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Markham tentments' (1611, 11th edit, enlarged 1675), the second book of which, 'The English Huswife,' treating of domestic subjects, was often issued separately; 'The Pleasures of Princes' (1615 4to, 1635), containing discourses on the arts of angling and breeding fighting-cocks (often issued with the 'English Husbandman'); 'Hunger's Prevention, or the whole Art of Fowling by Water and Land' (1621); and 'The Arte of Archerie' (1634). A very small 12mo volume, without date, is called 'The Young Sportsman's Instructor' in angling, fowling, hawking, and hunting; it was reprinted in 1829. Markham also brought out a new edition of Juliana Berners's 'Book of St. Albans,' under the title of 'The Gentleman's Academie, or the Booke of S. Albans,' London (for Humfrey Lownes), 1595, 4to; the third and last part, 'The Booke of Armorie,' has a new title-page.

In the interests of agriculture Markham edited Barnabe Googe's translation of 'The Art of Husbandry,' by Heresbach, in 1614 (another edit. 1631), and 'The Country Farm ' in 1616, a revision of Richard Surflet's translation (1600) of Liebault and Estienne's 'Maison Rustique,' with additions from French, Spanish, and Italian authors. Very similar treatises were the 'English Husbandman,' 3 pts. 1613-15 (4to), 1635 (part 3 is a reissue of 'The Pleasures of Princes'; 'Cheap and Good Husbandry,' 1614, 13th edit. 1676; 'A Farewell to Husbandry, or the Inriching of . . . Barren . . . Grounds' (1620, 10th edit. 1676); 'The Country House Wife's Garden,' 1623, 4to; 'The Way to get Wealth,' reprints of earlier tracts, with a chapter on gardening by William Lawson (1625, 14th edit. 1683); ' The whole Arte of Husbandry in four bookes' (1631); and the 'Inrichment of the Weald of Kent' (1625, five editions).

Four books may be referred to the results of Markham's military life, namely, 'Honour in his Perfection, or a Treatise in Commendation of. . . Henry, Earle of Oxenford, Henry, Earle of Southampton, Robert, Earle of Essex, and. . . Robert Bartue, Lord Willoughby of Eresby' (1624); 'The Souldier's Accidence, or an Introduction into Military Discipline' (1625); 'The Sovldier's Grammar' (1626-7, 1639, in two parts); and 'The Soldier's Exercise, in three books' (1639, 3rd edit. 1641). Markham's 'Vox Militis,' 1625, is a reissue of Barnaby Rich's 'Alarum to England.'

Several books, whose authors wrote under the initials J. M., G. M., or I. M., have been doubtfully assigned to Jervis, Gervase, or Iervis Markham. Among these is 'A Health to the Gentlemanly Profession of Servingmen, or the Serving Man's Comfort,' London (by W. W.), 1598, 4to. 'The Epistle to the Gentle Reader' is here signed J. M., but the writer describes the work as ' being primogeniti—the first batch of my baking;' and as Markham had published much before 1598, it seems unlikely that this book should be by him (, Bibl. Cat. ii. 328-9). 'Conceyted Letters, newly layde open: or a most excellent bundle of new wit, wherin is knit up together all the perfections or arte of Episteling,' 1618, 4to, 1622, 1638, has a preface signed 'I. M.,' and may well be by Markham.

Markham married a daughter of J. Gelsthorp, but no children are recorded. He was buried at St. Giles's, Cripplegate, on 3 Feb. 1636-7. A portrait of him was engraved by T. Cross.

Markham has been confused, among others by Hume in his 'History of England,' with a very distant connection, Gervase Markham of Dunham, Nottinghamshire, perhaps son of John Markham of King's Walden, Bedfordshire (MS. Harl. 2109, f. 52), whose disreputable quarrels gave him an evil notoriety, in 1597 he had a quarrel with Sir John Holles, and on 27 Nov. 1616 was fined 500l. in the Star-chamber for sending a challenge to Lord Darcy. He died in 1636, and lies buried under a fine monument in Laneham Church.

 MARKHAM, GRIFFIN (1564?–1644?), soldier and conspirator, born about 1564, was the eldest of the twelve sons of Thomas Markham of Ollerton, Nottinghamshire, and Kirby Bellars, Leicestershire, by Mary, the heiress of Ryce Griffin of Braybrooke and Dingley, Northamptonshire. He was a first cousin of Robert Markham of Cottam, the father of Francis and Gervase, who are separately noticed. Sir Griffin's father was high steward of Mansfield and standard-bearer to Queen Elizabeth's band of gentlemen pensioners. Some of his brothers gave great trouble to their father by becoming recusants. Robert, the second, went over to Rome in 1592.

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Markham knighthood. For an offence which does not appear to be specified he was confined in the Gatehouse in 1696, and there are several letters from him at this time preserved at Hatfield. He was soon released. In 1697 he went to Spain, and returned with news of the sailing of a Spanish fleet. He seems to have been turbulent and restless. When the Earl of Essex was sent to Ireland in 1599, Markham served under him in command of all the cavalry in Connaught. Sir John Harington wrote of him as a soldier well acquainted with both the theory and practice of war. On the accession of James I, Markbam became connected with the conspiracy having for its object the accession of Arabella Stuart to the throne. He was apprehended in July 1603, at the same time as Sir Walter Raleigh, Lords Grey and Cobham, Watson a priest, and some others. The proclamation for his arrest described him as ' a man with a large broad face, of a bleak complexion, a big nose, and one of his hands maimed by a shot of a bullet.' The lawyers made out two branches of the plot, called t he ' Main ' and the ' Bye,' and there was much false swearing at the trial, which took place at Winchester in November. Markham was accused of having been concerned in the 'Bye' plot. He confessed that he had yielded to the persuasions of Watson, the priest. All the prisoners were convicted of high treason, Brooke and Watson were executed. On 9 Dec. Markham was brought out to a scaffold in front of Winchester Castle, but just as he was putting his head on the block he was ordered by the sheriff to rise, and was led back into the great hall of the castle. Lords Grey and Cobham were treated exactly in the same way. It was then proclaimed by the sheriff that the king had granted them their lives. On the 15th the prisoners were remanded to the Tower. Markham was banished, and his estates confiscated. He had married Anne, daughter of Peter Roos of Laxton, but had no children. He went to the Low Countries, where, in February 1609, he fought a duel with Sir Edmund Baynham 'upon discourse about the Powder Plot,' In the autumn of that year Markham's wife opened communications with Cecil, in the hope of getting a pardon for her husband. In 1610 he was in communication with the English envoy Trumbull at Antwerp (, Memorials, iii. 142). Markham was in close correspondence with Beaulieu, the secretary to the English embassy at Paris, forwarding him information of various kinds, and in one of his letters he speaks of having visited several of the German courts. Markham was living in March 1643-4, when he wrote to the Marquis of Newcastle from Vienna, regretting that his age precluded him from fighting for Charles I (Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1644, pp. 36, 45, 46, 64, and 86). Nothing further is known of him. His brother William assisted in the attempted escape of Lady Arabella Stuart from the Tower in 1611, and died in 1617. There is a pedigree belonging to the present writer, drawn for Markham by William Cam- den, the Clarenceux king of arms, on vellum, twelve feet long, with 165 shields of arms emblazoned on it. The latest date on this pedigee is 1617, and Camden died in 1623, so that the pedigree must have been drawn between those dates. The dates are referred to reigns of German emperors instead of English kings ; it was perhaps prepared to assist in gaining Markham an order of knighthood or other distinction at a German court.

 MARKHAM, JOHN (d. 1409), judge, came of a family long settled in a village of that name in Nottinghamshire, and for two generations closely connected with the law (, Judges of England, iv. 172). His father was Robert Markham, a serjeant-at-law under Edward III, and his mother a daughter of Sir John Caunton. Markham is said, on no very good authority, to have received his legal education at Gray's Inn, and became a king's serjeant in 1390 (ib.) He was made a judge of the common pleas on 7 July 1396, and sat on the bench until February 1408. Markham was chosen as one of the triers of petitions in the two parliaments of 1397, and in those of Henry IV, from 1401 to 1407 (Rot. Parl. iii. 338, 348, 455, 486, 522, 545, 567, 609). He was a member of the commission whose advice Henry of Lancaster took, in September 1399, as to the manner in which the change of dynasty should be carried out, and which at nine in the morning of 29 Sept. received Richard's renunciation of the crown in the Tower (ib. iii. 416;, p. 31). His name does not appear on the rolls of parliament among those of the seven commissioners who next day


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Rh painter's: but, Lord! the difference that is between their two works!’ Again, on 20 Oct. 1662: ‘With Commissioner Pett to Mr. Lilly's, the great painter, who came forth to us; but believing that I came to bespeak a picture, he prevented it by telling us that he should not be at leisure these three weeks, which methinks is a rare thing. And then to see in what pomp his table was laid for himself to go to dinner; and here, among other pictures, saw the so much desired by me picture of my Lady Castlemaine, which is a most blessed picture; and one that I must have a copy of.’ Later on Pepys describes Lely as ‘a mighty proud man’ and ‘full of state.’

Lely is famous for his portraits of the fair and frail beauties of Charles II's court, and though freely criticised for want of taste, his portraits have maintained their popularity to the present time. Pope celebrates ‘the sleepy eye that spoke the melting soul,’ the ‘nightgown fastened by a single pin,’ and other characteristics of Lely's portraits; still, it is the voluptuous and at the same time expressive features and attitudes of Nell Gwynn, Mrs. Middleton, and other beauties, as depicted by Lely, and now at Hampton Court and elsewhere, which have done much to condone in the eyes of posterity the excesses and immoralities of Charles II's court. His famous series of ‘Beauties,’ originally at Windsor Castle, but now at Hampton Court, was executed for the Duchess of York. Every lady in England expected to be painted in the same manner, and there is hardly a family mansion in England which does not possess some portrait bearing Lely's name. His male portraits have been less appreciated than those of his lady sitters, though his best work may be found in some of them. After the naval victory at Solebay in 1665, the Duke of York commissioned Lely to paint portraits of the admirals and commanders in the engagement. Pepys again records on 18 April 1666: ‘To Mr. Lilly, the painter's; and there saw the heads, some finished, and all began, of the flaggmen in the late great fight with the Duke of York against the Dutch. The Duke of York hath them done to hang in his chamber, and very finely they are done indeed;’ and on 18 July the diarist accompanied Vice-admiral Sir W. Penn to the painter's house, but ‘so full of work Lilly is, that he was fain to take his table-book out to see how his time is appointed, and appointed six days hence for him to come between seven and eight in the morning.’ It would be impossible to enumerate the portraits painted by Lely or under his direction. Besides the twenty at Hampton Court, there are numerous examples in the National Portrait Gallery. He sometimes painted subject-pieces, but usually introduced his sitters as a ‘Magdalene’ or some goddess, or groups of children as cupids and bacchanals. At Knole there is a curious painting of nude figures, representing Charles II, as a shepherd, discovering a group of nymphs. Lely might have succeeded had he devoted himself to landscape-painting. Like other fashionable portrait-painters, he kept a number of assistants, among them P. H. Lankrink, J. B. Gaspars, Uylenburg, Roestraten, and others to paint the draperies and accessories in his pictures. His favourite pupils were John Greenhill [q. v.] and Mary Beale [q. v.]; from the notebooks of the latter's husband Vertue copied some interesting details as to Lely's method of painting. Later in life he met with rivals, such as James Huysmans, Henri Gascar, Simon Verelst, John Hayls, and others; but his supremacy remained unshaken until the arrival of Godfrey Kneller, with whom he was brought into immediate rivalry [see under ]. It can hardly be doubted that Lely, who fully appreciated Kneller's merits, was greatly affected by Kneller's rapid success. Lely was knighted by the king at Whitehall on 11 Jan. 1679, and received a grant of arms, ‘Argent on a chevron between three roses gules, leaved and seeded proper, a mullet or.’ In spite of failing health he continued painting to the last. On the morning of 30 Nov. 1680 Sarah, dowager-duchess of Somerset, arrived at his house in Covent Garden for a sitting, and found that the painter had died suddenly that morning. He was buried by torchlight on 7 Dec. in St. Paul's, Covent Garden, where a monument was erected to his memory, containing a bust by Grinling Gibbons and an inscription by Thomas Flatman. Besides his house in Covent Garden Lely also had one at Kew, where he resided during the summer months, and he purchased an estate at Willingham in Lincolnshire. Most of the contemporary writers in prose and verse composed panegyrics on Lely's paintings.

Though Lely amassed a large fortune, he was lavish in expenditure and neglectful of business. He had a magnificent collection of pictures, including several by Vandyck, the catalogue of which was printed by Batho, and a still more remarkable collection of drawings by the old masters, many of which he had acquired at the sale of the Earl of Arundel's collection. In his will, dated 4 Feb. 1679 (printed in full in ‘Wills from Doctors' Commons,’ Camd. Soc.), he appointed Roger North (d. 1734) [q. v.], with whom as with his brothers he was on terms of great intimacy, one of his executors and guardian of his children. His estate in Lincolnshire


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Rh depots of stores, each in charge of a ‘reserve commissary,’ at Croydon, Leatherhead, Guildford, Farningham, and Rochester. In 1799 the post of commissary-general in England was created or restored for the benefit of Sir Brook Watson, and Le Mesurier, holding that he was thereby placed in a secondary position contrary to express stipulation, entered into a spirited controversy with the authorities, which ended in his resignation in June 1800. All the officers employed under him were soon after reduced, and a totally different system introduced. When the Addington administration took office in March 1801, Le Mesurier was reinstated, and was sent to Egypt, to superintend the commissariat arrangements of the army returning from that country, which involved a subsequent extension of his service in Malta, Naples, and elsewhere at the peace of Amiens.

Le Mesurier was surviving partner of the firm at his death, which took place in Great George Street, Westminster, 5 March 1806. He married in 1782 Miss Eliza Dobrée of Guernsey, and by her had four sons and one daughter.

Le Mesurier was author of a pamphlet on ‘Commissariat Duties in the Field,’ published in 1796; of the ‘British Commissary’ (London, 2 vols. 1798), a work dedicated to Count Walmoden and General Dundas, which went through several editions; of ‘Thoughts on a French Invasion’ (London, 1798), which also went through several editions; and of ‘Two Letters to the Commissioners of Military Accounts,’ exposing commissariat abuses.

(1755–1805), lord mayor of London, brother of the above, born in Guernsey 23 Feb. 1755, entered in 1776 into partnership with Nicholas Le Cras, a merchant of Walbrook, London, and was well known as a prize agent during the American war. In 1780 he joined the first voluntary military association formed in England, and rose to be colonel of the Honourable Artillery Company in 1794. As a proprietor of the East India Company he was so active in his opposition to Fox's India Bill of 1783 that he was appointed a director, and was elected M.P. for Southwark at the election which followed the defeat of Fox's measure. He became alderman of Dowgate Ward in October 1784, was sheriff in 1787, and lord mayor in 1794. His hospitality in the latter office, always very liberal, was shown to greatest advantage at his entertainment of Cornwallis, the governor-general of India, when presented with the freedom of the city in December 1794. Le Mesurier died 9 Dec. 1805, and was buried in the churchyard of Christ Church, Spitalfields. He married in 1776 Mary Roberdean of Homerton, by whom he left a son and three daughters (Gent. Mag. 1806, pt. i. pp. 84–6).

LE MESURIER, HAVILLAND (1783–1813), lieutenant-colonel, son of Havilland Le Mesurier [q. v.], commissary-general, was originally intended for a partnership in his father's house of business. He was educated at a school at Salisbury, and afterwards at Westminster, and early in 1800 was sent to Berlin to learn German. There he acquired military tastes, and in January 1801 an ensigncy was obtained for him in the royal staff corps. He was subsequently promoted to a lieutenancy in one of the limited-service companies added to the 20th foot, but the company was reduced at the peace of Amiens, and Le Mesurier, who had been with his father in Egypt and Italy, was appointed lieutenant 83rd foot. In August 1803 he entered the senior department of the Royal Military College, High Wycombe, and was sent to reside at Kiel in Holstein to improve himself in German. On 25 Aug. 1804 he was promoted captain 21st fusiliers, and, after passing a distinguished examination at High Wycombe, was employed on the quartermaster-general's staff in Kent and Sussex. He was a deputy-assistant quartermaster-general under Sir John Moore in Sweden and at Corunna. Returning to the Peninsula in April 1809, he was appointed by Marshal Beresford a supernumerary lieutenant-colonel in the 14th (Algarves) Portuguese infantry. The regiment was at Chaves, in a wretched state, the officers old and inefficient, and from two hundred to four hundred of the men constantly sick. Provisions were scarce and very high-priced, and not another English officer was within fifty miles of the place. Le Mesurier succeeded to the command, acquired the confidence of the officers and men alike, and brought the regiment into excellent order. He was appointed Portuguese military secretary to Lord Wellington in April 1811, and was present in that capacity at the battle of Fuentes d'Onoro, 5 May 1811, but soon resigned his post and returned to his regiment. On 3 Oct. 1811 he became a brevet lieutenant-colonel in the British service, and was appointed commandant of the frontier fortress of Almeida, where he displayed much skill and activity in bringing the defences and the garrison into a state of efficiency. On government land and on the government account he raised corn enough for the maintenance of the garrison of Almeida within range of its guns, and with the fatigue labour


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Markham MARKHAM, JOHN (1761–1827), admiral, second son of William Markham [q. v.], archbishop of York, by Sarah, daughter of John Goddard, was born in Westminster on 13 June 1761. At the age of eight he was sent to Westminster School, where he was under the special charge of William Vincent [q. v.], author of 'The History of the Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients,' In March 1775 he entered the navy on board the Romney, with Captain G. K. Elphinstone (afterwards Lord Keith) [q. v.], and in her made a voyage to Newfoundland. In March 1776 he followed Elphinstone to the Perseus, going out to join Lord Howe at New York. On the way she captured a couple of American privateers, in one of which Markham was sent as prize-master, with a crew of four men.

Going to the West Indies in February 1777, the Perseus captured another privateer, to which again young Markham was sent as prize-master, and a third time, in May, he was appointed in a like capacity to a large merchant-ship, captured on the coast of Carolina. He had with him four men and a boy from the Perseus, and four of the prisoners, americanised Frenchmen, to assist in working the ship. During a violent gale the ship sprang a leak, and became waterlogged. The English seamen, growing desperate, got dead drunk, and the Frenchmen, arming themselves as they best could, attacked Markham, who was at the helm. He succeeded, however, in beating them below. The ship, too, though waterlogged, was laden with barrel-staves, and kept afloat until her crew were rescued by a passing vessel. Some months later Markham arrived in England, to find his family in mourning for him, Elphinstone having written that he had certainly been lost with the ship. In March 1779 he was appointed to the Phoenix, and in July was moved into the Roebuck, with Sir Andrew Snape Hamond [q. v.], in which he returned to North America. Hamond appointed him acting-lieutenant, and in May 1780 Arbuthnot, to whom he had private introductions, and who had hoisted his flag on board during the siege of Charleston, gave him a commission as first lieutenant of the Roebuck. In April 1781 he was moved into the Royal Oak, and in August Admiral Graves took him as first lieutenant of the London, his flagship [see ].

In the London, Markham was present in the battle off Cape Henry on 5 Sept., and afterwards went to Jamaica, where, in March 1782, Sir Peter Parker promoted him to command the Volcano fireship. In May Rodney moved him to the Zebra sloop, and sent him out to cruise off Cape Tiburon. On 22 May he fell in with a brig flying a French ensign. He chased her, and was fast gaining on her, when she hoisted a union jack at the fore. Markham supposed that this was a signal to a small craft in company, and as the motions of the brig were otherwise suspicious, he fired into her. It then appeared that she was a cartel, and meant the English jack for a flag of truce. On the complaint of the French lieutenant in command, Markham was tried by court-martial and cashiered, but Rodney, reviewing the evidence, reinstated him on his own authority, and the king in council, on the report of the admiralty, completely restored him, 13 Nov. He received half-pay for the time, June to November, that he was out of the service, and on 3 Jan. 1783 was promoted to the rank of post-captain.

From 1783 to 1786 he commanded the Sphynx in the Mediterranean. He was then on half-pay for seven years, during which he travelled in France, in Sweden, in Russia, and in North America. In June 1793 he was appointed to the Blonde, in which, after a few months' service in the Channel, he went out to the West Indies with Sir John Jervis (afterwards Earl of St. Vincent), and took part in the reduction of Martinique. The Blonde was then sent home with despatches, and during the summer was attached to the squadron under Admiral George Montagu [q. v.], or cruising among the Channel Islands and on the French coast. In August Markham was moved into the Hannibal, and in Mav 1795 was again sent out to the West Indies, where he was met by the sad news of the death of a dearly loved younger brother, David, colonel of the 20th regiment, slain at Port-au-Prince on 26 March. The shock was very great, and owing to the terrible sickness at Port-au-Prince, afloat as well as ashore, the work was excessive. In November he was invalided; more than one-fourth of the ship's company died, and another fourth was in hospital.

In March 1797 Markham commissioned the Centaur at Woolwich, and during the following months sat on many courts-martial on the ringleaders of the mutiny at the Nore. He did not get to sea till September, and was then employed during a stormy winter on the south coast of Ireland. In May he sailed under the command of Sir Roger Curtis to join Lord St. Vincent, off Cadiz. St. Vincent's rule was at all times severe, and especially so during the blockade of Cadiz. There had been some cases of fever on board the Centaur, and the surgeon of the flagship, who was sent to examine into the cause, reported that they were due to 'the filthy


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 * A Naval Biographical Dictionary (1849)

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Rh son of Henry Lemoine, a French protestant refugee who had escaped from Normandy to Jersey, and subsequently settled in Spitalfields, London, dying in April 1760. Henry's mother, Anne I. Cenette, was a native of Guernsey (Bapt. Reg.) He was educated at a free school belonging to the French Calvinists in the east-end of London. In 1770 he was apprenticed to a stationer and rag merchant in Lamb Street, Spitalfields, where, in spite of the severity of his master, he found means of indulging an omnivorous appetite for books. From Spitalfields he removed about 1773 to the shop of Mr. Chatterton, who combined the trades of baker and bookseller. While with Chatterton he wrote for an amateur dramatic club two ‘satirical’ pieces, ‘The Stinging Nettle’ and ‘The Reward of Merit,’ which are described by a contemporary critic as in Churchill's best manner. Neither appears to be extant in its original form, but large extracts from the ‘Reward of Merit’ are given in the ‘London Magazine,’ July and August 1780. On leaving Chatterton, Lemoine became for a time French master in a boarding-school at Vauxhall, kept by one Mannypenny, and led the master and scholars to believe him incapable ‘of speaking a word of English, but the constraint was too much for him long to bear, and imparting the secret of his disguise to the maids in the kitchen he received his dismissal.’ On coming of age in 1777 he inherited some property in Jersey, under the will of an aunt, Ann le Moine, who had died in 1766. Accordingly he purchased a bookstall in the Little Minories, and devoted his leisure to writing for the magazines. He also dispensed drugs and specifics of various kinds, especially a freely advertised ‘bug-water,’ the recipe of which he obtained from a Dr. Thomas Marryat (, New Wonderful Museum, p. 2222).

In 1780 he removed to a stand in Bishopsgate Churchyard, and became acquainted with David Levi [q. v.], the Jewish apologist, whom he supplied with materials for his controversy with Dr. Priestley. About this time he frequently supped with Levi and other minor literati at the house of George Lackington [q. v.] in Chiswell Street, and he is probably the ‘Mr. L——e’ mentioned in Lackington's ‘Autobiography’ (13th edition, p. 185). Under the pseudonym of ‘Allan Macleod’ he subsequently attacked Lackington in his ironical ‘Lackington's Confessions rendered into Narrative,’ London, 1804, sm. 8vo.

In 1786 he published anonymously ‘The Kentish Curate, or the History of Lamuel Lyttleton,’ a narrative romance in four 12mo volumes; the lubricity of the work is scarcely atoned for by its ‘moral’ distribution of punishments and rewards. About this time he also issued a reprint of Cleland's ‘Fanny Hill,’ and on 8 Oct. 1788 was admitted a freeman of the Leathersellers Company by redemption. In 1790 he published a rhymed version of Blair's ‘Grave,’ which has been described as a ‘great improvement’ on the original, and two years later he started the ‘Conjurors' Magazine,’ in which was embodied a translation of Lavater's famous ‘Treatise on Physiognomy.’ The magazine had for a time a phenomenal sale, but by 1793, when it became known as the ‘Astrologer's Magazine,’ Lemoine's connection with it had practically ceased, although it included reprints of some stories of his from the ‘Arminian Magazine’ and elsewhere. In 1791 he compiled ‘Visits from the World of Spirits, or interesting anecdotes of the Dead … containing narratives of the appearances of many departed spirits;’ a second edition was published at Glasgow in 1845. In 1793 he edited a herbal on the lines of Culpeper's well-known treatise, entitled ‘The Medical Uses of English Plants,’ and in the same year he started the ‘Wonderful Magazine and Marvellous Chronicle,’ to which he contributed several important lives, notably that of Baron d'Aguilar. In 1794 he was ‘engaged in the copperplate printing business,’ but sustained serious losses through the defalcations of two booksellers, ‘which circumstance, connected with some domestic disagreements, terminated in his confinement for debt, and separation from his wife’ (Gent. Mag. 1812, i. 673). In 1795 he had to give up his bookshop and ‘commence business as pedestrian bookseller,’ or colporteur of pamphlets and chapbooks. Simultaneously he did much hack-work in the way of translation and compilation for the London booksellers, eventually becoming the recognised doyen of his profession. His studies were generally carried on in the streets, and his books ‘mostly written on loose papers at the public house.’ In 1795 he supplied much verse on Charlotte and Werther to the ‘Lady's New and Elegant Pocket Magazine.’ In 1797 he published the work, of considerable curiosity and original merit, by which he is chiefly remembered, ‘Typographical Antiquities: the History, Origin, and Progress of the Art of Printing … also a … complete History of the Walpolean Press … at Strawberry Hill … a … Dissertation on the Origin and Use of Paper … a … History of the Art of Wood-cutting and Engraving on Copper with the Adjudication of Literary Property … a Catalogue of remarkable Bibles and


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Rh week; at the last it was 1,500l. per annum. During the twenty-nine years of his control of ‘Punch’ it not only attained the position of a social power, and numbered among its contributors almost all the humorists of the day, but it was singularly free from all virulence, undue personality, or grossness—the best proof that there can be of the purity and good nature of Lemon's singularly amiable and honest mind. In addition to his work on ‘Punch,’ he was busy with other enterprises. Late in life he began writing novels, though with indifferent success. ‘Wait for the End’ appeared in 1863, ‘Loved at Last’ in 1864, ‘Faulkner Lyle’ in 1866, ‘Leyton Hall’ in 1867, and ‘Golden Fetters’ in 1868. ‘The Taffeta Petticoat,’ though finished, was not published before he died.

He was an amateur actor of much talent and humour. His performances began in 1845 at Miss Kelly's Theatre in Soho, in connection with the Guild of Literature and Art. He took the parts of Brainworm in Jonson's ‘Every Man in his Humour,’ which was repeated at Knebworth, Hertfordshire, in 1847, and of the Mysterious Stranger in ‘Two o'clock in the Morning.’ He acted in 1847 in Manchester, Liverpool, and Birmingham, and in 1849 appeared at Devonshire House as Sir Geoffrey Thornside in a performance before the queen of Lytton's ‘Not so bad as we seem,’ and in 1856 and 1857 he took part in performances of the ‘Lighthouse’ and of Wilkie Collins's ‘Frozen Deep’ at Tavistock House, playing Lord Crayford, and in 1867 he played in the ‘Wolf in Sheep's Clothing’ at the Adelphi, in a performance arranged by the ‘Punch’ staff for the benefit of the widow of Charles Bennett, a contributor to the paper. He also gave readings, especially of an adaptation of his own play, ‘Hearts are Trumps,’ in 1867, and he arranged and took the chief part in a series of scenes from the ‘Merry Wives of Windsor,’ which he entitled ‘Falstaff,’ first at the Gallery of Illustration in Regent Street, and subsequently in 1869 at various places in the north of England and in Scotland. A portrait of him in this character by John Tenniel appeared in the ‘Illustrated London News,’ and is prefixed to Joseph Hatton's ‘With a Show in the North,’ which gives an account of this dramatic tour. He wrote also at different times a considerable number of fairy tales: ‘The Enchanted Doll,’ 1850, ‘The Lost Book,’ ‘Legends of Number Nip,’ adapted from the German, in 1864, ‘Tinykin's Transformations’ in 1869, and ‘Leyton Hall,’ ‘Tom Moody's Tales,’ and ‘A Christmas Hamper;’ and he published a well-known collection of jests as ‘Mark Lemon's Jest-Book,’ and in 1867 the ‘New Table-Book.’ He had delivered at the Gallery of Illustration, from January 1862 till some time in 1863, a series of historical and descriptive lectures called ‘About London,’ illustrated by set scenes on a small stage, which subsequently appeared in ‘London Society’ in 1867 as ‘Up and Down the London Streets,’ and were separately republished. On 23 May 1870 he died at Vine Cottage, Crawley in Sussex, where he had lived for some time, and was buried at Ifield Church. A testimonial was subscribed after his death for the benefit of his widow and children. ‘Uncle Mark,’ as he was widely called among his friends, was in person robust, handsome, and jovial, humorous rather than witty in his conversation, indefatigable and prolific in production. He married, in September 1839, Helen Romer, who died in 1890, by whom he had three sons and seven daughters. The second son, Harry, wrote ‘The Co-operative Movement’ in 1868 and a few other farces, and was assistant to his father in his work on ‘Punch,’ as well as contributing to that periodical. His daughter Betty married, in 1864, Sir Robert Romer, lord justice of appeal 1899–1906.

LEMON, ROBERT (1779–1835), archivist, born in London in 1779, was the son of Robert Lemon, chief clerk of the record office in the Tower. After being educated at Norwich grammar school under his uncle, George William Lemon [q. v.], and assisting his father at the Tower for about eighteen months, he was appointed on 24 June 1795 an extra clerk in the state paper office. In February 1801 he became second clerk. The keeper, John Bruce (1745–1826) [q. v.], who was also historiographer to the East India Company, availed himself of Lemon's services in preparing the ‘Annals’ of the company (1810). Lemon became deputy-keeper of the state paper office on 23 Jan. 1818, and began to arrange systematically records including royal letters, Irish and Scottish correspondence, royalist composition papers, and Gunpowder plot papers. At the end of 1823 he found the manuscript of Milton's treatise, ‘De Doctrina Christiana.’ Thereupon, on the advice of Sir Robert Peel, home secretary, a commission for publishing records of historical value was


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Markham a staunch friend of Warren Hastings. His eldest son, William, who had been private secretary to Hastings, and was afterwards appointed resident at Benares, gave evidence at the trial in May 1792, and was cross-examined by Anstruther and Burke (, Speeches of the Managers and Counsel in the Trial of Warren Hastings, 1859-61, vol. iii. pp. v-vi). The intemperate language which Markham used in reference to Burke's cross-examination of Auriol on 25 May 1793 (ib. pp. xxiii-iv) was brought under the notice of the House of Commons by Whitbread on 12 June following. After a debate, in which Windham, Dundas, Francis, Burke, and Fox took part, a motion for adjournment was carried, and the matter was allowed to drop (Parl. Hist. xxx. 983-94). On 24 March 1795, when the subject ot the present from the Nabob Wazir came under consideration, Markham expressed his opinion of the conduct of the trial in the strongest terms, and declared that Hastings had been 'treated not as if he were a gentleman, whose cause is before you, but as if you were trying a horse-stealer ' (, vol. iv. p. lxi).

Markham died at his house in South Audley Street, London, on 3 Nov. 1807, aged 89, and was buried on the 11th of the same month in the north cloister of Westminster Abbey, where a monument was subsequently raised to his memory by his grandchildren.

Markham was a pompous and warm-tempered prelate, with a magnificent presence and almost martial bearing. According to Dr. Parr his 'powers of mind, reach of thought, memory, learning, scholarship, and taste were of the very first order; but he was indolent, and his composition wanted this powerful aiguillon' (History of the Markham Family, p. 66). Walpole calls him 'a pert, arrogant man' (Memoirs of the Reign of George III, iv. 311), and alludes to him as that 'warlike metropolitan archbishop Turpin' (, Letters, vii. 80-1). He is severely satirised in the twenty-first 'Probationary Ode' (The Bolliad, 1795, pp. 372-80). Markham married, on 16 June 1 759, Sarah, daughter of John Goddard, a wealthy English merchant of Rotterdam, by whom he had six sons—viz. (1) William, who died on 1 Jan. 1815 ; (2) John [q. v.], an admiral of the blue in the royal navy; (3) George, who became dean of York, and died on 30 Sept. 1822; (4) David, a lieutenant-colonel of the 20th regiment of foot, who was killed in the island of St. Domingo on 26 March 1795, while directing an attack against a fort near Port-au-Prince; (5) Robert, archdeacon of York and rector of Bolton Percy, Yorkshire, who died on 17 July 1837; and (6) Osborne, comptroller of the barrack department and M.P. for Calne, who died on 22 Oct. 1827—and seven daughters, viz. (1) Henrietta Sarah, who married Ewan Law of Horsted, Sussex, on 28 June' 1784, and died on 24 April 1829; (2) Elizabeth Katherine, who became the second wife of William Barnett of Little Missenden Abbey, Buckinghamshire, on 13 April 1796, and died at Florence on 22 April 1820; (3) Alicia Harrietts, who married the Rev. H. Foster Mills, rector of Elmley, Yorkshire, on 27 Nov. 1794, and died on 29 Feb. 1840; (4) Georgina, who died unmarried on 28 Mav 1793, aged 21; (5) Frederica, who married William, third earl of Mansfield, on 16 Sept. 1797, and died on 29 April 1860; (6) Anne Katherine, who died unmarried on 3 Oct. 1808, aged 30; and (7) Cecilia, who married the Rev. Robert Philip Goodenough, rector of Carlton, Nottinghamshire, on 6 Dec. 1808, and died on 30 March 1865. Markham's widow died in Mortimer Street, Cavendish Square, London, on 26 Jan. 1814, aged 75, and was buried in the north cloister of Westminster Abbey on 3 Feb. following.

Markham was at one time an intimate friend of Edmund Burke [q. v.] Their acquaintance began in 1753, and in 1758 Markham stood godfather to Burke's onlv son, Richard. An interesting letter from Markham to the Duchess of Queensberry, dated 25 Sept. 1759, soliciting her influence with Pitt to procure the British consulship at Madrid for Burke, is printed among the 'Correspondence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham,' 1838, i. 430-3. Markham appears to have assisted Burke in his work for the 'Annual Register,' and to have corrected and revised the 'Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas on the Sublime and the Beautiful,' London, 1756, 8vo. In reply to the censures of Markham, who believed him to be the author of 'Junius's Letters,' Burke wrote an elaborate defence of his own conduct (, Correspondence, i. 276-338). Their friendship was finally broken off by the trial of Warren Hastings [q. v.]

Markham's portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1760) hangs in the hall of Christ Church, Oxford. Another, painted by the same artist in 1776, was lent to the Winter Exhibition of the Old Masters in 1876 by the Archbishop of York (Catalogue, No. 28). There is a portrait by Hoppner (1799) at Windsor Castle, a bust in the library of Christ Church, Oxford, and another portrait at Westminster School. There are also engravings of Markham by J. R. Smith, Fisher, and S. W. Reynolds after Sir Joshua, by James Ward after Romney, and by Heath after Hoppner.


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Rh issued on 10 June 1825, and renewed on 14 Sept. 1830. Lemon was appointed secretary. By his exertions the documents belonging to the reign of Henry VIII were arranged for publication.

The state papers were ultimately removed from Scotland Yard and Great George Street to a more suitable house built for them in St. James's Park, in which Lemon had private apartments assigned to him. He died on 29 July 1835, and was buried in Kennington churchyard. By his wife Sarah (1772–1826) he had a son, Robert Lemon [q. v.], and a daughter.

In 1798 he helped to compile the valuable appendix to the ‘Report on Internal Defence,’ which chiefly relates to the preparations made against the threatened invasion of 1588. He was associated with his father in preparing the ‘Calendars of the Charter Rolls and Inquisitions ad Quod Damnum, and of the Inquisitions Post Mortem.’ Elected F.S.A. in May 1824, he contributed to the ‘Archæologia’ (xxi. 148–57) the warrant of indemnity to lord treasurer Middlesex for the jewels sent to Charles, prince of Wales, in Spain.

Among those who benefited by Lemon's knowledge was Sir Walter Scott (cf. postscript appended in November 1829 to the cabinet edition of Rob Roy). Lemon illustrated his copy of Scott's novels with transcripts of historical documents.

LEMON, ROBERT (1800–1867), archivist, born in 1800, was the son of Robert [q. v.] and Sarah Lemon. He was employed under his father in the state paper office, and compiled the indexes to the ‘Valor Ecclesiasticus temp. Hen. VIII’ (Report of Record Comm. 1836, Append. p. 770). He discovered in 1826 an original portrait of Milton (Gent. Mag. 1826, pt. ii. p. 61). In November 1835 he was appointed senior clerk (ib. 1835, pt. ii. p. 545). To Lemon the suggestion of forming and publishing the ‘Calendars of State Papers’ is due, and he first interpreted a cypher which previously rendered large masses of those papers unintelligible. The first two volumes of the ‘Domestic Series,’ 1547–90, were published under his editorship in 1856 and 1865. He died at Brompton, Middlesex, on 3 Jan. 1867 (ib. 4th ser. iii. 261). He was married, and had a large family.

Lemon was elected F.S.A. on 3 March 1836. His single contribution to the ‘Archæologia’ (vol. xxxvii.) consists of a commentary appended to a letter addressed to John Stanhope in 1588, giving particulars of great interest in reference to the Spanish Armada. He also contributed to the ‘Proceedings.’ In 1846 he rearranged the society's library, and compiled catalogues of their valuable collections of broadsides and proclamations. His ‘Catalogue’ of the broadsides, with an introduction by John Bruce, F.S.A., was published by the society in 1866.

LEMPRIÈRE, JOHN, D.D. (1765?–1824), classical scholar, born in Jersey (, Jersey, p. 79) about 1765, was the son of Charles Lemprière of Jersey. He was educated at Winchester College and at Pembroke College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 14 Jan. 1790, M.A. 10 Oct. 1792, B.D. 9 July 1801, D.D. 14 Jan. 1803 (Cat. Oxf. Grad.) In 1788 he was assistant-master at Reading grammar school (Gent. Mag. 1791, pt. ii. p. 740, and manuscript note in British Museum copy), and in 1789 was connected with the church of St. Helier, Jersey (cp. ib. 1789, pt. ii. pp. 834, 1031, 1066, reviewing a sermon preached there by Lemprière). While at Reading he published his ‘Bibliotheca Classica; or, a Classical Dictionary containing a full Account of all the Proper Names mentioned in Antient Authors’ (Reading, 1788, 8vo). This work, which long remained a popular English authority on mythology and history, has the merit of being readable. Some references to ancient authorities are given, but the articles are often superficial and written from points of view now obsolete. Lemprière acknowledged in the preface his indebtedness to Sabatier's ‘Siècles payens.’ A second edition appeared in 1797 (London, 8vo), ‘greatly enlarged,’ and with tables of coins, weights, &c. The ninth edition appeared in 1815, and among other editions may be mentioned those of 1818, 1828, 1832, 1833 (New York), 1838, 1843, 1888. Several abridgments were published, the first by Lemprière himself in 1808.

In 1791 Lemprière was master of the grammar school at Bolton, Lancashire. From about 1792 till 1808 (or 1809) he was a successful master at the grammar school at Abingdon, and was vicar of Abingdon from 1800 till 1811. While at Abingdon he published the first volume of an English translation of ‘Herodotus,’ with notes, but did not complete the work. He also published a ‘Universal Biography … of Eminent Persons in all Ages and Countries,’ London, 1808, 4to; 1812, 8vo (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. x. 246); 1825, 8vo New York. The articles are brief, and no authorities are cited. In 1809 he became master of the


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Markland A volume of letters written by the Prince of Wales and Prince Frederick to Markham while he was their preceptor is preserved at Becca Hall, Yorkshire. An interesting series of Markham's autograph correspondence with the Rev. Edward Bentham relating to the education of the students of Christ Church, Oxford, is referred to in 'Notes and Queries,' 4th ser. ii. 468. A few of Markham's sermons were published separately.

 MARKLAND, ABRAHAM, D.D. (1645–1728), master of the hospital of St. Cross, near Winchester, second son of Michael Markland, druggist, was born in the parish of St. Dionis Backchurch, London, on 25 June 1645, and was admitted into Merchant Taylors' School in 1658 (, Register of Merchant Taylor School, i. 244). Thence he was elected to a scholarship at St. John's College, Oxford, in 1662. He graduated B.A. 8 May 1666, was elected a fellow of his college, and commenced M.A. 11 Feb. 1688-9. He was senior of the great Act celebrated 14 July 1669; and retiring afterwards into Hampshire, he 'followed the pleasant paths of poetry and humanity for a time' (, Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iv. 710). Entering into holy orders, he became successively rector of Brixton, Isle of Wight, in 1674, of Easton, Hampshire, in 1677, and of Houghton, in the same county, in 1678 (, Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714, iii. 971 ). On 3 July 1679 he was installed in a prebend of Winchester, and in 1684 he obtained the rectory of Meon Stoke, Hampshire. He was admitted B.D. and D.D. at Oxford in 1692. In August 1694 he was appointed master of the hospital of St. Cross, and he held that post till his death on 29 July 1728. By his first wife, Catharine, daughter of Edward Pitt of Strathfield Say, Dorset, he had one son, George, fellow of St. John's College, Oxford, who died in 1722, aged 44. By his second wife, Elizabeth he had also one son, Abraham, born 19 July 1705, who died an infant.

He was author of: 1. 'Poems on His Majesties Birth and Restauration; His Highness Prince Rupert's and His Grace the Duke of Albemarle's Naval Victories; the late Great Pestilence and Fire of London,' London, 1667, 4to. 2. 'A Sermon preached before the Court at Guildhall Chappell, 29 Oct. 1682,' London, 1683, 4to. 3. 'Pteryplegia: or the art of Shooting-flying,' a poem, London, 1727, 4to; Dublin,' 1727, 8vo; second edit. London, 1735, 8vo; third edit. London, 1767, 8vo. 4. 'Sermons preach'd at the Cathedral-Church of Winchester,' 2 vols. London, 1729, 8to (a posthumous publication).

 MARKLAND, JAMES HEYWOOD, D.C.L. (1788–1864), antiquary, born at Ardwick Green, Manchester, 7 Dec. 1788, was fourth and youngest son of Robert Markland, check and fustian manufacturer at Manchester, who afterwards succeeded to the estate of Pemberton, near Wigan, and dying in 1828 was buried in the chancel of Cheadle Church, Cheshire. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Hibbert of Manchester. In his twelfth year he was sent for his education to the house of the headmaster of Chester school, and from the associations of the cathedral buildings acquired his taste for antiquarian pursuits. He was trained for a solicitor at Manchester, but in 1808 removed to London and practised there. In 1814 he was appointed by the West India planters their parliamentary agent, and in the same year entered as a student at the Inner Temple. He remained in London in practice, being the head partner in the firm of Markland & Wright, until 1839, when he withdrew to Malvern, and there lived until 1841. He then removed to Bath and spent the rest of his days in that city. Neither in London nor in the country did he neglect his favourite studies. He was elected F.S.A. in 1809, and from 1827 to April 1829, when he resigned the post, acted as director of the society. He joined the Roxburghe Club at its second meeting (1813), when it was


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Rh Exeter free grammar school (, Endowed Grammar Schools, i. 316, 318) with a salary of 40l. a year and a house, and held the post till 1823(?), when he retired in consequence of a dispute with the trustees of the school. In 1811 he was presented to the rectory of Meeth, Devonshire. This living, together with that of Newton Petrock, to which he was appointed in 1823, he held till his death, which took place from a fit of apoplexy on 1 Feb. 1824, in Southampton Street, Strand, London.

LEMPRIÈRE, MICHAEL (fl. 1640–1660), seigneur of Maufant, and one of the leaders of the parliamentary party in Jersey, second son of Hugh Lemprière, lieutenant-bailiff under Elizabeth, and judge-delegate of Jersey under James I, by Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Dumaresq of La Haule, was born in Jersey about 1600. Elected a jurat of the royal court in 1639, he at once occupied a leading place in the opposition to the bailiff of the island, Sir Philip de Carteret [q. v.] The part that he played has led to his being styled, not quite appropriately, the ‘Hampden of Jersey.’ Lemprière's party, though they professed liberal opinions, had no specific grievances to allege, and were in fact actuated almost entirely by jealousy of the predominant De Carteret family, whose representative, Sir Philip, had been unwisely allowed by Charles I to combine with the post of bailiff those of lieutenant-governor and farmer of the revenues. The attitude taken up by Lemprière and his friends, among whom was David Bandinel [q. v.], was consequently condemned by William Prynne, whom Carteret had befriended while in prison on the island from 1637 to 1640 (see, Lyar Confounded; , Hist. p. 300). In 1642, with four other jurats and three clergymen, Lemprière prepared a petition to parliament containing twenty-two articles of accusation against Sir Philip de Carteret, who was at the time in London. This produced no immediate effect, but the feeling against Carteret steadily grew. In February 1643 Lemprière was appointed by the parliamentary committee for the defence of the kingdom as a special commissioner, together with Francis de Carteret, who refused to act, Benjamin Bisson, Abraham Herault, and Henri Dumaresq, to suspend De Carteret, and in the meantime to take over the government from his hands. At a meeting of the States summoned in the following month, upon De Carteret's producing the royal commission appointing him bailiff, Lemprière, who alone of his party was present, forthwith displayed his commission from the parliament. De Carteret promptly ordered his officers to turn him out of the assembly as a traitor. But Lemprière with undaunted courage insisted that Sir Philip should submit to the parliament's order for his apprehension. The unpopular bailiff had to retire for refuge to Elizabeth Castle, and Lemprière was one of the signatories of the letter rejecting De Carteret's appeal for permission to see his family. Sir Philip died on 23 Aug. 1643. Three days later the parliamentary commissioner, Major Lydcot, arrived, and named Lemprière bailiff of the island. The latter at once took the oath of bailiff, and administered that of lieutenant-governor to Lydcot. For the next three months the island was under Lemprière's rule, but during that period popular sentiment entirely veered round. The new bailiff was unable to restrain even his own officers from going over to the royalist party, and no progress was made against the castles, which were still in royalist hands. On the arrival of Sir George De Carteret in the island with a royal commission, Lemprière at once fled with the remnant of his followers to London, embarking by stealth on 21 Nov. 1643.

A royal warrant dated 1643 was issued for the arrest of the parliamentary leaders, Lemprière's name standing first on the list. His property was sequestrated, and during the eight years' exile that followed Lemprière underwent many privations, which he described in the manuscript narrative entitled ‘Pseudo-Mastix—The Lyar's Whipp, in refutation of Prynne's Liar Confounded,’ written by him in conjunction with his fellow-exiles and ex-jurats, Herault and Dumaresq. This work was first printed by the Société Jersiaise in its thirteenth ‘Annual Bulletin’ (1888). After De Carteret's capitulation to Sir James Haines on 15 Dec. 1651, Lemprière at once returned and resumed his office as parliamentary bailiff. During this second tenure of office he acted with wisdom and patriotism, as well as with conspicuous moderation. He zealously endeavoured to secure for Jersey the goodwill of the parliament, along with a confirmation of the privileges of that ‘poor plot of earth.’ In February 1651–2 he sent a full account of the civil government of Jersey to the speaker of the House of Commons, by his friend Colonel Stockall, strongly deprecating any change in the constitution (printed in appendix to Charles II in the Channel Islands). In February 1654 Cromwell issued an order to Lemprière, superseding, ‘for that time only,’ the old method


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 of election by nominating twelve gentlemen, including two Lemprières, ‘with an earnest desire that they should be forthwith sworn jurats of the Isle,’ but the bailiff was allowed discretion in the choice of the smaller civil officers. He was also given the control of the militia, in which ‘malignants’ were replaced by his own adherents. In his capacity of commissioner for compounding with delinquents, to which post he was appointed by Cromwell on 14 March 1655, he is generally allowed to have been lenient. As a judge his decisions were remarkable for fairness and ability, and perfect order reigned during his tenure of office from 1652 to 1660. Lemprière seems to have stood high in the esteem of the Protector, though the latter lent a cold ear to his proposal for excluding the clergy from the island's state assembly (, p. 364).

On the Restoration Lemprière's estates were granted to a royalist, John Nicolls; but this grant was afterwards rescinded, ‘Michael Lemprière, late pretended bailiff of Jersey, though guilty of great offences, being restored to his estates’ (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1660, p. 442). Though removed from the bench of jurats, his retirement was probably unmolested. The exact date of his death is not known.

By his wife Sarah, daughter of Francis Carteret of La Hague, Lemprière left two sons and two daughters. The present seigneur of Rozel is a direct descendant.

LEMPRIÈRE, WILLIAM (d. 1834), traveller and medical writer, was third son of Thomas Lemprière of Jersey. He entered the army medical service when young, and by 1789 was attached to the garrison of Gibraltar. In the September of that year Sidi Mahommed, emperor of Morocco, sent a message to General O'Hara, the commandant at Gibraltar, asking that an English doctor might be sent to attend his son, Muley Absolom, who was suffering from cataract. Lemprière accepted the commission, and left Gibraltar on 14 Sept. 1789; on 28 Oct. he reached Tarudant, where he attended the prince with great success. His only rewards, however, were ‘a gold watch, an indifferent horse, and a few hard dollars.’ He was then summoned to Morocco itself, which he reached on 4 Dec., to attend some ladies of the sultan's harem. He was detained at Morocco a long time against his will, and was not allowed to leave till 12 Feb. 1790; here again he complains of the miserable remuneration awarded him. After his return from Morocco Lemprière published an account of his travels in ‘A Tour from Gibraltar to Tangier, Sallee, Mogadore, Santa Cruz, Tarudant, and thence over Mount Atlas to Morocco,’ London, 1791. The work supplies interesting details concerning the Moorish sultan's harem. A number of its minor inaccuracies were noticed in a ‘Corrective Supplement to Wm. Lemprière's Tour,’ by Francisco Sanchez, London, 1794. After his visit to Morocco Lemprière was appointed surgeon to the 20th or Jamaica regiment of light dragoons. He spent five years in Jamaica, and on his return to England published ‘Practical Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Jamaica,’ London, 1799. Lemprière left the army with the rank of inspector-general of hospitals, and resided for many years in the Isle of Wight. He died at Bath in 1834.

During his stay in the Isle of Wight he published two medical works: 1. ‘A Report on the Medicinal Effects of an Alumnious Chalybeate Water, lately discovered at Sandrocks, in the Isle of Wight,’ London, 1812. 2. ‘Popular Lectures on the Study of Natural History and the Sciences, as delivered before the Isle of Wight Philosophical Society,’ London, 1830.

LEMPUT, REMIGIUS VAN (d. 1675), painter. [See .]

LENDY, AUGUSTE FREDERICK (1826–1889), military tutor, and author, born in 1826, was at one time a captain of the French army staff, but came to England as military tutor to the Orleans princes. About the date of the Crimean war he set up a private military college at Sunbury House, Sunbury-on-Thames, where he was long known as one of the ablest and most


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Rh port that he had stolen his mother's jewels. The family pension from Louis was reduced on his departure to twelve thousand livres, and continued to his mother, who thought her son out of his senses.

In England Richmond found it convenient to change both his politics and his religion, and on Whitsunday, 15 May 1692, was received again into the church of England. He made his peace with William; on 14 Nov. 1693 he took his seat in the House of Lords, and he served as aide-de-camp in the Flanders wars throughout the reign. In 1696 he was suspected of some complicity in the Jacobite schemes. He naturally took a leading part in the opposition to the Resumption Bill in April 1700. In 1702, by the death of the Dowager Duchess of Richmond, he came into possession of the Lennox estates, which he sold to a purchaser who resold them to the Duke of Montrose. At the coronation of Anne he bore the sceptre and the dove, but he ceased to be a whig before the close of the reign. He visited Paris in May 1713, and while there again in July 1714 was mysteriously wounded near the Pont Neuf. He probably became a whig once more at the Hanoverian accession, as he was made lord of the bedchamber to George I, 16 Oct. 1714, and privy councillor of Ireland 5 Aug. 1715. He died at Goodwood, Sussex, 27 May 1723, and was buried in Henry VII's Chapel, Westminster; his body was afterwards removed to Chichester Cathedral. A portrait by Kneller is at Goodwood.

Richmond had the easy, pleasant manners of his father, but he was an unprincipled adventurer through life, and in his later years was addicted to drunkenness and other vices. He married before 10 Jan. 1692–3 Anne, widow of Henry, son of John, lord Bellasis, and daughter of Francis, lord Brudenell, son of Robert Brudenell, second earl of Cardigan (, Peerage). By her Richmond had a son Charles, who became second duke, and two daughters: Louise (1694–1717), married to James, third earl of Berkeley, and Anne (1703–1722), married to William Anne Keppel, second earl of Albemarle [q. v.] Dangeau says that neither the king nor the queen approved of the match.

LENNOX, CHARLES, second (1701–1750), only son of Charles Lennox, first duke [q. v.], and grandson of Charles II, was born in London on 18 May 1701 (, ii. 105). He entered the army and was made captain in the royal regiment of horseguards 5 Sept. 1722. In 1722, during the lifetime of his father, when his style was Earl of March, he was elected M.P. for both Chichester and Newport (1722–3), but sat for the former place (Returns of Members of Parliament, ii. 55, 56). He succeeded to the title 27 May 1723, was created K.B. 27 May 1725, and K.G. (in company with Sir R. Walpole) on 16 June 1726 (Hist. Reg. Chron. Diary, 1726, p. 25). His position as aide-de-camp to George I was confirmed by George II on his accession, and at the coronation of the latter king on 11 Oct. 1727, Lennox was lord high constable of England for the day. He was made a lord of the bedchamber in the following week (London Gazette, s.a.), and was created an LL.D. of Cambridge 25 April 1728. On the death of his grandmother, the Duchess of Portsmouth (Louise de Keroualle) [q. v.], he succeeded to the dukedom of Aubigny in France. About the same time, on the resignation of the Earl of Scarborough, he became candidate for the important post of master of the horse (Suffolk Correspondence, ii. 87). He was the first claimant in the field, but the appointment was delayed by the king, who appropriated the salary attached to the post during the vacancy. The delay induced the Earl of Pembroke, who was strongly supported by the Earl of Chesterfield, to become a candidate, but Pembroke was appeased by the gift of another place, and Richmond's appointment was announced on 8 Jan. 1735 (, i. 294, ii. 122). Richmond was sworn of the privy council on the following day, and became a strong supporter of Walpole's government. He was utilised as an intermediary in the king's quarrel with his eldest son during 1737–8, and inclined to the side of moderation and to the discreet cooking of acrimonious messages (ib.). In 1741 Horace Walpole mentions his presence at a ball given by Sir Thomas Robinson of Rokeby [q. v.], where ‘the two beauties were his daughters,’ Lady Caroline and Lady Emily Lennox; ‘the duke sat by his wife all night kissing her hand.’ In February 1742,


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Rh the same writer made the erroneous statement, which he afterwards withdrew, that on Sir Robert Walpole's resignation, Richmond at once resigned his mastership as a compliment to the fallen minister, ‘which was the more esteemed as no personal friendship existed.’ The duke, in fact, retained his post until his death, having established excellent relations with the Pelhams, upon Granville's fall in 1744. Horace Walpole further accords to him the distinction of having been the only man in the world who ever loved the Duke of Newcastle.

In 1742 Richmond was made major-general, and in 1743 he attended George II to the scene of the war. He was present at the battle of Dettingen; on 6 June 1745 he was promoted lieutenant-general, and in the same year he was declared one of the lords justices of the kingdom during the king's absence (a post which was again conferred on him in 1748 and 1750). He attended the Duke of Cumberland on his expedition against the Jacobite rebels in 1745, and assisted at the reduction of Carlisle (, Letters, ed. Cunningham, ii. 50).

In May 1749 he gave, at his mansion in the Privy Garden, Whitehall, ‘a firework, as a codicil to the peace,’ at which the Duke and Duchess of Modena, as well as ‘the king, the two black princes, and everybody of fashion’ were present (, Letters to Sir H. Mann, ii. 298). He was admitted to the degree of doctor of physic at Cambridge, 3 July 1749, visited his estates in France in the following month, was created a colonel of his majesty's horseguard on 17 Feb. following, and died 8 Aug. 1750. He was buried in Chichester Cathedral, whither his father's remains had been removed. Many letters of condolence from the Duke of Newcastle and others to the duchess and to one another are preserved in the British Museum (Add. MS. 32722; cf., Letters to Sir H. Mann, ii. 382).

Lennox had a defective education, and perhaps a somewhat sluggish intellect, but he had a wide fund of information, and certainly does not merit the sharp epithets of ‘half-witted’ and ‘mulish’ which Queen Caroline applied to him. Hervey, in fact, calls him ‘very entertaining,’ and adds he was ‘a friendly and generous man, noble in his way of acting, talking, thinking.’ This high estimate is confirmed by Henry Fielding (On Robbers, p. 107). Martin Folkes [q. v.] the antiquary, in a letter written to Da Costa in 1747, and dated from the duke's seat at Goodwood, after eulogising his host's love for ‘all sorts of natural knowledge,’ describes him as the ‘most humane and best man living’ (, Lit. Anec. iv. 636). He was very highly esteemed by all his political friends among the predominant whig party. Besides the offices enumerated above, Lennox, who had been a fellow of the Royal Society since 1724, was in the year of his death elected president of the Society of Antiquaries. He was also for a short period a member of the Kit-Cat Club.

He married at the Hague 4 Dec. 1719, Sarah (d. 1751), eldest daughter and coheir of William Cadogan, first earl of Cadogan [q. v.] The story of the marriage is a romantic one. Their union was a bargain to cancel a gambling debt between their parents. Immediately after the ceremony the young Lord March was carried off by his tutor to the continent. Returning to England after three years he had such a disagreeable recollection of his wife that he repaired on the night of his arrival to the theatre. There he saw a lady of so fine an appearance that he asked who she was. ‘The reigning toast, the beautiful Lady March.’ His subsequent affection for his wife was so great that, according to her grandson, she died of grief for his loss (see and, Governing Families of England, ii. 290–2). By her the duke had twelve children; the two eldest sons died in childhood. Charles, the seventh child and third son, and George Henry, fourth son, are separately noticed. Lady Sarah Lennox (1745–1826), the eleventh child, born in London 14 Feb. 1744–5, married, on 2 June 1762, Thomas Charles (afterwards Sir Thomas Charles) Bunbury (d. 1821), elder brother of Henry William Bunbury [q. v.], from whom she was divorced by Act of Parliament 14 May 1776 (, Jockey Club and its Founders, pp. 72–3). On 27 Aug. 1782 she married George Napier [q. v.], sixth son of Francis, fifth lord Napier, and dying 20 Aug. 1826, left five sons and three daughters. The eldest son was General Sir Charles James Napier, the conqueror of Scinde, and the third son, General Sir William Napier, historian of the Peninsular war. She inherited the family beauty, and was painted as one of a Holland House group by Reynolds. Leigh Hunt, very improbably, suggests that she was the original ‘Lass of Richmond Hill,’ and that George III wrote the ballad. It seems more probable that Miss Crofts of Richmond occasioned the poem, which is usually ascribed to William Upton, although it may refer to Richmond in Yorkshire, and have been written by MacNally (cf. Gent. Mag. 1826, pt. ii. p. 188;, Old Court Suburb, pp. 163 sq.; , Richmond and its Inhabitants, p. 300). For a pleasing, if somewhat highly coloured, account of the love


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leighton, Robert (1611-1684)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leighton, Robert (1822-1869)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leighton, William (fl.1603-1614)


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leland, John (d.1428)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leland, John (1506?-1552)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leland, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lely, Peter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leman, John


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Le Mesurier, Havilland (1758-1806)


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lemon, Robert (1779-1835)


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lemprière, John


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lendy, Auguste Frederick


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Le Neve, Peter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Le Neve, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Leney, William S.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lennie, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lennox, Charles (1672-1723)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lennox, Charles (1701-1750)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Neill, Con Bacach


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Neill, Daniel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Neill, Flaithbheartach


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Neill, Henry (d.1392)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Neill, Henry (d.1489)


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In this introductory chapter it is not proposed to deal with the forerunners of the bicycle, such as the hobby horse and some of the more weird wooden machines with four wheels and lever motion, which were known to be in existence before the introduction into this country of the bicycle propelled by cranks attached to the axle of the front wheel, called a velocipede.

We will therefore begin with the velocipede, a type of machine which first attracted the attention of a Mr. Turner, who saw it being ridden and exploited at a Paris school of gymnastics.

At this period in the history of bicycles, about 1868, the city of Coventry had established, by the enterprise of a few Coventry gentlemen, a factory for the production of sewing machines. The firm was known as the Coventry Sewing Machine Company (afterwards The Coventry Machinists Co.), and was founded to find employment for people in the city who had been thrown out of work by the fierce competition of the foreign ribbons and watches which were admitted into the country, either free of duty or on conditions which left very little profit for Coventry ribbon and watch makers. Mr. Turner, who was an agent for the firm, had been asked to look out for something in the mechanical line, suitable for manufacture at the

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2 sewing machine factory, and having been much impressed by the novelty and possibilities of the new velocipede, immediately secured a sample of the machine and brought or sent it to Coventry. The directors and managers of the concern there, after a trial of the boneshaker sent over from Paris, decided to begin manufacturing and marketing the machine, and a dozen or so were put in hand at their workshops and proved a success. This bicycle was made with a cast-iron frame, the felloes and spokes of the wheels were of hickory, with steel tyres, and the saddle was a wooden one covered with leather, thinly padded, and supported on a long flat spring of steel; the bearings were plain journals, i.e. in place of steel ball bearings the axles of the wheels were of steel and they turned in chilled cast iron holes in the ends of the forks. The pedals were called "treadles" and were mostly of wood. A machine of this description, ready for the road, was sold in London for about £12, without accessories such as lamp, pocket oil can, shifting spanner, leather toolbag and brake cord, which cost about 25s. more.

The success of this machine made by the Coventry Machinists Company laid the foundation of the trade in Coventry, and it was not very long before quite a considerable business was done by the pioneer firm, and they found it necessary to import into the city mechanics who were more used to the running of heavier machinery than their first employees, engaged in the making of sewing machines.

Many of these men came from a firm of ships engine makers, Penn's, of Greenwich, now merged with other concerns. Among them were such well-known names as George Singer, James Starley, W. Hillman, etc. T. Bayliss and J. Thomas were pioneers in the trade;

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T manufacture of bicycles can be truly described as one of the most important industries of the country. The bicycle is also a common commodity, and it is for these two reasons that this book was undertaken. An attempt has been made in the following pages to give a brief outline of the history of the manufacture of bicycles in this and other countries from the introduction of the velocipede to the present day mechanically propelled machine, the motor cycle.

The author has endeavoured to describe some of the more important processes of manufacture and to embody with those descriptions particulars of the numerous other trades on which the cycle manufacturer is dependent.

In conclusion, the writer would like to thank those who have so kindly provided him with illustrations of the machines they make. His thanks are also due to Messrs. Bell & Sons for their kind permission to reproduce illustrations of by-gone models from the late Mr. H. Hewitt Griffin's book, Cycling. At the same time he wishes to make the fullest acknowledgments to all who have in any way assisted him with information in any form.

W. F. G.

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Rh the former was a Birmingham gun maker, the latter came from a cutlery shop at Banbury.

Gradually these people started workshops of their own and with local capital and their own savings embarked themselves as manufacturers of bicycles.

Matters progressed rapidly, and like all new trades it attracted other mechanics and engineers to the city of Coventry. Names such as Haynes and Jeffries, Rudge, Warman, Laxon, Hazlewood, George Townend, Hosier, Hillman, Harrington, etc., are all associated with the early days of bicycle manufacture.

In other towns, Parr, at Leicester, Robinson and

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4 Price, at Liverpool, etc., were gaining a reputation. Gradually the design of the boneshaker was improved, wrought iron frames followed the cast ones, bearings were made adjustable, rims were covered with rubber instead of steel (the early rubber tyres were flat and secured to the felloe by nails), and steel spokes followed the wooden ones.

The great drawback to the boneshaker was its weight, and makers were constantly endeavouring to lighten their productions. Naturally, the saving of weight that first occurred to these pioneers was to make the parts hollow. Many keen practical minds were at work, and one part after another was reduced in weight until there were few parts of the machine that were not made either of hollow steel tube or stamped hollow; even spokes were tried of thin steel tube before the introduction of the suspension or wire wheel. The backbone of the bicycle which was evolved from the boneshaker was of steel tube, at first of flat steel folded and brazed and, lastly, drawn out from a solid steel block without a join, or weldless, as it is termed. The forksides or blades of the fork, the part in which the wheels revolved and which were used to connect the wheels to the backbone, on which the rider sat and propelled the machine, were made hollow in the same manner.

The wheels were at first copies of a light hand-cart wheel, the wood spokes were brought together by tapering the spoke ends and wedging them together at the nave or hub and inserting the other ends in slots in the felloe or wood rim. The whole was surrounded with a flat steel tyre shrunk on by heating the rim, dropping it over the felloe, and when it cooled it shrank and compressed the parts together. That is the principle of the compression wheel, and is used

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Rh for all wood-wheeled carts and vans to-day. The cycle makers, in their search for lightness, first made similar compression wheels, with hollow steel spokes screwed into iron naves and rims. Then came the suspension wheel which had all the spokes in tension instead of compression. These were first constructed by heading the spokes, threading them through a steel

felloe or rim and inserting them into screwed nipples which were in their turn screwed into the flanges of the hub. Subsequently the spokes were screwed direct into the hub and tensioned by turning the spoke itself and not the nipples. Mention also must be made of the lever construction of Haynes and Jeffries, the precursors of the Rudge firm. This was an arrangement that tensioned the wheel by pulling a lever attached to the spokes so that they were strained in a direction tangential to their hub and held tight by locking the

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6 lever. Following the methods already described, the laced and tangent spoked wheels were introduced. This type of wheel is the modern one that has survived all the others, and reverses the process employed for straight spoked wheels in tension. The flanges of the hub are drilled at right angles, the headed spokes are bent close to the head, and threaded through the holes made in the hub flange. The rim ends of the spokes are screwed and inserted in brass or gunmetal nipples, which are passed through holes in the rim from the top or outside and have heads which prevent the tension on the spoke from pulling them through the rim; washers are also placed under the heads and fitted in the bed of the rim to strengthen the rim at the points where this tension strain occurs.

Having now outlined the design of the wheels from boneshaker days to the present time, a task which was necessary to enable other items in the process of evolution to be clearly understood, we can return to the machine itself.

The tendency, in the main, from the early days to the zenith of glory attained by the high bicycle, or "ordinary" (as it was latterly termed to distinguish it from other types which were introduced) was to increase the size of the front driven wheel and reduce the size of the trailing wheel. In the earliest models of 1868-70 the driven wheel was always the larger, but gradually the diameters of the two wheels became estranged until a driven wheel of 60 ins. was followed by a trailing wheel of 18 ins. There was only one reason why the large wheel stopped growing, and that was because the length of the rider's limb defined the size of wheel he could bestride. It will therefore be almost unnecessary to explain that the further a rider was split up or the longer his legs, the greater advantage

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2—(1466H)

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10 Reign of Terror caused his downfall. He held the post of a fermier général until 20th March 1791, when the Assemblée Nationale suppressed the institution.

Lavoisier was wrongfully accused of mixing with the tobacco "water and other ingredients harmful to the health of the citizens"; and in May 1794—l'an deuxième de la République—he and twenty-seven of his colleagues were arrested; and on 2nd May Dupin (a member of the Government) brought the charges against the twenty-eight officials, and they were condemned to death.

The accused passed the night of 5th May in the dungeons of the Conciergerie, and were to be fed on black bread, but a generous friend, supposed to be Madame Lavoisier, secretly bribed the jailers, and provided the inmates of the prison with better food. This was no easy task, as the sentries were a double row of gendarmes one on foot, the other on horses and the passages were poorly illuminated by torches. This was the precaution taken to prevent the escape of the prisoners. Some were located in dungeons, where horrors of the most revolting kind had been perpetrated. Lavoisier and others were placed in the dungeon previously occupied by Marie Antoinette. The night was horrible. Only a few had obtained folding-beds, without mattresses or bedclothes, and others rested on the bare earth of the dungeons!


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Rh slightly backward. At each end was a bearing for a separate crank, and attached to the crank shaft, which ran on a ball bearing and was very short, was a chain wheel. This wheel was slightly larger than a similar wheel on the hub and the two wheels were connected by a chain. The arrangement was duplicated the other side of the main driven wheel and, as already

explained, owing to the gearing up the wheel was turned about 1½ times for one complete turn of the crank axles. Many hundreds were sold, but owing to the short crank bearings and the difficulty in keeping the chains equally adjusted, the vogue was comparatively short lived.

The Kangaroo was followed by the geared ordinary and the Bantam, Boothroyd’s patents. The first was a dwarf ordinary with a gearing in the front hub, which had the same effect as the chains and sprockets of the

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12 Kangaroo, but employed spur wheels with teeth all enclosed in a casing formed by the hub shell. The "Bantam" had smaller wheels and a similar gearing.

Various attempts had been made, about 1876–79, to design an absolutely safe bicycle. H. J. Lawson produced a machine, in 1876, which was practically

equivalent to enlarging the rear wheel of a high bicycle, leaving the front wheel the same size and driving the rear wheel by a lever motion. The lever motion, as distinct from the rotary crank, was the first form of driving medium used on wood four-wheelers prior to the velocipede or boneshaker. Briefly, when brought out on Lawson's rear driven bicycle, it comprised a crank on each side of the hub and keyed to the axle,

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Rh a continuation of the frame carrying a bearing for the foot lever. At a point along the foot lever, varying

with the type of machine, was a bearing for a connecting rod which connected the crank on the hub axle to the foot lever, in a similar way to the Facile already described.

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Rh Humbers produced an open diamond frame with all the tubes straight, which was, of course, the correct method from an engineer’s view point. The Raleigh Co., at Nottingham (then Woodhead, Angois and Ellis) made a similar machine. Makers sprang up all over the Midlands and in the London district. A famous road racing cyclist, Dan Albone of Biggleswade, designed the cross frame safety bicycle, and this was largely copied by others too numerous to mention.

Later the designers of the famous Humber firm at Beeston, near Nottingham, introduced the Beeston Humber frame. This was the forerunner of the present day safety bicycle and has been little altered to this day. Originally, the Beeston Humber had equal wheels of 28 ins., a straight tube diamond frame with a fairly long steering head and the top tube sloped slightly upwards. Naturally, the model was copied by almost every manufacturer.

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16 Other models, of course, had a big run. A firm in London, G. L. Morris & Co., designed a popular machine about 1886–87; this was named the Referee and may be said to be a pioneer pattern much favoured by London club riders. The makers of the Premier, at Coventry, brought out the Catford Premier about the same time. None, however, survived the original Beeston Humber design and although Coventry and Birmingham makers adhered for long to their pet patterns they had to admit, one by one, the soundness of the original Humber model, and introduce something as near to it as possible without infringing the parts of it that were registered or patented.

The modern safety bicycle differs very little from the Humber frame, the steering head is shorter, the top tube is horizontal, the tread (width over the cranks) is, perhaps, narrower and there are other modifications in parts, dealt with elsewhere, but the broad outline is still with us.

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18 geared down. It was used on early tricycles for the same reason, viz., that a relatively large movement of the spade handle only diverted the steering wheel of the tricycle a small amount, which gave the rider more control over the steering and prevented the wheel from

being twisted out of his hand. Among the well-known tricycles that followed the original of James Starley were the Challenge (Singer & Co.), the Salvo (Starley & Sutton), etc. James Starley was the first to use a balance geared axle on a tricycle; this is a piece of mechanism that is embodied in the axle and divides the shaft into two parts. It will be readily seen that, when a tricycle is turned, the outer wheel that describes

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Rh and the later models had equal sized wheels and pneumatic tyres. The Beeston Humber tandem tricycle was exactly the same as the solo machine already described; it had a saddle for the front rider on the swivelling portion of the frame that carried the combined

driving and steering wheels. Owing to the way the weight of the two riders was distributed, one in front of and the other behind the axle, the machine was well balanced and much faster than any other machine of the tricycle tandem type—until the introduction of the tandems made on the lines of the modern tandem safety, only with a pair of double driving rear wheels in place of a single wheel. 3—(1466H)

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10

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Rh Coventry could not always assimilate. Birmingham produced parts of bicycles but few complete machines. Large firms, notably Perry & Co., Ltd., the pen makers, the Birmingham Small Arms Co., and others, began to supply sets of fittings for small makers, who were thus enabled to make bicycles with the engineering part

that required first-class machinery largely eliminated. The Eadie Manufacturing Co. was established at Redditch by Albert Eadie, Perry & Co.’s sales manager, and Robert W. Smith, a Coventry engineer from Rudge’s big factory. The B.S.A. Co.’s machinery at Small Heath, Birmingham, was not fully employed on rifle contracts, and the directors looked about for other suitable mechanical work to keep their staff employed. Bicycles were largely demanded. The firm’s engineer

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Rh On 7th May, on the eve of his death, Lavoisier wrote a letter to his cousin Augez de Villiers in which he said:—

Lavoisier had made an enemy of no less a person than Marat. In 1780, the latter wrote a "détestable essai sur la nature du feu," and announced that it had received the approval of the Academy. Lavoisier flatly denied the assertion. This infuriated the hatred of Marat to such an extent that in his pamphlet, L'Ami du Peuple, written in 1791, he says: "Je vous dénonce le coryphée, le charlatan Lavoisier, chimiste, fermier général, régisseur


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Rh to the latter method is that the bicycle so produced loses much of its individuality because what the parts manufacturer sells to A is also bought by B, and, unless extremely large orders are placed with the parts makers, they cannot depart from a standardized product. The bicycles produced in this manner are seldom classed in the same category as the better known articles sent out by firms with a high-class reputation and certain distinctive features, although good bicycles doubtless emanate from factories where little of the actual manufacturing is done.

The manufacture of boys’ and girls’ bicycles has been widely developed of late. At one time the firm of Townend Bros., Ltd., held almost a monopoly in this particular type of machine. Now several firms specialize in the production of high-grade juvenile bicycles, among them are Humber, Ltd., The Mascot Cycle Co., etc., etc.

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12 des poudres et des salpètres, qui a mis Paris en prison et a interrompu la circulation de l'air avec un mur. . . ."

De Fourcroy spoke indignantly of Lavoisier's sentence: "L'homme qui auroit illustré son siècle par ses talens, qui auroit répandu ses lumières sur la société, dont les travaux auroient eu pour but d'instruire de rendre meilleurs et plus heureux les hommes, seroit placé dans un même tombeau avec celui qui en auroit fait le tourment ou qui en auriot été la honté!"

Yet De Fourcroy, De Morveau, Monge, and others who were his friends and pupils did nothing to save the head of their master. Jealousy—despicable jealousy—was the cause of these men forsaking their friend. "Sa supériorité," they confessed, stood in their way! They only talked, but did not act; and it is stated that De Fourcroy even contributed, by "sa terrible accusation," to the death of Lavoisier.

Petitions for the commutation of the death sentence were scornfully rejected. The Revolution knew no bounds—"away to the guillotine," "à la lanterne!" were the constant cries during the years of its existence. With tricoloured scarfs and Phrygian caps of crimson cloth they sang as they marched the streets of Paris that terrible song of the "Marseillaise":—

and the murderous levelling song "Ça Ira."


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Rh Terrible! terrible in those days! Men and women, tied down to a cart (tumbril), were hurried along the streets to the place of execution. Down clanked the axe, and the head of a victim rolled into the corbeille. The joy of the jealous, black calumnies, devilry, the hatred of cowards, the rage and stupidity of the masses, these were the feelings of men in the year 1794—and they triumphed.

Lavoisier asked for a short time to complete a research in which he was engaged, but Coffinhal (President of the Revolutionary Tribunal) remarked that "la République n'a pas besoin de savants; il faut que la justice suivre son cours."

On 8th May 1794, the immortal Lavoisier was guillotined in the fifty-first year of his age. Calm and resigned, he met his death without flinching, without demonstration, knowing that he had done his duty both to the State and to Science.

Lavoisier was President of the Académie, and a deputation of its members penetrated the prison and placed wreaths on his grave in the Conciergerie. The name of "Lavoisier" required no embellishment, nor was the sculptor's art needed to perpetuate it in posterity.

As long as chemistry exists the name of "Lavoisier" will always be remembered as the creator of a new era in science; and as long as the human race is capable of


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14 estimating the worth of noble labours, so long will the name of "Lavoisier" live, and the memory of him who bore it remain enshrined and held in affectionate reverence by succeeding generations.

Coffinhal, who would not listen to Lavoisier, had, says Lamartine, "the massive frame, figure, and masculine vigour of the Alpine races of his country (an Auvergnat). The energy of his mind responded to that of his muscles. Payan was the head, and Coffinhal the hand, of this night and morrow." And of this man Robespierre said: "You destroy me, you destroy yourself, you destroy the Republic." Ultimately he was guillotined.

Concerning this period Carlyle says in his French Revolution: "The spring sends its green leaves and bright weather, bright May, brighter than ever; death pauses not. Lavoisier, famed chemist, shall die and not live. Chemist Lavoisier was Farmer-General Lavoisier too, and now all the Farmers-General are arrested; all shall give an account of their moneys and incomings, and die for putting water in the tobacco they sold. Lavoisier begged a fortnight more of life to finish some experiments, but the Republic does not need such; the axe must do its work."

To illustrate the feelings, animosities, jealousies, and fiendish propensities of Robespierre and his minions, two coins and a medal of the period bear ample testimony.


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Rh The obverse side of one coin has the inscription: "Ludov XVI., D. Gratia" (with the head of Louis); and on the reverse side are the royal arms of France (fleur-de-lis) and the inscription: "1782, Rex Franciæ et Navarræ." The obverse side of the other coin, only ten years later, has the head of Louis and the inscription: "Louis XVI., Roi des Français"; and on the reverse side: "1792, 4 de la lib.," with the royal arms replaced by a floral design. There is a great difference in the title of the king; and the fourth year of liberty is most significant.

The medal is an English one struck in 1794, on the obverse of which is the following inscription: "A map of France, 1794. France divided, throne overthrown, honour trodden under foot, religion 'sixes and sevens,' glory erased, and fire in every corner." And on the reverse is the inscription: "May Great Britain ever remain the reverse."

These were the fanatical times in which Lavoisier lived and worked. Fancy any man of science in these days attempting to do research work during such a general upheaval.

A few words concerning the ever-memorable place of execution will be of interest. The Place de la Révolution, now the Place de la Concorde, the first square in Europe, has a tragic history. Originally a waste ground, it was reclaimed in 1748, after the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle


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16 (18th October 1748), and a statue of Louis XV. was erected there by the Municipal Council of Paris—the square then receiving the name of Place Louis XV. On 30th May 1770, at a display of fireworks to celebrate the marriage of the Dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI., with Marie Antoinette, a panic arose which resulted in the death of 1200 persons, and 2000 seriously injured. During the Reign of Terror in 1793 the guillotine was erected on the spot where now stands the Obelisk of Luxor (twin monolith to Cleopatra's Needle). Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette were among the first victims, and between January 1793 and May 1795, upwards of 20,000 persons were guillotined. In 1799 the famous square was named the Place de la Concorde; it was afterwards renamed after Louis XV., and in 1826 after Louis XVI., and, finally, in 1830 it was again renamed the Place de la Concorde; and it was on the site where the Obelisk now stands that our hero Lavoisier was executed—his work unfinished, but he left a fine legacy to posterity.

His house was in the Place de la Madeleine, Paris; and in 1900 (a hundred and six years after his death) a beautiful bronze statue of him, by Barrias, which rests on a massive granite pedestal, was erected in the same square and opposite the house where Lavoisier lived. The pedestal bears the inscription:—

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743-1794, le fondateur de la chimie modèrne. Erigé par souscription publique, sous le patronage de


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