text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/306

 (Survey of London, Strype's edit. 1720, iii. 19), commemorates both husband and wife as if she were lately dead. Laxton died childless, and founded an almshouse and school at Oundle, which is still maintained by the Company of Grocers. The company has lately been able, through the increased value of the Laxton estates in London, to improve the school, adding a new building, and restoring and altering the old. By the founder's intention the school was to be open to all comers free, boys from Oundle were admitted day scholars, and outsiders taken as boarders. Over the door of the old school are the arms of London, of the Grocers' Company, and of Laxton himself; below these are three inscriptions in Greek, Latin, and Hebrew recording the munificence of the founder, who is also commemorated in the almshouse, where seven old men are still provided for.

LAXTON, WILLIAM (1802–1854), one of the authors of the ‘Builder's Price Book,’ son of William Robert Laxton, surveyor, by his wife Phœbe, was born in London, 30 March 1802, and was educated at Christ's Hospital. He was a citizen of London, a liveryman of the Haberdashers' Company in 1823, and an active member of the City Philosophical Society. Brought up as a surveyor, he evinced a great love for his profession, and made himself master of every department. He surveyed and laid down several lines of railway, and was connected with the Hull and Selby, London and Richmond, Surrey Grand Junction, Hull, Lincoln, and Nottingham, Gravesend and Brighton, and Lynn, Wisbech, and Ely railways. Hydraulic engineering was his favourite pursuit, but a work on this subject, which he had designed and for which he had prepared extensive materials, he did not live to write. He constructed water works at Falmouth and Stonehouse, in which he introduced many improvements, and with Robert Stephenson was joint engineer of the Watford water company for supplying London with water from the chalk formation. In October 1837 he projected and established ‘The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal,’ a monthly periodical, which he himself edited. He soon after purchased a weekly publication, called ‘The Architect and Building Gazette,’ and after conducting it for some time united it to the ‘Journal.’ A work which originated with his father, and was then conducted for thirty years by Laxton and his brother, Henry Laxton, was the ‘Builder's Price Book,’ which was a standard work in the profession and in the courts of law, and circulated all over the kingdom. Laxton was the surveyor to Baron de Goldsmid's estate at Brighton, where he laid out a large part of the new town in the parish of Hove, and designed and built many of the houses. From the period of its formation in 1840 he was surveyor to the Farmers' and General Fire and Life Insurance Company. He died in London, 31 May 1854, and was interred in the family vault in St. Andrew's burying-ground, Gray's Inn Road. His only son, William Frederick Laxton, was called to the bar at the Middle Temple, 26 Jan. 1854, and died in 1891. Henry Laxton succeeded to his brother's surveying business.

Laxton was the author of ‘The Improved Builder's Price Book,’ containing upwards of seven thousand prices, also ‘The Workman's Prices for Labour only,’ 3rd edit. 1878; the previous editions were by Robert Laxton. This work was afterwards continued annually as the ‘Builder's Price Book.’

LAY. [See also .)

LAY, BENJAMIN (1677–1759), eccentric opponent of slavery, was born of quaker parents at Colchester in 1677. After a scanty education he was bound apprentice to a glove-maker, but before he was eighteen he went to work on his brother's farm. Soon afterwards he turned sailor and made a voyage to Scanderoon, taking a trip into Syria. He returned home about 1710, married, and settled in Colchester. He seems to have busied himself in public affairs, and is said to have presented to George I a copy of Milton's tract on the way to remove hirelings out of the church. He annoyed his fellow-quakers by his repeated opposition to the ministers, and in 1717 was removed from the body; but he continued to profess quaker principles, and seems to have regularly attended meeting. In 1718 he emigrated to Barbadoes and commenced business as a merchant. He became interested in the condition of the slaves, whom he fed on Sundays and tried to benefit by addressing them and their masters. Having incurred in this way the hostility of the slave-owners, Lay removed in 1731 to Philadelphia. He built a cottage near the town and lived in an eccentric manner. Shortly after his arrival, in a moment of anger, he slaughtered an intrusive hog and nailed its quarters to the posts at the corners of his garden, but he experienced such remorse for the act that he never used any animal product afterwards, either for food or clothing. In consequence


text:
Template:PSMShorterArticlesAndDiscussion

SHORTER ARTICLES AND DISCUSSION.

 * Syntax and usage

Top of page

OR

Start of article

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Barlow, Peter William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Barlow, Robert


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/280

Lawrence ed. 1751). In 1652 he was one of the commissioners appointed to treat with the Irish at Kilkenny (ib. p. 352), and in 1655 he acted as go-between in the disputes of Ludlow with Fleetwood and Henry Cromwell (ib. ii. 88). Lawrence was in favour of transplanting the Irish to Connaught, and answered in his 'Interest of England in the Irish Transplantation Stated' (London, 9 March 1654-5) the pamphlet published by Vincent Gookin [q. v.] against it. His defence of the transplantation rests on two main grounds: first, that the Irish made an unprovoked attack on the English as such — 'not only English people but English cattle and houses were destroyed as being of an English kind;' secondly, that the English were overcome only because they were scattered. He says great tenderness was shown where there had been any mitigating circumstances, 'that a cup of cold water might not go unrequited.' In October 1654 Lawrence was appointed one of the committee for the survey of forfeited lands, and quarrelled with Petty, who had contracted to do the work. Petty maintained his own views, while Lawrence declared that he and his brother officers were badly treated. In 1656 he was one of the 'agents for the regiments whose lots fell in Minister.' and actively engaged in defending their interests. In 1659 he was one of those who forced Richard Cromwell to deprive Petty, with whom he was still at war, of public employment. Lawrence himself received grants of land, but apparently not large ones, in Dublin, Kildare, Cork, and elsewhere (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1658). After the Restoration it was proposed to deprive him of all, as one of thirty fanatics who had spoken favourably of regicide and opposed the king's return; but this was not actually done (, Ormonde, bk. vi.;, Memoirs, ii. 801). Having now no military employment, Lawrence occupied himself for about twenty years in schemes for the improvement of Ireland as a member of the council of trade, where he had his old antagonist Petty as a colleague (, Political Anatomy of Ireland). Strong protestant as Lawrence was, he had many friends among the adherents of Rome, and seems to have had no difficulties with the government. Even in bishops he could spy desert, and he seems to have been really attached to Ormonde. Lawrence was a believer in sumptuary laws, and his ideas on trade were not in advance of the time, but his book 'The Interest of Ireland in its Trade and Wealth stated. . .' Dublin, 1682, 12mo, throws much light on the state of Ireland under Charles H. The council of trade printed some directions which he drew up for planting hemp and flax.

Wood confuses the above with another Richard Lawrence (fl. 1657), son of George Lawrence of Stepleton in Dorset. The latter, born 1618, became a commoner of Magdalen Hall, Oxford, in 1636, but left without graduating. He was author of 'Gospel Separation Separated from its Abuses.' Lond., 1657, 8vo.

 LAWRENCE, SAMUEL (1661–1712), nonconformist divine, was only son of William Lawrence, dyer, of Wem, Shropshire, and nephew of Edward Lawrence (1623–1695) [q. v.], who was ejected in 1662 from Baschurch, Shropshire. He was baptised at Wem on 5 Nov. 1661, and educated at Wem free school and Newport school, and later at Charles Morton's dissenting academy at Newington Green. After serving two or three years as usher at Mr. Singleton's school in Bartholomew Close, he became domestic chaplain to Lady Irby, widow of Sir Anthony Irby of Dean's Yard, Westminster. At the same time he acted as assistant to Vincent Alsop, at Princess Street Chapel, Westminster. In 1688 he was chosen minister of the presbyterian congregation at Nantwich, Cheshire, and was ordained at Warrington in November that year. He continued at Nantwich twenty-four years, and was often elected as moderator by the Cheshire ministers, whose meetings he regularly attended. He was a good scholar, and in his latter years undertook the preparation of young men for the ministry. He died of fever on 24 April 1712, aged 50, and was buried in the chancel of Nantwich Church. His funeral sermon was preached by his intimate friend Matthew Henry, who depicts him as a model of piety and pastoral usefulness. Lawrence was twice married, and left three sons by his first wife and two daughters by the second. His first wife died in April 1700, and his second in November 1712. One of his sons was Samuel Lawrence, D.D. (1693–1760), minister of Monkswell Street Chapel, London.

[M. Henry's Funeral Sermon, 1712; Palatine Note-book, ii. 96; Urwick's Nonconf. in Cheshire, p. 125; Williams's Memoir of M. Henry, 1828; Tong's Life of M. Henry; Hall's Nantwich, 1883, p. 385; Wilson's Diss. Churches, iii. 28, iv. 67.]  LAWRENCE, SOULDEN (1751–1814), judge, son of Thomas Lawrence, M.D. [q. v.], president of the College of Physicians,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Barlow, Thomas Oldham


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Barnard, Frederick


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/298

Lawson cook, who 'skadded' (i.e. scalded) his 'lips in other men's kaile ' (printed in, iv. 126-41 ). Not long afterwards the magistrates were charged to dislodge the ladies from their dwellings (ib. p. 200). The turn of events had seriously affected the health of Lawson, and, according to Calderwood, 'waisted his vitall spirits by peece meale' (ib. p. 13). He died in London of dysentery on 12 Oct. 1584. His will and testament dated from 'Houie (Honie) Lain of Cheapside.' has been preserved by Calderwood (ib. pp. 201-8). After his death a forged testament was put forth in his name by Bishop Adamson, in which he is represented as repenting of his opposition to episcopacy (ib. p. 697-732). Although as an ecclesiastic Lawson was conscientious rather than enlightened, he had a sincere love of learning and literature. He is thus described by Arthur Johnston —

Corpora non magno, mens ingens: spiritus ardens.

By his wife Janet Guthrie he left three children.

 LAWSON, JAMES ANTHONY (1817–1887), judge of queen's bench, Ireland, eldest son of James Lawson, by Mary, daughter of Joseph Anthony, was born at Waterford in 1817, and was educated at the endowed school there. Having entered Trinity College, Dublin, he was elected a scholar in 1836, obtained a senior moderatorship in 1837, and was a gold medallist and first class in ethics and logic. He graduated B.A. 1838, LL.B. 1841, and LL.D. 1850, and served as Whately professor of political economy from 1840 to 1845. He was called to the Irish bar in 1840, and soon obtained a good practice, especially in the courts of equity. On 29 Jan. 1857 he was gazetted a queen's counsel, elected bencher of King's Inns, Dublin, 1861, and acted as legal adviser to the crown in Ireland from 1858 to 1859. He was appointed solicitor-general for Ireland in February 1861, and in 1865 attorney-general, when he was sworn a member of the Irish privy council. As attorney-general he had in 1865 to grapple with the Fenian conspiracy, when he suppressed the ‘Irish People’ newspaper, and the leaders were arrested and prosecuted. On 4 April 1857 he unsuccessfully contested the seat for Dublin University, but on 15 July 1865 came in for Portarlington, and continued to represent that place till November 1868, when he was defeated on the general election in December. He was appointed fourth justice of the common pleas, Ireland, in December 1868, and held the post till June 1882, when he was transferred to the queen's bench division. During the land league agitation he presided at several important political trials. His firm conduct made him obnoxious to those who were breaking the laws, and an attempt was made to murder him while walking in Kildare Street, Dublin, on 11 Nov. 1882, by Patrick Delaney, who was afterwards tried for the Phœnix Park murders, and became an approver. His courage never failed him, and he won the respect of his enemies, and the admiration of the general public. He was made one of the Irish church commissioners in July 1869, gazetted a privy councillor in England on 18 May 1870, acted as a commissioner for the great seal from March to December 1874, was a vice-president of the Dublin Statistical Society, and was in 1884 made D.C.L. of Oxford. He died at Shankhill, near Dublin, 10 Aug. 1887, having married in 1842 Jane, eldest daughter of Samuel Merrick of Cork.

Lawson was the author of: 1. ‘Five Lectures on Political Economy,’ 1844. 2. ‘Duties and Obligations involved in Mercantile Relations. A lecture,’ 1855. 3. ‘Speech at the Election for Members to serve in Parliament for the University of Dublin,’ 1857. With H. Connor he compiled 4. ‘Reports of Cases in High Court of Chancery of Ireland during the time of Lord Chancellor Sugden,’ 1865.

[Times, 11 Aug. 1887, p. 10; Debrett's House of Commons, 1885, p. 349; Solicitors' Journal, 13 Aug. 1887, p. 694.]  LAWSON, JOHN (d. 1665), admiral, was a native of Scarborough, with which place he continued through life closely connected, and where at the time of his death he owned a considerable property (will ;, Scarborough, 3rd edit. pp. 297, 308). It has been generally stated that he was originally a fisherman or collier, who, 'serving in the fleet under the parliament, was made a captain therein for his extraordinary desert' (, ii. 252 ; . i. 111). But he publicly used the arms of the Lawsons of Longhirst in Northumberland — argent, a chevron between three martlets sable (, Pedigrees of the Knights, p. 111), and doubtless belonged to a branch of that family. In a letter from himself to Sir Henry Vane, dated 12 Feb. 1652-8 (Notes and Queries, 6th ser. viii. 3), he writes of his early life: 'In the year 1642 I voluntarily engaged in


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Barnato, Barnett Isaacs


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Barnby, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Barnes, William


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/310

Layer   LAYER, CHRISTOPHER (1683–1723), Jacobite conspirator, born on 12 Nov. 1683, was the son of John Layer, laceman, of Durham Yard, Strand, and Anne his wife (Life, 1723). He was brought up by his uncle, Christopher Layer, a fox-hunting Norfolk squire, who placed him at Norwich grammar school, and afterwards with an attorney named Repingale at Aylesham, Norfolk. His uncle, finding himself in difficulties, offered to make over to his nephew the remains of his estate, worth 400l. a year, in exchange for 1,000l. and an annuity of 100l. Layer readily assented, procured the 1,000l., got possession of the property, but refused to pay any part of the annuity. Soon after this he quarrelled with his master, went up to London, and qualified himself under Hadley Doyley, an attorney of Furnival's Inn. Returning to Norfolk, he obtained plenty of business, but afterwards entered the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar. Though a good lawyer, he was known to be grossly immoral, quarrelsome, and unscrupulous. While a protestant, he professed ardent Jacobitism, and hoped to be made lord chancellor in the event of a restoration of the Stuarts. Accordingly he went to Rome in the summer of 1721, and there unfolded to the Pretender the details of a wondrous plot ‘which,’ he declared, ‘no one would understand till it had been carried out successfully.’ He proposed to enlist broken soldiers, seize the Tower, the Mint, the Bank, and other public buildings, secure the royal family, and murder the commander-in-chief and ministers whenever the conspirators could find them together. Layer boasted of having a large and influential following, and it is certain that he met some confederates regularly at an inn in Stratford-le-Bow. He tried to entice soldiers at Romford and Leytonstone, and succeeded in enlisting a handful of malcontents. After a day spent in such work Layer would write his letters and despatches in the house of one of his many mistresses. The more compromising of his papers were entrusted by him to the care of a brothel-keeper named Elizabeth Mason. He was betrayed by two female friends and placed under arrest in a messenger's house, from which he managed to escape, but was retaken after an exciting chase the same evening and closely confined in the Tower. His clerks were placed under the surveillance of messengers, and his wife (Elizabeth Elwin of Aylesham) was brought to town from Dover in custody. The case was carried to the court of king's bench on 31 Oct. 1722. Layer stumbled to the bar heavily fettered, and was compelled to stand although tortured by painful organic disease. The trial was opened on 21 Nov. The lord chief justice (Pratt) ordered Layer's chains to be taken off. Among the papers found in Elizabeth Mason's possession was one entitled the ‘Scheme,’ sworn to be in Layer's writing. It gave full instructions for the proposed insurrection. Ample proof was adduced of the intimacy which existed between the Pretender and Layer. James and his wife had consented to stand by proxies (Lords North and Grey and the Duchess of Ormonde) godfather and godmother to Layer's daughter, and the ceremony was privately performed at a china shop in Chelsea. Layer and his counsel argued in his defence; but, after a trial of eighteen hours, the jury unanimously found a verdict of guilty. Sentence was not pronounced until the 27th. Layer, again cruelly ironed, pleaded ably but vainly in arrest of judgment. He was condemned to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. He was respited from time to time in the hope of disclosures, which he resolutely declined to make. Time was also granted him to arrange his law business. He was executed at Tyburn on 17 May 1723, and met his fate with courage. There is a story that Layer's head having fallen from the top of Temple Bar, where it had been placed, was bought by a well-known nonjuring attorney named Pearce, who resold it to Dr. Richard Rawlinson, the Jacobite antiquary. Rawlinson is said to have kept the skull in his study and was buried with it in his right hand (, Lit. Anecd. v. 497). Layer's portrait has been engraved.

[Life, by a Gentleman of Norwich, 1723; Hist. Reg., Chron. Diary for 1722 and 1723; Howell's State Trials, vol. xvi.; Cobbett's Parl. Hist. viii. 54; Stanhope's Hist. of England, 2nd ed. vol. ii.; Doran's London in the Jacobite Times, i. 377–89, 427–31, 436–7; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, i. 204; Noble's Hist. of England, iii. 467, where the christian name is wrongly given as Richard; Hist. MSS. Comm. 11th Rep. app. iv. pp. 190–2.]  LAYFIELD, JOHN, D.D. (d. 1617), divine, was admitted scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge, 18 April 1578, and became minor fellow 2 Oct. 1583, major fellow 29 April 1585, lector linguæ Græciæ in 1598, and examinator grammaticæ in 1599. He was probably the 'chaplain and attendant'


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Barnett, John (1802-1890)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Barttelot, Walter Barttelot


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bate, Charles Spence


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/312

Layton their part, were coldly acknowledged, and to publishing pamphlets on nautical or naval subjects.

The following are among the most important: 1. 'Outline of a Plan for the better Cultivation ... of the British West Indies, being the original suggestion for providing an effectual substitute for the African Slave-trade. . .' (8vo, 94 pp. 1807). The 'effectual substitute' proposed is the importation of Chinese coolies; he writes, he says, from 'many years' personal observation in the East and West Indies, and in China.' 2. 'Precursor to an Exposé on Foreign Trees and Timber ... as connected with the maritime strength and prosperity of the United Kingdom' (8vo, 1813). The copy in the British Museum (16275) has numerous marginal notes, apparently in Layman's handwriting. 3. 'The Pioneer, or Strictures on Maritime Strength and Economy' (8vo, 96 pp. 1821), in three parts: the first an interesting and sensible essay on the condition of British seamen and impressment; the second a proposed method for preserving timber from dry-rot; and the third the syllabus of a contemplated maritime history from the earliest times (including the building, plans, and navigation of the ark, with notes on the weather experienced) to the termination of the second American war. Perhaps the syllabus may be considered as indicating even then an aberration of the intellect which caused him to 'terminate his existence' in 1826.

 LAYTON, HENRY (1622–1705), theological writer, eldest son of Francis Layton (d. 23 Aug. 1661, aged 84) of Rawdon, West Riding of Yorkshire, was born in 1622. His father was one of the masters of the jewel-house to Charles I and Charles II. In pursuance of his father's will, Layton built the chapel at Rawdon, which is a chapelry in the parish of Guiseley. He died at Rawdon on 18 Oct. 1705, aged 83. By his wife Elizabeth (d. 1702, aged 55), daughter of Sir Nicholas Yarborough, he left no issue.

According to Thoresby (Diary, 1830, i. 398) Layton printed many tracts against pluralities, and a valuable work on coins, 1697, 4to, dealing especially with English coins. But his title to remembrance is his anonymous authorship of a series of pamphlets, printed between 1692 and 1704, on the question of the immortality of the soul, a doctrine which he rejected, though he believed in the second coming of our Lord and a general resurrection. His thoughts had been directed to this subject about 1684, but it was some years later before he began to write. ‘In summer 1690,’ he says, ‘I practised my monastick discipline, reading within doors, and labouring the ground abroad … what I read within I ruminated without.’ At Christmas he communicated his speculations to his friends in conversation; between Candlemas and the week after midsummer 1691 he had composed a treatise of fifteen sheets, which was circulated in manuscript. A year's correspondence with ‘a neighbour-minister’ ended in his being referred to Bentley's second Boyle lecture (4 April 1692). To this lecture Layton replied in his first published pamphlet. Bentley took no notice of it, but it was criticised five years later by a local presbyterian divine, Timothy Manlove, M.D. [q. v.], of Leeds. Another ‘neighbour-minister’ referred him to the ‘Pneumatologia’ (1671) of John Flavel [q. v.] Layton's original treatise had now swelled to fifty sheets. He sent it to London for printing, but no publisher would undertake it. Accordingly he bade his London correspondent pack the manuscript away in a shallow box, labelling it ‘The Treatise of such a man concerning the Humane Soul.’ Ultimately he printed it at his own expense as ‘A Search after Souls.’ By 1697 he was ‘captus oculis;’ Manlove's criticism, published in that year, was read to him by his amanuensis, Timothy Jackson, and he issued a reply. His knowledge of contemporary affairs was limited; he supposed that John Howe [q. v.] and Matthew Sylvester were elders in Manlove's congregation. His production of pamphlets continued till the year before his death, with little advance upon his original statement of his case, his position being that soul is a function of body, a view which he defends on physiological grounds, and harmonises with scripture. The bent of his mind was not rationalistic. Speech he considers ‘a miraculous gift to Adam,’ whose posterity, unless taught, would be dumb. His authorship seems to have been very little known. Caleb Fleming, D.D. [q. v.], who replied to his ‘Search’ in 1758, thought it was the work of William Coward (1657?–1725) [q. v.] Besides his printed tracts, Layton left theological manuscripts on different topics of earlier date. Among them, no doubt, were the five large treatises of practical divinity which he mentions in ‘Second Part of Search after Souls,’ p. 25. His literary executor was his nephew, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bateman, James


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/313

Layton Smith, rector of Melsonby, North Riding of Yorkshire.

Layton published the following, all quarto, all anonymous, and all (except No. 7) without title-page, dates, or place of printing: 1. ‘Observations upon a Sermon intituled, “A Confutation of Atheism,”’ &c. [1692?], pp. 19. 2. ‘A Search after Souls and Spiritual Operations in Man,’ &c. [1693?] pp. 278. 3. ‘A Second Part of … A Search after Souls,’ &c. [1694?], pp. 188 (consists in part of replies to letters of ‘a minister, eminent as scholar and teacher,’ who on 21 Nov. 1693 advised him not to publish). 4. ‘Observations upon a Short Treatise … by … Timothy Manlove, intituled, “The Immortality of the Soul,”’ &c. [1697?], pp. 128. 5. ‘Observations upon Mr. Wadsworth's book of the Soul's Immortality,’ &c. [1699?], pp. 215 (deals with Thomas Wadsworth's ‘Ἀντιψυχοθανασία,’ 1670; from p. 201 with ‘The Immortality of the Humane Soul,’ 1659, by Walter Charleton, M.D. [q. v.]). 6. ‘An Argument concerning the Humane Souls Seperate [sic] Subsistance,’ &c. [1699?], pp. 16. 7. ‘Arguments and Replies in a Dispute concerning the Nature of the Humane Soul,’ &c., London, 1703, pp. 112 (no publisher; deals with letters, dated 15 Aug. and 14 Sept. 1702; Francis Blackburne (1705–1787) [q. v.], in ‘Hist. View,’ p. 305, identifies the writer with Henry Dodwell the elder [q. v.]; the tract is evidently meant as the first of the following series). 8. ‘Observations upon … “A Vindication of the Separate Existence of the Soul. …” By Mr. John Turner, lecturer of Christ Church, London,’ &c. [1703?], pp. 55 (Turner had written in 1702 against Coward). 9. ‘Observations upon Dr. [William] Nicholl's … “Conference with a Theist,”’ &c. [1703?], pp. 124 (at end is ‘finit. 22 Jun. 1703;’ at p. 99 is a reference showing that No. 10 was written somewhat later). 10. ‘Observations upon … “Vindiciæ Mentis,” … 1702,’ &c. [1703?], pp. 88. 11. ‘Observations upon … “Psychologia” … by John Broughton, M.A. … 1703,’ &c. [1703?], pp. 132 (at end is ‘Ended the 22d of October, 1703’). 12. ‘Observations upon … Broughton's Psychologia, Part Second,’ &c. [1703?], pp. 52. 13. ‘Observations upon … A Discourse … By Dr. Sherlock … 1704,’ &c. [1704?], pp. 115. All the above except No. 6, and omitting the title-page of No. 7, were collected (not reprinted) 1706, 2 vols., as ‘A Search after Souls … By a Lover of Truth.’ Most of the copies were suppressed by Layton's executors, a few being deposited in public libraries and given to private friends. The British Museum has all the tracts except No. 6; Dr. Williams's Library, Gordon Square, has the 1706 reissue.

[Thoresby's Ducatus Leodiensis (Whitaker), 1816, p. 260; Thoresby refers to Memoirs of Layton, 1705 (not seen), of which there is no copy at the British Museum or in any public library at Leeds, Bradford, or Halifax; Thoresby's Letters of Eminent Men, 1832, ii. 193 sq. (letter from Smith of Melsonby); Monk's Life of Bentley, 1833, p. 46; Ezra Abbot's Literature of the Doctrine of a Future Life, appended to Alger's Critical History of the Doctrine, Philadelphia, 1864; Layton's pamphlets.]  LAYTON, RICHARD (1500?–1544), dean of York and chief agent in the suppression of the monasteries, seems to have been born about 1500. He was son of William Layton of Dalemain in Cumberland, and is said to have had thirty-two brothers and sisters (Harl. Soc. Publ. xvi. 262). Only Cromwell's patronage, he wrote, saved him from becoming a 'basket-bearer,' but he was kinsman of Robert Aske [q. v.], leader of the northern rebellion (Letters and Papers of Hen. VIII, ed. Gairdner, 1537, i. 9 n.), and of George Joye, a prebendary of Ripon (ib. ii. 851). He was educated at Cambridge, where he proceeded B.C.L. in 1522, and afterwards LL.D., and he took holy orders. According to Burnet he was in the service of Wolsey at the same time as Cromwell, who noted him 'as a dextrous and diligent man.' In 1522 Layton received the sinecure rectory of Stepney; on 9 May 1523 he became prebendary of Kentish Town; he was admitted an advocate 5 June 1531. On 4 July 1531 he seems to have been living at East Farnham in Hampshire, but on 1 Sept. 1533, became dean of the collegiate church of Chester-le-Street, Durham. He was made chaplain of St. Peter's in the Tower of London 15 March 1534, but, probably because this preferment required residence, he resigned it in 1535. He was installed archdeacon of Buckinghamshire 27 Oct. 1534; but continued to live in London and had difficulties with his bishop, John Longland [q. v.] In 1535 Layton became rector of Sedgefield in Durham, and soon afterwards rector of Brington, Northamptonshire, a clerk in chancery, and clerk to the privy council. On 1 April 1535 he had lodgings in Paternoster Row.

Meanwhile Cromwell had made trial of Layton as an agent in executing his ecclesiastical reforms. He was employed at Sion in December 1533, and he administered interrogatories to More and Fisher in 1535, but he was ambitious of more profitable employment. On 4 June 1535 he wrote to Cromwell, 'You will never know what I can do till you try me' (, Henry VIII


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bates, Henry Walter


text:
Page:Cassell's Illustrated History of England vol 1.djvu/164

150


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bates, Thomas


text:
Page:Cassell's Illustrated History of England vol 1.djvu/111

A. D. 1070.]

Like rigour was exercised against the other English prelates. Agelric, Bishop of Selesey, and Agelmare, of Elmham, were deposed by the legate, and imprisoned by the king. Many considerable abbots shared the same fate: Egelwin, Bishop of Durham, fled the kingdom. Wulstan, of Worcester, a man of an inoffensive character, was the only English prelate that escaped this general proscription.

Brompton relates, that the last-named bishop was also deprived of his dignities by the synod; but refusing to deliver his pastoral staff and ring to any but the person from whom he first received it, he went immediately to King Edward's tomb, and struck the staff so deeply into the stone, that none but himself was able to pull it out; on which he was allowed to retain possession of his dignity.


text:
Page:Cassell's Illustrated History of England vol 1.djvu/117

TO 1035.] of Maine, he had promised the inhabitants that Robert should be their prince; and before he undertook the expedition against England, he had, on the application of the French court, declared him his successor in Normandy, and had obliged the barons of that duchy to do him homage as their future sovereign.

By this artifice, he had endeavoured to appease the jealousy of his neighbours, as affording them a prospect of separating England from his dominions on the Continent; but when Robert demanded of him the execution of those engagements, he gave him an absolute refusal, and told him, according to the homely saying, that he never intended to throw off his clothes


text:
Page:Cassell's Illustrated History of England vol 1.djvu/123

A.D. 1088.] and many of whom may have had relatives or friends within the walls, made appeals to the mercy of the king. "We," they said, "who have been with thee in great dangers,

that when the garrison quitted the castle the bugles of the king's troops should not sound in token of triumph, as was the custom in those days. Rufus replied angrily that he would not grant such a request for a thousand marks of gold.

After much entreaty, the king permitted the besieged to leave the town with their arms and horses. Not satisfied with this concession Odo had the arrogance to demand entreat thee to spare our countrymen, who are thine also,and who have fought with thy father."


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Battenberg, Prince Henry of


text:
Page:Cassell's Illustrated History of England vol 1.djvu/125

A.D 1089.] ; gilt girdles, gilt spurs, with many other unseemly disorders in attire."

While such was the position of affairs in England, Robert, Duke of Normandy, was passing his days among dancers and jesters, flatterers and parasites. The province under his rule had fallen into a state of anarchy: the nobles defied the authority of their indolent sovereign, and, assuming style of independent princes, made war upon each other Some of the Anglo-Norman barons, alarmed for the security of their property, conspired together to place Rufus in possession of Normandy, as being better fitted than his brother to govern that turbulent duchy.

The Norman fortresses of Albemarle, St. Valley, and others, were obtained possession of by various means, and


text:
Page:Cassell's Illustrated History of England vol 1.djvu/129

TO 1093.]

Among the other conspirators were the Earl of Shrewsbury, William of Alderic, the king's godfather, and William, Count of En, who was related to Rufus by blood. The first bought exemption from punishment with a large sum of money—as was a common practice in those days, as well as in later times; William of Alderic was condemned to death; the Count of En appealed to the ordeal of battle, or rather, as his guilt hardly admitted of dispute, proposed


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Baxendell, Joseph


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/314

Rh and the English Monasteries, i. 258), and directly after the execution of More in July 1535 he was sent with John ap Rice [q. v.] to make a visitation of the university of Oxford. They only stayed a few weeks in July, but returned for a few days in September, and effected vast changes in the order of studies and discipline of the university, founding new lecturerships and noting down such non-resident clergymen as they thought were better at their parsonages than in Oxford (cf. , ii. 310-15, corrected by, ''Hist. of the Church of England, i. 303, 304, 304 n.) They were especially favourable to the new learning. 'We have sett Dunce [Duns Scotus] in Bocardo,' he informed Cromwell, 'and have utterly banished hym Oxforde for ever, with all his blinde glosses, and is nowe made a comon servant to evere man, faste nailede up upon postes in all comon howses of easement: id quod oculis meis vidi' (, Three Chapters of Suppression Letters'', Camd. Soc., p. 71).

On 1 Aug. 1535 Layton and Thomas (afterwards Sir Thomas) Legh [q. v.] began visiting monasteries at Evesham, and thence passed to Bath (7 Aug.) and the west. At first Legh saw ground to complain of his colleague's leniency. But Layton grew stricter as the work progressed, and saw clearly how pressure could be put upon the houses by a firm administration of the oaths of the royal supremacy. He passed to Bruton, Glastonbury, and Bristol, back to Oxford (12 Sept.) On 26 Sept. 1535 he was at Waverley in Sussex, whence he proceeded to Chichester, Arundel, Lewes, and Battle, and entering Kent, reached Allingborne on 1 Oct. On 23 Oct. he was at Canterbury, and was nearly burnt to death in a fire at St. Augustine's monastery. After returning to his lodgings in Paternoster Row, he was ordered, at his own request, to visit the northern houses. On the way he visited monasteries in Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire, and Leicestershire. Confessions of every kind of iniquity were extorted, and Layton acquired openly, and apparently with the consent of his superiors, no small profits for himself. On 22 Dec. 1535 he met Legh at Lichfield, reached York 11 Jan., and proceeded to the visitation of the Yorkshire houses. Layton afterwards traversed Northumberland, and came back to London by way of Chester. The report of Layton and his companions, submitted with others of a like kind to the parliament which met 4 Feb. 1536, sealed the fate of the smaller houses. John Dakyn, rector of Kirkby Ravensworth, alleged, after the northern rising, that he was in danger of death at the hands of the populace for entertaining Layton and Legh; and the punishment of Layton was one of the demands of the pilgrims of grace.

In May 1536 Layton took part in the trial of Anne Boleyn; through the autumn he was busy assisting in the repression of the northern rebels; and when the rising was over he was a commissioner to hear confessions. From December 1536 till the end of April 1537 he sat to try the prisoners. On 24 March 1537 he and Starkey received a summons from the king to confer with the bishops on the morrow (Palm Sunday) 'de sanctis invocandis, de purgatorio, de celibatu sacerdotum, et de satisfactione.' Layton in 1537 was a commissioner to take surrenders of abbeys, and the work occupied him in the east and south of England during the year (cf., Hist. of Church of England, ii. 24). In the winter of 1539-40 he dissolved various abbeys in the north.

Always anxious for increased preferment, Layton on 19 July 1537 begged Wriothesley to recommend him for the registrarship of the Garter. On 21 July 1537 he was collated to the rectory of Harrow-on-the-Hill, where he amused himself, when not employed elsewhere, with hawking and growing pears, and was able to offer Cromwell a dozen beds in his parsonage. In 1538 he became a master in chancery.

The statement that in February 1538-9 Layton was arrested in the Low Countries for conniving at the escape of one Henry Phillips (Athenae Cantabr. i. 535) is difficult to reconcile with his appointments on 20 June 1539 to the prebend of Ulleskelf at York, and on 23 July 1539 to the deanery of York. At York he showed his reforming zeal by destroying the silver shrine of St. William. With Pollard and Moyle he conducted the examination of the abbot of Glastonbury in September 1539, and in the same year he interceded for the continuance of the sanctuary at Bewley (, iii. 228). In 1540 he was one of the divines appointed to examine into the validity of the king's marriage with Anne of Cleves.

Some time in 1543 he was employed in unravelling the conspiracy against Cranmer, and in the same year was appointed to succeed Paget as English ambassador at Paris. The expectation of war with France, however, led to his transference to Brussels, where he arrived 10 Dec. 1543. While at Ghent in February 1543-4 his health began to fail. At the close of May 1544 the king learned from Paget that his life was threatened by 'the worst kynde of a dropsye' (State Papers, ix. 681). He died at Brussels some time in June 1544. After his death it was found that he had pawned plate belonging to the chapter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Baxter, William Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bayne, Peter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Baynes, Thomas Spencer


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bazalgette, Joseph William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bazley, Thomas


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/315

Lea at York, and the chapter had to redeem it. Many or Layton's letters are extant in the 'Cromwell Correspondence' in the Record Office and the Cotton MSS. All are lively and readable; they breathe throughout the spirit of loyalty to the throne characteristic of the Tudor period, but fully display the heartless and unscrupulous character of the writer (cf., Hist. ii. 310, for a more favourable estimate of Layton).  LEA. [See, and .]

LEACH. [See also .]

LEACH, JAMES (1762–1798), musical composer, was born at Wardle, Rochdale, Lancashire, in 1762. He became a hand-loom weaver, but having studied music in his leisure hours, ultimately devoted himself entirely to the art. He early attained proficiency as a player, and was made a member of the king's band. He gained some distinction both as a teacher and choir-leader, and as a counter-tenor singer took a prominent part in the Westminster Abbey and other musical festivals. He removed about 1795 to Salford, where he died from the effects of a stage-coach accident on 8 Feb. 1798. He was buried in the cemetery of Union Street Wesleyan Chapel, Rochdale, where his grave is marked by a stone on which is cut his short-metre tune 'Egypt,' in G minor.

It is as a composer of psalmody that Leach is remembered. He published 'A New Sett of Hymns and Psalm Tunes.' &c. (London, 1789), containing twenty-two hymn-tunes and two long pieces, with instrumental accompaniment. This was followed by a 'Second Sett of Hymn and Psalm Tunes' (London, n.d., 1794 P), which contains forty-eight tunes and three longer compositions. To an edition of the latter published after his death an advertisement is appended dated 'Manchester, 1798.' soliciting subscriptions towards publishing sundry manuscript anthems, &c., for the benefit of his family. Later impressions of both 'Setts' were printed from the original plates, but without the prefaces. A reprint, under the title of 'Leach's Psalmody.' edited by Newbigging and Butterworth, was issued in 1884 (London, 4to), with a sketch of his life. His tunes were mostly of the florid class popular in his day. They irritate the modern ear because of their erratic rhythmic form. At one time they were widely used both here and in America. Many of them were printed in American collections, notably in 'The David Companion, or the Methodist Standard' (Baltimore, 1810), which contains forty-eight of his pieces. Besides his tunes, Leach's published works include some anthems, and trios for two violins and a bass-viol.

[Life prefixed to edition of his Psalmody as above; Parr's Church of England Psalmody; Grove's Dict. of Music, ii. 108, iv. 698; Brown's Dict. of Musicians; Musical Times, April 1878, p. 226.]  LEACH, JOHN (1760–1834), master of the rolls, son of Richard Leach, a copper-smith of Bedford, was born in that town on 28 Aug. 1760. After leaving the Bedford grammar school he became a pupil of Sir Robert Taylor the architect, while in his office he is said to have made the working drawings for the erection of Stone Buildings, which are still preserved at Lincoln's Inn (, Lincoln's Inn, 1873, p. 94), and to have designed Howletts, in the parish of Bekesbourne, Kent (, ix. 92). On the recommendation of his old fellow-pupil, Samuel Pepys Cockerell [q. v.], and other friends, Leach abandoned architecture for the law, and was admitted a student of the Middle Temple on 26 Jan. 1785. Having diligently applied himself to the study of conveyancing and equity drafting in the chambers of William Alexander, who afterwards became lord chief baron, he was called to the bar in Hilary term 1790, and joined the home circuit and Surrey sessions. In 1792 he was engaged as counsel in the Seaford election petition, and in 1795 was elected recorder of that Cinque port. Having previously purchased the Pelham interest, he unsuccessfully contested the constituency against Charles Rose Ellis (afterwards Lord Seaford) [q. v.] and Ellis's cousin, George Ellis [q. v.], at the general election in May 1796. In 1800 Leach gave up all common law work, and confined himself to the equity courts, where his able pleadings and terse style of speaking secured him an extensive business. At a by-election in July 1806 he was returned for Seaford, but owing to the prorogation did not take his seat in that parliament. He was again returned at the general election in the following October, and


text: Page:The Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon Vol. 1.djvu/1


text: Page:The Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon Vol. 1.djvu/2


text: Page:The Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon Vol. 1.djvu/4


text: Page:The Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon Vol. 1.djvu/5


text: Page:The Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon Vol. 1.djvu/505


text: Page:The Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon Vol. 1.djvu/506


text: Page:The Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon Vol. 2.djvu/1


text: Page:The Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon Vol. 1.djvu/508


text: Page:The Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon Vol. 2.djvu/4


text: Page:The Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon Vol. 2.djvu/573


text: Page:The Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon Vol. 2.djvu/574


text: Page:The Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon Vol. 2.djvu/576


text: Page:The Egyptian Book of the Dead.djvu/4


text: Page:The Egyptian Book of the Dead.djvu/5


text: Page:The Egyptian Book of the Dead.djvu/6


text: Page:The Egyptian Book of the Dead.djvu/8


text: Page:The Egyptian Book of the Dead.djvu/14


text: Page:The Egyptian Book of the Dead.djvu/162


text: Page:The Egyptian Book of the Dead.djvu/406


text: Page:The Egyptian Book of the Dead.djvu/540


text: Page:The Egyptian Book of the Dead.djvu/541


text: Page:The Egyptian Book of the Dead.djvu/543


text: Page:The Egyptian Book of the Dead.djvu/544


text: Page:The Egyptian Book of the Dead.djvu/545


text: Page:The Egyptian Book of the Dead.djvu/548


text: Page:The kernel and the husk (Abbott, 1886).djvu/352


text: Page:The kernel and the husk (Abbott, 1886).djvu/354


text: Page:The kernel and the husk (Abbott, 1886).djvu/384


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/58


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/62


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/64


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/74


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/76


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/82


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/84


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/90


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/98


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/102


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/104


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/114


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/116


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/132


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/143


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/144


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/145


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/146


text: Page:The Boynton family and the family seat of Burton Agnes.djvu/60


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 01.djvu/115


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 01.djvu/116


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 01.djvu/148


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 01.djvu/452


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 02.djvu/36


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 02.djvu/112


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 02.djvu/140


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 02.djvu/266


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 03.djvu/136


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 03.djvu/254


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 03.djvu/182


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 05.djvu/124


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 04.djvu/384


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 04.djvu/256


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 05.djvu/174


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 05.djvu/178


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 04.djvu/294


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 05.djvu/90


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 05.djvu/514


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 06.djvu/84


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 05.djvu/134


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 06.djvu/112


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 06.djvu/410


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/2


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/4


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/5


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/10


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/11


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/30


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/234


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/438


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/506


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/529


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/530


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/531


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/532


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/533


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/534


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/535


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/5


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/6


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/7


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/8


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/10


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/14


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/18


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/304


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/341


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/344


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/467


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/468


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/469


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/470


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/471


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/472


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/473


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/475


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/476


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 09.djvu/3


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 09.djvu/5


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 09.djvu/6


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 09.djvu/8


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 09.djvu/9


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 09.djvu/14


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 09.djvu/180


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 09.djvu/364


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 09.djvu/491


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 09.djvu/492


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 09.djvu/493


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 09.djvu/494


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/1


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/3


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/5


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/6


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/8


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/9


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/14


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/128


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/234


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/254


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/366


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/505


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/506


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/507


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/508


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/510


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/11


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/3


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 08.djvu/1


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 07.djvu/537


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 01.djvu/147


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 02.djvu/111


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 02.djvu/139


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 03.djvu/181


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 04.djvu/255


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 05.djvu/177


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 06.djvu/409


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/10


text: Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 10.djvu/233


text: Page:New land mollusks from Madagascar and Mexico.djvu/5


text: Page:New land mollusks from Madagascar and Mexico.djvu/6


text: Page:New land mollusks from Madagascar and Mexico.djvu/12


text: Page:New land mollusks from Madagascar and Mexico.djvu/14


text: Page:New land mollusks from Madagascar and Mexico.djvu/15


text: Page:New land mollusks from Madagascar and Mexico.djvu/16


text: Page:New land mollusks from Madagascar and Mexico.djvu/17


text: Page:New land mollusks from Madagascar and Mexico.djvu/18


text: Page:New land mollusks from Madagascar and Mexico.djvu/19


text: Page:New land mollusks from Madagascar and Mexico.djvu/20


text: Page:Sons and Lovers, 1913, Lawrence.djvu/1


text: Page:My Life in Two Hemispheres, volume 2.djvu/18


text: Page:My Life in Two Hemispheres, volume 2.djvu/427


text: Page:My Life in Two Hemispheres, volume 2.djvu/428


text: Page:My Life in Two Hemispheres, volume 2.djvu/430


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/318

Rh naturalist.’ He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1817, and was also a member of the Linnean and of numerous other learned societies in England, France, and America.

Leach's works are:
 * 1) ‘The Zoological Miscellany, being Descriptions of new or interesting Animals.’ Illustrated with excellent plates, drawn and coloured by R. P. Nodder, London, 1814–17, 3 vols. 8vo. A supplement to Shaw and Nodder's ‘Naturalist's Miscellany.’ ‘The copies,’ says Lowndes, ‘vary very much in the quality of colouring.’
 * 2) ‘Malacostraca Podophthalma Britanniæ, or a Monograph on the British Crabs, Lobsters, Prawns, and other Crustacea with pedunculated eyes,’ with plates by J. Sowerby, Nos. 1 to 17, London, 1815–16, 4to.
 * 3) ‘Systematic Catalogue of the Specimens of the indigenous Mammalia and Birds that are preserved in the British Museum, with the Localities and Authors, to which is added a list of the described species that are wanting to complete the collection of British Mammalia and Birds,’ 1816, 4to. Originally an official publication, this work was reprinted for the Willoughby Society in 1882.
 * 4) ‘A Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain, arranged according to their natural affinities and anatomical structure.’ Dedicated to Savigny, Cuvier and Poli, and edited posthumously by J. E. Gray in 1852, 8vo. Though not published until the last-mentioned date, pp. 1–116 and the plates were in type, and some copies were circulated as early as 1820, a circumstance which gives validity to Leach's names.

Leach also described the animals taken by Cranch in the expedition of Captain Tuckey to the Congo, and was the author of articles on crustacea in the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica’ and ‘Edinburgh Encyclopædia,’ in addition to numerous papers in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ the ‘Zoological Journal,’ ‘Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles,’ &c. Thirty-one papers are placed to his credit in the ‘Royal Society Catalogue,’ while between 1810 and 1820 he contributed to the ‘Transactions of the Linnean Society’ seven papers; three on insects; a general arrangement of the crustacea, myriapoda, and arachnides, a very laborious work; two descriptive of ten new genera of bats, one of three new species of Glareola. There are several of his letters in autograph in the British Museum Library (Add. MSS. 32166 f. 108, 32441 ff. 7, 51).

 LEAD or LEADE, JANE (1623–1704), mystic, was daughter of Schildknap Ward, who belonged to a good Norfolk family. She was educated like other girls, but is said to have heard at a very early age a miraculous voice amidst the Christmas gaieties at her father's house, and thenceforth devoted herself to a religious life. All attempts on the part of her family to divert her mind from its serious bent failed At twenty-one she married her kinsman, William Lead, who was six years her senior. He died not long after, leaving one daughter, Barbara. Mrs. Lead appears to have lived after her husband's death in the greatest seclusion in London.

Her early tendency to mysticism was increased by a study of the works of Jacob Boehm, in the English translations of 1645- 1661. She was deeply impressed by his mystic, revelations, and experienced almost nightly prophetic visions, which she recorded from April 1670 in her spiritual diary, entitled 'A Fountain of Gardens.' Mrs. Lead probably made the acquaintance of Dr. John Pordage [q. v.] about 1670, and published in 1681 and 1683 respectively two books, 'The Heavenly Cloud, a treatise on death and resurrection, by some considered her best work, and 'The Revelation of Revelations,' an account of her visions. It appears from the title-page of the latter that she was then living 'in Bartholomew Close.' At the time her books attracted little notice, but about 1693 one of them reached Holland, and was translated into Dutch and German by Fischer of Rotterdam, who commenced a correspondence with the author. Mrs. Lead's reputation in Holland was at once established, and Francis Lee [q. v.], a young Oxford scholar, returning through Holland from his travels, was commissioned to seek her out in England, and obtain further writings.

Lee made her acquaintance, and, soon convinced of her piety, was adopted by her as her son and adviser. She became blind, and all her correspondence passed through Lee's hands. In obedience to what was alleged to be a divine order (, Law, pp. 226-7), Lee married her daughter, then a widow (Mrs. Walton), wrote many works from Mrs. Lead's dictation, and edited them, with prefaces of his own, and some occasional verses by Richard Roach [q. v.] An influential body of theosophists calling themselves Philadelphians gathered around Lee and the prophetess in London, and many members were to be found in Holland and Germany. In


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/319

 1686 Mrs. Lead printed a 'Message to the Philadelphian Society whithersoever dispersed over the whole Earth.' In the following year her disciples drew up a constitution, held meetings at Westmoreland House (Lambeth MSS.), and promised to publish quarterly 'Transactions.' of which only one volume appeared.

In her latter days Mrs. Lead suffered much from poverty and from the jealousies of some of her disciples under the leadership of Gichtel; but a German sympathiser, Baron Kniphausen, allowed her four hundred gulden a year, and she was admitted into one of the almshouses of the Lady Mico at Stepney. In 1702 she published her own 'Funeral Testimony.' and after Easter 1704 she had only brier intervals of consciousness. She died on 19 Aug. 1704, 'in the 81st year of her age, and 65th of her vocation to the inward life.' She was buried on the 22nd in Bunhill Fields, the funeral address being delivered by Roach. A month later, Lee, her faithful attendant to the last, to whose ability she owed much of her popular influence, wrote many epistles to the Countess Kniphausen and others in France and Germany describing her death, and 'The Last Hours of Jane Lead, by an Eye and Ear Witness.' which was at once translated into German. The original does not appear to exist, but a manuscript copy, retranslated from the German, is in the Walton Library (now preserved in Dr. Williams's Library), together with some English translations of Lee's Latin letters, by Canon R. C. Jenkins.

Mrs. Lead's writings were eagerly purchased and read, and are now very rare. Her language is ungrammatical, her style involved, and her imagery fanciful and strained. The titles are:
 * 1) 'The Heavenly Cloud now breaking. The Lord Christ's Ascension-Ladder sent down.' London, 1681.
 * 2) 'The Revelation of Revelations.' &c., London, 1683.
 * 3) 'The Enochian Walks with God, found out by a Spirituall Traveller, whose Face towards Mount Sion above was set. With an Experimental Account of what was known, seen, and met withal there.' London, 1694.
 * 4) 'The Laws of Paradise given forth by Wisdom to a Translated Spirit.' 1695.
 * 5) 'The Wonders of God's Creation manifested in the variety of Eight Worlds, as they were made known experimentally unto the Author.' London, 1695.
 * 6) 'A Message to the Philadelphian Society whithersoever dispersed over the whole Earth.' London, 1696.
 * 7) 'The Tree of Faith, or the Tree of Life springing up in the Paradise of God, from which all the Wonders of the New Creation must proceed.' 1696.
 * 8) 'The Ark of Faith, a supplement to the Tree of Faith.' 1696.
 * 9) 'A Fountain of Gardens watered by the Rivers of Divine Pleasure, and springing up in all the variety of Spiritual Plants, blown up by the Pure Breath into a Paradise, sending forth their Sweet Savours and Strong Odours, for Soul Refreshing.' 4 vols., London, 1696-1701; reprinted four times.
 * 10) 'A Revelation of the Everlasting Gospel Message.' 1697.
 * 11) 'The Ascent to the Mount of Vision.' n.d. [1698].
 * 12) 'The Signs of the Times: forerunning the Kingdom of Christ, and evidencing when it is to come.' 1699.
 * 13) 'The Wars of David and the Peaceable Reign of Solomon … containing:
 * 14) An Alarm to the Holy Warriors to Fight the Battles of the Lamb.
 * 15) The Glory of Sharon in the Renovation of Nature, introducing the Kingdom of Christ,' with a preface containing autobiographical remarks, 1700.
 * 16) 'A Second and a Third Message to the Philadelphian Society.'
 * 17) 'A Living Funeral Testimony, or Death overcome and drowned in the Life of Christ.' 1702.
 * 18) 'The First Resurrection in Christ.' dictated shortly before her death, and published almost immediately in Amsterdam. She intended to call it 'The Royal Stamp' (see Lee's Letters in the Walton Library).

LEADBEATER, MARY (1758–1826), authoress, daughter of Richard Shackleton (1726–1792) by his second wife, Elizabeth Carleton, and granddaughter of [q. v.], Burke’s schoolmaster, was born at Ballitore, county Kildare, in December 1758. Her parents were quakers. She was thoroughly educated, and her literary studies were aided by Aldborough Wrightson, a man of great ability who had been educated at Ballitore school and had returned to die there. In 1784 she travelled to London with her father and paid several visits to Burke’s town house, where she met Sir. J. Reynolds and George Crabbe. She also went to Beaconsfield, and on her return wrote a poem in praise of the place and its owner, which was acknowledged by Burke, 13 Dec. 1784, in a long and eulogistic letter (printed in Annals of Ballitore, p. 145). On her way home she visited at Selby, Yorkshire, some primitive


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/320

Leadbetter quakers whom she described in her journal. In 1791 she married William Leadbeater, a former pupil of her father, and they resided in Ballitore. Leadbeater, who traced his descent from the Huguenot family of Le Batre, was a small farmer and landowner, and his wife kept the village post office. On her father’s death Mrs. Leadbeater received a tender letter of consolation from Burke (ib. p. 200). She had from time to time written poems, and in 1794 published anonymously in Dublin ‘Extracts and Original Anecdotes for the Improvement of Youth,’ which begins with ‘some account of the society of the people call Quakers,’ contains several poems on secular subjects, and concludes with ‘divine odes.’ She was in Carlow on Christmas day 1796 when the news arrived that the French fleet had been seen off Bantry, and she describes the march out of the troops. On 23 May 1797 Burke wrote one of his last letters to her (ib. p.218). Ballitore was occupied in 1798 first by yeoman and soldiers and then by the insurgents. It was sacked, and she and her husband narrowly escaped death. She thought her food tasted of blood and used to have horrible dreams of massacre. In 1808 she published ‘Poems’ with a metrical version of her husband’s prose translation of Maffæus Vegio’s ‘Thirteenth Book of the Æneid.’ The poems are sixty-seven in number; six are on subjects relating to Burke, one in praise of the spa of Ballitore, and the remainder on domestic and local subjects. She next published in 1811 ‘Cottage Dialogues among the Irish Peasantry,’ of which four editions, with some alterations and additions, had appeared by 1813. The dialogues are on such subjects as dress, a wake, going to the fair, a spinning match, cow-pock, cookery, and matrimony. William P. Le Fanu (1774-1817) had suggested the design, and the object was to diffuse information about peasantry. In 1813 she tried to instruct the rich on a similar plan in ‘The Landlord’s Friend, intended as a sequel to Cottage Dialogues,’ in which persons of quality are made to discourse on such topics as beggars, spinning-wheels, and Sunday in the village. ‘Tales for Cottagers,’ which she brought out in 1814 in conjunction with Elizabeth Shackleton, is a return to the original design. The tales illustrate perseverance, temper, economy, and are followed by a curious moral play, ‘Honesty is the best policy.’ In 1822 she concluded this series by ‘Cottage Biography, being a Collection of Lives of the Irish Peasantry.’  The lives are those of real persons, and contain some interesting passages, especially in the life of James Dunn, a pilgrim to Loch Derg. Many traits of Irish country life appear in these books, and they preserve several of the idioms of the English-speaking inhabitants of the Pale. ‘Memoirs and Letters of Richard and Elizabeth Shackleton … compiled by their Daughter,’ was also issued in 1822 (new edit. 1849, ed. Lydia Ann Barclay). Her ‘Biographical Notices of Members of the Society of Friends who were resident in Ireland’ appeared in 1823, and is a summary of their spiritual lives, with a scanty narrative of events. Her last work was ‘The Pedlars, a Tale,’ published in 1824.

Besides receiving letters from Burke, Mrs. Leadbeater corresponded with, among others, Maria Edgeworth, George Crabbe, and Mrs Melusina Trench, and from the age of eleven kept a private journal. She died at Ballitore 27 June 1826, and was buried in the quaker burial-ground there. She had several children, and one of her daughters, Mrs. Fisher, was the intimate friend of the poet and novelist, Gerald Griffin [q. v.]

Mrs. Leadbeater’s best work, the ‘Annals of Ballitore,’ was not printed till 1862, when it was brought out with the general title of ‘The Leadbeater Papers’ (2 vols.) by Richard Davis Webb, a learned and patriotic printer, eager to preserve every truthful illustration of Irish life. It tells of the inhabitants and events of Ballitore from 1766 to 1823, and few books give a better idea of the character and feelings of Irish cottagers, of the premonitory signs of the rebellion of 1798, and of the horrors of the outbreak itself. The second volume includes unpublished letters of Burke and the correspondence with Mrs. Richard Trench and with Crabbe.

[Works; Memoir of Mary Leadbeater, prefixed to the Leadbeater Papers, 2 vols. 2nd ed. London, 1862; Smith’s Cat. of Friends’ Books; A. Webb’s Comp. of Irish Biog.; Memoirs of Mrs. Trench; information received at Ballitore.]  LEADBETTER, CHARLES (fl. 1728), astronomer, was for many years a gauger in the royal excise, and afterwards taught mathematics, navigation, and astronomy at the 'Hand and Pen' in Cock Lane, London. Although stated to have died in November 1744 (London Mag. xiii. 569), there is evidence from the successive editions of his works that he was alive as late as 1769. He wrote: 1. 'A Treatise of Eclipses.' London, 1727. 2. 'Astronomy, or the True System of the Planets demonstrated.' 1727. 3. 'A Compleat System of Astronomy.' 1728; 2nd edit. 1742; the second volume containing new tables of the planetary motions. He gave in this work perhaps the earliest demonstration of a well-known property of stereographic projection. 4. 'Astronomy of the


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/322

Leahy M.D., William Cumming, president of the Royal Hibernian Academy, and Father Mathew, the 'Apostle of Temperance.' His subject-pictures included 'Battle of the Nile' and 'Trafalgar.' 1825; 'Mary Stuart's Farewell to France,' 1826 (engraved); 'Jacques and the Wounded Stag,' 1880; 'Escape of Mary Queen of Scots from Loch Leven Castle,' 1887 (painted for Lord Egremont), 'Lady Jane Grey summoned to Execution,' 1844. Between 1837 and 1843 Leahy resided in Italy, and in Rome painted a portrait of John Gibson, R A. Alter his return he exhibited a few Italian subjects, and appeared at the Academy for the last time in 1863. He died at Brighton on 9 Feb. 1875. Leahy's portrait of Father Mathew, painted at Cork in 1846, is now in the National Portrait Gallery, London.

 LEAHY, PATRICK (1806–1875), archbishop of Cashel, son of Patrick Leahy, civil engineer and county surveyor of Cork, was born near Thurles, co. Tipperary, on 31 May 1806, and was educated at Maynooth. On his ordination he became Roman catholic curate of a small parish in the diocese of Cashel. He was soon appointed professor in St. Patrick's College at Thurles, and shortly afterwards president of that institution. On 22 Aug. 1850 he was one of the secretaries of the synod or national council of Thurles, and was afterwards appointed parish priest of Thurles and vicar-general of the diocese of Cashel. When the catholic university was opened in Dublin in 1854, he was selected for the office of vice-rector under Dr. J. H. (afterwards Cardinal) Newman, the rector, and filled a professor's chair. He was elected archbishop of Cashel 27 April 1857 and consecrated on 29 June. In 1866 and 1867 he was deputed, with the Bishop of Clonfert, to conduct the negotiations with Lord Mayo, the chief secretary for Ireland, with respect to the proposed endowment of the Roman catholic university. He was a strong advocate of the cause of temperance, and enforced the Sunday closing of the public-houses in his diocese. Owing to his energy the fine cathedral at Thurles was built at a cost of 45,000l. He died at the episcopal residence near Thurles 26 Jan. 1875, and was buried in Thurles Cathedral on 3 Feb. He was remarkable for his dignified bearing and uniform courtesy.

[Times, 27 Jan. 1875, p. 12, 28 Jan. p. 12; Illustrated London News, 6 Feb. 1875, p. 139; Cashel Gazette, 30 Jan. and 6, 13 Feb. 1875; Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography, 1878, p. 287.]  LEAKE. [See also .]

LEAKE, Sir ANDREW (d. 1704), captain in the navy, son of Aidrew Leake, merchant, of Lowestoft, was, by the marriage of his sister Margaret, closely connected with Admiral Sir John Ashby [q. v.] and with Vice-admiral James Mighells, comptroller of the navy (, Hist. of Lowestoft, pp. 401, 410). On 7 Aug. 1690 he was promoted to be commander of the Roebuck fireship. He took post from 9 Jan. 1690-1, though during the following spring and summer he was in command of the Fox fireship. During the rest of the war he successively commanded the Greenwich, the Lancaster, and the Canterbury, all in the Channel, without any opportunity of distinction. Through 1698 he was unemployed, and is said to have busied himself in collecting funds for rebuilding the church at Lowestoft. In 1699 and 1/00 he was commodore of the squadron on the Newfoundland station for the protection of the fishery and the convoy of the trade thence to Cadiz, and the Mediterranean. In January 1701-2 he was appointed to the Torbay, as flag-captain to Vice-admiral Thomas Hopsonn [q. v.], with whom he served during the campaign of 1702, in the abortive attempt on Cadiz, and the capture or destruction of the Franco-Spanish fleet at Vigo in October. For his service on this occasion he was knighted. From February to May 1703 he commanded the Ranelagh at the Nore, and in May was appointed to the Grafton, one of the fleet sent to the Mediterranean under Sir Clowdisley Shovell {q. v.], and again in 1704 under Sir George Kooke [q. v.] The Grafton was one of the ships placed under the orders of Sir George Byng [q. v.] for the attack on Gibraltar, 22 July 1704, in which service she expended so much ammunition that in the battle of Malaga, where she was the leading ship of the red squadron, she ran short, and was obliged to quit the line. Before this Leake had been mortally wounded. After his wound had been dressed he had himself carried on the quarter-deck and placed in an armchair, where he died. 'From the grace and comeliness of his person,' he is said to have been called 'Queen Anne's handsome captain.'


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/329

 father. His portrait, engraved by T. Milton from the painting by R. F. Pine, faces page 408 of Noble's College of Arms.'

Leake married Anne, youngest daughter of Fletcher Pervall of Downton, Radnorshire. They had six sons and three daughters, all of whom survived their father. Leake's widow died in Hertfordshire on 29 Jan. 1782. Three of the sons were connected with the College of Arms. The eldest, Stephen Mart in Leake, was created Norfolk herald extraordinary on 21 Sept. 1761. The second, John Martin, father of Colonel [q. v.] the classical topographer, was Chester herald from 27 Sept. 1752 till 1791, and was also commissioner for auditing the public accounts (, Memoir of W. M. Leake, p. 1). He inherited his father's manuscript heraldic collections contained in more than fifty volumes, and furnished information as to his life for Noble's account. George Martin Leake, the youngest son, became Chester herald in 1791.

Leake published:
 * 1) 'Nummi Britannici Historia, or an Historical Account of English Money from the Conquest … to the present time,' London, 1626 [-1726], 8vo. A second edition, enlarged, and bearing the title 'An Historical Account,' &c, appeared in 1745, London, 8vo; 3rd edition, London, 1793, 8vo. Ruding (Annals of the Coinage, vol. i. pp. viii, ix) justly says that this treatise has great merit as far as it goes, but its plan is too contracted.
 * 2) 'The Life of Sir John Leake … Admiral of the Fleet,' London, 1750, 8vo (only fifty copies printed).

LEAKE, WILLIAM MARTIN (1777–1860), classical topographer and numismatist, born in Bolton Row, Mayfair, London, on 14 Jan. 1777, was the second son of John Martin Leake of Thorpe Hall, Essex, Chester herald and commissioner for auditing the public accounts, by his wife Mary, daughter of Peter Calvert of Hadham. [q. v.] was his grandfather. He received his professional education at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and with a fellow-student, General Sir [q. v.], formed a lifelong friendship. He obtained his commission as a second lieutenant in the royal regiment of artillery, and in 1794 was ordered to the West Indies, where he remained four years. In 1799, being now Captain Leake, he was sent on a mission to Constantinople to instruct the Turkish troops in artillery practice. On 19 Jan. 1800 he left Constantinople to join the Turkish army on the coast of Egypt. Leake and his party, in the dress of Tartar couriers, traversed Asia Minor in a south-easterly direction to Celenderis in Cilicia, and crossed over to Cyprus. A treaty being concluded between I the grand vizier and the French, Leake did 1 not at once proceed to Egypt, but visited Telmessus in Lycia, Assus in Mysia, and other ancient sites. He kept an accurate journal, which he published in 1824 as a 'Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor.' Professor W. M. Ramsay (Hist. Geogr. of Asia Minor, pp. 97, 98) remarks that in this work Leake 'made many admirable guesses,' but that he was not long enough in the country for 'his wonderful topographical eye and instinct' to have fair play. Leake returned to Constantinople in June 1800, and shortly afterwards—on the renewal of hostilities—was again instructed to join the grand vizier's army in Egypt. He went by way of Athens, Smyrna, and Cyprus to Jaffa, where he spent the winter making excursions into Syria and Palestine. In March 1801 Captain Leake crossed the desert with the Turkish army into Egypt, but on the capitulation of the French army he was employed (till March 1802) in making a general survey of Egypt in conjunction with Lord Elgin's secretary, William Richard Hamilton. He went as far south as the cataracts of the Nile, and afterwards revisited Syria, which he left in June 1802 for Athens, where he passed the summer exploring the neighbouring country. In September 1802 Leake and Hamilton sailed from the Piraeus in the small vessel hired to convey the Elgin marbles to England. In the wreck of the vessel upon Cerigo all Leake's valuable manuscripts relating to the Egyptian survey perished, though Hamilton's memoranda were saved and made use of in 'Ægyptiaca: the Ancient and Modern State of Egypt,' published by Hamilton in 1810. Leake, travelling through Italy, reached London in January 1803.

In September 1804 he left England on a mission to treat with the governors of the provinces of European Turkey respecting the defence of their frontier against the French. He was instructed to make military surveys and to pay 'particular attention to the general geography of Greece.' He visited Malta, Corfu, and Zante, and landed in the Morea in February 1805, from which date till February 1807 he was constantly engaged in traversing northern Greece and the Morea. Besides identifying ancient sites, Leake was careful to collect Greek coins, especially bronze specimens, which on being found in Thessaly and Macedonia it had been usual for the braziers to melt into kettles and caldrons [sic]. It was by means of the coins found


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/13


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/18


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/19


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/21


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/26


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/27


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/31


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/36


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/37


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/41


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/69


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/73


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/75


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/79


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/83


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/90


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/93


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/98


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/103


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/113


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/124


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/129


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/135


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/139


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/147


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/151


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/155


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/159


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/164


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/165


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/182


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/186


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/251


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/252


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/254


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/255


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/256


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/257


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/258


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/259


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/260


text: Page:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu/261


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/327

 LEAKE, JOHN, M.D. (1729–1792), man-midwife, son of William Leake, a clergyman, was born at Ainstable, Cumberland, 8 June 1729. He was educated as a surgeon, but early turned his attention to midwifery, and in 1755 practised at Lisbon, where he made the observation that the great earthquake did not prevent many of his patients from the safe birth of their children at the proper time (Medical Instructions), i. 149). He graduated M.D., at Rheims 9 Aug. 1763, and became a licentiate of the College of Physicians of London 25 June 1766. His house was in Craven Street, Strand, and in a theatre attached to it he delivered an annual course of about twenty lectures on midwifery. His first, 'Syllabus of Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery,' was published in 1767, and in the same year his 'Dissertation on the Properties and Efficacy of the Lisbon Diet-drink and its Extract.' This is a discreditable production, in which the composition of the remedy is kept a secret, while its efficacy in more than thirty diseases is maintained. A journeyman bookbinder named Walter Leake took out a patent for a pill which came to be called Leake's pill, and, being supposed to have the same efficacy as the diet drink, injured its sale. The next step which he took for advancement was to buy a piece of land near the Surrey end of Westminster Bridge, obtain subscriptions to build a hospital upon it, and get himself appointed first physician to this, the Westminster Lying-in Hospital. 'Practical Observations on the Child-bed Fever,' published in 1774, were made in this hospital, and are of no interest except as illustrations of the fatal results of the clinical impurity of lying-in wards at that period. In 1773 he published in 4to 'A Lecture introductory to the Theory and Practice of Midwifery' and 'The Description and Use of a New Forceps.' It had three blades instead of two, and was condemned by [q. v.], then the greatest authority on midwifery. Leake replied in 1774 in a 'Vindication of the Forceps against the Remarks of T. Denman, M.D.;' and in the same year published 'Practical Observations on the Acute Diseases incident to Women.' In 1777 he published in two volumes 'Medical Instructions to wards the Prevention and Cure of Chronic or Slow Diseases peculiar to Women.' Both these works are addressed to women and not to physicians, and contain much extraneous matter, such as long poetical quotations and (5th edit. i. 274) a full description of the author's ascent of Skiddaw, 23 July 1780. An 'Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Midwifery' was also published by him in 1777, and in 1792 'A Practical Essay' on Diseases of the Viscera.' Several of his works went through numerous editions. He died in London 8 Aug. 1792, and is buried in the north cloister of Westminster Abbey. His portrait, engraved by Bartolozzi from a painting by D. Gardiner, is prefixed to vol. i. of his book on 'Chronic Diseases of Women.'

[Works; Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 275.]  LEAKE, RICHARD (1629–1696), master-gunner of England, son of Richard Leake, was born at Harwich in 1629. According to Martin Leake's biography of Sir [q. v.], he served under his father in the navy under the parliament, but being a royalist at heart took an opportunity of deserting and entered the king's service. His majesty's affairs proving very unfortunate, more especially by sea, he went to Holland and served in the Dutch army. It does not, however, appear that the elder Leake commanded a state's ship, and the only service of the king at sea that the lad can have entered was the semi-piratical squadron under Prince Rupert. After being some time in Holland he was able to return to England, and commanded a merchant ship in several voyages to the Mediterranean. At the Restoration he was appointed gunner of the Princess, and in her fought in many severe actions during the second Dutch war. In one, in the North Sea, on 20 April 1667, the Princess was engaged with seventeen vessels, apparently Rotterdam privateers, and though hard pressed succeeded in beating them off. She then went to Gottenburg, and in the return voyage was attacked by two Danish ships on l7 May. The captain and master were killed, the lieutenant was badly wounded, and the command devolved on Leake, who after a stubborn fight beat them off and brought the ship safely to the Thames (, Biog. Nav. i. 161). He was given 30l., and by warrant, 13 Aug. 1667, was appointed 'one of his majesty's gunners within the Tower of London, in consideration of his good and faithful service to his majesty during the war with the French, Danes, and Dutch.'

In May 1669 he was promoted to be gunner of the Royal Prince, a first rate, which carried the flag of Sir [q. v.] in the battle with the Dutch of 10 Aug. 1673. The Royal Prince was dismasted; many of her guns were dismounted; some four hundred of her men were killed or wounded; Spragge had shifted his flag to the St. George; and a large Dutch ship with two fireships bore down on her, making certain of capturing or of burning her. It is said that Rooke (afterwards Sir George), her first lieutenant and


text: Page:Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society XVII.djvu/142


text: Page:Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society XVII.djvu/182


text: Page:Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society XVII.djvu/232


text: Page:Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society XVII.djvu/236


text: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/24

title: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/24


text: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/68

title: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/68


text: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/70

title: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/70


text: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/86

title: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/86


text: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/87

title: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/87


text: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/88

title: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/88


text: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/89

title: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/89


text: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/90

title: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/90


text: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/91

title: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/91


text: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/92

title: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/92


text: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/93

title: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/93


text: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/22

title: Page:Memoirs of the Lives.djvu/22


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 1.djvu/164


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 1.djvu/466


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 1.djvu/478


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 1.djvu/486


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 2 - 2nd ed.djvu/508


text: Studies of a Biographer/In Praise of Walking


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 2 - 2nd ed.djvu/513


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 2 - 2nd ed.djvu/514


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 2 - 2nd ed.djvu/515


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 2 - 2nd ed.djvu/516


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 2 - 2nd ed.djvu/518


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 3 - 2nd ed.djvu/2


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 3 - 2nd ed.djvu/4


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 3 - 2nd ed.djvu/5


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 3 - 2nd ed.djvu/6


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 3 - 2nd ed.djvu/8


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 3 - 2nd ed.djvu/10


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 3 - 2nd ed.djvu/526


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 3 - 2nd ed.djvu/533


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 3 - 2nd ed.djvu/534


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 3 - 2nd ed.djvu/535


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 3 - 2nd ed.djvu/536


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 3 - 2nd ed.djvu/537


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 3 - 2nd ed.djvu/538


text: Page:Memoir, correspondence, and miscellanies, from the papers of Thomas Jefferson - Volume 4 - 2nd ed.djvu/454


title: Page:Marriagewithade00badegoog.djvu/2


title: Page:Marriagewithade00badegoog.djvu/4


title: Page:Marriagewithade00badegoog.djvu/5


title: Page:Marriagewithade00badegoog.djvu/99


title: Page:Marriagewithade00badegoog.djvu/288


title: Page:Marriagewithade00badegoog.djvu/289


title: Page:Marriagewithade00badegoog.djvu/291


title: Page:Marriagewithade00chamgoog.djvu/2


title: Page:Marriagewithade00chamgoog.djvu/4


title: Page:Marriagewithade00pullgoog.djvu/2


title: Page:Marriagewithade00pullgoog.djvu/5


title: Page:Marriagewithade00pullgoog.djvu/15


title: Page:Marriagewithade00pullgoog.djvu/17


title: Page:Marriagewithade00pullgoog.djvu/211


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/353

Lee States; Harcourt Papers, xi 184-202; A. Fonblanque's Life of the Right Hon. John Burgoyne, London, 1867; B. F. Stevens's Facsimiles of Manuscripts relating to America; G. H. Moore's Treason of Charles Lee, New York, 1860.]  LEE, CROMWELL (d. 1601), compiler of an Italian dictionary, was younger son of Sir Anthony Lee or Lea of Burston and of Quarendon, Buckinghamshire, and brother of Sir Henry Lee [q. v.] He matriculated at St. John's College, Oxford, probably in 1572, but took no decree, and afterwards spent some years travelling in Italy. Later in life he settled in Oxford, and there compiled an Italian-English dictionary, which he completed as far as the word 'tralignato.' A manuscript copy is now in St. John's College Library. He died in 1601, in the parish of Holywell St. Cross. He married in 1575 Mary, daughter of Sir John Hareourt, and widow of Richard Taverner. Henry Lee of Craig Castle, co. Tipperary, who purchased in 1678 land at Barna in the same county, is said to have been his grandson. Henry Lee's descendants are still settled at Barna.

 LEE, EDWARD (1482?–1544), archbishop of York, son of Richard Lee, esq., of Lee Magna, Kent, who was the son of Sir Richard Lee, knt., lord mayor of London in 1461 and 1470, was born in Kent in or about 1482, and was elected fellow of St. Mary Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1500. Having graduated B.A., he was incorporated at Cambridge early in 1503, removing from Oxford, it is supposed, on account of some plague. At Cambridge he proceeded M.A. in 1504, being ordained deacon in that year, with title to the church of Wells, Norfolk. In 1512 he was collated to a prebend at Lincoln, and had his grace for degree of B.D., but was not admitted until 1515, in which year he was chosen proctor in convocation. He seems to have given some attention to biblical study, and in 1517 Erasmus wrote to him explaining that he had not been able to make use of certain annotations which Lee had written. In 1519 Lee was a prominent opponent of Erasmus. More, who said that he had loved Lee from boyhood, regretted the dispute. Erasmus declared that Lee was a young man desirous of fame, and that he spread about reports to his disadvantage. He asked Foxe (or Fox, Richard [q.v.] ) whether he could check him (Erasmi Epp. vi. 23); he further said that Lee circulated among religious houses an unfavourable criticism of his New Testament without having sent it to him, and he threatened Lee with punishment at the hands of German scholars. During 1520 the dispute was carried on with much bitterness on both sides. Erasmus said that Lee's chief supporter was Henry Standish, bishop of St. Asaph's. Lee put forth sundry attacks on Erasmus, who retaliated by the ‘Epistolæ aliquot Eruditorum Virorum,’ and sent an ‘Apologia’ to Henry VIII defending himself against Lee (ib. xii. 15, 20, xiv. 15, 16, xvii. 1). In 1523 the king sent Lee with Lord Morley and Sir William Hussey on an embassy to the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, to carry him the Garter, to commend his zeal against the Lutherans, and to excite him against the French king. Lee was the orator of the embassy. He was the king's almoner, and in the same year received the archdeaconry of Colchester. In 1525 he was sent with Sir Francis Pointz to Spain on an embassy to the emperor. During 1529 he was engaged in an embassy to the emperor in Spain, and in January 1530 was sent with the Earl of Wiltshire and John Stokesley, bishop-elect of London, to Clement VII and the emperor at Bologna, to endeavour to persuade them out of their opposition to the king's divorce. He returned to England in the spring. In 1529 he was made chancellor of the church of Salisbury, and in 1530 received a prebend at York, and a prebend of the royal chapel of St. Stephen's, Westminster, and was incorporated D.D. at Oxford, having received that degree at Bologna or elsewhere. Lee made himself useful to the king at home in the matter of the divorce, and on 1 June 1531 was one of a deputation which was sent to the queen to persuade her to forego her rights. He spoke with some freedom to the queen, who told him that what he said was untrue (Cal. State Papers, Hen. VIII, pt. v. No. 287). In September Henry wrote to the pope requesting authority for Lee's elevation to the archbishopric of York. On 13 Oct. Lee and others had an interview with Catharine, in which they urged her to withdraw her cause from Rome and submit to the decision of bishops and doctors (ib. No. 478). Clement granted a bull for Lee's elevation on the 30th; he was consecrated to the see of York on 10 Dec., and was enthroned by proxy on the 17th.

Lee's elevation involved him in much expense, and his affairs were rendered worse by the disgrace into which his predecessor, Wolsey, had fallen before his death. Writing from Cawood in December 1532, Lee thanks Cromwell for obtaining leave of absence for him from parliament on account of his ex-


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Apisaon


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Apollas