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, doubtless, were not wanting amongst them. At last they were compelled to give way, and retreat to the shelter of the woods, with their chariots and broken ranks. Cæsar himself informs us that he was prevented from pursuing the victory by the absence of his cavalry—a circumstance which he bitterly laments, since its presence alone was wanting to crown his fortune.

Although it does not appear that he ventured to follow the fugitives, the victory must have been complete, seeing they sent ambassadors, accompanied by Comius, whom the Britons released from his prison and chains to sue for peace. The victor complained, and with some show of justice, of the reception he had met with, after they had sent envoys to him in Gaul with offers of submission, and also of the


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 proved to be an intractable kicker and was accordingly discarded, much to the relief of Chivers, its destined rider, and another substituted in its place. We reached Deh Mullah, twenty-six miles, in three hours and a half. Here there is a small village, with a ruined fort on a mound, and a large, square, post-station, looking more like a prison than a halting-place for travellers, and at 1.30 we left its dreary walls and continued our journey to Shahrûd, sixteen miles. Our route was north-north-east, by a well-beaten track, over a stony hill skirt; at times it followed the border of the eternal salt waste on our right, and at others skirted the hills on our left. Four miles from Shahrûd we were met by a party of horsemen, servants of the Prince Governor, gholams of the telegraph department, and, conspicuous in his smart and workmanlike uniform, one of General MacLean's orderlies, belonging to the Indian Cavalry Regiment of Guides. They saluted us, and falling in behind we galloped fast into Shahrûd, which is a large, walled town of six hundred and fifty houses, surrounded by gardens and vineyards, lying at

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 and blanket. At Ahuân, however, we were much disturbed during the night by a travelling dervish, who clamoured long and imperiously for admission into the station, and went away roundly abusing its inmates as 'sons of dogs' when he failed to accomplish his purpose. The night air here was very cold, there was a sharp frost, and the tops of the neighbouring hills were covered with a thin coating of freshly fallen snow.

On Monday, 10th of March, we left Ahuân shortly before half-past seven. Our route lay north-north-east by north on a good, hard, gravelly road, over a gently falling desert waste, with hills on either side. We reached the station-house of Ghûsheh, where there is no village, before half-past ten, having covered the twenty-four miles in three hours. After an hour's halt for luncheon we pushed on to Damghan, following the line of telegraph over a hot, gravelly road and stony desert, passing numerous villages, including Daulatabad, with its triple wall and ditch. We reached Damghan, twenty-three miles from Ghûsheh, very early in the afternoon, and the post-station of


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 of Semnan, consisting of small gardens, fields, cemeteries, and crowded bazaars. The town has a flourishing, busy look, and is plentifully supplied with good water, which, with a customary dash of whisky, proved more than usually refreshing after our hot three-hours' morning gallop. At 12.20, having spent two hours resting and luncheon, and having made use of the services of the telegraph clerk resident here, we started for a twenty-four mile ride to Ahuân. The road was long and rather wearisome, with a steep ascent, but our horses were more than ordinarily good, and we reached the wretched hamlet of Ahuân, situated amidst desolate mountains, at 4.30 p.m. At seven o'clock we had an excellent dinner, cooked as usual by our factotum, Ali Akber, on the roof of the house in one of the angles formed by the battlements.

Ali Akber's method of procedure on arriving at a station-house for the night was most methodical, and is worth describing. His first care was to remove the saddles from the horses, in order to prevent the weary animals rolling upon them, which they were always prepared to do on the slightest provocation. He would


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 one of our tired horses on. Our destination was Lasgird, twenty-five miles distant. Our route lay east, north-east, and east, skirting the borders of the Great Desert, over a clayey and spongy soil, covered with camel thorn and scanty herbage, and utterly devoid of water. A ride of little under two hours brought us to the village of Abdullahabad, where we stopped for half an hour's refreshment in a Persian teahouse. Shortly after leaving Abdullahabad we met five Lasgird horses on their way back to Deh Namek, and knowing that the Lasgird stable would consequently be empty, we effected an exchange and continued our journey. Soon after this fresh start one of the horses fell heavily on his side, rolling over the rider's right leg, but fortunately without doing any harm. Our road presently led us through a narrow defile, passing a stream of water which is generally good, but which, much to our disappointment, on this occasion was too muddy to be drinkable. On emerging from the defile we saw at a distance of about two miles what looked like the ruins of the Colosseum at Rome, but which turned out to be part of the village of Lasgird, a number of


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 afternoon tea was being prepared one of the party enjoyed a bathe in a small neighbouring muddy stream, and his dressing gown, which he wore as he passed down the street of the little village, attracted the attention of the villagers, who, he fondly hoped, took it for a 'kelat' or robe of honour. At eight p.m. we lay down upon our mattresses, and enjoyed the sound sleep to which we were entitled by our forty-nine mile ride, in spite of being twice disturbed — once by the uproarious singing of an irrepressible dervish, and afterwards by the invasion of a large cat making a raid on the milk.

On Saturday, the 8th of March, we started at our normal hour of 7.15, the two previous hours having been, as usual, employed in dressing, breakfasting, shaking the straw out of our mattresses, and re-packing into the saddle-bags our clothes, blankets, provisions, and cooking utensils. Our road lay east and north-east, through a plain rich in cultivation and pasturage. We passed many well-watered villages, two of which, built upon artificial mounds, are especially remarkable. After a ten-mile gallop, which we accomplished in an hour and a quarter, during


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 prepare dinner at Kabut Gumbuz, in order that we might pass the first evening in comparative luxury, and be, so to speak, let down easy.

Our road, after leaving the capital, followed the pass which divides the Kuh-i-Bibi Shair Banoo from the main range, and, after descending again on to the plain, which extends to Veramin, it skirted the hills, going due east to Kabut Gumbuz. The chapar khaneh, or post house, which is situated on the right bank of the Jagerood River, is a rough abode. It was occupied by Major Wells and M. Rakofsky, and on the floor of their room we partook of an excellent dinner with the appetite which a twenty-four mile ride in three and a half hours naturally engenders, whilst our straw mattresses were spread for us in a neighbouring house. Our night's sleep was partially disturbed by the barking of numerous dogs, and at five in the morning, Friday, March 7th, we were roused by the arrival of the Legation messenger coming from Meshed, who, stopping to change horses, inquired whether we had any letters for him to take to Tehran. After breakfasting at 6.30, we bade farewell to our two friends, and, with


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 under any circumstances, be properly closed. The advantage of the bala khaneh over the lower rooms is that it is rarely, if ever, used by native travellers, and its mud floor and dilapidated walls are, comparatively speaking, clean. It can, however, only be inhabited in fine weather, and its occupant's first care, after causing it to be swept out, is to obtain the loan of as many stable rugs and old carpets as can be secured, in order to check the intrusion of the cold night air through all the numerous apertures which invite its entrance.

Some weeks before leaving Tehran we had obtained a promise from the Amin ed Dowleh, the Minister of Posts, that fresh horses would be secured for us at the different stations in place of the worn-out beasts with reference to which recent travellers had made loud but hitherto ineffectual complaints. The Amin ed Dowleh regretted that it was beyond his power to place the station houses in anything like decent order, but he gave us an open letter addressed to the naib, or postmaster, of each station, ordering each one to place himself at our entire disposal, and to give, or to obtain


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 the greater part of the available space was taken up with provisions, pots, pans, and other cooking utensils, besides two or three small carpets and three large linen sacks, which, filled with straw at night and spread upon the bare floor, served as beds.

The stations at which horses are changed vary in distance from sixteen to thirty miles. They are all built practically upon the same model. Four high, square, sun-dried mud walls, with flat roofs, surmounted by battlements and flanked by four towers, as a defence against Turcoman raiders, enclose a small, open, square yard, usually filled with manure and filth of every description. Round the yard are ranged stables, in which are to be found half a dozen of the most wretched specimens of the equine race to be seen anywhere outside of a Spanish bull-ring. On entering the massive doorway, which is always carefully closed at night, two small rooms are discovered, the one on the right, the other on the left; these rooms are perfectly empty of everything except dust and dirt. There are no windows, and the fireplace is generally constructed in such a manner that


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 to us to make use of the Transcaspian railway as far as Samarcand, and that the local authorities had been duly informed. This railway, being a purely military one, is under the direction of the Ministry of War at St. Petersburg, and is not open for ordinary passenger traffic. Application for leave to travel on it had been made on our behalf three months previously by the English Foreign Office, at the request of Sir H. D. Wolff, and the long delay which ensued before a favourable reply was received threatened at one time to prevent the due accomplishment of the object we had in view. Nor was this the only difficulty which we had to encounter. Kind and anxious friends warned us of the risks and hardships which a lady especially would have to encounter during a seven hundred mile journey on horseback through Khorassan, and although our experience of journeys on horseback in Bulgaria and in Roumania enabled us to gauge pretty accurately our own powers of endurance, it was difficult to maintain our determination to carry out our purpose in the face of strongly worded advice, without appearing unduly obstinate and


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 to it from all quarters of Persia, and the pious dead are carried thither for burial in coffins slung upon the backs of mules. The presence of corpses in a caravan reveals itself with unpleasant pungency to the traveller who meets or catches up the laden mules. What Mecca is to the Mussulman Sunis, that Meshed is to the Mussulman Sheites.

Last year, after much diplomatic pressure, the Russians succeeded in establishing in the city a Consul-General, and this privilege having been conceded to one nation, a similar privilege was immediately claimed by the British Government, who obtained the recognition by the Shah of Major-General MacLean, the Viceroy of India's agent on the Perso-Afghan frontier, as Her Majesty's Consul-General, to reside in Meshed itself.

The post held by General MacLean may be described as that of an outpost sentinel, whose duty it is to watch and report upon the Russian advance from the Caspian on one side, and Turkestan on the other, which, begun a quarter of a century ago, and increasing in velocity year by year, threatens to crush, or, rather, to absorb the


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 kingdoms of Persia and of Afghanistan, as it has already absorbed the khanates of Central Asia.

Central Asia is the vague term which for the purpose of this narrative may be held to describe the countries bounded by Khiva and the Kizil Kum Desert on the north, Tashkent and Kokan on the east, Northern Afghanistan and Northern Persia on the south, and the Caspian on the west. Its political importance lies in the fact that the whole of it has, within the last twenty-five years, become a Russian province. Its khans, or native princes, have been paralysed or overthrown by Russian diplomacy or by Russian arms. Alone the Khan of Bokhara maintains a position of quasi-independence, but his attenuated dominions, lying between the Russian provinces of Transcaspia and Turkestan, and traversed by a Russian military railway, may, for all practical purposes, be looked upon as forming part of the empire of the Czar.

A few days before starting on our journey, we received a telegram from Sir Robert Morier, Her Majesty's Ambassador at St. Petersburg, informing us that permission had been granted


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 this town being unpleasantly notorious by reason of the presence within its walls of a peculiarly poisonous kind of bug, the 'gherib gez,' we applied to the Persian telegraph clerk for shelter in the telegraph station. Our request was most courteously acceded to, and two rooms were placed at our disposal, looking into a small square containing a few sorry shrubs and a tank with exceedingly dirty water. We found Damghan to be a hot and deadly dull place. In the course of the afternoon we strolled about among the narrow lanes which do duty for streets, but saw nothing except high earth walls and dilapidated mud houses, on the roofs of which a March sun was beating almost as fiercely as an August sun in England. The small children stared at and ran away from the inquisitive strangers, whilst the latter pitied them for having to live the whole of their lives at Damghan.

We dined as usual at seven, and eight o'clock found us stretched on our straw mattresses.

Our road on the following day, March 11th, lay east by north, over even, alluvial ground. One of the horses brought round for our party


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 the foot of the spur of the Khanoar Hill. It is the most important town through which we passed on our way to Meshed, and it is, as nearly as possible, half-way between the latter place and Tehran. Shahrûd does a considerable trade with Astrabad on the north, to which place there is a direct telegraph line. It possesses a large water supply, and abounds in supplies of all kinds, including the obnoxious 'gherib gez,' which, for some mysterious reason, are rampant here. We made our way to the telegraph-station, which had been prepared for our reception, and found it to our delight to be a tolerably decent, two-storeyed house standing in a pretty garden. Three rooms upstairs had been placed at our disposal, one of which contained a table, three chairs, and a camp bedstead, the property of Mr. Stagno Navarra, who occasionally stays here when his duties of English Inspector of the Meshed and Tehran telegraph line require his presence at Shahrûd. Here we found a supply of tinned provisions — soups, sardines, jams, as well as a store of wine — claret, sherry, champagne, &c., which General MacLean had, with his usual


text: Author talk:Samuel Alfred Mitchell

title: Author talk:Samuel Alfred Mitchell


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 flourishing little town, and as we walked down one of the main streets we saw the inhabitants popping out of their little mud houses, like rats out of their holes, in order to perform their morning ablutions in a narrow stream running down the centre of the roadway.

We started at seven with excellent horses, accompanied to the outskirts of the town, through the busy little bazaars, by two mounted telegraph gholams. Our road lay south-west by south, following the caravan road for three or four miles, then, bending to the right, it crossed the Shahrûd plain, passed several villages, and crossed cultivated ground with watercourses. After twelve miles, the far side of the valley was reached, whence the read ascends between low hills for eight miles, when the highest point is reached, after which a winding descent of another eight miles brought us to the village of Armian (twenty-eight miles in four hours), a picturesquely situated but poor and dirty village on the bank of a stream, with walnut-trees and orchards. The weather was bright but cool, with a northerly breeze, and we elected to


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 then dispatch a man to fill our linen sacks with chopped straw to serve as bedding, whilst another, having cursorily swept out the bala khaneh, would be directed to place upon the floor some pieces of felt and of carpeting, and to hang others over the imperfect doors and square apertures called by courtesy windows. A samovar in the meanwhile would supply us with tea, and give us strength and energy to remove our riding clothes and ensconce ourselves in dressing-gowns and slippers. Dinner usually made its appearance by seven, and would consist of tinned soup, curried fowl or pilaffe, a joint of freshly killed lamb or mutton with biscuits and jam. Whisky was the staple article of drink, as being the most wholesome and convenient to carry. Dinner was of course served on the floor, and by dint of much practice we all became more or less adept at the art of sitting in the Persian fashion doubled up on our hams. By half-past eight, or soon after, no sound would be heard from the bala khaneh except peaceful or stentorian breathing, as each tired rider reposed on a mattress of straw, coiled up in a dressing-gown


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 self-willed. From the outset, however, Sir Henry Wolff had cordially approved of the undertaking; and from General MacLean at Meshed, and Major Wells at Tehran, we received many valuable hints and much useful information.

With this preface I begin a narrative of our own personal movements.

Our party consisted of ourselves, Julia Chivers, lady's maid, and Ali Akbar Beg, Legation gholam, together with a 'chapar shaggard,' or post-boy, who was relieved at each station where horses were changed. Our baggage, which we had to carry with us on horseback, would have excited the curiosity and merriment of an English railway guard or porter. It was composed of three pairs of enormous leather saddle-bags, a 'mafrash,' or small leather portmanteau, constructed so as to be conveniently carried behind the saddle, a small leather valise, three pairs of holsters, besides blankets, waterproofs, and overcoats. The contents of the baggage were of a most miscellaneous description. A very limited wardrobe was allowed to each traveller, and


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 the smoke of the fire, which a cold and weary traveller causes to be kindled, seeks an exit through the door in preference to going up the chimney. As a natural consequence, the room is perfectly uninhabitable for the best part of an hour after one's arrival unless the traveller lies or crouches low on the floor, where the air is less impregnated with blinding smoke. Above the doorway, on the roof of the house, is the 'bala khaneh,' or upper room, which is only reached after a gymnastic performance specially painful to travellers whose limbs are stiffened by a fifty miles' journey on horseback during the course of the day. The steps of the small, winding staircase are about three feet in height, and many of them having crumbled away altogether, the ascent partakes much more of the nature of a mountaineering expedition than of the prosaic process of going upstairs.

The 'bala khaneh,' the origin of the English word 'balcony,' is a small, perfectly empty room, from ten to twelve feet square, generally with four unglazed windows and two doors, the wood of which having hopelessly warped can never,


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 for us, any and every horse which we might wish to have. In justice to the naibs, it must be said that they obeyed their orders to the letter, and when the resources of their own stables broke down, as they occasionally did under the strain of having to supply five good horses, they unceremoniously, and in the most high-handed manner, impounded for our use the best horses to be provided in the village.

On the 6th of March, leaving our children in charge of their excellent nurse, Smith, we started from the British Legation, Tehran, early in the afternoon, under the best auspices. The weather was fine, but cool and cloudy, and we were accompanied through the town to the Khorassan Gate by a large party of friends on horseback. Following the usual Persian custom of making but a short journey the first day, in order that every body and every thing may shake down comfortably into their places, we arranged to halt the first night at the station of Kabut Gumbuz, twenty-four miles from Tehran. Major Wells, who, with M. Rakofsky, had resolved to accompany us one stage out of the twenty-four between Tehran and Meshed, had sent on his cook to


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 fresh and fairly good horses, we started for Aivan-i-Kaif. For the first mile or two we crossed several streams with shallow fords, and, leaving the village of Kazran on the right and Sherifabad on the left, reached Aivan-i-Kaif at 10.45 — twenty-seven miles in a little over three hours. Here we lunched in the bala khaneh, overlooking the stream of the Zamrood. The village, which contains three hundred houses, including a telegraph station, presents a flourishing appearance, surrounded by gardens and vineyards. The civil telegraph clerk in charge called upon us during luncheon, and, after partaking of a cigarette and a glass of cognac, undertook to send a telegram announcing our safe arrival to our friends at Tehran.

At 12.30 we resumed our journey. For the first three miles the road was good, and at six miles the defile of Surdar-i-Kuh was entered. It passes through a low range of clayey strata impregnated with salt, which, together with the warm sun, excited our thirst. The last mile of our ride lay over cultivated ground, and at twenty-one miles the post station at Kishlak was reached, after a three hours' gallop. Whilst


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 part of which we were engaged in an exciting chase after a stray jackal, we reached the Persian telegraph station of Avadân. Here we received a telegram from Major Wells, giving us news of the Wallers' movements in India, and we sent messages to Tehran, with our compliments to the Amin-ed-Dowleh and the Moukbar-ed-Dowleh, ministers respectively of Posts and Telegraphs. From Avadân we passed several villages, and traversed an alluvial plain, which was eventually replaced by a gravelly desert. We passed through a large district covered with a white substance of a salt nature, used by the peasants as manure, and which is probably a kind of nitrate. We reached the village of Deh Namek, i.e., the salt village, shortly before eleven. It is a very miserable place, consisting of about fifty poor huts round an artificial mound, where the water, from its close proximity to the Great Salt Desert is very brackish, and where there are no supplies of any kind.

At Deh Namek we met with our first difficulty in connexion with horses. We required five, and only four were forthcoming. After much useless wrangling, we were obliged to take


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 wretched dwellings built in terraces on a high round mound for safety against Turcoman raids. Lasgird is surrounded by cultivated ground, covered with flocks and herds, which till within the last three or four years constantly fell victims to borderland marauders. Shortly before five o'clock, on the lovely and spring-like evening which succeeded a hot and sunny day, we reached the fairly comfortable post-station of Lasgird, where we prepared to camp for the night, having accomplished forty-eight miles in the course of the day.

On Sunday, March 9th, we were called at five, and had our usual breakfast of tea, bread, sardines, eggs, jam, &c., at six, after which we started at 7.20 for our Sabbath Day's journey. Our luncheon goal was Semnan, twenty-two miles off. For the first six miles our route, which was easterly, passed over alluvial ground, which was much cut up by water-courses and liable to be very muddy in wet weather. At ten miles we passed the village of Surkab, from which point the road became stony and dry, over an undulating plain, and the last two miles carried us through the outskirts


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Rh Now could the gifts and promised prize be thine,

(The deed, the danger, and the fame be mine,)

Were this decreed, beneath yon rising mound,

Methinks, an easy path, perchance, were found;

Which past, I speed my way to Pallas' walls,

And lead Æneas from Evander's halls."

With equal ardour fir'd, and warlike joy,

His glowing friend address'd the Dardan boy:—

"These deeds, my Nisus, shalt thou dare alone?

Must all the fame, the peril, be thine own?

Am I by thee despis'd, and left afar,

As one unfit to share the toils of war?

Not thus his son the great Opheltes taught:

Not thus my sire in Argive combats fought;

Not thus, when Ilion fell by heavenly hate,

I track'd Æneas through the walks of fate:

Thou know'st my deeds, my breast devoid of fear,

And hostile life-drops dim my gory spear.

Here is a soul with hope immortal burns,

And life, ignoble life, for Glory spurns.

Fame, fame is cheaply earn'd by fleeting breath:

The price of honour, is the sleep of death."

Then Nisus:—"Calm thy bosom's fond alarms:

Thy heart beats fiercely to the din of arms.


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218 From rage he rails not, rather say from dread,

He does not speak for Virtue, but for bread;

And this we know is in his Patron's giving,

For Parsons cannot eat without a Living,

The Matron knows I love the Sex too well,

Even unprovoked aggression to repel.

What though from private pique her anger grew,

And bade her blast a heart she never knew?

What though, she said, for one light heedless line,

That Wilmot's verse was far more pure than mine!

In wars like these, I neither fight nor fly,

When dames accuse 'tis bootless to deny;

Her's be the harvest of the martial field,

I can't attack, where Beauty forms the shield.

But when a pert Physician loudly cries,

Who hunts for scandal, and who lives by lies,

A walking register of daily news,

Train'd to invent, and skilful to abuse—

For arts like these at bounteous tables fed,

When S—— condemns a book he never read.

Declaring with a coxcomb's native air,

The moral's shocking, though the rhymes are fair.

Ah! must he rise unpunish'd from the feast,

Nor lash'd by vengeance into truth at least?

Such lenity were more than Man's indeed!

Those who condemn, should surely deign to read.


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154 More dear thy worth, and valour than my own,

I swear by him, who fills Olympus' throne!

So may I triumph, as I speak the truth,

And clasp again the comrade of my youth!

But should I fall,—and he, who dares advance

Through hostile legions, must abide by chance,—

If some Rutulian arm, with adverse blow,

Should lay the friend, who ever lov'd thee, low,

Live thou—such beauties I would fain preserve—

Thy budding years a lengthen'd term deserve;

When humbled in the dust, let some one be,

Whose gentle eyes will shed one tear for me;

Whose manly arm may snatch me back by force,

Or wealth redeem, from foes, my captive corse;

Or, if my destiny these last deny,

If, in the spoiler's power, my ashes lie;

Thy pious care may raise a simple tomb,

To mark thy love, and signalise my doom.

Why should thy doating wretched mother weep

Her only boy, reclin'd in endless sleep?

Who, for thy sake, the tempest's fury dar'd,

Who, for thy sake, war's deadly peril shar'd;

Who brav'd what woman never brav'd before,

And left her native, for the Latian shore."

"In vain you damp the ardour of my soul,"

Replied Euryalus; "it scorns controul;

Hence, let us haste!"—their brother guards arose,


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Rh Yet must I spare—nor thus my pen degrade,

I quite forgot that scandal was his trade.

For food and raiment thus the coxcomb rails,

For those who fear his physic, like his tales.

Why should his harmless censure seem offence?

Still let him eat, although at my expense,

And join the herd to Sense and Truth unknown,

Who dare not call their very thoughts their own,

And share with these applause, a godlike bribe,

In short, do anything, except prescribe:—

For though in garb of Galen he appears,

His practice is not equal to his years.

Without improvement since he first began,

A young Physician, though an ancient Man—

Now let me cease—Physician, Parson, Dame,

Still urge your task, and if you can, defame.

The humble offerings of my Muse destroy,

And crush, oh! noble conquest! crush a Boy.

What though some silly girls have lov'd the strain,

And kindly bade me tune my Lyre again;

What though some feeling, or some partial few,

Nay, Men of Taste and Reputation too,

Have deign'd to praise the firstlings of my Muse—

If you your sanction to the theme refuse,

If you your great protection still withdraw,

Whose Praise is Glory, and whose Voice is law!

Soon must I fall an unresisting foe,

A hapless victim yielding to the blow.—


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Rh Rous'd by their call, nor court again repose;

The pair, buoy'd up on Hope's exulting wing,

Their stations leave, and speed to seek the king.

Now, o'er the earth a solemn stillness ran,

And lull'd alike the cares of brute and man;

Save where the Dardan leaders, nightly, hold

Alternate converse, and their plans unfold.

On one great point the council are agreed,

An instant message to their prince decreed;

Each lean'd upon the lance he well could wield,

And pois'd with easy arm his ancient shield;

When Nisus and his friend their leave request,

To offer something to their high behest.

With anxious tremors, yet unaw'd by fear,

The faithful pair before the throne appear;

Iulus greets them; at his kind command,

The elder, first, address'd the hoary band.

"With patience" (thus Hyrtacides began)

"Attend, nor judge, from youth, our humble plan,

Where yonder beacons half-expiring beam,

Our slumbering foes of future conquest dream,

Nor heed that we a secret path have trac'd,

Between the ocean and the portal plac'd;

Beneath the covert of the blackening smoke,

Whose shade, securely, our design will cloak!


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B writing an account of our daily travels during the above two months, it may be well to give a brief sketch of the geography and of the political importance of the countries which we traversed.

Khorassan is the north-eastern province of Persia, bounded on the east by Afghanistan, on the south by the Great Salt Desert, on the west by the other dominions of the Shah, and on the north by the recently acquired Russian province of Transcaspia. Its capital is Meshed, the sacred city of the votaries of the Sheite sect of the Mussulman religion, and till within very recent days no Christian was admitted within its sacred walls. Pilgrims flock


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Portal:Apocalyptic fiction

Alien invasion
The alien invasion is a common theme in science fiction stories and film, in which extraterrestrial life invades Earth either to exterminate and supplant human life, enslave it under a colonial system, harvest humans for food, steal the planet's resources, or destroy the planet altogether.

 * The Germ Growers, 1892 by Robert Potter
 * The War of the Worlds, 1898 by Herbert George Wells
 * The Thing From—Outside, 1926 edition by George Allan England, original: Science and Invention, April 1923
 * The Hanging Stranger, 1953 by Philip Kindred Dick

Armageddon
Armageddon is, according to the Bible, the site of a battle during the end times, variously interpreted as either a literal or symbolic location. Used here to group fiction representing a final, apocalyptic war.

 * The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth, 1904 by Herbert George Wells
 * The Absolute at Large (1922) by Karel Čapek, translated by Šárka B. Hrbková (1927)
 * The War of the Giants, 1931 by Fletcher Pratt

Cybernetic revolt

 * The Machine Stops, 1909 by Edward Morgan Forster
 * R. U. R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), 1921 theatre play by Karel Čapek
 * The Mentanicals, 1949 edition by George Henry Weiss, originally published in Amazing Stories, April 1934
 * Second Variety, 1953 by Philip Kindred Dick

Dying Earth
The Dying Earth subgenre is a sub-category of science fiction or science fantasy which takes place in the far future at either the end of life on Earth or the End of Time, when the laws of the universe themselves fail. Themes of world-weariness, innocence (wounded or otherwise), idealism, entropy, (permanent) exhaustion/depletion of many or all resources (such as soil nutrients), and the hope of renewal tend to pre-dominate.

 * Darkness by George Gordon Byron, Lord Byron
 * The Time Machine, 1895 by Herbert George Wells
 * British "Heinemann text"
 * American "Holt text"
 * The House on the Borderland, 1908 by William Hope Hodgson
 * The Night Land, 1912 by William Hope Hodgson
 * Till A' the Seas, 1935 by Howard Phillips Lovecraft and R. H. Barlow

Ecological catastrophe

 * The Doom of the Great City (1880) William Delisle Hay
 * The Poison Belt, 1913 by Arthur Conan Doyle
 * Omega, 1949 edition by Amelia Reynolds Long, originaly published in Amazing Stories, July 1932.

Impact event
An impact event is the collision of a large meteorite, asteroid, comet, or other celestial object with the Earth or another planet. Impact events have been a plot and background element in science fiction since knowledge of real impacts became established in the scientific mainstream.

 * The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion, 1839 by Edgar Allan Poe
 * The Star, 1897 by Herbert George Wells
 * A Runaway World, 1926 by Clare Winger Harris

Pandemic

 * The Last Man, 1826 by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
 * The Scarlet Plague, 1912 by Jack London

Post-apocalyptic fiction

 * After London, 1885 by Richard Jefferies
 * The Purple Cloud, 1901 by Matthew Phipps Shiel
 * In the Days of the Comet, 1906 by Herbert George Wells
 * Valhalla, 1907 by George Long
 * The Scarlet Plague, 1912 by Jack London
 * After Armageddon, 1932 by George Henry Weiss
 * The Defenders, 1953 by Philip Kindred Dick
 * Second Variety, 1953 by Philip Kindred Dick

title: Portal:Apocalyptic fiction


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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 1.djvu/260

220 Thus Pope by Curl and Dennis was destroyed,

Thus Gray and Mason yield to furious Loyd;

From Dryden, Milbourne tears the palm away,

And thus I fall, though meaner far than they.

As in the field of combat, side by side,

A Fabius and some noble Roman died. Dec. 1806.

L'AMITÉ EST L'AMOUR SANS AILES.

1.

should my anxious breast repine,

Because my youth is fled?

Days of delight may still be mine;

Affection is not dead.

In tracing back the years of youth,

One firm record, one lasting truth

Celestial consolation brings;

Bear it, ye breezes, to the seat,

Where first my heart responsive beat,—

"Friendship is Love without his wings!"


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156 If you, ye Chiefs, and Fortune will allow,

We'll bend our course to yonder mountain's brow,

Where Pallas' walls, at distance, meet the sight,

Seen o'er the glade, when not obscur'd by night:

Then shall Æneas in his pride return,

While hostile matrons raise their offspring's urn;

And Latian spoils, and purpled heaps of dead

Shall mark the havoc of our Hero's tread;

Such is our purpose, not unknown the way,

Where yonder torrent's devious waters stray;

Oft have we seen, when hunting by the stream,

The distant spires above the valleys gleam."

Mature in years, for sober wisdom fam'd,

Mov'd by the speech, Alethes here exclaim'd,—

"Ye parent gods! who rule the fate of Troy,

Still dwells the Dardan spirit in the boy;

When minds, like these, in striplings thus ye raise,

Yours is the godlike act, be yours the praise;

In gallant youth, my fainting hopes revive,

And Ilion's wonted glories still survive."

Then in his warm embrace the boys he press'd,

And, quivering, strain'd them to his agéd breast;

With tears the burning cheek of each bedew'd,

And, sobbing, thus his first discourse renew'd:—

"What gift, my countrymen, what martial prize,

Can we bestow, which you may not despise?

Our Deities the first best boon have given—


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Rh 2.

Through few, but deeply chequer'd years,

What moments have been mine!

Now half obscured by clouds of tears,

Now bright in rays divine;

Howe'er my future doom be cast,

My soul, enraptured with the past,

To one idea fondly clings;

Friendship! that thought is all thine own,

Worth worlds of bliss, that thought alone—

"Friendship is Love without his wings!"

3.

Where yonder yew-trees lightly wave

Their branches on the gale,

Unheeded heaves a simple grave,

Which tells the common tale;

Round this unconscious schoolboys stray,

Till the dull knell of childish play

From yonder studious mansion rings;

But here, whene'er my footsteps move,

My silent tears too plainly prove,

"Friendship is Love without his wings!"

4.

Oh, Love! before thy glowing shrine,

My early vows were paid;

My hopes, my dreams, my heart was thine,

But these are now decay'd;


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Rh Internal virtues are the gift of Heaven.

What poor rewards can bless your deeds on earth,

Doubtless await such young, exalted worth;

Æneas and Ascanius shall combine

To yield applause far, far surpassing mine."

Iulus then:—"By all the powers above!

By those Penates, who my country love!

By hoary Vesta's sacred Fane, I swear,

My hopes are all in you, ye generous pair!

Restore my father, to my grateful sight,

And all my sorrows, yield to one delight.

Nisus! two silver goblets are thine own,

Sav'd from Arisba's stately domes o'erthrown;

My sire secured them on that fatal day,

Nor left such bowls an Argive robber's prey.

Two massy tripods, also, shall be thine,

Two talents polish'd from the glittering mine;

An ancient cup, which Tyrian Dido gave,

While yet our vessels press'd the Punic wave:

But when the hostile chiefs at length bow down,

When great Æneas wears Hesperia's crown,

The casque, the buckler, and the fiery steed

Which Turnus guides with more than mortal speed,

Are thine; no envious lot shall then be cast,

I pledge my word, irrevocably past:

Nay more, twelve slaves, and twice six captive dames,

To soothe thy softer hours with amorous flames,


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222 For thine are pinions like the wind,

No trace of thee remains behind,

Except, alas! thy jealous stings.

Away, away! delusive power,

Thou shalt not haunt my coming hour;

Unless, indeed, without thy wings.

5.

Seat of my youth! thy distant spire

Recalls each scene of joy;

My bosom glows with former fire,—

In mind again a boy.

Thy grove of elms, thy verdant hill,

Thy every path delights me still,

Each flower a double fragrance flings;

Again, as once, in converse gay,

Each dear associate seems to say,

"Friendship is Love without his wings!"

6.

My Lycus! wherefore dost thou weep?

Thy falling tears restrain;


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158 And all the realms, which now the Latins sway,

The labours of to-night shall well repay.

But thou, my generous youth, whose tender years

Are near my own, whose worth my heart reveres,

Henceforth, affection, sweetly thus begun,

Shall join our bosoms and our souls in one;

Without thy aid, no glory shall be mine,

Without thy dear advice, no great design;

Alike, through life, esteem'd, thou godlike boy,

In war my bulwark, and in peace my joy."

To him Euryalus:—"No day shall shame

The rising glories which from this I claim.

Fortune may favour, or the skies may frown,

But valour, spite of fate, obtains renown.

Yet, ere from hence our eager steps depart,

One boon I beg, the nearest to my heart:

My mother, sprung from Priam's royal line,

Like thine ennobled, hardly less divine,

Nor Troy nor king Acestes' realms restrain

Her feeble age from dangers of the main;

Alone she came, all selfish fears above,

A bright example of maternal love.

Unknown, the secret enterprise I brave,

Lest grief should bend my parent to the grave;

From this alone no fond adieus I seek,

No fainting mother's lips have press'd my cheek;


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Rh Affection for a time may sleep,

But, oh, 'twill wake again.

Think, think, my friend, when next we meet,

Our long-wish'd interview, how sweet!

From this my hope of rapture springs;

While youthful hearts thus fondly swell,

Absence, my friend, can only tell,

"Friendship is Love without his wings!"

7.

In one, and one alone deceiv'd,

Did I my error mourn?

No—from oppressive bonds reliev'd,

I left the wretch to scorn.

I turn'd to those my childhood knew,

With feelings warm, with bosoms true,

Twin'd with my heart's according strings;

And till those vital chords shall break,

For none but these my breast shall wake

Friendship, the power deprived of wings!

8.

Ye few! my soul, my life is yours,

My memory and my hope;

Your worth a lasting love insures,

Unfetter'd in its scope;

From smooth deceit and terror sprung,

With aspect fair and honey'd tongue,


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Rh By gloomy Night and thy right hand I vow,

Her parting tears would shake my purpose now;

Do thou, my prince, her failing age sustain,

In thee her much-lov'd child may live again;

Her dying hours with pious conduct bless,

Assist her wants, relieve her fond distress:

So dear a hope must all my soul enflame,

To rise in glory, or to fall in fame."

Struck with a filial care so deeply felt,

In tears at once the Trojan warriors melt;

Faster than all, Iulus' eyes o'erflow!

Such love was his, and such had been his woe.

"All thou hast ask'd, receive," the Prince replied;

"Nor this alone, but many a gift beside.

To cheer thy mother's years shall be my aim

Creusa's style but wanting to the dame;

Fortune an adverse wayward course may run,

But bless'd thy mother in so dear a son.

Now, by my life!—my Sire's most sacred oath—

To thee I pledge my full, my firmest troth,

All the rewards which once to thee were vow'd,

If thou should'st fall, on her shall be bestow'd."

Thus spoke the weeping Prince, then forth to view

A gleaming falchion from the sheath he drew;


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224 Let Adulation wait on kings;

With joy elate, by snares beset,

We, we, my friends, can ne'er forget,

"Friendship is Love without his wings!"

9.

Fictions and dreams inspire the bard,

Who rolls the epic song;

Friendship and truth be my reward—

To me no bays belong;

If laurell'd Fame but dwells with lies,

Me the enchantress ever flies,

Whose heart and not whose fancy sings;

Simple and young, I dare not feign;

Mine be the rude yet heartfelt strain,

"Friendship is Love without his wings!" December 29, 1806. [First published, 1832.]

THE PRAYER OF NATURE.

1.

of Light! great God of Heaven!

Hear'st thou the accents of despair?

Can guilt like man's be e'er forgiven?

Can vice atone for crimes by prayer?


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 1/Soliloquy of a Bard in the Country


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 1/L'Amitié est L'Amour sans Ailes


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Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/343

 were unable to draw the frontier line by reason of the imperfection of the maps then in existence, and he therefore directed a further survey. This direction was beyond the terms of the reference, and the award, when made, was repudiated by the United States as void for excess. The point in dispute was only finally disposed of by the Webster-Ashburton treaty of 1842.

Subject-matter.—The history of international arbitration is dealt with in the article, where treaties of general arbitration are discussed, both those which embrace all future differences thereafter to arise between the contracting parties, and also those more limited conventions which aim at the settlement of all future differences in regard to particular subjects, e.g. commerce or navigation. The rapid growth of international arbitration in recent times may be gathered from the following figures. Between 1820 and 1840, there were eight such instances; between 1840 and 1860, there were thirty; between 1860 and 1880, forty-four; between 1880 and 1900, ninety. Of the governments which were parties in these several cases Great Britain heads the list in point of numbers, the United States of America being a good second. France, Portugal, Spain and the Netherlands are the European states next in order. The present article is concerned exclusively with arbitration in regard to such existing differences as are capable of precise statement and of prompt adjustment. These differences may be arranged in two main groups:—

 * (a) Those which have arisen between state and state in their sovereign capacities;

 * (b) Those in which one state has made a demand upon another state, ostensibly in its sovereign capacity, but really on behalf of some individual, or set of individuals, whose interests it was bound to protect.

To group (a) belong territorial differences in regard to ownership of land and rights of fishing at sea; to group (b) belong pecuniary claims in respect of acts wrongfully done to one or more subjects of one state by, or with the authority of, another state. To enumerate even a tenth part of the successful arbitrations in recent times would occupy too much space. Some prominent examples (dealt with elsewhere under their appropriate titles) are the dispute between the United States and Great Britain respecting the “Alabama” and other vessels employed by the Confederate government during the American Civil War (award in 1872); that between the same powers respecting the fur-seal fishery in Bering Sea (award in 1893); that between Great Britain and Venezuela respecting the boundary of British Guiana (award in 1899); that between Great Britain, the United States and Portugal respecting the Delagoa railway (award in 1900); that between Great Britain and the United States respecting the boundary of Alaska (award in 1903). The long-standing Newfoundland fishery dispute with France (finally settled in 1904) is dealt with under Newfoundland. Other examples are shortly noticed in the tables on p. 329, which although by no means exhaustive, sufficiently indicate the scope and trend of arbitration during the years covered. The cases decided by the permanent tribunal at the Hague established in 1900 are not included in these tables. They are separately discussed later.

The Hague Tribunal.—The establishment of a permanent tribunal at the Hague, pursuant to the Peace convention of 1899, marks a momentous epoch in the history of international arbitration. This tribunal realized an idea put forward by Jeremy Bentham towards the close of the 18th century, advocated by James Mill in the middle of the 19th century, and worked out later by Mr Dudley Field in America, by Dr Goldschmidt in Germany, and by Sir Edmund Hornby and Mr Leone Levi in England. The credit of the realization is due, in the first place, to the tsar of Russia, who initiated the Hague Conference of 1899, and, in the second place to Lord Pauncefote (then Sir Julian Pauncefote, British ambassador at Washington), who urged before a committee of the conference the importance of organizing a permanent international court, the service of which should be called into requisition at will, and who also submitted an outline of the mode in which such a court might be formed. The result was embodied in the following articles of the Convention, signed on behalf of sixteen of the assembled powers on the 29th of July 1899.

(Art. 23). Each of the signatory powers is to designate within three months from the ratification of the convention four persons at the most, of recognized competence in international law, enjoying the highest moral consideration, and willing to accept the duties of arbitrators. Two or more powers may agree to nominate one or more members in common, or the same person may be nominated by different powers. Members of the court are to be appointed for six years and may be re-nominated. (Art. 25). The signatory powers desiring to apply to the tribunal for the settlement of a difference between them are to notify the same to the arbitrators. The arbitrators who are to determine this difference are, unless otherwise specially agreed, to be chosen from the general list of members in the following manner:—each party is to name two arbitrators, and these are to choose a chief arbitrator or umpire (sur-arbitre). If the votes are equally divided the selection of the chief arbitrator is to be entrusted to a third power to be named by the parties. (Art. 26). The tribunal is to sit at the Hague when practicable, unless the parties otherwise agree. (Art. 27). “The signatory powers consider it a duty in the event of an acute conflict threatening to break out between two or more of them to remind these latter that the permanent court is open to them. This action is only to be considered as an exercise of good offices.” Several of the powers nominated members of the permanent court pursuant to Art. 25, quoted above, those nominated on behalf of Great Britain being Lord Pauncefote, Sir Edward Malet, Sir Edward Fry and Professor Westlake. On the death of Lord Pauncefote, Major-General Sir John C. Ardagh was appointed in his place.

Hague Cases.—(1) The first case decided by the Hague court was concerned with the “Pious Fund of the Californias.” A fund bearing this name was formed in the 18th century for the purpose of converting to the Catholic faith the native Indians of Upper and Lower California, both of which then belonged to Mexico, and of maintaining a Catholic priesthood there. By a decree of 1842 this fund was transferred to the public treasury of Mexico, the Mexican government undertaking to pay interest thereon in perpetuity in furtherance of the design of the original donors. After the sale of Upper California to the United States, effected by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), the Mexican government refused to pay the proportion of the interest to which Upper California was entitled. The question of liability was then referred to commissioners appointed by each state, and, on their failing to agree, to Sir Edward Thornton, British minister at Washington, who by his award, in 1875, found there was due from Mexico to Upper California, or rather to the bishops there as administrators of the fund, an arrear of interest amounting to nearly $100,000, which was directed to be paid in gold. This award was carried out, but payment of the current interest was again withheld as from the 24th of October 1868. Claim was thereupon made on Mexico by the United States on behalf of the bishops, but without success. Ultimately, in May 1902, an agreement was come to between the two governments which provided for the settlement of the dispute by the Hague tribunal. The points to be determined were (1) whether the matter was res judicata by reason of Sir E. Thornton’s award; (2) whether, if not, the claim for the interest was just. The arbitrators selected by the United States were Sir E. Fry and Professor F. de Martens, and by Mexico, Professor Asser and Professor de Savornin Lohman, both of Amsterdam. These four (none of whom, it will be observed, was of the nationality of either party in difference) chose for their umpire Professor Matzen, of Copenhagen, president of the Landsthing there. In October 1902, the court decided both questions in the affirmative, awarding the payment by Mexico of the annual sum claimed, not in gold, but en monnaie ayant cours légal au Mexique. The direction to pay in gold made by Sir E. Thornton was held to be referable only to the mode of the execution of the award, and therefore not to be chose jugée.

(2) The second arbitration before the Hague court was more important than the first, not only because so many of the great powers were concerned in it, but also because it brought about the discontinuance of acts of war. The facts may be stated shortly thus. By three several protocols signed at Washington in February 1903, it was agreed that certain claims by Great Britain, Germany and Italy, on behalf of their respective subjects against the Venezuelan government should be referred to three mixed commissions, and that for the purpose of securing the payment of these claims 30% of the customs revenues at the ports of La Guayra and Puerto Caballo should be remitted in monthly instalments to the representative of the Bank of England at Caracas. Prior to the date of these protocols, an attempt had been made by Great Britain, Germany and Italy to enforce their claims by blockade, and a further question arose as between these three powers on the one hand, and the United States of America, France, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway, and Mexico (all of whom had claims against Venezuela, but had abstained from hostile action) on the other hand, as to whether the blockading powers were entitled to preferential treatment. By three several protocols signed in May

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title: Category:General theory of government


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The New International Encyclopædia/Dervish

DERVISH (Pers. darvīsh, poor, Avesta driγu, poor; the Persian equivalent of Ar. fagīr, poor, ascetic). In Mohammedan countries a class of persons who are supposed to lead a peculiarly religious life, resembling in some respects the monks of Christendom. There are many different brotherhoods or orders. D'Ohsson, in his work on the Ottoman Empire, enumerates thirty-two, but the list is far from being complete. The period of establishment extends from A.D. 768 down to the last century, in which several new ones were established. They live mostly in convents, well endowed, both in land and money, called Tekkije, and are under a chief with the title of ‘Sheik,’ i.e. ‘elder.’ Some of the monks are married and allowed to live out of the monastery, but most sleep there some nights each week. Their devotional exercises consist in meetings for worship, frequent prayers, religious dances, and mortifications. The main devotional exercise, however, is the zikr, which is conducted differently in the different orders. It consists in the repetition of certain formulas, accompanied by violent motions until the dervish falls into a cataleptic state. As the convent does not provide them with clothing, they are obliged to work more or less. Three of the orders, the Bastamiyah, the Nakshbandiyah, and the Bakhtashiyah, claim to be descended from the original order established by the first caliph Ahu-Bekr. Of these, the Nakshbandiyah are the most numerous. In their convents at Cairo and Constantinople and elsewhere, they have services on Wednesdays and Sundays, when about twenty performers take part in the zikr ceremony. The orders are spread throughout the Mohammedan world and in India. The most popular one is that of the Muradiyah, to which most of the fakirs belong who crowd the bazaars of India. The Rufaiyah (founded 1182) in India, Turkey, and Egypt, are known for their severe discipline and the castigations of their bodies. They are commonly known as the ‘Howling Dervishes.’ Another popular order is that of the Kalandariyah, known also as the ‘Wandering Dervishes,’ among whom constant traveling is an obligation. The Maulawiyah constitute the order familiarly known as the ‘Dancing Dervishes.’ At their zikr they follow one another about the floor in regular order, each with eyes closed and arms extended, turning around in a sort of waltz and intoning a monotonous chant. Each order has its own rules and principles, extending to the dress and the method of wearing the hair and beard. In many of the orders the initiation rites are most elaborate.

Tradition refers the origin of these orders to the earliest times of Islam, making the caliphs Abu-Bekr and Ali found such brotherhoods. While it is certain that Mohammed advocated poverty, it is more probable that dervishes arose later, when Mohammedanism came into contact with other religions, such as Persian and Hindu. Many Mohammedan princes have held dervishes in high respect and bestowed rich endowments

on their establishments, and they are still held in high veneration by the people. For a time, however, they were regarded with suspicion by the Government, since they decline to obey any authority except the religious head of the order, Hence Mahmud II. in 1826 attempted to destroy the orders, actually putting to death some of the leaders. His attempt, however, failed.

Besides those dervishes regularly affiliated with an order, there are individuals who travel from place to place, and by feats of strength or sleight-of-hand manage to earn a livelihood. Consult: Lane, The Modern Egyptians (London, 1836); Brown, The Dervishes (Philadelphia, 1868); Malcolm, History of Persia (London, 1829); D'Ohsson, History of the Ottoman Empire (Paris, 1787-90).


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 In consequence of this arrangement, a negotiation with the strangers was entered into; the Saxons were promised money and supplies in exchange for their swords and arms. The offers were acceded to, and the Picts and Scots driven

back to their own country. Although the Saxons were far from being numerous, Vortigern became anxious to secure their services for the future, and a treaty was accordingly concluded between him and the two brothers, Hengist and Horsa, by which the latter bound themselves to return with a much larger number of their countrymen, on condition of receiving a tract of land and subsidies of various kinds.

The island of Thanet was devoted to them for their abode.

Faithful to their promise, the allies returned with considerable reinforcements, and landed on the coast of Kent.


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Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Rhode Island

RHODE ISLAND, one of the six New England States, and the smallest in extent of all the States, is one of the original thirteen which formed the American Union. It has an actual land area of only 1054.6 square miles, the waters of Narragansett Bay, its chief physical feature, comprising an additional area of not far from 360 square miles. It lies between 41° 18' and 42° 3' N. lat., and 71° 6' and 71° 55' W. long., its greatest length from north to south being about 48 miles, and its greatest width from east to west about 35 miles. It is shut in on the east and north by Massachusetts, and on the west by Connecticut, while its southern shores are washed by the Atlantic Ocean.

Physical Characteristics.—The geological formation of the western portion of the State is chiefly that of the Montalban gneiss, which characterizes a great part of southern New England (see geological sketch map of New England, in article, vol. xvii. p. 391), but under the bay and to the east of it is an extensive coal-bearing formation, from which at different times upwards of 750,000 tons of coal have been taken. The only other important deposit is one of magnetic oxide of iron. The climate of Rhode Island, though variable, differs from that of the exposed coast of Massachusetts Bay in the absence of harassing east winds; while the proximity of the southern parts of the State (Newport and vicinity) to the Gulf Stream results in an atmosphere of unusual warmth and moisture, and at the same time comparatively equable. No great extremes, either of heat or of cold, are experienced in the State.

(W. E. F.)


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title: Author:William Eaton Foster


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  the chiefs under his command that the day of battle would be the day of deliverance from a degrading bondage, and at the same time appealed to their patriotism, by reminding them that their ancestors had defeated the attempts of Cæsar.

The address was received with acclamation, and the excited Britons bound themselves by oaths not to shrink from the darts of their enemies.

The cries of rage with which the invaders were received, the resolute bearing of the Silures, astonished the Roman general, who examined with inquietude the river which

defended the rude entrenchment on one side, the ramparts of earth and stone, not unskilfully thrown up, and the rugged rock, which towered above them, crowned with numberless defenders. His soldiers demanded to be led to the contest, urging that nothing was impossible to true courage; the tribunes held the same language, and Ostorius led on his army to the attack. Under a shower of arrows it crossed the river, and arrived at the foot of the rude entrenchment, but not without suffering severely.

Then was seen the advantage of discipline over untrained courage. The Roman soldiers serried their ranks, and raising their bucklers over their heads, formed with them an impenetrable roof, which securely sheltered them whilst they demolished the earthworks. That once accomplished, the victory was assured. The half naked Britons, with their clubs and arrows, were no match against the well-armed legions of Rome; they retreated slowly, but from the summit of the rocks still poured death upon their enemies till the light troops succeeded in slaying or dispersing them.

The victory of the Romans was complete. The wife and daughter of Caractacus were taken prisoners, and the illustrious chief of the Silures soon afterwards shared a similar destiny. His mother-in-law, Cartismunda, queen of the Brigantes, to whom he had fled for shelter, delivered him in chains to his enemies.

Ostorius sent him and his family to Rome, as the noblest trophies of his conquest.

The fame of Caractacus had penetrated even to Italy. The Roman citizens were anxious to behold the barbarian who had so long braved their power. Although defeated and a captive, the natural greatness of his soul did not abandon him. Tacitus relates that his first remark on beholding the imperial city was surprise that those who possessed such magnificent palaces at home should envy him a poor hovel in Britain.

The British chief was conducted before the Emperor Claudius, who received him seated on his throne, with the Empress Agrippina by his side. The prætorian guard were drawn up in line of battle on either side.


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 CHAPTER II. TRANSCASPIA AND TURKESTAN. Friday, March 28th, we left Meshed on our 'march' to Dushak, accompanied by General MacLean, who provided tents, servants, horses, and mules. 'Marching' differs from 'chaparing' in being a much slower, but more comfortable, mode of travelling. The distance covered in a day's march varies from sixteen to thirty miles, and a small army of servants and mules is required to carry and look after the tents, camp furniture, and heavy miscellaneous baggage. General MacLean's camp consisted of one double-bedded tent for us, one sleeping tent for himself, one for Chivers, one 'parlour' tent, besides small servants' and kitchen tents; and the ease and rapidity with which this camp was pitched every evening and struck every morning was mainly due to the skill and experience of Duffadar, i.e., Sergeant Ramazan


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Rh Ali Khan, of the Corps of Indian Guides, acting under the personal supervision of our gallant host.

We left Meshed after luncheon; a cool, cloudy day, with an easterly breeze, all riding horses lent to us by General MacLean, and we were accompanied for a few miles, on horseback, by Dr. and Mrs. Woolbert, Mr. Thomson, and Mr. Stagno Navarra. The camp had been sent on in the morning, with twenty-six mules, to our first camping ground, the village of Kanabis, distant sixteen miles. After passing the Naoghan gate, our road lay in a northerly direction, until we reached, at six miles, the Kashas Rud stream, which is crossed by a good stone and brick bridge; then turning east-south-east, we passed through the large village of Kanegousha, in the neighbourhood of which General MacLean had an unsuccessful shot at some sand grouse. At sunset we reached the camp, which we found pitched just outside the village of Kanabis, which, like Kanegousha, consists of some seven hundred Afghan families, Sunis by religion, who emigrated from Afghanistan about fifty years


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160 Lycaon's utmost skill had grac'd the steel,

For friends to envy and for foes to feel:

A tawny hide, the Moorish lion's spoil,

Slain 'midst the forest in the hunter's toil,

Mnestheus to guard the elder youth bestows,

And old Alethes' casque defends his brows;

Arm'd, thence they go, while all th' assembl'd train,

To aid their cause, implore the gods in vain.

More than a boy, in wisdom and in grace,

Iulus holds amidst the chiefs his place:

His prayer he sends; but what can prayers avail,

Lost in the murmurs of the sighing gale?

The trench is pass'd, and favour'd by the night,

Through sleeping foes, they wheel their wary flight.

When shall the sleep of many a foe be o'er?

Alas! some slumber, who shall wake no more!

Chariots and bridles, mix'd with arms, are seen,

And flowing flasks, and scatter'd troops between:

Bacchus and Mars, to rule the camp, combine;

A mingled Chaos this of war and wine.

"Now," cries the first, "for deeds of blood prepare,

With me the conquest and the labour share:

Here lies our path; lest any hand arise,


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Rh 2.

Father of Light, on thee I call!

Thou see'st my soul is dark within;

Thou, who canst mark the sparrow's fall,

Avert from me the death of sin.

3.

No shrine I seek, to sects unknown;

Oh, point to me the path of truth!

Thy dread Omnipotence I own;

Spare, yet amend, the faults of youth.

4.

Let bigots rear a gloomy fane,

Let Superstition hail the pile,

Let priests, to spread their sable reign,

With tales of mystic rites beguile.

5.

Shall man confine his Maker's sway

To Gothic domes of mouldering stone?

Thy temple is the face of day;

Earth, Ocean, Heaven thy boundless throne.

6.

Shall man condemn his race to Hell,

Unless they bend in pompous form?

Tell us that all, for one who fell,

Must perish in the mingling storm?


text:
Category:Post-apocalyptic fiction

Post-apocalyptic fiction is set in a world or civilization after [the end of human civilization due ... to a diaster]. The time frame may be immediately after the catastrophe, focusing on the travails or psychology of survivors, or considerably later, often including the theme that the existence of pre-catastrophe civilization has been forgotten (or mythologized). Post-apocalyptic stories often take place in an agrarian, non-technological future world, or a world where only scattered elements of technology remain. There is a considerable degree of blurring between this form of science fiction and that which deals with dystopias.

title: Category:Post-apocalyptic fiction


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Rh Watch thou, while many a dreaming chieftain dies;

I'll carve our passage, through the heedless foe,

And clear thy road, with many a deadly blow."

His whispering accents then the youth repress'd,

And pierced proud Rhamnes through his panting breast:

Stretch'd at his ease, th' incautious king repos'd;

Debauch, and not fatigue, his eyes had clos'd;

To Turnus dear, a prophet and a prince,

His omens more than augur's skill evince;

But he, who thus foretold the fate of all,

Could not avert his own untimely fall.

Next Remus' armour-bearer, hapless, fell,

And three unhappy slaves the carnage swell;

The charioteer along his courser's sides

Expires, the steel his sever'd neck divides;

And, last, his Lord is number'd with the dead:

Bounding convulsive, flies the gasping head;

From the swol'n veins the blackening torrents pour;

Stain'd is the couch and earth with clotting gore.

Young Lamyrus and Lamus next expire,

And gay Serranus, fill'd with youthful fire;

Half the long night in childish games was pass'd;

Lull'd by the potent grape, he slept at last:

Ah! happier far, had he the morn survey'd,

And, till Aurora's dawn, his skill display'd.


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226 7.

Shall each pretend to reach the skies,

Yet doom his brother to expire,

Whose soul a different hope supplies,

Or doctrines less severe inspire?

8.

Shall these, by creeds they can't expound,

Prepare a fancied bliss or woe?

Shall reptiles, groveling on the ground,

Their great Creator's purpose know?

9.

Shall those, who live for self alone,

Whose years float on in daily crime—

Shall they, by Faith, for guilt atone,

And live beyond the bounds of Time?

10.

Father! no prophet's laws I seek,—

Thy laws in Nature's works appear;—

I own myself corrupt and weak,

Yet will I pray for thou wilt hear!


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50 ago. Here we found abundant supplies, lambs, chickens, milk, &c.; and the inhabitants, who flocked out in great numbers to inspect us, were very civil and friendly in their demeanour.

The next morning, Saturday, March 29th, broke wet and drizzly, and after striking the camp about nine a.m., we rode for several hours wrapped in our mackintoshes and sou'-westers. Our destination was Huntalabad, and our road, after passing through the whole village of Kanabis, the inhabitants of which assembled in crowds on their flat, round roofs to witness our passage, lay north-east over a cultivated plain. After four miles it bent north-north-east over a line of low hills,crossing a line of 'kanauts,' or underground water-courses, and a plateau with scanty herbage, after which it descended a short, steep ravine, and entered at right angles a narrow and well-cultivated plain. Then, turning to the left, the track lay up the valley, north-north-east,under some high, over-hanging cliffs, until the small fortified village of Namisar, inhabited by Hazaras, was reached. Here we made a halt for luncheon, and in the afternoon, the rain having cleared off, we


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Rh along the valley, which widened at intervals, but was nowhere much more than a mile or so in breadth, until we reached the fortified village of Huntalabad, perched in a commanding position on the cliffs, where there is a certain amount of cultivation, but where supplies are with difficulty procured. The night was very cold, owing to our close proximity to the mountains, and we were glad to warm the interior of our sleeping tent with a 'mongol,' or large iron brazier filled with glowing embers.

Sunday morning, March 30th, however, dawned bright and sunny, and the pleasant change from the cold and wet of the previous day was greatly appreciated by us all. We struck our camp soon after seven, and proceeded north-east, after a mile ascending east-north-east by a short, steep path. After four miles we reached the foot of the Tamoura pass, the ascent of which was steep, rocky, and, in places, almost impassable for horses. After an hour's scrambling up a goat path we reached the summit, whence we enjoyed a splendid view, as far as the hills joining the


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162 In slaughter'd folds, the keepers lost in sleep,

His hungry fangs a lion thus may steep;

'Mid the sad flock, at dead of night he prowls,

With murder glutted, and in carnage rolls

Insatiate still, through teeming herds he roams;

In seas of gore, the lordly tyrant foams.

Nor less the other's deadly vengeance came,

But falls on feeble crowds without a name;

His wound unconscious Fadus scarce can feel,

Yet wakeful Rhæsus sees the threatening steel;

His coward breast behind a jar he hides,

And, vainly, in the weak defence confides;

Full in his heart, the falchion search'd his veins,

The reeking weapon bears alternate stains;

Through wine and blood, commingling as they flow,

One feeble spirit seeks the shades below.

Now where Messapus dwelt they bend their way,

Whose fires emit a faint and trembling ray;

There, unconfin'd, behold each grazing steed,

Unwatch'd, unheeded, on the herbage feed:

Brave Nisus here arrests his comrade's arm,

Too flush'd with carnage, and with conquest warm:

"Hence let us haste, the dangerous path is pass'd;


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Rh 11.

Thou, who canst guide the wandering star,

Through trackless realms of æther's space;

Who calm'st the elemental war,

Whose hand from pole to pole I trace:

12.

Thou, who in wisdom plac'd me here,

Who, when thou wilt, canst take me hence,

Ah! whilst I tread this earthly sphere,

Extend to me thy wide defence.

13.

To Thee, my God, to thee I call!

Whatever weal or woe betide,

By thy command I rise or fall,

In thy protection I confide.

14.

If, when this dust to dust's restor'd,

My soul shall float on airy wing,

How shall thy glorious Name ador'd

Inspire her feeble voice to sing!

15.

But, if this fleeting spirit share

With clay the Grave's eternal bed,

While Life yet throbs I raise my prayer,

Though doom'd no more to quit the dead.


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Rh Full foes enough, to-night, have breath'd their last:

Soon will the Day those Eastern clouds adorn;

Now let us speed, nor tempt the rising morn."

What silver arms, with various art emboss'd,

What bowls and mantles, in confusion toss'd,

They leave regardless! yet one glittering prize

Attracts the younger Hero's wandering eyes;

The gilded harness Rhamnes' coursers felt,

The gems which stud the monarch's golden belt:

This from the pallid corse was quickly torn,

Once by a line of former chieftains worn.

Th' exulting boy the studded girdle wears,

Messapus' helm his head, in triumph, bears;

Then from the tents their cautious steps they bend,

To seek the vale, where safer paths extend.

Just at this hour, a band of Latian horse

To Turnus' camp pursue their destin'd course:

While the slow foot their tardy march delay,

The knights, impatient, spur along the way:

Three hundred mail-clad men, by Volscens led,

To Turnus with their master's promise sped:

Now they approach the trench, and view the walls,

When, on the left, a light reflection falls;

The plunder'd helmet, through the waning night,

Sheds forth a silver radiance, glancing bright;

Volscens, with question loud, the pair alarms:—


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text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 1/The Prayer of Nature


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52 Russo-Persian boundary at Chacha. The descent only occupied about forty minutes, by a steep, but good, winding path, after which we entered a narrow valley running north-east, and bisected by a small, sedgy stream. On each side of the valley were rolling hills, planted in places with pistachio nut-trees, and occasionally we passed black, nomad tents, inhabited by shepherds, whose flocks of sheep and goats were extracting such sustenance as they could obtain from the scanty spring herbage which a summer sun would, before long, convert into a brown waste. Cantering along the banks of the stream, keeping the high Atok range in view, we reached the village of Persian Chacha, in the immediate neighbourhood of which we found a charming camping ground — a small, green meadow, surrounded by budding fruit-trees and streams of water, and sheltered from the north by frowning and inaccessible cliffs. Here, while the baggage mules, wearied by a long, stiff march of over thirty miles, were being unladen, and the tents being pitched, we refreshed ourselves with some of General MacLean's inexhaustible champagne, and


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Rh to the bitter complaints preferred by the villagers against the high-handed proceedings of the inhabitants of Russian Chacha, who forcibly prevent Persian Chacha deriving the full benefit of its rich water supply, in order that a large portion of it may flow across the boundary.

On Monday,March 31st, we started at nine for a short day's march of some twenty miles to Karatagan, passing under the boundary cliffs in a north-by-west direction. We then followed along a narrow, barren valley, bounded on each side by sandy hills, where no sign of life was visible, save the sudden appearance of a small herd of deer, which, startled by our approach, skimmed swiftly across the valley and over the hills until they disappeared on the other side of the sandy and sun-beaten crests. After riding about ten miles, a distant view of the outer hills of Kelat-i-Nadiri was obtained, and four miles further on our good, but stony, track turned north, and winding in between some curious sugar-loaf shaped hillocks, brought us at noon, after a twenty miles' ride, to the well-wooded, well-watered,and cultivated village of


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164 "Stand, Stragglers! stand! why early thus in arms?

From whence? to whom?"—He meets with no reply;

Trusting the covert of the night, they fly:

The thicket's depth, with hurried pace, they tread,

While round the wood the hostile squadron spread.

With brakes entangled, scarce a path between,

Dreary and dark appears the sylvan scene:

Euryalus his heavy spoils impede,

The boughs and winding turns his steps mislead;

But Nisus scours along the forest's maze,

To where Latinus' steeds in safety graze,

Then backward o'er the plain his eyes extend,

On every side they seek his absent friend.

"O God! my boy," he cries, "of me bereft,

In what impending perils art thou left!"

Listening he runs—above the waving trees,

Tumultuous voices swell the passing breeze;

The war-cry rises, thundering hoofs around

Wake the dark echoes of the trembling ground.

Again he turns—of footsteps hears the noise—

The sound elates—the sight his hope destroys:

The hapless boy a ruffian train surround,

While lengthening shades his weary way confound;

Him, with loud shouts, the furious knights pursue,


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54 Karatagan, sheltered in an angle formed by steep, rocky cliffs. This village, which contains about a hundred and fifty Persian families, was formerly, owing to its prosperity, much exposed to raids from the dreaded Turcomans across the boundary, who not only plundered the produce, but carried off many of the inhabitants as prisoners to the slave markets of Merv and Bokhara. Since, however, the Russian conquest of Transcaspia, these lawless 'man-eaters,' the moss-troopers of the Persian hills, have been forcibly restrained from their predatory excursions, but the innumerable towers of refuge dotted over the plains, at a distance from each other of only a few hundred yards, are silent witnesses to the dangers with which agricultural operations were, within the last five years, carried on in these Persian valleys. In those days the Persian husbandman guided his plough and sowed his corn with a musket slung on his back, and at the first alarm he would abandon his work and creep into the nearest small tower, where he would remain in security until the horde of Turcoman horsemen had swept by, harrassing


text:
Category:Apocalyptic fiction

Apocalyptic fiction is a sub-genre of science fiction that is concerned with the end of human civilization due to a potentially existential catastrophe such as nuclear warfare, pandemic, extraterrestrial attack, impact event, cybernetic revolt, technological singularity, dysgenics, supernatural phenomena, divine judgement, runaway climate change, resource depletion, ecological collapse, or some other general disaster.

title: Category:Apocalyptic fiction


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Rh Struggling in vain, a captive to the crew.

What can his friend 'gainst thronging numbers dare?

Ah! must he rush, his comrade's fate to share?

What force, what aid, what stratagem essay,

Back to redeem the Latian spoiler's prey?

His life a votive ransom nobly give,

Or die with him, for whom he wish'd to live?

Poising with strength his lifted lance on high,

On Luna's orb he cast his frenzied eye:—

"Goddess serene, transcending every star!

Queen of the sky, whose beams are seen afar!

By night Heaven owns thy sway, by day the grove,

When, as chaste Dian, here thou deign'st to rove;

If e'er myself, or Sire, have sought to grace

Thine altars, with the produce of the chase,

Speed, speed my dart to pierce yon vaunting crowd,

To free my friend, and scatter far the proud."

Thus having said, the hissing dart he flung;

Through parted shades the hurtling weapon sung;

The thirsty point in Sulmo's entrails lay,

Transfix'd his heart, and stretch'd him on the clay:

He sobs, he dies,—the troop in wild amaze,

Unconscious whence the death, with horror gaze;

While pale they stare, thro' Tagus' temples riven,

A second shaft, with equal force is driven:

Fierce Volscens rolls around his lowering eyes;


text: User talk:59.189.9.204

title: User talk:59.189.9.204


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166 Veil'd by the night, secure the Trojan lies.

Burning with wrath, he view'd his soldiers fall.

"Thou youth accurst, thy life shall pay for all!"

Quick from the sheath his flaming glaive he drew,

And, raging, on the boy defenceless flew.

Nisus, no more the blackening shade conceals,

Forth, forth he starts, and all his love reveals;

Aghast, confus'd, his fears to madness rise,

And pour these accents, shrieking as he flies;

"Me, me,—your vengeance hurl on me alone;

Here sheathe the steel, my blood is all your own;

Ye starry Spheres! thou conscious Heaven! attest!

He could not—durst not—lo! the guile confest!

All, all was mine,—his early fate suspend;


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Rh He only lov'd, too well, his hapless friend:

Spare, spare, ye Chiefs! from him your rage remove;

His fault was friendship, all his crime was love."

He pray'd in vain; the dark assassin's sword

Pierced the fair side, the snowy bosom gor'd;

Lowly to earth inclines his plume-clad crest,

And sanguine torrents mantle o'er his breast:

As some young rose whose blossom scents the air,

Languid in death, expires beneath the share;

Or crimson poppy, sinking with the shower,

Declining gently, falls a fading flower;

Thus, sweetly drooping, bends his lovely head,

And lingering Beauty hovers round the dead.

But fiery Nisus stems the battle's tide,

Revenge his leader, and Despair his guide;

Volscens he seeks amidst the gathering host,

Volscens must soon appease his comrade's ghost;

Steel, flashing, pours on steel, foe crowds on foe;

Rage nerves his arm, Fate gleams in every blow;

In vain beneath unnumber'd wounds he bleeds,

Nor wounds, nor death, distracted Nisus heeds;

In viewless circles wheel'd his falchion flies,

Nor quits the hero's grasp till Volscens dies;

Deep in his throat its end the weapon found,

The tyrant's soul fled groaning through the wound.


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Author:Dinarchus

Speeches

 * "Against Demosthenes" translated by Thomas Leland in The World's Famous Orations.
 * Against Aristogiton
 * Against Philocles

title: Author:Dinarchus


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 1/The Episode of Nisus and Euryalus


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 1903 this question was agreed to be submitted to the Hague court, three members of which were to be named as arbitrators by the tsar of Russia, but no arbitrator was to be a subject or citizen of any of the signatory or creditor powers. The arbitrators named by the tsar were M. Muraviev, minister of justice and attorney-general of the Russian empire; Professor Lammasch, member of the Upper House of the Austrian parliament; and M. de Martens, then member of the council of the ministry of foreign affairs at St Petersburg. The arbitrators by their award in February 1904 decided unanimously in favour of the blockading powers and ordered payment of their claims out of the 30% of the receipts at the two Venezuelan ports which had been set apart to meet them.

(3) The third case before the Hague court was heard in 1904–1905. A controversy not amenable to ordinary diplomatic methods arose between Great Britain, France and Germany on the one hand and Japan on the other hand as to the legality of a house-tax imposed by Japan on Britain, certain subjects of those powers who held leases in perpetuity. The question turned upon the true construction of certain treaties between the European powers and Japan which had been made a few years previously. By three protocols signed at Tokyo in August 1902 this question was agreed to be submitted to arbitrators, members of the court at the Hague, one to be chosen by each party with power to name an umpire. The arbitrators chosen were M. Renault, professor of the law faculty in Paris, and M. Montono, the Japanese envoy to the French capital. They named as their umpire and president M. Gram, ex-minister of the state of Norway. In May 1905, an award was pronounced by the majority (M. Gram and M. Renault) in favour of the European contention, M. Montono dissenting both from the conclusion of his colleagues and from the reasons on which it was based.

(4) Barely two months had elapsed since the date of the last award when the Hague court was again called into requisition. The scene of dispute this time was on the S.E. coast of Arabia. Muscat, the capital of the kingdom of Oman on that coast, is ruled by a sultan, whose independence both Great Britain and France had, in March 1862, “reciprocally engaged to respect.” Notwithstanding this, the French republic had issued to certain native dhows, owned by subjects of the sultan, papers authorizing them to fly the French flag, not only on the Oman littoral but in the Red Sea. A question thereupon arose as to the manner in which the privileges thereby purported to be conferred affected the jurisdiction of the sultan over such dhows, the masters of which, as was alleged, used their immunity from search for the purpose of carrying on contraband trade in slaves, arms and ammunition. In October 1904 the two governments agreed to refer this question to the Hague court. Chief Justice Melville W. Fuller, of the Supreme Court of the United States, was named as arbitrator on the part of Great Britain, M. de Savornin Lohman, who had acted in the case of the Californias (No. 1), as arbitrator on the part of France. The choice of an umpire was entrusted to the king of Italy. He named Professor Lammasch, who, as we have seen, had acted in the arbitration with Venezuela in 1903.

A unanimous award was made in August 1905. It was held that although generally speaking every sovereign may decide to whom he will accord the right to fly his flag, yet in this case such right was limited by the general act of the Brussels conference of July 1890 relative to the African slave trade, an act which was ratified by France on the 2nd of June 1892; that accordingly the owners and master of dhows who had been authorized by France to fly the French flag before the last-named date retained this authorization

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