text:
Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/286

 free and hospitable soil of Victoria; and, as Prime Minister of three Victorian governments, he facilitated, by every means in his power, the transit of Irish families over twelve thousand miles of water to the homes and homesteads that awaited them in the land of plenty. Thanks to the system of open competition for appointments in the Civil Service, thousands of young Irishmen were enabled to out-distance all competitors at the prescribed examinations; and, whenever John O'Shanassy was in power, they had not long to wait for the prizes to which they were entitled. Nothing pleased him more than the satisfaction he felt in being instrumental in advancing young Irish-Australians who exhibited ability and promise. One of the last acts of his busy life was to preside at a convention of delegates (of whom the present writer was one) which was held in St. Patrick's Hall, Melbourne, for the purpose of drawing up a scheme of federation for the Catholic Young Men's Societies of Victoria. All who were present at that gathering could not foil to be impressed with the deep sympathetic interest evinced by the veteran statesman in the welfare of the young Catholics of his adopted land, and with the sound practical advice embodied in his presidential address.

No higher compliment has ever been paid to an Australian statesman than the large gathering, representative of all classes and creeds in the community, which entertained Sir John O'Shanassy in St. George's Hall, Melbourne, when he was about to revisit the land of his birth, and seek the restoration of that once robust health which had become shattered in the service of his adopted country. Accompanying a munificent public testimonial was an address, signed by the foremost men of the colony and couched in these most appreciative terms: "Whatever differences of

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/286


text:
Last Night I dreamed

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1911), "Last Night I dreamed" in Harper's Monthly Magazine (March 1911).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Last Night I dreamed" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Last Night I dreamed" in Poems II.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Last Night I dreamed


text:
Love is Passing

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1911), "Love is Passing" in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine (December 1911).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Love is Passing" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Love is Passing" in Poems I.

title: Love is Passing


text:
The Hospital

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1913), "In the Maternity Ward" (part I of "The Hospital") in The Forum (October 1913).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "The Hospital" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "The Hospital" in Poems II.

title: The Hospital


text:
Once in a Still, Sequestered Place

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Once in a Still, Sequestered Place" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Once in a Still, Sequestered Place" in Poems I.

title: Once in a Still, Sequestered Place


text:
In Loneliness

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "In Loneliness—Iseult of Brittany" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "In Loneliness" in Poems II.

title: In Loneliness


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/235

 the plunging of the hand into boiling water. Forms of the sword-swallowing trick were found among the eastern tribes from the Lakes to the Gulf and on into the Pueblo area of the Southwest. In the Amazon country, the special feature is a kind of ventriloquism in which animals and men carry on conversations with the shaman in almost the same fashion as the jesako of the Central Algonkin. A plant-growing trick comparable to that of the Hindu fakir was found among the Navajo, Pawnee, and a few neighboring tribes. Other distributions could be cited, but we have gone far enough to reveal the geographical character of the phenomenon.

When a shaman undertakes to treat the sick, he frequently pretends to suck out the cause of disease through a tube. This trick has been reported from the whole of the New World except probably the region of highest culture and the Eskimo. The use of a calabash rattle is also found throughout the Amazon area, the whole of the Pueblo and bison areas, though in the latter the bulb is often fashioned of rawhide. This distribution also extends up through the Columbia River Basin into the North Pacific Coast where rattles are made of wood, but still of the same essential form.

Though the individualism of the shaman is apparent, there does appear a tendency for the formation of cults, the best examples of which are the wabano and jesako cults of the Central Algonkin, the heyoka of the Siouan tribes, and the animal lodges of the Caddoan. In nearly every case, these take the form of a group of followers with a single leader, each group specializing in certain devices and tricks.

As we have noted, these tricks are not strictly confined to shamanism, but occasionally occur in priestly organizations. One of the best known examples is found in the Hopi snake and antelope society, whose members perform tricks with rattlesnakes; among others are the shell-shooting feat of the Central Algonkin midéwin, and the dog-eating of the Nootka cannibal society. These tricks are, however, integral parts of the respective rituals and form a large portion of the public part of the ceremonies.

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/235


text:
Unpardoned

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Unpardoned" in Harper's Weekly (23 March 1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Unpardoned" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Unpardoned" in Poems II.

title: Unpardoned


text:
Every Night at Marathon

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Every Night at Marathon" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Every Night at Marathon" in Poems II.

title: Every Night at Marathon


text:
Mother Mary

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Mother Mary" in The Literary Digest (7 December 1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Mother Mary" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Mother Mary" in Poems II.

title: Mother Mary


text:
Page:Our New Zealand Cousins.djvu/291

 pleasure by my descriptions that the actual witnessing of the scenery itself has given me, then I feel that I am repaid for all my scribe labour; and possibly, if I have been the means of exciting a desire to behold for one's self the wonders of Maoriland, I will reap a rich reward of kindly benediction by-and-by, I am sure, from travellers who may follow my footsteps, checking my accuracy and sharing in my delight.

We had a rough, nasty passage to Tasmania. The bounding billows of the South Pacific belie their name; and the peristaltic motion they impart to the diaphragm begets tendencies the very reverse of pacific. "The vasty deep" in these southern regions gets very much mixed and tumbled up, in the winter months, and the accompaniment to the cheerful whistling of the merry winds in the rigging, was a series of groanings almost too deep for utterance in the cabins below. We were glad when the bold coast of Tasmania hove in sight. Cape Pillar was the first promontory to greet us. Certes, how the icy blasts shrilly piped their roundelay. The spray from the cut-water hissed past us as we stood on the poop, and made the skin tingle, as from the lash of a whip. As we got abreast of Port Arthur, the scene of horrors and cruelties and iniquities of demoniac intensity in the old convict times, the elements quieted down somewhat, and we were able to enjoy the varied panorama that rapidly unfolded itself before us as we sped swiftly along.

Dense forests clothe the country from the far-off inland hills down to the cliffs that guard the

title: Page:Our New Zealand Cousins.djvu/291


text:
So you love me

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1911), "So you love me" in Harper's Bazar (October 1911).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "So you love me" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "So you love me" in Poems II.

title: So you love me


text:
The Band of the Titanic

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "The Band of the Titanic" in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine (July 1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "The Band of the 'Titanic'" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "The Band of the Titanic" in Poems II.

title: The Band of the Titanic


text:
Winter-Song

 * "Winter Song", a poem by František Ladislav Čelakovský (How sad the winter seems this year)
 * "Winter-Song", a poem by Florence Earle Coates (To him who doth remember)
 * "Winter-Song", a poem by Paul Laurence Dunbar (Oh, who would be sad tho' the sky be a-graying)
 * "Winter Song", traditional folk song (When the trees are all bare, not a leaf to be seen)

title: Winter-Song


text:
Winter-Song (Coates)

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Winter-Song" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Winter-Song" in Poems II.

title: Winter-Song (Coates)


text:
Eros (Coates)

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Eros" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Eros" in Poems I.

title: Eros (Coates)


text:
Page:First six books of the elements of Euclid 1847 Byrne.djvu/36

2 ROM a given point, to draw a straight line equal to a given finite straight line.

Draw (post. 1.), describe  (pr. 1.), produce  (post. 2.), describe  (post. 3.), and  (post. 3.); produce  (post. 2.), then  is the line required.

For =  (def. 15.), and  =  (const.), ∴  =  (ax. 3.), but (def. 15.)  =  =  :

∴ drawn from the given point, is equal the given line.

Q.E.D.


text:
Page:First six books of the elements of Euclid 1847 Byrne.djvu/44

10 O bisect a given finite straight line.

Construct (pr. 1.), draw, making  =  (pr. 9.).

Then =  by (pr. 4.), for  =  (const.)  =  and  common to the two triangles. Therefore the given line is bisected. Q.E.D.


text:
Dawn (Coates)

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Dawn" in The North American Review (November 1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Dawn" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Dawn" in Poems II.

title: Dawn (Coates)


text:
Page:First six books of the elements of Euclid 1847 Byrne.djvu/300

 266 BOOK VI. PROP. C. THEOR. fhall Y from any angle of a triangle a Jlraight line be drawn perpendi- cular to the bafe ; the rectangle contained by the fdes of the tri- angle is equal to the reSlangle contained by the perpendicular and the diameter of the circle defcribed about the triangle. From draw ■«>ii»«afa«« .. X of ^y ..-• — ; then Xthe diameter of the defcribed circle. Defcribe O (B. 4. pr. 5), draw its diameter and . and draw ^-im— • then becaufe ^ ■ >• (conft. and B. 3. pr. 31) ; ,Xl = /> (B. 3. pr. 21); .%*< is equiangular to / ^ • MHHaHMMHM l/^ and ,*. .-— .— (B. 6. pr. 16). (B. 6. pr. 4); X Q^E. D.


text:
Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/287

 opinion may divide us—differences perhaps incidental to the working of constitutional government in a young community—we must all concur in testifying our admiration of a gentleman who has dedicated to the honourable, but arduous and unthankful, labours of political life, great abilities, vigorous thought, anxious study, and long experience, unquestionable honesty of purpose, indomitable energy, and a resolute devotion to what he believes to be the true and permanent interests of the country. In proportion to the rarity of such efforts as these must be the sincerity of our acknowledgments. To have spent the best years of existence in the service of the State, and to have done so at a time when innumerable avenues to fortune were opening on every side, and when comparatively few were found capable of exercising the self-denial implied in remaining faithful to the duties of a political leader, would alone constitute a strong and lasting claim on our esteem. As one of the principal framers of our constitution, and of a system of administration on the gold-fields, under which disaffection was replaced by loyalty and order; as the strenuous opponent of transportation to Australia, and the earnest friend and zealous promoter of the principle of local self-government, and of every undertaking calculated to advance civil and religious liberty, sustain the reputation and accelerate the progress of the colony of Victoria, we offer to you this sincere expression of our regard, and express the hope that we may soon have the pleasure of welcoming your return to a country which can ill afford to be deprived of the services of such an experienced and able politician."

From the earliest period of his colonial career we find Sir John O'Shanassy consistently fostering the sentiment of

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/287


text:
Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/288

 Irish nationality, and eloquently advocating the claims of every philanthropic movement that was originated in the old land of his birth. As one of the founders and first members of the St. Patrick's Society, he was the moving spirit in organising one of the strongest and most representative bodies of Irishmen in the world. His thoughtful, racy speeches at the banquets that have been regularly held by that society for many years past in St. Patrick's Hall on the evening of the national anniversary, have a high educational value for his countrymen, and would, if collected, form an appreciable addition to our already rich stores of Irish oratory. Of his services to Catholicity, and the great cause of Catholic education many pages might be written, but it will suffice to summarise them in the words of the Rev. Thomas Cahill, S.J., as spoken, in the presence of an immense and sorrowing audience, over the mortal remains of Sir John O'Shanassy as they lay in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne, on the morning of May 7, 1883: "I deem it unnecessary to speak of his career as a politician, as a legislator, as at times the head of the government in this colony. His name and his merits are well known, and throughout his whole career not only his friends who agreed with him, but those who differed with him, found a man faithful in all things, faithful to his principles. But it is when I think of him as a Catholic that the words, 'Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee the crown of life,' are in a more marked manner verified. When I look back, to the past I see him, as I heard him sometimes describe himself, standing on the spot where now stands St. Francis' Church, forming one of a congregation of three, when for the first time the Holy Sacrifice was offered in Melbourne. I see him bear the banner of St. Patrick's Society, as was his

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/288


text:
The Return of Proserpine

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "The Return of Proserpine" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "The Return of Proserpine" in Poems I.

title: The Return of Proserpine


text:
A Seeker in the Night

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "A Seeker in the Night" in Scribner's Magazine (September 1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "A Seeker in the Night" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "A Seeker in the Night" in Poems I.

title: A Seeker in the Night


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 26.djvu/335

 published in 1825 and 1827. He was elected M.P. for Lancashire in 1831 as a whig, but parliamentary life did not suit his health, and he retired in the following year. He was created a baronet in 1838. In 1843 he became F.R.S. He married, in 1816, Sophia Ann, daughter of Thomas Robinson of the Woodlands, Manchester, and left several children. He died at Claremont, Manchester, on 11 Aug. 1865. A portrait by Bradley is at the Manchester Technical School.

HEYWOOD, ELIZA (1693?–1756), authoress. [See .]

HEYWOOD, ELLIS or ELIZÆUS (1530–1578), jesuit, eldest son of [q. v.], brother of [q. v.], and grandnephew, through his mother (Eliza Rastell), of Sir [q. v.], was born in London in 1530, and was ‘educated in juvenile learning’ there. Thence he was sent to Oxford, and in 1548 was elected a fellow of All Souls' College. He applied himself to the study of law, and was admitted to the degree of B.C.L. on 18 July 1552 (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 218). Being opposed to the doctrines of the reformers, he withdrew to the continent, travelled in France and Italy, where he became secretary to Cardinal Pole. He does not appear, however, to have accompanied the cardinal to England in Mary's reign, for in 1556 he was residing in Florence. In 1565 his uncle [q. v.] left him the estate of North Mimms, formerly owned by his grand-uncle, Sir Thomas More. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1566, probably at Dillengen in Bavaria, and afterwards became spiritual father and preacher in the professed house of the society at Antwerp. When the college was attacked by a mob of fanatics, and the community expelled, he fled to Louvain, where he died on 2 Oct. (O.S.) 1578.

His only known work is an extremely rare book, entitled ‘Il Moro d'Heliseo Heiuodo Inglese,’ Florence, 1556, 8vo, lib. ii. pp. 180, with dedication to Cardinal Pole. It is a fictitious dialogue, representing his granduncle Sir Thomas More's conversations with the learned men of his time. Heywood is said to have written other works, printed abroad.

HEYWOOD, JAMES (1687–1776), author, son of John Heywood, born at Cheetham Hill, Manchester, baptised at Manchester on 21 Feb. 1687, was educated at the Manchester grammar school. For many years he carried on the business of a wholesale linendraper in Fish Street Hill, London. He was a governor of St. Bartholomew's, Christ's, Bridewell, and Bethlem hospitals, and was elected alderman of Aldgate ward, but paid the customary fine of 500l. rather than serve the office. In his earlier years he contributed to the ‘Freethinker,’ the ‘Plain-dealer,’ and other publications, and a letter of his is printed in No. 268 of the ‘Spectator.’ These pieces, with some verses, he collected in a small volume of ‘Letters and Poems on Several Subjects,’ 1722; 2nd edition, with additions, 1726. The poems had previously been published with the title of ‘Original Poems on Several Occasions,’ 1721. He is alluded to by Steele in the ‘Guardian’ as a politician and brisk little fellow, who had the habit of twisting off the buttons of persons he conversed with. He died at his house in Austin Friars on 23 July 1776, aged 89.

HEYWOOD, JASPER, D.D. (1535–1598), jesuit and poet, younger son of [q. v.] the epigrammatist, and brother of [q. v.], was born in London in 1535. When a boy he was one of the pages of honour to the Princess Elizabeth. In 1547 he was sent to Oxford. He was admitted B.A. 15 July 1553, and M.A. 11 July 1558. In 1554 he was elected a probationer fellow of Merton College, where, says Wood, ‘he bare away the bell in disputations at home and in the public schools’ (Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 663). He also distinguished himself by his verse and the translation of three of Seneca's tragedies. He acted as Christmas prince or lord of misrule in Merton College, and among Wood's manuscripts in the Ashmolean Museum is an oration written by David de la Hyde praising his performance of his duties. On receiving for the third time an admonition from the warden and senior fellows of his college with reference to several misdemeanors, he resigned his fellowship on 4 April 1558, thus anticipating expulsion. At the same time he was


text:
Through the Window

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Through the Window" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Through the Window" in Poems I.

title: Through the Window


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 26.djvu/336

Heywood recommended by Cardinal Pole, as a polite scholar, an able disputant, and a steady catholic, to the founder of Trinity College, to be nominated for a fellowship of that college, then just founded. The recommendation was without result (, Hist. of English Poetry, iii. 389). In November 1558 he was elected a fellow of All Souls' College (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 221). He was afterwards obliged to resign his fellowship, on account of his non-compliance with the changes in religion. Having been already ordained priest he went to Rome, and on 21 May 1562 was admitted to the Society of Jesus in the professed house there. After publicly teaching philosophy and theology for two years in the Roman college he was sent to the jesuit college at Dillingen in Bavaria. There for seventeen years he was professor of moral theology and controversy, took the degree of D.D., and became a professed father of the society in 1570.

In 1580, at the suggestion of Father Parsons, Pope Gregory XIII begged Duke William V of Bavaria, in an autograph letter, to allow Heywood to go on the English mission. Heywood arrived in England in the summer of 1581, with Father William Holt, and was appointed vice-prefect or superior of the English jesuit mission, in succession to Parsons, who had withdrawn to the continent. Thomas Bell makes a statement, which is scarcely credible, to the effect that he kept many horses and coaches and that his port and bearing were more baron-like than priest-like (Anatomy of Popish Tyranny, 1603, i. 9, ii. 25). At this period a dispute was rife between the Marian priests and the seminarists regarding the ancient custom of fasting observed in England. These fasts were of extraordinary severity, and differed from the canonical fasts of the church as regulated by the Roman ritual. Heywood opposed the rigid party, interpreted the fasting rules very leniently, and was consequently recalled from the English mission (, L'Inghilterra, pp. 271–80). He sailed for Dieppe, but a violent gale drove the vessel back to the English coast, and on landing he was arrested upon suspicion of being a priest. He was carried to London in chains, and put into the Clink prison on 9 Dec. 1583. He was frequently examined by the privy council, who urged him to conform to the established church, and it is said that he was even offered a bishopric if he would yield (, Anglican Schism, ed. Lewis, p. 319). On 5 Feb. 1583–4 he was arraigned in Westminster Hall with five other priests, who were condemned and executed; but for some unexplained reason he was early in the trial, withdrawn from his fellow-prisoners and conveyed to the Tower, where he endured seventeen months of strict imprisonment. On 21 Jan. 1584–5 he and twenty other priests and one layman were by command of the privy council placed on board a ship moored off the Tower stairs, and against their will put ashore on the coast of France, all being threatened with pain of death if they returned to England. Heywood made a public protest in the name of all that they ought not to be thus exiled without cause and without a legal trial (ib. pp. 328–30;, Chronicles, iii. 1379, 1380). They were landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer, and sent to Abbeville under safe conduct. Heywood made his way to the jesuit college at Dôle in Burgundy, where, according to Wood, he was ‘much troubled with witches.’ In 1589 he was sent to Rome, and eventually settled at Naples, where he died on 9 Jan. 1597–8.

Kennett states that Heywood vaunted and bragged in England as if he were legate of the apostolic see, that he called a provincial council, abrogated the vigils and fasts of our Lady, and prohibited the acts of the English martyrs, written by Cardinal Allen. The secular priests made these charges; Father Parsons denied them; but they were again affirmed by Dr. Humphry Ely in his notes on Parsons's ‘Apologie,’ 1602, preface, p. 31 (Lansdowne MS. 982, f. 208).

His works are: 1. ‘The sixt Tragedie of Lucius Anneus Seneca, entituled Troas, with divers addicions to the same, newly set forth in Englishe’ (in verse), London, 1559 and 1563, 12mo, dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. 2. ‘The seconde Tragedie of Seneca, intituled Thyestes, faithfully Englished’ (in verse), London, 1560, 16mo, dedicated to Sir John Mason. 3. ‘The first Tragedie of L. A. Seneca, intituled Hercules furens, translated into English Metre verse for verse,’ London, 1561, 8vo, dedicated to William Herbert, earl of Pembroke. The above translations are reprinted in Thomas Newton's edition of ‘Seneca's Tragedies,’ 1581 and 1591. 4. A compendium of Hebrew grammar, reduced into tables. 5. Poems printed in the ‘Paradyse of Daynty Deuises,’ London, 1576; reprinted in Brydges's ‘British Bibliographer,’ vol. iii., and in Collier's ‘Seven English Poetical Miscellanies,’ 1867. 6. He is also supposed to have been the author of some lines prefixed to Kyffin's ‘Blessedness of Brytaine,’ 1588, as well as of ‘Greene's Epitaph discoursed dialogue-wise between Life and Death’ (, Bibl. Poetica, p. 230). 7. Tanner (Bibl. Brit. p. 401) conjectures that he translated some part of Virgil, and founds his opinion on some commendatory lines prefixed to


text:
Poor Icarus

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Poor Icarus" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Poor Icarus" in Poems II.

title: Poor Icarus


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 26.djvu/337

  'Agamemnon,' translated from Seneca, 1566.

 HEYWOOD, JOHN (1497?–1580?), epigrammatist, is described by Bale as civis Londinensis, and is said to have resided at one time at North Mimms, Hertfordshire. The inference that he was born at either place is hazardous (, xxxvii). According to an entry in the 'Book of Payments' of Henry VIII, 'John Haywood' was, 6 Jan. 1515, in receipt of 'wages, 8d. per day.' In 1519 he is set down as a singer, but not included among the persons forming the establishment of the Chapel Royal. It is possible that, after having been a choir-boy, he was separately retained as a singer. Collier (i. 73 n.) cites from the Cotton. MSS. his poem in praise of 'the meane,' beginning: Longe have I bene a singinge man, And sondrie partes ofte I have songe. Choristers for whom there was no room in the chapel were often sent to college at the royal expense when their voices changed (see quotation from Harleian MSS. ap., xl n.) An ancient tradition asserts Heywood to have been a member of Broadgates Hall, now Pembroke College, Oxford, where, however, there are no registers of members before 1570. In his portraits (v. infra) he wears a garment resembling an M.A. gown. His 'Epigram' 455, 'of verdingales,' suggests as the likeliest place where these fashionable enormities would get in 'Brodegates,' in Oxford. In February 1521 an annuity of ten marks was granted to Heywood as the king's servant, chargeable on the rentals of two manors in Northamptonshire (State Papers, Henry VIII, iii. 1186). In 1526 'John Heywood, player of the virginals,' is entered in a book of wages paid by the king for the sum of 6l. 13s. 4d. among those whose wages were paid quarterly (, i. 94); and in the king's 'Books of Payments' for 1538–1542 he is mentioned only as a 'pleyer on the virginals,' but his quarterly allowance is given as 2l. 10s. (ib. i. 116). Collier suggests that the reduction may have been due to his appointment as master of a company of children who played before the court. In March 1538 he is actually stated to have received 40s. for 'pleying an interlude with his children bifore' the Princess Mary (, p. 62). He is said to have been first introduced to her by Sir Thomas More, whose niece Eliza Rastell (sister of William Rastell [q. v.]) he had married. Heywood is said to have met the princess at Gobions, More's seat at North Mimms (, Environs of London, p. 433), where, according to Henry Peacham (Thalia's Banquet, 1620), Heywood produced his 'Epigrams' (see ap., iv. 80, n. 2). In Jan. 1537 a payment is entered in the accounts of Mary's 'Privy Purse Expenses' to Heywood's servant for bringing of her 'regalles' from London to Greenwich (, p. 12). The very pleasing lines entitled 'A Description of a most noble Ladye, advewed by John Heywoode,' profess to portray her at the age of eighteen, and, if so, must (to his credit) have been written when she was in disgrace (, Introductory Memoir, p. cliii, quotes these stanzas from Harl. MS. 1703; they were printed anonymously in 'Tottel's Miscellany,' 1557, and are given entire in Park's edition of Walpole's 'Royal and Noble Authors,' i. 81. The opening and the prettiest passage of the poem are borrowed from Surrey). Under Edward VI Heywood is said, thanks to the 'honest motion' of a gentleman of the king's chamber, to have escaped hanging, and thus to have been saved from 'the jerke of the six-string'd whip' (, Metamorphosis of Ajax, 1596, cited, with Oldys's reference, ap., vii.) Heywood's sincere catholicism proves that the Six Articles Act must be here confounded with the Supremacy Act. In 1544 he had been charged with having denied the royal supremacy, but was allowed to atone for his rashness by a public recantation on 6 July at St. Paul's Cross (given in, pp. xlii–iii, from Bonner Register, fol. 61, Lambeth MSS.; cf. , Acts and Monuments, ed. 1853, v. 528). George Puttenham (Of Poets and Poesie, bk. i. ch. xxxi.) states that Heywood came into reputation in Edward VI's time, and was 'well benefited by the king' for 'the myrth and quicknesse of his conceits.' His fortunes were at their highest, however, under Mary, who had a highly cultivated intelligence, and was fond of innocent fun (cf., p. xlvi). He was in complete sympathy with her policy in church and state. On her coronation he sat in St. Paul's churchyard 'in a pageant under a vine, and made to her an oration in Latine' (, Annals, ed. 1617, p. 617, ap., p. 239). He celebrated her marriage in a ballad of which the allegory recalls that of Chaucer's 'Assembly of Fowls' (repr. in 'Harleian Miscellany,' ed. Park, x. 255–6).


text: Index:George Bowen 1884 LegCo opening speech.pdf


text:
Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. II.djvu/17

Rh Page


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 26.djvu/338

 Shortly before her death, 10 Nov. 1558, she granted to him a lease of the manor of Bolmer and other lands in Yorkshire at a rental of 30l. (State Papers, Dom. xiv. 8); and it is said that his pleasantries, often acceptable in her privy chamber ( ap., iv. 81), helped to amuse her even on her deathbed. He had in former days enjoyed Elizabeth's favour (see the entry of a gratuity of 30s. to him in the Household Book of the Princess Elizabeth, ap., p. 239), but on her accession, or later, he retired to Malines, where he is supposed to have passed the remainder of his days. In 1570 he is mentioned as still alive; and he is probably the John Heywood who (18 April 1575) wrote to Burghley from Malines, ‘where I have been despoiled by Spanish and German soldiers of the little I had,’ thanking him for ordering the arrears from his land at Romney to be paid to him, and speaking of himself as an old man of seventy-eight (which would date his birth about 1497). His name is included in a return of catholic fugitives, dated 29 Jan. 1577, about which time he was found by the royal commissioners to be nominal tenant of lands in Kent and elsewhere. A small estate belonging to his wife Eliza had been made over by grant to their daughter Elizabeth (, p. xlv). In 1587 Thomas Newton, in his ‘Epilogue, or Conclusion to Heywood's Works,’ speaks of him as ‘dead and gone.’ His two sons, Ellis and Jasper, are separately noticed.

Heywood, though superior in social position to Henry VIII's jester, Will Summers, or the Princess Mary's fool, Jane, was professionally a lineal descendant of the minstrels, and, like these humbler colleagues, expected to amuse by his powers of repartee. The sayings recorded of him are not always deficient in point; and his humour is perhaps less coarse than might have been expected (see a small collection of his witticisms in, Remains, ed. 1674, pp. 378–9). In 1514 Henry VIII placed his theatrical establishment on an enlarged footing. Heywood seems not to have belonged to it, but to have trained a company of boy-players for performances, probably in the intervals of banquets at court. His interludes, in which personal types entirely supersede personified abstractions, were the earliest of their kind in England, though familiar on the continent (cf., i. 114); nothing so good of the same kind was afterwards produced. The bridge to English comedy was thus built, and Heywood, whose name to Ben Jonson meant uncouth antiquity (A Tale of a Tub, v. 2), deserves the chief credit for its building.

Of Heywood's three interludes, in the more restricted sense of the term, the ‘Mery Play between the Pardoner and the Frere, the Curate and Neybour Pratte,’ was probably the earliest, if the reference to Leo X (d. 1521) implies that he was the reigning pope. It is a contest of words between the friar and the pardoner, on whose behalf the author coolly borrows a considerable portion of the ‘Prologe of the Pardoner’ in the ‘Canterbury Tales,’ and of blows between them and the representatives of secular clergy and laity. In the same year (1533) as the above was printed the ‘Mery Play between Johan the Husbande, Tyb the Wife, and Syr Jhan the Priest.’ The most amusing situation in the piece is also to be found in the old French ‘Farce de Pernet.’ The most famous of the triad is the ‘Four P's, a merry interlude of a Palmer, a Pardoner, a Potycary, and a Pedlar,’ printed probably between 1543 and 1547, and very possibly written fifteen years or so earlier (, ii. 303). Chaucer is here again laid under contribution (cf., pp. 247–8, 328). The satire upon quackery is fresh and original, and although Heywood's humour is bold and broad, it is wholesome and compatible (see the closing lines of the Four P's) with unaffected piety.

Besides these interludes, Heywood composed at least one dialogue, which served the purpose of quasi-dramatic entertainments. The dialogue ‘Of Wit and Folly’ (so named by Collier) is carried on, not in the ordinary mediæval fashion (cf., pp. 31–3), by abstractions, but by concrete human characters, ‘in maner of an enterlude.’ It discusses the superiority of the life of a fool (such as ‘sot Somer’), or a wise man (such as ‘sage Salaman’). The manuscript is an autograph of the writer, with whose ‘Amen qd John Heywod’ it concludes. He probably did not write ‘Of Gentylnes and Nobylyte,’ printed without a date by Rastell, who was perhaps its author (cf., ii. 310; and see , Skelton, ii. 277). Two pieces of intermediate character by Heywood were formerly confounded with one another by bibliographers (cf., pp. xii sqq.), viz. the ‘Play of Love’ and the ‘Play of the Wether,’ which has an ingenious plot as well as a wholesome moral.

Of Heywood's remaining writings the most celebrated are his ‘Epigrams.’ Later writers in the same style often refer to ‘the old English epigrammatist’ (see the quotations from Heath, Bastard, Fitzgeoffrey, Sir John Harington, and Sir John Davies ap., iv. 87, 1 n., 423, 3 n.) The earliest edition extant, that of 1562 (though a reference on the title-page to additions proves


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 26.djvu/339

 that it was not the original), contains six hundred epigrams, of which three hundred are founded upon so many popular proverbs. It has been suggested that they are probably some of Heywood's and of other people's jokes versified; and Gabriel Harvey (ap. , iv. 81, 2 n.) is cited for attributing some to Sir Thomas More. They show genuine wit as well as humour, and indicate a certain vein of pathos. In his ‘Dialogue conteyning the number of the effectual proverbes in the Englishe tounge …’ (printed seemingly as early as 1546; see, iv. 83, 3 n.) Heywood draws upon a vast store of proverbs awkwardly inserted in a narrative dialogue. His ‘Proverbs,’ like the ‘Epigrams,’ were exceedingly popular, and were reproduced in many early editions (see the lines of Davies of Hereford and the good story of the Marquis of Winchester, and the proverb Heywood left out, ib. n. 4 and 2).

Heywood was not improbably prouder of his queer allegory of the ‘Spider and the Flie,’ printed in 1556. Critics both old and new (cited and approved by, iv. 85 sqq.) agree in describing this production, containing ninety-eight chapters in the seven-line stanza, as a failure. The flies are supposed to signify the catholics and the spiders the protestants, Queen Mary being introduced as a maid executing with her broom (the civil sword) the commands of her (heavenly) master and of her mistress (holy church). Heywood also wrote a few ballads; that upon Mary already mentioned; one in commemoration of ‘the traytorous Takynge of Scarborow Castell,’ by Thomas Stafford in 1557 (reprinted in Harleian Miscellany, ed. Park, x. 257–9), and the ‘Willow Garland’ ballad, the refrain of which was known to Desdemona (reprinted in the Shakespeare Society's Papers, 1844, i. 44–6, from Mr. B. H. Bright's manuscript; see ib. and, iv. 216 n. as to the difference between it and the ballad in Percy's ‘Reliques’).

John Heywood is mentioned, among other early Tudor writers notable for their ‘pretty and learned workes,’ in Webbe's ‘Discourse of English Poësie,’ 1586 (ap., Ancient Critical Essays upon English Poets and Poesy, 1815, ii. 34). Mr. Symonds rather too boldly suggests that he might be styled a prose Chaucer. He deserves respect for the freedom of spirit with which, though a devout catholic, he satirised the abuses of his church. An expression of melancholy has even been found in the woodcut portrait of Heywood accompanying the 1556 edition of ‘The Spider and the Flie,’ and the 1562 edition of his ‘Epigrams upon Proverbs,’ but this is solemn trifling, especially as in ‘The Spider and the Flie’ there are various smaller cuts representing the author.

His works are: 1. ‘A mery Play between the Pardoner and the Frere, the Curate and Neybour Pratte.’ Printed by Rastell, 1533 (unique copy in the library of the Duke of Devonshire). Facsimile reprint, 1820. Reprinted in ‘Four Old Plays,’ ed. Child, Cambridge, U.S.A., 1848, and in Hazlitt's ‘Dodsley,’ vol. i. 1874. 2. ‘A Mery Play between Johan the Husbande, Tyb the Wife, and Syr Jhan the Priest,’ by John Heywood. Printed by Rastell, 1533 (unique copy in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford); and at the Chiswick Press, 1819. 3. ‘The Four P.P.,’ &c., by John Heywood. Printed, n.d., by William Middleton, 1569; and in Hazlitt's ‘Dodsley,’ vol. i. 1874, and elsewhere. 4. ‘The Play of the Wether, a new and a very mery interlude of all maner of Wethers,’ made by John Heywood. Printed 1533. A copy exists at St. John's College, Oxford. There is another edition printed by Robert Wyer. A full account of it by Dr. Bliss is reproduced by Fairholt. 5. ‘The Play of Love, an interlude by John Heywood. Printed at London in Farster Laen by John Waley.’ A copy is in the Bodleian Library, and an account is given by Fairholt. 6. ‘A Dialogue on Wit and Folly,’ by John Heywood. Printed from the original manuscript in the British Museum, with an account of the author and his dramatic works, and nearly complete reprints of Nos. 1 and 2, by F. W. Fairholt. Percy Society's Publications, vol. xx. 1846. 7. ‘A dialogue conteyning the number of the effectuall prouerbes in the Englishe tounge, compact in a matter concernynge two maner of maryages. With one hundred of Epigrammes, and three hundred of Epigrammes vpon three hundred prouerbes; and a fifth hundred of Epigrams. Wherevnto are now newly added a syxt hundred of Epigrams, by the sayde John Heywood,’ London, 1562, 1576, 1587, 1598. Reprinted for the Spenser Society, 1867. The ‘Proverbs’ have also been edited, with an Introduction, by Mr. Julian Sharman, London, 1874. 8. ‘The Spider and the Flie,’ London, 1556, with woodcuts. Of Heywood's ballads many are stated by Collier to have been contained in a manuscript volume formerly belonging to Mr. B. Heywood Bright, but now no longer extant. [Sharman's Introduction and Fairholt's Account, 1846, u.s.; Sir F. Madden's Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary, with notes, 1831; J. P. Collier's History of English Dramatic Poetry, new ed., 3 vols. 1879; Warton's History of English Poetry, ed. W. C. Hazlitt, 4 vols. 1871; A. W. Ward's History of English Dramatic Literature, 1875, i. 133–8; J. A. Symonds's Shakspere's


text:
Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. II.djvu/18

xii Page


text:
Page:George Bowen 1884 LegCo opening speech.pdf/1

1. It is with feelings of much pleasure and interest that I now open the first Session of the re-constituted Legislature of Hongkong, and have recourse to your advice and assistance in the administration of the Government.

2. It will always be one of the most satisfactory reminiscences of my long public career that I have been able to procure a more adequate representation in this Council of the community at large. I am confident that the Government will derive valuable aid from the local knowledge and experience of the Unofficial Members, and I also believe that you will all agree with me that there neither is, nor ought to be, any antagonism between the Official and the Unofficial element in this Legislature. All the Members alike can have no other object but to secure the general welfare, and to advance the progress of the Colony.

3. For obvious reasons, it is in the highest degree important that this Council should adhere to the constitutional forms followed by the Legislatures of the other principal Crown Colonies. The address of the Governor at the opening of each annual session will contain, here as elsewhere, a general view of the financial and social condition of the Colony, and a statement of the Legislative and other measures, and of the public works proposed. So the address of the Council in reply will afford the Members of the Legislature the usual constitutional opportunity of expressing their opinion of the conduct and proposals of the Government.

4. Further, in accordance with the practice elsewhere, I recommend you to appoint a Committee of Finance (which should be a Committee of the whole Council), a Committee of Laws, and a Committee of Public Works, which should respectively examine in the first instance the details of every proposed vote and measure.

5. After this brief explanatory preface, I will proceed to state generally the principal subjects to which your attention will be directed during the present Session. Full details will be found in the papers which will be laid before you, and in the statements of the several Heads of Departments.

6. In the first place, with regard to the paramount question of Finance, it is very satisfactory to be able to inform you that our position is satisfactory. The Revenue of the year 1883 amounted to $1,286,500; and the Ordinary Expenditure


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/17

Rh got up some little games in which chance and thought and wit had their counteracting influence. Eleonora, for I must now at last mention her name,—the second daughter (her image will for ever be present to my mind),—a slim slight frame, delicately chiselled features, a bright eye, a palish complexion, which in young girls of her age is rather pleasing than disagreeable, as being a sign of no very incurable a malady: on the whole, her appearance was extremely agreeable. She seemed cheerful and lively, and every one felt at his ease with her. Soon, indeed, I may venture to say at once,—at once, on the very first evening, she made me her companion: she sat by my side; and, if the game separated us a moment, she soon contrived to find her old place again. I was gay and cheerful. My journey, the beautiful weather, the country—all had contributed to produce in me immoderate cheerfulness,—ay, I might almost venture to say a state of excitement. I derived it from everything, and imparted it to everything: even Ferdinand seemed to forget his fair one. We had almost exhausted ourselves in varying our amusements, when we at last thought of the "game of matrimony." The names of the ladies and of the gentlemen were thrown separately into two hats, and then the pairs were drawn out one by one. On each couple as determined by the lot, one of the company whose turn it might happen to be had to write a little poem. Every one of the party—father, mother, and aunts—were obliged to put their names in the hats. We cast in, besides, the names of our acquaintances, and, to enlarge the number of candidates for matrimony, we threw in those of all the well-known characters of the literary and of the political world. We commenced playing, and the first pairs that were drawn were highly distinguished personages. It was not every one, however, who was ready at once with his verses. She, Ferdinand and myself, and one of the


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Medill, Joseph

MEDILL', (1823-99). An American journalist. He was born in New Brunswick, Canada, but at the age of eight removed with his parents to Massillon, Ohio. He studied law at Clinton, and was admitted to the bar in 1846, but in 1849 entered journalism, and took charge of the Coshocton Republican, a Free-Soil paper. Two years later he established the Cleveland Forest City, a Whig organ, but in 1852 united it with the Free Democrat, the new paper being called the Leader. A little later he left the Whig Party, and in 1854 was an organizer of the Republican Party in Ohio. In 1856, with two partners, he bought the Chicago Tribune. In 1870 he helped frame a new State constitution for Illinois; in 1871 was appointed a member of the first Civil Service Commission, and in 1872 was elected Mayor of Chicago. In 1874 he became chief proprietor and editor-in-chief of the Tribune, and he continued in that position until his death.


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/18

12 aunts, who wrote very pretty verses in French—we soon divided among ourselves the office of secretary. The conceits were mostly good, and the verses tolerable. Hers, especially, had a touch of nature about them which distinguished them from all others. Without being really clever, they had a happy turn: they were playful without being bitter, and showed good-will toward every one. The father laughed heartily; and his face was lit up with joy when his daughter's verses were declared to be the best, after mine. Our unqualified approbation highly delighted him. We praised, as men praise unexpected merit,—as we praise an author who has bribed us. At last out came my lot, and chance had taken honourable care of me. It was no less a personage than the Empress of all the Russias, who was drawn to be my partner for life. The company laughed heartily at the match; and Eleonora maintained that the whole company must try their best to do honour to so eminent a consort. All began to try: a few pens were bitten to pieces. She was ready first, but wished to read last. The mother and the aunt could make nothing of the subject; and although the father was rather matter-of-fact, Ferdinand somewhat humourous, and the aunts rather reserved, still, through all, you could see friendship and good-will. At last it came to her turn. She drew a deep breath, her ease and cheerfulness left her: she did not read, but rather lisped it out, and laid it before me to read it to the rest. I was astonished, amazed. Thus does the bud of love open in beauty and modesty. I felt as if a whole spring had showered upon me all its flowers at once. Every one was silent. Ferdinand lost not his presence of mind. "Beautiful!" he exclaimed, "very beautiful! He deserves the poem as little as an empire." "If only we have rightly understood it," said the father. The rest requested I would read it once more. My eyes had


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/19

Rh hitherto been fixed on the precious words: a shudder ran through me from head to foot. Ferdinand, who saw my perplexity, took the paper up and read it. She scarcely allowed him to finish before she drew out the lots for another pair. The game was not kept up long after this, and refreshments were brought in.

Shall I, or shall I not? Is it right of me to hide in silence anything from him to whom I tell so much, nay, all? Shall I keep back from you a great matter, when I yet weary you with so many trifles which assuredly no one would ever read but you who have taken so wonderful a liking for me? or shall I keep back anything from you, because it might, perhaps, give you a false, not to say an ill, opinion of me? No: do you know me better than I even know myself. If I should do anything which you do not believe possible I could do, you will amend it: if I should do anything deserving of ensure, you will not spare me; you will lead me and guide me whenever my peculiarities entice me off the right road.

My joy, my rapture, at works of art when they are true, when they are immediate and speaking expressions of Nature, afford the greatest delight to every collector, to every dilettante. Those, indeed, who call themselves connoisseurs, are not always of my opinion; but I care nothing for their connoisseurship when I am happy. Does not living nature vividly impress itself on my sense of vision? Do not its images remain fixed in my brain? Do not they there grow in beauty, delighting to compare themselves, in turn, with the images of art which the mind of others has also embellished and beautified? I confess to you that my fondness for Nature arises from the fact of my always seeing her so beautiful, so lovely, so brilliant, so ravishing, that the simulation of the artist, even his imperfect imitation, transports me almost as much as


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 26.djvu/344

 [q. v.] ‘a pious reverend old gentleman, and an excellent poet.’ His poetry was supposed to have perished until in 1868 a transcript turned up in a sale at Sotheby's, with the title of ‘Observations and Instructions, Divine and Morall.’ This was printed, under the editorship of James Crossley, by the Chetham Society in 1869. The verses, which are not without vigour or point, are arranged in five ‘centuries.’ Heywood died in 1645, aged 71.

HEYWOOD, SAMUEL (1753–1828), serjeant-at-law and Welsh judge, son of Benjamin Heywood of Liverpool, afterwards banker at Manchester, was born at Liverpool in 1753. He was educated at the Warrington academy from 1768 to 1772, and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Being a unitarian he absented himself from chapel, and incurred the censure of the authorities, which he would have resisted but for his father. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple on 2 July 1772, and was made serjeant-at-law in 1794. He had considerable practice on the northern circuit. On 8 March 1807 he received the appointment of chief justice of the Carmarthen circuit. He was a personal friend and warm defender of Charles James Fox. He was seized with paralysis while on circuit at Haverfordwest on 27 Aug. 1828, and died at Tenby on 11 Sept., and was buried at Bristol. He married Susan, daughter of John Cornwall, by whom he had several children. He wrote: Just before his death he was engaged on lives of the Duke of Monmouth and of William, Lord Russell.
 * 1) ‘The Right of Protestant Dissenters to a Compleat Toleration asserted. … By a Layman,’ 1787; 2nd edit. 1789; 3rd edit. 1790. This is said to have converted Dr. Parr, who termed it the only good book produced by the dissenters.
 * 2) ‘High Church Politics’ (in answer to Bishop Horsley), 1790.
 * 3) ‘Digest of the Law concerning County Elections,’ 1790.
 * 4) ‘Digest of the Law respecting Borough Elections,’ 1797 (reprinted 1818).
 * 5) ‘Vindication of Mr. Fox's History of the Early Part of the Reign of James II,’ 1811, 4to; favourably reviewed by Sydney Smith in the ‘Edinburgh Review,’ and by Roberts in the ‘Monthly Review,’ lxix. 364.
 * 6) ‘A Dissertation upon the Distinctions in Society and Ranks of the People, under the Anglo-Saxon Governments,’ 1818, 8vo.

HEYWOOD, THOMAS (d. 1650?), dramatist, was, according to his own account, a native of Lincolnshire (see his verses prefixed to Book of Heraldry, and his funeral elegy on Sir George St. Poole of Lincolnshire, his ‘countreyman,’ in Pleasant Dialogues and Dramas); but Mr. Symonds has found no Heywood pedigree in the ‘Visitations’ of the county. In the dedication of the ‘English Traveller’ Heywood speaks of a Sir William Elvish as his ‘countreyman.’ From his reference (ib.) to ‘that good old Gentleman, mine vnkle (Master Edmund Heywood), whom you’ (Sir Henry Appleton, bt.) ‘pleased to grace by the Title of Father,’ he may be concluded to have been of good family. He can hardly have been born much later than 1575. In the ‘Apology for Actors’ (bk. i.) he incidentally mentions ‘his residence at Cambridge;’ and (d. 1687) [q. v.], in the dedication to the ‘Actor's Vindication,’ 1658, says that Heywood was a fellow of Peterhouse. There is, however, no record of him at Cambridge.

Heywood is first mentioned in ‘Henslowe's Diary,’ p. 78. Among a list of sums lent to Edward Alleyn and others since 14 Oct. 1596 occurs: ‘Lent unto them for Hawode's booke xxxs.’ In a memorandum (ib. p. 260) of 25 March 1598, attested by Anthony Munday, Gabriel Spencer, and others, ‘Thomas Hawoode’ is regularly engaged by Henslowe as a member of his, the lord admiral's, company. As no wages are mentioned he presumably had a share in the profits. In the preface to his ‘Four Prentices of London’ (printed 1601) he says that this was his first play, written ‘some fifteen or sixteen years ago.’ According to a statement in his elegy on the death of James I (cited in Introduction to Apology, p. v), Heywood was also for a time one of the theatrical retainers of Henry Wriothesley, third earl of Southampton. His ‘Edward IV’ was played several times by the servants of William Stanley, sixth earl of Derby. He was afterwards a member of the company belonging to Edward Somerset, fourth earl of Worcester, which, upon the accession of James I, became the queen's servants, and performed at the Red Bull in St. John Street, Smithfield, and at the Cockpit (see, i. 336–7). Heywood had attended the queen's funeral in 1619 as ‘one of her Majesty's players,’ and afterwards seems to have re-entered the service of the Earl of Worcester (see the dedication to Worcester of the Nine Books of Various History concerning Women, 1624). His literary labours embraced every form of literature, and were not confined to the drama. Shakerley Marmion speaks of him as writing upon


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/20

14 if it were a perfect type. It is, however, only such works of art as bespeak genius and feeling, that have any charms for me. Those cold imitations which confine themselves to the narrow circle of a certain meagre mannerism, of mere painstaking diligence, are to me utterly intolerable. You see, therefore, that my delight and taste cannot well be riveted by a work of art, unless it imitates such objects of nature as are well known to me; so that I am able to test the imitation by my own experience of the originals. Landscape, with all that lives and moves therein; flowers and fruit-trees; Gothic churches; a portrait taken directly from Nature,—all this I can recognise, feel, and, if you like, judge of. Honest W—— amused himself with this trait of my character, and, in such a way that I could not be offended, often made merry with it at my expense. He sees much farther in this matter than I, and I shall always prefer that people should laugh at me while they instruct than that they should praise without benefiting me. He had noticed what things I was most immediately pleased with, and, after a short acquaintance, did not hesitate to avow, that, in the objects that so transported me, there might be much that was truly estimable, and which time alone would enable me to distinguish.

But I turn from this subject, and must now, however circuitously, come to the matter, which, though reluctantly, I cannot but confide to you. I can see you in your room, in your little garden, where, over a pipe of tobacco, you will probably break the seal, and read this letter. Can your thoughts follow me into this free and motley world? Will the circumstances and true state of the case become clear to your imagination? And will you be as indulgent toward your absent friend as I have often found you when present?

When my artistic friend became better acquainted with me, and judged me worthy of being gradually


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Medina

MEDI'NA (Ar. al-Medinah, the city; or more fully Medinat al-Nabi, the city of the Prophet; called also Tayyibah, the perfumed, or al-Munawwarah, the illumined; before the time of Mohammed, known as Yathrib, whence it is mentioned by Ptolemy as Jathrippa). One of the sacred cities of Islam, the scene of Mohammed's labors after his flight from Mecca (see ; ), and the place of his tomb. It is situated about 250 miles north of Mecca, and 140 north by east of the port of Yambu on the Red Sea. The population was estimated by Burton at the time of his visit (1852) at 16,000; a later estimate places it at 40,000. The city originally contained a large Aramean population; but in the third century A.D. the tribes of Aus and Khazraj emigrated thither from Yemen, and gave it an Arabic character; later they became the ‘helpers’ (Anṣār) of Mohammed when he fled from Mecca. Medina also contained a large Jewish population, who were influential in the early days of Islam, but whom the Prophet severely repressed. It was the capital of the new Mohammedan power until Moawiyah exchanged it for Damascus. It consists of three principal parts—a town, a fort, and suburbs of about the same extent as the town itself, from which they are separated by a wide space. Medina forms an irregular oval within a walled inclosure, 35 to 40 feet in height, and flanked by thirty towers—a fortification which renders the city the chief stronghold of Hedjaz. Two of its four gates, viz. the Bab al-Jum‘ah (Assembly Gate, in the eastern wall), and the Bab al-Miṣri (Egyptian Gate), are massive buildings with double towers. The streets, between fifty and sixty in number, are narrow and paved only in a few places. The houses are flat-roofed and double-storied, and are built of a basaltic scoria, burned brick, and palmwood. Very few public buildings of any importance are to be noticed except the mosque, erected near the spot where Mohammed died. It is of smaller dimensions than that of Mecca, being a parallelogram, 420 feet long and 340 feet broad, with a spacious central area called al-Ṣaḥn, which is surrounded by a peristyle, with numerous rows of pillars. The Mausoleum, or Ḥujrah, itself behind the mosque proper, is an irregular square, 50 to 55 feet in extent, situated in the southeast corner of the building, and separated from the walls of the mosque by a passage about 26 feet broad. A large gilt crescent above the ‘green dome’ springing from a series of globes, surmounts the Hujrah, a glimpse into which is only attainable through a little opening, called the Prophet's Window; but nothing more is visible to the profane eye than costly carpets or hangings, with three inscriptions in large gold letters stating that behind them lie the bodies of the Prophet of Allah and the two caliphs (Abu Bekr and Omar), and an empty tomb for Jesus. These curtains, changed whenever worn out, or when a new Sultan ascends the throne, are supposed to cover a square edifice of black marble, in the midst of which stands Mohammed's tomb. Its exact place is indicated by a long, pearly rosary (Kaukab al-Durrī) suspended from the curtain. The Prophet's body is supposed to lie (undecayed) stretched at full length on the right side with the right palm supporting the right cheek, the face directed toward Mecca. Outside the drapery is the tomb of Fatima, the daughter of

Mohammed. Close behind him is placed, in the same position, Abu Bekr, and behind the latter Omar. The fact, however, is that when the mosque, which had been struck by lightning, was rebuilt in 892, three deep graves were found in the interior, filled only with rubbish. Many other reasons make it more than problematic whether the particular spot at Medina really contains the Prophet's remains. Of the fabulous treasures which this sanctuary once contained, little now remains. As in Mecca, a great number of ecclesiastical officials are attached in some capacity or other to the mosque, as ulemas, imams, khatibs, etc.; and not only they, but the townspeople in general, live to a great extent on the pilgrims' alms, the city having little trade. The mosque was destroyed by fire in 1257, and was rebuilt 1258-88; it was restored in 1487 by Khaid Bey, of Kgypt. The city was conquered by the Turkish sultans in the sixteenth century. It fell into the power of Saud, the Wahhabite general, in 1803, and was reconquered by Tussun Pasha in 1815. There are few other noteworthy spots to be mentioned in Medina, save the minor mosques of Abu Bekr, Ali, Omar, etc. The private houses, however, surrounded by gardens, fountains, etc., have a very pleasing appearance; and the city, although in its decay, is yet busy and agreeable. A number of medreses, or endowed schools, represent what learning there is left in Medina, once famed for its scholars. As is the case with Mecca, non-Mohammedans are rigorously excluded from the sacred city, yet it has been visited by Burckhardt (1811) and Burton (1852). Consult: Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia (London, 1820); Burton, Journal of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Mecca (London, 1855); Soubhy, Pèlerinage à la Mecque et à Medine (Cairo, 1894); Wellhausen, Medinah vor dem Islam, in his Skizzen, iv. (Berlin, 1889).


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/21

Rh introduced to better pieces of art, he one day, not without a most mysterious look, took me to a case, which, being opened, displayed a life-size Danae receiving in her lap the golden shower. I was amazed at the splendour of the limbs, the magnificence of the posture and arrangement, the intense tenderness and the intellectuality of the sensual object; and yet I did but stand before it in silent contemplation. It did not excite in me that rapture, that delight, that inexpressible pleasure. My friend, who went on descanting upon the merits of the picture, was too full of his own enthusiasm to notice my coldness, and delighted to have an opportunity of pointing out to me in this painting the distinctive excellences of the Italian school.

But the sight of this picture has not made me happy: it has made me uneasy. What! said I to myself,—in what a strange case do we civilised men find ourselves, with our many conventional restraints! A mossy rock, a waterfall, rivets my eye so long that I can tell everything about it,—its heights, its cavities, its lights and shades, its hues, its blending tints, and reflections: all is distinctly present to my mind, and, whenever I please, comes vividly before me in a most happy imitation. But of that masterpiece of Nature, the human frame, of the order and symmetry of the limbs,—of all this I have but a very general notion, which, in fact, is no notion at all. My imagination presents to me anything but a vivid image of this glorious structure; and, when art presents an imitation of it to my eye, it awakens in me no sensation, and I am unable to judge of the merits of the picture. No, I will remain no longer in this state of stupidity. I will stamp on my mind the shape of man, as well as that of a cluster of grapes, or of a peach-tree.

I induced Ferdinand to bathe in the lake. What a glorious shape my friend has! How duly proportioned all his limbs are! what fulness of form! what


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Medina (New York)

MEDI'NA. A village in Orleans County, N. Y., 41 miles west of Rochester and equally distant to the northeast from Buffalo; on Oak Orchard Creek, the Erie Canal, and the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad (Map: New York, B 2). It is in a fertile agricultural region and derives good water power from the creek, where a storage dam is being (1902) constructed, designed to yield 2000 horse-power, which will be utilized to generate electricity for industrial purposes. There are valuable sandstone quarries, foundries, iron works, pump works, flouring mills, and manufactories of furniture, shoes, shirts, vinegar, cigars, and extracts. Medina Falls are visited for their scenic interest. Settled about 1830, Medina was incorporated in 1832. The present government is administered under a charter of 1874, which, as subsequently amended, provides for a president, annually elected, and a board of trustees who act with the executive in electing subordinate officials. Population, in 1890, 4492; in 1900, 4716.


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 26.djvu/345

 All history, all actions, Counsels, Decrees, man, manners, State and factions, Playes, Epicediums, Odes and Lyricks, Translations, Epitaphs and Panegyricks. In the ‘Address to the Reader’ prefixed to the ‘English Traveller’ he states himself to have had either an entire hand, or at least a ‘maine finger,’ in 220 plays; and the statement was made in 1633, before the end of his career. He also for many years composed the lord mayor's pageants in the city of London till they were dropped in 1640. His bookseller, Kirkman, asserts him to have been ‘very laborious; for he not only acted almost every day, but also obliged himself to write a sheet every day for several years together;’ yet, according to the same authority, ‘many of his plays were composed in the tavern, on the backside of tavern-bills, which may be the occasion that so many of them are lost’ (cf., pp. ix, xx). Though many of his plays succeeded, he only published a few, to guard against ‘corrupt and mangled’ editions, and never collected his works (see addresses prefixed to the Rape of Lucrece and the English Traveller). He must also have been an omnivorous reader. He translated Lucian and a variety of Latin writers, both ancient and modern, borrowed two of his plots from Plautus, and busied himself as translator or adaptor with both ancient and modern history. But he also, as Mr. Herford (pp. 170, 239–40) expresses it, loved the byways of literature, German anecdotical history, and in especial magical lore (see above all the Hierarchy of the Blessed Angels). Occasionally, as in his account of the big ship of the period, he was a mere bookmaker.

We know nothing of any special patronage; but he was probably rewarded at court for such a play as ‘Love's Mistress’ (1636), which was repeated three times within eight days, and called ‘The Queen's Masque’ in honour of Henrietta Maria, to whom he had dedicated his ‘Hierarchy’ a year earlier. The Earl of Dover, too, seems in Heywood's later days to have been a liberal patron, both in Broad Street and at Hunsdon House (see Pleasant Dialogues and Dramas). Loyal and patriotic, mindful of the great days ‘of that good queene Elizabeth’ (A Marriage Triumph), and an ardent protestant (England's Elizabeth, passim), Heywood was at the same time careful not to give offence to the state or great men (Apology, p. 61; cf., ii. 349 n.; and cf. ‘To the Reader’ before pt. ii. of the Iron Age; see, however, , iii. 87, as to the personalities imputed to his company in 1601). He was always ready, however, to protest against the ‘vilification’ of actors by such a ‘separisticall humorist’ as the author of ‘Histrio-Mastix’ (dedications of the English Traveller, 1633. For a curious earlier attack upon puritanism see his Britain's Troy, canto iv. st. 50–4). The lines in the ‘Hierarchy of the Blessed Angels’ (bk. iv.), repeatedly quoted by modern writers, in which he dwells on the genial custom of calling the great dramatists of his day ‘Will’ and ‘Ben,’ and so forth, and ends by declaring ‘I hold he loves me best that calls me Tom,’ show also his generous admiration for his superiors. The keynote to his character seems to have been an unaffected modesty. After at least fourteen years' authorship he calls himself ‘the youngest and weakest of the nest wherein he was hatched’ (Apology, ad in.; cf. Introduction, p. iv). It is to be regretted that he never carried out his design of writing ‘the lives of all the poets, foreign and modern, from the first before Homer to the novissimi and last, of what nation or language soever’ (Hierarchy of the Blessed Angels, p. 245, cited in Introduction to Apology, p. xiv). He is noticed as still alive in 1648 (in the Satire against Separatists; cf. ib. p. vi). It is not known whether he left a family behind him; the conjecture in Introduction to ‘A Marriage Triumph,’ p. x, is worthless.

As a dramatist Heywood essayed many styles, beginning apparently with plays resembling the old chronicle histories, and chiefly designed for city audiences. ‘The Four Prentices of London’ was so typical of its kind that Beaumont and Fletcher ridiculed it in ‘The Knight of the Burning Pestle’ (1611 c.) ‘Edward IV,’ written about the same time, likewise appeals to city sentiment, and shows Heywood's pathetic power in the episode of Jane Shore. The two early plays on the history of Queen Elizabeth's troubles are uniformly prosaic. In part ii. the foundation of the Royal Exchange and of Gresham College is put alongside of the destruction of the Spanish Armada. Not later than 1603, when Henslowe paid him 3l. for the play (Diary, p. 249), Heywood produced his masterpiece in the domestic drama, ‘A Woman Killed with Kindness.’ The scene of this piece is laid in contemporary English middle-class life, which none of our dramatists has portrayed more naturally. But the simplicity and directness of his pathos are even more distinctive of his dramatic genius. Of a rather different type is his best-known romantic drama, written possibly at an even earlier date, ‘The Royal King and the Loyal Subject,’ the hero of which is a kind of Patient Grissel of chivalrous loyalty. To a later period


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 26.djvu/346

 belong ‘The English Traveller,’ which in the development of its main plot is almost as pathetic as ‘A Woman Killed with Kindness,’ and three comedies of adventure, through which blows a salt breeze of the sea, ‘The Fair Maid of the West,’ the recently recovered ‘Captives,’ and ‘Fortune by Land and Sea’ (in which Heywood was assisted by William Rowley). ‘The Wise Woman of Hogsdon,’ probably a late piece, is a comedy of very low life, but by far the most skilfully constructed of Heywood's dramas. A distinct group is formed by the very successful ‘Four Ages,’ which reproduces in a dramatic form, not without an occasional touch of burlesque, the best-known stories of Greek mythology down to the siege of Troy, and the ‘Rape of Lucrece,’ likewise very popular, but largely so, it is to be feared, because of the comic songs of the ‘merry Lord Valerius.’ ‘Love's Mistress,’ through which Apuleius and Midas carry on a running critical comment in the Jonsonian manner, was aided by the inventions of Inigo Jones; the long series of city pageants was rendered remarkable by the ingenuity of Gerard Christmas [q. v.] (Heywood's love of pageants is also illustrated by passages in his ‘England's Elizabeth.’) Most of Heywood's works in print bore his favourite motto, ‘Aut prodesse solent aut delectare.’ In many of them the author makes use of chorus and dumb show; the earlier may usually be distinguished by the abundant use of rhyme (see the Epilogue to The Royal King and Loyal Subject). Some of them contain pleasing and musical songs (, pp. xvi, xxii); but as a rule the lyrics in Heywood's dramas are commonplace. Like all the Elizabethans he indulged himself in the construction of out-of-the-way phrases and vocables, but his genius did not lie in the direction of style. On the other hand, it is true that, as might be expected from a dramatist of his experience, ‘his criticism is often quite as valuable as his dramatic poetry’ (ib. p. x). Tieck, who translated one of the most pleasing, and not least characteristic, of his dramas, well describes him as ‘a man of facile and felicitous endowment, who wrote many plays, and among them several that are excellent.’ Few contemporary tributes to him remain; he is praised by Shakerley Marmion (ante); his friend Samuel King congratulates the author of ‘The Wise Woman of Hogsdon’ on a fame needing no ‘apology,’ and the ‘Apology for Actors’ itself evokes the sympathy of John Webster, of some of Heywood's fellow-actors, and of John Taylor the Water-poet. Dryden, in ‘Mac Flecknoe,’ thinking apparently of Heywood's translations as much as of his plays, refers to him slightingly. It was his power of creating powerful effects with everyday materials which excuses Charles Lamb's paradoxical description of him as ‘a prose Shakspere.’

The following is a list of Heywood's published and unpublished productions, so far as ascertainable. The lists in the ‘Biographia Dramatica’ and in vol. vi. of ‘Old Plays’ need revision: A. : 1. ‘The Four Prentices of London, with the Conquest of Jerusalem,’ 1615, but produced ‘some fifteen or sixteen years’ earlier; also 1632. 2 and 3. ‘Edward IV.’ Two parts, 1600, 1605; also two early editions without dates. Edited for the Shakespeare Society by Barron Field, 1842. 4 and 5. ‘If you know not me, you know nobody; or, the Troubles of Queen Elizabeth.’ First part 1605, 1606, 1608, 1613, 1632; second part 1606, 1609, 1623, 1633 (Prologue and Epilogue for the revival at the Cockpit are for part i. only). Edited for the Shakespeare Society by J. P. Collier, 1851. 6. ‘The Royal King and the Loyal Subject,’ 1637, but first acted at a much earlier date (see Epilogue). Edited for ‘Old Plays,’ vol. vi. 1816, and for the Shakespeare Society by J. P. Collier, 1850. 7. ‘A Woman Killed with Kindness.’ Acted 1603, printed 1607, 1617. Edited for the Shakespeare Society from the third (the earliest extant) edition by J. P. Collier, 1850. Acted by the Dramatic Students' Society in London, 1887 (see their acting edition). 8. ‘The Fair Maid of the Exchange,’ 1607, 1625, 1635, 1637. Edited for the Shakespeare Society by Barron Field, 1837. 9. ‘The Rape of Lucrece,’ 1608, 1630, 1638; acted at the Red Bull from the last named edition. 10. ‘The Golden Age,’ 1611. 11. ‘The Silver Age.’ Acted before the court at Greenwich early in 1612; 1613. This and the preceding were edited for the Shakespeare Society by J. P. Collier, 1851. 12. ‘The Brazen Age,’ 1613. 13 and 14. ‘The Fair Maid of the West; or, A Girl with Gold,’ two parts. Acted 1617, printed 1631. Edited for the Shakespeare Society by J. P. Collier, 1850. 15. ‘The Captives; or, The Lost Recovered;’ entered in Sir Henry Herbert's manuscript ‘Office Book,’ 1624, as a new play for the Cockpit company; edited from a manuscript in the British Museum by Mr. A. H. Bullen, and printed in his ‘Old English Plays’ (vol. iv.), 1885. 16 and 17. ‘The Iron Age,’ two parts; 1632. 18. ‘The English Traveller.’ Acted at the Fortune (see act iv.) and the Cockpit, printed 1633. Edited for vol. vi. of ‘Old Plays,’ 1816. 19. ‘A Maidenhead well Lost,’ 1634. 20. ‘Love's Mistress; or, the Queen's Masque.’ Acted at the Court and the Phœ-


text:
Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/289

 pride and privilege, when the first stone of this great cathedral was laid—that banner a symbol of the faith which he loved and kept to the end. I see him throughout life faithful to his duties as a Catholic. In every year, and throughout his life, he was the true and consistent Catholic, a man who gloried in his religion and never had the weakness to be ashamed of it."

Sir Charles Gavan Duffy is a familiar name in both hemispheres. As the founder and editor of the Nation; the lieutenant and coadjutor of Daniel O'Connell; the organiser and biographer of Young Ireland; the compiler of the "Ballad Poetry," and himself the author of a number of vigorous popular poems, Gavan Duffy belongs to Irish history; but as Victoria's successive Minister of Lands, Prime Minister, and Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, the founder of her National Picture Gallery and the most earnest worker in the cause of colonial federation, he stands in the front rank of the representative Irishmen of Australia. It was in November, 1855, that Mr. Duffy, heartsick at the numerous defections from the Tenant League, and seeing no ray of hope in the political future of Ireland, voluntarily expatriated himself and sought a new home thousands of miles away at the antipodes. To use his own mournful language on bidding farewell to the familiar scenes of Dublin, he left Ireland "a corpse on the dissecting-table." On arriving in Melbourne, in the early part of 1856, he was accorded a most enthusiastic reception at the hands of his fellow-countrymen. He was entertained at public dinners in Melbourne, Geelong, Ballarat and Sydney. At the time of his arrival, the election of the first Victorian Parliament under the new constitution was in progress, and there was a universal desire to see Mr. Duffy returned as a member.

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/289


text:
Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/290

 But a property qualification was necessary, and immediately committees were formed throughout the colonies, and, in a remarkably brief space of time, the sum of £5,000 was raised. With this a property in Hawthorn, a pretty suburb of Melbourne, was purchased, and Mr. Duffy entered the first Parliament of Victoria as member for the combined counties of Villiers and Heytesbury. The presentation of the title-deeds of his Hawthorn property was made the occasion of a grand demonstration in Mr. Duffy's honour. It took place in Melbourne on August 20th, 1856. Mr. (afterwards Sir John) O'Shanassy presided, and made a graceful reference to the enthusiastic manner in which Mr. Duffy had been welcomed to the colonies, and how he had been everywhere spoken of as a valuable acquisition to the ranks of their public men. The large gathering of that day was meant to testify their regard for genius, talent, honour and fidelity shown in a good cause. It was their object in making that presentation to endeavour to attach Mr. Duffy to Victorian soil. All parties, all creeds and all classes had united in doing honour to their guest, and wishing him many happy days in his new home.

The speech that Mr. Duffy delivered on this occasion is of historical value, as it sounded the key-note of his future honourable and lengthened political career in Victoria. He said, and said truly, that such a generous gift as a freehold estate to a man in his position had no parallel for munificence in the history of Australia, but its weight in solid gold was not its chief value. The immense constituency it represented, in upwards of 100 districts of Victoria and New South Wales, made it a political demonstration of peculiar weight and significance. He trusted he would never forget, as a stimulus to worthy courses, that he had had the happiness

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/290


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 26.djvu/347

 nix; 1636. 21. ‘A Challenge for Beauty.’ Acted at the Blackfriars and the Globe; printed 1636. Edited for vol. vi. of ‘Old Plays,’ 1816. 22. ‘The Wise Woman of Hogsdon,’ 1638. 23. With William Rowley, ‘Fortune by Land and Sea,’ printed 1655, but probably written by 1603. 24. With Richard Brome [q. v.], ‘The Late Lancashire Witches,’ 1634; translated by L. Tieck in Shakespeare's ‘Vorschule,’ vol. i., Leipzig, 1823. (As to the subject cf. in Chetham Society's Publications, vol. vi. 1845.) All the above are extant, and with the exception of ‘The Captives’ are reprinted in J. Pearson's edition of ‘The Dramatic Works of Thomas Heywood,’ 1874.

The following plays are lost: 25. ‘War without Blows and Love without Suit (or Strife).’ Written by 1598 (, Diary, pp. 140, 143). 26. ‘Joan as Good as my Lady.’ Written by 1599 (ib. pp. 144, 145). 27. ‘The Blind eat many a Fly.’ Written by 1602 (ib. pp. 244, 246). 28. ‘How to Learn of a Woman to Woo.’ Acted at court December 1605. 29. ‘Love's Masterpiece.’ Entered on the Stationers' Registers 22 May 1640 (ib.) 30. With Wentworth Smith, ‘Alberte Galles’ (sic). Written by 1602 (, Diary, p. 239). 31. With the same, ‘Marshal Osrick.’ Written by 1602 (ib. pp. 240, 243). 32. With Chettle, ‘The London Florentine.’ Written by 1602 (apparently a play in two parts; part i. by Heywood and part ii. by Chettle) (ib. pp. 229, 230, 231). 33. With the same, ‘Like Quits Like.’ Written by 1602 (ib. p. 230). 34. With Chettle, Dekker, and Webster, ‘Christmas comes but Once a Year.’ Written by 1602 (ib. pp. 243, 244, 245). 35. With the above and Wentworth Smith, ‘Lady Jane [Grey?],’ part i. (ib. p. 242); part ii., by Dekker (ib. p. 243).

Of the ‘pageants’ written by Heywood for lord mayor's day those for 1631, 1635, 1637, 1638, and 1639 are printed in vols. iv. and v. of Pearson's edition; those for 1632 and 1633 are described by F. W. Fairholt, ‘Lord Mayor's Pageants,’ part i., ‘Percy Society's Publications,’ vol. iii. 1843.

B. : 1. ‘Translation of Sallust,’ 1608. 2. ‘Troia Britannica, or Great Britain's Troy,’ 1609 (a long heroic poem chiefly in ottave rime, with epistles and other passages in the heroic couplet; cf. as to the negligent printing and editing of this Heywood's postscript to his ‘Apology,’ addressed to the printer, N. Okes). 3. ‘An Apology for Actors,’ in three books, 1612; reprinted in 1658 by William Cartwright, with alterations, under the title of ‘The Actors' Vindication.’ Edited for the Shakespeare Society, 1841. (From this work, admirable in tone, though not very powerful in argument, Heywood is said to have been called by a contemporary poet ‘the apologetic Atlas of the stage.’ It was answered in ‘A Refutation of the Apology for Actors,’ by T. G., 1615, where it is noticeable that no personal attack is attempted against Heywood himself.) 4. ‘A Funeral Elegy on the Death of Prince Henry,’ 1613. 5. ‘A Marriage Triumph on the Nuptials of the Prince Palatine and the Princess Elizabeth,’ 1613. Edited for the Percy Society (vol. vi.), 1842 (heroic couplets with lyrics interspersed). 6. ‘Γυναικείον; or, Nine Books of Various History concerning Women, inscribed by the Names of the Nine Muses,’ 1624, and reprinted in 1657 with a new address ‘To the Reader,’ signed E. P., under the title, ‘The General History of Women, containing the Lives of the most Holy and Profane, the most Famous and Infamous in all Ages, exactly described, not only from Poetical Fictions, but from the most Ancient, Modern, and Admired Historians to our Times. By T. H., Gent.’ 7. ‘England's Elizabeth: her Life and Troubles during her Minority from the Cradle to the Crown,’ 1631; reprinted in ‘Harleian Miscellany,’ ed. Pitt, vol. x. (partly taken from the ‘Herologia’ of H. H.; see ‘Dedication’ to the Earl of Dover). 8. ‘Eromena; or, Love and Revenge,’ 1632. 9. ‘The Hierarchy of the Blessed Angels,’ 1635. (A didactic poem in nine books, mostly unreadable, but containing some curious passages and much varied learning in the lengthy prose excursuses added to each book. As to the subject, cf. Warton's ‘History of English Poetry,’ ed. W. C. Hazlitt, 1871, iii. 235 n. The cost of the allegorical engravings appears to have been defrayed by the author's friends, Christopher Beeston, the Christmases, and others.) 10. ‘A True Description of His Majesty's Royal Ship [the Sovereign of the Seas], built this year [by Phineas Pett] at Woolwich in Kent,’ 1637 (cf. the city pageant, Porta Pietatis, 1638, in Pearson's edition, v. 270). 11. ‘Pleasant Dialogues and Dramas, selected out of Lucian [14], Erasmus, Textor, Ovid, &c., with Emblems from J. Catsius, and a variety of Prologues and Epilogues, Elegies, Epitaphs, Epithalamions, Epigrams, and sundry other Fancies’ (gleanings from the author's portfolio; to some of the translations he has added notes), 1637; reprinted (not completely) in Pearson's edition, vi. 85 seq. 12. ‘The Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts of Nine the most Worthy Women of the World: three Jews, three


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Hajj

HAJJ, hăj (from Ar. ḥajja, to make a pilgrimage). An Arabic word, applied specifically to the pilgrimage to the ../Kaaba/ (q.v.) or sanctuary of Mecca, which every Mohammedan, whose means and health permit, is bound to perform, once at least in his life. The original sense of the word appears to be ‘circuit,’ and points to the ancient custom of passing around a sanctuary as one of the rites connected with a visit to a sacred spot. The word also exists in Hebrew (hag), and

while referring originally to the pilgrimage to the sanctuary at Jerusalem in the fall of the year, is generalized as the designation of any of the three great festivals—Passover, Pentecost, Tabernacles —as provided for in the Pentateuchal codes. As concerns the Arabic institution, it appears that many generations before Mohammed a sanctuary in Mecca had acquired considerable popularity among the Arabs. This was due in part to the position of Mecca on the highway leading from Syria to Yemen, and in part to the fact that Mecca was visited annually by many thousands on their way to Okaz, where a great fair was held, which brought Arabs from all parts together. Far more sacred, however, than the sanctuary at Mecca was a mountain, Arafat, outside of the city, and the visit to this mountain, which was the real goal of the ancient Arabic Hajj, was combined naturally with a circuit around the Kaaba. The care of the latter at the time of Mohammed was in the hands of his family, the Koreish, and this circumstance may account for the devotion of the Prophet to the old sanctuary—a devotion which, though inconsistent with his general religious doctrines, he was unable to throw off. With increasing years his fondness for the Kaaba, which he designated as the Beit Allah (house of Allah), increased, and his visit to it the year before his death led to the institution of the pilgrimage as one of the five cardinal duties of every Mohammedan. (See .) The visit to the Kaaba may be made at any time, but the full rites of the Hajj, including the visit to Arafat, can only be carried out in the twelfth month of the Mohammedan calendar, known as Dhul Hajjeh, or month of pilgrimage. The pilgrims have to set out for their journey one or two months before, according to the respective distances they have to traverse. They first assemble at several variously appointed places near Mecca in the beginning of the holy month, and the commencement of the rites is made by bathing and assuming the ihrām or sacred habit, which consists of two woolen wrappers—one around the middle, the other around the shoulders; the head remains bare, and the slippers must cover neither the heel nor the instep. It is enjoined that the pilgrims, while they wear this dress, shall be particularly careful to bring their words and thoughts into harmony with the sanctity of the territory they now tread—a territory in which even the life of animals is to be held sacred from attack. After assuming the sacred garb the pilgrim must not shave any part of his body, anoint his head, pare his nails, or bathe until the end of the pilgrimage. Arriving at Mecca, the pilgrims proceed at once to the temple, and begin the holy rites there by walking first quickly, then slowly, seven times round the Kaaba, starting from the corner where the black stone is fixed. (See .) This ceremony (called tawaf) is followed by the sai, or running, likewise performed first slowly, then quickly, between the two mounts Safa and Merwa, where, before Mohammed's time, the two idols Asaf and Nayelah had been worshiped. These ceremonies, accompanied by prayers, are repeated daily. The next rite takes place on the ninth of the month, and consists in the wukuf, or standing in prayer and listening to a sermon on the mountain of Arafat. The whole of the succeeding night is spent in holy devotions at Mozdalifa, between Arafat and Mina. The

next morning, by daybreak, the pilgrims proceed to the valley of Mina, where they throw seven stones at each of three pillars, for the purpose of putting the devil to flght. The pilgrimage is completed with the slaughtering of the sacrifices —a sheep, goat, cow, or camel, according to the pilgrim's means—on the same day and in the same place. The sacrifice over, they shave their heads and cut their nails, burying the latter on the same spot. After remaining three more days at Mecca they take leave of the Kaaba, making the seven circuits and drinking water from the holy well Zemzem. Most Mohammedans combine with the Hajj a visit to Mohammed's grave at Medina —some three days' journey from Mecca. The return of the holy caravans is watched everywhere with the most intense anxiety, and is celebrated—as is also the departure—with great pomp and rejoicings. Henceforth the pilgrim never omits to prefix the proud title of Hajji to his name. It is permitted to those who, through bodily infirmity, are incapacitated from performing the holy journey themselves, to send a substitute, who acts as their representative in almost every respect, but this substitute has no share whatever in the merits and rewards belonging to the Hajj.

The number of pilgrims who assemble at Mecca varies greatly from year to year. It has often exceeded 100,000. Sir Wilfrid Blunt (Future of Islam, London, 1883) estimates the number in 1880 at about 93,000. The fanaticism of Mohammedans rigidly excludes all non-believers from the sacred soil of Mecca. Consequently the few Christians who have succeeded in visiting the place have done so in disguise and at the risk of their lives. As early, however, as the first decade of the sixteenth centviry an Italian, Ludovico di Varthema, witnessed the ceremonies and described them in his book of travels (Bologna, 1510; Eng. trans. by J. W. Jones, edited with notes by G. P. Badger in the “Hakluyt Society Publications,” vol. xxxii., London, 1863). The first Englishman to enter the sacred city was Joseph Pitts, of Exeter, a sailor, who was captured by Algerine pirates in 1678 and held as a slave for fifteen years, during which time he made the pilgrimage in company with one of his masters. His narrative was published at Exeter in 1704. During the nineteenth century the pilgrimage was performed by the following: The Spanish adventurer Badia, commonly known as Ali-Bei (1807; Voyage d'Ali-Bei en Afrique et en Asie, Paris, 1814); Seetzen (1809), whose journal was published after his death by Kruse and Fleischer (Berlin, 1854-59); Burckhardt (1814-15; Travels in Arabia, London, 1829); Burton (1853; Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah, 3 vols., London, 1855, several later editions); Bicknell (1862); Von Maltzan (1864; Meine Wallfahrt nach Mekka, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1865); Keane (1880; Six Months in Mecca and My Journey to Medina, London, 1881); Snouck-Hurgronje (1884-85; Mekka, 2 vols., and a third of illustration, The Hague, 1888-89); Courtellemont (1894; Mon voyage à la Mecque, Paris, 1896). The most thorough and accurate descriptions of the pilgrimage ceremonies are those given by Burckhardt and Burton. Snouck-Hurgronje gives an account of life in Mecca, a history of the city drawn from original manuscript sources, and details regarding

the various classes of the present population, and the arrangements made for receiving and taking care of the pilgrims, based upon a residence in Mecca of more than six months—a longer time than any other European has ever spent there. His illustrations are from photographs. Consult, besides the work already mentioned: Salih Soubhi, Pèlerinage à la Mecque et à Medine (Cairo, 1894); August Müller, Der Islam im Morgen- und Abendland (Berlin, 1885-87); Snouck-Hurgronje, Het Mekkaansche Feest (Lejden, 1880). See .

title: The New International Encyclopædia/Hajj


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 26.djvu/348

 Gentiles, three Christians.’ Written by the author of the ‘History of Women,’ 1640 (with portraits). 13. ‘The Life of Ambrosius Merlin,’ 1641.

Heywood was also a contributor to the ‘Annalia Dubrensia; or, Celebration of Captain Robert Dover's “ Cotswold Games,”’ 1636; privately reprinted by Dr. Grosart (cf., Seventeenth-century Studies, 1883, pp. 107–8, where Heywood's ‘Panegerick’ is said to come in at the end of the book as a kind of appendix). He has also (Old Plays, p. 105, and Biographia Dramatica) been credited with the authorship of ‘Philocothoaista, a Preparation to Study, or the Virtue of Sack,’ 1641.

HEYWOOD, THOMAS (1797–1866), antiquary, son of Nathaniel Heywood, banker, and younger brother of Sir Benjamin Heywood [q. v.], was born at Manchester on 3 Sept. 1797, and educated at the Manchester grammar school. He was for some years a partner with his father, but retired in 1828, and purchased Hope End, Herefordshire, where he afterwards resided. Before leaving Manchester he collected a remarkable library of local books, which was dispersed in 1835. The sale catalogue is still of considerable value. He served the office of boroughreeve of Salford in 1826, and that of high sheriff of Herefordshire in 1840. In 1826 he printed an interesting pamphlet on ‘The Earls of Derby and the Verse Writers of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,’ Manchester, 4to; reprinted in 1853 by the Chetham Society. In 1829 he annotated and printed ‘The most Pleasant Song of Lady Bessy, the eldest Daughter of King Edward the Fourth.’ He was an early member of the council of the Chetham Society, and edited the following of its publications: 1. ‘The Norris Papers,’ 1846. 2. ‘The Moore Rental,’ 1847. 3. ‘The Diary of the Rev. Henry Newcome,’ 1849. 4. ‘Cardinal Allen's Defence of Sir William Stanley's Surrender of Deventer,’ 1851. 5. ‘On the South Lancashire Dialect,’ 1862. 6. ‘Letter from Sir John Seton, dated 1643,’ 1862. For the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire he wrote a notice of the family of Percival of Allerton, Lancashire (Trans. vol. i.), and a description of an old Chester document (ib. vol. v.). He married in 1823 Mary Elizabeth, daughter of John Barton of Swinton, Lancashire, and died at Hope End on 20 Nov. 1866. His general library was sold at Manchester in 1868.

HIBBART or HIBBERT, WILLIAM (fl. 1760–1800), etcher, practised chiefly at Bath towards the end of the eighteenth century. He etched several heads rather cleverly in the manner of T. Worlidge [q. v.] Among them were portraits of Laurent Delvaux and A. Watteau for Walpole's ‘Anecdotes of Painting;’ Elizabeth Gulston after Falconet; Walter Harte after Seeman; and various portraits prefixed to literary works or biographies, such as those of Richard Nash, the master of the ceremonies at Bath, John Ray the botanist, and others. He also etched the plates for ‘The Amaranth,’ a volume of religious poems, published in 1767. Bartolozzi engraved a trade-card for Hibbert, engraver, of 8 Bridge Street, Bath, probably the above.

HIBBERD, SHIRLEY (1825–1890), journalist and horticultural writer, the son of a retired sea-captain, was born in the parish of St. Dunstan, Stepney, in 1825. The early death of his father necessitated his following some trade instead of, as had been intended, entering the medical profession, and he was apprenticed to a Stepney bookseller. He soon, however, began to write, and engaged in journalistic work. In 1858 he became the first editor of the newly established ‘Floral World,’ managing that journal until 1875 with considerable success.