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H p. 186). In 1636 he became steward of Higham Ferrers and of the manors of Warrington, Irchester, Rushden, and Raunds, Northamptonshire. He was returned M.P. for Higham Ferrers to the Long parliament in 1640, but was reported as disabled to sit in October 1645. After the outbreak of the civil war he joined the king at Oxford, and was there created D.C.L. in November 1642 (, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 41). Clarendon speaks of him at this time as ‘a person of great reputation, which in a few years he found a way utterly to lose’ (''Hist. Rebell''. vi. 396). During 1643 he was made keeper of Olney Park, Buckinghamshire, and on 29 July of that year was raised to the peerage with the title of Baron Hatton of Kirby, being sworn of the privy council on 26 Dec. following. Hatton was one of those who signed the peers' letter to the council in Scotland in November 1643 (ib. vii. 369 n. 6). He was comptroller of the king's household from 29 Dec. 1643 until 1646, and acted as joint commissioner for Charles at the conference of Uxbridge from 28 Jan. until 22 Feb. 1645. By August 1648 he had retired to France. He gives a graphic account of his life abroad in his letters to Sir Edward Nicholas and others (Nicholas Papers, Camd. Soc.) He always found comfortable quarters, and made himself very happy with his ‘books and fiddles’ (cf. , Diary, i. 251, 253, 257, 262). His efforts to restore the monarchy were considered important enough to justify the council of state requesting Sir Arthur Hesilrige, on 22 March 1650, to have him watched (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1649–50 pp. 184, 461, 1650 p. 54). Finding that his intrigues were likely to lead to the sequestration of his estate in England, he discontinued his visits to the king in November 1651 (ib. 1651–2, p. 3). When, however, in November 1654, Henrietta Maria forbade the Duke of Gloucester her presence, Hatton hospitably received him into his house at Paris on 1 Dec., and entertained him some days (Cal. Clarendon State Papers, ii. 434, 437; ''Hist. Rebell''. xiv. 119). Being much pressed for money, he obtained with some difficulty leave to return to England in September 1656 (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1656–7, pp. 116, 583). After the Restoration he was spoken of for lord privy seal in September 1660 (''Hist. MSS. Comm''. 5th Rep. App. p. 156), and was appointed a privy councillor on 29 Jan. 1662, and governor of Guernsey on the ensuing 22 May. According to Roger North, he afterwards forsook his family to live in Scotland Yard, London, and ‘divert himself with the company and discourse of players and such idle people’ (Lives, ed. Jessopp, ii. 294). He died at Kirby on 4 July 1670, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. He married at Hackney, Middlesex, on 8 May 1630, Elizabeth (d. 1672), eldest daughter and coheiress of Sir Charles Montagu, knt., of Boughton, Northamptonshire (, ii. 489), by whom he had two sons—Christopher [q. v.] and Charles, whom North calls ‘truly noble’ and ‘incomparable’—and three daughters.

Hatton, who was a lover of antiquities, assisted Dugdale during the civil war, and employed Gregory King [q. v.] to work for him from 1667 until 1669. He published [at Oxford in 1644] the ‘Psalter of David,’ ‘with a prayer suitable to each [psalm] formed by himself; which book is called Hatton's psalms’ (, ii. 294).

HATTON, CHRISTOPHER, first (1632–1706), born in 1632, was elder son of Christopher, lord Hatton (1605?–1670) [q. v.] He became steward of Higham Ferrers and of several manors in Northamptonshire in 1660; gentleman of the privy chamber to Charles II in 1662; and captain of foot (Guernsey) in 1664. On 22 Oct. 1664 he made a report to Colonel William Legge on the state of Guernsey (Hist. MSS. Comm. 11th Rep. App. pt. v. p. 11); and was governor of Guernsey during the absence of his father in February 1665. On 13 June 1667 he was made captain in the ‘Lord Chamberlain's’ regiment of foot; was appointed deputy-lieutenant of Northamptonshire in March 1670, and on the following 4 July succeeded his father as second Baron Hatton and governor of Guernsey. His ‘unparalleled prudence and application [at the time] repaired the shattered estate’ of his family, and his kindly care of his mother, brother, and sisters is highly commended by Roger North (Lives, ii. 293). He was custos rotulorum of Northamptonshire from 30 Nov. 1681 until February 1689, and was created D.C.L. of Oxford on 22 May 1683 (, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 389). On 11 Dec. 1683 he was advanced to be Viscount Hatton of Gretton, Northamptonshire, and became captain of grenadiers in the Earl of Huntingdon's regiment of foot on 28 July 1688 (Hatton Correspondence, Camd. Soc., ii. 89). He was the only one of Lord Huntingdon's officers who refused to join his commander in an attempt to secure Plymouth for James II at the end of November 1688 (ib. ii. 117). On 27 Aug. 1688 he writes to Lord Dartmouth that he is ill, and hopes he may be excused from repairing to his command (Hist. MSS. Comm. 11th Rep. App. pt. v. p. 137). On 30 Sept. 1689 he


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 was reappointed custos rotulorum of Northamptonshire, and held various offices in connection with the bailiwick and forest of Rockingham in the same county. Hatton was removed from the stewardship of Higham Ferrers by Thomas Grey, earl of Stamford, when chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster in 1698. In November 1702 he petitioned for its restoration to him (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. App. p. 188). He died in September 1706. In 1667 he married his first wife, Cecilia (1648–1672), fourth, but third surviving, daughter of John Tufton, second earl of Thanet. By her he had three daughters, two of whom died in infancy; the third, Anne, became the second wife of, second earl of Nottingham [q. v.] Lady Hatton was killed in the explosion of the powder magazine at Cornet Castle in Guernsey, which was struck by lightning on the night of 29–30 Dec. 1672. Hatton himself had a marvellous escape, having been blown in his bed on to the battlements without suffering injury. His mother perished, together with some of the servants; while two of his children who were in the castle were uninjured (, Annals of Bailliwick of Guernsey, i. 116;, Registers of Westminster Abbey, p. 178). In 1676 Hatton married his second wife, Frances (d. 1684), only daughter of Sir Henry Yelverton, bart., of Easton Maudit, Northamptonshire, who bore him several children, all of whom died in infancy except one daughter. Hatton, in August 1685, married a third wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Haslewood, knt., of Maidwell, Northamptonshire, and had by her also a large family, including a son and heir, William (1690–1760), who, dying unmarried, was succeeded by his brother Henry Charles (1700?–1760), in whom the title expired.

In 1675 Hatton presented to the Bodleian Library, Oxford, four volumes of Anglo-Saxon Homilies, formerly numbered 22, 23, 24, and 99 in the Junian MSS.; he was probably the donor of 112 valuable manuscripts, in part Anglo-Saxon, which are styled ‘Codices Hattonianæ.’ To Hatton belonged the bulk of the Hatton Papers now in the British Museum. A selection has been edited for the Camden Society by Dr. Edward Maunde Thompson, and is entitled ‘Correspondence of the Family of Hatton, being chiefly Letters addressed to Christopher, first Viscount Hatton, A.D. 1601–1704,’ 2 vols., 1878.

HATTON, EDWARD (1701–1783), Dominican friar, born in 1701, was probably the son of Edward Hatton, yeoman, of Great Crosby, Lancashire. He was educated in the Dominican college at Bornheim, near Antwerp, and on being professed in 1722 took the name, in religion, of Antoninus. After teaching for some years he was ordained priest, and sent to the English mission in 1730. He officiated as chaplain to several gentlemen in Yorkshire, and in 1749 went to assist Father Thomas Worthington at Middleton Lodge, near Leeds. That mission he subsequently removed to Stourton Lodge, a few miles distant. In 1754 and again in 1770 he was elected provincial of his order. In 1776 he started the mission at Hunslet, near Leeds, but died at Stourton Lodge on 23 Oct. 1783.

He wrote:
 * 1) ‘Moral and Controversial Lectures upon the Christian Doctrines and Christian Practice. By E. H.,’ no place or date, 8vo, pp. 339.
 * 2) ‘Memoirs of the Reformation of England; in two parts. The whole collected chiefly from Acts of Parliament and Protestant historians, by Constantius Archæophilus,’ London, 1826, and again 1841, 8vo.

HATTON, FRANK (1861–1883), explorer, second child of Joseph Hatton (1839–1907), journalist, born at Horfield, near Bristol, on 31 Aug. 1861, was educated at Marcq, near Lille, and King's College School. He afterwards attended the Royal School of Mines, South Kensington, of which he became an associate at the age of twenty. He gained a wide acquaintance with science, especially geology and chemistry, by practical work in the laboratory and the field, and had already made an important research on bacteria, when he was appointed mineral explorer to the British North Borneo Company. He left England in August 1881, and arrived at Labuan in October, and on 19 Nov. at Abai, Keppel province. After a two months' expedition to the Sequati and Kurina rivers, he had to recruit his health at Singapore. From March to June 1882 he explored the Labuk river round to Bongon, but found few traces of minerals. From July to October he explored the Kinoram district. After another rest at Singapore he started on 19 Dec. for Sandakan, and journeyed up and down the Kinabatangan until near the end of February, when he reached the Segamah river. On 1 March 1883, while returning from pur-


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  an elephant, he was killed by the accidental discharge of his rifle, which caught in the thick jungle. His work, so far as it had gone, and his diaries give evidence of high promise as a scientific explorer. He had the true explorer's temperament, power of command, fertility of resource in presence of danger, cool courage and self-control, and was a bright and engaging companion.

Hatton contributed to the ‘Biograph’ about twenty sketches of living men of science; to ‘Bradstreets’ (an American journal) several articles on technical chemistry; to the ‘Whitehall Review’ an article on ‘The Adventures of a Drop of Thames Water;’ and to the ‘Transactions’ of the Chemical Society (1881) two papers ‘On the Action of Bacteria on Various Gases,’ and ‘On the Influence of Intermittent Filtration through Sand and Spongy Iron on Animal and Vegetable Matters dissolved in Water, and the Reduction of Nitrates by savage and other agents.’

HATTON, JOHN LIPTROT (1809–1886), musical composer, born in Concert Street, Liverpool, 12 Oct. 1809, was the son and grandson of professional violinists. With the exception of some musical tuition received at the academy of a Mr. Molyneux, he was virtually self-taught; yet by the time he was sixteen years old he was already organist at three churches, viz. at Woolton and Childwall Churches, Lancashire, and at the Roman catholic church in Liverpool, for the last of which he wrote a mass, still existing in manuscript. Later on he was organist at the Old Church (St. Nicholas) in Chapel Street, Liverpool. It is characteristic of the irrepressible animal spirits which in after years made him universally popular that he should have ventured to play ‘All round my hat’ (a street-song of the time), of course carefully disguised, when competing for one of these appointments. In his youth he also acquired some experience as an actor, playing with success the part of Blueskin in ‘Jack Sheppard’ at the Little Liver Theatre in Church Street. It was as an actor that he first appeared in London. A playbill was preserved by him, containing his name as playing Marco (sic) in ‘Othello’ with Macready and Charles Kean at Drury Lane, 20 Dec. 1832. In the following year he wrote some pianoforte pieces, among them six impromptus which attained considerable success.

At Drury Lane Theatre Hatton obtained his first musical engagement of importance, directing the choruses in the season of English operas given from 1 Oct. 1842 to 3 April 1843. On 25 Feb. in the latter year his own operetta, ‘Queen of the Thames’ (words by E. Fitzball), was given successfully six times. It contains some pretty numbers, and the madrigal, ‘The merry bridal bells,’ is a good deal better than most modern attempts to reproduce the ancient form. This shows that Hatton must have studied music in earnest, and that he thoroughly appreciated the finest English music. Among the company engaged for the operatic performances was Staudigl, who encouraged Hatton to write another opera, ‘Pascal Bruno,’ to a libretto by W. Fitzball. This was translated, mainly by Staudigl himself, into German, and was brought out at Vienna on 2 March 1844 for the benefit of Staudigl, who sang the principal part. The first act was very successful, but the other two were less favourably received, owing in great part to the failure of one of the singers, a Mlle. Dichl. No part of the opera was published, with the single exception of a song, ‘Revenge,’ sung by Staudigl, which became very popular in England. The manuscript score of the second act, the only other portion extant, shows much originality and dramatic power, as well as knowledge of stage effect. While staying in Vienna to supervise the production of the opera, Hatton was the guest of Staudigl, who introduced him to the Concordia Society. His pianoforte playing, more especially of Bach's fugues, which he played from memory, attracted much attention. Meanwhile he took advantage of the opportunities for advanced study of music, taking counterpoint lessons from Sechter, one of the most learned theorists of the time. On his return to England Hatton published several vocal trios and a set of eighteen songs to words by T. Oliphant. They were furnished with German translations, and published under the pseudonym of ‘Czapek,’ the genitive plural of a Hungarian word for ‘hat.’ These and some other songs published about the same time have been considered by some critics to be not unworthy of Schubert himself. The great German models obviously influenced their structure. Hatton perhaps never attained a second time the beauty and sincerity of expression revealed in ‘To Anthea.’

The popularity of his songs (their number is computed at nearly three hundred in all) was partly due to the fact that Hatton had acquired practical experience both as a singer and a pianist. At the Hereford festival of 1846 he appeared as a vocalist, and played a concerto by Mozart. In the same year he began a series of tours with Sivori, Vieuxtemps, and other celebrated performers. In


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 table, and Barren, Gordon, Captain Hall of the marines, Dr. Bullus and his wife sat down to it. Captain Gordon afterward testified that as they were dining Commodore Barron noticed the British frigate through the larboard forward port of the cabin, and made the remark "that her movements appeared suspicious, but she could have nothing to do with us." Barron positively denied ever having made the remark; but whether he said it or not, nothing more than a passing doubt occurred to him or to any other person on board. Gordon returned to his work; the crew began to stow away the cable; and at a quarter before three o'clock, the pilot-boat nearing, the "Chesapeake" again stood out to sea, the "Leopard" immediately following her tack.

At about half-past three o'clock, both ships being eight or ten miles southeast by east of Cape Henry, the "Leopard" came down before the wind, and rounding to, about half a cable's length to windward, hailed, and said she had despatches for the commodore. Barron returned the hail and replied, "We will heave to and you can send your boat on board of us." British ships-of-war on distant stations not infrequently sent despatches by the courtesy of American officers, and such a request implied no hostile purpose. British ships also arrogated a sort of right to the windward; and the "Leopard's" manœuvre, although one which no commander except an Englishman would naturally have made, roused no


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H August 1848 he first visited America, remaining there until the spring of 1850, when he returned in order to accompany Sims Reeves on a tour; he went again to America in the following September. His playing and singing were alike admired, and he introduced some of Mendelssohn's music to the Boston public. At no time was he troubled by artistic scruples, and it was often uncertain whether the place allotted to him in the programme would be occupied by one of Bach's fugues or by a comic song of his own composition. It is said that his hearers were delighted with a song called ‘The Sleigh Ride,’ in the course of which he produced ‘realistic’ effects by means of bells tied to his leg. Soon after his return to England at the end of 1850 he became conductor of the Glee and Madrigal Union, a post which he retained for some years. He was for five years (probably 1853–9) conductor and arranger of the music under Charles Kean's management at the Princess's Theatre, but it is difficult to disentangle his own compositions from the works of other composers arranged by him during this period for theatrical purposes. The music to ‘Henry VIII,’ ‘Richard II,’ ‘Sardanapalus,’ and ‘The Winter's Tale’ is undoubtedly by him; the first and third sets of compositions were published, and contain some vigorous and effective numbers. It is probable that few of the plays produced by Kean were altogether without original work by Hatton. In many of the Shakespearean performances he skilfully adapted old English airs.

Meanwhile the concert tours continued. In the course of one of these journeys Hatton's popular song, ‘Good-bye, sweetheart, good-bye,’ was composed for Mario. On 26 Aug. 1856 his cantata, ‘Robin Hood,’ to words by G. Linley, was given at the Bradford musical festival, with more success than attended most of his longer works. The last of his operas, ‘Rose, or Love's Ransom,’ set to words by H. Sutherland Edwards, was produced at Covent Garden by the English Opera Association 26 Nov. 1864; the libretto was founded upon Halévy's ‘Val d'Andorre;’ the music is not in Hatton's best vein. In 1866 he contributed several songs to Watts Phillips's play, ‘The Huguenot Soldier,’ and in the same year went again to America. The ‘Ballad Concerts’ at St. James's Hall, London, were begun in this year, and for the first nine seasons Hatton held the post of accompanist and conductor. In October 1875 he paid a first visit to Stuttgart, which he frequently revisited afterwards. There he wrote an oratorio entitled ‘Hezekiah,’ which, when given at the Crystal Palace on 15 Dec. 1877, failed to please critical musicians. Though much of the choral writing was justly censured on account of its imitations of Handel and Mendelssohn, yet traces could still be seen of his old taste for counterpoint and the severer forms of music. Among his later compositions were a cantata to words by Milton (manuscript), a trio for piano and strings, published in Germany, and a chorus, ‘The Earth is fair.’ His ‘Aldeburgh Te Deum’ (published) commemorates his fondness for the Suffolk village in which some part of his later years was spent. He edited for Messrs. Boosey & Co. many ‘song albums,’ collections of old English songs, ballad operas, and so forth; their accompaniments are simpler than those in vogue in the present time, but set the melodies in the most favourable light. He was a Freemason and a member of the Goldsmiths' Company, and belonged also to the Royal Yacht Club. Hatton died at Margate, where he had chiefly lived since 1877, on 20 Sept. 1886. He was buried at Kensal Green on the 25th.

That Hatton's enduring fame as an English musician is based on so slight a foundation is not due to any shortcomings in natural gifts, but to the irresistible influence of his animal spirits and his lack of artistic earnestness. His part-songs, like ‘When evening's twilight,’ remain among the most popular works of this kind; genuine humour is displayed in such songs as ‘Simon the Cellarer;’ and one at least, ‘To Anthea,’ has become a classic. Hatton was popular wherever he went; he was a bon vivant, though no rumour of intemperance was ever heard against him. He married Emma, second daughter of William Freelove March, esq., of Southampton, and widow of R. F. Poussett, consul at Buenos Ayres, by whom he had two daughters. A lithographed portrait by Kniehuber of Vienna represents him at the time of the production of ‘Pascal Bruno,’ and another, from a photograph, is in the ‘Tonic Sol-Fa Reporter’ (December 1886).

HAUGHTON, GRAVES CHAMPNEY (1788–1849), orientalist, born in 1788, was the second son of John Haughton, a Dublin physician, by the daughter of Edward


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Rh or Keeper on summary complaints at their Intance to the Lords of Council and Seion.

XV. And whereas it is of great Importance that the Record of Writs paing under the Great Seal, and which is kept by the Director of Chancery, should be in all repects complete, authentic, and authoritative; and that an Act of Sederunt touching that Record was paed by the Lords of Council and Seion on the Eleventh Day of February One thouand eight hundred and eight, to which it is expedient to give the Force and Effect of a Public Law; be it enacted, That the Keeper of the Great Seal or his Deputies, intead of delivering the ealed Charters or other Writs to the Perons by whom thee have been expede; hall forthwith deliver the ame, together with the Warrants thereof, to the Director of Chancery or his Deputy, by whom, after making the proper Entries of the Sealing in the record, the Writs hall be delivered repectively to the perons by whom they hall have been expede; and the aforeaid Warrants hall remain in the Poeion of the Director of Chancery, until the ame, together with the Regiter in which the relative Writs have been recorded, hall be tranmitted to His Majety's General Regiter Houe.

XVI. And be it enacted, That Extracts of Writs from the Regiter of the Great Seal, of which the Fact and Date of Sealing hall have been duly recorded, (uch Extracts being certified in due Form by the Keepers of the aid Records), hall make entire Faith in all Caes, excepting Caes of Improbation.

XVII. And, in order that permanent Compenation may be made to the Clerks of Royal Burghs and their Succeors in Office, and that Compenation during their repective Lives or Continuance in Office, may be made to the Clerks of Burghs of Regality and of Barony, and to the Commiaries and Clerks of Commiary Courts and other Keepers of Publick Records, for and in repect of the Profits and Emoluments of which they will be deprived by the Operation of this Act; be it enacted, That the aid everal Perons having uch Claims, and meaning to init therein, hall, within Twelve Months after the paing of this Act, preent the ame to the Court of Exchequer in Scotland, together with the Vouchers and Evidence by which the ame are meant to be upported; and the aid Claims, with the Vouchers thereof, hall be given out to His Majety's Advocate, in order that he may appear and object to the ame if neceary; and the Barons of the Exchequer, after due Enquiry made by them into the Circumtances of each Cae, are hereby authorized and required to determine and acertain the Amount of the Fees and Emoluments of which the aforeaid Claimants hall have been or may be deprived by the Operation of this Act, and what Sums will form a jut and reaonable Compenation to uch Claimants repectively, either by annual Payments to the aforeaid Clerks of Royal Burghs and their Succeors in Office, or by Payments in the Gros, or in Annuities, during their repective Lives or Continuance in Office, and no longer, to the everal other aforeaid Claimants, and hall caue uch Determination to be entered in a Roll or Book to be kept for that Purpoe; and hall report the ame under their Hands to His Majety, His Heirs and Succeors, and to both Houes of Parliament. XVIII. And


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 I may ask in the face of the world, 'Whose ox have I taken, or whom have I defrauded? Whom have I oppressed, or of whose hand have I received a bribe to blind mine eyes therewith?' On your verdict I rest with conscious security."


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H Archer of Mount John, co. Wicklow. He was educated principally in England, and, having obtained a military cadetship on the Bengal establishment of the East India Company in 1808, proceeded to India. He gained his first commission on 13 March 1810. At the cadet institution of Baraset, near Calcutta, he so distinguished himself by his progress in Hindustani as to win the highest reward of the institution, a sword and a handsome pecuniary donation. After serving some time with his regiment, Haughton was among the first who availed themselves of the permission, granted in 1812 by the government of Bengal to young officers, to study oriental languages in the college of Fort William at Calcutta, and he there received seven medals, three degrees of honour, and various pecuniary rewards for his proficiency in Arabic, Persian, Hindustani, Sanskrit, and Bengali. On 16 Dec. 1814 he was promoted to a lieutenancy. Ill-health, caused by application to study, obliged him to return on furlough to England at the end of 1815. In 1817 he was appointed assistant oriental professor in the East India College at Haileybury (Royal Kalendar, 1818, p. 293). Upon the retirement of Alexander Hamilton in 1819 he succeeded to the professorship of Sanskrit and Bengali at Haileybury, and held it until 1827 (ib . 1820, p. 282). During this period he published some excellent class books, among which may be mentioned ‘Rudiments of Bengálí Grammar,’ 4to, 1821; ‘Bengálí Selections, with Translations and a Vocabulary,’ 4to, 1822; and ‘A Glossary, Bengálí and English, to explain the Tótá-Itihás, the Batrís Singhásan, the History of Rájá Krishna Chandra, the Purusha-Paríkhyá, the Hitópadésa (translated by Mrityunjaya),’ 4to, 1825 (assisted by John Panton Gubbins, then a student at the college). He also issued an admirable edition of the Sanskrit text of the ‘Institutes of Menu,’ 2 vols. 4to, 1825, with Sir William Jones's translation and a few notes. Another edition, by the Rev. P. Percival, was published at Madras, 8vo, 1863; a third edition, by Standish Grove Grady, at London, 8vo, 1869. Ill-health prevented him from adding a third volume, which was to have contained either the whole or a selection of the commentary of Cullu'ca Bhatta.

Haughton resigned his commission on 12 Feb. 1819 ( and, Indian Army List, pp. 138–9), and was created honorary M.A. at Oxford on 23 June of that year. He was elected F.R.S. on 15 Nov. 1821, a foreign member of the Asiatic Society of Paris in 1822, a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Berlin in 1837, and a member of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta in 1838. He was also a member of the Royal Irish Academy, and foreign member of the Institute of France. He took a warm interest in the formation of the Royal Asiatic Society in London, of which he was an original member. He discharged the duties of honorary secretary from November 1831 to May 1832, when the labour of bringing out his ‘Dictionary, Bengálí and Sanskrit, explained in English,’ 4to, 1833, compelled him to resign. Among his contributions to the society's ‘Transactions’ was a brief note in vindication of Sir H. T. Colebrooke's views of the Vedanta philosophy against the remarks of Colonel Vans Kennedy. The latter replied angrily, and Haughton ably retorted in the monthly ‘Asiatic Journal’ for November 1835. This communication, with some additions, was printed separately in the following December. In 1832 he printed for private circulation ‘A short Inquiry into the Nature of Language, with a view to ascertain the original meanings of Sanskrit prepositions; elucidated by comparisons with the Greek and Latin,’ 4to; another edition, 4to, 1834. During the same year he was a candidate for the Boden professorship of Sanskrit at Oxford, but withdrew in favour of his old fellow-student, Horace Hayman Wilson. On this occasion he received a complimentary address from two hundred professors, fellows, and graduates, including seven heads of houses. On 18 July 1833 he was made a knight of the Guelphic order (Gent. Mag. 1833, pt. ii. p. 76). An able metaphysical paper, published in the ‘Asiatic Journal’ for March 1836, on the Hindu and European notions of cause and effect, was followed in 1839 by his ‘Prodromus; or an Inquiry into the first Principles of Reasoning; including an Analysis of the Human Mind,’ 8vo, intended as a prelude to a larger work upon the necessary connection, relation, and dependence of physics, metaphysics, and morals, entitled ‘The Chain of Causes,’ of which the first volume only appeared, fol. 1842. He printed a tabular view of his system on a single folio sheet in 1835, exhibiting the ‘development of minds and morals from their original divine source.’ In 1833 he published an ‘Inquiry into the Nature of Cholera, and the Means of Cure;’ in 1840 a ‘Letter to the Right Hon. C. W. Williams Wynn on the danger to which the Constitution is exposed from the encroachments of the Courts of Law;’ and in 1847 he printed in the ‘Philosophical Magazine’ experiments to prove the common nature of magnetism, cohesion, adhesion, and viscosity. Haughton spent much of his later life in Paris. He


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H become famous by his defence of Herat, was stationed at Lughmanee, three miles off, as political agent. Char-ee-kar was in the worst condition for defence, and the authorities discouraged expenditure for its improvement. On 2 Nov. 1841, the day on which Sir Alexander Burnes [q. v.] was killed at Cabul, an attack by insurgents was made on Lughmanee. After a gallant defence Pottinger (see, Narrative) had to take refuge in Char-ee-kar. Char-ee-kar was besieged by the insurgents, and most gallantly defended from the 5th to 14th Nov. under difficulties of every kind. The insurgents, though little better than a mob, amounted for some days to over twenty thousand armed men (, p. 14), and had control of the water supply. Pottinger, to whom the credit of the defence has been erroneously ascribed, was present in a political capacity, and confined to his bed by a wound. Codrington was killed on 6 Nov., and the command then devolved on Haughton (ib. p. 15). When the number of the garrison, originally seven hundred to eight hundred men, had been reduced to one half, and the men had been some days without water, it was decided to attempt to reach Cabul. Before this was done a mutiny occurred among some of the Shah's gunners, in which Haughton was cut down and grievously wounded in the neck, shoulder, and arm. The same night, 14 Nov., the Ghoorkas evacuated the place, leaving their sick and wounded behind. Most of them were dispersed and cut off by the way. Pottinger and Haughton, with his right hand freshly amputated, with his head hanging on his breast from the severing of the muscles of the neck, and held in his saddle by a faithful Ghoorka orderly, got separated from their following, and, after incredible fatigues, succeeded in reaching Cabul on 16 Nov., where they ‘were received as men risen from the dead’ (, Narrative). When Elphinstone withdrew from Cabul at the end of December 1841, Haughton was unable to move, and stayed with a friendly chief until after the second advance of the British under General Pollock. He was released from captivity on 21 Sept. 1842, when he collected the remains of his late regiment, and returned with Pollock to India. The Indian government recorded that Haughton's conduct at Char-ee-kar ‘was very creditable and marked by great gallantry’ (information supplied by the India Office), but he received no other reward. On 15 Dec. 1842 he was appointed lieutenant in the late 54th Bengal native infantry, his army rank dating from 16 July previous. He became captain in the regiment in 1852, and major in 1861. Haughton was appointed second in command of the Bundelkund police battalion on 8 Jan. 1844, was made first-class assistant to the governor-general's agent on the south-west frontier on 23 Feb. 1847, and principal assistant on 24 Dec. 1851. He was appointed magistrate at Moulmein and superintendent of gaols 5 Sept. 1853; superintendent at Fort Blair and the Andaman Islands on 19 July 1859; deputy commissioner first class Sibsagur, 17 March, and while acting commissioner accompanied the expedition to the Cossyah and Jyntiah hills in 1862–3, and the Bhootan expedition of 1864–5. He was commissioner at Cooch Behar from 16 May 1865 until 1873, and also managed the large estates of the infant maharajah, who had been made his ward. During this period he accompanied the expedition against the Garrows in 1872–3. On Haughton's superannuation in 1873, the lieutenant-governor of Bengal recorded the highest opinion of the services which he had rendered, especially in securing friendly relations with the hill tribes.

Haughton became lieutenant-colonel in the Bengal staff corps in 1863, and colonel in 1868. In 1866 he was made C.S.I., the only public recognition of his long and valued services. He attained the retired rank of major-general in 1880, and lieutenant-general in 1882. In 1867 Haughton published his account of Char-ee-kar, a second edition of which was brought out, for reasons stated in the preface, London, 1879, 8vo. Haughton died at Ramsgate on 17 Sept. 1887.

In person Haughton was over six feet in height, with a spare wiry frame capable of great physical endurance, aquiline features, and a kindly, resolute face. He married, first, at Calcutta, 16 June 1845, Jessie Eleanor, daughter of Colonel Presgrove, H.E.I.C.S., by whom he had four children, of whom two sons and a daughter survived him; secondly, in January 1874, Barbara Emma, daughter of the Rev. Canon Pleydell Bouverie, by whom he had no issue.

HAUGHTON, MOSES, the elder (1734–1804), painter of still-life and enamel-painter, was born at Wednesbury, Staffordshire, in 1734. Brought up as an enamel-painter, he was employed in Mr. Holden's manufactory at Wednesbury. Subsequently he removed to


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Haughton Birmingham, where he was employed on ornamental work. At the same time he excelled in other branches of the art, and was especially noted as a painter of still-life. He occasionally exhibited works at the Royal Academy from 1788 to 1804. Haughton was of a quiet and retiring disposition, and was not much known out of Birmingham. He resided for many years at Ashted, near Birmingham, and died on 24 Dec. 1804, aged 70. He was buried at Wednesbury, and a monument was erected to his memory in St. Philip's Church at Birmingham. He had a son, Matthew Haughton, who practised as an engraver.

 HAUGHTON, MOSES, the younger (1772?–1848?), miniature-painter and engraver, nephew of Moses Haughton the elder [q. v.], was born at Wednesbury about 1772. He came to London to practise as an artist, became a pupil of George Stubbs, R.A., and a student of the Royal Academy. He practised as a portrait-painter, painting chiefly in miniature. Early in life he became a friend of Henry Fuseli, R.A. [q. v.], for whom he entertained a sincere admiration, and eventually resided with Fuseli in the keeper's apartments at Somerset House. He turned his attention to engraving, and under Fuseli's own superintendence executed several large engravings from Fuseli's most important pictures, notably, ‘Sin pursued by Death,’ ‘Ugolino,’ ‘The Dream of Eve,’ ‘The Nursery of Shakespeare,’ ‘The Lazarhouse,’ &c. He thus helped to perpetuate his master's fleeting popularity. He painted a well-known miniature of Fuseli, which has been often engraved, and another of Mrs. Fuseli, who after her husband's death became for some years an inmate of Haughton's household. Haughton was a frequent exhibitor at the Royal Academy from 1808 to 1848, after which he is lost sight of. Two miniature paintings by him, ‘The Love Dream’ and ‘The Captive,’ were engraved by R. W. Sievier, and other portraits by him were also engraved. He was married, and left a family.

 HAUGHTON, WILLIAM (fl. 1598), dramatist, is identified in Cooper's ‘Athenæ Cantabrigienses’ (ii. 399) with a William Haughton, M.A., of Oxford, who was incorporated in that degree at Cambridge in 1604, but the identification is doubtful. The earliest mention of him in Henslowe's ‘Diary’ (p. 104) is under date 5 Nov. 1597, when he is described as ‘yonge Horton.’ Only one play of which he was sole author is extant, ‘English-Men for my Money: Or, A Woman will have her Will,’ 1616, 4to, reprinted in 1626 and 1631; included in the ‘Old English Drama,’ 1830, and in Hazlitt's edition of Dodsley's collection. From Henslowe's ‘Diary’ (pp. 119, 122) it appears that this merry rollicking comedy was written early in 1598. In August 1599 Haughton was at work upon a lost play, ‘The Poor Man's Paradise’ (ib. p. 155); and later in the year he joined John Day in writing the ‘Tragedy of Merry’ and ‘Cox of Collumpton’ (both lost); had a share with Dekker and Chettle in ‘Patient Grissil’ (printed in 1603), and with Chettle alone in ‘The Arcadian Virgin’ (not printed). In the following February he was engaged with Day and Dekker on ‘The Spanish Moor's Tragedy’ (not printed), which has been hastily identified with ‘Lust's Dominion;’ and in March the same authors, joined by Chettle, were at work on ‘The Seven Wise Masters’ (not printed). During part of March Haughton was imprisoned in the Clink (doubtless for debt), and Henslowe advanced ten shillings to procure his discharge. On 18 March he was employed on ‘Ferrex and Porrex,’ probably an alteration of Sackville and Norton's tragedy, and in April he was preparing the ‘English Fugitives’ (not printed). In May he received five shillings from Henslowe ‘in earnest of a Boocke which he wold calle the “Devell and his Dame”’ (ib. p. 169), which has been rashly identified with ‘Grim, the Collier of Croydon,’ first printed in 1662; in the same month he wrote ‘Strange News out of Poland’ (not printed) with a ‘Mr. Pett,’ and began single-handed a play called ‘Indes’ or ‘Judas’ (not printed). He was writing ‘Roben hoode's penerthes’ (‘Robin Hood's Pennyworths’) in December 1600 and January 1601; later in 1601 he joined Day in ‘The Second and Third Parts’ (not printed) of ‘The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green,’ ‘The Six Yeomen of the West’ (not printed), ‘The Proud Woman of Antwerp and Friar Rush’ (not printed), and ‘The Second Part of Tom Dough’ (not printed). ‘The Conquest of the West Indies’ (not printed) was written with Day and Wentworth Smith, and the two parts of ‘The Six Clothiers’ (not printed) with Hathway and Smith. We do not hear of Haughton after September 1602, when he was engaged on ‘a playe called “Cartwright.”’

In ‘Annals of the Careers of W.


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CANTO I.] 'Tis said, at times the sullen tear would start,

But Pride congealed the drop within his ee:

Apart he stalked in joyless reverie,

And from his native land resolved to go,

And visit scorching climes beyond the sea;

With pleasure drugged, he almost longed for woe,

And e'en for change of scene would seek the shades below.

VII.

The Childe departed from his father's hall:

It was a vast and venerable pile;

So old, it seeméd only not to fall,

Yet strength was pillared in each massy aisle.

Monastic dome! condemned to uses vile!

Where Superstition once had made her den

Now Paphian girls were known to sing and smile;

And monks might deem their time was come agen,

If ancient tales say true, nor wrong these holy men.


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1. AN OUTLINE OF INDIA.—Though every one knows that India is the brightest gem in the British Crown, and the most important colony on the surface of the globe, yet few young officers arrive in the country with correct ideas of its geographical extent; the amount of its population; the quantity of its resources; the variety of its climate and seasons; or the strength of its army and navy. Its length from north to south, viz., from Peshawur to Cape Comorin, is about 1500 geographical miles, and its breadth from the Kybur Pass to Suddya in Assam about the same distance. Its population is computed at 150 millions (about double the population of Russia); its revenue at


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 Street, opposite the Pantheon, called the Zoological Gallery, where, besides the publication of works of art, an agency was formed for the sale of specimens, and other objects connected with natural history. In 1812 Daniel and Robert Havell published a series of ‘Picturesque Views on the River Thames,’ engraved by them in aquatint from drawings by W. Havell. These were the first of a series of aquatint engravings published by the Havells which attained a well-earned reputation. They kept a large staff of good artists working on them. Among the more important publications were Audubon's ‘Birds of America,’ Daniell's ‘Views in India,’ Dodswell's ‘Views in Greece,’ J. Baillie Fraser's ‘Views in the Himala Mountains,’ and Salt's ‘Views in Africa.’ In 1828 the partnership of Havell and his son Robert (see below) was dissolved and their stock dispersed.

, the younger (fl. 1820–1850), painter, engraver, and publisher, was a fair landscape-painter, and, after the dissolution of his partnership with his father, he went with his wife and daughter to America, where he settled, and continued to pursue his career as a landscape-painter with some success.

HAVELL, WILLIAM (1782–1857), landscape-painter, was the son of a drawing master at Reading, who kept a small shop to eke out his narrow means. William, born on 9 Feb. 1782, was one of fourteen children. In early life he spent some time sketching in Wales, but it was somewhat against his father's will that he adopted art as a profession. In 1804 he sent his first contribution to the Royal Academy - a view of Carnarvon Castle and another of of the valley of Nant Ffrancon in the name county. In the same year he became one of the founding members of the (now Royal) Society of Painters in Water-colours. In 1807 he was in Westmoreland, where he stayed about two years, studying mountain scenery. In 1813 he seceded from the Water-colour Society, but under a then existing rule continued to contribute to their exhibitions, as well as to the Royal Academy, where he exhibited in 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he was engaged in a work called 'Picturesque Views ond Characteristic Scenery of British Villas', when he went with Lord Amherst's embassy to China. In consequence of a quarrel the engagement was soon broken off, and he retired to India in 1817, where he stayed till 1825, pursuing his profession with profit. On his return he rejoined the Watercolour Society, but he found that his place in public favour was filled by younger men, and after a while be ceased to contribute to their exhibitions and took to painting in oils. He visited Florence, Rome, and Naples in 1827, and became a constant contributor to the Royal Academy, his subjects being chiefly Italian, but sometimes from Wales, Westmoreland, and China. He also exhibited at the British Institution and Suffolk Street. Although his works were of great merit and distinguished by pure and delicate colour, they failed to attract the public, and having lost his savings by the failure of an Indian bank, he became a pensioner on the Turner Fund. He died, after some years of declining health, at Kensington on 16 Dec. 1857. Havell was one of the best of the earlier painters in water-colour, and did much to advance this art, and his pictures in oil, though neglected during his lifetime, have recently risen greatly in estimation. There is a drawing of Windsor by him in the South Kensington Museum, besides a few good examples of his earlier drawings in Wales and Westmoreland.

Three of Havell's brothers obtained a certain success in the profession of art. George Havell (d. 1839?) was an animal painter, and attempted engraving and sculpture. Edmund Havell was an occasional exhibitor at the Rotal Academy, and he succeeded his father as drawing-master at Reading: his son, Edmund Havell the younger (b. 1819), is a well-known artist. Frederick James Havell (1801-1840), the third brother, practised line engraving and mezzotint, and made experiments in photography.

HAVELOCK, HENRY (1795–1857), major-general, second son of William Havelock (1757–1837), shipbuilder, of Sunderland, was born at Ford Hall, Bishop-Wearmouth, on 5 April 1795. To his mother, Jane, daughter of John Carter, solicitor, of Stockton-on-Tees, he owed a careful religious training. The family removed to Ingress Park, Dartford, Kent, when he was still a child, and here his mother died in 1811. Before he was ten years old he was placed with his elder brother in the boarding-house of Dr. Raine, head-master of the Charterhouse. Among his contemporaries at the Charterhouse were Connop Thirlwall, George Grote, William Hale, Julius Hare, and William Norris, the last two being his special friends. Shortly after leaving the Charterhouse his father lost his fortune by unsuccessful speculation, sold In-


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 30 millions; its army at 400,000 men; its navy of ships equipped for war, at 40;and its officers nearly as follows:—

Its inhabitants are of all shades of colour from the sombre to the fair; of all stamina from the most slender to the most athletic; and of all features from the hideous to the most handsome specimens of human nature. At the extreme east—at Singapore—we find the coarse, rugged,bony features of the Chinese. Proceeding westwards, we find the countenance rounding off through the Malays, the Burmese, and the Assamese, till it arrives at the utmost pitch of elegant form and feature, and effeminacy in the Bengali. Turning to the north-west, we find the mould expanding, the stature lengthening by degrees, and attaining the very beau ideal of manly form and feature in the Rohilla. Crossing the Sutlej, we find in the Seikh, men of still further strength and stature, but with less polish; and on entering Afghanistan, still further development of muscle, though with reduced stature and less refinement; fit


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 Hall, and removed to Clifton. At the beginning of 1813 Havelock was entered at the Middle Temple, and became a pupil of [q. v.]; his fellow-student was [q. v.] Owing to a misunderstanding with his father in 1814, Havelock was thrown upon his own resources, and obliged to abandon the law as a profession. By the good offices of his brother William, who had distinguished himself in the Peninsula and at Waterloo, he obtained on 30 July 1815 a commission as second lieutenant in the 95th regiment, and was posted to the company of Captain (afterwards Sir) Harry Smith, who encouraged him to study military history and the art of war, and Havelock diligently read all the standard works on these subjects. He was promoted lieutenant on 24 Oct. 1821.

During the first eight years of his military life he was quartered at various stations in Great Britain and Ireland. Seeing no prospect of active service, he resolved to go to India, and at the end of 1822 exchanged into the 13th regiment, then commanded by Major (afterwards Sir) Robert Sale, and embarked in the General Kyd in January 1823 for India. Before embarkation he studied Persian and Hindostani with success under [q. v.] During the voyage a brother officer, Lieutenant James Gardner, was the means of awakening in him religious convictions which had slumbered since his mother's death, but henceforth became the guiding principle of his life.

Havelock arrived in Calcutta in May 1823, and while stationed there made the acquaintance of Bishop Heber, Archdeacon Cowie, and the Rev. T. Thomason. He visited the missionaries at Serampore, and took great interest in their work. Before, however, he had been a year in India, war was declared against Burmah, and Havelock was appointed deputy assistant adjutant-general to the army under the command of Sir Archibald Campbell. After the occupation of Rangoon Havelock was in the habit of assembling any religiously disposed soldiers, particularly those of his own regiment, for services in one of the cloisters of the pagoda of Gaudama. On the occasion of a night attack on an outpost these men were called for by the general to take the place of troops rendered unfit for duty by drink, because ‘Havelock's Saints,’ as he called them, were always sober, and to be depended on in an emergency. After some stockade fighting Havelock was prostrated with illness, and was invalided to India. At the end of a year, spent chiefly with his brother William of the 4th dragoons at Poonah, he was sufficiently recovered to rejoin the army at Prome in Burmah, where he arrived on 22 June 1825. He was present at the capture of Kemundine, Kumaroot, and Melloon, and in the engagements of Napadee, Patanago, and Pagahm Mew. When the Burmese king sued for peace, Havelock was selected to go to Ava to receive the ratification of the treaty. The army returned to India in February 1826, and Havelock rejoined his regiment at Dinapore. His narrative of the Burmese expedition was published at Serampore in 1828.

In March 1827 Havelock was appointed adjutant of the depôt of king's troops, then recently established at Chinsurah, near Serampore, the headquarters of the baptist mission; he was a constant visitor at Serampore, and much in the society of Dr. Carey and Dr. Joshua Marshman, whose daughter Hannah he married on 9 Feb. 1829, having previously been received into the baptist community. In 1831 the depôt at Chinsurah was abolished, and Havelock rejoined his regiment at Dinapore, moving with it at the end of the year to Agra. In 1834 he was appointed interpreter to the 16th regiment at Cawnpore, and the following year adjutant to his own regiment (13th), a position he held for three years and a half. Towards the end of 1836 the regiment moved to Kurnaul, and Havelock sent his wife and children to the hill station, Landour, where their bungalow was burnt down, and Mrs. Havelock nearly lost her life. Havelock was promoted captain on 5 June 1838, at the age of forty-three, after twenty-three years' service as a subaltern.

On the outbreak of the first Afghan war in the same year Havelock was appointed aide-de-camp to Sir [q. v.], commanding the Bengal division. After a toilsome march of four and a half months the force reached Kandahar, and two months later was joined by the Bombay division, under Sir John Keane, who assumed the chief command. An advance was then made on Ghazni, and Havelock was present at the blowing in of the Cabul gate and the capture of the fortress by assault. Cabul was occupied in July 1839, and an army of occupation, under the command of Sir Willoughby Cotton, was left to support the puppet Shah Sujah on the Afghan throne. Sir Willoughby Cotton pressed Havelock to remain with him as aide-de-camp, offering him in addition the appointment of Persian interpreter, but Havelock, having kept careful notes of the campaign, was eager to publish before the interest should abate. He therefore declined the offer, and hastened to Serampore, where he wrote his work. It was pub-


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H lished in London in two duodecimo volumes, and is a remarkably clear and impartial narrative. It, however, fell flat, and Havelock, regretting that he had left Afghanistan, prepared in June 1840 to return in charge of a detachment. On his way up country at Ferozepore he found General William Elphinstone [q. v.] going to Cabul to succeed Cotton. Elphinstone took a fancy to Havelock, and appointed him to his staff as Persian interpreter. They reached Cabul in the beginning of 1841, and during the six months of his second residence Havelock resumed his religious services. When the army was isolated by the defection of the mountain tribes, and the 13th regiment and 35th native infantry were despatched under Brigadier-general Sir R. Sale to open the passes, Havelock obtained leave to accompany him. On entering the Khoord Cabul Pass, so severely were they attacked that, leaving an advanced guard, Sale fell back on Boothak, and sent Havelock to Cabul for reinforcements. Havelock rejoined Sale with considerable reinforcements and supplies. Sale's force now pushed through the passes, fighting all the way until it reached Gandamak. Here tidings were received of the insurrection in Cabul, and Sale was ordered to return through the passes. Macgregor, the political agent, Broadfoot of the engineers, and Havelock, the trusted advisers of Sale at this crisis, urged the impossibility of returning to Cabul, and the importance of seizing Jallálabád without delay, in order to secure a fortified post on the road to India, and so give the force at Cabul a point on which to retire. Sale occupied Jallálabád on 12 Nov., and encamped under its walls. Through the siege Havelock was one of the leading spirits, took an active part in repairing the works and making sorties, and supported Broadfoot in preventing the contemplated capitulation [see ]. The advice of Havelock, Macgregor, and Broadfoot determined Sale to make his decisive attack upon Akbar Khan on 7 April. On the arrival of Pollock nine days later Havelock was appointed by the commander-in-chief in India deputy adjutant-general of a division of his force, and accompanied the army of retribution in August on its advance to Cabul. He was present at the battle of Jagdallak and Tezín on 8 and 13 Sept., and the entry into Cabul two days later. He accompanied the expedition under Shakespeare to succour the prisoners sent away by Akbar Khan to the Hindu Khoosh, and after their rescue he was sent with Sir John McCaskill on the expedition into the Kohistan, where he took a prominent part in the capture of Istaliff. On the return of the army to India Havelock was one of the garrison of Jallálabád received by Lord Ellenborough with great pomp on the banks of the Sutlej. Havelock was made a C.B., promoted brevet-major (4 Oct. 1842), and received three medals for his past services, but his appointment was at an end, and he returned to the command of a company of the 13th light infantry. His wife, who had gone to England with the children before the Cabul disaster, now rejoined him, and they spent some pleasant months together at Simla.

On 30 June 1843 Havelock obtained a regimental majority without purchase, and through the interest of friends was appointed Persian interpreter to the new commander-in-chief, Sir Hugh Gough. Havelock joined his chief at Cawnpore on 23 Oct., in time to take part in the Gwalior campaign. He was present at the battle of Maharajpore, for which he received a medal and brevet-lieutenant-colonelcy. When the affairs of Gwalior were settled, he accompanied Gough on a tour through the independent states of the north-west, and then to Simla. About this time (1844) a spirit of insubordination manifested itself among the sepoys of the native army. Thirty-nine mutineers were found guilty, but only six were executed. Havelock, always an unflinching disciplinarian, had urged the necessity of following the course pursued in 1824, when Sir E. Paget decimated the 47th native infantry at Barrackpore, and he was indignant at the timidity of the government.

At the close of 1845 the first Sikh war began, and Havelock took part in the battles of Mudki and Ferozshah. At Mudki he had two horses shot under him, and at Ferozshah he lost two of his most intimate friends, Sir Robert Sale and Major Broadfoot. He was also present at the battle of Sobraon, and again had a horses shot under him. At the close of the campaign Havelock attended the governor-general and commander-in-chief to Lahore, and witnessed the instalment of the new government of the Punjab in full durbar, 9 March 1846. In acknowledgment of his services in the Sutlej campaign he received the medal with two clasps, and was appointed by the Duke of Wellington deputy adjutant-general of queen's troops, Bombay. Soon after his arrival at Bombay in July 1847 his old chief, Sir Willoughby Cotton, was appointed to the command of the Bombay army, and Havelock remained with him on the general staff of the army for some years.

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H changed again into the 53rd. When the 53rd regiment was ordered to take part in the Punjab campaign, Havelock obtained leave from Sir W. Cotton to relinquish his staff appointment at Bombay, and to join his regiment in the Punjab. On 12 March, however, when he was halfway between Indore and Agra, he was directed by telegram to return to Bombay, and Sir W. Cotton was censured for allowing him to leave without Lord Gough's permission. At the battle of Ramnuggur in the second Sikh war, his brother, Colonel William Havelock [q. v.], was killed charging at the head of his troopers, and Havelock drew up a memoir of his brother's career, which was published in Dr. Buist's ‘Annals of the Year.’ In the autumn of 1849 Havelock's health necessitated a visit to England, whither his family had preceded him. He arrived in London in November, after six-and-twenty years' continuous service in India. He resided during his furlough at Plymouth and on the continent, renewing his intercourse with Sir W. Norris and Archdeacon Hale. At the end of 1851 he left his family at Bonn, and returned to his old post at Bombay. In 1854 Lord Hardinge appointed him quartermaster-general of the queen's troops in India. On 20 June 1854 he obtained his regimental lieutenant-colonelcy and brevet-colonelcy, and when the appointment of adjutant-general of queen's troops in India became vacant a few months later he was transferred to that post.

On 1 Nov. 1856 war with Persia was declared, and early in 1857 Havelock was appointed to command a division of the force under Sir James Outram, ordered to the Persian Gulf. He joined Outram at Bushire on 15 Feb., and was at once directed to prepare for an attack on Mohumra, a strongly fortified town on the Euphrates. The troops were forwarded gradually, in vessels which anchored some miles below Mohumra, and were joined by Havelock in the Berenice on 15 March. Havelock drew up a complete plan of operations, which he sent to Outram, who was detained at Bushire by the death of General Stalker. The plan was approved by Outram, who himself reached the rendezvous on 22 March. The attack took place on the 26th, Havelock with the highlanders and sappers leading the way in the Berenice. The attack was completely successful, but on 5 April came news of a treaty of peace, signed at Paris on 4 March, and the expedition was at an end. Havelock's son [Sir Henry Havelock-Allan [q. v.], see SUPPL.] acted as his aide-de-camp throughout the campaign.

Havelock left Mohumra on 15 May, and on the 29th reached Bombay, where he learned that the native regiments at Meerut, Ferozepore, and Delhi had mutinied, and that Delhi was in the hands of the rebels. The upcountry route, by which he desired to join the commander-in-chief, General Anson, then marching on Delhi, was no longer open, so he embarked on 12 June in the steamship Erin for Galle. The Erin was wrecked on the Singalese coast near Celturn, but no lives were lost. Havelock hastened to Galle, and embarked in the Fire Queen, which had been sent from Calcutta, and reached Madras on 13 June. Here he learned that General George Anson [q. v.] had died (27 May), and Sir Patrick Grant, commander-in-chief of the Madras presidency, had been summoned by the governor-general to take supreme command for the time. Havelock accompanied Grant to Calcutta, arriving there on 17 June, just five weeks after the outbreak of Meerut. He was at once selected to command a column to be formed at Allahabad; left Calcutta, accompanied by his son Henry of the 10th regiment as aide-de-camp, on 25 June; and reached Allahabad on the 30th. His instructions were to quell all disturbances at Allahabad, to lose no time in supporting Sir Hugh Wheeler at Cawnpore, and Sir Henry Lawrence at Lucknow, and to take prompt measures to disperse and destroy all mutineers. Tidings of the capitulation and massacre of the garrison at Cawnpore reached Havelock on 3 July. On the 7th, leaving Colonel Neill to take care of Allahabad, he marched out to recapture Cawnpore with a force consisting of about a thousand bayonets, made up of the 64th regiment, the 78th highlanders, the 84th regiment, and the 1st Madras fusiliers, a dozen Sikhs, a handful of volunteer cavalry, and six guns. By forced marches at the hottest season of the year, he reached Futtehpore on the 12th, and signally defeated the rebels. On the 15th Havelock again came up with the enemy at Aong, and again defeated them, but the absence of cavalry prevented him from following up his victories. He pushed on to the Pandoo-nuddee river to reach the bridge before it should be destroyed by the enemy. He arrived as they were attempting to blow it up. The attempt was unsuccessful, but the enemy held the bridge in force, and heavy guns raked it from the other side. The Madras fusiliers stormed the bridge, and closed with the enemy's gunners on the other side. The bridge was saved, and the enemy in retreat. On the 16th tidings reached the force that over two hundred European women and children were still alive in Cawnpore, and in the hope of saving them Havelock pressed forward. Already,


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H however, unknown to the relieving force, the passage of the river had determined the fate of the captives, and having murdered them all in cold blood, Nana Sahib moved out with five thousand men to dispute Havelock's advance. By a masterly flank movement on the morning of the 16th Havelock disconcerted the rebels, and by the steadiness and bravery of his troops charging right up to the enemy's batteries, he captured their guns, and after a hard day's fight put the rebels to flight. Havelock bivouacked two miles from the cantonment, and entered Cawnpore the next morning (17th). In nine days he had marched 126 miles under an Indian sun in July, and fought four successful actions.

The influence exercised by Havelock over his troops, and the admirable discipline he maintained, are strikingly shown by the behaviour of the men on entering Cawnpore. The pitifulness of the scene presented by the remains of their murdered fellow-countrymen exasperated them to madness, but the firm hand of their commander held them in check, and even marauding was put down with a strong arm.

Cholera and dysentery had attacked the force, and Havelock moved it out of the town to a carefully selected site, which he proceeded to entrench. Here he left a small garrison under Neill, who had joined him from Allahabad, and prepared to advance to the relief of Lucknow. On 25 July he crossed the Ganges, and on the 29th encountered the enemy, posted in a very strong position at Onao, and defeated them after a sharp fight. Six miles further the strongly occupied village of Busseerutgunge was stormed and taken:—two fights in one day, and nineteen guns captured. But the enemy, gathering in force in his rear, compelled him to fall back on Mungulwar. On 4 Aug., having received some small reinforcements, and being much pressed from Lucknow to push on to its relief, he again moved forward, and again fought a successful engagement at Busseerutgunge, though with some loss and considerable expenditure of ammunition. Three strong positions still remained to be forced before he could reach Lucknow; ammunition was insufficient, cholera was reducing his small force, the sick and wounded had to be carried, and his communication could not be kept open. He decided that he could not relieve Lucknow without considerable reinforcements and supplies, and determined to return to Cawnpore. The moral courage he displayed in boldly carrying out this painful decision is worthy of the highest commendation. Having fallen back on Mungulwar, while he lay there to rest his men before crossing the river to Cawnpore, intelligence reached him that the rebels were again collecting in force at Busseerutgunge to harass him while crossing; he therefore again advanced, and (12 Aug.) a third time defeated them at that village. He captured two guns, and so scared the rebels that next day he was able to effect the passage of the Ganges without molestation.

On 16 Aug., leaving only a hundred men under Neill at Cawnpore, he marched on Bithoor, where four thousand rebels had assumed a threatening attitude. After a severe fight he defeated them, captured two guns, and returned to Cawnpore. Here he found awaiting him the ‘Gazette’ announcing the appointment of Sir James Outram to be chief commissioner of Oudh, and to take military command of the country in which Havelock was operating. To remove him from his command because he had not taken Lucknow seemed unreasonable. He did not, however, for one moment suffer his bitter disappointment at his supersession to affect the energetic discharge of his duty, and when Sir James Outram arrived at Cawnpore on 15 Sept. with large reinforcements, he found Havelock had made every preparation to enable him to advance at once on Lucknow. Then occurred one of the most memorable acts of self-abnegation recorded in military history. Sir James Outram waived his military rank in order to allow Havelock to reap the reward of his noble exertions, and accompanied the force in his civil capacity, offering his military service to Havelock as a volunteer, proposing to resume chief military command when Havelock had effected the relief of Lucknow.

On 19 Sept. the bridge over the Ganges was completed, and Havelock marched out of Cawnpore with three thousand men of all arms, and crossed the river under the enemy's fire. On arrival at Mungulwar on the 21st he found the enemy massed there in strength, and literally drove them out of it and beyond Onao. At Busseerutgunge he rested for the night, and pushing on next day seized Bunnee, sixteen miles from Lucknow, before the enemy had time to destroy the bridge or organise an effectual resistance. At Bunnee he again rested for the night, and on the morning of the 23rd he appeared before the Allumbagh, and made his disposition for attack. After severe fighting he carried the Allumbagh, and halted for twenty-four hours within sight of Lucknow to complete the preparation for the difficult task before him. On the 25th an advance was made amid a storm of round and grape shot and of musketry. The enemy were driven out of the Charbagh enclosure, and the


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H Charbagh bridge was carried by a most gallant charge of the Madras fusiliers, Havelock's son distinguishing himself by personal valour. Forcing its way through narrow streets and lanes alive with the enemy's fire, the column reached a bridge under the lee of the Kaiserbagh and exposed to its fire. With the loss of many men the bridge was surmounted, and the force, reunited, halted under cover near the Chattar Manzil. Outram strongly advised that, as darkness was coming on, the Chattar Manzil should be occupied until the rear guard could join them. But Havelock was determined to push on, and to the great joy of the besieged he gained the residency that night. On the 26th a strong party was sent out to bring in the rear guard, the sick and the wounded. This was accomplished with considerable loss, and then the command was assumed by Outram. It was soon evident that the relieving force had arrived only to reinforce the garrison, for, owing to lack of transport to carry away the sick and wounded and the women and children, no movement could be made, and they were themselves besieged. During the seven weeks which elapsed before Sir Colin Campbell [q. v.] came to the second relief, the larger garrison was able to cope more equally with the enemy, and gradually to drive them out of many buildings and enclosures in the neighbourhood of the residency.

Sir Colin Campbell attacked on 16 Nov., and Havelock was directed to co-operate actively with the relieving army, a duty which he carried out with complete success. The meeting of Outram and Havelock with Sir Colin Campbell was most cordial, and Havelock learned that for his early successes he had been made a K.C.B.

His last active duty had, however, been performed. On the morning of 20 Nov., when the withdrawal from Lucknow commenced, he was attacked by diarrhœa, and died on the 24th. He was buried at the Alumbagh, his son and the leaders with whom he had been associated, Colin Campbell, Outram, Inglis, and others, following his body to the grave. On the day of his death he remarked, ‘I die happy and contented;’ and to his son he said, ‘See how a Christian can die.’

The report of Havelock's earlier victories had been received with a burst of enthusiasm in England as the first gleam of light after the darkness of revolt and massacre, and his hitherto almost unknown name was on every tongue. As success followed success he became the popular hero, and the knowledge of his earnest religious character deepened the effect upon the public. On 30 July he was promoted major-general, on 26 Sept. he was made a K.C.B., and on 26 Nov., when his death was not known at home, he was created a baronet, while a pension of 1,000l. a year was granted by parliament. It was not until 7 Jan. 1858 that tidings of his death reached England and plunged the nation into mourning. The rank of a baronet's widow was bestowed upon Lady Havelock, who died on 25 Aug. 1882, a baronetcy on the eldest son, Sir Henry Havelock-Allan, his father's aide-de-camp [see SUPPL.], and an annuity of 1,000l. a year was unanimously voted by parliament to both widow and son. The common council of London directed a bust of the general to be placed in the Guildhall, and a statue was erected by public subscription in Trafalgar Square. Gifted with military abilities of a high order, Havelock had been employed for the greater part of his career in subordinate positions, to which his want of means, and probably also a certain sternness of disposition, combined with an earnest but somewhat narrow religious profession, had contributed to confine him. A soldier of the old puritan type, his highest aim was to do his duty as service rendered to God rather than to his superiors, while the constant submission of himself to God's will enabled him to bear with cheerfulness his many disappointments and the long waiting for that recognition of his powers which he coveted, and made him resolute and devoted in the discharge of duties no matter how small. When the opportunity came to him he was ready. He proved himself to be a great military leader, and won the gratitude of his country.

 HAVELOCK, WILLIAM (1793–1848), lieutenant-colonel, was eldest son of William Havelock of Ingress Park, Kent, and brother of Sir Henry Havelock [q. v.] and of Colonel Charles Havelock, late 16th lancers, who commanded a brigade of Turkish irregulars in the Crimean war. He was born on 23 Jan. 1793, educated at the Charterhouse School and under a private tutor, and on 12 July 1810 was appointed ensign 43rd light infantry, in which he became lieutenant in 1812. He carried one of the colours of the 43rd at the passage of the Coa in 1810, and was present in all the subsequent actions in which the Peninsula light division was engaged to the end of the war, the latter part of the time as aide-de-camp to Major-general Charles, baron Alten [see ], commanding the division. At the combat of Vera in October 1813 a


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PHILOSOPHY 26 PHILOSOPHY definitions of philosophy, some of the most significant may be given. calls it "the acquisition of knowledge", κτήσιζ έπισΤήμηζ (Euthydemus, 288 d). , mightier than his master at compressing ideas, writes: τήν ονομαζομένην σοφίαν περί τά πρώτα αίτια καί τας άρχας ύπολαμβάνουσι πάντες—"All men consider philosophy as concerned with first causes and principles" (Metaph., I, i). These notions were perpetuated in the post- schools, with this difference, that the and  accentuated the moral bearing of philosophy ("Philosophia studium summæ virtutis", says Seneca in "Epist.", lxxxix, 7), and the  its mystical bearing (see section V below). The and the first philosophers of the  seem not to have had a very clear idea of philosophy for reasons which we will develop later on (section IX), but its conception emerges once more in all its purity among the Arabic philosophers at the end of the twelfth century and the masters of  in the thirteenth. , adopting the idea, writes: "Sapientia est scientia quæ considerat causas primas et universales causas; sapientia causas primas omnium causarum considerat"—"Wisdom [i. e. philosophy] is the science which considers first and universal causes; wisdom considers the first causes of all causes" (In metaph., I, lect. ii).

In general, modern philosophers may be said to have adopted this way of looking at it. regards philosophy as wisdom: "Philosophiæ voce sapientiæ studium denotamus"—"By the term philosophy we denote the pursuit of wisdom" (Princ. philos., preface); and he understands by it "cognitio veritatis per primas suas causas"—"knowledge of truth by its first causes" (ibid.). For Locke, philosophy is the true knowledge of things; for Berkeley, "the study of wisdom and truth" (Princ). The many conceptions of reduce it to that of a science of the general principles of knowledge and of the ultimate objects attainable by knowledge—" Wissenschaft von den letzten Zwecken der menschlichen Vernunft". For the numerous German philosophers who derive their inspiration from his criticism—Fichte,, Schelling, Schleiermacher, Schopenhauer, and the rest—it is the general teaching of science (Wissenschaftslehre). Many contemporary authors regard it as the synthetic theory of the particular sciences: "Philosophy", says Herbert Spencer, "is completely unified knowledge" (First Principles, § 37). Ostwald has the same idea. For Wundt, the object of philosophy is "the acquisition of such a general conception of the world and of life as will satisfy the exigencies of the reason and the needs of the heart"&mdash"Gewinnung einer allgemeinen Welt- und Lebensanschauung, welche die Forderungen unserer Vernunft und die Bedürfnisse unseres Gemüths befriedigen soil" (Einleit. in d. Philos., 1901, p. 5). This idea of philosophy as the ultimate science of values (Wertlehre) is emphasized by Windelband,, and others.

The list of conceptions and definitions might be indefinitely prolonged. All of them affirm the eminently synthetic character of philosophy. In the opinion of the present writer, the most exact and comprehensive definition is that of. Face to face with nature and with himself, man reflects and endeavours to discover what the world is, and what he is himself. Having made the real the object of studies in detail, each of which constitutes science (see section VIII), he is led to a study of the whole, to inquire into the principles or reasons of the totality of things, a study which supplies the answers to the last Why's. The last Why of all rests upon all that is and all that becomes: it does not apply, as in any one particular science (e. g. chemistry), to this or that process of becoming, or to this or that being (e. g. the combination of two bodies), but to all being and all becoming. All being has within it its constituent principles, which account for its substance (constitutive material and formal causes); all becoming, or change, whether superficial or profound, is brought about by an efficient cause other than its subject; and lastly things and events have their bearings from a finality, or final cause. The harmony of principles, or causes, produces the universal order. And thus philosophy is the profound knowledge of the universal order, in the sense of having for its object the simplest and most general principles, by means of which all other objects of thought are, in the last resort, explained. By these principles, says, we know other things, but other things do not suffice to make us know these principles (διά γάρ ταύτα καί έκ τούτων τ'άλλα γνωρίζεται, άλλ' ού ταύΤα διά τών ύποκειμένων—Metaph., I). The expression universal order should be understood in the widest sense. Man is one part of it: hence the relations of man with the world of sense and with its Author belong to the domain of philosophy. Now man, on the one hand, is the responsible author of these relations, because he is free, but he is obliged by nature itself to reach an aim, which is his moral end. On the other hand, he has the power of reflecting upon the knowledge which he acquires of all things, and this leads him to study the logical structure of science. Thus philosophical knowledge leads to philosophical acquaintance with morality and logic. And hence we have this more comprehensive definition of philosophy: "The profound knowledge of the universal order, of the duties which that order imposes upon man, and of the knowledge which man acquires from reality" — "La connaissance approfondie de l'ordre universel, des devoirs qui en résultent pour l'homme et de la science que l'homme acquiert de la réalité" (Mercier, "Logique", 1904, p. 23).—The development of these same ideas under another aspect will be found in section VIII of this article.

II. .—Since the universal order falls within the scope of philosophy (which studies only its first principles, not its reasons in detail), philosophy is led to the consideration of all that is: the world, God (or its cause), and man himself (his nature, origin, operations, moral end, and scientific activities).

It would be out of the question to enumerate here all the methods of dividing philosophy that have been given: we confine ourselves to those which have played a part in history and possess the deepest significance.

A. In Greek Philosophy.—Two historical divisions dominate philosophy: the  and the.

(1) divides philosophy into, , and. This division is not found in 's own writings, and it would be impossible to fit his dialogues into the triple frame, but it corresponds to the spirit of the. According to Zeller, Xenocrates (314 B.C.) his disciple, and the leading representative of the Old Academy, was the first to adopt this triadic division, which was destined to go down through the ages (Grundriss d. Geschichte d. griechischen Philosophie, 144), and follows it in dividing his master's philosophy. is the science of objective reality, i. e., of the Idea (ίδέα, είδος), so that by  we must understand. {CE lkpl|History of Physics|Physics}} is concerned with the manifestations of the Idea, or with the Real, in the sensible universe, to which attributes no real value independent of that of the Idea. has for its object human acts. deals with, but has no system of ; this was a product of 's genius.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Moore, Henry (1831-1896)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Moore, John Bramley


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Morgan, George Osborne


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Morley, William Hook


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20 VIII.

Yet oft-times in his maddest mirthful mood

Strange pangs would flash along Childe Harold's brow,


text: Index:Survey of Radionuclide Distributions Resulting from the Church Rock, New Mexico, Uranium Mill Tailings Pond Dam Failure OCR.pdf


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 NUREG/CR-2449 PNL-4122

Survey of Radionuclide Distributions Resulting from the Church Rock, New Mexico, Uranium Mill Tailings Pond Dam Failure

Manuscript Completed: November 1981

Date Published: December 1981 Prepared by W. C, Weimer, R. R. Kinnison, J. H. Reeves Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland, WA 99352

Prepared for Division of Waste Management Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D. C 20555 NRC FIN B2214


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 ROBERT KINNISON, PHD MATHEMATICAL STATISTICIAN BATTELLE NORTHWEST STATISTICS SECTION P 0. BOX 999 RICHLAND, WA 993S4

NUREG/CR-2449 PNL-4122

Survey of Radionuclide Distributions Resulting from the Church Rock, New Mexico, Uranium Mill Tailings Pond Dam Failure

Prepared by W. C. Weimer, R. R. Kinnison, J. H. Reeves Pacific Northwest Laboratory Operated by Battelle Memorial Institute Prepared for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission


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 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by en agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency (hereof, or any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third party's use. or the results of such use, of any information, apparatus product or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use by such third party would not infringe privately owned rights.

Available from GPO Sales Program Division of Technical Information and Document Control U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D, C. 20555 Printed copy price: $6.50 and National Technical Information Service Springfield, Virginia 22161


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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This investigation required that considerable time be spent at a field site, the United Nuclear Corporation (UNC) Church Rock, New Mexico, uranium mill. Cooperative interaction between personnel from Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL), the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division (NMEID), and the United Nuclear Corporation was required. This necessary cooperation was generously furnished in all cases and the provision of easy site access and communication facilitated the research. Several personnel were especially helpful and cooperative. The Project Manager for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Gregory Eadie, has been extremely helpful and supportive and has functioned as an intermeoiary between all of the organizations involved throughout the course of this study. The two persons from the New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division who have been the most involved in our research are Drs. Thomas Buhl and Jere Millard. A large portion of the work was carried out at the Uniteo Nuclear Corporation Church Rock Mill site and used UNC property and personnel. Harmonious interactions between UNC and PNL personnel allowed our research to progress smoothly. The UNC personnel to whom we are the most grateful are Todd Miller, Gus Swanquist, Robert Miller, and Kee Benally. We thank the personnel from each of these organizations for their very helpful assistance in this research.


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 attention. The "Leopard's" ports were seen to be triced up; but the season was midsummer, the weather was fine and warm, and the frigate was in sight of her anchorage. Doubtless Barron ought not to have allowed a foreign ship-of-war to come alongside without calling his crew to quarters,—such was the general rule of the service; but the condition of the ship made it inconvenient to clear the guns, and the idea of an attack was so extravagant that, as Barron afterward said, he might as well have expected one when at anchor in Hampton Roads. After the event several officers, including Captain Gordon, affirmed that they felt suspicions; but they showed none at the time, and neither Gordon nor any one else suggested, either to the commodore or to each other, that it would be well to order the crew to quarters.

Barron went to his cabin to receive the British officer, whose boat came alongside. At a quarter before four o'clock Lieutenant Meade from the "Leopard" arrived on board, and was shown by Captain Gordon to the commodore's cabin. He delivered the following note:—
 * "The captain of his Britannic Majesty's ship 'Leopard' has the honor to enclose the captain of the United States ship 'Chesapeake' an order from the Honorable Vice-Admiral Berkeley, commander-in-chief of his Majesty's ships on the North American station, respecting some deserters from the ships (therein mentioned) under his command, and supposed to be now serving as part of the crew of the 'Chesapeake.'


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 Havers, M.D., 29 April 1702, by Lilly Butler, D.D., London, 1702, 4to; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Havers's Works.]

HAVERSHAM, (d. 1710). [See .]

HAVERTY, JOSEPH PATRICK (1794–1864), painter, born in Galway in 1794, obtained some repute as a painter of portraits in Dublin, and was elected a member of the Royal Hibernian Academy. Among his best portraits are two of O'Connell, one the property of the Reform Club, and the other of the Limerick corporation. He lived for some time in Limerick. In 1835 he sent to the Royal Academy in London a portrait of the Right Rev. Dr. Doyle, bishop of Kildare, and in 1844 a picture of ‘Father Mathew receiving a Repentant Pledge-breaker.’ From 1846 to 1857 he was a frequent exhibitor of portraits in London. He occasionally painted subject-pictures, and a set of three—‘Baptism,’ ‘Confession,’ and ‘Confirmation’—were lent to the Irish Exhibition in London, 1888. Martin Haverty [q. v.] was his brother. He died in Dublin in 1864.

HAVERTY, MARTIN (1809–1887), historian, born in co. Mayo on 1 Dec. 1809, received the chief part of his education in the Irish College at Paris, and came to Dublin in 1836. In the following year he joined the staff of the ‘Freeman's Journal,’ with which he was closely connected until 1850. In 1851 he made an extended tour through Europe, which he described in a long series of newspaper contributions. On his return to Dublin Haverty was made sub-librarian at the King's Inns, where he remained for nearly a quarter of a century, devoting himself principally to the preparation of a general index to the books in the library. He died in Dublin on 18 Jan. 1887, and was buried in the Glasnevin cemetery. [q. v.] was his brother.

Haverty wrote:
 * 1) ‘Wanderings in Spain in 1843,’ London, 2 vols., 1844, 12mo.
 * 2) ‘The History of Ireland, Ancient and Modern. Derived from our native annals … with copious Topographical and general Notes,’ Dublin, 1860, 8vo. The materials for this history were largely gathered abroad. A second and enlarged edition appeared in 1885.
 * 3) ‘The History of Ireland, Ancient and Modern, for the use of Schools and Colleges,’ &c., Dublin, 1860, 12mo.

HAVILAND, JOHN (1785–1851), professor of medicine at Cambridge, son of a Bridgewater surgeon, descended from a Guernsey family, was born at Bridgewater on 2 Feb. 1785. He was educated at Winchester College, and in 1803 matriculated at St. John's, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. as twelfth wrangler in 1807, subsequently becoming a fellow of his college. He proceeded M.A. in 1810, M.L. 1812, and M.D. 1817. He afterwards studied medicine at Edinburgh for two sessions, and for three years at St. Bartholomew's, London. He became an inceptor of the Royal College of Physicians in 1814 and a fellow in 1818, and delivered the Harveian oration in 1837. Having settled at Cambridge, Haviland was elected professor of anatomy in 1814 on the death of Sir [q. v.], and on Sir Isaac Pennington's death in 1817 was appointed regius professor of physic and physician to Addenbrooke's Hospital, resigning the anatomical chair. He gave up his post as hospital physician in 1839, but retained the regius professorship till his death on 8 Jan. 1851. He had a large practice in Cambridge till 1838, when he retired; and he exercised a good influence in keeping the medical school at Cambridge alive when it was threatened with extinction. He was the first professor who gave regular courses on pathology and the practice of medicine; he established a formal curriculum and satisfactory examinations in place of merely nominal proceedings. His character was high, and his judgment good. He wrote nothing but a synopsis of lectures on anatomy, and ‘Some Observations concerning the Fever which prevailed in Cambridge during the Spring of 1815’ (Medical Transactions, 1815). He married in 1819 Louisa, youngest daughter of the Rev. G. Pollen, and left five sons.

HAVILAND, WILLIAM (1718–1784), general, colonel 45th foot, son of Captain Peter Haviland, was born in 1718 in Ireland, where his father was serving in a marching regiment. On 26 Dec. 1739 he was appointed ensign in Spottiswoode's, otherwise Gooch's regiment, a corps of American provincials ranking as the old 43rd foot, and broken up in 1742, with which he appears to have served at Carthagena and Porto Bello. Subsequently he obtained a company in the 27th Inniskilling foot, commanded by Colonel [q. v.], which also had been at Porto Bello. Haviland acted as aide-de-camp to Blakeney at the defence of Stirling Castle and elsewhere in


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 ABSTRACT

An intensive site survey and on-site analysis program were conducted to evaluate the distribution of four radionuclides in the general vicinity of Gallup, Mew Mexico, subsequent to the accidental breach of a uranium mill tailings pond dam and the release of a large quantity of tailings pond materials. The objective of this work was to determine the distribution and concentration levels of 210Pb, 226Ra, 230Th, and U in the arroyo that is immediately adjacent to the uranium tailings pond (pipeline arroyo) and in the Rio Puerco arroyo into which the pipeline arroyo drains. An intensive survey between the United Nuclear Corporation (UNC) Church Rock Mill site and the Hew MexicoArizona state border was performed. Sampling locations were established at approximately 50O-ft intervals along the arroyo. During the weeks of September 24 through October 5, 1979, a series of samples was collected from alternate sampling locations along the arroyo. The purpose of this collection of samples and their subsequent analysis was to provide an immediate evaluation of the extent and the levels of radioactive contamination. The data obtained from this extensive survey were then compared to action levels which had been proposed by the Muclear Regulatory Commission and were adapted by the New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division (NMEID) for Th and Ra concentrations that would require site cleanup.

The Pacific Northwest Laboratory/Nuclear Regulatory Commission mobile laboratory van was on-site at the UNC Church Rock Mill from September 22, 1979, through December 13, 1979, and was manned by one or more PNL personnel for all but four weeks of this time period. Approximately 1200 samples associated with the Rio Puerco survey were analyzed in the laboratory. An additional 1200 samples related to the Rio Puerco cleanup operations which the United Nuclear Corporation was conducting were analyzed on-site in the mobile laboratory. The purpose of these analyses was to determine the effectiveness of the cleanup operations that were ongoing and to evaluate what additional cleanup would be required. This on-site analysis of radioactive contamination constituted the principal task of this project, with the identification of those portions of the arroyo exceeding the NMEID proposed cleanup criteria being the


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Morris, Richard (1833-1894)


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302 Warrants thereof, to the Lord Clerk Regiter or his Deputies; and that in all Time coming thereafter the ucceive Books or Volumes of thee Records hall in all Caes he delivered to the Lord Clerk Regiter or his Deputies within Three Months after the ame have been everally completed and filled up; and if the Keepers of thee Records hall refue or neglect to make uch regular Tranmiion of the ucceive Books of their repective Records, it hall be competent for the Lord Clerk Regiter to preent a ummary Application to the Lords of Council and Seion, complaining of uch Refual and Neglect, by whom Warrants hall be granted for iuing Letters of Horning againt uch Keeper or Keepers, in order to enforce Obedience to this Act, and by whom uch further Pains and Penalties may be inflicted by fine, not exceeding Fifty Pounds on uch Defaulters, as in the Circumtances of the Cae hall eem jut, to be applied by the Lord Clerk Regiter to the Purpoes of the Etablihment of His Majety's General Regiter Houe.

XII. And, for remedying the Inconveniencies that have arien or may arie from the unneceary Multiplicity of Writings and Records now in Ue, as the ucceive Warrants of Charters and Grants of Lands and other heritable Property, which pas under the Seal appointed by the Treaty of Union to be kept and ued in Scotland in Place of the Great Seal thereof formerly ued there; be it enacted, That from and after the Expiration of Six Months after the paing of this Act, in expeding uch Charters and Grants under the aforeaid Seal, the Latin Precept under the Signet hall be o framed as to be carried directly to Chancery without its containing any Order that a Precept under the Privy Seal hall be directed thereupon, and without uch Precept under the Privy Seal being made out or recorded, and uch Latin Precept under the Signet hall from thenceforth be received by the Director of His Majety's Chancery in Scotland, and by the Keeper of the Great Seal, as the only legal and ufficient Warrants to them repectively for framing Grants in Terms of the ame, and for appending thereto the Seal appointed by the Treaty of Union to be kept and ued in Scotland in place of the Great Seal thereof formerly ued there.

And be it enacted, That o long as the Writer to His Majety's Privy Seal, and the Keeper of that Seal in Poeion of their repective Offices of Writer and Keeper at the Date of the paing of this Act, hall continue to hold the ame repectively and no longer, the aforeaid Precepts under His Majety's Signet hall be produced to the aid Writer and Keeper or their repective Deputies, by the Clerks to His Majety's Signet, by whom the aid Precepts repectively have been expede, and the ame Fees heretofore due on the Writing and Sealing of Precepts under the Privy Seal, hall thereupon be paid to the aid Keeper and Writer repectively and their Deputies, of which Payments to them repectively a hort Attetation hall be written on the Back of the aforeaid Precepts under the Signet, and ubcribed by the aid Writer and Keeper or their Deputies; and if the Director of His Majety's Chancery hall, during the Period aforeaid, receive as his Warrant for framing any Charter any uch Precept under the Signet which does not bear the due Attetations as aforeaid, he hall be liable in Penalties equal in Amount to the Fees of which the aid Writer or Keeper repectively have been deprived; the aforeaid Penalty, together with the Expences of Proces, being recoverable by the aid Writer or