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 We dare not be so bold as presumptuously to define any thing concerning the manner of a true presence; or rather, we do not so much as trouble ourselves with being inquisitive about it; no more than in Baptism, how the Blood of washeth us; or in the Incarnation of our Redeemer, how the divine and human nature were united together. We put it in the number of sacred things, or sacrifices, (the Eucharist itself being a Sacred Mystery,) whereof the remnants ought to be consumed with fire; that is, (as the Fathers elegantly have it,) adored by faith, but not searched by reason,"

As for the opinion and belief of the German Protestants, it will be known chiefly by the Augustan Confession, presented to Charles the Fifth by the Princes of the Empire, and other great persons. For they teach, that "not only the bread and wine, but the Body and Blood of is truly given to the receivers;" or, as it is in another edition, that "the Body and Blood of  are truly present, and distributed to the communicants in the Lord's Supper;" and refute those that teach otherwise. They also declare, "that we must so use the Sacraments, as to believe and embrace by faith, those things promised which the Sacraments offer and convey to us." Yet we may observe here, that faith makes not those things present which are promised; for faith, as it is well known, is more properly said to take and apprehend, than to promise or perform; but the Word and Promise of, on which our faith is grounded, (and not faith itself,) make that present which is promised; as it was agreed at a conference at St. German, betwixt some Protestants and Papists; and therefore it is unjustly laid to our charge by some in the Church of Rome, as if we should believe, that the presence and participation of , in the Sacrament, is effected merely by the power of faith.

The Saxon Confession, approved by other churches, seems to be a repetition of the Augustan. Therein we are taught, that "Sacraments are actions divinely instituted; and that, although the same things or actions in common use, have nothing of the nature of Sacraments, yet when used according to the divine institution, is truly and substantially present in the Communion, and His Body and Blood truly given to the receivers; so that He testifies that He is in them; as St. Hilary saith, 'these things taken and received make us to be in, and  to be in us.'"

The Confession of Wittemberg, which in the year 1552, was


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26 Donald Munro had heard all the things he said to me; I am sure he would be jealous." Thus Mary went on in breathless excitement, casting stolen glances at herself in the mirror, to the amusement of her young mistress. The note from the castle, however, changed Bella's risibility to anxiety and fear, dreading that it might have some relation to the affair at the bridge of Linn.

Her speculation was soon interrupted by her father ringing for her, and with seeming happiness informed her that an English lord had purchased the estate, was now at the castle, and demanded his (Mr. McKay's) presence there.

Bella heard this news with terrible misgivings, which her looks betrayed to her astonished parent, and which did not tally with his own pleasant mood.

Mr. McKay met with a flattering and most hospitable reception at the castle from Lord Lundy and his gallant cousin, which he acknowledged with becoming politeness, and was greatly honoured by the many favours which the young nobleman had bestowed upon him, particularly the agency or the factorship of the estate.

He was quite charmed with the sense and judgment his lordship manifested in his future plans, particularly giving a bonfire and entertainment to the tenantry, which, he remarked, would restore harmony and good feeling between landlord and tenant, and remove any prejudices which the Highlanders would naturally entertain against a stranger, and an Englishman, or any clanishclannish [sic] leanings towards their former unhappy laird.

Lord Lundy was glad that Mr. McKay approved of his arrangements, and left the management of the whole to him, with power not to spare any expense or trouble in bringing forth the gathering in the most elaborate and grand style, and after a few more remarks on different subjects, Mr. McKay took his leave, highly pleased with his visit and future prospects.

Great were the preparations at the castle during that week, and largely were the event of the approaching bonfire or fête discussed by all the tenants on the estate. Male and female, old and young, joined in the universal excitement. Yet there were three who used to be the

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 propounded to the Council of Trent, is like unto this: for it teacheth that "the true Body and Blood of are given in the Holy Communion;" and refutes those that say, "that the Bread and Wine in the Sacrament are only signs of the absent Body and Blood of ."

Luther was once of opinion, that the Divines of Basil and Strasbourg did acknowledge nothing in the Supper besides Bread and Wine. To him Bucerus, in the name of all the rest, did freely answer; "That they all unanimously did condemn that error; that neither they, nor the Switzers, ever believed or taught any such thing; that none could expressly be charged with that error, except the Anabaptists; and that he also had once been persuaded, that Luther in his writings, attributed too much to the outward symbols, and maintained a grosser union of with the bread than the Scriptures did allow; as though  had been corporally present with it, united into a natural substance with the bread; so that the wicked as well as the faithful were made partakers of grace by receiving the Element; but that their own doctrine and belief concerning that Sacrament was, that the true Body and Blood of  was truly presented, given, and received together with the visible signs of Bread and Wine, by the operation of our, and by virtue of His institution, according to the plain sound and sense of His words; and that not only Zuinglius and Œcolampadius had so taught, but they also, in the public confessions of the Churches of the Upper Germany, and other writings, confessed it; so that the controversy was rather about the manner of the presence or absence, than about the presence or absence itself." All which Bucer's associates confirm after him. He also adds; "That the magistrates in their Churches had denounced very severe punishments to any that should deny the presence of the Body and Blood of in the  Supper." Bucerus did also maintain this doctrine of the blessed Sacrament in presence of the Landgrave of Hesse and Melancthon, confessing, "That together with the Sacrament we truly and substantially receive the Body of ." Also, "That the Bread and Wine are conferring signs, giving what they represent, so that together with them the Body of is given and received." And to these he adds; "That the Body and Bread are not united in the mixture of their substance, but in that the Sacrament gives what it promiseth, that is, the one is never without the other; and so


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Rh leading stars and centre of attraction on such occasions, resolved not to attend the grand fête, or took but little interest in its attractions, although they withheld as yet their antipathy to the occasion. These three were the two Stuarts and our heroine, Bella.

Mr. McKay was puzzled at the conduct of his daughter, and her indifference to the coming event, when on every other lively occasion she invariably manifested great delight. One evening he rallied her, and set forth in glowing terms the fashionable attractions and amusements she would meet with at the castle; and above all, dancing, as formerly, with her old partner Charlie Stuart, whom he declared was grown a fine young man.

Bella blushed deeply on hearing her young neighbour's praises from the lips of her parent, but instantly remarked seriously, that she would far prefer remaining at home; and as for Charlie Stuart, she did not think he would attend either.

This unconscious betrayal of her feelings and opinion still more surprised her parent, who was unable to unravel the mystery.

Being now Mr. Stuart's successor in the factorship, and sole manager of the coming fête, and also the person entrusted for issuing invitations, he therefore thought proper to visit his neighbour personally, in order to remove any unpleasant effects which his appointment might create, or any prejudices which Mr. Stuart might entertain against the new proprietor.

On making his visit, Mr. McKay set forth in glowing terms Lord Lundy's many wise and excellent qualities, which he had no doubt, would greatly benefit the estate and the tenantry at large, and concluded by giving Mr. Stuart and his son a pressing invitation to the grand banquet which his Lordship's bountiful liberality offered them all.

Mr Stuart excused himself by saying "that he was growing too old to care about such entertainments, especially when the rightful proprietor was not to be the host, but with regard to Charlie, that he could go, of course, if he chose." His son at once interrupted him by remarking, "that he had no idea of attending, whether his parent did so or not."

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 they agreeing on both parts, that the Bread and Wine are not changed, he holds such a Sacramental Union." Luther having heard this, declared also his opinion thus; "That he did not locally include the Body and Blood of with the Bread and Wine, and unite them together by any natural connexion; and that he did not make proper to the Sacraments that virtue whereby they brought salvation to the receivers; but that he maintained only a sacramental union betwixt the Body of  and the Bread, and betwixt His Blood and the Wine; and did teach, that the power of confirming our faith, which he attributed to the Sacraments, was not naturally inherent in the outward signs, but proceeded from the operation of, and was given by His , by His words, and by the Elements." And finally, in this manner he spake to all that were present; "If you believe and teach, that in the  Supper the true Body and Blood of  is given and received, and not the Bread and Wine only; and that this giving and receiving is real and not imaginary, we are agreed, and we own you for dear Brethren in the ." All this is set down at large in the twentieth tome of Luther's Works, and in the English Works of Bucer.

The next will be the Gallican Confession, made at Paris in a National Synod, and presented to King Charles IX. at the Conference of Poissy. Which speaks of the Sacrament on this wise; "Although be in Heaven, where He is to remain until He come to judge the world, yet we believe that by the secret and incomprehensible virtue of His Spirit, He feeds and vivifies us by the substance of His Body and Blood received by faith. Now we say that this is done in a spiritual manner; not that we believe it to be a fancy and imagination, instead of a truth and real effect, but rather because that mystery of our union with  is of so sublime a nature, that it is as much above the capacity of our senses, as it is above the order of nature." Item; "We believe that in the Supper  gives us really, that is, truly and efficaciously, whatever is represented by the Sacrament. With the signs we join the true profession and fruition of the thing by them offered to us; and so, that Bread and Wine which are given to us, become our spiritual nourishment, in that they make it in some manner visible to us that the Flesh of  is our food, and His Blood our drink. Therefore those fanatics that reject these signs and symbols are by us rejected, our blessed  having said, 'this


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 is My Body, and this cup is My Blood.'" This Confession hath been subscribed by the Church of Geneva.

Now because great is the fame of Calvin, (who subscribed the Augustan Confession, and that of the Switzers,) let us hear what he writ and believed concerning this sacred mystery. His words in his Institutions and elsewhere are such, so conformable to the style and mind of the Ancient Fathers, that no Catholic Protestant would wish to use any other. "I understand," saith he, "what is to be understood by the words of ; that He doth not only offer us the benefits of His Death and Resurrection, but His very body, wherein He died and rose again. I assert that the Body of is really, (as the usual expression is,) that is truly given to us in the Sacrament, to be the saving food of our souls." Also in another place; Item, "That word cannot lie, neither can it mock us; and except one presumes to call a deceiver, he will never dare to say, that the symbols are empty, and that  is not in them. Therefore if by the breaking of the bread our  doth represent the participation of His Body, it is not to be doubted but that He truly gives and confers it. If it be true that the visible sign is given us, to seal the gift of an invisible thing, we most firmly believe that receiving the signs of the Body, we also certainly receive the Body itself. Setting aside all absurdities, I do willingly admit all those terms that can most strongly express the true and substantial Communication of the Body and Blood of, granted to the faithful with the symbols of the Lord's Supper; and that, not as if they received only by the force of their imagination, or an act of their minds, but really, so as to be fed thereby unto Eternal Life." Again, "We must therefore confess that the inward substance of the Sacrament is joined with the visible sign, so that, as the bread is put into our hand, the Body of is also given to us. This certainly, if there were nothing else, should abundantly satisfy us, that we understand, that, in His Holy Supper, gives us the true and proper substance of His Body and Blood, that it being wholly ours, we may be made partakers of all His benefits and graces." Again, "The Son of offers daily to us in the Holy Sacrament, the same Body which He once offered in sacrifice to His, that it may be our spiritual food." In these he asserts, as clearly as any one ran, the true, real, and substantial Presence and Communication


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28 Mr. McKay was greatly disappointed and amazed at young people in these days, how little they cared about such amusements, and added "that his own daughter manifested the same indifference about going, and which he feared would be the case, having depended on Mr. Stuart bringing her in his carriage on that day, as he himself would be early at the Castle conducting the arrangements, and not wishing to bring his daughter that early."

Mr. Stuart and his son sought each others looks, when the elder remarked, "that he would certainly consent, for Bella's sake," which admission greatly pleased their neighbour, who left in far better spirits than he expected, at the satisfactory termination of his mission.

That evening Bella McKay, as was her wont lately, sat at the window of her room, with an elbow resting on the sill, and her delicate white hand supporting her transparent brow, with her eyes fixed on some object opposite. A great change had taken place within a few days in the looks and manner of the charming girl.

The rosy, laughing young creature, whose buoyant spirits were the theme of everyone, was now changed into the pale and thoughtful woman, Mary Grant's lively chatter was unable to rouse her pensive young mistress, or divert her thoughts from the one object which haunted her mind. Charlie Stuart's despairing and endearing words—"Bella, dear, live for me!"—were still ringing in her ears.

Strong, indeed, must be the feelings, she thought, which prompted her former shy and modest playfellow to give utterance to such expressions. She wondered at her own blindness in not discovering before now his many noble qualities, and handsome and manly person. Her father's remarks concerning him—"That he was grown to be the handsomest young man in the country"—opened her eyes, and revealed all his superior qualities, and instilled through her pleasant and delightful sensations, which gave her new life.

The object of her gaze and reverie was no less affected with the malady which had taken possession of herself. Ever since that eventful morning, his gun, fishing-rod,

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Rh and boat, were neglected. His station was taken up—particularly at eventide, when Donald Munro played on the lawn—in his room, with the window raised up, and a telescope in his hand, levelled at a certain object in a window opposite. His father attributed his son's change and dejection to his own cause, namely, the downfall of their chief and laird. This, although it partly added to his depression for his parent's sake, was not sufficient to create such a sudden revolution in his lively spirits.

Bella McKay's feeble and despairing cry, "Charlie, dear, save me!" sounded still in his ears. Her beautiful form, when she lay helpless in his arms, haunted his thoughts. She was no longer the lively little child of former years, but a beautiful budding flower, which wanted all his care and attention to protect from the wanton advances of the bold libertine.

While Bella, as before-mentioned, was ruminating and calling to her mind many pleasant hours passed in the company of her young neighbour Mary Grant tripped into the room, and, after closing the door carefully after her, pulled a small billetdoux from her bosom, laying her left hand on her heart, in that attitude which Brown enacted towards herself, and making a low reverence, said—"A love-letter, my dear madam!"

Bella coloured unconsciously on recognising the hand-writing although this had been the first addressed to herself; she therefore with trembling fingers broke the seal, and read as follows:—",—I have not had an opportunity of a private interview with you, to ascertain whether it is your intention to grace the coming fête at the castle. From some hints, however, which dropped from your papa to-day I inferred that you have objections, which, although he is unable to comprehend, I can easily divine. I also hold the same objections, knowing, of course, that our common enemy is included in Lord Lundy's retinue. However, to lull all suspicions, I consider it more advisable for you to submit to your father's wishes, and my attendance accordingly I consider imperative. It has been arranged that my father will drive you in his carriage, so that we shall call for you on our way. Let me know your

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30 by Donald, who, by the bye, is glad to have an opportunity of having a chat with Mary.—Yours sincerely, "

Bella lingered for some time re-perusing and repeating each sentence, and overjoyed at the interest the writer had taken in her behalf by resolving to accompany her at the risk of the consequences which might follow. At last the impatient maid, who fidgetted by her side, longing for another chat with her lover, reminded her young mistress that Donald was waiting for an answer. Instantly procuring writing materials, she penned the following reply: ",—Many thanks for your kind interest in my behalf. I shall be indeed guided by your advice, having such a sincere friend to protect me in a place where I have the greatest antipathy to enter, and which will be solely to please papa.—Yours sincerely, ."

This billet was joyfully carried by Mary in her bosom, casting a mischievous look at her blushing young mistress when closing the door after her; but the tormenting little maid did not wait for a rebuke, if such was in store for her, for the quick patting of her small feet down stairs left Bella, in great relief, to commune once more with her own pleasant thoughts, and which we shall not disturb, or pry too closely into, but follow her maid. On delivering the note privately to her lover, a long chat ensued, in which the coming bonfire was the principal subject. Mary concluded by giving Donald a detail of the compliments passed by Mr. Brown on her own beauty, his fascinating manners, and, above all, the attention she expected to receive from him at the bonfire, which would raise the jealousy of all the other young girls. The thoughtless Mary, so full of her own pleasant anticipations, never dreamt that she was kindling a raging jealousy in the bosom of her true lover, which he partly manifested at parting, by not bestowing upon her his accustomed kiss, which greatly surprised the young maid.

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Rh

wished-for day at length arrived on which the bonfire was to be held at the castle, and many a cheerful countenance might be seen making its way towards the the scene of attraction. Mr. Stuart, according to promise, called at Mr. M'Kay's, driving his old family carriage. Bella, who was ready some time, hailed his arrival with a beaming countenance, but which was suddenly, however, changed into disappointment on seeing him unaccompanied by his son. Mr. Stuart instantly interpreting her looks and hesitation, exclaimed encouragingly, "Step in, my dear; I fear we shall lose some of the sport. Charlie will soon overtake us on that unruly animal 'Black Prince,' which no other person can ride but himself. I really think he preferred driving to-day for a wonder, as he tried several times to coax Munro to mount the hunter, but Donald thinks more of his limbs than trust them to such a fiery animal."

This intelligence brought back the cheerfulness to the beautiful countenance of our heroine, which made her spring up into the carriage, and taking her seat beside her respected and agreeable neighbour, who enlivened their drive by many pleasant and interesting remarks.

They had not proceeded more than half their journey when Mary Grant (who was sitting with the driver, old Munro) screamed out, "Gracious! He'll leap over us!" Bella, who was constantly casting stolen glances on both sides of the road, looked out to see what was the matter, and exclaimed with admiration. "Oh! look, Mr. Stuart, what a noble sight! How splendid he looks! How admirably he curbs him!"

Mr. Stuart followed her gaze, and beheld, indeed, a most exciting sight—his son curbing the infuriated Black Prince, who, on seeing the carriage and horses before him, endeavoured to gallop off at full speed, only for the bold and excellent horsemanship of his rider, who brought him at last to the side of the carriage, quite humbled, tossing his proud head and glossy black mane,

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text: Lindigo, the White Woman/Chapter 4

title: Lindigo, the White Woman/Chapter 4


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Barton, Hon. Edmund


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v. 5-

1. The bráhman that was first born of old, Vena hath unclosed from the well-shining edge; he unclosed the fundamental nearest positions of it, the womb of the existent and of the non-existent.

2. Who of you did what first unattained deeds—let them not harm our heroes here; for that purpose I put you forward.

3. In the thousand-streamed one they resounded (svar) together, in the firmament (nā́ka) of the sky, they the honey-tongued, unhindered. His zealous (bhū́rṇi) spies wink not; in every place are they with fetters for tying.

4. Round about do thou run forward in order to the winning of booty, round about overpowering adversaries (vṛtrá, n.); then thou goest over haters by the sea (arṇavá). Weakling (sanisrasá) by name art thou, the thirteenth month, Indra's house.

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231

5. Now (not?) hast thou succeeded (rādh) by that, thou yonder (asāú): hail! having sharp weapons, having sharp missiles, very propitious, O Soma and Rudra, do ye be very gracious to us here.

6. Thou hast failed (ava-rādh) by that, thou yonder: hail! having sharp etc. etc.

7. Thou hast offended (apa-rādh) by that, thou yonder: hail! having sharp etc. etc.

8. Do ye (two) release us from difficulty, from reproach (avadyá); enjoy ye the offering; put in us immortality (amṛ́ta).

9. O missile (hetí) of sight, missile of mind, missile of incantation (bráhman), and missile of penance! weapon's weapon (mení) art thou; weaponless be they who show malice against us.

10. Whoever with sight, with mind, with intention, and whoever with design, malicious, shall attack us—do thou, O Agni, with weapon make them weaponless: hail!

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/401


text: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book V/Hymn 5

title: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book V/Hymn 5


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Barton, George Burnett


text:
User talk:Hebrides

— billinghurst  sDrewth  09:33, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hebrides


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Basedow, Martin Peter Friedrich


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bates, Hon. William


text: Index:Kerfol - Wharton.pdf

title: Index:Kerfol - Wharton.pdf


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3 tawny chrysanthemum. I said to myself: "These little beasts always snap and scream, and somebody will be out in a minute."

The little animal stood before me, forbidding, almost menacing: there was anger in his large brown eyes. But he made no sound, he came no nearer. Instead, as I advanced, he gradually fell back, and I noticed that another dog, a vague rough brindled thing, had limped up on a lame leg. "There'll be a hubbub now," I thought; for at the same moment a third dog, a long-haired white mongrel, slipped out of a doorway and joined the others. All three stood looking at me with grave eyes; but not a sound came from them. As I advanced they continued to fall back on muffled paws, still watching me. "At a given point, they'll all charge at my ankles: it's one of the jokes that dogs who live together put up on one," I thought. I was not alarmed, for they were neither large nor formidable. But they let me wander about the court as I pleased, following me at a little distance—always the same distance—and always keeping their eyes on me. Presently I looked across at the ruined facadefaçade [sic], and saw that in one of its empty window-frames another dog stood: a white pointer with one brown ear. He was an old grave dog, much more experienced than the others; and he seemed to be observing me with a deeper intentness. "I'll hear from him," I said to myself; but he stood in the window-frame, against the trees of the park, and continued to watch me without moving. I stared back at him for a time, to see if the sense that he was being watched would not rouse him. Half the width of the court lay between us, and we gazed at each other silently across it. But he did not stir, and at last I turned away. Behind me I found the rest of the pack, with a newcomer added: a small black greyhound with pale agate-coloured eyes. He was shivering a little, and his expression was more timid than that of the others. I noticed that he kept a little behind them. And still there was not a sound.

I stood there for fully five minutes, the circle about me—waiting, as they seemed to be waiting. At last I went up to the little golden-brown dog and stooped to pat him. As I did so, I heard myself give a nervous laugh. The little dog did not start, or growl, or take his eyes from me—he simply slipped back about a yard, and then paused and continued to look at me. "Oh, hang it!" I exclaimed, and walked across the court toward the well.

As I advanced, the dogs separated and slid away into different corners of the court. I examined the urns on the well, tried a locked door or two, and looked up and down the dumb façade; then I faced about toward the chapel. When I turned I perceived that all the dogs had disappeared except the old pointer, who still watched me from the window. It was rather a relief to be rid of that cloud of witnesses; and I began to look about me for a way to the back of the house. "Perhaps there'll be somebody in the garden," I thought. I found a way across the moat, scrambled over a wall smothered in brambles, and got into the garden. A few lean hydrangeas and geraniums pined in the flower-beds, and the ancient house looked down on them indifferently. Its garden side was plainer and severer than the other: the long granite front, with its few windows and steep roof, looked like a fortress-prison. I walked around the farther wing, went up some disjointed steps, and entered the deep twilight of a narrow and incredibly old box-walk. The walk was just wide enough for one person to slip through, and its branches met overhead. It was like the ghost of a box-walk, its lustrous green all turning to the shadowy greyness of the avenues. I walked on and on, the branches hitting me in the face and springing back with a dry rattle; and at length I came out on the grassy top of the chemin de ronde. I walked along it to the gate-tower, looking down into the court, which was just below me. Not a

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The New International Encyclopædia/Liberty Party

LIBERTY PARTY. A political party which existed in the Northern States of the American Union from 1839 to 1848, and was the first regular organization that attempted to oppose slavery by political means. The abolitionist followers of William Lloyd Garrison (q.v.) had adopted the doctrine of non-participation and non-resistance. With this policy the practical anti-slavery men were not satisfied, and after seeing the futility of their attempt to make their influence felt by interrogating candidates for office as to their position on the slavery question, they concluded that a party organization was the only rational means of accomplishing anything of value. This view, particularly strong in western New York, Ohio, and Michigan, found perhaps its ablest advocate in Myron Holley, who at a meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society in vain introduced and advocated a resolution declaring that “it was time to form a new political party,” and proposed the nomination of candidates for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency. Within a month (November 13, 1839), at a local convention at Warsaw, N. Y., Holley was instrumental in securing the nomination of James G. Birney (q.v.) and Francis J. Lemoyne as candidates for President and Vice-President respectively. A ‘national’ convention composed mostly of New York delegates, and held at Albany, April 1, 1840, confirmed Birney's nomination, nominated Thomas Earle for Vice-President, and adopted the name of Liberal Party. But the enthusiasm of the ‘Tippecanoe and Tyler too’ campaign retained in the Whig ranks most of those whose anti-slavery views might otherwise have led them to support the new party's ticket; and despite the fact that an active campaign was carried on, the ticket polled a total of only 7059 votes, 2798 of which were cast in New York. Disappointing as was the result, the Liberty Party leaders did not lose heart, but at once set about preparing for the campaign of 1844. On May 12, 1841, the first really national convention of the party was held in New York, in which all the New England States, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, and Indiana were represented. Birney and Thomas Morris were nominated as the party's candidates for 1844, and a complete national organization was planned. The party at this time was made up of the more moderate abolitionists, who held that the Constitution gave the general Government no power to abolish slavery in the States, and proposed only its abolitiim in the District of Columbia and the Territories, through Federal action, leaving the several States to act as they could be persuaded. The next convention was held in Buffalo on August 3, 1844. A slight movement within the party favorable to Clay, who had pronounced against Texan annexation on the ground that it would involve the United

States in a war with Mexico, was checked by the publication of a letter written by Clay in which he had said that he would ‘be glad to see’ Texas annexed some day. This turned the scale, and the nominations of Birney and Morris were confirmed. At the ensuing election the Liberty Party polled 62,300 votes, 15,812 of them in New York, almost all of them drawn from the Whig Party. The loss of these votes assured the election of Polk and Clay's defeat. The first actual effects of the Liberty Party's action, therefore, were the election of Polk, the annexation of Texas, and the addition of a considerable area of new slave territory to the Union. Their last great effort made in the elections of 1846 was attended with no success. Their last National Convention, held in Buffalo, October 20, 1847, nominated John P. Hale and Leicester King for President and Vice-President, but the movement toward amalgamation with the new Free-Soil Party (q.v.) had already begun. The nominees withdrew after Van Buren's nomination, and except for the continued activity of a small number who had adopted the view that slavery could be abolished under the Constitution by a simple act of Congress, the Liberty Party ceased to exist. The best account of the Liberty Party is contained in T. C. Smith's Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest (New York, 1897), “Harvard Historical Studies,” vol. vi. Consult, also, William Birney, James G. Birney and His Times (New York, 1890); Morris, Life of Thomas Morris (Cincinnati, 1856); Hart, Salmon P. Chase (Boston, 1899), in the “American Statesmen Series;” and Hammond, History of Political Parties in the State of New York (Cooperstown, 1846).


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 Preamble

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED

AND FOR THESE ENDS

HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS.

Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monro, Edward


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The Purposes of the United Nations are:

 * 1) To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;
 * 2) To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;
 * 3) To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and
 * 4) To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.

The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles.

 * 1) The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.
 * 2) All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter.
 * 3) All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.
 * 4) All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.
 * 5) All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.
 * 6) The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.
 * 7) Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII.

The original Members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of January 1,1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 3

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monro, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monro, Henry (1768-1798)


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 * 1) Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.
 * 2) The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council.

A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

 * 1) There are established as the principal organs of the United Nations: a General Assembly, a Security Council, an Economic and Social Council, a Trusteeship Council, an International Court of Justice, and a Secretariat.
 * 2) Such subsidiary organs as may be found necessary may be established in accordance with the present Charter.

The United Nations shall place no restrictions on the eligibility of men and women to participate in any capacity and under conditions of equality in its principal and subsidiary organs.

Composition

 * 1) The General Assembly shall consist of all the Members of the United Nations.
 * 2) Each Member shall have not more than five representatives in the General Assembly.

Functions and Powers

The General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters.

The General Assembly may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such principles to the Members or to the Security Council or to both. The General Assembly may discuss any questions relating to the maintenance of international peace and security brought before it by any Member of the United Nations, or by the Security Council, or by a state which is not a 4

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  Member of the United Nations in accordance with Article 35, paragraph 2, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations with regard to any such questions to the state or states concerned or to the Security Council or to both. Any such question on which action is necessary shall be referred to the Security Council by the General Assembly either before or after discussion. The General Assembly may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security. The powers of the General Assembly set forth in this Article shall not limit the general scope of Article 10.

 * 1) While the Security Council is exercising in respect of any dispute or situation the functions assigned to it in the present Charter, the General Assembly shall not make any recommendation with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security Council so requests.
 * 2) The Secretary-General, with the consent of the Security Council, shall notify the General Assembly at each session of any matters relative to the maintenance of international peace and security which are being dealt with by the Security Council and shall similarly notify the General Assembly, or the Members of the United Nations if the General Assembly is not in session, immediately thewhen the [sic] Security Council ceases to deal with such matters.

 The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of:  promoting international cooperation in the political field and encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification; promoting international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural, educational, and health fields, and assisting in the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.

The further responsibilities, functions, and powers of the General Assembly with respect to matters mentioned in paragraph 1(b) above are set forth in Chapters IX and X.

Subject to the provisions of Article 12, the General Assembly may recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation, regardless of origin, which it deems likely to impair the general welfare or friendly relations among nations, including situations resulting from a violation of the provisions of the present Charter setting forth the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations.

 * 1) The General Assembly shall receive and consider annual and special reports from the Security Council; these reports shall include an account of the measures that the Security Council has decided upon or taken to maintain international peace and security.
 * 2) The General Assembly shall receive and consider reports from the other organs of the United Nations.

The General Assembly shall perform such functions with respect to the international trusteeship system as are assigned to it under Chapters XII and XIII, including the approval of the trusteeship agreements for areas not designated as strategic.

The General Assembly shall consider and approve the budget of the Organization.

5

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text: Author:George Henry Haynes

title: Author:George Henry Haynes


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 Shou is composed of 宀 mien shelter as radical, with 寸 ts'un an inch, below it. The latter is said to have meant rule, regulation; but it is not clear how this helps to the common sense.

Yeh is composed of 夕 hsi evening as radical, with 亦 i also as phonetic. It originally meant to relax, and the time when all the world relaxes is night, the νυχτοζ αμολγω of Homer.

Chi see.

Ssŭ is said to be 后 hou a ruler, a prince, turned to face the other way, and is explained as conduct of affairs beyond the precincts of the Court. Hence it has come to mean administration, official, etc.

Ch'ên is composed of 日 jih sun as radical, with 辰 ch'ên heavenly bodies, etc., as phonetic. It is also read.

Kou see.

Pu see.

Hsüeh see. [The mistake alluded to in is repeated here by all translators. Eitel has "But you, if you will not study," and Père Zottoli has "Tu si non addiscis," thus omitting altogether the peculiar force of kou. Once more the commentary clenches the point with 若是苟且度日而 etc. jo shih kou ch'eh tu jih êrh, etc., if you foolishly pass your time and etc.]


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Ho is composed of 曰 yüeh to speak and an obsolete phonetic meaning vapour.

Wei see.

Jen see. [Père Zottoli has for this line "qui diceris homo," as though he had mistaken 爲 for 謂.]

Ts'an is composed of 虫 ch'ung insect, doubled, with a common phonetic.

T'u is composed of 口 k'ou mouth, with 土 t'u earth as phonetic.

Ssŭ see.

Fêng is composed of 虫 ch'ung insect as radical, with a common phonetic. It is a generic term for wasps, bees, hornet etc. [The colloquial term for a bee is 蜜蜂 mi fêng; 蜂蜜 fêng mi is honey.]

Niang is composed of 酉 yu which originally meant to make spirit or wine in the 8th moon when the millet is ripe, and is often used as radical in characters connected with wine, with a common phonetic.

Mi is composed of 虫 ch'ung insect as radical, with a common phonetic.


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Jen see.

Pu see.

Hsüeh see.

Pu see.

Ju see.

Wu is composed of 牛 niu an ox as radical, and 勿 wu not, as phonetic. It means anything alive or dead other than man. [The Shuo Wên says that ox appears in the composition of thing because the ox is a very big thing; but the association is obviously that of ox with chattel in English. It is worth noting that ox also appears in 件 chien the numerative of things. This is explained by the Shuo Wên as to divide, because an ox is a big thing which can be divided (precisely the same analysis being given of 半 pan half), by the aid of which we can faintly discern the sense of distribution, distributive, etc.]

Yu see.

Erh see.

Hsüeh see.


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Chuang is composed of 士 shih scholar as radical, with 爿, which is really a contraction of 牀 ch'uang a bedstead, as phonetic.

Erh see.

Hsing see. [This very obvious sense is entirely missed by Eitel who translates, "One, youthful and studious as well, Will become grown-up and active as well."]

Shang see.

Chih see.

Chün see.

Hsia see.

Tsê is composed of 水 shui water as radical, with a phonetic read i which appears however in a small group of characters read tsê. It means moist, a marsh, fat, to enrich, etc.

Min is supposed to have been a picture, under its old form, of a crowd. It is now classed under radical 氏 shih.

Yang see lines,.

Ming see.


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 Shêng is composed of 耳 êrh ear as radical, with what was the original character for shêng as phonetic, still used, minus the 殳, as a shorthand form. It means regulated sound as opposed to noise, music, accent, tone, etc., and is here part of a combination which means fame.

Hsien is composed of 頁 yeh head as radical, with what was the original character for hsien as phonetic, the latter explained as looking at silk in the sun. It is defined as the head brightly ornamented; hence to bring into notice, to make illustrious, to appear, etc.

Fu see.

Mu see.

Kuang see.

Yü see.

Ch'ien is composed of 刀 tao knife as radical, with a contraction or corruption of the old form of this character, which was 止 chih to stop, over 舟 chou a boat. It means before, either of time or place.

Yü is composed of 衣 i clothes as radical, with 谷 ku a valley as phonetic. It is explained as clothes and chattels in plenty.


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32 and champing his silver bit, as if asking forgiveness of the beaming countenance which greeted himself and master.

On arriving at the Castle all the guests had already arrived; and Mr. Stuart led his young charge towards the grand entrance, where Lord Lundy, surrounded by his friends, was receiving the company.

Mr McKay being master of the ceremonies, introduced his neighbour in due form; afterwards his daughter who, on perceiving his lordship advancing graciously with an extended hand towards her, suddenly shrunk back, to the amazement of all the spectators, withholding her hand, and casting on him a disdainful look, making a cold bow, and then turned round, leaning on her neighbour's arm.

His lordship bit his lip in disappointed vexation; and, in order to divert the spectators' attention, turned round to Mr. McKay, who had not observed the strange conduct of his daughter, he being engaged with some other object.

"Really, Mr. McKay, you are very absent," exclaimed his lordship, forcing a smile; "you forgot to introduce your son, whom I presume is yonder young gentleman," pointing to Charlie, who had entered, and witnessed the whole.

"I really must beg your lordship's pardon," replied Mr. McKay; "but I am sorry to say that I have not the honor of being this gentleman's father. Allow me to present my neighbour's son, Charles Edward Stuart—a name greatly venerated amongst us Highlanders." On hearing these words his lordship turned deadly pale, and stopped short, Charlie at the same time eyingeyeing [sic] him with a scornful look; and both, bowing stiffly, turned on their heels and mixed with the company.

This strange conduct puzzled the spectators; and some attributed his lordship's visible coolness towards Charlie to his loyalty to the present Sovereign, and hostility to the base Pretender or any one bearing his name.

The gay assembly were now invited to the balcony to witness the games and sports contested on the lawn before the Castle. It would be superfluous to enumerate here each and every feat, with the several prizes; suffice it, that the majority fell to Donald Munro, to the

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 Yü see.

Hou is composed of 彳 to step with the left foot, and combination of two obsolete radicals which is supposed to yield the sense of tied on behind. It is used either of time or place.

Jen see.

I is composed of the walking radical and 貴 kuei as phonetic. It means to lose, to leave behind, etc.

Tzŭ see. [Eitel translates, "Whilst men leave behind them their sons"! Of course tzŭ is a dative, and ying in the next line is the accusative after i.]

Chin see.

Man is composed of 水 shui water as radical, with a phonetic.

Ying is composed of 竹 chu bamboo, with a phonetic which appears coupled with various radicals according to the sense; here with 貝 pei pearl-oyster, and in with 女 nü woman.

Wo see.

Chiao see.

Tzŭ see.


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 хлопочу See хлопотать.

хлопчатобумажный cotton.

хныкать (/хнычу; -чет/) to whimper. Ну что ты всё хнычешь? Why are you always whimpering?

хнычу See хныкать.

ход (/P -ы, or -а, -ов; g -у; в ходу, на ходу/) way out. Тут хода нет. There's no way out of here. • passage. Здесь у них был потайной ход. They had a secret passage here. • way. Найдите мне ход к председателю горсовета. Find a way for me to see the chairman of the city council. • move. Это с его стороны ловкий ход. That's a clever move on his part. — Ваш ход! It's your move. • development. Мы с интересом следим за ходом дела. We watched the development of the affair with interest. □ в ходу in demand. Нынче учебники русского языка для иностранцев в большом ходу. Russian-language textbooks for foreigners are in great demand nowadays. дать ход to give the chance to get ahead. Мне кажется, что ему там не дадут ходу. I don't think they'll give him the chance to get ahead. не ходу moving. Он вскочил в трамвай на ходу. He jumped aboard the moving trolley. • on the run. Он на ходу завязывал галстук. He was putting on his tie on the run. • in operation. Завод уже на ходу, хотя кое-какие помещения ещё не достроены. The factory is already in operation although some of the units are not ready. полным ходом full speed. Работа идёт полным ходом. The work is going on at full speed. пустить в ход to get started. Я никак не могу пустить в ход машину. I just can't get the car started. • to use. Он пустил в ход угрозы, но ничего не помогло. He even used threats, but nothing helped. ходы и выходы ins and outs. Я здесь все ходы и выходы знаю. I know all the ins and outs here. чёрный ход rear entrance. Идите с чёрного хода, парадный заперт. Go through the rear entrance; the front door is locked. □ Пускай машину на полный ход! Step on the gas! • Шофёр дал задний ход. The driver backed up the car. • Грязь на дороге мешала ходу машины. The mud on the road slowed the car down. • Он дал ходу. He beat it out of there.

ходить (хожу, ходит; iter of идти) to walk. Кто это там ходит по коридору? Who's that walking in the hall? — Ему очень далеко ходить на работу. He has to walk far to get to work. • to go. Вы любите ходить в кино? Do you like to go to the movies? — Туда ходят и трамваи и автобусы. Both trolleys and buses go there. — Мой дети ещё не ходят в школу. My children still don't go to school. • to make the rounds. Мы сегодня весь день ходили по музеям. We made the rounds of the museums all day. • to go out. Не ходите без пальто! Простудитесь! Don't go out without a coat! You'll catch a cold! • to run. Торопитесь, пока пароходы ещё ходят — скоро река станет. Better go soon while the boats are still running; the river will be icebound soon. — Поезда уже ходят по летнему расписанию. The trains are already running on the summer schedule. • to pace. Он всю ночь ходил по комнате. He paced the floor all night. • to spread around. По городу ходят разные слухи. Various rumors are spreading around the town. • to mind. (no iter) Её наняли ходить за детьми. She was hired to mind the children. • to take care of. (no iter) Она хорошо ходит за больными. She takes good care of the sick. □ ходить вокруг да около to beat around the bush. (no iter) *Что вы ходите вокруг да около? Говорите прямо! Why are you beating around the bush? Get to the point. ходить по to wander. Я заблудился и целую ночь ходил по лесу. I got lost and wandered about the woods all night. ходить с to play (a card). Не ходите с туза! Don't play the ace! □ (no iter) Тут нужен ремонт — пол так и ходит под ногами. We need some repairs around here; the boards are loose in the floor. • (no iter) Он ходил на пароходе штурманом. He worked as a pilot on a boat. • *(no iter) Там такое веселье — вся комната ходуном ходит. They're having such a good time there; they're raising the roof. • (no iter) Она всегда ходит в чёрном. She always wears black. • *(no iter) Никто от него не требует, чтобы он ходил перед директором на задних липках, но грубить тоже нечего. No one's asking him to lick the manager's boots, but he doesn't have to be rude. • Эта книга ходит у нас теперь в общежитии по рукам. This book is being read by everybody in our dormitory.

ходкий (sh -дка; cp ходче) common. Это довольно ходкое выражение. This is a rather common expression. □ Это у нас самый ходкий товар. This item is in very great demand here.

ходьба walk. Ваш завод в десяти минутах ходьбы отсюда. Your factory is a ten-minute walk from here. • walking. У меня ноги устали от ходьбы. My feet are tired from walking.

хожу See ходить.

хозрасчёт (хозяйственный расчёт) system of business accountability.

хозяин (P хозяева, хозяев, хозяевам) owner. Кто хозяин этой квартиры? Who's the owner of this apartment? • host. Они предложили тост в честь хозяина дома. They drank a toast to their host. • master. Он чувствовал себя хозяином положения. He felt that he was the master of the situation. □ Я вижу, ваш председатель — хороший хозяин. I see your chairman is a good manager. • Здорово, хозяин! Нельзя ли у вас получить стакан молоки? Say, mister! Can I get a glass of milk from you?

хозяйка landlady. Попросите у хозяйки чистое полотенце. Ask the landlady for a clean towel. • hostess. Нет, мы без хозяйки за стол не сядем! No, we won't sit down at the table without the hostess. • housekeeper. Хозяйка она замечательная! She's an excellent housekeeper. □ домашняя хозяйка housewife. Я больше на заводе не работаю, я теперь домашняя хозяйка. I don't work in the factory any more. I'm a housewife now.

хозяйский. □ Ваше дело хозяйское — вам решать. It's your affair. You decide! • Он окинул заводской двор хозяйским глазом. He looked around the factory yard as if he owned the place.

хозяйственник official in charge of economic functions of government.

хозяйственный economic. Здесь собраны данные о хозяйственном развитии нашей области. The data about


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Wei see.

I see.

Ching see title. [Lines — are formed upon an old proverb which is given in the biography of 韋賢 Wei Hsien, a statesman and scholar of the 1st cent. B.C. Hence the use of the word ching, which would otherwise seem presumptuous.]

Ch'in see.

Yu see.

Kung is composed of 力 li strength as radical, with 工 kung labour as phonetic and part contributor to the sense, which was originally effort for the benefit of a State.

Hsi is composed of 戈 ko a spear as radical, with a phonetic meaning an earthen sacrificial vessel. The original sense of the word is doubtful. It now means play of a trifling kind, and is also applied to stage-plays.

Wu see.

I is composed of 皿 min dishes as radical, and a corruption of 水 shui water, which taken together are supposed to yield the idea of fullness, abundance, the original sense of this character.


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150

Chieh is composed of 廾 kung two hands grasping 戈 ko a spear, as if in readiness to meet an attack. The former was its old radical, but it was classed by the editors of K'ang Hsi's standard dictionary under ko.

Chih see.

Tsai is composed of 口 k'ou mouth as radical, with a common phonetic. It is a particle of exclamatory value, sometimes interrogative.

I see.

Mien see.

Li is supposed to be the picture of a muscle.


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[The following eight lines are inserted in some editions.]

Wei see.

Niu see.

Yang see.

Kung see.

Tsui see.

Chu see.

Nêng see.

Kêng is composed of 耒 lei a plough-handle (itself composed of 木 mu wood and 丰 chieh rank weeds) as radical, with 井 ching a well as phonetic. It has been alleged that the latter is really a corruption of 田, in which case the whole character would be an ideogram.

T'ien is an obvious picture of fields laid out.


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Waite, Morrison Remick


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152

Nêng see.

Shou see.

Hu is a picture of a leaf of the 門 mên double door in use all over China. See.

Mei is composed of 日 jih sun as radical, with 未 wei negation as phonetic. Or the character may be regarded as an ideogram,—the negation of light.

T'ien see. Here natural, as opposed to 人 jen artificial.

Liang is composed of a corruption of an obsolete word 畗 fu full, its old radical, with 亡 wang as phonetic. It is now classed under radical 艮 kên a limit.

T'u is composed of 尸 shih corpse as radical, with 者 chê (or chu) as phonetic.

Shih is composed, under its old form, of 冂 chiung boundary, enclosure, as radical, with 及 chi to arrive (q.d. goods arriving at an enclosed space), with 之 chih abbreviated as phonetic. It is now classed under radical 巾 chin a towel.

Ssŭ see.

Chieh see.


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Rh Wu is a picture of a signal staff with three streamers; hence the idea of a warning not to do something.

Shih is composed of two obsolete characters meaning to bring together the fragrance of grain.

Mien is not given in the Shuo Wên, and is supposed to be a contraction of an obsolete word with the same meaning.

Tsui was originally composed of 辛 hsin acrid and 自 tzŭ self. It has been suggested that the change was brought about by taboo, as in many other characters.

Ch'u see.


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[These two lines occur in some editions.]

Tao see.

Yüan is composed of 水 shui water as radical, with an obsolete word said to be a picture of water eddying along the banks of a river.

Yüan is composed of water as radical, with 原 yüan origin as phonetic.

Hsi see.

Li see.

I see.


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[The following eighteen lines are given in the edition of 王相 Wang Hsiang, and were probably written by himself, in order to bring the history section down to the beginning of the present dynasty. They have not been translated by either Père Zottoli or Eitel.]

Liao is composed of the walking radical and a common phonetic. It means distant, and is also the dynastic name adopted by the 契丹 Kitan Tartars who shared in the empire of China from A.D. 907 to about half-way through the 12th century.

Yü see.

Chin see. Here the dynastic name adopted by the 女眞 Nü-chên Tartars who shared in the empire of China from A.D. 1115 to 1234.

Ti see.

Hao see.

Fên is composed of 糸 ssŭ silk as radical, and 分 as phonetic. [This line is taken by the commentator to mean that confusion arose from the various personal names and tribal


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156 names of these Tartar monarchs. But the term ti hao may well be the equivalent of 尊號 tsun hao the Imperial title, the confusion being caused by two sets of Emperors, either Sung and Liao or Sung and Chin, reigning at the same time.]

Tai see.

Mieh see.

Liao see.

Sung see.

Yu see.

Ts'un is composed of 子 tzŭ son as radical, and 才 ts'ai as phonetic, and originally meant to enquire compassionately. It now means to keep, to preserve, to be alive, etc. [The Sungs, after the destruction of the Liaos, found themselves on even worse terms of hostility with the Chins, whose rulers had taken the Imperial title.]

Chih see.

Yüan is composed of 一 i one, and 兀 wu which originally meant high and level. Hence it means beginning, origin. It here stands for the Mongol dynasty, the foundations of which were laid by Genghis Khan, the first actual Emperor being Kublai Khan, A.D. 1260–1295. It was formerly classed under


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Rh radical 一 i one, but in K'ang Hsi's dictionary it was stupidly placed under 人 jen man. See also.

Hsing see.

Chin see lines,.

Hsü see.

Hsieh is composed of 欠 ch'ien to yawn (hence to be deficient, to owe) as radical, and a common phonetic. It means to stop, to leave off, to rest, which senses are partially indicated by the radical.

Yu see lines,.

Sung see.

Shih see. [This line is literally "the have-got-Sung generations."]

I see.

T'ung see.

Mieh see. [The Chin and the Sung dynasties did not disappear simultaneously, the former ending as stated under in A.D. 1234, while the latter dragged on until 1279 though all vestiges of power had long since passed from it. The text however is near enough for its purpose.]


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158

Ping see.

Chung see.

Kuo see. [Under the Mongol sway there was once more a united China.]

Chien is composed of 手 shou a hand holding two 禾 ho ears of grain. The latter combination was formerly its radical; it is now classed under radical 八 pa.

Jung is composed of 戈 ko spear as radical, and a contraction or corruption of 甲 chia a cuirass. It is a general term for weapons, but here refers to a race of barbarians.

Ti is composed of 羽 yü feathers as radical and 隹 chui birds. It means a kind of pheasant, feathers, etc., but here refers to a race of barbarians. Also read tsê, and in Peking chai.

Ming see lines,.

T'ai was originally an old form of 大 ta great. The dot was added in order to distinguish between the two after the reduction of their old forms into one and the same symbol. Also written 泰. It is here the equivalent of 高 kao in.

Tsu see. [The monarch in question was named 朱元章 Chu Yüan-chang. Before he succeeded in destroying the Mongol power and raising himself in A.D. 1368 to the throne


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Rh he had been a novice in a Buddhist temple. He is generally known by the title of his reign as 洪武 Hung Wu.]

Chiu see.

Ch'in see.

Shih see. [He was fighting for some twenty years before he mounted the throne.]

Ch'uan see.

Chien see.

Wên see. [ Chien Wên was the title of the reign of the second Emperor of the Ming dynasty, who was grandson of the first and who came to the throne in A.D. 1399.]

Fang see.

Ssŭ see.

Ssŭ means to sacrifice; hence, probably in reference to the great annual sacrifices, it comes to mean a year. [That is to say, the second Emperor sat on the throne only four years with his capital at Nanking.]

Ch'ien see.

Pei see.


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160 Ching is composed of a contraction of 高 kao high and a vertical line, and is supposed to picture a high mound (cf. capitolium). It was formerly a radical, but is now classed under 亠 t'ou, the meaning of which is unknown. [The capital is 京師 ching shih, transliterated by Marco Polo as Quinsai or Kinsay, in reference to Hangchow which was the capital from A.D. 1129 to 1280.]

Yung is a picture of water flowing away, and means long, for ever, eternal = dum defluat amnis. It is now classed under radical shui water. See.

Lo see. [Yung Lo is the title of the reign of the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He was the fourth son of the founder. He deposed his nephew in 1403, and removed the capital from Nanking to Peking.]

Ssŭ is composed of a bundle of tokens of authority given by the suzerain to his vassals, with 口 k'ou mouth above as radical, and 司 ssŭ official as phonetic. It is commonly used in the senses of heir, to inherit.

Tai see.

Ch'ung is composed of 山 shan hills as radical, and 宗 tsung ancestral as phonetic. It means high.

Chêng is composed of 示 shih divine manifestation as radical and 貞 chêng or chên chaste as phonetic. It means lucky, but here stands, with Ch'ung, for the title of the reign of the last Emperor of the Ming dynasty, who came to the throne in A.D. 1628.


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Lund

LUND, lōōnd. An episcopal city of Sweden, situated 5 miles from the Sound, 11 miles northeast of Malmö (Map: Sweden, E 9). Its cathedral, which is the largest and most beautiful Romanesque building in Scandinavia, dates from the twelfth century. Near it are the university buildings, including the historical museum. The university has faculties of theology, law, medicine, and philosophy; was founded in 1666, and is attended by some 650 students. The chief industries of the town are sugar-refining and the manufacture of machinery. Population, in 1901, 16,621. In the Middle Ages Lund was long the largest city of Scandinavia. In the eleventh century it was the seat of a bishopric, which in 1104 was erected into an archiepiscopal see. The Archbishop of Lund claimed jurisdiction over all the sees of Scandinavia. Lund was often the residence of the Danish kings. The town suffered during the wars between Sweden and Denmark, and passed from the possession of the latter in 1658. Here the treaty of peace was signed in 1679 by which Skåne was permanently confirmed as a part of Sweden.

title: The New International Encyclopædia/Lund


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Rh

Mei is composed of 火 huo fire as radical and 某 as phonetic. It means soot, and is also used for charcoal.

Shan see.

Shih is composed of the walking radical with 折 shê as phonetic, and means to go, to pass away. [Ch'ung Chêng, after the capture of Peking by rebels, committed suicide on a hill said to be of coal which stands within the precincts of the Imperial palace, A.D. 1644. The rebels were driven out by the Manchus, and the present dynasty was established.]


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Rh gratification of many present, especially Mary Grant, who, regardless of Mr. Brown whispering compliments to her charms, waved her white pocket-handkerchief at each successful feat of her lover.

A most interesting match was now commenced, in which the gentry only took part. The prize was a splendid rifle to be presented to the best shot at 200 yards. The competitors fired in succession according to their lots, but none penetrated the mark, which was a small bull's eye in the centre of a target composed of a deal board. The Honorable Captain Somerville hit the edge. "When his lordship's turn came he penetrated the very centtecentre [sic], thus leaving no chance to Charlie Stuart, who was the last on the list. A look of disappointment was visible in every Highland face on seeing themselves beat by an Englishman, and their only hope in Charlie Stuart (who was admitted to be the best shot among them) was now annihilated.

However, the latter, who shared in their disappointment, fell on an expedient to save the honour of his country, and which astonished the spectators as to its novelty. This was by placing a wafer in the hole which his Lordship's bullet had pierced through the target; then taking his stand at the distance, instead of taking a rest like his predecessors, fired off his arm, the ball carrying away the wafer, without touching the wood.

The applause which followed this feat was most deafening. Hats, bonnets, and caps were hurled into the air, and the surrounding plantation echoed back the exclamations. However, the prize was not yet won; the umpires decided this a tie, and both competitors had to fire again, using the wafer, and firing off their arms.

Charlie's turn now came first, when he repeated his former shot, without touching the wood, Lord Lundy's ball carrying a portion off, he consequently lost.

The next sport was a stag hunt. A large red deer was let loose in the park, and all the best hounds were unleashed after him.

This was an animated and most interesting scene: to see the noble forester hotly pursued by his speedy and wiry pursuers. The first that showed in front were a

title: Page:Lindigo.djvu/33


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[The following 24 lines form the continuation sanctioned, and possibly written, by 賀興思 Ho Hsing-ssŭ.]

Liao see.

Yü see.

Chin see.

Chieh see.

Ch'êng see.

Ti see.

Yüan see lines,.

Mien see.

Chin see.

Chüeh is composed of 糸 ssŭ silk as radical, with 刀 tao knife


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Rh over an obsolete word for half a tally. Its original meaning was to cut silk in two. [The radical 色 sê colour is a corruption of 人 jen man over the half tally.]

Sung see.

Shih see.

Li is composed of 水 shui water as radical and 位 wei a seat, an official post. It is often written 莅.

Chung see.

Kuo see.

Chien see.

Jung see.

Ti is here used for 狄 ti, which is composed of 犬 ch'üan dog as radical, with an abbreviation of 亦 i also as phonetic. The barbarians in question were thought to have descended from dogs. See.

Chiu see.

Shih see.

Nien see. [A round number; see .]

Kuo see.


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34 couple of English thoroughbred greyhounds, the property of Lord Lundy; at a short distance behind them followed a large grey Highland staghound, the property of Charlie Stuart, followed by a number of inferior dogs. This order was kept the first round of the park, without gaining on the stag, who was unable to find an opening in the high wall.

Bran—which was the name of Charlie's hound—was unable to reach his more light and speedy competitors on level ground, especially in a short distance; however, on the second round his powers of endurance began to tell, and he soon closed on the leading couple.

The excitement now became intense; the three dogs were abreast, and taking the same bounds, when "Bran gu brath!"—Bran for ever!—could be heard in every tree and high position around the castle, where every individual had taken a station. It soon became manifest that Bran was the superior animal, as he gained on the stag in every stride, which, on seeing himself hard pressed, faced the high wall, and cleared it at a bound. Bran, on coming up, followed his example, to the surprise and admiration of the majority of the spectators, and in a short time overtook his game, which he despatched in a moment. The other dogs were unable to clear the park wall, and were consequently led away.

Donald Munro led Bran to the castle to receive his reward, which consisted of a splendid garland, of great value, which was to be suspended round his neck by one of the fair occupants of the balcony.

Mr. McKay, on exhibiting the glittering trophy, invited one of the ladies to volunteer to execute the pleasant commission, when the Hon. Miss Somerville, the Captain's sister, descended the grand staircase, and took the garland; on approaching the noble hound he manifested his displeasure at the freedom of the fair stranger by giving a low growl, which made the fair lady retreat at once, and give up the attempt; on perceiving this, Bella McKay tripped down the stairs, smiling and blushing, took the garland from the honourable lady, and placed it on the hound's neck, which soon changed his former sulkiness into pleasure at the caressing, delicate hand, which stroked his rough coat.

title: Page:Lindigo.djvu/34


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164 Tsu is composed of 示 shih divine manifestation as radical, with 乍 as phonetic.

Fei is composed of the obsolete radical 广 yen a shelter, with 發 as phonetic. It originally meant a falling house.

T'ai see.

Tsu see.

Hsing see.

Kuo see.

Ta see.

Ming see. [The famous founder of the Ming dynasty raised himself to the throne from the obscure position of a tender of cattle; hence he is sometimes spoken of as the Beggar King, and also as the Golden Youth. He was for a time a novice in a Buddhist temple, and altogether led a very chequered life.]

Hao see.

Hung is composed of 水 shui water as radical, with 共 kung as phonetic. It originally meant an inundation.

Wu see.

Tu see.


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Rh Chin see.

Ling see.

Tai see.

Ch'êng see.

Tsu see. [Reigned A.D. 1399—1424, and better known by his year-title 永樂 Yung Lo.]

Ch'ien see.

Yen see.

Ching see. [The capital was transferred from Nanking to Peking in 1421.]

Shih see.

Ch'i see.

Shih see.

Chih see.

Ch'ung see.

Chêng see.


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166

Ch'üan is composed of 木 mu tree or wood as radical, with an obsolete word meaning small goblet and pronounced kuan as phonetic.

Yen is composed of 大 ta great as radical, with 申 shên to extend as phonetic. One of its original meanings was to open out.

Ssŭ is composed of 長 ch'ang long as radical, with 隶 tai, here read shih, as phonetic. [The Rev. J. Doolittle gave the following translation of this line:—"The crafty eunuchs caused a revolt." But 奄 and 閹 do not appear to have been used interchangeably, each having a separate entry in the Shuo Wên.]

K'ou is composed of 攴 p'u to tap as radical, and 完 wan to finish. It originally meant violent, and has been explained as referring to the completion of a gang or force previous to issuing forth. It is now classed under radical 宀 mien shelter, roof.

Ju see.

Lin is composed of two 木 mu trees, and is an obvious ideogram.

Chih see.

Li is composed of 木 mu tree as radical over 子 tzŭ child as phonetic. It means plum, but is here a surname.

Ch'uang is composed of 門 men a, door as radical, and 馬 ma a horse, q.d. a horse rushing out, bursting forth, etc., but is here a


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Rh This ceremony, which greatly pleased the majority of the assembly, particularly the owner of the hound, had made a far different impression on the noble host, who saw two of his schemes miscarry. However, as the principal and more praiseworthy feat was yet to come on, in which his own superiority would be displayed, he withheld his disappointment.

This was the last and most exciting event—the steeple-chase, the winner of which was to receive a beautiful milk-white lady's pony, fully caparisoned, and which he was to present to the fair lady of his choice, among the beauties of the assembly.

The equestrians were mounted, and soon took their station before the castle; but, on looking over the list of entries, Charlie Stuart was missing; and it was not until the last sound of the horn that he made his appearance.

It has been already stated, that Charlie was an excellent horseman, and his indulgent parent purchased for him the best bred hunter that could be found in the country; not that the Highland hills were adapted for such costly cattle to hunt over, or travel, but only for the name and honour of possessing such an animal.

This horse—"Black Prince," was a very powerful animal, and having very little work to perform, became very fiery, spirited, and almost unmanageable. Having a long rest while his owner was away at the University, he showed more restlessness on this occasion, than formerly, especially before the grand display which the castle presented.

On mounting at the stables, Charlie was unable to bring his charger to the start, which was under the balcony that the equestrians might receive the congratulations of its fair occupants; but if the truth must be told, it was rather that the principal competitors would be able to display their handsome persons on their beautiful thoroughbred hunters. Charlie finding persuasion unavailing, and time up, applied whip and spur to his headstrong charger, who seeing any more opposition vain, bounded off to the castle as if he was going to charge the cavalcade. The brilliant assembly of ladies gave a scream of affright on seeing "Black Prince" with his

title: Page:Lindigo.djvu/35


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 name taken by the rebel 李自成 Li Tzŭ-ch'eng, to whose sedition the fall of the Ming dynasty was mostly due.

Shên see.

Ch'i see.

Fên is composed of 火 huo fire as radical below 林 lin a forest (see ) as phonetic. [This line refers to the looting of the palace when Li Ch'uang captured and temporarily held Peking.]

Ch'ing is composed of 水 shui water as radical, with 青 ch'ing the colour of nature as phonetic. See.

T'ai see.

Tsu see. [The T'ai Tsu in this line is the Manchu chieftain Nurhachu, A.D. 1559–1626, who was the real founder of the present dynasty, though he never mounted the throne.]

Ying see.

Ching is composed of 日 jih sun as radical, with 京 ching city as phonetic; q.d. the sun shining on a city.

Ming is composed of 口 k'ou mouth, its old radical, with 令 ling a command (see ) as phonetic. It is also commonly used in the sense of destiny, as being the command or will of God.


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168

Ching is composed of 立 li to establish as radical, with 青 ch'ing the colour of nature as phonetic. See lines,.

Ssŭ see.

Fang see.

K'o is regarded as a picture of a man carving wood in a house, and originally meant to bear on the shoulders. It is now classed under radical 儿, No. 10.

Ta see.

Ting is composed of 宀 mien roof or shelter as radical, with 正 chêng as phonetic. [Mr. Doolittle translated this line "so that prosperity prevailed," which seems to be somewhat off the line of thought.]


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[Another version of the interpolated lines. Author unknown.]

Liao see.

Chin see.

Yüan see lines,.

Chêng see.

Sung see.

Ting is a picture of a two-handled tripod, the first specimen of which was cast in gold by the Great Yü and was used by him to keep off hobgoblins during his engineering labours in the wilds. The word came to be used as a symbol of Imperial power.

T'ien see.

Yün see.


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170 Huan is composed of 玉 yü jade as radical with a common phonetic. It means a bracelet or any kind of ring; hence it comes to be used as a verb.

Chin see.

Ti see.

Ping is composed of 日 jih sun as radical, with 丙 ping a cyclical character as phonetic. It means glorious, but is here the personal name of the child Emperor, the last of the Sungs, who was drowned, together with his faithful Minister 陸秀夫 Lu Hsiu-fu, in A.D. 1279, in order to escape falling into the hands of the conquering Mongols.

Yüan see lines,.

Shih see.

Tsu see. [Shih Tsu is the temple name of Kublai Khan, who reigned over China A.D. 1260–1294.]

Shih see.

Chêng see.

Wei is composed of 人 jen man as radical, with 立 li as phonetic. See.


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Lund, Troels Frederik

LUND, lụnd, (1840—). A Danish historian, born at Copenhagen. He was appointed professor at the Military School of Fredericksburg. His publications include an important work on Scandinavian history, Danmarks og Norges Historie i Slutningen af det 16de Aarhundrede (“History of Denmark and Norway to the End of the Sixteenth Century”) (1880-92).


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Rh

Pa see.

Shih see.

Pa see. See.

Kung is composed of 廿 ju or nien two tens joined together, with 廾 the hands folded in salutation. It was a radical in the Shuo Wên, but is now classed under radical 八 pa eight.

Chiu see.

Ti see.

Ch'ün see.

Hsiung see.

Ch'i see.

T'ai see.

Tsu see. See.

Chêng is composed of radical 彳 ch'ih to step with the left foot, with 正 chêng as phonetic.

Kuo see.


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172 Hao see.

Ming see. See.

Yüan see lines,.

Shun is composed of 頁 yeh head as radical, with 川 ch'uan streams as phonetic. It originally meant eternal principles, right, and has now come to signify flowing with, in accordance with, obedient to, etc., but is here the name given by the conquering Mings to Tohan Timur, the last Emperor of the Yüan or Mongol dynasty.

Pên was originally composed of 夭 yao calamity as radical, with 贲 pên or fên as phonetic. It is now classed under radical 十 shih ten.

Ch'êng see.

Tsu see. See.

Chi see.

Li see.

Liang see.

Ching see. See.

Shih see.

Ch'i see.


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Rh Chu was originally the picture of an oil lamp or candlestick, with 丶 chu a flame, radical and phonetic, appearing above. It then came to signify lord, master, etc.

Chih see.

Ch'ung see.

Chêng see.

Ch'uang see.

Tsei is composed of 戈 ho spear, its old radical, with 則 tsê as phonetic. It means rebel, bandit, robber, and is now classed under radical 貝 pei valuables.

Luan see.

Ming see.

Yün see.

Chieh is composed of 立 li to establish as radical with 曷 ho how? what? etc. as phonetic.

Ta see.

Ping is composed of 斤 chin an axe grasped by 廾 kung folded


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174 hands. It originally meant a weapon, and is now classed under radical 八 pa eight.

Chih see.

Tsei see.

Sui is said to be the original form of 隋 sui (see ).

Mieh see.

Shun see.

Chih see. [ Shun Chih was the year-title of the first Manchu-Tartar who actually reigned over China, A.D. 1644–1661.]

Li see.

Hao see.

Ta see.

Ch'ing see.

Ch'ên see.

Min see.

Fu was originally composed of 舟 chou boat as radical, with an obsolete word pronounced fu, and meaning to govern, as phonetic.


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Rh It then meant to use, and is now classed under radical 月 yüeh moon.

T'ien see.

Hsia see.

P'ing see.


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[These eight lines were inserted by some unknown writer of the Ming dynasty.]

Hu is composed of 肉 jou flesh as radical and 古 ku ancient as phonetic. It originally meant dewlap, and having the same sound as the common word for beard, was applied contemptuously to the large beards of the Mongols.

Yüan see lines,.

Shêng see.

Mien see.

Liao see.

Chin see.

Ch'êng see.

Sung see.

T'ung see.


text:
Page:Dictionary of spoken Russian (1945).djvu/549

 the econcmic development of our oblast is gathered here. • housefurnishings. Электрический утюг можно достать в хозяйственном отделе. You can get an iron in the house-furnishings department. □ хозяйственные органы national agencies running the economy of the country. хозяйственный орган economic organ. □ Председатель нашего колхоза — человек хозяйственный. The chairman of our kolkhoz is a good business man.

хозяйство economy. Этот отчёт даёт ясное представление о состоянии народного хозяйства. This report gives a clear picture of the condition of the national economy. • household. Я обзавёлся здесь полным хозяйством. I acquired everything needed for the household. • house. Мне нужно кое-что купить по хозяйству. I have to buy a few things for the house. • housekeeping. Она целый день возится по хозяйству. She's kept busy with housekeeping all day long. □ коллективное хозяйство collective farm. Коллективное хозяйство сокращённо называется колхозом. The abbreviation for collective farm is "kolkhoz." мировое хозяйство world economy. молочное хозяйство dairy farming. Наш колхоз славится молочным хозяйством. Our kolkhoz is famous for its dairy farming. сельское хозяйство agriculture.

холера cholera.

холм (-а) hill. Наш дом вон там, на холме. Our house is on the hill over there. — Какие же это горы! Просто холмы. How can you call those mountains? They're just hills.

холод (P -а, -ов/g -у; на холоду/) cold. Сегодня собачий холод, оденьтесь потеплее. It's bitter cold out; dress warmly. — Затворите дверь, не напускайте холод в комнату. Shut the door. Don't let the cold in. — Вот так холода наступили! Now it's real cold! — Они терпели холод и голод. They suffered from cold and hunger. — Поставьте масло на холод. Put the butter in a cold place.

холодильник refrigerator.

холодный (sh холоден, холодна, холодно, -дны) cold. Хотите холодного борща на первое? Do you want some cold borscht for your first course? — Самовар уже совсем холодный, нельзя ли подбросить угольков? The samovar is quite cold already; can you add a couple of hot coals? — Он холодный и замкнутый человек. He's a cold, reserved person. — Кавалерия пустила в ход холодное оружие. The cavalry attacked with cold steel. — Он чувствовал себя, словно на него вылили ушат холодной воды. He felt as though someone had poured a bucket of cold water down his back. — Мне нравится здешний здоровый холодный климат. I like this cold, healthy climate. • cool. Сохранять в холодном месте. Keep in a cool place. □ холодная завивка finger wave. холодно cold. Здесь ужасно холодно, нельзя ли затопить печку? It's terribly cold here; can't you start the stove? — Вам не холодно? Don't you feel cold? • coolly. Он говорил со мной очень холодно. He spoke very coolly to me.

холостой (sh холост, -ста, холосто, -сты) bachelor. Мой брат человек холостой и живёт с нами. My brother is a bachelor and stays with us. • blank. Это ружьё заряжено холостыми патронами. This rifle is loaded with blank cartridges.

хор (P -ы) chorus. Она поёт в хоре. She sings in the chorus. □ хором in chorus. Они хором затянули старую солдатскую песню. They started to sing in chorus an old soldier song. • together. Все хором стали её уговаривать. They all tried to persuade her together.

хоронить (-роню, -ронит/pct: по-, с-/) to bury. Кого это хоронят? Who's being buried? □ Меня ещё рано хоронить, я ещё себя покажу! I'm not dead yet, you know. I'll show you what I can do.

хорошенький pretty. Какая она хорошенькая! Isn't she pretty! • fine. Хорошенькая история! Нечего сказать! A fine mess! That's all you can say. □ Хорошенького понемножку! You can get too much of a good thing, you know!

хорошенько completely. Я ещё и сам в этом хорошенько не разобрался I didn't understand it completely myself. • good and proper. Выругай его хорошенько! Почему он не пишет? Bawl him out good and proper for not writing.

хороший (sh -ша, -о, -и; cp лучше; лучший) good. Я для вас занял хорошее место у окна. I've saved a good seat for you near the window. — Спасибо за хороший совет! Thank you for the good advice. — Он сегодня в хорошем настроении. He's in a good mood today. — Мы с ним в очень хороших отношениях. We're on very good terms. — Как она хороша в этой роли! She's real good in that part! — Вам надо принять хорошую дозу слабительного. You have to take a good dose of laxative. • nice. Весна в этом году особенно хороша. Spring is especially nice this year. — Сегодня хорошая погода. The weather is nice today. • beautiful. Она была в этот вечер удивительно хороша. She was especially beautiful that evening. □ лучше better. Мой комната лучше вашей. My room is better than yours. — Лучше поздно, чем никогда. Better late than never. — Вам лучше? Do you feel better now? — Тем лучше. So much the better. — Лучше не спрашивайте. You'd better not ask. • best. Лучше всего у нас весной. Spring is the best season of all here. • rather. Чем ходить — позвоните ему лучше по телефону. Call him on the phone rather than going over. лучше всего best. Туда лучше всего ехать автобусом. It's best to go there by bus. лучшее best. Всё к лучшему. It's all for the best. — Это лучшее, что можно в таких условиях сделать. It's the best that can be done under the circumstances. лучший best. Надо равняться по лучшим. We'll have to equal the best. — Он лучший портной в городе. He's the best tailor in town. по-хорошему nicely. Поговорите с ним по-хорошему, и он это сделает. Speak to him nicely and he'll do it. хороша собой good-looking. Она очень хорошо собой. She'g very good-looking. хороший знакомый friend. У меня в этом учреждении есть хороший знакомый. I have a friend in this office. хорошо nice. Сегодня очень хорошо на дворе. It's nice out today. — Хорошо бы сейчас вышить чего-нибудь горячего! It would be nice to have something hot to drink. • good. Хорошо, если это только простуда! It's good if it's only a cold. • well. Она хорошо поёт. She sings well. — Больной сегодня хорошо себя чувствует. The patient feels well today. — Вы хорошо сделали, что туда не


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Rh

Shih see.

Ssǔ see.

Chün see. [This list of fourteen Emperors includes Genghis Khan who never actually mounted the throne, and excludes Achakpa.]

Ta see. [The use of this word is said to show that the writer was born under the dynasty, but see .]

Ming see lines,.

Hsing see.

Chu is composed of the walking radical and 豕 shih a pig (lines, ), the latter said to be here a contraction of 豚 t'un a pigling. Hence its primary meaning to follow, derived from the idea of a pigling running away and the big pig running after it.

Yüan see lines,.

Ti see.

T'ung see.

Hua is composed of 艸 ts'ao vegetation as radical, with an obsolete


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178 character which meant flowers of plants and trees. Hence it came to signify the glory of flowers, and now means flowery, variegated, especially applied to China, which is often spoken of as the Flowery Land.

I is composed of 大 ta great as radical, and 弓 kung a bow. It originally meant level, and then barbarians, in which sense its usage as applied to British subjects was forbidden under the Treaty of Nanking in 1842.

Ch'uan see.

Wan see.

Shih see.


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24 姓 pŏ hsing the hundred surnames, i.e. all the surnames, of which no less than 4657 have been recorded; hence the people of China.

Pai see.

Erh see.

Ch'ien is composed of 十 shih ten as radical, and a corruption of 人 jen man. 千歲 ch'ien sui a thousand years is a title of a prince.

Ch'ien see.

Erh see.

Wan was originally classed under radical 禸 jou the track of an animal, and meant insects; hence its primary meanings, myriad, all. It is now classed under radical 艸 ts'ao vegetation. It is often written 万 for short; sometimes the Indian 卍 sauvastika is employed. 萬歲 wan sui ten thousand years (see ) is a title of the Emperor.

San see. The three lines of which this character is composed have been said to stand for heaven, earth, and man.

Ts'ai was originally written as a vertical line dividing two parallel horizontals, and meant vegetation sprouting. It came to mean force, power, talent, and is now classed under radical 手 shou hand.


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Rh Chê is composed of 白 tzŭ (= 自 see ) as radical, and a contraction of 旅 lü a body of 500 men (not a contraction of 老 lao old as in ). It is impossible to say what was its original meaning; perhaps a leader of 500 men. It is now a particle imparting various forces, substantival (as here), adjectival, adverbial, etc., to words and phrases, and is classed under radical 老 lao old. For its phonetic value, based probably upon some older sound, see lines, , ,.

T'ien is composed of 一 i one, its original radical, and 大 ta great, its present radical. Originally meaning the top, that which is above, the physical sky, it soon came to mean the invisible Power beyond, God; popularly, the old man in blue clothes. See.

Ti is composed of 土 t'u earth, soil, as radical, and 也 yeh female, heaven being regarded as male. See.

Jen see. [When chaos resolved itself into the universe, the lighter gas rose and formed the sky, while the heavier congealed and formed the earth. From the interaction of these two, "the bridal of the earth and sky," all things were produced, of which the chief was man, endowed with reason.]

San see.

Kuang is composed of 火 huo fire above 人 jen man. The former used to be, the latter is now, its radical.

Chê see.


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26

Jih was originally a circle containing an irregular line, and may be regarded as a picture character. It came to be used also in the sense of day.

Yüeh was originally a picture of the crescent moon, which may be faintly traced even in its modern form. It came to be used for lunar month, twelve of which go to the year, the difference between the lunar and solar years being made up by seven intercalary months in nineteen years.

Hsing was originally 生 shêng to produce as phonetic, with three circles at the points of its then trident-like form. Under a later form these circles became three 日 jih suns, which combination was then the radical of the character. These were reduced to one, its modern radical. It is explained as the pure, ethereal portion of the universe, which rises to heaven and manifests itself as stars.

San see.

Kang is composed of 糹ssŭ silk as radical, with 岡 kang a mountain ridge as phonetic. It originally meant a rope, together, and must be carefully distinguished from 網 wang a net.

Chê see.

Chün is composed of 尹 yin to rule, with 口 k'ou mouth as


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Rh radical; hence one whose commands are respected, a ruler. 君子 chün tzŭ is the superior or perfect man of Confucian ethics.

Ch'ên under its original form, with curved outline, is supposed to represent a Minister bending before his Prince,

The term has been extended to include any one ruled, a subject, which is the meaning here.

I see. [The Rev. E. J. Eitel, evidently translating from an inaccurate text and reading 矣 i, gives the following most forlorn rendering:—"As to the three social regulators or rather that-which-constitutes them Consists of (the following relationships: There is first that of) the prince with his officials indeed."]

Fu see.

Tzŭ see.

Ch'in see. Eitel translates by "intimacy," which is not adequate here.

Fu is composed, like Heaven of 一 i one and 大 ta great, and seems to have formerly indicated men of exceptional character. It is now used for husband. Read = now, forasmuch as, etc.

Fu is composed of 女 nü woman as radical and 帚 chou a broom, and is emblematical of the duties of a wife.

Shun is composed of 頁 yeh head as radical, with 川 ch'uan flowing water as phonetic, and gives the idea of floating


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28 smoothly down the stream. [Eitel wrongly makes the bond one-sided, "And finally, there are husband and wife, the latter in submission."]

Yüeh under its old form was supposed to represent breath issuing from the mouth, q.d. speech.

Ch'un is composed of 日 jih sun as radical, and a contraction in which 艸 ts'ao vegetation was once conspicuous. It is also used figuratively in the sense of joyous, pleasant.

Hsia is a contraction of 頁 yeh head, an obsolete word for hands, and an obsolete radical which is here said to refer to the feet. It originally meant an inhabitant of the Middle Kingdom, probably from the name of a dynasty which ruled China from B.C. 2205 to B.C. 1818.

Yüeh see.

Ch'iu is composed of 禾 ho grain, as radical, and 火 huo fire, suggesting the sense of harvest-time.

Tung is composed of 冫 ping an old word for ice, now used as a radical, and a contraction of 終 chung end, sc. the end of the year when ice comes. The modern word for ice is 冰 ping, formed by the simple addition of water.

Tz'ŭ is composed of 止 chih to stop, under which radical it is


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Rh now classed, and 匕 pi a spoon. It originally meant to stop; and from this sense of arrestation it is an easy transition to the modern demonstrative value of the character. See.

Ssŭ see.

Shih see.

Yün is composed of the walking radical with 軍 chün military as phonetic. The latter is a corruption of 車 ch'ê or chü a chariot, and 勹 pao to enclose (under the old form it completely surrounds the chariot), suggesting a military encampment. Yün was originally pronounced wên, as still in the Canton dialect, and meant to change one's abode, to transport. Later on, from change it came to mean luck, fortune.

Pu see.

Ch'iung is composed of 穴 hsüeh a cave as radical, over 躬 kung body as phonetic. It originally meant extreme, limit; and later, without resource, poor.

Yüeh see.

Nan is composed of an old word meaning abundant vegetation (q.d. the south), with 羊 yang sheep inserted as phonetic. It is now classed under radical 十 shih ten. The south is the standard point, as the north with us, of the mariner's compass, which has been known to the Chinese since the 12th cent. A.D., and is said to have been developed from a legendary "south-pointing chariot" given to tribute-bearing envoys from Tongking