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16 Meg put the strange dog down on the gravel path. He swayed unsteadily on three legs.

"Look, Norah," she said, "His leg is broken. Doctor Maynard set it. And we only want to get him a drink of water. He's thirsty. He needn't even come into the house."

Norah had a sharp tongue, but her heart was generous and sweet.

"The poor beastie!" she said, opening the screen door of her jealously guarded kitchen. "Bring him in, Meg. He do be having fever, I suspect. I'll get him a cup of water. Dear, dear!"

Making a soft, sympathetic, clucking noise, Norah hurried to get a cup of cool water which the little dog lapped up greedily, standing on his three good legs.

"Bobby said he thought Sam would let him sleep in the garage," said Meg. "I suppose it is cooler there for him. All right, Norah, I'll carry him out. But we want to show him to Mother."

"She went to meet your father—she and Sam with the car," Norah told them. "And if I don't


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Rh get my biscuits in, they'll be back before there's a thing cooked to eat."

The children took the hint and hurried to the garage. Bobby and Twaddles spread an old mat for the dog in a cool, dark corner, and very glad he seemed to be to have a place to lie down.

"We'll bring you some supper," Meg promised, patting him kindly. "You take a nap and forget 'bout your troubles."

"There's the car round front!" shouted Twaddles. "Bet you I see Daddy first."

"Bet you don't!" shrieked Dot.

With wild whoops the children tore round to the front of the house and fell upon Father and Mother Blossom just getting out of the car.

"We brought a dog home," cried Bobby.

"Come out and see him," urged Meg, clinging to her Mother's hand. "He's a dear little dog, and I love him already."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Four Little Blossoms at Brookside Farm/Chapter 1


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San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez/Dissent White

Mr. Justice White, with whom Mr. Justice Douglas and Mr. Justice Brennan join, dissenting.

The Texas public schools are financed through a combination of state funding, local property tax revenue, and some federal funds. Concededly, the system yields wide disparity in per-pupil revenue among the various districts. In a typical year, for example, the Alamo Heights district had total revenues of $594 per pupil, while the Edgewood district had only $356 per pupil. The majority and the State concede, as they must, the existence '''[p. 64]''' of major disparities in spendable funds. But the State contends that the disparities do not invidiously discriminate against children and families in districts such as Edgewood, because the Texas scheme is designed to provide an adequate education for all, with local autonomy to go beyond that as individual school districts desire and are able... It leaves to the people of each district the choice whether to go beyond the minimum and, if so, by how much." The majority advances this rationalization: "While assuring a basic education for every child in the State, it permits and encourages a large measure of participation in and control of each district's schools at the local level."

I cannot disagree with the proposition that local control and local decisionmaking play an important part in our democratic system of government. Cf. James v. Valtierra, 402 U.S. 137 (1971). Much may be left to local option, and this case would be quite different if it were true that the Texas system, while insuring minimum educational expenditures in every district through state funding, extended a meaningful option to all local districts to increase their per-pupil expenditures and so to improve their children's education to the extent that increased funding would achieve that goal. The system would then arguably provide a rational and sensible method of achieving the stated aim of preserving an area for local initiative and decision.

The difficulty with the Texas system, however, is that it provides a meaningful option to Alamo Heights and like school districts but almost none to Edgewood and those other districts with a low per-pupil real estate tax base. In these latter districts, no matter how desirous parents are of supporting their schools with greater revenues, it is impossible to do so through the use of the '''[p. 65]''' real estate property tax. In these districts, the Texas system utterly fails to extend a realistic choice to parents because the property tax, which is the only revenue-raising mechanism extended to school districts, is practically and legally unavailable. That this is the situation may be readily demonstrated.

Local school districts in Texas raise their portion of the Foundation School Program—the Local Fund Assignment—by levying ad valorem taxes on the property located within their boundaries. In addition, the districts are authorized, by the state constitution and by statute, to levy ad valorem property taxes in order to raise revenues to support educational spending over and above the expenditure of Foundation School Program funds.

Both the Edgewood and Alamo Heights districts are located in Bexar County, Texas. Student enrollment in Alamo Heights is 5,432, in Edgewood 22,862. The per-pupil market value of the taxable property in Alamo Heights is $49,078, in Edgewood $5,960. In a typical, relevant year, Alamo Heights had a maintenance tax rate of $1.20 and a debt service (bond) tax rate of 20 cents per $100 assessed evaluation, while Edgewood had a maintenance rate of 52 cents and a bond rate of 67 cents. These rates, when applied to the respective tax bases, yielded Alamo Heights $1,433,473 in maintenance dollars and $236,074 in bond dollars, and Edgewood $223,034 in maintenance dollars and $279,023 in bond dollars. As is readily apparent, because of the variance in tax bases between the districts, results, in terms of revenues, do not correlate with effort, in terms of tax rate. Thus, Alamo Heights, with a tax base approximately twice the size of Edgewood's base, realized approximately six times as many maintenance dollars as Edgewood by using a tax rate only approximately two and one-half times larger. Similarly, Alamo Heights realized slightly fewer bond '''[p. 66]''' dollars by using a bond tax rate less than one-third of that used by Edgewood.

Nor is Edgewood's revenue-raising potential only deficient when compared with Alamo Heights. North East District has taxable property with a per-pupil market value of approximately $ 31,000, but total taxable property approximately four and one-half times that of Edgewood. Applying a maintenance rate of $1, North East yielded $2,818,148. Thus, because of its superior tax base, North East was able to apply a tax rate slightly less than twice that applied by Edgewood and yield more than 10 times the maintenance dollars. Similarly, North East, with a bond rate of 45 cents, yielded $1,249,159—more than four times Edgewood's yield with two-thirds the rate.

Plainly, were Alamo Heights or North East to apply the Edgewood tax rate to its tax base, it would yield far greater revenues than Edgewood is able to yield applying those same rates to its base. Conversely, were Edgewood to apply the Alamo Heights or North East rates to its base, the yield would be far smaller than the Alamo Heights or North East yields. The disparity is, therefore, currently operative and its impact on Edgewood is undeniably serious. It is evident from statistics in the record that show that, applying an equalized tax rate of 85 cents per $100 assessed valuation, Alamo Heights was able to provide approximately $330 per pupil in local revenues over and above the Local Fund Assignment. In Edgewood, on the other hand, with an equalized tax rate of $1.05 per $100 of assessed valuation, $26 per pupil was raised beyond the Local Fund Assignment. As in previously noted in Alamo Heights, '''[p. 67]''' total per-pupil revenues from local, state, and federal funds was $594 per pupil, in Edgewood $356.

In order to equal the highest yield in any other Bexar County district, Alamo Heights would be required to tax at the rate of 68 cents per $100 of assessed valuation. Edgewood would be required to tax at the prohibitive rate of $5.76 per $100. But state law places a $1.50 per $100 ceiling on the maintenance tax rate, a limit that would surely be reached long before Edgewood attained an equal yield. Edgewood is thus precluded in law, as well as in fact, from achieving a yield even close to that of some other districts.

The Equal Protection Clause permits discriminations between classes but requires that the classification bear some rational relationship to a permissible object sought to be attained by the statute. It is not enough that the Texas system before us seeks to achieve the valid, rational purpose of maximizing local initiative; the means chosen by the State must also be rationally related to the end sought to be achieved. As the Court stated just last Term in Weber v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 406 U.S. 164, 172 (1972):

"'The tests to determine the validity of state statutes under the Equal Protection Clause have been variously expressed, but this Court requires, at a minimum, that a statutory classification bear some rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose. Morey v. Doud, 354 U.S. 457 (1957); Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483 (1955); Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe R. Co. v. Ellis, 165 U.S. 150 (1897); Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886).'"

'''[p. 68]''' Neither Texas nor the majority heeds this rule. If the State aims at maximizing local initiative and local choice, by permitting school districts to resort to the real property tax if they choose to do so, it utterly fails in achieving its purpose in districts with property tax bases so low that there is little if any opportunity for interested parents, rich or poor, to augment school district revenues. Requiring the State to establish only that unequal treatment is in furtherance of a permissible goal, without also requiring the State to show that the means chosen to effectuate that goal are rationally related to its achievement, makes equal protection analysis no more than an empty gesture. In my view, the parents and children in Edgewood, and in like districts, suffer from an invidious discrimination violative of the Equal Protection Clause.

This does not, of course, mean that local control may not be a legitimate goal of a school financing system. Nor does it mean that the State must guarantee each district an equal per-pupil revenue from the state school-financing system. Nor does it mean, as the majority appears to believe, that, by affirming the decision below, '''[p. 69]''' this Court would be "imposing on the States inflexible constitutional restraints that could circumscribe or handicap the continued research and experimentation so vital to finding even partial solutions to educational problems and to keeping abreast of ever-changing conditions." On the contrary, it would merely mean that the State must fashion a financing scheme which provides a rational basis for the maximization of local control, if local control is to remain a goal of the system, and not a scheme with "different treatment be[ing] accorded to persons placed by a statute into different classes on the basis of criteria wholly unrelated to the objective of that statute." Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71, 75-76 (1971).

Perhaps the majority believes that the major disparity in revenues provided and permitted by the Texas system is inconsequential. I cannot agree, however, that the difference of the magnitude appearing in this case can sensibly be ignored, particularly since the State itself considers it so important to provide opportunities to exceed the minimum state educational expenditures.

There is no difficulty in identifying the class that is subject to the alleged discrimination and that is entitled to the benefits of the Equal Protection Clause. I need go no farther than the parents and children in the Edgewood district, who are plaintiffs here and who assert that they are entitled to the same choice as Alamo Heights to augment local expenditures for schools but are denied that choice by state law. This group constitutes a class sufficiently definite to invoke the protection of the Constitution. They are as entitled to the protection of the Equal Protection Clause as were the voters in allegedly unrepresented counties in the reapportionment cases. See, e.g., Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 204-208 (1962); Gray v. Sanders, 372 U.S. 368, 375 (1963); Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 554-556 (1964). And in Bullock v. Carter, 405 U.S. 134 (1972), where a challenge to the '''[p. 70]''' Texas candidate filing fee on equal protection grounds was upheld, we noted that the victims of alleged discrimination wrought by the filing fee "cannot be described by reference to discrete and precisely defined segments of the community as is typical of inequities challenged under the Equal Protection Clause," but concluded that "we would ignore reality were we not to recognize that this system falls with unequal weight on voters, as well as candidates, according to their economic status." Id., at 144. Similarly, in the present case we would blink reality to ignore the fact that school districts, and students in the end, are differentially affected by the Texas school-financing scheme with respect to their capability to supplement the Minimum Foundation School Program. At the very least, the law discriminates against those children and their parents who live in districts where the per-pupil tax base is sufficiently low to make impossible the provision of comparable school revenues by resort to the real property tax which is the only device the State extends for this purpose.


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I have purposely added an extra space between the end of the link text and the final quotes to better reflect the visual reality on the page. If anyone would like to discuss, please let me know. Polyglottalstop (talk) 03:47, 27 March 2012 (UTC)


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 have had few equals. Chetwood, not too intelligibly rhapsodising, says: 'She was of a superior height, but with a lovely proportion; and the dignity of her soul, equal to her force and stature, made up of benevolent charity, affable and good natur'd to all that deserv'd it' (General Hist. of the Stage, p. 202). Campbell imagines her to have been, apart from the majesty of Mrs. Siddons, 'the most beautiful woman that ever trod the British stage.' Cibber, whose prejudices against her yielded to her fascination and talent, praises her 'silvery voice,' and says that her improvement 'provided from her own understanding,' with no assistance from any 'more experienced actor.' More than one of his plays he wrote with a special view to her. The extent of her powers could only, he holds, be gauged by the variety of characters she played. Her figure improved up to her thirty-sixth year, and 'her excellence in acting was never at a stand.' To the last year of her life 'she never undertook any part she liked without being importunately desirous of having all the helps in it that another could possibly give her Yet it was a hard matter to give her any hint that she was not able to take or improve' (Apology, ed., i. 310). Steele in the 'Tatler' and the 'Spectator' bears warm tribute to her distinction and her power. Her countenance, according to Davies, was pleasing and expressive, enlivened with large speaking eyes, which in some particular comic situations she kept half shut, especially when she intended to give effect to some brilliant or gay thought. In sprightliness of air and elegance of manner, says the same authority, she excelled all actresses. Swift {Journal to Stella, 1712-13) mentions her opprobriously as 'the drab that acts Cato's daughter.' Walpole, on the other hand, says, concerning her performance of Lady Betty Modish, that had her birth placed her in a higher rank of life she would have appeared what she acted — an agreeable gay woman of quality, a little too conscious of her natural attraction. She was much caressed by people of fashion, and generally went to the theatre in a chair, attended by two footmen, and in the dress she had worn at some aristocratic dinner. Thomson spoke with extreme warmth concerning her performance of Sophonisba as all that in the fondness of an author he could either wish or imagine ; and Fielding, in the preface to 'Love in Several Masques,' referred to her 'ravishing perfections.' A French author, unnamed, declared her, according to Chetwood, 'an incomparable sweet girl,' who reconciled him to the English stage. Richard Savage, whom she is said to have saved from a death penalty he had incurred, and to whom she allowed a pension of 60l. annually (a statement made by Dr. Johnson and disputed, without any authority advanced, by Gait), addressed to her a eulogistic epistle, and, according to Chetwood, an epitaph in Latin and English, which Johnson, for no adequate reason, refused to accept as his. Her best parts in tragedy were Cleopatra and Calista. In comedy her Lady Townly has not been equalled. For her performance of this the managers presented her with 50l. She was free from the arrogance and petulance frequently attending her profession, was always reasonable, and benefited thereby, as successive managements denied her nothing. The only difficulty in her career occurred when she supplanted in several parts Mrs. Rogers, who consequently left the theatre in pique. The public, espousing the cause of Mrs. Rogers, hissed Mrs. Oldfield in certain parts. A competition between the two actresses was arranged by the management, and Mrs. Oldfield chose the 'art of Lady Lurewell in the 'Trip to the jubilee.' Her rival, however, well advised, withdrew from the contest.

In spite of the frequent sneers of Pope, who, apart from other allusions, wrote in his unpublished 'Sober Advice from Horace,'

Anne Oldfield inspired warm friendships and affection, and was greatly respected. In regard to both character and talents, she was above most women in her profession.

A portrait of Mrs. Oldfield by Richardson, now in the National Portrait Gallery, London, was engraved by Meyer, E. Fisher, and G. Simon. A second, a folding plate, is prefixed to her life by Egerton, 1731; and another, engraved by G. King, is given in the title-page of her 'Memoirs,' 1741. An autograph receipt for 2,415l. is preserved in a copy of Egerton's 'Life,' in the possession of the writer of this notice. [Four editions at least of the Authentick Memoirs of the Life of that Celebrated Actress Mrs. Oldfield were published in the year of her death, 1730. In 1731 appeared Faithful Memoirs of the Life, Amours, and Performances of Mrs. Anne Oldfield, by William Egerton. An abridgment of this was added in 1741 to Curll's History of the English Stage, attributed by him to Betterton, but said to be by Oldys. The Lovers' Miscellany, a Collection of Amorous Tales and Poems, with Memoirs of the Life and Amours of Mrs. Ann Oldfield, 1731, 8vo, cannot be traced; Theatrical Correspondence in draft; an Epistle from Mrs. Oldfield in the Shades to Mrs. Br—ceg—dle upon Earth appeared in 1743; a life appears in Chetwood's VRh


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In Recognition of the Second Anniversary of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

In Recognition of the Second Anniversary of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

HON. LAURA RICHARDSON

OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Wednesday, March 21, 2012 In Recognition of the Second Anniversary of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Ms. RICHARDSON. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to recognize the second anniversary of the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. In the two years since its enactment, the Affordable Care Act has been good for seniors, good for women, good for small businesses, and good for all Americans.

As the Affordable Care Act is implemented, it will continue to expand access to affordable, quality health care for over 30 million Americans and will work to reign in the ever-escalating costs of health care. Passage of the Affordable Care Act was a major step toward fulfilling the promise all Americans were pledged: the promise of unalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness which quality healthcare embodies.

For the people I represent in the 37th District of California, the Affordable Care Act will improve coverage for 299,000 residents who already have insurance. It will give tax credits and other assistance to up to 146,000 families and 15,100 small businesses to help them afford coverage. Health care reform will also improve Medicare for 63,000 beneficiaries in my district, including closing the prescription drug "donut hole" once and for all.

In 2010, the Affordable Care Act made it possible for 354,592 Medicare beneficiaries in California to receive a $250 rebate to help cover the cost of their prescription drugs when they hit the donut hole. In 2011, 319,429 Medicare beneficiaries received a 50 percent discount—an average savings of $538 per person—on brand-name prescription drugs when they hit the coverage gap. That's a total savings of over $171 million for seniors in California alone! In my district, 3,200 seniors received prescription drug discounts worth $1.5 million, an average discount of $460 per senior.

The Affordable Care Act extends coverage to 92,500 uninsured residents of the 37th District and will guarantee that 17,500 residents with pre-existing conditions can obtain the health insurance they need. Since enactment, health care reform has extended insurance coverage to 5,599 Californians through the new Pre-Existing Condition Insurance Plan.

The Affordable Care Act protects 1,100 families from bankruptcy due to unaffordable health care costs and currently allows 59,000 young adults to obtain coverage on their parents' insurance plans. The new law provides millions of dollars in new funding for 11 community health centers in my district. And finally, it will reduce the cost of uncompensated care for hospitals and other health care providers by $125 million annually. Mr. Speaker, as we approach the two year anniversary of the enactment of the Affordable Care Act, an attack on women's access to affordable, quality, and necessary healthcare services is underway. From the comments made by Rush Limbaugh about Georgetown Law Student Sandra Fluke, to Republican attempts to roll back coverage and restrict access to birth control, the GOP's war on women stands in stark contrast to the Administration's goal of ensuring that women have access to the healthcare services they need to remain healthy.

As a female Member of Congress, I understand that women have unique health care needs, and are often the ones who make health care decisions for their families. I voted for and strongly support the Affordable Care Act because it provides important benefits for women and their families. The Affordable Care Act helps women by eliminating the discriminatory gender rating system, making sure that insurance companies do not consider pregnancy grounds for denying coverage, and doing away with all pre-existing conditions.

Thanks to the Affordable Care Act, all Americans joining new insurance plans have the freedom to choose from any primary care provider, OB-GYN, or pediatrician in their health plan's network, or emergency care outside of the plan's network, without a referral. Under the Affordable Care Act, women joining a new health care plan can receive recommended preventive services, like mammograms, new baby care and well-child visits, and an annual wellness visit with no out-of-pocket costs. In 2011, over 6 million people with private insurance coverage in California gained preventative service coverage with no cost sharing as a result of the Affordable Care Act.

Before enactment of the Affordable Care Act, women could be charged more for individual insurance policies simply because of their gender. A 22-year-old woman could be charged 150 percent the premium that a 22-year-old man paid. In 2014, insurers will not be able to charge women higher premiums than they charge men. The law takes strong action to control health care costs, including helping states crack down on excessive premium increases and making sure most of your premium dollars go toward your health care.

The Affordable Care Act also allows young adults under the age of 26 to stay on their parents' health insurance plan. This provision has expanded access to health insurance coverage for 2.5 million young people nationwide. In my district, 7,000 young adults have taken advantage of this provision and are now covered under their parents' plan.

This week, the House will consider a bill to repeal the Independent Payment Advisory Board established under the Affordable Care Act. Having previously garnered bipartisan support, the majority's decision to attach a medical liability provision to the underlying piece of legislation amounts to nothing short of a partisan ploy to score points with their base.

The language attached to the bill would place caps on medical malpractice awards for pain and suffering at $250,000 and would override most state tort laws. Unfortunately, the majority's decision to include tort reform language on a completely unrelated measure demonstrates their refusal to work with Members across the aisle in order to further strengthen the Affordable Care Act. Mr. Speaker, the Affordable Care Act provides American families with stability and peace of mind. Never again will they have to choose between their health and their livelihood. As a result of the Affordable Care Act, 23,000 children and 90,000 adults in my district now have health insurance that covers preventive services without paying any co-pays, coinsurance, or deductibles.

I am proud to be a part of this historic health care policy change, and to be part of the days ahead in which we will work to further strengthen it.

____________________


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Author:Laura Richardson

Works

 * In Recognition of the Second Anniversary of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (March 21, 2012)

title: Author:Laura Richardson


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Volumes I and II contain biographies of men who are most closely identified with the great public interests which center at the National Capital, and of its leading residents. In the succeeding volumes prominent citizens in all parts of the country will be represented and the Advisory Board has been enlarged by the addition of the following named eminent men:


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text: Southern Historical Society Papers/Volume 26/War Diary of Captain R. E. Park


text: Southern Historical Society Papers/Volume 26/Charles Jones Colcock


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Author:William Ashmead Courtenay

Works about Courtenay

 * Men of Mark in South Carolina

title: Author:William Ashmead Courtenay


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Author talk:William Ashmead Courtenay

Biographical sources
- AdamBMorgan (talk) 05:13, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Find a Grave
 * Courtenay Family Histories & Biographies
 * Courtenay, Florida is named after him
 * Men of mark in South Carolina, vol. 1, p. 78

title: Author talk:William Ashmead Courtenay


text: Southern Historical Society Papers/Volume 26/Heroes of Honey Hill


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, J C major-general United States army, has filled every grade in the service up to his present rank, and has served for forty-one years. In the Santiago campaign, July 2, 1898, his horse was shot from under him; he was in command of 45,000 men at Camp George H. Thomas, at Chicamauga Park, Georgia, August, 1898; and he was inspector-general for fifteen years. He is president-general of the Society of the Sons of the Revolution. Descended from the best Virginia and Kentucky stock, he numbers among his ancestors, William Campbell, called the hero of King's Mountain, who married the sister of Patrick Henry; Colonel Wilham Preston, a distinguished Revolutionary soldier, who died from the effect of wounds received in that war; and Joseph Cabell, who served in the French and Indian wars. John Breckinridge, the reputed father of the Kentucky Resolutions, United States senator from Kentucky, and member of President Jefferson's cabinet, was his grandfather. His father, Reverend Robert Jefferson Breckinridge, moderator of the General Assembly, and United States senator from Kentucky, was a man of most marked intellectual characteristics, both in politics, before entering the ministry, and in theology afterward. His influence in holding back his state from secession, is well known. He was a leading mind in the Presbyterian church. While an opponent of slavery he wished to use only peaceful means in its removal.

His mother, Anne Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, died while Joseph C. Breckinridge was still in his early childhood. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland, January 14, 1842. Not strong in his early life, his boyhood was passed in the country, at Breadalbane, and Cabell's Dale, country seats of his father and grandfather, in Kentucky, where he enjoyed the usual amusements and occupations of a boy with such surroundings. He studied in part at Centre college, Danville, Kentucky, and was graduated from the University of Virginia in 1860, and was already engaged in studying law, when the Civil war began. He entered the volunteer army as aide


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Author:Stanton Davis Kirkham

Works

 * As Nature Whispers (1902)
 * The Ministry of Beauty (1907)
 * Where Dwells the Soul Serene (1907)
 * In the Open: Intimate Studies and Appreciations of Nature (1908)
 * The Philosophy of Self-Help: An Application of Practical Psychology to Daily Life (1909)
 * Mexican Trails: A Record of Travel in Mexico, 1904-7, and a Glimpse at the Life of the Mexican Indian (1909)
 * Resources: An Interpretation of the Well-Rounded Life (1910)
 * East and West: Comparative Studies of Nature in Eastern and Western States (1911)
 * Outdoor Philosophy: The Meditations of a Naturalist (1912)
 * North and South: Notes on the Natural History of a Summer Camp and a Winter Home (1913)
 * Half-True Stories: For Little Folks of Just the Right Age (1916)
 * After Thirty Years (1923)
 * Animal Nature and Other Stories (1926)
 * Cruising Around the World and the Seven Seas (1927)
 * Shut-In (1936)

title: Author:Stanton Davis Kirkham


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 174 to General William Nelson at Camp Dick Robinson, Kentucky, in August, 1861. Becoming staff aide to General George H. Thomas, he served through the siege of Corinth, and became second lieutenant of Artillery, April, 1862. While at Pensacola and Fort Banancas, Florida, he performed the duties of aide on the staff and was put in command of several boat and scouting expeditions. Promoted first lieutenant, August 1, 1863, he was engaged in the Atlanta campaigns in 1864; was captured and imprisoned at Macon, Georgia, and later at Charleston, South Carolina. For service in this campaign, he was promoted to the brevet rank of captain. His exchange did not take place until September, 1864. In January, 1865, he was appointed mustering officer of the eastern district of Kentucky. Brevetted major in March, 1865, "for meritorious conduct," in September of that year, he was ordered with his regiment to California. Then followed some months when he served again as aide-de-camp on the staff of General H. W. Halleck. He was appointed to recruiting service and was later given leave of absence in 1868. From 1870-74, he was adjutant at the Artillery School at Fortress Monroe, Virginia; and during 1871 and 1872 he pursued a post-graduate course of study at the same institution. Promoted captain in June, 1874, he was stationed at Fort Foote in Maryland, for the next three years. In 1876 he was ordered to Petersburg, Virginia, from Fort Foote; and in 1877, with his company he was sent to assist in quelling the strikes and riots at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. From 1878-81, he was attached to the arsenal at Washington, District of Columbia. He was promoted to major in the regular army, and became assistant inspector-general, January 19, 1881; lieutenant-colonel and inspector-general, February 5, 1885; colonel, September 22, 1885; brigadier-general, January 30, 1889, and major-general of the United States army. May 4, 1898. In June, 1898, he was made inspector-general on the staff of General Miles. At his own request, he was retired with the rank of major-general, November 30, 1898.

General Breckinridge has held the office of elder in the Presbyterian church. He is a member of many patriotic societies; of the Sons of the American Revolution; of the Army of Santiago; of the Army of the Cumberland and Tennessee; of the Society of the American Wars; of the Loyal Legion, and of the Metropolitan club of Washington, District of Columbia. He has been commander of the Society


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 Rh of the American Wars, and junior vice-commander of the Loyal Legion. He has traveled extensively throughout Europe and Southeastern and Western Asia and in all parts of the United States. In sentiment he is a Republican, but like most of our army officers, he has not taken an active part in politics. His reading has been of the most varied nature, as might be expected from one of his antecedents and tastes. He has given attention to physical culture, chiefly as it affected the education and welfare of the enlisted men of the army; though personally he is fond of out-of-door exercise and of travel.

In his case, as in that of so many others who have been distinguished for their service to the country at that time, "the Civil war determined his choice of a profession." At the outbreak of the war, he was "merely a boy of nineteen, and he was eager to fight for the preservation of the Union." He says he "can hardly estimate the relative strength of the influences that surrounded him in youth; but every successful life is indebted, more than to anything else, to the influence of home and school, which helps to form habits of study; and also to the companionships formed at that early time."

General Breckinridge married, July 21, 1868, Louise Ludlow Dudley, of Lexington, Kentucky. They have had thirteen children, eight of whom are living in 1905.


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, H C was born in Monroe township, Clermont county, Ohio, September 15, 1842. His father, Shadrach Corbin, was a farmer, noted for his industry and steriing integrity. His mother, Mary Anne (Clarke) Corbin, was a descendant of the Clarkes of Virginia who removed to Kentucky (branches of the family to Ohio), and was a woman of remarkable intellectual and moral strength. His great grandfather came from England to the colony of Virginia and his grandfather served as an officer in the American army during the Revolution and at its close took up land in Southern Ohio, on a government warrant given as compensation for his services in the army. Henry C. Corbin was brought up on his father's farm and helped in farm work suitable for his age, devoting his evenings and other leisure time to study, having an earnest desire to acquire a liberal education. He attended the neighboring school five months of each year and for two years walked four miles to and from Parker's academy to have the benefit of its superior instruction. He taught a common school in 1859 at Olive Branch in his native county, and while so employed studied law under the direction of the Honorable P. B. Swing of Batavia, Ohio. He entered the United States volunteer army, July 28, 1862, as second lieutenant in the 83d Ohio volunteer infantry. He served with the 79th Ohio in the campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee, 1862-63. He was appointed major of the 14th U. S. colored infantry, stationed at Gallatin, Tennessee, on November 14, 1863, and assisted in the organization of the colored troops at Gallatin. As colonel he was honorably mustered out of the volunteer service March 26, 1866. He applied for service in the regular army and was appointed second lieutenant in the 17th U. S. infantry. May 11, 1866, and captain 38th Infantry, July 28, 1866. He was brevetted major U.S.A. March 2, 1867, for gallantry and meritorious service in action at Decatur, Alabama, October 28, 1864, and lieutenant-colonel, U.S.A., the same date, for gallantry at the battle of Nashville, December 15 and 16, 1864. He was transferred to the 24th U. S. infantry


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 letter al that space. On the other side,the lowest that the sunne mounteth above the Orizon, being the 10. day of December, is about 26. degrees and a halfe, and is seene that day above the Orizon, or about it 7. houres and a halfe, giving small light to us, either in the morning before it enter into our Hemisphere; or in the Evenyng when it entereth into the other, bicause it riseth and setteth very perpendicularly.

The Countrey is seated very commodiouslie for all the Provinces of Europe: for Northwarde it is but five or six daies joumey by Sea from Denmarke. Southward, it cofineth with France and Lorraine. Eastward, with Almayne. Westward, with England, Scotland, and Ireland. It is also commodious for Norway and Sweden: for a Ship that departed out of Holland, arrived in Norway in lesse than two daies and two nights. Likewise from Lisbonne, the journey is made in 10. daies and lesse, and out of Spayne in eight, ten, twelve, or fifteene, according to the Haven where you embarke.

The circuit of the Countrey is about the fifte part of Italie, and somehat more: namelye, about a thousand Italian miles, or 340 Flemishe leagues.

The Leagues of the Countrey are of two sorts the one Flemish, the other French. The Flemish leagues are also of divers sorts: for in som countries they containe three Italian miles: namely,


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50 spent three days as guests of the partisan chief. A sort of military barbaric state was kept up at the residence. It was furnished with the loot of frontier towns. When first admitted to the principal sala, they saw his wife lying down (she was not in good health then), with Gaspar Ruiz sitting at the foot of the couch. His hat was lying on the floor, and his hands reposed on the hilt of his sword.

"During that first conversation he never removed his big hands from the sword-hilt, except once, to arrange the coverings about her, with gentle, careful touches. They noticed that whenever she spoke he would fix his eyes upon her in a kind of expectant, breathless attention, and seemingly forget the existence of the world and his own existence, too. In the course of the farewell banquet, at which she was present reclining on her couch, he burst forth into complaints of the treatment he had received. After General San Martin's departure he had been beset by spies, slandered by civil officials, his services ignored, his liberty and even his life threatened by the Chilian Government. He got up from the table, thundered execrations pacing the room wildly, then sat down on the couch at his wife's feet, his breast heaving, his eyes fixed on the floor. She reclined on her back, her head on the cushions, her eyes nearly closed.

"'And now I am an honoured Spanish officer,' he added in a calm voice.

"The captain of the English frigate then took the opportunity to inform him gently that Lima had fallen, and that by the terms of a convention the Spaniards were withdrawing from the whole continent.

"Gaspar Ruiz raised his head, and without hesitation, speaking with suppressed vehemence, declared that if not a single Spanish soldier were left in the whole of South America he would persist in carrying on the

title: Page:A Set of Six.djvu/70


text: Poems of Mr. John Milton, Both English and Latin, Compos'd at several times/An Epitaph on the Marchioness of Winchester


text: Poems of Mr. John Milton, Both English and Latin, Compos'd at several times/On May Morning


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 The people who worked on the Task Force were superb—uniformly bright and interested, although not always versed in the art of research. We had a sense of doing something important and of the need to do it right. Of course, we all had our prejudices and axes to grind and these shine through clearly at times, but we tried, we think, to suppress or compensate for them.

These outstanding people came from everywhere—the military services, State, OSD, and the "think tanks." Some came for a month, for three months, for six months, and most were unable, given the unhappiness of their superiors, to finish the studies they began. Almost all the studies had several authors, each heir dutifully trying to pick up the threads of his predecessor. In all, we had thirty-six professionals working on these studies, with an average of four months per man.

The quality, style and interest of the studies varies considerably. The papers in Parts I, II, III, and IV.A, concerning the years 1945 to 1961 tend to be generally non-startling—although there are many interesting tidbits. Because many of the documents in this period were lost or not kept (except for the Geneva Conference era) we had to rely more on outside resources. From 1961 onwards (Parts IV.B and C and VI.C), the records were bountiful, especially on the first Kennedy year in office, the Diem coup, and on the subjects of the deployment of ground forces, the decisions surrounding the bombing campaign against North Vietnam, US–GVN relations, and attempts at negotiating a settlement of the conflict.

Almost all the studies contain both a Summary and Analysis and a Chronology. The chronologies highlight each important event or action in the monograph by means of date, description, and documentary source. The Summary and Analysis sections, which I wrote, attempt to capture the main themes and facts of the monographs—and to make some judgments and speculations which may or may not appear in the text itself. The monographs themselves stick, by and large, to the documents and do not tend to be analytical.

Writing history, especially where it blends into current events, especially where that current event is Vietnam, is a treacherous exercise. We could not go into the minds of the decision-makers, we were not present at the decisions, and we often could not tell whether something happened because someone decided it, decided against it, or most likely because it unfolded from the situation. History, to me, has been expressed by a passage from Herman Melville's where he writes: "This is a world of chance, free will, and necessity — all interweavingly working together as one; chance by turn rules either and has the last featuring blow at events." Our studies have tried to reflect this thought; inevitably in the organizing and writing process, they appear to assign more and less to men and free will than was the case.

title: Page:Pentagon-Papers-Index.djvu/7


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2 him ; they asked him after his health, and he talked to them about it and about himself very naturally and in very well chosen language. In the course of their conversation they fell to discussing what they call State-craft and systems of government, correcting this abuse and condemning that, reforming one practice and abolishing another, each of the three setting up for a new legislator, a modern Lycurgus, or a brand-new Solon ; and so completely did they remodel the State, that they seemed to have thrust it into a furnace and taken out something quite different from what they had put in ; and on all the subjects they dealt with, Don Quixote spoke with such good sense that the pair of examiners were fully convinced that he was quite recovered and in his full senses.

The niece and housekeeper were present at the conversation and could not find words enough to express their thanks to God at seeing their master so clear in his mind ; the curate, however, changing his original plan, which was to avoid touching upon matters of chivalry, resolved to test Don Quixote's recovery thoroughly, and see whether it were genuine or not ; and so, from one subject to another, he came at last to talk of the news that had come from the capital, and, among other things, he said it was considered certain that the Turk was coming down with a powerful fleet, and that no one knew what his purpose was, or when the great storm would burst ; and that all Christendom was in apprehension of this, which almost every year calls us to arms, and that his Majesty had made provision for the security of the coasts of Naples and Sicily and the island of Malta.

To this Don Quixote replied, " His Majesty has acted like a prudent warrior in providing for the safety of his realms in time, so that the enemy may not find him unprepared ; but if my advice were taken I would recommend him to adopt a measure which at present, no doubt, his Majesty is very far from thinking of."

The moment the curate heard this he said to himself, " God keep thee in his hand, poor Don Quixote, for it seems to me thou art precipitating thyself from the height of thy madness into the profound abyss of thy simplicity."

But the barber, who had the same suspicion as the curate, asked Don Quixote what would be his advice as to the measures that he said ought to be adopted ; for perhaps it might prove to be one that would have to be added to the list of the


text:
An Epitaph on the Marchioness of Winchester

 * "An Epitaph on the Marchioness of Winchester", in Poems of Mr. John Milton, Both English and Latin, Compos'd at several times (1645)
 * "An Epitaph on the Marchioness of Winchester", in Poems &c. Upon Several Occasions (1673)


text:
On May Morning

 * "On May Morning", in Poems of Mr. John Milton, Both English and Latin, Compos'd at several times (1645)
 * "On May Morning", in Poems &c. Upon Several Occasions (1673)

title: On May Morning


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Rh

ac ymb āne nihteft gefremede morð-beala māreond nō mearn fore fǣhðe ond fyrene;wæs tō fæst on þām. Þā wæs ēað-fynde,þe him elles hwǣr gerūmlīcorræste [sōhte], bed æfter būrum,ðā him gebēacnod wæs, gesægd sōðlīce,sweotolan tācne heal-ðegnes hete;hēold hyne syðþan fyr ond fæstor,sē þǣm fēonde ætwand. Swā rixodeond wið rihte wan āna wið eallum,oð þæt īdel stōd hūsa sēlest. Wæs sēo hwīl micel; twelf wintra tīdtorn geþolode wine Scyldinga, wēana gehwelcne, sīdra sorga;forðam [syðþan] wearð ylda bearnumundyrne cuð, gyddum gēomore,þætte Grendel wan hwīle wið Hrōþgār,hete-nīðas wæg, fyrene ond fǣhðefela missera, singale sæce;sibbe ne wolde wið manna hwonemægenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran,fēo þingian, ne þǣr nǣnig witenawēnan þorfte beorhtre bōtetō banan fohnum.

title: Page:Beowulf (Wyatt).djvu/31


text:
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Rh many impertinent suggestions that people were in the habit of offering to princes.

"Mine, master shaver," said Don Quixote, "will not be impertinent, but, on the contrary, pertinent."

"I don't mean that," said the barber, "but that experience has shown that all or most of the expedients which are proposed to his Majesty are either impossible, or absurd, or injurious to the King and to the kingdom."

"Mine, however," replied Don Quioxte, "is neither impossible nor absurd, but the easiest, the most reasonable, the readiest and most expeditious that could suggest itself to any projector's mind."

"You take a long time to tell it, Señor Don Quixote," said the curate.

"I don't choose to tell it here, now," said Don Quixote, "and have it reach the ears of the lords of the council to-morrow [sic]morning, and some other carry off the thanks and rewards of my trouble."

"For my part," said the barber, "I give my word here and before God that I will not repeat what your worship says, to King, Rook, or earthly man—an oath I learned from the ballad of the curate, who, in the prelude, told the king of the thief who had robbed him of the hundred gold crowns and his pacing mule."

"I am not versed in stories," said Don Quixote; "but I know the oath is a good one, because I know the barber to be an honest fellow."

"Even if he were not," said the curate, "I will go bail and answer for him that in this matter he will be as silent as a dummy, under pain of paying any penalty that may be pronounced."

"And who will be security for you, señor curate?" said Don Quixote.

"My profession," replied the curate, "which is to keep secrets."

"Ods body!" said Don Quixote at this, "what more has his


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120 The royal domains of Syagrius perhaps were large enough to satisfy the cupidity of the victors.

Clovis was now king of Gallo-Romans as well as Salian Franks. Thus strengthened he could fight other Franks with success, and carry on a great war against the Alemanni to the south-east. At the "battle of Tolbiac," in which he finally overthrew these people, the heathen Frank invoked the Christian God (so tells Gregory of Tours), and vowed to accept the Faith if Christ gave him the victory. This is like the legend of Constantine at the battle of the Malvern Bridge, nor is the probability of its essential truth lessened because of this resemblance. Both Roman emperor and Frankish king turned from heathenism to Christianity as to the stronger supernatural support. And if ever man received tenfold reward in this world from his faith it was this treacherous and bloody Frank.

Hitherto the Teuton tribes, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Burgundians who had accepted Christianity, were Arians by reason of the circumstances of their "conversion." On the other hand, the Romanized inhabitants of Italy, Spain, and Gaul were Catholics, and the influence of their Arian-hating clergy was enormous. Evidently when Clovis, under the influence of Catholic bishops and a Catholic wife, became a Catholic, the power of the Church and the sympathy of the laity would make his power irresistible. For the Catholic population was greatly in the majority, even in the countries held by Burgundian or Visigothic kings. The Burgundian rulers had half turned to Catholicism, and the Visigothic monarchy treated it with respect. Yet the Burgundian kings did not win the Church's confidence, nor did the Visigoths disarm its active hostility. With such ability as Clovis and his sons possessed, their conversion to Catholicism ensured victory over their rivals, and made a bond of friendship between them and their Gallo-Roman subjects.

The extension of Clevis's kingdom, his overthrow of the Visigothic power, his partial conquest of the Burgundians, would have been even more rapid and decisive but for the opposing diplomacy of the great Arian ruler, Theodoric the

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8

*[Atol] ǣglǣcaēhtende wæs, deorc dēaþ-scūa,duguþe ond geogoþe, seomade ond syrede,sin-nihte hēold mistige mōras;men ne cunnon, hwyder hel-rūnanhwyrftum scrīþað. Swā fela fyrenafēond man-cynnes, atol ān-gengea,oft gefremede, heardra hȳnða;Heorot eardode, sinc-fāge selsweartum nihtum; nō hē þone gif-stōlgrētan mōste, māþðum for Metode,ne his myne wisse. Þæt wæs wrsec micelwine Scyldinga, mōdes brecða.Monig oft gesæt rīce tō rūne,rǣd eahtedon, hwæt swīð-ferhðumsēlest wǣre wið fǣr-gryrumtō gefremmanne. Hwīlum hīe gehētonæt hærg-trafum. wīg-weorþunga,wordum bǣdon, þæt him gāst-bonagēoce gefremede wið þēod-þrēaum.Swylc wæs þēaw hyra, hǣþenra hyht;helle gemundon in mōd-sefan,Metod hīe ne cūþon, dǣda Dēmend,ne wiston hīe Drihten God, *ne hīe hūru heofena Helmherian ne cūþon, wuldres Waldend.Wā bið þǣm ðe sceal þurh slīðne nīðsāwle bescūfan

title: Page:Beowulf (Wyatt).djvu/32


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CHAP. VI Ostrogoth, whose prestige and power even the bold Frank dared not defy. Moreover, the Burgundians stood well with their Roman subjects, whom they treated generously, and permitted to live under a code of Roman law. When it came to war between them and Clovis, the advantage rested with the latter; but possibly the fear of Theodoric, or the pressure of war with the Alemanni, deferred the final conquest of the Burgundian kingdom for another generation.

In 507 Clovis attacked the Visigothic kingdom, and incorporated it with his dominions in the course of the next year. Whether or not he had cried out, in the words of Gregory of Tours, "it is a shame that these Arians should hold a part of Gaul; let us attack them with God's help and take their land," at all events the war had a religious sanction, and its successful issue was facilitated by the Catholic clergy within the Visigothic territory. Clovis's career was now nearing its end. In his last years, by treachery, murder, and open war when needed, he made himself king of all the Franks, Ripuarian and Salian. The intense partisan sympathy of the Church for this its eldest royal Teuton son speaks in the words of Gregory of Tours, concluding his recital of these deeds of incomparable villainy: "Thus day by day God cast down his (Clovis's) enemies before him, because he did what was right in His eyes"!

The unresting sons and grandsons of Clovis not only conquered Burgundy, but extended their rule far to the east, into the heart of Germany, and Merovingians became masters of Thuringia and Bavaria. That such a realm should hold together was impossible. From Clovis to Charlemagne it was the regular practice to divide the realm at death among the ruler's sons, and for the ablest among them to pursue and slay the others, and so unite the realm again. Besides this principle of internecine conflict, differences of race and language and degrees of Latinization ensured eventual disruption.

Nothing passes away, and very little quite begins, but all things change; and so the verity of social and political phenomena lies in the becoming, rather than in any temporary phase—as one may perceive in the Merovingian, later Carolingian, regnum Francorum. Therein Roman

title: Page:The Mediaeval Mind Vol 1.djvu/143


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Page:Australian Emigrant 1854.djvu/97

 "Thank you kindly, gentlemen," he said, as he shook their hands warmly; "if I had met with hearts like yours in times gone by, I should not now be what I am."

"And what are you?" said Slinger. "I see you have had much trouble, and it is possible we may be able to assist you further."

"You have asked me a plain question: had you addressed me so when we first met, we might not have been so friendly as we are; but your kindness and sympathy have done what iron gangs and lashes, and cruelties of which I dare not think, have been years in bringing to pass. My heart once more beats in unison with my fellow creatures:—you have taught me that all men are not oppressors. But, perhaps, even yet, when I tell you who I am, you too will despise—aye, or it may be, betray me. If you are not what you seem to be, honest and feeling men, in God's name let me go my way; but if your hearts do not belie your looks, seat yourselves and listen how I shall answer your question."

Hugh and Slinger sat themselves upon a fallen tree.

"Give me your words of honour (I have learnt colonial oaths are of no value,) that you will not mention this meeting or anything which may now transpire to any one, whilst such a revelation might tend to my injury."

"We give you our words of honour we will comply with your wishes," said Slinger and Hugh together—Slinger added in an under-tone to Hugh, "Romantic! ain't it?"

"Enough:" said the stranger. "Have you ever heard of a fellow who leads bloodthirsty villains through the woods, himself the greatest wretch of them all, robbing unprotected stations and murdering in cold blood the unoffending inmates, destroying even little children, setting all laws at defiance, both human and divine—violating wives and sisters—marking his track

title: Page:Australian Emigrant 1854.djvu/97


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122 survived either as decayed actualities or as names or effigies; therein were conditions and even institutions which arose and were developed through the decay of previous institutions, through the weakening of the imperial peace and justice, the growth of abuses, and the need of the weak to put themselves under the protection of the nearest strong. This huge conglomerate of a government also held sturdy Teuton elements. There was the kingship and the strong body of personal followers, the latter an outgrowth of the comitatus, or rather of the needs of any barbaric chieftaincy. There was wergeld, not so much exclusively a Teutonic institution, as belonging to a rough society which sees the need of checking feuds, and finds the means in a system of compensation to the injured person or his kin, who would otherwise make reprisals; there was also Sippe, the rights and duties of kin among themselves, and of the kinship as a corporate unit toward the world without; and therein, in general, was continuance of the warrior spirit of the Franks and other Teutons, of their social ways and mode of dress, of their methods of warfare and their thoughts of barbaric hardihood.

These elements, and much more besides, were in process of mutual interplay and amalgamation. Childeric had been king of some of the Salian Franks, and had allied himself with the last fragment of the Roman Empire in Gaul. Clovis, his son, is greater: he makes himself king of more Franks, and becomes the head of the Roman-Frankish combination by overthrowing Syagrius and taking his place as lord of the Gallo-Romans. As towards them he becomes even as Syagrius and the emperors before him, absolute ruler, princeps. This authority enhanced the dignity of Clovis's kingship over his own Franks and the Alemanni, and his personal power increased with each new conquest. He became a novel sort of monarch, combining heterogeneous prerogatives. Hence his sovereignty and that of his successors was not a simple development of Teutonic kingship, nor was it a continuation of Roman imperial or proconsular rule, but rather a new composite evolution. Some of its contradictions and anomalies were symbolized by Clovis's acceptance of the title of Consul and stamping

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CHAP. VI the effigies of the eastern emperors upon his coins as if they held any power in the regnum Francorum! As between Gallo-Romans and Franks, the headship had gone over to the latter; yet there was neither hatred on the one side nor oppression from the other. A common Catholicism and many similarities of condition promoted mutual sympathy and union. For example, through the decay of the imperial power, oppression had increased, and the common Gallo-Roman people were compelled to place themselves under the patronage of powerful personages who could give them the protection which they could no longer look for from the Government. So relationships of personal dependence developed, not essentially dissimilar from those subsisting between the Franks and their kings, when the kings were mere leaders of small tribes or war bands. But the vastness of the Salian realm impaired the personal relationship between king and subjects, and again the latter, Frankish or Gallo-Roman, needed nearer protectors, and found them in neighbouring great proprietors and functionaries, Frankish or Gallo-Roman as the case might be.

Through all the turmoil of the Merovingian period, there was doubtless individual injustice and hardship everywhere, but no racial tyranny. The Gallo-Roman kept his language and property, and continued to live under the Roman law. He was not inferior to the Frank, except that the latter was entitled to a higher wergeld for personal injury, which, however, soon was equalized. The Frank also lived under his own law, Salic or Ripuarian. But the general mingling of peoples in the end made it impossible to distinguish the law personally applicable; and thereupon, both as to Franks and Gallo-Romans, the territorial law superseded the law of race. And when, after two centuries, the Merovingian kingdom, through change of dynasty, became the Carolingian, political discrepancies between Frank and Gallo-Roman had passed away. Yet this huge colossus of a realm with its shoulders of iron and its feet of clay, still included enough disparities of race and land, language and institution, to ensure its dissolution.

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text: The Mediaeval Mind/Chapter 7

title: The Mediaeval Mind/Chapter 7


text:
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Rh

 in fȳres fæþm,frōfre ne wēnan, wihte gewendan;wel bið þǣm þe mōt æfter dēað-dægeDrihten sēcean, ond tō Fæder fæþmumfreoðo wilnian.

Swā ðā mǣl-cearemaga Healfdenes singala sēað;ne mihte snotor hæleð wēan onwendan;wæs þæt gewin tō swȳð, lāþ ond longsum,þe on ðā lēode becōm, nȳd-wracu nīþ-grim,niht-bealwa mǣst. Þaet fram hām gefrægnHigelāces þegn, gōd mid Gēatum,Grendles dǣda; sē wæs mon-cynnesmægenes strengest on þǣm dægeþysses līfes, æþele ond ēacen.Hēt him ȳð-lidan gōdne gegyrwan;cwæð, hē gūð-cyning ofer swan-rādesēcean wolde, mǣrne þēoden,þā him wæs manna þearf. Ðone sīð-fæt himsnotere ceorlas lȳt-hwon lōgon,*þēah hē him lēof wǣre; hwetton hige-[r]ōfne, hǣl scēawedon. Hæfde se gōdaGēata lēoda cempan gecorone,þāra þe hē cēnoste findan mihte;fiftena sum sund-wudu sōhte;secg wīsade, lagu-cræftig mon,land-gemyrcu.

title: Page:Beowulf (Wyatt).djvu/33


text: Beowulf (Wyatt)/Beowulf 02

title: Beowulf (Wyatt)/Beowulf 02


text:
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northern races who were to form part of the currents of mediaeval life are grouped under the names of Celts and Teutons. The physiological criterion of a race is consanguinity. But unfortunately racial lineage soon loses itself in obscurity. Moreover, during periods as to which we have some knowledge, no race has continued pure from alien admixture; and every people that has taken part in the world's advance has been acted upon by foreign influences from its prehistoric beginnings throughout the entire course of its history. Indeed, foreign suggestions and contact with other peoples appear essential to tribal or national progress. For the historian there exists no pure and unmixed race, and even the conception of one becomes self-contradictory. To him a race is a group of people, presumably related in some way by blood, who appear to transmit from generation to generation a common heritage of culture and like physical and spiritual traits. He observes that the transmitted characteristics of such a group may weaken or dissipate before foreign influence, and much more as the group scatters among other people; or again he sees its distinguishing traits becoming clearer as the members draw to a closer national unity under the action of a common physical environment, common institutions, and a common speech. The historian will not accept as conclusive any single kind of evidence regarding race. He may attach weight to complexion, stature, and shape of skull, and yet find their interpretation quite perplexing when compared with other evidence, historical or linguistic. He will consider customs and implements, and yet remember that customs may be borrowed, and implements are often of foreign pattern. Language affords him the most enticing criterion, but one of the most deceptive. It is a matter of observation that when two peoples of different tongues meet together, they may mingle their blood through marriage, combine their customs, and adopt each other's utensils and ornaments; but the two languages will not structurally unite: one will supplant the other. The language may thus be more single in source than the people speaking it; though, conversely, people of the same race, by reason of special circumstances, may not speak the same tongue. Hence linguistic unity is not conclusive evidence of unity of race. The chief sections of the former, dwelling in northern Italy and Gaul and Spain, were Latinized and then Christianized long before the mediaeval period, and themselves helped to create the patristic and even the antique side of the mediaeval patrimony. Their rôle was largely mediatorial, and geographically, as well as in their

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 almost throughout all Brabant, in a part of Holland, In Flanders Flamengante, in Zeeland, Liege Namurs. But in the Duchy of Luxembourg they are greater, and yet greater in a great parte of Guelderland, and in Frisland they are as great as the Almayne leagues: namely, five or fix Italian miles long and better. The French leagues containe two Italian miles, and these are used all over Flanders, Gallicante, Artoys, and the greatest part of Haynault.

In that part of Belgique that obeyeth K. Philip, there are walled Townes, 208. Townes priviledged as walled townes 150. Villages with Parish churches, above 6300. Besides a great number of other villages, & hamlets, and Seniories infnfite. Farther, there are 60. strong places with garisons and particular Governours.

The Ayre within these 25. or 30. yeares is become much more holsome and temperate then it was in times past: whether it bee by reason of the great increase of the Inhabitantes, or of the industrie of the people, whoe purge it sundrye waies, or of some other superiour cause, I knowe not.

The Countrey though it be not very propitious for the produring of simples, yet by industry is it made commodious enough for them, considering that neere to Antwerpe, at the village of Bourguerhaut. Peter de Couberg apothecary hath


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142 by Hygelac’s widow (2369 ff.); acted as guardian and protector to Hygelac’s son Heardred (2377), and on the death of the latter became king of the Geats, whom he ruled for fifty years (2209).

Beowulf is a hero worthy of our only great English epic, a warrior “sans peur et sans reproche.” His love of fighting, his eagerness for praise (3182), his touch of braggadocio, were far from being faults in the eyes of the “scop,” and he has some of the qualities of true greatness: in the closing words of the poem he is called the mildest, gentlest, and kindest of men.

The Beowulf who took part in Hygelac’s historical expedition against the Hetware is probably historical too; but the Beowulf of the four great exploits of the poem, the swimming match with Breca, and the contests with Grendel, with his dam, and with the dragon, has probably stepped into the place of the mythical Beowa of the Old English royal genealogies.

Ēadgils, younger son of Ohthere.

What is told of the brothers Eadgils and Eanmund in the poem, as in the case of the other allusions and episodes, must have been

title: Page:Beowulf (Wyatt).djvu/166


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234 {|align="center"
 * colspan=3|
 * width=150px|Theodore Roosevelt||width=125px|Colonel||width=150px|New York, N. Y.
 * Alexander O. Brodie||Lieut.-Colonel||Prescott, Ariz.
 * Henry B. Hersey||Major||Santa Fé, N. M.
 * George M. Dunn||Major||Denver, Col.
 * Micah J. Jenkins||Major||Youngs Is., S. C.
 * Henry A. Brown||Chaplain||Prescott, Ariz.
 * Maxwell Keyes||1st Lt. & Adjt.||San Antonio, Tex.
 * Sherrard Coleman||1st Lt. & Q. M.||Santa Fé, N. M.
 * Ernest Seeker||Sergt-Major||Los Angeles, Cal.
 * Matthew Douthett||Q.-M. Sergeant||Denver, Col.
 * Clay Platt||Cf. Trumpeter||San Antonio, Tex.
 * Joseph F. Kansky||Sad. Sergeant||Tacoma, Wash.
 * Leonard Wood||Colonel||Cape Cod, Mass.
 * colspan=3|
 * Promoted, July 9, 1898, to Brig.-Gen. of U. S. Vols.
 * Sherrard Coleman||1st Lt. & Q. M.||Santa Fé, N. M.
 * Ernest Seeker||Sergt-Major||Los Angeles, Cal.
 * Matthew Douthett||Q.-M. Sergeant||Denver, Col.
 * Clay Platt||Cf. Trumpeter||San Antonio, Tex.
 * Joseph F. Kansky||Sad. Sergeant||Tacoma, Wash.
 * Leonard Wood||Colonel||Cape Cod, Mass.
 * colspan=3|
 * Promoted, July 9, 1898, to Brig.-Gen. of U. S. Vols.
 * Joseph F. Kansky||Sad. Sergeant||Tacoma, Wash.
 * Leonard Wood||Colonel||Cape Cod, Mass.
 * colspan=3|
 * Promoted, July 9, 1898, to Brig.-Gen. of U. S. Vols.
 * colspan=3|
 * Promoted, July 9, 1898, to Brig.-Gen. of U. S. Vols.
 * Promoted, July 9, 1898, to Brig.-Gen. of U. S. Vols.

 * Thomas W. Hall||1st Lieut. & Adjt.
 * colspan=3|
 * Tendered his resignation as 1st Lieut. and Adjt., which took effect Aug. 1, 1898, in compliance with S. O. No. 175, O. G. O., dated July 29, 1898.
 * colspan=3|
 * Tendered his resignation as 1st Lieut. and Adjt., which took effect Aug. 1, 1898, in compliance with S. O. No. 175, O. G. O., dated July 29, 1898.

 * Jacob Schwaizer||1st Lt. & Q.-M.||El Reno, O. T.
 * colspan=3|
 * Resigned his commission as 1st Lieut., Aug. 4, 1898. Resignation took effect Sept. 7, 1898.
 * colspan=3|
 * Resigned his commission as 1st Lieut., Aug. 4, 1898. Resignation took effect Sept. 7, 1898.

 * Joseph A. Carr||Sergt.-Major||Washington, D. C.
 * colspan=3|
 * Discharged at San Antonio, Texas, by way of favor to enable him to accept a commission as 1st Lieut. in the Regiment, May 19, 1898.
 * colspan=3|
 * Discharged at San Antonio, Texas, by way of favor to enable him to accept a commission as 1st Lieut. in the Regiment, May 19, 1898.

 * Christian Madsen||R. Q.-M. Sergt.||El Reno, O. T.
 * colspan=3|
 * Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Camp Wikoff, L. L., Aug. 26, 1898.
 * colspan=3|
 * Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability at Camp Wikoff, L. L., Aug. 26, 1898.

 * Alfred E. Lewis||R. Q.-M. Sergt.
 * colspan=3|
 * Deserted from Camp at San Antonio, Tex., on or about May 5, 1898.
 * colspan=3|
 * Deserted from Camp at San Antonio, Tex., on or about May 5, 1898.

 * Ernest Haskell||Cadet||West Point.
 * colspan=3|
 * Acted with regiment as second lieutenant. Dangerously wounded by Mauser bullet, July 1st.
 * colspan=3|
 * Acted with regiment as second lieutenant. Dangerously wounded by Mauser bullet, July 1st.

 * colspan=3|
 * Henry La Motte||Major||Williamsb'g, Mass.
 * James A. Massie||1st Lieutenant||Santa Fé, N. M.
 * James R. Church||1st Lieutenant||Washington, D. C.
 * James B. Brady||Steward||Santa Fé, N. M.
 * Herbert J. Rankin||Steward||Las Vegas, N. M.
 * Charles A. Wilson||Steward||Col. Springs, Col.
 * John R. Rawdin||Private
 * }
 * James R. Church||1st Lieutenant||Washington, D. C.
 * James B. Brady||Steward||Santa Fé, N. M.
 * Herbert J. Rankin||Steward||Las Vegas, N. M.
 * Charles A. Wilson||Steward||Col. Springs, Col.
 * John R. Rawdin||Private
 * }
 * Charles A. Wilson||Steward||Col. Springs, Col.
 * John R. Rawdin||Private
 * }
 * }


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title: Page:Beowulf (Wyatt).djvu/179


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Page:Gummere (1909) The Oldest English Epic.djvu/45

Rh atheling excellent, unblithe sat, labored in woe for the loss of his thanes, when once had been traced the trail of the fiend, spirit accurst: too cruel that sorrow, too long, too loathsome. Not late the respite; with night returning, anew began ruthless murder; he recked no whit, firm in his guilt, of the feud and crime. They were easy to find who elsewhere sought in room remote their rest at night, bed in the bowers, when that bale was shown, was seen in sooth, with surest token,— the hall-thane’s hate. Such held themselves far and fast who the fiend outran! Thus ruled unrighteous and raged his fill one against all; until empty stood that lordly building, and long it bode so. Twelve years’ tide the trouble he bore, sovran of Scyldings, sorrows in plenty, boundless cares. There came unhidden tidings true to the tribes of men, in sorrowful songs, how ceaselessly Grendel harassed Hrothgar, what hate he bore him, what murder and massacre, many a year, feud unfading,—refused consent


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 a garden wherein are growing above foure hundreth sorts of strange simples. Likewise, about a League and a halfe from Bruges, in the Seniorye of Moerkercke, Charles of S. Omer a Gentleman singularly well qualified, hath a wonderfull rare Garden.

The Beeves of Friseland and Holland are very great, and waigh some of them 1600 pound, of xvi. ounces the pound, which are more than 2000 pounds Italian. Yea one was given (being an Oxe of Friseland) to the Earle of Hochstraet, at Malvies, which waighed 2528. pounds, of the Countrey waight.

The Ewes of Holland, Friseland, and some part of Flanders, bring foorth three and fower lambs at a time, and the Kyne often two Calves at once, and give commonly in Summer viii. or x. Lots of milk in a day. A Lot is a measure somwhat greater than the Quart or Flacon of Florence.

The Countrey bringeth forth great quantitie of Mather, wherewith a great part of Europe is furnished. It produceth also very perfect woad but no great store: but of Flax and Hempe great aboundence. But the commodities that the countrey yeeldeth, togither with the fruitfulnes of the Soile, is heere omitted of purpose: bicause it is largely mentioned in the particular description of every Province.

Five principall Rivers there are in the Countrey,


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30 to deal with any of Daneland’s earls, make pact of peace, or compound for gold: still less did the wise men ween to get great fee for the feud from his fiendish hands. But the evil one ambushed old and young, death-shadow dark, and dogged them still, lured, and lurked in the livelong night of misty moorlands: men may say not where the haunts of these Hell-Runes be. Such heaping of horrors the hater of men, lonely roamer, wrought unceasing, harassings heavy. O’er Heorot he lorded, gold-bright hall, in gloomy nights; and ne’er could the prince approach his throne, —’twas judgment of God,—or have joy in his hall. Sore was the sorrow to Scyldings’-friend, heart-rending misery. Many nobles sat assembled, and searched out counsel how it were best for bold-hearted men against harassing terror to try their hand. Whiles they vowed in their heathen fanes altar-offerings, asked with words that the slayer-of-souls would succor give them for the pain of their people. Their practice this,


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iii. 31- of the forest; the waters have gone (sṛ) away from thirst; I away from etc. etc.

4. Apart [from one another] go heaven-and-earth here (imé), away the roads, to one and another quarter; I away from etc. etc.

5. Tvashṭar harnesses (yuj) for his daughter a wedding-car (vahatú); at the news, all this creation (bhúvana) goes away; I away from etc. etc.

6. Agni puts together the breaths; the moon is put together with breath: I away from etc. etc.

7. By breath did the gods set in motion (sam-īray) the sun, of universal heroism: I away from etc. etc.

8. By the breath of the long-lived, of the life-makers (āyuṣkṛ́t), do thou live; do not die: I away from etc. etc.

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/310


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Rh their heathen hope; ’twas Hell they thought of in mood of their mind. Almighty they knew not, Doomsman of Deeds and dreadful Lord, nor Heaven’s-Helmet heeded they ever, Wielder-of-Wonder.—Woe for that man who in harm and hatred hales his soul to fiery embraces;—nor favor nor change awaits he ever. But well for him that after death-day may draw to his Lord, and friendship find in the Father’s arms!

  Thus seethed unceasing the son of Healfdene with the woe of these days; not wisest men assuaged his sorrow; too sore the anguish, loathly and long, that lay on his folk, most baneful of burdens and bales of the night.

This heard in his home Hygelac’s thane, great among Geats, of Grendel’s doings. He was the mightiest man of valor in that same day of this our life, stalwart and stately. A stout wave-walker he bade make ready. Yon battle-king, said he, far o’er the swan-road he fain would seek, the noble monarch who needed men!


text: The Oldest English Epic/Chapter 1/Beowulf 02


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141 9. With the breath of the breathing do thou breathe; be just here; do not die: I away from etc. etc.

10. Up with life-time; together with life-time; up with the sap of the herbs: I away from etc. etc.

11. Hither with Parjanya's rain have we stood up immortal: I away from etc. etc.

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/311


text:
Page:Richard Nixon's presidential daily calendar - 1969.djvu/1804

 * James R. Schlesinger, Assistant Director

 * Tom Moore

 * Laurance Rockefeller, Chairman

 * Henry Diamond, Counsel to Mr. Rockefeller

 * Francis McLaughlin, Director of Industrial Relations

 * Frank Ikhard, President

 * Peter N. Gammelgard, V. P. for Environmental Affairs

 * Roy B. Chapin, Chairman of the Board & Chief Executive Officer

 * John Adamson, Vice President, Engineering

 * L. A. Iacocca, President, Ford Automotive North American Operations and Executive Vice President

 * Donald A. Jensen, Director, Automotive Emission Engineering staff

 * Edward N. Cole, President

 * Fred W. Bowditch, Engineering Staff

 * Virgil E. Boyd, President

 * Charles M. Heinen, Chief Engineer, Emission Control & Chemical Development


text:
Page:Richard Nixon's presidential daily calendar - 1969.djvu/1805

 * Lee A. DuBridge

 * John L. Buckley

 * Edward J. Burger, Jr.

 * William S. Gouse, Jr.

 * Frank R. Pagnotta

 * Arthur F. Burns

 * John Ehrlichman

 * Peter Flanigan

 * Herbert Klein

 * John Whitaker

 * Ron Ziegler

 * Daniel Moynihan

 * Christopher DeMuth


text:
Page:A colonial autocracy, New South Wales under Governor Macquarie, 1810-1821.djvu/156

 made very bad and quarrelsome servants, and complaints were universal.

The male convicts were assigned to settlers or kept to work for the Government. At the end of 1819 there were in Government service altogether 2,476 male convicts, and 200 were serving colonial sentences at Newcastle. The remaining 6,388 prisoners were in the service of the inhabitants of the Colony both free and freed. Their masters were not all employed in agricultural pursuits. In Sydney, for example, and the district surrounding it, there were 2,368 assigned servants, most of the masters of whom were occupied in the town. Great landowners, such as Macarthur and William Cox, had as many as a hundred convicts, and Wentworth and an emancipist named Terry, who owned the two largest estates in the Colony, probably had still more. Settlers with farms of five to fifty acres usually received one servant with their grant, and were allowed to retain him at their own expense if they wished. This was something of an innovation, for before 1811 a convict servant was not allowed to any one farming less than twenty acres. For reasons which will appear later it was an innovation which received little approval from the magistrates.

While the convicts were being thus distributed over wider and wider areas their distribution was in another way restricted. It had for long been customary to allow to each of the civil officers of the Government and of the officers of the garrison a domestic servant subsisted at Government expense. Lord Bathurst learnt of this practice for the first time from one of Macquarie's despatches, and immediately directed him to bring it to an end. This was done by a Government Order in 1814, and at the same time it was announced that Government would no longer give rations to the families of officers on the civil staff. It was thought necessary, however, to exempt from this rule the subordinate officers, the superintendents, overseers, clerks and


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Page:Ludovico Guicciardini - Description of the Low Countries.djvu/17

 the which discharge themselves into the Sea: namely, the Rhine, the Meuse, the Schelde, Ha, Ems, besides divers other, which shall bee described hereafter in order.

The Rhine rifeth out of the Mount Adula, (commonly called the Mountaine of S. Godart,) with two fountaines. And out of the same mountaine rise alfo, the Rivers of Rosne, Tesin, & Rus. So that within the Compasse of lesse than ten Italian miles, you shall see (not without great admiration) foure famous Rivers to arise, the which in the forme of a Crosse, take their waies and course dirverslie, toward the foure partes of the world.

The two Fountaines of the Rhine, unite themfelves togither, foure leagues above the Cyttye of Cur in Swisserland. But at Lobic in Guelderland, the Rhine parteth it selfe againe into two streames, the greater of the which, namely, the left streame, taketh his course to the West, and from thenceforth is called Wael. With the which at Herverden meeteth the Meuse, and suddenly they part againe, neither riuer losing his name: and in this sort take their course apart, till they runne to Louvestain, where againe they joyne, and there the Wael loseth his name, as in the description of the Meuse shall be declared more at large.

The lesser branch of the Rhine: namely the right, neere to Arnem in Guelderland, divideth it


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Page:O. F. Owen's Organon of Aristotle Vol. 2 (1853).djvu/147

 necessary in such cases, that there should be a change of the names, either of all, or of some of them, since there are no more names stated now than before; still it is requisite that he who defines should give a sentence instead of names, of all, if possible, but if not, of most things. For thus also in simple things, he who changes the name will have defined, as, for instance, (if he should say) vestment instead of garment.

Besides there is a greater error, if a person has made a change for names more unknown for instance, a white mortal instead of a white man, for neither is there a definition, and what is stated thus, is less clear.

Examine also in the change of names, whether he does not signify still the same thing, as when a person states that contemplative science is contemplative opinion, for opinion is not the same with science, at least indeed it must be, if the whole is to be the same, for contemplative is common in both definitions, but what remains is different.

Further, when a person changes one of the names, observe whether a change is made, not of the difference, but of the genus, as in the instance just now stated, since contemplative is more unknown than science, as the one is genus, and the other difference, and genus is most known of all, so that he ought to have made the change not of the genus, but of the difference, since this is the more unknown. Or is this reproof ridiculous, as there is nothing to prevent difference from being signified by a name most known, but genus not? but if this is the case, it is clear that we must make a change, as to the name of genus, and not of difference. Nevertheless, if (a person) does not assume a name for a name, but a sentence instead of a name, it is clear that he must give the definition of difference rather


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 members of the police force, to whom convict servants on or off the stores were assigned as part of their remuneration. The only advantage to these employees from the possession of servants was the chance of hiring them out to others or permitting them, in return for their weekly rations and a payment of a few shillings, to work for themselves or, as it was called, "be on their own hands". The superintendent of convicts in 1819 reckoned that such a servant "on the store" was worth 10s. a week, and "off the store" was worth 5s. Thus the remuneration was equal to a salary of £13 to £26 a year. Indirectly it cost more than this to the Government, for these servants were the worst class of people in the Colony and it was almost impossible to control them. Macquarie made an attempt to improve the system in 1814. In order that these convicts should be known and their place of residence properly registered, all those masters (who were, many of them, convicts themselves) who hired out their servants "shall immediately send in to the principal superintendent a report in writing, and signed by them, of the names and present places of residence of their said Government men, and also the names of the persons by whom they are hired. On receiving this report the principal superintendent is to grant a certificate to each man so transferred, specifying to whom he belongs and how, where and by whom employed.

"The Government men thus disposed of, when possessed of the prescribed certificate … are not to quit the employ of the person or leave the district mentioned therein without applying to and obtaining the permission of the next District Magistrate, the person obtaining it is to obtain a fresh certificate from the principal superintendent … surrendering the certificate granted on the former occasion. …

"All such lists and changes are to be transmitted once in each month to the respective magistrates concerned therein."

These regulations did not touch the evil of the servants who did odd jobs on their own account, or carried on iniquitous practices such as the receiving of stolen goods for their masters. Nor was it strictly enforced, and by 1819 had been completely forgotten. In 1817 Macquarie wished to abolish this mode of


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Page:O. F. Owen's Organon of Aristotle Vol. 2 (1853).djvu/214

 is in syllogism, and that (which errs) in neither, is a true syllogism.

But (to return), whence the discussion digressed, do mathematical arguments pertain to the reason or not? and if a triangle seems to some one to signify many things, and he grants (not so far as it is figure, of which this is concluded) that it has angles equal to two right, does this discussion belong to the reasoning faculty of his mind or not?

Again, if a name signifies many things, but he does not understand, nor fancy (that it does), how does this disputation not pertain to the reason? or how must we interrogate, unless by granting a distinction, whether any one may inquire if it is possible for him who is silent to speak or not, or whether it partly is not, and partly is, possible? If then, some one should grant that it is by no means possible, but another should contend that it is, will not the disputation be against the reasoning faculty? though the dispute seems to belong to those which are from name; there is not then a certain genus of arguments, which belong to the reason. Nevertheless, some pertain to name, yet not all are such, not (I say) those which are elenchi, but not the apparent elenchi, for there are apparent elenchi, which are not from diction, for instance, those which are from accident, and others.

Notwithstanding, if some one thinks fit to claim a division, I mean that the silent speaks, partly in this and partly in that manner; yet to demand this, is, in the first place, absurd, (for sometimes what is interrogated does not seem to subsist multifariously, and it is impossible to divide that which a man does not conceive). Next, what else will to


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 than of genus, since definition is given in order to make a thing known, for difference is less known than genus.

Chapter 12
however the definition of difference is assigned, examine whether the assigned difference is common to any thing else, as when it is said that an odd number is a number which has a middle, it must be defined in addition, how it has a middle. For number is common in both definitions, but instead of odd, a sentence is assumed; yet both a line and a body have a middle, though they are not odd numbers, so that this would not be the definition of the odd. Still, if that which has a middle be multifariously predicated, we must explain besides, how it possesses a middle, so that there will be either a reproof or a syllogism, that (the thing) has not been defined.

Again (observe), if that of which the definition is the sign, belongs to the number of beings, but what is under the definition does not; e. g. if white is defined colour mixed with fire, for it is impossible that the incorporeal should be mixed with body, so that it could not be colour mixed with fire, yet it is white.

Moreover, those who in (the definition of) relatives do not distinguish to what reference is made, but speak, comprehending many things, either wholly or in part enunciate falsely, as if some one should say that medicine is the science of being. For if medicine is the science of nothing which exists, it is evident that (the definition) is wholly false, but if it is of one, but not of another, it is partly false; for it is necessary (to be the science) of every thing, if it is said to be the science of being per se, and not accidentally, as is the case with other relatives, since every object of science is referred to science. Likewise, also in other things, since all


text:
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 teach be? for it will render the manner in which a thing subsists evident to him who neither considered, nor knew, nor supposed that it is predicated in another way. Since what prevents this also being done in things which are not double? are then unities equal to duals in four? but the duals are inherent, some in this, but others in that way. Is there also one science of contraries or not? but some contraries are known, others unknown: so that he appears to be ignorant, who requires this, viz. that to teach is different from to discuss, and that it is necessary that the teacher should not interrogate, but himself declare, but that the other should interrogate.

Chapter 11
, to postulate affirmation or denial is not the province of one who demonstrates, but of him who makes a trial, for the peirastic art is a certain dialectic, and considers not the scientific, but him who is ignorant, and who pretends. Whoever therefore considers things which are common really, is a dialectician, but he who does this apparently, is a sophist; the contentious and sophistical syllogism also are, one indeed, apparently syllogistic about things with which the peirastic dialectic is conversant, although the conclusion be true, for it deceives in assigning the why, and (in the other kind are those paralogisms), which not being according to the method of each thing, seem to be according to art. For false descriptions are not contentious, (since paralogisms are according to those things which are subject to art,) neither even if there is a certain false description about the true (conclusion), as that of Hippocrates, viz. the quadrature of the circle through lunulæ, but as Bryso squared the


text: User:Doughaque

title: User:Doughaque


text:
Page:O. F. Owen's Organon of Aristotle Vol. 2 (1853).djvu/149

 relatives reciprocate. Besides, if he who explains a thing not per se, but accidentally, rightly explains it, each relative would not be referred to one, but to many things, as there is nothing to prevent the same thing, being both white, and good, so that he who explains by reference to one of these, would rightly explain, if he who explains from accident, does so rightly. Moreover, it is impossible that such a definition as this, should be peculiar to the thing assigned, for not only medicine, but many other sciences are referred to what exists, so that each will be the science of being; wherefore it is clear that such is the definition of no science, for it is necessary that definition should be peculiar, and not common.

Sometimes indeed, they define not the thing (only), but a thing in a good condition, or perfect; such is the definition of a rhetorician, and of a thief, since a rhetorician is one who is able to perceive what is persuasive in each thing, and to omit nothing; but a thief is one who takes on the sly, for it is evident that each being such, will be good, the one a good rhetorician, but the other a good thief, for not he who pilfers secretly is a thief, but he who wishes to pilfer secretly.

Again, (he errs,) who assigns what is of itself eligible, as practical or efficient, or in any way eligible on account of something else; as if he said that justice, is the preserver of the laws, or that wisdom, is effective of felicity, for what is effective, or preservative, is of the number of things eligible on account of something else. Or does nothing prevent what is eligible for itself, being eligible for something else also? nevertheless, he errs, who thus defines what is eligible per se, since in every thing, the best especially subsists in the essence, but it is better to be eligible per se, than on account of something else, so that definition ought of necessity rather to signify this.

Chapter 13
besides, whether he who assigns the definition of a certain thing, defines that it is


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 these things, or that which consists of these, or this together with that; for if (it should he) those things, it would happen to be present with both, and with neither, as if he defined justice to be temperance and fortitude; for if when there are two, each has one of these, both will be just, and neither; since both indeed will possess justice, but each of them, not possess it. If however what has been said, be not very absurd from a thing of this kind happening in others also, (since nothing prevents two persons having a mina, though neither of them has,) yet that contraries should be present with the same, would appear to be altogether absurd. Nevertheless, this would occur if one of them has temperance and timidity, but the other, fortitude and intemperance, for both will have justice and injustice; for if justice be temperance and fortitude, injustice will be timidity and intemperance. Briefly, whatever arguments may be brought to prove that the parts and the whole are not the same, are all useful for what has now been stated, since he who thus defines, seems to say that the parts are the same as the whole. Still the arguments are especially appropriate in whatever the composition of the parts is evident, as in a house and other such things; for it is evident that when the parts exist, there is nothing to prevent the whole from not existing, so that the parts are not the same with the whole.

If, on the other hand, he should say that the thing defined is not these, but something consisting of these, we must first examine whether one certain thing, is not naturally adapted to be produced from these, for some things are so subsistent in relation to each other, as that nothing is produced from them, for instance, a line and number. Besides, whether the thing defined is naturally adapted to be in some one first, but those of which a person says that it (the thing defined) consists, are not in some one first, but each in the other, since it is clear that the thing would not consist of these, as in what the parts are inherent, it is necessary that the whole


text: Eugene Aram

title: Eugene Aram


text:
Page:A colonial autocracy, New South Wales under Governor Macquarie, 1810-1821.djvu/158

 payment, but hesitated to do so under the impression that the colonial funds did not warrant the commutation. He could not grasp the fact that the "unseen" expense was far greater than the "seen". The whole system was unsparingly condemned by Bigge in his report of 1822. It had indeed no possible ground of justification. It gave practical freedom, without even an obligation to work for a living, to a class of men neither able nor anxious to profit by it, and it let loose upon the town some hundreds of convicts ripe for every dissipation that was offered them.

The number of convicts not in Government service who received Government rations amounted in 1819 to 1,821, while there were 4,567 who did not receive them assigned to settlers. It was this body of men who constituted the most important factor of the labour problem.

The following method was that adopted in their distribution. After the arrival of a convict transport the prisoners were mustered on board by the Governor's Secretary, who inquired into their treatment on the voyage. The chief engineer and superintendent of convicts then asked each man what was his trade or to what work he was accustomed. All those who were artisans or mechanics were at once set aside for the Government gangs, where their knowledge was needed to carry out the public works. As men of skill were few, a good workman was kept a long time in the service, and found it difificult to procure tickets-of-leave or other mitigations of sentence, and the more skilful and steady he was the less chance he had of freedom. The good mechanics, hearing of these things from old hands transported for a second time, or in some of the mysterious ways in which they managed to procure information which the authorities studiously strove to keep back, would try to conceal their trade from the superintendent On the other hand unskilled workmen who wanted to stay in Sydney, instead of being sent to the country, often made a pretence of being mechanics and skilled labourers.

The Government having thus attempted to pick out the most useful men and any others that were needed, the servants