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Rh badly he accomplished it. He was constantly and inadvertently allotting to woman that which was proper to man, and to man the things pertaining to woman.

"Thus it came about that our first parents were composed of ill-assorted pieces which did not harmonise. And, having mated by choice or at haphazard, they produced beings as incoherent as themselves. Thus has it come about, through the Titan's fault, that we see so many virile women and so many effeminate men. This also explains the contradictory characteristics to be met with in the firmest of minds and how it is that the most determined character is perpetually false to itself. And, finally, this is why we are all at variance with our own selves."

Lucius Cassius expressed condemnation of this fable, because it did not teach man to conquer himself, but on the contrary induced him to yield to nature.

Gallio pointed out that the poets and philosophers gave a different interpretation as to the origin of the world and the creation of mankind.

"The fables told by the Greeks," he said, "should not be believed in too blindly, nor should we hold as truthful, Apollodorus, what they state in particular concerning the stones thrown by Pyrrha. The philosophers are not in accord among themselves

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48 as to the principle presiding over the creation of the world, and leave us in doubt as to whether the earth was produced by water, by air, or, as seems more credible, by the subtile heat. But the Greeks wish to know all things, and so they forge ingenious falsehood. How much better it is to confess our ignorance. The past is as much concealed from us as is the future; we are circumscribed by two dense clouds, in the forgetfulness of what was, and in the uncertainty of what shall be. And yet we suffer ourselves to be the playthings of an inquisitive desire to become acquainted with the causes of things, and a consuming anxiety incites us to ponder over the destinies of mankind and of the world."

"It is true," sighed Cassius, "that we are everlastingly striving to penetrate the impenetrable future. We toil at this quest with all our might, and call to our aid all kinds of means. Anon we think to attain our object by meditation; again, by prayer and ecstasy. Some of us consult the oracles of the gods; others, fearing not to do that which is forbidden, appeal to the augurs of Chaldaea, or try the Babylonian spells. Futile and sacrilegious curiosity! For, of what advantage would be to us the knowledge of future things, since they are inevitable! Nevertheless the wise men, still more so than the vulgar herd, feel the desire of delving into the future and of, so to speak, hurling themselves into

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Rh it. It is doubtless because they hope thus to escape the present which inflicts on them so much that is sad and distasteful. Why should not the men of to-day be goaded with the desire of fleeing from these wretched times? We are living in an age replete with deeds of cowardice, abounding in ignominious acts, and fertile in crimes."

Cassius spoke at some length in depreciation of the times in which he lived. He lamented the fact that the Romans, fallen from their ancient virtues, no longer found any pleasure except in the consumption of the oysters of the Lucrine lake and of the birds of Phasis river, and that they had no taste except for mummers, chariot-drivers, and gladiators. He deplored the ills which the Empire was suffering from, the insolent luxury of the great, the contemptible avidity of the clients, and the savage depravity of the multitude.

Gallio and his brother agreed with him. They loved virtue. Nevertheless, they had nothing in common with the patricians of old who, having no other care than the fattening of their swine, and the performance of the sacred rites, conquered the world for the better administration of their farms. This nobility of the byre, instituted by Romulus and Remus, was long since extinct. The patrician families created by the divine Julius and by the Emperor Augustus, had passed away. Intelligent

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 9. Deadness of the Optic Nerve to the Calorific Rays.

The layer of iodine used in the foregoing experiments, when placed before the eye, intercepted the light of the noonday sun. No trace of light from the electric lamp was visible, even in the darkest room, when a white screen was placed at the focus of the mirror. It was thought, however, that if the retina itself were brought into the focus the sensation of light might be experienced. The danger of this experiment was twofold. If the dark rays were absorbed in a high degree by the humours of the eye, the albumen of the humours might coagulate along the line of the rays. If, on the contrary, no such high absorption took place, the rays might reach the retina with a force sufficient to destroy it. To test the likelihood of these results, experiments were made on water and on a solution of alum, and they shewed it to be very improbable that in the brief time requisite for an experiment any serious damage could be done. The eye was therefore caused to approach the dark focus, no defence, in the first instance, being provided; but

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 the heat acting upon the parts surrounding the pupil could not be borne. An aperture was therefore pierced in a plate of metal, and the eye, placed behind the aperture, was caused to approach the point of convergence of invisible rays. The focus was attained, first by the pupil and afterwards by the retina. Removing the eye, but permitting the plate of metal to remain, a sheet of platinum foil was placed in the position occupied by the retina a moment before. The platinum became red hot. No sensible damage was done to the eye by this experiment; no impression of light was produced; the optic nerve was not even conscious of heat.

But the humours of the eye are known to be highly impervious to the invisible calorific rays, and the question therefore arises, "did the radiation in the foregoing experiment reach the retina at all?" The answer is that the rays were in part transmitted to the retina, and in part absorbed by the humours. Experiments on the eye of an ox shewed that the proportion of obscure rays which reached the retina amounted to 18 per cent. of the total radiation; while the luminous emission from the electric light amounts to no more than 10 per cent. of the same total. Were the purely luminous rays of the electric lamp converged by our mirror to a focus, there can be no doubt as to the fate of a retina placed there. Its

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 ruin would be inevitable; and yet this would be accomplished by an amount of wave motion but little more than half of that which the retina bears without being conscious of it, at the focus of invisible rays.

This subject will repay a moment's further attention. At a common distance of a foot the visible radiation of the electric light is 800 times the light of a candle. At the same distance, that portion of the radiation of the electric light which reaches the retina but fails to excite vision, is about 1500 times the luminous radiation of the candle. But a candle on a clear night can readily be seen at a distance of a mile, its light at this distance being less than one 20,000,000th of its light at the distance of a foot. Hence to make the former equal in power to the non-luminous radiation received from the electric light at a foot distance, its intensity would have to be multiplied by 1500 x 20,000,000, or by thirty thousand millions. Thus the thirty thousand millionth part of the radiation from the electric light, received unconsciously by the retina at the distance of a foot, would, if slightly changed in character, be amply sufficient to provoke vision. Nothing could more forcibly

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 that special relationship supposed by Melloni and others to subsist between the optic nerve and the oscillating periods of luminous bodies. Like a musical string, the optic nerve responds to the waves with which it is in consonance, while it refuses to be excited by others of almost infinitely greater energy, whose periods of recurrence are not in unison with its own.

10. Persistence of Rays.

At an early part of this Lecture it was affirmed that when a platinum wire was gradually raised to a state of high incandescence, new rays were constantly added, while the intensity of the old ones was increased. Thus in Dr Draper's experiments the rise of temperature that generated the orange, yellow, green and blue rays augmented the intensity of the red ones. What is true of the red is true of every other ray of the spectrum, visible and invisible. We cannot indeed see the augmentation of intensity in the region beyond the red, but we can measure it and express it numerically. With this view the following experiment was performed. A spiral of platinum wire was

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 surrounded by a small glass globe to protect it from currents of air; through an orifice in the globe the rays could pass from the spiral and fall afterwards upon a thermo-electric pile. Placing in front of the orifice an opaque solution of iodine, the platinum was gradually raised from a low dark heat to the fullest incandescence, with the following results:—

Thus the augmentation of the electric current, which raises the wire from its primitive dark condition to an intense white heat, exalts at the same time the energy of the obscure radiation, until at the end it is fully 440 times what it was at the beginning.

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246 and disfigured with smoke. No doubt he has seen all that he writes about, but he possesses far too little of real knowledge to support his high pretensions and sneering tone; and whether he praises or blames, he is always in the wrong.

2, 1786.

Such beautiful warm and quiet weather at the end of November (which, however, is often broken by a day's rain) is quite new to me. We spend the fine days in the open air, the bad in our room: everywhere there is something to learn and to do, something to be delighted with.

On the 28th we paid a second visit to the Sistine Chapel, and had the galleries opened, in order that we might obtain a nearer view of the ceiling. As the galleries are very narrow, it is only with great difficulty that one forces his way up them, by means of the iron balustrades. There is an appearance of danger about it, on which account those who are liable to get dizzy had better not make the attempt: all the discomfort, however, is fully compensated by the sight of the great masterpiece of art. And at this moment I am so taken with Michael Angelo, that after him I have no taste even for nature herself; especially as I am unable to contemplate her with the same eye of genius that he did. Oh, that there were only some means of fixing such paintings in my soul! At any rate, I shall bring with me every engraving and drawing of his pictures, or drawings after him, that I can lay hold of.

Then we went to the Loggie, painted by Raphael, and scarcely dare I say that we could not endure to look at them. The eye had been so dilated and spoiled by those great forms, and the glorious finish of every part, that it was not able to follow the ingenious windings of the Arabesques; and the Scripture histories, however beautiful they were, did not stand


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 What has been here proved true of the totality of the ultra-red rays is true for each of them singly. Placing our linear thermo-electric pile in any part of the ultra-red spectrum, it may be proved that a ray once emitted continues to be emitted with increased energy as the temperature is augmented. The platinum spiral so often referred to being raised to whiteness by an electric current, a brilliant spectrum was formed from its light. A linear thermo-electric pile was placed in the region of obscure rays beyond the red, and by diminishing the current the spiral was reduced to a low temperature. It was then caused to pass through various degrees of darkness and incandescence, with the following results:—

Here, as in the former case, the dark and bright radiation reached their maximum together; as the

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Rh examination after the former. And yet to see these works frequently one after another, and to compare them together at leisure, and without prejudice, must be a source of great pleasure; for at first all sympathy is more or less exclusive.

Under a sunshine, if anything rather too warm, we thence proceeded to the Villa Pamphili, whose beautiful gardens are much resorted to for amusement; and there we remained till evening. A large, flat meadow, enclosed by long, evergreen oaks and lofty pines, were sown all over with daisies, which turned their heads to the sun. I now revived my botanical speculations which I had indulged in the other day during a walk toward Monte Mario, to the Villa Melini, and the Villa Madama. It is very interesting to observe the working of a vigorous, unceasing vegetation, which is here unbroken by any severe cold. Here there are no buds: one has actually to learn what a bud is. The strawberry-tree (arbutus unedo) is at this season, for the second time, in blossom, while its last fruits are just ripening. So also the orange-tree may be seen in flower, and at the same time bearing partially and fully ripened fruit. (The latter trees, however, if they are not sheltered by standing between buildings, are at this season generally covered.) As to the cypress, that most "venerable" of trees when it is old and well grown, it affords matter enough for thought. As soon as possible I shall pay a visit to the Botanical Gardens, and hope to add there much to my experience. Generally, there is nothing to be compared with the new life which the sight of a new country affords to a thoughtful person. Although I am still the same being, I yet think I am changed to the very marrow.

For the present I conclude, and shall perhaps fill the next sheet with murders, disorders, earthquakes, and troubles, in order that at any rate my pictures may not be without shades.


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 one augmented, the other augmented, until at last the energy of the obscure rays of the particular refrangibility here chosen, became 122 times what it was at first. To reach a white heat the wire has to pass through all the stages of invisible radiation, and in its most brilliant condition it still embraces, in an intensified form, the rays of all those stages.

And thus it is with all other kinds of matter, as far as they have hitherto been examined. Coke, whether brought to a white heat by the electric current, or by the oxyhydrogen jet, pours out invisible rays with augmented energy, as its light is increased. The same is true of lime, bricks, and other substances. It is true of all metals which are capable of being heated to incandescence. It also holds good for phosphorus burning in oxygen. Every gush of dazzling light has associated with it a gush of invisible radiant heat, which far transcends the light in energy. This condition of things applies to all bodies capable of being raised to a white heat, either in the solid or the molten condition. It would doubtless also apply to the luminous fogs formed by the condensation of incandescent vapours. In such cases when the curve representing the radiant energy of the body is constructed, the obscure radiation towers upwards like a mountain, the luminous radiation resembling a mere spur at its base.

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 What then is the real origin of the luminous radiation? We find it appearing when the radiating body has attained a certain temperature; or, in other words, when the vibrating atoms of the body have attained a certain width of swing. In solid and molten bodies a certain amplitude cannot be surpassed without the introduction of periods of vibration, which provoke the sense of vision. If permitted to speculate, one might ask, are not these more rapid vibrations the product of the slower? Is it not really the mutual action of the atoms, when they swing through very wide spaces, and thus encroach upon each other, that causes them to tremble in quicker periods? If so, it matters not by what agency the large swinging space is obtained; we shall have light-giving vibrations associated with it. It matters not whether the large amplitudes are produced by the strokes of a hammer, or by the blows of the molecules of a non-luminous gas; such as the air at some height above a gas-flame; or by the shock of the ether particles when transmitting radiant heat. The result in all cases will be incandescence. Thus, the invisible waves of our filtered electric beam with which incandescence has been produced, may be regarded as generating synchronous vibrations in the platinum on which they impinge; but once these vibrations attain a certain amplitude, the mutual

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 jostling of the atoms would produce quicker tremors, and the light-giving waves would follow as the necessary progeny of the heat-giving vibrations. From the very brightness of the light of some of the fixed stars we may infer the intensity of the dark radiation, which is the precursor and inseparable associate of their luminous rays.

11. Absorption of Radiant Heat by Vapours and Odours.

We commenced the demonstrations brought forward in this Lecture by experiments on permanent gases, and we have now to turn our attention to the vapours of volatile liquids. Here, as in the case of the gases, vast differences have been proved to exist between various kinds of molecules, as regards their power of intercepting the calorific waves. While some vapours allow the waves a comparatively free passage, in other cases the minutest bubble of vapour, introduced into the tube already employed for gases, causes a deflection of the magnetic needle. Assuming the absorption effected by air at a pressure of one atmosphere to be unity, the following are the

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248, Dec. 3, 1786.

The weather lately has changed almost every six days. Two days quite glorious, then a doubtful one, and after it two or three rainy ones, and then again fine weather. I endeavour to put each day, according to its nature, to the best use.

And yet these glorious objects are even still like new acquaintances to me. One has not yet lived with them, nor got familiar with their peculiarities. Some of them attract us with irresistible power, so that for a time we feel indifferent, if not unjust, to all others. Thus, for instance, the Pantheon, the Apollo Belvedere, some colossal heads, and very recently the Sistine Chapel, have by terms so won my whole heart, that I scarcely saw anything besides them. But, in truth, can man, little as man always is, and accustomed to littleness, ever make himself equal to all that here surrounds him of what is noble, vast, and refined? Even though he should in any degree adapt himself to it, then how vast is the multitude of objects that immediately press upon him from all sides, and meet him at every turn, of which each demands for itself the tribute of his whole attention. How is one to get out of the difficulty? No other way assuredly than by patiently allowing it to work, becoming industrious, and attending the while to all that others have accomplished for our benefit.

Winckelmann's "History of Art," translated by Rea (the new edition), is a very useful book, which I have just procured, and here on the spot find it to be highly profitable, as I have around me many kind friends, willing to explain and to comment upon it.

Roman antiquities also begin to have a charm for me. History, inscriptions, coins (of which formerly I knew nothing), all are pressing upon me. As I fared with natural history, so I do here also; for the history of the whole world attaches itself to this spot,


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Rh and I reckon a new birthday,—a true new birth from the day I entered Rome.

5, 1786.

During the few weeks that I have been here, I have already seen many strangers come and go, so that I have often wondered at the levity with which so many treat these precious moments. God be thanked that hereafter none of those birds of passage will be able to impose upon me. When, in the North, they shall speak to me of Rome, none of them now will be able to excite my spleen; for I also have seen it, and know too, in some degree, where I have been.

8, 1786.

We have, every now and then, the most beautiful days. The rain which falls from time to time has made the grass and garden-stuffs quite verdant. Evergreens, too, are to be seen here at different spots, so that one scarcely misses the fallen leaves of the forest trees. In the gardens you may see orange-trees full of fruit, left in the open ground and not under cover.

I had intended to give you a particular account of a very pleasant trip which we took to the sea, and of our fishing exploits; but in the evening poor Moritz, as he was riding home, broke his arm, his horse having slipped on the smooth Roman pavement. This marred all our pleasure, and has plunged our little domestic circle in sad affliction.

13, 1786.

I am heartily delighted that you have taken my sudden disappearance just as I wished you should. Pray appease for me every one that may have taken offence at it. I never wished to give any one pain, and even now I cannot say anything to excuse myself. God keep me from ever afflicting my friends with the premises which led me to this resolution.


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A.D. 1463.


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250 Here I am gradually recovering from my "salto mortale," and studying rather than enjoying. Rome is a world, and one must spend years before one can become at all acquainted with it. How happy do I consider those travellers who can take a look at it and go their way.

Yesterday many of Winckelmann's letters which he wrote from Italy fell into my hands. With what emotions I began to read them! About this same season, some one and thirty years ago, he came hither a still poorer simpleton than I; but then he had such thorough German enthusiasm for all that is sterling and genuine, either in antiquity or art. How bravely and diligently he worked his way through all difficulties; and what good it does me,—the remembrance of such a man in such a place!

After the objects of nature, who in all her parts is true to herself, and consistent, nothing speaks. so loudly as the remembrance of a good, intelligent man,—that genuine art which is no less consistent and harmonious than herself. Here in Rome we feel this right well, where so many an arbitrary caprice has had its day, where so many a folly has immortalised itself by its power and its gold.

The following passage in Winckelmann's letters to Franconia particularly pleased me: " We must look at all the objects in Rome with a certain degree of phlegm, or else one will be taken for a Frenchman. In Rome, I believe, is the high school for all the world; and I also have been purified and tried in it."

This remark applies directly to my mode of visiting the different objects here; and most certain it is, that out of Rome no one can have an idea how one is schooled in Rome. One must, so to speak, be new born; and one looks back on his earlier notions as a man does on the little shoes which fitted him when a child. The most ordinary man learns something


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10

TEM, Whereas in the faid Parliament, by the, Artificers of manual- Occupations, Men and Wo- men, inhabiting and Refident in the City of Lon- don, and other Cities, Towns, Boroughs, and Vil- lages within the fame Realm of England and Wales, it hath been piteoufly fhewed and complained, how that all they in general, and every of them, be greatly impoverifhed, and much hindered and pre- judiced of their worldly Increafe, and daily Living, by the great Multitude of divers Commodities and Wares pertaining to their Myfteries and Occupa- tions, being fully wrought, and ready made to Sale, as well by the Hands of Strangers, being the King's Enemies, as other in this Realm, and Wales, fetch- ed and brought from beyond the Sea, as well by Merchants Strangers, as Denizens and other Per- fons, whereof the greateft Part in Subftance is de- ceitful, and nothing worth in Regard of any Man's Occupation or Profit; (2) by which Occafion the faid Artificers cannot live by their Mifteries and Oc- cupations, as they have done in Times paft, but divers of them, as well Houfhoulders as Hirelings, and other Servants and Apprentices in great Num- ber, be at this Day unoccupied, and do hardly live, in great Mifery, Poverty, and Need, whereby many Inconveniencies have grown before this Time, and hereafter more be like to come (which God defend) if due Remedy be not in this Behalf provided :" ' (3 ) Our redoubted Sovereign Lord the King, confidering the Premiffes, and willing in this Cafe to provide Re- medy, by the Advice, Aftent, and Authority afore- faid, hath ordained, enacted, and eftablifhed, Th.ar. no Merchant, born a Subject of our faid Lord the King, Denizen, or Stranger, nor other Perfon, after the Feaft of St. Michael the Archangel next coming, fiiall bring, fend, nor convey, nor caufe to be brought, fent, nor conveyed, into this Realm of England, and Seigniory of Wales, any of the Chaffers, Wares, or Things under-written ; that is to fay, any Woollen Caps, Woollen Cloths, Laces, Corfes, Ribbands, Fringes of Silk and of Thread, Laces of Thread, Silk twined, Silk in any wife embroidered, Laces of Gold, of Silk * or Gold, Saddles, Stirrups, or any Harnef- fes pertaining to Saddles, Spurs, Boffes of Bridles, Aundirons, Gridirons, any Manner of Locks, Ham- mers, Pinfons, Fire-tongs, Drippingpans, Dice, Te- nis-balls, Points, Purfes, Gloves, Girdles, Harnefs for Girdles, of Iron, Latten, Steel, Tin, or of Al-


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202 idea a misreading of the real nature of riches and poverty under modern conditions? Is it not productive power which now counts rather than dead wealth? Shall we cot all of us—and now in some degree even the Americans also—have spent our dead capital, and shall we not all of us, the Germans included, be starting again in the productive race practically from scratch? The world was astonished at the rapidity with which France recovered from her disaster of 1870, but the power of industrial production was as nothing then to what it is now. Sober calculation in regard to Britain leads to the conclusion that her increased productive power owing to reorganisation and new methods compelled by the War, should far exceed the interest and sinking fund even of her vast War debts. No doubt you have the Paris Resolutions, and can deny to a refractory Germany the raw materials wherewith to compete with you. If you resort to that method, however, you postpone your League of Nations, and you remain a League of Allies. Are you certain, moreover, that you would win in an economic war? You might undoubtedly handicap Germany, but a handicap may only lead to greater effort. Did not Napoleon limit the Prussian Army after Jena to 42,000 men


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Rh with the colours, and was not the Prussian effort to circumvent his prohibition the origin of the whole modern system of short-service national armies? Economic war, with Germany exploiting the Slavs, and presently the Heartland, would in the long run merely serve to emphasise the distinction between the Continent and the Islands, and between land-power and sea-power, and no one who contemplates the unity of the Great Continent under modern railway conditions can view unconcernedly either the preparation for the World-War which would be inevitable, or the ultimate result of that War.

We, the Western nations, have incurred such tremendous sacrifices in this conflict that we cannot afford to trust to anything that may happen at Berlin; we must be secure in any case. In other words, we must settle this question between the Germans and Slavs, and we must see to it that East Europe, like West Europe, is divided into self-contained nations. If we do that, we shall not only reduce the German people to its proper position in the world, a great enough position for any single people, but we shall also have created the conditions precedent to a League of Nations.

You plead that if we inflict a decisive peace


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 Democratic Ideals and Reality, 1919 Fig 31 p 207.jpg 31.—The Middle Tier of States between Germany and Russia. Many boundary questions have still to be determined.


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 absorptions effected by a series of vapours at a pressure of $1⁄60$th of an atmosphere:—

Bisulphide of carbon is the most transparent vapour in this list; and acetic ether the most opaque; $1⁄60$th of an atmosphere of the former, however, produces 47 times the effect of a whole atmosphere of air, while $1⁄60$th of an atmosphere of the latter produces 612 times the effect of a whole atmosphere of air. Reducing dry air to the pressure of the acetic ether here employed, and comparing them then together, the quantity of wave-motion intercepted by the latter would be many thousand times that intercepted by the air.

Any one of these vapours discharged in the free atmosphere, in front of a body emitting obscure rays, intercepts more or less of the radiation. A similar effect is produced by perfumes diffused in the air, though their attenuation is known to be almost

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A.D. 1463.

kemine, any Thing wrought of any tawed Leather, any tawed Furrs, Buscans, Shoes Galoches or Corks, Knives, Daggers, Wood-knivea, Bodkins, Sheers for Taylor, Scissers, Razers, Shears, play- ing Cards, Pins, Pattins, Pack- needles, any painted Ware, Forcers, Caskets, Rings of Copper, or of Latten gilt, Chafring-dishes, hanging Candlesticks, chaffing Balls, sacring Bells, Rings for Curtains, Ladles, Scummers, counterfeit Batons, Ewers, Hats, Brushes, Cards for Wooll, blanch Iron Thread, commonly called and named White Wire, or any of those Wares or Chaffers, to be uttered and sold with- in the same Realm of England, or in the County of Wales, by way of Merchandise, (4) upon Pain to forfeit the same Merchandises at every Time, and as often as they may be found in the Hands of any Person or Persons to be sold; the one Half of the same Forfeiture to be paid to the Use of our Lord the King, and the other Half to him that will first seise the same for the King; (5) the same Half by him so seised for our Lord the King to be delivered by the said Seisor thereof to the Escheator of the County or Place where the same Seisin shall be, by Indenture betwixt them made, duly to answer thereof in his Accompt.

II. Provided always, That if any of the said Wares or Chaffers made out of this Land, be taken upon the Sea without Fraud or Collusion, or come in this Realm of England, or the Country of Wales, by way of Wreck, that those be in no wise taken within this Act or Statute, but that they may be sold within this Realm of England, or Wales, this Act or Statute notwithstanding.

III. Provided also, That all Wares and Chaffers made and wrought in the Land of Ireland, or Wales, may be brought and fold in this Realm of England, as they were wont before the making of this Statute, this Actor Statute notwithstanding.

Alfo our Lord the King hath ordained and fta- blifhed, by the Affent and Authority aforefaid, That the Mafters and Wardens for the time being, of eve- ry Craft and Miftery in every City, Borough, Town, and Village where any fuch C^ah or Myftery is u fed or occupied, fhall have fufficient Power and Autho- rity in every fuch City, Town, Borough, and Vil- lage, where they for the time being {hall be Wardens or Mafters of any fuch Craft or Myftery, and the Mayor of fuch City, Borough, Town, or illape for the time being, if any Mayor be, or the Bailiffs or Bailiff of any fuch City, Borough, Town, or Vil- lage for the time being, if any Bailiffs or Bailiff there be and no Mayor, or Servant or any other Officer to them affigned by the faid Mayor, Bailiffs, or Bailiff, in every ft;ch City, Borough, Town, and Village, wheie any fuch Craft or Miftery is u fed or occupied, where no fuch Mafters nor Wardens of any fuch Craft or Mifterv be, that the Mafters or Wardens of the Crafts and Mifteries of the City, Town, Borough, or Village next adjoining to the fame, and the Con- ftable at fuch City, Town, Borough, or Village, fhall have Power and Authority to fearch in their own Crafts and Mifteries, and in all other Crafts and Mi- fteries, uttering by way of Sale any of the afortfaid Wares, as well within Cities, Boroughs, fownsj and Villages of the fame Realm of England, ar.d cf the Country of Waits, as within the Liberties and Franchife of the fame Cities, Boroughs, Towns, ar.d Villages, at all Times reasonable by the Da., at


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 infinite. Carrying, for example, a current of dry air over bibulous paper moistened by patchouli, the scent taken up by the current absorbs 30 times the quantity of heat intercepted by the air which carries it; and yet patchouli acts more feebly on radiant heat than any other perfume yet examined. Here follow the results obtained with various essential oils, the odour, in each case, being carried by a current of dry air into the tube already employed for gases and vapours:—

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 Thus the absorption by a tube full of dry air being 1, that of the odour of patchouli diffused in it is 30, that of lavender 60, that of rosemary 74, while that of aniseed amounts to 372. It would be idle to speculate on the quantities of matter concerned in these actions.

12. Aqueous Vapour in relation to Terrestrial Temperatures.

We are now fully prepared for a result which, without such preparation, might appear incredible. Water is, to some extent, a volatile body, and our atmosphere, resting as it does upon the surface of the ocean, receives from it a continual supply of aqueous vapour. It would be an error to confound clouds or fog or any visible mist with the vapour of water: this vapour is a perfectly impalpable gas, diffused, even on the clearest days, throughout the atmosphere. Compared with the great body of the air, the aqueous vapour it contains is of almost infinitesimal amount, 99½ out of every 100 parts of the atmosphere being composed of oxygen and nitrogen. In the absence of experiment, we should never think

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,—In fulfilment of the trust which I had the honour to receive from you, I have completed the M.S. for a Hand-book of Western Australia, in which I have endeavoured to carry out your instructions and to make it as generally useful as the space to which it was limited would permit.

There has been much difficulty in the selection of materials, still more in deciding what might be omitted. I can scarcely hope to have been altogether successful, but I shall be well satisfied if I obtain your approval, and if I have succeeded in affording such information about the Colony as those having interest or desiring to settle in it might require, and which is not to be found elsewhere.

 * I have the honour to be,
 * Your obliged and obedient Servant,
 * C. G. NICOLAY.

Perth, 31st August, 1877.


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276 befall them, they will be content to bear it because the Lord is their keeper, and nothing can befall them without his will. If it be his will, then injury is for them a blessing and no calamity at all. Thus and thus only is the trustful man protected and shielded from harm. And I for one—by no means a thick-skinned or hard-nerved man—am absolutely satisfied with this arrangement, and do not wish for any other kind of immunity from danger and catastrophe. Quite as sensitive to pain as the most highly strung organism, I yet feel that the worst of it is conquered, and the sting taken out of it altogether, by the thought that God is our loving and sleepless keeper, and that nothing can hurt us without his will."

More excited expressions of this condition are abundant in religious literature. I could easily weary you with their monotony. Here is an account from Mrs. Jonathan Edwards:—

"Last night," Mrs. Edwards writes, "was the sweetest night I ever had in my life. I never before, for so long a time together, enjoyed so much of the light and rest and sweetness of heaven in my soul, but without the least agitation of body during the whole time. Part of the night I lay awake, sometimes asleep, and sometimes between sleeping and waking. But all night I continued in a constant, clear, and lively sense of the heavenly sweetness of Christ's excellent love, of his nearness to me, and of my dearness to him; with an inexpressibly sweet calmness of soul in an entire rest in him. I seemed to myself to perceive a glow of divine love come down from the heart of Christ in heaven into my heart in a constant stream, like a stream or pencil of sweet light. At the same time my heart and soul all flowed out in love to Christ, so that there seemed to be a constant flowing and reflowing of heavenly love, and I appeared to myself to float or swim, in these bright, sweet beams, like the motes swimming in the beams of the sun, or the streams of his light which come in at the window. I think that what I felt each minute was worth more than all the outward comfort and pleasure which I had enjoyed in my whole life put


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 of ascribing to this scant and varying constituent any important influence on terrestrial radiation; and yet its influence is far more potent than that of the great body of the air. To say that on a day of average humidity in England, the atmospheric vapour exerts 100 times the action of the air itself, would certainly be an understatement of the fact. The peculiar qualities of this vapour, and the circumstance that at ordinary temperatures it is very near its point of condensation, render the results which it yields in the apparatus already described, less than the truth; and I am not prepared to say that the absorption by this substance is not 200 times that of the air in which it is diffused. Comparing a single molecule of aqueous vapour with an atom of either of the main constituents of our atmosphere, I am not prepared to say how many thousand times the action of the former exceeds that of the latter.

These large numbers depend in part upon the extreme feebleness of the air; the power of aqueous vapour seems vast, because that of the air with which it is compared is infinitesimal. Absolutely considered, however, this substance exercises a very potent action. Probably a column of ordinary air 10 feet long would intercept from 10 to 15 per cent. of the heat radiated from an obscure source, and I think it certain that the larger of these numbers

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164 gratitude, and prudence? Why will you trust to an arm of flesh? Has the Demon, the prince of destruction, blinded your eyes? Have the treasures you have created here for yourself hardened your heart, and darkened your understanding? If Helen could speak I am sure she would now say: "My beloved husband, be not foolish, worship not me!" She is beautiful, but she is dust; her spirit is, I know, divine. These riches cannot redeem you from the wrath of your offended Maker. Worship Him! Worship the Son who died to save you, without whom you cannot inherit eternal life! If you persist in your own way, believe me, you will never see your Helen again; you will never see the light of the sun again, or the grass, or the trees, or the splendid lakes and mountains. The beauty of your person will be changed into the revolting similitude of a demon—perhaps going, like him, up and down on the earth, seeking whom you may devour! Love your Helen wisely, but not too well. Turn and seek, as you well know how to do, a happy and glorious immortality!'

He had risen from his knees while I was speaking, and now stood facing me with an offended air; but when I had finished, and expected nothing less than a great outburst of passion, he quietly said:

'You are right, and I am wrong; let us go!'

He led the way round the vast apartment. There was nothing in it except what might be supposed to give pleasure to its male and female occupants, had they been capable of enjoying them. Nothing revolting or horrible met my view. The walls were adorned with beautiful pictures. The tables, of which there were two long rows, were loaded with vases of artificial flowers, baskets and boxes full of precious stones, statuettes, and ornaments of gold and silver. There were exquisite models of mansions and castles, surrounded by beautiful parks and stately woods, similar to those I had


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 fails to express the absorption of the terrestrial rays, effected within 10 feet of the earth's surface. This is of the utmost consequence to the life of the world. Imagine the superficial molecules of the earth trembling with the motion of heat, and imparting it to the surrounding ether; this motion would be carried rapidly away, and lost for ever to our planet, if the waves of ether had nothing but the air to contend with in their outward course. But the aqueous vapour takes up the motion of the ethereal waves, and becomes thereby heated, thus wrapping the earth like a warm garment, and protecting its surface from the deadly chill which it would otherwise sustain. Various philosophers have speculated on the influence of an atmospheric envelope. De Saussure, Fourier, M. Pouillet and Mr Hopkins have, one and all, enriched scientific literature with contributions on this subject, but the considerations which these eminent men have applied to atmospheric air, have now to be transferred to aqueous vapour.

The observations of meteorologists furnish important, though hitherto unconscious evidence of the influence of this agent. Wherever the air is dry we are liable to daily extremes of temperature. By day, in such places, the sun's heat reaches the earth unimpeded and renders the maximum high; by

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 night, on the other hand, the earth's heat escapes unhindered into space and renders the minimum low. Hence the difference between the maximum and minimum is greatest where the air is driest. In the plains of India, on the heights of the Himalaya, in central Asia, in Australia,—wherever drought reigns, we have the heat of day forcibly contrasted with the chill of night. In the Sahara itself, when the sun's rays cease to impinge on the burning soil, the temperature runs rapidly down to freezing, because there is no vapour overhead to check the calorific drain. And here another instance might be added to the numbers already known, in which nature tends as it were to check her own excess. By nocturnal refrigeration, the aqueous vapour of the air is condensed to water on the surface of the earth, and as only the superficial portions radiate, the act of condensation makes water the radiating body. Now experiment proves that to the rays emitted by water, aqueous vapour is especially opaque. Hence the very act of condensation, consequent on terrestrial cooling, becomes a safeguard to the earth, imparting to its radiation that particular character which renders it most liable to be prevented from escaping into space.

It might however be urged that, inasmuch as we derive all our heat from the sun, the selfsame

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Rh previously seen in my Day Dream at Lake Sorell. There were musical instruments of strange construction, on some of which he played with considerable skill. There were books which I did not venture to look into; models of ships of the time of Henry the Eighth. The fleets of Spain were represented hovering on the coast of England. Nor did my clever friend forget to portray some of the most charming scenes of antiquity, as they have been brought before us by the poets and historians of bygone ages.

Seated on massive antique chairs, and arranged in various and picturesque groups here and there, were a number of finely dressed ladies and gentlemen, represented as drinking wine and chocolate, and talking and laughing with each other. Their apparent thoughts could be traced in their faces in a most astonishing way: the young gentlemen with that self-satisfied smile which always follows a witty compliment to their fair auditors; the young ladies silently applauding with their bright eyes, ogling from behind their fans, and showing their pearly teeth. They had the startling appearance of being veritable tableaux vivants, without a trace of the tinselled impersonations of a wax-work exhibition. My guide brought me before a stately and severe-looking man, and formally introduced me to King Charles the First; then to a very different kind of person—Oliver Cromwell. I found myself suddenly brought by name under the notice of William Shakespeare. John Milton, John Hampden, Admiral Blake, Queen Elizabeth, and a number of other great personages whose names are written elsewhere in letters of gold. Finally he led me to the contemplation of a magnificent equestrian statue, nearly the size of life, of his beautiful Helen, formed of semi-pellucid alabaster. It was placed in a recess or grotto, adorned with a countless number of shells of wonderful grandeur. We now stood gazing through the centre of the hall from one


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 covering which protects the earth from chill must also shut out the solar radiation. This is partially true, but only partially; the sun's rays are different in quality from the earth's rays, and it does not at all follow that the substance which absorbs the one must necessarily absorb the other. Through a layer of water, for example, one tenth of an inch in thickness, the sun's rays are transmitted with comparative freedom; but through a layer half this thickness, as Melloni has proved, no single ray from the warmed earth could pass. In like manner, the sun's rays pass with comparative freedom through the aqueous vapour of the air: the absorbing power of this substance being mainly exerted upon the heat that endeavours to escape from the earth. In consequence of this differential action upon solar and terrestrial heat, the mean temperature of our planet is higher than is due to its distance from the sun.

13. Liquids and their Vapours in relation to Radiant Heat.

The deportment here assigned to atmospheric vapour has been established by direct experiments on air taken from the streets and parks of London,

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166 end to the other. It was a scene of perfect enchantment. Opposite to us Helen and her companions presented a splendid picture under their glittering canopy—a fitting termination to a vista of indescribable loveliness.

From the examination of these objects we turned to one of a totally different aspect, and one which I was not prepared to see. A curtain had been silently drawn up behind us, displaying what appeared to be a mirror of gigantic proportions. It reflected at first the scene winch we had just witnessed, the whole length of the hall, the Doctor and I standing together in the foreground. We were very much alike, but he was apparently much the younger and larger man of the two. His light fair hair and juvenile ruddy countenance contrasted favourably with my grizzly locks, and weather-beaten features. By degrees the scene in the mirror changed. A cloud came between us and the brightness, and when it cleared away I saw depicted a picture of a dark and dismal country, with rugged mountains far away, and wild rocks and fantastic trees abounding in the foreground. A river that looked like one of molten lead appeared to flow sluggishly through the land. The atmosphere was grim in the extreme, and the obscurity was rendered still more palpable by the reflections of fierce fires in the distance.

The Doctor now prepared to leave the apartment. We passed along the side which I had not previously seen, and I beheld new wonders. He led me again up to the group under the canopy, and stood before them for some moments in silence. Then he kissed them all, and bade them farewell.

We returned to the secret door, and relit our lamp, The weird lights of the enchanted hall were suddenly extinguished. We descended the rugged steps in safety, and I hastened to my bed, where I was soon buried in profound slumber.


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278 consenting that it should be so, if it were most for the glory of God, so that there was no hesitation, doubt, or darkness in my mind. The glory of God seemed to overcome me and swallow me up, and every conceivable suffering, and everything that was terrible to my nature, seemed to shrink to nothing before it. This resignation continued in its clearness and brightness the rest of the night, and all the next day, and the night following, and on Monday in the forenoon, without interruption or abatement."

The annals of Catholic saintship abound in records as ecstatic or more ecstatic than this. "Often the assaults of the divine love," it is said of the Sister Séraphique de la Martinière, "reduced her almost to the point of death. She used tenderly to complain of this to God. 'I cannot support it,' she used to say. 'Bear gently with my weakness, or I shall expire under the violence of your love.'"

Let me pass next to the Charity and Brotherly Love which are a usual fruit of saintliness, and have always been reckoned essential theological virtues, however limited may have been the kinds of service which the particular theology enjoined. Brotherly love would follow logically from the assurance of God's friendly presence, the notion of our brotherhood as men being an immediate inference from that of God's fatherhood of us all. When Christ utters the precepts: "Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you," he gives for a reason: "That ye may be the children of your Father which is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust." One might therefore


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 from the downs of Epsom, from the hills and seabeach of the Isle of Wight, and also by experiments on air in the first instance dried, and afterwards rendered artificially humid by pure distilled water. It has also been established in the following way. Ten volatile liquids were taken at random and the power of these liquids, at a common thickness, to intercept the waves of heat was carefully determined. The vapours of the liquids were next taken, in quantities proportional to the quantities of liquid, and the power of the vapours to intercept the waves of heat was also determined. Commencing with the substance which exerted the least absorptive power, and proceeding upward to the most energetic, the following order of absorption was observed:—

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 We here find the order of absorption in both cases to be the same. We have liberated the molecules from the bonds which trammel them more or less in a liquid condition; but this change in their state of aggregation does not change their relative powers of absorption. Nothing could more clearly prove that the act of absorption depends upon the individual molecule, which equally asserts its power in the liquid and the gaseous state. We may assuredly conclude from the above table that the position of a vapour is determined by that of its liquid. Now at the very foot of the list of liquids stands water, signalizing itself above all others by its enormous power of absorption. And from this fact, even if no direct experiment on the vapour of water had ever been made, we should be entitled to rank that vapour as the most powerful absorber of radiant heat hitherto discovered. It has been proved by experiment that a shell of air two inches in thickness surrounding our planet, and saturated with the vapour of sulphuric ether, would intercept 35 per cent. of the earth's radiation. And though the quantity of aqueous vapour necessary to saturate air is much less than the amount of sulphuric ether vapour which it can sustain, it is still extremely probable that the estimate already made of the action of atmospheric vapour within 10 feet of the earth's surface,

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 is altogether under the mark; and that we are indebted to this wonderful substance, to an extent not accurately determined, but certainly far beyond what has hitherto been imagined, for the temperature now existing at the surface of the globe.

14. Reciprocity of Radiation and Absorption.

Throughout the reflections which have hitherto occupied us, the image before the mind has been that of a radiant source generating calorific waves, which on passing among the scattered molecules of a gas or vapour were intercepted by those molecules in various degrees. In all cases it was the transference of motion from the ether to the comparatively quiescent molecules of the gas or vapour. We have now to change the form of our conception, and to figure these molecules not as absorbers but as radiators, not as the recipients but as the originators of wave motion. That is to say, we must figure them vibrating and generating in the surrounding ether undulations which speed through it with the velocity of light. Our object now is to enquire whether the act of chemical combination, which proves

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 so potent as regards the phenomena of absorption, does not also manifest its power in the phenomena of radiation. For the examination of this question it is necessary, in the first place, to heat our gases and vapours to the same temperature, and then examine their power of discharging the motion thus imparted to them upon the ether in which they swing.

A heated copper ball was placed above a ring gas-burner, possessing a great number of small apertures, the burner being connected by a tube with vessels containing the various gases to be examined. By a gentle pressure the gases were forced through the orifices of the burner against the copper ball, where each of them, being heated, rose in an ascending column. A thermo-electric pile, entirely screened off from the hot ball, was exposed to the radiation of the warm gas, and the deflection of a magnetic needle connected with the pile, declared the energy of the radiation.

By this mode of experiment it was proved that the selfsame molecular arrangement which renders a gas a powerful absorber, renders it in the same degree a powerful radiator,—that the atom or molecule which is competent to intercept the calorific waves is, in the same degree, competent to generate them. Thus, while the atoms of elementary gases proved

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 themselves unable to emit any sensible amount of radiant heat, the molecules of compound gases were shown to be capable of powerfully disturbing the surrounding ether. By special modes of experiment the same was proved to hold good for the vapours of volatile liquids, the radiative power of every vapour being found proportional to its absorptive power. These experiments were based upon the fact that atoms, such, for example, as those of air, which glide through the ether without sensible resistance, cannot thus glide among the molecules of another gas. When mixed with such molecules, the heated atoms communicate their motion to the molecules by direct collision, and if these be of a complex chemical character, they instantly disturb the ether which surrounds them, and thus lose their heat. Hence the motion possessed in the first instance by the atoms, and which the atoms are incompetent to discharge directly upon the ether, may, by the intervention of more complex molecules, be thus discharged. Suppose, then, a small quantity of any vapour to be introduced into an exhausted tube, and air to be subsequently allowed to rush in and fill the tube. By its impact against the sides of the tube the air is heated; the motion of heat is instantly imparted, by collision, to the molecules of the vapour, and they in their turn impart it to the ether, or, in

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 other words, reduce it to the radiant form. By this process, which has been called Dynamic Radiation, the radiative power of both vapours and gases has been determined, and the reciprocity of their radiation and absorption proved. In the excellent researches of Leslie, De la Provostaye and Desains, and Mr Balfour Stewart, the reciprocity of radiation and absorption in the case of solid bodies has been variously illustrated; while the labours, theoretical and experimental, of Kirchhoff have given this subject a wonderful expansion, and enriched it by applications of the highest kind. To their results are now to be added the foregoing, whereby a vast class of bodies hitherto thought inaccessible to experiment, are proved to exhibit the duality of radiation and absorption, the influence on both of chemical combination being exhibited in the most decisive and extraordinary way.

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 15. Influence of Vibrating Period and Molecular Form. Physical analysis of the human breath.

In the foregoing experiments with gases and vapours we have employed throughout invisible rays; some of these bodies are so impervious that in lengths of a few feet only, they intercept every ray as effectually as a layer of pitch would do. The substances however which show themselves thus opaque to radiant heat are perfectly transparent to light. Now the rays of light differ from those of invisible heat only in point of period, the former failing to affect the retina because their periods of recurrence are too slow. Hence, in some way or other the transparency of our gases and vapours depends upon the periods of the waves which impinge upon them. What is the nature of this dependence? The admirable researches of Kirchhoff help us to an answer. The atoms and molecules of every gas have certain definite rates of oscillation, and those waves of ether are most copiously absorbed whose periods of recurrence synchronize with the periods of the molecules among which they pass. Thus, when we find the invisible rays absorbed

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 and the visible ones transmitted by a layer of gas, we conclude that the oscillating periods of the gaseous molecules coincide with those of the invisible, and not with those of the visible spectrum.

It requires some discipline of the imagination to form a clear picture of this process. Such a picture is, however, possible. When the waves of ether impinge upon molecules whose periods of vibration coincide with the recurrence of the undulations, the timed strokes of the waves cause the motion of the molecules to accumulate, as a heavy pendulum is set in motion by well-timed puffs of breath. Thousands of millions of shocks are received every second from the calorific waves, and it is not difficult to see that every wave, arriving just in time to repeat the action of its predecessor, the molecules must finally be caused to swing through wider spaces than if the arrivals were not so timed. In fact, it is not difficult to see that an assemblage of molecules, operated upon by contending waves, might remain practically quiescent, and this is actually the case when the waves of the visible spectrum pass through a transparent gas or vapour. There is here no sensible transference of motion from the ether to the molecules; in other words, there is no sensible absorption.

One striking example of the influence of period may be here recorded. Carbonic acid gas is one of

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 the feeblest of absorbers of the radiant heat emitted by solid sources. It is, for example, extremely transparent to the rays emitted by the heated copper plate already referred to. There are, however, certain rays, comparatively few in number, emitted by the copper, to which the carbonic acid is impervious; and could we obtain a source of heat emitting such rays only, we should find carbonic acid more opaque than any other gas to the radiation from that source. Such a source is actually found in the flame of carbonic oxide, where hot carbonic acid constitutes the main radiating body. Of the rays emitted by our heated plate of copper, olefiant gas absorbs ten times the quantity absorbed by carbonic acid. Of the rays emitted by a carbonic oxide flame, carbonic acid absorbs twice as much as olefiant gas. This wonderful change in the power of the former as an absorber is simply due to the fact, that the periods of the hot and cold carbonic acid are identical, and the waves from the flame freely transfer their motion to the molecules which synchronize with them. Thus it is that the tenth of an atmosphere of carbonic acid, enclosed in a tube four feet long, absorbs 60 per cent. of the radiation from a carbonic oxide flame, while one-thirtieth of an atmosphere absorbs 48 per cent. of the heat from the same origin.

In fact, the presence of the minutest quantity of

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12 Fairs, and Markets, Shops open, and Warehouses, all such Manner of Wares, Chaffers, and Merchandises pertaining to every of their proper Crafts and Misteries, which shall be made by any Alien Artificer, Man or Woman, or any other Person or Persons within the fame Realm of England or Wales, or which at any Time shall be occupied by any of the said Crafts or Misteries, in whole Hands soever they may be found.

V. Provided also, That the said Masters, Wardens, and other named in the said Ordinance to be Searchers, shall not enter in any Place exempt by Privilege, Franchise, or Custom, to make in the same any Search, as is aforesaid, but by the Oversight of some Officer of every such Place so exempt, where any such Search shall happen to be made. (2) And ' if the faid Searchers by the fame Search do find, That c fuch Chaffers, Wares, or Merchandifes, or any Part ' Wares, or Merchandifes, and duly wrought and ' made, as they ought to be, and that fufficiently prov- ' ed, that then it fhall be lawful to fuch Searchers to ' take and feife all fuch Chaffers, Wares, and Mer- ' chandifes, which mall be fo found not good, pure, ' lawful, or able, nor well wrought, as a Thing for- feit; (3) the one Half of the fame Forfeiture to be c paid to the Ufe of our Lord the King, and the other ' Half thereof to fuch Mafters or Wardens which fo ' fhall make Search and find^ the fame. (4) And that ' this prefent Ordinance or Statute concerning the faid 1 Artificers ftand, and be in his Force, as long as fhall ' pleafe our Sovereign Lord the King. ' VI. Provided always, That this Ordinance and ' Ac~t, nor any other Ordinance or A&t made, or to be ' made, in this prefent Parliament, fhall extend or in Clerk, Dean of the free Chapel of our Lord the King ' of Saint Martin le Grand of London, nor to his Suc- c ceffors of the faid Chapel hereafter for the time being ' in any Manner; (2) nor to the faid Robert Dean, ' and Chapiter of the fame Chapel, as in and for all ' Manner of Privileges, Liberties, Franchifes, Rights, ' and Cuftoms in any; Manner pertaining to them be- ' fore this Parliament;' (3) nor to any Perfon or Per- ' fons dwelling or inhabiting, or which fhall hereafter ' inhabit and dwell, within the Sancluary and PrecincT: ' of the fame Chapel, and efpecially within the Lane 5 commonly called Saint Martin's Lane.' iQa. How far the Ac't continues in Force ? The Liberties of Great Saint Martin's in Lon- don referved. Enforced and ex- tended to other CommodU'ies by 5 ; E1. c. 7. 13 & i4_Car. 2. C 13. Purveu toutz foitz qeles ditz maiftres gardeins & autres en la dite ordenaunce nomez deftre fer- cheours nentrent pas en afcun lieu exempt par prf- vilege franchife ou cuftume de faire en icell afcun ferche come devaunt eft dit finon par furveu dafcun officer de chefcun autiel lieu iffint exempt lou afcun tiel ferche deftre fait aviendra. Et ft les ditz fer- cheours par mefme le ferche trovent qe tielx chaf- fares wares ou merchandifes ou afcune partem ne foit ou foient purez loialx & ables chaffares waras ou merchandifes & droitement faitz & overez fr- come ils duiffent eftre & ceo duement prove qe adonqes y lirra as tielx fercheours de prendre & feifer come chofe forfait toutz tielx chaffares wares^ et merchandifes queux iffint ferront trovez nient bons purez loialx ou ables ne droitement overez lune moite ent au Roi dapperteigner et lautre moite ent au tielx maiftres ou gardeins qi iffint ferront ferche et ceo troveront. Et qe ceft prefent orde~ naunce les ditz artificers concernant eftoife et foit en fon force auxi longement come y plerra a noftre Seignur le Roy. Purveu auxi qe ne ceft ordenaunce et acte ne null autre ordenaunce ou acte fait ou affaire en ceft pre- fent parlement extende ne ne foit prejudiciall on damageous a Robert Stillyngton clerk dean del franc chapell du Roy de feint Martyn graunt de Loundres ne a fes fucceffours du dit chapell enapres pur le temps efteantz en afcun manere ne a le dit Robert deane et chapitre de mefme la chapell come en et pur toutz maners privileges libertees fraunchifes droites et cuftumes as eux apperteignauntz en afcun manere devaunt mefme cefty parlement ne al af- cune perfone ou perfones demurantz ou enhabi- tantzou qe enapres demurontou enhabitront deina la feintuarie et procinftde mefme la chapell et fpe- cialment deinz la venelle appelle communement- feint Martyna lane, CAP. V. What kind of Apparel Men and Women of every Vocation and Degree are allowed, and what prohibited to wear. See Appendix. Statutes made at Weftminfler, Anno 4 Edw. IV. and Anno Dom« . k UR Lord King Edwakd the Fourth after the Conqueft, at his Parliament fummoned _at Wejiminjler the Nine and twentieth Day of Aprils in the Third Year of his Reign, and by divers Prorogations and Adjournments continued till Ex Rot. in Turr. Lond. m. 6. OSTRE Seignur le Roy Edward puis le conqueft quart a fon parlement fummonez a Weftm' le xxix. jour dAprill Ian de fon reigne tierce & par diverfes prorogations & adjor- naments jufqes le xxj. jour de Janiver lan.de fon reigne 3
 * thereof, be not pi're, lawful, and able Chaffers,
 * any wife be prejudicial or hurtful to Robert Styllington


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 4/Monody on the Death of the Right Hon. R. B. Sheridan


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314 praises (Memoir of H. F. Cary, 1847, ii. 28). Byron seems to have thought that a fragment of the Inferno, "versed like the original," would challenge comparison with Cary's rendering in blank verse, and would lend an additional interest to the "Pulci Translations, and the Dante Imitation." Dîs aliter visum and Byron's translation of the episode of Franasca of Rimini, remained unpublished till it appeared in the pages of The Letters and Journals of Lord Byron, 1830, ii. 309-311. (For separate translations of the episode, see Stories of the Italian Poets, by Leigh Hunt, 1846, i. 393-395, and for a rendering in blank verse by Lord [John] Russell, see Literary Souvenir, 1830, pp. 285-287.)


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 carbonic acid may be detected by its action on the rays from the carbonic oxide flame. Carrying, for example, the dried human breath into a tube four feet long, the absorption there effected by the carbonic acid of the breath amounts to 50 per cent. of the entire radiation. Radiant heat may indeed be employed as a means of determining practically the amount of carbonic acid expired from the lungs. My assistant, Mr Barrett, has, at my request, made this determination. The absorption produced by the breath freed from its moisture, but retaining its carbonic acid, was first determined. Carbonic acid artificially prepared was then mixed with dry air in such proportions that the action of the mixture upon the rays of heat was the same as that of the dried breath. The percentage of the former being known immediately gave that of the latter. The same breath analyzed chemically by Dr Frankland, and physically by Mr Barrett, gave the following results:

It is thus proved that in the quantity of ethereal motion which it is competent to take up,

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 we have a practical measure of the carbonic acid of the breath, and hence of the combustion going on in the human lungs.

Still this question of period, though of the utmost importance, is not competent to account for the whole of the observed facts. The ether, as far as we know, accepts vibrations of all periods with the same readiness. To it the oscillations of an atom of oxygen are just as acceptable as those of a molecule of olefiant gas; that the vibrating oxygen then stands so far below the olefiant gas in radiant power must be referred not to period, but to some other peculiarity of the respective molecules. The atomic group which constitutes the molecule of olefiant gas, produces many thousand times the disturbance caused by the oxygen, because the group is able to lay a vastly more powerful hold upon the ether than the single atoms can. The cavities and indentations of a molecule composed of spherical atoms may be one cause of this augmented hold. Another, and possibly very potent one may be, that the ether itself, condensed and entangled among the constituent atoms of a compound, virtually increases the magnitude of the group, and hence augments the disturbance. Whatever may be the fate of these attempts to visualize the physics of the process, it will still remain true, that to account for the

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 DANTE, L'INFERNO.

CANTO QUINTO.

la terra dove nata fui

Sulla marina, dove il Po discende

Per aver pace co' seguaci sui.

Amor, che al cor gentil ratto s' apprende,

Prese costui della bella persona

Che mi fu tolta, e il modo ancor m' offende.


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 of radiation and absorption we must take into consideration the shape, size, and complexity of the molecules by which the ether is disturbed.

16. Summary and Conclusion.

Let us now cast a momentary glance over the ground that we have left behind. The general nature of light and heat was first briefly described: the compounding of matter from elementary atoms and the influence of the act of combination on radiation and absorption were considered and experimentally illustrated. Through the transparent elementary gases radiant heat was found to pass as through a vacuum, while many of the compound gases presented almost impassable obstacles to the calorific waves. This deportment of the simple gases directed our attention to other elementary bodies, the examination of which led to the discovery that the element iodine, dissolved in bisulphide of carbon, possesses the power of detaching, with extraordinary sharpness, the light of the spectrum from its heat, intercepting all luminous rays up to the extreme red, and permitting the calorific rays beyond the red to pass

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Rh Although the returns given show that the climate is very healthful, yet it must be remembered that health does not depend on climatic influences solely, but equally, if not more especially, on die customs, habits, and manner of living of the people in any country. The healthfulness of the climate of West Australia is, no doubt, consequent on the dryness and elasticity of the atmosphere throughout the greater part of the year; but the cold southerly winds, which blow almost daily in summer, and with great strength on the South-West coast; and, on the other hand, the occasional hot easterly winds, must affect those who are by necessity exposed to them. In the outlying districts the diet of the people is confined within very narrow limits: meat and bread, often unleavened, are the common food; tea, drank frequently and in large quantities, the ordinary beverage; and, as a natural consequence, beer and spirits are largely consumed when opportunity is afforded. The nature of the occupation of, the colonists exposes many of them to accidents, and evil climatic influences; medical aid is often unattainable. The death rate is therefore larger than it might be, and some diseases result from the diet and habits of the people, which, under improved circumstances, will disappear. It is therefore no exaggeration, speaking generally, to say that the climate of West Australia is one of the most healthful in the world. From the tables given above it will appear that it varies less than, from the great extent of its surface, might be expected. It is also to be noted that the districts in which the personal labours of the white population are most necessary, are those most suited to European constitutions. In the North coast and the Murchison River, for instance, the stock-owners employ the natives as shepherds, and for other labour on their stations which they are well able to perform; but they are


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 FROM THE INFERNO OF DANTE.

CANTO THE FIFTH.

Land where I was born sits by the Seas

Upon that shore to which the Po descends,

With all his followers, in search of peace.

Love, which the gentle heart soon apprehends,

Seized him for the fair person which was ta'en

From me, and me even yet the mode offends.


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 freely through it. This substance was then employed to filter the beams of the electric light, and to form foci of invisible rays so intense as to produce almost all the effects obtainable in an ordinary fire. Combustible bodies were burnt and refractory ones were raised to a white heat by the concentrated invisible rays. Thus, by exalting their refrangibility, the invisible rays of the electric light were rendered visible, and all the colours of the solar spectrum were extracted from utter darkness. The extreme richness of the electric light in invisible rays of low refrangibility was demonstrated, one-tenth only of its radiation consisting of luminous rays. The deadness of the optic nerve to those invisible rays was proved, and experiments were then added, to show that the bright and the dark rays of a body raised gradually to intense incandescence, are strengthened together; that to reach intense white heat, intense dark heat must be generated. A sun could not be formed, or a meteorite rendered luminous, on any other conditions. The light-giving rays constitute only a small fraction of the total radiation, their unspeakable importance to us being due to the fact that their periods are attuned to the special requirements of the eye.

Among the vapours of volatile liquids vast differences were also found to exist, as regards their power of absorption. We followed, moreover, various

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318 Amor, che a nullo amato amar perdona,

Mi prese del costui piacer sì forte,

Che, come vedi, ancor non mi abbandona.

Amor condusse noi ad una morte:

Caino attende chi vita ci spense.'

Queste parole da lor ci fur porte.

Da che io intesi quelle anime offense

Chinai 'l viso, e tanto il tenni basso,

Finchè il Poeta mi disse: 'Che pense?'

Quando risposi, cominciai: 'O lasso!

Quanti dolci pensier, quanto disio

Menò costoro al doloroso passo!'

Poi mi rivolsi a loro, e parla' io,

E cominiciai: 'Francesca, i tuoi martiri

A lagrimar mi fanno tristo e pio.

Ma dimmi: al tempo de' dolci sospiri

A che e come concedette Amore,

Che conoscesti i dubbiosi desiri?'

Ed ella a me: 'Nessun maggior dolore

Che ricordarsi del tempo felice

Nella miseria; e ciò sa il tuo dottore.

Ma se a conoscer la prima radice

Del nostro amor tu hai cotanto affetto

Farò come colui che piange e dice.


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CANTO V.] Love, who to none beloved to love again

Remits, seized me with wish to please, so strong,

That, as thou see'st, yet, yet it doth remain.

Love to one death conducted us along,

But Caina waits for him our life who ended:"

These were the accents uttered by her tongue.—

Since I first listened to these Souls offended,

I bowed my visage, and so kept it till—

'What think'st thou?' said the bard; when I unbended,

And recommenced: 'Alas! unto such ill

How many sweet thoughts, what strong ecstacies,

Led these their evil fortune to fulfill!'

And then I turned unto their side my eyes,

And said, 'Francesca, thy sad destinies

Have made me sorrow till the tears arise.

But tell me, in the Season of sweet sighs,

By what and how thy Love to Passion rose,

So as his dim desires to recognize?'

Then she to me: 'The greatest of all woes

Is to remind us of our happy days

In misery, and that thy teacher knows.

But if to learn our Passion's first root preys

Upon thy spirit with such Sympathy,

I will do even as he who weeps and says.


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 molecules from a state of liquid to a state of gas, and found, in both states of aggregation, the power of the individual molecules equally asserted. The position of a vapour as an absorber of radiant heat was proved to be determined by that of the liquid from which it is derived. Reversing our conceptions, and regarding the molecules of gases and vapours not as the recipients, but as the originators of wave motion; not as absorbers but as radiators; it was proved that the powers of absorption and radiation went hand in hand, the self-same chemical act which rendered a body competent to intercept the waves of ether, rendering it competent in the same degree to generate them. Perfumes were next subjected to examination, and notwithstanding their extraordinary tenuity, were found vastly superior, in point of absorptive power, to the body of the air in which they were diffused. We were led thus slowly up to the examination of the most widely diffused and most important of all vapours—the aqueous vapour of our atmosphere, and we found in it a potent absorber of the purely calorific rays. The power of this substance to influence climate, and its general influence on the temperature of the earth, were then briefly dwelt upon. A cobweb spread above a blossom is sufficient to protect it from nightly chill; and thus the aqueous vapour of our air, attenuated as it is, checks

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CANTO V.] We read one day for pastime, seated nigh,

Of Lancilot, how Love enchained him too.

We were alone, quite unsuspiciously.

But oft our eyes met, and our Cheeks in hue

All o'er discoloured by that reading were;

But one point only wholly us o'erthrew;

When we read the long-sighed-for smile of her,

To be thus kissed by such devoted lover,

He, who from me can be divided ne'er,

Kissed my mouth, trembling in the act all over:

Accurséd was the book and he who wrote!

That day no further leaf we did uncover.'

While thus one Spirit told us of their lot,

The other wept, so that with Pity's thralls

I swooned, as if by Death I had been smote,

And fell down even as a dead body falls." March 20, 1820.

March 20, 1820.


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322


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 the drain of terrestrial heat, and saves the surface of our planet from the refrigeration which would assuredly accrue, were no such substance interposed between it and the voids of space. We considered the influence of vibrating period and molecular form on absorption and radiation, and finally deduced from its action upon radiant heat, the exact amount of carbonic acid expired by the human lungs.

Thus in brief outline have I placed before you some of the results of recent enquiries in the domain of Radiation, and my aim throughout has been to raise in your minds distinct physical images of the various processes involved in our researches. It is thought by some that natural science has a deadening influence on the imagination, and a doubt might fairly be raised as to the value of any study which would necessarily have this effect. But the experience of the last hour must, I think, have convinced you, that the study of natural science goes hand in hand with the culture of the imagination. Throughout the greater part of this discourse we have been sustained by this faculty. We have been picturing atoms and molecules and vibrations and waves which eye has never seen nor ear heard, and which can only be discerned by the exercise of imagination. This, in fact, is the faculty which enables us to transcend the boundaries of sense, and connect

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 the phenomena of our visible world with those of an invisible one. Without imagination we never could have risen to the conceptions which have occupied us here to-day; and in proportion to your power of exercising this faculty aright, and of associating definite mental images with the terms employed, will be the pleasure and the profit which you will derive from this Lecture. The outward facts of nature are insufficient to satisfy the mind. We cannot be content with knowing that the light and heat of the sun illuminate and warm the world. We are led irresistibly to enquire what is light, and what is heat? and this question leads us at once out of the region of sense into that of imagination.

Thus pondering, and asking, and striving to supplement that which is felt and seen, but which is incomplete, by something unfelt and unseen which is necessary to its completeness, men of genius have in part discerned, not only the nature of light and heat, but also, through them, the general relationship of natural phenomena. The power of nature is the power of motion, of which all its phenomena are but special forms. It manifests itself in tangible and in intangible matter, being incessantly transferred from the one to the other, and incessantly transformed by the change. It is as real in the waves of the ether as in the waves of the sea;

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320 Noi leggevamo un giorno per diletto

Di Lancelotto, come Amor lo strinse:

Soli eravamo, e senza alcun sospetto.

Per più fiate gli occhi ci sospinse

Quella lettura, e scolorocci il viso:

Ma solo un punto fu quel che ci vinse.

Quando leggemmo il disiato riso

Esser baciato da cotanto amante,

Questi, che mai da me non fia diviso,

La bocca mi baciò tutto tremante:

Galeotto fu il libro, e chi lo scrisse—

Quel giorno più non vi leggemmo avante

Mentre che l' uno spirto questo disse,

L' altro piangeva sì che di pietade

Io venni meno così com' io morisse:

E caddi, come corpo morto cade.


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54 not so capable of agricultural labour, cutting timber, or clearing the ground; and, as the South-West requires, so it will support the reward the labor of a larger white population than the North or East.

Although exposure, at all seasons, and for a long period, must necessarily prove more or less injurious to man, yet there are few countries where less protection from the elements is required. Disease has been almost unknown among the explorers, who have traversed the country in all directions, and who, in the early days of the Colony at least, seldom carried any shelter with them. In the towns, as well as in the country, the healthy appearance of the children cannot escape notice.

The most important natural productions of the vegetable kingdom are the grasses and "scrub," which cover the plains, and form the food of the kangaroo and of the sheep and cattle pastured on them; the timber, which forms the forests of the South-West; the pine timber of the North; sandalwood, which is found scattered over the hilly districts in most parts of the Colony; and lead and copper ore, which, abounding in many other places, are at present worked only in the Champion Bay district, the Murchison river, and on the North-West Coast.

The district of forests is estimated by the Commissioner of Crown Lands to have an area of 30,000 square miles, and extends over the hill country, from the North of the Moore river to the South Coast, as well as on the plains to the South-West and to the East of King George's Sound, where it dies out. The forest trees are of the genus Eucalyptus; the approximate


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H are portraits of him at Fulham and Lambeth Palaces. A brass to his memory was recently placed in the chancel of Chagford Church.

HAYTER, WILLIAM GOODENOUGH (1792–1878), parliamentary secretary of the treasury, youngest son of John Hayter, by Grace, daughter of Stephen Goodenough of Codford, Wiltshire, was born at Winterbourne Stoke, Wiltshire, on 28 Jan. 1792, and entered at Winchester School in 1804. He matriculated from Trinity College, Oxford, on 24 Oct. 1810, and took his B.A. in 1814. On being called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn on 23 Nov. 1819, he became an equity draftsman and conveyancer, and attended the Wiltshire sessions, but retired from practice on being made a Q.C. on 21 Feb. 1839; he was, however, bencher of his inn on 15 April 1839, and treasurer in 1853.

On 24 July 1837 he was returned in the liberal interest to the House of Commons as one of the members for Wells, and sat for that constituency till 6 July 1865. From 30 Dec. 1847 to 30 May 1849 he was judge-advocate-general. At the latter date he became financial secretary to the treasury, and in July 1850 was appointed parliamentary and patronage secretary, a post which he held until March 1852, and again from December 1852 to March 1858. Hayter was an admirable ‘whip.’ When Lord Derby came into power in 1852, Hayter marshalled the disorderly ranks of the liberal party with great success, and in the following governments of Lord Aberdeen and Lord Palmerston his powers developed, and his reputation steadily increased. On 11 Feb. 1848 he was gazetted a privy councillor. After his retirement, on 19 April 1858, he was created a baronet, and three years later, 27 Feb. 1861, in remembrance of the courtesy, fairness, and efficiency with which he had discharged his duties for many years as liberal ‘whip,’ he was presented by Lord Palmerston and 365 members of the House of Commons with a service of plate at a banquet in Willis's Rooms (Illustrated London News, 9 March 1861, with view of the testimonial). As a practical farmer he was very successful; his farm, Lindsay, near Leighton, Buckinghamshire, was kept in the highest state of cultivation, and was a model of economy and profitable management. He was one of the council of the Agricultural Society from its commencement in 1838. He voted with Mr. Villiers in 1839 for the repeal of the corn laws, and was present at all the divisions in favour of free trade. He was not a frequent speaker, but took part in debates on matters within his knowledge. In Lord Denman's inquiry into the management of the woods and forests he was a member of the committee, and was chairman of the committee on Feargus O'Connor's land scheme. During 1878 he fell into a depressed state of mind, and on 26 Dec. was found drowned in a small lake in the grounds of his residence, South Hill Park, Easthampstead, Berkshire. He was buried at Easthampstead on 2 Jan. 1879. His wife, whom he had married on 18 Aug. 1832, was Anne, eldest daughter of William Pulsford of Linslade, Buckinghamshire. She died in London on 2 June 1889, aged 82. He was succeeded by his only son, the present Sir Arthur Hayter.

HAYTHORNE, EDMUND (1818–1888), general, son of John Haythorne of Hill House, Gloucester, was born in 1818. He was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and in 1837 received an ensigncy in the 98th foot, in which he got his company in 1844. Under the command of Colin Campbell, afterwards lord Clyde [q. v.], Haythorne went with the 98th to China in 1841, and was present with it in the expedition to the northward in 1842, including the operations on the Yang-tse-kiang, the attack and capture of Ching-keang-foo, and the operations before Nanking. He was Colin Campbell's brigade-major at Chusan from July 1843 until the island was given up to the Chinese authorities, and afterwards his aide-de-camp in the second Sikh war, when he commanded the third division of Gough's army, at the passage of the Chenab, the battles of Sadoolapore, Chillianwalla, and Goojerat, and the pursuit of the Afghan contingent to the mouth of the Khyber Pass (medal and clasps). As a brevet-major he commanded the flank companies of the 98th at the forcing of the Kohat Pass, under Sir Charles Napier, in 1850, during which service he commanded a detached column which destroyed two villages


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Rh be tempted to explain both the humility as to one's self and the charity towards others which characterize spiritual excitement, as results of the all-leveling character of theistic belief. But these affections are certainly not mere derivatives of theism. We find them in Stoicism, in Hinduism, and in Buddhism in the highest possible degree. They harmonize with paternal theism beautifully; but they harmonize with all reflection whatever upon the dependence of mankind on general causes; and we must, I think, consider them not subordinate but coördinate parts of that great complex excitement in the study of which we are engaged. Religious rapture, moral enthusiasm, ontological wonder, cosmic emotion, are all unifying states of mind, in which the sand and grit of the selfhood incline to disappear, and tenderness to rule. The best thing is to describe the condition integrally as a characteristic affection to which our nature is liable, a region in which we find ourselves at home, a sea in which we swim; but not to pretend to explain its parts by deriving them too cleverly from one another. Like love or fear, the faith-state is a natural psychic complex, and carries charity with it by organic consequence. Jubilation is an expansive affection, and all expansive affections are self-forgetful and kindly so long as they endure.

We find this the case even when they are pathological in origin. In his instructive work, la Tristesse et la Joie, M. Georges Dumas compares together the melancholy and the joyous phase of circular insanity, and shows that, while selfishness characterizes the one, the other is marked by altruistic impulses. No human being so stingy and useless as was Marie in her melancholy period! But the moment the happy period begins, "sympathy and kindness become her characteristic sentiments. She displays


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Rh areas covered by the principal species are given in the following table:—

The York Gum, though of smaller size, is common as far North as the Murchison river. The Jarrah is becoming well known for its good qualities, strength, durability, and especially for its immunity from the attacks of submarine animals and the white ant, if cut at the proper age, and time of year, and well seasoned before using. For ship building, bridges, wharfs, jetties, &c., it is therefore of great value, and the more so, as iron bolts and nails driven into it do not loosen from rust, as in most other woods; it is in consequence one of the most important staples of the trade of the" Colony. The Karri or Karrie tree is confined to the extreme South and West; its gigantic proportions excite the admiration of all those who see them; indeed the Karri timber is so huge that, though of much value, it is comparatively little used. Captain Bannister in 1830 measured trees 18 feet in circumference, and estimated the branches at 100 feet; since then many of much larger dimensions have been observed. Governor Weld measured some 150 feet to the branches; they are commonly 6 feet in diameter, and have been observed of double that size. White Gums are found for the most part in the beds and on the banks of all the rivers of the Colony. The Tea Tree, or Paper Bark, is


text: On Radiation (Rede Lecture)

title: On Radiation (Rede Lecture)


text:
Page:Handbook of Western Australia.djvu/70

56 of the water courses and lake margins, as the yeat is found in and about the shallow lakes to the East of King George's Sound; belts of Mulga and other shrubs intersect the plains in the East and centre of the Colony, and Marlock thickets cover the flanks of the sandstone ranges of the South-East. There are many other smaller trees, the wood of which is useful for the several purposes enumerated below, and some yield valuable resins. At the Intercolonial Exhibition held in Sydney in the year 1873, Mr. George Whitfield exhibited specimens of 14 different sorts of Eucalypti found in the Toodyay district, viz., Jarrah, Twatta, a small kind but very valuable for wheelwright's work; Coolan, growing in moist ground, a soft wood; Morral, growing to 3 feet in diameter and 90 feet in height, straight, heavy, close in grain, and useful in house building, and cabinetmaker's work; Wandow grows to a large size, splits well for fencing, is very hard, and does not warp; Worlock, growing to three feet in diameter and 80 feet in height, splits well for fencing and hurdles; Dardeback is rather smaller, tough, but does not split well; Mallet is light, splits well, and is much used for making hurdles; Melyerick grows to 6 feet in diameter and 70 in height, and when seasoned is the hardest of the timbers of the Colony; Marlock is of small growth but very tough; of Coorup, the largest of all, the young timber is much used in coach building, and the gum valuable as a powerful astringent; this is probably nearly related to the Red Gum, the gum of which is very bitter to the taste, and has the same valuable medicinal property, as it is specific in cases of dysentery and diarrhoea; Parral grows to the height of 100 feet, is sound, light, and splits well for fencing; Wanderock grows to 2 feet in diameter and 40 in height, splits well, is long in the grain, and valuable especially for dray shafts; Hardham