text:
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Eskimo

Eskimo, a littoral race occupying the entire Arctic coast and outlying islands of America from below Cook Inlet in Alaska to the mouth of the St. Lawrence, a distance of more than five thousand miles, including the coasts of Labrador, Baffin Land, and Ellesmere Land, with the west and southeast coasts of Greenland, the northern shores of Hudson Bay, and the Aleutian Islands, while one body, the Yuit, has even crossed Bering Strait, and is now permanently established on the extreme point of Siberia. Traditional and historical evidence go to show that the Eskimo formerly extended considerably farther south along Hudson Bay and the St. Lawrence, and perhaps even into New England. With the exception of the Aleut, who differ very considerably from the rest, the various small bands scattered throughout the vast stretch of territory are practically homogeneous, both linguistically and ethnologically, indicating long ages of slow development under similar and highly specialized conditions. In physique they are of medium stature, but strong and hardy, with yellow-brown skin and features, suggesting the Mongolian rather than the Indian, although there is no reason to suppose them of other than American origin. The only apparent admixture with the Indian occurs on their extreme southern frontier in Alaska. Owing to their constant exposure in the chilling waters, they are not long-lived. In character they are generally peaceable, cheerful, and honest, but with the common savage disregard of morality. The Aleut of the Alaskan peninsula and the Aleutian Islands speak a distinct language in two dialects, while all the others, including the Yuit of Siberia, speak practically but one language, in several dialects. The name by which they are commonly known is derived from an Algonkian term signifying "eaters of raw flesh". They call themselves Inuit, in various dialectic forms, meaning simply "people".

Living in a land of perpetual snow and ice, the Eskimo depend entirely upon hunting and fishing for a living, while the seafaring habit has made them perhaps the most expert and daring boatmen in the world. In summer they hunt the caribou and musk-ox on land; in winter they hunt the seal and polar bear in the water or on the ice floes. In travelling by sledge, and to some extent in hunting and sealing, they rely much upon an intelligent breed of dogs trained to harness. Their houses are grouped into little settlements never more than a day's journey from the ocean. Those for temporary summer use are generally simple tents of deer or seal-skin. Their winter homes are either subterranean excavations roofed over with sod and earth laid upon a framework of timber or whale ribs, or are dome-shaped structures built of blocks cut from the hardened snow, with passage-ways and smaller rooms of the same material, with sheets of clear ice for windows. The roof of the snowhouse is sometimes lined on the inside with skins to prevent dripping from the melting snow. Besides the bed platforms extending around the sides of the rooms, with the spears, harpoons, and other hunting equipment, the most important items of furniture are the stone lamps, fed with whale oil, for heating, lighting, and cooking purposes. The characteristic woman's tool is the ulu or skin-dressing knife.

Their clothing is of skins with the hair outside, or of the intestinal membranes of the larger sea animals, there being little difference between the costumes of men and women. Tattooing is common among the women, labrets are used in some tribes, but trinkets are seldom worn and the face is not painted. Their food consists of meat and fish, commonly boiled in a stone kettle, with an abundance of blubber and oil, together with berries gathered in the short summer season. From lack of running water, crowded quarters, and greasy environment, they are as a rule extremely filthy in person and habit. They are very ingenious and expert in the dressing of skins, the shaping of their fishing and hunting implements, and the construction of their skin canoes; they also display great artistic instinct and ability in the carving of designs in walrus ivory. The peculiar Eskimo kaiak or skin boat, made of dressed seal hides stretched around a framework of whale ribs or wood, with an opening in the top only large enough to accommodate the sitting body of one man, is one of the most perfect contrivances in the world for water travel, being light, swift, and practically unsinkable. It is propelled by means of a double paddle. The sledge is commonly a frame-work of drift-wood, but is sometimes made from the rib bones of whales, or even of a cigar-shaped mass of dried salmon wrapped in skins and frozen solid. The social organization is very simple, each little village community being usually distinct and independent from the others, with little of tribal cohesion or chiefly authority, the head man being rather an adviser than a ruler. Established custom, however, has all the force of law. The bond of affection between parent and children is very strong, children being seldom corrected or punished, and old people being held in respect. Monogamy is the rule, but polygamy and polyandry are sometimes found. Violations of law, including murder, are punished by the injured individual or his nearest relations.

Their religion, like that of most primitive peoples, is a simple animism, interpreted by the angakoks or medicine-men and enforced by numerous taboos. All the powers of nature, animate and inanimate, on sea and land, are invoked or propitiated as the occasion arises. A special deity in the central region is an old woman of the sea, who presides over storms and sea-animals, the latter having been created from her own fingers. Some tribes believe in two souls, one of which remains near the dead body until it can enter that of a little child, while the other goes to one of several soul lands, either above or below the earth. There are numerous hunting and eating taboos and ceremonial precautions. Singing, music, story-telling, hand-games, mask-dances, and athletic competitions make up a large part of the home life. A peculiar institution among the central and eastern tribes is that of the so-called "nith song" (Norse nith, contention), or duel of satire, in which two rivals exhaust upon each other their capacity for ridicule until one or the other is declared victor by the company.

The history of the Eskimo goes back beyond the Columbian period as far at least as their first contact with the Scandinavians about the year 1000, almost simultaneously in Greenland and on the coast of Labrador or New England. They do not seem to have approached the neighborhood of the Scandinavian settlements in South Greenland until about the end of the thirteenth century. In 1379 they made their first attack upon the Greenland colony, and a war began, of which all details are lost, but which ended in the complete destruction of the colony towards the close of the next century, so that even the way to Greenland was entirely forgotten, and on the second discovery of the island in 1585, by Davis, it was found occupied only by Eskimo, who remained in sole possession until the second colonization from Denmark in 1721, under the leadership of the missionary Hans Egede. Since then most of the Greenland Eskimo have been gradually civilized and Christianized under Lutheran and Moravian auspices.

In 1752 a Moravian missionary party made a landing on the Eskimo coast of Labrador, but was at once attacked by the natives, who killed six of them. In 1771, however, they attempted a mission settlement at Nain, this time with success, Nain now being the chief station on the Labrador coast, with five other subordinate stations, counting altogether some 1200 Christian Eskimo. Regular mission work in Alaska was begun among the Aleut by the Russian Orthodox church in 1794, resulting in a few years in the complete Christianization of the Aleut, who had already, however, been terribly reduced by the wanton cruelty of the fur traders. Russian mission work is still carried on successfully both on the islands and along the west coast of Alaska. Protestant workers entered the field about 1880, beginning with the Presbyterians, followed successively by the Moravians, Episcopalians, the Swedish Evangelical Union, Congregationalists, Lutherans, and Friends, numbering now altogether about fifteen stations along the Eskimo coast of Alaska, besides others among the neighboring Indians. Of special note in connection with this work is the successful introduction of Siberian reindeer by Rev. Sheldon Jackson, Presbyterian, under government patronage, to supplement the diminishing food supply of the natives. In 1865 the noted Oblate missionary explorer Father Emil Petitot, descending the Mackenzie, visited the Eskimo at the mouth of the Anderson River on the Arctic coast of the British North-West, preached to them, and afterwards to those at the mouths of Mackenzie and Peel Rivers, and crossed over in 1870 into Alaska. Among the ethnologic results of his work in this region are a grammar and vocabulary of the Tchighit Eskimo (Paris, 1876). In 1886 the Jesuits entered Alaska, establishing their first mission among the Indians at Nulato on the Yukon, and proceeding later to the Eskimo, among whom they have now a number of flourishing stations, the principal being those of Holy Cross (Koserefsky), St. Mary's (Akularak), and one at Nome. They are assisted by the Sisters of St. Anne and the Lamennais Brothers, and count some 1300 converts among the Eskimo, exclusive of Indians. The Eskimo grammar and dictionary of Father Francis Barnum, S.J. (1901) ranks as standard. No permanent mission work has ever been attempted by any denomination along the Arctic and Hudson Bay coast from Alaska to Labrador (see Alaska). The total number of Eskimo is estimated at about 29,000, viz. Greenland 11,000; Labrador 1400; Central Region 1100; Alaska Eskimo proper 13,000; Aleut 1000; Yuit of Siberia 1200.

JAMES MOONEY

title: Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Eskimo


text:
Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part II.djvu/7

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive military assistance to the French effort in Indochina would have been counter-productive, since it would have led to a further deterioration in the French military position there. In other words, there was a basic incompatibility in the two strands of U.S. policy: (1) Washington wanted France to fight the anti-communist war and win, preferably with U.S. guidance and advice; and (2) Washington expected the French, when battlefield victory was assured, to magnanimously withdraw from Indochina. For France, which was probably fighting more a colonial than an anti-communist war, and which had to consider the effects of withdrawal on colonial holdings in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, magnanimous withdrawal was not too likely.

France, having no such policy incompatibilities, could and did pursue a consistent course with the stronger bargaining hand. Thus, the French were able to resist pressures from Washington and through the MAAG in Saigon to create a truly Vietnamese army, to grant the Vietnamese more local autonomy and to wage the war more effectively. MAAG was relegated to a supply function and its occasional admonitions to the French were interpreted by them as interference in their internal affairs. Even though by 1954, the U.S. was financing 78% of the costs of the war, the French retained full control of the dispensation of military assistance and of the intelligence and planning aspects of the military struggle. The expectation of French victory over the Viet Minh encouraged the U.S. to "go along" with Paris until the conclusion of the war. Moreover, the U.S. was reluctant to antagonize the French because of the high priority given in Washington's planning to French participation in the European Defense Community. France, therefore, had considerable leverage and, unless the U.S. supported Paris on its own terms, the French could, and indeed did, threaten not to join the EDC and to stop fighting in Indochina. (Tab 2)

American thinking and policy-making was dominated by the tendency to view communism in monolithic terms. The Viet Minh was, therefore, seen as part of the Southeast Asia manifestation of the world-wide communist expansionary movement. French resistance to Ho Chi Minh, in turn, was thought to be a crucial link in the containment of communism. This strategic perception of the communist threat was supported by the espousal of the domino principle: the loss of a single nation in Southeast Asia to communism would inexorably lead to the other nations of the area falling under communist control. The domino principle, which probably had its origin at the time of the Nationalist withdrawal from mainland China, was at the root of U.S. policy. Although elements of a domino-like theory could be found in NSC papers before the start of the Korean War, the Chinese intervention in Korea was thought to be an ominous confirmation of its validity. The possibility of a large-scale Chinese intervention in Indochina, similar to that in Korea, was feared, especially after the armistice in Korea. Rh

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part II.djvu/7


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Education in Music

EDUCATION IN MUSIC. See .


text:
Page:Dick Hamilton's Cadet Days.djvu/291

Advert The Famous Rover Boys Series By ARTHUR M. WINFIELD No stories for boys' Reading ever published have attained the immense popularity of this new and extremely favorite series. They are full of fun, fancy, enterprise, and adventure, and each volume is hailed with delight by boys and girls everywhere. i2mo. Cloth= Handsomely printed and illustrated. Price, 60 Cents per Volutne. Postpaid* THE ROVER BOYS ON THE FARM Or, The Last Days at Putnam Hall The latest and best of all the Rover Boy Books. THE ROVER BOYS IN SOUTHERN WATERS Or, The Deserted Steam Yacht A trip to the coast of Florida. THE ROVER BOYS ON THE PLAINS Or, The Mystery of Red Rock Ranch Relates adventures on the mighty Mississippi River. THE ROVER BOYS ON THE RIVER Or, The Search for the Missing Houseboat The Ohio River is the theme of this spirited story. THE ROVER BOYS IN CAMP Or, The Rivals of Pine Island At the annual school encampment. THE ROVER BOYS ON LAND AND SEA Or, The Crusoes of Seven Islands Full of strange and surprising adventures. THE ROVER BOYS IN THE MOUNTAINS Or, A Hunt for Fame and Fortune The boys in the Adirondacks at a Winter camp. THE ROVER BOYS ON THE GREAT LAKES Or, The Secret of the Island Cave A story of a remarkable Summer outing ; full of fun. THE ROVER BOYS OUT VEST Or, The Search for a Lost Mine A graphic description of the mines of the great Rockies. THE ROVER BOYS IN THE JUNGLE Or, Stirring Adventures in Africa The boys journey to the Dark Continent in search of their hXhet, THE ROVER BOYS ON THE OCEAN Or, A Chase for a Fortune From school to the Atlantic Ocean. THE ROVER BOYS AT SCHOOL Or, the Cadets of Putnam Hall The doings of Dick, Tom, and Sam Rover. Always Ask for the Grosset & Dunlap t:ditions GROSSET & DUNLAP, ' NEW YORK


text:
Page:Dick Hamilton's Cadet Days.djvu/292

Advert The Putnam Hall Series Companion Stories to the Famous Rover Boys Series By ARTHUR M. WINFIELD Open-air pastimes have always been popular with boys, a»»<![. should always be encouraged, as they provide healthy recrea tion both for the body and the mind. These books mingle adven* ture and fact, and will appeal to every healthy and manly boy. i2mo. Handsomely printed and illustrated. Bound in cloth, vith stampings in Colors. Price, 60 Cents per Volume. Postpaid* • HE PUTNAM HALL CHAMPIONS Or, Bound to Win Out £n this new tale the Putnam Hall Cadets show what they can  in various keen rivalries on the athletic field and elsewhere, Thwrs> is one victory which leads to a most unlooked-for discovery. The vorume is full of fun and good fellowship, calculated to make the Puttiim Hall Series more popular than ever. THE PUTNAM HALL CADETS Or, Good Times in School and Out The cadets are lively, flesh-and-blood fellows, bound to make friends from the start. There are some keen rivalries, in school and out, and something is told of a remarkable midnight feast and a hazing that nad an unlooked-for ending. THE PUTNAM HALL RIVALS Or, Fun and Sport Afloat and Ashore It is a lively, rattling, breezy story of school life in this country, written »y one who knows all about its ways, its snowball fights, fts baseball matches, its pleasures and its perplexities, its glorious excitements, its rivalries, and its chilling disappointments. It is a capitally Wiitten story which will interest boys vastly. t^tKer Voltitnes i» Preparation* GROSSET k DUNLAP, NEW YORK:


text:
Page:Dick Hamilton's Cadet Days.djvu/293

Advert The Rise in Life Series Bs^ Moratio Alg^er* Jp. These are Copyrighted Stories which cannot be obtained else* where. They are the stories last written by this famous author. i2mo. Handsomely printed and illustrated. Bound in cloth, Stamped in colored inks. Price, GO Cents iser Volussie* Posti>aid« THE YOUNG BOOK AGENT Or, Frank Hardy's Road to Success A plain but uncommonly interesting tale of everyday life, describing the ups and downs of a boy book-agent., FROM FARM TO FORTUNE: Or, Nat Nason's Strange Experience Nat was a poor country lad. Wors. on the farm was hard, and after a quarrel with his uncle, with whom he resided, he struck out for himself OUT FOR BUSINESS : Or, Robert Frost's Strange Career Relates the adventures of a country boy who is compelled to leave home ftud seek liis fortune in the g^eat world at large. How he wins success FALLING IN WITH FORTUNE Or, The Experiences of a Young Secretary ' This is a companion tale to " Out for Business," but complete in itself, ^md tells of the furtlier doings of Robert Frost as private secretary. YOUNG CAPTAIN JACK : Or, The Son of a Soldier The scene is laid in the South during the Civil War, and the hero is a Waif who was cast up by the sea and adopted by a rich Southern planter. NELSON THE NEWSBOY: Or, Afloat in New York Mr. Alger is always at his best in the portrayal of life in New York City, and this story is among the best he has given our young readers, LOST AT SEA : Or, Robert Roscoe's Strange Cruise A sea story of uncommon interest. The hero falls in with a strang6 derelict— a ship given over to the wild animals of a menagerie. JERRY, THE BACKWOODS BOY Or, The Parkhurst Treasure Depicts life on a farm of New York State, The mystery of the treason frill fascinate every boy. Jerry is a character well worth knowiiig, RANDY OF THE RIVER Or, The Adventures of a Young Deckhand Life on a river steamboat is not so romantic as some young people may imagine. There is hard woik, and plenty of it, and the remuneration is not of the best. But Randy Thompson wanted work and took what was offered. His success in the end was well deserved, and perhaps the lesson his doings teach will not be lost upon those who pemse these pages. GKOSSET & DUNLAP, - NEW YORK
 * re must leave to the reader to discover.


text:
Page:Dick Hamilton's Cadet Days.djvu/294

Advert The Flag of Freedom Series By CAPTAIN RALPH BONEHILL. A favorite Line of American Stories for American Boys. Every volume complete in itself, and handsomely illustrated. i2mo. Bound in cloth Stamped in Colors. Price, 60 Cents per Volume. Postpaid. WITH CUSTER IN THE BLACK HILLS Or, A Young Scout among the Indians. Tells of the remarkable experiences of a youth who, with his parents, j goes to the Black Hills in search of gold. Custer's last battle is well ' described. A volume every lad fond of Indian stories should possess. BOYS OF THE FORT Or, A Young Captain's Pluck. This story of stirrmg doings at one of our well-known forts in the Wild West is of more than ordinary interest. The young capt^iin had a difficult task to accomplisli, but he had been drilled to do his duty, and does it thoroughly. Gives a good insight into army life of to-day. THE YOUNG BANDMASTER Or, Concert, Stage, and Battlefield. The hero is a youth with a passion for music, who becomes a cometist in an orchestra, and works his way up to the leadership of a brass band. He is carried off to sea and falls in with a secret service cutter bound for Cuba, and while there joins a military band which accompanies our soldiers in the never-to-be-forgotten attack on Santiago. OFF FOR HAWAII Or, The Mystery of a Great Volcano. Here we have fact and romance cleverly in*^erwoven. Several boys start on a tour of the Hawaiian Islands. They have heard that there is a treasure located in the vicinity of Kilauea, the largest active volcano in the world, and go in search of it. Their numerous adventures will be followed with much interest. A SAILOR BOY WITH DEWEY Or, Afloat in the Philippines. The story of Dewey's victory in Manila Bay will never grow old, but here we have it told in a new form— as it appeared to a real, live American youth who was in the navy at the time. Many adventures in Manila and in the interior follow, give true-to-life scenes from this portion of the globe- WHEN SANTIAGO FELL Or, the War Adventures of Two Chums. Two boys, an American and his Cuban chum, leave New York to join their parents in the interior of Cuba. The war between Spain and the Cubans is on, and the boys are detained at Santiago, but escape by crossing the bay at night. Many adventures between the lines follow, and a good pen-picture of General Garcia is given. GROSSET & DUNLAP, ' NEW YORK


text:
Page:Dick Hamilton's Cadet Days.djvu/295

Advert The Frontier Series Stories of Early American Exploration and Adventure for Boys. By CAPTAIN RALPH BONEHILL The Historical Background Is Absolutely Correct. mo. Well printed and well illustrated. Hand- somely bound in cloth, stamped in Colors. Price, GO Cents per Voltaxne. Postfitaid* PIONEER BOYS OF THE GOLD FIELDS Or, The Nugget Hunters of '49 A tale complete in itself, giving the particulars of the great rush of the gold seekers to California in 1849. In the party making its way across the continent are three boys, one from the country, another from the city, and a third just home from a long voyage on a whaling ship. They become chums, and share in no end of adventures. PIONEER BOYS OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST Or, With Lewis and Clark Across the Rockies A splendid story describing in detail the great expedition formed under the leadership of Lewis and Clark, and telling what was done by the pioneer boys who were first to pene- trate the wilderness of the northwest and push over the Rocky Mountains. The book possesses a permanent his- torical value and the story should be known by every bright American boy. WITH BOONE ON THE FRONTIER Or, The Pioneer Boys of Old Kentucky Relates the true-to-life adventures of two boys who, in company with their folks, move westward with Daniel Boone. Contains many thrilling scenes among the Indians and encounters with wild animals. It is excellently told. GROSSET & DUNLAP, ~ NEW YORK


text:
Page:Dick Hamilton's Cadet Days.djvu/296

Advert The Great Newspaper Series By HOWARD R. GARIS The incidents in these clever stories are taken from life. Beside being a popular writer of books for boys' reading, the author is a practised journalist, and these stories will convey an absolutely true picture of the workings of a great metropolitan newspaper in its entirety. Cheery, sensible, healthy stories, all finely illustrated. FROM OFFICE BOY TO REPORTER Or, The First Step in Journalism LARRY DEXTER, REPORTER Or, Strange Adventures in a Great City LARRY DEXTER'S GREAT SEARCH Or, The Hunt for a Missing Millionaire i2mo. Handsomely printed and illustrated. Bound in cloth with decorative cover. Price, 60 Cents per Volume. The Dick Hamilton Series By HOWARD R. GARIS A new series that is bound to become immensely popu- lar. The author has vivid powers of description and uses them to excellent effect. Will hold the attention of the reader from start to finish. DICK HAMILTON'S FORTUNE Or, The Stirring Doings of a Millionaire's Son Dick was left a fortune by his mother, but before he could obtain possession of the wealth, he had to fulfil several conditions. If he failed he had to go live with a miserly uncle whom he despised. A volume that is full of snap and " ginger." i2mo. Cloth, with decorative cover. Well illustrated. Price, 60 Cents. GROSSET & DUNLAP, - '- ^ NEW YORK


text:
Page:Dick Hamilton's Cadet Days.djvu/297

Advert THE DEEP SEA SERIES By ROY ROCKWOOD No manly boy ever grows tired of sea stories — there is an irresistible fascination about them, and they are a re- creation to the mind. Capital books, full of startling in- cident, clever dialogue, admirable descriptions of sky and water in all their aspects, and plenty of fun. Beautiful books, well printed, and illustrated. i2mo. Bound in cloth, stamped in colors. Price, 60 Cents per Volume. ADRIFT ON THE PACIFIC Or, The Secret of the Island Cave THE CRUISE OF THE TREASURE SHIP Or, The Castaways of Floating Island THE RIVAL OCEAN DIVERS Or, The Search for a Sunken Treasure THE RAILROAD SERIES By ALLEN CHAPMAN Railroad stories are dear to the heart of the American boy, and these are certain to become deservedly popular. Clean and clever from cover to cover. Ralph is determined to be a " railroad man." He starts in at the foot of the ladder; makes both friends and enemies; but is full of manly pluck and " wins out." There is abundance of stirring incident in these tales, the characters are all natural, and the tone is altogether breezy and wholesome. Well printed and illustrated and bound in cloth, stamped in colors Price, 60 Cents per Volume. RALPH OF THE ROUNDHOUSE Or, Bound to Become a Railroad Man RALPH IN THE SWITCH TOWER Or, Clearing the Track RALPH ON THE ENGINE Or, The Young Fireman of the Limited Mail GROSSET & DUNLAP. - - - NEW YORK


text:
Page:Dick Hamilton's Cadet Days.djvu/298

Advert The Enterprise Books Captivating Stories for Boys by Justly Popular Writers The episodes are graphic, exciting, realistic — the tendency of the tales is to the formation of an honorable and manly (Character. They are unusually interesting, and convey les- sons of pluck, perseverance and manly independence. i2mo. Handsomely illustrated. Printed on excellent pa- per, and attractively bound in colored cioth,staniped in Colors. Price* 60 Cei&ts per Volun&e. Postpaid* MOFFAT, WILLIAT^I D. THE CRIMSON BANNER. A Story of College Baseball Books have been written about college baseball, but it remained for Mr. Moffat, a Princeton man, to come forward with a tale that grips one from start to finish. The students are almost flesh and blood, and the contests become real as we read about them. The best all-around college and baseball tale yet presented. GRAYDON, WILLIAM MURRAY CANOE BOYS AND CAMP FIRES. Or, Adventures in Winding Waters Where is there a youth who does not love a gun, a fishing rod, a canoe, or a roaring camp-fire ? In this book we have the doings of several bright and lively boys, who go on a canoeing trip on a winding stream, and meet with many exciting happenings. The breath of the forest blows through this tale, and every boy who reads it will be sorry that he was not a member of the canoe club that took that never-to-be-forgotten outing. HARKNESS, PETER T. ANDY, THE ACROBAT. Or, With the Greatest Show on Earth Andy is as a bright as a silver dollar. In the book we can smell the sawdust, hear the flapping of the big white canvas and the roaring of the lions, and listen to the merry "hoop la!" of the clown. FOSTER, W. BERT THE QUEST OF THE SILVER SWAN. A Tale of Ocean Adventure A Youth's story of the deep blue sea— of the search for a derelict carrying a fortune. Brandon Tarr is a manly lad, and all lads will be eager to learn whether he failed or succeeded in his mission, GROSSET & DUNLAP, NEW YOEK


text:
Page:Dick Hamilton's Cadet Days.djvu/299

Advert The Enterprise Books- (Continued) Price* GO Cents per Volume. Postpaid. WHITE, MATTHEW, Jr. TWO BOYS AND A FORTUNE. Or, The Tyler Will If you had been poor and were suddenly left a half -million dol- lars, what would you do with it ? Do you think the money would bring you happiness, or would it bring only increased cares ? That was the problem that confronted the Pell family, and es- pecially the twin brothers, Rex and Roy. A strong, helpful story, that should be read by every boy and every young man in our land. WINFIELD, ARTHUR M. BOB, THE PHOTOGRAPHER. Or, A Hero in Spite of Himself Relates the experiences of a poor boy who falls in with a " camera fiend," and develops a liking for photography. After a number of stirring adventures Bob becomes photographer for a railroad, and while taking pictures along the line thv/arts the plan of those who would injure the railroad corporation and incident- ally clears a mystery surrounding his parentage. ROCKWOOD, ROY JACK NORTH'S TREASURE HUNT. A Story of South American Adventure Jack is sent to South America on a business trip, and while there he hears of the wonderful treasure of the Incas located in the Andes. He learns also of a lake that appears and dis- appears. He resolves to investigate, and organizes an expedition for that purpose. The book is a thriller. BONEHILL, CAPTAIN RALPH LOST IN THE LAND OF ICE. Or, Daring Adventures Round the South Pole An expedition is fitted out by a rich young man who loves the ocean, and with him goes the hero of the tale, a lad who has some knowledge of a treasure ship said to be cast away in the land of ice. On the way the expedition is stopped by enemies, and the heroes land among the wild Indians of Patagonia. When the ship approaches the South Pole it is caught in a huge iceberg, and several of those on board become truly lost in the land of ice. GKOSSET & DUNLAP, '- NEW TOEK


text:
Page:Dick Hamilton's Cadet Days.djvu/300

Advert The Dorothy Chester Series By EVELYX RAYMOND A series of storiss for American giris. by one of the mo«t popu- lar writers of notion Si»r girls' reading. The books are full of in' terest. winsome and tkoroughly wholesome. izmo. Handsomely printed on exceiieivt paper, and finely il* lusrrated. Handsomely bound in cloth, stamped in Colors. Price* 60 Cents per Volume. Postpaid* DOROTHY CHESTER The Haps and Mishaps of a Foundling The trst volume tells how Dorothy was found on the doorstep, taken in. and how she grew to be a lovable girl of twelve; and was then carried o5 by a person who held her for ransom. She made a warm friend of Jim. the nobody ; and the adventures of the pair are as interesting as they are stirprising. DOROTHY CHESTER AT SKYRIE Shows Dorothy at her country home near the Highlands of the Hudson. Here astonishing adventures befell her, and once again Jim, the nobody, comes to ner assistance. OtHer Volumes ixx Preparation. The Bobbsey Twins Books For Little Men and Women By LAUR- LEE HOPE Copyright publications which carmot be obtained elsewhere. Book^'that wul charm the hearts of the liuie ones, and of which they never will tire. Small lamo. Handsomely printed and il- lustrated. Bound in cloth, stamped in Colors. Price* 35 Cents per Volume. Postpaid. THE BOBBSEY TWINS Or. Mem- Days Indoors and Out THE BOBBSEY TWINS IN THE COUNTRY THE BOBBSEY TWINS AT THE SEASHORE GE05SET <k DUNLAP, '- NEW YOKE


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Education and National Development

EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. Education has been an important factor in influencing our national development, our institutions, ideals, habits, efficiency, and general mental attitude. It has in turn been influenced by those permanent factors that determine, in large part, the nature and progress of any civilization — the geographical, physical and racial factors — and the institutions resulting, particularly those of a political, economic, religious, and social character. It is the interaction of all these factors that accounts for the peculiar relation of our education to our national development.

Nations that have a national system of education, directly controlled by the central government, have the power to influence conspicuously the character of education so as to produce a definite type of national life. Many of the important nations of the past have, trough state aid, established, encouraged, and controlled to a greater or less extent their educational institutions, — elementary, secondary, and especially higher. They have likewise fostered and protected libraries, art, literature, and science. Their purpose was to raise the tone of national life, to train leaders for service in church and state, and to teach men their duties to the state, to each other, and to themselves.

In the United States, however, from the founding of the colonies until the present time, education has not been in the hands of the central government. During the colonial period of our history each colony acted independently, in this matter, and when our Constitution was framed the States retained the power to regulate education. Moreover, during the colonial period and until the second quarter of the 19th century, with few exceptions, both colonies and States left the subject almost wholly in the power of the local units of

of which the district was the most characteristic, or trusted to private or other agencies. This led to extreme variations in educational ideals, institutions, and practices, with the result that the direct influence of education on national, as distinguished from State or local life, was small. By this we mean there was little tendency to educate the individual in a way to prepare him for efficient citizenship, with an appreciation of his duties and obligations toward the nation. Indeed this was hardly possible until there was a realization that the local communities were to become parts of a great whole or until the national spirit was born. Since a political basis for national education was lacking schools were maintained largely for the moral and religious development of communities, and the preservation of learning for its own sake. After the State systems were formed there was some improvement, but educational policies and institutions were necessarily largely determined by local or sectional needs.

In spite of this diversity, it is true that gradually the spirit of American education, and to a considerable extent its forms, have tended toward uniformity, with a correspondingly greater influence on national development. This tendency is due to the action of much the same forces that led to the substitution of the principle of union and nationalism for particularism. In the case of education the process has been voluntary, without the compelling force of general laws issued by the central government. In other words the individual States have been guided by similar ideals and forms of education, because they best express the needs of their people. The more the various sections of the country became one in spirit and institutions, the more the State systems of education have tended to become similar in spirit, practice, and form.

Before the American Revolution two movements or forces prepared the way for a greater influence of education on national development. First, the tendency to recognize the responsibility of the state for education, rather than some other agency like the Church or agencies of a private character. This notion appeared first in 1647, in the legislation establishing the educational system of Massachusetts. Second, those forces tending toward the sentiment for and feeling of nationality, based on common political institutions and language, literature, habits of thought, aspirations, and especially on the influence of environment in producing democratic tendencies.

The American Revolution was the first great event which increased the influence of education on national development. It stimulated a desire for institutions which would express national rather than local needs, and placed emphasis on subjects expressing national rather than local sentiments. The Revolution hastened the decline of the Latin Grammar School, already an institution failing to meet the needs of the generation before the Revolution, and ushered in the Academy, a secondary institution, better suited to the needs of the people and more democratic in aim, type and distribution than was the Latin Grammar School. The Academy was the forerunner of the still more democratic institution of the next

the public High School. The Revolution also stimulated an interest in English, the mother tongue, which was the beginning of serious study of this subject. It stimulated patriotic sentiments which led to an interest in our national history and hence the study of history and civics, the foundation of political education.

With the formation of our first national government, the Congress of the Confederation passed the first act that emphasized the national aspect of education. This was the Grayson land ordinance of 1785, which provided for the reservation of lot number 16 of every township as surveyed, in the newly-acquired western territory, for the maintenance of public schools within the township. The ordinance for the government of the Northwest Territory, 13 July 1787, contained an important article, number three, which reads, — “Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary for good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.” On 23 and 27 July Congress not only provided for the sale of land to the Ohio Company and authorized the reservation of land, lot number 16, in each township, for schools, but also provided the two townships demanded by the company “for the support of a literary institution.” The precedent thus established was followed, and in all territory later included in the public domain, reservations for elementary and higher education were made in a similar manner. Thus provision was made for the endowment of the State universities, a type of educational institution that has had great influence on national development.

Later the Congress of the national government granted additional tracts of land to the western States for educational purposes, culminating in the Morrill act of 1862. This act provided for large grants of land to each State to endow “at least one college where the leading objects shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.” The importance of this attitude of the Federal government toward education consists in the fact that it is an acknowledgment that the Federal government has a right and duty toward national education, notwithstanding the delegation of the power to the States. The educational institutions resulting from these acts have had great influence on our national development.

In the second quarter of the 19th century the forces engendered by the industrial revolution reacted on education. The rise of manufacturing, the factory system, the new grouping of population, and the humanitarian and democratic movements following, brought insistent demands for free elementary and secondary education at public expense. It is principally from this period, 1830 on, that education has had an increasing influence on national life. This relationship was further stimulated by improvements in intercommunication, by means of the steamboat and the railroad, and in

for the transfer of intelligence, the newspapers, libraries, telegraph and telephone.

The public school has been the chief instrument for influencing national life. The State systems of public instruction have as their basic idea, that it is the duty of the State to make education available and free for all, at public expense. Other principles gradually adopted include State support and administration, compulsory attendance and supervision, and fixed standards for the subject matter of the curriculum and for qualifications of teachers. The tendency toward uniformity in these matters has made it possible for public education to influence greatly national development. One important effect for example, has been the secularization of public education, and hence a marked decrease in the religious element in the curriculum, and a decline in the influence of church supported schools. After the middle of the 19th century legislation prevented public funds, with few exceptions, from being used to promote sectarian education.

Public education has also reacted in a way to give a certain mental attitude to the nation. As America has been a synonym for opportunity, and freedom for the development of the human spirit, public education has absorbed this spirit and emphasized methods of instruction which encourage individual initiative and independence of thought. This attitude tends to perpetuate the spirit of democracy and opposition to autocratic political systems.

The development and extension of the notion of public democratic education has been most important in its influence on national life. The reasons for, and justification of, the principle are as follows: First, the basis of free institutions in any nation is the intelligence and integrity of its citizens. Our government in the last analysis is based on public opinion, and it is only through an enlightened public opinion that the permanency and success of the Republic are possible. The more universally the people are educated, the less need there is of restraint, and the greater is the check against corruption or unwise legislation by representatives.

Public education directly affects national development, because through this agency national interests are best promoted. With the extension of the suffrage and the tendency to place the government more and more on the hands of the people, or their directly elected representatives, both voters and leaders needed education to act intelligently. Again, public education promotes national well-being, because it leads to greater economic efficiency, and hence greater national wealth. It promotes industry because it awakens desires for more and better goods. It promotes discoveries and inventions. It leads to greater social efficiency because it reduces crime, and turns thought in the direction of social service. As patriotism is essential for the preservation of the nation, public schools become the principal means of teaching pupils their duties and obligations to the State, as well as their rights and liberties. Public education leads to more rapid progress, as civilization can advance permanently only as the mass advances. Public schools give opportunity to teach the masses to appreciate and desire the best in literature, art, and music. In

short national life as a whole could hardly be enriched to any great extent except through public education. Finally, education has as its chief aim the formation of character, and hence the national character can be best formed through the public school. It has for its aim the promotion of the educational and moral development of the masses — the ethical as well as the material aspects of life.

In spite of the many ways in which public education has influenced national development, it falls far short of what is possible. After all is said, the State systems of public instruction, in their origin, development and present conditions, tend to express very largely the local or sectional needs of the communities in which they are placed. The educational policies adopted are not primarily national in character, nor in harmony with each other. There is too much variation in types of educational institutions, emphasis or lack of emphasis on various kinds of education, and attention paid to the problems of national life. This nation, like others, was developed through conflicts, three in particular; the American Revolution, the Mexican War, and the Civil War. Each left prejudices which have been perpetuated in our educational system, the first against England, the second against Mexico and Latin America in general, and the third the antagonism between the North and the South, still persceptible in certain features of the education in the two sections. The first two prejudices interfere with our international relations and intercourse, causing a lack of sympathetic knowledge of the progress and problems of England and Latin America. These prejudices affect teaching of history in the public schools, as well as geography, and lead to provincialism from the standpoint of the relation of the United States to world conditions. The third prejudice affects particularly the teaching of history and tends to perpetuate the disintegrating force of the Civil War, because it interferes with national unity. All these difficulties are inherent in the State systems of public instruction; but could be remedied in large part through greater national control or by the placing of emphasis on problems of national life.

Another serious fault of our public system of education is its failure to give equal opportunity to all sections and classes. The more backward sections, or those less fortunate in their economic life, cannot give the same opportunities for education as the more advanced and wealthy sections. From the standpoint of the influence of education on national life this is unfortunate. To nationalize education in this respect, it is proposed that the national government should equalize these variations so that part of the wealth of the whole people will be available for those portions of the country not able to develop public education to the highest standard.

It is proposed that the national government should consider not only the matter of support but also that of control, at least so far as to establish minimum standards of education and teaching, and to develop the principles on which public education should be based. For to promote national in place of local, provincial, and sectional development and interests, the principles must be determined at one centre, and

not at 48 centres. It is recognized that this will be even more necessary in the future, because of the revolution in the industrial and social systems of the country, and the great importance of national development and life in connection with the world interests and responsibilities of the nation. As the old notions of State rights have been overthrown in the economic and political world, and as the nation has taken over many of the early powers of the States in these respects in order to gain greater efficiency in national development, so it is proposed that the same policy should be pursued in the matter of education. For it is only through the resources of the whole nation that the expense of nationalizing education can be met, and only through national control can those principles and minimum standards be established which will best promote national interests.

A third weakness of the public school system under individual State control is the failure to hold a good proportion of the pupils for the full course in both elementary and secondary schools, and to train them efficiently. About two-thirds of the pupils, boys and girls, leave the public school before they reach the age of 14, and enter industrial, commercial, and agricultural pursuits poorly trained. Hardly 1 per cent of the 12 or more millions of persons engaged in agriculture have received adequate training for this pursuit. Much the same can be said of the 14 millions engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Similarly the State systems make for great inequality in the teaching force. Of the 212,000 teachers for rural schools nearly one-third have an education in quality below the ninth grade, and another one-third not above the 10th grade. That is, 150,000 out of 212,000 rural teachers have inadequate preparation for teaching and the remaining one-third have only an average high school course with one or two years of normal school training. Here again it is only through greater national aid and control that we can secure the greatest influence of public education on national development.

Recent tendencies in American public education have tended to emphasize still further the close relationship of education and national life. There is more and more effort to make education richer and broader; to provide more opportunities for the masses for a complete education from the kindergarten through the university; to increase the number and variety of agencies and institutions for education and development, such as playgrounds, lectures, continuation schools, correspondence, evening, and summer schools; to use school plants as community centres; to extend the benefits of free education not only to all children but to all the people; to pass beyond the older conceptions of moral and book education, to new types; to emphasize physical education, involving not only physical training but free medical examination and care of health — in short, to develop the physical as completely and with as much care as the mental being; to give opportunity not only for general education but also for types that will fit for specific vocations, and to provide special teachers for vocational guidance in order to help pupils select the vocation for which they are best adapted. A demand for a special type of education, military

is due to the emergency brought on by the world war; but it is advocated by many as a necessary and permanent kind, in order to provide for national safety. It is evident that these tendencies are certain to have important effects on our national life. The effort to extend the control of the national government over education, through the proposal to create a department of education with a cabinet officer, is another plan to relate education still more closely to national life.

Bibliography. — Blackmar, Frank W., ‘History of Federal and State Aid to Higher Education in the United States’ (Washington 1890); Carlton, Frank T., ‘Economic Influences upon Educational Progress in the United States, 1820-1850’ (Madison, Wis., 1908}; Jenks, Jeremiah W., ‘Citizenship and the Schools’ (New York 1906); Judd, Charles H., ‘Evolution of a Democratic System of Education’ (Boston 1918); ‘New Possibilities in Education’ (Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. LXVII, Philadelphia, September 1916); articles by various authors.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Education in Painting

EDUCATION IN PAINTING. See .


text:
Page:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire vol 1 (1897).djvu/204

130 timid and brutal cruelty of Caracalla, with the bravery, the tenderness, the elegant genius of Ossian; the mercenary chiefs who, from motives of fear or interest, served under the Imperial standard, with the freeborn warriors who started to arms at the voice of the King of Morven; if, in a word, we contemplated the untutored Caledonians, glowing with the warm virtues of nature, and the degenerate Romans, polluted with the mean vices of wealth and slavery.

The declining health and last illness of Severus inflamed the wild ambition and black passions of Caracalla's soul. Impatient of any delay or division of empire, he attempted, more than once, to shorten the small remainder of his father's days, and endeavoured, but without success, to excite a mutiny among the troops. The old emperor had often censured the misguided lenity of Marcus, who, by a single act of justice, might have saved the Romans from the tyranny of his worthless son. Placed in the same situation, he experienced how easily the rigour of a judge dissolves away in the tenderness of a parent. He deliberated, he threatened, but he could not punish; and this last and only instance of mercy was more fatal to the empire than a long series of cruelty. The disorder of his mind irritated the pains of his body; he wished impatiently for death, and hastened the instant of it by his impatience. He expired at York in the sixty-fifth year of his life, and in the eighteenth of a glorious and successful reign. In his last moments he recommended concord to his sons, and his sons to the army. The salutary advice never reached the heart, or even the understanding, of the impetuous youths; but the more obedient troops, mindful of their oath of allegiance, and of the authority of their deceased master, resisted the solicitations of Caracalla, and proclaimed both brothers emperors of Rome. The new princes soon left the Caledonians in peace, returned to the capital, celebrated their father's funeral with divine honours, and were cheerfully acknowledged as lawful sovereigns by the senate, the people, and the provinces. Some pre-eminence of rank seems to have been allowed to the elder brother; but they both administered the empire with equal and independent power.

Such a divided form of government would have proved a


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/76

72 What had happened?

What had happened was simply that Adrian Baker had died in New York of an acute attack of pneumonia. The news had spread through the city with the rapidity with which bad news spreads, and it had also penetrated into Berta's house. At first it seemed incredible that Adrian Baker should have died, as if the life of this man were not subject to the contingencies to which the lives of other mortals are subject. But the tidings had been confirmed and they must be believed. Besides, the aspect of the palace bore testimony to the authenticity of the news. In that house hung with black the very stones seemed to mourn. The news had come in a black-bordered letter dated in New York and signed by the head of the house of Wilson and Company, with which Adrian Baker had large sums deposited.

Berta's father and the housekeeper looked at each other with amazement, and repeated, one after the other:

"He is dead!"

"He is dead!"

Berta, pale as death itself, surprised them as they uttered these words, and in a sepulchral voice she said:

"Yes, he has died in New York, but he lives in my heart."

And turning from them she fled to her room


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/77

Rh and seated herself at the window from which she could see the terrace of the palace. The flowers, agitated gently by the breezes of spring, leaned toward Berta as if sending her a melancholy greeting. She gazed at them without a tear in her eyes. The extreme pallor of her face and the slight trembling of her lips alone revealed the grief that afflicted her soul.

Suddenly the flight of a white butterfly circling in the air attracted her gaze. She followed it absently with her eyes, and the butterfly, as if drawn by Berta's gaze, tracing capricious circles, left the terrace, flew swiftly to Berta's window and entered the room.

With an involuntary movement Berta extended her hands to catch it, but the butterfly darted between them, and circled swiftly and silently about her head, forming around her brow a sort of aureole, which appeared and disappeared like a succession of lightning flashes. The wings of the butterfly glowed above Bertha's head with a light like the first splendors of the dawn. Then it passed before her eyes, she saw it hovering over the flowers on the terrace, and then it disappeared from her gaze as if it had vanished into air. Her eyes sought it with indescribable eagerness, but in vain; she saw it no more.

She clasped her hands and two large tears rose to her eyes and rolled down her cheeks.


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/78

74 On the following day the housekeeper, entering Berta's room, saw a shadow outlined against the wall above the head of her bed. This shadow, as the nurse looked, took the form of a human head.

It was the head of Adrian Baker, the same head, with its pale forehead, its compelling glance, and its smile, at once sweet, sad, and mocking.

The housekeeper, out of her wits with terror, crossed herself as if she had seen a diabolical vision and hurried out of the room.

Adrian Baker's death has wrought terrible ravages in Berta. She does not distress those around her by ceaseless sighs and tears; she does not continually proclaim in words the depth of her sorrow; on the contrary, she hides her grief in her own breast, devours her tears in secret, chokes back her sighs and utters no unavailing complaints; Adrian Baker's name is never heard from her lips.

It might be thought that she had consoled herself easily, if in her eyes there did not lie the shadow of a deep grief, if the pallor of her cheeks did not cover her youthful beauty like a funeral pall, if her hollow voice did not reveal the profound loneliness of her heart. At times she smiles at her father, but in her smiles there is an inexpressible bitterness. She can be seen


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/79

Rh fading away, like the flame of an expiring lamp. Like a miser she hides her grief in the bottom of her heart, as if she feared that it might be taken from her.

Her father and her nurse see her growing thin, they see her fading away, they see her dying, without being able to stop the ravages of the persistent, voiceless, inconsolable grief that is slowly sapping her youth and her life, and they curse the name of Adrian Baker, and they would at the same time give their lives to bring him back to life; but death does not give up its prey, and only one hope remains to them, the last hope—time.

But time passes, and the memory of Adrian Baker, like a slow poison, is gradually consuming Berta's life.

Everything has been done: she has been surrounded with all the delights of the world; the most eligible suitors have sued for her favor; youth, beauty, and wealth have disputed her affection with one another, but her grief has remained inaccessible; she has been subjected to every proof, but it has not been possible to tear from her soul the demon image of Adrian Baker. Medical skill has been appealed to, and science has exhausted its resources in vain, for Berta's malady is incurable.

The nurse firmly believes that Adrian Baker has bewitched her; he has diffused through her


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Stanton, Robert Brewster

STANTON, Robert Brewster, American civil and mining engineer: b. Woodville, Miss., 5 Aug. 1846. He graduated at Miami University — A.B., 1871; A.M., 1878; (hon. A.M. University of Wooster, 1885); was resident engineer Cincinnati Southern Railroad, 1874-80; division engineer Union Pacific Railway, 1880-84. Since 1884 has been in private practice as consulting civil and mining engineer. Among

other engagements made survey as chief engineer through the Grand Cañon of the Colorado, 1889-90; special work on the British Columbia landslides for the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1896; examined and appraised the value of railroads in the States of Michigan, Kansas and Washington, 1906 and 1910; located railroad line from Chicago to Saint Louis, 1902, and from Butte, Mont. to Boise, Idaho, 1905. He engaged in mining operations and explorations at various times from 1884 to the present date, throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, the West Indies and the Dutch East Indies; engineer and general manager, Flint Idaho Mining Company, 1886-88; and the Hocumac Mining Company, 1893-94; special work in copper and nickel mines in Canada, 1892 and 1903; explored and examined gold mines in the Island of Sumatra, 1904; examined and reported upon the Cananea, Mexico, copper mines, 1906; gold mines in California, 1893, 1903 and 1907, and in Utah and Arizona 1898-1901; manganese mines in Washington, 1910; gold mines in Nova Scotia, 1913 and on iron and manganese mines in Cuba, 1909-14. He is the author of ‘Availability of the Cañons of the Colorado River for Railway Purposes’ (1882); ‘The Great Landslides of the Canadian Pacific Railway,’ etc. (1898), and monographs and lectures on the Grand Cañon.


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/80

76 blood a diabolical philtre. Strong love will survive absence, but no love will survive death. Berta, consequently, was bewitched.

Her father has only one thought, expressed in these words: "He has gone away and he is taking her with him; after all, he is taking her with him."

But there is still one other resource to be appealed to—solitude, the fields, nature. Who can tell! the sky, the sun, the air of the country, may revive her; the poetry of nature may awaken in her heart new feelings and new hopes; the murmur of the waters, the song of the birds, the shade of the trees—why not? There is no human sorrow, however great it may be, that does not sink into insignificance before the grandeur of the heavens.

At a little distance from the city Berta's father has a small villa, whose white walls and red roof can be seen through the trees which surround it. There could not be a more picturesque situation. To the right, the mountain; to the left, the plain; in front, the sea, stretching far in the distance, until it blends with the horizon; and that nothing may be wanting to complete the picture, the ruins of an ancient monastery, seated on the slope of the mountain, can be seen from the villa.

Berta offered no resistance, for it was a matter of indifference to her whether she lived in the city or in the country; the only thing she showed


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/81

Rh any desire about was that the piano should be taken with them, as if she regarded it as a dear friend and her only confidant; and the family removed to the villa and established themselves in it.

Berta herself arranged the room which she was to occupy in the villa. This opened on the garden and served her both as bedroom and dressing-room. Above her bed she hung a beautiful life-size photograph of a head. It was that of Adrian Baker, with his pale, smooth brow, his large blue eyes and his beautiful golden curls—the head of Adrian Baker admirably photographed, and which she herself had shaded.

For the piano no place could be found to please Berta. There was only one common room in the villa, the parlor, which at times also served as a dining-room. She was hesitating between the parlor and her bedroom, when the idea occurred to her to put it in a small pavilion covered with vines and honeysuckles, which stood in a corner of the garden and which was used as a hot-house. The idea seemed to be a happy one, and she smiled as it occurred to her, and the piano was placed in the pavilion, like a bird in its cage.

The journey must have fatigued Berta, for she retired early to her room, where the nurse left her in bed. Did she sleep? We cannot say; but at dawn the songs of the birds that made their nests in the garden caused her to rise. She


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/82

78 opened the window-shutters and a flock of birds flew away frightened, to hide themselves in the tops of the trees, gilded by the first rays of the sun. Before long, however, the boldest of them returned to hop before her window, looking at Berta with a certain audacious familiarity as if they recognized in her an old friend. A few grains of wheat and a few crumbs of bread scattered on the window-sill gradually attracted the more timid, who grew at last to be familiar. The slightest movement, indeed, caused them to take flight precipitately; but they soon recovered their lost confidence and they returned again to hop gayly on the iron railing of the window.

Berta watched them, and as she watched them she smiled; and at the end of a few days she had induced them to come in and out with perfect confidence. In her solitary walks through the garden and through the avenue of lime trees which led to the villa, they followed her, flying from tree to tree. She spent a few hours of the morning, every day, in the pavilion, and there the birds came also, mingling their joyous carols with the melancholy strains of the piano; but the mad gayety of the birds was powerless to mitigate the profound sadness of Berta; her one thought was still Adrian—Adrian Baker.

This name, which never escaped her lips, was to be seen written everywhere by Berta's hand, on the garden walls, on the trunks of the trees;


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/83

Rh and even the vines that covered the pavilion had interlaced their branches in such a manner that "Adrian Baker" could be deciphered in them. This name was to be met everywhere, like the mute echo of an undying memory.

During the morning hours Berta's countenance seemed to be more animated, and her cheeks had even at times a rosy hue; but as the day declined her transient animation faded away, as if the sun of her life too approached its setting.

Seated at her window she contemplated in silence the clouds illumined by the last rays of the setting sun. Juana, who had exhausted in vain all her subjects of conversation, was with her. A sudden brightness hovered over Berta's head for an instant, circled swiftly around it, and then vanished from sight.

"Did you see it?" cried Berta.

"Yes," answered the nurse, "it was a white butterfly that wanted to settle on your head."

"Well?" asked Berta.

"White butterflies," said the nurse, "are a sign of good luck; they always bring good news."

"Yes," answered Berta, pressing her nurse's hand convulsively. "That is my white butterfly, and this time it will not deceive me. Adrian is coming—yes, he is coming for me; that is what it has come to tell me—I was waiting for it."

The nurse gazed at her for a moment with dilated eyes; the setting sun illumined Berta's


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/84

80 countenance with a strange light, and the poor woman, unable to support the look which burned in the eyes of the sick girl, bent her head and clasped her hands, saying to herself:

"My God! She has lost her mind!"

The idea that Berta had lost her reason threw the housekeeper into a state of distraction. She would hide herself in the remotest corners of the house to cry by herself. She could not bear alone the burden of so terrible a secret, but to whom could she confide it? How stab the father's heart so cruelly! To tell him that Berta had lost her reason would be to kill him. The good man watched over his daughter with the eyes of love, but love itself made him blind and he did not perceive her madness.

And the housekeeper became every day more and more convinced of the reality of this dreadful misfortune. During the night she stole many times to the sleeping girl's bedside and listened to her calm breathing. No extraordinary change, either in her habits, or her acts, or her words, gave evidence of the wandering of her mind. True; but she was waiting for Adrian Baker and she declared that he would come. It was in vain she tried to persuade her that this was folly, for Berta either grew angry and commanded her to be silent, or smiled with scornful pity at her arguments. Was not this madness?


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/85

Rh The housekeeper suddenly lost her appetite and her sleep; and she shunned Berta's father, for she was not sure of being able to keep the secret which she carried in her bosom. The same thought kept revolving in her mind like a mill. It seemed as if Berta's madness was going to cost the nurse also her reason.

One night she lay tossing about, unable to sleep, her imagination filled with dreadful spectres. In the midst of the darkness she saw faces approaching and receding from her, that laughed and wept, that vanished to appear again, and all these faces that danced before her eyes had, notwithstanding their grotesque features, a diabolical likeness to the head of Adrian Baker. The nurse, terrified, shut her eyes, that she might not see them, but notwithstanding she still continued seeing them.

She thought that she was under the influence of a nightmare, and making an effort she sat up in the bed. Suddenly she heard a distant sound of sweet music, a mysterious melody whose notes died away on the breeze.

She listened attentively, and she soon comprehended that the music she heard came from the piano; and she sprang out of bed, crying:

"Berta! Berta!"

She began to dress herself quickly, groping for her things in the darkness, saying as she did so, in a voice full of anguish:


text:
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pierre Bélain, Sieur d'Esnambuc

Esnambuc,, captain in the French marine, b. 1565, at Allouville, near Yvetot (Seine-Inférieure); d. at St. Christopher in December, 1636. He was the founder of the French colonies in the Antilles, and their first governor. Sailing from Dieppe, in 1625, on a brigantine of four guns with a crew of thirty-five men, he took possession of the island of St. Christopher. Returning to France in the following year he brought about the formation by Richelieu of the Company of the American Islands (October, 1626). At this time he was authorized to occupy St. Christopher and Barbadoes. Once established at St. Christopher he wished to make the influence of France felt throughout the Antilles, and for ten years directed all his energies to the accomplishment of this great work. Owing to his efforts, colonists were recruited throughout Lower Normandy, chiefly in the vicinity of Dieppe, Honfleur, and Havre-de-Grace, and these established flourishing settlements in Guadeloupe, Dominica, Les Saintes, and Marie Galante. In September, 1635, d'Esnambuc recruited at St. Christopher one hundred and fifty determined men, and landing at Martinique, built in the following year the town of St.-Pierre. He died in the same year at St. Christopher, leaving to his nephews the government of the kingdom beyond the sea, which he had merely inaugurated. On hearing of his death Richelieu declared that the king and his realm had lost one of their best servants.

J. EDMOND ROY


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/86

82 "Alone, in the pavilion, and at this hour! Child of my heart, you are mad!"

All the visions she had seen disappeared; she saw nothing, she only heard the distant notes of the piano breaking the silence of the night.

Going into the hall she groped her way to Berta's room. She gently pushed in the door, which opened noiselessly, and an indistinct glimmer, like the last gleam of twilight, met her eyes. It was the light of the night-lamp burning softly in its porcelain vase.

Her first glance was at the bed, which, in the indistinct light, presented to her eyes only a shapeless object; but in a moment more she saw that the bed was empty.

She thought of taking the lamp that burned in the corner of the room to light her way and going to the pavilion, but at this moment she felt a breath of cold damp air blowing softly on her face.

She turned her eyes in the direction from which the breeze had come, and observed that the window was wide open and that outside all was profound darkness.

And filled with indescribable amazement, unwilling to believe the evidence of her eyes, she saw what appeared to be a human figure standing motionless in front of the window, its hands clasped and its forehead resting against the window-frame.


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/87

Rh A cold perspiration, like that of death, broke out over her; she would have shuddered, but she could not; she attempted to cry out, but her voice died away in her throat; she attempted to fly, but her feet, fastened to the ground, refused to carry her.

With her eyes starting from their sockets, her mouth wide open, and terror depicted on her countenance, she stood as if petrified, without the strength to keep erect or the will to fall.

And in truth she had some reason to be terrified.

Before her stood Berta, leaning motionless against the window, drinking in with rapt attention the notes which at that moment came in a torrent from the piano.

It was not Berta, then, who was breaking the silence of the night with that mysterious music. What unknown hand, what invisible hand was it that drew those sounds from the chords of the piano in the midst of the silence and the solitude of the night! Was what her eyes saw real! Was what her ears were listening to real! Or was it all the dreadful hallucination of a terrible dream!

And this was not all; for the memory of the terrified nurse recalls with a secret shudder those mysterious melodies which now enchain her ear. Yes; through the piano roll sounds like the rumbling of thunder, and strains are heard, now near,


text:
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antonio Espejo

Espejo,, a Spanish explorer, whose fame rests upon a notable expedition which he conducted into New Mexico and Arizona in 1582-3. According to his own statement, he was b. in Cordova, but the dates both of his b. and d. are unknown. Following the reports brought to Mexico from the north by Cabeza de Vaca and the Franciscan monk, Marcos de Nizza, a powerful expedition had been fitted out under the governor, Coronado, in 1540, which after passing through the territories of the Pueblo tribes of the Rio Grande, had penetrated as far as the province of Quivira, probably the country of the Wichita Indians on the Middle Arkansas, returning in the summer of 1542. Two Franciscan volunteers, Father Juan de Padilla and a lay brother, Luis, remained behind, of whom the first was afterwards murdered by the tribe—the first missionary martyr of the United States—while of the fate of the other nothing was ever known. Forty years later three other Franciscans undertook to establish missions among the Tigua, about the present Bernalillo, New Mexico. Soon rumours of their death at the hands of the Indians came back to Mexico, and finding the authorities dilatory in the matter, Espejo, a wealthy mining proprietor, offered to equip and lead a search expedition at his own expense. The offer was accepted and, being regularly commissioned, with only fourteen soldiers, a number of Christian Indians, and a cavalcade of horses and mules, he left San Bartolome, Chihuahua, for the north on November 10, 1582. From the junction of the Concho with the Rio Grande he ascended the latter stream, through populous tribes, to the pueblo of Puara, where he learned definitely of the murder of the three missionaries. Fearing punishment, the Indians had deserted their pueblo, and fled to the mountains.

Having accomplished his first purpose, Espejo determined to explore the unknown country beyond. After visiting several of the neighboring pueblos he crossed over to the Zuni, near the present Arizona line, where he found three Christian Indians of Coronado's earlier expedition. Here several of the party decided to return, and with only nine soldiers and a party of Indians he pushed on to the Hopi (Moqui) villages in northern Arizona, where he met a friendly reception and was given guides to a mountain country farther on—apparently some fifty miles northward from the site of Prescott—where he procured some rich specimens of silver ore. Returning to the Rio Grande, he visited several other pueblos farther up the river and then went over to the Pecos, noting other mines by the way. In consequence of the threatening attitude of the Tanos tribe he finally decided to return to Mexico, arriving at his starting point in September, 1583, having accomplished, without bloodshed and with a handful of men, as great results as had been obtained by Coronado with a whole army and at the cost of an exterminating warfare upon the Indians. He soon afterwards submitted a report, with a map of the regions explored, but his later proposition to organize a colonizing expedition was defeated by the jealousy of the viceroy.

JAMES MOONEY


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/88

84 now far, that thrill the heart, and tones that fill the soul with terror; through the vibrating chords all the spirits of the other world seem to be speaking in an unknown tongue.

I do not know how long the housekeeper might have stood silent and motionless, under the influence of the terror which mastered her, if Berta had not observed her.

It caused her neither surprise nor alarm to see her nurse there. Approaching her she took her by the hand, and, shaking her gently, said:

"Do you see?—Do you hear?—It is Adrian—Adrian who has come for me; the white butterfly did not deceive me."

The housekeeper had by this time recovered herself sufficiently to pass her hand over her forehead and to rub her eyes.

"I knew that he would come," continued Berta; "I have been waiting for him every day."

The nurse, as if by a supreme effort, drew a deep breath.

"Do you hear those sighs that come from the piano?" said Berta. "It is he; he is calling me; and since you are here, let us go to meet him."

And taking the lamp in her hand as she spoke, she added:

"Follow me."

Nurse Juana followed her like a ghost.

They entered the garden and walked toward


text: Template:Hyphenated word/sandbox

title: Template:Hyphenated word/sandbox


text:
Page:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire vol 1 (1897).djvu/205

Rh source of discord between the most affectionate brothers. It was impossible that it could long subsist between two implacable enemies, who neither desired nor could trust a reconciliation. It was visible that one only could reign, and that the other must fall; and each of them, judging of his rival's designs by his own, guarded his life with the most jealous vigilance from the repeated attacks of poison or the sword. Their rapid journey through Gaul and Italy, during which they never ate at the same table, or slept in the same house, displayed to the provinces the odious spectacle of fraternal discord. On their arrival at Rome, they immediately divided the vast extent of the Imperial palace. No communication was allowed between their apartments; the doors and passages were diligently fortified, and guards posted and relieved with the same strictness as in a besieged place. The emperors met only in public, in the presence of their afflicted mother; and each surrounded by a numerous train of armed followers. Even on these occasions of ceremony, the dissimulation of courts could ill disguise the rancour of their hearts.

This latent civil war already distracted the whole government, when a scheme was suggested that seemed of mutual benefit to dividing the the hostile brothers. It was proposed, that, since it was impossible to reconcile their minds, they should separate their interest, and divide the empire between them. The conditions of the treaty were already drawn with some accuracy. It was agreed, that Caracalla, as the elder brother, should remain in possession of Europe and the western Africa; and that he should relinquish the sovereignty of Asia and Egypt to Geta, who might fix his residence at Alexandria or Antioch, cities little inferior to Rome itself in wealth and greatness; that numerous


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/89

Rh the pavilion. The pale light of the lamp illumined Berta's countenance, shedding around it a fantastic light that made the surrounding darkness seem more intense.

The nurse felt herself drawn along by Berta; she walked mechanically; a power stronger than her terror impelled her.

In this way they crossed the garden and reached the door of the pavilion. There Berta stopped, and called softly:

"Adrian!"

But there was no response to her call.

Then they entered the pavilion.

Juana caught hold of Berta to keep from falling, and closed her eyes

The light of the lamp illumined the pavilion, whose solitude seemed startled by this unexpected visit; the piano was open and mute.

"No one!" exclaimed Berta, sighing.

"No one," repeated Juana, opening her eyes.

And so it was; the pavilion was empty.

It is beyond a doubt that Berta's piano has the marvellous quality of making its strings sound without the intervention of the human hand. And this being the case, it must be admitted that this marvellous instrument is, in addition, a consummate musician, for it plays with the skill attained only by great artists.

But since Nurse Juana cannot conceive how a


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/90

86 piano can play of itself, without a hand moving the keys, she has decided that in this diabolical affair an invisible hand, the ghostly hand of some spirit from the other world, has intervened.

This supposition is not altogether admissible, for it seems to have been sufficiently proved that spirits do not possess hands. But the nurse does not stop for such fine distinctions, and she firmly believes that the spirit of Adrian Baker is wandering about the villa. Condemned perhaps to eternal torment, he takes pleasure in torturing the living even after his death.

And it is indeed a diabolical amusement, for the serenade is repeated nightly; the family are aroused from sleep; they hasten to the pavilion and the piano becomes silent; they enter it and they find no one. They have observed that the airs played by Berta in the morning are repeated by the piano at night.

Juana is assailed by continual terrors; there is no peace in the house. Berta's father is unable to explain the mystery, and his mind is filled with confusion and his heart is a prey to sudden alarms. The light of day dissipates the agitation of their minds, they fancy themselves the victims of vain hallucinations, and, arming themselves with heroic valor, they make plans for unravelling the awesome mystery.

The most courageous among them would hide in the pavilion, and there await in concealment


text:
Page:Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day.djvu/170

"Bones and Stones and Such-like Things"

Thomas Henry Huxley was born at Ealing, in Middlesex, in the year 1825, was educated at Ealing School, and subsequently studied medicine at the medical school of the Charing-Cross Hospital. In the year 1846, H.M.S. Rattlesnake was dispatched on a surveying cruise to the South Pacific and Torres Straits. Mr. Huxley was appointed assistant-surgeon, and remained with the vessel during the whole of the cruise, returning to England in 1850. Four years later he succeeded Mr. Forbes as Professor Natural History at the Royal School of Mines in Jermyn-Street; he was also made Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy to the Royal College of Surgeons. Mr. Huxley's works have the highest scientific merit and originality, but they are not of a kind for review in the pages of this work. The best known to general readers are his 'Oceanic Hydrozoa,' 'Man's Place in Nature,' 'Lectures on Comparative Anatomy,' and 'Lessons in Elementary Physiology.' The Professor is also a frequent contributor to the Transactions and Journals of the Royal, Linnæan, Geological, Zoological, and other learned societies. He is one of our most active men of science, and has made himself widely celebrated by his dissertations on 'bones, and stones, and such-like things.' http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/comm/Books/Waddy.html


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/91

Rh the hour of the strange occurrence; in this way they would discover what ringers drew those sounds from the piano.

Strong in this purpose they awaited the first shades of night; but then the courage of the strongest failed. The air became filled with fearful shadows, the silence with mysterious noises, and no one ventured to leave the house. They spent the nights in vigil and the terror by which all were possessed made them seem interminable.

And for Berta, on the other hand, the days were interminable, and she awaited the nights with eager impatience.

One afternoon she expressed a desire to visit the ruins of the monastery, and she showed so much eagerness in the matter that there was no resource but to accede to her wish. Her father and her nurse resolved to accompany her, and the three set out.

The distance between the villa and the monastery was not great, but the party walked slowly. In the winding path the ruins disappeared suddenly behind a hill, as if the earth had swallowed them; a few steps further on they suddenly reappeared; and the travellers stood before the ruined portico.

From this point the eye could contemplate the ruined walls, the broken partitions, the ceilings fallen in, and between the loose stones the


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/92

88 flowers of the ruin. Only the arches which supported the vaulted roof of the chapel had resisted the corroding influence of time.

The nurse would have now willingly returned to the villa, and Berta's father had no desire to go any further; but Berta passed through the ruined portico, and they were obliged to follow her.

She made her way into the chapel, passing under the crumbling arches which threatened at every moment to fall down and crush her, and she emerged at what must have been the centre of the monastery; for the remains of the wall and some broken and unsteady pilasters showed four paths which, uniting at their extremities, formed a square. This must have been the cloister; in the middle were vestiges of a choked-up cistern.

Here Berta sat down on a piece of cornice which was imbedded in the rubbish. She seemed pleased in the midst of this desolation. Her father and the nurse joined her with terror depicted on their countenances; they had heard the noise of footsteps in the chapel; more, Juana had seen a shadow glide away; how or where she did not know, but she was sure that she had seen it.

Berta smiled and said:

"The noise of footsteps and a shadow? Very well; what harm can those footsteps or that shadow do us? They are perhaps the footsteps


text: Page:Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day.djvu/172


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/93

Rh of Adrian Baker following us; it is his shade that accompanies us. What is there strange in that? Do you not know that I carry him in my heart? Do you not know that I am waiting for him, that I am always waiting for him?"

At the name of Adrian Baker, Berta's father and the nurse shuddered.

"Yes, my child," said the former, "but we are far from the villa, the sun is setting—it is growing late."

"Yes, yes," said Juana, "let us go back."

Berta drew her father affectionately toward her and said:

"Dear father, I am not mad. Juana, I am not mad. Adrian promised me that he would return, and he will return. I am waiting for him. Why should that be madness? I know that I grieve you, and I do not wish to grieve you. I have begged God a thousand times on my knees to tear his image from my heart and his memory from my mind; but God, who sees all things, from whom nothing is hidden, to whom all things are possible, has not wished to do it. Why? He alone knows."

The father's eyes filled with tears, and the nurse hid her face in her hands to keep back the sobs that rose in her throat.

Berta continued:

"Yes, it is growing late. But I am very tired. Let us wait a moment."


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/94

90 They had nothing to say in answer to her words, nor could they have said anything, for their voices failed them.

All three remained silent.

Suddenly they looked at one another with indescribable anxiety, for all three had heard a sigh, a human sigh that seemed exhaled by the ruins around them.

Could it have been the wind, moaning as it swept through the sharp points of the broken walls?

Berta rose to her feet, and cried twice in a loud voice:

"Adrian! Adrian!"

Her voice was borne away on the breeze, losing itself in the distance. But before the last notes died away, another voice resounded among the ruins, saying:

"Berta! Berta!"

The sun had just set, and the twilight shadows gathered swiftly, as if they had sprung up from among the ruins, hiding the broken pillars and the crumbling walls.

In one of the angles of the cloister appeared a moving shadow. This shadow advanced slowly until it reached the middle of the court where the remains of the disused cistern were seen. There it stopped, and in a soft clear voice uttered the words:

"It is I, Berta; it is I."


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/95

Rh "He!" she cried, extending her arms in the air.

Juana uttered a cry of terror and caught hold of Berta with all the strength left her; the father tried to rise, but, unable to sustain himself, fell on his knees beside his daughter.

It was not possible to reject the evidence of their senses. Whatever might be the hidden cause of the marvel, the dark key of the mystery, the shadow which had just appeared in the angle of the cloister was clearly the authentic image, the vera effigies, the very person of Adrian Baker. The astonished eyes of Berta, of her father, and of the nurse could not refuse to believe it.

His fair curls, his pale brow, the outlines of his figure, his air, his glance, his voice—all were there before the amazed eyes of Berta, her father, and the nurse.

Now, was this a fantastic creation of their troubled senses? Was it a phantom of the brain, or a reality? Did all three suffer at the same time the same hallucination? The fixed thought of all three was Adrian Baker—and the senses often counterfeit the reality of our vain imaginings. The state of their minds, the place, the hour—and then, the air produces sounds that deceive; the light and the darkness mingling together in the mysterious hour of twilight people the solitude with strange visions. And in


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/96

92 the midst of those ruins, which began to assume fantastic forms, and which seemed to move, in the gathering shades of twilight, Berta, her father, and the nurse might well believe themselves in the presence of a spectre evoked there by their presence.

But the fact was, that the shadow, instead of vanishing, instead of changing its shape, as happens with chimeras of the brain, assumed before their eyes a more distinct form, more definite outlines, according as he approached the group.

Reaching them, he took gently in his the hands Berta held out to him. His eyes shone with the light of a supreme triumph.

"It is I," he said, in a moved voice. "I, Adrian Baker. I am not a spectre risen from the tomb."

Berta felt herself growing faint and was obliged to sit down; and Adrian Baker continued thus:

"Forgive me. I have put your heart to a terrible proof, but the doubts of my soul were still more terrible. The world had filled my spirit with horrible distrust and I desired to sound the uttermost depths of your love. It has resisted absence, and it has resisted death. Your love for me was not a passing fancy; you did not deceive yourself when you vowed me an eternal love. I left you in order to watch you and I died to comprehend you. I have followed you everywhere; I have not separated from you a single


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/97

Rh moment. My sweet Berta! You waited for me living, and you have waited for me dead. 'If you wait for me,' I said, 'your own heart will announce my return to you,' and you see I have returned. I felt for you an immense tenderness, but a terrible doubt consumed my heart. Had my riches dazzled you? Forgive me, Berta. A fatal learning had frozen faith in my soul; I doubted everything, and I doubted your heart also—I doubted you."

Berta clasped her hands, and raising her eyes to heaven, exclaimed mournfully:

"My God! what cruel injustice!"

"Yes!" burst out Adrian Baker; "cruel injustice! but you have resuscitated my heart; you have brought my soul back to life."

"Ah," said Berta, laying her hands on his breast, "what if it were too late!"

Then, turning to her father and the nurse, she said:

"I feel very cold; let us return to the villa;" and leaning on Adrian Baker's arm, she led the way.

Her father and the nurse followed her in silence. The good man had comprehended everything, but the poor woman comprehended nothing.

What passed that night in the villa it is not necessary to relate; it was a night of pain, of agitation, and of anguish. It was necessary to go


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/98

94 to the city for a physician; why? Because Berta was dying. Adrian Baker was the image of despair; the unhappy father wept as if his heart would break, and the nurse stole away from time to time to cry, unable to restrain her tears.

At dawn it was necessary to go again to the city, for the physician of the body had exhausted the resources of science, and they were obliged to have recourse to the physician of the soul.

Dawn was just breaking when a priest alighted at the door of the villa. The sick girl received him, if we may be allowed the expression, with melancholy gladness, and a little later all was over.

In the middle of the room, on a funeral bier, lighted by six large wax tapers, which cast a melancholy light around, lay the body of the dead girl. The window admitted the morning light; and the autumn wind, tearing the dead leaves from the trees in the garden, scattered them over the inanimate form of Berta, as if death thus rendered homage to death.

Attracted by the light of the torches, a white butterfly flew silently in and circled around and around the head of the dead girl.

Watching the body were the father, leaning over the bier, bowed down under the weight of an immeasurable grief; the nurse dissolved in tears; Adrian, with dry and glittering eyes, pale, motionless, mute, terrible in his anguish; and the


text:
Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish).djvu/99

Rh priest with folded arms and head bent over his breast, murmuring pious prayers.

Such was the scene which the morning sun lighted in Berta's room. The birds of the garden alighted on the rail of the window, but did not venture to enter; they looked in apprehensively and flew away terrified; they twittered on the branches of the trees, and their melancholy chirpings seemed like sighs.

Breathing a sigh torn from the inmost depths of his soul, Adrian Baker exclaimed in a hollow voice:

"Miserable man that I am! I have killed her!"

"Ah, yes," said the priest, slowly shaking his head. "Divine Justice—Doubt kills."


text:
User talk:Mukhosr

Note
Please don't create pages that only link to your website. If you do so again, you'll be blocked from editing. EVula // talk // ☯  // 17:56, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mukhosr


text:
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Zeger Bernhard Van Espen

Espen,, also called , a Belgian canonist, b. at Louvain, July 9, 1646; d. at Amersfoort, Netherlands, October 2, 1728. He completed his higher studies at Louvain, became priest in 1673, and doctor of civil and canon law in 1675. He soon began to teach canon law at the University of Louvain where he was obliged to lecture only for six weeks during the summer vacation; the professor might explain one or other important chapter of the decretals, at his choice. He never accepted any other chair at the university, and he resigned even this position in order to devote himself entirely to study. He was consulted by all classes on account of his profound learning in canon law, and his famous work, "Jus canonicum universum", although it raised numerous just criticisms, still remains remarkable. The author is accused, not without reason, of having borrowed considerably from the works of his predecessors, notably from Thomassin, yet it must be recognized that Van Espen possessed the art of setting forth in a lucid and intelligible way the discipline of the ancient Church; he also cast light upon questions which up to his time had been very obscure. His clear and concise style gives to his work a value which the labors of his predecessors do not possess. He collected the most recent legislative decisions of the Church and discussed them with judgment, except where party spirit blinded him. He had also the incontestable merit of showing with precision the special law of Belgium. Benedict XIV recognized his authority in this matter. On the other hand he was a strenuous defender of the Gallican theories. He misconstrued the right of religious authority and exaggerated beyond measure the right of the civil power. It may be added, however, that he exalted and combated in turn all power, even the civil power. He exalted the power of the bishops in order to lessen that of the religious orders, and the rights of an extinct chapter in order to combat the powers of the pope. He gained for himself unpleasant notoriety in the Jansenist conflicts, by denying the importance of the famous distinction between right and fact with regard to the doctrine of Jansen; he declared that it was of little consequence to admit that Jansen had taught the propositions condemned by the Bull "Unigenitus" (1713) provided the doctrine itself was rejected.

The Jansenist quarrels led to Van Espen's ruin. On being consulted by the Jansenists of Holland with regard to the ordination of the Jansenist Bishop of Utrecht, Cornelius Steenoven, he pronounced in favor of this ordination, which had been performed without the authorization of the Holy See. An unsuccessful attempt has been made to justify Van Espen's conduct in this matter, on the ground that he merely declared that episcopal ordination performed by a single bishop was valid. This was not the whole question, nor was it indeed the principal question, viz. to determine whether an episcopal ordination, performed without the pope's consent, was admissible. His action in this matter and his Jansenist doctrines brought about his suspension a divinis by the Bishop of Mechlin. The latter summoned him to make a declaration of orthodox faith. At the order of the civil power, the University of Louvain condemned and deprived (1728) Van Espen of his university functions. In the meantime he fled, and took refuge first at Maastricht, and afterwards at Amersfoort, where he found protection in the Jansenist community, and where he died. The Augustinian Desirant, professor at the University of Louvain, is accused of having fabricated false documents in the controversy with Van Espen. This struggle is known as the "Forgery of Louvain". Desirant was condemned by the academical authorities and banished forever from his native country. The best edition of the works of Van Espen, all of which are on the Index, is that published in four volumes at Louvain, 1753. A fifth volume, "Supplementum ad varias collectiones operum", was published at Brussels in 1768, and contains numerous biographical details.

A. VAN HOVE