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Talk:An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty Leopold II, King of the Belgians and Sovereign of the Independent State of Congo By Colonel, The Honorable Geo. W. Williams, of the United States of America

Witnesses, Documents, Letters, Official Records and Data
The letter says that "a list of competent and veracious witnesses, documents, letters, official records and data has been faithfully prepared, which will be deposited with Her Britannic Majesty’s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, until such time as an International Commission can be created with power to send for persons and papers, to administer oaths, and attest the truth or falsity of these charges." If anyone can find these and get them up on Wikisource and/or Commons, I owe you a serious barnstar. Wnt (talk) 15:41, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

Not mentioned
Curiously, word "rubber" isn't in this letter, even though later accounts describe it as the abuse of Leopold's wretched enterprise. Wnt (talk) 15:41, 17 January 2013 (UTC)


text: Author talk:John Henry Overton

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Author talk:John Henry Overton


text: Author talk:William Kineton Parkes

title: Author talk:William Kineton Parkes


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 Chichester Cathedral in 1861, and finally to Durham Cathedral in 1862, where he remained till his death. He had graduated Mus. Bac. Oxon. in 1858, and was admitted to the same degree ad eundem at Durham 1863. He proceeded Mus. Doc. at Oxford in 1864 and at Durham ad eundem in 1874. The honorary degree of M.A. was conferred on him by Durham University in 1891.

When the chair of music was founded at Durham University in 1897, Armes was appointed first professor. In 1890 he drew up the scheme of examinations for musical degrees which is still in use.

Armes's compositions comprise: oratorio, 'Hezekiah,' produced at Newcastle-on-Tyne (1877); cantatas, 'St. John the Evangelist,' produced at York Minster (1881); and 'St. Barnabas' produced at Durham (1891); services, anthems, hymn tunes, &c. He obtained the Molineux prize and gold medal offered by the Madrigal Society in 1897 for his madrigal 'Victoria.'

He died at Durham on 10 Feb. 1908, and was buried in the cemetery of St. Mary-le-bow there. He married in 1 864 Emily Jane, daughter of Sir Henry Davison, chief justice of the supreme court, Madras, by whom he had two sons and two daughters.

 ARMOUR, JOHN DOUGLAS (1830–1903), judge of the supreme court of Canada, born on 4 May 1830, near Peterborough, Ontario, was youngest son of Samuel Armour, rector of Cavan, Canada, by his wife Margaret Douglas. The father, of Irish origin, graduated M.A. from Glasgow University in 1806, and emigrating to Canada about 1821, taught in a school in York (now Toronto) before taking orders in the Church of England. The son John, after early education at the local schools and at Upper Canada College, where he was head boy, entered the University of Toronto as a King's College exhibitioner, and graduated B.A. in 1850, gaining the gold medal in classics. He began the study of law under his brother, Robert Armour, and in the office of Chancellor Vankoughnet. Called to the bar in 1853, he practised in Cobourg in partnership with Sidney Smith, afterwards postmaster-general of Canada. He was appointed county crown attorney for Northumberland and Durham on 26 Mar. 1858, and clerk of the peace on 2 May 1861, and a queen's counsel by Lord Monck in 1867. He was elected warden of the counties in 1859-60. In the same year he was chosen a senator of the University of Toronto, and in 1871 became a bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada. In 1874 he declined the liberal nomination for West Northumberland in the House of Commons. He was appointed a puisne judge of the court of queen's bench in 1877, and was promoted chief justice of the court in 1887. He was made commissioner to revise the Ontario statutes in 1896. In July 1900 he became chief justice of Ontario, and president of the court of appeal. He declined a knighthood more than once. In June 1902 he received an honorary LL.D. from his university. In November 1902 he was nominated a judge of the supreme court of Canada by Sir Wilfrid Laurier. In May 1902, as one of the 'distinguished jurists of repute,' he was chosen by the Canadian government to represent Canada on the international tribunal constituted to decide the Alaska boundary dispute. He died in London on 11 July 1903, whither he had gone to attend the sittings of the arbitration. A memorial service was held at the Temple Church. He was buried in St. Peter's cemetery, Cobourg, Ontario.

Armour was among the greatest jurists whom Canada has produced. Absolutely fearless and outspoken, he not infrequently aroused hostile prejudice. His alleged unfriendliness to corporations failed to affect his judgments, which were based on a thorough knowledge of the law and a profound insight into human nature.

He married on 28 April 1855 Eliza, daughter of Francis Schimerhorn Clench of Cobourg and Eliza Cory. Of eleven children of this marriage ten survive (1912). Several portraits exist. One by E. Wyly Grier is in the National Gallery, Ottawa, and three replicas of this are owned by the family. Another by G. T. Berthon is at Osgood Hall, Toronto. There is a bust by Lady Ross (Miss Peel) in the Normal School, Toronto.

 ARMSTEAD, HENRY HUGH (1828–1905), sculptor, born in Bloomsbury on 18 June 1828, was fourth and youngest son of John Armstead, an heraldic chaser, by his wife Ann, daughter of Hugh Dyer of Belfast. A wide reader from youth, he received little school education. At eleven he was working in his father's workshop, and at thirteen was sent to the old School of Design, Somerset House. While sketching at the British Museum he began a lifelong friendship with a fellow student,


text: Author talk:Albert Frederick Pollard

title: Author talk:Albert Frederick Pollard


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 in June 1907. On his deathbed he received from the Empress Marie Feodorovna of Russia the Red Cross commemoration medal for his services during the Russo-Japanese war. Ardagh died on 30 Sept. 1907 at Glynllivon Park, Carnarvon, and was buried at Broomfield Church, near Taunton. He married on 18 Feb. 1896 Susan, widow of the third earl of Malmesbury and daughter of John Hamilton of Fyne Court House, Somerset, who survived him without issue.

Ardagh served on the council of the Royal Geographical Society, was an associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and was a member of the Royal Society's geodetic arc committee in 1900. He was made hon. LL.D. of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1897. He wrote in the 'Quarterly Review' (October 1894) on British rule in Egypt, and contributed occasionally to other periodicals. He was a skilful artist. A collection of 140 water-colour drawings by him was presented by his widow to the Royal Engineers Institute at Chatham.

His portrait, painted in oils by Miss Merrick in 1896, and exhibited at the Royal Academy that year, was presented by his widow to the officers of the royal engineers, and now hangs in their mess room at Chatham. A replica is in Lady Malmesbury's possession.

 ARDITI, LUIGI (1822–1903), musical conductor and composer, born at Crescentino, in Piedmont, on 16 July 1822, was son of Maurizio Arditi by his wife Caterina Colombo. He was educated as a violinist at the Milan conservatoire, showing also some talent for composition. In 1840 an overture of his was produced in Milan, and during the carnival of the following year a light opera, 'I Briganti.' He made his first appearance as an operatic conductor at Vercelli in 1843, and became an honorary member of the Accademia Filarmonica there. From 1846 he frequently visited America, where he produced and conducted operas; he brought out his 'La Spia' at New York in 1856. The same year he toured through eastern Europe to Constantinople, and in 1858 settled in London as conductor to the opera at Her Majesty's theatre, retaining this appointment through the management of Lumley, E. T. Smith, and Mapleson until the destruction of the theatre by fire in 1867. Upon the resignation of Costa from Covent Garden, Arditi was engaged there for the single season of 1869. In the winters of 1871 and 1873 he conducted the Italian opera at St. Petersburg, and from 1870 onwards for several years did similar work every spring at Vienna. From 1874-7 he conducted the promenade concerts at Covent Garden, and in 1878 visited Madrid for a two months' season. Arditi was the favourite conductor of Madame Adelina Patti, and between 1882 and 1887 he went on operatic tours to America and through the United Kingdom with Mapleson's company, of which she was a leading member. He conducted the first performances of the following notable works amongst others : Gounod's 'Faust' (Her Majesty's, 11 June 1863); Wagner's 'Flying Dutchman' (Drary Lane, July 1870); Mascagni's 'Cavalleria Rusticana' (Shaftesbury, 19 Oct. 1891); and Humperdinck's 'Hansel and Gretel ' (Daly's, Dec. 1894). He retired shortly after 1894, and died at Hove on 1 May 1903. He married on 20 June 1856 Virginia, daughter of William S. Warwick, of Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A., and had issue one son and one daughter.

Arditi's vocal waltz, 'II Bacio' (1860), has long been a favourite with vocalists; other songs of similar character and merit, such as 'L'Ardita' (1862), enjoyed a temporary vogue. In later life he wrote nothing of value. He published in 1896 'My Reminiscences' (ed. Baroness von Zedlitz). A caricature portrait by 'Ape' appeared in 'Vanity Fair' in 1885.

 ARDWALL,. [See, 1845–1911.]

 ARMES, PHILIP (1836–1908), organist and musical composer, born at Norwich on 15 Aug. 1836, was eldest son of Philip Armes (a bass singer) by Mary his wife. A chorister in Norwich Cathedral 1846-8, he joined the choir of Rochester Cathedral in 1848 on the appointment of his father as bass lay clerk there. Possessed of a beautiful voice, he achieved great success as solo boy, and on retiring from the choir in 1850 received a public testimonial. Determined to follow the profession of music, he was articled in 1850 to John Larkin Hopkins [q. v.], organist of Rochester Cathedral, and up to 1856 acted as his assistant, at the same time serving as organist of Milton Church, Gravesend. In 1857 he passed to St. Andrews, Wells Street, London, then to


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 helped to expedite the fatal enterprise, and at the end of the disastrous campaign he was promoted to a brevet colonelcy (15 June 1885), receiving the third class of the order of the Medjidieh. On 30 Dec., as chief staff officer of a combined British and Egyptian force, he took part in the engagement at Giniss, when a large army of the Khalifa, which was endeavouring to invade Egyptian territory, after the abandonment of the Soudan, was defeated with great loss. For his services Ardagh was mentioned in despatches. On 17 Dec. 1886 he was promoted to a regimental lieutenant-colonelcy, and on 26 Jan. 1887 he was gazetted a colonel on the staff. In Nov. 1887 Ardagh returned to London as assistant adjutant-general for defence and mobilisation at the war office, and he inaugurated schemes of mobilisation for over-sea service, and of local home defence. From April 1888 to 1893 he was aide-de-camp to the duke of Cambridge, commander-in-chief. In October 1888 he became, with war office sanction, private secretary to the marquis of Lansdowne, viceroy of India. Save for a period of absence through illness in 1892, he remained with Lord Lansdowne through his term of office. He returned to England in May 1894, after a short service with Lord Lansdowne' s successor, Lord Elgin. He was made a C.I.E. in 1892, and K.C.I.E. in 1894.

Ardagh had spent less than a year as commandant of the School of Military Engineering at Chatham (from 16 April 1895), when he rejoined (27 March 1896) the war office for five years as director of military intelligence, with the temporary rank of major-general. He was promoted major-general on the establishment, on 14 March 1898. The South African war broke out in October 1899, and during the black days at the opening of the campaign an outcry was made that Ardagh's department had not kept the government informed of the number of men the Boers could put into the field, nor of the preparations they had made for the war. Yet Ardagh, in spite of a limited staff and inadequate funds, had performed his duty thoroughly. He compiled for the government a full statement of the number and military resources of the Boer forces, estimating that the defence of the British colonies alone would require 40,000 men, while to carry the war into the enemy's country would require 200,000. Copies of this paper were eventually laid on the tables of both houses of parliament at Ardagh's request. Meanwhile 'Military Notes on the Dutch Republic,' a secret work prepared under Ardagh's auspices in the intelligence branch, fell early in the campaign into the hands of the Boers after the action of Talana (20 Oct. 1899), and was published. These documents, which were corroborated by evidence before the royal commission on the war, relieved Ardagh of all blame.

In addition to his ordinary duties Sir John was a member of a committee on submarine telegraph cables, and in 1899 military technical adviser to the British delegates, Sir Julian (afterwards Lord) Pauncefote [q. v. Suppl. II] and Sir Henry Howard, at the first Hague peace conference. There he took a leading part in drawing up the ' Rules respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land.' In he was awarded the distinguished service pension.

After leaving the war office in March he showed to advantage his tact and knowledge of international law as British agent before a commission to investigate the claims of foreign powers on account of the deportation to Europe of subjects of theirs domiciled in South Africa during the war. From December 1901 to June 1902 he was in South Africa settling miscellaneous claims in connection with the war, which was still going on. He returned to South Africa later in the year with the temporary rank of lieutenant-general as member of the royal commission for the revision of martial law sentences. In October he was a member of the British tribunal on the Chili-Argentina boundary arbitration and helped to draft the award. On 9 Aug. 1902, when sixty-two years of age, Ardagh retired from military service, but was still employed by the foreign office. He succeeded Lord Pauncefote on the permanent court of arbitration at the Hague, and became a British government director of the Suez Canal. In December 1902 he was created K.C.M.G.

Ardagh was deeply interested in the British Red Cross Society, of which he became a member of council in 1905. He represented the British army, being one of four delegates of the British government in June 1906, at the conference held by the Swiss government for the revision of the Geneva Convention of 1864. The new convention was signed in the following month. His last public duty was to act as a delegate of the central committee of the society at the eighth international conference in London


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 3 Aug. 1872, and joined the Staff College in February 1873, passing the final examinations in December 1874. In April 1875 he was attached to the intelligence branch of the war office, was in Holland on intelligence duty (10 Jan.-8 Feb. 1876), and became a deputy assistant quartermaster-general for intelligence (13 July).

In August 1876 Ardagh began important services in the Near East. He was then sent on special service to Nisch, the headquarters of the Turkish army operating against Servia. In October he was summoned to Constantinople to report on the defence of the city. In fifteen days he prepared sketch-surveys of nearly 150 square miles, and proved himself an expert in strategic geography. These surveys included the position of Buyuk-Chekmedje-Dere, with projects for the defence of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, the Bulair lines and Rodosto. The actual works were subsequently constructed by the Turks. Ardagh also reported for the foreign office on the operations in Herzegovina and Montenegro, and in December 1876 went to Tirnovo in Bulgaria to report on the state of the country. After an attack of fever, from which he recuperated in Egypt and Greece, he resumed his duties at the war office in April 1877, when he completed a report and survey begun in the previous year on the sea defences of the Lewes and Laughton levels.

From December 1877 to March 1878 Ardagh was in Italy on special foreign office service, and in the summer attended the congress of Berlin as technical military delegate under General Sir Lintorn Simmons [q. v. Suppl. II]. Ardagh's knowledge of the Turkish provinces proved of value, and in July he was created C.B. (civil). Between September 1878 and September 1879 he was employed on the international commission to delimitate the frontiers of the new principality of Bulgaria. On 30 Nov. 1878 he was gazetted a brevet-major, and was pro- moted regimental major on 22 Sept. 1880. On 14 June 1881, after much negotiation among the great powers, in which he played some part, he became British commissioner for the delimitation of the Turco-Greek frontier. In spite of obstacles the work was completed by the end of October.

In February 1882 Ardagh was appointed instructor in military history, law, and tactics at the School of Military Engineering at Chatham, but on 5 July he was sent suddenly to Egypt, where he was occupied almost continuously for nearly four years. His first duty was to place Alexandria in a state of defence after its bombardment by the British fleet and to take charge of the intelligence department there. Becoming on 21 Aug. deputy assistant adjutant- general, he was subsequently employed in the railway administration at Ismailia, and was present at the actions of Kassassin and Tel-el-Mahuta, and at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir. He was mentioned in Lord Wolseley's despatch at the end of the cam- paign and was promoted brevet lieutenant- colonel (18 Nov. 1882). He also received the British war medal with clasp for Tel-el-Kebir, the Khedive's bronze star, and the fourth class of the order of the Osmanieh.

Ardagh remained in Egypt as deputy assistant adjutant-general to the British army of occupation, and was largely employed in making surveys. In July 1883 he went home on leave, but returned to Egypt almost immediately on an out- break of cholera, and laboured untiringly during the epidemic.

In February 1884 Ardagh, as commanding royal engineer and chief of the intelligence department, accompanied the British force under Sir Gerald Graham [q. v. Suppl. I], which was sent from Cairo to the Eastern Soudan. He was present at the battle of El Teb (29 Feb.), and at the relief of Tokar (1 March) he arranged the removal of 700 Egyptian inhabitants. By 8 March the change of base from Trinkitat to Suakin had been made, and on the 12th Ardagh reconnoitred with the mounted infantry the ground towards the hills. After the battle of Tamai (13 March) the road was open to Berber, and Ardagh shared his general's opinion that an advance should then have been made to Berber to reach out a hand to General Gordon at Khartoum. He afterwards wrote : ' Ber- ber was then in the hands of an Egyptian garrison, and had we gone across, the subsequent operations for the attempted relief of General Gordon at Khartoum would not have been necessary.' Graham's force returned to Cairo in April, leaving a battalion to garrison Suakin. Ardagh was mentioned in despatches and was made C.B. (military).

In May 1884 he went home on leave. In the autumn an expedition to relieve Khartoum was organised. Ardagh favoured the Suakin-Berber route, but Lord Wolseley, who commanded, resolved to ascend the Nile. Ardagh was appointed commandant at the base (Cairo), with the grade of assistant adjutant-general. His energy, devotion, and quiet cheerfulness


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 Æschylus, and Sophocles never wavered, his admiration for Plato waxed exceedingly. In 1883 he published an admirable edition of the ‘Phædo,’ in which he investigated the argument of the dialogue, and traced its relations to the rest of Plato's writings. A second edition appeared in 1894. In 1888 he brought out his magnum opus, an original and complete edition of the difficult, important, and neglected ‘Timæus,’ which gave a new impetus to Platonic studies. The translation is exact and scholarly; the commentary is helpful, learned, many-sided; and in the introduction Archer-Hind sets out the results of his profound study of Plato's metaphysic. His aim is to ‘show that in this dialogue we find, as it were, the focus to which the rays of Plato's thoughts converge, that in fact the “Timæus” and the “Timæus” alone enables us to recognise Platonism as a complete and consistent scheme of monistic idealism.’

Archer-Hind's conception of the theory of ideas as ‘a thorough-going idealism’ is the key at once to Platonic philosophy and to Platonic science. Papers in the ‘Journal of Philology’ (see especially xxiv. 49; xxix. 266; xxxi. 84) supplemented the editions of the ‘Phædo’ and the ‘Timæus.’ In 1905 Archer-Hind published a volume of admirable ‘Translations into Greek Verse and Prose.’

An industrious teacher and a singularly efficient examiner, Archer-Hind took no prominent part in the affairs of the university; but his occasional allocutions at university discussions and college meetings were incisive and epigrammatic. He was always an earnest supporter of the movement for the education of women, and gave much time to the affairs of Newnham College and the instruction of its students. His literary interests were by no means limited to the classical tongues. He loved his garden, and kept an exact record of the rare plants which it contained. He took a passionate interest in music; his knowledge of certain favourite composers was intimate and minute. He had made a careful study of Greek music. His quiet, retiring manner covered strong convictions tenaciously held.

 ARDAGH, JOHN CHARLES (1840–1907), major-general, royal engineers, born at Comragh House on 9 Aug. 1840, was second son of William Johnson Ardagh, vicar of Rossmire, of Comragh House and Stradbally, co. Waterford, by his wife Sarah Cobbold, of Ipswich. After education at the endowed school in Waterford under Dr. Price, John entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1857, with the intention of taking orders. He gained a prize in Hebrew and honours in mathematics. But deciding on a military career he passed first at the entrance examination to the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich in 1858, and was again first at the final examination, receiving a commission as lieutenant in the royal engineers on 1 April 1859. After the usual training at Chatham, Ardagh superintended the construction of Fort Popton, one of the new works of defence for Milford Haven, under the Defence Act of 1860. When a rupture with the United States, owing to the Trent affair, threatened in November 1861, Ardagh embarked at Queenstown in the transport Victoria (26 Dec. 1861) with the stores necessary to construct a line of telegraph through the colony of New Brunswick to the St. Lawrence river. The vessel, which was badly found, encountered tempestuous weather and was driven back to Queenstown; leaving port again on 13 Feb. 1862, she was only saved from foundering by Ardagh's and his sappers' ingenuity and exertions, which enabled her to reach Plymouth on 12 March. Ardagh's conduct was highly commended by the duke of Cambridge, Commander-in-chief.

Ardagh, who remained at home, was charged with the construction of the new fort at Newhaven, and there invented an equilibrium drawbridge, which was used at Newhaven fort and elsewhere (cf. his description of it in Royal Eng. Prof. Papers, new series, vol. xvii.). After other employment on southern defences, he was appointed, in April 1868, secretary of Sir Frederick Grey's committee to report on the fortifications in course of construction under the Defence Act of 1860, and in September 1869 accompanied Sir [q. v.] on a tour of inspection of the defence works at Halifax and Bermuda. Permitted to witness the entry of the German troops into Paris in February 1871, Ardagh visited the defences of the city, and went on to Belfort and Strassburg. After three months in Malta and a year at Chatham, he was promoted captain on


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 only during the half-century. He had some difficulty in disentangling himself from the Arthurian legend, but was most successful with costume pictures and portraits of children, such as 'Playing at Queen with a Painter's Wardrobe' (R.A. 1861), 'How the Little Lady Stood to Velasquez' (R.A. 1864), 'Old Maid: Maggie, you're cheatin' (R.A. 1865), 'In the Time of Charles I: Portraits of the Children of W. Walkinshaw, Esq.' (R.A. 1867), 'Against Cromwell' (R.A. 1869), 'Colonel Sykes, M.P,' (R.A. 1871). A long series of portraits included several painted during prolonged visits between 1884 and 1887 both to the United States (Mr. James G. Elaine and Mr. Andrew Carnegie) and to India (Lady Dufferin and Lord Clandeboye, Lord Dalhousie, and a posthumous portrait of Sir Charles Macgregor). Among his chief sitters at home were Sir George Trevelyan (R.A. 1872), Professor Blackie, three times (the portrait of 1873 hangs in the library of the Scottish Academy), Sir Henry Irving in 'The Bells' (R.A. 1872), Dr. Ellicott (R.A. 1883), and Sir Edwin Arnold (R.A. 1890). In 1877 he painted for and presented to the Scottish Academy a portrait of Sir Daniel Macnee. Archer continued to the end of his life to produce large canvases, such as 'King Henry II and Fair Rosamund,' 'The Worship of Dionysus,' 'Peter the Hermit,' 'St. Agnes of the Early Christian Martyrs,' and ' In the Second Century "You a Christian?" '. He also painted a few landscapes. For the first number of 'Good Words' (1860) he did six drawings illustrating the serial story 'Lady Somerville's Maidens,' and he contributed two illustrations to 'Household Song' (1861).

During his last years he lived at Shian, Haslemere, where he died on 3 Sept. 1904; he was buried at Haslemere. Archer married, in 1853, Jane Clark, daughter of James Lawson, W.S., Edinburgh; a son and three daughters survived him.

Archer's work was always refined, and reflected his interest in literature and a certain sympathy with the Pre-Raphaelites; a lack of force may be attributed to what his friend Professor Blackie described as 'his thoughtful, evangelico-artistic mildness' (Letters of John Stuart Blackie to his Wife). Unluckily for his reputation he continued to work after his powers failed. He was at the time of his death the oldest member of the Royal Scottish Academy, and had been for ten years on its retired list.

A portrait painted by himself at an early age is in the possession of the widow of Henry Gregory Smith, Edinburgh.

ARCHER-HIND, formerly, RICHARD DACRE (1849–1910), Greek scholar and Platonist, born at Morris Hall, near Norham, on 18 Sept. 1849, came of an ancient Northumbrian family, being third and youngest son of Thomas Hodgson (b. 1814), who, on the death of a brother in 1869, succeeded to the estates of Stelling and Ovington and assumed the surname of Archer-Hind. The father, a learned horticulturist, graduated B.A. from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1837 and M.A. in 1840. His wife was his first cousin, Mary Ann, second daughter of John Thomas Huntley, vicar of Kimbolton. Richard Dacre had from his father his early teaching in Latin and Greek, and even when he was at Shrewsbury school, whither he proceeded in 1862, and where he was the pupil of Dr. B. H. Kennedy and Dr. H. W. Moss, his father continued to assist his studies. In 1868 he won an open minor scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in the following October he went into residence at the university, living with his parents, who now established themselves at Cambridge, as they had formerly established themselves at Shrewsbury, that he might have the comforts of a home life. He was elected to a college foundation scholarship in 1869 and to a Craven University scholarship in 1871. In 1872 he was placed third in the first class of the classical tripos and won the first chancellor's medal for classical learning. He was elected to a fellowship in his college in October 1873 and was appointed assistant lecturer in April 1877 and assistant tutor in December 1878. At Easter 1899 he was made a senior lecturer, and in December 1903 he retired from the staff. During the last two years of his life Archer-Hind was an invalid. He died at Cambridge on 6 April 1910. The body was cremated at Golder's Green, and the ashes were buried at Cambridge. He married on 17 March 1888 Laura, youngest daughter of [q. v.] He left one son, Laurence, born in 1895.

Both in Latin and in Greek the exceptional quality of Archer-Hind's scholarship was recognised from the beginning of his Cambridge career. But Greek came to interest him more than Latin. At a later time, while his love of Pindar,


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The New International Encyclopædia/Holywell

HOLYWELL, hō'lĭ-wĕl. A municipal and Parlimentary borough and market-town in Flintshire, North Wales, 4½ miles northwest of Flint (Map: ../England/, C 3). It has limestone quarries, coal and lead mines, and numerous establishments for smelting, manufacturing shot, zinc, etc. There are also manufactures of cottons, flannels, and galloons, paper, and Roman cement. Holywell owes its origin to the renowned well of Saint Winifred, which is said to be the most copious spring in Britain. Its waters were believed to be efficacious in curing diseases, and are still resorted to by Roman Catholic pilgrims. The well is covered by a fine Perpendicular chapel attributed to Margaret, mother of Henry VII. In the vicinity are remains of the old Saxon Abbey of Basingwerk, and in the town is Saint Buenos College for Roman Catholic priests. Population, in 1891, 2894; in 1901, 2652.


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The Exemplary Novels of Cervantes/Preface

 PREFACE

It seems to be generally admitted that in rendering the title of a book from one language into another, the form of the original should be retained, even at the cost of some deviation from ordinary usage. Cicero's work De Officiis is never spoken of as a treatise on Moral Duties, but as Cicero's Offices. Upon the same principle we have not entitled the following collection of tales, Instructive or Moral; though it is in this sense that the author applied to them the epithet exemplares, as he states distinctly in his preface. The Spanish word exemplo, from the time of the archpriest of Hita and Don Juan Manuel, has had the meaning of instruction, or instructive story.

The "Novelas Exemplares" were first published in 1613, three years before the death of Cervantes. They are all original, and have the air of being drawn from his personal experience and observation. Ticknor, in his "History of Spanish Literature," says of them, and of the "Impertinent Curiosity," inserted in the first part of Don Quixote:

—"Their value is different, for they are written with different views, and in a variety of style greater than he has elsewhere shown; but most of them contain touches of what is peculiar in his talent, and are full of that rich eloquence and of those pleasing descriptions of natural scenery which always flow so easily from his pen. They have little in common with the graceful story-telling spirit of Boccaccio and his followers, and still less with the strictly practical tone of Don Juan Manuel's tales; nor, on the other hand, do they approach, except in the case of the 'Impertinent Curiosity,' the class of short novels which have been frequent in other countries within the last century. The more, therefore, we examine them, the more we shall find that they are original in their composition and general tone, and that they are strongly marked with the original genius of their author, as well as with the more peculiar traits of the national character,—the ground, no doubt, on which they have always been favourites at home, and less valued than they deserve to be abroad. As works of invention, they rank, among their author's productions, next after Don Quixote; in correctness and grace of style they stand before it.... They are all fresh from the racy soil of the national character, as that character is found in Andalusia, and are written with an idiomatic richness, a spirit, and a grace, which, though they are the oldest tales of their class in Spain, have left them ever since without successful rivals."

The first three tales in this volume have merely undergone the revision of the editor, having been translated by another before he was engaged on the work. For the rest he alone is responsible.

W.K.K.


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Rh Allhallows Barking, received their submission, and conducted the mayor and forty of the chief men of the city to the king at Windsor (Liber de Antiquis Legibus, pp. 77, 78). After marching with the king to Northampton in April 1266 [see under ] he was again sent to London with an armed force, and overawed the discontented party in the city. He assisted in the pacification of the country, reduced Winchelsea and Sandwich to obedience, received the custody of the castles of Dover, Rochester, and Nottingham, and of the Tower of London, and kept order in Huntingdonshire, Essex, and the weald of Kent. The king gave him large rewards, including thirteen manors held by William FitzAucher, one of the baronial party, and the house of Peter de Montfort in Westminster. He was sheriff of Kent and warden of the forests beyond the Trent. In 1265 he received the wardship and marriage of Idonea, younger daughter and coheiress of Robert de Vipont, baron of Westmoreland, and in 1268, by exchange with the king, the manor and castle of Leeds, Kent. In 1267 he was sent to the Counts of St. Pol and Boulogne to obtain help for the king against Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester [q. v.] (Royal Letters, ii. 335;, ii. 246). He took the cross, went with Edward to Paris in 1269, joined in the arrangements there made for the projected crusade, and evidently intended to accompany Edward upon it. It is certain that he did not go (see on other side Archæologia Cantiana, v. 142), for in December 1270, four months after Edward's departure, he was upholding the official of Christ Church, Canterbury, against the prior of Dover (, ii. 256). He died in 1271, at some date prior to 7 Nov. It has been suggested that a niche in Leybourne Church contained his heart (Archæologia Cantiana, v. 135 sqq.) To Elham Church he left an endowment for a light, which was maintained until the suppression of chantries (ib. x. 49); he gave some land in Kent to Bermondsey Priory, Surrey, and a small endowment to Cumbwell Priory, Kent (ib. v. 219). His arms were azure, six lioncels argent. He was twice married; the name of his first wife has not been discovered (ib. v. 154, 193; Dugdale, confusing him with his father, makes Eleanor de Thurnham his wife; and Hasted, confusing him with his younger son, gives him Idonea de Vipont, who was only about twelve at the time of his death); his second wife was Eleanor, daughter of William de Ferrers, earl of Derby, who had previously married, first, William de Vaux, and next Roger de Quincy, earl of Winchester; she survived him. He left two sons, William, who succeeded him, and Roger, who married Idonea de Vipont, his father's ward. Idonea brought her husband great wealth, and appears to have held, jointly with her elder sister, Isabella, wife of Roger de Clifford, the barony and sheriffdom of Westmoreland (Fœdera, i. 753, 804).

(d. 1309), baron, Roger's elder son by his first wife (not by his second, because William was of age at his father's death, and Roger could not have married his second wife before 1264, the date of the Earl of Winchester's death), served in Wales in 1277 and 1282 (Fœdera, i. 538, 608), was constable of Pevensey, and in 1294 was appointed captain of the fleet gathered at Portsmouth for the recovery of Gascony (ib. p. 809;, p. 332). He was described in 1297 by the title of ‘Admiral of the Sea of the King of England’ (Fœdera, i. 861;, Cinque Ports, p. 129). He received a summons to parliament in 1299 and in later years, and in 1301 joined in the letter from the barons to the pope. In 1299 he served in Scotland at the head of five knights and fifteen esquires, and in 1300 was present at the siege of Caerlaverock, being described in the Caerlaverock roll (La Siège de Carlaverock, ed. Nicolas) as ‘a valiant man without but or if.’ He served again in Scotland in 1304, and died in 1309. He married Juliana, daughter and heiress of Henry de Sandwich, by whom he had two sons, Thomas and Henry. Thomas was enfeoffed of Leybourne by his father, and died in 1307, leaving by his wife Alice (sister and heiress of Robert de Toeni, who married for her second husband Guy de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick [q. v.], and for her third William la Zouche) one daughter, Juliana, three years old at her father's death, who in 1309 became sole heiress of her grandfather William. She was a great lady, for many inheritances had devolved upon her. She married, first, John de Hastings, third baron Hastings (see under, second , where Juliana's other marriages are noted; Archæologia Cantiana, i. 1 sqq., v. 189–91, 193). [An account of Roger de Leybourne and his house, with an appendix of documents clearing up errors in Dugdale and Hasted, will be found in Archæol. Cant. v. 133–93, see also for Juliana the heiress i. 1 sqq., vi. 303, x. 49, xii. 325; Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 13; Hasted's Kent, ii. 206 sq., iii. 56, iv. 60, 251; Rymer's Fœdera, i. 430, 434, 449, 455, 481, and loc. cit. (Record ed.); Matt. Paris, Chron. Maj. v. 318, 319 (Rolls ed.); Ann. Monast. Tewkesbury, i. 150, 158, Dunstable, iii. 222, 225, 227, 230, 232, 234, Wykes, iv. 247 (Rolls ed.); Cont. of Gervase of Cant.,


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 residence at Bandra, outside the island, where he entertained Sir Richard and Lady Burton in 1876. He had already been initiated into Oriental literature by Edward Rehatsek, an eccentric but learned Hungarian, who led the life of a faqir at Bombay. Shortly after his return to England Arbuthnot associated himself with Burton in founding the Kama Shastra Society, for the issue to private subscribers of unexpurgated translations of Oriental classics. He was himself active in procuring the translation of Jāmi's 'Behāristan' and of S'adi's 'Gulistān'; and to him Burton dedicated the fourth volume of his 'Arabian Nights,' commending his critical appreciation of Oriental literature, which enabled him 'to detect the pearl which lurks in the kitchen-midden.' Arbuthnot's own books were in the nature of popular compilations, the two most important being 'Persian Portraits' (1887), and 'Arabic Authors' (1890). A work of more permanent value was his inauguration, in 1891, of a new series of the 'Oriental Translation Fund,' which he started with some translations by Rehatsek, and which was continued after his death through his munificence. He was a member of council and also a trustee of the Royal Asiatic Society, and he took a prominent part in organising the reception of the International Congress of Orientalists that met in London in 1892. He was given to hospitality both at his town house in Park Lane and at his country residence near Guildford. He took a lively interest in his village neighbours, and his memory is preserved by the Arbuthnot Institute, Shemley Green, under the charge of the Wonersh parish council. He died in London on 25 May 1901. In 1879 he married Ellinor, daughter of Admiral Sir [q. v.] and widow of James Alexander Guthrie of Craigie, Forfarshire, who survived him until 9 May 1911. There were no children of the marriage.

ARCHER, JAMES (1823–1904), painter, born in Edinburgh on 10 June 1823, was eldest child of Andrew Archer, dentist in Edinburgh, who married Ann Cunningham Gregory, and by her had two sons and two daughters. The younger son, Andrew, was the author of a history of Canada (1876), while the youngest child, Georgina, was the founder of the Victoria Institute, Berlin, and tutoress of the German Emperor William II, Prince Henry, and Princess Charlotte of Prussia. After education at Edinburgh High School, James studied art at the Trustees' Academy, while Sir [q. v.] was at its head, with [q. v.] as his assistant. Archer's generation thus immediately preceded that which studied under [q. v.], although he outlived and outworked many of Lauder's pupils. He was elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1850, and he became a full member in 1858. The life-class in that year passed from the Trustees' School to the control of the Scottish Academy, and (Sir) [q. v. Suppl. II], [q. v.], and Archer were appointed visitors. Their report on the conduct of the life-class insisted on drawing as opposed to colour in the training, a recommendation which Lauder appears to have regarded as a reflection on his own methods (cf., Life of Pettie, p. 12). While resident in Edinburgh, Archer showed his versatility in the many pictures which he exhibited at the Scottish Academy; these included 'The Child John in the Wilderness' (exhibited 1842); 'The Messiah' (1846); 'The Condemned Souls Crossing the River Acheron' and 'The Last Supper' (1849); 'Douglas Tragedy' and 'Mary Magdalene at the Sepulchre' (1850); 'The Mistletoe Bough' and 'Burger's Leonora' (1852); 'Hamlet' (1853); 'Rosalind and Celia,' his diploma work (1854); 'The Last Supper' (1856), and the first (1861) of several scenes from the 'Mort d'Arthur.' In these years he also painted many portraits in oils, and until his migration to London had a large practice in portraiture in chalks; among his sitters were Professor Aytoun and Alexander Smith.

In 1862-3 Archer gave up his Edinburgh studio, 2 York Place, and removed to London, He resigned at the time his lieutenancy in the artists' company of the city of Edinburgh artillery volunteers, in which, under the captaincy of Sir Noel Paton, with John Faed as first lieutenant, was enrolled every artist of note in Edinburgh at that time. He was also a member of the Smashers Sketching Club, which he helped to revive in London later under the name of the Auld Lang Syne Sketching Club (see Chambers's Journal, January 1906).

In London, settling first at 21 Phillimore Gardens, and after 1882 at 7 Cromwell Place, he diligently contributed to the Royal Academy, to which he had sent pictures since 1850, and where he continued to exhibit until 1900, missing one year


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Rh specially valuable from its extracts from the Chron. of Dover, ap. Gervase, ii. 214, 220 sq., 224, 226, 230, 233, 235, 237, 245, 256 (Rolls ed.); Chron. of Edw. I, i. 54, 62 (Rolls ed.); Royal Letters, Hen. III, ii. 256, 294, 298, 335 (Rolls ed.); Rishanger's Chron. de Bellis, pp. 18, 25, 127 (Camden Soc.); Liber de Antiqq. Legg. pp. 77, 78, 80, 86 (Camden Soc.); Wright's Political Songs, p. 60 (Camden Soc.); Walt. of Hemingburgh, i. 313 (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Trivet's Annales, p. 332 (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Blaauw's Barons' War, pp. 101, 117, 118, 131, 177, 243, 262 (2nd edit. 1871); Prothero's Simon de Montfort, p. 330; for William de Leybourne, Nicolas's Royal Navy, i. 408, 409, 436, 437; Burrows's Cinque Ports, p. 129 (Historic Towns).]

LEYBURN, GEORGE, D.D. (1593–1677), catholic divine, was born in Westmoreland in 1593, of an ancient and once wealthy family, whose fortunes were reduced to a very low ebb through the delinquency of James Leyburn, who was executed in Elizabeth's reign for maintaining the pope's supremacy. He was admitted a student in the English College at Douay on 13 March 1616–17, under the name of George Bradley, studied philosophy under the celebrated Thomas White, and was ordained priest on 5 Aug. 1625. Subsequently he resided in Arras College at Paris, and in 1630 came to the English mission. On landing at Dover he was arrested and committed to the castle, but he soon obtained his liberty through the intercession of Queen Henrietta Maria, who made him one of her chaplains, and consulted him on most matters relating to the catholics, until she was obliged by an order in council to dismiss all the ecclesiastics in her household. Leyburn was then imprisoned, and after being again released at the queen's request, he retired to Douay College, where he was employed in teaching philosophy and divinity. At this period he was created D.D. by the university of Rheims. Shortly before the commencement of the civil war he returned to England, and in 1644 he was a prisoner in the Tower of London, where he met Monck, and foretold that he would be a general in the north, and would eventually command the three kingdoms (, Life of General Monk, 1671, p. 118). Echard is of opinion that Monck was much influenced by this prediction (Hist. of England, 3rd edit. ii. 746). On procuring his release Leyburn withdrew to France, and rendered valuable services to the royalist party. In 1647 he was sent to Ireland, with credentials from the court in exile, in order to bring about a better understanding between the two catholic armies and the Duke of Ormonde (see Memoirs of George Leyburn, 1722).

In 1648 Richard Smith, bishop of Chalcedon, then residing at Paris, appointed Leyburn his vicar-general in England, in conjunction with Mark Harrington, B.D., of the Sorbonne. Afterwards he was chosen president of the English College at Douay, on the death of Dr. William Hyde, and was installed by patent dated 24 June 1652. He governed the college for about eighteen years, resigning the presidency in favour of his nephew, John Leyburn [q. v.], in 1670. Subsequently he resided at Rome for a year and a half. He died at Châlon-sur-Saône in Champagne on 29 Dec. 1677 (Palatine Notebook, iii. 103, 175).

His anonymous biographer says he ‘left behind him a character becoming the primitive ages, and the inhabitants of Châlon to this day pay a respect to his memory little inferior to that of a canonised saint’ (Memoirs of George Leyburn, sig. A 2). Throughout his life he was hostile to the jurisdiction of the catholic chapter in England.

‘The Memoirs of George Leyburn … Being a Journal of his Agency for Prince Charles in Ireland in the year 1647,’ appeared at London in 1722, 12mo. His other works are: 1. ‘An Epistle Declaratorie, or Manifest, written by G. L. [i.e. George Leyburn] to his Brethren residing in England’ [Douay], 1657, 16mo, pp. 51. 2. ‘The Summe of Doctor Leyburnes Answere to a Letter printed against him by Mr. Blacloe’ [Thomas White], Douay, 1657, 16mo, pp. 42. 3. ‘A Letter written by G. L. to Mr. And. Kingh. and Mr. Tho. Med.’ [Douay, 1657], 16mo. 4. ‘To Her Most Excellent Maiestie Henrietta Maria, Queen of Great Britaign, Dr. Leyburn's Apologie’ [Douay? 1660?], 4to. 5. ‘Dr. Leyburns Encyclicall Answer to an Encyclicall Epistle sent to our Brethren of England,’ Douay, 1661, 4to, pp. 96. This was in reply to ‘An Encyclical Epistle sent to their Brethren by the Venerable Dean and Chapter of the Catholick Clergy in England upon occasion of Dr. Leyburn’ [1660], 4to. There also appeared ‘A Manifest Publisht to their Brethren by the General Chapter of the Catholick English Clergy. In Vindication of their Innocency from the false calumnies laid upon them in a seditious libel publisht by Dr. Leyburn’ [1661], 4to. 6. ‘Vindiciæ censuræ Duacenæ; seu confutatio scripti cujusdam Thomæ Albii [White] contra latam à S. facultate theologica Duacena in 22 propositiones ejus censuram,’ Douay, 1661, 4to. Dodd says that some attribute the authorship of this book to John Warner (Church Hist. iii. 491). 7. ‘Holy Characters,’ 2 parts, Douay, 1662, 8vo.


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 the list of 'Counsellors of the Empress,' a new order intended but never actually constituted to form an Indian privy council. A year later he was created C.I.E.

Great as was Arbuthnot's attachment to Lytton, he never hesitated to exercise his independent judgment. In December 1877 he strongly dissented, in the gloomy financial circumstances, from the reduction of the duties on salt in Bengal and northern India. He was always opposed to proposals for the reduction of the cotton duties, proposals which he assigned to political pressure from Lancashire. In March 1879, when he voted with the majority of his colleagues against a reduction, Lord Lytton exercised the rarely used power of overruling his council. The governor -general's action was only confirmed by the council of India in London on the casting-vote of the secretary of state, Lord Cranbrook (East India Cotton Duties, white paper, 1879). Arbuthnot endeavoured to prevent Sir [q. v.] from going to Kabul with a small escort, and on 22 Oct. 1879 he minuted against what he regarded as the unduly aggressive spirit of Lytton's Afghan policy. Arbuthnot had the unanimous support of his colleagues in his conduct of the Vernacular Press Act, 1878, and he viewed with great disfavour its repeal, after he had left India, by Lord Ripon's government (19 Jan. 1882).

Returning to England on the expiry of his term in May 1880, Arbuthnot settled at Newtown House, Hampshire, where the rest of his life was spent. He was a generous benefactor of the locality, building a parish room and handing over the ownership of the village school, after enlargement, to the National Society. A strong conservative and churchman, he was for many years a member of the Winchester diocesan conference and chairman of the Andover division conservative association. But India still held the foremost place in his thoughts. In the spring of 1883 he accepted the chairmanship of the London committee to resist the famous 'Ilbert Bill' of Lord Ripon's government, and both by speech and pen he brought the issues to the notice of the public. On the nomination of Lord Cross he joined the India council on 1 Nov. 1887, and there, during his ten years' term, showed his old strength and independence. In 1894-5 he steadfastly deprecated, as concessions to Lancashire interests, the opposition to the reimposition of cotton import duties in India. He was most assiduous in his attendance at the India office, and spoke very frequently in the council discussions. When he retired, on 31 Oct. 1897, his service of the Crown had extended over fifty-five years, throughout which he showed unusual administrative powers and combined tact and courtesy with a spirit naturally somewhat despotic and impatient of control. He died in London of heart failure on 10 June 1907, and was buried in the churchyard at Newtown.

While at the India office Arbuthnot largely suspended the journalistic and literary work in which he had engaged on leaving India. But he remained a regular contributor to this Dictionary from the first volume, published in January 1885, writing in all fifty-three articles, including those on Clive, Wellesley, Canning, and Sir Thomas Munro. In 1881 he compiled a selection of the minutes of Munro whom in many points he resembled and wrote an introductory memoir, which was re-published separately in 1889. He also wrote a biography of Clive, published in 1898, for Mr. H. F. Wilson's 'Builders of Greater Britain' series. The recollections he was compiling at the time of his death were completed by his widow, and were published in 1910 under the title of 'Memories of Rugby and India.'

Arbuthnot married on 1 Feb. 1844 Frederica Eliza, daughter of General R. B. Fearon, G.B. She died in 1898, and on 6 June 1899 he married Constance, daughter of Sir William Milman, 3rd bart., niece of Robert Milman, bishop of Calcutta. There were no children of either union.

ARBUTHNOT, FORSTER FITZGERALD (1833–1901), orientalist, born at Belgaum, Bombay presidency, on 21 May 1833, was second son of Sir Robert Keith Arbuthnot, second baronet, by his wife Anne, daughter of Field-marshal Sir [q. v.]. He was educated privately on the Continent, at Anhalt and Geneva. Receiving a nomination to Haileybury in 1851, he went out to India in the Bombay civil service in 1853, where his father had served before him, and retired in 1878. His last appointment was that of collector of Bombay city and island, in which capacity he fixed the existing assessment on what are known as toka lands. He is remembered for driving a four-in-hand, and for his seaside


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The Exemplary Novels of Cervantes/Dedication

'''DEDICATION ''' TO DON PEDRO FERNANDEZ DE CASTRO, COUNT OF LEMOS, ANDRADE, AND VILLALBA, &c.

Those who dedicate their works to some prince commonly fall into two errors. The first is, that in their dedicatory epistle, which ought to be brief and succinct, they dilate very complacently, whether moved by truth or flattery, on the deeds not only of their fathers and forefathers, but also of all their relations, friends, and benefactors. The second is, that they tell their patron they place their works under his protection and safeguard, in order that malicious and captious tongues may not presume to cavil and carp at them. For myself, shunning these two faults, I here pass over in silence the grandeur and titles of your excellency's ancient and royal house, and your infinite virtues both natural and acquired, leaving it to some new Phidias and Lysippus to engrave and sculpture them in marble and bronze, that they may rival time in duration. Neither do I supplicate your Excellency to take this book under your protection, for I know, that if it is not a good one, though I should put it under the wings of Astolfo's hippogrif, or beneath the club of Hercules, the Zoili, the cynics, the Aretinos, and the bores, will not abstain from abusing it, out of respect for anyone. I only beg your Excellency to observe that I present to you, without more words, thirteen tales, which, had they not been wrought in the laboratory of my own brains, might presume to stand beside the best. Such as they are, there they go, leaving me here rejoiced at the thought of manifesting, in some degree, the desire I feel to serve your Excellency as my true lord and benefactor. Our Lord preserve, &c.

Your Excellency's servant,

MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA.

MADRID, 13th of July, 1613.


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Rh

LEYBURN, JOHN, D.D. (1620–1702), catholic prelate, fourth son of John Leyburn and Catharine Carr, and nephew of Dr. George Leyburn [q. v.], was born in 1620, and educated in the English College at Douay, where he was admitted a student on 20 June 1633. He received holy orders, was engaged for some time in teaching the classics in the college, and during the time of the civil wars he was tutor to Francis Browne, eldest son of Viscount Montague, and made the tour of Europe with his pupil. He was one of the divines recommended to the authorities at Rome in 1657 as successor to Richard Smith, bishop of Chalcedon, vicar-apostolic of England. For about twelve years he resided in England as domestic chaplain in the family of Lord Montague. In a list of persons deemed worthy of promotion to the projected episcopate in England in 1669 he is mentioned as professor of theology and a canon of the chapter, an excellent catholic, of great piety and prudence, but who had once been a heretic, and who had a brother who was a very great puritan (, Episcopal Succession, iii. 141). Unlike his uncle, he regarded the catholic chapter in England as validly erected, and likewise confirmed by the holy see.

He was appointed president of the English College at Douay, that post being surrendered to him by his uncle, Dr. George Leyburn, in May 1670. He resigned the presidency in 1676, and soon afterwards proceeded to Rome, when he became secretary and auditor to Cardinal Howard. In a particular congregation for English affairs held in the Quirinal Palace on 6 Aug. 1685, the Propaganda, on the relation of the Cardinal of Norfolk, elected Leyburn vicar-apostolic of all England, and the pope gave his approbation the same day. He was consecrated at Rome on 9 Sept., with the title of bishop of Adrumetum, in partibus. In the following month he arrived in London, and the king lodged him in St. James's Palace, and allowed him a pension of 1,000l. a year. With him came Ferdinand, count of Adda, as papal nuncio. Some time afterwards he made a pastoral visitation throughout the whole kingdom, administering the sacrament of confirmation to great numbers of people, for there had been no catholic bishop resident in England since 1629. During his residence at court he was on terms of intimacy with Dr. Thomas Cartwright, bishop of Chester.

Leyburn vainly endeavoured to moderate the indiscreet zeal by which James II tried to advance the catholic cause, and he boldly told the king that the fellows and students of Magdalen College, Oxford, were grievously wronged, and that restitution ought to be made to them on religious as well as political grounds. Macaulay says that Leyburn, ‘with some learning and a rich vein of natural humour, was the most cautious, dexterous, and taciturn of men,’ and that ‘he seems to have behaved on all occasions like a wise and honest man.’ He became the first vicar-apostolic of the London district, which was created by letters apostolic of 30 Jan. 1687–8.

When the revolution broke out Bishops Leyburn and Giffard were seized at Faversham on their way to Dover, and were actually under arrest when the king was brought into that town. Both prelates were committed to prison, Leyburn being sent to the Tower. On 9 July 1690 he and Giffard were liberated on bail by the court of queen's bench, on condition that they transported themselves beyond sea before the last day of the following month (, Hist. Relation of State Affairs, ii. 73). Afterwards he was frequently alarmed and summoned when any disturbance happened in relation to the government, but eventually the ministry, being fully satisfied with his conduct, took no further notice of him, and only desired to be made acquainted from time to time with his place of abode. He died in London on 9 June 1702, and was succeeded in the vicariate-apostolic of the London district by Dr. Bonaventure Giffard [q. v.]

Dodd says he was diminutive in stature, had acquired the character of being both wise and polite, and was a great master of style in the Latin tongue. He was not only a theologian, but also a good mathematician, and an intimate friend of Descartes and Hobbes (, iii. 147).

Leyburn translated into Latin Sir Kenelm Digby's treatise on the soul, under the title of ‘Demonstratio Immortalitatis Animæ Rationalis,’ Paris, 1651 and 1655, fol. With Giffard, P. Ellis, and James Smith he published ‘A Pastoral Letter from the four Catholic Bishops to the Lay-Catholics of England’ (on the re-establishment of catholic episcopal authority in England), London, 1688, 1747, 4to. [Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 381, 466, 528; Palmer's Life of Card. Howard, p. 200; Panzani's Memoirs, pp. 337, 341–5, 365, 373, 375, 387, 464; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. vii. 242; Bishop Cartwright's Diary, pp. 7, 44–55, 61, 64, 71, 79–82, 85; Luttrell's Hist. Relation of State Affairs, i. 405, 409, 420, 443, ii. 65; Catholicon,


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Rh 1817, iv. 86; Jones's Popery Tracts, pp. 174, 250; Macaulay's Hist. of England; Egerton MS. 2260, f. 133; Addit. MS. 22910, f. 157.]  LEYCESTER, JOHN (fl. 1639), miscellaneous writer, was born in 1598 in Cheshire, of low parentage, although probably connected with Sir Peter Leycester, bart. [q. v.], of that county. At the age of twenty-one (28 Jan. 1619–20) he was matriculated at Brasenose College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. on 28 Feb. 1621–2. He afterwards became a schoolmaster, in which calling he appears to have spent his life. He wrote, among other things, ‘Enchiridion seu Fasciculus Adagiorum Selectissimorum, or a Manual of the Choicest Adagies,’ London, 1623, 8vo (Latin and English); ‘An Excellent Oration of Dr. John Rainolds,’ translated from the Latin, London, 1638, 8vo; and two poems, in single sheets folio, ‘An Elegiacall Epitaph upon the deplored Death of that Religious and Valiant Gentleman, Colonell John Hampden, Esquire,’ London, 1641; and ‘England's Miraculous Preservation Emblematically Described, Erected for a perpetuall Monument to Posterity,’ London, 1646.

 LEYCESTER, PETER (1614–1678), antiquary, born on 3 March 1613–14, was the eldest son of Peter Leycester of Nether Tabley, Cheshire, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Randle Mainwaring, bart., of Over Peover, in the same county. He became a gentleman commoner of Brasenose College, Oxford, on 13 Oct. 1629, but did not graduate, and entered himself at Gray's Inn on 20 Aug. 1632 (Harl. MS. 1912). At the outbreak of the civil war he was appointed by the king one of his commissioners of array for Cheshire, and had in consequence to leave Nether Tabley at the close of 1642. He was at Oxford at the time of its surrender to Fairfax in June 1646, and obtained accordingly the benefit of the articles then agreed to. He betook himself to London, where he compounded for his estates for 747l. 10s. The next four years of his life were passed in the garrisons of the king, apparently as a civilian. For some implication in the political movements of 1655 Leycester, after being imprisoned for a while in Chester Castle, was taken to London, and gave his bond for his future good behaviour. His loyalty was rewarded with a baronetcy on 10 Aug. 1660. He died at Nether Tabley on 11 Oct. 1678, and was buried at Great Budworth, Cheshire. By his marriage on 6 Nov. 1642 with Elizabeth (1620–1679), third daughter of Gilbert, lord Gerard, of Gerards Bromley, he had three sons and three daughters.

Leycester is author of a work of great research and accuracy, entitled ‘Historical Antiquities in two books; the first treating in general of Great Brittain and Ireland; the second containing particular remarks concerning Cheshire, and chiefly of Bucklow Hundred. Whereunto is annexed a transcript of Doomsday-Book, so far as it concerneth Cheshire,’ &c., fol., London, 1673. Ormerod incorporated it with his ‘History of Cheshire,’ 1819.

Leycester having stated that, in his opinion, Amicia, wife of Ralph Mainwaring, was not Earl Hugh Cyveliok's lawful daughter, Sir Thomas Mainwaring of Peover, who, with Leycester, was descended from her, immediately published a ‘Defence of Amicia,’ 12mo, 1673. The controversy only closed with the death of Leycester, who, in the opinion of the most competent judges, got the worst of it. Wood states that at the assizes held at Chester in 1675 the dispute was decided by the justices itinerant, who, as he had heard, adjudged the right of the matter to Mainwaring. The College of Arms, under the lead of Sir William Dugdale, also declared in favour of Amicia's legitimacy (cf., Baronage, i. 41). A contemporary humorist ridiculed the affair in some verses entitled ‘A New Ballad made of a high and mighty Controversy between two Cheshire Knights,’ 1673 (reprinted in Beamont's Introduction to the ‘Amicia Tracts’ from Ashmolean MSS. No. 860, iii. art. 1, and No. 836, art. 183).

Leycester's contributions to the controversy were: 1. ‘An Answer to the Book of Sir Thomas Manwaringe … entituled “A Defence of Amicia,”’ 8vo, London, 1673. The original manuscript is among Gough's books in the Bodleian Library. 2. ‘Addenda, or some things to be added in my Answer to Sir Thomas Manwaring's Book: to be placed immediately after Page 90’ [of the ‘Answer’], 8vo, London, November 1673. 3. ‘Two Books: the first being styled A Reply to Sir Thomas Manwaring's Book entituled An Answer to Sir Peter Leicester's Addenda. The other styled Sir Thomas Manwaring's Law-Cases Mistaken,’ 2 pts. 8vo, London, 1674. 4. ‘A Reply to Sr Thomas Manwaring's Answer to my two books. The second reply. Together with the Case of Amicia truly stated,’ 8vo, London, 1676. The copy in the British Museum is annotated by Leycester. 5. ‘An Answer to Sir Thomas Manwaring's Book, intituled An Admonition to the Reader of Sir Peter Leicester's Books, 8vo, London, 1677. The entire


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The Exemplary Novels of Cervantes/Author's Preface

'''AUTHOR'S PREFACE ''' I wish it were possible, dear reader, to dispense with writing this preface; for that which I put at the beginning of my "Don Quixote" did not turn out so well for me as to give me any inclination to write another. The fault lies with a friend of mine—one of the many I have made in the course of my life with my heart rather than my head. This friend might well have caused my portrait, which the famous Don Juan de Jauregui would have given him, to be engraved and put in the first page of this book, according to custom. By that means he would have gratified my ambition and the wishes of several persons, who would like to know what sort of face and figure has he who makes bold to come before the world with so many works of his own invention. My friend might have written under the portrait—"This person whom you see here, with an oval visage, chestnut hair, smooth open forehead, lively eyes, a hooked but well-proportioned nose, & silvery beard that twenty years ago was golden, large moustaches, a small mouth, teeth not much to speak of, for he has but six, in bad condition and worse placed, no two of them corresponding to each other, a figure midway between the two extremes, neither tall nor short, a vivid complexion, rather fair than dark, somewhat stooped in the shoulders, and not very lightfooted: this, I say, is the author of 'Galatea,' 'Don Quixote de la Mancha,' 'The Journey to Parnassus,' which he wrote in imitation of Cesare Caporali Perusino, and other works which are current among the public, and perhaps without the author's name. He is commonly called MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA. He was for many years a soldier, and for five years and a half in captivity, where he learned to have patience in adversity. He lost his left hand by a musket-shot in the battle of Lepanto: and ugly as this wound may appear, he regards it as beautiful, having received it on the most memorable and sublime occasion which past times have over seen, or future times can hope to equal, fighting under the victorious banners of the son of that thunderbolt of war, Charles V., of blessed memory." Should the friend of whom I complain have had nothing more to say of me than this, I would myself have composed a couple of dozen of eulogiums, and communicated them to him in secret, thereby to extend my fame and exalt the credit of my genius; for it would be absurd to expect the exact truth in such matters. We know well that neither praise nor abuse is meted out with strict accuracy.

However, since this opportunity is lost, and I am left in the lurch without a portrait, I must have recourse to my own tongue, which, for all its stammering, may do well enough to state some truths that are tolerably self-evident. I assure you then, dear reader, that you can by no means make a fricassee of these tales which I here present to you, for they have neither legs, head, bowels, nor anything of the sort; I mean that the amorous intrigues you will find in some of them, are so decorous, so measured, and so conformable to reason and Christian propriety, that they are incapable of exciting any impure thoughts in him who reads them with or without caution.

I have called them exemplary, because if you rightly consider them, there is not one of them from which you may not draw some useful example; and were I not afraid of being too prolix, I might show you what savoury and wholesome fruit might be extracted from them, collectively and severally.

My intention has been to set up, in the midst of our community, a billiard-table, at which every one may amuse himself without hurt to body and soul; for innocent recreations do good rather than harm. One cannot be always at church, or always saying one's prayers, or always engaged in one's business, however important it may be; there are hours for recreation when the wearied mind should take repose. It is to this end that alleys of trees are planted to walk in, waters are conveyed from remote fountains, hills are levelled, and gardens are cultivated with such care. One thing I boldly declare: could I by any means suppose that these novels could excite any bad thought or desire in those who read them, I would rather cut off the hand with which I write them, than give them to the public. I am at an age when it does not become me to trifle with the life to come, for I am upwards of sixty-four.

My genius and my inclination prompt me to this kind of writing; the more so as I consider (and with truth) that I am the first who has written novels in the Spanish language, though many have hitherto appeared among us, all of them translated from foreign authors. But these are my own, neither imitated nor stolen from anyone; my genius has engendered them, my pen has brought them forth, and they are growing up in the arms of the press. After them, should my life be spared, I will present to you the Adventures of Persiles, a book which ventures to compete with Heliodorus. But previously you shall see, and that before long, the continuation of the exploits of Don Quixote and the humours of Sancho Panza; and then the Weeks of the Garden. This is promising largely for one of my feeble powers; but who can curb his desires? I only beg you to remark that since I have had the boldness to address these novels to the great Count of Lemos, they must contain some hidden mystery which exalts their merit.

I have no more to say, so pray God to keep you, and give me patience to bear all the ill that will be spoken of me by more than one subtle and starched critic. Vale.


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 series of the tracts written by Mainwaring and Leycester on this subject were reprinted by the Chetham Society from the collection at Peover, under the editorship of William Beamont (3 pts. 1869).

Leycester left a large collection of unpublished manuscripts, which are now at Tabley House, Cheshire, in the possession of his descendant Lord de Tabley; they have been calendared by the Historical Manuscripts Commission (1st Rep. Appendix, pp. 46–50). Among them is a treatise entitled ‘Prolegomena Historica de Musica P. L.,’ which could only have been written by an accomplished musician. Mention may also be made of a theological dissertation ‘On the Soul of Man,’ dated 1653, which is accompanied by a long correspondence upon the subject between Leycester and his old college tutor, Samuel Shipton, rector of Alderley, Cheshire.

An engraving from a miniature of Leycester at Nether Tabley is given in Ormerod's ‘Cheshire,’ vol. i. p. liv.; another from a portrait, probably by Lely, is prefixed to pt. i. of the Chetham Society's edition of the ‘Amicia Tracts.’

LEYDEN, JOHN, M.D. (1775–1811), physician and poet, son of John Leyden and Isabella Scott, was born on 8 Sept. 1775 at Denholm, in the parish of Cavers, Roxburghshire. He received some elementary schooling at Kirktown, and from 1790 to 1797 he was a student at Edinburgh University, greatly distinguishing himself as a scholar and reading very widely (Life of Scott, i. 324). In the vacations he studied natural science and the Scandinavian and modern languages, besides Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian. His professional pursuits included both philosophy and theology, and he gave some attention to medicine. He practised public speaking at the University Literary Society. Among his associates were Brougham, Sydney Smith, Jeffrey, Horner, and Thomas Brown. From 1796 to 1798 he was tutor to the sons of Mr. Campbell, Fairfield, Edinburgh, accompanying them in 1797–8 to St. Andrews, where he was licensed as a preacher. His pulpit appearances were not successful (Constable and his Correspondents, i. 194).

Leyden as a student had made the acquaintance of Anderson, editor of the ‘British Poets,’ through whom he contributed to the ‘Edinburgh Literary Magazine.’ He was one of the first to welcome the ‘Pleasures of Hope’ (, Life of Campbell, iii. 253), although subsequently he and Campbell had a ridiculous quarrel with some amusing consequences (Life of Scott, vi. 326). In 1799 he came to know Richard Heber, then studying Scottish literature in Edinburgh. About the same time Leyden published ‘A Historical and Philosophical Sketch of the Discoveries and Settlements of the Europeans in Northern and Western Africa at the close of the Eighteenth Century,’ which was enlarged to two volumes by Hugh Murray, 1817. To Lewis's ‘Tales of Wonder,’ 1801, he contributed ‘The Elf King,’ a ballad, and on the combined recommendation of Heber and Anderson he edited for Constable the ‘Complaynt of Scotland,’ with an elaborate preliminary dissertation and an excellent glossary. Although not free from error the work gave a wholesome stimulus to the study of early Scottish literature (see Dr. Murray's edition of the Complaynt, Early English Text Society). Heber introduced him (1801) to Scott, whom he materially helped with the earlier volumes of the ‘Border Minstrelsy’ (1802), contributing five poems to vol. i. and material for the learned disquisition on fairies to vol. ii. (ib. i. 326). About the same time he made the acquaintance of Ritson, but their mutual sympathy was limited. While accompanying two Germans in 1800 to the Scottish highlands and the Hebrides, he investigated the Ossianic question, and recovered from Beattie at Aberdeen the anonymous poem ‘Albania,’ which he published along with Wilson's ‘Clyde’ in his ‘Scottish Descriptive Poems,’ 1802. The poem lacks symmetry, but has descriptive and patriotic passages of great power and beauty. For six months in 1802 he edited the third series of the ‘Scots Magazine,’ contributing himself both prose and verse. In several of his miscellaneous lyrics Leyden shows his best poetic quality.

Meanwhile, in default of a church appointment, Leyden was thinking of emulating Mungo Park's example as an African discoverer, when the Right Hon. William Dundas secured for him the post of assistant-surgeon at Madras. His previous medical studies enabled him in six months to take at St. Andrews a nominal M.D. degree. For some months he zealously studied oriental languages, prepared for publication his ‘Scenes of Infancy,’ and passed a pleasant time in London with Heber and George Ellis. He reached Madras on 19 Aug. 1803.

At first Leyden had charge of the Madras general hospital. In January 1804, as sur-


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The New International Encyclopædia/Holz, Arno

HOLZ, hṓlts, (1863—). A German poet and critic, born at Rastenburg. Before he was nineteen he was engaged in journalism, and in 1882 published a volume of poems, Klinginsherz, which won the Augsburg Schiller Prize. In a second volume, Deutsche Weisen (1884), written with Jerschke, and in the Buch der Zeit (1885 and 1892), his extremely modern tendency appears, and the attention to details and the attempt at photographic realism is carried even further in Neue Gleise (1892), in which he collaborated with Johannes Schlaf. His realistic theory is further illustrated in the plays Socialaristokraten (1896) and Die Blechschmiede (1902), the latter a satiric dialogue, and is defended by Holz in Die Kunst (1891 et seq.), and Revolution der Lyrik (1899).


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  and naturalist, he accompanied the commissioners over the Mysore provinces taken from Tippoo Sultaun, and prepared a report on the geology, the diseases, the crops, and the languages of the districts traversed. The great strain produced a fever in November, and he stayed at Seringapatam, where he was befriended by Sir John Malcolm. When convalescent he studied Sanscrit, and translated from Persian and Hindustani. From May to September 1805 he travelled for his health through Malabar on to Cochin and Quilon, whence he sailed for Penang. While being chased on the voyage by a French privateer, Leyden characteristically composed a vigorous ode to his Malay krees, or dagger. In Penang he wrote a ‘Dissertation on the Languages and Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations,’ afterwards printed in ‘Asiatic Researches,’ vol. x.

Returning to India in 1806, Leyden settled at Calcutta. His elaborate essay submitted to the government in 1807 on the Indo-Persian, Indo-Chinese, and Dekkan languages led to his election as a member of the Asiatic Society and as professor of Hindustani in the Calcutta college. But he soon accepted Lord Minto's offer of the post of judge of the twenty-four pargunnahs of Calcutta, and at the beginning of 1809 was appointed commissioner of the court of requests in Calcutta. While holding that office he undertook grammars of the Malay and Pracrit tongues, besides many translations.

Towards the end of 1810 Lord Minto appointed Leyden assay-master of the mint at Calcutta, and in 1811 he accompanied Lord Minto to Java, ‘to assist,’ as he wrote to his father on the voyage, ‘in settling the country when conquered, and as interpreter for the Malay language’ (, Supplement to Sir Walter Scott's Memoir, p. 103). When the expedition halted for some days at Malacca, Leyden journeyed inland, scrutinising ‘original Malays’ and visiting sulphurous hot wells. Java was reached on 4 Aug., and as there was no opposition at Batavia a leisurely possession was effected. Leyden's literary zeal took him into an unventilated native library; fever supervened, and he died at Cornelis, after three days' illness, 28 Aug. 1811.

Before the Literary Society of Bombay William Erskine read a eulogium, in which he claimed for Leyden that in eight years he had done almost as much for Asia as the combined scholarship of centuries had done for Europe—he had ‘nearly effected a classification of its various languages and their kindred dialects’ (ib. p. 111). Sir John Malcolm, besides a high estimate delivered at a visitation of the college at Fort William, sent to the ‘Bombay Courier’ a poetical tribute to his friend's memory (, Poetical Remains, p. xci). Scott, in addition to frequent references, embalmed his ‘bright and brief career’ in the ‘Lord of the Isles,’ iv. xi. Lord Cockburn, after referring to his unconscious egotism and his uncouth aspect and uncompromising demeanour—characteristics also noted by Scott and Lockhart—declares there was ‘no walk in life, depending on ability, where Leyden could not have shone’ (Memorials of his Time, p. 179). The Ettrick Shepherd bewailed the loss of the poet's ‘glowing measure,’ and Lockhart fully recognised his extraordinary abilities and attainments as a scholar (Life of Scott, i. 324, &c.) Constable, for whom he edited the ‘Complaynt of Scotland,’ had a high appreciation of him (Constable and his Correspondents, i. 190). A monument to his memory was erected by public subscription at Denholm in 1861, and there also in 1875 the centenary of his birth was celebrated under the presidency of Lord Neaves.

Sir Walter Scott contributed his ‘Memoir of Leyden’ to the ‘Edinburgh Annual Register’ of 1811; the Rev. James Morton edited Leyden's ‘Poetical Remains,’ with memoir, in 1819; ‘Poems and Ballads of John Leyden,’ with Scott's ‘Memoir’ supplemented by Robert White, appeared in 1858; and a centenary volume of the ‘Scenes of Infancy,’ with biography by the Rev. W. W. Tulloch, was published in 1875. Dr. Tulloch quotes from ‘Reports and Proceedings of the British and Foreign Bible Society,’ 1811–12, showing that Leyden had translated one or more of the gospels into Pushtu, Maldivian, Balloch, Macassar, and Bugis. Of his translations into English his ‘Malay Annals,’ with introduction by Sir, appeared in 1821, and his ‘Commentaries of Baber,’ completed by William Erskine, in 1826. Such an amount of work almost justifies Leyden's remark that he was able to excel Sir William Jones in his own particular sphere. There is a legend (Scotsman, 26 April 1890) that he wrote ‘An Account of his Contemporaries, not to be published while any of them were alive;’ and he contributed to the ‘Scots Magazine’ of February 1802 an amusing notice of the ‘Edinburgh Booksellers,’ reprinted in ‘Literary Gems,’ 1826.

 LEYLAND, JOSEPH BENTLEY (1811–1851), sculptor, born at Halifax on 31 March 1811, was son of Roberts Leyland, a well-


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Leyson  naturalist. Early in life he showed a talent for modelling, and adopted sculpture as a profession. He exhibited at Manchester (1832) the model of a greyhound and a colossal statue of ‘Spartacus.’ In 1843 he completed a large head of ‘Satan,’ which he sent to London for exhibition. He resided for a time in London, and studied design under [q. v.] A statue by him of ‘Kilmeny, the Sinless Maiden,’ was purchased for the Literary and Philosophical Society of Halifax. Perhaps Leyland's most important work was a statue of Dr. Beckwith of York, which was placed in York Minster. Leyland did not exhibit at the Royal Academy, but in 1834 and 1839 sent models of groups of hounds to the Society of British Artists in Suffolk Street. His group of African bloodhounds was described by Landseer as ‘the noblest modern work of its kind.’ It is now, with a colossal figure, ‘The Thracian Falconer,’ in the Salford Museum. Leyland died at Halifax on 26 Jan. 1851, aged 39.

LEYSON, THOMAS (1549–1608?), poet and physician, was born at Neath in Glamorganshire in 1549. He was educated at Winchester, becoming scholar in 1563. In 1567 he was elected scholar of New College, Oxford, where he was fellow from 1569 to 1586. He graduated B.A. about March 1571, and proceeded M.A. 1 Feb. 1575–6, and M.B. 8 July 1583. In 1583 he was proctor of the university, and took part in the contest then proceeding between the proctors and the vice-chancellor as to the appointment of the clerk of the market. At Oxford Leyson was famed for his Latin verses. When Albertus à Lasco, nephew of [q. v.], visited Oxford in 1583, Leyson disputed before him. Leaving Oxford he settled at Bath and practised physic, and died there some time after 1607. He was buried in St. James's Church, Bath. Leyson was a friend of Sir John Harrington and Sir Edward Stradling. Stradling's house, St. Donats Castle in Glamorganshire, suggested a Latin poem by Leyson, which was turned into Welsh by Dr. John Davydd Rhys, and published, without date as ‘Venustum Poema.’ Reference is made in it to the medical knowledge which Leyson acquired about 1580; the date 1569 which has been assigned to the publication (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. vii. 35) is consequently too early. Wood says that Leyson wrote much Latin verse, which was printed, but it has never been collected.

LHUYD. [See also, , and .]

LHUYD, EDWARD (1660–1709), Celtic scholar and naturalist, born in 1660, was the natural son of Edward Llwyd of Llanvorda, near Oswestry. The father was the son of another Edward Llwyd, who died in 1662, and he was the last male representative of this branch of the Llwyd family (Byegones, i. 122;, Royal Tribes of Wales, ed. 1887, p. 196). His mother was Bridget, second daughter of a Mr. Pryse of Gogerddan, Cardiganshire, and it is said that Llwyd was born at Glan Ffraid, in the parish of Llanfihangel Geneu'r Glyn in that county. He entered Jesus College, Oxford, 31 Oct. 1682. Wood (Athenæ, iv. 723), confusing him with another Edward Lloyd from Kidwelly in Carmarthenshire, wrongly gives the date as 1687. He did not proceed to a degree, but in 1684 was appointed under-keeper of the recently established Ashmolean Museum, and in 1690, on the resignation of Dr. Robert Plot, he was appointed head keeper. He travelled much for the purpose of collecting specimens in natural history for the museum, and in 1693 he was employed by Dr. Gibson to collect materials in Wales for a new edition of Camden's ‘Britannia,’ which was published in 1695. Soon after Lhuyd issued a circular inviting subscriptions to enable him to undertake an extended antiquarian and scientific tour for five years. A public subscription was opened in 1697, whereupon he issued an elaborate syllabus, in the form of ‘Parochial Queries in order to a Geographical Dictionary and Natural History, &c., of Wales, by the Undertaker Edward Lhuyd,’ and set out for Wales. He visited every county there, made extracts from manuscripts, copied inscriptions, and collected curiosities.

From Montgomery, he dated (under 1 Nov. 1698) the preface to his first published work, ‘Lithophylacii Britannici ichnographia; sive Lapidum aliorumque Fossilium Britannicorum singulari figura insignium distributio … cum Epistolis de quibusdam circa marina fossilia et stirpes minerales præsertim notandis,’ London, 1699, 8vo. This work, which is a methodical catalogue of the figured fossils of the Ashmolean Museum, Lhuyd had expected the university to print at its own expense, but this being refused, it was printed at the expense of Sir Isaac Newton, Sir Hans Sloane, and a few other of Lhuyd's learned friends, and the issue was limited to 120 copies. Owing to Lhuyd's absence from


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Rh Oxford at the time, it proved full of inaccuracies, and he prepared a second edition, which was published after his death by W. Huddesford, Oxford, 1760, 8vo. In 1699 Lhuyd went to Scotland, and the following year to Ireland, thence returning towards the end of 1700 to Cornwall, where he spent three or four months studying Cornish. He was at first accompanied by William Jones, Robert Wynn, and David Parry, but the first left him in Cornwall. They were regarded with suspicion almost everywhere, being looked upon as conjurers in Pembrokeshire, while at Helston in Cornwall they were arrested as thieves (, Archæologia Cornu-Britannica). In 1701 he, with probably two of his companions, crossed to Brittany, and had been there scarcely three weeks when he was arrested at St. Pol de Léon as a spy, but after an imprisonment of eighteen days at Brest he was released on condition of leaving the country forthwith (, Mona Antiqua, pp. 315–17).

Returning to Oxford, he was created M.A. honoris causa by the convocation 21 July 1701, on condition that he should read six ‘solemn lectures upon natural history, one every year, during the space of six years.’ These lectures were published, under the title of ‘De Stellis Marinis,’ in a work of that name by J. H. Luick, Leipzig, 1733, fol., but were subsequently incorporated by Huddesford in his second edition of the ‘Lithophylacium.’ The next few years Lhuyd spent in arranging the results of his research, and in 1707, after much delay on the part of the printers, was published the first volume of his ‘Archæologia Britannica: an Account of the Languages, Histories, and Customs of Great Britain, from collections and observations in Travels through Wales, Cornwall, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland, and Scotland. Vol. i. Glossography.’ This volume consists of an elaborate ‘comparative etymology’ of the Celtic languages with Welsh, Irish, Cornish, and Breton grammars and dictionaries. At the commencement a list of the subscribers towards the author's travels is inserted, but we know from another source (, British Remains, p. 152) that the whole amount subscribed within the five years was only 365l. 5s. Most of the subscribers were dissatisfied that the first volume should be purely philological (, Collections, ed. Doble, ii. 58), and no second volume appeared.

Lhuyd circulated in Ireland and Scotland some separate copies of his Irish-English dictionary from his ‘Archæologia Britannica,’ in order to obtain corrections. His dictionary is based upon a manuscript ‘Vocabularium Hibernicum et Latinum,’ compiled by Richard Plunket at Trim, co. Meath, in 1662, with additions from Keating's ‘Foras Feasa ar Eirinn,’ from Michael O'Clery's ‘Seanasan nuadh,’ from Sheridan's version of the Old Testament, and O'Donnel's version of the New Testament. It is preceded by an Irish grammar extracted from that of Francis O'Molloy and by a preface in Irish words, but with very few of the characteristics of Irish prose. The writer no doubt had the help of some native in writing it, but certainly not of a scholar. The Irish preface was translated by David Malcolm, and was published in 1732 in a prospectus of a proposed Gaelic dictionary (probably a reprint of Lhuyd's), and was subsequently included in a collection of Malcolm's ‘Letters, Essays,’ &c., London, 1738, 8vo.

In November 1708 Lhuyd was elected fellow of the Royal Society in spite of the hostility of Dr. Woodward. Woodward had quarrelled with Lhuyd respecting the origin of marine fossils, which Woodward had ascribed to the effects of the deluge. On 11 March 1709 Lhuyd was elected superior beadle of divinity, his friend Hearne retiring from the candidature in his favour (ib. ii, 175). But he did not long survive his election. He had suffered from asthma for many years, an attack of pleurisy supervened, and he died at the museum 30 June 1709. He was buried in St. Michael's Church, in the south aisle, appropriated to Jesus College, and known as the Welsh aisle, but no monument marks the spot.

Lhuyd is described by Hearne as a ‘person of singular modesty, good nature, and uncommon industry.’ He is often referred to by his contemporaries as ‘honest Lhuyd.’ When at home he lived a retired life at Eynsham, near Oxford, and was not in the least ambitious of preferment. The keepership of the museum was a ‘mean place, seeing there is no salary’ (ib. i. 244), and his chief source of income must have been the fees paid by visitors for seeing the curiosities (, British Remains, pp. 151–2).

In addition to Lhuyd's two larger and best-known works already mentioned, he supplied some materials for Ray's ‘Synopsis Stirpium,’ Lister's ‘Conchyliorum,’ Baxter's ‘Glossary’ (which includes a posthumous tract by Lhuyd, ‘De Fluviorum, Montium, Urbium, &c., in Britannia nominibus’), Nicholson's ‘Historical Library,’ Hickes's ‘Thesaurus’ (, i. 55), Gibson's edition of ‘Camden's Britannia,’ and Collier's ‘Historical Dictionary.’ He is said to have had a hand in composing ‘Χοιροχωρογραφία, sive Hoglandiæ descriptio,’ Oxford, 1709, 8vo, in reply to Holdsworth's ‘Muscipula,’ which was a satire


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The New International Encyclopædia/Holzbauer, Ignaz

HOLZBAUER, hṓlts'bou'ẽr, (1711-83). An Austrian composer, born in Vienna. Despite the opposition of his parents, who intended him for the law, he studied music, and in 1745 became kapellmeister to Count Rottal and at the Court Theatre of Vienna. He was later kapellmeister at Stuttgart and at Mannheim. He spent much of his time in Italy, where most of his operas were produced. They were popular, and include: Il figlio delle selve (1735); Alessandro nell' Indie (1759); and La clemenza di Tito (1780). He composed, in addition, a great quantity of Church music, and excellent concertos, string quartets, and 196 symphonies. He died at Mannheim.


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Rh on Wales (Notes and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 154;, Biog. Dict. ed. 1815, xx. 235). Lhuyd also wrote an ode in Cornish on the death of William III, ‘Carmen Britannicum Dialecto Cornubiensi,’ &c. He also contributed a great number of papers to the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ (Nos. 166, 200, 208, 213, 229, 243, 252, 269, 292, 295, 314, 316, 334, 335, 336, the last seven being published after his death).

Lhuyd's manuscript collections relating to Celtic antiquities consisted of above forty volumes in folio, ten in quarto, and above a hundred of a smaller size. About four years after his death they were offered for sale both to the university and to Jesus College, but owing to a quarrel which Lhuyd had with Dr. Wynne, then fellow of Jesus, and afterwards bishop of St. Asaph, the purchase was declined, and they were sold to Sir Thomas Sebright of Beechwood in Hertfordshire (, Eminent Welshmen, p. 290). The Irish portion of these were given in 1786 by Sir John Sebright to Trinity College, Dublin, where they are still preserved (Notes and Queries, 5th ser. iv. 89, 90). Another portion of Lhuyd's collection, including four volumes of parchment Welsh manuscripts, known as the ‘Didrefn Gasgliad,’ now form MSS. 113 C. 18–21 in the collection of the Earl of Macclesfield at Shirburn Castle, being probably a part of a bequest of books made to the second earl by William Jones (1675–1749) [q. v.] The rest were sold at Sotheby's in London in April 1807, when most of them were bought by Sir Watkin Williams Wynn of Wynnstay, Denbighshire (sale catalogue of the Sebright library; an account of the sale is given in Gent. Mag. 1807, i. 419); but the best part of these were destroyed a few years later by a fire that broke out in the establishment of a binder in London, whither they had been sent (Eminent Welshmen, l.c.) Rawlinson MSS. B. 464–9 in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, which relate to Wales, probably belonged to Lhuyd, No. 464 being one of two existing autograph copies of his so-called ‘Itinerary’ (, Pembrokeshire, ed. 1892, p. xx, note).

A great number of Lhuyd's letters to different correspondents have been preserved and published: sixty-four are among the Peniarth MSS., of which twenty were printed in the ‘Cambrian Quarterly Magazine,’ and the remainder in the ‘Archæologia Cambrensis’ (see General Index to Arch. Cambr. 1892, sub ‘Lhuyd’). Besides these there have been printed from other sources four in the ‘Cambrian Register’ and four in the ‘Cambro-Briton.’ Twelve letters written by him to T. Tonkin with reference to Cornish antiquities are appended to Pryce's ‘Archæologia Cornu-Britannica,’ Sherborne, 1790, 4to. His correspondence with Henry Rowland is printed in that author's ‘Mona Antiqua,’ pp. 301–18; his letters to Dr. Richard Richardson are given in Nichols's ‘Literary Illustrations,’ i. 316–21, while his letters to Aubrey between 1686 and 1694 are still preserved at the Bodleian Library, Oxford. It appears that William Huddesford [q. v.] had collected materials for a memoir of Lhuyd, but died before publishing it (, op. cit. i. 586, vi. 474); it is very probable that his materials were utilised by Nicholas Owen, who in 1777 published in his ‘British Remains,’ London, 8vo, a memoir of Lhuyd, ‘transcribed from a manuscript in the Ashmolean Museum,’ with valuable notes by the editor himself.

 LIAFWINE, (fl. 755). [See .]

LIARDET, FRANCIS (1798–1863), captain in the navy, second son of John Liardet by the Lady Perpetue Catherine de Paul de Lamanon d'Albe, was born at Chelsea on 14 June 1798. He entered the navy in 1809, on board the Mercury frigate, with Captain the Hon. Henry Duncan, in the Mediterranean. In March 1810 he was transferred to the Belvidera frigate, with Captain Richard Byron, on the coast of Africa, and afterwards on the North American station, and was slightly wounded in her running fight with and escape from the United States' squadron under Commodore Rodgers on 23 June 1812 (, Naval Hist. 1860, v. 357;, Naval War of 1812, p. 74). After an active commission the Belvidera was paid off in October 1814, and for the next two years he served in the West Indies on board the Warrior and Forester sloop. After the peace he devoted himself for some time to the study of mathematics and navigation, and in 1819 went a voyage to the East Indies as mate of a merchant ship. In May 1821 Liardet was appointed to the


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Mr. Punch's Book of Sports .—Father (reading newspaper). I see another Rugby man has been appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. That's the third Rugby man in succession.

Son (a football enthusiast). Well, I think it is time one of the Association had a turn.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Holzschuh, Dietrich

HOLZSCHUH,,. A German pretender, also called. He laid claim to the throne as Frederick II., who died in 1250. In Cologne (1284) his claim was ridiculed, he was ducked in a sewer, and driven from the city. At Neuss he fared better, and in 1285 went to Wetzlar and there held court; but on the approach of Rudolf he was turned over to the King and was burned as a heretic (1285). Consult: Meyer, Tile Kolup (Wetzlar, 1868), and Petri, “Der falsche Friedrich,” in vol. ii. of Zeitschrift des Bergeschen Geschichtsvereins (Bonn, 1864).