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 Starting at Ilino-brdo to the north of Klobuk, the line descends to the Trebinjcica towards Grancarevo, which remains to Herzegovina, then ascends the course of that river up to a point 1 kilom. below its confluence with the Cepelica, and from thence passes by the most direct line on to the heights which border the River Trebinjcica. It then proceeds in the direction of Pilatova, leaving that village to Montenegro, and continues along the heights in a northerly direction, maintaining as far as possible a distance of 6 kilom, from the Bilek-Korito-Gacko road, up to the 'col' between the Somina Planina and Mount Curilo, whence it proceeds in an easterly direction by Vratkovici, leaving this village to Herzegovina, up to Mount Orline. Starting from this point the frontier, leaving Ravno to Montenegro, goes straight to the north-north-east, crossing the summits of the Lebersnik and of the Volujak, then descends by the shortest line on to the River Piva, which it crosses, and rejoins the river Tara, passing between Crkvica and Nedvina. From this point it ascends the Tara to Mojkovac, from which place it passes along the crest of the ridge as far as Siskojezero. Leaving this point, it coincides with the former frontier as far as the village of Sekulare. From there the new frontier passes along the crests of the Mokra Planina, the village of Mokra remaining to Montenegro; it then reaches the point 2166 on the Austrian Staff Map, following the principal chain and the line of the watershed between the Lim on the one side, and the Drin as well as the Cievna (Zem) on the other.

It then coincides with the existing boundaries between the tribe of the Kuci-Drekalovici on one side, and the Kucka-Krajna, as well as the tribes of the Klementi and Grudi, on the other, to the plain of Podgorica, from whence it proceeds towards Plavnica, leaving the Klementi, Grudi, and Hoti tribes to Albania. Thence the new frontier crosses the lake near the Islet of Gorica-Topal, and, from Gorica-Topal, takes a straight line to the top of the crest, whence it follows the watershed between Megured and Kalimed, leaving Mrkovic to Montenegro, and reaching the Adriatic at V. Kruci.

On the north-west the frontier will be formed by a line


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Gillon, Edward Thomas

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Department of State distribution note

title: Department of State distribution note


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Gilmore, George


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Gisborne, Hon. William


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Glasgow, His Excellency the Right Hon. David (Boyle), Earl of


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frederick, Archduke of Austria

FREDERICK, (1856-), Austro-Hungarian field-marshal, was born at Gross-Seelowitz, Moravia, June 4 1856. Like most of the princes of the ruling house he adopted a military career, and served creditably for many years as commandant of the V. (Pressburg) Corps. Subsequently commander-in-chief of the Austrian Landwehr and army inspector, he became, after the murder of the heir to the throne, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, inspector-general at the head of the common Austro-Hungarian army. Archduke Frederick was possessed of a considerable fortune, and was one of the greatest landowners in the monarchy; the Albertina Collection was among his inherited possessions. In the World War he was—from the dynastic point of view—as grandson of the victor of Aspern, Archduke Charles, and as nephew of the victor of Custozza, Archduke Albert, the predestined head of the armed forces of Austria-Hungary. He thought it his duty to accept this heavy responsibility, but, modestly estimating his own powers, left the actual exercise of the command to his chief-of-staff, Conrad von Hötzendorf. In the performance of ceremonial duties, and as mediator for the settlement of the conflicting demands of the military, civil and allied elements, his services were undeniable. In the spring of 1917 Emperor Charles himself took over the supreme command; the Archduke, although the Emperor's representative, no longer appeared in the foreground. He married, in 1878, Princess Isabella of Croy-Dülmen, and of this marriage there were eight daughters and one son, who served as an officer in the World War.


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Glass, Hugh


text: Index:Unknown to Harry Hopkins - NARA - 194877


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Glyde, Hon. Lavington


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/381

1536.] Queen, and caught by Norris, roused Henry's jealousy; and that his after-conduct was the result of a momentary anger. The incidents of the preceding week are a sufficient reply to this romantic story. The mine was already laid, the match was ready for the fire.

The King did not return: he passed the night in London, and Anne remained at Greenwich. On the morning of Tuesday the privy council assembled in the palace under the presidency of the Duke of Norfolk, and she was summoned to appear before it. The Duke of Norfolk, her uncle, was anxious, as Burnet insinuates, on political grounds that his niece should be made away with. Such accusations are easily brought, especially when unsupported by evidence. She was unpopular from her manner. The London merchants looked on her with no favour as having caused a breach in the alliance with Flanders, and the duke was an Imperialist and at heart a friend of Queen Catherine; but he had grown old in the service of the State with an unblemished reputation; and he felt too keenly the disgrace which Anne's conduct had brought upon her family, to have contrived a scheme for her removal at once so awkward and so ignominious.


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362 On her examination, she declared herself innocent; the details of what passed are unknown; only she told Sir William Kingston that she was cruelly handled at Greenwich with the King's council; 'and that the Duke of Norfolk, in answer to her defence, had said, 'Tut, tut, tut,' shaking his head three or four times.' The other prisoners were then examined; not Brereton, it would seem, but Smeton, who must have been brought down from the Tower, and Sir Henry Norris, and Sir Francis Weston, two young courtiers, who had both of them been the trusted friends of the King. Each day the shadow was stretching further. The worst was yet to come.

On being first questioned, these three made general admissions, but denied resolutely that any actual offence had been committed. On being pressed further and cross-examined, Smeton confessed to actual adultery. Morris hesitated: being pressed, however, by Sir William Fitzwilliam to speak the truth, he also made a similar acknowledgment, although he afterwards withdrew from what he had said. Weston persisted in


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1536.] himself innocent. The result was unsatisfactory, and it was thought that it would 'much touch the King's honour' if the guilt of the accused was not proved more clearly. 'Only Mark,' Sir Edward Baynton said, would confess 'of any actual thing;' although he had no doubt 'the other two' were 'as fully culpable as ever was he.' They were, however, for the present, recommitted to the Tower; whither also in the afternoon the council conducted the Queen, and left her in the custody of Sir William Kingston.

She was brought up the river; the same river along which she sailed in splendour only three short years before. She landed at the same Tower Stairs; and, as if to complete the misery of the change, she was taken 'to her own lodgings in which she lay at her coronation.' She had feared that she was to go to a dungeon. When Kingston told her that these rooms had been prepared for her, 'It is too good for me,' she said, 'Jesu have mercy on me;' 'and kneeled down, weeping a great space; and in the same sorrow fell into a great laughing.' She then begged that she might have the sacrament in the closet by her chamber, that she might pray for mercy, declaring 'that she was free from the company of man as for sin,' and was 'the King's true wedded wife.'

She was aware that the other prisoners were in the Tower, or, at least, that Smeton, Weston, and Norris


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364 were there. Whether she knew at that time of the further dreadful accusation which was hanging over her, does not appear; but she asked anxiously for her brother; and, if she had suspected anything, her fears must have been confirmed by Kingston's evasive replies. It is so painful to dwell upon the words and actions of a poor woman in her moments of wretchedness, that Kingston may describe his conversation with her in his own words. Lord Rochford had returned to London at liberty; he seems to have been arrested the same Tuesday afternoon. 'I pray you,' she said, 'to tell me where my Lord Rochford is?' 'I told her,' Kingston wrote, that 'I saw him afore dinner, in the court.' 'Oh, where is my sweet brother?' she went on. 'I said I left him at York-place; and so I did.' 'I hear say,' said she, 'that I should be accused with three men; and I can say no more but nay, without I should open my body,'—and therewith she opened her gown, saying, 'Oh, Norris, hast thou accused me? Thou art in the Tower with me, and thou and I shall die together. And, Mark, thou art here too. Oh, my mother, thou wilt die for sorrow.' And much she lamented my Lady of Worcester, for because her child did not stir in her body. And my wife said, 'What should be the cause?' She said, 'For the sorrow she took for me.' And then she said, 'Mr Kingston, shall I die without justice?' And I said, 'The poorest subject the King hath, had justice;' and therewith she laughed.'


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1536.] Lady Boleyn, her aunt, had been sent for, with a Mrs Cousins, and two other ladies, selected by the King. They were ordered to attend upon the Queen, but to observe a strict silence; and to hold no communication with her, except in the presence of Lady Kingston. This regulation, it was found, could not be insisted on. Lady Boleyn and Mrs Cousins slept in the Queen's room, and conversation could not be prevented. Mrs Cousins undertook, on her part, to inform Kingston if anything was said which 'it was meet that he should know.'

In compliance with this promise, she told him, the next morning, that the Queen had been speaking to her about Norris. On the preceding Sunday, she said that Norris had offered to 'swear for the Queen, that she was a good woman.' 'But how,' asked Mrs Cousins, very naturally, 'how came any such things to be spoken of at all?' 'Marry,' the Queen said, 'I bade him do so: for I asked him why he went not through with his marriage; and he made answer, that he would tarry a time. Then, I said, You look for dead men's shoes; for if aught came to the King but good, you would look to have me. And he said, if he should have any such thought, he would his head were off. And then she said she could undo him, if she would.


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fredericq, Paul

FREDERICQ, PAUL (1850-1920), Belgian historian, was born at Ghent, Aug. 12 1850, and was educated at the university of

Liége, where he became professor of history, later (1883) occupying the same position at Ghent. His chief works were Essai sur le rôle politique et social des ducs de Bourgogne dans les Pays-Bas (1875) and Corpus documentorum Inquisitionis hereticae pravitatis Neerlandical (1889-1906, 5 vols.), and many shorter studies, principally on the religious history of the 16th century and the history of the Flemish literature. He was a strong supporter of the Flemish movement, of which he wrote a history, Schets eener Geschiedenis der Vlaamsche Bewegnig (1906-9). On the invasion of Belgium by the Germans he was active in encouraging the patriotic feelings of his countrymen and urging every sort of moral resistance to the enemy, being in consequence deported to Germany (March 16 1916), in company with Prof. H. Pirenne. He was interned successively at Gütersloh, Jena and Bürgel. He returned to Belgium after the Armistice and was appointed rector of Ghent University. His imprisonment, however, had seriously weakened his health, and he died March 23 1920. He was a member of the Academie Royale de Belgique, the Commission Royale d'Histoire and the Academie des Pays-Bas, and his influence on the teaching of history in Belgium was profound. He was converted to Protestantism in his youth, and his tendencies in religion, as in politics, were liberal.

 * (H. P.)


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366 And therewith they fell out.' 'But she said she more feared Weston; for on Whitsun Tuesday last, Weston told her that Norris came more unto her chamber for her than for Mage.' Afterwards, 'The Queen spake of Weston, that she had spoken to him, because he did love her kinswoman, Mrs Skelton, and that she said he loved not his wife; and he made answer to her again, that he loved one in her house better than them both. She asked him who is that? to which he answered, that it is yourself. 'And then,' she said, 'she defied him.''

So passed Wednesday at the Tower. Let us feel our very utmost commiseration for this unhappy woman; if she was guilty, it is the more reason that we should pity her; but I am obliged to say, that conversations of this kind, admitted by herself, disentitle her to plead her character in answer to the charges against her.


text:
Talk:The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Glyde, Hon. Lavington

Actual death was 31 July 1890. The link below is his death notice in the The Argus of 1 August 1890. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/8422622


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1536.] Young men do not speak of love to young and beautiful married women, still less to ladies of so high rank, unless something more than levity has encouraged them; and although to have permitted such language is no proof of guilt, yet it is a proof of the absence of innocence.


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368 your Grace's commandment, I dare not, contrary to the contents of the said letter, presume to come unto your Grace's presence; nevertheless, of my most bounden duty, I can do no less than most humbly to desire your Grace, by your great wisdom, and by the assistance of God's help, somewhat to suppress the deep sorrows of your Grace's heart, and to take all adversities of God's hands both patiently and thankfully. I cannot deny but your Grace hath good cause many ways of lamentable heaviness; and also, that in the wrongful estimation of the world, your Grace's honour of every part is so highly touched (whether the things that commonly be spoken of be true or not), that I remember not that ever Almighty God sent unto your Grace any like occasion to try your Grace's constancy throughout, whether your Highness can be content to take of God's hands as well things displeasant as pleasant. And if He find in your most noble heart such an obedience unto his will, that your Grace, without murmuration and over-much heaviness, do accept all adversities, not less thanking Him than when all things succeed after your Grace's will and pleasure, then I suppose your Grace did never thing more acceptable unto Him since your first governance of this your realm. And moreover, your Grace shall give unto Him occasion to multiply and increase his graces and benefits unto your Highness, as He did unto his most faithful servant Job; unto whom, after his great calamities and heaviness, for his obedient heart, and willing acceptation of God's scourge and rod, addidit Dominus cuncta duplicia. And if it be true that is


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Godley, John Robert


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1536.] openly reported of the Queen's Grace, if men had a right estimation of things, they should not esteem any part of your Grace's honour to be touched thereby; but her honour to be clean disparaged. And I am in such perplexity, that my mind is clean amazed; for I never had better opinion in woman than I had in her; which maketh me to think that she should not be culpable. And again, I think your Highness would not have gone so far, except she had been surely culpable.

'Now I think that your Grace best knoweth that, next unto your Grace, I was most bound unto her of all creatures living. Wherefore, I most humbly beseech your Grace to suffer me in that which both God's law, nature, and also her kindness bindeth me unto: that is, that I may with your Grace's favour wish and pray for her that she may declare herself inculpable and innocent. And if she be found culpable, considering your Grace's goodness to her, and from what condition your Grace of your only mere goodness took her, and set the crown upon her head, I repute him not your Grace's faithful servant and subject, nor true unto the realm, that would not desire the offence without mercy to be punished, to the example of all other. And as I loved her not a little for the love which I judged her to bear towards God and his gospel; so if she be proved culpable, there is not one that loveth God and his gospel, that will ever favour her, but must hate her above all other; and the more they favour the gospel, the more they will hate her; for there never was creature in our time that so much slandered the gospel. And God hath sent her


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Goe, Right Rev. Field Flowers


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Goldsbrough, Richard


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Goldsworthy, Sir Roger Tuckfield


text:
Author:Henri Pirenne

Contributions to EB1922

 * (with Jacques Pirenne)

title: Author:Henri Pirenne


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Goodchap, Hon. Charles Augustus


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370 this punishment for that she feignedly hath professed his gospel in her mouth, and not in heart and deed. And though she hath offended so that she hath deserved never to be reconciled to your Grace's favour, yet Almighty God hath manifoldly declared his goodness towards your Grace, and never offended you. But your Grace, I am sure, acknowledgeth that you have offended Him. Wherefore I trust that your Grace will bear no less entire favour unto the truth of the gospel than you did before; forasmuch as your Grace's favour to the gospel was not led by affection unto her, but by zeal unto the truth. And thus I beseech Almighty God, whose gospel he hath ordained your Grace to be defender of, ever to preserve your Grace from all evil, and give you at the end the promise of his gospel. From Lambeth, the third of May.'

The letter was written; it was not, however, sent upon the instant; and in the course of the morning the Archbishop was requested to meet the Lord Chancellor, Lord Oxford, Lord Sussex, and the Lord Chamberlain, in the Star Chamber. He went, and on his return to Lambeth he added a few words in a postscript. In the interview from which he had at the moment returned, those noblemen, he said, had declared unto him such things as his Grace's pleasure was they should make him privy unto; for the which he was most bouiiden unto his Grace. 'What communications we had together,' he added, 'I doubt not but they will make the true report thereof unto your Grace. I am exceedingly


text: While the Billy Boils/The Man Who Forgot


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frazer, Sir James George

FRAZER, SIR JAMES GEORGE (1854-), British anthropologist, was born at Glasgow, Jan. 1 1854. Educated at Helensburgh, Glasgow University and Trinity College, Cambridge, he was elected fellow of his college in 1879 and was called to the bar. In 1907 he was elected professor of social anthropology at Liverpool. His principal work, The Golden Bough, first published in 1890 (2nd ed. 1900) and reissued with enlargements in 12 vols. under seven titles between 1907 and 1915, was an elaborate study of the Greek cults, their origins and their place in the comparative history of religion. He also published Pausanias and other Greek sketches (1900) and Sir Roger de Coverley and other literary pieces (1920). His views on the connexion between magic and mythology are explained in and ; those on folklore are described in.


text: Author:Morell Mackenzie

title: Author:Morell Mackenzie


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Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/54

 and I dare say some of them big doctors, like Morell McKenzie, would be glad to give a thousand or two to get holt on a case like this.'

'Done,' cried Mitchell, the goat of the shed. 'I'll go halves!―or stay, let's form a syndicate and work the Mystery.'

Some of the rouseabouts laughed, but the joke fell as flat with Tom as any other joke.

"The worst of it is,' said the Mystery himself, in the whine that was natural to him, and with a timid side look up at Tom―'the worst of it is I might be a lord or a duke, and don't know anything about it. I might be a rich man, with a lot of houses and money. I might be a lord.'

The chaps guffawed.

'Wot'yer laughing at?' asked Mitchell. 'I don't see anything unreasonable about it; he might be a lord as far as looks go. I've seen two.'

'Yes,' reflected Tom, ignoring Mitchell, 'there's something in that; but then again, you see, you might be Jack the Ripper. Better let it slide, mate; let the dead past bury its dead. Start fresh with a clean sheet.'

'But I don't even know my name, or whether I'm married or not,' whined the outcast. 'I might have a good wife and little ones.'

'Better keep on forgetting, mate,' Mitchell said, 'and as for a name, that's nothing. I don't know mine, and I've had eight. There's plenty good names knocking round. I knew a man named Jim Smith that died. Take his name, it just suits you, and he ain't likely to call round for it; if he does you can say you was born with it.'


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 So they called him Smith, and soon began to regard him as a harmless lunatic and to take no notice of his eccentricities.

Great interest was taken in the case for a time, and even Mitchell put in his oar and tried all sort of ways to assist the Mystery in his weak, helpless, and almost pitiful endeavours to recollect who he was. A similar case happened to appear in the papers at this time, and the thing caught on to such an extent that The Oracle was moved to impart some advice from his store of wisdom.

'I wouldn't think too much over it if I was you,' said he to Mitchell, 'hundreds of sensible men went mad over that there Tichborne case who didn't have anything to do with it, but just through thinking on it; and you're ratty enough already, Jack. Let it alone and trust me to find out who's Smith just as soon as ever we cut out.'

Meanwhile Smith ate, worked, and slept, and borrowed tobacco and forgot to return it which was made a note of. He talked freely about his case when asked, but if he addressed anyone, it was with the air of the timid but good young man, who is fully aware of the extent and power of this world's wickedness, and stands somewhat in awe of it, but yet would beg you to favour a humble worker in the vineyard by kindly accepting a tract, and passing it on to friends after perusal.

One Saturday morning, about a fortnight before cut-out, The Oracle came late to his stand, and apparently with something on his mind. Smith hadn't turned up, and the next rouseabout was doing


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 his work, to the mutual dissatisfaction of all parties immediately concerned.

'Did you see anything of Smith?' asked Mitchell of The Oracle. 'Seems to have forgot to get up this morning.'

Tom looked disheartened and disappointed.

'He's forgot again,' said he, slowly and impressively.

'Forgot what? We know he's blessed well forgot to come to graft.'

'He's forgot again,' repeated Tom. 'He woke up this morning and wanted to know who he was and where he was,' Comments.

'Better give him best, Oracle,' said Mitchell, presently. 'If he can't find out who he is and where he is, the boss'll soon find it out for him.'

'No,' said Tom, 'when I take a thing in hand I see it through.'

This was also characteristic of the Boss-over-the board, though in another direction. He went down to the hut and enquired for Smith.

'Why ain't you at work?'

'Who am I, sir? Where am I?' whined Smith. 'Can you please tell me who I am and where I am?'

The boss drew a long breath and stared blankly at the Mystery; then he erupted.

'Now, look here!' he howled, 'I don't know who the gory sheol you are, except that you're a gory lunatic, and what's more, I don't care a damn. But I'll soon show you where you are! You can call up at the store and get your cheque, and soon as you blessed well like; and then take a walk, and don't forget to take your lovely swag with you.'


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 whimper escape him. Tom didn't swear, and by that token they guessed how mad he was. 'Twas a rough shed, with a free and lurid vocabulary, but had they all sworn in chorus, with One-Eyed Bogan as lead, it would not have done justice to Tom's feelings and―they realised this.

The Oracle took down his bridle from its peg, and started for the door amid a respectful and sympathetic silence, which was only partly broken once by the voice of Mitchell, which asked in an awed whisper:―

'Going ter ketch yer horse, Tom?'

The Oracle nodded, and passed on; he spake no word―he was too full for words.

Five minutes passed, and then the voice of Mitchell was heard again, uninterrupted by the clatter of tin-ware. It said in impressive tones:―

'It would not be a bad idea for some of you chaps that camp in the bunks along there, to have a look at your things. Scotty's bunk is next to Tom's.'

Scotty shot out of his place as if a snake had hold of his leg, starting a plank in the table and upsetting three soup plates. He reached for his bunk like a drowning man clutching at a plank, and tore out the bedding. Again, Smith hadn't forgot.

Then followed a general overhaul, and it was found that in most cases that Smith had remembered. The pent-up reservoir of blasphemy burst forth.

The Oracle came up with Smith that night at the nearest shanty, and found that he had forgotten again, and in several instances, and was forgetting some more under the influence of rum and of the flattering interest taken in his case by a drunken Bachelor of


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 Arts who happened to be at the pub. Tom came in quietly from the rear, and crooked his finger at the shanty-keeper. They went apart from the rest, and talked together awhile very earnestly. Then they secretly examined Smith's swag, the core of which was composed of Tom's and his mate's valuables.

Then The Oracle stirred up Smith's recollection and departed.

Smith was about again in a couple of weeks. He was damaged somewhat physically, but his memory was no longer impaired.


text: While the Billy Boils/Hungerford

title: While the Billy Boils/Hungerford


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mangin, Charles Marie Emmanuel

MANGIN, CHARLES MARIE EMMANUEL (1866-), French general, was born at Sarrebourg (Meurthe) on July 6 1866. After six months' service in the ranks (with the 77th Inf. Regt.) he entered the École Speciale Militaire Oct. 30 1886 and was appointed a sous-lieutenant on the completion of his two years' course. The following year he went to Senegal and remained there until June 1892. In Oct. 1893 he went to the French Soudan, and spent most of the following six years either in that country or in the Congo (Marchand Mission), being made a captain in 1897. From 1901 to 1904 he was in Tonkin, and in 1905 was made lieutenant-colonel and posted to the 6th Regt. of colonial infantry. From Nov. 1906 to Dec. 1908 he served in W. Africa, returning there for six months in 1910, in which year he was promoted colonel. From Feb. 1912 to July 1913 he served both in W. Africa and Morocco and was made a general of brigade on Aug. 8 1913.

At the outbreak of the World War he was in command of the 8th Inf. Bde., but on Sept. 2 1914 took over the 5th Inf. Division. In June 1916 he was given temporary rank as a general of division and placed at the head of the XI. Army Corps. His temporary rank was made substantive in Oct. of the same year, just before he carried out at Verdun (Oct. 24 1916) the brilliant attack which resulted in the retaking of Fort Douaumont. On Dec. 19 1916 he assumed command of the VI. Army. This command formed part of the group of armies under Gen. Michelet which was designated to carry out the offensive on the Aisne in the spring of 1917. Extravagant hopes of decisive victory were

cherished by his Government and the generalissimo Nivelle. Victory indeed was won, but it was a Pyrrhic victory. Mangin, involved in the bitter controversy which followed the disappointment, was made one of the scapegoats and deprived of his command. Later, however, he was exonerated from blame by a commission of inquiry and placed by M. Clemenceau at the head of the X. Army. While commanding this army he carried out, in July 1918 and in conjunction with General Degoutte, the great counter-offensive on the enemy's right flank which resulted in the first of the final series of Allied victories. He was given the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour on July 6 1919, and was made a member of the Superior War Council in Jan. 1920. In 1921 he was sent on a special mission to South America.

The incorporation of African troops in the French army on a large scale, both before and especially during the war, was the result chiefly of Mangin's persistent advocacy of the idea, which had many opponents. His conception of a “plus grande France,” based on political autonomy and military obligation for all parts of the French Empire, is put forward in the concluding chapters of his work Comment finit la Guerre (1920), which in spite of its title is really a masterly review of the whole war.


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 two gallons of water, and a quart of white wine; put them over a fire to simmer gently for a considerable time, till the sliced fruit become soft; then pour off the liquid part to other peaches that have been so treated and bruised, but not heated; let them stand twelve hours; stirring them sometimes, and then pour out the liquid part, press what remains through a fine hair bag, and put them together into a cask to ferment; then add a pound and an half of loaf sugar to each gallon; boil well an ounce of cloves in a quart of white wine, and add to it, which will give it a curious flavour.

Wine of apricots may be made with only bruising, and pouring the hot liquor on, not requiring so much sweetening, by reason they are of a more dulcid or luscious quality; to give it a singular flavour, boil an ounce of mace, and half an ounce of nutmeg, in a quart of white wine; and when the wine is on the ferment, pour the liquid part in hot, and hang a bunch of fresh burrage, well-flowered, into the cask, by a string at the bung, for three days; draw it off, and keep it in bottles, which are most proper to preserve these sort of wines.

They are moderately warming and restorative, very good in consumptions, to create an appetite, and recover decayed and wasting bodies; they loosen the hardness of the belly, and give ease to pains of the stomach.

To make Quince Wine.

Gather the quinces when pretty ripe, on a dry day, rub off the down with a clean linen cloth, and


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 and lay them in hay or straw for ten days to sweat; cut them in quarters, take out the core, bruise them well in a mashing-tub with a wooden beetle, and squeeze out the liquid part, by pressing them in a hair bag gradually in a cyder press; strain this liquor through a fine sieve, warm it gently over a fire, and scum it, but do not let it boil; sprinkle into it loaf sugar reduced to powder, then a gallon of water, and a quart of white wine, and boil a dozen or fourteen large quinces thinly sliced; add two pounds of fine sugar; then strain out the liquid part, and mingle it with the natural juice of the quinces, put it into a cask not to fill it, and shake them well together; let it stand to settle; put in juice of clary half a pint to five or six gallons, and mix it with a little flour and white of eggs; then draw it off, and if it be not sweet enough, add more sugar, and a quart of a pound of stoned raisins of the sun, and a quarter of an ounce of cinnamon, in a quart of the liquor, to the consumption of a third part, and straining the liquor, put it into the cask when the wine is upon the ferment.

This wine is a good pectoral, cooling and refreshing the vital parts; it is good, moderately taken, in all hot diseases; allays the flushing of the face, and St. Anthony's fire; take away inflammations, and is very beneficial in breakings out, blotches, biles, or sores.

To make Birch Wine.

This being a liquor but little known, we shall be


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Manchuria

MANCHURIA (see ). By the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth, which concluded the Russo-Japanese War (Sept. 5 1905), both the signatory Powers agreed to evacuate Manchuria and to restore China's unfettered administration throughout its three provinces, with the exception of the Liaotung peninsula, the lease of which was transferred, with China's subsequent consent, to Japan. Russia also ceded to Japan the southern section of the Manchurian railway, from Dalny to Changchun (514 m.), retaining the section from Changchun northwards to Harbin. The sovereignty of China and the “open door” were expressly recognized by this treaty.

With a view to the development of commerce and industry, which Russia and Japan had pledged themselves not to obstruct, the Chinese Government proceeded in 1908 to enlist the support of British and American capital for the construction of railways in Manchuria. After prolonged negotiations, a preliminary contract was signed, in Oct. 1909, for the construction of a trunk line from Chinchou to Aigun; but, in the meanwhile, Russia and Japan had come to a definite understanding for the protection and advancement of their respective “special interests” in northern and southern Manchuria. The American State Department's proposals for the “neutralization” of the Manchurian railways (Nov. 1909) brought Russia and Japan more closely together, and on July 4 1910 an agreement was concluded between them, which in its operation materially infringed China's sovereign rights in Manchuria and Mongolia, and violated the principle of the “open door.” A joint protest against the conclusion of the Chinchou-Aigun railway agreement was addressed to the Chinese Government by the Russian and Japanese ministers at Peking, and the project, like that of the British loan agreement for a line from Hsinmintun to Fakumen, was subsequently abandoned. Later in 1910 an agreement concluded by the “Four Nations” Consortium, to finance the development of Manchuria, was blocked by Russia and Japan until their participation therein had been conceded, under conditions which secured to them continuance of their privileged position.

As early as Dec. 1905, the claims advanced by the Japanese Government, in negotiating at Peking the treaty wherein China perforce concurred in the arrangements of the Portsmouth Treaty, had given evidence of an intention not only to insist upon the reversion of all the undefined rights, privileges and concessions formerly held by Russia in South Manchuria, but also to extend the limits of Japan's “sphere of influence” in that region. By this treaty, concluded with China in Dec. 1905, Japan obtained, inter alia, the right to build and finance a railway from Mukden to Antung on the Korean frontier, and to undertake the construction of lines from Hsinmintun to Mukden and from Changchun to Kirin. By the beginning of 1911, the “peaceful penetration” of Manchuria and Mongolia was proceeding steadily and under conditions generally similar to those which had characterized Russia's forward policy from 1898 to 1905.

The disorganization of the central Government in China and the collapse of Russia after 1917 served to increase the economic, financial and political ascendancy of Japan in Manchuria. As the result of a special mission sent by the Japanese Government to Washington in 1917, an exchange of Notes took place between Secretary Lansing and Viscount Ishii, in which the United States recognized that “Japan has special interests in China, particularly in that part to which her possessions are contiguous.” The precise significance of the term “special interests” was undefined. As the result, however, of the negotiations initiated by the United States in July 1918, for the establishment of a four-Power consortium to coöperate in Chinese finance, and of the subsequent pourparlers between the British and Japanese Governments on the same subject, the latter finally agreed (May 10 1920) to withdraw the claims, previously put forward by the Japanese bankers, to exclude from the scope of the Consortium “all the rights and options held by Japan in the regions of Manchuria and Mongolia where Japan has special interests.” The position adopted alike by the British, French and American Governments in regard to this question was based on the ground that Manchuria is an integral part of China, and on the desirability of eliminating all spheres of influence together with their special claims to industrial preference. The Japanese Government, in modifying its general claims and withdrawing its particular reservation of certain railways from the scope of the Consortium's operations, placed it on record that it did so because of the British Government's repeated assurance that the Consortium would not “direct any activities affecting the security of the economic life and national defence of Japan, and that the Japanese Government might firmly rely upon the good faith of the Powers concerned to refuse to countenance any operations in- imical to such interests.” The whole question came up for further inquiry at the Washington Conference at the close of 1921.

The economic progress achieved in Manchuria had been very rapid since 1912, and much of the expansion of its trade and industries must undoubtedly be ascribed to the enterprise shown by the Japanese in the development of mines, forestry and agriculture, and in the provision of improved transport, communications and currency.

Value of Manchurian Trade in Haikuan Taels.

After the revolution in China the administration of each of the three provinces of Manchuria was vested in the dual control of a Tuchun (military governor) and a Shengchang (civil governor) but since 1918 the two offices have been combined in one person in the provinces of Mukden and Amur. Later, towards the beginning of 1920, the Tuchun of Mukden, Chang Tso-lin, became the most prominent figure in Chinese politics and exercised almost dictatorial authority.

(J. O. P. B.)

title: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Manchuria


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 be as particular as possible in the directions for it. The season for getting the liquor from birch trees, sometimes happens the latter end of February or beginning of March, before the leaves shoot out, as the sap begins to rise; and this is according to the mildness or rigour of the weather; and if the time is delayed, the juice will grow too thick to be drawn out, which should be as thin and clear as possible. The method of procuring the juice is by boring holes in the trunk of the tree, and fixing fossets made of elder; but care should be taken not to tap it in too many places at once, for fear of hurting the tree. If the tree is large, it may be bored in five or six places at once, and place bottles to let it drop in. When you have extracted a proper quantity, three, four, or five gallons from different trees, cork the bottles very close, and rosin or wax them till you begin to make your wine, which should be as soon as possible after you have got the juice. As soon as you begin, boil the sap as long as you can take off any scum; and put four pounds of fine loaf sugar to every gallon of the juice, and the peel of a lemon cut thin; then boil it again for near an hour, scumming it all the while, and pour it into a tub; when it is almost cold, work it with a toast spread with yeast, and let it stand five or six days, stirring it twice or three times a day; then take a cask that will contain it, and put a lighted match dipped well in brimstone into the cask; stop it till the match is burnt out, and then tun your wine into it, putting the bung lightly in till it has done working; bung it very close for about three


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 three months, and bottle it off for use; it will be ready in a week after it is put in the bottles.

It is a very wholesome, pleasant, and rich cordial, and very serviceable in curing consumptions, and particularly useful in scorbutic disorders.

Take what plumbs you please, mix those of a sweet taste with an allay of those that are somewhat sour, though the must be all inclining to ripeness; slit them in halves, so that the stones may be taken out, then mash them gently, and add a little water and honey; the better to moisten them, boil to every gallon of your pulp a gallon of spring water, and put in a few bay leaves and cloves; add as much sugar as will sweeten it, scum off the froth, and let it cool, then press the fruit, squeezing out the liquid part; strain all through a fine strainer, and put the water and juice all together into a cask; let it stand and ferment it three or four days, fine it with white sugar, flour, and whites of eggs, draw it off into bottles, and cork it up, that the air may not injure it; in twelve days it will be ripe, and taste like sherry, or rather a nearer flavour of Canary.

Damsons may be ordered as other plumbs, though they produce a tarter wine, more clear and lasting; but do not put so much water to them as to luscious plumbs, unless you mix some sweet wine with it, as Malaga, Canary, or the like; or infuse raisins of the sun in it, which will give it a rich mellow taste.

These, as other wines made of English fruit, are


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Rh are moderately cooling, purify the blood, and cleanse the reins; cause a freeness of urine, and contribute much to soft slumbers, and a quiet rest, by sending up gentle refreshing spirits to the brain, which dispel heat and noxious vapours, and put that noble part in a right temperature.

Take the large blue figs, pretty ripe, steep them in a white wine, having made some slits in them, that they may swell and gather in the substance of the wine; then slice some other figs, and let them simmer over a fire in fair water till they are reduced to a kind of pulp, strain out the water, pressing the pulp hard, and pour it as hot as possible to those figs that are infused in the wine; let the quantity be near equal, the water somewhat more than the wine and figs; having infused twenty-four, mash them well together, and draw off all that will run voluntarily, then press the rest, and if it proves not pretty sweet, add loaf sugar to render it so; let it ferment, and add a little honey and sugar-candy to it, then fine it with whites of eggs and a little isinglass, draw it off, and keep it for use.

It is clearly appropriated to defects of the lungs, helping shortness of breath, removing colds or inflammations of the lungs; it also comforts the stomach, and eases the pains of the bowels.

Get a glass bason or body, or for want of it, a well-glazed earthen vessel, and put into it three


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of the hungriest cleared roads in New South Wales runs to within a couple of miles of Hungerford, and stops there; then you strike through the scrub to the town. There is no distant prospect of Hungerford―you don't see the town till you are quite close to it, and then two or three white-washed galvanized-iron roofs start out of the mulga.

They say that a past Ministry commenced to clear the road from Bourke, under the impression that Hungerford was an important place, and went on, with the blindness peculiar to Governments, till they got to within two miles of the town. Then they ran short of rum and rations, and sent a man on to get them, and make enquiries. The member never came back, and two more were sent to find him―or Hungerford. Three days later the two returned in an exhausted condition, and submitted a motion of want-of-confidence, which was lost. Then the whole House went on and was lost also. Strange to relate, that Government was never missed.

However, we found Hungerford and camped there for a day. The town is right on the Queensland border, and an interprovincial rabbit-proof fence― 60


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 three gallons of rose water, drawn with a cold still; put into it a convenient quantity of rose leaves; cover it close, and put it for an hour in a kettle or cauldron of water, heating it over the fire to take out the whole strength and tincture of the roses, and when cold, press the rose leaves hard into the liquor, and steep fresh ones in, repeating it till the liquor has got a full strength of roses; then to every gallon of liquor add three pounds of loaf sugar; stir it well, that it may melt and disperse in every part, then put it into a cask, or other convenient vessel, to ferment; and to make it do so the better, add a little fixed nitre and flour, with two or three whites of eggs; let it stand to cool about thirty days, and it will be ripe, and have a curious flavour, having the whole strength and scent of the roses in it; and you may add, to meliorate it, some wine and spices, as your taste or inclination leads you.

By this way of infusion, wine of carnations, clove-gillyflowers, violets, primroses, or any flower having a curious scent, may be made; to which, to prevent repetition, you are referred.

Wines thus made, are not only pleasant in taste, but rich and medicinal, being excellent for strengthening the heart refreshing the spirits, and gently cooling the body, making it lenitive, and so purges the first digestion of phlegm, and even choler; it abates the heat of the fever, quenches thirst, mitigates the inflammation of the intrails, and on many occasions, serves for a good counter poison.

To


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Rh

Put five pounds of loaf sugar to four gallons of fair water, simmer them over a fire half an hour, to well dissolve the sugar, and when it is taken off, and cold, put in half a peck of cowslip flowers, clean picked and gently bruised; then put in two spoonfuls of new ale yeast, and a pound of syrup of lemons beaten with it, with a lemon peel or two; pour the whole into a well-seasoned cask or vessel, let them stand close stopped for three days, that they may ferment well; then put in some juice of cowslips, and give it a convenient space to work; when it has stood a month, draw it off into bottles, putting a little lump of loaf sugar into each, by which means you may keep it well the space of a year. In like manner you may make wine of such other flowers as are of a pleasant taste and seent, as oxlips, jessamine, peach blooms, comfry, scabeons, feather-few, fumitory, and many more, as your fancy and taste may lead you.

This wine, moderately drank, much helps the palsy, cramp, convulsions, and all other diseases of the nerves and sinews; also eases pains of the joints, and gout, and greatly contributes to the curing of ruptures.

Take the best large scurvy-grass tops and leaves, in May, June, or July, bruise them well in a stone mortar, put them in a well-glazed earthen vessel and sprinkle them over with some powder of chrystal of tartar, then smear them over with virgin honey, and being covered close, let


text: Index:Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (22 September 1862 draft).djvu


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 with rabbits on both sides of it―runs across the main street.

This fence is a standing joke with Australian rabbits―about the only joke they have out there, except the memory of Pasteur and poison and inoculation. It is amusing to go a little way out of town, about sunset, and watch them crack Noah's Ark rabbit jokes about that fence, and burrow under and play leap-frog over till they get tired. One old buck rabbit sat up and nearly laughed his ears off at a joke of his own about that fence. He laughed so much that he couldn't get away when I reached for him. I could hardly eat him for laughing. I never saw a rabbit laugh before; but I've seen a possum do it.

Hungerford consists of two houses and a humpy in New South Wales, and five houses in Queensland. Characteristically enough, both the pubs are in Queensland. We got a glass of sour yeast at one and paid sixpence for it―we had asked for English ale.

The post-office is in New South Wales, and the police-barracks in Bananaland. The police cannot do anything if there's a row going on across the street in New South Wales, except to send to Brisbane and have an extradition warrant applied for; and they don't do much if there's a row in Queensland. Most of the rows are across the border, where the pubs are.

At least, I believe that's how it is, though the man who told me might have been a liar. Another man said he was a liar, but then he might have been a liar himself―a third person said he was one. I heard that there was a fight over it, but the man who told me about the fight might not have been telling the truth.


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 One part of the town swears at Brisbane when things go wrong, and the other part curses Sydney.

The country looks as though a great ash-heap had been spread out there, and mulga scrub and firewood planted―and neglected. The country looks just as bad for a hundred miles round Hungerford, and beyond that it gets worse―a blasted, barren wilderness that doesn't even howl. If it howled it would be a relief.

I believe that Burke and Wills found Hungerford, and it's a pity they did; but, if I ever stand by the graves of the men who first travelled through this country, when there were neither roads nor stations, nor tanks, nor bores, nor pubs, I'll―I'll take my hat off. There were brave men in the land in those days.

It is said that the explorers gave the district its name chiefly because of the hunger they found there, which has remained there ever since. I don't know where the ford comes in―there's nothing to ford, except in flood-time. Hungerthirst would have been better. The town is supposed to be situated on the banks of a river called the Paroo, but we saw no water there, except what passed for it in a tank. The goats and sheep and dogs and the rest of the population drink there. It is dangerous to take too much of that water in a raw state.

Except in flood-time you couldn't find the bed of the river without the aid of a spirit level and a long straight-edge. There is a Custom-house against the fence on the northern side. A pound of tea often costs six shillings on that side, and you can get a common lead pencil for fourpence at the rival store


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 across the street in the mother province. Also, a small loaf of sour bread sells for a shilling at the humpy aforementioned. Only about sixty per cent of the sugar will melt.

We saw one of the storekeepers give a deadbeat swagman five shillings' worth of rations to take him on into Queensland. The storekeepers often do this, and put it down on the loss side of their books. I hope the recording angel listens, and puts it down on the right side of his book.

We camped on the Queensland side of the fence, and after tea had a yarn with an old man who was minding a mixed flock of goats and sheep; and we asked him whether he thought Queensland was better than New South Wales, or the other way about.

He scratched the back of his head, and thought awhile, and hesitated like a stranger who is going to do you a favour at some personal inconvenience.

At last, with the bored air of a man who has gone through the same performance too often before, he stepped deliberately up to the fence and spat over it into New South Wales. After which he got leisurely through and spat back on Queensland.

'That's what I think of the blanky colonies!' he said.

He gave us time to become sufficiently impressed; then he said:

'And if I was at the Victorian and South Australian border I'd do the same thing.'

He let that soak into our minds, and added: 'And the same with West Australia―and―and Tasmania.' Then he went away.


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 The last would have been a long spit―and he forgot Maoriland.

We heard afterwards that his name was Clancy, and he had that day been offered a job droving at 'twenty-five shillings a week and find your own horse.' Also find your own horse-feed and tobacco and soap and other luxuries, at station prices. Moreover, if you lost your own horse you would have to find another, and if that died or went astray you would have to find a third―or forfeit your pay and return on foot. The boss drover agreed to provide flour and mutton―when such things were procurable.

Consequently, Clancy's decidedly unfavourable opinion of the colonies.

My mate and I sat down on our swags against the fence to talk things over. One of us was very deaf. Presently a black tracker went past and looked at us, and returned to the pub. Then a trooper in Queensland uniform came along and asked us what the trouble was about, and where we came from and were going, and where we camped. We said we were discussing private business, and he explained that he thought it was a row, and came over to see. Then he left us, and later on we saw him sitting with the rest of the population on a bench under the hotel verandah. Next morning we rolled up our swags and left Hungerford to the North-West.


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 By the President of the United States of America.

A Proclamation.

I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America, and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy thereof, do hereby proclaim and declare that hereafter, as heretofore, the war will be prosecuted for the object of practically restoring the constitutional relation between the United States, and each of the states, and the people thereof, in which states that relation is, or may be suspended, or disturbed.

That it is my purpose, upon the next meeting of Congress to again recommend the adoption of a practical measure tendering pecuniary aid to the free acceptance or rejection of all slave-states, so called, the people whereof may not then be in rebellion against the United States, and which states may then have voluntarily adopted, or thereafter may voluntarily adopt, immediate, or gradual abolishment of slavery within their respective limits; and that the effort to colonize persons of African descent upon this continent, or elsewhere, will be continued.


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 the small boats and he could count on the advice of to keep him informed, and should the circumstance arise the AAW capabilities of USS VINCENNES were such that he could execute a timely and successful engagement.

(6) (U) In hindsight it appears that the replacement of as the AAWC with, an inexperienced officer, qualified only through on the job training, contributed to a degradation of the AAWC organization under combat stress. This in effect denied a double check on the information being provided from the ship's "Air Alley." Based on previous training and drills, however, Captain Rogers could not have reasonably foreseen this as a consequence of a sound tactical decision to modify his ship's battle doctrine for operations in the Persian Gulf.

f. (U) The performance of leaves room for question. He was the one officer upon whom Captain Rogers had placed his trust and confidence to evaluate the AAWC situation and provide accurate assessments and recommendations upon which to base an engagement decision.

(1) (U) Early on appears to have arrived at the conclusion that TN 4131 was an F-14 and posed a hostile threat to his ship. He accepted without question the combined reports of the TIC, and the IDS,  as confirming an F-14. He admits his judgement was influenced by the July 4th intelligence warning, recent F-14 deployment to Bandar Abbas, previous observations of an Iranian F-14 squawking Mode II-1100, the Iranian P-3 to the northwest as a possible targeting platform, and the ongoing surface engagement.

(2) (U) In the final minute and forty seconds, tells his Captain, as a fact, that the aircraft has veered from the flight path into an attack profile, and is rapidly descending at increasing speed directly toward USS VINCENNES. Even though the tone of these reports must have seemed increasingly hysterical (yelling and shouting), made no attempt to confirm the reports on his own. Quick reference to the CRO on the console directly in front of him would have immediately shown increasing not decreasing altitude. Rather, this experienced and highly qualified officer, despite all of his training, relied on the judgement of one or two second class petty officers, buttressed by his own preconceived perception of the threat, to make an erroneous assessment to his Commanding Officer. As he said, "I had no reason to doubt them. I had to make a split second recommendation to the Commanding Officer, and I did." While many factors played in Captain Rogers' final decision to engage, the last report by that the aircraft was rapidly descending directly toward the ship may have been pivotal.


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 4. (U) The following actions by USCINCCENT apply to this investigation:

a. Action will be directed to correct the guidance in Joint Task Force Middle East/Middle East Force internal directives that "all" tracks originating in Iran will be identified as "unknown assumed enemy." Further, the criteria which specifies an aircraft be identified as commercial if it is at an "altitude of of an airport" will also be corrected.

b. (U)

CLASSIFIED BY: USCINCCENT DECLASSIFY ON: OADR


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 let it stand twenty-four hours; then set water over a gentle fire, putting to every gallon three pints of honey, and when the scum rises take it off, and let it cool; put your bruised scurvy-grass into a barrel, and pour the liquor to it, setting the vessel conveniently end-ways, with a tap at the bottom, and when it has been infused twenty-four hours, draw off the liquor, and strongly press the juice and moisture out of the herb into the barrel or vessel, and put the liquor up again; then put a little new ale yeast to it, and let it ferment three days, covering the place of the bung or vent with a piece of bread spread over with mustard-seed, downward, in a cool place, and let it continue till it is fine, and drinks brisk, then draw off the finest part, leaving only the dregs behind; add more herb, and ferment it with whites of eggs, flour, and fixed nitre verjuice, or the juice of green grapes, if they are to be had; to which add six pounds of the syrup of mustard, all mixed and well beaten together, to refine it down, and it will drink brisk, but not very pleasant.

It helps digestion, warns cold stomachs, caries off phlegm, purifies the blood, purges out salt, watery humours, cleanses the bowels from cold sliminess, eases pains in the limbs, head, heart, and stomach, especially those proceeding from scorbutic humours, &c.

Distill the herb in the cold still, add honey to it, work as in scurvy-grass; then refine it, and work it down by a due porportion of its own rup;


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Rh by this means the wine will become very fragrant, and contain the whole virtue of the herb. Wormwood wine, wine of rue, carduus, and such strong physical herbs, may be made by infusion only, in small white wines, cyder, perry, or the like, adding a little sweets to them, that they may be more agreeable to the taste. That of black currants may be made as of other currants, and is very useful in all families.

Wines made of mint, balm, wormwood, rue, &c. resist pestilential air, are good in agues, and cold diseases, prevent fits of the mother, and agues; ease pains in the joints and sinews, cleanse the blood, and frequently prevent apoplexies, epilepsies, and the like; they are not only contain the virtues of the herbs, but greatly strengthen and revive the decay of nature.

Put twelve pounds of fine sugar, and the whites of eight eggs, well beaten, into six gallons of spring water; let it boil an hour, scumming it all the time; take it off, and when it is pretty cool, put in the juice of fifty Seville oranges, and six spoonfuls of good ale yeast, and let it stand two days; then put it in another vessel, with two quarts of rhenish wine, and the juice of twelve lemons; you must let the juice of lemons and wine, and two pounds of double refined sugar, stand close covered ten or twelve hours before you put it into the vessel to your orange wine, and scum off the seeds before you put in. The lemon peels must be put in with the oranges; half the rinds must be put into the vessel;


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 C.

1.It is recommended the CNO:

a. Determine the cause of reported STC-2/IVCS net 15/16 degradation (due to loading), and issue a class advisory if required.

b. Reassess the design of the AEGIS large screen display (LSD) to allow the option of displaying altitude information directly on the LSD.

D..

1. If we must operate in a low intensity conflict and in the presence of COMAIR, we must train to that environment, real or simulated. Request the CNO develop a fleet wide identification matrix for dense air traffic environments in third world/low intensity conflicts. Battle Group training doctrines, AAW procedures, numbered Fleet Commander Fighting Instructions, and workups should reflect consensus on ID matrices to deconflict COMAIR within war zones, when being used as "cover" for military aircraft, or when being used as suicide attackers. For example, live missile exercises could include a percentage of the inbound drones be flown on COMAIR profiles, with proper modes and codes, in close proximity of simulated hostile targets. Another method would be to have aggressor aircraft act as COMAIR to challenge the deconfliction capabilities of surface ships with/without VID capability.

2. Request CNO review AEGIS IFF operator training procedures and provide a class advisory to ensure operator familiarity of pros and cons of various RCI selectable modes.

WILLIAM M. FOGARTY


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 5. To prevent the possibility that commercial aircraft become innocent victims in this area of armed conflict, the USG should seek ICAO's immediate attention to revise the existing commercial air route structure over the waters of the Gulf. The State Department should direct our embassies to urge affected countries to cooperate in this endeavor. Pending the results of this request, the USG should also urge ICAO to promulgate an immediate NOTAM that all flights climb to at least 25,000 feet over land prior to crossing the Gulf and begin their descent over land.

6. Concur with the measures taken by USCINCENT to enhance commercial air safety over the Persian Gulf with the exception of paragraph 1.C.(1)(B), relative to voice warnings. It is recommended that this paragraph be revised as follows:

"Unidentified air/surface contact squawking (EX: MOD III- XXXX), at  (Positional reference to some geographical point), at  altitude, on course, speed , You are approaching U.S. warship operating in international waters. Your identity is not known/your intentions are unclear (one or both), you are standing into danger and may be subject to United States defensive measures. Request you alter your course immediately to remain clear of me."

7. That CJTFME strengthen the MEF "inchop brief" to include an in-depth review of the unique problems associated with COMAIR within the Persian Gulf Area.

8. That CJTFME continue to liaise with Air Traffic Control agencies and American embassies to resolve the COMAIR problems unique to the Persian Gulf Area (e.g., identification, communictions, ICAO procedures, etc.).

B.

1. That the Commanding Officer, USS VINCENNES, take action as required to strengthen the AAWC position in the USS VINCENNES' CIC organization.

2. That the Commanding Officer, USS VINCENNES, incorporate the CIC organization modifications required by Persian Gulf operations into the existing Battle Doctrine. Because USS VINCENNES uses a split warfare TAO CIC organization e.g., surface and air "GW" should not be given responsibility as a radio telephone talker.


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76 in his hands, he recites: 'Thou (Prâna) art Ama by name, for all this together exists in thee. He is the oldest and best, the king, the sovereign. May he make me the oldest, the best, the king, the sovereign. May I be all this.'

7. Then he eats with the following Rik verse at every foot: 'We choose that food'—here he swallows—'Of the divine Savitri (prâna)'—here he swallows—'The best and all-supporting food'— here he swallows — "We meditate on the speed of Bhaga (Savitri, prâna)'—here he drinks all.

8. Having cleansed the vessel, whether it be a kamsa or a kamasa, he sits down behind the fire on a skin or on the bare ground, without speaking or making any other effort. If in his dream he sees a woman, let him know this to be a sign that his sacrifice has succeeded.

9. On this there is a Sloka: 'If during sacrifices which are to fulfil certain wishes he sees in his dreams a woman, let him know success from this vision in a dream, yea, m.'

1. Svetaketu Âruneya went to an assembly of the Pañkâlas. Pravâhana Gaivali said to him: 'Boy, has your father instructed you?' 'Yes, Sir,' he replied.

2. 'Do you know to what place men go from here?' 'No, Sir,' he replied.


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 vessel; and it must stand ten or twelve days before it is fit to bottle.

Boil twenty-six quarts of spring water a quarter of an hour, and when it is blood-warm; put into it twenty-five pounds of Malaga raisins, picked, rubbed and shred, with near half a bushel of red sage shred, and a porringer of ale yeast; stir all well together, and let it stand in a tub, covered warm, six or seven days, stirring it once a day; then strain it off, and put it in a runlet; let it work three or four days, and then stop it up; when it has stood six or seven days, put in a quart or two of Malaga sack; and when it is fine, bottle it.

Take two gallons of the sap of sycamore, and boil it half an hour, then add to it four pounds, of fine powder sugar; beat the whites of three eggs to a froth, and mix them with the liquor, but if it be too hot it will poach the eggs; scum it well, and boil it half an hour, then strain it through a hair sieve, and let it stand till next day; then pour it clear from the sediment, put half a pint of good yeast to every twelve gallons, cover it close up with blankets till it is white over, after which put it into the barrel, and leave the bung hole open till it has done working, close it well up, let it stand three months, and bottle it: the fifth part of the sugar must be loaf, and if you like raisins, they are a great addition to the wine.

To


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Rh

Take a good number of turnips, pare them, put them into a cyder press, and squeeze out all the juice; to every gallon of juice take three pounds of lump sugar; have a vessel ready, just big enough to hold the juice, and put your sugar into a vessel; to every gallon of juice add half a pint of brandy; pour in the juice, and lay something over the bung for a week to see if it works; if it does you must not bring it down till it has done working, then stop it close for three months, and draw it off into another vessel; when it is fine, bottle it off.

To nine gallons of water, put nine quarts of the juice of white elder-berries, which has been pressed gently from the berries with the hand, and passed through a sieve, without bruising the kernels of the berries; add to every gallon of liquor three pounds of Lisbon sugar, to the whole quantity put an ounce and an half of ginger sliced, and three quarters of an ounce of cloves; then boil this near an hour, taking off the scum as it rises, and pour the whole to cool in an open tub, and work it with ale yeast, spread upon a toast of white bread for three days, and then tun it into a vessel that will just hold it, adding about a pound and an half of raisins of the sun split, to lie in liquor till you draw it off, which should not be till the wine is fine, which you will find in January. It is so much like the fine rich wine brought from Cyprus, in its colour and flavours, that it has deceived the best judges.

To


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To three gallons of water put six pounds of the best powder sugar, boil the sugar and water together for the space of half an hour, keep scumming it as the scum rises; let it stand to cool, beat up three ounces of syrup of betony, with a large spoonful of ale yeast, put it into the liquor, let them infuse and work together three days, covered with a cloth; strain it, put it into a cask, and let it settle for three or four weeks, when bottle it.

Take fine Malaga raisins, pick all the stalks out, chop them very small, and put ten pounds of them to every two gallons of spring water; let them steep three weeks, stirring them often; them squeeze out the liquor, and put it into a vessel that will just hold it, but do not stop it till it has done hissing; then bung it up close, and it will be fit for use in six months.

Take thirty pounds of new Malaga raisins, pick them clean, and chop them small; then take twenty large Seville oranges, ten of which pare as thin as for preserving; boil about eight gallons of soft water, till a third part be consumed; let it cool a little, then put five gallons of it hot upon your raisins and orange peel; stir it well together, cover it up, and when it is cold, let it it stand five days, stirring it up once or twice every day; then pass it through a hair sieve, and with a spoon press it as dry as you can;


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 CHAPTER VIII.

determined to travel to Wellington by rail and coach, instead of doing the usual sea passage, as by so doing we would see more of the country, and get a better idea of the progress of settlement in the interior.

As soon as one gets beyond the deposits of shingle on which Napier is built, the train enters magnificently grassed country. Rich paddocks, neatly fenced, and stocked with fine flocks and herds. There are no unsightly stumps such as may be seen in most Australian pastures. No dead timber; no brush fences; no jungle of briar and thistle and prickly pear. There are thickly scattered about, however (as many as three or four in some paddocks), substantial bulky hayricks. Bountiful provision for a year of scarcity or a bleak winter. This is, alas! a sight that may not commonly be seen in Australian pastures. All the paddocks are here laid down in English grasses, and would, I should imagine, carry possibly six, if

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Rh not ten, sheep to the acre; and such sheep, big carcases, healthy fleeces. They are mostly a Romney cross.

After fourteen miles, during which we cross one or two sluggish rivers, and pass the Tomoana Meat Preserving Works, which are well worth inspection, we pull up at Hastings, which is to Napier pretty much what Parramatta is to Sydney. It seems a neatly kept, flourishing town. There is one fine old church with twin turrets. A good racecourse with new race stand. Hotels, which so far as outward appearances go, are immeasurably superior to the usual grog-shops which in an Australian, country town are dignified with the misnomer, hotel. The streets are planted with shade trees; and rows of poplars and willows, clumps of firs and alders, and hedges of gorse and hawthorn, with the broad fertile pastures of home grasses, give a wonderfully English look to the place.

After Hastings, the train runs past miles of bare brown hills, with a long winding valley at their feet, raupo growing on its swampy bosom, and there is little of interest for the tourist. The rich rolling downs, the grasses and clover, the splendid condition of sheep, cattle, and horses, the air of rural prosperity, would doubtless have charms for the pastoralist; but to the searcher after the picturesque it is rather monotonous. I indulge in speculations as to the future, when increasing population will make the land more valuable; and then, doubtless, these myriads of acres, now lying

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text: While the Billy Boils/A Camp-Fire Yarn

title: While the Billy Boils/A Camp-Fire Yarn


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Rh can; put it in a rundlet fit for it, and add to it the rinds of the other ten oranges, cut as thin as the first; then make a syrup of the juice of twenty oranges, with a pound of white sugar; it must be made the day before you turn it up; stir it well together and stop it up close; let it stand two months to clear, then bottle it up. It will keep there years, and is better for keeping.

Take currants, both red and white, gooseberries, red and green, mulberries, raspberries, strawberries, of different sorts, cherries, but not little black ones, and grapes, red and white; all the fruits must be full ripe, and take an equal quantity of each; throw them into a tub, and bruise them lightly; take golden pippins and nonpareils, chop and bruise them well, and mix them with the others; to every two gallons of fruit put one gallon of spring water, and boil it all together twice a day for a fortnight; then press it through a hair bag into a vessel, and have ready a wine hogshead, put into it an hundred raisins of the sun with their stalks, fill it with the strained juice, lay the bung on lightly, and when it has done hissing and working, put in a gallon of the best French brandy, and stop the vessel close; let


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 unproductive as raupo swamp, will be drained and cultivated, and, who knows, may be planted with rice, maize, tobacco, poppy, oil seeds, ginger, turmeric, safflower, indigo, and other subtropical products, for behoof of the swarming villagers. I feel certain these would grow well here.

At Poukawa, a native village, with a big whare in the centre, the train stops to shunt. Groups of native women lie lazily about, very fat, very dowdy, and very dirty. A troop of school children, about to proceed by rail, are amusing themselves by a noisy game at marbles, and have to break up their game to catch the train, a disruption which gives rise to a very pretty quarrel.

The car platforms are very dangerous for children, having no protecting rails whatever, and the guard informs me that already several deaths have occurred from the consequent accidents. Still advancing and ascending, the scantily clad hills begin to draw nearer to the line. At the top of a long rise, whence looking back we get a fine view of the raupo swamps and grassy pastures we have left behind us, we emerge into a lovely valley, with two perfect little gems of lakelets, one on each side of the line, nestling still and beautiful under the bright sunshine. Myriads of ducks scuttle across the placid water as we pass, but a number of black swans paddle serenely about, disdaining even to turn their graceful necks to look at us as we whizz by.

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text: While the Billy Boils/His Country—After All


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 Further on in a hollow to the right, shaded by drooping willows, is a college for natives. The buildings of red brick look warm and comfortable.

Here now is a noteworthy sight. One suggestive enough of the changes time is working. What think you? A native village. No Europeans visible. And yet here is a modern threshing machine of the most improved pattern, with all the latest contrivances busily at work, under native guidance exclusively.

Only twenty years ago, these Maoris were quite in the mood to wage war with the settlers on the slightest pretext. Now, the men, in European costume, are busy threshing their grain, in the most approved modern fashion, and the scene is one of cheerful, peaceful rural industry.

What a water-favoured land is this. There is a lakelet in every valley or hollow we pass. At Kaikora, surrounded by grassy hills and rich pastures, the school children get out. Evidence of the popular tastes in amusements is here furnished by the sight of two racecourses—an old and a new one. We get an insight into the staple trade here too, as the down trains for the coast are laden with sawn timber and enormous uncut logs, and also grain. The timber is mostly white pine and rimu.

Is it not short-sighted policy to have no regulations, making it compulsory on timber-getters to replace by fresh plantings this constant depletion? A wise policy would be to have tracts set apart for

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text: While the Billy Boils/A Day on a Selection


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 new forests, and let fresh planting of suitable trees proceed contemporaneously with the cutting down of the original forests. Is this being sufficiently attended to? I doubt it. I see no signs of it. A few sparse patches of pine are being planted here and there, but nothing systematic or on an adequate scale seems yet to be attempted. But of this more anon.

The train now crosses the Waipawa River, and at Waipukura just such another river is crossed. These are typical New Zealand mountain streams. Here we have the explanation of the enormous shingle drifts on the coast. This is one of the gigantic operations of Nature, which alters the face of the earth, fills bays, changes coastlines, and puts at defiance the most skilful contrivances of the best engineers.

At present the rivers are mere shrunken threads winding through their desolate valleys of shingle. But in rainy seasons, or at the melting of the snow on yonder high serrated ridge of mountains, the torrents come tearing down the gullies and carry tons upon tons of silt and shingle and gravel with them; and the roar of the stones and boulders as they roll over each other and crash onwards in the bed of the flooded stream is louder than the angry surges on the tempestuous coast.

Still more trim pastures. A constantly rising, rolling country. The very perfection of land for pastures and stock-keeping. Wire fences by the

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text: While the Billy Boils/That There Dog o' Mine


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 let it stand six months, then peg it and see if it be fine, if it is, bottle it, if not, stop it for six months longer, and then bottle it: the longer it is kept the better it will be: it is necessary you put in bay leaves with your brandy.

Take two quarts of strong white wine, infuse in it one drachm of rhubarb, a drachm and an half of gentian root, Roman wormwood, tops of carduus, centaury, and camomile flowers, of each three drachms; yellow peel of oranges, half an ounce; nutmegs, mace, and cloves, of each one drachm; infuse all forty-eight hours, strain it, and drink a glass an hour before dinner.

Having got thirteen gallons of water, put thirty pounds of honey to it, boil and scum it well; then take rosemary, thyme, bay leaves, and sweet briar, one handful all together, boil it an hour; then put it into a tub, with two or three handfuls of ground malt; stir it till it is blood-warm; then strain it through a cloth, and put it into a tub again; cut a toast round a quartern loaf, and spread it over with good ale yeast, and put it into your tub; and when the liquor is quite over with the yeast, put it into your vessel; then take of cloves, mace and nutmegs, an ounce and an half; of ginger sliced, an ounce; bruise the spice, tie it up in a rag, and hang it in the vessel; then stop it up close for use.

Another


text: While the Billy Boils/Going Blind

title: While the Billy Boils/Going Blind


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 league. Turnip paddocks, hundred of acres in extent. Great hayricks here and there, and an occasional mansion peeping out from its plantations of fir and willow. Alas! for the sparsity of humanity. Sheep and cattle cannot equal men.

Now we leave the undulating downs and grassy ridges and enter the bush country. We pass sidings with great logs ready for the trucks. Wooden tramways lead everywhere into the dense forest. Here are magnificent wild wooded valleys and forest-clad gorges; the silence in their deep recesses only broken by the ring of the timberman's axe.

Dashing ever onward and upward, we whizz across a high spidery wooden bridge on fragile-looking trestles, spanning a deep ravine, and now reach Ormondville.

Such a township; with its acres of blackened prostrate logs, its giant trunks and stumps, the clearing fires, the rough backwoodsmen, the lumbering bullock teams, and the distant peep of the wooded hills over the ever-widening circle of seemingly impervious bush. It recalls the stories of Fenimore Cooper; and we could almost fancy ourselves away in the Indian wilds of Canada.

And so to Danevirke, a neat Danish settlement. The same prospect here. Man carving a home out of the heart of the primeval bush, and everywhere the fire completing the work begun by the axe. The sky is shrouded in gloom from the smoke. We are told this is a good burning

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text: While the Billy Boils/Arvie Aspinall's Alarm Clock


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 autumn. Last year was wet, but this season fires have been blazing for weeks, and of the poor forest, if it were sentient, one might say, "The smoke of its torment goeth up for ever."

No use seemingly made of the potash? No destructive distillation of wood? No pyroligneous acids, or wood tars, or oils, made here? Under more enlightened processes many most valuable products might here be utilized and saved. The whole thing waste, waste! Want of capital, want of knowledge, want of foresight, want of proper labour, and facilities for marketing. Verily, "the greater haste which in the end may prove the lesser speed."

Possibly I am wrong. This process may really be the cheapest and the best, and the game may be worth the candle in the long run. And yet my soul revolts at this wholesale destruction. It was not so the old planters worked, in my old pioneering days, among the forests in India. Charcoal, tar, potash, oil, resins, gums, battens, spars, planks, even lichens and mosses, were all found marketable; and my forest clearing was made to pay in products for the labour expended. I think, too, of the elaborate care bestowed on plantations in Scotland, in Germany, and elsewhere, and sigh as I contrast the thrift there with the extravagance here.

But of course circumstances alter cases, and I am conscious that under altered conditions such as we have here, I am but poorly qualified to judge as to what is best. And yet such wholesale waste and destruction does to me seem grievous.

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text: Youth: a Narrative, and Two Other Stories


text: While the Billy Boils/Stragglers

title: While the Billy Boils/Stragglers


text: While the Billy Boils/The Union Buries Its Dead


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Rh

Take a gallon of honey, eight gallons of water, a quarter of a pound of ginger sliced, and six whites of eggs beat with the shells; put all these into a convenient vessel, and let them boil till a fourth part of the liquor be wasted, scumming it all the time; to each gallon of water put a handful of rosemary; when your liquor is sufficently boiled, put in the remainder of your ingredients; and when all is boiled, strain your liquor through a hair sieve, and let it stand till it is thoroughly cold; then put a pint of ale yeast into the vessel, and put in the liquor; if the weather be cold, let it stand two or three days before you bottle it.

Take the honey out, and add as much water to the honeycombs as they will sweeten; let it stand to mix, boil it well, and scum it; when an egg will swim at the top it will be sufficiently boiled; then put it into a wooden vessel, let it stand till cold, and bottle it in stone bottles; you may boil it either with lemon thyme, rosemary, or cowslips.

Take fifty pounds of honey, fifty pounds of Belvidere raisins, and fifty gallons of water; boil these about fifteen minutes, keeping it well scummed; put it into the working tub, and put to it a pint of ale yeast, letting it work till the yeast begins to fall; when taken clear off, tun it, with the raisins, and throw into the cask a quart


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 At length we reach Tahoraite, the present terminus, eighty-two miles from Napier. The air is keen and bracing. Around us we can see countless leagues of forest country and wooded ranges stretching to the far-off plains below, and climbing in rugged succession, range on range, right up to the topmost peaks of the main mountain chain above us.

The fourteen-mile drive to Woodville is very beautiful. It is through the New Zealand bush. Having said that, I have said enough. At Woodville, the public school and various public buildings were neat, but, evidently, inexpensive edifices of wood—not the extravagant palaces which the cupidity of the electors, the plasticity of Cabinets, and the log-rolling of members have peppered down in every hamlet in New South Wales, where the money might have been infinitely better expended on reproductive works of public utility. But there!! "Off the track again, you see!"

At Woodville you have the choice of three routes. The one, to take coach to Masterton, and thence by rail to Wellington; another to go on through the famous Manawatu Gorge to Palmerston, thence by rail to Foxton on the coast, and then either by coach along the beach, or by steamer to Wellington; or, thirdly, from Palmerston by rail to Wanganui, and then on to the capital by steamer.

We chose the last mentioned, as we had business in Wanganui.

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text: While the Billy Boils/In a Dry Season

title: While the Billy Boils/In a Dry Season


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 About two miles out from Woodville we begin the never-to-be-forgotten passage of the Manawatu Gorge.

The first view of the river is striking. The valley in which it flows is narrow, and the steep hills on either side are thickly clad with forest. The coach (Jones's) with its three splendid grey horses, seems suspended right over the stream, which rolls in brown, eddying volumes close under the road. It has, in fact, hollowed out the cliff in which the roadway is cut. Down below, crossing an elbow of the stream, is a graceful suspension bridge. On the further side steep pinnacles of rock tower high into the sky, and the defiles look black with shade. A blue haze, like that of the Blue Mountains, shrouds all the distance. The trees are hoary with mosses, hidden and smothered with creepers, and laden with tangled masses of parasitic grass.

The road is barely wide enough for the coach. There is not ten inches to spare at many a jutting angle. Two vehicles could not possibly pass. Even an equestrian must pull up to let the coach pass at certain places, sidings in the rock wall being cut for that purpose. The wall of rock on the left rises sheer up from the road. Beneath, whirls and foams the river in its rocky bed. Over the river we see the blazed line along the face of the precipices which marks the survey for the projected railway. Above, rise terrace on terrace of fern trees. Here a bald jutting rock some hundreds of feet high. Here a dell of glossy verdure. Here a plashing cascade. Here a bare ugly gash in the

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text: While the Billy Boils/He'd Come Back

title: While the Billy Boils/He'd Come Back


text:
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 steep boskiness, caused by a landslip. Every winding turn discloses some bank or crag, some dell or ravine more exquisitely lovely than the one just passed.

The clang of the hoofs on the hard road, or the boom as we cross a culvert or bridge, echoes from cliff to cliff, and the crack of the driver's whip is multiplied, and reverberates amid the gorges and precipices on both sides of the pass.

Giant totaras, ragged with age, draped with moss and lichen, tower in masses above the lower bush, which is thickly clung with creepers innumerable. The wind howls up the pass, and lashes the pools into temporary fury. The tints, the heights and deeps, the tossing foliage, the swift stream, the mists and shadows, the fringes of ferns over the beetling cliffs, the craggy boundary before and behind, seeming to enclose us in a rocky prison, all form a scene of inexpressible beauty and indescribable grandeur.

Well may New Zealand be named wonderland, and this most glorious gorge is aptly designated one of its chiefest wonders. After miles of this majesty and sublimity, the cliffs open out like the rocky jaws of some Adamantine serpent, and the released river rolls out smilingly and open-bosomed into the undulating forest country outside the gorge.

We cross by a curious ferry. The boat is propelled by the current of the stream itself. A well-oiled traveller runs on a taut wire cable. The current catches the boat at the angle made by the

title: Page:Our New Zealand Cousins.djvu/123


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 quart of white elder flowers: take care to attend it in change of weather; let it continue in the cask twelve months, and then fine it down with wine fining, and bottle it off.

Take fifteen gallons of water, and thirty pounds of honey, and boil them together till one gallon is wasted; skim it, and take it off the fire; have ready sixteen lemons cut in halves, put a gallon of the liquor to the lemons, and the rest into a tub with seven packs of cowslips; let them stand all night, then put in the liquor with the lemons, eight spoonfuls of new yeast, and a handful of sweet-briar; stir them all well together, and let it work three or four days; then strain it, and put in in your cask, and in six months time you may bottle it.

Your vessel should be quite dry, and previously rinsed with brandy, and well bunged or closed up as soon as the wines have done fermenting.

As it greatly depends on the flavour of the water you use, in order to have good tasted wines, you must be careful to get the best; the water in London will not be proper, unless put for some time in earthen vessels, to settle itself. Fine spring water is most proper if it can be readily got.

Be careful not to let it stand too long before you get it cold, and remember to put in the yeast


text: While the Billy Boils/Drifted Back

title: While the Billy Boils/Drifted Back


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 running gear on the cable, and so the traveller runs freely along, and the boat goes across like a craft under sail.

The forest country here shows all the evidences of frequent settlement, in houses and herds, fences and foreign grasses. There seems to be no crop farming. Stock-raising taxes all the energies of the settler. Even the gardens look neglected. The familiar stumps and prostrate logs, and slovenly paddocks of Australian scenery again meet the eye here.

Burning is going on all around. The air is dense with smoke. Our clothes get white with falling ashes, and our eyes smart with the pungent reek.

Here we pass the railway line again, and we are now in the straggling but thriving town of Palmerston.

Palmerston occupies the centre of a plain, which has been carved and cleared out of the virgin forest. It is well laid out. A big square occupies the centre of the town, and round the square are shops, hotels, and buildings, such as are seen in very few country towns of much greater age and pretensions in the mother colony of Australia. There are several handsome churches. A hall, a public library, several sawmills and factories of various kinds; and the place looks altogether lively and progressive. The railway station alone looks ramshackle, and is more like a piggery or a dog kennel than a station.

By the time the train from Foxton comes up it

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text: While the Billy Boils/Remailed

title: While the Billy Boils/Remailed


text: While the Billy Boils/Mitchell Doesn't Believe in the Sack


text: While the Billy Boils/Shooting the Moon

title: While the Billy Boils/Shooting the Moon


text: While the Billy Boils/His Father's Mate

title: While the Billy Boils/His Father's Mate


text:
Page:Our New Zealand Cousins.djvu/125

 is dark, and through the deepening gloom, broken only at fitful intervals by the lurid glare of the forest fires, we are whirled into Wanganui, and put up at the prince of hostelries, the Rutland Hotel.

Shortly after our trip as above recorded, this part of the island was visited with a series of devastating forest fires, which did enormous damage, both to life and property, and made many families homeless. Referring to this, a correspondent in one of the Sydney papers gives the following graphic account of the dangers some of the mail-coach drivers have at times to encounter in the execution of their duty:—

"It is interesting," says the writer, "in connection with the peculiar weather we have lately had in New Zealand, that the Maoris in one district are just now very busy removing their dwellings to higher ground in anticipation of a very heavy flood setting in shortly. The Maoris of the North Island predicted an unusually dry summer, on account of a peculiar appearance in connection with the flax flowers. It is certain that their prophecy in that case has turned out correct, and it remains to be seen whether this latter prediction of the natives will also come to pass. But the terrible bush fires that have raged throughout the country have been the worst feature of the season, destroying as they have so much valuable property, and in many instances endangering life. On the day previous to that on which I travelled by coach on the same route, and passing through an almost

title: Page:Our New Zealand Cousins.djvu/125


text: While the Billy Boils/An Echo from the Old Bark School


text:
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 similar experience which I shall never forget on the Reefton road, the following incident occurred: The coach left Nelson at the usual hour, but on reaching the Motupiko Valley it was found that an extensive fire was raging to the right of the route. Mr. G. Newman (the coachdriver), however, continued his course, thinking that he could keep ahead of the flames. But in this he was mistaken; for after proceeding a few miles, and reaching a portion of the road where it was next to impossible to turn the coach, he found that the fire was of greater extent than he had imagined, and began to realize the gravity of the danger which threatened him.

"The country behind him he knew to be all in flames, and therefore all hope of retreat in that direction was cut off. His only hope then consisted in his chance of heading the fire, and he accordingly put the horses to the utmost speed, and then commenced a race for dear life. The smoke at this time was such as to almost entirely shut out the leading horses from the driver's view, and the heat growing more and more intense as the great column of fire rolled down the hillside towards the road. The flames were now within a few yards of the roadside, and the paint on the coach began to blister and give out a strong odour, which caused Mr. Newman to think that the coach awning was on fire. But being himself almost suffocated with the heat and smoke, his only thought was of reaching a point ahead, where there was a break in the country, and a small

title: Page:Our New Zealand Cousins.djvu/126


text: While the Billy Boils/Dossing out and Camping


text:
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 stream into which he might throw himself, for his whiskers and hair had already been badly singed. The coach swept on at a terrific pace until reaching the point on the route already referred to, where, as expected, the fire had taken another direction, and the danger was over.

"A glance at the coach and foaming horses then revealed how terrible had been the ordeal through which they had just passed for the last mile. The horses were singed fearfully, the paint had peeled off the coach, and the only wonder seemed to be that the awning had not ignited. Mr. Newman will not be likely to forget that journey in a hurry. Probably few other men could have undergone such a trial without losing their senses. Had a burning tree fallen across the road, or had any accident happened to the coach at the great speed at which it was going, there would have been no possible escape from a terrible death for them all. But this is only one instance out of many. One man descended a well in order to escape a raging fire, and had a most miraculous escape from a terrible death, when the woodwork on the top of the well caught fire, and crashed down the shaft, but was happily extinguished in the few feet of water remaining in the well."

title: Page:Our New Zealand Cousins.djvu/127


text: Our New Zealand Cousins/Chapter 8

title: Our New Zealand Cousins/Chapter 8