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 Meanwhile he had become connected in 1861 with the ‘Gardener's Magazine,’ of which he was editor at the time of his death. Hibberd was a man of many schemes. He was a temperance advocate and a vegetarian. But he is chiefly known as a practical writer on horticulture. He made various experiments on fruit-trees and vegetables, notably potatoes, and kept moving further into the suburbs in order to have better opportunities of pursuing his gardening operations. Hibberd died at the Hermitage, near Muswell Hill, on 16 Nov. 1890, and was buried in Abney Park cemetery at Stoke Newington. His portrait appears in the ‘Gardener's Magazine’ of 22 Nov. 1890. He was twice married, and left one daughter by his second wife. Among many other works, Hibberd published:
 * 1) ‘Brambles and Bay Leaves: Essays on the Homely and the Beautiful,’ 1855, 8vo; 3rd edit. 1873.
 * 2) ‘Profitable Gardening …,’ 1863, 8vo.
 * 3) ‘Familiar Garden Flowers …,’ 1879–87, 8vo.

HIBBERT, GEORGE (1757–1837), collector and merchant, son of Robert Hibbert, a West India merchant, was born at Manchester in 1757. He was educated at a private school kept by a clergyman named Booth first at Liverpool and afterwards at Woolton. He settled in London as junior partner in a West India house, eventually becoming the head of the firm. He was alderman of London from 1798 to 1803, and from 1806 to 1812 was M.P. for Seaford, Sussex. He was a lucid and forcible speaker, and supported the whigs. At meetings in the city of London he moved the resolutions which led to the imposition of the property tax in 1798, and again those which forced its repeal in 1816. In conjunction with Robert Milligan, he was mainly instrumental in originating and maturing the schemes for establishing the West India Docks. He was also chairman of the West India merchants until 1831, and agent for Jamaica. In the foundation of the London Institution in 1805 he was most active, and was its president for many years.

He was elected F.R.S. in 1811, and F.S.A. in 1812. He was a patron of art and a collector of pictures and books, and formed a large collection of exotic plants at his house at Clapham. In 1829 he succeeded to the estate of R. Parker at Munden, near Watford, Hertfordshire, and removed there; but the size of his new residence necessitated the disposal of the greater part of his literary and art treasures. The sale of his library occupied forty-two days, and the catalogue fills 482 pages. He published in 1807 ‘The Substance of three Speeches on the Abolition of the Slave Trade.’ As a member of the Roxburghe Club he edited for that body in 1819 Caxton's translation of Ovid's ‘Metamorphoses,’ with a preface by himself.

He died at Munden House on 8 Oct. 1837, and was buried at Aldenham. He married Elizabeth Margaret, daughter of Philip Fonnereau, esq. His portrait and that of his wife were engraved by Ward after Hoppner. Another portrait of Hibbert by Sir Thomas Lawrence hangs in the board-room of the East and West India Company.

HIBBERT, HENRY (1600?–1678), divine, was born in Cheshire about 1600. In 1618 he entered Brasenose College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. on 27 June 1622 (, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 405). He became rector of Settrington, Yorkshire, and in 1651 vicar of Holy Trinity, Kingston-upon-Hull, in the same county, but was ejected for nonconformity in 1660. Hibbert soon conformed, and on Restoration day, 29 May 1661, he preached at St. Paul's before the lord mayor a very loyal sermon, published as ‘Regina Dierum, or the Joyful Day,’ 4to, London, 1661. He was rewarded in 1662 by the rectory of All Hallows the Less, London, and on 22 Sept. of the same year was instituted to the vicarage of St. Olave Jewry (, Repertorium, i. 515). As a member of St. John's College, Cambridge, he was made B.D. in 1664 by royal mandate, and D.D. in 1665 (Cantabr. Graduati, ed. 1787, p. 192). On 12 Jan. 1668–9 he was installed prebendary of St. Paul's (, Fasti, ed. Hardy, ii. 376). Hibbert died in September 1678, leaving two daughters, Hannah and Mary.

He was author of:
 * 1) ‘Waters of Marah, drawn forth in two Funerall Sermons, October 1653 [on the two children of William Lyme, collector of the customs at Hull]. Since (upon desire) enlarged,’ 8vo, London, 1654.
 * 2) ‘Syntagma Theologicum; or a Treatise wherein is concisely comprehended the Body of Divinity, and the Fundamentals of Religion orderly discussed. Whereunto are added certain Divine Discourses,’ &c., 2 pts., fol., London, 1662, to which is prefixed his portrait engraved by D. Loggan. It bears a slavish dedication to James, duke of York.


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HIBBERT, ROBERT (1770–1849), founder of the Hibbert trust, third and posthumous son of John Hibbert (1732–1769), a Jamaica merchant, and Janet, daughter of Samuel Gordon, was born in Jamaica in 1770; hence he speaks of himself as a creole. His mother died early. Between 1784 and 1788 he was a pupil of Gilbert Wakefield at Nottingham. At a later period (1800–1), when Wakefield suffered imprisonment at Dorchester for writing a political pamphlet, Hibbert, though not wealthy then, sent him 1,000l. He entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1788, and graduated B.A. in 1791. At Cambridge he formed a lifelong friendship with [q. v.] In 1791 Hibbert went to Kingston, Jamaica, as partner in a mercantile house founded by his father's eldest brother, Thomas Hibbert. Returning to England about 1803, he bought the estate of East Hide (now called The Hyde), near Luton, Bedfordshire. In Jamaica he acquired considerable property, and he was not convinced by the arguments of Frend that his ownership of slaves was immoral. Besides plans for their material benefit, he sent out as a missionary to the negroes on his estates, in October 1817, Thomas Cooper (d. 25 Oct. 1880, aged 88), a unitarian minister, recommended by Frend, who remained in the island till 1821, endeavouring, with little success, to improve their moral and religious condition. A somewhat acrimonious controversy followed the publication of Cooper's report. After 1825 Hibbert's Jamaica property declined in value, and about 1836 he sold it at considerable loss. He had previously (1833) sold his Bedfordshire estate, and removed to London. He died at Welbeck Street, London, on 23 Sept. 1849, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. He married while in Jamaica Elizabeth Jane, daughter of John Frederic Nembhard, M.D., who died on 15 Feb. 1853.

On 19 July 1847 Hibbert executed a deed conveying to trustees fifty thousand dollars in 6 per cent. Ohio stock, and 8,000l. in railway shares. The trustees, on the death of his widow, were to apply the income ‘in such manner as they shall from time to time deem most conducive to the spread of Christianity in its most simple and intelligible form, and to the unfettered exercise of the right of private judgment in matters of religion.’ The trustees were always to be laymen. Appended was a scheme for the administration of the trust, which the trustees were empowered to revise, and were directed to revise at least once in every twenty-five years. In the original scheme the trust was called ‘the Antitrinitarian Fund,’ and its object was, by a provision of divinity scholarships, to encourage learning and culture among unorthodox Christians. The breadth of the actual trust is largely due to the counsels of Hibbert's solicitor, [q. v.], but, in opposition to Field, Hibbert ‘determined on insisting that all recipients should be heterodox,’ his intention being ‘to elevate the position and the public influence of the unitarian ministry.’ In addition to scholarships and fellowships, the number and conditions of which are settled by the trustees from year to year, the trust, from the revision of 1878 until 1887, maintained an annual ‘Hibbert lecture,’ the first series being delivered by Professor Max Müller in 1878; it has since 1902 issued the ‘Hibbert Journal,’ a quarterly magazine.

Hibbert published:
 * 1) ‘Facts Verified upon Oath, in contradiction of the Report of the Rev. T. Cooper,’ &c., 1824, 8vo.
 * 2) A political paper, ‘Why am I a Liberal?’ (about 1831) signed ‘John Smith,’ reprinted in Murch's ‘Memoir.’
 * 3) A newspaper address ‘To the Chartists of England,’ 1840, advocating the abolition of the corn-laws and the adoption of the ballot.

HIBBERT-WARE, SAMUEL (1782–1848), antiquary and geologist, eldest son of Samuel Hibbert, linen yarn merchant, of Manchester, and Sarah, daughter of Robert Ware of Dublin, was born in St. Ann's Square, Manchester, on 21 April 1782. He was educated at a private school and at the Manchester academy under Dr. Barnes. He had little taste for his father's business, and turned his attention to literary pursuits, writing verses in the ‘European’ and ‘Monthly’ magazines, prologues for the Manchester theatres, and election squibs for his friend Colonel Hanson. His first separate publication was an anonymous pamphlet entitled ‘Remarks on the Facility of Obtaining Commercial Credit,’ 1806, 8vo, pp. 54, followed by some doggerel verses on ‘The Ancient Ballad of Tarquin,’ 1808. From 1809 to 1813 he held a lieutenant's commission in the 1st royal Lancashire militia. After his father's death in 1815 he went to Edinburgh, and took the degree of M.D. at the university, but never practised. His dissertation entitled ‘De Vita Humana’ was dated 1817. He resided there many years, enjoying the friendship of Sir Walter Scott, Sir David Brewster, and others, and taking part in the work of the learned

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 societies there. He had already, in 1805, been elected a member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, and contributed papers to its meetings. His first paper was on the ‘Early Importance and Influence of Music and Poetry.’ In 1817 he made a voyage to Shetland, where he discovered chromate of iron in large masses. He made a second voyage there in the following year, chiefly at Professor Jameson's instigation, with a view to rendering his discovery of public benefit and of completing his geological survey of the country. For this discovery the Society of Arts awarded him in 1820 the Iris gold medal. In Shetland he also discovered the native hydrate of magnesia. In 1822 he published in 4to at Edinburgh his important volume ‘A Description of the Shetland Islands, comprising an Account of their Geology, Scenery, Antiquities, and Superstitions.’ To the same date belongs a curious memoir, ‘Illustrations of the Customs of a Manor in the North of England [i.e. Ashton-under-Lyne] during the Fifteenth Century, with Occasional Remarks on their Resemblance to the Incidents of Ancient Scottish Tenures.’ A ‘Memoir on the Tings of Orkney and Shetland’ was written in 1823. These and other papers were contributed to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, of which he was secretary from 1823 to 1827. A paper on ‘Spectral Illusions,’ read by him before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, gave rise to his ‘Sketches of the Philosophy of Apparitions, or an Attempt to Trace such Illusions to their Physical Causes,’ 1824; second edition 1825; the scope of the work is illustrated in the ‘Noctes Ambrosianæ’ for March 1825. An anonymous reply to Hibbert's theory of apparitions, under the title of ‘Past Feelings Renovated,’ was published in a thick 12mo vol. in 1828. In 1824, at the request of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, he delivered at Manchester a course of lectures on geology, and in 1827 a further course under the auspices of the Manchester Royal Institution.

He spent two or three years with his family on the continent, chiefly in examining the volcanic districts of France and Italy and the northern parts of Germany. On his return to Edinburgh he embodied the result of a portion of his observations in his ‘History of the Extinct Volcanoes of the Basin of Neuwied on the Lower Rhine,’ 1832, 8vo. His scattered geological and antiquarian essays include papers on the ‘Vitrified Forts of Scotland,’ ‘Fossil Elk in the Isle of Man and elsewhere,’ and an important ‘Memoir on the Fresh Water Limestone of Burdiehouse in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh,’ 1835.

In 1830 was published his ‘History of the Collegiate Church of Manchester,’ forming the major part of the ‘History of the Foundations in Manchester’ (3 vols. 4to, 1833–4), and still the most important contribution to the annals of his native city.

He left Edinburgh in 1835, and after living for a time at York finally settled down at a small paternal estate at Hale Barns, near Altrincham, Cheshire. In 1837 he assumed by royal license the surname and arms of Ware, as representative of Sir James Ware, the historian of Ireland. He was a member of the first council of the Chetham Society, and edited one of its early volumes ‘Lancashire Memorials of the Rebellion in 1715,’ 1845, 4to. His last work was ‘The Ancient Parish Church of Manchester and Why it was Collegiated,’ 1848, 4to. The manuscript of the concluding portion of this work was lost after his death.

Hibbert-Ware died at Hale Barns on 30 Dec. 1848 of bronchitis, from which he had suffered for several years. He was buried at Ardwick cemetery, Manchester.

He married three times. First, on 23 July 1803, Sarah, daughter of Thomas Crompton of Bridge Hall, Bury, Lancashire; she died in 1822. Secondly, on 8 Jan. 1825, Charlotte Wilhelmina, widow of William Scott, receiver of customs in the Isle of Man, and daughter of Lord Henry Murray. She accompanied him on many of his tours in Scotland and on the continent, and executed drawings for his papers. One series of drawings of Scottish sculptured stones and runic inscriptions remains unpublished. She died in 1835. His third wife was Elizabeth Lefroy, daughter of Captain Anthony Lefroy, whom he married in 1842.

He had three children by his first wife and three by his second. His eldest son, Titus Herbert (1810–1890), was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1844, and published ‘Precedents of Conveyances,’ 1846. His second son, Dr. William Hibbert, surgeon in the second queen's royals, met with a tragic death in Afghanistan in 1839.

HIBBS, RICHARD (1812?–1886), miscellaneous writer, born about 1812, studied at St. John's College, Cambridge (of which he was scholar), and proceeded B.A. in 1841 and M.A. in 1844. He took orders, and was


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 curate at Corton, near Lowestoft (1843–8); teacher and preacher at Lowestoft (1848–1852); curate of St. Paul's, Covent Garden (1852); and assistant minister of St. John's Chapel, Edinburgh (1852–4). His connection with this last terminated somewhat suddenly. A bitter controversy with the incumbent led him to establish the New Church of England Chapel, St. Vincent Street, where he laboured for some years. He subsequently fulfilled the duties of British chaplain at Lisbon, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. He died at 13 St. Lawrence Road, North Kensington, on 26 March 1886. Hibbs's chief work, founded on personal investigation, is ‘Prussia and the Poor; or Observations upon the Systematised Relief of the Poor at Elberfeld in contrast with that of England,’ 1876; 4th ed. 1883. He also published, besides separate sermons: 1. ‘The Substance of a Series of Discourses on Baptism,’ 1848. 2. ‘God's Plea for the Poor,’ 1851. 3. ‘Scottish Episcopal Romanism; or Popery without a Pope, in reply to Bishop Wordsworth's “Theory and Practice of Christian Unity,”’ Edinburgh, 1856, 12mo. 4. ‘Truth Vindicated, or Some Account of the New Church of England Chapel in Edinburgh,’ 1858; 4th ed. 1859.

 HIBERNICUS, THOMAS (fl. 1310). [See .]

HICKERINGILL or HICKHORNGILL, EDMUND (1631–1708), eccentric divine and pamphleteer, son of Edmund Hickhorngill, was born at Aberford, near Leeds, and baptised on 19 Sept. 1631. He became a pensioner at St. John's College, Cambridge, on 17 June 1647 (, Admissions, p. 85). From Lady day 1651 to Midsummer 1652 he was junior fellow of Gonville and Caius College (cf. Works, ii. 467, iii. 29), where the views on baptism of the master, William Dell [q. v.], seem to have influenced him. In 1652 we find him at Hexham, Northumberland, where ‘Edmund Hickhorngill’ on 24 Aug., having received adult baptism, was admitted into the baptist church formed in that year by Thomas Tillam of Colchester. On 20 Dec. ‘the church, with prayer, fasting, and imposition of hands of the minister, ordained brother Hickhorngill a minister, and their messenger into Scotland.’ He reached Dalkeith on 30 Dec.; on 8 Jan. 1653 he began a series of letters to his Hexham friends, signing himself (if the transcript is correct) ‘Edward Hickhorngill.’ Monck handed him over to Lilburne, who made him chaplain in his own regiment of horse. In March he joined a baptist church at Leith; but his opinions rapidly changed; in May he was excommunicated, and became a quaker. On 12 July he returned to Dalkeith ‘in a swaggering garb,’ having renounced quakerism and become a deist, owning ‘no other rule to himself but his reason.’ His old friends regarded him as ‘a desperate atheist.’ In September he wrote to Hexham a penitent letter from St. Johnstons (i.e. Perth), where Lilburne had given him a place in the garrison as lieutenant to Captain Gascoigne in Colonel Daniell's regiment. The baptists do not appear to have received him again. By his own account he remained in Scotland ‘above three years,’ being stationed as ‘governor and deputy governor’ at Finlarig and Meikleour castles, Perthshire; he was ‘one of the first and last justices of the peace that ever was in Scotland’ (ib. iii. 29). His next move was to foreign service; he ‘was a soldier and captain (by sea and land) under Carolus Gustavus, king of Swedes’ (ib. p. 56). He visited Spain and Portugal, returned to England as Swedish envoy, and then became a captain in Fleetwood's regiment. Some appointment was found for him in the West Indies, and he made a stay in Jamaica. The Restoration brought him back to London towards the end of 1660; he drew up an account of Jamaica, dedicating it to Charles II. In this, his first publication, his name appears as Hickeringill. It is a clever description of the island, its products and people, interspersed with rude verses in coarse taste. Charles gave him a post of 1,000l. a year (ib. iii. 200) as secretary to Lord Windsor, ‘then going governour to Jamaica.’ But Hickeringill once more changed his mind, and was ordained (1661) by Robert Sanderson, bishop of Lincoln, who, he says, ‘was nick-nam'd the presbyterian bishop’ (ib. ii. 379). On 30 Jan. 1662 he preached a loyal sermon, comparing Charles I to Naboth. His first preferment seems to have been the vicarage of St. Peter's, Colchester, Essex; on 25 Aug. 1662 he signs the baptismal register as ‘Edward Hickeringill, vicar.’ This living he did not hold long; on 21 Oct. 1662 he was admitted to the rectory of All Saints, Colchester, a benefice which he retained till his death. From 22 Oct. 1662 till 1664 he was vicar of Boxted, Essex.

At All Saints Hickeringill succeeded an ejected nonconformist. He at first avoided ceremonies likely to be obnoxious to his congregation, and his extemporaneous vivacity as a preacher made him popular with the multitude. He came out as a pamphleteer in 1673, with a criticism of Marvell's ‘Re-


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 hearsal Transpros'd;’ his ideas of religion are condensed (p. 262) in the rhymes: By the liturgy learn to pray; So pray and praise God every day. The Apostles' Creed believe also; Do as you would be done unto. Sacraments take as well as you can; This is the whole duty of man. With equal gusto he soon ridiculed the high church party and his old friends the nonconformists. A violent quarrel with his bishop, Henry Compton (1632–1713) [q. v.], followed. The tithes of St. Botolph's, Colchester, had (since 1544) been enjoyed by the rectors of All Saints; Compton set aside this arrangement in favour of another clergyman. Hickeringill made himself obnoxious by researches into ecclesiastical law, enabling him to teach his neighbours to resist the exactions of the spiritual courts. On 9 May 1680 he preached before the lord mayor, Sir Robert Clayton [q. v.], at the Guildhall Chapel, London, hurling the curse of Meroz on all who, like Compton, slighted the law by allowing latitude to dissenters. In this pungent discourse Hickeringill asserts that civil authority is supreme in all matters, and shows much knowledge of constitutional history.

His subsequent life was a series of battles in the courts and in the press. On 3 March 1681 he was tried at Chelmsford assizes before Judge Weston on an indictment of twenty-four counts for barratry; his former general, Monck, now duke of Albemarle, sat on the bench. He conducted his own case, and proved a match for Sir George Jeffreys, the leading counsel against him. The prosecution broke down (ib. ii. 189 sq.), though it was reported in Nat. Thompson's weekly ‘Loyal Protestant’ that he had been convicted of perjury (ib. i. 394). He was next cited to Doctors' Commons for performing marriages without banns or license, and for proceedings in connection with the tithes of St. Botolph's and other parishes. He appeared before Sir Robert Wiseman on 8 June 1681, kept on his hat, and replied to all remonstrances in Greek, till Wiseman ordered an appearance in Greek to be registered as a non-appearance, when he threatened to prosecute Wiseman according to statute for citing him out of his proper diocese (ib. pp. 176 sq.). He appeared again on 21 Nov., and put in pleas, which on 25 Nov. were allowed (ib. pp. 53 sq., 115 sq.) An admirer, Sol. Shawe of Monmouth, addressed to him (2 Feb. 1682) an eulogistic poem. On 8 Feb. 1682 articles of good behaviour were exhibited against him in the king's bench (cf., Brief Relation, i. 162), and on 8 March, at the Chelmsford assizes, Compton prosecuted him for slander, ‘scandalum magnatum,’ under the statute 2 Ric. II, c. 5. At the Easter election of parish officers for St. Botolph's (4 April 1681) he had publicly spoken of Compton as ‘a bold, daring, impudent man,’ as ‘very ignorant,’ and ‘concerned in the damnable plot.’ This was understood of the Popish plot, but Hickeringill meant a plot against himself (ib. p. 150). Jeffreys was again counsel against him, and got a verdict for the plaintiff, with 2,000l. damages, which Compton proposed to give towards the building of St. Paul's. Hickeringill wrote a long letter to Compton which he proposed to send by the hands of Thomas Firmin [q. v.], whom he never saw, offering to pay the costs of the old suit, on condition that there should be a new trial (Scand. Mag. passim). For celebrating marriages irregularly he was suspended for three years. He was restored and excused the fine, on publicly recanting in the court of arches (27 June 1684) the ‘scandalous, erroneous, and seditious principles’ contained in his publications numbered 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 18 below (cf., i. 312). Meanwhile ‘that unhappy verdict’ had lost him a fortune of 20,000l., his uncle, Dr. Troutbeck, having altered the disposal of his estate, ‘lest any of the lawn-sleeves should lay their fingers on't’ (Works, iii. 117).

Soon after the accession of James II Hickeringill (perhaps suspected of favouring Monmouth's enterprise) was peremptorily excluded from his living by royal mandate, and not recalled till 1688, ‘about a month before the Dutch landed’ (ib. ii. 380). In 1691 Tom Brown (1663–1704) [q. v.] assailed him in his ‘Novus Reformator Vapulans,’ where Hickeringill is introduced as taking part in a discussion with David Jones and the ghost of Prynne. In 1705 his ‘Survey of the Earth’—Luttrell calls the book ‘the Vileness of the Earth’—gave Compton a fresh occasion for bringing him into the spiritual court. In March 1706–7 he published a ‘Letter concerning Barretry, Forgery, and the Danger and Malignity of partial Judges and Jurymen’ (Bodleian Library). Later in the year he was charged with altering the rate-books brought to him as commissioner of taxes by the assessors for the parish of Wix, in which he was a landowner; was convicted of the ‘forgery’ in August, and was fined 400l. ‘He carried himself,’ writes Hearne, ‘with that indecency to the court that he was thought to be mad’ (Collections, ed. Doble Oxf. Hist. Soc. ii. 33, 412). He was now an old man; in his last year he occupied himself in editing collections of his


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 writings. He died on 30 Nov. 1708, in his seventy-eighth year, and was buried in his church, where his gravestone in the chancel bears a long inscription in Latin, from which the title ‘Reverendus admodum Dominus’ and the following words were erased (according to Colchester tradition, by Compton's order): ‘tam Marti quam Mercurio clarus, quippe qui terra mariq. Militavit non sine gloria, Ingeniiq. vires scriptis multiplice argumento insignitis demonstravit; sacris tandem ordinibus initiatus.’ His portrait (1706), engraved by J. Nutting from a painting by J. Jull, is prefixed to his ‘Miscellaneous Tracts.’ After settling at Colchester he married, and had ‘many children … all well provided for’ (ib. iii. 47). Two sons, Thomas and Mathias, and four daughters survived him. His private character was never assailed.

Throughout his writings, highly spiced with a random jocularity which he excuses as being natural to him, Hickeringill is a tenacious advocate of Erastianism (cf. his ‘Lay Clergy’). In his ‘Priestcraft’ is a strong infusion of rationalism; he denies infallibility to the Bible, and defends his position with some critical research. Of his pamphlets there are two disorderly collections (indicated by M. T. and W. in the list below), viz. ‘Miscellaneous Tracts, Essays, Satyrs,’ &c., 1707, 4to (seven parts, with separate titles and paging, the first printed 1705, the rest undated); and ‘Works,’ 1709, 8vo, 3 vols. (printed in 1708, see i. 353; in vol. ii. p. 353 immediately follows p. 208; so in vol. iii. p. 145 follows p. 135); reissued with new title-pages 1716 and 1721. His chief separate publications are:
 * 1) ‘Jamaica View'd,’ &c., 1661, 12mo (map by Colonel Edward D'Oyley, commander of the forces in Jamaica, dedication to Charles II, commendatory verses ‘To my Honoured Friend, Capt. Edm. Hickeringill,’ signed ‘G. E. Med. D.’); 2nd edit. 1661, 8vo; 3rd edit. 1705, 8vo (new map; this edition forms the first part of M. T.)
 * 2) ‘An Apology for Distressed Innocence … Sermon [1 K. xxi. 12, 13] … 30 Jan. 1662,’ &c., 1662 (?); 1700, 4to; reprinted W. i. 270.
 * 3) ‘Gregory, Father Greybeard, with his Vizard off … a Letter to our old friend R. L. from E. H.,’ &c., 1673, 8vo (to L'Estrange; on Marvell; see above).
 * 4) ‘Curse Ye Meroz: or, the Fatal Doom … Sermon [Jud. v. 23],’ &c., 1680, 4to, four editions same year; reprinted W. i. 220, mispaged 120 (see above; answered in ‘The Plotter's Doom,’ 1680, 4to, and ‘Observations on a late Famous Sermon,’ 1680, 4to).
 * 5) ‘Reflections … By A. B.,’ &c., 1680, 4to (answer to ‘Observations,’ &c.; probably by Hickeringill).
 * 6) ‘The Naked Truth. The Second Part,’ &c., 1681, fol. (anon.); 2nd edit. same year (title suggested by ‘The Naked Truth,’ 1675, by Herbert Croft, D.D. (1603–1691) [q. v.], with which it has nothing in common, being an attack on the exactions of spiritual courts, with tables of just fees; Hickeringill avows the authorship in a letter, 20 Nov. 1680, printed in 2nd edit.; two other parts appeared, disclaimed by Hickeringill, Works, ii. 6).
 * 7) ‘A Vindication of The Naked Truth, the second part … By Phil. Hickeringill,’ &c., 1681, fol. (against ‘Leges Angliæ,’ by Dr. Francis Fullwood. Cf. Works, ii. 6).
 * 8) ‘News from Doctor's Commons … Mr. Hickeringill's appearance there, June 8, 1681,’ &c., 1681, fol., reprinted W. ii. 176 (has appended ‘Essay concerning Sequestrations’ and ‘Impartial Narrative’ of the trial for barratry).
 * 9) ‘The Horrid Sin of Man-Catching … Sermon upon Jer. 5, 25, 26 … at Colchester, 10 July 1681,’ &c., 1681, 4to; 2nd edit. same year; 4th edit. 1682, fol.; reprinted W. i. 171 (preached without notes, written out and sent to press next day).
 * 10) ‘News from Colchester … Letter to … an honest Whig,’ &c., 1681 (?) reprinted W. i. 394 (signed A. B., 17 Aug. 1681).
 * 11) ‘The Black Non-Conformist Discover'd in More Naked Truth,’ &c., 1682, fol., reprinted W. ii. 1 (dedicated, 4 Dec. 1681, to Sancroft, archbishop of Canterbury; title insinuates that bishops are nonconformists, as practising illegal ceremonies, &c.).
 * 12) ‘Essays on Several Subjects, in Two Parts,’ reprinted M. T. (seven papers on excommunications, sacrilege, probate, &c. of uncertain dates).
 * 13) ‘The Mushroom … in answer to … The Meddal,’ &c., 1682, fol., reprinted W. ii. 353 (the poem, a scurrilous attack on Dryden, is dated London, 17 March 1681–2).
 * 14) ‘The Character of a Sham-plotter or Man-catcher,’ &c. 1682 (?); reprinted W. i. 212.
 * 15) ‘Scandalum Magnatum: or, The Great Trial at Chelmnesford … betwixt Henry, bishop of London … and E. Hickeringill,’ &c., 1682, fol.
 * 16) ‘The Test or Tryal … of Spiritual-Courts,’ &c., 1683, fol.; reprinted M. T. (dated 11 Jan. 1682–3).
 * 17) ‘The Trimmer … Debate with the Observator,’ &c., 1683 (?); reprinted W. i. 353 (dialogue; written early in 1683).
 * 18) ‘The History of Whiggism,’ &c., 1683 (?); reprinted W. i. 1 (dialogue between Tory, Whig, and Tantivee; two parts).
 * 19) ‘The Most Humble Confession and Recantation,’ &c., 1684, fol.
 * 20) ‘Modest Enquiries proposed to the Convention of Estates,’ &c., 1689, 4to.
 * 21) ‘A Speech without Doors,’ &c., 1689, 4to.
 * 22) ‘A Dialogue between Timothy and Titus about the Articles and Canons,’ &c., 1689 (not seen).
 * 23) ‘The Ceremony-Monger,’ &c., 1689,


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 4to; 2nd edit. same year; 3rd edit. [1696], 4to; reprinted W. ii. 377.
 * 1) ‘The Good Old Cause; or, The Divine Captain … Sermon preach'd in a Camp,’ &c., 1692, 4to; 1704, 4to; reprinted W. ii. 512.
 * 2) ‘The Lay-Clergy; or, the Lay Elder,’ &c., 1695, 4to; reprinted W. i. 318.
 * 3) ‘The Parliament Tacks … Account of the Tacking Affair,’ &c., 1703 (?); reprinted M. T.
 * 4) ‘Priestcraft; its Character and Consequences,’ 1705 (?); reprinted, 2nd edit. M. T. (new title, ‘A General History of Priestcraft’).
 * 5) ‘Priestcraft … Second Part,’ &c., 1705 (?); reprinted M. T.
 * 6) ‘The Vindication of Priestcraft,’ &c., 1706 (?); reprinted, 2nd edit. M. T. (Nos. 27, 28, and 29 form W. iii.; reissued 1721, with title, ‘The History of Priests and Priestcraft’).
 * 7) ‘The Survey of the Earth,’ &c., 1705 (?); reprinted, 2nd edit. M. T.
 * 8) ‘A Burlesque Poem in Praise of Ignorance,’ &c., 1708, 4to (dated, Pond-Hall in Essex, 15 Jan. 1707–8; chiefly written in 1650 at Cambridge; Hudibrastic metre).

 HICKES, FRANCIS (1566–1631), translator, son of Richard Hickes, an arras-weaver, of Barcheston or Barston, Warwickshire, was born in 1566 at Shipston, in the parish of Tredington, Worcestershire. He matriculated at St. Mary Hall, Oxford, at the age of thirteen. He proceeded B.A. 30 April 1583. He retired into the country and engaged himself in translating from the Greek. He spent most of his life at Barston and Shipston, died at Sutton in Gloucestershire, at the house of a kinsman, on 9 Jan. 1630–1, and was buried in the chancel of the adjacent church of Brayles, Worcestershire.

His only published translation was ‘Certaine Select Dialogues of Lucian: together with his True Historie, translated from the Greeke into English,’ Oxford, 1634, 4to, with a life of Lucian by his son Thomas. It was reprinted with Jasper Mayne's ‘Part of Lucian made English,’ Oxford, 1664, folio. Hickes left in manuscript: These manuscripts were placed by Hickes's son in the library of Christ Church, Oxford.
 * 1) ‘The History of the Wars of Peloponnesus, in 8 Books, written by Thucydides the Athenian.’
 * 2) ‘The History of Herodian, beginning from the Reign of the Emperor Marcus.’

His son, (1599–1634), graduated B.A. at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1620, and M.A. 1623; and later became chaplain of Christ Church. According to Wood he was a distinguished Greek scholar, a good poet, and an excellent limner.

 HICKES, GASPAR (1605–1677), puritan divine, son of a Berkshire clergyman, matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, on 26 Oct. 1621, aged 16, graduating B.A. 1625, and M.A. 1628. His reputation in the west of England for preaching was great, and he was a good scholar. He held some benefice in 1628, possessed the incumbency of Launceston from 1630 to 1632, the vicarage of Lavnells from 1630 to 1636, and in 1632 was appointed to Landrake, all of these livings being in Cornwall, and the last being a parish in which Rous, the puritan provost of Eton, lived. When the royalists were dominant in Cornwall he withdrew to London, and on 20 April 1642 was, no doubt through the influence of Serjeant Maynard and Rous, named to parliament as one of the two Cornish divines whose advice should be sought on ecclesiastical matters. He was a member of the Westminster Assembly of Divines from July 1643, and as one of the ‘plundered ministers’ was placed in October 1644 in possession of the vicarage of Tottenham, then not above the yearly value of 50l., and a grant of 100l. per annum was assigned to him in addition out of the revenues of St. Paul's chapter in the parish. Subsequently he retired to Landrake, and as the leading presbyterian divine in the county was appointed in 1654 assistant to the commissioners for Cornwall for ejecting scandalous ministers and schoolmasters. In 1662 he was dispossessed of his benefice, but remained in the neighbourhood ministering to a few faithful friends. Some time after 1670 Hickes was prosecuted under the Conventicle Act for unlawful preaching, and when the justices of his own district refused to convict he was taken further west before Dr. Polwhele and others on the charge of keeping a conventicle in his house, and of preaching. He was fined 40l., whereupon he appealed, but without any result beyond increasing the excessive costs of the proceedings. In 1677 he died, and was buried in the porch of the parish church on 10 April, when many of the ‘godly party’ attended.


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 ii. 417). At the Restoration Hickes obtained the perpetual curacy of Saltash, Cornwall, from which he was ejected by the Uniformity Act of 1662. He removed to Kingsbridge, Devonshire, where he got into trouble with the spiritual courts for keeping a conventicle. He boldly protested against alleged illegalities in proceedings taken at the time against nonconformists, gaining audience of the king in London on the introduction of Thomas Blood [q. v.] On the issue of the indulgence of 1672, he came up again with an address to the king from nonconformists in the west of England, and obtained from Charles the restitution of a third part of the fines already paid by the western dissenters under the conventicle acts.

Some time prior to May 1675 he became minister of a congregation at Portsmouth, where he remained till 1681. He then seems to have removed to Keynsham, Somerset, his residence at the time of the Monmouth rebellion. He joined Monmouth in 1685 at Shepton Mallet, believing him to be the legitimate heir to the throne. He denies, however, that he recruited for Monmouth in the west, and states that when Monmouth landed he was in the east country. His connection with Blood led to charges being brought against him of complicity in the murderous rescue of Colonel Mason and in the seizure of the crown jewels—allegations which were palpably false. After the defeat of Monmouth, Hickes and Richard Nelthorp were sheltered by Alice Lisle [q. v.]; but their hiding-place was betrayed by one Barter. Hickes was tried at Taunton, and executed for treason on 6 Oct. 1685. He wrote very pathetic letters from prison to his wife and nephew, and made an affecting speech before execution. He married, first, Abigail (d. 13 May 1675), daughter of John How and sister of John Howe (1630–1705) [q. v.], the presbyterian divine; secondly, about 1676, a person of property at Portsmouth. His letter to her (3 Oct. 1685) mentions his children James and Betty.

He published: 1. ‘A Narrative of the Illegal Sufferings … of many Christians … in the County of Devon,’ &c., 1671, 4to. 2. ‘A Discourse of the Excellency of the Heavenly Substance,’ &c., 1673, 12mo. Posthumous was: 3. ‘The Last Speech of … J. Hicks,’ &c. [1685], 4to. His letters and last speech (abridged) are in the ‘Western Martyrology,’ of which the fifth edition is dated 1705, 8vo.

HICKEY, ANTONY (d. 1641), theologian, belonged to the Irish family of h-Icidhe, of co. Clare, many members of which practised medicine during some generations. Hickey entered the order of St. Francis, and studied at Louvain under Hugh MacCathmhaoil, or MacCawell, who was subsequently Roman catholic primate of Ireland. He became professor of philosophy and theology at Louvain, and subsequently at Cologne, where his learning secured for him a high reputation. In 1619, by order of the administrators of the Franciscans, he removed from Cologne to Rome, with the object of collaborating with his countryman, Luke Wadding, in the publication of the works of Duns Scotus and the ‘Annales Minorum.’ In 1639 the general assembly of the Franciscans at Rome appointed Hickey to the important post of diffinitor or sub-head of the order. Hickey projected publications on the history and hagiography of Ireland, for which his acquirements and knowledge of the Irish language rendered him specially qualified. He died, before this work was commenced, on 26 June 1641, at St. Isidore's, Rome, where he was buried. Hickey's epitaph was written by Wadding, who entertained great affection for him, and testified to his erudition, humility, and piety. Some unpublished writings by Hickey, of a theological character, remained in the possession of Wadding. A portrait of Hickey is preserved in the college of St. Isidore.

Hickey's published works are: 1. ‘Nitela Franciscanæ religionis, a Dermitio Thadæo,’ Lyons, 1627, a treatise in vindication of the principles of the Franciscan order, in reply to strictures by Abraham Bzovius or Bzowski, a Polish Dominican author. Hickey's pseudonym, ‘Dermitius Thadeus,’ was the name of one of his early instructors. 2. ‘R. P. F. Joannis Duns Scoti, doctoris subtilis, ordinis minorum, quæstiones in lib. iv. sententiarum. Nunc denuo recognitæ, annotationibus marginalibus, doctorumque celebriorum ante quamlibet quæstionem citationibus exornatæ et scholiis per textum insertis illustratæ; cum commentario R. P. F. Antonii Hiquæi, Hiberni, ejusdem ordinis S. Theologiæ lectoris emeriti,’ Lyons, 1639, 3 vols. folio; this annotated edition of parts of the works of Scotus was for the series which Wadding and his Irish associates undertook with the patronage of the king of Spain. Hickey did his work by order of Giovanni Campanea, minister-general of the Franciscans, and at the request of members of that order. By direction of the cardinals of the congregation of


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 rites, Hickey compiled materials for the revised offices of the church for the festival of St. Catherine of Siena.

HICKEY, THOMAS (fl. 1760–1790), painter, was born in Dublin and studied in the Academy there. He visited Italy and studied at Rome, and on his return practised as a portrait-painter in London. In the Mansion House at Dublin there are portraits by him of George, first marquis Townshend (1769), and of John, fourth duke of Bedford. In London there is at the Garrick Club a portrait of Mrs. Abington, and at the Magdalen Hospital a full-length portrait of Mr. Justice Park. Hickey's portrait of Daniel Race, chief cashier to the Bank of England (1772), was engraved in mezzotint by J. Watson. Hickey also practised at Bath, and appears to have visited India, being probably the author of ‘The History of Painting and Sculpture from the Earliest Accounts,’ published (vol. i. only) at Calcutta in 1788. He accompanied Lord Macartney's embassy to China in 1792. A drawing of a Chinese scene is now in the print room at the British Museum.

(1756–1795), sculptor, elder brother of the above, born in Dublin in 1756, was pupil of Mr. Cranfield, a wood-carver, and after practising some time in Dublin with success, came to London. He was patronised by Edmund Burke, and became a student in the Royal Academy, where in 1778 he obtained the gold medal for a bas-relief of ‘The Slaughter of the Innocents.’ He showed great promise, but intemperate habits caused his early death in London, 12 Jan. 1795.

HICKEY, WILLIAM (1787?–1875), philanthropist, born in 1787 or 1788, was the eldest son of Ambrose Hickey, D.D., rector of Murragh, co. Cork. After spending five terms at Trinity College, Dublin (1804–5), he was admitted a pensioner of St. John's College, Cambridge (7 March 1806). His father was admitted fellow-commoner at the same college three days later. William proceeded B.A. at Cambridge in 1809, and was admitted to the same degree in that year at Dublin, where also he graduated M.A. in 1832. In 1811 he was ordained for the curacy of Dunleckny in the diocese of Leighlin, from which he removed in 1820 to the incumbency of Bannow, diocese of Ferns. While there he built a glebe house, restored the fabric of the church, and in conjunction with Thomas Boyce of Bannow House founded an agricultural school on a farm of forty acres. With Boyce, too, he established the South Wexford Agricultural Society, the first of its kind in Ireland. From Bannow he was promoted in 1826 to the rectory of Kilcormick, where he built a new church and a school-house, besides originating many much needed improvements in the shape of roads and bridges. The following year, in a time of fever and famine, he proved, at a great pecuniary sacrifice, an active and untiring friend of his people. In 1831 he was advanced to the rectory of Wexford, and finally, in 1834, to the union of Mulrankin. He was also rural dean of Tacumshane. Hickey was much impressed by the poor condition of the Irish farmer, and studied such improved modes of husbandry as might be communicable, in a cheap and simple form, to the occupants of a few acres. As early as 1817 he distinguished himself by an ably written pamphlet on the ‘State of the Poor in Ireland.’ His first work on farming was dated from Ballyorley, Kilcormick, and was written, like his subsequent publications, under the pseudonym of Martin Doyle; it was originally issued in the ‘Wexford Herald’ in the form of letters to the editor as ‘Hints to Small Farmers,’ and when published in a collected form in 1830, passed through numerous editions, of which the last appeared in 1867. These letters were followed in succession by ‘Hints on Road-work,’ 1830; ‘Hints to Small Holders on Planting and on Cattle,’ 1830; ‘Irish Cottagers,’ 1830; ‘Hints on Emigration to Upper Canada,’ 1831 (3rd edit. 1834); ‘Practical Gardening,’ 1833 (2nd edit. 1836); ‘The Flower Garden,’ 1834 (3rd edit. 1839); ‘A Cyclopædia of Practical Husbandry,’ 1839 (new edit., enlarged by the Rev. W. Rham, 1844 and 1851); ‘Rural Economy for Cottage Farmers and Gardeners, by Martin Doyle and others’ [1851] (6th edit. 1857); ‘Small Farms: a Practical Treatise intended for Persons inexperienced in Husbandry,’ 1855; ‘Farm and Garden Produce,’ 1857; ‘The Farmer's Manual’ [1868]; ‘Practical Gardening: Vegetables and Common Fruits,’ new edit. 1868; ‘Cottage Farming,’ 1870; and ‘Field and Garden Plants,’ 1870. Hickey also regularly contributed to several periodicals, among which were the ‘Highland Society's Quarterly Journal of Agriculture,’ ‘Blackwood's Agricultural Magazine,’ the ‘Gardener's Chronicle,’ and ‘Chambers's Journal.’ With Edmund Murphy he conducted the ‘Irish Farmer's and Gar-


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Author:Florence Earle Coates/Magazines

The American

 * Frederick (24 November 1888) V. 17 No. 433 p. 89.
 * By the Conemaugh (22 June 1889) V. 18 No. 463 p. 154.

The Athenæum

 * Le Grand Salut (28 July 1906) V. ? No. 4109 p. 103.
 * Inviolable (21 March 1914) V. ? No. 4508 p. 410.
 * War (The serpent-horror writhing in her hair) (8 August 1914) V. ? No. ? p. 181.
 * Place de la Concorde (5 September 1914) V. ? No. 4532 p. 250.
 * Sleep (26 December 1914) V. ? No. 4548 p. 671.
 * The New Mars (ca. May 1915) V. ? No. ? p. 429.
 * Unrest (We trekked our way to the desert) (11 September 1915) V. ? No. 4585 p. 176.
 * You (? 1916) V. ? No. ? p. 421.
 * Romance (July 1916) V. No. 4607 p. 326.

The Atlantic Monthly

 * Sappho (February 1890) V. 65 No. 388 p. 192.
 * Memoria (October 1890) V. 66 No. 396 p. 534.
 * The Ideal (May 1891) V. 67 No. 403 p. 675.
 * Through the Rushes (March 1892) V. 69 No. 413 p. 313.
 * Survival (April 1893) V. 71 No. 426 p. 510.
 * Song (If Love Were Not) (November 1896) V. 78 No. 469 p. 646.
 * Greatness (February 1898) V. 81 No. 484 p. 231.
 * Kenilworth (January 1900) V. 85 No. 507 p. 139.
 * To Poverty (May 1902) V. 89 No. 535 p. 697.
 * Give Me Not Love (June 1903) V. 91 No. 548 p. 855.
 * "Go Not Too Far" (December 1903) V. 92 No. 554 p. 838.
 * Jean-François Millet (November 1904) V. 94 No. 565 p. 604.
 * Onward (same as "Per Aspera") (December 1906) V. 98 No. ? p. 835.
 * The Empty House (November 1908) V. 102 No. ? p. 674.

The Bellman

 * In War-Time—An American Homeward Bound (?) V. ? No. ? p. ?.
 * Medieval (same as "Mediæval") (13 September 1913) V. 15 No. 374 p. 339.
 * Jewel-Weed (16 May 1914) V. ? No. ? p. ?.
 * A Round (15 August 1914) V. 17 No. 422 p. 210.
 * Art and War (9 January 1915) V. 18 No. 443 p. 53.
 * Christmas Eve (25 December 1915) V. 19 No. 493 p. 722.
 * They live so long (26 August 1916) V. 21 No. 528 p. 323.
 * The Smile of Reims (2 June 1917) V. 22 No. ? p. 605.
 * A Love-Song (1 December 1917) V. 23 No. 594 p. 606.
 * A Soldier (20 July 1918) V. 25 No. ? p. 75.
 * Belgium (21 September 1918) V. 25 No. 636 p. 325.
 * The Infantry that Would Not Yield (14 December 1918) V. 25 No. ? p. 661.

Book News Monthly

 * "Florence Earle Coates" by Harrison S. Morris (December 1898) V. 17 No. 196 p. 191.
 * "A Camp in the Adirondacks: The summer home of Mrs. Florence Earle Coates, the Philadelphia poet" by unknown (October 1905) V. 24 No. 278 p. 69-72.
 * There's a Spot in the Mountains (October 1905)
 * An American at Lincoln (November? 1907) V. 26 No. ? p. 13.
 * Fritz Scheel—A Tribute (? 1907) V. 26 No. ? p. 426.
 * To John Luther Long: On Seeing His Opera 'Madame Butterfly' (same as "To the Author of 'Madame Butterfly'") (June 1912) V. 30 No. 10 p. 696.
 * "Florence Earle Coates: Some Phases of Her Life and Poetry" by Elizabeth Clendenning Ring (December 1917) V. 36 No. ? p. 107-10.
 * For France (June? 1918) V. ? No. ? p. ?.

The Century Magazine

 * Rejected (April 1887) V. 33 No. 6 p. 936.
 * Death (August 1888) V. 36 No. 4 p. 527.
 * Siberia (March 1889) V. 37 No. 5 p. 659.
 * Perdita (December 1889) V. 39 No. 2 p. 183.
 * To the Tsar (January 1890) V. 39 No. 3 p. 414.
 * Man (June 1890) V. 40 No. 2 p. 194.
 * India (November 1891) V. 43 No.1 p. 34.
 * At Break of Day (April 1892) V. 43 No. 6 p. 904.
 * Art (June 1893) V. 46 No. 2 p. 274.
 * Life (Before we knew thee thou wert with us; ay) (October 1893) V. 46 No. 6 p. 839.
 * Combatants (November 1893) V. 47 No. 1 p. 139.
 * "Matthew Arnold" by Mrs. Coates (April 1894) V. 47 No. 6 p. 931-37.
 * To France (January 1895) V. 49 No. 3 p. 355.
 * Love Conquers Death (April 1895) V. 49 No. 6 p. 948.
 * The Difference (April 1902) V. 63 No. 6 p. 910.
 * Picquart (July 1902) V. 64 No. 3 p. 452.
 * "Ask What You Will" (August 1902) V. 64 No. 4 p. 532.
 * Edmund Clarence Stedman (September 1902) V. 64 No. 5 p. 700.
 * Let Me Believe (possibly entitled "Keats to Fanny Brawne") (? 1903?) V. ? No. ? p.?.
 * "Blessèd" (August 1904) V. 68 No. 4 p. 650.
 * Breathless we strive (September 1904) V. 68 No. 5 p. 803.
 * Helen Keller with a Rose (July 1905) Vol. 70 No. 3 p. 397.
 * The Singer (same as "A Traveller from Altruria") (April 1906) V. 71 No. 6 p. 909.
 * Mother (August 1908) V. 76 No. 4 p. 564.
 * A Hero (February 1909) Vol. 77 No. 4 p. 544.
 * Leaders of Men (October 1909) V. 78 No. 6 p. 902.
 * The song that is forgot (May 1912) V. 84 No. 1 p. 95.

The Cosmopolitan

 * First and Last (July 1894) V. 17 No. 3 p. 372.
 * Israphel (same as "Israfel") (September 1894) V. 17 No. 5 p. 602.
 * The Land of Promise (February 1895) V. 18 No. 4 p. 406.
 * Mother-Love (December 1909) V. 48 No. 1 p. 22.

The Critic

 * Poetry (Contemplative and fair, with look divine) (July 1905) V. 47 No. 1 p. 57.

The Delineator

 * The Ballad of a Drum (December 1904) V. 64 No. ? p. 934.
 * I Looked on Sorrow (same as "Earth's Mystery") (November 1905) V. 66 No. ? p. 344.

The Era

 * McKinley (October 1901) V. 8 No. 10 p. 622.
 * Winter's Sovereignty (Quatrain) (same as "Compensation") (February 1903) V. 11 No. 2 p. 214.
 * With Breath of Spring (April 1903) V. 11 No. 4 p. 323.

The Forum

 * In the Maternity Ward (part I of "The Hospital") (October 1913) V. 50 No. 4 p. 546.

Friends' Intelligencer

 * A Russian's Prayer for his Horse, before going into Battle (25 December 1915) V. ? No. ? p. ?.

Harper's Bazar

 * "Victi Resurgunt" (7 June 1890) V. 23 No. 23 p. 442.
 * Motherless (September 1904) V. 38 No. 9 p. 838.
 * Of Love (?) (October 1906) V. 30 No. ? p. 934.
 * Song (September 1907) V. 41 No. 9 p. 854.
 * The Sun-Dial (December 1908) V. 42 No. ? p. 1245.
 * Heimweh (September 1911) V. 45 No. ? p. 399.
 * So you love me (October 1911) V. 45 No. 10 p. 444.
 * Lullaby (May 1912) V. 46 No. ? p. 251.
 * In Dreamland (March 1913) V. 47 No. ? p. 116.

Harper's Monthly Magazine

 * In Darkness (November 1888) V. 77 No. 462 p. 836.
 * Nansen (November 1897) V. 95 No. 570 p. 924.
 * Song of Life (November 1901) V. 103 No. 618 p. 877.
 * Transition (February 1902) V. 104 No. 621 p. 476.
 * Interchange (November 1902) V. 105 No. 630 p. 855.
 * "Poor Love!" said Life (December 1902) V. 106 No. 631 p. 83.
 * Madonna (September 1903) V. 107 No. 640 p. 519.
 * Renewal (December 1903) V. 108 No. 643 p. 85.
 * Alms (April 1904) V. 108 No. 647 p. 747.
 * Ab Humo (April 1905) V. 110 No. 659 p. 798.
 * Love, Dost Thou Smile? (October 1905) V. 111 No. 665 p. 793.
 * To-day (March 1906) V. 112 No. 670 p. 526.
 * Amor Creator (May 1907) V. 114 No. 684 p. 909.
 * Cruel Love (July 1907) V. 115 No. 686 p. 243.
 * Influence (August 1907) V. 115 No. 687 p. 391.
 * Nocturne (November 1907) V. 115 No. 690 p. 876.
 * Kindred (November 1908) V. 117 No. 702 p. 894.
 * The Hermit (January 1909) V. 118 No. 704 p. 276.
 * Indian-Pipe (March 1909) V. 118 No. 706 p. 625.
 * Leave-taking (August 1909) V. 119 No. 711 p. 373.
 * Earth Has Her Blossoms (same as "Earth's Blossoms") (September 1909) V. 119 No. 712 p. 589.
 * The Morning-Glory (April 1910) V. 120 No. 719 p. 715.
 * How Wonderful is Love (June 1910) V. 121 No. 721 p. 112.
 * Yesterday (December 1910) V. 122 No. 727 p. 17.
 * Immortal (How living are the dead) (January 1911) V. 122 No. ? p. 198.
 * His Face (February 1911) V. 122 No. 729 p. 419.
 * Last Night I dreamed (March 1911) V. 122 No. 730 p. 514.
 * The Unconquered Air (December 1911) V. 124 No. ? p. 27.
 * O Giorno Felice! (July 1912) V. 125 No. 746 p. 248.
 * Cendrillon (August 1912) V. 125 No. 747 p. 472.
 * In the Town a Wild Bird singing (October 1912) V. 125 No. 749 p. 745.
 * An Adieu (July 1913) V. 127 No. 758 p. 185.
 * A Secret (November 1913) V. 127 No. 762 p. 884.
 * Nothing that can die (July 1914) V. 129 No. 770 p. 290.
 * The Brave (April 1915) V. 130 No. 779 p. 714.
 * To One in Hospital Pent (July 1916) V. 133 No. 794 p. 266.
 * The Gods Remember (October 1916) V. 133 No. 797 p. 728.
 * Their Victory Won (December 1918) V. 138 No. 823 p. 77.
 * Our Land (April 1919) V. 138 No. ? p. 597.

Harper's Weekly

 * Song (For me the jasmine buds unfold) (21 February 1891) V. 35 No. 1783 p. 142.
 * An Idler (23 May 1891) V. 35 No. ? p. 390.
 * Columbus (22 October 1892) V. 36 No. ? p. 1014.
 * In a College Settlement (21 April 1894) V. 38 No. ? p. 364.
 * Song (The new-born leaves unfolding fast) (13 June 1896) V. 40 No. ? p. 595.
 * Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (2 March 1907) V. 51 No. 2 p. 319.
 * When You Came (31 October 1908) V. 52 No. ? p. 17.
 * Exaltation (24 September 1910) V. 54 No. ? p. 20.
 * In a Tenement (9 September 1911) V. 55 No. 2855 p. 22.
 * Unpardoned (23 March 1912) V. 56 No. 2883? p. 782.

The Independent

 * My True-Love's Eyes (7 March 1895) V. 47 No. 2414 p. 327.
 * Dreyfus (If thou art living, in that Devil's Isle) (16 February 1899) V. 51 No. 2620 p. 485.
 * Delilah (28 February 1901) V. 53 No. 2726 p. 489.
 * Buffalo (Coates) (10 October 1901) V. 53 No. 2758 p. 2389.
 * Däi Nippon (5 October 1905) V. 59 No. 2966 p. 785.
 * L'Amour fait Peur (22 October 1908) V. 65 No. 3125 p. 943.
 * Privilege (30 December 1909) V. 67 No. ? p. 1483.
 * Secure (16 February 1911) V. 70 No. 3246 p. 349.
 * Father (15 June 1911) V. 70 No. 3263 p. 1314.

Ladies' Home Journal

 * Ma Belle (January 1896) V. ? No. ? p. ?.

Lippincott's Monthly Magazine

 * Didst Thou Rejoice? (February 1885) V. 35 No. ? p. 191.
 * Probation (August 1885) V. 36 No. ? p. 146.
 * Morning (November 1885) V. 36 No. ? p. 454.
 * Psyche (March 1887) V. 39 No. ? p. 468.
 * Limitation (June 1888) V. 41 No. ? p. 792.
 * Life (Thou art more ancient than the oldest skies) (July 1889) V. 44 No. ? p. 125.
 * Veiled (December 1889) V. 44 No. ? p. 845.
 * A Débutante (March 1890) V. 45 No. ? p. 440.
 * A Descant (June 1890) V. 45 No. ? p. 907.
 * Homeward (September 1890) V. 46 No. ? p. 367.
 * Before the Hour (June 1891) V. 47 No. ? p. 790.
 * October (October 1891) V. 48 No. ? p. 477.
 * Song (Her Cheek is Like a Tinted Rose) (April 1892) V. 49 No. ? p. 480.
 * Be Thou my Guide (December 1892) V. 50 No. ? p. 782.
 * A Rose (March 1893) V. 51 No. ? p. 362.
 * Tennyson (April 1893) V. 51 No. ? p. 510.
 * Conscience (May 1894) V. 53 No. ? p. 682.
 * Immortal (Life is like a beauteous flower) (October 1894) V. 54 No. ? p. 559.
 * Victory (December 1894) V. 54 No. ? p. 827.
 * Might I Return (July 1896) V. 58 No. ? p. 113.
 * Poetry (same as "To the Muse": One spot of green, watered by hidden streams) (March 1897) V. 59 No. ? p. 414.
 * Near and Far (April 1898) V. 61 No. ? p. 524.
 * Nature (I weave the beginning, I fashion the end; same as "Natura Benigna") (September 1899) V. 64 No. 381 p. 383.
 * Philistia (May 1900) Vol. 65 No. 389 p. 758.
 * At The Sarah-Bernhardt Theatre (March 1901) V. 67 No. 399 p. 377.
 * Persephone (April 1901) V. 67 No. 400 p. 479.
 * Autumn (In her arms unconscious lying) (November 1901) V. 68 No. 407 p. 576.
 * Rouen: In the Prison of Joan of Arc (January 1902) V. 69 No. 409 p. 94.
 * "Who Knocks?" (same as "The Return") (September 1902) V. 70 No. 417 p. 347.
 * An Optimist (March 1903) V. 71 No. 423 p. 360.
 * James McNeill Whistler (November 1903) V. 72 No. 431 p. 640.
 * War (In the beginning was I born) (April 1904) V. 73 No. 436 p. 446.
 * Old St. David's (July 1904) V. 74 No. 439 p. 40-41.
 * As from Afar (same as "Nature":To see thee, hear thee, wistful watch I keep) (November 1904) V. 74 No. 443 p. 609.
 * The Lark (March 1907) V. 79 No. 471 p. 394-5.
 * The House of Pain (January 1908) V. 81 No. ? p. 130.
 * April (April 1908) V. 81 No. ? p. 480.
 * Echo Consolatrix (November 1908) V. 82 No. 491 p. 608.
 * A Little Song (March 1909) V. 83 No. 495 p. 370.
 * Love never is Too Late (September 1909) V. 84 No. 501 p. 365.
 * In Memory of Caroline Furness Jayne (October 1909) V. 84 No. 502 p. 508.
 * "Matthew Arnold" by Mrs. Coates (December 1909) V. 84 No. 504 p. 670-74.
 * "Che Faro Senza Eurydice!" (same as "Eurydice") (March 1910) V. 85 No. 507 p. 312-13.
 * Against the Gate of Life (December 1910) V. 86 No. 516 p. 689.
 * The "Unfinished" Symphony (May 1911) V. 87 No. 521 p. 622.
 * The White-Throated Sparrow (July 1911) V. 88 No. 523 p. 122.
 * Eagles (November 1911) V. 88 No. 527 p. 756-57.
 * Love is Passing (December 1911) V. 88 No. 528 p. 918.
 * To R. R. (January 1912) V. 89 No. 529 p. 79.
 * Love and the Child (April 1912) V. 89 No. 532 p. 534.
 * The Band of the "Titanic" (July 1912) V. 90 No. 535 p. 115.
 * "A Foremost American Lyrist" by William Stanley Braithwaite (March 1913) V. 91 No. 543 p. 296-304.
 * I Heard a Voice (April 1913) V. 91 No. 544 p. 486.
 * In Remembrance: The Antarctic Heroes of 1912 (same as "To Britannia") (July 1913) V. 92 No. 547 p. 98.
 * The All-Mother (March 1914) V. 93 No. 555 p. 379.
 * The Mourner (May 1914) V. 93 No. 557 p. 612.
 * Where Harold Sleeps (September 1914) V. 94 No. 561 p. 355.
 * Self-confident Youth (January 1915) V. 95 No. 565 p. 69.

The Literary Digest

 * Mother Mary (7 December 1912) V. 45 No. ? p. 1088.
 * Captain Guynemer (27 April 1918) V. 57 No. ? p. 36.

The Literary World

 * On Re-reading "The Sick King in Bokhara" (26 June 1886) V. 17 No. 13 p. 217.

The Living Age

 * Song (Friendship from its moorings strays) (20 August 1898) V. 218 No. 2824 p. 498.
 * Le Grand Salut (25 August 1906) V. 32 No. 3242 p. 511.
 * Inviolable (16 May 1914) V. 281 No. 3645 p. 386.

The Magazine of Poetry

 * "Florence Earle Coates", by Ellen Olney Kirk (with 8 poems) (? 1889) V. 1 No. 3 p. 267.

Meehan's Monthly

 * Winter the Nursery for Spring Flowers (January 1896) V. 6 No. ? p. 17.

The Minaret

 * Beatrice before Death (June 1916) V. ? No. ? p. ?.
 * In the Offing (May 1917) V. 2 No. 3 p. 1.

The Nation

 * "From Florence Coates to Amy Lowell: A Glance at Modernity" by Oscar W. Firkins (3 May 1917) V. 104 No. 2705 p. 522-24.

New Peterson's Magazine
Note: As Peterson's Magazine from January 1849 to November 1892. As New Peterson's Magazine from December 1892 to 1894.
 * To-morrow (April? 1893?) V. ? No. ? p. ?.
 * Too Late (February 1894) V. ? No. ? p. ?.

The New York Times Magazine

 * "Godlessness Mars Most Contemporary Poetry (10 December 1916) p. 12 by Joyce Kilmer.
 * America (Patient she is—long-suffering, our Land) (25 Feb 1917) V. ? No. ? p. ?.

The North American Review

 * A Lover's "Litany to Pan" (December 1911) V. 194 No. 673 p. 870-71.
 * Dawn (November 1912) V. 196 No. 684 p. 646-47.
 * The Cherubim (August 1913) V. 198 No. 693 p. 195-96.
 * The "Penseur" (March 1914) V. 199 No. ? pp. 425-26.
 * Time (June 1915) V. 201 No. 715 p. 890-91.
 * I Too Have Loved (January 1919) V. 209 No. 758 p. 94.
 * In Memory of an American Soldier (June 1919) V. 209 No. 763 p. 820.
 * Masefield (May 1922) V. 215 No. 798 p. 643.

The Outlook

 * America (Thy children are inspired by thee) (9 July 1898) V. 59 No. 10 p. 623.
 * Welcome (same as "To the Returning Brave" and "Welcome Dewey", etc.) (3 September 1898) V. 60 No. 1 p. 29.
 * The Brook's Song to Spring (same as "Brook-Song: To the Spring") (6 May 1899) V. 62 No. 1 p. 49.
 * The Burial of Robert Louis Stevenson at Samoa (14 September 1901) V. 69 No. 2 p. 137.
 * A Little Minister (14 February 1903) V. 73 No. 7 p. 392.
 * I Longed for Love (10 October 1903) V. 75 No. 6 p. 357.
 * Unrest (same as "Man, That Will Not Be Beguiled") (21 May 1904) V. 77 No. 3 p. 168.
 * After (24 March 1906) V. 82 No. ? p. 680.
 * Saint Theresa (5 January 1907) V. 85 No. ? p. 33.
 * Beauty's Path (22 August 1908) V. 89 No. 17 p. 946.
 * Courage (28 November 1908) V. 90 No. ? p. 706.
 * Inheritor (24 April 1909) V. 91 No. ? p. 982.
 * Deathless Death (1 January 1910) V. 94 No. ? p. 31-2.
 * No More (same as "No More, Dear Heart") (4 February 1911) V. 97 No. ? p. 278.
 * Who Walks the World with Soul Awake (2 August 1913) V. 104 No. ? p. 764.
 * She will not hear (5 May 1915) V. 110 No. ? p. 26.

The Pathfinder

 * "The Poetry of Florence Earle Coates" by Warwick James Price (June 1911) V. 5 No. 6 p. 1.
 * Dream the Great Dream (June 1911) V. 5 No. 6 p. 1.

Philadelphia Public Ledger

 * Giving Thanks (? 1917) V. ? No. ? p. ?.

Poet-Lore

 * Longing (January 1898) V. 10 No. 1 p. 25.
 * Dreyfus (France has no dungeon in her island tomb) (September 1898) V. 10 No. 3 p. 335.

Putnam's Monthly

 * Affinity (July 1907) V. 2 No. 4 p. 399.
 * Before the Dawn (September 1908) V. 4 No. 6 p. 655.

The Reader Magazine

 * Socrates (September 1903) V. 2 No. 4 p. 385.
 * Crippled (December? 1903) V. ? No. ? p. ?
 * To William Butler Yeats (January 1904) V. 3 No. 2 p. 130.
 * "The Sappho of Bliss Carman" (January 1904) V. 3 No. 2 pp. 198-9. [Reviews]
 * Of Future Days (March 1904) V. 3 No. 4 p. 408.
 * Love that Faltered (November 1904) V. 4 No. 6 p. 675.
 * John Hay (October 1905) V. 6 No. 5 p. 536.
 * Benjamin Franklin (March 1906) V. 7 No. 4 p. 418-19.
 * Poems: After George F. Watts (same as "After the Paintings by George F. Watts") (January 1907) V. 9 No. 2 p. 175.
 * Bereft (June 1907) V. 10 No. 1 p. 95.
 * Vestal (December 1907) V. 11 No. ? p. 81.

Scribner's Magazine

 * When Christ was Born (January 1902) V. 31 No. 1 p. 75.
 * At Dusk (June 1903) V. 33 No. 6 p. 674.
 * To Helen Keller (September 1903) V. 34 No. 3 p. 279.
 * I know not how to find the Spring (March 1904) V. 35 No. 3 p. 304.
 * Thanksgiving (November 1905) V. 38 No. 5 p. 603.
 * Reproach not Death (November 1911) V. 50 No. 5 p. 565.
 * A Seeker in the Night (September 1912) V. 52 No. 3 p. 360.
 * Live Thy Life (January 1914) V. 55 No. 1 p. 76.
 * The Nest (January 1915) V. 57 No. 1 p. 114.
 * Requiem for a Young Soldier (November 1915) V. 58 No. 5 p. 639.
 * The Violin (February 1921) V. 69 No. 2 p. 206.

The Smart Set

 * The Dream Beautiful (same as "My Dream") (November 1902) V. 8 No. 3 p. 138.
 * Honor (May 1908) V. 25 No. 1 p. 39.
 * Dearth (August 1908) V. 25 No. 4 p. 62.

Woman's Progress

 * "Florence Earle Coates" by Jane Campbell (May 1895) V. 4 No. 6 pp. 241-48.

The Writer

 * Thomas Bailey Aldrich (April 1907) V. 19 No. 4 p. 52.

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 course of lectures under the title of ‘A Philosophical Essay concerning Light. Vol. I.,’ 8vo, London. On 8 Jan. 1779 he obtained letters patent for a cheap and durable cement, which he advertised in a treatise called ‘Experiments and Observations made with the view of improving the art of composing and applying calcareous Cements and of preparing Quick-lime; and Specification of the Author's … Cement,’ 8vo, London, 1780. An Italian version appeared in C. Amoretti and F. Soave's ‘Opuscoli scelti sulle scienze,’ 4to, 1778, &c. In 1786 he published his best-known work, which appears also to have formed the subject of some of his lectures, with the title of ‘Experiments and Observations relating to Acetous Acid, Fixable Air, … Oils, and Fuel,’ &c., 8vo, London. Some time between 1780 and 1790 Higgins visited Russia, apparently by invitation of the Empress Catherine. He resumed his lectures in Greek Street in January 1794, and in 1795 issued an extended syllabus of his course, describing the experiments made as ‘Minutes of the Society for Philosophical Experiments and Conversations,’ 8vo, London. When, on 14 Dec. 1796, committees were appointed by the House of Assembly, Jamaica, for the improvement of the manufacture of Muscovado sugar and rum, Higgins was engaged to assist them, and he resided at Spanish Town during 1797, 1798, and 1799. Part of the result of his labours was published as ‘Observations and Advices,’ 2 pts., 8vo, St. Jago de la Vega, 1797–1800. A third part was announced for immediate publication, and a fragment of the fourth part appeared at Jamaica in 1803. Higgins died in 1820. He married Jane, daughter and heiress of J. Welland. His other writings are: 1. ‘Observations on the Floating Ice … in high Northern and Southern latitudes. To which are added Experiments on the Freezing of Sea Water,’ appended to the Hon. Daines Barrington's ‘The Probability of reaching the North Pole,’ 4to, London, 1775–6. 2. ‘Synopsis of the Medicinal Contents of the most noted Mineral Waters, analysed by Dr. Higgins at the instance of I. Ellison’ [edited by the latter], 8vo [London], 1788. Higgins was more successful as a speculator than an experimentalist, and many of his views are, for their time, ‘remarkable for their acuteness and generalising character.’

HIGGINS, CHARLES LONGUET (1806–1885), benefactor of Turvey, eldest son of John Higgins of the Abbey-house, Turvey, Bedfordshire, and Theresa, eldest daughter of Benjamin Longuet of Louth and Bath, a gentleman of Huguenot descent, was born in his father's house on 30 Nov. 1806. He received his early education at home, and matriculated at Cambridge as a pensioner of Trinity College on 14 Nov. 1825. At Cambridge he was under the influence of the Rev. Charles Simeon. He was not a scholar, but had a taste for natural history and music. He graduated B.A. in 1830, and M.A. in 1834. Although he desired to take orders, he relinquished the idea in deference to his father's wish, and was admitted a student of Lincoln's Inn on 16 Nov. 1830, but was not called to the bar, and from 1836 to 1838 studied medicine at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Having qualified he carried on a general medical practice at Turvey. On the death of his father in 1846 he succeeded to the family property; restored the church; built schools, a village museum, and comfortable cottages; and delivered lectures on natural history and other subjects. On 26 June 1853 he married Helen Eliza, daughter of Thomas Burgon of the British Museum. He projected the compilation of a hymn-book which should be used universally in the church of England, and read a paper on hymnology before the Church Congress at Nottingham in 1871, which was published. He was a J.P. and D.L. of Bedfordshire. He died without issue on 23 Jan. 1885.

HIGGINS, FRANCIS (1669–1728), archdeacon of Cashel, who has been styled ‘the Irish Sacheverell,’ born in 1669, was son of an apothecary of the city of Limerick. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, as a sizar, 4 May 1685; obtained a scholarship in 1688, and graduated B.A. 1691, and M.A. 1693. He was ‘reader’ in Christ Church Cathedral in 1690; rector of Gowran in 1694; and became prebendary of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, 14 July 1705. In 1706 Higgins made himself notorious in London by violently asserting in sermons that the church was in danger, and by expounding extreme high-church views. On Ash Wednesday (February 1706–7) he preached at Whitehall Chapel, and denounced the favour shown in high places to champions of heterodoxy like Asgill, Toland, and Emlyn, and to puritans and presbyterians. On 28 Feb. Higgins was arrested on the secretary of state's warrant, and in April the grand jury of Middlesex found a true bill against him for preaching sedition, but in May the attorney-general entered a ‘nolle prosequi’ (, Brief Relation, vi. 164, 177). Archbishop Tenison seems to have


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 summoned Higgins to Lambeth before his arrest and urged him to alter his tone (cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. p. 244). Higgins was obdurate, and published not only his sermon, but a separately issued ‘Postscript’ (for a penny), giving a very partial report of the interview with the archbishop. A rhyming version of the ‘Postscript’ also appeared as ‘a new song.’ On 29 July 1707 the Irish parliament directed the common hangman of Dublin to burn Higgins's ‘Postscript.’ Higgins was again prosecuted in 1712 as ‘a disloyal subject and disturber of the public peace.’ He was collated to the archdeaconry of Cashel in 1725, and dying in August 1728, was interred in his prebendal church. Both as a member of the lower house of convocation in Ireland and as a magistrate for the county of Dublin Higgins showed great activity and stormy temperament. He was of coarse tastes, and is described in a satirical poem as ‘the son of pudding and eternal beef.’ A contemporary pamphlet speaks of him as ‘a plump red-faced man, zealous, talkative, very fond of quoting law (not always accurately), who thinks too little and who talks too much.’

 HIGGINS, FRANCIS (1746–1802), adventurer, was the son of humble parents, who migrated from Downpatrick in Ulster to Dublin. Higgins passed his early years in menial employments, became an attorney's clerk, was converted to protestantism, and, by practising gross deception, married a respectable lady, whose relatives in 1766 prosecuted him for fraud. Higgins was convicted, and was for some time imprisoned. To this incident was attributed Higgins's sobriquet of the ‘Sham Squire.’ After his release he formed lucrative connections with lottery-offices and gambling-houses. He was admitted an attorney at Dublin in 1780, and secured the posts of deputy-coroner and under-sheriff. Higgins became owner of the newspaper styled ‘The Freeman's Journal,’ which, with his own services, he placed at the disposal of the administrators of the government at Dublin. Thenceforth Higgins continuously assailed in his paper the opponents of the government, and Grattan denounced in parliament the mendacities and unscrupulous conduct of the journal. In 1788 Higgins was appointed a magistrate by Lord-chancellor Lifford [see ]. John Magee, in his paper, the ‘Dublin Evening Post,’ published numerous satires in prose and verse on Higgins and his associate, Richard Daly [q. v.] Magee exposed Higgins's antecedents, and denounced him as a venal journalist, a corrupt magistrate, and a proprietor of houses of ill-repute. In 1790 Higgins prosecuted Magee for libel in the court of king's bench. Through Higgins's alleged influence with John Scott [q. v.], earl of Clonmel, lord chief justice, he obtained, by authority of that court, writs styled ‘fiats,’ under which the defendants were liable to imprisonment till they found surety for the entire amount claimed as damages. These proceedings formed the subject of discussion in the House of Commons of Ireland. Lord-chancellor FitzGibbon removed Higgins from the magistracy in 1791, and in 1794 he was struck off the roll of attorneys. In 1795 he warned the government of a projected attack on the new lord-lieutenant, Lord Camden. Through the under-secretary, Edward Cooke, with whom he had had previous relations, Higgins secretly communicated to the Irish government in 1798 particulars as to persons connected with the revolutionary movements in Ireland. The governmental account of secret service money, under date of 20 June 1798, contains an entry of a payment of 1,000l. to ‘F. H.’ for the discovery of Lord Edward Fitzgerald. The initials are those of Higgins. Cooke recommended Lord Castlereagh to appropriate a pension of 300l. per annum to Higgins, on the ground that he had given him much information and all the intelligence which had enabled him to effect the arrest of Lord Edward Fitzgerald. Higgins died in affluence at Dublin on 19 Jan. 1802, and was buried in the cemetery of Kilbarrack.

 HIGGINS, GODFREY (1773–1833), archæologist, only son of Godfrey Higgins of Skellow Grange, near Doncaster, West Riding of Yorkshire, by his wife Christiana (Matterson), was born on (or shortly before) 1 May 1773. He kept terms as a pensioner at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and afterwards studied law in London, but took no degree, and was not called to the bar. On his father's death he succeeded to a considerable estate, and married (1800). In 1802, during the scare of an anticipated invasion by Napoleon, he


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 3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 do not apply if it appears from the treaty or is otherwise established that the application of the treaty in respect of the successor State would be incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty or would radically change the conditions for its operation.

4. If the treaty is one falling within the category mentioned in article 17, paragraph 3, the successor State may establish its status as a party or as a contracting State to the treaty only with the consent of all the parties or of all the contracting States.

5. Any treaty to which the successor State becomes a contracting State or a party in conformity with paragraph 1 or 2 shall apply only in respect of the part of the territory of the successor State in respect of which consent to be bound by the treaty had been given prior to the date of the succession of States unless:

(a) in the case of a multilateral treaty not falling within the category mentioned in article 17, paragraph 3, the successor State indicates in its notification made under paragraph 1 or 2 that the treaty shall apply in respect of its entire territory; or

(b) in the case of a multilateral treaty falling within the category mentioned in article 17, paragraph 3, the successor State and all the parties or, as the case may be, all the contracting States otherwise agree.

6. Paragraph 5 (a) does not apply if it appears from the treaty or is otherwise established that the application of the treaty in respect of the entire territory of the successor State would be incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty or would radically change the conditions for its operation.

1. Subject to paragraphs 2 and 3, if before the date of the succession of States one of the predecessor States had signed a multilateral treaty subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, a successor State falling under article 31 may ratify, accept or approve the treaty as if it had signed that treaty and may thereby become a party or a contracting State to it.

2. Paragraph 1 does not apply if it appears from the treaty or is otherwise established that the application of the treaty in respect of the successor State would be incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty or would radically change the conditions for its operation. 3. If the treaty is one falling within the category mentioned in article 17, paragraph

3, the successor State may become a party or a contracting State to the treaty only with the consent of all the parties or of all the contracting States.

4. Any treaty to which the successor State becomes a party or a contracting State in conformity with paragraph 1 shall apply only in respect of the part of the territory of the successor State in respect of which the treaty was signed by one of the predecessor States unless:


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heywood, Benjamin


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heywood, Ellis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heywood, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heywood, Jasper


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heywood, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heywood, Nathaniel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heywood, Peter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heywood, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heywood, Samuel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heywood, Thomas (d.1650?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heywood, Thomas (1797-1866)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hibbart, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hibberd, Shirley


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hibbert, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hibbert, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hibbert, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hibbert-Ware, Samuel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hibbs, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hickeringill, Edmund


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hickes, Francis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hickes, Gaspar


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hickes, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hickey, Antony


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hickey, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hickey, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hickman, Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hickman, Francis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hicks, Baptist


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hicks, William (1621-1660)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hicks, William (fl.1671)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hicks, William (1830-1883)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hickson, William Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hieron, Samuel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hiffernan, Paul


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Higden, Ranulf


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 APRIL-FOOLS’ DAY, or, the name given to the 1st of April in allusion to the custom of playing practical jokes on friends and neighbours on that day, or sending them on fools’ errands. The origin of this custom has been much disputed, and many ludicrous solutions have been suggested, e.g. that it is a farcical commemoration of Christ being sent from Annas to Caiaphas, from Caiaphas to Pilate, from Pilate to Herod, and from Herod back again to Pilate, the crucifixion having taken place about the 1st of April. What seems certain is that it is in some way or other a relic of those once universal festivities held at the vernal equinox, which, beginning on old New Year’s day, the 25th of March, ended on the 1st of April. This view gains support from the fact that the exact counterpart of April-fooling is found to have been an immemorial custom in India. The festival of the spring equinox is there termed the feast of Huli, the last day of which is the 31st of March, upon which the chief amusement is the befooling of people by sending them on fruitless errands. It has been plausibly suggested that Europe derived its April-fooling from the French. They were the first nation to adopt the reformed calendar, Charles IX. in 1564 decreeing that the year should begin with the 1st of January. Thus the New Year’s gifts and visits of felicitation which had been the feature of the 1st of April became associated with the first day of January, and those who disliked the change were fair butts for those wits who amused themselves by sending mock presents and paying calls of pretended ceremony on the 1st of April. Though the 1st of April appears to have been anciently observed in Great Britain as a general festival, it was apparently not until the beginning of the 18th century that the making of April-fools was a common custom. In Scotland the custom was known as “hunting the gowk,” i.e. the cuckoo, and April-fools were “April-gowks,” the cuckoo being there, as it is in most lands, a term of contempt. In France the person befooled is known as poisson d’avril. This has been explained from the association of ideas arising from the fact that in April the sun quits the zodiacal sign of the fish. A far more natural explanation would seem to be that the April fish would be a young fish and therefore easily caught. A PRIORI (Lat. a, from, prior, prius, that which is before, precedes), (1) a phrase used popularly of a judgment based on general considerations in the absence of particular evidence; (2) a logical term first used, apparently, by Albert of Saxony (14th century), though the theory which it denotes is as old as Aristotle. In the order of human knowledge the particular facts of experience come first and are the basis of generalized laws or causes (the Scholastic notiora nobis); but in the order of nature the latter rank first as the self-existent, fundamental truths of existence (notiora naturae). Thus to Aristotle the a priori argument is from law or cause to effect, as opposed to what we call a posteriori (posterior, subsequent, derived), from effect to cause. Since Kant the two phrases have become purely adjectival (instead of adverbial) with a technical controversial sense, closely allied to the Aristotelian, in relation to knowledge and judgments generally. A priori is applied to judgments which are regarded as independent of experience, and belonging to the essence of thought; a posteriori to those which are derived from particular observations. The distinction is analogous to that between analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction (but there may be a synthesis of a priori judgments, cf. Kant’s “Synthetic Judgment a priori”). Round this distinction a rather barren controversy has raged, and almost all modern philosophers have labelled themselves either “Intuitionalist” (a priori) or “Empiricist” (a posteriori) according to the view they take of knowledge. In fact, however, the rival schools are generally arguing at cross purposes; there is a knowledge based on particulars, and also a knowledge of laws or causes. But the two work in different spheres, and are complementary. The observation of isolated particulars gives not necessity, but merely strong probability; necessity is purely intellectual or “transcendental.” If the empiricist denies the intellectual element in scientific knowledge, he must not claim absolute validity for his conclusions; but he may hold against the intuitionalist that absolute laws are impossible to the human intellect. On the other hand, pure a priori knowledge can be nothing more than form without content (e.g. formal logic, the laws of thought). The simple fact at the bottom of the controversy is that in all empirical knowledge there is an intellectual element, without which there is no correlation of empirical data, and every judgment, however simple, postulates a correlation of some sort if only that between the predicate and its contradictory. APRON (a corruption arising from a wrong division of “a napron” into “an apron,” from the Fr. naperon, napperon, a diminutive of nappe, Lat. mappa, a napkin), an article of costume used to protect the front of the clothes. It forms part of the ceremonial dress of Freemasons. The “apron” worn by church dignitaries is a shortened (q.v.). The word has many technical uses, as for the protecting slope in front of the sill of dock-gates, or at the foot of weirs. APSARAS, in Hindu mythology, a female spirit of the clouds and waters. In the Rig-Veda there is one Apsaras, wife of Gandharva; in the later scriptures there are many Apsaras who act as the handmaidens of Indra and dance before his throne. They are able to change their form, and specially rule over the fortunes of gaming. One of their duties is to guide to paradise the heroes who fall in battle, whose wives they then become. They are distinguished as daivika (“divine”) or laukika (“worldly”). APSE (Gr. , a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis), in architecture, a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault. The term is applied also to the termination to the choir, transept or aisle of any church which is either semicircular or polygonal in plan, whether vaulted or covered with a timber roof; a church is said to be “apsidal” when it terminates in an apse.

The earliest example of an apse is found in the temple of Mars Ultor at Rome (2 ), and it formed afterwards the favourite feature terminating the rear of any temple, and one which gave importance to the statue of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated. Its use by the Romans was not confined to the temples, as it is found in the palaces on the Palatine Hill, the great Thermae (Baths) and other monuments. In the civil basilicas the apse was screened off by columns, and constituted the court of justice. In the Ulpian (Trajan’s) Basilica the apses at each end were of such great dimensions as to come better under the definition of (q.v.). In these apses the floor was raised, and had an altar placed in the centre of its chord, where sacrifices were made prior to the sittings. The only other two Roman basilicas in which the semicircular apse can still be traced are that commenced by Maxentius and completed by Constantine at Rome and the basilica at Trier (Trèves).

In the earliest Christian basilica, St Peter’s at Rome, built 330, the apse, 57 ft. in diameter, raised above the confessio or crypt, was placed at the west end of the church. This orientation was originally followed in the churches of St Paul and St Lawrence (S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura), both outside the walls of Rome, and is found in most of the churches at Rome. On the other hand, in the Byzantine church, the apse was built at the east end of the church.

During the reign of Justin the Second ( 565–574), owing to a change in the liturgy, two more apses were added, one on each side of the central apse. These in the Greek Church were provided not to hold altars but for ceremonial purposes. One of the earliest examples is found in the church of St Nicholas at Myra of the 6th century, and the basilica erected in the great court of the temple at Baalbek shows the triple apse. The earliest example in Rome is found in the church of Sta Maria in Cosmedin (772–795), built probably by Greek craftsmen, who had been exiled by the Iconoclasts. Other triapsal choirs are found in the cathedral of Parenzo (542 ), in St Mark’s, Venice, in Sta Fosca and the Duomo at Torcello, and in numerous examples throughout Italy and Germany. In central Syria there is one example only, at Kalat Seman, where the side apses were a later addition.

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Higden, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Higford, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Higgins, Bryan


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{{ItSS1923|level=1|Complete prose works. {Riverside ed.) 2v $3,00 Houghton [v 1 Outre-mer]}}


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Higgins, Francis (1669-1728)


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{{ItSS1923|level=1|Fatal gift of beauty, and other stories by C. E. Raimond [pseud.] (English ed. pub under} title "Below the Salt") 12mo 249p '96 Chicago, Stone}}


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170 a revulsion. M. Ardouin-Dumazet has led the way. He says:—

"The road is fine, without exactly deserving all the hyperbolical praises lavished upon it. That which is the spoiling of this country is the extravagance of the admiration expressed for it. Since the time of Ramond no one who speaks of the Pyrenees can describe a site without declaring it to be incomparable. If they have judged it incomparable, it is because they have seen nothing with which to compare it. The panorama from Pau, truly marvellous, I admit, is not superior to that of the Alps, the Jura, and the Cevennes, seen from the hills above Lyons on a clear day. It is so with this country. I do not venture to use the expression Gasconading with reference to these descriptions, but I cannot pitch my note at the diapason of the Pyrenean infatuists."

This may be true enough of the way to Gavarnie, but I do venture to believe that the Cirque of Gavarnie—the end of this expedition up the Gave—is, pace Ardouin-Dumazet, incomparable.

Gedre was a wretched hamlet some years ago, when I first knew it, but now it has its hotels, and is a very convenient tarrying place whence to explore the valley of the Héas, and visit the two cirques of Estaubé and Troumousse; as also the valley of the Aspé, descending from the glacier of Mallerouge.

The Héas issues from a narrow fissure, foaming over cascades. Higher up in the ravine is the chapel of Notre Dame de Héas, planted on a huge block fallen from the mountain above. It is held that the Virgin once appeared to a shepherd at this spot.

This mass is but one portion of a landslip that took place in 1650, which dammed up the river and formed a lake, which in its turn was destroyed by a flood in 1788. Among the fallen rocks may be found the beautiful

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Rh or longifolia, and the Ramondia pyrenaica. Pilgrimages are made to the chapel on 15 August and 8 September.

The Cirque de Troumousse is above Héas. It is less remarkable than that of Gavarnie, though more extensive. It lacks the series of bold escarpments capped with glacier that form the distinguishing feature of the latter.

Above Gèdre, on the route to Gavarnie is a chaos, an agglomeration of fallen gneiss rocks from above; it is as if half a mountain had been precipitated into the valley from the Coumélie. Farther up may be seen a cleft rock, between the jaws of which hangs a mass, arrested there on its way down. The scenery becomes grander, but at the same time more dreary; the cirque opens before one, and we reach the village of Gavarnie.

The Cirque of Gavarnie has been already briefly described in my first chapter. To see it to advantage it should be visited in spring or early summer, when, from the melting of the snows, the great fall is full of water. It resembles the Staubbach only in the long drop of the stream and its resolution into fine spray. The setting of it is immeasurably superior to that of the famous Swiss fall. The height is 1385 feet, and is the highest in Europe, except one or two in Norway. If there be plenty of water it shoots down in one single column; but in summer it descends in two leaps. This is not the only cascade in the cirque; down every part of the huge curve threads of water drop into the basin. Towards the end of a hot summer many of these fail, and the great cascade is much reduced.

The first sight of the cirque is disappointing. There is nothing by which to scale it, and the appearance is only one of size, gloom, and cold. The bottom of the great bowl is heaped with rubble brought down from above. But at

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172 Gavarnie we are four miles from the foot of the cirque, and it looks as if not more than a quarter of an hour's stroll was required to reach it. A thousand feet seems to be no more than a hundred, and the huge rocks hurled down from above are reduced in appearance to mere pebbles.

A stone dropped from the top of the Pic du Marboré, 10,600 feet, will fall 5500 feet into the cirque. In the church of Gavarnie are to be seen twelve skulls, held to have belonged to the Templars of Luz, who fled hither, and were here executed. A story is current that on the last night of the year, just before the clock strikes midnight, a Templar clothed in white, and with a red cross on his breast, enters the church at Gavarnie and cries, "Ho! who are there that will stand up and fight for the temple?" Whereupon one skull after another replies, "None; the temple is destroyed." This white-robed Templar is Du Molay, the Grand Master, burned alive at Paris, with four other great dignitaries of the Order. King Philip the Fair coveted the great possessions of the Knights, and Pope Clement V had obtained the tiara by the help of the King; the price he paid for it was the dissolution of the Order, and the sacrifice of the Knights to torture and death. In the midst of the fire Du Molay cried out, "Clement, iniquitous and cruel judge, I summon thee within forty days to meet me before the throne of God." According to some accounts he cited the King as well. Du Molay was burnt on 18 March, 1314; on 30 April, Clement was dead; and Philip the Fair on 29 November, in the same year.

The road over the pass of the Tourmalet branches off below Luz and ascends the desolate Valley of Bastan, ravaged by avalanches, to Barèges, a long street of hotels and lodging-houses closed during the winter. The baths here have been famous for long. The waters impregnated with sulphate

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