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Rh before it was quite light. The truth was, Fanny had not slept very soundly, tormented as she was the whole time by her fears, and by wondering from whence the warning came. It was quite certain that it must have proceeded either from Miss Cordsen or Madeleine, for the windows of both rooms were open, If it were Madeleine, the plot had become so involved that she did not dare to think of it. If it were Miss Cordsen, it was bad enough, but still not so desperate. From the sound she guessed that it must be a glass of water, or something of that sort, and as soon as day began to dawn she got up and left her room in the hope of clearing up the mystery. Madeleine sat up as she heard Fanny come in.

"I beg pardon, Madeleine. I came to see if you could give me a glass of water. There is a spider in our water-bottle."

She drew back the curtains, and there, sure enough, stood the water-bottle with its glass. Fanny gave a sigh of relief, and left Madeleine still gazing in astonishment. It was more than she could understand.

title: Page:Garman and Worse.djvu/175


text:
Page:Air Service Boys Flying for Victory.djvu/162

152 Northern France, backed by every sort of gun that could hurl shrapnel aloft, would not be sufficient to stay their progress.

Presently, however, the formation was broken at a signal. To try to maintain it any longer would be little short of suicidal, for the gunners below were getting their range better, and the bursting shells came alarmingly close now.

Tom kept his eyes constantly about him. Each bomber tried to keep at a given altitude in making the evolutions, since in that way they were better able to avoid a collision that would be fatal to both machines.

At last Tom caught his signal and as he headed straight for the spot over the fortress he gave Jack the sign. The bomb slipped from its sheath, and was instantly lost to sight in the smoky atmosphere below.

Already they had had their ears shocked by numerous discharges, as others among the Americans shot their missile earthward. It was terrible to look down at that crisis in the attack. The whole world seemed on fire beneath them, what with the exploding bombs and the myriad flashes coming from the German guns at work.

Jack was disappointed because in this vast inferno he found it utterly impossible to tell where his special messenger struck. He knew, though, that he had been in a fair position for a hit when

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh given the word, and on that account never found any reason to doubt but that it had given a good account of itself.

After delivering his fire Tom swept off to one side so as not to interfere with another bomber who might occupy a higher level, and be advancing to the attack.

Presently when the turn of the air service boys came again they would be ready to send down the second "bundle of concentrated destructiveness"; and later on there might be a "clean-up call" that would exhaust the stock carried by each plane.

Meanwhile, given a chance to look hastily around at other factors connected with the extensive engagement, Tom discovered that there had been at least one victim besides the initial one.

A plane was dropping swiftly, swinging this way and that, turning over and over, and showing signs that the pilot's hand no longer controlled the levers. He was unable to make out whether it was an enemy plane or one of their own convoy; but the doom of those who happened to be belted to the seats was undoubtedly sealed.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/The Race Problem in the United States


text: Air Service Boys Flying for Victory/Chapter 17


text: Category:Shrews and moles

title: Category:Shrews and moles


text: Category:Fishes

title: Category:Fishes


text:
Author:Halford John Mackinder

Books

 * University extension, past, present, and future (1891)
 * Britain and the British seas (1902)
 * The Rhine (1908)
 * Eight lectures on India (1910)
 * Distant lands; an elementary study in geography (1912)
 * The modern British state: an introduction to the study of civics (1914)
 * Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction (1919)

Articles

 * "On the Scope and Methods of Geography On the Scope and Methods of Geography," Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Mar., 1887), pp. 141–174.
 * "Modern Geography, German and English," The Geographical Journal, Vol. 6, No. 4 (October, 1895), pp. 367-379.
 * "A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 15, No. 5 (May, 1900), pp. 453–476.
 * "The geographical pivot of history". The Geographical Journal, 1904, 23, pp. 421–37
 * "Man-Power as a Measure of National and Imperial Strength", National and English Review, XIV, 1905.
 * "Geography and History", The Times. 9 February 1905.
 * "The Teaching of Geography and History as a Combined Subject," The Geographical Teacher Vol. 7, No. 1 (Spring, 1913), pp. 4-19

As editor

 * The Regions of the World series
 * Britain And The British Seas by Mackinder
 * Western Europe And The Mediterranean by Elisée Reclus
 * Central Europe by Joseph Partsch
 * Scandinavia And The Arctic Region by Clements R. Markham
 * The Russian Empire by Prince Kropotkin
 * The Nearer East by D. G. Hogarth
 * Africa by J. Scott Keltie
 * India by Thomas Holdich
 * The Farther East by Archibald Little
 * North America by Israel C. Russell
 * South America by John C. Branner
 * Australasia and Antarctica by H. O. Forbes

title: Author:Halford John Mackinder


text:
Page:An Introduction to the Study of Fishes.djvu/45

Rh Impressed with the fact that the peculiar scales of Polypterus and Lepidosteus are common to all fossil osseous fishes down to the chalk, he takes the structure of the scales generally as the base for an ichthyological system, and distinguishes four orders:—

1. Placoids.—Without scales proper, but with scales of enamel, sometimes large, sometimes small and reduced to mere points (Rays, Sharks, and Cyclostomi, with the fossil Hybodontes).

2. Ganoids.—With angular bony scales, covered with a thick stratum of enamel: to this order belong the fossil Lepidoides, Sauroides, Pycnodontes, and Coelacanthi; the recent Polypterus, Lepidosteus, Sclerodermi, Gymnodontes, Lophobranches, and Siluroides; also the Sturgeons.

3. Ctenoids.—With rough scales, which have their free margins denticulated: Chætodontidæ, Pleuronectidæ, Percidæ, Polyacanthi, Sciænidse, Sparidæ, Scorpænidæ, Aulostomi.

4. Cycloids.—With smooth scales, the hind margin of which lacks denticulation: Labridæ, Mugilidæ, Scombridæ, Gadoidei, Gobiidæ, Murænidæ, Lucioidei, Salmonidæ, Clupeidæ, Cyprinidæ.

We have no hesitation in affirming that if Agassiz had had an opportunity of acquiring a more extensive and intimate knowledge of existing fishes before his energies were absorbed in the study of their fossil remains, he himself would have recognised the artificial character of his classification. The distinctions between cycloid and ctenoid scales, between placoid and ganoid fishes are vague, and can hardly be maintained. As far as the living and post-cretacean forms are concerned, the vantage-ground gained by Cuvier was abandoned by him; and therefore his system could never supersede that of his predecessors, and finally shared the fate of every classification based on the modifications of one organ only. But Agassiz has the merit of having opened an immense new


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/The Antiquity of Man in North America


text:
Page:An Introduction to the Study of Fishes.djvu/46

22 field of research by his study of the infinite variety of fossil forms. In his principal work, "Recherches sur les Poissons fossiles," (Neuchatel, 1833-43, 4to, atlas in fol.), he placed them before the world arranged in a methodical manner, with excellent descriptions and illustrations. His power of discernment and penetration in determining even the most fragmentary remains is truly astonishing; and if his order of Ganoids is an assemblage of forms very different from that as it is circumscribed now, he was at any rate the first who recognised that such an order of fishes exists.

The discoverer of the Ganoidei was succeeded by their explorer, (born 1801, died 1858). In his classical memoir "Ueber den Bau und die Grenzen der Ganoiden" (Berlin, 1846; 4to), he showed that the Ganoids differed from all the other osseous fishes, and agreed with the Plagiostomes, in the structure of their heart. By this primary character, all heterogeneous elements, as Siluroids, Osteoglossidæ, etc., were eliminated from the order as understood by Agassiz. On the other hand, he did not recognise the affinity of Lepidosiren to the Ganoids, but established for it a distinct sub-class, Dipnoi, which he placed at the opposite end of the system. By his researches into the anatomy of the Lampreys and Amphioxus, their typical distinctness from other cartilaginous fishes was proved; they became the types of two other sub-classes, Cyclostomi and Leptocardii.

Müller proposed several other not unimportant modifications of the Cuvierian system; and although all cannot be maintained as the most natural arrangements, yet his researches have given us a much more complete knowledge of the organisation of the Teleosteous fishes, and later enquiries have shown that, on the whole, the combinations proposed by him require only some further modification and another definition to render them perfectly natural.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/The Use of Acetylene


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/Thoughts About Universities


text:
Category talk:Fish

The more usual plural in Engish is "Fish". "Fishes" is rather dated as a plural. --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:47, 20 November 2012 (UTC)
 * ...you know what, you're right. I'm seriously considering undoing my deletion and shifting everything back to this versus Category:Fishes. EVula // talk // ☯  // 21:03, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Fish


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/In the Little Brook


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/White Whales in Confinement


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/Unusual Forms in Plants


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/Malay Literature


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/The Colors of Flowers


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/Folklore of the Alleghanies


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/Origin of Ancient Hindu Astronomy


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/Sketch of William Keith Brooks


text: Category:Plant pathology

title: Category:Plant pathology


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/Editor's Table


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/Scientific Literature


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/General Notices


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/Publications Received


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/Fragments of Science


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/Minor Paragraphs


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/July 1899/Notes


text:
Page:All the Year Round - Series 1 - Volume 11.djvu/99

 I i I Chulesblekenul ALL THE YEAR ROUND. [nn-en a,1sc4.] 5 rate in the first instance) by servitude, nndl undertook, before I sought a scrricc for Arthur, to induce Mr. Moreen, the npholsterer-with whom John Bentrnore had lived twice as fore man-to employ him; but John’s hopes on this head were s ig t. “He won’t do it, sir," he said, with a sigh of seltire roach ; “ and I don’t deserve that Ire should. l]'Ie’s n just man-Mr. Moreen. And I-I owe him money. I owe hinr a large sum of mone, and he’s not one to ovar- look that. If indeed he would let the boy work for hiru any number of ears without wages, and so pay him all what Is owe, that would be a blessed thing! but he \von’t do it! he won’t do it, sir. I have enraged him; and Mrs. Moreen -she can’t overlook his having lent me the money; not but what it would be the best thing the could do to get aid; for Arthur would do his duty by them, pm sure of that. Hc’s very different from me, you see, sir-a deal better. He’s got twenty times my head for Egures, and book-keepirg,nn that. He’ll mnke a first-rate man of business, will Arthur. They say at his school, that he’s an uncommon turn for mathematics. It is a pity, ain’t it, to make a menial of such a lad as t nt ?” And the father looked proudly and fondly at his boy, who was seated in the hospital window intent upon a. book; und a single tear rolled down n n his pillow. The iidur came at last. He fixed on his boy n glance of loving recognition, and the lender lig t faded away; in its place there came a film, and all was over. IL Arthur Bentmore had not completed his thir- teenth year when his father died. He was tall for his age, with small and well-cut features. The mouth was full and handsome ; but the com» pressed lips, and square chin, indicated drm» ness, whilst the si ffnlzn-ly prominent e es had in them a thonghtfiiil abstraction unusual in one so young. I had learnt from Mr. Gillies, his schoolrnaster mom I had met more than once by his fnther’s side), that he was stndions and persevenng, though not particularly clever; and lrom the father himself, that he was dutiful and obedient in no ordinary degree. But m own observations had served rather to puzzle tiian to enlighten me, althonfrh at one conclusion I had arrived, namely, that he was reserved even to se- cretiveness. His nature seemed to be one of those which, to open at all, must be wrenched open. _ His father's a.|l`airs were set in order with as little delay ns possible. When all was sold, scarcely enough remained to pay the funeral and otha- nccasary expenses ; nothin whatever towards defrsying Mr. l\Ioreen’s debt. I had clothed the boy in decent mouming, and aid his small arrears of schooling myself, taking him for the moment into m own lodging ; and now I felt rt was time to think of puttin" him in some way of earning an independent liveli- hood; but rt was not without the utmost dilii. culty and considerable exercise of patience, that I Wm? from hrm the confession that he would rather e an upholsterer than a servant. I took him to Mr. Moreen, whom I had long been in the habit of attending professionally, and who I believed had a real regard for me. I would make an attempt in that quarter. After all, it could but fail. _Mn Noreen was a huge, sturdy, ruddy-faced giant, working hard, livin" generously, doing usiuess, as business should be done, in a hnsr- ness-like way. He piqued himself on the quality of his materials, and the excellence of his work. manship, and was wont to look with an eye of something like contempt on any work but his own. Though as straightforward, shrewd, and experienced a tradesman as London ever ro- dnced, he was completely under the thumb of his wife. He mme down to us now, from the comfortable meat tea he had been enjo ing with Mrs. l\[. (ns he respectfully called hcrl and the children, wiping the crumbs from his mouth as he entered. He smiled on seeing nie; but cast a sharp glance of something like disfavonr on my companion; who, pale nnd slender, looked above his station in his new moimiinv suit, re- liered by an inch or two of his fatiier’s gold chain, that pxeeped from his waistcoat. I said it had been is lute forcman's last wish that his son should be brou ht up to the trade he had followed himself, add that he bad not been with- out ho e that Mr. Moreen would permit the bo to he in his sho, at least for a while. dire upholsterer heard me attentively to the end. He was not one to speak hastily, nor yiat one to mince matters when he did speak. e knew his own mind, in general-when Mrs. M. was not by. "Sir, 1 \vouldn’t have a son of John Bent- more’s in my shop, not if on was to pn me ull he owed, and fifty pounfg more to the hack of that. I’ve had enough of the father; I don’t want no more of the lot. That bofll be `ust like ’ern all-turn out as had as the rest. lohn Bentmore used me ill, sir. Itrusted him, and he deceived me. He deceived mc.” “ Not wilfully!" I interrupted. “ When he borrowed that money, he intended to repay it.” “I trusted him, and he deceived me,” Mr. Moreen resumed, not condescending to notice rn interruption. “ He promised in black and white, that he would pay back that rnoney before the year \vere out, and he never plaid me a shilling of it-no, nor meant to it. here’s no honesty in the blood, that’s where it is! there's no honesty in the blood! Eghty-seven pounds nine shillings and threepence that man owed me, and I shall never see a fartlnng of it. No, sir, I thank you ; but I’ll have nothing to do with his boy.” _ “Father would hare tricd to pay you, if he had lived, sir l" Arthnr’s \-onng voice was heard to say; “I know he wotild have done his best to ray yon.” I glanced nt the boy. He was pale, and the pirspimtion stood in beads upon ixsforehead. ' eyes, full ol' an eager and glowing hght. were fixed intently on the upholsterer. My heart bled for him. It was cruel to speak thus of his dead father in his presence. i, l


text:
Page:An Introduction to the Study of Fishes.djvu/47

Rh Under the name of Pharyngognathi he combined fishes with the lower pharyngeals coalesced into one bone, viz. the Labroids, Chromides, and Scombresoces. The association of the third family with the two former seemed to himself a somewhat arbitrary proceeding; and it had to be abandoned again, when a number of fishes which cannot be separated from the Acanthopterygians, were found to possess the same united pharyngeals.

A more natural combination is the union of the Cod-fishes with the Flat-fishes into the order Anacanthini. Flat-fishes are in fact nothing but asymmetrical Cod-fishes. Müller separates them from the remaining Malacopterygians by the absence of a connecting duct between the air-bladder and oesophagus. However, it must be admitted that the examination of those fishes, and especially of the young stages, is not complete enough to raise the question beyond every doubt, whether the presence or absence of that duct is an absolutely distinctive character between Anacanths and Malacopterygians.

Many of the families established by Cuvier were re-examined and better defined by Müller, as may be seen from the following outline of his system:—


text: Page:Darío - Eleven Poems.djvu/56

title: Page:Darío - Eleven Poems.djvu/56


text:
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, treasure only gods may keep, Fleeting from me forever now! I cannot, when I wish to, weep, And often cry I know not how

My heart's celestial histories, So countless were, could not be told.— She was a tender child, in this World of affliction manifold.

She seemed a dawn of pure delight; She smiled as the flow'rs after rain; Her stresses were like to the night Fashioned of darknesses and pain.

I was timid and childlike shy. I could not but have been this way: She, to my love chaste as the sky, Was Herodias and Salomé

Youth, treasure only gods may keep, Fleeting from me forever now! I cannot, when I wish to, weep, And often cry I know not how 39]

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text: Page:Darío - Eleven Poems.djvu/58

title: Page:Darío - Eleven Poems.djvu/58


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Page:Darío - Eleven Poems.djvu/59

 The other was more sensitive, More quieting and loving-kind, With greater will to love and live Than I ever had hoped to find.

For with her grace of tenderness A violence of love she had: In a peplos of loveliness Was hid a Mænad passion mad

To her bosom she took my dream, Fondled it there, and gave it death My dream a suckling child did seem, Dead lacking light, dead lacking faith

Youth, treasure only gods may keep, Wilted in me forever now! I cannot, when I wish to, weep, And often cry I know not how

Another fancied my lips were A casket wrought to hold her love; And wildly with the teeth of her To gnaw my very heart she strove.

She willed all passionate excess; She was a flame of love for me; She made each ardorous caress Synthesis of eternity. 41]

title: Page:Darío - Eleven Poems.djvu/59


text: Page:Darío - Eleven Poems.djvu/60

title: Page:Darío - Eleven Poems.djvu/60


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 She deemed our flesh a deathless thing, And on desire an Eden reared, Forgetting that the flowers of Spring And of the flesh so soon are seared

Youth, treasure only gods may keep, Fleeting from me forever now! I cannot, when I wish to, weep, And often cry I know not how

And the others! In many climes, In so many lands, ever were Merely the pretext for my rhymes, Or heart-born fantasies of her.

I sought for the princess in vain, She that awaited sorrowing. But life is hard. Bitter with pain. There is no princess now to sing!

And yet despite the season drear, My thirst of love no slaking knows; Gray-haired am I, yet still draw near The roses of the garden-close

Youth, treasure only gods may keep, Fleeting from me forever now! I cannot, when I wish to, weep, And often cry I know not how

Ah, but the golden Dawn is mine!

43]

title: Page:Darío - Eleven Poems.djvu/61


text:
Page:An Introduction to the Study of Fishes.djvu/48

24 {| style="width: 90%;" align="center"
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo II.—Anacanthini.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-ordo I.—Anacanthini sub-brachii.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Gadoidei.
 * || align="right" | "   2. || Pleuronectides.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-ordo II.—Anacanthini apodes.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Ophidini.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo III.—Pharyngognathi.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-ordo I.—Pharyngognathi acanthopterygii.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Labroidei cycloidei.
 * || align="right" | "   2. || Labroidei ctenoidei.
 * || align="right" | "   3. || Chromides.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-ordo II.—Pharyngognathi malacopterygii.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Scomberesoces.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo IV.—Physostomi.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-ordo I.—Physostomi abdominales.
 * align="right" | Fam. 1. || Siluroidei. || align="right" | Fam. 7. || Galaxiæ.
 * align="right" | "   2. || Cyprinoidei. || align="right" | "  8. || Salmones.
 * align="right" | "   3. || Characini. || align="right" | "  9. || Scopelini.
 * align="right" | "   4. || Cyprinodontes. || align="right" | "  10. || Clupeidæ.
 * align="right" | "   5. || Mormyri. || align="right" | "  11. || Heteropygii.
 * align="right" | "   6. || Esoces.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-ordo II.—Physostomi apodes s. anguillares.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 12. || Murænoidei.
 * || align="right" | "   13. || Gymnotini.
 * || align="right" | "   14. || Symbranchii.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo V.—Plectognathi.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Balistini.
 * || align="right" | "   2. || Ostraciones.
 * || align="right" | "   3. || Gymnodontes.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo VI.—Lophobranchii.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Lophobranchi.
 * }
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-ordo I.—Physostomi abdominales.
 * align="right" | Fam. 1. || Siluroidei. || align="right" | Fam. 7. || Galaxiæ.
 * align="right" | "   2. || Cyprinoidei. || align="right" | "  8. || Salmones.
 * align="right" | "   3. || Characini. || align="right" | "  9. || Scopelini.
 * align="right" | "   4. || Cyprinodontes. || align="right" | "  10. || Clupeidæ.
 * align="right" | "   5. || Mormyri. || align="right" | "  11. || Heteropygii.
 * align="right" | "   6. || Esoces.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-ordo II.—Physostomi apodes s. anguillares.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 12. || Murænoidei.
 * || align="right" | "   13. || Gymnotini.
 * || align="right" | "   14. || Symbranchii.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo V.—Plectognathi.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Balistini.
 * || align="right" | "   2. || Ostraciones.
 * || align="right" | "   3. || Gymnodontes.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo VI.—Lophobranchii.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Lophobranchi.
 * }
 * || align="right" | "   13. || Gymnotini.
 * || align="right" | "   14. || Symbranchii.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo V.—Plectognathi.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Balistini.
 * || align="right" | "   2. || Ostraciones.
 * || align="right" | "   3. || Gymnodontes.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo VI.—Lophobranchii.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Lophobranchi.
 * }
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Balistini.
 * || align="right" | "   2. || Ostraciones.
 * || align="right" | "   3. || Gymnodontes.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo VI.—Lophobranchii.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Lophobranchi.
 * }
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo VI.—Lophobranchii.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Lophobranchi.
 * }
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Lophobranchi.
 * }
 * }


text:
Page:Garman and Worse.djvu/176

174

autumn rains had now begun in earnest. Day after day the water came down in streams, and at night it could be heard pattering on the window panes, and dripping from the eaves, every time one woke.

At first the rain came for a long time from the south-west, but there was nothing wonderful in that, for the south-west is a rainy quarter. But when it rained for a whole fortnight with a north wind, people who were weather-wise maintained that if it once began to rain steadily from the north, there would be no end to it.

One morning the wind ceased, but the clouds lay heavy and lowering overhead; and now the weather-wise averred, with much shaking of heads, that it would be worse than ever. The morning, however, actually passed without rain, and the air grew lighter and clearer; but just as the aspect began to improve, the drizzle again commenced.

The rain now set in with renewed vigour, with all its pleasing varieties of shower and deluge; but the

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text:
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Rh worst form it took was when it poured persistently and unmercifully from morning to night.

The new moons came in with rain and went out with rain, and every day of the calendar was alike wet. The wind veered about to every point of the compass, and heaped up banks of fog out to sea, and heavy masses of cloud up in the mountains, which finally drifted together, and poured down their contents in torrents all along the west coast.

And now the storms began in earnest, and went soughing through the trees in the avenue, and whistling in the rigging of the vessels that were laid up for the winter.

In the old house at Sandsgaard each separate wind had its own pet corner, to which it returned with delight every autumn. The north wind came howling along between the warehouses; the south wind took the wet leaves from the garden and hurled them in handfuls against the window-panes; the east wind whirled down the chimneys till all the rooms were full of smoke; while the pet amusement of the west wind was to make a clatter with all the loose tiles on the roof, during the whole livelong night.

The Consul kept going and looking at the barometer, and tapping it to see if the quicksilver was rising or falling: but, to tell the truth, it did not seem to make much matter which it did; for the sky, the clouds, the rain, and the storm had all got into such a jumble, that the weather continued equally abominable, week after week, during the whole winter.

In the ship-yard work went on but slowly, for

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176 Garman and Worse were not so new-fangled as to build under cover; but Mr. Robson still thought that he would be ready by the appointed day, although the weather certainly was "the very devil!"

But the person who most of all anathematized the weather, and indeed the whole west coast, and everything that belonged to it, was our friend Mr. Aalbom. When he left his house in the morning, the wind and rain would persist in beating in his face, and when he came out of school, they were so obliging as to follow him right up again to his very door. When he had gone part of the way down the avenue, the wind managed to blow down on the top of his umbrella, which, after many struggles, it finally pressed down until his hat got jammed in among the ribs. Then all at once it began the same tactics from below, and blew up under the umbrella, and between the master's long legs, filling out the closely buttoned waterproof, until it bid fair to blow it away altogether.

All October and November went on much in the same fashion, and people who were given to jokes began to say that they had quite forgotten the sun's appearance.

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Rh

last, one day well on in December, the dreadful weather seemed to have worn itself out for a time. The sky was perfectly clear, and not even the smallest cloud was to be seen which could give rise to apprehension. During the night there had been a few degrees of frost, and the roads, which had for a long time been nearly impassable, became all at once hard and dry. On the puddles lay the first ice, as thin and clear as glass, and the meadows were hoary with frost.

The chaplain was on his way to Sandsgaard, with his newly acquired smile on his features. The lovely weather enlivened him, and made his thoughts cheerful and full of hope; for the chaplain was going a wooing.

It was fully two years since Martens had lost his first wife; he had really regretted his loss, but now it was a long time ago. It would have been quite improper, and not at all in accordance with the views of the congregation, for so young a widower to remain single longer than was absolutely required

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178 by the ordinary rules of society. Now, the chaplain knew just as well as any one that a particular charm attaches to an unmarried clergyman—that is, for a time; and he also fully agreed with Dean Sparre, when he said a short time previously, "If a congregation is to have the peaceful, comforting feeling that their souls are well cared for, they should have the example of a peaceful, homely life before their eyes, in the form of a motherly wife at the rectory, and even better still, a family of happy children."

And besides, Pastor Martens was really in love. Madeleine Garman had long ago, in fact as soon as ever she left Bratvold, taken possession of his heart by her modest and natural demeanour; and no worldly expectations mingled in the chaplain's affections. He knew that Richard Garman had not a shilling, and he was sufficiently free from prejudice to disbelieve the general report that Madeleine's father had never been properly married to her mother. In Madeleine he hoped to find the retiring and simple-minded woman for whom he was seeking, and latterly, since her manners had become even more quiet, he had paid her greater attention, and it appeared to him that she met him in a modest and womanly manner.

On his arrival at Sandsgaard, he met Mrs. Garman in her room, and to her he entrusted his secret. At first she did not seem to take to the idea, but on second thoughts she appeared more favourably disposed. She considered that sooner or later something of the kind must happen, and it was perhaps just as well that the chaplain, who was already so dear to

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Rh her, should become a member of the family. She therefore said, when she had made up her mind—

"Well, Mr. Martens, if you really think that Madeleine will make you a good wife in the eyes of God and man, I have nothing to do but give you my very best wishes on the choice you have made. You will find Madeleine in the green-room."

Pastor Martens went off to the green-room, and returned after a quarter of an hour had elapsed; but Mrs. Garman's astonishment defies description, when she learnt that he had met with a refusal.

"Tell me," she groaned—"tell me every word. Oh, the poor misguided child!"

"I am afraid I cannot tell you every word that passed, Mrs. Garman," answered Martens, pale with emotion; "I am too much shocked and"

"And surprised too, I am sure," said Mrs. Garman, concluding his sentence; "yes, that I can readily believe. What is the matter with the child? What reason did she give?"

"She did not say much," answered the pastor; "she seemed to be almost afraid of me. She went off to the door and began to cry, and said"

"What—what did she say?"

"She simply kept repeating 'no,'" answered the chaplain, quite crestfallen.

Mrs. Garman could not disguise her astonishment.

The bright sunshine had not the same enlivening effect upon the pastor as he returned to his lodgings. He, however, managed to control both his feelings and his countenance. This was a trial that he would

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180 have to receive with humility. The only thing that annoyed him was, that he had said anything about it to Mrs. Garman.

Mr. Martens's proposal was the only thing that was wanted to complete the life of wretchedness, which Madeleine had passed ever since that moonlight autumn evening; and yet the chaplain was to a certain extent right, when he thought that Madeleine had met him with some degree of warmth. There was, in fact, something in the almost fatherly manner with which he treated her, something which seemed to soothe her affrighted heart. She had a longing to be able to feel confidence in somebody, and the calm, earnest clergyman seemed to her so different from all those for whom she had such an abhorrence, since she had made her fatal discovery. And now he, too, was to come to her with the same story; told, certainly, in a different way—that she was quite willing to allow; but still the gist of it was the same—the very same whichever way she turned.

Mrs. Garman took her most severely to task for having so unreasonably and foolishly rejected such a man as Pastor Martens; and at length, what with one thing and another, the poor girl quite lost her health, and the doctor had as much as he could do to pull her through an obstinate attack of low fever.

George Delphin had soon got to know from Fanny that it was old Miss Cordsen who had seen them in the garden, and given them the timely warning. This was for him a greater relief than Fanny expected; for, after the first feeling of pride and delight at having

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Rh gained his lovely prize, Delphin had felt more and more compunction in his inmost heart every time he thought of Madeleine. He was not willing to break off with Fanny—this was more than he dared to do; but, careless and clever as he was, he thought that he would be able for the present to keep up the double game with both.

He could make up his mind when the time came, and he would make up his mind, too, if he could win Madeleine, and if he thought she was worth the price of breaking off with the lovely Fanny. But within a few days after that evening on which they had been so careless, his eyes began to be opened. Fanny was not at Sandsgaard that day, for little Christian Frederick had got the measles, and Delphin, therefore, attempted to talk with Madeleine in the good-natured and patronizing way which he had hitherto done. But a single look from her frightened eyes was enough for him; he could not endure her glance, and became silent, and immediately after dinner made an excuse for taking his leave. He had promised to look in at Fanny's during the afternoon, and he found her expecting him, as she came from the child's sick-room in a charming demi-toilette. When he came in, she ran forwards with her hands stretched out to meet him. Delphin did not take them, but said with a serious air—

"I know now who it was that saw us that evening; it was not Miss Cordsen."

"That is what I have long suspected," answered Fanny, with a smile; "but I did not wish to alarm

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182 you. Besides, Madeleine is far too stupid to allow of her doing us any harm."

At that moment he was almost afraid of her. He felt he could not remain with her any longer, although she besought him to do so.

Fanny stood watching him as he went down the street, biting her lips to restrain her feelings; but the tears stood in her eyes, and she kept a convulsive hold on the curtains, behind which she was concealing herself. For the conquest she had made, which had also on her side been at first only mere vanity, had ended by becoming a serious matter. She really loved him, and could now see clearly exactly how the situation lay.

Christmas came and passed. The ordinary festivities of the season went on as usual at the Garmans'; but this year they were less merry than usual. There were several members of the family who each had to bear his own separate sorrow; and little Christian Frederick, the only hope of the family, was lying at home, slowly recovering from the measles. Uncle Richard never seemed to gain quite his usual Christmas spirits, for Madeleine's appearance caused him considerable anxiety. Since he had no longer been able to keep her under his eye by means of the big telescope, she had quite got beyond his ken amongst all the others with whom she constantly mixed, and when ever they happened by chance to find themselves alone together, Madeleine did nothing but cry, and that was more than her father could bear.

Morten was dreading the settling of the year's

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Rh accounts with his father. That part of the business which was carried on in the town, and which was regarded as a kind of offshoot from Garman and Worse, had to be most carefully examined on account of a large amount of private business and debts, which the son had incurred during the past year. His housekeeping account, which his father always wished to see, had also to be worked out carefully by itself. But the worst of it all was, that when they were sitting together in the Consul's office, Morten could never get rid of the feeling, that however he might twist and wriggle, the clear blue eyes still seemed to pierce through his every manœuvre; and the part he had to play was very painful to him. As soon as they had reckoned up the result of the year, the Consul put his finger on the gross receipts and said, "These are far too small."

"Times have been very bad," answered Morten. "I feel sure that by next year"

"The times have not been so bad," interrupted the father, "but that a house with the capital with which we have to work ought to have managed to earn double. In my father's time we earned twice as much with half our present capital."

"Yes; but times were quite different in those days, father."

"And people were quite different too," answered the Consul, severely. "In those days we were contented to move with caution and foresight, without mining our credit by mixing with a lot of speculators in all kinds of doubtful undertakings."

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184 Morten felt the rebuke, and answered, "I did not think Garman and Worse set such store by its credit in those days."

"The house is no longer what it has been," said the young Consul dryly, closing the thick ledger. He then held out his hand to Morten over the table, and said, "Best wishes for the new year."

"The same to you, father," said Morten, as their eyes met for a moment.

The young Consul thought upon the time when he himself stood where Morten was now standing, and when the old Consul sat in the armchair. How utterly different everything was in the old days! However, the year's account was over, and Morten was glad of it.

After Christmas there was a succession of balls and parties in the town. At Sandsgaard only one large ball was given every year, and that was on the old Consul's birthday, which fell on the 15th of May.

Madeleine did not go out that winter, neither did she pay any more visits to Fanny. Rachel was, as usual, quite incomprehensible. Sometimes she would answer her well-known "No, thanks," and sometimes she would take it into her head to make herself smart, go to a dance, and be either pleasant or the contrary, just as the fit took her.

The disappointment she had experienced at the hands of Mr. Johnsen made her more bitter than ever; but she never gave him another thought. She had done her best for him, as she said to herself, and now that it was over, she heard with the greatest

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Rh indifference that his Bible explanations at the prayer-meeting were so wonderfully successful; but in her innermost heart Rachel often felt a void, which some times made her uneasy. It seemed as if she was indifferent to everything. She felt no pleasure in anything; and it was generally when she was in this mood that she felt most inclined to go to a ball.

In February there was a dance given at the Club, at which both Rachel and Fanny were present. Fanny was dressed entirely in blue, even to her shoes, fan, and blue flowers in her hair; but her eyes were bluer than all.

as Delphin said when he came into the room. The pleasure caused her by this compliment had to suffice her for the whole evening. She could no longer hide from herself that Delphin was in danger of slipping out of her hands; but she never reproached him, for she felt instinctively that as soon as anything of the kind arose between them, all would be over, and part from him she could not.

Jacob Worse danced a waltz with Rachel, and during the pauses he tried several times to lead the conversation on to the injustice she had done him in calling him a coward. At first she avoided the subject, which was, indeed, too serious a one for the ballroom; but Worse was persistent—it was not very often that he had the opportunity of speaking with her—and at last Rachel promised him half jestingly to give him an answer when the dance was over.

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186 As they were sitting by themselves in a corner of one of the rooms leading off the ballroom, and while the dancing was still going on, she said, "I must beg your pardon for what I said the other day. You are not a bit more cowardly than the rest of them."

"If we could manage to define exactly what you mean by cowardice," said Jacob Worse.

"But you know perfectly well."

"Well, then, is not this about your idea? When a man, either in politics, or in religion, or in any other serious matter, is not at all in accordance with the general tone of the society in which he lives—then, if he holds his tongue, it can be from no other cause than from what you are pleased to call cowardice."

"That is exactly my opinion, and I maintain it is correct."

"But, on the other hand, I am sure you must allow," continued Jacob Worse, "that all opposition has not the same weight. In many cases it might do more harm"

"Oh, I know that miserable, cowardly excuse!" broke in Rachel, abruptly. "'What is the good,' you say, 'of even my best endeavours when I work alone? ' and then you lie down and go to sleep. That is indeed cowardice par excellence."

"I must, however, tell you, Miss Rachel," answered Jacob Worse, who was beginning to lose his self-control, "that there is many a man who during his whole life is painfully conscious that he has not the power of making his views felt, or has even the opportunity of bringing them before the world. But it

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Rh is not in courage that such a man is wanting—far from it."

"I could almost believe that you were speaking of yourself," said Rachel, with indifference.

"Yes, and so I am!" answered he, hurriedly. "I have always been one of those heavy, slow-thinking people, but I have a quality which that kind of person would be better without. I am hasty. From my boyhood I have known it, and have kept it under to the best of my ability. But, notwithstanding my efforts, this hastiness sometimes gets the better of me, just when I am most in want of a little cool reflection. I lose my head, the words begin to flow like a torrent, and I listen to them myself almost with terror. Yes, you have heard me yourself on one memorable occasion, Miss Rachel," he added with a smile, "and I am sure you will confess that a man of my nature is but little suited to engage in a struggle with prejudice. For, for such a struggle, patience and coolness are imperative."

"It is quite possible that the attributes of which you speak are most desirable," answered Rachel, "but still it seems quite clear to me that every man who a conviction is bound to act up to it. How much he can accomplish is not the question he must ask himself, but he is bound to make the attempt."

"I will just tell you how my first attempt turned out," said Jacob Worse. "When I came home, which is now about two or three years ago, still breathing the comparative freedom of other lands, the first thing in our own country which attracted my attention was

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188 the exceptionally bad social condition of our labourers and mechanics. Their houses and food, the bringing up of their children, their teaching and education, in fact, everything which belonged to them, fell far short of what I thought it ought to be."

"I have often thought upon the same subject," rejoined Rachel. "But father says it is the fault of the people themselves; they are so greatly opposed to change."

"That is one of your most excellent father's worst prejudices. However, I began by getting up a society, which with us is no easy matter. All went well at first, and then a president had to be chosen. Some one suggested myself, a proposition to which all the others agreed, which was quite natural. I thus became president, and took no little trouble in instructing the people as to what questions were important for them, and what were their requirements. Then I began to hear a whisper here and there that it was a curious thing that the president of the society had never been properly elected. I did not take much notice of these whispers, but still I suggested that there should be an election. The day came, and some one else was chosen in my place."

"It was Mr. Martens, was it not?" asked Rachel.

"Yes; you are quite right. I was greatly astonished, and did not attempt to conceal my feelings. Martens had not attended a single one of our meetings before the afternoon on which he was elected. I found the whole thing quite incomprehensible. However, in our state of society, it is not difficult to get to

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Rh know anything if you only give yourself the trouble to make a few inquiries; and so I soon got a clear knowledge that the person who had got up the whole thing was the dean. So one day I called upon him."

"No! I never heard of that!" cried Rachel. "What did the dean say?"

"Nothing. The answer he gave me amounted to nothing. Not that I wish you to understand that he held his tongue. On the contrary, he talked incessantly in his best-modulated voice, and was smiling, friendly, in fact, almost appreciative, but not a single word fell from his lips that was really to the point. Do what I would, I could not get him to discuss a single question, or to give me a reason as to why he had got me turned out of the workman's society, and put his chaplain in my place. He denied nothing and confessed nothing, and the end of it was—there, again, my misfortune—I got so annoyed to see him leaning back in his chair, with his white hair and ever-lasting smile, that I got into one of my worst tempers and poured out a regular volley of thunder at him."

"Well, and the dean—did he lose his temper?" asked Rachel.

Worse laughed. "I might just as well have tried to get a spark out of wood, as to get him to lose his temper. No; the dean was bland as ever, and when I left he shook my hand, and hoped he might soon have the pleasure of seeing me again. But afterwards I got well paid out for that visit"

"How was that?" she asked.

"Well, you see, since then I seem to have been

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190 under a ban, which shows itself in all sorts of little ways—in business, in society, everywhere. My mother, poor thing, hears it in her shop from her customers, and it always takes the same annoying form: regret about modern disbelief, and free-thinking, and so on; and I am certain that most people regard it as a stroke of wonderful good luck, that I was prevented in good time from corrupting—yes, no less than corrupting—our noble work-people. So I said to myself, 'Since there is such a wide difference between my opinions and those of the people whom I wish to assist, and since my nature is what it is, there is nothing else to be done but for me to keep myself thoroughly occupied with my work, and hold my peace.'"

"Peace! Yes, there it is again!" said Rachel. "But no, no! I am sure you are not right."

"Well, let me speak to you about yourself, Miss Garman," said Jacob Worse, becoming more courageous.

"Neither I nor any one else of your acquaintance will be able to comply fully with the conditions you lay down. But I know one person who has the power, and that, Miss Garman, is yourself. You have all the qualifications we others lack."

"I! a woman! and, worse than all, a lady!" said Rachel, looking at him with the greatest astonishment. "And how, if I may ask?"

"You must write!"

Rachel hesitated, and looked at him suspiciously. "That is not the first time I have heard this. More than one person has mentioned it to me before. I

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Rh suppose it is that authorship is reckoned as one of the bad habits of an emancipated woman."

Jacob Worse again began to lose his self-command. 'I don't mind your calling me a coward, Miss Garman. But when you think, or pretend to think, that I am not speaking more seriously than some of these"

"No, no; sit down, I beg you," said Rachel, anxiously, putting her hand on his arm. "I did not mean any harm, but I am so suspicious. I beg pardon. There, now, don't think any more about it. You really do think, then, that I ought to write?"

"I am quite sure you ought," answered Worse, who soon became quiet again. "You have so much originality and so much energy, that you will be able to overcome every difficulty, and in courage you are certainly not wanting."

Amid the whirl of the dance around them, these encouraging words sounded doubly strange in her ears, and seemed to open out new vistas before her.

"But what have I got to write about? What do I know that the world does not know already? No, you really must be wrong, Mr. Worse. It is beyond me;" and she looked down at her dress, and could not help feeling that Worse was becoming rather dull.

"It is not very easy to say beforehand what your subject ought to be," said he; "but it is clear that there are endless things that the world can only learn from a woman, and which it seems to be expecting to hear. For you it is but to have the will. You are now passing through a crisis in your life, and you have such a fund of energy"

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192 "You seem to be treating me more like a chemical equivalent than like a human being, not to say like a lady," said Rachel, laughing.

"Let us be thankful that you have so little of the lady about you," said Jacob Worse, bluntly.

The dance now began for which Rachel was otherwise engaged, and her partner came and carried her off.

Jacob Worse stood watching her for a few minutes. He then got his coat and went home.

He perfectly understood that by awakening these thoughts in her, he would make the fulfilment of what was really the dream of his life become more distant than ever. But he felt convinced that Rachel's splendid abilities would be entirely thrown away in her present narrow sphere; and he felt, too, that he was perfectly honest to himself, when he said that he would not hinder her from taking the path she ought to follow, even if he thereby destroyed his own greatest happiness. But when he got home and was alone in his own quiet room, he was even more dispirited. He could not but see that when Rachel came to have a proper estimate of her own powers, she would find her present home too narrow for her, and a marriage such as he could offer would be quite unworthy of her.

He saw a light in the rooms at the back of the house. It was not much past eleven; so he went over to his mother, whom he found in her dressing-gown, busied in arranging her small remnant of hair for the night.

It was not astonishing that the worthy Mrs. Worse's

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Rh eyes kindled with pride when she saw her tall, handsome son come in, dressed as he had been for the ball: but when he threw himself on the sofa, and hid his face in his hands, and said, "Oh, mother! mother!" just as he had done in his boyhood when he had done something foolish, Mrs. Worse shook her clenched fist against some imaginary foe in the corner of the room, and muttered, "Is it decent to send me home a son in such a plight?"

She did not, however, say the words aloud, but went over and took his head upon her lap, and, as she passed her fingers through his hair, she said with her unwavering constancy, "There, my dear boy, only keep yourself calm, and it will all come right, somehow or another."

Rachel would also have been glad enough to have been taken home at once; but Mrs. Garman had heard that the new cook had something new in filets, and they therefore had to wait until after supper.

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Rh {| style="width: 90%;" align="center"
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-classis III.—Ganoidei.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo I.—Holostei.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Lepidosteini.
 * || align="right" | "   2. || Polypterini.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo II.—Chondrostei.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Acipenserini.
 * || align="right" | "   2. || Spatulariæ.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-classis IV.—Elasmobranchi s. Selachii.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo I.—Plagiostomi.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-ordo I.—Squalidæ.
 * align="right" | Fam. 1. || Scyllia. || align="right" | Fam. 6. || Rhinodontes.
 * align="right" | "   2. || Nyctitantes. || align="right" | "    7. || Notidani.
 * align="right" | "   3. || Lamnoidei. || align="right" | "    8. || Spinaces.
 * align="right" | "   4. || Alopeciæ. || align="right" | "    9. || Scymnoidei.
 * align="right" | "   5. || Cestraciones. || align="right" | "  10. || Squatinæ.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-ordo II.—Rajidæ.
 * align="right" | Fam. 11. || Squatinorajæ. || align="right" | Fam. 14. || Trygones.
 * align="right" | "   12. || Torpedines. || align="right" | "  15. || Myliobatides.
 * align="right" | "   13. || Rajæ. || align="right" | "  16. || Cephalopteræ.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo II.—Holocephali.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Chimaeræ.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-classis V.—Marsipobranchii s. Cyclostomi.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo I.—Hyperoartii.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Petromyzonini.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo II.—Hyperotreti.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Myxinoidei.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-classis VI.—Leptocardii.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo I.—Amphioxini.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Amphioxini.
 * }
 * align="right" | "   4. || Alopeciæ. || align="right" | "    9. || Scymnoidei.
 * align="right" | "   5. || Cestraciones. || align="right" | "  10. || Squatinæ.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-ordo II.—Rajidæ.
 * align="right" | Fam. 11. || Squatinorajæ. || align="right" | Fam. 14. || Trygones.
 * align="right" | "   12. || Torpedines. || align="right" | "  15. || Myliobatides.
 * align="right" | "   13. || Rajæ. || align="right" | "  16. || Cephalopteræ.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo II.—Holocephali.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Chimaeræ.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-classis V.—Marsipobranchii s. Cyclostomi.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo I.—Hyperoartii.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Petromyzonini.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo II.—Hyperotreti.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Myxinoidei.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-classis VI.—Leptocardii.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo I.—Amphioxini.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Amphioxini.
 * }
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Chimaeræ.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-classis V.—Marsipobranchii s. Cyclostomi.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo I.—Hyperoartii.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Petromyzonini.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo II.—Hyperotreti.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Myxinoidei.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-classis VI.—Leptocardii.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo I.—Amphioxini.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Amphioxini.
 * }
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo II.—Hyperotreti.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Myxinoidei.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-classis VI.—Leptocardii.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo I.—Amphioxini.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Amphioxini.
 * }
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Sub-classis VI.—Leptocardii.
 * colspan="4" align="center" | Ordo I.—Amphioxini.
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Amphioxini.
 * }
 * || align="right" | Fam. 1. || Amphioxini.
 * }

The discovery (in the year 1871) of a living representative of a genus hitherto believed to be long extinct, Ceratodus,


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26 threw a new light on the affinities of Fishes. The author who had the good fortune of examining this fish, was enabled to show that, on the one hand, it was a form most closely allied to Lepidosiren; on the other, that it could not be separated from the Ganoid fishes, and therefore that also Lepidosiren was a Ganoid: a relation pointed at already by Huxley in a previous paper on "Devonian Fishes." This discovery led to further considerations of the relative characters of Müller's sub-classes, and to the system which is followed in the present work.

Having followed the development of the ichthyological system down to the latest time, we have to retrace our steps to enumerate the most important contributions to Ichthyology which appeared contemporaneously with or subsequently to the publication of Cuvier and Valenciennes's great work. As in other branches of Zoology, activity increased almost with every year; and for convenience's sake we may arrange these works in three rubrics.

1. "Voyage autour du monde sur les Corvettes de S. M. l'Uranie et la Physicienne, sous le commandement de M. Freycinet. Zoologie: Poissons par Quoy et Gaimard." (Paris, 1824, 4to, atlas fol.)

2. "Voyage de la Coquille. Zoologie par Lesson." (Paris, 1826-30, 4to, atlas fol.)

3. "Voyage de I'Astrolabe, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Poissons par Quoy et Gaimard." (Paris, 1834, 8vo, atlas fol.)


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Rh 4. "Voyage au Pòle Sud par M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Poissons par Hombron et Jacquinot." (Paris, 1853-4, 8vo, atlas fol.)

1. "Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur. Fishes by J. Richardson." (Loud. 1844-5, 4to.)

2. "Voyage of H.M.S.S. Erebus and Terror. Fishes by J. Richardson." (Lond. 1846. 4to.)

3. "Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, Fishes by L. Jenyns." (Lond. 1842, 4to.)

4. "Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. Fishes by A. Günther." (in course of publication).

1. "Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara. Fische von R. Kner (Wien. 1865, 4to.)

1. R. Parnell, "The Natural History of the Fishes of the Firth of Forth." (Edinb. 1838, 8vo.)

2. W. Yarrell, "A History of British Fishes." (3d edit. Lond. 1859, 8vo.)

3. J. Couch, "A History of the Fishes of the British Islands." (Lond. 1862-5, 8vo.)

1. H. Kröyer, "Danmark's Fiske." (Kjöbnh. 1838-53, 8vo.)

2. S. Nilsson, "Skandinavisk Fauna." (Vol. IV. Fiskarna. Lund. 1855, 8vo.)

3. Fries och Ekström, "Skandinavians Fiskar." (Stockh. 1836, 4to, with excellent plates.)


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28

1. Nordmann, "Ichthyologie Pontique," in "Voyage dans la Russie meridionale de Demidoff." (Tom. iii. Paris, 1840, 8vo, atlas fol.)

1. Heckel and Kner, "Die Süsswasser-fische der Oesterreichischen Monarchie." (Leipz. 1858, 8vo.)

2. C. T. E. Siebold, "Die Süsswasser-fische von Mitteleuropa." (Leipz. 1863, 8vo.)

1. Bonaparte, "Iconografia della Fauna Italica." Tom. iii. Pesci. (Roma, 1832-41, fol.) (Incomplete.)

2. Costa, "Fauna del Regno di Napoli." Pesci. (Napoli, 4to, about 1850.) (Incomplete.)

1. E. Blanchard, "Les Poissons des eaux douces de la France." (Paris, 1866, 8vo.)

The freshwater Fish-fauna of Spain and Portugal was almost unknown, until F. Steindachner paid some visits to those countries for the purpose of exploring the principal rivers. His discoveries are described in several papers in the "Sitzungsberichte der Akademie zu Wien." B. du Bocage and F. Capello contributed towards the knowledge of the marine fishes on the coast of Portugal. ( "Jorn. Scienc. Acad. Lisb.")

1. J. Richardson, "Fauna Boreali Americana." Part III. Fishes. (Lond. 1836, 4to.) The species described in this work are nearly all from the British possessions in the North.


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 A moderate supporter of the revolution, he was returned to the Convention for the department of Calvados in 1792, and became Commissary with the army of the North. He voted for the imprisonment of Louis XVI. during the war, and his banishment after the peace. He then attached himself to the party of the Gironde, and in August 1793 was outlawed. He had refused to defend his compatriot Charlotte Corday, who wrote him a letter of reproach on her way to the scaffold. He returned to the Convention on the 8th of March 1795, and showed an unusual spirit of moderation by defending Prieur de la Marne and Robert Lindet. President of the Convention in July 1795, he was for some months a member of the council of public safety. He was subsequently elected to the council of five hundred, but was suspected of royalist leanings, and had to spend some time in retirement before the establishment of the consulate., Becoming senator in 1805, and count of the empire in 1808, he organized the national guard in Franche Comté in 1811, and the defence of the north-eastern frontier in 1813. At the first restoration Louis XVIII. made him a peer of France, and although he received a similar honour from Napoleon during the Hundred Days, he sat in the upper house under the Second Restoration. He died in Paris on the 3rd of April 1853, leaving memoirs and correspondence from which were extracted four volumes (1861–1865) of Souvenirs historiques et parlementaires 1764–1848.

His son Louis Adolphe Le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant (1794–1882), served under Napoleon in 1812 and 1814, and then emigrated to Brazil, where he took part in the abortive insurrection at Pernambuco in 1817. He also organized a French volunteer contingent in the Belgian revolution of 1830, and was wounded at Louvain. The rest of his life was spent. in Paris in the study of ancient music and acoustics. Among his works was one on the Musée instrumental du conservatoire de musique (1864). A younger brother, Philippe Gustave Le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant (1795–1874), served in the army until 1849, when he retired to devote himself to mathematics and astronomy. His works include Théorie analytique du système du monde (Paris, 1829–1846) and Traité élementaire de physique céleste (2 vols., Paris, 1840).

PONTEFRACT (pronounced and sometimes written “Pomfret”), a market town and municipal and parliamentary borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 21 m. S.S.W. from York, served by the Midland, North-Eastern and Lancashire & Yorkshire railways. Pop. (1891), 9702; (1901), 13,427. It is well situated, mainly on an eminence, near the junction of the Aire and the Calder. The most important of the antiquarian remains are the ruins of the famous castle situated on a rocky height, originally covering with its precincts an area of over 8 acres, and containing in all eight round towers. The remains are principally of Norman date, and an unusual feature of the stronghold is the existence of various subterranean chambers in. the rock. Below the castle is All Saints church, which suffered severely during the siege of the castle, but still retains some work of the 12th century. In 1837 the tower and transepts were fitted for divine service. The church of St Giles, formerly a chapel of ease to All Saints, but made parochial in the 18th century, is of Norman date, but most of the present structure is modern. The 17th-century spire was removed in 1707, and replaced by a square tower, which was rebuilt in 1797; the chancel was rebuilt in 1869. In Southgate is an ancient hermitage and oratory cut out of the solid rock, which dates from 1396. On St Thomas’s Hill, where Thomas, earl of Lancaster, was beheaded in 1322, a chantry was erected in 1373, the site of which is now occupied by a windmill built of, its stones. At Monkhill there are the remains of a Tudor building called the Old Hall, probably constructed out of the old priory of St John’s. A grammar school of ancient foundation, renewed by Elizabeth and George III., occupies modern buildings. The town-hall was built at the close of the 18th century on the site of one erected in 1656, which succeeded the old moot-hall dating from Saxon times. Among other buildings are the court house, the market hall, the assembly rooms (handsome building adjoining the town-hall), and large barracks. The foundation of the principal almshouse, that of St Nicholas, dates from before the Conquest. Trinity Hospital was founded by Sir Robert Knolles (d. 1407), an eminent military commander in the French wars of Edward III. At Ackworth, in the neighbourhood, there is a large school of the Society of Friends or Quakers (1778), in the foundation of which Dr John Fothergill (1712–1780) was a prime mover. There are extensive gardens and nurseries in the neighbourhood of Pontefract, and liquorice is largely grown for the manufacture of the celebrated Pomfret cakes. The town possesses iron foundries, sack and matting manufactories, tanneries, breweries, corn mills and brick and terra-cotta works. The parliamentary borough, falling within the Osgoldcross division of the county, returns one member (before 1885 the number was two). The town is governed by a mayor, six aldermen and 18 councillors. Area, 4078 acres.

The remains of a Roman camp have been discovered near Pontefract, but there is no trace of settlement in the town itself until after the Conquest. At the time of the Domesday Survey Tateshall (now Tanshelf, a suburb of the town) was the chief manor and contained 60 burgesses, while Kirkby, which afterwards became the borough of Pontefract, was one of its members; The change was probably owing to the fact that Ilbert de Lacy, to whom the Conqueror had granted the whole of the honour of Pontefract, founded a castle at Kirkby, on a site said to have been occupied by a fortification raised by Ailric, a Saxon thane. Several reasons are given for the change of name but none is at all satisfactory. One account says that it was caused by a broken bridge which delayed the Conqueror’s advance to the north, but this is known to have been at Ferrybridge, three miles away; a second says that the new name was derived from a Norman town called Pontfrete, which, however, never existed; and a third that it was caused by the breaking of a bridge in 1153 on the arrival of the archbishop of York, St William, when several people were miraculously preserved from drowning, although the town was already known as Pontefract in 1140 when Archbishop Thurstan died there. The manor remained in the Lacy family until it passed by marriage to Thomas, duke of Lancaster, who was beheaded on a hill outside the town after the battle- of Boroughbridge. His estates were restored to his brother Henry, earl of Lancaster, on the accession of Edward III., and the manor has since then formed part of the duchy of Lancaster. The town took part in most of the rebellions in the north of England, and in 1399 Richard II. was imprisoned and secretly murdered in the castle. During the Wars of the Roses the town was loyal to Henry VI., and several of the Yorkist leaders were executed here after the battle of Wakefield. It was taken by Robert Aske, leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace, in 1536. In 1642 the castle was garrisoned for Charles I. and sustained four sieges, the second, in 1644, being successful, but two years later it was retaken by the royalists, who held it until after the execution of the king, when they surrendered to General Lambert and the castle was destroyed.

Roger de Lacy in 1194 granted a charter to the burgesses confirming their liberties and right to be a free borough at a fee-farm of 12d. yearly for every toft, granting them the same privileges as the burgesses of Grimsby, and that their reeve should be chosen annually by the lord of the manor at his court leet, preference being given to the burgesses if they would pay as much as others for the office. Henry de Lacy co n firmed this charter in 1278 and in 1484 Richard III. incorporated the town under the title of mayor and burgesses and granted a gild merchant with a hanse. His charter was withdrawn on the accession of Henry VII. and a similar one was granted, while in 1489 the king gave the burgesses licence to continue choosing a mayor as they had done in the time of Richard III. In 1606–1607 James I. confirmed the charter of Henry VII. and regulated the choice of the mayor by providing that he should be elected from among the chief burgesses by the burgesses themselves. The privilege of returning, two members to parliament which had belonged to Pontefract at the end of the 15th century was revived in 1620–1621 on the grounds that the charter of 1606–1607 had restored all their privileges to the burgesses. Since .the

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 Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885 one member only has been returned. Liquorice was largely grown as early as 1700–1701, when the corporation prohibited the sale of buds or sets of the plant. Richard III. by his incorporation charter granted the market rights in the borough to the burgesses, who still hold them under his charter.

See Victoria County History: Yorkshire; Eighth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (1870–1897); Book of Entries of the Pontefract Corporation, 1653–1726 (ed. by Richard Holmes, 1882); Benjamin Boothroyd, The History of the Ancient Borough of Pontefract (1807); George Fox, The History of Pontefract (1827).

 PONTEVEDRA, a maritime province of north-western Spain, formed in 1833 of districts taken from Galicia, and bounded on the N. by Corunna, E. by Lugo and Orense, S. by Portugal and W. by the Atlantic. Pop. (1900), 457,262; area, 1695 sq. m. Pontevedra is the smallest of the provinces of Spain except the three Basque Provinces; its density of population, 269.8 inhabitants per square mile, is only excelled in the provinces of Barcelona and Biscay (Vizcaya). Both of these are mining and manufacturing districts, while Pontevedra is dependent on agriculture and fisheries. The surface is everywhere mountainous, and consists almost entirely of arable land, pasture or forest. The coast-line is deeply indented; navigation is rendered difficult by the prevalence of fogs in summer and storms in winter. The river Miño (Portuguese Minho) forms the southern frontier, and is navigable by small ships as far as Salvatierra; and the province is watered by many smaller streams, all flowing, like the Miño, into the Atlantic. The largest of these are the Ulla, which separates Pontevedra from Corunna, the Umia and the Lerez. Pontevedra has a mild climate, a fertile soil and a very heavy rainfall. Large agricultural fairs are held in the chief towns, and there is a considerable export trade in cattle to Great Britain and Portugal, hams, salt meat and fish, eggs, breadstuffs, leather and wine. Vigo is the headquarters of shipping, and one of the chief ports of northern Spain. There are also good harbours at Bayona, Carril, Marin, Villagarcia and elsewhere among the deep estuaries of the coast. At Tuy the Spanish and Portuguese railways meet, and from this town one line goes up the Miño valley to Orense, and another northward along the coast to Santiago de Compostela.

 PONTEVEDRA, the capital of the Spanish province of Pontevedra; on the Tuy-Corunna railway, and on the river Lerez, which here enters the Ria de Pontevedra, an inlet of the Atlantic. Pop. (1900), 22,330. The name of the townis derived from the ancient Roman bridge (pons vetus) of twelve arches, which spans the Lerez near its mouth. Pontevedra is a picturesque town, mainly built of granite, and still partly enclosed by medieval fortifications. It contains handsome provincial and municipal halls erected in the 19th century, and many convents, some of which have been converted into hospitals or schools. Marin and Sangenjo are ports on the Ria de Pontevedra, which is the seat of a thriving sardine fishery. There is an active trade in grain, wine and fruit; cloth, hats, leather and pottery are manufactured.

 PONTIAC (c. 1720-1769), Indian chief of the Ottawa and leader in the “Conspiracy of Pontiac” in 1763-64, was born between 1712 and 1720 probably on the Maumee river, near the mouth of the Auglaize. His father was an Ottawa, and his mother an Ojibwa. By 1755 he had become a chief of the Ottawa and a leader of the loose confederacy of the Ottawa, Potawatomi and Ojibwa. He was an ally of France and possibly commanded the Ottawa in the defeat (July 9, 1755) of General Edward Braddock. In November 1760 he met Major Robert Rogers, then on his way to occupy Michilimackinac and other forts surrendered by the French, and agreed to let the English troops pass unmolested on condition that he should be treated with respect by the British. Like other Indians he soon realized the difference between French and English rule—that the Indians were no longer welcomed at the forts and that they would ultimately be deprived of their hunting grounds by encroaching English settlements. French hunters and traders encouraged Indian disaffection with vague promises of help from France; in 1762 an Indian “prophet” among the Delawares on the Muskingum preached a union of the Indians to expel the

English, and in that year (as in 1761) there were abortive conspiracies to massacre the English garrisons of Detroit, Fort Niagara and Fort Pitt (now Pittsburg). Pontiac seems to have been chief of a magic association (the Metai), and he took advantage of the religious fervour and the general unrest among the Indians to organize in the winter of 1762-63 a simultaneous attack on the English forts to be made in May 1763 at a certain phase of the moon. On the 27th of April 1763 before a meeting near Detroit of delegates from most of the Algonquian tribes, he outlined his plans. On the 7th of May, with 60 warriors, he attempted unsuccessfully to gain admission to Detroit, which then had a garrison of about 160 under Major Henry Gladwin (1730-1791); and then besieged the fort from the 9th of May to the end of October. On the 28th of May reinforcements from Fort Niagara were ambuscaded near the mouth of the Detroit. In June the Wyandot and Potawatomi withdrew from the siege, but on the 29th of July they attacked reinforcements (280 men, including 20 of Rogers's rangers) from Fort Niagara under Captain James Dalyell (or Dalzell), who, however, gained the fort, and in spite of Gladwin's, opposition on the 31st of July attacked Pontiac's camp, but was ambuscaded on Bloody Run and was killed, nearly 60 others being killed or wounded. On the 12th of October the Potawatomi, Ojibwa and Wyandot made peace with the English; with the Ottawa Pontiac continued the siege until the 30th of October, when he learned from Neyon de la Vallière, commandant of Fort Chartres (among the Illinois) that he would not be aided by the French. Pontiac then withdrew to the Maumee.

Fort Pitt with a garrison of 330 men under, Captain Simeon Ecuyer was attacked on the 22nd of June and was besieged from the 27th of July to the 1st of August, when the Indians withdrew to meet a relief expedition of 500 men, mostly Highlanders, under Colonel Henry Bouquet (1719-1766), who had set out from Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on the 18th of July, and relieved Fort Ligonier (on the site of the borough of Ligonier, Westmoreland county, Penn.) on the 2nd of August, but was surprised on the 5th, and fought (5th and 6th) the battle of Bushy Run (25 m. S.E. of Fort Pitt), finally flanking and routing the Indians after tricking them by a feinted retreat of a part of his force. Bouquet reached Fort Pitt on the 10th of August. At Michilimackinac (Mackinac), Michigan, on the 4th of June, the Indians gained admission to the fort by a trick, killed nearly a score of the garrison and captured the remainder, including Captain George Etherington, the commander, besides several English traders, including Alexander Henry (1739-1824). Some of the captives were seized by the Ottawa, who had taken no part in the attack; a part of these were released, and reached Montreal on the 13th of August. Seven of the prisoners kept by the Ojibwa were killed in cold blood by one of their chiefs. Fort Sandusky (on the site of Sandusky, Ohio) was taken on the 16th of May by Wyandot; and Fort St Joseph (on the site of the present Niles, Mich.) was captured on the 25th of May and 11 men (out of its garrison of 14) were massacred, the others with the commandant, Ensign Schlosser, being taken to Detroit and exchanged for Indian prisoners. On the 27th of May Fort Miami (on the site of Fort Wayne, Indiana) surrendered to the Indians after its commander, Ensign Holmes, had been treacherously killed. Fort Ouiatanon (about 5 rn. south-west of the present Lafayette, Indiana) and Fort Presque Isle (on the site of Erie, Penn.) were taken by the Indians on the 1st and 16th of June respectively; and Fort Le Boeuf (on the site of Waterford,

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Rh 2. Dekay, "Zoology of New York." Part IV. Fishes. (New York, 1842, 4to.)

3. "Reports of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries." (5 vols. Washingt. 1873-79, 8vo. In progress. Contains most valuable information.)

Besides these works, numerous descriptions of North American freshwater fishes have been published in the Reports of the various U. S. Government expeditions, and in North American scientific journals, by Storer, Baird, Girard, W. O. Ayres, Cope, Jordan, Brown, Goode, etc.; but a good general, and especially critical, account of the fishes of the United States is still a desideratum.

1. "Fauna Japonica," Poissons par H. Schlegel. (Lugd. Bat. 1850, fol.)

1. E. Rüppell, "Atlas zu der Reise im Nördlichen Afrika." (Frankf. 1828, fol.)

2. E. Rüppell, "Neue Wirbelthiere. Fische." (Frankf. 1837, fol.)

These two works form the standard works for the student of the Fishes of the Red Sea, and are distinguished by a rare conscientiousness and faithfulness of the descriptions and figures; so that there is no other part of the tropical seas, with the fishes of which we are so intimately acquainted, as with those of the Red Sea. But these works have a still wider range of usefulness, in as much as only a small proportion of the fishes is limited to that area, the majority being distributed over the Indian Ocean into Polynesia. Rüppell's works were supplemented by the two first of the following works:—

3. R. L. Playfair and A. Günther, "The Fishes of Zanzibar." (Lond. 1866, 4to); and


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30 4. C. B. Klunzinger, "Synopsis der Fische des Rothen Meers." (Wien. 1870-1, 8vo.)

5. T. Cantor, "Catalogue of Malayan Fishes." (Calcutta, 1850, 8vo.)

6. F. Day, "The Fishes of India " (Lond. 1875, 4to, in progress); contains an account of the freshwater and marine species, and is not yet complete.

7. A. Günther, "Die Fische der Südsee." (Hamburg, 4to; from 1873, in progress.)

Unsurpassed in activity, as regards the exploration of the fish fauna of the East Indian Archipelago, is P. Bleeker, a surgeon in the service of the Dutch East Indian Government (born 1819, died 1878), who, from the year 1840, for nearly thirty years, amassed immense collections of the fishes of the various islands, and described them in extremely numerous papers, published chiefly in the Journals of the Batavian Society. When his descriptions and the arrangement of his materials evoked some criticism, it must be remembered that, at the time when he commenced his labours, and for many years afterwards, he stood alone, without the aid of a previously named collection on which to base his first researches, and without other works but that of Cuvier and Valenciennes. He had to create for himself a method of distinguishing species and of describing them; and afterwards it would have been difficult for him to abandon his original method and the principles by which he had been guided for so many years. His desire of giving a new name to every individual, to every small assemblage of species wherever practicable, or of changing an old name, detracts not a little from the satisfaction with which his works would be used otherwise. It is also surprising that a man with his anatomical knowledge and unusual facilities should have been satisfied with the merely external examination of the specimens. But none of his numerous articles contain anything


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Rh relating to the anatomy, physiology, or habits of the fishes which came under his notice; hence his attempts at systematic arrangement are very far from indicating an advance in Ichthyology.

Soon after his return to Europe (1860) Bleeker commenced to collect the final results of his labours in a grand work, illustrated by coloured plates, "Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néerlandaises." (Amsterd. fol. 1862); the publication of which was interrupted by the author's death in 1878.

1. A. Günther, "The Fishes of the Nile" in Petherick's "Travels in Central Africa." (Lond. 1869, 8vo.)

2. W. Peters, "Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique. IV. Flussfische." (Berl. 1868, 4to.)

1. L. Agassiz, "Selecta genera et species Piscium, quæ in itinere per Brasiliam, collegit J. B. de Spix." (Monach. 1829, fol.)

2. F. de Castlenau, "Animaux nouveaux ou rares, recueillis pendant l'expedition dans les parties centrales de l'Amérique du Sud. Poissons." (Paris, 1855, 4to.)

3. A. Günther, "An account of the Fishes of the States of Central America." (In Trans. Zool. Soc. 1868.)

4. L. Vaillant and F. Bocourt, "Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique centrale. Poissons." (Paris, 1874, 4to.) (In progress.)

F. Pocy, the celebrated naturalist of Havannah, devoted many years of study to the Fishes of Cuba. His papers and memoirs are published partly in two periodicals, issued by himself, under the title of "Memorias sobre la Historia natural de la Isle de Cuba" (from 1851), and "Repertorio


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 for sitters many distinguished men of the time. He also engraved in stipple and other methods, was appointed engraver to George III, and in 1814 he styles himself artist to his majesty and the prince-regent. He engraved his own works, like Alexander and Thais, as well as portraits of Admiral the Earl of St. Vincent, after Gardner, and others. In October 1814 he returned to Manchester, residing at 40 Piccadilly, where he gave lessons in oil-painting, drawing, and etching, and continued his portrait-painting both in oil and on ivory. He exhibited at the Royal Academy eleven portraits between 1797 and 1801. He was represented in the first exhibition of the Royal Manchester Institution, 1827, by one portrait, ‘William Butterworth, the Oldham Hermit.’ He died at Buxton, Derbyshire, after 1832. There is a small drawing, slightly washed in colour, of ‘the New Pier, Margate,’ in the South Kensington Museum, which shows him to have been a capital draughtsman. It is evidently only out of a sketch-book. His brother William, also born at Manchester, was practising as a drawing-master and landscape-painter in that town in 1794, his address being Ardwick. He supplied the sketch of ‘Chetham College and Hunt's Bank’ from which Thomas Girtin made his drawing for ‘Turner and Girtin's Picturesque Views,’ 1797. He was an exhibitor of twenty pictures at the Royal Academy between 1797—when he removed to London—and 1819. In the British Museum there is a small book, published about 1800, and entitled ‘The Old Man, his Son and the Ass,’ with engravings by him.

ORME, ROBERT (1728–1801), historian of India, born on Christmas day 1728 at Anjengo, Travancore State, India, was the second son of Alexander Orme, physician and surgeon in the service of the East India Company, and chief of the settlement at Anjengo (Memoir; some accounts erroneously give his father's christian name as John or Robert). His mother's maiden name was Hill. He was sent when about two years old to the house of his aunt, Mrs. Robert Adams, in Cavendish Square, London. From about 1734 to 1741 he was educated at Harrow School under Dr. James Cox (Hist. of the College of Winchester, &c., 1816, ‘Harrow,’ p. 33), and was then placed for a year in the office of the accountant-general of the African Company. In 1742 he went to Calcutta, where his elder brother William was a ‘writer’ in the East India Company. Orme engaged himself in the mercantile house of Jackson & Wedderburn at Calcutta, and made a voyage to Surat. On returning to Calcutta in 1743 he was appointed a writer in the East India Company's service. He acquired a reputation for his knowledge of native manners and customs, and in 1752 was asked to state his opinion on the regulation of the police in Calcutta. In the same year he drew up part of ‘A General Idea of the Government and People of Indostan.’ This was afterwards completed, and posthumously published in Orme's ‘Historical Fragments,’ edition of 1805. In 1753 he visited England, and during his absence in 1754 was appointed by the court of directors a member of the council at Madras. Returning to India, he arrived at Madras on 14 Sept. 1754. He took an active part in the deliberations of the council respecting the military operations in the Carnatic, 1754–8, and recommended the appointment of Clive to command the expedition against Suráj-ud-Dowlah. Orme was for some years intimate with Clive, but the friendship was broken off about 1769. From 1757 to 1758 Orme was commissary and accountant-general. At the end of 1758, his health being impaired, he left India with a small fortune. The Grantham, the ship in which he sailed, was captured by the French on 4 Jan. 1759 and taken to Mauritius. Orme ultimately reached Nantes in France in the spring of 1760.

In the autumn of 1760 he bought a house in Harley Street, London, where he formed a library of ancient and modern classics, and arranged his materials—collected since 1742—for an Indian history. In August 1763 he published the first volume of his principal work, ‘A History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan from the year 1745,’ 4to; vol. ii. was published in two parts in 1778. Orme was complimented on his work by Sir William Jones (letter of 26 June 1773; cf., ‘Third Discourse’) and by Dr. William Robertson, the historian. He was elected fellow of the Society of Antiquaries on 8 Nov. 1770, and from about 1769 till his death was historiographer to the East India Company at a salary of 400l. a year. He was given access to the records at the India House, and obtained information from Bussy, whom he visited in 1773 at his country seat in France. Macaulay (Essays, ‘Lord Clive’) has praised Orme's history as one of the most authentic and finely written in our language, though he remarks justly that the extreme minuteness of its treatment renders it wearisome. Mal-


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32 Fisico-natural de la Isla de Cuba" (from 1865), partly in North American scientific journals. And, finally, F. Steindachner has published many contributions, accompanied by excellent figures, to our knowledge of the Fishes of Central and South America.

1. F. W. Hutton and J. Hector, " Fishes of ISTew Zealand." (Wellingt. 1872, 8vo.)

1. C. Lütken, "A revised Catalogue of the Fishes of Greenland," in "Manual of the Natural History, Geology, and Physics of Greenland." (Lond. 1875, 8vo.) Although only a nominal list, this catalogue is useful, as it contains references to all the principal works in which Arctic fishes have been described. The fishes of Spitzbergen were examined by A. J. Malmgren (1865).

The number of authors who worked on the anatomy of fishes is almost as great as that of faunists; and we should go beyond the limits of the present work if we mentioned more than the most prominent and successful. M. H. Rathke, J. Müller, J. Hyrtl, and H. Stannius left scarcely any organ unexamined, and their researches had a direct bearing either on the relation of the class of fishes to the other vertebrates, or on the systematic arrangement of the fishes themselves. E. E. von Baer, F. de Filippi, C. Vogt, W. His, W. K. Parker, and F. M. Balfour worked at their embryology; A. Kölliker and G. Pouchet at their histology. The osteology was specially treated by G. Bakker, F. C. Rosenthal, L. Agassiz, and C. Gegenbaur; the nervous system by Gottsche, Philipeaux, Stannius, L. de Sanctis, L. Stieda, Baudelot and Miclucho-Maclay; the organ of hearing by E. H. Weber, C. Hasse, and G. Retzius. The electric fishes were examined by E. Geoffroy,


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  (History of the French in India, pp. vii, viii) pronounces the history to be ‘generally a faithful record,’ though one which unfortunately treats the French ‘rather as accessories than as principals in the story.’ Thackeray, in ‘The Newcomes,’ makes it the favourite work of Colonel Newcome. Orme told Dr. Parr that in preparing the third volume he completely formed every sentence in his mind before writing it down. A third edition of the work appeared in 1780, fourth 1790, fifth 1799. There were other editions in 1803; 1861 London, and Madras. In 1782 Orme published ‘Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire, of the Morattoes, and of the English Concerns in Indostan from the year 1659.’ This was reprinted in 1805 (London, 4to), with a memoir of the author, giving some extracts from his correspondence with Robertson the historian, and others (cf. Edin. Rev. January 1807, p. 391 seq.). Orme's essays ‘On the Origin of the English Establishment … at Broach and Surat’ and ‘A General Idea of the Government and People of Indostan’ were included in this volume. Though extremely laborious and accurate, he is said (Memoir, p. xxiv) to have had ‘little or no acquaintance with the learned languages of Asia.’ It appears from his memoranda that his favourite reading was in the Greek and Roman classics. He records the perusal in 1743 of Rapin's ‘History of England,’ ‘of which I do not remember a word.’

In 1792 he retired to Great Ealing, Middlesex, where he died on 13 Jan. 1801, in his 73rd year. He was buried on 21 Jan. in the churchyard of St. Mary's, Ealing (, Environs of London, Supplement, p. 130), where there is a memorial tablet describing him as ‘endeared to his friends by the gentleness of his manners’ (see engraving of tablet in Memoir, p. lxvii). He was an admirer of Dr. Johnson, and delighted in his conversation, saying that on whatever subject Johnson talked, he either ‘gives you new thoughts or a new colouring’ (, Life of Johnson, anno 1778, iii. 284, ed. Hill; cf. ib. ii. 300).

A bust of Orme at the age of forty-six, made in 1774 by J. Nollekens, R.A. (, Nollekens, ii. 74), was bequeathed to the East India Company; an engraving of it forms the frontispiece to Orme's ‘Historical Fragments,’ ed. 1805. His face is described as expressing shrewdness and intelligence. Orme had a taste for painting and sculpture, and was a lover of Handel.

The circumstance that Orme was married is stated (Gent. Mag.) to have been unknown even to his intimate friends till after his death, when the court of directors of the E. I. C. settled a small annuity on his widow (the Memoir makes no mention of the marriage). He bequeathed to his friend and executor, John Roberts, chairman of the court of directors, all his books, manuscripts, &c., with a request—duly carried out—that he would present them to the East India Company. This collection, now in the library of the India Office, consists of fifty-one volumes of printed tracts on India and the East India Company; 231 manuscript volumes, compiled by Orme, containing a vast body of information on Indian affairs; letters relating to the company's affairs; maps, charts, plans, &c. (Gent. Mag. 1803, pt. i. p. 518). In the maps accompanying his published works Orme had marked many hundreds of places for the first time. A considerable part of Orme's library had been sold by him at Sotheby's about April 1796, when he gave up his house in Harley Street.

ORME, WILLIAM (1787–1830), congregational minister, was born at Falkirk, Stirlingshire, on 3 Feb. 1787. His parents removed to Edinburgh, where in 1792 he began his education under a schoolmaster named Waugh. On 1 July 1800 he was apprenticed for five years to a wheelwright and turner. His father died in October 1803. About this time he came under the influence of [q. v.], whose preaching at the Tabernacle in Leith Walk, Edinburgh, had attracted him. In October 1805 he was admitted by (1764–1842) [q. v.] as a student for the ministry at a seminary under George Cowie. The usual term of study was two years. Orme's periods of study, interrupted by a preaching mission in Fife (1806), amounted to little more than a year in all. On 11 March 1807 he became pastor of the congregational church at Perth, where he was ordained. About 1809 he broke with Robert Haldane, in consequence of Haldane's adoption of baptist views, and took part in the controversy hence arising. He declined a call to the congregational church at Dundee. In the development of Scottish congregationalism he took an active part, especially aiding in the formation (1813) of the ‘Congregational Union of Scotland,’ and in the establishment (1814) of a divinity hall at Glasgow. His


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Huns soon discovered that they were up against an intrepid enemy. When they so boldly attacked the Yankee fleet of raiders, as Jack expressed it in his boyish way, they had "bitten off more than they could chew."

They had dropped back a bit and were trying to annoy the Americans all they could with as little damage to themselves as possible. If their last stronghold was doomed to destruction under that rain of mighty bombs, any self-sacrifice on their part could not ward it off, and so what was the use?

The end seemed to be approaching, for the Boche plainly showed he had had enough of the fighting. One last combined attack all along the line that would likely put the enemy to flight, and then for the signal that would spell "homeward bound," a magical phrase with voyagers of the air just as it is with sailors of the salty seas.

Finally it came. The great battle was over.