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32 Strict monogamy prevailed, yet there were no marriage ceremonies, other than the public kiss, bestowed by the man upon the woman, who had consented to be his wife, and which kiss she also publicly returned.

Bananas, pine-apples, oranges, guavas, grapes, mangoes, bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts and many other tropical and semi-tropical fruits grew and still grow in great profusion there.

Both men and women wore a sort of silken, flimsy drapery, manufactured by a simple process, from the inner bark of a tree. The natives were handsome, and the manner in which they draped their stately forms harmonised well with their classic regularity of features.

Such, our Federal Explorers gathered from the Elder, were the character, resources and customs of this strange, primitive and amiable people. They were charmed, and felt inclined to follow the example of Dr. Leichhardt, and marry and settle down among them. But in a few months ambition gained its victory over them and they returned to civilization, their return being hastened by the discovery in the valley, of immense natural deposits of jasper and other precious stones.

On the return of the explorers a great sensation was created by their report. A syndicate was at once formed for the purchase of the jasper fields, and missionaries were sent under the protection of military for the purpose of converting these benighted heathen.

The natives refused to sell any part of their country, or to have anything to do with the missionaries, upon which the military gave them a lesson in Plutocratic Christianity and brotherly love, by promptly shooting a great number of them. The new-comers then seized the land, annexed the fields of precious stones and settled down to spread "Christianity," loathsome diseases, sweating, prostitution and other "blessings of civilization." A great tide of emigration from the coast to the interior set in and the newly-discovered country became a part of the Federation, under the title of the State of Leichhardt. But when the Revolution came, Leichhardt was among the first to declare in its favor, and to promise military assistance. The Federal Government deciding to chastise Leichhardt for its "insolence," sent its forces there, where they were met by, the Revolutionary army, and in the Great Battle (described in a previous chapter), completely defeated.

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48 drawback to the most extravagant anticipations of pleasure and enjoyment, is the fear that the day will be rainy or snowy, or something, and the fact that "to-morrow is so long a-coming."

The greatest marvel about the whole thing is, that Nannie has become quite enthusiastic about it. . .If nonsense will sell at all, I am sure you have here three fipsworth of it.

. . . . I look at the stars and you are brought to mind. Those superb clusters in Perseus which you used to admire in the west are now in the east. Sirius, with his "Dawn of Day" in the telescope, has disappeared, and the glorious Nebulæ of Orion culminate by day; but then there is that exquisite double star in Andromeda, orange and emerald—that, too, is in the east.

. . . I have quite a large corps of observers, and some very good ones. So closely do they observe, that their observations show the instruments to be in different parts of the building. I am now very much engaged with preparations for publishing our first volume of observations. This keeps me stretched, for as a preliminary thereto most tedious investigations of the forms, figures, imperfections, &c. of the instruments are necessary. . . . A glorious privilege is that of labour. . . . An officer is standing idle while I write this.

The National Intelligencer says, in speaking of Maury and his work at this time: "The simple depôt for charts and instruments was transformed into an observatory. Surrounded by such men as Ferguson, Hubbard, Coffin, Keith, Yarnell, Laurence, Beecher, and other faithful workers, whom Maury inspired with his own enthusiasm, he made the Naval Observatory, national in its importance and fame."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh

It is twenty years after the demolition of the Austral Bank by the Revolutionists, under the leadership of Oliver Spence.

The sun is shining brightly through the trees, the sky is as beautiful in its heavenly blue as only an Australian sky can be, the birds, filled with the joy of living, are twittering merrily.

Two well-dressed men are strolling leisurely along, chatting together in a friendly manner. The elder of the two is probably about forty-four years of age, the other some ten years younger.

"I suppose, Jack, that your pension will soon be due," says the younger man.

"Not for another year yet, Tom," says the other. "I am not forty-five yet, and the pension is not due until I reach that age."

"Times were very different when we were young, Jack. No labour day of four hours and a retirement pension at forty-five then. Nothing but uncertainty of employment, low wages, long hours, and the possibility of a pauper's grave stared us in the face."

"You may well say that, Ton. I am older than you, and I have seen more, but I never saw a workman going to his work dressed as we are, nor taking his time about it, as we are. And the misery that existed among the workers was appalling. It is marvelous how they could have endured it so long. I would willingly have gone through two revolutions to abolish such an iniquitous tyranny as that of the usurious plutocracy which then held sway. Under the old regime no man could be certain that his life would not terminate amidst scenes of abject pauperism or desperate criminality. Now we are all certain of a suitable occupation and an honorable career. There is work for all, and overwork and slavery for none."

"What do you think of the new law, giving every man and woman in the country a vote?"

"I quite approve of it. At the same time, although many find fault with the Revolutionists for seizing political power, and holding it without consulting the majority, I think they did right. The majority at that time had not sufficient courage to take up arms against any government, Revolutionary or otherwise, but they had been so deluded by the press, the politicians, and the rest of those who were "in the swim," that they would cert&inly have voted against the Revolutionists had they been given the power."

"They have changed now, Jack."

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34 "Yes, for not only have the government teachers of economics been abroad, but people have now had several years convincing experience of the happiness that is possible in a land where the usurer, the land-monopolist, and the profit-monger are things of the past. I am glad that Oliver and Mary were re-elected with such almost unanimity."

"Yes, Jack, they are wise, good, and courageous rulers. Of course, they have been malignantly slandered, and attempts have been made to assassinate them, but that must always be expected by any public man who honestly tries to do good and to act justly, particularly if he directs his efforts against the immoral cupidity and tyranny of rich men. Well I must leave you now, Jack; here's my shop."

With these words, the younger man disappeared within the doors of one of the Government boot factories, while his comrade, a furniture worker, proceeded on his way.

We will leave him, and freely using the privilege of authors and their readers, respectfully listen to the conversation of the noble-looking couple who are now approaching. The man is apparently about fifty years of age, his wife but a few years younger. They are walking arm-in-arm and cling together with an evident undisguised love for each other, which, though common enough among married people in these times, was seldom observed in the years of moral night which preceded the Revolution.

"I could die happy now, my sweet Mary," said the man, "my mission is accomplished. The Australian people are not only free, but happy, and the happiness which follows freedom from care is a glorious boon."

"Do not talk of dying, my own dear Oliver," answered his wife, "we have many more years to live, and much good to do, even yet. There are people called Anarchists, who object to the payment of taxes and desire to do as they please, free from all governmental interference. They may make trouble yet."

"I think not, my dear. Australia is large enough to enable me to help the Anarchists to form a settlement somewhere in the interior, where they may live according to their ideas and without government, if they can. Let us talk no more of politics, let us rather talk of love, which transforms even the deformed, but makes of the beautiful the angelic. My darling you are my angel, and I love and adore you with the same fervor as in my youth."

"My own dear faithful Oliver," said Mary, as her eyes brightened and her face flushed with the fervour of her love for her husband. "You darling," she said, as she passionately kissed his lips. "Let us go home."

But the married lovers did not go home. They sought a little rustic seat, and there the rulers of a great empire sat pouring out to each other vows and protestations of eternal unchanging love. The occasional passers-by turned away their heads with a pleased smile and even the birds on the trees seemed to sing with greater joy, but the lovers heeded them not.

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 The skull, pelvis, and most vertebrae, as well as the sternum of this form are unknown.

Habitat: S. W. Madagascar.

Three Femora, two tarsi-metatarsi, and two incomplete tibia-tarsi are in the Tring Museum, collected by Last in the Antinosy country.

There are two eggs of this species at Tring, the measurements of which are as follows:—

The egg mentioned by Mr. Lydekker in Cat. Foss. Birds B.M., page 214, No. 41847 is, judging from its size, undoubtedly an egg of this species, and I quote the measurements, as they are very large:—

The egg purchased in 1854 in the Paris Museum measures:—

In addition to these four eggs which are undoubtedly of ''Ae. titan'', there are the following which I consider to belong to that species:—

 * 1 Paris Museum, Mr. Armange.
 * 1 Hamburg.
 * 1 Messrs. Gilford, Orange, New Jersey.
 * 1 Rowley collection.

These four eggs range from 900 mm. to 863.5 mm. in large circumference, and 770 mm. to 736 mm. in small circumference.

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The New International Encyclopædia/Lamb, Martha Joanna Reade Nash

LAMB, (1829-93). An American historian, born at Plainfield, Mass., August 13, 1829. Though born and brought up in Massachusetts, and for some years a resident of Chicago, she spent most of her active life in New York City (1866-93). From 1883 till her death she edited the Magazine of American History, in which she published many of her own essays. Her chief book, the History of the City of New York (2 vols., 1877-81), was the valuable result of about fifteen years of patient labor and research. Other volumes worthy of citation are The Homes of America (1879) and Wall Street in History (1883).


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 * Aepyornis maximus I. Geoffrey St. Hilaire, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, vol. XIV, p. 209 (1851).

 * Aepyornis ingens Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, C.R. CXVIII, pp. 122-127 (1894).

HIS is the stoutest and bulkiest species, though not so tall as ''Ae. titan''. All the largest eggs next to those of ''Ae. titan'' must belong to this species. It will be argued that I have no right to use the name maximus for this form, but the name of maximus is based on one of the eggs in the Paris Museum, and as these evidently belong to this form and not to the form subsequently called maximus, I must apply to that the name of grandidieri, given by Mr. Dawson Rowley in 1867 to a portion of eggshell of the lesser form.

The measurements of the limbs are as follows:—

The description of the foot in the diagnosis of the family is based on the pes of this species. It is true that the two mounted skeletons in the British and Tring Museums of Aepyornis hildebrandti show a larger number of phalanges; but as neither is composed of the bones of a single individual it is more than likely that the articulator made a mistake.

The dimensions of the type egg are as follows:—

Habitat: S. W. Madagascar.

There are about 16 eggs known of this form, varying from 854 mm. to 816 mm. in large circumference, and from 743 mm. to 715 mm. in small circumference.

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 * Aepyornis Maximus Auct.

 * Aepyornis grandidieri Rowley, P.Z.S. 1867, p. 892.

HIS is the form which nearly all the bones, referred erroneously to Geoffroy's ''Ae. maximus'', belong. The original description of Dawson Rowley was founded on a piece of eggshell, and is as follows:—

"The granulation is in a marked degree different from that of the other pieces. The air pores which in the other specimens appear like a comet with a tail are here only small indentations without any tail; the shell also is only half the thickness, is much finer, and presents an aspect so diverse that the difference is detected by the most careless observer, even when the pieces are all mixed. These fragments belonged to the egg of much smaller birds, the embryo of which required less strength in the shell. Yet the colour, quality and locality of that shell clearly point to a bird of the same family as Aepyornis maximus—in short, a smaller and more delicate Aepyornis. For this species I propose the name of Aepyornis grandidieri."

The measurements of bones of the hind limb are as follows:—

There are at Tring two eggs of this species.

There are recorded of these eggs, besides the two mentioned above, eight further specimens, varying from 810 mm. to 771.5 mm. in large circumference, and 686 mm. to 654 mm. in small circumference.

In addition to these there are in various collections about eight or nine eggs whose species is doubtful.

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 * Aepyornis cursor Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, C.R. CXVIII, p. 124 (1894).

RIGINAL description as follows: ''Ae. cursor is almost as large as Ae. grandidieri = maximus'' auct., nec. Geoffroy, but is more slender.

Habitat: Madagascar.

 * Aepyornis medius Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. V, vol. XII, p. 179 (1869).

 * Aepyornis medius Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, Rech. Faune. Orn. Et. Masc. & Mad. (1866-73), p. 97, note 2.

HIS form was founded on a femur found at Amboulitsate in W. Madagascar, and is described as follows: "It presents the same general characters, and evidently belongs to an Aepyornis, but to a different species, which we will call Aepyornis medius. The femur in question is not only distinguished by its lesser proportions but by the narrower external face of the bone; which variation results in causing the whole area between the trochanter and the base of the femoral neck to be much less depressed. The intermuscular line, which marks the insertion surface of the deep portion of the femoral triceps muscle, is hardly indicated, whereas it is very pronounced in the larger femur. The posterior side is also more rounded, and the distance which separates the popliteal depression from the proximal extremity is larger; the shape of this large depression is, however, the same as in the larger femur, and although the articular surfaces above it do show some differences, we know that these characters are not very reliable as they are subject to individual variations.

Circumference of shaft 215 mm."

Habitat: West Madagascar.

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 * Aepyornis hildebrandti Burckhardt, Pal. Abh. (VI) II, p. 127 (1893).

MUST refer my readers to Dr. Burckhardt's description, as it is too long and too technical to be reproduced here, especially as it is not comparative. I, however, give here some of his measurements:—

The locality of the type is Sirabé.

Habitat: Madagascar.

 * Aepyornis lentus Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, C.R. CXVIII, p. 124 (1894).

RIGINAL description as follows: "Ae. lentus is remarkable from its short and massive feet.

Habitat: Madagascar.

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The New International Encyclopædia/Mason and Dixon's Line

MASON AND DIXON'S LINE. The boundary line between the States of Maryland and Pennsylvania, as run by two distinguished English surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, during the years 1763-67, and popularly accepted prior to the Civil War as the dividing line between the free States and the slave States. The line was the result of a dispute between the States of Maryland and Pennsylvania over their respective boundaries as described in their charters. The chief controversy turned upon the meaning of the phrases ‘the beginning of the 40°’ and ‘the beginning of the 43° of N. Lat.’ employed in the description of the Pennsylvania boundary. The quarrel, in which Lord Baltimore and Penn soon engaged, continued for more than eighty years; was the cause of endless trouble between individuals, and occupied the attention of the proprietors of both provinces, the Lords of Trade and Plantations, the High Court of Chancery, and the Privy Councils of three kings. No compromise was reached during the life of Penn, but, after his death, his sons succeeded in obtaining from Charles, Lord Baltimore, in 1732, an agreement by which the boundary line was to be drawn by commissioners representing both parties to the controversy. Baltimore at once came over with his commissioners, but was unable to get the Pennsylvania proprietors to take action. The unsettled condition of the boundary, therefore, continued and with it increasing disturbances in the disputed territory. The Governor of Maryland then laid the matter before the Proprietary and the King, and invoked their intervention for the settlement of the dispute. By an order in Council the King commanded both sides to keep the peace and instructed the Proprietaries to grant no lands in the disputed territory until the boundary could be adjusted. Pending a decision of the question by the English Court of Chancery, to which the matter was submitted in 1735, both parties agreed upon a provisional boundary. A decision was finally reached in 1750 by the Chancellor, Lord Hardwicke, which, with the agreement of 1732, served as the basis of a compromise between the proprietors in 1760. Commissioners representing both sides were appointed, and the eastern boundary was determined. To run the east and west line, as well as other parts unsettled, Mason and Dixon were appointed in 1763, and at once entered upon their task. By the year 1767 they had carried the line over the mountains to a point 244 miles from the Delaware River. Farther advance was

stopped by the Indians, but the line was subsequently completed by others. The boundary was marked by mile-stones, every fifth one having the arms of Baltimore engraved on one side and those of Penn on the other. Its exact latitude is 39° 43' 26.3" North. A resurvey of the line was made in 1849, and in 1900 another resurvey was authorized by the States of Pennsylvania and Maryland, the work being placed under the direction of the commission consisting of the Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Secretary of Internal Affairs of Pennsylvania, and the Director of the Geological Survey of Maryland. Consult: Browne, Maryland, the History of a Palatinate (Boston, 1884); Donaldson, The Public Domain (3d ed., Washington, 1884); and Hinsdale, The Old Northwest (Boston, 1899).


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 * Aepyornis mulleri Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, C.R. CXVII, pp. 124-125 (1894).

HE original description commences: "The new species which we owe to the researches of M. G. Muller, and which we shall name Ae. mulleri, is smaller. Nevertheless, it is superior in size to Ae. hildebrandti, described by M. Burckhardt, which also came from Antsirabé. We possess the almost complete skeleton of this bird, the skull, mandible, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, a part of the pelvis, the leg bones, and a few phalanges of the pes; so that we can now exactly define the position and affinities of the genus Aepyornis." Then follows the diagnosis of the family, which I have given before.

Habitat: Central Madagascar.

 * Aepyornis modestus Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) XII, p. 189 (1869).

ESSRS. MILNE-EDWARDS & GRANDIDIER state at pages 180-181 that the bone (a portion of a femur) which is the type of the above name, had a shaft-circumference of 120 mm., while in ''Ae. medius this circumference was 215 mm., and in Ae. grandidieri (= maximus'' auct. nec. Geoffroy), it was 270 mm.

Type locality: Amboulitsate, in West Madagascar.

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IRDS of medium size, not having the heavy and massive build of Aepyornis. They appear to resemble more closely the Casuaridae. Known only from leg bones.

Number of species: 2.

 * Mullerornis betsilei Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, Compt. Rend., CXVIII, p. 125 (1894).

RIGINAL description as follows:—"The leg bones are slender, the tarso-metatarsus is not enlarged as in the preceding genus, and the section through the shaft shows almost an isosceles triangle. The bone itself having more the proportion of Dromaius.

"Mullerornis betsilei inhabited the same area as Ae. mulleri but was much rarer. (Translated.)"

Habitat: Central Madagascar.

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 * Mullerornis agilis Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, Compt. Rend., CXVIII, pp. 125-126 (1894).

RIGINAL description as follows:—"M. agilis inhabited the South-west Coast; we only possess, of this species, one tibia, which is remarkable for the manner in which the intermuscular bony ridges and the tendon-grooves are marked. The exterior border of the bone above the lower articular surface has developed into a very pronounced crista." (Translated.)

Habitat: South-west Madagascar.

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IFFERS from Mullerornis in having a completely ossified bony bridge over the lower end of the groove for the adductor of the outer digit, in the tarso-metatarsus.

Number of species: 1.

 * Mullerornis rudis Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, Compt. Rend. CXVIII, p. 126 (1894).

 * Flacourtia rudis Andrews, Nov. Zool. II, p. 25 (1895).

RIGINAL description as follows:—"The third species M. rudis (= F. rudis) was discovered by M. Grevé in the fossiliferous beds of the West Coast. The tibio-tarsus is of about the same length as in M. betsilei, but is more massive. The tarso-metatarsus is remarkable on account of the great enlargement of the distal extremity, and of which the digital articular attachments are extremely large. Between the middle and outer ones there is a bony opening for the passage of the adductor muscle of the outer digit, which passage is not present in Aepyornis (or Mullerornis, W.R.)." (Translation.)

Habitat: West Madagascar.

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The New International Encyclopædia/Mason Bee

MASON BEE. A bee of the sub-family Osmiinæ of the family Megachilidæ; especially in the United States one of the genus Osmia, and in Europe one of the genus Chalicodoma. The name is derived from the manner in which these bees construct small earthen cells, sometimes mixed with sand, pebbles, and wood-scrapings, glued together so firmly that they are smooth inside. Ten to twenty of the cells are usually found together, and each one contains a store of honey and pollen for the larvæ, only one of which is found in each of the cells. These bees show a high order of intelligence in the manner in which they adapt themselves to circumstances, and this accounts for the very great diversity seen in the situations in which the cells are placed. Ceratosmia lignivora is a true wood-borer. Certain species excavate the pith of brambles, alternately widening and contracting the burrow to correspond with the proposed cells and the intervals between them. Others use the hollows of reeds and straws; two European species utilize the empty shells of several species of Helix, compactly filling each shell with their cells, which are placed in different relative positions according to the exigencies of the case, and then carefully closing the entrance with pellets of clay, sticks, and pebbles; others again plaster their cells thickly upon the under side of a flat stone which is slightly raised from the ground; and still another species places its cells in comparatively unprotected situations at the roots of grass. The Chalicodomas make very perfect mason work in the walls of their cells.

The food stored up in the cells is composed of a mixture of honey and pollen, Réaumur and Fabre experimented with the young bees to find whether they were able to overcome additional difficulties in making their way out of the cell. When the mouth of the cell is covered with earth and pith or brown paper put in contact with the covering of the cells, the bees make their way out without any great apparent difficulty, but when some space intervenes between the mouth of the cell and the new barrier, the bees are unable to gain their freedom. The Osmiinæ are of comparatively small size, and are usually of dark metallic colors. The eggs are white, oblong, and about the size and shape of a caraway seed. They hatch in about eight days. Development of the larvæ is rapid; they spin delicate cocoons and winter as pupæ.

Consult: Fabre, Insect Life, translated from the French (London, 1901); Howard, Standard

Natural History, vol. ii. (Boston, 1884); Howard, The Insect Book (New York, 1901). See Plate of.


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 * Casoar de la Nouvelle Hollande Péron, Relat. Voy. Terr. Austr. I p. 467, pl. XXXVI (1807).

 * Dromoius ater Vieillot, Gal. des Ois, pl. 226 (not text).

 * Dromaeus ater Blyth, Ibis 1862, p. 93.

T is most unfortunate that the larger number of authors have neglected to go carefully into the synonymy of this bird; if they had done so it would not have been necessary, after 81 years, to reject the very appropriate name of ater, and to rename the Emu of Kangaroo Island. Vieillot, in the Nouveau Dictionnaire D'Histoire Naturelle X, page 212, distinctly states that his Dromaius ater was a name given to Latham's Casuarius novaehollandiae, and makes no mention of Péron or of the Isle Decrès.

The figures in Péron's work of the adult male and female are not good, but those of the young and nestlings appear to me to be very accurate, and the plate in the Galérie des Oiseaux is quite excellent. The latter and my own are taken from the type specimen in the Paris Museum, while the plate in Péron was done by Lessieur from a series of sketches from life made by himself on Decrès Island and in the menagerie of the Jardin des Plantes. The only known specimens of this extinct species are the mounted skin and skeleton in Paris and the skeleton in the Florence Museum. All these are what remain of the three living birds brought to Paris by Péron, and no other authentic specimens exist anywhere. There is in the Museum at Liverpool a full-grown, though immature Emu of the same size as Dromaius peronii, but owing to its proportionally longer legs and very scanty plumage it is not absolutely safe to identify it as a second mounted specimen of D. peronii. I will recur to this lower down.

Description of adult male (ex Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.): Similar to D. novaehollandiae, but much smaller, and with feathers of the neck entirely black; feathers of the body brown fulvous, with the apical half very dark blackish brown; bill and feet blackish, naked skin of the sides of the neck blue. Total length about 55 inches, tarsus 11.40, culmen 2.36.

Immature in first plumage entirely sooty black. Nestling whitish with longitudinal bands of rufous brown. In addition to Decrès or Kangaroo Island, also Flinders, King Islands, and Tasmania had Emus living on them

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 at the time of Péron's visit, and I believe, if authentic specimens from these localities were in existence we should find that each of these islands had had a distinct species or race of Emus. Taking this for granted, and also taking into account that it is slightly different from the type of D. peronii, I have come to the conclusion that the Liverpool specimen is an immature, though full-grown individual from one of these other islands; but it is not possible from this one rather poor specimen to separate it from the Kangaroo Island species, especially as there is absolutely no indication of the origin of this specimen.

Habitat: Island of Decrès or Kangaroo Island.

One stuffed specimen (Type) and one skeleton in Paris, one skeleton in Florence, and one stuffed specimen in Liverpool (an species diversa?). Also some leg-bones in Adelaide, Australia.

Dr. H. O. Forbes, who kindly lent me the last-named specimen, was the first to point out the differences of this bird from D. novaehollandiae. It is certainly totally distinct from birds of similar age of either D. novaehollandiae or D. n. irroratus.

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 * Dromaeus minor Baldwin Spencer, Vict. Nat. XXIII, p. 140 (1906).

S Mr. Bernard H. Woodward, of Perth, West Australia, was organising an expedition to Kangaroo, Flinders, and King Islands (December, 1906), to hunt for Emu remains on these islands, I had hoped to be the first to describe what I felt sure would be two new species of Dromaius. I have, however, been forestalled by Professor Baldwin Spencer in the case of King Island, whence a collection of 17 femurs, 19 tibio-tarsi, 28 tarso-metatarsi, and portions of 8 pelves, made by Messrs. Alex. Morton and R. M. Johnston, T.S.O., formed the material for the description of a new species.

The diagnosis is as follows: "Smaller than D. ater (= D. peronii mihi). Tibia not or only slightly exceeding 330 mm. in greatest length. Tarso-metatarsus not exceeding 280 mm. in greatest length. Pelvis, length not or only slightly exceeding 280 mm."

D. minor was a smaller but stouter bird than D. peronii. Comparative dimensions:—

Habitat: King Island, Bass Strait. Now extinct.

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Rh

I am sure you cannot hate that word. It is a good old word, venerable for its antiquity, lovely in its associations. The dearest friend of my youth was my first and only love, my charming Nannie, who has blessed and who now cheers and comforts me and lends all the enchantment of "young love's dream" to the word. "Blood is thicker than water," and I do love my worthy cousins.

. . . . I am very much occupied in keeping the stars in order. I have one in custody at present, taken up under the "Vagrant Act"—a mulatto! It is unique, and a perfect little love. . . . I have two pairs of double stars which [William] Lewis Herndon makes 20" or 30" farther apart than the great Bessel represents them to be. These must be looked after; and if they have moved that much, the discovery will be a grand one. I have them in my pocket now though, and I'll keep them till you come, so we may look after them together. Besides, there is the "great refraction circle," which has just come; you must help me to mount that. It an exquisite piece of machinery; I should like to wear it round my neck, it is so beautiful!

The following letters to his kinsman and friend, Mr. Blackford, explain Maury's motive in accepting the appointment at Washington.

A prosperous and a happy new year to you and yours. You are equal to Brodie Herndon for pleasant letters. . ..

I send you a copy of our observations; not that I expect you, Cousin Mary, or Lucy, to read it through, but for the chance of a silent lesson which your boys may sometimes find in it.

The colleges are warm in their commendation of the volume, and it amuses me that almost every one expresses


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sanborn, Alvan Francis

SANBORN, săn'bėrn, Alvan Francis, American journalist: b. Marlborough, Mass., 8 July 1866. He was graduated from Amherst in 1887 and filled several journalistic positions, among them that of Paris correspondent of New York and Boston periodicals from 1899. He published ‘Moody's Lodging House and Other Tenement Sketches’ (1895); ‘Meg McIntyre's Raffle and Other Stories’ (1896); ‘Paris and the Social Revolution’ (1903), besides editing ‘Masterpieces of Prose’ (1893); ‘Reminiscences of Richard Lathers’ (1907), etc.


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 '''В. Спиртные — Alcoholic Beverages'''

вино wine

белое white

красное red

портвейн port

шампанское абрау-дюрсо champagne abrau-durso

водка vodka

зубровка zubrovka

русская горькая Russian bitter

настойка fruit brandy

вишнёвая cherry brandy

пиво beer

10. ПРИМЕРНЫЕ МЕНЮ — SAMPLE MENUS

1. украинский борщ 1. Ukrainian borecht (beet soup)

котлеты с гарниром hamburger steak with garniture

кисель kissel (berry jello)

2. бульон с кулебякой 2. consomme with kulebiaka (Russian pie)

варёное мясо с хреном и кислой капустой boiled beef, horse radish, and sauerkraut

сырники cheese dumplings

3. щи со сметаной 3. shti with sour cream

шашлык shashlik (broiled lamb)

рисовая запеканка rice zapekanka (pudding)

4. картофельный суп с гренками 4. potato soup with rusks

сибирские пельмени Siberian pelmeni (meat ravioli)

компот stewed fruit

5. селёдка с луком 5. herring with onions

зелёные щи с пирожками sorrel shti and pirozhok

цыплята с сухарями breaded young chicken

сладкий пирог sweet pirog (pie)

6. перловый суп с грибами 6. barley and mushroom soup

отбивные (телячьи) котлеты с гарниром veal chops, trimmings

блинчики с вареньем blinchiki with jam

7. блины со сметаной 7. blini (buckwheat pancakes and sour cream)

закуска (селёдка, икра сёмга и т.д.) hors d'oeuvres (herring caviar, smoked salmon, etc.)

десерт dessert

8. уха 8. fish soup

фаршированные кабачки stuffed squash

ватрушки vatrushka (cheese pactry)

9. рассольник 9. rassolnik (kidney soup with pickles)

заливная рыба fish in jelly

картофельные оладьи potato fritters

APPENDIX 8

Military Ranks and Grades

Note: Parentheeee in the right-hand column indicate a Russian rank for which there is no American equivalent.

маршал Советского союза (marshal of the Soviet Union)

генерал армии general

генерал-полковник (colonel general)

генерал-лейтенант lieutenant general

генерал-майор major general

полковник colonel

подполковник lieutenant colonel

майор major

капитан captain

старший лейтенант first lieutenant

лейтенант second lieutenant

младший лейтенант (junior lieutenant)

старшина master sergeant, first sergeant

старший сержант technical sergeant

сержант sergeant, staff sergeant

младший сержант sergeant

ефрейтор private first class

красноармеец private

APPENDIX 9

Abbreviations

OFFICIAL ABBREVIATIONS

Амторг торговое представительство СССР в США. Amtorg Trading Corporation, commercial representative of the USSR in the United States.

Арткяно советская кинематографическая организация для экспорта. Artkino, Soviet cinematographic organization for export.

АССР Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика. Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

АТС автоматическая телефонная станция. Dial telephone exchange.

БССР белорусская советская социалистическая республика. Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.


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 ВКП (б) всесоюзная коммунистическая партия (большевиков). All-Union Communist (Bolshevik) Party.

ВЛКСМ всесоюзный ленинский коммунистический союз молодёжи. Komsomol, Leninist Young Communist League of the Soviet Union.

БОКС всесоюзное общество культурной связи с заграницей. Voks, All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries.

врид временно исполняющий должность. acting, pro tem.

втуз высшее техническое учебное заведение. Vtuz, college of engineering.

вуз высшее учебное заведение. Vuz, college or university.

ВЦСПС Всесоюзный центральный Совет Профессиональных Союзов. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

госиздат государственное издательство. Government publishing House.

госстрой центральная Государственная строительная организация. Central government building agency.

гто Готов к труду и обороне! Ready for Labor and Defense! (slogan)

гэс государственная электрическая станция. Government power station.

жакт жилищно-арендное кооперативное товарищество. Tenants' Cooperative Association.

женотдел женский отдел ВКП (б). Women's section of the Communist Party.

загс отдел записи актов гражданского состояния. Registry office.

КВЖД Китайская Восточная железная дорога. Chinese Eastern Railroad.

КИМ Коммунистический интернационал молодёжи. KIM, Young Communist International.

ликбез комитет по ликвидации безграмотности. Committee for the fight against illiteracy.

МКХ московское коммунальное хозяйство. Moscow pubhc utilities.

могэс Московское объединение государственных электрических станций. Government power stations system, Moscow branch.

МТС машинно-тракторная станция. Machine tractor station.

МХАТ Московский Художественный Академический театр имени Горького. Moscow Art Theater.

НКВД народный комиссариат внутренних дел. Narkomvnudel. People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs.

НКВНТ народный коммиссариат по внешней торговле. Vneshtorg, People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade.

НКВнуторг народный комиссариат внутренней торговли. People's Commissariat of Internal Trade.

НКЗ народный коммисариат земледелия. Narkomzem, People's Commissariat of Agriculture.

НКИД народный комиссариат иностранных дел. Narkomindel. People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs.

НКЛес народный комиссариат лесной промышленности. Narkomles, People's Commissariat of Forestry.

НКПС народный комиссариат путей сообщения. Narkomput, People's Commissariat of Means of Communication (roads and railroads)

НКТ народный комиссариат внутренней торговли. People's Commissariat of Internal Trade.

НКФ народный комиссариат финансов. Narkomfin, People's Commissariat of Finance.

Облсоюз областной союз сельских кооперативов. Union of rural cooperatives of an oblast.

огиз объединение государственных издательств. Central Government Publishing House.

ОСТ общесоюзный стандарт. Bureau for standardization of industrial production.

политпросвет политическо-просветительное управление. Board of Political Education.

продмаг продовольственный магазин. Food store.

промбанк промышленный банк. Industrial Bank.

промкооперация промысловая кооперация. Association of craftsmen.

рабкор рабочий корреспондент. Worker correspondent.

райсоюз районный союз сельских кооперативов. District union of rural cooperatives.

РККА рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия. Red Army.

РСФСР Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика. RSFSR, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

селькор сельский корреспондент. Village correspondent.

СНК совет народных комиссаров. Council of People's Commissars.

СССР Союз Советских Социалистических Республик. USSR, Union of Soviet Socialist Republic.

США Соединённые Штаты Америки. United States of America.

Турксиб Туркестанско-сибирская железная дорога. Turkestan-Siberian railroad.

угрозыск уголовный розыск. Criminal Investigation department.

УССР Украинская Советская Социалистическая Республика. USSR Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

фзк фабрично-заводской комитет. Factory committee.

ЦКВКП(б) Центральный комитет всесоюзной коммунистической партии (большевиков). Central Committee of the All-Union Commimist (Bolshevik) Party.

ЦСУ центральное статистическое управление. Central Statistical Board.

COMMON ABBREVIATIONS

вух. бухгалтер, bookkeeper, accountant.

в. восток, east.

га. гектар. hectare.

'''гл. обр'''. главным образом. chiefly, mainly, principally.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sanborn, Franklin Benjamin

SANBORN, Franklin Benjamin, American philanthropist and author: b. Hampton Falls, N. H., 15 Dec. 1831; d. 24 Feb. 1917. He was graduated from Harvard in 1855, became active in politics as a member of the Free Soil party in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, was for a time secretary to the Massachusetts State Kansas committee, and aided John Brown in the invasion of Harper's Ferry after having vainly opposed the scheme. From 1863 to 1868 he was an editor of the Boston Commonwealth; in October 1863 became secretary of the Massachusetts State board of charities, the first established in America; and in 1865 assisted in the organization of the American Social Science Association, of which he was until 1897 secretary. With Bronson Alcott and W. T. Harris he founded the Concord school of philosophy in 1879; and he was also an organizer of the National Prison Association (1871), and the National conference of charities (1865). Among his publications are ‘Life and Letters of John Brown’ (1885); biographies of Thoreau (1882), Alcott (1883), Dr. Howe (1891), and Dr. Earle (1898); ‘The Personality of Thoreau’ (1902) and ‘The Personality of Emerson’ (1903). He was through all his active life a journalist, having begun to contribute to the New Hampshire Independent

Democrat in 1849, to the Boston Transcript in 1852, to the Christian Register in 1853, the Boston Traveller in 1856, and to the Springfield Republican in 1856. He was editor of the Republican after June 1868, furnishing from three to six columns a week. Between 1900 and 1917 he published Ellery Channing's ‘Poems of 65 years’ (1902); Channing's ‘Thoreau the Poet-Naturalist’ with additions (1903); Thoreau's ‘The Service’ (1902); ‘Bronson Alcott at Fruitlands’ (1908), and ‘Hawthorne and His Friends’ (1908); ‘ Recollections of 70 Years’ (2 vols., 1909), and ‘Sixty years in Concord’ (1916). A final life of Thoreau, ‘Thoreau and his Earliest Writings’ (1916). He also edited two volumes of ‘Theodore Parkers Writings’ (1914), introduced Newton's ‘Lincoln and Herndon’ (1913), and wrote brief biographies of Dr. Langdon, president of Harvard College, of Ellery Channing and of Mrs. Abbott-Wood of Lowell. For 30 years he edited the American Journal of Social Science, (1867-97), and contributed largely to the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society (1903-15), and edited for the Boston Bibliophile Society five volumes of Thoreau's manuscripts, a volume of the Shelley-Payne correspondence, and one of the Fragments and Letters of T. L. Peacock.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sanborn, John Benjamin

SANBORN, John Benjamin, American military officer: b. Epsom, N. H., 5 Dec. 1826; d. 1904. He was educated at Dartmouth College, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1854, and in that year removed to Saint Paul, Minn., where he engaged in law practice. At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 he was adjutant-general and quartermaster-general of Minnesota and assisted in the organization of the troops sent to the front. In 1862 he went to the front with the rank of colonel. He commanded a brigade at Iuka, was engaged at Corinth, Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hills, and at the siege and assault of Vicksburg. He had been commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers in 1863, and in October 1864 took command of the district of southwest Missouri. He bore the unique record of never having been defeated in action and with the exception of the assault of Vicksburg, never failed of complete success. He conducted a campaign against the Indians in 1865, amicably adjusted the Indian difficulties the next year, and in 1867-68 was a member of the Indian Peace Commission. He served in the Minnesota legislature for several terms.


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Rh. He attends spiritualistic meetings and reads the literature of people who try to pierce the clouds surrounding birth, life and death. He analyses his memories and feelings, and comes to the conclusion that he is living a dual life, but is only half conscious of its duality, inasmuch as he can remember here what occurs in the new life, but cannot in the new life remember anything that happens in the old one.

He philosophizes thus;—"Are all children rejuvenations, and is the old life always forgotten in the new one? Is the soul always rising on a new life when setting on an old one? If so, what becomes of the souls of infants and those of people killed by accident early in life? Is the memory of the previous life or lives always obliterated by death and birth or by birth and death, which ever happens first? Do our odd sensations and impressions regarding people and places arise from an imperfect memory of something that we passed through in a previous life? We meet a stranger and at once like or dislike in an unreasoning manner: is that stranger one who has strongly influenced us for good or evil in some previous existence? We come to a place that we have never visited and find it quite familiar; we expect at the next turn of the road, a tree, house, or lake, and lo: it is there: is this a memory that has survived?"

He reads stories of ubiquity and wonders if it is common for people to be in two places at one time. About this, too, he makes remarks, but these are not quoted here, as he speaks with fuller knowledge later on. He has already got to thinking that there is more in birth, life and death than appears on the surface. He thinks that fissipation may be a possibility.

"There are lives capable of division. Split the living organism into two and they each begin an individual life. Instead of killing by division we have made one creature into two. Is this in some way possible in higher structures? Have I undergone the process known to naturalists as fissipation?

Meanwhile the days go on and the dream that has taken such a hold upon the life of our hero is unfolding itself rapidly. If he is living two lives there is a great difference between them. One is almost devoid of events of note and changes; the other passes into new experiences and fresh knowledge daily. He runs about now and talks and plays with other children and finds something new to see and think about every day. He is a very happy child in dreamland and there he is not conscious of his duality—not yet.

One morning he wakes up with the knowledge that he is two years old. There has been a gathering of several of his playfellows; there has been music and games during a pleasant summer afternoon, his mother and father looking on and joining in the fun. Several friends, too, have called and all have reminded him that he is two years old. He turns

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sanborn, Katherine Abbott

SANBORN, Katherine Abbott (“”), American author and lecturer: b. Hanover, N. H., 11 July 1839; d. 9 July 1917. She earned her first money by writing, at the age of 11, and at 17 engaged in teaching. She lectured on literary topics for 20 years, was teacher of elocution at Packer Institute, Brooklyn, and for several years occupied the chair of English literature at Smith College. She published ‘Home Pictures of English Poets’ (1869); ‘Round Table Series of Literature Lessons’ (1884); ‘The Vanity and Insanity of Genius’ (1885); ‘Adopting an Abandoned Farm’; ‘Abandoning an Adopted Farm’; ‘The Wit of Women’; ‘My Literary Zoo’; ‘Oldtime Wall Papers’ (1905); ‘Hunting Indians in a Taxi Cab’ (1911); a series of calendars, etc.


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20 back the pages of his diary, and finds that his dream life has lasted nearly four years: how is it then that he is only two years old in the new life?

Had he been born into some part of the world where time is reckoned differently? That cannot be: a year is a year wherever time is reckoned, there may be differences in the naming of months; may be differences in the time of commencing the year, numbering of the years, and other minor particulars, but the duration of the year is the same, a child has not to live nearly four years in order to be two years old. In China a child is called one year old when born, but he is conscious that he is not in China, and conscious, too, that he is amongst people who are exceptionally happy and prosperous, who are very beautiful to look upon; who are never sick or weary, never poor nor ill-clad, and whose surroundings are harmonious and pleasant in a high degree. The people themselves also never quarrel nor say bitter things of each other when absent. Where on the Earth can this state of things be found? What child can live through infancy without seeing something of sickness, pain, poverty; without knowing something of vice or evil speaking?

"Where am I?" says our hero; are my sleeping hours spent in Heaven? That cannot be, for heaven is an abode of spirits and my dreamland is an abode of tangible bodies, I have an active, healthy little body as anyone could wish; and my father and mother, my playfellows and friends, and all the things around us, are real enough and familiar to me. And yet life is different and the people are different, and there are many things about that would not be found in the best houses in Melbourne or in London. Our fires are warm and bright and keep the rooms pleasant, and yet they never burn anything. In royal households, so far as I know there are no such fires. At night we have no lamps and yet light comes from luminous points in walls and ceilings, and can I only once remember being in the dark and then I had done a rare thing—had wakened in the night.

Am I on Earth? If so not in any part I have heard or read of. I am not in the Christian's Heaven, for I am not dead; on the contrary I appear to be too much alive; to be living two lives while the majority of the people have to be content with one. There must have been a millenium where I have strayed to; for all the imaginings of the poets and dreamers are more than realized; there is no sin nor sorrow where I live—but I am only two years old and it has taken me nearly four years to reach that age—where am I?"

This is the first time that Jacobs asks his whereabouts; the dates have set him off. The answer to his question becomes easy enough in a while and we will not run into future pages of his diary in order to answer his question now.

A few days after this strange second birthday we find a report of a talk with his mother. The mother appears to be the leading spirit in the daily

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Rh life of the family, of his dream father we hear little. He describes himself as standing by his mother's knee in an oval-shaped room, an upper room of a strangely-shaped house. Not strange in shape to the child, but to the man. Her hand is toying with his curls and she is saying—"My dear boy is now two years old and has therefore reached the age of moral responsibility. He is no longer an infant, but a child who understands many things and knows when he is doing right. He can always appeal to mother for counsel and help; but he is now accounted as responsible to his own conscience and to the Giver of all Good for his actions. So far my boy's life has been all happiness and pleasure; he has not known that wrong is possible, nor that there are such things as temptation and sin. His life will probably be spent amongst good people who are devoid of pride and envy, but temptation of some kind is sure to arise and my boy will have to do right under all circumstances. As he is two years of age my boy must begin his educational course also. This will begin to-morrow.

"Did you go to school when you were two, mother?"

"Yes, I did."

"And how old are you now, mother?"

"I am nearly fourteen. There, now, my boy can go and play with Emma for a little while, and he will join Hildreth's class tomorrow."

This is the first mention of his sister Emma, who is at this period half his age. He mentions no older child, so he must have been the first born in dreamland.

HEN mother told me that I had to join Hildreth'a class she did not threaten me. Hildreth is a teacher of infants, and she makes all infants who come to her desire to do so. I had had many a game of romps with her, and she had entirely won my young heart. About twenty of us next morning met in Hildreth's class room. Not more than twenty-five pupils were allowed to any teacher, and I found out that there were many teachers who, like Hildreth, had the affection of every child present.

Our lessons were mostly a series of easy movements—marching and singing. We threw hoops with pairs of sticks and caught other hoops with the same sticks. We played with balls, and we taught each other to build houses. Hildreth played music for us, and showed us how to move in musical time.

Each child had a recess with shelves, upon which it kept its tools and toys. I had to learn now to get mine and put them all in their places when done with. We were kept under control all morning, and yet were only

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text: Melbourne and Mars/Chapter 4

title: Melbourne and Mars/Chapter 4


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sanborn, Walter Henry

SANBORN, Walter Henry, American justice: b. Epsom, N. H., 19 Oct. 1845. He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1867, studied law, and in 1870 engaged in law practice at Saint Paul, Minn. From 1892 he was United States circuit justice of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and from 1903 he was presiding justice of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals of the Eighth District. He conducted the receiverships of the Union Pacific Railroad, 1893-98; the Chicago Great Western, 1908-09; and the Frisco Railroad, 1913-14. He also handed down important decisions in the Trans-Missouri Freight Association Case, 1893; the Standard Oil Case, 1909; and the Oklahoma Gas Case, 1911.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sandburg, Carl

SANDBURG, Carl, American author: b. Galesburg, Ill., 6 Jan. 1878. In 1898-1902 he studied at Lombard College, Galesburg, and in 1910-12 was secretary to the mayor of Milwaukee, Wis. He became associate editor of System Magazine in 1913 and was also editorial writer on the Chicago Daily News. Mr. Sandburg was awarded the Levinson prize in the Poetry Magazine in 1914. He served in Company C, 6th Illinois Volunteers, in 1898 and saw active service in Porto Rico. In 1918 he was a member of the editorial board of the National Labor Defense Council.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sands, William Franklin

SANDS, William Franklin, American diplomatist: b. Washington, D. C., 29 July 1874. He was educated at Saint Michel, Fribourg, Switzerland, Stella Matutina College, Feldkirch, Austria, and Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. He was appointed second secretary of the American legation at Tokio, Japan, in 1896; became first secretary at Seoul, Korea, two years later and was chargé-d'affaires ad interim in 1899. From 1900 to 1904 he was adviser to the emperor of Korea, in 1905-07 was secretary and charge at Panama, in

in Guatemala and in 1908-09 in Mexico. In 1909-11, Mr. Sands was American Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Guatemala. While in Korea he suppressed a revolution on the island of Quelpaert and for his services to French citizens during the Boxer Rebellion he was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. Mr. Sands is a member of the American Society of International Law and of the American Geographical and other societies.


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50 surprise that Navy officers should be able to do such things. We have beaten Greenwich all hollow, there is no doubt; yet we shall do even better next time. . ..

I have solved a problem that has often blistered my heart, and proved that Navy officers are fit for something else than scrubbing decks at sea and tacking ship. You know I did not want the place, and only decided to keep it when I heard it had been promised to a civilian, under the plea that no one in the Navy was fit for it. I then went to Mason, pronounced that the repetition of a practical libel, and told him he must stand by me. He did so, and though I had never seen an instrument of the kind before, and had no one with me who had, I was determined to ask no advice or instruction from the savans, but to let it be out and out a Navy work. Under these circumstances you may well imagine the pleasure which I derive from any fresh proof of success.

There is a chance of the Observatory being converted into the "Hydrographical Bureau," with a salary of $3,500. I would be wrong to give up that; but, as I said before, if it were not for my poverty, I should not desire to remain here longer than to satisfy two or three problems, and I have sent for an instrument, to help in solving them. I beg pardon, but one must take an airing on one's hobby now and then.

2em

. . . . The Observatory affairs go on pretty well. They speak of us kindly in Europe, and I think we are making friends in Congress. I am preparing for an expedition during the summer, on the Magnetic Telegraph Routes, for the purpose of determining difference of longitude between the principal cities and the Observatory.

Willy, I suppose, is toting the chain? Tell him to drive ahead, study well, and improve fast; I shall want him to go out and survey the route for the Memphis and California Railroad. . ..


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Santos Chocano, José

SANTOS CHOCANO, zho'kän-ô, José, Peruvian poet: b. 1875. Since the death of Rubén Dario (q.v.) in 1916, Santos Chocano has been the undisputed leader of Latin American literature; and even before the disappearance of the latter from the scene, Santos Chocano had become a figure at least equal in importance with him on the literary horizon. He influenced Dario strongly and for the better, by enlarging his view and making him, in his latter years, more cosmopolitan. It was through Santos Chocano that Dario was led to see the United States and the American people with other and more favorable eyes. Endowed with a broad vision, he threw behind him, early in his career, all sectionalism and local views, which had hampered most of the preceding Latin American poets and prose writers, and announced himself the apostle of cosmopolitanism and Pan-Americanism. At a time when other younger poets like Rubino Blanco Fombona of Venezuela made it their special business to vilify the United States and all things American and to hold her people up to ridicule as uncouth, uncultured, rude dollar-grabbers, overbearing and unbearable, Santos Chocano proclaimed himself the singer of America in all its varying moods and phases, past and present. He sang, ‘My lyre has a soul, my song an ideal.’ The sound of his lyre was America; the ideal of his song the unity and harmony of all things American. In his ‘El Canto del Porvenir’ (Song of the Future) he sees the spiritual union of the North and the South, of the Latin and the Saxon. He believes the one is necessary to the other, and that they have been placed together in the Western world for a purpose. Santos Chocano has the truest vision of all the Latin American writers; and his influence, which has

become very widely extended, has been generally exercised for good. His ‘Alma America,’ in which he emphasizes the idea of race unity on the Western continent, is a stirring poem which became immensely popular and exercised a strong influence on the younger poets of Latin America. Santos Chocano has become, in a sense, the leader of a new school of poetical thought, whose self-imposed task is to sing the beauties and glories of America. Though united through this ideal, the members of this school use widely different literary methods to attain their ends; and some of them are not broad minded enough to see beyond the boundaries of Latin America. Yet all of them can sing with him: ‘When I feel myself an Inca, I render homage to the Sun which gave me the sceptre of royal power; when I feel my Spanish blood, I evoke Colonial days.’ Santos Chocano has traveled much and has found a warm welcome in nearly all the Latin American countries. Some years ago he was lionized in Mexico City, and the Central American nations have paid high tribute to his genius. Consult Coester, A., ‘The Literary History of Spanish America’ (New York 1916); González Blanco, Andrés, ‘Select Poems of José Santos Chocano’ (Introduction to ‘Fiat Lux,’ Paris 1908).


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Rh The Boston merchants were so pleased with that Wind and Current Chart, that they offered to raise 50,000 dollars to buy a vessel and keep her at my orders to try new routes. I said nay; and then they petitioned Congress to detail a man-of-war for the purpose, to which "Uncle Sam" gave apple-crust promise. Four vessels that I know of have tried the new route to the equator. The average of the four passages is ten days less than the average by the usual route.

2em

. . . . The charts are going a-head bravely. They are quite as much admired on the other side as on this and they do turn out exceedingly rich. Some new discovery, some new; law of nature is constantly starting up before proceed with our investigations. [Wm.] Lewis Herndon has the Whale Chart in hand; that will be of such importance to the whale-men that might well afford to give us a perpetual log in all their ships. . ..

Betty is going to school, and growing apace. I wish I could give her physic to keep her as a child. The idea of my daughters ever getting married is so unpleasant, that I am sure I shall never like the man who marries one. I hate him now from the bottom of my heart. Schools and education disturb me. If I were only a rich man I would devote all my wealth, time, and energies to reforming education. I would build a model college for boys, and another for girls, and be happy as are the angels in the consciousness of doing good. As a general rule, I regard colleges, as at present conducted, as humbugs, and female seminaries as downright cheats and now that the time has come for educating my own children, I find myself chained down by the vile system, and I am unable to break the fetters, because I am too poor to employ teachers of my own, and so have my children educated in regular ship-shape style. A little music for the girls is all I can get.


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52 To see how smatteringly they are taught, look at the great majority of middle aged women of your acquaintance who are educated at these seminaries! . ..

To a young cousin (Lucy Blackford) he says:—

I hope you have a code of rules for study which are unbending, which you follow up daily with great diligence, and that you do not often take doses of poison from those things called novels! Novel reading is, to the student, what mint juleps are to the tippler—most delightful and refreshing at the time, but serpents under the flowers in the end. I often deplore the general state of female education in this country.

In 1847-48 Congress failed to make any appropriation for the NATIONAL OBSERVATORY, and in consequence Maury's pay was stopped for a time. Maury writes of this incidentally in the following letters to his cousins in New York:—

2em . . . . No pay yet, and I am very tired of living on such slender means. Better times, I hope, are coming before long; this poverty is a terrible weight upon one's mind and wants.

2em . . . . The pay has almost passed the House, and I begin to think of increasing expenditure in the way of education, &c., for the children, and church and social facilities, &c., for Nannie.

My "magnetic longitude" trip has been knocked on the head, for the present at least, by the non-arrival of the instruments from Munich.

2em . . . . Congress declared the Superintendent of the "Marine" to mean me, and to mean moreover that the pay should commence from the passage of the Act—thus giving me about $500 extra!


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cainnech


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cairnes, David


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 nation, nor any stranger that sojourneth among you: (for all these abominations have the men of the land done which were before you, and the land is defiled:) that the land spue not you out also, when ye defile it, as it spued out the nations that were before you. For whosoever shall commit any of these abominations, even the souls that commit them shall be cut off from among their people. Therefore shall ye keep mine ordinance that ye commit not any one of these abominable customs, which were committed before you, and that ye defile not yourselves therein: I am the Lord your God.'" Keble then goes on to say: "Clearly, if the Canaanites, who had never heard of Moses and his law, were offending God so grievously by doing these things, the offence cannot be against the Levitical law only. If I may without presumption, I would earnestly intreat all serious persons, clergy and laity, who for whatever reason have been induced to take part in this movement:—I would earnestly intreat them well to consider this:—lest they find by and by that they have been instrumental in bringing the curse of Canaan on themselves, on our Church and country, while they thought they were only pleading for Christian liberty, and doing away with the remnant of an obsolete foreign code. Now, what are the customs which were so abominable in the old inhabitants of God's Holy Land, and caused the land itself to vomit them out? (the customs, I mean, in respect of marriage: for of the other horrors mentioned in this chapter we are not now compelled to speak.) They are all forbidden in one general principle: 'None of you shall approach to any that is near of kin to him, to uncover their nakedness: I am the Lord'. This being laid down in the 6th verse, the following verses allege so many instances, whereby God's people might understand what 'near of kin' means. And it is remarkable, that in this enunciation the law makes no distinction between those who are akin by marriage and those who are akin by blood, but mentions them indiscriminately, as if the one sort were precluded from marrying under the same penalties as the other. For these are the degrees expressly forbidden in their order. First, a man is forbidden to marry his mother in v. 7. Next, a father's wife, or step-mother, in v. 8; which is the case mentioned in

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 1 Cor., v. 1. Next, a sister, v. 9. Next, a granddaughter, v. 10. Next, a half-sister, v. 11. Next, an aunt by the father's side, v. 12. Next, an aunt by the mother's side, v. 13. Next, an aunt by marriage with an uncle, v. 14. Next, a son's wife, v. 15. Next, a brother's wife, v. 16. Next, a wife's daughter, mother, or granddaughter, v. 17. Here are thirteen cases in all: six of kindred by blood, and seven of kindred by marriage: and neither by the order in which they follow one another, nor by any difference of expression regarding them, is any hint given that the one sort of profanation is less heinous in God's sight than the other. The world may have come to think there is a difference, because the world will not believe that man and wife are really one flesh. But the written Law of God apparently deals with both alike. The next remark," Keble goes on to say, "I have to make on this, which is God's own table of prohibited marriages, is one which it seems to me no fair mind can deny. Indeed, one is half-ashamed to enounce it, it is so obvious; yet the reasoning on the other side appears to be mainly based on the denial of it. It is simply this: that nearness of kin not being affected by sex, what is forbidden to a man is forbidden to a woman in the same degree of kindred or affinity, though it be not set down in words. For instance, in v. 7, a man is forbidden to marry his mother: then by the same rule, a woman is forbidden to marry her father, though the prohibition is not expressed. Surely it would be fearful paltering with God's law not to accept and obey such a plain rule as this. And it is to be observed, that these canons are all addressed to men only: the woman's duty and the woman's sin are left to be inferred in each case: but what should we think of the woman who should therefore account herself left at liberty, so far as the Levitical Laws are concerned?" What Dr. Pusey says (II., p. 4) regarding some marriages being expressly forbidden and others omitted, may very well apply here: "It would be a very Pharisaic interpretation of Holy Scripture which would so insist upon the letter, as to conceive everything, not in so many words forbidden in the letter, to be permitted, although equivalent to that which is forbidden. It is a sort of interpretation professedly borrowed from the Jews,

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 and resting upon their authority, yet more like the argument of a Jew with which most minds are familiar, 'It is not in the bond,' than that of teachable minds wishing to know the mind of God." Bishop Wordsworth also goes through, in his notes on this chapter of Leviticus, the list of the thirteen degrees of relationship, six by blood, and seven of persons made relations by marriage only, between whom marriage was forbidden, and also points out that, "It is clear from this list, that the death of the person, through whose marriage the nearness of kin began, does not alter that nearness". He goes on to say: "It has indeed been said that we have no right to deduce any prohibition inferentially from this code, but ought to be content with the prohibitions that are expressed. This allegation is refuted by the fact that it is nowhere expressed in the code that a man may not marry his own daughter or his own sister. Let us also observe that a man may not marry his brother's widow; or in other words, a woman is forbidden to marry her deceased husband's brother. This prohibition is repeated twice in Holy Scripture (Lev. xviii. 16; xx. 21) with a special malediction. And the reason stated for this prohibition is, that the wife of a brother is one flesh with him." "It was the deliberate judgment of the Church (Dr. Pusey, II., p. 4), and expressed by thoughtful writers, that Lev. xviii. is part of the moral law, and unchangeable, and that the words 'Thou shalt not approach any one near of kin,' &c., do furnish a general principle, including cases not actually expressed in the letter of Leviticus. One case, at least, not so expressed, must be included, since marriage with the daughter is not prohibited, while marriage with the mother is. Even the better heathen detested the incest with the mother. Yet God saw good to lay down the one and omit the other. And it is as reasonable an account as any other, of this omission, to suppose that He willed that it should be omitted, in order that we might not think that the whole range of forbidden relations was contained in those which are expressly and in the letter laid down." "It is evident," says Bishop Wordsworth, "that the Legislator did not intend to set down in explicit terms in this Levitical Code all the degrees within which marriage is unlawful. He had not even expressly

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 forbidden a man to marry his own daughter or his own sister. But His design was, that men should use their reason in drawing logical inferences from the principles laid down in the Code. This is our moral probation." "In the New Testament (1 Cor., v. 1) a man may not marry his father's wife, because she is one flesh with his father: so he may not marry his wife's sister, because his wife is one flesh with him. But here it may be alleged by some, that since in a certain case Almighty God commanded that a wife should be joined in marriage to a deceased husband's brother; namely, in case that her husband had died without issue (Deut. xxv. 5-10); and since God cannot be supposed to command anything immoral, therefore the marriage of a wife with a deceased husband's brother cannot be sinful; and that therefore, by parity of reasoning, the marriage of a man with his deceased wife's sister cannot be immoral. Is then God inconsistent with Himself? In His Word He has forbidden a woman to marry her husband's brother. In a special case, for a special reason, applicable only to the Jews, God was pleased to dispense with His own Law; and in the plenitude of His Omnipotence, to change the prohibition into a command. . . . But it would be presumptuous to say that we may dispense with God's law concerning marriage, because He in one case dispensed with it." " That the Jews were permitted in a certain instance, and for a certain end, to marry the brother's wife, does not abrogate or impair the general law, which in all other instances, and to all other people, declared alliance with the brother's wife to be incestuous" (Eccles., Vol. VII., p. 184). This law "was special and peculiar; a temporary dispensation appointed by the Supreme Lawgiver in a particular case, which did not weaken, but confirm the general law, in cases not excepted" (see Dr. W. Berriman's correspondence, quoted below). Such marriage, Dr. Pusey says (I., p. 30), "is nowhere forbidden now, except under this general rule, 'None of you shall approach unto the whole flesh of his flesh'. As a law for a passing state of things, God enjoined for a time the re-marriage of the childless widow with her brother-in-law. That law being done away, the original prohibition stands in its full unmitigated force."

Before concluding this part of my subject, I wish to draw

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Rh

will be remembered that when Maury took up his first appointment as sailing-master, he observed the want of trustworthy charts to show the winds and currents encountered by mariners. He then resolved, if an opportunity was allowed him, to supply this great desideratum from the old ship's log books which, since the establishment of the United States Navy, had been stored away in the Hydrographic Department as rubbish.

He now extracted, with much labor, all the valuable information they contained. He also collected data relative to the voyage between the United States and Rio de Janeiro from every reliable source. The first chart of his series and the first sailing directions were at length completed. They were not at first appreciated; but Captain Jackson, commanding the ship 'H.W.D.C. Wright' of Baltimore, determined to trust the new chart and follow the new track.

The experiment was a complete success, for he made the voyage out and back in the time often consumed by the old traders in the outward passage alone. There was now no hesitation about the use of the new charts and sailing directions which were furnished as they were issued, to the masters of vessels bound for foreign ports, who were invited to join in collecting data for making other charts and new sailing directions.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cairnes, John Elliot


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 CLARK COLLEGE

September 27, 1916

To The President of the Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D. C.

My dear Sir;

This communication I had intended sending a little later, I feel that it would not be desirable to delay any longer. Incidentally, I think it would be best not to make it public.

For a number of years I have been at work upon a method of raising recording apparatus to altitudes exceeding the limit for sounding balloons; and during the last two years I have tried-out the essential features of the method at the Laboratory of Clark University with very gratifying results. These experiments are now completed, and I feel that I have settled every point upon which there could be reasonable doubt. Incidentally, I have reached the limit of the work I can do single-handed; both because of expense, and also because further work will require more than one man's time.

My reason for writing just now is the following: My device will be capable of propelling masses, such as expolsives, for very great distances, and hence would very likely be useful in warfare; although for very great ranges the accuracy would not be extreme. Dr. A. G. Webster of Clark University, who, as you doubtless know, is a member of the Naval Consulting Board, has recently broached the subject of my device to that Board, and has asked me when I can give him a statement concerning it.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cairns, Hugh McCalmont


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 I hesitate, however, permitting Dr. Webster to place the matter before this Board for two reasons: First, I can trust no one to explain the device and its capabilities but myself. If I am not permitted to do this, in a manner satisfactory to myself, the Board may be poorly impressed; and public opinion may thus be influenced against the method, even before it has been given a fair presentation. My other reason is that the device will, I am certain, be of very great importance to pure science, especially to meterology; whereas, although it may indeed have applications, I feel that its possibilities in warfare may be somewhat limited. In short, the exclusive use of the device for warfare would, I am certain, be a loss to science; and I therefore feel that an investigation of my method should be conducted by such a body as the Smithsonian Institution (working independently, or in collaboration with the Naval Board if thought desirable); with the understanding that if, in subsequent work, results should arise which appeared to be of importance for National Defence, the government should be given exclusive data concerning these results.

The following is a very brief description of the method, and of the experimental results:

Four years ago, while at Princeton University, I developed a theory of rocket action in general; taking into account air resistance and gravity. The problem was to determine the initial mass of an ideal rocket necessary, in order that on continuous loss of mass, a final mass of one pound would remain, at any required altitude. On solving the problem (an approximate method was necessary in order to avoid a new problem in the


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cairns, William


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54 which were furnished as they were issued, to the masters of vessels bound for foreign ports, who were invited to join Maury in collecting data for making other charts and new sailing directions. An active interest was soon excited, and in all parts of the world he had intelligent and zealous assistants.

The following extract is taken from a letter of one of these faithful co-laborers, Captain Phinny, of the American ship 'Gertrude', written to Lieutenant Maury in January 1855:—

"Having to proceed from this to the Chincha Islands and remain three months, I avail myself of the present opportunity to forward to you abstracts of my two passages over your southern routes, although not required to do so until my return to the U.S. next summer, knowing that you are less amply supplied with abstracts of voyages over these regions than of many other parts of the ocean. Such as it is, I am happy to contribute my mite towards furnishing you with material to work out still farther towards perfection your great and glorious task, not only of pointing out the most speedy route for ships to follow over the ocean, but also teaching us sailors to look about us and recognize the wonderful manifestations of the wisdom and goodness of the great God, by which we are constantly surrounded. For myself I am free to confess that for many years I commanded a ship, and although never insensible of the beauties of nature upon sea and land, I yet feel, that until I took up your work I had been traversing the ocean blindfolded; I did not think, I did not know, the amazing combinations of all the works of HIM whom you so beautifully term, "the great First Thought."

I feel that, aside from any pecuniary profit to myself from your labours, you have done me good as a man. You have taught me to look above, around, and beneath me, and to recognize God's hand in every element by which I am surrounded. I am grateful, most grateful, for this personal benefit. Your remarks on this subject, so frequently made in your work, cause in me feelings of the greatest admiration, although my capacity to comprehend your beautiful theories is but limited. I have spoken as I feel, and with sentiments of the greatest admiration,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Caistor, Richard


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 Calculus of Variations) I was surprised at the comparatively small initial masses necessary,          , and also provided that        . The reason for this is, very briefly, that the velocity enters  in the expression for the initial mass. Thus if the velocity of the ejected gases be increased, say five fold, the initial mass necessary to reach a given height will be      of that required for the lesser velocity.

An apparatus was designed which possessed a number of important improvements over the ordinary rocket. In connection with these improvements, it should be explained that I have protected myself (and I hope meterological science, as well) by certain United States Letters Patent; four of which have already issued: 1,102,653 1,103,503 1,191,299 1,194,496.

Inasmuch as designs and theories alone can hardly carry conviction, certain experiments were desirable in order that any doubtful points might be settled. I first found that the efficiency of an ordinary rocket is remarkably small; namely, less than two per cent. Even the one-pound Coston ship rocket, which I found to have a range of a quarter of a mile, has an efficiency of but little over two per cent; the average velocity of ejection of the gases being about 1000 ft/sec.

My next experiments were performed with steel chambers, of the form shown in Fig. 1, with the object of increasing the efficiency of the device, as a heat engine; and of therefore


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 obtaining as high a velocity of ejection as possible. Some of these chambers were made of soft tool-steel, and others of tough nickel steel. Fig. 3 shows a chamber taken apart. A charge of dense smokeless powder,, Fig. 1, was fired electrically. The resulting gases, after blowing out the small pasteboard wadding,, entered a tapered nozzle, expanded, and left the nozzle with high velocity. It will thus be seen that I obtained the work of expansion of the gases, much as is done in the De Laval steam turbine.

The efficiencies and velocities which I have obtained in this way are truly remarkable. My highest efficiency, or rather "duty", is over 63 per cent. This is the highest ever obtained from a heat engine; the best reciprocating steam engine giving 21 per cent, and the Diesel (internal combustion) engine, about 40 per cent. My average velocities of ejection are, in most cases, over 7,000 ft/sec, and the highest is slightly under 8,000 ft/sec. This is far in excess of any velocity hitherto obtained except by minute quantities of matter in electrical discharge tubes. The highest velocities and efficiencies were obtained with a large chamber.

After most of the above experiments had been performed, a question arose as to the possible effect of the air in the nozzle and immediately beyond. It seemed likely that some fraction of the above velocity (measured, of course, ballistically, by the recoil of the chamber) might have been due to reaction against the air. This would evidently mean that, as as high altitudes were reached, and the density of the air


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 became small, the effectiveness of the device would decrease.

A number of rather difficult experiments were performed last year to test this point. The chambers,, Fig. 3, used in air, were suspended by a spring from a 3-inch pipe-cap,. The mass of the movable system was increased by lead collars, ; and a strip of smoked glass,, was provided to record the displacements produced by firing. This is, of course, a very condensed description of the apparatus.

In order to approximate as closely as possible to the condition of firing into a tank of infinite extent, a special pipe system was constructed (by autogeneous welding), Fig. 4. The system shown in Fig. 3 was introduced at the top of the upright pipe,, of Fig. 4. It will be seen that, on firing, the expelled gases passed around the circular part of the 3-inch pipe system until their velocity had been reduced to a small value by friction. It was found that the rebound of the gases was rarely sufficient to tear very thin tissue paper at, Fig. 3. By means of an entirely different form of tank, which permitted actual measurements of the rebound to be made, it was demonstrated that such rebound was negligable. All of the experiments  showed that the recoil was practically the same as that at atmospheric pressure, down to a pressure of 0.5 mm. The recoil was therefore the result of an actual jet of gas, and was not due to reaction against the air.

It will be evident that a heavy steel chamber, such as described, could not compete against the ordinary rocket, even with the high velocities which I attained. If, however,  were fired from the , much as in


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Caius, Thomas


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 a rapid-fire gun,         , and the superiority over the ordinary rocket could thereby be increased enormously. Such reloading mechanisms are the subject of all the above patents except the first, which is chiefly concerned with the nozzle, and what I have termed a "primary and secondary" rocket principle. I have not made a working model of a reloading device, as it is the one feature of the method that is self-evidently operative.

Regarding the heights that could be reached by the above method; I have applied the theory already mentioned to cases which my experiments show must be realizable in practice, and I find that a mass of one pound could be elevated to altltudesaltitudes [sic] of 35, 72, and 232 miles; by employing initial masses of from 3.6 to 13.6, from 5.1 to 24.3, and from 9.8 to 89.6 lbs., respectively. If a device of the Coston ship-rocket type were used instead, the initial masses would be of the order of magnitude of,    -th. I hesitate to give my conclusions regarding the possibility of sending small masses (under what I feel sure are realizable conditions) to very much greater heights than those I have just mentioned.

Regarding the possibility of recovering apparatus upon its return; calculations show that the times of ascent and descent will be short, and that a small parachute should be sufficient to ensure safe landing.

I have in manuscript form an extended description of what I have briefly outlined, which is nearly completed; and have also a number of photographs and lantern slides, which


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 illustrate all the steps in the experiments. I doubt if this manuscript could be entirely finished for several weeks, owing to work connected with beginning the college year. A talk could, however, be presented on much shorter notice.

In the meantime, you would do me a great favor if you would give me some information upon the following points:

1st. Would the Smithsonian Institution be willing to bring together a committee to investigate the method of reaching high altitudes which I have herein briefly summarized?

2nd. Upon favorable report of such a committee, would the Smithsonian Institution be willing to take upon itself the recommending of a fund, sufficiently large to continue the work, either from a society, as the National Geographic Society, or from private individuals?

I realize that in sending this communication I have taken a certain liberty; but I feel that it is to the Smithsonian Institution alone that I must look, now that I cannot continue the work unassisted. I am

Yours sincerely,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Calah, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Calamy, Benjamin


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 гр. грамм, gram.

др. доктор. doctor, M.D.

'''ед. ч.''' единственное число. singular.

'''ж. д.''' железная дорога. railroad.

з. запад. west.

и пр. и прочее. and the like.

и т.д. и так далее. and so on, and so forth.

и т.п. и тому подобное. et cetera.

кг. килограмм, kilogram.

км. километр, kilometer.

м. метр, meter.

мм. миллиметр, millimeter.

'''мн. ч.''' множественное число. plural.

напр. например, for instance.

о-во. общество. society, company, Co.

разг. разговорное слово. colloquial.

с. север, north.

см. сантиметр, centimeter.

см. смотри, see, refer to.

с.-х. сельское хозяйство, сельскохозяйственный. culture, agricultural.

т. тонна. ton.

т.е. то-есть. that is.

'''т. наз.''' так называемый. soHsalled.

'''т. обр.''' таким образом. so that.

'''ю. юг.''' south.

APPENDIX 10

Important Signs

БИЛЕТНАЯ КАССА TICKET WINDOW

ВОКЗАЛ RAILROAD STATION

ВСКАКИВАТЬ И СОСКАКИВАТЬ НА ХОДУ СТРОГО ВОСПРЕЩАЕТСЯ GETTING ON OR OFF WHILE CAR IS IN MOTION IS STRICTLY FORBIDDEN

ВХОД ENTRANCE

ВХОД ВОСПРЕЩАЕТСЯ NO ADMITTANCE, KEEP OUT

ВЫХОД EXIT

ГРУНТОВАЯ ДОРОГА DIRT ROAD

ДЕРЖАТЬСЯ ПРАВОЙ (ЛЕВОЙ) СТОРОНЫ KEEP TO THE RIGHT (LEFT)

ДЛЯ ЖЕНЩИН WOMEN

ДЛЯ МУЖЧИН MEN

ДОРОГА В ПЛОХОМ СОСТОЯНИИ ROAD IN BAD CONDITION

ДОРОГА РЕМОНТИРУЕТСЯ ROAD UNDER REPAIR

ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНЫЙ ПЕРЕЕЗД RR CROSSING

ЗАКРЫТО CLOSED

ЗАМЕДЛИТЬ ХОД SLOW DOWN

КРУТОЙ ПОВОРОТ SHARP CURVE

КРУТОЙ СПУСК SHARP SLOPE

КУРИТЬ ВОСПРЕЩАЕТСЯ NO SMOKING

МЕДЛЕННАЯ ЕЗДА DRIVE SLOWLY

МОСТ BRIDGE

ОБЪЕЗД DETOUR

ОПАСНО DANGER

ОСТАНОВКА ВАГОНОВ STREETCAR STOP

ОСТОРОЖНО CAUTION

ОТДЕЛЕНИЕ МИЛИЦИИ POLICE STATION

ОТКРЫТО OPEN

ПЕРЕКРЁСТОК STREET CROSSING, ROAD CROSSING, CROSSROADS

ПЕРЕСЕЧЕНИЕ ДОРОГ ROAD CROSSING

ПЕРЕХОДИТЕ УЛИЦУ ТОЛЬКО НА ПЕРЕКРЁСТКАХ CROSS THE STREET AT CORNERS ONLY

ПЛЕВАТЬ ВОСПРЕЩАЕТСЯ NO SPITTING

ПОЖАРНАЯ ЛЕСТНИЦА FIRE ESCAPE

ПОЧТОВОЕ ОТДЕЛЕНИЕ POST OFFICE

ПРЕДЕЛЬНАЯ СКОРОСТЬ ...КМ. В ЧАС SPEED LIMIT ....MPH

ПРОЕЗД В ОДНУ СТОРОНУ ONE-WAY TRAFFIC

ПРОЕЗД ЗАКРЫТ ROAD CLOSED

ПУТЬ СВОБОДЕН ROAD OPEN

РАЗГОВАРИВАТЬ С ВАГОНОВОЖАТЫМ СТРОГО ВОСПРЕЩАЕТСЯ TALKING TO CONDUCTOR PROHIBITED

СКВОЗНОЙ ПРОЕЗД ЗАКРЫТ NO THOROUGHFARE

СПРАВКИ INFORMATION BUREAU

СТАНЦИЯ СКОРОЙ ПОМОЩИ FIRST AID STATION

СТОЙ! STOP!


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Calamy, Edmund (1600-1666)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Calamy, Edmund (1635?-1685)


text:
Author:Robert Hutchings Goddard

Works

 * Goddard's Proposal to the Smithsonian, September 27, 1916
 * Goddard Rocket Apparatus Patent, December 15, 1916
 * Report from Goddard to Assistant Secretary Abbot, May 5, 1926
 * Goddard to Secretary Abbot Thanking Smithsonian for its Support, May 28, 1930

Works about Goddard

 * The New York Times/Robert Goddard

title: Author:Robert Hutchings Goddard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Calamy, Edmund (1697?-1755)


text:
Page:The Five Nations.djvu/234

 RECESSIONAL

(1897)

of our fathers, known of old,

Lord of our far-flung battle-line,

Beneath whose awful Hand we hold

Dominion over palm and pine—

Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet,

Lest we forget—lest we forget!

The tumult and the shouting dies;

The captains and the kings depart:

Still stands Thine ancient sacrifice,

An humble and a contrite heart.

Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet,

Lest we forget—lest we forget!

Far-called, our navies melt away;

On dune and headland sinks the fire:

Lo, all our pomp of yesterday

Is one with Nineveh and Tyre!

Judge of the Nations, spare us yet,

Lest we forget—lest we forget!

214

title: Page:The Five Nations.djvu/234


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Calcott, Wellins


text: Goddard's Proposal to the Smithsonian

title: Goddard's Proposal to the Smithsonian


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Calcraft, Granby Thomas


text:
Page:The Five Nations.djvu/235

Rh If, drunk with sight of power, we loose

Wild tongues that have not Thee in awe,

Such boastings as the Gentiles use,

Or lesser breeds without the Law—

Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet,

Lest we forget—lest we forget!

For heathen heart that puts her trust

In reeking tube and iron shard,

All valiant dust that builds on dust,

And guarding, calls not Thee to guard,

For frantic boast and foolish word—

Thy Mercy on Thy People, Lord! Amen.

title: Page:The Five Nations.djvu/235


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Calcraft, John (1726-1772)


text:
User talk:Pete71~enwikisource

Welcome
Welcome

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Again, welcome! Beeswaxcandle (talk) 20:59, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pete71. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pete71~enwikisource that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:47, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pete71~enwikisource