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 narrator of the story, "will refuse to sympathise with the emotion which that simple memento of a far-distant land excited in the breasts of those who were thus feelingly reminded of the emblem of their country and the verdure of its soil?"

Speaking of the strength and the perpetuity of the chain of affection that has always connected the Irish abroad and their kindred at home, the same gentleman once publicly stated from a Melbourne platform: "It is a fact—without a parallel I should suppose in the world's history—that in seven years the Irish in America sent £7,520,000 to their friends and relations at home. The aggregate remittances from the colony of Victoria to Ireland must be something considerable, and the eagerness with which our Irish fellow-colonists poured in their applications and their money for passage-warrants, under the Assisted Immigration regulations, is another and a most creditable proof of the strength of their family affections. I know of three sisters—unsophisticated but warm-hearted Irish girls, domestic servants in this city—who regularly remit one-third of their earnings every year to Ireland in order to support an aged and widowed mother in comfort and independence. Acts on filial piety like these—and they are very common among the class I speak of—say more for the character of the Irish people, and for the depth and durability of the ties which bind them to their kindred, than the most eloquent eulogy which could be pronounced upon them. These are not such actions as court notoriety and obtain applause. They are secretly performed, and spring from a loving impulse, while they are consecrated by a solemn conviction of duty; and believe that no Australian mail is delivered in Ireland this does not carry succour to the destitute, comfort to the aged

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 health to the infirm, a gleam of pleasure to many a solitary cabin, and a sense of solace and companionship to many a lonely fireside."

The Irish emigrant to Australia, who systematically abstained from intemperance and cultivated habits of industry, always attained to success and frequently arrived at affluence. Thousands of such instances might be quoted. On the other hand, it is equally true that some of our emigrant countrymen fell victims to the ever-open public-house and the prevailing sociable conviviality of the colonies. Drinking there is quite a common practice, and what is familiarly known as "shouting" was at one time almost universal, though of late years this peculiarly dangerous evil has been considerably diminished in extent. To "shout" in a public-house means to insist on everybody present, friends and strangers alike, drinking at the shouter's expense, and, as no member of the party will allow himself to be outdone in this reckless sort of hospitality, each one "shouts" in succession, with the result that before long they are all overcome by intoxication. By reason of their characteristic temperament and their superabundant sociable qualities, Irishmen were peculiarly liable to tumble into this pitfall, and whenever they did fail in the colonies, in nine cases out of ten the failure was clearly attributable to this baneful source of temptation in their path. In the middle of 1852, when people were hurrying from all quarters of the globe to the newly-discovered Australian gold-fields, Patrick O'Donohoe, one of the transported men of '48, acted like a true disciple of Father Mathew, and, from his place of exile in Tasmania, addressed an earnest exhortation to his

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mineralogy

MINERALOGY is the science which treats of minerals and especially of the properties of these minerals, their chemical behavior and composition, their crystalline form and structure, their physical characters, their classification and their determination. Mineralogy also considers the part each mineral plays in Nature, its history, its formation and alterations, its variations under different conditions and its relation to other minerals. From a practical standpoint it records the uses of each mineral and the localities in which it has been found.

Mineralogy has many connections with other sciences, especially with crystallography and geology, for minerals are crystals for the most part and must be studied as such, and rocks are only aggregates of minerals and are identified by study of the component minerals. Physics, chemistry and mathematics are fundamental in the study of minerals and minerals are the raw material of the chemist and used by the physicist for the establishment of physical laws. Finally the arts of mining and metallurgy are concerned, the one with the extraction of minerals from the earth, the other with the extraction of metals from minerals.

Minerals arc those substances of definite chemical composition which are found ready made in the crust of the earth and are not directly products of the life or decay of an organism. Usually also they will exhibit definite and characteristic molecular (crystalline) structures.

Although minerals constitute the larger portion by far of the known so-called mineral kingdom, the definition excludes certain portions. Lack of homogeneity excludes asphalt and petroleum; lack of definite chemical composition excludes the natural glasses; ice made in the factory and ruby made in the furnace are not minerals. Coral and pearl are direct products of organic life, therefore not minerals.

The fundamental requirement of definite chemical composition is sometimes apparently waived because other facts, especially proof of definite crystalline structure, have been obtained, although a satisfactory formula has not. For

instance, it is not yet possible to state an unobjectionable formula for tourmaline, and the formulas of the great triclinic feldspars were long a source of confusion. The reasons are manifold, faulty analysis, impurities, replac e ments of one element or group by another, and sometimes, as in the so-called colloid minerals, the originally formed material has taken out other things from solutions which in the dried-out mineral remain inextricably admixed.

The characteristic crystalline structure is so frequent that minerals are sometimes defined as natural crystals. But it is now recognized that crystallinity is dependent on conditions during or preceding solidification, and that, theoretically, like any other chemical substance a mineral may, under different conditions, form in the crystalline state or the amorphous state. Not only is this theoretically true, but there are many so-called “gel” minerals which are known only in the amorphous state and other minerals which are known both in the amorphous and the crystalline state.

Historically, mineralogy as a science dates from the 18th century only. While the ancients utilized a very considerable number of minerals, some for the metals they contained, others as pigments, others as ornaments, charms and talismans and still others in medicine and the arts, they knew little as to their composition and nothing as to their molecular structure. They classified them, it is true, for there is still extant part of a work, ‘On Stones,’ written by Theophrastus, who died 286 B.C., while Pliny in his great work on natural history, published 77 A.D., devotes five books to “earths, metals, stones and gems.”

The greatest contribution to mineralogical knowledge prior to the 18th century was made by Georg Agricola (1494-1555), professor of chemistry at Chemnitz, Saxony, who minutely discussed the known important ores, their mining, concentration and metallurgy; and may be said to have summed up and systematized the knowledge of minerals at that period.

As chemical knowledge increased the compositions of minerals were gradually determined and chemical tests began to replace arbitrary distinctions of structure, color and the like. This is clearly shown in the works of Wallerius, 1747, and Werner, 1798; and from this time the composition became the dominating character.

The existence of a characteristic crystalline structure for most minerals was very gradually recognized and, until the publication of the works of Romè de l'Isle in 1783 and Rènè Just Haüy (who “raised mineralogy to the rank of a science”), played no part in the study of minerals. From this period the fundamental importance of the crystalline structure and the part it plays in the interpretation of both physical and chemical phenomena have been everywhere recognized.

Mineralogy may conveniently be considered under the following headings: (1) Crystallography; (2) Physical Mineralogy; (3) Chemical Mineralogy; (4) Formation and Occurrence; (5) Uses; (6) Descriptive Mineralogy; (7) Determinative Mineralogy.

1. Crystallography.—Crystallography, although a distinct science, has developed with mineralogy and is so interwoven with it that the two sciences are usually taught and studied

by the same specialists. Crystallography is discussed separately in the articles ; and. The subject need here be only briefly referred to in its relation to mineralogical study.

As previously stated most minerals exhibit in all or some of their occurrences a definite crystalline structure. If the mineral develops “well faced” crystals the geometric symmetry and constants are obtained by a measurement of the interfacial angles of these crystals. If however these plane-faced crystals are lacking the crystalline structure is studied by the directional characters: cleavage, behavior with polarized light, etch figures, thermal and electrical properties, etc., which yield not only characteristic constants but often the complete symmetry.

Aside from these mentioned constants and symmetry relations resulting from a study of the crystals, interesting problems arise such as the relations between composition and crystalline structure, the causes of variation in crystal habit, and the reasons for vicinal planes and parallel growths.

2. Physical Mineralogy.—Physical mineralogy considers the physical characters of minerals. Many of these are crystal characters since they vary with the direction and have therefore been discussed in the articles on . Other physical characters, however, which are not dependent or notably dependent on the direction the test is made, are, nevertheless, important and some of these may be described as follows:
 * and
 * and
 * and

Lustre, in the mineralogical sense, is not the degree of brilliancy, but the kind of brilliancy. Light reflected from different substances and quite independently of the color, produces different effects; one substance resembles a metal, another glass, another silk, and they are said to possess respectively metallic lustre, vitreous lustre and silky lustre. The determining causes appear to be transparency, structure and refractive power. The most used terms are: Metallic lustre exhibited by those opaque minerals which with the exception of the native metals have a black or nearly black powder. Non-metallic lustre exhibited by all transparent or translucent minerals, which is subdivided into vitreous, adamantine, resinous, pearly, silky and waxy according to the similarity in sheen to glass, diamond, resin, mother of pearl, silk and wax respectively.

Color, by either transmitted or reflected light, depends upon the power of the substance to absorb different proportions of the lights of different wave lengths which together make up the light used. The same substance may, therefore, appear of different colors when viewed with different sources of light; and some minerals are strikingly different as, for instance, alexandrite, which by daylight is bluish to olive green and by lamp or gas light raspberry red. Color is one of the least constant mineral characters and varies with different specimens of the same species. The variation may be due to a few hundredths of 1 per cent of some organic or inorganic substance dissolved in the mineral, or to larger amounts of mechanically included foreign

Color effects may also be due to interference of light, usually as a result of some imperfection in the substance, or, in cut stones, from some purposely chosen shape producing notable dispersion of the white light into its component colors. Such effects are known as play of color, iridescence, opalescence, asterism, etc.

Streak, is the color of the fine powder of the mineral and is nearly constant, no matter how the color of the mass varies.

Hardness, to the mineralogist, means the resistance to abrasion of a smooth surface by a pointed fragment. It is usually, though very crudely, determined by comparison with the following scale introduced by Mohs: (1) Talc; (2) Selenite; (3) Calcite; (4) Fluorite; (5) Apatite; (6) Orthoclase; (7) Quartz; (8) Topaz; (9) Sapphire; (10) Diamond. Intermediate values are window glass 5.5; jeweler's file 6.5; zircon 7.5; chrysoberyl 8.5; carborundum 9.5. The more common procedure is to use pointed fragments of the scale minerals to scratch smooth surfaces of the mineral being tested. Sometimes this is more conveniently reversed and roughly polished plates of the scale minerals are tried by sharp edges or points of the mineral. The members of the scale are not in arithmetical ratio. The average of five attempted comparisons from 9 down give, roughly, sapphire 100, topaz 30, quartz 18, orthoclase 12, apatite 7, fluorite 3½, calcite 2½, gypsum ½. The scale, nevertheless, serves a useful purpose and no convenient substitute has yet been suggested. Elaborate tests with a diamond point, loss of weight by grinding with a standard powder, production of a crack by impact or pressure have been tried but fail to agree even approximately.

The Specific Gravity of a mineral, as of any other chemical substance, is of first rank as a test and is a function of the density of the molecule. As explained in the article comparative molecular volumes are obtained by dividing the molecular weights by the specific gravities.

The specific gravity of a substance is defined as its weight divided by the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at 4° C. The range, in varieties of the same species, is not great and even this is principally due to actual differences in composition. The value is usually obtained by means of a delicate balance provided with attachments for weighing the substance in water, such as a small wooden bench to hold a beaker of distilled water above the scale pan, and a platinum spiral to hold the specimen. Three weighings are needed:

W = weight of the stone. S = weight of the spiral when suspended from the end of the balance frame and immersed in the distilled water. W' = weight of the stone and the spiral suspended in distilled water.

Then, Sp. Gr. = $$\frac{W}{S + W - W'}$$

Instead of absolute weighings, relative weights may be determined on a scale by the stretching of a spring as in the Jolly balance or by the distance the apparatus sinks in water, as in the hydrometer; the results are approximate.

Liquids of high specific gravity such as concentrated solutions of mercuric and potassic

iodide or of silver thallium nitrate, or organic liquids like bromoform or methylene iodide, are often used for quick distinctions between similar appearing substances, one higher in specific gravity than the liquid, the other lower. They may also be conveniently used for certain exact determinations, being equally accurate for minute fragments and coarser material. A liquid is chosen which will float the material; the proper diluent is then stirred in drop by drop until a stage is reached at which the substance, if pushed down, will neither sink nor rise but stay where pushed. The specific gravity of the liquid may then be determined either roughly by dropping in fragments of material of known specific gravity until one is found which just sinks and another which floats, the liquid being of a specific gravity between these; or for more accurate determination a special balance, such as the Westphal, may be used.

Numerous other non-directional characters, some of which, such as fusibility and elasticity, are susceptible of exact determination, are approximately expressed by convenient terms. Fusibility, for instance, is determined in terms of a scale of seven minerals by comparing the effect of the blowpipe flame on small fragments of similar size. Elastic substances are distinguished as elastic and flexible. Tenacity is expressed as brittle, sectile, malleable, ductile or tough. The fracture surface is said to be conchoidal, even, uneven, splintery; and terms are used describing taste, odor and the sense of touch.

Certain characters are limited to a few minerals rather than exhibited by all. Such a character is luminescence or the property of emitting light at ordinary temperatures after being subjected to some exciting influence, such as light, friction, X-rays, ultraviolet light or radium.

3. Chemical Mineralogy.—Minerals are either elements or are formed by the uniting of atoms of different elements in definite proportions in accordance with the laws of chemistry and for either identification or classification their chemical composition is their most important characteristic

The methods of analyses and the calculation of formulæ are in general the same as in the analyses of other definite chemical substances. Much attention has to be paid to securing homogeneous material and in general the problem is complicated by the fact that most minerals are isomorphous mixtures (or mixed crystals) rather than simple salts.

True molecular formulæ are not generally determinable. The empirical formula is calculated from the analysis. Thus, for instance, beryl:

or closely in the ratio 3BeO.Al$2$O$3$.6SiO$2$ or, summing up, Be$2$Al$3$(SiO$2$)O$3$. If the material is an isomorphous mixture, the sum of the ratios of the replaceable elements or groups is considered, for instance, in the sphalerite analysis which follows, the sum of the

in which Zn Fe Cd and Pb are found is 1.040 and the S 1.039.

Such a composition could be expressed either by RS or (Zn.Fe.Cd.Pb)S, the letter R being used to represent a varying group of isomorphic or equivalent elements, and the parentheses with periods between the elements to show that the zinc, iron, etc., taken together accompany one atom of sulphur.

The question whether the water given off during heating is due to the destruction of an acid or basic salt or a hydroxide or is more loosely held as so-called water of crystallization, or is present in solid solution or is adsorbed or adhering atmospheric water, is often difficult to answer. Carefully worked-out water curves showing the loss at frequent intervals of temperature and the rate of loss at each temperature will often assist the judgment.

The chemical testing of minerals in practice is very commonly by the so-called “blowpipe tests” which possess certain advantages in speed, minute amounts of material needed and in directness of application. Usually no attempt is made to secure a complete qualitative analysis, but merely to determine the dominating constituents. Easy tests exist for most of the common and many of the rare elements, and while group separations, except for instance into volatile and non-volatile, are not practicable the order of testing is such that certain elements are detected and largely removed before the tests for the others are made.

4. The Formation and Occurrence of Minerals.—The history of a mineral, the rôle it has played, is largely told by its occurrence, associates and alterations, and these facts are often illuminated by the successful reproduction of a mineral by a method which does not conflict with the known natural conditions. The processes of mineral formation may be broadly grouped under the headings:

(1) Crystallization from a fluid magma consisting chiefly of silicates but partly of oxides, sulphides, fluorides and ferrates mutually dissolved in each other with certain volatile constituents, chiefly water. By far the greater portion of the earth's crust has formed from such magmas and a comparatively few mineral groups are found to dominate them. Clarke's estimate is

The estimated 7 per cent of accessory includes rarer silicates, elements, sulphides and oxides, sometimes in quantities which are of economic value, especially when they have undergone a natural concentration known as magmatic

as in the important nickel ores of Sudbury, Canada.

(2) Formation by pneumatolysis, that is processes in which gases and vapors especially steam, hydrofluoric, boric, su l phuric and hydrochloric add play a principal part. These gases and vapors are released by the cooling magmas and when charged with dissolved matter deposit it later as new minerals in pegmatite veins, contacts, tin lodes and other places to which they may penetrate. These vapors dissolve, transport and concentrate minerals rare in the rocks which they penetrate; they form new species into the composition of which they enter and they serve as “mineralizers,” apparently with catalytic action.

(3) Crystallization or precipitation from aqueous solutions. Rain water carrying oxygen and the underground waters with dissolved carbon dioxide and other constituents are the chief agents in the disintegration and alteration of the minerals which are at or near the surface. They take away selectively much of the soda, potash and lime and much less of the magnesia and alumina and silica. The solutions due to this “weathering” are in part redeposited as cements, in part precipitated in the residual minerals, but much is carried away to rivers, lakes or oceans, and there may form deposits of new minerals, such as carbonate of lime in rivers or underground channels, salt or other minerals of soda in lakes (or if boric acid has been present borates may form) and in land-locked basins, great beds of anhydrite, gypsum and common salt, or, more rarely, as at Stassfurt, salts of potassum and magnesium.

The minerals of veins by their composition and arrangement are shown to be deposits from watery solution, but in most cases not simply solutions of the neighboring rocks in the underground water, but also solutions in the vapors of deep-seated magmas. As the vapors rise into regions of lower pressure and temperature condensation takes place, fluid solutions form, various species separate and are deposited on the walls and may ultimately fill the fissure, forming a vein.

Animal and vegetable organisms often assist in the formation of minerals from watery solutions. The original deposits may not always be strictly mineral species as with coral, shells, diatomaceous earth, but directly or indirectly true species often result, such as limonite, apatite, sulphur and soda nitre. The formation of a mineral may involve very complex agencies such as the combined action of intense pressure from rock folding and of circulating waters often hot and charged with many constituents, including the so-called mineralizing agents. The new minerals are often denser than the originals and many contain constitutional water.

5. The Uses of Minerals.—The mineral industry of this country ranks next to the agricultural, and the value of the minerals considerably exceeds $2,000,000,000 a year. While the principal value of these minerals is for the extraction of particular constituents such as the metals or the substances of use in the chemical industries, there is a large use of the minerals in their natural state not only as constituents of building stones, but as abrasives, fertilizers, fluxes, pigments, refractory materials and in the making of pottery, porcelain, glass, etc. Minerals susceptible of polish and with any

claim to beauty are utilized as precious or ornamental stones.

Minerals are the raw material from which all the metals and all the chemical salts except the organic compounds are made. Not all minerals containing a desired element are utilized, and generally only one or two materials are obtained directly from a mineral. These products are themselves used for the manufacture of others, as for instance the mineral halite or common salt is the indirect source of nearly all of the sodium salts, but is the direct source principally of a crude sodium sulphate from which a multitude of other sails are manufactured.

6. Descriptive Mineralogy.—It may be said that it is the province of descriptive mineralogy to sum up all the results of the study of minerals, as already outlined, into orderly form for each mineral species and to so classify the different species that related minerals shall be grouped together.

The basis of classification may be scientific, or economic or genetic; each for certain purposes being the most satisfactory. Classifications until the 18th century were based on distinctions of structure, color, use, or some fancied similarity, and as has been said were “chiefly designed to enable amateurs to arrange their collections in a fixed order.” Pliny the naturalist (23-79 A.D.) classified as metals earths, stones and gems. Avicenna nearly 1,000 years later used a very similar classification with many subdivisions based on either external characteristics or easily ascertained properties.

Scientific classifications based on essential characters began as the increased chemical knowledge brought composition and chemical tests to the front. This was instanced in the systems of Wallerius in 1747 and Werner in 1798. The still later realization that most minerals possessed a characteristic molecular structure revealed by its crystals and physical characters followed naturally the discoveries of de l'Isle, Haüy and others of the laws governing crystals; and the methods of examining crystals placed crystalline structure alongside chemical composition as the bases of natural scientific classification. The system of James D. Dana is probably most used throughout the world and “follows first the chemical composition and second the crystallographic and other physical characters which indicate more or less clearly the relations of individual species.” Eight principal divisions are made from a chemical standpoint as follows:

In subdividing, the chemical composition and crystalline form are considered with the purpose of assembling in groups those minerals which have analogous compositions and closely similar forms. For instance the barite group

under anhydrous sulphates consists of sulphates in which Ba, Ca, Sr and Zn are in the same Mendeléeff group, and which show close similarity in crystal constants.

Descriptive mineralogy also serves to keep in order the nomenclature. Uniformity can only be obtained if after careful consideration the term entitled to priority and otherwise satisfactory is made the name of the species and the host of synonyms and often unessential variety names assembled under it.

7. Determinative Mineralogy.—This subject has already been discussed in a separate article. See.

Bibliography.— The following is a partial list of comparatively recent works and may be supplemented by the lists following the articles on Crystals and Crystallography.

—Dana, J. D., ‘System of Mineralogy’ (6th ed., with three appendices, 1899, 1909 and 1915, New York 1892); Hintze, Carl, ‘Handbuch der Mineralogie’ (Bd. I, 1904; Bd. 11, 1897, Leipzig; still incomplete).

—Bauer, M., ‘Lehrbuch der Mineralogie’ (2d ed., Stuttgart 1904); Dana-Ford, ‘Manual of Mineralogy’ (13th ed., New York 1912); Dana, E. S., ‘A Textbook of Mineralogy’ (New York 1907); Moses, A. J., and Parsons, C. L., ‘Mineralogy, Crystallography and Blowpipe Analysis’ (5th ed.. New York 1916); Miers, H. A., ‘Mineralogy. An Introduction to the Scientific Study of Minerals’ (London 1902); Naumann-Zirkel, ‘Elemente der Mineralogie’ (13th ed., Leipzig 1898); Phillips, A. H., ‘Mineralogy’ (New York 1912); Rogers, A. F., ‘Introduction to the Study of Minerals’ (New York 1912); Tschermak, G., ‘Lehrbuch der Mineralogie’ (6th ed., 1905).

.— Brush-Penfield, ‘Manual of Determinative Mineralogy’ (16th ed., New York 1906); Eakle, A. S., ‘Mineral Tables’ (New York 1904}; Fuchs-Brauns, ‘Anleitung zum Bestimmen der Mineralien’ (6th ed., Giessen 1913); Frazer-Brown, ‘Tables for the Determination of Minerals’ (6th ed., Philadelphia 1910); Kraus-Hunt. ‘Tables for the Determination of Minerals’ (New York 1911); Lewis, J. V., ‘Determinative Mineralogy’ (2d ed., New York 1915); Plattner-Kolbeck ‘Probierkunst mit der Lötrohre’ (7th ed., Leipzig 1907).

.—Brauns, R., ‘Chemische Mineralogie’ (Leipzig 1896); Doelter, C., ‘Physikalische-Chemische Mineralogie’ (Leipzig 1905); Doelter, C, ‘Handbuch der Mineral Chemie’ (Bd. I, II, III, Dresden 1912-13).

.—Beyschlag-Krusch-Vogt (trans. by S. J. Truscott), ‘The Deposits of the Useful Minerals and Rocks’ (Vol. I, 1914; Vol. II, 1916; Vol. III, London); Clarke, F. W., ‘The Data of Geochemistry’ (Bulletin No. 660, United States Geological Survey, 1915); Leith and Meade, ‘Metamorphic Geology’ (New

York 1915); Lindgren, W., ‘Mineral Deposits’ (New York 1913); Pirrson, L. V., ‘Rocks and Rock Minerals’ (New York 1908); Van Hise, C. R., ‘A Treatise on Metamorphism’ (Monograph 47, United States Geological Survey, 1904); Weinschenck, E., ‘Grundzüge der Gesteinkünde’ (Freiburg im Briesgau 1905).

.—Daly, R. A., ‘Igneous Rocks and their Origin’ (New York 1914); Iddings, J. P., ‘Rock Minerals’ (2d ed, New York 1912); Johannsen, A., ‘Determination of Rock Forming Minerals’ (New York 1908); Johannsen, A., ‘Manual of Petrographic Methods’ (New York 1914); Luquer, L. McI., ‘Minerals in Rock Sections’ (4th ed., New York 1913); Weinschenck-Clark, ‘Petrographic Methods’ (New York 1912); Wright, F. E., ‘The Methods of Petrographic-Microscopic Research’ (Carnegie Institution 1911).

.{{— Murdoch, J., ‘Microscopical Determination of the Opaque Minerals’ (New York 1916): Schroeder van der Kolk, J. L. C., ‘Tabellen zur mikroskopischen Bestimmung der mineralien nach ihren Brechnungsexponenten’ (2d ed., Wiesbaden 1906); Seeman, F., ‘Leitfaden der Mineralogischen Bodenanalyse’ (1914); Winchell-Winchell, ‘Elements of Optical Mineralogy’ (New York 1908).

{{sc|Rare Minerals}}.—Cahen and Wootten, ‘The Mineralogy of the Rarer Metals’ (Philadelphia 1912).

{{sc|Gems and Precious Stones}}.—Bauer, Max, ‘Edelsteinkunde’ (2d ed., Leipzig); Cattelle, W. R., ‘Precious Stones’ (Philadelphia 1903); Crookes, Sir Wm., ‘Diamonds’ (New York 1909); Escard, J., ‘Les Pierres Précieuses’ (Paris 1914); Farrington, O. C., ‘Gems and Gem Minerals’ (Chicago 1903); Eppler, A., ‘Die Schmuck nnd Edelsteine’ (Stuttgart 1912); Smith, G. F. H., ‘Gem Stones’ (New York 1912).

{{sc|The Uses of Minerals}}.—Dammer und Tietze, ‘Die Nutzbaren Mineralien’ (2 vols., Stuttgart 1913); ‘Mineral Resources of the United States’ (Annually since 1883. U. S. Geol. Survey); ‘The Mineral Industry’ (Annually since 1892. New York); Engineering and Mining Journal, especially Annual Review number.

{{sc|History of Mineralogy}}.—Fletcher, L., ‘Guide to Mineral Collection of British Museum’; v. Kobell, F., ‘ Geschichte der Mineralogie’ (München 1864).

{{sc|Mineral Synonyms}}.—Chester, A. H., ‘Dictionary of the Names of Minerals’ (New York 1896).

{{Americana Author|Alfred J. Moses|label=Professor of Mineralogy, Columbia University}}

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 TO

DR. FERDINAND MUELLER,

IS DEDICATED, WITH MUCH FRIENDSHIP,

THE AUTHOR.


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 emigrant countrymen to be on their guard against the foul fiend of drunkenness. "Since the era when the standard of temperance was first raised in the green old Western Isle—the Isle of the Saints—at no period, and in no country, was the rigid fulfilment of all the duties connected with teetotalism of such importance as it has now become in the great continent of Australia and the adjacent colonies." He goes on to declare that "very many of the political, social and moral evils of Ireland owe their origin or continuance to the baneful vice of drunkenness," and he pathetically pleads with his fellow-countrymen who were coming out to the new southern land, to live in accordance with the principles of Father Mathew. The only reason, he says, that induced him to pen this well-timed address was the "hope of lending helping hand in the work of regeneration, and thereby laying the foundation of great, free, and united states in te Southern Hemisphere." Looking back at the past history of the colonies, he sees them possessing the incalculable advantages of a pure salubrious climate, a soil abounding in fertility, producing all the necessaries and even the luxuries of life, and covered with flocks and herds and gathered harvests. Then, lifting up the curtain of the future for the benefit of the emigrating Irish thousands, the man of '48 observes: "And in addition to all those blessings of heaven, there are now thrown open mines of the richest metal. Isolated though you stand, deeply embedded in the bosom of the boundless Pacific, you offer to the world an emporium of wealth. You have become a sort of magnet which will attract tens of thousands from the Northern Hemisphere—from the Old and New World to the Antipodes. The progress of the arts and sciences, civilisation, liberty, and independence ought to be the results of those unexampled sources

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 * Whalers's Bluff, Portland Bay.

 * Group of Serpulæ on a valve of Arca shell.


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 * Terebella.

 * Hippocampus or Sea Horse.

 * Kangaroo Crab (Ibacus Peronii.)

 * Fossil Spatangi and Terebratulæ.


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 * Wedge-tailed Eagle.

 * Coliban Falls.

Group of Sphæriæ. Page 109.


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 CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY.

as a taste for Marine Zoology has been diffused by the numerous beautifully illustrated and charming books, which within the last few years have appeared from the English press, they are nearly all costly, and many of them of too technical a nature to prove of real value to the masses, who at the approach of the hot winds of Summer flock to the Sea-shore, and we pen these pages with the hope that the chatty form in which we have endeavoured to impart a few of the gleanings made during several years' rambling in the Colony, may take this Book into the hands of many, who, perhaps, having a lurking taste for the subject of which it treats, would be deterred from its perusal, were it of a more precise or scientific character.

"Great cities," remarks Professor Harvey, in the Preface to his splendid Work on the Seaweeds of our Coast, "are springing up in the Australian Colonies; and watering places, to which the citizen takes his family to enjoy the sea breeze during the summer time are coming into being," still, a residence at the `


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Author:Anton Pavlovich Chekhov/Stories

Constance Garnett

 * Grief (Горе, translated by Constance Garnett)

The Darling and Other Stories
(translated by Constance Garnett, 1916)
 * The Darling (Душечка)
 * Tolstoy's criticism on "The Darling"
 * Ariadne (Ариадна)
 * Polinka (Полинька)
 * Anyuta (Анюта)
 * The Two Volodyas (Володя большой и Володя маленький)
 * The Trousseau (Приданое)
 * The Helpmate (Супруга)
 * Talent (Талант)
 * An Artist's Story (Дом с мезонином)
 * Three Years (Три года)

The Duel and Other Stories
(translated by Constance Garnett, 1916)

The Lady with the Dog and Other Stories
(translated by Constance Garnett, 1917)
 * The Lady with the Dog (Дама с собачкой, 1899)
 * A Doctor's Visit (Случай из практики)
 * An Upheaval (Переполох)
 * Ionitch (Ионыч)
 * The Head of the Family (Отец семейства)
 * The Black Monk (Чёрный монах)
 * Volodya (Володя)
 * An Anonymous Story (Рассказ неизвестного человека)
 * The Husband (Муж)

The Party and Other Stories
(translated by Constance Garnett, 1917) Text: ,
 * The Party
 * Terror
 * A Woman's Kingdom
 * A Problem
 * The Kiss (Поцелуй)
 * "Anna on the Neck" (Анна на шее)
 * The Teacher of Literature
 * Not Wanted
 * Typhus (Тиф)
 * A Misfortune
 * A Trifle from Life

The Wife and Other Stories
(translated by Constance Garnett, 1918)
 * The Wife
 * Difficult People
 * The Grasshopper
 * A Dreary Story
 * The Privy Councillor
 * The Man in a Case
 * Gooseberries
 * About Love
 * The Lottery Ticket

The Witch and Other Stories
(translated by Constance Garnett, 1918)

The Bishop and Other Stories
(The Tales of Chekhov Volume 7 translated by Constance Garnett, 1919) Text:, ,
 * The Bishop (Архиерей)
 * The Letter (Письмо, 1887)
 * Easter Eve (Святою ночью)
 * A Nightmare (Кошмар)
 * The Murder (Убийство)
 * Uprooted (Перекати-поле)
 * The Steppe (Степь)

The Chorus Girl and Other Stories
(The Tales of Chekhov Volume 8 translated by Constance Garnett, 1920) Text: ,
 * The Chorus Girl (Хористка)
 * Verotchka (Верочка)
 * My Life (Моя жизнь)
 * At a Country House (В усадьбе)
 * A Father (Отец)
 * On the Road (На пути)
 * Rothschild's Fiddle (Скрипка Ротшильда)
 * Ivan Matveyitch (Иван Матвеич)
 * Zinotchka (Зиночка)
 * Bad Weather (Ненастье)
 * A Gentleman Friend (Знакомый мужчина)
 * A Trivial Incident (Пустой случай)

The Schoolmistress and Other Stories
(translated by Constance Garnett, 1920), ,
 * The Schoolmistress
 * A Nervous Breakdown
 * Misery
 * Champagne
 * After the Theatre (После театра, 1892)
 * A Lady's Story
 * In Exile
 * The Cattle-Dealers
 * Sorrow
 * On Official Duty
 * The First-Class Passenger
 * A Tragic Actor
 * A Transgression
 * Small Fry
 * The Requiem
 * In the Coach-House
 * Panic Fears (Страхи)
 * The Bet (Пари, 1889)
 * The Head-Gardener's Story (Рассказ старшего садовника)
 * The Beauties
 * The Shoemaker and the Devil (Сапожник и нечистая сила)

The Horse-Stealers and Other Stories
(translated by Constance Garnett, 1921) ,
 * The Horse-Stealers (Воры)
 * Ward No. 6 (Палата № 6)
 * The Petchenyeg (Печенег)
 * A Dead Body (Мёртвое тело)
 * A Happy Ending (Хороший конец)
 * The Looking-Glass (Зеркало)
 * Old Age (Старость)
 * Darkness (Темнота)
 * The Beggar (Нищий)
 * A Story Without a Title (Без заглавия)
 * In Trouble (Беда, 1887)
 * Frost (Мороз)
 * A Slander (Клевета)
 * Minds in Ferment (Брожение умов)
 * Gone Astray
 * An Avenger
 * The Jeune Premier
 * A Defenceless Creature
 * An Enigmatic Nature
 * A Happy Man
 * A Troublesome Visitor
 * An Actor's End

The Schoolmaster and Other Stories
(translated by Constance Garnett, 1921)
 * The Schoolmaster
 * Enemies
 * The Examining Magistrate
 * Betrothed
 * From the Diary of a Violent-Tempered Man
 * In the Dark
 * A Play
 * A Mystery
 * Strong Impressions
 * Drunk
 * The Marshal's Widow
 * A Bad Business
 * In the Court
 * Boots
 * Joy
 * Ladies
 * A Peculiar Man
 * At the Barber's
 * An Inadvertence
 * The Album
 * Oh! The Public
 * A Tripping Tongue
 * Overdoing It
 * The Orator
 * Malingerers
 * In the Graveyard
 * Hush!
 * In an Hotel
 * In a Strange Land

The Cook's Wedding and Other Stories
(translated by Constance Garnett, 1922) Text: ,
 * The Cook's Wedding (Кухарка женится)
 * Sleepy (Спать хочется)
 * Children
 * The Runaway
 * Grisha
 * Oysters
 * Home
 * A Classical Student
 * Vanka (Ванька)
 * An Incident
 * A Day in the Country
 * Boys
 * Shrove Tuesday
 * The Old House
 * In Passion Week
 * Whitebrow
 * Kashtanka
 * A Chameleon
 * The Dependents
 * Who Was to Blame?
 * The Bird Market
 * An Adventure
 * The Fish
 * Art
 * The Swedish Match

Love and Other Stories
(Tales of Chekhov, Vol 13 Translated by Constance Garnett, 1922)
 * Love
 * Lights
 * A Story Without an End
 * Mari D'Elle
 * A Living Chattel
 * The Doctor
 * Too Early
 * The Cossack
 * Aborigines (Обыватели)
 * An Inquiry
 * Martyrs
 * The Lion and the Sun
 * A Daughter of Albion
 * Choristers
 * Nerves
 * A Work of Art
 * A Joke
 * A Country Cottage
 * A Blunder
 * Fat and Thin
 * The Death of a Government Clerk (Смерть чиновника)
 * A Pink Stocking
 * At a Summer Villa

The Bet and Other Stories
(translated by Koteliansky, S. S. (Samuel Solomonovitch) and John Middleton Murry) Text:
 * The Bet (Пари)
 * A Tedious Story (Скучная история)
 * The Fit (Припадок)
 * Misfortune (Несчастье)
 * After the Theatre (После театра)
 * That Wretched Boy (Злой мальчик)
 * Enemies (Враги)
 * A Trifling Occurrence (Житейская мелочь)
 * A Gentleman Friend (Знакомый мужчина)
 * Overwhelming Sensations (Сильные ощущения)
 * Expensive Lessons (Дорогие уроки)
 * A Living Calendar (Живая хронология)
 * Old Age (Старость)

The House with the Mezzanine and Other Stories
(translated by S. S. Koteliansky and Author:Gilbert Cannan, New York, 1917)
 * The House with the Mezzanine
 * Typhus
 * Gooseberries
 * In Exile
 * The Lady with the Toy Dog
 * Goussiev
 * My Life

My Life and other Stories
(translated by S. S. Koteliansky and Gilbert Cannan, 1920)
 * My Life
 * The House with the Mezzanine
 * Typhus
 * Gooseberries
 * In Exile
 * The Lady with the Toy Dog
 * Goussiev

The Black Monk and Other Stories
Translated by Robert Edward Crozier Long, London, Duckworth, 1903; New York, 1915: archive.org
 * The Black Monk
 * On the Way
 * A Family Council
 * At Home
 * In Exile
 * Rothschild's Fiddle
 * A Father
 * Two Tragedies
 * Sleepyhead
 * At the Manor
 * An Event
 * Ward No. 6

The Kiss and Other Stories
Translated by Robert Edward Crozier Long, London, 1908: Russian State Library (commons, index), Google; New York, 1915: archive.org

Jessie Coulson

 * The Grasshopper (Попрыгунья, 1892, translated by Jessie Coulson)

Russian Silhouettes: More Stories of Russian Life
(translated by Marian Fell, 1915) Text:

Stories of Childhood
 * The Boys (Мальчики)
 * Grisha (Гриша)
 * A Trifle from Real Life (Житейская мелочь)
 * The Cook's Wedding (Кухарка женится)
 * Shrove Tuesday (Накануне поста)
 * In Passion Week (На страстной неделе)
 * An Incident (Событие)
 * A Matter of Classics (Случай с классиком)
 * The Tutor (Репетитор)
 * Out of Sorts (Не в духе)

Stories of Youth
 * A Joke (Шуточка)
 * After the Theatre (После театра)
 * Volodia (Володя)
 * A Naughty Boy (Злой мальчик)
 * Bliss (Радость)
 * Two Beautiful Girls (Красавицы)

Light and Shadows
 * The Chorus Girl (Хористка)
 * The Father of a Family (Отец семейства)
 * The Orator (Оратор)
 * Ionitch (Ионыч)
 * At Christmas Time (На святках)
 * In the Coach House (В сарае)
 * Lady N—'s Story (Рассказ госпожи NN)
 * A Journey By Cart (На подводе)
 * The Privy Councillor (Тайный советник)
 * Rothchild's Fiddle (Скрипка Ротшильда)
 * A Horsey Name (Лошадиная фамилия)
 * The Petcheneg (Печенег)
 * The Bishop (Архиерей)

Plays by Tchekoff, series one
(translated from the Russian, with a introducion by Marian Fell, New York, 1916)

 * Uncle Vanya
 * Ivanoff
 * The Sea-gull
 * The Swan Song

Rothschild's Fiddle and Other Stories
(translated by Robert Edward Crozier Long, Adeline Lister Kaye, Constance Garnett, S. S. Koteliansky and John Middleton Murry, 1917?)
 * Rothschild's Fiddle
 * Lacigale
 * The Naughty Boy
 * The Black Monk
 * On Trial
 * Expensive Lessons
 * The Kiss
 * A Gentleman Friend
 * A Trifling Occurance
 * After the Theatre [[Image:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]]
 * Old Age
 * The Hollow
 * Vlerochka
 * A Tiresome Story

title: Author:Anton Pavlovich Chekhov/Stories


text:
Page:Sea and River-side Rambles in Victoria.djvu/21

2 Sea-side soon becomes very monotonous where the mind has not full occupation, but following out a few of the hints contained in the following pages, inducements will be found fog taking exercise in search of some of the many beautiful objects of the Sea-shore, and so all the functions, bodily and mental, may be maintained in a healthy state.

With such glorious teachers as Gosse, Lewes, Harvey, and Rymer Jones, we have often preferred giving a vividly written passage from some one of their Works to anything of our own, and in the preparation of this Work have wished indeed "that some one more skilful had undertaken it, but still it is better even we should undertake it than it be left undone."


text:
Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/165

 of prosperity, but to secure such desirable results, perseverance, fortitude, and wisdom must lead the way and govern your conduct. In this incipient stage on the highway to your future greatness and renown, all the religious and moral virtues should be encouraged and cultivated. Of the latter class, I hold temperance and the absence of all excesses to be of paramount importance."

Answering the question, what is the cause and source of crime in Australia?—an Irish-Australian judge, in his address at the opening of the first circuit court at Brisbane, now the capital of the flourishing colony of Queensland, gave his personal testimony and experience in very startling language. "I think," he said, "I may claim some authoritative right to answer that question correctly, as a person having had an experience second to few in this or any other country in the administration of criminal law. The result of that experience supplies to the question just asked this answer—Intoxication is the hot-bed from which crime springs. Directly or indirectly, all crime is traceable to it, the exceptions being so few as to establish the general rule. If a dray is stopped and robbed on the highway, what is the first object of search?—the keg of spirits. If there be no spirits, the plundered property is converted into cash, speedily to be spent in intoxication. If a store in the country is robbed, the first plunder is that of the cask or the bottle that contains some intoxicating liquor. A quarrel that after a short time, with a little reflection, would be forgotten by sober minds, is renewed and revived with fresh exasperation in the mind at a moment of intoxication, and a thirst created for the most disproportionate and dreadful revenge. At

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/165


text:
Page:Sea and River-side Rambles in Victoria.djvu/22

 CHAPTER II.

are certain times and seasons when the mind, so dependent on a healthy state of the body for a vigorous development, worn out by constant toil and anxiety, becomes thoroughly unstrung, and unless a change of scene and companions can be at once obtained, it soon becomes impaired, and sooner or later the consequences are seen in one of the many tedious nervous diseases unfortunately so prevalent in this country. A change into the interior is scarcely likely to prove as beneficial to the man of sedentary habits as a run by the sea, where the "stormy winds do blow," and where the long lost appetite quickly returns, and the mental faculties resume their wonted spirit and energy.

We write from experience, for rendered irritable by long confinement, and as a climax, the intense heat of the anniversary of the well-remembered Black-Thursday, when the inhabitants of our tank, one after another, were found lying, not "scentless" certainly, but "dead," and the numerous fresh-water Algæ, so carefully preserved, each in its separate bottle on our mantel piece, waiting until we had leisure to investigate them, had withered, we hastily packed up a few choice books, a good supply of glass sample bottles,


text: Author:Alfred Joseph Moses

title: Author:Alfred Joseph Moses


text:
Page:Sea and River-side Rambles in Victoria.djvu/23

4 the use of which will be apparent by and by, a few quires of blotting paper and muslin strapped between well-seasoned boards, and our microscope, determined to explore some of those glorious dark crannies and sheltered nooks which for months past had formed the subject of our dreams, day and night, and which add so considerably to the charm of Sea-side rambling. But where to go then became a matter of grave consideration,—Hobson's Bay, Geelong, Queenscliff, all had something to recommend them, but we wanted companionship and quiet as well as fresh air, and so Warrnambool was decided on to be visited first, with a hope to call, as our leisure would allow, at all these places on our return. The trip to Lady Bay, a few years since one of so much discomfort, having to be made in diminutive crafts, not particularly well provisioned, is now really an enjoyable one, and where it formerly occupied from a week to an indefinite period at the caprice of the winds, is now performed in about eighteen hours in steamers, well officered and well furnished in every way. The weighty point "where to go," being thus decided, we were before many hours had passed over our heads safely ensconced on board the "Lady Bird," and in spite of the gloominess of the morning, the mere anticipation of what we knew to be in store for us soon dispelled all the feeling of "hippishness" which had beset us for many weeks previously. Although steaming along the coast for a considerable portion of the passage, there is nothing of interest to observe after passing the Heads, except the few chance vessels which may be sighted, and the Cape Otway


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Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/166

 such a moment, too, the jealous mind, without any real ground of jealousy, converts remote suspicion into certain conviction, and so on through the whole range of the human passions. Indirectly, intoxication is the cause of crime by producing poverty, for in this country habits of inebriety constitute the main cause of poverty, as no man here is necessitously poor who does not spend in intemperance those means by which he should support his family. Poverty in its turn begets crime, and thus from intoxication, as from a parental source, both derive their existence."

These are wise and weighty words, but happily they are not applicable, at least to any appreciable extent, to the Irish-Australians of to-day. Mr. Justice Therry spoke at a time when colonial society was in its incipient stage of development, and when the more animal type of Australian was in the ascendant. Things have changed considerably since then; civilising influences have been at work; settled and well-organised communities have usurped the place of the wild bush; the higher rational life has the most devotees, and the Calibans are only a small minority of the population.

Through giving way to drink, many a clever Irishman has been constrained to earn a livelihood in some menial subordinate position, entirely out of harmony with his intellectual gifts and attainments. Cases of this kind are very deplorable, and are also at times productive of very comical developments. One of the most amusing scenes ever enacted in a colonial court of justice was the direct result of placing an educated Irishman in an office that is ordinarily filled by an illiterate person. In its early days, the best classical scholar that Melbourne possessed was an Irishman rejoicing in the rolling name of Daniel Wellesley

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/166


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 O'Donovan. He once held a good position in the colony, but he lost it through his fondness for the bottle. He then sank by degrees in the social scale, until finally he became a groom in the stable of Mr. Justice Willis, an irascible gentleman who prided himself on his classical knowledge, and who invariably opened each session of his court with a pedantic address crowded with Latin and Greek quotations. On one of these occasions of state, the ordinary court crier could not attend through illness, and His Honour, seeing that his groom was a good-looking, well-proportioned fellow, called upon O'Donovan to take the vacant high place in court, make the usual official announcements, and preserve order and decorum in the place of justice. O'Donovan did as he was commanded, and all went well until the judge in his scarlet robes commenced to read his usual grandiloquent address in the presence of a crowded court. For the first five minutes he confined himself to the English tongue, but soon His Honour plunged into an unlucky quotation from Horace. Like the war-horse when he hears the sound of the trumpet, so did the temporary crier prick up his ears at the familiar sounds. The judge negotiated four lines successfully, but in the middle of the fifth he floundered; and O'Donovan, forgetting where and what he was for the moment, yelled out in indignation: "See here, your Honour, you are murdering my favourite author, and I will not allow that to be done by either judge or jury. Just listen to me, and I will give you the only true and correct version." Then, to the amazement and the amusement of the whole court, the crier recited a passage of Horace in the most approved academic style. As for the judge, who was so abruptly, unexpectedly, and scandalously pulled up in the course of his address, he was for a time

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/167


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text:
Wikisource:Community portal/Essays

Wikisource essays: Author names

DjVu vs. PDF

Handwriting

Namespace usage proposal

Portal classification system adaptation

Serial works

User essays: Categorization and URL hierarchies

title: Wikisource:Community portal/Essays


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Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/168

 literally speechless with rage and astonishment, but, as soon as he recovered the use of his voice, he roared to the Sheriff to remove "that scoundrel" from the court and lock him up immediately. O'Donovan was thereupon seized, dragged down from his high perch in the court, and placed in one of the prisoners' cells, the innocent expression of his countenance showing all the while that he was utterly unable to comprehend what he had done to deserve such treatment, and that he could not for the life of him see any crime in correcting an obvious Latin misquotation. Until the rising of the court, poor O'Donovan was left in his solitary cell to ruminate over the perils of exhibiting classical knowledge at unseasonable times. Then he was discharged in a double sense—liberated from confinement and commanded by the infuriated judge never to be seen near his private residence or his stable again. This is perhaps the only case on record of a man losing a situation by reason of his being a good classical scholar.

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 CHAPTER VIII.

THE VOYAGE OF THE "ERIN-GO-BRAGH."

, the youngest of the Australian colonies, had the good fortune, during its infancy and early growth, to receive excellent nourishment in the shape of a steady and systematic supply of Irish emigrants. Through the instrumentality of a devoted Irish-Australian priest, who is now the Very Rev. Patrick Dunne, D.D., Vicar-General of the Diocese of Goulburn, the newly-founded northern offshoot of the parent colony was blessed with many willing Hibernian hearts and hands, that have done much to promote its progress and prosperity, and to accelerate its development in various directions. Soon after the formation of a government in Queensland, the wisdom of fostering and encouraging immigration to so large an unoccupied territory, was immediately recognised and acted upon. An immigration agent (Mr. Jordan) was appointed and despatched to London with instructions to arrange, if possible, for a ship to leave London once a month with emigrants for Queensland. Mr. Jordan experienced some difficulty in

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/169


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Page:The American Indian.djvu/63

Rh continuous from Scandinavia to Greenland, this assumption seems justified. Yet, the problem is far from simple. The situation in the Old World is complicated by the presence of horse culture which appears as an early development and by the domestication of the reindeer. Either or both could have greatly stimulated dog traction, but on the other hand, dog traction could have developed in America and spread into Siberia. That it came in with the earliest Asiatic settlers is improbable, since in that case, though not necessarily, we should expect to find it surviving in southern South America. It is also true that the method of hitching in America is different from that in Siberia and contiguous parts of Alaska, and that nothing like the travois is found there.

Returning to our subject, we see that the prevailing mode of land transport in the New World was by human carrier. The wheel was unknown in pre-Columbian times. The wild fauna afforded nothing like the horse and ox of the Old World. The caribou has been found far less suitable for domestication than the closely allied reindeer, and the bison has proved itself rather too strenuous. Yet, these are not sufficient excuses. The plain fact is that the tribes in contact with these animals were relatively primitive. It is fair to assume that if the bison and the caribou had been available to the Peruvians, the tale would be different.

Before the time of Columbus, no tribe had an animal able to carry a man. The dog packers walked in front of their trains, and even the Eskimo walked more than they rode. The coming of the Spaniards made quick changes. The mule and donkey were soon in general use in the area of intense maize culture, though they have not yet entirely displaced the llama in Peru. Wild cattle soon overran Texas and southern California and in the Pampas became almost as numerous as the bison in the North. Their presence greatly modified the food supply, but the most far-reaching change resulted from the spread of the horse.

By direct instruction or mere self-initiated imitation, the natives of the bison and guanaco areas acquired horse culture. Unfortunately, the history of this cultural acquisition is lost,

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/63


text: Page:Sea and River-side Rambles in Victoria.djvu/140


text:
Author talk:Andrew Alphonsus MacErlean

WWI
Name: 	Andrew Alphonsus Macerlean City: 	Manhattan County: 	New York State: 	New York Birth Date: 	31 Aug 1874 Race: 	White Draft Board: 	154

Passenger lists
Name: 	Andrew MacErlean Arrival Date: 	30 Oct 1928 Age: 	54 Gender: 	Male Port of departure: 	Le Havre, France Port of arrival: 	New York, New York Ship Name: 	Paris
 * Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 1897-1957; (National Archives Microfilm Publication T715, 8892 rolls); Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service; National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Naturalisation
Name: 	Andrew Alphonsus MacErlean Address: 	22 W 16 St Date: 	2 Oct 1914 Volume #: 	167 Page #: 	237

1930 US census
Name: 	Andrew Mac Erlean Gender: 	Male Birth Year: 	abt 1875 Birthplace: 	Ireland Race: 	White Home in 1930: 	Manhattan, New York, New York Marital Status: 	Single Immigration Year: 	1908 Relation to Head of House: 	Lodger Father's Birthplace: 	Ireland Mother's Birthplace: 	Ireland

title: Author talk:Andrew Alphonsus MacErlean


text:
An Incident

 * An Incident (Chekhov), a story by Anton Chekhov
 * An Incident (Clough), a poem by Arthur Hugh Clough

title: An Incident


text:
Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/170

 securing in England the class of immigrants suitable for the new colony, and it was understood that, in carrying out his mission, he should confine himself almost exclusively to the selection of immigrants from England and Scotland. About this time (1861) there was great distress in Ireland—a partial famine, in fact—and, as usual under such painful and unforeseen circumstances, the heartless landlords were busily engaged evicting and exterminating the poor afflicted people who were unable to pay their rents. On the estate of Lord Digby, near Tullamore, King's County, a large number of families were under notice to quit. Under ordinary circumstances they would, no doubt, like thousands of their compatriots before them, have found new homes and words of welcome across the Atlantic, but America was then the scene of sanguinary strife between the North and the South, and that avenue of escape was thus closed against the persecuted people. There seemed to be no alternative before them but the poor-house, when some of them remembered that Father Dunne was then in the town of Tullamore. Knowing that he had spent some years as a missionary priest in Australia, they came to him in the hour of their affliction, and besought him to obtain passages for them to any of the Australian colonies. Father Dunne communicated at once with Mr. Jordan, the immigration! agent of the Queensland Government, but that official's reply was the reverse of encouraging. It amounted indeed to a practical exemplification of a still-cherished maxim in some quarters—"No Irish need apply." Nothing daunted by this rebuff, the good priest lost no time in opening up negotiations with the owners of the Black Ball line of ships, with whom Mr. Jordan had contracted to carry his selected immigrants to Queensland. This immigration was

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/170


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Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/171

 under what was known as the "land order" system, by which every adult paying his or her own passage became entitled to a land order of the value of £20. This order was negotiable and transferable, and could be sold for its market value. The Act further provided that those who paid the passages of others, and landed them safely in the colony, would be entitled to the land orders of such immigrants. Father Dunne at once saw that under this system he could take to Queensland any number of eligible Irish immigrants, if he only had the means of paying their passages. The circumstances of the poor people whom he wished to befriend, could brook no delay. He had recourse to some of his well-wishers in Ireland, and succeeded in borrowing sufficient money to induce him to proceed with his philanthropic scheme. In less than a month he had received upwards of 500 applications for free or assisted passages to Queensland. It was only natural that he should meet with some opposition from Irish priests, who could not but view with sorrow and pain the sad spectacle of their people preparing to leave their native country for a far-distant land. Still, with nothing before them but starvation or the poor-house, it is not to be wondered at that the poor people were ready to fly anywhere in order to avoid the ordeal of choosing between two such dismal alternatives. The landlords, with a few honourable exceptions, were inexorable in their demands for the payment of impossible rents after a succession of bad seasons, and, as a result of their inhuman conduct in this respect, hundreds of unfortunate tenants and their families were bereft of house and home. Most of them willingly embraced the opportunity afforded them by Father Dunne to emigrate to a new country, which freely offered them the means of

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/171


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 that honest livelihood which they were not permitted to earn on the soil of their forefathers. The Queensland Government Agent displayed to the last an ungenerous opposition to Father Dunne's benevolent enterprise, and even went so far as to declare that it was very doubtful if land orders would be given to any immigrants who did not come out under the government regulations and through the accredited agent. Undismayed by this uncharitable threat, the indefatigable priest persevered in his arduous undertaking, succeeded in chartering a ship, gave it the patriotic name of "Erin-go-bragh," and placed 400 Irish immigrants on board at Queenstown. Nor did his pastoral care and oversight cease when he saw them all safely on board the "Erin-go-bragh." Far from it. He accompanied them on the long voyage to their future antipodean home, cheered them with his genial presence and fatherly counsel, shared with them the privations and discomforts of ship life, and, all through the dangers of the deep, showed himself to be a genuine Soggarth Aroon, When at last they arrived in Queensland, Father Dunne's living active interest on their behalf was naturally directed into a new channel. He smoothed away all governmental difficulties, set to work energetically to place his people on the road to success and independence, and never left them until every one of the 400 was settled in some industrial occupation in the new land of their adoption.

The voyage of the "Erin-go-bragh" was a memorable one in many respects. It lasted for the long period of five months. The ship, although roomy between decks, was the reverse of a rapid sailer, and this drawback caused a jovial immigrant to suggest to Father Dunne the propriety of rechristening her the "Erin-go-slow." Besides, there was an

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/172


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119 Objects of Design," which lately appeared in the "Art Journal:"—Bright are the flowers of the earth, the first and choicest ornaments; pure, simple, and holy, their charms can ne'er decay, though familiarity and inconsistency may vulgarise, and innumerable misappropriations make us sometimes wish for the contrast that other less showy objects would afford. While the fields are radiant with their beauty, and the gentle zephyrs fragrant with their scented odours, the great tide ebbs and flows over the flowerless plants of the sea. Around the huge rocks the perennial fringes of the olive Fuci, undulate in graceful folds among the swelling waves. I do claim for the neglected vegetation of the Sea-side, an elegance of form and structure, a suggestiveness of mathematical designs, a poetry of association and typical expression, a simplicity and modest gracefulness, which will entitle them to the best efforts of the designer."

Then Designers, Conchologists, Algologists, or pure lovers of nature, whoever and whatever ye are, go to the banks of the Hopkins.


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 almost constant succession of head winds and calms throughout the voyage. As there were signs of the water giving out, the ship called in at the Cape of Good Hope, where the tanks were replenished, and a fair quantity of fresh provisions obtained. On setting sail again, the same provoking head winds continued to be encountered, and, what was still more alarming, when the "Erin-go-bragh" was about 300 miles from the Cape, she commenced to leak. The pumps had to be kept working every alternate hour, and, strange to say, the leak appeared to be most troublesome during calm weather, when there was no strain upon the ship. It was afterwards discovered, when the vessel was placed for examination in the dry dock at Sydney, that a large auger hole had been bored through the bottom, which allowed the water to flow in freely when the copper was displaced by the action of the waves. This discovery pointed very plainly to foul play on the part of some bigoted miscreant, as it was well-known in Liverpool that the ship had been chartered for the conveyance of Irish immigrants to Queensland. Moreover, it was remembered, and this intensified the aforesaid suspicion, that a Scotch family, who had taken their passage by the "Erin-go-bragh," were privately warned in Liverpool not to travel by that particular ship, as it was very doubtful if she would ever reach her destination. But a good angel watched over the Irish barque, and the prophecy of evil was not verified by the event. It is true the ship was a long and anxious time on the water, but she reached her destined port at last. Captain Borlase and his mate, Mr. Myler, both Irishmen, were most kind and attentive to the immigrants, whilst commendably strict in preserving due discipline amongst them. There was of necessity some little grumbling and discontent occasionally. Two sturdy immigrants thought

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Page:Sea and River-side Rambles in Victoria.djvu/24

5 Light, always anxiously looked for. So far then on our way, after watching awhile the phosphorescence of the waves as our vessel dashed through them, we turned in, and were awakened at an early hour in the morning by the announcement that Warrnambool was in sight; our toilet quickly made, we went on deck just as we steamed past Curdie's inlet, where, it will be remembered, the "Schomberg" was wrecked, and in a short time the pretty little town which was to be our temporary abiding place, loomed out from its shelter of thick timber. We now pass the mouth of the river Hopkins (about a mile from the port,) which is barred by a reef of rocks whereon the surf dashes heavily, it is a pretty object, the rugged crags dotted here and there, on which rest lazily enough a group of Cormorants, and the little blue Heron, reminding us of the singular tail pieces which illustrate some of Bewick's works. The white sand hummocks thrown up on shore are objects of interest to the stranger; but the anchor drops as we steam into the snug little Bay, so well protected by the dense bed of Kelp, and the Gulls and Terns fly screaming overhead, indignant apparently at our intruding into their usually quiet haunts, but we shall make acquaintance with them anon we dare say. After being landed by the worthy Harbour Master, we prefer, having suffered severely from the feeling of mal-de-mêr, worse infinitely than the reality, to walk to the town, to the residence of an old friend, where the inner man, a dreadful sufferer on these occasions, being recruited, we saunter out through the town. We had resided here for many years, but in a comparatively brief


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Page:Sea and River-side Rambles in Victoria.djvu/25

6 absence observed marked improvements, thanks to the Local Powers, (the Road Board, and the Municipality,) good roads, Government buildings, a Light-house, Obelisks to serve as land-marks, and a tramway to the Jetty, all proving the importance, from the large agricultural population surrounding it, of this little town. There are now too several respectable hostelries, where but a few years since there was only one, and the visitor will find comfort in any of them.

We have an intense horror of being idle, so adopting the advice of Goethe not to—

We call upon, and capture a Correspondent on Natural History topics, whose zeal in scientific pursuits we had long been aware of. Greetings interchanged, for Naturalists require no formal introduction, we started with the intention of exploring the rock-pools westward of the town. Arrived at our hunting ground after crossing the Merri River, noticing as we climbed the hill a species of the rush-like Xerotes in flower, we found the sea far too rough, and the sky too unpropitious to allow of our peering into the haunts of such creatures as we are in search of; yet nothing daunted we recross in our frail punt, bottling by the way a pretty species of a Diatom, (a Gomphonema), which fringed its sides, and away by the beach towards the Hopkins, to see what might turn up, since we verily believe with Wilmot, whose delightful "Summer Time in the Country," we would wish was more generally known, that "open eyes are always learning,—a garden, a wood, even a pool of


text:
Author:Robert Aris Willmott

Works

 * Summer Time in the Country

title: Author:Robert Aris Willmott


text:
Art

 * Art, a poem by Florence Earle Coates ("She stood a vision vestureless and fair")
 * Art, a poem by Ralph Waldo Emerson ("Give to barrows, trays and pans")
 * Art, a poem by Richard Watson Gilder ("A little, loosened leaf of painted paper")
 * Art, a poem by Richard Watson Gilder ("Following the sun, westward the march of power")
 * Art, a poem by Antonín Klášterský ("I penned a mighty epic poem of yore")

title: Art


text:
Nightmare

 * "A Nightmare", a short story by Anton Chekhov
 * "Nightmare", a poem by Gilbert Keith Chesterton
 * "A Nightmare", a song by W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan
 * "A Nightmare", a poem by Don Marquis
 * "Nightmare", a poem by Clark Ashton Smith
 * "Nightmare!", a short story by Francis Stevens
 * "The Night-Mare", a poem by Johann August Apel translated by Wilhelm Klauer-Klattowski

title: Nightmare


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Page:Sea and River-side Rambles in Victoria.djvu/26

7 water encloses a whole library of knowledge, waiting only to be read." How much more will the wide expanse of Ocean afford us, so densely filled with vegetable and animal life, that the mind grows fairly "dizzy wi the thought."

Unpromising as were our first glances, we walked along, sniffing the delicious odour of the seaweed, chatting of and arranging our plans for future rambles, when our friend exclaimed exultingly, "Quo minime credos gurgite, piscis erit" and truly here, where and when we least expected, our attention was arrested by millions of minute gelatinous-looking objects; we take up one, banded with pink of the faintest hue, another, and another finds its way into bottle No. 2; these were evidently a species of Acalepha or Sea-blubber, but we were unable to identify them, intermingled with them, and somewhat alike in appearance, though differing in shape, were numerous specimens crested with purple, of the bladder of the Portuguese man-of-war, (Physalia) included by Cuvier amongst the Acalephes Hydrostatiques, from its large swimming bladder, which, being easily compressed, enables it to regulate its specific gravity at will—to rise or sink at pleasure; hanging too from its under part are cilia or arms, and various other organs, which probably serve the purpose of nutrition and reproduction. According to Owen, these appendages are of three kinds—urticating, digestive, and (probably) generative. The urticating tentacles being the longest, hollow, and provided with muscular fibres, of which the most conspicuous are longitudinal, and serve to retract


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Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/174

 one day they would settle their little differences with their own muscular arms, and without troubling any outside tribunal. But the captain decided the dispute for them in a very practical and good-humoured fashion. He called them both on deck, made a ring, and ordered them both to strip and see which was really the better man. At the same time, he quietly told the mate to put on the hose and have the force pumps in readiness. When the combatants made their appearance inside the ring, the captain gave the signal to the mate, the hose was immediately brought into operation, and the would-be fighters received so thorough a drenching that nothing more was heard of such personal quarrels for the remainder of the voyage. Every Friday the passengers were supplied with fish and pea soup. It happened on one day that a piece of pork was found in the soup, and the alarming discovery caused considerable commotion. Some of the immigrants lost all faith in the Friday soup after that little accident, and could not be prevailed upon to taste it again. Indeed, one old woman, in the height of her indignation, went so far as to charge the captain with being a "souper" in disguise, that being the repulsive epithet applied by the people to those aggressive Protestant zealots who, with most unchristian indecency, did their best during the famine years, but with very little success, to pervert and demoralise the starving Irish Catholics by offering them basins of soup on Fridays. As a rule, it took some time to reconcile the Irish immigrants to the ship biscuits and the pea soup. They sometimes imagined that the biscuits were t the cause of their sea-sickness, and they could not bear the; sight of them. On one of the ships the immigrants rebelled against the pea soup, waited on the captain, and remonstrated with him for offering them such "dirty-looking stuff," and,

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/174


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Page:Sea and River-side Rambles in Victoria.djvu/27

8 them; they contain many corpuscles of a reniform shape, and are richly provided with thread-cells, whose filaments are of the spiral kind. The gastric appendages are shorter and wider, and are provided with stomata, which are applied to the prey, seized and benumbed by the tentacles. If the prey be small, it is sucked bodily into the gastric sac; if large the sac becomes distended with its juices and dissolved parts, the gastric secretion being a very rapid and powerful solvent. The mouth of each sac is wide, with a broad everted lip, armed with a series of "nettle cells." The whole gastric appendage is highly contractile, and in constant motion in the living animal. Great was our joy as we sat examining these gem-like creatures, quite forgetting the old adage, that "time and tide tarry for no man," until a huge wave compelled us to decamp hastily, and when well beyond its reach we observed on looking round, our collecting bottle into which our treasures had been placed, floating away high on the crest of one wave, now deep down in the trough of another, fairly out to sea,—a sad loss! for before it could be replaced, the tide would have carried away the very specimens we were so anxious to procure. After mourning awhile, and at length somewhat appeased by the consolations of our companion, we set to work anew. Anon, something very much like the object we had lost so prematurely appeared about fifty yards a-head, but bottles are unfortunately too common objects of our shores, so we sauntered slowly towards it, hoping at the best to find the wherewith to make an impromptu aquarium, when to our great joy, here,


text:
The Runaway

 * The Runaway (Беглец), a story by Anton Chekhov, 1887
 * The Runaway by Hannah Cowley
 * The Runaway, a poem by Robert Frost
 * "The Runaway" by Allen French illustrated by Charles M. Relyea in St. Nicholas, Vol. 41, No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 (1913-14)
 * The Runaway by Allen French illustrated by Charles M. Relyea (1914)
 * The Runaway by Allen French illustrated by Charles M. Relyea (1914)

title: The Runaway


text:
User:Zil/Scambles amongst the Alps/Preface

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The Old House

 * The Old House, a story by Hans Christian Andersen
 * The Old House, a story by Anton Chekhov
 * The Old House, a poem by Richard Watson Gilder
 * The Old House, a poem by George Edward Woodberry

Fabeloj de Andersen/I/Ĉapitro 28 — Malnova domo Старый дом

title: The Old House


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Page:Whymper - Scrambles amongst the Alps.djvu/130

RENEWED ATTEMPTS TO ASCEND THE MATTERHORN.

year 1862 was still young, and the Matterhorn, clad in its wintry garb, bore but little resemblance to the Matterhorn of the summer, when a new force came to do battle with the mountain, from another direction. Mr. T. S. Kennedy of Leeds conceived the extraordinary idea that the peak might prove less impracticable in January than in June, and arrived at Zermatt in the former month to put his conception to the test. With stout Peter Perm and sturdy Peter Taugwalder he slept in the little chapel at the Schwarzensee, and on the next morning, like the Messrs. Parker, followed the ridge between the peak called Hörnli and the great mountain. But they found that snow in winter obeyed the ordinary laws, and that the wind and frost were not less unkind than in summer." The wind whirled up the snow and spiculæ of ice into our faces like needles, and flat pieces of ice a foot in diameter, carried up from the glacier below, went flying past. Still no one seemed to like to be the first to give in, till a gust fiercer than usual forced us to shelter for a time behind a rock. Immediately it was tacitly understood that our expedition must now end; but we


text:
Party

 * "The Party" (1888), a short story by Anton Chekhov
 * "The Party", (1896, "Dey had a gread big pahty down to Tom's de othah night") a poem by Paul Laurence Dunbar
 * "The Parties" (1870), an editorial published anonymously in Harper's Weekly
 * "Parties" (1792), an essay by James Madison

title: Party


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Page:Whymper - Scrambles amongst the Alps.djvu/131

Rh determined to leave some memento of our visit, and, after descending a considerable distance, we found a suitable place with loose stones of which to build a cairn. In half-an-hour a tower six feet high was erected; a bottle, with the date, was placed inside, and we retreated as rapidly as possible." This cairn was placed at the spot marked upon Dufour's Map of Switzerland 10,820 feet (3298 mètres), and the highest point attained by Mr. Kennedy was not, I imagine, more than two or three hundred feet above it.

Shortly after this Professor Tyndall gave, in his little tract Mountaineering in 1861, an account of the reason why he had left Breil, in August 1861, without doing anything. It seems that he sent his guide Bennen to reconnoitre, and that the latter made the following report to his employer:—"Herr, I have examined the mountain carefully, and find it more difficult and dangerous than I had imagined. There is no place upon it where we could well pass the night. We might do so on yonder Col upon the snow, but there we should be almost frozen to death, and totally unfit for the work of the next day. On the rocks there is no ledge or cranny which could give us proper harbourage; and starting from Breuil it is certainly impossible to reach the summit in a single day." "I was entirely taken aback," says Tyndall, "by this report. I felt like a man whose grip had given way, and who was dropping through the air. . . . Bennen was evidently dead against any attempt upon the mountain. 'We can, at all events, reach the lower of the two summits,' I remarked. ' Even that is difficult,' he replied; 'but when you have reached it, what then? The peak has neither name nor fame.'"


text:
The Duel (Chekhov)

 * The Duel, translated by Constance Garnett, 1916

title: The Duel (Chekhov)


text:
The Wife

 * The Wife (Dickinson), a poem by Emily Dickinson
 * The Wife (Chekhov), a poem by Anton Chekhov
 * The Wife (Whittier), a poem by John G. Whittier
 * The Wife, a short story by Mary Stewart Cutting

title: The Wife


text:
Terror

 * "Terror", a poem by Richard Aldington
 * "Terror", a story by Anton Chekhov
 * Terror, in Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)
 * The Terror, 1917 book by Arthur Machen

title: Terror


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Page:Whymper - Scrambles amongst the Alps.djvu/133

Rh We had need of a porter, and, by the advice of our landlord, descended to the chalets of Breil in search of one Luc Meynet. We found his house a mean abode, encumbered with cheese-making apparatus, and tenanted only by some bright-eyed children; but as they said that uncle Luc would soon be home, we waited at the door of the little chalet and watched for him. At last a speck was seen coming round the corner of the patch of pines below Breil, and then the children clapped their hands, dropped their toys, and ran eagerly forward to meet him. We saw an ungainly, wobbling figure stoop down and catch up the little ones, kiss them on each cheek, and put them into the empty panniers on each side of the mule, and then heard it come on carolling, as if this was not a world of woe: and yet the face of little Luc Meynet, the hunchback of Breil, bore traces of trouble and sorrow, and there was more than a touch of sadness in his voice when he said that he must look after his brother's children. All his difficulties were, however, at length overcome, and he agreed to join us to carry the tent.

In the past winter I had turned my attention to tents, and that which we had brought with us was the result of experiments to devise one which should be sufficiently portable to be taken over the most difficult ground, and which should combine lightness with stability. Its base was just under six feet square, and a section perpendicular to its length was an equilateral triangle, the sides of which were six feet long. It was intended to accommodate four persons. It was supported by four ash poles, six feet and a half long, and one inch and a quarter thick, tapering to the top to an inch and an eighth; these were shod with iron points. The order of proceeding in the construction of the tent was as follows:—Holes were drilled through the poles about five inches from their tops, for the insertion of two wrought-iron bolts, three inches long


text:
At Home

 * At Home, a poem by Emily Dickinson
 * At Home, a poem by Christina Rossetti
 * At Home (В родном углу), a story by Anton Chekhov, 1897

title: At Home


text:
The Darling

 * The Darling, translated by Constance Garnett in The Darling and Other Stories, (1916)
 * The Darling, translated by Thomas Seltzer in Best Russian Short Stories, (1925)

Душечка (Чехов)

title: The Darling


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Rh prevent draughts. It is as well to have two feet of this surplus on one side, and only one foot on the other; the latter amount being sufficient for the side occupied by the feet. One end was then permanently closed by a triangular piece of forfar, which was sewn down to that which was already fixed. The other end was left open, and had two triangular flaps that overlapped each other, and which were fastened up when we were inside by pieces of tape. Lastly, the forfar was nailed down to the poles to prevent the tent getting out of shape. The cord which was used for climbing served for the tent; it was passed over the crossed poles and underneath the ridge of the roof, and the two ends—one fore and the other aft—were easily secured to pieces of rock. Such a tent costs about four guineas, and its weight is about twenty-three pounds; or, if the lightest kind of forfar is used, it need not exceed twenty pounds. When it was fastened up for transport it presented the appearance shown in the portrait of Meynet in Chapter XV., and it could be unrolled and set up by two persons in three minutes; a point of no small importance during extreme weather. This tent is intended, and adapted, for camping out at high altitudes, or in cold climates. It is not pretended that it is perfectly waterproof, but it can be made so by the addition of mackintosh to the roof; and this increases the weight by only two and a half pounds. It is then fit for general use. It may be observed that the pattern of this tent is identical in all essential points with that arrived at (after great experience) by Sir Leopold M'Clintock for Arctic work, and frequent use by many persons, under varied conditions, has shown that the pattern is both practical and substantial,


text:
Darkness

 * Darkness, a poem by George Gordon Byron
 * Darkness, a story by Anton Chekhov
 * Darkness (a Fragment), a poem by Arthur Hugh Clough
 * Darkness, a poem by Arthur Conan Doyle
 * Darkness, a poem by Frances Fuller Victor

title: Darkness


text:
Lights

 * Lights, a story by Anton Chekhov
 * Lights, a poem by Sara Teasdale

title: Lights


text:
Page:Sacred Books of the East - Volume 1.djvu/35

Rh symbol of all speech and all life. Om thus becomes the name, not only of all our physical and mental powers, but especially of the living principle, the Prâna or spirit. This is explained by the parable in the second chapter, while in the third chapter, that spirit within us is identified with the spirit in the sun. He therefore who meditates on Om, meditates on the spirit in man as identical with the spirit in nature, or in the sun; and thus the lesson that is meant to be taught in the beginning of the Khândogya-upanishad is really this, that none of the Vedas with their sacrifices and ceremonies could ever secure the salvation of the worshipper, i.e. that sacred works, performed according to the rules of the Vedas, are of no avail in the end, but that meditation on Om alone, or that knowledge of what is meant by Om alone, can procure true salvation, or true immortality. Thus the pupil is led on step by step to what is the highest object of the Upanishads, viz. the recognition of the self in man as identical with the Highest Self or Brahman. The lessons which are to lead up to that highest conception of the universe, both subjective and objective, are no doubt mixed up with much that is superstitious and absurd; still the main object is never lost sight of. Thus, when we come to the eighth chapter, the discussion, though it begins with Om or the Udgîtha, ends with the question of the origin of the world; and though the final answer, namely, that Om means ether (âkâsa), and that ether is the origin of all things, may still sound to us more physical than metaphysical, still the description given of ether or âkâsa, shows that more is meant by it than the physical ether, and that ether


text:
User:Ort43v

 * Multilingual site

ja:User:Ort43v

title: User:Ort43v


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Page:The American Indian.djvu/132

90 of the Spanish conquest practically obliterated the native culture. No doubt careful research would still reveal many surviving traits in the present populations of these countries but such studies have not been sufficiently numerous to assist us. As suggestions we may cite Tozzer's study of the Lacandones as a surviving Maya people.

With numerous dense groups of people, as in ancient Mexico and Peru, where a political organization gradually overflowed and submerged the successive local groups, there must have been a great variety of art types that persisted in the homely affairs of life; but the succeednigsucceeding [sic] centuries of European trade

seem to have swept them into oblivion. For Mexico and southward we have no clear idea of the aboriginal textile development. Among the present Huichol we find considerable weaving in which the designs have a marked realistic tendency. So far as known, this is a trait of the modern textile art for the whole stretch of country from the Rio Grande to Panama. While it is certain that we have here a result due in part to contact with Spanish culture, there is no reason for assuming that a new textile art was created since the conquest. The general similarity to Peru, in the range and direction of conventionalization, is sufficient warrant for assuming an original textile art of a similar level. We may, however, get some idea of Maya textile design from the known sculptures and codices. According to early Spanish authorities, the Maya peoples were the most expert weavers in New Spain, which statement, if true, enables us to gauge the whole state of the art from the illustrations the native artists have left us. From these the specific resemblances to modern

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/132


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Page:Sacred Books of the East - Volume 1.djvu/36

xxvi is in fact one of the earlier and less perfect names of the Infinite, of Brahman, the universal Self. This, at least, is the lesson which the Brahmans themselves read in this chapter ; and if we look at the ancient language of the Upanishads as representing mere attempts at finding expression for what their language could hardly express as yet, we shall, I think, be less inclined to disagree with the interpretation put on those ancient oracles by the later Vedânta philosophers, or, at all events, we shall hesitate before we reject what is difficult to interpret, as altogether devoid of meaning.

This is but one instance to show that even behind the fantastic and whimsical phraseology of the sacred writings of the Hindus and other Eastern nations, there may be sometimes aspirations after truth which deserve careful consideration from the student of the psychological development and the historical growth of early religious thought, and that after careful sifting, treasures may be found in what at first we may feel inclined to throw away as utterly worthless.

And now I come to the third caution. Let it not be supposed that a text, three thousand years old, or, even if of more modern date, still widely distant from our own sphere of thought, can be translated in the same manner as a book


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Page:The American Indian.djvu/133

Rh native Mexican weaving are clear and also the general resemblance to Peruvian styles previously noted (Fig. 45).

When we turn to the pottery of this region, even less survives among the living peoples so that any study of the ceramic art also becomes essentially archæological. However, the

ceramic collections in our museums are not extensively embellished with painted designs. In contrast to the pottery of the Pueblo area they are plain, modeling in relief and realistic painting here taking the place of mere design. In the Panama area, including Costa Rica and the Chiriqui district, we have a complex of alligator and armadillo designs, recalling again Peruvian and some modern Mexican textile decorations. In a few instances the Maya were particularly successful with

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Page:Whymper - Scrambles amongst the Alps.djvu/137

Rh if not a treat, to be permitted to drink the coffee-grounds. With the greatest contentment he took the worst place at the door of the tent, and did all the dirty work which was put upon him by the guides, as gratefully as a dog—who has been well beaten—will receive a stroke.

A strong wind sprang up from the east during the night, and in the morning it was blowing almost a hurricane. The tent behaved nobly, and we remained under its shelter for several hours after the sun had risen, uncertain what it was best to do. A lull tempted us to move, but we had scarcely ascended a hundred feet before the storm burst upon us with increased fury. Advance or return was alike impossible; the ridge was denuded of its débris; and we clutched our hardest when we saw stones as big as a man's fist blown away horizontally into space. We dared not attempt to stand upright, and remained stationary, on all fours, glued, as it were, to the rocks. It was intensely cold, for the blast had swept along the main chain of the Pennine Alps, and across the great snow-fields around Monte Rosa. Our warmth and courage rapidly evaporated, and at the next lull we retreated to the tent; having to halt several times even in that short distance. Taugwald and Kronig then declared that they had had enough, and refused to have anything more to do with the mountain. Meynet also informed us that he would be required down below for important cheese-making operations on the following day. It was therefore needful to return to Breil, and we arrived there at 2.30, extremely chagrined at our complete defeat.

Jean-Antoine Carrel, attracted by rumours, had come up to the inn during our absence, and after some negotiations agreed to accompany us, with one of his friends named Pession, on the first fine day. We thought ourselves fortunate; for Carrel clearly considered the mountain a kind of preserve, and regarded our late attempt as an act of poaching. The wind blew itself out during


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Rh but they were as yet untrodden, and might present the most formidable obstacles. No man could expect to climb them by himself. A morsel of rock only seven feet high might at any time defeat him, if it were perpendicular. Such a place might be possible to two, or a bagatelle to three men. It was evident that a party should consist of three men at least. But where could the other two men be obtained? Carrel was the only man who exhibited any enthusiasm in the matter; and he, in 1861, had absolutely refused to go unless the party consisted of at least four persons. Want of men made the difficulty, not the mountain.

The weather became bad again, so I went to Zermatt on the chance of picking up a man, and remained there during a week of storms. Not one of the good men, however, could be induced to come, and I returned to Breil on the 17th, hoping to combine the skill of Carrel with the willingness of Meynet on a new attempt, by the same route as before; for the Hörnli ridge, which I had examined in the meantime, seemed to be entirely impracticable. Both men were inclined to go, but their ordinary occupations prevented them from starting at once.

My tent had been left rolled up at the second platform, and whilst waiting for the men it occurred to me that it might have been blown away during the late stormy weather; so I started off on the 18th to see if this were so or not. The way was by this time familiar, and I mounted rapidly, astonishing the friendly herdsmen—who nodded recognition as I flitted past them and the cows—for I was alone, because no man was available. But more deliberation was necessary when the pastures were passed, and climbing began, for it was needful to mark each step, in case of mist, or surprise by night. It is one of the few things which can be said in favour of mountaineering alone (a practice which has little besides to commend it), that it awakens a man's faculties, and makes him observe. When one has no arms to help, and no head to guide


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92

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Rh textile-like designs for mosaic and stucco work, but these, the well-known case of Mitla in Mexico, and the single example at Chanchan, Peru, are the striking exceptions to the rule that wherever architectural embellishment is undertaken, it tends toward realistic carving.

When we come to South America, we find that certain accidents have preserved us a good series of aboriginal textiles from Inca culture. In the technique of design these ancients were remarkably proficient, even to the extent of using complex color sequences. On the whole, their designs tend to be realistic figures: men, cats, birds and fish being distinguishable in many degrees of conventionalization. In fact, we find here the best illustrations of the geometric biases in loom weaving. Associated with this art is an equally superior development of pottery decoration. One prominent feature of this pottery is the introduction of life forms, so that we have jars representing persons, birds, monkeys, fishes, etc., in which the modeling is of a high order. The decorations are in both color and incised work. In color, we have the great triumph of Nasca and Titicaca ware, so far superior to anything yet discovered in the New World. The painted designs upon this pottery are comparable to those upon cloth in that they have the same realistic tendencies. Certain fixed conventional forms appear both on pottery and cloth, suggesting the fundamental unity of design concepts for both ceramics and textiles.

As we go out from Peru in either direction, pottery decorations become inferior; consequently, we may be sure that the center of the art was in that country. The great problem for the future is to discover the historical relations of this center to the adjacent cultures. If we follow around the north coast and down into Brazil we find greater use of painted pottery decorations than in the corresponding parts of North America. No doubt one factor in this distribution is the presence of the very strong Peruvian art center. In a similar way this Peruvian influence can be seen in Chile and the adjacent parts of Argentina, presumably again connecting with eastern Brazil.

As to the textile designs in these outlying regions, we are so ignorant that little can be said, though the explorations of

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/135