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Rh Alphonse at this hour; he pocketed the bill and buttoned his coat.

But on the way he would call at a police-station, and hand over the bill to a detective, who at a sign from Charles should suddenly advance into the middle of the café where Alphonse was always surrounded by his friends and admirers, and say loudly and distinctly so that all should hear it:

"Monsieur Alphonse, you are charged with forgery."

It was raining in Paris. The day had been foggy, raw, and cold; and well on in the afternoon it had begun to rain. It was not a downpour—the water did not fall from the clouds in regular drops—but the clouds themselves had, as it were, laid themselves down in the streets of Paris and there slowly condensed into water.

No matter how people might seek to shelter themselves, they got wet on all sides. The moisture slid down the back of your neck, laid itself like a wet towel about your knees, penetrated into your boots and far up your trousers.

A few sanguine ladies were standing in the portes cochères, with their skirts tucked up, expecting it to clear; others waited by the hour in the omnibus stations. But most of the stronger sex hurried along under their umbrellas; only a few had been sensible enough to give up the battle, and had turned up their collars, stuck their umbrellas

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Rh under their arms, and their hands in their pockets.

Although it was early in the autumn it was already dusk at five o'clock. A few gas-jets lighted in the narrowest streets, and in a shop here and there, strove to shine out in the thick wet air.

People swarmed as usual in the streets, jostled one another off the pavement, and ruined one another's umbrellas. All the cabs were taken up; they splashed along and bespattered the foot-passengers to the best of their ability, while the asphalte glistened in the dim light with a dense coating of mud.

The cafés were crowded to excess; regular customers went round and scolded, and the waiters ran against each other in their hurry. Ever and anon, amid the confusion, could be heard the sharp little ting of the bell on the buffet; it was la dame du comptoir summoning a waiter, while her calm eyes kept a watch upon the whole café.

A lady sat at the buffet of a large restaurant on the Boulevard Sebastopol. She was widely known for her cleverness and her amiable manners.

She had glossy black hair, which, in spite of the fashion, she wore parted in the middle of her forehead in natural curls. Her eyes were almost black and her mouth full, with a little shadow of a moustache.

Her figure was still very pretty, although, if the truth were known, she had probably passed her thirtieth year; and she had a soft little hand, with

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Rh which she wrote elegant figures in her cash book, and now and then a little note. Madame Virginie could converse with the young dandies who were always hanging about the buffet, and parry their witticisms, while she kept account with the waiters and had her eye upon every corner of the great room.

She was really pretty only from five till seven in the afternoon—that being the time at which Alphonse invariably visited the café. Then her eyes never left him; she got a fresher colour, her mouth was always trembling into a smile, and her movements became somewhat nervous. That was the only time of the day when she was ever known to give a random answer or to make a mistake in the accounts; and the waiters tittered and nudged each other.

For it was generally thought that she had formerly had relations with Alphonse, and some would even have it that she was still his mistress.

She herself best knew how matters stood; but it was impossible to be angry with Monsieur Alphonse. She was well aware that he cared no more for her than for twenty others; that she had lost him—nay, that he had never really been hers. And yet her eyes besought a friendly look, and when he left the café without sending her a confidential greeting, it seemed as though she suddenly faded, and the waiters said to each other: "Look at Madame; she is gray to-night"—

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106 —Over at the windows it was still light enough to read the papers; a couple of young men were amusing themselves with watching the crowds which streamed past. Seen through the great plate-glass windows, the busy forms gliding past one another in the dense, wet, rainy air looked like fish in an aquarium. Farther back in the café, and over the billiard-tables, the gas was lighted. Alphonse was playing with a couple of friends.

He had been to the buffet and greeted Madame Virginie, and she, who had long noticed how Alphonse was growing paler day by day, had—half in jest, half in anxiety—reproached him with his thoughtless life.

Alphonse answered with a poor joke and asked for absinthe.

How she hated those light ladies of the ballet and the opera who enticed Monsieur Alphonse to revel night after night at the gaming-table, or at interminable suppers! How ill he had been looking these last few weeks! He had grown quite thin, and the great gentle eyes had acquired a piercing, restless look. What would she not give to be able to rescue him out of that life that was dragging him down? She glanced in the opposite mirror and thought she had beauty enough left.

Now and then the door opened and a new guest came in, stamped his feet, and shut his wet umbrella. All bowed to Madame Virginie, and almost all said, "What horrible weather!"

title: Page:Tales of two countries.djvu/120


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bridge, John


text:
Page:Tales of two countries.djvu/121

Rh When Charles entered he saluted shortly and took a seat in the corner beside the fireplace.

Alphonse's eyes had indeed become restless. He looked towards the door every time any one came in; and when Charles appeared, a spasm passed over his face and he missed his stroke.

"Monsieur Alphonse is not in the vein to day," said an onlooker.

Soon after a strange gentleman came in. Charles looked up from his paper and nodded slightly; the stranger raised his eyebrows a little and looked at Alphonse.

He dropped his cue on the floor.

"Excuse me, gentlemen, I'm not in the mood for billiards to-day," said he, "permit me to leave off. Waiter, bring me a bottle of seltzer-water and a spoon—I must take my dose of Vichy salts."

"You should not take so much Vichy salts, Monsieur Alphonse, but rather keep to a sensible diet," said the doctor, who sat a little way off playing chess.

Alphonse laughed, and seated himself at the newspaper-table. He seized the Journal Amusant, and began to make merry remarks upon the illustrations. A little circle quickly gathered round him, and he was inexhaustible in racy stories and whimsicalities.

While he rattled on under cover of the others' laughter, he poured out a glass of seltzer-water and took from his pocket a little box on which was written, in large letters, "Vichy Salts."

title: Page:Tales of two countries.djvu/121


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bridgett, Thomas Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bridgman, Charles


text:
Page:Tales of two countries.djvu/122

108 He shook the powder out into the glass and stirred it round with a spoon. There was a little cigar-ash on the floor in front of his chair; he whipped it off with his pocket-handkerchief, and then stretched out his hand for the glass.

At that moment he felt a hand on his arm. Charles had risen and hurried across the room; he now bent down over Alphonse.

Alphonse turned his head towards him so that none but Charles could see his face. At first he let his eyes travel furtively over his old friend's figure; then he looked up, and, gazing straight at Charles, he said half aloud, "Charlie."

It was long since Charles had heard that old pet name. He gazed into the well-known face, and now for the first time saw how it had altered of late. It seemed to him as though he were reading a tragic story about himself.

They remained thus for a second or two, and there glided over Alphonse's features that expression of imploring helplessness which Charles knew so well from the old school-days, when Alphonse came bounding in at the last moment and wanted his composition written.

Have you done with the Journal Amusant? " asked Charles, with a thick utterance.

"Yes; pray take it," answered Alphonse, hurriedly. He reached him the paper, and at the same time got hold of Charles's thumb. He pressed it, and whispered, "Thanks," then—drained the glass.

title: Page:Tales of two countries.djvu/122


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Brierley, Benjamin


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Brierly, Oswald Walters


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bright, Charles Tilston


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Brind, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bristow, Henry William


text:
Author talk:William Channing Arnold

Determination of name
1881 census shows Arthur C. Arnold (b. c.1865), midshipman, and William C. Arnold (b. c.1871), student. 1891 census shows William C. as BA Oxford, which aligns with information given in obituary. — billinghurst  sDrewth  15:25, 24 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Author talk:William Channing Arnold


text:
Page:Tales of two countries.djvu/123

Rh Charles went over to the stranger who sat by the door: "Give me the bill."

"You don't need our assistance, then?"

"No, thanks."

"So much the better," said the stranger, handing Charles a folded blue paper. Then he paid for his coffee and went.—

—Madame Virginie rose with a little shriek: "Alphonse! Oh, my God! Monsieur Alphonse is ill."

He slipped off his chair; his shoulders went up and his head fell on one side. He remained sitting on the floor, with his back against the chair.

There was a movement among those nearest; the doctor sprang over and knelt beside him. When he looked in Alphonse's face he started a little. He took his hand as if to feel his pulse, and at the same time bent down over the glass which stood on the edge of the table.

With a movement of the arm he gave it a slight push, so that it fell on the floor and was smashed. Then he laid down the dead man's hand and bound a handkerchief round his chin.

Not till then did the others understand what had happened. "Dead? Is he dead, doctor? Monsieur Alphonse dead?"

"Heart disease," answered the doctor.

One came running with water, another with vinegar. Amid laughter and noise, the balls could be heard cannoning on the inner billiard-table.

title: Page:Tales of two countries.djvu/123


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bristowe, John Syer


text:
Page:Tales of two countries.djvu/125

Rh "Let that alone until by-and-by," said the host, softly.

—Leaning against the chimney-piece, Charles looked at the dead man. He slowly tore the folded paper to pieces, while he thought of his friend—

title: Page:Tales of two countries.djvu/125


text:
Page:Alumni Oxoniensis (1715-1886) volume 1.djvu/52

 Ashworth, Arthur Howard, 4s. Philip Howard, of Halifax, arm. , matric. 28 June, 1838, aged 19, B.A. 1842, M.A. 1845, vicar of Nether Wallop, Hants, 1857, minor canon, York Cathedral, 1853, vicar of St. Mary Bishop Hill Junior, York, 1853-7; died 15 Nov., 1874.  Ashworth, Edward Thomas, 1s. Edward, of Exeter, gent. , matric. 17 Oct., 1882, aged 17.  Ashworth, Rev. Francis Gerald Edwardes, 1s. James Gerald Edwardes, of London, gent. , matric. 13 Oct., 1865, aged 19, B.A. Christ Church, 1869, M.A. 1872, assumed additional surname of Ashworth.  Ashworth, George Harry, 1s. George Binns, of Bolton, co. Lancaster, gent. , matric. 16 Jan., 1885, aged 19.  Ashworth, George Wheelhouse, 3s. Philip Harwood, of Halifax, Yorks, gent. , matric. June, 1836, aged 21, B.A. 1840.  [5]

Ashworth, Henry Ashworth, 2s. John Ashworth, of Iffley, Oxon, cler. , matric. 11 Oct., 1873, aged 19, B.A. 1880.  Ashworth, Rev. James Rhodes, 5s. Sutcliffe, of Hulme, near Manchester, gent. , matric. 7 Dec., 1869, aged 19, B.A. 1874, M.A. 1876.  Ashworth, John Ashworth (serv.), 2s. Philip Harwood, of Halifax, pleb. , matric. 13 Oct., 1832, aged 21, B.A. 1836, M.A., 1839, rector of Didcot, 1851.

Ashworth, Rev. John Harvey, s. John, of Halifax, Yorks, arm. , matric. 16 June, 1814, aged 18, B.A. 1819, M.A. 1825.

Ashworth, Michael, s. Michael, of Newcastle, Northumberland, gent. , matric. 29 March, 1777, aged 16, B.A., 1772, of Lincoln's Inn 1778.
 [10]

Ashworth, Percy Macaulay, 4s. Richard Johnson Daventry, of Eccles, co. Lancaster, arm. , matric. 13 May, 1829, aged 18, B.A. 1833, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 18 Nov., 1843, died 11 Nov., 1844.

Ashworth, Philip, s. John, of Battle, Yorks, gent. , matric. 17 July, 1789, aged 19.

Ashworth, Philip Arthur, 1s. John Ashworth, of Didcot, Berks, cler. , matric. 23 May, 1872, aged 18, B.A., 1875, bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, 11 May, 1881. See Foster's .

Ashworth, Philip Sidney, 1s. Philip Howard, of Elland, Yorks, gent. , matric. 7 April, 1838, aged 28, B.A. 1841, M.A. 1845.

Ashworth, Richard Whitfield, 1s. Richard Johnson Daventry, of Eccles, co. Lancaster, arm. , matric. 5 Feb., 1823, aged 19.
 [15]

Askew, Adam, s. Adam, of Kendal, Westmorland, gent. , matric. 24 March, 1742-3, aged 19, B.A. 1746, M.A. 1750, as Ayscough, rector of Plumbland, Cumberland; died 23 Feb., 1791. See Foster's Lancashire Collections.

Askew, David Hugh Watson, 1s. Watson, of Edinburgh, arm. , matric. 27 May, 1882, aged 18, B.A. 1885.

Askew, George Watson, 1s. Christopher, of Kendal, Westmoreland, gent. , matric. 9 June, 1819, aged 19.

Askew, John, s. William, of Broughton, co. Lancaster, pleb. , matric. 16 March, 1748-9, aged 19, B.A. 1752.

Askew, Rev. John (Watson), s. John, of Pallinsburn, Northumberland, arm. , matric. 16 March, 1793, aged 19; B.A. 1796, fellow, M.A. 1799, died unmarried 17 Nov., 1810. See Foster's Lancashire Collections.
 [20]

Askew, Joseph, o.s. Joseph, of St. Bees, Cumberland, gent. , matric. 11 March, 1819, aged 15, B.A. 1823, M.A. 1827.

Askew, Watson, 1s. Christopher Crackenthorpe, of Portsmouth, Hants, arm. , matric. 20 Oct., 1852, aged 18; of Pallinsburn, Northumberland.

Askey, Rev. Herbert, 2s. William, of Louth, co. Lincoln, gent. , matric. 17 Oct., 1874, aged 17.

Askwith, George Ranken, 2s. William Harrison, of Waltham Abbey, Essex, arm. , matric. 22 Oct., 1880, aged 19, B.A. 1884, M.A. 1887, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 17 Nov., 1886.

Aslachsen, Oscar, 2s. Ellif, of Hull, Yorks, gent. , matric. 21 Oct., 1871, aged 18, B.A., 1879, M.A. 1880, vicar of Cornworth. Devon, 1886.
 [25]

Aspinall, George Edward, o.s. Edward, of South Owram, near Halifax, Yorks, gent. , matric. 9 Feb., 1864, aged 21, B.A. 1868, M.A. 1872, vicar of East Hardwick, 1877.

Aspinall, James, s. John Bridge, of Liverpool, co. Lancaster, arm. , matric. 24 Oct., 1816, aged 21, B.A. 1820, M.A. 1823.

Aspinall, John, s. John, of Manchester, co. Lancaster, arm. , matric. 10 Nov., 1798, aged 19.

Aspinall, Rev. Noel Lake, 1s. Clarke of Bebington, Cheshire, arm. , matric. 16 Oct., 1880, aged 19, B.A. 1884.

Aspinwall, Edward, s. Henry, of St. Pancras, Middlesex, arm. , matric. 6 June, 1807, aged 19.
 [30]

Aspinwall, William, s. James, of Aston-le-Wall, Northants, cler. , matric. 16 April, 1795, aged 18, B.A. 1800.

Aspland, Sydney, 1s. Algernon Sydney, of Lower Clapton, Middlesex, gent. , matric. 23 May, 1871, aged 21.

Asquith, John, 1s. Joseph, of Bolton, Yorks, gent. , matric. 5 Feb., 1877, aged 49.

Asquith, Herbert Henry, 2s. Joseph Dixon, of Morley, near Ledsham, gent. , matric. 17 Oct., 1870, aged 18; scholar 1870, fellow 1874-82, B.A. 1874, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 28 June, 1876. See Foster's .

Asquith, William Willans, 1s. Joseph Dixon, of Morley, Yorks, gent. , matric. 25 Jan., 1871, aged 19, B.A. 1875, M.A. 1879.
 [35]

Assey, Charles, 1s. John, of Beccles, Suffolk, gent. , matric. 27 Oct., 1819, aged 39.

Asshe, Henry, s. Henry, of Sowton, Devon, arm. , matric. 8 May, 1732, aged 17.

Assheton, Edmund, s. Edmund, of Preston, co. Lancaster, gent. , matric. 1 April, 1732, aged 18; B.A. 1735.

Assheton, Ralph, s. Ralph, of Walton, co. Lancaster, arm. , matric. 11 Aug., 1738, aged 18; of Downham and Cuerdale, died 27 Dec., 1758.

Assheton, Richard, s. Ralph, of Downham, co. Lancaster, arm. , matric. 24 Nov., 1744, aged 17, B.A. 1748, M.A. 1751, B. & D.D. 1782, warden of Manchester, and rector of Middleton; died 6 June, 1800.
 [40]
Assheton, Richard, s. William, of Presteign, Radnor, gent. , matric. 5 March, 1752, aged 18, B.A. 1755, as.

Assheton, Richard (Hulls), s. Richard, of Middleton, co. Lancaster, cler. , matric. 29 Oct., 1777, aged 17, B.A. 1781, M.A. 1785; died s.p. See Foster's Lancashire Collections.

Assheton, Richard Orme, 2s. William, of Brandon, co. Warwick, arm. , matric. 19 May, 1853, aged 17, B.A. 1857, M.A. 1860, rector of Bilton, co. Warwick, 1862.

Assheton, Thomas, s. Thomas, of Bowden, Cheshire, arm. , matric. 3 Feb., 1741-2, aged 16.

Assheton, William, s. Ralph, of Cuerdale, co, Lancaster, arm. , matric. 29 Nov., 1775, aged 17; created M.A. 1779, of Downham and Cuerdale, died 29 Jan., 1833.

Assheton, William, s. William, of Micklegate, Yorks, arm. , matric. 5 April, 1805, aged 17.
 [46] [ 36 ]


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110 "Hush!" some one whispered. "Hush!" was repeated; and the silence spread in wider and wider circles round the corpse, until all was quite still.

"Come and lend a hand," said the doctor.

The dead man was lifted up; they laid him on a sofa in a corner of the room, and the nearest gas jets were put out.

Madame Virginie was still standing up; her face was chalk-white, and she held her little soft hand pressed against her breast. They carried him right past the buffet. The doctor had seized him under the back, so that his waistcoat slipped up and a piece of his fine white shirt appeared.

She followed with her eyes the slender, supple limbs she knew so well, and continued to stare towards the dark corner.

Most of the guests went away in silence. A couple of young men entered noisily from the street; a waiter ran towards them and said a few words. They glanced towards the corner, buttoned their coats, and plunged out again into the fog.

The half-darkened café was soon empty; only some of Alphonse's nearest friends stood in a group and whispered. The doctor was talking with the proprietor, who had now appeared on the scene.

The waiters stole to and fro making great circuits to avoid the dark corner. One of them knelt and gathered up the fragments of the glass on a tray. He did his work as quietly as he could; but for all that it made too much noise.

title: Page:Tales of two countries.djvu/124


text:
Page:Alumni Oxoniensis (1715-1886) volume 1.djvu/47

 Armstrong, Charles, s. Augustine, of Covent Garden, Middlesex, gent. , matric. 7 June, 1729, aged 19.  Armstrong, Rev. Charles, M.A. Dublin (B.A. 1822, M.A. 1832), ad eundem 20 June, 1844.  Armstrong, Rev. Charles Edward, o.s. Charles Edward, of Bombay, East Indies, gent., matric. 30 March, 1827, aged 20, B.A. 1831, M.A. 1833, master of Hemsworth Hospital 1832, until his death 2 April, 1872.  Armstrong, Charles Edward, o.s. Edward, of Broughton, co. Lancaster, gent. , matric. 30 Jan., 1860, aged 20, B.A. 1864, M.A., rector of Stanton Wyville 1871.  Armstrong, Charles Frederick, 2s. John, of Isle of New Providence, West Indies, arm. , matric. 16 Feb., 1829, aged 17.  [5] Armstrong, Charles Frederick, 1s. Charles, of Richmond, Surrey, cler. , matric. 12 June, 1886, aged 18.  Armstrong, Charles William, 3s. John, of Carlisle, Cumberland, gent. , matric. 30 March, 1827, aged 20.  Armstrong, Edward, 2s. John, of Tidenham, co. Gloucester, bishop of Graham's Town. , matric. 28 Jan., 1865, aged 18, B.A. 1869, fellow 1869, M.A. 1871, ''Exeter Coll. Reg.'' 161.

Armstrong, George, 3s. Mark, of Moylough, co. Galway, cler. , matric. 29 Nov., 1849, aged 18.

Armstrong, Henry William Gleed, 2s. William Archibald, of Cheshunt, Herts, cler. , matric. 25 Feb., 1823, aged 18, B.A. 1828, M.A. 1829, vicar of Willesden, Middlesex, 1854-63, of Bierton, Bucks, 1863, until his death 19 June, 1877.
 [10]

Armstrong, Rev. Henry, 2s. Joseph, of West Derby, near Liverpool, gent. , matric. 18 Nov., 1869, aged 21, B.A. 1876, M.A. 1879.

Armstrong, Henry George, 3s. John, of Dublin, cler. , matric. 1 Nov., 1869, aged 18.

Armstrong, James, 2s. Nicholas, of Albury, Surrey, cler. , matric. 22 Oct., 1859, aged 19, B.A. 1863.

Armstrong, James, o.s. James, of Seal, Kent, gent. , matric. 6 Feb., 1882, aged 19.

Armstrong, John, 1s. John, of Priestlands, Hants, arm. , matric. 11 Dec., 1829, aged 19, B.A. 1835, M.A. 1836.
 [15]

Armstrong, John, 1s. John, of Bishop Wearmouth, doctor. , matric. 15 March, 1833, aged 19, B.A. 1836, M.A. 1850, D.D. 1853, then 1st bishop designate of Graham's Town, and until his death 16 May, 1856.

Armstrong, John, 1s. Nicholas, of Albury, cler. , matric. 19 March, 1857, aged 18, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 17 Nov., 1864. See Foster's Men at the Bar.

Armstrong, John, 1s. John, of Exeter, Devon, bishop of Graham's Town. , matric. 23 May, 1861, aged 16.

Armstrong, John Edward, 1s. John, of Nassau, Isle of New Providence, arm. , matric. 28 March, 1820, aged 18, B.A. 1824.

Armstrong, Lawrence McKnight, 4s. John Alexander, of Manchester, gent. , matric. 25 Oct., 1886, aged 17.
 [20]

Armstrong, Mark, s. William, of Mealliffe, Ireland, cler. , matric. 21 Nov. 1812, aged 18, B.A. & M.A. 1821.

Armstrong, Matthew, s. William, of Hagburn, Berks, gent. , matric. 22 Nov., 1775, aged 17, B.A. 1779.

Armstrong, Percy, 4s. John Alexander, of Cheetham, co. Lancaster, gent. , matric. 23 Oct., 1885, aged 19.

Armstrong, Thomas Hugh, 2s. William, of Wingate, co. Durham, arm. , matric. 25 Jan., 1868, aged 18.

Armstrong, Thomas Percy, 1s. Thomas, of Manchester, arm. , matric. 22 Oct., 1880, aged 19, B.A. 1883.
 [25]

Armstrong, Walter, 1s. Walter, of Hawick, co. Roxburgh, gent. , matric. 2 June, 1868, aged 19, B.A. 1873.

Armstrong, William Frederick, 1s. John Hopkins, of Dublin, cler. , matric. 1 Nov., 1866, aged 19, B.A. 1871, chaplain in India.

Armstrong, Sir William George, C.B., created D.C.L. 21 June, 1870, and LL.D. Cambridge, 1862, created Baron Armstrong of Cragside, Northumberland, 6 July, 1887, inventor of the Armstrong guns, formerly a practising solicitor, knighted 23 Feb., 1859, C.B. 25 March, 1859, president British Association 1863, vice-president Institute of Civil Engineers.

Armytage, Francis Reginald, 4s. George, of London, bart. , matric. 21 Oct. 1867, aged 18, B.A. 1873, M.A. 1874, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 7 June, 1873. See Foster's Baronetage.

Armytage, Sir George, of Kirklees, Yorkshire, bart., created D.C.L. 5 July, 1793. See Foster's Baronetage.
 [30]

Armytage, Sir George, bart., 1s. John, of Bathwick, near Bath, bart. , matric. 1 March, 1837, aged 17, 5th baronet. See Foster's Baronetage.

Armytage, John, s. George, of Kirklees, Yorks, bart. , matric. 23 Oct. 1810, aged 18; died in his father's lifetime, 24 May, 1837.

Arnald, Thomas, s. Thomas, of Somerton, Somerset, gent. , matric. 25 Feb., 1720-1, aged 20, B.A. 1724, as.

Arnall, Harry Thompson. , 1883. See.

Arnaud, Henry Bruce, 1s. Elias, of Liverpool, co. Lancaster, arm. , matric. 27 May, 1847, aged 18; B.A. 1852, M.A. 1865, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 17 Nov., 1854, of Padbury Lodge, Bucks, and Lew Brampton, Berks. See Foster's .
 [35]
Arne, Thomas Augustine, created Mus. Doc. 6 July, 1759, the celebrated musical composer, and brother of Mrs. Susanna Cibber; died in London 5 March, 1778.

Arney, Edward Francis, s. William, of Close, of Sarum, Wilts, arm. , matric. 10 Oct., 1817, aged 18, B.A. 1821, M.A. 1824, vicar of Monmouth, 1849, until his death, 25 April, 1875.

Arney, Frederick Edward, 3s. William, of Salisbury, arm. , matric. 1 March, 1820, aged 17, B.A. 1824.

Arney, George Alfred, 6s. William, of Salisbury (city), arm. , matric. 28 June, 1827, aged 17, B.A. 1832, of Lincoln's Inn, 10 July, 1829.

Arnold, Arthur Claude, 2s. Frederick, of Paris, cler. , matric. 19 Jan., 1885, aged 20.
 [40]

Arnold, Charles, s. Charles, of St. Andrews, London, arm. , matric. 14 May, 1801, aged 17, B.A. 1805, M.A. 1810.

Arnold, Charles Comber, o.s. Alfred, of Cambridge, arm. , matric. 15 Oct., 1875, aged 19, B.A. 1879, M.A. 1882, bar-at-law, Inner Temple, 26 Jan., 1880. See Foster's .

Arnold, Rev. Charles Thomas, 1s. Richard Aldous, of Ellough, Suffolk, cler. , matric. 10 May, 1836, aged 18, B.A. 1840, M.A. 1843, assistant-master Rugby school, 1841; died 13 May, 1878.

Arnold, Charles Thomas, 2s. Thomas Kirchever, of Lyndon, Rutland, cler. , matric. 6 Feb., 1852, aged 18, exhibitioner,1854, B.A. 1856, M.A. 1863.

Arnold, Edmund, s. William, of Cheltenham, co. Gloucester, gent.,, matric. 18 Feb., 1726-7, aged 19, B.C.L., 1737.
 [45] [ 31 ]


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text:
Page:Alumni Oxoniensis (1715-1886) volume 1.djvu/48

 Arnold, Edward Gladwin, 1s. of William F., of Missenden, Bucks, arm. , matric. 9 Feb., 1843, aged 19, B.A. 1847, M.A. 1869; of Little Missenden Abbey, Bucks, rector of Gt. Massingham, 1872, until his death 12 June, 1887.  Arnold, Edward Augustus, o.s. Edward Penrose, of Truro, Cornwall, cler. , matric. 17 Oct., 1876, aged 19, B.A, Hertford Coll. 1880, of Inner Temple 29 Jan., 1879.  Arnold, Edward Penrose, 3s. Thomas, of Rugby, co. Warwick, D.D., matric. 14 March, 1845, aged 18; B.A. 1848, M.A. and fellow 1851, assistant-inspector of schools, died 6 April, 1878.  Arnold, Edwin, 3s. Robert Coles, of Gravesend, Kent, arm. , matric. 12 March, 1850, aged 18, B.A. 1854, M.A. 1856.  Arnold, Ernest Penrose, 2s. Charles Thomas, of Heidelburg, cler. , matric. 28 Jan., 1867, aged 19, B.A. 1874, M.A. 1877.  [5] Arnold, Francis Sorell, 4s. Thomas, of Dublin, arm. , matric. 31 May, 1879, aged 19, junior student 1879-84, B.A. 1883, B.Med. 1887.  Arnold, Rev. Frederick, 1s. Frederick, of Cheltenham, co. Gloucester, cler. , matric. 24 Jan., 1856, aged 23, B.A. 1860, author of various works, sometime editor of the Literary Gazette.  Arnold, Frederick Montagu, M.A., Cambridge (B.A. 1848, M.A. 1852), ad eundem, 10 Oct., 1859, rector of Ringsfield, Suffolk, 1881.

Arnold, George, s. Lumley, of St. Anne's (sic), arm. , matric. 4 May, 1771, aged 19.

Arnold, George, s. George, of London, arm. , matric. 2 May, 1803, aged 19, B.A. 1805, M.A. 1808.
 [10]

Arnold, George Benjamin, 2s. George, of Petworth, Sussex, gent. , matric. 13 March, 1855, aged 22, Mus. Bac. 15 March, 1855, Mus. Doc. 23 March, 1861.

Arnold, Rev. George Moss Brock-, 2s. Thomas, of Liverpool, M.D., matric. 8 March, 1875, aged 28, B.A. 1878, M.A. 1880.

Arnold, Henry, s. Samuel, of St. Margaret's, Westminster, cler. , matric. 14 March, 1732-3, aged 19.

Arnold, Henry, s. Henry, of Ilsington, Dorset, gent. , matric. 29 March, 1739, aged 17, B.A. 1742, M.A. 1745, B. & D.D. 1761.

Arnold, Henry, s. Robert, of Bishop's Waltham, Hants, pleb. , matric. 20 Oct., 1777, aged 18, B.A. 1781, M.A. 1786.
 [15]

Arnold, Rev. Henry Edgeworth Bicknell, 1s. Charles Maddock, of Clapham, Surrey, cler. , matric. 23 May, 1872, aged 18, B.A. 1876, M.A. 1879.

Arnold, Hugh Oakeley. , 1874. See.

Arnold, James, tonsor; privilegiatus 28 July, 1726.

Arnold, James Henry, s. Henry, of Wells, doctor. , matric. 13 July, 1775, aged 16, B.C.L. 1782, D.C.L. 1787.

Arnold, James William, D.D.,, Cambridge (B.A. , 1816, M.A. 1819, D.D. St. John's, 1843), ad eundem 21 April, 1853.
 [20]

Arnold, John, s. John, of Cheltenham, co. Gloucester, pleb. , matric. 9 Feb., 1742-3, aged 16, B.A. 1746, M.A. 1749.

Arnold, John, s. Thomas, of Gloucester (city), pleb. , matric. 29 Oct., 1750, aged 19.

Arnold, John, s. George, of Halsted, Kent, arm. , matric. 1 May, 1806, aged 17, of Lincoln's Inn, 23 Jan., 1805.

Arnold, Jonathan, missionary in New England, M.A. by diploma, 8 March, 1735-6. ''Cat. Grads.''

Arnold, Kerchever William, 1s. Thomas Kerchever, of Lyndon, Rutland, cler. , matric. 14 March, 1850, aged 19, B.A. 1855, curate of Topcliffe, Yorks.
 [25]

Arnold, Lumley, s. George, of London, arm. , matric. 7 Nov., 1739, aged 16.

Arnold, Matthew, s. William, of Isle of Wight, arm. , matric. 26 Feb., 1803, aged 17, B.A., 1807, M.A. 1811, B.D. 1818.

Arnold, Matthew, 1s. Thomas, of Laleham, Middlesex, D.D., matric. 28 Nov., 1840, aged 17, B.A. 1844, fellow, M.A. 1853, created D.C.L. 21 June, 1870, professor of poetry, 1857-67.

Arnold, Richard, s. Richard, of Reigate, Surrey, gent. , matric. 20 Nov., 1721, aged 17.

Arnold, Richard, s. Richard, of St. Clement's, London, gent. , matric. 15 April, 1730, aged 16, B.A. 17 Jan., 1733-4.
 [30]
Arnold, Richard Aldous, s. Aldous Charles, of Lowestoft, Suffolk, arm. , matric. 24 May, 1811, aged 18, B.A. 1816, rector of Ellough, Suffolk, 1830, until his death, 29 April, 1877.

Arnold, Richard Penrose, o.s. Matthew, of London, arm. , matric. 20 Oct., 1874, aged 18.

Arnold, Richard Stedman, 2s. Frederick, of Cheltenham, cler. , matric. 3 June, 1874, aged 39, B.A. 1879, M.A. 1881, rector of Grafton Flyford, co. Worcester, 1882.

Arnold, Samuel, s. Thomas, of Westminster, pleb,, matric. 28 June, 1773, aged 33, Mus. Bac. & Mus. Doc. 5 July, 1773, organist Westminster Abbey; buried there Oct, 1802.

Arnold, Samuel, bookseller; privilegiatus 23 Nov., 1778.
 [35]
Arnold, Sturton, s. Sturton, of Middlesex, gent. , matric. 7 July, 1732, aged 17.

Arnold, Theodore Percy, 2s. Thomas, of Hobart Town, Tasmania, arm. , matric. 18 Oct., 1872, aged 17, B.A. 1878.

Arnold, Thomas. B.A., 1724. See.

Arnold, Thomas. s. William, of West Cowes, Isle of Wight, gent. , matric. 22 Feb. 1811, aged 15; B.A. 1814, fellow 1815, M.A. 1817, B. & D.D. 1828, regius prof. of modern history 1841-2, the celebrated headmaster of Rugby school, died 12 June, 1842, father of Matthew and William Delafield Arnold, whom see.

Arnold, Thomas, 2s. Thomas, of Laleham, Middlesex, D.D., matric. 26 Feb., 1842, aged 18, B.A. 1845, M.A. 1865, of Lincoln's Inn, 25 April, 1846.
 [40]

Arnold, Thomas Kerchever, 1s. Charles Thomas, of Wimbledon, Surrey, gent. , matric. 19 Oct., 1883, aged 18.

Arnold, William, s. John, of Malmesbury, Wilts, pleb. , matric. 5 July, 1726, aged 18.

Arnold, William, 1s. Henry, of Bathwick, Somerset, gent. , matric. 2 Dec. 1852, aged 18, B.A. 1856, M.A. 1859, vicar of Itton, 1871-4, and of Chepstow, 1874-84.

Arnold, William Delafield, 4s. Thomas, of Laleham, Middlesex, doctor. , matric. 4 June, 1846, aged 18, assistant-commissioner in the Punjaub, director of public instruction, 1856; died 9 April, 1859, brother of Matthew Arnold, whom see.

Arnold, William James, s. William, of Grenada, West Indies, arm. , matric. 29 June, 1813, aged 20.
 [45]

Arnold, William Thomas, 1s. Thomas, of Tasmania, arm. , matric. 14 Oct., 1871, aged 19, scholar 1872, B.A. 1876, M.A. 1879.

Arnott, Arthur Philip, 1s. James, of Edinburgh, arm. , matric. 15 Oct., 1856, aged 18, B.A. 1856, M.A. 1863.

Arnott, Charles William, 1s. Charles, of Eling, Hants, arm. , matric. 9 March, 1825, aged 18, B.A. 1828.

Arnott, Samuel, s. Thomas, of, Surrey, gent. , matric. 1 July, 1805, aged 18, B.A. 1809, M.A. 1813.
 [ 32 ]


text: Tales of Two Countries/Two Friends

title: Tales of Two Countries/Two Friends


text:
User talk:98.169.254.39

JeepdaySock (AKA, Jeepday) 15:13, 24 December 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:98.169.254.39


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Broadhead, William


text:
Two Friends

 * Two Friends, by Alexander Kielland:
 * Two Friends, translated by William Archer
 * Two Friends, translated by Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen

title: Two Friends


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Broome, Frederick Napier


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Brown, Ford Madox


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Brown, George (1818-1880)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Brown, Hugh Stowell


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Brown, John (1780-1859)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Brown, John (1816-1896)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Brown, Robert (1842-1895)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Brown, Thomas Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Browne, Edward Harold


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Browne, John (1823-1886)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Browne, Thomas Gore


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Brown-Séquard, Charles Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bruce, Alexander Balmain


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bruce, George Wyndham Hamilton Knight-


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bruce, Henry Austin


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bruce, John Collingwood


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nugent, Nicholas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nugent, Richard (d.1460?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nugent, Richard (d.1538?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Brunlees, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nugent, Richard (1583-1642)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nugent, Richard (d.1684)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nugent, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nugent, Thomas (d.1715)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nugent, Thomas (1656-1752)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nugent, Thomas (1700?-1772)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nugent, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Buckle, Claude Henry Mason


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nunn, Marianne


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nunna


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nunneley, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nuthall, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nutt, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nuttall, Josiah


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nuttall, Thomas (1786-1859)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nuttall, Thomas (1828-1890)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nuttall, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bufton, Eleanor


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nutter, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nutting, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nye, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nye, Nathaniel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nye, Philip


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nye, Stephen


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bullen, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Burgess, John Bagnold


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Burgess, Joseph Tom


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Burgon, John William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Burke, John Bernard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Burke, Ulick Ralph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Burn, John Southerden


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bute, Marquis of


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Butler, George (1819-1890)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Butler, William John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Butt, Charles Parker


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Butterfield, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/By, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Caird, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Caird, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cairns, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Calderon, Philip Hermogenes


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Calderwood, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Caldicott, Alfred James


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Wright

'''WRIGHT. I.''' A central county of Minnesota, bounded N. E. by the Mississippi and S. E. by Crow river and its S. fork; area, 708 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 9,457; in 1875, 13,775. The surface is undulating and diversified by prairies, forests, and numerous small lakes. The St. Paul and Pacific railroad traverses it. The chief productions in 1870 were 134,095 bushels of wheat, 69,572 of Indian corn, 97,282 of oats, 51,748 of potatoes, 115,675 lbs. of butter, 6,964 of wool, and 6,961 tons of bay. There were 1,082 horses, 2,050 milch cows, 3,987 other cattle, 2,612 sheep, and 2,946 swine. Capital, Buffalo. II. A N. central county of Iowa, intersected by the Boone and Iowa rivers; area, 625 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 2,392. The surface is generally undulating and the soil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 72,558 bushels of wheat, 85,284 of Indian corn, 55,859 of oats, 8,852 of potatoes, 63,354 lbs. of butter, and 8,053 tons of hay. There were 947 horses, 998 milch cows, 1,454 other cattle, 785 sheep, and 1,229 swine. Capital, Clarion. III. A S. county of Missouri, drained by the Gasconade river and the head streams of White river; area, about 650 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 4,508, of whom 26 were colored. The surface is moderately hilly and the soil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 wore 42,316 bushels of wheat, 247,735 of Indian corn, 29,286 of oats, 13,109 of potatoes, 36,799 lbs. of butter, 11,726 of wool, and 37,551 of tobacco. There were 1,931 horses, 1,528 milch cows, 4,065 other cattle, 6,647 sheep, and 14,874 swine. Capital, Hartville.

title: The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Wright


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Caldwell, James Lillyman


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Caldwell, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Callaway, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cameron, Duncan Alexander


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cameron, Verney Lovett


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Campbell, Alexander (1822-1892)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Campbell, George (1824-1892)


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/482

 the importance of the office (confined as it was to the highest class) must have been immense; there was no audit, no written law, no executive council. The popular assembly was ill-organized and probably summoned by the archons themselves. The only control came from the Areopagus which elected them and would generally be favourably disposed, and from the fact that the military and civil powers were not vested in the same hands. Although the institution of the popular courts by Solon had within it the germ of democratic supremacy, it is clear that the immediate result was small; thus, in the next decade anarchia was continuous and Damasias held the archonship for more than two years in defiance of the new constitution; the prolonged dissension in this matter shows that the office of archon still retained its supreme importance. Gradually, however, the archonship lost its power, especially in judicial matters, until it retained merely the right of holding the preliminary investigation and the formal direction of the popular courts. Its administrative powers, save those wielded by the polemarch (see below and cf. ), dwindled away into matters of routine. We know that Peisistratus ruled by controlling the archonship, which was always held by members of his family, and the archonship of Isagoras was clearly an important party victory; we know further the names of three important men who held the office between Cleisthenes’ reform and the Persian War (Hipparchus, (q.v.), Aristides) from which we infer that the office was still the prize of party competition. On the other hand, after 487 the list of archons contains no name of importance. Presumably this is due to the growing importance of the Strategus and to the institution of sortition (see below), which, whether as cause or effect, is presumably by the 5th century indicative of diminished importance. There can, on these assumptions, be no doubt that, from the early years of the 5th century, the archonship was of practically no importance. Furthermore we find that (probably after the Persian War) the office is thrown open to the second class, and finally in 457 we meet an archon, Mnesitheides, of the third, or Zeugite, class. Plutarch (Aristides, 22) says that after the great struggle of the Persian War Aristides threw open the office to all the citizens. But in fact the members of the fourth class were not formally admitted even in the 4th century (though by a fiction they were allowed to pose for the time as Zeugites). Furthermore it is not till 457 that even a Zeugite archon is known, according to the Constitution of Athens (c. 26), which dates the change as five years after the death of Ephialtes and does not connect it with Aristides.

Sortition.—The next question constitutes perhaps the most important problem in Greek political development. At what date was election by lot, or sortition, introduced for the archonship? From the Constitution of Athens (c. 22) we gather that from the fall of the Tyranny to 487 the archons were , not  (i.e. chosen by vote, not by lot), and that in 487, limited sortition was introduced, whereby fifty candidates were elected by each tribe, and from these the archons and their “secretary” were chosen by lot. But against this must be set the statement by the same authority that this double method was part of the Solonian reform. The solution of the dilemma is a matter of inference. Three indications favour the former view: (1) the “anarchia” which occurred so often between Solon and Peisistratus shows that the office was at that time a question of party (i.e. elective); (2) the statement that Solon invented sortition for the office is put as the basis of a comparison ( ) and, therefore, may fairly be regarded as a hypothesis; (3) there is no indication that the change made in 487 was a return to an obsolete method, and on the same argument it is odd that Solon’s alleged system should not have been revived at the end of the Tyranny. On the other hand Herodotus (vi. 109) states that, in 490, before the battle of Marathon, the polemarch was chosen by lot. If this be true, it follows that the office of polemarch must have lost its military importance, which was not the case, inasmuch as the polemarch at Marathon gave the casting vote in favour of immediate battle. Whether, therefore, Solon or Aristides was the first to introduce sortition, it is perfectly clear that the lot was not used between the Tyranny and 487 and that after 487 the lot was always used (see J. E. Sandys, Constitution of Athens c. 8 note 1, c. 22 § 5, note); in fact, at a date not known the mixed system of Aristides gave place to double sortition, in which the first nomination also was by lot. To enter here into the theory of the lot is impossible. It should, however, be observed that in the somewhat material atmosphere of constitutional Athens the religious significance of the lot had vanished; no important office in the 5th and 4th centuries was entrusted to its decision. The real effect of sortition was to equalize the chances of rich and poor without civil strife. Now it is perfectly clear that it could not have been this object which impelled Solon to introduce sortition; for in his time the archonship was not open to the lower classes, and, therefore, election was more democratic than sortition, whereas later the case was reversed. It should further be mentioned that, before the discovery of the Aristotelian Constitution in 1891, Grote, C. F. Hermann, Busolt and others had maintained that the lot was not used in Athens before the time of Cleisthenes; and in spite of the treatise, it must be admitted that there is no satisfactory evidence, historical or inferential, that their theory was unsound.

Qualifications and Functions.—It remains to give a brief analysis of the qualifications and functions of the archons after the year 487 After election (in the time of Aristotle in the month Anthesterion; in the 3rd century in Munychion) a short time had to elapse before entering on office to allow of the dokimasia (examination of fitness). In this the whole life of the nominee was investigated, and each had to prove that he was physically without flaw. Failure to pass the scrutiny involved a certain loss of civic rights (e.g. that of addressing the people). The successful candidate had to take an oath to the people (that he would not take bribes, &c.) and to go through certain preliminary rites. Any citizen could bring an impeachment (eisangelia) against the archons. Any delinquency involved a trial before the Heliaea. Finally an examination took place at the end of the year of office, when each archon had to answer for his actions with person and possessions; till then he could not leave the country, be adopted into another family, dispose of his property, nor receive any “crown of honour.” A similar investigation took place with regard to the assessors (paredri) whom the three senior archons chose to assist them. The archons at the end of their year of office (some say on entering upon office) became members of the Areopagus, which was, therefore, a body composed of ex-archons of tried probity and wisdom. The archons as a body retained some duties such as the appointment of jurymen, the sortition of the athlothetae, &c. (but see Gilbert’s Antiquities, Eng. trans., p. 251, n. 1). On entering upon office the archon (archon eponymus) made proclamation by his herald that he would not interfere with private property. His official residence was the Prytaneum where he presided over all questions of family, e.g. the protection of parents against children and vice versa, protection of widows, wardship of heiresses and orphans, divorce; in religious matters he superintended the Dionysia, the Thargelia, the processions in honour of Zeus the Saviour and Asclepius. The archon basileus superintended the holy places, the mysteries, the Lampadephoria (Torch race), &c., questions of national religion and certain cases of bloodguiltiness. His official residence was the Stoa Basileios, and his wife, as officially representing the wife of Dionysus, was called Basilinna. The polemarch, who was at any rate titular commander down to about 487 (see above; and Herod, vi. 109,  ), became in the 5th century a sort of consul who watched over the rights of resident aliens (metoeci) in their family and legal affairs. He offered sacrifices to Artemis Agrotera and Enyalios, superintended epitaphia and arranged for the annual honours paid to the tyrannicides. His official residence was the Epilyceum (formerly called the Polemarcheion).

.—G. Gilbert, Constitutional Antiquities (Eng. trans., 1895); Eduard Meyer’s Geschichte des Alterthums, ii. sect. 228; A. H. J. Greenidge, Handbook of Greek Constitutional Hist. (1895); J. W. Headlam, Election by Lot in Athens (Camb., 1891); and authorities quoted under : History, ancient, and : History.

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/482


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Campbell, George Douglas


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archon

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archon


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Campbell, James Dykes


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Capern, Edward


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Wright, Elizur

WRIGHT, Elizur, an American abolitionist, born in South Canaan, Litchfield co., Conn., Feb. 12, 1804. He graduated at Yale college in 1826, and for two years was a teacher at Groton, Mass. From 1829 to 1833 he was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in Western Reserve college, Hudson, Ohio. He removed to New York in 1833, and was for five years secretary of the American anti-slavery society, editing in 1834-'5 a paper called “Human Rights,” and in 1835-'8 the “Quarterly Anti-Slavery Magazine.” He removed to Boston in 1838, and in April, 1839, became editor of the “Massachusetts Abolitionist.” In 1846 he established the “Chronotype” newspaper, which he conducted till it was merged in the “Commonwealth” (1850), of which also he was for a time the editor. From 1858 to 1866 he was insurance commissioner of Massachusetts. Mr. Wright has published a translation in verse of La Fontaine's “Fables” (2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1841), “A Curiosity of Law” (1866), and many pamphlets and reports.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Carlingford, Baron


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Carpenter, Alfred John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Carpenter, Philip Herbert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Carrodus, John Tiplady


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Carroll, Lewis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Casey, John


text:
Translation:Epistles of Wisdom

The Epistles of Wisdom The Rasā'il al-Ḥikma

Epistle 1

Copy of the edict that appeared in the mosques about the occultation of Our Lord, the Iman al-Hakim.

Dated from Qa'da 411 (February 16 to March 18, 1021), this piece was written a few days after the disappearance of al-Hakim, 27 Sawwal 411 (February 13 1021). The author presents his writing as an “edict” (sigill) of the "occultation" (gayba) or temporary withdrawal of the Iman until his triumphant return. Accordance with the Shi-ite doctrine of gabya, the disappearance of the Iman is attributed to the hostility and the blindness of men. Despite the countless material and spiritual blessings which were brought by al-Hakim, most of them refused his wisdom and devoted themselves to their passions. Disappointed and angry, he turned away from them and evaded their eyes. But in leaving, gives them one last chance to repent before his imminent return. For this piece, the collection of the Rasā'il al-Ḥikma opens an enigma. Indeed, at first glance the content seems to be in clear breach of the Druze doctrine. There is no explicit reference to the divinity of al-Hakim, which appears rather often in the features of a Shia Iman, bearing the title of “Amir al-Mu'minin”, “Wali Allah” and “Huggat Allah”. As Iman is a qualification that the Druze reserve for the personality of Hamza ibn Ali - his name is followed by a eulogy of “salam Allahu 'alaihi”, Hamza condemns this practice that is also a particularly serious form of “sirk”. The beginning of the text is a sort of Shi-ite creed, perfectly "orthodox": the “basmala” is listed as ordinary in Islamic, the deity named Allah receives the usual eulogies, just like Muhammad and other prophets.

"In the name of Allah, the Clement, the Merciful. The happy ending happens to the one who wakes up from sleepy dizziness, turns away from the stupidity of the ignorant and testifies to sincere faith, so that by repentance, he hastens to Allah Most High and to his friend (walī), his argument (ḥuğğa) back to men, his vicar (ḫalīfa) on Earth, the guardian (amīn) of its creation, the Commander of the Faithful (amīr almu'minīn). Salvation (al-Fawz) is the perogative of pure and pious men, who do not deny the Day of Resurrection, but sincerely believe in that which is hidden (al-ġayb) and recognize its certainty. They profess that the hour will happen suddenly and do not have any doubts about this, and that Allah does not neglect to reward the righteous. Indeed, adversity strikes the unjust, rebel demons, vicious renegades, despicable liars, traitors, tyrannical, despotic and corrupt men, adversaries and hypocrites, who deny the Day of Resurrection and incur the wrath of God, the lost, Praise be to Allah. The faithful appreciate him with praise that never comes to term, but continues to all eternity. May Allah bless the master of emissaries, Muhammad, who was sent with the Qur'an for all creatures, as a message and warning, through the go-between of his progeny, of the Imams who guide and are guided, noble scribes, witnesses against humans to explain to men the matters on which they wonder and are divided, to lead them to the solemn announcement of the Right Way. Peace of Allah the sublime, the high, be with them till the Day of Resurrection.

Let's get to it. O men, the promises, exhortations and threats which the director of your business, the Imam of your century, the successor of your prophets, the discussion of your creator and his assistant, who will testify against you because of your sins and all that you have committed, you have recieved in the past, containing a warning and a reprimand enough for those who listen, obey and choose to be guided, while the soul struggles against the passions, prefers that which is beyond the earthly world."

But you, despite this, you are swimming in the torrent of ignorance; you sink into the desert wandering and you indulge in the game, until you find yourself confronted with that day that you were threatened of. No! You will know soon! Again: you will know soon! No! If only you knew the certain science of this fact!

You know, all of you, that the apparent hidden grace (zahira wa Batina) that Allah Most High has bequeathed to his friend and Imam on earth, the Commander of the Faithful (peace of Allah be upon him), the Imam of your century accorded them in turn, whether noble or peasant, whether you belong to the elite or vulgar; he made you enjoy his apparent and hidden nature, abundantly and to the measure of possibility, by his favor and generosity, as he saw fit (peace of Allah be upon him), without being stingy in the abundance of his gifts. With this out of kindness on his part, he has let you enjoy what Allah Most High has granted him in his book about you, notably the right to dispose of property you have captured. Moreover, he did not participate with you in the affairs of this world, for abnegation and renunciation in respect of him, you saw his power and strength, for a reason that precedes his wisdom, for he (peace of Allah be with him) is more educated about it. So you own, grace and his favor and the abundance of his gifts, to the equivalent that has been acquired in the past by any of your ancestors. None of communities that succeeded before you in time and earlier ages, nor Emigrants (muhagirun) and Auxiliaries (an-sar), have reached a high power. However, you have not learned this from the Friend of Allah by merit, neither has any action one of you, male or female, would have done. It is rather by kindness and benevolence on your regard, for clemency, for mercy and as an ordeal (ihtibar), as a test for you to find out which of you is doing the best actions, and you know the extent of grace that he lavished on you his age, the excellence of his goodness, makes his supreme benevolence, the greatness of his favor and its benefits, even higher than what your predecessors have received.

title: Translation:Epistles of Wisdom


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cass, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cates, William Leist Readwin


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Caulfield, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cave, Alfred


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cave, Lewis William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cavendish


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cavendish, Ada


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cavendish, Charles (1591-1654)


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The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Wright, Frances

WRIGHT (D'Arusmont), Frances (commonly called ), a Scottish reformer, born in Dundee, Sept. 6, 1795, died in Cincinnati,

Ohio, Dec. 14, 1852. She was left an orphan at the age of nine, and was indoctrinated by her guardian with ideas founded on the philosophy of the French materialists. She travelled in the United States in 1818-'20 and published “Views on Society and Manners in America” (London, 1821). In 1825 she again came to America, and purchased 2,000 acres of land in Tennessee, including part of the present site of Memphis, where she established a colony of emancipated slaves, who were afterward sent to Hayti. In 1833-'6 her lectures upon negro slavery and other social institutions attracted large and enthusiastic audiences, and led to the establishment of what were called “Fanny Wright” societies. Her visits were subsequently extended to the principal cities of the Union, but the enunciation of views similar to those contained in her “Few Days in Athens” met with very decided opposition. About 1838 she married in France M. D'Arusmont, but soon separated from him, and resided in Cincinnati till her death. She published “Altorf,” a tragedy (Philadelphia, 1819); “A Few Days in Athens,” a defence of the philosophy of Epicurus (London, 1822); and “Lectures on Free Inquiry” (New York, 1829; 6th ed., 1836).


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cavendish, William (1808-1891)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cayley, Arthur


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Page:The Holy Bible, containing the Old & New Testament & the Apocrypha.djvu/1037

XIX] thus he said, O my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom! would God I had died for thee, O Absalom, my son, my son!

it was told Joab, Behold, the king weepeth and mourneth for Absalom. And the victory that day was turned into mourning unto all the people: for the people heard say that day how the king was grieved for his son. And the people gat them by stealth that day into the city, as people being ashamed steal away when they flee in battle. But the king covered his face, and the king cried with a loud voice, O my son Absalom, O Absalom, my son, my son! And Joab came into the house to the king, and said, Thou hast shamed this day the faces of all thy servants, which this day have saved thy life, and the lives of thy sons and of thy daughters, and the lives of thy wives, and the lives of thy concubines; in that thou lovest thine enemies, and hatest thy friends. For thou hast declared this day, that thou regardest neither princes nor servants: for this day I perceive, that if Absalom had lived, and all we had died this day, then it had pleased thee well. Now therefore arise, go forth, and speak comfortably unto thy servants: for I swear by the Lord, if thou go not forth, there will not tarry one with thee this night: and that will be worse unto thee than all the evil that befell thee from thy


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cecil, Arthur


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Rh youth until now. Then the king arose, and sat in the gate. And they told unto all the people, saying, Behold, the king doth sit in the gate. And all the people came before the king: for Israel had fled every man to his tent.

And all the people were at strife throughout all the tribes of Israel, saying, The king saved us out of the hand of our enemies, and he delivered us out of the hand of the Philistines; and now he is fled out of the land for Absalom. And Absalom, whom we anointed over us, is dead in battle. Now therefore why speak ye not a word of bringing the king back?

And king David sent to Zadok and to Abiathar the priests, saying. Speak unto the elders of Judah, saying. Why are ye the last to bring the king back to his house? seeing the speech of all Israel is come to the king, even to his house. Ye are my brethren, ye are my bones and my flesh: wherefore then are ye the last to bring back the king? And say ye to Amasa, Art thou not of my bone, and of my flesh? God do so to me, and more also, if thou be not captain of the host before me continually in the room of Joab. And he bowed the heart of all the men of Judah, even as the heart of one man; so that they sent this word unto the king, Return thou, and all thy servants. So the king returned, and came to Jordan. And


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XIX] Judah came to Gilgal, to go to meet the king, to conduct the king over Jordan.

And Shimei the son of Gera, a Benjamite, which was of Bahurim, hasted and came down with the men of Judah to meet king David. And there were a thousand men of Benjamin with him, and Ziba the servant of the house of Saul, and his fifteen sons and his twenty servants with him; and they went over Jordan before the king. And there went over a ferry boat to carry over the king's household, and to do what he thought good. And Shimei the son of Gera fell down before the king, as he was come over Jordan; and said unto the king, Let not my lord impute iniquity unto me, neither do thou remember that which thy servant did perversely the day that my lord the king went out of Jerusalem, that the king should take it to his heart. For thy servant doth know that I have sinned: therefore, behold, I am come the first this day of all the house of Joseph to go down to meet my lord the king. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah answered and said. Shall not Shimei be put to death for this, because he cursed the Lord's anointed? And David said. What have I to do with you, ye sons of Zeruiah, that ye should this day be adversaries unto me? shall there any man be put to death this day in Israel? for do not I know that I am this day king


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Rh over Israel? Therefore the king said unto Shimei, Thou shalt not die. And the king sware unto him.

And Mephibosheth the son of Saul came down to meet the king, and had neither dressed his feet, nor trimmed his beard, nor washed his clothes, from the day the king departed until the day he came again in peace. And it came to pass, when he was come to Jerusalem to meet the king, that the king said unto him, Wherefore wentest not thou with me, Mephibosheth? And he answered, My lord, O king, my servant deceived me: for thy servant said, I will saddle me an ass, that I may ride thereon, and go to the king; because thy servant is lame. And he hath slandered thy servant unto my lord the king; but my lord the king is as an angel of God: do therefore what is good in thine eyes. For all of my father's house were but dead men before my lord the king: yet didst thou set thy servant among them that did eat at thine own table. What right therefore have I yet to cry any more unto the king? And the king said unto him, Why speakest thou any more of thy matters? I have said, Thou and Ziba divide the land. And Mephibosheth said unto the king, Yea, let him take all, forasmuch as my lord the king is come again in peace unto his own house.

And Barzillai the Gileadite came down from Ro-


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Wright, Silas

WRIGHT, Silas, an American statesman, born in Amherst, Mass., May 24, 1795, died in Canton, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., Aug. 27, 1847. He graduated at Middlebury college in 1815, was admitted to the bar in 1819, and settled at Canton. In 1820 he was appointed surrogate. In 1823 he was elected a member of the state senate as a democrat. Early in 1827 he made a report to the senate, in which he developed the financial policy which he subsequently enforced as a political measure while governor. He was elected a member of the twentieth congress, and there advocated the protective tariff of 1828, although subsequently he became an advocate of a tariff for revenue only. He also voted for the appointment of a committee to inquire into the expediency of abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia. He was controller of New York from 1829 to 1833, when he was chosen as the successor of Mr. Marcy for four years in the United States senate, of which he remained a member by reëlection for nearly 12 years. He supported Mr. Clay's compromise bill in 1833; defended President Jackson's removal of the deposits; opposed the recharter of the United States bank; voted against Mr. Calhoun's motion not to receive a petition for abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia, and in favor of excluding from the mails all “printed matter calculated to excite the prejudices of the southern states in regard to the question of slavery;” opposed the distribution among the states of the surplus federal revenues; supported the independent treasury scheme of President Van Buren; voted in 1838 against the resolution offered by Mr. Rives of Virginia, declaring that the citizens

of the states had no right to interfere with the question of slavery in the federal territories, and that the people of those territories had the exclusive right to settle that question for themselves; opposed the bill requiring the states to choose members of congress by single districts; and voted for the tariff of 1842 and against the treaty for the annexation of Texas. In 1844 he was elected governor of New York. He opposed in 1845 the calling of a convention to revise the state constitution, preferring the adoption of amendments then proposed; vetoed a bill appropriating money for works on the canals; and recommended legislation against the anti-renters, and on occasion of disturbances produced by them in Delaware co. in 1845 proclaimed the county to be in a state of insurrection and called out a military force. He was renominated in 1846, but was defeated, and returned to his farm in Canton. He was plain in his speech and habits.


text: Index:Adapting and Writing Language Lessons.pdf


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wright, Carroll Davidson

WRIGHT, Carroll Davidson, American statistician and sociologist: b. Dunbarton, N. H., 28 July 1840; d. Worcester, Mass., 20 Feb. 1909.

After studying law, he enlisted in the 14th New Hampshire volunteers at the outbreak of the Civil War, and in 1864 became its colonel. In 1865, he was admitted to the bar at Keene, N. H., in 1867 began practice at Boston, in 1872-73 was a member of the Massachusetts senate, and in 1873-88 chief of the Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics. He was appointed national commissioner of labor in 1885, and he continued in this office for some time after his election as president of the collegiate department of Clark University (Worcester, Mass.) in 1902. In 1895 he became honorary professor of social economics in the Columbian University (now George Washington), and delivered lectures in numerous institutions. He was chosen president of the American Statistical Association, in 1902 chairman of the section on social and economic science in the American Association for the Advancement of Science and vice-president of the association, and in 1903 president. He was recorder of the commission appointed by the President to arbitrate in connection with the anthracite coal strike in the fall of 1902. In 1906 the order of Saints Maurizio e Lazzaro was conferred upon him by the king of Italy in recognition of his services as political economist. Besides numerous contributions to periodicals, he has published ‘The Industrial Evolution of the United States’ (1895); ‘Outlines of Practical Sociology’ (1899); ‘Some Ethical Phases of the Labor Question’ (1902); ‘Battles of Labor’ (1906); ‘The Apprenticeship System in its Relation to Industrial Education’ (1908). Consult Wadlin, H. G., ‘Carroll Davidson Wright: a Memorial’ (Boston 1911).


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wright, Charles Henry Hamilton

WRIGHT, Charles Henry Hamilton, Irish Anglican clergyman: b. Dublin, 9 March 1836; d. 1909. He was graduated from Trinity College, Dublin, in 1857, was Bampton lecturer at Oxford in 1878, Donnellan lecturer at Dublin 1880, Grinfield lecturer on the Septuagint at Oxford 1893-97, and vicar of Saint John's, Liverpool, 1891-98, examiner in Hebrew at the University of London 1897-99, at the University of Wales 1897-1901, and clerical superintendent of the Protestant Reform Society in 1898-1907. Among his numerous publications are ‘Grammar of Modern Irish’ (1855; ed. 1860); ‘Book of Genesis in Hebrew’ (1859); ‘Bunyan's Works with Notes’ (1866); ‘Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin’ (1874); ‘The One Religion’ (1881); ‘Biblical Essays’ (1885); ‘Roman Catholicism in the Light of Scripture’ (2d ed., 1897); ‘The Intermediate State and Prayers for the Dead’ (1900); ‘Genuine Writings of Saint Patrick with Life’ (1902); ‘ Daniel and his Prophecies’ (1906).


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wright, Elizur

WRIGHT, Elizur, American abolitionist, b. South Canaan, Conn., 12 Feb. 1804; d. Medford, Mass., 21 Nov. 1885. He was graduated at Yale in 1886, was professor of mathematics in Western Reserve College in 1829-33, and became identified with the anti-slavery movement in the last-named year. He then removed to New York, where he edited Human Rights (1834-35), and the Quarterly Anti-Slavery Magazine (1837-38), and was at the same time secretary of the Anti-Slavery Society. Removing to Boston in 1838 he there edited the

Massachusetts Abolitionist, the Daily Chronotype (1845), and The Commonwealth, its successor (1850). He published ‘Savings Banks Life Insurance’ (1872); ‘The Politics and Mysteries of Life Insurance’ (1873), etc., and was (1858-66) insurance commissioner of Massachusetts. He wrote an introduction to Whittier's poems (1844), and published a translation in verse of ‘La Fontaine's Fables’ (1859).


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wright, Carroll Davidson


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Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/483

 ARCHPRIEST (Lat. archipresbyter, Gr.  ), in the Christian Church, originally the title of the chief of the priests in a diocese. The office appears as early as the 4th century as that of the priest who presided over the presbyters of the diocese and assisted the bishop in matters of public worship, much as the archdeacon helped him in administrative affairs. Where, as in Germany, the dioceses were of vast extent, these were divided into several archpresbyterates. Out of these developed the rural deaneries, the office of archpriest being ultimately merged in that of rural dean, with which it became synonymous. It thus became strictly subordinate to the jurisdiction of the archdeacon. In Rome itself, as the office of archdeacon grew into that of cardinal-camerlengo, so that of archpriest of St Peter’s developed into that of the cardinal-vicar. In England from 1598 until the appointment of a vicar-apostolic in 1623 the Roman Catholic clergy were placed by the pope under an “archpriest” as superior of the English mission. In the Lutheran Church in Germany the title archpriest (Erzpriester) was in some cases long retained as the equivalent of that of superintendent, sometimes also still called dean (Dechant), his functions being much the same as those of the rural dean. ARCHYTAS (c. 428–347 ), of Tarentum, Greek philosopher and scientist of the Pythagorean school, famous as the intimate friend of Plato, was the son of Mnesagoras or Histiaeus. Equally distinguished in natural science, philosophy and the administration of civic affairs, he takes a high place among the versatile savants of the ancient Greek world. He was a man of high character and benevolent disposition, a fine flute-player, and a generous master to his slaves, for whose children he invented the rattle. He took a prominent part in state affairs, and, contrary to precedent, was seven times elected commander of the army. Under his leadership, Tarentum fought with unvarying success against the Messapii, Lucania and even Syracuse. After a life of high intellectual achievement and uninterrupted public service, he was drowned (according to a tradition suggested by Horace, Odes, i. 28) on a voyage across the Adriatic, and was buried, as we are told, at Matinum in Apulia. He is described as the eighth leader of the Pythagorean school, and was a pupil (not the teacher, as some have maintained) of Philolaus. In mathematics, he was the first to draw up a methodical treatment of mechanics with the aid of geometry; he first distinguished harmonic progression from arithmetical and geometrical progressions. As a geometer he is classed by Eudemus, the greatest ancient authority, among those who “have enriched the science with original theorems, and given it a really sound arrangement.” He evolved an ingenious solution of the duplication of the cube, which shows considerable knowledge of the generation of cylinders and cones. The theory of proportion, and the study of acoustics and music were considerably advanced by his investigations. He was said to be the inventor of a kind of flying-machine, a wooden pigeon balanced by a weight suspended from a pulley, and set in motion by compressed air escaping from a valve. Fragments of his ethical and metaphysical writings are quoted by Stobaeus, Simplicius and others. To portions of these Aristotle has been supposed to have been indebted for his doctrine of the categories and some of his chief ethical theories. It is, however, certain that these fragments are mainly forgeries, attributable to the eclecticism of the 1st or 2nd century, of which the chief characteristic was a desire to father later doctrines on the old masters. Such fragments as seem to be authentic are of small philosophical value. It is important to notice that Archytas must have been famous as a philosopher, inasmuch as Aristotle wrote a special treatise (not extant) On the Philosophy of Archytas. Some positive idea of his speculations may be derived from two of his observations: the one in which he notices that the parts of animals and plants are in general rounded in form, and the other dealing with the sense of hearing, which, in virtue of its limited receptivity, he compares with vessels, which when filled can hold no more. Two important principles are illustrated by these thoughts, (1) that there is no absolute distinction between the organic and the inorganic, and (2) that the argument from final causes is no explanation of phenomena. Archytas may be quoted as an example of Plato’s perfect ruler, the philosopher-king, who combines practical sagacity with high character and philosophic insight.

ARCIS-SUR-AUBE, a town of eastern France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Aube, on the left bank of the Aube, 23 m. N. of Troyes on the Eastern railway to Châlons-sur-Marne. Pop. (1906) 2803. Fires in 1719, 1727 and 1814 destroyed the ancient buildings, and it is now a town built in modern style with wide and regular streets. A château of the 18th century occupies the site of an older one in which Diana of Poitiers, mistress of Henry II., resided. The only other building of interest is the church, which dates from the 15th century. In front of it there is a statue of Danton, a native of the town. Arcis-sur-Aube has a tribunal of first instance. Its industries include important hosiery manufactures, and it carries on trade in grain and coal. The town communicates with Paris by means of the Aube, which becomes navigable at this point.

A battle was fought here on the 20th and 21st of March 1814 between Napoleon and the Austro-Russian army under Schwarzenberg (see ). ARCOLA, a village of northern Italy, 16 m. E.S.E. of Verona, on the Alpone stream, near its confluence with the Adige below Verona. The village gives its name to the three days’ battle of Arcola (15th, 16th and 17th of November 1796), in which the French, under General Napoleon Bonaparte, defeated the Austrians commanded by Allvintzy (see ). ARCOS DE LA FRONTERA, a town of southern Spain, in the province of Cadiz; on the right bank of the river Guadalete, which flows past Santa Maria into the Bay of Cadiz. Pop. (1900) 13,926. The town occupies a ridge of sandstone, washed on three sides by the river, and commanding fine views of the lofty peak of San Cristobál, on the east, and the fertile Guadalete valley, celebrated in ancient Spanish ballads for its horses. At the highest point of the ridge is a Gothic church with a fine gateway, and a modern tower overlooking the town. The fame of its ten bells dates from the wars between Spaniards and Moors in which “Arcos of the Frontier” received its name. After its capture by Alphonso the Wise of Castile (1252–1284), the town was a Christian stronghold on the borders of Moorish territory. Another church contains several Moorish banners, taken in 1483 at the battle of Záhara, a neighbouring village. The ruined citadel, the theatre, and the palace of the dukes of Arcos are the only other noteworthy buildings. Roman remains have been found in the vicinity, and the ridge of Arcos is honeycombed with rock-hewn chambers, said to be ancient cave-dwellings.

ARCOSOLIUM (from Lat. arcus, arch, and solium, a sarcophagus), an architectural term applied to an arched recess used as a burial place in a (q.v.). ARCOT, the name of a city and two districts of British India in the presidency of Madras. Arcot city is the principal town in the district of North Arcot. It occupies a very prominent place in the history of the British conquest of India, but it has now lost its manufactures and trade and preserves only a few mosques and tombs as traces of its former grandeur. It is a station on the line of railway from Madras to Beypur, but has ceased to be

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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archpriest

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archpriest


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archytas

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archytas


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arcis-sur-Aube


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wright, Charles Barstow


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arcos de la Frontera


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wright, Chauncey


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wright, Elizur


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wright, Fanny


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cellier, Alfred


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cennick, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chadwick, Edwin


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chaffers, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chambers, Robert (1832-1888)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chambers, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Champaign, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chandler, Henry William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chandler, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chapleau, Joseph Adolphe


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chapman, Frederic


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chapman, Frederick Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chapman, John (1822-1894)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chappell, William (1809-1888)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chard, John Rouse Merriott


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Charles, Elizabeth


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chaundler, Thomas


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80 market at Bordeaux, should resume her voyage, and make for Amsterdam or the Mediterranean, she became fair prize. Something has been already said upon the character of Lord Howick's order, and on the subsequent debate in Parliament, when, February 4, Spencer Perceval attacked the Whig ministry for not carrying the principle of retaliation far enough. Two objects were to be gained, said Perceval from the opposition bench: the first and greatest was to counteract the enemy's measures and protect English trade; the second was to distress France. Howick's order neither did nor could effect either object; and Perceval called for a measure which should shut out colonial produce from France and Spain altogether, unless it came from England and had paid a duty at a British custom-house to enhance the price. If Lord Howick's principle of retaliation was good for anything, Perceval contended it was good to this extent; and as for neutrals, there was no necessity for consulting them,—all they could reasonably expect was a notice.

The Whigs naturally replied to Perceval that before further punishing America for the acts of France, America should be allowed time to assert her own rights. This suggestion called out Lord Castlereagh, who frequently spoke the truth in ways inconvenient to his colleagues and amusing to his enemies. In this instance he admitted and even accented a point


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chesney, George Tomkyns


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1807. which became afterward the strongest part of the American argument. He ridiculed the idea of waiting for America to act, because notoriously the Berlin Decree had not been enforced against American commerce:—

"This is one ground why we should look upon America with jealousy. It is an aggravation that she has, by a secret understanding with the French government, contrived to take her shipping out of the operation of the decree, that was at first general, and placed herself in a situation of connivance with the French government."

A few weeks afterward Perceval and Castlereagh took office. One of their first acts set on foot a parliamentary inquiry into the state of West Indian commerce. The report of this committee, presented to the House July 27, was ordered to be printed August 8. August 10 the House voted to take it into consideration early in the next session; and four days afterward Parliament was prorogued, leaving ministers to deal at their leisure with the "Chesapeake" affair, the Danish fleet, and Napoleon's attempts to exclude English manufactures and commerce from Europe.

Napoleon's Berlin Decree of Nov. 21, 1806, had remained till then almost a dead letter. The underwriters at Lloyds, alarmed at first by the seizures made under that decree, recovered courage between April and August, 1807, so far as to insure at low rates neutral vessels bound to Holland and Hamburg. This commerce attracted Napoleon's notice.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cheyne, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Chichester, Henry Manners


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82 August 19 he threatened his brother Louis, King of Holland, to send thirty thousand troops into his kingdom if the ports were not shut; August 24 he sent positive orders that his decree of Berlin should be executed in Holland; and in the last days of August news reached London that a general seizure of neutral vessels had taken place at Amsterdam. From that moment no ship could obtain insurance, and trade with the Continent ceased. Soon afterward the American ship "Horizon" was condemned by the French courts under the Berlin Decree, and no one could longer doubt that the favor hitherto extended to American commerce had also ceased.

These dates were important, because upon them hung the popular defence of Perceval's subsequent Orders in Council. No argument in favor of these orders carried so much weight in England as the assertion that America had acquiesced in Napoleon's Berlin Decree. The President had in fact submitted to the announcement of Napoleon's blockade, as he had submitted to Sir William Scott's decisions, Lord Howick's Order in Council, the blockade of New York, and the custom of impressment, without effectual protest; but the Berlin Decree was not enforced against American commerce until about Sept. 1, 1807,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley


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Lawrence melæ.' 12. 'Vita Sanctæ Brigidæ.' In prose; it is printed in the Bollandists' ' Acta Sanctorum.' Feb. i. 172-85, from a manuscript at Salamanca. This version is imperfect, the full text is given in Laud. MS. Misc. 668, and Balliol College 226. The poems 'De Cuthberto Episcopo,' 'De Confessoribus,' 'De Virginibus,' 'De Sacramentis,' are contained in the ninth book of the 'Hypognosticon' (Harl. MS. 3202, ff. 108-12; Raise, up. 66-7l). Bale adds a work which he calls 'Ad Hathewisiam,' but of this nothing seems to be known. The sermons 'De Christi Adventu,' 'De Christi Natali,' 'De Assumptione Marice,' which are sometimes ascribed to Lawrence of Durham, really belong to Lawrence of Westminster [q. v.], who was a monk at Durham under our writer, and accompanied him part of the way on his journey to Rome in 1163. Leland and others have confused the two Lawrences.

 LAWRENCE (d. 1175), abbot of Westminster, who has been confused with Lawrence (d. 1164) [q. v.], prior of Durham, seems to have been of Norman birth (Tanner). According to Matthew Paris he was educated, and for many years resident, at St. Albans (Vit. S. Alb. Abb. ed. 1640, np. 65, 79, 82, 90). He may be identical with the Lawrence who was archdeacon of Durham in 1153, and who accompanied his namesake, the prior of Durham, to France in that year. Tanner suggests that at a later date he became a monk of St. Albans. Henry II noticed him favourably, and on the deprivation of Gervase, abbot of Westminster (about 1159), recommended him for election to the vacant office (cf., Annates, ed. Riley, Rolls Ser. ii. 801). He was elected by the universal suffrage of the monks, and fulfilled the expectations formed of him. Under Gervase's rule the monastery had become wretchedly impoverished, and he had even sold the vestments and stripped the abbot's house bare. Lawrence obtained money from the king for the repair of the monastic buildings and for the rebuilding of the chief offices lately burnt down. Henry II also restored the abbey estates in Gloucestershire and Worcestershire, which had been seized by his predecessor. The abbot's funds still being inadequate to meet the requirements, he borrowed horses, furniture, vestments, &c, to the value of two hundred marks from Gorham, abbot of St. Albans (, Gesta Abb. Mon. Sancti Albani, Rolls Ser. i. 133). In 1162, when a synod of bishops met in St. Katherine's Chapel, Westminster Abbey, to settle a dispute between the Bishop of Lincoln and the convent of St. Albans, Lawrence presided, and opened the proceedings by a speech defending the privileges of the monks. The case was decided in the monks' favour in March 1163 (ib. i. 139 sq., 150). A quarrel between Lawrence and Abbot Gorham is said to have followed owing to Lawrence's retention of a manor at Aldenham belonging to St. Albans (ib. i. 112, 134), and to the readiness with which he entered on litigation with that convent (cf. ib. i. 112, 134). At one time he seems to have protected Alquinus, prior of St. Albans, in a quarrel with his abbot, and he subsequently made Alquinus prior of Westminster (ib. i. 108). But he was summoned to give Gorham extreme unction on his deathbed (23 Oct. 1166). Lawrence was successful in obtaining the canonisation of Edward the Confessor from the pope. When on 13 Oct. 1163 the new saint's body was transferred to the shrine prepared for it by Henry II, the abbot drew the famous ring, reported to have been given to Edward in a vision by St. John the Evangelist, off the saint's finger, and solemnly presented it to the church; from the robes in which the body was wrapped he had three copes made. On the same day Lawrence presented a new 'Life' of the confessor to Henry II. Paris says that the abbot had undertaken to write it by the king's request, but there is no trace of any such work by him, and the 'Life' referred to is no doubt that one written by Lawrence's friend Ailred or Ethelred [q. v.], abbot of Rievaulx (cf. Gesta Abb. mon. St. Albani, ed. Riley, i. 159;, Polychron. ed. Lumby, vii. 226). Lawrence stood high in the favour of the pope, Alexander III, whose election he supported (, Materials for Hist. of Thomas à Becket, Rolls Ser. v. 19), and procured from him the right for himself and his successors of wearing the mitre, ring, and gloves; but the bull granting these dignities arrived after his death, and it therefore fell to the lot of his successor to be the first mitred abbot. A letter which he wrote on behalf of Foliot, bishop of London, to the pope is extant in the 'Epistolæ Thornæ à Becket' (Bonn, 1682, p. 548; cf., Materials, vi. 221). Lawrence died 11 April 1175, and was buried in the south cloister of Westminster Abbey. His tomb was misplaced in the rebuilding of the cloisters, and


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 the name of Vitalis has been incorrectly placed on his grave. Widmore, in his 'History of Westminster Abbey.' gives his epitaph, which says that

Sporley (MSS. Cott. Claud. A. viii. f. 44) says an image in marble was placed on his tomb. A statue of him is on the new north front of the abbey.

A pension of six marks was set aside for his anniversary. All writers unite in praise of his learning and abilities. That he was chosen a judge in various causes, and was a favourite with long, pope, and archbishop, is a sufficient testimony to his worth, fits, Bale, and Flete (in the manuscript history of the abbey) give long lists of his writings, but many of those are the work of his namesake of Durham. Some homilies intended for different seasons of the year and for the various festivals of the church, about a hundred in all, extant in the library of Balliol College, Oxford, are undoubtedly by the abbot (, Catalog. Codicum MSS. i. 70, Balliol 223, ff. 255, sec. xii.)

 LAWRENCE, ANDREW (1708–1747), engraver, known in France as, was born in College Court, Westminster, in 1708. He was a natural son of Andrew Lawrence, apothecary to Queen Anne. While yet a child he showed a marked aptitude for art, and was placed under the tuition of Mons. Regnier, a drawing-master and printseller in Newport Street, Soho. He appears to have been a youth of ability, for besides painting in oil and drawing in crayons, he soon acquired a good knowledge of Latin, French, Italian, and German, and became proficient in music, especially on the violin and flute, and in every branch of science which could be of advantage to an artist. The death of his father placed him in possession of an ample fortune, but unfortunately he fell under the influence of one Riario, who induced him to experiment on the transmutation of the baser metals into gold. He soon lost his fortune, and left England a ruined man. He went first to Bologna, and thence to Paris, where he studied engraving under Philippe Le Bas, who employed him to etch plates for the scanty remuneration of thirty sous, or fifteenpence, a day. His etchings are executed with great taste, and among them are the 'Halte d'Officiers,' 'Les Sangliers forcés,' and 'Halte de Cavalerie' after Wouwerman, 'Le Soir' after Berchem, and 'Le Courrier de Flandres' after Both, which were finished, but not always improved, by Le Bas. He afterwards worked for Arthur Pond, the portrait-painter and engraver, and etched plates which were completed by Jean Auaran. One of these was 'La Moisson' after Wouwerman. He executed thirty-five works in all, of which 'Saul consulting the Witch of Endor,' after Salvator Rosa, was wholly engraved by him. He likewise etched 'Les Adieux' after Wouwerman, 'La Conversation.' 'L'Hiver,' and 'Le Joueur de Quilles' after Teniers, and also after Wouwerman 'The Death of the Staff.' which was finished by Thomas Major, who left in manuscript a memoir of Lawrence, written in 1785.

Lawrence died in Paris on 8 July 1747, and was buried in a timber-yard outside the Porte St.-Antoine, then the usual place of interment for heretics. Nagler (Künstler-Lexicon, vii. 334) and Le Blanc (Manuel de l'Amateur d'Estampes, ii. 605) are wrong in ascribing to this engraver 'La Bénédicité,' after Greuze, and some other plates, which are the work of Pierre Laurent.

 LAWRENCE, CHARLES (d. 1760), governor of Nova Scotia, was appointed ensign in Colonel Edward Montague's foot (afterwards 11th Devon regiment) in 1727, and in 1741 was promoted to captain-lieutenant in Houghton's foot (then raising as the 54th, since the 46th foot, and now 1st Derby). He became captain in the regiment in 1742, and major in 1747. In some Irish lists of the period the name of Stringer Lawrence [q. v.] is wrongly inserted in his stead. He accompanied the 45th to Nova Scotia; was appointed a member of council on 19 Oct. 1749, and the year after commanded a small expedition to Chinecto, which built Fort Lawrence at the head of the bay of Fundy. Lawrence's journal of the expedition is in British Museum Addit. MS. 32821, f. 345. Parkman (Montcalm and Wolfe, vol. i.) relates Lawrence's subsequent troubles with the unhappy Acadians in much detail. He succeeded General Hopson in the government of the colony in 1753,


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Lawrence was appointed lieutenant-governor in 1754, and governor in 1766. He commanded the reserve in Lord Loudon's operations in 1757, became a brigadier-general 3 Dec. 1757, and commanded a brigade at the siege of Louisburg, Cape Breton. Lawrence died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 17 Oct. 1760, from a chill taken when heated with dancing at a ball. There is a public monument to him in St. Paul's Church, Halifax.

 LAWRENCE, CHARLES (1794–1881), agriculturist, born on 21 March 1794, was the son of William Lawrence (1758–1837), an old-established surgeon of Cirencester, Gloucestershire. His mother was Judith, second daughter of William Wood of Tetbury, Gloucestershire. Sir William Lawrence [q. v.] the surgeon was his eldest brother. In 1812 he attended lectures of Dr. Hugh on chemistry, and was from an early age interested in the applications of the science in agriculture. For more than half a century he was a prominent figure among scientific agriculturists. He owned for many years a farm adjoining that of the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester (which he had taken a leading part in founding and organising between 1842 and 1845), and here ne conducted many valuable experiments, which led to the introduction of numerous improvements in agricultural machinery. Many visitors, among others Liebig, came at various times to inspect the farm. His endeavour was always to discover how the greatest fertility in land could be secured together with the greatest economy in working expenses. His farm was always open for the inspection of students of the Agricultural College. He was much beloved on account of his benevolence at Cirencester, where he died 5 July 1881.

Lawrence married, 26 May 1818, Lydia, youngest daughter of Devereux Bowly of Chesterton House, Cirencester, by whom he had a son and three daughters.

In the 'Transactions of the Royal Agricultural Society' are several papers by Lawrence. Some of the titles are: 'On Diminishing the Quantity of Roots used in Fattening Cattle.' xv. 488; on 'The Relative Value of Cattle-box Manure and Farmyard Manure.' xviii. 368; on 'Pulping Roots for Cattle Food.' xx. 453; on the 'Management of Clover Layers, the proper distance for Drilling Wheat, and the Ravages of Insects in Pines.' xxii. 447; on the 'Cultivation of Carrots and Cabbages for the Feeding of Stock.' xxiv. 216; on 'Swedes, Mangold, and the Steam Plough.' xxv. 248; 'On the Royal Agricultural College of Cirencester.' 2nd ser. i. 1; and on 'Kohl Rabi.' 2nd ser. i. 219. Besides these essays he published: 1. 'Practical Directions for the Cultivation of Cottage Gardens.' 1831. 2. 'A Letter on Agricultural Education addressed to a Youth who has resolved on Farming as his Future Occupation.' 1851. 3. In 1860 he issued a tract to his labourers full of sound practical advice, 'On the Economy of Food.' 4. Lawrence's best work is his 'Handy Book for Young Farmers.' 1859, in the form of a monthly calendar, with notes and observations. It abounds in sensible hints and economical suggestions, showing a mind well stored with orderly and practical information on the subjects of which it treats.

 LAWRENCE or LAURENCE, EDWARD (1623–1695), nonconformist minister, son of William Laurence, was born in 1623 at Moston in Shropshire. He was educated first in the school at Whitchurch in the same county, and thence was admitted as a sizar of Magdalene College, Cambridge, 8 June 1644, matriculated in 1645, proceeded B.A. in 1647-8, and M.A. in 1654. In his college days he 'was studious, a promoter of serious godliness among the young scholars; and was so noted also for his parts and learning, that we would have made him a fellow' (1st letter appended to, Perfect man, p. 22). After preaching for some little time, 'and with much acceptance' (ib, p. 22), in 1648 he was made vicar of Baschurch in Shropshire, near his native place. Though he had offers of preferment (, Christ's Power, dedication), he remained there till 1662, when he was ejected by the Act of Uniformity. At that time he had a wife and several children, and when asked how he intended to support them, his usual reply was that they must all live on Matthew vi. After his ejection he resided with a gentleman in the parish of Baschurch till March 1666, when the Five Miles Act necessitated his removal, and he settled at Tilstock, a village in Whitchurch parish in the same county (2nd letter,, Perfect Man, p. 23). In February 1667–8 he and his friend Philip Henry [q. v.] were invited to Betley in Staffordshire, where they ventured