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H to break through the company's monopoly, and to punish the dishonesty of many of the company's own servants. In particular he was to arrest his predecessor, Matthias Vincent. Hedges sailed from the Downs on 28 Jan. 1682, anchored in Balasore Road on 17 July, and reached Hoogly on 24 July. His want of tact and prudence brought him into constant collision with his associates in the council at Hoogly, especially with Job Charnock [q. v.], John Beard, and Francis Ellis, and in the end they proved too strong for him. His detention of Beard's letter to Sir Josiah Child, the contents of which he had contrived to know, subjected him to the ill-will of the latter. On 21 Dec. 1683 the court issued a formal revocation of his commission, which reached him on 17 July 1684. He accordingly left Hoogly, embarked on 30 Dec., visited Persia on his way, and landed at Dover on 4 April 1687. On 6 March 1688 he was knighted by James II, and became a member of the Mercers' Company. On 26 May 1690 he, together with Thomas Cook, was put forward by the church party as a candidate for the shrievalty of the city of London, but neither won. In June 1693 he was chosen sheriff along with Alderman Abney. A month later he was elected alderman for Portsoken ward. In 1694 he was chosen one of the twenty-four directors of the ‘New Bank’ (Bank of England), and four or five years later resumed to a certain extent his connection with the East India Company. In 1698 the old company formed a ‘grand committee’ of twenty-six gentlemen associated with the twenty-six of their court to deal with certain resolutions hostile to their interests which had been passed by the commons on 24 May. A similar committee was again formed in January 1699, and of this last Hedges and Sir John Letheuillier were members. The two were deputed on 17 Jan. in that year to open negotiations for coalition with the new company. In 1700 Hedges was a candidate for the mayoralty, but was not successful. He died in London on 5 Aug. 1701, and was buried, as directed in his will, with his first wife at Stratton on the 15th. He was twice married. His first wife, Susanna, eldest daughter of Nicholas Vanacker of Erith, Kent, died in childbirth at Hoogly on 6 July 1683, leaving two sons, William and Robert, and a daughter Susanna. He married as his second wife, on 21 July 1687, Anne, widow of Colonel John Searle of Finchley, and by her had two sons, John and Charles. In 1693 Hedges bought land to the value of 200l. in Stratton, and settled it for an augmentation of the vicarage and better maintenance of the vicar and vicars' widows for ever. He also directed that a sermon on charity should be preached annually by the vicar ‘the next Sunday to the sixth of July,’ the day of his first wife's death. The sermon is suspended, though the endowment continues. Hedges's ‘Diary,’ commencing on 25 Nov. 1681, and terminating abruptly on 6 March 1688, was purchased by Mr. R. Barlow of a bookseller named Bohn in High Street, Canterbury, on 20 Sept. 1875. The manuscript has been presented by Mr. Barlow to the India Office, whence in all probability it originally came. It was printed by the Hakluyt Society, under the editorship of Colonel Sir Henry Yule, in 1887. A second volume of biographical and miscellaneous illustrations of the time in India was issued in 1888.

HEDLEY, WILLIAM (1779–1843), inventor, was born at Newburn, near Newcastle-on-Tyne, on 13 July 1779. He was educated at a school at Wylam, and when not yet twenty-two years of age was appointed viewer at Walbottle colliery in Northumberland. He afterwards held the same position at the Wylam colliery, taking charge, in addition, of the Blagill lead mine at Alston in Cumberland. The difficulty and expense of the mode of conveying coal from the pits to the river Tyne drew his attention to the necessity of improving the means of transit, and it was to his ingenuity that the locomotive engine of Trevithick, Blenkinsop, and Chapman first became practically, or at all events extensively, useful. Hedley first saw clearly that a locomotive engine and wagons needed none of the old rack rails and toothed wheels to secure sufficient friction to induce motion; his patent for the smooth wheel and rail system bore date 13 March 1813. Soon afterwards the smooth rails were laid down at Wylam.

Hedley was a designer and maker of locomotive engines, and discovered, though he did not perfectly develope, the principle of the blast-pipe, a method of producing a greater draught by returning the exhaust steam into the chimney. This was certainly introduced into engines of his which were at work as early as 1814.

Hedley had been a shipowner since 1808. In 1822, during a strike of the keelmen, he promptly placed one of his engines upon a barge, and, working it with paddles, towed the keels to the coal-shoots without the men's assistance. Steamboats had been invented earlier [see ], but they were little used, and the action was


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H New College MS. 288, art. 3, under the title ‘Brevis Chronica de ortu, vita, et gestis nobilibus reverendi domini Willelmi de Wykeham,’ is extracted from Heete's ‘Life.’ It was printed by Wharton in his ‘Anglia Sacra’ (ii. 355), where it is erroneously ascribed to Thomas Chaundeler, warden of New College. Heete gave numerous donations of plate and books to Winchester College.

HEGAT, WILLIAM (fl. 1600), professor at Bordeaux, was a native of Glasgow. Several Hiegaits are mentioned in connection with Glasgow between 1570 and 1590 (Reg. Mag. Sig. and Reg. P. C. Scotl.) If the ascription to Hegat of the ‘Pædagogiæ’ is correct, he must have gone to France before 1563 as a very young man. Dempster, who knew him well, says that after teaching at Poitiers, Paris, Lisieux, and Dijon, he finally settled at Bordeaux. On 9 June 1581 Vinetus wrote to George Buchanan [q. v.] that there were then at Bordeaux two Scottishmen, ‘one of whom is professor of Philosophy.’ Hegat is undoubtedly meant; the other was Robert Balfour (1550?–1625?) [q. v.], who was later an intimate friend of Hegat. The ‘Gallia Victrix’ and ‘Recidivæ Athenæ’ show that Hegat made a visit to Poitiers in 1598–9. Hegat was alive as late as 1621. Dempster says he was living at the time he wrote, and describes him as ‘a man skilled in all polite literature and human sciences, whose manners were tempered with a festive gaiety.’ Vinetus more soberly calls him ‘a good, honest, learned man, who enjoys the favour of his auditors.’

Hegat wrote: 1. ‘Pædagogiæ, liber primus, et Galliarum Delphini Genethliacon, carmine,’ Paris, 1563, 4to (, Bibl. Brit.) 2. ‘Gallia Victrix,’ Poitiers, 1598, 8vo (a Latin dramatic poem in four acts, dedicated to Walter Stuart, lord Blantyre, who was a pupil of George Buchanan); the Sieur de la Valletrye addressed a sonnet to Hegat on this poem. 3. ‘Recidivæ Athenæ. Oratio Panegyrica habita Pictarii in Aula Pygarræa,’ Poitiers, 1599, 8vo. 4. ‘Ludovico et Annæ clementissimis regibus … Capitulatio sive Amnestia. Oratio habita in aula majori Acquitanica, solemnibus studiorum auspiciis ix Kal. Nov. 1616,’ Bordeaux, 1616, 8vo. 5. ‘Carthusiæ Burdigalensis Encænia. Et religiosis Adventoria,’ Bordeaux, 1621, 8vo (partly prose and partly verse; it is addressed to Francis de Sourdis, archbishop of Bourges). 6. A poem prefixed to the poetical works of the Sieur de la Valletrye, Paris, 1602. 7. A poem in twenty-one hexameter lines, beginning ‘Gloria quanta fuit cæli super ardua ferri,’ prefixed to Balfour's ‘Cleomedis,’ Bordeaux, 1605. 8. Two poems and an address to the reader prefixed to Balfour's ‘Commentary on Aristotle,’ 1618–20. Dempster in his usual manner gives a list of writings which are otherwise unknown: ‘Poemata Græca,’ ‘Epigrammata Latina,’ ‘Orationes eloquentissimæ,’ ‘Epithalamium Henrici Quarti et Mariæ Mediceæ Franciæ regum,’ and adds that he was said to be preparing a commentary on Ausonius.

HEGGE, ROBERT (1599–1629), miscellaneous writer, born at Durham in 1599, was the son of Stephen Hegge, notary public in that city, by Anne, daughter of Robert Swyft, LL.D., prebendary of Durham (, Legend, &c., ed. Taylor, introduction). On 7 Nov. 1614 he was admitted scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. on 13 Feb. 1617 and M.A. on 17 March 1620 (, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 372, 393). Wood says that he was ‘accounted, considering his age, the best in the university for the Mathematical faculty, History, and Antiquities, as afterwards for his excellent knowledge in the Sacred Scriptures.’ He was elected probationer fellow of his college on 27 Dec. 1624, but died suddenly on 11 June 1629, and was buried in Corpus Christi Chapel. Hegge wrote a ‘Treatise of Dials and Dialling,’ preserved in the college library, to which he also presented a manuscript of St. Augustine's ‘De Civitate Dei’ (, Cat. of Oxford MSS. Corpus Christi College, pp. 8, 14). Another treatise from his pen, entitled ‘In aliquot Sacræ Paginæ loca lectiones,’ was published at London in 1647 by his fellow-townsman, John Hall (1627–1656) [q. v.], who intimated that if it met with the approval of scholars, he had more ready for press. A third treatise by Hegge, entitled ‘Saint Cvthbert; or the Histories of his Chvrches at Lindisfarne, Cvncacestre, and Dvnholme,’ was written in 1625 and 1626. Richard Baddeley, private secretary to Morton, bishop of Durham, printed a poor edition of it from a copy in Lord Fairfax's library, and suppressed the name of the author; he called it ‘The Legend

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[Ch. 55.] Act has not been made shall be prepared and settled in accordance with this Act by the amalgamation tribunal.

Provisions to be contained in absorptions schemes.

5. An absorption scheme under this Act:—

(a) shall provide in such manner as appears necessary or expedient for the transfer to the amalgamated company of all the property, rights, powers, duties, and liabilities, whether statutory or otherwise, of any subsidiary company to which the scheme relates ; and

(b) shall provide for the consideration to be given to the subsidiary company or companies, and generally as to the terms and conditions of the transfer, and may provide for the consideration consisting in whole or in part of securities of the amalgamated company ; and

(c) shall provide for the winding up of the subsidiary company or companies, and may provide on any such winding up for the holder of any securities of the subsidiary company receiving in substitution therefor and in satisfaction of all claims arising thereunder such securities of the amalgamated company forming part of the consideration for the transfer of the undertaking, and of such amounts, as may be specified in the scheme, and may, with the consent of the proprietors, provide for the payment of compensation out of the assets of a subsidiary company to the directors of the company who suffer loss by abolition of office ; and

(d) shall incorporate the provisions of Part V. of the, subject to the provisions of this Act; and shall contain such provisions with respect to the arrangement of any superannuation, pension, provident, widows' and orphans' and other benefit fund or funds established by any subsidiary company as may be necessary in consequence of absorption, so, however, as to preserve in all other respects 6


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H mezzotint, including one of Dr. Gooch, master of Caius College, Cambridge. His will was proved 30 Aug. 1756 by his widow, Abigail. Heins the younger was apprenticed by his father to a stuff manufacturer at Norwich, but preferred to become a painter. Like his father, he painted several portraits of Norwich citizens in a flat, cold manner. He is better known as an engraver and draughtsman. He etched several small plates of portraits and costumes in the manner of T. Worlidge [q. v.], and engraved a few plates after J. Collet [q. v.], one in mezzotint. As a draughtsman he drew the views and monuments, engraved for Bentham's ‘History of Ely Cathedral;’ in 1768 he exhibited at the Society of Artists an inside view of the lantern in the cathedral. He exhibited a portrait with the Free Society of Artists in 1767, and two miniatures with the Incorporated Society of Artists in 1768. A miniature of the mother of Cowper, the poet, by Heins, which occasioned the ‘Lines on the receipt of my Mother's picture out of Norfolk,’ was in the National Portrait Exhibition at South Kensington in 1868. Heins died at Chelsea of a decline in 1771.

HELE, JOHN (1543?–1608), serjeant-at-law, of a Devonshire family, fourth son of Nicholas Hele, of South Hele, Devonshire, by his second wife, Margery, daughter of Richard Down of Holsworthy in the same county, was born about 1543. He became a member of the Inner Temple and eventually Lent reader, and from 1592 to 1601 he was M.P. for Exeter, of which he was recorder from 14 July 1592 to the beginning of 1606. In November 1594 he became a serjeant-at-law, and was appointed queen's serjeant 16 May 1602. At the beginning of the next reign his patent was renewed, and he was knighted. So high did he stand in his profession that in 1600 or 1601 he was thought not unlikely to be the next master of the rolls. Attacks were, however, made, and probably not without reason, upon his character. He was alleged to be drunken, insolent, and overbearing. A petition was presented to the council by Garter king-at-arms accusing him of violent conduct to him in public, and Hele's answer practically admits the charge (see Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1601;, Lawyers, ii. 95; Egerton Papers, pp. 188, 399). Nevertheless in 1602 he went circuit with Mr. Justice Gawdy in Sussex, Surrey, Kent, Essex, and Hertfordshire, ‘where,’ writes Chamberlain to Carleton, 2 Oct. 1602, ‘he made himself both odious and ridiculous,’ and again went circuit in the following year. In November 1603 Hele was employed as king's serjeant at the trial of Sir Walter Raleigh. On 8 Feb. 1608 he obtained a dispensation on the score of his age from attendance and service as serjeant. For thirty years he had been a justice of the peace. He amassed large sums, and though by the attainder of the Earl of Essex he lost 4,000l., he bought an estate at Wembury, near Plymouth, to build a mansion-house, costing 20,000l., and to found a boys' hospital in Plymouth. He also had a house at Kew, and owned the manor of Shirford, Knighton hundred, Warwickshire. Hele died on 4 June 1608, and was buried in Wembury Church, where the monument gives his age as sixty-six. His will was proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury 1 Oct. 1608.

Hele married Mary, daughter of Ellis Warwick of Batsborow, by whom he seems to have had eight sons and two daughters. The eldest son, Sir Warwick, was sheriff of Devonshire in 1618 and 1619, and another was ‘clapped up at Rome with other Englishmen in the inquisition’ in 1600 (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1600). The statement that Hele had a second wife, Margaret, is not well supported.

HÈLE or HELL, THOMAS D' (1740?–1780), French dramatist. [See .]

HELLIER, HENRY (1662?–1697), divine, born at Chew-Dundry, Somersetshire, about 1662, was the son of Henry Hellier. He became scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in April 1677, and graduated B.A. 1680, M.A. 1682, B.D. 1690, and D.D. 1697. He was ordained deacon at Christ Church on 25 May 1684, and elected fellow of his college in 1687. On 4 Dec. 1687 he preached before the university a sermon ‘Concerning the Obligation of Oaths’ (printed at Oxford, 1688), which was thought to reflect on James II for breaking his oath at the coronation. Hellier died by his own hand in December 1697, being at the time vice-president of Corpus (, Notes and Collections, Oxford Hist. Soc., i. 311). He was author of ‘A Treatise concerning Schism and Schismaticks; wherein the chief grounds and principles of a late Separation from the


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H Church of England are considered and answered,’ 4to, London, 1697.

HELLINS, JOHN (d. 1827), mathematician and astronomer, was son of a labourer at Ashreyney, near Chumleigh, Devonshire, and after being bound as a parish apprentice to a cooper at Chumleigh, worked at that trade till he was about twenty years of age. Having meanwhile taught himself elementary mathematics, he became master of a small school at Bishop's Tawton, and made the acquaintance of [q. v.], vicar of St. Hilary and Gwinear, Cornwall, through whose influence (, History of Cornwall, v. 107) he was appointed an assistant in the Royal Observatory at Greenwich under Dr. Maskelyne. While so employed Hellins studied Latin and Greek and qualified himself for holy orders. He was curate of Constantine in Cornwall (1779–83) and afterwards of Greens Norton, near Towcester, and in 1790 was presented to the vicarage of Potterspury in Northamptonshire. Admitted fellow of the Royal Society in 1796, he gained the Copley medal in 1798 by his ‘improved solution of a problem in physical astronomy, by which swiftly converging series are obtained which are useful in computing the perturbations of the motions of the Earth, Mars, and Venus by their mutual attractions.’ Other important papers by Hellins, which appeared in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ were ‘Two Theorems for computing Logarithms,’ 1780; ‘New Method of finding the Equal Roots of an Equation by Division,’ 1782; ‘Dr. Halley's Method of computing the Quadrature of the Circle improved,’ 1794; ‘Of Rectification,’ &c., 1802.

In 1787 Hellins revised Fenning's ‘Young Algebraist's Companion,’ and in 1788 issued ‘Mathematical Essays containing new Improvements and Discoveries,’ London, 4to; and in 1791 wrote two of the tracts in Maseres' ‘Scriptores Logarithmici.’ From 1795 to 1814 he wrote a series of mathematical articles in the ‘British Critic,’ e.g. on Wales's ‘Method of finding the Longitude,’ vi. 413; Agnesi's ‘Analytical Institutions,’ xxiii. 143, xxiv. 653, xxv. 141; Keith's ‘Trigonometry,’ xxxi. 489; Baily's ‘Doctrine of Interest and Annuities,’ xxxviii. 622, xliii. 502. In 1800 Hellins graduated B.D. at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1806, when Windham, the minister of war, was projecting his new military system, Hellins furnished all the calculations and tables on which it was based. Hellins died in March 1827, and was buried 9 April. On 10 Nov. 1794 he married Miss Anne Brock of North Tawton, Devonshire, and by her he left one son.

HELLOWES, EDWARD (fl. 1574–1600), translator, may have belonged to the family of Hallowes of Dethick and afterwards of Glapwell, Derbyshire (cf. Notes and Queries, 7th ser. ii. 485). He dedicated his earliest translation to Sir Henry Lee, master of the leash in Queen Elizabeth's household, who may perhaps be identical with Sir Henry Leigh of Egginton, high sheriff of Derbyshire in 1612. Hellowes certainly served as groom of the leash under Sir Henry Lee or Leigh as early as 1574 (see title-page of No. 1 below). Resigning that office in January 1597, he became groom of the chamber in the royal household, and on 27 Jan. 1599–1600 received a pension of 12s. a day for life (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1595–7 p. 353, 1598–1601 p. 387). He translated three works from the Spanish of Guevara, and all were published in London by Ralph Newberrie. Their titles run:
 * 1) ‘Familiar Epistles of Sir Anthonie of Gueuara,’ 1574, 1577, and 1584; dedicated to Sir Henry Lee.
 * 2) ‘A Chronicle conteyning the liues of tenne Emperoures of Rome,’ 1577; dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. 3. ‘A Booke of the Inuention of the Arte of Navigation,’ 1578; dedicated to Lord Charles Howard of Effingham.

HELMES, THOMAS (d. 1616), catholic priest. [See .]

HELMORE, THOMAS (1811–1890), writer on music and composer, born at Kidderminster on 7 May 1811, son of a dissenting minister, was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford (B.A. 1840, M.A. 1845). He served for two years as curate in the parish of St. Michael, Lichfield, and in 1840 was appointed to a priest-vicar's stall in Lichfield Cathedral. In 1842 he became vice-principal, and in 1846 precentor of St. Mark's College, Chelsea. In the latter year he succeeded William Hawes as master of the choristers of the Chapel Royal, St. James's, of which in 1847 he was admitted one of the priests-in-ordinary. He was presented by the crown in 1872 to the rectory of Beverstone, Gloucestershire, but he resigned it immediately after his appointment. In 1877 he received a retiring pension from the National Society, after thirty-five years' service as clerical precentor of St. Mark's College, Chelsea. He died at his residence in St. George's Square, London, on 6 July 1890.


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H one Richard Weston, who was clearly employed by Overbury's enemies to administer slow poisons to him. Helwys soon accidentally discovered Weston with a suspicious glass in his hand; learned that its contents were poisonous; flung them away, and hotly rebuked Weston, terrifying him ‘with God's judgments.’ He directed that none but an apothecary who had been previously in attendance on Overbury should supply him with drugs. Meanwhile Helwys was corresponding with Lady Frances and her relatives. The lady sent him tarts and jellies to be given to Overbury, and in one communication warned Helwys that the food contained ‘letters.’ Helwys afterwards avowed that by ‘letters’ he and the countess understood ‘poison;’ but he emphatically asserted, with every appearance of truth, that none of the suspected dishes ever reached Overbury's table (cf., Hist. ii. 183 n.) Mayerne, a physician above suspicion, was, it should be remembered, Overbury's chief medical adviser. Weston, however, apparently without Mayerne's knowledge, arranged with a disreputable apothecary named James Franklin to supply the patient with medicine, and Overbury, whose health had long been very bad, gradually sank. He died at seven o'clock on the morning of Wednesday, 15 Sept. 1613. Helwys at once sent the news to Northampton, who at first suggested that the body should be delivered to Overbury's friends, but its decaying condition led Helwys, before receiving any reply from Northampton, to hold an inquest, with a jury of prisoners and warders in the Tower. A verdict of death from natural causes was returned, and the corpse was buried in the Tower precincts at three or four o'clock in the afternoon of the day of death (cf., pp. 171 sq.; , Memorials, iii. 481–2). At the time Overbury's death excited little public notice.

Early in 1615 Helwys conducted the cruel torture of Edmund Peacham [q. v.] by means of manacles, and he was in frequent controversy with the corporation of London respecting their rights over the Tower precincts and environs (Remembrancia, p. 82). In July 1615 ‘there were whisperings that Sir Thomas Overbury's death would be called in question.’ A boy formerly in the employment of the apothecary Franklin was said to have confessed, while sick, at Flushing, that a clyster had been wilfully applied to Overbury with fatal effect.

A month later Secretary Winwood and Helwys were both guests at the Earl of Shrewsbury's dinner-table. Winwood, who had learned the boy's story and taken it seriously, declined an introduction to Helwys on the ground that his reputation was blackened by the rumours regarding Overbury's death. Helwys heard the remark, and privately informed Winwood that the death was suspicious, but that he knew little about it. By direction of the king, to whom Winwood at once carried the conversation, Helwys drew up a statement, dated 16 Sept. 1615, in which he admitted his early suspicions of Weston, but insisted that he had dissuaded him, as he believed effectually, from pursuing his evil design, and that he knew nothing of any other agents employed. On 1 Oct. Weston, under examination by Coke, told how emissaries from the Earl and Countess of Somerset had sought to corrupt him, and Helwys, together with all the persons implicated, was arrested. His place at the Tower was taken by Sir George More. Helwys was frequently examined, but did not directly incriminate himself. His evidence, however, was subsequently used against the Earl and Countess of Somerset, and Northampton, who had died 15 June 1614, was seriously compromised by his testimony. At his trial before Coke and a jury on 18 Nov. 1615, Helwys protested with dignity against Coke's harsh usage of him, and solemnly reasserted his ignorance of the plot against Overbury's life. But Coke produced a confession which he had received that morning from the apothecary Franklin. Franklin testified that he had seen a letter from Helwys to the Countess of Somerset, in which Helwys wrote of Overbury: ‘This scab is like the fox, who the more he is cursed the better he fareth.’ At these words Helwys is said to have changed colour; the jury returned a verdict of guilty, and he was condemned to death (cf. Court and Times of James I, i. 377 sq.). The incriminating letter was not produced nor legally proved, and there was no evidence that Helwys was more than technically an accessory before the fact. When his suspicions were aroused he seems, as far as his weak will permitted, to have taken steps for the safety of his prisoner, but was outwitted by his desperate associates. The trial was conducted with inhuman indifference to the rights of an accused person. On 20 Nov. Helwys was hanged on Tower Hill instead of at Tyburn by his special request. Dr. Whiting and Dr. Felton attended him to the scaffold. He heaped reproaches on himself, confessed the justice of his sentence, and recited a prayer of his own composition. But he refrained from confessing any direct hand in the murder. ‘The effect … of his speech’ and a ballad on his execution were entered on the ‘Stationers' Registers,’ 19 Dec. 1615 (ed. Arber, iii. 580). R. Niccols, in his


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 An. ii. 5 ; Strab. xiv. p. 672; Athen. viii. p. 335, f., xii. pp. 529, e, 530, b.)

 ANADYO'MENE (🇬🇷), the goddess rising out of the sea, a surname given to Aphrodite, in allusion to the story of her being born from the foam of the sea. This surname had not much celebrity previous to the time of Apelles, but his famous painting of Aphrodite Anadyomene, in which the goddess was represented as rising from the sea and drying her hair with her hands, at once drew great attention to this poetical idea, and excited the emulation of other artists, painters as well as sculptors. The painting of Apelles was made for the inhabitants of the island of Cos, who set it up in their temple of Asclepius. Its beauty induced Augustus to have it removed to Rome, and the Coans were indemnified by a reduction in their taxes of 100 talents. In the time of Nero the greater part of the picture had become effaced, and it was replaced by the work of another artist. (Strab. xiv. p.657; Plin. H. N. xxxv. 36. §§ 12. and 15; Auson. Ep. 106; Paus. ii. 1. § 7.)

 ANAEA {'Avala), an Amazon, from whom the town of Anaea in Caria derived its name. (Steph. Bvz, s.v. ; Eustath. adDionys. Verieg. ^28.) [L. S.]

 ANAGALLIS. []

 ANAGNOSTES, JOANNES ('Ift«£«/iajs 'Ara- •yv(L(TTT]s, wrote an account of the storming of his native city, Thessalonica, by the Turks under Amurath II. (a. d. 1430), to which is added a " Monodia," or Lamentation for the event, in prose. Tiie work is printed, in Greek and Latin, in the 2wu;u«KTo of Leo AUatius, Rom. 1653, 8vo,, pp. 318 — 380. The author was present at the siege, after which he left the city, but was induced to return to it by the promises of the conqueror, who two years afterwards deprived him of all his pro- perty. (Hanekius, de Hist. Ihjz. Script, i. 38, p. 636 ; Wharton, Supp to Cave, Hist. Lit. ii. p. 130.) [P. S.]

 ANAI'TIS ('Ai/atrjs), an Asiatic divinity, •whose name appears in various modifications, some- times written Anaea (Strab. xvi. p. 738), some- times Aneitis (Plut. Artcur. 27), sometimes Tanais (Clem. Alex. Protrept. p. 43), or Nanaea. (Maccab. ii. 1, 13.) Her worship was spread over several parts of Asia, such as Armenia, Cappadoci.a, Assy- ria, Persis, &c. (Strab. xi. p. 512, xii. p. 559. xv. p. 733.) In most places where she was worship- })ed we find numerous slaves {ifpo^ovKoi) of both sexes consecrated to her, and in Acilisene these slaves were taken from the most distinguished families. The female slaves prostituted them- selves for a number of years before they married. These priests seem to have been in the enjoyment of the sacred land connected with her temples, and we find mention of sacred cows also being kept at such temples. (Plut. Luadl. 24.) From this and other circumstances it has been inferred, that the worship of Anaitis was a branch of the Indian worship of nature. It seems, at any rate, clear that it was a part of the worship so common among the Asiatics, of the creative powers of nature, both male and female. The Greek writers sometimes identify Anaitis with their Artemis (Paus. iii. 16. § 6 ; Plut. I. c), and sometimes with their Aphro- dite. (Clem. Alex. I. c. Agathias, i. 2 ; Ammian. Marc, xxiii. 3 ; Spartian. Curac. 7 ; comp. Creuzer, Spnbol. ii. p. 22, &c.) [L. S.]

 ANA'NIUS {'Ai'dvios), a Greek iambic poet, contemporary with Hipponax (about 540 B. c.) The invention of the satyric iambic verse called Scazon is ascribed to him as well as to Hipponax. (Hephaest. p. 30, 11, Gaisf.) Some fragments of Ananius are preserved by Athenaeus (pp. 78, 282, 370), and all that is known of him has been col- lected by Welcker. {Hipponactis et Ananii lambo- graphorum Fragmenta, p. 109, &c.) [P. S.]

 ANAPHAS ('Aj/a^as), was said to have been one of the seven who slew the Magi in B. c. 521, and to have been lineally descended from Atossa, the sister of Cambyses, who was the father of the great Cyrus. The Cappadocian kings traced their origin to Anaphas, who received the government of Cappadocia, free from taxes. Anaphas was suc- ceeded by his son of the same name, and the latter by Datames. (Diod. xxxi. Ed. 3.)

ANASTA'SIA, a noble Roman lady, who suffered martyrdom in the Diocletian persecution. (a. d. 303.) Two letters written by her in prison are extant in Suidas, s. v. xP^f^^yovos. [P. S.]

ANASTA'SIUS {' Auaardaios), the author of a Latin epigram of eighteen lines .addressed to a certain Armatus, "De Ratione Victus Salutaria post Incisam Venam et Emissum Sanguinem," which is to be found in several editions of the Regimen SanitcdisSalcrnitanum. (e.(/. Antverp. 1557, 12mo.) The life and date of the author are quite unknown, but he was probfvbly a late writer, and is therefore not to be confounded with a Greek physician of the same n;mie, whose remedy for the gout, which was to be taken during a whole year, is quoted with approbation by Aetius (tetrab. iii. serm. iv. 47, p. 609), and who must therefore have lived some time during or before the fifth century after Christ. [W. A. G.]

ANASTA'SIUS I. II., patriarchs of Antioch. [Anastasius Sinaita.]

ANASTA'SIUS I. ( 'Amo-Tdcrtos ), emperor of Constantinople, sumamed Dicorus (At/co-pos) on account of the different colour of his eye- balls, was born about 430 A. D., at Dyrra- chium in Epeirus. He was descended from an unknown family, and we are acquainted with only a few circumstances concerning his life pre- viously to his accession. We know, however, that he was a zealous Eutychian, that he was not married, and that he served in the imperial life-guard of the Silentiarii, which was the cause of his being generally called Anastasius Silentiarius. The emperor Zeno, the Isaurian, having died in 491 without male issue, it was generally believed that his brother Longinus would succeed him ; but in consequence of an intrigue carried on during some time, as it seems, between Anastasius and the empress Ariadne, Anastasius was proclaimed emperor. Shortly afterwards he married Ariadne, but it does not appear that he had had an adulterous intercourse with her during the life of her husband. When Anastasius ascended the throne of the Eastern empire he was a man of at least sixty, but though, notwithstanding his advanced age, he evinced uncommon energy, his reign is one of the most deplorable periods of Byzantine history, disturbed as it was by foreign and intestine Avars and by the still greater calamity of religious troubles. Immediately after his accession, Longinus, the brother of Zeno, Longinus Magister Officiorum, and Longinus Selinuntius, rose against him, and being all natives of Isauria, where they had great influence, they made this province the centre of their operations against the imperial troops. This


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12 Bunsen burner, manifesting that the "Scientific laboratory" mentioned in the prospectus was no idle boast.

This prospectus, which was in dignified but incorrect English, laid particular stress on the sound preparation for a commercial career given in the Academy, but the army, navy and civil service were glanced at in an ambiguous sentence. There was something vague in the prospectus about "examinational successes"—though Woodrow, of course, disapproved of "cram"—and a declaration that the curriculum included "art," "modern foreign languages" and "a sound technical and scientific training." Then came insistence upon the "moral well-being" of the pupils, and an emphatic boast of the excellence of the religious instruction, "so often neglected nowadays even in schools of wide repute." "That's bound to fetch 'em," Mr. Woodrow had remarked when he drew up the prospectus. And in conjunction with the mortarboards it certainly did. Attention was directed to the "motherly" care of Mrs. Woodrow—in reality a small partially effaced woman with a plaintive face and a mind above cookery; and the prospectus concluded with a phrase intentionally vague, "Fare unrestricted, and our own milk and produce."

The memories Kipps carried from that school into after life were set in an atmosphere of stuffiness and mental muddle; and included countless pictures of sitting on creaking forms bored and idle, of blot licking and the taste of ink, of torn books with covers that set one's teeth on edge, of the slimy surface of the

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Rh 8 June 1751 he married Christiana, daughter of Abraham Nixon of Money, co. Wicklow, niece and heiress of Richard Hutchinson, esq., of Knocklofty, co. Tipperary, whose name he thereupon adopted. In 1759 he entered parliament as member for the borough of Lanesborough; but after the dissolution on the death of George II he disposed of his seat, and from 1761 to 1790 sat as member for the city of Cork. According to Dr. Duigenan he began his political career as ‘a violent and obstreperous patriot;’ but after ‘patriotising for a session or two’ he was taken into the service of the administration, created a privy councillor, and rewarded with the post of prime serjeant-at-law. He proved a valuable acquisition to government, and for his conduct in the matter of the Pensions Inquiry Bill, the Embargo Bill, and the Army Augmentation Bill he obtained the sinecure place of alnager with a salary of 1,000l. a year, together with a reversionary grant of the principal secretaryship of state, to which he succeeded in 1777, and a commission, which he subsequently sold for 3,000l., of major in a cavalry regiment. His unblushing venality and subservience to government aroused the indignation of the ‘patriots,’ and especially of Flood, who declared that he had received more for ruining one kingdom than Admiral Hawke had received for saving three (see the Letters of Philadelphus in Baratariana, where Hely-Hutchinson figures as Sergeant Rufinus). On the death of Dr. Francis Andrews in June 1774 he was appointed provost of Trinity College. The appointment, for which he was academically unqualified, and which was the result of an unworthy intrigue with the secretary of state, Sir John Blaquiere, outraged university sentiment. The ‘Freeman's Journal’ teemed with letters criticising the appointment and unmercifully lampooning the new provost, the ‘Potosi of erudition’ as he was ironically styled. The most notable of these letters, which appear chiefly to have emanated from the pen of Dr. Duigenan, were afterwards published separately under the name of ‘Pranceriana,’ a title derived from what was regarded as a ludicrous attempt on the part of the provost, alias Jack Prancer, to establish a dancing and fencing school in the college in imitation of the university of Oxford. One of the first acts of the new provost was an attempt to convert the representation of the university into a pocket borough for the benefit of his own family. The attempt failed, but it caused much unpleasantness, and resulted in a disgraceful duel between Hely-Hutchinson and a Mr. Doyle, who had offered himself as a candidate in opposition to the provost's eldest son Richard, the future Lord Donoughmore. Meeting his most rancorous enemy, Duigenan, who professed to have been personally injured by Hely-Hutchinson's appointment as provost, one day in the precincts of the Four Courts, Duigenan is said to have threatened to ‘bulge his eye,’ and when Hely-Hutchinson, disdaining to have anything to do with Duigenan, called upon Philip Tisdall, the attorney-general, to answer for his follower's insolence, Tisdall immediately applied for an information in the king's bench against Hely-Hutchinson, which would certainly have been granted had not Tisdall died in the meantime. Tisdall's death rendered vacant one of the seats for the university, and by a considerable stretch of his authority as returning officer Hely-Hutchinson managed to secure the election of his son, who was, however, unseated on an election petition. A similar charge of misusing his powers as returning officer was preferred against him on the election of his son Francis in 1790. The case was heard before a select committee of the Irish House of Commons, and Hely-Hutchinson was acquitted by a majority of one (Report of the Proceedings in the Case of the Borough of Trinity College, Dublin, as heard before a Select Committee of the House of Commons, Ireland, 1791). In 1777, while the former petition was still pending, Duigenan seized the opportunity to publish his ‘Lachrymæ Academicæ,’ an elaborate and envenomed indictment of Hely-Hutchinson in his capacity as provost of the college. The book was censured by the board, and when Duigenan treated the censure with contempt, proceedings were instituted against him for libel. But after lasting fifteen days Judge Robinson finally dismissed the case, declaring he ‘left the school to its own correctors.’

There was considerable truth in Duigenan's allegations; but it is certain that Hely-Hutchinson was a very efficient provost, and that it was to his exertions chiefly that the college owed its modern languages professorships. He could hardly claim to be a scholar, but he was an able and intelligent man, and the ‘Commercial Restraints,’ if not altogether faultless in style, is a work of considerable merit and historical value. In its original form the ‘Commercial Restraints of Ireland’ consisted of a series of letters addressed to the lord-lieutenant, Lord Buckinghamshire, on the commercial distress of Ireland, reviewing the chief causes of it and suggesting means for its alleviation. It was published anonymously in 1779, and its doctrines being regarded as seditious it was ordered to be burnt by the common hangman. On the other hand it was received with unstinted


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 praise by the advocates of free trade, and did much to remove from the public mind the recollection of Hely-Hutchinson's political subserviency. During the free trade debates in parliament he consistently upheld the same doctrines, though not unwilling, it was suspected (Beresford Correspondence, i. 65), to alter his views on condition of certain ‘additional advantages for his family.’ He supported the claim of independence, and warmly advocated an extension of political liberty to the Roman catholics. On the question of the commercial propositions (1785) he supported the government, and being censured by his constituents he defended his conduct in ‘A Letter from the Secretary of State to the Mayor of Cork.’ On the question of the regency, however, he supported the opposition, and one of the last votes he gave was in favour of parliamentary reform. In 1790 he was elected for the borough of Taghmon, co. Wexford, and continued to represent it till his death. He died at Buxton, whither he had gone for the sake of his health, on 4 Sept. 1794.

Hely-Hutchinson was a man of considerable practical ability, and possessed many public and private virtues, numbering among his intimate friends some of the most eminent men of his time, notably Edmund Burke, Lord Perry, and William Gerard Hamilton; but his political career was throughout vitiated by an intense and inordinate desire to aggrandise his family. In the House of Commons he was much esteemed as a ready debater and a master of polished sarcasm. He was an admirer of the drama, and in his youth had lived on terms of intimacy with Quin, who did much to improve his elocution. He accepted a peerage for his wife in 1785, who was accordingly created Baroness Donoughmore. By her he had issue six sons, namely,, first earl of Donoughmore [q. v.];, lord Hutchinson, and second earl of Donoughmore [q. v.]; Francis, M.P. for Dublin University; Augustus Abraham; [q. v.], M.P. for the city of Cork; Lorenzo, and four daughters.

HELY-HUTCHINSON, JOHN,, afterwards second (1757–1832), general, second son of  (1724–1794) [q. v.], was born on 15 May 1757. He was educated at Eton, where Dean Bond was his tutor, and at Trinity College, Dublin. In May 1774 he was appointed cornet in the old 18th light dragoons, or Drogheda light horse. He obtained his company in the 67th foot, then in Ireland, in October 1776, and in 1781 was appointed major. In 1783 he became lieutenant-colonel in the 77th Athole highlanders, a very fine corps of highlanders raised on the Athole estates in 1778, which served some years in Ireland, and mutinied at Portsmouth when ordered to embark for India early in 1783. It was disbanded at Berwick-on-Tweed soon after (see, Scottish Highlanders, ii. 165–9 and lxxxi). Hutchinson remained on half-pay for the next eleven years, studied tactics at Strasburg, and when the French revolutionary armies took the field, gained access to their camps. He was in the French camp when La Fayette was forced to fly from his troops in August 1792. Hutchinson afterwards visited the opposing armies under the Duke of Brunswick, then near the French frontier, and subsequently joined the Duke of York's army before Valenciennes as a volunteer in 1793, and was some time employed as extra aide-de-camp to Sir Ralph Abercromby. Hutchinson's elder brother, Richard, afterwards first Earl of Donoughmore, having raised two regiments, known as the 94th and 112th foot, Hutchinson was appointed colonel of the 94th in 1794, and commanded the regiment (one of several which have consecutively borne the same number) until it was drafted into other corps the year after. He became a major-general 3 May 1796, and was appointed to the Irish staff. He was in command at Castlebar when one thousand French under Humbert landed in Killala Bay in August 1798. With fifteen hundred men, mostly fencibles and (disaffected) Irish militia, he had taken up a position in front of the town, when General Lake arrived, and assumed command at midnight on 29 Aug. On the approach of the enemy next morning most of the troops fled headlong, leaving six guns behind them. One party of cavalry is said to have galloped thirty miles before drawing rein. Hutchinson's account of the disgraceful affair will be found in Ross's ‘Cornwallis Correspondence’ (vol. ii. et seq.) Cornwallis, who was commander-in-chief as well as lord-lieutenant, appears to have blamed Hutchinson for his misplaced confidence in untried and untrustworthy troops before Lake's ar-


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Rh rival (ib. ii. 411), and spoke of Hutchinson afterwards as ‘a sensible man, but no general’ (ib. iii. 360). Hutchinson retained his command. He sat for Lanesborough, co. Longford, in the Irish parliament of 1776–83, and for Cork city in the parliament of 1790–7 and 1798–1800. Cornwallis names him as one who spoke and voted in favour of the union in the great debate in the Irish House of Commons on 22 Jan. 1799, when the government was defeated (ib. iii. 43). On 5 Aug. 1799 he was appointed colonel-commandant of a newly raised second battalion 40th foot, Lord Craven being his lieutenant-colonel. As a volunteer Hutchinson accompanied Sir Ralph Abercromby to the Texel with the advance of the Duke of York's army, in August 1799, and when Lord Craven was disabled by the kick of a horse on going into action on 6 Oct., he took charge of Craven's brigade, and was severely wounded at its head by a rifle-ball in the thigh during the hard fighting round Alkmaar. He went out to the Mediterranean with Abercromby and Moore in the Seahorse frigate, arriving at Minorca in June 1800. He was with Abercromby at Leghorn and Genoa, and was appointed to command the right wing (ten thousand men) of the army of debarkation in the projected demonstration against Cadiz, which was abandoned on account of the pestilence raging in the city. The troops returned to Malta. Hutchinson as well as Abercromby was consulted by the government as to a descent on Egypt, and both regarded it as hazardous. In December 1800 Hutchinson was appointed to command the first division of Abercromby's army, which after many delays landed in Egypt, 10 March 1801. By seniority he succeeded to the command of the army on the fall of Abercromby in the great battle before Alexandria, 21 March 1801. For his services he received the thanks of parliament, and was made knight of the Bath. His generals appear to have had no confidence in him at first; and Sir Henry Edward Bunbury [q. v.] speaks of a cabal, little short of mutiny, formed by officers ‘of the highest rank’ for the purpose of virtually if not absolutely depriving Hutchinson of the chief command. They invited Coote and Moore to join them, and were foiled in their mad design chiefly by the uncompromising attitude of Moore (, Narrative of Certain Passages in the late War, p. 128). Bunbury's description of Hutchinson partly explains his unpopularity. ‘He was 44 years of age, but looked much older, with harsh features jaundiced by disease, extreme short-sightedness, a stooping body and a slouching gait, and an utter neglect of his dress.’ He shunned, Bunbury continues, ‘general society, was indolent, with an ungracious manner and a violent temper.’ Yet he was a good scholar, while ‘on military subjects his views were large, and his personal bravery was unquestioned’ (ib. p. 129). Hutchinson's movements at first were slow and cautious, but when his plans were formed he carried them out with great sagacity and success. A small force, detached under Colonel Brent Spencer, having seized Rosetta, and leaving a force under Eyre Coote (1762–1824) [q. v.] to blockade the French garrison of Alexandria (which he did not feel strong enough to attack) on the land side, Hutchinson started from his camp near Alexandria on 7 May 1801 to march to Cairo, with the double object of meeting Baird's force, which was known to be on its way from India, and preventing any serious attack by the French in Upper Egypt on the Turkish army advancing from Syria. This movement enabled him to separate the French garrisons of Alexandria and Cairo, each of them stronger than his own available force, and to deal with each in detail. On 21 June 1801 he arrived with his 4,500 British troops at Ghizeh, opposite Cairo, the grand vizier with a disorderly rabble of twenty-five thousand Turks taking up a position on the opposite bank, within cannon-shot of the city, at the same time. The next day the French garrison of ten thousand men under General Belliard capitulated on honourable terms. They were sent down the Nile, a British force under Moore keeping between them and the Turks, for embarkation for France. Hutchinson, who was detained for a while at Ghizeh by illness, then returned to Alexandria, and, sending Eyre Coote across the inundation of Lake Mareotis to attack the city from the westward, began to prosecute the siege with vigour. Menou, who commanded in Alexandria, at first refused to acknowledge the surrender of Cairo, but on 27 Aug. 1801 proposals were sent out for a three days' armistice, and on 2 Sept. 1801 Alexandria surrendered. Hutchinson, desirous of saving bloodshed, knowing that peace negotiations were in progress in Europe, and that it was of the highest importance that the British should remain in undisturbed possession of the country, agreed to terms nearly similar to those granted at Cairo. With an honourable regard to the claims of science he also agreed to except from the capitulation the collections of the French savants, which eventually formed the Musée de l'Egypte. Before the middle of October the last French soldier left the country, and Hutchinson, after dealing vigorously with an attempted act of treachery on the part of the Turkish authorities towards the Mame-


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Rh HEMING, EDMUND (fl. 1695), projector, who lived ‘near the Still-yard in Thames Street,’ obtained letters patent about 1684 conveying to him for a term of five years the exclusive right of lighting London. He undertook for a moderate consideration to place a light before every tenth door on moonless nights from Michaelmas to Lady day. He also announced his readiness to supply lights in houses, stables, yards, mines, or for coaches or horses ‘that travel late at night,’ offering at the same time to depict coats of arms or ‘any other fancy’ on the lights ‘in a very curious manner.’ His scheme met with opposition. He was especially harassed by one Vernatti, ‘who set up the glass lights in Cornhill,’ and by certain of the city companies, who feared that his project would prove destructive to their particular trades. The lord mayor and court of aldermen after many hearings issued a precept recommending the ‘new lights’ to all the wardmotes and gentlemen of the quests in London. Fearing that his servants might be corrupted by his enemies, Heming looked after his lights himself at midnight, and again at four or five o'clock in the morning, and became in consequence seriously ill. In 1686 want of funds obliged him to take partners, who, as he relates in a printed ‘Case’ (1689), brought him to the verge of bankruptcy by pirating his invention and refusing to contribute their full share of expenses. Heming laid before the House of Commons, in December 1695, printed proposals for raising eight millions of money by imposing a duty on beds at twopence per week each bed for four years and a half (, Brief Historical Relation, iii. 563). The absurdity of the scheme was pointed out in some anonymous ‘Objections’ published in the same year.

 HEMING or HEMMINGE, JOHN (d. 1630), actor, and one of the two editors of the first folio edition of Shakespeare's plays, is supposed by Malone to have been born about 1556 at Shottery, near Stratford-on-Avon. These conjectures rest on the fact that two families of the name of Heming, both of them owning a John, lived in Shottery early in the reign of Elizabeth, and on the application to Hemminge of the term ‘old’ by Ben Jonson in his masque of ‘Christmas,’ presented at court in 1616 (, Works, ed. 1816, vii. 277). Jonson speaks of Heming as if he exercised quasi-managerial functions, probably those of treasurer, in connection with the king's company (known before James's reign as the lord chamberlain's men). A council warrant, dated 2 Oct. 1599, directed the payment of 30l. (of which 10l. was an additional douceur) to Heming and Pope ‘for three interludes or playes played before her Matie on St. Stephens daye at night, New-years daye at night, and Shroutewsday at night last past’ (Extracts from Accounts of Court Revels, Shakesp. Soc., ed. Cunningham, p. xxxii). A similar sum was paid to John Hemynges and Richard Cowley, 31 March 1601(–2), and entries of the kind continue until 1618. That his duties were largely financial may be gathered, too, from the fact that he is associated with comparatively few characters. Malone states that in a tract, the name of which he had forgotten, Heming ‘is said to have been the original performer of Falstaff.’ John Roberts, in ‘An Answer to Mr. Pope's preface to Shakespeare. By a Strolling Player,’ 1729, says that he was a tragedian, and that in conjunction with Condell he followed the business of printing, statements of which there is no confirmation. In his will he describes himself a citizen and grocer of London. Heming played in the ‘First Part of King Henry IV,’ and in many plays of Ben Jonson, including ‘Every Man in his Humour,’ ‘Every Man out of his Humour,’ ‘Sejanus,’ ‘Volpone,’ and ‘The Alchemist.’ An uncomplimentary allusion to him in a ‘Sonnett upon the pittiful burning of the Globe Playhouse in London’ in 1613 casts some doubt upon his histrionic capacity. Two lines of the sonnet run:— Then with swolne eyes, like druncken Flemminges, Distressed stood old stuttering Heminges (, Outlines of the Life of Shakespeare, i. 285, ed. 1886).

Before Elizabeth's death Heming was principal proprietor of the Globe playhouse. In the new license granted by James I to the players then known as the king's company, 17 May 1603, the name of ‘John Henninges’ stands fifth, Shakespeare and Burbage standing respectively second and third, while Condell stands sixth (ib. ii. 82). In a second authentic patent, dated 27 March 1619, his name stands first. A statement that he, together with Burbage, was summoned on 15 March 1615 before the privy council, in his capacity of leader and representative of the company, for having disobeyed the injunction of the lord chamberlain by playing in Lent, seems to rest on the testimony of Collier. He was for many years before 1616 closely associated with Shakespeare, who bequeathed ‘to my fellowes, John Hemynges, Richard


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 (Plate III., fig. 68), or from behind the western apse, where the relative grouping with the great apses can be properly appreciated. A second well-known work by Michelangelo is the new sacristy of the church of San Lorenzo, Florence (1523–1529), designed to contain the monuments of Giuliano and Lorenzo de’ Medici, the architectural design of which is poor.

Antonio di Sangallo was the architect of the church of San Biagio at Montepulciano (1518), with a cruciform plan, and dome in the centre, and a campanile at the south-west angle somewhat similar to those of Wren in London.

The church of Santa Maria-di-Carignano (1552) at Genoa, by Galeazzo Alessi, is finely situated but unsatisfactory in its design, the lower part being stunted in its proportions and its order to a different scale from that in the campanile towers and the dome. The most beautiful interior is that of the Annunziata in the same town, by Giacomo della Porta (1587); the arches of its nave arcade are carried on Corinthian columns of marble, of fine proportion, and the nave is covered with a barrel vault with penetrations admitting the light from clerestory windows. The churches of San Giorgio Maggiore (1556–1579), San Francesco della Vigna (1562), and Il Redentore (1577), all in Venice, were designed by Palladio, the interior of the latter being the finest; the façade of the first named is the best-proportioned, but whether its design is due to Palladio, or to Scamozzi, who built it in 1610, is not known. A far finer church in its picturesque grouping and the originality of its design is that of Santa Maria della Salute on the Grand Canal (1631), by Baldassare Longhena; the church is octagonal on plan, with aisles round, giving access to six recesses with altars and to an important eastern chapel with central dome. The central octagon is covered with a lofty dome with immense corbel buttresses of vigorous and fine design. The entrance portal of the west front is perhaps the best example of the period in Italy. Longhena also designed the Santa Maria degli Scalzi (1680), completed by Sardi in 1689, the latter being responsible for the heavy front of San Salvatore (1663), as also of the rich but somewhat debased church, in the Jesuit style, Santa Maria Zobenigo (1680–1683).

Secular Architecture.—In the application of the leading features of classical architectural design to palaces and mansions, the Italians had a much easier field on which to exercise their originality, as the requirements were very different from those which obtained in the middle ages. Moreover, the classic style lent itself more readily to the horizontal lines given by string courses, cornices and ranges of windows, which naturally exist in dwelling-houses on account of the various storeys. As in ecclesiastical, so in secular architecture, the first introduction of the Revival takes place in Florence, which was then the principal art centre of Italy, and the earliest examples are in a sense transitional, in that they are based on the earlier medieval work. As in the Palazzo Vecchio (1298) in Florence, and the Ricciarelli palace at Volterra (c. 1320), the rusticated masonry which gives them so fine a character forms the chief characteristic of the Riccardi and Strozzi palaces, the only changes being the substitution of a classic cornice of considerable projection in the place of the machicolations of the Palazzo Vecchio, and the employment of circular arches in the windows in the place of the pointed and curved arches.

The earliest example, the Riccardi palace (1430), by Michelozzo (fig. 52), built for Cosimo de’ Medici, is certainly the finest, owing partly to its size but more especially to the magnificent bossed and rusticated masonry of the ground storey and the bold projecting cornice, which crowns so admirably the whole structure. The lower two storeys of the main front of the Pitti palace were built by Brunelleschi in 1435, the return wings and court not being carried out till after 1550 from the designs of Ammanati; compared with the other Tuscan palaces the cornice is extremely poor and the whole front too monotonous. The beautiful court of the Palazzo Vecchio was reconstructed and decorated by Michelozzo in 1434. The Strozzi palace (1489), by Benedetto da Maiano and S. Pollajuolo, (Cronaca), comes next to the Riccardi as regards general design, but in comparison with it the windows are too small, and the want of a much bolder rustication, as provided in the latter, is much felt. Other examples of the same type are the Gondi (1481) and the Antinori palaces, by G. di Sangallo, and the Casa Larderel, all in Florence; the Spanochi (1470) and the Piccolomini (1460) palaces in Siena, and the Piccolomini palace (1490) in Pienza. In the Guadagni palace at Florence, by S. Pollajuolo, there is a third storey, consisting of an open gallery, which gives the depth of shadow otherwise afforded by the projecting cornice. In the Ruccellai palace (1460), by Alberti, the design is spoilt by the introduction of the classic pilasters at regular intervals on each storey, which suggest no structural object and have too little projection to give any effect of light and shade, so that it is only on account of the purity of their details that they are worth notice. The Pandolphini palace, the design of which is attributed to Raphael, carried out after his death by Sangallo, is a simple and unpretentious building of fine proportions: the Pall Mall façade of Sir Charles Barry’s Travellers’ Club in London is a reproduction of this palace. The Bartolini palace (1520), by Baccio d’ Agnolo, is said to have been the first astylar example in which the Classic orders were employed only to decorate the entrance door and windows, but this had already been done in 1488 in the Scuola di San Marco in Venice.

Throughout the greater part of the 15th century, the Venetian Gothic style still held its own in the palaces of Venice, so that it is only towards the close of the century we find the first actual results of the Classic Revival. The earlier palaces may be looked upon as transitional work, in which Gothic principles rule the design while the details are borrowed from classic sources. The intimate acquaintance with the proportions of the Classic orders and their ornamental detail shows that the designers of the earliest Renaissance palaces must have acquired their knowledge outside Venice. Among these designers we find the names of members of the Lombardi family (which, as the name suggests, come from Lombardy), who for three or four generations, either as architects or sculptors, would seem to have been the chief founders of the Renaissance style in Venice. One of these, Pietro Lombardo, has already been referred to as the designer of the church of the Miracoli, and to him is due the Vendramini-Calerghi palace on the Grand Canal (Plate IV., fig. 71), built in 1481, which in some respects is the finest example in Venice. It should be observed that all these palaces on the Grand Canal have an architectural frontage only, the flanks being built in plain masonry or brick stuccoed over, and with very poor, if any, dressings to the windows. This is well exemplified in the Vendramini palace, where there are gardens on each side, showing the total want of correlation between the rich architectural front and the poverty of the flanks.

In a still earlier example, the Dario palace, one of the flanks borders on a side canal, so that its brick construction, partly covered with stucco, contrasts strangely with the rich marbles encrusting the main front. In the Dario palace the transition from Gothic to Renaissance is more clearly seen, as the only changes made are the substitution of circular window-heads for the Ogee Venetian arch, the projecting cornice with modillions, and more or less pure classic details. In the Vendramini palace the employment of the orders, to break up or subdivide the wall surface, has become a recognized treatment, based on the theatre of Marcellus and the Colosseum at Rome. On the ground storey there are panelled pilasters only, but on the first and second storeys three-quarter detached columns of the Corinthian order are employed, and the entablature is doubled in height with a bold projecting cornice, so as to crown properly the whole building.

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 themselves at certain times before a Board of Examiners assembled on purpose, and if found duly qualified, they are passed into the Service. All medical appointments are now filled up in the same way by a medical board of examiners; but all other appointments remain subject to the old mode of nomination. The examination for medical appointments takes place at the India House in July and January; and all information respecting particulars can be got from the secretary in the military department at the India House.

Besides the professional qualifications required, young officers cannot be too careful to improve themselves in education, in the most comprehensive sense of the word. I am of opinion, that general education is too much neglected, and that cadets are too apt to be satisfied with having passed their curriculum without caring much for anything more. To write a good hand; a good essay; to be a good accountant, or a good mathematician; to play a piece of music,or paint a good picture, are no mean accomplishments. Besides, it will be very desirable to have a favourite pursuit to follow when they have nothing else to do. All officers in India may expect to be much left to themselves, to be cast entirely upon their own resources; and happiest are they who have some pleasant hobby to mount independent of the world,


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 and can take a quiet canter along the monotonous high-ways and bye-ways of tropical existence. But the possession of a hobby is not enough; they ought to be able to physic their own horses and dogs; to superintend the construction of their own houses and baggage carts; to know how to manage a farm-yard and a garden; how to cook their own dinner; brew their own ale; how to ride and how to drive how to shoot and how to sail; how to calculate their pay in vulgar and decimal fractions; and how to balance the debit and credit side of their accounts to the utmost farthing. The cadet, after having passed a creditable examination as a young soldier, may therefore find he has still a great deal to learn.

If an assistant-surgeon, he must be prepared to practice his profession in the most comprehensive sense of the word: no distinction is made between medicine and surgery. Every medical officer must act in either capacity, as circumstances demand, (which is more reasonable after all than drawing a line between two branches which cannot be separated),and perform the duty of aurist, oculist, accoucheur, chemist, and medical jurist, as occasion presents itself.

A cadet cannot enter the service before sixteen, years of age,nor after twenty-two.

An assistant-surgeon before twenty-two years, nor after twenty-eight.


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 A civilian before eighteen, nor after twenty-three.

A chaplain before being two years in orders, nor after forty.

5. PHOTOGRAPHY.—I would strongly recommend every assistant-surgeon to make himself master of photography in all its branches, on paper, on plate glass, and on metallic plates. I have practised it for many years, and know of no extra professional pursuit that will more repay him for all the expense and trouble (and both are very considerable) than this fascinating study—especially the new process by Collodion for the stereoscope. During the course of his service in India, he may make such a faithful collection of representations of man and animals, of architecture and landscape, that would be a welcome contribution to any museum. The camera should be made of good substantial mahogany, clamped with brass, made to stand extremes of heat. The flimsy, folding portable cameras, made light for Indian use, soon become useless. It is a great mistake to make things light and portable for Indian use, as if the owner himself had to carry them. Carriage for every piece of apparatus is cheap, safe, and abundant. French paper, Canson frères is the best, and does not get damaged by damp so soon as English paper.

6. MEDICAL LIST.—The present strength of the Bengal list is 414. Of these, the first 22 are


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 called senior-surgeons;the next 120, surgeons; and the remainder, assistant-surgeons. Of the senior-surgeons, the first 3 compose the medical board, and are styled physician-general, surgeon-general, and inspector-general. The next 12 are denominated superintending-surgeons,one of whom is posted to a division of the army, and to whom is intrusted the superintendence of the medical duties; the remaining senior-surgeons and the surgeons are posted to regiments and staff appointments. By far the majority of the assistant-surgeons have independent charges of their own,being qualified to hold regimental and civil stations after having been two years in India, and having passed a colloquial examination in Hindostanee.

Members of the Medical Board rank as Brigadier General.


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 Senior Surgeons as Majors. Surgeons as Captains. Assistant Surgeons as Lieutenants.

Promotion from assistant to surgeon is regulated by seniority alone. All surgeons of thirty years' standing are promoted to be senior surgeons, but the offices of superintending surgeon and member of the Board were, in 1842, declared staff appointments, to which seniority gave no claim; however, with a few exceptions, these have been filled up by seniority. It is somewhat remarkable, that promotion to the rank of senior surgeon is but an empty name, for by G. O. it "confers no claim whatever to superior allowances, and will make no change whatever in the nature of their employment." They get the rank of major at thirty years' service, but no corresponding increase of pay. In my opinion, this restriction is calculated to injure the public service most materially. An increase of pay, after having served 16 years as surgeon, was urgently called for. No surgeon can calculate upon any future increase of emolument now;and large numbers discouraged by this invidious distinction, retire from the service in the prime of life, when their skill and experience are of the greatest value to the state, and the higher duties of the profession are carried on by the aged and the infirm, or by


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 men tied to the service by large debts or large families.

7. RANK.—Previous to embarkation, the assistant-surgeon must take the oath of allegiance to the East India Company at the India House; and then he will receive a certificate of his appointment to one or other Presidency,for which he will have to pay £5. Some months after his arrival in India, he will be presented with two commissions; one signed by the Governor-General and Council, confirming him in the Company's army; the other by the Commander-in-chief, conferring upon him the same privileges in the royal army in India. The fees upon these two commissions amount to about £4.

Formerly, the rank of all Company's officers was limited to India and to the eastward of the Cape of Good Hope; but in Europe, and westward of the Cape, it was null and void, and a major, a colonel, or a general returning home, became a simple layman. Of late, this invidious anomaly was abolished, and the Company's officers are allowed to rank on the same grounds with those of the royal army all over the world. They are thus qualified for entering the royal army.

8. MEDICAL BOARD.—The highest grade in the Medical Service is the Medical Board, composed of the three senior surgeons on the list, with a


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mills, Roger Quarles

MILLS, Roger Quarles, American lawyer and politician: b. Todd County, Ky., 30 March 1832; d. 1911. He moved to Texas in 1849 and studied law; was admitted to the bar at 20, the Texan legislature removing the disability of minority; and began practice at Corsicana. In 1859 he was elected to the Texas legislature. On the outbreak of the Civil War be joined the Confederate service and fought throughout the war. In 1872 he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, serving till 1892; he was chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means, and drafted the Mills Tariff Bill, which, however failed to become a law. In 1892 he was elected to the Senate to fill an unexpired term and in 1893 was re-elected for the full term of six years.


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 secretary, who is either a surgeon or an assistant. Members of the Board are obliged to vacate office after having held their appointments five years, but superintending surgeons are not so restricted. Their duties are to superintend the whole medical department; to receive health reports; to check supplies;and to make such suggestions for the health of the army as they may think proper; in fact, their duties are almost executive. They are allowed no exercise of patronage; they may recommend medical officers to the favourable consideration of Government; but all nominations are made either by the Governor-General,the Deputy Governor, or the Commander-in-chief. Their influence in their own department is,therefore, very circumscribed, and the Board has become a refuge for the three longest livers, rather than a college of health,omnipotent over their profession.

9. SUPEEINTENDING SUEGEON.—The grade of superintending surgeon (as has been before mentioned) was,in 1842, abolished, as a step between that of surgeon and the Board. The office is considered that of a staff appointment, to which any one of any standing is eligible to be nominated. However, the twelve seniors have hitherto held office, one being attached to each division of the army. The duty of superintending surgeon is to make an annual inspection of all the hospitals in


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 his division; to collect weekly,monthly, or quarterly reports from the various medical offices; to receive and pass indents for articles wanted for the public service; to give such directions to his subordinates respecting the treatment of the sick, as he deems proper; in short, he is commanding officer on medical matters, and communicates the results to the Medical Board. But further than making temporary recommendations for the performance of duty, he is allowed no patronage.

10. SUEGEONS AND ASSISTANTS.—It is not possible to draw a distinction between the duties of surgeons and assistants, as both are for the most part independent of each other. In European regiments, every surgeon has two or three assistants under him, but by far the greater number of those enrolled as assistants hold independent charges quite as important as the surgeons. No regiment of Native Infantry has more than one surgeon or an assistant, and the duties of all civil stations are entrusted to assistants. Most civil appointments must be given up on promotion, or promotion must be given up to retain the appointment. Most staff appointments are now open to assistant-surgeons. Numerous appointments, exclusively filled by surgeons, are now filled by assistants. In fact, the greater number


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 of the prizes of the seniors have been withdrawn, and the duties assigned to the juniors on greatly reduced allowances.

11. SLOWNESS OF PROMOTION.—Of late years, in consequence of the annexation of Scinde, of the Punjaub and Pegu, large additions were made to all branches of the army, and almost every officer received substantial steps of promotion.

'Tis true that corresponding additions were made to the medical list. On one occasion twenty or thirty were added to the bottom of the list of assistant surgeons which benefitted nobody,and on another occasion, twelve were added to the bottom of the list of surgeons which benefitted the surgeons of that day nothing. The juniors alone reaped the advantages and got their promotion in thirteen years, whereas the surgeons who had served sixteen and seventeen years as assistants, were overlooked and got no corresponding promotion. Indeed the spirit of the times seems to be to lower the emoluments of the seniors and reduce the inducements to continue in the service, as the eagerness with which the fund annuities are taken up, amply demonstrates.

The medical officers have again and again memorialized against their grievances but to no purpose; they feel that they have been looked upon as a discontented troublesome set of men,and that they have been treated accordingly with neglect.


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 These remarks are penned with no desire to decry the medical service of the Indian army, but with the best intentions of pointing out circumstances that are calculated to lower it in the estimation of the world and to operate against its efficiency. They are written unbiassed by self interest and unprejudiced by any feelings of resentment, and in the hope that the still small voice uttered in this chapter may not be in vain.

12. SUBORDINATE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.—The "Subordinate Medical Department" is principally intended for European troops, and consists of Apothecaries and Stewards, the former for the compounding and distribution of medicines and minor surgical operations; the latter for the clothing and diet of the hospitals. Most of them are Europeans, some, the sons of European soldiers who have not had the benefit of an education in Europe. They enter the service as hospital apprentices on the pay of thirteen rupees a month, after two years service they may be promoted to assistant apothecaries or assistant stewards on seventy rupees a month, and after about nine years spent in that grade, they are promoted with pay of 120 or 140 a month. To every European regiment there is an apothecary and a steward attached with one or more assistants, and an important part of their duty is to write the very numerous returns required from all such hospitals.


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 '''13. NATIVE DOCTORS'''.—Every medical officer in charge of native troops and jails, is assisted by one or two native doctors whose duty is to compound medicines and see that they are taken; to attend the sick in the absence of the surgeon; and perform the minor operations of surgery. Previous to 1835, these young men were educated at the Calcutta Medical School, superintended by the late Dr. John Tytler, and all expressly for the public service. About this time the above school was abolished and the New Medical College instituted in its stead.

14. NEW MEDICAL COLLEGE.—This institution was founded in 1835 as an improvement upon the old Tytler school to supply the demands of the subordinate medical department and to diffuse European skill amongst the native community. At first, there were only three professors appointed to it, but these have from time to time been increased in number, till the College is placed on a scale of efficiency equal to our Home Schools of Medicine. The professors now amount to twelve, all members of the medical service; the students amount to about 240, and there is a magnificent new hospital attached, capable of containing two or three hundred patients. The prejudices of the natives against the taint of dead bodies has been overcome, and practical dissection is carried on at all seasons and with alacrity; degrees and


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 diplomas are granted, and the course of study is acknowledged by our English schools to qualify for English degrees. The students of highest attainments, are styled sub-assistant surgeons, and are appointed to the numerous dispensaries established in most large cities, or to minor civil stations;during their course of study most of the students receive subsistence from Government, at the rate of five or more rupees a month. Their education costs them nothing, and their pay as sub-assistant surgeons runs from two to three hundred rupees a month.

All lectures are given in English, and the students exhibit a degree of zeal and application and even of proficiency highly creditable to them. Having officiated for a year as lecturer in clinical medicine in the College, I have had the best means of judging of native talent guided by European tuition. In the provincial dispensaries, I have seen them perform the capital operations of surgery with a degree of coolness,and self possession and dexterity worthy of all approbation. Several of the Calcutta students have highly distinguished themselves and taken high honours in our London schools, and one of their number lately passed a successful examination for a commission, and now is enrolled in the Bengal list of assistant surgeons— Dr. Chuckerbutty.

In all the principal cities of the Bengal


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 there are dispensaries supported by Government, and placed under the medical charge of a sub-assistant-surgeon. By a recent return, I find that the following is the result for one half-year only,inclusive of the Punjaub:— (| align=center
 * Patients (out-door). . ..
 * 127,778
 * resident . . ..
 * 4,719
 * Surgical operations . . ..
 * 1,127
 * }
 * 1,127
 * }
 * }

It is remarkable,that the natives generally have a great aversion to vaccination,and prefer the old mode of inoculation; for I believe this is still allowed, without any infringement of the law,as it would be if practised in England.

15. NATIVE SKILL.—The healing art has been practiced from time immemorial, amongst the natives, by self taught practitioners, and their precepts have been handed down from generation to generation as a valuable inheritance to their children. Every village has its doctor, and every village doctor has his thousand cures for all the ills that flesh is heir to. Many of their remedies are worthy of a place in our more enlightened codes, and have indeed been adopted, and their success in surgery in cases of cataract and calculus is wonderful,considering their ignorance of anatomy. Of course superstition, charms and philters form a large portion of their treatment.

16. MEDICAL LITERATURE.—This, like other branches of periodical literature in India, has


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 hitherto not been of that healthy progressive character peculiar to temperate climates where its contributors have fixed abodes and are dependent in a great measure upon the position they can occupy in public journals; Calcutta once had a medical society with a numerous list of subscribers and a very creditable series of transactions, but, like most other societies it declined with the demise of its original members and long has ceased to exist. Since then, various journals conducted by individual enterprise have followed,but even these died prematurely.

Lately a valuable new journal, called the Indian Annals of Medicine, published half-yearly, has been established in Calcutta, and is at present the only representative of the profession in Bengal, its pages being occasionally enriched by official communications sent to and presented by the Medical Board.

About 20 years ago, the Supreme Government called upon the medical service for topographical reports of their respective charges holding out patronage and promotion to distinguished contributors. Contrary to what was expected, comparatively few came forward, and not more than half a dozen treatises met with approbation, the first of the series being the topography of Calcutta, by Dr. Martin. These were published at very considerable expense by Government, and distributed throughout the public offices of the


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, and my topography of Assam was one of I that number, but I fear the rewards bestowed on such successful candidates, were not such as to encourage the Service generally to go and do likewise.

When men win prizes in the race of competition and receive nothing but the ordinary rations served out to those who never entered the lists, it is not encouraging towards the performance of extra professional services, and the Government is a loser by the neglect. The medical department as a body yield to none in a well grounded education, and a diversity of talent well fitted to advance the cause of science in all its departments, but where extra professional labours are required, and satisfactorily complied with, some adequate remuneration is necessary to insure a continuation of them.

17. MEDICAL ETIQUETTE.—A very good feeling generally prevails throughout the profession, re-markably contrasting with the fierce rivalry and wrangling so often seen at home. Medical etiquette forbids the surgeon of one corps attending the officers or families of another corps without the knowledge and consent of its surgeon. Officers who do not wish to give offence to their appointed medical attendant, will always express to him their wishes if they want the opinion of another surgeon, and a ready compliance will always be found, and a consultation the result. At the same time it must be borne in mind that it is the duty of any surgeon


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 to visit any patient on any emergency when called on to do so, transferring the case afterwards to the surgeon of the corps that the sick officer belongs to.

18. DUELLING.—This has now become an obsolete practice. The world and the legislature have put it down, officers have seen the folly, the barbarity of the old mode of demanding satisfaction, and a duel is now a much rarer occurrence than a deliberate murder. It is now a branch of military law to fight a duel. In all cases, both principal and seconds must undergo the ordeal of a court martial, involving the risk of loss of commission, and in fatal cases the risk of being indicted for manslaughter or murder. Nor are insults and outrages more frequent from the suppression of the duello; on the contrary, I believe they are reduced in number; nor is the vindication of insulted honour the less, but satisfaction is obtained by other measures. When an insult is offered, the usual course to follow is to leave the spot immediately and without altercation, and either by letter or the medium of a friend, to demand explanation and apology. In most cases, this is complied with, but if it is not, then the alternative is to make a public complaint to the commanding officer and leave the affair in his hands. To take no measures to obtain reparation for insulted honour, subjects the officer insulted to the ordeal of a court martial.


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 From the preceding table it may appear a very simple matter to know what one's allowances are, but experience will show that it is indeed a very perplexing one and subject to many anomalies. All accounts of pay, must sooner or later have the sanction of the Military Auditor General. In general, these accounts do not come under his eye for a year or two after their disbursement and retrenchments are made upon pretexts most unlooked for, and upon interpretations of orders, assented to no where but in the audit office.

The audit office is a sort of Court of Chancery, as well known in India as Doctor's Commons is in England, where equal skill is brought into play to ward off the just claims of its constituents by prolonged litigation, until forced to disgorge by an appeal to the Governor General in Council.

The Auditor-General's hand is in every man's pocket, and the good intentions of a liberal Government are often thwarted by the vexatious despotism of this official. Few officers have passed through the service without at one time or another feeling aggrieved by these retrenchments.

20. PRIVATE PRACTICE.—Young men come to India with the idea that they will soon make their fortunes by private practice, but generally speaking, fees arc rare. Now and then a well paid staff-officer or a civilian gives something handsome, but even such are much rarer than they wont to