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 whom he remained until 1870. He was next employed as resident engineer to the Persian railways of Baron de Reuter and afterwards in supervising the construction of docks at Leith and at Boston, Lincolnshire. Meanwhile he was interested in archaeology, and to this pursuit, and particularly to the study of prehistoric antiquities and of pre-Norman art in Great Britain, he devoted the rest of his life. His earliest contribution to 'Archæologia Cambrensis' ('A description of some cairns on Barry Island') appeared in April 1873 ; he joined the Cambrian Archaeological Association in 1875, was elected a member of the general committee in 1877, became one of two editors of the 'Journal' in 1889, and was sole editor from 1892 until his death. Having begun with the antiquities of Wales, Allen from 1880 gave special attention to those of Scotland also ; in 1883 he was elected fellow of the Scottish Society of Antiquaries, and in 1885 was Rhind lecturer in archaeology in the University of Edinburgh. In England, he became F.S.A. in 1896, editor of the 'Reliquary and Illustrated Archæologist' in 1893; and Yates lecturer in archæology in University College, London, for 1898. Allen had in a high degree the patience, thoroughness, and insight of the scientific archæologist. Possessed of a certain sardonic humour, he was skilful in exposition and fertile in illustration. In knowledge of early Celtic art and ability to unravel its history he was without a rival. He was unmarried, and during his later years made his home in London, where he died on 5 July 1907. In addition to his numerous contributions to archaeological journals, Allen published: 1. 'Theory and Practice in the Designs and Construction of Dock Walls,' 1876. 2. 'Early Christian Symbolism in Great Britain and Ireland' (Rhind lectures), 1887. 3. 'The Monumental History of the Early British Church,' 1889. 4. 'The Early Christian Monuments of Scotland,' Edinburgh, 1903. 5. 'Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times,' 1904.

 ALLEN, ROBERT CALDER (1812–1903), captain R.N., born on 8 Aug. 1812, was son of William Allen, a master in the navy and presumably a follower of Admiral Sir Robert Calder [q. v.]. He entered the navy as a second-class volunteer in July 1827. In that grade and as second master he served with credit, principally on the west coast of Africa and in China. In 1841 he was advanced to be master, and in 1842-4 was master of the Dido, with (Sir) Henry Keppel [q. v. Suppl. II], in her celebrated cruises against the Malay pirates of Borneo. In 1850-1 he was master of the Resolute in the Arctic, under Captain Austin, whom he followed from the Blenheim, and had charge of the magnetic observations. In 1854-5 he was master of the Hogue blockship in the Baltic, and rendered efficient service by his survey, often under fire, of the approaches to Bomarsund. In 1863 he was promoted to the then new rank of staff-commander, and in 1867 to that of staff-captain. In 1866-7 he was master-attendant and harbour -master at Malta; and in 1867 was appointed in the same capacity to Devonport, whence he was transferred to Deptford. When that dockyard was closed in October 1870, he retired with the rank of captain. He was a silent, thoughtful man, singularly modest and retiring. The subordinate position in which so much of his service was passed prevented his name from coming prominently before the public ; but in the navy his reputation as a sound and skilful navigator and pilot stood very high, and was officially recognised in his nomination to a C.B. in 1877. He died in London on 28 Jan. 1903.

Allen was twice married. His first wife brought him a daughter and four sons, who all entered the public service, navy, army, or marines. The second wife survived him.

 ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813–1903), theologian, born at Midsomer Norton, Somerset, on 12 Feb. 1813, was son of Thomas Allies, then curate of Henbury and later rector of Wormington, by his wife Frances Elizabeth Fripp, daughter of a Bristol merchant. His mother died a week after his birth, and he was brought up by his father's second wife, Caroline Hillhouse. After education at Bristol grammar school he entered Eton in April 1827 under Edward Coleridge. There in 1829 he was the first to win the Newcastle scholarship. He matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford, in 1828, where he was exhibitioner from 1830-3, graduated B. A. with a first class in classics in 1832, proceeded M.A. in 1837, was fellow from 1833 till 1841, and humanity lecturer 1838-9.

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 marrying (25 Dec. 1856) his mother's maid, Anne Eliza Hobbes. He was offered a post in Queen Victoria's household in connection with the furniture of the royal palaces; but this he declined in order to devote himself entirely to Ruskin's service, in which he remained successively as general assistant, engraver, and publisher for fifty years. For a few years he acted as an assistant drawing-master under Ruskin at the college. Ruskin then encouraged him to specialise in the art of engraving, which he studied under J. H. Le Keux, the engraver of many of the finest line plates in 'Modern Painters.' He also studied mezzotint under Lupton, who engraved some of the 'Liber' plates for Turner. Allen's knowledge of the two methods enabled him to produce the plates of mixed styles, which were included in Ruskin's later books. Of the original illustrations in 'Modern Painters,' three were from drawings by Allen; he engraved three plates for the edition of 1888; and in all executed ninety other plates for Ruskin. Some of Allen's drawings are included among the examples in the Ruskin school at Oxford; and he is one of three or four assistants whose work has often been mistaken for Ruskin's. In addition to engraving and copying, Allen was employed by Ruskin as general factotum. Many of his reminiscences were of distinguished visitors to Ruskin's house at Denmark Hill to whom he was instructed to show the collection of Turner drawings. It was he, too, with others, who assisted Ruskin in sorting and arranging the Turner drawings and sketches at the National Gallery. In 1862, when Ruskin thought of settling in Savoy, Allen with his family went out to Mornex. He was an excellent geologist, and Ruskin often trusted to his observations. Like Ruskin, he was an enthusiastic mineralogist; his collection of minerals was acquired after his death by the University of Oxford. He was a keen volunteer, and Ruskin took no offence when his assistant engaged in rifle-practice among the mountains. In 1871 Ruskin decided to set up a publisher of his own. At a week's notice, and without any previous experience of the trade, Allen started upon this enterprise. His publishing establishment was first his cottage at Keston, and afterwards an out-house in the garden of his villa at Orpington. Sarcastic reference was made in the public prints to Ruskin's idea of publishing 'in a field in Kent,' and the net-system, then a novelty in the trade, upon which Ruskin insisted, encountered much opposition. Ruskin, however, was able to create the demand for his publications, and the experiment prospered. The original idea of allowing no commission to the booksellers, but leaving them to charge it to the public, was, however, presently abandoned; and the expansion of the business necessitated the addition of premises in London. In 1890 Allen opened a London publishing house at 8 Bell Yard, Chancery Lane; and in 1894 he moved to larger premises at 156 Charing Cross Road. There he engaged in general publishing, though Ruskin's works remained the principal part of his business. Allen was one of the original 'Companions' of Ruskin's 'Guild of St. George,' and was a familiar figure at all Ruskinian gatherings. His unaffected simplicity and sterling character made him many friends. At his house at Orpington he took pleasure in flowers and bees, and he was a judicious buyer of water-colours and 'Martin' ware, as well as of minerals. Most of his collections including many Ruskiniana were privately disposed of after his death. His last enterprise was the library edition of Ruskin's works (1903-11), of which, however, he did not live to see the completion. He died, in his seventy-sixth year, on 5 Sept. 1907, at Orpington, and is buried in the parish churchyard there. His wife had died, in her eightieth year, eight months before him. They had four sons and four daughters. The eldest daughter, Miss Grace Allen, and the two eldest sons, William and Hugh, continued the business, which is now carried on at 44 Rathbone Place. A portrait of Allen (1890) was painted in oils by F. Yates; the chair in which he is shown as seated came from Ruskin's study at Denmark Hill, and is said to have been the one used by Ruskin when writing 'Modern Painters.'

 ALLEN, JOHN ROMILLY (1847–1907), archæologist, born in London on 9 June 1847, was the eldest son of George Baugh Allen (d. 1898), a special pleader of the Inner Temple, of Cilrhiw, near Narberth, by his wife Dorothea Hannah, third daughter of Roger Eaton of Pare Glas, Pembrokeshire. John was educated at King's College school (1857–60), Rugby school (1860–3), and King's College, London (1864–6). In 1867 he was articled to G. F. Lyster, engineer in chief to the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, with

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ILLUSTRATIVE LIST OF UNFAIR PRACTICES IN CERTAIN SECTORS (Section 29)

Labour and employment

 1. (a) Creating artificial barriers to equal access to employment opportunities by using certain recruitment and selection procedures.

 (b) Applying human resource utilisation, development, promotion and retention practices which unfairly discriminate against persons from groups identified by the prohibited grounds.

 (c) Failing to respect the principle of equal pay for equal work.

 (d) Perpetuating disproportionate income differentials deriving from past unfair discrimination.

Education

 2. (a) Unfairly excluding learners from educational institutions, including learners with special needs.

 (b) Unfairly withholding scholarships, bursaries, or any other form of assistance from learners of particular groups identified by the prohibited grounds.

 (c) The failure to reasonably and practicably accommodate diversity in education.

Health care services and benefits

 3. (a) Subjecting persons to medical experiments without their informed consent.

 (b) Unfairly denying or refusing any person access to health care facilities or failing to make health care facilities accessible to any person.

 (c) Refusing to provide emergency medical treatment to persons of particular groups identified by one or more of the prohibited grounds.

 (d) Refusing to provide reasonable health services to the elderly.

Housing, accommodation, land and property

 4. (a) Arbitrary eviction of persons on one or more of the prohibited grounds.

 (b) “Red-lining” on the grounds of race and social status.

 (c) Unfair discrimination in the provision of housing bonds, loans or financial assistance on the basis of race, gender or other prohibited grounds.

 (d) Failing to reasonably accommodate the special needs of the elderly.

Insurance services

 5. (a) Unfairly refusing on one or more of the prohibited grounds to provide or to make available an insurance policy to any person.

 (b) Unfair discrimination in the provision of benefits, facilities and services related to insurance.

 (c) Unfairly disadvantaging a person or persons, including unfairly and unreasonably refusing to grant services, to persons solely on the basis of HIV/AIDS status.

Pensions

 6. (a) Unfairly excluding any person from membership of a retirement fund or from receiving any benefits from the fund on one or more of the prohibited grounds.

 (b) Unfairly discriminating against members or beneficiaries of a retirement fund.


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 journeyman he removed to Glasgow, and shortly afterwards (1856) he went for a short time to Paterson, New Jersey. In 1857 he joined the royal navy as engineer, and spent the next three years mainly at foreign stations. In 1861, when the civil war broke out in America, Allan's love of adventure led him to take service as chief engineer on board a blockade-runner. He was in Charleston harbour when the Federals bombarded the city (21 Dec. 1861), and was captured and carried as a prisoner to the Capitol, Washington. Being released on parole, he returned to Dundee, resuming work at Seabraes Foundry. His varied experience had made him a competent workman, and when the North-Eastern Engineering Company was formed at Sunderland in 1866 he was engaged as foreman over one of the departments. The new venture was not at first successful. In 1868 the company was in difficulties and Allan became manager. Under his control the concern flourished, and after its removal to Wallsend, on the Tyne, enjoyed a high position in Tyneside engineering. In 1886 Allan started with great success on his own account the Scotia Engine Works at Sunderland, and remained active head of the firm till 1900. The business was then amalgamated with Messrs. Richardson, Westgarth & Co., Ltd. Allan became director, and was also until his death chairman of the Albyn Line, Ltd., shipowners of Sunderland.

From his youth Allan was an advanced radical, and showed practical sympathy with the working-classes. He was the first large employer to introduce an eight-hours day in his own works. At a bye-election at Gateshead on 24 Feb. 1893 Allan was returned in the liberal interest by a majority of 868 over his opponent, Mr. Pandeli Ralli. He represented Gateshead till his death. He spoke in the house with more force than elegance, but always with sincerity and common-sense. His practical knowledge led Him to oppose strenuously the introduction of the Belleville type of boilers into the navy (Hansard, 25 June 1896; Unionist Parliament, 1895-1900, p. 78). On the occasion of King Edward VII's coronation in 1902 Allan was knighted. He died on 28 Dec. 1903 at Scotland House, Sunderland, and was buried in Ryhope Road cemetery, Sunderland. Allan was married to Jane, daughter of Walter Beattie of Lockerbie, who survived him.

In addition to his other activities Allan was a writer of Scottish songs fluent, patriotic, fervid. From 1871 till his death he published so many volumes of verse that he was described as 'the most prolific poet of our time.' His poetic publications include: 1. 'Rough Castings in Scotch and English Metal,' 1872. 2. 'Hame-spun Lilts, or Poems and Songs chiefly Scottish,' 1874. 3. 'Heather-bells, or Poems and Songs,' 1875. 4. 'Ian Vor, a Drama,' 1876. 5. 'Roses and Thistles, Poems and Songs,' 1878. 6. 'A Life's Pursuit,' 1880. 7. 'After Toil Songs,' 1882. 8. 'Lays of Leisure,' 1883. 9. 'Northern Lights, or Poems and Songs,' 1889. 10. 'A Book of Songs in English and Scottish,' Sunderland, 1890, 4to. 11. 'A Book of Poems,' 1890. 12. 'Democratic Chants,' 1892. 13. 'The Rose of Methlic,' 1895. 14. 'Sunset Songs,' 1897. 15. 'Songs of Love and Labour,' 1903. Allan's only technical publication was 'The Shipowners' and Engineers' Guide to the Marine Engine' (Sunderland, 1880). A cartoon portrait by 'Spy' appeared in 'Vanity Fair' in 1893.  ALLEN, GEORGE (1832–1907), engraver and publisher, son of John and Rebecca Allen, was born on 26 March 1832 at Newark-on-Trent, and was educated at a private grammar school there. His father died in 1849, and in that year he was apprenticed for four years to an uncle (his mother's brother), a builder in Clerkenwell. He became a skilled joiner, and was employed for three and a half years in that capacity upon the woodwork of the interior of Dorchester House, Park Lane. A reference to this work occurs in Ruskin's 'Munera Pulveris' (§ 151). Upon one door in the house Allen and another workman were employed for seventy-nine days, and Ruskin used to show a model of this door to his friends as a specimen of English craftsmanship. Upon the foundation of the Working Men's College in 1854 he joined the drawing class, and became one of Ruskin's most promising pupils there. 'The transference to the pen and pencil of the fine qualities of finger that had been acquired by handling the carpenter's tools,' coupled with an 'innate disposition to art,' enabled Allen, says Ruskin, to attain rapidly great precision in drawing. Allen was brought further into connection with Ruskin by


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162 they would ask the advice of their friends, and spend days in poring over lists of names which are published in order to aid them in their choice.

A name once assumed and registered cannot be laid aside and another substituted. So most feel it is important to select a name that they will always feel pleasure in bearing, and which will make them more attractive and be useful to them in their future career.

As most of the literature of the Colymbians, when not indigenous, is derived from English sources, the names they chiefly affect are familiar English ones; but some prefer French or German names, others ancient classical names, and some even select the quaint names of their ancestral Colymbians. But whatever names they adopt are sure to be highly euphonious, as is to be expected among a race where music is so universally and so thoroughly cultivated. Indeed, many of the ladies choose appellations made up of some two of the names of the musical notes, as Laré, Mido, Fala, Simi, Solla, &c.

Surnames or family names are often such as are familiar to us, as Smith, Brown, Jones, &c., showing the English origin of the family's founder. But some of the surnames are derived from the race that originally peopled these islands. These native names usually terminate in "ik" or "ob," "Ngasik," "Mburob," and so on. The surname can be changed at will; and as the ancient names are considered unfashionable, very few families or individuals retain them. They are ever ready to drop them for some high-sounding English or French name, which they have got out of books. So there are Stanleys, Montmorencys, De Guesclins, Montagues, &c., who, one

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Rh might swear, are the descendants of a native stock which had changed its name.

Little importance is attached to their family names by the Colymbians, so that it is only a few who go to the trouble to change them, even if they are decidedly ugly. It is not considered etiquette to address any one by his family name, but only by the name of his choice. Thus it often happens that some very intimate friends do not actually know one another's surnames. It is only on the solemn occasion of taking a lease of a house that the surname is used at all. In society one only hears people called by their chosen name, as Ajax, Rupert, Gustavus, or Daisy, Cleopatra, Lucretia, &c.

But it is not only in their names that the Colymbians go on quite opposite principles from those that obtain among terrestrials. In the selection of persons to fill the various offices under Government, they also seem to act on principles the exact reverse of what we consider the right method. They never give a place to any one who has given evidence of his fitness for it by an acquaintance with the matter with which he will afterwards have to deal; but only to one whose whole previous career shows him to be entirely ignorant of it. Thus, if it is an inspectorship of public buildings that has to be filled up, one who is utterly ignorant of architecture is appointed, and the new inspector, on entering on his duties, is accustomed to boast of his peculiar fitness for the post, by reason of knowing nothing of the construction of houses. In consequence of his entire ignorance, he would say, he would be able to fulfil the duties entrusted to him with strict impartiality, free from all prejudices in favour or against any particular method of building. If, under his supervision, houses are built that soon fall to pieces,

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164 this is looked upon as inevitable and no blame attaches to him or to the authorities who appointed him. And so with all other offices held under Government. The chief of the state appoints his friends and supporters, and never troubles himself about their qualifications, or rather he purposely appoints such only as we should consider utterly disqualified.

The same system is not followed in private life. Those who wish anything done for themselves, employ only those who have proved themselves by their studies and experience the best workmen. Thus it happens that everything done by private enterprize is well done; whereas everything done by Government is so wrongly done, that it has to be continually patched and tinkered, or all taken to pieces and done over again from the beginning. Government buildings are continually tumbling down or being repaired, Government contracts invariably lead to never-ending law-suits, Government works of all kinds are constantly going wrong.

This plan has certainly the effect of creating an enormous amount of extra work. But this gives great satisfaction to the people, for it gives employment and high wages to artisans and workmen of all sorts, and nothing would be so unpopular with the multitude as that Government should do its work effectually; for the labouring classes look to Government to give them the maximum of work and wages for every job undertaken by it.

Even when the Government selects a person for the execution of a work who is known to be a skilled artist, it takes care that his skill is not in the particular kind of work he is appointed to do. Thus, if it has to appoint an architect to build a great public

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Rh   LLANOVER,, politician. [See, 1802–1867.]

LLEWELYN. [See also and .] LLEWELYN, DAVID (d. 1415), Welsh warrior. [See .]

LLEWELYN, THOMAS (1720?–1793), baptist minister, was born about 1720 at Penalltau isaf, in the parish of Gelligaer, Glamorganshire, being fourth in descent, it is said, from Thomas Llewelyn of Rhegoes near Aberdare, who, according to Iolo Morganwg (1746–1827), translated a portion of the Bible into Welsh about 1540, that is twenty-seven years before W. Salesbury's was printed (see, South Wales, i. 297). After following in youth the trade of a tailor, he entered when about twenty a collegiate school at Pontypool, Monmouthshire, in order to qualify himself for the baptist ministry. He continued his studies at Bristol, under Bernard Foskett, and in London, and after his ordination acted from about 1746 to 1770 as tutor at a seminary for the training of candidates for the baptist ministry. He was presented with the degree of M.A., and afterwards with that of M.D., by the university of Aberdeen. In 1768 he published ‘An Historical Account of the British or Welsh Versions and Editions of the Bible,’ London, 8vo, in which he dealt trenchantly with the want of bibles in Wales, and urged the need of increasing the number of copies of the edition of the Welsh Bible then in the press, issued in 1769. In the last year Llewelyn published ‘Historical and Critical Remarks on the British Tongue, and its Connection with other Languages, founded on its State in the Welsh Bibles,’ London, 8vo. A translation into Welsh of the ‘Historical Account’ was printed in ‘Seren Gomer,’ then a weekly newspaper, in 1815, while both works were republished in one volume immediately after the author's death in 1793, under the title ‘Tracts Historical and Critical,’ Shrewsbury, 8vo. The critical portions show Llewelyn to be a good classical scholar, while the results of his historical researches have been utilised by all subsequent writers on the history of the Welsh versions of the Bible (e.g. in his Geiriadur;  in Allwedd y Cyssegr; and  in Y Traethodydd). In both of these pamphlets Llewelyn successfully appealed for assistance in enlarging the supply of Welsh bibles, and with the money thus raised, supplemented by a liberal donation from Llewelyn himself, who had made a wealthy marriage, the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge printed twenty thousand copies of the Welsh Bible.

In 1776 Llewelyn took a prominent part in the establishment of a baptist mission for North Wales. He was one of the first members of the Gwyneddigion Society of London, and was its president in 1775. He was also a great supporter of the School for Welsh Girls, now located at Ashford in Middlesex. He lived for many years in Queen Square, Bloomsbury, and appears to have died in August 1793 (Seren Gomer for 1855; cf. Hist. of the Baptist Assoc. 1795, p. 69); he was buried in Bunhill Fields in the grave, according to family tradition, of Isaac Watts.

 LLEYN, WILLIAM (1540?–1587), Welsh poet. [See .]

LLOYD. [See also, , and .]

LLOYD, BARTHOLOMEW (1772–1837), provost of Trinity College, Dublin, born at New Ross, co. Wexford, 5 Feb. 1772, was descended from a Welsh family which, about the end of the seventeenth century, settled in co. Wexford, and was son of Humphrey Lloyd, himself the son of the Rev. Bartholomew Lloyd of the Abbey House of New Ross. His father died while he was still a boy, and an uncle, the Rev. John Lloyd, rector of Ferns and Kilbride, to whose care he had been committed, did not long survive, so that he was left to struggle for himself. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1787 as a pensioner. In 1790 he gained first scholarship, in 1792 graduated B.A., and in 1796 obtained a junior fellowship on passing a remarkably high examination. He graduated M.A. in the same year, B.D. in 1805, and D.D. in 1808. In 1813 he was appointed Erasmus Smith's professor of mathematics on the resignation of Dr. Magee, afterwards archbishop of Dublin, and in 1822, Erasmus Smith's professor of natural and experimental philosophy in succession to Dr. Davenport.


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Rh hall, it selects one who has never built anything but small private houses. In this way, the hall, when built, is certain to be so defective as to require constant repairs, or it perhaps tumbles down altogether, amid the general approbation of the working classes, ever on the outlook for jobs.

This mode of conducting its business gives, as I have said, general satisfaction. There are, to be sure, a few grumblers, who contend that Government should be economical and get its work always done in the best possible style, which it could easily do as it has the whole extent of the country to choose from. But these form an insignificant minority and are looked upon as selfish tax-payers or impracticable ideologists.

If one of these grumblers and sticklers for economy, by his persistency and his eloquence, seemed to be producing an effect on the public, and was otherwise dangerous and annoying to the party in power, the chief would bestow on him the appointment of minister of some important department of state, for which he was especially disqualified by education and experience. That would not have mattered much, and he might have done as well as the other heads of departments, had he been willing to let things alone. But this he would never do. His services had been acquired and his place had been obtained by his economical theories. So he at once commenced to put them in practice. Knowing nothing about the subjects to which his department referred, he could look at them only as things to be financially pruned. In his zeal for economy he cared not how he offended and morally trod on the tender toes of those placed under his authority. Thus he set every one against him, and after a short tenure of office became the most

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166 popular of ministers. This was just what the chief of the state wanted, and what he foresaw would happen. He could now safely depose the unpopular minister and did not need to fear him hereafter, as his actions, when in office, had fairly deprived him of all influence when out of office. The very circumstance of his having accepted office would ruin him in the estimation of some; his offensive conduct to better men than himself would cause him to be disliked by others, and his economical cheeseparing's would alienate from him all interested in the expenditure of Government money, so that his career as a demagogue was cut short.

The politics of the Colymbians are of a very simple character. There are those who want place and power, and those who want work and pay. These latter place the former in power, if not with the expressed intention, at fill events with the full expectation, that when in power they will repay their electors by plenty of work and high wages. A government which professed its intention of being economical, became at once unpopular. None interest themselves in politics, save the place-hunters and the inferior sort of working-classes; and yet these last, who constitute almost the whole of the electors—for persons who have no interest in Government jobs seldom take part in elections—never elect one of their own class, but always one of the members of the upper ranks, rightly judging that people who are not under the necessity of earning their livelihood by work will know less of the value of money than those that are, and consequently will be less chary of lavishing the public wealth by which they (the electors) profit.

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Rh The taxes in Colymbia are all of the nature of income-tax and are only levied on those having a certain minimum income. The daily, weekly or monthly wages of the labouring classes are exempt from taxation; hence their hearty approval of a freely-spending government. As there are no imports or exports there is of course no source of revenue from customs.

The building operations below water are very extensive and are constantly going on. The facility with which the workmen move about the largest blocks of coral-rock seems wonderful. This is owing to the weight of bodies in water, as compared with the same bodies in air, being so much less by the difference between the weight of air and of water. Thus it may readily happen that a body may weigh hundreds of pounds in air and not above an ounce or two in water; it may of course even be lighter than the water.

One advantage attending the building of houses in Colymbia is that accidents to the workmen are almost impossible. Of course it is obvious that if they fall off the top of a house, they will not practically fall at all, nor yet rise, their equilibrium with the water being maintained by their weight-belts. If a mass of the building material fall on a workman, its specific gravity being but little greater than that of water, it will fall on him as gently as a feather-bed in air, and he has no difficulty in extricating himself. Labour is thus comparatively light, and free from the risks attending it in air. And yet the hours of labour are shorter in Colymbia than they are with us. The law has rigidly fixed eight hours as the limit of working hours for hired labour. No overtime is

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168 allowed. Thus the day is divided into three periods of eight hours each, to wit, eight hours for work, eight hours for play and eight hours for sleep.

As the Colymbians do not require to drink, none of the wages of the labourers are spent on beer; and as food is plentiful and cheap, and as few clothes and no coal or candles are used, the workman has always something to spend on his amusements and has always time to amuse himself.

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Rh In both chairs he imported a radical change into the methods of teaching, and raised the study of mathematics to a position which it had never before reached in the university. Until his day the higher departments of analytical science were unknown in Ireland. He was the first to introduce the French mathematics into Trinity College. His versatility and the wide range of his attainments are shown by the facts that in 1821 and again in 1823 and 1825 he was elected regius professor of Greek in the university, and in 1823 and again in 1827 Archbishop King's lecturer in divinity. In 1831 he was elected provost of the college, in succession to Dr. Kyle, then appointed bishop of Cork. His administration of collegiate affairs was exceedingly vigorous. He provided additional means for fostering the study of mental and moral philosophy, and he introduced many improvements into the courses of study and the general arrangements of the college and university. ‘To no one man during the present century does the university owe so much,’ says Dr. Stubbs (The Books of Trinity College, p. 116).

The magnetic observatory of the college was founded through his influence. In 1835 he was appointed president of the Royal Irish Academy, in the affairs of which he took an active interest, and in the same year acted as president of the British Association meeting at Dublin. His inaugural address dealt mainly with ‘the correspondence of the objects of science with divine revelation.’ He died suddenly of apoplexy, 24 Nov. 1837, and was buried in the chapel of his college. The ‘Lloyd Exhibitions’ were founded by subscription in 1839 in his memory. A marble bust of him by T. Kirk, R.H.A., stands in the library of Trinity College, and a portrait hangs in the provost's house.

Lloyd was married early in life to Miss Eleanor McLaughlin, by whom he had ten children, four sons and six daughters. The eldest, Humphrey (1800–1881) is separately noticed.

In addition to many scientific papers and other small publications, Lloyd was author of 1. ‘A Treatise on Analytic Geometry,’ London, 1819. 2. ‘Discourses, chiefly Doctrinal, delivered in the Chapel of Trinity College, Dublin,’ London, 1822. 3. ‘An Elementary Treatise of Mechanical Philosophy,’ Dublin, 1826.

LLOYD or FLOYD, CHARLES (d. 1661), royalist, was the son of Sergeant-major Brochwel Lloyd (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1661–2, p. 223); Sir Godfrey Lloyd or Floyd [q. v.] was his younger brother. He served for some time in the English regiments in Dutch pay, was in 1640 a captain in the Earl of Northumberland's regiment in the army raised against the Scots, and was employed to fortify Berwick (ib. 1639–40, passim). He returned again to the king's service in the summer of 1642 (, Army Lists, 2nd ed. pp. 73, 92). Lloyd's military experience and skill as an engineer made him useful; he became quartermaster-general of the king's army, and was knighted at Oxford on 8 Dec. 1644 (Diary of Richard Symonds, p. 161). In the winter of 1644 he was occupied in the fortification of Faringdon, Berkshire, and was then sent to fortify Devizes, of which he became governor (, Prince Rupert, i. 521). In September 1645, after the capture of Bristol, Fairfax detached Cromwell to attack Devizes, which surrendered on 23 Sept., after a seven days' siege (, Anglia Rediviva, ed. 1854, p. 133;, Hist. of Devizes, pp. 139–46). Parliamentarian writers praise the skill with which Lloyd had fortified the town, but Sir Edward Walker expresses the opinion that it was too easily surrendered, and that the governor deserved punishment (, p. 133;, Historical Discourses, p. 142). At the Restoration Lloyd petitioned for the continuance of the salary of 13s. 4d. a day granted him by Charles I, but never received any part of his salary, or any other compensation for his losses (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1660–1 p. 302, 1661–2 p. 223). He died in 1661. Some of his letters are to be found among Prince Rupert's correspondence in the British Museum.

LLOYD, CHARLES (1735–1773), secretary to George Grenville, born in 1735, was son of Philip Lloyd of Greenwich, afterwards of St. Martin's, Westminster. An elder brother, Philip Lloyd, born in 1729, who graduated B.A. from Christ Church, Oxford, in 1750, M.A. in 1752, and B.D. and D.D. in 1763, was tutor to the sons of George Grenville [q. v.], was prebendary of Westminster 1763–5, became vicar of Piddletown, Dorset, in 1765, and was dean of Norwich from 1765 till his death, 31 May 1790 (Gent. Mag. 1790, pt. i. p. 575;, Alumni Oxon.) Charles obtained a king's scholarship at Westminster in 1749, and matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, 18 June 1754. He graduated B.A. in 1758 and M.A. in 1761.