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Legge (3) Charles Gunter, a lieutenant-colonel, who died 11 Oct. 1786; (4) Heneage, of Christ Church, Oxford, who graduated B.A. in 1781, and died 2 Sept. 1782; (5) Henry, a bencher of the Middle Temple, and sometime under-secretary at the Irish office, who died 19 April 1844; (6) Arthur Kaye, an admiral of the blue, who was created K.C.B. in 1815, and died 12 May 1836; (7) Edward, who became bishop of Oxford, and died 27 Jan. 1827; (8) Augustus George, rector of North Waltnam, Hampshire, and archdeacon and chancellor of Winchester, who died 21 Aug. 1828, and one daughter, Charlotte, who married, on 24 Sept. 1795, Charles Duncombe, afterwards first baron Feversham, and died, aged 74, on 5 Nov. 1848. His widow died on 24 July 1805, and was buried in the Dartmouth vault in Trinity Church in the Minories.

Dartmouth sat to Sir Joshua Reynolds five times, and his wife sat twice. Two of these portraits were lent by the Earl of Aylesford to the winter exhibition at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1889 (Catalogue, Nos. 96, 46). A half-length portrait of Dartmouth painted by Pompeio Battoni in Rome in 1754, and two other portraits painted by Reynolds and Gainsborough respectively, are in the possession of the present earl.

A large mass of Dartmouth's correspondence is preserved at Patshull House, Wolverhampton (Hist. MSS. Comm. 11th Rep. pt. v. pp. viii-ix, 330 et seq.) Many of these papers relate to the struggle for American independence, and among them are letters from Governor Hutchinson, General Gage, and Joseph Reed of Philadelphia, afterwards secretary to Washington, who kept Dartmouth informed of the feeling of the colonists towards England, and warned him of the course which the cabinet was pursuing during 1773-5. There are also numerous autograph letters of George III to Dartmouth (ib. pp. 437-42), and a long and interesting letter from John Wesley, dated 14 June 1775, protesting against the American war, and bidding him remember Rehoboam, Philip II, and Charles I (ib. pp. 878-9). Some of his correspondence is preserved at the British Museum (see Indices to Catalogues of Additions to the Manuscripts, 1864-75 and 1882-1887).

 LEGH. [See also, and .] LEGH, ALEXANDER (d. 1501), ambassador, appears to have been born in Scotland. He was educated at Eton and elected to King's College, Cambridge, in 1450. On 22 May 1468, being then M.A., he was collated to the rectory of Fen Ditton, Cambridgeshire, but resigned before 23 April 1473. In 1469 he became canon of Winasor. In September 1470 Legh and Alexander Carlisle, sergeant of the minstrels, gave Edward IV, then near Nottingham, information of the treason of the Marquis of Montagu [see under, d. 1471, and ], and thus probably saved the king's life, a service which Edward did not fail to reward. On 14 Sept. 1471 Legh became prebendary of Grindall in York Minster, and on 26 Sept. 1471 he was made rector of St. Bride's, London, by the abbot and convent of Westminster; he resigned St. Bride's in 1485. He was also appointed king's almoner and proceeded LL.D. In 1474 and subsequent years he was employed in embassies to Scotland, In 1478 he became prebendary of Barnby in the church of Howden, Yorkshire, but resigned in the following year. He had a patent 26 May 1480, allowing him to live in England though born in Scotland, and this, if indeed it refers to the ambassador, was confirmed on 17 Aug. 1484. In 1481-2 he became one of the councillors for Berwick-on-Tweed, and in December 1483 he was appointed with George Bird as royal commissioners to survey the walls and bridge of Newcastle-on-Tyne. In 1484, when he seems to have been living at Ougham in Kent, he was a commissioner to carry out the truce with Scotland, in 1490 he was temporal chancellor of Durham Cathedral, and in 1493 he was rector of Spofforth in Yorkshire, though he seems from a letter in the 'Plumpton Correspondence' to have been non-resiaent. Legh aied in the early part of 1501.

 LEGH, GERARD (d. 1563), writer on heraldry, was the son of Henry Legh, draper, of Fleet Street, London, by his first wife


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Rh Are you quite sure that the gist of the demand for Home Rule in Ireland, and in a less degree in Scotland, does not come mainly from young men who are agitating, though they do not fully realise it, for equality of opportunity rather than against the assumed wickedness of England? The Bohemians have achieved a very remarkable economic prosperity under the Austrian tyranny, and yet they fight for their Czecho-Slovak Nationality. Is there not something of the same human truth in the refractoriness of the shop stewards in our factories against the Union Executives away in London offices?

It is the principle of laissez-faire which has played such havoc with our local life. For a hundred years we have bowed down before the Going Concern as though it were an irreistible God. Undoubtedly it is a Reality, but it can be bent to your service if you have a policy inspired by an ideal. Laissez-faire was no such policy; it was mere surrender to fate. You tell me that centralisation is the 'tendency' of the age: I reply to you that it is the blind tendency of every age—was it not said nineteen hundred years ago that 'to him that hath shall be given'?

Consider the growth of London. A population of a million a century ago has risen to

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248 be more than seven millions to-day; or, to state the fact with more essential point, the London of a century ago contained a sixteenth of the population of England and now it has a fifth. How has it come about? When Parliament was originally set up, you had not only to pay the members to get them to attend, so busy were they with their absorbing local life, but before long you had also to fine the communities which failed to elect their representatives. That was the right condition of things, a federalisation against strong local magnetisms. When Macadamised roads were introduced a star of them was made, radiating from London; they brought the life of the country up to London, sapping it for the growth of London. When the railways were constructed the main lines formed a star from London, and the expresses run up and down, feeding London, milking the country. Presently the State also must needs step in to accentuate the centralising tendency by establishihg such services as the parcel post. Thus it has come about that the market-towns for a hundred miles around are degraded in respect of the variety of their life.

Not in four out of five cases does the Londoner profit in any true sense from the


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deeds are such as are equibalanced, maintaining the mean between two equally bad extremes, the too much and the


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324 explanation to the two Houses of Parliament when it was presented; and the next day the Duke of Suffolk and Wriothesley waited on the Queen, and communicated the fortune which was impending over her. Anne herself—who, after the slight agitation which the first mooting of the matter naturally produced, had acquiesced in everything which was proposed to her—received the intimation with placidity. She wrote at their request to the King, giving her consent in writing. She wrote also to her brother, declaring herself satisfied, and expressing her hope that he would be satisfied as well. So much facility increased the consideration which her treatment entitled her to claim. The Bishop of Bath had taken with him to the Duke of Cleves an offer, which ought to have been an insult, of a pecuniary compensation for his sister's injury. It was withdrawn or qualified, before it was known to have been refused, to increase the settlement on the ex-queen. For many reasons the King desired that she should remain in England; but she had rank and precedence assigned to her as if she had been a princess of the blood. Estates were granted for her maintenance producing nearly three thousand a year. Palaces, dresses, jewels, costly establishments were added in lavish profusion, to be her dowry, as she was significantly told, should she desire to make a fresh experiment in matrimony. And she not only (it is likely) preferred a splendid independence to the poverty of a petty court in Germany, but


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1540.] perhaps, also, to the doubtful magnificence which she had enjoyed as Henry's bride.

Parliament made haste with the concluding stroke. On Monday the 12th the bill for the divorce was introduced: it was disposed of with the greatest haste which the forms of the Houses would allow; and the conclusion of the matter was announced to the Queen's own family and the foreign powers almost as soon as it was known to be contemplated. The Duke of Cleves, on the first audience of the Bishop of Bath, had shown himself 'heavy and hard to pacify and please.' When all was over, the Bishops of Winchester and Durham, with other noble lords, wrote to him themselves, persuading him to acquiesce in a misfortune which could no longer be remedied; his sister had


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Rh petulant humour, absolutely refused to sign the treasury warrants for carrying the Hessian treaty into execution (Bedford Corresp. ii. 166). With Pitt he opposed the treaties in the House of Commons on 18 Nov., when he declared that 'we ought to have done buying up every man's quarrel on the continent' (, Reign of George II, ii. 64), and on the 20th he was informed by Lord Holdernesse that the king had no further need of his services. He so distinguished himself in attacking Lyttelton's budget in February 1766, that Walpole assured Conway 'except Legge you would not have thought there was a man in the house had learned troy-weight' (, Letters, ii. 613). Upon the downfall of the Duke of Newcastle, Legge, whom Fox in his abortive attempt to form a ministry had failed to detach from Pitt, was appointed (16 Nov. 1766) chancellor of the exchequer in the Duke of Devonshire's administration. On 21 Jan. 1767 Legge opened the supplies, of which one ingredient was a Guinea lottery, the scheme of a visionary Jew who long pestered the public with his reveries' (, Reign of George II, ii. 301-2). On 18 March 1767 he opened the new taxes, and, as 'the beginning of reformation, proposed to abolish the commissioners of wine licenses.' On being taunted by Fox with receiving double salary as lord of the treasury, Legge replied that if 'others would, he himself would serve for nothing' (ib. ii. 876). With Pitt he was dismissed from office, early in April 1767, and for some weeks a rain of gold boxes and addresses descended unon them from all parts of the country, including the city (London's Roll of Fame, 1884, pp. 37-8). After the long ministerial interregnum Legge once more became chancellor of the exchequer (2 July 1767) in the Newcastle and Pitt administration, the king having objected to making Legge a peer and first lord of the admiralty, as he was 'determined not to do two great things for one man, especially him, and in this he was peremptory' (Lord Hardwicke's Letter of 18 June 1757 in Life of Hardwicke,  1847, iii. 136). In 1758 Legge levied new taxes on houses and windows and places as 'a poor tribute to popularity' (, Reign of George II, iii. 112). In the following year he was compelled by Pitt, whose favour he had previously lost (, Memoirs, pp. 137-fel), to shift his proposed tax on sugar to one on dry goods in general, and in the debate on ways and means was re- proved by Pitt for being so dilatory with the taxes (, Reign of George II, iii. 176-9). On becoming surveyor of the petty customs and subsidies in the port of London, a patent place which had devolved upon him on the death of his brother, Heneage Legge [q. v.], Legge vacated his seat for Orford, and was returned for Hampshire early in December 1759. This gave great offence to Bute, who had supported the candidature of Mr. (afterwards Sir Simeon) Stuart. Legge refused to give a pledge that he would support a candidate nominated by Bute at a future election, saying that he could not abandon his own supporters, the whigs and dissenters. He afterwards refused Bute further demand that he should give up the county of Southampton at the general election, and support the Prince of Wales's nomination of two members (Character, pp. 13-18). On his refusal in March 1761 to bring forward a motion in the House of Commons for the payment of a large sum of money to the landgrave of Hesse, Legge was dismissed from his post. In his interview with George III, to whom he delivered up the seal, Legge declared that his future life should testify to his zeal. To which the king is said to have replied he was glad to hear him say so, 'as nothing but his future life could eradicate the ill impression he had received of him' (, Reign of George III, i. 48-9). At the general election in April 1761 Legge was again returned for Hampshire, this time with Sir Simeon Stuart as a colleague. In December 1762 he expressed his disapprobation of the preliminary treaty of peace (Parl. Hist. xv. 1273), and in March 1763 of the loan (ib. pp. 1306-7). He died at Tunbridge Wells after a lingering illness on 23 Aug. 1764, aged 66, and was buried at Hinton Ampner, Hampshire, where a monument was erected to his memory by his widow.

Legge had the reputation of being the first financier of an age when financiers were scarce. He was an able and shrewd man of business, 'with very little rubbish in his head' (as his old master, Sir Robert Walpole, said), and had a considerable knowledge of commercial affairs. He was 'never tardy at abandoning his friends for a richer prospect' (, Reign of George II, iii. 1-2), and even 'aspired to the lion's place by the manoeuvre of the mole' (, Reign of George III, i. 301). His death, however, in Horace Walpole's opinion, was 'a blow considerable to our party, as he was the only man in it, proper on a change, to have been placed at the head of the House of Commons' (ib. ii. 17). His appearance was somewhat mean, and his dialect quaint, but though an indifferent speaker, his speeches were always concise and to the point. In social intercourse he was good-natured and


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Legge his treatment of the prisoner afford a favourable impression of his ability, impartiality, and humanity. In the conference of the judges on the Habeas Corpus Extension Bill of 1758 Legge opposed the measure. He died on 30 Aug. 1759. Legge married in 1740 Catherine, daughter of Jonathan Fogg, merchant, of London; she died on 25 Nov. 1759. By her Legge had issue a son, Heneage, who resided at Idlicote, Warwickshire, and married in 1768 Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Philip Musgrave of Edenhall, bart., and two daughters: Catherine, married to Charles Chester, brother to William, first lord Bagot; and Ann, who died unmarried in 1752.

 LEGGE, HENRY BILSON- (1708–1764), chancellor of the exchequer, fourth son of William, first earl of Dartmouth [q. v.], by his wife Lady Anne Finch, third daughter of Heneage, first earl of Aylesford [q. v.], was born on 29 May 1708. He appears to have matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, on 29 March 1726, and to have been created D.C.L. on 1 March 1733. Of this degree, however, there is some doubt, as the 'Hen. Leg' who graduated D.C.L. at this date is not further identified in the Register of Convocation. According to the Bisnop of Hereford, Legge entered the royal navy, but 'quitted it after one or two voyages.' and was subsequently 'received into the family and confidence' of Sir Robert Walpole, whose private secretary he became (Character, p. 4). Horace Walpole records that Legge was an 'immeasurable favourite 'of his father until he was discarded for 'endeavouring to steal his patron's daughter' (Reign of George II, i. 191). In October 1739 Legge was appointed by the Duke of Devonshire, then lord-lieutenant of Ireland, to 'the secretaryship of Ireland.' the holding of which, he tells Lord Dartmouth, 'will not interfere with his attendance on Sir Robert' (Hist. MSS. Comm. 11th Rep. pt. v. p. 328). At a by-election in November 1740 Legge was returned to the House of Commons for the borough of East Looe, Cornwall, and at the general election in the following May he was elected for the borough of Orford, Suffolk, which he continued to represent until December 1759. Upon the downfall of Walpole's administration he was removed from his post in the treasury by Pulteney, but owing to the Duke of Bedford's intercession was appointed in July 1742 surveyor-general of the woods and forests north and south of the Trent (Bedford Correspondence, i. 1-12). On 3 May 1774 he seconded the attorney-general's motion to agree to the lords' amendments to the bill making it high treason to hold correspondence with the Pretender's sons (Parl. Hist. xiii. 866-8), and resigning his surveyorship, became on 20 April 1745 a lord of the admiralty, a post which he retained until February 1747. On 17 Oct. 1745 he moved the address of thanks for the king's speech (ib. xiii. 1328-31), and on 4 June 1746 was appointed a lord of the treasury. In January 1748 he was appointed, on the recommendation of the Duke of Newcastle, envoy extraordinary to the king of Prussia, by whom he 'was duped and ill-treated' (Chatham Correspondence, i. 27;, Reign of George II, i. 191). For taking the negotiations relative to the bishopric of Osnaburg out of the hands of George's agent at Berlin, and for an indiscreet expression imputed to him that George's arrival at Hanover had defeated this design, Legge was summoned to Hanover and severely reprimanded by the king. In a letter to his brother, Henry Pelham, the Duke of Newcastle says the king calls Legge 'fool every day, and abuses us for sending a man purely because he can make a speech in the House of Commons.' Henry Pelham, however, defended Legge's conduct in the negotiations, and the king's resentment gradually subsided (, Pelham Administration, 1829, i. 440-448). Legge was appointed treasurer of the navy in April 1749, on Lyttelton's refusal of the post in his favour (, Memoirs of Lord Lyttelton, i. 410), and was succeeded at the treasury by Henry Vane, afterwards Earl of Darlington. On 6 April 1754 Legge, haying resigned the treasurership, was appointed chancellor of the exchequer in the Duke of Newcastle's administration, the king, however, stipulating that 'Legge should never enter his closet' (, Reign of George II, i. 381). On 14 Nov. following he took part in the debate upon the address (Parl. Hist. xv. 346-50), and a few days afterwards he declared in the house that he 'had been raised solely by the whigs, and if he fell sooner or later he should pride himself on nothing but in being a whig' (, Reign of George II, i. 408-9). Not long after this speech Pitt referred to Legge as 'the child, and deservedly the favourite child, of the whigs' (ib. ii. 41). Lepge became secretly leagued with the Leicester House party, and in August 1755, smarting under the Duke of Newcastle's


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98 Council of ambassadors took upon itself the duties of the Central Executive and that body has been in existence ever since, always electing one from three selected ones when a member passed away or became unable to perform his or her arduous duties.

In song and story; in much friendly conversation; as well as in comparison of the old and new Sidonias our party travels on. Love making, too, is not wanting; Harry Hern seems to be successful and happy. Plainly Emma is little likely to return to her antipodean home.

The Sabbath is spent in the River Port and all our party but; Thomas Frankston, who is glad to excuse himself sometimes, spend part of the afternoon in the Central Avenue.

The next morning all are back in the river. They pass under the Central Avenue bridge which divided the navigable from the ornamental parts of the river. Monotony ends here. From this point to its source the Sidon is a thing of beauty. A mile on each side is reserved as a public recreation, ground for all time. The ground is broken and hilly and the landscape gardeners for centuries have been making the most of every advantage. There is no going up by the river; the launch has to be sent back from the first falls, which are wonderfully like the falls of Lodore about, which a Martial Southey might have written in the game strain. Beetling crags, rockeries, islets, grottoes, ferneries, deep lagoons, riverside caves, deep pools, waterfalls, arches, funnels, shelters behind sheets of falling water; all in short, that human ingenuity can design or conceive is there. Here and there models of machinery in motion are placed for the pleasure of the children.

For two weeks our party travelled through the Great Park of Sidonia. Sometimes on one bank of the river, sometimes on the other, and their daily meal was sweetened by the sauce of appetite and their rest ensured by pleasant fatigue. No one was happier than Thomas Frankston. Daily he communicated with his dear wife and watching his son and daughter he felt his own youth renewed.

One day his Emma comes and strokes his hair and beard and plants herself on his knee and asks him if she has been guilty of neglect.

"No my child, I have no blame for you on any count."

"May I tell you something very serious father?" This time putting glowing face with red tingling shells of ears under her father's great brown, beard.

"Yes, tell me what you will,"

"I am going to be married to Harry Hern."

"Well," said Thomas, "I have no objection; mother and I have known all about it for a long time, I will tell her this very hour." Emma jumped up and ran away and in a few minutes Harry came to plead in person. His plea was granted.

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Legge happy re-establishment (ib. p. 282). The Prince of Orange had already sent Dartmouth orders to come to the Nore with the mater part of the fleet. Accordingly after James's second flight he brought the fleet into the river, and on 10 Jan. 1688-9 was relieved from the command.

It may well be that Dartmouth was wanting in energy and force of character; but he had been true to James as long as James was true to himself; when, on James's flight, he was left without orders, he accepted the constitutional rule of the lords spiritual and temporal. Though on 2 March he took the oath of allegiance, it was to the king de facto, with—we may fairly believe—a reservation in favour of the king de jure, should he return. That he conspired to bring about that return is, of course, possible, that he conspired to hand the defences of the country over to the French is in the highest degree improbable. This accusation was brought against him in 1691; he was arrested and committed to the Tower, but the charge is unsupported by any evidence worthy of the name. That he, the lifelong friend and adherent of James, should be suspected was a matter of course, and his imprisonment was continued on the chance of obtaining some evidence against him. He died in the Tower of a fit of apoplexy, 25 Oct. 1691. He married, apparently about 1668–70 (ib. p. 16), Barbara, daughter and coheiress of Sir Henry Archbold of Abbots Bromley, Staffordshire; and by her — who survived him (d. 1718) — had issue one son, William [see Legge, William, first Earl of Dartmouth], and seven daughters. His portrait, by Sir Peter Lely, is in the possession of the present Earl of Dartmouth; another, anonymous, is in the Painted Hall at Greenwich.

 LEGGE, GEORGE, third (1755–1810), statesman, born 3 Oct. 1765, son of William, the second earl [q. v.], by Frances Catherine, only daughter and heiress of Sir Charles Gunter Nicholl, K.B., was edncated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated 22 Oct. 1771, and was created M.A. 3 July 1775, and D.C.L. 28 Oct. 1778. He entered the House of Commons 5 June 1778 as member for Plymouth, and in the succeeding parliament represented the county of Stafford, his courtesy title being Lord Lewisham. He made his maiden speech 17 March 1779 against the bill for the relief of protestant dissenters, and afterwards (25 Nov.) moved an address to the throne. He supported the government on the rupture with Holland in January 1781; in 1782 he was appointed lord of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales, in 1783 lord warden of the stannaries, retiring from office upon the dismissal of Fox and Lord North in the same year. On 19 May 1801 he was made president of the board of control, having been sworn of the privy council the preceding 17 March, and 15 June following e was summoned to the House of Lords, in his father's lifetime, as Baron Dartmouth, but never sat as such. He took his seat as Earl of Dartmouth 29 Oct. 1801. In 1802 (15 Aug.) he was made lord steward of the household, and in 1804 (14 May) lord chamberlain. He was an official trustee of the British Museum (1802–10), K.G. (1805), and colonel of the loyal Birmingham regiment of volunteers. He died in Cornwall on 1 Nov. 1810, and was buried on the 24th in the family vault in Trinity Church, Minories, London.

He married, 24 Sept. 1782, Lady Frances Finch, daughter of Heneage, third earl of Aylesford, by whom he had five sons and nine daughters. He was succeeded by his eldest son, William.

 LEGGE, HENEAGE (1704–1759), judge, second son of William, first earl of Dartmouth [q. v.], by Lady Anne Finch, third daughter of Heneage Finch, first earl of Aylesford [q. v.], born in March 1703–4, was admitted a member of the Inner Temple in 1723, and called to the bar in 1728. On 12 Dec. 1734 he was appointed steward of Lichfield, in February 1739–40 he took silk, and the same year was elected a bencher of his inn; in 1743 he was appointed counsel to the admiralty and auditor of Greenwich Hospital. In June 1747 Legge was raised to the exchequer bench, in succession to Sir James Reynolds [q. v.] At the Oxford assizes in March 1752 he tried the case of the parricide, Mary Blandy [q. v.] Legge's charge to the jury and


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Rh Next day they came to the boundary of the Great Park. It is the extreme north-eastern limit of Sidonia at this point there is erected a triumphal arch a hundred feet in height. On one side are the words "Welcome to Sidonia." On the other aide is written "Sidonia welcomes the river Sidon." Before it reaches this point the Sidon does a vast amount of irrigation work; it was feared that there would be no river left. Instead of that it has been found that irrigation increases the river flow.

Further north is the sweetwater sea but our party had spent three weeks in going from one part of the city to another and now they wanted to go home. They started back at thirteen o'clock by a local train to the north of Central Avenue; there they got the sixteen o'clock express that would land them at the Equatorial Hostel at twenty-one o'clock.

Thomas Frankston went to the reading room; Harry Hern and his beloved Emma might have been found sitting very near each other in a little conversational compartment; the five hours would not prove wearisome to them. Charles Frankston and Helen Vance were left to amuse each other.

"Well Helen we shall be home again in five hours; we cannot say that our pleasures will then be over but this delightful time will be a memory."

"For me a most pleasant one, Charley; kind friends, delightful weather, and a constant succession of experiences all new and changeful."

"I, too, Helen, look back on this as the very most enjoyable time of my life; and after all the time spent in your company is the enjoyment. If you had remained at home all would have been spoiled."

"There was never any serious danger of that. Emma could scarcely have gone so well if I had not been at liberty, and I will confess that I wished all the time to join the party."

"You did?" said Charley. "Then possibly what animates me has perhaps some influence upon you. Oh, Helen, how often a question has trembled on my tongue, and I have not put it because you appeared so practical and friendly, so like a sister. I have feared to ask lest the pleasant times we spend together should cease. I have feared again because there seemed to me some selfishness in asking you to devote your life to mine. I ask it now; can you love me? May we sweeten the cup of life for each other? Barry and Emma have set us the example, shall we follow them?"

Helen Vance again looked as she did when first she met Charley on Mars. As for the strange vibration in her voice that had never ceased. That far away look, that deep dumb something in the eye, what was it? Charley could never see it without a quiver; there was some meaning for him in it. "I would like to ask you a question or two, Charley, about your earth life. Mine has been finished for three earth years, yours is not yet over. I have heard you say that you have a wife and children there; I left a husband and three sons in Melbourne."

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T was about one o'clock in the morning. Before retiring for the night, I opened the window and lit a cigarette. The hum of a motor-car scudding along the Avenue du Bois de Boulogne broke the reigning silence. The trees were freshening the atmosphere by the swaying of their darkened tops. No buzzing insect, no living sound arose from the sterile soil of the city. The night was resplendent with stars. Their fires seemed, in the clearness of the air, more so than on other nights, of varied lines. The greater number blazed at white heat. Some there were, however, yellow and orange-tinted, similar to the flames of dying lamps. Several were blue, and I saw one of so pale a blue, so limpid, and so soft, that I could not avert my gaze from it. I regret being ignorant of its name, but I console myself with the thought that men do not give the stars their true names.

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184 "When I reflect that each one of these drops of light enlightens worlds, I ask myself whether, like our own sun, they do not shed their rays on sufferings without end, and whether pain does not penetrate the utmost recesses of heaven. We can only judge the other worlds by our own. We know of life only the forms which it assumes upon the earth, and if we suppose that our planet is one of the least good, we have no reason for believing that all goes rightly in the others, nor that fortunate is he who is born under the rays of Altair, Betelgeux, or the fiery Sirius, when we know what a grievous affair it is to open our eyes on earth to the light of our old Sun. It is not that I find mine an unhappy fate, when compared with that of other men. I am not troubled with either wife or child. Love and sickness have left me unscathed. I am not very rich, and I do not go into society. I am thus to be numbered with the happy ones. Little joy, however, falls to their lot. What, then, can be the fate of the others? Men are really to be pitied. I impute no blame to nature for this; to hold a conversation with her is an impossibility; she is not intelligent. Nor will I lay the blame on society. There is no sense in opposing society to nature. It it as absurd to oppose the nature of men to the society of men, as to oppose the nature of ants to the society of ants, or the nature of herrings to the society of

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Rh herrings. Animal societies are the necessary outcome of animal nature. The earth is the planet where one eats; 'tis the planet of hunger. The animals peopling it are naturally gluttonous and ferocious. Man, the most intelligent of them all, is alone avaricious. Avarice has so far been the fundamental virtue of human societies, and the moral masterpiece of nature. Were I a writer, I should indite the praise of avarice. It is true that my book would not reveal anything strikingly new. The subject has been dealt with a hundred times over by moralists and economists. Human societies have avarice and cruelty as their august basis.

"It is thus in the other universes, in the numberless ethereal worlds? Do all the stars I see shed their light on men? Do people eat and inter-devour one another beyond the infinite. This doubt troubles me, and I am unable to contemplate without fright the fiery dew suspended in the heavens.

"My thoughts imperceptibly become more lucid and gentle, and the idea of life, in its sensuality, violent and suave in turn, once more assumes a pleasurable aspect to my mind. I sometimes say to myself that life is beautiful. For, without such beauty, how could we discern its ugly features, and how believe that nature is bad, if at the same time we do not believe that it is good?

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186 "For a few minutes past, the phrases of a sonata of Mozart have hovered in the air, with their white columns and their garlands of roses. My neighbour is a pianist, who at nights plays Mozart and Gluck. I close the window, and while undressing, I am pondering over the doubtful pleasures which I may give myself the next day, when of a sudden I remember that for a week past I have been invited to lunch in the Bois de Boulogne; I have a vague idea that the invitation is for the coming day. To make sure of it, I look up the letter of invitation, which lies open on my table. Its contents are:

"'16th September 1903.

"'My dear old Dufresne,—

"' Do me the pleasure of coming to luncheon with ... etc. etc., next Saturday, the 23rd of September, 1903, etc. etc.'

"It is for to-morrow.

"I ring for my valet.

"'Jean, wake me to-morrow at nine o'clock.'

"It happens precisely that to-morrow, the 23rd of September 1903, I shall enter upon my fortieth year. From what I have already seen in this world I can almost conceive what still remains for me to be seen. I can safely foretell the topics of to-morrow's conversation at the restaurant in the Bois: 'My automobile goes sixty kilomètres an hour.'—'Blanche

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100 "But you have never told me much about your earth life, and when I have tried to lead up to the subject you have always turned from it. You never even said so much as you have just told me; never mentioned Melbourne, to which city Grayson took me for half an hour long since. We have dwelt in the same city; we may have seen and known each other. From our first meeting I have felt as if we had some memory in common; indeed, that feeling has always had a strong hold upon me: you have always made me wish to remember,"

"Your missing memory is coming, coming fast," said Helen. "It is almost time that you knew as much as I have known from the first. What sort of woman was your earth-wife when you saw her in the state induced by Grayson?"

"She was a robust woman of nearly sixty years of age, wifelike and motherly. I felt when I saw her as if I were at once a grandson and a husband to her. Her voice was deep and full, and had a verve in it." Here Charley paused as if forced into silence, and sat swaying to and fro as if only partly conscious. He put his face between his hands and bowed himself forward, Helen watched him with every faculty upon the stretch. Again he looked up into her face of Helen Vance, and continued. "It was your voice, and the eyes, with the wrinkled forehead and the crown of gray hair above them, were your eyes; you, you, YOU are the same; my loved wife for forty years; the same! the same!! the SAME!!! Thank God we meet again." Charley rose from his seat in his emotion and tried to clasp Helen in his arms. In doing so he staggered from side to side and then fell. The rush of consciousness had suspended animation. A moment more and his father, Harry, and Emma were there, and the unconscious man was made comfortable while the train rushed on to Sidonia.

In two hours he was in Grayson's house, and Dr. Somers was in attendance upon him.

ELEN."

"Yes, Charley."

Charley sat up and looked round him. "How long have I been here?"

"Just one day, Charley," replied Helen. "You fell in the carriage, you know, and we brought you to Grayson's to recover. Hearing what had happened Dr. Somers came at once, and sent for Felix Henderson, the great alienist. They consulted over your case, and came to the conclusion that you would awaken soon and be well. They left me with you and Grayson is within call. They said we would be able to help you to put your mind in order, as our experiences were in some senses similar."

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text: Melbourne and Mars/Chapter 16

title: Melbourne and Mars/Chapter 16


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Page:History of the Anti corn law league.pdf/24

8 —was a source of danger from assassinations, conspiracies, rebellions, the machinations of foreign foes, and the judgments of insulted Heaven—led to a disregard of religion, its practices, its ministers, its altars, its ordinances, and its disciples—to the demolition of chapels and the expatriation of missionaries—was the lasting cause of hostility and alienation between the colonies and the parent country—rendered those dependencies in which it existed in the greatest degree insecure—was as impolitic as it was inhuman—was as selfish and partial as it was impolitic—and was withal upheld at an expense of money, character, and life, sufficient to deter the mercenary and appal the humane—was inconsistent with our loud professions of attachment to the principles of civil and religious liberty—was a violation of the constitution of the land—a system of cowardice and murder, supported by means the most paltry and degrading—of decided irreligion and impiety—creating an amount of responsibility the most awful, and a load of guilt which it became a Christian nation to seek deliverance from without delay. Throughout the whole of Mr. Thompson's address there was the most profound and almost breathless attention, interrupted only by bursts of applause, excited by the frequent forcible and eloquent appeals to the morality and the justice of the audience. The more immediate effect was to detach from Mr. Cobbett many of his most influential friends amongst the electors of Manchester.

At the end of the previous June, Mr. Mark Philips issued his address to the electors. After referring to a requisition from 2,350 of his fellow townsmen, signed nearly twelve months before, he said that the arduous struggle which had in that interval taken place, had only more strongly confirmed his convictions that reforms beyond those which had been secured by the Reform Bill, were needed to complete the system of representation. He was therefore in favour of shortening the duration of


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Rh, and, to prevent the reconstruction of close boroughs, of the ballot. He pledged himself to give his support to the most severe and rigid economy in. expenditure, to the abolition of all useless places and unmerited pensions, and to the removal of the burden of even a necessary taxation from the industry to the property of the country. As good government essentially depended upon the general intelligence of the people, he should be most anxious to assist in removing all those taxes on knowledge which, to the disgrace of our system of taxation, obstructed the cheap and universal diffusion of information. He declared himself an enemy to all restrictions and monopolies, which, depriving alike the capitalist of his remuneration and the labourer of his wages, impeded the natural progress and prosperity of our trade. It would be the duty of e reformed parliament to abolish the East India, the Bank, and the timber monopolies, and that greatest of all monopolies which was upheld by the Corn Laws. Against. the monopoly of the church, Mr. Philips did not so decidedly declare, but he said that tithes must be abolished, and an unexceptionable system of maintaining the clergy substituted, and such means adopted as would distribute the revenues of the church in a just and fair proportion to the duties to be discharged. In emphatic language he declared his unqualified detestation of slavery, and his conviction of the necessity of immediate emancipation. Mr. Philips did not undergo much cross examination when he addressed meetings in various wards, although some of the more ultra-Cobbettites tried to create a clamour against him, because he would not pledge himself to sponge out. or reduce the national debt.

The candidate brought, forward by the tories and corn-law protectionists was Mr. John Thomas Hope, a nephew of the Earl of Hopeton, their leaning to rank being stronger than their desire to have a representation of their trading interests. In other respects their choice was a


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 cross-section sheets, all relating to the Mahanoy-Shamokin Basin in Schuylkill, Columbia, an d Northumberland counties. In press. Chas A. Ashburner. Geologist in Charge, and A. W. Shuafur :Incl Bard Wells, Assistant Geologists Price, S ; postage, S.

AA., Part I, 1884. Contains 6 mine sheets between Wilkes Barre and Nanticoke, 3 cross-section sheets and — columnar section sheets, all relating to the Wyoming Basin in Luzerne county. In press Chas. A. Ashburner, Geologist in Charge, and Frank A. Hill, Assistant Geologist. Price, S ; postage, S.

G2  By Franklin Platt. (See Reports Central Pennsylvania.)

F. By Chas.A. Ashburner (See Reports Central Pennsylvania.)

G. By Andrew Sherwood II. Description of the and at the  By Franklin Platt. By John Fulton. Illustrated with 2 colored Geological county maps, 3 page plates, and 35 cuts. 8 vo., pp. 271. Price, $1 00; postage, $0 12.

G2. By Franklin Platt. (See Reports Central Pennsylvania.)

G3. 1876-9. The Geology of, by ,Andrew Sherwood. Report on the, by Franklin Platt, with a colored geological map of the county, two folded plates, and two page plates of sections. S vo., pp. 120. Price, $0 53; postage, $0 08.

G4. Part I.  Part II. A special study of the and  along the West branch of  Susquehanna River. By H. Martyn Chance. Included in this report is a description of the, by Chas. A. Ashburner, and notes on the in Centre and Clinton Counties, by Franklin Platt. Price, Sl 05; postage, $0 12.

H. of Western Pennsylvania,—1874. By Franklin Platt. 8 vo., pp. 296, illustrated by 139 cuts, 8 maps, and 2 sections. Price in paper, $l 50; postage, £0 13.

H2. of Western Pennsylvania—1876. By F. and W. G. Platt. Pp. 191, illustrated with 84 wood-cuts, and 6 maps and sections. Part II. Somerset. Price. $1 00: postage, $0 18.

H3. of Western Pennsylvania—1876 By F. and W.G Platt PP. 348, illustrated by 110 wood-cuts and 6 maps and sections. Part II. Somerset. Price. $0 55 ; postage, $0 18.

H4. —1877. by W. G. Platt. Pp 316. With a colored map of the county. Price, $0 80: postage, $0 14.

H5. —1879. By W. G. Platt. Pp. 338. With a colored map of the county. Price, $0 7.5; postage, $0 16.


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 {|
 * 1911 Britannica-Architecture-Halifax.png
 * .—Halifax Town Hall. (Barry.)
 * }
 * }

Returning to the consideration of architecture in England, we come, at about the close of the classic revival, to the name of the man who was undoubtedly the most remarkable English architect since Wren, Sir Charles Barry. To class him, as some would do, with the classic revival, would be a misapprehension. Barry was no revivalist; he never attempted to recreate Greek architecture on English soil. He adopted for most of his works what has been called, for want of a better name, the Italian style, which may really rather be called the common-sense style of a civilized society. The two first works which brought him into notice, the Travellers’ and Reform clubs in London, were no doubt based on special Italian models, the Pandolfini and Farnese palaces; but a consideration of his whole career shows that he was in fact anything but a copyist. The comparison of him with Wren is justified by the fact that he was, like Wren, a born architect, in the sense that he grasped every problem presented to him from the true architect’s point of view; with both of them architecture was not the dressing up of an exterior, but the fashioning of a building as a conception based on plan and section as well as on the desire to secure a certain external appearance; and, like Wren, he never failed to grasp the true requirements of a site and to adapt his architectural conception to it; a power perfectly different from that of merely producing agreeable elevations in this or that adopted style. Though very careful of his detail, he did not rely on detail, but on the general conception of an architectural scheme. This power was never so remarkably shown as in his grand scheme, unhappily never carried out, for the concentration of all the British government offices in one great architectural ensemble, which was to extend, on the west of Parliament Street and Whitehall, from Great George Street nearly to Charing Cross, the whole of the buildings to be carried out as one design, distributed into quadrangles, each of which was to be connected with one department of the administration, while all would have internal communication. Had this great idea been carried out we might at the present day have found some of the detail of the building unsatisfying to our taste, as we often find the detail in some of Wren’s buildings, but we should have had a grand architectural achievement which would have made London pre-eminent among the capitals of the world. Nothing so great had been proposed in England since Inigo Jones’s plan for Whitehall Palace, which also survives only in drawings, except the one noble bit of classic architecture known as the Banqueting House (Plate VI., fig. 75). It was one of the greatest misfortunes to London as a capital city that the government of the day could not rise to the height of Barry’s ambitious scheme, in which there was nothing financially insuperable, since it was all designed to be carried out by portions at a time, as funds could be spared; but each government office built would in that way have been one step towards the completion of a great central idea; whereas the nation now spends the same money in erecting detached government buildings which have no architectural connexion with each other.

Barry’s two clubs before mentioned are almost ideals of club architecture—the architecture of a civilized society; his Bridge-water House is a building on a larger scale of the same type. That he had architectural ideas less staid and sober than these is shown, however, by the remarkable tower and spire of the Halifax Town Hall (fig. 90), his last work, which he did not live to see carried out, in which he contrived with remarkable success to give the Gothic spirit and multiplicity of effect to a tower which is nevertheless classic in detail. This tower is one of the most original and striking things in modern English architecture and shows how Barry’s architectural ideas were developing up to the close of his life.

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text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 3/Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte


text:
Origin of Plasmas in the Earth's Neighborhood

NEXT MOVE IN GEOSPACE
What is the origin of turbulent forces that sweep by Earth, becoming visible as auroral displays, confounding radio broadcasts, civilian and military electronics, power distribution, and satellite systems? Invisible magnetic storms can induce currents in long, power-transmission lines, affect power station transformers, and even cause power blackouts.

Disturbances in nearby space are consequences of the reactions in Earth's neighborhood to the violent behavior of the Sun. The past 20 years of space observations have led to a quiet but remarkable revolution in concepts of the Sun—Earth system. No longer is Earth visualized as simply a body traveling through a vacuum around the Sun and being warmed to life by its visible emissions. Rather, the data from spacecraft show that Earth on its course is plowing through an energy-laden flood from the Sun — magnetic fields, energetic charged particles, radiations throughout the electromagnetic spectrum, and electrified gases (called plasmas) flowing at speeds up to 1000 kilometers per second (2.2 million mph). Collisions with Earth's magnetic envelope create a dynamic environment surrounding Earth that reaches far beyond previous environmental concepts. This region, called geospace, extends to millions of kilometers around Earth and contains the atmosphere, the ionosphere, the magnetosphere and the near-Earth interplanetary medium.

Geospace is an integrated, strongly interactive system throughout which energy is continuously being generated, stored, transformed and released. Not only do geospace processes affect Earth's atmosphere and ground systems, but geospace is now known to be representative of plasma systems commonly found throughout the universe.

Data from single spacecraft have led scientists through evolutionary stages — first discovery, then exploration sufficient to provide a schematic representation of the solar—terrestrial environment like the one to the right. It is now time to proceed to a comprehensive understanding of geospace dynamics with a multi—spacecraft mission that can return coordinated, simultaneous observations.

Recent advances in geospace knowledge and satellite technology make it possible for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to propose, for the mid-1980's, a four-satellite mission called Origins of Plasma in the Earth's Neighborhood, or the OPEN Program. Hundreds of investigators in the United States and in more than a dozen other nations are poised to participate in the first systematic, quantitative study of the flow of plasma and energy through geospace.

DISCOVERY OF GEOSPACE
Before the 1950's, little was known about the region outside the thin cocoon formed by Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere. The existence of a magnetic field had been known for centuries. It was believed to extend into the void of space with a shape much like the field of a simple bar magnet. There was evidence for some cause-and-effect association between such episodic events on the Sun as solar flares and events at Earth such as brilliant enhancement of auroral lights at high latitudes and transient disturbances in Earth's magnetic field. But neither the terrestrial phenomena nor their apparent connection with the active Sun was understood. The successful launching of artificial satellites, begun in 1957, dramatically changed this situation. The in situ observations ushered in a series of new and exciting discoveries about Earth's space environment.

Using simple radiation counters on Explorer—1, Professor James Van Allen and his colleagues were startled to discover very energetic charged particles trapped in belts around the Earth far above the upper atmosphere.

Later, spacecraft traveling to other planets discovered that essentially all of interplanetary space is filled with a hot, tenuous plasma continuously flowing away from the Sun behaving as though it were an electrified wind. When this solar wind strikes Earth's magnetic field, a shock wave forms upstream of the Earth. The shape of the magnetic field is compressed on the dayside and blown into an extended tear-drop on the nightside. Early satellite measurements also indicated that the magnetic field carved out a cavity in which large amounts of energy could be stored and whose flow was linked to the Earth by terrestrial magnetic field lines.

These discoveries during the 1950's and early 1960's opened the way for an era of intensive exploration. Scientists began to sketch the first map of geospace, define its boundaries and determine its dimensions. As the range of exploratory measurements became more complete, the scientists’ questions advanced from "What is in geospace?” and ”Where is it?” to "How is geospace formed?” and “How does it behave?"

GEOSPACE CONCEPT, 1980
The decade of the 1970's markedly advanced the exploratory phase of studies and opened a new era of quantitative physical investigation. Much of geospace, except for the distant geomagnetic tail, has now been mapped — at least superficially. It has proven to be a remarkably complex system indeed.

The different regions of geospace are populated by distinctly different plasma regimes. On the dayside of Earth at high latitudes, some magnetic lines of force part to form a funnel in the magnetosphere (the polar cusp region) that opens a channel down to Earth's surface. Through this funnel, energetic solar particles may plunge directly into the ionosphere and atmosphere.

Boundary layer plasmas, apparently composed of a mixture of cooling solar wind plasma that has penetrated the magnetospheric cavity and other particles that are escaping from sources or storage reservoirs inside the magnetosphere, flow around the entire periphery of the magnetosphere.

High energy electrons and ions fill the radiation belts that encircle Earth in the equatorial regions. And yet another component of hot ionized gas is found in a thin sheet along the mid—plane of Earth's invisible, comet—like magnetic tail. The energy stored by these groups of particles ultimately is responsible for Earth's magnetic storms.

With all this detail, scientists have little more than a sketch —an approximation built on a collection of independent, single—point measurements collected at different times during the past two decades. Boundaries are in constant motion. Changes in one region invariably stimulate subsequent changes or adjustments in other regions. Thus, the picture can represent only an imperfect assemblage of localized observations that yield a blurred image of what is, in fact, a highly dynamic and changing environment.

By studying this incomplete picture, scientist have begun to appreciate the physical processes that must act to produce the interactions of various parts of geospace. Now they are using multiple spacecraft such as the three International Sun—Earth Explorers to collect data on the dynamic behavior of certain localized regions. An extended, multi—spacecraft program is necessary for the next step — to collect data on simultaneous events throughout geospace as a whole.

UNFINISHED PUZZLE
To understand the anatomy of the human body, students look at the structure of individual parts, one at a time. But to understand the relationships between the parts of the body -— its physiology — students must consider the living system as a whole. The whole is more complex than the simple sum of components because of the highly interactive nature of these parts. So it is with geospace. An understanding of geospace and of the interactions of its components requires a view of the entire system —— a view obtained by planned observations taken simultaneously in the key geospace regions.

The problem is akin to assembling a puzzle whose pieces vary in shape and size with time. Past geospace projects have studied units of the puzzle independently at different points in time. Consequently, when assembling these pieces, it is hard to make them fit because each is really a piece of a different puzzle. What results is only a crude approximation of the true picture that gives little knowledge of how the segments interact. The four satellites of the OPEN Program will be positioned to collect data simultaneously on key pieces of the geospace puzzle. Then for the first time, overall geospace perspectives can be assembled that are accurate at given moments of time.

The OPEN approach permits a quantitative attack on three major scientific objectives that are necessary for fulfilling the ultimate goal of understanding geospace and its impact on Earth:

 * 1) To assess the energy, mass and momentum—flow throughout geospace.
 * 2) To obtain an understanding of the interactive behavior of geospace components, and of their cause-and-effect relationships.
 * 3) To assess the impact of geospace behavior on the terrestrial environment.

ENERGY LABORATORY
Geospace is at once a large—scale environment for studying processes that are hard to reproduce in miniature in Earth—bound laboratories, and a small—sca|e environment for studying events that are common throughout the universe.

Designers of fusion reactors or advanced microwave radio transmitters are often challenged by problems in plasma physics. Plasmas must be accelerated to extreme energies. Energetic particles must be confined and transported. Particle energy must be converted into electromagnetic waves. The same phenomena also occur on a vast scale in geospace. Geospace is the only easily accessible arena for studying nature's way with energy, not only here but throughout the universe.

Most of the universe is filled with plasma. Many actions that determine the structure and development of regions from small interstellar clouds to entire galaxies depend on basic interactions between plasmas and magnetic fields.

Interplanetary spacecraft have defined geospace—like magnetospheres around Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn. Astronomers have detected similar structures around rotating neutron stars (pulsars), and even around radio-wave-emitting galaxies whose dimensions dwarf the Milky Way. The same plasma processes that are important to this wide range of astrophysical systems occur nearby in Earth's own space environment. For example, nature possesses a number of ways to accelerate charged particles to very high energies. These energetic particles abound in solar flares, in Jupiter's magnetosphere, in supernovae, in galactic nuclei — and in Earth's own magnetosphere.

Thus, a careful study of geospace and the plasma processes that control its behavior applies not only to an understanding of solar-terrestrial relations and of their effects at Earth's surface, but also to basic scientific questions about plasmas.

DISRUPTIONS ON EARTH
The satellite and ground—based auroral photographs shown on the right are spectacular visual representations of geospace energy entering the upper atmosphere. In these auroral forms, the tremendous dynamic variability of the currents that flow and of the energy dissipated causes significant effects in many ground—based systems and in the atmosphere itself.

One example of such an effect is shown in the lower left panel in which an index representing magnetic activity caused by auroral currents is plotted versus time. Horizontal bars above this plot show induced current magnitudes in power system transformers. For a particular time interval, the induced current traces are shown for three distribution stations. These induced current magnitudes are sufficient to decrease expected transformer lifetimes and, in one instance, were directly responsible for total transformer failure. These geospace perturbations have been responsible for past power blackouts in the United States and Canada.

Such examples of the present sensitivity of large engineering systems, both civilian and military, to geospace processes are numerous and span many operational fields: communications, transportation, power distribution, resource exploration and space systems. All satellites orbit within geospace. Soon, the Space Shuttle will be taking astronauts and equipment into the hostile environment of geospace on regular schedules. Knowledge of geospace is required for these missions.

Although a number of geospace effects have engineering solutions, an understanding of geospace to a level required for cause-effect predictions will greatly improve the operation of present facilities and the design and operation of future systems. This predictive capability is essential for the existing space weather service (operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Department of Defense) to satisfy anticipated requirements in the 1980's.

Another area of potential applicability of OPEN Program results is in solar effects on Earth's weather. The lower right panel shows one of many Sun-weather correlations reported in recent years: plains droughts versus the solar cycle. Similar correlations of a variety of climate and weather phenomena with geospace phenomena have been reported, involving the interplanetary magnetic field, geomagnetic storms, aurorae, particle precipitation into the atmosphere, and more. Data from the OPEN Program can be used to test theories concerning these correlations and to assess the importance of including geospace indices in future weather forecasting operations.

THE OPEN PLAN
Earlier explorations of geospace have revealed that there are two plasma source regions — the solar wind and the ionosphere — and two storage reservoirs — the extended geomagnetic tail and the inner plasma sheet/particle trapping regions. These four basic geospace regions represent four major pieces of the geospace puzzle. They are interconnected by a network of transport processes that determine the behavior of the system as a whole.

These processes, determining the structure and dynamics of geospace, all involve a variety of plasma interactions in which the plasma components can be viewed both as tracers and as carriers of the energy flow through the system. This fact leads to a natural approach for studying the behavior of geospace as a whole — namely, the simultaneous observation of the major sources of plasma that feed the system, and the major regions in the system in which plasma and energy are often temporarily stored. Simultaneous observations of these regions allow the flow of plasmas in Earth's neighborhood to act as natural "dyes” to reveal the interconnections between source and storage regions, to identify energy transformation and dissipation processes, and to measure the energy output to the atmosphere.

The key to the OPEN Program is illustrated in the two diagrams on the right. These depict the relationship between the two plasma source regions and the two geospace storage regions. By placing a properly instrumented spacecraft laboratory in each of the four key regions, scientists can simultaneously observe the entry of plasma into the system, the storage and release of energy within the system, and the transfer of plasma and energy between those key regions as they change with time.

This minimum set of observations will provide experimenters, theorists and modelers with the basic information to assemble and analyze the puzzle for the first time.

THE TOOLS OF OPEN
The OPEN Program will use a set of strategically located spacecraft, together with one central data handling facility, that will provide spacecraft measurements and related ground-based data to the OPEN science team, and eventually, to other practical managers in government and industry who will benefit by access to instantaneous measurements of the energy input from geospace to the near-Earth environment.

The spaceflight segment of the Program will require that a minimum of four suitably instrumented spacecraft be placed where they can simultaneously observe each of the major geospace plasma source regions and the storage regions. The spacecraft and their functions are:

 * The Interplanetary Physics Laboratory (IPL), which will measure the incoming solar wind, magnetic fields and particles.

 * The Polar Plasma Laboratory (PPL), which will measure solar wind entry, ionospheric output, and the deposition of energy into the neutral atmosphere at high latitudes.

 * The Equatorial Magnetosphere Laboratory (EML), which will measure solar wind entry at the sunward nose of the magnetosphere, and the transport and storage of plasma in the equatorial ring current and near-Earth plasma sheet.

 * The Geomagnetic Tail Laboratory (GTL), which will measure solar wind entry and acceleration, transport, and storage of plasma in the geomagnetic tail.

The OPEN Program will have a flexible central data handling facility to which the scientific investigators will be coupled by remote computer terminals. All researchers, in fact, will be able to obtain a unified set of data from the four spacecraft in a timely fashion. The central facility will process the raw telemetered data, maintain archives of the processed data, and coordinate the analyses of various investigators.

The OPEN Program will be able to obtain much better science than other programs because of the new capacity to change orbits in space at will. The OPEN laboratories will be launched from the Space Shuttle and each of the OPEN spacecraft will include propulsion systems and ample fuel supplies for moves to different orbits.

SPACECRAFT LOCATIONS
The Interplanetary Physics Laboratory (IPL) will be launched into a trajectory that will carry it out of the magnetosphere into the upstream solar wind about 1.5 million kilometers sunward of the Earth toward a point at which Earth's gravitational pull is balanced by that of the Sun. On reaching this point, called a "stable libration point," or "L1" the onboard propulsion system will place the IPL into a small circular orbit around L1. In this "halo orbit,” the IPL will accompany the Earth around the Sun and will serve as an early warning station for measuring the solar wind plasma flowing past it before impacting the magnetosphere about an hour later.

Initially, the Polar Plasma Laboratory (PPL) will be placed in a very eccentric orbit over Earth's poles so that it will reach a maximum height of about 90,000 kilometers. In this orbit, plasma and field instruments can measure the entry of solar wind plasma into magnetospheric regions such as the dayside polar cusps; and optical and X—ray devices can obtain continuous global images of the auroral emissions stimulated by particle energy dumped into the upper atmosphere. The PPL’s onboard propulsion system will drop the orbit later to a maximum altitude of about 25,000 kilometers so that direct measurements of the transfer of plasma between the ionospheric source region and the equatorial storage regions can be made.

At first, the Equatorial Magnetosphere Laboratory (EML) will be placed in an elliptical orbit in the equatorial plane at altitudes ranging from about 6000 to 70,000 kilometers. In the course of one year in this orbit, the EML will provide complete measurements of the near—Earth equatorial storage region in both the daytime and nighttime hemispheres, and will permit detailed investigations to be made of solar wind entry at low latitudes of the magnetosphere. The EML will also use its own propulsion system to move into a deep magnetotail orbit later in the OPEN mission in order to permit more sophisticated studies of the geomagnetic tail storage region to be conducted jointly with the fourth spacecraft.

The Geomagnetic Tail Laboratory (GTL) will use a novel technique that involves occasional gravitational kicks from the Moon to keep its orbit in the long comet—like magnetospheric tail. By properly controlling the timing and approach distance of lunar swingbys, NASA will be able to vary the range of distances down the tail from near the Moon's orbital path (about 380,000 kilometers from Earth) to points as far as 1.5 million kilo- meters downstream. Thus, the GTL simultaneously will round out the exploration of geospace by providing the first complete survey of the magnetotail and will provide a key observing laboratory in the quantitative study of the whole geospace system.

TECHNOLOGY FOR OPEN
Two important factors combine to permit the OPEN Program to make a major step toward full understanding of the geospace environment.

First, the findings of earlier exploratory studies enable planners to define a sound, realistic strategy for undertaking such a global program as this one.

Second, the technology necessary for obtaining the needed measurements has just recently become available.

Advances in space plasma instrumentation over the past few years have led to the capability of measuring the properties of plasmas, different species of energetic charged particles, and electric and magnetic fields with the resolution and the range that are required for defining the complex processes involved in the behavior of geospace. Because many of the measurement techniques have been successively refined on earlier flight missions, their successful use on OPEN spacecraft can be anticipated with confidence.

Plans for global, auroral imaging from PPL are representative of the new capabilities to be used in the OPEN Program. An array of detectors that are sensitive to different wavelengths, including visible and ultraviolet light and X-rays, will provide frequent images of auroral formations over the entire polar cap of the Earth. Like the image formed on a television screen by the electron gun in a television set, the auroral emissions provide a direct image of the “footprint” of energy being deposited into the upper atmosphere by charged particles formerly stored in geospace. From its vantage point in a high polar orbit, the PPL will give scientists a nearly continuous view of the aurorae on a global scale, so that the location, area, and magnitude of particle energy input to the upper atmosphere can be measured and related to other plasma processes throughout geospace.

COMBINED ASSAULT
The OPEN Program will be a central element in the comprehensive study of solar—terrestrial relations being mounted in the decade of the 1980's.

Together with other programs now in preparation, it will be possible for the first time to look at the complete solar—terrestrial energy chain: first, the ejection and transport of energy and matter from the Sun through interplanetary space; then the coupling and transport of energy through Earth's magnetosphere; and finally, the deposition and dissipation of energy in Earth's upper atmosphere.

The chief complementary programs begin in the mid—1980’s. Two International Solar Polar Mission (ISPM) spacecraft will be obtaining the first stereoscopic view of the Sun from latitudes high above the ecliptic plane, and will be providing new insights into the three-dimensional structure of the interplanetary medium. Simultaneous measurements by OPEN’s Interplanetary Physics Laboratory (IPL) will provide an in—ecliptic benchmark for out—of—ecliptic data from the ISPM. The latter can then be interpreted properly and related to the more familiar perspective of the Sun and the solar wind.

During the same time frame, the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Program is planned in order to conduct a global study of the chemistry and dynamics of Earth's mesosphere and stratosphere (the altitude range extending from about 15 to 85 kilometers). Simultaneous measurements by the four OPEN spacecraft and by UARS will result in the first coordinated investigation of the coupling and transport of solar wind plasma and energy through the magnetosphere and of the consequences of that energy transfer on the upper atmosphere.

The OPEN spacecraft measurements of global behavior of geospace will also complement a number of investigations to be conducted from the Shuttle—Spacelab orbiting laboratory. Many active experiments, such as controlled chemical releases, electromagnetic wave injections, and particle beam accelerators, will benefit greatly from the diagnostic capability of the OPEN Program and the real—time monitoring of magnetospheric activity so that the Spacelab experiments can be conducted under known conditions.

IN SUMMARY
The OPEN Program is the next logical thrust in geospace research.

Such an undertaking will be directly responsive to recent recommendations of the Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences.

A quantitative assessment of geospace inputs to the near-Earth environment is feasible and necessary.

The OPEN Program can develop the physical basis required for understanding and monitoring geospace effects on satellite communications, space radiation environment, terrestrial power systems, exploration geophysics systems, and, conceivably, some aspects of weather and climate.

The OPEN Program will be a key element in the overall solar-terrestrial program in the 1980's.

Together, the International Solar Polar Mission, the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, and the OPEN Program will permit a coherent study of the flow of matter and energy from the Sun through the heliosphere, the magnetosphere, and the upper atmosphere. OPEN will also complement simultaneous investigations of space plasmas near Earth with the Shuttle Spacelab and of space plasmas near Jupiter with the Galileo orbiter.

Knowledge about the fundamental properties of geospace will have direct, significant applications to other studies in astrophysics and laboratory plasma physics.

Plasma interactions are important throughout the solar system and the universe. Geospace uniquely provides an accessible example of a plasma environment in which significant processes can be studied directly.

The OPEN Program is defined scientifically and technically.

The necessary technological capacity is available, and the program is realistically planned for the decade of the 1980's.

 * Space Plasma Physics: The Study of Solar System Plasmas, Space Science Board, A.G.W.Cameron, Chairman (S.A.Colgate, Study Chairman), National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1978.

 * Solar System Space Physics in the 1980's: A Research Strategy, Space Science Board, A.G.W.Cameron, Chairman (C.F.Kennel, Study Chairman), National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1980.


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1807. laws; or finally, that it is more our interest to live well with them than with any other nation in the world,—the fact is undeniable that the bulk of the people would fain be at war with them."

The Somersetshire squire and the chancery barrister in Westminster Hall—the extremes of national obtuseness and professional keenness—agreed in despising America. The pompous Lord Sidmouth, the tedious Lord Sheffield, the vivacious Canning, the religious Perceval, and the merry-andrew Cobbett—whose genius was peculiar in thinking itself popular—joined hands in spreading libels against a people three thousand miles away, who according to their own theory were too contemptible to be dangerous. Except a few Whig noblemen, a number of Yorkshire and Lancashire manufacturers and a great mass of the laboring people, or American merchants like the Barings, and one or two Scotch Liberals who wrote in the "Edinburgh Review," the English public had but one voice against Americans. Young Henry Brougham, not yet thirty years old, whose restless mind persistently asked questions which parsons and squires thought absurd or impious, speculated much upon the causes of this prejudice. Was it because the New York dinners were less elegant than those of London, or because the Yankees talked with an accent, or because their manners were vulgar? No doubt a prejudice might seize on any justification, however small; but a prejudice so general and so deep became respectable, and needed a correct


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Page:Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania Report of Progress PPP.djvu/57

 H6. —1880; with colored map of county. By W. G. Platt. Price, $0 60; postage, $0 12.

H7. —1884: with a colored geological county map; outcrop map of me Houtzdale Basin, and coal bed sections in the text. By H. M. Chance. Price,$; postage, S.

I4.. By John F. Carll. (Sea Reports Pertoleum Fields.)

K. —1875, Bituminous Coal Fields. By J. J. Stevenson. 8 vo., pp. 420. illustrated by 3 sections and 2 county maps, showing the depth of the Pittsburgh and Waynesburg coal bed beneath the surface at numerous points. Price in paper, $0 65; postage, $0 16.

K2. of Western Pennsylvania—1876. By J. J. Stevenson; pp. 437, illustrated by 50 wood-cuts and 3 county maps colored. Part I. Eastern Allegheny County, and Fayette and Westmoreland Counties. westChestnut Ridge. Price, $1 40: postage. $0 20.

K3. of Western Pennsylvania—1877. By J. J. Stevenson. Pp. 331. Part'll. The. Illustrated with 107 wood-cuts, 2 plates, and 2 county maps, colored. Price, $1 10; postage,$0 16.

M, M2 and M3.. By Andrew S. McCreath. Contains coal analyses.

P. By Leo Lesqucreux.

P2. By Wm. M. Fontaine and I. C. White. (See Miscellaneous Reports.) Q. By I. C.White. Pp. 337 illustrated with 3 Geological maps of part of beaver, Butler, and Allegheny Counties, and 21 plates of vertical sections. 1875. Price, $1 40: postage, $0 20.

Q2. 1877. The Geology of, to which is appended a Special Report on the in Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio. 8 vo., pp. 336, with a colored Geological Map of the county, and 134 Vertical sections. By I. C. White. Price, $0 70 postage, $0 15.

Q3. 1878 by I. C. White, with a colored geological map of county, and 119 vertical sections. 8 vo. pp. 233. Price $0 60; postage,$0 11.

R.. The Geology of, and its connection with that of and , with Atlas containing 8 sheets of maps and sections. By Chas. A. Ashburner. Price, $1 70;postage, $0 22.

T by Franklin Platt.

T2. By J.J Stevenson. (See Reports Central Pnnnsylvnnin.)

V. —1878. Part I The Northern Townships of Butler county. Part 11. A special survey made in 1875, along the Beaver and Shenango rivers, in, and. 8 vo., pp. 248, with 4 maps, 1 profile section and 154 vertical sections, By H. Martyn Chance. Price, $0 70; postage, $0 15


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74. The British nation was sometimes slow-witted, and often narrow-minded, but was not insane.

For a thousand years every step in the progress of England had been gained by sheer force of hand and will. In the struggle for existence the English people, favored by situation, had grown into a new human type,—which might be brutal, but was not weak; which had little regard for theory, but an immense and just respect for facts. America considered herself to be a serious fact, and expected England to take her at her own estimate of her own value; but this was more than could reasonably be asked. England required America to prove by acts what virtue existed in her conduct or character which should exempt her from the common lot of humanity, or should entitle her to escape the tests of manhood,—the trials, miseries, and martyrdoms through which the character of mankind had thus far in human history taken, for good or bad, its vigorous development. England had never learned to strike soft in battle. She expected her antagonists to fight; and if they would not fight, she took them to be cowardly or mean. Jefferson and his government had shown over and over again that no provocation would make them fight; and from the moment that this attitude was understood, America became fair prey. Jefferson had chosen his own methods of attack and defence; but he could not require England or France to respect them before they had been tried.


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1832.] this Colony, except one of his own brothers. These men, as well as some others, retain a sense of the kindness they met with from Joseph John Gurncy, Peter Bedford, Elizabeth Fry, and some others of our friends in England, such as gives us a more ready access to their best feelings.

In the afternoon we again made sail, passed Green Island, which has been stocked with Rabbits, and made a course outside the White Rock, off Oyster Bay, on which the kind of Seal that affords rich fur, is occasionally taken. In Spring Bay one of the people fishing, brought up a species of Octopodia, an animal of the Cuttle-fish tribe, with eight arms, which in this specimen were 15 inches long. These it fixed to whatever came in its way, by means of circular, saucer-like suckers. It travelled with its mouth, which is in the centre of the arms and like the beak of a parrot, downward, and its red body of about 3 inches long, and like an oval fleshy bag, upward. Between these, its large eyes were very conspicuous. Its strange appearance and remarkable movements, excited no small degree of surprise among our company.

10th mo. 1st. Mutton Birds were in such vast flocks, that, at a distance, they seemed as thick as bees when swarming.—The wind became adverse, and fearing lest we should be driven out to sea, we ran into Schouten Passage, and brought up under Freycinets Peninsula, in Oyster Bay, where we went on shore. One of the soldiers, going as a guard to Flinder's Island, shot a Black Swan, on a lagoon running parallel with the beach. The hills on the peninsula are red, porphyritic granite, as are also some of those on Schouten Island; but, on the inside of the latter, which is about four miles across, the newer formations occur vertically. On the hills, are the Blue Gum, the Oyster Bay Pine, and the Callitris pyramidalis, which is a Cypress-like tree.—The bush here was gay with various shrubs, among which were several species of Acacia, Boronia and Hibbertia, some of the Epacris tribe, Pomaderris elliptica, with large clusters of small sulphur coloured blossoms, and Comesperma volubilis, a beautiful climber, the flowers of which, in spring, hang


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74 in blue festoons, among the bushes, in all parts of V. D. Land.

2nd. The wind continuing adverse, the cutter remained at anchor. Some of the men procured another Black Swan and some eggs. I took a solitary walk among the hills, in the course of which I was brought into close self-examination, and given to feel afresh the importance of watchfulness and prayer, and of the continued exercise of faith in Christ; thus the traversing of the uninhabited wilds, to observe the works of Him, whose all-seeing eye beholds us in the deepest solitudes, as well as in the most crowded haunts of men, was made conducive to my spiritual advantage.

3rd. This morning I took three fine Flat-heads, which, with a Swan's egg, contributed toward an abundant breakfast: the latter is rather inferior to the egg of a common fowl. In the forenoon the anchor was weighed, and sail made; but just when we got near the outside of the passage, the wind failed, and left us drifting from side to side for several hours, so that it was necessary from time to time, to tow the head of the vessel round by means of a boat, to keep her from drifting against the terrific, granite rocks, which are too perpendicular to allow of anchorage near them. The dangers of a calm do not appear to be much less in such a situation, than those of a storm. Though no one expressed fear, anxiety was marked on many countenances, during this time of suspense, from which we were at length favoured to be relieved by the turn of the tide, which carried us out to sea.

7th. During the last three days, we have been beating up the coast against a contrary wind. Yesterday the brig Helen, from the Isle of France to Sydney, with sugar, sent a boat to the Charlotte, and obtained a bag of biscuit, having run short of this necessary article. A Right Whale, a shark, and numerous flocks of birds, were seen. The flocks of Mutton-birds sometimes formed dense lines near the horizon, that might have been mistaken for rocks or land. Their flight is usually low; they move their wings smartly a few times, and then soar with them motionless for a


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98 She insisted on his having a small currant tart, because he liked sweets.

“I don’t want it, mother,” he pleaded.

“Yes,” she insisted; “you’ll have it.”

And she looked round for the waitress. But the waitress was busy, and Mrs. Morel did not like to bother her then. So the mother and son waited for the girl’s pleasure, whilst she flirted among the men.

“Brazen hussy!” said Mrs. Morel to Paul. “Look now, she’s taking that man his pudding, and he came long after us.”

“It doesn’t matter, mother,” said Paul.

Mrs. Morel was angry. But she was too poor, and her orders were too meagre, so that she had not the courage to insist on her rights just then. They waited and waited.

“Should we go, mother?” he said.

Then Mrs. Morel stood up. The girl was passing near.

“Will you bring one currant tart?” said Mrs. Morel clearly.

The girl looked round insolently.

“Directly,” she said.

“We have waited quite long enough,” said Mrs. Morel.

In a moment the girl came back with the tart. Mrs. Morel asked coldly for the bill. Paul wanted to sink through the floor. He marvelled at his mother’s hardness. He knew that only years of battling had taught her to insist even so little on her rights. She shrank as much as he.

“It’s the last time I go there for anything!” she declared, when they were outside the place, thankful to be clear.

“We’ll go,” she said, “and look at Keep’s and Boot’s, and one or two places, shall we?”

They had discussions over the pictures, and Mrs. Morel wanted to buy him a little sable brush that he hankered after. But this indulgence he refused. He stood in front of milliners’ shops and drapers’ shops almost bored, but content for her to be interested. They wandered on.

“Now, just look at those black grapes!” she said. “They make your mouth water. I’ve wanted some of those for years, but I s’ll have to wait a bit before I get them.”

Then she rejoiced in the florists, standing in the doorway sniffing.

“Oh! oh! Isn’t it simply lovely!”

Paul saw, in the darkness of the shop, an elegant young lady in black peering over the counter curiously.

“They’re looking at you,” he said, trying to draw his mother away.


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1832.] considerable distance, except in turning or changing their altitude, which they effect by altering the position of their wings. A flock of them was swimming off Eddystone Point. In the course of the forenoon we dropped anchor in 13 fathoms water, under Swan Island, in Banks's Strait, to avoid drifting back with the strong tide. To the south we had the low sandy shore of Cape Portland, with low woody and grassy hills further distant; and to the north, Clarkes Island, and Cape Barren Island, with its lofty peaks.

The superstition of sailors often leads them to attribute a tedious voyage to having some unlucky person in the vessel. On hearing one of them remark, that we must have some Jonah on board, I took occasion to observe, that it would be well if we had not many worse than Jonah; for he was remarkable for disobedience to the Lord in one instance, but I feared, that in our company, there were those who were disobedient in many.—There is little ear for religious instruction, but no profession to despise it. I have been much restrained in mind in regard to expression on religious subjects, and have felt the force of the declaration "Where the Spirit of the Lord is there is liberty;" the reverse of which is also true. Here, there is a want of regard for this Spirit, and little ear to hear. Nevertheless there are two individuals on board, who say little, but spend much of their time in reading the Bible and hymns, whom we look upon with some comfort. The wreck of a brig that was lately lost, it is said, in consequence of drunkenness, was still lying on Swan Island.

As soon as the tide served, we again made sail; and passing the west end of Clarkes Island, came safely to anchor in Horse-shoe Bay, under the east shore of Preservation Island.

8th. Early in the morning, five Pelicans and some Cape Barren Geese, were upon the beach of Preservation, not far from two huts belonging to James Munro, an old sealer, who, with a native black woman named Jumbo, is the only permanent resident on the Island. We went on shore and paid them a visit, and had an interview also with three


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Rh change. He lives in a suburb; he is shot through a tube to an office-room in the City, and then shot back to his bedroom in the suburb; only on Saturdays and Sundays has he time for communal life, and then he amuses himself with neighbours who are tied to him by nothing essential. In the great majority of cases he never comes into living contact with a large and trained mind except through the printed page: for him, as for the industrial worker in the country, his life of ideas is detached from his responsible life, and both suffer infinitely in consequence.

Centralisation, however, is only one form of a more general process which I would call the segregation of social and economic functions owing to the national fatalism in the presence of the Going Concern. You have allowed industrial life to crowd certain districts and to leave other districts poor. I grant that in the past that was inevitable to some extent owing to the need of generating power near the collieries, but not to the extent that has occurred. By proper control you could have substituted a 'village region,' with a community dependent on each factory or group of small factories, wherein rich and poor, masters and men, might have been held together in a neighbourly responsible


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1807. Contempt for America was founded on belief in American cowardice; but beneath the disdain lurked an uneasy doubt which gave to contempt the virulence of fear. The English nation, and especially the aristocracy, believed that America was biding her time; that she expected to become a giant; and that if she succeeded, she would use her strength as every other giant in the world's history had done before her. The navy foresaw a day when American fleets might cover the ocean. The merchant dreaded competition with Yankee shrewdness, for he well knew the antiquated processes, the time-honored percentages, the gross absurdities of English trade, the abuses of the custom-house, the clumsiness and extravagance of government. The shipowners had even more cause for alarm. Already the American ship was far in advance of the British model,—a swifter and more economical sailer, more heavily sparred and more daringly handled. In peace competition had become difficult, until the British shipowner cried for war; yet he already felt, without acknowledging it even to himself, that in war he was likely to enjoy little profit or pleasure on the day when the long, low, black hull of the Yankee privateer, with her tapering, bending spars, her long-range gun, and her sharp-faced captain, should appear on the western horizon, and suddenly, at sight of the heavy lumbering British merchantman, should fling out her white wings of canvas and fly down on her prey.


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76 other sealers, and three female Aborigines, casually here, on their way to the coast of New Holland, where, on a number of small islands, they still obtain Fur Seals. These animals have become rare in the Australian seas compared to what they were a few years since, when they were destroyed in vast numbers, often in the breeding season. On Guncarriage and Woody Islands, a few miles distant, several other sealers are residing, with female Aborigines, who assist in the management of their boats, take Mutton-birds, and do other kinds of work for these men. Some of the sealers exhibit the recklessness frequent in the character of sailors, in a superlative degree. The women were dressed in frocks made of the skins of the Wallaby, a small species of Kangaroo. One of them presented necklaces of shells to my companion and myself; these she dropped into our hands as she passed, appearing to wish to avoid receiving any acknowledgment.

Preservation Island is low, and surrounded by round-topped, grey, granite rocks, except in a few places, where there are small sandy bays: it is covered with grass, barilla and nettles, and a large portion of it is so thickly burrowed by Mutton-birds, that it is difficult to walk without breaking into their holes. J. Munro raises wheat, potatoes, and other vegetables near his house, which is sheltered by a few Tea-trees, the only ones on the island: he also rears goats, pigs and fowls; and by means of these, added to the collecting of birds and their eggs, obtains a subsistence. Black Snakes sometimes take possession of the burrows of the Mutton-birds. We saw one of these formidable animals, more than five feet long, and gave it a blow that made it rear its head with a threatening aspect. As the only switch we could raise was a feeble one of Cape Barren Tea-bush, it was not thought expedient to repeat the blow, and the animal soon took refuge in a neighbouring hole. A sister of Jumbo lost her life by the bite of a Black Snake, in her hand. When taking Mutton-birds, the natives put a stick into the burrows and listen, to distinguish whether snakes or birds are the occupants.

9th. Notwithstanding the wind was adverse, J. Thornloe


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250 ; but you have allowed instead the East and West Ends to grow up in your great cities. Surely the essential characteristic of true statesmanship is foresight, the prevention of social disease; but our method for a century past has been to drift, and when things became bad we applied palliative remedies—factory legislation, housing legislation, and so forth. As things stand to-day, the only organic remedy is at any cost to loosen out the town.

These ideas apply not only to industry but also to our educational institutions and the learned professions. Our English system is to buy—we must use plain words, for the element of competition among the colleges exists—the best young brains by means of scholarships open to national competition. In the middle of last century we, in large measure, abolished the system of close scholarships, which tied particular schools to particular colleges; that was, in my opinion, by far the healthier system. By social custom you add to your scholars a number of other fortunate boys from well-to-do homes scattered over the country. So you recruit your public schools and your Oxford and Cambridge; from the beginning you lift your lads out of their local environment. From the Universities many of them pass into a centralised Civil Service,


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1832.] determined to attempt proceeding, having heard that the settlement on Flinders Island was suffering for want of provisions; he therefore sailed from Preservation, and by the assistance of J. Munro, as pilot, passed Long Island, Badger Island, Chapel Island, and a number of others, and succeeded in reaching the anchorage under Green Island, the nearest place of safety to the settlement, at which a vessel could lie.

On approaching Flinders Island, a smoke was observed on the shore, which we afterwards learned was a signal to the boats of the Settlement that were out, where they could not see the cutter. Two boats soon came off, in which were the Commandant, Ensign William J. Darling, and A. Mc'Lachlan, the surgeon of the Establishment for the Aborigines. The arrival of the Charlotte was hailed with joy, the white inhabitants of the settlement having been reduced in supplies, to potatoes and oatmeal, and the Aborigines, who do not like oatmeal, to potatoes and rice ; so that had it not been for the supply of Mutton-birds which they were able to obtain, they would have been greatly straitened. Happily their tea and sugar also, were not exhausted; for of tea, as a beverage, the Aborigines are not less fond than the Europeans, from whom they have acquired this taste.

Before proceeding with my Journal, I will introduce a brief notice of Van Diemens Land and its Aboriginal Inhabitants, and of their history up to the time we first visited them on Flinders Island.