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CHAP. X Frankish kingdom. Many were his wars, especially with the Neustrian or western Frankish kingdom, under its major domus, Ebroin. This somewhat unconquerable man at last was murdered, and one of the two Merovingian kings being murdered likewise, Pippin about the year 688 became princeps regiminis ac major domus for the now united realm. From this date the Merovingians are but shadow kings, whose names are not worth recording. Pippin's rule marks the advent of his house to virtual sovereignty, and also the passing of the preponderance of power from Neustria to Austrasia. These two facts became clear after Pippin's death (714), when his redoubtable son Charles in a five years' struggle against great odds made himself sole major domus, and with his Austrasians overwhelmed the Neustrian army. Thenceforth this Charles, called Martell the Hammer, mightily prevailed, smiting Saxons, Bavarians, and Alemanni, and, after much warfare in the south with Saracens, at last vindicated the Cross against the Crescent at Tours in 732. Nine years longer he was to reign, increasing his power to the end, and supporting the establishment of Catholicism in Frisia, by the Anglo-Saxon Willibrord, and in heathen German lands by St. Boniface. He died in 741, dividing what virtually was his realm between his sons Carloman and Pippin: the former receiving Austrasia, Alemannia, Thuringia; the latter, Neustria, Burgundy, Provence.

These two sons valiantly took up their task, reforming the Church under the inspiration of Boniface, and ruling their domains without conflict with each other until 747, when Carloman retired and became a monk, leaving the entire realm to Pippin. The latter in 751 at Soissons, with universal approval and the consent of the Pope, was crowned king, and anointed by the hand of Boniface. This able and energetic sovereign pursued the course of his father and grandfather, but on still larger scale; aiding the popes and reducing the Lombard power in Italy, carrying on wars around the borders of his realm, bringing Aquitania to full submission, and expelling the Saracens from Narbonne and other fortress towns. In 768 he died, again dividing his vast realm between his two sons Carloman and Charles.

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210 These bore each other little love; but fortunately the former died (771) before an open breach occurred. So Charles was left to rule alone, and prove himself, all things considered, the greatest of mediaeval sovereigns. Having fought his many wars of conquest and subjugation against Saracens, Saxons, Avars, Bavarians, Slavs, Danes, Lombards; having conquered much of Italy and freed the Pope from neighbouring domination; having been crowned and anointed emperor in the year 800; having restored letters, uplifted the Church, issued much wise legislation, and Christianized with iron hand the stubborn heathen; and above all, having administered his vast realm with never-failing energy, he died in 814—just one hundred years after the time when his grandfather Charles was left to fight so doughtily for life and power.

Poetry and history have conspired to raise the fame of Charlemagne. In more than one chanson de geste, the old French épopée has put his name where that of Pippin, Charles Martell, or perhaps that of some Merovingian should have been. Sober history has not thus falsified its matter, and yet has over-dramatized the incidents of its hero's reign. For example, every schoolboy has been told of the embassy to Charlemagne from Harun al Raschid, Caliph of Bagdad. But not so many schoolboys know that Pippin had sent an embassy to a previous caliph, which was courteously entertained for three years in Bagdad; and Pippin, like his son, received embassies from the Greek emperor. The careers of Charles Martell and Pippin have not been ignored; and yet historical convention has focused its attention and its phrases upon "the age of Charlemagne." One should not forget that this exceedingly great man stood upon the shoulders of the great men to whose achievement he succeeded.

Neither politically, socially, intellectually, nor geographically was there discontinuity or break or sudden change between the Merovingian and the Carolingian

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 □ (no pct) Что каса́ется меня́, то я предпочита́ю в э́то не вме́шиваться. As for me, I prefer to keep out of it.

ка́сса ticket window. Ка́ссу откро́ют че́рез полчаса́. The ticket window will be open in half an hour. • box office. Биле́т мо́жно получи́ть в ка́ссе в день конце́рта. You can get a ticket at the box office the day of the concert. • cash register. В ка́ссе сейча́с то́лько сто рубле́й. There's only a hundred rubles in the cash register now.

касси́р cashier.

касто́рка castor oil.

кастрю́ля saucepan.

катало́г catalogue. Возьми́те с собо́й катало́г, когда́ пойдёте в музе́й. Take the catalogue with you when you go to the museum. — Посмотри́те в катало́г и вы́пишите но́мер э́той кни́ги. Look into the catalogue and take down the code number of this book.

катастро́фа catastrophe. В го́роде произошёл ряд катастро́ф: наводне́ние, большо́й пожа́р и эпиде́мия ти́фа. A series of catastrophes hit the town: a flood, a big fire, and a typhus epidemic. • accident. Он был ра́нен при автомоби́льной катастро́фе. He was hurt in an automobile accident. • calamity. Е́сли нам сего́дня не запла́тят, э́то бу́дет про́сто катастро́фа. If they don't pay us today, it'll be a real calamity. □ Пожа́р при́нял разме́ры настоя́щей катастро́фы. The fire assumed catastrophic proportions.

ката́ть (iter of кати́ть) to roll. Она́ бы́стро и ло́вко ката́ла те́сто. She rolled the dough quickly and skillfully. — Де́ти ката́ли пасха́льные я́йца по́ полу. The children rolled Easter eggs on the floor. • to take for a ride. Они́ нас сего́дня на тро́йке ката́ли. They took us for a ride in a troika today.

-ся □ ката́ться на конька́х to skate. Де́ти до ве́чера ката́лись на конька́х. The children were skating until evening. ката́ться на ло́дке to boat. Идёмте ката́ться на ло́дке. Let's go boating. ката́ться на саня́х to sleigh-ride. У вас в Аме́рике ещё ката́ются на саня́х? Do you still go sleigh-riding in the States?

кати́ть (качу́, ка́тит /iter: ката́ть/) to push. Он кати́л тяжело́ нагружённую та́чку. He was pushing a heavily loaded wheelbarrow. • to roll. Велосипе́ды бы́стро кати́ли по асфа́льтовым доро́жкам. The bicycles rolled swiftly along the asphalt paths.

-ся to roll. Смеётся, а у само́й слёзы ка́тятся. She's laughing, but tears are rolling down her cheeks. □ *Да ты, брат, ка́тишься по накло́нной пло́скости! Yes, you're on the skids, buddy.

като́к (-тка) rink. Бери́те коньки́ и бежим на като́к. Take your skates and let's run down to the rink.

кату́шка spool. Купи́те мне, пожа́луйста, кату́шку бе́лых ни́ток. Buy me a spool of white thread, please.

кача́ть to shake. Вы чего́ кача́ете голово́й? Вам э́то не нра́вится? Why do you shake your head? Don't you like it? • to dangle. Он кача́л ного́й и неча́янно переверну́л сто́лик. He was dangling his leg and accidentally kicked over the little table. • to pump. Кача́й ещё, ши́на ещё совсе́м мя́гкая. Pump some more; the tire is still quite soft. — Тут прихо́дится кача́ть во́ду из коло́дца. Water has to be pumped from the well here. □ При перее́зде че́рез океа́н нас си́льно кача́ло. We had rough weather while crossing the ocean. • Кача́ть его́! Three cheers for him!

-ся to swing. Кто э́то там кача́ется на каче́лях? Who's that swinging on the swing?

ка́чество quality. Наш заво́д обраща́ет большо́е внима́ние на ка́чество проду́кции. Our factory pays a great deal of attention to the quality of the goods. — Покажи́те мне, пожа́луйста, перча́тки лу́чшего ка́чества. Show me the best quality gloves, please.

качу́ See кати́ть.

качу́сь See кати́ться.

ка́ша (cooked) cereal. Что мо́жет быть лу́чше гре́чневой ка́ши с гриба́ми! What can be better than buckwheat cereal with mushrooms? □ ма́нная ка́ша cream of wheat. Пшонная ка́ша millet cereal. □ *Сам завари́л ка́шу, сам и расхлёбывай. You made your bed, now lie in it.

ка́шель (-шля M) cough. Его́ му́чил си́льный ка́шель. He was racked with a heavy cough.

ка́шлять to cough. Кто э́то так ка́шляет за стено́й? Who's that coughing so hard in the next room?

кашта́н chestnut.

каю́та cabin. Ва́ша каю́та на корме́. Your cabin is in the stern. — Вам каю́ту на одного́? Do you want a single cabin?

квадра́т square.

квалифика́ция qualification. Кака́я у него́ квалифика́ция? What are his qualifications?

квалифици́рованный (ppp of квалифици́ровать, to qualify) skilled. У нас на заво́де не хвата́ет квалифици́рованных рабо́чих. We're short of skilled workers in our factory.

квалифици́ровать (both dur and pct) to qualify.

кварта́л block. Гости́ница в двух кварта́лах отсю́да. The hotel is two blocks away from here.

кварти́ра apartment. Вам удало́сь найти́ кварти́ру? Were you able to find an apartment? — Они́ вчера́ перее́хали на но́вую кварти́ру. They moved into a new apartment yesterday. — Кто живёт в э́той кварти́ре? Who lives in this apartment? □ меблиро́ванная кварти́ра furnished apartment.

квартпла́та rent. Квартпла́ту полага́ется вноси́ть вперёд. The rent for the apartment must be paid in advance.

квас (P -ы) kvass (a popular Russian soft drink).

квита́нция receipt. Я отпра́вил ва́ше заказно́е письмо́; вот ва́ша квита́нция. I mailed your registered letter. Here's the receipt. • check. Где ва́ша бага́жная квита́нция? Where's your baggage check?

ке́гля (bowling) pin. □ игра́ть в ке́гли to bowl. Вы хорошо́ игра́ете в ке́гли? Are you good at bowling?

кем (/i of кто/).

ке́пка cap. Купи́те мне ке́пку с больши́м козырько́м. Buy me a cap with a large visor.

кероси́н kerosene.

кива́ть (/pct: кивну́ть/) to nod. Посмотри́те на ту сто́рону, вам кто-то кива́ет. Look across the street; somebody is nodding to you.

кивну́ть (pct of кива́ть) to nod.

кило́ or килогра́мм kilogram.


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CHAP. X periods. The character of the monarchy was scarcely affected by the substitution of the house of Pippin of Heristal for the house of Clovis. The baleful custom of dividing the realm upon a monarch's death survived; but Fortune rendered it innocuous through one strong century, during which (719-814) the realm was free from internecine war, while the tossing streams of humanity were driven onward by three great successive rulers.

The Carolingian, like the Merovingian, realm included many different peoples who were destined never to become one nation; and the whole Carolingian system of government virtually had existed in the Merovingian period. Before, as well as after, the dynastic change, the government throughout the realm was administered by Counts. Likewise the famous missi dominici, or royal legates, are found in Merovingian times; but they were employed more effectively by Charles Martell, Pippin, and, finally, by Charlemagne, who enlarged their sphere of action. He elaborately defined their functions in a famous Capitulary of the year 802. It was set forth that the emperor had chosen these legates from among his best and greatest (ex optimatibus suis), and had authorized them to receive the new oaths of allegiance, and supervise the observance of the laws, the execution of justice, the maintenance of the military and fiscal rights of the emperor. They were given power to see that the permanent functionaries (the counts and their subordinates) duly administered the law as written or recognized. The missi had jurisdiction over ecclesiastical as well as lay officials; and many of them were entrusted with special powers and duties in the particular instance.

Thus Charlemagne developed the functions of these ancient officers. Likewise his Court and royal council, the

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 260 be given to the faithful, and then 'we shall see what we shall see.'

"Among the anomalies of the canvass upon which we have just entered; not the least significant is that we have not a single candidate in the field who, for himself, sought office; whereas every 'carpet-bagger' and a large percentage of the negroes are clamorous for some place or other. All of our candidates have been brought out by nominating conventions; many of these against their wish,—for these conventions pick out our best men. For example, we are running John Shelton for supervisor, A. R. Johnston for the State senate, Daniel Williams for magistrate at Dry Grove, etc. None of these desire the positions proposed for them, but it would be considered in very bad taste in either to refuse.

"The upshot of the whole is that I am kept on the 'pad,'—being president of the Dry Grove Club, that has to march, or be marched to, at every whip-stitch. We held two club meetings last week, and I have ordered one for this week. Next week, on the 11th of September, we go in a body to Edwards Depot, where preparations will be made for ten thousand people. I suppose Jackson will respond, as I know other places will, and so many barbecues will be given by the clubs, to each of which the others must march in a body, and in military order, that I will esteem myself lucky if I get through alive. But I expect to be lucky to that extent, as my whole soul is in it."

It was early in 1875 that the citizens of Mississippi, believing that it was unmanly and stupid to submit longer without protest against ruinous misrule of "carpet-baggers," backed by negro voters, determined to lay aside all minor interests and make an organized effort to throw off the incubus which was rapidly involving the whole State in financial bankruptcy and social degradation and misery. Hence the formation of Democratic clubs.

From 1865 to 1875,—ten long, weary years,—tenfold harder to endure than the four years immediately


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 килогра́мм or кило́ kilogram (See Appendix 2).

кинемато́граф See кино́.

кино́ (indecl N) movies. Пойдём сего́дня в кино́. Let's go to the movies today. • movie theater. В ва́шем го́роде мно́го кино́? Are there many movie theaters in your city?

кинотеа́тр See кино́.

кио́ск stand. Пойдём к кио́ску и вы́пьем ква́су. Let's go to the stand and have some kvass. — Наш кио́ск получи́л пре́мию на земледе́льческой вы́ставке. Our stand received an award at the agricultural exposition. □ газе́тный кио́ск newspaper stand. В э́том газе́тном кио́ске мо́жно найти́ иностра́нные газе́ты. You can get foreign papers at this newspaper stand.

кипе́ть (-плю, -пит) to boil. Завари́те чай, води́ уже́ кипи́т. Brew some tea; the water's already boiling. • to boil over. Останови́те маши́ну, вода́ в радиа́торе кипи́т. Stop the car; the water in the radiator is boiling over. — Он весь кипе́л от возмуще́ния. He boiled over with indignation. □ У нас тут кипи́т рабо́та. Our work is moving along in high gear. • Я тут всё вре́мя, как в котле́, киплю́. I've got my hands full here.

кипяти́ть (/pct: вс-/) to boil. Я кипячу́ во́ду в э́том большо́м ча́йнике. I boil water in this big tea kettle.

кипято́к (-тка/g -у/) boiling water. Пойди́те доста́ньте кипятку́ на ста́нции. Go and get some boiling water at the station.

кипячёный boiled. Э́то кипячёная вода́? Is this water boiled?

кипячу́ See кипяти́ть.

кирпи́ч (-а M) brick. Грузови́к привёз па́ртию кирпича́. They delivered a truckload of bricks.

кирпи́чный brick. Большо́е кирпи́чное зда́ние — э́то шко́ла. The big brick building is the school.

кисе́ль ( -ля/g -лю/M) kissel (a kind of cranberry dessert). □ *Он мне седьма́я вода́ на киселе́. He's something like a thirty-second cousin of mine.

кисе́т pouch. Она́ подари́ла мне кисе́т и тру́бку. She gave me a pouch and a pipe.

ки́слый (sh -сла) sour. Э́ти ви́шни таки́е ки́слые, что их есть нельзя́. These cherries are so sour you can't eat them. — Хоти́те ки́слого молока́? Do you want some sour milk? • bad. У меня́ сего́дня ки́слое настрое́ние. I'm in a bad mood today. □ ки́слая капу́ста sauerkraut. Дайте мне по́рцию соси́сок с ки́слой капу́стой. Give me an order of frankfurters and sauerkraut. ки́слый вид long face. Почему́ у вас тако́й ки́слый вид? Why do you have such a long face? □ Он ки́сло улыбну́лся. He smiled halfheartedly.

ки́сточка brush. Мне нужна́ ки́сточка для бритья́. I want a shaving brush.

кисть (P -сти, -стей F) brush. Кра́ска тут, а ки́сти нет. Here's the paint, but where's the brush? • bunch. Дайте ему́ кисть виногра́да. Give him a bunch of grapes. □ Ему́ оторва́ло маши́ной кисть пра́вой руки́. His whole right hand was torn off by the machine.

кишка́ intestine. У него́ воспале́ние кишо́к. His intestines are inflamed. • hose. Пожа́рная кишка́ вчера́ ло́пнула. The fire hose burst yesterday. □ *Он у нас тут все кишки́ вы́мотал. He bothered the life out of us here.

кла́дбище cemetery.

кладова́я (AF) pantry. Ма́сло в кладово́й. The butter is in the pantry. • storeroom. Вчера́ в кладовы́х на́шего кооперати́ва случи́лся пожа́р. A fire broke out yesterday in the storerooms of our cooperative.

кладу́ See класть.

клал See класть.

кла́няться (/pct: поклони́ться/) to take a bow. Арти́сты мно́го раз выходи́ли кла́няться. The artists came out to take bows many times. • to beg. Кла́няться ему́ я не ста́ну. I'm not going to beg him. □ Кла́няйтесь от меня́ ва́шей жене́. Remember me to your wife.

кла́пан valve. Он сма́зал предохрани́тельный кла́пан. He oiled the safety valve. • flap. Сде́лайте мне, пожа́луйста, кла́паны на карма́нах пальто́. Put flaps on my overcoat pockets, please.

класс class. Он вбежа́л в класс, когда́ уро́к уже́ на́чался. He ran into the class after the lesson had begun. — Он преподаёт по кла́ссу роя́ля. He's teaching a piano class. □ *Вот э́то он показа́л класс! He's set a mark for you to shoot at!

класть (кладу́, -дёт /pct: положи́ть/) to put. Он никогда́ не кладёт ве́щи на ме́сто. He never puts things in their place. — Не клади́те мне так мно́го са́хару в чай. Don't put so much sugar in my tea. □ Его́ не́зачем класть в больни́цу. He doesn't have to be sent to a hospital. • (no pct) *Ему́ па́льца в рот не клади́! You'd better watch out for him!

кле́вер clover.

клевета́ slander.

клеёнка waterproof cloth. Есть у вас клеёнка для компре́ссов? Do you have a waterproof cloth for the compress? • oilcloth. Положи́те на стол клеёнку. Put an oilcloth on the table.

кле́ить (кле́ю, кле́ит) to glue together. Кто у вас кле́ит э́ти коро́бочки? Who's gluing these boxes together?

клей (/g -ю; в кле́ю/) glue.

кле́йстер white paste.

клещи́ (-щей P) pincers.

кли́зма enema.

кли́мат climate.

клин (P клинья, -ньев, -ньям) wedge. Здесь ну́жно вбить клин. A wedge will have to be driven in here. □ На́ше по́ле вхо́дит кли́ном в сосе́дний колхо́з. Our field juts into the next kolkhoz. • У него́ борода́ кли́ном. His beard juts out. • *Не горюй, свет не кли́ном сошёлся, найдёшь другу́ю рабо́ту. Don't worry, the world hasn't come to an end; you can find another job. • *Ну и упря́м же он, е́сли вобьёт себе́ что в го́лову — кли́ном не вы́шибешь. He's so stubborn that once he gets something into his head you can't hammer it out. • *Сове́тую вам клин кли́ном вышиба́ть. My advice to you is to fight fire with fire.

кли́ника clinic. Опера́цию ему́ мо́гут сде́лать в университе́тской кли́нике. He can be operated on in the university clinic.

клозе́т toilet.

клоп (-а) bedbug. Вы уве́рены, что тут нет клопо́в? Are you sure there are no bedbugs here? — Дайте мне что-нибу́дь про́тив клопо́в. Give me something for bedbugs. □ Ишь ты, тако́й клоп, а всё понима́ет! He's still knee-high to a grasshopper and yet he understands everything.


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 Rh 1865, the State had been under military rule, our last governor from Washington being Adelbert Ames (a man honest and brave, but narrow and puritanical), who seems to have hated the Aryan race of the South. In proof of this I merely cite the fact that he was impeached by the State Legislature for fomenting race strife, but, by advice of counsel, he wisely or unwisely evaded the issue of trial, and fled away to his owm.

During the years 1870-74 the taxes, imposed by aliens and the misguided African element, in many cases exceeded the incomes derived from the plantations; and it was then that men, nerved with a courage born of despair, cast about them for suitable leaders (men of unquestioned integrity, cool judgment, and dauntless resolution) under whose guidance relief might be attempted. Intuitively all eyes were turned to Thomas Dabney, and he was chosen president of the Democratic club of his neighborhood.

"Burleigh, 15th October, 1875.

..." I will have my house as full as it can hold to-morrow night, as Utica, Raymond, Clinton, Boltons, Edwards, etc., will send their clubs here in force. You will perceive that a great many will have come long distances. I must take as many as I can accommodate reasonably, having already invited a number. It will put your sisters to much trouble, but as it is unavoidable, they undertake it with great cheerfulness."

The daughters worked by day and night on the uniforms for Thomas and his friends. Some of the negroes joined the club, and uniforms must be made for them too, and it was the patriotic thing for the ladies in the house to make these also. Besides, an immense United States flag was called for by the club, and was made by us in those hot July days and nights.

Thomas was as ready to extend the simple hospitality


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124 with the calyx-tube, of one or many achenes, drupes, or follicles, or a pome, more rarely a berry or capsule. Seeds erect or pendulous, albumen generally wanting; embryo with large plano-convex cotyledons and a stout radicle.

Scrambling or climbing shrubs, rarely herbs, almost always prickly. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, usually palmately or pinnately divided into 3–5 lobes or segments or separate leaflets; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers in terminal or axillary panicles, rarely solitary. Calyx-tube broad, open; lobes 5, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Disc coating the calyx-tube. Carpels many, seated on a convex receptacle; style subterminal; ovules 2, pendulous. Fruit composed of many succulent 1-seeded drupes, crowded upon an oblong or conical dry receptacle. Seed pendulous.


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126 the base, coarsely and irregularly toothed, usually tomentose or pubescent beneath; petioles and midribs with recurved prickles. Panicles 2–8 in. long; branches and pedicels stout, hispid or setose or pubescent. Flowers ⅓ in. diam., whitish, diœcious. Calyx tomentose. Petals broad, rounded. Fruit ⅓ in. diam., pale-yellowish, juicy.—Raoul, Choix, 49; Kirk, Students' Fl. 126. R. australis var. schmidelioides. ''Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 53; Handb. N.Z. Fl.'' 54.

4. R. parvus, ''Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vi. (1874) 243, t. 22, f. 2 and'' 3.—A dwarf prostrate glabrous shrub; stems creeping, 12–18 in. long, sometimes partly buried in the soil and rooting at the nodes; bark red; prickles few. Leaves 1-foliolate; leaflets bronzy, coriaceous, 1–3 in. long, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, slightly cordate or truncate at the base, acutely dentate; teeth almost spinous; petioles and midrib with a few stout prickles. Flowers few, diœcious, in short terminal or axillary panicles or solitary; pedicels pubescent. Calyx-lobes silky-pubescent, acuminate, reflexed. Petals white, barely exceeding the calyx. Fruit large, ½–1 in. long, oblong, juicy.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 126.

Perennial herbs. Radical leaves crowded, often rosulate, pinnate or pinnatisect; leaflets toothed or incised, the terminal one often much larger than the others; stem-leaves usually small and bract-like. Flowers in a terminal corymbose panicle or solitary. Calyx persistent; lobes 5, usually alternating with 5 bracteoles. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, crowded. Carpels many; ovules solitary, erect; style terminal, filiform, elongating much after flowering, bent at or below the end. Achenes numerous, compressed, crowded on a dry receptacle, each one terminated by the persistent elongated naked or plumose style.


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 клуб1 club. Сегодня вечеринка в клубе транспортников. There's a party in the transport workers' club today.

клуб2 (P -ы, -ов) puff. Смотрите! Дым валит клубами. Look how the smoke is pouring out in great big puffs. • cloud. Наша машина поднимала клубы пыли. Our car was raising clouds of dust.

клубника (no P) strawberries.

ключ (-а, M) key. Ключ от вашей комнаты у швейцара. Your key is with the doorman. — Дайте ключи от ваших чемоданов таможеннику. Give your luggage keys to the customs clerk. — Ключ от этого шкафа потерян. The key to this closet is lost. • can opener. Можно взять ваш ключ? Мне надо открыть банку консервов. May I borrow your can opener? I have to open a can of preserves. □ запереть на ключ to lock. Когда будете уходить, заприте дверь на ключ. Lock the door before you go. французский ключ monkey wrench.

книга book. Это очень интересная книга. This is a very interesting book. — Где телефонная книга? Where is the telephone book? — Он целый день сидит над книгами. He keeps his head in his books all day. • volume. Я читал только две первые книги этого романа. I read only the first two volumes of this novel. □ домовая книга house register. Домовая книга хранится у управдома. The house register is in the manager's office. жалобная книга complaint book. В жалобную книгу иногда интересно бывает заглянуть. It's sometimes interesting to look through the complaint book. поварённая книга cook book. □ Вы умеете вести бухгалтерские книги? Can you do bookkeeping? • *Вы ведь спец, вам и книги в руки. You're the expert; you should have it at your fingertips.

книжка book. Он всё лето книжки в руки не берёт. He doesn't open a book all summer. — Вы принесли с собой профсоюзную книжку? Did you bring your trade-union membership book with you? — Вот ваша членская книжка. Here's your membership book. □ Вы бы лучше положили деньги на книжку, чем так мотать. Why don't you put your money in a savings bank instead of spending it all?

кнопка button. Я ещё не успел нажать кнопки звонке, как дверь раскрылась. I was about to push the button when the door opened. • snap. Это платье застёгивается на кнопки. This dress has snaps.

кнут (-a) whip.

ко (/for к before some dusters, §31/) for. Что подарить ему ко дню рождения? What should we give him for his birthday? □ Меня что-то клонит ко сну. Somehow I feel sleepy.

коалиция coalition.

ковёр (-вра) carpet. Ковёр на вашей лестнице надо почистить. The carpet on your staircase needs cleaning. • rug. Это персидский ковёр? Is this a Persian rug?

когда when. Когда приходит курьерский? When does the express arrive? — Когда вы сможете выгладить мой костюм? When will you be able to press my suit? — Когда у вас в гостинице запираются двери? When do they lock the door in your-hotel? — Когда начало спектакля? When does the show start? — Не люблю, когда в комнате беспорядок. I don't like it when the room is all upset. — Было время, когда кулак был полным хозяином деревни. There was a time when the kulak was the complete ruler of the village. • until. Я жду не дождись, когда смогу поехать в деревню. I can't wait until I can go to the country. □ когда бы ни whenever. Мы вам всегда рады, когда бы вы ни пришли. We're always happy to see you whenever you come. когда … когда sometimes … sometimes. "Вы пьёте чай или кофе?" "Когда чай, когда кофе". "Do you drink tea or coffee?" "Sometimes tea, sometimes coffee." когда-либо See когда-нибудь. когда-нибудь (§25) ever. Вы когда-нибудь ездили по Волге? Did you ever travel on the Volga? — Перестанут они когда-нибудь шуметь? Will they ever stop making noise? • sometime or other. Когда-нибудь всё это должно кончиться. This has to come to an end sometime or other. • one of these days. Вы это когда-нибудь узнаете. One of these days you'll find it out. — Когда-нибудь и я поеду путешествовать. One of these days I'll go traveling too. когда так if that's so. Когда так, то я его знать не хочу. If that's so, then I don't even want to know him. • if so. Когда так, делайте по-вашему. If so, then do it your own way. когда-то (§25) once. Мы когда-то были друзьями. We were friends once. □ Когда-то нам доведётся ещё раз встретиться! Who knows when we'll have a chance to meet again!

кого (/ga of кто/).

коготь (-гтя [-xtj-] P когти, когтей M) claw.

кодекс code. У него собственный моральный кодекс. He's got his own moral code. □ кодекс законов о труде labor code. уголовный кодекс criminal code.

кое (prefixed to question words, §23). □ кое-где in some places. Кое-где этот обычай ещё сохранился. In some places they still preserve this custom. кое-как just about. Мы кое-как добрались до города. We just about made it to town. кое-какой some. Я хотел бы внести кое-какие поправки. I'd like to make some corrections. — У меня ещё кое-какие дела не закончены. I still have some matters to clean up. • a few. У него тоже есть кое-какие заслуги. He's got a few things to his credit, too. кое-кто few people. Тут кое-кто этим вопросом интересуется. There are a few people here interested in this problem. • some people. Кое-кого ещё не хватает, но всё равно, начнём. Some people haven't shown up yet, but let's get started anyway. кое-что something. Я хотел вам кое-что сказать. I wanted to tell you something. — Кое-чему вам придётся верить на слово. You'll have to take some things at their face value. • a thing or two. Я в этой работе кое-что смыслю. I know a thing or two about this work. □ Починил он мне башмаки кое-как. He mended my shoes in a slipshod manner.

кожа skin. У меня очень чувствительная кожа на лице. The skin on my face is very sensitive. — Он страшно исхудал после болезни — просто кожа да кости. He got so thin after his sickness that he was just skin and bones. • leather. Этот бумажник из настоящей кожи. This wallet is made of genuine leather.


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130 1. P. anserina, Linn. ''Sp. Plant.'' 495.—Rootstock tufted, giving off long creeping runners rooting at the nodes. Leaves all radical, numerous, 2–6 in. long, unequally pinnate, green and glabrous or slightly silky above, white with appressed silvery tomentum beneath; leaflets numerous, ⅓–1 in. long, oblong or obovate or rounded, alternate ones often minute, deeply and sharply toothed or incised. Peduncles from the rootstock or rooting nodes, 2–6 in. long, 1-flowered. Flowers ½–1 in. diam., yellow. Calyx silky and villous; lobes lanceolate or oblong; bracteoles lobed and cut. Petals obovate. Achenes glabrous or nearly so; receptacle villous.—''Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 54; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 54; Kirk, Students Fl.'' 131.

Silky or glabrous perennial herbs; stems erect at the tips, decumbent or creeping at the base, or altogether prostrate. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate; leaflets toothed or incised; stipules sheathing at the base, adnate to the petiole. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, small, crowded in a terminal globose head, or in an interrupted spike. Calyx-tube persistent, obconic or turbinate or campanulate, constricted at the mouth, terete or angled, naked or at length armed with simple or barbed spines; lobes 3–7, valvate, persistent or deciduous. Petals wanting. Stamens 1–10, very rarely more. Carpels 1–2, wholly immersed in the calyx-tube; style subterminal, short, exserted, dilated into a fimbriate or plumose stigma; ovule solitary, pendulous. Achenes solitary or rarely 2, enclosed in the hardened calyx, which is usually armed with subulate spines or bristles. Pericarp bony or membranous.


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Small densely tufted herbs, forming hard compact masses. Leaves densely imbricated, linear, coriaceous, quite entire. Flowers terminal, solitary, sessile, white. Calyx-tube adnatae to the ovary, obconic; lobes 5–7, equal or unequal. Petals 5–10, linear or ovate. Stamens 2 or 3, inserted on the middle of an epigynous disc, and adnate to the base of the styles; filaments subulate or filiform; anthers didymous, extrorse. Ovary inferior, 2- or 3-celled; styles 2 or 3, short and thick or subulate, recurved; stigmas simple or capitellate; ovules numerous, affixed to placentas which are pendulous from the inner angle of the cells. Capsule turbinate, indehiscent, 2- or 3-celled. Seeds few in each cell, pendulous, obliquely ovoid; testa membranous; albumen fleshy; embryo small, remote from the hilum.

1. D. novæ-zealandiæ, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 81, t. 20.—Stems short, 1–3 in. high, densely tufted, forming broad compact masses in mountain-bogs. Leaves very numerous, imbricated in many series and clothing the entire stem and branches, erect,


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212 synods and assemblies of his reign, the military service, modes of holding land, methods of collecting revenue, were not greatly changed from Merovingian prototypes. Yet the old institutions had been renewed and bettered. A vast misjoined and unrelated realm was galvanized into temporary unity. And, most impressive and portentous thing of all, an Empire—the Holy Roman Empire—was resurrected for a time in fact and verity: the same was destined to endure in endeavour and contemplation.

So there was no break politically or socially between the Carolingian Empire and its antecedents, which had made it possible. Likewise there was no discontinuity spiritually and intellectually between the earlier time and that epoch which begins with Charlemagne's first endeavours to restore knowledge, and extends through the ninth and, if one will, even the tenth century. Western Europe (except Scandinavia) had become nominally Christian, and had been made acquainted with Latin education to the extent indicated in the preceding chapter, the purpose of which was to tell how Christianity and the antique culture were brought to the northern peoples. The present chapter, on the other hand, seeks to describe how the eighth and ninth centuries proceeded to learn and consider and react upon this newly introduced Christianity and antique culture, out of which the spiritual destinies of the Middle Ages were to be forged. The task of Carolingian scholars was to learn what had been brought to them. They scarcely excelled even the later intermediaries through whom this knowledge had been transmitted. One need not look among them for better scholarship than was possessed by Bede, who died in 735, the birth year of Alcuin who drew so much from him, and was to be the chief luminary of the palace school of Charlemagne. Undoubtedly, Charlemagne's exertions caused a

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CHAP. X revival of sacred and profane studies through the region of the present France and Rhenish Germany. His primary motive was the purification and extension of Catholic Christianity. Here Charles Martell and Pippin (with his brother Carloman) had done much, as their support of Boniface bears witness to. But Charlemagne's efforts went beyond those of his predecessors. More clearly than they he understood the need of education, and he was himself intensely interested in knowledge. Hence his endeavours, primarily to uplift the Faith, brought a revival of learning and a literary productivity, consisting mostly in reproduction or rearrangement of old material, doctrinal or profane.

Another preliminary consideration may help us to appreciate the intellectual qualities of the period before us. Charlemagne was primarily a ruler in the largest sense, conqueror, statesman, law-giver, one who realized the needs of the time, and met or forestalled them. His monarchy, with its powers inherited, as well as radiating from his own personality, provided an imperial government for western Europe. The chief activities of this ruler and his epoch were practical, to wit, political and military. In laws, in institutions, and in deeds, he and his Empire represent creativeness and progress; although, to be sure, that conglomerate empire of his had itself to fall in pieces before there could take place a more lasting and national evolution of States. And, of course, Carolingian political creativeness included the conservation of existing social, political, and, above all, ecclesiastical, institutions. In fine, this period was creative and progressive in its practical energies. The factors were the pressing needs and palpable opportunities, which were met or availed of. And to the same effective treatment of problems ecclesiastical and doctrinal was due the modicum of originality in the Carolingian literature.

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 never known to blow his flute between the hours of sunrise and sunset—that is, never but once. Alas, that memorable day! But when the night fell and he came home home to the two-story log-house of the widow Spurlock; when the widow had given him his supper of coffee sweetened with brown sugar, hot johnny-cake, with perhaps a cold joint of venison and cabbage pickle; when he had taken from the supper table, by her permission, the solitary tallow dip in its little brass candlestick, and climbed the rude steep stairs to his room above; when he had pulled the leathern string that lifted the latch, entered, shut the door behind him on the world, placed the candle on a little deal table covered with text-books and sermons, and seated himself beside it in a rush-bottomed chair—then— He began to play? No; then there was dead silence.

For about half an hour this silence continued. The widow Spurlock used to say that the parson was giving his supper time to settle; but, alas! it must have settled almost immediately, so heavy was the johnny-cake. Howbeit, at the close of such an interval, any one standing at the foot of the steps below, or listening beneath the window on the street outside, would have heard the silence broken.

At first the parson blew low, peculiar notes, such as a kind and faithful shepherd might blow at nightfall as an invitation for his scattered wandering sheep to gather home about him. Perhaps it was a way he had of calling in the disordered flock of his faculties—some weary, some wounded, some torn by thorns, some with their fleeces, which had been washed white in the morning prayer, now bearing many a stain. But when they had all answered, as it were, to this musical roll-call, and had


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 taken their due places within the fold of his brain, obedient, attentive, however weary, however suffering, then the flute was laid aside, and once more there fell upon the room intense stillness; the poor student had entered upon his long nightly labors.

Hours passed. Not a sound was to be heard but the rustle of book leaves, now rapidly, now slowly turned, or the stewing of sap in the end of a log on the hearth, or the faint drumming of fingers on the table—those long fingers, the tips of which seemed not so full of particles of blood as of notes of music, circulating impatiently back and forth from his heart. At length, as midnight drew near, and the candle began to sputter in the socket, the parson closed the last book with a decisive snap, drew a deep breath, buried his face in his hands for a moment, as if asking a silent blessing on the day's work, and then, reaching for his flute, squared himself before the dying embers, and began in truth to play. This was the one brief, pure pleasure he allowed himself.

It was not a musical roll-call that he now blew, but a dismissal for the night. One might say that he was playing the cradle song of his mind. And what a cradle song it was! A succession of undertone, silver-clear, simple melodies; apparently one for each faculty, as though he was having something kind to say to them all; thanking some for the manner in which they had served him during the day, the music here being brave and spirited; sympathizing with others that had been unjustly or too rudely put upon, the music here being plaintive and soothing; and finally granting his pardon to any such as had not used him quite fairly, the music here having a searching, troubled quality, though ending in the faintest breath of love and peace.


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 It was not known whence the parson had these melodies; but come whence they might, they were airs of heavenly sweetness, and as he played them, one by one his faculties seemed to fall asleep like quieted children. His long, out-stretched legs relaxed their tension, his feet fell over sidewise on the hearth-stone, his eyes closed, his head sank towards his shoulder. Still, he managed to hold on to his flute, faintly puffing a few notes at greater intervals, until at last, by the dropping of the flute from his hands or the sudden rolling of his big head backward, he would awaken with a violent jerk. The next minute he would be asleep in bed, with one ear out on guard, listening for the first sound that should awake him in the morning.

Such having been the parson's fixed habit as long as any one had known him, it is hard to believe that five years before his death he abruptly ceased to play his flute and never touched it again. But from this point the narrative becomes so mysterious that it were better to have the testimony of witnesses.

Every bachelor in this world is secretly watched by some woman. The parson was watched by several, but most closely by two. One of these was the widow Spurlock, a personage of savory countenance and whole some figure—who was accused by the widow Babcock, living at the other end of the town, of having robust intentions towards her lodger. This piece of slander had no connection with the fact that she had used the point of her carving knife to enlarge in the door of his room


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 {|width=150 the hole through which the latch-string passed, in order that she might increase the ventilation. The aperture for ventilation thus formed was exactly the size of one of her innocent black eyes.
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The other woman was an infirm, ill-favored beldam by the name of Arsena Furnace, who lived alone just across the street, and whose bedroom was on the second floor, on a level with the parson's. Being on terms of great intimacy with the widow Spurlock, she persuaded the latter that the parson's room was poorly lighted for one who used his eyes so much, and that the window-curtain of red calico should be taken down. On the same principle of requiring less sun because having less use for her eyes, she hung before her own window a faded curtain, transparent only from within. Thus these two devoted, conscientious souls conspired to provide the parson unawares with a sufficiency of air and light.

On Friday night, then, of August 31, 1809—for this was the exact date—the parson played his flute as usual, because the two women were sitting together below and distinctly heard him. It was unusual for them to be up at such an hour, but on that day the drawing of the lottery had come off, and they had held tickets, and were discussing their disappointment in having drawn blanks. Towards midnight the exquisite notes of the flute floated down to them from the parson's room.

"I suppose he'll keep on playing those same old


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 tunes as long as there is a thimbleful of wind in him. I wish he'd learn some new ones," said the hag, taking her cold pipe from her cold lips, and turning her eyes towards her companion with a look of some impatience.

"He might be better employed at such an hour than playing on the flute," replied the widow, sighing audibly and smoothing a crease out of her apron.

As by-and-by the notes of the flute became intermittent, showing that the parson was beginning to fall asleep, Arsena said good-night, and crossing the street to her house, mounted to the front window. Yes, there he was; the long legs stretched out towards the hearth, head sunk sidewise on his shoulder, flute still at his lips, the sputtering candle throwing its shadowy light over his white weary face, now wearing a smile. Without doubt he played his flute that night as usual; and Arsena, tired of the sight, turned away and went to bed.

A few minutes later the widow Spurlock placed an eye at the aperture of ventilation, wishing to see whether the logs on the fire were in danger of rolling out and setting fire to the parson's bed; but suddenly remembering that it was August, and that there was no fire, she glanced around to see whether his candle needed snuffing. Happening, however, to discover the parson in the act of shedding his coat, she withdrew her eye, and hastened precipitately down-stairs, but sighing so loud that he surely must have heard her had not his faculty of external perception been already fast asleep.

At about three o'clock on the afternoon of the next day, as Arsena was sweeping the floor of her kitchen, there reached her ears a sound which caused her to listen for a moment, broom in air. It was the parson playing playing at three o'clock in the afternoon!—


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 playing—she strained her ears again and again to make sure—playing a Virginia reel. Still, not believing her ears, she hastened aloft to the front window and looked across the street. At the same instant the widow Spurlock, in a state of equal excitement, hurried to the front door of her house, and threw a quick glance up at Arsena's window. The hag thrust a skinny hand through a slit in the curtain and beckoned energetically, and a moment later the two women stood with their heads close together watching the strange performance.

Some mysterious change had come over the parson and over the spirit of his musical faculty. He sat upright in his chair, looking ten years younger, his whole figure animated, his foot beating time so audibly that it could be heard across the street, a vivid bloom on his lifeless cheeks, his head rocking to and fro like a ship in a storm, and his usually dreamy, patient gray eyes now rolled up towards the ceiling in sentimental perturbation. And how he played that Virginia reel! Not once, but over and over, and faster and faster, until the notes seemed to get into the particles of his blood and set them to dancing. And when he had finished that, he snatched his handkerchief from his pocket, clashed it across his lips, blew his nose with a resounding snort, and settling his figure into a more determined attitude, began another. And the way he went at that! And when he finished that, the way he went at another! Two negro boys, passing along the street with a spinning-wheel, put it down and paused to listen; then, catching the infection of the music, they began to dance. And then the widow Spurlock, catching the infection also, began to dance, and bouncing into the middle of the room, there actually did dance until her tucking-comb


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 rolled out, and—ahem!—one of her stockings slipped down. Then the parson struck up the "Fisher's Horn pipe," and the widow, still in sympathy, against her will, sang the words:

"He's bewitched," said old Arsena, trembling and sick with terror.

"By whom?" cried the widow Spurlock, indignantly, laying a heavy hand on Arsena's shoulder.

"By his flute," replied Arsena, more fearfully.

At length the parson, as if in for it, and possessed to go all lengths, jumped from his chair, laid the flute on the table, and disappeared in a hidden corner of the room. Here he kept closely locked a large brass-nailed hair trunk, over which hung a looking-glass. For ten minutes the two women waited for him to reappear, and then he did reappear, not in the same clothes, but wearing the ball dress of a Virginia gentleman of an older time, perhaps his grandfather's—knee-breeches, silk stockings, silver buckles, low shoes, laces at his wrists, laces at his throat and down his bosom. And to make the dress complete he had actually tied a blue ribbon around his long silky hair. Stepping airily and gallantly to the table, he seized the flute, and with a little wave of it through the air he began to play, and to tread the mazes of the minuet, about the room, this way and that, winding and bowing, turning and gliding, but all the time fingering and blowing for dear life.

"Who would have thought it was in him?" said Arsena, her fear changed to admiration.


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 "I would!" said the widow.

While he was in the midst of this performance the two women had their attention withdrawn from him in a rather singular way. A poor lad hobbling on a crutch made his appearance in the street below, and rapidly but timidly swung himself along to the widow Spurlock's door. There he paused a moment, as if overcome by mortification, but finally knocked. His summons not being answered, he presently knocked more loudly.

"Hist!" said the widow to him, in a half-tone, opening a narrow slit in the curtain. "What do you want, David?"

The boy wheeled and looked up, his face at once crimson with shame. "I want to see the parson," he said, in a voice scarcely audible.

"The parson's not at home," replied the widow, sharply. "He's out; studying up a sermon." And she closed the curtain.

An expression of despair came into the boy's face, and for a moment in physical weakness he sat down on the door-step. He heard the notes of the flute in the room above; he knew that the parson was at home; but presently he got up and moved away.

The women did not glance after his retreating figure, being reabsorbed by the movements of the parson. Whence had he that air of grace and high-born courtesy? that vivacity of youth?

"He must be in love," said Arsena. "He must be in love with the widow Babcock."

"He's no more in love with her than I am," replied her companion, with a toss of her head.

A few moments later the parson, whose motions had been gradually growing less animated, ceased dancing,


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 and disappeared once more in the corner of the room, soon emerging therefrom dressed in his own clothes, but still wearing on his hair the blue ribbon, which he had forgotten to untie. Seating himself in his chair by the table, he thrust his hands into his pockets, and with his eyes on the floor seemed to pass into a trance of rather demure and dissatisfying reflections.

When he came down to supper that night he still wore his hair in the forgotten queue, and it may have been this that gave him such an air of lamb-like meekness. The widow durst ask him no questions, for there was that in him which held familiarity at a distance; but although he ate with unusual heartiness, perhaps on account of such unusual exercise, he did not lift his eyes from his plate, and thanked her for all her civilities with a gratitude that was singularly plaintive.

That night he did not play his flute. The next day being Sunday, and the new church not yet being opened, he kept his room. Early in the afternoon a messenger handed to the widow a note for him, which, being sealed, she promptly delivered. On reading it he uttered a quick, smothered cry of grief and alarm, seized his hat, and hurried from the house. The afternoon passed and he did not return. Darkness fell, supper hour came and went, the widow put a candle in his room, and then went across to commune with Arsena on these unusual proceedings.

Not long afterwards they saw him enter his room carrying under his arm a violin case. This he deposited on the table, and sitting down beside it, lifted out a boy's violin.

"A boy's violin!" muttered Arsena.


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 "A boy's violin!" muttered the widow; and the two women looked significantly into each other's eyes.

"Humph!"

"Humph!"

By-and-by the parson replaced the violin in the box and sat motionless beside it, one of his arms hanging listlessly at his side, the other lying on the table. The candle shone full in his face, and a storm of emotions passed over it. At length they saw him take up the violin again, go to the opposite wall of the room, mount a chair, knot the loose strings together, and hang the violin on a nail above his meagre shelf of books. Upon it he hung the bow. Then they saw him drive a nail in the wall close to the other, take his flute from the table, tie around it a piece of blue ribbon he had picked up off the floor, and hang it also on the wall. After this he went back to the table, threw himself in his chair, buried his head in his arms, and remained motionless until the candle burned out.

"What's the meaning of all this?" said one of the two women, as they separated below.

"I'll find out if it's the last act of my life," said the other.

But find out she never did. For question the parson directly she dared not; and neither to her nor any one else did he ever vouchsafe an explanation. Whenever, in the thousand ways a woman can, she would hint her desire to fathom the mystery, he would baffle her by assuming an air of complete unconsciousness, or repel her by a look of warning so cold that she hurriedly changed the subject.

As time passed on it became evident that some grave occurrence indeed had befallen him. Thenceforth, and


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 {|width=250 during the five remaining years of his life, he was never quite the same. For months his faculties, long used to being soothed at midnight by the music of the flute, were like children put to bed hungry and refused to be quieted, so that sleep came to him only after hours of waiting and tossing, and his health suffered in consequence. And then in all things he lived like one who was watching himself closely as a person not to be trusted.
 * Flute_and_Violin_and_Other_Kentucky_Tales_and_Romances_0039.jpg
 * }

Certainly he was a sadder man. Often the two women would see him lift his eyes from his books at night, and turn them long and wistfully towards the wall of the room where, gathering cobwebs and dust, hung the flute and the violin.

If any one should feel interested in having this whole mystery cleared up, he may read the following tale of a boy's violin.


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In consequence of the dissatisfaction so generally expressed in reference to the which were circulated during the first year by THE CALVIN SOCIETY, and at the special request of a number of the Subscribers to that Series, it is intended to re-issue  of the above Commentaries; so that those who desire it, may possess. Owing to the great importance and value of these Commentaries, it is not meant to confine the publication to those who already subscribe to the whole of the Calvin Translations. The Public in general are respectfully invited to join in promoting the Scheme. Those who approve of the present Proposals are requested to send their names without delay to the Secretary,, F.S.A.Sc., 9, Northumberland Street, Edinburgh; and if the number shall prove sufficient to defray a considerable portion of the expense, measures will be immediately taken to carry the plan into effect, without at all interfering with the progress of the regular Issues of the Calvin Translations. It is expected that these will form Three large Volumes, extending to between 500 and 600 pages each, which will be accompanied by copious Introductions, Critical Notes, Tables, Indices, &c. The price to Subscribers will be One Pound, which may be transmitted either now, or at the commencement of the next year with the regular Subscriptions. The impression will he limited. The Books to be delivered free in London, Dublin, and Edinburgh, at the close of 1848, on the same plan with the ordinary Issues. Such copies as remain, after supplying the Subscribers, will be sold to Non-Subscribers at '''31s. 6d.'''

*** A List of the Subscribers whose names are sent in previous to 1st December will be printed and circulated with the last Issue for 1847; ''and the Works will be put to press as soon as Subscriptions to the amount of two-thirds of the estimated outlay are received. The MSS. are already far advanced, and will be revised and ready for press early in the ensuing summer.''


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, John (1784-1858)


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 □ гусиная кожа goose pimples. У неё от холода гусиная кожа, — принесите ей пальто. It's so cold she has goose pimples all over; bring her a coat. □ *Он из кожи вон лезет, чтобы вам угодить. He's bending over backwards to please you. • *Что он в ней нашёл: ни кожи, ни рожи. What does he see in her? She looks awful.

кожаный leather. Кто этот человек в кожаной куртке? Who's that man in the leather jacket?

коза (P козы) goat.

козёл (-зла) goat. Осторожно, наш козёл бодается. Be careful, our goat butts. □ козёл отпущения scapegoat. □ *Ну, от него, как от козла молока. Well, getting something out of him is like getting blood out of a turnip. • *Это называется: пустить козла в огород. That's like putting the cat near the goldfish bowl.

козлы (-зел P) box. Можно мне сесть на козлы рядом с кучером? May I sit up on the box with the driver? • sawbuck. Козлы и пила в сарае, возьмите сами. You'll find a sawbuck and a saw in the barn; take them yourself.

козырёк (-рька) visor. По-моему козырёк этой кепки слишком велик. I think the visor on this cap is much too large.

козырь (P -ри, -рей M) trump.

кой-  (prefixed to question words, §23).

койка berth. Пароход отходит через два дня, можно достать только верхнюю койку. The steamer is leaving in two days and we can get only an upper berth. • bed. Эта больница на двести коек. This hospital has two hundred beds. • bunk. Завтра генерал приезжает — смотрите, чтоб все койки были в порядке. Tomorrow the general is coming; see that all the bunks are in order. • cot. Снимайте ботинки, когда ложитесь на мою койку. Take your shoes off when you lie down on my cot.

колбаса (P колбасы) sausage. Возьмите на дорогу хлеба и колбасы. Take some bread and sausage along on your trip. □ ливерная колбаса liverwurst. чайная колбаса bologna.

колдоговор (коллективный договор) agreement reached by collective bargaining.

колебаться (колеблюсь, -блется) to hesitate. На вашем месте я бы не колебался. I wouldn't hesitate if I were you. • to fluctuate. У больного всё время колеблется температура. The patient's temperature is fluctuating. • to range. Цены колеблются в пределах от одного до пяти рублей за кило. The prices range between one and five rubles a kilogram. □ Он колеблется, пойти ли ему во втуз или на медицинский факультет. He can't make up his mind whether to go to technical school or medical school.

колено (P колени, -ней, ням) knee. Я ушиб себе колено и еле хожу. I hurt my knee and can hardly walk. — Ну что мне, на колени перед ним становиться, что ли? What do you want me to do? Beg him on my knees? □ на коленях on one's lap. Ребёнок сидел всю дорогу у меня на коленях. The child sat on my lap throughout the trip. по колено knee-deep. Мы двигались с трудом: грязь была по колено. The mud was knee-deep and we went ahead with difficulty.

колесо (P колёса) wheel. Придётся снять переднее колесо и починить ось. We'll have to remove the front wheel and fix the axle. — Он соскочил с трамвая на ходу и попал под колёса. He jumped from a moving street car and fell under the wheels. □ зубчатое колесо cogwheel. турусы на колёсах tall stories. *Он тут нёс такие турусы на колёсах! He told us a lot of tall stories. □ *Разве можно работать, когда нам всё время палки в колёса вставляют? How is it possible for us to work when someone is always throwing a monkey wrench into the works? • *Она целый день как белка в колесе кружится. She's busy as a beaver all day long.

количество quantity. В этом году нам удалось выпустить большое количество велосипедов. We succeeded in putting out a great quantity of bicycles this year. • amount. Возьмите одинаковое количество сахару, муки и масла. Take equal amounts of sugar, flour, and butter. • number. Количество рабочих на пашем заводе сильно возросло. The number of workers in our factory has increased greatly. □ Тут можно получить последние данные о количестве населения этой области. You can get the latest figures here on the population of this oblast.

коллегия board. Вопрос обсуждался в коллегии наркомюста (народного комиссариата юстиции). The question was discussed at the board of People's Commissariat of Justice. □ коллегия правозаступников bar association. Я знаком с секретарём коллегии правозаступников. I know the secretary of the bar association.

коллектив collective. Коллектив комсомола устраивает для новичков частые собеседования. The komsomol collective organizes group discussions for newcomers. — Коллектив Малого театра приехал на гастроли в наш город. The "Maly" theater collective arrived in our city on its tour. — Мы всем коллективом выработали новый план работы. The whole collective developed a new plan of work.

коллективизация collectivization (social reconstruction of Soviet agriculture whereby individual holdings are unified into a kolkhoz).

коллективный collective. Мы убеждены в преимуществах коллективной организации сельского хозяйства. We're convinced of the advantages of collective organization in farming. • combined. Этот рассказ — наше коллективное творчество. This story is our combined creation. □ коллективное хозяйство (See also колхоз) collective farming. коллективный договор (See also колдоговор) agreement reached by collective bargaining. коллективно collectively. Мы привыкли работать коллективно. We're used to working collectively.

коллекция collection.

колодец (-дца) well. Мы вырыли артезианский колодец. We dug an artesian well.

колония colony. Он встречается только с членами иностранной колонии. He sees only the members of the foreign colony. — Многие колонии хотят стать самостоятельными государствами. Many colonies want to become independent.

колонна column. Я буду вас ждать около того дома с колоннами. I'll wait for you near that house with the columns. • group. Мы шли на демонстрации в одной


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 ON

CALLED

TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL LATIN, AND COMPARED WITH THE FRENCH EDITION,

OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, INCUMBENT OF CHRIST's CHURCH, HULL.

PRINTED FOR THE CALVIN TRANSLATION SOCIETY. M.DCCC.XLVII.


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of the on different portions of the Holy Scripture having been for some time before the public, through the labours of ; it is not improbable that the readers of the following pages will have already become in a great degree familiar with the writings of this celebrated Reformer. It may, perhaps, therefore be thought an unnecessary, if not a presumptuous undertaking, to preface the present work with any general observations on the character of. But though the Commentary on was neither the first which Calvin wrote, nor the first which the Calvin Society has republished; yet since, in the ultimate arrangement of the Commentaries it must take the foremost place, the Editor has determined to offer such preliminary remarks as may seem desirable for a reader who begins to read the Commentaries of Calvin, as he begins to read the Bible itself, at the Book of Genesis. If, in taking such a course, he is charged with repeating some things which have been said by others before him, he will not be extremely anxious either to defend himself from the charge or to meet it with a denial.

It seems to be now generally admitted that though, in the


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 brilliant constellation formed by the master-spirits of the, there were those who, in some respects, shone with brighter lustre than , yet, as a Commentator on Holy Scripture, he far outshines them all. There is scarcely anything in which the wisdom of God has been more conspicuous, than in his choice of instruments for carrying into execution the different parts of that mighty revolution of sentiment, which affected, more or less, every portion of Europe during the sixteenth century.

Long before the issue of the movement was seen or apprehended, we behold, the most accomplished scholar of the age, acting unconsciously as the pioneer of a Reformation, which at length he not only opposed, but apparently hated. He had been raised up by God to lash the vices of the Clergy, to expose the ignorance, venality, and sloth of the Mendicant Orders, and to exhibit the follies of Romanism in sarcastic invectives rendered imperishable by the elegant Latinity in which they were clothed. But he did still more. The world is indebted to him for the first edition of the entire New Testament in the Original Greek. He had also the honour of being the first modern translator of the New Testament into Latin. He published a valuable critical Commentary on the New Testament, which was early translated into English, and ordered to be placed in the Churches. Yet, great as the service undoubtedly was which he rendered to the cause of truth, he never dared to cast the yoke of


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, like Luther, was a man of courage; but he wanted Luther's fire, he wanted Luther's ardent frankness of disposition; he wanted, in short, the faculty which Luther possessed in a pre-eminent degree, of laying hold on the affections, and of kindling the enthusiasm of a mighty nation.

, like Luther too, was a Translator of the Scriptures, and it is worthy of remark, that he also wrote in a far purer and better style than any of his contemporaries, or than any writers of an age near his own. But he had not the honour, which God conferred on Luther, of sending forth the sacred volume as a whole, through that great nation in which his language was spoken, and of thus pouring, by one single act, flood of light upon millions of his countrymen.

But whatever advantage may lie on the side of in the comparison, so far as it has yet been carried, we shall find it on the side of  in grasp of intellect, in discriminating power, in calmness, clearness and force of argument, in patience of research, in solid learning, in every quality, in short, which is essential to an Expositor of Holy Writ. We are the better able to institute this comparison, because himself wrote a Commentary on the Scriptures; but the slightest inspection of the two Commentaries will convince the Reader of  intellectual superiority; and will show, that as a faithful, penetrating, and judicious Expounder of the Holy Spirit's meaning in the Scriptures, he left the great Leader of the Reformation at an immeasurable distance behind.


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 ignorance of the language in which the Old Testament was written. Father Simon says that he scarcely knew more of Hebrew than the letters! The charge is malicious and ill-founded. It may, however, be allowed that a critical examination of the text of Holy Scripture was not the end which proposed to himself; nor had he perhaps the materials or the time necessary for that accurate investigation of words and syllables to which the Scriptures have more recently been subjected. Still his verbal criticisms are neither few nor unimportant, though he lays comparatively little stress upon them himself. His great strength, however, is seen in the clear, comprehensive view he takes of the subject before him, in the facility with which he penetrates the meaning of his Author, in the lucid expression he gives to that meaning, in the variety of new yet solid and profitable thoughts which he frequently; elicits from what are apparently the least promising portions of the sacred text, in the admirable precision with which he unfolds every doctrine of Holy Scripture, whether veiled under figures and types, or implied in prophetical allusions, or asserted in the records of the Gospel. As his own mind was completely imbued with the whole system of divine truth, and as his capacious memory never seemed to lose anything which it had once apprehended, he was always able to present a harmonised and consistent view of truth to his readers, and to show the relative position in which any given portion of it stood to all the rest. This has given a completeness and symmetry to his Commentaries which could scarcely


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 Rome from his own neck, never stooped to identify himself with the Protestant Reformers; but lived and died, as there is reason to fear, a mean, truckling, time-serving Romanist, panting for preferment in a Church, the unsoundness of which he had so fearfully exposed. It is not, however, to be denied that God employed him as a most important instrument in shaking the foundations of the Papacy, and in preparing the way for the more successful efforts of more sincere and devoted servants of God. Among these and  in one field,  and  in another, occupy posts of the greatest responsibility and usefulness; but Luther and Calvin are manifestly the great leaders in this cause.

In qualifications necessary for the commencing of this great struggle, we readily yield the palm to. His indomitable energy, his noble bearing, his contempt for danger, his transparent honesty of purpose, his fiery zeal, his generous frankness—though too often degenerating into peremptory vehemence of spirit and rudeness of manner—eminently fitted him to take the lead in a warfare where so much was to be braved, to be endured, and to be accomplished. There was still another qualification, which perhaps no man ever possessed in so high a degree as the Saxon Reformer, and that consisted in the prodigious mastery he had over his own mother-tongue. He seized on the rude, yet nervous and copious German of his ancestors, and taught it to speak with a combination of melody and force, which it had never known before. And his vernacular translation of the Holy Scriptures, in opening to the millions of the German empire the Fount of eternal life, also revealed to them the hitherto hidden beauties and powers of their own masculine tongue.


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 The doctrinal system of is too well known to require explanation in this place. It is however a mistake to suppose that, on those points in which Calvinism is deemed peculiarly to consist, he went a single step farther than himself, and the great majority of the Reformers. He states his views with calmness, clearness, and precision; he reasons on them dispassionately, and never shrinks from any consequences to which he perceives them to lead. But it would be the height of injustice to charge him with obtruding them at every turn upon his reader, or with attempting to force the language of Scripture to bear testimony to his own views. No writer ever dealt more fairly and honestly by the Word of God. He is scrupulously careful to let it speak for itself, and to guard against every tendency of his own mind to put upon it a questionable meaning for the sake of establishing some doctrine which he feels to be important, or some theory which he is anxious to uphold. This is one of his prime excellencies. He will not maintain any doctrine, however orthodox and essential, by a text of Scripture which to him appears of doubtful application, or of inadequate force. For instance, firmly as he believed the doctrine of the Trinity, he refuses to derive an argument in its favour, from the plural form of the name of God in the first chapter of Genesis. It were easy to multiply examples of this kind, which, whether we agree in his conclusions or not, cannot fail to produce the conviction, that he is, at least, an honest Commentator, and will not make any passage of Scripture speak more or less than, according to his view, its Divine Author intended it to speak. has been charged with


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 have been looked for; as they were not composed in the order in which the Sacred Books stand in the Volume of Inspiration, nor perhaps in any order of which a clear account can now be given. He probably did not, at first, design to expound more than a single Book; and was led onward by the course which his Expository Lectures in public took, to write first on one and then on another, till at length he traversed nearly the whole field of revealed truth.

That, in proceeding with such want of method, his work, instead of degenerating into a congeries of lax and unconnected observations constantly reiterated, should have maintained, to a great degree, the consistency of a regular and consecutive Commentary, is mainly to be imputed to the gigantic intellectual power by which he was distinguished. Through the whole of his writings, this power is everywhere visible, always in action, ingrafting upon every passing incident some forcible remark, which the reader no sooner sees than he wonders that it had not occurred to his own mind. A work so rich in thought is calculated to call into vigorous exercise the intellect of the reader; and, what is the best and highest use of reading, to compel him to think for himself. It is like seed-corn, the parent of the harvest.

It has been objected against by Bishop ,—no mean authority in Biblical criticism,—that "by his want of taste, and by the poverty of his imagination, he was a most wretched Expositor of the Prophecies,—just as he would have been a wretched expositor of any secular poet."


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 It is true, this censure is qualified by the acknowledgment that was "a man of great piety, great talents, and great learning." Yet, after all, it would not, perhaps, be difficult to show that, as an expounder of the poetical portions of Holy Scripture,—the Psalms for instance,—Bishop Horsley more frequently errs through an excess of imagination, than Calvin does through the want of it. However this may be, it is not intended here to assert, either that Calvin possessed a high degree of poetical taste, or that he cultivated to any great extent the powers of the imagination. His mind was cast in the more severe mould of chastised, vigorous, and concentrated thought. They who seek for the flowers of poesy must go to some other master; they who would acquire habits of sustained intellectual exercise may spend their days and nights over the pages of Calvin. But that which gives the greatest charm to these noble compositions is, the genuine spirit of piety which breathes through them. The mind of the writer turns with ease and with obvious delight to the spiritual application of his subject. Hence the heart of the reader is often imperceptibly raised to high and heavenly things. The rare combination of intellect so profound and reasoning so acute, with piety so fervent, inspires the reader with a calm and elevated solemnity, and strengthens his conviction of the excellence and dignity of true religion.

On the mode in which the Editor has executed his task he may be permitted to say, that he has attempted to be faithful as a translator, without binding himself to a servile rendering of word for word, unmindful of the idiomatic differences between one language and another. Yet it has been his determination not to sacrifice sense to sound, nor to depart from the Author's meaning for the sake of giving to any


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 The reader will find of the sacred text placed side by side with our own excellent. This was thought the best method of meeting the wants of the public. The learned may see Calvin's own words, which they will much prefer to any translation of them, however accurate; the unlearned will have before them that version of the Scriptures which from their youth they have been taught to reverence. Where version materially differs from our own, and especially where his comments are made on any such different rendering, ample explanation is given in the notes.

The Editor may be expected to say something respecting the notes generally, which he has ventured to append to this Commentary. Some may object that they are too few, others that they are superfluous. It would have been easy to have made them more numerous, had space permitted; and easier still to have omitted them altogether. But the writer of them thought it would hardly be doing justice to to leave everything exactly as he found it; for were the distinguished Author of the Commentary now alive to re-edit his own immortal work, there is no doubt that he would reject every error which the increased facilities for criticism would have enabled him to detect, and that he would throw fresh light on many topics which were,


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 in his day, dimly seen, or quite misunderstood. And though it belongs not to an Editor to alter what is erroneous, or to incorporate in his Author's Work any thoughts of his own, or of other men; yet it is not beyond his province,—provided he does it with becoming modesty, and with adequate information,—to point out mistakes, to suggest such considerations as may have led him to conclusions different from those of his Author, and to quote from other Writers passages, sometimes confirmatory of, sometimes adverse to, those advanced in the Work which he presents to the public. Within these limits the Editor has endeavoured to confine himself. How far he has succeeded, it is not for him but for the candid and competent reader to determine.

As it was possible that a doubt might exist whether the version of Scripture used by was his own, or whether he had borrowed it from some other source; it was thought worth the labour to investigate the true state of the case, by having recourse to the excellent Library of the British Museum. For this purpose the several versions which was most likely to have adopted, had he not made one for himself, were subjected to examination. It was not necessary to refer to any made by Romanists; and those made by Protestants into the Latin language, which there was any probability he should use, were but two. One by, printed at Basle with the Hebrew Text, in 1534, from which the version of Calvin varies considerably; the other by and other learned men, printed at Zurich in 1543, and afterwards reprinted by Robert Stephens in 1545 and 1557. The last of these editions was made use of in comparing the versions of Leo Juda and Calvin; and though there certainly are differences, yet they are so slight as to leave the impression that Calvin took that of Leo Juda as his basis, and only altered it as he saw occasion. To give the reader, however,


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 the opportunity of judging for himself, a few verses of the first chapter of Genesis are transcribed from each.

A similar examination was next resorted to, for the purpose of ascertaining the source of. The first printed version of the Scriptures into French was from the pen of ; or, as he was more commonly called, Jacobus Faber Stapulensis. It was printed at Antwerp, by Martin L'Empereur. Though its Author was in communion with the Church of Rome, yet the version is "said to be the basis of all subsequent French Bibles, whether executed by Romanists or Protestants." The first Protestant French Bible was published by, with the assistance of his relative, the illustrious , who corrected the Antwerp edition wherever it differed from the Hebrew. It might have been expected that Calvin would have placed this version—made under his own eye, and perfected by his own assistance—without alteration at the head of his Commentaries. But it


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 TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. XVll appears that he has not done so, for though he departs but little from it, he not unfrequently alters a word or two in the translation. While on the subject of Versions, it may be added, that in THE Old English Translation by Tymme already alluded to, THE Geneva version is used. This translation was made by the learned exiles from England during the Marian Persecution, and is sometimes distinguished from others by the name of The Breeches Bible, on account of the ren- dering of Gen. iii. 7.^ ^ Prejudice has existed in some quarters against this version of the Holy Scriptures, on the ground that its Authors were too deeply imbued with Calvin's sentiments. Bishop Horsley thus speaks of it : — " This English translation of the Bible, which is indeed upon the whole a very good one, and furnished with very edifying notes and illustrations, (ex- cept that in many points they savour too much of Calvinism,) was made and first published at Geneva, by the English Protestants, who fled thi- ther from Mary's persecution. During their residence there, they con- tracted a veneration for the character of Calvin, which was no more than was due to his great piety and his great learning: but they unfortunately contracted also a veneration for his opinions — a veneration more than was due to the opinions of any uninspired teacher. The bad effects of this unreasonable partiality, the Church of England feels, in some points, to the present day." Such language, coming from such a quarter, fur- nishes strong testimony to the fact, (often very peremptorily and flip- pantly denied,) that the Church of England has, at least, some leaven of Calvinism in its composition. More accurate inquiry than Bishop Horsley's prejudice allowed him to make, would show how largely the Reformers as a body were indebted to Calvin, how conscious they were of their obligation, and how deeply their writings were tinctured with his doctrine. But this is not the place for the discussion of such a subject. It is more to the purpose to observe, that the version of which we are now speaking, passed through more editions than any other, in the early periods of the Reformation ; that it was mainly based upon that of the martyr Tyndale, that it was the ordinary Family Bible of the na- tion, and never was superseded till the present Authorised Version was produced in the reign of James the First. The version in question has generally been spoken of as the produc- tion of the Exiles in Geneva ; but by an accurate investigation of the subject, Mr Anderson has made it appear highly probable, that the chief, if not the sole author of this version, was William Whittingham, who married the sister of John Calvin ; and who, after the Marian persecu- tion had ceased, remained a year and a half in Geneva to finish the work. On his return to England, he first accompanied the Earl of Warwick on a mission to the Court of France, and afterwards was made Dean of Durhajn. His objection to wear the prescribed habits occasioned him some trouble. VOL. I. B


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 xviu translator's preface. To give the reader some notion of the order in which Calvin's Commentaries succeeded each other, the follow- ing List, with the dates appended, taken from Senebier's Literary History of Geneva, is submitted to his consideration: ^ Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, ON ALL the Epistles of Paul,^. ON THE Epistle to the Hebrews, and the Epistles oe Peter, John, Jude, and Jaw ON Isaiah, .... ON the Acts of the Apostles,. ON Genesis, .... ON THE Psalms, ON HOSEA, .... ON THE Twelve Minor Prophets, ON Daniel, .... ON Joshua,^ .... Harmony of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy Commentary on Jeremiah, .... Harmony of Three Gospels and Commentary of St John, ( 15 15 1554 1557 1557 1559 1561 1562 1563 1563 315 A facsimile of the title-page of the French Translation of 1563, and of the Dedication to the Duke of Yendome, as a specimen of the French style and spelling of the age, and a further facsimile of the title-page of the English Translation of 1578, as well as of the Dedication to the Earl of Warwick by Thomas Tymme, prefixed to the latter, will be found in this edition. An accurate copy of the Map, roughly sketched The circulation of this Bible in England was greatly promoted by the zealous exertions of John Bodley, Esq., a native of Exeter, an exile, during Mary's reign, at Geneva, and the father of Sir Thomas Bodley, the munificent founder of the Bodleian Library at Oxford. John Bodley obtained a patent for printing this Bible from Queen Elizabeth, in the year 1560. See " Annals of the English Bible," by Christopher Ander- son, vol. ii. pp. 322-324. ^ Perfect accuracy is, perhaps, not to be expected in all these dates. Beza, in his Life of Calvin, says only that six of St Paul's Epistles were published this year, which were the two to the Corinthians, that to the Galatians, the Ephesians, the Philippians, and the Colossians. Beza places the Commentary on Joshua in 1563, and says it was the last which Calvin wrote. Histoire Literairc de Geneve, par Jean Senebier. Tome T. pp. 254-256. J


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 translator's preface. XIX by Calvin, for the purpose of explaining his hypothesis respecting the sicuation of the Garden of Eden, and which seems to have been the basis of the most approved theories on the subject, will be found in its proper place. The same Map is given in the French and English translations, and also in the Latin edition of Professor Hengstenberg, published at Berlin in the year 1838. It may be observed, as a coincidence, that the same sketch appears in the Anglo- Geneva Bible, to which reference has been made. A more elaborate Map accompanies the Amsterdam edition of Calvin's iJYorks, published in 1671. The edition now issuing from the press is also enriched by an engraving, in the first style of art, o^ facsimiles of various medals of Calvin never before submitted to the British public. Hull, January 1, 1847.


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FFC 90

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, Robert (d.1753)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, Robert (d.1760)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, Samuel (fl.1700)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, Samuel (1776-1852)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, Samuel (1817-1856)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, Samuel (1810-1875)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, Stephen


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, Thomas (d.1445)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, Thomas (fl.1570)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brown, Thomas (1663-1704)


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44 only? And yet, in these days of manifold inquiry, doubt is likely enough to be awakened. It is not proposed, that the Church should change her law, and, if the Church would change it, she could not change the law of God, By the law of the Church, the Clergy are bound not to give communion to those openly living in an union contrary to God’s word, and which the Church of England has declared to be so. The Clergy then dare not give it, lest they make themselves partakers of others’ sins. The law probably would not protect them. But they must. obey God rather than man, And yet how probable would it be, that such a conscientious inability to give the communion to one so married, would awaken or strengthen the doubt, atleast in the woman`s soul. It is said to be hard that the children of such unions should not have civil rights. How much harder to ensnare people, by the sanction of a civil law, into s state of life from which, if conscience awakes, they have no escape, except by the separation of children, bound as such parents would be to each other by man’s law, but severed by God’s, their life, as long as they continue in it, a, daily sin, yet that sin not to be ended except by the severance of every tie, a lifelong widowhood, unconsecrated by death or by hops of re-union, a life-long consciousness of self-desecration. The yoke of Christ is indeed light, as compared with the destructive liberty of the world.

Gilbert and Rivington, Printers, St. John's Square, London.


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lot is csst in times of change. Changes, deeper md broader far than the unobservsnt imagine, are passing over us—changes affecting almost every department of literature, science, philosophy, politics, religion, and life. The Church, during the last fifty years, has undergone a very considerable change in sentiment and condition. Nor are we to be surprised at changes occurring in the Church, or in the condition of man upon earth. They are necessary to his passing from evil to good, from self to God. Changes are to be looked for in the Church—and by the Church we are not to understand any one of the denominations, but the professed faiths of Christendom, or the regenerated of God on earth. By the one we are to understand the formal, by the other the true, Church of Christ.

Change is the condition of the Church on earth; the necessity of her development in time. The Church is the germ of spiritual vitality cast into the soil of the world, and, by means of the changes through which the Church is passing, God is showing “to principalities and powers in heavenly places His manifold wisdom.” And if we learn aright the history of the Church as she passes through the changes of her progressive development, we will he constrained to exclaim with Paul, ''“O the depths of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God. How unsearchahle are His designs, and His ways are past finding out: for who hath known the mind of the Lord, or who hath been His counsellor, or who hath first given to Him, and it shall be recompensed to him again? for of Him, and through Him, and to Him are all things, to whom be glory for ever. Amen.”''

In such a state of things we are not, on the one hand, to “be tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine by the sleight of men and cunning craftiness, whereby they lie in wait to deceive;” nor, on the other hand, to he indifferent to “the signs of the times.” Our duty is to attend to the operations of God's doings in the earth, and rest in the conviction that He who shed His blood to found His Church, and ascended to the right hand of the Majesty in the heavens that He might receive the investiture of all power in heaven and earth for the good of His Church, is more deeply interested in her progress than any individual or any


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Author:Charles Hill

Works

 * The Bible on the Sabbath Question, 1876

title: Author:Charles Hill


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( 28 ) parliamentary pledge to reconsider it: its want of harmony with the laws of other countries, as well as with the habits and feelings of society in our own: the consequent impossibility of enforcing it: its demoralizing effect on the lower class: the litigation it must entail on the higher: and the misery it is hourly occasioning to thousands of almost every rank in life. LONDON: ,

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Author:John Montgomery

Works

 * Marriage with a Deceased Wife's Sister or Niece, 1850

title: Author:John Montgomery


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 the truly Christian party in Germany, or it. will repress all their eue|¥ie¢. It is a question of social demornlization and destruction, or o social coulervation and regeneration, not for Britain only, but for the world. It is a question of domestic life and its comforts, it.; most reimd affections and its exquisite charities; of sensuality and its grossness, its suspicions, alienatinns, emharrassmenhl, and anxieties. I! is e question of the favour of God and of the wrath of God; of the blessing which brings prosperity, and of the 'udgmentzs which till at once a whole sintiil land with amazement anrll woe. God forbid that our legislators should be like Jeraboam the son of Nebat, who made Israel to lin; or that s people who have virtually the making of their own laws, should forget their responsibility to the great Law- giver and Lord ofnll l mmf 19, nm.


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 have to revive the name of "the house of him that hath his shoe loosed."

No! Who does not see that the whole scope and intention of the law of the Levirat ewas Judaical,and limited to and exhausted by that economy. And, therefore, if the connection between the law of the Levirate and the 18th verse of Lev. xviii. be established, as I have endeavoured to shew it is, it will follow that the exception to that law must belong exclusively to it and expire with it; and, therefore, that the supposed permission to take the sister, "beside the other," if it be not "in her life-time," has, as I have all along been arguing, nothing to do with us as Christians at all, but is tied to and restrained by the law of the Levirate, and of the Jewish dispensation. Under it, it was lawful, it was enjoined, when a brother died childless, for the brother to take his wife and raise up seed unto his brother; and this would be lawful and enjoined in that particular case even when his brother's widow was his own wife's sister, if his own wife, the sister of the other were dead. But among Christians I cannot believe that any one seriously believes for a moment that the law of the Levirate remains, and so no one can suppose, if the 18th verse of Lev. xviii. be merely the exception to that law, that it has any bearing upon, or gives any permission to, Christians in their marriages at all. M. W. M.

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 II. The sense obtained by the marginal translation, namely, a prohibition of polygamy, is contrary to the testimony of other plain passages of the Old Testament. The law of Moses presupposes the existence of polygamy, and by regulating the duties of the husband in such cases (Exod. xxi. 7–11; Deut. xxi. 15–17) plainly sanctions it. David's adultery is denounced by the prophet, but not his polygamy. (2 Sam. xii. 8.)

III. The translation, "Neither shalt thou take a wife to her sister," &c., is correct, 1st. Because it is the literal grammatical sense of the Hebrew words. 2dly. Because it is agreeable to the context. The immediate context relates to prohibitions respecting marriage with a wife's relations. The more remote context to marriage with blood relations, and the word "sister" has been already taken, in verses 9, 11, 12, 13, in its literal and proper meaning—father's sister, mother's sister, own sister. Consistency requires that we should take it here also in the same sense. Thirdly,—The prohibition respecting wife's sister is here required to preserve the symmetry, or order, observed by Moses in these prohibitions. He speaks, 1st, of Blood-relationships, founded in parentage—mother, father's or mother's daughter, son's daughter, daughter's daughter, half sister, ending with the transverse or collateral line, father's sister, mother's sister; 2d, of Blood-relations' wives, father's brother's wife, daughter-in-law,—collateral, Brother's wife; 3d, Wife's blood-relations, wife's daughter or mother, wife's son's daughter, wife's daughter's daughter,—collateral, wife's sister. Without the wife's sister the enumeration would be incomplete.