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 a Hillska Skola was founded at Stockholm. Had the scholastic attainments of the founders of this new system been equal to their originality and enthusiasm, a great and permanent school might have been founded. Even as it was, general education was largely influenced.

In 1827 the main body of the school was transferred from Hazelwood to Bruce Castle, Tottenham, an ancient mansion which takes its name from Robert Bruce's father, the lord of the manor. Rowland Hill's health more than once broke down under the great strain of work, but he was by this time aided by three of his brothers: Edwin [q. v.], Arthur (1798–1885, head-master of Bruce Castle school), and Frederic. The parents and their children, eight in all, had had all things in common. Rowland Hill was thirty-two years old before the common property, then amounting to several thousands of pounds, was divided among them in perfect harmony by Edwin the second son, whom they appointed arbitrator. They formed later on a mutual insurance fund, under the name of ‘the family fund,’ and a family council, in which plans for private or public improvement were considered. By this close league their strength was greatly increased, each brother in his schemes receiving the support and assistance of all.

Soon after the removal to Bruce Castle Hill began to feel that his vocation was not that of a schoolmaster. Of his want of scholarship he was painfully aware. He longed, moreover, for freedom of speech and action as well as of thought. He suffered under the oppression of religious observances. He had to take his pupils to the established church and to read daily prayers in the schoolroom. Yet he had ceased even to be a unitarian. On religious matters he thought with Grote and the two Mills. Robert Owen offered to him the management of one of his communities, but he declined it on account of Owen's rashness. With some of his brothers he formed a scheme for ‘a social community.’ A farm was to be taken on which they were all to live in great simplicity and freedom, supporting themselves by the work of their own hands. ‘Here they could mature schemes for public good or private emolument, which could be prosecuted in the world at large by members liberated for a time for that purpose.’ A little later on, with Sir John Shaw-Lefevre and Professor Wheatstone, the inventor of the electric telegraph, he formed a small society for furthering inventions. Under the title of ‘Home Colonies’ he published in 1832 a ‘Plan for the Gradual Extinction of Pauperism and the Diminution of Crime,’ and in 1834 ‘A Letter to Lord Brougham on Pauper Education.’ He invented an instrument for accurately measuring time in connection with astronomical observations, and turned over in his mind a variety of schemes, such as ‘propelling steamboats by a screw’ and ‘assorting letters in mail-coaches.’ He spent months of hard work and a great deal of money on the invention of a rotatory printing-press. His invention was a complete success, but he was thwarted by the treasury. Each copy of a newspaper at this time was printed on a separate sheet of paper, on which a penny stamp had been previously impressed at the stamp office. For his continuous scroll such a process was impossible, and the treasury refused to allow the stamp to be affixed by machinery as the scroll passed through the press. The introduction of the present rotatory printing-press, which is a modification of his invention, was thereby delayed thirty-five years.

In 1833 he took part in an association which was formed for colonising South Australia, and in 1835 he was appointed secretary to the South Australian commission. It was while holding this appointment that in his out-of-office hours he planned his scheme of penny postage. During the previous century the rates for postage had been steadily raised, till on a letter from London to Edinburgh 1s. 4½d. was paid. Every enclosure was charged as a fresh letter. Had envelopes been invented at that time a letter enclosed in one would have been charged as two letters. By the right enjoyed by every member of both houses of parliament and every high official of sending letters free if the direction were in his own handwriting and attested by his signature, the wealthier classes were to a great extent freed from this burden, which pressed all the more heavily on the poor. The loss of time in ‘franking’ letters was great. Sir James Stephen, under-secretary of state for the colonies, complained that he spent as much time in the year in addressing letters as would have kept him at work six hours a day for the whole month of February. To the great mass of the people the post office was practically closed. For the thousands upon thousands of Irish who were in England to send a letter to Ireland and get an answer back would each time have cost (Daniel O'Connell complained) considerably more than one-fifth of their week's wages. There were districts in England as large as Middlesex in which the postman never set his foot. In Sabden, a town of twelve thousand souls, in which Cobden had his print-works, there was, he said, no post office nor anything that served for one. The high


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Divination (Coates)

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Divination" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Divination" in Poems I.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Divination (Coates)


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 charges led to all kinds of illicit conveyance. Five-sixths of the letters from Manchester to London did not pass through the post office. The natural result was a steady falling off in the revenue. Hill from his childhood had seen the burden on the poor of the high charges, and had often been witness of his mother's dread lest a letter should come with heavy postage to pay—for very few letters were prepaid—at a time when she had not a shilling in the house. One day in such an alarm he had been sent out to sell a bag full of rags, and had brought back 3s. The statement in Miss Martineau's ‘History of England,’ ii. 425, that Hill was moved to action by Coleridge's story of the device by which a poor woman obtained news of her brother, is untrue. His father had often maintained that postage was too high even for the sake of the revenue. As early as 1826 Hill had devised, but had not published, a scheme for a travelling post office, by which the letters could be sorted on the road. In 1835 the large surplus in the revenue set him and his brothers speculating on the best way of applying it in the reduction of duties. It was then that his thoughts were first turned earnestly to the post office. He noticed that its revenue, whether gross or net, in the previous twenty years, instead of increasing with the increase of population and wealth, had diminished, whereas in France, where the rates were lower, there had been in the same period a large increase. Convinced that a great reduction could be made with advantage to the revenue, he next examined what changes in the rates it would be most expedient to make so as to secure the maximum of advantage to the public with the minimum of injury to the revenue. He tried in vain to get admission into the London post office, so as to study its working; in fact he never was inside any post office till his scheme was adopted. He had to seek his information in the blue-books, especially in the ‘Eighteenth Report of the Commissioners of Revenue Inquiry.’ ‘Provided with over half a hundredweight of this raw material, he began that systematic study, analysis, and comparison’ which after months of labour brought out the facts on which his scheme was based. He first found out that there were three great sources of expense: First, ‘taxing’ the letters, that is ascertaining and marking the postage on each, for there were upwards of forty rates on single inland letters alone; second, the complication of accounts arising from this system, postmasters having to be debited with unpaid postage on letters transmitted to their offices, and credited with their payments made in return; third, the collection of the postage on delivery. From these facts it was clear that a vast economy would be effected if prepayment, which was very rare, was made a custom. He next examined the cost of the actual conveyance and distribution of letters, and made his great discovery ‘that the practice of regulating the amount of postage by the distance over which an inland letter was conveyed, however plausible in appearance, had no foundation in practice, and that consequently the rates of postage should be irrespective of distance.’ This discovery was only arrived at after the most laborious calculations, and was as startling to himself as it was to the general public. The cost of conveying a letter from London to Edinburgh, for which 1s. 4½d. was charged, was only one thirty-sixth part of a penny. As the expenses for the receipt and delivery of all letters were the same, however long or however short a distance they travelled, it followed that a uniform rate would approach nearer to absolute justice than any other rate that could be fixed. The two chief parts of his plan, therefore, were a uniform low rate and prepayment. He embodied it in a small pamphlet, entitled ‘Post Office Reform: its Importance and Practicability,’ which he marked ‘private and confidential.’ The title of ‘uniform penny postage,’ which he had first thought of, he rejected, lest its apparent absurdity should ruin its chance of success. In January 1837 he submitted it privately to Lord Melbourne's government, in the hope that it would carry conviction and be adopted. He was sent for by the chancellor of the exchequer, Spring Rice, but no result followed. He thereupon published his pamphlet, with additions, under the title of ‘Post Office Reform, &c., second edit.’ This led to his examination before a commission of post office inquiry, which was then sitting. It was before this commission, on 13 Feb. 1837, that he described his invention of the adhesive postage stamp—‘a bit of paper just large enough to bear the stamp, and covered at the back with a glutinous wash.’ He had borrowed the notion from Charles Knight's proposal in 1834 that the postage on newspapers should be collected by means of stamped wrappers. James Chalmers [q. v.], for whom this suggestion has been erroneously claimed, did not experiment with it till the November of 1837. The proposed reform quickly caught the public attention; it was ridiculed by the official world, but was supported by such men as Brougham, Hume, Grote, O'Connell, Cobden, and Warburton, and by the corporation of the city of London. On 23 Nov. 1837 a parliamentary committee was appointed to examine into the scheme. It worked through


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 the session, and on 17 July 1838, by the casting vote of the chairman, recommended a uniform rate of postage at twopence the half ounce. The government would not yield. The popular demand for the measure grew stronger, till at last, in the words of the ‘Times’ (16 March 1839), ‘it was the cause of the whole people of the United Kingdom against the small coterie of place-holders in St. Martin's-le-Grand and its dependencies.’ To a deputation of 150 members of parliament, supporters of the government, the prime minister at last reluctantly gave way. Penny postage being included in the budget, was carried in the House of Commons on 12 July by 215 to 113. In the House of Lords, being supported by the Duke of Wellington, it was carried without a division.

The hostility of the government to the measure was shown by the insulting offer made to Hill. He held as secretary to the South Australian commission a permanent office of 500l. a year. He was asked to resign it, and to accept at the same salary an engagement for two years, in which he was to introduce his scheme. He was to begin the struggle against all the strength of a powerful and hostile department, with a mark of degradation thus put upon him. He met the insult by offering to work without salary, but this was declined. A letter written by his brother, M. D. Hill, to the chancellor of the exchequer, exposing the folly and the meanness of the proposal, had such a startling effect that the salary was raised to 1,500l.; but the engagement was still only for two years, though it was subsequently extended to three. This offer was accepted. Rowland Hill now for the first time saw the post office at work. It was not to it that he was attached, but to the treasury, which exercises a controlling power over the expenditure of all the government offices. Over the post office he was not to exercise any direct authority. The officials there were left with great powers, which they exerted to the utmost in order to ruin a plan whose success they had foretold was impossible. They threw every obstacle in Hill's path, and multiplied expenses, so that the scheme might prove a financial failure. On 10 Jan. 1840 penny postage was at last established. The difficulties Rowland Hill met with in getting the machinery of the department into working order were vast, but in the next two years a great deal was done. In September 1841 the whig ministry was overthrown, and Sir Robert Peel came into power. Peel, in September 1842, at the end of Hill's third year, dismissed him from office, without any reward for his great services, leaving his scheme to be worked by men who would delight in its ruin. The folly of the ministry roused a strong feeling of public indignation. On 10 April 1843 Hill petitioned the House of Commons for an inquiry into the state of the post office, and on 27 June a select committee of inquiry was granted. It was appointed too late in the session for a proper investigation to be made.

For the next three years Hill was first a director, and then chairman of the Brighton railway, and in this capacity had the chief merit of introducing the system of express and excursion trains which were first run on that line. In June 1846 he was presented with a testimonial amounting to 13,000l., raised by public subscription. In the following November, on the return of the whig ministry to power under Lord John Russell, he was offered the post of secretary to the postmaster-general, at a salary of 1,200l. a year, Colonel Maberley, who was hostile both to him and the penny postage, being retained as permanent secretary to the post office at a higher salary, and with full command of the staff. With great hesitation Hill accepted the inferior post. For more than seven years this arrangement was continued, by which postal improvement of every kind was delayed, and some millions of public money wasted. In 1854 Colonel Maberley was transferred to the board of audit, and Hill was appointed sole secretary. In 1851 his youngest brother, Frederic Hill, one of the inspectors of prisons, had been transferred to the post office as assistant secretary, where he rendered services of very great value.

In 1864 Rowland Hill's health broke down under the long strain of work, and on 4 March he sent in his resignation. By this time he had transformed the whole service, extending conveniences, cutting down expenses, shortening the hours of work, raising wages, reducing rates, and increasing the revenue. By establishing promotion by merit he had breathed fresh life into every branch of the service. The number of chargeable letters had risen since 1838 from 76 millions to 642 millions, the gross revenue from 2,346,000l. to 3,870,000l., and the net revenue from 1,660,000l. to 1,790,000l. The business of the money order office had been multiplied fifty-two fold, and post office savings banks had been opened on the plan suggested by Sir Charles Sikes. In the years 1887–8 the number of letters, postcards, book packets, circulars, newspapers, parcels, and telegrams amounted to 2,332 millions, the gross revenue to 11,064,000l., and the net revenue to 2,851,000l. His great reform, to use Mr. Gladstone's words, ‘had run like wildfire through the civilised world; never


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 lorsque le produit net des propriétés de la Daïra, constaté dans le compte mentionné à l'Article XLVII, excédera la somme nécessaire au service de l'intérêt à 4 pour cent du capital nominal des titres en circulation et seulement jusqu'à concurrence de cet excédant.

L'intérêt fixe sera payé par moitié de 15 Avril et le 15 Octobre de chaque année sur remise des coupons.

L'intérêt complémentaire sera payé sur quittance spéciale le 15 Avril de chaque année pour l'année precédénte.

Il ne devra pas être distribué de fractions d'intérêt inférieures à ¼ pour cent.

XLV. II sera créé un fonds de réserve composé—

(1) D'une somme de £E. 180,000 prélevée sur celle de £E. 450,000, mentionnée à l'Article XLIII.

(2) Des excédants de revenus nets au-dessus de 5 pour cent dans les limites indiquées à l'Article XL VIII.

Ce fonds de réserve sera placé en titres de la Daïra Sanieh, de l'Emprunt Domanial, de la Dette Privilégiée, ou de la Dette Unifiée, et servira, en cas d'insuffisance de revenus, à parfaire l'intérêt de 4 pour cent.

À chaque échéance le Conseil de Direction décidera dans quelle mesure il y aura lieu d'engager ou de vendre ces titres pour assurer le paiement du coupon, tout en réservant les fonds nécessaires à la marche des Services Administratifs.

XLVI. Si les revenus de l'exercice, augmentés du fonds de réserve, sont insuffisants pour parfaire l'intérêt de 4 pour cent, la Daïra y pourvoira à chaque échéance de coupons par des moyens de trésorerie.

XLVII. En fin d'année la Daïra arrêtera le compte de ses recettes et de ses dépenses. Si les recettes nettes, augmentées des ressources du fonds de réserve déjà employées dans le cours de l'année ou restant libres au 31 Décembre sont inférieures à 4 pour cent du capital nominal des titres en circulation, le Gouvernement versera à la Daïra la différence dans un délai de quinze jours. Tant que ce versement ne sera pas effectué, aucun impôt ne sera exigé de la Daïra dans les provinces non affectées.

XLVIII. La portion des revenus nets qui restera disponible en fin d'année après le paiement des intérêts à


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 perhaps was a local invention (for such it was) and improvement applied in the lifetime of its author to the advantages of such vast multitudes of his fellow-creatures.’ Hill retired on full pension, and received in addition a parliamentary grant of 20,000l. In 1857 he had been made F.R.S., and in 1860 K.C.B.; in 1864 the honorary degree of D.C.L. was conferred on him by the university of Oxford, and in 1879 the freedom of the city of London. In his retirement he served on the royal commission on railways appointed in 1865. In a separate report, published in 1867, he recommended that the state should gradually purchase the railways by free covenant between the proprietors and the government, and that they should then be worked, not by the state, but by companies, to which they should be leased on such conditions as would most tend to public benefit. He drew up also a ‘History of Penny Postage,’ which was written under his direction, but was the actual composition of his brother, Arthur Hill. This, with an introductory memoir, was published in two vols. 8vo, London, 1880, by his nephew, Dr. G. Birkbeck Hill. He died on 27 Aug. 1879, at his residence in Hampstead, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Statues have been erected at Kidderminster, Birmingham, and at the Royal Exchange, London. The Rowland Hill Memorial and Benevolent Fund was raised shortly after his death to commemorate his memory, and to provide relief for distressed persons connected with the post office for whom no provision is made under the Superannuation Act. The invested property amounts to more than 16,000l., producing a yearly income of about 650l. By donations, &c., this was raised in 1888–9 to 1,673l., and relief was granted to 175 cases. He married, on 27 Sept. 1827, Caroline, the daughter of Joseph Pearson, a manufacturer of Wolverhampton, and a magistrate for the county. She died on 27 May 1881. By her he had one son and three daughters.

HILL, ROWLEY, D.D. (1836–1887), bishop of Sodor and Man, third son of Sir George Hill, bart., of St. Columb's, co. Londonderry, born 22 Feb. 1836, was educated at Christ's Hospital, London, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1859, M.A. 1863, and D.D. honoris causâ 1877. He was ordained a deacon in 1860, and served the curacy of Christ Church, Dover; in the following year he was admitted to priest's orders, when he removed to the curacy of St. Marylebone, London. In 1863 he became perpetual curate of St. Luke's, Edgware Road, and after five years' service in that parish he was presented to the rectory of Frant, in the diocese of Chichester. In 1871 he exchanged his rectory for the vicarage of St. Michael's, Chester Square. He was presented in 1873 to the vicarage of Sheffield. That large and important parish he held, with the rural deanery of Sheffield and a prebend in York Cathedral, until August 1877, when he was raised to the bishopric of Sodor and Man. He discharged his duties with great zeal and success. But his plan of uniting the proposed bishopric of Liverpool to that of Sodor and Man was not generally approved, and was declined by the government. After a very brief illness he died at his residence in London, 10 Hereford Square, Old Brompton, 27 May 1887.

Hill married, first, 30 April 1863, Caroline Maud, second daughter of Captain Alfred Chapman, R.N., by whom, who died 6 April 1882, he had issue; and secondly, in 1884, Alice, daughter of Captain George Probyn, who survived him.

Besides smaller publications Hill wrote: 1. ‘Sunday School Lessons; the Collects,’ 2nd edition, 1866. 2. ‘Sunday School Lessons; the Gospels,’ 1866. 3. ‘The Titles of Our Lord,’ 1870. 4. ‘Instructions on the Church Catechism,’ 1874. 5. ‘The Church at Home; a Series of Short Sermons,’ 1881. [Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 1880, p. 637; Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1873, p. 198; Church Bells, 15 April 1878, viii. 215; Men of the Time,


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An Idle Ditty

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "An Idle Ditty" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "An Idle Ditty" in Poems II.

title: An Idle Ditty


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Father

 * "Father", a poem by Florence Earle Coates (How should I dream but you were old)
 * "Father", a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox (He never made a fortune, or a noise)

title: Father


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 1884, p. 569; Annual Register, 1887, Chron. p. 134; Illustrated London News, 1887, xc. 628, 682.]

HILL, SAMUEL (1648–1716), archdeacon of Wells, born in 1648, was son of William Hill of South Petherton, Somerset; became a servitor of Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1662, and, subsequently migrating to St. Mary Hall, was admitted B.A. on 15 Nov. 1666 (Cat. of Oxford Graduates, 1851, p. 321). He took no further degree at Oxford. He was instituted, on 18 Feb. 1673, to the living of Meare, Somerset, which he resigned on being instituted, on 10 May 1687, to the rectory of Kilmington in the same county, on the presentation of Sir Stephen Fox (, Somerset Incumbents, pp. 117, 143). He was appointed prebend of Buckland Dinham in the church of Wells on 5 Sept. 1688, and was installed archdeacon of Wells on 11 Oct. 1705, being then styled master of arts. He died on 7 March 1715–16. There is a mural monument to his memory in Wells Cathedral (, Hist. of Wells Cathedral, ed. 1825, p. 87). Wood says he was ‘much esteemed for his learning and zeal for the church of England’ (Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iv. 564).

His works are: 1. ‘The Catholic Balance: or, a Discourse determining the Controversies concerning (I) The Tradition of Catholic Doctrines, (II) The Primacy of St. Peter and the Bishop of Rome, (III) The Subjection and Authority of the Church in a Christian State, according to the Suffrages of the primest Antiquity’ (anon.), London, 1687, 4to. 2. ‘The Necessity of Heresies asserted and explained in a Sermon ad Clerum [on 1 Cor. xi. 19],’ London, 1688, 4to. 3. ‘De Presbyteratu, Dissertatio Quadripartita, Presbyteratus Sacri, Origines, Naturam, Titulum, Officia, et Ordines ab ipsis Mundi Primordiis usque ad Catholicæ Ecclesiæ consummatum Plantationem complectens,’ London, 1691, 8vo. 4. ‘A Vindication of the Primitive Fathers against the Imputations of Gilbert, Lord Bishop of Sarum, in his Discourse on the Divinity and Death of Christ,’ London, 1695, 8vo. Bishop Burnet complained to the Bishop of London that his chaplain, R. Altham, had licensed such a book, ‘full of scurrility,’ and Altham was accordingly obliged to make a submission or recantation. Burnet published anonymously, ‘Animadversions on Mr. Hill's book, entituled, A Vindication of the Primitive Fathers. … In a Letter to a Person of Quality,’ London, 1695, 4to; and this reply elicited from Thomas Holdsworth, rector of Stoneham, ‘Some Account of the late Scandalous Animadversions on Mr. Hill's book, intituled, A Vindication, &c.,’ London, 1695, 4to. There also appeared ‘Remarks of an University Man upon a late book, falsly called A Vindication of the Primitive Fathers,’ London, 1695, 4to. James Crossley had a manuscript ‘Defence of the Vindication,’ prepared for the press by Hill, but never published, and also a copy of the ‘Vindication’ revised for a second edition, with considerable additions. 5. ‘Municipium Ecclesiasticum, or the Rights, Liberties, and Authorities of the Christian Church: Asserted against all Oppressive Doctrines and Constitutions. Occasioned by Dr. Wake's Book, concerning the Authority of Christian Princes over Ecclesiastical Synods’ (anon.), London, 1697, 8vo. A reply appeared under the title of ‘The Divine Right of Convocations examined,’ London, 1701, 4to. 6. ‘The Rights, Liberties, and Authorities of the Christian Church; with a Vindication of Municipium Ecclesiasticum,’ London, 1701, 8vo. A reply, published anonymously by Dr. Turner, is entitled ‘A Vindication of the Authority of Christian Princes over Ecclesiastical Synods from the Exceptions made against it by Mr. Hill. … To which are added some letters that passed between Dr. Wake and him relating to that controversy,’ London, 1701, 8vo. 7. ‘Solomon and Abiathar: or the Case of the depriv'd Bishops and Clergy discuss'd; between Eucheres, a Conformist, and Dyscheres, a Recusant,’ London, 1692, 4to ( &, Anon. Lit.); reissued in ‘A Collection of State Tracts,’ London, 1705, fol. i. 640–56. The preface is dated 20 May 1692. Samuel Grascome [q. v.] wrote two letters in reply to this work. 8. ‘A Thorough Examination of the False Principles and Fallacious Arguments advanc'd against the Christian Church, Priest-hood, and Religion: In a late pernicious Book [by Matthew Tindal], ironically intituled, The Rights of the Christian Church Asserted, &c. In a Dialogue between Demas and Hierarcha,’ London, 1708, 8vo. 9. ‘Compendious Speculations concerning Sacerdotal Remission of Sins,’ London, 1713, 8vo. 10. ‘Speculations upon Valid and Invalid Baptism,’ London, 1713, 8vo. 11. ‘The Harmony of the Canonical and Apocryphal Scriptures with the Catholic Tradition of Faith in the Trinity and Unity, and the Incarnation of the Eternal Word and Son of God,’ London, 1713, 8vo. William Whiston replied to this book in his ‘Argument to prove that all Persons set apart for the Ministry are real Clergymen,’ 1714.

A ‘Student of the Temple’ (J. Bleaman) published ‘A Letter to the Reverend Mr. Brydges, Rector of Croscombe in Somersetshire. Occasion'd by a Sermon preached at that place, by Mr. H[ill], Arch-Deacon of


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 W[ell]s. Being a Vindication of the Dissenters,’ London, 1715, 8vo.

HILL, THOMAS (fl. 1590), miscellaneous writer, of London, was dead by April 1599. In addition to compiling and translating for the booksellers he practised astrology, and was on that account castigated in W. Fulke's ‘Anti-prognosticon,’ 1560. He translated from the Latin of B. Cocles ‘A brief Epitomye of the whole Art of Phisiognomie gathered out of Aristotle, Rasis … and others many moe,’ 8vo, London [1550?], and from the Italian of L. Fioravanti ‘A Joyful Jewell. Contayning … orders, preservatives … for the Plague,’ 4to, London [1579], which was edited by his friend John Hester [q. v.] Hill also wrote: 1. ‘A most briefe and pleasaunt Treatyse, teachynge howe to Dress, Sowe, and Set a Garden,’ 8vo, London, 1563. 2. ‘The proffitable Arte of Gardening, now the third tyme set fourth. … To this annexed two Treatises, the one entituled the marveilous Government of the Bees … and the other the Yerely Conjectures, meete for Husbandmẽ to knowe: Englished by T. H.,’ 2 pts., 8vo, London, 1568. To another edition, also styled the third, is ‘newly added a Treatise of the Arte of Graffing and Planting of Trees,’ 2 pts., 4to, London, 1574. Other editions appeared in 1579, 1586, 1593, and 1608. 3. ‘The moste pleasaunte Arte of the Interpretacion of Dreames, whereunto is annexed sundry Problemes with apte Aunsweares, … and rare examples. Gathered by the former Auctour of T. H. … and now newly Imprinted,’ 8vo, London, 1576. 4. ‘A Briefe and pleasaunt Treatise, Intituled Naturall and Artificiall Conclusions; Written firste by sundry Schollers of the Universitie of Padua at the request of one Bartholomew, a Tuscane; and now Englished by T. Hyll,’ 8vo, London, 1586. 5. ‘A Contemplation of Mysteries: contayning the rare effectes and significations of certayne Comets. … Gathered and Englished by T. Hyll,’ 8vo, London [1590?]. 6. ‘The Schoole of Skil: containing two bookes: the first, of the Sphere, of Heaven, of the Starres, of their Orbes, and of the Earth, &c. The second, of the Sphericall Elements, of the Celestiall Circles, &c. With apt figures’ [edited by W. I.], 4to, London, 1599. 7. ‘The Arte of Vulgar Arithmeticke … devided into two Bookes. … Whereunto is added a third Booke. Newly collected, digested, and in some parts devised by a welwiller to the Mathematicals,’ 4to, London, 1600. 8. ‘A Pleasant History: declaring the whole Art of Phisiognomy, Orderly—utterly all the speciall parts of Man, from the Head to the Foot,’ 8vo [London], 1613.

Hill's portrait has been engraved.

HILL, alias, THOMAS D.D. (1564–1644), Benedictine monk, born in Somerset in 1564, is said to have been originally a clergyman of the church of England. On becoming a Roman catholic he withdrew to the continent, and entered the English College of Douay, then temporarily removed to Rheims, on 21 Aug. 1590. He left for Rome on 16 Feb. 1592–3, continued his studies in the English College there, and was ordained priest in 1594. He took part with Anthony Champney [q. v.] and others in objecting to the administration of the English College at Rome by the jesuits. On 16 Sept. 1597 he was sent to the English mission (, Records, vi. 192). When he published his ‘Quartron of Reasons’ in 1600, he was, according to Wood, ‘living at Phalempyne, beyond the sea,’ being then a doctor of divinity. Two years later he was again labouring on the mission, and being apprehended, was committed to Newgate. He was again in prison in 1612, when he was condemned to death for being a priest, but he was reprieved and banished in the following year. While in prison he received the Benedictine habit by commission from Dom Leander of St. Martin (John Jones), and after his release he was professed on 8 Oct. 1613 under the religious name of Thomas of St. Gregory. Weldon states that he first detected the error of the Illuminati, who expected the incarnation of the Holy Ghost from a certain young virgin, but does not say how he made his exposure public. In 1633 Hill was appointed titular cathedral prior of Gloucester. On leaving the English mission he retired to St. Gregory's monastery at Douay, where he died on 7 Aug. 1644.

His works are: 1. ‘A Quartron of Reasons of Catholike Religion, with as many briefe reasons of refusall,’ Antwerp, 1600, 8vo. This work elicited replies from George Abbot [q. v.], dean of Winchester, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, and from Francis Dillingham, B.D., of Cambridge [q. v.] 2. ‘A Plaine Path-Way to Heaven. Meditations, or Spirituall Discourses vpon the Ghospells of all the Sondayes in the yeare, for euery day in the weeke one,’ with ‘a little Treatise how to find out the True Fayth … by Thomas


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 5 pour cent et la constitution du fonds de réserve au chiffre de £E. 350,000, sera employée à l'amortissement.

XLIX. L'amortissement sera fait par rachats jusqu'au cours de 80 pour cent.

Au-dessus de ce cours l'amortissement s'effectuera par tirage à 80 pour cent.

L. L'Administration de la Daïra sera composée d'un Directeur-Général, d'un Conseil de Direction, et d'un Conseil Supérieur.

LI. Le Directeur-Général sera nommé par nous. Il aura tous les pouvoirs d'Administration sous les réserves mentionnées ci-après.

LII. Le Conseil de Direction sera constitué comme l'était le Conseil Supérieur établi par le Contrat du 12 Juillet, 1877, et en aura toutes les attributions.

LIII. La nomination et la révocation de tous les employés supérieurs, ainsi que les baux de terres d'une étendue moindre de 3,000 feddans, passés pour une période n'excédant pas six années, seront soumis à son approbation.

Il lui appartiendra, en outre, d'autoriser le Directeur-Général à ester en justice, soit en demandant, soit en défendant, et de statuer sur les questions administratives dans lesquelles il jugerait à propos d'intervenir.

LIV. Les Contrôleurs de la Daïra seront nommés par nous sur la désignation officieuse des Gouvernements Anglais et Français. À défaut de cette désignation, notre choix se portera sur des fonctionnaires supérieurs des deux pays, en activité de service ou en retraite.

LV. Le Conseil Supérieur se composera de notre Ministre des Finances, des deux Contrôleurs-Généraux, et des membres du Conseil de Direction. Les Contrôleurs-Généraux seront remplacés, en cas d'absence ou d'empêchement, par les Commissaires de la Dette, de leur nationalité respective.

Le Conseil Supérieur aura pour attributions de voter le Budget, de vérifier et d'approuver les comptes annuels de l'Administration, d'autoriser les emprunts, les aliénations et les baux, autres que ceux mentionnés à l'Article LIII, de fixer le chiffre maximum du compte-courant et de déterminer le mode de placement des sommes composant le fonds de réserve.


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Father (Coates)

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1911), "Father" in The Independent (15 June 1911).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Father" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Father" in Poems II.

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 Toutefois les projets d'aliénation et les baux réservés à son approbation ne lui seront soumis qu'autant que les deux Contrôleurs auront émis un vote favorable dans le Conseil de Direction, et les décisions qu'il prendra à ce sujet ne seront exécutoires qu'après approbation de notre Conseil des Ministres.

LVI. Le Conseil Supérieur aura, en outre, à statuer sur les décisions du Conseil de Direction qui lui seraient deférées par un des membres de ce Conseil.

LVII. Indépendamment des attributions qui leur sont conférées par les dispositions qui précèdent, les Contrôleurs de la Daïra seront considérés comme les représentants légaux des porteurs d'obligations de la Dette Générale de la Daïra.

Ils pourront, à ce titre, poursuivre par toutes les voies de droit, l'exécution des engagements pris par le Gouvernement en vers ces derniers.

LVIII. Les titres de l'Emprunt 1870 et les bons Daïra non-convertis devront être présentés à la conversion avant le 1er Avril, 1881, sous peine de déchéance.

Passé cette date, ces titres ne pourront plus donner lieu à aucune action contre la Daïra, ni contre le Gouvernement.

LIX. L'Administration de la Daïra devra réclamer la remise des titres convertis ou amortis, à toutes personnes qui en sont actuellement dépositaires, et leur en donnera valablement décharge.

LX. Seront prescrits au profit de la Daïra, les coupons de la Dette Générale impayés dans le délai de cinq ans à compter de leurs échéances respectives, et les obligations désignées pour l'amortissement par voie de tirage qui n'auront pas été remboursées dans le délai de quinze ans.

Ces délais seront calculés d'après le calendrier Grégorien. LXI. Les titres de la Dette Daïra Khassa seront, par les soins de notre Ministre des Finances, convertis au pair en titres de la Dette Générale de la Daïra Sanieh, jouissance de 15 Avril, 1880.

Ces titres devront être présentés à la conversion avant le 1er Avril, 1881, sous peine de déchéance.

L'annuité actuellement affectée au service de la Dette Daïra Khassa, soit £E. 34,000, sera versée par notre Ministre des


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 Finances à la Daïra Sanieh, moitié le 1er Avril, moitie le 1er Octobre de chaque année.

Le coupon de la Daïra Khassa échu le 1er Janvier, 1880, sera payé aux porteurs de titres, lors de la conversion, sur les fonds de la liquidation.

L'intérêt acquis du 1er Janvier au 15 Avril, 1880, leur sera payé, au taux de 5 pour cent sur les ressources générales du Trésor.

LXII. Toutes les clauses du Contrat du 12 Juillet, 1877, sont maintenus en tant qu'elles ne sont pas contraires aux dispositions de la présente loi.

LXIII. L'actif de la liquidation de la Dette Non-Consolidée comprend:—

(1) Le solde de l'Emprunt Domanial.

(2) Les soldes en numéraire existant au 31 Décembre, 1879, dans les Caisses des Ministères et dans celles des provinces et Administrations dont les revenus ne sont pas affectés par la présente loi, au service de la Dette Consolidée.

(3) L'excédant des versements de la Moukabalah disponible a la Caisse de la Dette Publique.

(4) Les sommes réalisées ou qui pourront être réalisées sur les droits et taxes de toute nature restant à recouvrer au 31 Décembre, 1879, dans les provinces et Administrations affectées ou non-affectées au service de la Dette Consolidée.

(5) Les biens immeubles du Domaine Privé non affectes à des services publics, à la garantie de l'Emprunt Domanial ou de la Dette Générale de la Daïra Sanieh, jusqu'à extinction de la Dette Non-Consolidée.

(6) Le produit de la conversion des bons ou titres rentrés au Trésor après remboursement de leur montant en exécution de décisions judiciaires.

(7) Les titres de la Dette Privilégiée créés en vertu de l'Article VI de la présente loi.

(8) Dans le cas prévu par l'Article LXX la partie des


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 the basic need for domestic fuel, and the few substitutes available, it seems that the only way out of this problem in the short and medium term is to treat fuelwood like food and grow it as a subsistence crop. This is best done through employing various agroforestry techniques, some of which have, in fact, been used for generations. (see Chapter 5.)

72. But in most rural areas, simply growing more trees does not necessarily solve the problem. In some districts where there are many trees, fuelwood is not available to those who need it. The trees may be owned by only a few people. Or tradition may dictate that women play no role in the cash economy and cannot buy or sell wood. The communities concerned will have to work out local solutions to these problems, But such local issues mean that governments and aid and development organizations that want to help the fuelwood situation in developing countries will have to work harder to understand the role fuelwood plays in rural areas, and the social relations governing its production and use.

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Ⅴ. RENEWABLE ENERGY: THE UNTAPPED POTENTIAL
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73. Renewable energy sources could in theory provide 10-13 TW annually - equal to current global energy consumption. Today they provide about 2 TW annually, about 21 per cent of the energy consumed worldwide, of which 15 per cent is biomass and 6 per cent hydropower. However, most of the biomass is in the form of fuelwood and agricultural and animal wastes. As noted above, fuelwood can no longer be thought of as a 'renewable' resource in many areas, because consumption rates have overtaken sustainable yields.

74. Although worldwide reliance on all these sources has been growing by more than 10 per cent a year since the late 1970s, it will be some time before they make up a substantial portion of the world's energy budget. Renewable energy systems are still in a relatively primitive stage of development. But they offer the world potentially huge primary energy sources, sustainable in perpetuity and available in one form or another to every nation on Earth. But it will require a subsantial and sustained commitment to further research and development if their potential is to be realized.

75. Wood as a renewable energy source is usually thought of as naturally occurring trees and shrubs harvested for local domestic use. Wood, however, is becoming an important feedstock, specially grown for advanced energy conversion processes in developing as well as industrial countries for the production of process heat, electricity, and potentially for other fuels, such as combustible gases and liquids.

76. Hydropower, second to wood among the renewables, has been expanding at nearly 4 per cent annually. Although hundreds of thousands of megawatts of hydropower have been harnessed throughout the world, the remaining potential is huge. In /…

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 dants budge tai res destinée a ramortissement de la Dette Consolidee aux termes de l'Article XV.

Art. LXIV. Les biens mentionnés au section (5) de l'Article precedent seront insaisissables pour les creanciers de la liquidation de la Dette Non-Consolidée jusqu'au 31 Mars, 1881, et pour tons autres créanciers du Gouvernement jusqu'à la fin de la liquidation.

LXV. Notre Ministre des Finances est autorise a se procurer, pour les besoins de la liquidation de la Dette Non-Consolidee, une avance de ₤ E. 650,000, en donnant en garantie hypothécaire tout ou partie des biens du domaine désigné au section (5) de l'Article LXIII.

Les biens ainsi donnés en hypothèque demeureront aliénables a charge d'en appliquer le prix, jusqu'a due concurrence, au remboursement intégral de l'emprunt dont il s'agit ; jusqu'à ce remboursement et, au plus tard, jusqu'au 31 Decembre, 1882, ils seront insaisissables.

LXVI. Le passif de la liquidation de la Dette Non-Consolidée comprend : —

(1) Les dettes de l'État résultant de décisions judiciaires ou pouvant résulter d'instances pendantes ;

(2) Toutes les dettes, autres que les emprunts publics contractés à l'étranger ou à l'intérieur, qui au cours de la liquidation ont été ou seront reconnues par le Gouvernement et qui resultent de droits acquis anterieurement au 1er Janvier, 1880. Ces dettes seront régléés conformement aux dispositions qui suivent. Les règlements dèja effectués d'après ces dispositions sont approuves.

LXVII. Seront payables intégralement en espèces : —

(i) Les arrieres du Tribut de Constantinople;

(2) Les creances garanties par des inscriptions hypothécaires prises antérieurement aux 2 et 3 Février, 1879, biens affectés à la garantie de l'Emprunt Domanial ;

(3) Les arrieres de traitements, pensions, et salaires ;

(4) Les sommes dues par le Beit-el-Mal et par la Caisse des Orphelins dans les conditions indiquees à l'Article LXXII de la presente Loi ;

(5) Les sommes versees à titre de depot dans les Caisses de l'État.


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 His son,, M.A. (d. 1720), was a nonconformist tutor of some celebrity, who conducted an academy for training ministers at Derby (before 1714), at Hartshorn, and at Findern, Derbyshire, and died on 2 March 1720. He published, for the use of his pupils (who were to sing them) a selection of psalms in Latin and Greek verse, with title ‘Celleberrimi viri G. Buchanani Paraphrasis Poetica in Psalmos,’ &c., 1715, 12mo; the British Museum copy belonged to his most famous pupil, John Taylor, D.D., the hebraist.

HILL, THOMAS (1661–1734), portrait-painter, born in 1661, first learned drawing from W. Faithorne the elder [q. v.], the engraver. He painted numerous portraits at the beginning of the eighteenth century, some of which were engraved in mezzotint by J. Smith and others. Among them were George Hooper, bishop of Bath and Wells, Baron de Ginkel, Sir Henry Goodricke, bart., Lady Goodricke, and a group of three children of the Duke of Leeds. He painted three portraits of Humphrey Wanley [q. v.]: one is in the Bodleian Library, Oxford; another, dated 18 Dec. 1711, is in the collection of the Society of Antiquaries, ‘painted in a peculiarly soft and ornamental manner;’ and a third, painted in 1717, is in the National Portrait Gallery. Hill died at Mitcham in 1734.

HILL, THOMAS (1760–1840), book-collector and bon-vivant, was born in Lancaster in May 1760, and went at an early age to London, where for many years he carried on an extensive business as a drysalter at Queenhithe. He patronised Bloomfield, whose ‘Farmer's Boy’ he read in manuscript, and recommended to a publisher. Hill was part proprietor of the ‘Monthly Mirror,’ and befriended Kirke White when a contributor to that periodical. Southey refers to him as ‘a lover of English literature who possessed one of the most copious collections of English poetry in existence’ (Life of Kirke White, i. 14). He had a house in Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, and a cottage at Sydenham, where he used to entertain the Kembles, Theodore Hook, Campbell, Dubois, the Hunts, the two Smiths, Barron Field, and many other literary men. These parties were ‘the Sydenham Sundays’ which Mrs. Mathews ‘remembered with retrospective gratification’ (Memoirs of C. Mathews, iii. 627). About 1810, having lost heavily by an unsuccessful speculation in indigo, he retired to second-floor chambers at 2 James Street, Adelphi, where he lived the rest of his long and merry life. Messrs. Longman gave between 3,000l. and 4,000l. for his books. They form the basis of their ‘Bibliotheca Anglo-Poetica,’ 1815, 8vo.

The most life-like picture of Tom Hill is to be found in Hook's ‘Gilbert Gurney,’ where he figures as ‘Hull.’ The scenes in which he appears were read over to him before publication. He was always thought to be the original of Poole's ‘Paul Pry,’ immortalised by Liston, although Poole himself insisted that the character was never intended ‘as the representative of any one individual’ (New Monthly Magazine, xxxi. 280). His familiar peculiarities are also represented in the person of ‘Jack Hobbleday’ of Poole's ‘Little Pedlington.’ Lockhart called him ‘the most innocent and ignorant of all the bibliomaniacs.’ ‘He had no literary tastes and acquirements; his manners were those of his business’ (, Fifty Years' Recollections, 1858, ii. 212). But the ‘jovial bachelor, plump and rosy as an abbot’ (, Autob. 1850, ii. 17), with his famous ‘Pooh! pooh! I happen to know,’ his ceaseless questionings in a harsh, guttural voice, his boastings, his extensive and distorted knowledge of all the gossip of the day, was spoken of by every one as a very kind-hearted and hospitable man. Even at an advanced age he was unusually young-looking; hence the joke of Rogers, that he was one of the little Hills spoken of as skipping in the Psalms, and the assertion of James Smith that the record of his birth had been destroyed in the fire of London.

He died in the Adelphi on 20 Dec. 1840, in his eighty-first year, leaving to Edward Dubois [q. v.] most of his remaining fortune. His furniture and plate were sold by auction on 23 April 1841 (Catalogue, 1841, 8vo). There is an engraving of him, by Linnell after a miniature, in ‘Bentley's Miscellany,’ 1841, ix. 89. An excellent portrait, by Maclise, was given in the ‘Gallery of Literary Characters’ (Fraser's Mag. 1834, x. 172), with a very ingenious imitation of his style of rapid monologue from the pen of Maginn. [Annual Register, 1841, p. 176; W. Bates's Maclise Gallery, 1883, pp. 263–7. Some characteristic stories about Hill are given in Bentley's


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 LXVIII. Toutes les autres créances contre l'État désignées à l'Article LXVI seront liquidées en capital, intérêts de droit au 15 Avril, 1880, et frais, sous les réserves formulées aux Articles LXXII et suivants. Le paiement en sera effectué dans les conditions suivantes : 30 pour cent en espèces ;

70 pour cent en titres de la Dette Privilégiée au pair, jouissance du 15 Avril, 1880.

Les créances et les reliquats de créances inférieurs à 1,950 piastres tarif (20l.) seront payés en espèces.

Les sommes à payer en espèces ne porteront pas intérêt.

LXIX. Les creances pouvant résulter de décisions judiciaires à intervenir dans les instances actuellement pendantes et relatives à des droits acquis anterieurement au 1er Janvier, 1880, seront réglées en capital, frais et intérêts de droit calculés à la date de l'écheance du coupon de la Dette Privilégiée qui précédera le règlement. Elles seront payées de la fagon suivante :

30 pour cent en especes ;

70 pour cent en titres de la Dette Privilégiée au pair, avec jouissance du coupon en cours lors du règlement.

Les sommes à payer en espèces ne porteront pas intérêt. Les créances et les reliquats de créances inférieurs à 1,950 piastres tarif (20l.) seront payes en espèces.

LXX. Une somme de ₤ E. 650,000 nominales en titres de la Dette Privilégiée ou le capital effectif correspondant, sera prelevee sur l'actif et reservée pour le reglement de ces creances.

En cas d'insuffisance de cette réserve il y sera suppléé au moyen des ressources suivantes sur lesquelles, à I'exclusion de toutes autres, ces creanciers pourront exercer leurs droits :

1. Les proprietes engagees à la garantie de l'Emprunt de ₤ E. 650,000 autorisé par l'Article LXV qui resteront invendues après le remboursement intégral du dit emprunt ;

2. Toutes les autres propriétés saisissables et aliénables de l'État ;

3. La partie des excédants de revenus non affectes au service de la Dette Consolidee qui est destinee à l'amortissement par l'Article XV de la présente loi.


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 Ces ressources ne seront appliquees à ramortissement qu'après I'extinction complète des creances mentionnees dans l'Article precedent. Nonobstant cette disposition, les excédants budgetaires dont il s'agit conserveront leur caractère de deniers publics.

LXXI. Sont ratifiées les transactions particulières specifiees dans l'Annexe A, et ayant eu pour objet le règlement de créances garanties par des gages ou des privilèges, ou la résiliation de contrats de fournitures non encore complètement exécutés.

LXXII. Seront payées integralement en titres de la Dette Privilegiee au pair, la creance de 1'Administration des Wakfs, arrêtée à la somme de ₤ E. 290,976, et celle de l'Administration des Écoles Nationales, arrêtée à la somme de ₤ E. 13,433.

Les sommes dues à des tiers par la Caisse des Orpbelins payables en numéraire seront soldees sur l'actif de la Caisse, soit sur les fonds de la liquidation, en ajoutant au capital un intérêt de 4 pour cent.

LXXIII. Les creanciers dont les droits sont l'objet des Reglements ^peciaux ^dictes par les Articles LXVII et LXXII, et qui sont munis de decisions judiciaires auront l'option entre ces Règlements spéciaux et le Règlement général prévu aux Articles LXVIII et LXIX.

LXXIV. Les creanciers de la Daïra Khassa, porteurs de délégations sur l'ancienne Liste Civile, enregistrées ou visees au Ministère des Finances, ou qui sont munis de decisions judiciaires établissant leurs droits, seront assimiles aux créanciers de l'État et desinteresses dans les conditions indiquées aux Articles LXVIII et LXIX.

Toutefois, ceux d'entre eux qui auraient pris inscription hypothecaire sur des immeubles de la Daïra Khassa auront l'option entre l'exercice de leurs droits hypothécaires et le paiement de leur créance dans les conditions sus-indiquées.

Ces créanciers devront signifier leur option dans le delai de trois mois à partir de la publication de la présente loi, à défaut de quoi ils cesseront d'être considérés comme créanciers de l'État. S'ils exercent leurs droits hypothécaires ils n'auront, pour le surplus de leur créance, aucun recours centre l'État.


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 L'État sera de plein droit subroge aux droits hypothécaires des créanciers désintéressés sur les deniers de la liquidation.

LXXV. Seront déduits du montant des dettes de l'État les arriérés dus pour l'année 1878 tant sur la Liste Civile de son Altesse Ismaïl Pacha, que sur les allocations des membres de sa famille désignés ci-après:

Son Altesse la Princesse sa Mère, Leurs Altesses les Princesses ses épouses, Leurs Altesses les Princes et Princesses ses enfants, leurs époux, leurs épouses, et leurs enfants.

Les sommes dues par eux ou leurs Daïras à titre d'impôts ou de taxes arriérés jusqu'au 1er Janvier, 1879, ne leur seront pas réclamées.

En outre, une somme de ₤E. 225,000 prélevée sur les fonds de la liquidation sera affecté au règlement des dettes des membres de notre famille désignés ci-dessus ainsi que des dettes de la Daïra Khassa autres que celles dont il est parlé à l'Article LXXIV.

Ce règlement sera fait par les soins du Ministére des Finances en se conformant, par analogie, aux dispositions du droit privé applicables par les Tribunaux de la Réforme en matière de contribution.

LXXVI. Une somme de ₤E. 127,816 est affecteé au paiement des arriérés dus sur leurs allocations de l'année 1879, aux membres de notre famille mentionnés à l'Article précédent.

LXXVII. Les arriérés des allocations antérieures au 1er Janvier, 1879, dus aux Princes et Princesses de notre famille autres que ceux dont il est fait mention à l'Article LXXV, seront réglés et payés dans les conditions de l'Article LXVIII.

Les arriérés des allocations de l'annee 1879 seront payés intégralement.

LXXVIII. L'annuité de 60,000l., précédemment constituée au profit de son Altesse le Prince Abdul Halim Pacha et représentée par des bons du Trésor au porteur, est réduite, à compter du 1er Janvier, 1880, à ₤E. 15,000, conformément à notre Décret en date du 21 Janvier, 1880.

Cette annuité sera incessible et insaisissable.

Les bons du Trésor, dits bons Halim, souscrits par le Ministre des Finances le 2 Octobre, 1870 (7 Ragheb, 1287), portant


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 Miscellany, 1841, ix. 86–90*; New Monthly Mag. 1847, lxxx. 43–8, 137–43; Barham's Life of Hook, 1849, i. 64, 173–8; Cyrus Redding's Fifty Years' Recollections, ii. 212–15; Memoirs of C. Mathews, iii. 622–7. See also Timbs's Curiosities of London, 1867, p. 2; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xii. 222–3; W. Knight's Mem. of Coleorton, 1887, ii. 27.]  HILL, THOMAS (1808–1865), topographer, born in 1808, entered in 1828 Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1830, and M.A. in 1832. He took holy orders in 1833, was assistant classical master at Mercers' School from 1832 to 1850, and was presented to the living of Holy Trinity, Queenhithe, London, in 1850. He was author of ‘The Harmony of the Greek and Latin Languages,’ London, 12mo, 1841, and ‘History of the Nunnery of St. Clare and the parish of Holy Trinity,’ London, 8vo, 1851. Hill died at 30 Little Trinity Lane, 13 Feb. 1865, aged 57.

 HILL, THOMAS FORD (d. 1795), antiquary, was the son of a glove manufacturer at Worcester. He was a quaker, and intended for a commercial life. After serving an apprenticeship at Pontefract, he was taken into the house of Messrs. Dawson & Walker in Cornhill, London, but abandoned business for literature and antiquities. In 1780 he made an antiquarian tour through Scotland. In 1784 he visited the continent, residing at Geneva to learn French, and afterwards exploring the mountainous districts of Savoy. His tour was in 1787 extended to Italy, for the purpose of antiquarian studies. He was abroad five years, during which he made the acquaintance of eminent men of learning, and of Cardinal Borgia and Prince Kaunitz. He made two other journeys to the continent in 1791 and 1792, when he travelled through a great part of Germany, and also visited Paris. In 1792 he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. In 1794 he went again to Italy, and died on 16 July 1795 at Ariano, worn out by the difficulties he had encountered in his journey to Calabria in that year.

During his tour in Scotland in 1780 Hill collected many Erse songs, some of which appeared, together with a notice of his tour, in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ (1782 p. 570, 1783 i. 33, 36, 140, 398, 489, ii. 590), as also did a letter of his on the Ossian controversy (1782, pp. 570–1). The poems were afterwards published separately, under the title of ‘Ancient Erse Songs,’ 1784. The only other work of Hill was ‘Observations on the Politics of France, and their Progress since the Last Summer,’ which was published in 1792. His portrait was painted at Rome in 1787 by Gavin Hamilton (1730–1797) [q. v.]

 HILL, THOMAS NOEL (1784–1832), colonel, seventh son of Sir John Hill, third baronet of Hawkstone, Shropshire, and younger brother of General Lord Hill [see ], was born 14 Feb. 1784, and entered the army 25 Sept. 1801 as cornet 10th light dragoons (afterwards 10th hussars), in which he became lieutenant in 1803 and captain in 1805. He exchanged to the 53rd foot the year after, and on 16 Feb. 1809 was appointed major in the Portuguese army under Marshal Beresford. He commanded the first Portuguese regiment at the battle of Busaco, the siege and capture of Ciudad Rodrigo, the battles of Salamanca and Vittoria, and the capture of St. Sebastian. He was appointed captain and lieutenant-colonel 1st foot-guards (Grenadier guards) 25 July, and was knighted 28 July 1814. He served as assistant adjutant-general in the Waterloo campaign. He retired from the guards on half-pay, 27 May 1824. He was deputy adjutant-general in Canada in 1827–30, and was afterwards appointed commandant of the cavalry depot, Maidstone, where he died on 4 Jan. 1832.

Hill was a K.C.B., and had the orders of the Tower and Sword of Portugal and of Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria. He married, on 27 July 1821, Anna Maria Shore, fourth daughter of the first Lord Teignmouth, by whom he had six surviving children.

 HILL, THOMAS WRIGHT (1763–1851), schoolmaster and stenographer, born at Kidderminster on 24 April 1763, was the son of a baker and dealer in horse-corn. His forefathers for three generations had been freeholders and tradesmen of Kidderminster, being descended from Walter Hill, a landowner of Abberley, Worcestershire (d. 1693). They claimed relationship with Samuel Butler, author of ‘Hudibras.’ Thomas received part of his education at a school kept by Dr. Addington, a dissenting minister, at Market Harborough, Leicestershire, and was afterwards removed to the grammar school of his native town. In early childhood he developed a taste for literature, and interested himself in mathematics, astronomy, and na-


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 les No. 23 et suivants jusques et y compris le No. 80, chacun des dits bons d'une valeur de 2,925,000 piastres (30,000l.), venant à échéance le 11 Juillet, 1882, et les 11 Janvier et 11 Juillet des années suivantes, sont rayés des livres des dettes de l'État. Aucun des dits bons ne sera payé, en quelques mains qu'il se trouve.

LXXIX. Indépendamment de l'annuité de ₤E. 15,000 inscrite au Budget de l'État à partir du 1er Janvier, 1880, le montant intégral des cinq bons venant à échéance dans le cours des années 1880 et 1881, et le 11 Janvier, 1882, qui, aux termes du Contrat passé le 11 Juillet, 1870, entre Son Altesse le Khédive, Ismaïl Pacha, et Son Altesse le Prince Halim, ont pu être escomptés soit 150,000l., sera exigible à partir de la publication de la présente loi, et compris dans la Dette Non-Consolidée pour être réglé et payé dans les conditions spécifiées à l'Article LXVIII.

LXXX. Son Altesse le Prince Halim aura le droit de recueillir les successions qui ont pu ou qui pourront s'ouvrir à son profit à partir du 1er Janvier, 1880, nonobstant la renonciation insérée au Contrat du 11 Juillet, 1870.

LXXXI. Sera considérée comme nulle et non avenue la clause du même contrat, par laquelle le Prince Halim renonce à toute allocation en sa faveur ou en faveur de ses enfants après l'échéance de la dernière des annuités de ₤E. 15,000 visées dans l'Article LXXVIII.

LXXXII. La situation respective de l'État et de la succession d'Ismaïl Pacha Saddik, demeure fixée ainsi qu'il suit: l'État prend `a sa charge les dettes reconnues de la succession, et celles qui peuvent résulter des réclamations dirigées contre elle telles qu'elles sont indiquées au Tableau (B) annexé à la présente loi. Ces dettes seront intégralement payées en espéces.

Moyennant quoi, l'État et la succession ou ses ayants-droit seront entièrement libérés l'un en vers I'autre, sans qu'il puisse y avoir entre eux ni comptes à faire, ni réclamations à formuler, ni droit ou revendications à exercer, pour quelque cause que ce soit.

LXXXIII. Par l'effet des règlements et paiements des créances aux clauses et conditions de la présente loi, l'État et


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 has been done over the past 10 years to develop fuel-efficient stoves, and some of these new models use 30-50 per cent less fuel. These, as well as aluminium cooking pots and pressure cookers that also use much less fuel, should be made more widely available in urban areas.

69. Charcoal is a more convenient, cleaner fuel than wood, and its smoke causes less eye irritation and respiratory trouble than wood smoke. But the usual methods for making it waste tremendous quantities of wood. Deforestation rates around cities could be greatly reduced if more efficient charcoal-making techniques, such as brick or metal kilns, were introduced.

70. Commercial forestry operations are rarely effective in providing fuelwood in rural areas, but they help to meet urban and industrial needs. Commercial farm forestry, or, on a larger scale, dedicated energy plantations, can be viable enterprises. Green belts round large urban areas can also provide wood fuel for the urban consumers, and such an urban green zone brings other environmental amenities. Some iron and steel industries in developing countries are based on charcoal produced from wood in such dedicated energy plantations. Unfortunately. most still draw their wood supplies from native forests, without reforestation. Often, especially in the initial stages, fiscal and tax incentives are necessary to get planting projects going. Later these can be tied to success rates for tree growth, and can eventually be phased out. In urban areas, there are also good prospects for increasing the supplies of alternative energy sources, such as electricity, liquid propane gas, kerosene, and coal.

71. These strategies, however, will not be able to help most rural people, particularly the poor, who collect their wood. For them wood is a 'free good' until the last available tree is cut down. Rural areas require totally different strategies. Given /…

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 tural philosophy. When nine years old he heard several of the philosophical lectures of James Ferguson, of which he gives an interesting account in his autobiography. When fourteen years of age he was apprenticed to a brassfounder in Birmingham, but he found the business uncongenial, and his voluntary efforts as a Sunday-school teacher at the chapel of Dr. Priestley led him ultimately to devote his special attention to teaching. He joined Dr. Priestley's congregation, and was much influenced by his pastor. He made a close study of letter sounds. Dr. Guest, in his ‘History of English Rhythms,’ i. 9, attributed to him the discovery of ‘the distinction between vocal and whisper letters.’ He invented a system of philosophic shorthand, and he devised and induced a scientific society to adopt the scheme for the representation of minorities, which Mr. Thomas Hare afterwards reinvented. Honest, guileless, and unconventional, Hill is said to have been endowed with every sense but common sense. And that deficiency his wife, Sarah Lea, a woman of strong character, tried to supply. A manufacture of woollen stuffs in which he had engaged was ruined by the French war. Reduced to great straits, Hill at the suggestion of his wife opened a school in order that his children might be properly educated. The school was first opened about 1803 at Hill Top, then on the outskirts of Birmingham. His simple love of truth and courtesy made him a fair teacher, but he lacked mental perspective, and treated all kinds of knowledge as of equal importance. His private pupils in mathematics in the town included Edwin Guest [q. v.], afterwards master of Caius College, Cambridge, and Benjamin Hall Kennedy [q. v.], afterwards professor of Greek at Cambridge. Hill never freed himself from debt, but his buoyant optimism never allowed his embarrassments to trouble him, although his wife felt keenly their heavy burden, and their son Rowland soon took charge of their money affairs, with admirable effect. Hill remained at Hill Top till 1819. His son Rowland had then become chief director of the school, and removed it to Hazelwood, where he introduced his well-known scheme of education [see ].

In 1827 Hill and his sons removed the school to Bruce Castle at Tottenham. Hill died at Tottenham on 13 June 1851, aged 88. By his wife, Sarah Lea, he was father of Matthew Davenport Hill [q. v.]; Edwin Hill [q. v.]; Sir Rowland Hill [q. v.], the postal reformer; Arthur (1795–1885), headmaster of Bruce Castle school; Frederic (b. 1803 and still (1891) living, inspector of prisons in Scotland, and afterwards in England, subsequently an assistant secretary to the post office; and Caroline (1800–1877), the wife of Francis Clark of Birmingham, afterwards of Adelaide, South Australia. Two other children died young.

Hill's ‘Remains,’ containing an autobiographical fragment and some notices of his life, were privately printed at London, 1859, 8vo. A volume of ‘Selections from his Papers’ appeared in London in 1860. They consist of: 1. ‘A Lecture on the Articulation of Speech,’ 1821. 2. ‘Phonotypy by Modification, a means by which unusual types can be dispensed with.’ 3. ‘A brief Account of his System of Shorthand.’ He originally devised this ingenious system about 1802, and by various changes at length reduced it to a complete philosophical alphabet, on a strictly phonetic basis, without depriving it of its stenographic character. 4. ‘A System of Numerical Nomenclature and Notation, grounded on the principles of abstract utility,’ 1845. In this new system the names of the numbers are made, by virtue of arithmetical significance given to the vowels and diphthongs, to indicate their precise meaning by their structure. 5. ‘Scheme for Conducting Elections.’ 6. ‘Easy Calculations for Matching the Days of the Month and the Days of the Week in Dates.’ First printed privately in 1849.

HILL, WILLIAM (1619–1667), classical scholar, born in 1619 at Curdworth, Warwickshire, was the son of Blackleech Hill, an attorney, and afterwards bailiff of Hemlingford hundred in Warwickshire. In October 1634, when aged fifteen, he entered Merton College, Oxford, where he was made a post-master, and in 1639 a fellow. He graduated M.A. in 1641, and later in life received the degree of D.D. from the university of Dublin. On leaving Oxford about 1640, Hill became master of the free school at Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, and brought it into credit. He afterwards removed to London, and there practised medicine with success. Wood (who, however, had not seen the book) says he epitomised some of the works of Lazarus Riverius, the physician. In 1658 Hill published an edition of Dionysius Periegetes, London, 8vo; other editions appeared in 1659, 1663, 1679, &c. Wood says the edition was used ‘in many schools and by most juniors of the university of Oxon.’ Leaving London to resume teaching, Hill became chief master of the school of St.


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 les Administrations de l'État seront complètement et definitivement libérés envers les créanciers de la liquidation et leurs ayants-droit, quelles que soient leurs causes de préférence, sans qu'il puisse y avoir au sujet de droits acquis antérieurement à 1880, ni autres comptes à faire, ni réclamations à formuler, ni droits ou revendications à exercer de part ou d'autre.

Par suite, les créanciers désintéressés dans les conditions de la présente loi devront, en même temps qu'ils donneront quittance, consentir la radiation de toute transcription ou inscription d'hypothèque, ou de tons autres droits sur les biens de l'État. À défaut de ce consentement, la radiation ou l'annulation devra en être ordonnée par justice.

II en sera de même de toutes mesures conservatoires ou d'exécution pratiquees à l'encontre du Gouvernement et les Administrations de l'État, antérieurement ou postérieurement à la présente loi, par des créanciers de la liquidation.

Le présent Article ni préjudiciera en rien aux droits réels acquis en vertu d'inscriptions d'hypothèques conventionnelles.

Les frais d'inscription et de radiation des hypothèques seront à la charge de la liquidation.

LXXXIV. Les biens de l'État énumérés dans le Décret du 16 Juin, 1880, font partie du doraaine public insaisissable et imprescriptible, sous réserve, en ce qui concerne les Palais de Minieh et de Roda, de leur affectation à la garantie de la Dette Générale de la Daïra Sanieh, telle qu'elle résulte de l'Article XLI de la présente loi.

Toutefois les droits acquis en vertu d'inscriptions hypothécaires prises sur ces biens antérieurement à la publication du dit Décret sont maintenus.

Les biens immeubles énumérés dans le Décret précité ne pourront être aliénés qu'autant qu'un Décret les aura fait rentrer dans le domaine privé.

LXXXV. Toutes sommes dues à l'État ou aux Administrations de l'État par les créanciers de la liquidation, à quelque titre, et pour quelque cause que ce soit, seront compensées avant tout règlement avec leurs créances, sans préjudice des compensations spéciales prévues dans la présente loi.

LXXXVI. À partir de la publication de la présente loi, nul ne sera recevable devant aucune juridiction, pour


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 quelque cause et sous quelque forme que ce soit, à intenter une action quelconque soit coutre le Gouvernement, soit contre les Administrations de l'État, à raison de droits acquis antérieurement au 1er Janvier, 1880, si ce n'est en matière de contestations relatives au montant des dettes mentionnées à l'Article LXVI, et sous les réserves contenues dans les Articles LXVII et suivants.

TITRE IV.

Moukalalah.

Art. LXXXVII. La Loi de la Moukabalah, rapportée par notre Decret du 6 Janvier, 1880, est et demeure définitivement abrogée sous les reserves contenues dans I'Article V du dit Decret.

Sont également abrogées les dispositions de ;'Article III du même Décret.

Les versements de la Moukabalah reconnus reguliers donneront droit à une indemnité au profit des personnes qui, lors du reglèment dont il va être parlé ci-dessous, seront propriétaires des terres auxquelles ont été appliques ces versements.

Seront considérés comme propriétaires, sous réserve des droits des tiers, les personnes inscrites sur les registres des impôts fonciers.

Les propriétaires sus-indiqués devront faire valoir leurs droits dans une demande écrite ou verbale, adressée avant le 1er Janvier, 1881, aux Moudirs ou aux agents désignés à cet effet par le Ministre des Finances, et il leur en sera délivré récépissé.

LXXXVIII. Au vu de ces réclamations, le Ministre des Finances fera établir les décomptes individuels des réclamants en les considérant comme créanciers ;

(1) Des versements successifs faits à titre de Moukabalah par eux ou par les precedents propriétaires ;

(2) Des intérêts à 4 pour cent de ces versements ;

Et comme débiteurs :

1. Des dégrèvements annuels d'impôts fonciers alloués par suite des versements de la Moukabalah ;


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 Patrick's, Dublin. At the Restoration he was, as a parliamentarian, removed from this post, and went to Finglas, near Dublin, where he became minister, and kept a boarding-school for the children of gentlemen. He died in November 1667 ‘of a pestilential fever’ (which was also fatal to most of his family), and was buried on 29 Nov. in Finglas Church. Hill married when at Sutton Coldfield the well-to-do daughter of ‘a plain countryman.’ She died about 1641, and Hill, when practising medicine in London, married (according to Wood) ‘a young lass, daughter of one Mr. Burges, a physician, who brought him forth a child that lived within the seventh month after marriage.’

Another of Merton College became, according to Wood, a bible clerk of Merton in 1647, and afterwards a tale-bearer to the parliamentary visitors. This man obtained a living, but was ejected at the Restoration, and falling in with a number of fanatics, became privy to a plot to seize the king at Whitehall. He turned informer, and by his means the conspirators were arrested 29 Oct. 1662, and four of them were hanged at Tyburn, 23 Dec. Hill was rewarded with a benefice, which he did not long enjoy. Wood says he published a pamphlet giving a ‘narrative of the plot.’

 HILL, WILLIAM NOEL-, third (d. 1842), was the second son of Noel Hill, first lord Berwick (grand-nephew of Richard Hill [q. v.]), by Anne, daughter of Henry Vernon of Hilton, Staffordshire. He was ambassador at Naples from 1824 to 1833. In 1824 he assumed the additional name of Noel, and in the same year was created a privy councillor. In 1832 he succeeded his elder brother, Thomas Noel, as third Baron Berwick. He was an F.S.A. He died unmarried at Redrice, near Andover, on 4 Aug. 1842. His large library was dispersed by sale.

 HILL, WILLS, first (1718–1793), second and only surviving son of Trevor, first viscount Hillsborough, by his wife Mary, eldest daughter and coheiress of Anthony Rowe of Muswell Hill, Middlesex, and widow of Sir Edward Denton, bart., of Hillesden, Buckinghamshire, was born at Fairford, Gloucestershire, on 30 May 1718. At the general election in May 1741 he was returned to parliament for the boroughs of Warwick and Huntingdon, and elected to sit for Warwick, which he continued to represent until he was created an English peer. In May 1742 he succeeded his father as second Viscount Hillsborough in the peerage of Ireland. On the 27th of the same month, as chairman of the committee appointed by the House of Commons on the previous day, he moved that the refusal of the lords to pass the Indemnification Bill was ‘an obstruction to justice and may prove fatal to the liberties of this nation.’ The motion was, however, rejected by 245 to 193 (Parl. Hist. xii. 715–732). In July 1742 he was appointed lord-lieutenant of county Down in the room of his father, and 10 Nov. 1743 he took his seat for the first time in the Irish House of Peers (Journals of the Irish House of Lords, iii. 542). On 25 Aug. 1746 he was sworn a member of the Irish privy council. He moved the address of condolence in the House of Commons on 22 March 1751, on the death of the Prince of Wales. Walpole describes him as ‘a young man of great honour and merit,’ scrupulous in weighing his reasons, and excellent at setting them off by solemnity of voice and manner (Memoirs of the Reign of George II, i. 80). On 3 Oct. 1751 he was created, by letters patent, Viscount Kilwarlin and Earl of Hillsborough in the peerage of Ireland, with remainder in default of male issue to his uncle, Arthur Hill, and the heirs male of his body. He took part in the debate on the subsidy to the elector of Saxony on 22 Jan. 1752, and ‘distinguished himself extremely upon this occasion. He spoke very strongly for us and upon right principles’ (letter of the Duke of Newcastle to the Duke of Dorset of 25 Jan. 1752, Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. pt. iii. p. 43). In May 1753 he supported the Clandestine Marriage Bill (Parl. Hist. xv. 62–7), and on 21 May 1754 was appointed comptroller of the household to George II, being sworn an English privy councillor on the same day. Resigning the comptrollership he became treasurer of the chamber on 27 Dec. 1755, a post from which he retired in the following year. On 17 Nov. 1756 he was created Lord Harwich, baron of Harwich in the county of Essex, in the peerage of Great Britain, and took his seat in the House of Lords for the first time on 2 Dec. 1756 (Journals of the House of Lords, xxix. 5). On 10 Sept. 1763 he was appointed president of the board of trade and foreign plantations in the place of Lord Shelburne in Grenville's administration, but resigned office on the Marquis of Rockingham becoming prime minister in July 1765. On Pitt's accession to power in the following year


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 2. Des arriérés d'impôts de toutes sortes et des autres dettes antérieures à 1880, dont les ayants-droit se trouveraient redevables vis-à-vis de notre Gouvernement, et ce nonobstant toutes dispositions contraires;

3. Des intérêts à 4 pour cent de ces dégrévements, arriérés, et dettes.

Seront éliminés des décomptes les versements opérés en bons du Trésor et en Ragas qui seraient reconnus fictifs et ceux qui auraient été inscrits en vertu d'Ordres Supérieurs non suivis de paiement.

Le reliquat des décomptes, représentant la créance nette de chaque ayant-droit, servira de base à la répartition de l'indemnité.

LXXXIX. Une somme annuelle de ₤E. 150,000, sera prélevée à compter du 1er Juillet, 1880 pour le service de l'indemnité de la Moukabalah sur les revenus budgétaires destinés à la dette générale, conformément à l'Article XVI.

Elle sera répartie entre les propriétaires ci-dessus désignés sous forme d'annuités applicables, au paiement de la contribution foncière. La répartition sera faite au prorata des créances nettes établies par les décomptes individuels.

Dans le cas où la liquidation ne serait pas achevée à temps pour que la demi annuité de 1880 puisse être appliquée aux contributions de l'année courante, il en sera tenu compte aux contribuables sur les rôles de 1881.

XC. Les annuités seront servies pendant une période de cinquante ans.

La constatation en sera faite dans les villages sur un registre spécial présentant, dans des comptes ouverts à chaque ayant-droit, la série des annuités successives ainsi que la désignation détaillée, par lieux dits contenances et quotes-parts d'impôt, des terres auxquelles les annuités seront applicables.

À chaque mutation de propriété, la portion des annuités correspondant à la portion des terres aliénées sera distraite, sur le registre spécial, du compte de l'ancien propriétaire et reportée au compte du nouveau.

XCI. Lors de l'exécution du cadastre l'evaluation des terres et la répartition de l'impôt seront faites sans tenir compte de ces annuités.


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 XCII. Il sera délivré par le Moudir à chaque ayant-droit, lors de l'établissement des décomptes et à l'occasion des mutations, un certificat énonçant le montant des annuités pour lesquelles il se trouvera inscrit sur le registre spécial du village.

Chaque année les annuités seront inscrites sur les Wirds ou extraits de rôle des contribuables en diminution de leurs impôts fonciers.

Aux époques déterminées par notre Ministre des Finances, les Sarrafs feront annuellement l'imputation des annuités de l'année courante sur le registre de recette de l'impôt foncier comme d'un versement reçu des ayants-droit sur leurs contributions.

En compensation de ces imputations la dotation des annuitŕs restera à la disposition de notre Ministre des Finances.

Toutefois la portion de la dotation afférente aux provinces qui sont affectées à la Dette Publique devra être reversée à la Caisse de la Dette en deux termes égaux, avant le 26 Avril et le 26 Octobre.

XCIII. Un règlement d'Administration, arrêté en Conseil des Ministres sur la proposition de notre Ministre des Finances, déterminera les mesures à prendre pour l'établissement des décomptes de la Moukabalab, la confection et la tenue des registres d'annuités, et le contrôle des opérations.

TITRE V.

Dispositions Générales.

XCIV. Les frais de toute nature auxquels donneront lieu les opérations de la liquidation seront préléves sur l'actif général de la liquidation de la Dette Non-Consolidée.

XCV. Les reliquats de l'actif de la liquidation de la Dette Non-Consolidée, après extinction de cette dette, seront versés à la Caisse de la Dette Publique et affectés à l'amortissement de la Dette Unifiée.

XCVI. Il sera tenu une comptabilité speciale des opérations de la liquidation, et pendant toute la durée de ces opérations le compte nous en sera présénte annuellement par


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 notre Ministre des Finances, avant le 31 Mars pour la période écoulée jusqu'au 31 Decembre de l'année précédente. Ce compte sera publié au 'Moniteur Égyptien.'

XCVII. La présente loi ne portera aucune atteinte aux clauses du contrat intervenu le 14 Avril, 1880, entre notre Gouvernement et les contractants de PEmprunt Domanial, en vertu desquelles les revenus de la Province de Kéneh sont eventuellement affectés à la garantie de cet emprunt.

XCVIII. La presente loi sera publiee dans le 'Moniteur Égyptien.' Des sa publication elle sera executoire, nonobstant toutes dispositions contraires resultant des lois, Decrets, Decisions du Conseil Prive, Ordres Supérieurs, Réglements, contrats, ou usages en vigueur.

XCIX. Nos Ministres sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution de la présente loi.

Fait au Palais de Ras-el-Tin, le 17 Juillet, 1880. MEHEMET THEWFIK.

TABLEAU (A). (voir I'Article LXXI).


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 {{center|1=

Ⅳ. WOOD FUELS: THE VANISHING RESOURCE
}}

64. Seventy per cent of the people in developing countries use wood and, depending on availability, burn anywhere between an absolute minimum of about 350 kilogrammes to 2,900 kilogrammes of dry wood annually, with the average being around 700 kilogrammes per person. Rural woodfuel supplies appear to be steadily collapsing in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. At the same time, the rapid growth of agriculture, the pace of migration to cities, and the growing numbers of people entering the money economy are placing unprecedented pressures on the biomass base and increasing the demand for commercial fuels: from wood and charcoal to kerosene, liquid propane, gas, and electricity. To cope with this, many developing country governments have no option but to immediately organize their agriculture to produce large quantities of wood and other plant fuels.

65. Wood is being collected faster than it can regrow in many developing countries that still rely predominantly on biomass wood, charcoal, dung, and crop residues for cooking, for heating their dwellings, and even for lighting. FAO estimates suggest that in 1980, around 1.3 billion people lived in wood-deficit areas. If this population-driven overharvesting continues at present rates, by the year 2000 some 2.4 billion people may be living in areas where wood is 'acutely scarce or has to be obtained elsewhere'. These figures reveal great human hardship. Precise data on supplies are unavailable because much of the wood is not commercially traded but collected by the users, principally women and children. But here is no doubt that millions are hard put to find substitute fuels, and their numbers are growing.

66. The fuelwood crisis and deforestation, although related, are not the same problems. Wood fuels destined for urban and industrial consumers do tend to come from forests. But only a small proportion of that used by the rural poor comes from forests. Even in these cases, villagers rarely chop down trees; most collect dead branches or cut them from trees.

67. When fuelwood is in short supply, people normally ecomomize; when it is no longer available, rural people are forced to burn such fuels as cow dung, crop stems and hucks, and weeds. Often this does no harm, since waste products such as cotton stalks are used. But the burning of dung and certain crop residues may in some cases rob the soil of needed nutrients. Eventually extreme fuel shortages can reduce the number of cooked meals and shorten the cooking time, which increases malnourisment.

68. Many urban people rely on wood, and most of this is purchased. Recently, as the price of wood fuels has been rising, poor families have been obliged to spend increasing proportions of their income on wood. In Addis Ababa and Maputo, families may spend a third to half of heir incomes this way. Much work /…

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Gotha Program

Programme of the Socialistic Working Men's Party of Germany
Gotha, May 1875

I. Labour is the source of all wealth and all culture, and as useful work in general is possible only through society, so to society, that is to all its members, the entire product belongs; while as the obligation to labour is universal, all have an equal right to such product, each one according to his reasonable needs.

In the existing society the instruments of labour are a monopoly of the capitalist class; the subjection of the working class thus arising is the cause of misery and servitude in every form.

The emancipation of the working class demands the transformation of the instruments of labour into the common property of society and the co-operative control of the total labour, with application of the product of labour to the common good, and just distribution of the same.

The emancipation of labour must be the work of the labouring class, in contrast to which all other classes are only a reactionary mass.

II. Proceeding from these principles, the socialistic working men's party of Germany aims by all legal means at the establishment of the free state, and the socialistic society, to destroy the iron law of wages by abolishing the system of wage-labour, to put an end to exploitation in every form, to remove all social and political inequality.

The socialistic working men's party of Germany, though acting first of all within the national limits, is conscious of the international character of the labour movement, and resolved to fulfil all the duties which this imposes on the workmen, in order to realise the universal brotherhood of men.

In order to prepare the way for the solution of the social question, the socialistic working men's party of Germany demands the establishment of socialistic productive associations with State help under the democratic control of the labouring people. The productive associations are to be founded on such a scale both for industry and agriculture that out of them may develop the socialistic organisation of the total labour.

The socialistic working men's party of Germany demands as the basis of the State :—

 * 1) Universal, equal, and direct right of electing and voting, with secret and obligatory voting, of all citizens from twenty years of age, for all elections and deliberations in the State and local bodies. The day of election or voting must be a Sunday or holiday.
 * 2) Direct legislation by the people. Questions of war and peace to be decided by the people.
 * 3) Universal military duty. A people's army in place of the standing armies.
 * 4) Abolition of all exceptional laws, especially as regards the press, unions, and meetings, and generally of all laws which restrict freedom of thought and inquiry.
 * 5) Administration of justice by the people. Free justice.
 * 6) Universal and equal education by the State. Compulsory education. Free education in all public places of instruction. Religion declared to be a private concern.

The socialistic working men's party demands within the existing society:

 * 1) Greatest possible extension of political rights and liberties in the sense of the above demands.
 * 2) A single progressive income-tax for State and commune, instead of the existing taxes, and especially of the indirect taxes that oppress the people.
 * 3) Unrestricted right of combination.
 * 4) A normal working-day corresponding to the needs of society. Prohibition of Sunday labour.
 * 5) Prohibition of labour of children, and of all women's labour that is injurious to health and morality.
 * 6) Laws for the protection of the life and health of workmen. Sanitary control of workmen's dwellings. Inspection of mines, of factories, workshops, and home industries by officials chosen by the workmen. An effective Employers' Liability Act.
 * 7) Regulation of prison labour.
 * 8) Workmen's funds to be under the entire control of the workmen.

title: Gotha Program


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 He married, first, on 3 March 1748, Lady Margaret Fitzgerald, sister of James, first duke of Leinster. She died at Naples 25 Jan. 1765, and was buried at Hillsborough. By her he had five children: viz., Arthur, who succeeded him as the second marquis; Mary Amelia, who, born on 16 Aug. 1750, was married on 2 Dec. 1773 to James, first marquis of Salisbury, and was burnt to death in the fire at Hatfield House on 27 Nov. 1835; Charlotte, who, born on 19 March 1754, was married on 7 May 1776 to John, first earl Talbot (cr. 1784), and died on 17 Jan. 1804; and a son and daughter who died in infancy. He married, secondly, on 11 Oct. 1768, Mary, baroness Stawell, only daughter and heiress of Edward, fourth baron Stawell, and widow of Henry Bilson Legge, sometime chancellor of the exchequer, by whom Downshire had no issue. His second wife died on 29 July 1780, when the barony of Stawell devolved on her only child by her first husband.

A portrait of Downshire, by J. Rising, was lent by the Marquis of Salisbury to the Loan Collection of National Portraits at South Kensington in 1867 (Catalogue, No. 497).

 HILLARY, WILLIAM, M.D. (d. 1763), physician, was a pupil of Boerhaave at Leyden, where he graduated M.D. in 1722, writing a dissertation on intermittent fevers. He settled in practice at Ripon, removed to Bath in 1734, and to Barbadoes in 1752, and returned to London in 1758, where he died 22 April 1763.

Hillary was a systematic observer of the weather and prevalent diseases. His observations began at Ripon in 1726, a year in advance of the corresponding work by Clifton Wintringham at York. They were discontinued during his practice at Bath, but resumed at Barbadoes, and continued until he left the colony, 30 May 1758. The first series is published in the appendix to his second edition of ‘Rational and Mechanical Essay on the Small-pox,’ London, 1740; 1st edition, London, 1735. The Barbadoes records are given in his important work ‘Observations on the Changes of the Air, and the concomitant Epidemical Diseases in Barbadoes, with a Treatise on the Bilious Remittent Fever [Yellow Fever], &c.,’ London, 1759; 2nd edition, 1766; American reprint, with notes by B. Rush, Philadelphia, 1811. His other writings are: 1. ‘An Enquiry into the … Medicinal Virtues of Lincomb Spaw Water, near Bath,’ London, 1743. 2. ‘The Nature, Properties, and Laws of Motion of Fire,’ London, 1759. 3. ‘The Means of Improving Medical Knowledge,’ London, 1761.

 HILLIARD, NICHOLAS (1537–1619), miniature-painter, goldsmith, and jeweller, was a younger son of Richard Hilliard, a citizen of Exeter, and high sheriff of that city and county in 1560, who is said to have been descended from an old Yorkshire family. Nicholas was born at Exeter in 1537, and apprenticed to a jeweller and goldsmith, but at an early age he attempted painting in miniature. At the age of thirteen he painted a miniature of himself, signed and dated ‘N. H. 1550,’ which was formerly in the Harleian collection, and lately in that of Mr. Hollingworth Magniac, and while he was still young he drew the portrait of Mary Queen of Scots at the age of eighteen. He was appointed goldsmith, carver, and limner to Queen Elizabeth, whom he painted as princess and as queen. In 1586 he engraved the second great seal of Elizabeth, which has more artistic merit than others of the period. In 1587 a lease of the manor of Poyle in the parish of Stanmore, Middlesex, was granted to him for twenty-one years, ‘in consideration of his paines in engraving ye Great Seale of England’ (Notes and Queries, iv. 207). After the accession of James I he received a grant, dated 5 May 1617, giving him for twelve years an exclusive right ‘to invent, make, grave, and imprint any picture or pictures of our image, or other representation of our person’ (, Fœdera, xvii. 15). This was a source of much profit to him, as it empowered him not only to grant licenses for the production and sale of the king's portrait, but also to seize such as were not duly authorised. Simon van de Pass and others were also employed by Hilliard to engrave the ‘royal image,’ as well as those of the royal family. Hilliard died in the parish of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Westminster, on 7 Jan. 1619, and was buried


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 TABLEAU (B). Succession d'Ismaïl Pacha Saddik (voir l'Article LXXXII). ••• Note that the arrangement sanctioned by the Powers on 17th March, 1885 (Texts, No. XVIII), affects in several respects the Law of Liquidation : especially with reference to the security for the Unified and Preference loans, which is subjected to a first charge in favour of a new loan, and with reference to the sinking fund. Arts. 21 and 37 of the Law are also affected.


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 in the parish church. By his will, made shortly before his death, he bequeathed 20s. to the poor of his parish, divided the arrears of his pension between his two sisters, and left the residue of his estate to his son, Laurence Hilliard, who appears to have followed the same profession as his father, although no work by him is known. Laurence was alive in 1634.

Hilliard was the first English painter of miniatures, and his works were highly esteemed in his own day. Dr. Donne, in his poem on ‘The Storm,’ written in 1597, testified that a hand or eye By Hilliard drawn is worth a history By a coarse painter made. He was, however, surpassed by his pupil, Isaac Oliver [q. v.], to whom many of his more highly finished miniatures have been attributed. Hilliard's miniatures are usually on card or vellum, and sometimes on the backs of playing cards. They are executed with much care and fidelity and great accuracy of detail in costume, and are painted with opaque colours, heightened with gold, but the faces are pale and shadowless. Thirteen were in the cabinet of Charles I, who purchased from Hilliard's son a remarkable jewel, containing the portraits of Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Queen Jane Seymour, and having on the top an enamelled representation of the battle of Bosworth, and on the reverse the red and white roses. The portraits are now, with other works by Hilliard, at Windsor Castle, but the jewel has long since disappeared.

Many of Hilliard's best miniatures are in the collection of the Duke of Buccleuch, who contributed twenty-three to the exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1879. They include portraits of Queen Elizabeth (four), Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset, Edward Vere, earl of Oxford, Richard Clifford, earl of Cumberland, Lady Arabella Stuart, Sir Philip Sidney, Mary Sidney, countess of Pembroke, Sir Francis Drake, Sir Francis Walsingham, Richard Hilliard, his father; his own portrait, dated 1574, ‘ætatis suæ 37,’ and that of his wife Alice, daughter of John Brandon, chamberlain of London, dated 1578, ‘ætatis suæ 22.’ Mr. Jeffery Whitehead possesses a little book of prayers written on vellum by Queen Elizabeth in six different languages, which has miniatures by Hilliard of the Duke of Alençon at the beginning, and of Elizabeth at the end. It was formerly in the collection of Horace Walpole at Strawberry Hill. Mr. Whitehead owns likewise the fine portrait of Hilliard by himself, which was formerly at Penshurst, and that of Mary Queen of Scots, painted in 1579, formerly in the Bale collection. Other miniatures by Hilliard are in the collections of the Duke of Portland, the Earl of Derby, the Earl of Carlisle, Major-general Sotheby, Mr. R. S. Holford, and Mr. J. Lumsden Propert. Miniatures of Queen Elizabeth by him are in the National Portrait Gallery and the Jones collection, South Kensington Museum.

There are engraved portraits of Hilliard in the Strawberry Hill and later editions of Walpole's ‘Anecdotes of Painting.’

 HILLIER, CHARLES PARKER (1838–1880), actor. [See .] HILLIER, GEORGE (1815–1866), antiquary, eldest son of William Hillier, commander R.N., born at Kennington in 1815, was educated at Place Street House, near Ryde, Isle of Wight. He was long engaged in the preparation of the ‘History and Antiquities of the Isle of Wight.’ He projected it on a comprehensive plan, and collected materials for two volumes, but he received little support, and the parts appeared at long and uncertain intervals. The plates he engraved with his own hand, and to diminish the cost he latterly undertook the printing at his own house. Although incomplete, it is an admirable work. He was also employed in illustrating C. Warne's ‘Dorsetshire,’ and travelled with the author throughout the county in order to prepare the map, which exhibits much artistic skill and is of great antiquarian value. The discovery of the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Chessel Down in the Isle of Wight, and the excavation of the graves, was one of Hillier's most valuable contributions to archæology. He died at Ryde on 1 April 1866, and was buried at Binstead.

His works are: 1. ‘The Topography of the Isle of Wight. To which is appended, a Voyage round the Island,’ Ryde, 1850, 12mo. 2. ‘A Narrative of the attempted Escapes of Charles the First from Carisbrook Castle, and of his detention in the Isle of Wight. Including the letters of the King to Colonel Titus, now first decyphered and printed from the originals,’ Lond. 1852, 8vo. 3. ‘The Sieges of Arundel Castle, by Sir Ralph