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 he that doeth it worthily, receives his absolution and justification; that is, he that discerns, and then receives the Body as torn, and His Blood as shed for the redemption of the world. But that (as the Papists affirm) should give His Flesh and Blood to be received with the mouth, and ground with the teeth,…… this our words and hearts do utterly deny.

So then, (to sum up this controversy by applying it to all that hath been said,) it is not questioned whether the Body of be absent from the Sacrament duly administered according to His institution, which we Protestants neither affirm nor believe; for it being given and received in the Communion, it must needs be that it is present, though in some manner veiled under the Sacrament, so that of itself it cannot be seen. Neither is it doubted or disputed whether the Bread and Wine, by the power of and a supernatural virtue, be set apart and fitted for a much nobler use, and raised to a higher dignity than their nature bears; for we confess the necessity of a supernatural and heavenly change, and that the signs cannot become Sacraments but by the infinite power of, whose proper right it is to institute Sacraments in His Church, being able alone to endue them with virtue and efficacy. Finally, we do not say that our Blessed gave only the figure and sign of His body; neither do we deny a Sacramental Union of the Body and Blood of  with the sacred Bread and Wine, so that both are really and substantially received together: but (that we may avoid all ambiguity) we deny that after the words and prayer of Consecration, the Bread should remain bread no longer, but should be changed into the substance of the Body of, nothing of the bread, but only the accidents continuing to be what they were before; and so the whole question is concerning the Transubstantiation of the outward Elements; whether the substance of the Bread be turned into the substance of  Body, and the substance of the Wine into the substance of His Blood; or, as the Romish Doctors describe their Transubstantiation, whether the substance of bread and wine doth utterly perish, and the substance of  Body and Blood succeed in their place, which are both denied by Protestants.

The Church of Rome sings on Corpus Christi day, This is not bread, but and Man my  And the Council of Trent doth thus define it; "Because  our Redeemer said truly, that that was His body, which He gave in the appearance of


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 The mountains forming the Cordillera between Magellan Strait and 41° S. lat. are higher than those previously mentioned in Tierra del Fuego. Generally composed of granite, gneiss and Palaeozoic rocks, covered in many parts by rugged masses of volcanic origin, their general height is not less than 6500 ft., while Mount Geikie is 7500 ft. and Mount Stokes 7100 ft. To the north are Mounts Mayo (7600 ft.), Agassiz (10,600 ft.), and Fitzroy, in 49° S. lat. (11,120 ft.). The section from 52° to 48° S. lat. is a continuous ice-capped mountain range, and some of the glaciers extend from the eastern lakes to the western channels, where they reach the sea-level. The level of the lakes begins at 130 ft. at Lake Maravilla and gradually ascends to nearly 700 ft. at Lake San Martin. Passing the breach through which Lake San Martin empties itself into Calen Inlet, in 48° S. lat., is found a wide oblique opening in the range, through which flows the river Las Heras, fed by Lake Pueyrredon, which is only 410 ft. above the sea-level to the east of the Andes, while Lake Buenos Aires, immediately to the north, is 710 ft. The Andes continue to be to the west an enormous rugged mass of ice and snow of an average height of 9000 ft., sending glaciers to all the eastern fjords.

Mount San Lorenzo, detached from the main chain in the pre-Cordillera, is 11,800 ft. high. Mount San Valentin (12,700 ft.) is the culminating point of the Andes in the region extending from 49° to 46° S. lat., a little north of which is the river Huemules which is followed by the breach of the river Aisen. These two rivers have emptied a large system of lakes, which in pre-Glacial times occupied the eastern zone, thus forming a region suitable for colonization in the broad valleys and hollows, where the rivers, as in the case with those in the north, cut through the Andes by narrow gaps, forming cataracts and rapids between the snowy peaks. Volcanic action is still going on in these latitudes, as the glaciers are at times covered by ashes, but the predominant rocks to the east are the Tertiary granite, while to the west gneiss, older granite and Palaeozoic rocks prevail. The highest peaks, however, seem to be of volcanic origin. Farther north, up to 41° S. lat., the water gaps are situated at a lesser distance one from the other, owing mainly to more continuous erosion, this section of the continent being the region of the maximum rainfall on the western coast to the south of the equator. Between the gaps of the river Aisen and river Cisnes or Frias, which also pierces the chain, is found a huge mountain mass, in which is situated Mount la Torre (7150 ft.). These form the continental watershed, but in this region erosion is taking place so rapidly that the day is not far distant when Lakes La Plata and Fontana, situated to the east at a height of 3000 ft. and now tributaries of the Atlantic, may become tributaries of the Pacific. Already filtrations from the former go to feed western affluents through the granitic masses. To the north of Mount la Torre flows in the river Cisnes, 44° 48′ S. lat., across another water gap, continuing the range to the north with high peaks, as Alto Nevado (7350 ft.) and Cacique (7000 ft.). The glaciers reach almost the western channels, as is the case at the river Quelal. The northern glaciers, descending nearly to sea-level, are situated at 43° 40′ S. lat. To the north 45° S. lat. a well-defined western longitudinal valley, at some recent time occupied by lakes and rivers, divides the Cordillera into two chains, the eastern being the main chain, to which belong Mounts Alto Nevado, Cacique, Dentista, Maldonado, Serrano, each over 7000 ft. high; and Torrecillas (7400 ft.), Ventisquero (7500 ft.), and Tronador (11,180 ft.); while the western chain, broken into imposing blocks, contains several high volcanic peaks such as Mounts Tanteles, Corcovado, Minchimahuida, Hornopiren and Yates. The rivers Palena, with its two branches, Pico and Carrenleufu, Fetaleufu, Puelo and Manso cut the two chains, while the rivers Reñihue, Bodadahue and Cochamo have their sources in the main eastern ridge. Mention has been made of active volcanoes in 51°, 49° and 47° S. lat., but these have not been properly located. The active volcanoes south of 41°, concerning which no doubt exists, are the Huequen, in 43° lat., and the Calbuco, both of which have been in eruption in modern times.

The surroundings of Mount Tronador, consisting of Tertiary granite and basalt, form one of the most interesting regions in the Patagonian Andes for the mountaineers of the future. To the east extends the large and picturesque lake of Nahuel-Huapi, to the west is Lake Todos Los Santos (50 sq. m.), to which the access is easy and of which the scenery is of surpassing beauty. Between 41° and 38° S. lat., among other smaller lakes, are Lakes Traful (45 sq. m.), Lacar (32 sq. m.), which, properly belonging to the system of Atlantic lakes, empties itself by the only water gap that occurs in this zone of the Cordillera into the river Valdivia, a tributary of the Pacific, Lake Lolog (15 sq. m.), Huechu-lafquen (45 sq. m.), and Lake Alumine (21 sq. m.). The volcanoes of Lanin (12,140 ft.), Quetropillan (9180 ft.), Villarica (10,400 ft.), Yaimas and Tolhuaca are all more or less active; the first is in the main chain, while the others are on the western slope. The scenery in the neighbourhood is magnificent, the snowy cones rising from amidst woods of araucaria, and being surrounded by blue lakes. While the scenery of the western slope of the Andes is exceedingly grand, with its deep fjords, glaciers and woods, yet the severity of its climate detracts considerably from its charm. The climate of the eastern slope, however, is milder, the landscapes are magnificent, with wooded valleys and beautiful lakes. The valleys are already partly settled by colonists. Between 52° and 40° S. lat. erosion has carried the watershed of the continent from the summit of the Cordillera to the eastern plains of Patagonia.

From 40° S. southward the Chile-Argentine Boundary Commission under Sir T. H. Holdich carried out important investigations in 1902; and between 38° and 33° S. lat. the Andes were somewhat extensively explored about the close of the 19th century by Argentine and Chilean Commissions. The highest peaks in the latter section are volcanic and their eruptions have sensibly modified the character of the primitive ridges. Outflows of lava and tufa cover the mountain sides and fill up the valleys. The Jurassic and Cretaceous formations, which in the Southern Cordillera are situated outside of the range to the east, form to a considerable extent the mass of the great range, together with quartz porphyry, the Tertiary, granite and other eruptive rocks, which have been observed along all the chain in South America up to Alaska in the north. Gneiss is seldom met with, but there are crystalline rocks, belonging chiefly to the pre-Cordillera of the eastern and to the Cordillera de la Costa on the western side.

About 38° S. the Andes take a great transversal extension; there are no wide intermediate valleys between the different ridges but the main ridge is perfectly defined. Volcanic cones continue to predominate, the old crystalline rocks almost disappear, while the Mesozoic rocks are most common. The higher peaks are in the main chain, while the Domuyo (15,317 ft.) belongs to a lateral eastern ridge. The principal peaks between this and Mount Tupungato at 33° S. lat. are: Mount Cochico (8255 ft.), Campanario, (13,140 ft.), Peteroa (13,297 ft.), Tinguiririca, Castillo (16,535 ft.), Volcano Maipu (17,576 ft.), Alvarado (14,600 ft.), Amarillo (15,321 ft.), Volcano San Jose (19,849 ft.), Piuquenes (17,815 ft.), and Volcano Bravard (19,619 ft.).

North of Maipu volcano, ascended by R. P. Güssfeldt in 1883, the Cordillera is composed of two huge principal ridges which unite and terminate in the neighbourhood of Mount Tupungato. The valley between them is 9000 ft. high; and in that part of the Cordillera are situated the highest passes south of 33° S. lat., one of which, the Piuquenes Pass, reaches 13,333 ft., whilst the easiest of transit and almost the lowest is that of Pichachen (6505 ft.), which is the most frequented during winter. Mount Tupungato reaches 22,329 ft., according to Argentine measurement. To the north of this mountain, situated at the watershed of the Andes, extends a lofty region comprising peaks such as Chimbote (18,645 ft.) and Mount Polleras (20,266 ft.). The Pircas Pass is situated at a height of 16,962 ft. The gaps of Bermejo and Iglesia, in the Uspallata road, the best known of all the passes between Argentina and Chile, are at 13,025 ft. and 13,412 ft. altitude respectively, while the nearest peaks, those of Juncal and Tolorsa, are 19,358 and 20,140 ft. high.

Mounts Tupungato, Aconcagua (23,393 ft.) and Mercedario

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 bread; therefore it was ever believed by the Church of, and is now declared by this sacred Synod, that by the power of Consecration the whole substance of the bread is changed into the substance of Body, and the whole substance of the wine into the substance of His Blood; which change is fitly and properly called Transubstantiation by the holy Catholic (Roman) Church. Therefore if any one shall say, that the substance of Bread and Wine remains with the Body and Blood of our Saviour, and shall deny that wonderful and singular conversion of the whole substance of the Bread and Wine into the substance of the Body and Blood of , the only appearance and outward form of the Bread and Wine remaining, which conversion the Catholic (Roman) Church doth fitly call Transubstantiation,—let him be accursed."

Now we leave inquiring what is able to do, for we should first know His will in this matter, before we examine His power; yet thus much we say, that this Roman Transubstantiation is so strange and monstrous, that it exceeds the nature of all miracles. And though by His Almightiness be able to turn the substance of bread into some other substance, yet none will believe that He doth it, as long as it appears to our senses, that the substance of the Bread doth still remain whole and entire. Certain it is, that hitherto we read of no such thing done in the Old or New Testament, and therefore this tenet, being as unknown to the Ancients as it is ungrounded in Scripture, appears as yet to be very incredible, and there is no reason we should believe such an unauthorised figment, newly invented by men, and now imposed as an article of Christian Religion. For it is in vain that they bring Scripture to defend this their stupendous doctrine; and it is not true, what they so often and so confidently affirm, that the Universal Church hath always constantly owned it, being it was not so much as heard of in the Church for many ages, and hath been but lately approved by the Pope's authority in the Councils of Lateran and Trent.


text: Tracts for the Times/Tract 27

title: Tracts for the Times/Tract 27


text:
Executive Order 10000

By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 207 of the Independent Offices Appropriation Act, 1949, approved April 20, 1948 (Public Law 491, 80th Congress), as amended by section 104 of the Supplemental Independent Offices Appropriation Act, 1949, approved June 30, 1948 (Public Law 862, 80th Congress), and by sections 303, 443, and 853 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946 (60 Stat. 1002, 1006, 1024), and as President of the United States, I hereby prescribe the following regulations (1) governing the payment of additional compensation to personnel of the United States employed outside the continental United States or in Alaska, under the provisions of the said section 207, as amended, (2) governing the payment of salary differentials to Foreign Service staff officers and employees serving at certain posts, pursuant to the said section 443, and (3) relating to unhealthful foreign posts, pursuant to the said section 853:

PART VI — GENERAL PROVISIONS
Harry S. Truman The White House, September 16, 1948. [FR Doc. 48–xxxx Filed 9–17–48; 8:45 am]

title: Executive Order 10000


text:
Page:Confederate Veteran volume 18.djvu/75

 Rh

[Response of J. M. Dickinson, Secretary of War, before the New York Southern Society, New York, on December 8, 1909, to the toast, "Invasion of the North by the South."]

It is an almost invariable custom at public gatherings of Southerners in the North to protest their loyalty to the United States. We should on all proper occasions as Americans express patriotic sentiments; but I believe that the time has come when there is not only no good ground for, but conclusive reason against, giving special emphasis as Southerners to such declarations. By implication they suggest a doubt where none should exist, and one of such importance as not to be ignored. They do not reflect a true appreciation of the spirit of the day. They are becoming tiresome, as all useless functions do. Having been an offender, I speak without reservation. We do not need them to convince ourselves that the South with practical unanimity will sustain our country in any time of storm and stress, civil or military, with that ardor that Southern people have always, regardless of hazard to property or person, manifested in support of their convictions. If there are any Southern men who feel otherwise, they are too inconsequential to exert any appreciable influence.

If there are any of the North who are not yet convinced of our loyalty by the declarations of the great representative men of the South and by the readiness with which her sons responded to the call to arms when we went to war with Spain, they do not want to believe and would not believe, even though one should come from the dead to affirm it. I rejoice in the thought that such people are a negligible quantity in what makes up the great heart throb and spiritual life of this nation. We may well let the matter rest with the statement of President Taft in a recent speech at Columbus, Miss., in which he said: "In order to understand the Southern people, especially with respect to issues of the war and what grew out of it, in order to understand their present position, one must know that your hearts and emotions are broad enough to entertain entire loyalty to the issues of the past, which you fought so nobly to sustain, and entire loyalty to our present government, for which you would be willing to lay down your lives if occasion required it."

Therefore I trust that I shall cause no disappointment if I do not make the eagle scream in ecstasy by the fervor of my patriotic utterances as a Southerner, and if I seem to

Secretary of War J. M. Dickinson; Maj. Gen. U. S. Grant; Maj. Wm. W. Harris, U.S. Engineer Corps; Col. G. W. Goethels. In Charge of Panama Canal work; Mr. Frank Ewing, of Nashville; S.A.C.

decline upon a lower plane in asking your attention to some thoughts suggested by the invasion of the North by the South. Do not take alarm and suppose that I am going to tight over the campaigns of Lee. I have in mind an invasion entirely peaceable and conquests that are civic. * * *

For a long period after the Civil War the avenues opening to enterprise were far less numerous and commanded narrower vistas than now. Superb courage and tireless energy worthy of great undertakings were largely going to waste without a fruitful field for exploitation. * * * I often heard it asked during that period: "Why do not the Southern people get a move on them and develop their great natural resources?" Their failure to show such enterprise and prompt results was imputed to sloth. It would seem as if the people who furnished the foot cavalry of Stonewall Jackson might at least have been spared that injustice. You might as well ask a man to lift himself over a fence by his own boot straps as to have expected the people of the South at once to inaugurate undertakings requiring capital. If a man has nothing but his land and no credit and must dig his living out of the land, it is folly to reproach him with being non-progressive. The South had nothing but its land and the few horses that General Grant magnanimously permitted the soldiers who owned them to keep. * * *

Hard upon the reestablishment of peace began the invasion of the North by Southerners. Those who voluntarily leave their homes and cast their lot among strangers, where adverse conditions may be expected, are of the pioneer type. These men had no endowments but ability, hope, courage, the discipline of the beneficent school of poverty, and the high ideals of manly bearing and personal honor that were their birth-right. * * * They had been schooled in misfortune, but were untrained in humility. This is well illustrated by the joint debate between two negro politicians, one a Republican and the other—as rare as a black swan—a Democrat. The Republican champion excoriated the Southern Democrats for their aggressions upon the Republican preserves of political domination, and denounced them as arrogant Rebels. The Democratic orator reproached him for his revengeful spirit and said that he might have learned a lesson in forgiveness from the story of the prodigal son who had left his father's house and wasted his substance in riotous living. His father upon his return did not reproach him, but killed in his honor the fatted calf. The other retorted: "Yes, fellow-citizens, but how did that prodigal act? He was ashamed and stood afar off and had to be persuaded; but these Southern fellows walk right in and say: 'Where is that veal?'"

However they went about it, the men of the South have been plenteously supplied in the North with veal and all other good things, and this would have been impossible but for the generous sympathy, help, and confidence extended to them by the people with whom they had cast their fortunes. Being from the South did not operate adversely to but rather in their favor. If any failed, it was not on that account. The tide once set in did not subside when the causes that first gave it impulse ceased to act. In all the larger progressive cities of the North Southern men are a forceful part of the business, professional, and social life, and this is specially true of New York and the bounding commercial centers of the Middle and extreme West. In medicine, surgery, law, art, science, scholarship, literature, the ministry, finance, and industrial enterprises they have achieved an honorable distinction. Their names are not obscure. The reputation of many is international. The achievements of Southern men in


text: Talk:Executive Order 6670

title: Talk:Executive Order 6670


text:
Executive Order 6670

Transfer of Functions of the Veterans' Administration Pertaining to Retirement of Government Civil Employees to the Civil Service Commission

 section 16 of the act of March 3, 1933 (ch. 212, 47 Stat. 1617), provides for reorganizations within the executive branch of the Government, requires the President to investigate and determine what reorganizations are necessary to effectuate the purposes of the act, and authorizes the President to make such reorganizations by Executive order; and

 after investigation I find and declare that the transfer to the United States Civil Service Commission of the functions of administration pertaining to the retirement of civil employees of the Government now vested in the Veterans' Administration would be in the public interest and would effectuate the purposes of said section 16;

, by virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me by the aforesaid section 16 of the act of March 3, 1933, it is ordered that the duties, powers, and functions now vested in the Veterans' Administration pertaining to the administration of civil-service retirement activities under the Civil Service Retirement Act of May 29, 1930 (ch. 349, 46 Stat. 468), as amended, Executive order No. 6398 of July 21, 1930, and the Canal Zone Retirement Act of March 2, 1931 (ch. 375, 46 Stat. 1471), as amended, be, and they are hereby, transferred to and vested in the United States Civil Service Commission.

All personnel, records, files, and property, including office furniture and equipment, of the Veterans' Administration employed or used in the discharge of the duties, powers, and functions transferred by this order are hereby trans- ferred to the Civil Service Commission.

The unexpended balances of appropriations and/or allotments of appropriations now or which may become available to the Veterans' Administration for the performance of the duties, powers, and functions transferred by this order shall be transferred to the Civil Service Commission to such extent as the Director of the Bureau of the Budget may deem necessary, and any remaining balance shall, in accordance with law, be impounded and returned to the Treasury.

This order will become effective in accordance with the provisions of section 1 of title III of the act of March 20, 1933 (ch. 3, 48 Stat. 16): Provided, That in case it shall appear to the President that the interests of economy require that the transfer be delayed beyond the date this order is to become effective, he may, in his discretion, fix a latter date therefor, and he may for like cause defer such date from time to time.

Franklin D. Roosevelt The White House, April 7, 1934. [Filed 4–??–34; 8:45 am]

title: Executive Order 6670


text:
Executive Order 1547

By virtue of the authority conferred upon me by Section 2 of the act entitled "An Act limiting the hours of daily service of laborers and mechanics employed upon work done for the United States, or for any Territory, or for the District of Columbia, and for other purposes," approved June 19, 1912, the provisions and stipulations in said act are hereby waived, until January first, nineteen hundred and fifteen, as to any contract or contracts entered into in connection with the construction of the Isthmian Canal.

., June 19, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1547


text: Talk:Executive Order 1547

title: Talk:Executive Order 1547


text: Template:Chambers's Pronunciation/doc

title: Template:Chambers's Pronunciation/doc


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 about the exhibition than I can. I saw him on Monday week; and he told me that he saw from all I had done that I had the power to become all he wanted of me, namely a thoroughly good copyist. He wants me to learn to copy in water-colours the great Venetian masters. He asked me if I could be quite happy to do this, and told me he could be quite happy to spend his life thus, if he were in circumstances to do it. He then said to me that he had thought of setting me this summer to copy things for Mod. Paint.; but that, as that would not teach me much, it would be better for him, if I could be happy not to do any work which was to be used by him at once; to get a greater power. "In the one case," he said, "at the end of six or eight months I should have several useful drawings, but you would be of little more use than now; whereas, in the other, you would have attained considerable power." …

I believe it will be a real comfort to Ruskin, to feel that I am going to copy the pictures that he feels to be so precious, and that are being so destroyed. You see no one is taught to be humble enough to give up setting down their own fancies, that they may set down facts; and they deify these fancies and notions and imaginations of their own hearts, till they really think it a mean thing to represent nature, or other men's works simply and faithfully: people hate copying because they do not copy simply, I believe. One tells me that when she copies, she is striving to appropriate the excellence of the picture; another that she is not wanting to copy the picture, but to sketch nature; she therefore will go so far off that she cannot see it clearly. … One lady assures me she should despise a person who paints exactly from nature, as she should a person who copies pictures: that Art has a higher L


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 which had fallen on her sister, a certain amount of decentralisation was effected, and greater power entrusted to the fellow workers.

The capacity and disposition possessed by each thus became more manifest; and, while some showed administrative power, but with little real sympathy, others, who had felt more of Octavia's personal influence, threw themselves, with hearty delight, into the life of the poor people. I have chosen letters from two of these sympathetic workers, as best illustrating Octavia's purpose. One was a lady whose name I do not venture to quote, because I have not been able to find out where she is now, or obtain her consent to the use of her name; but I am sure that she cannot be offended that her cheery, and rather unique influence should be remembered. The other is Miss Emily Harrison, to whom I have already alluded in an earlier chapter; whose little painting room near the playground was the scene of much friendly intercourse, and much more useful guidance than a more conventional teacher could give. At the same time Octavia's personal influence on the tenants was shown by such experiences as Mrs. Lewes relates. One tenant said to her, "We shall be all right now you've come. We do understand Miss Hill and Miss Cons." And again Mrs. Lewes writes, "At the D.'s I began with a locked door, a barking dog, and a notice to quit, and ended with a gentle interview, a promise to pay up largely, as soon as ever he is in work, and a withdrawn notice."

It will be seen that one victory, though of a temporary kind, marked this period. The public-house, which had been so bitter a bone of contention at an earlier stage of its existence, was turned into a coffee-house; and, under Miss Cons' energetic guidance, succeeded in holding its own for some time.

Still more cheering news came to Octavia during her absence. Her example had been producing effect in other towns; movements for housing reform had begun in Liverpool, Manchester, and Dublin; and a very efficient worker, who had come to Octavia for advice and training, was carrying on a satisfactory scheme in Leeds. A A 2


text:
Executive Order 1567

In order that information may be obtained concerning the extent, condition, accessibility, and historical nature and value of the archives of the Government, the heads of executive departments are instructed to obtain from each office under their jurisdiction, outside of the city of Washington, information on the following points.

First. The earliest date of the archives, and the subjects to which they relate up to the year 1873.

Second. For what years, if any, the archives are missing.

Third. The condition of the archives, where they are kept, what care they receive, and, if they have been destroyed, the cause of such destruction.

Fourth. Whether they are accessible for administrative and historical purposes; and the extent to which they are used and can be used for such purposes.

All reports, as they are received by the heads of Departments, are to be sent to the Librarian of Congress to be edited. He is to furnish the heads of departments such details of instructions for the preparation of the reports as may be necessary to carry out the purpose of this order.

., July 19, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1567


text: Talk:Executive Order 1567

title: Talk:Executive Order 1567


text:
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 and the rather dreary, commonplace life in the hydropathic establishment at Ben Rhydding, brought her in contact with Mr. Cockerell, who became one of her most helpful fellow-workers; while the need of assistance, caused by the turbulence of the children in the playground, made specially valuable the staunch fellow-work of Miss Harriet Harrison and her sister Emily.

Another friend, who came forward to help, when Octavia was obliged to go to Italy and Ben Rhydding on account of her health, was Mrs. Godwin, the sister-in-law of George MacDonald. The management of the houses had devolved on Emily, who found in Mrs. Godwin's firm and gentle influence the greatest assistance in those early difficult days in Freshwater Place. With regard to the housing problem, my wife gives the following account of the incident which first fixed Octavia's mind on the subject:

"When we went to Nottingham Place, Octavia arranged to have a weekly gathering in our kitchen, of the poor women whom we knew, to teach them to cut out and make clothes. One night, one of the women fainted; and we found out that she had been up all the previous night washing, while she rocked her baby's cradle with her foot. Next day, Octavia went to the woman's home, and found her living in a damp, unhealthy kitchen. Octavia was most anxious to help her to move into more healthy quarters, and spent a long time hunting for rooms; but could find none where the children would be taken. Then all she had heard as a child about the experiences of her grandfather, Dr. Southwood-Smith, in East London, and all she had known of the toy-workers' homes, rushed back on her mind; and she realised that even at her very doors there was the same great evil. With this in her mind, she went to take her drawings to Ruskin, not long after the death of his father. He was burdened by the responsibility of the fortune that he had just inherited, and told Octavia how puzzled he was as to the best use to make of it. She at once suggested the provision of better houses for the poor. He replied that he had not time to see to such things; but asked whether, if he supplied the capital for buying a tenement house, she could undertake the management. He should like to receive five per cent, on his


text:
Executive Order 1574

It is hereby ordered that hereafter all per diem employees and other day laborers in the Federal public service, wherever employed, whose employment extends through and beyond the first Monday in September, commonly known as Labor Day and set apart as a legal public holiday for certain branches of the public service by the Act of June 28, A. D. 1894, be excused from work on said day, and shall receive the same pay as on other days, and the said day is declared to be a holiday for all purposes for said per diem employees and laborers.

Provided, however, That this order shall not apply to any bureau or office of the Government, or to any of the clerks or other employees thereof, that may for special public reasons be excepted therefrom by the head of the Department having supervision or control of such bureau or office, or where the same would be inconsistent with the provisions of existing law.

., August 1, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1574


text: Talk:Executive Order 1574

title: Talk:Executive Order 1574


text:
Template:DoQ quote

.

title: Template:DoQ quote


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aphrodite

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aphrodite


text:
Page:Spanish Constitution of 1978 English translation.pdf/28

 has not been appointed, the father or the mother shall be guardian, as long as they remain widowed. In default thereof, the guardian shall be appointed by the Cortes Generales, but the offices of Regent and Guardian may not be held by the same person, except by the father, mother or direct ancestors of the King.

2. Exercise of the guardianship is also incompatible with the holding of any office or political representation.

Section 61

1. The King, on being proclaimed before the Cortes Generales, will swear to faithfully carry out his duties, to obey the Constitution and the laws and ensure that they are obeyed, and to respect the rights of citizens and the Self-governing Communities.

2. The Crown Prince, on coming of age, and the Regent or Regents, on assuming office, will swear the same oath as well as that of loyalty to the King.

Section 62

It is incumbent upon the King:

a) To sanction and promulgate the laws.

b) To summon and dissolve the Cortes Generales and to call for elections under the terms provided for in the Constitution.

c) To call for a referendum in the cases provided for in the Constitution.

d) To propose a candidate for President of the Government and, as the case may be, appoint him or her or remove him or her from office, as provided in the Constitution.

e) To appoint and dismiss members of the Government on the President of the Government's proposal.

f) To issue the decrees approved in the Council of Ministers, to confer civil and military 32


text:
Page:Spanish Constitution of 1978 English translation.pdf/29

 positions and award honours and distinctions in conformity with the law.

g) To be informed of the affairs of State and, for this purpose, to preside over the meetings of the Council of Ministers whenever he sees fit, at the President of the Government's request.

h) To exercise supreme command of the Armed Forces.

i) To exercise the right of clemency in accordance with the law, which may not authorize general pardons.

j) To exercise the High Patronage of the Royal Academies.

Section 63

1. The King accredits ambassadors and other diplomatic representatives. Foreign representatives in Spain are accredited before him.

2. It is incumbent upon the King to express the State's assent to international commitments through treaties, in conformity with the Constitution and the laws.

3. It is incumbent upon the King, following authorization by the Cortes Generales, to declare war and to make peace.

Section 64

1. The King's acts shall be countersigned by the President of the Government and, when appropriate, by the competent ministers. The nomination and appointment of the President of the Government and the dissolution provided for under section 99, shall be countersigned by the Speaker of the Congress.

2. The persons countersigning the King's acts shall be liable for them.

33


text:
Page:Spanish Constitution of 1978 English translation.pdf/30

 Section 65

1. The King receives an overall amount from the State Budget for the maintenance of his Family and Household and distributes it freely.

2. The King freely appoints and dismisses civil and military members of his Household.

Section 66

1. The Cortes Generales represent the Spanish people and shall consist of the Congress and the Senate.

2. The Cortes Generales exercise the legislative power of the State and adopt its Budget, control the action of the Government and have the other competences assigned by the Constitution.

3. The Cortes Generales are inviolable.

Section 67

1. No one may be a member of both Houses simultaneously, or be a representative in the Assembly of a Self-governing Community and a Member of Congress at the same time.

2. Members of the Cortes Generales shall not be bound by any compulsory mandate.

3. Meetings of members of Parliament which are held without having been called in 34


text:
Page:Spanish Constitution of 1978 English translation.pdf/31

 the statutory manner, shall not be binding on the Houses, and members may not exercise their functions nor enjoy their privileges.

Section 68

1. The Congress shall consist of a minimum of three hundred and a maximum of four hundred Members, elected by universal, free, equal, direct and secret suffrage, under the terms to be laid down by the law.

2. The electoral constituency is the province. The cities of Ceuta and Melilla shall be represented by one Member each. The total number of Members shall be distributed in accordance with the law, each constituency being allotted a minimum initial representation and the remainder being distributed in proportion to the population.

3. The election in each constituency shall be conducted on the basis of proportional representation.

4. The Congress is elected for four years. The term of office of Members thereof ends four years after their election or on the day on which the Congress is dissolved.

5. All Spaniards entitled to the full exercise of their political rights shall be electors and may be elected.

The law shall recognise and the State shall facilitate the exercise of the right of vote by Spaniards who are outside Spanish territory.

6. Elections shall take place between thirty and sixty days after the end of the previous term of office. The Congress so elected must be convened within twenty-five days following the holding of elections.

Section 69

1. The Senate is the House of territorial representation. 35


text:
Page:Spanish Constitution of 1978 English translation.pdf/32

 2. In each province, four Senators shall be elected by the voters thereof by universal, free, equal, direct and secret suffrage, under the terms to be laid down by an organic act.

3. In the insular provinces, each island or group of islands with a Cabildo or insular Council shall be a constituency for the purpose of electing Senators; there shall be three Senators for each of the major islands—Gran Canaria, Mallorca and Tenerife—and one for each of the following islands or groups of islands: Ibiza-Formentera, Menorca, Fuerteventura, Gomera, Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma.

4. The cities of Ceuta and Melilla shall elect two Senators each.

5. The Self-governing Communities shall, in addition, appoint one Senator and a further Senator for every million inhabitants in their respective territories. The appointment shall be incumbent upon the Legislative Assembly or, in default thereof, upon the Self-governing Community's highest corporate body as provided for by its Statute which shall, in any case, guarantee adequate proportional representation.

6. The Senate is elected for four years. The Senators' term of office shall end four years after their election or on the day on which the House is dissolved.

Section 70

1. The Electoral Act shall establish grounds for ineligibility and incompatibility for Members of Congress and Senators, which shall in any case include those who are:

a) Members of the Constitutional Court.

b) High officers of the State Administration as laid down by law, with the exception of the members of the Government.

c) The Defender of the People. 36


text:
Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/24

22 sorry that the school time was over. There are a great number of pretty things in my recess the uses of which I do not yet know."

In this part of the diary there are many pages of rather vague description, such as that just quoted. But from it we gather that the teacher has the art of interesting children and enlisting their affections, and that the system of instruction is eminently suitable for children, for their faculties are always pleasantly on the alert and their minds and bodies are constantly occupied. Whatever the teacher does each child has to do, and furthermore it has to understand why. One child is never pushed forward at the expense of the others, and if one child in the class is a little dull both teacher and sharper pupils pay especial attention and keep it in pace with the rest.

No child was ever asked to remember anything or to repeat anything, and yet each child knew in a little while how to make each sign it had to copy, and what it meant, and the knowledge remained and grew and never became a burden.

In two years all but about six weeks from the time of joining Hildreth's class he reports himself as three years old, and as having finished his infant school course. He does not on this occasion express any wonder at the apparent confusion of dates. He is, however, engaged in astronomical studies, and comes to the truth in due time.

He reports progress thus:— "It does not fall to the lot of many men to have been twice educated as a child, and to be able to remember both methods and compare results. As a child I appear to know more now at three years of age, or reckoning by our time about five years and nine months, than I knew at ten years of age, the time I left school in my first childhood. I can read and write with perfect ease, and yet I never had to learn an alphabet or the spelling of any word. I can do many kinds of calculating mentally, and yet never committed to memory any table. It is the same with weights, measures and periods of time, a knowledge of them seems to have grown into my mind. I have not forgotten anything I have learned, and what I have learned is so intertwined with what I have done that one invariably suggests the other.

In calculating we had each an abacus with one hundred beads upon it, and could add, subtract, multiply, and divide small sums, and then we were shown the relationship between these calculations and those on our little boards.

It amused us very much to add up several sums on the abacus by placing the beads and then to do the same work in figures. We had no rules to learn; we simply extended the work done on the abacus by slow degrees. And as all things in my dreamland are calculated by tens and tenths, the ten tens on the abacus can evidently be made to help in all kinds of calculations.

It was just as easy to learn to read and write, for we had only to learn a new sign when we wanted to represent a new sound, and vice versa, each

title: Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/24


text:
User talk:Furrykef

Welcome

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Again, welcome! JackPotte (talk) 10:42, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Furrykef


text:
Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/25

Rh sign having its sound and each sound its sign, none being interchangable or liable to modification by preceding or succeeding ones. It seemed as if in everything the knowledge was allowed to grow in us and compelled to become part of us. We had to work out all that we learned. When we had learned how to measure a square we had to measure it on the boards or in the school field. As a child in dreamlife this appears natural. It is only when I compare my dream education with the one I should get if I were again an infant in waking life that I perceive the immense advantage of my dream life mode of receiving instruction."

Evidently our diarist has got into some Utopia. Reformers have tried to alter our written language and to make education easier for children, but in no part of the world have these results been so fully accomplished as in this land. The children are not quite angels even here, for in Hildreth's class punishment has to be inflicted. He writes:—"One day, when I had learned to make several kinds of buildings out of my box of various-shaped blocks, I took a fancy to erect a larger building, and for this purpose I took several of my neighbour's blocks when his attention was turned away. Hildreth was not long in seeing my trick and coming to the rescue. I knew I had done wrong, and felt very guilty, but cannot recollect being afraid. So far I had never wittingly done wrong, and had never seen anyone suffer punishment. I began to put back the blocks I had borrowed. When I took them I had no intention of keeping them, so that my crime was borrowing without leave, not actual theft.

Hildreth did not ask me if I had taken any blocks; she simply told me to put those I had taken into a certain separate heap. This done, she called the whole class and pointed out what I had done. I felt very much ashamed, and began to cry, so did Frank, my victim, and several others.

The class-mother—for that was what we called her—then asked us to tell her the kind of fault I was guilty of. My peers were not accustomed to crimes, and could come to no definite conclusion. Hildreth helped them to come to the conclusion that I had been guilty of selfishness, and that I had acted in a greedy manner by taking the blocks without asking for them. She did not call my action a crime; that in itself would have been too great a punishment. I was already more an object of pity than of anger.

My fault had to be punished, and the class had to devise my punishment. Not one suggested the infliction of any kind of physical pain. Indeed, I had never heard of pain at this time as inflicted by one person upon another. One said 'take his blocks from him.' Another, a sharp-eyed little girl, the least in the class, said 'No; let us give him plenty of blocks; he can have all mine.' 'And mine,' 'and mine,' run round the class. Hildreth consented, and in another minute I had more than twenty boxes of blocks. The class work went on another hour, and I felt very miserable. My sudden accession of wealth was a most painful experience. I did not want to play

title: Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/25


text:
Author:Connop Thirlwall

Works

 * (1833) "On the Irony of Sophocles", The Philological Museum, 2: 483–537.

Translations

 * The Betrothal (1822) Die Verlobung by Ludwig Tieck
 * The Pictures (1822) Die Gemälde by Ludwig Tieck
 * "On a Passage of the Philoctetes of Sophocles from the German of Welcker", in The Philological Museum, 2: 468–472 (1833), by Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker
 * "On the Worth of Socrates as a Philosopher", in The Philological Museum, 2: 538–555 (1833), by Friedrich Schleiermacher

title: Author:Connop Thirlwall


text:
Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/26

24 with blocks, my architectural ambitious were entirely scattered. For the first time my recess would not hold my possessions. I was the richest boy in the class, and each day I had to carry out the blocks and build, those who had no blocks looking on. I never opened any of the added boxes, and only built up a few forms listlessly out of my own, and was glad to carry them all back again.

At the end of four days I was allowed to return to each of my class mates his own box, and to put mine in its proper place. I learned then once for all never to covet useless wealth, and to rest content with my own share. The punishment was in the line of my fault, and made me heartily ashamed of selfishness and greed.

I told my mother all about the proceedings of each day. She did not make much comment. Evidently she knew I was in good hands. When it was all over she took me into her oval chamber and explained my fault. What she told me seemed quite correct then and there, but, hardly harmonises with my waking experience.

'The blocks and the other articles you use in the class are not yours; they are only there for your use as long as you need them. In a little while you will go to another class and find other toys, tools and books, and will leave these you now have to your successor. It is so with everything; nobody has any private property in anything except personal belongings, such as clothes. If your father was wanted at some other place, and was willing to go—he would not have to go otherwise—we should leave this home, and all in it, and have another equally good to go to. But nothing here is absolutely ours; we could take nothing with us except what I tell you.'

'Could we take father's new picture?' said I, looking at a new artistic production that scorned to be a living and conscious presentation of father.

'Yes, that is our own.'

'And your new travelling robe, is that yours?'

'As long as I want it; yes, it is mine. But if I had no further need for it, and it was still good and nice, I would take it to the depot, so that another woman if she required it could wear it. We do this so that unused articles may not rot and go to waste.'

'Our flying fish?'

'That, too, is ours while we use it. It cost a great amount of labor to produce it, and is on that account very valuable. If your father were not a highly skilled workman he would not have so valuable an article for his sole use; in that case we should travel by the public air-fishes. There, now, ask no more questions. I will tell you more by-and-by; you are only a little boy yet. You will remember not to be selfish any more. Give me a kiss and go help Emma with her pretty picture puzzles.'"

Our diarist has evidently got into a land where a number of ideas have

title: Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/26


text: Studies of a Biographer/The Importation of German


text:
User talk:219.89.56.47

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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title: User talk:219.89.56.47


text:
Template:DoQ quote/doc

Usage
This template is used for quotations in the Dictionary of Quotations (Classical).

Positional parameters can also be used in the order used (1/2/3/4) above.

title: Template:DoQ quote/doc


text: Index:Russell, Whitehead - Principia Mathematica, vol. I, 1910.djvu


text:
Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/27

Rh got worked into practical shape. Real estate is only held by those who use it. There is no property except in personal belongings and even these must not be heaped up and kept to rot. Several things tend to arouse his curiosity, but he is bound to wait. If he could make himself equally conscious in both spheres he might ask for information, but hitherto he can remember nothing of his old life in his new one, although he can remember all that happens in the new life while in the waking one. Indeed, the dreamland memories haunt his waking hours, and make him absent-minded and odd in manner.

One evening he writes:—"I have been all day bothering my head about the flying fishes I mentioned the other day. They are always going about in the air. I can never look up without seeing some. They are so common that no one appears to notice them. It is not long since we got one of our own. Sister Emma and I were in the garden, where we grow a great number of highly-colored flowers, when we heard a familiar voice overhead. We looked up, and there was father on a flying fish descending in a spiral curve almost upon us. The fish came lightly to the ground with all its fins folded, and father got out. He and mother carried it into a long, narrow house, built on purpose for it.

Next day we all went flying. Inside the fish was almost like a boat. Father sat at one end, mother at the other, Emma and I were in between. We were told to keep still, and then father pulled out some little knobs and the fish began to rise spirally, as if climbing on an immense screw, until it got a certain height, and then its fins came out to the full length and made great sweeping strokes, and we went forward fast, very fast. I could not breathe when looking in the direction we were going. We could see through the floor, and looking down everything seemed to be in rapid motion running away behind us. There were other fishes, too, that kept crossing above and below us in all directions.

When we had been flying some time we dropped in the same spiral way, and spent the afternoon with some friends. When we came back it was night, and our fish had its eyes made into a pair of great lamps. I have no idea of how we got home or when. Emma and I were wrapped in a soft, warm rug, and must have gone to sleep. What is this fish? It has feathery-looking fans about the tail, and these more up and down and from right to left as we steer, and we have two pairs of wing-like fins at the sides. There is no smoke and no noise. If in my dreamlife—I still call it 'dreamlife,' though it is as real as any life can be—I have no consciousness of my waking life or I would ask some questions. It is possible that if I had such consciousness it might interfere with my happiness and growth as a child. The idea of a child of five being conscious of living elsewhere as a man of fifty.

At the same time there may be some sort of filtering of one life into the other for one day. I asked mother if father earned much money.

title: Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/27


text:
Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/28

26 'Money, child! what do you mean?'

'Money that people work for, and that they pay for things with,' I answered.

'Well, my boy, that is about the strangest question you have ever asked. Where have you seen any money? Who has spoken to you of money?'

'I don't know, mother; somehow the question came.'

That afternoon I heard mother and father talking about the question, and father said that money transactions had ceased more than ten thousand years before, and that I could not have either heard or read of money. Mother sat awhile thinking, and then remarked, 'Perhaps he is an earth-born, and that was an idea from the inferior world.'"

About a week later our diarist writes:—"I have to go to school again, Not to Hildreth's—I have finished with her class, to my sorrow—but to Harry Gaston's, which is held in the same block of buildings. I know Gaston, and like him, and as several of my previous classmates go with me to Gaston's, I may be as happy there as I was with Hildreth. What a strange record! Have I to dream myself through another school course? Shall I learn where my lot is cast? Shall I become equally conscious in both lives?"

OR several days now I have been a pupil of Gaston's. He is a bright-eyed, cheerful man, and is always in a smiling and happy mood. He leads us all to ask questions, and makes our lessons a treat. As before, each pupil has a recess, in which is found all that is required both for the school and the playfields. The box of blocks is gone and in its place there are a lot of pieces of wood of various forms. The abacus is replaced by one, the beads of which have double wires that hold them so that figures and cyphers stamped upon them are always in sight. It has another peculiarity. A wire runs perpendicularly across the centre, keeping the beads half to the right and halt to the left. An elder boy, one who has been in Gaston's class for some time, caught me pondering over the new abacus. He explained it to me, saying that the perpendicular wire was the decimal point, and that the beads to the left went up by powers of ten, and those to the right went down by tenths, hundredths, etc. That small white square let into the bead is meant to hold a figure. However you will soon find all that out."

It will not be wise to burden these pages with all the incidents and accidents that happen to a sharp boy in a primary school, even under the tuition of a teacher like Gaston, aided as he is by models and illustrations and samples of natural productions and manufactured goods. The class is

title: Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/28


text: Melbourne and Mars/Chapter 5

title: Melbourne and Mars/Chapter 5


text:
6 Maccabees

 * "6 Maccabees" in the Wikisource edition (in progress since 2006)

title: 6 Maccabees


text:
7 Maccabees

 * "7 Maccabees" in the Wikisource edition (in progress since 2006)

title: 7 Maccabees


text:
8 Maccabees

 * "8 Maccabees" in the Wikisource edition (in progress since 2006)

title: 8 Maccabees


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monro, Alexander (d.1715?)


text: Translation:Psalms of Solomon

title: Translation:Psalms of Solomon


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monro, Alexander (1697-1767)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monro, Alexander (1733-1817)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monro, Alexander (1773-1859)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monro, David


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monro, Donald (fl.1550)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monro, Donald (1727-1802)


text: Translation:Odes (Bible)

title: Translation:Odes (Bible)


text:
Translation:Jubilees

Chapter 1
1 In these days the words of the division of the Torah and the ethnic history of the years and all of the days of heaven on earth was nothing at Mount Sinai. 2 It was in the year the children of Israel got out of Egypt, in the third month on the sixteenth day it spoke to Moses, saying, 3 "Eli came here and will give you two stone tablets containing the law and the commandments which I wrote teach them."

title: Translation:Jubilees


text:
Jubilees

 * Jubilees in the Wikisource version of the Bible.

title: Jubilees


text:
Page:Best Russian Short Stories.djvu/483

Rh above emerald-green lawns, against the background of a sea of the colour of forget-me-nots, only in the next instant to strike the ground as crumpled little shapes of white. The beginning of March he wanted to devote to Florence; on the eve of the Passion of Our Lord to arrive at Rome, in order to hear the Miserere there; his plans also included Venice, and Paris, and bullfights in Seville, and sea-bathing in the British Isles, and Athens, and Constantinople, and Palestine, and Egypt, and even Japan—naturally, on the return journey. . . And everything went splendidly at first.

It was the end of November; almost to Gibraltar itself the ship proceeded now through an icy mist, now through a storm with wet snow; but it sailed on unperturbed and even without rolling; the passengers on the steamer were many, and all of them persons of consequence; the ship the famous Atlantis—resembled the most expensive of European hotels, with all conveniences; an all-night bar, Turkish baths, a newspaper of its own, and life upon it flowed in accordance with a splendid system of regulations; the passengers rose early, to the sound of bugles, sharply reverberating through the passages at the yet dark hour when day was so slowly and reluctantly dawning above the gray-green watery desert, ponderously restless in the mist. They put on their flannel pyjamas, drank coffee, chocolate, cocoa; then they reclined in marble bath-tubs, performed exercises, awakening an appetite and a sense of well-being, attended to their daily toilet and went to breakfast. Until eleven they were supposed to promenade the decks lustily, breathing in the cool freshness of the ocean, or to play at


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monro, Robert (d.1746)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monro, Thomas (1764-1815)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monro, Thomas (1759-1833)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monsell, John Samuel Bewley


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monsey, Messenger


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monson, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monson, John (1600-1683)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monson, John (1693-1748)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monson, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monson, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monson, William (1569-1643)


text:
Page:Confederate Veteran volume 18.djvu/585

 Rh trial this heroic young patriot displayed undaunted heroism, devoted zeal, and steadfast loyalty. He was captured in the early summer of 1864 at Lynchburg, Ohio, and taken to Camp Chase, where he was held until the close of the war.

Comrade Mahood was married in 1868 to Margaret J. Colman, of Deepwater. He was successful in his business life, having been engaged in mercantile business for nearly fifty years, until his death, and had been located in many places: Oak Hill, Deepwater. Berkeley, Victor, and Ansted, W. Va., towns near New River, where his energetic and industrious life was crowned with success. He is survived by his wife, daughter, and granddaughter.

[The meed for the restoration of the union of our States is due no less to the tender charity of American womanhood than the fine nobility of American manhood. There never was a battle for which women did not suffer most, and a peace never followed that women did not most rejoice. The first to nurse the wounded and to soothe the dying soldier, they were the first to deck his grave with flowers. They were the first to organize for the relief of the destitute left stranded by the ebb of the bloody tide, the first to take a step and to make a mark to perpetuate the memory of the patriot. These prefatory remarks are most fitting in the tribute here made.]

Flora Adams Darling was born of New England parents, of one of the nation's most famous families, being a lineal descendant of John Quincy Adams. The wife of a Southern soldier, she was true to him in life and revered his memory dead. In her warm heart the South and North were wedded anew, and the best of her bright and beautiful life was almost passionately devoted to the restoration of mutual good feeling between Northern and Southern soldiers and the stirring of common pride in the bravery of the men of both sides.

Flora Adams, the daughter of Harvey and Nancy Dustin Adams, was born in Lancaster, N. H., July 25, 1840; and died January 6, 1910, in New York City. She was married March 12, 1860, to Edward Irving Darling, only son of G. Irving and Marie Dumas La Fitte Darling, of Louisiana. Soon after her marriage Fort Sumter was fired on. Young Darling at once returned to the South, leaving his young bride behind. Not long thereafter he met Hon. Judah P. Benjamin, a member of President Davis's Cabinet, and through his influence obtained an appointment in the Confederate army. In one of the early engagements in the South Colonel Darling was wounded. Owing to the influence of the Adams family, it was arranged that Mrs. Darling be sent under a flag of truce through the Confederate lines. General Burnside was then in command of the Union forces on the south side of the Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg, and General Lee on the north side of the river, or at Fredericksburg. Just before the great battle at Fredericksburg Mrs. Darling was received by General Lee and sent South to her husband. She nursed him through his illness, and subsequently devoted much time to nursing Confederate soldiers, her early prejudices against the South having become dissipated as soon as she knew the Southern people. Subsequent to this Colonel Darling was transferred to the blockade service, and on one occasion, when attempting to run the blockade of the Mississippi River with a vessel loaded with cotton bound for Bermuda, the vessel was fired on by the shore batteries of the Federal forces and was sunk, the gallant Darling going down with the vessel. When apprised of the fact of her husband's death, Mrs. Darling applied for the protection of a flag of truce that she might return to her parents in the North, which was arranged between Gen. Dabney Herndon Maury, commander of the Confederate forces at Mobile, Ala., and General Butler, commander of the Federal forces in New Orleans. Soon the flag of truce vessel arrived at Hitchcock's Landing, about six miles above New Orleans. Two hours thereafter a Federal sergeant boarded the vessel, demanded claimant's key to her trunk, and informed her that he had orders to seize her and her trunk, and showed an order from Gen. James A. Bourne, provost marshal, to that effect. Claimant was put in prison, where she remained eight days, when she managed to escape. Securing the assistance of the English consul and other influential friends, she was granted a parole, and in a few days thereafter she was sent on board the Baltic, an old government transport loaded with four hundred and six sick soldiers, and sent to New York. Her steamer trunk with its valuables was never recovered.

Soon after reaching her New England home Mrs. Darling hastened to Washington and laid before President Lincoln the fact of the unjust confiscation of her property. He had her case investigated and promised that amends and restitution should be made. The President's death prevented the carrying out of this just purpose. Her case was so seriously retarded that it took thirty-five years by eminent counsel through the courts and Congress before it was won and she was reimbursed. The case to many had become hopeless, but through the undaunted perseverance of her last attorney. Judge William B. Matthews, of Washington (a Virginian), who remained her devoted friend to the last of her lovely life, it was finally won. The hardships and incidental expense were great, and it came too late for the recipient to get much benefit from it.

Mrs. Darling loved the people of the South. Endowed with a brilliant intellect and blessed with a heart overflowing with affection, she never missed an opportunity, and many a one


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monson, William (d.1672?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monson, William (1760-1807)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mont, Christopher


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montacute, John de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montacute, Nicholas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montacute, Simon de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montacute, Thomas de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montacute, William de (d.1319)


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326 of fresh errors was introdured. Six or seven values, correctly ascertained in 1859, were now rejected and erroneous ones substituted. At least three of the values proposed for the sijjns omitted by Oppert were very far indeed from the mark. The ideo<rram for ' horse ' was rejected in favour of the syllable az^ which may have suggested to Weisbach the substitution of ' donkey ' in place of the noblei* quadruped preferred b}' Oppert.

The two writers who ha^e brought the knowledge of the Median syllabary to its present standard are Oppert and Weisbacli : the former in a special treatise written in 1879 (' Le Peuple des Mcdes ') long remained the leading' authority on the subiect, and his conclu- sions have in the main derived confirmation from the more recent investigations of Weisbach on the language of the second column, which appeared in 1890. With very few exceptions, to be noticed latei*, both scholars are in substantial airreement as to the values of the signs; and it is this agieement that forms for the present the standard of riglit and wrong, by which the eflbrts of their predecessors linve been judged. Both writers were *zuided to a lar^e extent by the values of the corresponding 13abylonian characters.^ Oppert, as was said, tliought he could trace a resemblance between ninety-six of the Median signs and their Babylonian equivalents. In each case, the sound as well as the form of the cliaracter was appropriated. Weisbach is nuich less struck by the general application of this law. lie fully admits the stronof }<imilaritv of many of the si^ns, but some have, he says, so far diverired from their oriiiinal tv])es as to be hardly recoirnisal)le. Otiiers, he thinks, were borrowed from New Assyrian, and a few from oldei* forms. Indeed lie is, on the whole, indisposed to derive the syllabary direct from

^ Mennnt, Los Ecrituipiiy p. 137.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montacute, William de (1301-1344)


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Rh the New Babylonian. He thinks it is more properly to be traced through the writing of Malamir to the Old Susian, and the development from the Old Babylonian of the latter was a parallel and independent process similar to that which produced the New Babylonian. But as the Old Susian character has not yet been sufficiently investigated, he restricts his comparison to the New Babylonian, and he points out some of the principles that were followed in the evolution of the new script. For example, the vertical wedge that crosses the horizontal in the Babylonian is generally placed before them in Median, and the same rule applies to the horizontal crossing the vertical. There is an evident effort to simplify both the writing and the language. The signs preserve the same signification in both, but when it happens in Babylonian that the same sign has many different values (sometimes no less than nine) it has never more than two in Median. So also the number of homophones, or different signs with the same values, are strictly limited. Indeed, he considers that the Median was an early effort to approach an alphabetical system.

We have seen that several of the errors made by Oppert in his list of 1850 were corrected from various sources before 1874. He was still left with three wrong values, five only nearly correct and four omitted altogether. Of the first class he now gives one a value that accords with that of Weisbach—11$b$ 'ko' for 'kam,' the 'gau' of Norris and Weisbach. Of the


text:
Executive Order 1624

Schedule A, Subdivision VII, paragraph 4, of the civil-service rules is hereby amended to rend as follows:

All employees on star routes and in post offices of the third and fourth classes, other than postmasters of the fourth class, except those in Alaska, Guam, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Samoa.

., October 15, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1624


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328 second class he corrects four and he supplies correct values to three of those previously omitted.

He now presents us with a list of a hundred and twelve distinct signs, and no less than fifteen ideographs; but when their syllabic values are also known the majority are included in the hundred and twelve signs. Four, however, appear among the ideographs for the first time, and raise the total number of signs to a hundred and sixteen. Six of these are, however, repeated twice over to express different syllabic values, thus reducing the number of distinct signs to a hundred and ten. He accepts a hundred and five of the hundred and six signs that were already known, rejecting only (me (No. 21). He completes his number by the addition of five other signs, of which Weisbach has accepted three. With these two exceptions, the whole of Oppert's signs are to be found in Weisbach: that is, a hundred and eight out of the hundred and ten. Weisbach, however, includes in his list the No. 21 of Hincks, omitted by Oppert.

The two writers are also substantially agreed as to the values of the signs. Of the hundred and six given in Menant's list, we find they differ only as to seven.


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Rh Of these, two are omitted by Oppert^ and one by Weisbach.^ In four cases only have they arrived at absolutely contradictory values.*^

The discovery announced in 1859 of a determinative siL»n to indicate that the one preceding it should be read ideographically led to the identification of a luimber of signs to which ideographic values may be attaclied, and their number is raised from the seven known in 1859 to sixteen. The ones now added by ppert are ' town,' ' mountain/ ' race,' ' arch ' (a win- dow), ' sea,' * house,' ' head,' ' ship,' ' camel ' ; and Weisbach has since contributed a fifth determinative which, he says, is placed before articles of wood.^

The difficulty of the transliteration is greatly enlianced by the lact that the same sign represents both y/i and it\ and the three gradations of sound — the surd, aspirate and sonant — are not distinguished by separate signs. It is therefore impossible to say in many cases whether to transcribe ?;i or w, k or //, p or />, /' or d ; and Oppert has enumerated no less than six different modi- fications of sounds — c {trh), y {(Jj\ 5, fe, (/c, and z — that are all represented by a single sign.^ Weisbach points out that //, is only clearly distinguished from k when it occurs before /. The Median z represents the P(^rsian e, f\ j\ and the Babylonian s (and o ?) ; the r and n are some- times found to be interchangeable. When the sound cannot be checked by its occurrence in a proper name, Oppert generally adopts the hard sound ; but he allows

Oppert includes among his signs, but cannot find its value. In Norris it is * kwe.' In the list given in Sayce's article it is * khub.' Weisbach gives ^kupC-'VNo. 2J>.
 * Namely, No. 21, which Weisbach values as *zis' No. 2o. No. 20

^ Weisbach fails to find a value for 71*, to which Opprrt gives * nu ' (No. 41).

^ No. .So ppert * git,' Weisbach * am ' ; 3J)' Oppeit * mun,' Weisbach
 * tnm ' ; 71 ** Oppert * kin ' ; Weisbach * en ' ; 76 Oppert o, Weisbach //.

 * W^eisbach, op. cit. p. 33. ' Oppert, op. cit. p. 30.


text: Talk:Executive Order 1624

title: Talk:Executive Order 1624


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330 himself a certain latitude in the application of this rule, and he sliows a decisive preference of w to iti, Weisbach follows the uniform practice of transcribing the gutturals, dentals and labials by the tenues; he always uses z for the Persian <*, ^and c, and for the Babylonian z and s; and, contrary to Oppert, he prefers

ill to //'.

Oppert recognises the five vowels a, e^ i, o and u; and, following De Saulcy, he admits y^, ya and ah in his list, among vowels. Weisbach excludes the o, for he considers there was no difference of sound between it and a; the?/ he includes among the semi-vowels, with both /• and /. ^lltliough Oppert found that all the five vowels follow the consonant to form the single syllable, he considered that only a^ i and n> precede it. Both writers agree to limit the consonantal sounds to about eleven. Oppert was the first to treat the grammar with elaborate care, and when he claimed that his work was • une creation entierement nouvelle,' the statement was probal)ly more strictly accurate than he imairined.

The nouns do not admit of anv distinction of gender, and have only the singular and plural number. Oppert distinguishes no fewer than twelve different cases, indic^ated by sufiixes, a })rfiision limited by Weisl)acli to eight, viz. nominative, genitive, accusa- tive, dative, aljlative, allati^'e. locative and comitative.

Oppert, however, did good service in unravelling the mysteries of the verb, though his passion for svstematisinii' and M'estoration ' has (*arried him too far; and his verb, declhied tlu'ough all its moods and t(^nses, |)res(Mils a very diflerent appearance from the skeleton whic^h, accordhig to Weisbach, is all that can be strictlv collected from the texts themselves. For example, we are presented with the six persons of a


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Rh complete past tense, where Weisbacli can only find anthority for three; and we get a complete imperfect, altliougli only one termination is really known, viz. that of the first person singular. With no less con- fidence we find two verbs — a reciprocative (' je me sus '), and an ' intensive ' (' savoir bien ') — of which Weisbacli can see no trace; and the same remark may be applied to his desiderative ('je veux savoir ') and his factitive (' je fais savoir').^

Both writers agree as to the personal pronouns; but in the possessive Weisbacli can only find the third person singular and the first person plural, while Oppert supplies us with the series complete.-

Weisbacli calls attention to the dialectical differences in the Xaksh-i-Eustam inscriptions, and to the evidence of decay visible in the language of Artaxerxes at Susa.

For the reasons already mentioned there is con- siderable diversity observable in the transliterations made by the two writers, but so far as we have observed they are in substantial agreement with regard to the meaning of the text, as may be seen by a comparison of their rendering of the unilingual inscrip- tion.^ Occasionally, however, Weisbacli finds himself unable to follow the more ima<>inative fli<>'hts of his predecessor. He will have nothing to do with the ' restoration ' of the concluding paragraph of the Suez inscription of Darius.-* lie is equally unable to accept the interesting completion of the detached inscription at Behistun, marked L by Xorris. Norris reads: ' I made another tablet hi the Arian language, such as did not exist before, and I made a large .... and a large . . . . and .... and. . . .' This not very promising

' Oppert, pp. 77, 81-4. Weisbach, pp. 51,53.

- Oppert, p. 02. Weisbacb, p. 50. ' Oppert, p. 196. Weisbach, p. 77.

•* Oppert, p. '2lo. Weisbach, p. 79.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montacute, William de (1328-1397)


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332 attempt is perfected by Oppert as follows: *I have made also elsewhere a book in Arian lan«^uai?e, that formerly did not exist, and I have made the text of the Divine Law (A vest a) and a commentary of the Divine Law and the prayer and the translation.' He observes truly that ' the passa^re is of first-rate im- portance,' and he adds encourajjingly : * The explan- ation which I give is sure/ It is therefore some- what disconcerting to find that the latest writer cannot get much beyond the crudity of Xorris. Weisbach reads : ' Machte icli Lischriften in anderer Weise (?) (nllmlich) auf Arisch, was vormals nicht war, und das i>Tosse .... und das ixrosse .... und das .... und das .... machte ich.' Alas for the Divine Law and the commentary and the prayers! ^

We have already said that in 1850 Oppert had aban- doned the hypothesis that the language of the second column was introduced by the Scythic hordes who were expelled by (Vaxares. He i-ecognised that it was coTinected with the ancient Akkadian, and could not, therefore, be a new importation, but an original native dialect. He considered that the Median name itself is Turanian and related to ' Mada,' the Akkadian for 'land.' He thought it is ch^ar irom Herodotus that the six tribes who composed the Median nation were not all of the same origin. The dominant caste were, he still held, of the same Indo-European race as the PiM'sians, but a large i)art of the population were Turanians, and the lanunaiie of the second column was that of the as^ricultural and nomadic tribes of Media, es})ecially those of tht^ north. He accordingly

' N orris in J. 1{. A. S. xv. 145: ])port, lirrorrh of the Past, vii. 109. Cf. Lt's Mrdt'Sj p. lo.") ; AVeisbuob, p. 77. See also the surprising expansion into * the future life/ Col. IV. par. 7 {Lf-s Medes^ p. 149), which, however, lie softens in the English version to *>lav I die as a Mazdean ' (liecords, lo<!. cit. p. 10(>). Cf. Weisbach, p. 7»3. par. 46, line 1H>.


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Rh gave it the name of Medo-Scythic to distinguish it from the Aryan Median of the classical writers.

This very tenable hypothesis he, however, abandoned in its turn, and advanced one much more hazardous. He relies upon a fable of Herodotus to show that the Aryans occupied the country from a much earlier period than has been commonly supposed, and did not, therefore, make their first appearance with Dejoces. Both Aryans and Turanians, he now thinks, were long settled together in the same country, and it is im- possible to say which of the two were the first comers, though he inclines to give precedence to the Aryans. The various tribes were upon an equality, sometimes the Turanian and sometimes the Arvan ^ainin<y the ascendency. He considers the former were known as the Medes, a word essentially Turanian in its origin, while the others retained their proper designation of Aryans. He holds that the Median dynasty of Dejoces was Turanian. He carefully analyses the names of their kings, and he has succeeded in affording a fresh illustration of the ])eculiar power of philology to prove any thesis whatever, when employed by a skilful mani- pulator. Not many yeai's before, he laid it down as self-evident that these same names were pure Aryan. ^ Now it becomes no less api)arent that they are pure Turanian. The dynasty of Dejoces marks the ascen- dency of the Turanian Medes, and the language of the second column is that which was spoken by them. He accordingly drops his previous qualification of Scythic, and gives it simply the name of Median. The rise of the Persian power enabled the Aryan Medes to recover the position they had temporarily lost, and hence all

Aryan — ceux de Dejoces et d'Kcbataiie sont du perse le plus pur.' — 185l\
 * * Nous ne connaissons pa.s un seul nom propre de Mede qui ne soit


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334 the names that occur from the time of Darius clearly beloiiix to that race. Mada became a oeographical name which embraced the whole population of the couiitry now under an Aryan aristocracy, and Hero- dotus was therefore fully justified in speaking of the Med(^s and Persians as one in s])eech and descent. The theory of the Turanian origin of the Median dvnastv has been almost universally abandoned.^ The attack upon it was led by the Jesuit scholar Delattre,- and the whole controversy has been a])ly summarised by

ft' V «.

Weisbach. Uecent writers have tliought it so necessary to insist upon the Aryan race of the Median kings that they decline to give to the Turanian language of the second column the name of Median. Tt has accordingly come into fashion to indicate in an uiunistakeable manner the source from which it has sprung. Delattre called it " Anzanisch ' from the name of the territory ruled by the Malamir kiniis. llalevy adopted a suirues- tion made l)y Mr. Savce, and calls it ' Amardian.' "^ Hnnimel s|)eaks of it as ' Susian-^Fediau ' and ' Susian,' * a term which Weisbach has qualified by calling it New Susiaii. The more i)rol)able oi)inin seems to be that it Ava^ the lanuiiaiie of k^usa at the time of the Persian cnquest, and possil)ly also of some of the subjugated tribes in Media. The name of Susian is thei-efore more ap])rpriate than one that might confuse the people who spoke it with th(^ Aryan conquerors of their country. Still it is very far from satisfa(*tory. The great importance of the inscriptions recently dis- covered in the Old Susian hniLiiiaLit^ will tend more and

^ Saycf scorns to be the only not»nvort]iy ♦•\cej)tion. See Earhf li^vmly p. 'IVl. "

- I J Pen pie ru\elles, Iss:;.

• 7'm??.s>. .V. n. A, iii. 4t)S.

' llomin»'l (Dr. Fritz), Gesc/tichte ftfthi/buiicnn und Afsyriens {Y^QvYwiy IBS.")), p. 10].


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montagu, Basil


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Rh more to reserve to them the designation of Susiaii; and considerable confusion will arise from its extension also to the lan<rnaixe of the second column. The latter may in the system of writing and in the language the (con- nection is remote.
 * )Ossi])ly be a descendant of the true Susian, but both

The relationship of the Median is now placed almost l)eyond the s])here of controversy, ^l, Gol)ineau, who wrote in 1850, maintained indeed that it was connected with Pehlevi, half Semitic and half Aryan: and ^f. Mold still earnestly hoped that we might 'get rid of the Scythic hypothesis and all the complications it in- volves.'^ But this desire was not desthu»d to be realised, and its aHinitv to the Altaic branch of the Turanian family is now admitted. Some doubt is felt as to whether it has left anv successor, and which of the modern languages a])proaches the nearest. Oppert inclhies to Turkish: - Weisbach is more guarded, and considers that it exhibits marked difTerences from all th(* living lepresentatives of its Turanian relatives.*^

There is little doulK that it and kindred lans»uai>'es were extensively s])ken in early times throughout Susiana and the lower valley of the Eui)hrates down to the Persian (jidf. Its connection with the Old Susian lu\s never been doubted. Lenormant, Oppeit, Sayce and Honnnel have testified to its more distant relation- ship with the Akkadian, the primitive language of Bal)ylonia. Weisbach is naturally more scej)tical, for in 18!) he had scarcely emancipated himself from

' (fohinrau, Lecfiirrs dex Te.rteM cuuri/onne'i. Ifc afterwurds wrotn Traitcs des EcriturtA cfnitiformeSj 2 vols. Ih64. ^folil, up.cit. IJeport IS.')!), ii. 257.

- Major ( 'ond.T also, .7. U. A. S. (1892), xxi\ . 7:54. He tliinks Akkadian is also nearest to Turkish, thoiipfh Akkadian words siirN ive unchanged tn th<* pn'S^nt day in Finnic-Hungarian and Ugric {ih.).

' Op. cit. p. 40.


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336 the heresy of Ifab^vv, wlio dr)iil)te(l the exi>teiice of Akkadian as an inclej^endent laiiLniaL'"eJ Sayce and his disr-iple Hommel added the speecli of the Kos.saeans to the same ^/rriup.- They were hideed disposed to create anew faniilv of LaiiLiuat/es whioh they called Alarodian,^ and included within it the Elaniite. eniljracinir New ajid Old Susian, Kassite. ^ Hittite "^ and Vannic.^ They considered that the nearest modern representative of this lanjnia;/e is the TTeoririan and liasque, an opinion which, it will be remembered, had somewhat fascinated both Wester^^aard and liawlinson. The propriety of this elassificatif)!! was, however, doubted by Lenormant, and it has never Ijeen satisfactorilv esta])lished."

' W»^isbucli, ftp. fit. pp. 13, 45. He has since given in his adhe-^lon to the ortliodov ^ i«'W. See Xtfr Ijimt/wf fhr Sumerischen Fraye (Leipzig, 1897 )^ pp. 16, .*i6.

'^ 7'ranjf. *S'. /A A. iii. 460.

"^ Knwlinson was the first to show that the Alarodians of Herodotus (iii. 94, \ ii. T-i) were probably the L'radhians or people of Ararat of the Assyrian texts. See Sayc«; on Van, •/. Ii. A. S. 18Hi^, vol. xiv.

' The knowledge of Kas>ite is limited to about fifty words found in a lexicon list (Hommel, p. 47, note 3). Delitszch denies their relationship to Susian.

•' Ofllittiteit could still be said in ls93, * So far we know nothing whatever about the Hittite language' {J. It. A. S. 1893, p. 404). Cf. Condi-r's not«*s in tlu- same volume, p. 823.

' Mr. Sayce succeeded in deciphering the Vannic in 1893 and 18i>4 (./. n. A. 6'. 1H!>4, p. 699).

' Conder on Lycian, J. 11. A. S. 1891, p. 614.


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Rh CHAPTER VI

DECIPHERMEXT OP THE THIRD OR BABYLONIAN COLUMN — IIINCKS AND RAWLINSON — A.D. 1846-1861

The task of deciphering the Third or Babylonian CoUinin led to far more important results, and cannot be so briefly summarised. The earliest inscriptions found in Babylonia were observed to consist of two well-marked styles of writing the cuneiform character. One of these styles was to be seen on the Michaux Stone, published in the Collection of Millin. The other occurs on the numerous bricks that were picked up upon the ancient site of Babylon, and on a immber of cylinders. But the most remarkable example of this style was found hi the long inscription obtained by Sir Harford Jones and published by the East India Company. The first style is by far the simplest, and it is known as the Cursive or New Babylonian; the other is so elaborate that Grotefend called it the ' Zierschrift '; * but it is generally described as the Lapidary or Old Babylonian. All the early scholars were struck by the close similarity of the writing in the third column at Persepolis to the first or simplest form of Babylonian. Munter went a step farther, and pointed out that the similarity extended to the Old Babylonian of the brick inscriptions. In the collection of inscriptions made by Mr. Rich, he thought he

^ Beitriige, 1840, p. 00.

Z


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montagu, Charles (1661-1715)


text:
Executive Order 1625

Mr. Charles A. Bronson may be reinstated as assistant postmaster at Albion, N. Y., without reference to the time limit upon eligibility under the reinstatement rule.

. ,
 * October 17, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1625


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338 discerned three well-marked varieties of writing ; but he was able to announce that Grotefend, after a careful comparison, considered that they were all closely related to one another and to the third Persepolitan. It was soon recomiised that there are in fact only two varieties of Babylonian, and what Mr. Rich supposed to be a third is due only to the vagaries of the scribe, or, as Rawlinson explained, it 'arises from the distortion of oblique elongation.' It was long, however, before the identification of the two systems was satisfactorily established. In the fifth volume of the ' Fundgruben des Orients' Grotefend demonstrated the essential identity of the third Persepolitan and the simple Habvlonian, and in the following volume he illustrated the similarity of the two systems of Babylonian. In 1840 he succeeded in identifying a few lapidary characters with their equivalents in New Babylonian. In his contribution to the subject he endeavoured to render the names of Hystaspes and Darius into the two Babvlonian forms. In Hystaspes he seems to have succeeded in only one character — the lapidary sign for 'as' — but his spelling out of Darius was correct, both in the cursive and lapidary forms. He was able also to recognise that certain inscriptions on vases written in the cursive style reproduced in part the same text as those on the bricks written in the lapidary style. With a little farther study he would have been able, from the material collected in this Table, to draw up a short list of equivalent signs in the two systems. As it was, he left this demonstration to be accomplished by Dr. Hincks in a much more successful manner than it was


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Rh in his power to attempt. He had observed indeed that certain words in the East India House inscription <*orresponded to those found on the l^ricks, and he has collected them tojjether in Hue 19 of his Table, and ])laced them word for word below the brick inscription for purposes of comparison.^ But both are in the same lapidary character, and their juxtaposition served only to show that the same words, and possibly portions of the same sentence, were to be found in each. Grote- fend, as we shall soon see, had not the smallest idea of their meaninir. It was the <?ood fortune of Dr. Hincks to ol)serve that ])rtions of the text of the East India House inscription are reproduced in a frajziuentary inscription written in cursive characters and published by Ker Porter.- This, as he says, was 'a most im- portant discovery, as the ec^uivalence of certain cursive and lapidary characters which bore scarcely any re- semblance to one another was thus demonstrated, as well as the equivalence to each other of different lapidary characters which are constantly transcril)ed by one and the same cursive character.' By this means he succeeded in drawinjr up a Table of seventy-six cursive characters, selected from the third Perse- politan column, and placing** opposite each its equi- valent lapidary si</n taken from the East India House inscription.^

Hitherto the cuneiform inscriptions known to Europe had been practically limited to the Persepolitan and Babylonian styles of writing. A few examples of different varieties were, however, beirhuiinir to crowd upon the ])ewildered student. Almost the first examples of the

' Jicitnif/fy p. Hli. See Table, p. 72.

^ Ker Porter, PI. 78, vol. ii. Kasr India House Inscription, Col. III. lines 1.") 60. A]). Menant, EcrittnPif^ ]). 144. ' Nov. 1846 ; Ttan». li. I. Acad. xxi. 243 "..

z 2


text: Talk:Executive Order 1625

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montagu, Edward (1755-1799)


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Executive Order 1627

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. ,
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title: Executive Order 1627


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Executive Order 1635

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 * October 28, 1912.

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Executive Order 1630

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 * October 28, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1630


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montagu, George (1737-1788)


text:
Author:Flora Adams Darling

Works

 * The Senator's Daughter (1892)
 * From Two Points of View (1892)
 * A Social Diplomat (1891)
 * Was it a Just Verdict? (1890)
 * The Bourbon Lily (1890)
 * A winning, wayward woman: Chapters in the heart-history of Amélie Warden (1889)
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 * The Senator's Daughter
 * Senator Athens, C. S. A.

title: Author:Flora Adams Darling


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Executive Order 1631

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. ,
 * October 28, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1631


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Executive Order 1636

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. ,
 * October 29, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1636


text: Talk:Executive Order 1636

title: Talk:Executive Order 1636


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montagu, George (1750-1829)


text:
Executive Order 1638

Mrs. Robert L. Bowman may be appointed to the position of matron in the Indian Service without examination under the civil-service rules.

. ,
 * November 1, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1638


text: Talk:Executive Order 1638

title: Talk:Executive Order 1638


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montagu, William (1619?-1706)


text:
Executive Order 1651

Mr. George W. Baptist, who has been employed as a laborer in the custom-house at New York since September 1, 1899, may be transferred to a classified position of the subclerical grade.

. ,
 * November 27, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1651


text: Talk:Executive Order 1651

title: Talk:Executive Order 1651


text:
Executive Order 1650

Mr. William R. Carpenter, of Illinois, may be appointed to a clerical position in the competitive classified service of the Post Office Department.

. ,
 * November 27, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1650


text: Talk:Executive Order 1650

title: Talk:Executive Order 1650