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For the open-content movement, termination is a problem worth solving. Open-content advocates have skillfully leveraged copyright concepts to create a vibrant and growing commons of freely reusable creative works of many types—a grand achievement given the proprietary production paradigm implicit in the language and structure of the Copyright Act. The new open-content commons rests upon a set of remarkable licensing instruments that use the architecture of control as a means to create freedom. That freedom, however, finds itself imperiled by other provisions of the statute, provisions that have been insufficiently scrutinized to date for their possible effects on the open-content commons. If applied according to their literal terms, these statutory clauses cloud the question whether the open-content commons is sustainable. The issue has not yet been adequately presented due to the lapse of insufficient time. Fewer than thirty-five years (the statutory minimum) have elapsed since the widespread adoption of open-content licensing arrangements. Absent preventive action, however, termination problems may substantially complicate open-content projects in the future.

The natural inclination for open-content advocates would surely be to seek to solve the problem through skillful redrafting of the governing licensing instruments. The CC0 license, while not without flaws, reflects the best recent thinking in this regard; it recognizes its own potential infirmity under existing law and supplies an alternative means to effectuate the licensor’s intent. The same statutory provisions that create the termination problem in the first place, however, simultaneously limit the curative power of private drafting arrangements. Because the statute expressly overrides licensing agreements that purport to limit or deny authors’ termination rights, the simplest and most direct private responses to the risk of termination are effectively off the table. Furthermore, although some courts have suggested that licensors can postpone the termination issue by relicensing their own prior grants of rights, requiring open-content licensors to (for example) continually execute new instruments that supersede their own prior grants of rights to the public would provide, at best, a cumbersome way of avoiding the termination problem.

Judicial action, too, may be inadequate to the task. On the one hand, courts do carry substantial policymaking responsibilities in copyright matters, certainly more so than in other areas that are nominally governed by statute. On the other hand, ours is a textualist age, and judges have warned (in other contexts) against looking outside the enacted text to ascertain Congress’s intent. A court presented with an actual attempt to terminate an

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 open-content license may perceive the absurdity of the request, may be cognizant of the absence of any possible overreaching by the licensees, and may even regret the harm to the information commons that would surely follow were the request to be granted; yet, the court may nevertheless believe itself obliged to honor the statute’s command that any “exclusive or nonexclusive grant of a transfer or license of copyright or of any right under a copyright” is terminable by the author or her heirs. That leaves remedial legislation as the best, and likely only viable, alternative to cure the termination problem for open-content licenses.

Legislative recognition of the effectiveness and permanence of open-content licensing arrangements would place a safety net under the emerging information commons. It would validate commons-based peer production as an alternative mode of creating value entitled to stand on equal footing with the institutional monopolies of copyright. It would confirm, as a matter of statutory law, what has been clear in the marketplace for many years—that open-content works include mature products perfectly capable of competing alongside copyrighted proprietary works on their merits. It would align the law with the reasonable expectations of authors (numbering in the millions in the United States alone) who write open-source software, contribute photos to Flickr, add content to Wikipedia or its sister sites, build architectural edifices in Second Life, or write weblogs, all while expecting and intending that their contributions will forever remain available for others to enjoy. Finally, it would signal the United States’ intent to remain in the innovation vanguard, while doing nothing to reduce the effectiveness of the ordinary copyright regime for authors and publishers who choose that alternative. For all these reasons, the better course would be for Congress to provide a statutory exception to the Copyright Act’s termination provisions for open-content works.

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Rh with excitement, surprising him, for his brain felt dead.

The train slowed down: Yarmouth! One more station, then. Siegmund watched the platform, shiny with rain, slide past. On the dry grey under the shelter, one white passenger was waiting. Suddenly Siegmund’s heart leaped up, wrenching wildly. He burst open the door, and caught hold of Helena. She dilated, gave a palpitating cry as he dragged her into the carriage.

“You here!” he exclaimed, in a strange tone. She was shivering with cold. Her almost naked arms were blue. She could not answer Siegmund’s question, but lay clasped against him, shivering away her last chill as his warmth invaded her. He laughed in his heart as she nestled in to him.

“Is it a dream now, dear?” he whispered. Helena clasped him tightly, shuddering because of the delicious suffusing of his warmth through her.

Almost immediately they heard the grinding of the brakes.

“Here we are, then!” exclaimed Helena, dropping into her conventional, cheerful manner at once. She put straight her hat, while he gathered his luggage.

Until teatime there was a pause in their progress. Siegmund was tingling with an exquisite vividness, as if he had taken some rare stimulant. He wondered at himself. It seemed that every fibre in his body was surprised with joy, as each tree in a forest at dawn utters astonished cries of delight.

When Helena came back, she sat opposite to him to see him. His naïve look of joy was very sweet to her. His eyes were dark blue, showing the fibrils, like a purple veined flower at twilight, and somehow,


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26, joy seemed to quiver in the iris. Helena appreciated him, feature by feature. She liked his clear forehead, with its thick black hair, and his full mouth, and his chin. She loved his hands, that were small, but strong and nervous, and very white. She liked his breast, that breathed so strong and quietly, and his arms, and his thighs, and his knees.

For him, Helena was a presence. She was ambushed, fused in an aura of his love. He only saw she was white, and strong, and full fruited, he only knew her blue eyes were rather awful to him.

Outside, the sea-mist was travelling thicker and thicker inland. Their lodging was not far from the bay. As they sat together at tea, Siegmund’s eyes dilated, and he looked frowning at Helena.

“What is it?” he asked, listening uneasily.

Helena looked up at him, from pouring out the tea. His little anxious look of distress amused her.

“The noise, you mean? Merely the fog-horn, dear—not Wotan’s wrath, nor Siegfried’s dragon….”

The fog was white at the window. They sat waiting. After a few seconds the sound came low, swelling, like the mooing of some great sea-animal, alone, the last of the monsters. The whole fog gave off the sound for a second or two, then it died down into an intense silence. Siegmund and Helena looked at each other. His eyes were full of trouble. To see a big, strong man anxious-eyed as a child because of a strange sound amused her. But he was tired.

“I assure you, it is only a fog-horn,” she laughed.

“Of course. But it is a depressing sort of sound.”

“Is it?” she said curiously. “Why? Well—yes—I think I can understand it’s being so to some people.


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190 passed; and just when they were expecting Michael home, his time of service having expired, and while Catherine was preparing her wedding garments, a cry, uttered by the Queen of Spain, resounded through the country, electrifying the people and producing a universal outburst of patriotic enthusiasm—Long live Spain! Death to the Moor who has insulted her! This cry was re-echoed throughout the length and breadth of the Peninsula, accompanied by the clash of the warrior's sword and the chink of the rich man's gold, offered on the altar of the country's honor; it was repeated by the people, who gave their blood; by the sacred episcopate, who blessed the cause of the country and of Christianity, and whose words powerfully influenced not only timid and pious consciences, but all by their wisdom, prudence, and judgment. The Sisters of Charity offered their devoted services; the nuns made lint and sacred scapulars of the Virgin; the ladies also made lint and bandages which they moistened with their tears; and even schoolboys, fired with enthusiasm, asked to be allowed to go to the popular war against the Moors.


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Rh It’s something like the call of the horn across the sea to Tristan.”

She hummed softly, then three times she sang the horn-call. Siegmund, with his face expressionless as a mask, sat staring out at the mist. The boom of the siren broke in upon them. To him, the sound was full of fatality. Helena waited till the noise died down, then she repeated her horn-call.

“Yet it is very much like the fog-horn,” she said, curiously interested.

“This time next week, Helena!” he said.

She suddenly went heavy, and stretched across to clasp his hand as it lay upon the table.

“I shall be calling to you from Cornwall,” she said.

He did not reply. So often she did not take his meaning, but left him alone with his sense of tragedy. She had no idea how his life was wrenched from its roots, and when he tried to tell her, she balked him, leaving him inwardly quite lonely.

“There is no next week,” she declared, with great cheerfulness. “There is only the present.”

At the same moment she rose and slipped across to him. Putting her arms round his neck, she stood holding his head to her bosom, pressing it close, with her hand among his hair. His nostrils and mouth were crushed against her breast. He smelled the silk of her dress and the faint, intoxicating odour of her person. With shut eyes he owned heavily to himself again that she was blind to him. But some other self urged with gladness, no matter how blind she was, so that she pressed his face upon her.

She stroked and caressed his hair, tremblingly clasped his head against her breast, as if she would never


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Rh Michael, who shared in the general enthusiasm for the war, on receiving his discharge, enlisted again, refusing to accept the premium for re-enlisting, for such time as the war in Africa should last.

John Joseph, who in winter followed the occupation of a muleteer, brought home this news on his return from one of his trips, in which he had seen his sons, who were both serving in the King's regiment, in Africa. Maria, on hearing it, burst into tears.

"They were right in saying last year, when the saddle-shaped comet appeared, that it came to foretell a war with the Moors!" she exclaimed disconsolately.

"The comet had no resemblance to a saddle," answered her husband, with martial ardor; "you know very well that what they said was that it was the same star that had guided the kings who went to Bethlehem to declare that Christ was the true Messiah; very well, our people will go to the Moorish country now to tell them that Spanish Christians are tired of putting up with the atrocities and the insults of the accursed Moors."

"But a great many people will be killed in


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28 release him; then she bent to kiss his forehead. He took her in his arms, and they were still for awhile.

Now he wanted to blind himself with her, to blaze up all his past and future in a passion worth years of living.

After tea they rested by the fire, while she told him all the delightful things she had found. She had a woman’s curious passion for details, a woman’s peculiar attachment to certain dear trifles. He listened, smiling, revived by her delight, and forgetful of himself. She soothed him like sunshine, and filled him with pleasure; but he hardly attended to her words.

“Shall we go out, or are you too tired? No, you are tired—you are very tired,” said Helena.

She stood by his chair, looking down on him tenderly.

“No,” he replied, smiling brilliantly at her, and stretching his handsome limbs in relief—“no, not at all tired now.”

Helena continued to look down on him in quiet, covering tenderness. But she quailed before the brilliant, questioning gaze of his eyes.

“You must go to bed early to-night,” she said, turning aside her face, ruffling his soft black hair. He stretched slightly, stiffening his arms, and smiled without answering. It was a very keen pleasure to be thus alone with her and in her charge. He rose, bidding her wrap herself up against the fog.

“You are sure you’re not too tired?” she reiterated.

He laughed.

Outside, the sea-mist was white and woolly. They went hand in hand. It was cold, so she thrust her hand with his into the pocket of his overcoat, while they walked together.


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Rh “I like the mist,” he said, pressing her hand in his pocket.

“I don’t dislike it,” she replied, shrinking nearer to him.

“It puts us together by ourselves,” he said. She plodded alongside, bowing her head, not replying. He did not mind her silence.

“It couldn’t have happened better for us than this mist,” he said.

She laughed curiously, almost with a sound of tears.

“Why?” she asked, half tenderly, half bitterly.

“There is nothing else but you, and for you there is nothing else but me—look!”

He stood still. They were on the downs, so that Helena found herself quite alone with the man in a world of mist. Suddenly she flung herself sobbing against his breast. He held her closely, tenderly, not knowing what it was all about, but happy and unafraid.

In one hollow place the siren from the Needles seemed to bellow full in their ears. Both Siegmund and Helena felt their emotion too intense. They turned from it.

“What is the pitch?” asked Helena.

“Where it is horizontal? It slides up a chromatic scale,” said Siegmund.

“Yes, but the settled pitch—is it about E?”

“E!” exclaimed Siegmund. “More like F.”

“Nay, listen!” said Helena.

They stood still and waited till there came the long booing of the fog-horn.

“There!” exclaimed Siegmund, imitating the sound. “That is not E.” He repeated the sound. “It is F.”

“Surely it is E,” persisted Helena.


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30 “Even F sharp,” he rejoined, humming the note.

She laughed, and told him to climb the chromatic scale.

“But you agree?” he said.

“I do not,” she replied.

The fog was cold. It seemed to rob them of their courage to talk.

“What is the note in ‘Tristan?’ ” Helena made an effort to ask.

“That is not the same,” he replied.

“No, dear, that is not the same,” she said in low, comforting tones. He quivered at the caress. She put her arms round him, reached up her face yearningly for a kiss. He forgot they were standing in the public footpath, in daylight, till she drew hastily away. She heard footsteps down the fog.

As they climbed the path the mist grew thinner, till it was only a grey haze at the top. There they were on the turfy lip of the land. The sky was fairly clear overhead. Below them the sea was singing hoarsely to itself.

Helena drew him to the edge of the cliff. He crushed her hand, drawing slightly back. But it pleased her to feel the grip on her hand becoming unbearable. They stood right on the edge, to see the smooth cliff slope into the mist, under which the sea stirred noisily.

“Shall we walk over, then ?” said Siegmund, glancing downwards. Helena’s heart stood still a moment at the idea, then beat heavily. How could he play with the idea of death, and the five great days in front? She was afraid of him just then.

“Come away, dear,” she pleaded.

He would, then, forego the few consummate days! It was bitterness to her to think so.


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Rh “Come away, dear!” she repeated, drawing him slowly to the path.

“You are not afraid?” he asked.

“Not afraid, no….” Her voice had that peculiar, reedy, harsh quality that made him shiver.

“It is too easy a way,” he said satirically.

She did not take in his meaning.

“And five days of our own before us, Siegmund!” she scolded. “The mist is Lethe. It is enough for us if its spell lasts five days.”

He laughed, and took her in his arms, kissing her very closely.

They walked on joyfully, locking behind them the doors of forgetfulness.

As the sun set, the fog dispersed a little. Breaking masses of mist went flying from cliff to cliff, and far away beyond the cliffs the western sky stood dimmed with gold. The lovers wandered aimlessly over the golf-links to where green mounds and turfed banks suggested to Helena that she was tired, and would sit down. They faced the lighted chamber of the west, whence, behind the torn, dull-gold curtains of fog, the sun was departing with pomp.

Siegmund sat very still, watching the sunset. It was a splendid, flaming bridal chamber where he had come to Helena. He wondered how to express it; how other men had borne this same glory.

“What is the music of it?” he asked.

She glanced at him. His eyelids were half lowered, his mouth slightly open, as if in ironic rhapsody.

“Of what, dear?”

“What music do you think holds the best interpretation of sunset?”


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32 His skin was gold, his real mood was intense. She revered him for a moment.

“I do not know,” she said quietly; and she rested her head against his shoulder, looking out west.

There was a space of silence, while Siegmund dreamed on.

“A Beethoven symphony—the one——” and he explained to her.

She was not satisfied, but leaned against him, making her choice. The sunset hung steady; she could scarcely perceive a change.

“The Grail music in ‘Lohengrin,” ” she decided.

“Yes,” said Siegmund. He found it quite otherwise, but did not trouble to dispute. He dreamed by himself. This displeased her. She wanted him for herself. How could he leave her alone while he watched the sky? She almost put her two hands over his eyes.


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112 he was invited by conscious merit and a long train of dreams and omens, the fruitful offspring either of his superstition or policy.

The new candidate for empire saw and improved the peculiar advantage of his situation. His province extended to the Julian Alps, which gave an easy access into Italy; and he remembered the saying of Augustus, That a Pannonian army might in ten days appear in sight of Rome. By a celerity proportioned to the greatness of the occasion, he might reasonably hope to revenge Pertinax, punish Julian, and receive the homage of the senate and people, as their lawful emperor, before his competitors, separated from Italy by an immense tract of sea and land, were apprized of his success, or even of his election. During the whole expedition, he scarcely allowed himself any moments for sleep or food; marching on foot, and in complete armour, at the head of his columns, he insinuated himself into the confidence and affection of his troops, pressed their diligence, revived their spirits, animated their hopes, and was well satisfied to share the hardships of the meanest soldier, whilst he kept in view the infinite superiority of his reward.

The wretched Julian had expected, and thought himself prepared, to dispute the empire with the governor of Syria; but in the invincible and rapid approach of the Pannonian legions, he saw his inevitable ruin. The hasty arrival of every messenger increased his just apprehensions. He was successively informed that Severus had passed the Alps; that the Italian cities, unwilling or unable to oppose his progress, had received him with the warmest professions of joy and duty; that the important place of Ravenna had surrendered without resistance, and that the Hadriatic fleet was in the hands of the conqueror. The enemy was now within two hundred and fifty


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Rh miles of Rome; and every moment diminished the narrow span of life and empire allotted to Julian.

He attempted, however, to prevent, or at least to protract, his ruin. He implored the venal faith of the Prætorians, filled the city with unavailing preparations for war, drew lines round the suburbs, and even strengthened the fortifications of the palace; as if those last intrenchments could be defended, without hope of relief, against a victorious invader. Fear and shame prevented the guards from deserting his standard; but they trembled at the name of the Pannonian legions, commanded by an experienced general, and accustomed to vanquish the barbarians on the frozen Danube. They quitted, with a sigh, the pleasures of the baths and theatres, to put on arms, whose use they had almost forgotten, and beneath the weight of which they were oppressed. The unpractised elephants, whose uncouth appearance, it was hoped, would strike terror into the army of the north, threw their unskilful riders; and the awkward evolutions of the marines, drawn from the fleet of Misenum, were an object of ridicule to the populace; whilst the senate enjoyed, with secret pleasure, the distress and weakness of the usurper.

Every motion of Julian betrayed his trembling perplexity. He insisted that Severus should be declared a public enemy by the senate. He entreated that the Pannonian general might be associated to the empire. He sent public ambassadors of consular rank to negotiate with his rival; he dispatched private assassins to take away his life. He designed that the Vestal virgins, and all the colleges of priests, in their sacerdotal habits, and bearing before them the sacred pledges of the Roman religion, should advance, in solemn procession, to meet the Pannonian legions; and, at the same time, he vainly tried to interrogate, or to appease, the fates, by magic ceremonies, and unlawful sacrifices.

Severus, who dreaded neither his arms nor his enchantments, guarded himself from the only danger of secret conspiracy by the faithful attendance of six hundred chosen men, who never quitted his person or their cuirasses, either by night or by day, during the whole march. Advancing with a steady and rapid


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jacob, Edgar

JACOB, EDGAR (1844-1920), English bishop, was born at Crawley rectory, near Winchester, Nov. 16 1844, the son of Philip Jacob, archdeacon of Winchester. He was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1867. He was ordained in 1868, and in 1871 went to India as domestic chaplain to Dr. Milman, Bishop of Calcutta. In 1876 he returned to England, and in 1878 became vicar of Portsea, where he worked wonders in a difficult parish. In 1896 he became Bishop of Newcastle, and in 1903 was translated to the see of St. Albans. This diocese, which embraced a large part of the poorer outlying parts of London, was too large for the effective control of one bishop, consisting as it did of 630 benefices and nearly 900 clergy, and Dr. Jacob worked hard to secure the formation of a new bishopric out of it. It was not, however, until 1913 that the bill providing for the erection of the bishopric of Chelmsford passed. He retired from his see in Dec. 1919, and died at St. Cross, Winchester, March 25 1920.


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114 course, he passed, without difficulty, the defiles of the Apennine, received into his party the troops and ambassadors sent to retard his progress, and made a short halt at Interamna, about seventy miles from Rome. His victory was already secure; but the despair of the Prætorians might have rendered it bloody; and Severus had the laudable ambition of ascending the throne without drawing the sword. His emissaries, dispersed in the capital, assured the guards that, provided they would abandon their worthless prince, and the perpetrators of the murder of Pertinax, to the justice of the conqueror, he would no longer consider that melancholy event as the act of the whole body. The faithless Prætorians, whose resistance was supported only by sullen obstinacy, gladly complied with the easy conditions, seized the greatest part of the assassins, and signified to the senate that they no longer defended the cause of Julian. That assembly, convoked by the consul, unanimously acknowledged Severus as lawful emperor, decreed divine honours to Pertinax, and pronounced a sentence of deposition and death against his unfortunate successor. Julian was conducted into a private apartment of the baths of the palace, and beheaded as a common criminal, after having purchased, with an immense treasure, an anxious and precarious reign of only sixty-six days. The almost incredible expedition of Severus, who, in so short a space of time, conducted a numerous army from the banks of the Danube to those of the Tiber, proves at once the plenty of provisions produced by agriculture and commerce, the goodness of the roads, the discipline of the legions, and the indolent subdued temper of the provinces.

The first cares of Severus were bestowed on two measures, the one dictated by policy, the other by decency; the revenge, and the honours due to the memory of Pertinax. Before the new emperor entered Rome, he issued his commands to the


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Rh  guards, directing them to wait his arrival on a large plain near the city, without arms, but in the habits of ceremony in which they were accustomed to attend their sovereign. He was obeyed by those haughty troops, whose contrition was the effect of their just terrors. A chosen part of the Illyrian army encompassed them with leveled spears. Incapable of flight or resistance, they expected their fate in silent consternation. Severus mounted the tribunal, sternly reproached them with perfidy and cowardice, dismissed them with ignominy from the trust which they had betrayed, despoiled them of their splendid ornaments, and banished them, on pain of death, to the distance of an hundred miles from the capital. During the transaction, another detachment had been sent to seize their arms, occupy their camp, and prevent the hasty consequences of their despair.

The funeral and consecration of Pertinax was next solemnized with every circumstance of sad magnificence. The senate, with a melancholy pleasure, performed the last rites to that excellent prince, whom they had loved and still regretted. The concern of his successor was probably less sincere. He esteemed the virtues of Pertinax, but those virtues would for ever have confined his ambition to a private station. Severus pronounced his funeral oration with studied eloquence, inward satisfaction, and well-acted sorrow; and by this pious regard to his memory, convinced the credulous multitude that he alone was worthy to supply his place. Sensible, however, that arms, not ceremonies, must assert his claim to the empire, he left Rome at the end of thirty days, and, without suffering himself to be elated by this easy victory, prepared to encounter his more formidable rivals.

The uncommon abilities and fortune of Severus have induced an elegant historian to compare him with the first and greatest of the Cæsars. The parallel is, at least, imperfect. Where shall we find, in the character of Severus, the commanding superiority of soul, the generous clemency, and the various genius, which could reconcile and unite the love of pleasure, the thirst of knowledge, and the fire of ambition? In one


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jäger, Gustav

JÄGER, GUSTAV (1832–1917), German naturalist and hygienist (see ), died in 1917.


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116  instance only, they may be compared, with some degree of propriety, in the celerity of their motion, and their civil victories. In less than four years, Severus subdued the riches of the east, and the valour of the west. He vanquished two competitors of reputation and ability, and defeated numerous armies, provided with weapons and discipline equal to his own. In that age, the art of fortification and the principles of tactics, were well understood by all the Roman generals; and the constant superiority of Severus was that of an artist, who uses the same instruments with more skill and industry than his rivals. I shall not, however, enter into a minute narrative of these military operations; but as the two civil wars against Niger and against Albinus, were almost the same in their conduct, event, and consequences, I shall collect into one point of view the most striking circumstances, tending to develop the character of the conqueror, and the state of the empire.

Falsehood and insincerity, unsuitable as they seem to the dignity of public transactions, offend us with a less degrading idea of meanness than when they are found in the intercourse of private life. In the latter, they discover a want of courage; in the other, only a defect of power; and, as it is impossible for the most able statesmen to subdue millions of followers and enemies by their own personal strength, the world, under the name of policy, seems to have granted them a very liberal indulgence of craft and dissimulation. Yet the arts of Severus cannot be justified by the most ample privileges of state-reason. He promised only to betray, he flattered only to ruin; and however he might occasionally bind himself by oaths and treaties, his conscience, obsequious to his interest, always released him from the inconvenient obligation.

If his two competitors, reconciled by their common danger, had advanced upon him without delay, perhaps Severus would have sunk under their united effort. Had they even attacked him at the same time, with separate views and separate armies, the contest might have been long and doubtful. But they fell, singly and successively, an easy prey to the arts as well as arms of their subtle enemy, lulled into security by the moderation of his professions, and overwhelmed by the rapidity of his action. He first marched against Niger, whose reputation and power he the most dreaded: but he declined any hostile declarations,


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Rh

wōd wintercearigofer waþema gebind, sōhte sęle drēorigsinces bryttan, hwǣr ic feor oþþe nēahfindan meahte þone þe in meoduhealleminne wisse oþþe mec frēondlēasne frēfran wolde, węnian mid wynnum.Wāt sā þe cunnað hū slīþen biðsorg tō gefēran þām þe him lȳt hafaðlēofra geholena: warað hine wræclāst,nāles wunden gold, ferðloca frēorig,nālæs foldan blǣd; gemǫn hē sęlesęcgasand sincþęge, hū hine on geoguðehis goldwine węnede tō wiste:wyn eal gedrēas! For þon wāt sē þe scealhis winedryhtnes lēofes lārcwidumlǫnge forþolian, ðonne sorg and slǣpsǫmod ætgædre earmne ānhagan oft gebindað: þinceð him on mōdeþæt hā his mǫndryhten clyppe and cysse,and on cnēo lęcge hǫnda and hēafod,swā hē hwīlum ǣr in gēardagumgiefstōlas brēac; ðonne onwæcneð eftwinelēas guma, gesihð him biforanfealwe wægas, baþian brimfuglas,brǣdan feþra, hrēosan hrīm and snāwhagle gemęnged. Þonne bēoð þȳ hęfigranheortan bęnne, sāre æfter swǣsne,sorg bið genīwad, þonne māga gemyndmōd geondhweorfeð, grēteð glīwstafum,georne geondscēawað sęcga geseldan:swimmað eft on weg;


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 vowel is also umlauted (13), and the j itself disappears. (S. § 228.)

Thus, cynn (stem *cunjo), kin; sęllan (< *sæljan; Goth, saljan), to give; lęcgan (< *lægjan; Goth, lagjan), to lay; hębban (*hæfjan; Goth, hafjan), to heave; scieppan, 13 (< *sceapjan, 10 < *scæpjan; Goth, skapjan), to create; hliehhan (< *hleahjan, 9 < *hlæhjan; Goth, hlahjan), to laugh.

But r is not geminated: hęre (stem *hærjo; Goth. harjis), army; nęrian, 10, Note 3 (< *nærjan; Goth. nasjan), to save.

1.—It will be noticed that geminated f and g become bb and cg respectively.

2.—On the other hand, when the radical vowel or radical syllable is long, this formative j, first becoming i (S. § 45, 8), has not caused gemination of the preceding consonant.

Thus, sēc(e)an (<*sōcian), to seek; dēmail (<*dōmian), to judge; sęndan (<*sǫndian), to send.}}

FINAL DOUBLE CONSONANTS.

12. Double consonants (except cg) at the end of a word are usually simplified. (S. § 225.)

Thus, mǫnn, mǫn, man; męnn, męn, men; eall, eal, all; cynn, cyn, kin; będd, będ, bed; sibb, sib, peace.— But, sęcg, man; hrycg, ridge; węcg, wedge.

UMLAUT (i-UMLAUT).

13. The accented vowels (radical vowels) are palatal- ized by an i or j of the following syllable. This species of palatalization is called i-umlaut, or, briefly, umlaut. The i and j causing the umlaut were, for the most part, either changed into e or entirely lost in an early period of the language. (S. § 85–100.)


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jagow, Gottlieb von

JAGOW, GOTTLIEB VON (1863-), German Foreign Secretary at the outbreak of the World War, was born June 22 1863 in Berlin. He entered the diplomatic service in 1895 and after having been Prussian minister at Munich, German ambassador at Rome, and German minister at The Hague, was appointed in 1913 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He played an active part in the negotiations preceding the outbreak of the World War and was, in particular, concerned in the German relations with Austria, having been the first member of the Imperial Government in Berlin to become acquainted with the terms of the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia. Jagow retired in Nov. 1916. He wrote a defence of German policy entitled Ursachen und Ausbruch des Weltkrieges (1919).


text: Copyright, Its History and Its Law

title: Copyright, Its History and Its Law


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Page:Complete works of Nietzsche vol 10.djvu/48

36 eyes and continues to make use of his scales, calling this good and that bad; and no one blushes for shame when you remark that these weights are not the full amount,-there is also no indignation against you; perhaps they laugh at your doubt. I mean to say that the greater number of people do not find it contemptible to believe this or that, and live according to it, without having been previously aware of the ultimate and surest reasons for and against it, and without even giving themselves any trouble about such reasons afterwards,— the most gifted men and the noblest women still belong to this "greater number." But what is kind-heartedness, refinement and genius to me, if he who has these virtues harbours indolent sentiments in belieif and judgment, if the longing for certainty does not rule in him, as his innermost desire and profoundest need-as that which separates higher from lower men! In certain pious people I have found a hatred of reason, and have been favourably disposed to them for it: their bad intellectual conscience at least still betrayed itself, in this manner! But to stand in the midst of this rerum concordia discors and all the marvellous uncertainty and ambiguity of existence, and not to question, not to tremble with desire and delight in questioning, not even to hate the questioner-perhaps even to make merry over him to the extent of weariness- that is what I regard as contemptible, and it is this sentiment which I first of all search for in every one:— some folly or other always persuades me anew that every man has this sentiment, as man. This is my special kind of unrighteousness.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/James, Henry

JAMES, HENRY (1843-1916), Anglo-American man of letters (see ), died in London Feb. 28 1916. In 1913 nearly 300 of his English friends presented him with his portrait by J. S. Sargent, on the occasion of his 70th birthday; in the following year the portrait was damaged by a militant suffragette as it hung upon the walls of the Royal Academy. The outbreak of the World War aroused in him such a passionate sympathy for England and her Allies that he decided to identify himself once for all with England and to apply for naturalization. On July 26 1915 he became a British subject. The following Jan. he was awarded the Order of Merit, the insignia being brought to him on his sick-bed by his friend Viscount Bryce. His later works include A Small Boy and Others (1913), Notes of a Son and Brother (1914), The Middle Years (1917, left uncompleted). Two unfinished novels, The Ivory Tower and The Sense of the Past, appeared in 1917. In 1915 he contributed a preface to the Letters from America of Rupert Brooke, and his impressions of the war were published in 1919 under the title of Within the Rim.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rensselaer (Indiana)

RENSSELAER, rĕn'sẹ-lėr, Ind., city, county-seat of Jasper County, on the Iroquois River and on the Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railroad, about 100 miles northwest of Indianapolis. It was settled in 1834 by David Nowles, John Nowles and Joseph Yeoma. It was incorporated in 1850 and chartered as a city on 1 May 1896. Rensselaer is in an agricultural region; and its industries are chiefly connected with farm products and livestock, of which it makes considerable shipments. There are five churches, Saint Joseph's College, a high school, public elementary schools, Monnet School for Girls, a Catholic seminary, public library, business schools and a national bank, with (1917) capital $60,000 and resources $574,602. The government is vested in a mayor and a council of six members elected biennially. Pop. 2,393.


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Page:Paradisi in sole paradisus terrestris (1904 reprint).djvu/74

54 high ometimes, bearing one flower thereon, compoed of ixe long and pointed leaues of the forme of other mall Tulipas, and not hewing much bigger then the yellow Italian Tulipa, and is wholly white, both inide and outide of all the leaues, except the three outtermot, which haue on the backe of them, from the middle toward the edges, a hew of a brownih bluh or pale red colour, yet deeper in the midt, and the edges remaining wholly white: the bottomes of all thee leaues are of a darke or dun tawnie colour, and the chiues and tippes of a darkih purple or tawnie alo. This doth beare eed but eldome in our country, that euer I could vndertand, but when it doth, it is mall like vnto the Bolonia or dwarfe yellow Tulipas, being not o plentifull alo in parting, or etting of by the roote as they, and neuer groweth nor abideth o great as it is brought vnto vs, and eldome likewie flowreth after the firt yeare: for the rootes for the mot part with euery one grow lee and lee, decaying euery yeare, and o perih for the mot part by reaon of the frots and cold, and yet they haue been et deepe to defend them, although of their owne nature they will runne downe deep into the ground.

The mall Tulipa of Contantinople, beareth for the mot part but two leaues on the talke, which are faire and broad, almot like vnto the Candy Tulipa, next hereunto to be decribed: the talke it elfe rieth not aboue a foote high, bearing ometimes but one flower, but mot commonly two thereon, one below another, and are no bigger then the flowers of the yellow Bolonia Tulipa, but differing in colour; for this is on the outide of a purplih colour, mixed with white and greene, and on the inide of a faire bluh colour, the bottome and chiues being yellow, and the tippes or pendents blackih: the roote is very like the yellow Bolonia Tulipa.

This Tulipa is of later knowledge with vs then the Perian, but doth more hardly thriue, in regard of our cold climate; the decription whereof, for o much as wee haue knowledge, by the ight of the roote and leafe, and relation from others of the flower, (for I haue not yet heard that it hath very often flowred in our Country) is as followeth. It beareth faire broad leaues, reembling the leaues of a Lilly, of a greenih colour, and not very whitih: the talke beareth thereon one flower, larger and more open then many other, which is either wholly white, or of a deepe red colour, or ele is variably mixed, white with a fine reddih purple, the bottomes being yellow, with purplih chiues tipt with blackih pendents: the roote is mall, and omewhat like the dwarfe yellow Tulipa, but omewhat bigger.

This mall Tulipa is much differing from all the former (except the mall or dwarfe white Tulipas remembred by Lobel and Cluius, as is before et downe) in that it beareth three orfoure mall, long, and omewhat narrow greene leaues, altogether at one ioynt or place; the talke being not high, and naked or without leaues from them to the toppe, where it beareth one mall flower like vnto an ordinary red Tulipa, but omewhat more yellow, tending to an Orenge colour with a blacke bottome : the roote is not much bigger then the ordinary yellow Bolonia Tulipa, before et downe. And thee are the orts of this firt Clasis of early Tulipas.

For any other, or further decription of this kinde of Tulipa, it hall not neede, hauing giuen it ufficiently in the former early Tulipa, the maine difference coniting firt in the time of flowring, which is about a moneth after the early Tulipas, yet ome more ome lee: for euen in the Præcoces, or early ones, ome flower a little earlier, and later then others, and then in the colours of the flowers; for wee haue oberued many Rh


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rensselaer (New York)

RENSSELAER, N. Y., city in Rensselaer County, on the Hudson River and the Boston and Albany, the New York Central and Hudson River railroads, opposite Albany and six miles south of Troy. It is connected with Albany, Troy and other cities by electric lines and by steamboat with many cities and towns on the river. Three large bridges span the Hudson and connect Rensselaer with Albany. The first settlement was made by the Dutch. It was incorporated as a village in 1815 and in 1897 was chartered as a city. It was called Greenbush until it became a city, when it took the name Rensselaer. The village of Bath was annexed in 1902. Rensselaer is a commercial and manufacturing city, noted for its chemical and aniline works, felt factory, tannery and shirt-waist factory. According to the United States census for 1914, the city had 32 manufacturing establishments, employing a capital of $2,317,925 and yielding products valued at $2,755,418. A large number of persons are employed in connection with the railroads and steamboats and in the offices, stores and factories in Albany and Troy. There are 10 churches, two public schools, one parish school, Saint John's Academy, Saint John's Orphan Asylum, Franciscan Father's Home, Genet Barracks and Memorial Park. Fort Cralo, built in 1642, still stands. The government is vested in a mayor and a common council of 10 members, elected biennially. Pop. 11,213.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, located at Troy, N. Y. It was founded by Stephen Van Rensselaer in 1824 as a school of practical science, being the first school of science and the first school of engineering to be established in any English-speaking country. It was first opened to students in January 1825 and incorporated in March 1826. It was at first named the Rensselaer School, afterward the Rensselaer Institute and finally the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Lectures on land surveying and engineering were given as early as 1823; and after 1850 the Institute became more distinctly a school of civil engineering; the course at that time was lengthened from one year to three years. It now offers two courses of four years each, one in natural science and one in civil engineering. These courses include instruction in chemical analysis, mineralogy, metallurgy and assaying, as well as in the design and construction of roads, railroads, bridges, roofs, arches, dams, steam

engines, electric engines, dynamos, turbines, foundations, waterworks, tunnels, sewers and canals. The degrees of B.S. and C.E. are conferred. The students in 1917 numbered 687 and the faculty 63. Its influence has been widespread. Students have come to it from 42 of the States of the Union and 25 foreign countries, and its graduates are at present practising their profession in 45 of the States and 19 foreign countries. Its standing as a professional school is shown by the following extract from the report to the German government by Prof. A. Riedler of the Royal Polytechnicum of Berlin: “The greatest number of renowned hydraulic and railroad engineers of America are graduates of this school.”


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, The

REORGANIZED CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER DAY SAINTS, The, organized 6 April 1860, at Amboy, Ill. On 27 June 1844 Joseph Smith, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and his brother Hyrum, the Patriarch, were murdered by a mob at Carthage, Ill. Following this event several aspirants arose claiming the right to the presidency of the Church. The most prominent of these were Sidney Rigdon, William B. Smith and James J. Strang. Sidney Rigdon, who served as first counselor to the Prophet Joseph Smith 1833-44, was the first to make the claim, stating that the Church should choose him as “Guardian” to stand for the martyred president. By appointment, a conference of the Church was held 8 Aug. 1844, in Nauvoo, Ill., at which Mr. Rigdon presented his claims at length and was rejected by the assembled members when the question was put to vote. At this same conference the Twelve Apostles were sustained by unanimous vote as

the presiding quorum of the Church agreeable to the revelation which reads: “The Twelve traveling counselors are called to be the Twelve Apostles, or special witnesses of the name of Christ in all the world; thus differing from other officers in the Church in the duties of their calling. And they form a quorum equal in authority and power to the three Presidents previously mentioned.” (Doctrine and Covenants 107; 23-24). After the rejection of his claims, Sidney Rigdon became disaffected and withdrew to Pittsburgh, Pa., with a small following, over which he presided for a few years, when the organization, for lack of members, ceased to exist. William B. Smith claimed the right to the presidency by virtue of being the only surviving brother of Joseph Smith. His following was always small and soon disbanded. James J. Strang declared that he had been appointed by the Prophet Joseph Smith to be his successor, in a letter written but a few days before the tragedy. He was a man of some ability and gathered about him a few prominent men who refused to remain with the Church under the leadership of Brigham Young and the Twelve Apostles. For a time his organization appeared to flourish, but like the organizations of Sidney Rigdon and William B. Smith, soon fell into decay and was deserted by many members. In the year 1852 Jason W. Briggs, a resident of Beloit, Ill., and Zenas H. Gurley, gathered some of the scattered remnants from these organizations and formed branches at Beloit, Waukesha and Yellowstone, in what they called the “New Organization of the Church.” Jason W. Briggs, it is said, held the office of Elder in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints previous to the death of Joseph Smith. Until 1846, the year of the exodus to the west, he remained a member of the Church. Later he joined the organization of James J. Strang, then that of William B. Smith in which he remained until 1851. Zenas H. Gurley, before the death of the Prophet Joseph Smith, held the office of Seventy. He also accepted the leadership of Brigham Young and the Twelve Apostles until the exodus in 1846, when he withdrew and became a member of the Church under James J. Strang. In this organization he labored diligently until 1851. After Jason W. Briggs and Zenas H. Gurley joined their forces in 1852, they commenced to preach the doctrine of the “rejection” of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints or the “original church” because they said the saints had failed to build the temple at Nauvoo within a given time, which expired at, or shortly following, the death of Joseph and Hyrum Smith. Because of this “rejection” they said it became necessary for the church to be newly organized that it might find favor with the Lord. They also promulgated the doctrine of “lineal priesthood” claiming that it was the right of the oldest son of Joseph Smith to succeed his father in the presidency of the Church. For a number of years they labored to induce Joseph Smith, son of the Prophet Joseph, to take the presidency of the new organization, but without success. Finally, at a conference held at Amboy, Ill., 6 April 1860, he consented and was installed as president of the new organization, which was later incorporated as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.

The Saints' Herald, the official publication of the Church, was begun 1 Jan. 1860, at Cincinnati, Ohio. It was removed to Piano, Ill., March 1863. Since 1881 it has been published at Lamoni, Iowa. Joseph Smith was its editor-in-chief from 1865 to 1914. The Church held annual and semi-annual conferences until and including 1882, when the semi-annual were discontinued. The headquarters were at Piano, Ill., from 1863 to 1881; since then at Lamoni, Iowa. The quorums of the reorganization are organized in the same order which existed at the death of Joseph Smith. The doctrines are as follows:

The Church has been more aggressive in its fight against polygamy than any other organization. The local work is divided into the following organizations according to latest reports: Two States, Lamoni, Iowa; and Independence, Mo.; both organized in 1901; 74 districts; 62 in the United States, two in Australia, five in England, two in Wales, two in Canada and one in Nova Scotia. The reorganization supports Graceland College and a home for the aged, both at Lamoni, Iowa. It is prosecuting missionary work throughout the United States, the Canadas, Australia, New Zealand, Society Islands, Sandwich Islands, the British Isles, Scandinavia and other countries. The membership is about 75,000.


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Jerusalem. The Emanation of the Giant Albion/Plate 26

SUCH VISIONS HAVE APPEARD TO ME AS I MY ORDERD RACE HAVE RUN JERUSALEM IS NAMED LIBERTY AMONG THE SONS OF ALBION


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Education Board, General

EDUCATION BOARD, General. This board was founded in New York city in February 1902 and chartered by Congress on 12 Jan. 1903, its object being the promotion of education throughout the United States, without distinction as to race, sex or creed. Beside

gifts from several philanthropists, the board received, when chartered, a special gift of $1,000,000 from John D. Rockefeller for carrying on the work in the Southern States. Upon the assurance of the success of this movement, on 30 June 1905 he made an additional gift of $10,000,000 and in 1907 a further sum of $32,000,000. See.


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 huddled up in a corner, in which position they were kept by the table being placed in front of them.—The hut was ransacked and every thing turned topsy-turvey. The only decent coat I possessed was appropriated, and one of my two linen shirts went for tinder. After they had laden their horses with provisions from my store, the rascals added insult to injury, for they set to and ate up all the breakfast I had prepared for my friends. In rummaging out my stock they had come across some rum, the remnant of my last spree, and I was in hopes they would have drank freely, but the one who appeared to be the leader of the gang seized upon the liquor immediately it was produced, and serving out a small portion to each of his comrades, he spilt the remainder upon the ground. Although this proceeding was evidently distasteful, no one ventured to remonstrate. I was now ordered to go inside and to assist in tying my friends together by the arms in order to prevent the possibility of pursuit, but this I positively refused to do. All the bushrangers were in the hut, and the horses with their burdens hitched up outside, when we were startled by a rattling volley followed by a loud cheer. All was confusion, and in the midst of it I and my friends made a bolt, rushed outside, holding up both hands to show we were unarmed, and nearly had our brains kicked out, for two horses were struggling in the doorway in the agonies of death. The bushrangers also endeavoured to escape, but finding it hopeless, they returned to the hut, and from all I can judge they mean to fight it out; the rope is about their necks and they know it. All this accounts for your seeing me unarmed, but though there are no spare weapons yet, there will be by and by, for those fellows know how to handle a rifle as well as the men who have come out to take them and who dropped upon them at such a convenient time."

During Rugsby's account of the occurrences which had led

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 to the present aspect of affairs, a brisk fire had been exchanged between the combatants, but no material damage had been done to either side. A shot from Dodge was quickly answered from the hut.

"You see," said Dodge to our friends, "it can't be expected that you care much about this kind of thing, but when I'm in a mess I like to be in the thick of it, so I shall take up a position where I can rake the hut and be in closer communication with the more active of the assailants." He left Raymond and Slinger, and his presence in the midst of the fray was announced to them by three cheers. As if by one consent the whole direction of the attack was placed in his hands, and he was not long in disposing the means at his command in the most advantageous manner. He drew off a number of men, and amongst them Hugh and Slinger, and stationed them under shelter of the store which commanded one end of the hut, and with these he continued more particularly to act. As the day drew on the firing from the hut grew more slack, and at last almost ceased. A council of war was held, at which a feeling prevailed, from which, however, Dodge dissented, that the time was come for making a general attack and taking the bushrangers' strong hold by storm. Dodge proposed that a parley should be held with the enemy, and since they must have become convinced that escape was almost hopeless, he trusted the affair might be settled without bloodshed. It became a question who was to be the adventurous diplomatist, and all eyes were turned on Dodge. After ordering offensive operations to cease, he silently left the assembly, and in a few moments returned with a piece of white linen tied to the end of a stick. Our readers must not be too curious to know from whence the rag was procured, but it answered the end intended admirably. After flourishing it at arm's length for a short time, Dodge roared out at the top of his by

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 no means feeble voice, "Hut! ahoy!" and an answer was immediately returned.

"Listen," he went on to say, "I am coming unarmed to explain to you the utter hopelessness of your situation, and to afford you the only chance remaining for your lives. If you deal treacherously with me, every man here will see me amply revenged; won't you, lads? A simultaneous cheer arose from all sides. With the utmost coolness, extending both arms, and still carrying the novel flag of truce, Dodge left the shelter of the store and walked towards the door of the hut, from whence a tall man issued in a similar attitude. After exchanging a few words they went back together, and the door was closed.

"You are as good as taken," were the first words Dodge uttered as he entered. "Don't deceive yourselves, you can't escape. As it is, you have shed no blood in the fray, and may escape hanging."

"But since the choice remains with us, we prefer the risk of being shot," was the rejoinder.

"Well, it's all a matter of opinion," Dodge remarked; "give me a light for my pipe." This request was complied with, and he handed his pouch to the leader of the gang, who also proceeded to smoke, and the two sat down and remained for a time silent. After scanning each other closely, Dodge said "I like your cut vastly, and I don't fancy this is the first time we have met. Your being in the company of such very respectable gentlemen as I see about you does rather bother me. How is it?"

"I don't feel disposed to offer you any explanation upon that point," said the leader, "and I presume it is not the object of your mission. Let us proceed to business. You come to demand our surrender. We refuse. What then?"

"You are entirely in error," Dodge replied; "let us quite

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Page:Australian Emigrant 1854.djvu/175

 understand each other. I did not come to demand your surrender, but to offer you the alternative between yielding and hanging. You have not yet absolutely refused; when you have, I can answer your last question."

"We do refuse then on any terms."

"I am very sorry for it: and now I have no difficulty in giving you the information you ask. You will be dead or prisoners before sunset. You are surrounded on all sides, and fresh men are arriving every hour. Am I to understand that you reject my offer?"

"You are; we know the worst that can happen to us; but what is to prevent our keeping you a prisoner?"

"Nothing" Dodge replied, "but this, that I put myself into your power hoping to save your lives, though at the hazard of my own."

It has been well said that even the greatest rascals have some good points in their nature which outlive the commission of crimes of the deepest die. The man who acted as leader opened the door without saying another word and motioned Dodge to depart, who returned to his friends and recounted to them the failure of his mission, when the firing recommenced.

During his absence, at Slinger's suggestion, a rough kind of shield had been constructed of split slabs capable of being borne before an advancing party. It was not long allowed to remain useless, and eventually, as will be seen, proved one of the principal agents in unhousing the bushrangers. A quantity of fibrous bark was collected from the adjacent trees and bound loosely together at the end of a stout pole, fire was set to it, and under cover of the shield of slabs, which was borne by several stout fellows, an advance was made towards the enemy's quarters amidst a general cheer; but it was of

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text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Education of Cripples

EDUCATION OF CRIPPLES. See .


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Education of the Deaf

EDUCATION OF THE DEAF. See .


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Education of Defectives

EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVES. See , etc.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Education of the Dumb

EDUCATION OF THE DUMB. See .


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Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/483

313

1. The heaven hath stood; the earth hath stood; all this living world hath stood; the trees have stood, sleeping erect; may this disease of thine stand.

2. What hundred remedies are thine, and [what] thousand, assembled—[with them thou art] the most excellent remedy for flux, the best effacer of disease.

3. Rudra's urine art thou, the navel of the immortal (amṛ́ta); viṣāṇakā́ ('horny') by name art thou, arisen from the root of the Fathers, an effacer of the vātī́kṛta.

1. Go far away, O mind-evil! why utterest (çaṅs) thou things unuttered? Go away; I desire thee not; do thou frequent (sam-cara) trees, woods; in houses, in kine [is] my mind.

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/483


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kiderlen-Waechter, Alfred von

KIDERLEN-WAECHTER, kē'dẽr-lĕn-vek'tẽr, Alfred von, German Foreign Minister: b. Stuttgart, 1852; d. there, 30 Dec 1912. The son of a banker, he served in the war of 1870 and afterward studied law. He entered the Foreign Office in 1879 and some years later accompanied the emperor to Russia, Sweden and Denmark. He was minister in the free

town of Hamburg in 1894, in Copenhagen 1895-96, and later at Bucharest. In Rumania he gathered a deep knowledge of Eastern politics, which led to his acting temporarily as ambassador at Constantinople and as chief at the Foreign Office. He became Foreign Minister in 1910. He conducted the Agadir negotiations in 1911 and was severely criticised both at home and abroad for his provocative attitude in the Panther incident. He succeeded, however, in relieving the strained relations between Germany and Great Britain, and endeavored to make a friend of Russia. See.


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Caradori-Allan, Maria Caterina Rosalbina


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Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part I.djvu/247

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 Rh

The Honorable
 * The Secretary of State
 * Washington, D. C.

Sir:

Referring to the Consulate General's despatch No. 21 of September 27, 1945, in regard to the situation in Indochina, I have the honor to enclose: (a) copy of a letter addressed by HO Chi Minh, President of the "Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam" to the undefined (b) translation of a letter dated October 22, 1945, addressed by HSIAO Wen, Division of Overseas Affairs official serving with the Chinese Occupation Forces in Indochina, to General CHEN Cheng, Chinese Minister of War; and (c) translation of a letter dated undefined addressed by Ho Chi Minh (Wade romanization written HU Chih-ming) and YUAN Yung-jui (Annamite ex-Emperor Pao Tai) to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek.

The originals of these messages were brought to Kunming on October 24 by two United States Army officials who have been serving in the Hanoi area since the latter part of August as members of a G-5 Team for prisoner of war rescue work. undefined, Commanding Officer of the Team, informs me that he is carrying with him to Washington the original of the letter to the Secretary of State for appropriate delivery upon his arrival there. The originals of the letters to General Chen Cheng and to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek in a sealed envelope addressed by the senders to General Cheng are being forwarded by this office to the Embassy at Chungking for delivery through United States Army channels. The officers who brought these messages to Kunming were not told by Ho Chi Minh of the contents thereof and the information contained in the letters to General Cheng and the Generalissimo will ostensibly be known only to the Chinese authorities. The Consulate General was requested to make a transation of the letters in as much as it was believed that they might contain information of a military nature of concern to the United States Army authorities.

undefined He refers to French oppression of the Annamites and the desire of the Annamites for

title: Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part I.djvu/247


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carantacus


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Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/484

vi. 45- 2. If (yát) by down-utterance, out-utterance, forth-utterance we have offended (upa-ṛ), waking or (yát) sleeping, let Agni put far away from us all disagreeable ill-deeds.

3. If (yát), O Indra, O Brahmaṇaspati, we also proceed falsely, let the Ān̄girasa, forethoughtful, protect us from difficulty, from distress.

1. Thou who art not alive, not dead, immortal-embryo of the gods art thou, O sleep; Varuṇāni is thy mother, Yama thy father; Araru by name art thou.

2. We know thy place of birth (janítra), O sleep; thou art son of the gods' sisters (-jāmí), agent of Yama; end-maker art thou; death art

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/484


text: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 44

title: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 44


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text: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 45

title: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 45


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kidnapped

KIDNAPPED, by Robert Louis Stevenson, purports to be, as the subtitle sets forth, the “Memoirs of the adventures of David Balfour in the year 1751; how he was kidnapped and cast away; his sufferings in a desert isle; his journey in the wild Highlands; his acquaintance with Alan Breck Stewart and other notorious Highland Jacobites; with all that he suffered at the hands of his uncle, Ebenezer Balfour of Shaws, falsely so called.” This romance, with a hero bearing a name taken from his own family tree, Stevenson declares to be the only one of his books in which “the characters took the bit in their teeth” and spoke and acted out the story for themselves. “I began it,” he confesses, “partly as a lark, partly as a pot-boiler, and suddenly it moved, David and Alan stepped out from the canvas, and I found I was in another world.” Because of the author's illness, the story, published in 1886, was broken off short with the return of the hero and the discomfiture of the wicked uncle. It was concluded in a sequel published in 1893 under the name of ‘David Balfour’ in the United States, and ‘Catriona’ in Great Britain. ‘Kidnapped’ owed its success largely to the admirable portrayal of the Highlander, Alan Breck. Matthew Arnold was delighted with it, and Andrew Lang pronounced it “a volume containing more of the spirit of Scott than any other in English fiction.”


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carausius


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Card, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cardale, John Bate


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carder, Peter


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This category is populated by the soft redirect template. The pages herein are soft redirects that exist so that external pages may update to the correct link. These pages will be deleted after two months (or whenever the admins get around to processing the backlog).

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cardmaker, John


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Juengling, Frederick

JUENGLING, yŭng'lĭng, Frederick, American wood engraver: b. 1846; d. 1889. He was one of the founders and the first secretary of the American Society of Wood Engravers (1881). In his art he was one of the most consistent advocates and practicers of the new American system of wood engraving which substituted short broken lines, dots and so forth for the regulation long lines and regular sweep of the graver. He was a bold and clever workman and met with very considerable success. Consult Weitenkampf, Frank, ‘American Graphic Art’ (New York 1912).


text: Patrick Buchanan's Speech to 1992 GOP Convention


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cardon, Anthony


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cardonnel, Adam (d.1719)


text: GnuFU

title: GnuFU


text:
Futurist Manifesto

Manifesto del futurismo Manifesto Futurista

title: Futurist Manifesto


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cardonnel, Adam de (d.1820)


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Steve Jobs's Commencement address at Stanford University

Aç Kal, Budala Kal


text: Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy

title: Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy


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text: Index:Thompson Motif-Index 2nd 1.djvu

title: Index:Thompson Motif-Index 2nd 1.djvu


text: International Rosaceae Whitepaper

title: International Rosaceae Whitepaper


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text: Charles Whitman suicide notes

title: Charles Whitman suicide notes


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text: Stephen Colbert's address to the White House Press Correspondents Dinner


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text: Charter of Principles (World Social Forum)


text: Talk:Charter of Principles (World Social Forum)


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Page:Thompson Motif-Index 2nd 1.djvu/13

In the two decades which have now elapsed since the first edition of this work began to appear, the need for a revision and enlargement has become more and more insistent. As the Index has been used for analyzing tales and myths from every quarter of the globe and from almost every narrative literary genre, a large amount of bibliographical material and many new items for the classification have accumulated, so that the revision about doubles the size and scope of the original.

Several very large and important areas have been comprehensively surveyed for motifs during recent years and find place in the present index.

As a result of nearly twenty years of work Professor Tom Peete Cross succeeded in covering the rich field of early Irish literature. Dr. Inger M. Boberg has indexed a large section of the Icelandic sagas and Eddas. There have also been very extensive motif-indexes of the oral tales of India, of the West Indies, of the British and American tale tradition, and of the Talmudic-Midrashic literature — to mention only a few of these important areas. Collections from other parts of the world and from many literary traditions have been examined so as to make the present revision as truly representative as possible of traditional narrative over the entire world.

The introduction to the first edition has been revised to indicate an occasional modification of fact or point of view, to clarify matters about which questions have been raised, and especially to indicate the ways in which the scope of the original index has been widened.

The actual index system has been reconsidered at every point and occasionally changed, but such changes are always minor and are sufficiently indicated. They should facilitate the making of new motif-indexes as well as satisfy the demand of logical arrangement.

The doubling of the scope of material covered, the frequent improvements in the technique of classification, and the amplifying of bibliographic references in the new edition should make the work more useful as a tool for literary and folkloristic research and as a reference work covering a field never before made easily available to the general reader.

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text: This Canada of ours and other poems

title: This Canada of ours and other poems


text: Industrial Society and Its Future

title: Industrial Society and Its Future


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/113

 these perhaps the most interesting is Gonactinia prolifera (fig. 11, B), with eight macromesenteries arranged on the Edwardsian plan. Two pairs of micromesenteries form couples with the first and second Edwardsian pairs, and in addition there is a couple of micromesenteries in each of the sulculo-lateral exocoeles. Only the first and second pairs of Edwardsian macromesenteries are fertile, i.e. bear gonads.

The remaining forms, the, are divisible into the Malacactiniae, or soft-bodied sea-anemones, which have already been described sufficiently in the course of this article, and the Scleractiniae (= Madreporaria) or true corals.

All recent corals, as has already been said, conform so closely to the anatomy of normal Actinians that they cannot be classified apart from them, except that they are distinguished by the possession of a calcareous skeleton. This skeleton is largely composed of a number of radiating plates or septa, and it differs both in origin and structure from the calcareous skeleton of all Alcyonaria except Heliopora. It is formed, not from fused spicules, but as a secretion of a special layer of cells derived from the basal ectoderm, and known as calicoblasts. The skeleton or corallum of a typical solitary coral—the common Devonshire cup-coral Caryophyllia smithii (fig. 15) is a good example—exhibits the followings parts:—(1) The basal plate, between the zooid and the surface of attachment. (2) The septa, radial plates of calcite reaching from the periphery nearly or quite to the centre of the coral-cup or calicle. (3) The theca or wall, which in many corals is not an independent structure, but is formed by the conjoined thickened peripheral ends of the septa. (4) The columella, a structure which occupies the centre of the calicle, and may arise from the basal plate, when it is called essential, or may be formed by union of trabecular offsets of the septa, when it is called unessential. (5) The costae, longitudinal ribs or rows of spines on the outer surface of the theca. True costae always correspond to the septa, and are in fact the peripheral edges of the latter. (6) Epitheca, an offset of the basal plate which surrounds the base of the theca in a ring-like manner, and in some corals may take the place of a true theca. (7) Pali, spinous or blade-like upgrowths from the bottom of the calicle, which project between the inner edges of certain septa and the columella. In addition to these parts the following structures may exist in corals:— Dissepiments are oblique calcareous partitions, stretching from septum to septum, and closing the interseptal chambers below. The whole system of dissepiments in any given calicle is often called endotheca. Synapticulae are calcareous bars uniting adjacent septa. Tabulae are stout horizontal partitions traversing the centre of the calicle and dividing it into as many superimposed chambers. The septa in recent corals always bear a definite relation to the mesenteries, being found either in every entocoele or in every entocoele and exocoele. Hence in corals in which there is only a single cycle of mesenteries the septa are correspondingly few in number; where several cycles of mesenteries are present the septa are correspondingly numerous. In some cases—e.g. in some species of Madrepora—only two septa are fully developed, the remainder being very feebly represented.

Though the corallum appears to live within the zooid, it is morphologically external to it, as is best shown by its developmental history. The larvae of corals are free swimming ciliated forms known as planulae, and they do not acquire a corallum until they fix themselves. A ring-shaped plate of calcite, secreted by the ectoderm, is then formed, lying between the embryo and the surface of attachment. As the mesenteries are formed, the endoderm of the basal disk lying above the basal plate is raised up in the form of radiating folds. There may be six of these folds, one in each entocoele of the primary cycle of mesenteries, or there may be twelve, one in each exocoele and entocoele. The ectoderm beneath each fold becomes detached from the surface of the basal plate, and both it and the mesogloea are folded conformably with the endoderm. The cells forming the limbs of the ectodermic folds secrete nodules of calcite, and these, fusing together, give rise to six (or twelve) vertical radial plates or septa. As growth proceeds new septa are formed simultaneously with the new couples of secondary mesenteries. In some corals, in which all the septa are entocoelic, each new system is embraced by a mesenteric couple; in others, in which the septa are both entocoelic and exocoelic, three septa are formed in every chamber between two primary mesenterial couples, one in the entocoele of the newly formed mesenterial couple of the secondary cycle, and one in each exocoele between a primary and a secondary couple. These latter are in turn embraced by the couples of the tertiary cycle of mesenteries, and new septa are formed in the exocoeles on either side of them, and so forth.

It is evident from an inspection of figs. 16 and 17 that every

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/113


text:
Page:Thompson Motif-Index 2nd 1.djvu/15

With each passing year the need of a comprehensive classification of the materials in all kinds of traditional narrative becomes more apparent. Our great libraries of folklore, enriched by the ceaseless activity of field workers and scholars, grow daily more difficult to explore. Tales, ballads, myths, and traditions have poured in from all parts of the earth, both civilized and uncivilized, so that no man, however great his industry and skill in languages, can read the thousands of volumes in a lifetime. By a careful division of labor, scholars have, however, examined many parts of this field, with the result that the body of writings about traditional narrative also grows beyond the compass of one man's mastery.

That some kind of systematic indexing of this vast accumulation should be undertaken has been long realized. Though several beginnings of such a work have been made during the past century, no plan has been completed with sufficient thoroughness to warrant general acceptance.

For the special field of the folktale, to be sure, the classification of Antti Aarne has been found useful. In this index some eight hundred complete stories current in Europe have been logically arranged, and by its system the tales of more than a dozen European peoples have now been catalogued. For the European area such an arrangement of tales as Aarne's proves reasonably satisfactory, since popular traditions assume much the same pattern throughout, and the same narrative-complexes are found over much of the continent.

title: Page:Thompson Motif-Index 2nd 1.djvu/15


text: Talk:Substitution for the Testimony of KSM


text: Barack Obama's Iraq Speech

title: Barack Obama's Iraq Speech


text:
Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part I.djvu/248

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 – 2 –  of the undefined He makes four requests: (1) The situation should be discussed at the first meeting of the Far Eastern Advisory Commission; (2) Annamite delegates should be allowed to present the views of the "Vietnamese Government"; (3) an investigation committee should be sent to Indochina; and (4) the United Nations should recognize Annamite independence.

The Chinese Overseas Affairs official states that Ho Chi Minh and Pao Tai desire to proceed secretly to Chungking to talk with the Generalissimo and asks that a plane be sent to Indochina for that purpose. In the letter from the Annamite leaders to the Generalissimo, they express their desire to proceed to Chungking to pay their respects to him and ask for a reply.

The United States Army officers describe conditions in Indochina as follows:

The situation is complicated by the food problem, aggravated by the failure of the Chinese Occupation Forces to bring food supplies with them. There are estimated to be approximately 100,000 Chinese troops in Indochina at present and they have taken over large rice stocks in the Haiphong area which otherwise might have been used to relieve the suffering. The French have expressed their willingness to transport rice from Saigon, which they wish to give to dealers in the Hanoi and Haiphong areas for sale, as the most effective method of distribution. Ho Chi Minh is willing to permit the transport of such rice and has agreed to see to its distribution as a gift of the French people but not as a gift from the French Government. Floods have caused a fifty percent loss in crops in the north while in Saigon there are large excess stocks of rice. The Chinese are now endeavoring to arrange for the transport of rice overland from Saigon but that will, of course, be a slow process, given the present condition of communications facilities.

The Annamites have bee guilty of excesses, having killed 20 to 30 French womenandwomen and [sic] children held as hostages at Saigon and having taken many other French hostages in Hanoi–Haiphong and Vinh–Hue areas. In Hanoi Annamite armed squads are continually searching French homes for hidden weapons and the sight of Frenchmen standing against the wall outside their homes under guard by armed Annamites while others search the house is a frequent one.

Americans are extremely popular with the Annamites, who do everything possible to convince them of the justice of their cause. There are still evidences of pro-Vichy sentiment in the Hanoi area and those French who have not been held prisoner in the citadel are apt to be suspect to to those who played a part in the resistance movement.

The

title: Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part I.djvu/248


text: Tape of Mohammad Sidique Khan

title: Tape of Mohammad Sidique Khan


text:
Page:Thompson Motif-Index 2nd 1.djvu/16

10 Outside of Europe, however, Aarne's index is of little use. In the remoter parts of the world, whither any adequate study must lead us, the European tale-types are applicable to very few stories. Yet there is much common matter in the folk-literature of the world. The similarities consist not so often in complete tales as in single motifs. Accordingly, if an attempt is made to reduce the traditional narrative material of the whole earth to order (as, for example, the scientists have done with the worldwide phenomena of biology) it must be by means of a classification of single motifs — those details out of which full-fledged narratives are composed. It is these simple elements which can form a common basis for a systematic arrangement of the whole body of traditional literature. Only after such cataloguing will it be possible to make adequate use of the collections now existing in print and in manuscript.

The work here presented is an attempt at such a classification. In preparing it I have had in mind above all the practical need of using simple principles that will be easily apparent to everyone. According to this plan, motifs dealing with one subject are handled together, irrespective of the literary form in which they may appear. No attempt has been made to determine the psychological basis of various motifs or their structural value in narrative art, for though such considerations have value, they are not, I think, of much practical help toward the orderly arrangement of the stories and myths of a people.

The present problem of classification is analogous to that of the books in a great library. All works on history, of whatever nature and whether good or bad, appear together there, and these in turn are divided into Roman History, French History, and the like. Side by side with Gibbon and Mommsen rests an amateurish dissertation on some minute fact in the life of the Empire. The library cataloguer is not concerned with the merit of the work he includes, nor can he arrange the books according to any principle of literary criticism about which there may be debate. The "literature of knowledge and the literature of power" are illuminating as principles of criticism; they will not serve as a plan for the arrangement of books. The orderly listing of narrative motifs is likewise best accomplished by the simple and usually easy method of placing together all which deal with the same subject.

Acting upon this principle of practical usefulness, I have also made

title: Page:Thompson Motif-Index 2nd 1.djvu/16