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Portal:Special aspects of education

General

 * Excessive Schooling

Schools

 * Portal:Homeschooling

Public Schools

 * by Emerson Elbridge White

State Education

 * Constitution of the Associated Students, University of California, Irvine
 * Constitution of the Associated Students, University of California, Irvine
 * Constitution of the Associated Students, University of California, Irvine
 * Constitution of the Associated Students, University of California, Irvine
 * Constitution of the Associated Students, University of California, Irvine
 * Constitution of the Associated Students, University of California, Irvine

Education of African Americans

 * Industrial Education for the Negro, 1903 by Booker T. Washington

Education of Women

 * The Education of Women by Daniel Defoe
 * The Enquirer into Nature, 1802 anonymous pamphlet decrying the moral degeneration that sees women studying pregnancy and sexuality
 * Female Education in India, 1870 speech by Keshub Chunder Sen
 * Education of Women, 1965 by Haile Selassie
 * Education of Women, 1965 by Haile Selassie
 * Education of Women, 1965 by Haile Selassie
 * Education of Women, 1965 by Haile Selassie

Religion

 * Undenominationalism (1902) by Robert Campbell Moberly

title: Portal:Special aspects of education


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Portal:Educational institutions of the United States

General

 * The American Scholar, 1837 by Ralph Waldo Emerson
 * California Education Code
 * The American Secondary School and Some of Its Problems 1912 by Julius Sachs
 * Presidential Radio Address - Education Reform, 2001 by George W. Bush
 * California Education Code
 * The American Secondary School and Some of Its Problems 1912 by Julius Sachs
 * Presidential Radio Address - Education Reform, 2001 by George W. Bush
 * Presidential Radio Address - Education Reform, 2001 by George W. Bush

Court decisions

 * Everson v. Board of Education, 1947 US Supreme Court decision
 * Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka I, 1954 US Supreme Court ruling against racial segregation
 * Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II, 1955 continuation.
 * Pickering v. Board of Education, 1968 US Supreme Court decision
 * Regents of University of California v. Bakke, 1978 US Supreme Court decision allowing consideration of race in school admissions
 * Board of Education v. Pico, 1982 US Supreme Court decision about the First Amendment implications of removing books from school libraries
 * Cornell University v. Fiske

Portals

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 * Portal:University of California
 * Portal:University of Chicago
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 * Portal:University of Illinois
 * Portal:University of Kansas
 * Portal:University of Michigan
 * Portal:University of Minnesota
 * Portal:University of Montana
 * Portal:University of Oregon
 * Portal:University of Pennsylvania
 * Portal:University of Vermont
 * Portal:University of Wisconsin
 * Portal:Washington & Jefferson College
 * Portal:Woodstock College
 * Portal:Yale University

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Portal:Educational institutions of Europe

Czechia

 * Portal:Charles University in Prague

Germany

 * by Edmund Janes James

England

 * Portal:University of Cambridge
 * Portal:University of Oxford
 * Portal:Manchester University
 * A Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge
 * A Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge

Scotland

 * University of St Andrews:
 * University of Saint Andrews five hundredth anniversary: Memorial volume of scientific papers contributed by members of the university, edited by William Carmichael M'Intosh, John Edward Aloysius Steggall and James Colquhoun Irvine (1911)
 * Celebration of the Five Hundredth Anniversary of Foundation: Publications of the Department of Philosophy & Divinity (1911)


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Portal:Educational institutions of the world

India

 * University of Bombay : Convocation Addresses of the Universities of Bombay and Madras, 1892
 * University of Madras : : Convocation Addresses of the Universities of Bombay and Madras, 1892
 * University of Calcutta
 * University of Calcutta Convocation Addresses, 1914
 * Education in India, 1870 speech by Keshub Chunder Sen
 * Female Education in India, 1870 speech by Keshub Chunder Sen

South Africa

 * University of Cape Town


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Portal:Education/Resources

 * External links

 * Class L on Project Gutenberg

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Author:Richard Owen

 * Richard Owen (1804-1892), Biologist, comparative anatomist, palaeontologist
 * Richard Owen (1810-1890), Scottish geologist and soldier

title: Author:Richard Owen


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Portal:Education/L

General education covers education periodicals, year books, official documents and directories.

Child portal: Commencement addresses

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Portal:Education/LA

History of education covers the beginnings and development of history to the present day.

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Portal:Education/LB

Theory and practice of education covers systems of teaching, different levels and types of education, school administration, school life and customs.

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Portal:Education/LC

Special aspects of education covers the forms, types, and social aspects of education; moral and religious education, special classes of persons and continuing education.

Child portals: Homeschooling

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Portal:Education/LE

Educational institutions of America covers all schools, colleges and universities within North and South America with the exception of those in the United States of America.

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Portal:Education/LF

Educational institutions of Europe covers all schools, colleges and universities within Europe.

Child portal: Manchester University

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Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/37

 by the direction once taken by the lava. These waters, however, are mostly impregnated with certain gases which give them an unpleasant flavour, usually that of a hard-boiled stale egg, but by pouring the water several times from one vessel to another the gases pass off, and the water is improved. The settlers have opened some of these springs, and on one occasion they dug up some huge fossil bones of an animal, which proved, by reference to Professor Owen, to be the Diprotodon Australis, an extinct quadruped of the huge pachydermatous order, but also of marsupial character, whose remains had already been found in New South Wales. In many places of this country even salt-bush is so scanty that the plains can maintain but few live stock, and the heat in summer on these plains is so intense, and the air so arid, that thirst is almost insatiable. Such areas, Mr. Waterhouse says, may well be regarded as the source of the well-known hot winds.

The second region extends from lat. 27° 18', a little north of Hanson's Gap, to Newcastle Water, in latitude 17° 36'. The vegetation that


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 this vast area is chiefly a coarse grass of a pungent flavour, having very sharp prickly-pointed leaves, and therefore called by the settlers the porcupine grass. There are several species of this grass, It is the spinifex of Stuart's journal, the Triodia pungens of Gregory. The cattle will eat its tall thin seed stalks. It grows usually in the scrubs, and is always the indicator of a poor soil. Good grass is to be found only in the hollows of creeks, and rarely beyond these limited spaces do we find the few gum trees of this country. These trees, reared in precarious climes, are seldom large, or straight or well grown in the stem. The country is characterized by some hill ranges, the chief of which, however, are not more than from 3,500 to 2,000 feet above the plains. The culminating height is Mount Hay, in south latitude 24°, but the country had the appearance of gradually rising towards this point for several hundred miles southwards. Chambers' Pillar, in this part of the country, is a remarkable natural object, resembling a monument, with perpendicular sides, 105 feet in height, and surmounting a small hill, the whole elevation being about 250 feet. There were others near it similar but of less striking appearance, and on examination they proved to be eminences composed of soft argillaceous rock, capped by a thin silicious stratum. The sides were shelving away causing the flinty top gradually to break off, and


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Portal:Education/LG

Educational institutions of the world covers all schools, colleges and universities outside Europe and the Americas.

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Portal:Education/LD

Educational institutions of the United States covers all schools, colleges and universities within the United States of America.

Child portal: Harvard University • University of Pennsylvania • Washington & Jefferson College

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Portal:Education/LJ

Student fraternities and societies covers fraternities, sororities, and other organisations and associations of students.

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Portal:Education/LT

Textbooks collects all textbooks on Wikisource.

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Portal:Education/LH

College and school magazines and papers collects all school publications held on Wikisource.

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Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/39

 thus to cover the surface of the country around with small flint stones.

The supply of water seemed to be precarious in both of these regions, but especially in the second. The season of 1861-2, that in which the expedition started, had evidently enjoyed a better rain fall than the following season, when the party returned. All along the route, as far into the tropics as even Newcastle Water, the ponds, creeks, and rivers were found greatly reduced in their contents on the party's return, as compared with the supply they presented on the outward journey, and this, too, notwithstanding that the summer was less advanced when the expedition re-passed homewards. Even the Bonney, in latitude 20° 24', a fine running river as seen in March, was by September following dried up into a few long shallow water holes. The Hamilton, with its long deep ponds, was all but dried up on the return, with many dead fish floating on the diminished surface, while the water of the Lindsay stood six feet lower in level. There was no water in the bed of the Upper Neales, and as the tracks of the previous year's expedition were still visible, there would seem to have been no rain in that part since that expedition passed. Most of the water courses, in fact, had the appearance of not having had water in them for many years. All these indications tend to show that there are no general rains


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 or settled rainy season, and the great defect of these vast areas of the interior seems to be that the evaporative power is greater than the supply of moisture.

The third region extends from the north end of Newcastle Water, in latitude 17° 16', to the sea at Van Diemen's Gulf, in latitude 12° 12'. "This country," says Waterhouse, "comprises (1) an extensive portion of Stuart Plains, the soil of which is of a fine lacustrine deposit, and is well grassed (the timber on these plains is generally of a very stunted species of swamp gum); (2) the Roper River and some of its tributaries—the valleys of which are of a fine rich black alluvial soil, well timbered and grassed, and with a tropical flora growing on the banks of the river of a most beautiful appearance and luxuriant growth; (3) from thence to the Adelaide River and the sea coast, comprising a considerable extent of well wooded and watered country, with a very varied vegetation."

Stuart states that in this fine country fires were very frequent around the party; the long, close, dry grass burning with great fury. The natives must be numerous in this country, judging from the frequent smoke of their fires, although few of them presented themselves to view. The constant firing of the grass by these natives, a custom also observed by McKinlay, in Northern Australia, seems to have had, for one object at least, to


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Portal:Societies

General

 * Portal:Secret societies
 * Portal:Anonymous (group)
 * Portal:Wikimedia Foundation

Friendly societies
A friendly society (sometimes called a mutual society, benevolent society, fraternal organization or ROSCA) is a mutual association for the purposes of insurance, pensions, savings or cooperative banking. It is a mutual organization or benefit society composed of a body of people who join together for a common financial or social purpose. Before modern insurance, and the welfare state, friendly societies provided financial and social services to individuals, often according to their religious, political, or trade affiliations.

 * Education of Orphan Children, 1883 speech by Carl Schurz (Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan Asylum Society)
 * Flag Day Resolution, 1919 by the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks

Oddfellows
The name Oddfellows refers to a number of friendly societies and fraternal organisations operating in the United Kingdom. It also refers to a number of Lodges with histories dating back to the 18th century. These various organisations were set up to protect and care for their members and communities at a time when there was no welfare state, trade unions or National Health Service.

Court decisions

 * Supreme Lodge Knights of Pythias v. Withers, decided April 9, 1900 by the United States Supreme Court
 * Ancient Egyptian Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine v. Michaux, decided June 3, 1929 by the United States Supreme Court

Brahmo Samaj

 * A History of the Brahmo Samaj (1911)

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Page:Lindigo.djvu/186

186 Quandak, Maria, and Takawarrant, who were anxious to go with him. He then sold Mr. McKay's interest in the business in Sydney (which now belonged to Bella), and after having arranged all his business in Australia, he took passages in the first ship sailing for England, bidding farewell for ever to the sunny shores of the south.

The class of vessels which were now trading between Great Britain and the colonies, were more expeditious and comfortable than those used at the time they came out.

On arriving in London, they took private lodgings, neither Charlie or his wife wishing to mix in society. Bella noticed one morning at breakfast-time, that her husband, on reading that day's Times, became greatly interested in some article which had arrested his attention, but when Bella asked him what it was, he did not give her a direct answer, but told her he would surprise her one day, and having cut something out of the paper, he took up his hat, saying he should not return until evening. Bella contented herself for the present, remarking that whatever secret was kept from her, she knew was perfectly satisfactory, as Charlie appeared in good spirits, although he absented himself for a portion of several days, at the end of which he expressed his intention of visiting Scotland.

After a speedy journey by rail, they arrived in Edinburgh, where they found Advocate Forbes and his family in the enjoyment of good health; the daughters still unmarried, but all of them engaged, and on the eve wedded life, both the eldest to their old lovers, Captain Campbell, and John Lom, now Major Campbell, and Captain McDonnell, who had lately returned from India with honours, having distinguished themselves in the Afghan war. Catherine was engaged to her cousin, George McKay, who was still agent for Lord Lundy on the Lochlinn estate. The last-mentioned, according, to accounts, turned out to be one of the most unprincipled profligates in the United Kingdom, and was fast running through the only property he had left, as his father had disinherited him on account of his fearful character.

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Rh The spendthrift, Lord Lundy, lived mostly in the Highlands, and the Forbes' were in great fear, lest his example and company would have any influence upon George McKay. In this apprehension Charlie and Bella joined, and in order to avert such consequences, they proposed a visit to the Highlands at once, or as soon as the marriages of the two elder Miss Forbes' had taken place.

We may imagine the joy experienced by the officers when Charlie paid his first visit to the castle, meeting once more on the old spot after years of trouble and hardship. Great interest was manifested as each recounted his exploits, and the major was in ecstacies at Charlie's New Zealand and Australian life; remarking with delight to his friend the captain:—"It beats Afghan hollow." But on hearing that Charlie had brought with him several implements of war and other curiosities, particularly the aboriginal couple and boy, his delight knew no bounds, and he proposed to call at Mr. Forbes' next day and see them.

The day after, Charlie, Bella, Miss Forbes, and Catherine enjoyed themselves by taking a walk in the forenoon, while Matilda remained at home. On their return, expecting a visit from the officers, the party, on approaching the house heard strange sounds proceeding from the sitting-room, and the well-known voice of Major Campbell roaring out:—"Hold you black scoundrels! I'll cut you down, you cannibals! Oh! my side," &c.

The door of the room being open, the party, on entering the passage, beheld a most extraordinary and amusing scene. Major Campbell with a drawn sword, was bailed up in a corner foaming and cursing, while parrying off thrusts made at his corpulent person by a black couple, robed in true Australian fashion, and armed with long spears, when one spear thrust was warded off on one side another attacked him from the other. On seeing the party at the door, he roared out:—"By Jove, Charlie, if you don't withdraw your black forces, I'll sabre them.

The attacking party turned suddenly round, and the females rushed into a side room with a merry laugh

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188 which betrayed the person of the mischeviousmischievious [sic] Matilda, her companion in arms being no other than John Lom, as of old, playing off his tricks on the Major.

The following is an account of how the imposition was carried out. The Captain seeing the great anxiety manifested by the Major to see the Australian natives, resolved upon amusing himself at his friend's expense. He therefore forestalled the Major in his visit to the Forbes', and finding only Matilda at home, a plan was immediately arranged, that both should disguise themselves and represent Quandak and Maria. Having secured the assistance of Quandak, Maria, and Donald, they were duly painted and robed, the Captain in a large opossum skin cloak, and Matilda in Bella's squirrel skin dress, each being armed with a long spear.

Being fully prepared, the Major, as anticipated, made his appearance, and not finding anyone at home, he begged the servant (who was put on the alert by the captain) to send in the Australian blacks, in order to amuse himself before the party returned from their walk. The servant having communicated this to the captain and his partner, they immediately entered into the room where the Major was waiting, who, upon seeing the swarthy couple, was highly amused. Patting the female's head, the Major gallantly remarked—"Pity you are so black, with such handsome features," when the imagined husband seemingly jealous at such freedom towards his wife, drew his spear, which compelled the startled Major to seek refuge in a corner; he then drew his sword to defend himself. This action induced the female to join her husband, when both attacked the luckless officer, who, on parrying one blow, received a thrust in his side from the other. It was in this plight the party found him, streaming with perspiration from exercise and fear, anathematising his cruel tormentors, who, on seeing the returned party desisted, to the great relief of the Major, who was greatly annoyed when he discovered the trick.

A few days after this the marriages took place, and the party proposed a trip to the Highlands, to visit George at Kinlochlinn. Charlie and Bella prevailed on

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Rh (Hottonia palustris), the water starworts (Callitriche obtusangula and hamulata), the frog-bit (Hydrocharis Morsus-ranæ), the bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris), the medic (Medicago arabica), the star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum), the dodder (Cuscuta europæa), and the barberry (Berberis vulgaris).

Dropmore Park has enclosed within its domain some very interesting botanizing ground, where the marsh St. John's wort (Hypericum elodes), the violet Viola lactea, the shoreweed (Littorella juncea), the marsh honewort (Apium inundatum), the sundews Drosera rotundifolia and D. longifolia, the horse-tail Equisetum sylvaticum, and other local species flourish.

Bulstrode Park, once the home of the botanist and patron of botanists, the Dowager Duchess of Portland, and where Doctor Lightfoot, the author of the Flora Scotica, was her librarian, has altered very much since that time. The old mansion, in the courtyard of which John Hill, the author of Flora Britannica, about 1760 noticed the small dodder (Cuscuta Epithymum) growing upon ' mother of thyme,' was burned down many years ago, but the ornamental waters have growing by them the yellow loosestrife (Lysimacbia thyrsiflora), the water soldier (Stratiotes Aloides), and the milk parsley (Peucedanum palustre), which are doubtless relics of the botanical collection made by her Grace. The old chalk pit near Gerrard's Cross, so well known to the seventeenth and eighteenth century botanists, is probably now enclosed in the park, but is very much altered for the worse, as a growth of grass has apparently destroyed the orchid Herminium Monorchis, which has disappeared, but the park still affords the hawkweed (Hieracium murorum), the bramble Rubus rudis, the calamint (Calamintha Nepeta), and the neighbourhood affords the broom-rape (Oronanche Rapum-genistie), the climbing bindweed (Polygonum dumetorum), the pink (Dianthus Armeria), the catchfly (Silene anglica), and the crane's-bill (Geranium pyrenaicum).

About Beaconsfield, Wilton Park and Seer Green occur the Solomon's seal (Polygonatum multiflorum), the wood-rush (Juncoides or Luzula Forsteri), the sandwort (Arenaria tenuifolia), the rose Rosa systyla, the eyebright (Euphrasia stricta), the hawkweed (Hieracium sciaphilum), the black spleenwort (Asplenium Trichomanes), and the charad (Nitella flexilis). Lepidium ruderale occurs by the roadsides, Chenopodium hybridum in garden ground, and Barbarea intermedia in arable ground.

At the historic Salt Hill where Sir Joseph Banks used to botanize and where he gathered specimens of the clover Trifolium subterraneum, which still grows there, with T. striatum and T. arvense, the buck's-horn plantain (Plantago Coronopus), the bird's-foot (Ornithopus perpusillus), the bur parsley (Anthriscus vulgaris), and till lately the brown-rape Orobanche Rapum-genistts.

The arable fields here are noticeable from the abundance they contain of the nettle Lamium hybridum, which is so rare in the greater part of the county. They also contain the parsley (Carum Petroselinum), the larkspur (Delphinium Ajacis), the goosefoot (Chenopodium polyspermum and C. murale), the grasses Panicum Crusgalli and Setaria viridis, the caraway (Carum Carvi), and the calf's-snout (Antirrhinum Orontium).

The meadows between Eton and Wyrardisbury have a considerable growth of the bellflower (Campanula glomerata), the great burnet (Poterium officinale, the dropwort (Spiræa Filpendula) and the grass Kæleria cristata.

The extensive brickyards at slough have much changed the surface of the sopil, and large quantities of street sweepings and rubbish are brought in from London and deposited here, with the result that a large number of adventitious species appear from time to time, and a few species become permanently established. The foremost of these is the cress Lepidium ruderale, which has spread for considerable distance, and less frequently the flix-weed (Sisymbrium Sophia), and the goose-foots Chenopodium opulifolium, C. ficifolium,C. Vulvaria and C. murale. Among the casuals noticed have been Coronilla varia, Setaria viridis, S. Glauca, Sisymbrium altissimum,S. orientale,Camelina sativa, Medicago Falcata,Melilotus arvensis and M. alba, Slavia verticillata, Euphorbia Esula var., Bunias orientalis, Lepidium Draba, Phalaris canariense, Linum usitatissmum,Cannabis sativa,Amsinckisa lycopsioides,Œnothera odorata,Datura Stramonium and D. Tatula, Pancium Crus-gali, and P. miliaceum.

The ranl luxuriance of Chenopodium rubrum,Polygonum maculatum and the Atriplices is a strikign feature of these malodorus heaps of rubbish. The railway has been the means of conveying the Oxford Ragwort (Senecio squalidus) into our area, and in fact it has now spread to Southall in Middlesex. A sedum (S. Cepæa) is said to grow near Bulstroed Park, where it is doubtless an escape from cultivation, and an Indian spiræa has naturalized itself near Stoke Common. By the railway near Messrs. Veitch's nursery the Californian Escholtzia has also established itself.

On rubbish heaps near Eton Mr Everiit has found Plantago arenaria, Asperula arvensis,

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Rh etc., and I have seen there also Antbriscus Cerefolium = (Cerefolium sativum), the henbane (Hyos-cyamus niger) and Bunias.

This is the counterpart to a great extent of the Colne district, ' No. 4. The Colne,' of Pryor's Flora of Hertfordshire and of the districts ' No. I. The Upper Colne ' and ' No. 2. The Lower Colne ' of Trimen and Dyer's Flora of Middlesex. The Buckinghamshire district of the Colne admits of being further subdivided into the portion drained by the Chess, and then of separating more or less artificially the Upper Colne, as is done in the Flora of Middlesex, from the Lower Colne by a line drawn across it from Uxbridge to Langley, but as the Chess and Colne are combined in the Hertfordshire Flora, and as the portion correspond- ing to the Lower Colne of the Middlesex Flora is only of very small extent, it has not been adopted here, although there is a marked difference in the physical features of the country below and above Denham.

The boundary of the district is as follows : Starting from Hampden in the middle of the county it is limited by the southern border of the Thame district, already described, by the water parting of that stream and those of the feeders of the Misbourne and Chess as far as the Hertfordshire border near Tring Park. From that place the county boundary is followed in its artificial and sinuous course by Cholebury, Kingshill, and leaving Bovingdon to the north-west, it proceeds to the picturesquely situated Latimers, and follows the charming Chess stream to Chenies and Sarrat Bottom, when it turns to Chorley Wood station, and in its southern course touches Newlands and Horn Hill, and reaches the Colne opposite to Harefield, where the Middlesex county boundary replaces that of Hertfordshire. From this place one of the anastomosing streams of the Colne is followed to Denham, Uxbridge, Cowley and Colnbrook, so named after the stream ; then leaving Horton with its Miltonian memories to the right, it joins the Thames near Staines. For about three miles the opposite side of the Thames is the border of the county of Surrey ; but at Runnymede, Berkshire replaces Surrey, and the boundary of the Colne district is circumscribed by the district of the Thames, the border line which is traced by Langley Park to the west of Fulmer, and in its northward course passes above the Chalfonts to Penn Wood, Prestwood and Hampden.

As we have seen, this district has three main drainage areas, that of the Misbourne, which flows through the Missenden valley, forming the ornamental waters of Great Missen- den Park and Shardeloes, and passing Amersham and the Chalfonts joins the Colne at Denham. The second is the portion drained by the Chess, which originates in the Cretaceous rocks of Tring, passes through the busy little town of Chesham, and adorns the beautiful valley between Latimers and Chenies with its clear sparkling water, and leaves our county near Sarrat Bottom. At Rickmansworth in Herts the Chess enters the Colne, a stream which forms the third main drainage area of the district. This is a Hertfordshire stream rising near North Mimms, but is a navigable river when it reaches our county near Tilehouse, opposite Harefield. From this place it runs through several channels to the Thames, but despite the rather squalid and dirty country which it at times passes through in its lower reaches it retains something of its pristine clearness nearly to the last, and in places affords good trout fishing. The country comprised in the boundary line described is a varied one. In the north there are the well wooded chalk hills, where the beech woods supply one of the local industries, and where bare fields of chalk with their scanty corn crops or large turnip-fields make one regret the aboriginal turf which would to the botanist be a more agreeable and natural covering. Then there is the sudden descent to the pleasant sheltered valleys of Missenden and Chenies bordered with pleasant meadows, and on the sides orna- mented with hanging woods. Where brick-earth deposits mask the chalk, the woods are not wholly of beech, but the oak can also be found ; and when, as also happens, there are outliers of the Eocene measures there are extensive gorse commons, such as those of Amersham. Further to the south there are gravelly and sandy heaths and country where the holly is a frequent tree, such as is seen at Gold Hill or Iver. Then there is that flat tract of low lying land on the London Clay through which the streams slowly wind, where great extents of brickfields mar the scene and pollute the air, and as at Drayton, vast deposits of malodorous refuse from the London dustbins give a squalid and unpleasant appearance to the scene. There are also tracts of ground given over to the market gardener, and the whole scene contrasts very strongly and unpleasantly with that of the northern part.

There are however a large number of species found in the district, and it is the only one for which the following species have been recorded. One of these is an extremely local sedge,

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Rh Carex paradoxa, whose headquarters are near Harefield, occurring in some quantity in both Herts and Middlesex, but it is rather as a straggler from the head centre that it extends into our area. Another local and much misunderstood species, Carex elata, or stricta as it is more fre- quently called, grows near Rusholt and will probably be found near Burnham. Carex montana has been reported from Chalfont, but I have not seen it there, and another plant of the sedge tribe grows near Chalfont Park and is Scirpus caricis (the Blysmus compressus of many authors). The small polygonum (P. minus) is common by the Chess, growing with Sagina nodosa in the peaty borders of the stream, and these chalk streams with their nearly equal temperature throughout the year seem especially to favour the growth of peat. Near Iver Heath, Smith's cress (Lepidium heterophyllum var. canescens) grows, and a fumitory, F. Boraei, grows near Uxbridge. Other local plants of the district are the red mint (Mentha rubra) growing at Iver Heath, the climbing bindweed (Polygonum dumetorum), the mild persicaria (Polygonum mite), plentiful at Iver, the tower cress (Arabis perfoliata) near Denham, and the shining crane's- bill (Geranium lucidum), which is especially frequent about Denham ; the black alder (Rhamnus Frangula) near Tilehouse, the spearwort (Ranunculus Lingua) near Chalfont, the bear's-foot (Helleborus viridis), near Chalfont etc. ; the columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris) near Fulmer, the mousetail (Myosurus) near Denham, the pansies Viola saxatilis and V. Paillouxi near Three Households, and the dog violet (Viola canina) and hybrids of that species with V. Riviniana grow on the heaths in the north. The barberry (Berberis vulgaris) near Colnbrook, as pointed out by Gerarde in 1597 ; the hybrid poppy (Papaver hybridum) near Chalfont, the cress Barbarea intermedia near Three Households, the coral-root (Cardamine bulbifera) near Amer- sham, etc. ; the pinks Dianthus Armeria and D. prolifer, both reported from near Chalfont, but as yet I have not been able to verify them ; the sandwort (Arenaria tenuifolia), Chalfont ; the pearlworts Sagina ciliata and S. subulata, Iver Heath ; the tutsan (Hypericum Androsismum), Chalfont, etc. ; the marsh St. John's wort (H. elodes), Iver Heath, perhaps now eradicated ; the all-seed (Millegrana Radiola), Iver ; the petty whin (Genista anglica), common on the heaths about Amersham and Penn; the dyer's weed (G. tinctoria), Fulmer; the dwarf gorse (Ulex minor), abundant on the Tertiary commons ; the zig-zag clover (Trifolium medium) at the Chalfont kilns ; T. striatum, Iver ; the yellow vetchling (Lathyrus Aphaca) near Denham ; the crimson vetchling (L. Nissolia), Denham, first reported by John Hill in 1746 ; the cinquefoil (Potentilla argentea), Fulmer, etc. ; the sweet agrimony (Agrimonia odorata) near Homer End ; the rose Rosa systyla, very frequent in the Misbourne valley ; the service tree (Pyrus Torminalis), at Fulmer and Wraysbury ; the grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palustris) near Chenies ; the orpine (Sedum Telephium), Chenies, etc. ; the stonecrop (S. dasyphyllum), Amersham, etc. Both sundews, Drosera rotundifolia and D. intermedia or longfolia, have been recorded for Iver Heath ; the milfoil (Myriophyllum alterniflorum) is common in the Colne ; the willow herb (Epilobium roseum), at Chalfont, etc. ; E. tetragonum near Wraysbury ; the Alexanders (Smyrnium Olusatrum) formerly grew about Uxbridge and Denham, the great burnet saxifrage (Pimpinella major) near Chesham, the lambs' lettuce (Valerianella rimosa) near Iver and Denham ; the cudweed (Filago galllca) was seen by Dr. Lightfoot at Iver but has not been recently found, the camomile (Anthemis nobilis) near Iver Heath, the feverfew (Chrysanthemum Parthenium) near Langley, and I think native ; the swine's succory (Arnoseris pusilla), recorded on old authority from Langley ; the hawkweed (Hieracium murorum var. pellucidum), Amersham ; H. rigidum near Iver ; the smooth cat's-ear (Hypochcæris glabra), Denham ; the sheep's scabious (Jasione montana), Iver ; the huckleberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus), Iver Heath, perhaps now confined to the Black Park ; the heaths Erica Tetralix, E. cinerea and Calluna Erica ; the winter green (Pyrola minor), Great Missenden ; the yellow bird's-nest (Monotropa) ; the scorpion grass (Myosotis repens), Chalfont; the dodder (Cuscuta Epithymum), Iver, etc. ; the deadly nightshade (Atropa Belladona), Chalfont, etc. ; the calf's snout (Antirrhinum Orontium), Thorney, etc. ; the broom-rape (Orobanche Rapum-genistæ), Fulmer ; the toothwort (Lathrea Squamaria), Chalfont, etc. ; the peppermint (Mentha piperita), Iver Heath ; the calamint (Calamintha parviflora or Nepeta), abundant on the chalk above the Chalfonts ; the small skullcap (Scutellaria minor) near Denham ; the upright ground ivy (Stachys arvensis), Thorney, etc. ; the dead-nettle (Lamium hybridum), Thorney, etc. ; the buck's-horn plantain (Plantago Coronopus) ; the goosefoots Chenopodium polyspermum, Chalfont, etc. ; C. ficifolium, common in the lower part of the district ; C. opulifolium, common about Drayton ; C. murale, Iver, etc. ; the persicaria (Polygonum maculatum), common in the lower part near Staines ; the great bistort (Polygonum Bistorta), near Uxbridge ; the golden dock (Rumex maritimus), Chalfont ; the birthwort (Aristolochia Clematitis), recorded from Denham by John Hill ; the spurge laurel (Daphne Laureola), Chalfont, etc. ; the mistletoe (Viscum album), Denham, Wraysbury, etc. ; the hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus), abundant about Chesham and Amersham,

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68 for she returned home through the Suez Canal. Nor was the overland journey to the Indies undertaken, except as an adventure, until last century. The trade to the Indies was conducted by coasting—no doubt in a bold way, from point to point—round the great southward promontory whose shores were European and African on the one side, and African and Asiatic on the other. From the point of view of the traffic to the Indies, the world was a vast cape, standing out southward from between Britain and Japan. This world-promontory was enveloped by sea-power, and Latin promontories beforehand: all its coasts were open to ship-borne trade or to attack from the sea. The seamen naturally chose for the local bases of their trading or warfare small islands off the continental coast, such as Mombasa, Bombay, Singapore, and Hong-Kong, or small peninsulas, such as the Cape of Good Hope and Aden, since those positions offered shelter for their ships and security for their depots. When grown bolder


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Rh and stronger, they put their commercial cities, such as Calcutta and Shanghai, near the entry of great river-ways into productive and populous market-lands. The seamen of Europe, owing to their greater mobility, have thus had superiority for some four centuries over the landsmen of Africa and Asia.

The passing of the imminent danger to Christendom, because of the relative weakening of Islam, was, no doubt, one of the reasons for the break-up of Mediæval Europe at the close of the Middle Ages; already in 1493 the Pope had to draw his famous line through the ocean, from Pole to Pole, in order to prevent Spanish and Portuguese seamen from quarrelling. As a result of this break-up, there arose five competing oceanic powers—Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, and English—in the place of the one power which would, no doubt, have been the ideal of the Crusaders.

Thus the outcome of a thousand years of transition, from the ancient to the modern conditions of sea-power, is such as to prompt a comparison between the Greek and Latin Peninsulas, each with its off-set island. Peninsular Greece and insular Crete anticipated in their relations the Latin Peninsula and the island of Britain. Under the Dorians the


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Rh etc.; the lady's traces (Spiranthes autumnalis), Denham, etc.; Epipactis violacea, Amersham, etc.; Orchis militaris in chalk woods; O. incarnata, Chalfont; O. latifolia, Uxbridge, etc.; the daffodil (Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus), Chesham, etc.; the snowflake (Leucojum æstivum), by the Colne; the Solomon's seal (Polygonatum multiflorum), Chalfont, etc.; lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis), Alderbourne; the garlic (Allium ursinum); the snake's head (Fritillaria meleagris), near Iver; the herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia), Chesham, Denham, etc.; the rushes Juncus squarrosus, Fulmer; Juncoides Forsteri, Chesham; the reed mace (Typha angustifolia), Fulmer; the sweet flag (Acorus), Langley, Wraysbury, etc.; the lesser water plantain (Echinodorus ranunculoides), Iver Heath, Hyde Heath; the wood club rush (Scirpus sylvaticus), Alderbourne; the white beak-rush (Rynchospora alba); the sedges Carex axillaris, C. pallescens, C. pendula, C. binervis, C. Pseudo-cyperus, C. vesicaria; the grass Apera Spica-venti, plentiful about Colnbrook and Drayton; the foxtail (Alopecurus fulvus), Chalfont; the purple melic (Molinla varia), Iver Heath; the grasses Catabrosa aquatica, Denham, etc.; Bromus interrupts, Denham; Nardus stricta, Fulmer; Elymus europteus, Chenies, etc.; the black spleenwort (Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum), Chalfont; ''A. Trichomanes, Denham; the sweet mountain fern (Dryopteris montana = Lastrea Oreopteris), near Chalfont; the adder's tongue (Ophioglossum vulgatum), Colnbrook, etc.; and the club-moss (Lycopodium inundatum''), formerly on Iver Heath, but now probably extinct.

The district of the Colne includes a larger number of introduced species than any other of the districts, as its contiguity to the metropolis would lead us to expect. Among the plants which although not strictly native are now well established are Bromus arvensis near Amersham; B. secalinus, common in corn crops; Erysimum cheiranthoides, plentiful in arable fields in the lower parts.

But the most prominent alien is the North American balsam (Impatiens biflora or fulva), which now borders the Colne and its ramifying branches from Denham downwards, and not content with the main streams has followed the watery ditches and even occupied the damp ground near, but giving withal a touch even if of bizarre beauty in the rich colour of its blossoms. Another North American species is the monkey-flower (Mimulus Langsdorffii), which is most abundant by the Chess between Latimers and Chenies, and also by the Misbourne from Great Missenden downwards. The cress Lepidium ruderale is also established about Iver, where the rubbish heaps are covered with a rank growth of the chenopodiums already mentioned, as well as with Datura Tatula and D. Stramonium, Melilotus arvensis and ''M. alba''; and the two latter also occur near Amersham. The tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is a common plant, as the seeds can germinate after passing through the alimentary canal, but the plants do not survive the late autumn frosts. The sweepings of seed shops are responsible for the canary grass (Phalaris canariense), the millet (Panicum miliaceum), and P. Crus-galli (with and without awns), Setaria viridis and S. glauca, the flax (Linum usitatissimum), the hemp (Cannabis sativa), and the buckwheat (Fagopyron esculentum), but there are others the origin of which it is more difficult to account for; one especially interesting is Atriplex littoralis, a marine plant which is very abundant. There also have been found Lepidium Draba, Lactuca Scariola, Sisymbrium Sophia, Solanum nigrum in varying forms, as well as Lepturus incurvatus, Medicago denticulata, Briza maxima, Vicia lutea, V. Villosa, Melilotus indica, Phalaris aquatica, and Setaria italica. From other parts of the district Verbascum Blattaria, Sedum Cepæa, S. reflexum, S. album, Delphinium Ajacis have been recorded. The spleenwort (Asplenium fontanum), which Hudson recorded from Amersham church, is no longer found, and of course it was never native there.

The very picturesque pine woods and heathy ground of Black Park contain boggy ground as well as heathy soil, and it is the only home of one or two species such as Carex Itevigata, C. canescens, but the latter is very rare, if not extinct. Here too occur the small skullcap (Scutellaria minor), the creeping scorpion-grass (Myosotis repens), the shore-weed (Littorella), the sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), seeding freely, the hawkweeds, Hieracium boreale, H. sciaphilum and H. umbellatum, the marsh violet (Viola palustris), and the bog-bean (Menyanthes).

Part of this estate was probably included in the Iver Heath as mentioned by the eighteenth century botanists.

For Buckinghamshire and the six bordering counties of Berks, Oxon, Middlesex, Herts, Beds and Northants about 1,100 well established species have been recorded; of these there have been recorded for Buckinghamshire 934 species. Space will not allow of giving each of the 167 missing species in detail, but the more important absentees may be noticed. These are

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 Rh Raynes was born at York, Maine, in 1799 and in 1835 removed to Portsmouth where he established a shipyard upon the famous Boyd estate, with its fine old trees, lawns, and gardens of vegetables, fruits, and flowers sloping to the clear blue water's edge. The family residence, erected by Colonel George Boyd in 1767, was an excellent example of colonial architecture. In later days it became known as the Raynes mansion, and for many years was one of the show places of Portsmouth. The original beauty of the grounds was preserved so far as possible, and this was perhaps the most beautiful and picturesque shipyard of modern times.

The most famous clipper-ship builder of his time, Donald McKay, was born at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, in 1810, and was a descendant of that sturdy Highland chieftain, Donald McKay, who died at Tain, County Ross, Scotland, in 1395. At about the age of sixteen, Donald went to New York, where he worked and learnt his trade in the shipyards of Isaac Webb, Brown & Bell, and perhaps others. By his energy and mechanical talents, he soon became a master shipwright, and turned his face toward the Eastern country again. In 1840 he finished the ship Delia Walker, of 427 tons, for John Currier at Newburyport. This vessel was owned by Dennis Condry, who, when visiting his ship from time to time, was impressed by Mr. McKay's superior mechanical ability and energetic manner of handling his men. In 1841, Mr. McKay became a partner in the firm of Currier & McKay, and the barque Mary Broughton, 323 tons, was built by them during this year, followed in 1842 by the ships

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70 greater resources of the peninsular mainland were utilised for the conquest of Crete, but at a later time the rivalry of Sparta and Athens prevented a full exploitation of the peninsula as a sea-base. So in the case of the greater peninsula and greater island, Britain was conquered and held by Rome from the peninsular mainland; but when the Middle Ages were closing, several rival sea-bases occupied the Latin Peninsula, each of them open to attack from the land behind, as Athens and Sparta had been open to the Macedonian invasion. Of these Latin sea-bases, one, Venice, fronted towards Islam, while the others contended with internecine feuds for the command of the ocean, so that in the end the lesser British insular base, faced by no united peninsular base, became the home of a power which enveloped and contained the greater peninsula.

Within Great Britain itself it is true that there was not effective unity until the eighteenth century, but the facts of physical geography have determined that there should always be a predominant English people in the south of the island, whether as foe or partner of the Scottish and Welsh peoples. From Norman days, until the growth of the modern industries upon the coal-fields, the


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Portal:Drawing, design and illustration

Works

 * An introduction to linear drawing, 1828 by M. Francoeur
 * Drawing For Beginners, 1920 by Dorothy Furniss
 * What to Draw and How to Draw It 1913 by E. G. Lutz

title: Portal:Drawing, design and illustration


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Portal:Decorative arts

Arts and crafts

 * Arts and Crafts Essays, 1893 by Members of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society

Metalwork

 * Portal:Jewellery

title: Portal:Decorative arts


text:
Portal:Visual arts

Works

 * The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci by Leonardo da Vinci, translated by Jean Paul Richter
 * The severall Habits of English Women and Theatru Mulierum by Wenceslaus Hollar (1640s)
 * The Metaphysics of Fine Art, 1893 by Arthur Schopenhauer, translated by Thomas Bailey Saunders
 * Modern and contemporary Czech art, 1924 by Antonín Matějček and Zdeněk Wirth
 * Pulchrism: Championing Beauty as the Purpose of Art by Jesse Waugh, 2015
 * The Metaphysics of Fine Art, 1893 by Arthur Schopenhauer, translated by Thomas Bailey Saunders
 * Modern and contemporary Czech art, 1924 by Antonín Matějček and Zdeněk Wirth
 * Pulchrism: Championing Beauty as the Purpose of Art by Jesse Waugh, 2015
 * The Metaphysics of Fine Art, 1893 by Arthur Schopenhauer, translated by Thomas Bailey Saunders
 * Modern and contemporary Czech art, 1924 by Antonín Matějček and Zdeněk Wirth
 * Pulchrism: Championing Beauty as the Purpose of Art by Jesse Waugh, 2015

Neoplasticism (De Stijl)

 * Neoplasticism, or De Stijl (Dutch for "The Style"), was a Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917. Proponents of De Stijl sought to express a new utopian ideal of spiritual harmony and order. They advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal directions, and used only primary colors along with black and white.

 * Neoplasticism—Principles by Theo van Doesburg
 * Manifest I of The Style 1918 by Theo van Doesburg
 * Theo van Doesburg The End of Art by Theo van Doesburg

Newspaper and magazine articles about art

 * "Fine Arts in Bohemia" by Jaroslav Egon Salaba-Vojan in The Bohemian Review, 1 (9, 10, 11–12) and 2 (2, 4, 7)

title: Portal:Visual arts


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Portal:Architecture

History

 * Fergusson, A History of Architecture in All Countries, 1887
 * Volume 1
 * Volume 2
 * Fletcher, A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method, 1905
 * Fergusson, History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, 1910
 * Volume 1
 * Volume 2
 * Moore, Character of Renaissance Architecture, 1905
 * Moore, Development and Character of Gothic Architecture, 1890
 * Dictionary of French Architecture from the 11th to 16th Century, 1856 by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, translated by Wikisource
 * "Architecture" in Modern and contemporary Czech art, 1924 by Antonín Matějček and Zdeněk Wirth
 * Industrial Housing, 1925 by Andrew J. Thomas
 * Preliminary Notes on Cubist Architecture in Prague, 2004 by Ian Courtenay Johnston
 * "Architecture" in Modern and contemporary Czech art, 1924 by Antonín Matějček and Zdeněk Wirth
 * Industrial Housing, 1925 by Andrew J. Thomas
 * Preliminary Notes on Cubist Architecture in Prague, 2004 by Ian Courtenay Johnston

Theory

 * Ten Books on Architecture, 15 BC by Vitruvius

Domestic architecture

 * The Dakota as it appeared in the October 22, 1884 issue of The New York Times - "A Description of one of the Most Perfect Apartment Houses of the World"
 * The Country House by Alexis de Chateauneuf, translated by Lady Mary Fox - Essays on designing a country house, in the form of a chatty correspondence with an imaginary client.
 * The Dakota as it appeared in the October 22, 1884 issue of The New York Times - "A Description of one of the Most Perfect Apartment Houses of the World"
 * The Country House by Alexis de Chateauneuf, translated by Lady Mary Fox - Essays on designing a country house, in the form of a chatty correspondence with an imaginary client.

Legal

 * Title 17, Chapter 1, § 120. Scope of exclusive rights in architectural works of the United States Code by the United States Government, 1990

Political policy

 * Proclamation 4566, 1978 by Jimmy Carter: "Physical access is often the key to whether people can enjoy their rights and freedoms, and exercise their responsibilities."
 * Proclamation 4656, 1979 by Jimmy Carter: "Architectural and other barriers often keep millions of Americans from participating in and contributing to our society."
 * Proclamation 4930, 1982 by Ronald Reagan: "April 20, 1982 marks the 125th Anniversary of the American Institute of Architects"

Commentary

 * Judging from the past and present, what are the prospects for good architecture in London? (1864) by Nicholas Wiseman

Reference works

Architektur

title: Portal:Architecture


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Portal:Painting

Czechia

 * "Some typical Czech artists" by Jindřich Procházka in Bohemia's claim for freedom, 1915
 * "Fine Arts in Bohemia" by Jaroslav Egon Salaba-Vojan in The Bohemian Review, 1 (9, 10, 11–12) and 2 (2, 4, 7)
 * Historical paintings of the Slavic nations by Alfons Mucha, by Christian Brinton and Šárka B. Hrbková (1921)
 * "Painting" in Modern and contemporary Czech art, by Antonín Matějček (1924)
 * An introduction to the work of Alfons Mucha and Art Nouveau, by Ian Courtenay Johnston (2014)
 * Historical paintings of the Slavic nations by Alfons Mucha, by Christian Brinton and Šárka B. Hrbková (1921)
 * "Painting" in Modern and contemporary Czech art, by Antonín Matějček (1924)
 * An introduction to the work of Alfons Mucha and Art Nouveau, by Ian Courtenay Johnston (2014)

France

 * "Jean Francois Millet's Life at Barbizon," by Pierre Millet in Century Magazine, April 1894
 * "Millet" by Romain Rolland, 1902

The Netherlands

 * Art in the Netherlands, 1868 by Hippolyte Taine, translated by J. Durand
 * "Modern Dutch Painters," by Elizabeth W. Champney in Century Magazine, July 1888
 * "Dutch Painters at Home," by Emma Eames Chase in Century Magazine, March 1889
 * Dutch Art in the Nineteenth Century, 1903 by Gerharda Hermina Marius, translated by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos

United Kingdom

 * The Descriptive Catalogue from Life of William Blake (1880), Volume 2 - "A descriptive catalogue of pictures, poetical and historical inventions, painted by William Blake in water-colours."
 * "Cole's Old English Masters: John Opie," by John C. Van Dyke in Century Magazine, February 1899
 * Constable by Charles John Holmes (1901)
 * Portal:David Cox

Human figure

 * Men I Have Painted, 1921 by John McLure Hamilton

Illuminating manuscripts

 * History, Theory, and Practice of Illuminating, 1861 by Matthew Digby Wyatt

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Rh Thalictrum colllnum, a very local species reported from Herts and Beds. The pasque-flower (Anemone Pulsatilla), found in all the bordering counties except Middlesex, may yet be found on the Chilterns, since it occurs on them close to the Herts border. Ranunculus Lenormandi, found only in Berks ; R. hirsutus or sardous, found in Middlesex, Herts, Beds and Berks, is not unlikely to be found in wet places in the Colne district. Cardamine impatiens, which occurs near Harrow, may also be found by some of the small ditches in the Colne drainage. The wall rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia), which grows on old walls, such as Windsor Castle, Reading Abbey, St. Alban's Abbey, formerly on Northampton Castle and about London, is not very likely to be found ; Thlaspi perfoliatum, a native in Oxfordshire, only occurs as a casual by the railway in Bucks, Berks, and Middlesex. Viola stagnina formerly grew in the marshy district of Otmoor in Oxford, and Elatine Hydropiper and hexandra are limited to Berk- shire, where they grow on the sandy margins of pools, but very rarely. The small- leaved lime (Tilia parvifolia) is native in Bedford Purlieus, Northants, but only occurs as a planted tree in Bucks ; and the same is true of the large-leaved species T. platyphylla, which is recorded close to the Bucks border from Stokenchurch woods in Oxfordshire. The perennial flax (Linum perenne) is an eastern species found on limestone soils in Northants, if indeed it be not extinct. The furze (Ulex Gallii), which is found on one or two commons in Oxford and Berks, may be found, but it is essentially a western form. The bird's-foot trefoil (Trigonella purpurascens), which grows in Berks, Herts and Middlesex, may yet reward the searcher on some of the gravelly commons which are suitable places for it ; and the same may be said of the clovers T. scabrum, known for all the border counties except Herts, and T. glomeratum, which grows in Middlesex and Herts. Another clover, T. ochroleucon, which occurs in Beds and Northants, is less likely to be found as it is an eastern species ; the most likely place for it would be near Olney. The blue milk vetch (Astragalus danicus), found in all the border counties except Middlesex, is very likely to be found on the Chalk escarpment, as it is common on the downs near Barton-in-the-Clay in Beds, and is locally plentiful in the limestone of east Northants.

Twenty-four brambles are found in one or other of the bordering counties which at present are unrecorded for Bucks, but several of these will certainly be found. The marsh cinquefoil (Comarum palustre or Potentilla palustris) is recorded for all the bordering counties except Middlesex ; it is a marshy species which drainage is eradicating from the midlands, but it may possibly linger in the districts of Burnham or Langley, although hitherto unfound. The burnet rose (Rosa spinosissima) and its hybrid R. involuta, which occur in Middlesex, Beds and Northants, may possibly be found on some of the heathy commons, but Brickhill, which is such a suitable place, does not appear to yield it. R. sepium or agrestis, which is found in Oxon, Berks and Middlesex, is almost certain to occur, as it grows at Watlington near Prince's Risborough as well as at Beckley in Oxfordshire, in both places not far from the county border. The navelwort (Cotyledon Umbilicus), found in Berks, Oxon and Northants, may possibly be found on some stone walls in or about villages. The large sundew (Drosera anglica) formerly, it is said, grew in Beds, but is now extinct. The starwort (Callitricbe vernalis, Kuetz, C. palustris, L.) occurs in the fen ditches of Northants, and probably may be found in our area, as it is easily overlooked for the commoner forms. The willow herb (Epilobium Lamyi), which has been found in Middlesex, is almost certain to be found ; E. lanceolatum, which is found in Berks, is less likely to be a Bucks plant. Erynglum campestre formerly grew by the Watling Street in Northants, but is not likely to be found ; but another umbellifer, Seseli Libanatis, may possibly be found on the Chilterns, since it occurs in Herts. Another plant of that county, Cicuta virosa, which was formerly reported to grow in Beds and Middlesex, is scarcely likely to be found, and I think the older botanists mistook some other species for it. The two water hemlocks Œnanthe Lachenalii and ''Œ. silaifolia'', which occur in several of the border counties, should be found, the former in calcareous bogs, the latter in marshy meadows ; indeed, the latter grows in the Thames meadows at Runnymede in Surrey, although I have as yet failed to find it on the Bucks side of the stream. A bedstraw, Galium anglicum, found in Herts, is unlikely to be found in our county ; but the cat's-foot (Antennana dioica), which occurs on the chalk hills of Beds and Oxon and on the limestone quarries of Barnack in Northants, will possibly be found ; another composite, Inula vulgaris, a decreasing species in the midlands, reported for many of the surrounding counties, may be detected in the lower parts of the Colne district, since it occurs in Middlesex and Berks. The thistle Carduus tenuiflorus, recorded for all the border counties, is more likely to be found near the Middlesex border. The spotted cat's-ear (Hypochaeris maculata), which grows on the limestone quarries of Barnack in Northants, is absent from our area, but the marsh sowthistle (Sonchus palustris), one of the

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Rh rarest of British plants, grows very close to our boundary in Oxfordshire, and may perchance there spread into Bucks. The ivy-leaved bell-flower (Cervicina hederacea) is found in Bagley Wood, Berks, and is an unlikely plant to occur in Bucks. Samolus Valerandi is almost certain to be found, as it grows in all the bordering counties, and in Beds not far from our boundary ; eminently suitable places for it are at the base of Brill Hill and by the Ouse near Olney. Erytbrtæa pulchella will probably be found, as it is reported for all the bordering counties. Gentiana Pneumonanthe, found in Berkshire, is not a plant that will be found in Bucks ; but G. campestris, which is recorded for all the bordering counties except Middlesex, may be found, but some of the old records were perhaps incorrect, as forms of G. Amarella were sometimes mistaken for it. The hound's-tongue (Cynoglossum montanum) may be expected ; it is found in Oxfordshire near to the border, and is also found in Herts and Northants. The comfrey (Symphytum tuberosum), recorded for Herts, Beds and Northants, is probably introduced in all these cases. The wood scorpion-grass (Myosotis sylvatica), which is found in the woods of Berks and Herts, although very locally, may probably be found in some of the woods on the Bucks border. The figwort, Scrophularia umbrosa or Ehrbarti, was once found in Middlesex ; and the cow-wheat (Melampyrum cristatum), which is abundant in some of the woods on the eastern side of Beds, and is recorded for Northants and Herts, has indeed been reported to grow at Wendover, but so far it has not been refound ; and another species, M. arvense, has been once found as a casual in Herts. The broom rape (Orobanche elatior) is likely to be added to our list, as it grows in Oxon, Berks, Herts and Northants ; while O. purpurea, a very local species, is recorded for Herts only.

The small bladder-wort (Utricularia minor) has been recorded for several bordering counties, but unless the plant is found in the flowering state U. major or U. vulgaris in a young condition may be mistaken for it. The wound-wort (Stachys gtrmanica), a very local species, which grows in the limestone district of Oxfordshire and is reported from Beds and Northants, is probably absent from our area ; nor is the water germander (Teucrium Scordium) very likely to be found, although it still exists in Berks, but is extinct in Oxford and Northants. The ground pine (Ajuga Chamæpitys) may occur, as it grows in Herts and Beds and is reported from Northants. The goosefoot (Chenopodium glaucum), which grows near Staines in Middle- sex, is very likely to be found about the brickyards of Slough or Langley. The caper spurge (Euphorbia lathyris) is a native of the woods of Northants and possibly Berks, but is apparently only an alien in Bucks. The sweet gale (Myrica Gale) occurs on the Bagshot Sands in Berks, as does another very local species, Illecebrum verticillatum ; but the latter is not likely to extend into Bucks. Salix pentandra, a northern species, is apparently native in Northants, but is only planted in the other bordering counties ; and S. acuminata, supposed to be a hybrid, is also only recorded from the fens of Northants. A form of the water hone-wort, Ceratophyllum submersum, should occur, but it is easily passed over for the more widely distributed species ; it occurs in Berks and Middlesex. The water soldier (Stratiotes Aloides) occurs only as a planted species in the county, but has more claims to be considered indigenous in Berks, and it was formerly certainly native in Northants. The small fen orchid (Malaxis paludosa) is now extinct in Beds and Herts, but the sword-leaved helleborine (Cephalanthera ensifolia), which grows in Oxon near to our boundary and in Herts, may possibly be found. The monkey orchid (Orchis Simla) is now limited to a few square yards in Oxfordshire, where its days are, it is to be feared, numbered. The spider orchid (Ophrys aranifera), reported for Oxford, Beds and Northants, is almost or quite extinct in each county, and is not very likely to be found with us. The garlic (Allium oleraceum) may however be found, as it is recorded for Berks, Middlesex, Herts, Beds and Northants. The starch hyacinth (Muscari) is reported for Berks and Middlesex, and the squill (Scilla autumnalis) from the latter county, where it is nearly if not quite extinct. The spiked star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum), plentiful in some woods in Berkshire and which is reported very locally from Beds, is unlikely to occur. The martagon lily (Lilium Martagon), thoroughly naturalized in Berks, is too conspicuous to be overlooked. The yellow star of Bethlehem (Gagea fascicularis) may be found in some of the woods in the north of the county.

The maritime plants Buda media, Juncus Gerardi, Eleocharis uniglumis, Scirpus maritimus, Zannichellia pedunculata, found in Berks, and Scirpus maritimus, S. glaucus, S. triqueter and S. carinatus are not probable constituents of our flora. The small bur reed (Sparganium mintmum) found in Herts is also absent, but the smallest flowering plant, Wolffia Michelii or Horkelia arrhiza will very likely be found, as it grows at Staines not far from our boundary. The Loddon pondweed (Potamogeton Drucei) is, so far as we know, limited to a portion of that charming stream in Berkshire ; but P. decipiens, once found in Oxon, P. coloratus, which

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Rh there could be a seventh. One serf is there, and 1 mill worth (de) 3 shillings, meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams) and woodland (to feed) 300 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 6 pounds; when received 40 shillings; T.R.E. 6 pounds. This manor Earl Leofwine (Lewinus) held in demesne.

M. Roger holds of the bishop [Taplow]. It is assessed at 8 hides and 1 virgate. There is land for 16 ploughs. On the demesne is 1; and 18 villeins with 4 bordars have 15 ploughs. There are 2 serfs. From fisheries (come) 1,000 eels. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 1 plough (team), woodland (to feed) 700 swine. In all (total vallentiis) it is worth 8 pounds; when received 60 shillings; T.R.E. 9 pounds. This manor Asgot, a man of Earl Harold, held, and there i man of Archbishop S(tigand) had 1 hide and could sell it.

fo. 144b

M. William son of Oger holds of the bishop [Hughenden]. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 10 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and 15 villeins with 3 bordars have 8 ploughs. There are 5 serfs, meadow (sufficient) for plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 600 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 10 pounds; when received 6 pounds; T.R.E. 7 pounds. This manor Queen Eddid held.

In [Wycombe] Roger holds of the bishop half a hide. There is land for 1 plough, and it is there with 1 bordar. It is and was worth 7 shillings; T.R.E. 10 shillings. This land a man of Archbishop S(tigand) held; he could not sell or assign (dare) it away from (extra) Wicumbe, (the archbishop's) (suum) manor, as the Hundred (court) testifies.

In [( 'Little) Marlow] Tedald holds of the bishop 5 hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. In the demesne are 1½ hides, and on it are 1½ ploughs. There 6 villeins with bordars have 2½ ploughs. There is 1 serf, and there is a mill worth (de) 20 shillings. From fisheries (come) 500 eels. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 50 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 7 pounds; when received 4 pounds and as much T.R.E. This manor Queen Eddid held.

In [Saunderton] Roger holds of the bishop 5 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and 13 villeins with 3 bordars have 3 ploughs. There are 2 serfs, and 1 mill, and meadow (sufficient) for 1 plough (team), and woodland (to feed) 50 swine. It is and was worth 100 shillings; T.R.E. 6 pounds. This manor a man of Earl Leofwine (Lewini) held and could sell.

In [? Whinch (Bottom)] Taedald' held (tenuit) of the bishop 3 hides. Now it is (assigned to) the king's ferm (nunc est ad firmam regis). There is land for 7 ploughs. In the demesne is half a hide, and on it are 2 ploughs. There 6 villeins with 3 bordars and 5 serfs have 5 ploughs. In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth 100 shillings; T.R.E. 4 pounds. Of this manor Fridebert, a man of Earl Leofwine (Lewinf), held 2½ hides, and Alric Gangemere and his sister half a hide which T.R.E. was unjustly taken from them.

In [Waldrige ] Helto holds of the bishop 2 hides and I virgate. There is land for 2 ploughs. On the demesne is 1; and 2 villeins have 1 plough. There is 1 serf, and meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams). It is and was worth 20 shillings; T.R.E. 40 shillings. This land 2 sokemen held: one a man of Avelin, the other a man of Alveva, sister of Earl Harold. They could sell (their land).

In [Ilmer] Robert holds of the bishop 4 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and 8 villeins with

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Rh grows at Cothill in Berks, and P. acutifolius, found in Middlesex and Herts, may yet be found. The broad-leaved cotton grass (Eriophorum latifolium), which grows in Berks, Oxon, Herts and Northants, should be looked for in calcareous bogs ; but these are very sparsely repre- sented in the county. Of the sedges we lack Carex dioica, which is found in all the bordering counties except Middlesex ; C. Bænninghausiana, found in Berks and Herts, and as it is sup- posed to be a hybrid of paniculata with remota it may be found ; C. diandra, which grows in Herts, is not likely to be found, nor is C. elongata, which grows in Berks and Beds, The grass Phleum phalaroides grows in Beds and Herts, and should be well searched for on the Dunstable downs. Agroitis setacea, which grows on the Bagshot Sands in Berks, reaches its eastern limit in that county ; but Calamagrostis lanceolata, which occurs in Northants and Beds, may be found possibly in damp woods. Gastridium, which has been found in Herts, may also be discovered, as it is of rather sporadic growth. Mellca nutans, which I discovered in Bedford Purlieus, Northants, reaches its southern limit in that county. Poa Chaixi occurs in Berks, and is naturalized in Oxfordshire. Glyceria distans is rather of casual occurrence in three or four of the bordering counties. Festuca ambigua has only been reported for Beds. The fern Cystopteris fragilis is reported for Oxon, Herts, Middlesex and Northants, but is probably introduced to each county. The beech fern, limited so far as we know to Berks, where it is very rare. The charad (Tolypella prolifera), found in Northants, Berks and Oxon, may very probably be found, as may T. intricate:, which has been found in Oxon, Beds and Northants, and Nitella mucronata, which has occurred in Berks, Oxon, Middlesex and Beds.

The county is not rich in the number of species, but a mere list of them would be very deceptive to the stranger, since so many of them are very rare, so that over a large extent of its area it is practically fern- less. Even of the list of recorded species two or three are nearly extinct, and others are practically doomed to disappear before long. Its proxi- mity to the metropolis has denuded the best known districts of all but the common forms. The Ouse district is perhaps naturally the poorest, as its stiff, heavy soil, either under pasture or arable, is unfitted for fern growth, yet the moonwort (Botrychium), the adder's tongue (Opbioglossum), the black spleenwort (Asplenium Trichomanes) and the hart's-tongue (Phyllitis or Scolopendrium) have been found in it ; the Ouzel district has the honour of being the only one where Dryopteris or Lastrea Thelypteris grows, and the very local D. uliginosa, if the latter indeed be correctly identified, and it has also the royal fern (Osmunda regalis), the hard fern (Lomaria Spicant) and others. The Thame district has the oak fern (Phegopteris Dryopteris) in one locality close to the Oxfordshire boundary, and Aspidium aculeatum also occurs. The Thames district has the limestone polypody (Phegopteris calcarea) in one place. The rusty-back (Ceterach officinarum) is rather plentiful in one locality, although it has disappeared from Beaconsfield church, a locality given by Parkinson in 1640 and the black spleenwort (Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum), A. Tricbomanes, Osmunda regalis, Dryopteris montana (Lastrea Oreopteris), unless it has been extir- pated, Aspidium angulare, A. aculeatum and Lomaria Spicant also occur.

The Colne district is the one that has suffered most from the ravages of the fern marauder. We have seen that the Asplenium fontanum has disappeared from Amersham church, but the same tale may be told of Lastrea Oreopteris, Aspidium aculeatum, A. angulare and many others. The spleenwort (Asplenium Tricbomanes), Lomaria,Lastrea or Dryopteris dilatata and spinulosa still remain, but the hedges and woods

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54 Courier, 380 tons, and Ashburton, 449 tons. The firm then dissolved, the models and moulds being equally divided—with a saw.

The little ship Courier was the first vessel designed by Mr. McKay. She was owned by W. Wolfe & A. Foster, Jr., of New York, who employed her in the Rio coffee trade. She proved a wonder for speed, and outsailed everything, big and little, that she fell in with at sea. No one at that time believed that such a vessel could be built outside of New York or Baltimore. She not only made a great deal of money for her owners, but at once brought her designer prominently before the maritime public.

In 1843 the firm of McKay & Pickett was formed, and the New York packet ships St. George, 845 tons, in 1843, and John R. Skiddy, 930 tons, in 1844, were built by them at Newburyport. In this year Enoch Train, a well-known ship-owner and merchant of Boston, engaged in the South American trade and who had already sent the ships Cairo, St. Patrick, and Dorchester to England, decided to put on a regular line of packets between Liverpool and Boston. While crossing the Atlantic on board one of the early Cunarders, for the purpose of establishing his European agencies, it happened that he found himself a fellow-passenger with Dennis Condry, owner of the Delia Walker, the gentleman who had been so much impressed during his visits to Newburyport, by the energy and skill of Donald McKay. Mr. Train and Mr. Condry soon became acquainted and naturally talked a good deal about shipping. Mr. Train was in doubt as to whom he should entrust the building of his ships; he did not like to

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118 the rest of the crew fill away the foreyard, draw away the head sheets, and check in the after yards. As the ship pays off, and gathers way in the slack water, the longshoremen and runners tumble over the side into the Whitehall boats, the crowd at Battery Park gives three parting cheers, the ensign is dipped, and the clipper is on her way to Cape Horn.

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Talk:The Horseless Age

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Rh 1 bordar have 3 ploughs. There are 4 serfs, and 1 mill worth (de) 10 shillings, and meadow (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams). It is worth 4 pounds ; when received IOO shil- lings; and as much T.R.E. This manor Go'duin, a man of Earl Leofwine (Lewini), held and could sell.

The same Robert holds of the bishop [Aston (Sandford)] as 2 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ; and 7 villeins have 3 ploughs. There are 4 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams). It is worth 4 pounds ; when re- ceived 100 shillings; and as much T.R.E. This manor Avelin, a thegn of King Edward, held.

In [Beachendon ] 2 Englishmen hold of the bishop i virgate. There is land [ ]. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 5 shillings. They themselves held it T.R.E. ; one was a man of Brictric, and the other a man of Azor. They could sell (their land).

In [(? North) Marston] Robert holds 1 hide of the bishop. There is land for 1 plough and it is there, and meadow (suffi- cient) for i plough (team). It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 20 shillings. This land a man of Azor son of Toti held and could sell.

In [Whaddon in Slapton] Roger holds 3 virgates of the bishop. There is land for half a plough and it is there with I villein. Meadow is there (sufficient) for half a plough (team). It is and was worth 5 shillings ; T.R.E. 10 shillings. This land a man held and could sell.

M. Turstin de Giron holds of the bishop DODINTONE [Dunton], It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. On the demesne are 2, and there could be a third.

There 6 bordars have 3 ploughs, and there could be 2 more. There are 4 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for 8 plough (teams). In all it is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 1OO shillings. This manor Earl Leofwine (Lewinus) held.

In [Drayton (Parslow)] Roger holds of the bishop 3 virgates. There is land for 3 ploughs, and these are there with 2 vil- leins and 3 bordars. There is meadow for [ ] plough (teams). It is and was worth 25 shillings ; T.R.E. 30 shillings. This land 2 brothers held, men of Alward Cilt, and they could sell it.

In [Westbury] Roger holds of the bishop 2½ hides as 1 manor. There is land for 7 ploughs. On the demesne are ; and 8 villeins with 3 bordars have 5 ploughs. There is 1 serf, meadow (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 250 swine. It is worth 3 pounds ; when received 50 shillings ; T.R.E. 60 shillings. This manor was held by Alnod Cilt, a thegn of King Edward.

The bishop himself holds [Shalstone], 5 hides, as 1 manor. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ; and 4 villeins with I bordar have 2 ploughs, and there could be a third. There are 3 serfs, and woodland (to feed) 50 swine. It is worth 30 shillings ; when received 20 shil- lings ; T.R.E. 4 pounds. This manor 2 thegns held as 2 manors, Godric 3 hides and Wila 2 hides. They could sell (their land) to whom they wished.

Robert (de) Olgi and Roger (de) Ivri hold of the bishop STOU [Stowe]. It is assessed at 5 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne is 1, and there could be 2 more. There bordars have half a plough and there could be 1 ploughs more. Meadow is there (suffi- cient) for 6 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 50 swine. It is worth 40 shillings ; it was waste when received ; T.R.E. it was worth 60 shillings. This manor Turgis, a man of Balduin son of Herluin, held and could sell.

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Rh which once yielded ferns in plenty are now despoiled, and the primroses are becoming in turn the sufferers.

These species are well nigh extinct, but drainage and cultivation rather than the wilful marauder are the agents which have exerted malevolent influence on this genus. L. inundatum still lingers in one or two heaths in the Thames district, and L. Selago formerly grew and may still occur there, and ''L,. clavatum'' may probably be found in some of the bracken-covered areas of the Chilterns or Brickhill.

Pilularia, the only member of this order, has been found in the heathy bogs of the Thames or Colne district, but it is very easily overlooked from its minute size and grass-like appearance, and it often grows submerged, or partially submerged, on the margins of peaty ponds.

The wood horsetail (E. sylvaticum) is our rarest species, and it appears to be absent from the Brickhill woods, which look so suitable a home for it; but it is to be found in the Burnham country, although very locally.

E. maximum is locally abundant, especially in the Ouzel and Ouse districts, choosing a place where a pervious stratum rests upon a bed of clay, so that permanent moisture can be enjoyed, and then if it is shaded by trees the plant grows in great luxuriance and is of real beauty. E. limosum, and as the variety fluviatile, E. palustre and E. arvense are all common except in the chalk uplands.

These water plants having been mentioned under the various districts, a mere allusion to them will suffice. They are often of very uncertain appearance, being most abundant for a season and then disappearing for many years. The largest and most beautiful of the order, Nitella translucens, is however almost always to be seen in the ponds at Burnham Beeches; N. flexilis has been found at Brickhill and in Wilton Park, N. opaca at Eton, etc. Tolypella glomerata occurred near Castlethorpe in the Ouse, and at Brickhill in the Ouzel district. Chara hispida occurs at Brickhill, and C.fragilis var. Hediwigii in the Thames.

Further search will be certainly rewarded by the discovery of three or four more species.

Among the British counties Buckinghamshire ranks above the average in the number of its bramble forms, as in the sandy heaths and gravelly commons and woods they meet with a soil and conditions which are suitable for this very variable genus. The Greensand at Brickhill is especially rich in forms, and it is the only British home for Rubus hirtus

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Author:Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer

Works

 * "On the Archæopteryx lithographica, from the lithographic slate of Solenhofen" in Annals And Magazine of Natural History 3rd series, volume 9, pages 366–370, translated by William Sweetland Dallas (1862)


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Rh Turstin holds of the bishop [Foxcott ]. It is assessed at 6 hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and 1 villein with 2 bordars have 2 ploughs. There is 1 serf, and meadow (sufficient) for 4 plough (teams), and woodland (to feed) 30 swine. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 3 pounds. This manor Leit, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

Gilbert Maminot holds of the bishop [Leckhampstead], It is assessed at 1 8 (hides). There is land for 12 ploughs. On the demesne are 3; and there could be a fourth. There 18 villeins with 6 bordars have 4 ploughs, and there could be other 4. There are 2 serfs, meadow (sufficient) for 12 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 400 swine. In all (toils valentiis) it is and was worth 6 pounds; T.R.E. 8 pounds. This manor Earl Leofwine (Lewinus) held.

Ernulf de Hesding holds of the bishop in [Lenborough] 7 hides as one manor. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and I villein with 6 bordars have I plough, and there could be 2 more. There are 3 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams). From woodland (come) 4 shillings yearly. It is and was worth 60 shillings; T.R.E. 4 pounds. This manor Wilaf, a man of Earl Leofwine (Lewinus), held and could sell.

Ansgot de Ros holds of the bishop [Preston (Bissett)]. It is assessed at 15 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. On the demesne are 3; and 11 villeins with 7 bordars have 5 ploughs. There are 6 serfs, and 1 mill worth (de) 32 pence, meadow (sufficient) for 8 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 200 swine. It is worth 100 shillings; when received 4 pounds; T.R.E. the same amount. This manor Wilaf, a man of Earl Lewin, held and could sell.

fo. 145 Robert de Tham [Thame ] holds of the bishop [Chetwode]. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and 7 villeins with 2 bordars have 2½ ploughs, and there could be half a plough (more). There are 6 serfs, and 1 mill worth (de) 30 pence, meadow (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams), and woodland (to feed) 100 swine. It is worth 60 shillings; when received 40 shillings; T.R.E. 60 shillings. This manor Alnod Chentisc, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

Ernulf de Hesding holds of the bishop {{sc|Bertone [Barton (Hartshorn)]. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 (ploughs). There 3 bordars have I plough, and there could be 2 ploughs (more). There are 4 serfs. Meadow is there (sufficient) for three plough (teams). From pasture (come) 30 shillings; there is woodland (to feed) 100 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 14 pounds; when received 40 shillings; T.R.E. 60 shillings. This manor Wilaf, a thegn of Earl Lewin, held and could sell.

Ilbert de Lacei holds of the bishop {{sc|Tedin-wiche}} [Tingewick]. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. On the demesne are 3; and 3 villeins with 2 bordars have 4 ploughs, and there could be a fifth. There are 10 serfs, and i mill worth (de) 4 shillings, and from other rents (redditis) of the vill come 2O shillings. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 8 plough (teams); woodland (to feed) 800 swine. In all it is worth 10 pounds; when received 6 pounds; T.R.E. 10 pounds. This manor Alnod, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

{{c|{{sc|In Lammva Hundret}} }} The Bishop of Bayeux himself holds 3 hides and 3 virgates. There is land for 3 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 hides, and there is half a plough on it, and there could be ij ploughs (more). There 2 villeins with I bordar have half a plough. There are 2 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams). It is worth 2O shillings; when received 13 shillings and 4 pence; T.R.E. 40 shillings.

Robert de Romenel holds of the bishop in {{smallrefs}} {{c|238}}

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Rh vzr.flaccidifolius, and it there extends into Bedfordshire. Of the sub-erect forms, which are more frequent in the north of Britain or in peaty places, the same district gives R. fissus in considerable quantity, and Mr. Ben- bow has found R. Rogersii near Alderbourne. R. plicatus is not uncommon about Brickhill, while R. nitidus is so far restricted to Shalbourn Wood in the Ouse district, and there not quite typical. A very local species, R. latifolius, also grows near Brickhill, and with the last named belongs to the Sub-Rhamnifolian group. Of the Rhamnifolian brambles R. incurvatus grows near Fulmer, and R. rhamnifolius is widely distributed. R. Lindleianus is also common at Brickhill, and is frequent on the dry, heathy commons in the Thames and Colne districts. R. dumnoniensis is so far only known from north Bucks in the Ouzel district, as at Ivinghoe and Brickhill ; R. pulcherrimus is found at Brickhill, and is common in many parts of the heaths and woods of the Thames and Colne districts. The group Villcaules is represented by R. Selmeri, which occurs at Brickhill, and is a striking feature of Stoke and Fulmer Commons, and it just comes in the Thame district at Chequers. R. calvatus I have only obtained from Naphill Common in the Thames district. R. gratus, a local and handsome species, occurs at Heath in the Ouzel and Alderbourne in the Colne district. R. rhombifolius is very local, and is found at Wing in the Ouzel and Stoke in the Thames districts. The group Discolores, to which our commonest species R. ulmifolius or rusticanus belongs, has R. thyrsoideus in the Ouzel and Thames, and R. argentatus from Medmenham in the Thames district, and R. pubescens as the typical plant from Westbury Wild in the Ouse district, where brambles are very poorly represented. The Silcatici are represented by R. sivaticus from near Wycombe, R. macrophyllus which is widely distributed and rather common about Iver, R. Schlechtendalii from near Amersham, R. Salteri from Heath in the Ouzel district. Of the Vestiti group we have R. Sprengelii at Burnham in the Thames district, JR. pyramidalis from Brickhill and from the Thames and Colne districts. R. leucostachys is one of the species which is generally distributed, even in the woods and hedges of the Ouse district. R. gymnostachys grows at Brickhill. Of the Egregii we possess R. cinerosus from the Wycombe neighbourhood, R. mucronatus from Iver Heath, R. infestus from Brick- hill, R. uncinatus as a form collected by Mr. Britton at Mop End near Amersham, elsewhere only known from Gloucester and Monmouth, and R. Leyanus found by the Rev. E. F. Linton at Brickhill. Of the group Radulœ, R. radula is a rather common and widely distributed plant, occurring in all the districts, but chiefly as the var. echinatoides. The var. anglicanus occurs at Westbury in the Ouse and in several places in the Thames and Colne districts. R. echinatus is also rather common, and is one of the few species not uncommon in the woodland portions of the Ouse district. R. rudis is much more local, but I have found it at Moulsoe in the Ouse, Brickhill in the Ouzel, and Bulstrode in the Thames districts. R. oigoclados var. Neivbouldit, an endemic form, is apparently limited to Halton in the Thame district. Of the Sub-Kœhleria group

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text: Author:Hermann Jordan

title: Author:Hermann Jordan


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Rh R. Babingtonii occurs in the Thames district near Seer Green, and the var. phyllothyrsus has been found by Mr. Britton near Beamond End. R. Lejeunei var. ericetorum occurs at Naphill and a closely allied form at Heath in the Ouzel district. The Sub-Bellardiani are represented by R. fuscus var. nutans, which Mr. Benbow records from near Farnham Common. R. scaber is found at Alderbourne, etc. R.foliosus occurs at Dropmore and Brickhill. The Kæhleriani include 'R. rosaceus, which as an aggregate species is widely distributed ; var. Hystrix occurs at Brickhill, the sub-species infecundus at Shalbourn in the Ouse district, and is not uncommon in the heathy parts of the Thames and Colne districts.

Sub-sp. Purcbasianus is the name suggested for a bramble I gathered at the Chequers in the Thame district, but in England it is a very local form. Sub-sp. R. adornatus was found by the Rev. E. F. Linton at Great Horwood in the Ouse district. R. fuscoater is very local at Elles- borough in the Thame and at Naphill in the Thames districts. R. Kæhleri as the var. cognatus occurs at Dropmore. R. dasyphyllus is the commonest woodland bramble on dry soils, occurring in all the districts ; it is the R.pallidus of Babington and many English writers, but not of Weihe and Nees. R. Marshalli grows about Black Park in both the Thames and Colne districts. Of the Bellardiani Mr. Benbow records R. viridis from Black Park. R. Bellardi occurs at Burnham. R. serpens has been found by Mr. Britton at Penn Street, and at Black Park by Mr. Benbow. R. birtus as the var. flaccidfolius has been already men- tioned. Of the Cæsii we have R. diversifolius rather frequently, especially in clayey soils, with a thin stratum of gravel, and it is found in all the districts. The Rev. W. Moyle Rogers finds the var. ferox near Brickhill. R. corylifolius is the commonest bramble on clay soils, and both the var. sublustris and cyclophyllus are found. R. Balfourianus is recorded for Brickhill and Alderbourne. R. cæsius, the dewberry, is very common in clay soils and in ditches and wet woods, and occurs in all the districts. Rubus carpinifolius and R. Salteri have also been found near Brickhill, and R. infestus near Chesham. Many hybrids of the various species occur. Large as is the number of species in the foregoing list it is by no means exhaustive ; a considerable amount of work still remains to be done, and several additional species will certainly be discovered.

This group is not nearly so well represented as the brambles. The burnet rose (Rosa spinosissima) is not recorded, and therefore the involuta group, which consists chiefly of hybrids of spinosissima with R. villosa and R. mollissima, Willd. (R. tomentosa, Sm.), are also unrepresented, and R. bibernica, a hybrid of the burnet with the dog rose, for the same reason is absent. The sweetbriar R. rubiginosa is sparingly distributed over the county, but is more frequent on the chalk where, too, R. micrantha is also more common. R. sepium will almost certainly be found on the chalk escarpment, and I have apparently a form of it from near Marsh

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Author:Charles Edward Hall

Works

 * Catalogue of the Geological Museum (1878-79, contributor)

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Rh Gibbon in the Thame district. R. obtusifolia occurs in the Thames and Colne districts, and on the chalk escarpment both in the Ouzel and Thame drainage, and it grows at Lillingstone in the Ouse district, and the var. tomentella is also found.

R. canima as lutetiana is the commonest and most generally distributed form, and the var. Andegavensis occurs at Chalfont, etc. Another widely distributed and common rose is R. dumalis, the R. sarmentacea of Forster. R. dumetorum and the var. urbica is also widely spread. R. verticillacantha is local, but it occurs at Marsh Gibbon and Chalfont. R. Deseglisei is found at Beaconsfield, R.glauca grows near Brill, and the var. subcristata at Swanbourne, but these sub-erect plants are very rare in the south of England. R. stylosa is very local in the north of the county, but there are some fine bushes about Brill; but near Beaconsfield and in the country towards Penn and Chalfont it is very common, and some large plants are also to be seen between Lane End and Medmenham. R. arvensis is a very common rose on clay, and is especially frequent in woods on stiff soils. The downy-leaved rose (R. mollissima, Willd., the R. tomentosa, Sm.) is not unfrequent in dry soils in hilly districts, as at Brickhill, and more frequently on the southern slopes of the chalk where the var. subglobosa, Sm., var. scabriuscula (Sm.) and var. syfoestris (Lindl.) have been noticed. At present I have no authentic record of R. villosa, L., the R. mollis, Sm., in the county.

The moss flora of Buckinghamshire is but very imperfectly known, but it is probably much richer than Oxfordshire, since the Brickhill district certainly yields a large number of species. The woods of Penn, and the neighbourhood of Dropmore, Burnham Beeches, Stoke Common, Fulmer, Black Park, Gerrard's Cross, the wet woods near Tilehouse Denham, are all places which would well repay the bryologist for exploring.

For the following notes I am especially indebted to Mr. E. M. Holmes, F.L.S., who is a native of the county, being born at Wendover, and Mr. John Benbow of Uxbridge, who has done so much in exploring the botany of the county of Middlesex.

Sphagnum rubellum, Wils. Burnham Common acutifolium, Russ. & Warnst., var. pallescens. Burnham recurvum, Russ. & Warnst., var. amblyphyllum. Burnham Common rufescens, Warnst. Little Brickhill cymbifolium, Warnst., var. glaucescens. Little Brickhill

var. pallescens, Warnst. Burnham Common papillosum Lindb., var., normale, Warnst. and var. sublaeve, Limpr. Burnham Catharinea undulata, Web. & Mohr. Buckingham (E.M.H.); Shalbourn, Great Brickhill, Brill, etc. Polytrichum nanum, Neck. Buckingham (E.M.H.); Naphill aloides, Hedw. Buckingham (E.M.H); Brickhill, Stoke Pages formosum, Hedw. Buckingham (E.M.H.); Brickhill, Beaconsfield commune, L. Buckingham (E.M.H.); Archidium alternifolium, Schimp. Tring Ditrichum flexicaule, Hampe. Buckingham (E.M.H.)

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