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86 Poke Stover. "Well, he's a wonderful old fighter, and if we have any trouble with the Mexicans ye can reckon on it as how he'll be to the front from the very start." How true was the old frontiersman's prediction the future chapters of our tale will show.

They hardly knew what to do with the Indian. Stover wished to turn him out to shift for himself, but the boys pleaded for the wounded red man, and in the end he was allowed to remain where he was. The Radburys retired to their sleeping-apartment, while Stover made himself comfortable in front of the big open fireplace. All, however, slept, as the saying goes, "with one eye open."

The next week was a busy one. It was found that not only had the Indians attacked the cabin, but they had also tried to wreck the cattle shed, and both structures had to be mended and put into order. During the absence of the settlers some of the cattle and the mustangs had strayed away to other ranges, and these had to be rounded up, for in those days men of limited means, like Mr. Radbury, did not allow their live stock to wander far away, to be rounded up once or twice a year. If they had allowed this, cattle and ponies might have gotten into the Indian country and never been heard of again.

At the end of the week Poke Stover left, stating that he was going to make a trip to San

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Rh Antonio de Bexar, to learn how matters were going politically.

"There may be a scrap on already," he remarked, "and, if so, I don't want to be sitting here, sucking my thumbs."

"I admire your sentiment," replied Mr. Radbury. "If there is trouble, can I rely upon you to give me warning?"

"Certainly," answered Poke Stover.

He left on Saturday morning, and on Sunday Big Foot sat up for the first time. The Radburys had done their best for him, and for this he was extremely grateful.

"Big Foot pay back some day," he said. "Pay back sure." The boys hardly gave attention to these words, but had good cause to remember them later.

During the next few months matters ran smoothly, until one day when some of the settlers from Gonzales came in. They reported another Indian uprising farther eastward, and declared that the local government was doing nothing to check the red men.

"We must take the law into our own hands, neighbour Radbury," said one, who lived a matter of thirty miles away, yet considered himself a fairly close neighbour. "The Mexicans don't care a rap for us, and I reckon they'd just as lief see the Injuns ride over us as not."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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88 "I trust Santa Anna does the right thing by us," answered Mr. Radbury.

"I wouldn't trust any of 'em."

"Well, if they don't do right, they had better look out for Sam Houston, or he'll be on their heels."

"Yes, I've great faith in Houston," was the other settler's answer. "He's a lawyer and a fighter, and I reckon he can whip 'em both in the court-room or on the battle-field."

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text: For the Liberty of Texas/Chapter 9

title: For the Liberty of Texas/Chapter 9


text:
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Author:Johann Caspar Bluntschli

Works

 * The Theory of the State

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his conversation with his neighbour, Mr. Radbury had mentioned Santa Anna, and it may be as well to look for a moment at this remarkable personage, who at that time, and for several years to follow, was the most important man in Mexico.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was born in Jalapa, in 1795, and entered the army at an early age. With Iturbide he joined in the revolution and came out a brigadier-general, and was made commandant of Vera Cruz. A few years later he organised a revolt and overthrew the man he had aided, and in 1828 he deposed Pedraza and put Guerrero in his place.

So much of war would have satisfied any ordinary man, but it did not satisfy General Santa Anna, who was cruel and cunning to the last degree, and prided himself on being "The Napoleon of the West," as he styled himself. He wanted Mexico for his own, and in 1829 he defeated a large division of the Spanish army, that

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90 had landed at Tampico for the purpose of reconquering the country.

Having saved the Confederation, as he put it, Santa Anna considered that he had more of a right to Mexico than ever, and in 1832 he got into a wrangle with Bustamente, who was then occupying the Mexican presidential chair, with the result that Bustamente was banished by Santa Anna's followers, who forthwith made the general president. At this Santa Anna went still further by dissolving the Mexican congress, which action made him virtually a dictator. How it was that the Mexicans at large stood such treatment is one of the political mysteries of the age that has never been explained.

Yet Santa Anna's dictatorship, if such it may be called, was a position full of peril. There was constant wrangling in nearly every state of the Confederation, and in a number of places there were actual outbreaks, which might have resulted seriously had Santa Anna not nipped them promptly in the bud. Stephen Austin had gone to Mexico to further the interests of the Texans, and been there imprisoned for political reasons. This helped along the war between Texas and Mexico, which was bound to burst sooner or later.

The first dark cloud came in the passage of a decree reducing the number of the militia to one man for every five hundred inhabitants, and requiring all the remaining armed persons to give up

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Rh their weapons. The Texans refused to submit, stating that they needed all the protection they could get, on account of the Indians and because of the desperadoes who flocked into the territory. In the meantime Mexico had sent many of her jailbirds to settle in Texas.

While this was going on, during the summer of 1835, Austin returned from his imprisonment in Mexico, and was given a grand public banquet at Brazoria. In his speech there he counselled moderation, but declared that the civil government was going to pieces, and that the Texans must take care of themselves. He still believed in Santa Anna and his golden promises, hoping against hope for a peaceful change for the better.

At San Antonio were stationed five hundred Mexican soldiers, under Colonel Ugartchea, and, according to orders, this command commenced to disarm such of the Texans as had failed to comply with the decree regarding firearms. At Gonzales, fifty miles to the eastward, the settlers had a fourpounder, a brass cannon given to them by the government for protection against the Indians.

"The people of Gonzales must give up the cannon," said Colonel Ugartchea. "Tell them to send it to Bexar without delay."

"We need the cannon," said the people of Gonzales. "It's the only cannon we have along the whole river front."

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92 "Santa Anna's orders must be obeyed," was the Mexican colonel's comment, and he despatched a force of one hundred and fifty dragoons, under Captain Castinado, to take the cannon by force. The Mexican soldiers arrived at the river on September 28th. On the opposite side of the stream was Gonzales, but the ferry-boat was on that side, too.

The Mexican commander waved for the boat, but no attention was paid to his movement. Then a horn was blown, but still the Texans paid no attention.

"We will march to the ford," cried the Mexican captain, and the dragoons started. But on reaching the ford, half a mile below the town, they found themselves confronted by Captain Albert Martin, a merchant of the place, backed up by several dozens of determined-looking Texans.

The alarm had now gone forth, and express riders rode their steeds almost to death to summon the people of Bastrop, Victoria, and other places. Soon the settlers began to flock in, all on horse back and armed, ready to do or die for Texas, as the case might be. With the number were Mr. Radbury and Dan. Dan had been to Gonzales to buy some household stores, and his father, hearing of the uprising, had hastened down the river to find his son and see that no harm befell him. This had left Ralph home alone, saving for the company

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Rh of Pompey Shuck, a negro, who had, during the summer, followed Mr. Radbury from the old home in Georgia and insisted that he be taken in and set to work, "jess as on de ole plantation, Mars' Radbury." Big Foot, the Indian, had departed some time before Pompey's arrival.

"This looks like a fight, father," observed Dan, as his parent joined him on the bank of the stream, where Dan had gone, following Captain Martin.

"It certainly looks like trouble," answered Mr. Radbury, as he gazed at the Mexican dragoons with anxiety. "That cannon may be responsible for a whole lot of bloodshed."

"Well, they haven't any right to disarm us," returned the youth, determinedly. "You'll fight first, won't you?"

"Perhaps I will; it will depend upon circumstances," was the non-committal reply. Amos Radbury was no "fire-eater," and, like Austin, preferred a settlement without a passage at arms.

At the ford the Mexican commander had ridden into the water to consult with the leader of the Texans.

"I am sent here to obtain the cannon you are holding," he said. "There is my order," and he held it out.

"We don't dispute the order, captain," was the reply. "But we consider it unjust to ask us to

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94 give up a piece that we may need against the Indians."

"If you will give up the cannon you will be protected."

"We haven't been protected for a long while. We have had to protect ourselves."

"You are thinking of using that cannon against the government," was the angry remark of the Mexican commander.

"We are not thinking of doing so, but it may be we will be forced to do so," was the significant reply.

"I am coming over, and I demand the cannon," went on the Mexican leader, pompously.

"If you dare to come over, it will be at the peril of your life," was the calm return.

The Mexican commander continued to bluster and threaten, but all to no purpose, and at length he withdrew his force from the ford, and went into temporary camp in a valley opposite to Gonzales.

It was now night, and the town was at a white heat. Meetings were held in half a dozen places, and while some counselled delay others were for forcing the righting. In the end, however, it was decided to wait, and in the meantime pickets were sent out to watch the Mexicans so that they might not enter Gonzales by stealth.

"I wonder if they will come over to-night," said Dan, as he and his father picked their way along

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Rh the river to where forty or fifty horsemen who owned ranches in the vicinity had pitched their headquarters, the taverns in the town being already overcrowded.

"I doubt it, Dan. We have fully as many men, if not more, and a Mexican soldier never loves to fight in the dark."

"Perhaps the Mexican captain has sent back for reinforcements."

"That may be. Well, all we can do is to watch and be on guard."

By this it will be seen that Mr. Radbury was as anxious as any one to keep the cannon. He had refused to give up any of his firearms, and had buried two of his pistols under the floor of the cabin home.

The night wore away without any alarm sounding, and the next day the Mexican commander sent another demand for the cannon, and on the day following he asked that a time be set for a general conference regarding the now precious bit of property.

The conference was refused, and instead he was asked to vacate his position so close to Gonzales. This he would not do, and all of the settlers now agreed that he was awaiting reinforcements from Bexar.

"He will wait for Colonel Ugartchea to come up with the balance of the command, and then wipe us out altogether," said one.

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96 "Or perhaps he is waiting for Cos to come up," said another. It was known that the Mexican general, Cos, was on the march for San Antonio de Bexar with six hundred additional troops for the garrison of that city.

The morning of the first of October came foggy and disagreeable. But little could be seen beyond the river bank, and it was not known if the Mexican command was advancing, retreating, or standing still. Again the leaders of the Texans met, and it was unanimously decided not to delay action longer, but if the Mexicans were still on the opposite side of the stream to compel them to move away before their force could be increased. Volunteers were called for to cross the river with the brass cannon and begin an attack, and a hundred and sixty Texans rode to the front for that purpose. Mr. Radbury was too loyal-hearted a man to hang back, and as Dan begged very hard to go too, he was permitted to join half a dozen young men who brought up the rear.

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text: For the Liberty of Texas/Chapter 10

title: For the Liberty of Texas/Chapter 10


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 CHAPTER II

the earliest times the Romans well recognized the ever present menace of fire and as a matter of precaution a law was passed compelling the erection of separate houses, each standing in its own plot of ground. But as the size of the city increased this regulation became more honored in the breach than in the observance, with the result that serious conflagrations occurred frequently and thus the subject of effective "fire-fighting" was forced upon the attention of the authorities. Indeed, there is nothing surprising in Rome having been constantly visited by such calamities. The houses in the poorer and more populous quarter of the city were usually constructed of wood, sanctuary fires were continually kept burning in every household in honour of the domestic deities and it does not require the imagination of a Jules Verne to conjure up visions of the dire results caused by an act of carelessness or a moment's thoughtlessness. The streets being narrow and tortuous, the smallest blaze would quickly develop into a veritable conflagration, the magnitude of which would depend solely upon the natural barriers which might stand in the way of the flames. In addition, intermingled with the dwelling houses, were vast warehouses and granaries which offered an easy prey to fire.

Furthermore, human nature in Ancient Rome was much the same as human nature in modern New York and enterprising miscreants were not lacking, who realized that by starting a fire and availing themselves of the ensuing confusion, they could enrich themselves comfortably 7


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8 and quickly at the expense of their neighbours. They were, in fact, the germ from which developed the individual who is a terror to his neighbours, a pest in the community and a source of constant activity to fire departments, by whom he is dubbed expressively a "firebug."

Hence it will be seen that even at this early date the menace of fire in its primary conditions did not differ materially from the modern fire risks in many towns. Under the Republic one of the duties of the Roman "Triumvirs" was to protect the city from fire, and later they came to be called "Nocturns," because of their mounting guard during the night. In this task they were assisted by the "Ædiles," to whom the care of the buildings in the town was entrusted. This constituted the "official" fighting force, but there were in addition private organizations consisting of slaves, whose services were given gratuitously according to the wishes of their masters, who doubtless in this manner hoped to rise in public esteem. This forms an interesting analogy to the methods employed by many so-called philanthropists of the present day who are usually ready to support any public work upon which a liberal amount of limelight is turned.

Little could be expected from a department composed of such heterogeneous elements, ignorant alike of discipline and organization. The Emperor, Cæsar Augustus, realizing the importance of effective fire protection in his capital, introduced the first regularly constituted "fire department" known to history. It consisted of seven cohorts, each numbering roughly one thousand men. Their duties consisted not only in the actual work of fighting the flames, but also in policing the streets contiguous to an outbreak and in preventing robbery and looting. The fire chief was known as the "Præfectus Vigilum." He was assisted by three lieutenants, "Subpræfecti"; seven "Tribunes," forty-nine "Centurions," and a great number of "Principales." This last title was given to every one in the Roman army, who had any species of fixed office, to all those in fact who occupied the intermediate ranks


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Rh commissioned officers and common soldiers. Prominent amongst the "Principales" were the "Librarii," who kept the accounts and paid the wages, the "Bucinatores" or buglers, the ensign bearers, one for each cohort, and the "Aquarii," the "Siphonarii," the "Sebaciarii," and the "Mitularii," to whose respective duties attention will be paid when considering the manner in which fires were fought. There were also four doctors attached to each cohort and last, but by no means least, an official known as the "Questionarius," whose interesting duty it was to apply torture in cases of suspected incendiarism.

The seven cohorts were quartered in as many barracks, designated "castra," which were so located that each could effectively protect two of the fourteen regions into which the city was divided. As to the construction of these barracks, there is fortunately preserved an important record in the shape of a fragment of an ancient plan of Imperial Rome, showing the details of the barrack allocated to the first cohort. This was situated near St. Grisogone in Trastavere and the building had evidently been specially designed for the use of firemen on duty. The atrium or entrance hall was tiled with black and white mosaic arranged to represent various marine subjects, while in the middle stood a handsome hexagonal fountain. Flanking the walls on either side were benches for the men, while numerous inscriptions and rough drawings evidenced the fact that in their moments of leisure the Roman firemen found amusement in caricaturing their fellows. Opposite to the main entrance of the atrium was a door leading to a spacious bathroom, giving the impression that the wants of the men, even in those days, were the subject of as careful consideration as they are today.

It must have been about this time that the intellectual activity of the Romans commenced to assert itself and not only the great "Thermes" or baths were open the whole night long, but also such halls of assembly as the "Palestæ," the "Scholæ," the "Bibliothecæ" and the "Pinocotecæ" would be crowded at all hours with throngs of eager


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10. In fact, nocturnal life in Rome had come to be an integral part of the city's existence.

This in its turn necessitated some form of municipal illumination and this was likewise entrusted to the fire department, a special branch being formed under the name of the "Sebaciarii," after their first captain, one Sebaciarius. Special men were drawn monthly from each cohort for this service, their duties including the supervision of the monster torches kept continually burning outside fire stations as a signal to all and sundry whither to repair in the event of wishing to give an alarm of fire. Some few years ago a bronze torch was excavated not far from St. Grisogone, which experts presume to have been a street lamp of this period.

Fortunately Rome was well supplied with water, which was carried in "Hamae" or light vases by squads of firemen to the scene of an outbreak, where it was placed at the disposal of those in charge of the "Siphones" or hand pumps. From specimens, which have been frequently found in excavations, these latter must have been very similar to the old-fashioned syringes used by gardeners, only, of course, constructed of wood.

The "Aquarii," or as their name designates, the water carriers, did not confine their attentions to that duty alone. They were also expected to be conversant with all possible sources of water supply in the two regions of the town for which their cohort was responsible.

On the whole, the firemen were well equipped with apparatus including hammers, saws, mattocks, and other such implements, besides leather hose in suitable lengths. Large pillows, specially designed to break the fall of anyone jumping from a height were in general use, and incidentally were not much improved upon till the beginning of the last century. In addition the Roman ladder, the forerunner of the modern escape, had already been introduced and a detailed description of the same may be found in the chapter dealing with appliances.

Given these data it is not difficult to frame in the mind's


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THE "ROMAN" LADDER. DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION AND METHOD OF RAISING.


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20

The time now rapidly approached for the marriage of Oliver and Mary. Their lives, had been in the past, of a by no means monotonously happy character. Both of them had suffered, and suffered poignantly. Mary herself had been a member of the ruling class. She had been reared in luxury, and supplied with everything which wealth could provide for her. But although supplied with every possible luxury, she was not happy, for she craved for someone upon whom she could lavish the wealth of affection which constituted so great and important a part of her healthy, passionate nature. Possessed of the perfect and splendid form of a fully-developed beautiful woman, she was also the possessor of the intense emotionalism and perfect capacity for love, which is always the characteristic of the natural woman whose ardent feminality has not been diminished or destroyed by the indigence, or excessive luxury, which is a usual concomitant of high civilization.

At last Mary met her complement in Oliver Spence, and as the steel flies to the magnet, so she flew to, and clung to him. To her he was perfection, the sound of his voice was to her ears the sweetest, entrancing music, his utterances appeared the quintessence of wisdom, and his appearance that of a Greek god. For him she threw up her position in society, and her excellent opportunities of marrying some rich man for whom she could have no love. Her friends condemned, because they could not understand this "infatuation," as they termed it, for this poor, and obscure, suspected conspirator.

Her parents cast her off, and she was compelled to earn her living in domestic service. Oliver, who reciprocated her affection, would have married her, but although she was so passionately devoted to him that she often felt willing to abandon everything to him, although every fibre of her being ached and hungered for him, yet, so strangely are women constituted that she indefinitely postponed the acceptance of his offer, persuading herself that it was for his welfare; that she would avoid the possibility of impeding his progress, or fettering him in his great work.

Oliver's triumph however altered matters. She saw that in his new station she could be of considerable assistance to him, more particularly as the people were beginuingbeginning [sic] to marvel at, and unfavorably comment upon, the celibacy of their Dictator.

The marriage took place in the Sydney Town Hall, in the presence of the members of the National Board of Advice, and a large concourse of men and women. The bride looked very happy as she walked into the Town Hall, accompanied by her new friends, the wives of some of the most distinguished of the Revolutionists. She was attired in a white

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Rh satin dress, her face was veiled with point lace her neck encircled with pearls, and her head wreathed and crowned with orange blossoms.

The marriage ceremony was performed by the Registrar-General, Oliver, although not an Atheist, had no belief in any of the current religions, nor had his wife. The Dictator also desired a secular marriage, in order that he might avoid the possibility of stirring up sectarian strife, as, had he been married by the priest or minister of any Church, he might have reasonably been supposed to be a member of that Church.

They left the Town Hall arm-in-arm, amid the admiring plaudits of the multitude, who were charmed and transported by the extraordinary beauty and grace of the Dictator's wife. Arrived at Spence's house, they sat down, with a large number of guests, to the wedding breakfast.

Mary Lovelace had exchanged her name for that of her lover, and her fondest wish, her highest ambition was gratified. Was she happy? Yes; supremely, ineffably happy. She would not have exchanged her new position for all the treasures in the world. She fondly followed her husband's every movement, and impatiently longed for the time when they would be alone together, that she might throw her arms around his neck and devour him with her burning kisses.

At last all the guests had departed, and the newly-married couple, retired together to their private apartments, where we will leave them, for it is not our business to pry into the sacred and esoteric mysteries and pleasures of the nuptial chamber.

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Rh eye a picture of a fire in ancient Rome. There is sufficient evidence that the Romans were distinctly human and no doubt an outbreak of fire provided a pleasant interlude when the discourse of a popular orator started to become tedious. Hence it can be imagined, even as today, that the "Nocturns," or fire police, were fully occupied in preventing the curious from hindering the firemen. The "Præfectus Vigilum," or Fire Chief, would arrive to take charge of operations and woe betide any one in the vicinity, were there any suspicion of incendiarism. The services of the "Questionarius," or Fire Marshal, would be hastily requisitioned and, judging by the comprehensive fashion in which the law was administered at that period, it may be hazarded that while no doubt the guilty eventually received their well merited reward, it is not unlikely that meantime a proportion of the innocent had also tasted of that official's ingenious skill. This assuredly must have had a discouraging effect upon the enthusiasm of the genus "firebug," for inasmuch as example is generally a deterrent, it mattered little whether the punishment reached the real offender, so long as the "modus operandi" of the punishment and the reason thereof were known and appreciated.

But to return to a more serious vein of thought, it is a fact that modern methods of procedure against incendiaries lack the finality and thoroughness of those early days. In a later portion of this volume the subject is treated at length and hence it is unnecessary further to pursue the question. Suffice it to say, that, broadly speaking, the Fire Department of Ancient Rome was as well organized and equipped for its duties as many a municipal force as late as the eighteenth century and it might not be exaggeration to hazard, even composed of as competent fire-fighters as some corps of today.


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 State. [The Duke of Chou was younger brother of 文王 King Wên, the first sovereign of the Chou dynasty, whose empire he helped to consolidate. The mariner's compass is attributed to him by the Chinese. Died B.C. 1105.]

Tso see.

Chou see.

Li see. [This is the official set of Rites (see lines, ). It deals with the ranks and duties of government servants, and was originally divided under six heads, the last of which was found to be missing early in the 1st cent. A.D.]

Chu is composed of 艸 ts'ao grass as radical and 者 chê. It is commonly used in the sense of to make or write a book.

Liu see.

Kuan is composed of radical 宀 mien shelter, under which it is now classed, and an old word for heap, many. It is defined as officials serving their prince, the lower portion of the character giving the idea of plurality. [Père Zottoli's rendering "exhibuitque sex præfectos" is unnecessarily hard and fast. The six divisions under which the Duke of Chou ranged all officials were 天官 t'ien kuan State Counsellors, 地官 ti kuan Ministers of Finance, 春官 ch'un kuan Ministers of Sacrificial Worship, 夏官 hsia kuan Ministers of War, 秋官 ch'iu kuan Ministers of Justice, 冬官 tung kuan Ministers of Public Works. These were to some extent prototypes of the modern Six Boards. See lines, , .]


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318

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the subject may not be unacceptable to some of my readers, I shall make a few observations relative to convict ships,—the management of prisoners during the voyage, and their disposal and treatment in New South Wales, and Van Dieman's Land.

On the requisition of the Secretary of State for the Home Department, the Lords of the Admiralty give public notice, that tenders for ships of a certain size (usually from 400 to 600 tons), to convey a given number of prisoners (generally from 200 to 300), to New South Wales, or Van Dieman's Land, will be received on a specified day. There is considerable competition, which, of course, has the effect of reducing the rate of freight. The lowest apparent tender, however, is not always accepted, as it occasionally happens, that, from peculiarity of construction, a vessel of less registered tonnage will afford greater accommodation, and, consequently, convey a greater number of prisoners than one of larger burden.

Before the tender is accepted, the vessel is carefully surveyed by competent officers, who use every means to ascertain that she is seaworthy, and, in all respects, properly adapted for the service she is about to be employed in. If the report be favourable, the vessel is engaged, and proceeds, without delay, to Deptford, to be fitted for the reception of the prisoners. The interior arrangements are done by contract, at the expense of Government, and under the superintendence of responsible officers; while the owners of the vessel are required to furnish her amply with every thing fit and

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326 needful for such a voyage, during which she must be manned with seven men and a boy, to every 100 tons register-measurement. It may, therefore, be inferred, that ships employed in this service are exceedingly well equipped.

When the vessel is nearly ready for the reception of the prisoners, application is made for a guard, which consists of thirty men of a regiment under orders for Sydney. Formerly, a guard of fifty men was considered requisite, when the prisoners amounted to 300; but it now never exceeds thirty, however great the number may be. As soon as the guard embarks, the ship sails either for Woolwich, Sheerness, Portsmouth, Cork, or Dublin, to receive the prisoners.

The expense of transportation, of late years, has been greatly diminished; insomuch, that, calculating the freight, provisions, superintendence, and, in short, every contingency, the amount for each individual does not exceed £14.

Various systems have been adopted in the transportation of convicts. In the first instance, the owners of the transport supplied provisions, medicines, medical attendance, &c., for a certain sum per head; but the mortality being so excessive while this system was in operation, other arrangements were deemed necessary, and Government determined to provide everything; by which salutary change the comfort of the prisoners, during the voyage, is rendered superior to that of any steerage-passenger.

The Master of the vessel has the same allowances, in the issue of provisions, as the Purser of a man-of-war. He also receives, as a reward for humane conduct, a gratuity of £50; and, should the vessel convey female convicts, the first mate receives £20, and the second and third mates £15 each, from Government, on their producing a certificate from the Surgeon Superintendent that they have conducted themselves to his satisfaction.

The individual, appointed by the Admiralty as Surgeon and

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Rh Superintendent, is always a surgeon of the Royal Navy, of some standing, on whom the entire management and responsibility, as regards the convicts, rest. His duty is exceedingly varied and extensive; he being required, not only to officiate as physician, surgeon, and apothecary, but also as clergyman, school-master, justice of the peace, inspector of provisions, &c. &c.

His emoluments are—full naval-pay, half a guinea for each prisoner landed in health, £15 to defray his expenses in the colony, and £100 to pay his passage home. His time is also allowed, as if he were serving in a man-of-war, until his arrival in England, provided he embraces the first favourable opportunity of returning home.

I shall give a brief statement of my method of conducting affairs, which, with little variation, may be considered as the usual routine observed in convict ships. As soon as the prisoners are received on board, they are placed in their berths, according to a progressive number given to each individual; their bedding, wearing, apparel, &c., being also marked with a corresponding number, so that confusion and pilfering may be prevented. They are then divided into messes (six in each), the head of each being answerable for the cleanliness, &c. of the utensils, and the regularity and comfort of the mess. Cooks are chosen from those among them who have been sailors, or accustomed to the, sea; and others (I prefer the greatest rogues) are placed in authority, to preserve order and decorum in the prison, which they in general do very effectually.

As soon as we leave the land, the prisoners are freed from irons, and permitted to be on deck, from morning till evening; and these indulgences are continued during their good behaviour, which generally lasts, from the beginning to the end of the voyage.

Six months' supply of provisions is placed on board; every article of food is of the best quality, and issued in sufficient quantity, as the following Government scale of daily allowance will show.

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text:
Page:Elementary Chinese - San Tzu Ching (1900).djvu/88

Ts'un was originally composed of 子 tzŭ child as radical and 才 ts'ai, and meant to ask compassionately after. It is now used in the sense of to preserve, to put on record.

Chih see.

T'i is composed of 骨 ku bones as radical, and a common phonetic. It means the body, to embody, form, shape, style, etc. [Eitel is wide of the mark with, "And preserved the rules of controlling personal conduct," thus making chih govern t'i. The idea of course is that the promulgation of a definite system put an end to anomalies by securing fixity of procedure.]

Ta see.

Hsiao see.

Tai was originally composed of 異 i strange, with a phonetic pronounced ts'ai, and meant to increase things by dividing them. It now means to uphold, to wear on the head, and is classed under radical 戈 ko a spear, but is here a surname. [The two Tai were cousins, and both of them distinguished scholars of the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C.]

Chu is composed of 言 yen words with 主 chu master as phonetic. The latter character originally meant the wick of a candle, now


text: History of England (Froude)/Table of Contents


text:
Page:Spanish Constitution of 1978 English translation.pdf/23

 and integration of the physically, sensorially and mentally handicapped by giving them the specialized care they require, and affording them special protection for the enjoyment of the rights granted by this Part to all citizens.

Section 50

The public authorities shall guarantee, through adequate and periodically updated pensions, a sufficient income for citizens in old age. Likewise, and without prejudice to the obligations of the families, they shall promote their welfare through a system of social services that provides for their specific problems of health, housing, culture and leisure.

Section 51

1. The public authorities shall guarantee the protection of consumers and users and shall, by means of effective measures, safeguard their safety, health and legitimate economic interests.

2. The public authorities shall promote the information and education of consumers and users, foster their organizations, and hear them on those matters affecting their members, under the terms established by law.

3. Within the framework of the provisions of the foregoing paragraphs, the law shall regulate domestic trade and the system of licensing commercial products.

Section 52

The law shall regulate the professional organizations which contribute to the defence of their own economic interests. Their internal structure and their functioning must be democratic.

27


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Section 53

1. The rights and freedoms recognised in Chapter 2 of the present Part are binding on all public authorities. Only by an act which in any case must respect their essential content, could the exercise of such rights and freedoms be regulated, which shall be protected in accordance with the provisions of section 161(1) a).

2. Any citizen may assert a claim to protect the freedoms and rights recognised in section 14 and in division 1 of Chapter 2, by means of a preferential and summary procedure before the ordinary courts and, when appropriate, by lodging an individual appeal for protection (recurso de amparo) to the Constitutional Court. This latter procedure shall be applicable to conscientious objection as recognised in section 30.

3. Recognition, respect and protection of the principles recognised in Chapter 3 shall guide legislation, judicial practice and actions by the public authorities. They may only be invoked before the ordinary courts in accordance with the legal provisions implementing them.

Section 54

An organic act shall regulate the institution of the Defender of the People (Defensor del Pueblo) as high commissioner of the Cortes Generales, appointed by them to defend the rights contained in this Part; for this purpose he or she may supervise the activity of the Administration and report thereon to the Cortes Generales. (Senate Standing Orders, section 183).

28


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Section 55

1. The rights recognised in sections 17 and 18, subsections 2 and 3; sections 19 and 20, subsection 1, paragraphs a) and d), and subsection 5; sections 21 and 28, subsection 2; and section 37, subsection 2, may be suspended when a state of emergency or siege (martial law) is declared under the terms provided in the Constitution. Subsection 3 of section 17 is excepted from the foregoing provisions in the event of the declaration of a state of emergency.

2. An organic act may determine the manner and the circumstances in which, on an individual basis and with the necessary participation of the courts and proper parliamentary control, the rights recognised in section 17, subsection 2, and 18, subsections 2 and 3, may be suspended for specific persons in connection with investigations of the activities of armed bands or terrorist groups.

Unwarranted or abusive use of the powers recognised in the foregoing organic act shall give rise to criminal liability as a violation of the rights and freedoms recognised by the laws.

Section 56

1. The King is the Head of State, the symbol of its unity and permanence. He arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the 29


text:
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 institutions, assumes the highest representation of the Spanish State in international relations, especially with the nations of its historical community, and exercises the functions expressly conferred on him by the Constitution and the laws.

2. His title is that of King of Spain, and he may use the other titles appertaining to the Crown.

3. The person of the King is inviolable and shall not be held accountable. His acts shall always be countersigned in the manner established in section 64. Without such countersignature they shall not be valid, except as provided under section 65(2).

Section 57

1. The Crown of Spain shall be inherited by the successors of H. M. Juan Carlos I de Borbón, the legitimate heir of the historic dynasty. Succession to the throne shall follow the regular order of primogeniture and representation, the first line always having preference over subsequent lines; within the same line, the closer grade over the more remote; within the same grade, the male over the female, and in the same sex, the elder over the younger.

2. The Crown Prince, from his birth or from the time he acquires the claim, shall hold the title of Prince of Asturias and the other titles traditionally held by the heir to the Crown of Spain.

3. Should all the lines designated by law become extinct, the Cortes Generales shall provide for succession to the Crown in the manner most suitable to the interests of Spain.

4. Those persons with a right of succession to the throne who marry against the express prohibition of the King and the Cortes Generales, shall be excluded from succession to the Crown, as shall their descendants. 30


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 5. Abdications and renunciations and any doubt in fact or in law that may arise in connection with the succession to the Crown shall be settled by an organic act.

Section 58

The Queen consort, or the consort of the Queen, may not assume any constitutional functions, except in accordance with the provisions for the Regency.

Section 59

1. In the event of the King being under age, the King's father or mother or, in default thereof, the oldest relative of legal age who is nearest in succession to the Crown, according to the order established in the Constitution, shall immediately assume the office of Regent, which shall exercise during the King's minority.

2. If the King becomes unfit for the exercise of his authority, and this incapacity is recognised by the Cortes Generales, the Crown Prince shall immediately assume the Regency, if he is of age. If he is not, the procedure outlined in the foregoing paragraph shall apply until the coming of age of the Crown Prince.

3. If there is no person entitled to assume the Regency, it shall be appointed by the Cortes Generales and shall be composed of one, three or five persons.

4. In order to exercise the Regency, it is necessary to be Spaniard and legally of age.

5. The Regency shall be exercised by constitutional mandate, and always on behalf of the King.

Section 60

1. The guardian of the King during his minority shall be the person appointed in the will of the deceased King, provided that he or she is of age and Spaniard by birth. If a guardian 31


text:
Comments on Korean Note Regarding U.S. Treaty Draft May 9, 1951

Comments on Korean Note Regarding U.S. Treaty Draft

(Number correspond with those pencilled in the margin of the note)

1. Korean should be specifically Designated an Allied Power

Korea's status as an Allied Power will of course be made clear if it is decided to include Korea in the list of potential signatories in the Preamble of the May 3 draft.

2. Korea should be permitted to sign the treaty, as poland was the Versailles Treaty

On examination Korea's case for participation in the treaty does not gain much support from the example of Poland after World War I. The Polish National Committee set up in Paris in 1917 under Paderewski was "recognized" and dealt with by all the principal western Allies. Although I have been unable to nail down the fact that it declared war on Germany it was set up for the purpose of fighting Germany and liberating Poland and can therefore be assumed to have done so. When Germany surrendered the Committee and the Regency Council, which had been set up by the Central Powers at Warsaw, got together and formed a Provisional Government of Poland which was recognized as such by the Powers before the Versailles Conference was convened. Poland had an army fighting in France even before 1917. The U.S. and other major powers, on the other hand, deliberately refrained from recognizing the "Provisional Government of Korea" as having any status whatsoever during World War II. The fact that government declared war on Japan, and that Korean elements, mostly long time resident in Korea, fought with the Chinese forces, would therefore have no significance in our view. (The attached DFT study contains additional information bearing on Korea's right to participate in the Japanese treaty.)

3. Japan's admission to the UN should be tied to Korea's

The intention in this paragraph is apparently to ensure that Japan is not admitted to the UN if Korea is not. There would seem to be no basis for this position, though we have of course supported Korea's independent admission to the UN.

4. Koreans in Japan should be accorded the status of Allied nationals

The 700,000 Koreans in Japan are not now treated as Allied nationals. Their status approximates that of Japanese citizens, with some concessions in practice to their Korean origin. In its memorandum of April 23 for Mr. Dulles the Japanese Government said that it would not persist in its opposition to Korea being a signatory to the treaty "if is definitely assured that by the said treaty Korean residents in Japan will not acquire the status of Allied Powers nationals". Considering their number, and the fact that these Koreans are in fact permanent residents of Japan rather than visitors or semi-permanent residents as in the case of other foreign nationals in Japan (Except some 18,000 Formosan-Chinese who occupy a status somewhere between that of the Koreans and Allied nationals), the Japanese Government's objections to the Korean's acquiring the status of Allied nationals seem justified. It is believed that the Japanese Government should be allowed after the treaty, and after stability is reestablished in Korea, to require all Korean residents in Japan to opt for Japanese citizenship or to submit to repatriation to Korea. Koreans would thereafter be readmitted to Japan in accordance with Japanese law and in the same status as other foreigners.

5. Tsushima should be "returned" to Korea

Korea's claim to Tsushima is extremely weak. The relevant factors are discussed in the second attachment to this memorandum.

6. Korea should be included in any Pacific security system

This is something which is of course ultimately desirable, as for other mainland countries, but regarding which nothing can be promised now.

7. The "MacArthur (fishing) Line" between Korea and Japan should be preserved in the treaty

The position that Japanese fishermen should be permanently excluded fromthe fishing grounds on the Korea side of the "MacArthur Line" even exceeds the demands of our West Coast fishing people, and would in fact be far more serious for the Japanese fishing industry. The Korean demand should be denied for its direct effects and, even more, because of the precedent it would set. Contrary to the impression conveyed by the Korean Government's note, no nation had any bilateral treaties with Japan excluding Japanese fishing vessels from high seas areas adjacent to other nations.

8. Korea should be permitted to seize all Japanese property in Korea without regard to the exceptions listed in our draft

The Korean position on this point is justified. The new Articles 5 of the U.S.-U.K. May 3 draft takes care of it. The Korean Government seems, however, to have misunderstood our exception(iv) in Article 14 of the U.S. March draft (see first paragraph on page 6 of its note). The exception was intended to refer to the following of paper assets into Japan but the Korean Government has interpreted it as exempting from seizure by Korean physical property removed from Korea to Japan during the war, particularly between-August 9 when Japan offered to surrender and September 2 when the surrender was accomplished. The Korean Government doubtless has ships in mind particularly. However, even though the exception has been misunderstood, the Korean point serves to call attention to the fact that Article 14 of the U.S. March draft would in fact not permit Korea to recover property which was removed from Korea at the time and in the manner the Korean Government mentions. Korea would only be permitted to retain properties "which between December 7, 1941, and September 2, 1945, were within (its) territories." The phrase "at any time" does not appear before "between" as it once did. In paragraph (a) of the new Articles 2 and 4." Presumably this means property situated in those territories at the time of coming into force of the treaty, as in the Italian Treaty. Here again, therefore, the contingency cited by the Korean Government of property removed from Korea during the last stages of the war is not covered. Mr. Hemmendinger's attention has been called to this point.

9. Korea should have the same right as the Allied Powers to the restoration of Korean property in Japan

This is simply a misunderstanding. "Allied Powers" was intended to include Korea. We have had second thoughts on this question, of course, since the March draft.

10. "Korea requests that it be made a party to the International Court of Justice"

Apart from the rather peremptory tone of this request, Articles 17 of the U.S. March draft makes special provision so that Allied Powers not parties to the Court may be empowered to enjoy the benefits of the treaty disputes provision.

11. Korea should be specifically included as an Allied Power

As earlier stated, it was intended that Korea be included as a signatory, hence coming within the definition of "Allied Powers" in the Preamble.

韓国政府の要求に対する1951年5月9日付米国側検討意見書


text:
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get so many men across the river by boat would have taxed the resources of Gonzales to the utmost, so the majority of the Texans went around by way of the ford, only a few going over in the ferry with the four-pounder.

The trip was made during the night of October first, and every man was cautioned to be as silent as possible.

"We'll give them a surprise," said Dan to one of the young men, a ranchero named Henry Parker. He had known Henry Parker for over a year, and the two were warm friends.

"Or get a surprise," was the answer. "They may be watching us just as hard as we are watching them."

"Pooh! I am not afraid of a greaser!"

"Neither am I. But it will pay to be careful."

They had passed the ford, and now in the utter darkness the little band made its way through the brush toward the spot where the Mexican

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98 had been in camp before the fog settled down.

Coming closer, the Texans were spread out in a sort of skirmish line, with the four-pounder in the centre. Dan and his friend were on the extreme right, down by the water's edge.

Here there was more than one little inlet to cross, and while Dan's horse was picking his steps the youth fancied he detected a sudden movement among the bushes overhanging the water's edge.

"Hold on," he cried to Henry Parker. "Something is in that bush."

"Man or beast?" whispered Henry, and placed his hand to the trigger of his gun.

"I can't say. Wait till I investigate."

Leaving his mustang in his friend's care, Dan leaped to the ground and ran close to the bushes. As he did this, he stumbled into a hole and fell. He picked himself up, and while doing so heard a splash and saw some dark object disappear beneath the river's surface.

"Come here! Something is up!" he called to Henry, and at once his friend complied, and both ran down to the water's edge and strained their eyes to pierce the gloom and the fog.

"What did you see?"

"Something slipped into the water, and I am half of the opinion it was a man."

"Then it must have been a Mexican!"

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Rh "To be sure. Stay here and watch, and I'll go down the stream a bit. He ought to come up soon."

Dan had hardly spoken when he espied a head coming up but thirty or forty feet away. It was the head of a Mexican soldier, evidently a spy.

"Halt there!" cried Dan. "Come back here, or I'll fire!"

It is doubtful if he would have fired on the swimmer, having no desire to open the war in person, but his threat had considerable effect.

"No shoota me!" cried the Mexican. "No shoota!" And then he continued to talk in Spanish, which Dan and his friend understood, but imperfectly.

"I want you to come back here," went on the youth, and he pointed his gun.

At this the Mexican dove out of sight, not to come up for a distance of a rod or more.

"Shoot him—you have the right," urged Henry. "Or else I'll do it."

"Don't, Henry, it might be murder. Besides, we were ordered not to discharge any firearms until we received orders. A shot down here would alarm the whole Mexican camp."

"But we don't want that rascal to escape, Dan."

"I have it." Dan looked around and soon found several fair-sized stones. "Come back at

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100 once!" he ordered, and, taking aim, he let drive with one of the stones.

Dan had always been good at that sort of thing, and the stone landed, as intended, on the Mexican's back. He let out a howl of pain, so loud that several Texans at once rode up to the vicinity to learn what was the matter.

"Yes, he's got to come ashore," declared one of the men. "He may be a spy who has been over to Gonzales, and carries some kind of a message." He raised his voice in Spanish. "Come ashore, or we'll shoot you; do you hear?"

"Si, capitan" ("Yes, captain"), was the answer, and without further ado the Mexican turned and came back to the river bank. As he crawled out, wet and muddy, he looked the picture of despair.

"It's Pietro the gambler, from Bastrop," said one of the Texans, after a close scrutiny. "I'll wager he was going to give us away to the greasers in camp."

"No, no, me watch fight, dat's all, señor," said the Mexican, who was noted not only for his skill at cards but also for his skill at cheating. "Pietro fight for Texans when fight't all."

"That don't go down, you card-sharp!" cried an other of the men. "I know him well, and he would cheat his own grandmother if he could. Let us make him a prisoner, at least until this business we are on is over."

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Rh So it was agreed, and despite the gamblers' protests he was bound hands and feet and tied up to a near-by tree. Had he not been captured, the fight so close at hand would probably not have come off.

On went the Texans, until a point was gained overlooking the camping spot of the Mexicans. The advance guard reported that Captain Castinado was still at the place with his dragoons.

"Then we'll wait until daybreak and open up on them," said the Texans, and went into temporary camp. It is doubtful if any of the number closed his eyes for the balance of that never-to-be-forgotten night. To them this contest was to be like that of Concord and Lexington to the patriots of 1775,—it was to mark the dawn of Texan liberty.

The Mexicans had located at a spot called DeWitt's mound; while the Texans occupied a position farther down the valley and close to the river. As soon as it began to grow light, the four-pounder was placed in position, and the rough but rugged little army was drawn up in battle array. Only here and there was there a man in uniform, and the weapons were of all sorts and sizes. Leaders and privates had come over, some on horseback, some on ponies, and others on foot.

"Give it to them!" came the sharp order, when

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102 it was light enough to locate the Mexicans with certainty, and the brass four-pounder belched forth its contents, and the battle was opened at last.

"Forward!" was the cry down the line, and away swept the Texans, in two long lines, Mr. Radbury well to the front, and Dan not very far behind.

The Mexicans had been taken completely by surprise and for the moment knew not what to do. But they quickly organised and returned the fire, and then the Texans swept closer, and the constant crack, crack, of the musketry could be heard upon every side.

"Gracious, this is war, sure!" cried Dan, as he discharged his gun and proceeded to reload with all speed, while still riding forward. "It looks as if we were going to have a hand-to-hand encounter."

"Forward, for the liberty of Texas!" shouted one of the leaders, and a score of voices took up the cry. "For the liberty of Texas! For the liberty of Texas!" It was a battle-cry fit to inspire any body of men.

The Mexicans could not withstand such an onslaught, and, having fired several rounds, they broke and began to retreat before the Texans could get within two hundred yards of them. Away they went for the road leading to San

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Rh Antonio, the Texans following them for some distance and then giving up the chase.

The first fight for Texan independence had been fought and won, and a mighty cheer went up, which was several times repeated. It was found that four of the Mexicans had been killed and several wounded, while the Texans had suffered little or nothing.

"Father, we have gained the day!" exclaimed Dan, as he rode up to his parent. Somehow, he had never felt so proud before in his life.

"Yes, we have gained the day," answered Mr. Radbury. "The question is, what next? You may be sure the government will not let this go by unnoticed."

"The government! What government?" put in one old settler. "I acknowledge no government but that of the independent State of Texas!" And a cheer went up.

"Let us hope it will be so, neighbour Johnson," went on Mr. Radbury. "But what if Santa Anna send out a large army to crush us?"

"He can't do it!" came from a dozen voices. "Let him come, and we'll show him what real American blood and backbone can do."

"We must organise, and without further delay," said one of the leaders. "We must have a regularly formed Texan army inside of thirty days, or else we'll have to pay the piper, and that means

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104 with Santa Anna that we'll either get a dose of lead or else dance on nothing," meaning they would all be shot or hung. This may seem an extravagant statement, but in view of what followed it was far from being so.

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text: For the Liberty of Texas/Chapter 11

title: For the Liberty of Texas/Chapter 11


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Burton, Isabel


text:
Page:Lindigo.djvu/21

Rh above all what were the opinions of the people in general regarding the unprecedented and fearful wet winter they were visited by this season.

The mischievous piper seeing the eagerness and thirst of the ignorant and innocent people for some interesting news, began with the following fabrication, which he related with the greatest sang froid to his gaping audience:—

"That reminds me of my message to you all, as I suppose you have not heard of the great news of the world. An act of parliament has been passed lately which requires that every person in the three kingdoms shall procure all the oakum they possibly can before a certain day and the whole is to be shipped off towards the west. The reason of this is, that last summer being so dry the west firmament became cracked, causing a great leakage, which if not stopped up and caulked will produce another flood, and drown every person on the face of the earth. Every individual therefore on this estate, is commanded by the factor to send as much oakum as possible to his place before a fortnight, and anyone not complying with these orders is to be turned off the estate first Whitsuntide."

Precisely that day fortnight, as Mr. Stuart and old Munro were taking their rounds about the farm, they espied on unusual fleet of boats sailing up Lochlinn; and, on landing near the factor's house, their cargoes of bags were discharged. In order to ascertain the nature of the cargo, and who the new comers were, both walked to the beach and accosted the Ton Ghaoi people, who, at once explained their business.

Mr Stuart turned round with a smile to old Munro for an explanation, and that individual immediately predicted his mischievous son's tricks, which he whispered to Mr. Stuart, and fearing if the people were to know what dupes they had been made, that they would revenge themselves the first opportunity, he therefore prayed that Mr. Stuart would leave them still in ignorance.

The worthy factor told these simple men, that as the weather had cleared up, the act, or order, would most likely be countermanded. He, however, accepted of the oakum (which would last for years), and treated the

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2122 [sic] donersdonors [sic] to a copious supply of uisgebea, which fully compensated them for their trouble.

Such were the young piper's tricks, which, however, placed him pretty high in the estimation of all the young people, particularly the fair portion of them; but notwithstanding all their winning looks and coquettish allurements to entrap the handsome piper's heart, none of them were able to accomplish that object, for this special reason that it was already an inextricable captive to the charms of Mary Grant's sparkling black eyes.

Mary was the only child and daughter of Donald Grant (Mr. McKay's grieve or overseer) and Bella McKay's waiting maid. Being only a year older than her young mistress, and a brunette, Mary was considered the smartest and prettiest lassie in that part. Always attending on her young mistress, and having many advantages in dress (of which she was passionately fond), and many other feminine accomplishments, Mary became an "object" of attraction to all the young men in the neighbourhood; but, although she bestowed on all of them a wink and smile, her heart was invulnerable, being safe in the possession of Donald Munroe.

It had been universally admitted that Donald played his best reels and strathspeys at balls and weddings, whenever Mary graced the floor, to whose well-played music she did full justice, and beat excellent time with her lively pretty feet, which she exhibited by wearing a smart short dress. Mary also, on her part, rewarded her lover by favouring him with the cap in the cushion dance, and the smack that followed always created smiles and significant winks among the young assemblage. Donald Munro and Mary Grant, thus avowed lovers, formed many little schemes and plans to forward their own wishes, and also an attachment which they believed to exist between their young master and mistress, Charlie Stuart and Bella McKay. Whether they judged those young couple by their own footings, we know not; one thing, however, we know, that by bringing them often together, they themselves would have more opportunities of enjoying each other's company, as they constantly attended on them. Still, we must not charge

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text:
The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley (ed. Hutchinson, 1914)/Evening: Ponte Al Mare, Pisa

Вечер (Шелли/Бальмонт)


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Rh them with selfishness, or being bent only on promoting their own courtship, for they eagerly wished for the encouragement of the other young couple's, which would also be a good cloak for their own.

Among other plans which were suggested, and which they proposed to put into execution whenever Charlie Stuart arrived on his annual visit, was to telegraph that joyful event, that Donald on the same evening, while playing his round of pibroch on the lawn before Mr. Stuart's mansion, would include that popular air, "Prince Charlie's Salute," or, as it is better known in Gaelic by the name of "Isabail nic aoi"—(Isabella Mackay)—a name given to that prince when the air was first composed, and which ran in the following parable:—

Thus, as will be seen, the pibroch was applicable to each of the young couple, Charlie having long been nick-named Prince Charlie, and Bella's name also being included in the air.

True to his promise, on Charlie's arrival Donald gave vent to the favourite air in his masterly style, wending the thrilling strains through hill and glen, and over the serene waters of Lochlinn.

Bella, who was ignorant of the plan, or that her young neighbour had arrived, was sitting in her room, and her maid, Mary Grant, bustling about the apartment, chattering away as usual some local gossip, but hearing the sound of the distant pibroch, in a pause in her own conversation, through the open window, advancing quickly she leant out, and listened attentively for a few seconds, when instantly recognising the favourite air, she bounded back in transports of joy, gave a couple of turns on the floor, clapping her hands, and exclaiming, "He's come! He's come!"

Bella stared with astonishment at this unaccountable conduct of her maid, and thought she was taking leave of her senses, and on inquiring the cause of her hilarity, and

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text:
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Paragraph 1 and 2 on this site are missing the closing quotation marks in this edition of the book. Anguish (talk) 10:23, 3 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Nevermind, I found the answer here Anguish (talk) 10:27, 3 June 2012 (UTC)


text: Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Salmon Portland Chase


text:
Page:Fires and Fire-fighters (1913).djvu/36

 CHAPTER III

may be safely asserted that the fire department of ancient Rome was better organized and better equipped than the rough and ready volunteer services maintained by the great European cities during the middle ages. There had, in fact, been a period of retrogression, which was coincident with the dismemberment of the Roman Empire, when all art and science languished in the chaos that ensued. Needless to say, the problems affecting fire control were relegated to the background, and, indeed, the art of destroying towns received more consideration than that of their preservation. Thus it is that no records can be found of mechanical appliances being used at the conflagrations which demolished Constantinople and Vienna. Indeed, this retrograde movement had so far affected the whole subject that even in the Renaissance, when Europe teemed with fresh ideas and new thought, no other method of fighting fires existed than the primitive bucket of the Pre-Roman period. By 1590, however, there were signs of an awakening interest and in an account of a fire in England the use of a monstrous syringe is related as the introduction of a novelty, although in reality it must have been practically a counterpart of the "siphonarius," mention of which was made in the last chapter. In 1615, a hand engine was made in Germany, but it was merely a pump without hose, the principle embodied being a rotary paddle wheel, which by being turned rapidly forced the water out through an orifice. This again was not new, the idea having probably been derived from Greek sources. Even in 1666, the good citizens of 12


text:
User:Dick Bos/ToDo

ToDo 2022

 * Author:Richard Lydekker c.s. (1893-1896) — The Royal Natural History in 6 vols. see:
 * BHL
 * id
 * id
 * check also other versions in BHL of single vols
 * Author:Bertram Coghill Alan Windle (1897) — (2022-12-09)
 * Test Template:WD author; e.g. on Author:Hilderic Friend (2022-11-26)

ToDo 2021

 * with priority: start working on:
 * (ed.) (1896–1898). Society for the Protection of Birds: Educational series. London: The Society's Publishing Office. (24 parts); many well-known authors.

 * update Author:Charles Robert Bree
 * create Author:Jessie Saxby and Author:Biot Edmondston, then download The Home of a Naturalist from IA.

ToDo 2019

 * create Author:Edwin Leonard Gill (1877-1956) (d:Q60925487) (2019-09-30); see e.g. Obituary in Nature
 * upload: "Obituary. Jannion Steele Elliott (1871-1942)" (PDF on commons). (1942-07-01) 36 (2): 35, and use it! (2019-09-22)
 * 🇦🇹 - Account of Birds found in Norfolk
 * enlarge Author:George Montagu, based on Zoologist (Aug 1899)-link (2019-03-17)
 * create Author:Joseph Wolf (d:Q1708274). Bird-illustrator. Obituary at Page:The Zoologist, 4th series, vol 3 (1899).djvu/260 f.
 * create Author:Eleanor Anne Ormerod (d:Q3050519). Make link to review at Page:The Zoologist, 4th series, vol 3 (1899).djvu/257. (and to her obituary, a few years later in Zool.: Page:The Zoologist, 4th series, vol 5 (1901).djvu/338 f. See also .) (partly) ✅

Todo 2018

 * (2018-09-02) upload: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Blanqui, Jérôme Adolphe - History of polec in Europe (fr: 1837; en: 1880) in IA.
 * (2018-08-05) clean up categorization of Author:George Grey = Category:Governors General of New Zealand (sub of NZ authors)
 * (2018-08-05) find texts of Author:Walter Lawry Buller
 * (2018-04-01) make a link to Author:Robert Herrick, especially his Noble Numbers at this page of Selous-Birdwatching Shetlands.

Todo 2017

 * (2017-09-14) Author:William Retlaw Williams see archive.org / en-wiki! ref in Jerome Sankey
 * (2017-02-02) upload: Author:John Aubrey - Brief Lives (in 2 vols.) from IA.

Todo 2014

 * (2014-02-04) update author-page on: Thomas Bewick
 * update author-page Author:Alfred Marshall (see: Alfred Marshall (1842 - 1924)) / link at page 137 of The Economic Journal 1 (1891); see short txt in Enc. Brit. 1922
 * check source/edition etc. of: Bellamy, Edward - Looking_Backward_From_2000_to_1887
 * create author-page on: James Anderson (of Hermiston) (1739 - 1808) / link at page 125 of The Economic Journal 1 (1891); see short txt in Enc. Brit 1911
 * create author-page on: Edward West (1782 - 1828) (and by the way: the wikipedia article on this important economist needs some upgrading as well!) / link at page 125 of The Economic Journal 1 (1891)
 * validate: Price, L.L. (1891) - 'Some Aspects of the Theory of Rent'. in: The Economic Journal, vol. 1 (1891), p. 122 - ; starts here
 * finish: Life of Octavia Hill (index)

title: User:Dick Bos/ToDo


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Sprague, Charles


text:
Translation:Shulchan Aruch/Orach Chaim/529

The Laws of Holiday Joy

דיני שמחת יום טוב

Paragraph 1 - It is a holiday mitzvah to spend half the time in the House of Study and half of the time eating and drinking. One should not skimp on holiday expenses; it must be honored and enjoyed like Shabbat. Rem"a: ''It is forbidden to eat after Mincha on the day before a holiday, just like for Shabbat, and this is part of honoring it (Ramba"m chapter 6). However, if the day before the holiday is Shabbat, one can have the third meal and eat a bit of bread in honor of the holiday. It is a mitzvah to knead bread on the day before the holiday in honor of the holiday (Mahari"l laws of a holiday) like on Friday, as was explained above in chapter 342.'' It is an obligation to eat two loaves of bread and to include wine in the meal. Holiday clothes should be nicer than those for Shabbat. It is not the practice to make a third meal. (And on a holiday, we tarry when going to synagogue and quickly leave synagogue because of the holiday joy (Gemara end of chapter "Hakoreh Omed").

סעיף א - מצות יום טוב לחלקו חציו לבית המדרש וחציו לאכילה ושתיה. ואל יצמצם בהוצאות יום טוב, וצריך לכבדו ולענגו כמו בשבת. הגה: ואסור לאכל ממנחה ולמעלה בערב יום טוב כמו בשבת, שזהו מכלל הכבוד (רמב"ם פרק ו'), מיהו אם ערב יום טוב שבת, יכול לקים סעודה שלישית ויאכל מעט פת לכבוד יום טוב ומצוה ללוש פת בערב יום טוב לכבוד יום טוב (מהרי"ל הלכות יום טוב) כמו בערב שבת, כמו שנתבאר לעיל סימן רמ"ב. וחיב לבצע על שתי ככרות ולקבע כל סעודה על היין. ובגדי יום טוב יהיו יותר טובים משל שבת. ולא נהגו לעשות בו סעודה שלישית. (וביום טוב מאחרין לבוא לבית הכנסת וממהרין לצאת משום שמחת יום טוב (גמרא פרק הקורא עומד).

Paragraph 2 - It is an obligation for a man to be happy and in good spirits on the holiday - him, his wife, his kids, and all who are with him. How should he make them happy? He should give the children nuts and the women new clothes and jewelry according to his finances. One is obligated to feed the stranger, the orphan, and the widow, along with other poor people. (The rules of fasting on a holiday are the same as for Shabbat, and see above chapter 388.)

סעיף ב - חיב אדם להיות שמח טוב לב במועד הוא ואשתו ובניו וכל הנלוים אליו. כיצד משמחן, הקטנים נותן להם קליות ואגוזים, והנשים קונה להם בגדים ותכשיטין כפי ממונו. וחיב להאכיל לגר ליתום ולאלמנה עם שאר עניים. (ודין תענית ביום טוב כמו בשבת, ועין לעיל סימן רפ"ח).

Paragrah 3 - People should eat, drink, and be merry on the holiday. One should not overindulge in meat, wine, laughter, or frivolity, because laughter and frivolity are not happiness but debauchery and foolishness. We were not commanded to engage in debauchery and frivolity but only happiness that involves worshipping the Creator.

סעיף ג - אדם אוכל ושותה ושמח ברגל. ולא ימשך בבשר וביין ובשחוק וקלות ראש, לפי שאין השחוק וקלות ראש שמחה אלא הוללות וסכלות, ולא נצטוינו על ההוללות וסכלות אלא על שמחה שיש בה עבודת היוצר.

Paragraph 4 - The court must appoint officers who will walk around patrolling gardens, orchards, and rivers, so that men and women will not gather there to eat and drink and end up sinning. They should similarly warn the whole nation about this - that men and women should not joyously mix in houses and overindulge in wine, lest they come to sin. Rather, all should be holy.

סעיף ד - חיבים בית דין להעמיד שוטרים ברגלים שיהיו משוטטים ומחפשים בגנות ובפרדסים ועל הנהרות, שלא יתקבצו שם לאכל ולשתות אנשים ונשים ויבואו לידי עברה. וכן יזהירו בדבר זה לכל העם שלא יתערבו אנשים ונשים בבתיהם בשמחה ולא ימשכו ביין, שמא יבאו לידי עברה, אלא יהיו כלם קדשים.

 * }


text:
Translation:Shulchan Aruch/Orach Chaim/530

Paragraph 1 - On hol hamoed, some labors are prohibited and some are permitted. Rem"a: According to the need, the Sages saw fit to permit.

סעיף א - חל המועד אסור בקצת מלאכות ומתר במקצתן. הגה: לפי צרך הענין שהיה נראה לחכמים להתיר.

 * }


text:
Page:Elementary Chinese - San Tzu Ching (1900).djvu/89

 written with fire 炷. Preceded by heaven, 天主 t'ien chu, it forms the term used by the Roman Catholics for God.

Li see.

Chi see. [These last two characters form the title of the work, by the Younger Tai, included among the Five Classics of modern times (lines, ). It is called Chi and not 經 Ching (see ) because it was not the actual work of any of the great Sages of old, but merely a compilation based upon their utterances.]

Shu is composed of the walking radical and a phonetic said to have formerly meant a kind of millet. It originally signified to follow, and in its later sense was expressly distinguished by Confucius from 作, the former being simply the act of transmitting the sayings of others.

Shêng is composed of 耳 êrh ear as radical and 呈 chêng level, to offer to a superior, a common phonetic. It originally meant keen of apprehension, and is now almost the equivalent of inspired, being applied only to Confucius, Mencius, the great Sages of antiquity, and the Emperor. It is also employed by missionaries in Christian terminology. See.

Yen see.

Li see.

Yo or yüeh was originally the picture of drums on a stand (note the 木 mu wood) as used at an ancient orchestral performance.


text:
Page:Elementary Chinese - San Tzu Ching (1900).djvu/90

 It is defined as a general name for the combinations of the 5 notes of the ancient scale and the 8 musical sounds. Read, it means pleasure, joy, content.

Pei was originally written without its present radical at the left, under which form it has been explained as an ideogram composed of 苟 kou if (abbreviated, see ) over 用 yung to use = if wanted for use, suggesting ready, prepared.

Yüeh see.

Kuo is composed of 或 huo some one, perhaps, as phonetic, in an obsolete word meaning enclosure, as radical.

Fêng is composed of 虫 ch'ung insects, abbreviated from 蟲, and 凡 fan all as phonetic. It is formed with insect because when the wind blows in spring, insects are called into existence. It was one of the 540 Radicals of the Shuo Wên retained among the 214 Radicals of K'ang Hsi's dictionary, and is here elliptical for 風俗 fêng su wind common = manners and customs. [Kuo fêng, the manners and customs of the States, is the title of the first section of the Book of Poetry. It is so called because it was customary for the various rulers of the Feudal States to forward to their suzerain, 天子 t'ien tzŭ the Son of Heaven, such ballads as were commonly sung by the people under their jurisdiction. These were then submitted to the Imperial Musicians, who were able to judge from their nature of the manners and customs prevailing in the various States, and the suzerain was thus enlightened as to the administration of his vassal Princes.]


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Yüeh see.

Ya is composed of 隹 chui short-tailed birds (obsolete) as radical, and 牙 ya teeth as phonetic, and originally meant a crow, daw, etc., for which 鴉, with 鳥 niao birds, has been substituted. It came to mean refined, but is here the title of a section of the Book of Poetry, subdivided into Lesser Ya and Greater Ya, the former being sung at ordinary entertainments given by the suzerain, and the latter on grand occasions when the feudal princes were gathered together.

Sung is composed of 頁 yeh head as radical, with 公 kung as phonetic. It originally meant the countenance and was pronounced jung. Later on it came to mean to praise, a sacrificial ode, and is now commonly used in letters to express a wish or prayer.

Hao see.

Ssŭ see.

Shih see.

Tang see.

Fêng is composed of 言 yen words as radical, with 風 fêng wind as phonetic. It has now come to mean to ridicule, to lampoon.


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Page:Elementary Chinese - San Tzu Ching (1900).djvu/92

 Yung has 永 yung everlasting as phonetic, the latter character being remarkable as containing all the elementary strokes used in writing. It is pretty much the same as fêng, the two characters signifying that peculiar method of crooning or humming over verses to oneself, almost universal in China. See.

Shih see.

Chi is composed of 旡 chi to hiccough as phonetic, with an obsolete radical said to mean the fragrance of grain. It originally meant a small meal, rations, but is now a particle of finality, = since, already, etc.

Wang is composed of 入 ju to enter and 乚 an old form of 隱 yin to conceal. It means to escape as a fugitive, to perish, lost, etc. Read wu = not. [The Rev. Eitel failed to seize the point of this line, to wit, "(As to the Spring and Autumn Annals) it was when the Book of Odes was already lost, that etc." But there is no suspicion that the Odes ever were lost, the true explanation being that with the decline of the suzerain's power over the Feudal States, the construction of Ya odes fell into desuetude. See Mencius, Book IV, Pt. II, ch. 21. Neither does Père Zottoli provide a very lucid rendering in "Carmen cum cessaverit," especially as elsewhere he speaks of the "carminum liber."]

Ch'un see.

Ch'iu see.


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Charlotte, N. C.


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Charlottenburg


text:
Tesla Patents Expiring

A great stir has been made among everywhere by the announcement covering the alternating current dynamo have just expired. They have been widely known for years as the "three patents." Their expiration is an event in the world of electricity not second in importance to the dying out of the Bell telephone patents. The alternating motor has been a monopoly.

Tesla has been drawing princely on these patents, much of which the picturesque inventor is said to have to his experiments in wireless His mysterious tower at Long Island, is said to have been built in part by money subscribed by J. Pierpont Morgan and in part out of the royalties from the motor patents.

In 1885 Professor Galileo Ferraris of Turin, Italy, discovered the electro rotating field and applied his according to William Stanley, to a rotating field motor. In 1888 Tesla United States patents covering the broad application of the Ferraris discovery. George Weetinghouse bought the Tesla patents and also the rights of Ferraris.

The fundamental Tesla patents have been called the "patent pool trust." They have been attacked many times in the expiration of the patents releases to the world at large the immensely important principle of the rotary field. There will be a grand scramble everywhere to make the Tesla motor now invariably used, without paying any more royalty to Tesla.

Source

 * 18 Nov 1905 - TESLA PATENTS EXPIRING.

title: Tesla Patents Expiring


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Charlottesville, Va.


text:
Page:Elementary Chinese - San Tzu Ching (1900).djvu/93

 Tso see. [Père Zottoli here adopts a singular idiom, namely "chronicorum liber exurgit." If he employs "exurgit" (exsurgit for preference) to avoid the use of a passive, he misses a good chance of illustrating the powers of Chinese words, which readily lend themselves to any voice, mood, or tense, as required. For two interpolated lines see Appendix II.]

Yü is composed of 宀 mien shelter as radical, with a common phonetic. It originally meant to sojourn, to be present in, and comes by extension to mean allegory, but Eitel is quite wrong in giving it here such an extended meaning as "Which, being metaphorically suggestive of either praise or censure."

Pao is now composed of 保 pao to guarantee as phonetic, with 衣 i clothes as radical. K'ang Hsi gives a different combination as the classical form, but the Shuo Wên gives another; in fact there are several ways of writing this character, of which the one adopted is the most common. It originally meant long robes, and these, conferred by the sovereign, may have come to embody the idea of praise.

Pien has 貝 pei pearl-oyster, valuables, as radical, with 乏 fa exhausted (said to be 正 chêng upright turned the wrong way round) as phonetic. It originally meant to injure. [This is the famous "praise-and-blame" theory, based upon the following words of Mencius, "Confucius completed the Spring and Autumn Annals, and rebellious Ministers and bad sons stood aghast." Hence it came to be said that "one word of such praise was more honourable than an embroidered robe, and one word of such censure sharper than an axe."]


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Charlottetown


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Charter-House


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Charter-Oak


text:
Page:Elementary Chinese - San Tzu Ching (1900).djvu/94

Pieh is composed of 刀 tao knife (in combination) on the right as radical, and an obsolete word which meant to scrape or cut a man's flesh from his bones. The latter is the phonetic of 過 kuo less 口 k'ou mouth, and is 骨 ku bones less 肉 (月 in combination) jou flesh; it has nothing to do with 另 ling separate, as might be inferred from the way in which it is now written. [An old form of pieh was two 八 pa, and the modern 八 pa eight is now written in official documents 捌.]

Shan see.

O see.

San see title.

Chuan is composed of 人 jen man as radical, and 專 chuan as phonetic, and means a chronicle, a biography. See. Read, it means to transmit, to deliver as orders, to summon.

Chê see.

Yu see.

Kung see.

Yang see. [Kung-yang is here a double surname, being


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Chase, Salmon P.


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Chateaubriand, François René, Vicomte de


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bancroft, Joseph


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Barker, Right Rev. Frederic


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Chateauguay


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Barker, John


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Chatham, Earl of


text:
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 Copyright, 1913, By GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY


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text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Colonization Society, The National, of America

COLONIZATION SOCIETY,. An association organized in 1816, by Robert Finley (q.v.), “to promote a plan for colonizing (with their consent) the free people of color residing in our country, in Africa, or such other place as Congress may deem most expedient.” Branches were established throughout the country and an active propaganda was conducted in almost every State, the official agents of the society speaking frequently in public and soliciting the coöperation of the various State legislatures. The first colonists were sent out to Sherbro Island, Africa, in 1820; and two years later Liberia was founded. Bushrod Washington, Charles Carroll, James Madison, Henry Clay, and J. H. B. Latrobe served successively as presidents of the society, while such men as Bishop Hopkins, Rufus King, Dr. Channing, Benjamin Lundy, Gerrit Smith, and James G. Birney were at one time zealous members. After about 1831, however, when the movement for abolition may be said to have first attracted general attention, the inadequacy and impracticability of the society's aims became increasingly apparent, and many of its more influential members withdrew their support. Its persistent refusal to interfere in any way with slavery, moreover, and its apparent encouragement of the racial prejudices of the whites against the blacks alienated many others who, though strongly opposing the radicalism of Garrison, believed in a policy of gradual abolition, and had faith in the negro's capacity for improvement. The general idea of colonization seems to have originated with the Rev. Samuel Hopkins, of Newport, in 1770. Consult: Wilson, History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, vol. i. (Boston, 1875); and Alexander, A History of Colonization on the Western Coast of Africa (Philadelphia, 1846).

The shortcomings of the society's aims, judged from an abolitionist standpoint, are admirably set forth in Garrison, Thoughts on Colonization (Boston, 1832); Birney, Letter on Colonization (New York, 1834); and Jay, An Inquiry into the Character and Tendency of the American Colonization and Anti-Slavery Societies (New York, 1834).