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Page:Notes and Queries - Series 1 - Volume 6.djvu/78

 to the Histoire Littéraire de la France, tome x. page 450., shows the continuance of this policy, and that whilst the Church condemned, it still employed the ordeal in the twelfth century:

"Un fameux voleur nommé Ansel, ayant pris des croix, des calices d'or, porta son vol chez un marchand de Soissons pour le lui vendre, et lui fit promettre avec serment qu'il ne le déclareroit point. Le marchand ayant ensuite entendu prononcer l'excommunication dans l'église de Soissons contre les complices de ce vol, vint à Laon et découvrit la chose au clergé. Ansel nie le fait: le marchand propose de se battre pour en décider. Ansel l'accepte, et tue le marchand. Il faut, dit sur cela Guibert Abbé de Nogent, ou, que le marchand ait mal fait de découvrir un secret qu'il avait promis avec serment de garder, ou, ce qui est beaucoup plus vrai, que la loi de se battre pour décider de l'innocence et de la vérité est injuste. Car il est certain, ajoute-t-il, qu'il n'y a aucune canon qui autorise une telle loi."

Nevertheless, it was employed in the case of some Paulician heretics, in the diocese of Soissons. Clementius and Evrard were examined —

"Mais l'évêque ne pouvant tirer la confession de leurs erreurs, et les temoins étant absens, il les condamna au jugement de l'eau exorcisée. Le prélat dit le messe, à laquelle il communia les accusés, en disant: Que le corps et le sang de notre Seigneur soit ajourd'hui une épreuve pour vous!"

Clementius was thrown in; but —

"Loin d'aller au fonds de l'eau, il surnagea comme un roseau, et fut tenu pour convaincu!"

I was assured a miracle of this description was lately witnessed in the person of a very fat lady, who floated on the surface of the National Bath at Holborn, in spite of the repeated efforts of the bath-woman to keep her down. Clementius, unfortunately, only fulfilled the proverb "of falling out of the fire-pan into the fire." Whilst the bishop hesitated as to his orthodoxy, the mob determined that question, broke into the prison, and burnt him and his brother. The ordeal died away as civilisation spread and legal institutions were established. It has been said, indeed, it was abolished in England in the 3rd of Henry III., 1219, by an ordinance of the King in Council, as given in Rymer, vol. i. p. 228. This seems, however, an "ad interim" order, made because that the ordeal of fire and water was condemned by the Church. I may add, that in the ''Bibl. Max. Patrum, tome xiii., two very interesting tracts by S. Agobard will be found; one, p. 429., "Adversus legem Gundobaldi;" the other at p. 476., contrà "Judicium Dei;" upon which J. Grimm, Deutsche Rechts Alterthümer'', vol. ii. p. 909., should be consulted.

Athenæum.

I beg to send you a few odds and ends in illustration of what seems to be an inevitable consequence of writing poetry, viz. unconscious imitation:

1. Pope's line, in his Essay on Man:

"What thin partitions sense from thought divide!"

is merely a verbal echo of Dryden's line in his Absalom and Achitophel:

"And thin partitions do their bounds divide."

2. Milton's expression of orient pearl, at the beginning of the second book of Paradise Lost, is probably taken from Shakspeare, Richard III., Act IV. Sc. 4.:

I have never seen this resemblance noted.

3. And while I am on the subject of tears, I will mention a similarity between Tennyson and Milton. In the Miller's Daughter we have:

"And dews that would have fallen in tears I kiss'd away before they fell."

Very pretty, no doubt, but to my mind evidently suggested by a most exquisite passage in the fifth book of the Paradise Lost, which is in every one's mouth:

4. What a wholesale imitation of Thomson's Castle of Indolence do we find in Campbell's Gertrude of Wyoming. Thus, Gertrude of Wyoming, Part II. St. .:

"But stock-doves plaining through its gloom profound."

Evidently imitated from Castle of Indolence, Cant. I. St. .:

"Or stock-doves plain amid the forest deep."

Again, Gertrude of Wyoming, Part II. St. .:

Which is very similar to Castle of Indolence, Cant I. St. .:

"As loose on flow'ry beds all languishingly lay."

With your permission, I will send you a few Notes on Milton's Lycidas, which appear to me to be worthy of attention.

Birmingham.

Northumberland Tradition.—Joaney or Johnny Reed, the parish clerk of a village near Newcastle, was returning home one evening, and in passing a gate by the roadside marvelled much to see nine cats about it. His wonder was changed to horror


text:
Portal:United States Presidential Proclamations

Proclamations by President

 * George Washington
 * Benjamin Harrison (proclamations 291–294)
 * Grover Cleveland (proclamation 382)
 * Theodore Roosevelt (proclamations 499–871)
 * William Howard Taft (proclamations 1021–1225)
 * Woodrow Wilson (proclamations 1258–1588)
 * Warren G. Harding (proclamations 1589–1668)
 * Calvin Coolidge (proclamations 1669–1869)
 * Franklin Delano Roosevelt (proclamations 2038–2605)
 * Dwight D. Eisenhower (proclamations 3044–3309)
 * John F. Kennedy (proclamations 3502–3560)
 * Lyndon B. Johnson (proclamations 3561–3891)
 * Richard Nixon (proclamations 3892–3953)
 * Gerald Ford (proclamations 4308–4482)
 * Jimmy Carter (proclamations 4483–4817)
 * Ronald Reagan (proclamations 4818–5935)
 * George Herbert Walker Bush (proclamations 5936–6524)
 * William Jefferson Clinton (proclamations 6525–7402)
 * George Walker Bush (proclamations 7403–8342)
 * Barack Obama (proclamations 8343–9569)
 * Donald Trump (proclamations 9570–)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Portal talk:United States Presidential Proclamations


text:
Crippled

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1903), "Crippled" in The Reader Magazine (December 1903).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1904), "Crippled" in Mine and Thine (1904).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Crippled" in Poems II.

title: Crippled


text:
Victor Hugo's Address to the Workman's Congress at Marseille

For four hundred years the human race has not made a step but what has left its plain vestige behind. We enter now upon great centuries. The sixteenth century will be known as the age of painters, the seventeenth will be termed the age of writers, the eighteenth the age of philosophers, the nineteenth the age of apostles and prophets. To satisfy the nineteenth century, it is necessary to be the painter of the sixteenth, the writer of the seventeenth, the philosopher of the eighteenth; and it is also necessary, like Louis Blane, to have the innate and holy love of humanity which constitutes an apostolate, and opens up a prophetic vista into the future. In the twentieth century war will be dead, the scaffold will be dead, animosity will be dead, royalty will be dead, and dogmas will be dead; but Man will live. For all there will be but one country—that country the whole earth; for all there will be but one hope—that hope the whole heaven.

All hail, then, to that noble twentieth century which shall own our children, and which our children shall inherit!

The great question of the day is the question of labor. The political question is solved. The Republic is made, and nothing can unmake it. The social question remains; terrible as it is, it is quite simple; it is a question between those who have, and those who have not. The latter of these two classes must disappear, and for this there is work enough. Think a moment! man is beginning to be master of the earth. If you want to cut through an isthmus, you have Lesseps; if you want to create a sea, you have Roudaire. Look you; there is a people and there is a world; and yet the people have no inheritance, and the world is a desert. Give them to each other, and you make them happy at once. Astonish the universe by heroic deeds that are better than wars. Does the world want conquering? No, it is yours already; it is the property of civilization; it is already waiting for you; no one disputes your title!

Go on, then, and colonize. If you require a sea, make it; and the sea will beget navigation, and navigation will bring cities into being. Only find the man that really wants a plot of land, and then say to him, 'Take it; the land is yours; take it, and cultivate it.'

These plains around you are magnificent; they are worthy to be French, because they have been Roman. They have relapsed into barbarism, and next into savagery. Do away with them. Restore Africa to Europe; and, by the same stroke, restore to one common life the four mother-nations—Greece, Italy, Spain, and France. Make the Mediterranean once more the centre of history. Add England to the fourfold fraternity of nations; associate Shakespeare with Homer.

Meanwhile, be prepared for resistance. Deeds mighty as these must provoke opposition. Isthmuses severed, seas transported, Africa made habitable, these are undertakings that can only be commenced in the face of sarcasm and ridicule. All this must be expected. It is a novel experiment; and sometimes those who make the worst mistakes are those who ought to be the least mistaken. Forty-five years ago, M. Thiers declared that the railway would be a mere toy between Paris and Saint-Germain; another distinguished man, M. Pouillet, confidently predicted that the apparatus of the electric telegraph would be consigned to a cabinet of curiosities. And yet these two playthings have changed the course of the world.

Have faith, then; and let us realize our equality as citizens, our fraternity as men, our liberty in intellectual power. Let us love not only those who love us, but those who love us not. Let us learn to wish to benefit all men. Then everything will be changed; truth will reveal itself; the beautiful will arise; the supreme law will be fulfilled, and the world shall enter upon a perpetual fête day. I say, therefore, have faith!

Look down at your feet, and you see the insect moving in the grass; look upwards, and you will see the star resplendent in the firmament; yet what are they doing? They are both at their work: the insect is doing its work upon the ground, and the star is doing its work in the sky. It is an infinite distance that separates them, and yet while it separates unites. They follow their law. And why should not their law be ours? Man. too, has to submit to universal force, and inasmuch as he submits in body and in soul, he submits doubly. His hand grasps the earth, but his soul embraces heaven; like the insect, he is a thing of dust, but like the star he partakes of the empyrean. He labors and he thinks. Labor is life, and thought is light!


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Peer review should usually take less than 2 months. If longer time has passed since the claim of being under peer review, and there is no sign of progress, it may be disputed.

title: Template:Under peer review


text:
Page:Notes and Queries - Series 1 - Volume 6.djvu/79

 when one of the cats addressed him, "Joaney Reed, Joaney Reed, tell Dan Ratcliffe that Peg Powson is dead." Joaney hurried home to his wife, and instantly informed her of the circumstance, wondering at the same time who Dan Ratcliffe might be; when up sprang the cat from the hearth, and exclaiming "If Peg Powson's dead, it's no time for me to be here," rushed out of the house and was seen no more.

Weather Prophecy. — G. E. G. has not yet had the answer to his inquiry about "oaks and ashes." The proverb is,

The present wet summer gives the lie to the adage, for the oaks were out first.

St. Mark's Eve (Vol. iv., p. 470.).— Your correspondent has alluded to a popular superstition respecting St. Mark's Eve which has interested me very much. I cannot help quoting Collins' lines upon the same subject, and shall much thank, or any of your other correspondents learned in Folk Lore, to adduce some additional instances:—

Ode to Fear.

.

Warmington.

Children's Nails. — It is a general belief among the common people in this neighbourhood (Bottesford Moors), that if a child's finger nails are cut before it is a year old, it will be a thief. Before that time they must be bitten off when they require shortening.

Cheshire Cure for Hooping Cough. — Whilst passing a short time in the neighbourhood of Alderley in Cheshire, I found, among other instances of Folk Lore prevailing there, the propriety of communicating to the bees the death of any of the family keeping hives. I learnt also another case, that of a speedy and efficacious cure for the troublesome complaint the hooping cough, which I think ought to be put on record for the comfort of all mothers and children. The remedy consists in a plain currant cake, to be eaten by the afflicted child, the main virtue of which cake is, however, in its being made by a woman whose maiden name was the same as that of the man she married; and on no account whatever is any payment or compensation to be made directly or indirectly for the cake. My informant has the firmest belief in this specific, he himself having witnessed, in the case of his own child, the beneficial result; but he took care to mention, as probably an advantage, that the cake which cured his child was made by a woman whose mother had also married her namesake.

Sites of Buildings changed, &c.—There are other churches in Lancashire besides Winwick whose sites have been changed by the Devil, and he has also built some bridges; that at Kirkby Lonsdale owes much of its beauty to the string of his apron giving way when he was carrying stones in it. The stones may be seen yet in the picturesque groups of rock below the bridge. Old cross or boundary stones, with a hole full of water, are so common that nobody honours them with a plague story; but we abound in other traditions. According to some a priest, according to others the Devil, stamped his foot into the church wall at Brindle, to prove the truth of Popery; and "George Marsh the Martyr" did the same at Smithells Hall to prove the truth of Protestantism: the foot-marks still remain on the wall and the flag. There is unfortunately such a wearisome sameness in these traditions, one story doing for so many different places (except that at Winwick it was as a pig, at Leyland as a cat, somewhere else as a fish, that Satan played his pranks), that any attempt to gather them together for "N. & Q." would only tire out the editor and all his readers.

Bishop Horne, in his Commentary upon Psalm cxxii., involves me in rather a dilemma. He says:

"Theodore Zuinger, of whom some account may be found in Thuanus, when he lay on his death-bed, took his leave of the world, in a paraphrase on the foregoing psalm; giving it the same turn with that given to it above. It may serve as a finished specimen of the noble and exalted use which a Christian may, and ought to, make of the Psalms of David."

And in the note he says:

"A learned friend has obliged me with a copy of these Latin verses of Zuinger, transcribed from the 303rd page of Vitæ Germanorum Medicorum, by Melchior Adamus. They are as follow:


text:
To England

 * "To England", a poem by Alfred Austin (Now upon English soil I soon shall stand)
 * "To England", a poem by William Browne (Hail, thou my native soil! thou blessed plot)
 * "To England", a poem by Florence Earle Coates (We are not twain, but one: though seas divide us)

title: To England


text: Talk:To England

title: Talk:To England


text: Notes and Queries/Series 1/Volume 6/Northumberland Tradition


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Munsell, Joel

MUNSELL, mŭn'sĕl, (1808-80). An American editor, publisher, and antiquary, born

in Northfield, Mass. He settled in Albany, N. Y., in 1827, and entered journalism. He subsequently became the editor of various publications, among which were the New York State Mechanic, the Lady's Magazine, and the New England Historical and Genealogical Register. He rendered valuable services to the cause of American history by publishing the Annals of Albany (10 vols., 1849-59); Collections on the History of Albany (4 vols., 1855-57); and a series of books, some of considerable value, known as the “Munsell Historical Series.”


text:
To England (Coates)

 * "To England "(1902), as "Together in Way, Together in Heart" (for the Transatlantic Society of America) in The Anglo-American Magazine V. 7 No. 2 pp. 160-61 (February 1902).
 * "To England" (1904), in Mine and Thine (1904).
 * "To England" (1916), in Poems I.

title: To England (Coates)


text:
Index talk:Notes and Queries - Series 1 - Volume 6.djvu

I've made an article Notes and Queries/Series 1/Volume 6/Northumberland Tradition from pp. 70 and 71. I'm listing it here until a table of contents is ready for it to be added to. Xensyria (talk) 22:53, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Notes and Queries/Series 2/Volume 10/Dildrum, King of the Cats and Notes and Queries/Series 2/Volume 11/Doldrum, King of the Cats have also been made, so if you would rather organise it as part of a larger subsection, or rename it to something like /Volume 11/Folk-Lore/Doldrum, King of the Cats or whatnot, then please also make the same corrections to them too. Xensyria (talk) 15:18, 17 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Esmein, Jean Paul Hippolyte Emmanuel Adhémar

ESMEIN, JEAN PAUL HIPPOLYTE EMMANUEL ADHÉMAR (1848-1913), French jurist, was born at Tourvérac, Charente, Feb. 1 1848, In 1888 he became professor of law in the university of Paris, and in 1904 member of the Institute of France. His best-known works are Cours élémentaire d'histoire du droit français (1895) and Éléments de droit constitutionnel français et comparé (1903). He died July 22 1913.


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Essad

ESSAD (c. 1875-1920), Turkish pasha and Albanian leader, sprang from the rich Albanian family of the Toptani, and was born at Elbasan. In his youth he sought and obtained the favour of ‘Abdul Hamid. He entered the political service of the Sultan, enriched himself therein, and, as was then usual, became a pasha while still a young man. In Elbasan he played the leading political part. When the Turkish Revolution broke out, Essad quickly bent his steps to the new path, which seemed to him the most promising, and was deputy for Albania in the first Turkish Parliament. His influence over the somewhat uncertain Albanian population, and the desire of the Constantinople Government not to have so exceedingly cunning and skilful a man for their enemy, led to his being in 1912 given the high command at Scutari, then under siege by the Montenegrins, though he knew almost nothing of military matters. Indeed, he never showed himself to the troops except once, in March 1913, when he had 50 men shot for an insignificant revolt. Political antagonisms and personal motives combined to make the town commandant, Hasan Riza, the target of his hatred. This honourable Old Turk was the soul of the defence of Scutari; and, in order to have a free hand for his own secret dealings with the Montenegrins, Essad had him assassinated on Jan. 13 1913. On April 25 Essad took the lead in the unreal and theatrical ceremony of handing over the fortress to Montenegro, but when the princedom of Albania was constituted after the Balkan War, Essad became Minister of War and also Minister of the Interior to William of Wied, and brought his policy into close touch with that of Italy. During the World War he was president of the Albanian delegation in Paris but appeared at frequent intervals at Salonika and on the Albanian front as a guerrilla leader. He succeeded in bringing about the overthrow, by a so-called National Assembly in Cusonio, of the “Provisional Government of Durazzo” which was under Italian influence, and this National Assembly purposed to proclaim Essad King of Albania. But on June 13 1920 he was killed in front of the Hotel Continental in Paris by Aveni Rustam, an Albanian. (F. C. E.)

title: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Essad


text:
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text:
User talk:163.1.231.136

Jeepday (talk) 23:20, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Response
In response to your question The reason that is was deleted was that no credible arguments for PD are made in the discussion. Default it to delete for Copyright violation questions. Given no information to the contrary one must assume the speech was written before being given, to show PD it would need to have been legal published by the copyright holder (writer) and then not have had the copyright renewed in a timely fashion. Or as an unpublished work 70 years must have passed since the authors death. Publication by the news papers is not considered "legal published by the copyright holder (writer)". If you believe the work meets PD requirements for some reason, I would encourage you to post it at Possible copyright violations for reconsideration. If you have any questions please leave a note on my talk page. Jeepday (talk) 23:20, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:163.1.231.136


text: Author:Franz Carl Endres

title: Author:Franz Carl Endres


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Rh in such a spirit of freedom that one may be allowed to hold true their assertions even when opposed to revealed doctrine."

Can anything stronger be said to discourage research, investigation, experiment, and retard progress? And only sixty years ago! It is but the restatement of what the Church has uttered so many times and for so long that all knowledge, material as well as spiritual, is to be found in the Bible as interpreted by the Church. It was this myth which had stultified the mind of man for 1500 years (during the period in which the Church was dominant); it was this that had killed the urge to search and seek for the truth, which is the goal of all science, the means by which humanity is set on the road to progress. This was the damnable precept foisted on the minds of men which enslaved them throughout the ages, and from which we are just emerging. This was the precept that plunged the world into the Dark Ages, and retarded the advance of mankind for centuries.

This is the reason that it is utterly impossible for the intellectually honest scientist, and for that matter any individual, to reconcile science with religion. On the one hand, that of religion, we have the forces of intolerance, superstition, and the endeavor to besmirch, repress, and ridicule every advance favorable to mankind; to cloak with meaningless words obsolete rites, to stand in the way of human progress, because it does not permit men to think boldly and logically. Science, on the other hand, does not hesitate to tear down old conceptions, and has only one motive, the ultimate truth. Religion has the purpose of keeping the masses in the narrow and false path of only accepted doctrines. The true scientist is the man with the open mind, one who will discard the worthless and accept only the proven good. The religionist closes his mind to all facts which


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 secure Frederick’s reinstatement in the Prussian army; and secondly, his part in the War of the Polish Succession on the Rhine, where he served under his old chief Eugene and held the office of field marshal of the Empire.

With the death of Frederick William in 1740, Frederick succeeded to the Prussian throne, and a few months later took place the invasion and conquest of Silesia, the first act in the long Silesian wars and the test of the work of the “Old Dessauer’s” lifetime. The prince himself was not often employed in the king’s own army, though his sons held high commands under Frederick. The king, indeed, found Leopold, who was reputed, since the death of Eugene, the greatest of living soldiers, somewhat difficult to manage, and the prince spent most of the campaigning years up to 1745 in command of an army of observation on the Saxon frontier. Early in that year his wife died. He was now over seventy, but his last campaign was destined to be the most brilliant of his long career. A combined effort of the Austrians and Saxons to retrieve the disasters of the summer by a winter campaign towards Berlin itself led to a hurried concentration of the Prussians. Frederick from Silesia checked the Austrian main army and hastened towards Dresden. But before he had arrived, Leopold, no longer in observation, had decided the war by his overwhelming victory of Kesselsdorf (December 14, 1745). It was his habit to pray before battle, for he was a devout Lutheran. On this last field his words were, “O Lord God, let me not be disgraced in my old days. Or if Thou wilt not help me, do not help these scoundrels, but leave us to try it ourselves.” With this great victory Leopold’s career ended. He retired from active service, and the short remainder of his life was spent at Dessau, where he died on the 7th of April 1747.

He was succeeded by his son, (1700–1751), who was one of the best of Frederick’s subordinate generals, and especially distinguished himself by the capture of Glogau in 1741, and his generalship at Mollwitz, Chotusitz (where he was made general field marshal on the field of battle), Hohenfriedberg and Soor.

Another son, (d. 1769), was also a distinguished Prussian general.

But the most famous of the sons was (1712–1760), who entered the Prussian army in 1725, saw his first service as a volunteer in the War of the Polish Succession (1734–35), and in the latter years of the reign of Frederick William held important commands. In the Silesian wars of Frederick II., Moritz, the ablest of the old Leopold’s sons, greatly distinguished himself, especially at the battle of Hohenfriedberg (Striegau), 1745. At Kesselsdorf it was the wing led by the young Prince Moritz that carried the Austrian lines and won the “Old Dessauer’s” last fight. In the years of peace preceding the Seven Years’ War, Moritz was employed by Frederick the Great in the colonizing of the waste lands of Pomerania and the Oder Valley. When the king took the field again in 1756, Moritz was in command of one of the columns which hemmed in the Saxon army in the lines of Pirna, and he received the surrender of Rutowski’s force after the failure of the Austrian attempts at relief. Next year Moritz underwent changes of fortune. At the battle of Kolin he led the left wing, which, through a misunderstanding with the king, was prematurely drawn into action and failed hopelessly. In the disastrous days which followed, Moritz was under the cloud of Frederick’s displeasure. But the glorious victory of Leuthen (December 5, 1757) put an end to this. At the close of that day, Frederick rode down the lines and called out to General Prince Moritz, “I congratulate you, Herr Feldmarschall!” At Zorndorf he again distinguished himself, but at the surprise of Hochkirch fell wounded into the hands of the Austrians. Two years later, soon after his release, his wound proved mortal.

ANHYDRITE, a mineral, differing chemically from the more commonly occurring gypsum in containing no water of crystallization, being anhydrous calcium sulphate, CaSO4. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, and has three directions of perfect cleavage parallel to the three planes of symmetry. It is not isomorphous with the orthorhombic barium and strontium sulphates, as might be expected from the chemical formulae. Distinctly developed crystals are somewhat rare, the mineral usually presenting the form of cleavage masses. The hardness is 3½ and the specific gravity 2·9. The colour is white, sometimes greyish, bluish or reddish. On the best developed of the three cleavages the lustre is pearly, on other surfaces it is of the ordinary vitreous type.

Anhydrite is most frequently found in salt deposits with gypsum; it was, for instance, first discovered, in 1794, in a salt mine near Hall in Tirol. Other localities which produce typical specimens of the mineral, and where the mode of occurrence is the same, are Stassfurt in Germany, Aussee in Styria and Bex in Switzerland. At all these places it is only met with at some depth; nearer the surface of the ground it has been altered to gypsum owing to absorption of water.

From an aqueous solution calcium sulphate is deposited as crystals of gypsum, but when the solution contains an excess of sodium or potassium chloride anhydrite is deposited. This is one of the several methods by which the mineral has been prepared artificially, and is identical with its mode of origin in nature, the mineral having crystallized out in salt basins.

The name anhydrite was given by A. G. Werner in 1804, because of the absence of water, as contrasted with the presence of water in gypsum. Other names for the species are muriacite and karstenite; the former, an earlier name, being given under the impression that the substance was a chloride (muriate). A peculiar variety occurring as contorted concretionary masses is known as tripe-stone, and a scaly granular variety, from Vulpino, near Bergamo, in Lombardy, as vulpinite; the latter is cut and polished for ornamental purposes.

ANI (anc. Abnicum), an ancient and ruined Armenian city, in Russian Transcaucasia, government Erivan, situated at an altitude of 4390 ft., between the Arpa-chai (Harpasus) and a deep ravine. In 961 it became the capital of the Bagratid kings of Armenia, and when yielded to the Byzantine emperor (1046) it was a populous city, known traditionally as the “city with the 1001 churches.” It was taken eighteen years later by the Seljuk Turks, five times by the Georgians between 1125 and 1209, in 1239 by the Mongols, and its ruin was completed by an earthquake in 1319. It is still surrounded by a double wall partly in ruins, and amongst the remains are a “patriarchal” church finished in 1010, two other churches, both of the 11th century, a fourth built in 1215, and a palace of large size.

ANICETUS, pope c. 154–167. It was during his pontificate that St Polycarp visited the Roman Church. ANICHINI, LUIGI, Italian engraver of seals and medals, a native of Ferrara, lived at Venice about 1550. Michelangelo pronounced his “Interview of Alexander the Great with the high-priest at Jerusalem,” “the perfection of the art.” His medals of Henry II. of France and Pope Paul III. are greatly valued. ANILINE,, or , (C6H5NH2), an organic base first obtained from the destructive distillation of indigo in 1826 by O. Unverdorben (Pogg. Ann., 1826, 8, p. 397), who named it crystalline. In 1834, F. Runge (Pogg. Ann., 1834, 31, p. 65; 32, p. 331) isolated from coal-tar a substance which produced a beautiful blue colour on treatment with chloride of lime; this he named kyanol or cyanol. In 1841, C. J. Fritzsche showed that by treating indigo with caustic potash it yielded an oil, which he named aniline, from the specific name of one of the

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122 he is unwilling to believe, everything which will endanger his creed. Religion teaches the individual to place all hope, all desire, in a problematical hereafter. The stay on earth is so short compared to the everlasting life to come, that of what interest is this life; all things are vain. The misery, the suffering, of his fellow men leave him cold; he can only think of living in the light of his narrow creed so that he may gain his future reward. How well this philosophy has fitted in with the schemes of the select few for the control of the many!

Truth to the scientific mind is something provisional, a hypothesis that for the present moment best conforms to the recognized tests. It is an evolving conception in a constantly changing universe. It is not that science has attained true conclusions; not that the evidence at hand must remain immutable; but that the scientific method of analyzing and formulating assumptions on the basis of discovery, on ascertained facts, is a superior method to the closed "infallible" method of "revelation." These assumptions, based upon the known facts, lead to a working hypothesis which in turn develops into a theory. If the theory is adopted it must account for the facts known. But the theory is not held as final, it is always changed or abandoned if necessary to conform to the new discovered data. Science welcomes the critical attitude that leads to the refinement of its theories. There may be today various theories held by scientists in which they are mistaken, but the question of the method by which they arrive at conclusions can no longer be under consideration with regard to its validity.

To the scientific mind, knowledge is something to be arrived at by study and research. To the religionist, knowledge is something that is contained in an infallible and supernatural statement or insight. Religion exalts the


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive  : used except in the common interest. The Congress hereby finds that the efforts of the United States and other countries to promote peace and security in furtherance of the purposes of the Charter of the United Nations require additional measures of support based upon the principle of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid. These measures include the furnishing of military assistance essential to enable the United States and other nations dedicated to the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter to participate effectively in arrangements for individual and collective self-defense in support of those purposes and principles. In furnishing such military assistance, it remains the policy of the United States to continue to exert maximum efforts to obtain agreements to provide the United Nations with armed forces as contemplated in the Charter and agreements to achieve universal control of weapons of mass destruction and universal regulation and reduction of armaments, including armed forces, under adequate safeguards to protect complying nations against violation and evasion.

 * "The Congress hereby expresses itself as favoring the creation by the free countries and the free peoples of the Far East of a joint organization, consistent with the Charter of the United Nations, to establish a program of self-help and mutual cooperation designed to develop their economic and social well-being, to safeguard basic rights and liberties and to protect their security and independence.

 * "The Congress recognizes that economic recovery is essential to international peace and security and must be given clear priority. The Congress also recognizes that the increased confidence of free peoples in their ability to resist direct or indirect aggression and to maintain internal security will advance such recovery and support political stability."

While Congress was deliberating on MDAP, the staff of the National Security Council, at the request of the Secretary of Defense, had been reexamining U.S. policy toward Asia. In June, 1949, the Secretary had noted that he was:

 * "...increasingly concerned at the...advance of communism in large areas of the world and particularly the successes of communism in China...."

 * "A major objective of United States policy, as I understand it, is to contain communism in order to reduce its threat to our security. Our actions in Asia should be part of a carefully considered and comprehensive plan to further that objective."

Rh

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Rh transcendental; science manipulates only the material. To the consistent religionist, his belief, as such, determine the fact; to the scientist it is the evidence that establishes the fact. To the religionist truth is something that is unchanging, that is fixed, final, and heretical to question. Confronted with a constantly changing universe, he would delude himself that his inner convictions give him a finality concerning his evolving environment. It is therefore not so much Science that the religionist is fighting, but the scientific method. This scientific method of approach, he rightly perceives, has so pervaded our mode of thinking that it is the subtle and most disintegrating force that is shattering the religious foundations.

Dr. James T. Shotwell, speaking of the scientific method, concludes, "But whatever strictures philosophy may pass upon the conclusions of science, as merely, relative and provisional, there is no clearer fact in the history of thought, that its attitudes and methods have been at opposite poles from those of religion. It does no good to blink the fact, established as it is by the most positive proofs of history and psychology. Science has made headway by attempting to eliminate mystery so far as it can. Religion, on the other hand, has stressed mystery and accepted it in its own terms. Science is the product of bold adventure, pushing into the realm of the mysterious to interpret its phenomena in terms of the investigator; religion enters this same realm to give itself up to the emotional reactions. Science is the embodiment of the sense of control, religion yields the control to that power which moves in the shadow of the woods by night, and the glory of the morning hills ...

"Science does not justify by faith, but by works. It is the living denial of that age-long acceptance which we accord to the mystery—as such. It renounces authority,


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124 cuts athwart custom, violates the sacred, rejects the myths. It adjusts itself to the process of change whose creative impulse it itself supplies. Not semper idem but semper alterum is the keynote of science. Each discovery of something new involves the discarding of something old. Above all, it progresses by doubting rather than by believing." (James T. Shotwell: "The Religious Revolution of To-day.")

''There has never been an advance in science of widespread importance which in some manner or other endangered some mouldy religious concept, that the Church has not bitterly opposed; an advance which in time has proven of inestimable benefit for all mankind. A glance at the history of human progress will reveal scores of such instances.''

The two rival divisions of the Christian Church, Protestant and Catholic, have always been in accord on one point, that is, to tolerate no science except such as they considered to be agreeable to the Scriptures. It was the decree of the Lateran Council of 1515 that ordered that no books should be .printed but such as had been inspected by the ecclesiastical censors, under pain of excommunication and fine.

It is easily understood that having declared the Bible to contain all knowledge both scientific and spiritual, and then passing a decree ordering no books to be printed which did not agree on all points with the Church's interpretation of the Bible, the Church was in absolute control of all thought, both written and spoken.

It was to no advantage for the scholar, to investigate any new fields, for all knowledge which was possible for the mind to discover had already been revealed in the Scriptures. Thus declared the Church. We understand why it was that Copernicus did not permit his book to be published until he was dying. We understand also that


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Rh when Galileo and Bruno had the courage of their convictions, and gave voice to their beliefs, they were persecuted. Galileo was made to recant a discovery that the youngest of children now takes for granted. Bruno was burnt at the stake.

We know that astronomy was at a standstill under Church domination, chemistry was forbidden, and the study of natural philosophy was contradicted; while anthropology, which showed on what mythical foundations the story of the fall of man rests, was squelched. The attitude of the Church on geography was hostile to the truth, as witness the persecutions of those who dared to venture that the earth was round. Botany, mathematics, and geometry, as well as the natural sciences, slumbered. Geology, which proved that the earth was more than 6000 years old, was anathematized; archeologists had the greatest difficulty to expound the truth concerning the antiquity of the human race. In purely civil matters, the clergy opposed fire and marine insurance on the ground that it was a tempting of Providence. Life insurance was regarded as an act of interference with the consequence of God's will. Medicine met the most strenuous of opposition.

It is impossible in this short study to analyze the specific forms of retardation which the Church exhibited to all of these branches of learning, whose only endeavor it was to search for the truth, to state the facts, and to alleviate and make more bearable man's sojourn on this earth. However, a few of the many instances of retardation on the part of the Church will be pointed out.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Esthonia

ESTHONIA (Eesti) was declared an independent republic on May 19 1919. The former Russian province of Esthonia (see ) was extended by the Russian law of April 12 1917 over the four northern districts of Livonia, inhabited by Esthonians, namely Pernau (Parnu), Fellin (Viljandi), Dorpat (Tartu, russ. Youriev) and Verro, and the island of Osel or Ezel (Saaremaa). The Russo-Esthonian peace treaty of Feb. 2 1920 added Narva, parts of the Yamburg and Gdov districts of the province of Petrograd and of the district of Pechori (Petserimaa) of the province of Pskov. This new strategic frontier runs from 10 m. E. of the Narova river across the Peipus lake towards Isborsk. The western frontier bordering Latvia includes the town of Valk ceded to Esthonia by arbitration on ethnographical grounds, and runs in the same direction towards the Baltic Sea. Thus Esthonia's political boundaries coincide almost completely with the linguistic extension of the race. The area, 18,300 sq. m., is larger than Switzerland, Denmark or Holland.

The population of the former province of Esthonia was estimated in Jan. 1913 at 492,000; United Esthonia, as the republic is called, has a pop. of 1,500,000 (according to Martna 1,750,000). About 90% of the pop. belong to the Esthonian race, 4% to the Russian and 2.4% to the German Balto-Saxons (called Balts, Germano-Balts, in Esthonia “Saksa,” who formerly numbered 21,800, 4,700 forming the nobility, 300 the clergy). There were in Dec. 1920 about 40,000 resident foreigners, chiefly Russians.

Until 1918 the Balts were economically preponderant both in town and country. To this class belonged most of the owners of the big estates (“Baltic barons”), the commercial magnates and the chief traders and merchants in the larger towns, but great changes have since taken place. During 1897-1900 the average annual rate of increase showed a slow growth of pop., 9.3 per 1,000 in Esthonia and 8.0 in Livonia. About 300,000 Esthonians are colonists in Russia and Siberia, having emigrated chiefly because of the economic dependence of the landless agricultural population. Before the war the birth-rate averaged 28, the death-rate 20 per 1,000. The predominant religion is Protestant, with a small number of Greek Orthodox Christians.

Origin of the Esthonian Republic. — The declaration of independence of May 19 1919 stated that “no material improvement had been effected by the Russian revolution in 1917,” that later “Esthonia was sacrificed to Germany under the Brest-Litovsk Treaty”; that in Nov. 1918 “the Soviet armies attacked her, bringing in their train more suffering and misery”; and that “in consideration of this the Esthonian nation was under no obligation to respect the union with Russia.” After the fall of Tsardom the Esthonians feared anarchy more than Russification, but after the defeat of Russia it was German preponderance which they chiefly dreaded. They were thus virtually compelled to declare for independence. On April 12 1917 the Russian provisional Government accorded the enlarged Esthonian province a representative body (Diet, “Maapaen” or “Maanoukogu”) and the right to recall all their nationals from the Russian colours with a view to the formation of a national defence force. On July 1 and Nov. 15 1918 the Diet declared its independence and rejected the proffered aid of Germany. With the exception of their Bolshevik section, all Esthonian political parties under the leadership of K. Paetz and others based their policy on the defeat of Germany, although that country's power was still unbroken. The Balto-Saxons, on the contrary, especially the majority of the gentry, released from the allegiance to the throne, which to most of them meant the Russian State, decided to turn to Germany for help. Their disbelief in the creative power of the Esthonian people at that moment was all the more to be excused, seeing that the capital was under the rule of Esthonian Bolsheviks, whose leader, Anwelt, was openly preparing a reign of red terror. The marshal of the nobility, Baron Dellingshausen, on Jan. 28 1918 invited the Germans to occupy Esthonia; they took Revel on Feb. 25. Over a hundred hostages were taken by the retiring Bolsheviks; of these Dellingshausen was to be tried in Petrograd, whilst the majority were transported under ghastly conditions to Siberia; through the intervention of Germany they were, however, repatriated. On Feb. 24 an Esthonian provisional Government was formed (Paetz, Wilms, Poska, Larko, Kukk and others) and an independent republic proclaimed. Germany did not recognize this Government, but established a regime of military occupation under which the Balts were made dominant; this lasted over eight months. The German occupation widened the gulf between class and race and postponed the formation of an Esthonian force hostile to Germany. Still the power of the local

was broken, many lives were saved and thousands of Esthonians effected their escape from Soviet Russia. England, France and Italy, informed of the views of Esthonia, expressed in May their readiness to grant provisional recognition to the Esthonian National Council as a de facto independent body (Prize case of the ss. “Kayak,” Admiralty Court of Appeal, Jan.-Feb. 1919), while the German Emperor was considering the request initiated by the Baltic nobility (April 13) for annexation by Germany. There could hardly have been a greater contrast between the two sections of the Esthonian population. The Nov. Armistice contained a clause compelling the Germans to maintain order and law in the occupied territories of Russia, while neither the Allies nor the local governments which came into being had sufficient forces available to resist the advance of the Russian red forces and the rising of the local pro-Bolsheviks. Even then the Esthonian National Council insisted upon taking over all responsibility; on Nov. 14 the German representative, the Social-Democrat deputy Winnig, resigned in their favour. On Nov. 19 an evacuation agreement was signed, which, however, had not the expected effect of leaving the Esthonians in possession of the military stores, etc. All that was available for the defence of the country were two units, some 600 men strong, under Col. Weiss, of Baltic volunteers (the Baltic regiment), including 18 barons, Stackelberg in the ranks, prepared to assist in combating Bolshevism. At first Gen. Laidoner, later knighted by the King, had at his disposal this intrepid corps, besides 3,000 volunteers from Finland under Gen. Wetzer, enlisted by means of a loan of 20 million mks. guaranteed by the Revel banks. The Esthonian units in process of formation were at that moment keener against the retiring Germans than against the Bolsheviks.

The War against Soviet Russia (Nov. 1919 to Feb. 2 1920). — The Russian red army — nominally Esthonian Communists — invaded Esthonia as the German troops retired. For some weeks three-fourths of Esthonia experienced the full measure of Bolshevik methods. The cruelties and massacres at Dorpat (liberated Jan. 14 1919), Narva, Vesenberg, etc., produced an anti-Bolshevik feeling among the Esthonian soldiery. A Finnish loan and war material from Great Britain helped to arrest the enemy's advance 30 m. from Revel, and the Bolsheviks were driven out of the country in the course of a month. But fresh forces were threatened — Latvia having become Bolshevik — all along the 300 m. of land frontier. With the help of the British navy, which in Dec. prevented the Bolshevik fleet from taking Revel, it again became possible in May to land forces in the rear of the enemy (Luga river) in coöperation with Russian anti-Bolshevik forces, a coöperation which tended to grow less close towards the autumn. The commanding town of Pskov was taken when an unexpected incident threatening a new German danger necessitated military operations in the direction of Riga. This town (see ) had on May 22 been liberated by a daring raid in which a decisive part was played by the Baltic Landeswehr under the command of a German, Major Fletcher, one-third of which consisted of volunteers from Germany. The advance of this force northwards conflicted with the views of the Entente powers. The Esthonians detached troops and armoured trains to this new front. Fighting began near Venden (June 2), an armistice declared on June 11 was broken, and fighting continued near Rup (June 13), followed by a victorious advance towards Riga. According to the terms of the armistice of July 3, drawn up by Gen. Sir H. Gough, while the Baltic section obtained an English commander, Col. A. R. Alexander, the purely German section of the opponents had to evacuate Riga, where the Latvian Government of Ulmanis was reëstablished. Esthonia received the thanks of the Lettish National Assembly for the liberation of northern Latvia, and an agreementfor mutual help the nucleus of a Baltic federation — was signed on July 20. Another incident described as “a German conspiracy against Latvia” diverted the Esthonian forces from the Bolshevik front — the Bermondt affair; an arrangement made by Gen. Marsh in July for a combined advance in Sept., with the help of Bermondt's Russo-German volunteer force, was cancelled at the instance of Latvia, and the Esthonians had again to assist Latvia. Meanwhile, in order to

divide their enemies, the Soviet Government offered peace to Esthonia. The North-Western Government retorted by recognizing Esthonia's independence (Aug. 11). A sum of $50,000,000 was advanced by the United States (Aug. 15), Russian vessels were sunk by the English in the Kronstadt harbour, and the Esthonians continued to assist — though half-heartedly — the ineffective offensive against Petrograd in Oct. After Sept. 12, in accordance with a vote of the Constituent Assembly, the Esthonians prepared the ground in Latvia, Lithuania and Finland for peace negotiations with Russia. (The Dorpat Conferences, Sept. 29-Oct. 1, and Nov. 9, further developed the idea of a Baltic federation.) On Nov. 20 Gen. Yudenich handed over the command to Gen. Laidoner, and on Nov. 26 terminated his military operations. The Soviet army was stopped at Narva (Nov. 22) and the Russian white army sought refuge in Esthonia. On Dec. 1 peace pourparlers were resumed. On Dec. 4 hostages were exchanged as provided in the armistice signed at Dorpat (Dec. 3). After extensive negotiations (Krassin, later Joffe, for the Soviet Power, J. Poska for Esthonia) a treaty of peace was signed on Feb. 2 1920, and approved by the London declaration of Feb. 24. The chief stipulations of this treaty provided for the suppression of all armed vessels on the Peipus lake; Russia declared herself prepared to join in any future recognition of the international neutrality of Esthonia; foreign troops were to be demobilized (Russian white army); Russian State property devolved to Esthonia, Russia to pay 15,000,000 gold rubles (about £1,500,000) while Esthonia was not to be held responsible for Russia's debts (this was counter to the French point of view); Russia was to return all property removed from Esthonia; Esthonia to have the preferential right to build a railway from Revel to Moscow; a timber concession for 2,600,000 ac.; a favoured-nation clause and the fixing of a strategic frontier and ethnographic boundaries in the Pechora district were included. Russia obtained the concession that transit freights should in no case exceed the local charges and that no import and transit duties should be levied by Esthonia; further she obtained preferential rights' to the electric power from the Narova waterfalls. Russia, anxious to extend her outlet towards the West, offered similar advantages to Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, the Ukraine, Georgia and Poland, thus creating a new situation in Eastern Europe. Esthonia was the first to become the continental market of exchange for the trade between Western Europe and Russia (under Gukovsky, chief of the Soviet trade delegation at Revel, which became a centre of speculation).

Esthonian policy before and after the peace was in close touch with Great Britain (missions of Gen. Gough, Gen. Talent, Col. Percy Gordon) and the United States (Col. Green, Prof. Morrison). Esthonia received from these countries respectively military, financial and medical aid (e.g. against typhoid imported by Russian refugees), as well as moral support in consolidating her independence and in coping with the preponderance of the gentry, the pro-German or pro-Russian reactionary barons. The problem involved in the land question deserves special attention, being typical of the changes initiated in all the border states (Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Rumanian Bessarabia and Georgia), which adopted the system of appropriation by the State of all large agricultural estates without adequate compensation, the management of forests by the State, and the sub-division of arable land into small holdings (decrees of Dec. 17 and Feb. 28 1918, the Land Act of Oct. 10 1919). A Constituent Assembly was convened after the liberation of the territory on April 28.

The Church is separated from the State, all glebe land and incomes based upon former public law being abolished without compensation by the Land Act. The Minister for Foreign Affairs, J. Poska (d. 1920), supported by the Constituent Assembly, negotiated the peace with Soviet Russia and prepared the de jure recognition of Esthonia. The decision of the Supreme Council at Paris on this matter (Jan. 21 1921) was not adopted by the United States. Admission to the League of Nations was refused on Dec. 17 1920 owing to the attitude of the French and British delegates.

At the municipal elections the Social Democrats lost a number of seats, but on the other hand Communistic plots were sporadically referred to in the press.

(A. M.)

title: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Esthonia


text: Author:Alexander Feliksovich Meyendorff

title: Author:Alexander Feliksovich Meyendorff


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive The NSC study responding to the Secretary's request is remarkable for the rarity of its specific references to Indochina. The staff study focused, rather, on generalities concerning the conflict between the interests of European metropoles and the aspirations of subject Asian peoples for independence. The following extract is from the section of the study dealing with Southeast Asia:

 * "The current conflict between colonialism and native independence is the most important political factor in southeast Asia. This conflict results not only from the decay of European imperial power in the area but also from a widening political consciousness and the rise of militant nationalism among the subject peoples. With the exception of Thailand and the Philippines, the southeast Asia countries do not possess leaders practiced in the exercise of responsible power. The question of whether a colonial country is fit to govern itself, however, is not always relevant in practical politics. The real issue would seem to be whether the colonial country is able and determined to make continued foreign rule an overall losing proposition for the metropolitan power. If it is, independence for the colonial country is the only practical solution, even though misgovernment eventuates. A solution of the consequent problem of instability, if it arises, must be sought on a non-imperialist plane. In any event, colonial-nationalist conflict provides a fertile field for subversive communist activities, and it is now clear that southeast Asia is the target of a coordinated offensive directed by the Kremlin. In seeking to gain control of southeast Asia, the Kremlin is motivated in part by a desire to acquire southeast Asia's resources and communication lines, and to deny them to us. But the political gains which would accrue to the USSR from communist capture of southeast Asia are equally significant. The extension of communist authority in China represents a grievous political defeat for us; if southeast Asia also is swept by communism we shall have suffered a major political rout the repercussions of which will be felt throughout the rest of the world, especially in the Middle East and in a then critically exposed Australia. The United States should continue to use its influence looking toward resolving the colonial nationalist conflict in such a way as to satisfy the fundamental demands of the nationalist-colonial conflict, lay the basis for political stability and resistance to communism, and avoid weakening the colonial powers who are our western allies. However, it must be remembered that the long colonial tradition in Asia has left the peoples of that area suspicious of Western influence. We must approach the problem from the Asiatic point of view in so far as possible and should refrain from taking the lead in movements which must of necessity be of Asian origin. It will therefore be to our interest wherever possible

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive  : to encourage the peoples of India, Pakistan, the Philippines and other Asian states to take the leadership in meeting the common problems of the area....

 * "It would be to the interest of the United States to make use of the skills, knowledge and long experience of our European friends and, to whatever extent may be possible, enlist their cooperation in measures designed to check the spread of USSR influence in Asia. If members of the British Commonwealth, particularly India, Pakistan, Australia and New Zealand, can be persuaded to join with the United Kingdom and the United States in carrying out constructive measures of economic, political and cultural cooperation, the results will certainly be in our interest. Not only will the United States be able thus to relieve itself of part of the burden, but the cooperation of the white nations of the Commonwealth will arrest any potential dangers of the growth of a white-colored polarization."

On December 30, 1949, the National Security Council met with President Truman presiding, discussed the NSC staff study, and approved the following conclusions:

 * "As the basis for realization of its objectives, the United States should pursue a policy toward Asia containing the following components:

 * "a. The United States should make known its sympathy with the efforts of Asian leaders to form regional associations of non-Communist states of the various Asian areas, and if in due course associations eventuate, the United States should be prepared, if invited, to assist such associations to fulfill their purposes under conditions which would be to our interest, The following principles should guide our actions in this respect:

 * (1) Any association formed must be the result of a genuine desire on the part of the participating nations to cooperate for mutual benefit in solving the political, economic, social and cultural problems of the area.

 * (2) The United States must not take such an active part in the early stages of the formation of such an association that it will be subject to the charge of using the Asiatic nations to further United States ambitions.

 * (3) The association, if it is to be a constructive force, must operate on the basis of mutual aid and self-help in all fields so that a true partnership may exist based on equal rights and equal obligations.

 * (4) United States participation in any stage of the development of such an association should be with a view to accomplishing our basic objectives in Asia and to assuring that any

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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eucken, Rudolf Christoph

EUCKEN, RUDOLF CHRISTOPH (1846-), German philosopher and religious teacher (see ). During the World War Eucken, like many of his academic colleagues, took a strong line in favour of the causes with which his country had associated itself. After the war he became the chief leader of the new idealist movement in Germany, which obtained many adherents among politicians as well as among sections of the general public hitherto averse to the tendencies it represents. The representatives of the main current of this movement regarded Christianity as the culminating point of religious aspirations, but based no hopes upon the Christian churches ever deepening the religious consciousness. Other currents continued to identify themselves more or less with the churches, and a common ground was found in great assemblies of men and women of the younger generation,

generally in the open air, where plans were discussed for strengthening the moral fibre of the nation in view of the overwhelming problems arising out of Germany's political and military collapse.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eugene, Archduke

EUGENE, ARCHDUKE (1863-), Austro-Hungarian field-marshal, was born May 21 1863 at Gross-Seelowitz in Moravia. In his military career he had become commander of the XIV. (Innsbruck) Corps and army inspector when, before the outbreak of the World War, considerations of health compelled his retirement. It was only after the retreat of the Austro-Hungarian troops from Serbia in Dec. 1914 that the Emperor handed over to him the command of the army holding the Danube-Save line. After the Italian declaration of war the Archduke took over the command on the south-western front. At the time of its greatest extension his constantly changing area of command stretched from the Ortler to the sea. The battles fought under his directions on the Isonzo and on the Tirol front formed a series of successes. As a staff commander the Archduke was associated with Gen. Alfred Krauss (born 1862 at Zara), who was also known as a writer on military subjects. Under the new regulations concerning army commands in Jan. 1918 the Archduke received no further active command. As Grand Master of the Teutonic Order he remained unmarried. His unaffected character made him very popular.


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 tion who had right to the meeting-house, and the Court of Session decided in favour of Mr. Smytan and his adherents. The swarm that went off built a new meeting-house, and the two bodies were vulgarly called the Lifters and Antilifters, or the New and Auld Light. The Burghers and Antiburghers, the Lifters and Antilifters, and the New and Auld Light, have associated and re-associated, and are now principally connected with the United Presbyterian Church. The Smytanites have sunk into oblivion.

HENSHAW (2 nd S. x. 331., &c.) Since my Query relative to the name of Henshaw, I have referred to Elisha Coles' s English Dictionary, and found the word haw means black. May not the name have been adopted in allusion to the arms argent, a chevron between three heronshaw ? In all the various drawings of the arms, the birds are always sable. G. W. M. STATIONERS OF THE MIDDLE AGES (2 nd S. x. 514.) As a help to MR. GOUGH NICHOLS, in his wish to discover some example of the early use of the Latin word Stationarius in this country, I would refer him to the council held at London by the Abp. of Canterbury, Thomas Arundle, A.D. 1408, against the Wycliffites and Lollards. In its sixth decree it ordains : "Quod nullus libellus sive tractatus, &c. amodo legatur in scolis, &c. nisi per universitatem Oxonii aut Cantabri- giaa primitus examinatur, &c. et universitatis nomine ac auctoritate stacionariis tradatur ut copietur, et facta col- latione fideli petentibus vendatur justo pretio sive detur, &c." Condi. Britann., ed. Spelman, ii. 665. From the unqualified and ready way in which the archbishop uses the word, it seems that both the name as well as trade were well known, and of somewhat old standing in England, at the be- ginning of the fifteenth century. The celebrated English canonist, William Lynd- wood, who died, A.D. 1446, in his gloss upon this very constitution, says : '^Stationariis, i. e. His, in quorum statione libri sunt ex- positi ad vendendum. Est enim statio locus ubi naves vel rnerces tute stare possimt ad tempus. . . Et sic simi- liter potest statio dici locus ille ubi aliquis pro tempore exponit aliquas merces venal es," &c. Provinciate, &c., ed. W. Lyndwood, Oxoniae, 1679, p. 285. D. EOCK. Brook Green. MR. NICHOLS says in his Note on this subject, that he is " desirous to discover some example of the early use of the Latin word Stationarius in this country." The following note from the cata- logue of Sir J. Savile's books, appears to give exactly what is desired : " A leaf of contemporary MS. is preserved in this vo- lume (a French Livy of 1486) of very peculiar curiosity and interest as regards the first printer at Oxford. The heading is as follows : " Secuuntur Inventorium librorum quos ego Thomas Hunt, Stationarius Universitatis Oxoniensis, recepo de Magistro petro actore et Johanne de Aquisgrano, ad ven- dendum, cum precis cujuslibet libri etpromitofidelitur re- stiturus libros aut pecunias secundum precium inferiua scriptum prout patebit in sequentibus, anno MCCCC. octo- gesimo tertio.' " The extract is certainly most curious and inter- esting for the history of bookselling, and worthy of being printed in a place where it can more easily be found than a sale catalogue. F. S. ELLIS. . King Street, Covent Garden. HADDISCOE FONT (2 nd S. x. 411.) There is at Pewsey, in Wiltshire, an arrangement similar to that described by MR. D'AVENEY as existing at Haddiscoe. I have not been into the church at Pewsey for many years, and therefore feel in- competent to describe details with accuracy ; but I recollect that the font is placed close to the south-westernmost pier of the nave, and that im- mediately above the font is a niche sunk into the pier, which is, by tradition, considered to have been a receptacle for the holy oil used in baptism. PATONCE. PRINCE MAURICE (2 nd S. xi. 11.) R. R. does not give any idea of the information he himself pos- sesses relative to Prince Maurice. He thus leaves rather a wide field for reply. Should R. R. not have seen the following works, he may consult them with advantage : History of the Wars of Flanders, by Cardinal Bentivoglio, Englished from the Italian, by Henry Earl of Monmouth, fol. 1678, commencing at p. 189. Though written by an enemy to the Low Country struggle, the learned Grotius commends it for its impartiality. Hugo Grotius's De Rebus Belgicis ; or the An- nals and History of the Low Countrey Warrs by T. M. (T. Manley), 12mo. 1665, pp. 145-937. Little is said in Bentivoglio of Barnevelt. At p. 375. (mispaged 373.), he is styled the Advocate- General of the Province of Holland. His speech, in 1607, against Prince Maurice, is there given at length. Barnevelt's name does not appear in the Index of Manley's Grotius, but it occurs in the text at pp. 917. 938., and elsewhere. Among the Cottonian MSS. in the British Mu- seum are many papers of great interest and value concerning the prince. R. R. will find them in Galba, C. vn. pp. 302. 306., vnr. 176. b. 180. 189. b. 407. 409. ; D. n. 80. 338., iv. 222., v. 300., vm. 104. 129., x. 20. 148., 183. b., xi. 73. 131. 202., xii. 115. ; E. 1. 120. 124.; Cal. E. xi. 204. ; Nero, B. vi. 331.333. M. S. R. Brompton Barracks. NAMES ON JAMAICA MONUMENTS (2 nd S. x. 404.) SPAL is informed that the last in his list of Jamaica names, " Hill Hochryn," misrepresents Hill Hotchkin, the wife of Robert Hotchkin, Esq., Attorney-General, Her maiden name was Boui-


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive  : association formed will be in accord with Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations dealing with regional arrangements.

 * "b. The United States should act to develop and strengthen the security of the area from Communist external aggression or internal subversion. These steps should take into account any benefits to the security of Asia which may flow from the development of one or more regional groupings. The United States on its own initiative should now:

 * (1) Improve the United States position with respect to Japan, the Ryukyus and the Philippines.

 * (2) Scrutinize closely the development of threats from Communist aggression, direct or indirect, and be prepared to help within our means to meet such threats by providing political, economic, and military assistance and advice where clearly needed to supplement the resistance of the other governments in and out of the area which are more directly concerned.

 * (3) Develop cooperative measures through multilateral or bilateral arrangements to combat Communist internal subversion.

 * (4) Appraise the desirability and the means of developing in Asia some form of collective security arrangements, bearing in mind the following considerations:

 * (a) The reluctance of India at this time to join in any anti-Communist security pact and the influence this will have among the other nations of Asia.

 * (b) The necessity of assuming that any collective security arrangements which might be developed be based on the principle of mutual aid and on a demonstrated desire and ability to share in the burden by all the participating states,

 * (c) The necessity of assuring that any such security arrangements would be consonant with the purposes of any regional association which may be formed in accordance with paragraph 3-a above.

 * (d) The necessity of assuring that any such security arrangement would be in conformity with the provisions of Article 51 of the Charter relating to individual and collective self-defense.

 * "c. The United States should encourage the creation of an atmosphere favorable to economic recovery and development in non-Communist Asia, and to the revival of trade along multilateral, non-discriminatory lines. The economic policies of the

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive  : United States should be adapted to promote, where possible, economic conditions that will contribute to political stability in friendly countries of Asia, but the United States should carefully avoid assuming responsibility for the economic welfare and development of that continent...."

 * "h. The United States should continue to use its influence in Asia toward resolving the colonial-nationalist conflict in such a way as to satisfy the fundamental demands of the nationalist movement while at the same time minimizing the strain on the colonial powers who are our Western allies. Particular attention should be given to the problem of French Indo-China and action should be taken to bring home to the French the urgency of removing the barriers to the obtaining by Bao Dai or other non-Communist nationalist leaders of the support of a substantial proportion of the Vietnamese....

 * "i. Active consideration should be given to means by which all members of the British Commonwealth may be induced to play a more active role in collaboration with the United States in Asia. Similar collaboration should be obtained to the extent possible from other non-Communist nations having interests in Asia.

 * "j. Recognizing that the non-Communist governments of South Asia already constitute a bulwark against Communist expansion in Asia, the United States should exploit every opportunity to increase the present Western orientation of the area and to assist, within our capabilities, its governments in their efforts to meet the minimum aspirations of their people and to maintain internal security."

Thus, in the closing months of 1949, the course of U.S. policy was set to block further communist expansion in Asia: by collective security if the Asians were forthcoming, by collaboration with major European allies and commonwealth nations, if possible, but bilaterally if necessary. On that policy course lay the Korean War of 1950–1953, the forming of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization of 1954, and the progressively deepening U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

 * b.

On December 30, 1949, the French signed over ten separate implementing agreements relating to the transfer of internal administration in Vietnam to Bao Dai's State of Vietnam, in accordance with the Elysee Agreement of March 8, 1949. By January, 1950, Mao's legions had reached Vietnam's northern frontier, and North Vietnam was moving into the Sino-Soviet orbit. A Department of State telegram reviewed U.S. policy as of 20 January 1950: Rh

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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Optophone

OPTOPHONE. The optophone is an instrument for enabling totally blind people to read ordinary letterpress, such as a printed book or newspaper, without the necessity of printing it in raised type to be read by touch. The instrument was

invented in 1914 by Dr. E. E. Fournier d'Albe, then a lecturer in physics in the university of Birmingham. It is based upon the properties of selenium, an element which is a better electrical conductor in light than in darkness. A beam of light is rendered intermittent by the interposition of a revolving siren disc and is then concentrated into a small bright point on the paper to be read. If the point on the paper is white, it will reflect the light; if it is black it will not. A selenium cell placed close to the paper, on receiving the reflected beam of intermittent light, will respond to each flash by a change in conductivity, and if the frequency of the flashes is of the “musical” order (between 30 and 30,000 flashes per second), a telephone receiver connected with the selenium and a battery will sound a musical note. A blind person could thus tell whether the paper is black or white.

That is the principle of the optophone. In practice a small row of luminous points is substituted for a single point, and each point in the row is given a different frequency by suitably perforating the siren disc. The row, usually of five or six points, just fills up the size of the tall letters of the print to be read. When the whole row falls upon the black stem of a letter there is silence in the telephone. As the letters pass their various shapes are indicated by the sounding or silence of the different notes, and after some practice the blind person learns to recognize letters from their sounds, and so to read ordinary type.

The first reading test was given by the inventor in March 1917, the matter read being a leading article in The Times. In Aug. 1918, Miss Mary Jameson, a blind pupil from Norwood, gave the first public reading demonstrations, reading an unknown page from a book at a speed of about two words per minute. Later, with an improved instrument, she attained a speed of about 20 words per minute. A new type of optophone was brought out in 1920 by Barr & Stroud, of Glasgow. In this instrument two selenium cells were used, balanced against each other in such a manner that white paper produced silence, and the black letters themselves made the musical sounds. Reading demonstrations were also given with this instrument, but any advantage in the way of ease of reading was found to be counter-balanced by a greater delicacy and complexity of adjustment. The new type is known as the “black-sounder,” and the original type is termed the “white-sounder.” The latter type was approved by the Inventions and Research Committee of the National Institute for the Blind in 1921 after an exhaustive series of tests. The optophone is intended to place the world's printed literature once more within reach of the blind. It is applicable, without special preparation, to any language, and can also be used for reading typescript, but not handwriting.

 * (E. E. F. D'A.)

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 is quite mistaken in supposing that he has given the real Irish words, of which this is a corruption. His line will not fit, as it must be of no more than seven or eight syllables; being, of which he seems not aware, the burden of an English song of the four-foot measure:—

"When as I view your comely grace." "Collino castoré me."

In the old copies this is printed Calmie custure me; but Malone discovered the song, and gave the passage as it stands now, and got from an Irish teacher, of the name of Finnerty, the following translation — "Little girl of my heart for ever and ever" — of which the two first words alone are right. How Finnerty got the "for ever and ever," I am unable to guess; but he seems to have had an indistinct idea of the true meaning of the whole. I presume the real Irish may have been—

"Colleen óg a stór mo chree." (.) "Young girl, the treasure of my heart."

In Love's Labour's Lost (Act III. Sc. 1.), Armado says, "Warble child," &c.; and Moth begins, "Concolinel." This we are told is some Italian song which cannot now be discovered; but surely no Italian song began with Con colonello, the only Italian words that would agree with it. My own opinion is, that it is Irish, the second and third syllables being the Irish Colleen ; and if, with my very slight knowledge of Irish, I might venture to give a guess at the original of the whole, I would say it was "Do'n colleen alwin" (’) "To the lovely girl," — the printer giving C for D. This conjecture, however, I give under correction; it may perhaps lead some better Irish scholar than myself to a more probable solution.

.

(2nd S. x. 472. 518.) — I can inform F. H. that this tragedy is by the celebrated poet Vondel. Its title is Palamedes, oft Vermoorde Onnooselheyd ("P. or Murdered Innocence"), alluding to the murder of Barneveldt. The poet was fined 300 florins, and had to take flight. Thirty editions were sold in a few years.

(1st S. vi. 70.; 2nd S. x. 463.) — This tale is told in Ireland also, "with a difference" which makes it somewhat more poetical. [By the bye, Doldrum, not Dildrum, was the Lancashire cat-king: in these days of dynastic vicissitude, "N. & Q." should be especially correct about royal matters; posterity might be puzzled else.] A county-of-Meath farmer was riding home at nightfall, when, in hastening past a suspicious-looking churchyard, a cat jumped from the wall on his horse's back, clawed up his shoulder, and whispered in his ear: "Go home, and tell Maud that Maudlin is dead." Home he sped; and taking off his boots at the kitchen fire, where his own cat gravely superintended the operation—"I have just had a beautiful fright, my woman," says he; "I was bid to go home and tell you, Maud, that Maudlin is dead." Into the middle of the room jumps she; sets up her back and likewise a terrible howl, dashes through the window, and was never seen or heard of from that hour. Maudlin, I suppose, was the Irish Queen of the Cats, or at least the Lady-Lieutenant; and Maud was, perhaps, one of her Maids of Honour. Any how, the story is religiously believed in Ireland by every true

This is a Scandinavian legend, probably, like some others, brought in by the Danes. Its more complete form will be found in the legend of "The Troll turned Cat," one of the Scandinavian legends in the Fairy Mythology.

(2nd S. vii. 326., &c.) — Allow me to add to the list of churches where this custom is observed: Coton, Cambridgeshire; Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire; and Durham Cathedral.

"The custom (says The Ecclesiologist, vol. v. p. 166.) — continued in St. Pratt, Blisland, Cornwall, even after peus had superseded open seats; and so natural was the feeling, that when a conventicle was opened about thirty years ago in the parish, the men and women arranged themselves on opposite sides, and have continued the practice!"

G. W. M.

(2nd S. x. 510.) — I take leave of "N. & Q.'s" delightful Tenth Volume, expecting no less delight in its Eleventh, with a pendant to this scaffoldish story.

In 1814, when the French Legion of Honour was under discussion among the revolutionary embarrassments of the Restoration, somebody (whose name, he being yet surviving, it is as well not to set down) suggested that its decoration should be sported by the Exécuteur de la Haute Justice on the first guillotining day.

During the last half-century I have read Irish speeches, and letters, and pamphlets enough to bring in question my countrymen's antipathy to "flowered fustian."

(2nd S. x. 518.) —In answer to, Mr. Smytan was an Antiburgher minister at Kilmaurs, Ayrshire; and a dispute having arisen between him and his associate brethren about lifting the whole bread to be used in the sacrament, and holding it during the prayer of consecration, Mr. Smytan refused to hold communion with those who continued the old practice of lifting a portion, and the synod expelled and deposed him. It then became a ques-


text: Author:Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe

title: Author:Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe


text: Notes and Queries/Series 2/Volume 11/Doldrum, King of the Cats


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive :"DEPT still hopeful Bao Dai will succeed in gaining increasing popular support at Ho's expense and our policy remains essentially the same; to encourage him and to urge FR toward further concessions.

 * "The start made by Bao Dai, the qualities exhibited by him and his initial reception seem to have been better than we might have anticipated, even discounting optimism of FR sources. Transfer of power apparently well received. FR success in disarming and interning fleeing CHI Nationalists without serious intervention to the present by CHI COMMIES also encouraging.

 * "However, more recently, marked opposition has been encountered which demonstrates at least that Bao Dai's popular support has not yet widened. Increased Viet Minh MIL activity is disquieting. This CLD be special effort by Ho, timed to coincide with transfer of power and the arrival of CHI COMMIES armies on frontier, and to precede Bangkok Conference, or CLD be evidence of increasing strength reinforced by hopes of CHI COMMIE support direct or indirect.

 * "DEPT has as yet no knowledge of negotiations between Ho and Mao groups although radio intercept of New China News Agency release of JAN 17 indicates that Ho has messaged the 'GOVTS of the world' that 'the GOVT of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam is the only legal GOVT of the Vietnam people' and is 'ready to establish DIPL relations with any GOVT which WLD be willing to cooperate with her on the basis of equality and mutual respect of national sovereignty and territory so as to defend world peace and democracy. Ho's radio making similar professions....

 * "Nature and timing of recognition of Bao Dai now under consideration here and with other GOVTS...."

First the Chinese Communists, and then the Soviets recognized the DRV. On 29 January 1950, the French National Assembly approved legislation granting autonomy to the State of Vietnam. On February 1, 1950, Secretary of State Acheson made the following public statement:

 * "The recognition by the Kremlin of Ho Chi Minh's communist movement in Indochina comes as a surprise. The Soviet acknowledgment of this movement should remove any illusions as to the 'nationalist' nature of Ho Chi Minh's aims and reveals Ho in his true colors as the mortal enemy of native independence in Indochina.

 * "Although timed in an effort to cloud the transfer of sovereignty by France to the legal Governments of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, we have every reason to believe that those legal

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