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[Ch. 55.] Provided further that the powers under this sub-section shall be in addition to and not in derogation of any other existing powers of requiring measures for securing the safety of the public or the provision of reasonable facilities.

(2) The Minister may, after such reference as is hereinafter mentioned, by order require or authorise any railway company or any two or more railway companies on such terms and subject to such conditions as may be specified in the order—

(a) to conform gradually to measures of general standardisation of ways, plant and equipment (including methods of electrical operation, type, frequency, and pressure of current);

(b) to adopt schemes for the co-operative working or common user of rolling stock, workshops, manufactories, plant and other facilities.

Provided that—

(i) it shall not. be necessary to make such a reference as aforesaid if the company or all the companies affected by the order consent thereto; and

(ii) if on any such application to enforce the order is hereinafter mentioned any company satisfies the Railway and Canal Commission that the 'order is such that the capital expenditure involved cannot be provided or expended without prejudicially affecting the interests of the then existing stockholders, the order shall not be enforceable as against that as company.

(3) Before making any order under the last foregoing subsection the Minister shall (except as here in before provided) refer the draft order to a committee consisting of a representative of each of the amalgamated companies (each of which companies shall, on being so required by the Minister, nominate a representative), and three persons of experience in the subject-matter of the proposed order selected by the Minister from the panel set up under section twenty-three of the Ministry of Transport Act, 1919, as extended by this Act, and the committee 21


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The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Harvard University

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, the oldest and the most amply endowed institution of learning in the United States, situated in Cambridge, 3 m. W. of Boston, Mass. Six years after the first settlement of this region by the English the following entry appears on their records, under date of Oct. 28, 1636: “The court agreed to give 400l. towards a schoale or colledge, whearof 200l. to bee paid the next yeare, and 200l. when the worke is finished, and the next court to appoint wheare, and what building.” The next year the court ordered that the college should be at “Newetowne,” and designated the governor and deputy governor, with ten others, including the principal laymen and ministers of the colony, among whom were John Cotton and John Winthrop, to have charge of the undertaking. Under date of March 13, 1639, it was “ordered, that the colledge agreed upon formerly to bee built at Cambridg shal bee called Harvard Colledge.” By the change of the name Newtown to Cambridge it was designed to honor the famous English university, of which some of the early settlers were

graduates, and the name Harvard was given to the institution in recognition of the liberal endowment of about £700 left by the will of the Rev. John Harvard in 1638. It is doubtful whether the original grant of £400 was ever actually paid. It is certain that the project for a college lay in abeyance until the bequest of Harvard at once initiated the necessary measures. In 1638 a class began a course of study in the college under Nathaniel Eaton. The first class graduated, in 1642, consisted of nine members. Efforts were made to educate a few of the aborigines as teachers of their own race, but only one Indian was ever graduated. In 1642 the general government of the college and the management of its funds were vested in a board of overseers, consisting of “the governor and deputy governor for the time being, and all the magistrates of this jurisdiction, together with the teaching elders of the six next adjoining towns—viz., Cambridge, Watertown, Charlestown, Boston, Roxbury, and Dorchester—and the president of the said college.” In 1650 the general court granted a charter to the college, under which it became a corporation with the title of the “President and Fellows of Harvard College,” consisting of the president, five fellows, and a treasurer or bursar, to have perpetual succession by the election of members to fill vacancies. In October, 1680, by order of the general court, the ferry between Boston and Charlestown was granted to the college. The town of Cambridge gave several parcels of land, as did other public bodies and private individuals. The legislatures of the colony, province, and state of Massachusetts made grants, in early times regular ones annually, to pay the salary of the president, and to aid in the support of some one or two other officers or teachers in the college, as also occasional gifts for special purposes; while lotteries were chartered to obtain money for building some of the older college halls. The last grant made to the college from the public treasury was in 1814. When a constitution was framed for the commonwealth in 1780 the perpetual enjoyment of all their vested rights and powers was secured to the president and fellows of Harvard college, and the council and senate were made the successors of the magistrates in the board of overseers as constituted in 1642. The organization of the board of overseers, under the direction of the legislature, underwent various changes until 1865, when the connection of the college with the commonwealth was dissolved, and the control of the university was vested in its alumni. Besides the president and treasurer of the university, who are ex officio members, the board consists of 30 members, divided into six classes, of five each, who after a term of six years go out of office in rotation, five overseers being elected by the alumni each year. The first election of overseers by the alumni was held in Cambridge on commencement day in 1866. Only inhabitants of the state are eligible as

members of the board, and no alumnus is “entitled to vote for overseers before the fifth annual election after the graduation of his class.” The first degree of D. D. ever granted by the institution was conferred upon Increase Mather in 1692. A few years later Harvard college received the first of a series of munificent gifts from the Hollis family, including some valuable books. In 1764 the library was destroyed by fire, and about 6,000 volumes were lost, including all of Harvard's books except one, the oriental collection bequeathed by Dr. Lightfoot, and the Greek and Roman classics presented by Bishop Berkeley. Harvard has had presidents, as follows:

Matthews Hall (showing also Massachusetts, Harvard, and Hollis Halls).

—The external administration of the university is vested in two separate boards, viz., the

and fellows, known also as the corporation of Harvard college, and the overseers. The latter body has undergone various changes in its organization, but its general powers and duties are the same as those conferred by the act of 1642, giving the board “full power and authority to make and establish all such orders, statutes, and constitutions as they shall see necessary for the instituting, guiding, and furthering of the said college, and the several members thereof, from time to time, in piety, morality, and learning;” and “also to dispose, order, and manage” all the funds and property of the institution. The “corporation,” consisting of the president and treasurer of the university and five fellows, is vested with the right to acquire and to hold property and to sue and to be sued. With this board originate all nominations to office in the university, as well for filling vacancies in its own body, as for president, professors, and other officers of instruction. Its action, however, is subject to the approval of the board of overseers. The functions of these two governing bodies extend to all the professional and special schools of the university. The internal government of the institution is administered by the president, deans, and faculties composed of officers of instruction. Besides the dean and faculty of the

college proper, each professional department has a dean and special faculty; but the president of the university is the president of each of the faculties. In 1870 the office of dean of the college faculty was created to relieve the president of a portion of his duties.

Appleton Chapel.

—The university lands in various parts of Cambridge comprise about 60 acres. The college yard contains about 15 acres, tastefully laid out and

adorned by many stately old elms. Here, forming a large quadrangular enclosure, are clustered 15 extensive buildings, of brick or stone, from two to five stories high. Hollis, Stoughton, Holworthy, Grays, Thayer, Weld, and Matthews halls, the last three erected since 1870, are exclusively dormitories, which, with College house and Holyoke house, on the opposite side of the street from the college grounds,

have accommodations for nearly 700 students. The remaining buildings include Massachusetts hall, erected in 1720, Holden chapel, and Harvard, University, and Boylston halls, all devoted to recitation, lecture, and examination rooms, offices, and laboratories; Appleton chapel, with seats for 900; Gore hall, containing the library; and Dane hall for the law school; besides several residences occupied by the president and professors. In the near vicinity of the college yard are the gymnasium, the scientific and mining schools, the divinity school, and the museum of comparative zoölogy. About three fourths of a mile N. W. of the college group is the botanical garden,

a valuable herbarium, and near it the observatory. On the delta near the college yard stands Memorial hall, erected by the alumni and friends of the college in commemoration of the students and graduates of the university who died in the national service during the civil war. It is constructed from designs by Ware and Van Brunt of Boston, of red and black brick, with copings and window tracery of Nova Scotia stone, and is 310 ft. long by 115 ft. wide. The interior comprises three grand apartments: dining hall, 164 by 60 ft., and 80 ft. high, capable of seating 1,000 persons; memorial vestibule, 112 by 30 ft., and 60 ft. high; and the academic theatre. The dining hall, said to be the grandest college hall in the world, will be used for college festivals, and probably by the Thayer club, an organization supported and managed by students for the purpose of obtaining board at cost. The great west window, 23 ft. wide and 30 ft. high, will be filled with stained glass, as will also in course of time the 36 side windows. Between the dining hall and the academic theatre, which is not yet completed, is the memorial vestibule, surmounted by a tower 200 ft. high. The interior is surrounded by an arcade of black walnut, with marble tablets inscribed with the names of the 120 students commemorated, and the date and place of their death. The walls above are simply decorated in color, with Latin inscriptions, mostly taken from the poets. At either end are large windows tilled with stained glass. The estimated cost of the entire structure is $575,000.

Gore Hall.

—Besides the college proper, the university comprises the divinity school, law school, medical school, dental school, Lawrence scientific school, school of mining and practical geology, Bussey institution of agriculture and horticulture, observatory, botanic garden and herbarium, and Peabody museum of American archæology and ethnology; and is connected with the museum of comparative zoölogy. All of these are in Cambridge except the medical and dental schools, which are in Boston, and the Bussey institution, which is in Jamaica Plain. A notice of the Episcopal, theological school in Cambridge appears in the catalogue of the university, but there is no connection between the two institutions.

Memorial Hall.

—During the past few years many radical changes have been made in the courses of study in the college, with a view of perfecting a system of instruction

which by its elasticity and thoroughness will best accommodate itself to the widely varied tastes and abilities of different students. The preparatory course of study, pursued in schools having no connection with the university, has also undergone a marked revision, in consequence of the changes in the requirents for admission to hhe college, the aim of the faculty being that the best preparatory training shall be afforded to young men, up to an average age of 18, who intend to pursue non-professional studies for four years or more. Since 1874 candidates have been required to pass an examination in one of two courses of study, the selection being optional with the applicant. Each course embraces 14 subjects (including subdivisions) which are substantially the same in both, viz.: Latin, Greek, mathematics, ancient history and geography, modern and physical geography, and English composition. In one course, however, classical studies predominate, and in the other mathematical and physical. Besides these, there are optional examinations in the classics, mathematics, and physics, for the accommodation of those who desire to be admitted to advanced standing in these, or to pursue elective studies in other departments. In addition to the above, applicants for admission in 1875 and thereafter will required to translate “easy French prose at sight,” with the option of substituting German; and in 1876 requirements in elementary science will be added, the applicant having a choice among the subjects of botany, physics and chemistry, and descriptive astronomy. Two examinations for admission are held, one the beginning and the other at the close of the academic year. In view of the recently added requirements for admission, and to enable students to enter college at the average of 18, candidates may divide the admission examination into two, separated by an interval of not less than an academic year. The academic year, which is the same for all departments of the university, extends from the last Thursday of September to the last Wednesday of June, with a vacation of two weeks at the winter holidays. The studies pursued in the academic department are classified into prescribed and elective; the former occupy le whole of the freshman year and about one third of the sophomore and junior years. The studies of the freshman year are Greek, Latin, mathematics, German, ethics, and

16 hours a week being devoted to recitations. In the sophomore and junior years the required studies are elementary, embracing in the former physics, rhetoric, themes, history, and elementary French for those who have not passed a satisfactory examination in that language at the beginning of the year; and in the latter logic, psychology, and a portion of the course in rhetoric, as well as of that in themes and forensics. In the senior year only certain written exercises belong to the required course. Numerous courses of elective studies are provided for students in the sophomore, junior, and senior years, who may also choose any of the prescribed studies in the course upon condition of being qualified to pursue them. The elective studies embrace the following courses: 1, the classics, including, besides Latin and classical Greek, ecclesiastical Greek, Hebrew, and Sanskrit; 2, modern languages, including the Anglo-Saxon, and early English, modern Greek, German, French, Romance philology, Italian, and Spanish; 3, philosophy; 4, history; 5, political science; 6, mathematics; 7, physics, including chemistry; 8, natural history; 9, music. In addition to the prescribed studies, every sophomore is required to pursue four courses chosen by himself from the elective studies, with at least two exercises a week each, every junior three courses with three exercises a week each, and every senior four courses with three exercises a week each. Sophomores and juniors may be relieved from pursuing any of the required studies of those years by passing an examination in such studies at the beginning of the year. It will thus be seen that the opportunity is afforded to students of pursuing the ordinary collegiate course, or of concentrating their study upon a limited number of subjects. Examinations in writing are required in every study at the end of the year, besides

similar examinations on nearly every subject in the middle of the year. A large portion of the instruction is given by lectures. A system of special honors, classified as “honors” and “second-year honors,” has recently been established for the encouragement of those who wish to attain distinction in special departments of study. The former are awarded at the close of the college course to such students as prove by examination exceptional proficiency in any one of the following courses: classics, modern languages, philosophy, history, mathematics, physics (including chemistry), and natural history. Candidates for honors in the classics or in mathematics must have previously taken second-year honors in the same department. Second-year honors in the classics and in mathematics are awarded to sophomores and juniors upon special examination. The honors awarded are stated in the diploma. The degree of bachelor of arts conferred by Harvard university has been graded as the ordinary degree and the degree with distinction. In the latter case the distinction is indicated in the diploma by the words cum laude; to obtain this the candidate must have attained 80 hundredths of the maximum mark for the whole college course, or 87 hundredths of that for the junior and senior years combined. The necessary expenses of an undergraduate during the academic year range from $400 to $650, the tuition being $150. Pecuniary aid afforded to students removes the necessity of any leaving college through indigence. Ninety-two scholarships varying in their annual income from $40 to $350 have been established, and the number is rapidly increasing. More than $20,000 from this source is gratuitously distributed each year among the undergraduates, the preference being given to those ranking highest as scholars. From other beneficiary funds about $750 is annually distributed in gratuities ranging from $50 to $100. There is also a loan fund, the annual interest of which, amounting to more than $2,000, is lent to students in sums ranging from $50 to $150, payable at their option. Besides the above, students may derive an income from acting as monitors; the various monitorships amount to about $1,200 a year. Twenty-three prizes, yielding annually $895 in sums from $15 to $100, are open to undergraduates.—In the divinity school are two professorships of theology, one of ecclesiastical history, one of New Testament criticism and interpretation, and one of Hebrew, besides a lectureship on Biblical literature. Bachelors of arts are admitted without examination; others are required to pass an examination in Latin and the Greek text of the gospels. The full course occupies three years, on the completion of which the degree of bachelor of divinity is conferred only upon examination. The necessary expenses are about $300 a year. There are nine scholarships, yielding $1,695 annually, in sums

from $125 to $260, and nearly $3,000 from other funds is annually distributed among the students. The course of study in the law school occupies two years. There are no requirements for admission except that the applicant, if not a college graduate, must be at least 19 years old. But an examination is required for admission to an advanced portion of the course in the case of candidates for a degree. Instruction is given by recitations, lectures, and moot courts, by three full professors, an assistant professor, and several lecturers. The cost of tuition for the first year that a student is a member of the school is $150, for the second $100, and for any subsequent year $50. Eight scholarships, of the annual value of $100 each, are assigned at the beginning of each academic year to students who have been in the school the whole of the preceding year, and intend to remain throughout the ensuing year. Prior to 1871-'2 the degree of bachelor of laws was conferred upon all who had been enrolled as students a year and a half; it can now be obtained only upon examination. In the Lawrence scientific school courses of instruction are provided for three classes of persons: 1, those desiring the ordinary practical education in engineering and science; 2, those preparing to be teachers; 3, those desiring advanced instruction in science preparatory to the degree of doctor of philosophy or doctor of science. The instruction preparatory to the degrees of civil engineer and bachelor of science comprises a four years' course in civil and topographical engineering, and three years' courses in practical and theoretical chemistry, in natural history, and in mathematics, physics, and astronomy. The teachers' course embraces one year's study in the elements of natural history, chemistry, and physics. Instruction for candidates for the doctor's degree and other advanced students is provided in physics, chemistry, zoölogy, botany, and mathematics. Candidates for admission to any one of the regular courses leading to the degree of civil engineer or bachelor of science must be examined; but no examination is required for admission to the teachers' course, or that for advanced students. The degree of civil engineer is conferred after examination upon students who have completed the course in civil and topographical engineering. To obtain the degree of bachelor of science the student must have attended the school for at least one year, have completed the course of studies in one or more departments, and pass the examination. The course of study pursued and the grade of merit are specified in the degree, the three grades being indicated by cum laude, magna cum laude, and summa cum laude. The tuition fee for any of the courses in the scientific school is $150 a year. There are four scholarships yielding annually $150 each. The full course in the school of mining and practical geology occupies four years, on the completion of which

degree of mining engineer is conferred after examination. In the case of candidates for this degree an examination for admission to the school is held. Instruction in practical astronomy and the use of astronomical instruments, including the spectroscope, is given at the observatory by the director and three assistants. In 1871 a complete revolution in the system of instruction was made in the Harvard medical school. The new plan went into effect at the beginning of the academic year 1871-'2, and up to this time (1874) this institution has stood alone in its efforts to introduce this radical reform into the system of medical education in the United States. Under the new system instruction is given by lectures, recitations, clinical teaching, and practical exercises distributed throughout the academic year. This extends from the last of September to the last of June, and is divided into two equal terms. The course of instruction occupies three years, beginning with the fundamental subjects of anatomy, physiology, and chemistry in the first year, and proceeding systematically through all the recognized branches of a good medical education. In the important subjects of anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and pathological anatomy, obligatory laboratory work is substituted for or added to the usual didactic lectures. Instead of the customary oral examination for the degree of doctor of medicine held at the end of the course, a series of written examinations on all the main subjects of medical instruction is distributed for regular students through the entire course. Other students may pass all of those examinations together at the end of the course. Besides being obliged to pass the required examinations and present a thesis, every candidate for a degree must be 21 years of age, and must have studied medicine three years and attended this school for one year. The cost of tuition is $200 a year. A special course is provided for graduates in medicine desiring advanced instruction. The marked diminution in the number of students which attended the introduction of this change has been followed by a rapid annual increase in the number of applicants for admission. The dental school affords, by lectures, recitations, and practical demonstrations, a complete course of instruction in the theory and practice of dentistry. Courses of study are provided in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, surgery, operative and mechanical dentistry, and dental pathology and therapeutics. The academic year is divided into two equal terms. Attendance during the winter term only is required for graduation. The degree of doctor of dental medicine is conferred upon those candidates of adult age who have pursued their professional studies three years under competent instructors, and attended two courses in this institution, and who pass the required examination. Attendance upon one course of lectures in another dental or medical school

may be substituted for the first course in this school. The tuition fee is $110 for the winter term, or $150 for the year. The school of agriculture and horticulture, established in execution of the trusts created by the will of Benjamin Bussey, affords thorough instruction in agriculture, useful and ornamental gardening, and stock raising. The regular course of study to be pursued by candidates for a degree occupies three years, and embraces instruction in physical geography, meteorology, geology, chemistry and physics, botany, zoölogy, and entomology, in levelling and road building, and in French and German. The studies of the first year are pursued at the Lawrence scientific school in Cambridge; those of the remaining two years at the Bussey institution near Jamaica Plain. The museum of comparative zoölogy was founded in 1859, with Agassiz as director, in which position he continued until his death in 1873. It is under the direction of the faculty, while the property is held by the trustees, who also appoint the director; the assistants are appointed by the faculty. The extensive collections are open to visitors every day except Sunday. Instruction in natural history is given by the director and 11 assistants. The building of the museum contains 10 distinct working laboratories. Connected with the museum of comparative zoölogy is the Anderson school of natural history on Penikese island, one of the Elizabeth group, about 16 m. S. W. of Cape Cod. This institution was founded by John Anderson of New York as a summer school of natural history, and was opened in 1873 under the personal supervision of Prof. Agassiz. (See .) The Peabody museum of American archæology and ethnology was founded by the late George Peabody, who gave $150,000 for that purpose. The object of the founder was the formation and preservation of collections in archæology and ethnology, and to afford instruction in those departments. No building has yet been erected for a museum, and no organization except the board of trustees has been effected; but large collections pertaining to archæology and ethnology have been made.—Besides those already mentioned, the degrees of master of arts, doctor of science, and doctor of philosophy (Ph. D.) are conferred in accordance with the regulations adopted at the beginning of the year 1872-'3. Prior to that time the latter two degrees had not been conferred by this university, while that of master of arts could be obtained by any Harvard graduate after a period of three years from graduation, by paying a fee of $5. These degrees are now conferred only upon written examinations, and in conformity with specified regulations as to residence, graduation, &c.; the aim being to encourage young men to devote one or more years to liberal study after obtaining the bachelor's degree. The degrees of master of arts and doctor of philosophy are open only to bachelors of arts; those who have not

at Harvard must prove that the course pursued by them is equivalent to the requirements for the bachelor's degree in this university, or must pass such additional examinations as the faculty may prescribe. To become a master of arts, the candidate, after taking the bachelor's degree, is required to pursue for at least one year at the university an approved course of study, and to pass an examination on that course. This degree is also conferred upon graduates of the law or divinity school of Harvard university who are at the same time bachelors of arts, and who pass an examination in a course of study in law or theology after pursuing that course one year at the university. A university residence of at least two years is required of the candidate for the degree of doctor of science, who, besides being a bachelor of science, must also have pursued during three years an approved course of scientific study embracing at least two subjects, and must sustain an examination in those studies. Only a two years' course, however, is required of students who are both bachelors of arts and bachelors of science of Harvard university. The degree of doctor of philosophy is conferred upon those who, after taking the degree of A. B., pursue at the university for two years an approved course of liberal study in any of the following departments: philology, philosophy, history, political science, mathematics, physics, and natural history. Candidates are further required to pass a thorough examination on that course and present a satisfactory thesis. The fee for the examination for the degree of master of arts is $30, and for that of doctor of philosophy or doctor of science, $60. All the elective courses of study in Harvard college are open to graduates of other colleges on payment of the fees. For male students, and for candidates for the advanced degrees, the fees range from $50 a year for three hours of instruction a week, to $120 for six hours. For the encouragement of a more thorough scholarship than is acquired by undergraduates, six fellowships for graduates have been established, each of which has an income large enough to support a student. Four of them are so far free from restrictions that students while holding them may pursue their studies either in this country or in Europe. No distinction is made as to color or age in the admissions to Harvard college, but women are excluded. A system of examinations for women has however been adopted, the first of which was held in June, 1874. A general or preliminary examination in English, French, physical geography, botany or physics, mathematics, history, and German, Latin, or Greek, is held for those not less than 17 years old. The advanced examination is for women not less than 18 years old who have passed the preliminary examination. It comprises five departments, languages, natural science, mathematics, history, and philosophy, in one or more of which the candidate may

present herself. The function of the university is limited to preparing the examination papers, examining the work of the candidates, recording its results, and giving certificates to those who pass. The examinations may be held in any city or town. The preliminary examination continues during seven days. A fee of $15 for the preliminary and $10 for the advanced examination is required.—The various libraries of the university contain 200,000 volumes, distributed as follows: college, 136,000; botanical garden, 4,000; divinity school, 16,000; law school, 15,000; Lawrence scientific school, 3,000; medical college, 2,000; museum of comparative zoölogy, 5,000; observatory, 3,000; society libraries of students, 16,000. The university has no funded property from the public treasury, but has always depended upon the revenues from students and the gifts of individuals, which have far surpassed in number and magnitude those made to any other American institution of learning. No value is reported for the lands and buildings used for college purposes, and the various collections, libraries, apparatus, works of art, &c. The total investments of the college in 1873 were stated by the treasurer at $2,765,110, of which $1,854,372 was productive and yielded an annual income of $133,676. The total number of officers of instruction in the university in 1873-'4, exclusive of librarians, proctors, &c., was 110, including 50 professors, 25 assistant professors, 12 lecturers, 5 tutors, 11 instructors, and 12 assistants. In the college proper there were 18 professors, 15 assistant professors, 5 tutors, 4 instructors, and 8 assistants. The whole number of students was 1,174, including 35 candidates for higher degrees and 10 resident graduates. Of the 706 undergraduates, 217 were in the freshman, 170 in the sophomore, 155 in the junior, and 164 in the senior class. The following statement indicates the number of instructors and pupils in the different departments of the university, the same instructors in some instances being counted in two departments:

The total number of instructors in all departments has increased from 45 in 1865-'6 to 110 in 1873-'4, the number of students from 936 to 1,174, and the number of volumes in the libraries from 165,000 to 200,000. In the college proper during that period the number of instructors has increased from 22 to 50, the

number of students from 413 to 706, the library from 110,000 to 136,000 volumes, and the number of scholarships from 41 to 92. According to the triennial catalogue of 1872, the university had conferred 12,175 degrees, including 596 honorary. The number of graduates from the college was 8,330, of whom 3,088 were living; 2,036 students had graduated from the medical, 1,720 from the law, 428 the theological, 183 from the scientific, 39 from the dental, and 4 from the mining school.—See “A History of Harvard University,” from 1636 to 1776, by Benjamin Peirce (1833); “The History of Harvard University,” Josiah Quincy (1840); “A Sketch of the History of Harvard College,” by Samuel Atkins Eliot (1848); and “Biographical Sketches Graduates of Harvard University” (1642-'58), by John Langdon Sibley (vol. i., 1873).

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The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Salem (Massachusetts)

SALEM, a city, port of entry, and one of the shire towns of Essex co., Massachusetts, occupying a peninsula between two arms of the sea, called North and South rivers, and adjacent territory, 14 m. N. by E. of Boston; lat. 42° 31' 18" N., lon. 70° 53' 53" W.; pop. in 1870, 24,117, of whom 6,084 were foreigners; in 1875, 26,063. The peninsula is about 2 m. long and ¾ m. broad. A small peninsula called the Neck is attached to it, and was first inhabited; a large portion of it belongs to the city, and is occupied as the almshouse farm. The site of that part of the city within the peninsula is flat, but healthy; in other parts the surface is more uneven. The streets are irregular, but well built. In the E. part of the city, toward the end of the peninsula, is a beautiful park or “common” of 8½ acres, called Washington square. Harmony Grove cemetery, on the W. border, contains 65 acres. Salem is connected with Lowell by the Salem and Lowell railroad, and with Boston by the Eastern railroad, and there are branches to Marblehead and Lawrence. Horse cars run through the principal streets and to the adjoining towns.—Salem was formerly noted for its foreign commerce. In its very infancy its inhabitants not only engaged in the fisheries and the coasting trade, but in vessels of 40 to 60 tons traded with Spain, Italy, France, and the islands of the West Indies. In the revolutionary war 158 privateers, mounting at least 2,000 guns, and carrying not fewer than 6,000 men, were fitted out from the town of Salem. These vessels captured 445 prizes, and brought nine tenths of them into port in safety. In 1785 the first vessel ever sent from this country to the isle of France, Calcutta, and China, was despatched by Elias Haskett Derby of Salem; and for years Salem held almost the monopoly of that trade, and in 1818 had 54 vessels engaged in it. The trade to the other ports of the East Indies and Japan was also commenced by the merchants of Salem, as was that to Madagascar and Zanzibar, and the other gum and ivory ports of E. Africa, the legitimate trade to the ports of W. Africa, the commerce with Brazil and the Amazon, and especially the India-rubber trade, in which for many years she took the lead. The foreign commerce of Salem is now small, but the coasting trade is large and increasing, coal for shipment to the interior

manufacturing towns being the chief item. Recently the fisheries, which ceased as the East India trade grew up, have been resumed. The value of imports from foreign countries into the customs district, which includes also Beverly and Danvers, for the year ending June 30, 1874, was $60,717; of exports to foreign countries, $50,153; number of entrances, 84, tonnage 8,468; clearances, 100, tonnage 11,767; number of vessels belonging in the district on that date, 91, tonnage 9,409; engaged in the cod and mackerel fisheries, 55, tonnage 3,386, The number of entrances in the coastwise trade during the same year was 98, tonnage 10,443; clearances, 41, tonnage 5,461.—Manufacturing is a prominent interest, and is increasing. The manufacture of leather is the most important branch. Other articles are jute bagging, cordage, twine, machinery, foundery products, cars, chemicals, boots and shoes, white lead, leather belting, lead pipe and sheet lead, trunks and valises, furniture, and glue. The car shops of the Eastern railroad company are here. The Naumkeag steam cotton company has two large mills, with 1,438 looms and 73,594 spindles, and employs a capital of $1,200,000. There are seven national banks, with an aggregate capital of $2,015,000; two savings banks, with about $8,000,000 deposits; and five insurance companies.—Salem is divided into six wards, and is governed by a mayor with a board of six aldermen and a common council of four members from each ward. It has an efficient police force and a good fire department. The streets are lighted with gas, and water is supplied by an aqueduct from Wenham lake, 4 m. distant. The assessed value of property in 1874 was $25,845,675 50, viz.: real estate, $14,121,000; personal estate, $11,724,675 50. The taxation on property amounted to $438,995 65, of which $32,380 was for state purposes, and $22,243 30 for county purposes. The net expenditures for the eleven months ending Dec. 1, 1874, were $279,680 29; city debt, less cash assets on that date, $1,858,753 07. Besides the almshouse and smallpox hospital, there are an orphan asylum, a dispensary, a reform school for boys, and several charitable societies. The public schools are under the general management of a school committee of 20 members, who appoint a superintendent. There are a high school, five grammar and twelve primary schools, two evening schools, two drawing schools, and a special school for factory operatives and others unable to pursue the regular course. The number of pupils enrolled in the public day schools in 1874 was 4,206; average attendance, 2,953; number of teachers, 80. The total expenditure for schools was $71,180 55. One of the state normal schools (for females) is here. Among the principal public institutions is the East India marine society, organized in 1799, and formed of those who, as captains or supercargoes, have doubled Cape

Horn or the cape of Good Hope. The museum of this society is one of the most interesting and valuable in the country. Together with the scientific collections of the Essex institute, it has been placed in charge of the trustees of the Peabody academy of science, founded by George Peabody in 1869 by the gift of $150,000. The joint collections, with those of the academy, are deposited in the East India marine hall, and are accessible to the public. The Essex institute, organized in 1848 by the union of the Essex historical society and the Essex county natural history society, besides its extensive cabinet of natural history, has a library of 30,000 volumes, a large collection of portraits, and many historical and other relics. The Salem Athenæum, formed in 1810 by the purchase of the social and philosophical libraries as a basis, has a library of 15,500 volumes. These two last named institutions occupy the fine building known as Plummer hall, erected in 1856 from funds bequeathed to the Salem Athenæum by Miss Caroline Plummer. In the same building are the libraries, each comprising about 1,000 volumes, of the Essex agricultural society, incorporated in 1818, and the Essex southern district medical society, formed in 1805. The office of the permanent secretary of the American association for the advancement of science, organized in 1848, is in the East India marine hall, and contains a small and select scientific library. The charitable mechanical association, organized in 1817, has a library of 4,000 volumes. Other important associations are the marine society, instituted in 1766; the lyceum, in 1830; the young men's union, in 1855; and the young men's Christian association, in 1858. Two semi-weekly and three weekly newspapers and two monthly periodicals are published. The number of churches is 20, viz.: 3 Baptist, 3 Congregational, 2 Episcopal, 1 Free Advent, 1 Friends', 2 Methodist, 1 New Jerusalem, 2 Roman Catholic, 4 Unitarian, and 1 Universalist. Salem is the oldest town in Massachusetts except Plymouth, having been settled in 1628 by John Endicott, before whose arrival, however, a house had been built there by Roger Conant in 1626. In 1629 11 ships arrived here from England, bringing 406 immigrants, who settled in various localities in the vicinity. The first church organization effected in this country was at Salem in 1629, with the Rev. Francis Higginson as its pastor. In 1692 the famous witchcraft delusion made its appearance, and 19 persons from this and adjacent towns were executed on the eminence now known as Gallows hill. It had its origin in what is now the town of Danvers, and the persons connected with it belonged to several other towns also. (See .) The town was incorporated in 1630, and received city privileges in 1836. Its Indian name was Naumkeag.


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text: Handbook of Western Australia

title: Handbook of Western Australia


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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 2.djvu/66

32 XV.

Oh, Christ! it is a goodly sight to see

What Heaven hath done for this delicious land!

What fruits of fragrance blush on every tree!

What goodly prospects o'er the hills expand!

But man would mar them with an impious hand:

And when the Almighty lifts his fiercest scourge

'Gainst those who most transgress his high command,

With treble vengeance will his hot shafts urge

Gaul's locust host, and earth from fellest foemen purge.

XVI.

What beauties doth Lisboa first unfold!

Her image floating on that noble tide,

Which poets vainly pave with sands of gold,

But now whereon a thousand keels did ride

Of mighty strength, since Albion was allied,

And to the Lusians did her aid afford:


text: Handbook of Western Australia/Introduction


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As the geological conformation of the Colony divides it into districts distinct in character, so in connexion with their position it has determined their climate and productions. The great granitic masses of the South-West are covered by forests, the trees to the South being of gigantic growth, showing not only the fertility of the soil, but the greater humidity of the climate, of which also the greater abundance of fresh water gives sufficient proof; moreover, the forest growth prevents the great rapidity of evaporation which is experienced on the plains of the North, Centre, and South-East of the Colony; these causes determine the distribution and occupations of the inhabitants. The South-West must ultimately prove the most populous and generally


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48 portion of the Colony, having the most varied surface, the best climate, and affording agricultural aa well as pastoral districts. No country is capable of producing a greater abundance of fruit and vegetables. It is, emphatically, a land of corn, wine, oil, fruits, flowers, milk, and honey. The more extensive pastoral districts must necessarily prove less populous, yet in them there sire agricultural areas, as at the mouths of the Greenough and Irwin, and mineral districts, as at Northampton, near Champion Bay, which can afford occupation for large numbers of people. The agricultural areas of the pastoral districts, although comparatively small and scattered, may be estimated as sufficient to provide food for any future population. The settled districts of the Colony are connected with the coasts by the rivers, and it is of these only that the climate and productions can be stated with any certainty. The results of meteorological observations in the different districts are given in the following tables:—

The average temperature and atmospheric pressure, taken from the observations made by the late W. H. Knight, Esq., at Perth, are, during the years 1867-8-9:—

The greatest rainfall was in the month of June, having been 13·91 inches in 1868, the average of the three years being 10·85 inches for that month. The least rainfall was in December, 1867, ·01, and in January, 1868, ·01 inch; in the months of February and March no rains fell.


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Author:Samuel Alexander Kenny Strahan

Works

 * Suicide and Insanity, A Physiological and Sociological Study. (1893)

title: Author:Samuel Alexander Kenny Strahan


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Author:Édouard Toulouse

Works

 * La Melancolie. (1897, with Jacques Roubinovitch)

title: Author:Édouard Toulouse


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Author:Jacques Roubinovitch

Works

 * La Melancolie. (1897, with Édouard Toulouse)

title: Author:Jacques Roubinovitch


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Rh The number of days on which rain fell, and the total rainfall, were:—

The averages being 102·3 days and 34·57 inches.

During the year 1876 the following results were obtained by observations taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Perth:—

Barometer, highest reading, 30·463 on 25th July
 * Do. lowest  do.,  29·319 on 13th Nov.
 * Giving a range for the year of 1·144 inches

Thermometer, max. in shade, 112° on 20th Feb.
 * Do., min.  do.,  34·7 on 24th July
 * Highest mean for one month, 93·7, February
 * Lowest do.,  46·8, August

The total rainfall for the year 28·73 inches, which fell on 110 days.

 * Maximum for one month, 8·45 inches in June
 * Minimum do.,  0·04 do. February

This year is to be noted for the small amount of the rainfall.

The Official Report from Bunbury for the year 1876 gives the following results:—


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 standing close to the king, just as the royal ka is represented on Egyptian monuments down to the times of Vespasian. The notion was deeply rooted in all the branches of the Indo-European family, and has been preserved in many of the superstitions still current among us. You remember how in the novel of Waverley the Highland chieftain saw his own wraith. The water-wraith would in classical language be called the genius of the stream or of the billows, and this not in mere poetical phraseology, but in the severe prose of every-day life. The belief itself is not limited to the Egyptian and Indo-European families, but is nearly universal. "Everywhere," as Mr. Herbert Spencer tells us, "we find expressed or implied the belief that each person is double; and that when he dies, his other self, whether remaining near at hand or gone far away, may return, and continues capable of injuring his enemies and aiding his friends." But the development of his belief among the Egyptians is in many of its details surprisingly similar to the corresponding process among Indo-Europeans.

The Egyptian word corresponding to the Latin genius is ka. Its original signification, as I have recently endeavoured to show, in a paper read before the Society of Biblical Literature, is image. The use of the Greek


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 and the Latin imago in the sense of ghost is well known. The oblations which in the funereal formulæ are made to the ka of the departed are really made to his image. It is quite true that, as Dr. Hincks pointed out many years ago, the word ka was not introduced into the Suten-hotep-tā till the twelfth dynasty; but the word itself in its religious signification is as old as the language, as far back as we can trace it, and it enters with that signification into a large number of proper names of the earliest times; so that at all events no new doctrine or practice was introduced when idolatry in the strictest sense of the term, namely, the worship of idola, was in so many words made part of the religious prayers of the Egyptians.

It is not to be supposed that so intelligent a people as the Egyptians were ignorant of the absurdity of


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 propitiating the wooden or stone images of their ancestors or of themselves. It is the living image which is said to be worshipped, and was supposed to reside in the wood or stone. There is an ancient text which, in reference to Ptah, the chief divinity of Memphis, whom the Greeks identified with Hephaestos as the inventor of the arts, distinctly speaks of the gods as being made through his agency to enter into their bodies, namely, their images of wood or stone.

When enumerating the experiences which tend to generate the belief in a double personality, Mr. Herbert Spencer speaks of the shadow which, following a savage everywhere and moving as he moves, suggests to him the idea of his duality, the shadow being perhaps considered as a specific something which forms part of him; and he adds:

"A much more decided suggestion of the same kind is likely to result from the reflection of his face and figure in water, imitating him as it does in his form, colours, motions, grimaces. When we remember that not unfrequently a savage objects to have his portrait taken, because he thinks whoever carries away a representation of him carries away some part of his being, we see how probable it is that he thinks his double in the water is a reality in some way belonging to him."

I quote these words in order to suggest to you the


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 kind of impression made upon a people who must have worked through a long course of years before they produced such marvels of life-like reality as some of the portrait sculptures of the age of the Pyramids. The art of sculpture was intimately connected with their religion, and its merits and demerits arise from this connection. It is not true, as is commonly supposed, that the Egyptians were not able, like the Greeks, to represent in sculpture motion and activity. They did this, and they did it wonderfully well, as small statues in the Museum at Bulaq abundantly show; but most of the statues of this description have perished, like the private houses to which they belonged. But the statues of the gods and ancestors were intended to represent, not the concrete activity of a single moment, but the abstraction and repose of eternity.

As the Iranian Fravishi is represented accompanying the Persian king, so is the Egyptian ka, or royal living image or genius, depicted in numberless representations. As the Roman swore by the genius of the emperor, so did the Egyptian by the ka of his king. As the Roman appeased his genius, so is the Egyptian king frequently sculptured in the act of propitiating his own ka. Votive tablets are addressed to the royal ka in company with Ptah or other gods. Each of the gods had his ka or genius. And as the Persians, Greeks and Romans, had their local genius, so had the Egyptians. The kau, like the genii, manes and lares (who


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 are radically identical), formed a whole class of divine beings, who are mentioned in thousands of inscriptions as "the kau who live everlastingly." A well-known and interesting tablet contains the prayer, "May I journey upon the everlasting road in company with the kau and glorified ones."

Not the least curious coincidence between Egyptian and European thought is the use of the words genius and ka to express mental gifts. "Genius" is not used in this way in classical Latin, but by being made synonymous with spirit, and spirit being used as in the eleventh chapter of Isaiah ("the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge, of the fear of the Lord"), genius has come to signify a divine gift. Now the Egyptian word ka had certainly acquired this secondary signification as early as the time of Rameses II., and I have but little doubt, though the proof is not absolute, that this signification already existed in the earliest times known to us.

Souls, Shadows, Apparitions.

The anthropology of the Egyptians was very different from that recognized in our modern systems of philosophy. We are in the habit of speaking of man as consisting of body and soul, the soul being considered


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50 Prevailing winds January to May, E. a.m. and W. p.m.; June, W. and N.W.; July, E. and N.E.; August, W. and N.W.; September to January, S.W. and W.

At Breaksea Island, King George's Sound, the averages from observations taken at the lighthouse during four years, from 1873 to 1876, were:—

 * Barometer, highest, 30·156 inches in November
 * Do., lowest, 29·010  do.  June
 * Thermometer, highest, 80 in February
 * Do., lowest, 45 in June and October

At Champion Bay the highest range of the thermometer for three years was before a storm in the month of March, viz., 110°, the highest ordinary range was 104 in January, the lowest 44 in July. In the North-West district the thermometer had risen in a tent to 115° and in a room to 110°. The lowest range observed by Mr. Sholl was 48°, he also observed, during the hurricane of 1872, the mercury in the barometer fell to 28·96 inches; this is of course an extreme case, the highest known reading has been 30·35 inches.

The prevailing winds are on the South coast from S.E. to S.W., variable, but more Easterly during the summer. On the West Coast from November to March; Easterly in the morning and blowing fresh from the S.W. in the afternoon; the Southerly winds are cold; and during this period the Easterly winds are hot. A hot wind sometimes blows from the East for two or three days in succession. During the winter months the Easterly winds are cold, the winds are variable, calms frequent, generally preceding gales with wind and rain from the N.W.; these commence in the East and die out when they have worked round to the West. Exceptional gales are experienced from the East as well as from the West.


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Rh On the North coast hurricanes have been experienced in December, February, March, and April. The most destructive on record, that of 20th and 21st March, 1872, commenced from the South-East, and having veered to North, there was a calm for about half-an-hour; it then began to blow from the North-West and by West to South-East, when it dropped to a calm; the greatest force of the storm was at the middle points, East and West.

The climate of the North-West is for the most part dry, with occasional tropical rains and strong winds from December to April inclusive; exceptional rains with moderate winds in June and July.

Ice has been seen on the Ashburton and from thence to the South coast, especially in the upper valley of the Murchison River, but in no part of the Colony has it been observed to last many hours. Hail is rare, but occasionally, even on the North coast, severe. Thunder storms are not frequent, more common towards the North, where damage has occasionally been done by lightning; they are periodical in the summer in the Murchison District.

There are of course in West Australia, as elsewhere, the usual differences resulting from locality, but the healthfulness of the climate of West Australia will appear from the following facts:—

In 1869 the population was 24,785 persons, the deaths only 334, or 13·47 in 1000: this may be taken as a fair average year. In 1875 the population was 26·709, and the deaths 473, or 21·0 in 1000, this was an


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 the immaterial part of man. We should be astonished at a person calling himself a Christian and yet denying the immateriality of the soul. Yet this belief was not always recognized by the defenders of Christianity as a true one. M. Guizot shows, in his sixth Lecture on the History of Civilization in France, that the earliest doctors of the Church were strongly impressed with the conviction of the material nature of the soul, and that it was only by slow degrees that the opposite opinion prevailed. God alone was thought to be immaterial by nature, and it was only as relative to gross matter that angels, spirits and souls were allowed to be called immaterial or corporal.

The disembodied personality of each individual was therefore supposed by the Egyptians to be provided with a material form and substance. The soul had a body of its own, and could eat and drink. We are unfortunately prevented, through want of materials, from accurately determining the relation between a man's soul and his ka. His shadow was also considered an important part of his personality, and was restored to him in the second life. The Book of the Dead treats the shadows as something substantial.

We shall not be surprised to find the belief in apparitions of the dead. There is a letter in one of the papyri of the Museum of Leyden in which a man


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52 usually unhealthy year. Taking the principal causes of death, there were from

In 1869 no deaths from alcoholism are recorded, hut in 1875 there were three. The deaths from accident average 25. Comparing the death rates of England and the other Australian Colonies with that of West Australia, it appears that:

Tasmania and New Zealand being relatively the highest and lowest of the other Australian Colonies; hut great allowance must be made for immigration. In New Zealand in 1871 the number of persons born in the Colony were 64·052; and of immigrants, 192·341, those born in the Colony being less than one-fourth of the whole number. The introduction of so large a number of young and healthy persons must necessarily have decreased the death-rate very materially. The same ailment might be applied to the three other Colonies of Australia, and West Australia may therefore be assumed to be more healthful than any other part of Australasia, as immigration can have had no effect on the death-rate of West Australia, for in 1875 only 447 persons arrived in the Colony, and it was in that year emigration to the Colony recommenced. The character and mode of life of the convict population would also tend to increase rather than diminish the death-rate.


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 bitterly of the persistent annoyance caused to him by his deceased wife.

Possession.

The most terrific form, however, of annoyance is that caused by what we commonly call possession. We are accustomed to hear of possession by evil spirits only, but this is because from a Christian point of view possession by spirits is necessarily incompatible with the goodness of the spirits; but the Greek was not necessarily an evil spirit, nor was the Egyptian chut. There is an interesting inscription now preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris, the translation of which was first given by Dr. Birch. It records the possession by a spirit of the princess of Bechten, an Asiatic country which has not yet been satisfactorily identified. She was connected by marriage with the court of Egypt. Her sister had been married to one of the kings of the twentieth dynasty. She had fallen ill, and an Egyptian practitioner who, at her father's request, had been summoned to see her, declared that she was possessed by a spirit (chut) with


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Rh the poison plants. Four of these are small shrubs.—The York road poison, which is the most common and most dangerous, the box, heart leaf and rock (the latter being found usually near granite), and the Kandinup poison, a small herbaceous plant with a blue flower, common near the South coast. The former are most dangerous in the spring of the year, especially after fires, when their green shoots tempt the cattle, or when proper food is scarce. They are easily distinguished from otherlants, and may be destroyed in enclosed lands.

The vegetation of the North is, of course, tropical, and has its own peculiar characteristics. Of these the gouty stemmed tree, in this similar to the Adansonia and to the Barriguda of Brazil, is remarkable for the swelling of the trunk, giving it a clumsy deformed appearance, yet it is valuable as affording fruit enclosed in a rind about the size of a cocoa nut; the seeds, closely resembling almonds, are very palatable, and commonly used by the natives for food; the hark yields a nutritious white gum which, Grey says, in taste and appearance resembles maccheroni, and which, when soaked in hot water, affords an agreeable mucilaginous drink. Fine trees fit for spars and timber grow on the hills, and in the gorges and ravines, through which the surface waters descend from them in clear and rapid streams. Lofty Eucalypti, with Paper Bark, and graceful pendent foliage, rise from a matted undergrowth, above which Pandanas and wild Nutmeg trees form a dense forest with rich grasses and climbing plants. The calamas or rattan is common on this coast, and leguminous plants are numerous, one at least of which is well known and cultivated in other parts of the Colony. Grey describes the trees in the valley of the Glenelg as the largest he had seen in Australia; and, from the fertility


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60 of the soil and abundance of water everywhere, there can be no doubt that rice, cotton, coffee, tobacco, and other valuable productions, with all useful tropical fruits and vegetables, might be cultivated there. The Pine forests would afford timber, boards, and spars, for use and exportation. There are also in the North vegetable fibres of bark and grass used by the natives for making lines and nets for fishing, and which are remarkable for toughness. The mangrove, which is found on all the shallow parts of the coast, supplies firewood, and is otherwise much utilized for domestic purposes.

All the fruits and vegetables of sub-tropical and temperate regions flourish when cultivated in the South-West parts of the Colony. The stone pine may be found by the side of the araucaria, and the apple by the loquat; but the vine, fig tree, olive, and orange, the almond and its congeners, seem peculiarly adapted to the soil and climate, as indeed are mulberry, tobacco, and cotton. The castor oil plant grows freely on rubbish, or in any neglected corner. The melon tribe, and all leguminous plants flourish in great luxuriance. Of the cereals wheat will not probably be found to flourish North of the Murchison, but maize may be cultivated throughout the Colony; in the South and West the rose and geranium are naturalized.

The native animals are the dog, a wolf-like animal with bushy tail, very destructive to sheep; the kangaroo, of which three species are found in the open woods, the thickets, and on the plains. The red kangaroo, a smaller kind, is found only among rocks so barren of vegetation as to make the means of its subsistence doubtful; the wallaby, a still smaller species, is found in the thickets near the coast and on the plains; the existence


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Rh of wallaby on the Abrolhos, more than 30 miles from the coast, suggests the probability of depression, as well as upheaval of the coast line; the opossum is plentiful in the woodland districts.

Of reptiles the guana and lizard are found, with several species of snakes, both land and water, the bite of which is poisonous; and some, especially to the North, are constrictors.

The principal land birds of West Australia are the emu, the bush turkey, a species of bustard, the gnow, a gallinaceous bird remarkable for piling its eggs in a conical heap with leaves, and not sitting to hatch them. The great eagle hawk frequents the rocky cliffs and smaller birds of prey the rocky plains, cockatoos, black and white, parrots and parroquets, pigeons and quails are common, and in the North the pheasant cuckoo. The birds of the Colony are more remarkable for beauty of plumage than for their powers of song, yet the wattle birds and some others have melodious notes, but the bush is more often disturbed by the screeching of parrots, cockatoos, and magpies, and at night by the sad note of the weelow. The water birds are: the black swan, still numerous in some of the Southern waters of this Colony, formerly throughout it. The British Officers who first visited the Swan River were astonished at their number, but suggested that the time might come, as indeed it has already, when their absence would make it doubtful why the river should have been so named. The pelican, several species of duck, and many sea fowl frequent the coast and islands; to the North these are so numerous that there are large deposits of guano. Gallineaux are abundant in the Lake district, and sometimes migrate Westward, and there are several kinds of waders.


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 which he was himself unable to cope. The image of the god Chonsu, one of the divine triad of Thebes, was solemnly sent in his ark, accompanied by a talisman of the same god under a different title, for the purpose of exorcising the princess, and the spirit yielded at once to the superior divinity of such a god, who, speaking through his prophet, ordered that a sacrifice should be offered to propitiate the spirit. The inscription assures us that during the time that the god and the spirit were in presence of each other, the king of Bechten and all his army were in a state of excessive terror. The result, however, was so satisfactory, that he kept the Theban god by him for upwards of three years, and would probably never have allowed him to return, had he not been terrified by a dream; in consequence of which the god was sent back to Egypt with presents of great value.

Dreams.

The belief in dreams, as revelations from a world quite as real as that which we see about us whilst waking, was shared by the ancient Egyptians. The great tablet which is buried in the sand before the great Sphinx at Gizeh, records a dream in which the god appeared to Tehutimes IV. whilst yet a prince,


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62 Fish are abundant in all the waters; mullet, bream, taylors, cobblers, schnappers, whiting, herring on the coasts and in the estuaries of the rivers; whales and seals are still found, though not so abundant as formerly; sharks are common, especially on the North coasts, where alligators are also said to be found occasionally; cray fish are abundant an all the coasts, and a small species in the fresh waters; oysters in many places; pearl oysters from. Sharks Bay, Northward, where also the dugong is found, a marine animal yielding oil of especially good quality, and having its skin of great thickness, and very valuable for making leather. The trepang or bèche-de-mer is abundant on the North coast.

If West Australia does not possess any great number or variety of useful native animals, her climate and vegetable productions are admirably suited to the life of those most useful to man; sheep, horses, cattle, goats, and pigs run wild when permitted, and, with the exception of sheep, have thus in some parts increased until they become a nuisance, and have to be destroyed; gallinaceous birds also thrive wild in the bush. In fine, there are none of the necessaries, and few of the luxuries of life which may not be produced with moderate care, labour, and expense in the Colony, few physical wants that are not already supplied, and more that might be. There are some natural pests in West Australia as in other countries: flies are the plague of the North, green ants of the sandstone ranges of the N.W., and mosquitoes near water throughout the Colony.

The mineral wealth of the Colony is undoubtedly very great. The precious metals have not yet been found in any considerable quantities, though gold has been in many places, as at Kendenup the upper valley of the Palinup, and near Glengarry on the


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Rh Greenough, in quartz reefs, and at Peterwangy, on the Upper Irwin in alluvial deposits. Silver is found in some lead ores. Specimens of tin have been found, and it may probably be discovered in large quantities among the red granites of the interior. Coal, often searched for, and still more often reported, has not yet been found, though veins of lignites, and semi-bituminous substances have. The most important metals are lead and copper, the ores of which, especially the former, are abundant and widely diffused over the surface of the Colony from North to South, but are worked now only in the Champion Bay district; iron ores, specular and hæmatitic, are found in abundance in many places; salt is deposited in large quantities in the lakes of the interior, and the lagoons of the coast, and might be made a profitable article of export. In these, also, gypsum is found, as it is on the flats in the valleys of the sandstone ranges. Materials for building are abundant everywhere; in some districts clays for brick making, as well as finer sorts for pottery, and kaolin for porcelain, as also fire clay in others; various rocks, granitic, gneissose, siliceous, calcareous, and cretaceous, the latter for lime burning, are abundant on the coasts, and are found in many parts of the interior.

From the catalogue of natural productions given above, it will appear that there are abundant materials for capital in money and labor to be applied to their utilization, with profit on both. The returns of the principal exports, given in another place, indicate that many of these, and not the least valuable, are still unutilized; for example, many of the woods, the pine timber of the North especially; the rattan, which is imported; copper, which is abundant, but as yet little worked; many valuable sand, lime, and other stones; while the


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 spoke to him as a father to a son, and promised him the kingdom, the white and the red crown, with the throne of Seb, and the earth in its length and breadth. This promise was made on the condition that Tehutimes should clear away the sand which then as now encumbered the mighty image of the god. King Mer-en-Ptah II. was encouraged by the god Ptah in a dream, and directed in his warfare against the northern invaders of Egypt.

One of the many valuable tablets found by Mariette Bey at Gebel Barkal is well known under the name of Stèle du Songe. It belongs to the Ethiopian period, and records an event which happened in the first year of a king (Nut) of the seventh century before Christ. "His Majesty had a dream in the night. He saw two serpents, one at his right hand and the other at his left. And when he awoke he found them not. Then he said, 'Let these things be explained to me at once.' And they explained them, saying, 'The land of the South is thine, and thou shalt seize the land of the North, and the two crowns shall be set upon thy head. The earth is given to thee in all its length and its breadth.'" The tablet proceeds to describe the accomplishment of the dream, and the king's gratitude as testified by his splendid donations.

I have already quoted the Ptolemaic tablet which speaks of the fulfilment of a dream in which the god I-em-hotep promised a son to Pasherenptah.


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 Most numerous are the inventions lost to the world for ages, and many doubtless to this day, because inventors, being poor, could not bring them out. To remedy this evil to some extent, the following plan is suggested

having and being offered, several new inventions, worthy to be tested and brought out, present to the public the following liberal offers.

One invention promises great usefulness to most cities, villages and farmers; one, great aid to agriculture. One, greater safety and cheapness to rail-road conveyance; one a great saving of expense, time and toil in education, &c.

They require means to bring them into use. If many will furnish each a little the burden will be light—the success almost certain, and the advantage the greater; and this advantage the inventors will gladly share with the helpers. Incurring much expense, and risking much themselves, it cannot be presuming too much to trust that the intelligent public will see it to be liberal, and wise the risk a little and invest the small sum proposed on the terms here offered.

It is little any can lose if he were to get no return, while we must lose far more, even for advertising, if none accept our offers. But they will have some return, and may much gain. Lte then each send us his name and $2, or 25 cents weekly for ten weeks, and secure the advantages of these inventions.

We add one other consideration. Had Fitch, who first applied steam to propel a boat, and was the real first inventor of steam boats, received a little aid, steam boats would have been in operation more than 50 years ago, and our country would have had the undisputed honor of the invention. But he exhausted his means—none would help—and though he knew it was worth millions, he died in poverty, and our country was the loser for a half century.

A share or town right of a valuable patent—50 or 100 acres of good farming land; $2, $30, or $85 cash; a copy of the circular interest tables, or a useful Essay, to be had on easy ters.

The patent share will be sent to any one who sends us $2, or 25 cents weekly for ten weeks, which share will be worth $5 or more.

The town right will be his who procures 25 share subscribers and sends us the money. The 50 acres his who sends us the money for 150 subscribers within three months. The 100 acres his who sends us for 300 in four months. The $2 his who sends us the $2 each for 12 subscribers in 2 months. $30 his who sends for 100 in 3 months, $85 his who sends for 250 in 6 months. The interest tables or Essay shall be his who sends us immediately the names of each waggon, carriage, plough or harness maker, of each farmer who keeps bees or silk worms, of owners of furnaces or forges, of each physician, minister, teacher, miller, tanner and merchant of the village ore town where he lives, twenty-five names ore more; and also a share of the patent right if he sends 25 or more names and 25 cents cash within one month.

The patent share to each of those who pay $2 within 8 weeks from next September 1, or before, will embrace three inventions; to those who pay in the next 5 week, two inventions; and but one to others, and not this unless cash is received in 4 months, unless we choose. The essay or tables will also be his who pays before September 20th. What we desire is speedy work—hence these large premiums. Most important inventions will thus be secured, and a profitable share to each.

We also offer to any one who will send us $10, $30, $75 or $125, to give him 4, 9, 27 or 54 shares on-third in each of three inventions, or a town right of one, two or three of the patents, and a privilege to sell rights, at great profit; and he may commence at once. We can give good business of this kind now. If our project meets with the favor we expect we shall be able to give a great deal of business of this kind, and thus greatly promote enterprize and industry. We have the best machine to clean wheat of smut, garlic, &c.; price $75. Over 70 have been put in operation in one county in Pennsylvania. We have also the best cultivator for tilling corn and putting in wheat and rye, from $6 to $15. Also the neatest, handiest and swiftest straw cutter of its size, for $12. Office for orders at room 13, 25 Pine street, next to the Custom House.

The inventions will be of different values, and will be put into such number of shares as will make each share worth $5 or more. We will dispose of the rights, keep the accounts, and pay to share holders the dividends. We shall also from time to time, quarterly or oftener, send them a paper giving them a full account of the inventions, as far as it will be best to publish it. We shall send them the first in September. Let is announce that subscribers are already in to secure the whole project. It will not fail if no more subscribe than we already have. We can do a little, and each who helps will aid us to do more; thus none will lose, but if many help, the better will it be to each. One of the most promising inventions will be very costly to start. We want 10,000 subscribers for it: but it will be worth ten times the cost; and it is certain of success, it has been so far tested. The others are very excellent in promise.

The inventions are vary important; the land good in this State or in Pennsylvania; the Tables useful, and the Essay on a subject of deep interest to all; and the periodical we shall occasionally send, free of charge, will be of general interest to farmers, mechanics, patentees, physicians, ministers, and owners of minerals, and to all.

It is thus the interest of all to push this project. Let then each improve this offer at once, and have the satisfaction of aiding to bring out great inventions that promise vast benefit to mankind, and good profit to the helpers, as well as timely aid to some worthy inventors, who are struggling with poverty, whom we greatly desire to aid. Now is the WORD. Now or never. If QUICKLY done, it will be DONE and WELL done, and a GOOD THING done.

It will be easy for two or more to unite, write their names in a letter, put in the money, and direct to G. Peck & Co., New York. The mail will bring it safe, or we will risk it, and pay the postage.

New York, August, 1845.

Editors who will notice this rare project and advertise it, will promote a great public good, and shall share liberally in the advantage they promote. For 13 insertions of the project in full, they shall receive 5 of the three right shares.

Besides the guarantee, which the expense we have already incurred for patents, models, machines, advertising, &c. to make these proposals, gives, to warrant confidence at least to the little extent we ask, we are favored with the following certificate, signed by Hon. R. H. Morris, late mayor and present post-master, and by Hon. F. A. Tallmadge, the present recorder of New York:—

"Messrs. G. Peck & Co. wishing the public to favor their business, this certifies, that, from our personal acquaintance we are assured that confidence in their proposals will not be misplaced.

"New York, August, 1845."

N. B.—We have one invention, well tested, worth $100,000, the profits of which from this State or Massachusetts will be three times that sum in the next five years. It needs a capital of $25,000. A half can be had for this sum, one half as capital, and an equal sum to be paid out of the half of the first avails.

☞All our travelling and city agents will have receipts to give, signed by us. Postmasters, Editors, and others, acting as local agents, in towns and villages where they are known, will give their own receipts, which will be duly acknowledged by G. Peck & Co.

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, Optician, No. 82 Nassau-street, New-York, is constantly manufacturing, and has on hand all articles of the best quality used in the Daguerreotype process. Plates, Cases and Chemicals can be had as cheap, if not cheaper, than from any other establishment, all warranted of good quality. Cameras of his won manufacture, as well as French and German ones. Any article or instrument sold will not be represented to be of different manufacture from what it really is. Orders from the country, by express or otherwise, will be punctually attended to.

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☞It is the determination of the publisher to spare neither pains nor expense to make this work perfectly accessible to every family throughout the entire country. It is one of the most attractive and cheapest ever presented to the patronage of the American people. The preparation of the work has been attended with great labor and expense. requires a distant eminence, from which to take an impartial view of the character of the transactions which submit themselves to the recording pen: but more than half a century has now elapsed since the colonists first asserted their independence; and the generation, whose arduous struggles achieved so glorious a result, has passed away to the silent tomb.

Through the whole work, the editor has attempted to do justice without asperity; to applaud patriotism, but not to justify its excesses; to condemn tyranny, but not to overlook the virtues of many of its instruments; and to exhibit the kindly prospect of the more strongly than the irritating aspect of the. The great interest that bare mention of such a work is calculated to excite has encourage the editor to make it every way worthy of a liberal patronage. An extensive sale can only enable the publisher to offer it at the low price proposed. Postmasters and others wishing to act as Agents, will receive all necessary information by addressing, post-paid.

☞Two .—Sears' beautiful Pictorial for one year, and the above work complete will be furnished for Three Dollars, remitted in New York or Eastern funds free of postage, through the postmasters.

wishes to engage a number of YOUNG MEN of strictly moral and business habits. A capital of from $50 to $100 will be required; and a certain DISTRICT of COUNTRY will be secured to each Agent. Unexceptional testimonials of character will be required. Address,

☞ All letters must be post paid, to insure attention.

at, New-York.—The Fair will open on Monday, the 6th of October next, at 12 o'clock, M. The days for delivering articles at the Garden, , and  previous. The National Convention of Farmers, Gardeners, and Silk Culturists, will be held on Thursday, 9th October. Delegates, without further notice, are invited from all parts of the Union. The Cattle Show will be held on the ground between 23rd and 24th streets, 5th Avenue. Ploughing and Spading Matches, &c., as usual. Head Quarters for Managers, Committees, &c., secured in the Madison Cottage. Fine horses for draft, healthy fat cattle, and sheep for market, well matched and trained working cattle, and new and useful inventions, will command higher premiums than at any preceding Fair. An opening, anniversary, &c. Addresses will be delivered by the most eminent orators of our country. The people of this great Republic are invoked zealously to co-operate in carrying out this exhibition, which promises far to exceed anything that has gone before.

—To Daguerreotype Artists and Amateurs.—In consequence of repeated complaints from Artists of failures to obtain fine Portraits, from imperfections in the Plates, the subscriber begs leave to inform them that he is manufacturing Plates of a superior quality to any that have hitherto been used in this country. These Plates have been fairly tried, and tested by several of the most experienced and skillful operators in the United States, from whom he has received certificates that they are superior to any Plates they have ever before used.

, and, Amateurs.

Messrs., Operators, Phila. ", do. Boston.

Agents.—Messrs. W. & F. Langenheim, Exchange, and Wm. G. Mason, 46 Chesnut-street, Philadelphia; and Messrs. Litch & Whippple, 96 Washington-st. Boston.

None genuine unless stamped 'E. WHITE, maker, N. Y.'

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for utility as well as ornament, for stores in all kinds of business. Specimens may be seen in the leading stores of the principal cities of the Union.

Agents for Boston: Messrs. Sowie & Shaw. Mr. J. L. Lazarus is now visiting the Eastern States—All orders received by him will meet with prompt attention.

34, (late 323 Broadway.)

☞ Observe! our names are printed at the foot of each card, and we caution the public that imitators are in the field.

Comprising a complete Circle of Knowledge connected with Housekeeping, &c., including a large Amount of useful Information on all matters of interest to the Family Circle.

Being a new Inquiry into the true Dates of the Birth and Death of Christ, with an original Harmony of the Gospels, now first arranged in the Order of Time, &c.

From the commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons. With important Corrections by the Author respecting this Country, &c.

Charles Brainard, 16 State street, Boston. Colon & Adriance, 21 Arcade, Philadelphia. c. A. Hinkley, Baltimore. Thomas Wemple, Albany. Michael Dowes, New Haven, Ct. Peter Cook, Hartford, Ct. W. H. Pratt, Springfield, Mass. L. C. Lyman & Co, Middletown, Ct. H. P. Barnes, Pittsfield, Mass. T. Dickinson, Newark, N. Y. E. Hopkins, Lyons, N. Y. R. G. Savery, Rome, N. Y. J. G. Thompson and S. Ricker, South Berwick, Me. S. Jones, Colchester, Ct. Col. A. P. Chesley, Huron, O. Charles O'Neal, Darien, Geo. Major J. Nathans, Quincy, Flo. J. Hunter, Thompsonville, Ct. H. S. Snow, Meriden, Ct. Daniel Cobb, Providence, R. I. Safford & Parks, Norwich, Ct. R. Kidney, jr. Newark, N. J. W. Solomon, New Brunswick, N. J. Thomas Boynton, Windsor, Vt.

Recently received on business connected with this paper.

W W Kinne, M D, Freemansburg, N Y; N White, Bucksport, Me; P M, Ripley, Ohio; C W Rockhold, Canton, Ill; J R Wildmar, Dunbury, Ct; D Melville, Newport, R I; T Dickinson, Newark, N J; P M, Alford, Mass; E Griswold, Delaware, Ohio; H P Merriman, Clinton, Ill; P M, New Harmony, Ia; G F Snow, Meriden, Ct; P M, Rome, N Y; S Parks, P M, S Berwick, Me; P M, Hancock, Md; E G Chandlee, B M House, Md; John W Truston, Whtheville, Va; James L Drake, Loudonville, O; P M, Gilford, N Y; P M, Greene, N Y; P M, Huron, O; L G More, Bellefountaine, O; D Peck, Naples, N Y; P M, Winchester Centre, Ct; P M, Mauch Chunk, Pa; P M, Benton, N Y; P M, Brownsville, Pa; J T Grant, Princeton, N J; P M, Hazelton, Pa; P M, New Alexandria, Pa; A S French, Dexter, Me; P M, North East, Md; P M, Burlington, Mass; P M, West Winchester, N H; A V Holby, Williston, Vt; P M, West Middleton, Pa; A Glenson, Unionville, Ct; P M, Wellsborn', Pa; P M, Belair, Md; P M, Hillsdale, N Y; W S Fritts, Oneonta, N Y; A Palmer, P M, Stillwater, N Y; P M, Uniontown, Pa; P M, Auburn, Mass; E P Phinney, Warrey, R I; H Hill, jr, Culpepper, Va; L Anibal, Benson, N Y; P M, Alloway, N Y; P M, Colts Neck, N Y; P M, Methuen, Mass; P M, Naraguagus, Me; R Weld, Marcellus Falls, N Y; P M, Middleborough, Mass; JR Walter, Canton, Ill; A friend to "The American," Franklin, Tenn; P M, Farmer, N Y; T Skelton, Hannibal, N Y; J G Thompson, Norwich, N Y; J Garden, Chistiansburg, Va; P M, Littleton, N H; P M, Fulton, N Y; J H Vermillion, Newbern, Va; Mosher & Allen, Union Springs, N Y; P M, Pike, N Y; S Parks, Maltaville, N Y; P G Smith, Montpelier, Vt; Thomas Boynton, Windsor, Vt; P M, North Brookfield, Mass; P M, Liberty, N Y; H P Waugh, Grayson, Va; R Sackett, Mayville, N Y; P M, Madison, Va; P M, Weston, Mass; L J Chabot, Elkridge Landing, Md; P M, Northampton, Mass; P M, Jamaica Plains, Mass; P M, Quiney, Florida; C O'Neal, Darien, Ga; P M, Marion, O; P M, Holidaysburg, Pa; P M, Huron, O; S Hill, Danville, N Y; P M, Centreville, La; P M, Guildford, Ct; Wm B Allen, Elizabeth City, N C; P M, Cabotsville, Mass; P M, New Milford, Ct; Wm Sherwood, Southport, Ct; B Hoit, P M, Stanford, Ct; P M, Bristol, R I; C F Sussdorff, Salem, N C; J Spotford, East Thomaston, ME; M Adams, Adams Basin, N Y; O R Hopkins, Clarence, N Y; P M, Newbury, Vt; P M, Brookfield, Ct; E Hopkins, Lyons, N Y; S Jones, Colchester, Ct.

invite those who are in want of a SUMMER HAT, to call at their establishment and get themselves fitted with one of them specially admired so light, airy, elastic and beautiful, that, through its agreeable and cooling intervention, is fairly set at defiance.

They have now in readiness a variety of, not to be met with everywhere, and to such as are particular in their choice of that most essential feature of "the Man," they offer an unrivaled chance for selection.

A splendid new article of

with a variety of, , &c. A beautiful article of Walking Stick, called the ; with Cane Umbrellus, Cane Fishing-rods, Carpet Bags, &c. &c.

, No. 293 Broadway, Laforge Buildings, Rooms Nos. 31 and 32, up stairs.

, late operator for Plumbe, flatters himself that he can give as good satisfaction as any other professor of the art. The public are requested to call and examine specimens. Prices will vary from $1 to $15.

Likenesses of deceased persons taken in any part of this city and vicinity.

Plates, Chemicals and Cases for sale at the lowest prices.

Instruction will be given on more reasonable terms than at any other establishment in the city.

 the accommodation of the Public, at the Old Stand, 276 Bowery.—BENEDICT & SON, would respectfully inform their customers and the public in general, that they have been refitting their establishment and renewing their stock of Goods, consisting of the following articles, viz. Gold and Silver R & G Beesley and M I Tobias Levers, Chronometers, Duplex, Lepine and other Watches, too numerous to mention. Jewelry, consisting of fine diamond pins and rings, gold chains and miniature cases, gold fob and vest chains, Ladies' and Gents' fine bosom brooches, and a handsome assortment of rich gilt and marble parlour clocks.

Our Silver Ware consists of spoons, forks, knives, sugar tongs, soup, ladle, salt, mustard and egg spoons, &c., which are warranted to be as pure as coin. Silver sets made to order. A good assortment of Britannia and Plated Ware constantly on hand. You are invited to call and examine for yourselves.

Gold Watches, from $16 to $125 apiece, and warranted to keep good time, or no sale.

N.B.—M. Benedict would state to the public in general that he is no stranger in the city, having been established 22 years in business in the Bowery. The repairing of watches, jewelry, and French parlor clocks, attended to with strict punctuality.

subscribers are prepared to execute all orders committed to their charge, with the neatness, punctuality, and despatch.

JOHN WESTALL & Co. 183 William-st. corner of Spruce, N.Y.

Pen received the highest premium at the last Fair of the American Institute, and has been pronounced by the first teachers of Penmanship in the country to be infinitely superior to any Gold Pen ever before introduced to the American public. The lasting properties of this Pen are undoubted, owing to the total absence of corrosibility from any of the inks in use, and the peculiar shape of the nibs, [which was first introduced by Bagley] makes it more pleasant to use, renders it less liable to damage, more easy to repair, and prevents the necessity of the great care that other articles of the kind require.

Manufactury, 189, N. York.


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Page:The Religion of Ancient Egypt.djvu/172

 Oaths.

The Egyptians invoked their deceased fathers and the gods in attestation of the truth of their assertions. Oaths were resorted to in legal investigations. The primitive sense of the word ārqu, which signifies to swear, is "bind." To "clear one's-self by an oath" is a recognized form of speech, and it was no empty form, for the presence of the gods was strongly impressed upon the Egyptian mind. Even when the original meaning of a myth had not been entirely lost, the god was no longer identified with the physical phenomenon, but was supposed to be a living personal power connected with it. The absence of the sun was compatible with the presence of the sun-god Rā.

Presence of the Gods.

The presence of the gods is everywhere taken for granted, but the calendar of lucky and unlucky days contained in the Fourth Sallier papyrus, and translated by M. Chabas, supplies a large amount of evidence as to the popular belief in the immediate intervention of the gods in human affairs. The days of the year are marked as lucky or unlucky according as they commemorate events in the legendary history of the war


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 between the powers of Light and those of Darkness. But there are incessant cautions about leaving the house or looking at certain objects on days when certain gods are visiting the earth. Whatever was seen on some days was sure to be of prosperous omen; on other days, the sight of a flame or of a rat, the touch of a woman or the getting into a boat, might prove fatal. "Do not go out of thine house at eventide" on the 15th Paophi; "the serpent that comes forth at even, whoever sees him, his eye is injured on the spot." On the 23rd of the month Choiak, a man is blinded if the eyes of certain deities fall upon him. On the 28th day of the same month it is unsafe to eat fish, because on this day the gods of Tattu assume the form of a fish. On the 11th Tybi, "Approach not any flame on this day; Rā is there for the purpose of destroying the wicked." On the 9th Pharmuti, "Do not go out by night; Rā is coming forth on his way to Haï-ren-sen." On the 24th Pharmuti, "Do not pronounce the name of Set aloud." The superstition of the Evil Eye naturally arose from a doctrine which led to such prescriptions. The Egyptian proper names bear distinct witness to the existence of this superstition.

Angels.

Our word angel is derived from the Greek, which is the literal rendering of the Hebrew malāch, a


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The history of a Colony so isolated as Western Australia is rather that of social than of political change and progress. Captain Stirling landed from the Parmelia, 1st June, 1829, with a staff of eight persons and ten artisans and mechanics, with their wives and families and servants, 51 head of cattle, 200 sheep, 33 horses, some pigs and poultry. A large supply of fruit trees, plants, and seeds had been contributed by the Horticultural Society of London and at the Cape of Good Hope, which were immediately planted on Garden Island. The names and offices of these founders of the Colony were Captain James Stirling, Lieut.-Governor, and family of six persons, and George Eliot, aged 11 years; Peter Brown, Colonial Secretary, Mrs. Brown and two children; Lieut. J. S. Roe, E.N.,


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Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part IV. A. 4.djvu/50

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 48 060156 AFTER JUNE 1, 1956, THE DEADLINE FOR WITHDRAWAL OR TURNOVER TO THE VIETNAMESE OF AIR FORCE EQUIPMENT, THE FRENCH WERE COMPLETELY PHASED OUT OF THE VIETNAMESE AIR FORCE. ONLY A FEW FRENCH INSTRUCTORS REMAINED IN SOUTH VIETNAM. /WID 17–56.

060156 U.S. TEMPORARY EQUIPMENT RECOVERY MISSION (TERM) ACTIVATED.

060756 ADMIRAL RADFORD BRIEFED THE NSC ON THE STRATEGY FOR THE DEFENSE OF SOUTH VIETNAM WHICH REPEATED THE PLANS SET FORTH IN FEBRUARY AND SEPTEMBER.

063056 THE VNA HAD 142,000 MEN IN 4 FIELD DIVISIONS AND 6 LIGHT DIVISIONS AND 13 TERRITORIAL REGIMENTS, PLUS SERVICE SUPPORT UNITS. THIS WAS APPROVED STRENGTH. /WID 20-56.

0756 THE CRUCIAL MONTH DURING WHICH THE ELECTIONS TO UNIFY VIETNAM SHOULD HAVE BEEN HELD AS PROVIDED IN THE GENEVA AGREEMENT PASSED WITHOUT INCIDENT. /J.B.

0756 CIVIL GUARD 51,000 STRONG, OPERATED IN THREE MILITARY REGIONS.

070656 VICE PRESIDENT RICHARD NIXON VISITED SOUTH VIETNAM.

070756 ADMIRAL RADFORD BRIEFED THE NSC ON CONCEPT DELINEATED IN 5612/1.

071156 JCS DIRECTED CINCPAC TO PREPARE A CONTINGENCY PLAN BASED ON THE QUICK RESPONSE STRATEGY AS SET FORTH BY ADMIRAL RADFORD IN THE JUNE 7, 1956 BRIEFING TO NSC, FOR DEFENSE OF SOUTH VIETNAM.

071356 BA CUT EXECUTED. /WID 32-56.

071756 COMMUNIST ARMED STRENGTH IN THE SOUTH ESTIMATED AT 5–10,000 1955–56, PROBABLY ABOUT 8,000 WITH 5,000 ORGANIZED IN SKELETON COMPANIES. /247 NIE 1ST.

071756 THE VNA HAD THE APPROXIMATELY 145,000 TROOPS. /NIE.

071756 NIE 63–56 STATED WASHINGTON'S CONCEPT OF THE CIVIL GUARD AND THE SELF-DEFENSE CORPS. THE GVN ORGANIZED THE CIVIL GUARD TO RELIEVE THE VNA'S MANY STATIC INTERNAL SECURITY DUTIES. THE 43,000 MEN IN LIGHTLY ARMED MOBILE COMPANIES WERE TO MAINTAIN LAW AND ORDER, COLLECT INTELLIGENCE, CONDUCT COUNTER-SUBVERSION OPERATIONS IN PROVINCES PACIFIED BY THE V THE 60,000 MAN SELF-DEFENSE CORPS WAS TO MAINTAIN VILLAGE SECURITY.

072056 THE ALL–VIETNAMESE ELECTION AS PROVIDED IN 1954 GENEVA DECLARATION FAILED TO TAKE PLACE. /READER.

072156 FRENCH ACCEDED TO SOUTH VIETNAM'S REQUEST THAT FRENCH BE REPRESENTED BY AN AMBASSADOR RATHER THAN A HIGH COMMISSIONER.

073056 A VIETNAMESE LIAISON MISSION TO THE ICC WAS ESTABLISHED PREPARATORY TO THE TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS FROM THE FRENCH LIAISON MISSION. /READER.

0856 ESTIMATES OF VIETMINH IN SVN WERE 5,000–7,000. /WID 32-56. LL


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 messenger or envoy. This latter word is used in the Bible not only for human envoys, either of private individuals or of the king, but of supernatural beings sent by God to accomplish His purposes. The Egyptian language has a word (aput) which is used exactly in the same manner. It occurs repeatedly in the Book of the Dead, particularly in the sense of messenger of divine vengeance. The Maxims of Ani speak of the Angel of Death.

Destiny.

The notion of Destiny, which plays so important a part in Greek mythology, does not appear to have been foreign to Egyptian thought. In two of the romantic tales which have reached us, the Hathors appear in the character of the Fates of classical mythology, or the Fairies of our own folk-lore. In the tale of the Two Brothers, they foretel a violent death to the newly-fashioned spouse of Bata. In the tale of the Doomed Prince, "when the Hathors came to greet him at his birth, they said that he would either die by a crocodile, a serpent or a dog." Hathor, in the more recent theology of the texts of Dendera, is not only the Sun himself with feminine attributes, but the universal God of Pantheism. Mythologically, however, she is, even in these very texts, the daughter of Rā and mother of Horus. Like Isis, she is in fact the Dawn, which from