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Rh speakers, that during the past 15 years the United Nations had devoted much effort towards carrying out its Charter obligations relating to Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories. However, it was a fact that progress had sometimes been slow and consequently there were still large areas under colonial rule. In the Interests of world peace and security, they held, the colonial powers should initiate immediate measures for the transfer of complete independence to all colonial countries and peoples.

They further stated that economic freedom was as essential as political freedom. Racial discrimination was condemned by them as a manifestation of colonialism—especially as practised by the Union of South Africa. Also condemned was interference by colonial powers in the internal affairs of their former dependent territories which, they considered, made a mockery of the independence granted. In this connexion, many speakers called attention to the situation in the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville). The Asian-African declaration, they added, was in fact designed to obtain concerted action—through the United Nations—for the independence of dependent peoples and territories, without any conditions or reservations and without any undermining of their right freely to develop their own political, economic, social and cultural institutions.

Australia and New Zealand agreed with the United Kingdom's contention that colonialism was a necessary transitional phase and that Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories had made remarkable progress towards independence, in accordance with the provisions of the United Nations Charter. Each case was governed by its own circumstances, and the test was always that of determining what would best suit the interests of the peoples whose destiny was at stake. In some cases, progress had been slow because of the special circumstances of a particular territory. In this connexion, Australia mentioned eastern New Guinea where, because of tremendous physical difficulties, the tasks to be undertaken were unique. In spite of that, remarkable progress had been made; it could be said that without the efforts of the administering authority the people of New Guinea would have had no immediate hopes of advancement or self government.

The representatives of Albania, Bulgaria, the Byelorussian SSR, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Ukrainian SSR maintained that the immediate and complete liquidation of colonialism in all its forms would be an outstanding victory for the forces of peace, progress and freedom. The struggle of the peoples for liberation was a great historic process which could not be checked. The United Nations, they declared, was duty bound to put an end to the colonial system and the best contribution it could make would be to adopt the draft declaration submitted by the USSR.

Representatives of some Latin American Members said that the juridical traditions of their countries made them natural allies of the cause of independence for colonial peoples. However, they favoured independence and freedom everywhere, in all attitudes and under all systems, and they felt the debate should therefore be widened to include all issues relating to freedom—such as freedom of speech and freedom to worship.

The representatives of Guatemala, Honduras and Panama were among those who pointed out that colonialism still existed in the Western Hemisphere; remaining colonies in America represented an area of about 2,700,000 square kilometres, with a population of more than 3,000,000 people. The representative of Cuba maintained that the Assembly should recommend that self-determination and sovereignty be granted to the people of Puerto Rico.

Honduras, on 1 December, submitted a draft proposal—which it later revised twice—by which the General Assembly, among other things, would proclaim the elimination of colonialism throughout the world, in the Western hemisphere as elsewhere. It would also appoint a five-member commission to examine the situation in the Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories, with a view to proposing to the General Assembly at its sixteenth session whatever concrete measures should be recommended or applied in each case in order to achieve the complete abolition of colonialism throughout the world.

The United States representative observed that, as a result of the application of Article 73 of the Charter, 34 countries—containing over 775 million people—had attained independence since 1946. The ending of the colonial era was already far advanced, and its complete end


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 The wives of the guards are served with half the allowance granted to their husbands; and their children one quarter of that allowance. Children, above ten years of age, are victualled as adults.

On the days on which flour is ordered to be issued, suet and raisins, or currants, are substituted for one fourth part of the flour, one half in suet, and the other half of the said fourth part in fruit.

One pound of raisins being considered ??? of flour.

Half a pound of currants, ditto.

Half a pound of suet, ditto.

The provisions are cooked carefully, and ??? regular intervals—break&st, at half-past ??? one P.M., and supper, at five P.M.

In the distribution of the lime juice, water, sugar, and wine, and issued about a fortnight after we leave England, daily at eleven A.M., and at four P.M., each prisoner answers to his name, comes aft to the windward gangway, receives and drinks his allowance, passes the quarter-deck, and then walks forward on the other side. In this manner, every individual comes under my personal inspection at least twice a day; an object of no small importance, in the preservation of order, cleanliness, and consequent health.

Six pints of water are daily allowed, without deduction, to each person—soldier, sailor, and prisoner—on board, and one gallon while passing the tropics;—an allowance, I believe, greater than is granted in merchant ships, even of the first class.

Indeed, it is more than many people think necessary; but I have always considered it of manifest advantage not to be niggardly in this important article, and the Lords of the Admiralty have now ordered the above-mentioned quantity to be issued.

There is always an exceedingly commodious hospital in prison-ships, and the medicines, medical comforts, and hospital stores, are copious, and of good quality. The sick are

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330 regularly visited twice a day, at nine A.M., and at six P.M., and oftener, if necessary. After the visitation of the sick, all complaints that the prisoners may have to make, are listened to, and their disputes settled. Cases, however, that require punishment, I always dispose of after the morning's visit.

With regard to punishment, I may mention, that I seldom have recourse to flogging, being enabled to preserve order without it, and finding other measures more effective —viz., If two prisoners quarrel, I place them together in handcuffs, and keep them so, until they become good friends, which generally takes place in a very short time. If any prisoner create disturbance below, or make use of improper language, I order him to parade the deck during the night, with his bed tied to his back;—four hours for the first offence, eight for the second, &c. I have seldom had occasion to repeat this punishment, which is feared and detested: indeed, many have frequently begged to be "punished like men;" i.e., flogged. They also have a great dislike to stand, during the day, under charge of the sentry, with their faces aft, and without permission to speak, or be spoken to.

I likewise find it a good plan to give a long lecture to any petty delinquent, and make him march off, without hearing his defence—a source of much grief and annoyance to the London pickpockets especially, who, in general, possess great volubility of speech, and considerable Old Bailey experience; and are, therefore, vexed at not having an opportunity of displaying their forensic skill. They have often complained of the hardship at being thus punished innocently.

There is, however, a class of prisoners, that, unless narrowly looked after, frequently occasion a great deal of disturbance. I allude to attorneys' clerks, of which class of the community I have, in all my voyages, had a considerable number. The

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46 independence which would best satisfy their aspirations.

On the same day, 28 November, Cambodia, on behalf of 26 Asian and African countries, introduced a draft resolution which was eventually sponsored by 43 Asian and African states. The Cambodian representative said that the sponsors of the draft had tried to find formulae and solutions which could be acceptable to the greatest possible number of delegations, if not to all Members of the Assembly. They therefore appealed to all delegations to study the text carefully and open-mindedly, so that a period of humanity's history which should have been left behind—that is, the exploitation of peoples by other peoples and the domination of countries by other countries—could be forgotten.

By the operative part of the Asian-African draft resolution, the General Assembly—after solemnly proclaiming the "necessity of bringing to a speedy and unconditional end colonialism in all its forms and manifestations"—would declare that:

"1. The subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights, is contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and is an impediment to the promotion of world peace and co-operation.

"2. All peoples have the right of self-determination; by virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

"3. Inadequacy of political, economic, social or educational preparedness should never serve as a pretext for delaying independence.

"4. All armed action or repressive measures of all kinds directed against dependent peoples shall cease in order to enable them to exercise peacefully and freely their right to complete independence, and the integrity of their national territory shall be respected.

"5. Immediate steps shall be taken, in Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories or all other territories which have not yet attained independence, to transfer all powers to the peoples of those Territories, without any conditions or reservations, in accordance with their freely expressed will and desire, without any distinction as to race, creed or colour, in order to enable them to enjoy complete independence and freedom.

"6. Any attempt aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national unity and the territorial integrity of a country is incompatible with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.

"7. All States shall observe faithfully and strictly the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations,the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and this Declaration on the basis of equality,non-interference in the internal affairs of all states, and respect for the sovereign rights of all peoples and their territorial integrity."

The 43 sponsors of the draft were as follows: Afghanistan, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroun, Central African Republic, Ceylon, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Leopoldville), Cyprus, Dahomey, Ethiopia, Federation of Malaya, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Republic and Upper Volta.

Representatives of several of the sponsoring countries of the 43-power draft welcomed the initiative taken by the USSR in bringing the question of colonialism before the General Assembly; the Asian-African states, they said, had long been concerned with that problem.

Some of them, including Libya, Tunisia and the United Arab Republic, noted the similarity between the two declarations and explained their reasons for introducing their own draft. The representative of Tunisia, for example, said that, while decolonization was a problem which concerned the whole world, the former colonized countries had the sacred duty as non-aligned countries to be "in the van of this combat." He stressed that the sponsors did not want the colonialism question to become an ideological struggle "within the framework of the one in which East and West vie against each other." The representative of the United Arab Republic felt that there was no essential difference between the two draft declarations, both of which, he said, had as their objective the "immediate eradication of colonialism."

Many representatives of Asian-African Members referred to the Bandung Conference in 1955, where countries of Asia and Africa had initiated a number of fundamental principles which had become the cornerstone of their policy towards the colonial countries and peoples and which had been re-emphasized at the conferences of African states at Accra in 1958, at Monrovia in 1959 and at Addis Ababa in 1960. The draft declaration they were now submitting was the culmination of those principles, they stressed.

There was no doubt, said many of these


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Rh few instances in which I have been compelled to inflict corporal punishment, have been on these gentry, to whom I show no mercy, if detected in fomenting disturbances; and I have invariably found, that flogging a lawyer has a wonderful effect in preserving order among the other prisoners.

The prisoners frequently, through mere bravado, make use of mutinous expressions, particularly in the hearing of young soldiers. In place of punishing such impudence with severity, I force the vaunters to parade the decks, with mock solemnity, and to beat up for volunteers to take the ship—to their infinite chagrin and mortification.

As soon as we get into fine weather, which, unless the wind be very unfavourable, happens in ten days or a fortnight after leaving England, schools are established, which all the boys are obliged to attend; and the adults are encouraged, but not compelled, to do so. The boys are divided into classes, according to their previous progress, and placed under the best educated, and most moral men among the prisoners, to whom I grant some authority, and several indulgences.

Every Sunday, after prayers, a public examination takes place, and trifling rewards are bestowed on those whose progress and conduct have merited praise. Divine service is performed by the surgeon, at least every Sunday forenoon, after muster, when the weather will admit of it, on the quarter-deck, where the prisoners are all assembled,—the guard and sailors being on the poop. I do not hesitate to say, that there may be as much real devotion—certainly far more outward decorum—in a convict ship, as in many churches on shore, where whispering, and other unseemly conduct occur during the performance of Worship, which would subject the prisoner, so irreverently behaving, to condign punishment.

Divine Worship at sea has often struck me, as particularly solemn, and calculated to make an impression on the most depraved of the human race. Indeed, I have observed, on several such occasions, many of the prisoners (who, according to their own statement, rarely attended a place of worship

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332 on shore), showing some symptoms of concern for the iniquity of their misspent lives.

It has been stated, that prisoners, during the voyage, become more depraved and demoralized, which I most positively deny; but that they become much better, I am not prepared to assert. As far, however, as regards decorum and propriety of language, there is a very great improvement; yet I cannot flatter myself that I have ever been instrumental in effectually, and permanently, destroying deep-rooted depravity.

Indeed, in my humble opinion, the usual period of the voyage is far too short to effect any radical change amongst people who have been, perhaps, habituated to crime from their earliest years, and hardly know what virtue is, even by name. The principal moral object which I hold in view, during the voyage, is to prevent, as far as possible, the ill effects likely to result from the unavoidable close association between the casual (and, perhaps, accidental) deviator from the paths of rectitude, and the hardened and experienced veteran in vice and iniquity; and I flatter myself, that my efforts in this way have not been altogether devoid of success.

My chief maxim is, never to permit the slightest slang expression to be used, nor flash songs to be sung, nor swearing; while indecent language is punished with unrelenting severity, and the individual so degrading himself is, in a variety of ways, exposed to contempt and scorn.

It may be imagined, that to effect this salutary change among those, who have been so long accustomed to hear and use language, interlarded with horrid and senseless oaths, would be a work of difficulty; but it is astonishing how soon, by proper management, it may be accomplished. I may here state, that I have always had the cordial co-operation of the officer of the guard, and the master of the ship, in checking those under their command, by punishing offences—especially impropriety of language—which might be passed over in a barrack-room, or in a private ship.

It would strike a stranger as rather a singular circumstance,

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text: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514


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Rh that, amongst such a heterogeneous multitude, not a single expression is heard, which could wound the ears of delicacy; yet such is the fact. It may, however, be imagined, that this restraint is only partial, and that it is nearly impossible to restrain their almost unconquerable propensity while below; yet experience has taught me, that it can be effected.

Many people have a very erroneous opinion of a convict ship, in which they believe, anarchy, disorder, and irregularity, to hold undisputed sway; whereas, on the contrary, decorum, cleanliness, and quietness, prevail, in as great a degree as in a well-regulated man-of-war; and I have no hesitation in stating, that, in these respects, a convict ship is far superior to the very best merchant vessel that sails from the port of London. Indeed, this fact is so well known to those who have visited the colonies, that great interest is frequently used to obtain a passage in a convict ship.

I endeavour to find occupation for as many of the prisoners as I can; and, what with keeping their persons and their berths clean, assisting the sailors in various ways, preparing and cooking their provisions, and parading round the decks at stated times, the days pass uniformly and quickly during the voyage.

Convict ships now generally make the voyage direct; but, formerly, they used to touch at some port—i. e., Madeira, Teneriffe, Porto Praya, Rio de Janeiro, or the Cape of Good Hope. I consider it of importance, as regards the health of those entrusted to my charge, to touch somewhere during the

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334 voyage; and, whenever I have done so there has been no sickness in the ship—whereas, when I have not done so, a strong tendency to scurvy manifests itself among the prisoners, usually after passing the Cape of Good Hope, which, occasionally towards the end of the voyage, assumes a very insidious and untractable form, when, consequently, the surgeon has no sinecure. This circumstance I have remarked, as occurring more frequently of late years. The cases, however, that terminate fatally, are but few; and the emaciated soon recover their wonted vigour on the healthy Australian shores.

The average number of deaths, on the passage, is under two per cent.; no great mortality, when it is considered, that the constitutions of many of the prisoners have been greatly impaired by continued courses of irregularity and dissipation.

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Rh On the ship's arrival at Hobart Town, or Sydney, the prisoners are mustered on board, and their descriptions, trades, and occupations, taken by the police, when every circumstance relating to themselves, their connections, and former course of life, is elicited, with a degree of tact, which the most skilful and experienced rogues cannot elude.

After the muster-rolls are taken on shore, the prisoners are assigned to the various applicants, by the Board of Assignment; the members of which perform this important, but invidious duty, without emolument The assignments being made, and approved of by the Governor, the prisoners are landed early in the morning, and conducted, under the care of constables, to the prisoners' barracks, where they are drawn up in order, for the inspection of the Governor, who, in the forenoon of the same day, minutely examines each individual, inquires if he has any complaint to make, as to his treatment during the voyage—if he has had all his rations properly cooked, &c.—and if he has had a sufficient allowance of water—also whether his money, and other property (a list of which is read aloud to him,) be correct.

His Excellency then makes an address to the prisoners, relative to their past lives and future prospects,—explains distinctly what duties they must fulfil towards the masters to whom they are assigned,—and what they have a legal right to expect, in return. He points out the inevitable consequences attending bad conduct, and the good effects resulting from industry and regularity, which, he assures them, will, after a certain period of probation, be the means of restoring them to comparative freedom.

This address being finished, the master of the ship, and officer of the guard, are then asked if they have any complaint to make. If no complaints are made, the surgeon is complimented by His Excellency, for having performed his duty in a satisfactory manner.

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336 The prisoners, who are not retained in the service of Government, are now ready to be delivered to their masters, who, either personally or by their agents, are in waiting to receive them, which they do, on paying £1 for each person, for a suit of clothing, which those who are fond of cavilling consider a great hardship, but very unjustly so; more especially at Sydney, where, for the same sum, the prisoner is supplied with bedding, which is, in itself, nearly worth the money.

In Van Dieman's Land, tradesmen and mechanics are not assigned to settlers, being retained for the service of Government: they are, however, lent for a certain period—from three to twelve months—to those who stand in need of, and apply for, them. In New South Wales, on the contrary, artificers of all descriptions are assigned to settlers, in the order of their application, in the same manner, and under the same conditions, as any other class of prisoners. Indeed, Governor Bourke will not assign a tradesman to any resident in Sydney, for two very efficient reasons,—1st. That free labour may be encouraged there;—and, 2dly. That the various artisans, who serve their time in the interior, may, on obtaining their tickets of leave, or emancipation, be induced to settle in the country towns, to their own advantage, and to that of the neighbourhood. There can be no question as to the beneficial results likely to ensue from this very judicious regulation.

Settlers are bound to provide their assigned servants with food, clothing, bedding, &c., according to a scale fixed by Government. In New South Wales, the weekly ration is as follows:—12lbs. of wheat, or 9lbs. of seconds flour, or, in lieu thereof, at the discretion of the master, 3½lbs. of maize meal, and 9lbs. of wheat, or 7lbs. of seconds flour; and 7lbs. of beef or mutton or 4½lbs. of salt pork;—soap, 2oz.; salt, 2oz.; and when maize meal is issued, 4oz. The clothing, annually, consists of two frocks or jackets, three shirts of strong linen or calico—two pair of trowsers—three pair of strong shoes, and one cap or hat—and each prisoner to be constantly supplied with at least one good blanket and palliasse or wool mattress.

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v. 6-

11. Indra's house art thou; to thee there I go forth; thee there I enter, with all my kine, with all my men, with all my soul, with all my body, with that which is mine.

12. Indra's refuge art thou; to thee etc. etc.

13. Indra's defense art thou; to thee etc. etc.

14. Indra's guard (várūtha) art thou; to thee etc. etc.

1. Bring to us, stand not about, O niggard; do not prevent (? rakṣ) our sacrificial gift as led [away]; homage be to baffling (vīrtsā́), to ill-success; homage be to the niggard.

2. What wheedling (? parirāpín) man thou puttest forward, O niggard, to him of thine we pay homage: do not thou disturb my winning (vaní).

3. Let our god-made winning progress (pra-kḷp) by day and by night; we go forth after the niggard; homage be to the niggard.

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Rh sympathy for, and innocent ignorance of, their position. A little further on the versatile orator was again visibly getting into the shallows, from a confusion of ideas between 'creeds' and 'articles of faith,' which appeared to cool bystanders to be synonymous terms in his mind. Happily, the present participle came to the rescue, and by aid of 'repudiating creeds and rejecting articles,' the speaker regained his footing, till at last Sidonia himself walked the earth again, 'in the incantations of Canidia and the Corybantian howl.' Finally, warmed by his subject, Mr. Disraeli informed his delighted auditory that whenever these questions have been 'brought before Parliament, I have always opposed alterations of creeds, articles, and subscriptions.' Flushed with his well-known senatorial triumphs, in which, as the future Macaulay will record, the member for Buckinghamshire has so efficiently resisted the successive attempts of the Liberal party to edit the Apostles', the Nicene, and the Athanasian Creeds, our erudite theologian then launched into that spirited rebuke, which has echoed through the British islands, of the neological school, man by man, for the unpardonable offence of using for personal ends second-hand information. Far be it from us to take up the cudgels in their vindication. They deserve their castigation, while the most mortifying as well as grotesque feature of it must be, that it fell from those particular lips.

After all, the important question to all good Churchmen in regard to Mr. Disraeli's speech is, what is it worth? It is, as it stands, a bountiful offer, and we have to ask whether the tender is made in coin or in paper. Few, we believe, will attempt to say that it is not in the latter currency; and not many will attempt, if hard pressed, to say that the paper must be taken at other than a considerable discount. So appreciated, we have no hesitation in saying that so outspoken an acknowledgment of the Church's righteous claim to more bishops, a reformed Convocation with lay representation, a settlement of Church rates, better courts, and something done for the Colonial Church, coming from the mouth of the leader of one of the great parties in the House of Commons, is of considerable value, although on the face of it delivered as an electioneering assault upon Mr. Gladstone's headquarters. All we have to say to Churchmen is, that if they mean to derive their advantage from it, they must deal with Mr. Disraeli on their own appraisement, and not let him take them all round at his valuation.

One of Mr. Disraeli's points leads us to remember that a few years ago there was a great and long protracted Church-rate agitation, in which the enemies of that impost, alter a series of parliamentary victories, found themselves most mysteriously


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233 4. Sarasvatī, Anumati, Bhaga, we going call on; pleasant (juṣṭá) honeyed speech have I spoken in the god-invocations of the gods.

5. Whomever I solicit (yāc) with speech, with Sarasvatī, mind-yoked, him may faith find today, given by the brown soma.

6. Do not thou baffle our winning nor speech. Let Indra and Agni both bring good things to us. De ye all, willing today to give to us, welcome the niggard.

7. Go thou far away, O ill-success; we conduct away thy missile; I know thee, O niggard, as one putting (? mīv) down, thrusting down.

8. Likewise, greatly making thyself naked, thou fastenest on (sac) a person in dreams, O niggard, baffling the plan and design of a man (púruṣa).

9. She that, being great, of great height (-unmāna), permeated all regions—to her, the golden-haired, to perdition have I paid homage.

10. Gold-colored, fortunate, gold-cushioned, great—to her, the golden-mantled, to the niggard have I paid homage.

1. With fuel of víkan̄kata do thou carry the sacrificial butter to the gods; O Agni, make them revel here; let all come to my call.

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text: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book V/Hymn 6

title: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book V/Hymn 6


text: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book V/Hymn 7

title: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book V/Hymn 7


text:
User:Furrykef

See Wikipedia:User:furrykef. I'm more likely to respond to Talk comments posted there too.

title: User:Furrykef


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Rh friend of a person who conducted himself so ungentlemanly towards me, when he believed me unprotected. The Captain is certainly more bearable and charitable towards my feelings, and you should know how he praised your conduct, and all your achievements this day."

The truth now dawned on her repentant hearer. 'Twas not his own cause the Captain was pleading that evening, which caused Bella's blushes, and the stolen glances she threw at himself. He, therefore, with an impulse, not peculiar to him, drew the blushing girl towards him, and pressed her momentarily to his heart, replying vehemently—"Pardon my folly, dear Bella, I was only annoyed and disappointed at being separated from my old partner this evening; I shall never after this moment, harbour such stupid suspicions." A moistened eye and a fond pressure of the hand was the only acknowledgment to this outburst of feelings, and the happy lovers turned their gaze towards the novel and romantic scene before them. The happiness which this hour imparted to their young souls was an era in their life, and was indelliblyindelibly [sic] imprinted on their minds, through the many vicissitudes and misfortunes of their after life, as yet a stranger to their buoyant spirits.

It was, indeed, a scene calculated to nourish a budding and ardent love. The beautiful Loch-nan-eal lay in still repose like a mirror, reflecting back the fantastic shadows of the dancers round the fires, which shot incessantly over its unruffled face, like so many sprites or goblins. The plantain trees stood solemnly like so many gigantic spectators, echoing back the merry peals of the enthusiastic revellers, who wheeled and stepped in many groups to the thrilling strains of the Highland pipes.

What a crowd of delightful and happy sensations filled the hearts of the young lovers, as they stood silently contemplating the enchanting prospect; their minds were too full, and their modesty yet too powerful to allow them to give utterance to their feelings. But those deep sighs and stolen looks in each other's eyes, told more than the most eloquent language could impart.

Yet, there hung around them some unfathomable cloud which they could not dispel. Was it a presentiment,

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text:
Dictionary of Quotations (Classical)

Latin

 * A

title: Dictionary of Quotations (Classical)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monck, George


text: Author:Janetta Manners

title: Author:Janetta Manners


text: Dictionary of Quotations (Classical)/A

title: Dictionary of Quotations (Classical)/A


text: Talk:Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples


text: Talk:Information on non-self-governing territories transmitted under article 73e of United Nations Charter.


text:
Author:Thomas Benfield Harbottle

Works

 * Dictionary of Quotations (Classical)
 * Dictionary of Quotations (Spanish)
 * Dictionary of Quotations (Italian)
 * Dictionary of Quotations (French and Italian)

title: Author:Thomas Benfield Harbottle


text:
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110 and blind. And nobody was afraid of death, for nobody understood what death was.

On the third or fourth night—I do not remember which—I lay down for a minute behind the breastwork, and, as soon as I shut my eyes, the same familiar and extraordinary picture stood before them: the scrap of light-blue wall-paper and the dusty untouched water-bottle on my table. While in the next room—and I could not see them—were my wife and little son. But this time a lamp with a green shade was burning on the table, so it must have been evening or night. The picture stood motionless, and I contemplated it very calmly and attentively for a long time, letting my eyes rest on the light reflected in the crystal of the water-bottle, and on the wall-paper, and wondered why my son was not asleep: for it was night and time for him to go to bed. Then I again began examining the wall-paper: every spiral, silvery flower, square and line—and never imagined that I knew my room so well. Now and then I opened my eyes and saw the black sky with beautiful fiery stripes upon it, then shut them again and saw once more the wall-paper, the bright water-bottle, and wondered why my son was not asleep, for it was night and time for him to go to bed. Once a shell burst not far from me, making my legs give a jerk, and somebody cried out loudly, louder than the bursting of the shell, and I said to myself: "Somebody is killed," but I did not get up and did not tear my eyes away from the light-blue wall-paper and the water-bottle.

Afterwards I got up, moved about, gave orders, looked at the men's faces, trained the guns, and kept on wondering


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124 now a gentle reproof, the sweetest of surrenders and forgiveness. He leaned forward, took her face in his hands, and kissed her, murmuring:

“You are a little tease.”

She laid her sewing in her lap, and looked up.

The next day, Sunday, broke wet and dreary. Breakfast was late, and about ten o’clock we stood at the window looking upon the impossibility of our going to church.

There was a driving drizzle of rain, like a dirty curtain before the landscape. The nasturtium leaves by the garden walk had gone rotten in a frost, and the gay green discs had given place to the first black flags of winter, hung on flaccid stalks, pinched at the neck. The grass plot was strewn with fallen leaves, wet and brilliant; scarlet splashes of Virginia creeper, golden drift from the limes, ruddy brown shawls under the beeches, and away back in the corner, the black mat of maple leaves, heavy soddened; they ought to have been a vivid lemon colour. Occasionally one of these great black leaves would loose its hold, and zigzag down, staggering in the dance of death.

“There now!” said Lettie suddenly.

I looked up in time to see a crow close his wings and clutch the topmost bough of an old grey holly tree on the edge of the clearing. He flapped again, recovered his balance, and folded himself up in black resignation to the detestable weather.

“Why has the old wretch settled just over our noses,” said Lettie petulantly. “Just to blot the promise of a sorrow.”

“Your’s or mine?” I asked.


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Rh “He is looking at me, I declare.”

“You can see the wicked pupil of his eye at this distance,” I insinuated.

“Well,” she replied, determined to take this omen unto herself. “I saw him first.”

—You may bet he’s only a messenger in advance. There’ll be three more shortly, and you’ll have your four,” said I, comforting.

“Do you know,” she said, “it is very funny, but whenever I’ve particularly noticed one crow, I’ve had some sorrow or other.”

“And when you notice four?” I asked.

“You should have heard old Mrs. Wagstaffe,” was her reply. “She declares an old crow croaked in their apple tree every day for a week before Jerry got drowned.”

“Great sorrow for her,” I remarked.

“Oh, but she wept abundantly. I felt like weeping too, but somehow I laughed. She hoped he had gone to heaven—but—I’m sick of that word ‘but’—it is always tangling one’s thoughts.”

“But, Jerry!” I insisted.

“Oh, she lifted up her forehead, and the tears dripped off her nose. He must have been an old nuisance, Syb. I can’t understand why women marry such men. I felt downright glad to think of the drunken old wretch toppling into the canal out of the way.”


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126 She pulled the thick curtain across the window, and nestled down in it, resting her cheek against the edge, protecting herself from the cold window pane. The wet, grey wind shook the half naked trees, whose leaves dripped and shone sullenly. Even the trunks were blackened, trickling with the rain which drove persistently.

Whirled down the sky like black maple leaves caught up aloft, came two more crows. They swept down and clung hold of the trees in front of the house, staying near the old forerunner. Lettie watched them, half amused, half melancholy. One bird was carried past. He swerved round and began to battle up the wind, rising higher, and rowing laboriously against the driving wet current.

“Here comes your fourth,” said I.

She did not answer, but continued to watch. The bird wrestled heroically, but the wind pushed him aside, tilted him, caught under his broad wings and bore him down. He swept in level flight down the stream, outspread and still, as if fixed in despair. I grieved for him. Sadly two of his fellows rose and were carried away after him, like souls hunting for a body to inhabit, and despairing. Only the first ghoul was left on the withered, silver-grey skeleton of the holly.

“He won’t even say ‘Nevermore,’ ” I remarked.

“He has more sense,” replied Lettie. She looked a trifle lugubrious. Then she continued: “Better say ‘Nevermore’ than ‘Evermore.’ ”

“Why?” I asked.

“Oh, I don’t know. Fancy this ‘Evermore.’ ”

She had been sure in her own soul that Leslie would


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Sprague, Charles

SPRAGUE, Charles, an American poet, born in Boston, Oct. 26, 1791, died there, Jan. 14, 1875. At the age of 13 he entered a mercantile house as clerk, and subsequently became a partner. In 1820 he became teller in the State bank; and in 1825, on the establishment of the Globe bank, he was appointed its cashier, an office which he held till 1865. From 1821 to 1830 he gained five prizes for prologues to be recited at the opening of theatres in New York, Philadelphia, Salem, and Portsmouth. In 1823 he obtained the prize for the best ode to be recited at the exhibition at the Boston theatre of a pageant in honor of Shakespeare; and in 1830 he pronounced an ode at the centennial celebration of the settlement of Boston. In 1829 he delivered a poem on “Curiosity” before the Phi Beta Kappa society in Cambridge, considered his best production. A collection of his writings was published in New York (1841; new ed., 1850), and a complete revised collection in Boston (1850; new ed., 1855).


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112 Of those who have hitherto been slaves to this all-potent word, I would now ask one simple question—Is it not possible to create their own world of interest out of the materials which Providence has placed before them? or must they by necessity follow in the train of those who languish, after the excitement of fictitious sorrow, or who luxuriate in the false sentiment of immoral books, and the flattery of unprincipled men, simply because they find them interesting?

Never has there been a delusion more insidious, or more widely spread, than that which arises out of the arbitrary use of this dangerous and deceitful word, as it obtains amongst young women. Ask one of them why she cannot read a serious book; she answers, "the style is so uninteresting." Ask another why she does not attend a public meeting for the benefit of her fellow-creatures; she answers that "such meetings have lost their interest." Ask a third why she does not make a friend of her sister; she tells you that her sister "does not interest" her. And so on, through the whole range of public and private duty, for there is no call so imperative, and no claim so sacred, as to escape being submitted to this test: and on the other hand, no sentiment that cannot be reconciled, no task that cannot be undertaken, and no companionship that cannot be borne with, under the recommendation of having been introduced in an interesting manner.

Of all the obstacles which stand in the way of that exercise of the faculty of observation, which I would so earnestly recommend, I believe there is none so great as the importance which is attached to the word "interesting," amongst young women. Upon whatever interests them, they are sufficiently ready to employ their powers of observation ; but with regard to what does not, they pass through the pleasant walks of daily life, as if surrounded by the dreary wastes of a desert. Of want of memory, too, they

title: Page:The Daughters of England.djvu/123


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Rh are apt to complain, and from the frequency with which this grievance is spoken of, and the little effort that is made against it, one would rather suppose it an embellishment to the character than otherwise, to be deficient in the power of recollecting. It is a fact, however, which personal experience has not been able to controvert, that whatever we really observe, we are able to remember. Ask one of these fair complainers, for instance, who laments her inability to remember, what coloured dress was worn by some distinguished belle, for what piece of music she herself obtained the most applause, or what subject was chosen by some beau-ideal of a speaker, and it is more than probable her memory will not be found at fault, because these are the things upon which she has employed her observation; and, had the subjects themselves been of a higher order, an equal effort of the same useful faculty, would have impressed them in the same imperishable characters upon her memory.

After considering the subject in this point of view, how important does it appear that we should turn our attention to the power which exists in every human being, and especially during the season of youth, of creating a world of interest for themselves, of deviating so far from the tendency of popular taste, as sometimes to leave the Corsairs of Byron to the isles of Greece, and the Gypsies of Scott to the mountains of his native land; and while they look into the page of actual life, they will find that around them, in their daily walks, beneath the parental roof, or mixing with the fireside circle by the homely hearth, there are often feelings as deep, and hearts as warm, and experience as richly fraught with interest, as ever glowed in verse, or lived in story. There is not, there cannot be any want of interest in the exercise of the sympathies of our nature upon common things, when no novel has ever exhibited

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114 scenes of deeper emotion, than observation has revealed to every human being, whose perceptions have been habitually alive to the claims of weak and suffering humanity; nor has fiction ever portrayed such profound wretchedness as we may daily find amongst the poor and the depraved; and not wretchedness alone, for what language of mimic feeling has ever been found to equal the touching pathos of the poor and simple-hearted? Nay, so far does imagination fall short of reality, that the highest encomium we can pass upon a writer of fiction, is, that his expressions are "true to nature."

This is what we may find every day in actual life, if we will but look for it—intensity of feeling under all its different forms; the mother's tender love; the father's high ambition; hope in its early bud, its first blight, and its final extinction; the joy of youth; the helplessness of old age; patience under suffering; disinterested zeal; strong faith, and calm resignation. And shall we say that we feel no interest in realities of which the novel and the drama are but feeble imitations? It is true that heroes and heroines do not strike upon their hearts, or fall prostrate, or tear their hair before us, every day; but I repeat again, that the touching pathos of true feeling, which all may become acquainted with, if they will employ their powers of observation upon human life as it exists around us, has nothing to equal it in poetry or fiction. If, then, we would turn our attention to human life as it is, and employ our powers of observation upon common things, we should find a never-failing source of interest, not only in the sympathies of our common nature, but in all which displays the wisdom and goodness of the Creator; for this ought ever to be our highest and ultimate aim in the exercise of every faculty we possess, to perceive the impress of the finger

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Rh of God upon all which his will has designed, or his hand has created.

All I have yet said, on this subject, however, has reference only to the benefit, or the enjoyment, of the individual who employs the faculty of observation. The law of love directs us to a happier and holier exercise of this faculty. No one can be truly kind, without having accustomed themselves in early life to habits of close observation. They may be kind in feeling, but never in effect; for kindness is always estimated, not by the good it desires, but by that which it actually produces. A woman who is a close observer, under the influence of the law of love, knows so well what belongs to social and domestic comfort, that she never enters a room occupied by a family whose happiness she has at heart, without seeing in an instant every trifle upon which that comfort depends. If the sun is excluded when it would be more cheerful to let it shine in—if the cloth is not spread at the right time for the accustomed meal—if the fire is low, or the hearth unswept—if the chairs are not standing in the most inviting places, her quick eye detects in an instant what is wanting to complete the general air of comfort and order which it is woman's business to diffuse over her whole household; while, on the other hand, if her attention has never been directed to any of these things, she enters the room without looking around her, and sits down to her own occupations without once perceiving that the servants are behindhand with the breakfast, that the blinds are still down on a dark winter's morning, that a window is still open, that a chair is standing with its back to the fender, that the fire is smoking for want of better arrangement, or that a corner of the hearth-rug is turned up.

Now, provided all other things are equal, which of these two women would be the most agreeable to sit down with?

title: Page:The Daughters of England.djvu/126


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Waite, Henry Randall

WAITE, Henry Randall, American editor and clergyman: b. Copenhagen, N. Y., 16 Dec. 1845. He was graduated at Hamilton 1868, then was engaged in journalism till 1870; studied theology in the Union Theological Seminary, New York, and in 1871-74 was pastor of the American church in Rome; was editor of the International Review 1876-77, and in the meantime and till 1880 pastor of a Presbyterian church in Pelham, N. Y. In 1891 he became acting pastor of a Congregational church in Brooklyn. Waite was president of the Political Science Association of New York 1876-77; special officer of the United States census 1880-83; editor of the Boston Citizen 1885-86; then editor of Civics in New York. He has published ‘The Motive of St. Paul's Life’; ‘Illiteracy and the Mormon Problem.’


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Waite, Morrison Remick

WAITE, wāt, Morrison Remick, American jurist, seventh chief justice of the United States: b. Lyme, Conn., 29 Nov. 1816; d. Washington, D. C., 23 March 1888; He was graduated from Yale in 1837; studied law, and in 1838 moved to Ohio, where he was admitted to the bar in 1839. He began the practice of his profession in Maumee City, later moving to Toledo. In politics he was at first an active and influential member of the Whig party, and was elected to the Ohio State legislature in 1849; later he took part in the organization of the Republican party; was an ardent supporter of Lincoln; and was nominated for Congress in 1862, but failed of election. His national reputation dates from the time of his appointment by President Grant as one of the counsel to represent the United States before the tribunal for the consideration of the Alabama claims at Geneva; associated with him were Caleb Cushing and William M. Evarts, the latter a college classmate. His reply to Sir Roundell Palmer, establishing Great Britain's liability for permitting the Confederate cruisers to coal in British ports during the Civil War, was considered a model of legal argument in its clear, direct and logical presentation of the law and facts. In 1873 he was chosen by both political parties as a delegate from his county to the convention for revising the State constitution of Ohio, and was made president of that convention. In the same year he was appointed chief justice of the national Supreme Court, the appointment being approved by a unanimous vote of the Senate. Many of the most important subjects of adjudication came before the court during his term of office. Among them were the following: The constitutionality of the enforcement act; interpretation of the latest constitutional amendments; rights and powers of the State to control and regulate the charges of railroads; the polygamy cases; federal control over elections; power of the President to remove from office; power of States to prohibit the liquor traffic; repudiation of State debts and the true meaning of the 11th amendment; questions arising out of the violence of the Chicago anarchists, and the exclusion of the Chinese. His work was marked by the strictest attention to detail, and by a rigid enforcement of the rules and precedents of practice of the court; it was his custom to keep watch of the docket and

himself in advance with the character of the cases about to be reached. In all questions his decisions were entirely uninfluenced by political considerations; and all parties and sections united in commending his absolute fairness. A prominent lawyer of the South said of him: “He could hold in his steady and equal hand the balance of justice undisturbed.”


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240 IX


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Waits

WAITS, the king's minstrels, who in England and other countries used formerly to guard the streets at night and proclaim the hour. The name was afterward applied to the town's musicians, who, however, did not perform the duties of watchmen, and to private bands, when employed as serenaders. In modern times the waits are musicians who play during the night hours on the approach of the Christmas or New Year seasons, and call at the houses of the inhabitants for donations. While this custom exists to some extent in the United States, the term “waits” is not used here.

title: The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Waits


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Speedwell

SPEEDWELL, a genus (Veronica) of annual and perennial herbs and shrubs of the family Scrophulariaceæ. The 200 species are mostly natives of the north temperate zone; some, mostly shrubby, are tropical or subtropical, and others are Australian. They are found in all kinds of soils, and many are cultivated in gardens for their beautiful white, blue or pink flowers arranged in axillary or terminal racemes. The taller-growing kinds are used mainly as border plants, the dwarfed in rock-gardens; the shrubby kinds are ever-blooming in California. Some of the species were formerly reputed medicinal, and some were used as substitutes for tea.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Speedwell, The

SPEEDWELL, The, a sister ship of the Mayflower, which sailed for Plymouth, but was unseaworthy, and put back to port. See .


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Speer, Emory

SPEER, spĕr, Emory, American jurist: b. Culloden, 3 Sept. 1848. He served in the Confederate army during the last two years of the Civil War; was graduated from the University of Georgia in 1869; studied law, and became solicitor-general of Georgia. He was a member of Congress from Georgia as an independent Democrat 1879-81 and as Independent 1881-83; he was United States attorney, 1883-85; and was made a United States judge of the Southern District of Georgia in 1885. He was also president of the law department of Mercer University, and an orator of prominence. He is the author of a legal work on ‘Removal of Causes from State to United States Courts’ (1888), and of ‘Lectures on the Constitution of the United States.’


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Rh X


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242 XI

RETIREMENT


text: Page:Notes and Queries - Series 8 - Volume 10.djvu/1


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Rh XII

DESPONDENCY

gone backward in the work,

The labour has not sped,

Drowsy and dark my spirit lies,

Heavy and dull as lead.

How can I rouse my sinking soul

From such a lethargy?

How can I break these iron chains,

And set my spirit free?

There have been times when I have mourned,

In anguish o'er the past;

And raised my suppliant hands on high,

While tears fell thick and fast.

And prayed to have my sins forgiven,

With such a fervent zeal,

An earnest grief—a strong desire

That now I cannot feel!

And vowed to trample on my sins,

And called on Heaven to aid

My spirit in her firm resolves

And hear the vows I made.


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244 And I have felt so full of love,

So strong in spirit then,

As if my heart would never cool,

Or wander back again.

And yet, alas! how many times

My feet have gone astray;

How oft have I forgot my God,

How greatly fallen away!

My sins increase, my love grows cold,

And Hope within me dies,

And Faith itself is wavering now;

O how shall I arise!

I cannot weep, but I can pray,

Then let me not despair;

Lord Jesus, save me lest I die,

And hear a wretch's prayer.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Speer, Robert Elliot

SPEER, Robert Elliot, American religious leader and foreign missions secretary: b. Huntingdon, Pa., 10 Sept. 1867. He was graduated at Princeton University in 1889, later studied at the Theological Seminary there, and since 1891 he has been secretary to the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. He made tours of the foreign missionary fields in China, India,

Japan and Korea in 1896-97; in South America in 1909; and in Japan, China, Siam and the Philippines in 1915. He is widely known in missionary circles as an effective organizer. Author of ‘Presbyterian Foreign Missions’ (1901); ‘Missions and Modern History’ (2 vols., 1904); ‘Christianity and the Nations’ (1910); ‘South American Problems’; ‘John's Gospel’ (1915), etc.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Speicher, Eugene Edward

SPEICHER, Eugene Edward, American artist: b. Buffalo, N. Y., 5 April 1883. He studied at the Albright Art School, Buffalo, at the Art Student's League and the Henri Art School in New York, and later studied for two years in London, Paris, Holland, Italy and Spain. He established himself in New York, where he became prominent among the younger artists as a painter of landscapes and portraits. He was elected an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1913 and received the academy's first Halgarten Prize in 1915. He was also awarded a silver medal at the Panama Exposition in 1915. Among his works are portraits of Miss Helen Appleton (Thomas R. Proctor Prize, National Academy, 1911); Charles Dana Gibson (1913); John Nelson Cole (1914); and the landscape ‘Morning Light’ (Metropolitan Museum, New York 1912).


text: Bible (King James Version, 1611)/Obadiah


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Rh come—now she began to doubt:—things were very perplexing.

The bell in the kitchen jangled; she jumped up. I went and opened the door. He came in. She gave him one bright look of satisfaction. He saw it, and understood.

“Helen has got some people over—I have been awfully rude to leave them now,” he said quietly.

“What a dreadful day!” said mother.

“Oh, fearful! Your face is red, Lettie! What have you been doing?”

“Looking into the fire.”

“What did you see?”

“The pictures wouldn’t come plain—nothing.”

He laughed. We were silent for some time.

“You were expecting me?” he murmured.

“Yes—I knew you’d come.”

They were left alone. He came up to her and put his arm around her, as she stood with her elbow on the mantelpiece.

“You do want me,” he pleaded softly.

“Yes,” she murmured.

He held her in his arms and kissed her repeatedly, again and again, till she was out of breath, and put up her hand, and gently pushed her face away.

“You are a cold little lover—you are a shy bird,” he said, laughing into her eyes. He saw her tears rise, swimming on her lids, but not falling.

“Why, my love, my darling—why!”—he put his face to her’s, and took the tear on his cheek:

“I know you love me,” he said, gently, all tenderness.


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128 “Do you know,” he murmured. “I can positively feel the tears rising up from my heart and throat. They are quite painful gathering, my love. There—you can do anything with me.”

They were silent for some time. After a while, a rather long while, she came upstairs and found mother—and at the end of some minutes I heard my mother go to him.

I sat by my window and watched the low clouds reel and stagger past. It seemed as if everything were being swept along—I myself seemed to have lost my substance, to have become detached from concrete things and the firm trodden pavement of everyday life. Onward, always onward, not knowing where, nor why, the wind, the clouds, the rain and the birds and the leaves, everything whirling along—why?

All this time the old crow sat motionless, though the clouds tumbled, and were rent and piled, though the trees bent, and the window-pane shivered with running water. Then I found it had ceased to rain; that there was a sickly yellow gleam of sunlight, brightening on some great elm-leaves near at hand till they looked like ripe lemons hanging. The crow looked at me—I was certain he looked at me.

“What do you think of it all?” I asked him.

He eyed me with contempt: great f eatherless, half winged bird as I was, incomprehensible, contemptible, but awful. I believe he hated me.

“But,” said I, “if a raven could answer, why won’t you?”

He looked wearily away. Nevertheless my gaze disquieted him. He turned uneasily; he rose, waved


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cadell, Francis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cadell, Jessie


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cadell, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cadell, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cadell, William Archibald


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cademan, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cadoc


text:
Page:Dictionary of spoken Russian (1945).djvu/560

 работают на местном сырьё. The wool factories use local raw materials.

шест (а) pole. Прикрепите флаг к этому шесту. Attach the flag to this pole.

шествие procession.

шестёрка number six. Шестёрка не идёт на завод. Number Six doesn't go to the faxtory. • six. У меня на руках ни одной карты выше шестёрки. I don't have a single card in my hand higher than a six.

шестеро (§22) six.

шестидесятый sixtieth.

шестисотый six-hundredth.

шестнадцатый ([-sn-]) sixteenth.

шестнадцать ([-sn-], gdl -ти, i -тью, §22) sixteen.

шестой sixth.

шесть (gdl -сти, i -стью, §22) six.

шестьдесят ([-zdj-], §22) sixty.

шестьсот ([-ss-] or [-sts-], §22) six hundred.

шеф sponsor. Наш колхоз получил эти машины от нашего шефа — тракторного завода. Our kolkhoz got these machines from our sponsor, the tractor factory. (See шефство, Appendix 4.)

шефство. □ Автомобильный завод принял на себя шефство над этим детдомом. The automobile factory is sponsoring this children's home. (See Appendix 4.)

шея neck. Я не могу повернуть шею. I can't turn my neck. — Он радостно бросился мне на шею. He was so happy he threw his arms around my neck. □ *Я хочу работать, а не сидеть на чужой шее. I want to work; I don't want to live off anyone. • Если он придёт, гони его в шею. If he shows up, throw him out on his ear.

шина tire. Надуйте мне, пожалуйста, шины. Put some air in my tires. • splint. Вам придётся наложить шину на руку. They'll have to put your arm in a splint.

шинель. □ красноармейская шинель Red Army overcoat.

шип (а) thorn. Осторожно, на ветке шипы. Careful! There are thorns on this branch.

шипучий sparkling. Дайте мне хорошего шипучего квасу. Give me some good sparkling kvass.

шире See широкий.

ширина width. Какой ширины этот ковёр? What's the width of this carpet? □ Есть у вас материя шириной в два метра? Do you have any material two meters wide?

ширма screen. Поставьте эту ширму перед умывальником. Put the screen in front of the washstand. • shield. Я не желаю служить ширмой для ваших проделок. I don't want to be a shield for your tricks.

широкий (sh -ка/ -о, -и/; cp шире, широчайший) broad. Это широкая улица, грузовики разъедутся свободно. This is a broad street; the trucks will pass one another easily. — Боюсь, что это слишком широкое толкование. I'm afraid that's too broad an interpretation. • wide. Пиджак мне немного широк. The suitcoat is somewhat wide for me. — Тут имеются широкие возможности для хорошего работника. There are wide possibilities for a good worker here. • big. У нас на будущий год широкие планы. We have big plans for next year. • widely. Он пользуется широкой известностью. He's widely known. □ пошире wider. Я хотел бы кровать пошире. I'd like a wider bed. • as wide as possible. Растворите окно пошире. Open the window as wide as possible. предметы широкого потребления consumer's goods. Наши рабочие достаточно снабжены предметами широкого потребления (ширпотреба). Our workers are now sufficiently supplied with consumers' goods. широко wide. Двери были широко раскрыты. The doors were open wide. — Она широко раскрыла глаза. She opened her eyes wide. • large. Наш театр широко посещается. The attendance at our theater is very large. □ Его книги доступны широким массам. His books are easily understood by the general public. • У него широкая натура. He likes to do things in a big way.

широковещание broadcasting.

ширпотреб (широкое потребление) See широкий.

шить (шью, шьёт; imv шей; /pct: с-/) to sew. Она вчера целый день шила вашу рубашку. She was sewing your shirt all day yesterday. — (no pct) Вы умеете шить на машине? Do you know how to sew by machine? □ Он уже второй костюм шьёт у того портного. He's already having his second suit made by that tailor.

шишка cone. Давайте наберём сосновых шишек для костра. Let's gather some pine cones for our campfire. • bump. Откуда у вас такая шишка на лбу? Where did you get that bump on your forehead? □ *На бедного Макара все шишки валятся. Everything happens to him.

шкап See шкаф.

шкаф (/в шкафу/). □ книжный шкаф bookcase (with doors). платяной шкаф wardrobe. стенной шкаф (wall) closet.

школа school. Он очень взволнован — завтра в первый раз в школу идёт. He's very excited; he's going to school for the first time tomorrow. — Собрание будет в здании школы. The meeting will take place in the school building. • schooling. У неё хороший голос, но школы никакой. She has a nice voice, but she hasn't had any schooling. □ высшая школа college, university. начальная школа primary school. средняя школа high school.

школьник schoolboy.

школьница schoolgirl.

школьный school. Это мне известно ещё со школьной скамьи. I've known it since my school days. — Он мой школьный товарищ. He's my schoolmate.

шкура skin. Он мне привёз несколько овечьих шкур на полушубок. He brought me several sheepskins for a short coat. — *На него рассчитывать нельзя — он слишком дрожит за свою шкуру. You can't count on him; he's much too concerned about his own skin. — *Он пытался спасти свою шкуру. He tried to save his own skin. □ *Там у них, говорит, по три шкуры дерут. They say that they just fleece you over there. • *Побывали бы в моей шкуре! If you were only in my shoes!

шлюз sluice.

шляпа hat. Купите соломенную шляпу, в фетровой ходить жарко. Buy a straw hat; it's tоо hot to wear a felt one. □ *Дело в шляпе! It's in the bag! • Эх ты, шляпа! Oh, you jackass!

шов (шва) seam. У вас на рукаве шов распоролся. The seam


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cadogan, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cadogan, William (1601-1661)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cadogan, William (1675-1726)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cadogan, William (1711-1797)


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Page:Dictionary of spoken Russian (1945).djvu/580

 APPENDIXES

APPENDIX 11

Given Names

MALE

FEMALE


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Speyer, James

SPEYER, James, American banker: b. New York, 22 July 1861. He was educated at Frankfort, Germany, and entered his family's banking-house in that city in 1883. He was

subsequently connected with the Paris and London branches of the firm before returning to New York. He became the head of the family firm of bankers and was an officer in many other banks and trust companies. He was one of the founders of the Provident Loan Company and a trustee of Teachers' College, Columbia University, to which he in 1902 presented the Speyer School. He was actively connected with the defeat of the Tammany Hall organization in 1894.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Creole Case, The

CREOLE CASE,. An incident in American history, which caused some friction between the governments of the United States and Great Britain and was the occasion of an animated debate between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery elements in Congress. In 1841, 19 of the 135 slaves on board the American brig Creole revolted, while being transported coastwise between Hampton Roads and New Orleans, and securing control, after killing the captain and wounding several others, directed the vessel to Nassau, New Providence, where all those who had not been directly concerned in the revolt were immediately liberated by the British authorities, the others being held for trial on a charge of murder, in the local courts. Daniel Webster, who was then Secretary of State, demanded the return of the slaves, on the ground that they were legally property and were on American soil and under the jurisdiction of the United States, so long as they were under the American flag, even when on board a ship. They were never returned, however, by the British Government. The incident caused J. R. Giddings (q.v.) to offer a series of resolutions in the House of Representatives, on March 21, 1842, declaring that slavery could exist only by positive law of the separate States; that these States had delegated no control over slavery to the Federal Government, which alone had jurisdiction on the high seas, and, therefore, that slaves on the high seas became free, and the coastwise slave trade was unconstitutional. The House passed a resolution of censure, and Giddings immediately resigned, but was triumphantly reëlected. His resolutions expressed the basis of one phase of the constitutional anti-slavery agitation. They are given in full in Giddings's History of the Rebellion (New York, 1864). The statute of March 2, 1807, regulating the coastwise slave trade, is in 2 U. S. Statutes at Large 426. See .


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Rh (𐏑𐏓 • 𐎢) ô, likewise disappear; and, what is even of more consequence, his disastrous (𐎢 .𐎺) for q is quietly suffered to drop. Strange to say, the unlucky conjunction of these two letters u and w with q excited the unbounded admiration of Jacquet, who regarded it as the most brilliant inspiration of its author.

To compensate for these omissions, Lassen added a sign (𐏑𐏓) which with 44 in addition to the thirty-three signs in Niebuhr's list, made up the thirty-five letters which constitute his alphabet. This sign (𐏑𐏓) is always found in conjunction with 31 (𐎴) n. Grotefend pointed out long ago that the two signs 𐎴. 𐏑𐏓 replace the word for 'king' and, whatever might be their pronunciation, there was no doubt as to their signification. It was at first supposed that the last letter was an alternative sign for 27 (𐎹); but this had to be abandoned, and Lassen now gives it the value of rp, and he reads the combined letters 'narap.' He was led to this result because Westergaard thought that the word corresponding to it in the second column had the sound of 'narap.' The two signs are now treated as together forming a monogram for 'king,' and in transliteration they are represented by khs to indicate an abbreviated form of the royal title. He adds also the two new signs that occur in the Inscription of Artaxerxes. The one (𐏍) first appeared in the copy published by Grotefend in 1837; the other (𐏏) is dimly discernible in Rich (Pl. 23, line 10), and is no doubt more clearly delineated by Westergaard. The first had evidently the sound of dah, for it precedes the j in the well-known word 'dahjunam'; the other clearly denotes the complex sound 'bumi' in the word 'bumi-ja.'


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256 The long line of scholars from Münter to Jacquet, whose labours we have now passed in review, had at length succeeded in deciphering the cuneiform alphabet of the first species of writing found at Persepolis, and, with the exception of two, they had attached correct values to each of the thirty-five letters. When, therefore, Lassen wrote his second Memoir, the task he had to perform was concerned much less with the alphabet than with the numerous strange words formed by it, which it was now necessary to assign a meaning to and connect together by grammatical rules. It is clear there was only one method to pursue, and that was to compare them with the words and forms of other languages with which the Old Persian was likely to be connected. It was natural in the first instance to turn to Zend, the sacred language of the country in which the inscriptions were found; and the most superficial comparison, which was all that was then possible, was sufficient to prove that the two languages were closely allied. The early scholars were, however, greatly impeded by the extremely imperfect knowledge of Zend that as yet prevailed; and even if the cuneiform alphabet had been completely deciphered by Grotefend, it may be doubted whether the means were then available to grapple successfully with the difficulties of translation. At that time Zend was known only by the work of Duperron, which, however remarkable for the time at which it appeared, was quite inadequate for the purpose. Indeed some scholars, even long afterwards, had doubts as to the genuineness of the language itself. Since then,


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Rh however, the edition of the Yaçna published by Burnouf in 1833 placed the study upon an entirely different footing; and the progress made by Bopp and many others in Sanscrit was also of material service. It thus happened that concurrently with the improvement of the cuneiform alphabet the chief obstacles to the translation of the language were removed. When Burnouf and Lassen wrote their Memoirs in 1836, little progress had been made in that direction beyond the identification of the names of the Achaemenian kings, and of a few simple words. The attempt to go beyond rested chiefly upon conjecture and frequently resulted in absurdities of which the constellation of Moro is the typical instance.

Progress was at first considerably retarded by a misapprehension of the relation between the Old Persian of the inscriptions and the language of the Zend-Avesta. Grotefend for a long time thought the two were absolutely identical, an opinion which, however, he subsequently modified. Both Burnouf and Lassen, especially the latter, were at first inclined to suppose too close a resemblance between them. We have already pointed out some of the errors that resulted, especially with regard to the long and short vowels and the diphthongs. But this error was speedily corrected, and Lassen afterwards showed that the relation they bore to each other was that of descent from a common parent; and although Old Persian is historically more modern, it continued to retain some of the primitive forms which Zend had changed. While he recognised that they were two distinct dialects, he admitted that they closely resembled each other, and hence the great assistance he derived from the Zend in the interpretation


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258 of the inscriptions. After Zend, he found that Sanscrit afforded him the greatest help. Indeed he was surprised to observe how often it agreed with the Old Persian, and it was particularly useful with respect to the grammatical forms.

It is the natural affectation of the minute scholar to exaggerate the importance of an accurate knowledge of grammatical construction, and to disparage or ridicule even great results that may have been attained in defiance of strict rule. It became the fashion to underrate the very considerable achievements of Lassen as a translator, because it was afterwards found that he fell into several errors which later knowledge has cleared away. Major Rawlinson was unfortunately peculiarly liable to depreciate the work of his competitors, and it is therefore with no surprise that we find him dwell with more emphasis upon their failures than upon their success. But it is certainly remarkable that Hincks, the Irish cuneiform scholar, should have been betrayed into a judgment that must now be regarded as singularly unfair and censorious. Writing in 1847, he gave expression to the opinion that 'Lassen seems lo have been completely destitute of the peculiar talent of a decipherer, and his attempts at translation were consequently as bad as could be made. . . the number and grossness of many of his mistakes are such as to cremate astonishment.' It is quite true that Lassen sometimes mistook verbs for adjectives, and that in some places he had to warn the reader that his translation was purely conjectural. But his services should be estimated by the state of knowledge at the time he


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Rh wrote. It must be remembered that when he began these studies, in 183(5, all that was known were a few proper names, and every attempt to pass beyond had hitherto led to ridiculous misrepresentations of the true meaning of the texts. When, in 1844, he completed his translation of the whole series of inscriptions of the Persian column — with the exception of the Behistun, which was not accessible to him — he had succeeded in making their contents as well known as they are at present in all the essential points of their subject-matter. It must be recollected also that he had to contend with difficulties that have since been. in great measure removed. The texts upon which he worked were in many places in need of emendation; and the parallel colunms in Susian and Babvlonian, which have afforded so much assistance to later translators, were then completely unknown. Moreover, it should not be for- gotten that, notwithstanding all the advantages that are now at command, many of the passages over which Lassen stumbled are still the subject of dispute.

Ilis collection included the ten independent in- scriptions at Persepolis; the Tomb insc^ription at Xaksh-i-Rustam, so lately recovered by Westergaard; the Cyrus inscription from Murgab; the inscriptions of Elvend and Van that only a few years before had acquired an entire volume to expound. He added a trans- lation of the short inscription on the crystal cylinder ])rouglit from Egypt and now in the British Museum. He reads: ' Ego Darius hominum tutor.' He also trans- lated the Denon inscription, found in 1800 near Suez, which, according to him, signifies 'Darius hominum tutcn' magnus.' Both these inscriptions write ' King ' with the abbreviation to which Lassen assigned the value of " narpa' and traiislates ' hominum tutor.' The true meaning of the first is 'I [am] Darius the King,'


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260 and of the second • Darius the LTeat KinL^' ^ The same abbreviation occurs in the inscription on the Caylus vase, but in this case Lassen transLates it simply as 'rex' — ' Xerxes rex magnus.' -

Ahhou;/h Las<en may justly claim cn-eat praise for the skill lie has dispLayed in his translations, it must not be supposed that lie succeeded in overcoming all the difficulties that stood in his wav. His task was sreatlv simplified by the r-onstant recurrence of a set form of words with which the inscriptions usually begin.^ At Persepolis this form is first met with on the Porch, and it oecurs altogether five times in the ten Persepolitan inscriptions. The two Hamadan inscriptions consist of nothinf^ else. A shorter form, which begins at the second paragraph of the one just mentioned, is repeated three times at Persepolis. The longer form sometimes reaches over twentv lines, and as the whole series of these inscriptions only amount to three hundred lines, it is evident how considerably the task of the translator was reduced. Most of the inscriptions are, as we have seen, repeated in several places : the window inscription in the Palace of Darius no less than eighteen times. But the very limitation thus imposed upon him was one ^)f the chief obstacles to his progress. Indeed, until the l^ehistun inscription became available it was impossible to acquire any extensive knowledge of the language. To this circumstance must be partly ascribed the inferiority of Lassen's rendering of difficult passages, when compared with the facility we observe in Pawlinson from the first.

F^etween the publication of the First Memoir and the one we are lunv (•onsiderinir, Lassen made consider- able progress. In the I inscription the names of the

' IJawlinson In /. 1(. A, S x. .'U^. - Second Memoir, pp. 80, 145.

^ See abo\e, p. 7.


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Rh twenty-five provinces are now given correctly with the exception of two: ' Gordyaei/ which EawHnson had shown should read ' M'udraya/ Egypt; and ' Parutia/ which is not a proper name at all, but means ' east.' Neither Lassen nor Eawlinson had much success in their treatment of the new names of provinces found at Naksh-i-Tlustam, and no general agreement has even vet Ijeen reached with regard to some of them. A careful collation of the difficult passages in the subject- matter of the inscriptions is, however, sufficient to prove the great superiority of Eawlinson over Lassen, both in the actual work of translation and in the necessary emendation of a disputed text. An instance of the comparative ingenuity of the two scholars is afforded by a passage in the Xaksh-i-Eustam inscrip- tion, where the last letter of the thirteenth line is obliterated and the passage runs thus (Lassen's trans- literation):

line 13?

14 Arcahja puthra arija arija d —

59 59 15 thra The omission of the letter led Lassen into one of the greatest blunders hi his revised translation His " progenies Arc^is ' commits him to a definite historical error, while the rendering of the following words ' arija arija ' is merely an instance of aberration to which the greatest scholars are occasionally subject. Eawhnson. who greatly excelled him in 'intuition,' had no difficulty in supplying the missing letter as p^ and he translated the passage correctly: ' son of a Per- sian, an Arian, of Arian descent,* in the place of ' Pro- genies Arcis, a venerabihbus stirpis auctoribus oriundi ' I Lassen's knowledge now enabled him to point out several instances in the Inscription of Artaxerxes Ochus


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262 that served to illustrate the decay of the language, though the interval from the classical a^e of Darius was not more than a hundred and ninety years. It is here that the two new signs — or ratlier contractions — for the syllables ' dali ' and ' bunii ' first occur. Of more interest is the evidence this inscription affords of the de<?eneration of the Persian relioion l)v the admittance of Mithra into its worsliip. Artaxerxes the Third traces his t>enealooy through Artaxerxes the Second (Mnemon), Darius the Second (Xothus), Artaxerxes the First (Longimanus), Xerxes, Darius the First, and Hystaspes, to Arsames the Achaemenian ; and neither of the two last are distinguished by the royal title.

The most important publication after Lassen s essay in 1844 was a criticism that appeared upon it by Adolf Holtzmann hi the following year.^ It was written with much personal animosity to Lassen, and this en- livens in an amusino- fashion the extreme ariditv of the subject-matter.

Only two letters now remained to be correctly determined: 19 {^])j the JSh of Tiassen, and this Holtzmann successfully accomplished. The letter occurs in the words Lassen transliterated ' jak'hija ' and ' hak'hi(s).' - Holtzmann substituted d and read the first word ' jadij,' which lie compared with the Sanscrit 'jadi,' Zend 'jedhi' — 'when' — instead of Lassen's ' venerandus,' a meaning that turned out to be correct.*^ Finally, he reviewed all the words in which the letter occurs, and he found that the substitution of d for /: enabled him to assign satisfactory meanings to the whole of them."*

' Holtzmann, Bffitriiye zur Erkliiruny^ Carlsruhe, 1845. ^ I Inscription, line 19 (Second Memoir, p. 176) ; E*» Inscription, line 24 (ib. p. 173).

^ Second Memoir, pp. 65, 68 ; Holtzmann, p. 62.
 * Holtzmann, p. 78.


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Rh Holtzmann is also credited ' with having sUorhtlv improved the value of 28 (^^y^), the z of Jacquet, by <(iving it the sound of (j — presumably // soft, but as it always precedes a the reader would naturally assume it to be hard, as in ' gadija,' ' aga mija,' etc. It is in fact j before a,

Holtzmann has the merit also of rectifvintjf several of Lassen's verbal errors. For example, he showed that ' hada,' which Lassen thoucfht siij^nified ' continu- ally,' in reality means *with.'- Of more importance was his treatment of the word then read ' Paru-ja ' (' parauvaiy '). Eawlinson had already annihilated two of Lassen's provinces — Uscangha (the Uxii) and Drangha (the Drangii) ^ — and Holtzmann now disposes of the third — Paru-ja — which Lassen still cherished in 1845. Lassen derived the word from the Sanscrit 'parvata,' ' hill,' and thought it was a mountain district called Parutia, near the Persian frontier. Holtzmann had recourse to the Sanscrit ' purva ' (easterly), and trans- lated the sentence ' the land of the east,' meaning the eastern provinces whose names followed."* When Holtzmann attempted the correction of longer sentences he was not always so successful. For example, he rendered the words that were then transliterated 'jak'hija awama (ma)nijahja hak'a anijana ma r^am imam Par(^*am,' ' Wlien one goes — from Anijana to the ocean, this land they call Persia ' ! — the real meaning being ' Wenn Du so denkst vor Xiemanden muchte ich zittern — so schlitze dieses Persis(*he Heer.'^ Another instance of ingenuity is the rendering of the line ' hak'a

' By Spiegel, p. 142, who erroneously says lie valued it as^. '^ Lassen, Second Memoir, p. 28 ; Holtzmann, p. 74.

 * First Memoir, p. 152 ; Second Memoir, p. 52.

 * Lassen, Second Memoir, pp. 53, 64 ; Holtzmann, p. 120.

' I Inscription, lines 20—4 ; Second Memoir, p. 176; Holtzmann, p. 63; Spiegel, p. 51.


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264 aiiijaiia nija trrtija/ ' al) Anjaiia usque ad Tar- satia' {sic). It Avill eiial)le the reader to see how un- certain was the progress yet made when these same words were rendered by Lassen, in 184-4, ' adoratio consecrata continiiit/ and 1)V Kawhnson, in 184, 'From the enemy fenreth not' — which closely ap- proached the true translation : 'filrchtet sicli. . . vor kehiem Anderen.' ^

Sometimes, however, Holtzmann showed a marked hnprovement upon Lassen. Thus the latter scholar translated the liftietli line of the Xaksh-i-Rustam inscription ' Auranuizdi adorationem attulere, quae rrejriones] ilhie i)alatium exstruxere/ Holtzmann substi- tutes ' Auromazdas enim opem tulit dum opus feci,' and liawlinson, in 1840, correctly renders the sentence ' Aurmazd bi'oujrht help to me so that I accomplished the work/ ^

When Eawlinson was writin<r his Memoir in 1846 lie remarked upon the singular fact that no En<jflisliraan except himself had yet taken part in the work of decipherment. Many had indeed occupied themselves in the more adventurous task of collectimr the materials — among whom wei'e Morier, Ousehy, Ker rorter,and Kich — but so far liawUnson was alone amonir his countrymen as a deciplierer. This special study arose first in northei'ii h^urope, and it is remarkable how large a share was Ijorne by Denmark. Niebuhr, upon whose foundation all later scholars l)uilt, was born at Ludwisi'sworth in North Hanover : but he served under the king of Denmark, and his Travels were first pub- lished at Copenhagen. Mlinter, though a German by

' Inscription IJ, line 11; Second Memoir, p. L*7 : Holtzmann, p. 65; Kawlin.son, .7. ll.A. S. x, 274 ; Spiegel, p. 49.

■^ Holtzmann, p. 117; .Second Memoir, p. 116; IlsLYrVm^onf J, R, A. S, X. 308.


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Rh descent and birth, was brought up at Copenhagen, and passed his whole life in Denmark, where he died as liishop of Seeland. Eask was a Dane, and he laboured throughout his life as a Professor at the University of Copenhagen. Westergaard belonged to the same nationality and, as in the case of Xiebuhr, his journey to the East was due to the liberality of the Danish Government. Lassen was born and educated at Bergen, though, it is true, he left Norway at the age of twenty-two and passed the greater portion of his life at Bonn Tvchsen was also of Norweman descent, but born at Tondenu in Schleswig. Grotefend was a Hanoverian, born at MUnden. Beer, on the other hand, was an Austiian from J3tzen. France was as yet represented oidy by two scholars, St. Martin and Burnouf; Belgium l)y one, Jacquet; and England also l)y one, liawlinson. But the latter was soon joined by two others, Ilincks and Norris, both of whom, especially the former, were soon to acquire a brilliant reputation hi cuneiform studies. The Eev. Edward Hincjks l)elonged to a Chester faniilv settled in Ireland since 1707. His father was a Presbvterian minister who for a time kept a school at C'ork, and afterwards became classical master at the Belfast Academy (1821-36). He was a man of the most varied learning, who lectured with equal succes< on two such different subjects as Chemistry and Hel)rew. He wrote a -Greek Grannnar, and was a frequent contril)utor to the proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. He married a Chester lady, by whom he had a numerous family, many of whose members rose to distinction. One son became Arch- deacon of Connor, another Professor of Natural Science at Toronto, a third was well known in Canadian politics. He became Premier in 1851, and was called the ' Colbert of Canada.* He was afterwards appointed


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266 to a Colonial Governorship, and was made a K.C.B. in 1862. His brother Edward, the cuneiform scholar, was born in 1792, and after a distinguished career at the University of Dublin, he settled down in a remote country parish as Eector of Killyleagh in the (county Down. In that inhospital)le region he spent forty-one years, till his death in ISf'A). He first attracted atten- tion by his papers on Egyptian hieroglyphics, contri- buted to the Irish Academy. His contributions to cuneiform literature bciran in June 1846, when he read a paper 'On the First and Second Khids of Persepolitan Writinii.' ^ This was followed by another in November ' On the Three Kinds of Persepohtan Writing and on the Babylonian Lapidary Character.' In January of the following year a farther essay appeared, ' On the Third Persepolitan,' and hi the Decembei* after lie pub- lished a long paper in the ' Journal of the Eoyal Asiaiic Society ' on the Inscriptions of Van.-

When he entered upon the study of the lirst column but little remained to be done to complete the decipher- ment of the Persian alphabet. His attention was therefore chiefly directed to the writing in the Susian and Babylonian columns. In a postscript to his first essay he insisted on the substantial resemblance of the language of the third column to those of the Babylonian and Assyrian inscriptions. He supported the opinion which had been even then simuested, that bf)th of thes(* ' have much in common with the Semitic languages ' and he announced that he had read the names of Babylon and Nineveh on the bricks.^ He devoted his inaenuitv in the first instance to prove the identity of the cursive mode of writing' found in the third column and in some

' Transactions of the JRoyal Itish Academy (1848), vol. xxi. pt. ii.

- J. Ii. A. S. ix. 387.

^ Trans. 7?. /. Acad. loc. cit. p. 131.


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Rh Babylonian inscriptions with the character seen on Babylonian bricks and in the East India House Inscrip- tion. He published two elaborate tables in illustration of this theme, and offered a few suggestions as to the meaning? of the sims.^ His later contributions deal chiefly with the Assyrian inscriptions, which, since the excavations made by Botta, began to attract the largest share of public attention. In 1850, he wrote on Khorsabad, on the Assyrio-Babylonian phonetic system, and on Assyrian mythology. Among his more important contributions to Assyriology are his treatise on the Assyrian Verb (1 So 5-0) and his Assyrian Grammar, begun in 18(iG.^' The last was left unfinished, and, strange to say, no notes were found among his papers to assist in its completion. Like Jacquet, he seems to have chart^ed his memory with the whole Ijurden of the complicated task he had set himself to accomphsh. Few scholars enjoyed a higher reputation for extra- ordinary acumen in unravelliniJf the difficulties of this intricate suljject. The 'intuition' he displayed was specially remarkable, and often led him to anticipate (conclusions that other scholars only reached by a slow and arduous course of inquiry. Even Eawlinson, who shared to a high degree in this rare gift, often found liimself anticipated by the Irish scholar. Hincks, for example, was the first to decipher the name and titles of Nebuchadnezzar in the India House Inscription and in many other places, where Grotefend thought he had found 'forms of prayer.'^ This was, however, after he had received the Behistun Inscription, where 'Nebuchadnezzar ' was found by Eawlinson in the Persian column.'*

» Tram. 11, 1, Acad. loc. cit. pp. 242, 244, 253.

- In Journal of Sacred Literature, 1855 ; J. R. A. S. (1866), vol. ii.

^ Trans. JR. I. Acad. loc. cit. p. 243.

 * Id. p. 233 ; J. Ii. A. S, x. Ixx.


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268 Hincks's paper ' On the First and vSecond Kinds of Pei'sepolitan Writino' was read to the Eoyal Irish Academy on June D, 1S4G, and he communicated its contents to Mr. Xoi-ris, the secretary of the Eoyal Asiatic !>ociety. wlio sent a detailed account of it to Major Rawlinson at liagdad. This letter was des- patched from London on August 20, and five days afterwards, on the twenty-fifth of the same month,' Major Kawlinson sent ofTa Supplementary Xote in which, by a yery sinirular coincidence, he introduced some im- portant mo(Uiications in his system of transliteration tliat lu'oiiaht it into substantial ai»Teement with that just then proposed l)y llhicks. Thus the two documents crossed each other on the way, a circumstance that aflbrds conclusive proof of their independent production.- J^ut as Ilincks's paper was read in June and Eawlinson's note not despatched till August, the priority nuist be awarded to the former. This was the first occasion on which Iliiu^ks had contributed to cuneiform research, and, as we lia\e said, he had' the good fortune to forestall Kawlinson in one of his most useful discoveries. When he wrote. Lassen's Second ^lemoir of 1844 was still the cliief authority on the subject, and it is to it that he directs his criticism. In lookino- over Lassen's alphabet, nothing was more remarkal)le tlian the number of signs allotted to certain supposed modifications of the same sound. Thus /•, for example, was represented by no less than lour different signs expressing /c (Xo. 4), A' (16), /S/i (ID), and Ut [4'S) : d In' three different signs. lI (11), (I'll (22), and (/// (34). At the same tune it was

^ Athemcumj December 19, 1S46.

- It took forty-four days to communicate between Bagdad and London. If, therefore, Hineks's pa])er bad been forwarded earlier, say on June 12, it would lia\ e been in Major Uawlinson's hands on July 20 ; but we have positive assurance on -Mr. Norris's authority that this w*as not the case. See the Athcnaumy loc. cit.


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Rh beginning to be remarked that certain of these sia'us to which modifications of the same sound were ascribed were only to be found hi combination with particular vowels. Lassen himself had pointed out hi his First Memoir of 1836 that m (29) always preceded an z. Jaccjuet added that r (40) always occuirred before u. Iloltzmann also remarked that 28 (»-y^), to whi(^h he gave the value of </, is always followed by a, and 19 rf by i}

The merit of Hincks consists in this : that he was the first to point out that the various signs allotted to the same letter did not differ from each other l)y any modification of sound as Lassen supposed, and also that their employment was regulated according to the vowel that succeeded them. lie accordingly divided the signs for these consonants into two classes, ac- cording as they were followed by a, inherent or expressed, and by i or it ; and he added r : the former he called primary, and the latter secondary, consonants. Lassen, as we have said, was of opinion that the secondary letters must have a somewhat different value, and in particular that they were all aspirated. He also thought they might be used indifferently before any vowel. Thus, for example, he supposed that the two signs for m (»-yyy and J^^) might both be used before i, and that they expressed a slightly different sound. Hincks, on the contrary, maintained that ►-YTY could never really open upon i; and when it ap})ears to do so, as in the group ^^ . ^, d is always under- stood. Thus y^^ • ft i^ ' ^^"^1/ ^^^^ *^yyy ft j^^ ' ^^^^i ' oi*

' mc,' the secondary form of vi Ijeing equivalent to its primary form ; aiid he ascribed the existence in the alpliabet of this peculiarity to a survival from a

' See abo\e, pp. i*29, 244 : lloltznianii, pp. 60, 7H.


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270 syllabic mode of writing. Its utility is, however, obvious, for with only three vowels — a. i and u — it would otherwise be impossible to render the sounds e and 6 [at — au). As, however, the consonants them- selves were of the same value, Hincks writes them with the same sign, and discards the h which had till then been added to mark an imaginary difference in the sound of the secondary consonants. This is precisely what liawlinson did hi his Supplementary Note, and for the same reason. Hincks lays down the general rule that when a prinuiry consonant replaces a secondary consonant before / or u^ ' an a must be interposed either as a distinct syllable or as a guna to the vowel.' * This alteration led to a considerable modification in the method of transliteration, but its importance arose from the altered translation of which the words became susceptible. Thus, in the instance already given, Mniy' is the termination of the first person shigular i)resent tense of tlu^ verb ; while ' mey ' (properly ' maiy ') is the enclitic pronoun used for mi/. So also the words Lassen transliterates ' utamija khsathram ' and renders ' tum hoc regnum,' when properly transliterated ' utame ' (* utanuiiy ') signify ' meumque regnum.' -^

IIin(»ks had also the merit of callini^ attenticm to the indiscriminate addition of a by Lassen to words ending in /?/ and nw. This lengtheniiiir of the syllable some- times entirely obscured the sense — as in ' thatija,' which Lassiii supposed to signify ' gcnerosus,' and which is in fact the verb ' he savs.' '^

When we ccmipare Ilincks's alphabet with Lassen's (passing over the mere omission of the aspirates) we

' Trrtns. li. I. Acad. loc. cit. pp. 117 Is. - I/>. ]). 124 ; rf. Spiegel, K Inscription, line 18, p. (>. •^ Trans. JL I.Acad, loc. cit. p. IK). For Hincks's Al])liabct sec Trans. li. I. Acad. loc. cit. p. l.*U and A]>]t. A.