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18 the river and the road; here, again, broad masses lie piled one over another, while close beside stands a line of sharp-pointed crags. Wide clefts run yawning upward; and blocks, of the size of a wall, have detached themselves from the rest of the stony mass. Some fragments of the rock have rolled to the bottom: others are still suspended, and by their position alarm you, as also likely at any moment to come toppling down.

Now round, now pointed, now overgrown, now bare, are the tops of these rocks, among and high above which some single bald summit boldly towers; while along the perpendicular cliffs, and among the hollows below, the weather has worn many a deep and winding cranny.

The passage through this defile raised in me a grand but calm emotion. The sublime produces a beautiful calmness in the soul, which, entirely possessed by it, feels as great as it ever can feel. How glorious is such a pure feeling when it rises to the very highest, without overflowing! My eye and my soul were both able to take in the objects before me; and as I was preoccupied by nothing, and had no false tastes to counteract their impression, they had on me their full and natural effect. When we compare such a feeling with that we are sensible of when we laboriously harass ourselves with some trifle, and strain every nerve to gain as much as possible for it, and, as it were, to patch it out, striving to furnish joy and aliment to the mind from its own creation, we then feel sensible what a poor expedient, after all, the latter is.

A young man whom we have had for our companion from Basle said his feelings were very far from what they were on his first visit, and gave all the honour to novelty. I, however, would say, when we see such objects as these for the first time, the unaccustomed soul has to expand itself; and this gives rise to a sort of


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Rh painful joy,—an overflowing of emotion, which agitates the mind, and draws from us the most delicious tears. By this operation, the soul, without knowing it, becomes greater in itself, and is, of course, not capable of ever feeling again such a sensation; and man thinks, in consequence, that he has lost something, whereas in fact he has gained. What he loses in delight, he gains in inward riches. If only destiny had bidden me to dwell in the midst of some grand scenery, then would I every morning have imbibed greatness from its grandeur; as, from a lonely valley, I would extract patience and repose.

After reaching the end of the gorge, I alighted, and went back alone through a part of the valley. I thus called forth another profound feeling,—one by which the attentive mind may expand its joys to a high degree. One guesses in the dark about the origin and existence of these singular forms. It may have happened when and how it may: these masses must, according to the laws of gravity and affinity, have been formed grandly and simply by aggregation. Whatever revolutions may subsequently have upheaved, rent, and divided them, the latter were only partial convulsions; and even the idea of such mighty commotions gives one a deep feeling of the eternal stability of the masses. Time, too, bound by the everlasting law, has had here greater, here less, effect upon them.

Internally their colour appears to be yellowish. The air, however, and the weather, have changed the surface into a bluish-gray; so that the original colour is only visible here and there in streaks and in the fresh cracks. The stone itself slowly crumbles beneath the influence of the weather, becoming rounded at the edges as the softer flakes wear away. In this manner have been formed hollows and cavities gracefully shelving off, which, when they have sharp slanting and pointed edges, present a singular appearance.

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20 Vegetation maintains its rights on every ledge, on every flat surface; for in every fissure the pines strike root, and the mosses and plants spread themselves over the rocks. One feels deeply convinced that there is nothing accidental; that here there is working an eternal law, which, however slowly, yet surely governs the universe; that there is nothing here from the hand of man but the convenient road by means of which this singular region is traversed.

, Oct. 21, 1779. The great mountain range, which, running from Basle to Geneva, divides Switzerland from France, is, as you are aware, named the Jura. Its principal heights run by Lausanne, and reach as far as Rolle and Nyon. In the midst of this summit ridge, Nature has cut out—I might almost say washed out—a remarkable valley; for on the tops of all these limestone rocks the operation of the primal waters is manifest. It is called La Vallée de Joux, which means the Valley of the Rock, since Joux, in the local dialect, signifies a rock. Before I proceed with the further description of our journey, I will give you a brief geographical account of its situation. Lengthwise it stretches, like the mountain range itself, almost directly from south to north, and is locked in on the one side by Sept Moncels, and on the other by Dent de Vaulion, which after the Dole, is the highest peak of the Jura. Its length, according to the statement of the neighbourhood, is nine short leagues, but, according to our rough reckoning as we rode through it, six good leagues. The mountainous ridge which bounds it lengthwise on the north, and is also visible from the flat lands, is called the Black Mountain (Le Noir Mont). Toward the west, the Risou rises gradually, and slopes away toward Franche Comté. France and Berne divide the valley pretty evenly between them; the


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Rh former claiming the upper and inferior half, and the latter possessing the lower and better portion, which is properly called La Vallée du Lac de Joux. Quite at the upper part of the valley, and at the foot of Sept Moncels, lies the Lac des Rousses, which has no single visible origin, but gathers its waters from the numerous springs which here gush out of the soil, and from the little brooks which run into the lake from all sides. Out of it flows the Orbe, which, after running through the whole of the French and a great portion of the Bernese territory, forms, lower down and toward the Dent de Vaulion, the Lac de Joux, which falls on one side into a smaller lake, the waters of which have some subterraneous outlet. The breadth of the valley varies: above, near the Lac des Rousses, it is nearly half a league, then it closes in to expand again presently, and to reach its greatest breadth, which is nearly a league and a half. So much to enable you better to understand what follows. While you read it, however, I would beg you now and then to cast a glance upon your map, although, so far as concerns this country, I have found them all to be incorrect.

24.—In company with a captain and an upper ranger of the forests in these parts, we rode, first of all, up Mont, a little scattered village which much more correctly might be called a line of husbandmen's and vine-dressers' cottages. The weather was extremely clear. When we turned to look behind us, we had a view of the Lake of Geneva, the mountains of Savoy and Valais, and could just catch Lausanne, and also, through a light mist, the country round Geneva. Mont Blanc, which towers above all the mountains of Faucigni, stood out more and more distinctly. It was a brilliant sunset; and the view was so grand, that no human eye was equal to it. The moon rose almost at the full as we got continually higher. Through large pine forests we continued to ascend the Jura, and saw


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22 the lake in a mist, and in it the reflection of the moon. It became lighter and lighter. The road is a well-made causeway, though it was laid down merely for the sake of facilitating the transport of the timber to the plains below. We had been ascending for full three leagues, before the road began gently to descend. We thought we saw below us a vast lake, for a thick mist filled the whole valley which we overlooked. Presently we came nearer to the mist, and observed a white bow, which the moon formed in it, and were soon entirely enveloped in the fog. The company of the captain procured us lodgings in a house where strangers were not usually entertained. In its internal arrangement, it differed in nothing from usual buildings of the same kind, except that the great room in the centre was at once the kitchen, the anteroom, and general gathering-place of the family; and from it you entered at once into the sleeping-rooms, which were either on the same floor with it, or had to be approached by steps. On the one side was the fire, which was burning on the ground on some stone slabs; while a chimney, built durably and neatly of planks, received and carried off the smoke. In the corner were the doors of the oven. All the rest of the floor was of wood, with the exception of a small piece near the window, around the sink, which was paved. Moreover, all around and overhead, on the beams, a multitude of domestic articles and utensils were arranged in beautiful order, and all kept nice and clean.

25.—This morning the weather was cold but clear, the meadows covered with hoar-frost, and here and there light clouds were floating in the air. We could pretty nearly survey the whole of the lower valley, our house being situated at the foot of the eastern side of Noir Mont. About eight we set off, and, in order to enjoy the sun fully, proceeded on the western side. The part of the valley we now traversed


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Rh was divided into meadows, which toward the lake were rather swampy. The inhabitants either dwell in detached houses built by the side of their farms, or else have gathered closer together in little villages, which bear simple names derived from their several sites. The first of those that we passed through was called "Le Sentier." We saw at a distance the Dent de Vaulion peeping out over a mist which rested on the lake. The valley grew broader; but our road now lay behind a ridge of rock which shut out our view of the lake, and then through another village, called "Le Lieu." The mist arose and fell off, highly variegated by the sun. Close hereto is a small lake, which apparently has neither inlet nor outlet to its waters. The weather cleared up completely as we came to the foot of Dent de Vaulion, and reached the northern extremity of the great lake, which, as it turns westward, empties itself into a smaller by a dam beneath the bridge. The village just above is called "Le Pont." The situation of the smaller lake is what you may easily conceive as being in a peculiar little valley, which may be called pretty. At the western extremity there is a singular mill built in a ravine of the rock, which the smaller lake used formerly to fill. At present it is dammed out of the mill, which is erected in the hollow below. The water is conveyed by sluices to the wheel, from which it falls into crannies of the rock, and, being sucked in by them, does not show itself again till it reaches Valorbe, which is a full league off, where it again bears the name of the "Orbe." These outlets (entonnoirs) require to be kept clear: otherwise the water would rise, and again fill the ravine, and overflow the mill, as it has often done already. We saw the people hard at work removing the worn pieces of the limestone, and replacing them by others.

We rode back again over the bridge, toward Le Pont, and took a guide for the Dent du Vaulion. In


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24 it we now had the great lake directly behind us. To the east its boundary is the Noir Mont, behind which the bald peak of the Dole rises up: to the west it is shut in by the mountain ridge, which, on the side of the lake, is perfectly bare. The sun felt hot: it was between eleven and twelve o'clock. By degrees we gained a sight of the whole valley, and were able to discern in the distance the Lac des Rousses, and then, stretching to our feet, the district we had just ridden through, and the road which remained for our return. During the ascent my guide discoursed of the whole range of the country and the lordships, which, he said, it was possible to distinguish from the peak. In the midst of such talk we reached the summit. But a very different spectacle was prepared for us. Under a bright and clear sky nothing was visible but the high mountain chain. All the lower regions were covered with a white sea of cloudy mist, which stretched from Geneva northwards, along the horizon, and glittered brilliantly in the sunshine. Out of it rose, to the east, the whole line of snow and ice capped mountains, acknowledging no distinction of names of either the princes or peoples who fancied they were owners of them, and owning subjection only to one Lord, and to the glance of the sun, which was tinging them with a beautified red. Mont Blanc, right opposite to us, seemed the highest; next to it were the ice-crowned summits of Valais and Oberland; and lastly came the lower mountains of the canton of Berne. Toward the west, the sea of mist, which was unconfined to one spot; on the left, in the remotest distance, appeared the mountains of Solothurn; somewhat nearer, those of Neufchâtel; and right before us, some of the lower heights of the Jura. Just below, lay some of the masses of the Vaulion, to which belongs the Dent (tooth), which takes from it its name. To the west, Franche-Comté, with its flat, outstretched, and wood-covered hills, shut in the whole horizon. In


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  and Sir William Waller,’ Lond. 1854, 8vo. 4. ‘A Memorial of the Castle of Carisbrook,’ Lond. 1855, 8vo. 5. ‘The Stranger's Guide to the town of Reading, with a History of the Abbey,’ Reading, 1859, 12mo.

HILLS, HENRY (d. 1713), printer, was the son of a ropemaker of Maidstone, Kent, if any credit can be given to a scurrilous life of him published in 1684. According to the same authority, he came to London shortly before the civil wars, and was employed as a postilion by Thomas Harrison [q. v.], afterwards known as the regicide, who brought him under the notice of John Lilburne, who apprenticed him to a printer. It is also said that, running away from his master, he enlisted in the parliamentary army, and fought at Edgehill and Worcester. He was appointed printer to Cromwell, and after the Restoration became printer to Charles II. On 7 July 1660 the university of Oxford farmed out to him and to John Field for four years, in consideration of 80l. per annum, its privilege of printing bibles (, Illustr. of Lit. iv. 204, 205). The charter of the Company of Stationers was newly exemplified on 13 Oct. in the same year at the request of Roger Norton, master, and Henry Hills and James Cotteral, wardens of the company.

Hills, who carried on business in Blackfriars, was continued in the office of king's printer in the reign of James II. His conversion to the Roman catholic religion brought upon him a storm of abuse. It was rumoured that when his confessor had enjoined him, by way of penance, to trudge five miles with peas in his shoes, he boiled his peas (Gent. Mag. March 1736). He and Thomas Newcomb were for a short time, from 10 Jan. 1709, printers to Queen Anne under a reversionary patent for thirty-four years, granted on 24 Dec. 1665, on the expiration of a patent then held by the Barkers, in which family it had continued from the reign of Elizabeth [see ]. In 1710 Hills pirated Addison's ‘Letters from Italy.’ He regularly pirated and printed upon coarse paper every good poem and sermon that was published. These practices led to the direction in the statute of 8 Anne that ‘fine paper copies’ of all publications should be presented to the public libraries. The ‘Evening Post’ of 12 Nov. 1713 announced that Henry Hills, ‘printer in Black Fryers,’ being dead, his stock was to be disposed of at the Blue Anchor in Paternoster Row.

His son, Gilham Hills, also a printer, died at Morden College, Blackheath, on 18 Oct. 1737. Another of his sons, Robert, was admitted a demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, on 11 Jan. 1687–8, and was expelled on 24 Oct. 1688 (, Magdalen College Register, vi. 56). He continued his studies at Douay, was ordained a priest, and eventually appointed to the mission at Winchester, where he died on 15 Jan. 1745–6 (, Dict. of English Catholics, iii. 312).

Hills wrote the preface to ‘A Dialogue between a Pedler and a Popish Priest,’ London, 1699, 8vo, by John Taylor the Water Poet. The original was published in 1641.

HILLS, ROBERT (1769–1844), water-colour painter, was born at Islington, 26 June 1769. He received some instruction in drawing from John Alexander Gresse [q. v.], and commenced to exhibit at the Royal Academy in 1791, sending a ‘Wood scene with Gipseys,’ which was followed by a landscape in 1792. In 1804 he helped to establish the (now Royal) Society of Painters in Water-colours, of which he was for many years the secretary. To the exhibitions of the society he was a constant contributor till 1818, when he withdrew from it for five years. During that period he exhibited six or seven drawings yearly at the Royal Academy. He resumed his membership of the Society of Water-colours in 1823, and was a regular contributor till his death, which took place at 17 Golden Square, 14 May 1844. He was buried at Kensal Green.

It is as a draughtsman of animals, especially deer, pigs, and cattle, that Hills is most distinguished. He was never tired of sketching them from nature and making etchings of them. Of the latter there is a collection of 1,240 in the British Museum, with all the plates in the finest states. Besides etchings of animals he published (1816) ‘Sketches in Flanders and Holland,’ with thirty-six aquatints etched by himself. His water-colour drawings are marked by their careful finish,


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Rh the distance, toward the northwest, one single mass stood out distinct from all the rest. Straight before us, however, was a beautiful object. This was the peak which gives this summit the name of a tooth. It descends precipitously, or rather with a slight curve, inwards; and in the bottom it is succeeded by a small valley of pine-trees, with beautiful grassy patches here and there, while right beyond it lies the valley of the Orbe (Val-orbe), where you see this stream coming out of the rock, and can trace, in thought, its route backwards to the smaller lake. The little town of Valorbe also lies in this valley. Most reluctantly we quitted the spot. A delay of a few hours longer (for the mist generally disperses in about that time) would have enabled us to distinguish the low lands with the lake; but, in order that our enjoyment should be perfect, we must always have something behind still to be wished. As we descended, we had the whole valley lying perfectly distinct before us. At Le Pont we again mounted our horses, and rode to the east side of the lake, and passed through L'Abbaye de Joux, which at present is a village, but once was a settlement of monks, to whom the whole valley belonged. Toward four we reached our auberge, and found our meal ready, of which we were assured by our hostess that at twelve o'clock it would have been good eating, and which, overdone as it was, tasted excellently.

Let me now add a few particulars just as they were told me. As I mentioned just now, the valley belonged formerly to the monks, who, having divided it again to feudatories, were, with the rest, ejected at the Reformation. At present it belongs to the canton of Berne; and the mountains around are the timber-stores of the Pays de Vaud. Most of the timber is private property, and is cut up under supervision, and then carried down into the plains. The planks are also made here into deal utensils of all kinds, and pails, tubs, and similar articles manufactured.


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 their rich colour, and the pretty bits of park and lane in which he set his groups of animals. Their chief fault is over-elaboration. He frequently introduced animals into the drawings of other artists, especially those of George Barret, jun., and G. F. Robson, and he attempted sculpture. A bronze stag cast from a terra-cotta model by him is described as ‘a masterpiece of art’ in the ‘Annals of the Fine Arts,’ 1817. There are several drawings by him at the South Kensington Museum.

HILLSBOROUGH,. [See .]

HILLYAR, JAMES (1769–1843), rear-admiral, eldest son of James Hillyar, surgeon in the navy, was born 29 Oct. 1769. He first entered the navy in 1779, on board the Chatham, commanded by Captain (afterwards Sir John) Orde, and was in her at the capture of the Magicienne off Boston on 2 Sept. 1781. The Chatham was paid off at the peace in 1783, but Hillyar, continuing actively employed on the North American and home stations, was in 1793 appointed to the Britannia, carrying the flag of Admiral Hotham. Thence he was removed to the Victory, flagship of Lord Hood, who rewarded his energy and good conduct at Toulon, and afterwards in Corsica, with a commission, 8 March 1794, as lieutenant of the Aquilon with Captain Robert Stopford [q. v.] In her he was present in the action of 1 June 1794; he was shortly afterwards moved, with Stopford, into the Phaeton, one of the frigates with Cornwallis in his celebrated ‘Retreat,’ and remaining attached to the Channel fleet till June 1799. Hillyar, again following Captain Stopford, was then moved into the Excellent, from which in April 1800 he was promoted to command the Niger, armed en flûte, and sent out to the Mediterranean with troops. On 3 Sept. 1800 he commanded the boats of the Minotaur and Niger in the cutting out of two Spanish corvettes at Barcelona; and in the following year, while on the coast of Egypt, served under Sir Sidney Smith in command of the armed boats on the lakes and the Nile. Through 1803 he continued in active cruising under the orders of Nelson, who wrote to Lord St. Vincent, 20 Jan. 1804, specially recommending him for promotion and immediate employment: ‘At twenty-four years of age he maintained his mother and sisters and a brother, … he declined the Ambuscade which was offered him, because although he would get his rank, yet if he were put upon half-pay his family would be the sufferers’ (, v. 384). On Nelson's suggestion, the armament of the Niger was increased, and she was made a post ship, Hillyar being continued (29 Feb. 1804) in the command, which he held, attached to the Mediterranean fleet, till the end of 1807. In 1809 he commanded the St. George as flag-captain to Rear-admiral Sir Eliab Harvey, and afterwards to Rear-admiral Pickmore in the Baltic, where Sir James Saumarez appointed him to the Phœbe, a 36-gun frigate. In her, in the following spring, he went out to the East Indies, where he assisted in the reduction of Mauritius, December 1810, and of Java, August 1811. Returning to England, he was early in 1813 sent out to the Pacific to destroy the American fur establishments in the north. At Juan Fernandez, where he was joined by the Racoon and Cherub sloops, he heard that the United States frigate Essex was taking British merchantmen on that station. Having gone as far north as the Gallapagos islands, he sent the Racoon to execute his former orders; and, with the Cherub in company, ranged down the coast looking for the Essex. After five months' search he found her in the beginning of February at Valparaiso, where she was lying with three prizes, one of which she had armed as a tender, under the name of the Essex Junior. Porter, the captain of the Essex, expected an immediate attack; and, if Hillyar had found her, as he had been informed, with half her men on shore and quite unprepared, he might perhaps have laid her on board; but as she was ready for action, he gave up any such intention, and meeting Porter on shore, assured him that he would respect the neutrality of the port. The whole story, however, rests solely on Porter's uncorroborated assertion, and is intrinsically improbable, for the Essex's armament of 32-pounder carronades was, at short range, enormously superior to the long 18-pounders of the Phœbe. Nevertheless, the Phœbe and Cherub maintained a blockade for six weeks; and after several vain attempts to elude it, Porter on 27 March resolved to force his way, but he had scarcely got outside before, in a sudden squall, the Essex lost her main topmast. He tried to regain the anchorage, but failing in the attempt ran into a small bay about three miles from the town, and anchored within a few hundred yards of the shore. Hillyar at once followed and opened fire, the Cherub lending what little assistance she could. The long 18's of the Phœbe told with deadly effect on the Essex, whose heavy carronades were powerless for return; and, after a gallant but unavailing defence, Porter was obliged to haul down his flag.


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26 The people are civil and well disposed. Besides their trade in wood, they also breed cattle. Their beasts are of a small size. The cheese they make is excellent. They are very industrious, and a clod of earth is with them a great treasure. We saw one man, with a horse and cart, carefully collecting the earth which had been thrown up out of a ditch, and carrying it to some hollow places in the same field. They lay the stones carefully together, and make little heaps of them. There are here many stone-polishers, who work for the Genevese and other tradesmen; and this business furnishes occupation for many women and children. The houses are neat, but durable; the form and internal arrangements being determined by the locality, and the wants of the inmates. Before every house there is a running stream, and everywhere you see signs of industry, activity, and wealth. But above all things is the highest praise due to the excellent roads, which in this remote region, as also in all the other cantons, are kept up by that of Berne. A causeway is carried all round the valley, not unnecessarily broad, but in excellent repair; so that the inhabitants can pursue their avocations without inconvenience, and, with their small horses and light carts, pass easily along. The air is very pure and salubrious.

On the 26th of October, during breakfast, we deliberated as to the road we should take on our return. As we heard that the Dole, the highest summit of the Jura, lay at no great distance from the upper end of the valley, and as the weather promised to be most glorious, so that we might to-day hope to enjoy all that chance denied us yesterday, we finally determined to take this route. We loaded a guide with bread and cheese, and butter and wine, and by eight o'clock mounted our horses. Our route now lay along the upper part of the valley, in the shade of Noir Mont. It was extremely cold, and there had been a sharp hoar-frost. We had still a league to ride, through


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 , he was not successful in selling his pictures, most of the best of which were in his possession at his death. Among these were ‘The Angel releasing St. Peter from Prison,’ ‘Sir Calepine rescuing Serena’ (now in the National Gallery), both exhibited in 1831, ‘Una with the Lion entering Corceca's Cave’ (well known from its engraving published by the Art Union), ‘The Murder of the Innocents,’ his last exhibited picture (1838), and the unfinished ‘Rizpah,’ on which he was engaged at his death. His health is said to have been ruined by grief for the death of his wife in 1835. He died 30 Dec. 1839.

In 1840 a large collection of Hilton's works was exhibited at the British Institution, and in 1841 an association of gentlemen, chiefly artists, purchased the picture of ‘Sir Calepine rescuing Serena’ from the artist's executors, and presented it to the National Gallery; and several pictures and studies by him, including ‘Edith discovering the dead body of Harold,’ were presented by Mr. Vernon in 1847. Unfortunately the lavish use of asphaltum has done serious injury to most of Hilton's best pictures, including the ‘Sir Calepine,’ the ‘Edith,’ and the triptych of ‘The Crucifixion’ at Liverpool.

 HINCHINBROKE,. [See, 1625–1672.]

HINCHLIFF, JOHN ELLEY (1777–1867), sculptor, born in 1777, became the chief assistant in the studio of John Flaxman, R.A. [q. v.], and worked in that capacity for about twenty years. After Flaxman's death in 1826 he completed some of his unfinished works, notably the statues of the Marquis of Hastings at Calcutta, and of John Philip Kemble in Westminster Abbey. In 1814 he exhibited at the Royal Academy a group of ‘Christian and Apollyon,’ in 1815 another of ‘Leonidas,’ followed in subsequent years by other works of the same nature, ‘Menelaus and Paris,’ ‘Theseus and Hippodamia,’ &c. He executed a few busts, including one of Flaxman, which he exhibited at the British Institution in 1849. He was mainly occupied, however, in executing mural tablets and other sepulchral monuments. Hinchliff lived for many years in Mornington Place, Hampstead Road, where he died at the close of 1867, in his ninety-first year.

(1805–1875), engraver, son of the above, adopted the profession of engraving, and attained some note by his illustrations to Beattie's ‘Castles and Abbeys of England,’ Gastineau's ‘Picturesque Scenery of Wales,’ &c. He was employed for many years by the hydrographic department of the admiralty, and died at Walton-by-Clevedon, Somerset, in 1875.

 HINCHLIFFE, JOHN (1731–1794), bishop of Peterborough, was born in Westminster in 1731. His father kept a livery stable in Swallow Street, but had sufficient influence to get his son appointed on the foundation of Westminster School in 1746. In 1750 he was elected as one of the Westminster scholars to proceed to Trinity College, Cambridge. He was admitted scholar on this foundation on 26 April 1751, graduated B.A. in 1754, was elected fellow on 2 Oct. 1755, proceeded M.A. in 1757, and D.D. by royal letters in July 1764. After taking his degree Hinchliffe was for seven years assistant-master at Westminster School. Here he had John Crewe [q. v.] (afterwards first Lord Crewe) as one of his pupils, with whom he subsequently travelled, and whose sister he married. In 1763, when travelling with Crewe, he made acquaintance with the Duke of Grafton, who was afterwards his patron. On his return from his travels Hinchliffe was chosen head-master of Westminster School on 8 March 1764, in succession to Dr. Markham, but resigned the post three months later on account of ill-health. For the next two years he was tutor to the Duke of Devonshire. In 1766 the Duke of Grafton presented him to the living of Greenwich, and procured his appointment as chaplain in ordinary to the king. In 1768 Hinchliffe was appointed master of Trinity College, Cambridge, in succession to Dr. Smith, was installed on 3 March 1768, and was chosen vice-chancellor of the university in the same year. On 17 Dec. 1769 he was consecrated bishop of Peterborough, when he resigned the vicarage of Greenwich, though he still retained the mastership of Trinity. The bishop took a prominent part in the debates in the House of Lords on the American war. In 1775, when the force of the American opposition to the tariff was undervalued, he advocated coercion, and drew upon himself an indignant reproach from the Duke of Richmond. But the next year, when it was apparent that the spirit of the American people was fairly roused, the bishop recommended conciliation. On the Duke of Grafton's motion for conciliatory measures, he said: ‘There is no earthly government but in a great measure is founded on opinion. When once the whole mass of the people


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 think themselves oppressed, it is the wisest, because it is the only safe way, for those who govern to change their system.’ In a like spirit he continued to speak in many subsequent debates. He protested eloquently against the employment of the savage natives on the side of the government. In the debate in 1778 on the repeal of certain obnoxious laws against the Roman catholics, Hinchliffe supported toleration, but expressed a fear that hasty measures of relief might produce an outburst of fanaticism, a forecast justified by the riots of 1780. Hinchliffe's liberal opinions offended the government of the day, and it was thought inexpedient that he should remain at the head of the most important college in Cambridge. When, therefore, a good opportunity arose, by the vacancy of the rich deanery of Durham, it was offered to Hinchliffe on condition of his resigning the mastership of Trinity. To this deanery he was appointed on 24 Sept. 1788. Hinchliffe died at Peterborough 11 Jan. 1794 of paralysis, after a long illness. By his wife Elizabeth, daughter of John Crewe of Crewe Hall, he had two sons and three daughters, who survived him. Hinchliffe was famous in his day as a speaker and preacher, being noted for his musical voice and fine delivery. His speeches as reported are good specimens of polished oratory. His only publications were: 1. ‘A Sermon before the House of Lords,’ 30 Jan. 1773. 2. ‘A Sermon before the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel,’ 1776. 3. ‘A Sermon at the Annual Gathering of Charity Schools,’ 1786. 4. A volume of collected ‘Sermons’ was published in 1796.

 HINCKLEY, JOHN (1617?–1695), controversialist, born about 1617, was the son of Robert Hinckley of Coughton, Warwickshire, and was ‘puritanically educated.’ On 4 July 1634 he was admitted a member of St. Alban Hall, Oxford, and was ultimately cured of his puritanism by the preaching of Dr. Peter Wentworth in St. Mary's Church. He proceeded B.A. on 11 April 1638, M.A. on 22 March 1640, and B.D. and D.D. by accumulation, 9 July 1679 (, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 500, 515, ii. 370). In 1640 he took orders, and was received into the family of the Purefoys of Wadley, near Faringdon, Berkshire. According to Wood he was presented by George Purefoy to the rectory of Drayton Fenny, Leicestershire; but his name does not occur in the parish records. During the Commonwealth he contrived to maintain good relations with both parties, and was left unmolested. In 1657 he was holding the vicarage of Coleshill, Berkshire. After the Restoration he obtained the wealthy rectory of Northfield, Worcestershire, and on 15 Oct. 1673 was collated to the prebend of Gaia Minor in Lichfield Cathedral (, Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 610). He died on 13 April 1695, aged 78, and was buried on the 17th of that month in Northfield Church. On his monument it is stated that he ‘expended a great deal of money in defence of the rights of this church.’ He married first in 1647 Susannah (1621–1671), daughter of Henry Shelley of Sussex, by whom he had nine children; and secondly, in 1681, Frances (1625–1701), daughter of Robert, lord Tracy, but had no children by her. Two of his sons, Walter (1648–1699) and John (1654–1705), became successively rectors of Northfield (, Worcestershire, ii. 191–2).

Hinckley's eloquent preaching drew together nonconformists as well as churchmen. He published: 1. ‘Two Sermons preached before the Judges of Assize. … With two other Sermons preached at St. Maries in Oxford. … To which are added Matrimoniall Instructions to persons of honour,’ 12mo, Oxford, 1657. 2. ‘Epistola veridica ad homines Φιλοπροτεύοντας [signed N.Y.]. Cui additur oratio pro statu ecclesiæ,’ 4to, London, 1659. 3. ‘Sermon at the funeral of George Purefoy the elder,’ 4to, London, 1661. 4. ‘Πιθαναλογία. Or, a Persuasive to Conformity. … By a Country Minister,’ 8vo, London, 1670. 5. ‘Fasciculus Literarum: or, Letters on several occasions,’ 8vo, London, 1680, which contains his controversy with Richard Baxter.

 HINCKS, EDWARD, D.D. (1792–1866), orientalist, eldest son of Thomas Dix Hincks [q. v.], was born at Cork, 19 Aug. 1792, and after a home education proceeded in 1807 to Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. with the gold medal in 1811. In 1825 he was appointed rector of Killyleagh, co. Down, and there he constantly resided until his death, 3 Dec. 1866. Despite the seclusion of his country rectory, Hincks established a reputation of the first order among the pioneers of cuneiform decipherment. His earlier contributions to the ‘Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy’ were chiefly on the subject of Egyptian hieroglyphics, and Dr. Brugsch has placed on record (Zeitschr. d. deutsch. morg. Gesellschaft, vol. iii.) his opinion that Hincks was the first to employ the true method for their decipherment. In 1846 his studies were directed to Assyrian,


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 as is shown by his paper (in the ‘Trans. R. I. A.’) on the so-called Median and Persian inscriptions, and others on the Babylonian inscriptions, and those of Van, which he then regarded as Indo-European with a practically Babylonian alphabet. The analytical powers displayed in these essays are very considerable. Hincks enjoyed the distinction of the discovery at Killyleagh of the Persian cuneiform vowel system (R. I. A. vol. xxi.) simultaneously with Rawlinson's independent discovery of the same at Bagdad, and his review of the latter's memoir on the Behistun inscriptions (Dublin University Magazine, January 1847) is at once luminous and scholarly. Many other discoveries may be noted among his numerous articles, mainly contributed to the ‘Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy,’ of which the chief are: ‘The Enchorial Language of Egypt,’ 1833; ‘On the Egyptian Stele,’ 1847; ‘Catalogue of the Egyptian MSS. in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin,’ 1843; ‘On the Hieroglyphic Alphabet,’ 1847; ‘On the three kinds of Persopolitan Writing,’ 1847; ‘On the Khorsabad Inscriptions,’ 1850; ‘On the Assyrio-Babylonian Phonetic Character,’ 1850; ‘Assyrian Mythology,’ 1850; ‘On the Chronology of the 26th Egyptian Dynasty,’ 1850; ‘On Certain Ethnological Boulders,’ 1850; ‘List of Assyrio-Babylonian Characters with Phonetic Values,’ 1852; ‘On the Relation between the Accadian and the Indo-European, Semitic, and Egyptian Languages,’ 1855 (?); ‘On the Assyrian Verbs’ (Journal Sacred Lit. 1855), 1856; ‘Inscr. of Tiglath Pileser,’ 1857; ‘On the Polyphony of the Assyrio-Babylonian Cuneiform Character,’ 1863; ‘Hiéroglyphes et cunéiformes’ (in Chabas' ‘Mélanges Egyptologiques,’ 1864); ‘Assyrio-Babylonian Measures of Time,’ 1865. He began an ‘Assyrian Grammar’ in the ‘Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society’ (new ser. iii. 1866), but left no materials for its completion.

HINCKS, FRANCIS (1807–1885), Canadian statesman, born at Cork in 1807, was youngest son of Thomas Dix Hincks [q. v.] He received a classical education under his father at Fermoy and Belfast. In his seventeenth year he began commercial life as clerk in a firm of Belfast shipowners. After emigrating to Canada in 1831 he opened a warehouse at Toronto in premises belonging to William Baldwin, father of Robert Baldwin, the future prime minister of Canada, and soon obtained a high reputation as a man of business. From the first, he interested himself in Canadian politics, and during the rebellion of 1837 earnestly espoused the liberal cause. In 1838 he successfully started the ‘Examiner’ newspaper, with the motto ‘Responsible Government and the Voluntary Principle.’ In March 1841 he was elected for the county of Oxford to the first parliament held after the union of the two Canadian provinces, and in the ensuing year became inspector-general of public accounts in the Baldwin-Lafontaine ministry.

Hincks took a prominent part in parliament, and helped to pass the Municipal Act of 1 Jan. 1842, which transferred the administration of local affairs from quarter-sessions to local councils elected by popular vote. Soon after the arrival in May 1843 of Sir Charles Metcalfe as governor-general, who refused to regard himself as in any way subject to the Canadian parliament, the Baldwin-Lafontaine ministry resigned. In November 1844 parliament was dissolved. Hincks was defeated at Oxford, and a conservative majority was returned to the new parliament.

In 1844 Hincks started the ‘Montreal Pilot,’ which became the leading opposition journal. The chief point in agitation was the secularisation of the clergy reserves, which the conservative ministry refused to undertake. In 1846 the government voted a sum of 10,000l. to compensate the loyalists in Upper Canada who had suffered in the rebellion. A demand for similar compensation at once came from Lower Canada. After much agitation, a sum of about 10,000l. was voted. This only amounted to one twenty-fifth of the claims, and owing to Hincks and his friends the demand for a Rebellion Losses Bill for Lower Canada became a cardinal article of the liberal programme.

In June 1847 James Bruce, eighth earl of Elgin [q. v.], became governor. The legislature was dissolved in December. The new elections resulted in a large liberal majority, and in the second Baldwin-Lafontaine cabinet Hincks resumed his old place of inspector-general. On 18 Jan. 1849 the government introduced the celebrated Rebellion Losses Bill, proposing a loan of 100,000l., to be applied to the indemnification of those persons in Lower Canada who had received no benefit from the act of 1846. The debt was to be charged on the consolidated revenues of the two provinces, a great injustice to Upper Canada. Only those persons actually found guilty of rebellion by a court of law were excluded from any share in the compensation money. The loyalists of Upper Canada resolved to stop the passage of the bill at all costs. Its final acceptance by Lord Elgin, after a long and bitter struggle, was the signal for a popular outbreak in Montreal.


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 Hincks's private residence was destroyed by the mob. The bill, however, was maintained by the imperial government.

In October 1851, on the retirement of Robert Baldwin, Hincks assumed the office of premier. His chief French colleague was Augustin Morin, and this ministry is usually known as the Hincks-Morin administration. The repeal of the English corn laws and other imperial legislation had given a great impetus to the exportation of Canadian cereals. Hincks energetically sought to satisfy the consequent demand for an extended railway system in Canada. During the autumn session of 1852, for instance, no less than twenty-eight railway bills were passed. State lands were set aside for future railway lines. The Municipal Loan Fund Act was passed to enable municipalities to borrow money for the development of local resources. Hincks strongly favoured the scheme of an intercolonial railway, but it came to nothing, although in 1852 he visited England in order to press its importance on the imperial government, and to obtain the guarantee of an imperial loan. Hincks, however, gave every aid to carrying out the Grand Trunk Line of Upper Canada. In 1854 he and Lord Elgin negotiated at Washington the reciprocity treaty between Canada and the United States, which removed all restrictions in trade between the two countries so far as unmanufactured products of the soil, the forest, the mine, and the sea were concerned. But the treaty was only temporary, and on its lapse in 1865 was not renewed. The Hincks-Morin ministry also passed the Parliamentary Representation Act, which raised the number of members of the lower house from 84 to 130, 65 for each province. It also rearranged the electoral districts on a fairer basis. As premier, Hincks, who has been styled the Colbert of Canada, greatly developed the economic resources of the colony. But his schemes increased the public indebtedness, and there followed a long series of annual deficits in the revenue.

As early as 1848 it had become evident that the Canadian liberal party was disunited. Hincks and his friends having secured responsible government showed some hesitation in applying themselves to the two most important articles of their programme—the secularisation of the clergy reserves and the abolition of the seigneurial tenures of Lower Canada. The more advanced section of the liberal party, consisting of younger men known as ‘Clear Grits,’ and headed by George Brown, editor of the ‘Toronto Globe,’ soon began to express dissatisfaction with the premier, which was formulated in a series of public letters which Brown addressed to Hincks before the general election of 1851. Hincks had shown every consideration for the religious sentiments of his Lower Canadian Roman catholic allies, and Brown accused him of fostering Roman catholic aggression. In dealing with the clergy reserves Hincks sought in correspondence with the English colonial office to obtain the repeal of the act which vested their disposal in the imperial parliament, and suggested a cautious measure which, while satisfying the Upper Canada liberals, should not alarm the Roman catholic inhabitants of the lower province. Hincks's failure to obtain the repeal of the Imperial Act and a strong expression in one of Lord Elgin's despatches about the leaders of the agitation greatly increased his unpopularity with the ‘Clear Grits.’ Meanwhile he declined to recognise a convention of extremists meeting in his own constituency of Oxford, who demanded that he as their representative should solely act by their instructions.

On 9 June 1853 a religious faction-fight, known as the Gavazzi riot, took place at Montreal. Owing to an accident the soldiery fired on the crowd, by which five persons were killed and forty wounded. The government were accused of having shown a grossly unfair preference for the Roman catholics, and Hincks was universally denounced by the Orangemen. In 1853 the imperial parliament surrendered their right of disposing of the clergy reserves, but when the Canadian legislature met on 13 June 1854 no mention was made in the queen's speech of intended action on this question or on that of the seigneurial tenures of Lower Canada. Hincks explained that he did not feel justified in legislating on such topics in an expiring house, which had been expressly declared to be an inadequate representation of the people. An amendment censuring the ministry was carried, Lord Elgin dissolved parliament, and in the ensuing elections, although Hincks retained his seat, many of his supporters were beaten by the ‘Clear Grits,’ and in the first debate in the new parliament the ministers found themselves in a minority and resigned. The new government under Sir Allan McNab, mainly formed of conservatives, was supported by Hincks and many followers, and the secularisation of the clergy reserves and the abolition of the seigneurial tenures of Lower Canada were carried out.

A few months after his resignation Hincks sailed for England. From 1855 to 1862 he was governor of Barbadoes and the Windward Islands, being the first colonial statesman appointed to a colonial governorship. From 1862 to 1869 he was governor of British


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178 In ancient days the horses of the county of Bigorre, the viscounty of Béarn, and of Lower Navarre were highly esteemed; the race was called Navarrine, and it owed its merits to the fact that it was a cross between the Arab and the native Pyrenean stock. The Saracens had crossed the mountains, overflowed Aquitaine, and threatened Northern France, they were met at Poitiers and routed by Charles Martel in 731. Three hundred thousand Saracens, say the old chroniclers, with their usual exaggeration, fell on the field; the rest fled, the main body to Narbonne, others to such passes as they knew that led to Saragossa. A battle was fought near Tarbes, in which the flying remnant was utterly routed and exterminated. A great number of their stallions and mares remained in the hands of the victors, and it was from this capture that sprang the so much coveted and esteemed race of the Navarrine horse.

By degrees the quality declined and degenerated, reverting to the type of the Basque horse. This was due partly to lack of importation of fresh Arab blood, and partly to the mountaineers neglecting the breeding of horses for that of mules, specially serviceable to them among the mountain passes where were tracks, but no roads. The evil became so great that the Estates of Bigorre voted two thousand livres annually for the maintenance of stallions. During the Revolution, when there was great demand for mounts for the cavalry, the scarcity of good horses attracted the attention of the Council of Five Hundred. Napoleon took the matter in hand with his characteristic energy. In 1806 he founded the Haras at Tarbes, and the introduction of English blood was the basis of the transformation attempted. Later, during the campaigns in Algeria, the finest stallions taken from the Arabs were sent to Tarbes; and the result has been

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Rh the production of a horse admirably adapted to the use of light cavalry, that goes now by the name of the Tarbes horse. Mm. Simonoff and Mörder, of the Russian haras, thus speak of it:—

"The three bloods of which the Tarbes horse derives—the Arab, the English, and the old Navarrin—are so near to each other, being all of Oriental origin, that the fusion took place easily and quickly; and although as yet the Tarbes horses are not of perfect homogeneity, it is quite possible to speak of them as forming a race which by its qualities, is rather full blood, than half blood."

The stallions are in the Haras at Tarbes, but the mares are dispersed within a radius of twenty kilometres around Tarbes; and the rearing of colts is the industry, and makes the fortune of the department, at all events of the plain and fertile valleys. Within the district where they are reared there is not a village, not a farm, that has not its mares for breeding. Even curés supplement their scanty incomes by keeping them, and rearing from them. One, the Abbé Turon, sold to the State his stallion Mousquetaire for 20,000 francs. This roused a great outcry among the Radicals, who denounced the Government for having bought from a priest. Tarbes is the old capital of Bigorre, and here resided the Count. I have already mentioned Centule I of Béarn, assassinated in 1088, who put away his wife with the approval of Pope Gregory VII, so as to marry the heiress of Bigorre. By this union Bigorre and Béarn were not united, for his son Gaston by the repudiated Gisela became Viscount of Béarn, and his son Bernard III inherited Bigorre. This Bernard left issue, a daughter only, named Beatrice, who married Peter, Viscount de Marsan, by whom she had Centule III, and he also left an heiress, Stephanie, married to Bertrand, Count

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Robert (d.1425)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Robert (1699-1777)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Robert Gardiner


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Rowland (1492?-1561)


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180 of Cominges, by whom she had one child, a daughter Petronilla.

The story of the annexation of Bigorre to Foix and Béarn is complicated through the matrimonial vagaries of this same Petronilla. And this was further complicated by the action of a pious ancestor, Count Bernard II, who in a fit of maudlin devotion placed his territory and family under the protection of the black doll, Notre Dame du Puy, promising in return for this protection that the county should annually pay tribute to the church of Le Puy. Certainly Our Lady of Puy treated Bigorre scurvily in return, allowing the inheritance to slip through heiresses, five in all, and, moreover, to involve it in a lawsuit that lasted a hundred and thirty-nine years.

Petronilla married Gaston, Viscount of Béarn, and when he died without issue, in 1215, took as number two Nûnez de Cerdagne, but tired of him speedily, got the marriage annulled, on the convenient plea of consanguinity, and married in 1216 Guy, son of Simon de Montfort. This was sharp work—three husbands in a twelvemonth. By Guy she had two daughters, Alix and Perette. In 1228 she took a fourth husband, Aimart de Rançon, and on his death, in the same year, she espoused her fifth, Boso de Mastas, to whom she bore a daughter, Martha. By her will Petronilla constituted Esquirat, eldest son of her daughter Alix, heir to her estates and titles; but in default of male issue the succession was to go to Jordan, the second son of Alix. Should he fail to have a son, then the second substitution was in favour of Martha, her daughter by Boso, who was married to Gaston VII of Béarn. Esquirat did have a son, also named Esquirat, but this second Esquirat died childless, and bequeathed the county of Bigorre to his sister Lore, as his uncle Jordan had

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Rowland (1795-1879)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Rowley


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Samuel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Thomas (fl.1590)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Thomas (1564-1644)


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Rh died without issue. Now Petronilla and her third husband Guy de Montfort had left a second daughter, Perette, married to Raoul de Teisson, and had by him a son William de Teisson, who conceived that he had a right to the inheritance. Martha, wife of Gaston de Béarn, had a daughter Constance, and she also put in a claim. In fact, these were the claimants: Lore, Viscountess de Turenne; Constance, Viscountess de Béarn; William de Teisson; and Mahut, daughter of Alix and Raoul de Courtenay. But that was not all. The younger Esquirat had made over his inheritance to Simon de Montfort by a first will, and then, offended at the grasping nature of Simon, had revoked his will and constituted Lore his heiress. But Simon refused to recognize the legality of this second will, sold the viscounty to Thibalt II, King of Navarre, whose son Henry gave his claim to it to Jeanne, his daughter, married to Philip the Fair, King of France, and he was but too ready to acquire this rich district of Gascony on any plea, bad or good. The church of Le Puy also put in a claim, so did the King of England as overlord. Consequently there were from eight to nine claimants.

By decree of Parliament, in 1290, the rights of the church of Le Puy to the charge on the viscounty were confirmed.

Constance, Viscountess of Béarn, occupied Bigorre with her troops, and assumed the title of Countess of Bigorre. Jeanne of France, however, expelled her, adopted the title, and Philip the Fair asserted his right to the territory, and was prepared to maintain it by force of arms. Philip had already bought off the rights of the church of Le Puy. Bigorre remained under the crown of France till Charles VIII in 1425 granted it to John, Count of Foix, in return for his services against the English, and in consideration of his descent from Petronilla.

From 1425 to 1566 the county of Bigorre was wisely

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Thomas (1760-1840)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Thomas (1808-1865)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Thomas Ford


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Thomas Noel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Thomas Wright


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, William (1619-1667)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, William Noel-


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hill, Wills


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hillary, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hilliard, Nicholas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hillier, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hills, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hills, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hillyar, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hilton, John (d.1657)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hilton, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hinchliff, John Elley


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hinchliffe, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hinckley, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hincks, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hincks, Francis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hinde, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hinderwell, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hindle, John


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 peror of the French, the King of Prussia, the Emperor of all the Russias, the King of Sardinia, and the Emperor of the Ottomans, considering that the Boundary Commission charged with the execution of Article XX of the Treaty of Paris, of the 30th March, 1856, has terminated its labours, and desiring to act in conformity with the arrangements of the Protocol of the 6th of January last, by recording in a Treaty the modifications made by common consent in that Article, as well as the resolutions adopted with regard to the Isle of Serpents and the Delta of the Danube, and contained in the same Protocol, have named as their Plenipotentiaries for that purpose, that is to say : —

Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Right Honourable Henry Richard Charles, Earl Cowley, &c.. Her Majesty's Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of the French ;

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, M. Joseph Alexander Baron de Hiibner, &c.. His Ambassador to His Majesty the Emperor of the French ;

His Majesty the Emperor of the French, M. Alexandre Count Colonna Walewski, &c.. His Minister and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ;

His Majesty the King of Prussia, M. Maximilian Frederick Charles Francis Count of Hatzfeldt Wildenburg-Schoenstein, &c., His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of the French ;

His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, the Count Paul Kisseleff, &c.. His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of the French ;

His Majesty the King of Sardinia, M. Salvator Marquis de Villamarina, &c.. His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of the French ;

And His Majesty the Emperor of the Ottomans, Mehemmed Djemil Bey, &c.. His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of the French ;

Who, after having communicated to each other their respective full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles : —


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 I. The line of frontier of Bussia and of Turkey in Bessarabia is, and remains determined in conformity/ with, the topographic map prepared hy the Boundary Commissioners at Kichenew on the 30''th of March, 1857 ; which map is annexed to the present Treaty, after having been initialled. ''

II. The Contracting Powers agree that the islands included between the different branches of the Danube at its mouth, and forming the Delta of that river, as shown by the plan annexed to the Protocol of the 6th of January, 1857, shall, instead of being annexed to the Principality of Moldavia, as implied in the stipulations of Article XXI of the Treaty of Paris, be replaced under the immediate sovereignfy^ of the Sublime Porte, of which they formerly held.

III. The Treaty of the 30th of March, 1856, having, like the Treaties previously concluded between Russia and Turkey, been silent with regard to the Isle of Serpents, and the High Contracting Parties having agreed that it teas proper to consider that island as a dependency of the Delta of the Danube, its destination is fixed according to the arrangements of the preceding Article.

Art. IV. ''In the general interest of maritime commerce, the Sublime Porte engages to maintain on the Isle of Serpents a lighthouse destined to afford security to the navigation of vessels proceeding to the Danube and to the port of Odessa. The Biverain Commission established by Article XVII of the Treaty of the 30th of March, 1856, for the purpose of maintaining the mouths of that river and the neighbouring parts of the sea in a navigable state, will see to the regular performance of the service of such lighthouse''.

V. The present Treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged in four iveeks, or sooner if possible.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.


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 Done at Paris, the nineteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.

No. IV. Public Act relative to the Navigation of the Mouths of the Danube, Signed at Galatz, November 2, 1865.

An European Commission having been instituted by Article XVI of the Treaty of Paris of 30th March, 1856, in order to put the part of the Danube lying below Isaktcha, its mouths, and the neighbouring part of the sea, in the best possible conditions of navigability :

And the said Commission acting in virtue of this mandate, having succeeded, after nine years' work, in realizing important improvements in the system of navigation — notably, by the construction of two piers at the mouth of the Sulina branch, which have had the effect of admitting into its embouchure vessels of a large draught of water — by the execution of works of correction and cleansing in the course of the same branch — by raising wrecks, and establishing a system of buoys — by the erection of a lighthouse at the mouth of the St. George — by the institution of a regular lifeboat service, and by the creation of a seaman's hospital at Sulina — lastly, by the provisional regulation of the different services connected with the navigation between Isaktcha and the sea: The Powers who signed the said Treaty concluded at Paris on the 30th March, 1856, desiring to make known that, in thus accomplishing an essential part, of its task, the European


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 Commission has acted in conformity with their intentions, and wishing- to determine by a public Act, the rights and obligations which the new state of things established on the Lower Danube has created for the different parties interested, and particularly for all the flags navigating the river, have named for their Plenipotentiaries : that is to say : —

[Here follow the names and titles of the plenipotentiaries.]

Who, after having shown their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following provisions : —

I. Provisions relating to the Material Conditions of the Navigation.

I. All the works and establishments created in execution of Article XVI of the Treaty of Paris of 30th March, 1856, with all belonging to or depending from them, shall continue to be devoted exclusively to the use of the navigation of the Danube, and can never be turned aside from this object for any motive whatever ; to this end they are placed under the guarantee and protection of international law.

The European Commission of the Danube, or the authority which shall of right take its place, shall continue charged, to the exclusion of all interference whatever, to administer these works and establishments for the advantage of the navigation, to watch over their maintenance and preservation, and to give to them all the development that the requirements of the navigation may demand.

II. There shall be specially reserved to the said European Commission, or to the authority that shall succeed it, the power to design and cause to be carried out all the works that may be deemed necessary, in the event of its being wished to render permanent the improvements, until now of a temporary character, in the branch and at the mouth of the Sulina, and to prolong the piers at this mouth according as the state of the Bar Channel may require it.

III. There will remain reserved to the said European Commission to undertake the improvement of the mouth and branch of the St. George, resolved on by common agreement, and simply postponed for the present.


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 IV. ''The Sublime Porte engages for the future^ as hitherto, to lend to the European Commissio?i, or to the authority which shall succeed it, all the assistance and all the co-operation which either may require in the execution of engineering works, and, generalli/, in all that concerns the accomplishment of its task. It will take care that the banks of the Danube from Isaktcha to the sea remain free from all buildings, private rights of way, and other obstacles whatsoever, and it will continue, under reserve of the annual rent to which landed property is subject in Turkey, to leave at the disposal of the Commission, in the port of Sulina, the left bank of the river for a distance of 760 metres up stream, measured from the root of the north pier, and for a width of 150 mètres, measured from the bank.''

It consents, moreover, to grant a fitting site on the right bank of the river for the buildings which the Commission, or the authority that shall succeed it, may think fit to erect for the service of the port of Sulina, for the seaman's hospital, and for the other requirements of the administration.

V. In the event of the Commission making use of the reserve mentioned in Article III concerning the improvement of the mouth and branch of St. George, the Sublime Porte consents that the said Commission may dispose (as soon as there shall be need of them) of the ground and sites belonging to the State Bomain, which shall have been previously designed and determined upon as 7iecessary, both for the construction of works and for the formation of the establishments which will have to be created in consequence of, or as a complement to, this improvement.

VI. It is understood that on neither bank of the river, either in the port of Sulina or St. George, shall there be constructed, either by the territorial authorities, by commercial or navigation companies, or by private individuals, any landing jetties, quays, or other establishments of the same nature of which the plans have not been communicated to the European Commission and recognised as being in conformity with the


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 general plan of the quays, and as tending in nowise to compromise the effect of the works of improvement.

Part II. Provisions relating to the Administrative Control of the Navigation.

§ 1. Cf Regulations in General.

VII. The navigation of the mouths of the Danube is governed by the 'Regulation of Navigation and Police,' enacted by the European Commission under date of this day, and which, annexed under letter A to the present Act, is to have the same force and value as if it formed part of it. It is understood that this regulation is binding as law, not only in what concerns the river police, but also for the judgment of cases of civil procedure arising from the exercise of the navigation.

VIII. The exercise of the navigation of the Lower Danube is placed under the authority and the superintendence of the Inspector-General of the Lower Danube, and of the Captain of the port of Sulina.

These two Agents named by the Sublime Porte, shall conform all their Acts to the regulation, the application of which is confided to them, and to the strict observance of which they shall be sworn. The sentences emanating from their authority shall be pronounced in the name of His Majesty the Sultan.

In case the European Commission or the permanent Riverain Commission shall establish that a delinquency or offence has been committed by one or other of the said Agents against the regulation of navigation and police, ''it will request his dismissal from the Sublime Porte. If the Sublime Porte thinks it necessary to 'proceed to a fresh inquiry into the facts already established by the Commission, the latter will have the right to attend it by the medium of a delegate, and when the culpability of the accused shall have been duly proved, the Sublime Porte will provide without delay for his being replaced.''

Except in the case provided for by the preceding paragraph,


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 the Inspector-General and the Captain of the Port of Sulina can only be removed from their respective posts at their own request, or in consequence of an agreement between the Sublime Porte and the European Commission.

These Agents will thus both act under the superintendence of the European Commission.

The Inspector-General, the Captain of the Ports of Sulina and Toultcha, and the Superintendents (subordinate to the Inspector-General), shall be paid by the Ottoman Government.

They shall be chosen from among competent persons.

IX. In virtue of the principles of the Act of the Congress of Vienna, confirmed by Article XV of the Treaty of Paris, the authority of the Inspector-General and of the Captain of the Port of Sulina is exercised towards all flags without distinction.

The Inspector-General is specially set over the police of the river below Isaktcha, exclusive of the Port of Sulina; he is assisted by superintendents distributed over the different sections of the river within his jurisdiction. The Captain of the Port of Sulina is charged with the police of the port and outer roadstead of Sulina.

A special instruction, determined by common agreement, regulates in its details the action of the Inspector-General and that of the Captain of the Port of Sulina.

X. Merchant captains, to whatever nationality they belong, are bound to obey the orders given to them, in virtue of the regulation of navigation and police, by the Inspector-General and by the Captain of the Port of Sulina.

XI. The carrying out of the regulation of navigation and police, as well as the application of the Tariff, of which mention will be made in the 13th and following Articles of the present Act, is moreover insured by the action of the vessels of war stationed at the mouths of the Danube, in conformity with Article XIX of the Treaty of Paris.

Each naval force on the station acts upon the vessel of its own nationality, and upon those whose flag it is called upon to protect, whether by virtue of Treaties or usage, or in consequence of a general or special delegation.

In default of a vessel of war qualified to interfere, the


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182 administered by the viscounts of Béarn, who had become titular Kings of Navarre.

Tarbes was fortified in the tenth century by Raymond I. It suffered destruction at the hands of the English in 1350 and 1406. But its greatest disasters took place during the Wars of Religion. Jeanne d'Albret was resolved on forcing the Reform on the Bigorriens, but they ejected the Huguenot pastors as fast as they were sent to them, and appealed to the King of France, who sent troops in 1569 to their aid. Jeanne enlisted the services of Montgomery. He swept through the country, ravaging it with fire and sword. He sent his lieutenant, Montamat, to take Tarbes, and Montamat appeared under its walls on 20 January, 1570. The besieged, finding it impossible to hold out, evacuated the city during the night. When the Huguenots entered they found no one in the place, and they pillaged the houses and set them on fire.

When he was gone the inhabitants returned and began to restore their wrecked and gutted houses and to repair the walls. Montamat reappeared, bringing cannons with him. François de Bennasse, commandant of the garrison at Lourdes, had hastened to the defence of the capital at the head of 800 men. Montamat attempted an assault, and was repulsed. But a traitor in the town opened the gates to the Calvinists, and the captain entered. Bonnasse, all his soldiers, and many of the citizens were put to the sword. The number massacred was so great that it took eight days to bury them.

"This took place," says a contemporary writer, "about the feast of Easter, in the year 1570. After that the city of Tarbes remained without inhabitants, and the grass grew in the streets as in a field, a piteous sight to behold. And three whole years elapsed without there being a garrison in it; but indeed the

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 authorities of the river can have recourse to the vessel of war of the territorial Power.

XII. It is understood that the Regulation of Navigation and Police, joined to the present Act, will continue to be law until such time as the Regulations mentioned in Article XVII of the Treaty of Paris shall have been determined by common agreement and put in force. The same thing is understood of the provisions of the foregoing Articles VIII, IX, and X, in so far as the powers of the Inspector-General are concerned.

XIII. Article XVI of the Treaty of Paris having conferred on the European Commission the right of imposing on the navigation a toll of a rate suited to cover the expenses of the works and establishments above mentioned, and the Commission having made use of this right by enacting the Tariff of the 25th July, 1860, revised the 7th March, 1863, the proceeds of which have furnished it with resources necessary for the completion of the Sulina Works, it is expressly agreed upon by the present Act that the above-mentioned Tariff, whose provisions have just been completed, shall continue to be binding for the future.

To this end the Tariff in question has been joined to the present Act, under Letter B, to have the same force and value as if it formed an integral part of it.

XIV. The proceeds of the tax shall be appropriated:—

1st. By priority and preference to the repayment of the loans contracted by the European Commission, and of those which it may hereafter contract for completing the works for the improvement of the mouth of the Danube.

2ndly. To covering the expenses of administration and maintenance of the works and establishments.

3rdly. To the liquidation of the advances made to the Commission by the Sublime Porte. This liquidation will be effected


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Rh

town was incapable of defence on account of the ruins made by the cannon."

Peace was concluded at S. Germain-en-Laye on 15 May, 1570, and it was hoped that tranquillity would ensue. But this was not to be. Passions had been wrought to frenzy, and the thirst for revenge was consuming. The death of Jeanne d'Albret in 1579 did not allay the troubles. In 1592 the town became the prey of the Leaguers of Cominges, and from it they issued to devastate the surrounding country, till expelled in 1594. Almost the whole population of Cominges had embraced the cause of the League. "There was never before seen such disorder, such pillage, from the beginning of these wars. Captains, soldiers, valets, and volunteers were so laden with furniture that they were carrying off that they complained it was a trouble to them to be encumbered with so much spoil. Moreover, in despair, the peasants of Bigorre abandoned the cultivation of the land, and many migrated into Spain."

In 1594 the people themselves rose, and, assisted by Caumont de la Force, delivered themselves from both Leaguers and Protestants, and peace was celebrated at Tarbes.

On 12 March, 1814, a combat took place between the English and Portuguese under Wellington, and the French under Soult. After the defeat of Orthez Soult had withdrawn his dispirited soldiers along both banks of the Adour, steadily pursued by Wellington.

"A light division," says Allison, "and hussars were on the right bank of the Adour; but when they approached the town, a simultaneous movement was made by Hill with the right wing, and Clinton on the left, to envelope and cut off Harispe and Villatte's divisions, which formed the French rearguard in occupation of it.

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 in conformity with a special arrangement concluded for this purpose between the European Commission and the Delegate of His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, under this day's date.

The surplus of these proceeds, if there is any, shall be held in reserve to meet the expenses that may be incurred by the prolongation of the Sulina Piers, or by the carrying out of such other works as the European Commission, or the authority which shall succeed it, shall subsequently judge useful.

It is expressly understood, moreover, that no part of the proceeds of the tolls levied on sea-going vessels, or of the loans realized by means of the appropriation of these tolls, can be employed to cover the expenses of works or of administration connected with a section of the river above Isaktcha.

XV. At the expiration of every term of five years, and with a view to diminish, if possible, the burdens imposed upon the navigation, Delegates from the Powers that have enacted the above-mentioned Tariff shall proceed to a revision of its provisions, and the amount of the toll shall be reduced as much as possible, always, however, maintaining the mean revenue judged necessary.

XVI. The method of collecting the tolls, and the administration of the Navigation Cash Office of Sulina, shall continue to be governed by the Regulations at present in force. The responsible Agent, charged with the collection, shall be appointed by majority of votes by the European Commission, or by the authority which shall succeed it, and shall act under its immediate orders.

The general control of the transactions of the Cash Office shall he exercised by an Agent whose appointment shall belong to the Ottoman Government.

A detailed balance-sheet of the transactions of the Navigation Cash Office shall be published every year in the official journals of the different Powers interested, as well as a statement, making known the distribution and appropriation of the proceeds of the Tariff.


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 XVII. The general administration of the light-houses of the Ottoman Empire having undertaken to provide for the expenses of superintendence, maintenance, and lighting of the lighthouses of the mouths of the Danube, that portion of the whole amount of tax levied, representing the light dues, shall he paid into the hands of the said Administration ; but it is understood that these dues can have no other object, in what concerns the existing lighthouses, and those that it may here-after be judged useful to establish, than to cover their real expenses.

§ 3. On Quarantine. XVIII. The sanitary measures applicable to the mouths of the Danube shall continue to be regulated by the Superior Board of Health, instituted at Constantinople, and in which the various foreign missions accredited to the Sublime Porte are represented by Delegates. These measures shall be framed so as to conciliate in a just degree security for the public health with the requirements of maritime commerce, and they shall be based, as far as possible, on the principles laid down in Articles XIX and XX hereinafter.

XIX. Vessels descending the Danube shall be free from all sanitary control ; it shall be the same for vessels entering the river from the sea as long as there shall be no contagious pestilence prevailing in the East. These vessels shall be simply bound to produce their bill of health to the authorities of the port where they shall anchor.

XX. If a contagious pestilence happens to break out in the East, and if it is judged necessary to put in force sanitary measures on the Lower Danube, quarantine may be reestablished at Sulina. Vessels entering from the sea shall be bound in this case to perform quarantine at Sulina, and if the pestilence has not invaded the Provinces of Turkey in Europe, they can be subject to no other sanitary control in ascending the river.

But if, on the contrary, the pestilence invades one or many of the Riverain Provinces of the Danube, quarantine establish-


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184

"The combat began at twelve o'clock by a violent fire from Hill's artillery on the right, which was immediately re-echoed in still louder tones by Clinton on the left; while Alton, with the light division, assailed the centre. The French fought stoutly, and, mistaking the British rifle battalions, from their dark uniforms, to be Portuguese, let them come up to the very muzzles of their guns. But the rifles were hardy veterans, inured to victory; and at length Harispe's men, unable to stand their deadly point-blank fire, broke and fled. If Clintons men on the left had been up at this moment, the French would have been totally destroyed; for Hill had, at the same moment, driven back Villate on the right, and the plain beyond Tarbes was covered with a confused mass of fugitives, closely followed by the shouting of victorious British. But Clinton's troops, notwithstanding the utmost efforts, had not been able to get up; the numerous ditches and hedges which intersected the plain rendered all pursuit impossible; and thus the French, though utterly broken, succeeded with very little loss in reaching a ridge, three miles distant, when Clauzel, who, with four divisions, was drawn up to receive them, immediately opened fire from all his batteries upon the allies."

During the night Soult retired in two columns, and such was the rapidity of his retreat that he reached Toulouse in four days.

A native of Tarbes, of whom the town has no occasion to boast, was Bertrand Barrère, born 10 September, 1755. He was educated for the Bar at Toulouse, and became a scrivener at Toul. As his father owned a pretty estate at Vieuzac, in the Valley of Argelez, he called himself Barrère de Vieuzac, flattering himself that by this feudal addition to his name he might pass for a gentleman. He was sent as deputy for Bigorre to the States-General. Being totally devoid of principle, when the result of a parliamentary struggle could not be foreseen he took the precaution of having in his pocket

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 merits shall be instituted wherever there shall be need, on the part of the river which traverses the territory of Turkey.

Part III. Neutrality.

XXI. The works and establishments of all kinds created by the European Commission of the Danube, or by the authority which shall succeed it, in execution of Article XVI of the Treaty of Paris, particularly the Navigation Cash Office at Sulina, and those which it may hereafter create, shall enjoy the neutrality stipulated by Article XI of the said Treaty, and shall be, in case of war, equally respected by all the belligerents.

The benefit of this neutrality shall be extended, with the obligations which spring from it, to the general inspection of the navigation, to the administration of the port of Sulina, to the staff of the Navigation Cash Office and Seaman's Hospital, and, lastly, to the technical staff charged with the superintendence of the works.

XXII. ''This present Act shall he ratified. Each of the High Contracting Parties will ratify in a single copy; and the ratifications shall be deposited within the space of two months^ or sooner if possible, in the Chancellery of the Imperial Divan at Constantinople.''

In faith of which the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed it, and set to it the seal of their arms.

Done at Galatz, the second day of the month of November, of the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.


text: Author:Moritz von Hirsch auf Gereuth

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Rh let me smite him, I pray thee, with the spear even to the earth at once, and I will not smite him the second time. And David said to Abishai, Destroy him not: for who can stretch forth his hand against the Lord's anointed, and be guiltless? David said furthermore. As the Lord liveth, the Lord shall smite him; or his day shall come to die; or he shall descend into battle, and perish. The Lord forbid that I should stretch forth mine hand against the Lord's anointed: but, I pray thee, take thou now the spear that is at his bolster, and the cruse of water, and let us go. So David took the spear and the cruse of water from Saul's bolster; and they gat them away, and no man saw it, nor knew it, neither awaked: for they were all asleep; because a deep sleep from the Lord was fallen upon them.

Then David went over to the other side, and stood on the top of an hill afar off; a great space being between them: and David cried to the people, and to Abner the son of Ner, saying, Answerest thou not, Abner? Then Abner answered and said, Who art thou that criest to the king? And David said to Abner, Art not thou a valiant man? and who is like to thee in Israel? wherefore then hast thou not kept thy lord the king? for there came one of the people in to destroy the king thy lord. This thing is not good that thou


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XXVI] hast done. As the Lord liveth, ye are worthy to die, because ye have not kept your master, the Lord's anointed. And now see where the king's spear is, and the cruse of water that was at his bolster. And Saul knew David's voice, and said. Is this thy voice, my son David? And David said. It is my voice, my lord, O king. And he said. Wherefore doth my lord thus pursue after his servant? for what have I done? or what evil is in mine hand? Now therefore, I pray thee, let my lord the king hear the words of his servant. If the Lord have stirred thee up against me, let him accept an offering: but if they be the children of men, cursed be they before the Lord; for they have driven me out this day from abiding in the inheritance of the Lord, saying, Go, serve other gods. Now therefore, let not my blood fall to the earth before the face of the Lord: for the king of Israel is come out to seek a flea, as when one doth hunt a partridge in the mountains.

Then said Saul, I have sinned: return, my son David: for I will no more do thee harm, because my soul was precious in thine eyes this day: behold, I have played the fool, and have erred exceedingly. And David answered and said. Behold the king's spear! and let one of the young men come over and fetch it. The Lord render to every man his righteousness


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Goodyer, Henry (1571-1627)


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Rh and his faithfulness: for the Lord delivered thee into my hand to day, but I would not stretch forth mine hand against the Lord's anointed. And, behold, as thy life was much set by this day in mine eyes, so let my life be much set by in the eyes of the Lord, and let him deliver me out of all tribulation. Then Saul said to David, Blessed be thou, my son David: thou shalt both do great things, and also shalt still prevail. So David went on his way, and Saul returned to his place.

David said in his heart, I shall now perish one day by the hand of Saul: there is nothing better for me than that I should speedily escape into the land of the Philistines; and Saul shall despair of me, to seek me any more in any coast of Israel: so shall I escape out of his hand. And David arose, and he passed over with the six hundred men that were with him unto Achish, the son of Maoch, king of Gath. And David dwelt with Achish at Gath, he and his men, every man with his household, even David with his two wives, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail the Carmelitess Nabal's wife. And it was told Saul that David was fled to Gath: and he sought no more again for him.

And David said unto Achish, If I have now found grace in thine eyes, let them give me a place in some town in the country, that I may dwell there: for why


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XXVIII] should thy servant dwell in the royal city with thee? Then Achish gave him Ziklag that day: wherefore Ziklag pertaineth unto the kings of Judah unto this day. And the time that David dwelt in the country of the Philistines was a full year and four months.

And David and his men went up, and invaded the Geshurites, and the Gezrites, and the Amalekites: for those nations were of old the inhabitants of the land, as thou goest to Shur, even unto the land of Egypt. And David smote the land, and left neither man nor woman alive, and took away the sheep, and the oxen, and the asses, and the camels, and the apparel, and returned, and came to Achish. And Achish said, Whither have ye made a road to day? And David said, Against the south of Judah, and against the south of the Jerahmeelites, and against the south of the Kenites. And David saved neither man nor woman alive, to bring tidings to Gath, saying, Lest they should tell on us, saying, So did David, and so will be his manner all the while he dwelleth in the country of the Philistines. And Achish believed David, saying, He hath made his people Israel utterly to abhor him; therefore he shall be my servant for ever.

it came to pass in those days, that the Philistines gathered their armies together for warfare, to fight with Israel. And Achish said unto David, Know


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Gorrie, John


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Rh thou assuredly, that thou shalt go out with me to battle, thou and thy men. And David said to Achish, Surely thou shalt know what thy servant can do. And Achish said to David, Therefore will I make thee keeper of mine head for ever.

Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had lamented him, and buried him in Ramah, even in his own city. And Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land. And the Philistines gathered themselves together, and came and pitched in Shunem: and Saul gathered all Israel together, and they pitched in Gilboa. And when Saul saw the host of the Philistines, he was afraid, and his heart greatly trembled. And when Saul enquired of the Lord, the Lord answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.

Then said Saul unto his servants. Seek me a woman that hath a familiar spirit, that I may go to her, and enquire of her. And his servants said to him. Behold, there is a woman that hath a familiar spirit at En-dor. And Saul disguised himself, and put on other raiment, and he went, and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night: and he said, I pray thee, divine unto me by the familiar spirit, and bring me him up, whom I shall name unto thee. And the woman said unto him, Behold, thou knowest what Saul hath


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XXVIII] done, how he hath cut off those that have familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land: wherefore then layest thou a snare for my life, to cause me to die? And Saul sware to her by the Lord, saying, As the Lord liveth, there shall no punishment happen to thee for this thing. Then said the woman. Whom shall I bring up unto thee? And he said. Bring me up Samuel. And when the woman saw Samuel, she cried with a loud voice: and the woman spake to Saul, saying. Why hast thou deceived me? for thou art Saul. And the king said unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest thou? And the woman said unto Saul, I saw gods ascending out of the earth. And he said unto her. What form is he of? And she said. An old man cometh up; and he is covered with a mantle. And Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he stooped with his face to the ground, and bowed himself.

And Samuel said to Saul, Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up? And Saul answered, I am sore distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God is departed from me, and answereth me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams: therefore I have called thee, that thou mayest make known unto me what I shall do. Then said Samuel, Wherefore then dost thou ask of me, seeing the Lord is departed from thee, and is become thine enemy? And the Lord


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Portal talk:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom/George V

Is this a complete an authoritive list?


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Rh hath done to him, as he spake by me: for the Lord hath rent the kingdom out of thine hand, and given it to thy neighbour, even to David: because thou obeyedst not the voice of the Lord, nor executedst his fierce wrath upon Amalek, therefore hath the Lord done this thing unto thee this day. Moreover the Lord will also deliver Israel with thee into the hand of the Philistines: and to morrow shalt thou and thy sons be with me: the Lord also shall deliver the host of Israel into the hand of the Philistines. Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid, because of the words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him; for he had eaten no bread all the day, nor all the night.

And the woman came unto Saul, and saw that he was sore troubled, and said unto him, Behold, thine handmaid hath obeyed thy voice, and I have put my life in my hand, and have hearkened unto thy words which thou spakest unto me. Now therefore, I pray thee, hearken thou also unto the voice of thine handmaid, and let me set a morsel of bread before thee; and eat, that thou mayest have strength, when thou goest on thy way. But he refused, and said, I will not eat. But his servants, together with the woman, compelled him; and he hearkened unto their voice. So he arose from the earth, and sat upon the bed. And the


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XXIX] woman had a fat calf in the house; and she hasted, and killed it, and took flour, and kneaded it, and did bake unleavened bread thereof: and she brought it before Saul, and before his servants; and they did eat. Then they rose up, and went away that night.

Now the Philistines gathered together all their armies to Aphek: and the Israelites pitched by a fountain which is in Jezreel. And the lords of the Philistines passed on by hundreds, and by thousands: but David and his men passed on in the rereward with Achish. Then said the princes of the Philistines, What do these Hebrews here? And Achish said unto the princes of the Philistines, Is not this David, the servant of Saul the king of Israel, which hath been with me these days, or these years, and I have found no fault in him since he fell unto me unto this day? And the princes of the Philistines were wroth with him; and the princes of the Philistines said unto him. Make this fellow return, that he may go again to his place which thou hast appointed him, and let him not go down with us to battle, lest in the battle he be an adversary to us: for wherewith should he reconcile himself unto his master? should it not be with the heads of these men? Is not this David, of whom they sang one to another in dances, saying,


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Rh :: slew his thousands,
 * And David his ten thousands?

Then Achish called David, and said unto him, Surely, as the Lord liveth, thou hast been upright, and thy going out and thy coming in with me in the host is good in my sight: for I have not found evil in thee since the day of thy coming unto me unto this day: nevertheless the lords favour thee not. Wherefore now return, and go in peace, that thou displease not the lords of the Philistines.

And David said unto Achish, But what have I done? and what hast thou found in thy servant so long as I have been with thee unto this day, that I may not go fight against the enemies of my lord the king? And Achish answered and said to David, I know that thou art good in my sight, as an angel of God: notwithstanding the princes of the Philistines have said, He shall not go up with us to the battle. Wherefore now rise up early in the morning with thy master's servants that are come with thee: and as soon as ye be up early in the morning, and have light, depart. So David and his men rose up early to depart in the morning, to return into the land of the Philistines. And the Philistines went up to Jezreel.

it came to pass, when David and his men were


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XXX] come to Ziklag on the third day, that the Amalekites had invaded the south, and Ziklag, and smitten Ziklag, and burned it with fire; and had taken the women captives, that were therein: they slew not any, either great or small, but carried them away, and went on their way.

So David and his men came to the city, and, behold, it was burned with fire; and their wives, and their sons, and their daugliters, were taken captives. Then David and the people that were with him lifted up their voice and wept, until they had no more power to weep. And David's two wives were taken captives, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess,and Abigail the wife of Nabal the Carmelite. And David was greatly distressed; for the people spake of stoning him, because the soul of all the people was grieved, every man for his sons and for his daughters: but David encouraged himself in the Lord his God. And David said to Abiathar the priest, Ahimelech's son, I pray thee, bring me hither the ephod. And Abiathar brought thither the ephod to David. And David enquired at the Lord, saying, Shall I pursue after this troop? shall I overtake them? And he answered him. Pursue: for thou shalt surely overtake them, and without fail recover all. So David went, he and the six hundred men that were with him, and came to the brook Besor, where those that