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 was opposed to his own judgment, and in a letter to Lord George Germain dated 5 Feb. 1780 complains of misrepresentations which had injured him in ‘Lord North's interior cabinet’ (Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. App. iii. p. 63). A number of his official letters written while he was lord-lieutenant of Ireland are printed in Grattan's ‘Life,’ (vols. i. and ii.); and several letters written by him between 1777 and 1780 to Lord George Germain are in the possession of Mr. Stopford Sackville of Drayton House, Northamptonshire (Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. App. iii. pp. 1, 58–67). Buckinghamshire died at Blickling Hall on 3 Sept. 1793, aged 70, and was succeeded in the earldom by his brother George. He married, first, on 14 July 1761, Mary Anne, daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas Drury, bart., of Overstone, Northamptonshire, by whom he had four daughters. His first wife died on 30 Dec. 1769, and on 24 Sept. 1770 he married, secondly, Caroline, daughter of William Conolly of Stratton Hall, Staffordshire (Register of Marriages of St. George's, Hanover Square, i. 201), by whom he had three sons, all of whom died in infancy, and one daughter, Emily Anne, who, on 9 June 1794, was married to the Hon. Robert Stewart, afterwards second marquis of Londonderry, but better known as Viscount Castlereagh. His second wife died on 26 Jan. 1817. Buckinghamshire was elected F.S.A. on 1 April 1784. Until the creation of the marquisate of Buckingham in December 1784, he used always to sign and call himself Buckingham, a practice which has been the source of much confusion. Only two speeches of his are recorded in the volumes of ‘Parliamentary History’ (xviii. 455–6, 627). His correspondence with his aunt, Henrietta Howard [q. v.], countess of Suffolk, is printed in the second volume of Lady Suffolk's ‘Letters,’ &c., 1824. Portraits by Gainsborough of Buckinghamshire and his first wife were exhibited by the Marquis of Lothian at the Loan Collection of National Portraits in 1867 (Catalogue, Nos. 706, 701). They were again exhibited at the winter exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1887 (Catalogue, Nos. 150, 148), and have both been engraved by Simmons. A medallion of Buckinghamshire, done by order of a society of ladies when he was ambassador at St. Petersburg, was engraved by Guericiffinoff in 1766 (, p. 324).

HOBART, MILES (d. 1632), politician, was the son of Miles Hobart of London, by his third wife, Elizabeth, and was descended from William, brother of Sir James Hobart [q. v.] He appears to have been knighted at Salisbury on 8 Aug. 1623 (, Book of Knights, p. 181). In the parliament of 1627–8 he was returned for Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire. During the memorable debate of 2 March 1628–9 Hobart, to prevent the more timid members from leaving the house, locked the door and pocketed the key. For this he was arrested and examined before the council. He refused to give an account of his actions in parliament as being contrary to precedent, but did not deny having locked the door. On 2 April 1629 he was sent, probably from the Gatehouse, close prisoner to the King's Bench, with four other members. Each sued out a writ of habeas corpus (6 May). On 5 June application for bail was made to the court of king's bench, and the judges, who were willing to grant the request in spite of the king's opposition, were ready to give judgment on 23 June. But on 22 June Hobart, like other of the prisoners, had been suddenly removed, under a warrant signed by the king, from the King's Bench to the Tower. The keeper of the former prison was therefore unable to produce his prisoners on the 23rd, and on the 24th Sir Allen Apsley [q. v.], the lieutenant of the Tower, was directed by the crown not to produce them on any account. On 26 June the term ended, and the case was postponed till after the long vacation. In the following term it was agreed that the prisoners might be discharged upon bail, provided they also found sureties for good behaviour. This they unanimously refused to do. In the meantime the king proceeded against them in the Star-chamber, but eventually took no further action. In Michaelmas term 1629 Hobart vainly applied to the court of king's bench for some alleviation of the harshness of his imprisonment. Two years afterwards, in a time of plague, Hobart, having at length consented to give the required sureties, was discharged. He was killed on 29 June 1632 by the overturning of his coach, and was buried on 4 July at Great Marlow. On 18 Jan. 1646–7 parliament voted 500l. to erect a monument to his memory


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56 Crack in thy sphere, O Earth, and melt in flame!

'Heirs of the Christ, the lineage of heaven,

Whereto creation works,' great Nature laughs,

'Come, heap the altar of the sacrifice!

Would ye reverse my laws? then taste the doom!'"

"O spirit unfortunate," another spoke,

"Look for no welcome here save to despair;

I hope not, but I yet remember hope,

And do thy faith this reverence"; his voice,

Ceased, but its music lingered in his smile.

"A lover's pains is all I know of hope,"

The Roamer answered; "faithful be we found

Though lost; wherefore, if ever ye held dear

The virtue that, though starvèd in your lives,

May yet on memory's eternal branch

Put forth the green and living leaf, O speak!

So on your graves may my sad laurel lie."

"Italian by thy face," that other said,

"In whose dark eyes relics of hope abide,

Fair must thy story be; let this old wood,

That nightly sighs with sad and wandering tales,

Harbor our sorrows for one cherished hour,

And thou shalt tell us of thy history

And make in turn acquaintance with our woe;

So memory shall endear companionship;

To share another's grief oft heals our own.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 12. He (the Self) cannot be reached by speech, by mind, or by the eye. How can it be apprehended except by him who says: "He is?" 13. By the words "He is," is he to be apprehended, and by (admitting) the reality of both (the invisible Brahman and the visible world, as coming from Brahman). When he has been apprehended by the words "He is," then his reality reveals itself. 14. When all desires that dwell in his heart cease, then the mortal becomes immortal, and obtains Brahman. 15. Whean all the ties of the heart are severed here on earth, then the mortal becomes immortal — here ends the teaching. 16. There are a hundred and one arteries of the heart, one of them penetrates the crown of the head. Moving upwards by it, a man (at his death) reaches the Immortal ; the other arteries serve for departing in different directions. 17. The Person not larger than a thumb, the inner Self, is always settled in the heart of men. Let a man draw that Self forth from his body with


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O then, what graces in my Loue do dwell, That he hath turn’d a heauen into hell.

Lyſ. Helen, to you our mindes we will vnfold, To morrow night, when Phbe doth behold Her ſiluer viſage, in the watry glaſſe, Decking with liquid pearle, the bladed graſſe (A time that Louers flights doth ſtill conceale) Through Athens gates, haue we deuis’d to ſteale.

Her. And in the wood, where often you and I, Vpon faint Primroſe beds, were wont to lye, Emptying our boſomes, of their counſell ſweld: There my Lyſander, and my ſelfe ſhall meete, And thence from Athens turne away our eyes To ſeeke new friends and ſtrange companions, Farwell ſweet play-fellow, pray thou for vs, And good lucke grant thee thy Demetrius. Keepe word Lyſander we muſt ſtarue our ſight, From louers foode, till morrow deepe midnight.

Exit Hermia.

Lyſ. I will my Hermia. Helena adieu, As you on him, Demetrius dotes on you.

Exit Lyſander.

Hele. How happy ſome, ore otherſome can be? Through Athens I am thought as faire as ſhe. But what of that? Demetrius thinkes not ſo: He will not know, what all, but he doth know, And as hee erres, doting on Hermias eyes; So I, admiring of his qualities: Things baſe and vilde, holding no quantity, Loue can tranſpoſe to forme and dignity, Loue lookes not with the eyes, but with the minde, And therefore is wing’d Cupid painted blinde. Nor hath loues minde of any iudgement taste: Wings and no eyes, figure, vnheedy haste. And therefore is Loue said to be a childe, Because in choise he is often beguil’d, As waggish boyes in game themselues forsweare; So the boy Loue is periur’d euery where. For ere Demetrius lookt on Hermias eyne, He hail’d downe oathes that he was onely mine. And when this Haile some heat from Hermia felt, So he dissolu’d, and showres of oathes did melt, I will goe tell him of faire Hermias flight: Then to the wood will he, to morrow night Pursue her; and for his intelligence, If I haue thankes, it is a deere expence: But heerein meane I to enrich my paine, To haue his sight thither, and backe againe. Exit.

Enter Quince the Carpenter, Snug the Ioyner, Bottome the Weauer, Flute the bellowes-mender, Snout the Tinker, and Starueling the Taylor.

Quin. Is all our company heere?

Bot. You were best to call them generally, man by man according to the scrip.

Qui. Here is the scrowle of euery mans name, which is thought fit through all Athens, to play in our Enterlude before the Duke and the Dutches, on his wedding day at night.

Bot. First, good Peter Quince, say what the play treats on: then read the names of the Actors: and so grow on to a point.

Quin. Marry our play is the most lamentable comedy, and most cruell death of Pyramus and Thisbie.

Bot. A very good peece of worke I assure you, and a merry. Now good Peter Quince, call forth your Actors by the scrowle. Masters spread your selues.

Quince. Answere as I call you. Nick Bottome the Weauer.

Bottome. Ready; name what part I am for, and proceed.

Quince. You Nicke Bottome are set downe for Pyramus.

Bot. What is Pyramus, a louer, or a tyrant?

Quin. A Louer that kills himselfe most gallantly for loue.

Bot. That will aske some teares in the true performing of it: if I do it, let the audience looke to their eies: I will mooue stormes; I will condole in some measure. To the rest yet, my chiefe humour is for a tyrant. I could play Ercles rarely, or a part to teare a Cat in, to make all split the raging Rocks; and shiuering shocks shall break the locks of prison gates, and Phibbus carre shall shine from farre, and make and marre the foolish Fates. This was lofty. Now name the rest of the Players. This is Ercles vaine, a tyrants vaine: a louer is more condoling.

Quin. Francis Flute the Bellowes-mender.

Flu. Heere Peter Quince.

Quin. You must take Thisbie on you.

Flut. What is Thisbie, a wandring Knight?

Quin. It is the Lady that Pyramus must loue.

Flut. Nay faith, let not mee play a woman, I haue a beard comming.

Qui. That’s all one, you shall play it in a Maske, and you may speake as small as you will.

Bot. And I may hide my face, let me play Thisbie too: Ile speake in a monstrous little voyce; Thisne, Thisne, ah Pyramus my louer deare, thy Thisbie deare, and Lady deare.

Quin. No no, you must play Pyramus, and Flute, you Thisby.

Bot. Well, proceed.

Qu. Robin Starueling the Taylor.

Star. Heere Peter Quince.

Quince. Robin Starueling, you must play Thisbies mother? Tom Snowt, the Tinker.

Snowt. Heere Peter Quince.

Quin. you, Pyramus father; my self, Thisbies father; Snugge the Ioyner, you the Lyons part: and I hope there is a play fitted.

Snug. Haue you the Lions part written? pray you if be, giue it me, for I am slow of studie.

Quin. You may doe it extemporie, for it is nothing but roaring.

Bot. Let mee play the Lyon too, I will roare that I will doe any mans heart good to heare me. I will roare, that I will make the Duke say, Let him roare againe, let him roare againe.

Quin. If you should do it too terribly, you would fright the Dutchesse and the Ladies, that they would shrike, and that were enough to hang us all.

All. That would hang vs euery mothers sonne.

Bottome. I graunt you friends, if that you should fright the Ladies out of their Wittes, they would haue no more discretion but to hang vs: but I will aggrauate my voyce so, that I will roare you as gently as any sucking Doue; I will roare and’twere any Nightingale.

Quin. You can play no part but Piramus, for

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Rh Reginald was I,—to what end thou seest.

I strove to solve the mighty world in thought."

"Victor I am," the Italian straight began,

"And with the world tyrannic strove in song,

A voice among the spearmen, angel-clear,

Till the king's rifles rang against my throat

After the failure, if that failure was

Which to remember in the grave were heaven

And to relate even in this gloom is joy."

So sate they down, and Victor told his tale.

"Siena—still she sits upon her crags,

And on the slope the dark-stemmed Mangia springs,

And o'er the crest the Campanile towers;

My mother, and the mother of my soul!

For from her face I did not need to roam

To find my heaven; there every rock aspires.

There once I slept, and woke beneath the stars,

And found within my bosom a snow-white bird,

A waif unknown, and stroked and loved its plumes;

And ever after was I lightly named

The boy who bore the bird within his breast.

Blind eyes that babbled of the things of sense,

Of boy and bird, and missed the rhyme of life,

The voice of promise, echo of desire!

For heavenly grace that hath made all things twain,

Doth but divide them as the hand and lyre


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58 To free the music of their harmony.

There's nought so lonely in the world of change

But 't is the prison of these concords sweet

When hearts shall find them; therefore to the boy

Trifles are often rich in miracle;

Doubt not his treasure; rather doubt thy own.

The finding of the bird was more to me

Than the rich coffer of the earth all gems,

Than Rome's tiara to the shaking brow,

Than continents of gold to voyaging kings;

My whisper of the yonder world, my thought

Of the far country and the over-seas—

'O whence? O whence?' I asked, and beautiful

It cleft the frowning walls, and entered light,

And came again, the warm sun on its wings,

And clasped with rosy feet my tender hands,

And shared my poverty and brought its heaven.

The months rolled on and swelled the young tree's girth;

The autumn blew and stripped the last year's vines;

The stars of winter dropped their shining strength;

The wild spring came; and as the mists of morn

Upon the azure marches far away

Build towers of vantage over distant lands,

So by the spirit's breath my thoughts were driven,

And on the soul's horizons, round and round,


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 there (Commons' Journals, v. 56). He was apparently a bachelor.

HOBART, ROBERT,, fourth (1760–1816), eldest son of George, third earl of Buckinghamshire [q. v.], by his first wife, was born on 6 May 1760, and was educated at Westminster School. He entered the army, becoming lieutenant in the 7th regiment of foot (royal fusiliers) 1 May 1776; served in the American war; rose to the rank of captain in 30th foot regiment 23 July 1778, and was major in 18th regiment of light dragoons from 15 Aug. 1783 to 2 Nov. 1784. He became aide-de-camp to the Duke of Rutland, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, in 1784, and to Rutland's successor, George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, marquis of Buckingham [q. v.], in December 1787. He was elected M.P. for Portarlington and for Armagh in the Irish parliament in 1787 and 1790 respectively, and for Bramber and Lincoln in the English parliament in 1788 and 1790. But he resided chiefly in Ireland, and though he retained his seat at Westminster till 1794, only spoke once at any length in the English House of Commons, when he supported the abolition of slavery.

In 1788 and 1789 he acted as inspector of recruiting in Ireland, and in the latter year succeeded William Orde as secretary to Buckingham, the lord-lieutenant, and was made an Irish privy councillor. Contrary to the usual custom, he continued to hold the secretaryship under Buckingham's successor, John Fane, tenth earl of Westmorland [q. v.] Hobart was a man of excellent manners, which rendered him popular even with his political opponents. He was not without ability, but his views were narrow, and his influence on Irish affairs at a very critical period was extremely mischievous. He took a prominent part in the debates in the Irish House of Commons. He was strongly opposed to any concession of political power to the Roman catholics, and did his utmost to frustrate the liberal policy of Pitt and Dundas. He gave a feeble and reluctant support to the slight measure of social relief introduced by Sir Hercules Langrishe [q. v.] in 1792, but he joined Westmorland and Fitzgibbon in trying to render further concession impossible and in arousing an anti-catholic sentiment in the country. His motives were probably quite sincere, but it was scarcely decent, and certainly unwise under the circumstances, to entrust him with the management of the Relief Bill of 1793. He introduced the measure with ill-concealed hostility towards it, and he was largely responsible for its failure to satisfy the aspirations of the catholics and for the evils that flowed therefrom. Consequent on the recall of Lord Westmorland in the autumn of 1793, Hobart (by the death of his uncle now Lord Hobart) resigned his secretaryship. He was made an English privy councillor 1 May 1793, and in the following October was appointed governor of the presidency of Madras, with a provisional succession to the governor-generalship of India.

Hobart arrived at Madras in the summer of 1794, and personally conducted an expedition against Malacca, which resulted in the destruction of the Dutch settlements there. His independent attitude, however, soon brought him into collision with the governor-general, Sir John Shore, afterwards Lord Teignmouth. The dispute was due mainly to the embarrassing state of affairs in the Carnatic and in Tanjore, but it was intensified by the fact that the head of the supreme government was inferior in personal rank to the head of the subordinate government. Shortly after Hobart's arrival, Mohammed Ali, nabob of the Carnatic, died, and his death seemed in Hobart's opinion to present a favourable opportunity to introduce certain necessary reforms in the financial administration of that province for the purpose of relieving the unhappy ryots from the oppressive tyranny of the money-lenders. Unfortunately, the new nabob, Obut ul Omrah, refused to consent to Hobart's humane policy, and in justification of his refusal appealed to the agreement of 1792 between his predecessor and Lord Cornwallis, which it was the very object of Hobart's plan to annul. Thereupon Hobart, without consulting Shore, announced his intention of seizing the district of Tinnevelly in liquidation of the nabob's debt to the company, and of insisting upon the surrender of the Carnatic forts. To this, however, the supreme government objected, as an unjust invasion of the rights which had been secured to the nabob by the treaty of 1792. An appeal was made to the court of directors, and, after a careful examination of the case, the court decided to uphold their governor-general and to recall Hobart. Pending the arrival of their decision, a fresh dispute of a like kind arose between the two governments in regard to Hobart's dealings with the rajah of Tanjore. In this case, however, Hobart was successful in persuading the rajah, Ameer Sing, to surrender the mortgaged territory; and, though Sir John Shore persisted in his opinion that the rajah had


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 been ‘dragooned’ into the treaty, the directors thought fit to sanction Hobart's policy. These differences did not, however, prevent a cordial co-operation between the governors of Fort William and Fort St. George against Tippoo Sahib, the sultan of Mysore; and when Lord Hobart, in the exercise of his discretionary powers, countermanded an expedition fitted out by Sir John Shore against the Spanish settlement of Manilla, the latter warmly applauded his conduct, and privately declared that with the experience he had gained he was admirably qualified to fill the post of governor-general. But the order for his recall shortly after arrived, and amid the regrets of the inhabitants of Madras, who were much attached to him for his uncompromising opposition to usury and corruption, he sailed for England in August 1798. In consideration of his services, and in compensation for his disappointment in not succeeding to the governor-generalship, which was the sole inducement that had taken him out to India, the company conferred on him an annual pension of 1,500l.

On 23 May 1798 he was made clerk of the common pleas in the Irish exchequer court, and on 30 Nov. following he was summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Hobart of Blickling. He was chiefly occupied during 1799 with Lord Auckland in arranging the details of the Act of Union, and spoke and voted in its favour in the House of Lords. He was strongly opposed to catholic emancipation as part of the union scheme, but he seems to have been in favour of a liberal endowment of the catholic clergy. In March 1801 he was appointed secretary of state for the colonial and war department in the Addington administration. A circular letter issued by him in August 1803 deprecated any extensive volunteer movement, and gave great offence. In June 1804 Hobart Town, Tasmania, was founded and named after him. Addington resigned in May 1804. In November 1804 he succeeded his father in the peerage, and joined Pitt's administration as chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster on 14 Jan. 1805, but with Sidmouth resigned in the following July, in consequence of Pitt's attitude over the Melville affair. From February 1806 to May in the following year he held the office of joint postmaster-general in the ‘All the Talents’ administration, but without a seat in the cabinet, an exclusion which he resented. On the formation of the Liverpool ministry in 1812 he was appointed president of the board of control for Indian affairs, and continued to hold this post till his death. From 23 May to 23 June 1812 he also held the chancellorship of the duchy of Lancaster. His most important speech was probably that on the renewal of the East India Company's charter on 9 April 1813, which was remarkable for the liberality of its tone. He died on 4 Feb. 1816, in consequence of being thrown from his horse in St. James's Park. He married first, on 4 Jan. 1792, Margaretta, daughter and coheiress of Edmund Bourke, esq., of Urrey, and widow of Thomas Adderley, esq., of Innishannon, co. Cork, who died in 1796, and by her had a daughter, Sarah Albinia Louisa, who married Frederick John, first earl of Ripon; secondly, on 1 June 1799, Eleanor Agnes, daughter of William Eden, first lord Auckland, who died childless in 1851. He was succeeded by his nephew, George Robert Hobart, fifth earl of Buckinghamshire. His portrait was painted by Sir Thomas Lawrence.

HOBART, VERE HENRY, (1818–1875), governor of Madras, son of the Hon. and Rev. Augustus Edward Hobart (later Hobart-Hampden), afterwards sixth earl of Buckinghamshire, by Mary, daughter of John Williams, was born 8 Dec. 1818, at Welbourn, Lincolnshire. He went to Dr. Mayo's school at Cheam, Surrey. In 1836 he was elected to an open scholarship at Trinity College, Oxford, proceeded B.A. 3 Dec. 1840, and was appointed in the same year to a clerkship in the board of trade. In 1842 he accompanied Sir H. Ellis as secretary on a diplomatic mission to the emperor of Brazil, and about 1850 began to write many political articles upon Irish questions. In 1849, on his father's accession to the earldom, he succeeded to the courtesy title of Lord Hobart. In 1854 he became private secretary to Sir George Grey [q. v.], who was then secretary of state for the colonies, but resigned this post in 1855 in order to be free to oppose the continuance of the Crimean war. He advocated peace in a striking letter to the ‘Times’ of 22 Feb. of that year. In 1861 he was pro-


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Rh Won on the shining borders of the world

Regions of vision; evermore the bird

Hung in the morning sky above my heart,

As if I too should follow and fly with it

To morrows without end; the still noon dreamt

And unseen armor on the ether clanged

Virgilian music; and the paths of sleep

Shone with white garments, gleamed with myrtle crowns

Of youth in triumph bearing boughs of spring;

Then darkened was the hollow cloud of dream,

And, angel-watched, a glory-lighted face

Shining on heaven through flowers of martyrdom

Filled my faint eyes with peace more sweet than joy;

And still the bird in every vision flew

As he would woo me to some world removed,

Forever breaking, lingering, biding nigh,

Till came the Word. 'T was by the marble brook

That jets neglected in the gray-walled cirque

Where slept the Wolf in stone and slept the law;

Silent, I gazed upon the mightier age

Tombed in those walls austere; the bird in air

Shadowed the fountain, and a monk passed by

Dark by those snowy wings; and all at once

The poppy-branch struck on my dream-drenched eyes,


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 moted from the senior clerkship at the board of trade to investigate and advise on the condition of Turkish finance, together with Mr. Foster, ‘deputy paymaster-general,’ his superior in office, and after making a report returned to Constantinople to carry out the measures he had proposed. Subsequently he was director-general of the Ottoman Bank, and in February 1872 was appointed governor of Madras. At Madras, despite his shy manner and scholarly tastes, he secured the esteem alike of the natives and of the English residents. He was anxious to improve the social status of the natives, and exerted himself in the promotion of education among all classes. He also busied himself in agitating for a harbour and an improved drainage system. He died at Madras of typhoid fever on 27 April 1875. Hobart appears to have been an unaffected lover of nature; he was a fluent, lucid, and forcible writer on political questions. He married, 4 Aug. 1853, Mary Catherine, daughter of Thomas Carr, bishop of Bombay.

His works are: 1. ‘Remarks on the Law of Partnership Liability,’ a pamphlet, 1853. 2. ‘Essay on the Alabama Claims,’ 1870. 3. ‘Political Essays,’ 1866; reprinted (with short biographical sketch), 1877. 4. ‘Fragments, &c.’ (in prose), Madras, 1875. 5. ‘Essays and Miscellaneous Writings’ (a collection of many of his articles and letters), with biographical sketch, ed. by Mary, lady Hobart, his widow, 2 vols. 1885.

HOBART-HAMPDEN, AUGUSTUS CHARLES, commonly known as (1822–1886), admiral, third son and fourth child of Augustus Edward Hobart (later Hobart-Hampden), sixth earl of Buckinghamshire, was born at Walton-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, on 1 April 1822. His mother was Mary, daughter of John Williams, king's serjeant, and sister to the judge Sir Edward Vaughan Williams. He went to Dr. Mayo's school at Cheam, Surrey, but according to his own confession (Sketches from my Life, 1887, p. 2) did not distinguish himself, and in 1835 he entered the royal navy, joining the Rover, 18 guns, at Devonport in February. The Rover was paid off at Plymouth in July 1838, and Hobart joined the Rose in October, became acting mate in July 1841, and, when paid off in July 1842, passed his examinations at the Naval College and on board the Excellent at Portsmouth. He qualified as gunnery-mate, and joined the Dolphin in the autumn of 1843. His first three ships were all employed off the coast of South America in the suppression of the slave-trade. Rio de Janeiro was the busy centre of that commerce, and Hobart appears to have enjoyed his full share of adventure, although in his own account of this period of his career he much exaggerated and misrepresented the stirring events in which he engaged. His last genuine exploit during the slave-hunting period was to carry a slaver prize into Demerara in May 1844. He afterwards returned to England, and was appointed to the queen's yacht as a reward for gallant conduct. In September 1845 he resumed active work as lieutenant on board the Rattler in the Mediterranean, and was transferred in 1847 to the Bulldog (Commander, afterwards Admiral Sir Cooper, Key), where he showed himself ‘full of zeal’ (, Life, iii. 323). On the outbreak of the Russian war Hobart served as first lieutenant on the same vessel in the Baltic squadron, and commanded the Driver for a fortnight (August 1854) at the reduction of Bomarsund and the reconnaissance at Åbo. His ship was commended in the despatches, and Hobart's ‘ability, zeal, and great exertion,’ at Åbo were specially mentioned. In 1855 he was on the Duke of Wellington, Admiral Dundas's flagship, and commanded the mortar-boats at the attack on Sveaborg (Helsingfors), for which he was again mentioned in despatches and was promoted to the rank of commander. Then for six years he left the regular service of the navy and became officer of the coastguard at Dingle, co. Kerry, and subsequently (1858–61) of the guardship at Malta. In 1861 he commanded the gun-vessel Foxhound in the Mediterranean, was promoted captain in March 1863, and immediately retired on half-pay. This was the end of his services in the British navy.

In spite of his family ‘interest’ Hobart's rise had been very slow. He was clearly unsuited to the precise discipline and decorous subordination of the regular service; he was created for adventure and hairbreadth escapes: ‘A bold buccaneer of the Elizabethan period, who by some strange perverseness of fate was born into the Victorian.’ At the time of his retirement the civil war in America was beginning, and Hobart, who was a staunch Southerner, joined some brother officers in running the blockade off the coast of North Carolina. The daring and skilful seamanship by which he carried his cargoes into Wilmington and Charleston, the exciting chases and narrow escapes of this adventurous period, when Hobart was thoroughly in his proper element, may be read in ‘Never Caught’ (1867), which he wrote under the pseudonym of ‘Captain Roberts,’ and which is practically reprinted in ‘Sketches from my Life’ (pp. 87–


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60 And blackness rolled upon the solid world,

And drowned it; and there broke a yellow shaft

Like some great rift of sunset smiting through,

And on the mighty beam the bird, full flight,

Came singing out of heaven, songless till then,

A little cluster of rich-warbled notes,

Ever the same, one thrill, and o'er and o'er,

That fell upon my heart like dropping flames,

So strange, it seemed I knew not song before.

I woke; the music slept within my breast—

And over me the ancient walls leaned down

As with some statue's marble utterance;

'How fair he comes who brings his country peace!'

I heard, as plain as winds on olive groves.

'What peace?' I cried, and climbed the straitened ways

To where upon the City's sacred brow,

As to the breath of the Eternal Morn,

The mystic Rose of Christ unfolds its leaves,

The bower of his earthly memory;

And there I marked the priests go ever in,

Like flies and gnats; and on me came the Voice:

'Wouldst thou bring peace? Then haste thee; now, even now,

The eagles of the Christ fly forth to war!'

The bird was gone—a white and quivering point.


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Rh Breasting the blue, far, far beyond recall

He soared, and bathed in light his new-found song.

And I arose, and as the torrents pour

In April, and the water-courses rush

To brim the river that roars out to sea,

Desire from all the spirit's heights leaped down

In wild tumultuous thought and speed to find

The ways of action and the throng of deeds;

And as, when tempests blow, the winds will break

On flood and forest, and the gathering blast

Louder and longer swells one mighty note,

So, in that hour, one nature-cadenced word

Struck on my soul, and smote its music forth,

Wild as a poet's in his stormy youth;

And with the night calm fell; and with the calm

The bird came silent home. For what was I?

A youth distrusted, unallied, obscure,

In all things poor save that one heavenly gift,

The wingèd heart within my bosom hid;

And must I loose it to the flashing swords,

And rifle the sweet lodging of my breast,

And bid the bird go sing through Italy

That song of his? No other deed there was,

No other way but this to give my life!

'' ' O bella Libertà! ' '' I carolled out;

The bird took flight, the throngèd street stood still;


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62 'O breath that wakes the hundred lyres of song,

O trump that fills the thousand fields of fame,

O hand of Hope, O seed of Memory,

Planting the future with the past sublime!

O voice that doth proclaim the glorious peace,

O hymn that lifts the jubilee of slaves—

The birth-cry of the nations, earth's new name,

The victory's blazon, Christ's eternal rouse!

Thy faintest whisper quakes beneath the throne,

And echoes in the people's mighty heart,

And gathers to the shout that gives God hail!

O rushing from the sun-struck mountain-tops,

O thunder-zoned, thou banisher of kings,

O sweet thy smile that brings the exile home!'

The pæan swelled—'' ' O bella Libertà! ' ''

I sent from hill to hill the singing word;

I cherished with my life the song I sang;

I poured it forth, free as the patriot's blood,

The all I was; and, lo, my chambered soul

Lived in a thousand nobler lives than mine;

For he who standeth in the whole world's hope

Is as a magnet; he shall draw all hearts

To be his shield, all arms to strike his blow.

So round my voice the globe of battle grew,

The war-clash 'gan to murmur, and my lips

Sang to the onset, and death flashing fell.


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 teach the prince the elements of mathematics. The position, as he explained to Sorbière (letter of 4 Oct. 1646), had no political significance, and was a mere engagement by the month (22 March 1647). The last letter shows that he had already thoughts of returning to England, where his patron was now settled. In 1647 Hobbes had a dangerous illness. His old friend Mersenne came to his bedside and begged him not to die outside the catholic church. Hobbes observed that he had long ago considered that matter sufficiently, and turned the conversation by asking ‘When did you last see Gassendi?’ Some days later he welcomed Cosin (afterwards bishop of Durham), and took the sacrament according to the Anglican rites, a fact to which he afterwards referred in proof of his orthodoxy.

While the ‘Leviathan’ was progressing, Hobbes's unpublished treatise of 1640 was published in two parts, ‘Human Nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policy,’ and ‘De Corpore Politico, or Elements of Law, Moral and Politic,’ and in 1651 he published an English translation of the ‘De Cive.’ His ‘Leviathan’ was now being printed in London, and appeared in the middle of 1651. When Charles II reached Paris about the end of October, Hobbes presented him with a beautifully written copy on vellum (now in the British Museum, Egerton MS. 1910). His position in Paris had become difficult. His orthodoxy was suspected, not without reason. In 1646 he had had a private discussion with Bramhall upon freewill in presence of the Marquis of Newcastle, which some years later produced a keen controversy. The ‘Leviathan’ was not likely to conciliate churchmen, and shortly after presenting his manuscript to the king he was denied access to the court, and told by the Marquis of Ormonde that he was suspected of disloyalty and atheism. His usual timidity was excited by the murders of Isaac Dorislaus [q. v.] and Anthony Ascham [q. v.] in 1649 and 1650, and he thought that similar dangers might await the author of the ‘Leviathan.’ The French clergy, irritated by his bitter assaults on the papacy, were also thought to be meditating an attack. His flight to England soon afterwards gave credit to the suspicion that he had written the book in the interests of Cromwell. Clarendon tells a story of a conversation with Hobbes, who, in answer to remonstrances against the forthcoming book, said: ‘The truth is, I have a mind to go home.’ The ‘Leviathan,’ however, would hardly recommend its author to either party. Its abstract principles might no doubt be applied in defence of the protectorate when definitely established, which, however, did not become an accomplished fact till the end of 1653. The only passages alleged in support of the imputation of subservience to Cromwell were some phrases in the brief ‘Review and Conclusion.’ These, it may be remarked, are in the copy presented to Charles. They endeavour to define the circumstances under which submission to a new sovereign becomes legitimate. Hobbes argues in favour of those who had compounded for their estates, saying that by submitting in order to retain a part of their rights they were really more detrimental to the usurper than if by not submitting they enabled him to seize the whole. He defended this position when afterwards attacked by Wallis, and said truly that he had never justified rebellion. It was indeed idle to blame an elderly and timid philosopher, upon whom the exiled court looked with disfavour, for submitting with so many others to the new government then thought to be permanently established. His defence of the compounders applied to his patron, who had himself compounded in 1646, and to whom he was soon to return. He fled secretly to England at the end of 1651, suffering from the hardships of the frontier journey after a second severe illness (described in Letters, 1846, ii. 593–4); submitted to the council of state, and was allowed to live quietly in private. An intimation, apparently sanctioned by Clarendon's language, that he received some offer from Cromwell appears to be groundless. The charge was first expressly made by John Dowel in ‘The Leviathan Heretical’ in 1683. Hobbes, indeed, in 1656 ventured to boast of his having reconciled ‘a thousand gentlemen’ to submission to the government (Six Lessons, &c. E. vii. 336); but, in any case, he received nothing, and in 1653 resumed his position in the household of his old patron. He remained, however, in London, in Fetter Lane, in order to have the advantage of intellectual society while completing the exposition of his system. Selden and Harvey were at this period his chief friends. He received a legacy of 10l. from each, from Selden in 1654, and from Harvey in 1657 (for a doubtful story about Hobbes's visit to Selden when dying see, Lives, ii. 532; , Annals of the Bodleian, p. 77 n.) He took pains to find a church where he could take the sacrament according to the rites of the church of England.

Hobbes ultimately published the ‘De Corpore,’ representing the first part of his plan, in 1655. It had been delayed for a year by his difficulty in meeting objections raised by his friends to certain unlucky solutions of impossible geometrical problems. Finally the ‘De Homine’ should have completed the


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Rh But evil, that doth cling to all things here,

O'ercame that triumph. Yet, come all again,

I'll say it o'er; the dearest word of men,

The first to seal the poet's virgin vow,

The last to wing the patriot's breath to heaven,

Is Liberty; it hath the heart's touch in it,

The pang of sacred deaths, the onward reach

Of old heroic lives; O, richly charged—

With virtue's spoils and dear-prized honor heaped,

And ventures of such make their precious worth

Should purchase heaven, if any ransom's weight

Levelled the beam of that great counterpoise

With even scales aloft; but 't is not so.

In time's dark field must mortal valor fight

And with the viewless future cope on earth.

Yet the good cause plants virtue in the act;

'T is blessed; and so, and most through liberty,

The peopled earth is made the place of souls;

And sooner shall the little life of man

Cease to be heaven's prologue than his lips

Shall be untreasured of the word of grace

That chased them half-divine. Such thoughts were mine

Though captived-chained unto the Roman wall,

Where none but priests are free. O, them I curse,


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 system by giving his psychology. The treatise, however, published under that title in 1658 was a mere makeshift, containing some psychology less systematic than that which he had already published, and a Latin translation of some chapters on optics from an unpublished treatise written by him in 1646 (now in Harleian MS. 3360). Hobbes's labours had been interrupted, not only by the advance of age, but by a number of controversies which lasted the rest of his life. After the discussion in presence of the Marquis of Newcastle Hobbes had answered a written statement of Bramhall's position by a reply which remained in manuscript. He had allowed a translation to be made by a young Englishman for the satisfaction of a French friend. The translator had taken a copy, which he published in 1654 without Hobbes's privity, prefixing a letter in denunciation of priests and ministers. Bramhall, indignant at this proceeding, which he naturally ascribed to Hobbes, printed in 1655 all that had passed, including a long rejoinder to Hobbes's argument. Hobbes in 1656 published a reply to Bramhall, called ‘Questions concerning Liberty, Necessity, and Chance,’ clearing himself of the personal charges, and replying with remarkable vigour upon the philosophical question. Bramhall replied in ‘Castigations of Hobbes's Animadversions’ in 1658, with an appendix called ‘The Catching of Leviathan the Great Whale.’ Hobbes did not carry on the argument, but in 1668 replied to the charges of atheism and blasphemy (of which he declared that he had now heard for the first time) in ‘An Answer to … Dr. Bramhall,’ not published till 1682. The argument upon necessity shows Hobbes at his best.

A more unfortunate dispute arose with the mathematicians. The group of scientific men who after the Restoration founded the Royal Society were already meeting at Oxford. Seth Ward [q. v.] was Savilian professor of astronomy during the protectorate, and in his ‘Vindiciæ Academicæ’ (1654) asserted against John Webster's ‘Examen of Academies’ that the university had now made advances in science which, as he added in an appendix, would enable it to judge the geometrical novelties of which Hobbes had already boasted. Hobbes, in his ‘De Corpore’ (1655), retorted upon Ward, and produced his solutions of some ancient puzzles, especially the squaring of the circle. Ward replied by an ‘Exercitatio’ upon Hobbes's philosophy a year later; but turned over the mathematical argument to another of the circle, the famous John Wallis, Savilian professor of geometry. Wallis's ‘Elenchus Geometriæ Hobbianæ’ showed unsparingly the manifold absurdities of Hobbes's solutions, and by an ingenious examination of an early copy of the book, exposed his hopeless attempts, made in consequence of Ward's remarks, to patch up the faulty demonstrations. Further replies and rejoinders followed, in which, while Wallis was clearly victorious as to the mathematical questions, the disputants rivalled each other in abuse and verbal quibbling. The controversy was renewed by Hobbes in 1660, by an examination in dialogue form of Wallis's mathematical works, which, failing to bring Wallis into the field, was succeeded by a solution of the duplication of the cube brought out anonymously by Hobbes in Paris. As soon as Wallis refuted this Hobbes acknowledged it, and reproduced it at the end of a ‘Dialogus Physicus, sive, de Natura Aeris,’ an attack upon Boyle's ‘New Experiments touching the Spring of the Air.’ Hobbes resented his exclusion from the founders of the Royal Society, and attributed their coldness to the malignity of Wallis. He made an unpleasant allusion to Wallis's achievement in his deciphering the king's papers taken after Naseby. Boyle answered Hobbes, and Wallis, out of regard (as he said) for Boyle, once more demolished Hobbes's mathematics in ‘Hobbius Heauton-timorumenos’ (1662). He ventured, however, to add that Hobbes had written the ‘Leviathan’ in support of Cromwell, to which Hobbes replied effectively in his ‘Considerations upon the Refutation, Loyalty, Manners, and Religion of Thomas Hobbes,’ 1662. In 1666 Hobbes once more took up the hopeless task of defending his own fantasies and attacking Wallis. Wallis published his last retort in 1672. Hobbes in 1674 again published some of his pretended solutions, and as late as 1678, at the age of ninety, fired his last shot in the ‘Decameron Physiologicum.’

Hobbes lived after the Restoration at his patron's houses in London and the country. Charles II, two or three days after his return to England, saw Hobbes in the Strand, and spoke kindly to him. Afterwards, while sitting to Samuel Cooper, the miniature-painter, the king amused himself by talking to Hobbes. Hobbes could match the courtiers at repartee, and the king would say, ‘Here comes the bear to be baited’ ( and Sorberiana, 1694, p. 109). Charles also gave him a pension of 100l., which was paid as irregularly as other pensions of the time (see Petition, E. vii. 471). The bishops and Clarendon, however, looked upon the author of the ‘Leviathan’ with suspicion. In 1666 a committee of the House of Commons, appointed to consider a bill against ‘Atheism and Profaneness,’ was empowered


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64 From blue-veined Venice to white Naples' flush,

Where'er across the square of sun they creep

Through filth of beggars to Christ's open door!

The hearts unransomed by the love of man,

The lips that lie for power and pray for gain,

The practised brains that plot the baser age,

Hunters of liberty the thousand years!

They scourge the nations with the holy Cross,

And poison in the wine the Sacred Wounds,

And of our great Redemption bondage forge!

Where lingers vengeance? On, ye sleepless hours!

And Thou, whose long age over them yet rolls—

Harvest this curse among the quiet spheres!

I know not where they died who loved my song;

I cannot suffer; joy is in my heart,

Joy of the far-flown bird, the empty breast.

I go, but him they could not cage for death,

The bird whom I had sent to fly and sing

From snowy Alp to Etna's rosy cloud;

He nests within the heart of Italy."

"A great song is a deed forever doing;"

Reginald broke the happy idyl's close;

"No poet every truly tasted death;

Yet in the world that is," low fell his voice,

Whose thoughtful eye in long perspectives sphered

The world of action, "dead thy comrades are,


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106 then in a place where there are no human beings; and as that person would turn towards the east, or the north, or the west, and shout, "I have been brought here with my eyes covered, I have been left here with my eyes covered,"

2. 'And as thereupon some one might loose his bandage and say to him, "Go in that direction, it is Gandhâra, go in that direction;" and as thereupon, having been informed and being able to judge for himself, he would by asking his way from village to village arrive at last at Gandhâra,—in exactly the same manner does a man, who meets with a teacher to inform him, obtain the true knowledge. For him


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Rh Though long thy verse enshrine their hopes long dead.

Song-stroke or sword-stroke, action dies away;

Soon orbs the past, another dawn renews

The woundless tyrant, plated with dense mail,

And in the selfishness of all his realm

More panoplied than in his showy guards.

In song a land expires, it is not born;

And all the immortal glories of the lyre,

The blazon of eternal memory,

Are pæans of lost races worn away,

The death-chants of the nations whence they rose.

The pouring music of the mighty world

Rounds to new ages, and a cycle dies

In each proud epic; mute the foughten field,

Broken the chivalry, desolate the bower,

Sepulchred in the high-resounding verse.

All music is the requiem of the soul,

And breathes about the spirit's flight its dirge,

And sorrows in its track till heard no more."

He ended, lost in spaces far away.

But Victor followed where the Roamer marked

A lank form, blunted with a thought-starved face,

That, like a listening animal behind

Intent lay crouched; human it seemed, and was,

Dehumanized; all head, all eyes, all ears,


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 to receive information about offending books, and especially the ‘Leviathan.’ According to Aubrey, Hobbes was so alarmed as to burn his papers. A report given by White Kennett (Memoirs of Cavendish Family) says that he now frequented the chapel and took the sacrament, though he ‘turned his back upon the sermon.’ He argued (in an appendix to a Latin translation of the ‘Leviathan’ in 1668) that since the abolition of the high commission there was no court which could try him for heresy. He found protectors in Arlington and in the king. Charles, however, would not permit him to publish any work of political or religious tendency. ‘The Behemoth’ (finished about 1668) was suppressed by Charles's orders, though a surreptitious edition appeared in 1679, and some other books were silenced. In 1669 the Cambridge authorities forced one Daniel Scargil, who had defended some theses from the ‘Leviathan,’ to recant publicly, and assert that his vicious life had been due to his Hobbist principles. John Fell (1625–1686) [q. v.], dean of Christ Church, introduced some contemptuous remarks upon Hobbes into a Latin translation of Wood's ‘History and Antiquities,’ and persisted, in spite of a remonstrance from Hobbes. Many attacks upon his doctrines by distinguished writers were also appearing; but his fame was spreading abroad, and distinguished foreigners were eager to pay him homage during visits to England. Among them was the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who saw him in 1669, and to whom he dedicated his ‘Quadratura Circuli.’

When eighty-four he wrote his autobiography in Latin verse, and at eighty-six completed his translation of Homer's ‘Odyssey’ and ‘Iliad.’ In 1675 he finally left London, passing the rest of his time between Hardwick and Chatsworth, the seats of the Devonshire family. As late as August 1679 he was still writing, but had an attack of strangury in October. He insisted upon travelling with the family from Chatsworth to Hardwick during November, but soon afterwards was attacked by paralysis, and died quietly on 4 Dec. 1679. He was buried in the chancel of Hault Hucknall Church.

Hobbes's health was weak in youth, but improved after he was forty. He was over six feet high, and in old age erect for his years. He had good eyes, which shone ‘as with a bright live coal’ under excitement. His black hair caused him to be nicknamed ‘Crow’ at school. He had a short bristling auburn moustache, but shaved what would have been a ‘venerable beard,’ to avoid an appearance of philosophical austerity. He took little physic, and preferred an ‘experienced old woman’ to the ‘most learned but inexperienced physician.’ He was generally temperate, though he calculated that he had been drunk a hundred times during a life of ninety-two years. His diet was regular; he drank no wine after sixty, and ate chiefly fish. He rose at seven, breakfasted on bread and butter, dined at eleven, and after a pipe slept for half an hour, afterwards writing down his morning thoughts. He took regular exercise, playing tennis even at seventy-five, and in the country taking a smart walk, after which he was rubbed by a servant. He is said to have had an illegitimate daughter, for whom he provided. He was affable and courteous, a pleasant companion, though it is recorded that he sometimes lost his temper in arguing with Thomas White or ‘Albius’ [q. v.] (, Athenæ, ‘Joseph Glanville’). A common story of his fear of ghosts is denied in the ‘Vitæ Auctarium’ (see also, s. v., note N). He read not much, but thoroughly, and was fond of saying that if he had read as much as other learned men he would have been as ignorant. He was charitable and very liberal to his relations. His long connection with the Cavendishes is creditable to both, and he appears to have been a faithful friend. He was constitutionally timid, though intellectually audacious, and always on his guard against possible persecution. But the charges of time-serving seem to be disproved. There is a portrait of him by J. M. Wright in the National Portrait Gallery, and two in the possession of the Royal Society. A portrait by Cooper was formerly in the royal collections.

Hobbes produced a fermentation in English thought not surpassed until the advent of Darwinism. While, however, the opponents of Hobbes were countless, his biographer could discover only a single supporter. ‘Hobbism’ was an occasional name of reproach until the middle of the eighteenth century (he is mentioned on the title-page of ‘Deism Revealed,’ 1751), although his philosophy had long been eclipsed by Locke's ‘Essay.’ He is one of Kortholt's ‘three impostors’ (1680) along with Spinoza and Herbert of Cherbury. In Farquhar's ‘Constant Couple,’ 1699, the hypocritical debauchee carries Hobbes in his pocket; and among ‘Twelve Ingenious Characters,’ 1686, is a dissolute town-fop who takes about ‘two leaves of Leviathan’ (, Miscellanies, 1840, p. 262). Atterbury holds him up as a warning in a sermon ‘on the terrors of conscience’ (Sermons, 1734, ii. 112). He was reviled on all sides as the typical atheist, materialist, political absolutist, and preacher of ethical selfishness. Hobbes was in truth a product of the great


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66 The brute made brain, the crime intelligent,

Time's last-born type of man; instant they saw

The black revolver pouring livid flame,

And heard the sullen, detonating bomb,

The dread of royal capitals; he laughed,

And thinly the fierce smile laid bare his teeth:

"An ugly shape, signore; not bred like yours,

Not from the gods of Greece and loins of Rome,

Nor Roncesvalles, Acre and Agincourt;

Spawned in the European gutter-slime;

Us Paris pours, when, sick and ravening,

The beast of blood upon her entrails gnaws,

And the state cries, 'To arms, they come, they come!'

As come they will until the shuddering bulk

Of government misused for misery

Reels and collapses in the social fall.

March on, march on, great Host! guerrillas we,

Isolate scouts stalking a sleepy world;

Nor think in horrid Muscovy alone

We range and prosper; fast we multiply

On every barren crag where freedom clings,

On Switzer-peak, in high Calabrian caves,

Rhine-cellars, and the Belgian, Spanish holes,

And where the English speech rears her vast orb

O'er half the world, sheltering forevermore


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Rh there is only delay so long as he is not delivered (from the body); then he will be perfect.

3. 'That which is the subtile essence, in it all that exists has its self. It is the True. It is the Self, and thou, O Svetaketu, art it.'

'Please, Sir, inform me still more,' said the son.

'Be it so, my child,' the father replied.

.

1. 'If a man is ill, his relatives assemble round him and ask: "Dost thou know me? Dost thou know me?" Now as long as his speech is not


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Rh Free thought, free speech, free acts, that make free men.

Whene'er a king is crowned, our eyes are there;

Whene'er a workman dies, our eyes are there;

Our eyes behold the crime on whole lands wrought.

Berlin and Paris unto us are one,

And one to us are Emperor and Pope,

And one to us the working-host world-wide;

Race, country, faith, law, mercy we abhor.

O angel of the Garibaldian spears,

Your song we keep; nor only from it learned

To drive the dagger in the sides of kings;

Far lower they mine whose dynamite is thought,

Whose match, the burning heart! Wake, mighty world,

The tyranny of gold is doomed, is doomed!

On lips of outcasts is the judgment framed,

As once before, that shakes futurity;

Then comes the great millennium; but now

Kill, kill, kill, kill, kill!" he cried, and ran.

In Victor's eyes the glory of song was dead;

And gray the smouldering spark of hope went out

That shone, their orbèd life; the Roamer wept,

But he dull-eyed sat stark; and Reginald spoke,

Of thought's stern stuff compact: "Thy holy song

Sang time's evangel pure; not unto us,


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108 merged in his mind, his mind in breath, breath in heat (fire), heat in the Highest Being (devatâ), he knows them.

2. 'But when his speech is merged in his mind, his mind in breath, breath in heat (fire), heat in the Highest Being, then he knows them not.

'That which is the subtile essence, in it all that exists has its self. It is the True. It is the Self, and thou, O Svetaketu, art it.'

'Please, Sir, inform me still more,' said the son.

'Be it so, my child,' the father replied.

1. 'My child, they bring a man hither whom they have taken by the hand, and they say: "He has taken something, he has committed a theft." (When


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68 Not unto us the issue of our words

Loosed from our lips in this chaotic world!"

And ere he ceased a voice rang hard behind:

"Ho, Reginald!" confusèd words he spoke,

Who seemed to front the stars with lifted hand,

Absorbed in passion, towering with rage,

And strode away; and Reginald shuddering turned:

"Cursed are they who deify the Curse;

But let us hence; too many such as these

Come hither, passing through the night. And thou,

Wide-wanderer, wherefore hast thou ventured here?"

"Serving the Christ," he said, "I seek the lost,

Who noble were, memory and hope my guides,

Through ways I know not of, obeying God."

"Who names the Christ?" another cried aloud,

Out of the shadows starting; "on earth 't was said,

He sent a sword, not peace. I was his Scourge;

Where is the hand that used me?" and he fled.

And Reginald rose, and drew them both away,

And Victor silent on the left side came;

"Not all are noble here," the leader said;

"Thousands there are who haunt the region's base;"

And moving on, "'t is best to look on them

From far, nor mingle with that multitude;"

And soon he brought them to a low-browed ridge.


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Rh Westward they thronged upon the neighboring plain,

Shut in the low, flat hills whose shallows rolled

To North and South, as marshes by the sea,

Weary horizons; dense the numerous camp

With torches flickered, and the blaze of fires

Flared on the surge of men and sank in smoke;

The sky was reddened with the swarthy glow.

Beneath, the motley multitude immense,

Whom frenzy tore or cowering fear alarmed,

Some feast engaged, the savagery of yore,

And drove them lost to many a loathèd rite.

What fierce idolatry was absent there?

What ritual of woe, what agony?

Wild was the sight and sharp the memory is:

Some, dancing, cut their flesh with knives and flints,

A hideous jubilee; some, further off,

In sullen rage or gibbering idiocy,

Did mutilate their members; boyhood there

In clusters clung, and bright the red fire-flash

Sprang from the bare, keen axes over them;

There mothers flung their infants from their breasts;

Maidens whose lashes could not veil their shame

To darkness went; them men like beasts pursued;

And every beast had there his carnival,—

The sea-cave's brood and reptiles of the slime,


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Rh he denies, they say), "Heat the hatchet for him." If he committed the theft, then he makes himself to be what he is not. Then the false-minded, having covered his true Self by a falsehood, grasps the heated hatchet—he is burnt, and he is killed.

2. 'But if he did not commit the theft, then he makes himself to be what he is. Then the true-minded, having covered his true Self by truth, grasps the heated hatchet—he is not burnt, and he is delivered.

'As that (truthful) man is not burnt, thus has all that exists its self in That. It is the True. It is the Self, and thou, O Svetaketu, art it.' He understood what he said,,.

1. Nârada approached Sanatkumâra and said, 'Teach me, Sir!' Sanatkumâra said to him: 'Please to tell me what you know; afterward I shall tell you what is beyond.'

2. Nârada said: 'I know the Rig-veda, Sir, the Yagur-veda, the Sâma-veda, as the fourth the Âtharvana, as the fifth the Itihâsa-purâna (the Bhârata); the Veda of the Vedas (grammar); the Pitrya (the rules for the sacrifices for the ancestors); the Râsi (the science of numbers); the Daiva (the science of portents); the Nidhi (the science of time); the Vâkovâkya (logic); the Ekâyana (ethics); the Devavidyâ (etymology); the Brahma-vidyâ (pronunciation, sikshâ, ceremonial, kalpa, prosody, khandas); the Bhûta-vidyâ (the science of demons); the


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70 The jungle's births and dragons of the steep

Who made a plash of gore where'er they trod;

And everywhere the adder and the asp

And all the poison-headed snaky swarm

Familiar through the host crawled undisturbed,

And many a stolèd priesthood gave them food.

There puffed the smoke and showered the drifting sparks

Like fiery scales; there geyser-like the spouts

Of random flame thrust up with forking tongues,

As that dark waste were some volcanic quake

And all the heathen race some fiendish crew.

Higher the rout, and still new horror spawned,

And lower bent the abject populace,

Defiled in body and deformed in soul,

Who served the worm with bloody covenants.

Omens and prodigies before them swam,

The shapeless imagery of earth's affright,

Worse worship urging and worse injury:

The fiery breath that from Assyria blew;

The lusts that haunt the buried mouths of Nile;

Shadows that ride the night, visages dire,

Afrites, and that vast airy troop that made

A spectral conquest of imperial Rome,

Thessalian terror; Druid witcheries;

Despairs and ecstasies and tortures maimed


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378 This brings us down to the present time—that of our own contemporaries, whose productions are actually better known and appreciated in Europe than by their American neighbors.

Like New York, the Federal Capital of Mexico is the center towards which all the genius of the provinces, whether literary, artistic, or scientific, gravitates. For there, as in the metropolis of the United States, all brain-workers expect to gain, at least, appreciation, while many hope to win renown.

The principal cities of Mexico, such as Toluca, Morelia, Guadalajara, Guanajuato, Puebla, Merida, and many others of like size, have their literary associations, but El Liceo Hidalgo, at the capital, ranks highest; and is, in fact, intended as a National Institute. It was established on the 15th of September, 1849, and has known many vicissitudes during this time, but of late years it has renewed the original designs of its founders.

On each recurring Monday evening the society meets at its handsome hall, and it is then the brilliant genius and flowing wit of the members may be fully enjoyed. Scientific essays and literary productions are read before this Lyceum, and nothing that is unsound, unscientific or weakly sentimental, can escape the censorship and rigid criticism of such able men as Riva Palacio, Ignacio Altimirano, Vigil Pimentil, Juan de Dias Peza, Juan Mateos, Ramon Manterola, Ireano Paz, Francisco Sosa, and others.

The meetings are well attended and appreciated, not only by the cultured part of society, but also by many of the plainer and less educated of the population. Not infrequently bevies of ambitious


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Rh That India tombs within her marble hills,

Or snowy Thibet in her caverns hides;

And whatsoever else on earth's scarred face,

On Lapland steppes, or Australasian isles,

Glares round the holocaust of mortal sin,

In horrid congregation gathered there.

O brutish souls! O sensual, brainless things!

O foul imagination and worse acts,

What night shall prison, what deep pit contain,

What justice equal that unrighteousness!

And, gazing there, the Roamer bowed in shame,

And sorrow's rush was as a throttling stream

Dragging him downward till it ebbed away

As if divine compulsion bade it die;

Once more the foul field of the lust of hell

Burnt on his eyes; but he was strong within;

And turning then to Reginald's bitter smile—

"My path lies here," he said; "God's peace be thine!"

"Thou wilt not try," cried Reginald, with swift speech;

"Here is no passage save for souls accursed,

Blind to the light of every glorious good;"

And wondering stopped, and fixed on him his gaze;

"Spirit of God!" he whispered, "what art thou,

That through thy mortal dark the soul doth shine


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72 As if the gates of heaven had sent thee forth?"

And, going, the Roamer heard him murmur low—

"Keep him, O Shepherd of the ways of fire!"

And Victor blessed him with still grieving eyes;

And long they watched him where he made his way

Whom willingly he would have called his own,

Had love consented that their hearts should join.

Then, plunging in the darkness, first he knew

The miracle that dawned upon their eyes:

For light fell from him and in light he walked.

And as a star that rifts the drifting clouds

He passed within the roaring gulf profane;

The spectral rack swept o'er him, sin closed round;

And no man saw him; dark to them he was,

But to his sight their secrecy lay bare;

Nor legends of the ancient time alone,

Nor tales by travellers in far countries told,

Nor gods dethroned and cities of the dead,

Beheld he merely; many a wanton sect

Befouled Christ's name, and many a godless school

Blasphemed, miscalled by wisdom's golden name,

Philosophy; they cursed they knew not what.

He paused not where their meagre dogmas fell

No more than where the fool his orgies kept,

Yet heard and saw; the worst no lips can frame;

Nor now shall memory draw it from the mire.


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Rh Across the plain, beneath the burning sky,

He went, surveying all man's fell despair

Hour after hour: till faint the murmur grew

Of that great river hurrying to the gulf,

The flood and drift of all the evil world;

And on the further bank he saw how pure

Is heaven, how greatly it ennobles earth.


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Author:Philemon Holland

Translations

 * The Natural History of Pliny (1601), a translation of Pliny the Elder's Naturalis historia vol 1, vol 2
 * Plutarch's Moralia: Twenty Essays, selections [1603] (1911 ed.)
 * Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus's Lives of the Twelve Caesars (1606) 1899 ed.: vol 1, vol 2
 * Xenophon's Cyropaedia
 * Joannes de Mediolano's Regimen sanitatis Salerni, 1617 external source
 * Livy's The Romane Historie, 1659
 * Plutarch's Romane questions, 1892 external source
 * A Consolatorie letter of discourse sent by Plutarch of Chæronea unto his owne wife as touching the death of her and his daughter, 1905 external source

Works about Holland

 * A Translator Generall in "Literary portraits" by Charles Whibley, 1904 external source

title: Author:Philemon Holland


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110 (the science of weapons); the Nakshatra-vidyâ (astronomy); the Sarpa and Devagana-vidyâ (the science of serpents or poisons, and the sciences of the genii, such as the making of perfumes, dancing, singing, playing, and other fine arts). All this I know, Sir.

3. 'But, Sir, with all this I know the Mantras only, the sacred books, I do not know the Self. I have heard from men like you, that he who knows the Self overcomes grief. I am in grief. Do, Sir, help me over this grief of mine.'

Sanatkumâra said to him: 'Whatever you have read, is only a name.

4. 'A name is the Rig-veda, Yagur-veda, Sâma-veda, and as the fourth the Âtharvana, as the fifth the Itihâsa-purâna, the Veda of the Vedas, the Pitrya, the Râsi, the Daiva, the Nidhi, the Vâkovâkya, the Ekâyana, the Deva-vidyâ, the Brahma-vidyâ, the Bhûta-vidyâ, the Kshatra-vidyâ, the Nakshatra-vidyâ, the Sarpa and Devagana-vidyâ. All these are a name only. Meditate on the name.

5. 'He who meditates on the name as Brahman ,


text: The roamer and other poems/The Roamer/Book II


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 ceeded in beating his old antagonist Lamb by a majority of 446 votes, and was returned to parliament as the colleague of Sir Francis Burdett.

Hobhouse made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 9 May (Parl. Debates, new ser. i. 255–60), and thenceforth took an active share in the debates, and for some years was a strenuous supporter of every measure of reform. At Pisa in September 1822 he met Byron for the last time, who on parting touchingly said, ‘Hobhouse, you should never have come, or you should never go.’ In 1823 he became one of the most active members of the Greek committee in London. In July 1824, as one of Byron's executors, he proved the will and superintended the arrangements for the funeral at Hucknall Torkard, Nottinghamshire, and it was upon his advice that Byron's ‘Memoirs,’ which had been given to Moore, and sold by him to Murray, were destroyed (cf., Murray, i. 443). In consequence of Byron's death the Greek committee were seriously embarrassed, and Hobhouse resolved to go to Greece himself in order to manage the loan, but ultimately Henry Lytton Bulwer went out in his place. Though the two members for Westminster were among the staunchest supporters of reform in the House of Commons, they were not included in the administration formed by Lord Grey in November 1830 (see a curious passage in, Recollections of a Long Life, quoted in the Edinburgh Review, cxxxiii. 303). Hobhouse succeeded his father as the second baronet in August 1831, and on 1 Feb. 1832 was appointed secretary at war in the place of Sir Henry Brooke Parnell (afterwards Lord Congleton), being admitted to the privy council on the 6th of the same month. He applied himself vigorously to the reform of his department, and, in spite of the opposition of the Horse Guards, succeeded in reducing the charges on the ‘dead list,’ in abolishing several sinecures, and in restricting flogging in the army to certain defined misdemeanors. On finding himself unable fully to carry out his views of war-office reform, he exchanged this post for that of chief secretary for Ireland on 28 March 1833. In the following month he refused to vote with the government against the resolution in favour of the abolition of the house and window tax, as he had frequently urged the abolition of the tax while an independent member. He therefore resigned both his office and his seat for Westminster (Parl. Debates, xvii. 757–8), but though he offered himself for re-election he found that he had lost his popularity by the acceptance of office, and was defeated by Colonel George de Lacy Evans [q. v.] by a majority of 192 votes. On Lord Melbourne's accession to power in July 1834 Hobhouse accepted the post of first commissioner of woods and forests, with a seat in the cabinet, and was returned at a by-election in the same month for the borough of Nottingham. During his short tenure of this office the houses of parliament were burnt (16 Oct.) On the dismissal of Lord Melbourne in November Hobhouse resigned with the rest of his colleagues. At the general election in 1835 he unsuccessfully contested Bristol, but was returned for Nottingham without opposition. When Lord Melbourne formed his second administration Hobhouse was pressed to resume his old post at the war office, but on his refusal was appointed president of the board of control, with a seat in the cabinet, on 29 April 1835. His first act as Indian minister was to advise the king to cancel the appointment of Lord Heytesbury [q. v.], who had been selected by Peel to succeed Lord William Bentinck as governor-general of India. Hobhouse was present at the queen's first council at Kensington Palace on 30 June 1837, and has left an interesting account of this, and of his first interview with her majesty as president of the board of control, in his ‘Recollections of a Long Life’ (Edinburgh Review, cxxxiii. 324–9). During the Russian intrigues in Central Asia he strongly supported Lord Auckland's policy in India against the remonstrances of some of his own colleagues, and he was one of Palmerston's most energetic supporters in the cabinet on the Turco-Russian question. On the resignation of Lord Melbourne in September 1841 Hobhouse retired, and was succeeded by Lord Ellenborough.

On 10 July 1846 he resumed his post at the board of control, with a seat in Lord John Russell's first cabinet. At the general election in the following year he was defeated at Nottingham, but was returned to parliament again at a by-election in March 1848 for the borough of Harwich. He was created Baron Broughton de Gyfford on 26 Feb. 1851 (Journal of the House of Lords, lxxxiii. 53), and upon his final retirement from office, on the resignation of Lord John Russell in February 1852, was made a K.C.B. From this date Broughton practically withdrew from public life, and attended the House of Lords only at rare intervals. He took part in the debates for the last time during the discussion of the Government of India Bill in July 1858 (Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. cli. 1561–7 and 1688). During his retirement he spent most of his time at Tedworth House, Wiltshire, and at his town house in Berkeley Square, amusing himself in literary pursuits


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 and in the society and correspondence of his numerous friends. He died after a short illness at Berkeley Square on 3 June 1869, in the eighty-third year of his age, and was buried at Kensal Green. During the earlier portion of his political career Hobhouse was a sincere and uncompromising radical. As he grew older his opinions mellowed with age, and by the time most of the measures which he had strenuously advocated in his younger days had been passed he had become a resting and thankful whig. This change was so evident that upon his return to office in 1846 it was remarked that he was one of the most conservative members in Lord John Russell's cabinet. He was a vigorous debater, more formidable in attack than ready in reply, but by no means an eloquent speaker. He was a good classical scholar, a lively and entertaining companion, and a staunch and chivalrous friend. Hobhouse is said to have been the first to invent the phrase ‘his majesty's opposition’ for the anti-ministerial side of the house (Edinburgh Review, cxxxiii. 301). He was a partner in Whitbread's London brewery. He married, on 28 July 1828, Lady Julia Tomlinson Hay, youngest daughter of George, seventh marquis of Tweeddale, by whom he had three daughters, viz. (1) Julia Hay, who died, aged 18, on 5 Sept. 1849; (2) Charlotte, who married on 27 July 1854 Lieut.-colonel Dudley Wilmot Carleton, now fourth lord Dorchester; and (3) Sophia, who married on 31 July 1851 the Hon. John Strange Jocelyn, the fifth earl of Roden. Lady Hobhouse died on 3 April 1835. The barony became extinct upon Lord Broughton's death, while the baronetcy descended to his nephew, Sir Charles Parry Hobhouse, b 1825. There is a mezzotint by Turner, after Lonsdale's portrait of Hobhouse, and an engraving by Meyer after Buck in the ‘Reform of Parliament,’ &c., previously referred to.

In 1830, as Byron's most intimate friend, he was anxious to reply to Lady Byron's ‘Remarks,’ but was persuaded by Lord Holland and others not to do so. He, however, drew up, ‘to be used if necessary, a full and scrupulously accurate account’ of the separation. This manuscript and the rest of the ‘Byron Papers’ are in the possession of Lady Dorchester. A collection of Lord Broughton's ‘Diaries, Correspondence, and Memoranda, &c.,’ which was first opened, in accordance with the bequest, in 1900, is at the British Museum. In addition to the two articles in the ‘Westminster Review’ on ‘Lord Byron in Greece,’ and Dallas's ‘Recollections and Medwin's Conversations of Lord Byron’ (ii. 225–62, iii. 1–35), he was the author of the following works: 1. ‘Essay on the Origin and Intention of Sacrifices; being the Hulsean Prize-Essay for the year 1808. … By J. C. Hobhouse, B.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge, London, 1809, 12mo. 2. ‘Imitations and Translations from the Ancient and Modern Classics, together with original Poems never before published. Collected by J. C. Hobhouse, B.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge,’ London, 1809, 8vo. This volume contains twenty-nine pieces by Hobhouse, nine by Byron, and twenty-seven by other writers. 3. ‘A Journey through Albania, and other Provinces of Turkey in Europe and Asia, to Constantinople, during the years 1809 and 1810. By J. C. Hobhouse,’ London, 1813, 4to; a new edition (with a somewhat altered title), London, 1855, 8vo, 2 vols. 4. ‘The substance of some Letters written by an Englishman resident in Paris during the last Reign of the Emperor Napoleon. With an Appendix of Official Documents,’ anon., London, 1816, 8vo, 2 vols. 5. ‘Historical Illustrations of the Fourth Canto of “Childe Harold:” containing Dissertations on the Ruins of Rome, and an Essay on Italian Literature. By John Hobhouse, of Trinity College, Cambridge, M.A. and F.R.S. Second edition, revised and corrected,’ London, 1818, 8vo. The greater part of the notes to the fourth canto were written by Hobhouse at Venice, where he had the advantage of consulting the ducal library. They grew to such an extent that they had to be divided into two parts, one part being published with the poem, and the other in a separate volume under the above title. 6. ‘A Defence of the People, in reply to Lord Erskine's “Two Defences of the Whigs,”’ anon., London, 1819, 8vo. Another edition of this pamphlet was published in the same year with Hobhouse's name on the title-page. 7. ‘A Trifling Mistake in Thomas, Lord Erskine's recent Preface. Shortly noticed and respectfully corrected in a Letter to his Lordship, by the author of the “Defence of the People,”’ London, 1819, 8vo. 8. ‘Speech of Mr. Hobhouse on the Hustings at Covent Garden on Saturday, 27th February, 1819,’ 8vo. 9. ‘A supplicatory Letter to Lord Viscount Castlereagh, K.G. By John C. Hobhouse, Esq., F.R.S. [on the bills introduced into parliament for preventing seditious meetings],’ London, 1819, 8vo. 10. ‘Proceedings in the House of Commons and in the Court of King's Bench relative to the author of the “Trifling Mistake,” together with the Argument against Parliamentary Commitment, and the Decision which the Judges gave without hearing the Case. … Prepared for the Press by John C. Hobhouse, Esq., F.R.S.,’ London, 1820, 8vo. 11. ‘Substance of the


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 with hardly even the exception of the “Bibliotheca Croftsiana”’ (Bibliomania, pp. 74, 497). The books were sold in London in 1778, and produced about 2,500l. Nanswhyden House was destroyed by fire on 30 Nov. 1803, with its collections of ancient documents, the records relating to the Stannary parliament, and a valuable cabinet of minerals.

[Polwhele's Cornwall, 1806, v. 94–6; Parochial History of Cornwall, 1867, i. 233–4; Nichols's Illustrations, v. 863; Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, iii. 730, viii. 449, 481, 709, ix. 709–10; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. p. 246.]

HOBSON, EDWARD (1782–1830), botanist, was born in Ancoats Lane, Manchester, in 1782. When three years old he lost his father, and his mother having given way to drink he was put under the care of an uncle at Ashton-under-Lyne. His sole education was obtained at a day school there and at Manchester; but at the age of either ten or eleven he was sent to work. About 1809 he attended for the first time a meeting of the Society of Botanists, where he formed the acquaintance of George Caley, a botanical collector for the royal gardens at Kew, and then recently returned from New South Wales. Hobson studied cryptogamous as well as flowering plants, and in this department became a correspondent of Dr. (afterwards Sir William Jackson) Hooker [q. v.], Dr. Taylor, his associate in the ‘Muscologia Britannica,’ Dr. Greville of Edinburgh, and other active and prominent botanists. They all freely acknowledged their indebtedness to Hobson for specimens sent to them.

In 1818 he brought out the first volume of his ‘Musci Britannici,’ and three years later was busy on the second. At this period he was in the employ of Mr. Eveleigh, a Manchester manufacturer, who was also a naturalist and mineralogist. Entomology thenceforward became a favourite pursuit with Hobson. The Banksian Society was founded in January 1829, and Hobson was unanimously chosen its first president. Shortly afterwards the curatorship of the museum of the Manchester Society for the Promotion of Natural History was offered to him at a salary of 100l. per annum; but he declined to leave his old employer, although his wages were very small.

He died on 17 Sept. 1830 at Bowden, and was buried at St. George's Church, Hulme, where a mural tablet was placed by his old colleagues. The herbarium formed by him passed into the keeping of the Manchester Botanical and Horticultural Society at Old Trafford, and his collection of insects came into the possession of the Mechanics' Institute.

On hearing of Hobson's death Sir W. J. Hooker wrote as follows: ‘His publication of specimens of British mosses and hepaticæ will be a lasting testimony to his correctness and deep research into their beautiful families; and in this country he has been the first to set the example of giving to the world volumes which are devoted to the illustration of entire genera of cryptogamous plants by beautifully preserved specimens themselves.’ Hobson published: ‘Musci Britannici; a Collection of Specimens of British Mosses and Hepaticæ,’ 2 vols. 1818–24.

HOBSON, RICHARD, M.D. (1795–1868), physician, was born at Whitehaven, Cumberland, in 1795. After school education he was sent to study medicine at St. George's Hospital, London. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and finally deciding to become a physician, went to Queens' College, Cambridge, and there graduated M.B. in 1825, M.D. in 1830. In 1831 he settled in practice in Leeds, and on 30 Sept. 1833 was elected physician to the infirmary there, a post which he resigned in 1843. During this period he published in the ‘Medical Gazette’ some notes on diabetes, and on the external use of croton oil. His tastes led him to frequent the turf. He belonged to the Harewood coursing club, bred racehorses, and hunted with the Bramham hunt. For a short time he kept a pack of harriers. He had some knowledge of natural history, and in 1836 became acquainted with Charles Waterton, the naturalist, who lived at Walton Hall, about twelve miles from Leeds. Here Hobson became a frequent visitor and physician to the family. Waterton often wrote to him. Their intercourse ceased a few years before Waterton's death. While it lasted Hobson states that he showed Waterton a memoir which he had written of the naturalist. This statement was not believed at Walton Hall, and the book, ‘Charles Waterton; his Home, Habits, and Handiwork,’ which Hobson published in 1866, contains abundant internal evidence that the statement about Waterton's approval of the manuscript is untrue. Many of the stories in the book are false, the letters given have been altered, and the only faithful parts of the work are the engravings of Walton Hall, some of them drawn from photographs taken by Hobson himself. A fall from his carriage


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 The difficulties in the way of travelling in Arabia with a view to scientific investigation are such that little or nothing is being done, and the systematic work which has given such good results in Egypt, Palestine and Babylonia-Assyria is unknown in Arabia. Yet the passing notes of travellers from the time of Carsten Niebuhr show that antiquities are to be found.

Prehistoric Remains.—Since prehistoric remains must be studied where they are found, the difficulty in the way of exploration makes itself severely felt. That such remains exist seems clear from the casual remarks of travellers. Thus Palgrave (Central and Eastern Arabia, vol. i. ch. 6) speaks of part of a circle of roughly shaped stones taken from the adjacent limestone mountains in the Nejd. Eight or nine of these stones still exist, some of them 15 ft. high. Two of them, 10 to 12 ft. apart, still bear their horizontal lintel. They are all without ornament. Palgrave compares them with the remains at Stonehenge and Karnak. Doughty (Arabia Deserta, vol. ii.), travelling in north-west Arabia, saw stones of granite in a row and “flagstones set edgewise” (though he does not regard these as religious), also “round heaps, perhaps barrows,” and “dry-built round chambers,” which may be ancient tombs. J. T. Bent (Southern Arabia, pp. 24 ff.) explored one of several mounds in Bahrein. It proved to be a tomb, and the remains in it are said to be Phoenician.

Castles and Walls.—In the south of Arabia, where an advanced civilization existed for centuries before the Christian era, the ruins of castles and city-walls are still in existence, and have been mentioned, though not examined carefully, by several travellers. In Yemen and Hadramut especially these ruins abound, and in some cases inscriptions seem to be still in situ. Great castles are often mentioned in early Arabian literature. One in the neighbourhood of San‛a was described as one of the wonders of the world by Qazwīnī (Athār ul-Bilād, p. 33, ed. Wüstenfeld, Göttingen, 1847, cf. Journal of the German Oriental Society, vol. 7, pp. 472, 476, and for other castles vol. 10, pp. 20 ff.). The ruins of the city of Ma’rib, the old Sabaean capital, have been visited by Arnaud, Halévy and Glaser, but call for further description, as Arnaud confined himself to a description of the dike (see below), while Halévy and Glaser were interested chiefly in the inscriptions.

Wells and Dikes.—From the earliest times the conservation of water has been one of the serious cares of the Arabs. All over the country wells are to be found, and the masonry of some of them is undoubtedly ancient. Inscriptions are still found in some of these in the south. The famous well Zemzem at Mecca is said to belong to the early times, when the eastern traffic passed from the south to the north-west of Arabia through the Hejaz, and to have been rediscovered shortly before the time of Mahomet. Among the most famous remains of Ma’rib are those of a great dike reminding one of the restored tanks familiar to visitors at Aden. These remains were first described by Arnaud (Journal asiatique, January 1874, with plan). Their importance was afterwards emphasized by Glaser’s publication of two long inscriptions concerning their restoration in the 5th and 6th centuries (“Zwei Inschriften über den Dammbruch von Mārib,” in the Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, Berlin, 1897). Another dike about 150 yds. long was seen by W. B. Harris at Hirran in Yemen. Above it was a series of three tanks (A Journey through the Yemen, p. 279, London, 1893).

Stones and Bronzes.—The 19th century has brought to the museums of Europe (especially to London, Paris, Berlin and Vienna) a number of inscriptions in the languages of Minea and Saba, and a few in those of Hadramut and Katabania (Qattabania). These inscriptions are generally on limestone or marble or on tablets of bronze, and vary from a few inches to some feet in length and height. In some cases the originals have been brought to Europe, in other cases only squeezes of the inscriptions. The characters employed are apparently derived from the Phoenician (cf. Lidzbarski’s Ephemeris, vol. i. pp. 109 ff.). The languages employed have been the subject of much study (cf. F. Hommel’s Süd-arabische Chrestomathie, Munich, 1893), but the archaeological value of these remains has not been so fully treated. Very many of them are votive inscriptions and contain little more than the names of gods and princes or private men. A few are historical, but being (with few and late exceptions) undated, have given rise to much controversy among scholars. Their range seems to be from about 800 (or 1500  according to E. Glaser) to the 6th century  Few are still in situ, the majority having been taken from their original positions and built into houses, mosques or wells of more recent date. Among these remains are altars, and bases for statues of gods or for golden images of animals dedicated to gods. The earlier stones are devoid of ornamentation, but the later stones and bronzes are sometimes ornamented with designs of leaves, flowers, ox-heads, men and women. Some bear figures of the conventionalized sacred tree with worshippers, similar to Babylonian designs. Besides these there are gravestones, stelae with human heads, fragments of limestone, architectural designs as well as bronze castings of camels, horses, mice, serpents, &c. (cf. D. H. Müller’s Südarabische Alterthümer im Kunsthistorischen Museum, Vienna, 1899, with plates).

Seals, Weights and Coins.—The Vienna Museum possesses a small number of seals and gems. The seals are inscribed with Sabaean writing and are of bronze, copper, silver and stone. The gems of onyx, carnelian and agate are later and bear various figures, and in some cases Arabic inscriptions. One or two weights are also in existence. A number of coins have been brought to the British Museum from Aden, San‛a and Ma’rib. Others were purchased by G. Schlumberger in Constantinople; others have been brought to Europe by Glaser, and are now in the Vienna Museum. These are imitations of Greek models, while the inscriptions are in Sabaean characters (cf. B. V. Head, in the Numismatic Chronicle, 1878, pp. 273–284; G. Schlumberger, Le Trésor de San‛a, Paris, 1880; D. H. Müller, op. cit. pp. 65 ff. and plates).

Introduction.—Arabia is a land of Semites, and is supposed by some scholars to have been the original home of the Semitic peoples. Although this cannot be said to be proved, the studies, linguistic and archaeological, of Semitic scholars have shown it to be probable. The dispersion from Arabia is easy to imagine. The migration into Babylonia was simple, as there are no natural boundaries to separate it from north-east Arabia, and similar migrations have taken place in historic times. That of the Aramaeans at an early period is likewise free from any natural hindrance. The connexion with Palestine has always been close; and the Abyssinian settlement is probably as late as the beginning of the Christian era. Of these migrations, however, history knows nothing, nor are they expressed in literature. Arabian literature has its own version of prehistoric times, but it is entirely legendary and apocryphal. It was, and still is, the custom of Arabian historians to begin with the creation of the world and tell the history from then to the time of which they are writing. Consequently even the more sober histories contain a mass of fables about early days. Many of these, taken in part from Jewish and Christian sources, find a place in the Koran. Of all these stories current at the time of Mahomet, the only ones of any value are the accounts of the “days of the Arabs,” i.e. accounts of some famous inter-tribal battles in Arabia.

Authorities.—Until recently the Arab traditions were practically the only source for the pre-Islamic history of Arabia. The Old Testament references to Arabs were obscure. The classical accounts of the invasion of Aelius Gallus in 26 threw little light on the state of Arabia at the time, still less on its past history. The Greek writers from Theophrastus in the 4th century to Ptolemy in the 2nd century  mention many names of Arabian peoples and describe the situation of their cities, but contribute little to their history, and that little could not be controlled. The same applies to the information of Pliny in his Natural History. In the 19th century the discovery and decipherment of the Assyrian inscriptions gave a slight glance into the relations between Arabs and Assyrians from the

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 balade, appealing to Oldcastle to renounce lollardry (see Anglia, v. 9–42). Lord Ashburnham owned another little manuscript volume of Hoccleve's minor poems. A third volume in manuscript, in Bishop Cosin's Library at Durham, No. v. iii. 9, is dedicated to ‘my Lady of Westmorlande,’ Joanna, aunt of Henry V, daughter of John of Gaunt [q. v.], and contains (1) Hoccleve's Complaint of his friends' unkindness, written when he was fifty-three (after 1422); (2) the story of the ‘Wife of the Emperor Gerelaus,’ from the ‘Gesta Romanorum;’ (3) the ‘Art of Dying;’ (4) another ‘Gesta’ fable of Jonathas and a wicked woman (the story of Fortunatus), which William Browne introduced from a manuscript in his possession into his ‘Shepheard's Pipe,’ 1614. These three manuscript volumes are all in the same hand, no doubt Hoccleve's own, and were evidently intended for presentation to patrons. Hoccleve's ‘Letter of Cupid,’ 1402, in sixty-eight seven-line stanzas, is printed in most of the old editions of Chaucer's works. Other works attributed to Hoccleve by Ritson are parts of his longer works. Professor Skeat has lately suggested, in Chaucer's ‘Minor Poems,’ pp. xxxiii–ix, that ‘The Cuckoo and the Nightingale,’ and a balade, ‘O leude book,’ may be Hoccleve's, but this is very doubtful.

The quarto Addit. MS. 24062, Brit. Mus., is mainly in Hoccleve's hand, and contains copies of documents, &c., passing under the privy seal, chiefly in French, a few in Latin.

As a poet, Hoccleve compares with Lydgate. Both evidently knew Chaucer (see as to Hoccleve ‘De Regimine,’ p. 67), whom they praise most heartily, and the best portrait of Chaucer as an old man appears in a copy of Hoccleve's ‘De Regimine’ in the Harleian MS. 4866, leaf 91. Hoccleve has no poem so lifelike as Lydgate's ‘London Lackpenny,’ and shows no sign of humour; but he has not written so much dreary verse as Lydgate. The ‘De Regimine’ is, however, very poor. Hoccleve is best in his religious poems; and the best of them is the ‘Mother of God.’ The poet William Browne seems to have been an admirer. At the end of the first eclogue of the ‘Shepheard's Pipe,’ in which Hoccleve's fable of Jonathas appears, Browne writes: ‘As this shall please, I may be drawne to publish the rest of his workes, being all perfect in my hands’ (, Works, ed. Hazlitt, ii. 198). A complete edition of Hoccleve's works is in preparation by the Early English Text Society.

HODDER, JAMES (fl. 1661), arithmetician, was a writing-master, with a school in Tokenhouse Yard in Lothbury, in 1661. After the fire of 1666, he removed to Bromley-by-Bow, where he kept a boarding-school, but subsequently returned to Lothbury. He was first known as the author of ‘Hodder's Arithmetick,’ a popular manual upon which Cocker based his better known work. The two books are for the most part identical. Cocker's chief improvement is the new mode of division which Hodder did not give. The work (dedicated to Josias Dewye, merchant, of London) was first published in 1661. A third edition is dated 1664, a ninth 1672, a thirteenth 1681, a fifteenth in 1685; other editions are dated 1693, 1697, 1702, and 1739, the last being the twenty-seventh edition. All contain a portrait with verses beneath it. In the early editions it is engraved by Gaywood and in the later by Van Hove. The edition of 1685 is ‘amended’ by Henry Mose, Hodder's friend and successor, who kept a school in Sherborne Lane, Lombard Street. Hodder was also the author of ‘The Penman's Recreation, containing sundry examples of faire writing,’ London (without date), dedicated to Sir Walter Earle, and dated in the Brit. Mus. Cat. ‘1661?’ The specimens are engraved by Edward Cocker [q. v.], with whom, it is plain, Hodder was friendly. Hodder's third work, ‘Decimal Arithmetick, or a Plain and most Methodical way of Teaching the said Art,’ appeared with Gaywood's portrait in 1668, and was dedicated to George Perryer, scrivener, of Lothbury Street.

HODDESDON, JOHN (fl. 1650), religious writer, published in 1650 ‘Sion and Parnassus, or Epigrams on severall Texts of the Old and New Testament. To which are added A Poem on the Passion, A Hymn on the Resurrection, Ascention, and Feast of Pentecost,’ London, 1650. There is a dedication to the author's uncle, Christopher Hoddesdon, ‘secundary of the upper bench.’ Among those whose commendatory verses are prefixed is ‘J. Dryden of Trin. C.’—the poet Dryden—who credits ‘his friend’ Hoddesdon with first awakening in him an appreciation of poetry. A fine portrait of Hoddesdon at the age of eighteen, with verses by R. M[arsh] subscribed, forms the frontispiece. Granger says that the plate was engraved by Fillian. It is missing in many copies. Hoddesdon's verse is contemptible, but the volume with the portrait and Dryden's contri-