text:
Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part IV. A. 3.djvu/48

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive Dulles agreed the

"task in South Vietnam was difficult (but) regarded basic factors as favorable. People were opposed to communism and had great natural resources...they received greater aid from abroad than North...situation was much improved now that there was full cooperation between French and American authorities. The problem must not be approached in spirit of defeatism. Only serious problem we have not yet solved is that of indigenous leadership. We cannot expect it to be solved ideally because there is no tradition among indigenous people for self-government. We must get along with something less good than best....(The US was) not repeat not committed to Diem in any irrevocable sense. We have accepted him because we knew of no one better. Developments have confirmed our fears as to his limitations but no substitute for him has yet been proposed. Those suggested in past varied from month to month. Now it is claimed that only Bao Dai can save situation. If that is case, then we must indeed be desperate.... We should continue to back Diem but exert more pressure on him to make changes we consider necessary."

Mendes-France suggested the U.S. and France approach Bao Dai and mentioned the French Viceroy plan to replace Diem. Dulles countered by saying the U.S. and French might use Bao Dai but we must go to him prepared with our own ideas and not... simply accept his. Dulles did not expect any Viceroy to be able "to decide on alternate to Diem and to set up machinery to implement our ideas...our job (is) to create this machinery." He added,

"We must exhaust all our pressures on Diem to get things done before considering alternate solutions....He asked Mendes not to think we had obstinately closed our minds to possible alternate solution. We had not repeat not, but our investigation of alternate must be done 011 careful basis and we must for present support Diem."

Mendes-France agreed. He summarized his position as follows:

"First, to support Diem; second, to study alternatives. Collins and Ely should be instructed to explore further possibilities including Bao Dai with great discretion... third point was that Ely and Collins should be requested to investigate matter of timing. How much further delay can be tolerated?...We must set deadline...."

Rh


text:
Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1873.djvu/41

Rh 1850, 1852, and 1855, showing the issues and locations from the commencement of operations under said acts to June 30, 1873.

No. 10. Statement showing the selections made by certain States of lands within their own limits under the agricultural college and mechanic act of July 2, 1862, and supplemental acts of April 14 1864, and July 23 1866; also, the locations made with scrip under said acts.

No. 11. Statement exhibiting land concessions by acts of Congress to States for canal purposes from the year 1827 to June 30, 1873.

No. 12. Statement exhibiting land concessions by acts of Congress to States and corporations for railroad and military wagon-road purposes from the year 1850 to June 30, 1873.

No. 13. Estimate of appropriations required for the office of the Commissioner of the General Land-Office, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1875.

No. 14. Estimates of appropriations required to meet expenses of collecting the revenue from sales of public lands in the several States and Territories for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1875.

No. 15. Estimates of appropriations for the surveying department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1875.

No. 16. Estimates of appropriations required for surveying the public lands for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1875.

No. 17. Table showing the time when the various railroad rights attach to the lands granted so far as at present determined.

No. 18. Connected map of the United States from ocean to ocean, exhibiting the extent of surveys, land districts, seats of surveyors general and district land-offices; also, localities of railroads of general interest.

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1873 there were received 56,109 letters, and 48,965 were written and recorded. Forty-five thousand three hundred and seventy-eight patents were written and recorded.

It will be seen, by reference to the foregoing statements, that 30,488,132.83 acres of land were surveyed during the last fiscal year. The amount surveyed for the fiscal year ending June 30 1870, was 18,165,278 acres. These figures show an increase of 12,322,844.83 acres in the annual survey since I assumed the control of the Office.

The disposals of public land under various heads, for the last fiscal year, amounted to 13,030,606.87 acre. The disposal for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1870, was 8,095,413 acres, showing an increase of 4 935 193.87 acres.

Notwithstanding this increase in the survey and sale of lands, which involves a corresponding increase in the work of this Office, I have thus far been able to transact the current business, and largely reduce the vast accumulation of unfinished work which I found on assuming control of the Office, and to which I have alluded in previous reports, and the work of the Office is now well advanced in most of its branches. The adjustment of ex parte homestead and pre-emption cases is now kept up to current dates. The number of contested eases awaiting adjustment has been much reduced, but, owing to the insufficiency of the clerical force, this class of work still remains somewhat in arrears When I took charge of the Office there was a large accumulation of California private land claims unadjusted. This accumulation has been removed and, at this time, only four cases are awaiting examination.

Notwithstanding the satisfactory progress thus far made in bringing up arrearages, the business of the Ollice is increasing so rapidly as to justify the conclusion that present arrearages cannot be brought up and the current business of the Office transacted promptly without a thorough

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Democratic Ideals and Reality (1919).djvu/123

Rh moisture of the ocean from the south-west on to India and from the south-east on to China; the west winds from the Atlantic bring rain at all seasons upon Europe, and in the winter time upon the Mediterranean. Both coastlands are therefore rich with tillage, and for that reason nourish their great populations. Thus Europe and the Indies are the regions of the ploughmen and shipmen; whereas the Northern Heartland, Arabia, and the Southern Heartland have for the most part been unploughed, and are inaccessible to sea-going ships. On the other hand, they are naturally adapted to the mobility of horsemen and camel-men, with their herds of cattle and flocks of sheep. Even on the savannahs of Tropical Africa, where horses and camels are absent, the wealth of the natives is chiefly of cattle and sheep. These are of course broad generalisations, with many local exceptions; they are none the less truly and sufficiently descriptive of immense geographical realities.

Dingbat 001.jpg Dingbat 001.jpg Dingbat 001.jpg Dingbat 001.jpg Dingbat 001.jpg


text:
Page:Democratic Ideals and Reality (1919).djvu/124

112 Let us now call History to our aid, for no practical idea, no idea which moves men to action, can be grasped statically; we must come to it with a momentum of thought either from our own experience or from the history of the race. The oases of the East Democratic Ideals and Reality, 1919 Fig 19 p 112.jpg 19.—Northern Arabia. count in poetry as the Gardens of the World, only because they are approached over the desert!

Recorded History begins in the great oases round the north of Arabia. The first International Politics of which we have definite knowledge were concerned with the


text:
Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1873.djvu/42

722 reorganization and increase of the clerical force of this bureau. I therefore respectfully, but earnestly, renew the recommendations made by me on this point in my last annual report.

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, WILLIS DRUMMOND Comissioner, The Hon.

Washington, D. C., October 20, 1873.
 * The surveys of public lands of the United States, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1873, were as follows: Minnesota, 2,399,136.81 acres; Kansas, 3,464,229.04 acres; Nebraska, 4,417,397.66 acres; California, 1,226,784,725 acres; Nevada, 1,254,731.59 acres; Oregon, 1,319,140.6S acres; Washington Territory, 1,360,451.00 acres; Colorado Territory, 98,401.12 acres; Utah Territory, 45,593.83 acres; Arizona Territory, 302,900.15 acres; New Mexico Territory, 391,341.22 acres; Dakota Territory, 2,295,399.20 acres; Idaho Territory, 646,586.47 acres; Montana Territory, 1,473,917.75 acres; Wyoming Territory, 1,193,395.S8 acres; Louisiana, 172,377.96 acres; Florida, 7 30,103.68 acres; Indian Territory, 4,996,243.97 acres; total, 30,488,132.83, which, added to the amount surveyed prior to that time, makes an aggregate of 616,554,895 acres, surveyed since the commencement of operations under the present system, leaving an estimated area of 1,218,443,506 acres unsurveyed.

The following table exhibits the progress of surveys and the disposal of public lands since the fiscal year ending June 30, 1863:

This shows an increase of the number of surveyors-general from ten to seventeen, and of land-offices from fifty-three to ninety, and an increase in the annual survey from 4,315,954 acres to 30,488,132 acres, and an increase in the number of acres disposed of from 3,238,865.00 to 13,030,606.87, the amount disposed of during the year ending June 30, 1873.

The following appropriations for surveys were made by Congress for the present fiscal year: Florida, $12,000; Louisiana, $18,000; Minnesota, $50,000; Dakota Territory, $80,000; Nebraska, $60,000; Kansas, $60,000; Colorado Territory, $80,000; New Mexico Territory, $30,000; Arizona Territory, $20,000; Utah Territory,$25,000; Wyoming Territory, $50,000; Montana Territory, $60,000; Idaho Territory $30,000; Nevada, $50,000; California, $90,000; Oregon, $70,000; and Washington Territory, $70,000.


text:
Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part IV. A. 3.djvu/49

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive Then Dulles agreed — but added a fourth point:

"If the US should decide that there is no repeat no good alternative to Diem we will have to consider how much more investment we will be prepared to make in Indochina. Our policy would have to be reappraised. Congressional committees...would have to be consulted. Mansfield believes in Diem....Even slight chance of success in Vietnam was worth considerable investment. US had also to think of what happened in adjacent countries — in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Malaya. US situation was different from that of French. French had an investment in lives and property in Vietnam while ours involved effect that fate of Vietnam would have on rest of Southeast Asia."

 * b.

After the Tripartite meetings, Dulles reported his assessment of their outcome to Saigon. He said he had agreed with Mendes-France on four points concerning Diem but had not agreed to a deadline for Diem's replacement. Rather, "Collins and Ely would report late January on overall situation."

Dulles called the "investment in Vietnam justified even if only to buy time to build up strength elsewhere in area" and concluded:

 * We are going to have to maintain flexible policy and proceed carefully by stages in Vietnam....Under present circumstances and unless situation (in Vietnam) clearly appears hopeless and rapidly disintegrating, we have no choice but continue our aid Vietnam and support of Diem. There no other suitable leader known to us.

France believed Dulles had in fact committed the United States to consider a change with which Bao Dai would be associated by mid-January. Washington denied it and Paris protests were unable to budge the State Department. The U.S. and France did agree that the Tripartite talks had given Collins and Ely a mandate to study alternatives, however.

 * c.

Having told Paris the U.S. was not committed to either a deadline or an alternative involving Bao Dai, the U.S. proceeded to study alternatives. Secretary of Defense Wilson asked the Joint Staff to assess the impact on military commitments to Southeast Asia of the loss of South Vietnam, of continued but reduced assistance to that nation and of a range of actions in between. The JCS responded by calling Wilson's alternate options incomplete, that consideration of increased aid, and institution of a unilateral program of direct guidance to the GVN through an "advisory system" should be among U.S. considerations. If these programs were insufficient to insure the retention of South Rh


text:
Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1873.djvu/110

Washington, D. C., November 14, 1873.

1873, as compared with the years ended June 30, 1872, and June 30, 1871, respectively, is shown by table No. 2, accompanying the report of the Third Assistant Postmaster-General.
 * The ordinary revenues of this Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1873, were $22,996,741.57, and the expenditures of all kinds $29,084,945.67. For the year ended June 30, 1872, the ordinary revenues were $21,915,426.37, and the expenditures $26,658,192.31. In 1873 there was an increase of revenue over 1872 of $1,081,315.20, or 4.93 per cent., and an increase of expenditures of $2,426,753.36, or 9.10 per cent. A comparison of 1873 with 1871 shows an increase in revenues of $2,959,696.15, or 14.42 per cent., and an increase of expenditures of $4,694,841.59, or 19.24 per cent. The increase or decrease in each item of receipt and expenditure during the fiscal year ended June 30,

If, in addition to the ordinary revenues, the Department is credited with the amounts drawn and expended for subsidies to mail steamship-lines, ($725,000,) it will be seen that the amount drawn from the general Treasury under the appropriations to meet deficiencies during the year was $5,265,475, against $3,317,765.94 in 1872. To the deficiency for 1872, however, are to be added the standing appropriations for free matter, amounting to $700,000, which have since been repealed.

The foregoing estimates do not include the following special appropriations in the nature of subsidies:


text:
Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1873.djvu/109

Rh ward-separation of those classes of the insane whose "most humane care and enlightened curative treatment" is required alike by the laws of Congress and the public sentiment which those laws embody.

The members of the board of visitors have in the past year, as in all previous years since the organization of the board in 1855, made frequent and careful inspections of all departments of the hospital, and it affords them much pleasure to be able to certify that the general condition and management of the institution under their supervision are highly satisfactory, and to express their belief, founded upon personal observation, that the assistant physicians and principal heads of the several divisions of the hospital service have been earnest and faithful in the discharge of their respective duties, and devoted to the comfort and welfare of the patients.

Chapel services having been interrupted for some time for the improvement of the general-assembly room, two vacancies in the corps of chaplains, which occurred by reason of the removal of the incumbents from the district, were not filled by the appointment of other clergymen. The chapel and other religious services have been satisfactorily conducted. The chaplains and occasional visitors frequently express surprise at the quiet that generally prevails among the patients. and the close and apparently intelligent attention that is paid to all the exercises.

We should not fail to acknowledge the valuable services of several of the attendants of both sexes, who by their tact, patience, and kindness in their treatment of the inmates under their immediate care have won not only the high respect both of the officers of the institution and of the best of their own associates and friends, but the gratitude of many patients and of their relatives and friends. We are, very respectfully, your obedient servants, W. GUNTON President of the Board. C. H. NICHOLS, Secretary ac-officio. Hon. , Secretary of the Interior.


text:
Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1873.djvu/108

788 increase the size of the ventilating fan and of the engine that drives it, and to furnish and fit up another kitchen. About one-third of the amount of this estimate will be needed for those purposes, and the remainder will be required for painting and repairs necessary to preserve public property, and for such improvements in the furniture and fitting up of the wards and in the facilities for the medical and moral management of the patients, as are suggested by experience and the progress of this branch of the healing art.

4. For completing the river-wall and raising the boundary-walls at their intersection with the latter, $8,748.

The river-wall has been built on just one-half the extent of the river front, at a cost of $10,000, but as the average depth of the water is less along the line of the remainder of the river front, it is estimated that this part of the work can be completed for $7,788, and that the cost of raising those portions of the boundary-walls that were originally extended into the river as water-fences and now intersect the front wall so that the former cannot be scaled from the latter, not from the filling of earth behind it, will be $960, the two amounts making the sum of $8,743.

5. For the erection, furnishing, and fitting up of an extension of the center building of the hospital edifice, $35,956.

The center building of the hospital edifice contains the administrative offices of the establishment, the principal kitchens and store-rooms, the general-assembly room and the officers' quarters. The hospital was originally intended to accommodate a maximum of 350 patients, and the present center was planned for an institution of that size. The number of patients now under treatment exceeds 600, and is increasing, and more room is required for the assembling of the patients, both for worship on the Sabbath and for lectures, concerts, and exhibitions on other days of the week. The present assembly-room accommodates barely 350 patients and their attendants, and at least 100 of the inmates of the institution, whose mental condition is such that they would derive pleasure and benefit from being present on such occasions, are now unable to attend the Sabbath services and the entertainments on other days. Additional room is also much needed for all the other purposes for which the center building was designed and is used. It is proposed to add 45 feet to the rear end of the present structure, and by extending the assembly-room into the addition, nearly double its present capacity; and the two stories and a cellar below the addition to the assembly-room will afford the other rooms and accommodations that are needed.

6. For a coal-vault in rear of the east wing, $2,500.

The demand for increased accommodations has rendered it necessary to fit up two of the original coal-rooms for dining-rooms, and to use the remaining two as work-shops, and for some years it has been necessary to deposit the most of the coal used in heating the house, in a huge, unsightly pile a short distance outside of the windows of patients' rooms. By using the foundation walls of the house for two sides of the vault, it is estimated that convenient storage-room for 500 tons of coal can be secured for the moderate amount of the estimate.

7. For the erection, furnishing, and fitting up of an extension of the west detached building for patients, $12,000.

This building was erected in 1856 to accommodate 20 patients, and it may be extended so as to comfortably accommodate at least 44. The room is needed, and it can be obtained in no cheaper way, nor in any manner that will be more advantageous to the proper


text:
Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1873.djvu/107

Rh boilers. The appropriation for the purchase of land was disbursed by the Department.

The new wards are at least as cheerful and pleasant as any others of the establishment, and great pains has been taken to adapt their construction, furniture and nttings to the care and comfort of the excited classes of patients.

The several sums asked in the last report were appropriated in full, except that, in consequence of a misunderstanding, it is believed, a reduction of $5,500 was made in the grant for the support of the house after the bill containing the amount of the original estimate had passed the House of Representatives.

The estimates already submitted for the year ending June 30, 1875, are as follows:

1. For the support, clothing, and medical and moral treatment of the insane of the Army and Navy and Revenue-Cutter Service, and of all persons who have become insane since their entry into the military or naval service of the United States, and who are in indigent circumstances, and of the indigent insane of the District of Columbia, in the Government Hospital for the Insane, $140,785.

At the close of the year ending June 30,1873, there were under treatment in the hospital 621 patients, 41 of whom paid, on an average, the cost of their support, leaving 580 who were supported wholly by the Government. Under the acts of Congress providing for the care and treatment in this institution of several classes of insane persons at the expense of the Government, more patients were sent to it in July and August of the current year than the average monthly admissions in last year, and it is estimated that the average number of such patients that it will be necessary to provide for under existing laws in the year 1874-75, will be not less than 600. Experience shows that the expenditure of 84.50 per week for the entire maintenance, including clothing and medical and moral treatment of each patient, with a careful economy in purchasing and disbursing supplies, in the management of the farm and garden, and in the staff of assistants and employee, is barely sufficient to afford all the comforts and advantages of treatment to which the insane supported by the Government are entitled, and that the rate cannot be properly lessened. At that rate the maintenance of an average of 600 patients during the year in question, will cost the amounts asked for that purpose.

2. To supply the deficiency in the amount ($125,000) appropriated to support the hospital during the current year, (1873-'74,) $11,366.

The estimates for the current year were based upon the supposition that there would he an average of 555 patients to be supported by the Government, under the requirements of existing laws, at an estimated cost of $130,500, but only $125,000 were appropriated for this object, as before stated in this report; and instead of an average of 555 nonpaying patients, there were 580 at the beginning off this year, or 25 more than were estimated for; and there is the strongest probability that the average number of this class of patients through the year will be larger than at its beginning. The deficiency in the appropriation is $5,500, and the cost of maintaining 25 additional patients will be $5,866, and the sum of those amounts is the amount of this estimate.

3. For repairs and improvements, $15,000. Additions to the original plan of the hospital and the increase in the number of patients under treatment, render it necessary to


text:
Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1873.djvu/106

786

The rate paid for the board of private patients has ranged from $4 to $12 per week, according to the means of individuals and the accommodations required. The average rate paid has not varied materially from that of several recent years, and, so far from contributing anything to the support of the dependent classes, it has been barely sufficient to comply with that clause of the organic act which requires that independent or pay patients shall not be received at " less than the actual cost of their support." The low average rate received for the board and treatment of the private patients admitted to this hospital, is doubtless due in part to the fact that there are but few people of large wealth in the national district from which most patients of this class come, but. there is as little doubt that it is also due in part to a general indisposition among all citizens in all parts of the republic, to pay a Government institution a profit upon any service it renders them. It is the same common sentiment that prevents the hospital from realizing all the income to which it is entitled by that provision of law which requires those patients admitted by order of the Hon. Secretary of the Interior to pay such a portion of the expenses of their board and treatment as they are able.

In addition to the disbursements for the support of the hospital, an appropriation of $37,800 was expended in the erection of an extension of the wards for the excited classes of patients, and $6,000 for heating


text:
Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1873.djvu/105

Rh Chapel services were suspended during the summer months of 1872, while the general-assembly room was undergoing thorough repairs, including re-frescoing and the addition of about 50 per cent. to the original number of seats, hut were maintained as usual during the remainder of the year. The exhibition of photographs by the camera and hydro-oygen light, musical soirees, and dramatic and literary entertainments, have also been continued with much spirit, and contributed largely to the happiness and improvement of a household whose retirement from the ordinary associations of men is essential to its safety and welfare; and in the year under review, as in all the previous years of the history of this great institution of beneficence and charity, a diligent, earnest, and, in view of the many inherent difficulties of the work and the imperfections that attend the best of human endeavors, we think we may say successful, effort has been made by its officers to fulfill in the entirety of their spirit and letter the noble objects of its creation and maintenance, which Congress nearly two decades of years ago declared to be "the most humane care and enlightened curative treatment of the insane of the Army and Navy of the United States and of the District of Columbia."

Soon after the preparation of the last report, the hospital came into possession of the tract of 29 acres, 1 rood and 2 perches of agricultural land, tor the purchase of which Congress had made the requisite appropriation, and more recently the United States has received the gratuitous deed of one-third of an acre of land lying adjacent to the northern boundary of the enclosed grounds, and embracing a deep, narrow ravine, the control of which by the hospital authorities will enable them to prevent the undermining of the boundary wall at that point.,There are now owned by the United States and devoted to the objects of the hospital a little upwards of 419 acres of land, about 360 of which form one nearly complete parallelogram. The remainder is a separate tract, conveniently situated for grazing or the cultivation of the staple annual crops. The original purchase of about 185 acres, within which the hospital edifices are situated, is enclosed by a brick and stone wall 9 feet high above ground, except on the river-front, where the wall is designed to be a "sea" or "retaining" wall, which does not obstruct the view of the external scenery. One-half of the river-Wall has been built.

With the additions that have been made to the original purchase of land for its use, the hospital is most fortunate in its site. Perhaps it is not practicable, under any circumstances, to attain to a higher degree than has so happily been done here, the desideratum to the insane of liberty and privacy—of opportunity for unconstrained as well as agreeable and healthful exercises in the open air, without the many serious evils of exposure to the curious public; and the extent of the agricultural lands and their variety of soil and exposure afford the most available means for the economic employment of the chronic cases, and for producing in abundance and at moderate cost the fresh fruits and vegetables, and pure milk that are so essential to the health and comfort of all classes of the insane.

As the institution now has the use of all the land it needs, both for the special purposes of a hospital,of this character and for agricultural purposes, and is not likely to receive any further acquisition of territory, the accompanying contour-line map of the entire grounds has been prepared from critical and elaborate surveys made in the course of the past summer.

The expenditures and receipts in the year, were: 50 Ab


text:
Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1873.djvu/43

Rh The estimates for the ensuing fiscal year are as follows: Florida, $15,000; Louisiana, $22,000; Minnesota, 840,000; Dakota Territory, $80,000; Nebraska, $60,000; Kansas,$89,700; Colorado Territory, $80,000; New Mexico Territory, $40,000; Arizona Territory, 030,000; Utah Ter ritory, $30,000; Wyoming Territory, $60,000; Montana Territory, $60,000; Idaho Territory, $40,000; Nevada, $60,000; California, $00,000; Oregon, $70,000; and Washington Territory, $70,000.

Pursuant to treaty stipulations and the sixth section of the act of Congress approved April 2, 1864, (Stats. at Large, vol. 13, p. 41,) which devolve the duty of surveying Indian reservations on the Commissioner of the General-Land Office, surveys were made during the last fiscal year as follows:

1. The eastern boundary of California.—Partial returns have been made by Allexey W. Von Schmidt, contractor, showing the completion of that part of the line between the north shore of Lake Tahoe and the forty-second parallel of north latitude. He also reports the completion of that part of the line between Lake Tahoe and the Colorado River of the West, and that he is now engaged in the preparation of maps, &c.

2. The northern boundary of Nevada.—The Held-work of this survey has been completed by Daniel G. Major, contractor, but the returns have not yet been received.


text:
Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1873.djvu/104

784 and the continued residence of chronics, have now taken place for such n. length of time that the average proportion of recent and chronic cases has found its normal adjustment, and the number of recent and presumptively curable cases with which one year is begun is only equal to that which goes over to the next, it becomes a fact of very great economic and social interest and importance that the ratios of recoveries and deaths to the numbers and movements of the household of this establishment during the past year, present an approximate expression of the average curability and mortality of all the insanity, if under treatment in hospitals, that exists in our different American communities.

Near the close of the wide prevalence of smallpox in the District last autumn and winter, four cases of variolous disease occurred in the hospital. The disease was introduced into the institution by an attendant, who spent the 9th of February in Washington, and was seized with the premonitory symptoms on the 23rd. The other three cases were patients in the same ward with the attendant, who were seized on the third, fifth, and seventh days after his attack, and it is probable that he brought with him from town some infected piece of clothing or pocket article that communicated the disease to the patients before his own case had reached an infectious stage. All of the patients, officers, and employes of the institution were vaccinated between the 1st and 3d of January, and by the immediate repetition of the vaccination and the strictest isolation of the cases as they occurred, the further spread of the disease was happily prevented. Two of the cases proved to be variola in the continent form, and two the modified disease. One of the former died and the other three recovered. It is quite remarkable that in the large population of the hospital, which is constantly receiving accessions from all parts of the country, these are the only cases of variolous disease that have occurred in the institution since the close of the late war. A part of the vaccinations were made with virus direct from the cow, and a. part with humanized matter, but the results throw but little light upon the relative potency of the two kinds of virus. They are thought to be of sufficient interest, however, to justify their presentation here in a tabular form.

No suicide has occurred in the course of the year, and the gene health of the patients has been excellent.


text:
Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/417

Rh the second survey £19 14s. 8d. ; bells, lead, etc., were worth £10 i6s. 8d. The Minis- ter's Accounts of the same year give a total of only £15 7s. 10d.

William, occurs 1219 Hugh, occurs 1226 Nicholas, occurs 1232 John, occurs 1240 Hugh of Dunstable, elected 1251, resigned Warin, elected 1272 Nicholas of Hanslope, resigned 1300 Richard of Eye, elected 1300, resigned Nicholas of Hanslope re-appointed 1302, died 1319 John of Conesgrave, elected 1319 Hugh of Leckhampstead, elected 1334, died 1357 Richard de Nibbeley (or de Nuble), elected 1357, died 1367 Roger of Oving, elected 1367, died 1393 John Middleton, elected 1393 Simon London, resigned 1431 William Whaddon, elected 1431 Hugh Fuller, occurs 1461 John Medburn, occurs 1478 John Wells, occurs 1488, resigned 1492 Thomas Broke, elected 1492, resigned I503 Hugh Brecknock, elected 1503, died 1529 William Maltby, last prior, elected 1529

A seal of this priory is attached to the Ac- knowledgment of Supremacy (No. 105). It is in red wax and represents a prior standing with a staff in his right hand and an open book in his left. Legend : s. PRIORIS ET c. . . DE SNELLESHALL.

The date of the foundation of this priory is very uncertain, but it seems on the whole most probable that it was in existence before Ankerwyke or Little Marlow. It was most commonly called the priory of St. Margaret's in the Wood. Leland gives the tradition that it was founded by Henry de Blois, Bishop of Winchester, about the year 1160: but a charter of St. Thomas of Canterbury given in Dugdale confirms the grants of William, Bishop of Winchester, who died in 1129, con- firmed by Henry de Blois his successor. The manor of Ivinghoe had for a long time been part of the endowment of the see of Win- chester, even before the Conquest. The benefactors of the priory were not numerous, either in its earlier or later days : in the thirteenth century King Henry III. granted to the nuns the church of Merrow in Surrey, with other smaller gifts, such as an annual fair on the feast of St. Margaret, and ten acres of assart in Hemel Hempstead. There are several allusions in the episcopal registers to the poverty of this house, and in 1277 the prioress seems to have been thankful to be acquitted even of so small a fine as two marks, which she had incurred by privately settling a dispute which ought to have come before the king's justices.

The priory was dissolved under the first Act of Suppression, and contained at that time only five nuns, of whom three were novices. The prioress, Margery Hardwick, received a pension of £4 Bishop Dalderby granted indulgences on three different occasions to those who should

title: Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/417


text:
Author:Theon of Smyrna

Works

 * On Mathematics Useful for the Understanding of Plato

title: Author:Theon of Smyrna


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/590

548 From me a wandering Englishman; I tore

One sonnet, but invoke the muse once more

To hail these gentle hearts which Love has tied,

In Youth, Birth, Beauty, genially allied

And blest with Virtue's soul, and Fortune's store.

A sweeter language, and a luckier bard

Were worthier of your hopes, Auspicious Pair!

And of the sanctity of Hymen's shrine,

But,—since I cannot but obey the Fair,

To render your new state your true reward,

May your Fate be like Hers, and unlike mine. Ravenna, July 31, 1819. [From an autograph MS. in the possession of the Lady Dorchester, now for the first time printed.]

SONNET TO THE PRINCE REGENT.

ON THE REPEAL OF LORD EDWARD FITZGERALD'S FORFEITURE.

be the father of the fatherless,

To stretch the hand from the throne's height, and raise

His offspring, who expired in other days

To make thy Sire's sway by a kingdom less,—

This is to be a monarch, and repress

Envy into unutterable praise.

Dismiss thy guard, and trust thee to such traits,

For who would lift a hand, except to bless?

Were it not easy, Sir, and is't not sweet

To make thyself belovéd? and to be

Omnipotent by Mercy's means? for thus

Thy Sovereignty would grow but more complete,

A despot thou, and yet thy people free,

And by the heart—not hand—enslaving us. Bologna, August 12. 1819. [First published, Letters and Journals, ii. 234, 235.]


text:
Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/414

Rh Ralf de Silveston, elected 1263, resigned 1275 William de Esteneston, elected 1275, resigned 1279-80 Adam de Hanred, Henred or Heured, 1279-80, resigned 1284 William de Brackley, elected 1284-5, election annulled Adam de Hanred, Henred or Heured reappointed 1285, resigned 1287 Richard de Silveston, elected 1287, resigned same time John de Houghton, elected 1287, resigned 1289 Gilbert de Merse, elected 1 289, resigned same time Peter de Saldeston or Shalstone, elected 1289, deposed 1294 William de Brackley, elected 1294, resigned 1316 John de Westburg, elected 1316, died William de Skelton, elected 1344, died 1349 William de Horwood, elected 1349, resigned 1383 John Pirye, elected 1383 John Horwood, elected 1396 John Hals, elected 1420, died 1444 John Pinchbeck, elected 1444, resigned 1468 William Rogers, elected 1468, resigned 1488 Thomas Rowland, elected 1488, resigned the house 1494

Seal : A pointed oval seal of the thirteenth century represents the Virgin seated on a throne, a sceptre in her right hand, the Holy Child on her left knee with cruciform nimbus, lifting up the right hand in benedic- tion and holding a book in the left. In the upper part of the seal is the representation of a church, in base a prior is kneeling in prayer. Legend: s' COMMVNIS : SANCTE : MARIE: D'LVFFEILT.

The priory of Bradwell, like that of Luffield, has scarcely any history at all. It was founded somewhere about the year 1155 by Meinfelin, lord of Wolverton, and the patronage of the house continued in this family for a century at least. Its endowments were very small, and it had scarcely any property outside this county.

As early as the reign of John the prior had to contest with Alan of Etchingham the ad- vowson of Padbury church, and there were several suits in the thirteenth century in connection with the church of Chalfont St. Giles, which passed for some time out of the hands of the monks. This house appears to have been among those which suffered most from the effects of the Great Pestilence : the prior, William of Loughton, died in 1349, and a dispensation granted in the same year to a certain monk of illegitimate birth to hold any office, even that of prior, suggests that the number of those eligible was very small at that time. It is stated by Browne Willis that the prior in 1361 was sequestered for causing or allowing dilapidation of the conventual buildings, and there seems to have been a vacancy for some years after this. Not even

title: Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/414


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/591

Rh

STANZAS.

1.

Love for ever

Run like a river,

And Time's endeavour

Be tried in vain—

No other pleasure

With this could measure;

And like a treasure

We'd hug the chain.

But since our sighing

Ends not in dying,

And, formed for flying,

Love plumes his wing;

Then for this reason

Let's love a season;


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/592

550 2.

When lovers parted

Feel broken-hearted,

And, all hopes thwarted,

Expect to die;

A few years older,

Ah! how much colder

They might behold her

For whom they sigh!

When linked together,

In every weather,

They pluck Love's feather

From out his wing—

He'll stay for ever,

But sadly shiver

3.

Like Chiefs of Faction,

His life is action—

A formal paction

That curbs his reign,

Obscures his glory,

Despot no more, he

Such territory

Quits with disdain.

Still, still advancing,

With banners glancing,

His power enhancing,

He must move on—

Repose but cloys him,

Retreat destroys him,


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/593

Rh 4.

Wait not, fond lover!

Till years are over,

And then recover

As from a dream.

While each bewailing

The other's failing,

With wrath and railing,

All hideous seem—

While first decreasing,

Yet not quite ceasing,

Wait not till teasing,

All passion blight:

If once diminished

Love's reign is finished—

5.

So shall Affection

To recollection

The dear connection

Bring back with joy:

You had not waited"

Till, tired or hated,

Your passions sated

Began to cloy.

Your last embraces

Leave no cold traces—

The same fond faces

As through the past:

And eyes, the mirrors

Of your sweet errors,


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/594

552 6.

True, separations

Ask more than patience;

What desperations

From such have risen!

But yet remaining,

What is't but chaining

Hearts which, once waning,

Beat 'gainst their prison?

Time can but cloy love,

And use destroy love:

The wingéd boy, Love,

Is but for boys—

You'll find it torture

Though sharper, shorter,

To wean, and not wear out your joys. December 1, 1819. [First published, New Monthly Magazine, 1832, vol. xxxv. pp. 310-312.]

ODE TO A LADY WHOSE LOVER WAS KILLED BY A BALL, WHICH AT THE SAME TIME SHIVERED A PORTRAIT NEXT HIS HEART.

.

On peut trouver des femmes qui n'ont jamais eu de galanterie, mais il est rare d'en trouver qui n'en aient jamais en qu'une.—[Réflexions ... du Duc de la Rochefoucauld, No. lxxiii.]

1.

! in whose heroic port

And haughty lineaments, appear

Much that is awful, more that's dear—

Wherever human hearts resort

There must have been for thee a Court,

And Thou by acclamation Queen,

Where never Sovereign yet had been.


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/595

Rh That eye so soft, and yet severe,

Perchance might look on Love as Crime;

And yet—regarding thee more near—

The traces of an unshed tear

Compressed back to the heart,

And mellowed Sadness in thine air,

Which shows that Love hath once been there,

To those who watch thee will disclose

More than ten thousand tomes of woes

Wrung from the vain Romancer's art.

With thee how proudly Love hath dwelt!

His full Divinity was felt,

Maddening the heart he could not melt,

Till Guilt became Sublime;

But never yet did Beauty's Zone

For him surround a lovelier throne,

Than in that bosom once his own:

And he the Sun and Thou the Clime

Together must have made a Heaven

For which the Future would be given.

2.

And thou hast loved—Oh! not in vain!

And not as common Mortals love.

The Fruit of Fire is Ashes,

The Ocean's tempest dashes

Wrecks and the dead upon the rocky shore:

True Passion must the all-searching changes prove,

The Agony of Pleasure and of Pain,

Till Nothing but the Bitterness remain;

And the Heart's Spectre flitting through the brain

Scoffs at the Exorcism which would remove.

3.

And where is He thou lovedst? in the tomb,

Where should the happy Lover be!

For him could Time unfold a brighter doom,

Or offer aught like thee?

He in the thickest battle died,

Where Death is Pride;


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/596

554 And Thou his widow—not his bride,

Wert not more free—

Here where all love, till Love is made

A bondage or a trade,

Here—thou so redolent of Beauty,

In whom Caprice had seemed a duty,

Thou, who could'st trample and despise

The holiest chain of human ties

For him, the dear One in thine eyes,

Broke it no more.

Thy heart was withered to it's Core,

It's hopes, it's fears, it's feelings o'er:

Thy Blood grew Ice when his was shed,

And Thou the Vestal of the Dead.

4.

Thy Lover died, as All

Who truly love should die;

For such are worthy in the fight to fall

Triumphantly.

No Cuirass o'er that glowing heart

The deadly bullet turned apart:

Love had bestowed a richer Mail,

Like Thetis on her Son;

But hers at last was vain, and thine could fail—

The hero's and the lover's race was run.

Thy worshipped portrait, thy sweet face,

Without that bosom kept it's place

As Thou within.

Oh! enviously destined Ball!

Shivering thine imaged charms and all

Those Charms would win:

Together pierced, the fatal Stroke hath gored

Votary and Shrine, the adoring and the adored.

That Heart's last throb was thine, that blood

Baptized thine Image in it's flood,

And gushing from the fount of Faith

O'erflowed with Passion even in Death,


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/597

Rh Constant to thee as in it's hour

Of rapture in the secret bower.

Thou too hast kept thy plight full well,

As many a baffled Heart can tell. [From an autograph MS. in the possession of Mr. Murray, now for the first time printed.]

THE IRISH AVATAR. [A few days before Byron enclosed these lines in a letter to Moore (September 17, 1821) he had written to Murray (September 12): "If ever I do return to England ... I will write a poem to which English Bards, etc., shall be New Milk, in comparison. Your present literary world of mountebanks stands in need of such an Avatar." Hence the somewhat ambiguous title. The word "Avatar" is not only applied ironically to George IV. as the "Messiah of Royalty," but metaphorically to the poem, which would descend in the "Capacity of Preserver" (see Sir W. Jones, Asiatic Research, i. 234).

The "fury" which sent Byron into this "lawless conscription of rhythmus," was inspired partly by an ungenerous attack on Moore, which appeared in the pages of John Bull ("Thomas Moore is not likely to fall in the way of knighthood ... being public defaulter in his office to a large amount.... [August 5]. It is true that we cannot from principle esteem the writer of the Twopenny Postbag.... It is equally true that we shrink from the profligacy," etc., August 12, 1821); and, partly, by the servility of the Irish, who had welcomed George IV. with an outburst of enthusiastic loyalty, when he entered Dublin in triumph within ten days of the death of Queen Caroline. The Morning Chronicle, August 8—August 18, 1821, prints effusive leading articles, edged with black borders, on the Queen's illness, death, funeral procession, etc., over against a column (in small type) headed "The King in Dublin." Byron's satire is a running comment on the pages of the Morning Chronicle. Moore was in Paris at the time, being, as John Bull said, "obliged to live out of England," and Byron gave him directions that twenty copies of the Irish Avatar "should be carefully and privately printed off." (see Bibliography, vol. vii. p. 260). In the first and second editions of his Conversations, Medwin, doubtless for prudential reasons, omitted twelve of the more libellous stanzas,

"And Ireland, like a bastinadoed elephant, kneeling to receive the paltry rider."—[Life of Curran, ii. 336.]

1.

the daughter of Brunswick is cold in her grave,

And her ashes still float to their home o'er the tide,


text: Gregory’s Lessee v. Setter

title: Gregory’s Lessee v. Setter


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/598

556 Lo! George the triumphant speeds over the wave,

To the long-cherished Isle which he loved like his—bride.

2.

True, the great of her bright and brief Era are gone,

The rain-bow-like Epoch where Freedom could pause

For the few little years, out of centuries won,

Which betrayed not, or crushed not, or wept not her cause.

3.

True, the chains of the Catholic clank o'er his rags,

The Castle still stands, and the Senate's no more,

And the Famine which dwelt on her freedomless crags

Is extending its steps to her desolate shore.

4.

To her desolate shore—where the emigrant stands

For a moment to gaze ere he flies from his hearth;

Tears fall on his chain, though it drops from his hands,

For the dungeon he quits is the place of his birth.

5.

But he comes! the Messiah of Royalty comes!

Like a goodly Leviathan rolled from the waves;

Then receive him as best such an advent becomes,

With a legion of cooks, and an army of slaves!


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/599

Rh 6.

He comes in the promise and bloom of threescore,

To perform in the pageant the Sovereign's part—

But long live the Shamrock, which shadows him o'er!

Could the Green in his hat be transferred to his heart!

7.

Could that long-withered spot but be verdant again,

And a new spring of noble affections arise—

Then might Freedom forgive thee this dance in thy chain,

And this shout of thy slavery which saddens the skies.

8.

Is it madness or meanness which clings to thee now?

Were he God—as he is but the commonest clay,

With scarce fewer wrinkles than sins on his brow—

Such servile devotion might shame him away.

9.

Aye, roar in his train! let thine orators lash

Their fanciful spirits to pamper his pride—

Not thus did thy Grattan indignantly flash

His soul o'er the freedom implored and denied.

10.

Ever glorious Grattan! the best of the good!

So simple in heart, so sublime in the rest!

With all which Demosthenes wanted endued,

And his rival, or victor, in all he possessed.

11.

Ere Tully arose in the zenith of Rome,

Though unequalled, preceded, the task was begun—


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/600

558 But Grattan sprung up like a god from the tomb

Of ages, the first, last, the saviour, the one!

12.

With the skill of an Orpheus to soften the brute;

With the fire of Prometheus to kindle mankind;

Even Tyranny, listening, sate melted or mute,

And Corruption shrunk scorched from the glance of his mind.

13.

But back to our theme! Back to despots and slaves!

Feasts furnished by Famine! rejoicings by Pain!

True Freedom but welcomes, while Slavery still raves,

When a week's Saturnalia hath loosened her chain.

14.

Let the poor squalid splendour thy wreck can afford,

(As the bankrupt's profusion his ruin would hide)

Gild over the palace, Lo! Erin, thy Lord!

Kiss his foot with thy blessing—his blessings denied!

15.

Or if freedom past hope be extorted at last,

If the idol of brass find his feet are of clay,

Must what terror or policy wring forth be classed

With what monarchs ne'er give, but as wolves yield their prey?

16.

Each brute hath its nature; a King's is to reign,—

To reign! in that word see, ye ages, comprised

The cause of the curses all annals contain,

From Cæsar the dreaded to George the despised!


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/601

Rh 17.

Wear, Fingal, thy trapping! O'Connell, proclaim

His accomplishments! His!!! and thy country convince

Half an age's contempt was an error of fame,

And that "Hal is the rascaliest, sweetest young prince!"

18.

Will thy yard of blue riband, poor Fingal, recall

The fetters from millions of Catholic limbs?

Or, has it not bound thee the fastest of all

The slaves, who now hail their betrayer with hymns?

19.

Aye! "Build him a dwelling!" let each give his mite!

Till, like Babel, the new royal dome hath arisen!

Let thy beggars and helots their pittance unite—

And a palace bestow for a poor-house and prison!

20.

Spread—spread for Vitellius, the royal repast,

Till the gluttonous despot be stuffed to the gorge!

And the roar of his drunkards proclaim him at last

The Fourth of the fools and oppressors called "George!"

21.

Let the tables be loaded with feasts till they groan!

Till they groan like thy people, through ages of woe!


text: Morris v. Foreman

title: Morris v. Foreman


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/602

560 Let the wine flow around the old Bacchanal's throne,

Like their blood which has flowed, and which yet has to flow.

22.

But let not his name be thine idol alone—

On his right hand behold a Sejanus appears!

Thine own Castlereagh! let him still be thine own!

A wretch never named but with curses and jeers!

23.

Till now, when the Isle which should blush for his birth,

Deep, deep as the gore which he shed on her soil,

Seems proud of the reptile which crawled from her earth,

And for murder repays him with shouts and a smile.

24.

Without one single ray of her genius,—without

The fancy, the manhood, the fire of her race—

The miscreant who well might plunge Erin in doubt

If she ever gave birth to a being so base.

25.

If she did—let her long-boasted proverb be hushed,

Which proclaims that from Erin no reptile can spring—

See the cold-blooded Serpent, with venom full flushed,

Still warming its folds in the breast of a King!

26.

Shout, drink, feast, and flatter! Oh! Erin, how low

Wert thou sunk by misfortune and tyranny, till

Thy welcome of tyrants hath plunged thee below

The depth of thy deep in a deeper gulf still.


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/603

Rh 27.

My voice, though but humble, was raised for thy right;

My vote, as a freeman's, still voted thee free;

This hand, though but feeble, would arm in thy fight,

And this heart, though outworn, had a throb still for thee!

28.

Yes, I loved thee and thine, though thou art not my land;

I have known noble hearts and great souls in thy sons,

And I wept with the world, o'er the patriot band

Who are gone, but I weep them no longer as once.

29.

For happy are they now reposing afar,—

Thy Grattan, thy Curran, thy Sheridan, all

Who, for years, were the chiefs in the eloquent war,

And redeemed, if they have not retarded, thy fall.

30.

Yes, happy are they in their cold English graves!

Their shades cannot start to thy shouts of to-day—

Nor the steps of enslavers and chain-kissing slaves

Be stamped in the turf o'er their fetterless clay.

31.

Till now I had envied thy sons and their shore,

Though their virtues were hunted, their liberties fled;


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/604

562 There was something so warm and sublime in the core

Of an Irishman's heart, that I envy—thy dead.

32.

Or, if aught in my bosom can quench for an hour

My contempt for a nation so servile, though sore,

Which though trod like the worm will not turn upon power,

'Tis the glory of Grattan, and genius of Moore! Ra. September 16, 1821. [First published, Paris, September 19, 1821.]

STANZAS WRITTEN ON THE ROAD BETWEEN FLORENCE AND PISA.

1.

, talk not to me of a name great in story—

The days of our Youth are the days of our glory;

And the myrtle and ivy of sweet two-and-twenty

Are worth all your laurels, though ever so plenty.


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/605

Rh 2.

What are garlands and crowns to the brow that is wrinkled?

'Tis but as a dead flower with May-dew besprinkled:

Then away with all such from the head that is hoary,

What care I for the wreaths that can only give glory?

3.

Oh !—if I e'er took delight in thy praises,

'Twas less for the sake of thy high-sounding phrases,

Than to see the bright eyes of the dear One discover,

She thought that I was not unworthy to love her.

4.

There chiefly I sought thee, there only I found thee;

Her Glance was the best of the rays that surround thee,

When it sparkled o'er aught that was bright in my story,

I knew it was Love, and I felt it was Glory. November 6, 1821. [First published, Letters and Journals of Lord Byron, 1830, ii. 566, note.]

STANZAS TO A HINDOO AIR.

1.

! my lonely—lonely—lonely—Pillow!

Where is my lover? where is my lover?

Is it his bark which my dreary dreams discover?

Far—far away! and alone along the billow?

2.

Oh! my lonely—lonely—lonely—Pillow!

Why must my head ache where his gentle brow lay?


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/606

564 How the long night flags lovelessly and slowly,

And my head droops over thee like the willow!

3.

Oh! thou, my sad and solitary Pillow!

Send me kind dreams to keep my heart from breaking,

In return for the tears I shed upon thee waking;

Let me not die till he comes back o'er the billow.

4.

Then if thou wilt—no more my lonely Pillow,

In one embrace let these arms again enfold him,

And then expire of the joy—but to behold him!

Oh! my lone bosom!—oh! my lonely Pillow! [First published, Works of Lord Byron, 1832, xiv. 357.]

TO ——


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/607

Rh TO THE COUNTESS OF BLESSINGTON.


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 4.djvu/608

566 ARISTOMENES.

.


text:
Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/415

Rh the names of the priors between 1410 and 1492 have as yet been recovered : the history of the house during that period is almost a blank sheet. In 1504, at the resignation of Thomas Wright, the number of monks was insufficient for a canonical election, and the bishop was obliged to collate a prior ; and in 1524 the site of the monastery and its scanty revenues were granted to Cardinal Wolsey for the endowment of his new col- lege.

During the latter half of the fourteenth century, when the priory of Bradwell was evi- dently very poor and its monks few in number, it nevertheless appears to have had a very high character for the strict observance of the rule. For one of those monks who obtained per- mission from the good abbot of St. Albans, Thomas de la Mare, to leave his own monas- tery in search of a more perfect life, made choice of this little house as a place of holy retirement ; perhaps finding its simplicity and very real poverty more attractive than the stately order of the great abbey in which he was professed. The priory seems to have maintained this character for some time. When Bishop Gray visited it between 1431 and 1436 he had no serious fault to find with anything he heard or saw. He encour- aged the monks in spite of the smallness of their numbers still to be regular in rising to mattins ; and if there were not sufficient voices to sing the office they were permitted to recite it without note, yet devoutly and distinctly, observing the pause in every verse. If they were unable to go to the refectory to- gether every day, they should do so at least on Wednesdays and Fridays : in other words, the fact that they were few was not in any way to hinder the regularity of their life. The bishop concluded by bidding them increase their number as soon as possible on pain of con- tempt, but it seems probable that their pov- erty made this almost impossible, for in 1455 they had to petition for the suppression of the vicarage of Padbury and its union with the parish church : and the sum total of their revenue at the time of the dissolution of the monastery was less than 50. The original endowment of the priory comprised only certain lands in Wolverton and Padbury, and the churches of Wolverton, Padbury, Stantonbury, Chalfont St. Giles' and Stoke Hammond. The church of Stan- tonbury was granted at an early date to the Cathedral at Lincoln, and the church of Chalfont St. Giles in the year 1259; the latter was however reckoned among the bene- fices belonging to the monastery in 1527. The temporalities assigned to Bradwell in 1291 amount only to £10 19s. 10d. ; and a survey taken in 1380 gave a total of £32 6s. 2d. At the dissolution the total issues of the house were stated to be £47 4s. 1¼d.

Nigel, occurs 1189 Richard, occurs 1201 John, occurs 1219 Richard, resigned 1237 Simon de Kantia, elected 1237 John, occurs 1253 Bartholomew, occurs 1272 Robert of Ramsey, elected 1280 John, died 1320 Robert of Rowsham, elected 1320 Robert Foliot, died 1331 Simon of Elstow, elected 1331, resigned William of Loughton, elected 1336, died John of Billing, elected 1349 John of Willen, deprived 1361

title: Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/415


text: Gerard v. La Coste

title: Gerard v. La Coste


text:
User talk:68.3.101.195

The page in question was Sir edmund hillary prefix:The New Student's Reference Work. --Slgrandson (talk) 01:32, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.3.101.195


text: Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia/Recent Australian exploratory expeditions


text: Shoemaker v. Knorr

title: Shoemaker v. Knorr


text:
Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/416

Rh John Horwood, occurs 1388, died 1410 William Horwood, elected 1410 John Wells, elected 1492, died 1503 Thomas Wright, elected 1503, resigned Robert Boston, elected 1504, resigned 1515 John Ashby, last prior elected 1515

Pointed oval seal, one side of which is chipped, attached to a charter bearing the date 1209, represents the prior standing on a corbel holding a book. Legend, partly de- faced, runs :. . . ILL' PRIORIS DE BRADEWEL.

There is no record of the existence of this priory earlier than 1219 ; and the charter of confirmation granted by Henry III. in 1228 names Ralf Martel as the founder, and donor of the demesne land with the chapel of Tat- tenhoe. Several smaller benefactions were confirmed at the same time, but they are not connected with any well-known names. The priory was dedicated to St. Leonard, and it is probable that it was never intended to sup- port more than about half a dozen monks. Like the other Benedictine houses of this county, it has very little history. A visita- tion of Bishop Burghersh, dated 1321, de- scribes it as so poor that the monks had scarcely the necessaries of life, and had to beg even for these ; an indulgence was granted at this time to those who should contribute to their support. Again in 1490 the prior of Snelshall was presented to the archdeacon for not paying tithes to Shenley Church for lands which lay in that parish. In 1529 Bishop Longland visited the house and evidently found some irregularity amongst the two or three monks who remained. He ordered the prior, William Maltby, on pain of deprivation, to observe the purpose of the foundation and to see that others did the same : and enjoined him also within ten days to dismiss all women, married or unmarried, from the precincts of the monastery, retaining only two of more than forty-eight years and of unexceptionable character as servants. There were to be three brothers in the house besides the prior, and no strangers were to be entertained except in the way of hospitality.

In 1535, after the passing of the first Act of Suppression, the local commissioners reported that there were only three monks in the house, two priests and one only a novice, and none of them guilty of immorality ; that there were eight servants also living in the monastery, as well as the prior's father and mother, who had brought all their goods with them, and hoped to spend their old age there. The house was said to be ' wholly in ruin ' : but it was not in debt.

William Maltby, the prior, with two monks had signed the Acknowledgment of the Royal Supremacy in the same year. At the sur- render of the house, which must have been before 28 July, 1535, he received an annual pension of £5 The original endowment of the priory by Ralf Martel comprised the land on which it stood, with ' husbote and haybote ' in the woods of Tattenhoe, sufficient for fuel and building purposes, and of underwood enough for making bread and beer, and quittance of pannage for hogs. The chapel of Tattenhoe was also granted to the monks with a virgate of land, and some small parcels of land in the neighbourhood and in Northamptonshire.

The temporalities of the priory in 1291 amounted to £8 14s. 8d. ; the chapel of Tattenhoe seems only to have been worth 13s. 4d. A taxation of 1383 only amounted to £6 19s. 3d. besides the chapel. The commissioners of 1535 reported the clear value of the monastery to be £18 1s. 1d. ; on

title: Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/416


text: Page:VCH Warwickshire 1.djvu/481

title: Page:VCH Warwickshire 1.djvu/481


text:
Page:Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania Report of Progress PPP.djvu/28

14 outwards and backwards over the anterior end. extending in a broad curve along the lower margin. rapidly recurving around the lower posterior portion. and continuing concave and obliquely forward to the extremity of the hinge, mak- in: the hinge-line appear as slightly produced. The cephalic area occupies the anterior third of the valves, and is marked at its base by two broad flattened oval eleva- tions, of which the lower one is somewhat the larger. Optic node prominent. situated above the middle of the area.

Thoraic region convex over the anterior portion, becom- ing liattened on the posterior half. without nodes or ridges.

{{sc|Abdomen having at length of less than half that of the valves, composed of two naked cylindrical segments. The posterior segnient is one-third longer than wide, somewhat larger at its anterior end, Anterior segment partially con- cealed hy the carapace in the specimen described. The margins are slightly thickened.

{{sc|Telson}} consisting of a stout triangular spine flattened on the ventral side. rounded above, and marked by a longitud- inal varina along the middle. Lateral spines longer than the extension of the telson, flattened; margins thickened; marked by two sharp longitudinal ridges on the dorsal face. The inner edges of the movable spines are crenulate for the attachment of setæ

Test thin, not exceeding {{fs|70%|{{over|1|10}}}} mm. in thickness, minutely xvrinkled over the surface ol' the valves. except on their margins and the abdominal segments which are ornarnented with line curving strize or vascular markings.

An entire left valve has a greatest length of 23 mm., width 10 mm., and hinge-line 20 rum. In a specimen preserving a portion of the valves with the abdomen and its apppendages the valves have :1 width of 11 mm., and the length from the distal extremity of the telson to the insertion of the abdomen with the carapace measures 20 mm.

The three specimens of this species observed, present such marked differences from any described form, that it seems advisable to arrange them under a new generic desig- nation. The presence of crenulations along the inner mar-


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 23.djvu/259

 or Mainz, Borbetomagus or Worms); but at the beginning of the historical period we find the Celts everywhere in retreat before the advancing Teutons. Probably the Teutonic pressure began as early as the 4th century before Christ, and the history of the next few hundred years may be summed up as the gradual substitution of a Germanic for a Celtic population along the banks of the Rhine. Its second historical period begins with the advent of the Romans, who stemmed the advancing Teutonic tide. Augustus and his successors took good care to fortify the Rhine carefully, and a large proportion of the Roman legions were constantly in garrison here. For two hundred years the Rhine formed the boundary between the Roman empire and the Teutonic hordes; and during that period the left or Roman bank made prodigious strides in civilization and culture. The wonderful Roman remains at Trier and elsewhere, the Roman roads, bridges and aqueducts, are convincing proofs of what the Rhine gained from Roman domination. This Roman civilization was, however, destined to be swamped by the current of Teutonic immigration, which finally broke down the barriers of the Roman empire and overwhelmed the whole of the Rhenish district. Under Charlemagne, whose principal residence was in Aix-la-Chapelle, the culture of the Rhine valley again began to flourish, its results being still to be traced in the important architectural remains of this period. At the partition of the domains of Charlemagne in 843 the Rhine formed the boundary between Germany and the middle kingdom of Lotharingia; but by 870 it lay wholly within the former realm. For nearly eight hundred years it continued in this position, the frontier of the German empire coinciding more or less with the line of the Rhone. During the early middle ages the bank of the Rhine formed the most cultured part of Germany, basing its civilization on its Roman past. The Thirty Years' War exercised a most prejudicial effect upon the district of the Rhine; and the peace of Westphalia gave France a footing on the left bank of the hitherto exclusively German river by the acquisition of Alsace. The violent seizure of Strassburg by France in 1681 was ratified by the peace of Ryswick in 1697, which recognized the Rhine as the boundary between Germany and France from Basel to about Germersheim. It was an easy inference for the French mind that the Rhine should be the boundary throughout and the Gaul of Caesar restored. This ideal was realized in 1801, when the whole of the left bank of the Rhine was formally ceded to France. The congress of Vienna (1815) restored the lower part of the Rhenish valley to Germany, but it was not till the war of 1870-71 that the recovery of Alsace and Lorraine made the Rhine once more “Germany's river, not Germany's frontier.” In the military history of all these centuries constant allusion is made to the Rhine, its passages and its fortresses. Every general who has fought in its neighbourhood has at one time or another had to provide for a crossing of the Rhine, from Julius Caesar, who crossed it twice, down to our own time. The wars carried on here by Louis XIV. are still remembered in the Rhine district, where the devastations of his generals were of the most appalling description; and scarcely a village or town but has a tale to tell of the murder and rapine of this period.

The Rhine in Literature.—The Rhine has always exercised a peculiar sort of fascination over the German mind, in a measure and in a manner not easily paralleled by the case of any other river. “Father Rhine” is the centre of the German's patriotism and the symbol of his country. In his literature it has played a prominent part from the Nibelungenlied to the present day; and its weird and romantic legends have been alternately the awe and the delight of his childhood. The Rhine was the classic river of the middle ages; and probably the Tiber alone is of equal historical interest among European rivers. But of late years the beauties of the Rhine have become sadly marred; the banks in places, especially between Coblenz and Bonn, disfigured by quarrying, the air made dense with the smoke of cement factories and steam-tugs, commanding spots falling a prey to the speculative builder and villages growing into towns.

See Daniel, Deutschland: Beyerhaus, Der Rhein von Strassburg bis zur holländischen Grenze (Coblenz, 1902); Mohr, Die Flösserei auf dem Rhein (Mannheim, 1897); C. Eckert, Rheinschiffahrt im 19ten Jahrhundert; Horn, Der Rhein, Geschichte and Sagen seiner Burgen (Stuttgart, 1893); Treutlein, Die neueren Deutschen Rheinstromstudien und ihre Ergebnisse (in Ausland, 1893); A. Chambalu, Die Stromveränderungen des Niederrheins seit der vorrömischen Zeit (Cologne, 1892), and Handbooks of Baedeker, Meyer and Woerl.
 * (J. F. M; P. A. A.)

 RHINE PROVINCE, or, the most westerly province of the kingdom of Prussia, bounded on the N. by Holland, on the E. by the Prussian provinces of Westphalia and Hesse-Nassau, and the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the S.E. by the Bavarian Palatinate, on the S. and S.W. by Lorraine, and on the W. by Luxemburg, Belgium and Holland. The small district of Wetzlar in the midst of the province of Hesse also belongs to the Rhine Province, which, on the other hand, surrounds the Oldenburg principality of Birkenfeld. The extent of the province is 10,423 sq. m.; its extreme length, from north to south, is nearly 200 m., and its greatest breadth is just under 90 m. It includes about 200 m. of the course of the Rhine, which forms the eastern frontier of the province from Bingen to Coblenz, and then flows through it in a north-westerly direction.

The southern and larger part of the Rhine province, belonging geologically to the Devonian formations of the lower Rhine, is hilly. On the left bank are the elevated plateaus of the Hunsrück and the Eifel, separated from each other by the deep valley of the Mosel, while on the right bank are the spurs of the Westerwald and the Sauerland, the former reaching the river in the picturesque group known as the Seven Mountains (Siebengebirge). The highest hill in the province is the Walderbeskopf (2670 ft.) in the Hochwald, and there are several other summits above 2000 ft. on the left bank, while on the right there are few which attain a height of 1600 ft. Most of the hills are covered with trees, but the (q.v.) is a barren and bleak plateau. To the north of a line drawn from Aix-la-Chapelle to Bonn the province is flat, and marshy districts occur near the Dutch frontier. The climate varies considerably with the configuration of the surface. That of the northern lowlands and of the sheltered valleys is the mildest and most equable in Prussia, with a mean annual temperature of 50° Fahr., while on the hills of the Eifel the mean does not exceed 44°. The annual rainfall varies in the different districts from 18 to 32 inches. Almost the whole province belongs to the basin of the Rhine, but a small district in the north-west is drained by affluents of the Meuse. Of the numerous tributaries which join the Rhine within the province, the most important are the Nahe, the Mosel and the Ahr on the left bank, and the Sieg, the Wupper, the Ruhr and the Lippe on the right. The only lake of any size is the Laacher See, the largest of the “maare” or extinct crater lakes of the Eifel.

Of the total area of the Rhine province about 45% is occupied by arable land, 16% by meadows and pastures, and 31% by forests. Little except oats and potatoes can be raised on the high-lying plateaus in the south of the province, but the river-valleys and the northern lowlands are extremely fertile. The great bulk of the soil is in the hands of small proprietors, and this is alleged to have had the effect of somewhat retarding the progress of scientific agriculture. The usual cereal crops are, however, all grown with success, and tobacco, hops, flax, rape, hemp and beetroot (for sugar) are cultivated for commercial purposes. Large quantities of fruit are also produced. The vine-culture occupies a space of about 30,000 acres, about half of which are in the valley of the Mosel, a third in that of the Rhine itself, and the rest mainly on the Nahe and the Ahr. The choicest varieties of Rhine wine, however, such as Johannisberger and Steinberger, are produced higher up the river, beyond the limits of the Rhine province. In the hilly districts more than half the surface is sometimes occupied by forests, and large plantations of oak are formed for the use of the bark in tanning. Considerable herds of cattle are reared on the rich pastures of the lower Rhine, but the

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 23.djvu/259


text:
Page:Democratic Ideals and Reality (1919).djvu/125

Rh course between two States which had grown up on the alluvial flats of the Lower Euphrates and Lower Nile; the maintenance of dykes to keep out the water, and of canals to distribute water, inevitably gives an impulse to social order and discipline. There was a Democratic Ideals and Reality, 1919 Fig 20 p 113.jpg 20.—The mobile conquerors of the ploughed lands. certain difference in the two civilisations which may well have been the basis of interchange between them. In Egypt the rocky sides of the relatively narrow valley offered stone for building, and the papyrus reed afforded a material for writing; whereas building was of brick in the broad plain of Babylonia, and


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 23.djvu/235

 Leto, because it was foretold that Leto's son would kill the dragon. Leto escapes to Ortygia, which Poseidon covers with the sea in order to protect Leto. Here Apollo is born, who four days later slays the dragon. Yet another explanation from Egyptian mythology is given by Bousset (Ojenbarung Johannfis, 2nd ed., pp. 354, 355) in the birth of the sun-god Horus. Here the goddess mother is represented with a sun upon her head. Typhon slays Horus. Hathor, his mother, is persecuted by Typhon and escapes to a floating island with the bones of Horus, who revives and slays the dragon. There are obvious points of similarity, possibly of derivation, between the details in our text and the above myths, but the subject cannot be further pursued here, save that we remark that in the sun myth the dragon tries to kill the mother before the child's birth, whereas in our text it is after his birth, and that neither in the Egyptian nor in the Greek myth is there any mention of the flight into the wilderness.

The insertion of the alien matter 7–12 between 1–5 and 13–17 may be due to our author’s wish to show that the expulsion of Satan from heaven after Christ's birth and ascension to heaven was owing in some measure to Christ, although he has allowed Michael's name to remain in the borrowed passage, 7–12—a fact which shows how dependent the writer was on tradition.

xiii.-In this chapter we have the two beasts which symbolize respectively Rome and the Roman provincial priesthood of the imperial cult. Thus the world powers of heathen statesmanship and heathen religion are leagued ina confederacy against the rising Christian Church. Against these the church is not to attempt to use physical force; its only weapon is to be passive endurance and loyalty to God.

That this chapter must be interpreted by the contemporary historical method is now generally admitted. Even Gunkel is obliged to abandon his favourite theory here, though he contests strongly the recognition of any allusion to Nero. Various solutions have been offered as to the seven emperors designed by the seven heads of the beast,  1. But the details of this passage are not sufficiently definite to determine the question here. It will return in chapter xvii. There are, however, two facts pointing to a late date. The first is the advanced stage of development of this, the Neronic-Antichrist legend. One of the heads “ is smitten unto death, ” but is healed of the death stroke. This points, we may here assume, to the Nero redivivus legend, which could not have arisen for a full generation after Nero's death, and the assumption receives large confirmation from the most probable interpretation of the enigmatical words, xiii. 18, “the number of the beast. . is six hundred and sixty six.” Four continental scholars, Fritzsche, Benary, Hitzig and Reuss, independently recognized that Nero was referred to under the mystical number 666. For by transliterating  into Hebrew and adding together the sums denoted by the Hebrew letters we obtain the number 666. This solution is confirmed by the fact that it is possible to explain by it an ancient (Western?) variant for the number 666, i.e. 616. This latter, which is attested by Irenaeus (V. 30. 1), the commentary of Ticonius, and the uncial C, can be explained from the Latin form of the name Nero, which by its omission of the final n makes the sum total 616 instead of 666.

The above solution may be regarded as established, though several scholars, as Oscar Holtzmann (Stade's Geschichte des Volkes Israel, ii. 661), Spitta and Erbes, have contended that 616 was the original reading ( =616) and that chapter xiii. was part of a Jewish apocalypse written under Caligula between the years 39 and 41. But this Caligula hypothesis cannot be carried out unless by a vigorous use of the critical knife, in the course of which more than a third of the chapter is excised. Moreover the number 616 is too weakly supported to admit of its being recognized as the original. The figure of the first beast presents many difficulties, owing to the fact that it is not freely invented but largely derived from traditional elements and is by the writer identified with the seventh wounded head. The second beast, signifying the pagan priesthood of the imperial cult, called “ the false prophet” in xvi. 13, appears to be an independent development of the Antichrist legend.

xiv.–xvi.—These chapters contain a vision of Christ on Mount Zion and the 144,000 of the undefiled that follow Him, xiv. 1-5, the last warnings relating to the harvest and vintage of the world, xiv. 6–20: the vision of the wrath of God in the outpouring of the seven bowls containing the seven last plagues, xv.-xvi.,

In the above section most critics are agreed that xiv. 14720 originally represented the final judgment and was removed from its rightful place at the close of an apocalypse to its present position. In its original setting “ the one like unto a Son of Man, having on his head a golden crown ” (xiv. 14), undoubtedly designated the Messiah, but the transformation of the final judgment into a preliminary act of judgment by a redactor, necessarily brought with it the degradation of the Son of Man to the level of a mere angel. Some critics hold that this apocalypse was the apocalyptic groundwork, but Bousset is of opinion that it stood originally in connexion with xi. 1-13.

As regards xvi. the views of critics take different directions, but that of Bousset followed by Porter seems the most reasonable. This is that this chapter forms an introduction to xvii., which was an independent fragment. The writer throws this introduction into his favourite scheme of seven acts, in this case symbolized by seven bowls. The earlier verses, 2-11, do not amount to much beyond a repetition of what is found in viii.-ix., save that as a preparation for xvii. references are inserted to the beast and his worshippers (ver. 2) and to Rome (ver. ro). In xvi. 12-16 is a revised form of an older tradition.

xvii.—This chapter presents great difficulties, especially if with the older and some of the recent exegetes we regard it as written at the same time and by the same author. Even so strong an upholder of the unity of the book as Swete is ready to admit that portions of xvii., as well as of xiii., show signs of an earlier date than the rest of the book. He writes: “ The unity of the Book. . . cannot be pressed so far as to exclude the possibility that the extant book is a second edition of an earlier work, or 'that it incorporates earlier materials, and either hypothesis would sufficiently account for the few indications of a Neronic or Vespasianic date that have been found in it ” (Apoc. of St John2, p. civ.). This chapter cannot be interpreted apart from the Neronic myth. Of this there appear to be two stages attested here. Of the earlier we have traces in xvii. 16-17 and xvi. 12, where there are allusions to Nero's confederacy with the Parthian kings with a view to the destruction of Rome. Of the later stage, when the myth of Nero redivivus was fused with that of the Antichrist, we have attestation in xvii. 8, 12-14, where Nero is regarded as a demon coming up from the abyss to war not with Rome but with Christ and the elect. This development of the Neronic myth belongs to the last years of the 1st century, and is decidedly against a Vespasianic date. To meet this difficulty a recent interpreter-Anderson Scott-though he assigns the book to the year 77, is yet willing to admit that the book though composed in the reign of Vespasian was “reissued with additions by the same hand after the death of Domitian” (Revelation, p. 56). Our author represents himself as writing under the sixth emperor. Five have already died, the seventh is yet to come, to be followed by yet an eighth, who is one of the seven (i.e. Nero). In order to arrive at the date here implied, we can

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 23.djvu/235


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 23.djvu/211

 upwards about an axis passing through their sternal and vertebral extremities, it is evident that the lateral diameter of the thorax must be increased. (c) When the muscular portion of the diaphragm contracts, the curves of its dome-like shape are straightened, the whole diaphragm comes to look more conical on section, and the apposition of its lateral parts to the inner surface of the

From Hermann's Handbuch. . 9.—Showing Slope of Ribs.

thorax is destroyed; the two apposed surfaces are drawn apart much as the leaves of a book might be, and a space is formed between them, into which some portion of the lung slips. (d) When the diaphragm descends it draws with it the whole contents of the thorax; inasmuch as the contents as a whole are conical in shape with the apex upward and are fitted into the conical space of the thoracic cavity, it is clear that the descent of the contents will tend to create a space between them and the thoracic walls; for each stratum of lung, &c., which is adapted to fit a certain level of thorax, will thereby be brought into a lower and (as the thorax is conical) a more spacious level. Hence the descent of the diaphragm causes a much greater enlargement of the thorax than is measured by the mere elongation of the vertical diameter. In this manner the thorax is distended and air is drawn into the lungs. The contraction of the thorax in expiration is brought about by the return of the ribs and diaphragm to their original position of rest.

How the Inspiratory Movements are Produced.—The Rib Movements.—These are caused by the contraction of muscles which are fixed either to the central axis of the body (including under that term the head and vertebral column) or to some point rendered sufficiently stable for the purpose by the action of other adjuvant muscles. Thus the M. levatores costarum arise from the transverse processes of the 7th cervical and eleven upper dorsal vertebrae, and are attached to the ribs below in series; the M. scaleni spring from the cervical vertebrae, and are attached to the anterior parts of the first and second ribs; the M. sternocleido-mastoidei arise from the side and back of the skull, and are inserted into the upper part of the sternum and the clavicle; the M. pectoral is minor arises from the coracoid process of the scapula, and is inserted into the anterior ends of some of the ribs; the M. serratus posticus superior arises from certain of the cervical and dorsal vertebrae, and is inserted into the posterior part of certain of the ribs; the M. cervical is ascend ens (part of the M. erector spinae) arises from certain of the cervical vertebrae, and is inserted into the posterior part of certain ribs. The M. serratus magnus and the M. pectoral is major, which are affixed on the one hand to the upper arm and to the scapula respectively, and on the other to the ribs and to the sternum respectively, may in certain elevated positions of the arm and shoulder act as inspiratory muscles. When all these muscles contract, the ribs are raised in the twofold way already described, some pulling up the anterior ends of the ribs, and others causing the arched ribs to rotate about an axis passing through their vertebral and sternal joints. In addition to the muscles just enumerated, the M. inter cost ales externi are undoubtedly inspiratory muscles. Every external intercostal muscular fibre between a pair of ribs must, when it contracts, of necessity raise bath ribs, as is clearly shown by the accompanying diagram (fig. ro). Here a'b' must be shorter than ab, for if angle BAa=x, then ab2=AB2+ (Bb-Aa)2+2AB(Bb-Aa)cos x; hence ab will be larger the smaller the angle x, for the cosine increases as the angle diminishes. an

By a similar geometrical treatment of the question it may be shown that the internal intercostal muscles when they contract must of necessity depress both the ribs to which they are attached. If the angle BAc' =x(fig, 11), then c'd'2=AB2-|- (Ac' -Bd')2-2AB(Ac'-Bd') cos x; hence c'd' will be larger the larger the angle x. . The case, however, is not so clear with reference to the anterior portions of the internal intercostals which lie between the cartilages; for it is evident that these fibres have the same direction with regard to the sternum as an axis as the external intercostals have with regard to the vertebral column as an axis; that is to say, the geometrical diagram in fig. ro applies to the inter-cartilaginous internal intercostals as perfectly as it does to the inter-osseous parts of the external intercostals, the inference being that the inter-cartilaginous internal intercostals tend to elevate the pair of ribs between which they stretch. The geometrical argument is, however, overborne by physiological experiment: Martin and Hartwell have observed in the dog and the cat that the internal intercostals throughout their whole extent contract (not synchronously) but alternately with the diaphragm; hence we must conclude that their function throughout is not inspiratory like that of the diaphragm, but expi-ratory.

The Movements of the Diaphragm.—The muscular fibres of the diaphragm are arranged in a radial manner, or, more strictly speaking, in a manner like the lines of longitude on a terrestrial globe. The central tendon of the diaphragm corresponds to the pole of such a globe. The contraction of the fibres is expendcd on straightening the longitudinal curves rather than on pulling down the central tendon to a lower level; in fact, the central tendon moves very little in ordinary respiration. H ow the Expiratory Movements are Produced.-The action of inspiration disturbs many organs from the position of rest into which gravity and their own physical properties have thrown them. The ribs and sternum are raised from the position of lowest level; the elastic costal cartilages are twisted; the elastic lungs are put upon the stretch; the abdominal organs, themselves elastic, are compressed and thrust against the elastic walls of the belly, causing these to bulge outwards. In short the very act of inspiration stores up, as it were, in sundry ways the forces which make for expiration. As soon as the inspiratory muscles cease to act these forces come into play, and the position of rest or equilibrium is regained. It is very doubtful whether any special expiratory muscles are called into action during ordinary respiration. The internal intercostals may in man be exercised in ordinary expiration (although they are certainly not so exercised in the dog and the cat); but in laboured expiration many muscles assist in the expulsive effort. The muscles forming the belly-walls contract and force the abdominal contents against the relaxed diaphragm in such a manner as to drive it farther and farther into the thorax. At the same time by their attachment to the lower edge of the

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 23.djvu/211


text:
Page:Democratic Ideals and Reality (1919).djvu/126

114 clay tablets bore the cuneiform inscriptions. The road between the two countries ran westward from the Euphrates across the Syrian angle of_the Arabian Desert, past the wells of Palmyra, to Damascus, which was built in the oasis formed by the streams Abana and Pharpar descending from Anti-Lebanon and Hermon. From Damascus there were alternative ways into Egypt; the lower by the coast, and the upper along the edge of the desert plateau east of the Jordan Valley. Aloof, on the rocky ridge of Judea, between these upper and lower ways, was the hill fortress of Jerusalem.

In a monkish map, contemporary with the Crusades, which still hangs in Hereford Cathedral, Jerusalem is marked as at the geometrical centre, the navel, of the world, and on the floor of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem they will show you to this day the precise spot which is the centre. If our study of the geographical realities, as we now know them in their completeness, is leading us to right conclusions, the mediæval ecclesiastics were not far wrong. If the World-Island be inevitably the principal seat of humanity on this Globe, and if Arabia, as the passage-land from Europe to the Indies and from the Northern to the Southern Heartland,


text:
Page:Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania Report of Progress PPP.djvu/62

 The sale of the reports is conducted in accordance with the provisions of Section 10 of the Act of the 14th day of May, 1874, which directs that copies of the reports, with all maps and supplements, shall be furnished at cost of publication to all applicants for them.

All the primed volumus and maps in stock have been transferred by the Board of Commissoners to the Department of Internal Atfairs, where the sales thereof will hereafter be conducted.

Communications relating to the work of the Survey should be addressed to J. P. Leslev, State Geologist, No. 1008 Clinton street, Philadelphia, and those intended for the Board of Commissioners, to William A. Inghnm, Secretary, No. 907 Walnut street, Philadlelplhia.

All letters and orders concerning the purchase of Reports and remittances for the same, should be addressed to, J. SIMPSON AFRICA, Secretary of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg- Pa. April 1, 1884.