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Rh consent to the election of some prioresses of this period. The earliest record of this priory is found in the Rolls of Bishop Hugh of Wells, under the year 1218, but it does not imply that the house was then newly founded. It may indeed have come into existence al- most any time in the later half of the twelfth century.

We hear of the priory in the thirteenth century only in connexion with a few unim- portant lawsuits. In 1292 the conventual church was rebuilt and its high altar dedicated by Bishop Sutton ; but the nuns were very poor at the time, and received indulgences and a licence to beg alms in 1300 and 1311 from Bishop Dalderby. In 1339 they made a grant to the Bishop of Lincoln in considera- tion of his improvement of the estate of their house, but they were evidently still barely self-supporting, for the following year the assessors of the ninth of sheaves, lambs and fleeces in the county of Buckingham were ordered to supersede the assessment of that subsidy of the priory of Little Marlow, as it was so slenderly endowed that its goods did not suffice for the maintenance of the prioress and convent. From 1338 to 1350 the prioress appears to have been a relation of Sir John de Stonore, a knight of the shire ; and it is possible that his mediation secured better terms for the nuns than they would otherwise have been able to obtain, at the ordination of the vicarage of Little Marlow Church in 1344. Early in the fifteenth century there was a long suit in connection with the advowson of the Church of Hedsor, which had belonged to the priory since the days of Hugh of Wells. It is difficult now to be quite sure of the rights of the matter, but the patronage of this church seems to have been resumed by the Crown, and the prioress had in some way impeded the presen- tation of a chaplain, and tried to reclaim the advowson. In 1403 she made a complaint before the Court of King's Bench that John Stephen, chaplain of Hedsor, had broken into her close, had struck, wounded and ill-treated her and taken away goods to the value of 40s. and committed other enormities against the king's peace, to the grave damage of her house : and on a second occasion had taken away books, vestments, keys, household utensils, etc. John roundly denied the whole charge. The Crown apparently declined to examine it, on the ground that the prioress had at- tempted to impede the presentation of this chaplain and to secure the advowson of the church. The prioress then brought forward two pleas : a fresh one against the chaplain, and another against the Crown, claiming the advowson of Hedsor ; but nothing came of these ; perhaps they were dropped as hope- less.

There are no visitations of this house re- corded in the episcopal registers except one of Bishop Dalderby in 1300, which was merely for the purpose of explaining to the nuns the Statute of Pope Boniface VIII. Pro dausura monialium. This statute was intended to compel the English nuns of all orders to ob- serve a stricter enclosure ; but though Bishop Dalderby did his duty conscientiously by explaining it to all the houses under his care sometimes under rather trying circumstances it seems to have been quite ineffectual. The English Benedictine nuns and Austin canonesses never had been strictly enclosed, and quietly ignored the new regulations, even though they came from the pope himself. In later episcopal visitations the nuns of these two orders were often ordered not to go out without the consent of their superiors : but there was no established rule or custom before

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order to readily comprehend the subsequent account of the modifications of the skeleton in the various sub-classes and groups of Fishes, the student has to acquaint himself with the terms used for the numerous bones of the fish skeleton, as well as with their relative position. The skeleton of any of the more common kinds of osseous fish may serve for this purpose; that of the Perch is chosen here.

The series of bones constituting the axis of the body, and destined to protect the spinal chord and some large longitudinal blood-vessels, is called the vertebral or spinal column; the single bones are the vertebræ. The skull consists of the bones surrounding the brain and organs of sense, and of a number of arches suspended from it, to support the commencement of the alimentary canal and the respiratory organs.

The vertebra (Fig. 22) consists of a body or centrum (c), with a concave anterior and posterior surface, and generally of several processes or apophyses, as—1. Two neurapophyses (na), which, on the dorsal side, rising upwards, form the neural arch over the canal, in which the spinal chord is lodged. 2. Two parapophyses (pa) usually projecting from the lower part of the sides of the body, or two hæmapophyses (ha) which actually coalesce to form on the ventral side the hæmal canal for a large trunk of the vascular

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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52. 3. A neural spine (ns), which crowns the neurapophyses, or is interposed between their tips. 4. A hæmal spine (hs), having the same relation to the hæmapophyses.

5. Two pleurapophyses or floating ribs, suspended from, or from the base of, the parapophyses. 6. In most fishes the neural arches are connected together by articular or oblique processes, zygapophyses (za), which are developed from the base of each neurapophysis.


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Rh the Reformation to prevent them going out of the cloister at all.

Although the earlier history of this house is so little known, we happen to possess some interesting details of its latter days and of the circumstances immediately preceding its dis- solution. The last prioress, Margaret Ver- non, appears to have been on friendly terms with Thomas Cromwell, even while he was still in the service of Cardinal Wolsey, and not so well known to the religious of England generally as he afterwards came to be. The Study of this lady's character does not produce a very pleasant impression. Her house was doubtless in excellent order, and she showed herself a good steward of its property : she may quite well have been a kind and consider- ate superior ; but she was very evidently a scheming and worldly woman, with a keen eye for her own advancement and no real love for the little priory over which she ruled. As ' early as 1529 we find her writing to Cromwell about a vacancy in the priory of St. Helen's. She had heard from ' Lewys, a goldsmith in the town,' that the sub-prioress was likely to secure the post ; if she herself still has any chance, Cromwell may offer his master the sum ' we were at a point for ' ; in any case she begs him to let her know ' my lord's plea- sure,' so that she may settle herself in quiet- ness. Her intrigues were not successful at this time, and she turned herself to arranging the affairs of her own house. But not very long after she wrote to Cromwell again to inquire when he would be in her neighbour- hood, and when she would be likely to find him in his own house, as she required his counsel on several matters.

In 1530 Bishop Longland visited Little Marlow and found there five nuns besides the prioress ; every one of them answered Omnia. bene except Dame Katherine Picard, who drew attention to the fact that there was no sub-prioress. There were no injunctions delivered.

In 1535 the royal visitors arrived, and in accordance with the injunction which for- bade the profession of any under twenty-four years of age, dismissed three of the nuns.

They do not seem to have found anything else amiss. Dame Margaret however found these proceedings ' not a little to her discomfort,' and wrote to Cromwell again for advice. The First Act of Suppression was passed very soon after, and the local commissioners re- ported of this house as in good estate, and out of debt, mentioning at the same time that there were only two nuns there, who both desired to enter other houses of religion, and four servants attached to the monastery, two men and two women.

The surrender of the house was received by William Cavendish on or before 23 Sep- tember, 1536; in a letter of that date he reports his discharge of the religious whom he found there, adding that ' my lady took the matter very like a wise woman,' and delivered

(Cott. MS. Cleop. E. iv. f. 71 ; printed in Wright). {{Smaller|The record of this last profession at Little Marlow is found in Line. Epis. Reg. Memo. Longland, 85 ; it was in 1528, and there were three novices pro- fessed. For some reason unknown, this memoran- dum contains not merely a formal entry of the act, which is usual enough, but the complete for- mula of profession, in English, as follows. ' In the name of God, Amen. I, Sister Constance, in the presence of Almighty God and our blessed lady St. Mary, patron of this monastery and all angels and saints of heaven, and of you, reverend Father in God, John bishop of Lincoln and ordinary of this diocese, and in the presence of all this honourable witness, vow offer and fully give myself to serve Almighty God during my life natural in this mon- astery of Little Marlow, dedicated in honour of God and of our blessed lady St. Mary. And for this intent and purpose I here renounce for ever and utterly forsake the world, and property of temporal substance and goods of the same and all other worldly delights and pleasures, taking upon me wilful poverty ; vowing also and promising ever to live in pure chastity during my life : to change my secular life into regular conversation and reli- gious manners, promising and vowing due and reverent obedience unto you, Reverend Father in God, John bishop of Lincoln and your successors, bishops ; and unto my lady and mother Dame Margaret, now prioress of this monastery, and to her successors, prioresses of the same. And utterly from henceforth I forsake mine own proper will, and not to follow the same but to follow the will of my Superior in all lawful and canonical com- mandments. And to observe this holy order and religion according to the holy rule of St. Benedict and all the laudable constitutions of this monastery by the gracious assistance of Our Lord Jesus Christ. In witness whereof I do put and sign with mine own hand to this my profession." {{smallrefs}} {{c|359}}

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Rh The vertebræ are either abdominal or caudal vertebræ, the coalescence of the parapophyses into a complete hæmal ring, and the suspension of the anal fin generally forming a sufficiently well-marked boundary between abdominal and caudal regions (Fig. 23). In the Perch there are twenty-one abdominal and as many caudal vertebræ. The centrum of the first vertebra or atlas is very short, with the apophyses scarcely indicated, and lacking ribs like the succeeding vertebra. All the other abdominal vertebræ, with the exception of the last or two last, are provided with ribs, many of which are bifid (72). A series of flat spines (74), called interneurals, to which the spines and rays of the dorsal fins are articulated, are supported by the neural spines, the strength of the neurals and interneurals corresponding to that of the dermal spines (75). The caudal vertebræ, differ from the abdominal in having the hæmapophyseal elements converted into spines similar to the neurals, the anterior being likewise destined to support a series of interhæmals (79), to which the anal rays are articulated. The last and smallest caudal vertebra articulates with the hypural (70), a fan-like bone, which, together with the dilated hindmost neural and hæmal elements, supports the caudal rays.

Looking at a perch's skull from the side (Fig. 24), the most superficial bones will be found to be those of the jaws, a chain of thin bones round the lower half of the eye, and the opercles.

The anterior margin of the upper jaw is formed by the intermaxillary or premaxillary (17) which bears teeth, terminates in a pedicle above, to allow of a forward sliding motion of the jaw, and is dilated into a flat triangular process behind, on which leans the second bone of the upper jaw, the maxillary (18). This bone is toothless, articulates with the vomer and palatine bone, and is greatly dilated towards its distal


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54 extremity. Both the maxillary and intermaxillary lie and move parallel to each other, being connected by a narrow membrane; in many other fishes their relative position is very different.

The mandible or lower jaw consists of a right and left ramus; their union by a ligament in front is called symphysis. Each ramus is formed of several pieces; that which, by a sigmoid concavity articulates with the quadrate, is the articulary bone (35); it sends upwards a coronoid process, to which a ligament from the maxillary and the masticatory muscles are attached; and forwards a long-pointed process, to be sheathed in the deep notch of the anterior piece. A small separate piece (36) at the lower posterior angle of the mandible is termed angular. The largest piece (34) is tooth-bearing, and hence termed dentary; at its inner surface it is always deeply excavated, to receive a cylindrical cartilage, called Meckel's cartilage, the remains of an embryonic condition of the jaw, the articulary and angular being but ossified parts of it. In other Teleostei this number is still more increased by a splenial and other bones.

The infraorbital ring of bones (Fig. 23, ) consists of several (four) pieces, of which the anterior is the largest, and distinguished as præorbital.

The so-called præoperculum (30) belongs rather to the bones of the suspensorium of the mandible, presently to be described, than to the opercles proper. It is narrow, strong, angularly bent, so as to consist of a vertical and horizontal limb, with an incompletely closed canal running along both limbs. As it is quite a superficial bone, and frequently armed with various spines, its form and configuration form an important item in the descriptive details of many fishes.

The principal piece of the gill-cover is the operculum (28), triangular in shape, situated behind, and movably united with, the vertical limb of the præoperculum. There is an


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 {|
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BY

STANTON A. COBLENTZ

I

F ALL the shocking and macabre experiences of my life, the one that I shall longest remember occurred a few years ago in Paris.

Like hundreds of other young Americans, I was then an art student in the French metropolis. Having been there several years, I had acquired a fair speaking knowledge of the language, as well as an acquaintance with many odd nooks and corners of the city, which I used to visit for my own amusement. I did not foresee that one of my strolls of discovery through the winding ancient streets was to involve me in a dread adventure.

One rather hot and sultry August evening, just as twilight was softening the hard stone outlines of the buildings, I was making a random pilgrimage through an old part of the city. I did not know just where I was; but suddenly I found myself in a district I did not remember ever having seen before. Emerging from the defile of a crazy twisted alley, I found myself in a large stone court opposite a grim but imposing edifice.

Four or five stories high, it looked like the typical medieval fortress. Each of its


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YCROFT paused self-consciously before the little bronze plate marked simply TOUSSAINT above the doorbell of the big brownstone house in East One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Street. He felt extraordinarily foolish, like a costumed adult at a child's masquerade party, or as if he were about to rise and "speak a piece." People—his kind of people—simply didn't do this sort of thing.

Then his resolution hardened. "What can I lose?" he muttered cynically, and pressed the button.

A Negro butler, correct as a St. John's Wood functionary in silver-buttoned dress suit and striped waistcoat, answered his ring. "Mister—Monsieur Toussaint?" asked Mycroft tentatively.

"Who iss calling?" asked the butler with the merest trace of accent on his words.

"Uh—Mr. Smith—no, Jones," Mycroft replied, and the shadow of a sneer showed at the corners of the young Negro's mouth. "One minute, if you pleez," he returned, stepped back into the hall and closed the


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Rh him all the goods of the house. ' My lady ' had probably some assurance already from Cromwell of preferment to another monas- tery, and had few regrets in leaving Little Marlow. She was made Abbess of Mailing three months later, and surrendered that house also on 29 October, 1538, having pro- fited not a little by the exchange, for the revenues of Little Marlow would only have furnished her with a pension of £4 or £5, while the Abbess of Mailing received an annuity of £50.

The original endowment of the house can- not be exactly given, as no foundation charters remain. It seems to have comprised some land about the priory, and the churches of Little Marlow and Hedsor. The latter was lost at the beginning of the fifteenth century. In 1291 the temporalities of the priory out- side this county were only reckoned at 15s. per annum. The revenue of the house is given in the Valor Ecclesiasticus as £23 3s. 7d. ; the local commissioners a little later give the same total. The moveable goods of the house at the dissolution were worth,£17 0s. 2d., the bells, lead, etc., £4 10s. 8d. The minis- ters' accounts amount to £22 16s. 10d. The revenues of this house were granted to the new foundation at Bisham.

A., died 1230 Maud d'Anvers, elected 1230, occurs 1232 Admiranda, elected 1237, occurs 1247 Cecily of Turville, occurs 1256, resigned 1258 Christine de Whitemers, elected 1258, died 1264 Felicia of Kimble, elected 1264, resigned 1265 Gunnora, elected 1265, resigned 1271 Margery of Waltham, elected 1271 Agnes of London, resigned 1291 Agnes of Clevedon, elected 1291, resigned 1298 Julian of Hampton, elected 1298, resigned 1305 Rose of Weston, elected 1305 Joan de Stonore, elected 1338, died Margery Jeromide, elected 1350 Susanna of Hampton, occurs 1395 Elizabeth Broke, resigned 1474 Isabel Savage, elected 1474 Eleanor Kirby, occurs 1492 Eleanor Bernard, occurs 1516 Margaret Vernon, last prioress, occurs

HOUSE OF CLUNIAC MONKS

7. THE PRIORY OF TICKFORD OR NEWPORT PAGNEL

The priory of Tickford was not the only house of this order in Buckinghamshire ; but it was the only one which survived the suppression of alien priories and became indigenous, during the course of the Hundred Years' War. It was certainly one of the earliest monasteries founded in this county, if not actually the first ; but the date of foundation cannot be exactly fixed. There is a charter in existence, witnessed by Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury, and therefore not later than 1154, which recounts the gifts of

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Rh Gervase Paynel, then living, and also of his father Ralf and his grandfather Fulk, the founder of the house ; and this seems to bring it very near the beginning of the twelfth cen- tury. Fulk Paynel is said to have been the son of Ralf Paynel, who appears in the Domesday Survey and was founder of the priory of Holy Trinity at York near the close of the eleventh century.

Tickford Priory was originally a cell to the Abbey of Marmoutier at Tours ; and this connection was a source of much difficulty during the thirteenth century. Very little is known of the history of the house during the twelfth century, except the names of a few priors, attached to documents of no great im- portance. But early in the thirteenth cen- tury the question of jurisdiction came to the front, and the difficulty had reached an acute stage between 1220 and 1230. It will perhaps be not unprofitable to describe its course and final settlement with some detail, as the exemption of Cluniac monasteries was not so clearly established and understood as that of the Cistercians and other orders of later date.

In 1220 Hugh of Wells, Bishop of Lincoln, visited the priory as diocesan and installed William, a monk of the house, as prior in the place of Hugh, who had just resigned. This was probably resented by the Abbot of Mar- moutier as an infringement of his rights ; but he was not in a position at that time to assert any claim against the bishop, as the priory itself was in rebellion against his authority, and under the leadership of Prior William, protested against the payments exacted by the parent abbey from its cells. William was compelled to resign and to leave the house altogether in 1228, and some of the monks were imprisoned, because they would not accept a certain charter offered to them by the abbot ; but soon afterwards a composi- tion was made, which secured to Marmoutier the rights of visitation and correction, but remitted all payments which had hitherto been required of the English monks.

In consequence, however, of these difficul- ties, no successor had been appointed at William's resignation ; and after six months the bishop collated John of Colne, a monk of Spalding. When John resigned in 1233, the bishop came to the priory again, and had some very serious faults to find with the monks. He said the rule was so badly kept that the house was a scandal to other religious, and the number of monks was not even half what it should be. He enjoined them to keep their rule better in future, and to receive twelve more monks during the following year. This would suggest that the proper number was about twenty.

During the episcopate of Robert Grosse- tte, the Abbot of Marmoutier complained to the pope that the bishops of Lincoln were ex- ceeding their rights : by excommunicating monks of Tickford, contrary to the privileges of the order, and also interfering in the ad- ministration of the priory. William, Cardinal of St. Eustace, was appointed to inquire into the matter, and gave sentence for the bishop

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HE little shop seemed to have taken the musty, worm-eaten quality of furniture and relics it offered for sale. There was an all-pervasive odor of mildew and decaying wood. Dust motes whirled in a shaft of sunlight as the street door opened, with the hushed tinkle of a bell above the sedate gold letters: JONATHAN SPROULL, ANTIQUES. 63


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Rh against the abbot in 1249. There was a long vacancy again in 1270 at the death of a prior, and the bishop was again obliged to nominate a monk to fill the office. About 1278 there were troubles of a different kind, which led to a final settlement of the whole question of jurisdiction. Simon de Reda, who was prior from about 1275 to 1291, seems to have been a most unfit person to rule a monastery ; but when disorders broke out in the house he con- trived for a while to represent himself as the injured party. In June 1278 Reginald de Grey was ordered to take the priory into the king's hands and imprison all those monks who had lately, under the leadership of one who had been excommunicated for his excesses, attacked the priory, imprisoned the prior and wasted the goods of the monastery. The ringleader of the malcontents was to be brought to Windsor Castle, and the sheriff was ordered to see this mandate carried out. Nothing however was done until September, when a commission of ' oyer and terminer ' was issued, to do swift justice on all those, both men and women, who continued to trouble the prior, and to bring to an end divers appeals and pleas that were pending with reference to the same matter. It seems that Simon de Reda was reinstated, but the disturbances continued, and in 1290 Bishop Sutton came to visit the priory and to find out what was really amiss. His visitation was however resisted by some of the monks, whom he excommunicated in consequence. The Abbot of Marmoutier again complained to the pope, who appointed fresh delegates ; but in the meanwhile it became obvious that the prior of Tickford was himself the cause of the recent scandals, and he was deposed on the gravest of charges waste of goods, evil living, and homicide. Before a new prior could be installed it was desirable that the Abbot of Marmoutier and the Bishop of Lincoln should come to a clear understanding of their respec- tive rights ; and they agreed to meet at the Old Temple in London. There was a long but not unfriendly discussion : the abbot appealed to the privileges of his order, and ex- horted the bishop to ' show his respect for the Apostolic See ' by recognizing them. Oliver Sutton, whose very real respect for the Apos- tolic See was shown a few years later by his obedience to the Bull ' Clericis laicis,' had however the decision of 1249 in his favour. Finally it was agreed that the visitation and correction of the priory belonged properly to the abbot alone ; the bishop would in future accept the priors presented to him for conse- cration ' without examination, difficulty or delay,' and they should swear canonical obedience to him salvis privileges praefati monasterii praesentibus et futuris ; and the only procuration which the bishop could claim was that which was due at the installa- tion none must be asked at any other time. In return for this the church of Sherrington, hitherto appropriate to the priory of Tickford, was to be granted to the bishop.

In accordance with this agreement Bishop Sutton came to the priory in the same year and was received by the new prior, Geoffrey called Villicus, at the door of the cloister in solemn procession, and was reverently censed : he afterwards sang mass and preached in the conventual church.

This was the end of one difficulty, and for a while we may hope there was some measure of quiet within the monastery. But there were other troubles to face in the century which followed. Some time before 1311 the charters and muniments of the priory were destroyed by fire, and had to be confirmed afresh by letters patent. A few other entries in the Close and Patent Rolls of this period give an idea of the great difficulty there must have been in maintaining the regular life in an alien priory during the wars with France. As early as 1324 this monastery was in the king's hand, and its prior under subjection to the official keeper of the lands of aliens, who was ordered in this year ' to cause the prior of Tickford, who was in his custody by the king's order, to be brought before the King's Bench on 11 November to prosecute an assize concerning the advowson of one tenth of the chapel of Yardley, and to deliver the necessary expenses from the priory.' In the same year a survey of the monastery was taken by the king's orders, and showed that the num- ber of monks was seriously diminished ; there were only eight besides the prior. It seems too that an effort had been made to free the house from debt by selling corrodies ; there were at this time two chaplains, eight men

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HENEVER Philip Martin felt like being funny he would say that he was a professional grave-robber. If people looked properly shocked


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Rh and one woman who received board, and possibly lodging also, at the expense of the priory. The priors too at this time were foreigners, sent direct from Marmoutier, and by no means always men of high character. William de Menevere in 1329 was accused of taking the goods of John Kimble of Filgrave. The vicar of Newport Pagnel complained in 1340 that Fulk de Champaigne, then prior, with two others, had lately besieged his house at Tickford, had broken the doors and win- dows, when he tried to escape had insulted, beaten and wounded him, and threatened to burn the house over his head if he returned. This prior, or his successor, died in the year of the Great Pestilence, which probably lowered still further the numbers and resources of the priory.

The lands and revenues of aliens were again in the king's hand during the reign of Ed- ward III., and Tickford was farmed out for twenty-three years : it was in the same con- dition in the time of Richard II. It must have been extremely difficult to maintain the ordinary discipline of the house while its revenues were administered by secular offi- cials, whose only interest was to secure some margin of profit for themselves, after paying the rent due to the king. It was indeed some- times hard to know who was the real head of the house. In 1386 the farmer and chaplain appointed at Tickford by letters patent suc- ceeded in disseising John Dvien, recently elected prior, on the ground of an ordinance of Parliament dated I Richard II., expelling all aliens except priors who had a title for life. On the occasion of the king's journey to Scot- land, when he lodged in the monastery, John Dvien however managed to lay his complaint before Richard himself, and was restored to office and allowed to hold the priory instead of the other farmers, at a rent of 40 marks a year. It is not surprising, under such con- ditions as this, to find notice of ' waste, de- struction and other defects ' in this house. Nor was John Dvien, it must be owned, a man who was likely to help his brethren to regain a higher standard of life. He was charged in 1398 with trying to obtain tithes from the Rector of North Crawley on false pretences ; the case was proved against him, and he was condemned to pay the costs ; but he refused to accept the sentence and appealed finally to Rome, only to be condemned again. In 1400 he and his convent were threatened with ex- communication if they still refused to give up the tithes and pay the costs, and James, bishop of Ploek, was to invoke the secular arm against them if necessary.

From the reign of Henry IV. onwards the priory ceased to be immediately subject to Tours ; and the priors were thenceforward nominated by the prior of Holy Trinity, York, as proctor-general of the Abbot of Marmou- tier. Once indeed in 1499, at the death of William Pemberton, the abbot wrote and appointed a monk of St. Peter's, Westminster, in his place ; but no notice was taken of his letter. The delegates who visited all the Cluniac monasteries in England in 1450 men- tion Tickford by name, but it is doubtful if they really came to this priory : they reported that it was immediately subject to the priory of Lewes, which was not the case, and also that it contained sixteen monks, which seems improbable at this time.

Thomas Broke, who was elected in 1503, had been previously Prior of Snelshall. The last prior surrendered the house to Wolsey

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Executive Order 11087

By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, including authority vested in me by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (72 Stat. 1799), it is hereby ordered as follows:

John F. Kennedy The White House, February 26, 1963. [FR Doc. 1963–xxxx Filed 2–27–63; 8:45 am] Billing Code xxxx–xx–x

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MALCOLM M. FERGUSON
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ROM the way you describe it, doctor, the Orne Place does indeed sound as if it had a poltergeist bouncing around inside it," Thomas Chadwick reflected, turning the nutmeg grounds about in the tumbler in his gaunt, weatherstained hand. "Which is, of course more readily said than settled. For how does one cope with such a critter? Assuming that Eliza Blaine is host—or hostess, rather—for this manifestation, should she and it be treated according to the concepts which the psychologists use when they so gingerly deal with such a phenomenon, or 86


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Rh 5 February, 1524, that its revenues might be applied to the support of the new college at Oxford, and received a pension of £10 a year. The five monks who remained were given 6s.8d. each as ' reward,' but it is uncertain whether this was a regular pension or only paid to them at their dismissal. Probably they entered other houses of religion.

The original endowment of this house comprised the demesne land at Tickford with other small parcels of land in this county and Northamptonshire, and several churches : Newport Pagnel with the chapels of Little Linford and Little Crawley ; Chichely, Broughton, and half North Crawley, Willen, Astwood, Bradwell, Sherrington, and the chapel of Petsoe in this county ; Aston, War- wicks, with three dependent chapels ; Bar- nack and Botlingdon, Northants. Most of these were given by various members of the family of Paynel before 1154. Broughton and North Crawley had passed out of the possession of this monastery by the thirteenth century, and Sherrington was granted to the bishops of Lincoln in 1291. William Paynel gave the monastery the churches of Bridge- water and ' Hynnespill ' in the diocese of Bath in 1224, but they were lost some time later as well as the two churches in Northamp- tonshire, before the house was dissolved. At the time of the Taxatio the priory was valued £104 16s. 3¾d., of which only £15 15s. 3¾d. were in temporalities. £89 1s. includes the revenues of all the churches, which were not of course by any means clear profit. The survey of 1325 gives a total of £70 1s. ; there were pensions to be paid out of this amounting to £18 10s., besides ten corrodies in kind. In 1302 the prior held one tenth of a knight's fee in Chichely and one eighth in Hardmead : in 1346 he had one fee in Chichely, one eighth in Bradwell, and one eighth in Hardmead. At the dissolution of the house in 1524 its total issues amounted to £57 11s. 4d. ; the bells and lead were worth £33 6s. 8d., and the moveable goods only £5 4s. The Ministers' Accounts however give a total of £122 19s. 7d.

Robert de Bohun, occurs 1187 Walter, occurs 1199 Bernard, occurs 1200 Hugh, resigned 1220 William, elected 1220, resigned 1232 John de Colne, elected 1232, resigned 1233 Robert Hamelyn, elected 1233 Oliver, occurs 1255 and 1259 Gilbert, occurs 1262 Bartholomew, died 1270 Reginald de Cossam, elected 1270 Simon de Reda, occurs 1275, deposed 1291 Geoffrey Villicus, elected 1291, resigned 1302 William de Menevere, elected 1302, resigned 1332 Fulk de Champaigne, elected 1332, died William de Tanqueterre, elected 1349 John de Garry, occurs 1352 and 1355 John de Fresney, occurs 1362 Francis Quatresoulz, elected 1363 William Daunay, elected 1365 John Dvien, occurs from 1383 to 1416 Thomas Chace, occurs 1419 John Carlell, occurs 1431, died 1434 Robert Blythe, elected 1434 Thomas Derneton, elected 1464, resigned

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Rh William Kirkby, elected 1468, resigned 1475 William Pemberton, elected 1475, died William Eynsham, elected 1499, resigned Thomas Yorke, elected 1501, resigned Thomas Broke, elected 1503 Thomas Parker, occurs at the dissolution, 1524

Pointed oval seal of late fourteenth century taken from an impression in gutta-percha gilded, represents the Blessed Virgin with crown seated in a niche with tabernacle work at the sides. The Holy Child with nimbus is on her right knee, in her left hand she holds a sceptre fleur-de-lizé. In base in a niche with round-headed arch an ecclesiastic is kneeling, turned three-quarters to the left, in prayer. Legend: SIGILLŪ: CŌOIE: DOMUS: BEATE: MARIE: DE: TYKFORD.

8. THE ABBEY OF BIDDLESDEN

The Cistercian abbey of Biddlesden was founded in the year 1147 by Arnold de Bois (or de Bosco), steward to the Earl of Leicester, and one of the keepers of the royal forest. The traditional account of its foundation, if true, does not reflect much credit upon Arnold. For the lands with which he endowed it were a gift from the Earl of Leicester, to whom they had escheated during the civil war by the failure of the former tenant, Robert of Meppershall, to do the homage and service due for them ; and it is said that Arnold de Bois determined to found an abbey there in order to avoid the difficulty of a disputed tenure. When peace was restored, Robert did indeed lay claim to the lands, and impleaded Arnold; but the monks paid him ten marks, and persuaded him to grant them a charter of confirmation. Matthew Paris however speaks of Arnold as strenuus, facetus et optimis moribus adornatus, so perhaps his motives in founding the abbey have been misrepresented. At any rate he received all the honours of a founder, and was buried in the conventual church before the high altar.

The first monks of Biddlesden were probably sent from the abbey of Gerondon in Leicestershire, for the earliest charters were made out to the abbot of that house; but after the custom of Cistercian foundations, it became an independent abbey almost at once. The original endowment was confirmed by Robert, Earl of Leicester, by Stephen and Henry II., by Theobald of Canterbury, and Robert of Lincoln. Many well-known names in this county are reckoned amongst the benefactors of Biddlesden: William and Ralf de Cheinduit, Roger and Miles de Bray, Roger Foliot, Ralf de Pinkeney, Thomas de St. Walery, and Beatrice, wife of the younger William de Beauchamp. Their gifts were bestowed for the most part during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The church of Ebrington in Gloucestershire was granted to the abbey as late as 1378. But it was not a wealthy house at any time, and its revenue never rose much above £100.

Little is known of its external history. In 1260 the vicar of Thornborough complained to the abbot that he did not receive tithes from the monastic lands in his parish; and the abbot, for the sake of peace, granted him three acres out of these, being careful however at the same time to assert the Cistercian pri-

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Rh vilege of exemption, and to explain that he and his convent did this of their own free will. In 1276 the same abbot was involved in a suit with his tenants of the manor of Boycott on the subject of feudal customs. In 1280 he had to complain of trespasses and injuries done to him in his house in London, and at about the same time he was distrained for scutage for his property in Maryland, but it was finally proved that none was really due. In 1302 the abbey was taken under the king's protection, and as it was greatly burdened with debt, John of Tingewick, rector of Wappen- ham, was appointed custodian of the house, to aid the monks by his counsel, and to super- intend the administration of its revenues. It seems however that John took base advan- tage of his position, for in 1308 a suit was brought by the abbot and convent against him and many others, for breaking down their enclosures in Syresham and depasturing the corn that grew there. In 1325 Abbot Roger de Gotham acknowledged a debt of 200, which however he contrived afterwards to pay off. In 1392 the house seems to have re- covered its prosperity a little ; for the abbot and convent were in a position to take over the cell of Weedon Pinkeney from the Abbot of St. Lucien near Beauvais in France, at a pension of 12 marks a year, afterwards commuted for a payment of 300 marks in full quittance. The purchase of Weedon Pinkeney however in- volved the monks of Biddlesden in a long dis- pute with the rectors of Wappenham, in whose parish part of the property of the late priory lay. Two or three attempts were made to settle the question of tithes, but it was not finally arranged until 1406. In this year the rector agreed not to molest the monks in future in respect of any property that had belonged to St. Lucien ; and received in com- pensation two acres of cornland, with two lambs and two cheeses yearly. The final agreement was ratified by Bishop Repingdon and the Archbishop of Canterbury. Of the internal history of the house nothing whatever is known until just before the dis- solution. An abbot was deposed in 1192, but his offence is not recorded. The house was exempt from episcopal visitation, like all Cistercian monasteries, so that the Lincoln registers throw no light upon its condition from its foundation to its surrender. As its yearly income was under 200, it would natu- rally have been dissolved with the smaller monasteries in 1536. In this year the local commissioners reported that there were eleven monks in the house, of whom nine were priests, and none guilty of any immorality. There was a former abbot living in the house, with a pension of £13 6s. 4d. for his maintenance, and there were as many as fifty-one servants attached to the monastery, of whom twenty- four were ' hinds ' or farm labourers, thirteen did the work of the house, nine were children (possibly servers at mass), and four were women who came in by the day. The com- missioners stated further that only one of the monks desired a capacity to depart to another house of religion, but this does not seem very consistent with the fact that they petitioned for the monastery to be continued, and actu- ally paid as much as £133 6s. 4d. for this pri- vilege. The house was not surrendered till 25 September, 1538. The form of the sur- render is not of the ordinary type, and is in English. As it has been more than once printed in full, there is no need to reproduce it here verbatim. It has received the more attention because it is not, like so many others, a merely formal declaration that the surren- der is quite voluntary and that there are many excellent but unnamed reasons why it should be made ; but it contains a certain amount of vague self-accusation. Summed up, it is a confession that the ' manner and trade of living ' of the monks of Biddlesden and others of their ' pretensed religion ' for many years past did most principally consist in ' dumb ceremonies ' : that they had been exempt from their own ordinaries and diocesans and subject to ' forinsecal potentates ' such as the bishops of Rome and abbots of Citeaux, ' which never came here to reform such dis- cord of living and abuses as now have been found to have reigned amongst us ' : and that they had never been taught in the true know- ledge of God's laws, but now had happily discovered by the study of the gospel that it was most expedient for them to be ruled by their Supreme Head the king. Even if this document had been composed by the monks themselves and not merely handed to them

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Executive Order 11088

By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, including authority vested in me by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (72 Stat. 1799), it is hereby ordered as follows:

John F. Kennedy The White House, February 26, 1963. [FR Doc. 1963–xxxx Filed 2–27–63; 8:45 am] Billing Code xxxx–xx–x

title: Executive Order 11088


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Author:Dadabhai Naoroji

Works

 * The manners and customs of the Parsees (Bombay, 1864)
 * The European and Asiatic races (London, 1866)
 * Admission of educated natives into the Indian Civil Service (London, 1868)
 * The wants and means of India (London, 1870)
 * Condition of India (Madras, 1881)
 * Poverty of India: A Paper Read Before the Bombay Branche of the East India Association, Bombay, Ranima Union Press, (1876)
 * C. L. Parekh, ed., Essays, Speeches, Addresses and Writings of the Honourable Dadabhai Naoroji, Bombay, Caxton Printing Works (1887). An excerpt, "The Benefits of British Rule", in a modernized text by J. S. Arkenberg, ed., on line  at Paul Halsall, ed., Internet Modern History Sourcebook.
 * Lord Salisbury’s Blackman (Lucknow, 1889)
 * The Parsee Religion (1861)

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Rh to sign, it would prove very little against them, and over against it may be set not only Dr. London's approval of the house which might be a poor compliment but the favourable report of the local commissioners. The abbot received a pension of 40; the cellarer, 6; the rest, eight in number, 5 6s. 8d. each; and the old abbot, Richard Benet, apparently kept his original pension of twenty marks. One of the monks, Richard Taylor of Northampton, was still living in 1552 as Vicar of Thornborough, and had never married.

The original endowment of the abbey included the vill of Biddlesden, 5 virgates in Whitfield, and the manor of Maryland in Syresham, Northants, as well as the advowson of half the church of Houghton, Northants, with lands and a mill in the same parish. The manors of Charwelton and Preston Capes in Northants were granted by William and Ralf de Cheinduit at the end of the twelfth century ; the manor of Boycott, Oxon, was the property of the abbey early in the thirteenth. In 1379 the church of Ebrington, Gloucestershire, was granted to the monks by William la Zouche of Harringworth in memory of his kinsman, William de Bosco ; and Sir Richard Corbett relinquished his rights in the same church on condition that a certain number of masses should be said for his soul. In 1284 the Abbot of Biddlesden held three fourths of a knight's fee in Dodford and a share in one half of Thornborough ; in 1302 he was returned as holding Dodford and Stowe with the Abbot of Osney, and half the village of Evershaw ; in 1316 his lands were the same as in 1 302, with the addition of one third of Thornborough. In 1291 the temporalities of the abbey amounted to £66 9s. $3d. The Valor Ecclesiasticus estimates its revenues at £125 4s. 3d. ; the local commissioners in 1536 at 130 4_r. $d. or £138 7s. 6d. ; the Ministers' Accounts of 1538 at £164 1s. 7d., including the manors of Boycott, Oxon, and Dodford, Bucks, with Charwelton, Preston and Gorall, Northants; and the church of Ebrington.

{{c|{{sc|List of Abbots}} Richard, occurs 1151 Alexander, occurs 1157 and 1166 Richard, died 1192 William, deposed 1198 Adam of Bath, elected 1198, occurs till 1209 Maurice, occurs 1219 and 1222 Henry, occurs 1226, died 1228 Thomas, occurs 1230 and 1232 Giffard, resigned 1236 Walter, occurs 1238 and 1240 Henry Mallore, occurs 1241 Philip, occurs 1245 to 1250 William, occurs 1254 to 1257 Roger, occurs 1259 and 1262 William Bisham, occurs from 1264 to 1286 {{smallrefs}} {{c|367}}

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The Spirit of the Chinese People/Preface The Spirit of the Chinese People/Introduction

1. The Spirit of the Chinese People. 2. The Chinese Woman. 3. The Chinese Language. 4. John Smith in China. 5. A Great Sinologue. 6. Chinese Scholarship Part I. 7. Chinese Scholarship Part II.
 * Appendix:—
 * The Religion of Mob-Worship or The War and the Way out.


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186 would collect to overawe them on their tribunals; and Cromwell was constituted a referee, to whom victims of episcopal persecution rarely appealed without finding protection. Devout communities were scandalized by priests marrying their concubines, or bringing wives whom they had openly chosen to their parsonages. The celibacy of the clergy was generally accepted as a theory; and, though indulgence had been liberally extended to human weakness and frailty, the opinion of the world was less complacent when secret profligacy stepped forward into the open day under the apparent sanction of authority.


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Rh John Thornborough, occurs from 1290 to 1296 Walter, 2 elected 1296, occurs till 1300 John of Salisbury, occurs 1301 to 1307 Thomas of Buckingham, elected 1308, occurs till 1315 John, elected 1317, occurs till 1321 Thomas of Buckingham, occurs 1324 Roger of Gotham, occurs 1325 to 1332 Griffin, occurs 1341 William of Loughborough, occurs from 1357 Peter, occurs from 1378 to 1396 John, occurs from 1397 to 1400 Stephen, occurs 1428 John, occurs from 1469 to 1480 William, occurs 1481 Richard Benet, occurs 1495, resigned 1535 Richard Green, last abbot, elected 1535

Seal of St. Mary and St. Nicholas of Biddlesden :

A pointed oval seal of the late twelfth century, creamy white, imperfect. The ob- verse is wanting, the reverse represents a sinister hand and vested arm issuing from the left and holding a pastoral staff in pale. The legend, of which only a part remains, runs : +SIG. . . s DE BETLESD.'

A very similar one, light brown in colour, representing a hand and vested arm issuing from right, grasping a pastoral staff in pale. Legend: + SICILLVM DE BEHTLESDENA.

A dark green pointed oval seal or counter- seal, I264-I286, represents a dexter and vested arm issuing from the right and holding a pastoral staff in pale. In the field on the left a crescent enclosing an estoile. Legend : [CJONTRA s' ABB'IE DE BETLESDENE.

A pointed oval seal or counterseal, pale yellow in colour, and imperfect, attached to a charter bearing date 1275, represents a dexter hand and vested arm issuing from the right, holding a pastoral staff with large crook in pale. In the field on the left two crescents and an estoile. The legend is defective : [CJONTRA S'. . . ESDEN. . ..

A very small green pointed oval seal at- tached to a charter of 1265. The impres- sion, which is very imperfect, represents a crescent enclosing an estoile of many points. Legend : AVE MARIA GRA. Later seal of the fourteenth century. Two partial impressions, one containing the upper, the other the lower part of a pointed oval seal, represents a saint standing in a canopied niche. In base a shield of arms : a fesse and quarter : ERNALDUS DE BOSCO, founder. Legend : SIG. . . NT' DE.

Seal of Abbot Giffard 1228-1236. Pointed oval, dark green, represents Minerva hel- meted, in profile to the left holding a spear. Legend: +VIVE : vr : PLACEAS : DEO.

Seal of Abbot Thomas about 1238-1240. Pointed oval, opaque yellow in colour, the impression is fine but very imperfect, repre- sents the abbot full length, in his right hand a pastoral staff, in his left a book. Legend : . . . BATIS ... TO NICHOL. ..

Seal of Abbot Philip 1245. Pointed oval, dark green, represents the abbot standing on a platform, holding in his right hand a pastoral staff, in his left a book. Legend : + SIGILL' : ABATIS : DE : SANCTO : NICHOLAO.

Seal of Abbot William 1264-1286. Sim- ilar to seal of Abbot Philip. Another seal of Abbot William, a pointed oval, represents the Virgin half length, the Holy Child on her left knee. In base under an arch the abbot half length in prayer. Legend : [MJATER DEI [MEMJENTO ME[I].

Another seal of Abbot William, oval, impression of a bust couped at the neck, in profile to right, wearing a double tiara. Legend : IHESV : MERCI.

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1539.] The mysteries of the faith were insulted in the celebration of the divine service. At one place, when the priest lifted up the host, a member of the congregation, 'a lawyer' and a gentleman, lifted up a little dog in derision. Another, who desired that the laity should be allowed communion in both kinds, taunted the minister with having drunk all the wine, and with having blessed the people with an empty chalice. The intensity be called such) to the body of the spiritualty. The following petition to Cromwell, as coming from the collective incumbents of a diocese, represents most curiously the perplexity of the clergy in the interval between the alteration of the law and the inhibition of their previous indulgences. The date is probably 1536. The petition was in connection with the commission of inquiry into the general morality of the religious orders:—'May it please your mastership, that when of late we, your poor orators the clergy of the diocese of Bangor, were visited by the King's visitors and yours, in the which visitation many of us (to knowledge the truth to your mastership) be detected of incontinency, as it appeareth by the visitors' books, and not unworthy, wherefore we humbly submit ourselves unto your mastership's mercy, heartily desiring of you remission, or at least wise of merciful punishment and correction, and also to invent after your discreet wisdom some lawful and godly way for us your aforesaid orators, that we may maintain and uphold such poor hospitalities as we have' done hitherto, most by provision of such women as we have customably kept in our houses. For in case we be compelled to put away such women, according to the injunctions lately given us by the foresaid visitors, then shall we be fain to give up hospitality, to the utter undoing of such servants and families as we daily keep, and to the great loss and harms of the King's subjects, the poor people which were by us relieved to the uttermost of our powers, and we ourselves shall be driven to seek our living at alehouses and taverns, for mansions upon the benefices and vicarages we have none. And as for gentlemen and substantial honest men, for fear of inconvenience, knowing our frailty and accustomed liberty, they will in no wise board us in their houses.'—Petition of the Clergy of Bangor to the Right Hon. Thomas Cromwell: MS. State Paper Office, second series, vol. xxxvi.


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Rh Seal of Abbot John Sarum. A pointed oval seal attached to a charter dated 1304, the impression is very fine but imperfect. It represents the abbot standing on a carved corbel under a trefoiled canopy supported on either side by a slender shaft, in his right hand a pastoral staff, in his left hand a book. Legend : ... i ... BVTLESDENE.

Only a fragment remains of the seal at- tached to the Deed of Surrender.

9. THE ABBEY OF MISSENDEN

The abbey of Missenden was founded in or about the year 1133 by a certain William of Missenden, for Austin Canons following the customs of the abbey of St. Nicholas at Arrou- aise in Artois. This date is well established by a concurrence of charters of confirmation ; from Pope Innocent II. in 1137 and Euge- nius III. in 1145, and from Henry I. in 1133, Stephen, and Henry II., and the connection with Arrouaise is equally well attested. Ibid. 178-l79d. These privileges are at the end of the chartulary (which is dated 1330) and in a different hand. They are of all the more value if they were copied at a time when the Arrouasian tradition was almost forgotten : especially as the earliest, that of Pope Innocent II., dated 1137, has the correct but unusual form ' Aridagamancia ' (see Round, Cal. of Doc. France, i. 479, 480). The privilege of 1181 speaks of the Rule of St. Augus- tine ' et institutionem arroesi fratrum.' The copyist was so ignorant as to write ' Ambrosius ' for Alexander III. and ' Eusebius ' for Eugenius III. (perhaps there was nothing but the initial letter in his original) : but the privilege of Innocent III. dated 1253, which alludes to those of Innocent II. and Eugenius III., is found again in Cal. of Pap. Letters, v. 433-5, confirmed by Boniface IX., in 1401, when it was ' beginning to be consumed with age.' These details are given because the genuine- ness of the chartulary or at any rate of the founda- tion charter, has been questioned in a paper in Records of Sucks, vi. 374, etc. It may be added that the boundaries of land and names given in the foundation charter are the same as those in Cal. of Pap. Letters, v. 433-5, which also names William of Missenden : and that it would require an almost impossible combination of cunning and simplicity for monks who could not find out the correct names of popes of the twelfth century, and called Mal- colm IV. of Scotland ' Manasser,' to invent a num- ber of charters of comparatively obscure benefactors who can (like Turstin Mantel) be proved from other sources to have lived at the required time. The charters of the twelfth century must stand or fall together in a case where we have only a single chartulary to deal with : we cannot condemn one and approve others without more definite evidence than mere probability. It is certainly strange that an inquisition taken in 1332 should have dated the foundation of the house as late as 1293 : but even if Harl. MS. 3688 had not survived, the date could have been proved from many sources to have been of the twelfth century, and even fixed between 1130 and 1150, by the charter relating to the her- mitage of Muswell in Dugdale, Man. vi. (i) 549. The charters of Henry I. and Alexander of Lincoln expressly state that there were at first but seven canons in the house, and that they came originally from the church of St. Mary ' de Bosco (or de Nemore) de pago Terresino.'

The Arrouasian reform of the Augustinian order originated independently of that which is connected with the name of St. Peter Damian ; it was begun in 1090 by three her- mits, but not ruled by an abbot until 1124. During the time of Gervase, the first abbot, the order seems to have increased, and several houses were founded in England and Ireland, amongst which we find Missenden and Nutley in this county, Harrold in Bedfordshire, Bourne in Lincolnshire. It was the Arrou- asian custom to place new houses under an abbot at once, and not to keep them in the position of cells to the parent abbey : with the natural result that the Arrouasian Canons tended to approximate more and more to others who kept the rule of St. Augustine, and after a while ceased to be distinguished from them in any way. They never seem to have been really an independent order with special privileges, like the Premonstratensians :

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188 of the indignation which these and similar outrages created in the body of the nation, may be gathered from a scene which took place when an audacious offender was seized by the law, and suffered at Ipswich. When the fire was lighted, a commissary touched the victim with his wand, and urged him to recant. The man spat at him for an answer, and the commissary exclaimed that forty days' indulgence would be granted by the Bishop of Norwich to every one who would cast a stick into the pile. 'Then Baron Curzon, Sir John Audeley, with many others of estimation, being there present, did rise from their seats, and with their swords cut down boughs and threw them into the fire, and so did all the multitude of the people.' It seems most certain that the country only refrained from taking the law into their own hands, and from trying the question with the Protestants, as Aske and Lord Darcy desired, by open battle, from a confidence that the Government would do their duties, that in some way the law would interfere, and these excesses would be put down with a high hand.

The meeting of Parliament could be delayed no longer; and it must be a Parliament composed of other members than those who had sat so long and so effectively. Two years before it had been demanded by the northern counties. The promise had


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1539.] been given, and the expectation of a fresh election had been formed so generally, that the country had widely prepared for it. The counties and towns had been privately canvassed; the intended representation had been arranged. The importance of the crisis, and the resolution of the country gentlemen to make their weight appreciated, was nowhere felt more keenly than in the court.

Letters survive throwing curious light on the history of this election. We see the Cromwell faction straining their own and the Crown's influence as far as it would bear to secure a majority—failing in one place, succeeding in another—sending their agents throughout the country, demanding support, or entreating it, as circumstances allowed; or, when they were able, coercing the voters with a high hand. Care was taken to secure the return of efficient speakers to defend the Government measures; and Cromwell, by his exertions and by his anxiety, enables us to measure the power of the Crown, both within Parliament and without; to conclude with certainty that danger was feared from opposition, and that the control of the cabinet over the representation of England was very limited.

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190 landholders. In the late Parliament Cromwell wrote to some gentleman, desiring him to come forward as the Government candidate for Huntingdonshire. He replied that the votes of the county were already promised, and unless his competitors could be induced to resign he could not offer himself. In Shropshire, on the call of Parliament to examine the treasons of Anne Boleyn, there was a division of interest. 'The worshipful of the shire' desired to return a supporter of Cromwell: the sheriff, the under-sheriff, and the town's-people were on the other side. The election was held at Shrewsbury, and the inhabitants assembled riotously, overawed the voters, and carried the opposition member by intimidation. On the present occasion Lord Southampton went in person round Surrey, Sussex, and Hampshire, where his own property was situated. The election for Surrey he reported himself able to carry with certainty. At Guildford he manœuvred to secure both seats, but was only able to obtain one. He was anticipated for the other by a Guildford townsman, whom the mayor and burgesses told him that they all desired. Sir William Goring and Sir John Gage were standing on the court interest for Sussex. Sir John Dawtry, of Petworth, and Lord Maltravers, had promised their support, and Southampton hoped that they might be considered safe. Farnham was 'the Bishop of Winchester's town,' where he 'spared to meddle' without Cromwell's express orders.


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Rh and by the fifteenth century the Arrouasian name, where it was still retained, was little more than a convenient excuse for escaping attendance at general chapters and other ordinances of the regular life.

All the best known names in the county of Buckingham are found amongst the early benefactors of Missenden Abbey : Richard de Urvill the archdeacon, Walter Giffard, Walter de Bolebec, Turstin Mantel, Manasser Dan- martin, Simon de Gerardmoulin, Hugh de Gurnay, Robert Mansel, the Turvilles and Cheinduits, and many others. The house was never among the greater abbeys of Eng- land, but it was fairly well endowed from the beginning, and was one of the most important monasteries in this county. The number of canons was probably soon increased, and even in the fifteenth century there were as many as twenty. It seems likely that a later William of Missenden added to the original endow- ment in the thirteenth century, and so came to be reckoned as founder, and this would ex- plain the result of the inquisition made in 1332, which reported that the house was founded as recently as 1293. Yet another William of Missenden in 1336 was buried in the abbey with the honours of a founder : and perhaps these later benefactions obscured the memory of the earlier ones.

At the end of the twelfth century the Abbot of Missenden was proctor to the Abbot of Arrouaise, and had to act for him in a diffi- culty which arose in connection with the priory of Harrold in Bedfordshire. The priors of this house had been nominated at first by the Abbot of Arrouaise, without con- tradiction ; but near the end of the twelfth century, the nuns, under the leadership of a certain brother ' B.' and Gila the prioress, tried to escape from all subjection to the parent abbey. They tried to get a privilege from the pope for this purpose : the Abbot of Arrouaise indeed alleged that they had forged one, and was inclined at first to believe that the Abbot of Missenden had aided and abetted their plots ; but he afterwards cleared the latter of all blame. It was finally arranged that the nuns should pay half a mark yearly to the Abbot of Missenden and be free in future of all subjection to Arrouaise. After this agreement, which took place about the year 1188, there is no record of any further connection between Missenden and Arrou- aise.

This house is mentioned early in the thir- teenth century in connection with a few suits of no great importance ; in two of these the abbot was convicted of putting forward un- warrantable claims. In 1225 he appeared against Hubert de Burgh the justiciar, and brought forward a charter from Walter de Penn, which granted to him the advowson of Oulton Church in Norfolk, but Hubert was successful in proving that Walter never had any right to make the gift, and the abbot was fined in consequence.

In 1231 the abbot was successful in proving his claim to the chapel of Muswell,  but in 1245 he was again convicted of wrongfully exacting a pension from the rector of Taplow. We hear from the chronicler of Dunstable that the convent of Missenden suffered some kind of persecution from Ralf Brito, the king's treasurer, before 1232, but no details are given. <''Ann. Mon.'' (Rolls Ser.), iii. 130. /ref> In 1239 Isabel, the wife of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, desired that a part of her body should be buried in this abbey. The Close Rolls of the reign of Ed- ward I. show the abbots to have been some- what involved in debt at this time. And to- wards the close of the thirteenth century the abbey seems to have fallen into great poverty, for in 1281 Henry Huse and Walter de Agmo- desham were appointed to take it under the king's special protection for four years, as it was in danger of dispersion and ruin by murrain among sheep and horses, failure of crops, and accumulation of debts, and in 1286 a similar order was issued to Master William de Luda, king's clerk, for a period of time unnamed. In 1276 Abbot William of London received 50 marks from the king to establish a chantry in the

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1539.] If the Bishop's good intentions could be relied upon, interference might provoke gratuitous ill feeling. He had friends in the town, however, and he could make a party if Cromwell thought it necessary. In Portsmouth and Southampton the Government influence was naturally paramount, through the dockyards, and the establishments maintained in them. So far nothing can be detected more irregular than might have been found in the efforts of any prime minister before the Reform Bill to secure a manageable House of Commons. More extensive interference was, however, indisputably practised, wherever interference was possible; at Oxford, we find Cromwell positively dictating the choice of a member, while at Canterbury, at the previous election, a case had occurred too remarkable for its arbitrary character to be passed over without particular mention. Directions had been sent down from London for the election of two Government nominees. An answer was returned, stating humbly that the order had come too late—that two members of the corporation of Canterbury were already returned. I have failed to discover Cromwell's rejoinder; but a week later the following letter was addressed to him by the mayor and burgesses:—

'In humble wise we certify you that the 20th day of this present month, at six o'clock in the morning, I, John Alcock, mayor of Canterbury, received your letter directed to me, the said mayor, sheriff, and commonalty of the said city, signifying to us thereby the King's


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(A Paper that was to have been read before the Oriental Society of Peking.)

ET me first of all explain to you what I propose, with youyour [sic] permission, this afternoon to discuss. The subject of our paper I have called "The Spirit of the Chinese people." I do not mean here merely to speak of the character or characteristics of the Chinese people. Chinese characteristics have often been described before, but I think you will agree with me that such description or enumeration of the characteristics of the Chinese people hitherto have given us no picture at all of the inner being of the Chinaman. Besides, when we speak of the character or characteristics of the Chinese, it is not possible to generalize. The character of the Northern Chinese, as you know, is as different from that of the Southern Chinese as the character of the Germans is different from that of the Italians.

But what I mean by the spirit of the Chinese people, is the spirit by which the Chinese people live, something constitutionally distinctive in the mind, temper and sentiment of the Chinese people which distinguishes them from all other people, especially from those of modern Europe and America. Perhaps I can best express what I mean by calling the subject of our discussion the Chinese type of humanity, or, to put it in plainer and shorter words, the real Chinaman.


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192 pleasure and commandment, that Robert Sacknell and John Bridges should be burgesses of the Parliament for the same city of Canterbury; by virtue whereof, according to our bounden duty, immediately upon the sight of your said letter and contents thereof perceived, we caused the commonalty of the said city to assemble in the court hall, where appeared the number of four score and seventeen persons, citizens and inhabitants of the said city; and according to the King's pleasure and commandment, freely with one voice, and without any contradiction, have elected and chosen the said Robert Sacknell and John Bridges to be burgesses of the Parliament for the same city, which shall be duly certified by indenture under the seal of the said citizens and inhabitants by the grace of the blessed Trinity.'

The first election, therefore, had been set aside by the absolute will of the Crown, and the hope that so violent a proceeding might be explained tolerably through some kind of decent resignation is set aside by a further letter, stating that one of the persons originally chosen, having presumed to affirm that he was 'a true and proper burgess of the city,' he had been threatened into submission by a prospect of the loss of a lucrative office which he held under the corporation.


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1539.] For the Parliament now elected, it is plain that the Privy Seal put out his utmost strength; and that he believed beforehand that his measures had been so well laid as to ensure the results which he desired. 'I and your dedicate councillors,' he wrote to the King, 'be about to bring all things so to pass that your Grace had never more tractable Parliament.' The event was to prove that he had deceived himself; a reaction set in too strong for his control, and the spirit which had dictated the Doncaster petition, though subdued and modified, could still outweigh the despotism of the minister or the intrigues of his agents.

The returns were completed; the members assembled in London, and with them as usual the Convocation of the clergy. As an evidence of the greatness of the occasion, the two provinces were united into one; the Convocation of York held its session with the Convocation of Canterbury; a synod of the whole English Church met together, in virtue of its recovered or freshly constituted powers, to determine the articles of its belief.


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194 The opening was conducted by the King in person, on Monday, the 28th of April. The clerk of the House of Lords has recorded (either as if it was exceptional or as if the circumstances of the time gave to a usual proceeding an unusual meaning) the religious service with which the ceremony was accompanied, and the special prayers which were offered for the divine guidance. The first week passed in unexplained inactivity. On the Monday following the lord chancellor read the speech from the throne, declaring the object for which Parliament had been called. The King desired, if possible, to close the religious quarrels by which the kingdom was distracted. With opinions in so furious conflict, the mode of settlement would demand anxious consideration; his Majesty therefore proposed, if the lords saw no objection, that, preparatory to the general debate, a committee of the Upper House should compose a report upon the causes and character of the disagreement. The committee should represent both parties. The peers selected were Cromwell, the two Archbishops, the Bishops of Bath, Ely, Bangor, Worcester, Durham, and Carlisle. It was foreseen that a body, of which Cranmer and Latimer, Lee and Tunstall, were severally members, was


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1539.] to work in harmony. The committee proceeded, however, to their labours; and up to this time even the privy council seem to have been ignorant of the course which events would follow. On some points the King had either formed no intention till he had ascertained the disposition of the House of Commons, or else he had kept his intentions carefully to himself. A paper of suggestions, representing the views of the moderate Reformers, was submitted to him by some one in high authority; and the tone in which they were couched implied a belief in the writer that his advice would be favourably received. It was to the effect that a table of heresies should be drawn out; that the judgment of the bench of bishops and the ecclesiastical lawyers should be taken upon it; that it should then be printed, and copies sent to every justice of the peace, to be read aloud at every assizes, court leet, or sessions, and in the charges delivered to the grand juries. A court might be constituted composed of six masters of chancery, mixed of priests and laymen, to whom all accusations would be referred; and the composite character of the tribunal would be a security against exaggeration or fanaticism. Meanwhile a bill should be prepared to be laid before Parliament, relieving the clergy finally from the obligations of celibacy, legalizing the marriages which any among them had hitherto contracted, and for the future permitting them all 'to have wives and work for their living.' 'A little book,' in addition, should be compiled and printed, proving 'that the prayers of men that be here living for the souls of them that be dead


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HE object of this book is an attempt to interpret the spirit and show the value of the Chinese civilisation. Now in order to estimate the value of a civilisation, it seems to me, the question we must finally ask is not what great cities, what magnificent houses, what fine roads it has built and is able to build; what beautiful and comfortable furniture, what clever and useful implements, tools and instruments it has made and is able to make; no, not even what imstitutionsinstitutions [sic], what arts and sciences it has invented: the question we must ask, in order to estimate the value of a civilisation,—is, what type of humanity, what kind of men and women it has been able to produce. In fact, the man and woman,—the type of human beings—which a civilisation produces, it is this which shows the essence, the personality, so to speak, the soul of that civilisation. Now if the men and women of a civilisation show the essence, the personality and soul of that civilisation, the language which a man and woman speak, shows the essence, the personality, the soul of the man and woman. The French say of literary composition, "Le style, c'est l'homme." I have therefore taken these three things, the Real Chinaman, the Chinese woman and the Chinese language,—as the subjects of the first three essays in this volume to illustrate the spirit and show the value of the Chinese civilisation.


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HE great war at the present moment is absorbing all the attention of the world exclusive of everything else. But then I think this war itself must make serious thinking people turn their attention to the great problem of civilisation. All civilisation begins by the conquest of Nature, i.e. by subduing and controlling the terrific physical forces in Nature so that they can do no harm to men. The modern civilisation of Europe to-day has succeeded in the conquest of Nature with a success, it must be admitted, hitherto not attained by any other civilisation. But there is in this world a force more terrible even than the terrific physical forces in Nature and that is the passions in the heart of man. The harm which the physical forces of Nature can do to mankind, is nothing compared with the harm which human passions can do. Until therefore this terrible force,—the human passions—is properly regulated and controlled, there can be, it is evident, not only no civilisation, but even no life possible for human beings.

In the first early and rude stage of society, mankind had to use physical force to subdue and


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 不可一日無此君

JULEAN ARNOLD


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TO

AN AUSTRIAN GENTLEMAN,

AS

A Token of Gratitude

FOR

His chivalrous and great kindness to me

and my family during the Revolution

in

China in 1911.


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WITH AN ESSAY

ON

BY


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II human passions. Thus hordes of savages had to be subjugated by sheer physical force. But as civilisation advances, mankind discovers a force more potent and more effective for subduing and controlling human passions than physical force and this force is called moral force. The moral force which in the past has been effective in subduing and controlling the human passions in the population of Europe, is Christianity. But now this war with the armament preceding it, seems to show that Christianity has become ineffective as a moral force. Without an effective moral force to control and restrain human passions, the people of Europe have had again to employ physical force to keep civil order. As Carlyle truly says, “Europe is Anarchy plus a constable.” The use of physical force to maintain civil order leads to militarism. In fact militarism is necessary in Europe to-day because of the want of an effective moral force. But militarism leads to war and war means destruction and waste. Thus the people of Europe are on the horns of a dilemma. If they do away with militarism, anarchy will destroy their civilisation, but if they keep up militarism, their civilisation will collapse through the waste and destruction of war. But Englishmen say that they are determined to put down Prussian militarism and Lord Kitchner belivesbelieves [sic] that he will be able to stamp out Prussian militarism with three million drilled and armed Englishmen. But then it seems to me when Prussian militarism is thus stamped out, there will then arise another militarism,—the British militarism


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Rh As I have said, Bert and Nan were rather tall and thin, while Flossie and Freddie were short and fat. Mr. Bobbsey used often to call Flossie his "Fat Fairy," which always made her laugh. And Freddie had a pet name, too. It was "Fat Fireman," for he often played that he was a fireman; putting out make-believe fires, and pretending he was a fire engine. Once or twice his father had taken him to see a real fire, and this pleased Freddie very much.

In the first book of this series, called "The Bobbsey Twins," I told you something of the fun the four children had in their home town. They had troubles, too, and Danny Rugg, one of the few bad boys in Lakeport, was the cause of some. Also about a certain broken window; what happened when the twins went coasting, how they had a good time, in an ice boat, and how they did many other things.

Snoop, the fat, black kitten, played a part in the story also. The Bobbsey twins were very fond of Snoop, and had kept him so many years that I suppose he ought to be called a cat, instead of a kitten, now.

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20 After the first winter's fun, told of the book that began an account of the doings of the Bobbseys, the twins and their parents went to the home of Uncle Daniel Bobbsey, and his wife, Aunt Sarah, in Meadow Brook.

In the book called "The Bobbsey Twins in the Country," I wrote down many of the things that happened during the summer.

If they had fun going off to the country, taking Snoop with them, of course, they had many more good times on arriving at the farm. There was a picnic, jolly times in the woods, a Fourth of July celebration, and though a midnight scare alarmed them for a time, still they did not mind that.

But, though the twins liked the country very much, they soon had a chance to see something of the ocean, and in the third book of the series, called "The Bobbsey Twins at the Seashore," my readers will find out what happened there.

There was fun on the sand, and more fun in the water, and once the little ones got lost on an island. A great storm came up, and a ship was wrecked, and this gave the twins a

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Rh chance to see the life savers, those brave men who risk their lives to help others.

Then came closing days at Ocean Cliff, the home of Uncle William and Aunt Emily Minturn at Sunset Beach. School was soon to open, and Mr. and Mrs. Bobbsey were anxious to get back to their town home, for Flossie and Freddie were to start regular lessons now, even though it was but in the kindergarten class.

So good-byes were said to the ocean, and though Dorothy Minturn cried a little when her cousins Nan and Flossie, and Bert and Freddie, had to leave, still she said she hoped they would come again. And so the Bobbseys were on their way home in the train when the circus accident happened that brought them to a stop.

"And so we nearly ran into an elephant; eh?" said Mr. Bobbsey to the brakeman, who had brought in the news.

"Yes, sir. Our engineer stopped just in time."

"If we had hit him we'd gone off the track," said Freddie.

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22 "No, we wouldn't," declared Flossie, who seemed bound to start a dispute. Perhaps she was so tired that she was fretful.

"Say, can't you two stop disputing all the while?" asked Bert, in a low voice. "You make papa and mamma nervous."

"Well, an elephant is big, anyhow," said Freddie.

"So he is, little Fat Fireman," said Nan, "Come and sit with me, and we can see the men catch the monkeys."

The work of getting the escaped animals back into their cages was going on rapidly. Some of the passengers went out to watch, but the Bobbseys stayed in their seats, Mr. Bobbsey thinking this best. The catching of the monkeys was the hardest work, but soon even this was accomplished.

The wait seemed very tiresome when there was nothing more to watch, and Mr. Bobbsey looked about for some railroad man of whom he could inquire how much longer delay there would be. The conductor came through the car.

"When will we start?" asked Mr. Bobbsey.

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Rh "Not for some time, I'm afraid," spoke the ticket-taker. "The wreck is a worse one than I thought at first, and some of the cars of the circus train are across the track so we can't get by. We may be here two hours yet."

"That's too bad. Where are we?"

"Just outside of Whitewood."

"Oh, that's near home!" exclaimed Mrs. Bobbsey. "Why can't we get out, Richard, walk across the fields to the trolley line, and take that home? It won't be far, and we'll be there ever so much quicker."

"Well, we could do that, I suppose," said her husband, slowly.

"That's what a number of passengers did," said the conductor. "There's no danger in going out now—all the animals are back in their cages."

"Then that's what we'll do, children," said their father. "Gather up your things, and we'll take the trolley home. The moon is coming up, and it will soon be light."

"I'm hungry," said Freddie, fretfully.

"So am I," added his twin sister.

"Well, I have some crackers and cookies in

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24 my bag," replied Mrs. Bobbsey. "You can eat those on the way. Nan, go tell Dinah that we're going to take a trolley. We can each carry something."

"I'll carry Snoop," exclaimed Freddie. He hurried down the aisle to where the cook was now standing, intending to get the box containing his pet cat. "Where's Snoop, Dinah?" he asked.

"Heah he am!" she said, lifting up the slat-box. "He ain't made a sound in all dis confusion, nuther."

The next moment Freddie gave a cry of dismay:

"Snoop's gone!" he wailed. "He broke open the box and he's gone! Oh, where is Snoop?"

"Ma sakes alive!" cried Dinah. The box was empty!

A hurried search of the car did not bring forth the black pet. Mr. and Mrs. Bobbsey, and some of the passengers, joined in the hunt. But there was no Snoop, and a slat that had pulled loose from one side of the box showed how he had gotten out.

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Attempts have been—and are—made to disguise an objectionable system by such names as "national service," "compulsory military training," "universal service," and "universal training." The "United Service Gazette," England, states: "In a general and non-technical sense, all methods of compulsory enlistment are conscriptive, especially where the liability to service is legally established, as it would be under the National Service League's proposals, or under those of the promoters of Universal Military Service." While General Sir Ian Hamilton wrote: "Armies are divided materially into two categories, Regular and Militia; morally also into two categories, Voluntary or Conscript. These divisions are perfectly clear, and cannot be confounded by the invention of question-begging epithets."

Conscription is no new thing. Every Roman citizen, with few exceptions, was liable for service between the ages of 17 and 46; every foot soldier had to serve in 20, and every horseman in 10, campaigns. The modern systems may be said to date from 1733, when Frederick William I, the father of Frederick the Great, made service in the Prussian royal regiments compulsory. In 1798 conscription was introduced in France in place of Requisition, exceedingly heavy penalties being provided for breaches or evasions of the law. The system, in one form or another, is now general on the Continent of Europe.

The main arguments advanced in favour of conscription, apart from the obvious purpose of all armies and navies, are four:—

1. That conscription tends to prevent war. This assertion is based on the theory that if every man is a soldier or a potential soldier, the men of a country will do their utmost to escape the horrors of war and so will use their influence against it. The argument only needs to be mentioned, for it carries its own refutation in view of the present European situation. Not only does conscription not prevent war but it actually fosters the war system, for, if men were not forced to become part of the enormous fighting machines of to-day, armies would tend to decrease naturally as international relations improved. Conscription operates to prevent this, and the existence of huge armies and navies engenders suspicion and fear, with the consequently greater possibilities of armed conflict.

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Rh "Most likely Snoop got frightened when the train stopped so suddenly, and broke loose," said Mr. Bobbsey. "We may find him outside."

"I—I hope an elephant didn't step on him," said Flossie, with a catch in her breath.

"Oh-O-O-O! Maybe a tiger or a lion has him!" wailed Freddie. "Oh, Snoop!"

"Be quiet, dear, we'll find him for you," said Mrs. Bobbsey, as she opened her satchel to get out some cookies. Then she remembered something.

"Freddie, where is that silver cup?" she asked. "You had it to get a drink. Did you give it back to me?"

"No, mamma, I—I"

"He gave the fat lady a drink from it," spoke Flossie, "and she didn't give it back."

"The train stopped just as she was drinking," went on Freddie. "I sat down on the floor—hard, and I saw the water spill on her. The fat lady has our silver cup! Oh, dear!"

"And she's gone—and Snoop is gone!" cried Flossie. "Oh! oh!"

"Is that so—did you let her take your cup,

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 '''2. That conscription is democratic.''' The argument is plausible. "All men with certain exceptions, such as those physically unfit, must undergo military training, and in the event of war risk life and limb. What can be fairer?" Why have three recent British Trades Union Congresses, representing millions of individuals, declared strongly against it? Surely some, at least, of their number have had opportunities of studying the working of this democratic system on the other side of the North Sea and the English Channel. That is just the difficulty, from the point of view of the National Service League and other British exponents of conscription; they have! And they have not found the facts square with the "democratic" theory.

'''Friedrich Glaser, Doctor of Political Economy, Munich University, writing of universal service in Prussia, says that when it was introduced these same ideas were expressed in the same phrases. "There was much talk of the 'Volk in Waffen'—the 'people in arms,' the right and duty of each citizen to defend his country. But how did this idea work out in practice? If we look at the German army of to-day we find a tremendous machine which is neither animated by democratic principles nor tends to propagate them—an organisation thoroughly feudal in its character and aims. So far from making for equality, it tends rather to fortify and increase existing inequalities. It not only strengthens the already existing class divisions, but it creates numerous small coteries distinguished from each other by characteristics which are superficial indeed, but for that very reason unworthy to exert so very powerful and unwholesome an influence as they do upon the social life of the people," and this in spite of the fact that "at the time of the re-organisation of the Prussian army, which is, of course, the model upon which the present German army is organised, there was a sincere attempt to do away with the caste feeling which pervaded the Frederician army''', and to establish to a certain degree, at least, a real people's army—a true 'Volk in Waffen.'"

The evils of Prussian militarism are being shouted from the house tops; and yet, on the authority of a German professor of political economy, the system developed from a genuine attempt to create a democratic defence force.

"But," objects the exponent of conscription, "the effects in England could not be the same as in Germany." The saying that history repeats itself is only partly true, but broadly speaking, like causes tend to produce like effects. Let us take an opinion from a source absolutely untainted by even the slightest bias against conscription. In an earlier edition of "Britain's First Duty: the Case for Conscription (the sub-title was altered in the 1907 edition to "The Case for Universal Training") by Mr. Shee, the following paragraph occurs on page 239:—"If we are to judge what the effects of universal military service would be in England, we must look at the results, not among the French, who have hardly a trait of character in common with us except personal courage, but among the Teutonic nation, closely allied to us by common ties, descent, language, literature, and history and possessing the same grundideen" (lit. ground-ideas), "which are the roots of national character among all Germanic races." The work in question became practically the text book of the National Service League, of

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26 Freddie?" asked his papa. Freddie only nodded. He could not speak.

"That fat lady was with the circus," said one of the men passengers. "Maybe you can see her outside."

"I'll look," said Mr. Bobbsey, quickly. "That cup is too valuable to lose. Come, children, we'll see if we can't find Snoop also, and then we'll take a trolley car for home."

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 which the late Lord Roberts was the enthusiastic president.

Even the Swiss citizen army, so often held up as a model, has become more Prussianised every year. Its men have been used to suppress strikes; severe hardships from exposure have occurred, sometimes ending in death; many instances of arrogance and brutality on the part of officers have taken place; and the military authorities are continually demanding longer training periods. The chief of the Military Staff, in response to a deputation asking that the Army should be placed on a democratic basis like other Departments, said: "Every army worthy of the name is necessarily autocratic, and in its organisation is the antithesis of democracy."

There is the kernel of the whole matter. Army organisation is necessarily autocratic, and as soon as enlistment becomes compulsory the principal safeguard against abuse is removed. Following the doctrine of "military necessity" (the same plea advanced by the Germans for their violation of Belgian territory; by the Federals for the deliberate devastation of hundreds of square miles of the United States; by the British authorities for farm-burning and concentration camps in South Africa) Australian lads have been sentenced by military officers to solitary detention for continuous periods ranging up to ten days because they could not conscientiously undergo military training.

At the enquiry before Mr. Justice Rich into conditions at the Liverpool (N.S.W.) camp a military witness "explained that he was a staff officer, and was in a difficult position. If he gave certain answers it would not do him any good. As far as victimisation was concerned, the Minister of Defence had not given a direct answer to Senator Millen's question. In the circumstances witness was not asked certain questions. (The emphasis is ours.) In other words, military influence was allowed to over-ride the jurisdiction of a judge of the Federal High Court, appointed by the Government as a commission of enquiry. The Staff Sergeant-Major in question was presumably a voluntary officer, with the right to resign after a given period; how much stronger would the grip be on the conscript private?

The "Argus," while complaining of the failure of the Defence Department to arrange for the public reception of wounded soldiers from Gallipoli, made this comment:—"The cause of this remarkable negligence seems to be the fatal inability of the military mind to appreciate public feeling. The home-coming of the men, in the opinion of the military officials, had nothing to do with the public; it was a military matter. The public, however, feels that a private soldier is something more than a pawn, and that a man who has shed his blood and risked his life is worthy of honour." Such an obiter dictum from a journal strongly favouring conscription is in itself a warning to those who value the liberty of the people.

3. That conscription is beneficial morally. The chief grounds for this plea in favour of conscription is that discipline and obedience are fostered. It has been said that obedience is "non-moral," i.e., neither good nor bad in itself. You may have the very strictest discipline on a pirate ship or under a brigand chief. Modern

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