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 resemble Hablot Browne's Mr. Squeers. This fact, or myth, then, was current during the progress of Nickleby. Now, in 1891, Mr. Cope's biography tells how that artist met a coach- driver in Yorkshire, who told how Dickens and Cruikshank went to see a schoolmaster named Shaw, and how Cruikshank sketched that pedagogue. "There was bad schools," said the coachman, "but Shaw's was not bad; Dickens ruined him," having been misinformed by a dismissed under-teacher, and cavalierly treated by Mr. Shaw himself.

There is, of course, no reason to suppose that Mr. Squeers was meant as a likeness of any one person, but the original story of the caricature, retailed to Mr. Cope, who mixed up Cruikshank and Browne, is obviously contemporary. Dickens described his Yorkshire adventures to Mr. Forster, and his letter was adapted into the preface of 1848. He thought that he had injured the Squeerses and their nefarious business, and no doubt he did, to a great extent, paralyze their industry. But human wickedness and folly are pertinacious, and the present editor has recently heard of an existing establishment only too much on the lines of Dotheboys Hall. Indeed, as long as masters, even at public schools, keep a kind of hotel, and make a profit out of the boys' food and accommodation, boys will not, always and everywhere, have decent and wholesome dinners and breakfasts. While parents and friends have to give boys money merely that they may buy food fit for human consumption, there is obviously something extremely wrong, and dangerously wrong, in the system. On this head I could bring very disagreeable evidence on unimpeachable authority not that of the boys, who have been heard to say that, bad as the food is, "the company makes up for it."

Dickens began Nickleby on the eve of his birthday, in February, 1838. We find him once complaining in his second


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 medical profession is justly conservative. Human life should not be considered as the proper material for wild experiments.

Conservatism, however, is too often a welcome excuse for lazy minds, loath to adapt themselves to fast changing conditions. Remember the scornful reception which first was accorded to Freud's discoveries in the domain of the unconscious.

When after years of patient observations, he finally decided to appear before medical bodies to tell them modestly of some facts which always recurred in his dream and his patients' dreams, he was first laughed at and then avoided as a crank.

The words "dream interpretation" were and still are indeed fraught with unpleasant, unscientific associations. They remind one of all sorts of childish, superstitious notions, which make up the thread and woof of dream books, read by none but the ignorant and the primtiveprimitive [sic].

The wealth of detail, the infinite care never to let anything pass unexplanedunexplained [sic], with which he presented Rh

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 number, "I have yet five slips to finish, and don't know what to put into them; for I have reached the point I meant to leave off with." He obviously added the two stories told at the inn. Such are the artistic disadvantages of periodical publication, but Mr. Forster says that he was an expert in just filling his allotted space. He celebrated his completion of Nickleby by a dinner to Talfourd, Macready, Maclise, and other friends, after hardening his heart to kill Smike, in neglect of many letters praying for a reprieve.

Mr. Forster says that Nickleby established Dickens's position as an author. He had "gone up like a rocket," as Croker (probably) said in the Quarterly Review, but was not going to "come down like the stick." Lockhart, at this time under the shadow of his wife's death, now made Dickens's acquaintance. "Dined with 'Boz' at Cruikshank's," is one of the earliest notes of a social sort in Lockhart's diary after his bereavement. Dickens, writing in the Examiner, was one of the very few critics who stood up for Lockhart in the matter of the Ballantynes, and his controversy with them about their connection with Scott. Lockhart entrusted Oliver Twist to Mr. Ford for review in the Quarterly; that critic pronounced him vulgar only when he dealt with subjects not vulgar. His picture of "society" is a blend "of Cheltenham and New York." The Edinburgh Review, while Nickleby and Oliver Twist were running, protested against the opinion that they were mere ephemeral nonsense. "We think him a very original writer well entitled to his popularity, and not likely to lose it and the truest and most spirited delineator of English life among the lower and middle classes since the days of Smollett and Fielding. . . . What Hogarth was in painting, such very nearly is Mr. Dickens in prose fiction," without Hogarth's "cynicism and coarseness." "His


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 humanity is plain, practical, and manly. It is quite untainted with sentimentality; "perhaps too sweeping a phrase. "We find no monsters of unmitigated and unredeemable villany;" perhaps Arthur Gride and Ralph Nickleby had not blossomed fully. Monks was admitted to border on the villain of melodrama. The young ladies were confessed nonentities. Still, the criticism of the two great Reviews accepted Dickens, and proved that he had already established himself as a classic, so far as a contemporary writer under thirty can be classical.

Nickleby was amazingly popular; was translated in Germany and France (not with success in France); was pirated, and "Terryfied," as Scott used to say—made into an acting play before it was finished. Dickens expressed his indignation in the scene between Nicholas and the hack adapter; but he had detachment of mind enough to be amused by the piece acted at the Adelphi, Mrs. Keeley, as Smike, being, obviously, a lady in perfect health. But these outrages of adapters, with the wonted American piracies, stimulated Dickens's interest in the question of copyright. Of his Transatlantic efforts in a good, but then forlorn, cause, we shall hear more.

Nickleby deserved all its good fortune. It is a pleasure merely to enumerate the names of the new friends, or enemies, to whom we were introduced. Since Scott no man has created so many fictitious people, as real, to the right readers, as persons of flesh and blood. Mrs. Nickleby at once became a proverb for her delightful maundering inconsequences, and syllogisms based on the least essential of analogies. These are scarcely exaggerated, and Mr. Forster hints that Mrs. Nickleby was the real wife of the immortal Micawber. Her love adventure is, of course, burlesque; but, granting the existence of the mad old admirer, Mrs. Nickleby would


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iv to the public the result of his investigations, are impressing more and more serious-minded scientists, but the examination of his evidential data demands arduous work and presupposes an absolutely open mind. This is why we still encounter men, totally unfamiliar with Freud's writings, men who were not even interested enough in the subject to attempt an interpretation of their dreams or their patients dreams, deriding Freud's theories and combatting them with the help of statements which he never made. Some of them, like Professor Boris Sidis, reach at times conclusions which are strangely similar to Freud's, but in their ignorance of psychoanalytic literature, they fail to credit Freud for observations antedating theirs. Besides those who sneer at dream study, because they have never looked into the subject, there are those who do not dare to face the facts revealed by dream study. Dreams tell us many an unpleasant biological truth about ourselves and only very free minds can thrive on such a diet. Self-deception is a plant which withers fast in the pellucid atmosphere of dream investigation.

The weakling and the neurotic attached to his neurosis are not anxious to turn such a powerful


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 inevitably have conducted herself as she does. Mr. Forster thought Miss Nickleby based on Miss Austen's Miss Bates, but this only proves Dickens's verisimilitude. He was no bookworm, and had not yet read Miss Austen. It may seem absurd to call Mrs. Nickleby the chief creation of the book, but, with John Browdie, she is the least remote from ordinary experience. The heroic Browdie is always exhilarating; so is his bride, who certainly cannot be called a nonentity. Miss Fanny Squeers is beyond criticism; as Leigh Hunt said, her celebrated letter is entirely worthy of Smollett's hand in the epistles in Humphrey Clinker. The whole of the Crummles family and company are, probably, the most delicious and good-humoured pictures of cabotins, and of cabotinage, that have ever been painted. "Crummles is not a Prussian;" how often one thinks of the line in reading the puffs and paragraphs about actors and novelists! Mr. Crummles's walk down the street in the character of a gloomy despot; his farewell to Nicholas; his description of his pony (whose vulgarity proved fatal); his real pump; his "infant phenomenon;" everything about the manager is essentially true to the nature of the cabotin, yet genial and kind. His company, gentlemen and ladies; his accomplished consort; his conduct when the London manager appears in his theatre; everything is simply exquisite. No doubt Thackeray remembered this visit of the London manager, in Pendennis, when The Fotheringay makes her effect. The two scenes are well worth comparing, though Thackeray's strollers are as original as those of Dickens, and Dickens would have made a different hand of Mr. Bowes.

The school and Mr. Squeers are, of course, unique. Squeers is alone in his combination of the grotesque and the terrible. He "has given me medicines to make me love him." I confess to a tenderness for Mr. Squeers, especially when he is a little


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Rh searchlight upon the dark corners of their psychology.

Freud's theories are anything but theoretical.

He was moved by the fact that there always seemed to be a close connection between his patients dreams and their mental abnormalities, to collect thousands of dreams and to compare them with the case histories in his possession.

He did not start out with a preconceived bias, hoping to find evidence which might support his views. He looked at facts a thousand times "until they began to tell him something." His attitude toward dream study was, in other words, that of a statistician who does not know, and has no means of foreseeing, what conclusions will be forced on him by the information he is gathering, but who is fully prepared to accept those unavoidable conclusions.

This was indeed a novel way in psychology. Psychologists had always been wont to build, in what Bleuler calls "autistic ways," that is through methods in no wise supported by evidence, some attractive hypothesis, which sprung from their brain, like Minerva from Jove's brain, fully armed.

After which, they would stretch upon that unyielding frame the hide of a reality which they had previously killed.


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 in liquor. He has furnished our language with many admirable sayings, and is a kind of Pecksniff, plus brutality. When he catches Smike in London at the very first cast of the umbrella, how the reader trembled, if he was a small boy when he read! Mr. Squeers, however, is a good husband and father; in fact, a model of courtesy in the domestic circle. This may be attributed to the powerful character of Mrs. Squeers, and to the engaging filial qualities of Wackford. Again, the Kenwigses have their admirers, especially Morleena; and who but loves the philological excursions of Mr. Lillyvick? Enfin, it seems impossible that these scenes and characters, so rich, so new, so humorous, so genial or so terrible, should ever lose the salt with which they are savoured. And Mr. Mantalini is immortal! The story, the plot, is, as usual at this period, the weak point. Consciously or unconsciously, Dickens has criticised himself. He makes the landlord say to Nicholas, about Mr. Crummles, "He'll like your way of talking, I know." Indeed, the precocious eloquence of Nicholas is precisely what Mr. Crummles was born to like. The hero is the inevitable hero, the jeune premier, Henry Morton or Frank Osbaldistone, in the early nineteenth century. What Scott said of his own heroes, Dickens might have repeated. But there is vigour and excellence in the scene with Sir Mulberry Hawk. The Hawk and Verisopht group may be abandoned to criticism. It is not even certain whether the young lord is a peer or not—"Lord Verisopht," or "Lord Frederick Verisopht." Sir Mulberry should have been more of an adept than to conduct his love-affairs on his principles. Pyke and Pluck do not stand well beside Wagg and Wenham. Dickens was describing people whom he did not know; he always rather shrank from the advances of persons of conventional rank. The age was still somewhat "rowdy," but even


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vi It is only to minds suffering from the same distortions, to minds also autistically inclined, that those empty, artificial structures appear acceptable molds for philosophic thinking. The pragmatic view that "truth is what works" had not been as yet expressed when Freud published his revolutionary views on the psychology of dreams.

Five facts of first magnitude were made obvious to the world by his interpretation of dreams. First of all, Freud pointed out a constant connection between some part of every dream and some detail of the dreamer's life during the previous waking state. This positively establishes a relation between sleeping states and waking states and disposes of the widely prevalent view that dreams are purely nonsensical phenomena coming from nowhere and leading nowhere. Secondly, Freud, after studying the dreamer's life and modes of thought, after noting down all his mannerisms and the apparently insignificant details of his conduct which reveal his secret thoughts, came to the conclusion that there was in every dream the attempted or successful gratification of some wish, conscious or unconscious.

Thirdly, he proved that many of our dream visions are symbolical, which causes us to consider them as absurd and unintelligible; the universality


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Rh of those symbols, however, makes them very transparent to the trained observer.

Fourthly, Freud showed that sexual desires play an enormous part in our unconscious, a part which puritanical hypocrisy has always tried to minimize, if not to ignore entirely.

Finally, Freud established a direct connection between dreams and insanity, between the symbolic visions of our sleep and the symbolic actions of the mentally deranged.

There were, of course, many other observations which Freud made while dissecting the dreams of his patients, but not all of them present as much interest as the foregoing nor were they as revolutionary or likely to wield as much influence on modern psychiatry.

Other explorers have struck the path blazed by Freud and leading into man's unconscious. Jung of Zurich, Adler of Vienna and Kempf of Washington, D. C., have made to the study of the unconscious, contributions which have brought that study into fields which Freud himself never dreamt of invading. One fact which cannot be too emphatically stated, however, is that but for Freud's wishfulfillment theory of dreams, neither Jung's "energic theory," nor Adler s theory of "organ inferiority and


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 the Regency scarcely produced parallels in ruffianism to Sir Mulberry.

As to Newman Noggs, Dickens again criticises himself. Noggs is precisely the comic countryman who always overhears everything, in Mr. Crummles's melodrama. Like Edie Ochiltree or Flibbertigibbet, he is always round the corner. He is the lurking man, waiting for his revenge through the years—a being who began to haunt Dickens's novels. Finally, Mr. Mantalini justly censures Ralph's manner, as "a demd uncomfortable and private madhouse kind of manner." His suicide, on hearing that he is the author of Smike's being, is hardly worthy of Ralph. The especial feebleness of the conclusion is due to the conventional need of a "love interest," which is not interesting. Nicholas is only about twenty, and some modern novelists would have dispensed with Miss Bray altogether, "as pitying his youth." Gride, and the affair of concealed wills, are purely "business," and do not add exhilaration; while the Cheerybles are twin Dei ex machina, the helpful Dioscuri of modern myth, though real characters, manufacturers in Manchester. The main plot must have been steadily before Dickens's mind, from the introduction of Smike onward, but this great genius failed in the almost mechanical tasks of charpentage and denouement—a fault which he shared with Shakespeare, Moliere, Scott, and, we may say, when we think of the conclusion of the admirably constructed Odyssey, even with Homer. Here Fielding and Sophocles, in Tom Jones and the Œdipus Tyrannus, set a constructive example which Dickens and Scott could seldom or never follow. But nobody reads Nickleby, any more than Clarissa Harlowe, only "for the story;" that is, here, for the love-story of Nicholas and Madeline Bray. Next to David Copperfield, Nlckleby is perhaps the very best of Dickens's novels, and when we


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 remember his concurrent labours on Oliver Twist and other work, its excellence is hardly short of the marvellous.

The book needs no antiquarian notes. We are still on the further side of that railway cutting which divides the new world from the old. Spencers and boots are worn; old Gride even ties his hair in a ribbon; powder is not unknown; the coal-scuttle bonnet conceals the faces of the fair. People seem to go for health, as in the last century, to Kensington Gravel Pits. But the modern Shakespearian has already arisen, with his essay on the probable character of the Nurse's husband, in Romeo and Juliet. Mr. Mantalini already pronounces "outrageously" as "outrigeously," in the modern cockney manner. Imprisonment for debt is still a favourite text, and the Edinburgh reviewer gives a painful anecdote of this useless barbarism. Nickleby overcame the earlier hesitations of Sydney Smith, who was asked by Mr. William Longman to meet the author, a thing he greatly desired. Dickens, about the same time, made the acquaintance of Lady Holland; but his chief friends were still actors, artists, and men of letters, like Macready, Cattermole, Maclise, and Talfourd. He never specially studied "society," apparently not agreeing with Lockhart that the comedy of society was the best, and the actresses beyond comparison the prettiest. Fortunately, Thackeray was about to undertake the task naturally uncongenial to Dickens.

ANDREW LANG.


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 PREFACE.

THIS story was begun, within a few months after the publication of the completed "Pickwick Papers." There were, then, a good many cheap Yorkshire schools in existence. There are very few now.

Of the monstrous neglect of education in England, and the disregard of it by the State as a means of forming good or bad citizens, and miserable or happy men, private schools long afforded a notable example. Although any man who had proved his unfitness for any other occupation in life, was free, without examination or qualification, to open a school anywhere; although preparation for the functions he undertook, was required in the surgeon who assisted to bring a boy into the world, or might one day assist, perhaps, to send him out of it; in the chemist, the attorney, the butcher, the baker, the candlestick maker; the whole round of crafts and trades, the schoolmaster excepted; and although schoolmasters, as a race, were the blockheads and impostors who might naturally be expected to spring from such a state of things, and to flourish in it; these Yorkshire schoolmasters were the lowest and most rotten round in the whole ladder. Traders in the avarice, indifference, or imbecility of parents, and the helplessness of children; ignorant, sordid, brutal men, to whom


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 few considerate persons would have entrusted the board and lodging of a horse or a dog; they formed the worthy corner stone of a structure, which, for absurdity and a magnificent high-minded laissez-aller neglect, has rarely been exceeded in the world.

We hear sometimes of an action for damages against the unqualified medical practitioner, who has deformed a broken limb in pretending to heal it. But, what of the hundreds of thousands of minds that have been deformed for ever by the incapable pettifoggers who have pretended to form them!

I make mention of the race, as of the Yorkshire schoolmasters, in the past tense. Though it has not yet finally disappeared, it is dwindling daily. A long day's work remains to be done about us in the way of education, Heaven knows; but great improvements and facilities towards the attainment of a good one, have been furnished, of late years.

I cannot call to mind, now, how I came to hear about Yorkshire schools when I was a not very robust child, sitting in bye-places near Rochester Castle, with a head full of PARTRIDGE, STRAP, TOM PIPES, and SANCHO PANZA; but I know that my first impressions of them were picked up at that time, and that they were somehow or other connected with a suppurated abscess that some boy had come home with, in consequence of his Yorkshire guide, philosopher, and friend, having ripped it open with an inky pen-knife. The impression made upon me, however made, never left me. I was always curious about Yorkshire schools—fell, long afterwards and at sundry times, into the way of hearing more about them—at last, having an audience, resolved to write about them.

With that intent I went down into Yorkshire before I began this book, in very severe winter time which is pretty faithfully


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 described herein. As I wanted to see a schoolmaster or two, and was forewarned that those gentlemen might, in their modesty, be shy of receiving a visit from the author of the "Pickwick Papers," I consulted with a professional friend who had a Yorkshire connection, and with whom I concerted a pious fraud. He gave me some letters of introduction, in the name, I think, of my travelling companion; they bore reference to a supposititious little boy who had been left with a widowed mother who didn't know what to do with him; the poor lady had thought, as a means of thawing the tardy compassion of her relations in his behalf, of sending him to a Yorkshire school; I was the poor lady's friend, travelling that way; and if the recipient of the letter could inform me of a school in his neighbourhood, the writer would be very much obliged.

I went to several places in that part of the country where I understood the schools to be most plentifully sprinkled, and had no occasion to deliver a letter until I came to a certain town which shall be nameless. The person to whom it was addressed, was not at home; but he came down at night, through the snow, to the inn where I was staying. It was after dinner; and he needed little persuasion to sit down by the fire in a warm corner, and take his share of the wine that was on the table.

I am afraid he is dead now. I recollect he was a jovial, ruddy, broad-faced man; that we got acquainted directly; and that we talked on all kinds of subjects, except the school, which he showed a great anxiety to avoid. Was there any large school near? I asked him, in reference to the letter. "Oh yes," he said; "there was a pratty big 'un." "Was it a good one?" I asked. "Ey!" he said, "it was as good as anoother; that was a' a matther of opinion;" and fell to looking at the fire, staring round the room, and


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 whistling a little. On my reverting to some other topic that we had been discussing, he recovered immediately; but, though I tried him again and again, I never approached the question of the school, even if he were in the middle of a laugh, without observing that his countenance fell, and that he became uncomfortable. At last, when we had passed a couple of hours or so, very agreeably, he suddenly took up his hat, and leaning over the table and looking me full in the face, said, in a low voice: "Weel Misther, we've been vara pleasant toogather, and ar'll spak' my moind tiv'ee. Dinnot let the weedur send her lattle boy to yan o' our school-measthers, while there's a harse to hoold in a' Lunnun, or a gootther to lie asleep in. Ar wouldn't mak' ill words amang my neeburs, and ar speak tiv'ee quiet loike. But I'm dom'd if ar can gang to bed and not tellee, for weedur's sak', to keep the lattle boy from a' sike scoondrels while there's a harse to hoold in a' Lunnun, or a gootther to lie asleep in!" Repeating these words with great heartiness, and with a solemnity on his jolly face that made it look twice as large as before, he shook hands and went away. I never saw him afterwards, but I sometimes imagine that I descry a faint reflection of him in John Browdie.

In reference to these gentry, I may here quote a few words from the original preface to this book.

"It has afforded the Author great amusement and satisfaction, during the progress of this work, to learn, from country friends and from a variety of ludicrous statements concerning himself in provincial newspapers, that more than one Yorkshire schoolmaster lays claim to being the original of Mr. Squeers. One worthy, he has reason to believe, has actually consulted authorities learned in the law, as to his having good grounds on which to rest an action for libel;


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 another, has meditated a journey to London, for the express purpose of committing an assault and battery on his traducer; a third, perfectly remembers being waited on, last January twelve month, by two gentlemen, one of whom held him in conversation while the other took his likeness; and, although Mr. Squeers has but one eye, and he has two, and the published sketch does not resemble him (whoever he may be) in any other respect, still he and all his friends and neighbours know at once for whom it is meant, because the character is so like him.

"While the Author cannot but feel the full force of the compliment thus conveyed to him, he ventures to suggest that these contentions may arise from the fact, that Mr. Squeers is the representative of a class, and not of an individual. Where imposture, ignorance, and brutal cupidity, are the stock in trade of a small body of men, and one is described by these characteristics, all his fellows will recognise something belonging to themselves, and each will have a misgiving that the portrait is his own.

"The Author's object in calling public attention to the system would be very imperfectly fulfilled, if he did not state now, in his own person, emphatically and earnestly, that Mr. Squeers and his school are faint and feeble pictures of an existing reality, purposely subdued and kept down lest they should be deemed impossible. That there are, upon record, trials at law in which damages have been sought as a poor recompense for lasting agonies and disfigurements inflicted upon children by the treatment of the master in these places, involving such offensive and foul details of neglect, cruelty, and disease, as no writer of fiction would have the boldness to imagine. And that, since he has been engaged upon these Adventures, he has received, from private


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 READING LIST

THE following books are but a few of the many works on the Moslem world, but they will serve as a guide for those who wish to widen their knowledge of the subject. The views of the writers of these books are not necessarily in harmony with those of the author. Several older books have been included because of their special value as reference sources. Although some of them are out of print, they may be consulted in most libraries. Leaders of classes using this book will wish to obtain "Islam Awakens," by Herrick B. Young, a course for senior groups studying Moslem lands. This is available from denominational literature headquarters for twenty-five cents.

HISTORY OF ISLAM Early Development of Mohammedanism, The, David S. Margoliouth. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1914. $2.75. Indian Islam: A Religious History of Islam in India. Murray T. Titus. New York, Oxford University Press, 1930. $4.50. Mohammed and the Rise of Islam. David S. Margoliouth. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1905. $2.50. Mohammed: The Man and His Faith. Tor Andrae. Tr. by Theophil Menzel. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. $3.50. Spirit of Islam, The; or The Life and Teachings of Mohammed. Sayyid Maulavi Amir Ali. London, Christopher's, 1935. 20/-. New edition. ISLAM AS A RELIGION Aspects of Islam. D. B. Macdonald. New York, The Macmillan Co., . $1.75. Islam: Beliefs and Institutions. Henri Lammens. New York, E. P. Dutton & Co., 1929. $3.50. Koran, The. Tr. by James M. Rodwell. New York, E. P. Dutton & Co., 1909. 80 cents. (Everyman's Library.) Mohammedanism. David S. Margoliouth. London, Williams & Nor- gate. 1912. Mohammedanism: Its Origin, Religious and Political Growth, and Present State. C. Snouck Hurgronje. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916. $1.50.


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 INDEX Abdul Hamid, Sultan, 111, 112, -55 Abdul Qadir Jilani, 60 Abu Bakr, 30, 35, 109, 138 Afghanistan, efforts at reform in, , 119 Ahmad Khan, Sir Sayyid, 4142, -54 Ahmadiya movement, 58, 120, , 150-54, 157 Al Azhar University, Cairo, 118, , 123 Alborz College, Teheran, 141, -65 Aligarh, Moslem university at, ,42 Amanullah, King, 13 American Mission Hospital, Bah- rein, 161-62 American University, Beirut, 141, American University at Cairo, Arabia, idolatry in, 26, 28; in Mohammed's time, 24-26 Arabian Nights, The, 4748, 111, Ataturk, Mustapha Kamal, na- tionalism of, 57, 156; reforms in Turkey instituted by, 14, -8, 112-13 Bahaism, 61-62 Beloved Physician of Teheran, The, 143 Buddhist prayer wheels, 4 Caliphate, abolition of, 14, 149 Christianity, challenge of Moslem lands to, 158-71; divisions of, 136; heroic converts to, 14247; influence on Islam of, 74; les- sons from Islam learned by, 158-59; Moslem appreciation of Jesus and, 137-39; Moslem hostility to, 147; Moslem idea of, 129-30; Moslem misconcep- tions of, 130-36; presentation of, 169-71 ; schools and colleges conducted by, 14041, 164-65. See also Missions to Moslems Communism and Islam, 126-27 Dame, Dr. Louis P., 161 Divorce among Moslems, 97-98 Dodd, Dr. Edward M., 62 Dodd, Rose Wilson, 62 Education, among Moslems, 98- . 99, 117-18, 122-23; Christian, , 163-68 Egypt, Ahmadiya missionaries forbidden in, 120; modern Moslems of, 105-6; political parties of, 113; still ruled by Islamic doctors, 121-22 Gandhi, Mahatma, 139 Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza, 58, 150- , 157 Ihram, the pilgrim's robe, 15 India, changes among Moslems of, 9-10, 13; depressed classes of, 118-19; lack of religious freedom for Moslems in, 83; purdah system in, 86-93; re- ligious communities of, 114; religious disillusionment in, 167
 * religious intolerance in,


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A New Song of New Similies

My passion is as mustard strong;

I sit all sober sad;

Drunk as a piper all day long,

Or like a March-hare mad.

Round as a hoop the bumpers flow;

I drink, yet can't forget her;

For, though as drunk as David's sow,

I love her still the better.

Pert as a pear-monger I'd be,

If Molly were but kind;

Cool as a cucumber could see

The rest of womankind.

Like a stuck pig I gaping stare,

And eye her o'er and o'er;

Lean as a rake with sighs and care,

Sleek as a mouse before.

Plump as a partridge was I known,

And soft as silk my skin,

My cheeks as fat as butter grown;

But as a goat now thin!

I, melancholy as a cat,

And kept awake to weep;

But she, insensible of that,

Sound as a top can sleep.

Hard is her heart as flint or stone,

She laughs to see me pale;

And merry as a grig is grown,

And brisk as bottled ale.

The God of Love at her approach

Is busy as a bee;

Hearts, sound as any bell or roach,

Are smit and sigh like me.

Ay me! as thick as hops or hail,

The fine men crowd about her;

But soon as dead as a door nail

Shall I be, if without her.

Straight as my leg her shape appears;

O were we join'd together!

My heart would be scot-free from cares,

And lighter than a feather.

As fine as fivepence is her mien,

No drum was ever tighter;

Her glance is as the razor keen,

And not the sun is brighter.

As soft as pap her kisses are,

Methinks I taste them yet;

Brown as a berry is her hair,

Her eyes as black as jet:

As smooth as glass, as white as curds,

Her pretty hand invites;

Sharp as a needle are her words;

Her wit, like pepper, bites:

Brisk as a body-louse she trips,

Clean as a penny drest;

Sweet as a rose her breath and lips,

Round as the globe her breast.

Full as an egg was I with glee;

And happy as a king.

Good Lord! how all men envy'd me!

She lov'd like any thing.

But, false as hell! she, like the wind,

Chang'd, as her sex must do;

Though seeming as the turtle kind,

And like the gospel true.

If I and Molly could agree,

Let who would take Peru!

Great as an emperor should I be,

And richer than a Jew.

Till you grow tender as a chick,

I'm dull as any post;

Let us, like burs, together stick,

And warm as any toast.

You'll know me truer than a dye;

And wish me better sped;

Flat as a flounder when I lie,

And as a herring dead.

Sure as a gun, she'll drop a tear

And sigh, perhaps, and wish,

When I am rotten as a pear,

And mute as any fish.

title: A New Song of New Similies


text:
The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Table of Contents

C

 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania
 * — Victorian Attorney-General and author
 * — Premier of Tasmania

D

 * — Solicitor-General and Attorney-General of Tasmania
 * — Provincial Engineer for the Canterbury Province, N.Z.
 * — member of the Victorian Legislative Council
 * — Chief Justice of Tasmania
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — Solicitor-General and Attorney-General of Tasmania
 * — Provincial Engineer for the Canterbury Province, N.Z.
 * — member of the Victorian Legislative Council
 * — Chief Justice of Tasmania
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — Solicitor-General and Attorney-General of Tasmania
 * — Provincial Engineer for the Canterbury Province, N.Z.
 * — member of the Victorian Legislative Council
 * — Chief Justice of Tasmania
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — Solicitor-General and Attorney-General of Tasmania
 * — Provincial Engineer for the Canterbury Province, N.Z.
 * — member of the Victorian Legislative Council
 * — Chief Justice of Tasmania
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — Solicitor-General and Attorney-General of Tasmania
 * — Provincial Engineer for the Canterbury Province, N.Z.
 * — member of the Victorian Legislative Council
 * — Chief Justice of Tasmania
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — Solicitor-General and Attorney-General of Tasmania
 * — Provincial Engineer for the Canterbury Province, N.Z.
 * — member of the Victorian Legislative Council
 * — Chief Justice of Tasmania
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — Solicitor-General and Attorney-General of Tasmania
 * — Provincial Engineer for the Canterbury Province, N.Z.
 * — member of the Victorian Legislative Council
 * — Chief Justice of Tasmania
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — Solicitor-General and Attorney-General of Tasmania
 * — Provincial Engineer for the Canterbury Province, N.Z.
 * — member of the Victorian Legislative Council
 * — Chief Justice of Tasmania
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — Solicitor-General and Attorney-General of Tasmania
 * — Provincial Engineer for the Canterbury Province, N.Z.
 * — member of the Victorian Legislative Council
 * — Chief Justice of Tasmania
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — Solicitor-General and Attorney-General of Tasmania
 * — Provincial Engineer for the Canterbury Province, N.Z.
 * — member of the Victorian Legislative Council
 * — Chief Justice of Tasmania
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — Provincial Engineer for the Canterbury Province, N.Z.
 * — member of the Victorian Legislative Council
 * — Chief Justice of Tasmania
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)
 * — (S.A. Premier)

P

 * — (N.S.W. Premier)
 * — (Bishop Suffragan of Dover)
 * — (Bishop of Perth)
 * — (correct spelling is Pattison)
 * — Minister of Public Instruction in the Gillies-Deakin Ministry
 * — Bishop of Newcastle
 * — M.L.A. North Gippsland and M.L.C. for Eastern Province; racehorse owner
 * — (Bishop Suffragan of Dover)
 * — (Bishop of Perth)
 * — (correct spelling is Pattison)
 * — Minister of Public Instruction in the Gillies-Deakin Ministry
 * — Bishop of Newcastle
 * — M.L.A. North Gippsland and M.L.C. for Eastern Province; racehorse owner
 * — (correct spelling is Pattison)
 * — Minister of Public Instruction in the Gillies-Deakin Ministry
 * — Bishop of Newcastle
 * — M.L.A. North Gippsland and M.L.C. for Eastern Province; racehorse owner
 * — (correct spelling is Pattison)
 * — Minister of Public Instruction in the Gillies-Deakin Ministry
 * — Bishop of Newcastle
 * — M.L.A. North Gippsland and M.L.C. for Eastern Province; racehorse owner
 * — Minister of Public Instruction in the Gillies-Deakin Ministry
 * — Bishop of Newcastle
 * — M.L.A. North Gippsland and M.L.C. for Eastern Province; racehorse owner
 * — M.L.A. North Gippsland and M.L.C. for Eastern Province; racehorse owner

R

 * — N.Z. politician, Minister for Public Works
 * — N.Z. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — Commander of the Forces, N.S.W.
 * — Vic. politician, Minister of Lands and Agriculture
 * N.Z. M.P., Minister of Native Affairs and Colonial Treasurer
 * — N.Z. M.P. for Omata and 'Grey and Bell', M.L.C.
 * — N.Z. M.P. and Chairman of Committees
 * — (N.S.W. Under-Secretary Defence
 * — N.S.W. politician and Postmaster-General
 * — Chairman of the Legislative Council, Queensland
 * — Mayor of Dunedin, N.Z.
 * — N.S.W. Premier
 * — Governor of New Zealand
 * — Governor of Western Australia
 * — Solicitor-General Tas.; judge in Vic.
 * — Author and Inspector of Schools at Sydney, N.S.W.
 * — Comedian
 * — N.Z. politician, Minister for Public Works
 * — N.Z. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — Commander of the Forces, N.S.W.
 * — Vic. politician, Minister of Lands and Agriculture
 * N.Z. M.P., Minister of Native Affairs and Colonial Treasurer
 * — N.Z. M.P. for Omata and 'Grey and Bell', M.L.C.
 * — N.Z. M.P. and Chairman of Committees
 * — (N.S.W. Under-Secretary Defence
 * — N.S.W. politician and Postmaster-General
 * — Chairman of the Legislative Council, Queensland
 * — Mayor of Dunedin, N.Z.
 * — N.S.W. Premier
 * — Governor of New Zealand
 * — Governor of Western Australia
 * — Solicitor-General Tas.; judge in Vic.
 * — Author and Inspector of Schools at Sydney, N.S.W.
 * — Comedian
 * — (N.S.W. Under-Secretary Defence
 * — N.S.W. politician and Postmaster-General
 * — Chairman of the Legislative Council, Queensland
 * — Mayor of Dunedin, N.Z.
 * — N.S.W. Premier
 * — Governor of New Zealand
 * — Governor of Western Australia
 * — Solicitor-General Tas.; judge in Vic.
 * — Author and Inspector of Schools at Sydney, N.S.W.
 * — Comedian
 * — Author and Inspector of Schools at Sydney, N.S.W.
 * — Comedian

S

 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — sculptor
 * — Musical Examiner
 * — author
 * — N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General
 * — N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council
 * — N.Z. Attorney-General
 * — botanist
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria
 * — Vic. public servant, Comptroller
 * — Under-Treasurer of Victoria

T

 * — N.Z. M.L.C.
 * — N.Z. M.L.C.

W

 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — N.S.W. M.L.A.
 * — S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — W.A. M.L.C.
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand
 * — acting Governor of New Zealand


text:
Talk:A New Song of New Similies

source for and quality of text "A New Song of New Similies"
Just added the poem "A New Song of New Similies" (or should I use italics?) by John Gay. The source is this:

The Works of the British Poets: With Prefaces, Biographical and Critical, Volume 8 (Google eBook) aka

''A Complete Edition of the Poets of Great Britain. Volume the Eighth.'' [1795],

available here (it's on p. 322).

I carefully proofread the text and am rather certain it's accurate down to the punctuation marks. Problem is, I don't know how to properly cite and format the above mentioned source. I tried to read through the help section, but, well, I didn't really feel helped at all...

I would've liked to do something like this (which, by the way, is incorrectly using a hyphen instead of a dash, but I wasn't sure of the implications of editing it, so I abstained), but that turned out to be too complex a task for me.

Further, since what I used as a reference would also be a good source for a great many other poems, that tome probably is deserving of a dedicated entry like this (but there, I would be in over my head even deeper, as, among other things, I don't even get where – here? on Wikimedia? – you're supposed to upload what).

– ὁ οἶστρος (talk) 01:11, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:A New Song of New Similies


text:
Page:Confederate Cause and Conduct.djvu/131

To the Grand Camp of Confederate Veterans of Virginia:

Your History Committee again returns its thanks to you, and the public, for the very cordial way in which you have shown your appreciation of its labors, as contained in its last three reports. It may interest you to know, that whilst these reports have been published and scattered broadcast over this land, no attempt has been made to controvert or deny any principle contended for, or fact asserted, in any of them, so far as we have heard. We think we can, therefore. Justly claim that the following facts have been established:

''First. That the South did not go to war to maintain, or to perpetuate, the institution of slavery.''

''Second. The right of secession (the real issue of the war), and that this right was first asserted at the North, and as clearly recognized there as at the South.''

''Third. That the North, and not the South, was the aggressor in bringing on the war.''

''Fourth. That on the part of the South the war was conducted according to the principles of civilized warfare, whilst on the part of the North it was conducted in the most inhuman and barbarous manner.''

The last of the above named was the subject of our last report, in which we drew a contrast between the way the war was conducted on our part, and the way it was conducted by our quondam enemies, which, we think, was greatly to the credit of the South. The subject of this report, the

is really a continuation and further discussion of the contrast begun in that report, and a necessary sequel to that discussion. The further treatment of this subject becomes most important, too, from the fact that our people know very little about the


text:
Page:Confederate Cause and Conduct.djvu/132

110 true state of the case, whilst both during and since the war, the people of the North, with the superior means at their command, have denounced and maligned the South and its leaders as murderers and assassins, and illustrated these charges by the alleged inhuman and barbarous way in which the South treated their prisoners during the late war: e. g., the late James G. Blaine, of Maine, said on the floor of the United States Congress in 1876:

"Mr. Davis was the author, knowingly, deliberately, guiltily and wilfully of the gigantic murder and crime at Andersonville, and I here before God, measuring my words, knowing their full extent and import, declare, that neither the deeds of the Duke of Alva in the Low Countries, nor the massacre of Saint Bartholomew, nor the thumb-screws and engines of torture of the Spanish Inquisition, begin to compare in atrocity with the hideous crimes of Andersonville;" and he quoted and endorsed a report of a committee of the Federal Congress made during the war, in which they say:

"No pen can describe, no painter sketch, no imagination comprehend, its fearful and unutterable iniquity. It would seem that the concentrated madness of earth and hell had found its final lodgment in the breasts of those who had inaugurated the rebellion and controlled the policy of the Confederate Government, and that the prison at Andersonville had been selected for the most terrible human sacrifice which the world had ever seen."

It is true that the statement made by Mr. Blaine was denied, and its falsity fully shown by both Mr. Davis and Senator Hill, of Georgia; and the report of the Committee of the Federal Congress, and an equally slanderous and partisan publication entitled "Narration of Sufferings in Rebel Military Prisons" (with hideous looking skeleton illustrations of alleged victims), issued by the United States Sanitary Commission in 1864, were fully answered by a counter report of a committee of the Confederate Congress. And it is also true that in 1876, the Rev. John William Jones, D. D., who was then editing the Southern Historical Society Papers, made a full and masterly investigation and report on this subject, vindicating the South and its leaders from these


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 35.djvu/12

 North Uist,and is known as the North Uist bard. His youth was spent on his father's farm, and he received no sort of education. When a youth a fancied insult at a wedding led him to compose his first verses. The song gave much offence, and the author did not declare himself, but his father, happening to have overheard MacCodrum recite the verses before they became known, exacted a promise from the boy to do nothing of the kind again. The promise appears to have been faithfully kept until the father's death, when he again began to compose satirical verses. One of his lampoons so irritated the tailors of the district that they refused to make clothes for him. Sir James MacDonald, the proprietor of the island, happening to meet the poet in rags, inquired the reason of his poverty, and having heard the objectionable verses recited, forthwith appointed MacCodrum his bard, with a grant of free land and an annual gratuity of meal and cheese. MacCodrum enjoyed this patronage under successive lairds until his death, about the close of the century. He is buried at Houghary, a hamlet in North Uist.

MacCodrum was the last bard of the MacDonalds. His verses are mostly satirical and political, and his work has never been collected. Two of his best poems ('Old Age' and 'Whisky') appear among the poems of his contemporary [q. v.] He has been frequently referred to in connection with the Ossianic controrenty. Sir James MacDonald, in a letter to Dr. Blair in 1783, mentioned the great number of legendary poems similar to those published by Macpherson which MacCodrum could recite, and in one of the declarations (Ewan Macpherson's) published in the Highland Society's' Report on the Poems of Ossian' it is said that when Macpherson was travelling in North Uist he met MncCodrum and asked him if he knew any Fingalian poems. The request was couched in such bad Gaelic that the poet made fun of hisqueetioner, who left him in a passion.

 MACCOISSE, ERARD, or URARD (d. 1023), Irish chronicler, was brought up at the court of King Muircheartach, ‘of the leather cloaks’ (919–41), and became tutor to his son Domnall, afterwards king of Ireland. He was subsequently poet to Maelsechlainn or Malachy II (d 1022). Five poems and one prose composition, all in the Irish language, are attributed to him. The first is a poem of twenty-seven stanzas in praise of Malachy II and the principal Irish chieftains of his time. It was written after the death of Brian Boroimhe [see ], who is mentioned in it. The second, of fifty-two stanzas, is in the form of a dialogue between himself and MacLiag, chief poet to King Brian, each praising the chieftains of his own side and enumerating the favours received from them. The third, of twenty-six stanzas, is addressed to a host and benefactor of his, Maelruanaidh, chief of Magh Luirg, in the present barony of Boyle, and second son of Tadg of the Tower, king of Connaught. The fourth piece, of twenty-two stanzas, presents considerable difficulties. It purports to relate to a Fergal O'Ruairc, assumed to have been killed at the battle of Clontarf. There are only two persons of the name mentioned in Irish history, one of whom, known as sen-Fergal, or the earlier Fergal, died in 964: the other, Fergalog, or the later, in 1157; but as the battle of Clontarf took place in 1014, the poem cannot apply to either of them. Dr. O'Donovan comes to the conclusion that this poem was originally composed as an elegy on Malachy, and at a later period was altered and interpolated, the name of Fergal being substituted throughout for that of Malachy by a partisan of the O'Ruaircs after they had purchased a tomb at Clonmacnois, and wished to represent their connection with that famous burial-place as of earlier date.

MacCoisse's prose tale relates to an attack on the poet's house at Clara in the King's County adjoining Westmeath, when the O'Neills carried off his furniture and cattle and destroyed his house. After the outrage the poet presented himself at the palace of Ailech, near Derry, and being graciously received by King Domnall, offered to recite a new tale entitled ‘The Plunder of the Castle of Mael-milscothach,’ or ‘Mael of the honeyed words,’ in which MacCoisse told the story of the plunder of his house in a Rabelaisian style and under assumed names. The poet finally informed the king that he himself was the person wronged, and that it was the king's followers who had done the deed. Flann, head of the school of Clonmacnois, was then called on by the king to assess the damages, and he ordered full restitution to be made, together with a fine of fourteen cumals, equivalent to forty-two cows, and also ‘the breadth of his face in gold.’ A strange legend of MacCoisse is told in the Irish ‘Nennius.’ He is there said to have restored to her friends a woman who while very ill was spirited away by demons and changed into a swan.

MacCoisse's date presents some difficul-


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 Argyll and Huntly. In 1543 he again made his escape, and assumed possession of the lordship without opposition. On 28 July 1545, through the mediation of Lennox, he entered into an obligation disavowing all allegiance to Scotland, and binding himself to agaist Lennox in the service of the kine of England with a force of eight thousand men (Cal. State Papers, Scott. Ser. i. 53, and more fully in, History of Scotland, ed. 1864, iii. 35). In accordance with this agreement he on 18 Aug. passed over to Knockfergus in Ireland, with a fleet of 180 galleys, carrying a force of four thousand men, other four thousand being left to guard the Isles. The intention was that they shonld be joined with an Irish force, under the command of Lennox, for an attack on the west of Scotland, but Lennox having been enjoined to place himself under the Earl of Hertford, who was about to invade Scotland from the south, the western expedition was meanwhile postponed. Donald Dubh died not long afterwards of fever at Drogheda, and with his death the direct line of the Lords of the Isles became extinct.

 MACDONALD, JOHN (1620?–1716?), known in the highlands as Ian Lom, Gaelic poet and warrior, born about 1620, was a descendant of Ian Aluinn, a chief of the Keppoch branch of Macdonalds, who was deposed by the clan about 1497. As a youth he excelled in gnomic sayings and colloquial witticisms, which have always appealed to his countrymen, and took part in verbal combats with professional bards. From the epithet ‘Manndach’ applied to him by an antagonist, it would seem that he had an impediment in his speech. ‘Lom’ (i.e. ‘bare’), his usual appellative, may possibly have reference to the directness of his satire. His poems were political and warlike. His descriptions are vigorous, but there is a strong dash of savagery in his martial compositions.

In 1639 the poet took part in a raid on the Campbells of Breadalbane, in revenge for an onslaught of theirs upon Lochaber. Macdonald's leaders, Angus Odhar, the chief of Keppoch, and his own father, Donald Mac Iain, were slain, and he mourned their loss in verse.

Such misfortunes drove Macdonald to the side of Montrose, and he was soon deep in the counsels of Alexander or Alaster Macdonald [q. v.], Montrose's celebrated lieutenant. He is credited with having contributed by his advice and his knowledge of the country to the success of the celebrated campaign of the royal army in the winter of 1645, which culminated in the battle of Inverlochy on 2 Feb. 1645–6. It is recorded that Macdonald declined the pressing invitation of Alaster Macdonald to be present in the fight, and preferred to witness its progress from the top of Inverlochy Castle. ‘If I go along with thee to-day,’ he remarked with some justice, ‘and fall in battle, who will sing thy praises to-morrow?’ He gave due recognition to his friend in his ‘Latha Innerlochaidh,’ although no mention is made of Montrose. The Marquis of Argyll, who was very roughly handled in the verse, set a price upon Macdonald's head. It is said that the bard repaired to Inverary and claimed the reward himself. It is creditable to Argyll that he not only respected the bard's person, but treated him with honour and hospitality.

Macdonald paid Montrose on his death in 1650 the tribute he seems to have withheld in his lifetime, and in the ‘Cumha’ or ‘Lament’ in his honour he is especially severe on the treacherous and mercenary chief, Neil Macleod of Assynt [q. v.], who was reported to have betrayed his leader.

Macdonald was subsequently absorbed in local politics. The successor of Angus Odhar of Keppoch, his uncle, Donald Glas, was outlawed for his share in Montrose's wars, and entered the Spanish service. Donald's two sons, Alastair and Ranald, at a later date returned to the highlands, and were murdered in 1663 after their father's death, in the interests of their uncle, Alastair Buidhe, tutor of Keppoch, one of whose sons was indicted in 1671 for the murder. This tragedy produced the impassioned ‘Murt na Ceapaich,’ in which the bard bewails the fate of his murdered chiefs. Macdonald had in consequence to fly from the vengeance of the usurping family, and took refuge in the territory of Seaforth. Thence he poured forth invectives and appeals, and sought to rouse the clan against the murderers. Disappointed in his application to Glengarry (then Lord Macdonell and Aros) he had recourse to Macdonald of Sleat, as ‘captain’ or second chief of Clandonald, whom he addressed in a subtle strain of flattery (in the poem commencing ‘O bhean leasaich an stop dhuinn’). By order of the chief of Sleat the castle of Keppoch was burned to the ground, and seven of the actual murderers were slain in their beds. The poet had the satisfaction of laying their heads before Glengarry, and the place at which the ghastly trophies were washed,


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 Tobar-nan-ceann, is still marked by a stone and inscription.

At the Restoration, an event which Macdonald hailed in joyful strains, he received a small pension from government, and thus became independent of the hostility of his chief, who succeeded in retaining his position. In 1688 the accession of William and Mary evoked a satire (in which he compares the king to Absalom), and the rising under Dundee found him a willing partisan.

He was present at Killiecrankie, and celebrated the triumph of the highlanders. In his poem of ‘Rinrory,’ as the battle was called in the north, he gives an account of the death of Claverhouse, which differs from the ordinary version. Dundee, he says, was shot in the pelvis at the commencement of the action, and his body stripped and left on the field. The bard lived to an extreme old age, and was buried at Tomaingil, in Brae-Lochaber. The date of his death is usually referred to 1710; but if the elegy on Alastair Dubh Macdonell of Glengarry, who fought at Sheriffmuir (1715), be rightly attributed to him, he must have survived Killiecrankie twenty-five years.

As a poet he excelled in martial odes, in satire, and in polemics. He has not the tender notes of Alexander Macdonald (1700?–1780?) [q.v.] or of Duncan Bàn Macintyre [q. v.] His Gaelic is emphatically of the biting kind: Cruadalach, cruaidh, sgairteil.

 MACDONALD, JOHN (fl. 1778), gentleman's servant, born in 1741 in the parish of Urquhart, Inverness-shire, was son of a cattle-dealer, who, joining the rebels in 1745, was killed at Culloden, and left his family in beggary. After a youth spent in a variety of vagabond occupations, John showed an attractive personality, became a gentleman's servant, and soon achieved an unenviable notoriety as Beau Macdonald. In 1768, through the kind offices of a fellow-countryman, William Boyd, servant to David Hume, he obtained a place under a Colonel Dow, an mate friend of James Macpherson, with whom he spent several years at Bombay. He subsequently travelled over Europe and Asia with his employers until 177S, whom he married and settled down at Toledo. His 'Travels in Various Parts,' written by himself, published in London in 1790. According to this racy narrative, Macdonald, while in London with his master, Mr. Crawford of Errol. was sent to inquire after the health of Laurence Sterne, and found the novelist on his deathbed. He claims to have been among the first to walk in London with an umbrella.

 MACDONALD, JOHN (1727–1779), Scottish catholic prelate, nephew, by his mother, to Bishop Hugh Macdonald [q. v.], was born in Argyllshire in 1727. He entered the Scots College at Rome in 1743, and was there ordained priest in 1752. Returning to Scotland in 1753, he officiated as missionary, first in Lochaber, and then in the island of South Uist. In January 1761 the Propaganda appointed him coadjutor to his uncle, and he was consecrated at Preshome on 27 Sept. of the same year to the see of Tiberiopolis (Strumitza), in partibus infidelium. On Bishop Hugh Macdonald's death in 1773, he succeeded him as vicar apostolic of the highland district of Scotland. He died on 9 May 1779, and was succeeded in the vicariate apostolic by Alexander Macdonald.

 MACDONALD, Sir JOHN (1782-1830), lieutenant-colonel H.E.I.C.S., traveller and diplomatist. [See .]

 MACDONALD, JOHN (1759–1831), lieutenant-colonel and military engineer, born at Flodigarry, isle of Skye, 30 Oct. 1759, was youngest son of Allan Macdonald of Kingsburgh, afterwards a captain 84th royal highland emigrants, by his wife Flora Macdonald [q. v.], the Jacobite heroine. He was sent to the grammar school at Fort Portree, and afterwards to the high school, Edinburgh, and in 1780 obtained an Indian cadetship. He was posted to the Bombay infantry, but was transferred to the engineers, as knowing something about fortification. The pay and allowances were so miserable that young Macdonald obtained leave of absence to Calcutta in 1782, intending never to return. Through the good offices of a relative he was appointed ensign Bengal engineers 23 April 1783, end was sent to the company's settlement at Bencoolen, Sumatra. A survey of the Dutch settlements about to be restored to Holland, which Le carried out under great difficulties owing to ill-health and the badness of the season, led to his being noted by the government as 'a young officer of great merit and highly deserving of encouragement.' In 1786 he was ordered to Penang, to survey that settlement, just taken over from the king of Quedah, but finding Captain


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 (afterwards General) Alexander Kyd [see under ] engaged on that duty, be went on to Calcutta, and was sent back to Sumatra as military and civil engineer, with the local rank of captain and the command of the artillery. He became first lieutenant 16 Dec. 1794. He remained in Sumatra until 1796, when, after seventeen years' Indian service, he obtained sick leave home. When in Sumatra be made many maps and charts, which are now in the British Museum, as well as numerous observations on the variation the magnetic needle. These observations he repeated at St. Helena, where the small American vessel in which he had taken his passage home remained several months. The observations were communicated to Sir Joseph Banks from time to time, and were afterwards published in the 'Philosophical Magazine.' With permission of the East India Company, he became commandant of the royal Edinburgh voluntary artillery, a corps of pikeman formed from the gentlemen of Edinburgh, for whom he wrote an artillery manual and devised a pike exercise. At the expiration of his furlough he retired on half-pay, 30 July 1800, having previously, in 1799, become major in Lord Macdonald's western fencibles, or regiment of the isles. In June 1800 he was made lieutenant-colonel of the royal Clan Alpine fencible infantry, with which he served in Ireland until it was disbanded in 1801. During the peace of Amiens he visited France; and he subsequently published translations of several French military works. Mr. Pitt having chosen him as a field-officer for his corps of Cinque ports volunteers, Macdonald took up his residence at Dover, and soon after made a reconnaissance in an open boat of the preparations for invasion at Boulogne. After Pitt's death the Cinque ports volunteers declined, and Macdonald's services being no longer needed he removed to Exeter, where he was well known for his charitable works. He devoted much time and pains to the improvement of naval and military telegraphs, his services being acknowledged by the admiralty and the horse guards, but never rewarded. He died at his residence, Southampton Place, Exeter. 16 Aug. 1831, and was buried in Exeter Cathedral under the south tower. Macdonald married, first, the widow of L. Bogle, a Bengal civil servant, by whom he had two children—she died in India; secondly, after his return home, Frances Maria, oldest daughter of Sir Robert Chambers [q. v.], chief justice of Bengal, by whom he had seven sons and two daughters.

Macdonald, who was made F.R.S. in 1800, and was one of the original members of the Asiatic Society, was a very prolific writer. Among his writings, besides 'The Experienced Officer,' London, 1804, a translation of the Prussian general Wimpffen's letters to his sons, and translations of several French treatises on infantry tactics, nay be mentioned: 1. 'Three Natural Products of Sumatra—Camphor, Coral, and Copper,' in 'Asiatic Researches,' 1795, iv. 19-33. 3. 'On the Discovery of the North-West Magnetic Pole,' and on the 'North-West Magnetic Pole,' in Tilloch's 'Philosophical Magazine,' vols. viii. lxvii. 3, 'On the Origin and Principle of Sovereign Power, by a Dignitary of the Church, translated from the French,' 1808, 4. 'A New System of Telegraphy,' 1817. 5. 'Experiments with Machine-driven Fuses for Time Signals,' 1819. 6. 'Short Arguments and Facts, showing that the Civilisation and Education of the Natives of India are the surest means of upholding the Stability of our Oriental Empire.' London, 1820. 7. 'A Treatise on Harmonics, being the Theory and Practice of the Violoncello,' 1822. In latter years he sent frequent contributions to the 'Gentleman's Magazine' (cf. 1832, pt. i. p. 85).  MACDONALD, JOHN (1779–1849), called 'The Apostle of the North,' born at Reay, Caithness, on 12 Nov. 1779, was second son of James Macdonald (1735–1830) by his second wife, a daughter of John Mackay. He was educated at the parish school of Reay, and showing unusual capacity was employed by neighbouring farmers to help them with their accounts. Mrs. Innes of Sandside, Caithness, obtained for him a bursary at King's College, Aberdeen, where he graduated M.A. 30 March 1801. He was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Caithness 2 July 1805, and in September, at the request of Sir John Sinclair, he started for a long expedition in the north-west highlands to search for Ossianic traditions among the peasants. He returned in November, served as a missionary at Achreny and Halladale for six months, and 16 Sept. 1806 was ordained missionary-minister at Berriedale. On 29 Jan. 1807 he became minister at Edinburgh of the Gaelic Chapel, which was supported by the Society in Scotland for Promoting Christian Knowledge. His fame as a preacher spread; he read hard and met literary Scotsmen at Sir John Sinclair's


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 house. On 1 Sept. 1813 he was promoted to the charge of Urquhart, Caithness, in the gift of Duncan George Forbes of Culloden. The parish was so well ordered by his predecessor, Charles Caldwell, that he felt he could safely leave it and travel as a missionary in the neighbourhood. From 1813 to 1818 he wandered up and down Ross and Caithness, where most of the ministers performed their duties very perfunctorily and resented his intrusion. On 30 May 1818 a declaration was issued by the general assembly which, without mentioning his name, condemned his practices. In 1822 and 1824 he conducted many services in the island of St. Kilda. Afterwards, by preaching in various parts of Scotland, he raised enough money to keep a minister there, and introduced him to the islanders in 1830. Part of 1823 he passed in London, having been asked to preach for the London Missionary Society. He met Samuel Wilberforce, and in his diary spoke of his visit as a ‘season of religious dissipation.’ In 1824, at the request of Robert Daly [q.v.], rector of Powerscourt and afterwards bishop of Cashel, he visited Ireland, managing to adapt his Gaelic sufficiently for the Irish peasants to understand him. He often went to Edinburgh and Glasgow for the communions, but his influence was greatest in the north. He was created D.D. in 1842 by the university of New York. In the disruption he joined the secession party, and was declared no longer a minister of the kirk on 24 May 1843. Very many northern ministers followed his example. He died at Urquhart, 16 April 1849. His portrait is in Kay's ‘Edinburgh Portraits.’ He married, first, in 1806 Georgina Ross of Gladfield, who died 18 Aug. 1814; secondly, 11 May 1818, Janet, eldest daughter of Kenneth Mackenzie of Millbank. He had three children by his first wife, and seven by his second, one of whom, Duncan George Forbes, is separately noticed. Macdonald's diary of his visits to St. Kilda was published, Edinburgh, 1830, with sermons preached before the Society in Scotland for Promoting Christian Knowledge. He wrote verses in Gaelic, and published a volume of them in 1848. In 1837 he corrected an edition in Gaelic of ‘Human Nature in its Fourfold Estate,’ by Thomas Boston the elder [q. v.]  MACDONALD, JOHN (d. 1850), adjutant-general at the horse guards, a connection of Flora Macdonald [q. v.], the Jacobite heroine, entered the army 15 April 1795, as ensign 89th foot, and. became lieutenant the regiment 2 Feb. 1796, and captain 22 Oct. 1H03. He was made a major-unattached 28 Feb. 1805, lieutenant-colonel on half-pay of the 1st garrison battalion 17 March 1808, brevet colonel 4 June 1814, major-general 1825, and lieutenant-general 1838. He served with the 89th in the Irish rebellion in 1798, and afterwards in Minorca, Heasina, and at the blockade of Malts and capture of Valetta in 1799-1800, and throughout the campaign in Egypt in 1801. His qualifications for the staff were early recognised, and in the strict and temper-trying-school of Lord Cathcatt [see ] he acquired the tact and accuracy that made him one of the best military secretaries of his day. He was brigade-major to Lord Cathcart in the home district in 1805, and military secretary when Cathcart was in command of the king's German legion as a separate army, in Swedish Pomerania (isle of Rugen), in 1806-7 ; and subsequently during the expedition to Copenhagenin in 1807. He was deputy adjutant-general to Sir John Hope [see, fourth ] at Wolcheren ; and held the same post with Lieutenant-general Thomas Graham [see ] at Codii and at the battle of Barossa (gold medal). He was military secretary to his intimate friend Sir John Hope (Lord Hopetoun) when commander-in-chief at Ireland in 1812, embarked with him at Cork for the Peninsula, and was his assistant: adjutant-general with the left wing of Wellington's army in the South of France during the campaigns of 1813-14, including the battles on the Nive, 9-13 Nov. 1813. and the against Bayonne in 1814. When Hope was wounded and taken prisoner by the French sortie of 14 Aprd 1814. Macdonald obtained leave to enter Bayonne to nurse his wounded friend.

Macdonald (whose name is spelled M'Donald in earlier army lists) was deputy adjutant-general at the horse guards under the Dukes of York and Wellington from 1820 to 1830. He was appointed adjutant-general 27 July 1830, and held the post until his death. 'He did not exercise power— and at one time it was almost unlimited over the army — as a mere machine. . . His official demeanour was courteous and kind, and his sincerity and candour were seldom found to border on abruptness or roughness, and never on rudeness or insult' (Nav. and Mil. Gazette, 30 March 1850, p. 200). Macdonald was an excellent minute


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 Rh {hwe|sions|aspersions}} (for which work, as said in our last report, the Southern people owe Dr. Jones a lasting debt of gratitude). (The letter of Mr. Davis, the report of the Committee of the Confederate Congress, with other valuable material collected by Dr. Jones, are all published in the first volume of the Southern Historical Papers, and also in a separate volume.) But whilst these publications were most satisfactory to us at the time, they, necessarily, did not contain the contemporaneous correspondence in reference to the exchange and treatment of prisoners, contained in the publication known as "Rebellion Official Records," published by the Federal Government since that time—a correspondence invaluable, as it makes the representatives of the two Governments, at the time, tell, in their own way, the true story of these events. It is from these letters and other contemporaneous orders and papers, that we propose to show which side was responsible for Andersonville, Salisbury, "The Libby," and "Belle Isle," in the South, and for Camp Douglas, Gratiot Street, Fort Delaware, Johnson's Island, Elmira, Point Lookout, and other like places in the ISTorth. In doing this we do not think it either necessary or proper to revive the tales of horror and misery contained in many of the personal recitals of the captives on either side, such as are collected in the works of Dr. Jones, the "Sanitary Commission," and others. Many of these are simply heart-sickening and disgusting; and, making allowances for all exaggerations necessarily incident to the surroundings of the vrriters, there is enough in them to convince any candid reader that there were cruelties and abuses inflicted on helpless prisoners, by petty officers and guards, that should never have been inflicted, and which we hope the higher officers of neither government would have permitted or tolerated for a moment.

But what we are concerned about is, to show by these "official records" that neither Mr. Davis, nor any Department or representative of the Confederate Government, was responsible for the establishment of these prisons, and the sufferings therein, as heretofore charged by our enemies, and thai the Federal Government, through Edwin M. Stanton, H. W. Halleck, and U. S. Grant as its representative actors, was directly and solely responsible for the


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 a third edition in 1856. His other publications were: 1. ‘Unity and Schism,’ 1838. 2. ‘Moral Agency,’ 1841. 3. ‘Life and Remains of Alexander Bethune,’ 1844. 4. ‘Capital and Labour,’ 1846. 5. ‘Essays on Education,’ 1857. 6. ‘Modern Civilisation,’ 1864; and 7. ‘A Pamphlet on the Irish Land Question,’ 1869. He had been accustomed to preach occasionally in baptist and other pulpits, and after his death his daughter edited a volume of his sermons, 1871.

 McCOMBIE, WILLIAM (1805–1880), cattle-breeder, born at Tillyfour, Aberdeenshire, in 1805, was younger son of Charles McCombie, a large farmer and cattle-dealer. He was educated at the parish school and Aberdeen University, but refused to follow any calling except that of his father. The beginning of railway traffic and the improvement of agricultural methods and stock convinced McCombie that the old method of cattle-dealing needed reform. In 1840 he began to breed black-polled cattle, and founded the herd with which his name is associated. He was the first Scottish exhibitor of fat cattle at Birmingham, and he won in all over five hundred great prizes, including the cup given by Prince Albert for the best animal of the French or foreign classes at Poissy in 1862, and a similar honour at the Paris Exhibition in 1878. In 1867 the queen visited Tillyfour to inspect the famous herd, when McCombie gathered together from his farms four hundred head of black cattle. Besides his cattle-breeding McCombie gave great attention to agriculture, and was one of the largest farmers in Aberdeenshire. In 1868 he was returned as a liberal without opposition to represent the western division of his native county in parliament, and was the first tenant farmer representative from Scotland. In 1874 he was re-elected by a large majority. Failing health compelled him to resign in 1876, and he spent the rest of his life at Tillyfour, which he had purchased in 1875, on the death of his eldest brother. He died unmarried on 1 Feb. 1880.

His work, ‘Cattle and Cattle-breeders,’ first published in 1867, reached a fourth edition in 1886.

 MACCONMIDHE, GILLABRIGHDE (fl. 1260), historian and poet, was a member of a family which for more than three centuries acted as hereditary poets of the Cinel Eoghain, the O'Neills, and their kindred septs. He was born about 1200, and wrote a poem on Cathal Croibhdhearg O'Conor [q. v.] during the lifetime of that king, who died in 1224. Brian O'Neill, chief of the Cinel Eoghain, once gave him twenty horned cows (fiche bo bheannach) for poem, and on another occasion, after the feativities of May day, gave him twenty cows, besides gold and clothing. When not attending O'Neill the poet travelled through Tyrone and Derry, and frequently visited the chief of the Clan O'Glairmleadhaigh, whose blue eyes he praises, and Amlaibh, chief of the O'Laithbheartaighs. He was with Brian O'Neill at the battle of Down in 1260, when that chief was slain by the Lord-justice Stephen Longespée. The king's head was gone when his body was found on the field, and the poet believed that it had been sent to Henry III of England. He attended the body to Armagh, where it was buried on the north side of the church, west of the tomb of Brian Boroimhe [q. v.] He also visited the disert at Derry, where the body of O'Gairmleadhaigh, who was also slain at Down, was buried. He then wrote a lament of 280 lines on the defeat and the death of Brian. In this be recalls the achievements of the Cinel Koghaln. how they defeated the Oirghialla and the Ulidians, and made the Danes of Dublin pay tribute; how in very old times they made chessmen of the bones of defeated Leinstermen, carried off Ceallachan [q, v.], king of Munster, and made Conchohhar, king of Connaught, a captive. Then he praises O'Neill and his allied chieftains, tells of the battle and the slain, and ends with an invocation of St. Bridget. Four copies of the poem were known to O'Donovan, who from the oldest, a vellum manuscript, belonging to John Nugent of Farranconnell, co. Cavan, printed the text with a translation in the 'Miscellany of the Celtic Society.' Dublin, 1849. The name in sometimes erroneously anglicised MacNamee.

Subsequent members of this literary family who are mentioned in the Irish chronicles are:

Eachmareach MacConmidhe (d. 1420), poet

Maelisa MacConmidhe (d. 1434), ollav (i.e. chronicler) of O'Neill,

Tadhg MacConmidhe (d. 1493), poet, son of Conchobhar Ruadh, and grandson of Eachmarcach, who was murdered by one of his own henchmen.

Solamh MacConmidhe (d. 1507), ollav of O'Neill, famous in general literature and poetry, son of John (d 30 Oct. 1607),

Brian MacConmidhe (d. 1542). man of letters, cursed by MacRohhartaigh, keeper of the Cross of Columcille, for insulting the


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 of Barlings, or Oxeney, in Lincolnshire, one of the greater abbeys, having a revenue of more than two hundred pounds a year (cf., Letters and Papers Henry VIII, ix. 1090). There is no evidence that he acknowledged the royal supremacy, but the authorities cannot have thought him over-conservative, or he would not have been appointed suffragan bishop of Lincoln (to John Longland [q. v.]) in 1535, with the title of Bishop of Chalcedon. In the Lincolnshire rebellion of 1536 he took a leading part. According to his own account (ib. xi. 805, xii. passim), he was compelled by the leaders to give the rebels food. But the story of his appearance in full armour is probably an error (cf., Hist. of Engl. iii. 105; , Henry VIII and the Engl. Monasteries, ii. 75). The abbot probably approved of the rebels' demands for the restoration of the dissolved monasteries. All was over by 13 Oct., and the abbot was taken prisoner, examined in Lincoln and afterwards in London, and executed at Tyburn 27 March 1536–7. He seems to have given away property belonging to his abbey, some of which Sir William Parre ‘bulted forth’ from the ‘five or six simple men’ who held it.

Makkarell is said to have published:
 * 1) ‘Sermones in Evangelia Dominicalia per Odonem Cancellarium Parisiensem,’ Paris, 1520, 4to.
 * 2) ‘Sermones Dominicales.’ But neither of these works is in the British Museum.

MAKYN, DAVID (d. 1588?), Scottish writer. [See .]

MALACHY I (d. 863), king of Ireland. [See .]

MACHACHY MOR (949–1022), king of Ireland. [See .]

MALACHY (fl. 1310), Franciscan, is said by Wadding to have been B.D. of Oxford, and to have rebuked king Edward II to his face in his sermons. A book in sixteen chapters, called ‘Libellus septem peccatorum mortalium,’ or ‘Tractatus de Veneno,’ was printed at Paris in 1518 under his name. Of eight manuscripts of this work, two are anonymous, five are ascribed to Grostete, and one only to Malachy; but the mention of St. Francis, and the frequent references to Irish history and affairs, prove it to have been written by an Irish Franciscan. The treatise was intended ‘for the instruction of simple men who have to teach the people,’ and is chiefly remarkable for its denunciation of the government of Ireland at the time.

MALACHY MACAEDH (d. 1348), archbishop of Tuam, was a canon of Elphin, and in 1307 was elected bishop of that see by one party of the canons, the remainder choosing Liathanach O'Conchobhair, abbot of Loch Cé, who obtained possession of the bishopric. But Malachy was supported by the metropolitan, [q. v.], archbishop of Tuam; he therefore went to Rome, where after three years the pope decided in his favour, and on 22 June 1310 he received consecration; the papal decision was confirmed by the king on 7 Dec. 1310. In 1312 Malachy was elected archbishop of Tuam; the king issued a commendatory letter to the pope on 24 Aug., and on 19 Dec. he received consecration. The temporalities were restored on 1 April 1313. Malachy, pursuing the policy of his predecessors, endeavoured to drive out Gilbert, bishop of Ennachdune or Annaghdown, Galway (cf. Fœdera, ii. 45), and in 1324 sought the aid of Pope John XXII, who issued a bull three years later, uniting not only Annaghdown, but also Killala and Kilmacduagh to Tuam. Edward III opposed the proposal, but on a vacancy to Annaghdown in 1330 the bull took effect so far as that see was concerned. Malachy died 10 Aug. 1348, and was buried in Tuam Cathedral. According to Tanner, he wrote in Irish a list of the kings of Ireland from Nellus Nigaialach to Roderic O'Connor. He has often been confused with (fl. 1310) [q. v.], the Franciscan, but the archbishop was clearly a secular priest, and not a friar. MacAedh means MacHugh, and is identical with the later Magee.

MALACHY O'MORGAIR, (in Irish, Maelmaedhoig Ua Morgair) (1094?–1148), archbishop of Armagh, was born, probably in Armagh (‘ipsa est in qua alitus est Malachias,’ St. Bernard says, Vita, cap. ii.


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 p. 4), in or about 1094. St. Bernard states that his death occurred in 1148 ‘in the fifty-fourth year of his age;’ the ‘Annals of the Four Masters’ ‘say after his fifty-fourth year’ (cf. , Vita S. Malachiæ, cap. xxx. p. 690, and Annals of the Four Masters, anno 1148). His parents were of high rank and influence; his father, Mughron Ua Morgair, who died in 1102 at Mungret, co. Limerick, is described as ‘Armachiæ et totius occidentalis Europæ lector primarius’ (Four Masters). His mother is spoken of as a particularly excellent woman, who made it her special care to give Malachy a religious education. He had a brother, Gillachrist, who became bishop of Clogher, and died in 1138 (ib.), and a sister. In childhood Malachy was noted for his studious, retiring, prayerful habits. At school he outstripped all his fellows in learning. Early in life he became a pupil of Iomhar Ua-h-Aedhagan, founder of the abbey church of SS. Peter and Paul in Armagh, who lived in a cell near the church. Here Malachy gained such a reputation for sanctity and learning that the Bishop of Armagh, Kellach or Celsus, ordained him to deacon's orders, much against his will. He applied himself with great devotion to his new duties, giving special attention to the poor, exerting himself particularly, we are told, to procure them decent burial, and himself assisting at their obsequies. At twenty-five, five years before the canonical age, he was made priest, and appointed the bishop's vicar, in which capacity he displayed burning zeal, especially in the reformation of abuses. St. Bernard particularly mentions that he introduced singing into the church services (Vita, cap. iii. p. 662). He also insisted on the observance of confession, confirmation, and the marriage contract (ib.) To perfect himself further in his knowledge of ecclesiastical discipline, he went to Malchus, bishop of Lismore, whose reputation was then attracting many, and he remained with him for several years. Cormac MacCarthy, who had recently been deposed from his sovereignty of Desmond by Turlogh O'Conor, king of Connaught, was then living in retirement with Malchus; Malachy was appointed his spiritual instructor, and a warm friendship sprang up between the two which continued till the death of the king. By-and-by Malachy was recalled to the north of Ireland, where he became head of the abbey of Bangor, co. Down. Some time before it had been destroyed by pirates, but its site and property were now in the hands of an uncle of Malachy, who had offered them to him that he might re-establish the abbey. He accepted nothing but the site, and here, taking with him ten brethren from Armagh, he in a few days built an oratory (, Vita, cap. vi. p. 665), Malachy himself handling the axe among the workmen. Soon after the completion of this task he was elected to the bishopric of Connor in 1124 (Annals of the Four Masters, ii. 1018–19). The date is corroborated by Bernard, who says ‘tricesimo ferme ætatis suæ anno Malachias consecratus episcopus introducitur Connereth’ (Vita, cap. viii. p. 666). He refused to accept the office, however, until forced to do so by Kellach and Iomhar, and, when consecrated, continued to live at Bangor. An account is given by his biographer of the deplorable state in which he found the diocese. He set to work for its reformation with characteristic energy, labouring especially to introduce the usages and discipline of Rome.

Meanwhile Kellach, bishop of Armagh, died in 1129 (Annals of the Four Masters, ii. 1032), having in his will designated Malachy as his successor. Mauricius (or Murtogh), however, seized the see and held it for five years, Malachy being apparently not sorry to escape further elevation. The city of Connor, the seat of his bishopric, was meanwhile destroyed by a northern chieftain, probably Conor O'Lochlainn, and Malachy fled to the south of Ireland, where, under the protection of Cormac MacCarthy, he established the monastery of Ibrach, in which, with a number of disciples, he took up his residence. But at the urgent request of the papal legate and bishops he at length allowed himself most reluctantly to be consecrated to the primacy in 1132 (ib. ii. 1040), stipulating that when peace should be restored to the see he should be allowed to return to his quieter charge in Connor. To avoid bloodshed, however, he refused to take up his residence in Armagh as long as Mauricius lived. At length, on the death of the latter in 1134 (ib.), he came to the city, although another claimant appeared in the person of one Nigellus, who seized on the gospels which had belonged to St. Patrick and the ‘Staff of Jesus,’ currently believed to have been presented to the saint by our Lord, which were regarded as the insignia of the see. In the end he was forced to surrender them to Malachy, who, in pursuance of the conditions which he had made, now resigned the primacy in 1136, and redividing the united diocese over which he had previously presided into Down and Connor, assumed the bishopric of the former, and recommenced his earnest labours among the people. In 1138 he is said to have founded a priory of regular canons at Downpatrick (, Monasticon Hiber-