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 and diversified group of the Arachnida; about 2000 species are known. No noteworthy fossil spiders are known; the best-preserved are in amber of Oligocene age. Protolycosa and Arthrolycosa occur in the Carboniferous. Morphologically, the spiders are remarkable for the concentration and specialization of their structure, which is accompanied with high physiological efficiency. The larger species of Bird’s Nest Spiders (Avicularia), the opisthosoma of which is as large as a bantam’s egg, undoubtedly attack young birds, and M‘Cook gives an account of the capture in its web by an ordinary house spider of a small mouse. The “retrovert” or bent-back first pair of appendages is provided with a poison gland opening on the fang or terminal segment. Spiders form at least two kinds of constructions—snares for the capture of prey and nests for the preservation of the young. The latter are only formed by the female, which is a larger and more powerful animal than the male. Like the scorpions the spiders have a special tendency to cannibalism, and accordingly the male, in approaching the female for the purpose of fertilizing her, is liable to be fallen upon and sucked dry by the object of his attentions. The sperm is removed by the male from the genital aperture into a special receptacle on the terminal segment of the 2nd prosomatic appendage. Thus held out at some distance from the body, it is cautiously advanced by the male spider to the genital aperture of the female.

For an account of the courtship and dancing of spiders, of their webs and floating lines, the reader is referred to the works of M‘Cook (30) and the Peckhams (31), whilst an excellent account of the nests of trap-door spiders is given by Moggridge (32). References to systematic works will also be found at the end of this article (33).

'''Order 4. Palpigradi = Microthelyphonidae''' (see fig. 65).—Prosoma covered above by three plates, a larger representing the dorsal elements of the first four somites, and two smaller representing the dorsal elements of the 5th and 6th.

Its ventral surface provided with one prosternal, two mesosternal and one metasternal plate. Appendages of 1st pair consisting of three segments, completely chelate, without poison gland; of 2nd pair slender, leg-like, tipped with three claws, the basal segment without sterno-coxal process taking no share in mastication, and widely separated from its fellow of the opposite side; 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th appendages similar in form to the 2nd and to each other.

Proboscis free, not supported from below by either the prosternum or the basal segments of the appendages of the 2nd pair.

Opisthosoma consisting of only ten somites, which have no tergal and sternal elements, the prae-genital somite contracted to form a “waist,” as in the Pedipalpi; the last three narrowed to form a caudal support for the many-jointed flagelliform telson, as in the Urotricha. Respiratory organs atrophied.

Family—Koeneniidae (Koenenia).

Remarks.—An extremely remarkable minute form originally described by Grassi (34) from Sicily, and since further described by Hansen (35). Recently the genus has been found in Texas, U.S.A. Only one genus of the order is known.

'''Order 5. Solifugae = Mycetophorae''' (see figs. 66 to 69).—Dorsal area of prosoma covered with three distinct plates, two smaller representing the terga of the 5th and 6th somites, and a larger representing those of the anterior four somites, although the reduced terga of the 3rd and 4th are traceable behind the larger plate. The latter bears a pair of median eyes and obsolete lateral eyes on each side. Sternal elements of prosoma almost entirely absent, traces of a prosternum and metasternum alone remaining. Rostrum free, not supported by either the prosternum or the basal segments of the appendages. Appendages of 1st pair large, chelate, bisegmented, articulated to the sides of the head-shield; appendages of 2nd pair simple, pediform, with protrusible (? suctorial) organ, and no claws at the tip; their basal segments united in the middle line and furnished with sterno-coxal process. Remaining pairs of appendages with their basal segments immovably fixed to the sternal surface, similar in form, the posterior three pairs furnished with two claws supported on long stalks; the basal segments of the 6th pair bearing five pairs of tactile sensory organs or malleoli. The prae-genital somite is suppressed. Opisthosoma composed of ten somites. Respiratory organs tracheal, opening upon the ventral surface of the 2nd and 3rd, and sometimes also of the 4th somite of the opisthosoma. A supplementary pair of tracheae opening behind the basal segment of the 4th appendage of the prosoma.

(? Intromittent organ of male lodged on the dorsal side of the 1st pair of prosomatic appendages.)

Families—Hexisopodidae (Hexisopus). Solpugidae (Solpuga, Rhagodes). Galeodidae (Galeodes).

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 Henry (afterwards Cardinal) Newman, he wrote in the ‘British Critic’ for April 1840 a review of Ward's translation of ‘The Statutes of Magdalen College, Oxford,’ published separately later on, 8vo. In 1840 Hope was junior counsel on behalf of the deans and chapters petitioning against the Ecclesiastical Duties and Revenues Bill, and when on 24 July the bill was brought on for second reading in the House of Lords, he argued with such masterly effect before a full house, in a speech of three hours' duration, that Lord Brougham exclaimed at its close, ‘That young man's fortune is made!’ (see Lords' Journals, lxxii. 551 and ). On 25 Aug. 1840 Hope was appointed chancellor of Salisbury by the bishop, Dr. Denison.

Hope meanwhile engaged privately with a brother-barrister and an intimate friend, Edward Lowth Badeley [q. v.], in much charitable and religious work. Between 1840 and 1843 he helped to found Trinity College at Glenalmond in Perthshire, for the education of the Scottish episcopalian clergy. He was in Italy with Badeley from 21 Sept. 1840 to May 1841. He then visited many religious houses, and examined at Rome the general organisation of the holy see. Upon his return to England the Oxford Tractarian movement was at its height. Hope at once became one of its most advanced promoters, and Newman's confidential friend and adviser. His own part in the controversy is best indicated in his published correspondence with the members of the Thurn family and with his two friends Badeley and Mr. Gladstone. Upon the establishment of the Anglo-Prussian protestant see of Jerusalem in the winter of 1841, Hope issued an emphatic protest in a pamphlet entitled ‘The Bishopric of the United Church of England and Ireland at Jerusalem, considered in a Letter to a Friend’ (second and revised edition, 13 May 1842, 8vo). Henceforth he alienated himself from the church of England. On 10 Feb. 1845 he resigned his chancellorship of the diocese of Salisbury. The Gorham trial and judgment of 1849–50 and the popular agitation roused by the creation of the catholic hierarchy of Westminster (30 Sept. 1850) finally induced him to join the Roman catholic church. He was received, together with his friend Archdeacon (now Cardinal-Archbishop) Manning, by Father Brownbill, S.J., at Farm Street, on 6 April 1851. As Newman's adviser he managed the defence in the libel action Achilli v. Newman, 31 Jan. 1852, and in 1855 the negotiations which led to Newman's acceptance of the rectorship of the Catholic University of Ireland.

As early as 1838 Hope was engaged on a Scottish railway bill, the kind of practice in which he afterwards became supreme. But from 1841 to 1843 he practised occasionally in the ecclesiastical courts, and it was not until 1843 that he began to work in earnest as a parliamentary barrister. Thenceforward his practice advanced rapidly. In 1844 he was offered eight or nine general retainers. From 1845 onwards he made a gigantic income, and left all rivals far behind. In April 1849 he was made queen's counsel, with a patent of precedence. He became standing counsel to nearly every railway company in the United Kingdom, and his activity before railway committees largely helped to fix railway law. In one year the London and North-Western Company had twenty-five bills in parliament, and Hope-Scott had charge of them all (, Larchfield Diary, p. 170). When he retired from the profession in 1870 he held one hundred general retainers. He often conducted simultaneously several important cases, and always inspired his clients with the fullest confidence. The strain thus put upon his anything but vigorous constitution probably shortened his life. Before a parliamentary committee he was always calm, genial, and unembarrassed, and his influence with the members of the committee was greatly enhanced by his commanding presence and his easy and dignified manners. His tact enabled him, as it seemed, to read intuitively the thoughts of those before whom he was pleading, and to steer his course accordingly. Mr. Gladstone termed him ‘the most winning person of his day.’ Lord Blachford referred to his ‘flexible persuasiveness.’

On 19 Aug. 1847 Hope married Charlotte Harriet Jane Lockhart, only daughter of John Gibson Lockhart, editor of the ‘Quarterly,’ and grand-daughter of Sir Walter Scott. In August 1848 he became the tenant of Abbotsford, which he rented from his wife's brother, Walter Lockhart-Scott. His wife became a catholic soon after his own conversion. Lockhart-Scott, a young cornet of dragoons, died unmarried at the Cape on 10 Jan. 1853, and Hope thus became, in right of his wife, the possessor of Abbotsford. He thereupon assumed the surname of Hope-Scott. In 1855 he bought for 24,000l. the estate of Dorlin (of nine thousand acres), near Loch Shiel, on the west coast of Inverness-shire. There he built a new house, and between 1855 and 1857 added a new wing to Abbotsford. He sold Dorlin in 1871 to Edward George Fitzalan Howard, baron Howard of Glossop [q. v.], for nearly 40,000l. At the height of his professional success he suffered heavy domestic affliction. His wife died in child-bed on 26 Oct. 1858, the new-born child on 3 Dec.,

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 and Walter Michael, his infant son and heir (b. 2 June 1857), on 11 Dec. following. His acute grief found expression in three ‘Memorial Poems,’ privately printed in 1859, 8vo, pp. 16. Works of charity henceforward occupied much of his time. During the last thirteen years of his life he secretly gave away in charity no less than 40,000l. He spent 10,000l. on the church at Galashiels, and gave large sums to the missions of Oban and St. Andrews, and to St. Margaret's Convent, Edinburgh. On his Irish estate in the county Mayo he built the chapel and school of Killavalla, as well as stations for confession at Ballyburke, Gortbane, and Killadier.

On 7 Jan. 1861 he married again. His second wife was Lady Victoria Alexandrina Fitzalan Howard, eldest daughter of Henry Granville, fourteenth duke of Norfolk. The duke had died 25 Nov. 1860, and had left Hope-Scott guardian of his children. He and his friend Serjeant Edward Bellasis [q. v.] were also joint trustees of Lord Edmund Howard, to whom the Alton Towers estates had been devised by Bertram Arthur, seventeenth earl of Shrewsbury, upon his death 10 Aug. 1856. After much litigation a considerable portion of the property was secured to Lord Edmund [see ]. On 22 Aug. 1867 Queen Victoria visited Abbotsford. In the same year Hope-Scott bought a villa at Hyères, where much of his later life was passed. In 1867 he wrote the masterly statement which contributed to the repeal in 1871 of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act. His second wife (like his first) died in child-bed on 20 Dec. 1870, nine days after the birth of a son, James Fitzalan. From this shock Hope-Scott never recovered. He withdrew from his profession, and his health became precarious. He occupied himself with an abridgment of the ‘Life of Sir Walter Scott’ by Lockhart, published with a prefatory letter from himself, dated Arundel Castle, 10 April 1871, which is addressed to Mr. Gladstone. He died in the sixty-first year of his age on 29 April 1873. Cardinal Newman preached a eulogistic funeral sermon.

Three admirable portraits of Hope-Scott were produced by George Richmond, R.A., two in crayons and one in water-colour. They are now at Abbotsford. There is also a smaller portrait of him in oils by Sir Francis Grant, P.R.A.

Hope-Scott's only surviving child by his first marriage, Mary Monica, married in 1874 Joseph Constable Maxwell, third son of William, lord Herries, who assumed the name of Scott in right of his wife as the heiress of Abbotsford. By his second wife Hope-Scott left a son, James Fitzalan (b. 11 Dec. 1870), and three daughters, another son and daughter having predeceased him.

HOPETOUN,. [See, first , 1681–1749; , third 1741–1816; , fourth , 1705–1823.]

HOPKIN, LEWIS (1708–1771), Welsh poet, was born in 1708 at Hendre-Ifan-Goch, in the parish of Llandyfodwg in Glamorganshire. He is said to have been a relative of ‘Dafydd Hopkin o'r Coetty,’ who was presiding bard of the chair of Glamorgan in 1730. Hopkin was registered bard in 1760 of the same society, when Sion Bradford was president (, Hist. of Wales, p. 226). The ‘Fel Gafod’ contains a poem describing a dream the poet had 30 Sept. 1771. He died 17 Nov. 1771, and was buried in Llandyfodwg churchyard. His friend Edward Evans (1716–1798) [q. v.] wrote two poems on his death, and Edward Williams (Iolo Morganwg) wrote another, which was published at Cowbridge in 1772 under the title ‘Dagrau yr Awenn.’

In 1767 Hopkin, in conjunction with Edward Evans, published a rhymed version of the book of Ecclesiastes (, Bibliography, p. 497). This has since been published in all editions of Evans's ‘Works.’ Hopkin's fine translation of ‘Chevy Chase’ and several other poems were published in different numbers of the ‘Eurgrawn’ of 1770. His poetical works were collected and published at Merthyr Tydvil in 1813, under the title ‘Y Fel Gafod: sef Cywyddau, Englynion, a Chaniadau ar amryw achosion, gan y diweddar Lewis Hopkin, pris dau swllt,’ 118 pp. The editor was John Miles of Pencoed, Llanilid, Glamorganshire.

Hopkin's published works contain a short English poem by a son, described as the Rev. Lewis Hopkin, junior. Another of his poems is on the death of his son (1737–1754), famous as a dwarf, who died in Glamorganshire 19 March 1754. The ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ for 1754, p. 191, ascribes his death to ‘mere old age, and a gradual decay of nature,’ and gives his age as ‘seventeen years


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 to meet conditions and make most of opportunities. Virginians are loyal to Charles of dear memory; to us our King still lives and it should be considered and imagined that he reigns as he has since the death of his father." Again he said: "We want clear heads and bold hearts to ever be ready to meet the enemies of England and every man at his post."

At this period cavaliers were high livers and excessive drinking men, but from an order given by the Captain-General it will be seen that he believed men on duty should be partakers, only to a moderate degree, of liquid refreshments. "A member of the Council or Burgess, disguised with overmuch drink, forfeits one hundred pounds of tobacco." It is safe to presume much of the Virginia weed, the currency of the country, was forfeited.

It is also evident while sentiment filled Matthews' heart over the death of his King, that he practically looked the future squarely in the face, and arranged for the welfare of Virginia, which was ever paramount in his words and deeds. It is related his courage was phenomenal and no man more brave and defiant in the discharge of duty at a period of affairs when a man and monarch was called for, and could be met in the Captain-General. His entire record was fearless and direct to serve King and Crown, and after the death of Charles First to stand for Virginia "In the name of God and the Colonists."

It was known to Cromwell that Matthews was an open enemy, of unblemished character and great achievements; an intrepid, fearless leader, a conqueror of Indians and a man of conquest, all of which he demonstrated when

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 the surrender of Virginia was demanded by Cromwell's Parliament and the Confiscation Act of March 12, 1652, entered upon. Matthews, as chief, was at Point Comfort Fort ready to meet the enemy, and boldly entered upon the responsibilities to make and accept conditions "In the Right of Virginia," and if any doubt of results was felt he made no sign, and met the enemy without fear or favor.

It is related that one of the Governors expressed doubt of his fearlessness in the meeting of the enemy, and suggested "that more policy was required," when he threw his arm around him saying, "we won't let them hurt you, Governor."

At the Council of April 30, 1652, Captain-General Matthews, Col. John West, brother of Lord Delaware, and Colonel Yeardley, son of Governor Yeardley, acted as Councillors of Virginia "to treat with the enemy." Each a faithful adherent to "the waiting King"; each devoted to the welfare of Virginia, and fully determined to secure the most that could be secured in her interest.

"If an oath of allegiance be required," Matthews said in Council, "it shall be to Virginia. Then let us trust in ourselves and wait with absolute confidence, for the restoration of our King, the Stuart to whom we owe allegiance."

As a result of fearless determination much was obtained and the Colonies not interfered with to any great degree. A full right to appoint all officers for Virginia was conceded to the Councillors. The Church of England Prayer Book was retained, and worship without interruption secured, and true to England's Crown Matthews stood for the son of King

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 Charles of Blessed Memory, a trusted Guardian of Virginia.

After the informal so-called surrender of Virginia, it is related that under the influence of Bennett, a Cromwell man, and some small land owners, unrest was felt and trouble anticipated, when the Burgess—then in control of Virginian affairs—hesitated over some action that was required in the interest of the Colonists, proposed by the Captain-General. Matthews asserted his power and declared the dissolution of the Assembly so forcibly that the concession he demanded was not only passed, but the House of Burgesses then and there passed the following law:

"That the power of Government for the future should be conferred upon Col. Samuel Matthews, who by them was invested with all rights and privileges belonging to the Governor and Captain-General of Virginia, and requested to hold the office, to which he is unanimously elected—for life—or so long as he lives in Virginia."

The oath of office was administered to Governor Matthews by a Committee of the Council, appointed by the Burgess—"Men of Virginia."

The Royal Council was made up of loyal Virginians: Hon. Samuel Matthews, Captain-General and Governor of Virginia; Richard Bennett, Colonel William Claybourne, Secretary of State; Col. Thomas Pettus, Col. Edward Hill, Col. Thomas Dew, Col. William Bernard, Col. Obedience Robbins, Col.

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In 1893 the Congress of the United States, chiefly through the influence of Senator George F. Hoar, aided by the active efforts of Gen. Marcus J. Wright, Historian of War Records C. S. A., United States War Department, gave the College of William and Mary $64,000. Since that time the College has steadily improved. The State has increased its annuity to $25,000 per annum. Senator Hoar was also instrumental in securing an appropriation from Congress to build a sea-wall to protect Jamestown Island. In both actions the Senator from Massachusetts stood in evidence of a true American.

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 The harbor home of memories, The gateway of the Old Dominion, The mother of States and Presidents, To guide American opinion. Our History unique in fame, Let us with pride baptize anew, Found scholarships for future men, From international point of view. Found scholarships to pioneers, To British men under the crown, To men who built our flag of stars, To French allies of old Yorktown. Let founders' kin unite as one, To monumentalize the past, Honor the names two worlds revere, To hold the chain of memory fast.

In memory of the founding sires, To bind the present to the past, Our anchor patriotic pride, To hold the chain of friendship fast.

Cambridge and Williamsburg rejoice, In this our year of jubilee; Jamestown and Plymouth Rock unite, In bonds of old fraternity. May pride awake Greek-letter men, From lake to gulf, from shore to shore, The South to answer back the North, We stand as in the days of yore.

May voices echo back the past, Recalling birth of "Letter Day," Old Williamsburg the natal town, Cradle of fraternity. May echoes of the olden vows, Be heard along the old York shore, This opportunity be seized,

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 without a date ‘Certayne Psalmes chosen out of the Psalter of David, and drawen into English metre by Thomas Sternhold’ [q. v.]. The volume contains nineteen psalms in the double common measure, without music. Sternhold died in 1549, and in December appeared a second edition, containing ‘All such Psalmes of David as Thomas Sternhold didde in his lyfetime draw into English metre.’ This includes eighteen additional psalms by Sternhold and a supplement of seven by Hopkins, forty-four in all, without music. Hopkins requests that his additions should not be ‘fathered on the dead man,’ they being ‘not in any part to be compared with his most exquisite doinges.’ This edition was reprinted in 1550; three editions were issued in 1551, one in 1552, two in 1553; one at Geneva in 1556, with musical notes (besides the forty-four by Sternhold and Hopkins, seven by W. Whittingham were added for the first time); one in 1560 (sixty-seven psalms); one in 1561 (eighty-seven psalms); one printed by J. Day in 1562, and attached to the Book of Common Prayer (the first collection of the whole 150 psalms); one in 1563; and frequently afterwards. The British Museum contains more than six hundred editions printed between 1549 and 1828 (, Story of the Psalters, 1888, p. 10). Many unauthorised alterations were introduced. The initials of the author were added to each psalm: those of T. S. (T. Sternhold) to forty-three, of J. H. (J. Hopkins) to fifty-six. The other contributors were William Whittingham, Thomas Norton, Thomas Kethe, R. Wisdome, J. Pullain, Thomas Bastard, John Markant or Mardley (Sir, Censura Lit. 1815, i. 69–90; , English Hymns, N. Y., 1886, p. 26; Notes and Queries, 4th ser. viii. 373, 466, ix. 59, 171). A Concordance was printed in 1694.

Hopkins contributed some commendatory verses to Foxe's ‘Acts and Monuments.’ The psalm, ‘All people that on earth do dwell,’ usually known as the ‘Old Hundredth,’ has often been attributed to him (, English Hymns, p. 25). The general opinion is that William Kethe was the writer (, Singers and Songs of the Church, 1869, p. 51;, Story of the Psalters, p. 19; Notes and Queries, 4th ser. ix. 59, 170). Hopkins died in October 1570, and was buried at Great Waldingfield in Suffolk on the 23rd of that month, leaving a son ‘to be brought up in learning’ (, Athenæ Oxon. i. 185; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. i. 119). An entry in the parish register of Awre, near Blakeney, Gloucestershire, between the dates of 1570 and 1580, though probably of later insertion, has been quoted to show that Sternhold and Hopkins were neighbours. ‘The former lived in an estate near Blakeney, called the Hayfield; the latter in an estate in the tything of Awre, called the Woodend; and in the house of the said John Hopkins there is now to be seen the arms of the Tudor family’ (, Singers and Songs of the Church, 1869, p. 49). The Woodend house has been washed away by the Severn; it is very doubtful if it ever belonged to the translator of the psalms.

In the opinion of Bale, Hopkins was ‘Brytannicorum poetarum nostri temporis non infimus’ (Scriptorum Illustrium pars ii., Basileæ, 1559, p. 113). Tanner calls him ‘poeta, ut ea ferebant tempora, eximius’ (Bibliotheca, 1748, p. 412). Warton, with stinted praise, thought he was ‘rather a better English poet than Sternhold’ (History of English Poetry, 1840, iii. 147). The popularity enjoyed by the versions known by the names of Sternhold and Hopkins was very great for three centuries. Fuller, indeed, considered that they ‘will be allowed to go in equipage with the best poems in that age’ (Worthies, 1811, i. 411). ‘Hopkins and Sternhold glad the heart with psalms’ says Pope (Imitations of Horace, bk. ii. ep. i.) The epigram of the notorious Earl of Rochester is much less complimentary (Works, 1714, i. 107). Sir James Mackintosh refers to the version in moderate terms (Life, I. ch. i.). Campbell considered that Sternhold and Hopkins, ‘with the best intentions and worst taste, degraded the spirit of Hebrew psalmody by flat and homely phraseology, and, mistaking vulgarity for simplicity, turned into bathos what they found sublime’ (Specimens of English Poetry, i. 116–17). Beveridge, Horsley, and Todd wrote approvingly of Hopkins's version.


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 HOPKINS, JOHN (fl. 1700), verse-writer, second son of Ezekiel Hopkins [q. v.], bishop of Londonderry, and younger brother of Charles Hopkins [q. v.], was born on 1 Jan. 1675. A John Hopkins graduated B.A. in 1693, and proceeded M.A. in 1698 from Jesus College, Cambridge. Hopkins published in 1698 two Pindaric poems: ‘The Triumphs of Peace, or the Glories of Nassau … written at the time of his Grace the Duke of Ormond's entrance into Dublin,’ 8vo, and ‘The Victory of Death; or the Fall of Beauty,’ &c., 8vo, on the death of the Lady Cutts. In the following year he issued ‘Milton's Paradise Lost imitated in Rhyme. In the Fourth, Sixth, and Ninth Books: Containing the Primitive Loves. The Battel of the Angels. The Fall of Man,’ 8vo, apologising in the preface for his audacity on the ground that ‘when I did it, I did not so well Percieve the Majesty and Noble air of Mr. Milton's style as now I do.’ His last work was a collection of indifferent love-verses and translations (from Ovid), ‘Amasia, or the Works of the Muses … In three volumes,’ 1700, with a general dedication to the Duchess of Grafton, and dedications of particular sections to various persons of distinction. Referring in the preface to his brother's renderings of Ovid (‘very well performed’) he observes, ‘mine were written in another kingdom before I knew of his. The author's portrait, engraved by Van Hove and subscribed with his assumed name, ‘Sylvius,’ is prefixed. There is a derisive notice of Hopkins in ‘A Session of the Poets,’ 1704–5.

HOPKINS, JOHN LARKIN (1819–1873), organist and composer, born in Westminster on 25 Nov. 1819, sang for several years as chorister boy in the abbey, James Turle being then organist and master of the choristers. After leaving the abbey choir Hopkins devoted himself to the study of music, and particularly of the organ, with such success that in 1841, at the age of twenty-two, he was chosen to succeed Ralph Banks as organist of Rochester Cathedral. In 1842 he took the degree of Mus. Bac. at Cambridge, and in 1856 was elected organist to Trinity College, whereupon he resigned his appointment at Rochester, and took up his residence at Cambridge. He proceeded to the degree of Mus. Doc. in 1857. He died at Ventnor, Isle of Wight, on 25 April 1873.

His compositions include ‘Five Glees and a Madrigal,’ London, 1842; cathedral services in C flat and E flat, London, 1857; a collection of anthems [1845?]; and several other services, anthems, songs, glees, and carols. He was the author of ‘A New Vocal Tutor,’ London, 1855, and published in 1847, with the Rev. S. Shepherd, a collection of words of anthems used in Rochester Cathedral.

HOPKINS, MATTHEW (d. 1647), witchfinder, son of James Hopkins, ‘minister of Wenham,’ Suffolk, was a native of that county. He is said to have been a lawyer, first at Ipswich, afterwards at Manningtree, Essex. Little is known of him prior to 1644, when he began his three years' career as a witch-seeker, ‘a trade never taken up in England till this’. The date indicates that this was one of the baser forms of the religious excitement which broke bounds with the civil war. Hopkins says that his experience of witches began in March 1644, when seven or eight of them lived near him at Manningtree. Every six weeks they met, in company with other witches, on a Friday night, and offered sacrifices to the devil. He procured the condemnation of twenty-nine witches in a batch; four, he says, were brought twenty-five miles to be hanged for sending the devil, like a bear, to kill him in his garden. He then set up as ‘Witch Finder Generall,’ and, on the invitation of different towns, made journeys for the discovery of witches through Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Huntingdonshire. His assistants were John Stern and a woman employed as searcher. They rode on horseback, and Hopkins charged 20s. for expenses in each town they visited. Supposed witches were urged to confess, and on the strength of their own confession were hanged. When they confessed nothing they were searched; ‘divers,’ says Hopkins, ‘have come ten or twelve miles to be searched, of their own accord, and hanged for their labour.’ The special mark of a witch was a third ‘pap’ or ‘teat’ on some part of the body; this was searched for with little regard to decency. If the search was fruitless, the accused were placed cross-legged, and bound if necessary, on a table in the middle of a closed room, with a small hole in the door for their ‘imps’ to enter by. In this manner they were kept for twenty-four hours, sometimes for over two days, without sleep or food. The next measure was to walk them about till their feet were blistered. Thus confessions were produced. Elizabeth Clark, an old, one-legged beggar-woman, gave the names of her ‘imps’ as ‘Holt,’ a ‘white kitling;’ ‘Jarmara,’ a ‘fat spaniel’ without legs; ‘Sacke and Sugar,’ a ‘black rabbet;’ ‘Newes,’ a ‘polcat;’


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 and ‘Vinegar Tom,’ a greyhound with ox-head and horns. Another called her ‘imps’ ‘Ilemauzar’ (or ‘Elemauzer’), ‘Pyewackett,’ ‘Pecke in the Crowne,’ and ‘Griezzell Greedigutt,’ names, says Hopkins, ‘which no mortal could invent.’ At Hoxne, Suffolk, a poor creature, kept sleepless and fasting, confessed an ‘imp Nan;’ after a night's rest she said she knew of no ‘Nan’ but a pullet she sometimes called by that name. In case this inquisition failed, the victim was thrown into a pool, with thumbs and toes bound together crosswise; the possession of a ‘teat’ prevented the body from sinking, hence those who ‘swam’ were hanged.

Not only were such measures sanctioned by local authorities, but a special commission of oyer and terminer was granted for the trial of witches at Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, in 1645. Serjeant John Godbolt [q. v.] was the judge. Samuel Fairclough [q. v.], who was on the commission, preached two sermons on witchcraft at the opening of the assize before taking his place on the bench. Edmund Calamy the elder [q. v.] was also on the commission. A Suffolk clergyman who had preached against the ‘discovery’ was ‘forced to recant’ by the commission. Baxter had no doubt of the reality of the ‘confessions.’ The number of victims was very large. Hopkins states that sixty were hanged in Essex in one year, probably 1644, and some at Norwich. Hutchinson specifies sixteen executions at Yarmouth in 1644, fifteen in Essex and one at Cambridge in 1645, nearly forty at Bury St. Edmunds in 1645–6, and many in Huntingdonshire in 1646. One of the worst cases was that of John Lowes, who had been for fifty years vicar of Brandeston, Suffolk, and who, when nearly eighty years old, was kept awake for several nights together, then run about till he was breathless, after which ‘they swam him’ at Framlingham, Suffolk. At last he confessed that he had two ‘imps,’ one of which he had sent to sink a ship. He was hanged at Framlingham, having read the burial office on his own behalf prior to his execution.

To John Gaule, vicar of Great Staughton, Huntingdonshire, is due the merit of exposing these proceedings. Gaule was a puritan and a Cromwellian, who believed in witchcraft, but not in Hopkins. A letter from Hopkins to one of his parishioners complains of Gaule's opposition. On 30 June 1646 Gaule published a small book containing the substance of a month's sermons on witchcraft. ‘Every old woman,’ he says, ‘with a wrinkled face, a furr'd brow, a hairy lip, a gobber tooth, a squint eye, a squeaking voyce, or a scolding tongue, having a rugged coate on her back, a skull-cap on her head, a spindle in her hand, and a dog or cat by her side, is not only suspected but pronounced for a witch.’ Hopkins's ‘signs’ discover ‘no other witch but the user of them.’ This hint was taken up in certain ‘queries’ presented to the judges at the Norfolk assize, suggesting that Hopkins was himself a witch. He replied in a defensive pamphlet, published on 18 May 1647. This did not save him from the application of his own method of trial. According to Hutchinson his thumbs and toes were tied, ‘he swam,’ and was hanged. The register of Mistley-cum-Manningtree contains the entry, ‘Matthew Hopkins, son of Mr. James Hopkins, minister of Wenham, was buried at Mistley. Augt 12, 1647’ (Notes and Queries, 7 Oct. 1854, p. 285). Butler alludes to him (Hudibras, pt. ii. canto iii. ll. 139–54) as ‘a leger to the devil’ empowered by parliament, Who after proved himself a witch, And made a rod for his own breech. He published ‘The Discovery of Witches: in Answer to Severall Queries, lately delivered to the Judges of Assize for the County of Norfolk. And now published by Matthew Hopkins, Witchfinder. For the benefit of the whole Kingdom,’ &c., 1647, 4to. Prefixed is a curious plate (reproduced by Caulfield) with full-length likenesses of Hopkins, Elizabeth Clark with her ‘imps,’ and another witch. His likeness has also been separately reproduced by Caulfield.

HOPKINS, RICHARD (d. 1594?), catholic exile, was born of ‘genteel parents,’ and at about seventeen years of age became a commoner of St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, where he was residing in 1563. Leaving the university without a degree he studied law at the Middle Temple, but he eventually became ‘wearied with the heresy of the place,’ and proceeded about 1566 to Louvain. There he contracted a close friendship with Dr. Thomas Harding (1512–1572) [q. v.] He afterwards prosecuted his studies in one of the


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 Spanish universities, but returned to Louvain, where he was residing with his sister in 1579. After visits to Rheims (July 1580) and to Rouen in 1586, he is found again in Paris in 1589. In the Cottonian MS. Titus B. ii. f. 224 is an intercepted letter from him to Cardinal Allen at Rome, dated at Antwerp 8 Jan. 1594. In a memorial drawn up in that year for the Archduke Ernest, governor of the Low Countries, regarding English persons and affairs in their relation to the government of Flanders, he is thus mentioned: ‘Hay tambien Ricardo Hopequins, hombre de grande fidelidad y zelo en las cosas del servicio de Dios y del rey’ (Douay Diaries, pp. 403, 406). The date of his death is unknown. Pits and Dodd speak highly of his learning and generosity.

He translated the following works from the Spanish of Father F. Lewis de Granada, provincial of the order of Friar-preachers, in the province of Portugal: 1. ‘Of Prayer and Meditation; wherein is conteyned fowertien devoute Meditations for the seven daies of the weeke, bothe for the Morninges and Eveninges. And in them is treyted of the consideration of the principall holie Mysteries of our Faithe,’ Paris, 1582, 8vo, illustrated by curious plates; London, 1592, 24mo; Douay, 1612, 24mo. 2. ‘A Memoriall of a Christian Life; Wherein are treated all such thinges, as apperteyne unto a Christian to doe, from the beginninge of his conversion until the ende of his Perfection,’ Rouen, 1586, 8vo, with many neat engravings; Rouen, 1599, 8vo; Douay, 1612, 8vo; St. Omer, 1625, 8vo.

 HOPKINS, WILLIAM (fl. 1674), stenographer, was a writing-master and professional teacher of shorthand in London, where he published a little work, beautifully engraved by John Drapentier, entitled ‘The Flying Pen-Man, or the Art of Short-Writing by a more easie, exact, compendious, and speedy way,’ London [1670], 12mo; 2nd edition, 1674, with the author's portrait prefixed. From the address to the reader it appears that it was a main part of his design to ‘accommodate our merchants, and others English in the parts beyond the seas, with this Succinct, Secret, and Litle Pocket Consort, that there, in spite of Misguided Zeal, the Doctrine which is only necessary (but forbidden to be read in our Native Language on the other side of the water) may be read secretly and at pleasure, with safetie because Secret.’ Hopkins's scheme of stenography is founded partly on the Cartwright-Rich method, and partly on earlier systems.

 HOPKINS, WILLIAM (1647–1700), divine, born at Evesham, Worcestershire, on 2 Aug. (baptised 28 Aug.) 1647, was the son of (1620–1666), rector of All Saints Church, Evesham, who was ejected from Evesham in 1662 for nonconformity, but afterwards, when at Dumbleton in Gloucestershire, took the Oxford oath to avoid the operation of the Five Mile Act, and wrote ‘Salvation from Sin,’ &c., London, 1655, 8vo, to which Richard Baxter contributed a preface. William Hopkins was sent to the free school of his native town, and on 29 Oct. 1661 became a commoner of Trinity College, Oxford, migrating in 1666 to St. Mary Hall. He graduated M.A. 9 April 1668, D.D. 5 July 1692. On 2 Sept. 1671 he accompanied Henry Coventry as chaplain in his second embassy to Sweden [see ], and there began the study of northern antiquities, ‘in which,’ says Hickes, ‘he was a good proficient.’ On Coventry's recommendation he was made a prebendary of Worcester Cathedral on 22 March 1675. On 23 June 1678 the dean and chapter of the cathedral gave him the curacy of Mortlake, Surrey, from which he was preferred in 1686 to the vicarage of Lindridge, Worcestershire. He was also, about 1680, afternoon preacher at St. Lawrence Jewry, London, and on 16 May 1697 was chosen master of St. Oswald's Hospital, Worcester. He gave up his salary as master to form a fund for the benefit of the hospital. In 1686 Hopkins went to live in Worcester. He held his prebend there till his death, from a fever, on 18 May 1700. He was buried in Worcester Cathedral. Hickes, dean of Worcester, who was intimate with Hopkins from about 1680, says he was a modest, benevolent, and learned man, who gave him great assistance while he was dean. He married, first, on 3 Feb. 1678, Averill (d. 1691), daughter of Thomas Martin; secondly, in the autumn of 1699, Elizabeth Whitehorne, widow of Dr. Whitehorne of Tewkesbury.

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 In hand-wrought bronze of age and fame, Four founding men of enterprise, The pioneers of land and sea, That changed the history of the world, Four famous men of destiny.

But, my friend, of all the pictures We hang today on memory's wall, The old live oak of Matthew's Home, May live in hearts dearest of all. We'll engrave it on a field of gold, The giant oak of Powhatan, A souvenir of Founding Days, In memory of a noble man. A Matthews medal "to pass on," The fruits and flowers of memory, Through the old college of the Crown, The Kingdom Home of History.

Again the wand of memory, Touches a church of olden time, To pay tribute to founding sires, A pew of church and state to thine. In Bruton Church of memories, The relic sponsor of Jamestown, The daughter of the mother church, The second church under the crown. Where pioneers met God in prayer, Where faith in King and Crown was true, Where sons of William and Mary met, The church and state their point of view. The New York State Chapter with pride Stands sponsor for the Warden's Pew, The Daughters of first founding sires, The Daughters of the Patriots true. A bronze plate now commemorates, Under the Cross, under the Crown,

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 1686, 8vo; also 1688, 8vo; and ‘Animadversions on Mr. Johnson's Answer to Jovian’ (i.e. Hickes), 1691, 8vo. ‘Seventeen Sermons’ by him were published by Hickes after his death, with a memoir, London, 1708, 12mo. Hopkins also collected materials for a history of Worcester Cathedral, and helped Bishop Gibson in his editions of the ‘Saxon Chronicle’ and Camden's ‘Britannia.’

HOPKINS, WILLIAM (1706–1786), Arian writer, born in 1706, was the son of John Hopkins of Monmouth. After attending Monmouth grammar school, he matriculated at All Souls College, Oxford, on 19 Nov. 1724, and graduated B.A. in 1728 (, Alumni Oxon., 1715–1886, ii. 689). He became in 1729 curate of Waldron, Sussex; in 1731 curate of Buxted and Cuckfield in the same county, an assistant master of Cuckfield grammar school, and vicar of the neighbouring village of Bolney. In 1753 he published anonymously ‘An Appeal to the Common Sense of all Christian People, more particularly the members of the Church of England, with regard to an important point of faith and practice imposed upon their consciences by Church authority, by a Member of the Church of England’ (other editions in 1754, 1775, and 1787), which excited some controversy. He was elected master of Cuckfield school in 1756. His next attack on the church was published without his name in 1763 as ‘The Liturgy of the Church of England reduced nearer to the standard of Scripture.’ This was followed about 1765 by another anonymous treatise, entitled ‘An Attempt to restore Scripture forms of Worship; or a friendly Dialogue between a common Unitarian Christian and an Athanasian’ (other editions in 1784 and 1787). In 1766 Hopkins undertook the curacy of Slaugham, Sussex, and officiated there many years, and in his own parish of Bolney, making what alterations he pleased in the service, with the connivance of his churchwardens. He supported the petition to parliament for relief in the matter of subscription to the liturgy and Thirty-nine Articles, and published anonymously in 1772 two pamphlets on the subject: 1. ‘Queries recommended to the consideration of the public with regard to the Thirty-nine Articles,’ and 2. ‘A Letter to the Rev. Josiah Tucker, Dean of Gloucester, occasioned by his Apology for the present Church of England.’ His last work, issued in 1784, was ‘Exodus.’ A corrected Translation, with Notes critical and explanatory, in which notes he renewed his attack on the articles and liturgy. He died in 1786.

HOPKINS, WILLIAM (1793–1866), mathematician and geologist, born 2 Feb. 1793 at Kingston in Derbyshire, was the only son of William Hopkins, a gentleman farmer. After spending some time in Norfolk, learning practical farming, his father bought for him a small property near Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk, which he attempted to farm, but without success. The occupation had always been uncongenial, and after the death of his first wife, a Miss Braithwaite, Hopkins sold the farm to pay his debts, and made a fresh start in life by entering himself in 1822, when in his thirtieth year, at Peterhouse, Cambridge.

Graduating seventh wrangler in 1827, when De Morgan was fourth, Hopkins settled in Cambridge as a private tutor, having married his second wife, Caroline Boys, while an undergraduate. His success as a mathematical teacher was so remarkable that he soon became known as the ‘senior wrangler maker,’ and in 1849, according to Mr. Rouse Ball, ‘he was able to say that he had had among his pupils nearly two hundred wranglers, of whom seventeen had been senior and forty-four in one of the first three places.’ Although so successful in this respect, he was conspicuous for encouraging in his pupils a disinterested love of their studies, instead of limiting their aspirations to examination honours. He formed a select class of those who had shown in their first year promise of becoming high wranglers. Among his pupils were Professors Stokes, Sir W. Thomson, Tait, Fawcett, James Clerk-Maxwell, and Todhunter. Fawcett was a favourite pupil, and when he became blind in 1858, was first roused to resolute acceptance of his position by a letter of manly advice from Hopkins.

Chosen senior esquire bedell of the university in 1827, Hopkins proceeded M.A. in 1830. He was appointed in 1835 and again in 1837 a syndic for building the Fitzwilliam Museum.

About 1833 Hopkins acquired through Professor Sedgwick a taste for geology, and afterwards devoted much of his time to the physical theories of the science, applying mathematical methods to test them, and in certain cases suggesting important modifications of accepted views. In 1850 he received the Wollaston medal for his researches on the application of mathematics to physics and


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 geology, and in the following year he was elected president of the Geological Society. He became president of the British Association in 1853, then held at Hull, and in his address referred to a series of important experiments which he had instituted at Manchester, with the advice of Sir William Thomson and the assistance of Messrs. Joule and Fairbairn, to determine the temperature of melting of substances under great pressure. These were connected with his speculations on the interior of the earth. He concluded that the conducting power of the strata, or the temperature at which they melt, increases considerably with their depth. Hopkins also applied the astronomical phenomena of ‘precession of the equinoxes’ to test whether the interior of the earth is solid or molten.

Hopkins died at Cambridge 13 Oct. 1866, in his seventy-fourth year. He was a man of marked dignity of character and most affectionate nature. He took a keen pleasure in poetry and music, had great conversational power, and his sense of natural beauty led to his taking up, not unsuccessfully, landscape-painting late in life as a recreation. By his second marriage Hopkins left one son and three daughters. After his death the Cambridge Philosophical Society founded a prize in his honour (first awarded in 1867 and triennially since) ‘for the best original memoir, invention, or discovery in connection with mathematico-physical or mathematico-experimental science.’ Hitherto ‘only the very best mathematicians,’ writes Dr. Routh, ‘have had this prize awarded to them.’

Hopkins published: 1. ‘Elements of Trigonometry,’ London, 1833, containing a good historical sketch of that branch of mathematics. 2. ‘Abstract of a Memoir on Physical Geology,’ Cambridge, 1836, an attempt to explain dislocations by estimating the ‘effects of an elevatory force acting at every point beneath extensive portions of the earth's crust.’ 3. ‘Investigation of Effects of the Sun's and Moon's Attraction according as the earth is solid, or a fluid surrounded by a rigid shell;’ before the Royal Society, and again with additions before the British Association in 1847, in a report on the geological theories of elevation and of earthquakes. 4. ‘Researches in Physical Geology,’ ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1839 and 1840. 5. ‘Theoretical Investigations on the Motion of Glaciers,’ Cambridge, 1842. 6. ‘Transport of Erratic Blocks,’ ‘Transactions of Cambridge Philosophical Society,’ vol. viii. pt. ii., 1844. 7. Address as president of the Geological Society, mainly occupied with drift accumulations in relation to the theories of transport of glaciers and floating ice, London, 1852. 8. ‘Geology,’ a paper setting forth clearly the primary principles of speculative geology in ‘Cambridge Essays,’ 1857.

For his other papers see ‘Geological Society's Journal,’ iv. 70, viii. 20; ‘Transactions,’ vii. 1; ‘Proceedings,’ iii. 363; ‘Fraser's Magazine,’ 1863.

There is a painting of Hopkins in the hall of Peterhouse, Cambridge.

HOPKINSON, JOHN (1610–1680), antiquary, son of George Hopkinson of Lofthouse, near Leeds, by his second wife, Judith, daughter of John Langley of Horbury, was born at Lofthouse in 1610. He states that he was a member of Lincoln's Inn, and for some part of the reign of Charles I he was clerk of the peace for the county of York. Thoresby, in his ‘Diary,’ infers that he had been Norroy king-of-arms, meaning really deputy to that officer. When Sir William Dugdale made a visitation of the county of York in 1665–6, Hopkinson accompanied him as his secretary. In spare moments he employed himself in transcribing old deeds connected with Yorkshire families, and also in drawing out the pedigrees of the Yorkshire gentry. In this way he slowly accumulated a very extensive antiquarian miscellany in manuscript, which has been largely used by local historians and genealogists. Hopkinson was well enough known and respected to have special letters of protection granted to him and his father during the civil war by both the Marquis of Newcastle and Fairfax. He died 28 Feb. 1680, and was buried at Rothwell, near Leeds, where there is a monument to his memory in the chancel of the church.

Hopkinson's collections, which comprised at least eighty volumes, passed on his death to his sister Jane, who had married Richard Richardson. About half came by descent into the possession of Frances Mary Richardson Currer [q. v.] of North Bierley and Eshton in Yorkshire, and from her passed to her relative, Sir Matthew Wilson. These have been catalogued by the Historical Manuscripts Commission. The other portion are in the possession of J. G. F. Smyth of Heath, near Wakefield, who is also descended from Richard Richardson and Jane Hopkinson.

Many copies of Hopkinson's various collections have been made, especially of the genealogies of the West Riding families. One


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May 13.

The Exposition as an historical event should appeal to every American as an object lesson to create admiration, nor should we forget what the tercentennial celebration stands for. It is of little moment whether all detail to please the eye and secure comfort is perfected or not, but to keep in view the historical fact that Jamestown is the birthplace of our country is important. This truth is sufficient to invite a pilgrimage to the James River, and from a comparative point of view between now and then, inspire patriotism and create satisfaction.

I stood under the Powhatan Oak, on the Exposition Grounds, an oak known to have been in existence at the time the colonists landed in 1607, and it is declared by experts in forestry to be three hundred and fifty-five years old and still a vigorous sentinel of the coast, once known as Powhatan Oak of Weyanoke and later the Oak of Denbigh, the grand old tree known from generation to generation and enjoyed by those who have long since rested under the shade of the eternal trees. Its age is marked with a tablet, perhaps it is the only tree extant to tell the wind and wave story of the pioneers, when the birth of our nation was recorded three centuries ago.

The International Naval Review is so impressed upon my vision I must add a supplement to Virginia memories. The great naval fleet gave me an opportunity to moralize upon changed conditions since the arrival May 13,

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The incorporators of the Association are Mrs. Green, Mrs. Darling, Mrs. Halsey, the membership limited to one hundred members; Mrs. Green Regent.

The bell was cast April 1907, at the McShane Bell Foundry, Baltimore; the work began by candle light—a candle in the old brass candlestick—donated in memory of Governor Matthews, was made a medium to cast a reflection to typify "the work of the present being aided by the light of other days." The bell weighs 500 pounds, and is 29 inches in diameter. The inscription:

[On the other side:]

Amen.

The metal employed is historic and relics valued as heirlooms were contributed by American descendants of the Seventeenth century, to ring out the Legends of the Indian Girl.

There is sentiment and historic interest in

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 is in the British Museum, Harl. 4630. Another, much enlarged and corrected by Thomas Wilson, F.S.A., is in the Leeds Library.

 HOPKINSON, WILLIAM (fl. 1583), divine, graduated B.A. in 1567 from St. John's College, Cambridge, and was a minister in Lincolnshire, perhaps at Kirton in Lindsey in that county. He wrote: 1. ‘An Evident Display of Popish Practices, or patched Pelagianism, wherein is mightily cleared the Sovereign Truth of God's eternal Predestination, the stayed groundwork of our assured Safety,’ London, 1578, 4to; a translation from Beza's vindication of Calvin's predestination, dedicated to Aylmer, bishop of London. 2. ‘A Preparation into the Waie of Life, with a Direction into the right use of the Lordes Supper,’ London, 1583, 12mo; a catechism, dedicated to Sir Henry Sidney. 3. ‘Animadversions on some places of Tremelius's version of the Bible,’ Brit. Mus. Royal MS. 17 A. 42.

 HOPKIRK, THOMAS (1790?–1851?), botanist, born at Dalbeath, near Glasgow, about 1790, was elected fellow of the Linnean Society in November 1812, and in the next year published ‘Flora Glottiana, being a Catalogue of the Indigenous Plants on the Banks of the Clyde,’ Glasgow, 8vo. Four years later, in 1817, he produced, also at Glasgow, his principal work, ‘Flora Anomoia; a General View of the Anomalies in the Vegetable Kingdom,’ with a frontispiece designed by himself. It is usually misquoted as ‘Flora Anomala.’ His name last appeared in the annual lists of the Linnean Society in 1851. The genus Hopkirkia of Sprengel is merged in Salmea, and the homonymous genus established by De Candolle has also disappeared. It is identical with Schkuhria.

 HOPLEY, EDWARD WILLIAM JOHN (1816–1869), painter, born in 1816, resided for the early part of his life at Lewes in Sussex. He was originally destined for the medical profession, but soon turned to art, settled in London, and after some years succeeded in gaining popularity as a painter of domestic subjects, and also of portraits. In 1845 he exhibited at the British Institution a picture entitled ‘Love not,’ and in 1854 and 1855 two pictures illustrating the ‘Vicissitudes of Science,’ viz. ‘Sir Isaac Newton explaining to Lord Treasurer Halifax his Theory of Colour’ and ‘Michael Angelo in the Gardens of the Medici.’ In 1859 he exhibited a picture entitled ‘The Birth of a Pyramid,’ the result of considerable archæological research and industry, which attracted attention. He exhibited first at the Royal Academy in 1851, when he sent ‘Psyche.’ His last work was a portrait of Professor Owen, F.R.S., exhibited at the British Institution in 1869. Hopley resided latterly at 14 South Bank, Regent's Park, where he died 30 April 1869, in his fifty-third year. He invented a trigonometrical system of facial measurement for the use of artists.

 HOPPER, HUMPHREY (fl. 1799–1834), sculptor, studied in the Royal Academy, and gained the gold medal there in 1803 for an original group of ‘The Death of Meleager.’ He had previously, in 1799 and in the two following years, exhibited some ornamental pieces of sculpture at that exhibition. In 1807 he was a competitor for the Pitt and Nelson memorials in the Guildhall. He executed some classical figures, but latterly devoted himself principally to memorial busts and monuments. An example of the latter is the public monument to Major-general Hay in St. Paul's Cathedral. Hopper exhibited for the last time in 1834.

 HOPPER, THOMAS (1776–1856), architect and surveyor, born 6 July 1776 at Rochester, was the son of a surveyor in that town, and educated in his father's office. He acquired considerable artistic knowledge by his own efforts. He was employed by Mr. Walsh Porter to make some alterations in Craven Cottage, Fulham. These attracted the notice of the Prince Regent, who commissioned him to make alterations at Carlton House, including the building of the Gothic conservatory. Hopper, as ‘Thomas Hopper, junior,’ exhibited designs for this at the Royal Academy in 1807. This patronage soon brought Hopper many commissions from the nobility and gentry. Among the mansions


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 built or altered by him were Slane Castle and Gosford Castle in Ireland; Penrhyn Castle, Margam, and Kinmel in Wales; Dunmow Lodge, Danbury Place, Wyvenhoe Place, and others in Essex; Leigh Court, near Bristol; Rood Ashton in Wiltshire, and many others. A design for the alteration of Dunkeld Palace was not carried out. Hopper built the Essex county gaol at Springfield, and was surveyor of the county for forty years. In London he built Arthur's Club in St. James's Street, the Atlas Fire Office in Cheapside, St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington (as honorary architect), &c. In 1820 he competed unsuccessfully for the erection of the General Post Office, and afterwards for the rebuilding of the Royal Exchange and the Houses of Parliament. He published his designs for both the latter competitions, and asserted that some features of his design for the Royal Exchange had been appropriated by Sir Robert Smirke. Hopper declined an offer of knighthood from George IV. He died at Bayswater Hill 11 Aug. 1856, in his eightieth year.

HOPPNER, JOHN (1758–1810), portrait-painter, the son of German parents, was born in Whitechapel, London, on 4 April 1758. At an early age he was a chorister in the royal chapel, and George III made him a small allowance to enable him to commence his studies as a painter. His mother is said to have been one of the German attendants (some accounts say lady in waiting) at the palace, and the interest which George III took in the boy favoured the suspicion that it was fatherly. As George III had not completed his twentieth year when Hoppner was born, and did not occupy the palace till he ascended the throne two years afterwards, the scandal would not be worth mentioning but for the statement that Hoppner encouraged it, and the fact that it does not appear to be quite dead yet (see Notes and Queries, 4th ser. vol. xi. 21 June 1873). In 1775 he was admitted a student at the Royal Academy, in 1778 he gained a silver medal for drawing from the life, and in 1782 the gold medal for an original painting of a scene from King Lear. In 1780 he began to exhibit at the Royal Academy. His address in the catalogues of the exhibition for this and the following year is ‘at Mr. Chamberlaine's, North Audley Street;’ but in 1782 it is ‘at Mrs. Wright's, Cockspur Street, Haymarket.’ In this year he married the youngest daughter of this Mrs. Wright (Mrs. Patience Wright, 1725–1786 [q. v.]), an American lady celebrated for her portraits modelled in wax, for her social qualities, and her patriotic ardour. At her house Hoppner probably associated with many eminent men of the day, as it was frequented by Garrick, Foote, Dr. Dodd, Sir Benjamin (then Mr.) West, Benjamin Franklin, &c. In 1784 he was settled at 18 Charles Street, St. James's Square, close to Carlton House, where he remained till his death. In 1785 he exhibited portraits of the youngest three princesses, Sophia, Amelia, and Mary, and in 1786 one of ‘Mrs. Jordan in the character of the Comic Muse, supported by Euphrosyne, who represses the advances of a Satyr.’ The latter picture was also probably a royal commission, as it is now at Hampton Court. In 1789 he was appointed portrait-painter to the Prince of Wales. In 1792 he was elected an associate, and in 1795 a full academician. Sir Joshua Reynolds was now dead, and Romney declining. Hoppner's only rival was Sir Thomas Lawrence, who, though his junior by seven years, had been elected an academician, and appointed portrait-painter to the king in 1792. Hoppner and Lawrence now divided the favours of high society; if the latter had the advantage as painter to the court, Hoppner was favoured by the beauties of Carlton House. According to Allan Cunningham ‘the factions of Reynolds and Romney seemed revived in those of Hoppner and Lawrence,’ and he adds that Hoppner painted the whigs. But he painted tories also, and their rivalry was mainly professional. It, however, was keen and not free from bitterness on the side of Hoppner, who exclaimed against what he considered the impropriety of Lawrence's portraits of ladies. As rivals they were well matched, as both were handsome men, of fine address, and polished manners. Hoppner had also wit and humour, and was a brilliant talker. The rivalry was only ended by Hoppner's death, for Lawrence wrote in 1810: ‘You will be sorry to hear it, my most powerful competitor, he whom only (to my friends) I have acknowledged as my rival, is, I fear, sinking to the grave—I mean of course Hoppner.’

Hoppner remained popular and prosperous to the last. Among his numerous sitters were the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York (full-lengths of whom, with others of Lord Nelson and Lord Rodney, are in the state apartments of St. James's Palace), the Duke of Clarence, the Duke of Kent (at Windsor Castle), members of the Mornington family, including the Duke of Wellington (when Lieutenant-colonel Arthur Wellesley), two of his brothers, and Lady Culling Eardley (a group of this lady and her children, one


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 of which she carries pickaback, is, though unfinished, one of his finest works. It belongs to the present Duke of Wellington); the Countesses of Darnley, Carysfort, Aylesford, and Harewood (when Mrs. Lascelles); the first Lord St. Vincent and Sir Ralph Abercromby; the Archbishop of York (William Markham) and Shute Barrington, bishop of Durham; the statesmen Pitt, Castlereagh, Canning, Frere, and Grenville; Robert Bloomfield, the poet, Mrs. Inchbald, Sir Philip Francis, and William Gifford; William Smith, the actor, and Richard Humphreys, the pugilist; Mrs. Gwyn (Goldsmith's ‘Jessamy Bride’), and Mrs. Draper (Sterne's ‘Eliza’). He never exhibited anywhere except at the Royal Academy, where he sent 168 pictures between 1780 and 1809 (both inclusive). These were mostly portraits, but he sent, especially in his earlier years, an occasional picture of the fancy, such as ‘A Primrose Girl’ (1780 and 1785); ‘Jupiter and Io’ (1785); ‘Belisarius’ (1787); ‘A Standard Bearer’ and ‘A Nymph’ (1788); and ‘A Bacchante’ (1789). One of the best of these, called ‘A Sleeping Nymph,’ was bought by Sir J. Leicester (Lord de Tabley), and was sold at his sale in 1827 for 472l. 10s. Between 1797 and 1803 he published, with [q. v.], the engraver, a ‘Select Series of Portraits of Ladies of Rank and Fashion;’ ten plates, seven after Hoppner, and three after Wilkin, who engraved them all (see Art Journal, 1886, p. 54). He also attempted verse with small success in a volume of ‘Oriental Tales translated into English Verse’ (1805).

Hoppner was always a great lover of nature, and began by painting landscape, his great taste for which is seen in the backgrounds to his portraits and the numerous sketches in chalk with which he amused his leisure hours. There are several of these in the print room of the British Museum.

It has been said that Hoppner was ‘the most daring plagiarist of Reynolds, and the boldest rival of Lawrence,’ and this expresses with some approach to accuracy his position as a portrait-painter, if it does not give him the credit he deserves. Without the marked individuality of either his senior or his junior, of whom alternately his works remind us, he is more manly than Lawrence, and, especially in his portraits of women and children, more simple and natural. Many of his pictures have suffered from the use of destructive mediums, but the public appearance in late years of a few of his best works in good condition has much improved his reputation. Such pictures as the group of ‘Lady Culling Smith and children’ (belonging to the Duke of Wellington), and the fine portrait of ‘Mrs. Lascelles’ (belonging to Lord Harewood), which were exhibited at the Royal Academy in the winter of 1876, enable us to understand the reputation enjoyed by Hoppner as a colourist at once brilliant and mellow. His drawing was faulty and his execution slight.

Hoppner died 23 Jan. 1810, and was buried in the cemetery of St. James's Chapel in Hampstead Road, London.

HOPPUS, JOHN (1789–1875), independent minister and professor at University College, London, son of the Rev. John Hoppus, also an independent minister, was born in London in 1789. He was educated for a time under Dr. Bennett at the Rotherham Independent College, where the views of Edward Williams, author of the ‘Divine Equality and Sovereignty,’ had great influence among the students. He afterwards studied at Edinburgh under Dugald Stewart, but transferred his terms to Glasgow, in order to attend the sermons of Dr. Chalmers, and there he graduated M.A. He came to London to take charge of the Carter Street Chapel, but resigned in 1825 owing to difficulties with his congregation, which was somewhat Arian in views. Hoppus had done some work for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, and had become acquainted with Brougham. At Brougham's instance, with the support of James Mill, he was appointed the first professor of the philosophy of mind and logic in the university of London, afterwards University College, in 1829 [for the circumstances of the election, see under ]. Here he lectured till the middle of 1866. He was made LL.D. of Glasgow in 1839, and F.R.S. in 1841. In 1847 he took part in the controversy as to popular education. Hoppus died 29 Jan. 1875. He had married in 1832 Martha Devenish, who died in 1853, leaving several children.

His principal works, all published in London, are:  ‘A Statement of Facts, with Correspondence, relating to the late Mea-


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  of the Managers of the Congregation of Protestant Dissenters assembled in Carter Lane, Doctors' Commons,’ 1825, 12mo.  ‘An Account of Lord Bacon's “Novum Organon Scientiarum,”’ for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 1827, 8vo.  ‘An Essay on the Nature and Objects of the Course of Study, in the Class of the Philosophy of the Human Mind and Logic in the University of London,’ 2nd edition, 1830.  ‘On the Present State of Religion,’ 1832, 12mo.  ‘Sketches on the Continent in 1835,’ 2nd edition, 1836, 12mo.  ‘Thoughts on Academical Education and Degrees in Arts,’ 1837, 8vo.  ‘The Crisis of Popular Education,’ 1847, 8vo.  ‘Lectures on the Polity and History of the Hebrews,’ 1847, 12mo.  ‘Memorials of a Wife,’ 1856, 12mo.

HOPSON, CHARLES RIVINGTON (1744–1796), medical writer, was born, probably in London, in 1744. He was educated at St. Paul's School, and entered at Leyden on 1 Oct. 1765. At Leyden he proceeded M.D., his dissertation (published at Leyden, 1767) being entitled ‘De Tribus in Uno.’ Hopson practised in London, and for many years was physician to the Finsbury Dispensary. He died on 23 Dec. 1796. He wrote ‘An Essay on Fire,’ 1782, 8vo, and translated He is also credited with translations of Forster's ‘Voyages and Discoveries in the North’ (1786; cf. ), and Sparrman's and Thunberg's ‘Travels.’
 * 1) ‘A Treatise on Dysentery,’ from the German of J. G. Zimmerman, London, 1771, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘A General System of Chemistry …,’ London, 1789, 4to, principally from the work of Wiegleb.

HOPSONN, THOMAS (1642–1717), vice-admiral, of a family settled at Lingwood (or Ningwood) in the Isle of Wight since the time of Henry VIII (, Hist. of the Isle of Wight, p. 260), was born there in 1642 (, Hist. of Surrey, ii. 396), and seems to have entered the navy in 1662 (ib.) The tradition that he was a tailor's apprentice at Bonchurch, and ran away to sea to take part in an engagement with a French ship, rests on no historical foundation (Naval Chron. iii. 111; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. ix. 172). The first official mention of him that can now be traced is in 1672, when he was appointed second lieutenant of the Dreadnought, in which he was probably present in the battle of Solebay on 28 May 1672, and in the actions of 1673. On 10 Dec. 1676 he was appointed first lieutenant of the Dragon with Sir [q. v.] in the Mediterranean; on 5 Nov. 1677 he was moved with Strickland into the Centurion, then fitting out; and on 10 Dec., still with Strickland, was turned over to the Mary. In her he again went to the Mediterranean, where he was appointed by Vice-admiral Herbert to the command of the Tiger Prize on 21 March 1677–8, from which date he took post. On 10 Jan. 1681–2 he was appointed to the Swan, and on 18 May 1688 to the Bonadventure, one of the ships ordered to the Nore under Sir Roger Strickland on the expectation of the Dutch invasion. Hopsonn does not seem to have taken any part in the revolution, but to have readily accepted it when accomplished. He was afterwards appointed to the York, of 60 guns, which he commanded in the battle of Beachy Head, 30 June 1690, in the rear division of the red squadron, under the immediate orders of Sir [q. v.], who is said to have formed a high opinion of his gallantry, and from that time to have selected him as his associate. In the battle of Barfleur, 19 May 1692, Hopsonn commanded the St. Michael, the second ahead of the Neptune, carrying Rooke's flag, still as rear-admiral of the red. During the early months of 1693 he was senior officer in the Medway. In May he was promoted to be rear-admiral of the blue, and with his flag in the Breda joined Rooke as second in command of the squadron which sailed in the end of the month in convoy of the trade for the Mediterranean, and which was scattered by Tourville off Cape St. Vincent on 18 June. On his return to England Hopsonn hoisted his flag on board the Russell as vice-admiral of the blue in the squadron going to the Mediterranean under Sir [q. v.], whom he left at Cadiz in the early days of February 1693–4, coming back with the homeward trade. In August 1694 he commanded the squadron off Dunkirk, and again, in September 1695, on the coast of France. In 1699 he commanded a squadron of observation in the channel, and in June 1701 convoyed the troops to Ireland under the immediate orders of the king.

On 28 Jan. 1701–2 he was promoted to be vice-admiral of the white, and authorised to wear the union flag at the fore, as second in command, under Rooke, of the expedition against Cadiz, which sailed from Portsmouth on 19 June 1702. After failing at Cadiz, Rooke resolved to attack the French-Spanish fleet at Vigo. This was done on 12 Oct. The allies had protected themselves by a boom of


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 masts and cables frapped together to the thickness of nine feet, buoyed up in its length by empty casks, moored with anchors at its extremities, and flanked by two of their largest ships. Against this formidable obstacle Hopsonn in the Torbay, an 80-gun ship, was directed to lead in; and with a fresh, fair breeze and a press of sail he broke through it, leaving a clear passage for the rest of the squadron. The action soon became general. The Torbay was set on fire by a fireship, but happily escaped, partly by ‘the diligence of the officers and men,’ but still more by the extraordinary accident of the fireship having on board a large quantity of snuff, the blast of which as she blew up extinguished the flames. The Torbay had, however, sustained so much damage that Hopsonn shifted his flag to the Monmouth; but the victory was already won, and the French were busy setting fire to their own ships. Hopsonn's brilliant service was rewarded, on his return to England, with knighthood, 29 Nov. 1702, and a pension of 500l. a year, with a reversion of 300l. to his wife if she survived him. It is stated in the inscription on his monument in Weybridge Church that Vigo ‘was the last of forty-two engagements he had been in, in some of which he received many honourable wounds for the service of his country. Towards the latter end of his days he chose this place [sc. Weybridge] for the retreat and repose of his old age, where he died in peace 12 October 1717, aged 75’ (, ii. 396). He represented Newtown, Isle of Wight, in parliament from 1698 to 1705, and in the return of 1700 is described as ‘of Weybridge in the county of Surrey.’ There is a fine portrait by Michael Dahl in the Painted Hall at Greenwich, the gift of George IV.

Hopsonn's wife, Elizabeth, survived him, and was named his executor jointly with Sir John Jennings [q. v.], Captain Edward Hopsonn, both ‘of Weybridge,’ and Brigadier William Watkins ‘of Walton-upon-Thames.’ The will, dated 4 Jan. 1716–17 (proved 7 Nov. 1717), mentions a son James, and two daughters, Grace and Martha, all minors; ‘my grandson, George Watkins (a minor), son of my late daughter, Mary Watkins;’ and a living daughter, Elizabeth, wife of John Goodall.

It is suggested by Charnock (Biog. Nav. iii. 128) that the (d. 1728) named as an executor, and who in later life wrote his name Hopson, was a brother of Sir Thomas. Neither of their wills gives any support to this supposition, which the great difference in their age seems to contradict. Edward Hopsonn is first mentioned as lieutenant of the Breda in 1693, took post from 24 July 1696, and died vice-admiral in command of the West Indian station on 8 May 1728. His will, dated 13 April 1720 (proved 27 July 1728), mentions his wife Jane and one son, Edward, a minor; his mother, still living; and a sister, Jane, widow of Richard Downer, deceased, in the Isle of Wight.

HOPTON, ARTHUR (1588?–1650), diplomatist, fifth son of Sir Arthur Hopton of Witham, Somerset, by Rachael, daughter of Edmund Hall of Gretford, Lincolnshire, was born about 1588 (, Rutlandshire, p. 133; Visit. of Somerset, 1623, Harl. Soc. xi. 57; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. iv. 497;, Antiquities of Oxfordshire, ‘Bampton,’ p. 4). Sir Owen Hopton, lieutenant of the Tower, was his grandfather. His father, at one time high sheriff of Somerset, was created K.B. in 1603. Arthur matriculated as a member of Lincoln College, Oxford, on 15 March 1604–5 (, Register of the University of Oxford, ii. 281). When Lord Cottington was sent as ambassador extraordinary to Spain (October 1629), Hopton accompanied him as secretary, and on the conclusion of Cottington's mission he was left there as English agent (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1629–31 p. 107, 1635 p. 467). Garrard writes to Wentworth in 1635, announcing that by Cottington's request Hopton is to be recalled and made clerk of the council; but it is doubtful whether this appointment actually took place (Strafford Letters, i. 511). Hopton was knighted on 2 Feb. 1637–8, and succeeded Lord Aston as ambassador in Spain (ib. iii. 149; Cal. Clarendon State Papers, i. 1491;, Book of Knights, p. 194). He seems to have remained in Spain throughout the civil wars (Cal. of Committee for Advance of Money, p. 667). When his nephew, Sir Ralph Hopton, was raised to the peerage a limitation in favour of Sir Arthur Hopton and his heirs male was inserted in the patent. Hopton was again in England in 1649, and was on 7 June 1649 visited by Evelyn, who terms him ‘a most excellent person,’ and records some of his stories about Spain (, Diary, ed. 1879, ii. 5, 477). He died on 6 March 1649–50, aged 62, and was buried in the chancel of the church of Black Bourton, near Bampton in Oxfordshire (, Antiquities of Oxfordshire, ‘Bampton,’ p. 4).

Many of Hopton's despatches are among Clarendon's papers in the Bodleian Library,


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 and some are printed in the ‘Clarendon State Papers.’ The Tanner MSS. contain several letters from Hopton relating to the Portuguese revolution in 1640 (lxv. 224, 229, 268).

A contemporary (1588?–1614), astrologer, apparently of the Herefordshire family of Hopton, has been confused by Wood with the diplomatist. Wood gives the astrologer the parentage which belongs to the diplomatist, and represents him as graduating from Lincoln College, Oxford, at the dates which apply only to the diplomatist. At Oxford, according to Wood, the astrologer acquired such a reputation that he was called ‘the miracle of his age for learning.’ But it is uncertain whether the astrologer studied at Oxford at all. Entering Clement's Inn, London, the astrologer is said to have become an intimate friend of Selden, and to have been ‘much valued by him and by all the noted men of that time.’ Wood adds that he died in his twenty-sixth year, 1614, in the parish of St. Clement Danes, London.

Hopton, the astrologer, wrote: 1. ‘A Prognostication for this Yeere of Our Lord —referred most especially to the Longitude and Latitude of the worthy Towne of Shrewesbury—authore Arthuro Hoptono,’ London, 1607, and for each year until 1614, printed by the Company of Stationers. 2. ‘Bacvlum Geodæticum siue Viaticum, or the Geodeticall Staffe, in eight Bookes,’ London, 1610, 4to. 3. ‘Speculum Topographicum: or the Topographical Glasse, containing the use of the Topographicall Glasse Theodelitus, Plaine Table, and Circumferentor,’ London, 1611, 4to, dedicated to the ‘Mathematicall Practizer,’ 9 April 1611, and containing many good practical rules in geometry, measurement of distances, heights, sun's altitude and parallax, and a ‘table for calculating annueties.’ 4. ‘Concordancy of Yeeres,’ London, 1612, 1615, and newly augmented 1616, containing ‘a new, easie, and most exact Computation of Time according to the English account; also the use of the English and Roman Kalendar,’ dedicated to Sir Edward Coke, reprinted in 1635 with ‘a plaine direction for the … computing of interest’ and other additions by John Penkethman, under the title ‘Hopton's Concordancy Enlarged.’ 5. ‘Teares or Lamentations of a Sorrowfull Soule,’ London, 1613, to which are prefixed some verses inscribed to ‘my endeared friend and kinsman Sir William Leighton, knt.’

HOPTON, JOHN, D.D. (d. 1558), bishop of Norwich, was a Yorkshireman, probably born at Mirfield, the seat of his family. In early youth he joined the Black Friars or Dominicans, and received his education in their house at Oxford, of which he eventually became prior. He made more than one journey to Rome, on one of which he obtained a doctorate in theology at the university of Bologna, and was incorporated at Oxford 17 Nov. 1529. Three years later, however, he proceeded regularly in divinity, and took his degree of D.D. 8 July 1542. He was presented to the rectory of St. Anne and St. Agnes in the city of London by the abbot and convent of Westminster 24 Jan. 1538–9, and held it till his appointment by Princess (afterwards Queen) Mary to the rectory of Fobbing, Essex, 27 May 1548. He also held the benefice of Yeldham Magna in the same county in commendam until his death. The date of his institution does not appear. In Edward VI's reign he was private chaplain and confessor to the Princess Mary. In July 1549 he was summoned before the council, and having professed that he himself ‘allowed’ the new liturgy, was charged with instructions to the princess, requiring her conformity to the new ritual (, Memorials, ii. 238–9). To these instructions Mary paid no heed, and the emperor having made it a question of peace or war between the two countries, Hopton, undaunted by the committal to the Tower of his fellow-chaplain, Mallet, for saying mass to the princess's household, continued to officiate at her house of Copt Hall in Essex. Edward VI says in his journal for 15 Dec. 1550: ‘Ther was lettres sent for the taking of certeine chapelins of the lady Mary for saiing masse, wich she denied.’ The orders of council, 9 Aug. 1551, were repeated more stringently 15 Aug., with the threat that he and his brother chaplains ‘must look for punishment’ if they refused obedience. But, to avoid more serious evils, the illegal service was winked at until the death of Edward, 6 July 1553.

Soon after Mary's accession Hopton was rewarded for his fidelity by the bishopric of Norwich, to which he was consecrated in the chapel attached to the palace of the bishop of London by Bonner, Tunstall, and Thirlby, 28 Oct. 1554. As bishop he signalised himself as one of the most active persecutors of protestants, seconded by his chancellor, one Downing or Duning, who, as Fuller quaintly remarks, ‘played the devil himself, enough to make wood dear, so many did he consume to ashes’ (, Church Hist. iv. 187). ‘They had not their match,’ writes Foxe, ‘for strait-


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 ness and cruel handling of the bodies of the saints among all the rest besides.’ Early in the reign Hopton reported to the queen a number of scandalous stories about herself which he found current in his diocese, and very stringent orders were sent to the justices to discover and punish the authors of them as well as the enemies of the true faith (, pt. ii. Appendix, bk. ii. No. 14;, Hist. of the Church, iv. 238). Hopton's zeal against heresy was stimulated by Ratcliffe, earl of Sussex, then resident in his diocese, by whose directions he established a system of ‘espionage’ over the propagators of unsound doctrines (, Cranmer, p. 525). Fuller says that Hopton was unmerciful in his visitations; but on a visitation of Norwich at Whitsuntide 1556, he left the city when the alleged heretics were brought up before him for examination by his officials, feeling himself no match for the quick wits of his opponents (, iii. 628). The persecution continued till the end of Mary's reign. Six suffered in Hopton's diocese in 1555, ten in 1556, sixteen in 1557, and fourteen had been burnt by November 1558, when the death of Mary, twelve days after the last had gone to the stake, interrupted Hopton's atrocities. According to Foxe, those who suffered at the stake in Hopton's diocese numbered forty-six in all. In only two dioceses, London and Canterbury, was the list of martyrs longer. Mary's death was speedily followed by his own. The date is not stated, but it was before the end of the year (1558). He died so deeply in debt that, ‘for all his spare hospitality, he was not able to pay half he owed.’ His debts to the crown swallowed up nearly all he left, his other creditors receiving little or nothing (, Life of Archbishop Parker, i. 75).

HOPTON, RALPH, (1598–1652), son of Robert Hopton of Witham, Somerset, and Jane, widow of Sir Henry Jones, and daughter of Rowland Kemeys of Vaudry, Monmouthshire, was born about 1598 (, Rutland, p. 133;, Baronage, ii. 469; , Memoirs of Excellent Personages, 1668, p. 341). According to Wood he was a gentleman-commoner of Lincoln College, Oxford, and the statement is confirmed by the fact that he presented to the college about 1616 ‘a double gilt bowl’ (Athenæ Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, ii. 152; information from the Rev. Andrew Clark). At the beginning of the ‘thirty years' war’ Hopton entered the service of the elector palatine, and is said to have escorted the queen of Bohemia in her flight after the battle of Prague (, p. 342). In December 1624 Hopton was lieutenant-colonel of Sir Charles Rich's regiment raised in England for Mansfeld's expedition (, i. 153). When recalled to take part in the Cadiz expedition he declined to serve, because the fleet was not properly equipped either with provisions or money (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1625–6, pp. 27, 71, 123). At the coronation of Charles I (2 Feb. 1625) he was made a knight of the Bath (, Book of Knights, p. 186). On 12 Sept. 1628 he was appointed one of the commissioners for draining Sedgmoor (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1628–1629, p. 397). He represented Bath in the first parliament of Charles I, and Somerset in the Short parliament. In the parliament of 1628, as in the Long parliament, he sat for Wells. In the latter assembly he sided at first with the popular party, and both spoke and voted for Strafford's attainder (, Notes of the Long Parliament, p. 48;, iv. 248). He was appointed spokesman of the committee named to present the Remonstrance to the king, and reported his answer to the commons (Commons' Journals, ii. 328, 330).

In the spring of 1642, however, Hopton was one of the most prominent of the king's supporters in the commons. He excused the attempt to seize the ‘five members,’ and opposed the declaration of the house concerning it. He spoke also against the militia ordinance, and on 4 March so vigorously attacked a proposed manifesto of the parliament that he was sent to the Tower for ten days. According to Hopton the committee who had drawn the declaration had taxed the king with apostasy ‘upon a less evidence than would serve to hang a fellow for stealing a horse’ (, Studies and Illustrations of the Great Rebellion, pp. 469, 479, 482; Commons' Journals, ii. 467;, Rebellion, iv. 338).

In July 1642 the king sent the Marquis of Hertford to Somerset as lieutenant-general of the six western counties, and Hopton accompanied him, with the title of lieutenant-general of the horse in his army. He raised a troop at his own cost, and personally arrested William Strode, one of the de-


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 puty lieutenants of Somersetshire appointed by the parliament (A Declaration made by the Lord Marquesse of Hertford and other Lords and Gentlemen of the County of Somerset, 1642; The Lord Marquesse of Hertford his Letter, &c., 1642; Lords' Journals, v. 265, 278, 286). On 5 Aug. 1642 Hopton was expelled from the House of Commons, and sent for as a delinquent (Commons' Journals, ii. 708). Hertford's little army was obliged to retreat to Sherborne Castle, and after a brief siege he resolved to transport his infantry into Wales; while Hopton, with 160 horse, fifty dragoons, and a few gentlemen, made his way to Cornwall. There he succeeded in inducing the grand jury to indict Buller and Carew, the parliamentary commissioners, and with the aid of the posse comitatus expelled them from the county. The king sent a commission to Hopton and three others to command jointly in Hertford's absence. They organised a small body of excellent Cornish infantry, and proceeded to carry the war into Devonshire (, Great Civil War, i. 79, 88;, Rebellion, vi. 239–46).

In January 1643 the parliamentary general Ruthven invaded Cornwall with greatly superior forces. Hopton, whom the other commissioners entrusted with the command, defeated the invaders at Bradock Down, near Liskeard, taking 1,250 prisoners and five guns (19 Jan. 1643; ib. vi. 248). In May 1643 Lord Stamford, with 1,400 horse and 5,400 foot, marched into Cornwall, and encamped in a strong position at Stratton. Hopton and the Cornish army attacked him there on 16 May, and routed him with the loss of seventeen hundred men and all his artillery and baggage (ib. vii. 87–90). The victors overran Devonshire, and joining Prince Maurice's forces at Chard on 4 June, attacked Sir William Waller at Lansdown, near Bath, on 5 July. Though Waller was driven from his position, the royalist army was too shattered to press its advantages. Hopton himself was shot through the arm, and badly injured by the explosion of a powder-wagon. ‘Having hardly so much life as not to be numbered with the dead,’ he was put into a litter, and carried to Devizes. At Devizes the Cornish army was besieged by Waller with a superior force, and while the horse broke through the besiegers to fetch aid from Oxford, Hopton from his sick bed directed the defence. His ingenuity and experience suggested the expedient of beating and boiling the bed-cords collected from the town to supply the want of match for the musketeers (Clarendon MS. 1738. 4. f. 9). The defeat of Waller's army at Roundway Down on 13 July by Lord Wilmot raised the siege (, Rebellion, vii. 109–20;, Great Civil War, i. 79, 98, 159, 195, 203). A few days later the royalists took Bristol, and a quarrel took place between Prince Rupert and the Marquis of Hertford on the appointment of the governor. Hertford named Hopton, while Rupert obtained from Charles a promise of the governorship for himself. To allay their strife Hopton consented to withdraw his claim, and accepted the post of deputy governor under Prince Rupert. ‘We can think no man fitter for that command than yourself, it being by far too little a recompense for your great deservings,’ wrote Charles to Hopton, explaining that he was tied by his previous promise to Rupert, and adding that he intended to testify his acknowledgment of Hopton's services ‘by some real testimony of our favour’ (Clarendon MS. 1738. 4. f. 12). Accordingly, on 4 Sept. 1643, Hopton was created a baron by the title of Lord Hopton of Stratton, with a collateral remainder to his uncle, Sir Arthur Hopton [q. v.] (, ii. 469;, Peerage, ed. Brydges, ix. 482).

In October 1643 the king ordered Hopton to ‘draw into the field for the clearing of Dorsetshire, Wiltshire, and Hampshire, and so to point forwards as far as he could go towards London’ (Clarendon MS. 1738. (6). f. 2). Raising what foot he could in his own quarters, and reinforced by some horse from Oxford, Hopton advanced into Sussex and took Arundel Castle (9 Dec.) His old antagonist, Waller, cut off a detachment of Hopton's forces at Alton 13 Dec., and retook Arundel 6 Jan. 1644. The Earl of Forth came to Hopton's aid with fresh troops from Oxford, but their joint forces were defeated at Cheriton (or Alresford) on 29 March 1644. Though beaten, Hopton succeeded in carrying off all his guns (ib.;, Great Civil War, i. 296, 377, 385; , Rebellion, viii. 28).

In July 1644 King Charles marched into the west. Hopton joined him with part of the garrison of Bristol, and on 14 Aug. 1644 was appointed general of the ordnance in place of Lord Percy (, Historical Discourses, 1705, pp. 16, 45, 61; Diary of Richard Symonds, p. 53;, Oxford Docquets, pp. 238, 240). When the Prince of Wales was sent to the west, Hopton was appointed one of his councillors, and it was intended that he should act as lieutenant-general of his army (, viii. 180, 254, ix. 7). This appointment was made ‘by the king's special direction, and at the earnest desire of the whole association.’ The prince's council supported Hopton, but Goring, anx-