making for the shore; he waddled some distance up the sandy beach, and, after looking around, lay down at his ease, intending, no doubt, to enjoy repose.

Anxious to catch this fellow napping (if we could), we walked very gently and cautiously towards him; but having caught the alarm, before we were sufficiently near, he started up, hastened to the water, dived into it, swam some distance, and then turned round, and surveyed us with composed defiance, as much as to say, "follow me, if you dare;" but we did not think fit to accept the invitation.

We then retraced our steps to the place where we had left the boat, and proceeded in her to visit the establishment on Garden Island. It was also our intention to examine the passages from Cockburn Sound to seaward, but the day being too far spent to put this design into execution, we directed our course for Gage's Roads, where we arrived at eight, A.M.

The stores being all re-embarked, and everything ready for departure. Captain Barker went to Perth, to get receipts for the articles he had left behind, and also to bid adieu to the Governor; and I embraced the opportunity of accompanying him.

We found a considerable number of natives in the town, who were apparently peaceably inclined, though quite at their ease. Lieutenant Roe could not endure the sight of them; recollecting, I imagine, the

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Baptists, United

BAPTISTS, United, were so-called after the union of the Regular and Separate Baptists in Kentucky in 1801. They departed somewhat from the strictly Calvinistic principles laid down by other denominations. The latest census gives the United Baptists 196 churches in Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Alabama and Arkansas with a membership of about 13,000. At one time the Association was much stronger than it is now; but the union of many of the United Baptist churches with other Baptist denominations weakened them greatly.


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220 uncivil chase their brethren, of the north coast, had given him, some years ago.

The Governor was not in very good health, in consequence, I believe, of over fatigue; caused by a wish to excel all others, in pedestrian feats, and in endurance of wet, cold, hunger, and thirst.

We remained all night at Perth, and next morning took our farewell; and, after a pleasant sail down the river, reached the brig, which, being ready for sea, was waiting our arrival.

During our detention here, I availed myself of every opportunity of acquiring a knowledge of the adjacent country, from personal observation; and, although the information obtained was neither extensive nor very important, yet I may indulge in a few general observations, more particularly as the published accounts are so discrepant and contradictory.

The river named Black Swan, by Vlaming, from its being frequented by a great number of these rarae aves, arises from the Darling Range, and pursues a south-westerly course, through a tract of level country (rich and luxuriant on the banks of the river), without

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Rh any considerable contribution to its stream: it is navigable for boats a few miles from its source.

About twelve miles above Perth, opposite Guildford, (a town that is to be,) it receives a considerable accession by the waters of the Helena; and shortly afterwards, it receives two other tributary streams, whose source and direction are not yet accurately ascertained.

A little above Perth, the navigation is much impeded, by the shallowness of the water, and a cluster of islands, named by the French "Heirisson's Isles."

At Perth, the river expands, and deepens considerably; and being joined by the River Canning (the junction taking place nearly south from Mount Eliza), the united waters have been named by Captain Stirling "Melville Water."

The triple source of the Canning is also from the Darling Range,—one branch traced by the Governor's party, another by us, and the third not yet surveyed.

The united streams become navigable, for boats, about six miles from the mountains. Pursuing a westerly course for several miles, the river becomes deeper, but navigable only for small craft.

As the navigation of the Swan is impeded by islets, so is the Canning by a similar cluster. Passing this obstruction, the river still flows in a westerly direction (its banks becoming higher, and the adjacent land more

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222 barren), the channel being unimpeded: it then bends to the northward, and, after a course of three or four miles, joins the Swan, as already mentioned.

The united rivers (whose banks are now miserably sterile) pursue a serpentine course, inclining withal to the southward, till they fall into the sea by a channel 330 yards wide; only one-fifth of that width, however, affording sufficient depth even for the passage of a small boat.

The channel is rather intricate; but the deep water is chiefly on the right bank, and, to say the least of it, boats heavily laden, or small craft, may be used, without much risk, between Perth and Freemantle.

The length of the Swan, in a direct line, is about thirty miles, and of the Canning, twenty miles: taking, however, their various windings into account, the distance may be doubled.

This account certainly does not agree with some others, especially the one which states "that vessels of large burden are enabled to sail seventy miles from its entrance."

Perth, the embryo capital of Western Australia, situated on the right bank of the river, about twelve miles from the sea, has, as yet, only the appearance of a straggling tented field; but I have no doubt its aspect will, in a short time, be very different. The Governor has got a commodious wooden house nearly finished, and the government officers were commencing to follow his example.

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Rh It seemed to Captain Barker and myself, that the situation of the town was not judiciously chosen. Point Heathcote, on the western bank of the Canning, nearly at its junction with the Swan, according to our opinion, would have been, in many respects, preferable.

Freemantle, the seaport town, is situated on a low sandy point, at the mouth, and on the left side, of the river. At present, the inhabitants live in tents: there are, however, a few wooden houses, which have been brought from England.

The greater part of the settlers yet remain here, not one having gone to his farm. It is a very bad place, owing to the idleness, roguery, and thieving of those people brought out as servants, and also of some others of a higher denomination. It is so bad that the Governor designated it a "sink of iniquity," and stated that he took no measures to make it better, on purpose to force people to go to their farms.

The servants are, for the most part, hulking, lazy fellows, and exceedingly insolent; but what else could be expected, from their previous character, having been, I believe, mostly taken from the workhouse.

Mr. Talbot, who, like his neighbours, had had some trouble with his servants, informed me that those who had the best character from the overseers, turned out

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Rh to be the worst. "It is true (said he) an action may be brought against an overseer, for having given a false character; but, then, who would go home with all the necessary witnesses to England, to prove the fact?" He further good-humouredly observed, that "nothing else could be expected, than that overseers should endeavour to get their parishes cleared from such trash and scum."

It is a very injudicious plan to send people, accustomed to eat the bread of idleness, to an infant colony, unless it is understood, that coercive measures may be used to enforce a fair day's work, if the laziness of the individual required such stimulus.

All the land, on the immediate banks of the Swan, is allotted away. One individual, I was informed, has got 15,000 acres of excellent land, and is now residing at Freemantle, selling those articles, from which he claimed and received such an extensive grant; and it was the opinion of not a few, that the Governor had acted very improvidently, in giving such an extent of river frontage to one individual.

It would, perhaps, have been better, to have made a square mile the maximum of any grant on a river; this would have accommodated many emigrants, who could by degrees, and at their convenience, go into the interior, to search for the remainder.

Much disappointment has already been felt by many, who, from the favourable report they had heard in

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Rh, expected to be immediately inducted into a land, if not "flowing—easily capable of being made to flow—with milk and honey."

On their arrival, they find all the land, of which they had heard so much, already disposed of, and that they must discover good land for themselves, if they can.

Much obloquy has been thrown on Mr. Fraser, in consequence of his (as it is called) exaggerated description. Now, the truth is, that he has given a very fair account, but it extends no farther than the immediate vicinity of the river; and the land there (as already mentioned) has been all granted away,—each of the Officers of H.M.S. Sulphur having a fair proportion.

Nearly the whole of the land on the banks of the Canning was also pre-engaged,—the Officers of the Challenger having, as they had a right to expect, received a similar indulgence; but the justice of this proceeding was called in question, by many emigrants who were on the spot, in just expectation of obtaining the object for which they had left their native home.

The civil officers also considered themselves labouring under grievances, particularly by not receiving either candles or oil; it being imagined that they would not want any, from the abundance of whales on the coast; but whales are not taken without considerable exertion and outlay.

Several of my acquaintances proposed to the Governor to commence a fishery on a great scale, if they

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text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bar

BAR. In heraldry, one of the charges known as ordinaries. It is formed by two

horizontal lines passing over the shield and occupying one-fifth of the surface.

In hydrography, a barrier of sand in the channel of a river or along the seacoast. Rivers are constantly engaged in the transportation of sediment seaward, and whenever the current is checked the suspended material sinks and accumulates along the bottom. Bars thus formed may disappear during periods of floods when the water gains increased velocity, and they frequently change their position with slight alterations in the course of the current. Sand-bars are also common at the mouths of rivers where the flow of the water, and therefore its transporting power, is lessened before entering the sea. The precipitation of the sediment is assisted in this case by the mingling of the fresh and saline water. The formation of such bars does not differ from that of a delta. The transporting action of currents and waves sometimes builds up a long line of bars or reefs along the seacoast, as is seen on the Atlantic and Gulf shores of the United States. See.

In law, a word having several meanings; thus, it is the term used to signify an enclosure or fixed place in a court of justice where lawyers may plead. In Enghsh superior courts King's counsel are admitted within the bar; other members of the bar sit or stand outside. A railed-off space within the Houses of Lords and Commons is similarly called the bar. The dock, or enclosed space, where accused persons stand or sit during their trial is also called the bar; hence the expression “prisoner at the bar.” It has also a general meaning in legal procedure, signifying something by way of stoppage or prevention. There is also a trial at bar — that is, a trial before the judges of a particular court, who sit together for that purpose in hanc. The term is used both in England and the United States as a synonym for the legal profession.

In music, a line drawn vertically across the staff, for the purpose of dividing the music into equal measures of time. The term is very often improperly applied to measures themselves. The quantity of time included between two bars varies as the time is triple or common, the farmer being equivalent to three crotchets and the latter to four. The thick bar at the end of a piece of music is called the double bar. Bars were first used about the middle of the 15th century. See.

title: The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bar


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226 were allowed—Rottenest, Buache, and the exclusive right to a considerable part of the coast, with other immunities, for fourteen years. The Governor very handsomely offered them a lease of seven years; but they did not consider these terms advantageous enough, and the speculation dropped.

Besides Perth and Freemantle, there is a station at Garden Island, where the stores are kept. The government have also hired, as a depôt for stores, the stranded ship Marquis of Anglesey, for a hundred pounds per annum, from an individual who purchased her for a hundred and fifty pounds.

There were several government regulations which, as is usual in all new colonies, did not meet universal approbation; but, without entering into any discussion on this subject, I may mention, that the exaction of pilotage and harbour dues,—there being no pilots,—appeared rather premature.

I shall conclude this brief account of Swan River, by stating the geographical position of Arthur's Head, according to our observations:—

As this longitude is more than twenty miles farther east than that given by Captain Stirling, it may be

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Rh worth while to state, that we took upwards of two hundred lunar observations, with carefully adjusted sextants, and it may therefore be fairly inferred, that the longitude thence deduced, does not deviate far from the truth.

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text: Narrative of a Voyage Round the World (Wilson)/Chapter 15


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Rh so as to unite a number of parts into a perfect and pleasing whole.

Perspective is the first step in this branch of philosophy, but the nature and effect of light and shade, with the proportions and relations of different objects, and harmony, that grand feature of beauty, must all have become subjects of interest and observation, before we can hope to sketch successfully; and especially, before we can derive that high degree of intellectual enjoyment from the art of painting, which it is calculated to afford. Yet all these, by close and frequent attention, may be learned from nature itself, though an early acquaintance with the rules of art will greatly assist the understanding in this school of philosophy.

Amongst the numerous mistakes made by young people on the subject of drawing, none is a greater hinderance to their efforts, than an idea which generally prevails, that not only drawing itself, but each different branch of the art, requires a natural genius for that particular study. Thus, while one excuses herself from drawing because she has no genius for it; another tells you, that although she can draw landscapes with great facility, she has no genius for heads. Now, if genius be, as Madame de Stael informs us, "enthusiasm operating upon talent," I freely grant that it is essential to success in this, as well as every other art. You must not only learn it, but you must absolutely love it, was the frequent expression of a very clever master to his pupil. And it is this very love, which of itself will carry on the young student to any point of excellence, which it is desirable for a woman to attain.

It is true, there are greater difficulties to some than to others; just as the eye is more or less acute in its perceptions, or the communication between that and the hand more or less easy. Yet, with the same amount of genius

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 and in 1823 was appointed organist of St. Olave's Church, Southwark. He held a similar position at Blackburn, Lancashire, from 1828 to 1831, when he became singing-master and assistant organist at the Manchester Collegiate Church, now cathedral. In 1848 he succeeded William Sudlow as organist and choirmaster of the cathedral. He was for many years connected as director with the Gentlemen's Glee Club and other societies in Manchester. He published: 1. ‘A Selection of Psalm and Hymn Tunes,’ Southwark, 1827. 2. ‘The Cathedral Daily Service,’ Manchester, 1844, 12mo. 3. ‘The Musical Expression; a Guide for Parents,’ &c., 1845, 8vo. He published also two anthems and some other compositions, and four of his glees were printed after his death. Six chants and three arrangements for responses to the commandments are included in Joule's ‘Collection of Chants.’ He wrote some good ‘Cathedral’ services which have not been published. He died of congestion of the lungs at Manchester on 10 Feb. 1869.

, (1828–1869), his son, born at Bow, London, 1828, died at Broughton, Manchester, 1869, was a musician of great talent and accomplishments. He was a brilliant pianist and a prolific writer of musical compositions, a few of which have been printed.

 HARRIS, JOSEPH MACDONALD (1789–1860), musician, born in London in 1789, was a chorister at Westminster Abbey, and afterwards studied under Robert Cooke [q. v.] Harris published a number of songs, some duets and trios, glees, and pianoforte music; arranged Burgoyne's ‘Collection of Psalms’ (2 vols. 4to, 1827); taught music; and conducted at minor concerts. He died in May 1860.

 HARRIS, MOSES (fl. 1766–1785), entomologist and engraver, is said to have been born in 1731. From his uncle, Moses Harris, a member of an old-established Aurelian society, he derived his first instruction in the science to which from childhood he was strongly attached. He afterwards became secretary to a new Aurelian society. His circumstances appear to have been comparatively easy, though he had reason to complain of losses occasioned by the ‘unsteady and fallacious Behaviour of a Person too nearly connected in my Concerns’ (Introduction to the Aurelian). Though without much knowledge, he was an acute and industrious observer, and a good entomological artist. For twenty years he engaged as a labour of love in drawing, engraving, and colouring insects, chiefly moths and butterflies, which he published under the title of ‘The Aurelian, or Natural History of English Insects, namely Moths and Butterflies, together with the Plants on which they feed,’ fol. London, 1766, forty-five plates, with descriptive text. Four additional plates, with table of terms, index, and designations of Linnæus, were afterwards published separately. The book was reissued in 1778, 1794, and in 1840 under the editorship of J. O. Westwood. The insects were all drawn by Harris from the life, the engraving was his first attempt, and the colouring is very brilliant. The descriptions are both accurate and perspicuous. In the frontispiece the author gives a portrait of himself arrayed in full insect-hunting costume, and reposing on a bank with a large chip box of butterflies in his hand. He afterwards published: 1. ‘An Essay precedeing [sic] a Supplement to the Aurelian, wherein are considered the Tendons and Membranes of the Wings of Butterflies. … Illustrated with copper-plates’ (in English and French), 4to, London (1767). 2. ‘The English Lepidoptera, or the Aurelian's Pocket Companion, containing a Catalogue of upward of four hundred Moths and Butterflies,’ 8vo, London, 1775. 3. ‘An Exposition of English Insects’ (in English and French), 4to, London, 1776. Copies were issued with new title-pages, dated 1781, 1782, 1783, and 1786. 4. ‘Natural System of Colours’ (edited by Thomas Martyn), 4to, London, 1811. Sir Joshua Reynolds accepted the dedication of the edition of this work, published apparently in the author's lifetime. Some discoveries ascribed to zoologists of the present century were anticipated by Harris (cf. art. ‘Aurelian’ in Retrospective Review, 2nd ser. i. 230–45). Besides the above works, the plates of which were all drawn, etched, and coloured by himself, he executed in like manner most of those in the three volumes of Dru Drury's ‘Illustrations of Natural History’ (exotic insects), 4to, 1770–82, a book which owes its chief value to the excellence of its illustrations. He likewise contributed some trifling drawings to the ‘Catalogue’ of Andrew Peter Dupont's collection of natural curiosities, now in the British Museum (Addit. MSS. 18904–10). From a letter of Dru Drury to Harris, dated 5 April 1770, it appears that the latter was then residing some distance from London, was married, and had a son (memoir of Drury in Naturalist's Library, 1843,


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Thursday, November 19th, we got under weigh, and left Gage's Roads, passing between Rottenest and the Main. At noon our observed latitude was 32° 00' 50", at which time we were a full mile to the northward of the reef off the western point of Rottenest, situated West 16° north of Arthur's head, distant about twelve English miles, by which bearing it would be in 32° 2' 13", so nearly coinciding with the latitude by observation, and agreeing with that assigned long ago by Vlaming, that it may be considered pretty correct.

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86 and a little more patience, with a little more humility too, for that has more to do with success in painting than the inexperienced are aware of, these difficulties may easily be overcome.

I have said that humility is necessary to our success, and it operates precisely in this manner. It always happens that the eye has been in training for observation, long before the hand begins to trace so much as a bare outline of what the eye perceives. Thus, our first attempts at imitation fall so far short, not only of the real, but also of the ideal which the mind retains, that if praise of admiration have had anything to do with inciting us to draw, the mortification which ensues will probably be more than a young artist can endure. She must, therefore, be humble enough to be willing to proceed without praise, sometimes without commendation, and occasionally with a more than comfortable share of ridicule, as the reward of her first endeavours; all which might possibly be borne with equanimity, if she did not herself perceive a fearful want of resemblance to the thing designed.

The practice of drawing the human face and figure, is a sufficient illustration of this fact. For one who succeeds in this branch of drawing, there are twenty who succeed in landscapes; because, those who fail assure you, it is so much more difficult to draw faces and figures. This statement, however, is altogether unsupported by reason, since it requires just the same use of the eye and the hand, and just the same exercise of the mind, to draw one object as another; and provided only the object drawn is stationary, it is quite as easy to trace with accuracy the outline of a head, as of a tree, or a mountain.

There is, however, a wide difference in the result. By a slight deviation from the true outline of a mountain, no great injury to the general effect of a landscape is produced;

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Rh We intended to keep close to the shore, to have a view of the coast between Greographe Bay and Cape Leuwin, but the wind would not permit us. We also experienced a north-easterly current, running, at an average, one mile per hour.

After having reached the parallel of Cape Leuwin, we could make but little way to the eastward, owing to the wind blowing strongly from the S.E. On the 28th, in the morning, the wind having shifted to W.S.W., we made Point D'Entrecasteaux; and coasting along, we shortly saw Cape Chatham, which, at noon, bore E. by N., distant about half a mile; and, by the supplement of the sun's meridional altitude our latitude was 35° 3' 26"—longitude, by chronometer, measured from Swan River 116° 41'.

This being the place that Captain Barker was requested by Captain Stirling to examine, (as, according to the description of several sealers, a large river or inlet existed hereabouts,) the brig stood close in; nothing, however, could be perceived, bearing any resemblance, nor did it seem probable, from the appearance of the land, that any inlet or river could exist in this position.

Captain Barker and I had previously agreed to go on

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 Cromwell, and listen to Mr. Bond's advice about taking things coolly, and go on steadily with my work, and don't trouble much about things. I got a bit of encouragement yesterday, which ought to keep me up for many a long day. I am paying periodical visits to all the courts; and I came upon one yesterday, beginning to go quite after my own heart, like Mrs. Fitch's in other hands than mine, and not a very brilliant success yet; but sure to grow; for the volunteer there was on the most perfect terms of quiet gentle power, and happy intercourse with the people, noticing, and managing cleaning, repairs, rents, everything. I am so thankful.

May 6th, 1875.

I wonder whether the news has reached you of Mitchell's death. We can hardly realise the thought. He died the next day. The loss to us all will be heavy, and the pain great. If one had dared to single out the life which seemed of most value to the corporate life of the court, it would have been his. We must try to make his death draw us all together; and we must try to take care of his widow and children in the way which will be lasting gain to them. I don't see how yet. Everyone's heart is brimming over with sympathy, and they will have enough, and more than enough perhaps done for them just now. At any rate now money help would be of little value; and we must leave place too for the friends near him to do their part, and make the little sacrifices (often so much greater than ours); and we will come in with strong, quiet, lasting aid to help her to earn, or something of that kind.


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230 shore, in order to explore; but, being now quite convinced of the inutility of such a proceeding, I begged to decline, and advised him not to think of going; more particularly as the weather (although fine at present) was very unsettled.

He would not, however, be dissuaded from his purpose; and the boat being hoisted out and manned, she left the brig, which, by this time, had advanced some distance into the bay. We then wore, and stood to the southward.

The boat had not left half an hour, when the wind increased; and the heavy squalls shifting more to the southward, made our situation not at all desirable. It had been agreed, that, should the weather assume a threatening aspect, a gun was to be fired, as a signal for the boat to return. This was accordingly done, and we again stood towards the shore; but we could see no appearance of the boat, and serious apprehensions began to be entertained, that she would not be able to regain the brig.

We approached much nearer than prudence suggested; yet, had we not done so, the boat could never have reached us; as she could not have made any way against the heavy swell that was tumbling in, round the frowning, barren, isolated rock, which forms Cape Chatham.

We had, at length, the satisfaction of seeing the boat returning, and stood towards her, until the rapidly decreasing depth of water, and heavy breakers under our lee, admonished us to proceed no farther; we therefore

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Rh while the same degree of deviation from the outline of a face, will sometimes entirely destroy, not only the likeness, but the beauty, of the whole. Even a branch of a tree, and sometimes a whole tree, may be omitted in a landscape; but if a nose, or an eye, were found wanting in the drawing of a face, it would be difficult to treat the performance with anything like gravity.

Thus, then, the vanity of the young students is more severely put to the test in delineations of the human form, than it can be in landscape drawing; and thus they are apt to say, they have no genius for heads or figures, because their love of excellence, though sufficient for the purposes of landscape drawing, is not strong enough to support them under the mortification of having produced a badly drawn face, or figure.

It is not the least amongst the advantages of drawing, that it induces a habit of perpetually aiming at ideal excellence; in other words, that it draws the mind away from considering the grosser qualities of matter, to the contemplation of beauty as an abstract idea; that it gives a definiteness to our notions of objects in general, and enables us to describe, with greater accuracy, the character and appearance of everything we see.

Nor ought we by any means to overlook the value of that which the pencil actually produces. Sketches of scenery, however defective as works of art, are amongst the precious memorials of which time, the great destroyer, is unable to deprive us. In them the traveller lives again, through all the joys and sorrows of his distant wanderings. He breathes again the atmosphere of that far world which his eye will never more behold. He treads again the mountain-path where his step was never weary. He sees the sunshine on the snowy peaks which rise no more to him. He hears again the shout of joyous exultation, when

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bar, Karl Ludwig von

BAR, Karl Ludwig von, German jurist: b. Hanover 1836; d. 21 Aug. 1913. He was trained in the universities of Göttingen and Berlin, and sat in the Reichstag 1890-93. He was a strong advocate of publicity as well as of more humane procedure in all criminal trials. Sometime professor at Göttingen and a member of The Hague tribunal, Dr. Bar acquired a world-wide reputation as a high authority on international law and a leading advocate of international arbitration. Important works by him are ‘Das Internationale Privat und Strafrecht’ (1862); ‘Die Redefreiheit der Milglieder gezetzgebender Verssammlungen’ (1868); ‘Die Lehre vom Kausalzusammenhange im Rechte’ (1871); ‘Das Deutsche Reichsgericht’ (1875); ‘Staat und Katholische Kirche in Preussen’ (1883).


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Rh wore (having just room to do so), and then lay-to, until the boat reached us. Having presented to each individual a glass of brandy, to counteract the effects of the cold and wet, I learned the history of their expedition, which was as follows.

As they drew near the shore, the rollers appeared very heavy. The first one rolled over, and filled the boat; and had not the crew (who, being old sealers or whalers, were adroit in the management of a boat under such circumstances) exerted their utmost skill and efforts to get her head round before the next roller came, they would have been pitched into the surf, without ceremony. This narrow escape made them give up all thoughts of landings as, even had they succeeded, it would have been impossible to get off, again.

Captain Barker wished to proceed towards the north-east side of the bay, where there appeared to be less surf; but, on its being represented to him, that if he did so, the boat would not be able to reach the brig, they pulled towards her, and arrived safely, but nearly exhausted by fatigue.

We now stood out to sea, and with difficulty cleared some reefs, on which the water was boiling, under our lee. Captain Barker still thought he saw something like an opening to the north-east; but although I looked very carefully, I could not perceive any appearance of an inlet. Allowing, however, that such an opening did exist, it could be of no use, as this bay, being

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282 exposed, from S.W. to S.E., can never be safe for ships, even of the smallest size.

We continued our course, keeping as far off the land as we could,—the wind threatening to blow a gale from the southward. At eight, P.M., we lay-to, with the ship's head S.S.E. ; at two, A.M., wore and lay-to W. by N., and at daylight we bore up; but, from the extreme haziness of the weather, we could not satisfactorily make out the land. After some time, however. Eclipse Islands were plainly distinguished.

We continued under close reefed maintop-sail, and about noon entered King George's Sound; where, from a heavy gale, and high sea, we experienced the sudden but agreeable transition to smooth water.

I have seldom passed a more disagreeable day than the last twenty-four hours; dreading that the wind might shift to the southward. Fortunately, it kept S.W., but blew a heavy gale. The brig was making much water, and the pumps were in very bad order. In the middle of the night, during the height of the gale, the pumps would not work: this alarmed some of the crew, but the master of the brig, with great coolness, gave directions, and put the pumps in order himself.

About noon, on Sunday, the 29th of November, we anchored in King George's Sound, within a mile of the entrance of Princess Royal harbour. Shortly afterwards, we were boarded by a boat from the settlement, by which we learned that the Amity had sailed for

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 14 Nottingham Place, W., May 16th, 1875.

I do not know that I have much that is beautiful or helpful to tell you, except the natures of people; those are the loveliest things that I see; and they are lovely—some of them. Janey's, for instance. I saw her for a short time yesterday, as I had to be in Battersea to meet Mr. Erskine Clarke's district visitors. She is looking better, and spoke with grateful joy of your letter about the boarding out.

I was much delighted with G. Place, which I went over on Tuesday. Miss Cons has got it well in hand. I mean I was pleased with her dealing with the place.

About 1875.

I have no suggestions for the Com. or Admin. Com. which would be capable of being embodied in a report. My engrossing and continuous thought about them is the hope that they will manage to secure the right men. But there is no receipt for the selection; and probably the Com. has not to nominate for election, but will have to recommend methods of election, numbers, division of work, about all which I am not a specially good judge. The one thing I should have been saying, had it pleased you to leave me at my old post, would have been that the important point was to get the right men, and that they would be found among those who have worked among the poor, and


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bunn, Margaret Agnes


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88 it bursts from hearts as young and buoyant as his own; and he remembers, at the same time, how it was with him in those by-gone days, when, for the moment, he was lifted up above the grovelling cares of every-day existence.

But, above all, the art which preserves to us the features of the loved and lost, ought to be cultivated as a means of natural and enduring gratification. It is curious to look back to the portrait of infancy, or even youth, when the same countenance is stamped with the deep traces of experience, when the venerable brow is ploughed with furrows, and the temples are shaded with scattered looks of silvery hair. It is interesting—deeply interesting, to behold the likeness of some distinguished character, with whose mind we have long been acquainted, through the medium of his works; but the beloved countenance, whose every line of beauty was mingled with our young affections, when this can be made to live before us, after death has done his fearful work, and the grave has claimed its own—we may well say, in the language of the poet, of that magic skill which has such power over the past, as to call up buried images, and clothe them again in beauty and in youth,

Beyond these, however, there are uses in the art of drawing so well worthy the consideration of every young woman of enlightened mind, that we cannot too earnestly recommend this occupation to their attention, even although it should be at some sacrifice of that labyrinthine toil of endless worsted-work, with which, in the case of modern young ladies, both head and hand appear to be so perse- veringly employed. I freely grant the charm there is in

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 who have power of grasping facts. I should have been urging them earnestly to consider quite solemnly the importance of the duty they have to discharge, and to put no one on out of politeness, or because they "must," or because they have this or that influence, or have given time, or will "feel"; to let no minor considerations come in; but to concentrate their full force on the thought "how is this organising of charity, this great work of caring for our poor to be achieved?" And I should have been adding that, in my opinion, experience among, or care for, the poor was a more essential qualification for a seat on the Admin. than the other one power to grasp principles; and for this reason that the knowledge of the poor will not be gained afterwards at Buckingham St.; but the principles may be learnt by the mere fact of dealing with large numbers of bare facts, probably will be learnt there by any men who have it in them ever to learn them at all. This and a few words about the actual men to be selected would have been my contribution to the work, had I been there. But now I feel it is all out of my power to touch, and I rejoice more than words would say to see how triumphantly it and much else goes without me. A few words would influence so many things if I wrote them; but I may not; and so instead I have the privilege of looking, as if I were dead, to see how they go when I do not speak a word, and learning first how magnificently they go in the main in the way I have hoped for so long; and secondly how little it matters that much goes otherwise than it would, if I wrote ever so small a sentence.


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Rh weaving together the many tints of German wool, but what does this amusement do for the mind, except to keep it quiet, and not always that? Now, the substitute I would propose for this occupation, is equally pleasing in the variety of colours employed, and yet calculated to be highly beneficial in its influence upon the mind, by increasing its store of knowledge, and supplying a perpetual source of rational interest, even at times when the occupation itself cannot well be carried on.

My proposition, then, is this; that, in pursuing the study of botany, instead of the unattractive hortus siccus, which pleases no one but the scientific beholder, correct and natural drawings should be made of every specimen, just as it appears when growing, or when freshly gathered. Instead of the colourless, distorted, hot-pressed specimens which the botanist now displays, to the utter contempt of all uninitiated in his lore, we should then have beautiful and imperishable pictures of graceful, delicate, or curious plants, looking just as they did when the mountain-wind blew over them, or when the woodland stream crept in amongst their thousand stems, and kissed the drooping blossoms that hung upon its banks. We might then have them placed before us in all their natural loveliness, either the flower, the branch, or the entire plant, and sometimes, to render the picture more complete, the characteristic scenery by which it is usually surrounded.

But if in botany the practice of this art is so desirable, how much more so does it become in entomology, where the study can scarcely be carried on without a sacrifice of life most revolting to the female mind. What beautiful specimens might we not have of the curious caterpillar, with a branch of the tree on which it feeds; then the larva and its silken bed; and, lastly, the splendid butterfly, whose expanded wings no cruel touch could ruffle; all forming

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90 pictures of the most interesting and delightful character, and powerfully contrasted in the associations they would excite, with those regular rows of moths and beetles pricked on paper, which our juvenile collectors now exhibit.

It may be said, that even such specimens of insects could scarcely be obtained without some sacrifice of life or liberty; but we all know that when the eye and the hand are habituated to catch the likeness of any object, it is done with increasing facility each time the experiment is made, until a comparatively slight observation of the general appearance, position, and characteristic features of the living model, is sufficient for the artist in the completion of his likeness.

The same facility of delineation would assist our researches through the whole range of natural history. By such means we should not only be supplied with endless amusement, but might at the same time be adding to our store of useful knowledge. We should not only be making ourselves better acquainted with the poetry of nature, but with its reality too. For what is there either practical, or real, in the specimens of plants and insects as we generally find them. Real, they unquestionably are in one sense, as the mummy is a real man; but who would point to that pitiful vestige of mortality as exhibiting the real characteristics of a human being?

It seems to me a perfectly natural subject of repulsion, when the poet exclaims—

And few there are who would not prefer to such miserable memorials, as actually more real, a well-painted

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Rh of a departed friend, with the expression of countenance, the dress, the position, and the circumstances with which the memory of that friend was associated.

Drawing is, unfortunately, one of those accomplishments which are too frequently given up at the time of life when they might be most useful to others, when they might really be turned to good account, in that early expansion and developement of mind, which belong exclusively to woman in her maternal capacity; but as this view of the subject belongs more properly to a later stage of the present work, we will pass on to ask, In what degree of estimation poetry is, and ought to be held, by the daughters of England in the present day?

There have been eras in our history, when poetry assumed a more than reasonable sway over the female mind, when an acquaintance with the Muses was considered essential to a polished education, and when the very affectation of poetic feeling proved how high a value was attached to the reality. It would be useless now to speak of the absurdities into which the young and sensitive were often betrayed by this extreme of public taste. Such times are gone by, and the opposite extreme is now the tendency of popular feeling. It is not to be wondered at that this should be the case with men, because as a nation, our fathers, husbands, sons, and brothers are becoming more and more involved in the necessity of providing for mere animal existence. No wonder, then, that in our teeming cities, poetry should be compelled to hide her diminished head; or, that even, pursuing the man of business home to his suburban villa, she should leave him to his stuffed arm-chair, in the aims, of that heavy, after-dinner sleep, which so frequently succeeds to his short and busy day of unremitting struggle and excitement. Nor is this all. If poetry should seek the quiet fields, as in the days of their pastoral beauty,

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bar (Russia)

BAR, Russia, a town in the government of Podolia; so called after the birthplace of its foundress. Bona Sforza, the wife of King Sigismund I of Poland. It is famous as the place where a confederation of the Polish people was held with a view to combating the Russian influence and the adherents of Russia in Poland, 29 Feb. 1768. The Russians took Bar by storm on the following 28 May, together with 1,400 men and 20 pieces of cannon. Eleven fairs are annually held here. Leather-dressing, distilling, brick-making and a trade in grain are carried on. Pop. about 13,000,


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90 printers' errors all along the sort of abominable sentences I remembered was intolerable to my sentiment of womanhood. Mr. X, after giving me a glance, pursued steadily.

"I think, however, that she came mostly to exercise her fascinations upon Sevrin, and to receive his homage in her queenly and condescending way. She was aware of both—her power and his homage—and enjoyed them with, I dare say, complete innocence. We have no ground in expediency or morals to quarrel with her on that account. Charm in woman and exceptional intelligence in man are a law unto themselves. Is it not so?"

I refrained from expressing my abhorrence of that licentious doctrine because of my curiosity.

"But what happened then?" I hastened to ask.

X went on crumbling slowly a small piece of bread with a careless left hand.

"What happened, in effect," he confessed, "is that she saved the situation."

"She gave you an opportunity to end your rather sinister farce," I suggested.

"Yes," he said, preserving his impassive bearing. "The farce was bound to end soon. And it ended in a very few minutes. And it ended well. Had she not come in, it might have ended badly. Her brother, of course, did not count. They had slipped into the house quietly some time before. The printing-cellar had an entrance of its own. Not finding any one there, she sat down to her proofs, expecting Sevrin to return to his work at any moment. He did not do so. She grew impatient, heard through the door the sounds of a disturbance in the other cellar and naturally came in to see what was the matter.

Sevrin had been with us. At first he had seemed

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92 even from these her green and flowery haunts, she is scared away by the steaming torrent, the reeking chimney, and the fiery locomotive; while on the wide ocean, where her ancient realm was undisputed, her silvery trace upon the bosom of the deep waters is now ploughed up by vulgar paddles; and all the voiceless mystery of "viewless winds," which in the old time held the minds of expectant thousands under their command, is now become a thing of no account—a by-word, or a jest.

I speak not with childish or ignorant repining of these things. We are told by political enconomists that it is good they should be so, and I presume not to dispute the fact. Yet, surely if it be the business of man to give up the strength of his body, the energy of his mind, and the repose of his soul, for his country's prosperity or—his own; it is for woman, who labours under no such pressing necessity, to make a stand against the encroachments of this popular tendency, I had almost said—this national disease.

What is poetry? is a question which has been asked a thousand times, and perhaps never clearly answered. I presume not to suppose my own definition more happy than others; but in a work already before the public, I have been at some pains to place this subject in a point of view at once clear and attractive. My idea of poetry as explained in this work, and it remains to be the same, is, that it is best understood by that chain of association which connects the intellects with the affections; so that whatever is so far removed from vulgarity, as to excite ideas of sublimity, beauty, or tenderness, may be said to be poetical; though the force of such ideas must depend upon the manner in which they are presented to the mind, as well as to the nature of the mind itself.

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Rh to me the most amazed of the whole raided lot. He appeared for an instant as if paralyzed with astonishment. He stood rooted to the spot. He never moved a limb. A solitary gas-jet flared near his head; all the other lights had been put out at the first alarm. And presently, from my dark corner, I observed on his shaven actor's face an expression of puzzled, vexed watchfulness. He knitted his heavy eyebrows. The corners of his mouth dropped scornfully. He was angry. Most likely he had seen through the game, and I regretted I had not taken him from the first into my complete confidence.

"But with the appearance of the girl he became obviously alarmed. It was plain. I could see it grow. The change of his expression was swift and startling. And I did not know why. The reason never occurred to me. I was merely astonished at the extreme alteration of the man's face. Of course he had not been aware of her presence in the other cellar; but that did not explain the shock her advent had given him. For a moment he seemed to have been reduced to imbecility. He opened his mouth as if to shout, or perhaps only to gasp. At any rate, it was somebody else who shouted. This somebody else was the heroic comrade whom I had detected swallowing a piece of paper. With laudable presence of mind he let out a warning yell.

"It's the police! Back! Back! Run back, and bolt the door behind you.'

"It was an excellent hint; but instead of retreating the girl continued to advance, followed by her long-faced brother in his knickerbocker suit, in which he had been singing comic songs for the entertainment of a joyless proletariat. She advanced not as if she had failed to understand—the word 'police' has an

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text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bar Harbor

BAR HARBOR, Me., a popular summer resort in Eden township, Hancock County, Me., on the east shore of Mount Desert Island. It is on a branch of the Maine Central Railroad and is also served by steamship lines from New York, Boston, Portland and other Atlantic coast ports. The ocean here is often too cold for bathing, even in summer, and a large open-air sea-water swimming pool serves as a substitute. There is a naval coaling station on the north shore of Eastern Bay, and Bar Harbor is frequently the rendezvous in summer of the north Atlantic squadron of the United States navy. It derives its name from a sandy bar which connects Mount Desert with the largest of the Porcupine group. The surrounding scenery is very pleasing, and within a short distance are many points of interest readily accessible to the tourist. Among these are the summit of Green Mountain, Eagle Lake, Mount Newport, Kebo, The Ovens, Great and Schooner Heads, Spouting Horn, Thunder Cave and Eagle Cliff. First discovered by Champlain, Mount Desert was settled in 1608 by French Jesuits, whose colony was destroyed eight years later by an expedition from Virginia. A permanent settlement was effected by the English in 1761, The town of Mount Desert was incorporated in 1789. Since that date the towns of Eden, Cranberry, Tremont and Southwest Harbor have been formed from the original tract. Consult Street, ‘Mount Desert: A History’ (1905). Pop. about 2,200.


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92 sound—but rather as if she could not help herself. She did not advance with the free gait and expanding presence of a distinguished amateur anarchist amongst poor, struggling professionals, but with slightly raised shoulders, and her elbows pressed close to her body, as if trying to shrink within herself. Her eyes were fixed immovably upon Sevrin. Sevrin the man, I fancy; not Sevrin the anarchist. But she advanced. And that was natural. For all their assumption of independence, girls of that class are used to the feeling of being specially protected, as, in fact, they are. This feeling accounts for nine tenths of their audacious gestures. Her face had gone completely colourless. Ghastly. Fancy having it brought home to her so brutally that she was the sort of person who must run away from the police! I believe she was pale with indignation, mostly, though there was, of course, also the concern for her intact personality, a vague dread of some sort of rudeness. And, naturally, she turned to a man, to the man on whom she had a claim of fascination and homage—the man who could not conceivably fail her at any juncture."

"But," I cried, amazed at this analysis, "if it had been serious, real, I mean—as she thought it was—what could she expect him to do for her?"

X never moved a muscle of his face.

"Goodness knows. I imagine that this charming, generous, and independent creature had never known in her life a single genuine thought; I mean a single thought detached from small human vanities, or whose source was not in some conventional perception. All I know is that after advancing a few steps she extended her hand towards the motionless Sevrin. And that at least was no gesture. It was a natural movement. As to what she expected him to do, who can tell? The

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Rh impossible. But whatever she expected, it could not have come up, I am safe to say, to what he had made up his mind to do, even before that entreating hand had appealed to him so directly. It had not been necessary. From the moment he had seen her enter that cellar, he had made up his mind to sacrifice his future usefulness, to throw off the impenetrable, solidly fastened mask it had been his pride to wear"

"What do you mean?" I interrupted, puzzled. "Was it Sevrin, then, who was"

"He was. The most persistent, the most dangerous, the craftiest, the most systematic of informers. A genius amongst betrayers. Fortunately for us, he was unique. The man was a fanatic, I have told you. Fortunately, again, for us, he had fallen in love with the accomplished and innocent gestures of that girl. An actor in desperate earnest himself, he must have believed in the absolute value of conventional signs. As to the grossness of the trap into which he fell, the explanation must be that two sentiments of such absorbing magnitude cannot exist simultaneously in one heart. The danger of that other and unconscious comedian robbed him of his vision, of his perspicacity, of his judgment. Indeed, it did at first rob him of his self-possession. But he regained that through the necessity—as it appeared to him imperiously—to do something at once. To do what? Why, to get her out of the house as quickly as possible. He was desperately anxious to do that. I have told you he was terrified. It could not be about himself. He had been surprised and annoyed at a move quite unforeseen and premature. I may even say he had been furious. He was accustomed to arrange the last scene of his betrayals with a deep, subtle art which left his revolutionist reputation untouched. But it seems clear to

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94 me that at the same time he had resolved to make the best of it, to keep his mask resolutely on. It was only with the discovery of her being in the house that everything—the forced calm, the restraint of his fanaticism, the mask—all came off together in a kind of panic. Why panic, do you ask? The answer is very simple. He remembered—or, I dare say, he had never forgotten—the Professor alone at the top of the house, pursuing his researches, surrounded by tins upon tins of Stone's Dried Soup. There was enough in some few of them to bury us all where we stood under a heap of bricks. Sevrin, of course, was aware of that. And we must believe, also, that he knew the exact character of the man. He had gauged so many such characters! Or perhaps he only gave the Professor credit for what he himself was capable of. But, in any case, the effect was produced. And suddenly he raised his voice in authority.

"'Get the lady away at once.'

"It turned out that he was as hoarse as a crow; result, no doubt, of the intense emotion. It passed off in a moment. But these fateful words issued forth from his contracted throat in a discordant, ridiculous croak. They required no answer. The thing was done. However, the man personating the inspector judged it expedient to say roughly:

"'She shall go soon enough, together with the rest of you.'

"These were the last words belonging to the comedy part of this affair.

"Oblivious of everything and everybody, Sevrin strode towards him and seized the lapels of his coat. Under his thin bluish cheeks one could see his jaws working with passion.

"'You have men posted outside. Get the lady taken

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burrough, Edward


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Rh home at once. Do you hear? Now. Before you try to get hold of the man upstairs.'

"'Oh! There is a man upstairs,' scoffed the other, openly. 'Well, he shall be brought down in time to see the end of this.'

"But Sevrin, beside himself, took no heed of the tone.

"'Who's the imbecile meddler who sent you blundering here? Didn't you understand your instructions? Don't you know anything? It's incredible. Here'

"He dropped the lapels of the coat and, plunging his hand into his breast, jerked feverishly at something under his shirt. At last he produced a small square pocket of soft leather, which must have been hanging like a scapulary from his neck by the tape whose broken ends dangled from his fist.

"'Look inside,' he spluttered, flinging it in the other's face. And instantly he turned round towards the girl. She stood just behind him, perfectly still and silent. Her set, white face gave an illusion of placidity. Only her staring eyes seemed bigger and darker.

"He spoke rapidly, with nervous assurance. I heard him distinctly promise her to make everything as clear as daylight presently. But that was all I caught. He stood close to her, never attempting to touch her even with the tip of his little finger—and she stared at him stupidly. For a moment, however, her eyelids descended slowly, pathetically, and then, with the long black eyelashes lying on her white cheeks, she looked ready to fall down in a swoon. But she never even swayed where she stood. He urged her loudly to follow him at once, and walked towards the door at the bottom of the cellar stairs without looking behind him. And, as a matter of fact, she did move after him a pace or two. But, of course, he was not allowed to reach the

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burrough, James (1691-1764)


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96 door. There were angry exclamations, a short, fierce scuffle. Flung away violently, he came flying backwards upon her, and fell. She threw out her arms in a gesture of dismay and stepped aside, just clear of his head, which struck the ground heavily near her shoe.

"He grunted with the shock. By the time he had picked himself up, slowly, dazedly, he was awake to the reality of things. The man into whose hands he had thrust the leather case had extracted therefrom a narrow strip of bluish paper. He held it up above his head, and, as after the scuffle an expectant uneasy stillness reigned once more, he threw it down disdainfully with the words, 'I think, comrades, that this proof was hardly necessary.'

"Quick as thought, the girl stooped after the fluttering slip. Holding it spread out in both hands, she looked at it; then, without raising her eyes, opened her fingers slowly and let it fall.

"I examined that curious document afterwards. It was signed by a very high personage, and stamped and countersigned by other high officials in various countries of Europe. In his trade—or shall I say, in his mission?—that sort of talisman might have been necessary, no doubt. Even to the police itself—all but the heads—he had been known only as Sevrin the noted anarchist.

"He hung his head, biting his lower lip. A change had come over him, a sort of thoughtful, absorbed calmness. Nevertheless, he panted. His sides worked visibly, and his nostrils expanded and collapsed in weird contrast with his sombre aspect of a fanatical monk in a meditative attitude, but with something, too, in his face of an actor intent upon the terrible exigencies of his part. Before him Horne declaimed, haggard and bearded, like an inspired denunciatory prophet from a wilderness. Two fanatics. They were made to

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Rh each other. Does this surprise you? I suppose you think that such people would be foaming at the mouth and snarling at each other?"

I protested hastily that I was not surprised in the least; that I thought nothing of the kind; that anarchists in general were simply inconceivable to me mentally, morally, logically, sentimentally, and even physically. X received this declaration with his usual woodenness and went on.

"Horne had burst out into eloquence. While pouring out scornful invective, he let tears escape from his eyes and roll down his black beard unheeded. Sevrin panted quicker and quicker. When he opened his mouth to speak, everyone hung on his words.

"'Don't be a fool, Horne,' he began. 'You know very well that I have done this for none of the reasons you are throwing at me.' And in a moment he became outwardly as steady as a rock under the other's lurid stare. 'I have been thwarting, deceiving, and betraying you—from conviction.'

"He turned his back on Horne, and addressing the girl, repeated the words: 'From conviction.'

"It's extraordinary how cold she looked. I suppose she could not think of any appropriate gesture. There can have been few precedents indeed for such a situation.

"'Clear as daylight,' he added. 'Do you understand what that means? From conviction.'

"And still she did not stir. She did not know what to do. But the luckless wretch was about to give her the opportunity for a beautiful and correct gesture.

"'I have felt in me the power to make you share this conviction,' he protested, ardently. He had forgotten himself; he made a step towards her—perhaps he stumbled. To me he seemed to be stooping low as

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98 if to touch the hem of her garment. And then the appropriate gesture came. She snatched her skirt away from his polluting contact and averted her head with an upward tilt. It was magnificently done, this gesture of conventionally unstained honour, of an unblemished high-minded amateur.

"Nothing could have been better. And he seemed to think so, too, for once more he turned away. But this time he faced no one. He was again panting frightfully, while he fumbled hurriedly in his waistcoat pocket, and then raised his hand to his lips. There was something furtive in this movement, but directly afterwards his bearing changed. His laboured breathing gave him a resemblance to a man who had just run a desperate race; but a curious air of detachment, of sudden and profound indifference, replaced the strain of the striving effort. The race was over. I did not want to see what would happen next. I was only too well aware. I tucked the young lady's arm under mine without a word, and made my way with her to the stairs.

"Her brother walked behind us. Half-way up the short flight she seemed unable to lift her feet high enough for the steps, and we had to pull and push to get her to the top. In the passage she dragged herself along, hanging on my arm, helplessly bent like an old woman. We issued into an empty street through a half-open door, staggering like besotted revellers. At the corner we stopped a four-wheeler, and the ancient driver looked round from his box with morose scorn at our efforts to get her in. Twice during the drive I felt her collapse on my shoulder in a half faint. Facing us, the youth in knickerbockers remained as mute as a fish, and, till he jumped out with the latch-key, sat more still than I would have believed it possible.

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burrough, James (1750-1839)


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Rh "At the door of their drawing-room she left my arm and walked in first, catching at the chairs and tables. She unpinned her hat, then, exhausted with the effort, her cloak still hanging from her shoulders, flung herself into a deep armchair, sideways, her face half buried in a cushion. The good brother appeared silently before her with a glass of water. She motioned it away. He drank it himself and walked off to a distant corner—behind the grand piano, somewhere. All was still in this room where I had seen, for the first time, Sevrin, the anti-anarchist, captivated and spellbound by the consummate and hereditary grimaces that in a certain sphere of life take the place of feelings with an excellent effect. I suppose her thoughts were busy with the same memory. Her shoulders shook violently. A pure attack of nerves. When it quieted down she affected firmness, 'What is done to a man of that sort? What will they do to him?'

"'Nothing. They can do nothing to him,' I assured her, with perfect truth. I was pretty certain he had died in less than twenty minutes from the moment his hand had gone to his lips. For if his fanatical anti-anarchism went even as far as carrying poison in his pocket, only to rob his adversaries of legitimate vengeance, I knew he would take care to provide something that would not fail him when required.

"She drew an angry breath. There were red spots on her cheeks and a feverish brilliance in her eyes.

"'Has ever any one been exposed to such a terrible experience? To think that he had held my hand! That man!' Her face twitched, she gulped down a pathetic sob. 'If I ever felt sure of anything, it was of Sevrin's high-minded motives.'

"Then she began to weep quietly, which was good for her. Then through her flood of tears, half resentful.

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100 'What was it he said to me?—"From conviction!'" It seemed a vile mockery. What could he mean by it?'

"'That, my dear young lady,' I said, gently, 'is more than I or anybody else can ever explain to you.'"

Mr. X flicked a crumb off the front of his coat.

"And that was strictly true as to her. Though Horne, for instance, understood very well; and so did I, especially after we had been to Sevrin's lodging in a dismal back street of an intensely respectable quarter. Horne was known there as a friend, and we had no difficulty in being admitted, the slatternly maid merely remarking, as she let us in, that 'Mr Sevrin had not been home that night.' We forced open a couple of drawers in the way of duty, and found a little useful information. The most interesting part was his diary; for this man, engaged in such deadly work, had the weakness to keep a record of the most damnatory kind. There were his acts and also his thoughts laid bare to us. But the dead don't mind that. They don't mind anything.

"'From conviction.' Yes. A vague but ardent humanitarianism had urged him in his first youth into the bitterest extremity of negation and revolt. Afterwards his optimism flinched. He doubted and became lost. You have heard of converted atheists. These turn often into dangerous fanatics, but the soul remains the same. After he had got acquainted with the girl, there are to be met in that diary of his very queer politico-amorous rhapsodies. He took her sovereign grimaces with deadly seriousness. He longed to convert her. But all this cannot interest you. For the rest, I don't know if you remember—it is a good many years ago now—the journalistic sensation of the 'Hermione Street Mystery'; the finding of a man's body in the cellar of an empty house; the inquest; some arrests;

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Rh many surmises—then silence—the usual end for many obscure martyrs and confessors. The fact is, he was not enough of an optimist. You must be a savage, tyrannical, pitiless, thick-and-thin optimist, like Horne, for instance, to make a good social rebel of the extreme type.

He rose from the table. A waiter hurried up with his overcoat; another held his hat in readiness.

"But what became of the young lady?" I asked.

"Do you really want to know?" he said, buttoning himself in his fur coat carefully. "I confess to the small malice of sending her Sevrin's diary. She went into retirement; then she went to Florence; then she went into retreat in a convent. I can't tell where she will go next. What does it matter? Gestures! Gestures! Mere gestures of her class."

He fitted on his glossy high hat with extreme precision, and casting a rapid glance round the room, full of well-dressed people, innocently dining, muttered between his teeth:

"And nothing else! That is why their kind is fated to perish."

I never met Mr. X again after that evening. I took to dining at my club. On my next visit to Paris I found my friend all impatience to hear of the effect produced on me by this rare item of his collection. I told him all the story, and he beamed on me with the pride of his distinguished specimen.

"Isn't X well worth knowing?" he bubbled over in great delight. "He's unique, amazing, absolutely terrific."

His enthusiasm grated upon my finer feelings. I told him curtly that the man's cynicism was simply abominable.

"Oh, abominable! abominable!" assented my friend,

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burroughes, Jeremiah


text: A Set of Six/The Informer

title: A Set of Six/The Informer


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burroughs, Joseph


text:
Translation:Shulchan Aruch/Orach Chaim/511

Burning and Heating Water are Permitted on a Holiday

הבערה ולהחם מים מתר ביום טוב

Paragraph 1 – It is permitted to make a fire in order to warm up next to it. Rem”a:  ''There are those who say that it is forbidden to heat a house in the winter on a holiday, because sometimes it is only cold for those who are spoiled, and it is like a bath or perfume and is forbidden (Beit Yosef in the name of an Ashkenzi responsa), and the practice is to be lenient.

סעיף א – מתר לעשות מדורה להתחמם כנגדה. הגה: ''יש אומרים דאסור להחם בית החרף ביום טוב, דלפעמים אין הקר גדול ואינו אלא למפנקים, והוי כמרחץ ומגמר דאסור (ב"י בשם תשובה אשכנזית), ונהגו להקל.

Paragraph 2 – It is permitted to heat water on a holiday to wash hands, but not the whole body, even not all at once. Rem”a: ''But it is permitted to wash a baby in water that was heated by a Jew on a holiday (Mordechai chapter 3), but it is forbidden to heat it for one's own needs, even using a non-Jew (Mahar”a of Prague), but when one needs water to cook or clean dishes, it is permitted to [heat] more than is necessary for himself (Kol Bo). The ruling regarding the hot springs of Tiberias is the same as on Shabbat as we said in chapter 326 (Beit Yosef).'' However, it is permitted to wash one's whole body, even at once, with water that was heated before the holiday. This is only true outside the bathhouse; in the bathhouse, this is forbidden. Rem”a: Some forbid in any event, and such is the practice (Tur and the Ros”h).

סעיף ב – מתר להחם ביום טוב מים לרחץ ידיו, אבל לא כל גופו ואפלו אינו רוחצו בבת אחת. הגה: ''אבל מתר לרחץ תינוק במים שהוחמו על ידי ישראל ביום טוב (מרדכי פ"ג), אבל אסור להחם לצרכו אפלו על ידי אינו יהודי (מהר"א מפראג), אבל כשצריך להם לבשל או להדיח, אז מתר להרבות בשבילו (כל בו). ודין חמי טבריה כמו בשבת כדאיתא סימן שכו (ב"י). אבל במים שהוחמו מערב יום טוב מתר לרחץ כל גופו אפלו כאחד, מיהו, דוקא חוץ למרחץ אבל במרחץ אסור. הגה: ויש אוסרים בכל ענין, וכן נוהגין (טור והרא"ש).''

Paragraph 3 – It is permitted for an impure man to immerse on a holiday.

סעיף ג – אדם מתר לטבל ביום טוב מטמאתו.

Paragraph 4 – We do not make perfume by sprinkling spices on coals, whether it is for smelling or for perfuming the house or objects. However, if one does this to give a good smell to fruits to make them better to eat, it is permitted, even if one sprinkles [spices] on wooden coals. Rem”a: And it is forbidden to pour a cup of spices onto clothes because it imparts a smell on them (the Magid chapter 1 and Hagahot Ashri the end of chapter 2 of Beitzah).

סעיף ד – אין עושין מגמר, דהינו לפזר מיני בשמים על הגחלים, בין להריח ובין לגמר הבית או הכלים, אבל אם עושה כדי לתן ריח טוב בפרות למתקן לאכילה מתר אפלו אם מפזרן על גבי גחלת של עץ. הגה: ואסור לסחף כוס מבשם על הבגדים, משום דמוליד בהן ריחא (המגיד פ"א והגהות אשירי ספ"ב דביצה).

 * }


text:
Translation:Shulchan Aruch/Orach Chaim/512

One Should Not Cook for a Non-Jew on a Holiday

שלא לבשל לצרך עכו"ם ביום טוב

Paragraph 1 – We do not cook for non-Jews on a holiday. Therefore, it is forbidden to invite one over, lest one cook more for because of him. This rule is restricted to inviting him. Rem”a: ''to one's house, but it is permitted to send him food to his house in the hands of a non-Jew (Hagahot Maimoni chapter 1 in the name of the Or Zarua).' However, it is permitted to feed one's slave or servant or a messenger sent to him or a non-Jew who showed up without invitation, and we do not worry that he will cook more because of the non-Jew. Rem”a: And it is permitted to cook more in the same pot as he cooks for himself for the sake of his slave or servant (Mordechai) chapter 2 of Beitzah), but for other non-Jews, any way is forbidden (Orchot Hayim and Tosafot). If a Jew bakes in a non-Jew's oven and is obligated to give the non-Jew one loaf, he should not designate one of them for the non-Jew before baking, because then he is baking for the non-Jew. Rather, he should bake and afterwards give one (Kol Bo).

סעיף א – אין מבשלים לצרך כותים ביום טוב, לפיכך אסור להזמינו שמא ירבה בשבילו. ודוקא להזמינו. הגה: לביתו, אבל לשלח לו לביתו על ידי כותי שרי (הגהות מימוני פרק א' בשם אור זרוע). אבל עבדו ושפחתו, וכן שליח שנשתלח לו, וכן כותי שבא מאליו, מתר להאכילו עמו ולא חישינן שמא ירבה בשבילו. הגה: ''ומתר להרבות בשביל עבדו ושפחתו באותה קדרה שמבשל בה לעצמו (מרדכי פרק ב' דביצה), אבל לשאר כותים בכל ענין אסור (ארחות חיים ותוספות). וישראל האופה בתנור של כותי וצריך לתת לו פת אחד, לא ייחד לכותי אחד קדם אפיה, דאז אופה של כותי, אלא יאפה סתם ויתן לו אחר כך אחד (כל בו).''

Paragraph 2 – If non-Jewish soldiers give flour to a Jew to bake them bread and they will not be mad if the Jew gives some of it to a baby, he is permitted to bake for them.

סעיף ב – בני החיל של כותים שנתנו קמח שלהם לישראל לאפות להם פת, אם אינם מקפידים כשישראל נותן ממנו לתינוק, מתר לאפות להם.

Paragraph 3 – It is forbidden cook or bake for dogs, but it is permitted to take their food and put it in front of them. Rem”a: ''But it is forbidden to move it from one domain to another (Hagahot Maimoni and the Magid chapter 1), and it is similarly forbidden to mix the bran for the chickens (Mordechai), except for with a change (Kol Bo). And it is permitted to cook more for dogs in the same pot that one cooks for himself, even if he has something else that he could give the dogs if he wanted (Beit Yosef in the name of the Ra”n and the Yerushalmi).''

סעיף ג – אסור לבשל ולאפות לצרך כלבים, אבל מתר לטלטל מזונות ולתן לפניהם. הגה: אבל אסור להוציא בשבילן מרשות לרשות (הגהות מימוני והמגיד פרק א'), וכן אסור לגבל המרסן לעופות )מרדכי), כי אם על ידי שנוי (כל בו), ומתר להרבות בשביל הכלבים באותה קדרה שמבשל בה לעצמו, אפלו אם יש לו דבר אחר שיוכל לתן לכלבים אם היה רוצה (בית יוסף בשם הר"ן והרושלמי).

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text:
Page:Dictionary of spoken Russian (1945).djvu/479

 тельные меры. We'll have to take decisive measures. • definite. Я ещё не могу дать вам решительного ответа. I can't give you a definite answer yet. • flat. Это был решительный отказ. It was a flat refusal. □ решительно definitely. Нет, я решительно от этого отказываюсь. No, I definitely reject this. • absolutely. Мальчишка целыми днями решительно ничего не делает. The boy does absolutely nothing all day long. □ Мне решительно всё равно. I don't care at all. • У него в карманах можно найти решительно всё. You can find practically anything in his pockets.

решить (pct of решать) to solve. Помогите мне решить задачу. Help me solve the problem. • to make up one's mind. Я окончательно решил ехать. I definitely made up my mind to go. • to settle. То, что я знал английский язык, решило дело. The fact that I knew English settled the matter. • to determine. Во-время пришедшие танки решили исход боя. The timely arrival of the tanks determined the course of the battle.

ржавчина rust.

ржаной. □ ржаной хлеб rye bread.

ржи See рожь.

рис (/g -у/) rice.

риск risk. Это сопряжено с большим риском. It involves a great risk. — Делайте, если хотите, на свой страх и риск. Do it if you want to, but at your own risk. — Он спас товарища с риском для собственной жизни. He risked his life to save his friend. □ *Что ж, попробуем! Риск — благородное дело. Well, let's try; nothing ventured, nothing gained.

рискнуть (pct of рисковать) to take a chance. А не рискнуть ли нам ещё раз? Shall we take another chance? • to chance. Давайте рискнём! Let's chance it!

рисковать (dur of рискнуть) to risk. Он рисковал жизнью. He was risking his life. • to run a chance. (no pct) Мы рискуем опоздать на поезд. We're running a chance of missing our train.

рисование drawing. Он учится рисованию. He's studying drawing. □ Она учительница рисования. She's an art teacher.

рисовать (/pct: на-/) to draw. Она недурно рисует. She draws rather well. • to paint. Он рисовал здешнюю жизнь в очень мрачных красках. He painted a black picture of life here.

рисунок (-нка) drawing. Рисунки этих ребят очень интересны. The drawings of these kids are very interesting. • design. Эти вышивки сделаны по старинным рисункам. This embroidery is copied from old designs. • sketch. Чей это рисунок? Who made this sketch?

ритм rhythm.

рифма rhyme.

робкий (sh робка) timid.

ров (рва;/во рву/) ditch. Осторожно! Тут налево глубокий ров. Careful! There's a deep ditch on your left.

ровный (sh -вна) smooth. Как вы умудрились споткнуться на ровном месте? How did you manage to trip on such a smooth spot? • even. У него очень ровный характер. He has a very even temper. — Дайте мне ещё рубль для ровного счёта. Give me one more ruble to make it an even figure. • equal. Мы разделили шоколад на три ровные части. We divided the chocolate into three equal parts. □ ровным счётом ничего absolutely nothing. Я об этом ровным счётом ничего не знаю. I know absolutely nothing about it. ровно smooth. Дорога идёт здесь ровно. The road is smooth here. • sharp. Приходите ровно в двенадцать. Come at twelve sharp. • exactly. Теперь я вам должен ровно сто рублей. Now I owe you exactly one hundred rubles. • positively. Теперь уже я ровно ничего не понимаю. Now, I positively don't understand a thing.

рог (P -а, -ов) horn. Этому быку пришлось подпилить рога. We had to file down the bull's horns. — *Нечего колебаться, возьмите быка за рога. Don't hesitate; grab the bull by the horns. □ *Бодливой корове бог рог не даёт. He hasn't the bite to back up his bark.

рогожа matting. Эту посуду лучше упаковать в рогожу. It would be better to pack these dishes in matting.

род (P -ы/g -у; на роду/) kind. Такой род занятий вам совершенно не подходит. This kind of work doesn't suit you at all. — Такого рода развлечения мне не по вкусу. This kind of amusement is not to my taste. — Я привык делать всякого рода работу. I'm used to doing all kinds of work. — Ревность, это своего рода болезнь. Jealousy is a kind of sickness. • sort. Я что-то в этом роде уже читал. I've read this sort of thing before. • clan. У этого племени род играет ещё большею роль. In this tribe the clan still plays a big role. • generation. Это искусство передавалось тут из рода в род. This art has been handed down from generation to generation. □ в некотором роде after a fashion. Я в этом в некотором роде тоже заинтересован. I'm interested in this too, after a fashion. в своём роде in their own way. Каждый из них хорош в своём роде. They're all good in their own way. женский род feminine gender. мужской род masculine gender. средний род neuter gender. □ Вы откуда родом? Where is your place of birth? • Дело такого рода, что вам придётся закончить работу в спешном порядке. It's the kind of thing where you've got to finish the job in a hurry. • Он родом из Кронштадта. He was born in Kronstadt. • Я от роду ничего подобного не видал! I never saw anything like it in my life. • *Видно, ему так на роду было написано. I guess it was in the cards for him.

родина native country. А где ваша родина? What is your native country? • one's country. Весь народ встал на защиту родины. The people rose to the defense of their country. • home. Я давно уже не получал писем с родины. It's been a long time since I've had a letter from home.

родители (-лей P) parents.

родить (/pct: родить/) Земля тут ничего не родит. The soil here isn't fertile.

-ся to grow. Тут пшеница хорошо родится. Wheat grows well here.

родить (p родила; родился, родилась, родилось, родились; ppp рождённый; pct of родить, рождать, and рожать) to give birth. Его жена вчера родила. His wife gave birth yesterday. □ *Мы застали его в чём мать родила. We found him in his birthday suit.