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 different points of view may be considered either as the daughter or mother, sister or spouse, of the Sun. The Hathors, as represented in the pictures, have the appearance of fair and benevolent maidens; they are not the daughters of Night, like the Erinyes, but they are names of one and the same physical phenomenon, and are spoken of in very much the same relation to human destiny.

The Homeric poems constantly speak of the together with the. The Greek Moira has its counterpart in the Egyptian Shai. In the pictures of the Psychostasia which occur in many copies of the Book of the Dead, two personages are seated together; the male is called Shai, the female Renenet. They clearly preside over the meschen, or, as we should say, the cradle, of the infant. Several important texts, which he has quoted in his recent translation of the tale of the Doomed Prince, have induced M. Maspero to translate Shai fate, and Renenet fortune. I believe that the word sha means "divide, portion out;" hence shai, "the divider," and intransitively "the division, part, lot, fate." Renenet, as quoted by M. Maspero, may fairly be translated "fortune," but it has several other well-known meanings. It is used in the sense of "young" and "maiden;" and Renenet is the name of the goddess of the eighth month and of harvest. All these meanings can be harmonized if we think of the Greek. Hora is the time fixed by natural


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 laws, the fitting time; it is also used in the sense of the spring or prime of life; is the season of corn and fruit-ripening. The name Renenet is surely well chosen for a goddess presiding over birth. But she is also represented as suckling the infant Horus. And in whose lap can the Sun be nursed more fitly than in that of the Dawn?

The King's Divinity.

I must not quit this part of my subject without a reference to the belief that the ruling sovereign of Egypt was the living image and vicegerent of the sun-god. He was invested with the attributes of divinity, and that in the earliest times of which we possess monumental evidence. We have no means of ascertaining the steps by which the belief came to be established as an official dogma. It was believed in later times that the gods formerly ruled in Egypt; the mortal kings before Mena were called the "successors

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 of Horus." But the kings who built the Pyramids and all the kings after them took the title of the "golden Horus;" Chāfrā and all after him were called "son of Rā" and nutar āa, "great god." The sun in his course from east to west divides the earth and sky into two regions, the north and the south. The king of Egypt, as son and heir of the Sun, assumed the title of King of the North and of the South; not, as has generally been thought, with reference to Egypt, but, as Letronne contended and as M. Grébaut has convincingly shown, with reference to the universe.

The sovereign of Egypt is always said to be seated upon the throne of Horus, and he claimed authority over all nations of the world. He was the "emanation" of the sun-god, his "living image upon earth." "All nations are subject to me," says queen Hatasu on her great obelisk at Karnak. "The god hath extended my frontiers to the extremities of heaven;" "the whole circuit of the sun he hath handed over (mā-nef) to her who is with him." "I have ordained for thee," says the god to Tehutimes III., "that the whole world in its length and in its breadth, the east and the west, should be thy mansion." Amenophis II. is the "victorious Horus, who has all nations subject to him, a god good like Rā, the sacred emanation of Amon, the son whom he begot; he it is who placed thee in Thebes as sovereign of the living, to represent him." The king himself says, "It is my father Rā


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 who has ordained all these things. … He has ordained for me all that belonged to him, the light of the eye which shines upon his diadem. All lands, all nations, the entire compass of the great circuit [of the sun], come to me as my subjects." "He made me lord of the living when I was yet a child in the nest. … He hath given me the whole world with all its domains." The royal inscriptions are full of similar language, and in the temples all the gods are represented as conferring upon the kings whatever gifts they have to bestow. There is a long inscription which appears first in honour of Rameses II. at Ipsambul, and is again found elsewhere, but set up to glorify Rameses III. The god says to the king, "I am thy father; by me are begotten all thy members as divine; I have formed thy shape like the Mendesian god; I have begotten thee, impregnating thy venerable mother. … Around thy royal body the glorious and mighty assemble festively, the high goddesses, the great ones from Memphis and the Hathors from Pithom; their hearts rejoice and their hands hold the tambourine and hymns of homage when they see thy glorious form. Thou art lord like the majesty of the sun-god Rā; the gods and goddesses are praising thy benefits, adoring and sacrificing before thine image." "I give to thee the sky and what is in it; I lend the earth to thee and all that is upon it." "Every creature that walks upon two or upon four legs, all that fly or flutter, the whole world I charge to offer


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 her productions to thee." The same texts assign to the king the fourteen kas of Rā. I have already explained the meaning of ka, which corresponds in this place to our word "spirit." But Rā was said to possess seven souls (baiu) and fourteen kas. This explains the true meaning of the expression, "the souls of the king," which has puzzled many scholars. It is very frequently found and at a very early period. The king had the seven souls of Rā.

That the sovereign in his official utterances should proclaim his divinity, is less to be wondered at than that private individuals should speak of him in the same style. But the doctrine was universally received. "Thou art," says an ode translated by M. Chabas and Mr. Goodwin, "as it were the image of thy father the Sun, who rises in heaven. Thy beams penetrate the cavern. No place is without thy goodness. Thy sayings are the law of every land. When thou reposest in thy palace, thou hearest the words of all the lands. Thou hast millions of ears. Bright is thy eye above


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 the stars of heaven, able to gaze at the solar orb. If anything be spoken by the mouth in the cavern, it ascends into thine ears. Whatsoever is done in secret, thy eye seeth it. Baenra Meriamen, merciful Lord, creator of breath." Mr. Goodwin, whose version I have been quoting, judiciously observes: "This is not the language of a courtier. It seems to be a genuine expression of the belief that the king was the living representative of Deity, and from this point of view is much more interesting and remarkable than if treated as a mere outpouring of empty flattery."

It must not be forgotten that the kings are frequently represented in the humblest postures of adoration before the gods. And they are also represented as worshipping and propitiating their own "genius."

The doctrine of the king's divinity was proclaimed by works of art even more eloquently than by words. Dean Stanley writes as follows:

"What spires are to a modern city—what the towers of a cathedral are to its nave and choir—that the statues of the Pharaohs were to the streets and temples of Thebes. The ground is strewn with their fragments; there were avenues of them towering high above plain and houses. Three of gigantic size still remain. One was the granite statue of Rameses himself, who sat on


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 the right side of the entrance to his palace. By some extraordinary catastrophe, the statue has been thrown down, and the Arabs have scooped their millstones out of his face; but you can still see what he was—the largest statue in the world. Far and wide that enormous head must have been seen, eyes, mouth and ears. Far and wide you must have seen his vast hands resting on his elephantine knees. You sit on his breast and look at the Osiride statues which support the portico of the temple, and which anywhere else would put to shame even the statues of the cherubs in St. Peter's—and they seem pigmies before him. His arm is thicker than their whole bodies. The only part of the temple or palace at all in proportion to him must have been the gateway, which rose in pyramidal towers, now broken down, and rolling in a wide ruin down to the plain.

"Nothing which now exists in the world can give any notion of what the effect must have been when he was erect. … No one who entered that building, whether it were temple or palace, could have thought of anything else but that stupendous being who thus had raised himself up above the whole world of gods and men.

"And when from the statue you descend to the palace, the same impression is kept up. … Everywhere the king is conquering, worshipping, ruling. The palace is the Temple, the king is Priest. But everywhere the


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 same colossal proportions are preserved. He and his horses are ten times the size of the rest of the army. Alike in battle and in worship, he is of the same stature as the gods themselves. Most striking is the familiar gentleness with which—one on each side—they take him by each hand, as one, of their own order, and then in the next compartment introduce him to Ammon and the lion-headed goddess. Every distinction, except of degree, between divinity and royalty, is entirely levelled, and the royal majesty is always represented by making the king, not like Saul or Agamemnon, from the head and shoulders, but from the foot and ankle upwards, higher than the rest of the people.

"It carries one back to the days 'when there were giants on the earth.' It shows how the king, in that first monarchy, was the visible God upon earth. No pure Monotheism could for a moment have been compatible with such an intense exaltation of the conquering king."


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Author:Stephen King

Novels

 * The Shining (1977)
 * Rage (1977)
 * The Stand (1978)
 * The Stand: The Complete & Uncut Edition (1990)
 * The Long Walk (1979)
 * The Dead Zone (1979)
 * Firestarter (1980)
 * Roadwork (1981)
 * Cujo (1981)
 * The Running Man (1982)
 * Christine (1983)
 * Pet Sematary (1983)
 * Cycle of the Werewolf (1983)
 * The Talisman (1984)
 * The Eyes of the Dragon (1984)
 * Thinner (1984)
 * It (1986)
 * Misery (1987)
 * The Tommyknockers (1987)
 * The Dark Half (1989)
 * Needful Things (1991)
 * Gerald's Game (1992)
 * Dolores Claiborne (1992)
 * Insomnia (1994)
 * Rose Madder (1995)
 * The Green Mile (1996)
 * Desperation (1996)
 * The Regulators (1996)
 * Bag of Bones (1998)
 * The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon (1999)
 * Dreamcatcher (2001)
 * Black House (2001)
 * From a Buick 8 (2002)
 * The Colorado Kid (2005)
 * Cell (2006)
 * Lisey's Story (2006)
 * Blaze (2007)
 * Duma Key (2008)
 * Under the Dome (2009)
 * Blockade Billy (2010)
 * 11/22/63 (2011)
 * Joyland (2013)
 * Doctor Sleep (2013)
 * Revival (2014)
 * Gwendy's Button Box (2017)
 * Sleeping Beauties (2017)
 * The Outsider (2018)
 * Elevation (2018)
 * The Institute (2019)
 * Later (2021)
 * Billy Summers (2021)
 * Gwendy's Final Task (2022)
 * Fairy Tale (2022)
 * Holly (2023)
 * Fairy Tale (2022)
 * Holly (2023)

The Dark Tower series

 * The Gunslinger (1982)
 * The Drawing of the Three (1987)
 * The Waste Lands (1991)
 * Wizard and Glass (1997)
 * Wolves of the Calla (2003)
 * Song of Susannah (2004)
 * The Dark Tower (2004)
 * The Wind Through the Keyhole (2012)

Bill Hodges trilogy

 * Mr. Mercedes (2014)
 * Finders Keepers (2015)
 * End of Watch (2016)

Collections

 * Night Shift (1978)
 * Different Seasons (1982)
 * Skeleton Crew (1985)
 * Four Past Midnight (1990)
 * Nightmares & Dreamscapes (1993)
 * Hearts in Atlantis (1999)
 * Everything's Eventual (2002)
 * Just After Sunset (2008)
 * Full Dark, No Stars (2010)
 * The Bazaar of Bad Dreams (2015)
 * If It Bleeds (2020)
 * You Like It Darker (2024)

Nonfiction

 * Danse Macabre (1981)
 * Nightmares in the Sky (1988)
 * On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft (2000)
 * Secret Windows: Essays and Fiction on the Craft of Writing (2000)
 * Faithful (2004)

title: Author:Stephen King


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 DICTIONARY OF


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Rh East Europe and in another to West Europe. Is it not probable that the Russians will fall into a number of States in some sort of loose federation? Germany and Russia have grown into great Empires out of opposition to one another; but the peoples of the Middle Tier—Poles, Bohemians, Hungarians, Rumanians, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Greeks—are much too unlike to federate for any purpose except defence, yet they are all so different both from Germans and Russians that they may be trusted to resist any new organisation of either great neighbour making towards the Empire of East Europe.

There are certain strategical positions in the Heartland and Arabia which must be treated as of world importance, for their possession may facilitate or prevent a world domination. It does not, however, follow that it would be wise to commit them forthwith to an untried international administration; here, too, it is very necessary to bear in mind the truth of the Going Concern. Condominium has not, as a rule, been a success, for the reason that the agents of the joint protecting Powers almost inevitably take sides with the local nationalities or parties. The most effective method of international control would seem to be that of


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224 commissioning some one Power as trustee for humanity—a different Power, of course, in the case of different positions. That was the method experimentally tried when Austria-Hungary was entrusted with the administra-tion of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Congress of Berlin, and it succeeded so far as the material advancement of the protected provinces was concerned. There is no reason why the new principle and the facts of the Going Concern should not be reconciled in the cases of Panama, Gibraltar, Malta, Suez, Aden, and Singapore by regarding the American Republic and the British Empire as World Trustees for the peace of the Ocean and of the straits connecting the basins of the Ocean. This, however, would amount merely to a regularisation of existing facts. The test of the principle, as of most other World principles, is in connection with the Heartland and Arabia. The Islanders of the world cannot be indifferent to the fate either of Copenhagen or of Constantinople, or yet of the Kiel Canal, for a great Power in the Heartland and East Europe could prepare, within the Baltic and Black Seas, for War on the Ocean. During the present War it has taken the whole naval strength of the Allies to hold the North Sea and the Eastern


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Rh. An adequate submarine campaign, based on the Black Sea from the beginning of the War, would probably have given security to an army operating overland against the Suez Canal. It follows, therefore, that Palestine, Syria, and Mesopotamia, the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, and the outlets from the Baltic must be internationalised in some manner. In the case of Palestine, Syria, and Mesopotamia, it has been understood that Britain and France would undertake international trusts. Why should we not solve the problem of Constantinople by making that historic city the Washington of the League of Nations? When the network of railways has covered the World-Island, Constantinople will be one of the most accessible places on the Globe by Railway, Steamer, and Aeroplane. From Constantinople the leading nations of the West might radiate light through precisely those regions, oppressed during many past centuries, in which light is most to be desired from the point of view of humanity at large; from Constantinople we might weld together the West and the East, and permanently penetrate the Heartland with oceanic freedom.

The Jewish National seat in Palestine will be one of the most important outcomes of


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226 the War. That is a subject on which we can now afford to speak the truth. The Jew, for many centuries shut up in the Ghetto, and shut out of most honourable positions in Society, developed in an unbalanced manner and became hateful to the average Christian by reason of his excellent, no less than his deficient, qualities. German penetration has been conducted in the great commercial centres of the world in no small measure by Jewish agency, just as German domination in South-Eastern Europe was achieved through Magyar and Turk, with Jewish assistance. Jews are among the chief of the Bolsheviks of Russia. The homeless, brainful Jew lent himself to such internationalist work, and Christendom has no great right to be surprised by the fact. But you will have no room for these activities in your League of independent, friendly nations. Therefore a National Home, at the physical and historical centre of the world, should make the Jew 'range' himself. Standards of judgment, brought to bear on Jews by Jews, should result, even among those large Jewish communities which will remain as Going Concerns outside Palestine. This, however, will imply the frank acceptance of the position of a Nationality, which some Jews seek to forget.


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Rh There are those who try to distinguish between the Jewish religion and the Hebrew race, but surely the popular view of their broad identity is not far wrong.

In the vast and populous regions of Asia and Africa which lie beyond the girdle of the great deserts and plateaux there are Going Concerns, such as the British Raj in India, which it would be folly indeed to shake down in your hurry to realise a world-symmetry for your League of Nations. But it is essential that neither Kiauchau nor East Africa should go back to the Power which took them with a keen strategical eye to the day when armies marching overland should find in each of them a citadel already prepared; which took them, moreover, with the clear intention that the Chinese and the Negroes should be utilised as subsidiary man-power to help in the conquest of the World-Island. What part may ultimately be played by that half of the Human Race which lives in 'The Indies' no man can yet foresee, but it is the plain duty of the Insular peoples to protect the Indians and Chinese from Heartland conquest.

German South-West Africa and the German Australasian Colonies must not be returned; the principle of independence within the League implies that, subject to an


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228 Trust in the case of a few critically important positions, each Nation must be mistress in her own house, and that principle holds in regard to South Africa and Australia. Any other principle would leave the seeds of future quarrels and would impede disarmament.

Democratic Ideals and Reality, 1919 Dingbat.jpg Democratic Ideals and Reality, 1919 Dingbat.jpg Democratic Ideals and Reality, 1919 Dingbat.jpg Democratic Ideals and Reality, 1919 Dingbat.jpg Democratic Ideals and Reality, 1919 Dingbat.jpg

So much in respect of the starting of the League and of the Going Concern in the Present. It remains for us to speak of the Going Concern in the Future. Viscount Grey has described the state of mind which will be required when we approach this great International enterprise: is there not something more precise to be said in that matter also?

I have expressed my belief that both Free Trade of the Laissez-faire type and Predatory Protection of the German type are principles of Empire, and that both make for War. Fortunately the younger Britains refused to accept the Free Trade of Manchester; they used the fiscal independence granted to them by the Motherland to pursue that economic ideal which was foreshadowed by the great American statesman, Alexander Hamilton— the ideal of the truly independent nation, balanced in all its development. This does


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Rh not in the least imply that a great international trade should not be done, but it should be a trade so controlled that the effect of it is always tending towards the balance aimed at, and is not accumulating, beyond hope of recovery, economic one-sidedness.

No stable League of Nations appears to me possible if any nation is allowed to practise commercial 'penetration,' for the object of that penetration is to deprive other nations of their fair share of the more skilled forms of employment, and it is inevitable that a general soreness should ensue in so far as it succeeds. Nor, to speak quite plainly, is there any great difference in result if some nations feel that they are reduced to the position of hewers and drawers owing to the industrial specialisation of another country under the régime of unrestricted Cobdenism; wherever an industry is so developed in one country that it can be content with no less than a world-market for its particular products, the economic balance of other countries tends to be upset. No important country, after this War, is going to allow itself to be deprived either of any 'key' or of any 'essential' industry. By the time


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230 you have exhausted these two categories, you will find that you might just as well have adopted the attractive positive ideal of general economic independence instead of being driven from one expedient to another in mere defensiveness. If you attempt to maintain a negative Cobdenism with exceptions, you will, under the conditions of the world that are opening before us, very soon build up a large and clumsy body of merely ad hoc machineries. A general system of low duties and bounties would enable you to deal quickly and lightly with each difficulty as it develops, because you would have the appropriate machinery of control at your hand. But I am not here going into the detail of these questions of machinery; I am dealing with the question of ideal and aim. The Cobdenite believes that international trade is good in itself, and that specialisation as between country and country, provided that


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Rh it arises blindly under the guidance of natural causes, should not be thwarted. The Berliner, on the other hand, has also encouraged economic specialisation among the nations, but he operates scientifically, accumulating in his own country those industries which give most, and most highly-skilled, employment. The result is the same in each case; a Going Concern of Industry grips the nation and deprives it, as well as other nations, of true independence. The resulting differences accumulate to the point of quarrel and collision.

There are three attitudes of mind in regard to the Going Concern which spell tragedy. There is Laissez-faire, which is surrender and fatalism. This attitude produces a condition comparable with that of a disease brought on by self-neglect; the human body is a going concern which, becoming unbalanced in its functions, is organically affected, so that in the end no doctor's advice or even surgeon's scalpel can avail, since to stop the disease means the stoppage of life itself. No doubt it seemed, in the warm sunshine of Britain in the middle of last century, that the wiser political philosophy was to live for the day and to trust in Providence. Fortunately disease had not progressed to a fatal stage


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232 when we came to the surgeon's table in August 1914. But a million men of military age classified as unfit for military service constitute a symptom which almost makes one thank God that the War came when it did.

The second attitude of mind in relation to the Going Concern is that of Panic. This has been the attitude of Prussia, though it was hidden by the flattering philosophy of the Superman, not less pleasant, while it was credible, than the comforting religion of Laissez-faire. Nakedly stated, however, Kultur meant that, being obsessed with the idea of competition and natural selection, as finally expressed in Darwinism, and being frightened, the Prussians decided that if, in the end, men must come to man-eating in order to survive, they, at any rate, would be the cannibals! So they assiduously cultivated the strength and efficiency of the prize-fighter. But the monster Going Concern into which they developed their country grew hungrier and hungrier, and at last they had to let it feed. Half the cruel and selfish things which are done in this world are done for reasons of Panic.

The third attitude is that of the Anarchist and the Bolshevik—they would distinguish no doubt between themselves, but whether


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Rh you break the Going Concern or take it to pieces makes little practical difference. This attitude means social suicide. It is vital that discipline should be maintained in the Western Democracies during the period of Reconstruction, whatever Bolshevism may happen in Central as well as East Europe. The Westerners are the Victors, and they alone are able to prevent the whole world from having to pass through the cycle so often repeated in the case of individual nations—Idealism, Disorder, Famine, Tyranny. Provided that we do not hasten to dismantle running social machinery, but accomplish our ideals by successive acts of social discipline, we shall maintain the steady output of production, the fundamental Reality, that is to say, on which now, more than ever before, Civilisation rests. The disorder of a whole World, let us not forget, implies the absence of any remaining National base as a fulcrum for the restoration of order, and therefore the indefinite prolongation of Anarchy and Tyranny. It took several centuries to attain again to the stage of civilisation which had been reached when the Roman World of Antiquity broke down.

But if drifting in the grip of the Going Concern leads to disease in a nation, and if


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234 we must not fall into panic because that results in crime, nor yet suffer revolt because that ends in suicide, what course remains open to us? Surely that of control, which in a democracy means self-control. If this War has proved anything, it has proved that these gigantic forces of modern production are capable of control. Beforehand it was assumed by many that a World-War would bring so general a financial crash that it would not—could not—be allowed to take place. Yet how easily, when it actually befell, were the British and German systems of credit disengaged by the simple device of using the national credits to carry the roots of individual credit which were pulled out of the enemy soil.

If you once admit control of the Going Concern to be your aim, then the ideal State-unit of your League must be the nation of balanced economic development. Raw materials are unequally distributed over the world, but the primary pursuits of men, other than the growing of the staples of food proper to each region, form in these days but a relatively small part of the total of Industry. Minerals must be won in the mines and tropical produce can only be grown within the tropics, but both minerals and tropical


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Rh are now easy of transport, and the higher industries may, therefore, be located at the choice and will of mankind. We are what our occupations make us; every mature man is imprinted with the characteristics of his calling. So is it with the nations, and no self-respecting nation henceforth will allow itself to be deprived of its share of the higher industries. But these industries are so interlocked that they cannot be developed except in balance one with another. It follows, therefore, that each nation will strive for development in each great line of industrial activity, and should be allowed to attain to it.

This is the ideal, I am firmly persuaded, which will make for peace. In ordinary society it is notoriously difficult for people of very unequal fortune to be friends in the true sense; that beautiful relationship is not compatible with patronage and dependence. Civilisation, no doubt, consists in the exchange of services, but it should be an equal exchange. Our economics of money have assessed as equal services of very unequal value from the point of view of the quality of the industrial employment which they give. For the contentment of nations we must contrive to secure some equality of opportunity for national development.


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66, and Mrs. Roe; C. Sutherland, Assistant Surveyor, and Mrs. Sutherland; H. Morgan, Storekeeper, and Mrs. Morgan; W. Shilton, Clerk to the Secretary; J. Drummond, Agriculturist; also the widow and five children of Assistant Surgeon Tully Daley, 63rd Regt., who had died on the passage out. In July the Sulphur arrived with a detachment of a Light Company of that Regiment, and shortly after the Rev. J. B. Wittenoom, the first Colonial Chaplain, landed.

The first emigrant ship, the Calista, arrived on the 5th of August, bringing about 100 passengers of all classes, men, women, and children, among whom the names of Leake, Samson, and Scott have prominence; and from that time many vessels followed in rapid succession, bringing immigrants of all classes and occupations, stock and goods, so that in January, 1830, the Governor was able to report a population numbering 850 persons; property of the assessed value of £41,550; 39 locations effected; 204 head of cattle; 57 horses; 1096 sheep; 106 pigs, &c. The year 1830 witnessed a still larger immigration.

Captain Stirling acted at first as Lieut.-Governor under instructions, but with almost unlimited authority. On his return to England in 1831, however, a commission under the Great Seal was issued, appointing him Governor and Commander-in-Chief of H. M. Settlements on the West Coast of Australia or New Holland, and, by letters patent, Vice-Admiral; the limits of his authority being from Cape Londonderry, Lat. 13 deg. 44 min., to West Cape Howe, Lat. 35 deg. 8 min. South, and from the Hartog's Island, Long. 112 deg. 52 min. to 129 deg. East from Greenough, thus including the small settlement of military and convicts which had been established at King George's Sound by


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Rh the Governor of New South Wales in 1827. These limits, as already noted, were corrected by a supplementary commission granted to Governor Weld in 1873. By his commission Governor Stirling had authority to appoint an Executive Council, to make provision for the defence of the Colony, to divide it into districts, counties, and townships, to dispose of the land according to instructions, in which also those who might act for him in his absence, according to seniority, were named; any one sitting as Judge being excepted.

At first a board of Council and Audit to assist the Governor in the assessment of property brought into the Colony as an equivalent for land, was established, the members of which were nominated by him from time to time as might be convenient; but the Executive Council consisted of the Officer commanding the troops (Captain Irwin), the Colonial Secretary, the Surveyor General, and the Advocate General. This Council, with slight changes in its constitution, has been continued to the present time. The law was administered by W. H. Mackie, a name still remembered with honor, as Commissioner of the Civil Court and Chairman of Quarter Sessions, with G. F. Moore as Advocate General; an arrangement continued, against the expressed opinion of the Commissioner as to the validity of his jurisdiction in certain criminal cases, until 1851, when his successor, now Sir A. F. Burt, affirming that opinion, was appointed the first Judge of the Supreme Court, and G. F. Stone Crown Solicitor and Attorney General. Governor Stirling also appointed Resident Magistrates in the more settled localities, as G. Leake at Fremantle, H. Whitfield at Guildford, Col. J. Molloy at Augusta, and Sir R. Spencer at Albany, and these have been continued, and their number from time to time increased,


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68 and their functions extended, especially since the introduction of convicts in 1850. A mounted police fort, was enrolled, which has been also continued, and by its means the law enforced throughout the Colony. A Legislative Council was formed of the members of the Executive Council with two nominated members, the Governor presiding. The nominated members were afterwards increased to four, and ultimately to six, but, in 1870, the Legislative Council became elective and, since then, the official members have been the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney General, and the Surveyor General. A Speaker was at the same time elected in the person of Mr. Luke S. Leake, now Sir L. S. Leake, who still holds that office.

The history of the Colony is at first principally that of the Land Regulations and their consequences. The Imperial Government, being anxious for the settlement of the country, to anticipate any such measure being taken by that of France, offered land in return for property introduced, at one shilling and sixpence for an acre, as well as allotments for every immigrant; and, on these terms, in the year 1832, 1,349,209 acres had been allotted, of which three lots exceeded 100,000; ten 20,000; eighteen 10,000; and fifty-two 5,000, acres each. Thomas Peel and others had 250,000 acres; Col. Latour 113,100, and Governor Stirling 100,000 in consideration of his not having any salary attached to his office, but his salary, afterwards fixed at £800 a year, was ultimately paid from the date of his appointment. The necessary consequence of this extravagant distribution of land was that the small population was widely scattered from Albany and Augusta to the Avon Valley. Much difficulty, contusion, and waste of time by the Surveyors, also resulted from the instructions under


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Rh which the Surveyor General had to divide the country into counties, townships, and sections of equal fixed dimensions, and by the selection of reserves for public purposes. Moreover, the sparseness of the population soon, provoked attacks from the natives, who, though originally peaceable and friendly, could not view with indifference the occupation of their hunting grounds by strangers without any compensation being made, and the boldest soon found able and dangerous leaders, so that the small military force in the Colony was found scarcely sufficient for the protection of life and property. Very severe measures were therefore adopted—many natives were killed and some executed. Besides these, other causes operated disadvantageously, for although property had been introduced to the value of £94,281 of which £21,655 was in stock, very much was unsuited to the wants of an infant Colony. Mr. Peel, Col. Latour, and others had not been so careful as they should have been in providing for the shelter, maintenance, employment, and supervision of the laborers introduced by them; the selection of sites for their residence was, in some cases, unwise, and the consequences were, in too many instances, distress and disorganisation, disease and death; hence arose disputes between masters and men; and, as hired labor was both scarce and dear, there was every temptation for servants to free themselves from their contracts, which, indeed, the masters were not always able to fulfil. The rapid increase of immigrants, and the general want of system and providential arrangements for their shelter and maintenance, exposed many to privation and hardships which they had not anticipated, and for which they were unprepared and unfitted. Food became scarce and dear. For the supply of animal food, flour, potatoes, &c., the settlers were dependent principally on the


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70 Cape of Good Hope and Tasmania. Kangaroo flesh was, for many years, commonly sold, and its provision became a regular occupation; and this again caused distress among the natives, for want of their ordinary food and clothing which those animals had supplied. Those families whose hunting grounds had been occupied by the settlers, intruded on the territory of others, and contests, retaliations, and permanent feuds were consequent among them. Kangaroo meat sold for 10d. when beef was 1s. 6d., and mutton 1s. 5d. the pound; bread was at one time 2s. 2d. the 41b. loaf. The number of vessels which arrived at Fremantle made proper mooring and accommodation for them and their cargoes impossible, and the loss of many, in consequence, gave the port a bad name; it ceased to be a place of call for those trading to other ports, and shipowners in England became shy of sending vessels there. These unhappy conditions tended not only to check immigration, as did the price of land (which had been raised to five shillings an acre), but led to the emigration of such as Mr. Henty and many others, who sought elsewhere a better market for their capital and labor, but who might have been of the greatest service to the infant Colony. Mr. Henty had taken up 62,036 acres of land and introduced with his two brothers, 12 laborers and mechanics, 6 women, and 15 children, with much valuable stock, as a first instalment on his estate. Mr. Peel had claimed land on account of 170, and Colonel Latour on account of 85 persons introduced by themselves.

Governor Stirling had commenced by making settlements at Augusta, Leschenault, Kelmscott, Guildford, and in the Avon Valley. He fixed on the North, instead of the South side of Perth water, as bad been originally intended, for the site of the Capital of the


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 *New Families, Subfamilies, Genera and Subgenera Defined in Volume I
 * New Species, Subspecies and Formae Defined in Volume I, Part 1
 * INTRODUCTION: Measurements and Colors — Illustrations — Types — References — Stages of growth — Species and Subspecies — Genera — Synoptic Key to new Genera of Part II
 * SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT
 * Family I. Helicidae
 * Genus Helix
 * Subgenus Helix, s.s.
 * Subgenus Cryptomphalus
 * Genus Cepaea
 * Genus Otala
 * Genus Helicigona
 * Genus Theba
 * Family II. Helicellidae
 * Genus Hygromia
 * Subgenus Trichia
 * Genus Monacha
 * Genus Helicella
 * Subgenus Trochoidea
 * Genus Cochlicella
 * Family III. Helminthoglyptidae
 * SUBFAMILIY CEPOLIINAE
 * Genus Cepolis
 * Subgenus Hemitrochus
 * SUBFAMILIY HELMINTHOGLYPTINAE
 * Genus Monadenia
 * Genus Helminthoglypta
 * Subgenus Helminthoglypta s.s.
 * Subgenus Charodotes
 * Genus Micrarionta
 * Subgenus Micrarionta s.s.
 * Subgenus Eremarionta
 * Subgenus Xerarionta
 * Subgenus Plesarionta
 * SUBFAMILIY SONORELLINAE
 * Genus Sonorella
 * Subgenus Sonorella s.s.


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Rh Colony, thus placing the estuary of the river between it and the port of Fremantle. There were as yet no roads, and, though the river afforded a water way, there were no vessels or boats fitted for the transport of cargo. The land on the Swan, and between the Swan and the Vasse, had been for the most part taken up, and the time and labor of an increasing staff of surveyors, and even of the Governor himself, soon became occupied in finding new locations for settlement, and means of communication between already inhabited places. The want of system and concentration of strength tended greatly to neutralize the strenuous and persevering efforts of the colonists, who had to labor on for many years under depressing circumstances. It is not therefore surprising that, in the early days of the Colony, there should have been some discontent, and a desire for change in the land laws, and for the protection of Colonial produce, which could be undersold by that imported; and these conditions obtained, more or less, for many years.

These causes continued in operation, and the land in the settled districts of the Colony being all taken up, and servants and laborers who had saved money being unable to purchase, emigration increased; and as many as 42 left the Colony at one time.

Governor Stirling had discovered, in the course of his explorations, that the greater part of the land in the Colony was more fitted for pasturage than agriculture; and it soon became necessary for the settlers, who were sheep and cattle owners, to seek more extended runs for their stock, beyond the settled districts of the Colony. This caused a still greater dispersion of the already small population, which, in 1840, amounted only to 2,354 persons. The price of land had now


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VI CONTENTS :::::*Subgenus Masculus
 * Subgenus Sonoranax
 * Subgenus Mytophallus
 * SUBFAMILIY HUMBOLDTIANINAE
 * Genus Humboldtiana
 * Family IV. Camaenidae
 * SUBFAMILIY OREOHELICINAE
 * Genus Oreohelix
 * Subgenus Oreohelix s.s.
 * Subgenus Radiocentrum
 * SUBFAMILIY AMMONITELLINAE
 * Genus Polygyrella
 * Genus Ammonitella
 * Genus Polygyroidea
 * Genus Glyptostoma

Part 2 (1940)

 * Title Page
 * Preface
 * Family V. Polygyridae
 * Genus Trilobopsis
 * Genus Triodopsis
 * Subgenus Crpytomastix
 * Genus Allogona
 * Subgenus Dysmedoma
 * Genus Vespericola
 * Family VI. Sagididae

INDEX


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72 been raised to £1 an acre, in pursuance of the then fashionable Wakefield system, which however was not fully carried into effect; and so, during Governor Hutt's tenure of office, the attention of the Colonists was mainly directed to reducing the price of land, making it more available for the depasturing stock, and the obtaining labor. Small efforts at immigration were made, and, in the interest both of the settler and farmer, in 1841, remission on the purchase of land was granted to any one who succeeded in training a native to be an useful farm servant. A society was also formed for diffusing knowledge respecting the Colony; but the most important effort to develop its resources by increasing its population was made by the West Australian Company at their settlement of Australind, near Leschenault. The Company had purchased Colonel Latour's property there, which they now proposed to re-sell at £1 an acre, in farms of 100 acres, and Mr. M. W. Clifton was sent out with a sufficient staff of surveyors, &c., to prepare for the reception of the first immigrants. The Colonial Government, however, proposed to resume those lands in forfeiture, and Mr. Clifton sought another location in the country discovered by Grey about Champion Bay; this proved in his estimation of inferior value, and by agreement with the Local Government he returned to his original location to prepare for the reception of the new settlers who arrived to the number of 467; but the Company in London broke up, the work was stopped, and the fair promise of the commencement was not fulfilled. The settlement had been named Australind, in anticipation of its becoming a place of resort, if not residence, for invalids and others from India. At this time also, the application of the Wakefield system on a large scale in New Zealand and South Australia, where it was carried


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Rh out in its integrity, directed the attention of intending emigrants to those Colonies, and as the depressed state of the agricultural interest had caused a corresponding collapse in trade (in 1848 there was no sugar in the Colony), and there was no hope of obtaining labour by immigration, on the accession of Governor Fitzgerald to office, a large number of the colonists petitioned for the introduction of convicts to bring labour and money into the Colony, and supply a market for produce,—not, however, without opposition on the part of the few, who thought that these benefits would be more than neutralized by the evil influence which the presence of a large number of convicted felons might exercise on the morals of the people. To this petition the Imperial Government, then in want of a place to which they might transport convicts, acceded, and the first body arrived on the 1st of June, 1850. The result has proved the correctness of the anticipations of both parties; the Colony has profited much by convict labour and by the money spent on the convict establishment, and on the military and pensioners who were sent out simultaneously. The criminal calendar will show the less pleasing consequences of this measure; during the 10 years, from 1860 to 1869 inclusive, the convictions in the Supreme Court show 254 of the convict class against 63 free persons; in 1875 30 expirees, 11 free men, and two ticket-of-leave holders; but probably more evil influence was exercised, at this time, by the sealers who had established their head quarters on Middle Island at the Recherche Archipelago, in the Great Bight on the Southern Coast, and who seem to have rivalled in their habits those recorded of pirates and buccaneers. It had been part of the agreement in making Western Australia a Convict Colony, that free immigrants should be sent from England in number equal to the convicts,


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74 and in July, 1850, the first instalment of 219 persons arrived in the Sophia, and a detachment of sappers and miners the next year, some of whom remained in the Colony and proved valuable members of society. In this year also juvenile immigrants, 51 in number, were first introduced, some of whom afterwards proved adepts in crime, though many became useful members of society, and 125 more were sent, but at the request of the colonists that plan for immigration was abandoned; some Chinese were also introduced, who proved, as usual, thrifty and industrious. The depressed state of affairs in the Colony had not been less felt by those in the employ of the Government than by the settlers, and many had supplemented their insufficient salaries by trading.

Notwithstanding all drawbacks, the Colony had gradually increased in population and production. The white inhabitants numbered 6661 persons; the area of land under cultivation in cereals was 4,123 acres, there were 141,123 sheep, 10,919 head of cattle, 2,095 horses, some 3,000 pigs, and 1,431 goats; the imports had reached the sum of £45,411 6s., and the exports of £29,598 9s. The labours of the colonists had been most successful in horticulture by the production of most of the valuable fruits, vegetables, and flowers, now under cultivation, most of which had been introduced by the Government and by the first settlers.

The introduction of convicts forms so important an era in the history of the Colony that the effects produced by it require separate consideration, but, pursuing the course of general history, the most important event during Governor Fitzgerald's term of office was the opening up of the Victoria District now so largely occupied by sheep stations and so productive in


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Rh mineral wealth; a convict dépôt was formed there and subsequently at Lynton, Port Gregory. In visiting that district the Governor was attacked and wounded by the natives near White Peak. This district was also rendered attractive by the report cf coal having been discovered on the Upper Irwin, by Messrs. Gregory (who in consequence received a grant of 2,500 acres of land), as well as by the lodes of lead and copper also found by them on the Murchison River. Guano was also discovered on the islands, and exported from Sharks Bay, as also shells, supposed, and which proved to be, those of the pearl oyster. The discovery of gold in other parts of Australia induced the offer of rewards for its discovery in the Colony, but though claims have been made from time to time, they have never yet been admitted. The gold fields of Victoria attracted many emigrants to that Colony from West Australia, but other sources of trade were opened. 1851 saw the first shipment of horses to India, and the rich alluvial deposits about the lower course of the Greenough became known; an export trade in timber was also commenced. A more regular and intimate intercourse with the outer world was now established; in August 20, 1852, the first vessel of the Australian Royal Mail Company, the Australian, Capt. Hoseason, arrived in King George's Sound, and an overland mail service was arranged from Perth to Albany. The first steam boat was placed on the Swan River; a Savings' Bank was established. The productions of the Colony did not, however, keep pace with the requirements caused by the presence of the convicts and military. In 1854 the cost of imported breadstuffs amounted to £40,000.

In 1855 Governor Kennedy arrived. There had been for some time a growing dissatisfaction on the part


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96 high reading desk stand up and place an open book before him. I then felt the whole audience, as it were, getting itself ready for an effort. All the musicians that I could see were in position and ready. Then the minister touched a gong and twenty-two thousand people rose as a cloud, and the orchestra, broke into music and the choir and congregation burst into a jubilant song, beginning

From this moment, for an hour and a half (fifty minutes) I was carried beyond myself. I felt as if I could burst all but burst with joyful cries. I have never missed a service of the kind since. When it was over each line of spectators divided in the middle and walked off quickly each way. As one line went the next above it rose. Glancing round I saw that the same thing was going on in each gallery, and that the broad steps were never crowded, and that no one pushed against anyone else or moved with indecorous haste. In less than ten of our little minutes twenty-five thousand people had got into the streets. Where there is a population of one thousand millions there are crowds now and then."

The information above given is gathered from many pages of our diary.

A few more days have passed. Harley has gone to his work. Thomas Frankston and Mary and Emma Vaughan, Charley's mother and sister have taken up their quarters at the Equatorial. Harry Hern can scarcely be found anywhere else. Next second day a party of five go for a grand tour to see more of the Great City. Mother Vaughan has decided to remain and keep Mother Vance company, so that the party will now consist of five most congenial spirits. They are Thomas and Charles Frankston, father and son, but more like brothers. Harry Hern, a grand young fellow of eleven, with a reddish beard and a body like an athlete, and the inseparables, the blonde Helen Vance and the beautiful, laughing and arch-looking brunette Emma Vaughan. Full of health and happiness, and two of them wearers of the Magic Badge.

A railway line runs under the Grand Avenue to the Sea of Marmon, a distance of two hundred and fifty miles. This is the seaport of Sidonia. Our five friends went down by the morning express, and in two hours and a half they were on the shore of the second largest ocean on the planet. There is a great amount of traffic to this port, all the southern half of the city being supplied from it. The river Sidon, which cuts the city from its north-eastern corner diagonally, pours its clear flood into the ocean at this point.

For five hundred miles the Sidon is navigable for large vessels, and at that distance up and near to the Central Avenue there is an inland port, consisting of a pool two miles square and wharf accommodation for a score of great vessels. The whole course of the river from its mouth is never polluted. Ships going up are not allowed to discharge deck washings or any

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Rh dirt into the river, and no sewage is permitted to flow into the river from any part. Ships, while on the river, in the pool, or at the wharves, are occupied as if they were houses on land, and their sewage has to be deodorised and dessicated day by day.

Our party took a launch driven by electric motors and propelled by a revolving keel, and Thomas Frankston made himself into sailing master and left the young people to their holiday and their freedom. It was decided that they should only travel by day. They wanted to see the country through its entire length, and to make the most of what they saw.

In one respect the river is a little monotonous in its lower portions. It is always clear, and though thirty feet in depth the bottom is generally visible. Its banks, too, are grassed to the water's edge, except where a ferry boat crosses; that is every two miles or so. Railway tunnels run underneath at frequent intervals. Charley Frankston told the party that the river was to a great extent a work of art. Through ages it had been dredged and widened. When the first Sidonia was built, a little village on the ocean shore, the river was a useless thing, emptying itself into the ocean through half a dozen shallow mouths. Sidonia grew and became a national capital, and the Sidonians became a commercial and warlike nation. The Sea of Marmon was at last a Sidonian lake. Centuries of war and peace rolled on, and the empire grew, and the Sidonian speech became the language of commerce. The world grew sick of war, and the men of various nations entered into bonds of labor; they would not reduce the wages rate by underworking each other; they would not join military organisations to fight each other; they would work shorter hours, and have some share of what they produced and made.

And it was time; for men had fought on land and on sea and had at length carried on battles in the air and a rain of blood had fallen upon the cities and the plains and bodies and mangled limbs had fallen into the streets.

Sidonia had become strong and rich and peaceful; she would not fight but all the nations knew that her power and wealth would give her victory even if all the other nations were arrayed against her. Her power made for peace and she became the arbitrator of the nations. Her speech grew to be the language of the schools and the date line and the time ball were found in Sidonia. She grew into a sort of cosmopolitan capital—all men of mark had to drift towards her from all centres of population.

Still generations passed away and still Sidonia grew and grew. Within her boundaries the ambassadors of the nations met to discuss the terms of the Perpetual Peace and there they signed it. Sidonia then became a Federal Capital. The "Black Century" came and taxed to the very uttermost, the resources of the Sidonian Empire and the great Federation. In this time man grew to man, and each did what he could for the other; when this term was past all private fortunes were melted away. Meanwhile the Federal

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160 a few antiquated flint-locks and cartridge-pouches; this aids in rendering colonisation more glorious. But in no case is it permissible that he should be armed and instructed in European fashion. His fleet must consist of junks, canoes and 'dug-outs.' Should he perchance purchase ships from European ship-owners, such ships shall naturally be unfit for use. The Chinese who fill their arsenals with porcelain shells conform to the rules of colonial warfare.

"The Japanese have departed from these rules. They wage war in accordance with the principles taught in France by General Bonnal. They greatly outweighed their adversaries in knowledge and intelligence. While fighting better than Europeans, they show no respect for consecrated usages, and act to a certain degree in a fashion contrary to the law of nations.

"'Tis in vain that serious individuals like Monsieur Edmond Théry demonstrated to them that they were bound to be beaten, in the superior interest of the European market and in conformity with the most firmly established economic laws. Vainly did the proconsul of Indo-China, Monsieur Doumer himself, call upon them to suffer, and at short notice, decisive defeats on sea and on

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Rh land. 'What a financial sadness would bow down our hearts,' exclaimed this great man, 'were Bezobrazoff and Alexeieff not to extract another million out of the Korean forests. They are kings. Like them, I was a king: our cause is a common one. Oh ye Japanese! Imitate in their gentleness the copper-coloured folk over whom I reigned so gloriously under Méline.' In vain did Dr. Charles Richet, skeleton in hand, represent to them that being prognathous, and not having the muscles of their calves sufficiently developed, they were under the obligation of seeking flight in the trees when face to face with the Russians, who are brachycephalous and as such eminently civilising, as was demonstrated when they drowned five thousand Chinese in the Amur. 'Bear in mind that you are links between monkey and man,' obligingly said to them my Lord Professor Richet, 'as a consequence of which, if you should defeat the Russians or Finno-Letto-Ugro-Slavs, it would be exactly as if monkeys were to beat you. Is it not plain to you?' They heeded him not.

"At the present moment, the Russians are paying the penalty, in the waters of Japan and in the gorges of Manchuria, not only of their grasping and brutal

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162 policy in the East, but of the colonial policy of all Europe. They are now expiating, not merely their own crimes, but those of the whole of military and commercial Christianity. When saying this, I do not mean to say that there is a justice in the world. But we witness a strange whirligig of things, and brute force, up to now the sole judge of human actions, indulges occasionally in unexpected pranks. Its sudden starts aside destroy an equilibrium thought to be stable. And its pranks, which are ever the work of some hidden rule, bring about interesting results. The Japanese cross the Yalu and defeat the Russians in good form. Their sailors annihilate artistically a European fleet. Immediately do we discern that a danger threatens us. If it indeed exists, who created it? It was not the Japanese who sought out the Russians. It was not the yellow men who hunted up the whites. We there and then make the discovery of a Yellow Peril. For many long years have Asiatics been familiar with the White Peril. The looting of the Summer Palace, the massacres of Pekin, the drownings of Blagovestchenk, the dismemberment of China, were these not enough to alarm the Chinese? As to the Japanese, could they feel secure under the guns of Port Arthur? We created the White Peril. The White Peril has engendered the Yellow Peril. We have here concatenations giving to the ancient Necessity

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Rh which rules the world an appearance of divine Justice, and must perforce admire the astonishing behaviour of that blind queen of men and gods, when seeing Japan, formerly so cruel to the Chinese and Koreans, and the unpaid accessory to the crimes of Europeans in China, become the avenger of China, and the hope of the yellow race.

"It does not, however, appear at first sight that the Yellow Peril at which European economists are terrified is to be compared to the White Peril suspended over Asia. The Chinese do not send to Paris, Berlin, and St. Petersburg missionaries to teach Christians the Fung-chui, and sow disorder in European affairs. A Chinese expeditionary force did not land in Quiberon Bay to demand of the Government of the Republic extra-territoriality, i.e., the right of trying by a tribunal of mandarins cases pending between Chinese and Europeans. Admiral Togo did not come and bombard Brest roads with a dozen battleships, for the purpose of improving Japanese trade in France. The flower of French nationalism, the élite of our Trublions, did not besiege in their mansions in the Avenues Hoche and Marceau the Legations of China and of Japan, and Marshal Oyama did not, for the same reason, lead the combined armies of the Far East to the Boulevard de la Madeleine to demand the punishment of the foreigner-hating Trublions. He did not burn

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164 Versailles in the name of a higher civilisation. The armies of the Great Asiatic Powers did not carry away to Tokio and Peking the Louvre paintings and the silver service of the Elysée.

"No indeed! Monsieur Edmond Théry himself admits that the yellow men are not sufficiently civilised to imitate the whites so faithfully. Nor does he foresee that they will ever rise to so high a moral culture. How could it be possible for them to possess our virtues? They are not Christians. But men entitled to speak consider that the Yellow Peril is none the less to be dreaded for all that it is economic. Japan, and China organised by Japan, threaten us, in all the markets of Europe, with a competition frightful, monstrous, enormous, and deformed, the mere idea of which causes the hair of the economists to stand on end. That is why Japanese and Chinese must be exterminated. There can be no doubt about the matter. But war must also be declared against the United States to prevent it from selling iron and steel at a lower price than our manufacturers less well equipped in machinery.

"Let us for once admit the truth, and for a moment cease flattering ourselves. Old Europe and new Europe—for that is America's true name—have inaugurated economic war. Each and every nation is waging an industrial struggle against the others. Everywhere does production arm itself furiously

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Rh against production. We are displaying bad grace when we complain that we are witnessing fresh competing and disturbing products invade the market of the world thus thrown into confusion. Of what use are our lamentations? That might is right is our god. If Tokio is the weaker, it shall be in the wrong and it shall be made to feel it; if it is the stronger, right will be on its side, and we shall have no reproach to cast at it. Where is the nation in the world entitled to speak in the name of justice?

"We have taught the Japanese both the capitalistic régime and war. They are a cause of alarm because they are becoming like ourselves. In truth, it is awful. They dare to defend themselves with European weapons against Europeans. Their generals, their naval officers, who have studied in England, in Germany, and in France, reflect honour on their instructors. Several of them have followed the classes of our special military schools. The Russian Grand Dukes, who feared that no good could come out of military institutions too democratic to their taste, must feel reassured.

"I am unable to foretell the issue of the war. The Russian Empire opposes to the methodical energy of the Japanese its irresolute forces which the savage imbecility of its government restrains, the dishonesty of a voracious administration robs, and

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166 military incapacity leads to disaster. The stupendousness of its impotence and the depths of its disorganisation stand revealed. Withal, its golden reservoirs, kept filled by its rich creditors, are all but inexhaustible. On the other hand, its enemy has no other resources than onerous loans obtained with difficulty, of which victory itself may perchance deprive them. For while English and Americans are one in assisting it to weaken Russia, they do not intend that it shall become powerful and to be feared. It is hard to predict the final victory of one combatant over the other. But if Japan makes the yellow men respected by the white men, it will have greatly served the cause of humanity, and paved the way unawares and doubtless against its own wish for the pacific organisation of the world."

"What do you mean," said M. Goubin, raising his eyes from his plate filled with a savoury fritto.

"It is feared," continued Nicole Langelier, "that Japan grown to manhood will educate China, teach it to defend itself and to exploit its wealth itself, and that Japan will create a strong China. No need to look upon such a contingency with alarm; it should, on the contrary, be hoped for in the universal interest. Strong nations co-operate to the harmony and wealth of the world. Weak nations, like China and Turkey, are a perpetual cause of disturbances and perils. But we are ever in too great a haste in our fears

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Rh and hopes. Should victorious Japan undertake to organise the old yellow Empire, it will not succeed in its task that quickly. It will require time to teach China that a China exists. For she knows it not, and as long as she is unaware of it, there will not be any China. A people exists only in the knowledge possessed by it of its existence. There are 350,000,000 Chinese, but they are not aware of the fact. As long as they have not counted themselves, they will not count for anything. They will not even exist by dint of numbers. 'Number off!' is the first word of command spoken by the drill-sergeant to his men. He is there and then teaching them the principle of societies. But it takes a long time for 350,000,000 men to number themselves. Nevertheless, Ular, who is a European out of the common, since he believes that one should be humane and just towards the Chinese, informs us that a great national movement is simmering in all the provinces of the huge empire."

"And even should it happen," said Joséphin Leclerc, "that victorious Japan came to infuse into Mongols, Chinese, and Tibetans a consciousness of themselves, and caused them to be respected by the white races, in what way would the peace of the world be better assured, and the conquering mania of nations be kept within stricter bounds? Would not negro humanity still remain to be exterminated?

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168 Where is the black nation which will insure the respecting of negroes by the white and yellow races?"

"But," interposed Nicole Langelier, "who can define how far one of the great human races may go? The blacks are not, like the red man, dying out through contact with the Europeans. Where is the prophet who will venture to tell the 200,000,000 African blacks that their posterity will never enjoy wealth and peace on the lakes and great rivers? The white men passed through the ages of caves and lacustrine villages. They were at that time wild and naked. They dried rude potteries in the sun. Their chiefs led barbarian dances at which they shouted. They knew no other sciences than those of their sorcerers. Since those days they have built the Parthenon, conceived geometry, subjected the expression of their thought and the motions of their body to the laws of harmony.

"Are you then going to say to the African negroes: 'You shall for ever carry on an internecine war between tribe and tribe, and you shall inflict upon one another atrocities and absurd tortures; King Gléglé, permeated with a religious idea, shall for all time have prisoners tied up in a basket and thrown from the roof of his royal hut; you shall for ever devour with enjoyment the strips of flesh torn from the decomposed cadavers of your aged

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Rh relations; for ever shall explorers unload their rifles on you, and smoke you out in your kraals; the wonderful Christian soldier will enjoy in his bravery the amusement of hacking your women to pieces; the gay and festive sailor from the befogged seas shall for all time kick in the bellies of your little children, just to take the stiffness out of his knee-joints? Can you safely prophesy to one-third of humanity a state of perpetual ignominy?

"I am unable to say whether one day, as Mrs. Beecher Stowe predicted in 1840, a life will awaken in Africa full of a splendour and magnificence unknown to the cold-blooded races of the West, and whether art will blossom forth in new and dazzling forms. The blacks possess a keen appreciation of music. It may happen that a delightful negro art of dance and song shall see the light of day. In the meanwhile, the coloured folk of the Southern States are making rapid strides in capitalistic civilisation. Monsieur Jean Finot has recently supplied us with information on the subject.

"Fifty years ago they did not, as a whole, own two hundred and fifty acres of land. Nowadays their property is valued at over £160,000,000. They were illiterate. To-day fifty per cent, of

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170 them can read and write. There are black novelists, poets, economists, and philanthropists.

"The half-breeds, the issue of master and slave, are singularly intelligent and vigorous. The coloured men, both cunning and ferocious, instinctive and calculating, will gradually (so one of them has confided to me) reap the advantage of number, and one day lord it over the effeminate creole race which exercises so lightly over the blacks its fitful cruelty. It may be that the mulatto of genius, who will make the children of the whites pay dearly the blood of the negroes lynched by their fathers, is already born."

M. Goubin primed himself with his powerful eye-glass, and remarked:

"Were the Japanese to be victorious, they would take Indo-China from us."

"Thereby rendering us a great service," answered Langelier. "Colonies are the curse of nations."

M. Goubin's indignant silence was his sole reply.

"I cannot listen to such statements," exclaimed Joséphin Leclerc. "We require outlets for our products, and territories for our industrial and commercial expansion. What are you thinking of, Langelier? One policy alone governs Europe, America, and the world to-day—colonial policy."

Nicole Langelier, unruffled, replied:

"Colonial policy is the most recent form of

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Rh barbarism, or, if you prefer, the term of civilisation. I make no distinction between these two expressions; they are identical. What men call civilisation is the present condition of manners, while what they style barbarism are anterior conditions. The manners of to-day will be styled barbarian when they shall be of the past. It is patent to me that our manners and morals embody the idea that strong nations shall destroy the weaker ones. Of such is the principle of the law of nations.

"It remains to be seen, however, whether conquests abroad always constitute a good stroke of business for nations. It would not seem so. What have Mexico and Peru done for Spain? Brazil for Portugal? Batavia for Holland? There are various kinds of colonies. There are colonies which afford to unfortunate Europeans desert and uncultivated lands. These, loyal as long as they remain poor, separate from the mother country as soon as they become prosperous. Some there are which are inhabitable; these supply raw material, and import manufactured goods. Now it is plain that these colonies enrich, not those who govern them, but whoever trades with them. The greater part of the time they are not worth what they cost. Moreover, they may at any moment expose the mother country to military disasters."

"How about England?" interrupted M. Goubin.

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172 "England is less a nation than a race. The Anglo-Saxons know no fatherland but the sea. England, looked upon as wealthy in her vast domains, owes her fortune and her power to her commerce. It is not her colonies which should be envied her, but her merchants, the authors of her wealth. Do you imagine, by way of illustration, that the Transvaal represents so very good a stroke of business for her? For all that, it is conceivable that in the present state of the world nations who bring forth many children and manufacture products in large quantities should seek territories and markets in far-off lands, and secure possession of them by stratagem and violence. How different it is in our own case! Our thrifty nation, careful not to have more children than the natal soil can feed without difficulty, and producing in a moderate degree, does not willingly embark on distant adventures; our France, who hardly goes beyond her garden wall, great heavens, what need has she of colonies? Of what use are they to her? What do they bring her? She has spent men and money in profusion, in order that the Congo, Cochin-China, Annam, Tonking, Guiana, and Madagascar shall purchase calicoes from Manchester, guns from Birmingham and Liége, brandies from Dantzig, and cases of wine all the way from Bordeaux to Hamburg. She has, for seventy years, despoiled,

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76 of the colonists with the Executive—there was an outstanding debt, and an export of specie consequent on difficulty in obtaining treasury bills; interference with magistrates and officials, and with publicans' licenses was complained of; and the land regulations, especially the high price for land, were thought to be detrimental to the interests of the Colony. It was spoken of as "a land of corn, wine, and oil, copper, lead, iron, and coal—held by few, but requiring occupation by many." It was considered that the Legislative Council did not represent the opinions of the colonists, and that the natural and proper remedy would be the establishment of a Representative Council.

The farmers in the Eastern districts also complained that they did not derive their fair advantages from the introduction of the convict system, the Commissariat having purchased flour from South Australia, and, in consequence, a protective duty was desired. The Government claimed the right to obtain supplies in the cheapest market. One farmer, however, soon followed the example of Government by purchasing flour to fulfil a contract. The removal of convict dépô6ts from the agricultural districts was also objected to; but the camps of the kangaroo hunters had become the resort of vagabonds of all classes, and were a refuge for runaway convicts. The demand for a Representative Council was dropped for fear that it might lead to the removal of convicts altogether. Nevertheless, the Colony was progressing, the imports of 1857 exceeded those of 1850 by double the amount, and the income by £8,498; yet there was illicit trade carried on in the South-West, principally with American whale ships. The Champion Bay district was filling, and a cattle company had located on the Irwin river; surveys also,


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Rh in contemplation of railroads, were made by Lieut. Chapman from Perth to King George's Sound, and by Surveyor Evans in the mining district of the North. In 18S9 the regular troops were withdrawn, and a Force of Enrolled Pensioners organised; Volunteer companies were also formed at Perth and Fremantle and a corps of mounted rifles at York; the corps at Pinjarrah was not formed till 1864.

In 1862 Governor Hampton succeeded Governor Kennedy. This was a year of unprecedented floods, the Swan river rising 7 feet above its usual level, many bridges were destroyed, and the lowlands at the back of Perth were inundated, causing much loss and expense both to the Government and to individuals, and Lieut. Oliver was drowned crossing the Causeway near the Swan at Perth. Prospecting for gold was now commenced, and Mr. Hargraves from Victoria was employed, but without success; from Victoria also came a proposition to form a settlement on the North-West Coast, but the Mystery was first sent there with sheep and cattle by Mr. Padbury. In 1864 the settlements were farther extended; Mr. Dempster took sheep to Esperance Bay, on the South Coast; a company was formed which sent sheep and cattle to Camden Harbour on the North-West, as Messrs. Brown did also to Sharks Bay and Mr. F. Von Bibra to Hartog's Island; the next year an attempt was made to form a station on St. Magnus river, Doubtful Bay. The pearl fishery, which had been commenced in Sharks Bay, was now extended to Nickol Bay.

Emigration had continued at intervals, but now many mechanics left the Colony, unable to compete with convict labour.


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78 Governor Hampton gave great attention to public works, and to economizing the cost of Government; by the former he obtained a lasting reputation, and by the latter he secured an excess of income. Among other important works he commenced, what Governor Weld completed, the bushing the sand hills to the South of Geraldton, which threatened, in their Northward progress, to overwhelm the houses; in 1867 he was able to report that during the past year 371 miles of road had been repaired, 132 cleared, and 32 made; 33 bridges built, seven repaired, and three in course of erection; five jetties constructed, two extended, and two repaired; besides the works on the Government House, Perth, Residency at Champion Bay, Lunatic Asylum, Post and Police Offices, Schools, &c., in many places. At this time a step was made towards the representation of the people by permitting the selection by vote of persons for nomination by the Governor to be members of the Legislative Council, and accordingly Messrs. J. G. C. Carr, J. G. Lee Steere, W. Bateman, S. Phillips, and J. W. Hardey were so nominated. In 1868 the desire that the unofficial members should be elected by the people was strongly expressed, and this was followed by a report on the division of the Colony into electoral districts, and by a petition for a Representative Constitution under 13th and 14th Vic, c, 59. In that year also, the last convict vessel arrived, having on board some Fenians, which raised fears, subsequently proved to be just, by the escape of several so assisted in 1876, that the "Yankee brotherhood" would endeavour to rescue them.

1869 was marked by efforts to ascertain the existence of gold and coal; borings were made near Perth to the depth of 200 feet, as subsequently in 1874, but without


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Rh success; £5000 were offered for the discovery of a gold field, and money voted for a Geologist to examine and report on the Colony.

The arrival of Governor Weld, in September, 1869, gave an impulse to further efforts in favour of Representative Institutions, it having been concluded, from words spoken publicly and officially in England, that he was fully prepared to further them with the consent of the Imperial Government; and accordingly in 1870 An Ordinance, No. 13, was issued for the division of the Colony into electoral districts and the election of members to the Legislative Council, under the provisions of 13th and 14th Vic, c. 59, which was accordingly constituted. It consisted of five nominee members, three being official, viz.: the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney General, and the Surveyor General, and two unofficial; the number of elected members was ten; subsequently two were added and one nominee member. The Council met the same year. It did not, however, realize fully the anticipations which had been formed respecting it, for although the control over the finances, and freedom of voting of nominee members were conceded, the ultimate decision in all cases was still reserved to the Imperial Government. An opposition was accordingly organized, and, the forms of the Imperial Parliament having been adopted, the Colonial Secretary assumed the duties of Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer. The constitution of elected Town Trusts and Road Boards was another step towards self-government made at this time. By the Education Act all denominational religious teaching was made optional in the Government Schools, and by the transfer of the stipends of Colonial Chaplains from the accounts of the Establishment to the Miscellaneous


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80 Services, the Church of England in the Colony was placed on the same footing as other religious communities, which led immediately to Synodical action and government. The operation of the Government, at this time, was very energetic; a loan for public works of £100,000 was proposed, but only £25,000 permitted by the Imperial Government; a survey of the coast of the Colony was commenced, at the joint expense of the Imperial and Colonial Governments; a steam vessel was subsidised and placed on the coast to carry mails and passengers: an electric telegraph, which had been commenced between Perth and Fremantle by a company, was bought up; and in 1873 a loan bill passed for £100,000 to be employed in telegraph extension, and a railway in the mining district.

Red rust having destroyed the grain crops, seed was procured and employment on public works provided for those who were in need.

At the meeting of the Legislative Council in 1874, the desire for Responsible Government expressed itself by a petition, nemine contradicente, from the Council to the Governor, requesting that he would bring forward a Bill for its institution, in accordance with which a Bill was presented by the Colonial Secretary, contemplating a Legislature of two houses, one to be nominated and the other elected, with a civil list to provide for the Executive. As, however, the Bill was not accepted in its entirety, the Governor dissolved the Council, and on re-election, three members were found in opposition to the establishment of Responsible Government in the Colony, but the majority held to their former opinion.


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Rh The extension of the timber trade by the formation of new companies and by grants of land, the erection of crushing machinery and working a quartz reef at Kendenup by the Plantagenet Gold Mining Company, the commencement of sericulture, the placing establishments on the Abrolhos for fishing, and on Barrow Island for turtle catching, the commencement of a system of assisted immigration and of the mines railway, and of the extension of the telegraph line to Eucla in connexion with the Government of South Australia, mark this period.

On the arrival in 1875 of Governor, now Sir Wm. C. F. Robinson, K.C.M.G., the Imperial Government decided against conceding Responsible Government to the Colony, considering that it was not prepared for so great a change. The removal of the convict prisoners from all other places to Fremantle, had given warning of further change in that department, and in 1877 it was intimated that there would be a reduction in the Imperial grant for police services. The year 1876 witnessed the necessity for a further loan of £26,000 for the completion of the Mines railway, in which great alterations and improvements were obviously necessary. The appropriation of £18,000 out of Revenue for the completion of the Telegraph to Eucla was the more satisfactory, because the line from Bremer Bay to Eucla was in process of survey by Mr. Price and a sufficient party, and was progressing rapidly.

The decision as to harbour works at Fremantle was now also brought to an issue. From the earliest days of the Colony it had been in contemplation to make at the principal port a more secure harbour for vessels than nature had provided, and numerous suggestions


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83 and plans had been made from time to time for that purpose, but all resolving themselves into four principles.

The first in time, originating indeed with the officers of the Success in 1827, was to make the estuary of the Swan between Perth and Fremantle accessible by cutting a canal from Rocky Bay to the sea, a distance of about a quarter of a mile; the others were, to enclose an area by a breakwater to the South of the mouth of the Swan; at the mouth of the Swan; or to obtain access to the mouth of the river, and make it available as a dock or harbour. In 1871 Mr. Doyne, and in 1873 Mr. Wardell, had reported on these, but unfavourably; now the different plans were at last submitted to the judgment of Sir John Coode, and his report is still (August, 1877) in expectation.

Now also the schemes, which had been ventilated for a long time, for a railway from Fremantle to Perth and Guildford, were formally brought forward, and it was proposed to bring in a Bill for providing a guarantee of six per cent, on the amount of capital necessary for its construction; this was delayed till the next year, that surveys and estimates might be made, which were accordingly proceeded with, but the Bill was ultimately withdrawn, pending the decision of the Imperial Government on the question of guarantee.

This year, also, supplementary regulations were published respecting grants to pensioners and volunteers; and cutting timber and mining, by which the land regulations of the Colony were completed; a Commissioner of Public Works was appointed; immigration continued; Sunday diving forbidden in the pearl fishery; the money order system extended; the free list tariff extended to articles necessary for food, ship chandlery, &c.; the light house on Point Moore, at Champion Bay, contracted


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Rh for of iron instead of stone; a deep sea telegraph suggested from Point Galle to Western Australia, with Cocos Islands for an intermediate station; a vote taken for the establishment of a high school; the ballot proposed as a preventative against bribery; and a jetty at Owen's anchorage determined upon. These many and considerable works occupied the period of Sir Wm. C. F. Robinson's Government, who left the Colony 1st September, 1877, to proceed viâ Sydney to his new Government at Singapore. He was succeeded by the present Governor, Major-General Sir Harry Saint George Ord, K.C.M.G., C.B.

account of the Colony would be very incomplete without some notice of the aboriginal inhabitants, the effects which its occupation by white men have produced on them, and the influence they have exercised with respect to its settlement and progress; and as these cannot be appreciated without some knowledge of those things which have directed that influence, some account of their character, habits, manners, customs, and especially of the laws by which these are governed, becomes necessary in the first place.

The aborigines of the West are the same in origin, language, customs, and laws, as those of other parts of Australia. The evidence adduced by Sir George Grey is alone sufficient to establish this fact. It may be well, on the other hand, to record the opinion of Mr. J.


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84 Forrest, (which, however, does not disprove a similarity of origin), respecting the difference between the aborigines of the interior and those of the coast. The latter, he says, have very little intercourse with the former, "whom they much fear, considering that all illness and its cure are attributable to the wise men of the East," but they have annual meetings for the exchange of commodities. They have been too often placed by writers, ignorant or careless of truth, among the very lowest of savage races, physically, mentally, and morally, but all experience concurs to prove that they deserve a higher place in the scale of humanity. Examples may be found of physical development equal to that of Europeans—morally they are certainly not inferior, if tested by their submission to the laws they themselves recognise, according to St. Paul's rule. Mental development must be the result of time, but there is sufficient proof at hand to show that they are far from being incapable of it.

The physical development of man will be the consequence of his mode of life, his occupation, and his food. The aborigines of West Australia, in their native state, have therefore only the qualifications of hunters, and those whose food is the natural product of the country, and they are, though capable of great fatigue and endurance, not so fitted for continuous bodily labor as those to whom for generations continuous labor has been customary.

Their mode of life makes them improvident. Their only enjoyments must necessarily be sensuous; but notwithstanding any generally received prejudice that they are incapable of improvement, and the opinion, still occasionally expressed, that they are not to be considered as men and have no souls, they have, both physically


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Rh and mentally, the powers, capacities, sympathies, and affections which distinguish man from all other animals, that one touch of nature which makes all men kin. These assertions might be fully justified by the accounts of explorers, the records of the law courts, the reports of the Protectors of Aborigines, and the results of the Benedictine Mission at New Norcia, and the other native institutions at Fremantle, at Perth, and its neighborhood, and at Annesfield, and Albany. Yet, nevertheless, the aboriginal inhabitants are decreasing in number, and deteriorating in character, unless in the northern districts, before the advance of settlement. The civilized man has introduced his characteristic vices and their consequent diseases, rather than the virtues which should distinguish him, and the ultimate result contemplated by most, and placidly by many as inevitable, is that in West Australia, as in many other parts of the world, the native race must die out. Yet the necessity for this is not apparent. The accounts of those who have most carefully studied and recorded their experience of the aborigines of West Australia agree in all important points. Their submission to their own laws is the most notable feature in their character, and their moral and social condition is determined by their laws. The most remarkable are those which relate to affinity, which govern the operation of those relating to marriage, inheritance, and the infliction of punishment for offences, whether judicially or by retaliation. The division of the people is into families, and not, as often represented, into tribes. The Levirate law prevails. Children take the name and become attached to the family of the mother, and inter-marriage between those of the same family is not allowed. Polygamy is permitted, and in the operation of the Levirate law becomes necessary; a man may have several families of children


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86 by different wives, but each family will become attached to and incur the responsibilities of that of the mother, and as all such relations become involved in the guilt of any crime, if the offender cannot be reached, any other relative may have to suffer instead. The nearest relative is bound to inflict punishment in case of death from violence, and indeed, as death is not considered natural, but if from disease the consequence of witchcraft or sorcery, and as the Bolyas or sorcerers would probably be bribed to inflict disease, or, in any case, would be of some other family, retaliation is immediately sought on those thought most likely to have been the cause. Homicide in obedience to law is therefore common among them. Their law is blood for blood, an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. But it must not be forgotten that it is not so many years since such laws were in force in some parts of Great Britain and Ireland, and that they are similar to those of Moses. Females are betrothed when young, often from their birth, and may be claimed at any time. On the death of the husband the wives and children pass to the brother. A father's property is divided among his male children. All property in land is held for hunting and obtaining food. The limits are well known, and trespassers, for those purposes, punished by law severely.

The aborigines of West Australia are very fond of music and dancing; their songs are sometimes traditional, some often extempore, and by such songs the women often excite the men to acts of violence. The women are severely punished by the men, even for trifling offences, and, when incited by jealousy, fight furiously with their wannas or digging sticks, some of which are about five feet long, one and a half-inch in diameter, and of hard heavy wood, like small quarter staves.


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Rh The dances or corroborees of the natives are adapted to the various circumstances of their lives, marriage, birth, death, hunting, or war. It is commonly said that women do not take part in them except as spectators, but on occasions, no doubt comparatively rare, they mix with the men, and their dances then resemble those of the islanders of the Pacific, as described by Cook, and the women carry a peeled stick tufted at one end like the thyrsus of the ancient Bacchanals. These dances are now often performed solely for the amusement of the settlers, and are therefore becoming less characteristic. The effects of these laws and customs on the relations between the natives and settlers in the Colony will be readily apparent.

The occupation of the land of any family would cause, of necessity, their intrusion on that of others. The cohabitation of the women with the white men (whom they naturally prefer as the more powerful race, and as more able to give what to them are luxuries, and as, generally, treating them with more kindness and consideration,) would call for the immediate punishment of both parties; the death or wounding of any native, from whatever cause, equally required retaliation, to the same or greater amount of injury, by the nearest relation.

Female children, when taken charge of out of kindness by settlers, were liable to be forced away by, or for, those to whom they had been betrothed. These, and similar causes, will account for most of the crimes perpetrated by natives on settlers, but, in addition, there was the temptation offered by sheep, cattle, food, clothing, commonly exposed and unprotected, and as the Benedictine Father Garrido justly remarks "they would find a difficulty in defining the difference between


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88 killing a sheep and a kangaroo," especially if found feeding on their own hunting ground. The offences of the natives against the settlers are naturally held more in remembrance, but the crimes of the whites against the natives, which,—if fairly computed from the records of the criminal courts (and such an estimate has been made) would fully counterbalance those of the natives against them, both in number and enormity, notwithstanding that they were committed by those who, from civilization and religion, and sometimes from office and station in life, should have known and done better,—have resulted not always from provocation but were often committed without any such excuse. Moreover, the remuneration given for labor to the natives has always been very inferior to that given to white men for the same services; it has also been very uncertain and unequal; the superiority of the white race has always been asserted, often arrogantly, not unfrequently with contempt or violence. The native therefore has naturally preferred the "bush walk" and a life of independence with the means of subsistence afforded by it, to a scanty, precarious, and servile dependence on the invading race, whom, in his ignorance of their intentions and of the numbers who would follow them, he had at first welcomed to his shores, and, indeed, whom he bad imagined to be his deceased relations and friends returning in new forms from the West, to which their spirits had departed. The life of a native in West Australia, when not in the settled districts, is one of indolence broken occasionally by violent excitement, as of the chase, domestic feud or war. It is a common error to suppose that they are often wanting food, though, no doubt, in unfavorable seasons, and in the less fertile districts, they are sometimes in a state of starvation; as indeed the settlers might be but for the


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Rh power of importing food. Grey enumerates the kinds of food common to them, among which the Knownat, the gum of the swamp Mimosa, is a favorite; this was imagined by the first settlers to be a kind of grain, and to search for it an expedition was sent, as before noticed, to the Stirling Range. He reckons, also, six kinds of kangaroo, fourteen smaller animals, the native dog, and two opossums, twenty-nine starts of fish, besides occasionally the whale and seal, three of turtle, emu, wild turkey, and many other birds, especially water fowl. Turtle, tortoise, and shell fish, frogs, seven sorts of lizards, four kinds of grubs, twenty-nine roots, seven fungi, four gums, two kinds of manna, four fruits, four nuts, and two of the Zamia, which are poisonous without proper preparation, the seeds of many leguminous plants and the flowers of the Banksia. Most of those Grey himself had tasted, and some, as for instance the grubs, which might appear disgusting, he found most delicate eating. It is admitted that cannibalism is practised, and that not always from hunger; it is not however universal or common, and appears confined to some of the families of the North and East.

As the natives in their wild state live on the natural productions of the country, their weapons are suited for the chase as well as for war. These are the codja or hatchet, the meera or throwing stock, the guichi or spear, the dowark (a short stick which they throw with great force and precision or use as a club), and the kiley or boomerang, a curved piece of wood which they also throw with great skill, the gyrations of which now commonly known are yet very irregular and unaccountable. Some of the more northern use long narrow shields of soft wood with a handle in the centre, and the surface covered by small grooves in parallel lines, which