text:
User:TalBot/soft redirect maintenance/February 2012/redirects

 * A Guide to Health/Part I/Chapter 1 -> A Guide to Health/Part 1/Chapter 1
 * A Guide to Health/Part I/Chapter 2 -> A Guide to Health/Part 1/Chapter 2
 * A Guide to Health/Part I/Chapter 3 -> A Guide to Health/Part 1/Chapter 3
 * A Guide to Health/Part I/Chapter 4 -> A Guide to Health/Part 1/Chapter 4
 * A Guide to Health/Part I/Chapter 5 -> A Guide to Health/Part 1/Chapter 5
 * A Guide to Health/Part I/Chapter 6 -> A Guide to Health/Part 1/Chapter 6
 * A Guide to Health/Part I/Chapter 7 -> A Guide to Health/Part 1/Chapter 7
 * A Guide to Health/Part I/Chapter 8 -> A Guide to Health/Part 1/Chapter 8
 * A Guide to Health/Part I/Chapter 9 -> A Guide to Health/Part 1/Chapter 9
 * A Guide to Health/Part I/Chapter I -> A Guide to Health/Part 1/Chapter 1
 * Biographical Notice of George F Barker -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 15/September 1879/Biographical Notice of George F. Barker
 * Biographical Notice of Prof C A Young -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/October 1881/Biographical Notice of Prof. C. A. Young
 * Biographical Sketch of E B Tylor -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 26/December 1884/Biographical Sketch of E. B. Tylor
 * Biographical Sketch of Frederick Wohler -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 17/August 1880/Biographical Sketch of Frederick Wöhler
 * Buttered Side Down/I -> Buttered Side Down/The Frog and the Puddle
 * Buttered Side Down/II -> Buttered Side Down/The Man Who Came Back
 * Dr Balfour Stewart -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 11/July 1877/Dr. Balfour Stewart
 * Elisee Reclus and his Opinions -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 44/January 1894/Elisée Reclus and his Opinions
 * Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 24/January 1884/Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 1/Editorial -> Folk-Lore/Volume 1/Editorial
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 1/English and Scotch Fairy Tales -> Folk-Lore/Volume 1/English and Scotch Fairy Tales
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 1/Peeping Tom and Lady Godiva -> Folk-Lore/Volume 1/Peeping Tom and Lady Godiva
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 1/Recent Research in Comparative Religion -> Folk-Lore/Volume 1/Recent Research in Comparative Religion
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 1/Recent Research on Folk-Tales -> Folk-Lore/Volume 1/Recent Research on Folk-Tales
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 1/The Collection of English Folk-Lore -> Folk-Lore/Volume 1/The Collection of English Folk-Lore
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 1/The Story of "The Frog Prince" -> Folk-Lore/Volume 1/The Story of The Frog Prince
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 10/Australian Gods: Rejoinder -> Folk-Lore/Volume 10/Australian Gods: Rejoinder
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 10/Australian Gods: a Reply -> Folk-Lore/Volume 10/Australian Gods: a Reply
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 10/Presidential Address: Britain and Folklore -> Folk-Lore/Volume 10/Britain and Folklore
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 10/Proceedings at Meeting of Wednesday, March 15th, 1899 -> Folk-Lore/Volume 10/Proceedings at Meeting, March 1899
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 10/Sqaktktquaclt, or the Benign-Faced, the Oannes of the Ntlaka-pamuq -> Folk-Lore/Volume 10/Sqaktktquaclt, or the Benign-Faced, the Oannes of the Ntlaka-pamuq
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 10/The Tar-Baby Story -> Folk-Lore/Volume 10/The Tar-Baby Story
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 11/Presidential Address: Totemism and Some Recent Discoveries -> Folk-Lore/Volume 11/Totemism and Some Recent Discoveries
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 13/Some Native Legends from Central Australia -> Folk-Lore/Volume 13/Some Native Legends from Central Australia
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 13/The Letter of Toledo -> Folk-Lore/Volume 13/The Letter of Toledo
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 13/The Modern Commercial Aspect of an Ancient Superstition -> Folk-Lore/Volume 13/The Modern Commercial Aspect of an Ancient Superstition
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 14/A Solution of the Gorgon Myth -> Folk-Lore/Volume 14/A Solution of the Gorgon Myth
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 14/Notes on the Aborigines of Roebuck Bay, Western Australia -> Folk-Lore/Volume 14/Notes on the Aborigines of Roebuck Bay, Western Australia
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 15/Arthur and Gorlagon -> Folk-Lore/Volume 15/Arthur and Gorlagon
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 15/Notes on Miss Freer's Paper -> Folk-Lore/Volume 15/Notes on Miss Freer's Paper
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 15/Presidential Address -> Folk-Lore/Volume 15/Tradition and its Conditions
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 15/Some Jewish Folklore from Jerusalem -> Folk-Lore/Volume 15/Some Jewish Folklore from Jerusalem
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 16/Correspondence (September) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 16/A Solution of the Gorgon Myth
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 16/The Legend of Merlin -> Folk-Lore/Volume 16/The Legend of Merlin
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 16/The Religious Ideas of the Arunta -> Folk-Lore/Volume 16/The Religious Ideas of the Arunta
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 16/The Whitby Snake-Ammonite Myth -> Folk-Lore/Volume 16/The Whitby Snake-Ammonite Myth
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 17/The Native Tribes of South-East Australia -> Folk-Lore/Volume 17/The Native Tribes of South-East Australia
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 18/The Grail and the Rites of Adonis -> Folk-Lore/Volume 18/The Grail and the Rites of Adonis
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/An Amazonian Custom in the Caucasus -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/An Amazonian Custom in the Caucasus
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/An Early Irish Version of the Jealous Stepmother and the Exposed Child -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/An Early Irish Version of the Jealous Stepmother and the Exposed Child
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/An Explanation -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/An Explanation
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Bhuridatta -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Bhuridatta
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Childe Rowland -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Childe Rowland
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Correspondence (June) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Tom-Tit-Tot
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Legends of the Lincolnshire Cars. Part I -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Legends of the Lincolnshire Cars, Part 1
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Magic Songs of the Finns, III -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Magic Songs of the Finns, 3
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Manx Folk-Lore and Superstitions -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Manx Folk-Lore and Superstitions
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Mr. Stuart-Glennie on the Origins of Matriarchy -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Mr. Stuart-Glennie on the Origins of Matriarchy
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Notes and News (December) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Notes and News (December)
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Notes and News (March) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Notes and News (March)
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Recent Research on Institutions -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Recent Research on Institutions
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Remarks on preceding article -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Remarks on preceding article
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Report on Folk-tale Research, 1890 -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Report on Folk-tale Research, 1890
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Review (March) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Review: The Science of Fairy Tales
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Samoan Stories. I -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Samoan Stories, 1
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Slava -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Slava
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/The Legend of the Grail. No. I -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/The Legend of the Grail, 1
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/The Legend of the Grail. No. II -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/The Legend of the Grail, 2
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/The Scotch Fisher Child -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/The Scotch Fisher Child
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 2/Weather Folk-Lore of the Sea -> Folk-Lore/Volume 2/Weather Folk-Lore of the Sea
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 20/Amulets from Costers' Barrows in London, Rome, and Naples -> Folk-Lore/Volume 20/Amulets from Costers' Barrows in London, Rome, and Naples
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 20/Augury and Leechcraft in Algeria -> Folk-Lore/Volume 20/Augury and Leechcraft in Algeria
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 20/Australian Folk-Tales -> Folk-Lore/Volume 20/Australian Folk-Tales
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 20/Folklore Notes from Western Australia -> Folk-Lore/Volume 20/Folklore Notes from Western Australia
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 20/Howitt and Fison -> Folk-Lore/Volume 20/Howitt and Fison
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 20/Lycanthropie sous la Révolution Française -> Folk-Lore/Volume 20/Lycanthropie sous la Révolution Française
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 20/Presidential Address -> Folk-Lore/Volume 20/Presidential Address
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 20/Roumanian Easter Eggs -> Folk-Lore/Volume 20/Roumanian Easter Eggs
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 20/Superstitions and Survivals amongst Shepherds -> Folk-Lore/Volume 20/Superstitions and Survivals amongst Shepherds
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 20/The Leopard in the Maize-farm: a Lower Congo Folk-Tale -> Folk-Lore/Volume 20/The Leopard in the Maize-farm
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 20/The Wallaroo and the Willy-wagtail: a Queensland Folk-Tale -> Folk-Lore/Volume 20/The Wallaroo and the Willy-wagtail
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 21/Folk-medicine in the Panjab -> Folk-Lore/Volume 21/Folk-medicine in the Panjab
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 21/In Memoriam: Alfred Nutt -> Folk-Lore/Volume 21/Obituary/Alfred Nutt
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 21/Manipur Festival -> Folk-Lore/Volume 21/Manipur Festival
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 21/Presidential Address -> Folk-Lore/Volume 21/The Value of European Folklore in the History of Culture
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 21/Some Nāga Customs and Superstitions -> Folk-Lore/Volume 21/Some Nāga Customs and Superstitions
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 21/The Dragon of La Trinità: an Italian Folk-Tale -> Folk-Lore/Volume 21/The Dragon of La Trinità
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 21/The Fairy Child and the Tailor: an Isle of Man Folk-Tale -> Folk-Lore/Volume 21/The Fairy Child and the Tailor
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 21/The Sun God's Axe and Thor's Hammer -> Folk-Lore/Volume 21/The Sun God's Axe and Thor's Hammer
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 22/Presidential Address -> Folk-Lore/Volume 22/The Essential Unity of Folklore
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 23/"Snakestones" and Stone Thunderbolts as Subjects for Systematic Investigation -> Folk-Lore/Volume 23/"Snakestones" and Stone Thunderbolts as Subjects for Systematic Investigation
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 23/Andrew Lang: Folklorist and Critic -> Folk-Lore/Volume 23/Obituary/Andrew Lang: Folklorist and Critic
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 23/Guy Fawkes' Day -> Folk-Lore/Volume 23/Guy Fawkes' Day
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 23/In Memoriam: Andrew Lang -> Folk-Lore/Volume 23/Obituary/Andrew Lang
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 23/Presidential Address: the Scientific Aspects of Folklore -> Folk-Lore/Volume 23/The Scientific Aspects of Folklore
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 23/The "Dreamers" of the Mohave-Apache Tribe (Abstract) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 23/The "Dreamers" of the Mohave-Apache Tribe (Abstract)
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 23/The Several Origins of the Ideas of Unseen, Personal Beings -> Folk-Lore/Volume 23/The Several Origins of the Ideas of Unseen, Personal Beings
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 26/Folklore Notes from South-East Australia -> Folk-Lore/Volume 26/Folklore Notes from South-East Australia
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 26/Folklore of the Waldenses Valley -> Folk-Lore/Volume 26/Folklore of the Waldenses Valley
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 26/Presidential Address: War and Savagery -> Folk-Lore/Volume 26/War and Savagery
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 27/A Folk-Tale from Asia Minor -> Folk-Lore/Volume 27/A Folk-Tale from Asia Minor
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 27/Examples of Folk Memory from Staffordshire -> Folk-Lore/Volume 27/Examples of Folk Memory from Staffordshire
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 27/Giuseppe Pitrè (Obituary) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 27/Obituary/Giuseppe Pitrè
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 27/Marian Emily Roalfe Cox (Obituary) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 27/Obituary/Marian Emily Roalfe Cox
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 27/Marriage Customs in Cromarty -> Folk-Lore/Volume 27/Marriage Customs in Cromarty
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 27/Right Hon. Sir John Rhys (Obituary) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 27/Obituary/Sir John Rhys
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 27/Sir George Laurence Gomme (Obituary) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 27/Obituary/Sir George Laurence Gomme
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 27/The Worship of the God Obalufou: Cursing to Obtain a Blessing -> Folk-Lore/Volume 27/The Worship of the God Obalufou: Cursing to Obtain a Blessing
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 28/Magic and Religion -> Folk-Lore/Volume 28/Magic and Religion
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 28/Organisations of Witches in Great Britain -> Folk-Lore/Volume 28/Organisations of Witches in Great Britain
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 28/The Belief in Charms -> Folk-Lore/Volume 28/The Belief in Charms
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 29/A Mediaeval Legend of the Terrestrial Paradise -> Folk-Lore/Volume 29/A Mediaeval Legend of the Terrestrial Paradise
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 29/An Anglesey Superstition: Modes of Protection from Evil Spirits -> Folk-Lore/Volume 29/An Anglesey Superstition: Modes of Protection from Evil Spirits
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 29/Breton Folklore -> Folk-Lore/Volume 29/Breton Folklore
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 29/Medio-pollito (the Half-Chicken) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 29/Medio-pollito
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 29/Obituary: Paul Sébillot -> Folk-Lore/Volume 29/Obituary/Paul Sébillot
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 29/Parthenogenesis.—In Serbian Popular Tradition -> Folk-Lore/Volume 29/Parthenogenesis
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 29/Presidential Address.—the Transvaluation of Culture -> Folk-Lore/Volume 29/The Transvaluation of Culture
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 29/Sanctuaries and Fairies in West Ireland -> Folk-Lore/Volume 29/Sanctuaries and Fairies in West Ireland
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 29/The Praying Palm of Faridpur -> Folk-Lore/Volume 29/The Praying Palm of Faridpur
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 29/The Provenience of Certain Negro Folk-Tales -> Folk-Lore/Volume 29/The Provenience of Certain Negro Folk-Tales
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 29/The Town of Barbarie -> Folk-Lore/Volume 29/The Town of Barbarie
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 29/War Mascots -> Folk-Lore/Volume 29/War Mascots
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 3/An Analysis of Certain Finnish Myths of Origin -> Folk-Lore/Volume 3/An Analysis of Certain Finnish Myths of Origin
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 3/Balochi Tales, I -> Folk-Lore/Volume 3/Balochi Tales, 1
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 3/Correspondence (September) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 3/Correspondence (September)
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 3/German Christmas and the Christmas-Tree -> Folk-Lore/Volume 3/German Christmas and the Christmas-Tree
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 3/Guardian Spirits of Wells and Lochs -> Folk-Lore/Volume 3/Guardian Spirits of Wells and Lochs
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 3/Magic Songs of the Finns, IV -> Folk-Lore/Volume 3/Magic Songs of the Finns, 4
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 3/Miscellanea (December) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 3/Miscellanea (December)
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 3/The Baker of Beauly: a Highland version of the Tale of the "Three Precepts" -> Folk-Lore/Volume 3/The Baker of Beauly: a Highland version of the Tale of the "Three Precepts"
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 3/The Easter Hare -> Folk-Lore/Volume 3/The Easter Hare
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 3/The Lai of Eliduc and the Märchen of Little Snow-White -> Folk-Lore/Volume 3/The Lai of Eliduc and the Märchen of Little Snow-White
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 3/The Pied Piper of Hamelin -> Folk-Lore/Volume 3/The Pied Piper of Hamelin
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/A Batch of Irish Folk-lore -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/A Batch of Irish Folk-lore
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Annual Address by the President -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Annual Address by the President
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Balochi Tales, II -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Balochi Tales, 2
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Balochi Tales, III -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Balochi Tales, 3
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Balochi Tales, IV -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Balochi Tales, 4
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Celtic Myth and Saga. Report of Research during the years 1892 and 1893 -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Celtic Myth and Saga. Report of Research during the years 1892 and 1893
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Cinderella and Britain -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Cinderella and Britain
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Cinderella and the Diffusion of Tales -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Cinderella and the Diffusion of Tales
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Cinderella in Britain -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Cinderella in Britain
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/English Folk-Drama, II -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/English Folk-Drama, 2
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/First-footing in Aberdeenshire -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/First-footing in Aberdeenshire
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/First-footing in Edinburgh -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/First-footing in Edinburgh
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Folk-lore Gleanings from County Leitrim -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Folk-lore Gleanings from County Leitrim
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Folk-lore in Wills -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Folk-lore in Wills
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Magic Songs of the Finns -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Magic Songs of the Finns
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/May-Day in Cheltenham -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/May-Day in Cheltenham
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Melanesian Folk-tales -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Melanesian Folk-tales
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Miscellanea (December) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Miscellanea (December)
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Miscellanea (June) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Miscellanea (June)
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Miscellanea (March) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Miscellanea (March)
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Miscellanea (September) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Miscellanea (September)
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Notes and News (June) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Notes and News (June)
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Obeah Worship in East and West Indies -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Obeah Worship in East and West Indies
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Pin-Wells and Rag-Bushes -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Pin-Wells and Rag-Bushes
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Proceedings (June) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Proceedings (June)
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Report on Folk-tale Research, 1892 -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Report on Folk-tale Research, 1892
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Review (June) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Review/Excavations in Bokerly and Wansdyke, Dorset and Wilts, 1888-91
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Sacred Wells in Wales -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Sacred Wells in Wales
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Some Recent Utterances of Mr. Newell and Mr. Jacobs. A Criticism -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Some Recent Utterances of Mr. Newell and Mr. Jacobs. A Criticism
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/Szekely Tales, I -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Szekely Tales, 1
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/The Chicago Folk-lore Congress of 1893 -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/The Chicago Folk-lore Congress of 1893
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/The Cow-Mass -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/The Cow-Mass
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/The False Bride -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/The False Bride
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/The Folk -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/The Folk
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/The Glass Mountain. A Note on Folk-lore Gleanings from County Leitrim -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/The Glass Mountain. A Note on Folk-lore Gleanings from County Leitrim
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/The Oldest Icelandic Folk-lore -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/The Oldest Icelandic Folk-lore
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 4/The Sanctuary of Mourie -> Folk-Lore/Volume 4/The Sanctuary of Mourie
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 5/Correspondence (March) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 5/Should Folk-tales be Termed Modern?
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 5/Cursing-Stones in Counties Fermanagh, Cavan, etc. -> Folk-Lore/Volume 5/Cursing-Stones in Counties Fermanagh, Cavan, etc.
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 5/Ghostly Lights -> Folk-Lore/Volume 5/Ghostly Lights
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 5/Guy Fawkes on the South Coast -> Folk-Lore/Volume 5/Guy Fawkes on the South Coast
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 5/Presidential Address -> Folk-Lore/Volume 5/Presidential Address
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 5/Reviews (March) -> Folk-Lore/Volume 5/Review/Legends of the Micmacs
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 5/St. Valentine's Day Custom at Northrepps -> Folk-Lore/Volume 5/St. Valentine's Day Custom at Northrepps
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 5/The Problem of Diffusion: Rejoinders -> Folk-Lore/Volume 5/The Problem of Diffusion: Rejoinders
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 7/Fairy Beliefs and other Folklore Notes from County Leitrim -> Folk-Lore/Volume 7/Fairy Beliefs and other Folklore Notes from County Leitrim
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 7/Fairy Tales from inedited Hebrew MSS. of the Ninth and Twelfth Centuries -> Folk-Lore/Volume 7/Fairy Tales from inedited Hebrew MSS. of the Ninth and Twelfth Centuries
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 7/Indian Folktales -> Folk-Lore/Volume 7/Indian Folktales
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 7/Magical Sacrifice in the Jewish Kabbala -> Folk-Lore/Volume 7/Magical Sacrifice in the Jewish Kabbala
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 7/Staffordshire Folk and their Lore -> Folk-Lore/Volume 7/Staffordshire Folk and their Lore
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 7/The Hood-Game at Haxey, Lincolnshire -> Folk-Lore/Volume 7/The Hood-Game at Haxey, Lincolnshire
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 7/The Quicken-Tree of Dubhros -> Folk-Lore/Volume 7/The Quicken-Tree of Dubhros
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 8/Folklore Parallels and Coincidences -> Folk-Lore/Volume 8/Folklore Parallels and Coincidences
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 8/Presidential Address -> Folk-Lore/Volume 8/The Fairy Mythology of English Literature: Its Origin and Nature
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 8/The History of Sindban and the Seven Wise Masters, Translated from the Syriac -> Folk-Lore/Volume 8/The History of Sindban and the Seven Wise Masters, Translated from the Syriac
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 9/Christ's Half-Dole: an East Anglian Fishing Custom -> Folk-Lore/Volume 9/Christ's Half-Dole
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 9/Presidential Address -> Folk-Lore/Volume 9/The Discrimination of Racial Elements in the Folklore of the British Isles
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 9/Proceedings at Meeting of Tuesday, June 21st, 1898 -> Folk-Lore/Volume 9/Proceedings at Meeting, June 1898
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 9/The "High Gods" of Australia -> Folk-Lore/Volume 9/The "High Gods" of Australia
 * Folk-Lore. Volume 9/Tobit and Jack the Giant-killer -> Folk-Lore/Volume 9/Tobit and Jack the Giant-killer
 * Folk-Lore/Volume 20/The Wallaroo and the Willy-wagtail: a Queensland Folk-Tale -> Folk-Lore/Volume 20/The Wallaroo and the Willy-wagtail
 * Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools/Concurrence Scalia -> Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (503 U.S. 60)/Concurrence Scalia
 * Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools/Opinion of the Court -> Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (503 U.S. 60)/Opinion of the Court
 * Henry T Schliemann -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 38/April 1891/Dr. Henry T. Schliemann
 * M Paul Broca -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/December 1881/M. Paul Broca
 * M Sainte-Claire Deville -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/February 1882/M. Sainte-Claire Deville
 * Mr Frank Buckland -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 18/April 1881/Mr. Frank Buckland
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/August 1872/Sketch of Asa Gray -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/August 1872/Sketch of Prof. Gray
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/July 1872/Sketch of James Dwight Dana -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/July 1872/Prof. James D. Dana
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/June 1872/Sketch of Charles Lyell -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/June 1872/Sir Charles Lyell
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/October 1872/Sketch of William Benjamin Carpenter -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/October 1872/Sketch of Dr. Carpenter
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 10/December 1876/Sketch of Alfred Marshall Mayer -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 10/December 1876/Sketch of Professor Mayer
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 10/February 1877/Sketch of Josiah Parsons Cooke Jr -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 10/February 1877/Sketch of Professor J. P. Cooke Jr.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 10/November 1876/Sketch of Neil Arnott -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 10/November 1876/Sketch of Dr. Arnott
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 11/July 1877/Dr Balfour Stewart -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 11/July 1877/Dr. Balfour Stewart
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 11/May 1877/Sketch of Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 11/May 1877/Sketch of President Barnard
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 12/April 1878/Sketch of Pietro Angelo Secchi -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 12/April 1878/Sketch of Professor Secchi
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 12/December 1877/Sketch of William John Macquorn Rankine -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 12/December 1877/Sketch of Professor Rankine
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 13/July 1878/Sketch of Emil Du Bois-Reymond -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 13/July 1878/Sketch of Professor Du Bois-Reymond
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 13/June 1878/Sketch of Charles Frederic Hartt -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 13/June 1878/Sketch of Professor C. F. Hartt
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 13/May 1878/Sketch of Edward Sylvester Morse -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 13/May 1878/Sketch of Professor Edward S. Morse
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 13/September 1878/Sketch of Professor O C Marsh -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 13/September 1878/Sketch of Professor O. C. Marsh
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 14/December 1878/Sketch of Dr Petermann -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 14/December 1878/Sketch of Dr. Petermann
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 15/May 1879/Sketch of Professor W D Whitney -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 15/May 1879/Sketch of Professor W. D. Whitney
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 15/September 1879/Biographical Notice of George F Barker -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 15/September 1879/Biographical Notice of George F. Barker
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 16/April 1880/Sketch of Dr Charles F Chandler -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 16/April 1880/Sketch of Dr. Charles F. Chandler
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 16/November 1879/Sketch of Dr Asa Fitch -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 16/November 1879/Sketch of Dr. Asa Fitch
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 17/August 1880/Biographical Sketch of Frederick Wohler -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 17/August 1880/Biographical Sketch of Frederick Wöhler
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 18/April 1881/Mr Frank Buckland -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 18/April 1881/Mr. Frank Buckland
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 18/January 1881/Sketch of General Albert J Myer -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 18/January 1881/Sketch of General Albert J. Myer
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 18/November 1880/Sketch of Lewis H Morgan -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 18/November 1880/Sketch of Lewis H. Morgan
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/July 1881/Sketch of Dr Charles T Jackson -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/July 1881/Sketch of Dr. Charles T. Jackson
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/June 1881/Sketch of Julius Adolph Stockhardt -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/June 1881/Sketch of Julius Adolph Stöckhardt
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/May 1881/Sketch of Edward D Cope -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/May 1881/Sketch of Edward D. Cope
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/October 1881/Biographical Notice of Prof C A Young -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/October 1881/Biographical Notice of Prof. C. A. Young
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 2/January 1873/Doctor Livingstone -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 2/January 1873/Dr. Livingstone
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 2/November 1872/Sketch of Prof Tyndall -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 2/November 1872/Sketch of Professor Tyndall
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/April 1882/Sketch of M Louis Pasteur -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/April 1882/Sketch of M. Louis Pasteur
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/December 1881/M Paul Broca -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/December 1881/M. Paul Broca
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/February 1882/M Sainte-Claire Deville -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/February 1882/M. Sainte-Claire Deville
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/January 1882/Professor John W Powell -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/January 1882/Professor John W. Powell
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/March 1882/Sketch of Professor B A Gould -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/March 1882/Sketch of Professor B. A. Gould
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 21/August 1882/Sketch of Baron Adolf Eric Nordenskiold -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 21/August 1882/Sketch of Baron Adolf Eric Nordenskiöld
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 21/July 1882/Sketch of Professor S S Haldeman -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 21/July 1882/Sketch of Professor S. S. Haldeman
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 21/June 1882/Sketch of Charles Robert Darwin -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 21/June 1882/Sketch of Charles R. Darwin, LL.D.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 21/May 1882/Sketch of John Lubbock -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 21/May 1882/Sketch of John Lubbock, Bart., M.P.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 22/April 1883/Sketch of Increase Allen Lapham -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 22/April 1883/Sketch of Increase Allen Lapham, LL.D.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 22/March 1883/Sketch of Sir C Wyville Thomson -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 22/March 1883/Sketch of Sir C. Wyville Thomson
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/July 1883/Sketch of Dr William Farr -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/July 1883/Sketch of Dr. William Farr
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/June 1883/Sketch of Benjamin Silliman -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/June 1883/Sketch of Professor Benjamin Silliman, LL.D.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/May 1883/Sketch of Richard Owen -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/May 1883/Sketch of Professor Richard Owen, F.R.S.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/October 1883/Sketch of Dr Max von Pettenkofer -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/October 1883/Sketch of Dr. Max von Pettenkofer
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/September 1883/Sketch of William Edmond Logan -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/September 1883/Sketch of Sir William E. Logan, LL.D., F.G.S.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 24/January 1884/Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 24/January 1884/Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 25/September 1884/Sketch of Professor J P Lesley -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 25/September 1884/Sketch of Professor J. P. Lesley
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 26/December 1884/Biographical Sketch of E B Tylor -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 26/December 1884/Biographical Sketch of E. B. Tylor
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 26/March 1885/Sketch of M de Quatrefages -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 26/March 1885/Sketch of M. de Quatrefages
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/August 1885/Sketch of M Chevreul -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/August 1885/Sketch of M. Chevreul
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/July 1885/Sketch of Professor S P Langley -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/July 1885/Sketch of Professor S. P. Langley
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/June 1885/Sketch of Dr Alfred E Brehm -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/June 1885/Sketch of Dr. Alfred E. Brehm
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/May 1885/Sketch of M Pierre E Berthelot -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/May 1885/Sketch of M. Pierre E. Berthelot
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/October 1885/Sketch of Professor H A Newton -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/October 1885/Sketch of Professor H. A. Newton
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/September 1885/Sketch of Dr Gustav Nachtigal -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/September 1885/Sketch of Dr. Gustav Nachtigal
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 29/June 1886/Sketch of George Engelmann -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 29/June 1886/Sketch of George Engelmann, M.D.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 3/May 1873/Sketch of George Biddell Airy -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 3/May 1873/Sketch of Sir G. B. Airy
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 3/September 1873/The Late Professor John Torrey -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 3/September 1873/The Late Professor John Torrey, M.D. LL.D.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 30/December 1886/Sketch of Francois Arago -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 30/December 1886/Sketch of Francois Arago
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 30/February 1887/Sketch of Charles C Abbott -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 30/February 1887/Sketch of Charles C. Abbott
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 30/November 1886/Sketch of Professor Edward S Holden -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 30/November 1886/Sketch of Professor Edward S. Holden
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 31/September 1887/Sketch of John James Audubon -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 31/September 1887/Sketch of J. J. Audubon
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 33/August 1888/Sketch of Spencer F Baird -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 33/August 1888/Sketch of Spencer F. Baird
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 33/October 1888/Sketch of J B Boussingault -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 33/October 1888/Sketch of J. B. Boussingault
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/February 1889/Sketch of John B Stallo -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/February 1889/Sketch of John B. Stallo
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 35/October 1889/Sketch of Carolus Linnaeus -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 35/October 1889/Sketch of Carolus Linnæus (Carl von Linné)
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 36/February 1890/Sketch of James Glaisher -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 36/February 1890/Sketch of James Glaisher, F.R.S.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 36/March 1890/Sketch of A F J Plateau -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 36/March 1890/Sketch of A. F. J. Plateau
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 36/November 1889/Sketch of Prof John Le Conte -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 36/November 1889/Sketch of Prof. John Le Conte
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 37/May 1890/Sketch of Henry R Schoolcraft -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 37/May 1890/Sketch of Henry R. Schoolcraft
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 38/April 1891/Henry T Schliemann -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 38/April 1891/Dr. Henry T. Schliemann
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 39/August 1891/Sketch of Friedrich W A Argelander -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 39/August 1891/Sketch of Friedrich W. A. Argelander
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 39/May 1891/Sketch of Niels H C Hoffmeyer -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 39/May 1891/Sketch of Niels H. C. Hoffmeyer
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 4/December 1873/Sketch of Joseph Dalton Hooker -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 4/December 1873/Sketch of J. D. Hooker, F.R.S., LL.D.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 4/February 1874/Sketch of R A Proctor -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 4/February 1874/Sketch of R. A. Proctor
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 4/January 1874/Sketch of Dr J W Draper -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 4/January 1874/Sketch of Dr. J. W. Draper
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 4/November 1873/Sketch of J N Lockyer -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 4/November 1873/Sketch of Mr. J. N. Lockyer, F.R.S.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 43/July 1893/Sketch of Charles A Joy -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 43/July 1893/Sketch of Charles A. Joy
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 43/September 1893/Sketch of Carrington Bolton -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 43/September 1893/Sketch of Henry Carrington Bolton
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 44/April 1894/Sketch of Lewis David von Schweinitz -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 44/April 1894/Sketch of L. D. von Schweinitz
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 44/December 1893/Sketch of Daniel Wilson -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 44/December 1893/Sketch of Sir Daniel Wilson
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 44/January 1894/Elisee Reclus and his Opinions -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 44/January 1894/Elisée Reclus and his Opinions
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 45/May 1894/Sketch of Joseph Henry Gilbert -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 45/May 1894/Sketch of Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 46/April 1895/Sketch of Lardner Vanuxem -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 46/April 1895/Sketch of Prof. Lardner Vanuxem
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 46/February 1895/Sketch of Charles Alexandre Lesueur -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 46/February 1895/Sketch of Charles A. Le Sueur
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/August 1874/Sketch of the Life of Dr Priestley -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/August 1874/Sketch of the Life of Dr. Priestley
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/July 1874/Sketch of Dr Thomas Young -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/July 1874/Sketch of Dr. Thomas Young
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/June 1874/Sketch of Prof Helmholtz -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/June 1874/Sketch of Professor Helmholtz
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/May 1874/Sketch of James Prescott Joule -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/May 1874/Sketch of James P. Joule, F.R.S.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/September 1874/Sketch of John Lawrence LeConte -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/September 1874/Sketch of J. L. Le Conte
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/April 1875/Sketch of Dr Joseph Fraunhofer -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/April 1875/Sketch of Dr. Joseph Fraunhofer
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/December 1874/Sketch of Dr J Lawrence Smith -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/December 1874/Sketch of Dr. J. Lawrence Smith
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/January 1875/Sketch of Dr Jeffries Wyman -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/January 1875/Sketch of Dr. Jeffries Wyman
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/March 1875/Sketch of Dr Henry Maudsley -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/March 1875/Sketch of Dr. Henry Maudsley
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 7/May 1875/Sketch of Dr William Whewell -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 7/May 1875/Sketch of Dr. William Whewell
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 8/February 1876/Sketch of Thomas Sterry Hunt -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 8/February 1876/Sketch of Thomas Sterry Hunt, LL.D., F.R.S.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 8/November 1875/Sketch of Dr H C Bastian -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 8/November 1875/Sketch of Dr. H. C. Bastian
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 9/August 1876/Sketch of Prof J S Newberry -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 9/August 1876/Sketch of Prof. J. S. Newberry, M.D., LL.D.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 9/May 1876/Sketch of Dr Austin Flint Jr -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 9/May 1876/Sketch of Dr. Austin Flint Jr.
 * Popular Science Monthly/Volume 9/September 1876/Sketch of Prof William B Rogers -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 9/September 1876/Sketch of Prof. William B. Rogers
 * Professor John W Powell -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/January 1882/Professor John W. Powell
 * Sketch of A F J Plateau -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 36/March 1890/Sketch of A. F. J. Plateau
 * Sketch of Alfred Marshall Mayer -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 10/December 1876/Sketch of Professor Mayer
 * Sketch of Asa Gray -> Sketch of Prof. Gray
 * Sketch of Baron Adolf Eric Nordenskiold -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 21/August 1882/Sketch of Baron Adolf Eric Nordenskiöld
 * Sketch of Carolus Linnaeus -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 35/October 1889/Sketch of Carolus Linnæus (Carl von Linné)
 * Sketch of Carrington Bolton -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 43/September 1893/Sketch of Henry Carrington Bolton
 * Sketch of Charles A Joy -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 43/July 1893/Sketch of Charles A. Joy
 * Sketch of Charles C Abbott -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 30/February 1887/Sketch of Charles C. Abbott
 * Sketch of Charles Frederic Hartt -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 13/June 1878/Sketch of Professor C. F. Hartt
 * Sketch of Charles Robert Darwin -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 21/June 1882/Sketch of Charles R. Darwin, LL.D.
 * Sketch of Daniel Wilson -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 44/December 1893/Sketch of Sir Daniel Wilson
 * Sketch of Dr Alfred E Brehm -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/June 1885/Sketch of Dr. Alfred E. Brehm
 * Sketch of Dr Asa Fitch -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 16/November 1879/Sketch of Dr. Asa Fitch
 * Sketch of Dr Austin Flint Jr -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 9/May 1876/Sketch of Dr. Austin Flint Jr.
 * Sketch of Dr Charles F Chandler -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 16/April 1880/Sketch of Dr. Charles F. Chandler
 * Sketch of Dr Charles T Jackson -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/July 1881/Sketch of Dr. Charles T. Jackson
 * Sketch of Dr Gustav Nachtigal -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/September 1885/Sketch of Dr. Gustav Nachtigal
 * Sketch of Dr H C Bastian -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 8/November 1875/Sketch of Dr. H. C. Bastian
 * Sketch of Dr Henry Maudsley -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/March 1875/Sketch of Dr. Henry Maudsley
 * Sketch of Dr J Lawrence Smith -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/December 1874/Sketch of Dr. J. Lawrence Smith
 * Sketch of Dr J W Draper -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 4/January 1874/Sketch of Dr. J. W. Draper
 * Sketch of Dr Jeffries Wyman -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/January 1875/Sketch of Dr. Jeffries Wyman
 * Sketch of Dr Joseph Fraunhofer -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/April 1875/Sketch of Dr. Joseph Fraunhofer
 * Sketch of Dr Max von Pettenkofer -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/October 1883/Sketch of Dr. Max von Pettenkofer
 * Sketch of Dr Petermann -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 14/December 1878/Sketch of Dr. Petermann
 * Sketch of Dr Thomas Young -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/July 1874/Sketch of Dr. Thomas Young
 * Sketch of Dr William Farr -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/July 1883/Sketch of Dr. William Farr
 * Sketch of Dr William Whewell -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 7/May 1875/Sketch of Dr. William Whewell
 * Sketch of Edward D Cope -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/May 1881/Sketch of Edward D. Cope
 * Sketch of Edward Sylvester Morse -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 13/May 1878/Sketch of Professor Edward S. Morse
 * Sketch of Emil Du Bois-Reymond -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 13/July 1878/Sketch of Professor Du Bois-Reymond
 * Sketch of Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 11/May 1877/Sketch of President Barnard
 * Sketch of Friedrich W A Argelander -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 39/August 1891/Sketch of Friedrich W. A. Argelander
 * Sketch of General Albert J Myer -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 18/January 1881/Sketch of General Albert J. Myer
 * Sketch of George Engelmann -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 29/June 1886/Sketch of George Engelmann, M.D.
 * Sketch of Henry R Schoolcraft -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 37/May 1890/Sketch of Henry R. Schoolcraft
 * Sketch of Increase Allen Lapham -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 22/April 1883/Sketch of Increase Allen Lapham, LL.D.
 * Sketch of J B Boussingault -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 33/October 1888/Sketch of J. B. Boussingault
 * Sketch of James Glaisher -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 36/February 1890/Sketch of James Glaisher, F.R.S.
 * Sketch of James Prescott Joule -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/May 1874/Sketch of James P. Joule, F.R.S.
 * Sketch of John B Stallo -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/February 1889/Sketch of John B. Stallo
 * Sketch of John James Audubon -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 31/September 1887/Sketch of J. J. Audubon
 * Sketch of John Lawrence LeConte -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/September 1874/Sketch of J. L. Le Conte
 * Sketch of John Lubbock -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 21/May 1882/Sketch of John Lubbock, Bart., M.P.
 * Sketch of Joseph Dalton Hooker -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 4/December 1873/Sketch of J. D. Hooker, F.R.S., LL.D.
 * Sketch of Josiah Parsons Cooke Jr -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 10/February 1877/Sketch of Professor J. P. Cooke Jr.
 * Sketch of Julius Adolph Stockhardt -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/June 1881/Sketch of Julius Adolph Stöckhardt
 * Sketch of Lewis David von Schweinitz -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 44/April 1894/Sketch of L. D. von Schweinitz
 * Sketch of Lewis H Morgan -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 18/November 1880/Sketch of Lewis H. Morgan
 * Sketch of Francois Arago -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 30/December 1886/Sketch of Francois Arago
 * Sketch of M Chevreul -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/August 1885/Sketch of M. Chevreul
 * Sketch of M Louis Pasteur -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/April 1882/Sketch of M. Louis Pasteur
 * Sketch of M Pierre E Berthelot -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/May 1885/Sketch of M. Pierre E. Berthelot
 * Sketch of M de Quatrefages -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 26/March 1885/Sketch of M. de Quatrefages
 * Sketch of Niels H C Hoffmeyer -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 39/May 1891/Sketch of Niels H. C. Hoffmeyer
 * Sketch of Pietro Angelo Secchi -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 12/April 1878/Sketch of Professor Secchi
 * Sketch of Prof Helmholtz -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/June 1874/Sketch of Professor Helmholtz
 * Sketch of Prof J S Newberry -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 9/August 1876/Sketch of Prof. J. S. Newberry, M.D., LL.D.
 * Sketch of Prof John Le Conte -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 36/November 1889/Sketch of Prof. John Le Conte
 * Sketch of Prof William B Rogers -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 9/September 1876/Sketch of Prof. William B. Rogers
 * Sketch of Professor B A Gould -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 20/March 1882/Sketch of Professor B. A. Gould
 * Sketch of Professor Edward S Holden -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 30/November 1886/Sketch of Professor Edward S. Holden
 * Sketch of Professor H A Newton -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/October 1885/Sketch of Professor H. A. Newton
 * Sketch of Professor J P Lesley -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 25/September 1884/Sketch of Professor J. P. Lesley
 * Sketch of Professor O C Marsh -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 13/September 1878/Sketch of Professor O. C. Marsh
 * Sketch of Professor S P Langley -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 27/July 1885/Sketch of Professor S. P. Langley
 * Sketch of Professor S S Haldeman -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 21/July 1882/Sketch of Professor S. S. Haldeman
 * Sketch of Professor W D Whitney -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 15/May 1879/Sketch of Professor W. D. Whitney
 * Sketch of R A Proctor -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 4/February 1874/Sketch of R. A. Proctor
 * Sketch of Richard Owen -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/May 1883/Sketch of Professor Richard Owen, F.R.S.
 * Sketch of Sir C Wyville Thomson -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 22/March 1883/Sketch of Sir C. Wyville Thomson
 * Sketch of Spencer F Baird -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 33/August 1888/Sketch of Spencer F. Baird
 * Sketch of Thomas Sterry Hunt -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 8/February 1876/Sketch of Thomas Sterry Hunt, LL.D., F.R.S.
 * Sketch of William Edmond Logan -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 23/September 1883/Sketch of Sir William E. Logan, LL.D., F.G.S.
 * Sketch of William John Macquorn Rankine -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 12/December 1877/Sketch of Professor Rankine
 * Sketch of the Life of Dr Priestley -> Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/August 1874/Sketch of the Life of Dr. Priestley


text:
User:TalBot/soft redirect maintenance/February 2012/references

 * Talk:Folk-Lore
 * Template talk:New texts/2011
 * Template:New texts/2011/01
 * Template:New texts/2011/02
 * User talk:GrafZahl
 * User talk:Ineuw
 * User talk:Ineuw/Archives/2012-01-01
 * User talk:Kurst
 * User talk:Mpaa
 * User talk:Tannertsf
 * User:Hesperian/Script
 * User:Mpaa/Sandbox5
 * Maintenance of the Month/Base Pages/B
 * Maintenance of the Month/Base Pages/D
 * Maintenance of the Month/Base Pages/E
 * Maintenance of the Month/Base Pages/H
 * Maintenance of the Month/Base Pages/M
 * Maintenance of the Month/Base Pages/P
 * Maintenance of the Month/Base Pages/S
 * Scriptorium/Archives/2011-02
 * Works/2011

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire vol 1 (1897).djvu/180

106 of the city, who had been sent to the camp on the first alarm of mutiny, was endeavouring to calm the fury of the multitude, when he was silenced by the clamorous return of the murderers, bearing on a lance the head of Pertinax. Though history has accustomed us to observe every principle and every passion yielding to the imperious dictates of ambition, it is scarcely credible that, in these moments of horror, Sulpicianus should have aspired to ascend a throne polluted with the recent blood of so near a relation, and so excellent a prince. He had already begun to use the only effectual argument, and to treat for the Imperial dignity; but the more prudent of the Prætorians, apprehensive that, in this private contract, they should not obtain a just price for so valuable a commodity, ran out upon the ramparts; and, with a loud voice, proclaimed that the Roman world was to be disposed of to the best bidder by public auction.

This infamous offer, the most insolent excess of military licence, diffused an universal grief, shame, and indignation throughout the city. It reached at length the ears of Didius Julianus, a wealthy senator, who, regardless of the public calamities, was indulging himself in the luxury of the table. His wife and his daughter, his freedmen and his parasites, easily convinced him that he deserved the throne, and earnestly conjured him to embrace so fortunate an opportunity. The vain old man hastened to the Prætorian camp, where Sulpicianus was still in treaty with the guards; and began to bid against him from the foot of the rampart. The unworthy negotiation was transacted by faithful emissaries, who passed alternately from one candidate to the other, and acquainted each of them with the offers of his rival. Sulpicianus had already promised a donative of five thousand drachms (above one hundred and sixty pounds) to each soldier; when Julian, eager for the prize, rose at once to the sum of six thousand two hundred and fifty drachms, or upwards of two hundred pounds sterling. The gates of the camp were instantly thrown open to the purchaser; he was declared emperor, and received an oath of allegiance from the soldiers, who retained humanity enough to stipulate that he should pardon and forget the competition of Sulpicianus.

It was now incumbent on the Prætorians to fulfil the conditions of the sale. They placed their new sovereign, whom they


text:
Page:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire vol 1 (1897).djvu/181

Rh served and despised, in the centre of their ranks, surrounded him on every side with their shields, and conducted him in close order of battle through the deserted streets of the city. The senate was commanded to assemble, and those who had been the distinguished friends of Pertinax, or the personal enemies of Julian, found it necessary to affect a more than common share of satisfaction at this happy revolution. After Julian had filled the senate house with armed soldiers, he expatiated on the freedom of his election, his own eminent virtues, and his full assurance of the affections of the senate. The obsequious assembly congratulated their own and the public felicity; engaged their allegiance, and conferred on him all the several branches of the Imperial power. From the senate Julian was conducted by the same military procession, to take possession of the palace. The first objects which struck his eyes were the abandoned trunk of Pertinax, and the frugal entertainment prepared for his supper. The one he viewed with indifference; the other with contempt. A magnificent feast was prepared by his order, and he amused himself till a very late hour, with dice, and the performances of Pylades, a celebrated dancer. Yet it was observed that, after the crowd of flatterers dispersed, and left him to darkness, solitude, and terrible reflection, he passed a sleepless night; revolving most probably in his mind his own rash folly, the fate of his virtuous predecessor, and the doubtful and dangerous tenure of an empire, which had not been acquired by merit, but purchased by money.

He had reason to tremble. On the throne of the world he found himself without a friend, and even without an adherent. The guards themselves were ashamed of the prince whom their avarice had persuaded them to accept; nor was there a citizen who did not consider his elevation with horror, as the last insult on the Roman name. The nobility, whose conspicuous station and ample possessions exacted the strictest caution, dissembled their sentiments, and met the affected civility of the


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Albania

ALBANIA (see ). — Up to 1908 the policy adopted by the national Albanian leaders may be summarized as follows:— (1) To preserve the Ottoman Empire until such time as the Albanian national ideal, surreptitiously propagated by the various national societies resident abroad, had entered into the consciousness of the Albanian people as a whole (a process necessarily slow where 99% of the population was illiterate and in the face of the opposition of both ‘Abdul Hamid and the Greek Patriarchate) — lest a premature disruption of Turkey might bring about the dismemberment of Albania herself at the hands of her Christian neighbours; (2) to press in the meantime by constitutional means for an autonomous administration of Albania.

Prominent among those in favour of these Fabian tactics were Ferid Pasha Vlora, the Sultan's trusted grand vizier, and his cousin Ismael Kemal. The keen appreciation by these statesmen of their country's predicament was amply proved by subsequent events. These events, however, they were unable to control. In July 1908 the Young Turk revolution became imminent. The Albanian mountain chiefs, throwing in their lot with the revolutionary movement, took the lead by telegraphing to the Sultan to demand the revival of the constitution of 1878. A few days later Maj. Enver Bey and the Committee of Union and Progress proclaimed the constitution at various places in Macedonia, and the II. and III. Army Corps threatened to march upon Constantinople. On July 24 the Sultan bowed to the inevitable. Six months later he was deposed after his attempt at counter-revolution had failed — an attempt undertaken with the aid of his Albanian bodyguard and with the

connivance of the Liberal union, headed by Ismael Kemal, who had already realized that the aims of the committee were little more liberal than the old régime's. The privilege of informing him of this decision of Parliament was reserved for another Albanian, Essad Pasha.

The Albanians had at first hailed the Turkish revolution with enthusiasm. It seemed to promise the fulfilment of their most cherished aspirations: autonomy and the introduction of means of education in the national tongue. Albanians had never been slow to avail themselves of any opportunity of educating themselves on national lines, as is proved by the phenomenal progress in education that had been made within Albania itself during the years 1879-86, when the establishment of Albanian schools was tolerated, as well as in the Albanian colonies abroad. The names of men like the brothers Sami and Nairn Frasheri, the first a lexicographer and historian, the second a poet; of Wassa Pasha, founder of the society for the publication of Albanian books in Constantinople in 1879; and of Prenk Dochi, who became Abbot of the Mirditi in 1888, should especially be remembered in connexion with the obscure but heroic efforts on the part of patriotic Albanians to educate their countrymen prior to the revolution of 1908.

A “Bessa” (pledge of honour) was taken by the mountain tribesmen to suspend all existing blood feuds in honour of the auspicious occasion. It soon became evident, however, that not only was nothing to be hoped for from the Young Turks but that the triumph of the revolutionary movement was to prove a more formidable menace to the cause of Albanian nationality than the obscurantist tyranny of the Sultan. The Committee of Union and Progress had no sooner obtained a settlement of the international questions arising out of the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina and of Eastern Rumelia by Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria respectively, than they actively set to work to achieve their plan of Ottomanizing the subject races of Turkey. The Albanian schools, which had recently been able to open their doors through private contributions, were again closed, the Albanian newspapers were again forced to migrate to foreign lands, and the national movement was stopped. In the face of violent protests a decree was issued that the Albanian language might be taught with the Turkish instead of Latin characters and a number of school-books were actually published in this manner. But the Albanians saw through the device and would have none of it. Heaps of the books were burned in the market-places.

Insurrection of 1911-2. — At the same time an insurrectionary movement broke out among the Moslem tribes in the north, headed by ‘Isa Boletin, a natural leader of rare prowess who rallied the mountain tribesmen disaffected by the attempt of the Young Turks to levy taxation from which hitherto they had been exempt. The Turks, however, retaliated by ruthless efforts to disarm the population. Whole villages were destroyed and — what the proud clansmen would less easily forgive — their chiefs were publicly flogged. In igri the insurrection assumed larger dimensions. While the Moslem tribes kept quiet the Roman Catholic Malzia and Mathe tribes, instigated by the Montenegrins, formed armed bands, and in the spring attacked with success the Turkish outposts on the Montenegrin frontier. In April Torgut Shevket Pasha tried to suppress the movement with a large army, but notwithstanding the superiority of his forces, met with several reverses. In May Russia warned the Ottoman Government not to extend hostilities against Montenegro, who was harbouring a large number of the refugees. In June Mirdita joined the rebels, proclaiming her own autonomy and setting up a provisional government. In the same month there was a great meeting of rebel chiefs, who drew up a statement of their grievances and a list of their demands under 12 headings, of which the most important were the recognition of Albanian nationality and the use of the Albanian language in the schools and in all local administration.

Balkan War, 1912-3. — The Turks attempted to bribe and cajole Mgr. Sereggi, Archbishop of Scutari, a brave and honest patriot, to intervene. He protested that he had not the authority;

nor was it his business. The inevitable result was that the following year, when the Turks were fully engaged in the war with Italy, the insurrection broke out afresh. The Albanians of Kossovo joined in the revolt, seized Pristina, and published a manifesto demanding a dissolution of Parliament and the holding of fresh and fairly conducted elections. Southern Albania joined the insurgents and success followed success. In May Uskub was occupied. In view of trouble brewing elsewhere the Turks had no alternative but to give in. By the terms of the cessation of hostilities, Albania was recognized by the Turkish Government as an autonomous administrative province comprising the four Albanian vilayets of Scutari, Kossovo, Yannina and Monastir, and more or less the same conditions already granted on paper were definitely ratified. Of all these concessions, however, by far the most important was the recognition on the part of Turkey that Albania extended to the four vilayets. This was the first official delimitation of the frontiers of Albania.

The success of the Albanians was, no doubt, a considerable factor contributing to the outbreak of hostilities between Turkey and the Balkan League in the autumn of 1912. The latter were encouraged by the reverses sustained by the Turkish army under their German leaders, and the grant of autonomy, were it allowed time to consolidate the national organization of the country, threatened to jeopardize the aims of the league, which envisaged the partition of Albania. The latter suffered from possessing no effective central authority. Accordingly, when the war broke out in Oct., the Albanians were divided as to the right policy to pursue. The Roman Catholic Maltsors joined the Montenegrins; the Kossovo Albanians fought half-heartedly on the side of the Turks; the rest of the Albanians remained neutral. The Maltsors, moreover, withdrew from the struggle before the end of the hostilities, being enraged at the cruel treatment by the Montenegrins of their Moslem neighbours. In fact, apart from the defence of the two fortresses of Yannina and Scutari, the safety of which was considered a vital point to the life of Albania, the Albanians practically left the Turks alone in their struggles.

During Nov. the greater part of northern and central Albania was invaded by the Serbians and Montenegrins, and the greater part of Epirus was in the possession of the Greeks. Albania seemed lost. But at this juncture the prompt action of Ismael Kemal partially saved the situation. After consulting with the Governments of Austria-Hungary and Italy, the two Powers interested in the maintenance of an integral Albania, he landed in the nick of time at Durazzo before the capture of that town by the Serbians. Thence he proceeded on horseback to Valona and summoned there an assembly of representative notables from all parts of Albania. On Nov. 28 1912 the national flag, the black double-headed eagle of Scanderbeg on a blood-red ground, was hoisted over the town and a formal proclamation of independence was issued together with a declaration of neutrality. This act gave the Austro-Hungarian and Italian Governments the necessary lead for their diplomatic intervention. But owing to the championship of Russia of the allies' cause, the only immediate result of this was the menace of a general European conflict. It was left to England, the only Power with any pretensions to impartiality, to lend her best offices to bring about an accommodation, and it was owing to the untiring efforts of Sir Edward (afterwards Lord) Grey that eventually a peaceful but by no means altogether satisfactory compromise was arrived at. A conference of ambassadors was assembled in London, and on Dec. 20 the principle of Albanian autonomy was admitted. The allies agreed to leave to the Great Powers the task of delimitating the frontiers and defining the status of Albania and a clause was drafted to this effect for insertion in the Treaty of London (May 1913) between the allies and Turkey. On April 7 1913 Sir Edward Grey made the following statement to the House of Commons:— “The agreement between the Powers respecting the frontiers of Albania was reached after a long and laborious diplomatic effort. It was decided that the littoral and Scutari should be Albanian,

while Ipek, Prizren, Dibra and (after much negotiation) Jakova should be excluded from Albania. This arrangement leaves a large tract of territory to be divided between Serbia and Montenegro as the fruits of victory.”

“It is to be borne in mind that in making that agreement” — Sir Edward Grey added in answer to a question — “the primary essential was to preserve agreement between the Powers themselves.” The natural rights of Albania were accordingly sacrificed for the sake of the general peace of Europe.

In pursuance of this decision two international commissions proceeded to Albania, the one to delimitate the northern and north-eastern, the other the southern frontiers. The duties of the first were largely of a technical character, since with the exception of two or three small gaps the ambassadors had themselves traced the frontiers with some precision. The northern commission was, however, never called upon to report. Thus half a million Albanians forming a compact ethnographical unit within the watershed which constitutes the natural geographical boundary of Albania were left without appeal to Montenegro and Serbia. The southern commission was given wider powers. Under the chairmanship of Lt.-Col. Doughty Wylie the work was undertaken conscientiously, and resulted in the drawing of a frontier which may be considered in the circumstances a fair balance of conflicting ethnographical, geographical and economic claims.

Rule of William of Wied. — Meantime the status of Albania was defined by the ambassadors. On July 29 1913 it was agreed to recognize her as a sovereign independent state under perpetual neutrality guaranteed by the Powers. A foreign prince was to be chosen as ruler. Dutch officers were commissioned for the organization of an Albanian gendarmerie and an international commission of control was instituted, composed of one delegate from each Power and one Albanian representative, with authority for ten years to control the finances of the new State and to check the Albanian Government when acting beyond the limits of its jurisdiction.

On account of the mutual jealousies of the Powers, and especially of those of Italy and Austria-Hungary, it had become impossible to choose for prince any man of known purpose or courage. Prince Charles of Rumania and the Duc de Montpensier were among the abler candidates turned down. Ahmet Fuad Pasha of Egypt was suggested but Ismael Kemal let it be clearly understood that Albania intended to become a European State, and would not accept an Eastern ruler. The choice eventually fell upon Prince William of Wied.

When the international commission of control assumed the sovereignty of Albania at the request of Ismael Kemal in Jan. 1914 pending the arrival of the prince, the number of governments ruling over the several provinces were three. First in priority was the Provisional Government of Ismael Kemal at Valona. The second was the international administration of Scutari, with Gen. Phillips in command. The third was the Government of Essad Pasha in central Albania. This adventurer, after bringing about the murder, so it seems, of the Turkish commander defending Scutari, had betrayed the city in April 1913 into the hands of the Montenegrins on condition of being allowed to march out at the head of his armed followers. These he kept in hand, and on the withdrawal of the Serbs from central Albania he profited by the general discontent with the slow-moving over-cautious Government of Valona to establish a new government under his personal direction at Tirana. Meantime the Montenegrins had been persuaded by the Powers to evacuate Scutari and only the Greeks in the south remained in occupation of Albanian territory within the new frontiers.

Essad reluctantly consented to hand over the reins to the international commission of control on the condition that he himself might head the deputation to Neuwied for the purpose of offering the crown to Prince William. He continued, however, to intrigue against his chief, who bestowed upon him after his arrival at Durazzo (on March 7 1914) the post of Minister of War. The general situation was at this time exceedingly confused. The country was rife with disaffection due to the endless

delays before the choice and arrival of the Mpret, to the intricate cross-currents of intrigue of Essad, Austria and Italy, and to the ghastly terror that the Greek irregulars secretly supported but officially repudiated by the Greek Government constituted in the south. Only a bold man capable of striking the imagination of his people could hope to succeed in these circumstances. Prince William, who even before his arrival had alienated the sympathy of many for having laid himself open to suspicion as implicated in the Austrian plots, revealed himself before long a man of neither courage nor resolution. He remained at Durazzo under the guns of Italian and Austrian warships, chiefly occupying himself in making and unmaking his Cabinet.

In the meantime Essad, who had the goodwill of the Italians, continued to intrigue with the object of discrediting the Prince, while the Austrians and the Nationalist Albanian supporters of Wied plotted with equal pertinacity for the overthrow of the powerful Minister of War. The mistakes of the Prince were at first entirely ascribed by the populace to Essad's machinations. As a result, during the night of May 19, a group of armed Nationalists surrounded his house and Prince William's Austrian guns were trained upon it. Essad's life was only saved by the courageous intervention of an Italian officer. He was eventually placed upon an Italian warship and transported to Italy. Immediately after his departure rebellion broke out among his partisans at Tirana. It might easily have been crushed, for Essad's followers, though well armed, were limited to a few thousand men and were detested by the vast majority of the people. But Prince William at first hesitated, then blundered by bombarding the perfectly inoffensive village of Shuyak (Shyak), which raised the whole immediate countryside in revolt, and finally lost all caste in. the eyes of the Albanians by ignominiously taking refuge during an abortive attack by the insurgents on board a man-of-war. He was never again likely to win the goodwill of his people. When the World War broke out in Aug. 1914, he was still closely besieged in Durazzo. On Sept. 3 he abandoned the country.

The World War. — The history after the outbreak of the World War may be very briefly told. Essad returned to Durazzo, and with the help of his friends the Serbs was able for a short time to reëstablish his rule in central Albania. The international occupation of Scutari was followed by a Serbian occupation. The Greeks took possession of the south until the advent of the Italians in 1915. The rest of the country fell under the authority of local chiefs. Essad remained faithful to his plan which foreshadowed the partition of his country between the Serbs, the Greeks, and himself, under Italian protection. In the absence of any authoritative Albanian Government he succeeded for a time in imposing upon the Entente Powers the notion that he represented the will of his countrymen. It was owing to this fact that the articles relating to Albania in the Pact of London were admitted and it is these articles which have given rise to grave difficulties attendant on the settlement of the country since the Armistice of 1918. The articles in question run as follows: —

In Nov. 1916 the Italians had occupied Valona. In the autumn of 1915 the Austro-Hungarians, after overrunning Serbia, occupied northern and central Albania. Essad retired to Salonika where he continued to pose for some considerable time as the true Albanian representative until he became finally discredited. Many Albanians adhered to the cause of the central empires. This was not unnatural since a victory for Germany would in all probability have given Albania an autonomous, if not an independent, government within wider frontiers than she could ever otherwise hope for. Under Bairam Tsuri, an unsurpassed guerillero, Albanian bands harassed the Allied lines of communication which ran from Santi Quaranta to Koritsa and Salonika.

On June 3 1917 Italy proclaimed the independence of all Albania under Italian protection. This proclamation was subsequently explained as not denoting a “protectorate,” but it could hardly be interpreted as anything but a formal repudiation of the articles of the Pact of London. The French, who had occupied the Ersek-Koritsa road, replied by proclaiming the republic of Koritsa. After three months the republic was abolished, but the district remained under French rule until May 1918, when it was handed over to the Albanians. Then came the retreat of the Austrians in the autumn of that year. Thus the greater part of Albania fell under the occupation of Italy. An inter-Allied contingent on the other hand occupied Scutari, while Serbian troops seized Mt. Tarabosh and advanced their line considerably west of the 1913 frontier.

In March 1920 the inter-Allied command at Scutari handed over their powers to a small Italian contingent, which in May 1921 still remained in the town as representing the Allied and Associated Powers pending the formal recognition of the Albanian State and the confirmation of its frontiers.

Meantime important events had occurred which finally paved the way for the reëstablishment of Albanian independence. The Italians permitted the formation of a new national provisional government within their area of occupation, and Albania's case was duly presented at the Peace Conference in 1919. Her representatives included Turchan Pasha, who had acted as Prince William's prime minister; Dr. Tourtuli of Koritsa, the eminent specialist in tropical diseases; Mgr. Bumci, Bishop of Alessio; and Mehmet Bey Konitza, later Minister of Foreign Affairs and representative of the Vatra, an important national society of Albanians resident in America which had risen during the last ten years under the able organization of Faik Konitza and Mgr. Fa Noli, to take a leading part in the cause of Albanian independence. The general complications of the Adriatic question, however, prevented the Albanian case being concluded. President Wilson vetoed a proposal to partition the country. The Italians at the same time lost their initial popularity. It was generally understood that they had provisionally accepted a mandate for Albania. There were evident signs in any case of an intention on their part to remain in permanent occupation. They treated the local authorities with scant courtesy and seriously hampered the independent working of the central Government. The latter were also keenly aware that a permanent Italian occupation inevitably entailed the admission of at least part of the Greek and Serbian claims to their territory.

It was in these circumstances that fighting broke out between Albanian irregulars and the Italian troops, which had been greatly reduced in numbers and were suffering badly from malaria. The Italians accordingly concentrated within certain strategical areas, and thus enabled a new and more representative Albanian Government to be formed in Feb. 1920, first at Lyusna and then at Tirana, under the presidency of Suleiman Bey Delvina. Four constitutional regents were simultaneously appointed, namely, Mgr. Bumci, Dr. Tourtuli, Abdi Toptani and Akif Pasha — i.e. two Mussulmans, one Catholic and one Orthodox. Later in the year the Albanians under Bairam Tsuri again attacked the Italians, capturing many important positions and pressing them hard within the Valona area itself. Italy was in no mood for further wars. The economic and social condition of the country forbade any hope the Italian Nationalist

parties still entertained of imposing by force of arms Italian rule in Albania. Moreover, Giolitti had assumed power with a large Liberal majority behind him, and he had made up his mind to tackle the Albanian question otherwise. The result was an agreement signed on Aug. 2 1920, by which Albania's independence was completely recognized by Italy and the evacuation of the country by the Italian troops assured.

The Serbs, who had attempted to profit by the occasion, had advanced on Tirana, but after some severe fighting had been driven back to their original positions. Yet in spite of these successes the Government of Suleiman Bey fell in the autumn. It was replaced by a Ministry under Illias Vrioni, pending the election due to take place in the following spring of a new Chamber, Mgr. Fa Noli was appointed Albanian representative at Geneva and in Jan. 1921 Albania was formally admitted to full membership of the League of Nations, all the parties (Italy, Serbia and Greece), at one time interested in her dismemberment, recording their vote in favour of the motion.

 * (Author:James Strachey Barnes)

title: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Albania


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/553

 Rh

[By the "Rule of Faith" is sometimes meant the canon, or document containing the faith, (e. g. Scripture, or ascertained Apostolical tradition,) sometimes the collection of articles of faith, as in a confession, or, (as it is sometimes called) the Summa Fidei. In the former sense of course the Rule is the authority, in the latter it is the very doctrine to be proved. Tertullian uses the word in both senses in this treatise.]

our Lord—whatever is His nature, (so to express myself) whatever is that who is His Father, in whatever way He is  and man, whatever His doctrine, whatever His reward,—certainly declared all this, Himself, during His sojourn on earth, His present and pre-existent nature, His Father's will which He was fulfilling, His commands to man; declared it either openly to the people, or apart to His disciples, of whom He had especially selected twelve as His companions, and the destined teachers of the nations. Accordingly, on His departure to His Father, after His resurrection, He gave them their commission, (i. e. the eleven, for one had fallen away,) and bade them, Go teach the nations, baptizing them in the name of the, and of the , and of the. They then without delay, Apostles as they were called, or Missionaries, chose a twelfth by lot, according to the direction of the prophetic Psalm; and, when they had been visited by the promised Spirit of miracle and tongues, first preached faith in Jesus Christ, and founded churches


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/112

 are formed in successive pairs, each member of a pair being placed on opposite sides of the stomodaeum. Hence the arrangement in six couples is a secondary and not a primary feature. In most Actinians the mesenteries appear in the following order:—At the time when the stomodaeum is formed, a single pair of mesenteries, marked I, I in the diagram (fig. 11, A), makes its appearance, dividing the coelenteric cavity into a smaller sulcar and a large sulcular chamber. The muscle-banners of this pair are placed on the sulcar faces of the mesenteries. Next, a pair of mesenteries, marked II, II in the diagram, is developed in the sulcular chamber, its muscle-banners facing the same way as those of I, I. The third pair is formed in the sulcar chamber, in close connexion with the sulcus, and in this case the muscle-banners are on the sulcular faces. The fourth pair, having its muscle-banners on the sulcar faces, is developed at the opposite extremity of the stomodaeum in close connexion with the sulculus. There are now eight mesenteries present, having exactly the same arrangement as in Edwardsia. A pause in the development follows, during which no new mesenteries are formed, and then the six-rayed symmetry characteristic of a normal Actinian zooid is completed by the formation of the mesenteries V, V in the lateral chambers, and VI, VI in the sulcolateral chambers, their muscle-banners being so disposed that they form couples respectively with II, II and I, I. In Actinia equina the Edwardsia stage is arrived at somewhat differently. The mesenteries second in order of formation form the sulcular directives, those fourth in order of formation form with the fifth the sulculo-lateral couples of the adult.

As far as the anatomy of the zooid is concerned, the majority of the stony or madreporarian corals agree exactly with the soft-bodied Actinians, such as Actinia equina, both in the number and arrangement of the adult mesenteries and in the order of development of the first cycle. The few exceptions will be dealt with later, but it may be stated here that even in these the first cycle of six couples of mesenteries is always formed, and in all the cases which have been examined the course of development described above is followed. There are, however, several groups of Zoantharia in which the mesenterial arrangement of the adult differs widely from that just described. But it is possible to refer all these cases with more or less certainty to the Edwardsian type.

The order comprises a number of soft-bodied Zoantharians generally encrusted with sand. Externally they resemble ordinary sea-anemones, but there is only one ciliated groove, the sulcus, in the stomodaeum, and the mesenteries are arranged on a peculiar pattern. The first twelve mesenteries are disposed in couples, and do not differ from those of Actinia except in size. The mesenterial pairs I, II and III are attached to the stomodaeum, and are called macromesenteries (fig. 12, B), but IV, V and VI are much shorter, and are called micromesenteries. The subsequent development is peculiar to the group. New mesenteries are formed only in the sulco-lateral exocoeles. They are formed in couples, each couple consisting of a macromesentery and a micromesentery, disposed so that the former is nearest to the sulcar directives. The derivation of the Zoanthidea from an Edwardsia form is sufficiently obvious.

The order comprises a few soft-bodied Zoantharians with rounded aboral extremities pierced by pores. They have two circlets of tentacles, a labial and a marginal, and there is only one ciliated groove in the stomodaeum, which appears to be the sulculus. The mesenteries are numerous, and the longitudinal muscles, though distinguishable, are so feebly developed that there are no muscle-banners. The larval forms of the type genus Cerianthus float freely in the sea, and were once considered to belong to a separate genus, Arachnactis. In this larva four pairs of mesenteries having the typical Edwardsian arrangement are developed, but the fifth and sixth pairs, instead of forming couples with the first and second, arise in the sulcar chamber, the fifth pair inside the fourth, and the sixth pair inside the fifth. New mesenteries are continually added in the sulcar chamber, the seventh pair within the sixth, the eighth pair within the seventh, and so on (fig. 13). In the Cerianthidea, as in the Zoanthidea, much as the adult arrangement of mesenteries differs from that of Actinia, the derivation from an Edwardsia stock is obvious.

The order is a well-defined group whose affinities are more obscure. The type form, Antipathes dichotoma (fig. 14), forms arborescent colonies consisting of numerous zooids arranged in a single series along one surface of a branched horny axis. Each zooid has six tentacles; the stomodaeum is elongate, but the sulcus and sulculus are very feebly represented. There are ten mesenteries in which the musculature is so little developed as to be almost indistinguishable. The sulcar and sulcular pairs of mesenteries are short, the sulco-lateral and sulculo-lateral pairs are a little longer, but the two transverse are very large and are the only mesenteries which bear gonads. As the development of the Antipathidea is unknown, it is impossible to say what is the sequence of the mesenterial development, but in Leiopathes glaberrima, a genus with twelve mesenteries, there are distinct indications of an Edwardsia stage.

There are, in addition to these groups, several genera of Actinians whose mesenterial arrangement differs from the normal type. Of

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/112