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94 of their antient princes was abolihed, and the king of England’s eldet on became, as a matter of coure, their titular prince: the territory of Wales being then entirely re-annexed (by a kind of feodal resumption) to the dominion of the crown of England ; or, as the tatute of Rutland exprees it, “, (of which homage was the ign) ” By the tatute alo of Wales very material alterations were made in divers parts of their laws, o as to reduce them nearer to the Englih tandard, epecially in the forms of their judicial proceedings: but they till retained very much of their original polity, particularly their rule of inheritance, viz. that their lands were divided equally among all the iue male, and did not decend to the eldet on alone. By other ubequent tatutes their provincial immunities were till farther abridged: but the finihing troke to their independency, was given by the tatute 27 Hen. VIII. c. 26. which at the ame time gave the utmot advancement to their civil properity, by admitting them to a thorough communication of laws with the ubjects of England. Thus were this brave people gradually conquered into the enjoyment of true liberty; being inenibly put upon the ame footing, and made fellow-citizens with their conquerors. A generous method of triumph, which the republic of Rome practied with great ucces; till he reduced all Italy to her obedience, by admitting the vanquihed tates to partake of the Roman privileges.

is enacted by this tatute 27 Hen. VIII, 1. That the dominion of Wales hall be for ever united to the kingdom of England. 2. That all Welchmen born hall have the ame liberties as other the king’s ubjects. 3. That lands in Wales hall be inheritable according to the Englih tenures and rules of decent. 4. That the laws of England, and no other, hall be ued in


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Rh

-apparelled for the skating, Comes the pond's acknowledged Belle I am duly there in waiting, For I'll lose no time in stating That I love the lady well.

Then to don her skates, and surely Mine the task to fit them tight, Strap and fasten them securely, While she offers me, demurely, First the left foot then the right.

Off she circles, swiftly flying To the pond's extremest verge; Then returning, and replying With disdain to all my sighing, And the love I dare not urge.

Vainly do I follow after, She's surrounded in a trice, Other men have come and chaffed her, And the echo of her laughter Comes across the ringing ice.

Still I've hope, a hope that never In my patient heart is dead; Though fate for a time might sever, Though she skated on for ever, I would follow where she fled.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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36, when it was warped and debased by the example, the vices, and follies of the world?

The fault, then, of Mr. Godwin's philosophy, in one word, was too much ambition—"by that sin fell the angels!" He conceived too nobly of his fellows (the most unpardonable crime against them, for there is nothing that annoys our self-love so much as being complimented on imaginary achievements, to which we are wholly unequal)—he raised the standard of morality above the reach of humanity, and by directing virtue to the most airy and romantic heights, made her path dangerous, solitary, and impracticable. The author of the Political Justice took abstract reason for the rule of conduct, and abstract good for its end. He places the human mind on an elevation, from which it commands a view of the whole line of moral consequences; and requires it to conform its acts to the larger and more enlightened conscience which it has thus acquired. He absolves man from the gross and narrow ties of sense, custom, authority, private and local attachment, in order that he may devote himself to the boundless pursuit of universal benevolence. Mr. Godwin gives no quarter to the amiable weaknesses of our nature, nor does he stoop to avail himself of the supplementary

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 the journals of the house. A committee of grievances, of which Mackenzie was chairman, was then established; and its investigations led to the recall of the governor, Sir [q. v.] His successor, Sir [q. v.], however, was strongly in favour of the old autocratic system, and hostility to the government revived. In November 1836 Mackenzie was sent by the liberals of Upper Canada to pay a formal visit to [q. v.], the leader of the Lower Canada reformers. Papineau was already thinking of armed insurrection, and to his influence much of Mackenzie's subsequent conduct must be attributed. At the general election of 1836 strenuous efforts were, in defiance of the law, made by the government to hinder the return of liberal candidates, and Mackenzie, with his more intimate partisans, failed to secure a seat. Chagrined at his defeat, and believing that constitutional agitation was now useless, Mackenzie resolved on an appeal to arms. His paper, the 'Colonial Advocate,' had been discontinued in 1834; it was now revived under the name of 'The Constitution,' and employed to preach disaffection to the inhabitants of the upper province. In July 1837 a vigilance committee was appointed to establish insurrectionary centres in different parts of the country. On 2 Aug. appeared an extraordinary appeal of the Toronto reformers to their brothers in Lower Canada, demanding the assembly of a national congress of delegates from each province, and on 25 Nov. Mackenzie publicly proclaimed the establishment of a provisional government. By the aid of an ex-Bonapartist officer, named Van Egmond, Mackenzie had got together eight hundred men. He appeared at their head near Toronto on 4 Dec. and sent a message to the governor to demand the settlement of all grievances by a national convention. The proposal was rejected, and a delay on Mackenzie's part gave the government time to collect troops. The rebels were attacked on 7 Dec. at Montgomery's Tavern and utterly defeated. Mackenzie managed to escape to Navy Island on the Niagara River. He tried to prolong the insurrection from American soil, but in 1839 was arrested by the United States government and condemned to twelve months' imprisonment for breaking the neutrality laws. Mackenzie's movement thus ended in failure. It, however, effectively called the attention of the home government to colonial abuses. To Mackenzie, therefore, the establishment of responsible government in Canada is largely due.

After his release from prison Mackenzie remained for some years in America, and contributed regularly to the 'New York Tribune.' On the proclamation of the amnesty in 1849 he returned to Canada. In 1850 he was elected to the legislature of the then united provinces, and sat there till 1858. He started a journal, 'Mackenzie's Message,' which was not a success. His name had lost its attraction, and during his latter years he depended on pecuniary assistance from his friends. He died at Toronto on 28 Aug. 1861.

MACKERELL, BENJAMIN (d. 1738), Norfolk antiquary, was second son of John Mackerell alderman, of Norwich (Norfolk Archæology, ii. 382), by Anne, daughter of Elias Browne of the same city (Addit. MS. 23011, f. 28). From 1716 to 1732 he was librarian of the Norwich public library, and in the latter year printed a 'New Catalogue of the Books,' 4to, Norwich, together with am 'Account of Mr. John Kirkpatrick's Roman and other Coins.' He died in March 1738 (London Mag. vii. 104), and was buried on April following in the chancel of St. Stephen's Church, Norwich (parish register). He married in 1723, and had several children.

Mackerell was an accurate, painstaking antiquary, and left work of permanent value. Just before or after his death appeared his 'History and Antiquities of … King's-Lynn,' 8vo, London, 1738, which is chiefly an abridgment of John Green's manuscript collections (, Hist. of Lynn, pp. i, iv). The manuscript is now in the possession of Mr. E. M. Beloe of Lynn. He also left ready for press a history of Norwich in two quarto volumes, which was afterwards acquired by Hudson Gurney of Keswick Hall, Norfolk. Two copies of his manuscript 'Brief Historical Account of the Church of Saint Peter of Mancroft, in the City of Norwich … with Draughts of all the Monuments,' &c, compiled in 1735-6, which he intended to be deposited in that church, are in the British Museum, Additional MSS. 9370 and 23011, where are also two duodecimo volumes of notes on Norfolk and Norwich churches, with inscriptions collected by him, Additional MSS. 12525-6. He copied likewise the inscriptions and coats of arms in St. Stephen's Church, Norwich (1729-37), with exact measurements of each stone and brass, adding some observations on the parish. This carefully executed manuscript is preserved, according to his wish, in the vestry of the church.


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Rh aids of an imperfect virtue. Gratitude, promises, friendship, family affection give way, not that they may be merged in the opposite vices or in want of principle; but that the void may be filled up by the disinterested love of good, and the dictates of inflexible justice, which is "the law of laws, and sovereign of sovereigns." All minor considerations yield, in his system, to the stern sense of duty, as they do, in the ordinary and established ones, to the voice of necessity. Mr, Godwin's theory and that of more approved reasoners differ only in this, that what are with them the exceptions, the extreme cases, he makes the every-day rule. No one denies that on great occasions, in moments of fearful excitement, or when a mighty object is at stake, the lesser and merely instrumental points of duty are to be sacrificed without remorse at the shrine of patriotism, of honour, and of conscience. But the disciple of the New School (no wonder it found so many impugners, even in its own bosom!) is to be always the hero of duty; the law to which he has bound himself never swerves nor relaxes; his feeling of what is right is to be at all times wrought up to a pitch of enthusiastic self-devotion; he must become the unshrinking martyr and confessor of the public good. If it be

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38 said that this scheme is chimerical and impracticable on ordinary occasions, and to the generality of mankind, well and good; but those who accuse the author of having trampled on the common feelings and prejudices of mankind in wantonness or insult, or without wishing to substitute something better (and only unattainable, because it is better) in their stead, accuse him wrongfully. We may not be able to launch the bark of our affections on the ocean-tide of humanity, we may be forced to paddle along its shores, or shelter in its creeks and rivulets: but we have no right to reproach the bold and adventurous pilot, who dared us to tempt the uncertain abyss, with our own want of courage or of skill, or with the jealousies and impatience, which deter us from undertaking, or might prevent us from accomplishing the voyage!

The Enquiry concerning Political Justice (it was urged by its favourers and defenders at the time, and may still be so, without either profaneness or levity) is a metaphysical and logical commentary on some of the most beautiful and striking-texts of Scripture. Mr. Godwin is a mixture of the Stoic and of the Christian philosopher. To break the force of the vulgar objections and outcry that have been raised against the Modern Philosophy, as if it were a new and monstrous

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§. 4. in Wales: beides many other regulations of the police of this principality. And the tatute 34 & 35 Hen. VIII. c. 26. confirms the ame, adds farther regulations, divides it into twelve hires, and, in hort, reduces it into the ame order in which it tands at this day; differing from the kingdom of England in only a few particulars, and thoe too of the nature of privileges, (uch as having courts within itelf, independent of the proces of Wetminter hall) and ome other immaterial peculiarities, hardly more than are to be found in many counties of England itelf.

kingdom of Scotland, notwithtanding the union of the crowns on the acceon of their king James VI to that of England, continued an entirely eparate and ditinct kingdom for above a century, though an union had been long projected; which was judged to be the more eay to be done, as both kingdoms were antiently under the ame government, and till retained a very great reemblance, though far from an identity, in their laws. By an act of parliament 1 Jac. I. c. 1. it is declared, that, thee two, mighty, famous, and antient kingdoms were formerly one. And ir Edward Coke oberves, how marvellous a conformity there was, not only in the religion and language of the two nations, but alo in their antient laws, the decent of the crown, their parliaments, their titles of nobility, their officers of tate and of jutice, their writs, their cutoms, and even the language of their laws. Upon which account he uppoes the common law of each to have been originally the ame, epecially as their mot antient and authentic book, called  and containing the rules of their antient common law, is extremely imilar to that of Glanvil, which contains the principles of ours, as it tood in the reign of Henry II. And the many diverities, ubiting between the two laws at preent, may be well enough accounted for, from a diverity of practice in two large and uncommunicating juridictions, and from the acts of two ditinct and independent parliaments, which have in many points altered and abrogated the old common law of both kingdoms. -


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Rh

to thee, Cricket, Thy last match is o'er; Thy bat, ball, and wicket Are needed no more. To thy sister we turn, For her coming we pray: Her worshippers burn For the heat of the fray.

Hail! Goddess of battle, Yet hated of Ma(r)s, How ceaseless their tattle Of tumbles and scars! Such warnings are vain, For thy rites we prepare, Youth is yearning again In thy perils to share.

Broken limbs and black eyes May, perchance, be our lot; But grant goals and ties And we care not a jot. Too sacred to name With thy posts, ball, and field, There is no winter game To which thou canst yield.

—"More kicks than halfpence."


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Massachusetts


text: Commentaries on the Laws of England/Of the Countries subject to the Laws of England


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Rh birth in morals, it may be worth noticing, that volumes of sermons have been written to excuse the founder of Christianity for not including friendship and private affection among its golden rules, but rather excluding them. Moreover, the answer to the question, "Who is thy neighbour?" added to the divine precept, "Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself," is the same as in the exploded pages of our author,—"He to whom we can do most good." In determining this point, we were not to be influenced by any extrinsic or collateral considerations, by our own predilections, or the expectations of others, by our obligations to them or any services they might be able to render us, by the climate they were born in, by the house they lived in, by rank or religion, or party, or personal ties, but by the abstract merits, the pure and unbiassed justice of the case. The artificial helps and checks to moral conduct were set aside as spurious and unnecessary, and we came at once to the grand and simple question—"In what manner we could best contribute to the greatest possible

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Rh {| WALKED WITH A BULLY UP AND DOWN THE WALL THE GAME RESULTED IN A DRAW
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simultaneously cracking by any of the terror-struck but helpless spectators who are watching the ghastly contest.

Viewing the game under this aspect, you will not be surprised to hear that my Committee have, as they did in dealing with "Le Cricquette," revised the rules and regulations for the playing of your "Foote-Balle," so as to suit it to the tastes and requirements of the rising generation of our Modern France. I cannot at present furnish you with full details of the suggested modifications, but I may inform you that it has been unanimously decided that the "Balle," which is to be of "some light, airy, floating material, and three times its present size," is not to debe [sic] touched by the foot at


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40 good?" This was the paramount obligation in all cases whatever, from which we had no right to free ourselves upon any idle or formal pretext, and of which each person was to judge for himself, under the infallible authority of his own opinion and the inviolable sanction of his self-approbation. "There was the rub that made philosophy of so short life!" Mr. Godwin's definition of morals was the same as the admired one of law, reason without passion; but with the unlimited scope of private opinion, and in a boundless field of speculation (for nothing less would satisfy the pretensions of the New School), there was danger that the unseasoned novice might substitute some pragmatical conceit of his own for the rule of right reason, and mistake a heartless indifference for a superiority to more natural and generous feelings. Our ardent and dauntless reformer followed out the moral of the parable of the Good Samaritan into its most rigid and repulsive consequences with a pen of steel, and let fall his "trenchant blade" on every vulnerable point of human infirmity; but there is a want in his system of the mild and persuasive tone of the Gospel, where "all is conscience and tender heart." Man was indeed screwed up, by mood and figure, into a logical machine,

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McKerrow   McKERROW, JOHN (1789–1867), presbyterian divine, born in Mauchline, Ayrshire, 15 May 1789, received his early education in the village school, and in 1803 proceeded to Glasgow University, where he distinguished himself as a student. He entered in August 1807 the Divinity Hall of the Secession Church at Selkirk, which was under the charge of the Rev. Dr. Lawson, and in 1812 was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Kilmarnock. He was shortly afterwards called by the congregations of Ecclefechan and Bridge of Teith, and was ordained at Teith on 25 Aug. 1813 as colleague and successor to the Rev. William Fletcher. At the same time McKerrow for some years conducted without assistance and gratuitously all the correspondence of the united secession synod, and controlled to a great extent its missionary operations. In 1841 the degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Washington College, U.S.A. His jubilee was celebrated in August 1863. He died at Teith 13 May 1867. He was eminently distinguished for his pastoral fidelity and zeal.

McKerrow published detailed accounts of the rise and progress of his church and of its missions, and his work is always accurate in matters of fact and clear in style. The titles of his publications are: 1. 'History of the Secession Church,' 1839. 2. 'The Office of Ruling Elder in the Christian Church,' to which in 1846 a prize of 50l. was awarded. 3. 'History of the Foreign Missions of the Secession and United Presbyterian Churches,' 1867. McKerrow was also a frequent contributor to the 'Christian Repository,' the 'Edinburgh Theological Magazine,' the 'United Secession Magazine,' and other religious periodicals.  McKERROW, WILLIAM (1803–1878), presbyterian divine, born in Kilmarnock on 7 Sept. 1803, was educated at Kilmarnock school and academy, and then proceeded to Glasgow University, where he distinguished himself as a student. In 1821 he joined the Theological Hall of the Secession Church, under the charge of the Rev. Dr. John Dick [q. v.] of Glasgow, and was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Kilmarnock in March 1826. In the following year he was called both to Cumbernauld, Dumbartonshire, and to Lloyd Street, Manchester, to be colleague and successor to the Rev. Dr. Jack. He accepted the latter appointment, and became for over half a century a prominent figure in the social and ecclesiastical movements in Manchester.' In 1834 he wrote a series of letters on church establishments in the 'Manchester Times,' in which the grievances of dissenters regarding marriages, burials, and the universities were discussed. The letters were afterwards published in pamphlet form and extensively circulated. They led in 1839 to the formation of the Manchester Voluntary Church Association. From 1886 to 1846 he took an active part, with Cobden and others, in agitating for a repeal of the corn laws. He opposed the government Education Bill of 1843, which gave grants to the Roman catholic college at Maynooth in Ireland.

In 1846 McKerrow projected the 'Manchester Examiner,' now 'Examiner and Times,' to express the views of advanced liberals, and was one of the four original proprietors. His contributions in articles and letters, to the 'Examiner' were numerous, and helped to shape measures subsequently adopted. He advocated a national system of education under popular control, and was one of the founders of the Manchester Public School Association. He was also one of the founders of the United Kingdom Alliance, of which for twenty years he was vice-president. City missions and peace and emancipation societies found in McKerrow an able and intrepid advocate. He was elected in 1870 on the first school board of Manchester, and continued a member till his death. Nor were public engagements permitted to interfere with professional duties, as his pastoral and pulpit work in Brunswick Street congregation, his labours in presbytery, and the services he rendered to Lancashire presbyterianism abundantly proved. Through the influence of Chevalier Bunsen and others the university of Heidelberg in 1851 conferred upon him the degree of D.D. McKerrow retired from the active duties of the pastorate in 1869, but was elected moderator of synod in 1877. With money presented to him in 1877, on the occasion of his ministerial jubilee, he endowed a scholarship for presbyterian students at Owens College, as well as exhibitions, under the control of the Manchester school board. Cobden called him 'the able and unswerving advocate of every sound and beneficent principle,' and Hugh Mason, M.P., wrote regarding him: 'I know no man in Manchester or anywhere else who has lived


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Mr. Punch's Book of Sports all, but struck lightly by the palm of the hand, and thus wafted harmlessly, with a smart smack, over the heads of the combatants.

As to costume, the game is to be played in white satin bed-room slippers, with (as a protection in the event, spite every possible precaution, of "le scrimmage" arising) feather pillows strapped over the knees and chest. It is calculated by our Committee that the savage proclivities of the game, as fostered by the terrible rules of your murderous "Rugby Association," will be thus, in some measure, counteracted.

Hoping soon to hear from you on the subject of your Courses d'Eau, as I shall doubtless have some suggestions to make in reference to the conduct of your aquatic contests, receive, Monsieur, the assurance of my most distinguished consideration,

the same, though not so in name, Are dancing and football "pros." For both money make and salaries take For supporting the ball with their toes.


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96, ir Edward Coke, and the politicians of that time, conceived great difficulties in carrying on the projected union: but thee were at length overcome, and the great work was happily effected in 1707, 5 Anne; when twenty five articles of union were agreed to by the parliaments of both nations: the purport of the mot coniderable being as follows;

1.  on the firt of May 1707, and for ever after, the kingdoms of England and Scotland hall be united into one kingdom, by the name of Great Britain.

2.  ucceion to the monarchy of Great Britain hall be the ame as was before ettled with regard to that of England.

3.  united kingdom hall be repreented by one parliament.

4.  hall be a communication of all rights and privileges between the ubjects of both kingdoms, except where it is otherwie agreed.

9.  England raies 2,000,000l. by a land tax, Scotland hall raie 48,000l. 16, 17.  tandards of the coin, of weights, and of meaures, hall be reduced to thoe of England, throughout the united kingdoms.

18.  laws relating to trade, cutoms, and the excie, hall be the ame in Scotland as in England. But all the other laws of Scotland hall remain in force; but alterable by the parliament of Great Britain. Yet with this caution: that laws relating to public policy are alterable at the dicretion of the parliament; laws relating to private right are not to be altered but for the evident utility of the people of Scotland. 22.


text:
Category:History of Wales

 * For works about events after the Act of Union 1707, see Category:History of the United Kingdom

title: Category:History of Wales


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Mr. Punch's Book of Sports

was it made me cricket snub, And force my seven sons to sub- sidize a local "Rugby" Club?

Yet, what first drew from me a sigh, When Tom, my eldest, missed a "try," But got instead a broken thigh?

What in my second, stalwart Jack, Caused some inside machine to crack, And kept him ten months on his back—?

What brought my third, unhappy Ted, To fade and sink, and keep his bed, And finally go off his head?—

My fourth and fifth, poor John and Jim, What made the sight of one so dim? What made the other lack a limb?

Then Frank, my sixth, who cannot touch The ground unaided by a crutch, Alas! of what had he too much?


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Massachusetts Indians


text:
Category:History of the United Kingdom

 * For history prior to the Acts of Union of 1707 (Great Britain) and 1800 (Ireland), see Category:History of England, Category:History of Scotland, Category:History of Wales, and Category:History of Ireland.

The United Kingdom was formed from the nations of England, Scotland and Wales in 1707 by the Acts of Union. Ireland was added in 1800 by further Act of Union and largely seceded in 1922.

title: Category:History of the United Kingdom


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Uncle Dick. "Ah yes, cricket is a fine game, no doubt a very fine game. But football now! That's the game to make your hair curl!"

Miss Dulcie (meditatively). "Do you play football much, uncle?"


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Mr. Punch's Book of Sports

game it is, I think, Although in private be it spoken, While at a scrimmage I don't shrink, That bones may be too often broken. I snapped my clavicle last week, Just like the rib of an umbrella; And sprained my ankle, not to speak Of something wrong with my patella.

Last season, too, my leg I broke, And lay at home an idle dreamer, It's not considered quite a joke To contemplate a broken femur. And when, despite the doctor's hints, Again at foot-ball I had tussles, I found myself once more in splints, With damaged gastronomic muscles.

Some three times every week my head, Is cut, contused, or sorely shaken; My friends expect me brought home dead, But up to now I've saved my bacon. But what are broken bones, my boys, Compared with noble recreation? The scrimmages and all the joys Of Rugby or Association!


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Massachusetts Institute of Technology


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, I want to speak to you seriously and as man to man, because you're not mere dead hide, are you? No, no, you are intelligent, sentient soles, and to be treated as such by every player.

Ah! booties, booties, you little beauties, what a lot you mean to us, don't you? and how hardly we use you.

I've known men to take you off after a game, hurl you—as Jove hurled his thunderbolts—into a corner of the pav. and there leave you till you are next required.

Ah! old men, that's not right, is it? How would we great machines of bone, muscle, and nerve-centre (ah! those nerve-centres, what tricky things they are!), how would we be for the next match if we were treated like that? Pretty stiff and stale, eh, old booties?

Now, look here, when we come in after a hard,


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Roberts, Col. Charles Fyshe


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Roberts, Charles James


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Roberts, Hon. Daniel Foley


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Roberts, John


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Massasauga


text:
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§. 4. 22.  peers are to be choen to repreent the peerage of Scotland in parliament, and forty five members to it in the houe of commons.

23.  ixteen peers of Scotland hall have all privileges of parliament: and all peers of Scotland hall be peers of Great Britain, and rank next after thoe of the ame degree at the time of the union, and hall have all privileges of peers, except itting in the houe of lords and voting on the trial of a peer.

are the principal of the twenty five articles of union, which are ratified and confirmed by tatute 5 Ann. c. 8. in which tatute there are alo two acts of parliament recited; the one of Scotland, whereby the church of Scotland, and alo the four univerities of that kingdom, are etablihed for ever, and all ucceeding overeigns are to take an oath inviolably to maintain the ame; the other of England, 5 Ann. c. 6. whereby the acts of uniformity of 13 Eliz. and 13 Car. II. (except as the ame had been altered by parliament at that time) and all other acts then in force for the preervation of the church of England, are declared perpetual; and it is tipulated, that every ubequent king and queen hall take an oath inviolably to maintain the ame within England, Ireland, Wales, and the town of Berwick upon Tweed. And it is enacted, that thee two acts “hall for ever be oberved as fundamental and eential conditions of the union.” thee articles, and act of union, it is to be oberved, 1. That the two kingdoms are now o ineparably united, that nothing can ever diunite them again; unles perhaps an infringement of thoe points which, when they were eparate and independent nations, it was mutually tipulated hould be “fundamental and eential conditions of the union .” 2. That what- Rh


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Robertson, Hon. Sir John


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Massasoit


text:
Category:History of Scotland

 * For works about events after the Act of Union 1707, see Category:History of the United Kingdom

title: Category:History of Scotland


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Robinson, Right Hon. Sir Hercules George Robert


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Robinson, His Excellency Sir William Cleaver Francis


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Roe, Captain John Septimus


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98 ever ele may be deemed “fundamental and eential conditions,” the preervation of the two churches, of England and Scotland, in the ame tate that they were in at the time of the union, and the maintenance of the acts of uniformity which etablih our common prayer, are exprely declared o to be. 3. That therefore any alteration in the contitutions of either of thoe churches, or in the liturgy of the church of England, would be an infringement of thee “fundamental and eential conditions,” and greatly endanger the union. 4. That the municipal laws of Scotland are ordained to be till oberved in that part of the iland, unles altered by parliament; and, as the parliament has not yet thought proper, except in a few intances, to alter them, they till (with regard to the particulars unaltered) continue in full force. Wherefore the municipal or common laws of England are, generally peaking, of no force or validity in Scotland; and, of conequence, in the enuing commentaries, we hall have very little occaion to mention, any farther than ometimes by way of illutration, the municipal laws of that part of the united kingdoms.

town of Berwick upon Tweed was originally part of the kingdom of Scotland; and, as uch, was for a time reduced by king Edward I into the poeion of the crown of England: and, during uch it’s ubjection, it received from that prince a charter, which (after it’s ubequent ceion by Edward Balliol, to be for ever united to the crown and realm of England) was confirmed by king Edward III, with ome additions; particularly that it hould be governed by the laws and uages which it enjoyed during the time of king Alexander, that is, before it’s reduction Rh


text: Talk:The Moths of the British Isles Second Series


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Masséna, André


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Mackeson a life of greater purity, integrity, usefulness, and true piety.' His manner of speech was eloquent and impressive, but he published nothing beyond an occasional tract or sermon. He died at Manchester 4 June 1878.

 MACKESON, FREDERICK (1807–1863), lieutenant-colonel, H.E.I.C. service, commissioner at Peshawur, son of William and Harriett Mackeson, was born at Hythe, Kent, 28 Sept. 1807, was educated at the King's School, Canterbury, and in France, and in 1825 received a Bengal cadetship. On 4 Dec. 1825 he was appointed ensign in the (late) 14th Bengal native infantry, in which corps he became lieutenant in 1828, and captain in 1843. In 1831, and for several years afterwards, his regiment was stationed at Loodiana. The foreign officers in the pay of the Sikh ruler, Runjeet Singh, used frequently to visit the British political agent, Sir Claude Martin Wade; on which occasions young Mackeson's proficiency in French was turned to account. He was thus brought into notice, despite the modest retiring disposition for which he was remarkable to the last. In 1837 he accompanied Sir Alexander Burnes [q. v.] to Cabul. He was afterwards sent to Bahawulpore as agent for the navigation of the Indus, in which capacity he was employed in surveying the river and keeping note of the tortuous politics of the Punjab. In 1838–9 he rendered valuable services in connection with the lines of communication of the army of the Indus. These services were recognised in 1840, when he was still a subaltern, by a brevet majority to qualify him for the reward of C.B., which was conferred on him, 24 Dec. 1842. After the final withdrawal of the British troops from Afghanistan, he was appointed acting superintendent of Buttee, and assistant to the political agents in Rajpootana and at Delhi. During the first Sikh war he was with Sir Harry Smith's division in the field, and was present at Aliwal. On 16 March 1846 he was appointed superintendent of the Cis-Sutlej territory. As governor-general's agent he was with Hugh Gough, first viscount Gough [q. v.], in the Punjab campaign of 1848–9, and received the approval of Lords Dalhousie and Gough. After the battle of Chillianwallah, Brigadier Burn's brigade, on this side the Jhelum, was in danger of being turned by a Sikh force, and Mackeson offered to notify the Sikh approach. He found the Jhelum—the worst and most dangerous river in the Punjab, wide as the Hooghly at Calcutta—in full flood, and no boat at hand. Dismounting, Mackeson swam the river with difficulty, delivered his message, and saved the brigade. He became local lieutenant-colonel in 1849, and in 1851, being then senior captain of his regiment and a brevet lieutenant-colonel, was appointed commissioner at Peshawur, in succession to George St. Patrick Lawrence [q. v.] For the next two years Mackeson was employed in efforts to bring the frontier tribes into order. He was assassinated when sitting in his verandah, 10 Sept. 1853, by a fanatic from Koner, who had just handed a petition to him, and then attacked him with a large knife. It was generally understood that a price had been set on Mackeson's head, although the government denied that it was the case. His assassin was tried, and on 1 Oct. 1853 was hanged. By the advice of John (afterwards Lord) Lawrence [q. v.] the murderer's body was burned after it was cut down, and the ashes thrown into a running stream, so that there might be no opportunity of making the burying-place a shrine.

An unprejudiced as well as competent observer, Sir Sydney Cotton [q. v.], described Mackeson as 'a bold and efficient officer, who well knew the character of the people with whom he had to deal, and that pusillanimous measures were not measures of humanity, tending always in the end to disaster and destruction. His was the best policy that had been adopted on the frontier, although by no means in common with the views and wishes of distant Indian governments.'

 McKEWAN, DAVID HALL (1816–1873), water-colour painter, born in London on 16 Feb. 1816, was son of David McKewan, manager to Messrs. Hall of Custom-House Quay, Lower Thames Street, London, and Matilda, his wife. He studied water-colour painting under David Cox the elder [q. v.], and exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1836. McKewan obtained some note as a water-colour painter, especially in drawing rocky scenes and the interiors of old mansions, such as Knole, Haddon Hall, &c. He was elected an associate of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-colours in 1848, and a full member in 1850; he was a large contributor to the exhibitions of that society. McKewan died on 2 Aug. 1873. He published in 1869 'Lessons on Trees in Water Colours,' and made the drawings for R. P.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/McAll, Robert Stephens


text:
Author:John Timperley

Works

 * "An Account of the Harbour and Docks at Kingston-upon-Hull," in Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers, volume 1, 1842

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Rh took it into my head to write to him myself, but you must write to his sister."

Mary Bold was older than her brother, and, at the time of our story, was just over thirty. She was not an unattractive young woman, though by no means beautiful. Her great merit was the kindliness of her disposition. She was not very clever, nor very animated, nor had she apparently the energy of her brother; but she was guided by a high principle of right and wrong; her temper was sweet, and her faults were fewer in number than her virtues. Those who casually met Mary Bold thought little of her; but those who knew her well loved her well, and the longer they knew her the more they loved her. Among those who were fondest of her was Eleanor Harding, and though Eleanor had never openly talked to her of her brother, each understood the other's feelings about him. The brother and sister were sitting together when the two notes were brought in.

"How odd," said Mary, "that they should send two notes. Well, if Mr. Harding becomes fashionable, the world is going to change."

Her brother understood immediately the nature and intention of the peace-offering; but it was not so easy for him to behave well in the matter, as it was for Mr. Harding. It is much less difficult for the sufferer to be generous than for the oppressor. John Bold felt that he could not go to the warden's party: he never loved Eleanor better than he did now; he had never so strongly felt how anxious he was to make her his wife as now, when so many obstacles to his doing so appeared in view. Yet here was her father himself, as it were, clearing away those very obstacles, and still he felt that he could not go to the house any more as an open friend.

As he sat thinking of these things with the note in his hand, his sister was waiting for his decision.

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58 "Well," said she, "I suppose we must write separate answers, and both say we shall be very happy."

"You'll go, of course, Mary," said he; to which she readily assented. "I cannot," he continued, looking serious and gloomy; "I wish I could, with all my heart."

"And why not, John?" said she. She had as yet heard nothing of the new-found abuse which her brother was about to reform; at least nothing which connected it with her brother's name.

He sat thinking for awhile till he determined that it would be best to tell her at once what it was that he was about: it must be done sooner or later.

"I fear I cannot go to Mr. Harding's house any more as a friend, just at present."

"Oh, John! Why not? Ah, you've quarrelled with Eleanor!"

"No, indeed," said he; "I've no quarrel with her as yet."

"What is it, John?" said she, looking at him with an anxious, loving face, for she knew well how much of his heart was there in that house which he said he could no longer enter.

"Why," said he at last, "I've taken up the case of these twelve old men of Hiram's Hospital, and of course that brings me into contact with Mr. Harding. I may have to oppose him, interfere with him, perhaps injure him."

Mary looked at him steadily for some time before she committed herself to reply, and then merely asked him what he meant to do for the old men.

"Why, it's a long story, and I don't know that I can make you understand it. John Hiram made a will, and left his property in charity for certain poor old men, and the proceeds, instead of going to the benefit of these men, goes chiefly into the pocket of the warden, and the bishop's steward."

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Rh "And you mean to take away from Mr. Harding his share of it?"

"I don't know what I mean yet. I mean to inquire about it. I mean to see who is entitled to this property. I mean to see, if I can, that justice be done to the poor of the city of Barchester generally, who are, in fact, the legatees under the will. I mean, in short, to put the matter right, if I can."

"And why are you to do this, John?"

"You might ask the same question of anybody else," said he: "and according to that, the duty of righting these poor men would belong to nobody. If we are to act on that principle, the weak are never to be protected, injustice is never to be opposed, and no one is to struggle for the poor!" And Bold began to comfort himself in the warmth of his own virtue.

"But is there no one to do this but you, who have known Mr. Harding so long? Surely, John, as a friend, as a young friend, so much younger than Mr. Harding"

"That's woman's logic, all over, Mary. What has age to do with it? Another man might plead that he was too old; and as to his friendship, if the thing itself be right, private motives should never be allowed to interfere. Because I esteem Mr. Harding, is that a reason that I should neglect a duty which I owe to these old men? or should I give up a work which my conscience tells me is a good one, because I regret the loss of his society?"

"And Eleanor, John?" said the sister, looking timidly into her brother's face.

"Eleanor, that is, Miss Harding, if she thinks fit—that is, if her father—or rather, if she—or, indeed, he,—if they find it necessary—but there is no necessity now to talk about Eleanor Harding; but this I will say, that if she has the kind of spirit for which I give her credit, she will not condemn me

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60 for doing what I think to be a duty." And Bold consoled himself with the consolation of a Roman.

Mary sat silent for awhile, till at last her brother reminded her that the notes must be answered, and she got up, and placed her desk before her, took out her pen and paper, wrote on it slowly,—

and then stopped, and looked at her brother.

"Well, Mary, why don't you write it?"

"Oh, John," said she, "dear John, pray think better of this."

"Think better of what?" said he.

"Of this about the hospital,—of all this about Mr. Harding,—of what you say about those old men. Nothing can call upon you,—no duty can require you to set yourself against your oldest, your best friend. Oh, John, think of Eleanor; you'll break her heart and your own."

"Nonsense, Mary; Miss Harding's heart is as safe as yours."

"Pray, pray, for my sake, John, give it up. You know how dearly you love her." And she came and knelt before him on the rug. "Pray give it up. You are going to make yourself, and her, and her father miserable: you are going to make us all miserable. And for what? For a dream of justice. You will never make those twelve men happier than they now are."

"You don't understand it, my dear girl," said he, smoothing her hair with his hand.

"I do understand it, John. I understand that this is a chimera—a dream that you have got. I know well that no duty can require you to do this mad—this suicidal thing. I know you love Eleanor Harding with all your heart, and I tell you now that she loves you as well. If there was a plain, a

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Rh positive duty before you, I would be the last to bid you neglect it for any woman's love; but thisoh, think again, before you do anything to make it necessary that you and Mr. Harding should be at variance." He did not answer, as she knelt there, leaning on his knees, but by his face she thought that he was inclined to yield. "At any rate let me say that you will go to this party. At any rate do not break with them while your mind is in doubt." And she got up, hoping to conclude her note in the way she desired.

"My mind is not in doubt," at last he said, rising; "I could never respect myself again, were I to give way now, because Eleanor Harding is beautiful. I do love her: I would give a hand to hear her tell me what you have said, speaking on her behalf; but I cannot for her sake go back from the task which I have commenced. I hope she may hereafter acknowledge and respect my motives, but I cannot now go as a guest to her father's house." And the Barchester Brutus went out to fortify his own resolution by meditations on his own virtue.

Poor Mary Bold sat down, and sadly finished her note, saying that she would herself attend the party, but that her brother was inavoidably prevented from doing so. I fear that she did not admire as she should have done the self-devotion of his singular virtue.

The party went off as such parties do: there were fat old ladies, in fine silk dresses, and slim young ladies, in gauzy muslin frocks; old gentlemen stood up with their backs to the empty fire-place, looking by no means so comfortable as they would have done in their own arm-chairs at home; and young gentlemen, rather stiff about the neck, clustered near the door, not as yet sufficiently in courage to attack the muslin frocks, who awaited the battle, drawn up in a semicircular array. The warden endeavoured to induce a charge, but failed signally, not having the tact of a general; his daughter did what she

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62 could to comfort the forces under her command, who took in refreshing rations of cake and tea, and patiently looked for the coming engagement: but she herself, Eleanor, had no spirit for the work; the only enemy whose lance she cared to encounter was not there, and she and others were somewhat dull.

Loud above all voices was heard the clear sonorous tones of the archdeacon as he dilated to brother parsons of the danger of the church, of the fearful rumours of mad reforms even at Oxford, and of the damnable heresies of Dr. Whiston.

Soon, however, sweeter sounds began timidly to make themselves audible. Little movements were made in a quarter notable for round stools and music stands. Wax candles were arranged in sconces, big books were brought from hidden recesses, and the work of the evening commenced.

How often were those pegs twisted and retwisted before our friend found that he had twisted them enough; how many discordant scrapes gave promise of the coming harmony! How much the muslin fluttered and crumpled before Eleanor and another nymph were duly seated at the piano; how closely did that tall Apollo pack himself against the wall, with his flute, long as himself, extending high over the heads of his pretty neighbours; into how small a corner crept that round and florid little minor canon, and there with skill amazing found room to tune his accustomed fiddle!

And now the crash begins: away they go in full flow of harmony together—up hill and down dale—now louder and louder, then lower and lower: now loud, as though stirring the battle; then low, as though mourning the slain. In all, through all, and above all, is heard the violoncello. Ah, not for nothing were those pegs so twisted and retwisted—listen, listen! Now alone that saddest of instruments tells its touching tale. Silent, and in awe, stand fiddle, flute, and piano, to hear the sorrows of

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Rh their wailing brother. 'Tis but for a moment: before the melancholy of those low notes has been fully realised, again comes the full force of all the band—down go the pedals, away rush twenty fingers scouring over the bass notes with all the impetus of passion. Apollo blows till his stiff neckcloth is no better than a rope, and the minor canon works both arms till he falls in a syncope of exhaustion against the wall.

How comes it that now, when all should be silent, when courtesy, if not taste, should make men listen,—how is it at this moment the black-coated corps leave their retreat and begin skirmishing? One by one they creep forth, and fire off little guns timidly, and without precision. Ah, my men, efforts such as these will take no cities, even though the enemy should be never so open to assault. At length a more deadly artillery is brought to bear; slowly, but with effect, the advance is made; the muslin ranks are broken, and fall into confusion; the formidable array of chairs gives way; the battle is no longer between opposing regiments, but hand to hand, and foot to foot with single combatants, as in the glorious days of old, when fighting was really noble. In corners, and under the shadow of curtains, behind sofas and half hidden by doors, in retiring windows, and sheltered by hanging tapestry, are blows given and returned, fatal, incurable, dealing death.

Apart from this another combat arises, more sober and more serious. The archdeacon is engaged against two prebendaries, a pursy full-blown rector assisting him, in all the perils and all the enjoyments of short whist. With solemn energy do they watch the shuffled pack, and, all-expectant, eye the coming trump. With what anxious nicety do they arrange their cards, jealous of each other's eyes! Why is that lean doctor so slow—cadaverous man with hollow jaw and sunken eye, ill beseeming the richness of his mother church! Ah, why so slow, thou meagre doctor? See how the archdeacon, speechless

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64 in his agony, deposits on the board his cards, and looks to heaven or to the ceiling for support. Hark, how he sighs, as with thumbs in his waistcoat pocket he seems to signify that the end of such torment is not yet even nigh at hand! Vain is the hope, if hope there be, to disturb that meagre doctor. With care precise he places every card, weighs well the value of each mighty ace, each guarded king, and comfort-giving queen; speculates on knave and ten, counts all his suits, and sets his price upon the whole. At length a card is led, and quick three others fall upon the board. The little doctor leads again, while with lustrous eye his partner absorbs the trick. Now thrice has this been done—thrice has constant fortune favoured the brace of prebendaries, ere the archdeacon rouses himself to the battle: but at the fourth assault he pins to the earth a prostrate king, laying low his crown and sceptre, bushy beard, and lowering brow, with a poor deuce.

"As David did Goliath," says the archdeacon, pushing over the four cards to his partner. And then a trump is led, then another trump; then a king—and then an ace—and then a long ten, which brings down from the meagre doctor his only remaining tower of strength—his cherished queen of trumps.

"What, no second club?" says the archdeacon to his partner.

"Only one club," mutters from his inmost stomach the pursy rector, who sits there red faced, silent, impervious, careful, a safe but not a brilliant ally.

But the archdeacon cares not for many clubs, or for none. He dashes out his remaining cards with a speed most annoying to his antagonists, pushes over to them some four cards as their allotted portion, shoves the remainder across the table to the red-faced rector; calls out "two by cards and two by honours, and the odd trick last time," marks a treble under

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