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 HIGH ALTAR, CERTOSA OF PAVIA


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Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 1.djvu/223

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Page:The New Arcadia (Tucker).djvu/35

Rh "Because the present order suits him well enough," suggested Tom.

"While he does not see that it is shaken to its very foundations—that he and all he has may be swept away by some tidal wave of social devastation unless a better way be found."

"But what of the money?" persisted Tom.

"That is the difficulty so far, I admit. I have nothing to invest. A few hundreds have been promised by some friends, but what are they?"

"Never mind," said the clergyman; "it will come, I am sure. You will be able to work out your schemes by some means yet."

The doctor lay back on his lounge looking doubtful and troubled.

"It's faith you are depending upon then, Rev. Sir," said Tom. "What'll faith do for you, if you have not the cash?"

"Faith!" exclaimed the young man, jumping up—"faith with power that comes of enthusiasm and high aim, of sympathy for sorrow and suffering, with impatience of wrongs; faith such as animates our good friend—incentive rare enough in these cold, calculating days— will overcome everything. Mark my words, the doctor will do it!"

"On the strength of capital, not of faith," persisted the incorrigible Tom.

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ever there was an earthly paradise, it is here, my child."

"You're very fond of the place, father," remarked a girl whose sixteen summers had dyed her rounded cheeks olive and red; her large eyes were hazel, hair golden-brown; a picture of beautiful youth she looked, as she sat at the old man's feet plying her needle.

The cottage stood on a slight eminence. Far away to the right stretched a smiling valley, on either side of it sloped pine-dotted hills, with here and there a huge granite boulder indicating rich soil beneath. A sinuous line of wattle, golden with blossom, marked the winding of the creek, seeming to convert the plain into a series of gigantic primrose-beds. Two miles away, the streak of gold lost itself in a sheet of silver and red, as the creek flowed into a lake, some three miles below. The rays of the setting sun were illuminating its glittering surface.

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Rh The hills, that there rose sharper from the lake than further up the valley, presented a dark line of smooth sward broken by boulders, pines, and oaks, against the glowing sunset sky.

"That valley," cried the old man, stretching his clay pipe towards it, "might sustain its thousands. Look at the depth of the soil, fourteen feet there on that bank of the creek."

"It's very sticky after rain, I know," objected the maiden. "I'd rather drive Peter over a dozen miles of the clean iron-stone in the ranges, than two miles on the plain. Yesterday after that sudden shower it stuck to the wheels of the old buggy till it creaked again. I had to stop at length and try to poke the black soil off with a stick. In a hundred yards it was as bad as ever again. I often wish your black soil further, dad."

"You should not say that, my girl; God is good to give us a country like this."

"But what's the use of it? just to fatten so many more sheep for old Mr. Leicester."

Thirty years before, Mr. Leicester, the adjoining squatter, had camped beside the creek with the few sheep he had brought out into the wilderness. He had climbed to the top of this very knoll and claimed, as he told his black shepherd, "all he could see between the hills." It was a fairly "large order"—some thirty thousand acres—but in a few months, in consideration of some imaginary services rendered to the Government, a land grant made it his. A reserve along the stream had been retained by the State. Ten years before the date of this story, this had been put up to auction.

Mr. Dowling was the purchaser. Leicester was absent in England. Dick Dowling was one of an ill-fated party of English gentlefolk who "migrated" to Adelaide in its

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28 earliest days. Their patrimony they invested in frame-houses, outfit of an elaborate nature, land and stock purchased in the colony. Dowling was a lawyer; his wife was connected with some of the best county families. Their eldest daughter, the belle of Fenshire, was delicate as she was beautiful. The move broke Grace Dowling's heart. She pined for the conditions and companionship of earlier days, and could see no beauties in eucalyptus and mimosa.

A tree beside the first homestead marks the spot where Grace was laid to rest at last. The grief-stricken parents with their remaining daughter moved on, with sadly shrunken means, to the neighbouring colony.

Dowling arrived in Melbourne just in time to purchase the reserve, to which a friend at the club had directed his attention. The frame-house was again set up, the hundred and twenty acres fenced, some stock procured; then the unfortunate lawyer's last penny was expended. None knew how the trio existed.

Did he never regret relinquishing the little country practice, as he ploughed his own lands, laid out his garden, killed his sheep, took his produce in the spring-cart to Gumford railway-station? Did he not repent his folly, as his daughter swept the dust from ornaments and furniture that had known better days, from portraits of ancestors who seemed to be ever wondering how they came amongst their present surroundings, from the old clock that had stood centuries "on the stairs" at home and seemed never quite reconciled to the house that was all ground-floor?

As the old man saw his daughter milking, even driving the reaping-machine, while he sat and rattled his bones over the clods; as he saw his beautiful old wife making up the butter with her snowy, tapering fingers, trimming

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Rh the lamps, and bearing the week's produce into Gum ford in the rattling American wagon, did he not repent his folly?

No, he never regretted it. He revelled in the life of the country. "Health we have, if not wealth," he used to say. "Peace, if not prosperity. We live our own life, and like it."

Mrs. Dowling was happy in her husband's satisfaction. It seemed to her strange that such as he, refined, intellectual, admired, should have voluntarily exiled himself for a struggle for existence such as this.

"What would the old country and its influence be, good wife," he used to say, "if her sons had not been possessed, so often, of a desire to seek a fuller life abroad, to escape from the deadly conventionalities of an effete society, and to extend all that is best in the national life beyond every sea? What would England be save for her soldiers and sailors and settlers, who could not rest and rust at home?

"I know I have failed," he would sometimes admit, with momentary bitterness. "The greater fortune I dreamed of has never come. The little one I brought has vanished. But cheer up, wife, we'll never give in. None shall call us poor. Have I not my books and a little sphere in which, as Carlyle says, 'to create and to rule and be free'? You are happy, my darling. Perhaps we are of more use here in this uncouth, uncultivated land, where we may leave some fragrance of English fields and tastes behind us, than in dear, but dreamy, Fenshire."

The old man, in his shirt-sleeves, with slouched hat and rough buckskin gaiters, looked still as much the true gentleman as when with shining velveteen he followed the hounds at home, or received the Queen when her Majesty visited the provincial town to open the park presented by his elder brother.

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Rh very glad to be your husband, if you can love me well enough to be your wife. I think I can be trusted to be steady now, and with God's blessing, I'll do my very best to make you happy."

Jessie's large frame shook with the emotion which George's words and looks called forth. "My heart is yours now as it was then; at least I know of no change, except that I know you have proved yourself more worthy of what I feel for you."

"Then why did you not write when I wrote to you? It cast me down to get no answer."

"I could not trust myself to write. I had done too much in speaking, and I could not make out by your letters exactly what you meant, so I was amid I could not tell you just what I meant by mine. Besides I was ashamed of my writing, though it is better now, thanks to Amy. But I was ashamed whenever I thought of my mistake and your surprise; and besides I wanted you to right yourself because you felt you ought to do it, and not for my sake, for that would show you deserved my love. It is only when a man is unworthy that love can be a misery. Even if you had not told me that you feel that love, for me that makes me so happy I can scarce see you through my tears, I would never have mourned

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190 if you had proved yourself good and I had won you to your father and mother. Now you'll have to speak to my father, and I doubt you will have some rouble here, for he is set on my marrying McCallum, and to me he is he most wearisome company I ever was in. So that I'll never do, George; whatever my father may wish or may command I can obey him so far as to give you up, but not to marry another man."

"You'll not give me up, Jessie," said George earnestly, for he now felt as much like a lover as a girl could wish.

"Well, I think not," said Jessie. "Marriage is a thing that so much concerns the two persons that enter into it that I scarce see what even parents have to do with it, except in advising or delaying or such like. But I must mind Strawberry; she's surprised at being bailed up and not milked."

"I'm willing enough to wait till I have got further forward to satisfy your father. I think my own father would help me a bit if he knew what a good sensible girl I have won in the wilds of Australia. Perhaps if I show my letters and tell him my father's circumstances Mr. Lindsay would be more favourable."

"If you win Allan's good will you may make pretty sure of my father's, and I don't think

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Rh Allan is so much taken up with this overseer of Mr. Hammond's as the rest of them are."

"And to win Allan you should have Miss Staunton for your friend. That is a match coming on in time as sure as fate."

"I think it very likely," said Jessie. "It will be a great pleasure to me and to all of us, for she is the winsomest little creature that ever crept into a household, and the cleverest. She has been very serviceable to me in many ways. I never cared to learn much before, because I did not wish to raise myself above you, but when I found that you were so far ahead of me in schooling and the like, I have worked, and Amy says that I am the most patient of the lot of them, though Allan's more persevering. I see the end of my learning, but he does not."

"Will you write to my mother, Jessie?" said George eagerly; "it would gladden her heart to get a letter from you."

"If you wish it very much, George, I will," said Jessie. "Did you get any news about the young Squire Derrick that Amy wanted to hear about?"

"He was not at Stanmore when my mother wrote last. The old gentleman is failing fast and he had gone to the south of England for a change, and Mr. Anthony and Miss Derrick and

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192 young Miss Edith were with him. Father says he is well enough spoken of—that is to say he hears no ill of him—and that is more than can be said of half the heirs to large estates in England."

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eyes were full of suppressed fun and triumph when Mr. McCallum met him at the door as he carried in the milk-pails for Jessie. He knew by intuition who the visitor was.

"Well, Miss Lindsay," said the tall raw-boned Scotchman, extending his hand to her, "I hope ye're nae waur." This was his customary salutation to young ladies, combining, as he thought, a little facetiousness with the simple wish for health.

"I'm very well, I thank you," said she, "but I must put past the milk before I go ben the house. You'll find my father there, and he'll be glad to see you."

"Aye, aye, careful and managing as ever. The milk maun be looked to first. I wish my old woman at Aralewin had half your skill. But

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Rh —There are three banks in the Colony. The Western Australian Bank, established in 1841, a Joint Stock Company managed by a Board of Directors in Perth, having a capital of £50,000 in 5000 shares. It has a branch at Geraldton and an Agency at Fremantle. Its agents in London are the Bank of South Australia, 54 Old Broad Street, as also in South Australia; the Bank of New South Wales in that Colony, Victoria, Queensland, and New Zealand; the Oriental Bank Corporation in India, Mauritius, and Singapore; the Commercial Bank of Van Dieman's Land, and the Chartered Bank of India at Batavia. In the times of financial difficulty in the Colony, previous to the introduction of convicts, this Bank assisted the Government with loans.

The National Bank of Australia, was established in Victoria and South Australia in 1858, and in Western Australia in 1866. This is also a Joint Stock Company under the management of a Board of Directors at Melbourne, having a paid-up capital of £750,000 and a reserve fund of £250,000. The London Office is 149 Leadenhall Street, E.C., where there is also a Board of Directors. It has branches at Fremantle, Geraldton, and Albany within the Colony, as also 40 Branches and Agencies in Victoria, and 39 besides the head office at Adelaide, in South Australia, where also are Local Directors. Its Agents are the National Bank of Scotland; in Ireland the Provincial Bank, the National Bank, and the Ulster Banking Company; in New South Wales the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney; also the Queensland National Bank, the Bank of New Zealand, the Commercial Bank of Van Dieman's Land; in India and China, the Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, the Agra Bank, the Chartered Bank of India; also the


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BIRD SYMPATHY

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From the rocks of Raasey Isle.jpg FROM THE ROCKS OF RAASEY ISLE

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 ON THE EDGE OF THE PRECIPICE

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 POLITE BUT INSISTENT

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106 London and Soath African Bank; at Valparaiso F. Huth Groning & Co.; San Francisco, Hellman Bros.; and the English Bank of Rio Janeiro.

The Union Bank of Australia has now (1878) established branches at Perth and York. It is, like the others, a Company, having a paid-up capital of £1,250,000, with reserve funds amounting to £460,000, and was established in 1837. The principal office is at 1 Bank Buildings Lothbury, London. Its Bankers in London the Bank of England, and Messrs. Glyn & Co., and in addition the National Provincial Bank of England, and the London and County Bank. It has also Agents at Liverpool, Lancaster, Carlisle, Manchester, Warrington, York, Leeds, Halifax, Huddersfield, Bradford, Boston, Birmingham, Nottingham, Dudley, Stafford, Northampton, Leighton-Buzzard, Cambridge, Colchester, Portsmouth, Southampton, Bristol, Glamorganshire, Gloucestershire, Chester, Devon, and Cornwall, in the latter at Penzance, Truro, Redruth, Launceston, and Hilston; the principal Banking Companies in Ireland, and Scotland; the Bank of British North America; the Chartered Banks of India, London, and China, Mid of India, Australia, and China; the Mauritius Commercial Bank; the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation; the Standard Bank of British South Africa; the New London and Brazilian Bank; the London and River Plate Bank; the London and San Francisco Bank, and at San Francisco as well, Messrs. Hellmari Bros. & Co., and the Anglo-Californian Bank; Messrs. F. Huth Gruning & Co., Valparaiso, and the Bank of Rotterdam. It has branches at Melbourne, and 12 other principal places in Victoria; at Sydney, Wagga Wagga, Hay, and Deniliquin in New South Wales; at Brisbane and


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Rh Rockampton [sic] in Queensland; at Adelaide, and Port Adelaide in South Australia; at Hobart Town, Launceston, Oatlands, and Latrobe in Tasmania; and at Auckland, and 21 other principal places in New Zealand.

The banks issue notes, discount bills, keep cash accounts, give letters of credit, and transact all ordinary banking business.

The average weekly amount of notes in circulation in the Colony, is £18,000. The coin now in the Colony is estimated at £75,000.

English money is current in West Australia.

—The principal Imports, besides those already mentioned, are apparel and "slops," boots and shoes, showing the want of skilled labor; drapery, millinery, and haberdashery, grindery, hardware, and cutlery, ironmongery and iron in bars, &c., oilman's stores, oils, paint, and colors, saddlery and harness, soap and candles, apothecary's wares; cheese, which might be produced in the Colony, as well as corn, grain, and meal; tea and sugar, bags and sacks, agricultural implements, steam engines; flour was imported in 1876, to the value of £19,302 12s.

The principal Exports are horses, whale oil, copper and lead ore, pearls and shells, sandalwood, timber, and wool.

Generally speaking, all articles necessary for food, and all materials for industry, as well as machinery, enter duty free; but potatoes, rice, salt, and tea pay duty, and there is a duty of ten per cent, ad valorem on all goods not excepted by 40th Victoria, No. 6.

An export duty of one shilling is levied on every kangaroo skin, of five shillings per ton on sandalwood, £2 per ton on pearl shells, and a royalty of ten shillings per ton on guano.


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132 his finger, continued in the same dry and calm way: "I will tell you—I will tell you . . ."

"What?"

He stooped still lower towards me, shaking his finger meaningly, and kept repeating the words as if they expressed a completed idea:

"I will tell you—I will tell you. Tell them . . ." And still looking at me in the same severe way, he shook his finger once more, then took out his revolver and shot himself in the temple. And this did not surprise or terrify me in the least. Putting my cigarette in the left hand, I felt his wound with my fingers, and went back to the train.

"The student has shot himself. I believe he is still alive," said I to the doctor. The latter caught hold of his head and groaned.

"D—n him! . . . There is no room. There, that one will go and shoot himself, too, soon. And I give you my word of honor," cried he, angrily and menacingly, "I will do the same! Yes! And let me beg you—just walk back. There is no room. You can lodge a complaint against me if you like."

And he turned away, still shouting, while I went up to the other who was about to commit suicide. He was an ambulance man, and also, I believe, a student. He stood, pressing his forehead against the wall of the carriage, and his shoulders shook with sobs.

"Stop!" said I, touching his quivering shoulder. But he did not turn round or answer, and continued crying. And the back of his head was youthful, like the other student's,


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 THE DRAWING-ROOM, DUNSLAND, DEVON


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From a painting by, a village carpenter, in the possession of, Esq., Trebartha


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108 is levied on the transfer of landed property, by licenses under the Wines, Beer, and Spirit Act, to sell by auction, to keep dogs, to collect bark, cut timber, cut or remove sandalwood from the Waste Lands of the Crown, for boats and boatmen, and for boats and ships engaged in the pearl shell fishery, also from judicial fines. Fees are also taken at the different public offices, for registry, copies of official documents, applications, searching records, taking affidavits, &c., in the Sheriff's Office, the Small Debts' Court, and the Insolvent Court.

—The progress of the different colonial industries will appear from the following comparative tables. The agricultural produce was gathered from the area of acres under cultivation, thus distributed:—

The proportions of the different crops cultivated were, in acres, wheat 18,769, barley 6,245, oats 1461, rye 731, potatoes 370, maize 70, vineyard 784, kitchen garden 628, beans, &c. 19, hay or green crop 16,856, from


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 SAVERNAKE FOREST—THE GRAND AVENUE


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 "THE WAKES," SELBORNE


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Lefroy at Purfleet and the Tower of London, and was on duty with his battery at London Bridge on the occasion of the queen's coronation. On 10 Jan. 1837 he was promoted lieutenant, and in August was sent to Chatham, where he availed himself of the royal engineers' school of instruction, and specially devoted himself to the study of practical astronomy.

In 1838 Lefroy, with Lieutenant Eardley Wilmot, proposed the formation of an institution to afford officers of the regiment opportunities of professional instruction. Colonel Cockburn, nead of the royal laboratory at Woolwich Arsenal, submitted the proposal to the authorities, and when the Royal Artillery Institution was founded was the first president of the committee of management, and Lefroy the secretary. The scheme was first suggested to Lefroy by a study of the manuscript records of a regimental society which had been started in 1771 and came to an untimely end.

The government having assented to a recommendation of the British Association to establish magnetical observatories in various colonies for simultaneous observation with other stations belonging to foreign powers, and having agreed to send a naval expedition to take simultaneous observations in high southern latitudes, Lefroy and Eardley Wilmot were in April 1839 selected, on the recommendation of Major (afterwards Sir) Edward Sabine [q. v.l, then engaged in a magnetical survey of the British islands, to proceed to St. Helena and the Cape of Good Hope respectively to take magnetical observations. After receiving instruction during the summer in magnetical work at Dublin from Professor Humphrey Lloyd [q. v.], who became Lefroy's lifelong friend, the two lieutenants embarked in H.M.S. Terror for St. Helena on 25 Sept. At Madeira the two subalterns took barometers to the top of the Pica Ruivo, measured its altitude, and descended with a supply of plants for the naturalists of the expedition. The results of these measurements are given in the ' Narrative of the Voyage of the Antarctic Expedition ' (pp. 6, 329). The voyage was a long one, as the survey work required the expedition to take a devious course by the Canaries, Cape de Verde Islands, St. Paul's, Trinidad, and Martin Vas, off the Brazilian coast, and Lefroy did not arrive in St. James's Bay at St. Helena until 31 Jan. 1840. He remained at St. Helena until 1842, carrying on magnetic observations, and during his stay assisted at the disinterment of the remains of Napoleon I, when they were removed to France. In July 1842 Lefroy was transferred to the observatory at Toronto. In the following year he made the remarkable journey which, undertaken for magnetic research, established his reputation as a geographer. In April 1843 he left Toronto, with Corporal Henry of the royal artillery as his sole white companion, travelled to Lachine, and thence to Hudson s Bay, partly by canoe and partly on snow-shoes. The principal object of the expedition was the determination of the approximate position of the American forces of magnetic intensity. During the journey Lefroy made two lengthy halts, the first at Fort Chipeweyan, at the west end of Lake Athabasca, where magnetical and meteorological observations were made every hour of the twenty-four from 16 Oct. 1843 to 29 Feb. 1844, months of arctic darkness; the second at Fort Simpson on the M'Kenzie River, where similar observations were made continuously during April and May 1844. Magnetic observations were also made every two minutes for hours together during periods of magnetic disturbance when the temperature in the observatories could not be kept above zero Fahr. During this survey Lefroy traversed about 6,475 geographical miles, and made observations at 314 stations en route. Considering the nature of the country, the severity of the climate, and the extreme delicacy of the instruments carried, the journey itself was no easy feat.

The magnetic results of this expedition were communicated to the Royal Society by Sabine, and remain the chief authority for the determination of the approximate position of the forces of magnetic intensity in North America. Lefroy's continuous and painstaking method of observation has been universally recognised as the ideal standard for all work of the kind. In a report on the Austrian expedition in 1872-4 Carl Weyprucht congratulated himself that his observations coincided with those of Lefroy, 'a highly trustworthy traveller, and one accustomed to rigorous and exact observations.' In 1885 Dr. G. Neumayer studied anew the results of Lefroy's magnetic survey, while Dr. Humphrey Lloyd, in 'A Treatise on Magnetism.' published in 1874, describes Lefroy's work as 'probably the most remarkable contribution to our knowledge of magnetic disturbance we possess.' Lefroy's magnetical and meteorological observations were published by the government in a work in which they are discussed at length in conjunction with similar observations made at Sitka, Toronto, and Philadelphia.

During his expedition in North America many observations were taken of the aurora borealis, which formed the subject of two


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Lefroy papers communicated, one to the 'Philosophical Magazine.' the other to 'Silliman's Journal.' In November 1844 Lefroy resumed work at Toronto, where he continued to reside for the next nine years. On 30 Not. 1845 he was promoted captain. In 1849 he founded the Canadian Institute, and was for some years its president. He cultivated the friendship of American men of science, among others of Agassiz and Henry. In 1863 the Toronto observatory was transferred to the colonial government, and Lefroy returned to England. He joined his battery at Woolwich, and went with it to the camp of instruction at Chobham. The Royal Artillery Institution had somewhat declined after he ceased to be secretary in 1839, but in 1849 the evidence given by Captain Eardley Wilmot before a committee of the House of Commons had aroused public interest in it, and a grant of public money had been made for the erection of a suitable building. Lefroy was again appointed secre- tary, and the laboratory was fitted up under his direction. On 1 Feb. 1854 the new build- ins was opened, and the inaugural address delivered by Sabine.

In view of the coming war, and the need of a good and portable text-book, Lefroy energetically compiled in 1854 'The Handbook of Field Artillery for the use of Officers.' which was published by the institution, and three hundred copies were sent out to the Crimea in July 1854. The book collected for the first time the practical information which is required for the rough work of the camp, and proved of great use. It was subsequently issued under the authority of the war office as a text-book for artillery officers, and remained so until 1884, when it was replaced by 'The Handbook for Field Service.'

In 1854 Lefroy became secretary of the Patriotic Fund, which brought him into contact with the Duke of Newcastle, war minister, who in December made him his confidential adviser in artillery matters. He was gazetted as ' scientific adviser on subjects of artillery and inventions.' and to meet questions of pay and military precedence was made a senior clerk in the war office. His duties consisted principally in examining and reporting on military inventions, to which was added the 'foreign legions' and correspondence connected with them. At that time the professional advisers of the master-general of the ordnance on artillery matters were the ' select committee.' composed of nine artillery officers whose average length of service was forty-nine years, and the youngest of whom was sixty-four years of acre. Lefroy managed to get this committee abolished, and a new one, composed of younger men, appointed with power to obtain the best possible outside scientific opinion. Lefroy remained in the same post at the war office under Lord Panmure, and was one of the first to recognise the importance of rifled ordnance. Although he gave full weight to the necessity of careful experiment and caution in developing the invention, he realised the advantage to be gained by the use of an even imperfect rifled gun over the smooth bore, and on his recommendation a battery of rifled guns throwing a 15 lb. shell was actually ordered from Herr Bashley Brittan in 1855, but the order was cancelled on the termination of the war. Lefroy was promoted lieutenant-colonel on 24 Sept. 1855. In October 1855 Lefroy was sent by Lord Panmure, at two days' notice, to Constantinople, to confer with Brigadier-general Storks on the condition of the hospital staff in the East, and on the accommodation of the sick at Scutari. During this mission he made the acquaintance of Miss Nightingale, with whom ne enjoyed a lifelong friendship. He cordially supported her valuable work, and corresponded with her on the subject of military hospitals and nurses from 1856 to 1868. While at Constantinople he desired to secure for the artillery museum in the Rotunda at Woolwich one of the monster pieces of bronze ordnance which overlooked the Dardanelles from the fort on the Asiatic side, but it was only after eleven years of effort that his wish was accomplished.

In 1856 a reorganisation of the system of military education was undertaken by the secretary of war, and Lefroy prepared a detailed scheme. A large sum of money was laid out on a staff college at Sandhurst, and in February 1857 Lefroy was gazetted inspector-general of army schools. All matters connected with regimental education were placed under his direction, and he at once organised a large staff of trained schoolmasters. In September 1858 he drew up an able paper, urging the importance of establishing a school of gunnery, and it is to his foresighted initiative that the existing school at Shoeburyness is due. He was promoted brevet-colonel on 24 Sept. 1858.

Lefroy was a member of the royal commission on the defence of the United Kingdom appointed in August 1859. The committee s recommendations resulted in the defence loan, and the fortifications which still form the main works of defence of the arsenals and dockyards of the country. The same year, in view of possible hostilities, he was sent with Lieutenant-colonel Owen, R.E., by Lord Derby to report on the fort-


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Lefroy of Gibraltar, Malta, and Corfu. On the abolition of the office of inspector-general of army schools in 1860 Lefroy became secretary of the ordnance select committee, and in 1864 president of that committee, with the rank of brigadier-general. He became a regimental colonel on 9 Feb. 1865. On 8 Dec. 1868 he was appointed director-general of ordnance, with the temporary rank of major-general. While holding this post he carried through the formation of a class for artillery officers who wished to prepare themselves for special appointments, and to the 'advanced class.' as it was called — now the artillery college — the regiment owes much. While Lefroy was director-general of ordnance the so-called control department was introduced into the administration of the army. No one recognised more fully than Lefroy the necessity for a better organisation of the supply departments of the army, and no one opposed more keenly the attempt to secure it by converting the accountants and commissariat of the army into its controllers. He was unable, however, to secure the rejection of the new scheme, and early in 1870, finding his position untenable, he resigned his appointment, and on 1 April retired from the army with the honorary rank of major-general. In the previous month he had been made a C.B. For ten years Lefroy had held most important posts in connection with artillery at a time when modern ordnance and ammunition commenced to develope their vast size and power, and Lefroy's scientific attainments and untiring energy were of great value at a critical period in the history of our war material. His last service at the war office was as member of a committee presided over by Sir Frederick Chapman in 1870, to consider the proposed submarine mining defence of certain harbours of the kingdom.

In March 1871 Lefroy was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of the Bermudas. During his tenure of office he brought together from all sources the original documents relating to the early history of the colony, and published them in two bulky volumes, with maps, charts, and views. He collected the indigenous flora of the islands, introduced new cereals and vegetables, and brought a skilled gardener at his own expense from England to superintend their culture. He also resumed meteorological and magnetical observations. Everything concerning the welfare of his government, civil and military, social, literary, and scientific, interested him, and the coloured people found in him a firm friend. While at Bermuda he strongly recommended on moral and economical grounds a reduction of the length of the terms of imprisonment which courts-martial were empowered to award. On his return home in 1877 he was put into communication with Sir Henry (now Lord) Thring, who was then drafting the amended Mutiny Act, and a more lenient code was the result.

Lefroy was made a K.C.M.G. in 1877, and in 1880 was appointed governor of Tasmania. During his residence in that colony he communicated to its Royal Society a paper 'On the Magnetic Variation at Hobart, which gives the result of his observations with the 4-inch azimuth compass made' in 1881. In this paper he also discusses the question of the secular change of the magnetic variation on the southern coast of Australia.

He returned to England in 1882, and made his last contribution to magnetic science by the publication in 1888 of the diary of his Canadian magnetic survey. In this resumé of the principal work of Lefroy's life it is to be observed that the lines of equal value of magnetic intensity on Lefroy's maps differ considerably from those of Sabine in the 'Philosophical Transactions' in 1846 and 1872. The explanation is that Sabine, in following out his system of showing normal lines of equal value of the magnetic elements, left out some of Lefroy's observations which he considered open to question. Lefroy, having personal knowledge of the value of each one of his results, rejected none, and produces evidence to show that his isodynamic lines are 'locally correct.' Sabine, in fact, sought for the best mean results of a great continent, while Lefroy gave the exact results for a portion of that continent.

Lefroy resided in London for several years after his retirement from public life; but failing health led him to Cornwall, and he died at Lewarne, near Liskeard, on 11 April 1890. He was buried near his birthplace at Crondall in Hampshire. He was twice married, first in 1846 to the daughter of Sir John B. Robinson, bart., C.B.; she died in 1869; and secondly to Charlotte Anna, eldest daughter of Colonel T. Dundas of Fingask, and widow of Colonel Armine Mountain, C.B. [q. v.], who, with two sons and two daughters, survived him.

In person Lefroy was tall, with sharply cut features, very slim, alert in movement, genial in manner, cheerful in disposition, and chivalrous. His disinterested exertions to advance the wellbeing of the soldier and the soldier's family dated from the commencement of his military career, and continued to the end. His good works were unpretending and unobtrusive. He was honorary


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Lefroy and later a commissioner of the Patriotic Fund, an active member of the committee of the Royal School for Daughters of Officers of the Army, and for some years chairman of its house committee.

As a labour of love he devoted his evenings for many months in 1863-4 to the arrangement, classification, and cataloguing of the valuable collection in the Rotunda (artillery museum) at Woolwich. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1848, and was for two years a member of its Kew committee. He became a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1853, was LL.D. of the M'Gill University, Montreal, a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and member of other learned bodies. In 1880 he was president of the geographical section of the British Association at the meeting at Swansea, and again in 1884 at Montreal, Canada, and delivered the presidential addresses. On 13 Jan. 1885 he read a paper before the Royal Colonial Institute, the Marquis of Lorne presiding, on the British Association in Canada. In 1885 and 1886 he was a member of the general committee of the Universities Mission to Central Africa, and in 1887 and 1888 was a vice-president.

The following is a list of his works: 1. 'On the Meteorology of St. Helena,' 1841. 2. 'Botany of Bermuda,' 8vo, Washington, 1854 (Bulletin, No. 25, United States National Museum). 3. 'Magnetical and Meteorological Observations at Lake Athabasca and Fort Simpson by Captain J. H. Lefroy, and at Fort Confidence in Great Bear Lake by Sir John Richardson,' 8vo, London, 1855. 4. 'Notes and Documents relating to the Family of Loffroy of Cambray,' printed privately in 1868. 5. 'Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands,' 1515-1685, 2 vols. London, 1879. 6. 'The Historye of the Bermudaes or Summers Islands from a MS. in the Sloane Collection in the British Museum. Edited for the Hakluyt Society,' London, 1882. 7. 'Diary of a Magnetic Survey of a Portion of the Dominion of Canada, chiefly in the North-West Territories. Executed in the years 1842-44,' London, 8vo, 1883. 8. 'Parochial Accounts, Seventeenth Century, St. Neots, Cornwall.' Reprinted from the 'Archæological Journal.' vol. xlviii. 9. 'Royal Society's Proceedings;' 'On the Influence of the Moon on the Atmospheric Pressure, as deduced from Observations of the Barometer made in St. Helena,' 1842, iv. 395; 'Obituary Notice of Major-General Sir William Reid, K.C.B.,' ix. 543. 10. British Association: Presidential Addresses before the Geographical Section, Swansea, 1880; Montreal, 1884. 11. Society of Antiquaries: 'Archæologia,' xlvii. 65. 'The Constitutional History of the Oldest British Plantation,' 12. 'Royal Geographical Society's Journal:' 'Barometrical and Thermometric Measurement of Heights in North America.' 1846, xvi. 263. 13. 'Archæological Journal;' 'On various Ancient Remains and Weapons.' xix. 82, 318, xx. 185, 187, 201, xxi. 60, 90, 91, 137, 176, xxii. 71, 84, 87, 166, 173, 354, xxiii. 65, 156, xxiv. 70, 74, xxv. 85, 151, 249, 261, xxvi. 174, 178. 14. 'Royal Artillery Institution Proceedings,' Vol. i. 1858: Preface. 'Notes on the Establishments of British Field Artillery since 1815.' Vol. ii. 1861 'Note on Mortar Practice.' 'Catalogue of Works on Artillery and Gunnery.' Vol. iii. 1863: 'On the Determination of Range Tables for Rifle Ordnance.' 'On the application of Rifled Cannon to the operation of Breaching unseen Defences by High Angle Firing.' Vol. iv. 1865: 'On two large English Cannon of the 15th Century preserved at S. Michel in Normandy;' contributions to regimental history, contributions to the technology of foreign rifled ordnance. Vol. vi. 1870: 'An Account of the great Cannon of Muhammed II.' Vol. vii. 1871; 'The Story of the 36-inch Mortars of 1855 and 1858.' Vols. xiii. xiv. and xv. 1885, 1886, and 1888: Memoirs and war services of the following officers: Lieutenant-general Albert Borgard, General Forbes Macbean, Major-general William Phillips, General Ellis Walker, Lieutenant-general Sir Thomas Downman, Lieutenant-general George Fead, General Sir Anthony Farington, Lieutenant-general Robert Lawson, General W. J. Smythe. 15. 'Numismatic Chronicle:' 'Nature of Gold Coins discovered in 1828 in the Parish of Crondall, near Aldershot,' new ser. x. 164; 'On Bermuda Hog Money,' new ser. xvi. 153, xviii. 166; 'On Australian Currency.' 16. 'Philosophical Magazine:' 'Observations of the Aurora Borealis,' 1850, xxxvi. 457. 17. 'Silliman's Journal:' 'The Application of Photography to the Self-Registration of Magnetical and Meteorological Instruments,' 1850, ix. 319; 'Remarks on the Winter of 1851-2 in Canada,' 1852, xiv. 135; 'Report on Observations of the Aurora Borealis,' 1852, xiv. 153. 18. 'Canadian Institution Journal:' 'Remarks on Thermometric Registers,' 1852-3, i. 29, 75; 'On the Probable Number of the Indian Population of America,' 1851; 'On the Probable Number of the Native Indian Population of British America,' 1853. 19. 'American Association Proceedings:' 'A Comparison of the Apparent Diurnal Laws of the Irregular Fluctuations of the Magnetical Elements at the Stations


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Lefroy of Observations in North America.' 1851, p. 175. 20. Royal Society of Tasmania—Presidential Address, 1881, p. 1: 'On the Magnetic Variation of Hobart,' p. 39.

 LEFROY, THOMAS LANGLOIS (1776–1869), Irish judge, born 8 Jan. 1776 in county Limerick, was eldest son of Anthony Lefroy of Carrickglass, co. Longford. His father, the representative of a Flemish protestant family which had sought refuge in England in the sixteenth century, was sometime colonel of the 9th dragoons. His mother's name was Anne Gardiner. He was educated from 2 Nov. 1790 at Trinity College, Dublin, where, after taking numerous university prizes and medals, he graduated B. A. in 1795, and afterwards LL.B. and LL.D. in 1827. He was called to the Irish bar in 1797, and practised for many years in equity with great success. He became king's counsel in 1806, king's Serjeant in 1808, and in 1819 a bencher of the King's Inns. He was frequently appointed a commissioner of assize, but in 1830, being mortified by his omission from the commissions, he resigned his 8erjeantcy (, Correspondence of O'Connell, i. 196). A typical Irish protestant tory, he first entered parliament in 1830 as one of the members for the university of Dublin. He steadily voted with Peel, and opposed the Irish measures of the Melbourne administration, but he made no great figure as a speaker in the House of Commons, tnough he spoke often. A baronetcy is said to have been offered to him in 1839. Having represented the university till 1841, he was then appointed a baron of the Irish court of exchequer, and took part in the political trials of 1848. In 1852 he became lord chief justice of the queen's bench, and, in spite of old age, did not resign that post until 1866. He died at Newcourt, near Bray, 4 May 1869, and was buried at Mount Jerome cemetery 12 May. He published in 1802 a law tract on 'Proceedings in Elegit.' and in 1806, with John Schoales, 'Reports of Cases in the Irish Court of Chancery under Lord Redesdale from 1802 to 1806.' He married in 1799 at Abergavenny Mary, only daughter and heiress of Jeffrey Paul of Silver Spring, co. Wexford, by whom he had four sons and three daughters.  LEGAT, FRANCIS (1755–1809), engraver, was born in 1755 at Edinburgh. He is sometimes stated to have been of French origin, and he may possibly have been a descendant of François Leguat [q. v.] Legat studied art under Alexander Runciman [q. v.], and according to some accounts learnt engraving from Sir Robert Strange [q. v.] This is, however, uncertain. Legat came to London about 1780, and took lodgings at 22 Charles Street, Westminster, where he engraved for Boydell 'Mary Queen of Scots resigning the Crown.' from a picture by Gavin Hamilton (1730-1797) [q.v.], in the collection of James Boswell. Here also he engraved 'The Princes in the Tower.' from a picture by J. Northcote, R.A., in the collection of the 'Earl of Egremont. About 1790 he left Charles Street for Sloane Sauare, where he completed an engraving or 'The Death of Cordelia,' after the picture by James Barry, R. A., in the Shakespeare Gallery. In 1797 he moved again to 21 Pleasant Row, Camden Town, where he completed a plate of 'Cassandra' (a portrait of Lady Hamilton) from 'Troilus and Cressida.' after the picture by G. Romney in the Shakespeare Gallery. He finally moved in 1799 to 2 Charles Street, near the Middlesex Hospital, where he resided till his death. Here he engraved 'Ophelia' and 'King, Queen, and Laertes in Hamlet.' after pictures by Benjamin West. He was appointed historical engraver to the Prince of Wales. Encouraged by his success and the money brought to Boydell by his engravings, Legat determined to publish an engraving on his own account, and secured a picture of 'The Death of Sir Ralph Abercrombie' by Stothard for that purpose. The subscription list did not fill, and Legat fell into pecuniary embarrassment. He suffered from mental depression, and died in Charles Street on 7 April 1809, in his fifty-fifth year (Gent Mag. 1809, i. 890). He was buried in Old St. Pancras churchyard. His debts were paid by a friend, Mr. Kemp, and the unfinished plate was sold to Mr. Bowyer of the Historic Gallery, Pall Mall, who had it completed. Legat also engraved 'The Continence of Scipio.' after Nicolas Poussin, 'Andromeda.' after A. Runciman, vignettes and other subjects, after Smirke, Fuseli, &c, for 'Bell's British Theatre.' and other small subjects. He was a conscientious engraver, and paid attention to the study of drawing. He is described as quiet and intelligent, with some literary ability. A small portrait of him by Runciman was engraved by T. Prescott.