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Rh embracing one another, one of another family, not belonging to the dead, invites the people to his house, and a supper is given, meat and rice or bread in the meat-broth. Coffee follows, and, in fact, the party differs in nothing from any other. Conversation on every topic is carried on, and it is meant to put the relatives to other thoughts. The Kawad (see Quarterly Statement, 1893, p. 320), is brought in the following days, or after months or years, by such as are far away.

Question 27. When a man is murdered, is a pile of stones raised on the spot?

Answer. Yes. A pile of stones always marks the spot where a person was killed. This is done especially to keep the Mared, away, who appears for a year to come on the spot. Some Mareds continue for any length of time. In a cave near Artas, and by the wayside, many credulous persons pretend to have heard occasionally the sighing of a person killed there more than fifty years ago. The spot where another man was killed near Bethlehem was marked by a cross by the Christians of Bethlehem; this keeps away ghosts. Again the Jew and Moslem killed on the Jaffa road in 1880, close to the Imam 'All in Wad Ali, had the place marked with stones almost in the carriage-road. As, when they were murdered, each one tried to escape, so the spots were right and left of the road. The piles lay there for many years, and finally had to be put away in repairing the road. In out-of-the-way places such piles are raised, and remain, and are forgotten. When the last execution took place in Jerusalem, January 1st, 1869, near the Jaffa gate, the spot was marked with stones, but the pile having to be taken away, the ghost appeared until the Mukaris and others frequenting the locality made it a place for tethering the animals hy driving in large wooden stakes or pegs.

Question 28. Is there any difference between the burial of a man and of a woman? Do women follow a woman's coffin, and men follow a man's?  Does the wife go to the funeral of the husband?

Answer, None whatever. Once in the shroud the corpse is pure, and women are not, whilst living, so the latter is always carried and followed by men. Women follow behind by threes and fours, holding each other by the hands and arms, singing and wailing, and uttering shrieks, The wife goes also to the funeral of her husband. A woman in child-bed must get up and go out of the house when a corpse is carried past, no matter at what distance, if it is seen, or death may ensue both to mother and child.

Question 29. ''Does the family continue to visit a grave every week or month, or year, and why do they do so? Do they put flowers or other objects on the tomb?''

Answer. As a rule the tombs are visited the day after the burial and for seven following days, and on the next Thursday, then every Thursday


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144 till a year is over, and then on the Thursday of the dead once a year in spring (see Quarterly Statement, 1893, p. 317). Most Fellahin put nothing on the tombs except to mark the head and feet, a stone each, and later on look that they be not removed. The tombs of Kariet-el'Enab (Abu Ghosh) are ornamented with tombstones, and sword-lilies are planted on them, but they consider themselves townspeople. At Emmaus, near Latroon, they also plant flowers. I have also seen flowers on the tombs near the 'Ajami, at Beth-Ma'hsir, but this is copied from Abu Ghosh; so at Saris and the villages nearest to towns—Yazur, near Jaffa. The further they are away from towns the less the burial ground is taken care of. I have never seen the Artas people mind the burial-ground or the graves; roads went through in every direction, and so in other villages.

numbers in column 1 of this table show the highest reading of the barometer in each month; of these the highest appear in the winter, and the lowest in the summer months; the maximum for the year is 27·616 inches in both January and December. In column 2 the lowest in each month are shown. The minimum, 26·990 inches, is in March. The range of readings in the year is 0·626 inch. The numbers in the 3rd column show the range of readings in each month; the smallest, 0·199 inch, is in June, and the largest, 0·567 inch, is in March. The numbers in the 4th column show the mean monthly pressure of the atmosphere; the highest, 27·467 inches, is in October, and the lowest, 27·257 inches, in August. The mean pressure for the year is 27·374 inches. At Sarona the mean pressure for the year is 29·826 inches.

The highest temperature of the air in each month is shown in column 5. The highest in the year was 98º, on August 7th; on this day the maximum temperature at Sarona was 90°. The first day in the year the temperature reached 90° was on May 18th, and there were two other days in this month when the temperature reached or exceeded 90°. In June there were 3 days, in July, 5 days; in August, 14 days; and in September, 8 days. Therefore the temperature reached or exceeded 90º on 33 days in the year. At Sarona the highest temperature in the year was 103°, on May 23rd; on this day the maximum temperature at Jerusalem was 89°; the first day in the year the temperature reached 90° was on March 16th, and the temperature reached or exceeded 90° on 24 days in the year at Sarona.

The numbers in column 6 show the lowest temperature in each month; the lowest in the year is 34°·5, which occurred on four different nights in the year, viz.: January 7th, March 19th, and December 30th and 31st.

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Rh The temperature of the air was below 40°, in January, on 10 nights; in February on 3 nights; in March on 2 nights; and in December on 8 nights. Therefore the temperature was below 40° on 23 different nights in the year. The yearly range of temperature was 63°·5. At Sarona the temperature was below 40° on only 3 nights during the year; the lowest in the year, 38°·0, occurred on March 19th. The yearly range of temperature at Sarona was 65°.

The range of temperature in each month is shown in column 7, and these numbers vary from 25°·5 in January, to 49°·5 in March. At Sarona the range of temperature in each month varied from 22° in July, to 52° in March.

The mean of all the highest by day, of the lowest by night, and of the average daily ranges of temperature, are shown in columns 8, 9 and 10 respectively. Of the high day temperatures, the lowest, 50°·8, is in January, and the highest, 89°·3, in August. At Sarona, of the mean of all the highest by day, the lowest, 62°·3, is in January, and the highest, 87º·1, in both August and September,

Of the low night temperature, the coldest, 40°·3, is in January, and the warmest, 62°·6, in July. At Sarona, of the low night temperature, the coldest, 45°·6, is in February, and the warmest, 68°·8, in July. Of the average daily range of temperature, as shown in column 10, the smallest, 10°·5, is in January, and the largest, 27°, in August. At Sarona, of the average daily range of temperature, the smallest, 15°·7, is in January, and the largest, 23°·4, in May.

In column 11 the mean temperature of each month is shown, as found from observations of the maximum and minimum thermometers only. The month of the lowest temperature is January, 45°·5, and that of the highest, October, 79°·3. The mean for the year is 63°·7. At Sarona the lowest in the year was January, 54°·4, and that of the highest August, 77°·7. The mean for the year at Sarona was 65°·9.

The numbers in columns 12 and 13 are the monthly means of a dry and wet bulb-thermometer, taken daily at 9 and in column 14 the monthly temperature of the dew-point, or that temperature at which dew would have been deposited at the same hour is shown; the elastic force of vapour is shown in column 15. In column 16 the water present in a cubic foot of air is shown; in January and February was as small as 3 grains, and in July as large as 5 grains. In column 17 the additional weight required for saturation is shown. The numbers in column 18 show the degree of humidity, saturation being considered 100; the smallest number indicating the driest month is 42, in May, and the largest, 86, in January. The weight of a cubic foot of air under its pressure, temperature, and humidity, at 9 is shown in column 19.

The most prevalent winds in January were E. and S.W., and the least prevalent were N. and S.E. In February the most prevalent was S.W., and the least were N. and S. In March the most prevalent were S.E. and W., and the least were N.E. and N.W. In April the most prevalent was N.W., and the least were N. and S. In May the most prevalent


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 but in summer it descends so low that in great heat it can scarcely be seen in the tube.

"Those who wish to determine these changes by numbers and degrees draw a line all along the tube and divide it into eight degrees, according to the philosophers, or into four degrees according to the physicians, subdividing each of the eight spaces into eight others so as to make sixty-four little ones. And by this means they can determine to what degree the water ascends in the morning, at midday and at every hour. Also one can determine how much colder one day is than another, noting how many degrees the water ascends and descends. One can compare the greatest heat and cold of one year with those of another year. One can ascertain how much hotter one room is than another; one can maintain a room at an equal temperature by making the water of the thermometer stand always at a certain degree. One can test also the intensity of fevers; in short, one can know pretty nearly to what extent air is rarefied in the greatest heat, and so forth."


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146 were N.W., E., and W., and the least was S.W. In June and July the most prevalent were N.W. and S. W., and the least were N.E. and S. In August and September the most prevalent was N.W., and the least were S.E. and S. In October the most prevalent were N.E. and N.W., and the least was S. In November the most prevalent were N.W. and S.E., and the least were S.W. and W.; and in December the most prevalent winds were N.E. and W., and the least prevalent wind was N. The most prevalent wind for the year was N.W., which occurred on 98 times during the year, of which 21 were in July, 14 in August, and 13 in September; and the least prevalent wind was S., which occurred on only 15 times during the year, of which 4 were in January, and 3 in both November and December. At Sarona the most prevalent wind for the year was W., which occurred on 69 times during the year, and the least prevalent wind was E., which occurred on only 7 times during the year.

The numbers in column 28 show the mean amount of cloud at 9 the month with the smallest amount is August, and the largest, January, Of the cumulus, or fine weather cloud, there were 58 instances in the year, of which 14 were in July and 11 in September. Of the nimbus, or rain cloud, there were 41 instances in the year, of which 13 were in January and 9 in March, and only one from May to October. Of the cirrus there were 2 instances; of the cirro cumulus, 31 instances; of the cirro stratus, 42 instances; of the cumulus stratus, 58 instances; and 133 instances of cloudless skies, of which 28 were in August, 17 in September, and 16 in July. At Sarona there were 103 instances of cloudless skies, of which 14 were in November, and 13 in August.

The largest fall of rain for the month in the year was 779 inches, in January, of which 2·25 inches fell on the 25th. The next largest fall for the month was 6·27 inches in December, of which 1·42 inch fell on the 25th, 1·40 inch on the 27th, and 1·37 inch on the 24th. No rain fell from June 11th to October 5th, making a period of 116 consecutive days without rain. The fall of rain for the year was 29·47 inches, which fell on 58 days during the year. At Sarona the largest fall of rain for the month in the year was 7·89 inches in January. No rain fell at Sarona from June 11th to October 5th, making a period of 116 consecutive days without rain. The fall of rain for the year was 20-06 inches, which fell on 63 days.

reports that on the 31st October last the foundation stone for the new German Evangelical Church was laid at the ruins of the Muristan, and that on digging down at the side of the remains of one of the old piers of the ancient church the rock was found 31 feet below the surface, or about the level 2,437 feet above the Mediterranean Sea. Another pier was found so badly built that it has now to be taken out


text:
Plan of a Novel

Scene to be in the Country, Heroine the Daughter of a Clergyman, one who after having lived much in the World had retired from it and settled in a Curacy, with a very small fortune of his own. -- He, the most excellent Man that can be imagined, perfect in Character, Temper, and Manners -- without the smallest drawback or peculiarity to prevent his being the most delightful companion to his Daughter from one year's end to the other. -- Heroine a faultless Character herself, -- perfectly good, with much tenderness and sentiment, and not the least Wit -- very highly accomplished, understanding modern Languages and (generally speaking) everything that the most accomplished young Women learn, but particularly excelling in Music -- her favorite pursuit -- and playing equally well on the PianoForte and Harp -- and singing in the first stile. Her Person quite beautiful -- dark eyes and plump cheeks. -- Book to open with the description of Father and Daughter -- who are to converse in long speeches, elegant Language -- and a tone of high serious sentiment. -- The Father to be induced, at his Daughter's earnest request, to relate to her the past events of his Life. This Narrative will reach through the greatest part of the first volume -- as besides all the circumstances of his attachment to her Mother and their Marriage, it will comprehend his going to sea as Chaplain to a distinguished naval character about the Court, his going afterwards to Court himself, which introduced him to a great variety of Characters and involved him in many interesting situations, concluding with his opinions on the Benefits to result from Tithes being done away, and his having buried his own Mother (Heroine's lamented Grandmother) in consequence of the High Priest of the Parish in which she died refusing to pay her Remains the respect due to them. The Father to be of a very literary turn, an Enthusiast in Literature, nobody's Enemy but his own -- at the same time most zealous in discharge of his Pastoral Duties, the model of an exemplary Parish Priest. -- The heroine's friendship to be sought after by a young woman in the same Neighborhood, of Talents and Shrewdness, with light eyes and a fair skin, but having a considerable degree of Wit, Heroine shall shrink from the acquaintance. From this outset, the Story will proceed, and contain a striking variety of adventures. Heroine and her Father never above a fortnight together in one place, he being driven from his Curacy by the vile arts of some totally unprincipled and heart-less young Man, desperately in love with the Heroine, and pursuing her with unrelenting passion. -- No sooner settled in one Country of Europe than they are necessitated to quit it and retire to another -- always making new acquaintance, and always obliged to leave them. -- This will of course exhibit a wide variety of Characters -- but there will be no mixture; the scene will be forever shifting from one Set of People to another -- but All the Good will be unexceptionable in every respect -- and there will be no foibles or weaknesses but with the Wicked, who will be completely depraved and infamous, hardly a resemblance of humanity left in them. -- Early in her career, in the progress of her first removals, Heroine must meet with the Hero -- all perfection of course -- and only prevented from paying his addresses to her by some excess of refinement. -- Wherever she goes, somebody falls in love with her, and she receives repeated offers of Marriage -- which she refers wholly to her Father, exceedingly angry that he should not be first applied to. -- Often carried away by the anti-hero, but rescued either by her Father or by the Hero -- often reduced to support herself and her Father by her Talents and work for her Bread; continually cheated and defrauded of her hire, worn down to a Skeleton, and now and then starved to death. -- At last, hunted out of civilized Society, denied the poor Shelter of the humblest Cottage, they are compelled to retreat into Kamschatka where the poor Father, quite worn down, finding his end approaching, throws himself on the Ground, and after 4 or 5 hours of tender advice and parental Admonition to his miserable Child, expires in a fine burst of Literary Enthusiasm, intermingled with Invectives against holders of Tithes. -- Heroine inconsolable for some time -- but afterwards crawls back towards her former Country -- having at least 20 narrow escapes from falling into the hands of the Anti-hero -- and at last in the very nick of time, turning a corner to avoid him, runs into the arms of the Hero himself, who having just shaken off the scruples which fettered him before, was at the very moment setting off in pursuit of her. -- The Tenderest and completest éclaircissement takes place, and they are happily united. -- Throughout the whole work, Heroine to be in the most elegant Society and living in high style. The name of the work not to be Emma, but of the same sort as Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice.

title: Plan of a Novel


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Rh and built up new, A remarkable ancient wall was found running east and west in the centre of the church. It is of large stones, of which some are drafted. The thickness of this wall could not exactly be ascertained, as on its southern side the facing stones no longer exist. The wall is not founded on the rock, but at a depth of about 18 feet rests on earth and débris. It has been thought, Herr von Schick says, that it might have once belonged to the "second wall." He will watch and report if any further discoveries are made in connection with it.

In the Quarterly Statement for 1893, p. 296, Herr von Schick described, among other antiquities in Baron Ustinoff's collection, a red stone with a


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148 winged female human figure and two Greek inscriptions upon it, and at p. 306 of the same number is a note by M. Clermont-Ganneau on the inscriptions. Herr von Schick has since forwarded a photograph of the object, and remarks that he was mistaken in supposing that the hands and feet terminate in fish tails, that the five fingers on one hand can be counted, and that in the other hand there is "something like a serpent." He thinks the object was painted red and gilded, and that the figure represents Psyche.

1. seen the figure described in Herr Baurath Schick's paper, Quarterly Statement, 1893, p. 296, para. 6, Fig. 14. It is doubtless that of a Psyche sculptured on a small block of marble. That the material is marble is clearly seen in places where the stone has been slightly chipped. The generally reddish colour of the surface of the stone may be due to former gilding. It is an undoubtedly genuine "antique," probably the work of a native artist whose unskilfulunskillful [sic] treatment has caused one hand only of the figure to appear webbed. The butterfly wings leave no doubt whatever as to the mythological person the sculpture is intended to represent. The ancients frequently carved either a Psyche (a butterfly winged maiden) or a butterfly alone on funeral monuments in order to personify the soul of the departed. I would call special attention to this statuette, as I believe it to be the original "antique" which suggested "ideas" to some modern forgers of antiquities. In writing this I have especially in my mind a slab of reddish limestone (in the possession of an American collector of note, still resident at Jerusalem) representing a nude female figure with pendant breasts and one knee bent, the foot of which ends like "a fish tail." This sculpture bears underneath in Greek the words "My Goddess," or "Goddess of my people" or some such legend. As it is now about three years since this caricature of ancient art was shown me I forget the exact wording of the inscription it bears.

2. The remains near the Austrian Hospice alluded to by Herr Von Schick in the Quarterly Statement for 1894, p. 20, para. 4, I believe to mark the site of the house occupied by the nuns of Bethany during times of war, and containing the chapel of St. John the Evangelist. The description of the remains as "Mohammedan" is vague, for the term "Mohammedan remains" is applicable to buildings erected between A.D. 637 and the present date. The vaults in the ruin I mention are undoubtedly mediæval, probably Crusading, and later Mohammedan work has been incorporated into the older building in several places. This is especially clear in the case of the Mihrab, which has been built in sideways, and somewhat askew to the old chapel wall. The very fact that a now ruined


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 it was decided I should write for a prospectus, calculate what would be the probable cost, and make the necessary arrangements for me to start with the new year. How eagerly I watched for the postmen to bring that prospectus, how carefully I read every line, how I longed for the time to come when I should bid adieu to my native town and begin my stay in the great city.

Arrangements were finally made, and at last I bade adieu to my mother, father, and sisters, and on Monday, January 5th, 1891, I started for the Tailors' School of Art, there to take up my abode for a three months' term. How shall I describe my feelings as the train steamed out of the station; there was my mother with a whole world of yearning anxiety for her boy; and I am bound to confess to a slight choking sensation as I watched the familiar places where my boyhood days had been spent, fade away one by one. I felt that at last I was starting alone to fight the battle of life. Many were the vague fears that entered my head. Should I like it after all? Should I miss my home? Should I feel very lonely? These and a whole host of other things passed through my mind, as the train steamed away past village and town and hamlet, till at last it reached the great city, and I found myself on the platform of Euston Station, looking out for my luggage. "Take a cab and go straight to the Tailor and Cutter Office," had been my father's instructions, and this I at once proceeded to do. This journey was soon over, and alighting at the Tailor and Cutter Office, I found a fine, massive building, standing out in marked distinction to the surroundings. Entering, I enquired for Mr. Williamson, and after a little while was ushered into that gentleman's presence. He greeted me cordially, and entered into a little conversation with me as to what were my aims and what I hoped to do. I explained this to him as far as possible; gave him my father's cheque for £12 10s., the amount charged for three months' tuition, received my receipt, and was then introduced to the head teacher. He met me with a cordial shake of the hand, and I soon began to feel a little at home; he conducted me into the cutting room, showed me where to hang my coat and hat, arranged for my luggage to be put in a place of safety, and then I started on

My First Lesson.

"We generally start on trousers," said my teacher, "they are the garment easiest learnt, having the fewest parts to remember." Then he showed me how to measure, taking first the leg, then the side, waist, seat, knee, and bottom. I remember the importance he attached to correct measurement, and how very necessary it was to do my best to grasp my customer's wishes.

"For instance," said he, "if a customer tells you he wants an easy-fitting pair of trousers, that he can stoop about in, you must note that, and when cutting, make arrangements accordingly, or you will get them back for alteration. Trousers that fit close and smart will give one gent every satisfaction but will be a misfit altogether for another; so that whilst we believe the system we adopt to be the very best known, yet you must look upon it as merely a means to an end, and that end is to produce a garment to meet your customer's wishes. But of this more presently," he said; and then proceeded to show me the topsides of a pair of close-fitting trousers, explaining point by point as he proceeded; and then, going over it again, he left me to draw the various points, curves or angles by myself. "Now," said he, "there is a tape, square, chalk, and curved stick; and as you get into difficulties I shall be pleased to help you;" and so in this kindly way I was encouraged at the start.

I succeeded beyond my expectations, and was soon passed on to the undersides, and ere the day had passed away, I had grasped the trousers system, and drafted it out to different measures, having taken the measures of a fellow student, and completed the whole routine in a practical manner. Ere the day was over, I had begun to feel at home; the kindly manner of the teachers, and the evident sociability of the older Students, did much to take away the strange surroundings: and as day after day passed away

The Cutting Rooms Became quite familiar, and as I write this many a mile away from them, I can picture the whole thing distinctly. There are two large rooms, and one smaller one, the latter being reserved for Lady Students, so I need not describe that. The large rooms are arranged with three long tables in each ; each table being capable of accommodating 6 or 8 Students, and several times during my stay they were all in use. The number of young men who passed through the Academy astonished me. A fine lot of young fellows they were too : studious, steady, intelligent, and respectable as you could wish for, and be it said to the credit of the Tailor and Cutter management, I did not hear one word of complaint during the whole of my stay ; but on the contrary astfar as I know, every body was satisfied, and the majority entered in a book, written testimony to that effect ere they left. But this is by the way. To return to the rooms, they are well lighted and ventilated ; each room has five large windows, there is a lavatory fitted up for the Student's use, and the sanitary arrangements are under the supervision of an engineer kept on the premises to look after such matters. Everything was done to make the rooms comfortable and healthy.

Are usually given in the upper room, and although chairs are provided for the Students on these occasions, they mostly prefer to sit on the table facing the Lecturer. The lectures during my stay were very varied, the practical, scientific, artistic and business phases of tailoring being all thoroughly dealt with, whilst other subjects which offered two sides were clearly brought out by the two principal teachers in the debates, and very frequently the Students would follow them up with great zest. Well I remember the debate: " Is it necessary for a cutter to be a practical tailor in order to produce the best results? " How the various Students discussed the matter with great eagerness, each advocating the side which agreed with their own experience. The lectures were to my mind one of the most instructive methods of teaching adopted at the Academy; they were fully illustrated by full size Diagrams and Charts—which must have taken a very long time to prepare, for many of them are beautifully executed. As I look over my note book, which was my constant companion, I find a very large portion of it filled with notes of the various lectures; and now that I am in actual practice I find them of the greatest use to me when in a difficulty. The Lectures and Debates were often thoroughly talked over at

Where we exercised the duties of judge and jury on the lecture and lecturer. Happy days they were; how often I look back upon them now, and wish t live them over again. On leaving the Academy the first evening, I was escorted by a fellow-student to Waterloo, which is about ten minutes' walk from the office, from where we took train to Clapham Junction, and there soon found myself in a most comfortable home, which belongs to the Academy, where the Students' comforts are studied in every particular, and the charges are strictly moderate. I found great advantage from being associated with the other Students after business hours; they were able to help me in many little difficulties with home work, whilst the library in the Students' sitting room was a great advantage. I have already referred to But as I write about the lodging there are many faces which I shall always remember. In one or two cases I have formed friendships which will last possibly through


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Rh mosque once occupied this site is in itself sufficient to warrant the supposition that there was once a Christian place of worship here.

3. At Jerusalem the carved "hand of might" is also often met with painted blue, that colour being supposed to be peculiarly effective in warding off the malignant effects of "the evil eye."

4. Bether (see Quarterly Statement, 1894, p. 73). The Rev. J. E. Dowling and I visited Bittir and its vicinity last summer in order to study the ground and thus to arrive at a personal independent judgment as to the claims of the place to be the site of the Bether of Rabbi Akiba's and Bar Cocheba's days. We had no difficulty whatever in recovering the name of "Khirbet el Yehud," i.e., "Ruin of the Jews," and on a rocky platform on the very top of the hill south of and commanding the "Khirbeh," on the steep northern side of which the present village is built, a fellah pointed out to us the isolated and shattered pedestal of an ancient monument (probably of a "tropæum" erected by Hadrian to commemorate his victory), and told us that it was known by the country people of the district as i.e., the mangonel or catapult stone. As ever since the times of Fabius, Maximus and Ahenobarbus, B.C. 121, the Romans were accustomed to raise triumphal stone monuments on the held of battle, and place on them trophies adorned with the weapons and other spoils of the vanquished, we may safely conclude that Hadrian would not be backward in following an example set by Pompey (Strabo, III, p. 156; Pliny, H. N., III, 3; Dion. Cass., XLI, 24; &c., &c.), Julius Cæsar (Dion. Cass., XLII, 48), and Drusus (Dion. Cass., LI, 1; Florus, IV, 12), and that a catapult may probably have formed a distinguishing feature of the "tropæum" at Bether. The interesting relic (of which I enclose my original rough pencil sketch) was too heavy for us to turn over, though we tried to do so in hopes of finding an inscription. The fellah who showed it to us told us that it marked the very spot from which the "Neby" had "cannonaded" the Jews.

We could make nothing out of the illegible inscription at the spring. In the village itself we noticed, besides traces of the old rock-hewn aqueduct, many well-hewn stones, some with mouldings, and, built into the mosque, an ancient window, formed of a quatre-foil perforated stone slab about two feet square.

In the valley called "Wady Halule" running up south-east towards Beit Jala, we were shown a huge boulder lying in the torrent bed and having a little rock-hewn chamber inside it with door aperture 14 inches square. This chamber may perhaps at one time have been a tomb, but the marks of bars in the doorway, and indications of grooves or channels to carry off or collect the rain water, seem to show that it was at one time the abode of a recluse. The fellahin call the boulder "Kala'at Sabah el Kheir," i.e., "Good Morning Castle," and state that it was once inhabited


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150 by a ghoul who used to devour every passing wayfarer who omitted to wish "Good morning." The chamber is very small, only 3 feet 3 inches high in the centre of the arched rock-hewn roof, and it is only at the very end of the hatchet-shaped space that a full grown man can lie full length.

The limestone around Bittir is fossiliferous. Fossil sea urchins (Echinidæ) and hippurites abound.

February 13th, 1894.

in the Quarterly Statement for October, 1893, begins by assuming that Zion is the same as the stronghold of Zion, and in his very title assumes Zion to be coincident with Akra.

On going back to Quarterly Statement, 1889 (p. 286), to which he refers me, I find that he considers me radically wrong in accepting Warren's position for Akra, north-east of the Upper City, because there are passages in Josephus which require Akra to be on Ophel, as he conceives. Yet nothing is commoner in Mr. Birch's writings than to find him throwing Josephus overboard when he disagrees with him.

But I have no wish for controversy with Mr. Birch. I readily admit that he has given a great deal of patient study to the question. His views and opinions are before us in many numbers of the Quarterly Statement. My own conclusions and opinions are sufficiently set forth in my volume on "Buried Cities." We differ from one another; and Sir Charles Wilson, the surveyor of Jerusalem, differs from us both. The difficulty of the problem is universally recognised, and no final solution can be expected except from further excavation. We are all agreed that the sepulchres of the kings were excavated in the rock of Ophel, and therefore a great discovery may probably reward renewed search.

I am glad to see that Herr Baurath von Schick, in the Quarterly Statement for July, 1893, gives a plan in which he represents Millo as a great rampart across the Tyropœon Valley. This indicates that he adheres to his view expressed in Quarterly Statement, 1892, p. 22, that "the house of Millo (2 Kings, xii, 20) was a palace standing on the embankment of Millo, which embankment closed the Tyropœon Valley, and so protected the 'City of David' towards the north (1 Kings, xi, 27.)" This is a confirmation of my own views, published in the Quarterly Statement, 1891 (p. 187), when I think they were new to all readers.

It is only fair to Herr Schick to say that he places Millo a little higher up the valley than I do. If there is truth in either position, I might


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Rh repeat now what I said then, viz., that Millo might be found by sinking one shaft in the Tyropœon Valley and driving a gallery north and south. And then would follow the discovery of the Stairs of the City of David, and the Sepulchres of the Kings.

Dr. J. Hamlyn Hill's newly-issued "Diatessaron of Tatian," translated from the Arabic, there are two passages bearing on interesting and disputed points of Palestinian topography.

It has been proposed to locate Kazin of Josh, xix, 13, at Kefr Kenna. Major Conder pointed out as an objection (Quarterly Statement, 1892, p. 206) that Kazin should appear in Arabic as Kaḑin. In a footnote (p. 60) Dr. Hill gives Qatîna as the form in the Arabic of Tatian of the Cana of John ii. If this is so, and if it should be confirmed by the ancient Syriac MS. recently discovered at Sinai, will it not go far to prove the identification of both Kazin and the Cana of John's Gospel with Kefr Kenna?

The other point is perhaps equally interesting. In Mat. xv, 39, the R.V. properly reads "Magadan" for the "Magdala" of the "Authorised." Ewald suggested that "Magadan" represents "Megidon," the Megiddo of the V.T. In Dr. Hill's Tatian the form in the text is "Magheda," which confirms Ewald's conjecture. Is Dalmanutha (Mark viii, 10) the same? Dr. Thomson suggested Ed Delemîyeh; Ewald that it might be a Galilean pronunciation of, a town which, as he says, "must be sought in Southern Galilee." He would identify the parts of Dalmanutha with South-Western Galilee, no doubt because he accepted the traditional site of Megiddo at El Lejjûn.

Some years ago I quoted from Brugsch, "Egypt under the Pharaohs," the words of the "Mohar" recounting his travels: "The ford of Irduna (Jordan), how is it crossed? Teach me to know the passage in order to enter into the city of Makitha (Megiddo) which lies in front of it" (Ed. 1891, 305). These words certainly imply a position near the Jordan, far nearer than El Lejjûn, and agree better with Major Conder's proposal to place Megiddo at Mujeddâ, south of Bethshean (Beisan). If "the borders of Megiddo" and "the parts of Dalmanutha" are equivalent terms, as they seem to be, this also would, I think, require a locality in South-Eastern Galilee, rather than South-Western, for the language of both Gospels suggests that the locality was near our Lord's landing-place from the boat in which he crossed the Sea of Galilee. Such criticism may seem to rest on small points and mere turns of phrases, but such evidence is of value, if concurrent, because it is the unconscious testimony of persons speaking of what they are familiar with; at least till the spade decide, we must make the most of it.


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152

and the Rev. W. M. Christie, of Safed, have both sent an account of a bronze stamp or medal with an inscription upon it which is said to have been found recently in Jaulan. Below is a facsimile of

the inscription. The Rev. J. J. Milne suggests that it may be read "Semper felix Saturninus." Saturninus was one of the presidents of Syria after Agrippa (Joseph., Ant. xvi, 10, 8).


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of the Fund was held on the afternoon of May the 8th, in the Westminster Town Hall, when Major Claude E. Conder, R.E., read a paper on "Future Researches in Palestine."

The presided, and among others present were Mr. James Glaisher, F.R.S. (Chairman of Committee), Archdeacon Farrar, Lord Amherst of Hackney, the Dean of Westminster, the Marquis of Bute, Sir Edmund Lechmere, Sir Charles Wilson, Canon Tristram, the Rev. Dr. William Wright, Dr. Chaplin, of Jerusalem, Mr. Walter Besant, the American Ambassador, Mr. F. D. Mocatta, Mr. H. A. Harper, Mr. Gibbs, Colonel Watson, Mr. Walter Morrison, and Mr. J. D. Crace.

In opening the proceedings, His Royal Highness said:—Your Excellency, my Lords, Ladies, and Gentlemen, it will be scarcely necessary for me to trouble you with any lengthy remarks concerning the object of our meeting here this afternoon. The Palestine Exploration Fund has now been in existence for nearly 30 years. The great and useful work achieved by its means in the past, more especially the topographical survey by Officers of the Royal Engineers of the whole of Palestine, on the scale of one inch to a mile, and the careful gathering together of a mass of information regarding the Holy Land cannot but be very well known to you all. (Applause.) Its past successes have been very great, and we hope and believe that these are only the foundations of even greater achievements to come. The work that lies before us in the immediate future, as you will hear directly, is nothing less than the systematic excavation, so far as may be possible, of the chief historic sites of Syria. What has been done, and is still being done in Chaldea, in Egypt, in Greece, and in classic Rome, yet awaits doing in Palestine. An important beginning has been made, and we must actively and strenuously go on with it. The interesting and extremely important discoveries that have been made at Lachish last year and the year before by the skill and perseverance of Mr. Bliss (applause), acting on behalf of the Fund, are full of promise as to what awaits our efforts in the future, and I am sure that it is a real pleasure to everyone of us to feel that English and Americans are, in this matter, working hand in hand together. (Hear, hear.) It is also a great satisfaction to know that His Majesty the Sultan, without whose sanction it would, of course, be impossible to undertake this work, has evinced a very lively interest in these


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154 archæological explorations, and has graciously given a firman, enabling us to begin work at once at Jerusalem. I will now ask my old friend, Major Conder, to deliver the lecture he has been good enough to prepare. I look back with pleasure to the year 1882, when he travelled with my brother and myself throughout the whole of Palestine, and went with us into the Mosque at Hebron, and crossed with us into the country east of Jordan. (Applause.)

Major Conder then delivered his lecture, of which the following summary appeared in the "Times":—

Major who met with a most cordial reception, said that the interest felt in Jerusalem, as the centre of the Hebrew Kingdom, made it naturally the first site to which explorers turned with increasing interest; and he believed that excavations there might still bring much to light, and that they were still possible, though there were many difficulties in the way. It was an inhabited city, and it contained one of the most sacred places of the Moslems. The southern hills outside the city walls were allowed by all to have been included in the ancient city before the Captivity. The western hill, usually called Sion, was that of the upper city of David and Solomon; and the southwest angle of its fortress wall had been discovered. It only required to be traced toward the east. The little spur above Siloam was the quarter where the priests' houses grew up south of the Temple, where the Kings of Judah had a palace, and where some of them were buried in the Royal garden. It was walled in by the later kings, and the wall was rebuilt by Nehemiah. There also, therefore, they had much reason to hope for important discoveries. They might light on the palace itself, and might find some remains of early archives on its site. The site of Herodium, the burial place of Herod the Great, and the rock-cut tomb supposed to be that of the Patriarchs, under the sanctuary of Hebron, were also important objects for future investigation, and there were several uninhabited places which would yield a rich harvest to the explorer. Generally speaking, he thought it was along the great trade routes of Palestine that the most important sites occurred. The towns in the mountains were for the most part small, and the civilisation of early ages was chiefly found in the plains, along the great highways from the Euphrates, and from the sea to Damascus and to Egypt. There was, he thought, some evidence that in the earliest times the great centre of native civilisation was in Lebanon, and not in Southern Palestine. Many important remains had already been found in this region, which was full of deserted mounds some 40 feet high, which concealed unknown treasures of antiquity. The sites in that region which required exploration, and which others would soon explore if we did not, included especially Kadesh itself, Orpad, and Karchemish. The society should not confine itself between the limits of Beersheba and Dan, for the kingdom of Solomon reached the Euphrates; and the "Land of the Hittites" was quite as important for Bible study as Southern Palestine. Their limits should be drawn from the Egyptian boundary to the foot or the Taurus, and the most promising sites were to be found in the plain of the Orontes east of Lebanon. In Lebanon itself inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar were cut upon the rocks; and the Assyrian conquerors, returning from their expeditions to Egypt, left monuments at Beirut and at Samala describing their distant victories. The Egyptians set up statues near Orpad, and it was quite possible that in that region they might yet recover texts which would tell of the conquest of Jerusalem by the Northern


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Rh enemy, or early inscriptions even of the time of Solomon. To illustrate this subject he called attention to what had actually been discovered quite recently, by German explorers, at Samala, in the extreme north of Syria, and to the importance of their explorations as connected with the Bible history. These results were as yet very little known in England; but the statues which they had brought home were among the chief treasures of the Imperial Museum in Berlin. There was no doubt that this important field would be further worked by German scholars; and George Smith long ago called attention to its interest and value. It was to be hoped that we might yet find Englishmen co-operating with the Germans in the recovery of its treasures. Samala lay east of Issus and south-west of Merash, where several very important Hittite inscriptions had been found. But the antiquities of Samala were not Hittite, but represented the civilisation of the Syrian race, which worshipped Hadad, the god of Damascus, and which used the Phœnician alphabet almost as early as the time of the Moabite stone. A circular enclosure, some 800 yards in diameter, with three gates, here enclosed an acropolis on a hillock in the plain. The great south gateway of the acropolis was built apparently about 730 and adorned with 40 bas-reliefs cut in hard basalt, in a rude imitation of the Assyrian style. Men with captives, a bowman, a horseman, and a soldier with an axe were represented, with bulls, deer, and lions; also mythological figures—-a lion-headed man, a winged lion ramping, and a sphinx. A statue close by had a Phœnician text of 34 lines in relief. It represented the head and body of a gigantic bearded figure with a round cap, and the inscription was on the columnar pedestal. He had not seen any translation of this text as a whole, but it was of much value as showing the beliefs of the Syrians about 800 B.C. Touching the bearing of Palestine exploration on the study of the New Testament, they might look, the lecturer said, to valuable results in this respect, and some had, indeed, been already obtained. Much that was of interest regarding the early history of Christianity in the East in the second and third centuries had also been brought to light, and more remained, no doubt, to be found, especially at Cæsarea and at Ascalon. In conclusion, he said that much remained to be worked out, and they must be up and doing. Twenty years ago the Palestine Exploration Fund stood almost alone. Schliemann's work was only beginning to be noticed, and many important Egyptian discoveries were still in the future. But now the movement had spread in every direction. The French and the Germans were busy in Greece and in Syria; the Egyptologists had added immense stores of valuable material to our collections. The members of the Palestine Exploration Fund must not allow others to outstrip them or neglect one of the most hopeful and important fields of research. (Cheers.)

Sir Your Royal Highness, my Lords, Ladies, and Gentlemen, I have been requested to propose the first resolution which will be submitted to you to-day, and I need hardly say that it is the expression of our cordial thanks to Major Conder for his deeply interesting lecture. (Hear, hear.) The Palestine Exploration Fund, under whose auspices we meet here to-day, make their fresh departure under circumstances of no ordinary advantage. They are now about, as you have heard, to enter upon a new field of exploration in Jerusalem, with the full sanction of His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, who has always shown a highly-enlightened interest in this work, and 2


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156 I need hardly say that they make a fresh appeal to British and American travellers, and those who are interested in Palestine for the means of carrying out these explorations. I am sure we must feel that we have no little advantage to-day in the presence and presidency of His Royal Highness (hear, hear), who has told us of his experiences in Palestine, and who lias also shown so much sympathy with, and deep interest in, this work by his opening remarks. I am sure we must all feel we have had a great privilege in the admirable lecture which has been given us by Major Conder. We must bear in mind that he was one of those great pioneers of exploration in the Holy Land, associated as he was with the names of Sir Charles Warren, Sir Charles Wilson—who, I am happy to say, is present here to-day—and Brigadier-General Sir H. H. Kitchener, and perhaps to none of those are we more indebted than to Major Conder, who, I believe, took the greatest share in the preparation of that magnificent map and survey, and who has devoted himself so much to the literary illustration of the subject. (Hear, hear.) I only trust, ladies and gentlemen, that the earnest words with which he concluded his lecture may find an echo in the hearts of all those present—that we will not leave this meeting without promising ourselves to support him, and those I have mentioned who have gone before us in this great work, by a liberal response to the call for subscriptions to enable this admirable society to give once more a proof of how much can be done by the energy of an English Association in the distant clime of Palestine. (Applause.) With these few remarks, 1 venture, your Royal Highness, to propose a hearty vote of thanks to Major Conder for his lecture.

I am sure we have all listened with very great pleasure and advantage to the lecture which Major Conder has delivered to us. The name of Major Conder is so intimately associated with exploration in Palestine that he is properly regarded as one of the very best authorities upon this important subject. As His Royal Highness mentioned at the beginning of this meeting, the ruins of Rome and Greece have been investigated with very great care, and we know a great deal of the habits and of the history of these great powers of ancient times, and possess a great deal of architectural and artistic knowledge, which we have gained by their exploration. And so I hope that we may know, in the course of time, a very great deal more than we know at the present day, about the Bible and the nations mentioned in the Bible, in which we all feel such great interest. It is the great glory of this country that the Bible literature is so deeply studied; but now, as Major Conder has told us, and as we have heard from several other great authorities connected with this society, notwithstanding what we know, we are only at the very outset of the work. The monuments of Syria, the valley between the Tigris and the Euphrates, and a great portion of Southern Persia, have to be still explored. The peculiar conditions in which these countries arc, the semi-civilised state in which they are, the great jealousy which the great tribes exhibit towards anyone who touches the tells which contain the imbedded cities of antiquity is so great, that whoever lays a hand upon them, even when furnished with the firman of the Sultan, they view with the greatest suspicion, and many valuable monuments are doomed to destruction because of the superstition that as soon as they have been touched by Christians they are desecrated, and misfortune will somehow fall upon the country. We hope that in the course of time we


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Rh shall disabuse these semi-barbarous persons of these superstitions, and that we shall have the power of investigating and bringing together the principal objects and inscriptions which still remain, and which will bring us into the possession cf a greater knowledge of these countries and their people, and their ancient history. Linguists have also gained enormously by the researches which have been made, and I have no doubt that they will gain a great deal more by those which have still to be made. It is with great happiness that we see amongst us men like Major Conder and Sir Charles Wilson, and several others whose names are illustrious. Not only Englishmen, but Germans and French are interesting themselves in this study, and it is a source of happiness that we have these men to pursue this work. I think that a meeting like this to-day ought to awaken great interest in the Palestine Exploration Society, which, in a country like this, ought to be the best supported amongst all similar societies. (Applause.) It is with great pleasure that we see His Excellency, Mr. Bayard, here to-day, representing the United States. I think that although we are two Governments we are one nation, and I hope that in all these great works we may be supported by American sympathy and American capital, and I am quite certain that if we can only create an interest as great as the subject deserves we shall be rewarded by vast discoveries within the next fifty years. I have great pleasure in seconding the motion. (Applause.)

The resolution was heartily carried.

The resolution I have the honour to propose to you is one which will be received at once with acclamation, and it does not require many words of mine to preface it. It is that of our appreciation of His Royal Highness having come amongst us (applause) to take the Chair this afternoon. I am asked to do that, not because I am better acquainted, or even so well acquainted as a great many others who are here to hear this interesting lecture, but because I have been connected with the Palestine Exploration Fund ever since its commencement. It is now some years ago—I had then come back from my first pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and when we look at the Committee list of 1865 and the list to-day, we see how many good friends have passed away during that period. But still, the roll of the Committee, and the roll of those who support the Association is larger, I believe, to-day than it ever was before, and we all know and appreciate what a stimulus will be given to our efforts to carry on the work that we are now about to commence under the new firman that has been given, by the presence of His Royal Highness this afternoon, and by the remarks with which lie kindly opened the meeting. We have a great work before us, for who can tell what is yet hidden under the mounds of that Holy Land? We have fresh discoveries made every day, and all that we want to bring still more to light is the funds to do it with, and I am sure that this large gathering assembled here to-day is a good augury that these funds will be forthcoming, because the work in which we are engaged is not only interesting to those who have had the time to spare, and have been able to incur the expense of a visit to the country itself, but by the publications of the Society we are also enabled to bring these interesting discoveries home to those who can only read of them. (Hear, hear.) I will not trouble you with any further remarks upon this occasion, except to say that I should like to add my testimony and thanks to Major Conder for the


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158 interesting paper he has read to us, and to ask you to give your most cordial thanks to His Royal Highness for having taken the Chair. (Applause.)

His Excellency the in seconding the vote of thanks, said: Your Royal Highness, my Lords, Ladies, and Gentlemen, it is at all times, as you may suppose, a matter of the greatest satisfaction and pride to me to speak for my countrymen, and to-day, upon this most interesting occasion, I wish you to feel the emphasis of my representative voice for the many millions of Christian people who join with you in their interest in such a subject as that of which we have heard through Major Conder's lecture. (Applause.) I was most glad to join in the thanks to the lecturer for his earnest, his zealous, his valuable, and his most interesting contribution to our knowledge of a subject and of a place, than which nothing can be more interesting and important, and I am very glad to second the motion of thanks to that member of the Royal Family of this realm who has testified for himself the interest which he feels in that which is so interesting to so many—and indeed, to all the inhabitants of the realm. (Hear, hear.) He said in the very pertinent and excellent remarks with which he opened this meeting, that England and America were hand in hand in the objects to which this Fund devotes itself. I am glad of it, and I think you will agree with me that the more they are hand in hand in that and in other things, the better it will be for both countries. (Loud applause.) The subject of this lecture is the Holy Land. No words could better convey the estimation in which that spot of earth is held by all of us who profess the Christian faith. It is the Holy Land, and anything that can disclose to us its true history, anything that can assist us to dwell more humbly and more piously upon the mysteries—the great mysteries—that surround us, must be welcome to us. (Applause.) Therefore, as assisting such a purpose by coming here to preside, it is with sincere satisfaction that I second the motion of thanks to His Royal Highness for having attended upon this occasion, and for having fulfilled his duties with such propriety and dignity. (Applause.)

The resolution having been cordially carried.

replied: Your Excellency, my Lords, Ladies, and Gentleman, I thank both Lord Amherst and the American Ambassador most sincerely for the very kind words they have used in proposing and in seconding this vote of thanks, and I thank you all, ladies and gentlemen, for the very cordial manner in which you have received it. I can assure you it has given me very great pleasure to preside over this meeting to-day, the object of which is one so worthy of everybody's assistance, and it has also given me very great pleasure to listen to the most interesting lecture which has just been delivered by Major Conder. (Applause.)

The proceedings then terminated.

Supporters of the Fund will be glad to learn that excavations have been successfully commenced at Jerusalem by Mr. F. J. Bliss. His first report appears in the present number.

We are happy to state that Herr Baurath von Schick, having recovered from his long illness, has resumed his activity and sent us some interesting Notes and News. An essay by him on the Jerusalem Cross will be found at p. 183.


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Rh He reports a meeting of tourists and others taking an interest in Jerusalem topography, which was held in one of the hotels of the city, at which Mr. Bliss gave an address on the projected excavations.

We regret to hear of the decease of a well-known Jerusalem archæologist, the Russian Archimandrite Antoine, Spiritual Head of the Russian Establishment there.

Herr von Schick has completed new models of the Haram es Sherif, one showing the ancient temples, and the other the buildings of Hadrian, and of the Crusading and the Mohammedan periods, including those now existing.

The German Palestine Society have sent out Dr. Blankenberg, of Eriangen, to study the geology of the Holy Land. He has visited Hebron, Usdum, Engedi, Jericho, and other places.

On Saturday, May 19th, the officers of the Fund were entertained at dinner by the Maccabean Society at St. James's Hall. Mr. Walter Morrison, the treasurer, Major-General Sir Charles Wilson, R. E., Major Conder, R. E., Colonel Watson, R. E., and Mr. George Armstrong were the guests of the evening. Letters of apology were read from Sir George Grove, Messrs. William Simpson, Walter Besant, and Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie, who regretted their inability to attend the gathering.

In an article on the above subject the "Jewish Chronicle" remarked:—

"The Palestine explorers have done wonderful work in the past 30 years. and they are about to embark in a fresh and interesting scheme of further investigation. Hence, when honour is shown to some of the most prominent members of the band of officers and scholars who have restored to the modern world so much knowledge of the topography of Palestine, the honour is a compound reward for favours past and to come. It is no small thing to have given us a chart of Palestine as full in details and as accurate in its identifications as the maps which ordinarily do duty as representations even of European countries to-day.

"Immediate steps are to be taken to begin the excavations at Jerusalem 'graciously permitted' by the Ottoman Government, and it is hoped that some of the problems having reference to Ancient Jerusalem will be set at rest. The old walls, the old buildings, the old sites may have left beneath the sacred soil records well worthy of being brought to the light of day. Who shall say what two years' excavations, systematic and unimpeded, may produce? But Jerusalem, moreover, is an inhabited city, and excavation can only be conducted in the parts less densely populated, on the outskirts rather than in the body of the city. But it must not be forgotten that it is on the outskirts that the chief hope of important results may be expected.

"These difficulties will only arouse enthusiastic vigour in the explorers if they feel that their work is being appreciated by the public. Money is required


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160 and we hope that a fair proportion of the amount needed will come from Jewish pockets. It is true that much of the work proposed in Jerusalem will interest Christians rather than Jews. But Jews have too deep an interest in the Holy Land as a whole not to feel concerned in all which relates to its hills, its streams, and its valleys. The love of Zion has been the one note of idealism in many a sordid ghetto. Projecting themselves beyond their poor environment, beyond the scorn and reproach of the present, the pent-up dwellers in the ghettos have found in this love for Zion, this love for a past Zion, again to be gloriously restored in the ideal future, both comfort and hope. The most touching, the most inspired specimens of mediæval Jewish poetry are the songs of Zion by Jehuda Halevi. This sweet singer of Spain was the first to revive the affectionate idealisation of Zion in modern times, but his example was followed by others, and thus the Jewish liturgy knows of no more eloquent and pathetic accretions than the marvellous elegies or Kinnoth wrung out from the souls of generations of Jews, and voiced in the poems which author after author put forth as lasting monuments of his love and his longing.

"Sad would it be were we Jews of to-day to fall behind our predecessors in their love for the Holy Land. The new schemes for colonising Palestine, of which the last few years have seen the vigorous birth, the flourishing colonies already dotted here and there in various parts of the land, testify to the persistence in our days of the old enthusiasm. But action may be stimulated by enthusiasm, it cannot be fed on it. Jews must give an earnest of their affectionate regard for Palestine by bearing their share of the cost of exploring it. Who can over estimate the wonderful increase that has been made in the significance even of the Psalms and the Prophets by the closer knowledge we possess now of the topography of the places and sites about which the sacred records speak? Then, those who indeed love Zion will wish to know more of it; and to know more of it, they must help, substantially and soon, those who are willing to undergo the privations and difficulties of exploration in rather unsettled and certainly uncomfortable districts. We regret to have to say that Jews in the past generation have not borne their share in the labour or expense of exploration. In the Middle Ages some of the most accomplished and successful travellers were Jews. Nowadays, the traveller's instinct seems to have been transformed into a mere desire to visit the pleasure resorts of the Continent. We should be proud to see some Jews employed in the active work of exploration, but their absence makes it even more strongly incumbent on the community to offer solid help of another kind. Glancing over the donations chronicled in the last Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, we find absolutely no Jewish names in the list. It is true that there are a handful of Jewish annual subscribers to the Fund, but the names should be numbered by scores not units. This last appeal, coming at the moment when new work is about to be undertaken by the same competent hands who have done so much already, ought not to be made to the Jewish community in vain. The hospitalities of the Maccabeans should be completed by the generous subscriptions of the community at large. In this way an old and serious reproach will be wiped out, a reproach that has long been hurled against us with only too much force. The most destructive of adverse criticisms are the condemnations that are deserved."


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Rh The Rev. Theodore E. Dowling returned to Jerusalem from India in April. Having been authorised to act on behalf of the Executive Committee in India he secured sixteen annual subscribers.

The following have kindly consented to act as Honorary Local Secretaries:—

The Rev. H. T. Ottley, St. Stephen's Parsonage, Kidderpore, Calcutta, Hon. Sec. for Bengal Presidency.

The Rev. E. Bull, E.I.R. Chaplain, Tundla, Hon. Sec. for North-West Provinces.

Mrs. Elwes, Shadowbash, Nungumbankum, Madras, Hon. Sec. for Madras Presidency.

Thomas Plunkett, Esq., M.R.I.A., Enniskillen.

W. J. Baxter, Esq., M.C.P.S.I., Coleraine.

Herr A. M. Lunz, the blind Jewish author of Jerusalem, has just published another "Jahrbuch" of the Holy City. The first was published in 1881, and it was intended to issue a new one every year, but the author, who naturally works under great difficulties, has only been able to bring out four, or one every three years. The work is in Hebrew and German.

The Greek and other inscriptions from the Hauran, collected by the Rev. W. Ewing, have been reproduced, and will be published with translations and notes. Professor Ramsay and Mr. A. G. Wright, of Aberdeen, and Mr. A. Souter, M.A., of Caius College, Cambridge, are kindly preparing them for publication.

The first edition of Major Conder's "Tell Amarna Tablets" having been sold within the year, he has prepared a second edition, in which a new chapter is added, giving in full the Royal letters from Armenia, Elishah, Babylon, Assyria, &c., which are of great historical importance, and which contain allusions to the revolts in Palestine, and to the defeat of the Hittites. Major Conder has corrected his translations of the other tablets, and has added a new preface and some notes, including further translations. He has also treated the Mythological Tablets.

The Committee having secured the rights and interests of the publication of "Judas Maccabæus," have issued a new edition revised by the author. Major Conder writes: "The first edition of 'Judas Maccabæus' appeared in 1879, and was well received. During the fourteen years that have followed I had no occasion to look at its pages, until the present edition was called for; but I am glad to find little to correct, though much might be added. During this interval I have revisited many of the scenes described; have lived in Moab, and have ridden through the oak woods of Gilead. In the resting times, between more active years, I have had occasion to study more completely the


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Rh subjects touched on in this volume, and further discoveries have cast some new light on the period."

"A Mound of many Cities," a complete account of the excavations at Tell el Hesy, with upwards of 250 illustrations, is now ready. This book, which will perhaps become the most popular work of the long list of books issued by the Palestine Exploration Fund, is a history by Mr. F. J. Bliss, of a Tell, or Mound, in Palestine, from the first building erected upon it, 2000 years B.C. to its final abandonment, 400 B.C. Mr. Bliss is a young American, educated partly at Beyrout, partly at Amherst College, Vermont. He is perfectly familiar with the language of the Fellahin. He took up the work upon this Tell where Prof. Flinders Petrie left it, and carried it on until he had compelled the Mound to yield up its secrets. He is the master of a free and lively style, and his work is interesting, not only for the story lie has to tell, but also for the manner in which it is told. The work is also illustrated by very numerous drawings of objects found, plans, sections, and elevations. In the history of this Tell we go back far beyond the beginning of European civilisation. A thousand-years before David, a thousand years before the siege of Troy, a city stood upon the bluff overhanging the stream which is now called Tell el Hesy. The site formed a natural fortress. The first city was built by the Amorites. This city was taken, sacked, and destroyed, in one of the countless tribal wars. But the site was too important for the place to be left long deserted; another town was raised upon the ruins. Note that they did not clear away the rubbish when they re-built: they raised the new town upon the débris of the old. On the second town fell the same fate as that which destroyed the first. Then came a third, a fourth, and so on, until the ruins which are now covered with grass hide the remains, certainly of eight, probably of eleven cities. Probably the last city, which was not re-built, was destroyed about the year 400 B.C.

The broken pottery and other remains found on the various levels serve to give a date to the destroyed city. Thus, at a certain level, Phœnician pottery is found for the first time; at higher levels, Greek pottery. But there was also found an unexpected and very precious treasure in the shape of a cuneiform letter, on a clay tablet. The letter is written from the Governor of Lachish to the Egyptian Pharaoh, and the writer, Zimradi, or Zimridi, is mentioned in the Tell el Amarna Tablets as Governor of Lachish. We also learn from the same authority that Zimridi was murdered by servants of the Pharaoh. The letter in the original cuneiform, with its transliteration and translation, will be found in the volume. In a word, the complete story of this Biblical City is here presented. It is the first time that one of the Tells of Palestine has been excavated, and therefore the first time that any of them has yielded up its secrets in illustration of the Biblical narrative. It is a history which is attractive from its subject, and made doubly attractive by the light, easy, and lucid manner in which Mr. Bliss presents it to the readers.

Price to subscribers to the Fund, 3s. 6d.; non-subscribers, 6s.

Mr. George Armstrong's Raised Map of Palestine is attracting much attention, and it is difficult to supply promptly all the orders that come in for it.


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Rh This raised map is constructed on the same scale as those of the Old and New Testament maps already issued by the Society. These were reduced from the scale of the large map (1 inch to the mile) to of an inch to the mile, or the fraction of. The levels, as calculated by the engineers who triangulated the country, of whom Mr. Armstrong was one from the commencement to the end, are followed exactly. No other correct raised map of the country is possible, because the Survey of Palestine is copyright and belongs to the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Without raising the question of piracy, however, no other trustworthy raised map is at all likely to be attempted, because the knowledge of the country requisite can only be possessed by one who has stepped over every foot of it, and because the labour which Mr. Armstrong has given to the work—extending over many years—will scarcely be expended by any other person, now or in the future. This labour will be partly understood when it is explained that the map was prepared by the super-position of small pieces of cardboard, many thousands in number, cut so as to represent the line of the country, and laid one above the other. The work occupied all Mr. Armstrong's leisure time for seven years. In its unfinished state the map presents the appearance of a completely terraced country. It embraces the whole of Western Palestine, from Baalbeck in the north, to Kâdesh Barnea in the south, and shows nearly all that is known on the East of Jordan.

The natural features of the country stand out prominently, and show at a glance the relative proportions of the mountains, heights, valleys, plains, &c.

Names are given to the coast towns and a few of the inland ones; other towns are numbered to correspond with a reference list of names.

With this map before him the teacher or the student is enabled to follow the Bible narrative exactly; he can trace the route of armies; he can reconstruct the roads; he can understand the growth and the decay of cities, their safety or their dangers, from their geographical positions. It is a magnificientmagnificent [sic] addition to the many works which this Society has given to the world. It illustrates the practical usefulness of the Society, while it adds one more to its achievements in the cause of illustration and explanation of the Bible Lands.

The map should be in every public library, and every public school, and every Sunday School. Its price is necessarily high, because the work is most costly to produce. It measures 7 feet 6 inches by 4 feet, and can be seen at the office of the Fund, 24, Hanover Square, W.

The map is cast in fibrous plaster, and framed solidly; it is despatched in a wooden box, for which an extra charge is made, but this is partly returned on the return of the box. The price to subscribers, partly coloured, is £7 7s.; if fully coloured and framed, £10 10s. The price to the general public is £10 10s. and £13 13s.

The partly coloured raised map has the seas, lakes, marshes, and perennial streams coloured blue, the Old and New Testament sites are marked in red, the principal ones having a number to correspond with a reference list of names, the body of the map is left white.

The fully coloured raised map has the seas, lakes, marshes, and perennial streams coloured blue, the Old and New Testament Sites are marked in red, the principal ones having a number to correspond with a reference list of names,


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164 the plains green, the rising ground, hills, and mountains in various tints, the olive groves and wooded parts of the country stippled in green, and the main roads are shown in a thin black line.

Photographs of the raised map are now ready. Size 16 inches by 8 inches, 5s. each; 8 inches by 4 inches, 1s. each.

In the "Revue Critique d'Histoire et de Litterature," M. Clermont-Ganneau writes as follows respecting the raised map of Palestine:—

Mr. George Armstrong, Assistant Secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund, has just completed the construction of a large raised map of Palestine, of which the Fund offers for sale casts in fibrous plaster. Mr. Armstrong, as one of the surveyors, had taken an active part both in the preparation on the spot, and in the careful drawing afterwards, of the large English map of 1 inch per mile in 26 sheets, a monumental map, which will henceforth be the basis of all geographical studies relating to the Holy Land. He was, then, better qualified than any other person, to undertake this colossal work, which has cost him long years of labour. He has executed it with a conscientiousness and a precision worthy of all praise. We already had raised maps of Palestine; but they were very rough and without scientific value. This one, a rigorously exact translation of the map of the Palestine Exploration Fund, gives us for the first time an image of the land, faithfully modelled even in the smallest details, by a professional man who has walked, with theodolite in hand, over the whole of its extent. The planimetric scale, identical with that of the large reduction of the map of 1 inch per mile, is of of an inch per mile, or ; the hypsometric scale is three and a half times larger. The map does not measure less than 7 feet 6 inches long by 4 feet wide. Besides the purely topographical indications, shown by the relief and different colourings, the localities are represented by numbers corresponding to a long list of names of places. This superb raised map can then, besides its own peculiar interest, serve all the purposes of an ordinary map. Several great foreign scientific establishments are eager to obtain copies of it.

By the kindness of Mr. Pilling, arrangements have been entered into for archæological discoveries made in the course of the construction of the Haifa-Damascus Railway to be reported to the Fund, and, if necessary, to be carefully examined.

Index to the Quarterly Statement.—A new edition of the Index to the Quarterly Statements has been compiled. It embraces the years 1869 (the first issue of the journal) to the end of 1892. Contents:—Names of the Authors and of the Papers contributed by them; List of the Illustrations; and General Index. This Index will be found extremely useful. Price to subscribers to the Fund, in paper cover, 1s. 6d., in cloth, 2s. 6d., post free; non-subscribers, 2s. and 3s.

The new railway from Jaffa to Jerusalem has been laid down on the sheets of the large and small maps. Copies of these sheets are now ready.


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Rh The museum of the Fund, at 24, Hanover Square, is now open to subscribers between the hours of 10 a.m. and 5 p.m., every week-day except Saturdays, when it closes at 2 p.m.

The Committee have to acknowledge with thanks the following donations to the Library of the Fund:—

The Committee will be glad to receive donations of Books to the Library of the Fund, which already contains many works of great value relating to Palestine and other Bible Lands. See list of Books, July Quarterly Statement, 1893.

It may be well to mention that plans and photographs alluded to in the reports from Jerusalem and elsewhere cannot all be published, but all are preserved in the offices of the Fund, where they may be seen by subscribers.

A new edition of "Twenty-one Years' Work" is in course of preparation, and will be brought down to date.

The first volume of the "Survey of Eastern Palestine," by Major Conder, is accompanied by a map of the portion of country surveyed, special plans, and upwards of 350 drawings of ruins, tombs, dolmens, stone circles, inscriptions, &c. Subscribers to the "Survey of Western Palestine" are privileged to have the volumes for seven guineas. The price will be raised, after 250 names are received, to twelve guineas. The Committee are pledged never to let any copies be subscribed for under the sum of seven guineas. A. P. Watt and Son, Hastings House, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C., are the Sole Agents. The attention of intending subscribers is directed to the announcement in the last page of this number.

Mr. H. Chichester Hart's "Fauna and Flora of Sinai, Petra, and the Wâdy Arabah," which forms the second volume, can be had separately.

M. Clermont-Ganneau's work, "Archaeological Researches in Palestine," will form the third volume. The first portion of it is already translated, and it is hoped that the concluding part will soon be completed.

The maps and books now contained in the Society's publications comprise an amount of information on Palestine, and on the researches conducted in the country, which can be found in no other publications. It must never be forgotten that no single traveller, however well equipped by previous knowledge, can compete with a scientific body of explorers, instructed in the periods required, and provided with all the instruments necessary for carrying out their work. See list of Publications.


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166 The Old and New Testament Map of Palestine (scale of an inch to a mile).—Embraces both sides of the Jordan, and extends from Baalbek in the north to Kadesh Barnea in the south. All the modern names are in black; over these are printed in red (he Old Testament and Apocrypha names. The New Testament, Josephus, and Talmudic names are in blue, and the tribal possessions are tinted in colours, giving clearly all the identifications up to date. It is the most comprehensive map that has been published, and will be invaluable to universities, colleges, schools, &c.

It is published in 20 sheets, with paper cover; price to subscribers to the Fund, 23s.; to the public, £2. It can be had mounted on cloth, rollers, and varnished for hanging. The size is 8 feet by 6 feet. The cost of mounting is extra (see Maps).

In addition to the 20-sheet map, the Committee have issued as a separate Map the 12 sheets (viz., Nos. 5-7, 9-11, 13-15, 20-22), which include the whole of Palestine as far north us Mount Hermon, and the districts beyond Jordan as far as they are surveyed. See key-map to the sheets.

The price of this map, in 12 sheets, in paper cover, to subscribers to the Fund, 12s. 6d.; to the public, £1 1s.

The size of this map, mounted on cloth and roller for hanging, is 4 feet by 6 feet.

Any single sheet of the map can be had separately, price, to subscribers of the Fund, 1s. 6d. Mounted on cloth to fold in the pocket suitable for travelling, 2s. To the public 2s. and 2s. 6d.

Single copies of these maps in sheets, with cover, can be sent by post to all foreign countries at an extra charge of 1s.

A copy of names and places in the Old and New Testament, with their modern identifications and full references, can he had by subscribers with either of these maps at the reduced price of 2s. 6d.

"John Poloner's Description of the Holy Land" (1421 A.D.) and "Guide-book to Palestine" (1350 A.D.) were issued to subscribers to the Pilgrims' Text Society during the month of June.

Translations in hand:—Extracts from various early writers illustrating topographical details of Jerusalem and the Holy Land, viz., Aristeas, Hecataeus, Origen, Cyril, St. Jerome, The Patriarch Sophronius, &c.

Branch Associations of the Bible Society, all Sunday School Unions within the Sunday School Institute, the Sunday School Union, and the Wesleyan Sunday School Institute, will please observe that by a special Resolution of the Committee they will henceforth be treated as subscribers and be allowed to purchase the books and maps (by application only to the Secretary) at reduced price.

The income of the Society, from March 22nd to June 21st, 1894, was—from annual subscriptions and donations, including Local Societies, £340 12s. 1d.; from all sources—£661 12s. 4d. The expenditure during the same period was £963 19s. 2d. On June 21st the balance in the Bank was £500 11s. 8d.


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Rh Subscribers are requested to note that the following cases for binding, casts, and slides can be had by application to the Assistant Secretary at the Office of the Fund:—

Cases for binding Herr Schumacher's "Jauhlân," 1s. each.

Cases for binding the Quarterly Statement, in green or chocolate, 1s. each.

Cases for binding "Abila," "Pella," and "'Ajlûn " in one volume, 1s. each.

Casts of the Tablet, front and back, with a Cuneiform Inscription found in May, 1892, at Tell el Hesy, by F. J. Bliss, Explorer to the Fund, at a depth of 35 feet. It belongs to the general diplomatic correspondence carried on between Amenhotep III and IV and their agents in various Palestinian towns. Price 2s. 6d. the pair.

Casts of the Ancient Hebrew Weight brought by Dr. Chaplin from Samaria, price 2s. 6d. each.

Casts of an Inscribed Weight or Bead from Palestine, forwarded by Professor Wright, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., price 1s. each.

Lantern slides of the Raised Map, the Sidon Sarcophagi, and of the Bible places mentioned in the catalogue of photos and special list of slides.

In order to make up complete sets of the Quarterly Statement the Committee will be very glad to receive any of the back numbers.

While desiring to give every publicity to proposed identifications and other theories advanced by officers of the Fund and contributors to the pages of the Quarterly Statement, the Committee wish it to be distinctly understood that by publishing them in the Quarterly Statement they neither sanction nor adopt them.

Subscribers who do not receive the Quarterly Statement regularly are asked to send a note to the Secretary. Great care is taken to forward each number to all who are entitled to receive it, but changes of address and other causes give rise occasionally to omissions.

The authorised lecturers for the Society are—

N.B.—All these Lectures are illustrated by specially prepared lantern slides.


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168

Application for Lectures may be either addressed to the Secretary, 24, Hanover Square, W., or sent to the address of the Lecturers.


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Rh

we have completed only our second week of work, a detailed report cannot be expected. Readers of the Statement, however, will be glad to know that a beginning has been made, and that the long-talked-of excavations at Jerusalem have even thus early yielded some interesting results. An ancient tower of large, drafted masonry has been unearthed, the counter-scarp of a ditch has been followed for a long distance, and a pretty Mosaic pavement, with a curious rock-hewn path attached, has been discovered. Many other shafts have been sunk with valuable results, as the rock has been reached in every case.

I have been in Jerusalem since the last of February, awaiting the granting of the permit and helping in this as best I might. The time, however, has been profitably spent in studying the topography of the city, and in endeavouring to sift the undoubted facts from the mass of theory in which discussion has buried them. In this sense I have been steadily excavating! I was much struck by the attention paid to the subject by the inhabitants of the city, especially by the foreign colonies, although the natives are far from indifferent to the matter. The site of the Holy Sepulchre, the direction of the Second Wall, the date of this and that bit of masonry, these, rather than society gossip, form the subjects of chit-chat at afternoon teas and picnics. Especially enthusiastic are the members of the Jerusalem Association of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Among the French ecclesiastics are several earnest and serious scholars, notably Père Cié, professor of the Greek Catholic Seminary of St. Anne; Père Gelmer Durand, of the Augustinians; Père Lagrange and Père Sejourné, the Dominicans, all of whom are contributors to the quarterly "Revue Biblique," published under the direction of the professors of the Practical School of Biblical Studies at the Dominican Convent of St. Stephen. This school, which includes a good number of students, has many admirable features, among which I may mention systematic walks about the city with the professors, and two extended tours a year, which include the most interesting places between Gaza and the Lebanon, on both sides of the Jordan. This work goes on quietly and earnestly, and the English public ought to know more of it. I feel that the work in Palestine is one, and I am grateful to these learned fathers for the cordial interest they have already shown in the beginnings of our excavations.

On Wednesday, April 25th, while engaged in my room at the hotel on my Jericho plans, I received the joyful news from the Consul, Mr. Dickson, that the permit had arrived. To feel it actually in my hands was a sensation of satisfaction. On Thursday we took it to the Pasha for


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170 registration, and on Friday I started for Beyrout to collect my goods and chattels, as the permit would not be available till May 14th. A few days after my return on May 4th, Mr. Schick, who has quite recovered from his severe illness of the winter, accompanied me to the slopes at the south of the city, and we talked over the best sites for shafts. Ibrahim Effendi, our Commissioner, returned from Hebron on the 14th, and we doubtless would have begun work in a day or two had we not discovered that it was necessary to get his local appointment confirmed from Constantinople. I anticipated a tedious delay, but, owing to the prompt action of Ibrahim Pasha, the Governor, who takes a most kindly interest in the work, a reply came in a surprisingly short time. We had, however, to wait till Monday for a committee to be appointed by the council who should visit the field of our proposed excavations and decide whether it came within the terms of the permit. Our tents had already been up for a week, just outside the English cemetery. Accordingly, Tuesday morning, with delightful promptness, the committee appeared, consisting of Yasin Effendi, the relative of our Commissioner, and 'Arif Bey, the head of the Public Instruction. They surveyed the site, and seeing that there was no possible danger to sacred or military buildings, made a favourable report and authorised us to begin the next day. We have every reason to be thankful that we had a delay of nine days only, and that in the ordinary course of business.

My instructions from the Committee were to take up the "Rock Scarp of Zion," just outside the property of the English School and Cemetery, and attempt to trace it eastwards, in accordance with the description of Josephus. Full descriptions of Mr. Henry Maudsley's valuable work inside the English property are given by Major Conder in the numbers of the Quarterly for 1875. I may note here that the scarp was traced by Mr. Maudsley continuously for over 650 feet. Beginning at a point about 100 feet north of the school, the scarp runs south; at the school it makes a right angle, in order to form the north side of the solid base of a tower, some 45 feet each way and over 25 feet high. Beyond the south-east corner of the tower the scarp continues south for 50 feet in a line with the scarp as first observed, and then, turning through an angle of some 40º, runs in this direction to the eastern wall of the English Cemetery, where it again turns at right angles, as if to form the base of another tower, forming the foundation of the modern wall. Midway between these two towers Major Conder sees indications of a third. The scarp presents many interesting features, such as cisterns, stables, steps, &c. Outside the cemetery the supposed site of the tower was covered by a huge mound of rubbish, and the scarp was lost for over 100 feet, when it appeared again running north-east for about 175 feet. Opposite the scarp at its re-appearance a counterscarp was traced for some 40 feet, leaving a ditch some 40 feet wide. In the rock south of the counterscarp cisterns were found.

Such, then, was the condition of things at this most interesting spot 19 years ago, when described by Major Conder, and such was its condition


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 instrument he described in a work entitled: "Phoronomia," published at Amsterdam in 1716. This instrument showed directly the elasticity of the confined air, and thereby the temperature, a correction being made for the temperature of the column of mercury.

Frequent allusions to the thermometer of Philippe de la Hire are met with in works on meteorology, and his instrument was famous not because of its novel construction, but owing to the long series of observations conducted with it and published in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, beginning with the year 1670. It was a Florentine thermometer having a scale the value of which has never been accurately determined; La Hire considered it sufficient to state that it had two fixed points, the temperature of a deep cellar in the observatory (48°) and that of the air in an open room when it was freezing in the vicinity.

Amontons sought to compare his standard thermometer with that of La Hire, but could not obtain permission from the authorities to place his instrument alongside of it in the observatory; after his death a superficial comparison was made. Lambert says the zero of La Hire's scale was the temperature of a


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Rh These instructions apply to the ordinary style of riding with the right leg resting on the pommel of the saddle. There are a few ladies who ride with the left leg in that position, when these instructions must be reversed, but such cases are few and far between.

Should always be arranged, if possible, as the run of bottom is a special feature with those who make this branch a study, and this can only be successfully arranged by a "try-on," as it is always advisable to consult the ladies' wishes, while at the same time being prepared to advise her upon any point she may desire. The position of the elastics for foot can also be decided in this manner, which will be found more simple and successful than any elaborate calculation of leg length, &c. A dummy horse is kept for this purpose in all the leading ladies' tailoring establishments, but if the firm should not possess this desideratum, it may be safely left in the hands of the lady's maid and the intended wearer, who will adjust all these little details to a nicety.

Is drawn to the one-twelfth scale, and should produce a garment when made up to measure 2½ yards round the bottom for a 24 waist, Full size patterns of this may be obtained at our office, price 1s. 6d., post free 1s. 7d., which method may be preferred by many of our readers to drafting it out for themselves.

Many accidents to ladies thrown from their horses, having been very much aggravated by their Habit Trains catching in the saddle, has induced some of the inventive minds to prepare a Train in such a style as would not offer the least resistance to the complete fall of the lady from her horse. We have recently had several of these through our hands, and the diagrams on Plate 36 is a reduced model of one of these, and which, if our readers will reproduce by the ordinary tape, will be suitable for an average lady of 24 waist and 40 side length. We shall not go over the diagram point by point, as it would serve no purpose, especially as these are seldom cut by system, indeed, we believe we shall be right in saying that 91) cutters out of every 100 engaged in the best ladies' trades cut their trains out in this way, though for those who prefer a system we give one on the next page, so that our remarks on this New Safety Train, will be more of a practical than a scientific nature. Variations in length should be made at the bottom, but if the side length should show a great increase, it would be well to lower the V for the knee, as at W D, so that the distance from 12 to K agrees with the measure taken on the customer. Variations in the size of waist alone may be made by enlarging or reducing the V's, whilst for ladies, larger or smaller, both in seat and waist, the variation should be made through from to 40, by merely adding to or deducting from as the case may require. Care must, of course, be taken to get the pattern cut the right way, as previously described for the West End Train.

Of this train are, first, its being left open from D to 56, there a large hole is cut as illustrated at W D of topside, and F V of underpart, so that the usual surplus material between the knee and the pommel is avoided, and in case of accident there is plenty of room for the Train to free itself from the saddle. A double strip of elastic about D inches long is sewn on at A, and a button placed at 3 O, so that the elastic may come under the knee and secure the lady at that part; and in order to avoid any possibility of the elastic becoming unfastened, a short loop of twisted cord is put at 8 close to the button, which is put over the button after the elastic is fastened to it, so that if the elastic should work itself free of the button, it is still held by the loop: this loop is also useful to hold the skirt up when walking, when it is fastened to the button at 1 7 of undersides. Below the opening it will be noticed there are four elastic loops, which are fastened to the buttons on the under part; neither of these are stayed with linen, as the object of having it open is to allow the weight of the body to break away these tabs or buttons from their place in case of the lady being thrown from her horse, and the train catches on the pommel. As some of our readers may desire a train without this safety arrangement, we have outlined at W and D the amount to be filled in of the topside, and from 33½ to V of the underside, when it will be made up in the ordinary style, closed all round.

The shaded parts of top and underside are lined with linen or silesia, the stays for the footstraps are covered with Italian cloth, and the opening is bound with Prussian binding or 'leather, a waist band is generally put round the top, and may either be of of Melton or Italian cloth, the latter being often preferred on account of thinness. The cuts or V's are usually taped, and the opening for putting on or off is either made at the side, forming a continuation of the V at 5½, 3 and 4, or it may be arranged at front as at 12, 10½, in which latter case it is fastened together with hooks and eyes