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The Inner Life, v. II/First Section/VIII

KARMA IN THE HEAVEN LIFE In the earlier days of our study of Theosophy we were led to look upon all other worlds but the physical as almost exclusively the theatre of results and not of causes. It was supposed that man spent his physical life to a large extent in generating karma, and his existence on the astral and mental planes in working it out, and the suggestion that a man could by any means make any more karma, even on the astral plane, was regarded as almost heretical. As the years rolled on and some of us became able to study astral conditions at first-hand, it became obvious that this idea had been an error, since it was manifestly possible for us in working on that plane to performs actions of various sorts which produced far-reaching results, We soon saw also that not only the man still attached to a physical body could produce these results, but that they were equally within the power of one who had cast off that vehicle. We found that any developed man is in every way quite as active during his astral life after physical death as during his physical life before it; that he can unquestionably help or hinder not only his own progress but that of others quite as much after death as before, and consequently that he is all the time generating karma of the greatest importance. This modified view of after-death conditions gradually found its way into our literature, and may be considered now as universally accepted by all Theosophists. But for many years after we had corrected our misconceptions upon this important point, we still held to the idea that in the heaven-world at least man could do practically nothing but enjoy the conditions which he had made for himself during the previous stages of his existence. Broadly speaking, this is true for the ordinary man, though we do not always realize that even in the course of that enjoyment the inhabitant of the heaven-world is affecting others, and therefore producing results. One who has succeeded in raising his consciousness to the level of the causal body has already unified the higher and lower selves (to use the older terminology), and to him the statements made as to average humanity naturally do not apply. Such an one has the consciousness of the ego at his disposal during the whole of his physical life, and that is not at all affected by the death of the physical body, nor even by the second and third deaths in which he leaves behind him the astral and the mental bodies respectively. For him the whole of that series of incarnations is only one long life, and what we call an incarnation is to him a day in that life. All through his human evolution his consciousness is fully active, and it naturally follows that he is making karma just as much at one period of it as at another; and while his condition at any one moment is the result of the causes which he has set in motion in the past, there is no instant at which he is not modifying his conditions by the exercise of thought and will. Men who have reached that level are at present rare; but there are others who possess a similar power in a minor degree. Every human being, after he has passed through his life on the astral and lower mental planes, has a momentary flash of the consciousness of the ego, in which he sees his last life as a whole, and gathers from it the impression of success or failure in the work which it was meant to do; and along with this he has also a forecast of the life before him, with the knowledge of the general lesson which that is to teach, or the specific progress which he is intended to make in it. Only very slowly does the ego awaken to the value of these glimpses, but when he comes to understand them he naturally begins to make use of them. Thus by imperceptible degrees he arrives at a stage in his evolution when this glimpse is no longer momentary — when he is able to consider the question much more fully, and to devote some time to his plans for the life which lies before him. His consciousness gradually increases, and he comes to have an appreciable life on the higher levels of the mental plane each time that he touches them. When he arrives at this stage he soon finds that he is one among a vast number of other egos, and that he can do something else with his life among them besides making plans for his own future. He may and does live a conscious life among his peers, in the course of which he influences them in many ways, and is himself influenced in turn. Here therefore is a possibility of making karma, and of making it on a scale which is entirely out of his reach on these lower planes, for every thought on those higher mental levels has a force quite out of proportion to that of our limited thought during physical life. This of which I am speaking is quite distinct from the consciousness which comes with the unifying of the higher and lower selves. When that feat has been performed the man's consciousness resides in the ego all the time, and from that ego it plays through whatever vehicle he may happen to be using. But in the case of a man who has not yet achieved that union the consciousness of the ego on his own plane comes into activity only when he is no longer hampered by any lower vehicles, and exists only until he puts himself down again into incarnation; for as soon as he takes up a lower body his consciousness can manifest for the time only through that body. Short of that perfect consciousness of the ego, there are stages of development which it is necessary to note. The ordinary `man in the street' has usually no definite and reliable consciousness outside of the physical plane. His astral body may be fully developed and quite capable of being used as a vehicle in any and every way; yet he is probably not in the habit of so using it, and therefore his experiences of the astral world are of a vague and uncertain character. He may sometimes remember one of them vividly, but on the whole the time of the sleep of the physical body is for him a blank. The next stage beyond this is that of the gradual development of the habit of using the astral body, accompanied as time goes on by some recollection of what is done in it. The end of this is the opening of the astral consciousness, though usually that comes only as the result of definite efforts along the line of meditation. When this opening is attained the man's consciousness is continuous through night and day, and up to the end of the astral life, so that he avoids the usual temporary suspension of consciousness at the death of the physical body. The next stage beyond this — a long stage usually — is the development of the consciousness of the mental body, and when that is achieved, each personality remains conscious from physical birth until the end of its life in the heaven-world. But even then it is only the consciousness of the personality, and not yet of the ego, and still another step must be taken before complete unification is attained. It is clear that men who have reached any of these stages are making karma as far as their consciousness reaches; but what as to the ordinary man, who has not yet quite succeeded in linking even the astral consciousness to the physical? In so far as he has any activities on the astral plane during sleep, he must be producing results. If he feels, even blindly, love and affection towards certain persons, and goes out towards them during sleep with vague thoughts of good-will, he must inevitably affect them to a certain extent, and the effect must be a good one. Therefore there is no possibility of avoiding a reaction upon himself which will also be good. The same is true if the feeling unfortunately be one of dislike or of active hatred, and the result for him in that case cannot but be painful. When, after death, he lives entirely in the astral world, his consciousness is usually much more definite than it has been during the sleep of his physical body, and he is correspondingly better able to think and act with determination in regard to other men, and so his opportunities of making good or bad karma are the greater. But when such a man ends his astral life and passes into the heaven-world he reaches a condition where activity is no longer possible for him. He has encouraged activities in his mental body, during life, in certain directions only, and now that he comes to live entirely in that mental body he finds himself enclosed within it as in a tower, shut off from the world around him and able to look out upon it only through the windows in it which he has opened by means of those activities. Through those windows the mighty forces of the plane play upon him; he responds to them and leads a life of vivid joy — which is, however, confined to those particular lines. But, though he is thus shut away from the full enjoyment of the possibilities of the mental world, it must not be supposed that he is in the slightest degree conscious of any curtailment of his activities or his feelings. He is, on the contrary, filled with bliss to the very utmost of which he is capable, and it is to him incredible that there can be any greater joy than that which he is himself experiencing. True, he has shut himself in within certain limits; but he is quite unconscious of those limits, and he has all that he can possibly desire or think of within them. He has surrounded himself with images of his friends, so that through these images he is actually in closer connection with them than he has ever been on any other plane. Let us see then what are his possibilities for making karma in this curiously limited life — limited, we must remember, from the point of view of the mental world only, for along the lines of its special directions its possibilities are far greater than those of physical life. A man under such conditions cannot originate a fresh line of affection or devotion, but his affection and devotion along the lines which he has already decided will be distinctly much more powerful than they ever could have been while he was labouring under the heavy limitations of the physical body. An ordinary man such as we have described is, quite unintentionally and unconsciously to himself, producing three separate results, during the whole of his heaven-life. Let us take as an example the emotion of affection. He feels this strongly for certain friends, and it is probable that even after his death those friends still think of him with kindly remembrance, and thus his memory is not without its effect even upon their personalities. But entirely apart from this is the effect to which I have above referred — that he makes an image of each friend and, in so doing, draws forth a strong response from the ego of that friend. The affection which he pours upon that ego (manifesting through the thought-form which he has made for it) is a mighty power for good, which bears no inconsiderable part in the evolution of that ego. It evokes from him an amount of affection which would not otherwise be stirred up in him; and the steady intensification of that most admirable quality throughout the centuries of the heaven-life raises the friend considerably in the scale of evolution. To do this for another ego is unquestionably an act which generates karma, even though the man who has set all this machinery in motion has done so uncomprehendingly. Occasionally the action of such a force upon the ego of a surviving friend may manifest itself even in the personality of that friend upon the physical plane. The action is upon the ego through the special thought-form; but the personality of the surviving friend in this world is a manifestation of the same ego, and if the ego be considerably modified it is at least possible that that modification may show itself in the physical manifestation on this lower plane. It may be asked why the thought of the man in the heaven-world should not act upon his friend precisely as does the thought of a living man — why the vibrations sent forth from his mental body cannot strike directly upon the mental body of his friend, and why it should not generate a thought-form which would travel through space and attach itself to his friend in the ordinary way. If he were moving freely and consciously about the mental plane that is precisely what would happen, but the reason that it does not lies in the peculiar condition of the man in the heaven-world. The man in the heaven-life has shut himself out absolutely from the rest of the world — from the mental plane as much as from the lower levels, and he is living inside the shell of his own thoughts. If his thoughts could reach us in the ordinary way, ours could reach him in precisely the same way, but we know that that is not so. The thought-form which he makes of his friend is within his own shell, and therefore he can act upon it; and, since the ego of the friend has poured himself down into that thought-form, the force reaches the ego of the friend in that way, and from that ego it may, as we have said, to some extent manifest itself even in the personality of the friend down here. The shell is as regards the mental plane much like the shell of an egg on the physical plane. The only way to get anything into the shell of an egg, without breaking it, would be to pour it in from the fourth dimension, or to find a force whose vibrations are sufficiently fine to penetrate between the particles of the shell without disturbing them. This is true also of this mental shell; it cannot be penetrated by any vibrations of matter of its own level, but the finer vibrations which belong to the ego can pass through it without disturbing it in the least; so that it can be acted upon freely from above, but not from below. The thought-form made by the dead man may be considered as a kind of additional artificial mental body, made for and presented to the friend upon whom the love is being poured forth. The personality down here knows nothing of this, but the ego is fully conscious of it and plunges down into it with delight and avidity, realising incidentally that this affords him an additional opportunity of manifestation, and therefore of evolution. From this it follows that the man who has made himself generally beloved — the man who has many real friends — will evolve with far greater rapidity than a more ordinary man; and this again is obviously the karma of his development within himself of the qualities which make him so lovable. So much for the direct result of his action upon individuals; but there are also two aspects of its general action which must not be ignored. A man who thus pours out a great flood of affection, and evokes in response other floods from his friends, is distinctly improving the mental atmosphere in his neighborhood. It is good for the world and for the humanity evolving in it that its mental atmosphere should thus be charged with such feelings, for they play upon all its inhabitants — devas, men, animals, plants — and on every one of these widely different forms of life they have their influence, and always an influence for good. The second and more important of the results produced for the world at large will be readily comprehensible to those who have studied the book on Thought-forms, as an attempt is there made to indicate the outpouring which flows down from the LOGOS in response to a thought of unselfish devotion. It has often been explained that such response comes not only to the individual who originated the thought, but that it also helps to fill the reservoir of spiritual force, which is held by the Nirmanakaya at the disposal of the Masters of Wisdom and their pupils, to be used for the helping of mankind. What is true of devotion is true also of unselfish affection, and if every outrush of such affection or devotion during the comparatively limited physical life produces so magnificent a result, it is easy to see that a far stronger outrush, sustained through a period of perhaps a thousand years, will make to that reservoir a really considerable contribution, and this will bring to the world a benefit which is not calculable in any terms that we can use upon the physical plane. So it is clear that while a man's power for good augments as his consciousness in these higher worlds increases, even the quite ordinary man, who has as yet no special development of consciousness, is nevertheless capable of doing an enormous amount of good during his sojourn upon the higher planes. During his long stay in the heaven-world he may benefit his fellow-men, and so make a large amount of good karma for himself; but, in order to do that, he must be a man of unselfish love or unselfish devotion. It is this quality of unselfishness, of self-forgetfulness, which puts the power into his hands; and that, therefore, is the virtue which every man must cultivate now in full consciousness, in order that after death he may use to the best advantage those far longer periods whose conditions it is now so impossible for him to realize.


text:
The Inner Life, v. II/Second Section

SECOND SECTION

ASTRAL WORK

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Inner Life, v. II/Second Section


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Marshall, Louis

MARSHALL, Louis, American lawyer: b. Syracuse, N. Y., 14 Dec 1856. He was educated in the Syracuse public and high schools and at the law school of Columbia University. In 1878 he began practice at Syracuse. He is now member of the firm of Guggenheimer, Untermeyer and Marshall. He has argued many importing causes in the higher courts, specializing especially in constitutional and corporation law. Mr. Marshall was a member of the New York Constitutional conventions of 1890, 1894 and 1915; served on the commission appointed by Mayor Low, in 1902, to investigate East Side conditions; chairman of the State Immigration Commission appointed by Governor Hughes in 1908 and counsel for William Sulzer in his impeachment trial. Mr. Marshall was also counsel for Leo M. Frank in the United States Supreme Court. He was prominent in the movement for the abrogation of the treaty of 1832 with Russia. He was mediator in settling the cloakmakers' strike in 1910, and prepared the protocol of settlement which has since been the basis of numerous strike adjustments. He has taken an active part in Jewish charitable work and has lectured before many learned and philanthropic societies. Mr. Marshall has been a trustee of Syracuse University since 1910.


text: Index:Beaumont - 1811 November 24.djvu

title: Index:Beaumont - 1811 November 24.djvu


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Marshall, Orsamus Holmes

MARSHALL, Orsamus Holmes, American lawyer and author: b. Franklin, Conn., 1813; d. 1884. In 1831 he was graduated at Union College, studied for the bar, to which he was admitted in 1834. He was one of the founders of the Buffalo Female Academy and

of the Buffalo Historical Society. He also served several years as chancellor of the University of Buffalo. He wrote much in connection with the Iroquois dealings with the whites. Posthumously there appeared a volume entitled ‘Historical Writings of Orsamus H. Marshall Relating to the Early History of the West’ (1887).


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 St. Albans, 24th Nov 1811

My Dear parents

Who at this time, and for some time gone, have been affectionately upbraiding their ungrateful Son for neglecting to comply with their most anxious and reasonable solicitations, will kindly pardon a breach of duty which arises not from want of natural feelings or grateful rememberance—But buried among books and absorb'd by thoughts and reflections, am indifferent to almost every other topic, even to those endearing themes of Paternal love, Maternal affection and Fraternal esteem, which demand the first, the last and the dearest sentiments of my heart.

I enjoy two of the best gifts of Heaven; health and peace; the wealthiest can enjoy but one more (which is competence) but many, very many, Frowns and misfortunes which by me are unexperienced.

My situation affords me a very pleasant life, though it requires my utmost diligence and perserverence in the pursuit of a Medical Profesion of which, sooner or later, I hope to exhibit specimens of proficiency in an art which in this enlightened age of reason and under the modern improvements of Chemistry and Physiology, bids fair to rise with healing on her wings.

My local situation is such that you need give yourself no uneasiness about, I shall be able to meet the exegencies of my Education

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text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Marshall, Thomas Riley

MARSHALL, Thomas Riley, American lawyer and politician: b. North Manchester, Ind., 14 March 1854. He was graduated from Wabash College in 1873 receivins the degree of A.B., and was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1875, practising his profession at Columbia City. In 1908 he was elected governor of Indiana. His adminstration was progressive, and several laws were sponsored by him, including an employers' liability law, an anti-gambling law and direct nomination of senators. In 1912 he was chosen by the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore as the candidate of the Democratic party for Vice-President of the United States. He was a consistent supporter of the Wilson administration and in 1916 was again nominated and elected Vice-President. Some of his public utterances in 1913, in which he appeared to advocate radical ideas in regard to the inheritance of property, caused much criticism. Wabash, Pennsylvania and Notre Dame universities conferred on him the degree of LL.D.


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214 LXII

standing in the forest now,

The place, the hour the same;

And here the green leaves shed a glow,

And there, down in that lake below,

The tiny ripples flame.

The breeze sings like a summer breeze

Should sing in summer skies,

And heavenlike wide and tentlike trees

In mingled glory rise.

The murmur of their boughs and leaves

Speaks pride as well as bliss,

And that blue heaven expanding seems

The circling hills to kiss.

But where is he to-day, to-day?

No whisper, not to me;

I will not question, only say

Where may thy lover be?

Is he upon some distant shore,

Or is he on the sea?

Or is the heart thou dost adore

A faithless heart to thee?

The heart I love and you deride

Is changeless as the grave,

And neither foreign lands divide,

Nor yet the ocean's wave.


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 Education without any difficulty (extraordinaries excepted) my prospects are fair, and my encouragements are by no means indifferent as I am considerably in the habit of riding with my Preceptor and have the charge of many of his patients, during his calls other where, which are numerous and at a distance, he has just return'd from a distant patients in whom he has, as it were, effected a... and is now gone 20 or 30 miles to perform an amputation.

Perhaps you may think I am tardy in acquiring the Profession—But I suppose the transcendent intellects of your more southern Geniuses vegetate more rapidly than the cold, frozen, torpid intellectuals of us northern beings can be expanded by the genial beams of science—Indeed am sure they do—yea almost start up spontaneously, for when I was there last a little more than two years gone, they had just begun the theory; but now I understand they are gifed[?] quite dut[?] in practice; performing almost miracles (at least are Miracle Mongers—) It takes us, in this country, at least six or five years, to become an expert theorist and some longer to be perfect in the art, and there are some that have practiced 18 or 20 years and more of skill too, that acknowledge their want and ability of improvement in some of the accomplishments of Physic—finally the Physicians of this cold climate don't come to maturity (Quacks excepted) like the Bienial Geniuses of Old Lebanon, in less time than it takes to cultivate a crop of Squashes— A blessed country for raising Doctors, Lawyers, and Divines! O that I was then!

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Rh Then why should trouble cloud that brow

And tears those eyes bedim?

Reply this once—is it that thou

Hast faithless been to him?

I dreamt one dark and stormy night

When winter winds were wild. ..


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 I rec'd a letter from Abel some time since and ought to have answered it but the expense of Postage, the necessity of economy, the scarcity of money these hard times, and the deficiency of news of importance has induced me to defer it—but I would recommend a reperusal of my former ones as containing the true sentiments and wishes of his affectionate Brother. To one suggestion in his however, I shall insert a reply in this. He informs me that Doct. Luther Newcomb stated when at Lebanon, that he believed I had become a Federal. I should be glad to know by what authority he made the assertion or what was his malice, if it was, to slander my person and defame my character he could not have missed his object—So far am I from deserving that despicable appellation and so different is the impression among the people and on the mind, even of my Preceptor (who is the fastest Fed that I ever knew, though a man of superior talents) that am counted a Republican and under the daily threatening of being turned out of door for cherishing a true Republican principle, the legitimate sentiment of every real American hereditarily bestow'd and carefully cultivated by an anxious Father whose precepts and instructions have made an indeliable impression on the heart of his son who is farther from ever having the infamous name of Federal justly applied to his character or associated with his name than the North is from the South, who feels the glowing influence of that noble sentiment of Liberty and Independence which the Veteran Fathers of our Country fought, bled and died to obtain! Which influence, elevates the soul of every true American as much above the factious Spirit prevalent in our country, as Zenith is above Nadir or as Virtue is above vice—

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 St. Albans, Nov 26

Mr. Samuel Beaumont, Lebanon Connecticut

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216 LXIII

me by no delay!

My horse is weary of the way,

And still his breast must stem the tide

Whose waves are foaming far and wide.

Leagues off I heard their thundering roar,

As fast they burst upon the shore;

A stronger steed than mine might dread

To brave them in their boiling bed.

Thus spoke the traveller, but in vain;

The stranger would not turn away,

Still clung she to his bridle rein

And still entreated him to stay.

Here with my knee upon the stone

I bid adieu to feelings gone;

I leave with thee my tears and pain,

And rush into the world again.

O come again! what chains withhold

The steps that used so fleet to be?

Come, leave thy dwelling dark and cold,

Once more to visit me.

Was it with the fields of green,

Blowing flower and budding tree,

With the summer heaven serene,

That thou didst visit me?


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Rh No; 'twas not the flowery plain:

No; 'twas not the fragrant air:

Summer skies will come again,

But thou wilt not be there.

How loud the storm sounds round the hall!

From arch to arch, from door to door,

Pillar and roof and granite wall

Rock like a cradle in its roar.

The elm-tree by the haunted well

Greets no returning summer skies;

Down with a rush the giant fell

And stretched across the path it lies.

Hardly had passed the funeral train,

So long delayed by wind and snow;

And how they'll reach the house again

To-morrow's sun perhaps will show.

What use is it to slumber here,

Though the heart be sad and weary?

What use is it to slumber here,

Though the day rise dark and dreary?

For that mist may break when the sun is high,

And this soul forget its sorrow,

And the rosy ray of the closing day

May promise a brighter morrow.


text: Index:Beaumont - 1813 February 26.djvu

title: Index:Beaumont - 1813 February 26.djvu


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218 O evening, why is thy light so sad?

Why is the sun's last ray so cold?

Hush! our smile is as ever glad,

But my heart is growing old.


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 Dear Parents,

I acknowledge myself guilty of a gross neglect of writing without any reasonable excuse, having had time and matter, sufficient to have made an interesting communication, but in manner, am deficient—I can however inform you of my good health, the good health of Sam'l and family, and other friends, relations and acquaintance in this country—

I am now in the Service, acting as Surgeon of the 6th Regt. U.S. Infantry—My resolutions are to continue in service till some occurrence makes it advisable to quit it——The opportunity for practical knowledge is superior to any private situation within my province—The compensation is handsome and payment prompt——

Sam'l is doing well in the Grocery business and would be glad to have one of the Boys to assist him, if they dare venture so near the seat of an anticipated Battle——

There are now, in this camp, about two thousand Regulars, in trim order and under good discipline—recruits are constantly

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 coming on—The 2nd Brigade consisting of about the same number with this is at Burlington Hill—Tho the suclamp[?] among the troops in the town[?] last winter was very mortal, it is now subsided and the men are very healthy.

What will be the situation of the Army by next June I cannot divine—it is expected that it will be augmented to 20 or 30,000, when the opening[?] of a Campaign is anticipated—of that however, you can as well judge [as] I all being, at present mere conjecture and guess-work.

Opperations seem to wear tardily indeed.

The Brittish force is not currently to be ascertain'd, they are principally in the Lower Province withdrawn to Montreal and Quebec, except guards, with which ours have frequent skirmishes—

A flying report of this morning states that our garrison at Ogdensburg is taken by the Brittish—but it is mere report at present—probably it may be true—a few days will determine—A part of our Reg't are order'd to repair to, or nigh, that place directly—

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 more fun may be expected if the report be true, as we shall calculate to retake the garrison—whither I shall be sent on the expedition or remain here is yet undetermined—be that as it may—I shall write you again from that or this. I am Dear Parents Your affectionate Son William Beaumont Camp Seranac Plattsburgh Feby. 26th 1813

Pvt. Samuel and family would be remember'd to Sister and Brothers, will revert to my former letters, which are true representations of the present state of my love regard, unfeigned affection and gratitude—I would write this all—but have not time—being constantly employed in prescribing for the sick and noting the progress of symptoms and proper treatment of a great variety of diseases. [illegible]

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 Mr. Samuel Beaumont Lebanon Connecticut

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220 LXV

first an hour of mournful musing,

And then a gush of bitter tears;

And then a dreary calm diffusing

Its deadly mist o'er joys and cares.

And then a throb and then a lightening,

And then a wakening from above;

And then a star in heaven brightening

The star, the glorious star of love.

Wind, sink to rest in the heather,

Thy wild voice suits not me;

I would have dreary weather,

But all devoid of thee.

Sun set from that evening heaven,

Thy glad smile wins not mine;

If light at all is given,

O give me Cynthia's shine!

Long neglect has worn away

Half the sweet, the haunting smile;

Time has turned the bloom to grey,

Mould and damp the face defile.


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Rh But that lock of silky hair,

Still beneath the picture twined,

Tells what once those features were,

Paints her image on the mind.

Fair the hand that traced that line,

'Dearest, ever deem me true';

Swiftly flew the fingers fine

When the pen that motto drew.

Awaking morning laughs from heaven

On golden summer's forests green,

And what a gust of song is given

To welcome in that light serene!

A fresh wind waves the clustering roses

And through the open window sighs

Around the couch where she reposes,

The lady with the dovelike eyes;

With dovelike eyes and shining hair,

And velvet cheek so sweetly moulded;

And hands so white and soft and fair

Above her snowy bosom folded.

Her sister's and her brother's feet

Are brushing off the scented dew,

And she springs up in haste to greet

The grass and flowers and sunshine too.


text:
Category:Frankish authors

The Franks were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as populating a broad strip of land on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Rhine River. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority [of the Roman Empire] in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Frankish state consolidated its hold over large parts of western Europe by the end of the eighth century, developing into the Carolingian Empire which dominated most of Western Europe. This empire would gradually evolve into France and the Holy Roman Empire.

title: Category:Frankish authors


text:
Author:Samuel Epes Turner

Works

 * Vita Karoli Magni (9th century) by Einhard, translation published in 1880

title: Author:Samuel Epes Turner


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burns, Allan


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276 After leaving the railway station, he had an ice, and read the paper in a cafe. Then he went back to the hotel, dressed for dinner, and dined with a good appetite. After dinner he lingered in the hall (there were chairs and tables there) smoking his cigar; talked to the little girl of the Primo Tenore of the San Carlo theatre, and exchanged a few words with that "amiable lady," the wife of the Primo Tenore. There was no performance that evening, and these people were going to the Villa also. They went out of the hotel. Very well.

At the moment of following their example—it was half-past nine already—he remembered he had a rather large sum of money in his pocket-book. He entered, therefore, the office and deposited the greater part of it with the book-keeper of the hotel. This done, he took a carozella and drove to the seashore. He got out of the cab and entered the Villa on foot from the Largo di Vittoria end.

He stared at me very hard. And I understood then how really impressionable he was. Every small fact and event of that evening stood out in his memory as if endowed with mystic significance. If he did not mention to me the colour of the pony which drew the carozella, and the aspect of the man who drove, it was a mere oversight arising from his agitation, which he repressed manfully.

He had then entered the Villa Nazionale from the Largo di Vittoria end. The Villa Nazionale is a public pleasure-ground laid out in grass plots, bushes, and flower-beds between the houses of the Riviera di Chiaja and the waters of the bay. Alleys of trees, more or less parallel, stretch its whole length—which is considerable. On the Riviera di Chiaja side the electric tramcars run close to the railings. Between the garden and the sea is

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Rh the fashionable drive, a broad road bordered by a low wall, beyond which the Mediterranean splashes with gentle murmurs when the weather is fine.

As life goes on late at night in Naples, the broad drive was all astir with a brilliant swarm of carriage lamps moving in pairs, some creeping slowly, others running rapidly under the thin, motionless line of electric lamps defining the shore. And a brilliant swarm of stars hung above the land humming with voices, piled up with houses, glittering with lights—and over the silent flat shadows of the sea.

The gardens themselves are not very well lit. Our friend went forward in the warm gloom, his eyes fixed upon a distant luminous region extending nearly across the whole width of the Villa, as if the air had glowed there with its own cold, bluish, and dazzling light. This magic spot, behind the black trunks of trees and masses of inky foliage, breathed out sweet sounds mingled with bursts of brassy roar, sudden clashes of metal, and grave, vibrating thuds.

As he walked on, all these noises combined together into a piece of elaborate music whose harmonious phrases came persuasively through a great disorderly murmur of voices and shuffling of feet on the gravel of that open space. An enormous crowd immersed in the electric light, as if in a bath of some radiant and tenuous fluid shed upon their heads by luminous globes, drifted in its hundreds round the band. Hundreds more sat on chairs in more or less concentric circles, receiving unflinchingly the great waves of sonority that ebbed out into the darkness. The Count penetrated the throng, drifted with it in tranquil enjoyment, listening and looking at the faces. All people of good society: mothers with their daughters, parents and children, young men and young women all talking, smiling, nodding to each other. Very

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278 many pretty faces, and very many pretty toilettes. There was, of course, a quantity of diverse types: showy old fellows with white moustaches, fat men, thin men, officers in uniform; but what predominated, he told me, was the South Italian type of young man, with a colourless, clear complexion, red lips, jet-black little moustache and liquid black eyes so wonderfully effective in leering or scowling.

Withdrawing from the throng, the Count shared a little table in front of the café with a young man of just such a type. Our friend had some lemonade. The young man was sitting moodily before an empty glass. He looked up once, and then looked down again. He also tilted his hat forward. Like this

The Count made the gesture of a man pulling his hat down over his brow, and went on:

"I think to myself: he is sad; something is wrong with him; young men have their troubles. I take no notice of him, of course. I pay for my lemonade, and go away."

Strolling about in the neighbourhood of the band, the Count thinks he saw twice that young man wandering alone in the crowd. Once their eyes met. It must have been the same young man, but there were so many there of that type that he could not be certain. Moreover, he was not very much concerned except in so far that he had been struck by the marked, peevish discontent of that face.

Presently, tired of the feeling of confinement one experiences in a crowd, the Count edged away from the band. An alley, very sombre by contrast, presented itself invitingly with its promise of solitude and coolness. He entered it, walking slowly on till the sound of the orchestra became distinctly deadened. Then he walked back and turned about once more. He did this several

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burns, Islay


text:
Translation:Shulchan Aruch/Orach Chaim/518

Moving Things from Domain to Domain on a Holiday

דיני הוצאה מרשות לרשות ביום טוב

Paragraph 1 - Because carrying was allowed for the sake of an eating need, it was also permitted for no such need, like carrying a child, a lulav, a Torah, or objects. Rem"a: [This only applies to things that] he needs a little bit or he is concerned will be stolen or some other financial loss (Hagahot Sma"k and Rabbenu Yerucham). But [carrying] rocks and other similar things is forbidden. Rem"a: And it is permitted to play with a ball in the public domain even though this is just recreation (Tosafot and Rabbenu Yerucham). If there is an eruv, it is permitted to carry and move everything that is a useful object, even something that is not at all related to a holiday need (Ra"n chapter 2 of Beitzah).

סעיף א - מתוך שהתרה הוצאה לצרך אכילה התרה שלא לצרך, כגון קטן ולולה וספר תורה וכלים. הגה: הצריכים לו קצת או שמתירא שלא יגנבו או שאר פסידה (הגהות סמ"ק ורבנו ירחם). אבל אבנים וכיוצא בהן, אסור. הגה: ומתר לשחק בכדור אפלו ברשות הרבים, אף על גב שאינו אלא טיול בעלמא (תוספות ורבנו ירחם). ואם הניח ערוב, מתר לטלטל ולהוציא כל שיש לו תואר כלי אף על פי שאינו לצרך היום כלל (ר"ן פרק ב' דביצה).

Paragraph 2 - It is forbidden to move anything [between domains] on a holiday for the sake of a non-Jew. Rem"a: But it is permitted to send something to [the non-Jew] by means of a non-Jew, like if one has to return a deposit to an angry non-Jew or similar situations (Mordechai the end of chapter 1 of Beitzah and Beit Yosef in the name of the Tosafot chapter 1 of Ketubot).

סעיף ב - אסור לישראל להוציא שום דבר ביום טוב לצרך אינו יהודי. הגה: אבל מתר לשלח לו על ידי אינו יהודי, כגון שצריך להחזיר משכון לאינו יהודי אלם וכדומה לזה (מרדכי סוף פרק קמא דביצה ובית יוסף בשם תוספות פרק קמא דכתובות).

Paragraph 3 - If one takes a piece of wood that is not used exclusively as a skewer and uses it to roast meat, it is forbidden to carry it afterwards, because it is not a tool. Rather, he should leave it and move it to a corner so that it will not hurt people, even if there is no meat on it. Rem"a: For the sake of food, it is permitted to carry everything, even muktzeh (Ramba"m chapter 1 and Mordechai the beginning of chapter "Bechol Me'arvin").

סעיף ג - לקח עץ שאינו מיחד לשפוד וצלה בו בשר, אסור לטלטלו אחר כך, שאינו כלי, אלא שומטו ומניחו בקרן זוית כדי שלא יזוקו בו, אפלו אין עליו בשר כלל. הגה: ולצרך אכל נפש מתר לטלטל הכל אפלו מקצה (רמב"ם פרק א' ומרדכי ריש פרק בכל מערבין).

Paragraph 4 - It is permitted to carry a dovecote's ladder from dovecote to dovecote, even in the public domain. However, it is forbidden to carry a loft's ladder.

סעיף ד - מתר לטלטל סלם של שובך משובך לשובך אפלו ברשות הרבים, אבל סלם של עליה אסור בטלטול.

Paragraph 5 - The law of carrying a container of feces out and back is the same on a holiday as it is on Shabbat (and see above chapter 308 paragraph 35).

סעיף ה - להוציא גרף של רעי ולהחזירו, כדינו בשבת כך דינו ביום טוב (ועין לעיל סימן ש"ח סעיף ל"ה).

Paragraph 6 - If an animal dies on a holiday and it was endangered before the holiday, one should cut it up for the dogs. If it was not endangered, even though it was sick, it is muktzeh and may not be moved.

סעיף ו - בהמה שמתה ביום טוב, אם היתה מסכנת מערב יום טוב, הרי זה מחתכה לכלבים, ואם לא היתה מסכנת, אף על פי שהיתה חולה הרי זה מקצה ולא יזיזנה ממקומה.

Paragraph 7 - We start using straw from a straw heap if it is rotted (meaning rotted) and has thorns, because then it is for burning.

סעיף ז - מתחילין בערמות התבן אם הוא תבנא סריה (פרוש סרוחה) ואית בה קוצים, שעומד להסקה.

Paragraph 8 - We take wood leaning on the walls of the Sukkah and burn them. Rem"a: This is also the case if one threw bundles on top of the schach because they are not legally absorbed; if one had the intention to burn them, he is permitted to take them from there.

סעיף ח - נוטלים עצים הסמוכים לדפני הסכה ומסיקין בהם. הגה: והוא הדין אם זרק חבילות על הסכך דאינן בטלות לגבי הסכך אם דעתו להסיקן מתר לטלן משם.

Paragraph 9 - If a house is full of fruits designated [for holiday use] and the house is burst open, one can take from the place of the break.

סעיף ט - בית שהוא מלא פרות מוכנים ונפחת, נוטל ממקום הפחת.

 * }


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burns, James (17th cent.)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burns, James (1789-1871)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burns, James Drummond


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burns, John


text:
Page:A Set of Six.djvu/299

Rh times before he noticed that there was somebody occupying one of the benches.

The spot being midway between two lamp-posts the light was faint.

The man lolled back in the corner of the seat, his legs stretched out, his arms folded and his head drooping on his breast. He never stirred, as though he had fallen asleep there, but when the Count passed by next time he had changed his attitude. He sat leaning forward. His elbows were propped on his knees, and his hands were rolling a cigarette. He never looked up from that occupation.

The Count continued his stroll away from the band. He returned slowly, he said. I can imagine him enjoying to the full, but with his usual tranquillity, the balminess of this southern night and the sounds of music softened delightfully by the distance.

Presently, he approached for the third time the man on the garden seat, still leaning forward with his elbows on his knees. It was a dejected pose. In the semi-obscurity of the alley his high shirt collar and his cuffs made small patches of vivid whiteness. The Count said that he had noticed him getting up brusquely as if to walk away, but almost before he was aware of it the man stood before him asking in a low, gentle tone whether the signore would have the kindness to oblige him with a light.

The Count answered this request by a polite "Certainly," and dropped his hands with the intention of exploring both pockets of his trousers for the matches.

"I dropped my hands," he said, "but I never put them in my pockets. I felt a pressure there"

He put the tip of his linger on a spot close under his breastbone, the very spot of the human body where a Japanese gentleman begins the operations of the

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text:
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280, which is a form of suicide following upon dishonour, upon an intolerable outrage to the delicacy of one's feelings.

"I glance down," the Count continued in an awestruck voice, "and what do I see? A knife! A long knife"

"You don't mean to say," I exclaimed, amazed, "that you have been held up like this in the Villa at half-past ten o'clock, within a stone's throw of a thousand people!"

He nodded several times, staring at me with all his might.

"The clarionet," he declared, solemnly, "was finishing his solo, and I assure you I could hear every note. Then the band crashed fortissimo, and that creature rolled its eyes and gnashed its teeth hissing at me with the greatest ferocity, 'Be silent! No noise or"

I could not get over my astonishment.

"What sort of knife was it?" I asked, stupidly.

"A long blade. A stiletto—perhaps a kitchen knife. A long narrow blade. It gleamed. And his eyes gleamed. His white teeth, too. I could see them. He was very ferocious. I thought to myself: 'If I hit him he will kill me.' How could I fight with him? He had the knife and I had nothing. I am nearly seventy, you know, and that was a young man. I seemed even to recognize him. The moody young man of the café. The young man I met in the crowd. But I could not tell. There are so many like him in this country."

The distress of that moment was reflected in his face. I should think that physically he must have been paralyzed by surprise. His thoughts, however, remained extremely active. They ranged over every alarming possibility. The idea of setting up a vigorous

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text:
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Rh for help occurred to him, too. But he did nothing of the kind, and the reason why he refrained gave me a good opinion of his mental self-possession. He saw in a flash that nothing prevented the other from shouting, too.

"That young man might in an instant have thrown away his knife and pretended I was the aggressor. Why not? He might have said I attacked him. Why not? It was one incredible story against another! He might have said anything—bring some dishonouring charge against me—what do I know? By his dress he was no common robber. He seemed to belong to the better classes. What could I say? He was an Italian—I am a foreigner. Of course, I have my passport, and there is our consul—but to be arrested, dragged at night to the police office like a criminal!"

He shuddered. It was in his character to shrink from scandal, much more than from mere death. And certainly for many people this would have always remained—considering certain peculiarities of Neapolitan manners—a deucedly queer story. The Count was no fool. His belief in the respectable placidity of life having received this rude shock, he thought that now anything might happen. But also a notion came into his head that this young man was perhaps merely an infuriated lunatic.

This was for me the first hint of his attitude towards this adventure. In his exaggerated delicacy of sentiment he felt that nobody's self-esteem need be affected by what a madman may choose to do to one. It became apparent, however, that the Count was to be denied that consolation. He enlarged upon the abominably savage way in which that young man rolled his glistening eyes and gnashed his white teeth. The band was going now through a slow movement of solemn

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burder, Thomas Harrison


text:
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282 braying by all the trombones, with deliberately repeated bangs of the big drum.

"But what did you do?" I asked, greatly excited.

"Nothing," answered the Count. "I let my hands hang down very still. I told him quietly I did not intend making a noise. He snarled like a dog, then said in an ordinary voice:

" ' Vostro portofolio.'"

"So I naturally," continued the Count—and from this point acted the whole thing in pantomime. Holding me with his eyes, he went through all the motions of reaching into his inside breast pocket, taking out a pocket-book, and handing it over. But that young man, still bearing steadily on the knife, refused to touch it.

He directed the Count to take the money out himself, received it into his left hand, motioned the pocketbook to be returned to the pocket, all this being done to the sweet thrilling of flutes and clarionets sustained by the emotional drone of the hautboys. And the "young man," as the Count called him, said: "This seems very little."

"It was, indeed, only 340 or 360 lire," the Count pursued. "I had left my money in the hotel, as you know. I told him this was all I had on me. He shook his head impatiently and said:

" ' Vostro orologio.'"

The Count gave me the dumb show of pulling out his watch, detaching it. But, as it happened, the valuable gold half-chronometer he possessed had been left at a watch-maker's for cleaning. He wore that evening (on a leather guard) the Waterbury fifty-franc thing he used to take with him on his fishing expeditions. Perceiving the nature of this booty, the well-dressed robber made a contemptuous clicking sound with his tongue like this, "Tse-Ah!" and waved it away hastily. Then,

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Rh as the Count was returning the disdained object to his pocket, he demanded with a threateningly increased pressure of the knife on the epigastrium, by way of reminder:

"Vostri anelli."

"One of the rings," went on the Count, "was given me many years ago by my wife; the other is the signet ring of my father. I said, 'No. That you shall not have!'"

Here the Count reproduced the gesture corresponding to that declaration by clapping one hand upon the other, and pressing both thus against his chest. It was touching in its resignation. "That you shall not have," he repeated, firmly, and closed his eyes, fully expecting—I don't know whether I am right in recording that such an unpleasant word had passed his lips—fully expecting to feel himself being—I really hesitate to say—being disembowelled by the push of the long, sharp blade resting murderously against the pit of his stomach—the very seat, in all human beings, of anguishing sensations.

Great waves of harmony went on flowing from the band.

Suddenly the Count felt the nightmarish pressure removed from the sensitive spot. He opened his eyes. He was alone. He had heard nothing. It is probable that "the young man" had departed, with light steps, some time before, but the sense of the horrid pressure had lingered even after the knife had gone. A feeling of weakness came over him. He had just time to stagger to the garden seat. He felt as though he had held his breath for a long time. He sat all in a heap, panting with the shock of the reaction.

The band was executing, with immense bravura, the complicated finale. It ended with a tremendous crash.

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284 He heard it unreal and remote, as if his ears had been stopped, and then the hard clapping of a thousand, more or less, pairs of hands, like a sudden hail-shower passing away. The profound silence which succeeded recalled him to himself.

A tramcar resembling a long glass box wherein people sat with their heads strongly lighted, ran along swiftly within sixty yards of the spot where he had been robbed. Then another rustled by, and yet another going the other way. The audience about the band had broken up, and were entering the alley in small conversing groups. The Count sat up straight and tried to think calmly of what had happened to him. The vileness of it took his breath away again. As far as I can make it out he was disgusted with himself. I do not mean to say with his behaviour. Indeed, if his pantomimic rendering of it for my information was to be trusted, it was simply perfect. No, it was not that. He was not ashamed. He was shocked at being the selected victim, not of robbery so much as of contempt. His tranquillity had been wantonly desecrated. His lifelong, kindly nicety of outlook had been defaced.

Nevertheless, at that stage, before the iron had time to sink deep, he was able to argue himself into comparative equanimity. As his agitation calmed down somewhat, he became aware that he was frightfully hungry. Yes, hungry. The sheer emotion had made him simply ravenous. He left the seat and, after walking for some time, found himself outside the gardens and before an arrested tramcar, without knowing very well how he came there. He got in as if in a dream, by a sort of instinct. Fortunately he found in his trouser pocket a copper to satisfy the conductor. Then the car stopped, and as everybody was getting out he got out, too. He recognized the Piazza San Ferdinando, but

title: Page:A Set of Six.djvu/304


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burdett, Francis


text:
Page:A Set of Six.djvu/305

Rh apparently it did not occur to him to take a cab and drive to the hotel. He remained in distress on the Piazza like a lost dog, thinking vaguely of the best way of getting something to eat at once.

Suddenly he remembered his twenty-franc piece. He explained to me that he had that piece of French gold for something like three years. He used to carry it about with him as a sort of reserve in case of accident. Anybody is liable to have his pocket picked—a quite different thing from a brazen and insulting robbery.

The monumental arch of the Galleria Umberto faced him at the top of a noble flight of stairs. He climbed these without loss of time, and directed his steps towards the Café Umberto. All the tables outside were occupied by a lot of people who were drinking. But as he wanted something to eat, he went inside into the café, which is divided into aisles by square pillars set all round with long looking-glasses. The Count sat down on a red plush bench against one of these pillars, waiting for his risotto. And his mind reverted to his abominable adventure.

He thought of the moody, well-dressed young man, with whom he had exchanged glances in the crowd around the bandstand, and who, he felt confident, was the robber. Would he recognize him again? Doubtless. But he did not want ever to see him again. The best thing was to forget this humiliating episode.

The Count looked round anxiously for the coming of his risotto, and, behold! to the left against the wall—there sat the young man. He was alone at a table, with a bottle of some sort of wine or syrup and a carafe of iced water before him. The smooth olive cheeks, the rod lips, the little jet-black moustache turned up gallantly, the fine black eyes a little heavy and shaded

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286 by long eyelashes, that peculiar expression of cruel discontent to be seen only in the busts of some Roman emperors—it was he, no doubt at all. But that was a type. The Count looked away hastily. The young officer over there reading a paper was like that, too. Same type. Two young men farther away playing draughts also resembled

The Count lowered his head with the fear in his heart of being everlastingly haunted by the vision of that young man. He began to eat his risotto. Presently he heard the young man on his left call the waiter in a bad-tempered tone.

At the call, not only his own waiter, but two other idle waiters belonging to a quite different row of tables, rushed towards him with obsequious alacrity, which is not the general characteristic of the waiters in the Café Umberto. The young man muttered something and one of the waiters walking rapidly to the nearest door called out into the Galleria: "Pasquale! O! Pasquale!"

Everybody knows Pasquale, the shabby old fellow who, shuffling between the tables, offers for sale cigars, cigarettes, picture postcards, and matches to the clients of the café. He is in many respects an engaging scoundrel. The Count saw the grey-haired, unshaven ruffian enter the café, the glass case hanging from his neck by a leather strap, and, at a word from the waiter, make his shuffling way with a sudden spurt to the young man's table. The young man was in need of a cigar with which Pasquale served him fawningly. The old pedlar was going out, when the Count, on a sudden impulse, beckoned to him.

Pasquale approached, the smile of deferential recognition combining oddly with the cynical searching expression of his eyes. Leaning his case on the table, he

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Rh lifted the glass lid without a word. The Count took a box of cigarettes and urged by a fearful curiosity, asked as casually as he could—

"Tell me, Pasquale, who is that young signore sitting over there?"

The other bent over his box confidentially.

"That, Signor Conde," he said, beginning to rearrange his wares busily and without looking up, "that is a young Cavaliere of a very good family from Bari. He studies in the University here, and is the chief, capo, of an association of young men—of very nice young men."

He paused, and then, with mingled discretion and pride of knowledge, murmured the explanatory word "Camorra" and shut down the lid. "A very powerful Camorra," he breathed out. "The professors themselves respect it greatly . . . una lira e cinquanti centesimi, Signor Conde."

Our friend paid with the gold piece. While Pasquale was making up the change, he observed that the young man, of whom he had heard so much in a few words, was watching the transaction covertly. After the old vagabond had withdrawn with a bow, the Count settled with the waiter and sat still. A numbness, he told me, had come over him.

The young man paid, too, got up, and crossed over, apparently for the purpose of looking at himself in the mirror set in the pillar nearest to the Count's seat. He was dressed all in black with a dark green bow tie. The Count looked round, and was startled by meeting a vicious glance out of the corners of the other's eyes. The young Cavaliere from Bari (according to Pasquale; but Pasquale is, of course, an accomplished liar) went on arranging his tie, settling his hat before the glass, and meantime he spoke just loud enough to be heard by the Count. He spoke through his teeth with the

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288 most insulting venom of contempt and gazing straight into the mirror.

"Ah! So you had some gold on you—you old liar—you old birba—you furfante! But you are not done with me yet."

The fiendishness of his expression vanished like lightning, and he lounged out of the café with a moody, impassive face.

The poor Count, after telling me this last episode, fell back trembling in his chair. His forehead broke into perspiration. There was a wanton insolence in the spirit of this outrage which appalled even me. What it was to the Count's delicacy I won't attempt to guess. I am sure that if he had been not too refined to do such a blatantly vulgar thing as dying from apoplexy in a café, he would have had a fatal stroke there and then. All irony apart, my difficulty was to keep him from seeing the full extent of my commiseration. He shrank from every excessive sentiment, and my commiseration was practically unbounded. It did not surprise me to hear that he had been in bed a week. He had got up to make his arrangements for leaving Southern Italy for good and all.

And the man was convinced that he could not live through a whole year in any other climate!

No argument of mine had any effect. It was not timidity, though he did say to me once: "You do not know what a Camorra is, my dear sir. I am a marked man." He was not afraid of what could be done to him. His delicate conception of his dignity was defiled by a degrading experience. He couldn't stand that. No Japanese gentleman, outraged in his exaggerated sense of honour, could have gone about his preparations for Hara-kiri with greater resolution. To go home really amounted to suicide for the poor Count.

title: Page:A Set of Six.djvu/308


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burdon, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burford, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burford, Thomas


text: A Set of Six/Il Conde

title: A Set of Six/Il Conde


text:
Page:Dictionary of spoken Russian (1945).djvu/496

 слева, а кровать справа. You'd better put the table on the left and the bed on the right. • on one's left. Займите место у окна слева. Take a seat near the window on your left.

слегка (/cf лёгкий/) slightly. Он слегка обижен. He's slightly hurt. • lightly. Он только слегка коснулся этого вопроса. He just touched on the question lightly. □ Он слегка навеселе. He's in his cups today.

след (P -ы/gs следа; g -у/) mark. Тут автомобиль проезжал — видите след шин. An automobile passed here; look at the tire marks. — Неужели всё пережитое не оставило на нём следа? Is it possible that all he's gone through hasn't left a mark on him? • trail. Наконец-то мы напали на их след. We finally found their trail. • footsteps. Мы шли по следам врага. We were dogging the enemy's footsteps. • track. Теперь уж ему никак не удастся замести следы. Now he'll have no way of covering up his tracks. • clue. По свежим следам вы ещё, пожалуй, выясните, кто это сделал. You may be able to find out who did it while the clues are still hot. □ Они идут следом за нами. They're following us. • Её и след простыл. She's disappeared into thin air.

следить (dur) to follow. Я внимательно следил за этим процессом. I followed the trial closely. • to see to it. Вам придётся следить за выполнением этой работы. You'll have to see to it that this job is done. • to shadow. Почему вы думаете, что он за вами следит? What makes you think he was shadowing you? □ Я внимательно слежу за американской печатью. I read American newspapers and periodicals regularly.

следовательно then. Следовательно, я прав? I'm right then? • so. Это был последний поезд; следовательно, нам придётся здесь переночевать. This was the last train, so we'll have to spend the night here.

следовать to follow. Следуйте за мной! Follow me. — Сначала даётся чертёж машины, а затем следует её описание. First a sketch of the machine is given, and then its description follows. — Следуйте его примеру и вы не прогадаете. Follow his example and you won't go wrong. — Я надеюсь, что вы следуете предписаниям врача. I hope that you follow the doctor's orders. □ Вы знаете, куда вам следует обратиться за разрешением? Do you know where you ought to ask for permission? • Вам это следовало знать. You should have known that. • Ему следовало бы посетить этот музей. He ought to visit that museum. • Как и следовало ожидать, гостиницы были переполнены. As was to be expected, the hotels were full. • Что же из этого следует? Well, what's your conclusion? • Вам необходимо отдохнуть как следует. You have to get a good rest. • Всё было сделано как следует. Everything was done exactly as it should have been. • Ведите себя как следует. Behave yourself. • С вас следует пять рублей. You have to pay five rubles.

следующий (/prop of следовать/) next. Если опоздаем, поедем следующим поездом. If we're late, we'll go by the next train. — Следующий! Next! • following. Я бы поступил следующим образом. I'd act in the following manner.

слеза (P слёзы, слёз, слезам) tear. У неё слёзы навернулись на глаза. Tears came to her eyes. — Она прибежала вся в слезах. She came running, all in tears. — Я что-то ответила сквозь слёзы. I replied something through my tears. — Он до слёз смеялся над моим рассказом. He laughed at my story so hard that tears came to his eyes. □ довести до слёз to make (someone) cry. Ваши насмешки довели её до слёз. You made her cry when you poked fun at her. □ До слёз обидно, что вся работа даром пропала. It hurts to think that all this work was done for nothing.

слезать (dur of слезть) to get off. Я всегда слезаю с трамвая на этом углу. I always get off the trolley on this corner. — Не слезайте с койки, пока я не подмету. Don't get off the cot until I sweep. □ Нам слезать! This is our stop!

слезть (слезу, -зет; p слез, слезла, -о, -и; pct of слезать) to climb down. Скажите ему, чтобы он сейчас же слез с дерева. Tell him to climb right down from the tree. • to peel off. С этой полки слезла вся краска. All the paint has peeled off this shelf.

слепой (sh слеп, -па, слепо, -ы) blind. Щенята ещё слепые. The puppies are still blind. — Он слеп от рождения. He's been blind from birth. — *Вот слепая курица! Ведь тетрадь перед вашим носом! You're blind as a bat; don't you see the copybook right under your nose? — Что вы, слепой? Не видите, что вас обманывают? Are you blind or something? Don't you see you're being cheated? □ слепо, implicitly. Она ему слепо верит. She trusts him implicitly. • blindly. Я не хочу слепо следовать ничьим указаниям. I won't follow anybody's instructions blindly.

слесарь (P -ря, -рей M) locksmith.

слетать (dur of слететь).

слетать (pct) to fly. За неделю я успею слетать в Иркутск и уладить все дела. In a week I can fly to Irkutsk and back and arrange everything.

слететь (слечу, слетит; pct of слетать) to fly. Воробей слетел с крыши. The sparrow flew from the roof. • to fall down. Он слетел с лестницы и расшибся. He fell down a flight of stairs and was hurt. • to get fired. За такие дела он наверняка слетит. That sort of thing will get him fired. □ Будь другом, слетай вниз, купи папирос. Be a pal; run down and buy some cigarettes.

слива plum. Купите слив на рынке. Buy some plums at the market. — У нас сегодня на сладкое компот из слив. We have stewed plums for dessert today. • plum tree. Мы посадили три сливы в саду. We've planted three plum trees in our garden.

сливки (-вок P) (sweet) cream. Кто заказал кофе со сливками? Who ordered coffee with (sweet) cream? □ сбитые сливки whipped cream.

слишком too. Она говорит слишком громко. She talks too loud. — Вы слишком нетерпеливы. You're too impatient. — Он слишком много себе позволяет. He takes too many liberties. — Вы не слишком устали? Aren't you too tired? • too far. Ну, это уж слишком! Now, that's going a bit too far!

словарь (-ря M) dictionary.

словно as if, as though. Что это? Словно кто-то по коридору ходит. What's that? It sounds as if someone's walking along the hall. — Он подарил мне эту книгу, словно зная, что она мне нужна. He made me a present of this book just as though he knew I needed it. • like. Она ходит за ним, словно нянька. She treats him like a nurse-


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 maid would a child. — Что это он ходит, словно в воду опущенный. Why does he walk around like a lost soul?

слово (P слова) word. Повторите это слово. Repeat that word. — Дайте мне, наконец, слово сказать. At least let me put in a word. — Расскажите мне это своими словами. Tell it to me in your own words. — Мы с ним понимаем друг друга без слов. He and I understand each other without saying a word. — Я ни слова не понял. I didn't understand a single word. — Только помните, никому ни слова! But remember, not a word to anyone. — Я всегда держу своё слово. I always keep my word. — Вы можете верить ему на слово. You can take his word. — Я вас ловлю на слове: вы придёте завтра. I'm taking you at your word; you're coming tomorrow. — *Давши слово — держись, а не давши — крепись. Don't give your word unless you intend to keep it. □ без дальних слов without mincing words. Без дальних слов, он попросил нас оставить эту квартиру. Without mincing words, he asked us to move out of the apartment. иными словами in other words. Иными словами, вы остались недовольны своей поездкой? In other words, you were dissatisfied with your trip; is that it? слова lyrics. Это романс на слова Пушкина. The lyrics of this song are from Pushkin. □ К слову пришлось — я и сказал. It was a propos, so I said it. • Прошу слова, товарищ председатель! Mister Chairman, may I have the floor? • Пора уже перейти от слов к делу. It's time to stop this talk. Something has to be done. • Мне нужно сказать вам несколько слов. I have a few things to say to you. • *Слово — серебро, молчание — золото. Silence is golden. • К сожалению, у него слова обычно расходятся с делом. Unfortunately he doesn't do what he says he does. • По-моему, это только спор о словах. I think you're only splitting hairs. • Я взял с него слово, что он заедет к нам на обратном пути. I made him promise he'd stop in to see us on his way back. • Слов нет, он умный парень. There's no doubt that he's a clever fellow. • Мне некогда писать, передайте ему это на словах. I have no time to write, so you tell him. • Подсудимый отказался от последнего слова. The defendant waived his final plea.

сложение addition. Ребята уже усвоили сложение. The children have already learned addition. • constitution. Человеку крепкого сложения нетрудно провести день без пищи. It isn't hard for a man with a strong constitution to go without food for a day.

сложить (сложу, сложит; pct of складывать) to arrange. Сложите эти папки поакуратнее, пожалуйста. Arrange these folders neatly, please. • to fold. Сложите салфетки вчетверо. Fold the napkins in four. • to add up. Сложите все эти цифры. Add up all these numbers. • to put. Книги можно сложить в этот ящик. You can put the books in this case. • to make up. Мы про него песню сложили. We made up a song about him. □ сложить с себя to give up (a duty). Я хотел сложить с себя обязанности секретаря. I'd like to give up the duties of secretary. • to get rid of. Не пытайтесь сложить с себя ответственность. Don't try to get rid of the responsibility. □ А он всё не хочет сложить оружия. He still doesn't want to give up fighting. • (no dur) *Что вы сидите сложа руки? Why are you sitting on your hands?

сложность (F) problem. Зачем создавать сложности там, где их нет? Why do you make problems where none exist?

сложный (sh -жна) complicated. Это сложный вопрос. This is a complicated question. • intricate. Я не совсем разбираюсь в этом сложном аппарате. I haven't quite figured out this intricate device. □ сложно complicated. Он всегда говорит так сложно, что ничего нельзя понять. He always speaks in such a complicated manner that you can't possibly understand a thing.

сломать (pct of ломать) to break. Я, кажется, сломал себе руку. I think I broke my arm. — Осторожно, не сломайте стула! Be careful not to break the chair. □ *Сломаешь ты себе шею на этом деле! You'll be digging your own grave with this thing.

-ся to break down. Ниша телега по дороге сломалась. Our cart broke down on the way.

слон (-а) elephant. Во время бомбардировки, одной из жертв оказался слон из зоопарка. One of the victims of the bombardment was the elephant in the zoo. □ *Они, по обыкновению, делают из мухи слона. As usual, they're making a mountain out of a molehill. • *Оказывается, слона-то вы и не приметили! You've missed the main point.

служащий (AM/M of prop of служить/) employee. Сколько служащих работает в этом учреждении? How many employees work in this office? • clerk. Пошлите мне в помер служащего, который говорит по-английски. Send up to my room a clerk who speaks English.

служба service. Действительную службу я проходил во флоте. I was in active service in the Navy. • work. В котором часу он приходит со службы? What time does he come home from work? • job. Вы довольны вашей службой? Are you satisfied with your job? • favor. Сослужите мне службу, отнесите ему этот пакет. Do me a favor and deliver this package to him. □ сослужить службу to serve. Его замечательный слух уже не раз сослужил ему хорошую службу. His excellent hearing served him well more than once.

служебный office. Я вам дам номер моего служебного телефона. I'll give you my office telephone number. □ служебное время working hours. Я не могу заниматься частными разговорами в служебное время. I can't have private conversations during working hours.

служить (служу, служит; prap служащий) to serve. Он служит в армии. He's serving in the army. □ Для чего служит этот рычаг? What's this crank for? • Отдохнем немного — ноги отказываются служить. Let's rest a while; my feet won't move another step.

слух (/g -у/) hearing. После болезни у него ослабел слух. After his illness he became hard of hearing. • rumor. По городу ходят разные слухи. All kinds of rumors are spreading throughout the city. □ по слуху by ear. Он играет по слуху. He plays by ear. □ *От него ни слуху ни духу. I've seen neither hide nor hair of him.

случай case. Доктор рассказал интересный случай из своей практики. The doctor told about an interesting case in his practice. • occasion. Не было ещё случая, чтобы он не опоздал! There wasn't a single occasion when he wasn't late. • accident. Чистый случай свёл меня с ним.


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 It was sheer accident that we two met. • chance. Он уж, конечно, не упустит случая с ней встретиться. Of course he won't miss the chance of meeting her. • opportunity. Он всегда рад случаю выпить. He's always glad of an opportunity to drink. • circumstance. Я не знаю, как мне поступить в этом случае. I don't know how to act under such circumstances. □ в данном случае in that case. В данном случае я бы действовал решительно. In that case, I'd act decisively. в крайнем случае if worst comes to worst. В крайнем случае, нам придётся снять всю дачу. If worst comes to worst, we'll have to take the entire summer house. во всяком случае in any event, in any case. Я во всяком случае приду. I'll come in any event. в случае in case. В случае чего — телеграфируйте. In case something comes up, wire me. — В случае, если я опоздаю, не ждите меня с обедом. In case I'm late, don't wait for me for dinner. на всякий сличай just in case. На всякий случай возьмите с собой зонтик. Take an umbrella with you just in case. несчастный случай accident. Число несчастных случаев у нас на заводе уменьшилось. The number of accidents in our factory has decreased. ни в коем случае under no circumstances. Ни в коем случае не отказывайтесь от этой работы. Under no circumstances refuse that job. по случаю secondhand. Здесь продаётся пианино по сличаю. Secondhand piano for sale. • for. Музей закрыт по случаю ремонта. The museum is closed for repairs. удобный случай opportunity. Я поговорю с ним об этом, как только представится удобный случай. I'll talk to him about it as soon as I get the opportunity.

случайность (F) coincidence. Мне удалось его разыскать, только благодаря счастливой случайности. I was able to find him because of a lucky coincidence. • accident. Уверяю вас, ваше имя было пропущено по чистой случайности. I assure you your name was overlooked through pure accident.

случайный unexpected. Случайное обстоятельство помешало мне быть там во-время. An unexpected event prevented my being there on time. • casual. Их случайное знакомство перешло в большую дружбу. Their casual acquaintance grew into a great friendship. □ случайный заработок odd job. На эти случайные заработки не проживёшь. You can't live on those odd jobs. случайно by chance, accidentally. Они случайно встретились в театре. They met in the theater by chance. — Мы с ним познакомились случайно. We got to know each other accidentally. • by any chance. Вы, случайно, не к нам идёте? Are you on the way to our house by any chance? □ Он случайно оказался дома. He just happened to be home.

случаться (dur of случиться) to happen. С ней вечно случаются необычайные происшествия. Something unusual is always happening to her. □ Ему случалось и раньше опаздывать. He's been late before. • Вам уже случалось бывать в нашем городе? Have you ever been in our town?

случиться (pct of случаться) to happen. (no dur) Что случилось? What happened? — Вот видите! Случилось так, как я предсказывал. See, it happened the way I said it would. — Мне как-то случилось проезжать тут летом. I happened to pass through here once in the summer. — Что бы ни случилось, я останусь вашим другом. No matter what happens I'll always be your friend. □ С ними случилась большая беда. They had a stroke of very bad luck. • С ним случилась ужасно неприятная история. He got into an awful mess.

слушатель (M) listener. Он внимательный слушатель. He's an attentive listener. □ На его лекциях всегда много слушателей. His lectures always draw a large crowd.

слушать to listen. Вы сегодня слушали радио? Did you listen to the radio today? — Аудитория слушала его с большим интересом. The audience listened to him with great interest. □ Слушаю; кто у телефона? Hello; who's speaking? • Слушайте, говорит Москва. This is Moscow speaking.

-ся to obey. Он требует, чтобы все его слушались. He demands that everybody obey him. □ Когда слушается его дело? When does his case come to trial?

слышать (-шу, -шит; /pct: у-/) to hear. Говорите громче, я вас не слышу. Speak louder; I don't hear you. — Слышали новость? Did you hear the news? — *Слышал звон, да не знает, где он. He heard something, but doesn't quite understand what it's all about. □ (no pct) На одно ухо он совсем не слышит. He's absolutely deaf in one ear.

слякоть (F) slush. Ну, и слякоть сегодня! Look at the slush today. □ Не человек, а слякоть какая-то. He's not a man; he's just a jellyfish.

смажу See смазать.

смазать (смажу, -жет; pct of смазывать) to oil. Необходимо смазать машину. The car needs oiling. • to paint. Смажьте горло иодом. Paint your throat with iodine. • to gloss over. Вы умышленно смазали вопрос. You deliberately glossed over the question.

смазка oiling. Какой смазкой вы пользуетесь для вашей машины? What do you use for oiling your car? • grease. Нам нужна смазка для колёс. We need some grease for the wheels.

смазывать (dur of смазать) to grease. Не смазывайте мотор пока он не остынет. Don't grease the engine before it's cooled off.

смалывать (dur of смолоть) to grind.

смежный adjoining. У них две смежные комнаты. They have two adjoining rooms.

смелый (sh -ла) brave. Это был смелый поступок. It was a brave thing to do. • courageous. Он смелый парень. He's a courageous fellow. • bold. Боюсь, что это слишком смелое утверждение. I'm afraid that's too bold a statement to make. □ смело courageously. Они смело бросились на врага. They courageously threw themselves at the enemy. • pluckily. Мальчишка отвечал смело, без колебаний. The boy answered pluckily without hesitation. • easily. Здесь смело могут поместиться три человека. Three people can get in here easily. □ Вы смело можете взяться за эту работу. You can take this work on without hesitation.

смелю See смолоть.


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 смена shift. В нашей смене работают только женщины. Only women work on our shift. — Вы работаете в ночной смене? Do you work on the night shift? • change. Вам необходима смена впечатлений. What you need is a change of scenery. — Он взял с собой только две смены белья. He took only two changes of underwear with him. • youth. Мы посвящаем много забот и внимания нашей смене. We give a lot of care and attention to our youth. □ Мы пришли вам на смену. We came to relieve you.

смерить (pct of мерить) to measure. Смерьте-ка расстояние между окнами. Measure the distance between the windows. • to take. Я вам смерю температуру. I'll take your temperature. □ Она его смерила взглядом, и ему стало неловко. She looked him up and down, and he got embarrassed.

смеркаться (dur of смеркнуться) to get dark. Начинает смеркаться. It's getting dark.

смеркнуться (p смерклось /N form only/; pct of смеркаться). □ Уже смерклось. It's already dark.

смертельный fatal. Рана его оказалась смертельной. His wound proved to be fatal. • mortal. Они смертельные враги. They're mortal enemies. □ смертельно fatally. Он ранен тяжело, но не смертельно. He's badly wounded, but not fatally. • dead. Я смертельно устал. I'm dead tired. □ Этот мотив мне смертельно надоел. I'm just fed up with this tune. • Смертельно! Danger!

смерть (P -рти, -ртёй F) death. Они знали, что идут на верную смерть. They knew they were facing certain death. — Вы меня на смерть напугали! You scared me to death! — Он при смерти. He's near death. — Мне до смерти надоели его анекдоты. I'm bored to death with his stories. □ Что с вами? Вы бледны как смерть. What's the matter with you? You're pale as a ghost. • Они враги не на жизнь, а на смерть. They're deadly enemies. • *Что ж, двум смертям не бывать, а одной не миновать. Well, you only die once. • *Смерть люблю слушать его песни. I just love to listen to his songs. • Он разбился на смерть. He was smashed to bits. • *До смерти курить хочется! I'm dying for a smoke!

сметана sour cream.

сметь to dare. Как вы смеете с ней так разговаривать! How dare you talk to her in that manner? — Не смейте и думать об этом. Don't even dare think about it.

смех (/g -а, -у/) laugh. Какой у неё заразительный смех! What a contagious laugh she has! • laughter. Мы так и покатились со смеху. We just rolled with laughter. • laughing. Бросьте шутки, мне не до смеху. Quit kidding; I'm in no mood for laughing. — Мы просто помирали со смеху. We just died laughing. • fun. Я это сказал так, смеха ради. I said it just for the fun of it. □ поднять на смех to make fun of. Я так и сказал, а они подняли меня на смех. I said that, but they made fun of me. □ Он это на смех написал, что ли? He was kidding about that, wasn't he?

смешать (pct of смешивать) to mix. Смешайте эти две краски, тогда получится тот цвет, который вы хотите. Mix these two paints and you'll get the color you want.

смешивать (dur of смешать) to confuse. Не смешивайте этих двух понятий. Don't confuse these two ideas.

смешной (sh смешон, -шна, -о, -ы) funny. Я не вижу в этом ничего смешного. I don't see anything funny about it. — Они до смешного похожи друг на друга. It's funny how much alike they are. • ridiculous. Вы меня поставили в смешное положение. You put me in a ridiculous position. • silly. Вот смешной! Ведь речь идёт совсем о другом. Aren't you silly! We're talking about something altogether different. □ смешно humorously. Он очень смешно описал вчерашнюю сценку. He described yesterday's incident very humorously. • silly. Смешно об этом говорить в такую минуту. It's silly to talk about this at such a moment. • funny. Вам смешно? А мне вот плакать хочется. Is it funny to you? I feel like crying.

смеяться (смеюсь, смеётся) to laugh. Мы смеялись до слёз. We laughed fit to cry. — Не смейтесь! это очень серьёзно. Don't laugh. This is a very serious matter. — Над ним все смеются. Everybody's laughing at him. • to kid. Не обижайтесь! Я, ведь, только смеюсь. Don't get sore; I'm only kidding. □ Посмотрим, кто будет смеяться последним. Let's see who'll have the last laugh.

смирный quiet. Что это ваш сынок сегодня такой смирный? Why is your little boy so quiet today? • gentle. Будьте спокойны, лошадь смирная, не сбросит. Rest assured, the horse is gentle and won't throw you. □ смирно still. Сидите смирно — снимаю! Sit still; I'm taking your picture. — Она минуты не может посидеть смирно. She can't be still even for a moment. □ Смирно! Attention! (military).

смолачнвать (dur of смолотить).

смолотить (-молочу, -молотит; pct of молотить and смолачивать) to thresh.

смолоть (смелю, смелет; ppp смолотый; pct of молоть and смалывать) to grind. Погодите, я сейчас смелю кофе. Wait, I'll just grind the coffee.

сморкать (pct: вы-).

-ся to blow one's nose. Не сморкайтесь так громко. Don't blow your nose so loudly.

смотр (/на смотру/) parade. Сегодня у пионеров смотр. There's a Pioneer parade today. □ произвести смотр to review. Произведём смотр нашим достижениям. Let's review our achievements.

смотреть (смотрю, смотрит) to look. Смотрите, какая красивая девушка! Look! What a pretty girl that one is! — Он на меня волком смотрит. He's looking daggers at me. — Смотрите, какой храбрый! Look at that tin-horn hero! • to look after. Она смотрит за моими детьми, когда я на работе. She looks after my children while I'm at work. • to see. Мы вчера смотрели новую пьесу. We saw a new play yesterday. • to attend to. Чего вы раньше смотрели! Теперь ничего не поделаешь. Why didn't you attend to it before? You can't do anything about it now. □ смотрите be sure. Так смотрите, не забудьте, я вас жду завтра. Now be sure you don't forget I'm expecting you tomorrow. смотря как depending on. А это — смотря как к этому вопросу подойти. It depends on how you approach the question. смотря по depending on. Это мы решим на месте, смотря по обстоятельствам. We'll decide this on the spot, depending on the circumstances. □ На все её проделки он смотрит сквозь пальцы. He's tolerant of all her little tricks. • Нам не раз приходилось смотреть смерти в глаза. We came face to face with death


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 more than once. • Вы неправильно на это смотрите. You've got the wrong slant on it. • Не смотрите на него, он — известный лентяй. Don't follow his example; everybody knows he's lazy. • Надо смотреть в глаза фактам. You have to face the facts.

смотря (/prger of смотреть/).

смочь (смогу, сможет; p смог, смогла, -о, -и; pct) to be able, can. Вы сможете дойти туда пешком? Will you be able to get there on foot? — Я приду, если смогу. I'll come if I can. — Я не думаю, что он сможет сделать это без посторонней помощи. I don't think he'll be able to do it by himself.

смысл meaning. Вы извращаете смысл моих слов. You're twisting the meaning of my words. — Я с трудом улавливал смысл его доклада. It was difficult for me to get the meaning of his report. — Это — преступление в полном смысле этого слова. That's a crime in the full meaning of the word. • sense. А какой вам смысл ехать теперь на Кавказ? What's the sense of your going to the Caucasus now? — Я не вижу смысла в такой поспешности. I don't see any sense in all this hurry. □ здравый смысл common sense. Вы руководствуйтесь не теориями, а здравым смыслом — лучше будет. It'd be better if you let common sense rather than theory lead you. □ Ну, в смысле организованности, мы вам, конечно, не уступим. Well, as regards organization, we're certainly not behind you. • Вы это понимаете в прямом или переносном смысле? Do you mean it literally or figuratively?

смышлёный bright. Это необыкновенно смышлёный мальчик. That boy's unusually bright.

сна See сон.

снабдить (pct of снабжать) to supply. Он вас снабдит всем необходимым. He'll supply you with what you need.

снабжать (dur of снабдить) to supply. Книгами нас снабжает районная библиотека. The branch library supplies us with books.

снабжение supply. Как у вас поставлено снабжение сырьём? How's your supply of raw materials?

снабжу See снабдить.

снаружи outside. Вымойте окна снаружи тоже. Clean the windows on the outside as well. • from the outside. Дверь заперта на задвижку снаружи. The door is bolted from the outside.

снарядить (pct of снаряжать) to fit out. Вот мы вас и снарядили в путь-дорогу. Well, we've fitted you out for your trip. • to equip. Наша экспедиция уже окончательно снаряжена. Our expedition is now completely equipped.

снаряжать (dur of снарядить).

снаряжу See снарядить.

сначала (/cf начало/) first. Я сначала закончу свою работу. I'll finish my work first. □ Придётся нам начать всё сначала. We'll have to begin all over again.

снег (P -а, -ов/g -а, -у; в снегу, на снегу/) snow. С крыш сбрасывают снег, осторожнее! Watch out! They're cleaning the snow off the roofs. — За ночь навалило много снегу. The snow sure piled up during the night. □ идёт снег it's snowing. Сегодня опять идёт снег. It's snowing again today. □ *Он нам как снег на голову свалился. He barged in on us out of a clear sky. • *Это его интересует, как прошлогодний снег. He hasn't the slightest interest in it.

снега See снег.

снежный snow. Из-за снежных заносов все поезда приходят с опозданием. All the trains are delayed because of the snowdrifts. — Дети вылепили снежную бабу. The children made a snow man.

снести (снесу, -сёт; p снёс, снесла, -о, -и; pct of сносить) to take. Я снесу ваши письма на почту. I'll take your letters to the post office. — Снесите, пожалуйста, мой багаж вниз. Take my baggage downstairs, please. • to blow off. У нас ветром снесло крышу. The wind blew our roof off. • to put up with. Я не мог снести этой обиды. I couldn't put up with such an insult. • to carry. (no dur) Вам одной этого не снести, дайте я вам помогу. You can't carry it alone; let me help you. • to lay. (no dur) Курица снесла яйцо. The chicken laid an egg.

снизу from below. Сюда снизу не доносится никакого шума. Up here you won't hear any noise from below. — Снизу ужасно дует. I feel an awful draft coming from below.

снимать (dur of снять) to take off. Не снимайте пальто, тут холодно. Don't take your coat off; it's cold here. • to rent. Мы каждый год снимаем эту дачу. We rent this summer place every year. • to take a picture. Я его много раз снимал, но всё неудачно. I took his picture many times, but none came out well. • to skim. Не снимайте сливок, молоко ещё не отстоялось. Don't skim the cream off. The milk hasn't settled yet. □ Я снимаю с себя ответственность за его поведение. I'm no longer taking responsibility for his behavior.

снимок (-мка) picture. Он сделал в дороге много интересных снимков. He took many interesting pictures during the trip. □ рентгеновский снимок X ray (picture). Мы сделаем вам рентгеновский снимок ноги и увидим в чём дело. We'll take an X ray of your leg and see what the trouble is.

сниму See снять.

сниться (/pct: при-/) to dream. Мне сегодня снился отец. I dreamed of my father last night. — Мне и не снился такой успех. I didn't even dream about such a success. □ Мне вчера снился странный сон. I had a strange dream last night.

снова (/cf новый/) over again. Я снова перечёл Толстого. I've read all of Tolstoy over again. • again. Я проснулся среди ночи, но тотчас же снова заснул. I awoke in the middle of the night, but went back to sleep again immediately. □ начать снова to do over again. Работа так плоха, что придётся начать всё снова. The work is so bad we've got to do it over again.

сноп (-а) sheaf. Пшеницу вязали в снопы. They were tying the wheat into sheaves.

сноровка technique. У него замечательная сноровка в этом деле. He has developed a wonderful technique in this work. □ Эта работа требует большой сноровки. It's a tricky job.

сносить (сношу, сносит; dur of снести) to put up with. Как он сносит все эти оскорбления! How can he put up with all these insults! • to carry backwards. Мы гребём изо всех сил, но нас очень сносит течением. We're rowing as hard as we can, but the current is carrying us backwards.

сносный bearable. Условия жизни там не блестящие, но вполне сносные. Living conditions are not too good there, but bearable.