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 that they are inherited, and that they are constant. Admitting that this peculiar appendage is (as Mr. Romanes says rather confidently, "we happen to know it to be") wholly useless and meaningless, the fact would be rather an argument against specific characters being also meaningless, because the latter never have the characteristics which this particular variation possesses.

These useless or non-adaptive characters are, apparently, of the same nature as the "sports" that arise in our domestic productions, but which, as Mr. Darwin says, without the aid of selection would soon disappear; while some of them may be correlations with other characters which are or have been useful. Some of these correlations are very curious. Mr. Tegetmeier informed Mr. Darwin that the young of white, yellow, or dun-coloured pigeons are born almost naked, whereas other coloured pigeons are born well clothed with down. Now, if this difference occurred between wild species of different colours, it might be said that the nakedness of the young could not be of any use. But the colour with which it is correlated might, as has been shown, be useful in many ways. The skin and its various appendages, as horns, hoofs, hair, feathers, and teeth, are homologous parts, and are subject to very strange correlations of growth. In Paraguay, horses with curled hair occur, and these always have hoofs exactly like those of a mule, while the hair of the mane and tail is much shorter than usual. Now, if any one of these characters were useful, the others correlated with it might be themselves useless, but would still be tolerably constant because dependent on a useful organ. So the tusks and the bristles of the boar are correlated and vary in development together, and the former only may be useful, or both may be useful in unequal degrees.

The difficulty as to how individual differences or sports can become fixed and perpetuated, if altogether useless, is evaded by those who hold that such characters are exceedingly common. Mr. Romanes says that, upon his theory of physiological selection, "it is quite intelligible that when a varietal form is differentiated from its parent form by the bar of sterility, any little meaningless peculiarities of structure or of instinct should at first be allowed to arise, and that they should then be allowed to perpetuate themselves by heredity," until they are finally


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 eliminated by disuse. But this is entirely begging the question. Do meaningless peculiarities, which we admit often arise as spontaneous variations, ever perpetuate themselves in all the individuals constituting a variety or race, without selection either human or natural? Such characters present themselves as unstable variations, and as such they remain, unless preserved and accumulated by selection; and they can therefore never become "specific" characters unless they are strictly correlated with some useful and important peculiarities.

As bearing upon this question we may refer to what is termed Delbœuf's law, which has been thus briefly stated by Mr. Murphy in his work on Habit and Intelligence, p. 241.

"If, in any species, a number of individuals, bearing a ratio not infinitely small to the entire number of births, are in every generation born with a particular variation which is neither beneficial nor injurious, and if it is not counteracted by reversion, then the proportion of the new variety to the original form will increase till it approaches indefinitely near to equality."

It is not impossible that some definite varieties, such as the melanic form of the jaguar and the bridled variety of the guillemot are due to this cause; but from their very nature such varieties are unstable, and are continually reproduced in varying proportions from the parent forms. They can, therefore, never constitute species unless the variation in question becomes beneficial, when it will be fixed by natural selection. Darwin, it is true, says—"There can be little doubt that the tendency to vary in the same manner has often been so strong that all the individuals of the same species have been similarly modified without the aid of any form of selection." But no proof whatever is offered of this statement, and it is so entirely opposed to all we know of the facts of variation as given by Darwin himself, that the important word "all" is probably an oversight.

On the whole, then, I submit, not only has it not been proved that an "enormous number of specific peculiarities" are useless, and that, as a logical result, natural selection is "not a theory of the origin of species," but only of the origin

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text: The New Student's Reference Work/Stone, Lucy (Blackwell)


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142 of adaptations which are usually common to many species, or, more commonly, to genera and families; but, I urge further, it has not even been proved that any truly "specific" characters—those which either singly or in combination distinguish each species from its nearest allies—are entirely unadaptive, useless, and meaningless; while a great body of facts on the one hand, and some weighty arguments on the other, alike prove that specific characters have been, and could only have been, developed and fixed by natural selection because of their utility. We may admit, that among the great number of variations and sports which continually arise many are altogether useless without being hurtful; but no cause or influence has been adduced adequate to render such characters fixed and constant throughout the vast number of individuals which constitute any of the more dominant species.

This supposed insuperable difficulty was first advanced in an article in the North British Review in 1867, and much attention has been attracted to it by the acknowledgment of Mr. Darwin that it proved to him that "single variations," or what are usually termed "sports," could very rarely, if ever, be perpetuated in a state of nature, as he had at first thought might occasionally be the case. But he had always considered that the chief part, and latterly the whole, of the materials with which natural selection works, was afforded by individual variations, or that amount of ever fluctuating variability which exists in all organisms and in all their parts. Other writers have urged the same objection, even as against individual variability, apparently in total ignorance of its amount and range; and quite recently Professor G. J. Romanes has adduced


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vi it as one of the difficulties which can alone be overcome by his theory of physiological selection. He urges, that the same variation does not occur simultaneously in a number of individuals inhabiting the same area, and that it is mere assumption to say it does; while he admits that "if the assumption were granted there would be an end of the present difficulty; for if a sufficient number of individuals were thus simultaneously and similarly modified, there need be no longer any danger of the variety becoming swamped by intercrossing." I must again refer my readers to my third chapter for the proof that such simultaneous variability is not an assumption but a fact; but, even admitting this to be proved, the problem is not altogether solved, and there is so much misconception regarding variation, and the actual process of the origin of new species is so obscure, that some further discussion and elucidation of the subject are desirable.

In one of the preliminary chapters of Mr. Seebohm's recent work on the Charadriidæ, he discusses the differentiation of species; and he expresses a rather widespread view among naturalists when, speaking of the swamping effects of intercrossing, he adds: "This is unquestionably a very grave difficulty, to my mind an absolutely fatal one, to the theory of accidental variation." And in another passage he says: "The simultaneous appearance, and its repetition in successive generations, of a beneficial variation, in a large number of individuals in the same locality, cannot possibly be ascribed to chance." These remarks appear to me to exhibit an entire misconception of the facts of variation as they actually occur, and as they have been utilised by natural selection in the modification of species. I have already shown that every part of the organism, in common species, does vary to a very considerable amount, in a large number of individuals, and in the same locality; the only point that remains to be discussed is, whether any or most of these variations are "beneficial." But every one of these variations consists either in increase or diminution of size or power of the organ or faculty that varies; they can all be divided into a more effective and a less effective group—that is, into one that is more beneficial or less beneficial. If less size of body would be beneficial, then, as half the variations in size are above and half below the mean or existing standard of the species, there


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144 would be ample beneficial variations; if a darker colour or a longer beak or wing were required, there are always a considerable number of individuals darker and lighter in colour than the average, with longer or with shorter beaks and wings, and thus the beneficial variation must always be present. And so with every other part, organ, function, or habit; because, as variation, so far as we know, is and always must be in the two directions of excess and defect in relation to the mean amount, whichever kind of variation is wanted is always present in some degree, and thus the difficulty as to "beneficial" variations occurring, as if they were a special and rare class, falls to the ground. No doubt some organs may vary in three or perhaps more directions, as in the length, breadth, thickness, or curvature of the bill. But these may be taken as separate variations, each of which again occurs as "more" or "less"; and thus the "right" or "beneficial" or "useful" variation must always be present so long as any variation at all occurs; and it has not yet been proved that in any large or dominant species, or in any part, organ, or faculty of such species, there is no variation. And even were such a case found it would prove nothing, so long as in numerous other species variation was shown to exist; because we know that great numbers of species and groups throughout all geological time have died out, leaving no descendants; and the obvious and sufficient explanation of this fact is, that they did not vary enough at the time when variation was required to bring them into harmony with changed conditions. The objection as to the "right" or "beneficial" variation occurring when required, seems therefore to have no weight in view of the actual facts of variation.

Most writers on the subject consider the isolation of a portion of a species a very important factor in the formation of new species, while others maintain it to be absolutely essential. This latter view has arisen from an exaggerated opinion as to the power of intercrossing to keep down any variety or incipient species, and merge it in the parent stock. But it is evident that this can only occur with varieties which are not useful, or which, if useful, occur in very small numbers; and from this kind of variations it is clear that


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vi new species do not arise. Complete isolation, as in an oceanic island, will no doubt enable natural selection to act more rapidly, for several reasons. In the first place, the absence of competition will for some time allow the new immigrants to increase rapidly till they reach the limits of subsistence. They will then struggle among themselves, and by survival of the fittest will quickly become adapted to the new conditions of their environment. Organs which they formerly needed, to defend themselves against, or to escape from, enemies, being no longer required, would be encumbrances to be got rid of, while the power of appropriating and digesting new and varied food would rise in importance. Thus we may explain the origin of so many flightless and rather bulky birds in oceanic islands, as the dodo, the cassowary, and the extinct moas. Again, while this process was going on, the complete isolation would prevent its being checked by the immigration of new competitors or enemies, which would be very likely to occur in a continuous area; while, of course, any intercrossing with the original unmodified stock would be absolutely prevented. If, now, before this change has gone very far, the variety spreads into adjacent but rather distant islands, the somewhat different conditions in each may lead to the development of distinct forms constituting what are termed representative species; and these we find in the separate islands of the Galapagos, the West Indies, and other ancient groups of islands.

But such cases as these will only lead to the production of a few peculiar species, descended from the original settlers which happened to reach the islands; whereas, in wide areas, and in continents, we have variation and adaptation on a much larger scale; and, whenever important physical changes demand them, with even greater rapidity. The far greater complexity of the environment, together with the occurrence of variations in constitution and habits, will often allow of effective isolation, even here, producing all the results of actual physical isolation. As we have already explained, one of the most frequent modes in which natural selection acts is, by adapting some individuals of a species to a somewhat different mode of life, whereby they are able to seize upon unappropriated places in nature, and in so doing they become practically Rh


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Stoneworts


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Stony Point


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The New International Encyclopædia/Electoral Votes

ELECTORAL VOTES. The votes cast by Presidential electors in the United States for the Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidates. The candidates for the two offices were not voted for separately until after 1805, before which time the candidate receiving the largest total number of votes at any given election was declared President, and the one receiving the next largest number the Vice-President. The electoral votes cast in the various campaigns since 1789 have been as follows: In 1789: George Washington, 69; John Adams, 34; Samuel Huntington, 2; John Jay, 9; John Hancock, 4; Robert H. Harrison, 6; George Clinton, 3; John Rutledge, 6; John Milton, 2; James

Edward Telfair, and Benjamin Lincoln, each, 1. In 1793: George Washington, 132; John Adams, 77; George Clinton, 50; Thomas Jefferson, 4; Aaron Burr, 1. In 1797: John Adams, 71; Thomas Jefferson, 68; Thomas Pinckney, 59; Aaron Burr, 30; Samuel Adams, 15; Oliver Ellsworth, 11; George Clinton, 7; John Jay, 5; James Iredell, 3; Samuel Johnston, George Washington, and John Henry, each, 2; Charles C. Pinckney, 1. In 1801: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, each 73; John Adams, 65; C. C. Pinckney, 64; John Jay, 1. In 1805: for President, Thomas Jefferson, 162; C. C. Pinckney, 14; for Vice-President, George Clinton, 162; Rufus King, 14. In 1809: for President, James Madison, 122; C. C. Pinckney, 47; George Clinton, 6; for Vice-President, George Clinton, 113; Rufus King, 47; John Langdon, 9; James Monroe, 3; and James Madison, 3. In 1813: for President, James Madison, 128; De Witt Clinton, 89; for Vice-President, Elbridge Gerry, 131; Jared Ingersoll, 86. In 1817: for President, James Monroe. 183; Rufus King, 34; for Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, 183; John E. Howard, 22; James Ross, 5; John Marshall, 4; Robert G. Harper, 3. In 1821: for President, James Monroe, 231; John Q. Adams, 1; for Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, 218; Richard Stockton, 8; Daniel Rodney, 4; Robert G. Harper, Richard Rush, each, 1. In 1825: for President, John Q. Adams. 84; William H. Crawford, 41; Andrew Jackson, 99; Henry Clay, 37; for Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, 182; Nathan Sanford, 30; Nathaniel Macon, 24; Andrew Jackson, 13; Martin Van Buren, 9; Henry Clay, 2. In 1829: for President, Andrew Jackson, 178; John Quincy Adams, 83; for Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, 171; Richard Rush, 83; William Smith, 7. In 1833: for President, Andrew Jackson, 219; Henry Clay, 49; John Floyd, 11; William Wirt, 7; for Vice-President, Martin Van Buren, 189; John Sergeant, 49; William Wilkins, 30: Henry Lee, 11; Amos Ellmaker, 7. In 1837: for President, Martin Van Buren, 170; William H. Harrison, 73; Hugh L. White, 26; Daniel Webster, 14; Willie P. Mangum, 11; for Vice-President, Richard M. Johnson, 147; Francis Granger, 77; John Tyler, 47; William Smith, 23. In 1841: for President, William H. Harrison, 234; Martin Van Buren, 60; for Vice-President, John Tyler, 234; Richard M. Johnson, 48; Lyttleton W. Tazewell, 11; James K. Polk, 1. In 1845: for President, James K. Polk, 170; Henry Clay, 105; for Vice-President, George M. Dallas, 170; Theodore Frelinghuysen, 105. In 1849: for President, Zachary Taylor, 163; Lewis Cass, 127; for Vice-President, Millard Fillmore, 163; William O. Butler, 127. In 1853: for President, Franklin Pierce, 254; Winfield Scott, 42; for Vice-President, William R. King, 254; William A. Graham, 42. In 1857: for President, James Buchanan, 174; John C. Frémont, 114; Millard Fillmore, 8; for Vice-President, John C. Breckinridge, 174; William L. Dayton, 114; A. J. Donelson, 8. In 1861: for President, Abraham Lincoln, 180; John C. Breckinridge, 72; Stephen A. Douglas, 12; John Bell, 39; for Vice-President, Hannibal Hamlin, 180; .Joseph Lane, 72; Herschel V. Johnson, 12; Edward Everett, 39. In 1865: for President, Abraham Lincoln, 212: George B. McClellan, 21; for Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, 212; George H. Pendleton, 21. In 1869: for

President, Ulysses S. Grant, 214; Horatio Seymour, 80; for Vice-President, Schuyler Colfax, 214; Frank P. Blair, Jr., 80. In 1873: for President, Ulysses S. Grant, 286; Thomas A. Hendricks, 42; B. Gratz Brown, 18 (Horace Greeley having died in November, 1872); Charles J. Jenkins, 2; David Davis, 1; for Vice-President, Henry Wilson, 286; B. Gratz Brown, 47; G. W. Julian, A. H. Colquitt, each, 5; J. M. Palmer, T. E. Bramlette, each, 3; W. S. Groesbeck, W. B. Machen, N. P. Banks, each, 1. In 1877: for President, Rutherford B Hayes, 185; Samuel J. Tilden, 184; for Vice-President, William A. Wheeler, 185; Thomas A. Hendricks, 184. In 1881: for President, James A. Garfield, 214; Winfield S. Hancock, 155; for Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur, 214; William H. English, 155. In 1885: for President, Grover Cleveland, 219; James G. Blaine, 182; for Vice-President, Thomas A. Hendricks, 219; John A. Logan, 182. In 1889: for President, Benjamin Harrison, 233; Grover Cleveland, 168; for Vice-President, Levi P. Morton, 233; Allen G. Thurman, 168. In 1893: for President, Grover Cleveland, 277; Benjamin Harrison, 145; J. B. Weaver, 22; for Vice-President, A. E. Stevenson, 277; W. Reid, 145; J. G. Field, 22. In 1897: for President, William McKinley, 271; William J. Bryan, 176; for Vice-President, Garret A. Hobart, 271; Arthur Sewall, 149; Thomas E. Watson, 27. In 1901: for President, William McKinley, 292; William J. Bryan, 155; for Vice-President, Theodore Roosevelt, 292; A. E. Stevenson, 155. Consult Stanwood, History of the Presidency (Boston, 1898).


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 :Residences of foreigners 280,324
 * Riot notice of in Canton 346
 * Riot of January in Canton 46
 * Rizzolati, letter of the Rt Rev. 39
 * on Sabbath days 159
 * Seamen's Hospital, Hongkong 159;
 * Secret societies at Singapore 300,400
 * Sermon by Rev. R. Anderson 481
 * Sermon by Rev. G. Smith 234
 * Shánghái, notices of the city 466
 * Shánghái, thermometer at 289
 * Shánghái, foreign trade at 296
 * Shánghái, port regulations at 566
 * Shipping at Canton 166
 * Siam, missionary labors in 80
 * Siewa, the brig 445
 * Silk, export of, to the U. Kingdom 386
 * Silk, export of, to the U. S. A. 400
 * Smith, sermon by Rev. G 234
 * Smith, Journal of Rev. G 185
 * Spirit, remarks on the word 163
 * Steamers, commercial 277
 * Storms of rain and thunder 223
 * Stone-tables and pestles 471
 * Sü Aman, statements regarding 307
 * Subscriptions, mode of obtaining 415
 * Superstitions among the people 478|

 * Superintendency of British trade 8
 * Synoptical tables of trade 291
 * , the Chinese 263
 * Teas, export of, to the U.Kingdom 386
 * Teas, export of, to the U. S. A. 396
 * The twenty-one millions paid 55
 * Tonnage dues on Brit vessels 150
 * Tonnage, foreign, statement of 165
 * Traditions, the worship of 45
 * Treaty, with England, indemnity 55
 * Treaty with the French 10
 * Tsing Lien Kán, noticed 274
 * Turon, notices of 114
 * Tyfoon, notice of a 445
 * U. S. A. Trade in China 400
 * , remarks on 285
 * Vessels, British tonnage dues 150
 * Vessel, foreign, in China 165
 * Vocabulary, English and Chinese 145
 * , civil, in Fuhkien 476
 * War, the effects of the late 65
 * Watch-towers, notice of 194
 * Wheat for rations 471
 * Widows, support of 402
 * Williams' Vocabulary 145
 * Wolcott, H. G. U. S. A. consul 224
 * kiáng, navigation of 99


text: Weird Tales/Volume 30/Issue 4

title: Weird Tales/Volume 30/Issue 4


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The Chinese Repository/Volume 15

 * /Index/

title: The Chinese Repository/Volume 15


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text: Celtic Fairy Tales/Gold-Tree and Silver-Tree


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The New International Encyclopædia/Spinoza, Baruch

SPINOZA, spḗ-nō'zȧ,, or (1632-77). A famous Dutch-Jewish philosopher, born in Amsterdam, November 24, 1632. His father, a Portuguese merchant, had fled from Catholic persecution to the Netherlands. Spinoza was carefully educated in Jewish theology and speculation. He was, however, alienated from the orthodox belief by studies of physical science and of the writings of Descartes and probably those of Giordano Bruno. His heresies resulted in threats of severe punishment from his instructors in the Talmud and the Cabala, and the relation soon became so unpleasant that Spinoza withdrew from the synagogue. The rabbis, in 1656, excommunicated him and secured his banishment from Amsterdam. However, he remained in the neighborhood of the city for five years, supporting himself, as in later years, as a lens-maker.

Previous to his expulsion from the Jewish community Spinoza is said to have fallen in love with the daughter of Van den Ende, his master in Greek and Latin, and to have been rejected by her. Possibly even before his expulsion he composed his first work, Tractatus de Deo et Homine ejusque Felicitate (discovered in a Dutch translation in 1852, the Latin original not being extant), in which the form of his developed system is foreshadowed. And the De Intellectus Emendatione and Tractatus Theologico-politicus are also probably referable to the period of his Amsterdam residence, although the latter was not published until 1670 and the former until 1677.

In 1661 Spinoza went to Rhynsburg, near Leyden, and two or three years later to Voorburg, near The Hague. Shortly after, yielding to the solicitations of friends, he removed to The Hague itself. The Elector Palatine, Charles Louis, offered him a chair at the University of Heidelberg, but Spinoza declined the position in order to be free from any restrictions upon his thinking. An offer of a pension, on the condition of his dedicating a work to Louis XIV., he rejected with scorn. His domestic accounts, after his death, show that he preferred to live on a few pence a day rather than be indebted to another's bounty. He died February 21, 1677. His constitution was no less undermined by consumption and overwork than his sensitive mind was wrought upon by

and the violent severance of natural ties. But no word of complaint ever passed his lips; simplicity and heroic forbearance, coupled with an antique stoicism and a child-like, warm, sympathizing heart, were the salient features of his character. His life, in its nobility and suffering, is perhaps the most convincing plea for the vitality of the philosophy for which it served as the human context.

Spinoza's philosophy finds its most adequate expression in his great work, Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata (posthumously published in 1677). The basis from which it was developed was mainly Cartesianism. Certainly from Descartes he derived his empirical rationalism and his conception of exact demonstration. This latter, on the analogy of geometrical demonstrations, consisted of a series of axioms with corollaries, propositions, and elucidations, designed to render bias or extraneous inference impossible, and there can be no doubt that Spinoza was one of the most conscientious of thinkers in his effort to eliminate the personal equation. Nevertheless, there are few philosophers in whom the personal element is more distinctive. The very fact of Spinoza's severance from his own race and religion, together with his failure to adopt Christian thought, made the individuality of his system the more inevitable; he was bound by no tradition and so followed to the fullest the instincts of his reason. He was influenced by Descartes in method and probably by Bruno in his pantheism, but his system is still his own to a degree seldom true in the history of philosophy.

This system is a thorough-going and complicated pantheism. The universe is identical with God, who is the substance of all things. The conception of substance (which Spinoza inherited from the Scholastics) is not that of a material reality, but of a logical subject — the self-sufficient and comprehensive basis for all reality, capable of sustaining as its attributes all temporal existences. Spinoza recognized the possible existence of an infinite number of such attributes, but held that only two kinds are known to us — extension, or the world of material things, and thought. These two comprehend existence and they include all that exists in a real and palpable way, at least so far as human knowledge is concerned.

The idea of extension as the gist of physical reality, and of thought as a non-extended reality, Spinoza derived from Descartes. But Descartes made each of these independent substances and conceded to them the power of causal interaction — mind acting upon body and vice versa. Spinoza, as we have seen, makes both forms of reality dependent upon an ultimate substance — God — in which is their existence. Furthermore, he denies their power of causal interaction. Cause and effect in his conception are always similar; extension and thought are wholly dissimilar; therefore their causal interrelation is impossible. Causation may subsist between individual objects in the attribute extension, that is, between physical bodies, or between individual ideas in the attribute thought, but not between ideas and things. To explain the apparent causal interactions of the latter Spinoza resorted to an elaborate theory of parallelism. Every idea has a physical counterpart in the attribute extension; every physical object has its idea. This

is not only true for the individuals in each attribute, but nocossarily for their relations also. Hence parallel with every physical causal series there is an ideational causal series reduplicating it; neither is dependent upon the other, but both depend upon the divine substance made manifest through them.

The individuality of things, whether ideas or physical objects, Spinoza explained as particular modes or ‘affections’ of substance. All particular things in space are the modes of God in the attribute extension: all particular thoughts and feelings are modes of God in the attribute thought. The modes are natura naturata; substance or God is natura naturans. The modes are ephemeral and their existence assumes temporal form; God is eternal, outlasting all attributive changes. Particular things, accordingly, whether of body or mind, are evanescent and finite. All existence is mortal.

Nevertheless there is an indestructible world. It is not to be found in the realm of existences, but in a realm of essences — something wholly different. The Spinozistic conception of essence is most nearly related to the Scholastic conception of Realism and to Plato's conception of a world of ideas. It is an hypostatization of the universal aspect of things, that is, of their essential nature in a logical or definitive sense, and in many respects is a striking forecast of Hegel's logic of the Absolute. The most distinctive difference between Spinoza's world of existences and his world of essences is that the former exists in time, while the latter has no temporal being. But mortality can pertain only to temporal being; therefore the world of essences, being timeless, must be immortal. Furthermore, the world of essences is a world of immanent being. Every existence has a universal or essential character, though to realize this character it must transcend its own intrinsic form, that is, free itself from whatever gives it particularity. The world of essences thus has a kind of being within the world of existences — as the immanent cause of the latter — though it does not share its temporal limitation. Now this is precisely true of the divine substance; and so it is that the world of essences represents the essential nature of God.

Immanent causation means self-causation, and that which is self-determined is free. From this reasoning Spinoza derived his doctrine of freedom to be won in the world of essences. Existence in the attribute is bondage, for each existent thing is determined by its own causal series; every particular object or idea is subject to other objects or ideas, and the form of its being is determined by them. Only in non-temporal, self-caused being, that is, in the universal and immanent, is freedom possible; only by identification with the eternal verities, with substance or God, is immortality — and with it peace — to be obtained.

From this conception springs Spinoza's ethical doctrine, developed in the third, fourth, and fifth parts of the Ethica. In its practical form his teaching assumes that everything, so far as in it lies, strives to remain in its own being. The effort by which this striving is manifest is nothing but the actual essence of the thing. This effort, when it is in the mind alone, is will; when in mind and body, it is appetite. If desire is satisfied, we have pleasure; if not, we have sorrow. All affections and emotions resolve into

desire, joy, and sorrow, accompanied by ideas. The good is that which we know to be useful, that is, that which we know to be a means for the nearer attainment of the standard of human nature which is our ideal. Knowledge of good and bad can be a cause in the moral world, counteracting passion and raising us from the world of appetite and mortality to the world of eternal truths.

The passage from mortality to immortality, from bondage to freedom, is made plausible to Spinoza's mind by the fact that every reality has its immanent cause, its universal aspect, or what may be called its cosmological truth. By cultivating steadily this inunanent and universal nature man is enabled to realize his immortal destiny. As to the nature of the initiative by which a soul in bondage is to alter its course, Spinoza has no clear teaching. The problem seems not to have presented itself to him, and indeed this is hardly to be wondered at, since his own mind turned so instinctively to what he conceived to be the divine and the good.

Spinoza's position in the development of philosophical thought is in many respects unique. He belonged to no school and he founded none. While in a measure his work was based upon that of his predecessors, it is too strikingly individual to be conceived a mere continuation, even of Cartesian thought. In the vigor and comprehensiveness of his conception, in synthetic daring, he must be ranked with the greatest philosophical thinkers; and though his system gave rise to no sequential development, he has had perhaps the most pervasive influence of any modern philosopher except Kant. Not only metaphysicians, but poets such as Goethe, Wordsworth, and Shelley, have gone to him for inspiration, and the essence of his thought has been in large part appropriated in the poetic pantheism of modern interpretations of nature.

Complete editions of Spinoza's works have been published by Paulus (1802-03), by Bonden (1843-46), and by Van Volten and Land (1882-82). English translations have been made for the Bohn Library (1883), by White and Stanlay, the Ethics (London, 1883), by Fullerton, The Philosophy of Spinoza, selections with introduction (New York, 2d ed. 1894), Of the extensive literature especially to be mentioned are: Caird, Spinoza (Edinburgh, 1888); Martineau, A Study of Spinoza (London, 1882); Pollock, Spinoza (2d ed., ib., 1899); Fullerton, On Spinozistic Immortality (Philadelphia, 1899); Camerer, Die Lehre Spinozas (Stuttgart, 1877); Baltzer, Spinozas Entwickelungsgang (Kiel, 1888); Berendt and Friedländer, Spinozas Erkenntnislehre (Berlin, 1891); Hoff, Die Staatslehre Spinozas (ib., 1895); Kuno Fischer, Geschichte der neueren Philosophie, I. (Heidelberg, 1897).


text:
Forty Years On The Pacific/Yukon Telegraph Trail

ANOTHER body of self-sacrificing and efficient men are the telegraphers and their linesmen of the Canadian North, on a line known as the Yukon Telegraph Trail. They exist in cabins, forty miles apart. Terrific storms play havoc with the lines, but communication must be kept open, entailing great exertion and risk. With the characteristic hospitality of the frontier, they will share their fire and food with the lost traveler. At times, the fierce cold is beyond their endurance and one may succumb, as the pathetic case of one McKenzie, near Hazelton, British Columbia, in 1909. One morning members of a passing pack train found McKenzie frozen to death in his cabin. He lay in his rough bunk, with his head craned over its edge, listening to the telegraph sounder. Doubtless his linesman was out when McKenzie woke up to find his fire gone out during the night—the cold had crept in and the walls were lined with frost. Probably he felt enfeebled from the keen cold and delayed getting up to light his fire. Such delay in the north is fatal—the encroaching frost had numbed him so that he was too weak to rise. And so he died. But the feature of the whole incident which strikes home, and forcibly accentuates the irony of fate, was that even in death his head was still inclined toward the sounder which was clicking away merrily the latest Associated Press news for the Dawson City papers. News from London, Paris, Berlin, Shanghai, New York. News from the four corners of the earth, not two hours old.

Kennicott—The name Kennicott, associated with the famous Alaskan copper mine, is worthy of reference here, because it was founded by an old Western Union telegrapher of that name. About 1865, the Western Union Telegraph Company started to connect America with Europe by telegraph. They sent a body of experts into the northwest, headed by Mr. Kennicott, to construct the line. For many months these brave men were engaged in the erection of a telegraph line through this unknown waste, intending to cross at Behring Strait, and reach Asia, and thence on to Europe. About this time, the successful completion of the Atlantic cable was accomplished by Cyrus W. Field, so there was no necessity for constructing a line across Behring Strait. Kennicott camped on the spot which retains his name.

Speaking of Kennicott reminds me of an item I saw in a New York paper, in 1916, when I reached there, showing how people plunge on stocks of which they know very little. A conversation was overheard in a train going into the city. One man said to another: "I bought one thousand Kennicott yesterday, Jack," and the other remarked: "What and where is that?" The reply was: "I don't know, but it is some proposition in Connecticut."


text:
Portal:Chinese classics

Pre-Qin

 * The Classics of Confucianism
 * Portal:Confucianism
 * The Classics of Daoism
 * Tao Te Ching, attributed to Laozi.
 * Chuang Tzŭ, attributed to the philosopher of the same name, Zhuangzi..
 * The Classic of Mohism
 * Mozi, attributed to the philosopher of the same name, Mozi.
 * The Classics of Legalism
 * The Book of Lord Shang, attributed to Shang Yang.
 * Guanzi, attributed to Guan Zhong.
 * Hanfeizi, attributed to Han Fei.
 * Shenzi, attributed to Shen Buhai; all but one chapter is lost.
 * Shenzi, attributed to Shen Dao. It originally consisted of ten volumes and forty-two chapters, of which all but seven chapters have been lost.
 * The Canon of Laws, attributed to Li Kui.
 * The Classics of Military Science
 * The Art of War, attributed to Sunzi.
 * The Thirty-Six Stratagems, recently recovered.
 * The Three Strategies of Huang Shigong, attributed to Jiang Ziya.
 * The Sima Fa, attributed to Sima Rangju.
 * Wuzi, attributed to Wu Qi.
 * Wei Liaozi, attributed to Wei Liao.
 * Other classics
 * The Guoyu, a collection of historical records of numerous states recorded the period from Western Zhou to 453 BCE.
 * The Shan Hai Jing, a collection of mythical tales from various locations.

Post-Qin

 * The Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of authoritative histories of China, including:
 * Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian
 * Book of Han by Ban Gu.
 * The Strategies of the Warring States, attributed to Liu Xiang.
 * The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, a historical record of the Sixteen Kingdoms, attributed to Cui Hong, is lost.
 * The Shiming, is a dictionary compiled by Liu Xi by the end of 2nd century.
 * The Dialogues between Li Jing and Tang Taizong, attributed to Li Jing
 * The Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, with Sima Guang as its main editor.
 * The Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue, a historical record of the states of Wu and Yue during the period of Spring and Autumn, attributed to Zhao Ye.
 * The Jiaoshi Yilin, a work modelled after the I Ching, composed during the Western Han Dynasty and attributed to Jiao Yanshou.
 * The The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, a mathematics Chinese book composed by several generations scholars of the Han Dynasty.
 * The Thousand Character Classic, attributed to Author:Zhou Xingsi.
 * The Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era, compiled by Gautama Siddha, is a Chinese encyclopedia on astrology and divination.
 * The Shitong, written by Liu Zhiji, a work on historiography.
 * The Tongdian, written by Du You, a contemporary text focused on the Tang Dynasty.
 * The Tang Huiyao, compiled by Wang Pu, a text based on the institutional history of the Tang Dynasty.
 * The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, compiled by Bianji; a recount of Xuanzang's journey.
 * The Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang, written by Duan Chengshi, records fantastic stories, anecdotes, and exotic customs.
 * The Four Great Books of Song, a term referring to the four large compilations during the beginning of Song Dynasty.
 * The Hundred Family Surnames, composed in the early Song Dynasty
 * The Three Character Classic, attributed to Wang Yinglin in the 13th century Sony Dynasty.
 * The Siku Quanshu, the largest compilation of literature in Chinese history.
 * The New Songs from the Jade Terrace, a poetry collection from the Six Dynasties period.
 * The Quantangshi, or Collected Tang Poems, compiled during the Qing Dynasty, published 1705 CE.

Collections of translations

 * The Chinese Classics, translated by James Legge (1861–1872). A five volume series comprising:
 * The Confucian Analects, The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean
 * The Works of Mencius
 * The Shujing (Book of Documents), including the Bamboo Annals
 * The Shijing (Classic of Poetry)
 * Spring and Autumn Annals, with the Tso Chue (Commentary of Zuo)
 * The Sacred Books of China, translated by James Legge (1879–1891), part of the Sacred Books of the East series, comprising:
 * Confucian texts:
 * The Shujing
 * Religious portions of The Shijing (Book of Documents)
 * The Xiaojing (Classic of Filial Piety)
 * The Yijing (Book of Changes)
 * The Liji (Book of Rites)
 * Taoist texts:
 * The Tao Te Ching
 * Zhuangzi
 * Taishang Ganying Pian (Tractate of Actions and their Retributions)
 * The Qingjing Jing (Classic of Purity),
 * The Yinfujing (Classic of the Harmony of the Seen and Unseen)
 * The Yushu Jing (Classic of the Pivot of Jade)
 * Nei Riyong Jing (Classic of the Directory for the Day)

title: Portal:Chinese classics


text:
Forty Years On The Pacific/Submarine Signals

A NEW device for the protection of steamers in foggy weather is the submarine signal, with which a great many passenger vessels are equipped. It consists of a telephone in the pilot house, which is connected with a tank, placed as low as possible in the vessel's hold on each side of the bow. From each tank there is a dictaphone supplied by a dry battery, which carries the sound to the telephone. On shore, light-vessels, buoys or prominent point a submarine bell is installed at from twenty-five to thirty-five feet below water. This bell is struck by electricity or compressed air—a code of strokes being used to distinguish different stations. Water, being a better conductor of sound than air, conveys the stroke of the bell distinctly.

In foggy weather, the captain of the steamer, when approaching land, and in vicinities of submarine bells, can go into the pilot house and on placing the phone to his ear can hear these signals from five to fifteen miles off. If the bell should be right ahead, it will be heard distinctly in both receivers, but if on one side, it will be heard in only one receiver. To bring the signal ahead, the vessel has to swing around to bring the sound in both receivers. This device is invaluable to mariners in foggy weather on rock-bound coasts.


text:
Portal:Chinese literature

Literature

 * Gems of Chinese Literature, by Herbert Allen Giles, 1922
 * The Analects
 * The Art of War
 * At Fifteen I Joined the Army on Expedition
 * Ballad of Mulan
 * Call to Arms (Lu Xun)
 * A Madman's Diary
 * Clearing at Dawn
 * Couplet
 * Departing from Baidi in the Morning
 * Drinking Alone by Moonlight
 * History of Guan Yin Hall by Zhao Mengfu, translated from Chinese by Wikisource
 * Laozi
 * Mei Flower
 * Mozi
 * Nestorian Stele
 * Phoenix Pin
 * The Poet Li Po
 * Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion
 * Rainstorm on Nov. 4
 * Romance of the Three Kingdoms
 * Song of Everlasting Regret
 * The Story of the Stone
 * Tales of the New Era
 * Tao Te Ching (James Legge)
 * The Doctrine of the Mean
 * The Great Learning
 * To Tan Chi'u
 * Touring Shanxi Village
 * Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo
 * Yui Jing Yi Meets the Kitchen God

Fairy Tales

 * Chinese Fairy Tales (1920) tr. by H. A. Giles
 * Chinese Fairy Book (1921) tr. into German by R. Wilhelm
 * Chinese Fables and Folk Stories (1908) tr. by M. H. Davis and Chow-Leung

Nursery Rhymes

 * The Chinese Boy and Girl (1901) by I. T. Headland
 * Pekinese Rhymes (1896) tr. by Guido Vitale

title: Portal:Chinese literature


text: Author:Hartley Burr Alexander

title: Author:Hartley Burr Alexander


text:
Author:Wang Yinglin

Works

 * The Three Character Classic (attributed, Ou Shizi is another candidate)
 * A Sea of Jades (玉海)
 * Record of Observances from Arduous Studies (困學紀聞)
 * Purple Pearls of Primary Studies (小學紺珠)

vi:Tác gia:Vương Ứng Lân zh:Author:王應麟

title: Author:Wang Yinglin


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 [Jesus Christ has existed since the beginning of the world: this is more impressive than all the miracles of Antichrist.]

If in the same Church there should happen a miracle on the side of those in error, men would be led into error. Schism is visible; a miracle is visible. But schism is more a sign of error than a miracle is a sign of truth. Therefore a miracle cannot lead into error.

But apart from schism, error is not so obvious as a miracle is obvious. Therefore a miracle could lead into error.

''Ubi est Deus tuus? '' Miracles show Him, and are a light.

One of the anthems for Vespers at Christmas: ''Exortum est in tenebris lumen rectis corde. ''

If the compassion of God is so great that He instructs us to our benefit, even when He hides Himself, what light ought we not to expect from Him when He reveals Himself?

Will Est et non est  be received in faith itself as well as in miracles? And if it is inseparable in the others…

When Saint Xavier works miracles.—[Saint Hilary. Ye wretches, who oblige us to speak of miracles.]

Unjust judges, make not your own laws on the moment; judge by those which are established, and by yourselves. Væ qui conditis leges iniquas.

Miracles endless, false.

In order to weaken your adversaries, you disarm the whole Church.

If they say that our salvation depends upon God, they are "heretics." If they say that they are obedient to the Pope, that is "hypocrisy." If they are ready to subscribe to all the articles, that is not enough. If they say that a man must not be killed for an apple, "they attack the

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" enemy are upon us!"

This cry, ringing clearly throughout the Alamo, aroused everybody to action, and hither and thither ran the soldiers to their various points of duty,—some in uniform, and others just as they had leaped up from their couches.

"Are they really coming?" demanded Henry Parker, who had been sleeping beside Dan, in one of the rooms of the convent.

"I reckon they are, Henry," was the quick response, and up leaped the youth, and ran, gun in hand, to where Poke Stover was doing guard duty.

"Are they coming, Poke?"

"Yes, Dan, and plenty of 'em, too. They are divided into several divisions."

There was no time to say more, for already one of the divisions, commanded by Colonel Duque, was attacking the northern wall. Here Lieutenant-Colonel Travis commanded in person. The commander was bareheaded, and carried a sword in one hand and a pistol in the other.

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Rh "Now, boys, give it to them hot!" he shouted. "Don't let them get over the wall. Fire to kill! Fire to save your own lives!" And then the cannon belched forth, followed by a crack-cracking of the smaller firearms. The aim of the Texans was so deadly that the column was repulsed for the moment, and Colonel Duque was seriously wounded.

By this time the divisions to attack the other sides of the mission had come up. As one column tried to raise their scaling-ladders, Davy Crockett threw his coonskin cap at them in defiance, and laid one of the officers low with a shot from his trusty "Betsy." Fifty other shots rang out, and the morning air became heavy with the smoke of rifles and cannon.

"We must beat 'em back!" cried Stover, who was close to Crockett, and as the old hunter blazed away so did the frontiersman and Dan, and the youth had the satisfaction of seeing the Mexican he had aimed at go down, rope and gun in hand, shot through the ankle.

The fighting was now incessant on all sides, but gradually the Mexicans concentrated on the northern wall. They were yelling like so many demons, and their officers urged them forward by threats and sword blows, until the first rank was fairly wedged against the stone wall of the mission. A cannon belched forth, doing fearful havoc, but those in front could not retreat because of those pushing

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252 behind them, and in a twinkle one Mexican soldier was piled above another, until the top of the wall was gained, and, as one authority states, they came "tumbling over it like sheep," falling, in some cases, directly on the bodies of the Texans below.

"The convent yard is taken!" was the cry. "To the convent! To the hospital!" And as quickly as it could be done the Texans left the yard.

In the crowd were Dan, Stover, and Henry Parker. As the latter turned, a Mexican under-officer aimed his pistol at the young man.

"Down, Henry!" yelled Dan, but, before Parker could drop, the pistol was discharged and Henry Parker fell like a lump of lead, shot through the brain.

The sudden death of his friend made Dan spell bound, and he gazed at the corpse in horror. Then he felt his arm seized by Poke Stover, and in a minute more found himself being hurried toward the church.

"We can't do anything more," exclaimed the old frontiersman. "They number ten to one, and more. We are doomed, unless we can manage to escape!"

"Poor Henry!" murmured Dan, when he could speak. "What will his mother—"

"Yes, yes, lad, I know; but we can't talk about it now. Come on."

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Rh "To where?"

"Anywhere, away from that howling, raging mob of greasers. They'll show us no quarter."

"Travis is dead!" said somebody who was passing them. "They fairly hacked him to pieces!"

As Stover and Dan ran into the church building, there was a loud report in the courtyard. The Mexicans had captured one of the cannon, and turned it upon the long ward of the hospital building, and the grape-shot laid fifteen Texans low. The Texans were now fighting from room to room of the convent, and the whole place looked like a slaughter-pen.

"To the church!" came the cry. "To the church! Let the last stand be in the church!" The cry was taken up on all sides, and every Texan who could do so ran for the church with all possible speed. In the meantime, the stockade had been carried, and fresh Mexican soldiers were pouring over this in droves.

At the entrance to the church stood Davy Crockett, clubbed rifle in hand, and with the blood pouring from a wound in the head.

"Rally around me, boys!" he shouted. "Don't give up! We are bound to whip em yet!" And as the first of the Mexicans came on, he laid two of them low with one mighty blow of his favourite "Betsy," that cracked the rifle in half. And, as

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254 the rifle fell, so did lion-hearted Davy Crockett, to rise no more.

With the fall of Crockett, the other Texans, especially those who had emigrated from Tennes see, fought like demons, and soon the whole church was so thick with smoke that scarcely one man could be told from another. In a side apartment lay Bowie, suffering from a fall from a platform, where he had been directing operations. As the Mexicans swarmed into the room, Bowie raised himself up and fired his pistols. Seeing this, the Mexicans retreated, and fired on him from behind the door, killing him almost instantly.

It had been decided that, should the worst come to the worst, the Texans must fire the powder-magazine located in one part of the church. It was now seen that further resistance would be useless.

"The magazine!" came from half a dozen. "Blow the Mexicans up!"

"I will!" shouted back Major T. C. Evans, commander of the artillery, and started forward with a firebrand for the purpose. The Mexicans, however, saw the movement, and before Evans could go a dozen paces, a score of guns were aimed at him, and he went down fairly riddled with bullets.

"I'm shot!" cried Poke Stover, in the midst of the din and confusion, and clapped his hand to

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Rh his left shoulder. He had been leading Dan to a rear apartment of the church, between overturned benches and sacks of wheat and rice.

"Shot?" gasped the boy. "Where? Oh, I hope it isn't serious!"

"It's in the shoulder," and the old frontiersman gave a suppressed groan.

"Can I do anything for you?"

"No! no! not now, Dan. Come, before it is too late."

"Where to?"

"Let us see if we can't hide from these blood thirsty greasers. It is worse than useless to stand up ag'in 'em longer!"

Again Stover caught hold of Dan, and the two pushed on through the smoke and dust. Rifle shots still cracked out, and yells, screams, and curses filled the air. The Alamo had fallen and now the Mexicans were bent upon butchering every Texan who still remained alive. Out of the whole gallant garrison not one man was spared!

Presently Dan and his companion entered a small room but a short distance away from the powder-magazine. Here all was pitch-dark, as the room contained no window. There were boxes and barrels stored here, but for what purpose neither knew. Behind several of the boxes was a niche about three feet square, and almost as deep.

"It's not much of a hidin'-place," said Stover,

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256 "but I reckon as how it's better nor nothin'. Anyway, we can't do no more than try it. If they root us out, we'll die game."

They squeezed themselves into the opening, Stover with many a supressed [sic] groan over his wounded shoulder, which pained him not a little. Dan had been struck in the side with a flying bit of masonry, and had an ugly scratch under his arm in consequence, but just now he counted this as little or nothing. The one thing was to escape with their lives. To fight further would indeed have been sheer foolishness.

The din was gradually subsiding, and only the occasional yell of a Texan being massacred in cold blood reached their ears. Dan could not keep himself from shuddering. What a terrible Sunday morning! He thought of the ranch home, and of his father and Ralph. Would he ever see those loved ones again?

"Hush!" The warning came from Stover, and he placed his hand over Ralph's mouth. Footsteps were approaching the little room.

"Hunt the rats out!" came in a rough Spanish voice. "Hunt them out! Don't let one of them escape your bayonets!" And then several Mexican soldiers entered the room and began to rummage among the boxes and barrels.

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text: For the Liberty of Texas/Chapter 29

title: For the Liberty of Texas/Chapter 29


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the soldiers entered the little room, Dan felt inclined to give himself and his companion up as lost. He felt that the enemy would surely look into the niche, for the officer meant that not a hole or corner should be missed.

When first coming in he had loaded a pistol he carried,—his gun had been lost in the fight in the courtyard,—and he had done the same for the old frontiersman. Boy and man held the pistols ready for use. They did not mean to give up without a final struggle at close quarters.

But just as one of the soldiers took hold of a big packing-case that hid the pair from view, there was a commotion in the church proper, followed by the discharge of several rifles. Three Texans had made a last stand, and were fighting back to back.

"Come, let us see what that means," cried the Mexican officer, and ran from the little room, followed by his companions.

Dan felt relieved for the moment, yet he knew only too well that those Mexicans, or others, would

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 of Catholics." If miracles are done among them, it is not a sign of holiness, and is, on the contrary, a symptom of heresy.

The way in which the Church has existed is that truth has been without dispute, or, if it has been contested, there has been the Pope, or, failing him, there has been the Church.

The five propositions condemned, but no miracle; for the truth was not attacked. But the Sorbonne … but the bull …

It is impossible that those who love God with all their heart should fail to recognise the Church; so evident is she.—It is impossible that those who do not love God should be convinced of the Church.

Miracles have such influence that it was necessary that God should warn men not to believe in them in opposition to Him, all clear as it is that there is a God. Without this they would have been able to disturb men.

And thus so far from these passages, Deut. xiii., making against the authority of the miracles, nothing more indicates their influence. And the same in respect of Antichrist. "To seduce, if it were possible, even the elect."

The history of the man born blind.

What says Saint Paul? Does he continually speak of the evidence of the prophecies? No, but of his own miracle. What says Jesus Christ? Does He speak of the evidence of the prophecies? No; His death had not fulfilled them. But He says, ''Si non fecissem. '' Believe the works.

Two supernatural foundations of our wholly supernatural religion; one visible, the other invisible; miracles with grace, miracles without grace.

The synagogue, which has been treated with love as a type of the Church, and with hatred, because it was only the type, has been restored, being on the point of falling when it was well with God, and thus a type.

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text:
User talk:Srilumpa

— billinghurst  sDrewth  01:48, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Srilumpa


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258 soon be coming to give the place a thorough overhauling.

"They will kill us—" he began, when, on turning, his foot struck an iron ring in the flooring of the niche. He felt of the ring and soon became convinced that it was attached to a trap-door of some kind.

"If it's a trap-door it must lead to a cellar!" said Stover, hurriedly. "I hope to heaven it does. Try it, lad, an' be quick!"

Both crawled from the narrow opening, and Dan pulled upon the ring with all of his strength. Up came a trap-door about two feet square. Beneath this was a space of inky darkness.

"Don't mind the dark," went on the old frontiersman. "Let me go fust, and be sure an' shet the trap after ye!"

He began to lower himself into the hole, and his feet struck a flight of stone steps. Down this he sped and soon reached a narrow passageway lined with rough stone, from which the moisture oozed into pools at his feet.

"I'll try to put them off the scent," said Dan, and drew up one of the boxes in such a fashion that, when the trap fell into place, the box came down on top of it. Then he hastened to join Stover.

"I don't believe any of our soldiers knew of this secret passage," said Stover. "I wonder where it runs to?"

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Rh "Perhaps it doesn't run to anywhere," replied Dan. "Go slow, or you may dash your brains out on the rough wall."

They moved along cautiously. The passageway was not over six feet in height and from three to four feet wide. It was uneven, but soon they found themselves going downward and away from the church and convent, as they learned by the muffled noises overhead.

"This is some secret passage put in by the friars, years ago," was Stover's comment, after several hundred feet had been passed. "Like as not they built it to escape in case the Injuns attacked em."

"Well, if they did, it must lead to some place of safety," answered Dan. "I sincerely hope it does."

Stover was still suffering great pain, and he had lost so much blood that he could scarcely walk.

"I must rest and try to bind up that wound," he panted, and sank in a dead faint at Dan's feet.

Dan could do nothing in the darkness, and now he resolved to risk a light, and lit the stump of a candle which he usually carried with him when on a hunting expedition. By these feeble rays he bound up the wound as well as he was able and also attended to his own hurt. Then, as Stover gave a long sigh and opened his eyes, he blew out the light.

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260 "Don't make a light ag'in," were the frontiersman's first words. "It may cost us our lives. We will keep still and lay low," and then he became partly unconscious again.

The hours which followed were like some horrible nightmare to Dan, whose nerves had been wrought up to the top notch of excitement by the scenes in the courtyard and the church. From a distance he heard calls and groans and an occasional shot. The Alamo had fallen and now Santa Anna was himself upon the scene, to make certain that not one of the Texans should escape. "I told them what to expect," he is reported to have said, and then, when five men were brought before him, and his own officer, General Castrillon, interceded for the Texans, he gave Castrillon a lecture for his soft-heartedness, and the prisoners were speedily put to the bayonet. Such was Santa Anna, now high in power, but who was destined in time to be shorn of all rank and to die in bitter obscurity. His last act of atrocity at the Alamo was to have the bodies of his victims piled up with layers of brushwood and burned.

The hours passed, how slowly or swiftly neither Dan nor Poke Stover knew. No one came to disturb them, and at length the boy sank into a doze due to his exhausted condition.

When he awoke he found the frontiersman also

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Rh aroused. "I hope the sleep did ye good, Dan," he said.

"Was I asleep? I did not know it. How long have we been here?"

"I can't say."

"Have you heard anything more of the Mexicans?"

"Only a faint sound or two, comin' from behind. I reckon we had best push on and see whar this passage leads to."

They arose, to find their legs stiff from the dampness of the passageway. At least three hundred yards were passed, and still there seemed to be no end.

"One satisfaction, we are gittin' farther away from the church," observed Stover. "I can't hear nuthin' now."

"Nor I, Poke. But did you notice how wet the passageway is getting?"

"I did, lad. We must be nigh to a spring or else the river."

They went on again, but not for long. A hundred feet further and they walked into water up to their ankles.

"We are blocked," groaned Dan. "What if we can't get out this way?"

"I reckon ye had best strike another light."

This was no easy matter with their clothing and everything else so damp. But finally the light

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262 was struck, and they pushed on into the passageway until the water was up to their waists.

"We can't go much farther, said Dan soberly. "Do you think this leads to the river?"

"I do; but I can't say how far off the stream is. Let us go a little farther."

A couple of rods were covered, and they sank down until the water was up to Dan's neck.

"If I go any further I'll have to swim," he observed, and just then the candle slipped from his hand and fell into the water, leaving them in total darkness.

As there seemed nothing else to do, they moved back to the nearest dry spot and sank down to rest and to consider the matter.

"We can stay here for several days, if we wish," said Stover. "We have got enough to drink."

"Yes, but I've had nothing to eat since last night."

"Neither have I. But I'd rather go hungry nor fall into them greasers hands."

"If the river is ahead we ought to see some light, Poke."

"That's true,—if it's daylight outside. But it may be night."

"Well, we can watch."

And they did, first one going down into the water, and then the other. It was indeed night, and it yet lacked several hours to daylight.

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Rh At last Dan came back with a smile on his face.

"I swam a short distance down the passage way," he exclaimed, "and I saw a faint light. I am sure it leads to the river."

"Then let us try our luck."

"Can you swim with that wounded shoulder?"

"I can swim with one hand, lad, although I allow it will be slower work than with two hands."

"Then come on. If we can get away, the sooner the better," returned the boy, and led the way into the water once more. They walked as far as they could and then began to swim. Stover insisted on taking the lead.

"I'm used to scoutin'," he said. "We don't want to run in no hornet's nest."

The water now reached almost to the top of the passageway, and they had to move with caution for fear of striking their heads. The light grew clearer and clearer as they advanced, until Stover announced that he could see the river bank ahead, with some roots of trees and bushes hanging down in the passageway.

"Keep back, and I'll take a look out," he whispered, and drew slowly to the end of the opening. He was gone several minutes, during which time Dan supported himself by clinging to a jagged rock sticking out from overhead.

"Come on back; we can't escape jest yet,"

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264 whispered Poke Stover, on his return. "Come," and he led the way up the passageway again.

"But why can't we escape?" asked Dan, impatiently.

"Because there is a whole company of Mexican soldiers encamped at the very spot where this passageway leads into the stream," was the answer that filled the youth with dismay.

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Alamo had fallen, and now it was necessary to figure up results. As said before, all of the Texans, about one hundred and eighty in number, had been slaughtered, while the loss to the Mexicans was variously estimated at from three to five hundred. The sights about the mission were truly horrible, and never forgotten by those who witnessed them.

It must be said, in all frankness, that the defence of the Alamo was a mistake, for those gallant men must have known that they could not hold out against the overwhelming forces of Santa Anna. And they did not remain there because all escape was cut off, for they could have gotten away just as easily as the reinforcements from Gonzales got in. It was not until the final days of the siege that the Mexicans drew around them closely.

Why, then, did they remain?

The answer is one that every American boy and man ought to remember with pride. They remained because of the principle involved. They

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266 had staked their lives for liberty or death, and they waged the contest to the bitter end.

The slaughter of the Alamo garrison thrilled the hearts of the Texans as they had never been thrilled before. Those who had been doubtful before were now doubtful no longer. "We must be independent," they said, "absolutely independent. We must raise a regular army. We must not be divided into factions, but must fight as one man, and under one leader." And then they prepared to strike one grand blow from which Santa Anna should never be able to recover.

But of none of these things did Dan or Poke Stover think as they rested in the dark passageway just beyond the reach of the water from the river. Both were cold and hungry and almost exhausted, yet there was nothing at hand to eat, and rest seemed out of the question.

"We must try to escape, as soon as it grows dark," said the old frontiersman, and all through that long, weary day they waited and watched for the light to disappear up the passageway. At last it was gone, and they swam again to the river, making as little noise as possible.

At the opening were a number of bushes, and, as they emerged among these, they heard the footsteps of a Mexican sentinel not a dozen feet off. At a distance was the camp, with several fires burning brightly.

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Rh Suddenly Stover caught Dan by the arm, and pointed to a tree overhanging the stream. Under the tree was a long canoe with the paddle lying at the bottom.

"We'll set the canoe adrift, and float down the stream with it," whispered Stover, so softly that Dan could scarcely hear him. "It's our one chance."

They waited until the sentinel had turned to walk to the other end of his station, then slipped down and swam over to the canoe. It was drawn partly up over some marsh-grass, and they easily dislodged it. Then they turned it down the stream and kept along with it as it floated, their heads up, on the side opposite to the Mexican camp.

They expected that the Mexican sentinel would discover the floating canoe, but such was not the fact until they were twenty yards from the mouth of the passageway. Then the Mexican turned and stared stupidly.

"The canoe has drifted off," he murmured to himself, in Spanish. "Well, it is not mine, so why should I care? Let the owner take care of his property." And he resumed his walk.

As soon as they were out of the range of the light from the camp-fires, Poke Stover crawled into the canoe and took up the paddle.

"Stay where you are, Dan," he said. "They needn't have but one of us to shoot at," and while

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268 Dan clung fast to the rear of the craft, Stover paddled with all the vigour at his command, which was considerable, considering his condition.

In ten minutes they were out of rifle-range, and safe, and then the frontiersman sent the craft ashore, and he and Dan climbed to the river bank. "Thank God, we are out of that!" exclaimed Stover, fervidly, and Dan uttered a hearty Amen.

"I think the fust thing we want to do is to git sumthin' to eat," remarked Stover, after they had rested for a bit. "I'm that hungry I could eat most anything."

"I don't know this location at all, Poke. Where are we?"

"Not many miles from the Gonzales road, lad. About a mile back is Nat Woodver's cabin. I reckon as how we'll git a warm welcome there, if Nat is able to give it to us."

They set out in the darkness, and reached the cabin half an hour later. They found that the settler was away, to join the army; but his wife and daughters were home, and they speedily did all they could for our friends, giving them a hot supper, and dressing the wounds as skilfully as trained nurses. They had heard of the fall of the Alamo, but had not imagined that all of the garrison were slaughtered.

His awful experience had driven Carlos Martine

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Rh entirely out of Dan's head, and all the youth thought of now was to rejoin his father and his brother.

"They will worry about us, Poke," he said. "More than likely they will think us dead, for they must know that all of the Texans in and about San Antonio went to the Alamo when Santa Anna appeared."

"You are right, lad; we'll steer for the ranch the first thing in the morning," answered Stover, and this they did, riding two ponies that Mrs. Woodver loaned them.

When the pair reached Gonzales they found the town wild with excitement. The news of the disaster of the Alamo had just come in, and by the deaths of the thirty-two men from Gonzales who had entered the mission shortly before it fell, twenty women were left widows and twice as many children fatherless. One woman went crazy, and rushed about the streets crying for the Mexicans to come and kill her, too. It is needless to add that the Parkers were deeply affected over the loss of Henry.

As Dan and Stover were about to start for the trail leading up the Guadalupe, they met Amos Radbury riding post-haste into Gonzales.

"My son!" cried the father, joyfully. "And Poke, too! I was afraid you were dead!"

"We came close enough to it, father," answered

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270 Dan. And then he and the frontiersman told their stories in detail.

"I would have gone with the men from Gonzales," said Lieutenant Radbury, "but I hated to leave Ralph home with nobody but Pompey. These are certainly terrible times. I wonder what Santa Anna will do next?"

"Perhaps he'll march on Gonzales," said the youth. "It looks as if he meant to wipe out everybody in Texas."

"The whole State is aroused now. It must and will be a fight to the finish. If the Texans are whipped, every ranch will go up in flames, and every man will be butchered."

The party returned to Gonzales, for Amos Radbury did not want to return to the ranch, now he knew that Dan was safe.

While the siege of the Alamo was in progress, the General Convention of Texas, which had been called, met at Washington, and a declaration of independence was adopted, and General Sam Houston was unanimously reëlected commander-in-chief, with absolute authority over all army forces, regular and volunteer. Heretofore, Houston had been little more than commander in name; now it was felt upon all sides that he must be given the absolute authority that the situation demanded. All other appointments which had been made in a haphazard, irregular way were abolished.

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Rh For the work that was ahead no better selection of a leader than that of General Sam Houston could have been made. Houston was born in Virginia, in 1793, and at the age of nineteen he enlisted for the war of 1812, becoming an ensign, and fought with such courage that he and General Jackson became warm friends. At thirty years of age he became a member of Congress, and five years later he was made governor of Tennessee, and was one of the most popular men in the West. He was up for reëlection, when some unfortunate domestic difficulties overtook him, and he resigned his position and plunged into the wilderness, taking up his abode, later on, with some friendly Indians with whom he had hunted years before. These Indians elected him one of their great chiefs, and in return for this, Houston went to Washington for them and exposed a number of Indian agents who had been defrauding the red men out of the allowances made to them by the government. For this these Indians swore undying friendship, and they called Houston their best-beloved brother to the day of his death. Because of his life among the red men Houston frequently attired himself in an Indian blanket and stuck in his hair the feathers of a chief, a custom that was often followed by other mighty hunters of this portion of our country.

Besides being governor of Tennessee, Houston had been a lawyer of well-known reputation, and

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272 as such had closely studied legal affairs relating to the United States, Texas, and Mexico. He saw, long before war was declared, that Texas must one day strike for freedom, and he resolved, after leaving the Indians, to throw in his fortunes with the Texans, or Texians, as some have called them. As soon as he arrived he took hold, in his own peculiar way, of certain public affairs, and at a meeting at Nacognoches he was elected commander of the forces of eastern Texas. This was directly after the opening of hostilities at Gonzales.

Had Houston been allowed to act as he wished from the start, it is possible that the slaughter at the Alamo might have been avoided, but, as mentioned before, matters, politically, were very much mixed, and there were frequent clashes of authority. Some secondary leaders took the liberty to do about as they saw fit, and at one time it looked as if Houston's command would fall to pieces. In the midst of this came trouble with the Indians, but this was patched up by the man who had lived so long among them and who understood them thoroughly.

As the Convention which had reëlected Houston commander-in-chief of the army was in session, the President was handed a letter from Lieutenant-Colonel Travis, making a last appeal for help. As the letter was read there was wild excitement, and

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Rh then it was moved that the meeting adjourn and the members march in a body to the relief of the Alamo.

But Houston would not have this. "Your place is here, gentlemen," he said. "Here, to pass laws and make our State an assured fact. I will take the field and organise a relief force, and I give you my word that no enemy shall come near you." The Convention settled down, and inside of an hour Houston, accompanied by several of his staff, was riding like the wind for Gonzales.

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title: For the Liberty of Texas/Chapter 31


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Rh


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It will be necessary to say a few words regarding the orthography followed in the following dictionary, and the sources from which information has been derived in making the compilation of the work.

That system has been adhered to, as nearly as possible, which has been followed by Marsden in his Malayan Dictionary and Grammar, which is explained in the prefaces to those works, and which was originally laid down by Sir William Jones for oriental languages. The chief features of which for facility of reference are now here repeated.

The Vowels have therefore the power which is generally ascribed to them on the Continent of Europe.

A is generally sounded full, as in French, Italian, Dutch and other languages of the Continent of Europe, and as in the English words hard, ballast, hammer; but in many words the pronunciation is not broader than in harm, farm, barn, man. Examples in the Dutch are balie, hamer, ballast—and band, hand, rand and man.

In a few cases where the a has an unexpected stress, it has been distinguished by ā, as in Tābĕng, to draw a distinction with Tăbĕng, which though only slightly differing in sound has a different meaning.

A is not, under any circumstances to be pronounced as in the English words Paper, nation, fate, where it usurps the province of the second vowel in every other language that employs the Roman alphabet.

E has been invariably accented é or ĕ, which was necessary to avoid confusion. é is pronounced as in French été, épé; the English bet, lead, send, and the first e in better, letter, seven—or in the first e of the Dutch words ketel, ketter, beler, and in ketting. As ĕ in the final e in the English better, harder, and in herd, and in the Dutch words berde, derde, zerk.

I as in the Italian long i, or as the English ee in been, seen, tree, green, and e in he, she, be, or in the English pill, still, will. The long English sound of i in wine, fine, high, is not that of a simple vowel, but of diphthong ai. Our sound of i is heard in the Dutch words bidden, bril, brigade, pil, pilaar, rilling.

O as in English no, so, port, moment, and Dutch boter, bos, bot, pot.

U is to be sounded as in rule, ruin, obtrude, or with less risk of uncertainly, as the


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Rh Page, Line.

438, 32 Pěudĕm — Pĕndĕm.

441, 1 Sepak — Sépak.

" 11 old an — old and.

445, 15 Chinang — Chimang.

446, 5 Si-au — Si-anu.

" 19 Spont — Spout.

447, 6 Mydans — Mydaus.

" 22 Sadija — Sadiya.

451, 9 will behaved — well.

452, 24 animalium — animaliï.

" 28 foot — shoot.

" 37 thred — Shred.

453, 35 last — East.

456, 39 utined — united.

" 40 han — than.

458, 22 Kalukang — Katukang.

" 25 to impnrity — to impurify.

460, 21 Lela — Leea.

462, 1 jajong — jagong.

" 9 Sumbawa — Sambawa.

" 34 Sédu — Sĕdu.

466, 9 Sungked — Sungkĕd.

" 10 to pute — to put.

" 34 Jadi — Tadi.

467, 28 rehidence — residence.

468, 2 into into — omit one into.

" 6 periodsh — periods.

471, 4 allay — alloy.

" 25 mêle — mêlé.

472, 35 nahau — nahan.

474, 10 Casion. The Etymon of this word will be Kĕbir, Arabic Great mighty (as applied to God.) The words are misplaced under Talahab.

475, 4 This whole line is here misplaced, and ought to be under Takbir.

476, 4 spring — String.

478, 21 Njombongan — Ngombongan.

Page, Line.

481, 3 Cigbium — Cybium.

" 9 Litscea — Litsæa.

483, 14 at it is — as.

" 30 Maly — Malay.

488, 27 Tĕgĕr — Tégér.

489, 1 Tĕkad — Tékad.

" 2 Tĕka-téka — Téka-téka.

" 13 dyo — diyo.

491, 20 njabrang — nyabrang.

494, 29 bydrop — bydrops.

496, 11 Tindinyo — Tidinyo.

497, 16 upik — upih.

498, 14 ai — di.

" 21 Tingali — Ting'ali.

" " Tingaliau — Ting'alian.

" 34 department — deportment.

499, 39 Njatu— Nyatu.

500, 10 Suger-cane — sugar-cane.

501, 13 Tojérkén — Tojérkĕn.

502, 3 globural — globular.

" 16 ridge, poles — ridge poles.

505, 31 ritis — rites.

506, 5 tukurĕun — tuhurĕun.

508, 30 Joi — Ivi.

513, 10 to trop — prop.

" 34 Turup tolok — Turub.

517, 19 an — and.

" 35 to crave — carve.

520, 25 Hunu — Huntu.

522, 33, 34 — urat — urut.

525, 10 Tadah — Wadah.

" 15 to rise — use.

526, 10 Wākija — Wākya.

528, 21 Wana — Uana.

532, 5 Wayah — Waya.

534, 17 Victoriows — Victorious

535, 17 hower — power.


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48 We have computed the inhabitants, and contemplated the public works, of the Roman empire. The observation of the number and greatness of its cities will serve to confirm the former and to multiply the latter. It may not be unpleasing to collect a few scattered instances relative to that subject, without forgetting, however, that, from the vanity of nations and the poverty of language, the vague appellation of city has been indifferently bestowed on Rome and upon Laurentum. I. Ancient Italy is said to have contained eleven hundred and ninety-seven cities; and, for whatsoever aera of antiquity the expression might be intended, there is not any reason to believe the country less populous in the age of the Antonines, than in that of Romulus. The petty states of Latium were contained within the metropolis of the empire, by whose superior influence they had been attracted. Those parts of Italy which have so long languished under the lazy tyranny of priests and viceroys had been afflicted only by the more tolerable calamities of war; and the first symptoms of decay which they experienced were amply compensated by the rapid improvements of the Cisalpine Gaul. The splendour of Verona may be traced in its remains: yet Verona was less celebrated than Aquileia or Padua, Milan or Ravenna. II. The spirit of improvement had passed the Alps, and been felt even in the woods of Britain, which were gradually cleared away to open a free space for convenient and elegant habitations. York was the seat of government; London was already enriched by commerce; and Bath was celebrated for the salutary effects of its medicinal waters. Gaul could boast of her twelve hundred cities; and, though, in the northern parts, many of them, without excepting Paris itself, were little more than the rude and imperfect townships of a rising people, the southern provinces imitated the wealth and elegance of Italy. Many were the cities of Gaul, Marseilles, Arles, Nismes, Narbonne, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Autun, Vienne, Lyons, Langres, and Treves, whose ancient condition might sustain an equal, and perhaps advantageous, comparison with their present state. With regard to Spain, that country flourished as a province, and has declined as a kingdom. Exhausted by the abuse of her strength, by America, and by superstition, her pride might possibly be confounded, if


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Rh we required such a list of three hundred and sixty cities as Pliny has exhibited under the reign of Vespasian. III. Three hundred African cities had once acknowledged the authority of Carthage, nor is it likely that their numbers diminished under the administration of the emperors: Carthage itself rose with new splendour from its ashes; and that capital, as well as Capua and Corinth, soon recovered all the advantages which can be separated from independent sovereignty. IV. The provinces of the east present the contrast of Roman magnificence with Turkish barbarism. The ruins of antiquity, scattered over uncultivated fields, and ascribed by ignorance to the power of magic, scarcely afford a shelter to the oppressed peasant or wandering Arab. Under the reign of the Cæsars, the proper Asia alone contained five hundred populous cities, enriched with all the gifts of nature, and adorned with all the refinements of art. Eleven cities of Asia had once disputed the honour of dedicating a temple to Tiberius, and their respective merits were examined by the senate. Four of them were immediately rejected as unequal to the burden; and among these was Laodicea, whose splendour is still displayed in its ruins. Laodicea collected a very considerable revenue from its flocks of sheep, celebrated for the fineness of their wool, and had received, a little before the contest, a legacy of above four hundred thousand pounds by the testament of a generous citizen. If such was the poverty of Laodicea, what must have been the wealth of those cities, whose claim appeared preferable, and particularly of Pergamus, of Smyrna, and of Ephesus, who so long disputed with each other the titular primacy of Asia? The capitals of Syria and Egypt held a still superior rank


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50 in the empire: Antioch and Alexandria looked down with disdain on a crowd of dependent cities, and yielded with reluctance to the majesty of Rome itself.

All these cities were connected with each other, and with the capital, by the public highways, which, issuing from the Forum of Rome, traversed Italy, pervaded the provinces, and were terminated only by the frontiers of the empire. If we carefully trace the distance from the wall of Antoninus to Rome, and from thence to Jerusalem, it will be found that the great chain of communication, from the north-west to the south-east point of the empire, was drawn out to the length of four thousand and eighty Roman miles. The public roads were accurately divided by milestones, and ran in a direct line from one city to another, with very little respect for the obstacles either of nature or private property. Mountains were perforated, and bold arches thrown over the broadest and most rapid streams. The middle part of the road was raised into a terrace which commanded the adjacent country, consisted of several strata of sand, gravel, and cement and was paved with large stones, or, in some places near the capital, with granite. Such was the solid construction of the Roman highways, whose firmness has not entirely yielded to the effort of fifteen centuries. They united the subjects of the most distant provinces by an easy and familiar intercourse; but their primary object had been to facilitate the marches of the legions; nor was any country considered as completely subdued, till it had been rendered, in all its parts, pervious to the arms and authority of the conqueror. The advantage of receiving the earliest intelligence, and of conveying their orders with celerity, induced the emperors to establish, throughout their extensive dominions, the regular institution


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Rh of posts. Houses were everywhere erected at the distance only of five or six miles; each of them was constantly provided with forty horses, and, by the help of these relays, it was easy to travel an hundred miles in a day along the Roman roads. The use of the posts was allowed to those who claimed it by an Imperial mandate; but, though originally intended for the public service, it was sometimes indulged to the business or conveniency of private citizens. Nor was the communication of the Roman Navigation empire less free and open by sea than it was by land. The provinces surrounded and enclosed the Mediterranean; and Italy, in the shape of an immense promontory, advanced into the midst of that great lake. The coasts of Italy are, in general, destitute of safe harbours; but human industry had corrected the deficiencies of nature; and the artificial port of Ostia, in particular, situate at the mouth of the Tiber, and formed by the Emperor Claudius, was an useful monument of Roman greatness. From this port, which was only sixteen miles from the capital, a favourable breeze frequently carried vessels in seven days to the columns of Hercules, and in nine or ten to Alexandria in Egypt.

Whatever evils either reason or declamation have imputed improvement to extensive empire, the power of Rome was attended with some beneficial consequences to mankind; and the same freedom of intercourse which extended the vices, diffused likewise the improvements, of social life. In the more remote ages of antiquity, the world was unequally divided. The east was in the immemorial possession of arts and luxury; whilst the west was inhabited by rude and warlike barbarians, who either disdained agriculture, or to whom it was totally unknown. Under the protection of an established government, the productions of happier climates and the industry of more civilized nations were gradually introduced into the western countries of Europe;


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wrath of Peleus' son, the direful spring

Of all the Grecian woes, O Goddess, sing!

That wrath which hurled to Pluto's gloomy reign

The souls of mighty chiefs untimely slain,

Whose limbs, unburied on the naked shore,

Devouring dogs and hungry vultures tore:

Since great Achilles and Atrides strove,

Such was the sovereign doom, and such the will of Jove!

Declare, O Muse! in what ill-fated hour

Sprung the fierce strife, from what offended Power?

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 And heaped the camp with mountains of the dead;

The king of men his reverend priest defied,

And, for the king's offence, the people died.

For Chryses sought with costly gifts to gain

His captive daughter from the victor's chain.

Suppliant the venerable father stands;

Apollo's awful ensigns grace his hands:

By these he begs: and, lowly bending down,

Extends the sceptre and the laurel crown.

He sued to all, but chief implored for grace

The brother-kings of Atreus' royal race:

"Ye kings and warriors! may your vows be crowned,

And Troy's proud walls lie level with the ground;

May Jove restore you, when your toils are o'er,

Safe to the pleasures of your native shore.

But oh! relieve a wretched parent's pain,

And give Chryseïs to these arms again;

If mercy fail, yet let my presents move,

And dread avenging Phœbus, son of Jove."

The Greeks in shouts their joint assent declare,

The priest to reverence, and release the fair.

Not so Atrides: he, with kingly pride,

Repulsed the sacred sire, and thus replied:

"Hence on thy life, and fly these hostile plains,

Nor ask, presumptuous, what the king detains:

Hence, with thy laurel crown, and golden rod,

Nor trust too far those ensigns of thy god.

Mine is thy daughter, priest, and shall remain;

And prayers, and tears, and bribes shall plead in vain;

Till time shall rifle every useful grace,

And age dismiss her from my cold embrace,

In daily labours of the loom employed,

Or doomed to deck the bed she once enjoyed.

Hence then! to Argos shall the maid retire,

Far from her native soil, and weeping sire."

The trembling priest along the shore returned,

And in the anguish of a father mourned.

Disconsolate, not daring to complain,

Silent he wandered by the sounding main:

Till, safe at distance, to his god he prays,

The god who darts around the world his rays:

"O Smintheus! sprung from fair Latona's line,

Thou guardian Power of Cilla the divine,

Thou source of light! whom Tenedos adores,

And whose bright presence gilds thy Chrysa's shores;

If e'er with wreaths I hung thy sacred fane,

Or fed the flames with fat of oxen slain;


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 God of the silver bow! thy shafts employ,

Avenge thy servant, and the Greeks destroy."

Thus Chryses prayed: the favouring Power attends,

And from Olympus' lofty tops descends.

Bent was his bow, the Grecian hearts to wound;

Fierce as he moved, his silver shafts resound.

Breathing revenge, a sudden night he spread,

And gloomy darkness rolled around his head.

The fleet in view, he twanged his deadly bow,

And hissing fly the feathered fates below.

On mules and dogs the infection first began;

And last, the vengeful arrows fixed in man.

For nine long nights, through all the dusky air

The pyres thick-flaming shot a dismal glare.

But ere the tenth revolving day was run,

Inspired by Juno, Thetis' god-like son

Convened to council all the Grecian train;

For much the goddess mourned her heroes slain.

The assembly seated, rising o'er the rest,

Achilles thus the king of men addressed:

"Why leave we not the fatal Trojan shore,

And measure back the seas we crossed before?

The plague destroying whom the sword would spare,

'Tis time to save the few remains of war.

But let some prophet or some sacred sage

Explore the cause of great Apollo's rage,

Or learn the wasteful vengeance to remove

By mystic dreams, for dreams descend from Jove;

If broken vows this heavy curse have laid,

Let altars smoke and hecatombs be paid.

So heaven atoned shall dying Greece restore,

And Phœbus dart his burning shafts no more."

He said, and sat: when Chalcas thus replied,

Chalcas the wise, the Grecian priest and guide,

That sacred seer, whose comprehensive view

The past, the present, and the future knew:

Uprising slow the venerable sage

Thus spoke the prudence and the fears of age:

"Beloved of Jove, Achilles! would'st thou know

Why angry Phœbus bends his fatal bow?

First give thy faith, and plight a prince's word

Of sure protection, by the power and sword,

For I must speak what wisdom would conceal,

And truths, invidious to the great, reveal.

Bold is the task, when subjects, grown too wise,

Instruct a monarch where his error lies;

For though we deem the short-lived fury past,

'Tis sure, the mighty will revenge at last."

To whom Pelides: "From thy inmost soul


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36 Speak what thou knowest, and speak without control.

Even by that god I swear, who rules the day,

To whom thy hands the vows of Greece convey,

And whose blest oracles thy lips declare;

Long as Achilles breathes this vital air,

No daring Greek, of all the numerous band,

Against his priest shall lift an impious hand:

Not even the chief by whom our hosts are led,

The king of kings, shall touch that sacred head."

Encouraged thus, the blameless man replies:

"Nor vows unpaid, nor slighted sacrifice,

But he, our chief, provoked the raging pest,

Apollo's vengeance for his injured priest;

Nor will the god's awakened fury cease,

But plagues shall spread and funeral fires increase,

Till the great king, without a ransom paid,

To her own Chrysa send the black-eyed maid.

Perhaps, with added sacrifice and prayer,

The priest may pardon, and the god may spare."

The prophet spoke; when, with a gloomy frown,

The monarch started from his shining throne;

Black choler filled his breast that boiled with ire,

And from his eyeballs flashed the living fire.

"Augur accursed! denouncing mischief still,

Prophet of plagues, for ever boding ill!

Still must that tongue some wounding message bring,

And still thy priestly pride provoke thy king?

For this are Phœbus' oracles explored,

To teach the Greeks to murmur at their lord?

For this with falsehoods is my honour stained;

Is heaven offended, and a priest profaned,

Because my prize, my beauteous maid, I hold,

And heavenly charms prefer to proffered gold?

A maid, unmatched in manners as in face,

Skilled in each art, and crowned with every grace:

Not half so dear were Clytæmnestra's charms,

When first her blooming beauties blessed my arms.

Yet, if the gods demand her, let her sail;

Our cares are only for the public weal:

Let me be deemed the hateful cause of all,

And suffer, rather than my people fall.

The prize, the beauteous prize, I will resign,

So dearly valued, and so justly mine.

But since for common good I yield the fair,

My private loss let grateful Greece repair;

Nor unrewarded let your prince complain,

That he alone has fought and bled in vain."

"Insatiate king!" Achilles thus replies,

"Fond of the power, but fonder of the prize!