text:
Germany's High Seas Fleet in the World War/Chapter 9

Chapter 9 - Enterprises in the Hoofden, and Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft
ON March 5, the day after the return of the Moewe, the High Sea Fleet, under my command, carried out the first of its greater enterprises, partaking of the nature of a more extended advance. The idea prompting this move was to attack the enemy light forces that were constantly reported in the Hoofden, and thus attract support from the English harbours to the south, and if possible force them between the pincers formed by our advanced cruisers and the Main Fleet following in the rear. At daybreak the distance between the battleships arid the cruisers was approximately 30 nautical miles. The cruisers were then to advance from a position Terschelling Bank Lightship S.S.E. 15 nautical miles to the Hoofden, and push on to the northern boundary of the English minefield. The battleships were to follow the course of the cruisers up to 10 a.m., when they would have reached latitude 53" 30', pn> vided that in the meantime our action had not been checked by intervening circumstances. Squadron II (the older battleships) did not form part of this expedition, but was held ready, with a mine-sweeping division, to secure the safety of the Bight, in order to keep the return route open for the Fleet. Two flotillas accompanied the cruisers; the others were with the Main Fleet. To ensure the safety of the proceeding an airship was allotted to the Chief of Reconnaissance, while other airships were to reconnoitre early the following day in the sector north-west of Heligoland as far distant as 200 nautical miles, to protect the flank and rear of the Fleet. Should the weather the preceding night be favourable for airships, advantage was to be taken of it. This was carried out, and led to a very effective bombing of the important naval yards at Hull, on the Humber.

A graphic picture of the attack is given in the description by one of the airship commanders who took part, Captain Victor Schulze, on board the "L 11," but who has since died the death of a hero. He writes:

"Our orders were: 'March 5, in morning, "L 11," with "L 13" and "L 14," to attack England in the north.' At noon (on 4th) an ascent was made with the object of attacking the naval yard at Rosyth. In consequence, however, of an ever-increasing strong north-north-west wind, bringing heavy snow and hailstorms with it, it was decided on the way to seek out the munition factories at Middlesbrough instead of proceeding to Rosyth. The only shipping traffic noticeable was limited to a few fishing-boats off the Dogger Bank. Following the throwing out of benzine casks, the airship, towards 10 p.m., was fired at through a thin bank of clouds, but without success, and the incident was not worth noticing. At 10.45 P - M - the English coast was crossed between Flamborough Head and Spurn Head at Hornsea, which led to the belief that the north wind was stronger. The ship now steered northwards over the distinctly visible snow-clad coast. Wherever the landscape was not hidden from view by heavy snow-clouds visibility was good. The upper line of cloud was at a height of 2,000-3,000 m.; above, the sky was bright and starry. Violent hailstorms again came on, the ship became coated with ice, and although all water was discharged and the temperature of the air was 16 degrees, she could not rise above 2,000 m. Not until just before the attack, and after a further discharge of benzine, did she achieve a somewhat risky 2,300 m. The antennae and the ends of the metal props in gondola and corridor glistened through the snow and hail with balls of light - St. Elmo's fire. The gondola and platform were thickly covered with snow. When the weather cleared at 1 a.m., it appeared from the position of the ship that to steer further north would be fruitless with the velocity of the wind at 12 doms (doms - 2 metres per second).

"Meanwhile the course of the Humber was now distinguishable in the snowy landscape further south, offering a very favourable chance of attack. The town of Hull was well darkened, but from where 'L 11' was stationed we could easily make out the dropping of bombs from 'L 14'. Fresh snow-clouds then interfered with the view, but I had time to spare and remained at my post until the clouds cleared away in an hour's time. At 2 a.m. 'L 11' opened the attack and first dropped some bombs on Hull to induce the defence batteries and searchlights to disclose their position, for if that failed the ship could not have attacked against so strong a wind. The town remained quiet and dark, but at that moment the clouds cleared away and disclosed the following picture. The town and environs were white with the freshly-fallen snow. Although plunged in darkness the town lay sharply defined under the starlit sky with its streets, blocks of houses, quays and harbour basins just below the airship. A few lights moved in the streets. The ship, taking a northerly course and with all her engines at high pressure, was poised over her objective and stood by. For twenty minutes, following my instructions, bombs were dropped quite composedly on the harbour and docks and the effect of each bomb carefully watched. The first bomb hit the quay, knocking a great piece out of it; a second hit the middle of the dock-gate of a harbour basin. The bomb fell so accurately on the gate that it might have been taken for a shot deliberately aimed at it. Buildings fell down like so many houses built of cards. One bomb in particular had a tremendous effect. Near the spot where it exploded houses kept falling on each side until at last a huge black hole stood out on the snowy ground near the harbour. A similar large black spot in the neighbourhood was apparently caused by 'L 14'. People were seen through the telescope running hither and thither in the light of the flames. Ships that had been hit began moving about in the harbour. All counter-action at and round Hull was limited to a few weak searchlights that failed to find the ship, and to some isolated firing. While the bombs were being dropped, the airship ventured up to 2,700 m.

"When fully convinced of the excellent effect of the bombs dropped on Hull, I decided to drop the remainder on the fortifications at Immingham which, as I had already noticed, had been heavily bombed by 'L 14'. The airship made for Immingham with the last five explosive bombs and was received at once by four strong searchlights and very lively gun-fire. The searchlights tried in vain to find the ship through the light clouds just passing over, for although it was brightly lit up by them they always moved farther away. South of the searchlights on the bank the batteries were using much ammunition. From 40 to 50 fiery lights or fire-balls were scattered round the ship on all sides, above and below. The height these missiles reached was reckoned at 3,000 m. or more. The first explosive bomb that fell among the searchlights extinguished first one and then all the others. No other results were observed. Towards the end of the attack on Hull the fore engine was put permanently out of action by the stoppage of the water gauge and the consequent freezing of the oil and water pipes at a temperature of 19 degrees; at Immingham the aft engine was out of action for half an hour. The coast was crossed at 2.40 a.m. on the return journey. Again heavy snow and hailstorms accompanied by electric disturbances were encountered. In the space of three minutes a sudden squall carried the ship upwards from 2,400 to 3,200 m., 250 m. above our previous highest altitude. Coming down shortly afterwards the elevating gear got out of order, but the ship was worked by the crew as well as could be until the damage was repaired, though we were forced to rise again to 3,200 m. At 5 a.m. the rear engine gave way again and, owing to the freezing of oil and water, stopped altogether shortly before we landed. At 7 a.m. we met the First Scouting Division of Squadrons I and II 30 nautical miles north-north-west of the Terschelling-Bank Lightship. At 2 p.m. we landed safely at Nordholz. The ship was quite able to fly again."

The airship did the trip in 26 hours; it must be mentioned in this connection that the crew of a raider is so limited that all the men have to be on duty the whole time.

The Naval Corps in Flanders supported the Fleet's enterprise by stationing 12 U-boats off the English south-east coast. In spite of good visibility, there was no encounter with the enemy. The expedition, therefore, was only useful for the purpose of practising unity of command, and the handling of individual ships under circumstances likely to arise during an offensive engagement of any big unit. The return voyage was made an occasion for different exercises in manoeuvring the Fleet in fighting formation until we were compelled to withdraw, alarmed by the sighting of enemy submarines, for which the Fleet at Terschelling would have presented a good target. After our return all opportunity for further operations was put a stop to for a time owing to the bad weather, and to high east and north-east winds which our airships only just succeeded in escaping.

The dismissal of Grand Admiral von Tirpitz as Secretary of State of the Imperial Admiralty which was announced to the Fleet Command on March 18 aroused great sympathy, not only in view of his services in connection with the many-sided development of the Fleet through long years and in all branches of maritime service, but because, in these critical times for the country, much anxiety was aroused at the thought of being deprived of the services of a man who had shown himself to be a genial personality and of unwavering energy. This change in the conduct of the Naval Department, in particular, gave rise to grave fears as to the prompt carrying out of resolute and adequate U-boat warfare.

At the beginning of March the decision in this connection had again been postponed for four weeks. The Fleet was therefore bound all the more to aim at active action against the enemy, and every attention was given to that purpose by the new Fleet Command.

Meanwhile the English, by an unexpected attack, provided us with the opportunity of testing our preparations. The repeated air-raids, and particularly a very big and successful one on London on February i, roused them to make an effort to seek out and destroy these troublesome raiders in their own homes. The hangars at Tondern were the nearest. There had been no further attack on this group since the first unsuccessful one on Christmas Day, 1914. On March 25, in very unfavourable weather for flying - so much so that our own scouting machines did not go up owing to fog and snowstorms - an attack was made at 9.30 a.m. by some torpedo-boat destroyers on our outpost group at List. They sank two fishing steamers that could have reported the attack, but were themselves obliged to withdraw before our aeroplanes which had gone up from List, and which dropped bombs on the enemy, hitting the destroyer Medusa. She was abandoned later on in a sinking condition. The English report gave out that the loss of the Medusa was owing to a collision with the destroyer Laverock.

Various reports were made by our aeroplanes, from which we gathered that an aerial attack had started from two vessels carrying aeroplanes, which were supported by battle-cruisers, light cruisers and destroyers. We were not able at once to determine what the intention was - whether there was to be a simultaneous attack from the west on the hangars at Hage (south of Norderney), or whether we were to expect an encircling movement of the enemy against our forces sent northwards, in an effort to force them to come out. The counter-action of our aeroplanes and the bad weather compelled all the five English airmen to come down. Two of them were picked up by one of their own torpedo-boats; the other three were taken by our aeroplanes. They did not succeed in doing any damage.

The English attack caused great commotion among our outpost forces, as well as among all the other ships, which at once got ready to put to sea, until the further purpose of the enemy was revealed. Our cruisers and several flotillas went in pursuit of the retiring enemy, who evidently did not attach much importance to the rescue of the airmen; but the weather becoming still worse, we were unable to get near the ships. There was an encounter that night between our torpedo-boats and English light cruisers, when the English cruiser Cleopatra succeeded in ramming and sinking one of our torpedo-boats, "G 194," which had crossed her bows by mistake.

During these nocturnal proceedings another torpedo-boat, "S 22," Commander Karl Galster, struck a mine 55° 45" North Lat., and 5° 10" East Long. This boat broke in two at once; the fore-part sank quickly, the remainder floated for about five minutes and then suddenly went to the bottom. The hurrahs from the crew, led by the commander, proved that they stood firm at their posts to the very last. Torpedo-boat "S18" immediately tried to render assistance, but the wind and the high sea running made it impossible, and in spite of every effort only ten petty officers and seven of the crew were saved. We learned from the English report that the same night the Cleopatra was also run into by the English cruiser Undaunted, the latter receiving such heavy damage that she had to be towed into harbour. An English wireless intercepted during the night stated that a warship, together with destroyers, had tried to take a damaged English destroyer in tow, and it might be presumed that the ships would proceed northwards by night and return again at daybreak when there would be the possibility of encountering and capturing certain units of the enemy. Squadron II and Scouting Divisions I and IV were ordered to proceed to 55° 10' N. Lat. and 6° 0' E. Long., whither Squadrons I and II would follow; the flagship was with Squadron III. At 6.30 a.m. the cruisers reported that the sea was so rough that an engagement was impossible; the push was therefore given up as hopeless. We heard later that the same reason had induced the English to abandon the destroyer Medusa and return home very much battered by the storm.

At the end of March, by way of reprisal for the attempt to injure our aerial fleet, our airships enjoyed a very successful series of expeditions which, aided by a combination of favourable weather and dark nights, resulted in five successive attacks. It is difficult for airships to bring back an exact statement of their successes owing to the great altitude at which they fly, and also to the darkness and their exposure to anti-aircraft defences. The reports issued by the English official censor were* therefore, the only means of ascertaining the extent of the damage done, which was often represented as being of little importance in order to calm the fears of the population. But it is certain that at the time the uninterruptedly recurring raids caused a great feeling of panic, as the destruction in London itself surpassed anything ever before known. On our side, for the first time, we had to deplore the loss of an airship, brought down by enemy anti-aircraft guns. "L15," Commander Breithaupt, was forced down on to the water at the mouth of the Thames after the airship's gondola had been repeatedly hit by shells. The crew, two officers and sixteen men, were rescued by English boats and taken prisoner; they did not, however, succeed in towing in the airship, the destruction of which had been provided for. It is worthy of note, that in the night of the 2nd-3rd the Firth of Forth was reached for the first time, and ships lying there and buildings along the Firth were attacked. Bad weather set in again on April 6 and put an end to this exceptionally successful period. "L11" took part more than once in the attacks and its commander has given the following description:

"Order: 'L 11,' together with 'L 14,' to attack England south or centre on morning of April 1st.' At 12 noon an ascent was made for the purpose of attacking England in the south, but owing to the wind soon veering round to north-west, the centre of the coast was made for. There was lively traffic among steam-trawlers off the Dogger Bank, and the English wireless was distinctly heard at work. In spite of throwing out two casks of benzine, the temperature of the air did not allow of the ship rising above 2,200 m.; at 10 P.M. the English coast was reached south of the Tyne. While trying to bomb the docks on the Tyne and cross the coast, the ship was greeted with violent firing, which came from the whole coastal area north and south of the river. To draw back and seek the required weather side for the attack would have occupied several hours with the prevailing wind (W.N.W., 5-7 doms.) I decided not to cross the batteries on account of not being very high in relation to the firing, and also because of slow progress against the wind and the absolutely clear atmosphere up above. I fixed, therefore, on the town of Sunderland, with its extensive docks and the blast furnaces north-west of the town. Keeping on the weather side, the airships dropped explosive bombs on some works where 6ne blast-furnace was blown up with a terrible detonation, sending out flames and smoke. The factories and dock buildings of Sunderland, now brightly illuminated, were then bombed with good results. The effect was grand; blocks of houses and rows of streets collapsed entirely; large fires broke out in places and a dense black cloud, from which bright sparks flew high, was caused by one bomb. A second explosive bomb was at once dropped at the same spot; judging from the situation, it may have been a railway station. While over Sunderland, the airship was caught by a powerful searchlight and was pelted with shrapnel and fire-balls, but to no purpose. The concussion from a shell burst- ing near the airship was felt as though she had been hit. After leaving the town, two other searchlights tried to get the ship, but only with partial success. Then followed slight firing, apparently with machine-guns. The last explosive bombs were dropped with good aim on two blast-furnace works in the neighbourhood of Middlesbrough. On returning, we again saw numbers of steam trawlers off the Dogger Bank. At 10 a.m., April 2nd, we landed at Nordholz."

The day following "L 11" again set out for a raid on England in company with "L 17," and reported as follows:

"Owing to the expected warm temperature of the air, only five mechanics and forty-five bombs were carried; the spare parts were limited; two machine-guns and a landing-rope were left behind, and the supply of benzine very sparingly measured out, as both going and coming back the wind was expected to be behind us. The ascent was made at 2.30 p.m. The flight was so rapid that the last bearings taken showed that the English coast would be reached near Sheringham at about 10.30 p.m. As the atmosphere was becoming still thicker, it was impossible to distinguish anything beyond a few dim lights. As the coast could not be made out at the expected time, I turned by degrees out of my previous course W. 1/2 S. to S.W. to S., presuming that the wind would have gone further south on land. Finally, however, the bearings, taken at 1.10 a.m. revealed the surprising fact that the slight W.S.W. wind blowing had risen to 8-10 doms. When, therefore, we found at 2.45 a.m. that the ship was over the land, a further advance towards London became purposeless. Moreover, on ascertaining the exact position, it was too late, and in view of the strength and direction of the wind, to turn off towards the mouth of the Humber. So long as the darkness lasted, I determined to try for some objective in the county of Norfolk. Norwich, which was in complete darkness, could not be made out.

"Towards 3.55 a.m., after 'L 11' had crossed the coast close to the west of Yarmouth, violent gun-fire was observed through the mist in the rear. A turn was made, and altogether thirteen well-aimed bombs were dropped on the place where the firing came from. We had to give up the idea of staying longer on the coast as at the altitude of the airship day was already beginning to break. The return journey, as was anticipated, was favoured at a high altitude by a fresh W.S.W. wind. At 10 a.m. we landed at Nordholz."

On April 5, "L 11" with "L 13" and "16" again went up for a raid on the English Midlands. An account of this expedition will erve to give the reader some idea of the strain and exertions to which our airships' crews were exposed on such occasions.

"At 9.45 p.m. the airship crossed the distinctly visible coast south of Flamborough Head and took a course for Sheffield. When over Hull to the north the airship was found to be over several newly-erected batteries with four very strong searchlights, which caught up the ship easily in the very clear air; whereupon, from 10.10 to 10.30 an unusually heavy firing with shells and shrapnel was kept up. The aim was good; many shells burst quite close to the airship, causing the frame to shake violently. The next battery was at once attacked and silenced by explosive bombs. Being at the low altitude of 2,300 metres and in such clear air it was not considered advisable to continue to pass over the numerous other batteries, so we turned round intending to take a southerly course outside the coast in order to rise higher when the moon had gone down and to proceed inland. In setting off, the rear engine was put out of order through worn-out crank bearings. The commander decided, therefore, to put himself on the lee side of the north-north-east wind and look for Hartlepool. The line of the coast and the course of the rivers were just as plainly visible as on the map. North and south of Flamborough Head there was much shipping activity. Several neutral vessels were distinguishable by the bright lights above their neutrality marking.

"At 2 a.m., just off Hartlepool, the fore engine gave out. The attack on the town was abandoned, and it was decided on the way back to destroy a large iron factory at Whitby. Even from the high altitude of the airship, the factory appeared to be a very extensive establishment with many brightly illuminated blast furnaces and numerous buildings. It was situated on the shore and had steam extinguishing apparatus. The airship hovered sufficiently long over this factory to drop carefully aimed bombs. The distinctly visible result consisted not only in the utter destruction of the furnaces and buildings through fire and explosion, but there were also heavy explosions in the darker sections of the factory, which led to the conclusion that the entire establishment had been destroyed. At 10.30 a.m. the airship got into a dense fog on the return journey, and with a view to safer navigation went over land and made good her way at 50 m. altitude, landing at Nordholz at 3 p.m. in clear weather."

No ships were sent up by Captain Strasser, the Commander of Airships, on April 6. His estimate of the weather conditions proved quite correct, for in the course of the afternoon the slight north- easterly wind veered round to the east and when night came a regular storm was blowing. While the air raids of the previous night were proceeding several torpedo-boats started out from Horns Reef in a north-west and westerly direction and kept the outpost forces in constant activity. It led, however, to no engagement with the enemy.

From April 13 to April 19 the Fleet was kept in constant expectation of an English attack, news having been received that one was pending. But the enemy did not show himself.

Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft
On April 24, Easter Monday, the Fleet put out on an important enterprise which, like that in the beginning of March, was directed towards the Hoofden, but was to be extended farther so as to force the enemy out of port. I expected to achieve this by bombarding coastal towns and carrying out air raids on England the night the Fleet went out. Both these actions would probably result in counter measures being taken by the enemy that would give our forces an opportunity to attack. On the occasion of the advance of March 5 - 6 the enemy preferred withdrawing all his forces into port, as we learnt afterwards from intercepted wireless messages, as soon as he had news of our advance, either through agents or from submarines in the North Sea.

The news we obtained from the enemy had repeatedly announced strong enemy forces in the northern section of the North Sea under the Norwegian coast; forces had also been sighted in the Hoofden and harbours on the south-east coast of England so that an opportunity would probably occur for our Fleet to push in between those two divisions of the enemy Fleet and attack with equal strength that section which should first present itself. It was, therefore, obvious that the most suitable direction for attack would be towards the south-east counties of England. If the enemy then wished to cut off our return he would have to move into the neighbourhood of Terschelling Bank, where the waters were favourable for offering battle. With luck we might even succeed in attacking the enemy advancing from the Hoofden on both sides; on the south with the forces told off to bombard the coast and on the north with the Main Fleet.

Lowestoft and Yarmouth were the only coastal towns it was intended to bombard. Both were fortified and were important military points of support for the enemy - Lowestoft for mine-laying and sweeping; Yarmouth as a base for the submarines whence they started on their expeditions to the Bight. The destruction, therefore, of the harbours and other military establishments of both these coastal towns was a matter of great military importance, apart from the object of the bombardment in calling out the enemy. Simultaneous air-raids on southern England would offer the advantages of mutual support for the airships and the sea forces. The airships would reconnoitre for the forces afloat on their way to and fro, while the latter would be able to rescue the airships should they meet disaster. It was also hoped there might be an opportunity for trade-war under prize conditions.

All the available High Sea forces were assembled, including Squadron II, and the Chief Command of the Naval Corps in Flanders was enjoined to keep his available U-boats in readiness. The Naval Corps also offered to station two U-boats east of Lowestoft to facilitate the advance; they did excellent service in assisting the bombardment. The U-boats at the disposal of the High Sea Command were placed in a position to attack the Firth of Forth and the southern egress from the Firth was closed by a U-minelayer.

Eight of the newer airships were selected for the raid and three older ones were ordered to hold themselves in readiness on the second day in the rear of the fleet for reconnoitring. If at all possible, the bombardment was to take the towns by surprise at daybreak, in order to prevent counter-measures by the enemy, such as calling up submarines from Yarmouth to protect the coast. The forces intended to accompany the cruisers had to endeavour to keep, not actually in the Hoofden, but in the open waters west and north of Terschelling Bank in case it should come to a fight, as that was the only position where liberty of action in all eventual developments could be ensured. The bombardment of both the coastal towns was entrusted to the battle-cruisers. They were supported by Scouting Division II and two fast torpedo-boat flotillas (VI and IX). The Main Fleet, consisting of Squadrons I, II and III, Scouting Division IV, and the remainder of the torpedo flotillas was to accompany the battle-cruisers to the Hoofden until the bombardment was over, in order, if necessary, to protect them against superior enemy forces.

At noon on the 24th all the forces, including the airships, started. The course led first through the south opening in the barrier at Norderney and then north, round a minefield laid down by the English out of sight of the Dutch coast, and into the Hoofden where the bombardment was to open at daybreak and last for about thirty minutes. At 4 p.m. the movement received an unwelcome set-back owing to a message from Rear-Admiral Bodicker, leader of the reconnaissance ships, that his flagship, the battle-cruiser Seydlitz had struck a mine and her forward torpedo compartment was damaged. The ship was thus debarred from taking part in the expedition; she was still able to do 15 knots and returned to harbour under her own steam. The leader was, therefore, obliged to hoist his flag in another cruiser. The route on which the ship had struck the mine had been searched and swept last on the night of the 22nd and 23rd and had been constantly used by light forces on their night patrols.

Owing to this occurrence the battle-cruisers behind the Seydlitz stopped and turned according to agreement, awaiting further orders in case they, too, should come across mines. As the Seydlitz turned to follow them in order to transfer the admiral to the Lutzow, two of the ships simultaneously reported the track of a torpedo and submarines. With that danger so near it would not have been advisable to attempt to stop the ship and transfer the admiral to another; and as the cruiser was already badly damaged, it would have been dangerous to expose her to still further injury. The Seydlitz continued, therefore, on her westerly course and the Chief of Reconnaissance on board a torpedo-boat reached the Lutzow later and there resumed his duties. The Seydlitz was escorted on her homeward way by two torpedo-boats and "L 7" and reached the harbour without further misadventure.

In consequence of this incident, the Fleet Command thought fit to alter the intended course, and the only alternative was to take the route along the coast of East Friesland. The weather being so very clear, it would have to be borne in mind that in following that route the ships could be observed from the islands of Rottum and Schiermonnikoog and the news probably dispatched farther. Unfortunately this lessened the chance of carrying out a surprise bombardment of Lowestoft and Yarmouth, but there was no reason on that account to give it up altogether. Relying on aerial reconnaissance, further developments might be expected and the enterprise was continued.

Towards 8 p.m. a wireless message from the Naval Staff confirmed what the Naval Corps in Flanders had already reported at noon, that since 6 a.m. numerous enemy forces had been assembled off the Belgian coast, at the mouth of the Scheldt; it was not possible to divine their intention, but very probably it was connected with a bombardment of the coast of Flanders. It was welcome news for our Fleet to hear of the assemblage of enemy forces there. Another wireless announced that on the morning of the 23rd large squadrons of English warships of all types had been sighted off Lindesnaes, the south-west point of Norway. I could count, therefore, on my presumption that the English Fleet was divided into two sections being correct.

At 9.30 p.m. a message was sent us from Bruges that according to an intercepted English wireless all patrol boats had been ordered back to port. This showed that the meeting of our battle-cruisers with English submarines during the afternoon had resulted in their sending news of our movements.

Shortly before daybreak reports were received from the airships of the results of their attack. They were obliged to fight against unfavourable wind conditions, and bad visibility over the land; they also met with strong counter-action. The six air-ships taking part had raided Norwich, Lincoln, Harwich and Ipswich and had been engaged with outpost ships. None had been damaged and they were then in the act of returning home. At 5 a.m. our large cruisers approached the coast off Lowestoft. Good support was afforded them by the U-boats placed in position by the Naval Corps. The light cruiser Rostock, which formed the flank cover for the battle-cruisers, reported enemy ships and destroyers in a west-south-west direction. But as the light was not good enough to open fire, Admiral Bodicker proceeded to bombard the towns. This was carried out at a distance of from 100 - 130 hm. Excellent results were observed in the harbour and the answering fire was weak. A north-west course was then taken to proceed with the bombardment of Great Yarmouth and to engage the ships reported by the Rostock.

Meanwhile the Rostock, supported by the light cruiser Elbing, had kept in touch with the enemy forces in the endeavour to bring them nearer to the battle-cruisers. The ships in question were four modern light cruisers and about twelve destroyers. As soon, however, as they caught sight of our battle-cruisers they turned at full speed southwards. We opened fire on them at a distance of 130 hm. until they were beyond our range. Many hits were observed, and on one of the cruisers a big fire was plainly visible. The high speed kept up by the enemy made pursuit useless. The cruisers then shaped their course in the direction of our Main Fleet and reported that their task was accomplished.

During the bombardment of the two coastal towns, the light cruiser Frankfurt sank an armed patrol steamer by gunfire. A second one was sunk by the leader of Torpedo-boat Flotilla VI, "G41," the crew of which were rescued. From what the latter stated she was the King Stephen, of evil repute, which had allowed the crew of the airship "L 19" to perish. These men certainly denied most emphatically that they were on the trawler then, and laid the blame on a former crew. They contradicted them- selves so constantly, however, that the captain and the engineer grew very suspicious, and as the steamer had been used for war service the crew were made prisoners.

At 5.30 a.m. "L 9," reported being chased by aeroplanes in a south-westerly direction. When the fleet was sighted the airmen departed, probably to announce the approach of our ships, which at that time were steaming on a south-westerly course to meet the cruisers. At the same moment "L 11" and "L 23" came in sight; they had not been able to discover the enemy. At 6 a.m., therefore, when the cruisers had reported the conclusion of the bombardment, Terschelling Bank was made for according to plan. Towards 7.30 a.m. the Naval Corps in Flanders reported that the English ships assembled there had been ordered by wireless, which was intercepted, to return. The English destroyers were to finish coaling and then move on to Dunkirk.

An approach, therefore, on the part of the enemy was not to be looked for from that quarter. The only hope now left was that enemy forces might be encountered off Terschelling. As we drew near to that zone, the Fleet was constantly obliged to evade submarine attacks, but no other enemy forces were met.

The return trip passed without further incident. Two neutral steamers, as well as some smaller vessels were stopped and searched for contraband goods. The enemy, hearing of the advance of our forces, withdrew all his ships from the Belgian coast and made no effort to locate us. It appears from subsequent English statements that the English Fleet had put to sea the day before for one of the usual North Sea expeditions, and it would be interesting to find out whether it could have had an opportunity of crossing our path in the Bight.

When the Seydlitz was docked a hole of 90 sq. m. was found in her, through which about 1,400 tons of water had poured into the ship. Eleven of the men had been killed at their post in the torpedo chamber. In spite of the considerable quantity of ammunition stored there, no further explosion occurred or the disaster would have been far greater.

Early in May the weather conditions were such as to allow of a resumption of the air raids on England. But this favourable phase in the weather was not of so long duration as in the preceding month, which was quite exceptional. Two raids were carried out in which eight airships took part. "L 20" was lost in the second raid as a strong south-westerly wind had arisen, and the airship, owing to engine trouble, was unable to reach the home coast. The captain, Commander Stabbert, made, therefore, for the Norwegian coast, where he came down with his damaged airship in the neighbourhood of Jaderen, where the crew alighted and were interned. Then ensued a period of short nights which caused a cessation in the airships' raiding activities as the hours of darkness were not enough to afford them sufficient protection, and it was also obvious that latterly the defensive measures had become much more effectual. But the Fleet made good use of the airships for all reconnoitring purposes in connection with important enterprises, which gained in value through co-operation with the U-boats and on which all the more energy had to be expended since the trade-war by the U-boats had been stopped since the end of April.

Just as we were proceeding to Lowestoft a wireless message was received from the Chief of the Naval Staff, to the effect that trade-war by U-boats was only to be carried out now in accordance with prize regulations. This was the result of the American protest in the case of the Sussex disaster. As I could not expect the U-boats to carry on a war of that description owing to the heavy casualties that might be expected, I had called back by wireless all the boats engaged in the trade-war, and subsequently received approval of this action in high quarters. It was left to me until further notice to employ the U-boats in purely military enterprises. This helped still further to protect the German Bight, as definite areas could now be continuously occupied and we could expect early reports of enemy movements; we also hoped to find opportunities to attack the enemy submarines employed as guard-ships. The experiences of our U-boats confirmed the danger caused by the enemy submarines, which, appearing unexpectedly, had come to be very unpleasant adversaries, and we intended, therefore, to make use of our boats for defence purposes.


text:
The Times/1918/Obituary/Edward John Long Scott

Dr. Edward John Long Scott, formerly Keeper of Manuscripts ad Egerton Librarian at the British Museum and Keeper of Muniments at Westminster Abbey, was seized with sudden illness during the morning service in Westminster Abbey yesterday morning, He was conveyed to the Westminster Hospital, where he died in the afternoon.

The second son of the late George H. C. Scott, Rector of Rhôs-Crowther, Pembrokeshire, Dr. Scott was born at Bridgwater in April, 1840, and was therefore in his 79th year. He was educated at Marlborough and Lincoln College, Oxford, where he gained a classical scholarship in 1859, and a Goldmsith's Company exhibition two years later. In 1862 he won the Boden Sanskrit Scholarship, taking his degree in the same year. Wtih all this, he found time also to take part in college rowing and cricket, and was a member of both the eight and the eleven. A year after he took his degree he was appointed assistant in the M.S.S. Department of the British Museum, being promoted to Assistant Keeper in 1870 and Keeper in 1888. He took the degree of D.Litt. at Oxford in 1902. Dr. Scott wrote in 1880 the Introduction to the Reprint of the Eikon Basilike, and published the Eclogues of Virgil in English verse, and edited the Letter-Book of Gabriel Harvey for the Camden Society in 1884. These were followed in later years by other works, including "Records of Harrow," published in 1886.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Sketches by Mark Twain.djvu/36

34. We must have a standing army and a navy. Taxes follow, as a matter of course. All these things summed up make grandeur. With unification and grandeur, what more can you want? Very well, — only the empire can confer these boons."

So on the 8th day of December Pitcairn's Island was proclaimed a free and independent nation; and on the same day the solemn coronation of Butterworth I., emperor of Pitcairn's Island took place, amid great rejoicings and festivities. The entire nation, with the exception of fourteen persons, mainly little children, marched past the throne in single file, with banners and music, the procession being upwards of ninety feet long; and some said it was as much as three quarters of a minute passing a given point. Nothing like it had ever been seen in the history of the island before. Public enthusiasm was measureless.

Now straightway imperial reforms began. Orders of nobility were instituted. A minister of the navy was appointed, and the whale-boat put in commission. A minister of war was created, and ordered to proceed at once with the formation of a standing army. A first lord of the treasury was named and commanded to get up a taxation scheme, and also open negotiations for treaties, offensive, defensive, and commercial, with foreign powers. Some generals and admirals were appointed; also some chamberlains, some equerries in waiting, and some lords of the bed-chamber.

At this point all the material was used up. The Grand Duke of Galilee, minister of war, complained that all the

title: Page:Sketches by Mark Twain.djvu/36


text:
Page:Internal Security Act 1982 South Africa.pdf/18

GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 9 JUNE 1982

Rh

whose name appears on the consolidated list, or who has been convicted of an offence specified in Schedule 2, and who the Minister has reason to suspect engages or is likely to engage in activities which endanger or are calculated to endanger the security of the State or the maintenance of law and order or propagates or promotes or is likely to propagate or promote such activities, to—

comply, while he is an office-bearer, officer or member of any organization specified in the notice or a member of any public body so specified, or while he holds any public office so specified, with such conditions as may be prescribed in the notice;

resign as an office-bearer, officer or member of an organization specified in the notice, within a period so specified and to refrain from again becoming an office-bearer, officer or member of that organization and from taking any part in its activities;

refrain from becoming an office-bearer, officer or member or from taking part in the activities of any organization specified in the notice or of any kind of organization so specified;

refrain from becoming a member of any public body specified in the notice or from holding any public office so specified or, if he is such a member or holds such an office, to resign, within a period so specified, as such member or from such office and to refrain from again becoming such a member or holding such office.

(2) The Minister shall not exercise the powers conferred upon him by subsection (1) (i) or (ii) in relation to any person who is an office-bearer or officer or a member of an employers’ organization or a trade union registered under the Labour Relations Act, 1956 (Act No, 28 of 1956), nor require any person in terms of subsection (1) (iii) not to become an office-bearer or officer or a member or not to take part in the activities of such employers’ organization or such trade union, except after consultation with the Minister of Manpower.

(3) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any instrument, rule or agreement governing the relations between any organization and any office-bearer, officer or member thereof who has under subsection (1) been required to resign, such office-bearer, officer or member may by resignation terminate his relationship with such organization as from the date of the resignation.

(4) Nothing in this section contained shall derogate from the provisions of section 66 (3) of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1961 (Act No. 32 of 1961), or section 10 (7) of the Supreme Court Act, 1959 (Act No. 59 of 1959).

19. (1) The Minister may by a written notice signed by him and addressed and delivered or tendered to the person concerned, prohibit any person—

who the Minister is satisfied engages in activities which endanger or are calculated to endanger the security of the State or the maintenance of law and order or propagates or promotes or is likely to propagate or promote such activities; or

whose name appears on the consolidated list; or

who has been convicted of an offence specified in Schedule 2,

and who the Minister has reason to suspect engages or is likely to engage in activities which endanger or are calculated to endanger the security of the State or the maintenance of law and order or propagates or promotes or is likely to propagate or promote such activities,


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Paul (popes)

PAUL. The name of five popes. , Pope 757-767, the brother of Stephen II., whom he succeeded. He was the candidate of the Frankish party, and as Pope maintained close relations with Pepin I., whose help he needed both against the Lombards and against the Greek Emperor, who had not given up his claims to the exarchate and the Pentapolis. Pepin, however, was constant in his support of the Pope, and assured him a fairly peaceable

of the ecclesiastical territory.—, Pope 1464-71, Pietro Barbo. He was born at Venice in 1417, the nephew of Eugenius IV., to whom he owed his introduction to an ecclesiastical career. He was made a cardinal in 1440, and held a position of great influence under Nicholas V. and Calixtus III. Pius II., however, did not regard him so favorably, and his election to the Papacy as successor to Pius was largely due to the older cardinals, who had not been in sympathy with that pontiff. At the beginning of his reign he tried to form an alliance of Christian sovereigns against the Turks, but the circumstances of the time frustrated his purpose. He was obliged to oppose the claims of the French King, Louis XI., to absolute power, and demanded of him the repeal of the Pragmatic Sanction. He attempted to suppress the non-Christian or properly so-called humanistic Renaissance, especially by the dissolution of the Roman Academy, which had become a meeting-place for the enemies of religion, and by severe penalties against the scholars who combined pagan doctrine with pagan immorality.—, Pope 1534-49, Alessandro Farnese. He was born in 1468, was educated in Rome by Pomponio Leto, and went to Florence, entering into close relations with the Medici. Alexander VI. made him a cardinal in 1493; later he became Bishop of Ostia and dean of the Sacred College. He held various important offices, twice representing the Pope during his absence as legate in Rome. He strongly advocated the calling of a general council, and was a member of the commission appointed by Clement VII. to consider the question. After his elevation to the Papacy, he vigorously pursued the reforming policy he had always advocated. He first summoned the council to meet at Mantua in 1536, then at Vicenza in 1538, and again at Mantua in 1542; but each time its assembly was prevented by the discord between Charles V. and Francis I. It finally met at Trent in 1545. (See .) Against Henry VIII. of England he took decisive steps, finally issuing in 1538 the bull of excommunication and deposition prepared three years earlier. He took vigorous steps also for the suppression of Protestantism in Italy, reconstructing the Inquisition and establishing a strict censorship of books. (See .) The reproach of nepotism is brought against him. In 1545 he is to he credited with an enlightened patronage of letters and art. He made his natural son, Pietro Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, having appointed Michelangelo architect in chief of the Vatican and of Saint Peter's, and provided for many great works.

, Pope 1555-59, Giovanni Pietro Caraffa. He was born at Naples in 1476. In 1494 he entered the service of the Curia, and in 1507 was appointed Bishop of Chieti, in which see he labored most earnestly for the reformation of abuses, and for the revival of religion and morality. With this view he established, in conjunction with several congenial reformers, the congregation of secular clergy called ../Theatines/ (q.v.), and was himself the first superior. It was under his influence that Paul III. organized the Tribunal of the Inquisition in Rome. On the death of Marcellus II. in 1555, although in his seventy-ninth year, he was elected to succeed him. He enforced vigorously upon the clergy the observance of all the clerical duties, and enacted

laws for the maintenance of public morality. He established a censorship, and completed the organization of the Roman Inquisition; he took measures for the alleviation of the burdens of the poorer classes, and for the better administration of justice, not sparing even his own nephews, whom he banished from Rome on account of their corrupt conduct and profligate life. His foreign relations, too, involved him in much labor and perplexity. He insisted on the restoration of Church property in England, a demand which Julius III. had in the interests of peace refused to press; and on Elizabeth's accession declared her illegitimate and not entitled to the throne. He was embroiled with the Emperor Ferdinand, with Philip II. of Spain, and with Cosmo, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Having condemned the principles of the Peace of Augsburg, he protested against its provisions.—, Pope 1605-21, Camillo Borghese. He was born in Rome in 1550. In his early life he was a distinguished canonist and theologian; and after the ordinary prelatical career at Rome he rose first to the post of Nuncio at the Spanish Court, and afterwards to the cardinalate under Clement VIII. His Pontificate is rendered memorable by the celebrated conflict with the Republic of Venice, into which he was plunged at the very outset of his career. The original ground of dispute was the question of the immunity of the clergy from the jurisdiction of civil tribunals. The Venetian Senate resisted the claim of the clergy to be tried by ecclesiastical tribunals; and further causes of dispute were added by a mortmain law, and a law prohibiting the establishment of new religious Orders or associations unless with the sanction of the Senate. Each party remaining inflexible in its determination, Paul issued a brief, directing a sentence of excommunication against the Doge and Senate, and placing the Republic under an interdict unless submission should be made within twenty-four days. The Senate persisted, and an animated conflict, as well of acts as of writings, ensued, in the latter of which the celebrated Fra Paolo Sarpi, on the side of the Republic, and on the Papal side Bellarmine and Baronius, were the leaders. Preparations were even made for actual hostilities; but, by the intervention of Henry IV. of France, the dispute was accommodated and peace restored in 1607, although dissatisfaction afterwards arose on the subject of the nomination of a patriarch. Paul's administration was a vigorous and noble one, and marked by the development of religious Orders and missionary enterprise. Consult his Life by T. A. Trollope (London, 1861).


text:
Page:Men-at-the-Bar.djvu/433

 Robinson, Charles Richard, M.A. Durham Univ. 1844, J.P. Yorkshire North Riding, a student of the Middle Temple 5 Nov., 1840, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1844 (only son of Richard Robinson, Esq., of Demerara); born, 1818; married 24 Sept., 1846, Elizabeth Lawrence, dau. of Thomas Thompson, Esq., of Bishopwearmouth, co. Durham, and has issue.
 * Bretaneby Manor, Darlington; Low Mill, Cornsay, Durham.

Robinson, Edward, practises before the supreme court at Hong Kong, a student of Gray's Inn 26 Jan., 1878, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1881 (eldest son of Alfred Murray Robinson, of Shanghai, China, solicitor); born,.
 * Shanghai.

Robinson, Sir James Lukin, Bart., a student of the Middle Temple 10 April, 1840, called to the bar 5 May, 1843 (eldest son of Sir John Beverley Robinson, Bart., chief justice Upper Canada); born 27 March, 1818; married 15 May, 1845, Elizabeth, eldest dau. of John Arnold, Esq., of Toronto, formerly of Halstead, Kent, and has issue (see Foster's Baronetage).
 * Toronto, Canada.

Robinson, James Wills, a student of the Inner Temple 23 Nov., 1874 (then aged 33), called to the bar 13 June, 1877 (eldest son of William Robinson, of Cambridge, dec.); born, 1841; married 14 Oct., 1880, Frances Kate, youngest dau, of Rev. F. B. Ashley, vicar of Wooburn.
 * Hazlewood, Pinner; 3, Harcourt Buildings, Temple, E.C.

Robinson, Joseph Havercroft, a student of the Middle Temple 25 Jan., 1865, called to the bar 18 Nov., 1867 (eldest son of Daniel Bird Robinson, of Havercroft, Lamplugh, Cumberland); born,.
 * The Thorn, Penrith, Cockermouth.

Robinson, Julian, M.A, Balliol Coll., Oxon, a member of the South-eastern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 12 Jan., 1871 (then aged 22), called to the bar 30 April, 1874 (3rd surviving son of Augustus Robinson, of West Lavant, Sussex, bar.-at-law); born, 1849.
 * 6, Crown Office Row, Temple, E.C.

Robinson, Kildare Christopher, B.A. Trin. Coll., Dublin, a student of the Inner Temple 13 Nov., 1866 (then aged 19), called to the bar 10 June, 1870 (only son of Hartstonge Robinson, Q.C., of Dublin); born 18 April, 1847; married 17 Feb., 1881, Sarah Matilda, youngest dau. of late Lt.-Col. Paton, of Grandholme, Aberdeenshire; she died 2 Jan., 1882, leaving a dau. (see Foster's Baronetage, ).
 * 2, Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C.

Robinson, Randolph, a student of Lincoln's Inn 21 Oct., 1836 (then aged 23), called to the bar 3 May, 1842 (5th son of William Tooke Robinson, Esq., of Walthamstow, Essex); born, 1813; married 2 Dec., 1842, Caroline Ernle, only dau. of Ernle Warriner, Esq., of London.

Robinson, Walter, a student of the Inner Temple 2 Nov., 1852 (then aged 22), certificate of honour Jan., 1854, called to the bar 6 June, 1855 (only son of George Robinson, of Wolverhampton, solicitor); born 3 Jan., 1830.
 * 20, Gledhow Gardens, S.W.

Robinson, William, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1835, a student of the Middle Temple 23 July, 1825, called to the bar 14 June, 1832 (3rd son of Edward Robinson, Esq., of Havering-atte-Bower, Essex); born,.

Robinson, William Fothergill, Q.C., M.A. (scholar), Trin. Coll., Camb., 1864, member of the Bar Committee since Dec., 1883, a student of the Inner Temple 23 Jan., 1854 (then aged 21), certificate of honour Nov., 1856, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1856, Q.C. 25 June, 1875, bencher 15 June, 1877 (eldest son of William Fothergill Robinson, of Aigburth, Liverpool, gent.); born, 1833.
 * 7, Porchester Gate, W.; 5, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

Robinson, William George, M.A. Oriel Coll., Oxon, author of The Law of Priority of Incumbrances, etc., a student of the Middle Temple 15 Nov., 1864, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1868 (2nd son of William Robinson, of the Park, Cheltenham); born,.
 * 6, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

Robinson, William Henry, a student of the Middle Temple 22 Jan., 1823, called to the bar 13 Jan., 1832 (2nd son of William Robinson, of the Middle Temple, gent.); born, ; married 16 June, 1857, Susannah, youngest dau. of Rev. H. G. Salter, M.A., of Heavitree.

Robson, George Young, B.A. (late scholar), Univ. Coll., Oxon, 1833, author of a treatise on the Law of Bankruptcy, a student of the Inner Temple 13 Nov., 1833 (then aged 23), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1838 (2nd son of Thomas Robson, Esq., of Holtby Hall, Yorks); born 28 Jan., 1810; married 17 July, 1843, Anne, dau. of John J. Tufnell, Esq., of Langleys, Essex.
 * 37, Gloucester Street, S.W.; 5, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

Robson, William Snowdon, B.A., Gonville and Caius Coll., Camb., 1878, a student of the Inner Temple 3 Nov., 1877 (then aged 25), called to the bar 9 June, 1880 (3rd son of Robert Robson, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, gent.); born, 1852.
 * Newcastle-on-Tyne; 3, Plowden Buildings, Temple, E.C.

Roche, Henry Philip, a registrar in bankruptcy 1881, joint author of Law and Practice in Bankruptcy, a student of Lincoln's Inn 30 Dec., 1871 (then aged 19), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1876 (eldest son of Henry Philip Roche, late of London, bar.-at-law, dec.); born, 1852.
 * 12, Sunderland Terrace, Westbourne Park, W.

title: Page:Men-at-the-Bar.djvu/433


text:
Page:Internal Security Act 1982 South Africa.pdf/19

GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 9 JUNE 1982

Rh subject to such exceptions as may be specified in the notice or as the Minister or, on the authority of the Minister, the Director, or a magistrate acting in pursuance of the general or special instructions of the Minister, may at any time authorize in writing, from being within or absenting himself from, during a period so specified, any place or area specified in the notice or, while the prohibition is in force, communicating with any person or category of persons specified in the notice or receiving any visitor or performing any act so specified: Provided that no such prohibition shall debar any person from communicating with or receiving as a visitor any advocate or attorney who manages his affairs and whose name does not appear on the consolidated list and in respect of whom no prohibition under this Act by way of a notice addressed and delivered or tendered to him is in force.

(2) The Minister may by a notice and in the manner contemplated in subsection (1) prohibit any person—

who has been convicted of an offence under section 59 or 60 or of any offence for which he has been sentenced under section 58, and who the Minister has reason to suspect is likely to commit an offence referred to in section 59 or 60; or

who the Minister is satisfied is causing, encouraging or fomenting or will cause, encourage or foment feelings of hostility between different population groups or parts of population groups of the Republic in any area,

from being, during a period determined in the notice—

in the case of a person referred to in paragraph (a), within or absent from any area specified in the notice; or

in the case of a person referred to in paragraph (b), within any area specified in the notice.

(3) While any notice issued under subsection (1) or (2) is in force, the period of the prohibition in question as determined in such notice may be extended by a notice signed by the Minister and addressed and delivered or tendered to the person concerned.

(4) Any person who has by notice under this section been prohibited from being within or absenting himself from any place or area may, if, at the time the notice is delivered or tendered to him or at any time thereafter, he is at or in or elsewhere than at or in that place or area, as the case may be, be arrested without warrant by any police officer and be removed from or to such place or area by that police officer or any other police officer and may pending his removal be detained in custody.

(5) Any person who has by notice under this section been prohibited from absenting himself from any place or area shall be deemed to have absented himself from such place or area if, at any time after the notice has been delivered or tendered to him, he is elsewhere than at such place or in such area.

20. The Minister may by a written notice signed by him and addressed and delivered or tendered to the person concerned prohibit any person—

who the Minister is satisfied engages in activities which endanger or are calculated to endanger the security of the State or the maintenance of law and order or propagates or promotes or is likely to propagate or promote such activities;

whose name appears on the consolidated list, or who has been convicted of an offence specified in Schedule 2 or under section 59 or 60 or of any offence for which he has been sentenced under section 58, and who the Minister has reason to suspect engages or is likely to engage in activities which endanger or are calculated to


text:
Page:Internal Security Act 1982 South Africa.pdf/20

GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 9 JUNE 1982

Rh

endanger the security of the State or the maintenance of law and order or propagates or promotes or is likely to propagate or promote such activities; or

who the Minister is satisfied is causing, encouraging or fomenting or will cause, encourage or foment feelings of hostility between different population groups or parts of population groups of the Republic in any area,

from attending—

any gathering; or

any particular gathering or any gathering of a particular nature, class or kind.

at any place or in any area during any period or on any day or during specified times or periods within any period, except in such cases as may be specified in the notice or as the Minister or, on the authority of the Minister, the Director, or a magistrate acting in pursuance of the general or special instructions of the Minister, may at any time authorize in writing.

21. The Minister may at any time by a written notice signed by him and addressed and delivered or tendered to any person whose name appears on the consolidated list or in respect of whom any prohibition under this Act by way of a notice addressed and delivered or tendered to him is in force, order such person to report, subject to such exceptions as the Minister or, on the authority of the Minister, the Director, or a magistrate acting in pursuance of the general or special instructions of the Minister, may at any time authorize in writing, to the officer in charge of such police station and at such times and during such period as may be specified in the notice in question.

22. (1) The Minister may by notice in the Gazette prohibit all persons—

whose names appear on the consolidated list;

who, at any time before or after any organization has been declared to be an unlawful organization by or under this Act, were or are office-bearers, officers or members of that organization; or

in respect of whom any prohibition under this Act by way of notices addressed and delivered or tendered to them is in force,

from—

being or becoming office-bearers, officers or members;

making or receiving any contribution of any kind for the direct or indirect benefit; or

in any manner taking part in any activity,

of any particular organization or any organization of a nature, class or kind specified in such notice, except with the written consent of the Minister or the Director acting under the authority of the Minister or a magistrate acting in pursuance of the general or special instructions of the Minister: Provided that the Minister shall not issue any such notice in relation to any employers’ organization or trade union registered under the Labour Relations Act, 1956 (Act No. 28 of 1956), except after consultation with the Minister of Manpower.

(2) Any notice issued under subsection (1) may at any time be withdrawn or amended by the Minister by like notice.

23. (1) If the Minister is satisfied that, in the Republic or elsewhere, any person who was resident in the Republic engages or has engaged in activities which endanger or are calculated to endanger the security of the State or the maintenance of law and order, or advocates, advises, defends or encourages, or has


text:
Author:Nictzin Dyalhis

Works

 * Who Keep the Desert Law (Adventure, October 20th, 1922)
 * For Wounding—Retaliation (Adventure, November 20, 1922)
 * When the Green Star Waned (Weird Tales, April 1925; reprinted January 1929)
 * (reprint)
 * He Refused to Stay Dead (Ghost Stories, April 1927)
 * The Red Witch (Weird Tales, April 1932) — Copyrighted in the United States until 2028.
 * The Whirling Machete (Underworld Magazine, December 1933)
 * The Sapphire Goddess (Weird Tales, February 1934, alternative title: "The Sapphire Siren")
 * Gangland's Judas (Complete Underworld Novelettes, August 1934)
 * The Sea-Witch (Weird Tales, December 1937)
 * The Sapphire Goddess (Weird Tales, February 1934, alternative title: "The Sapphire Siren")
 * Gangland's Judas (Complete Underworld Novelettes, August 1934)
 * The Sea-Witch (Weird Tales, December 1937)
 * The Sea-Witch (Weird Tales, December 1937)

title: Author:Nictzin Dyalhis


text: Weird Tales/Volume 30/Issue 6/The Sea-Witch


text:
Page:Internal Security Act 1982 South Africa.pdf/21

GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 9 JUNE 1982

Rh

, advised, defended or encouraged such activities or the achievement in the Republic of any of the objects of communism, the Minister may, without notice to any person concerned, by notice in the Gazette declare the provisions of section 56 (1) (p) applicable in respect of such first-mentioned person.

(2) Any notice issued under subsection (1) may at any time be withdrawn by the Minister by like notice.

24. Any notice issued by the Minister under section 18, 19, 20, 21 or 46 (3) may be withdrawn or amended by him by like notice, and the Minister may, in the case of a notice issued under section 19, in writing grant the person concerned permission to visit temporarily any place where he is not permitted to be in terms of such notice.

25. (1) A notice referred to in section 18, 19 or 20 shall be accompanied by a written statement by the Minister setting forth the reasons for such notice and so much of the information which induced the Minister to issue such notice as can, in the opinion of the Minister, be disclosed without detriment to the public interest.

(2) Any person to whom a notice under section 18, 19 or 20 has been delivered or tendered may at any time within a period of fourteen days as from the date of such delivery or tender make representations in writing to the Minister relating to the requirement or prohibition which by virtue of the notice became applicable in respect of him, and may within the said period in writing submit to the Minister any other information relating to the circumstances of his case.

26. Whenever any person to whom a notice under section 19 has been delivered or tendered is necessarily put to any expense in order to comply with such notice, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Director, in his discretion cause such expense or any part thereof to be defrayed out of State moneys and may, further, in his discretion, cause to be paid out of State moneys to such person a reasonable subsistence allowance during any period while such notice applies to him.

27. (1) If the Minister is satisfied that in the carrying out of any of the provisions of this Act reasonable but unsuccessful attempts have been made to serve, deliver or tender any order, notice or document on or to any person, and that a copy of such order, notice or document has been affixed to the main entrance of the last-known place of residence of such person, he may cause such order, notice or document to be published in the Gazette, whereupon it shall be deemed to have been served, delivered or tendered on or to such person on the date of publication,

(2) The Minister may cause particulars of any notice addressed to any person under section 20 to be published in the Gazette.

(3) The Minister shall from time to time but at intervals not exceeding twelve months cause to be published in the Gazette lists containing the names of—

all persons in respect of whom a prohibition under section 20 is in force; and

all persons in respect of whom a notice referred to in section 23 (1) is in force,

respectively.

28. (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any law or the common law contained, the Minister may—

if in his opinion there is reason to apprehend that a particular person will commit an offence referred to in section 54 (1), (2) or (3);

if he is satisfied that a particular person engages in activities which endanger or are calculated to endanger


text:
Page:Internal Security Act 1982 South Africa.pdf/22

GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 9 JUNE 1982

Rh

the security of the State or the maintenance of law and order or that he propagates or promotes or is likely to propagate or promote such activities; or

if he has reason to suspect that a particular person who has been convicted of an offence specified in Schedule 2, engages or is likely to engage in activities which endanger or are calculated to endanger the security of the State or the maintenance of law and order, or propagates or promotes or is likely to propagate or promote such activities,

by a written notice signed by him and addressed to a member of the Prisons Service, as defined in section 1 of the Prisons Act, 1959 (Act No. 8 of 1959), who is in charge of a prison referred to in section 20 (1) (a) of the said Act, direct that the said person be detained in that prison.

(2) A notice referred to in subsection (1) shall be deemed to be a warrant referred to in section 27 (2) (e) of the Prisons Act, 1959, and the person to whom the notice relates shall be detained, in accordance with the provisions of regulations made by the Minister of Justice, in the prison in question for the period during which the notice is in force.

(3) (a) A copy of the notice referred to in subsection (1), signed by the Minister or certified by any officer acting under his authority to be a true copy, shall be delivered or tendered by a police officer to the person concerned and shall serve as a warrant for his arrest and removal to the prison in question (if he is not already in detention in the said prison) by that police officer.

(b) A copy referred to in paragraph (a) shall be accompanied by a written statement by the Minister setting forth the reasons for the detention of the person concerned and so much of the information which induced the Minister to issue the notice in question as can, in the opinion of the Minister, be disclosed without detriment to the public interest.

(4) Any police officer who has received information that a notice referred to in subsection (1) has been issued in respect of any person may without warrant arrest such person and keep him in custody for a period not exceeding seven days for the purposes of handing him over to the police officer referred to in subsection (3) (a).

(5) A telegram purporting to be from the Minister or any officer acting under his authority, stating that a notice has under subsection (1) been issued in respect of a particular person shall have the effect of such notice: Provided that if any such telegram is used in lieu of the notice in question, the Minister or the said officer shall as soon as possible forward the notice to the person referred to in subsection (1) who is in charge of the prison where the person to whom the notice applies is to be detained under such notice.

(6) Any person being detained in a prison by virtue of a notice referred to in subsection (1) may, if the Minister so directs in writing, be removed in custody from that prison and detained in any other prison referred to in section 20 (1) (a) of the Prisons Act, 1959, until such time as he is in terms of subsection (2) required to be released from detention.

(7) No court of law shall have jurisdiction to pronounce upon the validity of any regulation made under subsection (2).

(8) No person, other than the Minister, the Director, a judge of the Supreme Court of South Africa, a chairman of a board of review or any other person acting by virtue of his office in the service of the State—


text:
Page:Internal Security Act 1982 South Africa.pdf/23

GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 9 JUNE 1982

Rh shall have access to any person detained by virtue of the provisions of subsection (2), except with the consent of and subject to such conditions as may be determined by the Minister or the Commissioner; or

shall be entitled to any official information relating to or obtained from such person:

Provided that the provisions of this subsection relating to access to the person concerned shall not apply in respect of a legal representative assisting such person in the preparation of written documents referred to in subsection (9), provided such legal representative’s name does not appear on the consolidated list and no prohibition under this Act by way of a notice addressed and delivered or tendered to him is in force in respect of the said legal representative.

(9) Any person detained by virtue of the provisions of subsection (2) may at any time within a period of fourteen days as from the date upon which the copy of the notice in question, referred to in subsection (3), was delivered or tendered to him, make representations in writing to the Minister relating to his detention or release, and may within the said period in writing submit to the Minister any other information relating to the circumstances of his case.

(10) The Minister may at any time in writing withdraw a notice referred to in subsection (1).

(11) The Minister may in his discretion cause to be paid out of State moneys to any person detained by virtue of the provisions of subsection (2) an allowance in accordance with such scales as the Minister of Justice may with the concurrence of the Minister of Finance determine.

29. (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any law or the common law contained but subject to the provisions of subsection (3), any commissioned officer as defined in section 1 of the Police Act, 1958 (Act No. 7 of 1958), of or above the rank of lieutenant-colonel may, if he has reason to believe that any person who happens to be at any place in the Republic—

has committed or intends or intended to commit an offence referred to in section 54 (1), (2) or (4), excluding, in the case of an offence referred to in section 54 (4), such an offence which the suspect committed or intends or intended to commit in connection with a person suspected of having intended to commit or having committed the offence of sabotage; or

is withholding from the South African Police any information relating to the commission of an offence referred to in paragraph (a) or relating to an intended commission of such offence or relating to any person who has committed or who intends to commit such offence,

without warrant arrest such person or cause him to be arrested and detain such person or cause him to be detained for interrogation in accordance with such directions as the Commissioner may, subject to the directions of the Minister, from time to time issue, until—

the Commissioner orders his release when satisfied that the said person has satisfactorily replied to all questions at the interrogation or that no useful purpose will be served by his further detention in terms of the provisions of this section: Provided that in the case where at the conclusion of the interrogation the matter is submitted to the attorney-genera] for his decision as to whether or not a prosecution should be instituted against the said person, that person shall, notwithstanding the aforegoing provisions of this paragraph, be detained in terms of the provisions of this section until—

in the case where the attorney-general declines to prosecute, his decision in this regard is made known; or


text:
Page:Internal Security Act 1982 South Africa.pdf/24

GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 9 JUNE 1982

Rh

in the case where the attorey-general decides to institute a prosecution against the said person, the relevant indictment is served upon the said person; or

the said person’s release is ordered under subsection (5),

whichever takes place first.

(2) (a) The commissioned officer referred to in subsection (1) shall as soon as possible after an arrest in terms of that subsection notify the Commissioner thereof, and the Commissioner shall as soon as possible after having been so notified advise the Minister of the name of the person so arrested and the place where he is being detained and shall—

once a month furnish the Minister with reasons why the said person should not be released; and

if the said person has at the expiration of a period of six months as from the date of his arrest not yet been released from detention in terms of this section, and thereafter at intervals of not less than three months while such person is so in detention, in person or through a commissioned officer referred to in subsection (1), designated by him for that purpose, adduce reasons before a board of review as to why the said person should not be released.

(b) At proceeding for the hearing of reasons adduced before it in terms of paragraph (a) (ii). the board of review shall consider such written representations, if any, as the person whose further detention in terms of this section is in issue, wishes to submit in connection with the matter, and may in its discretion also hear oral evidence or representations from that person.

(c) At the conclusion of the proceedings referred to in paragraph (b), the board of review shall submit to the Minister a written report relating to the proceedings and its findings.

(d) The provisions of section 8 (8) shall mutatis mutandis apply in respect of the proceedings, referred to in paragraph (b), of the board of review.

(3) (a) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1) no person shall be detained in terms of the provisions of that subsection for a period exceeding thirty days as from the date of his arrest, except under a written authority for his further detention granted by the Minister.

(b) The Minister shall not grant any authority referred to in paragraph (a) unless he is satisfied, on the ground of a written application which is signed by the Commissioner and in which full reasons are given as to why the person concerned should not be released, that the further detention of the person concerned is necessary for the purposes of the interrogation in question.

(c) Any person in respect of whom an application has been made in terms of paragraph (b) may, pending the result of such application, be detained as if the application had been granted.

(4) Any person detained in terms of the provisions of this section may at any time make representations in writing to the Minister relating to his detention or release.

(5) The Minister may at any time order the release of any person detained in terms of the provisions of this section.

(6) No court of law shall have jurisdiction to pronounce upon the validity of any action taken in terms of this section, or to order the release of any person detained in terms of the provisions of this section.

(7) No person other than the Minister or a person acting by virtue of his office in the service of the State—


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Paul I., Petrovitch

PAUL I., (1754-1801). Emperor of Russia from 1706 to 1801. He was the son of Peter III. and Catharine the Great. He underwent a vigorous training at the hands of his mother, and this served to harden and warp a nature which was by no means devoid of generous impulses. The memory of his father's violent death made him suspicious of all who surrounded him, and as prince or emperor prevented him from gathering a party around him. During his mother's lifetime he was allowed no share in the government, and with the exception of a journey abroad (1781-82) passed his time in brooding idleness on his estates at Gatchina. Catharine died November 17, 1796, while seriously contemplating the exclusion of Paul from the succession to the throne in favor of his son

Alexander. Paul's reign began with fair promise, but speedily degenerated into an oppressive despotism which weighed alike on the Court, the army, and the intellectual life of the nation. The system of police espionage was developed to a hitherto unparalleled degree, and swift punishment was visited on those unfortunate enough to arouse the slightest suspicion in the Emperor's diseased imagination. Reluctant at first to enter the struggle against France, he finally joined the Second European Coalition against the French Republic in 1798, and in 1799 the Russian armies under Suvaroff (q.v.) gained a series of notable victories over the French and drove them out of Northern Italy. Bonaparte's astute diplomacy, however, succeeded in breeding dissension between the Russian Emperor and his allies. Paul's discontent was intensified by the conduct of England in refusing him possession of the island of Malta, to which as grand master of the Knights of Malta, an office assumed in 1798, he laid claim. His opposition to England finally developed into open hostility, and led in 1800-01 to the formation of the Northern Maritime League by Russia, Sweden, and Denmark against Great Britain. At home, meanwhile, Paul's despotism had become unendurable, and a conspiracy was formed by some of the highest officials about the Court to bring about the Emperor's abdication in favor of his son Alexander. The leaders of the conspiracy were Count Pahlen, Count Panin, Prince Suboff, General Bennigsen, and General Uvaroff. On the night of March 23, 1801, the Imperial palace was surrounded by the troops of Count Pahlen while the conspirators, some thirty in number, broke into Paul's chamber and at the sword's point demanded that he sign the act of abdication. No certain knowledge exists of what then occurred, but it would seem that the Emperor, crazed with fear, attempted resistance, that a scuffle ensued, and that in the struggle Paul was strangled with his own scarf. Of Paul's ten children. Alexander and Nicholas ruled over Russia, while Constantine was a prominent figure during the reign of the latter. Consult: Kobeko, Der Cäsarewitsch Paul, 1754-96 (Berlin, 1886); Brenemann, Aus den Tagen Kaiser Pauls (Leipzig, 1886).


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/116

Rh Golden Fleece, and appointed ambassador extraordinary to the Ottoman Porte for the purpose of completing the treaty of Vasmar by the formal exchange of ratifications at Constantinople. He left Vienna on 25 May (N.S.) 1665, with a large and splendidly equipped retinue, and accompanied by his friend, Lord Henry Howard, afterwards sixth duke of Norfolk [q. v.] A flotilla of six-and-thirty gaily decorated barges of state bore the party down the Danube to Belgrade. The rest of the journey was performed in coaches. Constantinople was reached early in September, and the imperial cortège was met outside the gate by the train of the English ambassador, Heneage Finch, second earl of Winchilsea [q. v.], and the principal English merchants. During his stay at Constantinople Leslie was treated by the sultan with great distinction. He left about Christmas, and arrived at Vienna loaded with presents, with sixty liberated prisoners in his train, and a quartan ague on his person, on 27 March (N.S.) 1666. He died in the Roman catholic faith, which he had adopted after the assassination of Wallenstein, on 3 March (N.S.) 1667, and was buried with great pomp in the Scottish Benedictine Abbey at Vienna.

Leslie married in 1640 Anna Francesca, daughter of Maximilian, prince of Dietrichstein, by whom he had no issue. He amassed a considerable fortune, out of which he made remittances to his brothers in Scotland to help them to clear off incumbrances on the family estates. The rest, with his landed estate, he devised to his nephew, Colonel (afterwards General) Leslie, who by an imperial patent of 31 May (N.S.) 1662 inherited his title.

LESLIE, WILLIAM (d. 1654?), principal of King's College, Aberdeen, belonged to the family of Leslie of Aikenway or Aiknavy in Banffshire. Bishop Keith erroneously calls him a brother of John Leslie, bishop successively of the Isles and Raphoe, the father of Charles Leslie (1650–1722) [q. v.] Educated at King's College, Aberdeen, he became humanist there in 1603, regent in 1617, sub-principal in 1623, and on the presentation of Bishop Patrick Forbes (1564–1635) [q. v.], whose patronage was a testimony to his piety and learning, principal in 1632. On the attempt of John Durie to unite the Lutherans and the reformed churches, Archbishop Spotiswood requested the theological faculty of Aberdeen to give their judgment in the matter, and Leslie was one of six doctors (the others being John Forbes (1593–1648) [q. v.], Robert Baron (1593?–1639) [q. v.], Alexander Scroggie, James Sibbald, and Alexander Ross) who, ‘drawing a distinction between absolute consent in every thing, and agreement in essential points, declared that both the Lutherans and the Reformed, rightly understood, agreed in those matters of faith as to which the ancient church had been of one opinion,’ whereupon Samuel Rutherford, then in banishment at Aberdeen, wrote that ‘a reconciliation with popery was intended.’

At the royal visitation of the university in April 1638, Leslie was ‘found to have been defective and negligent in his office,’ but as he ‘was known to be ane man of gude literature, lyff, and conversation,’ the commissioners were content to admonish him to attend better to his administrative duties and teach less, confining him to one lecture in theology and one in Hebrew in the week. By this time the national covenant had been


text:
Page:Internal Security Act 1982 South Africa.pdf/25

GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 9 JUNE 1982

Rh shall have access to any person detained in terms of the provisions of this section, except with the consent of and subject to such conditions as may be determined by the Minister or the Commissioner; or

shall be entitled to any official information relating to or obtained from such person.

(8) The provisions of section 335 of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (Act No. 51 of 1907), shall not apply in respect of any statement by any person detained in terms of the provisions of this section, made during such detention: Provided that if in the course of any subsequent criminal proceedings relating to the matter in connection with which the said person made that statement, any part of such statement is put to him by the prosecutor, any person in possession of the statement shall at the request of such first-mentioned person furnish him with a copy of the said statement.

(9) Any person detained in terms of the provisions of this section shall, in addition to any visits under this Act by an Inspector of Detainees, be not less than once a fortnight—

visited in private by a magistrate;

visited in private by a district surgeon.

30. (1) Whenever any person has been arrested on a charge of having committed any offence referred to in Schedule 3, the attorney-general may, if he considers it necessary in the interests of the security of the State or the maintenance of law and order, issue an order that such person shall not be released on bail or on warning as contemplated in the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (Act No. 51 of 1977).

(2) (a) Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, but subject to the provisions of subsection (3), no person shall be released on bail or on warning contrary to the provisions of an order issued under subsection (1).

(b) Whenever any person arrested for an offence referred to in subsection (1) applies to be released on bail or on warning and the public prosecutor informs the judge, court or magistrate to whom or to which the application is made that the matter has been referred to the attorney-general concerned with a view to the issue of an order under subsection (1), such person shall, pending the decision of the attorney-general, not be released on bail or on warning: Provided that if no such order is issued within the period of fourteen days immediately following upon the date on which such judge, court or magistrate is so informed, such person may again apply to be released on bail or on warning and may, subject to the provisions of any law. be so released.

(3) The attorney-general may at any time before its expiration withdraw any order issued under subsection (1).

(4) Any telegraphic copy purporting to be a copy of an order under subsection (1) transmitted by telegraph shall for all purposes be prima facie proof of the facts set forth in such copy.

31. (1) Whenever in the opinion of the attorney-general there is any danger that any person likely to give material evidence for the State in any criminal proceedings in connection with facts which may serve as a basis for a charge relating to an offence referred to in Schedule 3, may be tampered with or intimidated or that any such person may abscond, or whenever he deems it to be in the interests of such person or of the administration of justice, he may issue a warrant for the arrest and detention of such person.


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/117

Rh promulgated, and was being enthusiastically signed throughout Scotland. But at Aberdeen the townsmen would have none of it; the theological faculty condemned it; and when ‘the tables’ sent commissioners (among whom were Montrose and Henderson, Cant and Dickson) to advocate the cause, the Aberdeen doctors met them with a series of questions regarding the lawfulness of the covenant and the authority by which it was imposed. They received the thanks of the king for their firmness, and on 25 March 1639, on the approach of the covenanting army to Aberdeen, Leslie, with Sibbald and Baron and some sixty cavaliers, sailed for England. Charles was unable to protect them, Leslie and Sibbald returned home in the autumn, and in July 1640 the general assembly which met in Aberdeen deposed him from the ministry, and deprived him of his principalship, on general charges of laziness, negligence, drunkenness, and his refusal to subscribe the covenant. Writers of the other party explain the laziness as bookishness, and a ‘retired monastic way of living;’ they indignantly deny the drunkenness, describing him as ‘sober and abstemious above his accusers.’ His meekness was certainly remarkable. He ‘was never heard to speak against his enemies or their procedure, but suffered all things with great patience, attending God's will’—firm, however, in his refusal of the covenant, ‘saying he would not hurt his conscience for worldly means.’ For a time he occupied a chamber in the college which he hitherto had ruled. Later, he was the guest of the Marquis of Huntly at Gordon Castle, but that refuge also failed him, and he went to live with his kinsman, Alexander Douglas of Spynie, Elginshire, son of a former bishop of Moray, at whose house he died of cancer about 1654.

Leslie's contemporaries are loud and unanimous in their praise of his great learning and instructive conversation, but nothing remains of his writings except two short Latin elegies on his patron Bishop Patrick Forbes, contained in the ‘Funerals’ of that prelate, and a fragment on the writings of Cassiodorus preserved by Dr. George Garden [q. v.] in his edition of the works of John Forbes.

LESLIE, WILLIAM (1657–1727), bishop of Laybach in Styria, born in 1657, was the second son of William Leslie, fifth laird of Warthill, Aberdeenshire, by his wife Anne, daughter of James Elphinstone of Glack, and grand-niece of William Elphinstone [q. v.], bishop of Aberdeen. He went at the age of eleven with his elder brother to King's College, Aberdeen, and on leaving the university he was for a time parish schoolmaster of Chapel of Garioch, near his father's property. In 1684 he removed to Padua for purposes of study. There he became a Roman catholic and took holy orders. Cardinal Barbarigo appointed him professor of theology at Padua. He had relatives in Austria, the Counts Leslie, and he went to help them in the management of their affairs. Through their influence he became in 1716 bishop of Waitzen in Hungary. He soon won high favour with the emperor, who in 1718 procured his translation to the more important see of Laybach, an appointment which carried with it the dignities of metropolitan of Carniola and prince of the Holy Roman Empire. He was also a privy councillor to the emperor. In 1725 he sent home to Scotland, to his brother, his portrait and his diploma from the university of Padua, relics still preserved at Warthill, along with some interesting letters describing his prosperity. In one of these (July 1725) he speaks of Scotland as ‘the Land of Cakes.’ He died in 1727.

LESLY, GEORGE (d. 1701), divine and poet, a native of Scotland, was instituted to the rectory of Wittering in Northamptonshire in 1681, was presented to the vicarage of Olney, 1 Nov. 1687, and was buried in Olney Church on 17 March 1701 (manuscript note in Israel's Troubles;, Bucks, iv. 307).

Lesly wrote: 1. ‘Fire and Brimstone, or the Destruction of Sodom’ [1675], 8vo. 2. ‘Abraham's Faith,’ n.d. A morality, or, as the writer calls it, a ‘Tragi-Comedy,’ which ‘pleased myself and friends. But if it please not others, let them cast It out of doors, perhaps 't may be the last.’—Ep. The characters include the Devil, a Midwife, Faith, Flesh and Despair. The two reprinted with additions in 3. ‘Divine Dialogues, viz. Dives's Doom, Sodom's Flames and Abraham's Faith … to which is added Joseph Reviv'd … the second edition,’ London, 1684. A dedication to Charles, Earl of Westmoreland, dated 14 June 1676, describes the work as ‘the frozen conception of one born in a cold climate.’ Hunter says he saw a first edition dated 1678. Together with this work is bound up in the British Museum copy ‘The Universal Medicine, a Sermon, together with four more,’ 2nd edit. 1684. 4. ‘Israel's Troubles and Triumph, or the History of the Dangers in and Deliverance out of


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/118

Rh Egypt … turned into English verse,’ 1699 (, Cat. iii. 1001). With the exception of No. 4, all these rare volumes are in the British Museum.

 LESPEC, WALTER (d. 1153), founder of Rievaulx Abbey. [See ]

LESSE, NICHOLAS (fl. 1550), religious writer, is described by Tanner as a citizen and merchant of London. There is no evidence in support of this statement, except that Lesse's books were published in London. He was a friend of Bishop Bale, who encouraged him in his literary enterprises. His only original work is the ‘Apologie of the Worde of God, declarynge how necessarye it is to be in all men's hands, the want whereof is the cause of al vngodliness’ [London, 1547, 8vo]. This work is appended to his translation of Melanchthon's ‘Justification of Man by Faith only,’ likewise published in 1547. He also translated the following works: 1. ‘The Minde and Judgement of Maister F. Lambert of Auenna, of the wyll of Man,’ London [1548], 8vo. 2. ‘The Censure and Judgement of the famous Clark Erasmus, of Roterodam, whether Dyuorsemente … standeth with the Lawe of God,’ London [1550], 8vo. 3. St. Augustine's ‘Twelfe Steppes of Abuses,’ London, 1550, 8vo. 4. St. Augustine's ‘Predestination of Saints, and Vertue of Perseveraunce to thend,’ London, 1550, 8vo. According to Tanner's unsupported statement, he also translated Luther's ‘Commentaries on the two Epistles of St. Peter,’ Polydore Vergil's ‘De Inventoribus Rerum,’ and Æpinus on certain ‘Psalms.’

 LESTER, FREDERICK PARKINSON (1795–1858), major-general, Bombay artillery, third son of John Lester, merchant, of Racquet Court, Fleet Street, and his wife, Elizabeth Parkinson, born on 3 Feb. 1795, was educated at Mr. Jephson's academy at Camberwell and at Addiscombe. He qualified for a commission on 22 April 1811. His commissions, all regimental ones in the Bombay artillery, were dated, second lieutenant 25 Oct. 1811, lieutenant 3 Sept. 1815, captain 1 Sept. 1818, major 14 May 1836, lieutenant-colonel 9 Aug. 1840 (Bombay G. O. 8 Sept. 1840), brevet-colonel 15 March 1851 (G. O. 3 June 1851), major-general 28 Nov. 1854. Of his forty-five years of service thirty-seven were passed in India, chiefly as acting commissary of ordnance, commissary of stores, secretary to, and afterwards ordinary member of the military board. A system of book-keeping by double entry, introduced by him, was ordered to be generally adopted in the ordnance department (Mil. Com. 21 May 1834, No. 2484). As an ordinary member of the military board he was ‘specially thanked for his zealous and efficient services’ by the governor of Bombay (G. O. 7 April 1847). Lester was a man of deep religious convictions, and his leaving a mess breakfast-table at which Sir John (afterwards Lord) Keane [q. v.] was present, in protest against the profane tone of the conversation, placed him long under an official cloud. In April 1858 he was appointed to the command of the southern division of the Bombay army, with headquarters at Belgaum, and assumed command there on 12 May 1857. His wise measures during the months of May to September 1857 were believed by Sir George Le Grand Jacob [q. v.] ‘in all probability to have prevented an explosion at Belgaum’ (Western India, p. 218). These measures, of which there is a memorandum in possession of the family, consisted chiefly of the repair of the fort, the removal of the powder and ammunition within the fort, night patrols, chiefly of civilian volunteers, deportation of suspected sepoys, removal of guns, gun-carriages, horses, &c., from the exterior to the interior of the fort; removal of the depot of H.M. 64th, with its four hundred European women and children, into the fort; vetoing the proposal of the commanding officer of the 29th Bombay native infantry, backed by the political agent, Mr. Seton-Karr, to disarm the regiment as mutineers, on the ground of the inadequacy of any European force for the task, and the certainty of a failure, ending in disaster; the holding of courts-martial and execution and punishment of rebels on the arrival of British troops (10 Aug. 1857) (see, Reminiscences). One of these courts-martial consisted entirely of native non-commissioned officers. The measures were preventive only, but they were among the measures which prevented the flame of insurrection spreading to Western India, and Lester has hardly been given the credit justly due to him in respect of them. He was found dead in his bed of heart disease at 7 on 3 July 1858, at Belgaum.

Lester married first, in 1828, at St. Thomas's Church, Bombay, Helen Elizabeth Honner, by whom he had two children, who died in infancy; and secondly, in 1840, at Mahableshwur, Charlotte Pratt, daughter of the Rev. Charles Fyvie; by her he had five children, two of whom survive.