text:
Page:Railways Act 1921 (ukpga 19210055 en).pdf/61

[Ch. 55.] Application of Part IV.

66.—(1) The employees to whom this Part of this Act applies are those employed by the railway companies hereinafter mentioned and the Railway Clearing House in the grades of employees included in the several national agreements referred to in the to this Act (other than employees who, in accordance with the classification for the time being in force, are in the special class), and such other grades of employees as the parties to such schemes as aforesaid may hereafter agree to include in the schemes.

(2) The railway companies herein before referred to are,, until the amalgamation schemes come into operation, the railway companies mentioned in the second and third columns of the to this Act of whose undertakings the Minister was in possession on the fifteenth day of August, nineteen hundred and twenty-one, including, as respects any railways jointly owned or worked by two or more of such companies, a joint committee of those companies, and after those schemes come into operation the amalgamated companies, including, as respects any railways jointly owned or worked by two or more of those companies, a joint committee of those companies.

Railway police force conferences.

67—(1)Arrangements shall be made for establishing for each railway company affected a conference consisting of an equal number of representatives of the company and of the members of the police force of that company to which all questions relating to rates of pay, hours of duty, and conditions of service of members of the police force of the company shall be referred with an appeal to the central conference established hereunder.

(2) A central conference shall be established for the whole of the railways of Great Britain, and shall consist of an equal number of representatives of the railway companies and of the police force, elected from the conferences of the separate railways. In the event of disagreement between the two sides of the central conference, an independent chairman shall be appointed with power to give binding decisions, such chairman to be selected by mutual agreement or, failing agreement, to be nominated by the Minister of Labour.

(3) From and after the amalgamation under this Act of the constituent companies in each group there shall be one conference only for each amalgamated company, and 57


text:
Page:Garden Cities of To-morrow (1902).djvu/77

Rh usually made a source of revenue, thus relieving the rate-payer by making his rates lighter. And as I have added nothing to the proposed revenue for any prospective profits on such undertakings, I do not propose to make any estimate of expenditure.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Garden Cities of To-morrow (1902).djvu/78

 CHAPTER VI. in the 4th and 5th chapters dealt with the fund at the disposal of the Board of Management, and have endeavoured to show, and I believe with success, that the rate-rents collected by the trustees in their capacity of landlords of the towns will suffice, (1) to provide interest on the debentures with which the estate is purchased, (2) to provide a sinking fund which will at a comparatively early date leave the community free from the burden of interest on such debentures, and (3) to enable the Board of Management to carry on such undertakings as are elsewhere, for the most part, carried out by means of rates compulsorily levied.

A most important question now arises regarding the extent to which municipal enterprise is to be carried, and how far it is to supersede private enterprise. We have already by implication stated that the experiment advocated does not involve, as has been the case in so many social experiments—the complete municipalisation of industry and the elimination of private enterprise. But what principle is to guide us in determining the line which shall separate municipal from private control and management? Mr. Joseph Chamberlain has said: "The true field for municipal activity is limited to those things


text:
Page:Garden Cities of To-morrow (1902).djvu/79

Rh which the community can do better than the individual." Precisely, but that is a truism, and does not carry us one whit further, for the very question at issue is as to what those things are which the community can do better than the individual; and when we seek for an answer to this question we find two directly conflicting views—the view of the socialist, who says: Every phase of wealth-production and distribution can be best performed by the community; and the view of the individualist, who contends these things are best left to the individual. But probably the true answer is to be found at neither extreme, is only to be gained by experiment, and will differ in different communities and at different periods. With a growing intelligence and honesty in municipal enterprise, with greater freedom from the control of the Central Government, it may be found—especially on municipally-owned land—that the field of municipal activity may grow so as to embrace a very large area, and yet the municipality claim no rigid monopoly and the fullest rights of combination exist.

Bearing this in mind, the municipality of Garden City will, at the outset, exercise great caution, and not attempt too much. The difficulty of raising the necessary funds with which to carry on municipal undertakings would be greatly increased if the Board of Management attempted to do everything; and, in the prospectus to be ultimately issued, a clear statement will be made of what the Corporation undertakes to do with the moneys entrusted to it, and this will at first embrace little more than those things which experience has proved municipalities can perform better than individuals. Tenants, too, will, it is obvious, be far more ready to offer adequate "rate-rents"


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 36.djvu/227

Marshal MARSHAL, JOHN (d. 1164?), warrior, was son and heir of Gilbert Marshal, who was unsuccessfully impleaded with him in the court of Henry I by Robert de Venoiz and William de Hastings for the office of master of the king's marshalsea (Rot. Chart. p. 46), from which the family took its name. In the ‘Pipe Roll’ of 1130 he is found paying for succession to his father's lands and office (p. 18) and in possession of an estate in Wiltshire (p. 23). In 1138 he fortified Marlborough and Ludgershall (Ann. Wint.), probably as one of the rebels of that year, for Stephen was besieging him in Marlborough when the empress landed, in 1139 (Cont. p. 117). In 1140 he was approached by Robert FitzHubert, who had seized Devizes Castle, and who hoped to secure Marlborough; but John, overreaching him, made him his prisoner, and then sold him to the Earl of Gloucester. His action in this matter is somewhat mysterious, but he seems to have been fighting, virtually, for his own hand ( Gesta; Cont. ) In 1141, on the downfall of Stephen, he actively supported the empress, being present with her at Reading in May, at Oxford in July, and at the siege of Winchester in August and September. At the close of the siege (13 Sept.) he comes into prominence, being cut off with a small force, and forced to take refuge in Wherwell Abbey. The abbey was fired by the enemy, but John stood his ground, and, though surrounded by flames, refused to surrender to his foes. There is a stirring description of this scene in the ‘Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal,’ which here commences its narrative, and states that Marshal, though supposed to have perished, rejoined his friends, with the loss of an eye and other wounds. It was to his castle of Ludgershall that the empress first fled, and in the following summer (1142) he was again by her side at Oxford, where his brother William was acting as her chancellor. In 1144 he is described by the ‘Gesta’ as making Marlborough Castle a centre of predatory excursions, and as oppressing the clergy, a charge which is confirmed by the chronicle of Abingdon. About the same time he attended the court of the empress at Devizes. In 1149 he witnessed a charter of her son Henry at Devizes, and on the latter's accession he received a grant of crown lands in Wiltshire worth 82l. a year. Among them was Marlborough, which, however, he lost in 1158. He repeatedly witnessed Henry's charters, and was present at the council of Clarendon (1164). Not long afterwards he claimed in the archbishop's court Mundham, parcel of the archiepiscopal manor of Pagham, Sussex. Failing in his suit he made oath that justice was denied him, and appealed to the king. Henry summoned Becket to answer the complaint in his court, but the primate excused himself on the ground of ill-health when the case came on (14 Sept.) The king then summoned him to a great council at Northampton, where on 8 Oct. he was fined 500l. for not appearing in person in September. Next day he spoke on Marshal's case, alleging that the oath by which John had sworn to his refusal of justice was invalid, having been cunningly taken on a troparium. The king replied that John was detained in London as an official of the exchequer, but would come shortly (Becket Memorials, i. 30, ii. 390, iii. 50, iv. 40, 43). Becket's biographers take the case no further, but state that John and two of his sons died the same year. As to John, he was certainly dead at Michaelmas 1165; but it was not till a year later that his son paid relief for his lands (Pipe Rolls). It is possible that the two sons who died were Gilbert and Walter, the children of his first marriage. Gilbert did not survive him long, and the ‘Histoire’ says they died about the same time. By his second wife, Sibyl, sister to Earl Patrick of Salisbury, he left four sons: John, his successor; William [q. v.], afterwards Earl Marshal; Anselm; and Henry, afterwards bishop of Exeter. He appears to have largely increased his patrimony, and he held several estates as an under-tenant at his death. The ‘Gesta’ describes him, from Stephen's standpoint, as ‘a child of hell, and the root of all evil,’ but the Continuator of Florence terms him ‘a distinguished soldier,’ and the ‘Histoire’ praises his fidelity to the empress.

 MARSHAL, JOHN, first Baron Marshal of Hingham (1170?–1235), was a nephew of William Marshal, first earl of Pembroke [q. v.], and consequently grandson of John Marshal (d. 1164?) [q. v.] His father was probably Anselm, third son of the latter, for John, the eldest, appears to have died childless, while Henry, the youngest, was bishop of Exeter. Anselm Marshal is known only from the 'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal' (ll. 337–8, 4037–8), where Sire Ansel li Mareschals, Franz e doz e proz e leials,


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 36.djvu/228

Marshal is mentioned as taking part in a great tournament at Lagni-sur-Marne about 1180. John Marshal was probably born about 1170, for he first appears as a knight in 1197, when he accompanied his uncle, William Marshal, on his embassy to Count Baldwin of Flanders (ib. . 10763). In September 1198 he was fighting under his uncle and Count Baldwin, and was sent by them to bear the news of Philip's retreat from before Arras to King Richard (ib. 11. 10901-17). On 31 Jan. 1203 he was in charge of Falaise (Cat. Hot. Pat. p. 24), and a little later received a grant of the lands of the Count of Evreux in England (, Rotuli Normanniæ, . clxxiii). In April 1204 he had license to go into Ireland as his uncle's representative, and to hold the stewardship of his lands in Ireland (, i. 210, 216), He was still in Ireland on 13 Feb. 1205, and probably remained there till late in 1207, when on 8 Nov. we find him, in company with Meiler FitzHenry, at the king's court at Woodstock (ib. 254, 310, S48). On 12 Nov. he received a grant of the marshalry of Ireland, and of the 'cantred of the vill of Kyhnie' {ib. 353). John Marshal appears at this time to have adhered rather to the king than to his uncle; in June 1210 he accompanied the former on his Irish expedition (ib. 401, 404). As marshal of Ireland he had an annuity of twenty-five marks (ib. 532). On 10 June 1213 he had charge of the castles of Whitchurch and Screward in Shropshire (''Cal. Hot. Pat. p. 100), and on 25 Jan. 1214 of the county of Lincoln and its coasts. He was also put in charge of the Welsh marches, and received a grant of the manor of Hingham and hundred of Fourho (ib. p. 109). On 25 June 1215 he received the custody of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, with the castles of Norwich and Orford, but surrendered them on 24-8 July in exchange for Somerset, Dorset, and Worcester, with the castles of Sherborne and Dorchester. At this time he also surrendered Lincolnshire (ib. pp. 150-1). On 17 Sept. he received the charge of the forests in the same counties (ib. p. 155 b ). Marshal had supported the king in his struggle with the barons, and had been with him at Runnymede on 15 June. He was now appointed on 4 Sept. to go to Rome on the king s behalf with Richard de Marisco ' [q. v.] and others (ib''. p, 182 b). He was back in England by the end of the year, and accompanied John on his northward march in December. On 2 June 1216 he had power to take into favour all rebels who surrendered (ib. p. 185). John Marshal was present at the coronation of the young king at Worcester on 28 Oct., and next year fought under his uncle at Lincoln on 20 May. Soon afterwards he was commissioned with Philip d'Albini to make preparations for opposing the expected French fleet, and presumably was present in the battle with Eustace the Monk on 24 Aug. Marshal had been made sheriff of Hampshire and custos of Devizes earlier in the year ; in 1218 he was a justice of the forest, and in 1219 a justice itinerant for the counties of Lincoln, Nottingham, and Derby (Cal. Hot Glaus, i.407; cf. , i. 20).

On 15 July 1221 he was sent on a mission to Ireland to receive surrender of the justiciarship from Geoffrey de Marisco, which he did on 4 Oct. In December 1222 he was appointed for another mission to Ireland, though he did not cross over till February 1223. His duty was apparently to advise the new justiciar, Henry of London, archbishop of Dublin, as to the provisioning of the royal castles. On 3 June he received charge, as the king's bailiff, of the lands of Cork, Decies, and Desmond, with their castles, and on the same day the justiciar was specially instructed to act by his advice (, i. 1000, 1015, 1062-3, 1083-7, 1107, 1118). Next year he was still in Ireland, and after assisting his cousin, William Marshal, in his war with Hugh de Lacy, was sent to England in October in charge of Hugh (ib. 1205; Ann, Mon. iii. 91). Marshal was one of the sureties for Walter de Lacy, sixth baron Lacy [q. v.] on 13 May 1225, and in August went abroad on a mission for the king(Cal. Hot. Clam. ii. 47, 59). In January 1226 he was sent to the council held by the legate Otto at Westminster to forbid the bishops from incurring any obligation to the Roman church in respect of their lay fees.

In February 1228 he was once more sent to Ireland (, i. 1563, 1572), in June 1230 was a justice for assize of arms in Norfolk and Suffolk (Shirley, i. 375), and in 1232 was engaged on yet another mission to Ireland, apparently as one of the executors of William Marshal' (d. 1231), and on behalf of his widow, Eleanor, the king's sister (, i. 1949; Excerpta e Rot. Fin. i. 217). On 26 Sept. 1234 he witnesses a royal letter at Marlborough, and on 22 Feb. 1235 the contract of marriage between the king's sister Isabella and the Emperor Frederick (, i. 21 77 ; Fœdera, i. 223). Marshal died before 27 June 1235 (Recerpta e Hot Fin. i. 284). By his wife Aliva, daughter of Hubert de Rie (d. 1172), who was alive in 1 263, when she is described as over ninety years of age (ib. ii. 406 ; Cal. Genealogicum, i. Ill), he had two sons, John and William (, i. 2369). John married Margaret de Neubourg, sister of Thomas, sixth


text:
Page:Railways Act 1921 (ukpga 19210055 en).pdf/62

[Ch. 55.] one central conference for all the amalgamated companies, both such conferences being constituted as in this section provided.

Amendment of procedure for making light railway orders.

68.—(1) Orders under the amended by any subsequent enactment (which Act as so amended is in this Part of this Act referred to as " the light railway orders. principal Act ") shall, instead of being made by the Light Railway Commissioners and confirmed by the Minister of Transport as successor to the Board of Trade in manner as provided by the principal Act, be made by the Minister, and accordingly—

(a) the powers of the Light Railway Commissioners shall be transferred to the Minister;

(b) the Minister on considering an application for an order shall take all such matters into consideration and do all such things as he, as successor of the Board of Trade, is under the principal Act required to take into consideration and do on submission of an order to him for confirmation;

and the principal Act shall have effect as if for references to the Light Railway Commissioners there were substituted references to the Minister, and for references to the confirmation of orders by the Minister, as successor to the Board of Trade, there was substituted references to the making of orders by the Minister:

Provided that any limitation on the duration of the powers of the Light Railway Commissioners contained in the principal Act or in any Act extending the duration of those powers shall not apply to the Minister.

(2) If the Minister is of opinion for any of the reasons mentioned in subsection (3) of section nine of the principal Act that the proposals of the promoters ought to be submitted to Parliament he may, if he thinks fit, make an order as a provisional order and submit the proposals to Parliament by bringing in a Bill for the confirmation of the order, and subsections (2) and (3) of section one of the Light Railways Act, 1912, shall apply with respect to such Bill. 58


text:
Page:Railways Act 1921 (ukpga 19210055 en).pdf/63

[Ch. 55.] (3) Where an application for an order under the principal Act has been made to the Light Railway Commissioners before the passing of this Act, those Commissioners may, within the six months next after the passing of this Act, proceed with the application and submit to the Minister for confirmation any order made by them before the expiration of those six months, and in any such case the principal Act shall apply with respect to the order as if this section had not been passed, but at the end of the said six months the Light Railway Commissioners shall cease to hold, office.

Save as aforesaid, any application for an order under the principal Act shall be proceeded with as if it had been made under the principal Act as amended by this section.

Provisions as to purchase of land.

69. Where an order made under the principal Act incorporates the Lands Clauses Acts, it may incorporate those Acts subject to any modifications contained in the land order, being modifications of those Acts made or authorised to be made by the

Government advances to light railways

70.—(1) Where the Minister, with the approval of Government the Treasury, agrees. to make an advance under section advances to seventeen of the Ministry of Transport Act, 1919, for light rail the purposes of a light railway to be authorised by an order under the principal Act, the order may make such provision with respect to the limitation of the assessment of the light railway to local rates as might under proviso (a) of subsection (1) of section five of the principal Act have been made by such an order had the Treasury agreed to make a special advance under the principal Act as a free grant, and that proviso shall apply accordingly,

(2) The power of the Treasury under the principal Act to make advances to light railway companies shall cease, and sections four to six of the principal Act, except such of the provisions of section five as are applied by this section, are hereby repealed.

Power of councils to give guarantees.

71.—(1) The council of any county or borough or Power of district may be authorised by an order under the principal councils Act to guarantee or to join with any council, person, or to give body of persons in guaranteeing the whole or any part guarantee of the interest or dividends on any loan or share capital of a light railway company for such period and on such 59


text:
Page:Garden Cities of To-morrow (1902).djvu/80

70 if they are given distinctly to understand to what purpose those "rate-rents" are to be devoted, and after those things are done, and done well, little difficulty will be placed in the way of further appropriate extensions of the field of municipal enterprise.

Our answer, then, to the question, what field is to be covered by municipal enterprise, is this. Its extent will be measured simply by the willingness of the tenants to pay rate-rents, and will grow in proportion as municipal work is done efficiently and honestly, or decline as it is done dishonestly or inefficiently. If, for example, the tenants find that a very small additional contribution, recently made in the shape of "rate-rent," has enabled the authorities to provide an excellent supply of water for all purposes, and they are convinced that so good a result at so small a cost would not have been achieved through the agency of any private undertaking working for a profit, they will naturally be willing and even anxious that further hopeful-looking experiments in municipal work should be undertaken. The site of Garden City may, in this respect, be compared with Mr. and Mrs. Boffin's famous apartment, which, the reader of Dickens will remember, was furnished at one end to suit the taste of Mrs. Boffin, who was "a dab at fashion," while at the other end it was furnished to conform to the notions of solid comfort which so gratified Mr. Boffin, but with the mutual understanding between the parties that if Mr. B. should get by degrees to be "a high-flyer" at fashion, then Mrs. B.'s carpet would gradually "come for'arder," whilst if Mrs. B. should become "less of a dab at fashion," Mrs. B.'s carpet would "go back'arder." So, in Garden City, if the inhabitants become greater


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 36.djvu/229

Marshal earl of Warwick, and after 26 June 1242 was in right of his wife earl of Warwick. He died without children in October 1242. William sided with the barons in 1263-4, and was one of their representatives at the Mise of Amiens. William's grandson, of the same name, was summoned to parliament as baron from 9 Jan. 1309 to 26 Nov. 1313, and was killed at Bannockburn in 1314 (Flores Historiarum, iii. 159, Rolls Ser.) John, son of William II, died in 1316, and his barony passed with his sister Hawyse to Robert, lord Morley, and was held by the Morleys, Lovels, and Parkers, barons Morley, till 1686, when it fell into abeyance.

 MARSHAL, RICHARD, third (d. 1234), was second son of William Marshal, first earl of Pembroke [q. v.], by Isabella, daughter of Richard de Clare. The first mention of him occurs on 6 Nov. 1203, when it was arranged that in case of his elder brother's death he should marry Alice, daughter of Baldwin de Bethune (Cal. Charter Rolls, pp. 112b-13). When his father went to Ireland in February 1207 he had to give Richard to the king as a hostage (Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal, ll. 13376-7). Richard was released with his brother in 1212. He seems to have been rather a weakly boy, and for this reason his father would not consent to his going with the king to Poitou in 1214 (ib. ll. 145654-75, 14708-18). His father apparently intended that Richard should succeed to his lands of Orbec and Longueville in Normandy, and it was no doubt in pursuance of this intention that Richard was at the French court when his father died (ib. l. 19120). It was not, however, till June 1220 that his elder brother executed a deed of surrender (, Rot. Normanniæ, cxxxviii). The next eleven years of Richard Marshal's life were spent in France, though from entries in the 'Calendar of Close Rolls' it is clear that he held property in England, and occasionally visited his native land. Roger Wendover in one place speaks of him as having been well trained to arms in French conflicts (iii. 62). Previously to 1224 he married Gervase, daughter of Alan de Dinan, in whose right he became lord of Dinan and Viscount of Rohan in Brittany, and accordingly in 1225 he was present in an assembly of the nobles of that duchy at Nantes (, Hist. de Bretagne, i. 217, ii. 341-2). One chronicler speaks of him as having been 'Marshal of the army of the King of France' (Ann. Mon. iv. 72).

When his brother died, in April 1231, Marshal was still in France; he did not come over to England till the end of July. The king had, by advice of Hubert de Burgh [q. v.], taken the earldom into his own hands, because Richard was the liegeman of the king of France. When Marshal came to the king at Castle Maud in Wales, Henry refused him investiture and ordered him to leave the country. Marshal then crossed over to Ireland, intending to recover his inheritance, if need be, by force. Henry, to avert warfare, at length gave way. This is the narrative given by Wendover (iii. 13-14). But other authorities (Ann. Mon. iii. 127, iv. 72) do not imply that there was prolonged delay, and Marshal had certainly done homage and received full possession by 3 Aug. 1231 (, i. 1905; Excerpta e Rot. Fin. i. 216). Moreover, when in October Henry contemplated marriage with a sister of the King of Scots, Marshal was one of those who opposed his project as derogatory, since an elder sister was already married to Hubert de Burgh. Soon afterwards Marshal certainly paid a visit to Ireland, returning to England by June 1232, when he met the king at Worcester, and made an arrangement as to the dower of his brother's widow (, i. 1950).

When, in September 1232, the first charges were brought against Hubert de Burgh, Marshal defended him; and on 12 Oct. was one of the four earls who became sureties for him (, i. 408-10). The king still remained under the influence of Peter des Roches, who recognised in Marshal his most formidable opponent. Early in the following year, among other changes, Peter procured the dismissal of William de Rodune, Marshal's representative at the court, and displaced the king's former ministers by foreigners. Marshal at once came forward as the head of the English baronage, and appealed to the king to dismiss his foreign advisers, but to no purpose. During the earlier months of the year Marshal was engaged with his brother-in-law, Richard of Cornwall, in warfare with Llywelyn ab Iorwerth [q. v.] On 11 July 1233 an abortive conference was proposed to be held at Westminster, but the barons refused to attend. Peter des Roches


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 36.djvu/230

Marshal then induced the king to enter on the lands of Gilbert Basset and Richard Siward, two of Marshal's chief supporters, and put them in charge of his son, Peter des Rievaux (Ann. Mon. iv. 74 ; Wendover, iii. 53) ; orders were also given to have the messengers whom Marshal had sent to France searched at Dover (Shirley, i. 417, 18 July). Marshal nevertheless endeavoured to make peace, and in- tended to be present at a further proposed conference on 1 Aug. With this purpose he had come as far as Woodstock, when his sister Isabella warned him that treachery was intended, and he accordingly went back to Wales. On 14 Aug. the king called another assembly, at Gloucester, and when Marshal again failed to appear, had him proclaimed as a traitor and deprived of his office as marshal. Thereupon Marshal made an alliance with Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, and the king, invading the earl's lands, besieged his castle of Usk. A truce was, however, soon arranged, under which the castle was surrendered to the king, and a further con- ference fixed for 2 Oct. at Westminster. The conference did not have the desired re- sult, and as the castle was not restored, Marshal at once laid siege to it. In the early days of October the earl and his Welsh allies captured the castles of Usk, Abergavenny, Newport, and Cardiff (21 Oct.) Henry collected an army with a view to active warfare; but meantime, on 30 Oct., Marshal's supporters, Siward and Basset, rescued Hubert de Burgh and carried him off to the earl's castle of Chepstow. Karly in November the king advanced to Grosmont. There, on 11 Nov., Marshal's adherents — for the earl himself would not attack the king in person — surprised the royal camp, and made a great booty. After this the king withdrew to Gloucester, while Marshal with a few followers attacked the foreign mercenaries at Monmouth on 25 Nov., and after defeating them with much slaughter, took the castle. The war still went on favourably to Marshal and his allies, some of whom plundered the lands of their opponents in the English marches, while others besieged Carmarthen. Early in January 1234 Marshal himself defeated the royal army under John de Monmouth or Monemue (q. v.], a connection of the Lacys, and followed up his success by a raid, in company with Llywelyn, which resulted in the sack of Shrewsbury. But Archbishop Edmund was now exerting himself actively to bring about an agreement ; and through his influence Peter des Roches and the king's other Poite- vin advisers were at length dismissed from the court on 9 April 1234; the archbishop would seem to have effected a truce some time earlier, and this was now prolonged to the end of July (ib. i. 433-4). But in the meantime Peter des Roches and his friends had stirred up the Lacys and Marshal's other opponents in Ireland, in- cluding Richard de Burgh and Geoffrey de Marisco, encouraging them to make war on the earl as a traitor, and to seize him alive or dead should he cross over to Ireland. In consequence of these machinations Marshal left Wales early in February, and on land- ing in Ireland was joined by Geoffrey de Marisco, who craftily pretended to be his friend. Urged on by Marisco, Marshal col- lected an army, and after taking Limerick recovered many of his castles, which had fallen into the hands of his enemies. The Lacys then sent the Templars to demand a truce, and Marshal in response proposed a conference to be held next day, 1 April, on the Curragh of Kildare. Marshal himself was in favour of granting terms, but Marisco treacherously advised him to demand the surrender of the remaining castles, hoping to thus make a conflict inevitable. This evil advice was accepted, with the result that Hugh de Lacy and his friends, knowing that Marshal's army was faithless, appealed to force. Marshal at length recognised the treachery of his false friend, but declared that he would rather ' die with honour for the sake of justice than flee from the fight and thus incur the reproach of cowardice.' Marshal had with him but fifteen faithful knights, against 140. Despite his desperate valour he was at length overpowered and his horse slain. While he strove to defend himself on foot he was wounded from be- hind, and so taken prisoner. His captors carried him to the castle of Kilkenny, where he was on the way to recovery when a clumsy or treacherous surgeon cauterised his wounds so roughly as to cause his death. Marshal died on 16 April 1234, and was buried imme- diately afterwards in the church of the Fran- ciscans at Kilkenny. Henry repented too late of his treatment of the son of the faithful regent, and, bitterly lamenting his sad end, declared that he had left no peer in England. Marshal seems to have inherited to the full his father's merits as a patriotic statesman and a skilful soldier. He was like his father also in the nobilitv of his personal character. Even the author of the 'Histoire de Guillaume le Mar6chal,' writing probably in 1225, praises him for his proesce e sens e bealtez E bons mors e gentillesce, Charite, enor e largesse. (11. 14884-6.)


text:
Tammany

Hiawatha was an Indian, so was Navajo, Paleface organ grinders killed them many moons ago. But there is a band of Indians, that will never die, When they're at the Indian Club, this is their battle cry:
 * 1.

Chorus. Tammany, Tammany, Big Chief sits in his tepee, cheering braves to victory. Tammany, Tammany, Swamp 'em, Swamp 'em, get the "wampum," Tammany.

On the Island of Manhattan, by the bitter sea, Lived this tribe of noble Redmen, Tribe of Tammany. From the Totem of the Green-light Wampum they would bring, When their big Chief Man Behind, would pass the pipe and sing:
 * 2.

Chorus. Tammany, Tammany, Stick together at the poll, you'll have long green wampum rolls. Tammany, Tammany, Politicians get positions, Tammany.

Chris Colombo sailed from Spain, across the deep blue sea, Brought along the Dago vote to beat out Tammany. Tammany found Colombo's crew were living on a boat, Big Chief said: "They're floaters," and he would not let them vote, Then to the tribe he wrote:
 * 3.

Chorus. Tammany, Tammany, Get those Dagoes jobs at once, they can vote in twelve more months. Tammany, Tammany, Make those floaters Tammany voters, Tammany.

Fifteen thousand Irishmen from Erin came across, Tammany put these Irish Indians on the Police force. I asked one cop, if he wanted three platoons or four, He said: "Keep your old platoons, I've got a cuspidor, What would I want with more?"
 * 4.

Chorus. Tammany, Tammany, Your policeman can't be beat, They can sleep on any street. Tammany, Tammany, Dusk is creping, they're all sleeping, Tammany.

When Reformers think its time to show activity, They blame everything that's bad on poor old Tammany. All the farmers think that Tammany, caused old Adam's fall, They say when a bad man dies he goes to Tammany hall, Tammany's blamed for all.
 * 5.

Chorus. Tammany, Tammany, When a farmer's tax is due, he puts all the blame on you. Tammany, Tammany, On the level you're a devil, Tammany.

Doctor Osler says all men of sixty we should kill, That would give old Tammany a lot of jobs to fill. They would chloroform old Doctor Parkhurst first I know After that they'd fix Tom Platt, because they love him so, And then Depew would go.
 * 6.

Chorus. Tammany, Tammany, When you chloroform to kill, don't forget old Dave B. Hill. Tammany, Tammany, Rope 'em, Rope 'em, and we'll dope 'em, Tammany.

If we'd let the women vote, they would all get rich soon, Think how old man Platt gave all his money to a coon. Mrs. Chadwick is a girl, who'd lead in politics, She could show our politicians lots of little tricks, the Wall street vote she'd fix.
 * 7.

Chorus. Tammany, Tammany, Cassie Chadwick leads them all, she should be in Tammany Hall. Tammany, Tammany, Who got rich quick? Cassie Chadwick, Tammany.

Tammany's chief is digging out a railroad station here, He shut off the water mains, on folks who can't buy beer, He put in steam shovels, to lay off the workingmen, Tammany will never see a chief like him again, He's the poor man's friend.
 * 8.

Chorus. Tammany, Tammany, Murphy is your big Chief's name, he's a Rothschild just the same. Tammany, Tammany, Willie Hearst will do his worst to Tammany.

title: Tammany


text:
Page:Garden Cities of To-morrow (1902).djvu/81

Rh "dabs" at co-operation, the municipality will "come for'arder"; if they become less "dabs" at co-operation, the municipality will "go back'arder"; while the relative number of positions occupied by municipal workers and non-municipal workers at any period will very fairly reflect the skill and integrity of the public administration and the degree of value which is therefore associated with municipal effort.

But the municipality of Garden City, besides setting its face against any attempt to embark upon too large a field of enterprise, will so frame its constitution that the responsibility for each branch of the municipal service will be thrown directly upon the officers of that branch and not be practically lost sight of because loosely thrown upon the larger central body—a plan which makes it difficult for the public to perceive where any leakage or friction may be taking place. The constitution is modelled upon that of a large and well-appointed business, which is divided into various departments, each department being expected to justify its own continued existence—its officers being selected, not so much for their knowledge of the business generally as for their special fitness for the work of their department.

consists of—

In this council (or its nominees) are vested the rights and powers of the community as sole landlord of Garden


text:
Connecticut Substitute Senate Bill 899 (2009)

AN ACT IMPLEMENTING THE GUARANTEE OF EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE FOR SAME-SEX COUPLES

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Assembly convened:

(NEW) (Effective from passage) A marriage, or a relationship that provides substantially the same rights, benefits and responsibilities as a marriage, between two persons entered into in another state or jurisdiction and recognized as valid by such other state or jurisdiction shall be recognized as a valid marriage in this state, provided such marriage or relationship is not expressly prohibited by statute in this state.

(NEW) (Effective from passage) A marriage between two persons entered into in this state and recognized as valid in this state may be recognized as a marriage, or a relationship that provides substantially the same rights, benefits and responsibilities as a marriage, in another state or jurisdiction if one or both persons travel to or reside in such other state or jurisdiction.

Section 46b-20 of the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective from passage):

As used in this chapter:

[(a)] (1) "Registrar" means the registrar of vital statistics;

[(b)] (2) "Applicant" means applicant for a marriage license;

[(c)] (3) "License" means marriage license ; and

(4) "Marriage" means the legal union of two persons.

(NEW) (Effective from passage) A person is eligible to marry if such person is:

(1) Not a party to another marriage, or a relationship that provides substantially the same rights, benefits and responsibilities as a marriage, entered into in this state or another state or jurisdiction, unless the parties to the marriage will be the same as the parties to such other marriage or relationship;

(2) Except as provided in section 46b-30 of the general statutes, at least eighteen years of age;

(3) Except as provided in section 46b-29 of the general statutes, not under the supervision or control of a conservator; and

(4) Not prohibited from entering into a marriage pursuant to section 46b-21 of the general statutes, as amended by this act.

Section 46b-25 of the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective from passage):

No license may be issued by the registrar until both persons have appeared before the registrar and made application for a license. The registrar shall issue a license to any two persons eligible to marry under this chapter and section 4 of this act. The license shall be completed in its entirety, dated, signed and sworn to by each applicant and shall state each applicant's name, age, race, birthplace, residence, whether single, widowed or divorced and whether under the supervision or control of a conservator or guardian. The Social Security numbers of [the bride and the groom] both persons shall be recorded in the "administrative purposes" section of the license. If the license is signed and sworn to by the applicants on different dates, the earlier date shall be deemed the date of application.

Section 46b-21 of the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective from passage):

[No man may marry his mother, grandmother, daughter, granddaughter, sister, aunt, niece, stepmother or stepdaughter, and no woman may marry her father, grandfather, son, grandson, brother, uncle, nephew, stepfather or stepson.] No person may marry such person's parent, grandparent, child, grandchild, sibling, parent's sibling, sibling's child, stepparent or stepchild. Any marriage within these degrees is void.

(NEW) (Effective from passage) (a) No member of the clergy authorized to join persons in marriage pursuant to section 46b-22 of the general statutes shall be required to solemnize any marriage in violation of his or her right to the free exercise of religion guaranteed by the first amendment to the United States Constitution or section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state.

(b) No church or qualified church-controlled organization, as defined in 26 USC 3121, shall be required to participate in a ceremony solemnizing a marriage in violation of the religious beliefs of that church or qualified church-controlled organization.

(NEW) (Effective from passage) Wherever in the general statutes or the public acts the term "husband", "wife", "groom", "bride", "widower" or "widow" is used, such term shall be deemed to include one party to a marriage between two persons of the same sex.

Section 45a-727a of the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective from passage):

The General Assembly finds that:

(1) The best interests of a child are promoted by having persons in the child's life who manifest a deep concern for the child's growth and development;

(2) The best interests of a child are promoted when a child has as many persons loving and caring for the child as possible; and

(3) The best interests of a child are promoted when the child is part of a loving, supportive and stable family, whether that family is a nuclear, extended, split, blended, single parent, adoptive or foster family. [; and]

[(4) It is further found that the current public policy of the state of Connecticut is now limited to a marriage between a man and a woman.]

Section 46b-38nn of the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective from passage):

Parties to a civil union shall have all the same benefits, protections and responsibilities under law, whether derived from the general statutes, administrative regulations or court rules, policy, common law or any other source of civil law, as are granted to spouses in a marriage. [, which is defined as the union of one man and one woman.]

(NEW) (Effective from passage) (a) On and after the effective date of this section and prior to October 1, 2010, two persons who are parties to a civil union entered into pursuant to sections 46b-38aa to 46b-38oo, inclusive, of the general statutes, as amended by this act, may apply for and be issued a marriage license, provided such persons are otherwise eligible to marry under section 4 of this act and chapter 815e of the general statutes and the parties to the marriage will be the same as the parties to the civil union.

(b) After the celebration of such marriage and upon the recording of the license certificate or notarized affidavit with the registrar of vital statistics of the town where the marriage took place pursuant to section 46b-34 of the general statutes, the civil union of such persons shall be merged into the marriage by operation of law as of the date of the marriage stated in the certificate or affidavit.

(NEW) (Effective from passage) (a) Two persons who are parties to a civil union established pursuant to sections 46b-38aa to 46b-38oo, inclusive, of the general statutes, as amended by this act, that has not been dissolved or annulled by the parties or merged into a marriage by operation of law under section 11 of this act as of October 1, 2010, shall be deemed to be married under chapter 815e of the general statutes, as amended by this act, on said date and such civil union shall be merged into such marriage by operation of law on said date.

(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, the parties to a civil union with respect to which a proceeding for dissolution, annulment or legal separation is pending on October 1, 2010, shall not be deemed to be married on said date and such civil union shall not be merged into such marriage by operation of law but shall continue to be governed by the provisions of the general statutes applicable to civil unions in effect prior to October 1, 2010.

(NEW) (Effective from passage) Nothing in section 11, 12 or 21 of this act shall impair or affect any action or proceeding commenced, or any right or benefit accrued, or responsibility incurred, by a party to a civil union prior to October 1, 2010.

Section 46a-81a of the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective from passage):

For the purposes of sections 4a-60a, 45a-726a and 46a-81b to [46a-81r] 46a-81q, inclusive, "sexual orientation" means having a preference for heterosexuality, homosexuality or bisexuality, having a history of such preference or being identified with such preference, but excludes any behavior which constitutes a violation of part VI of chapter 952.

Subsection (a) of section 17b-137a of the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective October 1, 2010):

(a) The Social Security number of the applicant shall be recorded on each (1) application for a license, certification or permit to engage in a profession or occupation regulated pursuant to the provisions of title 19a, 20 or 21; (2) application for a commercial driver's license or commercial driver's instruction permit completed pursuant to subsection (a) of section 14-44c; and (3) application for a marriage license made under section 46b-25, as amended by this act. [or for a civil union license under section 46b-38hh.]

Section 46b-150d of the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective October 1, 2010):

An order that a minor is emancipated shall have the following effects: (1) The minor may consent to medical, dental or psychiatric care, without parental consent, knowledge or liability; (2) the minor may enter into a binding contract; (3) the minor may sue and be sued in such minor's own name; (4) the minor shall be entitled to such minor's own earnings and shall be free of control by such minor's parents or guardian; (5) the minor may establish such minor's own residence; (6) the minor may buy and sell real and personal property; (7) the minor may not thereafter be the subject of a petition under section 46b-129 as an abused, dependent, neglected or uncared for child or youth; (8) the minor may enroll in any school or college, without parental consent; (9) the minor shall be deemed to be over eighteen years of age for purposes of securing an operator's license under section 14-36 and a marriage license under subsection (b) of section 46b-30 ; [or a civil union license under section 46b-38jj without parental consent;] (10) the minor shall be deemed to be over eighteen years of age for purposes of registering a motor vehicle under section 14-12; (11) the parents of the minor shall no longer be the guardians of the minor under section 45a-606; (12) the parents of a minor shall be relieved of any obligations respecting such minor's school attendance under section 10-184; (13) the parents shall be relieved of all obligation to support the minor; (14) the minor shall be emancipated for the purposes of parental liability for such minor's acts under section 52-572; (15) the minor may execute releases in such minor's own name under section 14-118; and (16) the minor may enlist in the armed forces of the United States without parental consent.

(NEW) (Effective from passage) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a religious organization, association or society, or any nonprofit institution or organization operated, supervised or controlled by or in conjunction with a religious organization, association or society, shall not be required to provide services, accommodations, advantages, facilities, goods or privileges to an individual if the request for such services, accommodations, advantages, facilities, goods or privileges is related to the solemnization of a marriage or celebration of a marriage and such solemnization or celebration is in violation of their religious beliefs and faith. Any refusal to provide services, accommodations, advantages, facilities, goods or privileges in accordance with this section shall not create any civil claim or cause of action, or result in any state action to penalize or withhold benefits from such religious organization, association or society, or any nonprofit institution or organization operated, supervised or controlled by or in conjunction with a religious organization, association or society.

(NEW) (Effective from passage) The marriage laws of this state shall not be construed to affect the ability of a fraternal benefit society to determine the admission of members as provided in section 38a-598 of the general statutes or to determine the scope of beneficiaries in accordance with section 38a-636 of the general statutes, and shall not require a fraternal benefit society that has been established and is operating for charitable and educational purposes and which is operated, supervised or controlled by or in connection with a religious organization to provide insurance benefits to any person if to do so would violate the fraternal benefit society's free exercise of religion as guaranteed by the first amendment to the Constitution of the United States and section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state.

(NEW) (Effective from passage) Nothing in this act shall be deemed or construed to affect the manner in which a religious organization may provide adoption, foster care or social services if such religious organization does not receive state or federal funds for that specific program or purpose.

Section 46a-81r of the general statutes is repealed. (Effective from passage)

Sections 46b-38aa to 46b-38mm, inclusive, section 46b-38nn, as amended by this act, and section 46b-38oo of the general statutes are repealed. (Effective October 1, 2010)

Approved April 23, 2009.


text:
Page:Garden Cities of To-morrow (1902).djvu/82

72 City. Into its treasury are paid (after provision has been made for landlord's rent and sinking fund) all rate-rents received from its tenants, as well as the profits derived from its various municipal undertakings, and these, we have seen, are amply sufficient to discharge all public burdens without any resort to the expedient of compulsory rates. The powers possessed by the Central Council are, it may be noticed in passing, more ample than those possessed by other municipal bodies, for whilst most of these enjoy only such powers as are expressly conferred on them by Acts of Parliament, the Central Council of Garden City exercises on behalf of the people those wider rights, powers and privileges which are enjoyed by landlords under the common law. The private owner of land can do with his land and with the revenue he derives from it what he pleases so long as he is not a nuisance to his neighbour; while, on the other hand, public bodies which acquire land or obtain power to levy rates by Acts of Parliament, can only use that land or spend those rates for such purposes as are expressly prescribed by those Acts. But Garden City is in a greatly superior position, for, by stepping as a quasi public body into the rights of a private landlord, it becomes at once clothed with far larger powers for carrying out the will of the people than are possessed by other local bodies, and thus solves to a large extent the problem of local self-government.

But the Central Council, though possessing these large powers, delegates many of them, for convenience of administration, to its various departments, retaining, howover, responsibility for—

(1) The general plan on which the estate is laid out.


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/54

Rh 1806, pt. i. pp. 90–1, 574; Annual Register, 1807 (Rivingtons), Chron. pp. 90*–1*; Dallaway's Sussex, 1815, the ‘Rape of Chichester,’ pp. 136–140, 141–2; Collins's Peerage, 1812, i. 208, 210–211; Doyle's Official Baronage, 1886, iii. 130–1; Alumni Westmon. 1852, pp. 264, 394, 545; Army Lists; Notes and Queries, 4th ser. iii. 526, 7th ser. xi. 188, 251.]

LENNOX, CHARLES, fourth and  (1764–1819), born in 1764, was eldest son of Lieutenant-general Lord George Henry Lennox [q. v.], by Louisa, daughter of the fourth Marquis of Lothian. While captain in the Coldstream foot-guards in 1789 he challenged the Duke of York [see ] to a duel. It took place on 26 Aug. on Wimbledon Common, the bullet of Lennox grazing the Duke of York's curl, and the duke firing in the air (Gent. Mag. 1789, pt. ii. pp. 463, 565). The Duke of York declared that he had no animosity against Lennox, and had merely come out to give him satisfaction. The officers of the guards having passed a resolution that Lennox had ‘behaved with courage, but from the peculiarity of the circumstances not with judgment,’ Lennox, on 20 June, exchanged with Lord Strathnairn his captaincy in the guards for the colonelcy of the 35th foot, then stationed in Edinburgh. Previous to joining his regiment he fought a second duel on 3 July in a field near Uxbridge Road, London, with Theophilus Swift [q. v.], who had published a pamphlet reflecting on his character. Swift was hit in the body, but the wound was not fatal. On Lennox joining the regiment in Edinburgh, the castle was illuminated in his honour. He was also presented with the freedom of the city, and elected an honorary member of the corporation of goldsmiths. He made himself very popular with his regiment by playing cricket with the common soldiers, then an unusual condescension in an officer. Subsequently he served with his regiment in the Leeward islands. At St. Dominica in 1794 the regiment was attacked by the yellow fever, no fewer than forty officers and six hundred rank and file succumbing. In 1795 Lennox obtained the rank of colonel, and was appointed aide-de-camp to the king, and in 1798 he became major-general. In 1800 he was made colonel-commandant, and in 1803 was promoted colonel of the 35th foot. He became lieutenant-general in 1805, and general in 1814. In 1790 he was returned to parliament for Sussex, in succession to his father, as a supporter of Pitt, and he continued to represent the same constituency till he succeeded to the dukedom of Richmond and Lennox on the death of his uncle, 29 Dec. 1806. On 1 April of the following year he was sworn a privy councillor, and appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Colonel Wellesley (afterwards Duke of Wellington) being chief secretary. He retained this office till 1813, after which he took up his residence with his family in Brussels. On 15 June, the night before Quatre Bras, the Duke and Duchess of Richmond gave the ball referred to in Byron's well-known verses (see Words on Wellington, 1889, pp. 278–344; and Notes and Queries, 7th ser. vi. 441, 472, 515, vii. 34, and viii. 176). Richmond was present at the battle of Waterloo, in the suite of the Duke of Wellington. In 1818 he was appointed governor-general of British North America, and he died near Richmond, Canada, of hydrophobia, 20 Aug. the following year. In all probability the disease resulted from the bite of a young fox (see Gent. Mag. 1819, pt. ii. pp. 466–7). By his wife, Lady Charlotte, eldest daughter of the fourth Duke of Gordon, whom he married 9 Sept. 1789, he had seven sons and seven daughters, and he was succeeded in the dukedom by his eldest son, Charles Gordon Lennox [q. v.] His third daughter, Georgiana, born in 1795, married 7 June 1824 William, twentieth baron de Ros, and died 16 Dec. 1891. There is a portrait of the duke as Colonel Lennox in Kay's ‘Edinburgh Portraits.’

 LENNOX, CHARLES GORDON-, fifth (1791–1860), the eldest son of Charles, fourth duke [q. v.], was born on 3 Aug. 1791. He was educated at Westminster School, and was gazetted lieutenant in the 13th regiment of (light) dragoons on 21 June 1810. After serving as aide-de-camp to his father, then lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Lord March, as he was called by courtesy, joined the forces in Portugal as aide-de-camp and assistant military secretary to the Duke of Wellington (July 1810 to July 1814). On being made captain in the 52nd regiment of foot, he served with the first battalion of his regiment at the battle of Orthes on 27 Feb. 1813, and was severely wounded in the chest. He was twice sent home with despatches. During the campaign in the Netherlands he was aide-de-camp to the Prince of Orange, and after the prince had been wounded at Waterloo, joined Wellington's staff as extra aide-de-camp. He


text:
Public Law 112-245

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

This Act may be cited as the "Pinnacles National Park Act".

The Congress makes the following findings:
 * (1) Pinnacles National Monument was established by Presidential Proclamation 796 on January 16, 1908, for the purposes of protecting its rock formations, and expanded by Presidential Proclamation 1660 of May 7, 1923; Presidential Proclamation 1704 of July 2, 1924; Presidential Proclamation 1948 of April 13, 1931; Presidential Proclamation 2050 of July 11, 1933; Presidential Proclamation 2528 of December 5, 1941; Public Law 94-567; and Presidential Proclamation 7266 of January 11, 2000.
 * (2) While the extraordinary geology of Pinnacles National Monument has attracted and enthralled visitors for well over a century, the expanded Monument now serves a critical role in protecting other important natural and cultural resources and ecological processes. This expanded role merits recognition through legislation.
 * (3) Pinnacles National Monument provides the best remaining refuge for floral and fauna species representative of the central California coast and Pacific coast range, including 32 species holding special Federal or State status, not only because of its multiple ecological niches but also because of its long-term protected status with 14,500 acres of Congressionally designated wilderness.
 * (4) Pinnacles National Monument encompasses a unique blend of California heritage from prehistoric and historic Native Americans to the arrival of the Spanish, followed by 18th and 19th century settlers, including miners, cowboys, vaqueros, ranchers, farmers, and homesteaders.
 * (5) Pinnacles National Monument is the only National Park System site within the ancestral home range of the California Condor. The reintroduction of the condor to its traditional range in California is important to the survival of the species, and as a result, the scientific community with centers at the Los Angeles Zoo and San Diego Zoo in California and Buenos Aires Zoo in Argentina looks to Pinnacles National Monument as a leader in California Condor recovery, and as an international partner for condor recovery in South America.
 * (6) The preservation, enhancement, economic and tourism potential and management of the central California coast and Pacific coast range's important natural and cultural resources requires cooperation and partnerships among local property owners, Federal, State, and local government entities and the private sector.

(a) Establishment and Purpose- There is hereby established Pinnacles National Park in the State of California for the purposes of--
 * (1) preserving and interpreting for the benefit of future generations the chaparral, grasslands, blue oak woodlands, and majestic valley oak savanna ecosystems of the area, the area's geomorphology, riparian watersheds, unique flora and fauna, and the ancestral and cultural history of native Americans, settlers and explorers; and
 * (2) interpreting the recovery program for the California Condor and the international significance of the program.

(b) Boundaries- The boundaries of Pinnacles National Park are as generally depicted on the map entitled `Proposed: Pinnacles National Park Designation Change', numbered 114/111,724, and dated December 2011. The map shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the National Park Service. (c) Abolishment of Current Pinnacles National Monument-
 * (1) IN GENERAL- In light of the establishment of Pinnacles National Park, Pinnacles National Monument is hereby abolished and the lands and interests therein are incorporated within and made part of Pinnacles National Park. Any funds available for purposes of the monument shall be available for purposes of the park.
 * (2) REFERENCES- Any references in law (other than in this Act), regulation, document, record, map or other paper of the United States to Pinnacles National Monument shall be considered a reference to Pinnacles National Park.

(d) Administration- The Secretary of the Interior shall administer Pinnacles National Park in accordance with this Act and laws generally applicable to units of the National Park System, including the National Park Service Organic Act (16 U.S.C. 1, 2-4).

Subsection (i) of the first section of Public Law 94-567 (90 Stat. 2693; 16 U.S.C. 1132 note) is amended by striking `Pinnacles Wilderness' and inserting `Hain Wilderness'. Any reference in a law, map, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the Pinnacles Wilderness shall be deemed to be a reference to the Hain Wilderness.

title: Public Law 112-245


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/55

Rh was gazetted lieutenant-colonel, and placed on half-pay on 25 July 1816. He had received the silver war-medal and eight clasps, and it was owing to his speeches in the House of Lords, especially that of 21 July 1845, that the Peninsular war-medal was at last, on 1 June 1847, given to the veterans, who in gratitude presented him with a piece of plate, of the value of fifteen hundred guineas, on 21 June 1851.

From 5 Oct. 1812 to 22 Nov. 1819, when on his father's death he was called to the upper house, March was M.P. for Chichester in the tory interest. In the lords he confined himself at first to agricultural questions, and on 25 May 1825 obtained a committee of inquiry into the wool trade; but the details of his speech were, according to Greville, got up for him by Lord George Bentinck. On the introduction of the Catholic Emancipation Bill he became one of the most vigorous of Wellington's opponents, and spoke frequently against the bill and its ‘wings.’ If the ultra-tories could have formed a government, the duke was to have been lord-lieutenant of Ireland or first lord of the treasury (, i. 205, where Richmond is characterised as having ‘a certain measure of understanding,’ and as ‘prejudiced, narrow-minded, illiterate, and ignorant, good-looking, good-humoured and unaffected, tedious, prolix, unassuming, and a duke’). He continued to be reckoned among the ultra-tories, who were more anxious than the whigs to oust the ministry (, iii. 49), and Grey had more hopes of him than of ‘Newcastle and such-like politicians’ (Correspondence of Princess Lieven and Earl Grey, ed. Le Strange, ii. 102). On 18 May 1830 Richmond moved for a select committee on the internal state of the country, particularly with respect to the working classes, but, in spite of whig support, was defeated by 141 votes to 61.

On the formation of the reform ministry (November 1830) Richmond, though he did not bring much tory following, was offered and accepted the ordnance department. The appointment, however, was unpalatable to the army, and, after refusing the mastership of the horse, he became postmaster-general. He at first declined, but eventually consented to accept the salary. In the same month he was called upon, in consequence of the agricultural riots in Sussex, to do battle against a mob of two hundred labourers, whom he beat with fifty of his tenant-farmers. He afterwards harangued the rioters, and sent them away in a good humour. As a cabinet minister he was, according to Lord Melbourne, ‘sharp, quick, the king liked him, he stood up to Durham more than any other man in the cabinet, and altogether he was not unimportant’ (, ii. 336), an opinion which Greville accepted with considerable qualifications (ib. iii. 16). On 27 May 1834 Richmond, together with Ripon, Stanley, and Graham, resigned, on the ‘appropriation’ resolution moved by Mr. Ward, and explained his reasons on 10 June.

After his resignation Richmond sat on the cross-benches. He had already (19 Sept. 1831) introduced a bill for the reform of the game laws, which was referred to a select committee, and he was subsequently a member of the prisons discipline committee of 1835, chairman of the committee of the House of Lords of 1836 which suggested the abolition of the hulks, and in 1842 was appointed one of the first commissioners for the government of Pentonville prison. He supported the Melbourne government, and, on the return of Lord Durham from Canada, warned the premier that he must be ‘very firm with his ex-governor, or there would be the devil to pay’ (Melbourne Papers, ed. Sanders, p. 442). When Peel produced his free-trade measures, Richmond came forward as one of the leaders of the protectionist party, and in 1845 led the opposition to the Customs Bill in the upper house. In the same year he became president of the Agricultural Protection Society, which was founded to counteract the principles of the Anti-Cornlaw League. The title was changed in the following year to the Society for the Protection of Agriculture and British Industries. When the abolition of the corn laws was proposed in 1846, he caused his brother, Lord Alexander Lennox, the clerk of the ordnance, to resign his seat at Chichester, and had him replaced by his son, Lord Henry Lennox. On 25 May he moved the rejection of the Corn Bill in an uncompromising speech, in which he prophesied that the measure would ‘shake the foundations of the throne, endanger the institutions of the country, and plunge a happy and contented people into misery, confusion, and anarchy,’ but his motion was defeated by 211 votes to 164. Richmond was offered, but declined, office under Lord Derby in 1852. He died of dropsy on 21 Oct. 1860.

Richmond was created a K.G. in 1828, in 1816 the title of d'Aubigny was reconfirmed to him by Louis XVIII, and in 1836, on the death of his uncle, the fifth and last Duke of Gordon, he assumed by letters patent the additional surname of Gordon. Richmond was colonel of the Sussex militia from 1819, and besides other appointments held those of lord-lieutenant, custos rotulorum, and vice-admiral of Sussex from 1835, and was high steward of Chichester, chancellor of the


text:
Portal:Acts of the United States Congresses/Acts of the 113th United States Congress

Pending Public Law Number Assignment

 * To provide for the establishment of the Special Envoy to Promote Religious Freedom of Religious Minorities in the Near East and South Central Asia. (H.R. 301; 113th Congress), January 15, 2013
 * To amend Public Law 93–435 with respect to the Northern Mariana Islands, providing parity with Guam, the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa. (S. 256; 113th Congress), February 7, 2013
 * Making appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2014, and for other purposes. (H. R. 2217; 113th Congress), June 6, 2013
 * To designate the headquarters building of the Coast Guard as the Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building, and for other purposes. (H. R. 2611; 113th Congress), July 8, 2013
 * To authorize the limited and specified use of the United States Armed Forces against Syria. (S.J.RES. 21; 113th Congress), September 6, 2013


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/56

Lennox Marischal College, Aberdeen, and hereditary constable of Inverness Castle. He was a liberal landlord, a zealous agriculturist, and improved the breed of Southdowns. In 1832 he was chosen vice-president of the Smithfield Club, which founded the Royal Agricultural Society in 1837; in 1845 he was elected president of the society, in succession to the fifth Earl Spencer [q. v.], and held that office until his death. He was an owner of racehorses from 1818 to 1854, and twice won the Oaks, with Gulnare in 1827, and Refraction in 1845. In 1831 he was a steward of the Jockey Club, and helped to revise the rules. His exertions, aided by those of Lord George Bentinck [see ], maintained the importance and success of the annual race-meeting at Goodwood.

Richmond married, on 10 April 1817, Lady Caroline Paget, eldest daughter of the first Marquis of Anglesey, and by her, who died on 12 March 1874, had ten children, of whom the eldest, Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, born on 27 Feb. 1818, is the sixth and present duke. His second daughter, Lady Augusta Caroline Gordon-Lennox (born in 1827), was married in 1851 to General his Serene Highness Prince William Augustus Edward of Saxe-Weimar, G.C.B., eldest son of Duke Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach. His second son, Lord Fitzroy George Gordon-Lennox, was lost in the steamer President in 1841.

The third son, (1821–1886), was conservative member for Chichester from 1846 to 1885, a lord of the treasury in 1852, and again in 1858–9, secretary to the admiralty from July 1866 to December 1868, and first commissioner of public works under Mr. Disraeli from February 1874, when he was sworn of the privy council. In July 1876 he resigned his office, owing to certain disclosures in the case of Twycross v. Grant concerning the Lisbon Tramways Company, of which he was a director. He was entirely innocent of any dishonourable practices. Lord Henry died 29 Aug. 1886.

 LENNOX, CHARLOTTE (1720–1804), miscellaneous writer, born in 1720, was the daughter of Colonel James Ramsay, lieutenant-governor of New York. About 1735 she was sent to England for adoption by a well-to-do aunt, whom on her arrival she found to be incurably insane. Her father died soon afterwards, leaving her unprovided for. After failing as an actress (, Letters, ed. Cunningham, ii. 126), she supported herself by literary work, and about 1748 married a Mr. Lennox. Samuel Paterson, who published her first book, introduced her to Johnson, and Johnson introduced her to Richardson. Johnson, in his admiration for her blameless life, thought extravagantly of her talents. To celebrate the publication, in December 1750, of her novel, ‘Harriot Stuart,’ he invited her to supper at his club. One of the dishes was an enormous apple-pie, which he had stuck with bay-leaves, and he had prepared for her a crown of laurel, with which he encircled her brows (, Life of Johnson, p. 286). He further flattered her by citing her under ‘Talent’ in his ‘Dictionary’ (, Life of Johnson, ed. G. B. Hill, iv. 4 n. 3). These compliments turned her head, with the result that ‘nobody liked her’ (Mrs. Thrale, in Diary, i. 91).

But her brightly written novel entitled ‘The Female Quixote; or, the Adventures of Arabella,’ 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1752 (1783, 1810), which appeared without her name, entitles her to rank as a woman of genius. Fielding praised it (Voyage to Lisbon), and Johnson, who contributed the dedication to the Earl of Middlesex, reviewed it in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ (xxii. 146). Her next publication was a somewhat silly book, called ‘Shakespear illustrated; or, the Novels and Histories on which the Plays … are founded, collected, and translated,’ 3 vols. 12mo, London, 1753–4. In her notes she attempts to show that Shakespeare injured the stories by the introduction of absurd intrigues and improbable incidents. Some of these observations were ascribed by Malone to Johnson, who wrote the dedication to the Earl of Orrery. During 1760–1 she conducted a magazine called ‘The Ladies' Museum,’ 2 vols. 8vo. A well-written comedy by Mrs. Lennox, entitled ‘The Sister,’ was produced at Covent Garden on 18 Feb. 1769, Goldsmith providing the epilogue (, Hist. of the Stage, v. 241–2). A party was organised to hoot it down the first night, and it was never repeated (, iv. 10; Gent. Mag. xxxix. 199). Three of the characters in Burgoyne's ‘Heiress’ were stolen from it. A German translation by J. C. Bock was printed in vol. i. of F. L. Schroeder's ‘Hamburgisches Theater,’ 1776. Her latter days were clouded by penury and sickness, and during the last twelvemonth of her life she was a pensioner on the Royal Literary Fund. George Rose and William Beloe also assisted her. She died on 4 Jan. 1804. By


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/57

Rh her husband Lennox she had an only son, who obtained employment in the United States.

Mrs. Lennox wrote also: 1. ‘Poems on several occasions. Written by a young Lady,’ 8vo, London, 1747. 2. ‘The Life of Harriot Stuart;’ a novel, 12mo, London, 1751. 3. ‘Philander; a Dramatic Pastoral,’ 8vo, London, 1758. The hint of this piece, which was not intended for the stage, is taken from Guarini's ‘Il Pastor Fido.’ 4. ‘Henrietta,’ a novel, 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1758 (1761, 1787), afterwards dramatised by the authoress as ‘The Sister.’ A French translation appeared in 1760. 5. ‘Sophia,’ a novel, 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1762. 6. ‘Old City Manners,’ 8vo, London, 1775; a comedy, altered from Jonson, Chapman, and Marston's ‘Eastward Hoe!’ It was acted at Drury Lane on 9 Nov. 1775, and favourably received (, v. 481–2). 7. ‘Euphemia,’ a novel, 4 vols. 12mo, London, 1790. 8. ‘Memoirs of Henry Lenox, interspersed with Legendary Romances,’ 12mo, London, 1804.

She translated from the French: 1. ‘The Memoirs of the Countess of Berci,’ 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1756. 2. ‘Memoirs of M. de Bethune, duke of Sully,’ 3 vols. 4to, London, 1756 (reprinted in 8vo, 1778 and 1810). Johnson reviewed it in the ‘Literary Magazine’ for 1756 (BOSWELL, i. 309). 3. ‘Memoirs for the History of Madame de Maintenon,’ 12mo, London, 1757. 4. Brumoy's ‘Greek Theatre,’ 3 vols. 4to, London, 1759, in which she was assisted by Johnson, Lord Orrery, James Grainger, M.D., and others. 5. The Duchess de la Vallière's ‘Meditations and Penitential Prayers. With some Account of her Life,’ 8vo, London, 1774.

In 1775 Johnson assisted her in preparing proposals for a collective edition of her works in three quarto volumes, but the design was not carried out.

Her portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds was engraved by Bartolozzi.

LENNOX, GEORGE HENRY (1737–1805), general, eighth child of Charles Lennox, second duke of Richmond [q. v.], was born in London on 29 Nov. 1737. He became ensign in the 2nd foot-guards on 15 Feb. 1754. He was appointed aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cumberland, made a campaign in Germany in 1757, and took part in the expedition to the French coast in 1758. On 8 May 1758 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel in the 33rd foot, in succession to his elder brother, Charles. In 1760 and 1761 he served in Germany, and on 20 Feb. 1762 was made aide-de-camp to the king with the rank of colonel. On 22 Dec. 1762 he was attached to the 25th foot. In 1763 he was brigadier to the forces in Portugal. Proceeding with his regiment to Minorca he had a quarrel with the governor, General Mostyn, about the quality of the wine served to the men. However, Mostyn afterwards threw one Fabrigas, a wine merchant, into prison, and thus arose the celebrated leading case of Fabrigas v. Mostyn, tried in 1773, in which Fabrigas recovered 10,000l. damages. In 1765 Lennox accompanied his brother Charles to the court of France as secretary of legation, and was left chargé d'affaires in his absence. He became major-general on 25 May 1772, constable of the Tower of London in 1783, a privy councillor on 9 Feb. 1784, and full general on 25 Oct. 1793. He was afterwards made governor of Plymouth, and died at Stoke, near Plymouth, on 22 March 1805. He married in 1758 Louisa, daughter of William Henry, fourth marquis of Lothian, and by her left Charles [q. v.] (who on the death of Charles, third duke, in 1806, succeeded as fourth duke of Richmond, and is noticed separately) and three daughters, the second of whom, Emilia Charlotte, married in 1784 the Hon. Sir George Cranfield Berkeley [q. v.]

LENNOX, MALCOLM, fifth (1255?–1333), son of Malcolm, fourth earl, was born about 1255. In 1292 he succeeded to the earldom, and in that year he was one of the supporters of Robert Bruce (1210–1295) [q. v.] in his competition with Baliol. In 1296 he joined the army invading Cumberland, but swore fealty to Edward I on 7 July. On 24 May 1297 he was one of the nobles to whom letters were addressed by the king of England inviting him to join an English expedition to Flanders, but he seems to have remained in Scotland (cf. Rotuli Scotiæ, i. 50). In 1306 he was, like Gilbert de Haya [q. v.], a great supporter of Bruce, who exchanged half the lands of Leckie with him for an estate at Cardross. He received other charters, and in 1310 he was appointed hereditary sheriff of Clackmannanshire. He appears as a benefactor to the Cluniac abbey of Paisley in 1318. In 1320 he signed the letter to Pope John XXII asserting the ecclesiastical independence of Scotland. By the king's command in 1329 Lennox was excused from paying the tenth penny, and a present of


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/59

Rh Smarts settled at Reading. John Newbery also secured by his will provision for Mrs. Smart; and her daughters, Mrs. Le Noir and Mrs. Cowslade, ultimately inherited the ‘Reading Mercury.’ In 1795 Elizabeth married a French refugee, Jean Baptiste Le Noir de la Brosse, chevalier of the royal and military order of St. Louis. Her husband had settled as a teacher of French at Reading, and wrote many educational works, such as ‘The Logographical … French Spelling Book,’ 1799, 8th edit. 1839, and ‘Pratique de l'Orateur François,’ 4th edit. 1812, besides two ‘Odes Pindariques’ on current French politics. He died at Herne Hill on 4 Jan. 1833, aged 80 (Gent. Mag. 1833, pt. i. p. 91). Mrs. Le Noir lived at a house within the precincts of the Abbey of Reading, and died, aged 86, at the Priory, Caversham, on 6 May 1841.

Mrs. Le Noir was author of: 1. ‘Village Annals, a Scene in Domestic Life,’ a novel in 2 vols. 1803. 2. ‘Village Anecdotes, or the Journal of a Year, from Sophia to Edward,’ 1804. The printer and publisher complain of the author's handwriting, and make it the excuse for the long list of errata. A second edition in 1807 is dedicated to Dr. Burney, who praised the book very highly. There was a third edition in 1821. 3. ‘Victorine's Excursions,’ 1804. 4. ‘Clara de Montfier, a Moral Tale,’ in three volumes, 1808, dedicated to Lady Charlotte Greville; 2nd edit. 1810, under the name of ‘The Maid of La Vendée.’ Dr. Burney criticised the manuscript very favourably. 5. ‘Conversations, interspersed with Poems, for the Amusement and Instruction of Youth,’ 2 vols. 1812. 6. ‘Miscellaneous Poems,’ 2 vols. 1825, dedicated to Viscountess Sidmouth.

Like Dr. Burney, Mary Russell Mitford greatly admired Mrs. Le Noir's tales and poems; she writes that her ‘books when taken up one does not care to put down again’ (Recollections of a Literary Life, iii. 101). The novels are interesting as specimens of the fashionable fiction of their day. Some of the verses, notably ‘The Old Oak at Ufton Court’ and ‘The Morning Hymn,’ were characterised in their day as ‘beautiful.’

A daughter of Mrs. Le Noir's husband by a former marriage published for the perusal of young ladies, ‘Les Promenades de Victorine,’ 1804, apparently a translation of her stepmother's ‘Victorine's Excursions,’ ‘Le Compagne de la Jeunesse,’ and ‘L'Instructrice et son Elève.’ She died at Leamington on 21 Sept. 1830 (Gent. Mag. 1830, pt. ii. p. 477).

LENS, BERNARD (1631–1708), enamel-painter, apparently of Netherlandish origin, was born in 1631, and practised in London as an enamel-painter. He died on 5 Feb. 1708, aged 77, and was buried in St. Bride's, Fleet Street.

(1659–1725), mezzotint-engraver and drawing-master, son of the above, was born in London in 1659, and received instruction in art from his father. He was employed at first to draw for engravers, but afterwards practised extensively as a mezzotint-engraver himself. He engraved a number of small biblical or mythological subjects after Vandyck, Van der Vaart, Sir Peter Lely, C. Maratti, Guido Reni, and others, as well as many portraits, including those of John, lord Cutts, Charles, duke of Richmond, Lady Mary Radclyffe, Mother George of Oxford, aged 120, and various members of the royal family. He engraved some curious mezzotint plates of displays of fireworks given on William III's return from his Irish campaign on 10 Sept. 1690, on the capture of Namur on 9 Sept. 1695, and on the general peace on 7 July 1713. Lens also drew a number of topographical sketches in Indian ink, several of which are preserved in the print room at the British Museum. Lens, with John Sturt [q. v.] the engraver, kept a drawing-school in St. Paul's Churchyard. In 1697 they issued a broadside setting forth the advantages of learning drawing in every profession. A portrait by Lens of Isaac Bickerstaffe was engraved by Sturt in 1710. Lens died on 28 April 1725, and was also buried in St. Bride's, Fleet Street.

(1682–1740), miniature-painter and drawing-master, son of the last-named by his wife Mary Lens, born in London in 1682, was a student of the Academy of Painting in Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields. He distinguished himself greatly as a miniature-painter in water-colours, and was esteemed the best exponent of this art in his time. Lens's miniatures are frequently to be met with in private collections, but the similarity of his signature, his initials interlaced, with those of Sir Peter Lely and Lawrence Crosse [q. v.] has sometimes caused their works to be confused. He painted several miniatures of Mary Queen of Scots, from a well-known original. One of these is in the collection of the Duke of Buccleuch. A portrait of Sir Thomas Tipping on horseback, drawn by Lens in 1724, is in the print room at the British Museum. He also made several


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/60

Rh excellent copies in water-colour after Rubens, Vandyck, and other famous artists. Lens was appointed limner to George I and George II. He was also drawing-master to the Duke of Cumberland, the princesses Mary and Louisa, and to Horace Walpole, earl of Orford [q. v.], who paid special testimony to his excellent method of teaching. Lens also taught drawing at Christ's Hospital. He drew the portrait of G. Shelley, writing-master to Christ's Hospital, which was engraved by G. Bickham. His residence at this period was at ‘the Golden Head, between Bridewell Bridge and Fleet Street and Blackfriars’ ( and, London, ii. 55). Lens executed a number of etchings, including some views of St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, and some sketches after Lucatelli. He drew from the life, etched and published on 30 Oct. 1735 a series of plates in outlines representing ‘The Granadier's Exercise of the Granado in his Majesty's first Regiment of Foot-Guards, commanded by his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland,’ and he drew and engraved sixty-two plates illustrating ‘A New and Compleat Drawing Book,’ which was not published till after his death; a portrait of him is prefixed, from a miniature by himself, and engraved by Boitard. Miniatures of Lens and several members of his family are described by their possessor in ‘Notes and Queries,’ 4th ser. viii. 262. Another portrait, engraved by G. von Gucht, figures with portraits of Laguerre and Charles Gervas [q. v.] in the title to the ‘Catalogue’ of the latter's pictures. Lens died at Knightsbridge on 30 Dec. 1740. He married, at Gray's Inn Chapel, on 30 Nov. 1706, Katherine Woods, and left three sons: Bernard studied art, but through the interest of Horace Walpole obtained a post as clerk in the exchequer office; Peter Paul Lens practised as a miniature-painter; his third son, (fl. 1765–1770), miniature-painter, exhibited miniatures with the Incorporated Society of Artists from 1765 to 1770. In 1744 he re-engraved and published his father's ‘Granadier's Exercise.’ There are three drawings by him in the print room at the British Museum, including a large portrait of J. Claus, done in red chalk, from a portrait by T. Gibson. His collection of miniatures by his father and himself was sold in 1777.

LENS, JOHN (1756–1825), serjeant-at-law, son of John Lens, a well-known land agent in Norwich, was born there on 2 Jan. 1756. He was educated first at a school in Norwich, and then by the Rev. John Peele. In 1775 he matriculated at St. John's College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1779, when he was fourth wrangler and chancellor's medallist, and M.A. in 1782. After leaving Cambridge he entered at Lincoln's Inn, whence he was called to the bar in 1781. He at first joined the Norfolk circuit, but soon transferred himself to the western circuit, which he led for many years. On 12 June 1799 he became a serjeant-at-law, and in 1806 king's serjeant. His practice was extensive, and his position at the bar eminent. He was named a lay fellow of Downing College in its charter in 1800, was treasurer of Serjeants' Inn in 1806, succeeded Spencer Perceval in 1807 as counsel to the university of Cambridge, and was engaged in numerous celebrated cases, of which the chief were the action of Charles Perkin Wyatt, surveyor-general of crown lands in Canada, against General Gore, governor of Upper Canada, for libel, in 1816, and the Cranborne Chase boundaries case in the same year (see, Literary Illustrations, vi. 223). He sat as commissioner of assize at Guildford and Maidstone in 1818. He had been a friend and adherent of Fox, was a whig by conviction (see, Memoirs, iv. 128), and might, had he chosen, have represented the university of Cambridge in parliament. But he was as indifferent to honours as he was completely disinterested. In December 1813, on the appointment of Sir Robert Dallas to the bench of the common pleas, he declined the solicitor-generalship (see, Memoirs, iii. 124), although it was pressed upon him by the prime minister at the request of the prince regent, his personal friend. His independence at length became proverbial, and the toast ‘Serjeant Lens and the independence of the bar’ was given at public dinners. In 1817 he retired from his circuit, at the height of his powers, in order to make way for younger men, but continued to practise in London, acting also as commissioner of assize on the home circuit in 1818 (see, Chief Justices, iii. 225, 289). He refused the chief justiceship of Chester, and Lord Ellenborough strongly recommended him as his own successor in the office of lord chief-justice. He died at Ryde in the Isle of Wight on 6 Aug. 1825. He had married in 1818 Mrs. Nares, widow of John Nares, esq., son of Sir George Nares, a judge of the common pleas. His wife predeceased him on 15 June 1820. A portrait of Lens was at Serjeants' Inn.


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/61

Rh

LENTHALL, WILLIAM (1591–1662), speaker of the House of Commons, second son of William Lenthall of Lachford in Oxfordshire, by Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Southwell of St. Faith's in Norfolk, was born ‘in Henley-upon-Thames, in a house near to the church there, in the latter end of June 1591’ (, Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 603). The Lenthall family, originally of Herefordshire, acquired Lachford by marriage with the heiress of the Pyperds in the fifteenth century (ib.) William Lenthall matriculated at St. Alban Hall, Oxford, on 23 Jan. 1606–7, but left the university without taking a degree (, Oxford Register, ii. 292). He then entered Lincoln's Inn, was called to the bar in 1616, became a bencher in 1633, and was elected reader in 1638 (, Dictionary of the Judges of England, p. 403;, Alumni Oxon. iii. 902). He was appointed recorder of Woodstock, which he represented in the last parliament of James I, and became also in 1637 recorder of Gloucester (ib.; Names of Members returned to serve in Parliament, i. 458). Lenthall's professional success was rapid. In a later vindication of himself he writes: ‘When I was first called to be speaker, I think it is known to most, I had a plentiful fortune in land and ready money to a good sum, and if I had continued my way of practice I might well have doubled my fortune. … I received by the last years of my practice 2,500 pounds by the year’ (Notes and Queries, i. xii. 358). In 1630 he bought Besselsleigh in Berkshire from the Fettiplaces, and in 1634 paid Lord Falkland 7,000l. for Burford Priory (, iii. 603). Lenthall represented Woodstock both in the Short parliament of April 1640 and in the Long parliament. In the first of the assemblies he was appointed one of the committee on ship-money (21 April), and acted as chairman of the committee of the whole house on grievances (23 April), and again when the house took into consideration the king's message on supply (Commons' Journals, ii. 8, 10, 19). At the opening of the Long parliament on 3 Nov. 1640 Lenthall was unanimously elected speaker. The selection was no doubt influenced by the fact that he had occupied the chair during two of the most important debates of the previous parliament, though Clarendon attributes it entirely to the absence of Sir Thomas Gardiner, whom the king originally intended to designate. He describes Lenthall in his earlier narrative as ‘a lawyer of good practice and no ill affections, but a very weak man and unequal to such a task.’ In his later narrative he adds that he was a man ‘of a very narrow and timorous nature,’ and that ‘not knowing how to preserve his own dignity, or to restrain the license and exorbitance of others, his weakness contributed as much to the growing mischief as the malice of the principal contrivers’ (Rebellion, iii. 1 n. 2, ed. Macray). The Long parliament was unruly and excitable, and the speaker's authority was not always treated with respect. D'Ewes describes in his ‘Diary’ an altercation between Lenthall and Hesilrige, and D'Ewes himself was fond of correcting the speaker on points of order. Lenthall seems to have been easy to irritate and easily appeased. On one occasion a member attacked Lenthall for rebuking another, declaring ‘that he had transgressed his duty in giving so disgraceful a speech to so noble a gentleman.’ The member finally made ‘a conditional apology, with which the house was not satisfied, but the speaker was.’ On 19 Nov. Lenthall complained to the house of the unusual length of their sittings (, Grand Remonstrance, p. 279, ed. 1860; Five Members, p. 218, ed. 1860). The expenses of his position were also very heavy. For the first two years of his speakership Lenthall ‘kept a public table and every day entertained several eminent persons, as well belonging to the court as members of parliament’ (Somers Tracts, vii. 103, ed. Scott). He thought for a moment of resigning, and wrote to Sir Edward Nicholas on 3 Dec. 1641 begging the king's leave to do so. His fourteen months' speakership, he said, had so exhausted the labours of twenty-five years, that though he was willing ‘to offer himself and his fortune a sacrifice to the king's service,’ he must crave leave to retire, ‘that whilst I have some ability of body left I may endeavour that without which I cannot but expect a ruin and put a badge of extreme poverty upon my children.’ He suggested, however, to Nicholas, as an alternative, that the king should recommend him to the house for a grant of money (, Historical Collections, ii. 713, 714). A month later (4 Jan. 1642) took place the king's attempt to arrest the five members. Charles entered the house, borrowed the speaker's chair, and failing to perceive the accused members asked the speaker if he saw any of them present. Lenthall fell on his knees and replied, ‘May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the house is pleased to


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/62

Rh direct me whose servant I am here; and humbly beg your Majesty's pardon that I cannot give any other answer than this to what your Majesty is pleased to demand of me’ (, Collections, iv. 478;, Notes of the Long Parliament, p. 139; , History of England, x. 140). The discretion and dignity of the speaker's conduct gave the parliament great satisfaction, and on 9 April 1642, on his petition representing that his ‘strict and long attendance’ had ‘very much hurt him both in body and estate,’ he was voted a grant of 6,000l. (Commons' Journals, ii. 522; Old Parliamentary History, x. 427). When the parliament raised an army Lenthall promised (10 June 1642) to give fifty pounds and to maintain a horse for its service (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. xii. 358). Parliament rewarded his adherence by appointing him master of the rolls, but he was not sworn in till 22 Nov. 1643 (, p. 404;, Great Civil War, i. 85). He was also appointed one of the two commissioners of the great seal, a post which he held from October 1646 to March 1648 (, Lives of the Chancellors, iii. 13–17). Wood estimates the first of these offices as worth 3,000l. a year, the second at 1,500l. Lenthall was also chamberlain of Chester from 1647 to 1654, and obtained in 1647 the chancellorship of the duchy of Lancaster (, iii. 604). On the other hand, as all Lenthall's estates lay in the king's quarters, his losses were very considerable. On 29 Dec. 1644 the royalists seized and garrisoned his house at Besselsleigh, but a party from Abingdon recaptured it two days later, and rendered it henceforth untenable by breaking down the walls and doors (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1644–5, pp. 204–5).

In 1647 the army and parliament quarrelled. On 26 July a mob of presbyterian apprentices surrounded the house, forced their way in, and obliged the speaker to put and the members to pass resolutions repealing their recent votes (Commons' Journals, v. 259;, Memoirs, ed. 1698, p. 206). After this the house adjourned and the speaker left the chair, but was stopped in the lobby by the mob, obliged to reassume his place, and to put a vote for the king's coming to London. Lenthall complains also that the mob did ‘justle, pull, and hale the speaker all the way he went down to his caroch, and force him (to avoid the violence) to betake himself to the next caroch he could get into for refuge.’ He was told that there would be a far greater gathering at the next meeting of the house, and that after they had made it vote what they pleased they would destroy him (A Declaration of Master William Lenthall, Oxford, 1647, 4to). When the house met again on 30 July the speaker was missing, and Henry Pelham, member for Grantham, was elected in his place (Commons' Journals, v. 259). Lenthall, who had left London on 29 July, betook himself first to Windsor, and thence to the headquarters of Sir Thomas Fairfax. According to Ludlow it was chiefly by the persuasion of Sir Arthur Hesilrige that he took this momentous decision; according to Holles it was contrived by Oliver St. John. The presbyterians asserted that the speaker had solemnly denied any intention of flight, and protested that he would rather die in the house and chair than desert them for fear of any tumults. They said that what finally decided him was the threats of Cromwell and Ireton to prosecute him for embezzlement of public money (, i. 207;, Memoirs, § 144; The Case of the Impeached Lords, &c., truly stated, 1648, p. 8, 4to; , History of Independency, i. 41, ed. 1661). In his declaration Lenthall speaks solely of the fear of further mob violence; in his deathbed confession he explained that he had been deceived by Cromwell and Ireton, that he knew the presbyterians would never restore the king to his just rights, and that those men swore they would (Old Parliamentary History, xvi. 196, xxiii. 372; cf. Clarke Papers, i. 219).

Lenthall was present at the great review of the army on Hounslow Heath on 3 Aug., and signed the engagement taken the next day by those members of the two houses who had joined Fairfax (, vi. 750–5). On 6 Aug. he took his place once more in the chair, and on the 20th an ordinance was passed annulling all votes during his absence (Commons' Journals, v. 268, 280). During the revolutions of 1648 Lenthall continued to side with the army and the independents. The royalists accused him of trying to retard the progress of the Newport treaty by feigning illness, in order to persuade the commons to adjourn for a week (Old Parliamentary History, xvii. 66; Mercurius Pragmaticus, 17–24 Oct. 1648). He made no protest against Pride's Purge, and, after the army came to London, held several conferences with Whitelocke and Cromwell, which were probably connected with the last overtures made by the army leaders to the king (, Great Civil War, iii. 553). Lenthall occupied the chair during the progress of the ordinance for bringing the king to trial, but there can be little doubt that he performed his part with reluctance. ‘Even then,’ he says in his confession, ‘I hoped the very putting the question would have cleared him, because I believed there