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 as a musician and a composer. South Australia was governed for a number of years previously by a genial Galway man, in the person of Sir Dominick Daly, "a thorough Irish gentleman, who during his term of office endeared himself to the people of South Australia by his courtesy and affability, and by the great interest he always manifested in everything affecting the welfare of the colony." Even Mr. G. W. Rusden, who, in his voluminous "History of Australia," has but too frequently allowed his anti-Irish and anti-Catholic bias to warp his calm and critical judgment, admits that "the urbanity of Sir Dominick Daly won golden opinions, and his death at the close of the customary term of government, elicited such earnest feeling as to prove the hold he had gained upon the people by his genuine sympathy with their interests."

Another authority declares: "Of all the different governors of South Australia, none had been more generally esteemed than Sir Dominick. Combining the most genial manners with the greatest tact—thoroughly comprehending the nature of a constitutional government, and having no political prejudices, he managed in a remarkable degree to gain the sincere good-will of all classes in the colony." Sir Dominick's immediate predecessor. Sir Richard McDonnell, was an Irishman of the most active and energetic type. Not content with governing the settled districts of South Australia, he engaged personally in several exploring tours through the unknown regions to the northward, and thus added a large extent of valuable pastoral territory to his colony. It was during Sir Richard's administration that responsible government was inaugurated in South Australia, and, by his wise guidance and conspicuous tact, the system soon worked as smoothly and as successfully in South

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 as in the other colonies. The first parliament elected under responsible government appointed as its Speaker the foremost Irish colonist of his time, Sir George Kingston, who presided in that capacity over the House of Assembly for many years. Both Sir Richard McDonnell and Sir George Kingston rejoiced in their nationality, and, during their residence in the colony, invariably took a leading part in the Hibernian festivals on St. Patrick's Day. It was another Irish governor—Sir George Bowen—who, as has been remarked by Dr. O'Doherty, "well and duly laid the foundation of a free government in the colony of Queensland," and who in after times was a popular ruler in New Zealand and Victoria. More than one Irishman has been placed over the little island colony of Tasmania, but the greatest name in her history belongs to the son of a United Irishman, who was expatriated by the British Government during the early years of the century. The infant son accompanied his exiled father to the antipodes, and took a glorious revenge on the Imperial authorities by becoming in course of time Sir Richard Dry, first Speaker of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, and Prime Minister at the time of his lamented death. Mr. Fenton, the historian of the colony, describes Sir Richard as the "most popular statesman Tasmania ever possessed. He was known and beloved by all. He inherited a magnificent estate from his father, and possessed ample means wherewith to indulge the generous impulses of his warm-hearted nature. His liberality knew no bounds. Indeed, at one time it had well-nigh crippled his resources."

In New Zealand, Irishmen have always been well to the front, and in consequence the Hibernian roll of eminence in this enterprising State would occupy a large amount of printed space if given in full. Sir George Grey, son of an

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 Irish mother and one of the most ardent of antipodean advocates for home rule, has a unique record, extending over half-a-century, as a fearless explorer, a versatile author, a successful governor and a distinguished statesman. He is the Gladstone of the south, the "grand old man" of New Zealand. Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice; Sir G. Maurice O'Rorke, Speaker of the House of Representatives; the Hon. P. A. Buckley, Colonial Secretary; the Hon. John Ballance, Native Minister; the Hon. Alfred Tole, Minister of Justice; and the Hon. J. E. Fitzgerald, first Superintendent of the Province of Canterbury, and an orator of great power and pathos, worthily uphold the reputation of the old land amongst the public men of New Zealand.

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 with Two Horses." She indicated the Indian who had brought them. "You can help him bring back our baggage." With a grunt Nahma swung herself into the canoe and followed the two with her beady eyes as they mounted the path to the house.

Roger Benton reached the porch steps, stumbled as he mounted them, and was cursed for his clumsiness. As Hilda opened the door, a sudden swell of sound smote his ears. He raised his head quickly, like a startled animal.

The tribesmen had begun their yearly chant across the lake.

Hilda chuckled dryly, "You've heard that before. This is the singing season for these fools."

"Yes—" he muttered, "it's the 'Moon of Falling Leaves—of dying things'." Then he fell groveling at her feet. "I can't go in that house," he sobbed, "I've got to leave this island! I'm afraid here—I'm afraid!"

She swung the door open, pushed him inside and down on the nearest chair. Then she cursed, sneered, threatened and cajoled until his hysteria had spent itself. When his sobs of unreasoning terror ceased, she thrust a flask of whiskey in his hand and told him, "I'm going to have a look through the house and make sure that squaw's taken care of things. You stay quiet here till I come back and,"—with a sneer—"don't let that conscience of yours get going again."

The chant from across the lake beat monotonously against his ears. After awhile he became aware of another sound—a dry little rasping that seemed somehow familiar, native to the place. He found a kind of peace in the strangely wonted sound—until his mind snapped open and he realized what it was.

It was an invalid's rasping cough.

His scream brought Hilda down the stairs almost instantly.

Voice breaking to treble pitch in his terror, he indicated the closed door that led to the living room, "I heard Bernice coughing—in there!"

She slammed him back into the chair. "You've got her on your brain, that's all."

"No—no," he whispered. "I heard her, I tell you!"' He stiffened, sat upright.

Behind that closed door something had coughed again. Hilda wheeled, a light of bewilderment in her face. "Say, I heard something that time!" She strode purposefully to the door.

He found her laughing. "Absolutely empty—not a soul here but ourselves." Then both heard the cough again.

He stood as if frozen she, puzzled. "Funny — we both hear it, yet this room is empty. Oh—!" impatiently, she threw off the unaccustomed fear that strove to grip her—"You've got me imagining things now, that's the whole answer."

Neither spoke for a full minute. Both stood tense. Listening. Waiting. Finally, Hilda shivered slightly. "Must be going to rain," she muttered, "feel how damp it's grown suddenly?"

"Yes," he quavered, "very damp—suddenly." She followed his gaze, riveted to a spot on the floor.

"Where did that come from? A minute ago this room was as neat as a pin. What is it?"

He mumbled thickly, his hands shaking: "It's slime—green slime, from the bottom of the lake."

"That squaw didn't clean——"

He interrupted her, "It wasn't there a minute ago. You said that yourself."

"I must have overlooked it!" Her voice was wavering, uncertain now. "There's another—and another, right on the divan!"

"Yes! And there—and there——"

All over the room began to appear patch after patch of the filthy slime forming silently under their horrified eyes. As they


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dartmouth College

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, Hanover, N.H., U.S.A. (see ), in the period between 1908 and 1921 experienced a great expansion in its plant, endowment and enrolment. Its educational plant in the latter year included 21 buildings devoted to lecture and recitation rooms, laboratories, and administration and similar purposes.

 * (Author:Ernest Martin Hopkins)


text: Author:Ernest Martin Hopkins

title: Author:Ernest Martin Hopkins


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/New Hampshire

NEW HAMPSHIRE (see ).—The pop. in 1920 was 443,083; in 1910 430,572; a gain of 12,511, or 2.9% as against 4.6% in the preceding decade. The urban pop. was in 1920 279,761 or 63.1% of the whole as against 59.2%, in 1910. The pop. of the eight cities having more than 10,000 inhabitants was:—

History.—The Ninth Constitutional Convention, held in 1912, submitted to the voters 12 amendments, of which four received the necessary two-thirds vote, namely disfranchisement for treason, bribery and deliberate violation of the election laws; the substitution of plurality for majority vote in the election of governor, councillors and senators; extension of the jurisdiction of police courts; the substitution of a basis of population for that of property in the election of councillors. The Tenth Constitutional Convention was convened in the summer of 1918,

until the close of the World War, and reconvened in Jan. 1920. It submitted to the voters seven propositions, all of which were rejected. In 1915 the office of assistant attorney-general was created, and the number of bank commissioners was reduced to three, and their term of office was made six years. The Railroad Commission became the Public Service Commission in 1911, its powers were enlarged, and the term of office of the three members was made six years. In 1913 the Fish and Game Commission was reorganized and the number of commissioners reduced from three to one. The Department of Public Instruction was reorganized in 1913 so that the superintendent holds office indefinitely; it was again reorganized in 1919. In 1913 the Department of Agriculture was reorganized with a commissioner instead of a board, and in 1915 it was further reorganized. In 1911 the name Board of Equalization was changed to Tax Commission, the members were reduced from five to three, and the tenure of office was extended from two to five years. The Bureau of Labor was reorganized in 1911, and in 1913 a Board of Arbitration and Conciliation was organized to work with it. In 1913 the License Commission was reorganized; in 1915 it was again reorganized and its name was changed to Excise Commission. The Highway Department was reorganized in 1915 with a highway commissioner at its head appointed by the governor for five years. A Department of Institutions was created in 1913 and reorganized in 1919. The state institutions were managed by seven trustees consisting of the governor and one member of the council, ex officio, and five appointed trustees. The institutions governed by the Department were the prison, the hospital, the sanitarium, the industrial school, and the school for feeble-minded children. During the World War the state sent into the service of the Government 22,000 persons, of whom 7,971 were called under the Selective Service Act. The remainder, more than 60% of the total, volunteered. Liberty Loans were subscribed as follows:—First, $9,894,900; Second, $15,484,400; Third, $17,282,300; Fourth, $29,346,640; total, $72,008,240, about $164 for each person in the state.

The governors after 1910 were:—Robert P. Bass (Rep.), 1911-3; Samuel D. Felker (Dem.), 1913-5; Rolland H. Spaulding (Rep.), 1915-7; Henry W. Keyes (Rep.), 1917-9; John H. Bartlett (Rep.), 1919-21; Albert O. Brown (Rep.), 1921-.

 * (E. J. B.)


text: Author:Edwin Julius Bartlett

title: Author:Edwin Julius Bartlett


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Connecticut

CONNECTICUT (see ) had in 1920 a pop. of 1,380,631, as compared with 1,114,756 in 1910. The increase for the decade was 23.0%, as compared with 14.9% for the whole United States, and was the highest percentage of increase for Connecticut of any decade up to that time. In 1900 the pop. per sq. m. was 181.9; in 1910, 231.3; in 1920, 286.4.

History.—In 1913 it became known to the public that the financial condition of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford railway was unsound. The dependence of the people of the state on the road was made clear by a statement of the road's president, Mr. Howard Elliott, that in 1913 the road controlled 942 of the 1,000 m. of steam railroad in the state, and in addition was interested in separately operated trolley lines aggregating 605 m. out of a total of 911 miles. This dependence was augmented by the fact that (to quote Gov. Holcomb) “the securities of this corporation are quite largely owned and held by women and children, in trust funds, and by our insurance companies who purchased them as a safe, conservative investment.” The change in the financial affairs of the railway brought its stock rapidly from far above par to much below. The suffering caused was general and very considerable. Public opinion forced a change of management.

When the United States was finally compelled to sever diplomatic relations with the Imperial German Government (Feb. 3 1917), Gov. Holcomb requested the Legislature (Feb. 6 1917) to provide for a census of men of military age, the object being to determine not only the number of such men but their occupations, previous military training, nationality and whether or not they were citizens. It was the pioneer military census within the United States and served as a model for those of other states. The Home Guard of Connecticut, formed March 9 1917, rose to 10,000 men. During the summer of 1917 the 26th Division was organized from the New England National Guard. Of the units in that organization the following came from Connecticut: the 1st and and Conn. Infantry became part of the 102nd Infantry; two batteries of Conn. Field Artillery became part of the 103rd Field Artillery; the Conn. Cavalry became part of the 101st Machine-Gun Battalion; and the 1st Conn. Field Hospital and 1st New Haven Field Hospital became part of the 101st Sanitary Train. The division established its headquarters in France at Neufchateau, Oct. 31 1917. It participated, among other actions, in the Aisne-Marne, the St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne offensives. During the formation of the 26th Division, preparations were being made for the National Army. The 1st Provisional Training Regiment was organized at Plattsburg,

N. Y., May 15 1917. To this regiment Connecticut sent her officer candidates to train for commissions. On Aug. 25 1917 the 76th Division was organized at Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass., its officers below the rank of lieutenant-colonel being drawn almost entirely from the 1st Provisional Training Regiment. The bulk of the drafted men from Connecticut went originally to this division. In July 1918 the division established headquarters in St. Amand-Mont-Rond, France, and became the 3rd Depot Division. The number of Connecticut men drafted under the Selective Service Act was 34,574; this figure does not include the numerous volunteers in the armies of the United States or of the Allies. The number who died were 1,305. The amount subscribed by Connecticut in the five War Loans was $437,476,103, an amount $137,557,803 above the state's quota.

Connecticut failed to ratify either the 18th (Prohibition) Amendment or the 19th (Woman Suffrage) Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The governors of Connecticut in the years following 1909 were: Frank B. Weeks, 1909-11; Simon E. Baldwin, 1911-5; Marcus H. Holcomb, 1915-21; Everett J. Lake, 1921-

(R. H. G.)


text: Author:Ralph Henry Gabriel

title: Author:Ralph Henry Gabriel


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Conrad, Joseph

CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856–), English novelist (see ). Later work includes a study of the revolutionary temperament, Under Western Eyes (1911); an autobiographical set of Reminiscences (1912); three volumes of short stories, ’Twixt Land and Sea (1912), Within the Tides (1915) and The Shadow Line (1917); as well as 4 novels, Chance (1914); Victory (1915); The Arrow of Gold (1919) and The Rescue (1920). A dramatized version of Victory was played at the Globe theatre, London, in 1920.


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 St. Gilbert of Sempringham, prior of Watton, Yorkshire, and vicar of Cadney, Lincolnshire. At Cadney he had some dispute with Sir Francis Ascough, which caused him to go to London, where he became one of the chaplains of Henry VIII. In after years, when he was president of the council of the north, it is said that he had to decide a suit in which Ascough was concerned, and that he upheld the cause of his former adversary, as justice required, remarking that he was beholden to him, for had he not been driven to go to London he had lived a poor priest all his days. Being elected bishop of Llandaff, on the resignation of George de Athequa in 1537, he was consecrated on 25 March in the lady chapel of the Blackfriars church by the Bishop of Rochester, receiving the king's license to hold the mastership of Sempringham and the priory of Watton in commendam. In this year he commenced D.D. by special grace. As bishop of Llandaff he took part in composing ‘The Institution of a Christian Man.’ He was one of the council of the north, and much assisted Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop of Durham, the president. In July 1538 he succeeded Tunstall as president of the council; he resided at York in the house pertaining to his office, was fully employed in secular business, and especially in the transactions between England and Scotland in 1540 and the following years. He signed the surrender of Watton 9 Dec. 1540, and in exchange for the income accruing to him as ‘sole master and prior’ of the twenty-four Gilbertine houses received a grant for life of all the lands of Watton with the patronage of its benefices, the clear income being assessed at about 360l. (MS. State Papers, Mary, 1555, vi. 84; Monasticon, vi. 954). On 29 June 1541 he had a special grant of arms, viz. or, a bend between two bulls' heads couped sable, on a chief argent, two bars gules surmounted of a crutch staff in bend azure (the arms given by Drake appear to be those of Robert Waldby, archbishop of York, 1397–8). On 10 Jan. 1545 he was translated to York, taking the oaths of renunciation and supremacy, and receiving the pall at the hands of Archbishop Cranmer in Lambeth Chapel, a special service being performed at this unique ceremony. Immediately after his translation he alienated to the king sixty-seven manors belonging to his see, receiving in exchange thirty-three impropriations and advowsons which came to the crown by the dissolution of the northern monasteries. While by these and other like measures he much impoverished his see, he became personally the wealthiest prelate in England. On 24 Oct. 1546 he received letters patent for the foundation of three grammar schools at York, Old Malton, and Hemsworth, each to be a separate corporation with a master and usher, the statutes to be framed by the archbishop, who ordained that Latin, Greek, and Hebrew should be taught free; the parents paid a quarterly sum for instruction in English, writing, and arithmetic. On 15 June 1549 Holgate was married after banns to Barbara, daughter of Roger Wentworth. It was said that they had been privately married at an earlier date. The insurrection in Yorkshire gave him some trouble, but (he afterwards asserted to the king, Edward VI) it was put down by the local forces without charge. Eight persons were executed (MS. State Papers, Mary, u.s.) About this time he had some disputes with the Earl of Warwick, afterwards Duke of Northumberland [see ], for, according to his own account, he refused to ‘forbear the order of justice’ in the case of ‘dyvers light persons offenders,’ and also thwarted Dudley with respect to some property which he desired to acquire. These disputes cost him the loss of the presidency of the council, which he held for twelve years. In 1551 one Anthony Norman complained to the privy council that Holgate's wife had previously been married to himself, and claimed that she should be restored, and on 12 Nov. the council appointed three commissioners to inquire into the matter and report accordingly (Council Book, Harl. MS. 352, 206). It appears that their report was in the archbishop's favour, for in a grant from the crown, dated 27 May 1553, Barbara is described as his wife. This grant directed that the manor of Scrooby, in the northern part of Nottinghamshire, which Holgate purchased for about 630l., was to be added to the property of his see after the deaths of himself and his wife. He favoured the doctrines and practices of the foreign reformers, and on 15 Aug. 1552 issued injunctions to the chapter of York ordering the delivery of divinity lectures for the instruction of the inferior officers of the cathedral, and the reading and learning by heart of the scriptures by the vicars choral, who were to be examined constantly in them, and to have each an English testament. He further arranged a cycle of Sunday preachers, and forbade the playing of the organ during service, and all singing except plain song. All the canopy work containing images of saints was to be removed, the carving and images behind the high altar were to be pulled down and texts painted up instead. The library was to be furnished with the ancient fathers, together with works by Calvin and Bullinger. In May 1553 Holgate was sent for to attend the king


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Rh always short, and causes an involuntary elevation of the declaimer's voice.

This morning I was present at high mass, which annually, on this day, the doge must attend, in the Church of St. Justina, to commemorate an old victory over the Turks. When the gilded barks which carry the princes and a portion of the nobility approach the little square; when the boatmen, in their rare liveries, are plying their red-painted oars; when, on the shore, the clergy and the religious fraternities are standing, pushing, moving about, and waiting with their lighted torches, fixed upon poles and portable silver chandeliers; then, when the gangways covered with carpet are placed from the vessels to the shore, and first the full violet dresses of the Savii, next the ample red robes of the senators, are unfolded upon the pavement, and, lastly, when the old doge, adorned with his golden Phrygian cap, in his long golden talar and his ermine cloak, steps out of the vessel,—when all this, I say, takes place in a little square before the portal of a church, one feels as if he were looking at an old worked tapestry, exceedingly well designed and coloured. To me, northern fugitive as I am, this ceremony gave a great deal of pleasure. With us, who parade nothing but short coats in our processions of pomp, and who conceive nothing greater than one performed with shouldered arms, such an affair might be out of place. But these trains, these peaceful celebrations, are all in keeping here.

The doge is a well-grown and well-shaped man, who, perhaps, suffers from ill health, but nevertheless, for dignity's sake, bears himself upright under his heavy robe. In other respects he looks like the grandpapa of the whole race, and is kind and affable. His dress is very becoming. The little cap which he wears under the large one does not offend the eye, resting as it does upon the whitest and finest hair in the world.


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 on the occasion of the coming of the admiral of France (Antoine de Noailles). He went up to Hampton Court, he says, with about seventy horse, and stayed there over the death of the king until Michaelmas, spending on this occasion 1,000l. On 4 Oct. he was committed to the Tower ‘upon pretence of treason or great crimes’, and his rich stores, money, plate, and other goods at his houses at Cawood and Battersea and elsewhere were seized. (For the inventory of his effects see Gent. Mag. 1825, pt. i. p. 595.) On 16 March 1554 he was deprived of his bishopric for being married. He wrote to Sir Richard Southwell, one of Queen Mary's privy council, claiming his private estates and movables not belonging to the see, and petitioning to be released and ‘restored to celebration.’ He declared that he repented of marrying, to which, he said, he had been persuaded by the Duke of Somerset, having married for fear that Northumberland should call him a papist, that he was willing to act in his vocation as should be provided from time to time, to obey the queen's laws, and to make amends for his offence. He urged that his case was different from that of the other bishops in confinement, ‘they beinge moche further gone amisse in religion than he was, and with obstynacie,’ and finally offered the queen 1,000l. for his release, which he obtained on 18 Jan. 1555. It has, however, been ascertained that he died on 15 Nov. following his release at the house called the master of Sempringham's head house in Cow Lane in the parish of St. Sepulchre's, London (copy of a letter of Joseph Hunter referring to an inquisition on his death held at the Guildhall on 11 May 1556). He is said to have had two children by his wife (Gent. Mag. 1800, pt. i. pp. 321, 322 n.), but of this there seems to be no proof. By his will, dated 27 April before his death and proved 4 Dec. 1556, in which he makes no mention of wife or child, he, being then sick, directs that he should be buried in the church of the parish where he shall die, and leaves all his lands for the erection and endowment of a hospital at Hemsworth for a master and twenty brethren and sisters, of the age of sixty, or blind or lame, belonging to Hemsworth and three adjacent parishes. This bequest was duly executed. There is a portrait of Holgate in his hospital at Hemsworth, which has been engraved by J. Stow.

HOLINSHED or HOLLINGSHEAD, RAPHAEL (d. 1580?), chronicler, is said to have been son of Ralph Holinshed or Hollingshed of Cophurst in the township of Sutton Downes, Cheshire, but the pedigree of the Holinsheds or Hollingsheds of Cophurst cannot be traced authoritatively. Hugh Holinshed or Hollingshead of Bosley, Cheshire, has been claimed as the chronicler's uncle. Hugh purchased the estate of Heywood, Cheshire, in 1541, and the frequent appearance of the christian name Ralph or Raphael among his immediate descendants supports the theory of kinship. Hugh's second son, Ralph, who died before 1577, had a son Ralph (d. 1635?) and three grandsons of the name (, East Cheshire, ii. 617). Tanner states that the chronicler was educated at Cambridge. Of two Holinsheds known there at a possible date one was Ottiwell, son of Hugh, Holinshed (possibly Raphael's first cousin), B.A. in 1540–1, and M.A. in 1544, fellow of Trinity College from 19 Dec. 1546, and canon of Windsor from 24 Sept. 1550; after Mary's accession he lived at Ashby-de-la-Zouch with his wife Margaret, daughter of Henry Harden of Ascot. Another Holinshed matriculated from Christ's College in May 1544, and was a scholar there in 1544–5; probably he was the chronicler. Baker assumed that the chronicler was of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Wood asserts that after studying at a university he became ‘a minister of God's word’ (Athenæ Oxon. i. 713). Early in Elizabeth's reign he was a translator in the London printing office of Reginald Wolfe. To Wolfe he writes that he was ‘singularly beholden’ (Chron. 1577, ded.)

About 1548 Wolfe designed a universal


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172 About fifty nobili, with long dark red trains, were with him. For the most part, they were handsome men; and there was not a single uncouth figure among them. Several of them were tall, with large heads; so that the white curly wigs were very becoming to them. Their features are prominent. The flesh of their faces is soft and white, without looking flabby and disagreeable. On the contrary, there is an appearance of talent without exertion, repose, self-confidence, easiness of existence; and a certain joyousness pervades the whole.

When all had taken their places in the church, and mass began, the fraternities entered by the chief door, and went out at the side door to the right, after they had received holy water in couples, and made their obeisance to the high altar, to the doge, and the nobility.

Night.

For this evening I had bespoke the celebrated song of the mariners, who chant Tasso and Ariosto to melodies of their own. This must be actually ordered, as it is not to be heard as a thing of course, but rather belongs to the half-forgotten traditions of former times. I entered a gondola by moonlight, with one singer before, and the other behind me. They sing their song, taking up the verses alternately. The melody, which we know through Rousseau, is of a middle kind, between choral and recitative, maintaining throughout the same cadence, without any fixed time. The modulation is also uniform, only varying with a sort of declamation, both tone and measure, according to the subject of the verse. But the spirit, the life of it, is as follows:

Without inquiring into the construction of the melody, suffice it to say, that it is admirably suited to that easy class of people, who, always humming something or other to themselves, adapt such tunes to any little poem they know by heart.


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Rh Sitting on the shore of an island, on the bank of a canal, or on the side of a boat, a gondolier will sing away with a loud penetrating voice,—the multitude admire force above everything,—anxious only to be heard as far as possible. Over the silent mirror it travels far. Another in the distance, who is acquainted with the melody, and knows the words, takes it up, and answers with the next verse, and then the first replies; so that the one is, as it were, the echo of the other. The song continues through whole nights, and is kept up without fatigue. The farther the singers are from each other, the more touching sounds the strain. The best place for the listener is half-way between the two.

In order to let me hear it, they landed on the bank of the Guidecca, and took up different positions by the canal. I walked backward and forward between them, so as to leave the one whose turn it was to sing, and to join the one who had just left off. Then it was that the effect of the strain first opened upon me. As a voice from the distance, it sounds in the highest degree strange,—as a lament without sadness: it has an incredible effect, and is moving even to tears. I ascribed this to my own state of mind; but my old boatman said, " È singolare, como quel canto intenerirsce, e molto piu quando è piu ben cantato." He wished that I could hear the women of the Lido, especially those of Malamocco and Pelestrina. These also, he told me, chanted Tasso and Ariosto to the same or similar melodies. He went on, "In the evening, while their husbands are on the sea, fishing, they are accustomed to sit on the beach, and with shrill, penetrating voice to make these strains resound, until they catch from the distance the voices of their partners, and in this way they keep up a communication with them." Is not that beautiful? And yet it is very possible that one who heard them close by would take little pleasure in such tones, which have to vie with the waves of the


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Moawiyah


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174 sea. Human, however, and true, becomes the song in this way. Thus is life given to the melody on whose dead elements we should otherwise have been sadly puzzled. It is the song of one solitary, singing at a distance, in the hope that another of kindred feelings and sentiments may hear and answer.

, Oct. 8, 1786.

I paid a visit to the Palace Pisani Moretta, for the sake of a charming picture by Paul Veronese. The females of the family of Darius are represented kneeling before Alexander and Hephæstion: his mother, who is in the foreground, mistakes Hephæstion for the king; turning away from her, he points to Alexander. A strange story is told about this painting. The artist had been well received and for a long time honourably entertained in the palace: in return, he secretly painted the picture, and left it behind him as a present, rolled up under his bed. Certainly it well deserves to have had a singular origin, for it gives an idea of all the peculiar merits of this master. The great art with which he manages, by a skilful distribution of light and shade, and by an equally clever contrast of the local colours, to produce a most delightful harmony, without throwing any sameness of tone over the whole picture, is here most strikingly visible. For the picture is in excellent preservation, and stands before us almost with the freshness of yesterday. Indeed, whenever a painting of this order has suffered from neglect, our enjoyment of it is marred on the spot, even before we are conscious what the cause may be.

Whoever feels disposed to quarrel with the artist on the score of costume has only to say he ought to have painted a scene of the sixteenth century; and the matter is at an end. The gradation in the expression, from the mother through the wife to the daughters, is in the highest degree true and happy. The youngest


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 James I with lands at Monton, Eccles. John's father, a yeoman, died shortly after his son's birth, and his widow about 1740. Young Holker sold his patrimony in order to erect a cotton-mill, and spent two years at Manchester to acquire the necessary knowledge. He married Elizabeth, daughter of John Hilton or Hulton, a Manchester tradesman. Brought up an ardent catholic and Jacobite, Holker was with difficulty dissuaded by his wife from joining the Young Pretender in Scotland in 1745. When the prince entered Manchester, Holker joined his forces with the rank of lieutenant, and was captured with the other Manchester volunteers at Carlisle. He was sent to Newgate in February 1746 in company with Peter Moss, whose friends bribed a turnkey to admit tools and a rope. He escaped (26 June 1746) with great difficulty on account of his size, and was concealed for six weeks by a woman who kept a green stall. Holker, about thirty years afterwards, gave Dutens a minute but inaccurate account of their escape (Memoirs of a Traveller). Even the moonlight alleged to have facilitated the exploit will not bear the test of the almanac. He seems also to have told his family that he was at Falkirk and Culloden, whereas he was never in Scotland. After hiding in England he made his way by Holland to Paris, and in February 1747 became lieutenant in Ogilvie's, also called the Irish Brigade. He served till 1751, when, on his failure to obtain a pardon from the English government, he determined on erecting a cotton-mill at Rouen. The rudeness of Norman processes induced him to submit a paper to Machault, comptroller-general of finance, who commissioned him to go to England to enlist workmen and study the latest improvements. In 1754 he accordingly went in disguise to Manchester, visited the factories, and engaged twenty-five hands. On his return he was assigned a military pension of six hundred livres, and was appointed inspector-general of manufactures. Holker ceased to enforce the old vexatious regulations, introduced improvements, revived or stimulated the velvet and corduroy manufacture, established spinning schools, and promoted pottery works. His salary was raised from 320l. to 480l., and in 1769, on starting the first vitriol factory in France, he was encouraged by a subsidy and bounties. In 1770 he was made a knight of St. Louis, and in 1775, backed by a pedigree from the London Heralds' College and by testimonials from Jacobite refugees, he obtained lettres de noblesse. A widower in 1776 he married the widow of Jean Testart. He retired about 1780 to the village of Montigny, died 27 April 1786, and was buried at Rouen. The Young Pretender, whom he accompanied to London on his secret visit of 1750, presented him with a sword of honour damasked with gold, which is still preserved by his descendants.

His only son, (1745–1822), was in 1769 appointed deputy-inspector, went to England to study Hargreaves's and Arkwright's processes, and in 1777 was sent by the French government to America to report on the prospects of the war, and dissuade the Americans from submitting to England. Appointed consul-general at Philadelphia, he equipped and victualled French men-of-war in American ports. He settled at Springburg, Virginia, bought twenty thousand acres of land in Indiana and Illinois, visited France in 1800, and died in America in 1822. His wife, Elisabeth Julie Quesnel, had remained at Rouen. Their son, (1770–1844), discovered the method of continuous combustion in the vitriol manufacture, which he carried on, first at Rouen and afterwards at or near Paris.

HOLKER, JOHN (1828–1882), lord justice, son of Samuel Holker, a manufacturer, of Bury, Lancashire, by Sarah, daughter of John Brocklehurst of Clitheroe in that county, was born at Bury in 1828. He was educated at the Bury grammar school, and, though at first destined for holy orders, was eventually articled to Mr. Eastham, solicitor, of Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland. After some years he entered as a student at Gray's Inn, was called to the bar there in 1854, subsequently became a bencher, and in 1875 treasurer of his inn. After a short time spent in London he joined the northern circuit, and settled at Manchester. Here for some time he got but little practice, and from his appearance was called ‘sleepy Jack Holker.’ He was all his life a ‘tall, plain, lumbering Lancashire man, who never seemed to labour a case nor to distinguish himself by ingenuity or eloquence, but through whom the justice of his cause appeared to shine as through a somewhat dull but altogether honest medium.’ After ten years of growing and miscellaneous practice he distinguished himself, when left alone by no less than three leaders, in a parliamentary committee in the Staly-


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 bridge and Ashton Waterworks Bill, and removed to London in 1864. He obtained the rank of queen's counsel in 1866, and at once stepped into a leading position on his circuit; he was so successful in a patent case (his first) upon his first assize after ‘taking silk’ that patent cases formed thenceforward the larger part of his practice. In 1872 he successfully contested a by-election in the conservative interest at Preston. The election, the first under the Ballot Act, attracted much attention. At the same time the Tichborne case, absorbing many of the best known leaders at the bar, left an opening, of which Holker, hitherto little known in London, was able to avail himself. At the general elections in 1874 and in 1880 he was re-elected for Preston; was appointed solicitor-general by Mr. Disraeli and was knighted (1874). On the appointment of Sir Richard Baggallay to the court of appeal in November 1875 Holker became attorney-general. His practice became enormous, and his income during two consecutive years was 22,000l. a year. Persuasiveness, shrewdness, and tact made him extraordinarily successful in winning verdicts. In the House of Commons he proved a successful law-officer; he opposed Bass's bill to abolish committals for contempt in county courts, vigorously attacked Mr. Gladstone's Eastern policy in 1877, introduced the Criminal Code Bill and Bankruptcy Bill, and carried the Summary Procedure Act and Public Prosecution Act in 1879. It was known that he was anxious to obtain the post of lord chief baron, but Sir Fitzroy Kelly was unwilling to vacate it, and he returned to private practice on the fall of Lord Beaconsfield's administration in 1880. While absent for his health's sake on the Riviera, he was appointed by the government of Mr. Gladstone, who personally appreciated his close powers of reasoning, a lord justice of appeal in January 1882. He sat in that court only a few months, though long enough to display great judicial powers, was compelled by failing health to resign his office on 19 May, died at his house in Devonshire Street, Portland Place, on 24 May, and was buried 30 May in his mother's grave at Lytham, Lancashire. Lord Coleridge, in a panegyric upon him in the court of appeal on 26 May, said of him that ‘he filled with applause the offices of solicitor-general and attorney-general, and at the time of his death stood by universal consent in the very first rank of his profession.’ Many acts of unostentatious kindness to members of his profession are ascribed to him. He married, first, Jane, daughter of James Wilson of Eccles, Lancashire; and, secondly, Mary Lucia, daughter of Patrick McHugh of Cheetham Hill, Manchester, but left no issue.

HOLL, FRANCIS (1815–1884), engraver, fourth son of William Holl the elder [q. v.], the engraver, by his wife Mary Ravenscroft, was born 23 March 1815 at Bayham Street, Camden Town. Francis learned his profession wholly from his father, and soon achieved marked success as a line engraver. He was engaged for twenty-five years in engraving pictures belonging to the queen, and he illustrated the ‘Life of the Prince Consort’ by Sir Theodore Martin. He was celebrated for his beautiful engravings of chalk drawings, and engraved many of Mr. George Richmond's portraits. His principal works were: ‘The Stocking Loom,’ by A. Elmore, R.A., ‘The Coming of Age in the Olden Time,’ and ‘The Railway Station,’ by Mr. W. P. Frith, R.A. He exhibited seventeen engravings in the Royal Academy between 1856 and 1879, and was elected an associate of the Academy in January 1883.

Holl was an admirable amateur actor, and belonged to a company called ‘The Histrionics,’ who played at the St. James's Theatre. His part of Mungo in the ‘Padlock,’ played in 1842, was a very marked success. He often played comic characters for the benefit of the Artists' General Benevolent Fund, in company with George Cruikshank, F. W. Topham, Mr. John Tenniel, and others. He sang well, and was an excellent player on the violoncello. He lived for many years at 30 Gloucester Road, Regent's Park, and retired about 1879 to Elm House, Milford, Surrey. He died of peritonitis on 14 Jan. 1884, and was buried at Highgate cemetery on the 19th.

On 23 Sept. 1841 he married Alicia Margaret, daughter of Robert Dixon, a naval officer, who was wounded at the battle of Trafalgar. By her Holl had two sons and two daughters. His eldest son, Francis Montague, usually called Frank Holl, the painter, is separately noticed.

Holl's portrait was twice taken by his son Frank Holl. The first, a chalk drawing, was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1868, and the second, an oil painting, in 1884, and again in the winter exhibition, 1889. It is the property of his widow.


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Rh princess, who kneels behind all the rest, is a beautiful girl, and has a very pretty, but somewhat independent and haughty, countenance. Her position does not at all seem to please her.

My old gift of seeing the world with the eyes of that painter whose pictures have most recently made an impression on me, has occasioned me some peculiar reflections. It is evident that the eye forms itself by the objects which from youth up it is accustomed to look upon; and so the Venetian artist must see all things in a clearer and brighter light than other men. We, whose eye when out-of-doors falls on a dingy soil, which, when not muddy, is dusty, and which, always colourless, gives a sombre hue to the reflected rays, or at home spend our lives in close, narrow rooms, can never attain to such a cheerful view of nature.

As I floated down the lagunes in the full sunshine, and observed how the figures of the gondoliers in their motley costume, and as they rowed, lightly moving above the sides of the gondola, stood out from the bright green surface, and against the blue sky, I caught the best and freshest type possible of the Venetian school. The sunshine brought out the local colours with dazzling brilliancy; and the shades even were so luminous, that, comparatively, they in their turn might serve as lights. And the same may be said of the reflection from the sea-green water. All was painted chiaro nell chiaro; so that foamy waves and lightning-flashes were necessary to give it the last finish (um die Tüpfchen auf "i" zu setzen).

Titian and Paul have this brilliancy in the highest degree; and, whenever we do not find it in any of their works, the piece is either damaged or has been touched up.

The cupola and vaulting of St. Mark's, with its sidewalls, are covered with paintings,—a mass of richly


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 HOLL, FRANCIS MONTAGUE, known as (1845–1888), painter, born on 4 July 1845, at No. 7 St. James's Terrace, Kentish Town, was the eldest son of Francis Holl [q. v.], engraver. He was a delicate boy, and was not at first sent to school. Descended from a family of engravers he showed almost from infancy a passion for drawing. His chief amusement as a child was to draw and colour in the engraving studio of his father, who overlooked and corrected his work. At the age of nine he was sent to a school at Heath Mount, Hampstead, kept by Mr. Ray, and spent his half-holidays in drawing the scenery round the playground. He was afterwards sent to University College School, and remained there till he was fifteen. He still devoted his half-holidays to drawing, and thus prepared a chalk drawing for the probationership at the Royal Academy, which proved successful. After his admission as a student in 1861 he regularly attended the Royal Academy schools. He gained two silver medals there, one for a drawing from the antique in 1862, and one in 1863 for a study from the life, and in 1863 he also obtained the gold medal for historical painting.

Holl had previously painted his first picture, ‘A Flower Girl sitting under the columns of Hanover Church, Regent Street, London.’ It was undertaken for Mr. Schofield of Manchester, who gave him a commission to paint another called ‘Turned out of Church.’ Holl first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1864, when he sent ‘Turned out of Church’ and a portrait of himself. He was henceforth until his death a regular exhibitor each year, except in 1875. During 1866 he passed his autumn at Bettws y Coed, North Wales. Interiors of Welsh peasants' cabins are found in several of his later pictures. While yet a youth his genius was discerned by the older artists who were friends of his father, Paul Falconer Poole, R.A., Francis William Topham, Thomas Danby, William Wood Deane, and others, and he was admitted into a little private club of theirs. Devoted to music, he was an excellent amateur performer on the piano.

In 1868 he gained the travelling studentship at the Royal Academy by his picture of ‘The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord.’ The picture was exhibited in 1869, and made a great impression on the public. The queen wished to buy it, but it was already sold to another collector, Mr. F. C. Pawle. He spent a few months of the spring of 1869 abroad, but his sympathy was entirely with home subjects, and, returning to England, he resigned his travelling studentship.

In 1871 Holl exhibited ‘No Tidings from the Sea,’ a commission from the queen. On 10 Feb. 1872 he produced, as a double-page illustration for the ‘Graphic,’ ‘At a Railway Station—A Study.’ He subsequently painted this subject both in oil and water-colour, and called it ‘Leaving Home.’ The oil-painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1873, and is now the property of Mrs. Hill. In 1873 he painted ‘Want—the Pawnbroker's Shop,’ a young woman with an infant in her arms pawning her wedding-ring; a replica of the woman and child only was painted for Mrs. W. W. Deane. From 1874 to 1876 he was regularly engaged on work for the ‘Graphic,’ and on the twenty-four illustrations for Anthony Trollope's ‘Phineas Redux’ (London, 1874).

Holl virtually began portrait-painting in 1876 with a portrait of Mr. G. C. Richardson. He had undertaken the work on condition that if it proved unsatisfactory to himself the sitter should allow him to destroy it. The picture was exhibited in 1878 with one entitled ‘Newgate—Committed for Trial,’ which is now in the Royal Holloway College, Egham. In the same year he was elected A.R.A., and his election was largely due to the merits of his portrait. John Prescott Knight, R.A., recommended him to turn portrait-painter, and his father confirmed Knight's view. At his father's suggestion he painted a portrait of Samuel Cousins, R.A., the celebrated engraver. Cousins did not like the portrait, but when it was exhibited in 1879 its excellence was appreciated by the public, and from that time forward Holl, although he did not altogether abandon subject-painting, was inundated with commissions for portraits. On 26 March 1883 he was elected an associate of the Royal Society of Painters in Water-colours, and exhibited at their summer exhibition ‘Leaving Home,’ the only water-colour picture he is known to have exhibited. On 29 March 1883 he was elected R.A.

From 1879 until his death, in 1888, Holl painted 198 portraits, including almost all the celebrated men of the day. His portraits of the Prince of Wales (two), the Duke of Cambridge, his father, Cousins, Captain Sim, Sir James Bacon, the Duke of Cleveland, Signor Piatti, Sir Horace Jones, Sir W. Jenner, Sir Henry Rawlinson, Sir George Stephen, and Lord Spencer, are all admirable; the last, which was exhibited at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1888, is perhaps the best example of his art. His only female portraits, besides that of his daughter Madeline in the picture called ‘Did you ever kill anybody, Father?’ 1884 (now the property of Mr. F. C. Tonks);


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 were those of Miss Tonks and Miss Harvey. The latter picture (now the property of the Rev. Alfred J. Harvey) was exhibited at the Royal Academy in the winter of 1889.

Holl was of an anxious temperament, and the strain of continuous work told upon his health. He lived chiefly in London, but spent much time in his favourite county of Surrey, and at Gomshall Mr. Norman Shaw, R.A., built a house for him in 1885. In April 1888, after his pictures were painted for the exhibitions, he went, on medical advice for a few weeks to Spain, but his health was not permanently improved. On 14 July he was taken ill with disease of the heart, and died on 31 July, at his house in Fitzjohn's Avenue, London (designed for him by Mr. R. Norman Shaw in 1881–2). He was buried at Highgate cemetery on 7 Aug.

Velazquez and Rembrandt were Holl's favourite old masters, but he was sensible of the grace and refinement of Vandyck, whom in a few portraits, like those of Lord Spencer and Sir George Stephen, he approached. He held the first place among contemporary portrait-painters, and probably no portrait-painter of any age has executed so much first-rate work in so short a time. His pictures gained medals at Philadelphia and Melbourne, and he was asked to paint his own portrait for the Uffizi gallery at Florence, but did not live to undertake it.

Holl's subject-pictures illustrate his strong religious feeling and his deep sympathy with the miseries and sorrows of the poor. In private life he was always ready to do all he could to relieve distress. Wealthy in later life, and courted by the leaders of society, the cordiality of his relations with early and less fortunate friends never changed.

Holl married, in 1867, Annie Laura, daughter of Charles Davidson, the well-known water-colour painter, whom he met during his stay in Wales in 1866. His widow and four daughters, Ada, Olive, Madeline, and Phillis, survived him. The portrait of himself which he painted in 1884 for Mr. J. Macdonald of Aberdeen, is too frowning. An excellent sketch of him at work by M. Renouard was given in the ‘Universal Review,’ 15 Aug. 1888.

Holl exhibited ninety-one pictures in all at the Royal Academy. These include, besides those already mentioned, in 1865 ‘A Fern-gatherer;’ in 1866 ‘The Ordeal’ (the property of Mrs. Harry Stewart); in 1867 ‘Convalescent’ and ‘Faces in the Fire’ (the property of Miss Gertrude Agnew); in 1868 ‘Francis Holl, Esq.;’ in 1870 ‘Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith’ (Proverbs, xv. 17); in 1871 ‘Winter;’ in 1872 ‘A Milkmaid’ and ‘I am the Resurrection and the Life’ (the property of Mr. John Akroyd); in 1873 ‘Leaving Home;’ in 1874 ‘Deserted;’ in 1876 ‘Her First-born;’ in 1877 ‘Going Home;’ in 1879 ‘The Gifts of the Fairies’ (the property of Mr. F. C. Pawle), ‘Signor Piatti,’ ‘The Daughter of the House,’ and ‘Absconded;’ in 1880 five portraits and ‘Ordered to the Front’ (the property of Sir Thomas Lucas, bart.); in 1881 ‘Home Again’ (also the property of Sir T. Lucas), and four portraits, including Major-general Sir Henry Rawlinson, K.C.B., and the Rev. Edward Hartopp Cradock, D.D. (now at Brasenose College, Oxford); in 1882 seven portraits, including Lieutenant-general Sir Frederick Sleigh Roberts, painted for the queen; in 1883 eight portraits, including Lord Wolseley, the Duke of Cambridge, and John Bright; in 1884 seven portraits, including the Prince of Wales (for the Middle Temple) and Viscount Cranbrook; in 1885 eight portraits, including Viscount Hampden, as speaker of the House of Commons, William Connor Magee, bishop of Peterborough (afterwards archbishop of York), and the Marquis of Dufferin); in 1886 six portraits, including the Duke of Cleveland, Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, M.P., and Sir J. E. Millais, bart., R.A.; in 1887 eight portraits; and in 1888 eight portraits, including the Prince of Wales, as an elder brother of the Trinity House, Earl Spencer, Sir William Jenner, bart., and Mr. W. E. Gladstone. Twenty-four of Holl's portraits were exhibited at the Grosvenor gallery between 1880 and 1888. Holl's portrait of John Bright, painted in 1887, is at the Reform Club.

Fifty-four of Holl's chief pictures were exhibited at the Royal Academy in the winter of 1889. A committee was formed in January 1889 to place a memorial-tablet to Holl's memory in St. Paul's Cathedral, and to purchase some of his works for the National Portrait Gallery.

HOLL, WILLIAM, the elder (1771–1838), engraver, born in 1771, was apparently of German origin. He was a pupil of Benjamin Smith, the engraver, and practised in


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The New International Encyclopædia/Omer Pasha

OMER PASHA, (1806-71). A celebrated Turkish general, born of Christian parents at Plasky, an Austrian village in the former Croatian Military Frontier. Michael Latas (this was his real name) was educated at a military school, and joined a frontier regiment, but fled in 1828 to Bosnia, turned Mohammedan, and became tutor in the household of Hussein Pasha, Governor of Widdin. In 1834 he was made writing master in a military school at Constantinople, and instructor to Abd-ul-Medjid, heir apparent to the throne. Omer was made Governor of Lebanon in 1842, and successively repressed insurrections in Albania, Kurdistan, and Bosnia. In 1853 he defeated the Russians at Oltenitza, and in 1854 at Silistria, gaining possession of Bucharest. Later he repulsed the Russians at Eupatoria, in the Crimea, and set out to relieve Kars, but failed. He became Governor of Bagdad in 1857, but was dismissed in 1859 on account of maladministration. In 1862 he repressed the insurrection in Montenegro and took Cetinje. In 1864 he was made field-marshal, and in 1867 was sent to put down the rebellion in Crete. From 1869 he was Minister of War. As a commander Omer was noted especially for his excellent strategy.


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 the stipple method. He was especially noted for his engraved portraits, which were very numerous, some being executed for Lodge's ‘Portraits’ (1821); was employed in engraving Corbould's drawings of the antique marbles in the British Museum, and engraved, among other subjects, ‘The Boar which killed Adonis brought before Venus,’ after R. Westall. Holl was a man of retiring disposition, and his work often appeared under the name of others. He was an advanced liberal in politics, and at the time of the Spa Fields riots in December 1816 exposed himself to great risk by concealing the ringleader, Watson. Holl died in London, 1 Dec. 1838. He had four sons, Benjamin, who practised engraving for a short time; William [see below]; Francis [q. v.], A.R.A.; and Charles (d. 1882), who also practised as an engraver.

, the younger (1807–1871), second son of the above, born at Plaistow, Essex, in February 1807, learnt engraving from his father, whose stipple method he adopted for some time, though he subsequently became a line-engraver on steel. He engraved numerous portraits for Lodge's ‘Portraits,’ Knight's ‘Gallery of Portraits,’ Finden's ‘Portraits of the Female Aristocracy,’ &c. He also executed plates for Blackie's ‘Bible,’ T. Moore's ‘Poems,’ and other works. He engraved after W. P. Frith, R.A., ‘An English Merrymaking,’ ‘The Village Pastor,’ ‘Ruth in the Field of Boaz,’ &c.; pictures after J. Absolon, C. Baxter, J. Faed, A. Elmore, B. West, and others; and a number of portraits of members of the ‘Grillion Club,’ drawn by G. Richmond, R.A. At the time of his death he was engaged on an engraving for the Art Union of ‘Rebekah,’ after F. Goodall, R.A., which was completed by his brother Charles Holl, and his assistant F. A. Roberts. Holl died in London, 30 Jan. 1871, after a long illness. He was an industrious worker, and his engravings are highly esteemed. He frequently worked in conjunction with his brother Francis Holl, A.R.A.

 HOLLAND, (1589?–1649). [See .]

HOLLAND,. [See, 1705–1774, first ; , 1773–1840, third .]

HOLLAND, (1770–1845}, wife of the third lord. [See .]

HOLLAND, ABRAHAM (d. 1626), poet, a son of Philemon Holland [q. v.], was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1616–17 (Camb. Univ. Reg.) He published in 1622 ‘Naumachia, or Hollands Sea-Fight. Non equidem invideo,’ 4to, with a dedication to George, lord Gordon, son and heir to the Marquis of Huntly, and commendatory verses by Michael Drayton and others. ‘Naumachia’ gives a description of the battle of Lepanto; it is preceded by an amusing ‘Caveat to his Muse.’ Appended to the 1625 edition of John Davies of Hereford's ‘A Scourge for Paper-Persecutors’ is ‘A Continued Inquisition against Paper-Persecutors by A. H.,’ undoubtedly by Abraham Holland, and very similar in character to the ‘Caveat.’ He died 18 Feb. 1625–6. In 1626 appeared ‘Hollandi Posthuma. … The Posthumes of Abraham Holland, sometimes of Trinity College in Cambridge,’ &c., Cambridge, 4to, edited by his brother, Henry Holland [q. v.], who dedicated the volume to George, lord Gordon. The collection consists of elegies on King James and Henry, earl of Oxford, a poem on the plague of 1625, a poetical epistle to Philemon Holland, a ‘Resolution against Death,’ prose meditations and prayers, and his own epitaph composed by himself. The poem on the plague was appended in 1630 to ‘Salomon's Pest-House or Towre-Royall. … By I. D.’ In Ashmole MS. 36–7, fol. 157, is a poem by Holland ‘To my honest father, Mr. Michael Drayton, and my new, yet loved friend, Mr. Will. Browne.’

 HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769), actor, the son of John Holland, a baker, was born in 1733 in Chiswick, and apprenticed to a turpentine merchant. As Oroonoko, on 13 Feb. 1755, to the Imoinda of Mrs. Cibber, the Daniel of Yates, and the Blandford of Palmer, he made at Drury Lane his first appearance on any stage. Acting under Garrick he took at once to imitating his master, for which he was scourged by Churchill in the ‘Rosciad,’ ll. 322–336. In his first season he played Dorilas in ‘Merope,’ George Barnwell, Hamlet, and Chamont, and was the original Florizel in the ‘Winter's Tale, or Florizel and Perdita,’ Garrick's alteration of Shakespeare. He remained at Drury Lane until 1769, playing Jaffier, Romeo, Ferdinand in the ‘Tempest,’ Young Norval, Hotspur, Juba, Iago, Iachimo, Bajazet, Macbeth, Oakley, Faulconbridge, Prospero, and very many characters of primary importance. His original parts included Hamet in Murphy's ‘Orphan of China,’ 21 April


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 1759; Aboan in Hawkesworth's alteration of ‘Oroonoko,’ 1 Dec. 1759; Colonel Medway in Mrs. Sheridan's ‘Discovery,’ 3 Feb. 1763; Manly in Bickerstaffe's alteration of the ‘Plain Dealer,’ 7 Dec. 1765; Sir John Melvil in the ‘Clandestine Marriage’ of Garrick and Colman, 20 Feb. 1766; Moody in the ‘Country Girl,’ Garrick's adaptation of the ‘Country Wife,’ 25 Oct. 1766; Warwick in Dr. Franklin's ‘Earl of Warwick,’ 13 Dec. 1766; General Melmoth in Kenrick's ‘Widow's Wife,’ 5 Dec. 1767; Colonel Rivers in Kelly's ‘False Delicacy,’ 23 Jan. 1768; Teribazus in Murphy's ‘Zenobia,’ 27 Feb. 1768; Timur in Dow's ‘Zingis,’ 17 Dec. 1768; and Sir William Evans in the ‘School for Rakes’ of Mrs. Griffiths, 4 Feb. 1769. In his final season he was Richard III in Garrick's ‘Jubilee’ pageant, 14 Oct. 1769, and on the 27th of the following November as Timur in ‘Zingis’ made his last appearance. He died of small-pox on 7 Dec. 1769, and was buried on the 15th in a vault in Chiswick Church. Dr. Doran tells, after James Smith, a highly coloured narrative of Holland's betrothal to Miss Pope (Annals of the Stage, ed. Lowe, iii. 306).

Holland was a good-looking, manly actor, with a strong, resonant, well-toned voice, and great power of application. He was, however, led away by the public, and under the influence of applause became loud and extravagant. Davies, who praises his Iago and his Iachimo, says that he was illiterate, and that his spirit degenerated into vulgarity (Life of Garrick, ii. 95). Gentleman describes Holland in Iago ‘hunting after a meaning he never found’ (Dramatic Censor, i. 152). His performances at Bristol, where he first appeared in 1767, won him the warm praise of Chatterton, who spoke of nature as but a copy of his art, and said, ‘No single part is thine, thou'rt all in all’ (‘To Mr. Holland,’ Works, i. 265, Boston, 1864). Holland and Powell were of nearly the same age, were the closest of friends, and lived in the same house. Powell was introduced by Holland to Garrick. Their close friendship was derided by Foote, and many stories are current as to the shock caused to Holland by the death of Powell, whom he survived less than a year. On hearing while on the stage of Powell's death, he broke down, and had to apologise for inability to act. In some of Garrick's favourite characters, Chamont, Hastings, and Tancred, he was favourably received. Garrick speaks of him with uncustomary warmth. Dibdin, in his ‘History of the Stage,’ v. 121, praises very highly his private character, says that ‘his company was coveted by the wise and the celebrated …’ that ‘he was free, good, natural, cheerful, and generous, nor had he an unkind wish to any human creature,’ and states that he left his family 6,000l. Foote, according to the same authority, had an unfeigned regard for Holland, and went to his funeral, but did not refrain from calling the family vault the family oven, in allusion to Holland's origin as a baker, which Holland never sought to conceal. His monument in Chiswick Church, removed from its original place in the chancel to the north wall of the inside of the church tower, has a highly eulogistic inscription by Garrick. A portrait of Holland is in the Garrick Club.

HOLLAND, CHARLES (1768–1849?), actor, son of Thomas Holland of Chiswick, was a nephew of Charles Holland (1733–1769) [q. v.] After playing for some time in the country he appeared at Drury Lane, 31 Oct. 1796, as Marcellus in ‘Hamlet.’ At this theatre he remained until the season of 1819–1820, getting few chances and failing to improve his position. Some notice was taken of his opening performance, and his Trueman in the ‘London Merchant,’ in which character he supported Mrs. Siddons as Milwood, is said to have been ‘a chaste, manly, and feeling performance’ (Monthly Mirror, ii. 499). On the death of Palmer, who was replaced by Barrymore, he took, 15 Feb. 1798, the character of Count Wintersen in the ‘Stranger,’ and during the illness of Charles Kemble he performed Alonzo in ‘Pizarro,’ in which piece he was the original Centinel, 24 May 1799. He essayed also Palmer's character of Sydenham in the ‘Wheel of Fortune,’ and was said to have proved ‘that his talents were entitled to more attention and encouragement from the managers.’ He acted at Drury Lane many subordinate parts in unimportant dramas by Whalley, Cherry, S. Sotheby, Cumberland, and others. On 15 June 1800 he played Cassio, and on 20 Nov. 1800 the Dauphin in ‘King John.’ On 25 April 1801 he was the original Infirmier in ‘Julian and Agnes,’ by Sotheby. On 6 June 1809, as Steinfort in ‘The Stranger,’ he made his first appearance at the Haymarket, where, 25 July 1810, he was the original Henry Mortimer in Eyres's ‘High Life in the City.’ He accompanied the Drury Lane company in its migration to the Lyceum, and on the opening of the new theatre, 10 Oct. 1812, was Horatio to Elliston's Hamlet. Holland supported Kean in


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The New International Encyclopædia/Om Mani Padme Hum

OM MANI PADME HUM, ōm mä'nḗ pȧd'mḗ hōōm. A sacred formula in Buddhism, the so-called formula of six syllables, well known from the part which it plays in the Buddhist religion, and especially in that form of it called Lamaism. The reputed author of this formula is the Dhyana-Bodhisattva, or deified saint, Avalokiteśvara, or, as the Tibetans call him, Padmapani, the lotus-handed, or Amitabha. He is the Buddha of Eternal Light, the heavenly ruler of the Western paradise. Like Buddha, he is represented as sitting or standing within a lotus, and apparently there is an allusion to this in the sacred formula itself, Om mani padme hum, ‘O, the Jewel in the Lotus, Amen!’ The sacredness of this formula is sufficient when recited to secure exemption from the cycle of reincarnation, and final rebirth in the celestial paradise over which Amitabha rules. It would appear not to belong to the earliest stage of Buddhism, or to the oldest Buddhistic works of the north of India, or to those of Ceylon. Consult: Burnouf, Introduction à l'histoire du Buddhisme indien (Paris, 1844); Koeppen, Die Religion des Buddha (Berlin, 1857-59); Schlagintweit, Buddhism in Thibet (Leipzig, 1863); Waddell, The Buddhism of Tibet, or Lamaism (London, 1895).


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Wahabis


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 many plays, was York to Kean's Richard II, the original Hassan to his Selim in the ‘Bride of Abydos,’ the original Mendizabel to Kean's Manuel in Maturin's play of ‘Manuel,’ 8 March 1817, and Buckingham to Kean's Richard III, 8 Nov. 1819. He was the Earl of Angus in ‘Flodden Field,’ an adaptation of ‘Marmion,’ and Cedric in the ‘Hebrew,’ Soane's adaptation of ‘Ivanhoe.’ On 24 April 1820 he played Gloucester to Kean's Lear, repeating the character on several succeeding nights. Gilliland speaks of him as having a delicacy of nerve that interfered with his success, says his intellect was under the direction of a refined education, and adds that his figure was not ungraceful and his deportment not inelegant. A contributor to ‘Notes and Queries’ recalls him as a fine-looking man, and says ‘he died in 1849.’ His sister Elizabeth married Joseph Constantine Carpue [q. v.]

HOLLAND, CORNELIUS (fl. 1649), regicide, is said by Noble to have been a native of Colchester, and there is good reason to believe that he was a son of Ralph Holland, who settled in the parish of St. Laurence Pountney, London. Cornelius Holland, born 3 March 1599, entered Merchant Taylors' School in January 1609–10. He matriculated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge (as ‘gentleman’), in 1614, and graduated B.A. in 1618. The register of St. Laurence Pountney records the baptism (17 Feb. 1627–8) of ‘James, son of Mr. Cornelius Holland, gent., and Sybell.’ Soon after this date Holland was in the service of Sir Henry Vane, but in 1635 was clerk-comptroller in the household of the Prince of Wales. He had also an office under the board of green cloth, and amassed a considerable fortune, but ‘when the court wanted assistance he deserted it, refusing to contribute to the expenses of the Scotch war in 1639’. In 1640 (22 Oct.) he was elected M.P. for New Windsor, and again in December of the same year, the previous election having been declared void. He took no prominent part in the debates of the Long parliament, and seems to have acted generally under the guidance of his old master, Vane. In 1643 he signed the solemn league and covenant, and three years later was chosen one of the commissioners for settling the treaty of peace with Scotland. He became a member of the council of state in 1649, and had, it is said (Clarendon Papers), the chief hand in drawing up the charges against the king, but he was not present when the sentence was pronounced, nor does his name appear upon the warrant for execution. His services to the parliament were rewarded by grants of land both in England and in the Bermudas, while lucrative offices, including the keepership of Richmond Park, were bestowed upon him. Noble says that he had ten children, and gave one of them (possibly Elizabeth, wife of John Shelton of West Bromwich) a marriage portion of 5,000l. At the Restoration he was excepted absolutely, both as to life and estate, from the Bill of Indemnity, but managed to escape to Holland, and join, it is said, his fellow-exiles at Lausanne, where he ended his days. The date has not been traced.

HOLLAND, GEORGE CALVERT (1801–1865), physician, was born at Pitsmoor, Sheffield, 28 Feb. 1801. He had practically no early education, and his father, a respectable artisan, apprenticed him to a trade. When about sixteen years old he suddenly discovered that he had a facility for writing verses. He thereupon studied the poets, and learned Latin, French, and Italian. On the completion of his apprenticeship his friends, under the advice of Dr. Philipps of the Upper Chapel, Sheffield, placed him with a unitarian minister with a view to his joining the unitarian ministry.

After a year he determined to enter the medical profession, and went to Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in 1827 with high honours, and, joining the Hunterian and Royal Physical Societies, became president of both. He spent a year in Paris, taking the degree of bachelor of letters, and after another year in Edinburgh began practice in Manchester. Here he made for himself a distinguished position, but a fierce controversy, in which his advocacy of the new discoveries of Gall and Spurzheim involved him with his professional brethren, led to his finally removing to Sheffield. His career in his native town was from the first a success. He at once took a prominent and important position in the Literary and Philosophical Society, Mechanics' Library, and Mechanics' Institution, and an active part in promoting the return of liberal members during the first and second elections for Sheffield under the Reform Act of 1832. His works, ‘An Experimental Enquiry into the Laws of Animal Life,’ Edinburgh, 1829, 8vo, and ‘The


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Rh ON A DISTANT VIEW OF THE VILLAGE AND SCHOOL OF HARROW ON THE HILL, 1806.

Oh! mihi præteritos referat si Jupiter annos. —.

1.

scenes of my childhood, whose lov'd recollection

Embitters the present, compar'd with the past;

Where science first dawn'd on the powers of reflection,

And friendships were form'd, too romantic to last;

2.

Where fancy, yet, joys to retrace the resemblance

Of comrades, in friendship and mischief allied;

How welcome to me your ne'er fading remembrance,

Which rests in the bosom, though hope is deny'd!

3.

Again I revisit the hills where we sported,

The streams where we swam, and the fields where we fought;


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Holland vacant by his death before 13 Feb. 1603–4. A son, Henry, entered Merchant Taylors' School in 1613 (, Merchant Taylors' School Reg. i. 76).

Holland was the author of the following works: 1. ‘A Treatise against Witchcraft; or A Dialogue, wherein the greatest doubts concerning that sinne are briefly answered Herevnto is also added a Short Discourse, containing the most certen meanes ordained of God, to discouer, expell, and to confound all the sathanicall inuentions of Witchcraft and Sorcerie,’ Cambridge, 1590, 4to; dedicated to Robert Devereux, earl of Essex. 2. ‘Spirituall Preseruatiues against the Pestilence: chiefly collected out of the 91 Psalme,’ London, 1593, 16mo; 1603, 4to; dedicated to the lord mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen, and Thomas Aldersey, citizen, of London. To the second edition is added ‘An Admonition concerning the use of Physick,’ which was reprinted with ‘Salomon's Pesthouse’ (1630), by I. D. 3. ‘Aphorisms of Christian Religion: or a verie compendious abridgement of M. I. Caluin's Institutions, set forth in short sentences methodically by M. I. Piscator: And now Englished according to the Authors third and last edition,’ London, 1596, 8vo, with dedication to Dr. Goodman, dean of Westminster. 4. ‘Christian exercise of Fasting, Private and Publick: whereunto is added certain Meditations on the 1st and 2d chapters of the Book of Job,’ London, 1596, 4to.

Holland edited (London, by Felix Kyngston, 1603, 4to) ‘Lectures upon the Epistles of Paul to the Colossians,’ by Robert Rollok of Edinburgh, and the works of [q. v.] (1599; 5th ed. 1612).

 HOLLAND, HENRY (d. 1625), Roman catholic divine, a native of Daventry, Northamptonshire, was brought up at Worcester, and afterwards sent to Eton College, whence he proceeded to St. John's College, Oxford, of which he was nominated a scholar by the founder, Sir Thomas White, in 1565. He was admitted B.A. on 1 Dec. 1569 (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 275). Having been converted to Roman catholicism, he withdrew to the English College at Douay in 1573. He applied himself to the study of theology, was ordained deacon on 6 April 1577, and graduated B.D. in the university of Douay in 1578. In the latter year the college was removed to Rheims, where Holland was engaged, with Gregory Martin and other scholars, in translating the Bible into English. He accompanied Dr. William Allen to Paris in April 1579, returned to the college in the following month, and on 19 March 1579–80 was ordained priest. In 1582 he was sent to the English mission, where he laboured for several years. On returning to Douay he resumed his studies, and was created by the university a licentiate of theology on 22 Sept. 1587 (Douay Diaries, p. 274). When Pits wrote his work, ‘De Angliæ Scriptoribus,’ he described Holland as being then (in 1611) very old, having for some years been divinity reader in the monastery at Marchiennes in Hainault. It would appear that he was afterwards appointed to a similar office in the monastery of Anchine (Aquicinctum), near Douay, where he remained till his death on 28 Sept. 1625. He was buried in the cloister of the monastery, and a monument was erected to his memory with a quaint Latin epitaph, which has been printed by Wood (Hist. et Antiq. Univ. Oxon. ii. 307).

He wrote: 1. ‘Urna Aurea, vel in Sacrosanctam Missam, maximeque in divinum Canonem Henrici Hollandi Expositio,’ Douay (Laurence Kellam), 1612, 12mo. 2. ‘Vita Thomæ Stapletoni,’ in ‘Opera quæ extant omnia Stapletonii,’ 4 vols., Paris, 1620, fol., a work probably edited by Holland. 3. ‘Carmina diversa,’ and also, says Wood, ‘other things printed beyond the sea which seldom or never come into these parts.’ A translation of a Latin letter by Holland, describing the perils to which priests were exposed in England, is printed in the appendix to part i. of Challoner's ‘Missionary Priests.’

 HOLLAND, HENRY (1583–1650?), compiler and publisher, son of [q. v.], was born at Coventry on 29 Sept. 1583. Although he proved in later life a good classical scholar, and was clearly well educated, he cannot be the Henry Holland of Lancashire who matriculated from Brasenose College, Oxford, 24 Oct. 1600, aged 16, and graduated B.A. 20 July 1604. He came to London as a youth, and usually designated himself ‘Londonopolitanus.’ He was made free of the Stationers' Company 5 Dec. 1608 (, Transcript, iii. 683). The first book published by him was Thomas Draxe's ‘Sicke Man's Catechisme,’ London, 1609, 8vo, which was licensed to Holland and John Wright jointly on 4 Feb. 1608–9. In 1610 he published from a previously unprinted manuscript ‘A Royal Elegie’ on Edward VI, by Sir John Cheke; the book is


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 now of great rarity. In 1613 he accompanied John, first lord Harington [q. v.], whose family had been on friendly terms with his father, to the Palatinate, when Harington accompanied the Princess Elizabeth to the home of her husband, the elector palatine. In 1614 Holland published, in conjunction with M. Laws, a compilation by himself, which bore the title ‘Monumenta Sepulchraria Sancti Pauli. The Monuments … of Kings, Nobles, Bishops, and others buried in the Cathedrall Church of St. Paul, London, untill this present yeare … 1614, and a Catalogue of all the Bishops of London … untill this present. … By H. H.,’ London, 4to [1614]. A reissue, entitled ‘Ecclesia Sancti Pauli illustrata,’ and continued to 1633, was published (J. Norton … sold by H. Seyle) in 1633, with a dedication by Holland, addressed to Laud, then bishop of London, and to the dean and chapter of St. Paul's Cathedral.

Holland's reputation as a bookseller was chiefly made by the issue of two elaborately illustrated antiquarian works, with letterpress from his own pen. The earlier venture was ‘Baziliωlogia. A Booke of Kings. Beeing the true and liuely effigies of all our English Kings from the Conquest vntill this present. With their seuerall Coats of Armes, Impreses, and Devises. And a briefe Chronologie of their Liues and Deaths. Elegantly graven in Copper. Printed for H. Holland, and are to be sold by Comp. [i.e. Compton] Holland ouer against the Xchange, 1618,’ fol. Compton Holland was probably Henry's brother. The engravers employed included R. Elstracke, Simon Pass, and Francis Delaram; to the last the fine portraits of Queens Mary and Elizabeth and Princes Henry and Charles are due. Perfect copies include thirty-one portraits besides the title-page engraved with portraits of James I and Queen Anne. The copy in the British Museum wants the portraits of John of Gaunt, Henry IV, Anne Boleyn, and Mary Queen of Scots. The title-page is sometimes found with portraits of Charles I and Henrietta Maria in place of James I and Queen Anne, and the plate was used with fresh lettering for the title of Biondi's ‘Civil Wars of England’ (1641), translated by Henry Carey, second earl of Monmouth [q. v.] The work is of the utmost rarity. Book-collectors have often inserted additional portraits, and Lowndes gives a list of twenty-three which are often found in addition to the original thirty-two. A copy belonging to the Delabere family, which included 152 portraits in all, was sold piecemeal by Christie, 29 March 1811, and fetched 601l. 12s. 6d.

Holland's second and more famous illustrated publication appeared in 1620 in two folio volumes, the first dedicated to James I and the second to the universities of Cambridge and Oxford. Holland's letterpress is in Latin throughout. The title runs: ‘Herωologia Anglica, hoc est, Clarissimorum et doctissimorum aliquot Anglorum qui floruerunt ab anno Cristi M.D. usque ad presentem annum. Viuæ effigies, Vitæ, et elogia. Duobus tomis, Authore H. H., Anglo-Britanno. Impensis Crispini Passæi Calcographus [sic] et Jansoni Bibliopolæ Arnhemiensis.’ The work opens with a portrait of Henry VIII, and closes with one of Thomas Holland (d. 1612) [q. v.] There are sixty-five portraits in all, and two engravings of monuments (of Prince Henry and Queen Elizabeth respectively). In one copy in the British Museum there is inserted an old manuscript list of the pictures whence the engravings were made. This was printed in 1809 for insertion in other copies. A presentation copy from Holland to Sir Thomas Holland is in the Grenville collection at the British Museum; another copy, with an inscription addressed by Holland to Robert Sidney, earl of Leicester, is described by Lowndes.

Until 1630 Holland seems to have carried on his publishing business. His less elaborate publications included ‘Newes from Frankfort,’ 1612, 4to; ‘Newes from Gulick and Cleve,’ 1615 (jointly with G. Gibbs). In 1626 he printed at his own expense and published at Cambridge his brother Abraham's posthumous works as ‘Hollandi Posthuma.’ To ‘Salomon's Pest House,’ by I. D., which he published with T. Harper in 1630, he added ‘Mr. Hollands Admonition,’ a poem by his brother Abraham. Holland helped his father with his later publications. He wrote the dedication to Charles I of his father's ‘Cyropædia’ of Xenophon (1632), and edited after Dr. Holland's death his Latin version of Bauderon's ‘Pharmacopœia’ in 1639, and his ‘Regimen Sanitatis Salerni’ in 1649.

Holland's last days were spent in great poverty. On 26 June 1647 was issued a broadsheet addressed ‘to men, fathers, and brethren,’ appealing for charitable aid. He had been, the paper stated, ‘a grandjury-man, and a subsidy-man, and one of the trained band charged with a corslet,’ and had acted as a commissioner under the great seal against bankrupts. His credit had been good, and he had rented a house in the parish of St. Mary-le-Bow. During the plague in London in 1625 he and his wife, Susannah, had worked hard among the poor.


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26 The school where, loud warn'd by the bell, we resorted,

To pore o'er the precepts by Pedagogues taught.

4.

Again I behold where for hours I have ponder'd,

As reclining, at eve, on yon tombstone I lay;

Or round the steep brow of the churchyard I wander'd,

To catch the last gleam of the sun's setting ray.

5.

I once more view the room, with spectators surrounded,

Where, as Zanga, I trod on Alonzo o'erthrown;

While, to swell my young pride, such applauses resounded,

I fancied that Mossop himself was outshone.

6.

Or, as Lear, I pour'd forth the deep imprecation,

By my daughters, of kingdom and reason depriv'd;

Till, fir'd by loud plaudits and self-adulation,

I regarded myself as a Garrick reviv'd.


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 Mrs. Holland had since died ‘of a wolfe (10 Dec. 1635) ‘at the Black Raven in Cheapside’ (, Obit. Camd. Soc. p. 11). As ‘a zealous hater and abhorrer of all superstition and Popery and prelaticall innovations in church government’ he had incurred the wrath of Laud, and had been imprisoned by order of both the high commission court and Star-chamber. He declared himself adverse to ‘all late sprung-up sectaries.’ In 1643 he served in the life-guards of Basil Feilding, earl of Denbigh, the parliamentary general, and was ‘eldest man’ of the troop, being sixty years old. Subsequently his eyesight and hearing had much decayed, he was crazy in his limbs, impotent in body, and so ‘indigent in estate’ owing to lawsuits that he had had to plead in a chancery suit in forma pauperis. The facts are attested by four persons, including William Gouge [q. v.], the puritan divine; but the facts that Holland dedicated his book about St. Paul's Cathedral to Laud in 1633, and that his imprisonment has not been corroborated, throw some doubt on the details. The title-page of his father's posthumously published ‘Regimen’ shows that Holland was still alive in 1649.

HOLLAND, HENRY (1746?–1806), architect, was a relative of Lancelot Brown [q. v.] (see marriages between the families in Register of St. George, Hanover Square, Harl. Soc., i. 142, 228), to whose influence he probably owed his first architectural employment. In 1763–4 he designed Claremont House, near Esher, Surrey, for Lord Clive (elevations in, New Vitruvius Britannicus, vol. i. plates 61–3; , Seats, plate vi.), and about the same time made alterations to Trentham Hall, Staffordshire, for the Duke of Sutherland (plates in , Repository of Arts, 3rd ser. 1824, iv. 1; , Seats, plate xxxi.; , Seats, vol. iv.; , Seats, i. 59). In 1771–2 he directed the construction of Battersea Bridge, and in 1777–8 designed Brooks's Club House, No. 60 St. James's Street (opened October 1778), the front of which has since been altered. About 1780 he entirely re-erected Wenvoe Castle, Glamorganshire, in the ‘grand old castle taste’ of the period (Gent. Mag. 1785, p. 937), and in 1786 designed the vestibule and portico entrance of Featherstonhaugh House, Whitehall (the work of Payne), which was afterwards called Melbourne House, and later Dover House (plate in, London and Westminster, xxvi.) In 1787 he was employed in designing the Marine Pavilion at Brighton for the Prince of Wales, afterwards George IV, which consisted mainly of additions to the original villa (views by C. Middleton, 1788; by Gardiner, engraved by Newton, 1801; Brighton New Guide, 1800, p. 15; , Palace at Brighton, plate i.; plans and elevations in , New Vitruvius Britannicus, vol. i. plates 6–7; , Designs for the Pavilion at Brighton). Fresh additions were made in 1801–2 by P. F. Robinson, a pupil of Holland, and the whole was subsequently remodelled by J. Nash and W. Porden.

In 1788 Holland began his principal work, the alteration and enlargement of Carlton House, Pall Mall, as a residence for the Prince of Wales. He renewed the façade and added the Roman Corinthian portico and the open colonnade in front of the courtyard (plates in and, Public Buildings, ii. 193–201 (5); , Royal Residences, iii. 11–92 (21); , Select Views, pp. 7 seq. (3); , Repository of Arts, 1809 i. 398, 1812 vii. 29, 1822 xiv. 189). The Gothic conservatory, erected later, was the work of Thomas Hopper [q. v.] On the motion of R. B. Sheridan, Holland's account of expenses was laid before the House of Commons on 3 June 1791, when a committee of inquiry was appointed (Gent. Mag. 1791, p. 921). The house was pulled down in 1827, and the columns of the portico were removed to the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square. The stabling and riding-house, after having been used as a record office, were taken down in 1858. In 1789 Holland made some improvements at Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire (the house having been designed in 1747 by H. Flitcroft), including the conservatory (now sculpture gallery), the Canaletti room, the library, the entrance to the park from London, the Chinese dairy, tennis court, and riding-school (plates in, Vit. Brit.; view of dairy by Morris, 1803). In 1791 he designed Drury Lane Theatre for R. B. Sheridan. The house was opened on 12 March 1794. Holland had much difficulty in obtaining a settlement of his accounts with Sheridan (cf. the Builder, 1855, p. 424; plan and views of the building in, Londina Illustrata, vols. i. and ii.; north-west view in European Magazine, 1793, xxiv. 364; cf. in , i. 48). The theatre was destroyed by fire on 24 Feb. 1809. He altered Covent Garden Theatre, which was opened on 15 Sept. 1794 and destroyed by fire on 20 Dec. 1808 (view of interior in, vol. i.) In


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Holland 1795 he designed Southill House, Bedfordshire, for Samuel Whitbread, esq. (views in, Seats, 2nd ser. vol. v.; , Repository, 3rd ser. 1825, vi. 63), and was engaged in the design of the New East India House, Leadenhall Street, a work which is frequently attributed to R. Jupp, the surveyor to the company at the time (cf. in , Lond. Rediv. i. 82–5; and , ii. 82–9; front view published by Laurie & Whittle, 1800; , plate 73; north view in , Views, plate 56; Holland's description of the decoration of the pediment of the portico in Gent. Mag. 1803, p. 430). The building with the site was sold in 1861, and was pulled down in the following year. In 1801 he completely re-erected the mansion at Wimbledon Park, Surrey, on a different site to the former building (view in, Repository, 3rd ser. 1825, v. 64). His last work was probably the colonnade, screen wings, and pavilions to the Assembly Rooms, now the Athenæum, Ingram Street, Glasgow (erected in 1796 by R. Adam), which were not completed till 1807.

About 1780 Holland purchased a hundred acres of land in Chelsea, as a building speculation; laid out Sloane Street, erecting the white brick houses there, Cadogan Place, and Hans Place, and erected a villa for himself in Hans Place (three drawn plans of the estate and two elevations of the villa, dated 11 Aug. 1790, in the King's Library; the particulars of the sale of the villa, dated 1807, in the library of the Royal Institute of British Architects). Part of the ground was afterwards occupied by Prince's Club, and the property has recently been almost entirely rebuilt. Another scheme of his was the erection of Albany Chambers, which was carried out in 1804, on the gardens of York House, Piccadilly, behind the main house, which was the work of Sir William Chambers.

Holland was district surveyor of Hatton Garden Liberty, Ely Rents, Saffron Hill, St. Mary-le-Strand with the Duchy of Lancaster, and precincts of the Savoy. On 17 July 1789 he, with nine other architects, including Robert Adam, George Dance, and John Soane, was appointed by a committee of the House of Commons to inspect and report upon the buildings of the houses of parliament with the offices attached. The report was presented 20 July (Annual Register, 1790, pp. 247–8). He succeeded R. Jupp as surveyor to the East India Company in 1799 (Gent. Mag. 1799, p. 539), and at the time of his death was justice of the peace for the county of Middlesex. He was probably a member of the firm of Holland, Copland, & Rowles, timber merchants; Rowles was a relation and pupil. It is said that Sir John Soane studied under him before he gained the gold medal of the Royal Academy in 1776 and became a pupil of George Dance. Holland was the developer of the Anglo-Greco-Roman style, his decorations resembling those of the Adams, and he introduced into the works at Carlton House the art of graining and marbling from Paris. Some of his designs have been accused of over-decoration (Penny Cyclopædia, Suppl.;, Anecdotes of the Arts, p. 155). His practice of charging 1, 2, or 2½ per cent. for measuring buildings, in addition to the usual architect's charge of 5 per cent., was severely censured by Sir John Soane, who considered it ‘highly unwarrantable’ (, Letter to Earl Spencer, 1799, pp. 3–12). He was made F.S.A. in 1797.

For the Association of Architects, of which he was a member, Holland acted on a committee, appointed 1 March 1792, to inquire into the causes of the frequent fires in the metropolis, and drew up the ‘Report’ in the same year. Accounts of the experiments made in the various methods of securing buildings from fire are given in the appendix to the ‘Report,’ pp. 57, 67, 75, 81. He contributed to the ‘Communications’ of the board of agriculture, 1797, pp. 97–102, a paper on ‘Cottages,’ with a design (plate xxxv.), and in the Appendix for the same year an account with plates of ‘Pisé, or the Art of Building Strong and Durable Walls, to the Height of several Stories, with nothing but Earth, or the most Common Materials.’ The account was extracted from a work on the subject by Francis Cointeraux, architect (Paris, 1791).

Holland died at his house in Hans Place on 17 June 1806, aged about sixty. A marble bust of him by Garrard is placed at the entrance to the sculpture gallery at Woburn Abbey. He married, on 11 Feb. 1773, Bridget Brown of Hampton (Registers of St. George, Hanover Square, i. 228, Harl. Soc.), by whom he had two sons, Henry and Lancelot, and five daughters.

 HOLLAND, HENRY (1788–1873), physician, son of Peter Holland, medical practitioner, was born on 27 Oct. 1788 at Knutsford in Cheshire, where his father


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 . His maternal grandmother was a sister of the potter [q. v.] A cousin was Mrs. Gaskell the novelist. He spent the four years 1799–1803 at Newcastle-on-Tyne, under the tuition of the Rev. W. Turner; a fifth year he spent at Bristol, under the Rev. [q. v.] In 1804 he became articled clerk to a Liverpool merchant, with liberty to study at Glasgow University for two sessions. At the end of the second session he obtained a release from business, and entered upon medical study. In his eighteenth year he drew up an official statistical report on the agriculture of Cheshire. He afterwards proceeded to Edinburgh University, but besides pursuing his medical studies there he devoted two winters to studying at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals in London. In 1810 he visited Iceland with Sir George S. Mackenzie, bart., and Dr. [q. v.], and contributed to Mackenzie's ‘Travels in Iceland’ the accounts of the ‘History and Literature, Government, Laws, and Religion of Iceland,’ and of the ‘Diseases of the Icelanders.’ He took the degree of M.D. at Edinburgh in 1811, and spent the following year and a half (1812–13) in European travel. Of his travels in south-east Europe he published an interesting account in 1815. In the summer of 1814 he returned to the continent as medical attendant on the Princess of Wales (afterwards Queen Caroline). In his evidence at the parliamentary inquiry held in 1820 with a view to divorcing her from George IV, Holland testified that the princess's conduct with Bergami was, so far as he had seen, free from impropriety. Returning to London, he became a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1816. He soon entered upon fashionable practice in Mount Street, and in his fourth year made an income of 1,200l. He then removed to Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, where he remained during the rest of his life. In 1816 he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1828 a fellow of the College of Physicians. In a few years he resolved not to let his professional income exceed 5,000l., and to spend all his leisure in study, recreation, and travel. He became one of the best known men in London society, the friend and adviser of almost every man of note. In 1837 he was appointed physician extraordinary to Queen Victoria, in 1840 physician in ordinary to the prince consort, and he declined a baronetcy offered by Lord Melbourne in 1841. He was made physician in ordinary to the queen in 1852, and accepted a baronetcy in 1853. He was for many years president of the Royal Institution. In his later years he retired from practice, but continued to make long tours. His last excursion was to Russia; on his way back he attended the trial of Marshal Bazaine at Versailles on 24 Oct. 1873, returned to London the next day, and died in bed on 27 Oct., the eighty-fifth anniversary of his birth.

As a physician, Holland's work was more fashionable than scientific. The ‘frequent half-hour of genial conversation’ was one of his favourite therapeutic agents. He took no part in the medical societies, and although twice a vice-president of the College of Physicians, declined to be nominated for the presidency. His few scientific writings are easy and clear in style, and always interesting, and he wrote with much care many reviews for the quarterly reviews. His ‘Chapters on Mental Physiology’ show considerable insight into the relation between mind and body. Notwithstanding his wide experience, gathered in long and frequent foreign tours and in intercourse with notable persons, his ‘Recollections’ are not as interesting as might be expected. Their defects are, however, due to his scrupulous regard for the feelings of others. In person, Holland was of middle height and very spare. He married, in 1822, Miss M. E. Caldwell, daughter of James Caldwell of Linley Wood, Staffordshire; she died on 2 Feb. 1830, leaving issue Henry Thurstan Holland, created in 1888 Lord Knutsford; Francis James, canon of Canterbury; and two daughters. In 1834 he married Saba, daughter of the Rev. Sydney Smith, who died on 2 Nov. 1866, and by whom he had three daughters. Saba, lady Holland, inherited much of her father's wit, and wrote a memoir of her father, which was published in two volumes in 1855.

Holland wrote:
 * 1) ‘Travels in the Ionian Isles, Albania, Thessaly, Macedonia, &c., during 1812 and 1813,’ London, 1815, 4to; 2nd edit., 2 vols., 1819, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘Medical Notes and Reflections,’ London, 1839; 3rd edit., 1855.
 * 3) ‘Chapters on Mental Physiology,’ London, 1852; founded chiefly on chapters in No. 2; 2nd edit., enlarged, 1858.
 * 4) ‘Essays on Scientific and other subjects contributed to the “Edinburgh” and “Quarterly” Reviews, London, 1862; German translation by B. Althaus, Hamburg, 1864.
 * 5) ‘Recollections of Past Life,’ London, 1872.
 * 6) ‘Fragmentary Papers on Science and other Subjects,’ edited by his son, the Rev. F. J. Holland, London, 1875.