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H 1745–6, and was afterwards some years in Ireland with the 27th, in which he became major in 1750, and lieutenant-colonel in 1752. In 1757 he took the regiment out to America. He commanded at Fort Edward during the winter of 1757–8 (, ii. chap. i.), and was with Abercromby at Ticonderoga in 1758, and in various operations under Amherst in 1759–60. In the latter year he commanded a force of 3,400 men, including provincials and Indians, despatched from Crown Point to force a way by Lake Champlain, which was defended by a strong French post at Isle aux Noix, and to effect a junction with the armies under Murray and Amherst converging on Montreal, a service successfully accomplished (ib. pp. 361–82). Haviland possessed considerable mechanical genius, and was the inventor of a species of pontoon for passing rapids. His fertility of resource is said to have largely contributed to the success of the difficult operations in which he was employed. After the fall of Montreal he went to the West Indies, and was second in command at the reduction of Martinique, and commanded a brigade at the rich conquest of Havana in 1762. He became a major-general, and in 1767 was appointed colonel 45th foot. He became lieutenant-general in 1772, and general in 1783. During the American war of independence he held command at Whitehaven for a short time, and in 1779, during the alarms of a French invasion, he was appointed to command the western district, with headquarters at Plymouth.

Haviland married, first, Caroline, daughter of Colonel Francis and Lady Elizabeth Lee, and granddaughter of the first Earl of Lichfield; she died in Ireland in 1751, having had no issue; secondly, Salusbury, daughter of Thomas Aston of Beaulieu, county Louth, by whom he had a son, Colonel Thomas Haviland of Penn, who died in 1793, and a daughter. Haviland, whose seat was Penn, in Burnham parish, Buckinghamshire, was a near neighbour and intimate personal friend of Burke, with whose family he was connected through his second marriage. As general commanding the western district he was remarked for his openhanded hospitality to officers of both services, and he died comparatively poor at Penn on 16 Sept. 1784. There is a mural tablet to his memory at Burnham parish church.

HAVILLAND, THOMAS FIOTT (1775–1866), lieutenant-colonel, eldest son of Sir Peter de Havilland (d. 1821), knight, of Havilland Hall, Guernsey, by his wife Cartaretta, daughter and heiress of the Rev. Thomas Fiott, was born at Havilland in April 1775. In 1793 he obtained a Madras cadetship, and on 3 May 1793 was appointed ensign in the Madras engineers (pioneers). His subsequent commissions were: lieutenant 1796, captain 1806, major 1815, lieutenant-colonel 1824. He served at the siege of Pondicherry in 1793, and at the reduction of Ceylon in 1795–6; he marched with Colonel Browne's force (four thousand men) from Trichinopoly to assist in the operations against Tippoo Sahib in 1799, and accompanied Baird's troops up the Red Sea to Egypt in 1801. On his return he was captured by a French cruiser, but was speedily released. He served with his corps until 1812, when he returned home on furlough, and was commissioned to build the Jeybourg barracks, Guernsey. In 1814 he was appointed civil engineer and architect for the Madras presidency, an appointment he held until his retirement from the service (after his father's death), 20 April 1825.

He was an officer of much zeal, ability, and originality. When stationed at Seringapatam, where he erected some important military works, he proposed to bridge the Cauvery with five brick arches of 110 feet span and only eleven feet rise, a very bold conception for that day. The authorities scouted the idea, and to prove its feasibility De Havilland erected a similar arch in his garden, which is still standing. He attempted to determine the mean sea level at Madras from daily observations extending over six months, and a datum line, known as ‘De Havilland's benchmark,’ may yet be seen on a stone let into the wall of Fort St. George. He constructed the Mount road, and built the bulwark or old sea wall of Madras. In 1822 he wrote a report on Indian limestones, and recommended that collectors should be instructed to forward specimens of limestones from their several districts for analysis and comparison of the structural values. He built the cathedral and St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Madras, the latter considered one of the handsomest European structures in India. He recommended the survey of the Panjam passage for the improvement of the port, a work carried out by one of his subalterns, the present General Sir Arthur Cotton.

After his retirement De Havilland devoted


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 major output. Additional tasks includeo an evaluation of the initial soil sampling scheme (letter from T. Wolff [NMEID] to J. Abiss [UNC], oated September 25, 1979) and the proposed NMEID verification sampling scheme (letter from T. Buhl [NMEID] to H. Miller [NRC], dated April 23, 1980).

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 :"The captain of the 'Leopard' will not presume to say anything in addition to what the commander-in-chief has stated, more than to express a hope that every circumstance respecting them may be adjusted in a manner that the harmony subsisting between the two countries remain undisturbed."

Having read Captain Humphrey's note, Commodore Barron took up the enclosed order signed by Admiral Berkeley. This order, as the note mentioned, designated deserters from certain ships. Barron knew that he had on board three deserters from the "Melampus," and that these three men had been the only deserters officially and regularly demanded by the British minister. His first thought was to look for "Melampus," in the admiral's list; and on seeing that Berkeley had omitted it, Barron inferred that his own assurance would satisfy Captain Humphreys, and that the demand of search, being meant as a mere formality, would not be pressed. He explained to the British lieutenant the circumstances relating to the three men from the "Melampus," and after some consultation with Dr. Bullus, who was going out as consul to the Mediterranean, he wrote to Captain Humphreys the following reply:—

 * "I know of no such men as you describe. The officers that were on the recruiting service for this ship were particularly instructed by the Government, through me, not to enter any deserters from his Britannic Majesty's ships, nor do I know of any being here.  I am also instructed never to permit the crew of any ship that I command


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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On July 16, 1979, a break in the tailings pond dam of the United Nuclear Corporation's Church Rock, New Mexico* mill occurred. Approximately 94 million gallons of the tailings liquid which had been impounded behind this dam were released into an adjacent arroyo along with an estimated 1,100 tons of tailings solids. The spilled solution traveled down the so-called "pipeline arroyo" and into the north branch of the Rio Puerco arroyo. Beyond this point it continued past the location where the north and south branches of the Rio Puerco join immediately northeast of Gallup New Mexico, continued across the remainder of the state of New Mexico, and extended into the state of Arizona for ~20 to 25 miles, where the flow of the Rio Puerco terminates.

In September, 1979, Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) responded to a request from the New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to provide immediate on-site sampling and radionuclide analysis capability. The principal objective of PNL's work on-site at the United Nuclear Corporation mill was to provide capabilities for immediate analyses of samples which had been collected from the Rio Puerco environment. The conditions for sample preparation and sample analysis were optimized so that the total amount of time required from the time the sample was collected until the data regarding radionuclide concentrations for that sample were available could be less than 48 hours. The concentrations of 210Pb, 226Ra, 230Th, and 23SU were determined in ~2400 samples from a survey of the Rio Puerco contamination and from subsequent cleanup operations initiated by the United Nuclear Corporation. The purpose of these later analyses was to determine the effectiveness of the cleanup operations that were ongoing and to evaluate what additional cleanup would be required. This on-site analysis of radioactive contamination constituted the principal task of this project, with the identification of those portions of the arroyo exceeding the NMEID proposed cleanup criteria being the major output.

The following conclusions have been drawn as a result of the investigation of the Church Rock uranium mill tailings pond dam failure:


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 1. On-site use of planar intrinsic germanium detectors provides adequate sensitivity and short analysis times for quantitation of 210Pb, 226Ra, 230Th, and 238U in sediments/sails.

2. The original sampling plan, which consisted of collecting surface soil/sediment samples at 1000-ft intervals, was adequate to determine those areas which were contaminated and required cleanup.

3. Clustering of samples within arroyo reaches defined by physical (morphological) features would provide a better estimation of the radionuclide spatial variability than did the sampling pattern which was used and which was based on equal distance increments.

4. The revised Rio Puerco cleanup criteria proposed by the NMEID are statistically adequate.

5. Concentrations of Pb, Ra, and U in samples throughout the length of the arroyo are not distinguishable from natural background concentrations, 6. Concentrations of 230Th range from background levels to levels elevated considerably greater than background. Plots of 230Th concentrations versus distance from the tailings pond show high variability, Therefore, a statistical smoothing function was applied to the data to facilitate interpretation,

7. Sediment samples from two site-variability studies indicate that there is considerable 230Th concentration variability within even limited areas of the arroyo (i.e, 5-ft square grids and 25-ft square grids).

8. The concentrations of 230Th in the Rio Puerco show an apparent periodicity as a function of distance. This period is ~2.5 km.

9. The estimated total inventory of 230Th in the Rio Puerco from sampling stake 0-491 is 26.8 Ci, based on aata from the upper two feet of the core samples. The inventory based on data from the first-terrace and second-terrace samples (upper two inches) is 4.9 Ci. The


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 total inventory of 230Th background in the upper two inches of arroyo sediment is estimated to be 0.30 Ci.

10. Present inability to differentiate between natural background 230Th and contamination-derived 230Th prohibits a clear definition of the 230Th from the tailings pond solution.

11. Sediment samples from the Grand Canyon National Park show no radionuclide levels in excess of normal background.


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H himself to the affairs of Guernsey, of which he was a justice and member of the legislature. He married in 1808 Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Saumarez, by whom he had two sons: Thomas, a captain in the 55th foot (d. 1843), and Charles Ross de Havilland, a clergyman, who also died before his father, and two daughters. He died at Beauvoir, Guernsey, on 23 Feb. 1866, aged 90.

HAWARD, FRANCIS (1759–1797), engraver, born on 19 April 1759, became in 1776 a student of the Royal Academy, and in the same year engraved in mezzotint a portrait of James Ferguson the astronomer, after J. Northcote. His other engravings in mezzotint are ‘Master Bunbury,’ after Sir Joshua Reynolds (1781), a justly admired print, and ‘Euphrasia,’ after W. Hamilton. Haward subsequently adopted the fashionable stipple manner, or rather the mixed style, of Bartolozzi, in which he attained genuine excellence. His principal engravings in this method are ‘Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse,’ and ‘Cymon and Iphigenia,’ after Sir Joshua Reynolds. The former was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1787, and the latter in 1797. He also exhibited in 1783 ‘A Cupid,’ in 1788 ‘Portrait of Madam d'Eon in her 25th year, from a picture by Angelica Kauffmann,’ in 1792 an unfinished engraving, and in 1793 a finished proof of ‘The Prince of Wales,’ after Sir Joshua Reynolds. Haward was elected an associate engraver in 1783, and was eventually appointed ‘engraver to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales.’ He resided for many years in Marsh Street, Lambeth, and is stated to have died there in 1797. His last engraving, however, the ‘Cymon and Iphigenia,’ bears the address of 3 Little George Street, Westminster. Among his other engravings are ‘The Infant Academy,’ after Reynolds, portraits of Charles, marquis Cornwallis, and of Captain William Cornwallis, both after D. Gardner, and others after C. Rosalba, W. Hamilton, and A. Zucchi. His widow received a pension from the Royal Academy for forty-two years.

HAWARD, NICHOLAS (fl. 1569), author, apparently a native of Norfolk, describes himself as a student of Thavies Inn. He published: 1. ‘A briefe Chronicle, where in are described shortlye the Originall, and the successive estate of the Romaine weale publique … from the first foundatyon of the City of Rome, vnto the M.C. and XIX. yeare there of … collected and gathered first by Eutropius, and Englished by N. Havvard,’ 8vo, London, 1564. 2. ‘The Line of Liberalitie dulie directinge the wel bestowing of Benefites and reprehending the comonly vsed vice of Ingratitude,’ 8vo, London, 1569.

HAWARD, SIMON (fl. 1572–1614), divine. [See .]

HAWARDEN, EDWARD (1662–1735), Roman catholic divine, eulogised by Bishop Milner as ‘one of the most profound theologians and able controversialists of his age,’ the son of Thomas Hawarden of Croxteth, Lancashire, was born on 9 April 1662, and was educated at the English College at Douay. He was ordained priest on 7 June 1686. He had been previously engaged as classical tutor in his college, and now was appointed professor of philosophy. He took his degree of B.D. at the university of Douay, and was immediately afterwards placed at the head of a colony of priests sent in September and October 1688 from Douay to Oxford. When James II had determined to make Magdalen College a seat of catholic education, Hawarden was intended for the tutorship of divinity at Magdalen. The expected revolution forced him to leave Oxford on 16 Nov. and return to Douay, where he was installed as professor of divinity, and held the office for seventeen years. He took the degree of D.D. soon after his return, and was appointed vice-president of the college. In 1702 he was an unsuccessful candidate for one of the royal chairs of divinity in Douay University. A little later he was groundlessly accused of Jansenism. He left Douay in September 1707, and for a few years conducted a mission at Gilligate, Durham. On the death of his friend Bishop Smith in 1711 he exchanged that mission for one at Aldcliffe Hall, near Lancaster, which he probably left in 1715, on the seizure of the hall by the commissioners for forfeited estates. Before 1719 he was settled in London, had been appointed ‘catholic controversy writer,’ and had published an important work. On the publication of the second edition of Dr. Samuel Clarke's ‘Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity,’ which came out in 1719, a conference was arranged by the desire of Queen Caroline between Hawarden and Clarke for the express purpose of discussing the Trinitarian


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 INTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABSTRACT

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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INTRODUCTION

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EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

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SAMPLE COLLECTION

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PREPARATION OF SAMPLES FOR INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS

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INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSES OF RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS Detector Types

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Calibration of 9-in. Nal Well Crystal for 2 ^ 6 Ra quantitation , . ., . , ,

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Calibration of Intrinsic Germanium Detectors.

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Selection of Counting Time Interval

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Reporting of Uranium Analysis Data ,

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STATISTICAL METHODS Data Handling

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Data Smoothing Functions

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EVALUATION Of INSTRUMENTAL COUNTING CAPABILITIES

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MEASUREMENT OF ^ 6 R a

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EFFECT OF COUNTING TIME

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REPLICATE COUNTING OF SAMPLES

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ANALYSIS OF GRAND CANYON SAMPLES

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PRESENTATION OF RIO PUERCG SAMPLE DATA

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 EVALUATION OF GRID SAMPLING DATA

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EVALUATION OF BACKGROUND SAMPLES

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ESTIMATION OF ^ T h INVENTORY

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EVALUATION OF PUERCO SAMPLING STRATEGY

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EVALUATION OF VERIFICATION SAMPLING PLAN AND PROPOSED CLEANUP CRITERIA

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Number of Sample Replicates

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EXPERIENCE GAINED FROM THE RTO PUERCO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

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CONCLUSIONS

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REFERENCES

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APPENDIX A—NEW MEXICO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT DIVISION PROTOCOL FOR RIO PUERCO ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING . . ..

A.l

APPENDIX B—DATA FOR RIO PUERCO ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

B.l

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APPENDIX C — 2 3 0 T h CONCENTRATIONS PLOTTED VERSUS RIO PUERCO DISTANCE DOWNSTREAM FROM SPILL SITE

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APPENDIX D—RIO PUERCO SAMPLING LOCATIONS

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APPENDIX E—DATA FOR SITE VARIABILITY STUDIES

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APPENDIX F—PROPOSED REVISED RIO PUERCO CLEANUP CRITERIA

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E.l F.l


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 FIGURES 1. Rio Puerco Geographical Location

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Grand Canyon Sampling Locations

3. Typical Spectra from Intrinsic Germanium Diode Count of Soil Sample . . . . . . . . . . 4. 230jh Concentration Versus Distance

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5. Rio Puerco Environmental VariaDility Study No. I

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6. Rio Puerco Environmental Variability Study No. 2

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TABLES 1. Representative Analysis of UNC Tailings Pond Solution

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2. 2^6Ra Concentrations Measured in Sealed and Unsealed Samples

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3. Effect of Counting Time on Precision of Sample Analysis

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4. Variability of Short Counts on Individual Samples—1000-Sec Counting Time ., , . . . . , , ,

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5. Radionuclide Concentrations in Grand Canyon Samples—pCi/g ,

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6. Rio Puerco Background Samples

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7. Rio Puerco Samples Having 2^°Th Concentrations >30 pCi/g

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 to be mustered by any other but their own officers. It is my disposition to preserve harmony, and I hope this answer to your despatch will prove satisfactory."

Such an answer to such a demand was little suited to check the energy of a British officer in carrying out his positive orders. If Barron had wished to invite an attack, he could have done nothing more to the purpose than by receiving Berkeley's orders without a movement of self-defence.

Meanwhile, at a quarter-past four the officer of the deck sent down word that the British frigate had a signal flying. The lieutenant understood it for a signal of recall, as he had been half an hour away, and as soon as the letter could be written he hurried with it to his boat. No sooner had he left the cabin than Barron sent for Gordon and showed him the letters which had passed. Although the commodore hoped that the matter was disposed of, and assumed that Captain Humphreys would give some notice in case of further action, he could not but feel a show of energy to be proper, and he directed Gordon to order the gun-deck to be cleared. Instantly the officers began to prepare the ship for action.

Had the British admiral sent the "Bellona" or some other seventy-four on this ugly errand, Barron's error would have been less serious; for the captain of a seventy-four would have felt himself strong enough to allow delay. Sending the "Leopard" was arrogance of a kind that the British navy at that time frequently displayed. In 1804, when the Spanish


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H doctrine. The meeting took place in the presence of the queen, and Hawarden was thought to have the best of the dispute. He returned to the subject some years later in his ‘Answer to Dr. Clarke and Mr. Whiston.’ He died on 23 April 1735 in London. A mezzotint portrait of Hawarden by Turner was published about 1814.

He wrote: 1. ‘The True Church of Christ, shewed by concurrent Testimonies of Scripture and Primitive Tradition, in answer to … [Leslie's] The Case Stated,’ &c., 1714–1715, 2 vols. 8vo; 2nd edit. 1738. 2. ‘Discourses of Religion, between a Minister of the Church of England and a Country Gentleman,’ 1716, 12mo. 3. ‘The Rule of Faith truly stated in a new and easy Method,’ &c., 1721. 4. ‘Postscript, or a Review of the Grounds already laid,’ 1720. 5. ‘Some Remarks on the Decree of King Augustus II, &c. By H. E.,’ 1726. 6. ‘Charity and Truth; or, Catholicks not uncharitable in saying that none are saved out of the Catholick Communion, because the Rule is not Universal,’ Brussels, 1728, 8vo; a reply to Chillingworth's ‘Religion of Protestants.’ 7. ‘Catholick Grounds, or a Summary and Rational Account of the Unchangeable Orthodoxy of the Catholick Church,’ 1729, 8vo. 8. ‘An Answer to Dr. Clarke and Mr. Whiston concerning the Divinity of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,’ 1729. On the publication of this work Hawarden received the thanks of the university of Oxford for his defence of the Trinity. 9. ‘Wit against Reason, or the Protestant Champion, the great, the incomparable Chillingworth not invulnerable,’ &c., Brussels, 1735, 8vo. A collected edition of his works was published at Dublin in 1808. Several of his unpublished manuscripts are mentioned by Mr. Gillow.

HAWEIS, THOMAS, M.D. (1734–1820), divine, born at Redruth, Cornwall, on 1 Jan. 1733–4, was baptised on 20 Feb. His father, Thomas Haweis of Chincoose in Kenwyn parish, was a solicitor, who gradually mortgaged all his property, and died at Redruth in October 1753. His mother was Bridgman, only daughter of John Willyams of Carnanton in Mawgan in Pyder, by Bridgman, daughter of Colonel Humphry Noy. Thomas was educated at the Truro grammar school, where he was famous for his oratorical powers and his knowledge of Greek, and at the conclusion of his school days was bound an apprentice to a surgeon-apothecary in that town. On 1 Dec. 1755 he matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, and was afterwards a member of Magdalen Hall, but he never took any degree in this university. In 1757 he was ordained and appointed chaplain to the Earl of Peterborough, and became curate at St. Mary Magdalen, Oxford. On being removed from St. Mary's by Bishop Hume on account of his methodist sympathies, he became assistant to the Rev. Martin Madan [q. v.] at the Lock Chapel, London. He was from 25 Feb. 1764 till his death rector of Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire. In 1767 Haweis was called on by the patrons to resign this living, on the ground that he had taken it under letters of resignation. This he positively denied, but a lively discussion followed, and at least ten works were printed on the subject. Chief Baron Sir Sidney Stafford Smythe in a letter to Haweis says: ‘In the affair of Aldwinkle you acted with perfect uprightness, and I shall be always ready to declare to it.’ In 1768 he became chaplain to Selina Hastings, countess of Huntingdon, and manager of the college which she had just established at Trevecca in Wales. On Lady Huntingdon's death in 1791 she left him her trustee and executor, and from that time he had the chief management of her numerous chapels. In 1772 he received the degree of LL.B. at Cambridge, becoming a member of Christ's College, and from one of the universities in Scotland he obtained an M.D. degree about this period.

He took a great interest in foreign missions, especially in those to Africa and the South Seas, and was one of the first promoters of the London Missionary Society in 1794, for the benefit of which he preached many sermons. He was a very voluminous writer; upwards of forty works bear his name, and some of these went through numerous editions. Their titles are fully given in the ‘Bibliotheca Cornubiensis.’ Among them are ‘The Communicants' Spiritual Companion,’ 1763, which enjoyed much popularity, and ran to twenty editions; ‘Carmina Christi, or Hymns to the Saviour,’ 1792, a very favourite hymn-book, which went through nine editions; ‘A Translation of the New Testament from the original Greek,’ 1795; ‘The Life of William Romaine,’ 1797; ‘An Impartial and Succinct History of the Rise, Declension, and Revival of the Church of Christ,’ 1800, 3 vols. Dr. Isaac Milner, dean of Carlisle, made a printed reply to this work. Haweis was a great friend of the Rev. John Newton of Olney, whose ‘Authentic Narrative’ he edited in 1764, and an


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 INTRODUCTION

On July 16, 1979, a break in the tailings dam of the United Nuclear Corporation's {UNC) Church Rock, New Mexico, mill occurred. Approximately 94 million gallons of the tailings liquid which had been impounded behind this dam were released into an adjacent arroyo. An estimated 1100 tons of tailings solids also emptied from the dam into the adjoining toe dam and subsequently into the adjacent arroyo. A typical composition of the UNC tailings pond solution is listed in Table 1. The spilled solution traveled down the so-called "pipeline arroyo" and into the north branch of the Rio Puerco arroyo. Beyond this point it continued past the location where the north and south branches of the Rio Puerco join immediately northeast of Gallup, New Mexico, continued across the remainder of the state of New Mexico, and extended into the state of Arizona for ~20 to 25 miles. At that point the flow of the Rio Puerco terminates. Figure 1 shows the location of the Rio Puerco in New Mexico.

Subsequent to the release of this tailings pond solution several organizations began environmental sampling and monitoring programs. These organizations include the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division (NME1D), and personnel from the United Nuclear Corporation mine and mill at Church Rock. Intermittent samplings of soil, water, and air were performed by these organizations between July 16, 1979, and the middle of September, 1979. At that time Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) responded to a request from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission to provide immediate on-site sampling and radionuclide analysis capability. The principal objective of PNL's work on-site at the United Nuclear Corporation mill was to provide capabilities for immediate analyses of samples which had been collected from the Rio Puerco environment. tance and advice on sampling methodology were requested.

Secondarily, assistance and advice on sampling methodology were requested. The conditions for sample preparation and sample analysis were optimized so that the total amount of time required from the time the sample was collected until the data regarding radionuclide concentrations for that sample were available could be less


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Hawes intimate acquaintance of the Rev. Martin Madan, to whose ‘Thelyphthora’ he thought it necessary to make a reply in 1781. He took a great interest in the improvement of the condition of the poor, and was an advocate of the claims of the Humane Society. His views, strictly evangelical, exposed him to frequent attack. As a preacher he was very successful; he had large congregations, and was in great request as a preacher of charity sermons. He died at Beaufort Buildings, Bath, on 11 Feb. 1820, and was buried in the abbey church, where his monument by error states that his age was 77. He was married three times. His only son, John Oliver Willyams Haweis, rector of Slaugham, Sussex, prebendary of Chichester (1805–91), was father of Hugh Reginald Haweis, perpetual curate of St. James's, Marylebone (1838–1901), writer on violins.

 HAWES, BENJAMIN (1797–1862), under-secretary for war, was born in London in 1797. His father, Benjamin Hawes of the New Barge House, Lambeth, soap-boiler, was elected F.S.A., and died in Russell Square, London, in 1861. His mother's maiden name was Feltham. Benjamin was educated at Dr. Carmalt's school at Putney, and when of age entered into partnership with his father and uncle. He first held office as a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for Surrey. He took an active part in the quarter sessions, and after the Reform Bill passed was elected for the newly created borough of Lambeth. This seat he held from 12 Dec. 1832 to the general election of 1847. He represented Kinsale from 11 March 1848 until his retirement in 1852. In his earlier career he meddled with many affairs which he did not understand, and exposed himself to ridicule, but with experience gained the respectful attention of the House of Commons. His oratorical powers were above mediocrity. Though not a member of the league, he was a strenuous advocate of the repeal of the corn laws. He worked hard in behalf of the penny postage system. It was owing to a motion of his in 1841 that the Fine Arts commission was appointed, and to him it is due that the British Museum was opened to the public on holidays. He was a supporter of the Thames tunnel scheme, and interested himself in the battle of the gauges. He was an early advocate of the electric telegraph, and made the first arrangement for the partnership between Sir William Fothergill Cooke and Sir C. Wheatstone in 1837. He had theories upon ventilation, and patronised Babbage's calculating machine. When the whigs came into office, he was appointed under-secretary of state for the colonies on 6 July 1846. He was transferred to the war department, and became the deputy-secretary on 31 Oct. 1851. In the following year he gave up his seat in parliament and turned his full attention to the duties of his office, in which he earned a reputation for ability and zeal. General Jonathan Peel stated that the adoption of the Armstrong gun was largely due to Hawes. When the experience of the Crimean war led to the remodelling of the war office, he took in 1857 the post of permanent under-secretary. For his services during the war he was created a K.C.B. on 5 Feb. 1856. He held office till his death, which took place at 9 Queen Square (now 26 Queen Anne's Gate), Westminster, on 15 May 1862.

In 1820 he married Sophia Macnamara, daughter of Sir Marc Isambard Brunel. She died on 17 Jan. 1878.

Hawes was the author of: 1. ‘A Narrative of an Ascent of Mont Blanc during the Summer of 1827 by Mr. W. Hawes and Mr. C. Fellows,’ 1828. 2. ‘The Abolition of Arrest and Imprisonment for Debt considered in Six Letters,’ 1836. 3. ‘Speech of B. Hawes, jun., in opposition to the second reading of the Bank of England Charter Bill,’ 1844. He also wrote a paper in the ‘Transactions of the Central Society of Education,’ 1838.

 HAWES, EDWARD (fl. 1606), poet, was author of ‘Trayterous Percyes and Catesbyes Prosopopeia. Written by Edward Hawes, Scholler at Westminster, a Youth of sixteene yeers old,’ London, 4to, pp. 24, 1606. A dedicatory epistle in Latin is addressed to Tobias Matthew, bishop of Durham, and there are a few lines to the reader in Latin and in English, to which the signature ‘Yours, Edward Hawes,’ is appended.

 HAWES, RICHARD (1603?–1668), puritan divine, was born in Norfolk in 1603 or 1604. He was educated at Ipswich school, and at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Morris, William (1834-1896)


text: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 20

title: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 20


text:
Page:Henry Adams' History of the United States Vol. 4.djvu/25

 treasure-ships were seized, the "bitterest complaint of Spain was not that she had been made the unsuspecting victim of piracy, but that her squadron had been waylaid by one of only equal force, and could not in honor yield without a massacre which cost four ships and three hundred lives, besides the disgrace of submission to an enemy of not superior strength. The "Leopard" did indeed carry fifty-two guns, while the "Chesapeake" on this cruise carried only forty; but the "Chesapeake's" twelve carronades threw heavier shot than the "Leopard's" heaviest, and her broadside weighed 444 pounds, while that of the "Leopard" weighed 447.  In tonnage the "Chesapeake" was a stronger ship and carried a larger crew than the "Leopard;" and a battle on fair terms would have been no certain victory.  That Captain Humphreys felt it necessary to gain and retain every possible advantage was evident from his conduct. He could not afford to run the risk of defeat in such an undertaking; and knowing that the "Chesapeake" needed time to prepare for battle, he felt not strong enough to disregard her power of resistance, as he might have done had he commanded a ship of the line. To carry out his orders with as little loss as possible was his duty; for the consequences, not he but his admiral was to blame. Without a moment of delay, edging nearer, he hailed and cried: "Commodore Barron, you must be aware of the necessity I am under of complying with the orders of my commander-in-chief."


text:
History of the United States During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson/Second/II:1

Chapter 1: Internal Improvement


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Morrison, Alfred


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Morton, George Highfield


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Moulton, William Fiddian


text:
Page:Henry Adams' History of the United States Vol. 4.djvu/26

 Hardly more than five minutes passed between the moment when the British officer left Commodore Barron's cabin and the time when Barron was hailed. To get the ship ready for action required fully half an hour. Barron, after giving the order to clear the guns, had come on deck and was standing in the gangway watching the "Leopard" with rapidly increasing anxiety, as he saw that the tompions were out of her guns and that her crew were evidently at quarters. He instantly repeated the order to prepare for battle, and told Gordon to hurry the men to their stations quietly without drum-beat. Gordon hastened down to the gun-deck with the keys of the magazine; the crew sprang to their quarters as soon as they understood the order. Barron, aware that his only chance was to gain time, remained at the gangway and replied through his trumpet: "I do not hear what you say." Captain Humphreys repeated his hail, and Barron again replied that he did not understand. The "Leopard" immediately fired a shot across the "Chesapeake's" bow; a minute later another shot followed; and in two minutes more, at half-past four o'clock, the "Leopard" poured her whole broadside of solid shot and canister, at the distance of one hundred and fifty or two hundred feet, point-blank into the helpless American frigate. Before the gunner of the "Chesapeake" got to his magazine he heard the first gun from the "Leopard;" just as he opened and entered the magazine the "Leopard's" broadside was fired.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Mowbray, John Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hathaway, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hathway, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hatsell, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Muirhead, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hatteclyffe, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hatton, Christopher (1540-1591)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hatton, Christopher (1605?-1670)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hatton, Christopher (1632-1706)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hatton, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hatton, Frank


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hatton, John Liptrot


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haughton, Graves Champney


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haughton, John Colpoys


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haughton, Moses (1734-1804)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haughton, Moses (1772?-1848?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Muirhead, James Patrick


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haughton, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hauksbee, Francis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hausted, Peter


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/422

 From the 9th to the 11th century the great problem worked out was that of perfecting the standard plans of large churches. In the MS. plan of the monastic church of St Gall, drawn about 820, we find a great nave with aisles, apsidal terminations both to the east and the west, transepts and probably a central tower (cf. the abbey church of Saint-Riquier near Abbeville, built c. 800, of which a slight representation has been preserved). In St Martin at Tours was probably evolved the most perfect type of plan, that with an ambulatory and radiating chapels surrounding the eastern apse. A magnificent church of this form was built here at the beginning of the 11th century, but not for the first time. Excavations have shown that the plan was probably suggested by a still earlier church in which five tomb-niches surrounded the central apse and tomb of St Martin. At Jumièges (begun 1040) it has recently been found that the plan terminated to the east with parallel apses, as at St Albans in England; this is a second important type. A third type is that in which the transepts as well as the east end are finished with apses, like St Mary-in-the-Capitol at Cologne.

When we come to the developed Romanesque of the end of the 11th century, we find not only several French varieties, but strong schools in Lombardy and on the Rhine. Without distinguishing too minutely, four broad types representing schools of the east and west, north and south (or rather north-east, north-west, south-east and south-west) of France, may be spoken of, and all of these were engaged in the task of completely covering with vaults large churches of basilican plan—the typical problem of this period. In the east of France we have a school represented by the monastic church of Tournus, where the nave was vaulted by a series of compartments placed transversely to the axis of the church. This church, which has a plan of the type of St Martin’s at Tours, was begun in 1019, but the nave vaults were not reached until after 1066. This style of vaulting persisted in Burgundy, and from thence it spread to Fountains Abbey in England, where it is found over the aisles. The most beautiful class of buildings in eastern France is that of which the church at Issoire is the most perfect example. The external walls are here ornamented with patterns countercharged in light and dark stone. The wonderful church at Le Puy also belongs to this group, but here strong Moorish influence is to be traced. The inlays were probably derived from a late Gallo-Roman source. Countercharging of stones of two colours was a favourite method of building in Romanesque churches erected between 1100 and 1150. We find it at Vézelay, a magnificent abbey church of Burgundy, at Le Mans cathedral, and as far north-west as Exeter and Worcester. In the west (south-west) the most prominent school was that of Perigord, of which the church of St Front, Périgueux, may be taken as the example. St Front was rebuilt after a fire in 1120, but there are many earlier specimens, two of the most important being at Angoulême (1105–1128) and Fontevrault. This school applied a series of domes of eastern fashion not only at the centre but over the whole extent of the church. St Front so closely resembles St Mark’s, Venice, that it must be derived from it or from some similar eastern church. The method largely influenced the Angevin school of vaulting, but it does not seem to have been effective as a protection from the weather. Some examples were covered by external roofs, as was St Front itself at a late time. St Ours at Loches, originally a small church covered by domes, had spire-like pyramids substituted for them when the church was enlarged about 1168.

The third class of vaulting we may for symmetry’s sake associate with the south, though it is found widely distributed. The chapel in the Tower of London is an example, and its true centre seems to be the Auvergne. The vaults of this type run along with the axis of the space to be covered. In the case of large churches the central span is frequently supported by quadrant vaults leaning against it on either side. One of the most noble churches in which the central span is covered by such a barrel vault is that of St Savin near Poitiers, where very much has been preserved of the complete series of paintings which once adorned it and the walls beneath.

The most characteristic buildings of the south are the churches of Moissac, St Trophime at Arles, St Gilles near Nîmes and St James of Compostella, where there is much sculpture of a Lombardic type. There was a great revival of sculpture, going together with a study of the antique, in Lombardy at the end of the 11th century. Wiligelmus, who later worked at San Zeno, Verona, signed some sculptures at Modena in 1099.

Of the schools of the north, Normandy took the lead. It was adventurous, if somewhat barbaric. It derived much from Germany and gave much to the Gothic style. About the middle of the 11th century the Normans began to experiment with cross-groined vaults and their application to the church problem. This from the first contained an important possibility of future development, in that it allowed of windows of considerable height being placed in the lunettes of these vaults. Soon a very great step in advance was made by the invention or application of diagonal ribs under the intersection of the plain groined vault. This association of strengthening ribs in a cross form to each bay of the structure forms the ogive, the characteristic form from which the alternative name to Gothic, “ogival,” has been derived. The first instance we know of the use of this system is at Durham cathedral, where the aisles of the east end were so covered about 1093, and where the high vault erected about 1104 was almost certainly of the same kind. Another outcome of the genius of Norman builders seems to have been the donjon or keep type of castle.

The word “Gothic” was applied by Italian writers of the Renaissance to buildings later than Roman, which in some cases (e.g. Theodoric’s works at Ravenna) might be properly so named. What we now call Gothic the same writers called Modern. Later the word came to mean the art which filled the whole interval between the Roman period and the Renaissance, and then last of all, when the Byzantine and Romanesque forms of art were defined, Gothic became the art which intervened between the Romanesque era and the Renaissance.

As remarked above, Gothic architecture is to a large extent the crown of Romanesque. It is agreed that its chief element of construction was the ogival vaulting which was being widely used by Romanesque builders in the first half of the 12th century; and pointed arches appeared as early.

The eminent architect, G. E. Street, writing of what we have called the standard plan of great 12th-century churches, says, “In whatever way the early chevets (as the French term them) grew up there is no doubt that they contain the germ of the magnificent chevets in the complete Gothic churches of the north of France.” Architecture of the middle ages having been continuously developed, it is necessarily somewhat arbitrary to mark off any given period; all are agreed, however, that about the year 1150 there was a time of rapid change towards a slenderer and more energetic type of building, and the forms which followed for about four centuries we now call Gothic. The special character which the architecture of this period took was partially conditioned by the fact that the expanding power of the French kingdom, with its centre at Paris, was situated in a particular artistic environment. The body of ideas on which it for the most part worked was furnished by the Romanesque art of north France, the German borderland and Burgundy. A great contributory cause was the immense monastic activity of the time, and the need of accomplishing large results with limited means resulted in a casting aside of old ornamental commonplaces and in innovations of planning and structure. This was especially the case with the Cistercian order, which carried certain transitional Gothic forms of building into England, Germany, Italy and Spain. If, however, we make the transition to Gothic date from the first use of “ogival” vaults in north-west Europe, then Durham cathedral is, so far as we now know, the earliest example of the transitional style. The next step, the appearance of Gothic itself, may best be held to date from the systematic but not exclusive use of pointed arches in association with ogival vaults about the middle of the 12th century.

At this time was waged a war of domination amongst the styles, a war which resulted not necessarily in the victory of the most beautiful nor even of the strongest, but one in which political and geographical considerations had much to do with the decision. When the French kingdom took the lead in western civilization, it was settled that a northern form of art, one which had perforce to make a chief element of the window, should be followed out. The consequent development of the window is, after all, as the first observers thought, the great mark of the mature style. As to the position of France in the movement, Mr Street may again be quoted:—“When once the Gothic style was well established, the zeal with which the work of building was pursued in France was almost incredibly great. A series of churches exists there within short distances of each other, so superb in all their features that it is impossible to contest their superiority to any corresponding group of buildings. The old Domaine Royale is that in which French art is seen in its perfection. Notre Dame, Paris, is a monument second to nothing in the world; but for completeness in all its parts it would be better to cite the cathedral of Chartres, a short description of which must suffice as an explanation of what French art at its zenith was. The plan has a nave with aisles, transepts with aisles on each side, a choir with two aisles all round it, and chapels beyond them. There are two immense steeples

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/422


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hauteville, John de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Mount-Temple, Baron


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Havard, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Havell, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Havelock, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Havelock, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Havergal, Frances Ridley


text:
Page:Henry Adams' History of the United States Vol. 4.djvu/27

 No situation could be more trying to officers and crew than to be thus stationed at their guns without a chance to return a fire. The guns of the "Chesapeake" were loaded, but could not be discharged for want of lighted matches or heated loggerheads; and even if discharged, they could not be reloaded until ammunition should be handed from the magazine. Time was required both to clear the guns and to fire them; but the "Leopard's" first broadside was thrown just as the crew were beginning to clear the deck. The crew were fresh and untrained; but no complaint was made on this account,—all were willing enough to fight. The confusion was little greater than might have occurred under the same circumstances in the best-drilled crew afloat; and the harshest subsequent scrutiny discovered no want of discipline, except that toward the end a few men left their guns, declaring that they were ready to fight but not to be shot down like sheep. About the magazine the confusion was greatest, for a crowd of men and boys were clamoring for matches, powder-flasks, and logger-heads, while the gunner and his mates were doing their utmost to pass up what was needed; but in reasonable time all wants could have been supplied. On the upper deck both officers and men behaved well. Barron, though naturally much excited, showed both sense and courage. Standing in the open gangway fully exposed to the "Leopard's" guns, he was wounded by the first broadside, but remained either there or on the quarter-deck without noticing his


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Havers, Clopton


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haverty, Joseph Patrick


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haverty, Martin


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haviland, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haviland, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Mulhall, Michael George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Havilland, Thomas Fiott de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haward, Francis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haward, Nicholas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hawarden, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haweis, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hawes, Benjamin


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hawes, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hawes, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hawes, Robert


text:
History of the United States During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson/Second/II:2

Chapter 2: Demands and Disavowals


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hawes, William (1736-1808)


text: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 21

title: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 21


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hawes, William (1785-1846)


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 2.djvu/55

CANTO I. As if the Memory of some deadly feud

Or disappointed passion lurked below:

But this none knew, nor haply cared to know;

For his was not that open, artless soul

That feels relief by bidding sorrow flow,

Nor sought he friend to counsel or condole,

Whate'er this grief mote be, which he could not control.

IX.

And none did love him!—though to hall and bower

He gathered revellers from far and near,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Murphy, Denis (1833-1896)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Murray, Charles Augustus


text:
Page:Henry Adams' History of the United States Vol. 4.djvu/37

 the first time in their history the people of the United States learned, in June, 1807, the feeling of a true national emotion. Hitherto every public passion had been more or less partial and one-sided; even the death of Washington had been ostentatiously mourned in the interests and to the profit of party: but the outrage committed on the "Chesapeake" stung through hide-bound prejudices, and made democrat and aristocrat writhe alike. The brand seethed and hissed like the glowing olive-stake of Ulysses in the Cyclops' eye, until the whole American people, like Cyclops, roared with pain and stood frantic on the shore, hurling abuse at their enemy, who taunted them from his safe ships. The mob at Norfolk, furious at the sight of their dead and wounded comrades from the "Chesapeake," ran riot, and in the want of a better object of attack destroyed the water-casks of the British squadron. July 29 the town forbade communication with the ships in Lynnhaven Bay, which caused Captain Douglas to write to the Mayor of Norfolk a letter much in the tone of Admiral Berkeley.


text:
Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 2.djvu/56

22 He knew them flatterers of the festal hour,

The heartless Parasites of present cheer.

Yea! none did love him—not his lemans dear—

But pomp and power alone are Woman's care,

And where these are light Eros finds a feere;

Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare.

And Mammon wins his way where Seraphs might despair.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Myers, Frederic William Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Nairne, Charles Edward


text:
Page:Public Records Scotland Act 1809 (Ukpga 18090042 en).pdf/5

Rh X. And be it further enacted, That the Sheriffs Depute and Stewarts Depute of the everal Shires and Stewartries, or their Subtitutes, hall at leat once in every Year carefully examine into the Progres and State of all the different Records framed and kept by the repective Sheriff Clerks and Stewart Clerks, and hall prepare exact Reports in Writing, etting forth the Reult of their Examinations, and particularly pecifying the State and Situation of the Buildings in which the Records of their repective Shires and Stewartries are kept, and how far the Laws and Regulations relative to the everal Records have been faithfully and punctually executed and obeyed; and the Sheriffs Depute of the everal Shires of Edinburgh, Haddington, and Linlithgow, or their Subtitutes repectively, hall in the Month of November in every Year preent uch Reports, duly authenticated, to the Lords Commiioners of Juticiary at Edinburgh, and The Sheriffs Depute and Stewarts Depute of the other Shires and Stewartries, or their Subtitutes repectively, hall preent their aid Reports, duly authenticated, to the Lords Commiioners of Juticiary, at the Circuit Courts that hall be holden within their repective Bounds, in the Autumn of every Year; and the aid Lords Commiioners of Juticiary are hereby empowered to make uch Orders thereon, or direct uch further Inquiries to be made as may appear to them to be neceary, and direct their Clerks to enter the ame in the Minutes of the Court, and make Orders thereafter to tranmit the everal Reports, with a certified Copy of the Orders that may have been made by them thereon, to the Lord Clerk Regiter, at whoe Instance it hall be competent to preent to the Lords of Council and Seion ummary Complaints againt any of the Sheriff Clerks or Stewart Clerks, or their Deputies, on account of any Neglect or Malveration in the Buines of the everal Records committed to their Care, and for redreing and punihing the ame according to Law.

XI. And be it further enacted, That the Chief Magitrates of the aid Royal Burghs repectively, hall at leat once in every Year carefully examine into the Progres and State of all the different Records framed and kept by the repective Clerks of uch Royal Burghs, and hall prepare exact Reports in Writing, in the Manner above directed, in the Cae of Sheriff Clerks and Stewart Clerks; and uch Chief Magitrates hall, in the Month of November in every Year, tranmit uch Reports to the Lords Commiioners of Juticiary at Edinburgh, who are hereby empowered to make Orders, and direct Inquiries, in the Manner above provided, in the Cae of Sheriff Clerks and Stewart Clerks as aforeaid; and the Clerks of Juticiary hall in like Manner tranmit uch Reports, with a certified Copy of uch Orders, to the Lord Clerk Regiter, at whoe Intance ummary Complaints may be made againt Clerks of Royal Burghs, in the Manner above directed, in the Cae of Sheriff Clerks and Stewart Clerks as aforeaid.

XII. And whereas it is expedient that the Tranmiion of the ucceive Volumes or Books of the everal Public Records, from the Offices in which they are formed, to His Majety's General Regiter Houe, hould be made with the leat poible Delay; be it enacted, That within Six Months after the paing of this Act, the Keepers of the everal Public Records which are by Law tranmiible to His Majety's General Regiter Houe hall deliver all the Volumes or Books of their repective Records that are already completed, together with the Minute Books and the Warrants


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Napier, Francis (1819-1898)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Newman, Francis William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Newth, Samuel


text:
Our Adventures In Tampico

ONE must go and see in order to know. My advance impression of Tampico, for one, was of a typical Mexican port infested with smallpox, yellow fever, and a few American adventurers of pernicious activities and doubtful antecedents. There were also oil wells, I understood, in and about Tampico, operated by the aforesaid adventurers. And that was about all I knew of the place until I went and saw. Aboard my steamer were oilmen returning after being driven out to our warships by the Mexicans the day our forces landed in Vera Cruz, and after being shanghaied by our State Department to the United States. A big steel barge, swept by every breaker, was pounding to destruction on the end of the breakwater that projected into the Gulf. "That's our barge," one of the oilmen told me. "When the Federals fired our wharf, her mooring lines burned away and she drifted down the river." He looked at me grimly when I remarked that they had got off lightly. "Wait and see," was all he said.

A Massed Front of Industry ONCE in the mouth of the Pánuco River, the landscape on either side sprouted into the enourmous, mushroom growths of the tank farms. I was quite impressed, not having dreamed that our adventurers had done so much work. It was a creditable showing, a very creditable showing. But as we continued up the river, more and more terminals and tank farms lined both banks of it. This was the Corona terminal, and that was the Aguilla on both sides, and adjoining were the huge solid buildings of Standard Oil. And still the names of companies were rolled off to me. There was the National Petroleum, there the Waters-Pierce, the Gulf Coast, the Huasteca, the Mexican Fuel, the Magnolia Petroleum, the Texas, the International Oil, the East Coast Oil—and thereat I ceased taking account of the companies and realized that there was quite something more to Tampico than I had anticipated. "Ah," I remarked, "there's the city at last," indicating great masses of buildings on the north bank. But I was informed that the city was yet miles away, and that what I had mistaken for it was the boiler stacks, still stacks, warehouses, paraffin plants, and agitators of the refineries. Ocean Tankers in Long Procession THE ruined walls of a huge building were pointed out. "Six hundred thousand dollars went up there," I was told. "Two hundred and fifty box cars went up with it. The shells from the Federal gunboats did it." We hoisted the doctor's flag and dropped anchor off a quarter of a mile of burned wharf. "You see," it was explained, "the rebels were working two machine guns here and a bunch of sharpshooters, and the Federals from the Zaragoza let us have it good and plenty. That was all brand-new wharf. In fact, we hadn't quite finished it. Three of our barges were sunk by the shells. Right there at the bottom lies the Topila and the Spindletop, and, just beyond, the Santa Fe. See what the fire left of that tank on the top of the hill. It gave us a hot time. While it was burning we fought to keep it inside the fire wall, and all the time the Zaragoza was shelling us. Don't talk to me about the peon. I was right there with a gang of them. They were working for a day's wages, but no trained soldiers could have behaved better. As soon as we'd jump up to fight the fire the Zaragoza'd loosen up on us. Inside ten minutes we'd have to lie down until the shells and machine guns slackened, and then we'd up and go at it again. And not a peon showed the white feather, and we held that burning oil where it was until it burned out. Some peons, hombre, some peons."    And while we waited for the port doctor, big ocean tanker after big ocean tanker in long procession came in from the sea, flew the doctor's flag and dropped anchor.     "They come in, load, and go out all in the same day," I was told. "The Huasteca can load 9,000 barrels an hour. Why, there are tankers that have been coming in here for a year whose crews have never set foot on land." Statistic of Pernicious Activities    I BEGAN to gather statistics of the pernicious activities of our American adventurers. One company along had two roofed concrete tanks holding 1,250,000 barrels along with 120 steel tanks holding 55,000 barrels each. Since a steel tank costs 30,000 pesos, the cost of the 120 steel tanks will total 3,600,000 pesos. At the rate of exchange prior to Mexico's present troubles, this investment in mere steel-tank equipment means 1,800,000 American gold dollars. When it is considered that this is but part of the one item of oil-storage equipment of one company, and that there are many other equally expensive items of equipment, the grand total of the equipment of the many companies is vaguely adumbrated.     The port doctor finally boarded and passes us and we continued up the river to Tampico. The Pánuco is a noble stream, deep of channel, swift of current, and wide; and as we rounded a grand bend between the interminable tank farms a whole fleet of anchored merchant steamers appeared, as well as warships, flying the flags of various nations. The Des Moines flew the only American flag. Passing the customhouse and emerging through the Fiscal Dock, a long line of mounted Constitutionalists made me for a while forget oil and oil tanks. Before I knew what was happening, I found myself in the company of 500 of the Constitutionalists, dispatched to aid in the pursuit of General Zaragoza and his 4,000 Federals.

The Harum-Scarum Warriors NEVER on the warpath have I encountered a bunch of warriors so harum-scarum, so happy-go-lucky, so brimming over with good food and high spirits. Everyone was mounted. Every horse was stolen. On the horses were the brands of every ranch and hacienda from the Rio Grande to the Pánuco. Occasionally there was a grizzled oldster. But the big percentage was youthful. There were boys of ten, eleven, and twelve, magnificently and monstrously spurred, astride lifted broncos, with pictures of saints in their sombreros and looted daggers and bowie knives in their leggings, with automatics and revolvers at their hips, bewaisted and beshouldered with belts and bandoliers of cartridges, and with the inevitable rifle across their saddle pommels. And there were women, young women all, mere soldaderas as well as amazons, the former skirted and on sidesaddles, the latter trousered and cross saddled, and all of them wickedly armed like their male comrades, and none of them married. When a soldadera comes along I should not like to be a stray chicken on the line of march nor a wounded enemy on the field of battle. Crossing the Pánuco to the south bank on a barge, I tried to take the picture of a coy and skirted soldadera. But all was vain until I won the good services of the Lieutenant Colonel by snapping him and his fellow officers. They were so delighted that all that they possessed was mine, and the soldadera was commanded to face the camera. The proud Colonel even interrupted proceedings in order to decorate the soldadera with his own cartridge belt, knife and revolver. She was young, strong, uncorseted, cotton-frocked, all Indian, and she had ridden, as I learned, for two years with the revolutionists. She came from far in the North, and her near goal was Mexico City. Ashore on the south bank, endeavoring to catch two or three of the rebels with my camera, I suffered from an embarrassment of riches. All the soldiers crowded into the immediate foreground—there were half a thousand of them—and my lens was not wide-angled. In twos and threes they struck the most bloodthirsty attitudes, and I could only escape them by patiently faking a pressure of the bulb and a rolling on of the film. They were as proud as peacocks, as excitable and naive as children. Just as I pressed the bulb on a long row of them on horseback, one of them, beside himself with too much valor, accidentally discharged his rifle. His fellows laughed at him. His officers did not even frown. It was too common an occurrence. They were merely skylarking boys on the rampage, these rebels who had exchanged the tedium of the day's work for a year-long picnic. Picnic was what it was with a horse to ride, a peso and a half a day, good grub, a chance to loot, and, best of all, a chance to shoot their fellow men, which last is the biggest big-game hunting that ever falls to the lot of man. Through the fires of sunset—men, women, and small boys—they rode up the winding trail in single file and disappeared south on the road to Mexico City, their hearts high with the hope that they might overtake and terminate the lives of some of some of the unfortunate, limping, poor devils of Federals lagging behind the beaten army of Zaragoza. "Klondike Faded to a Fare You Well!" RETURNING by launch, I found that Tampico was mostly surrounded by water and was half a Venice. The backyards, or patios, rather, of the water-front dwellers overhung the canal, which teemed with dugout canoes and chalans (the open, native boat), on which lived many families. But in addition to all this was the evidence of the activity of our American adventurers. Everywhere boat building and repairing was going on. There were paint shops, machine shops, and shipways; and there were river steamers, barges, and launches, not by the score, but by the many hundred. A carriage, drawn by the thinnest, boniest, mangiest, pair of horses I had even seen, took me to the hotel. The reason for the condition of the horses was obvious. Only such animals could have escaped for half a year the horse-stealing Federals and rebels. The hotel was modern, five-storied, had elevators, and was in every detail—from the café tables copied after Sherry's to the Tom Collins glasses that were duplicates of Martin's—a New York hotel. Mine host even had cold beer, having added to his stock by purchase from the Constitutional officers of a carload which they had confiscated at Monterey, and which they had run into Tampico over the Mexican Central railway, also confiscated. But the hotel was not the interesting thing. It was the men in it—Americans all, who were already gathering back after their enforced journey to the United States. The atmosphere was of the West, of the frontier, of the mining camp. I was more nearly reminded of the men of Klondike than of anywhere else. In truth, within an hour I encountered a dozen sourdoughs. Two of them I had known in the old days in Alaska. Said one from whom I had parted seventeen years before in Dawson City: "Jack, this ain't no Klondike. It's got Klondike faded to a fare you well and any other gold camp the world has ever seen. You know my old claim on Eldorado, from rim rock to rim rock and 500 feet up and down steam—well, that was a humdinger and it cleaned up half a million. But shucks, that ain't anything alongside of these diggings. Why, there's the old well at Ebano, the first in the country, a gusher when they struck it twelve years ago, and still a-gushing. They ain't had to pump it yet. It just naturally gushes.    "And the Dutch up above Pánuco, have got an ornery eight-inch hole, nothing to look at, but it can throw 185,000 barrels a day when it ain't pinched down. Figure it up. Say oil at 50 cents, that makes $90,000 gold a day; in ten days $900,000; in a hundred days $9,000,000; in a year, allowing sixty-five days for delays and accidents, $27,000,000—and that's gold, United States gold coin with the eagle and the Indian. Eldorado and Bonanza together, mouth to source, bench claims and all, didn't turn that much out in the first two years of skimming the cream."    I learned that the Pánuco field alone was estimated by conservative expert oil men to contain at least $2,000,000,000 worth of oil. One really conservative expert put it at $2,500,000,000, but after a moment, without prompting, amended his figures to $2,000,000,000. And the Pánuco was only one of three big fields, the other two being Ebano and Huasteca, while there were two lesser fields, the Chila and the Topila, each with its noteworthy producing wells, and all five fields as yet scarcely scratched.     And from oil and oilmen I drifted into war and soldier men in the shape of a couple of rebel officers. One, a colonel, with no English, presented me with a handful of Federal money confiscated at Monterey and declared worthless by the Constitutionalists. That was why he gave it to me, and, promptly and absent-mindedly, I bought cold beer with it for all of us and received good Constitutional money in change from the large bills. The other officer, a major, was soft voiced and gentle faced as a woman, and at the same time as sanguinary as any hero of the bull ring. He had been in the field four years. He had fought under Madero. He was now fighting under Villa and Caranza. Two of his brothers had been killed in battle. All his property was destroyed. He had but recently recovered from a bullet which had perforated him just under the heart, right side to left, in and out again. "We shoot our men who loot," he said softly, with no more emphasis than if he had announced that they slapped looters on the wrists. "We shot four of our men here in Tampico. It is true we are civilized. At Monterey we shot one colonel and one captain for looting. No, it is not permitted. We are not savages." Yes, he was a four years' veteran. It had been a long fight, with many a day and week of hunger when the very though of a tortilla made one sick with longing. And straight beef after a month, cooked hot from the hoof, did sometimes make one tired. Had I heard how Huerta shaved? Well, Huerta stood erect while the barber shaved him, one hand in his pocket on a revolver with which to get the barber if the barber cut his throat. It was lies about the Constitutional atrocities. All such things were committed by the Federals. They dragged their wounded enemies to death with lariats, while the Constitutionalists took their wounded enemies to hospital and nursed them. It was true they did sometimes execute captured Federal officers, but only when such officers were known assassins and traitors. "Zaragoza?" he repeated, after my question at parting. There was a white flash of small, even teeth, and the soft voice enunciated ever so softly: "He is in the trap. He cannot escape." "And when you catch him?" I queried. "He is an assassin," came the answer, indirect it was true, but a complete, straight-out answer. In the morning, in a speed boat, accompanying the general superintendent of an oil company, I went up the Pánuco River. Except where there were wharves for loading oil, or where the cut banks were too steep, the rich alluvial soil was farmed by the Indians to the water's edge. And here, amid coconut palms, banana trees, and trees of the mango and the avocado, I saw demonstrated the statement that soil and climate were such as to permit the raising of three crops of corn a year. Side by side there were patches of corn just sprouting, of corn that was in the tassel, and of corn that was being harvested. The Vivid Mutifarious IT WAS amazing to see the cattle drinking knee-deep in the river, and horses and mules along the bank. Not all the stock had been run off by the soldiers. From time to time our swift craft swerved in nearer to the bank in order that the superintendent might try to identify familiar-looking animals. In this he was occasionally successful, the animals having escaped from the fleeing Federals and drifted back to their own pastures. Where the Tamesi River flowed in we passed the drawbridge wrecked by the Federals, and the sunken gunboat, the Vera Cruz, abandoned with open sea cocks when the Constitutionalists took the town. We continued up the Pánuco, passed the tiled roofs of Americans who farmed the land, past the grass huts of the natives, and past many brown-skinned September Morns bathing in the shallows. The American farms were deserted, the owners not yet having come back from their forced trip to the United States. One such holding consisted of 1,300 acres, 1,000 of which were in bananas. Other Americans had gone in for grapefruit, and all ran stock in the rich pastures. No hay is cured in this land, nor do the natives feed grain even to their work animals. The horses and mules are grass-fed and leaf-browsed, and grass and leaves are green the year around. Rain falls every month in the year, the "rainy season" merely connoting the period of excessive rain. The Pánuco River was alive with traffic. The first returning adventurers were already moving oil. River steamers and ocean tugs moved up and down with long tows of tank barges, and here and there, against the banks, barges were loading oil from the pipe lines of near-by wells. Also, we passed the sites of ancient towns, whose totality of inhabitants in numbers of from twenty-five to fifty thousand, had been massacred by the Aztecs or taken up for the sacrificial festivals in the lake city of the Montezumas. There were, on the river, many hundreds of the chalans, or long poling boats of the Indians, going upstream with purchases from town, coming down on the current loaded with chickens, vegetables, charcoal, corn, raw sugar, bananas, pineapples, sugar cane, and all manner of things from the soil that fetch a price in Tampico. The honesty of these Indians is proverbial. From the headreaches of the Pánuco they are sometimes months in making the round trip, and they are often trusted with thousands of pesos with which to make purchases in Tampico. From every foreigner in Mexico, comes the same testimony of the rock-ribbed integrity of the Indian. It is always the mixed breed who is unveracious, dishonest, and treacherous. It was the mixed breed who composed the mobs in Tampico that cried death to the gringos. And many of these half-breeds, so crying, were the very employees of the gringos they wanted to kill and whose property they wanted to destroy. And it was the peon, the Indian, who remained faithful to his salt. Indian Faith AS AN example of this, part way on our journey in the Topila field, the superintendent ran the boat in to a small wharf where an Indian was loading two barges with oil. When the Americans were driven out, this Indian, without instructions, threatened by the soldiers, had stuck to his post and moved the flowing oil from wells to tanks and to the emergency reservoirs. Nor had a barrel of oil been lost. Yet three times the Federals had strung him up by the neck in an effort to persuade him to volunteer in the army. As he told them, and he is legion: "I don't want to fight. I have trouble with nobody. I don't want trouble. When I first came to work here for the gringos I had nothing. I went barefooted. Now I wear shoes. When I worked I got sixty centavos a day. Now I get four pesos a day. I have a nice house. There are chairs in my house. I have a talking machine. Before I lived like a dog. No, I won't be a soldier and fight. All I want is to be left alone." Forty-seven miles above Tampico we came to the superintendent's wells in the Pánuco field. Two days before, his handful of American employees had returned to the looted camp and began moving oil and building new emergency reservoirs against the time when they might again be driven out. The foreman in charge, a lean, low-spoken Texan, in reply to the superintendent's query for news, said: "Oh, everything's moving along slowly. The trouble is that our peons have taken to the brush and there'll be some time getting confidence into them to come back. You know so-and-so—well, the cuss was out here this morning, with a few drinks in him, and throwing the fear of God into the few peons I have gathered in, telling them that we'd soon be gone and that every one of them that had worked for us would be shot. Oh, and he cussed us out good and plenty to our faces, telling us that what would happen to the peons wasn't a circumstance to what was coming to us." The superintendent turned to me with a weary smile. "That man," he explained, "is the Mexican, the same old half-breed type, with no virtues and all vices. He runs one of the biggest stores in Tampico. Our books will show that we have spent in his store in the last twelve months over $100,000 gold. And he has been invariably courteous and friendly to us. And now he selects our particular camp in which to voice his threats."

The Blunder at Tampico THAT a blunder was made in not landing our troops at Tampico the same time we landed them at Vera Cruz cannot be doubted by anyone who has gone over the ground and studied the situation. To make matters worse, our American warships were withdrawn from the river and anchored in the open Gulf, ten miles away. The Mexicans, inflamed by the invasion of their country at Vera Cruz, took this withdrawal of our naval forces from Tampico as a sign of timidity. Mobs formed in the streets, and the Americans—men, women, and children—took refuge in the hotels, while the mobs tore down and spat upon American flags and cried death to all Americans. It is a curious sort of reasoning that brings about a conclusion that the only way to save the lives of our countrymen and countrywomen is to run away and leave them in such a city under such circumstances. To make matters worse, the United States, by virtue of the old Monroe Doctrine, had warned the other powers off and announced her ability to deal with the situation. The captains of the Dutch and English war vessels declined to interfere for the deserted Americans even when the captain of the German warship approached them to join with him in a shore party to rescue the besieged Americans. This was on the night that succeeded the day of the landing at Vera Cruz. That night, for an instance, over a hundred Americans, including their women, were sheltered in the Southern Hotel. Those who did not have guns had armed themselves with machetes and clubs for what looked like the last stand. The mob roared in the street and repeatedly attacked the doors with battering rams. And at one in the morning two German officers arrived from the battleship. The English and the Dutch captains had declined to cooperate, and the German commander was acting on his own responsibility. And so, thanks to the Germans, the Americans in Tampico were rescued. But there were several hundred men, women, and children far up in the oil fields. From Tampico to the Pánuco field was forty-seven miles by the winding river, and ten miles away, in the opposite direction from Tampico, lay the American warships. A superintendent, accompanied by a young Texan, braved the streets in the early morning of the second day. They were spat upon and reviled, and were only saved by an armed guard. But they managed to win across the river and to get the crew of a stern-wheel steamer to volunteer to go up to Pánuco. Fired at by soldiers and looters, followed by troops of Federal cavalry along the banks, they nevertheless cleaned up every camp and brought back with them some three hundred adventurers of their kind. Yes, somebody blundered in this Tampico affair. Salvation in a Threat WHEN General Zaragoza, with his 4,000 Federals, evacuated Tampico, he retreated on a number of long railroad trains. But beyond Ebano the tracks were blocked by the rebels. Abandoning the trains, General Zaragoza retreated across country to the Pánuco oil fields. On this march he shot fifteen of his lagging men as a spur to the rest to keep up. In the old town of Pánuco he rested while getting horses and provisions for his men. He was a beaten man, and, but for one thing, he would have been destroyed. He sent a message to General Pablo Gonzales, commanding the rebels that had driven him out of Tampico. "I am a beaten man," was the tenor of Zaragoza's message. "My men are exhausted. I am short of ammunition. If you attack me, I am lost. But the moment you attack I shall fire the oil wells." And the rebels did not attack. It was a pretty situation. The rebels planned to add to their treasury by shaking down the oilmen. If the oil wells were ruined, the oilmen would have nothing for which to be shaken down. Zaragoza took his time ere he drifted away south across the hot lands in his effort to find a way up the mountains to the great tableland. Child-minded men, incapable of government, playing with the weapons of giants! A $2,000,000,000 oil body, a world asset, if you please, at the pleasure of stupid anarchs! And all that saved it, the desire of a portion of the anarchs to loot, by forced contribution, the gringos who had found and developed the oil fields! Two thousand feet under the surface lies the Pánuco oil body. The formation overlying the oil sands is so broken and creviced by ancient upheavals that the casings are not tight. To seal a well under such conditions would force the oil to rise to the surface outside the casing. At the best, with the wells "pinched down" to the limit of safety, the flow of all the wells could not be reduced below a daily run of 100,000 barrels. From the time when the oilmen were driven out and shanghaied to the United States this great volume of oil accumulated in the tanks and in the open emergency reservoirs. A wad of cotton waste, saturated with kerosene and ignited and tossed into the oil, could have started the $2,000,000,000 bonfire. General Zaragoza could so have started it. So could any drunken peon. Marvels of the Oil Field PERHAPS no oil region has been tapped that will compare with the Tampico region. The wells on all the five fields are gushers, and, unlike most gushers, are slow in gushing themselves out. The well at Ebano, previously mentioned, has been flowing for twelve years. In the Huasteca field is a well that has gushed 23,000 barrels a day for four years. To-day it is still gushing its 23,000 barrles, the oil has the same twenty-two gravity, has yet to show a trace of moisture, and carries less than two-tenths of 1 per cent of sediment. In passing, it may be remarked of the last-mentioned well that, when the Americans were forced out and the half-breed employees had gone to rioting, an old Indian employee took charge of his fellow Indians, and in twenty-two days handled the 500,000 barrels of oil and pumped it over the pipe line to the tank farm and terminal, 105 kilometers away. Not a barrel of oil was lost, and when the Americans returned they found it ready to load into the ocean tankers. But, while the Tampico oil region is unthinkably big and rich, so much time and money have been required in development that, out of eighty-nine oil producing companies operating during the last fourteen years, only three have so far paid dividends. One particular company has invested $38,000,000 and has paid but a dividend and a half. There are other companies that have invested more than this one. A single company, which has so far paid one dividend, has 4,000 men on the pay roll, a monthly wage list of $100,000 and a monthly grocery bill of $10,000. I spent a quiet Sunday with the chiefs of one of these companies. The superintendent and I had last parted at the tail of a glacier on the lope of Chilcoot Pass. He was a mere adventurer, of course but just the same I desire to describe just a little of this, his Mexican adventure. We sat in a hot room. The afternoon breeze had not yet sprung up. The house stood on a hill. All about were the visible evidences of pernicious activity. The low hills were crowned with steel tanks and reservoirs. The slopes down to the river were covered with machine shops, carpenter shops, warehouses, an ice plant, an electric-light plant, a foundry, and parks of wagons, auto-trucks, road scrapers, graders, and rollers. The river was wharf-lined and the wharf was lined with tankers loading oil. There were dredgers, pile drivers, launches, barges, river steamers, harbor tugs, huge ocean-going tugs, and a fast stream yacht (bought a year before for the purpose of rushing the American employees away to the safety of the sea in case of need). And there was more than could be seen. This particular company ran truck farms, chicken farms, and orchards of avocados, oranges, lemons, grapefruit, and figs-all for feeding its employees. I knew that to the west, in the Ebano field, were this company's hospitals, clubhouses, and railroad shops. Oh, yes, it possessed two railroads which it had built as well as run. Also, at Ebano, was its asphaltum refinery, reckoned the largest in the world, and a mere stock farm where imported Hereford bulls, Percheron stallions, and Missouri jacks graded up the inferior stock of Mexico, and where 10,000 head of animals had run prior to the raids by Federals and Constitutionalists. From this house on the hill ran a graded wagon road through the jungle, Huasteca country, connecting with the terminal of the company's railroad at Dos Bocas. All this distance, and more, to a hundred miles away, ran the company's telephone lines. Two pipe lines for oil, one for water, and one for gas paralleled the wagon road. Under Stress of War IN that hot room of the house on the hill the telephone was never idle. Now the superintendent, now one chief, and now another answered it. A call would come from some distant station. Two horses had been run off by Constitutionalists. Another call: the Federals had just killed five cows and a bull for food, and the superintendent, in return, desired to know if his pony was still safe. An employee arrives on the porch with the news that four of the auto-trucks lifted by the rebels have been recovered in Tampico and are being brought across the river on a barge. Another employee brings the word that the launch Doodle-bug has just been commandeered by the rebels. Over the telephone comes word that General Zaragoza, with 3,400 men, has burned a village and is lifting every horse and mule in sight. The Federals are drifting toward Amati?n the voice over the wire goes on. "Getting close to our mules," remarks one of the chiefs, and then to me: "We've got 600 mules down there—200 of them from the States." A tidy item that—sixty to seventy thousand dollars' worth of mule flesh; and the superintendent, over the phone, orders the moving of the mule herd to another potrero away from the line of Federal driftage. The water station at Tamcochin sends in word that he Federals are reported drifting down on Tamcochin. "All right," advises the superintendent. "Keep the tanks full to the last moment, and be prepared to run for it. Have a horse saddled for each one of you, and run the rest off now."

Like Job's Calamities IN a lull one of the chiefs begins inquiring over the line for the pursuing rebels, and locates a station through which 500 of them had passed two hours earlier. A call announces that the 600 mules are on their way to portreros green and hidden. The chiefs try to reason the drift of the Federals. It is concluded that so far they have failed to gain the tableland, but that they are bound to try again because, to the south, they are blocked by the rebels, who have captured the port of Tuxpan. "It does hurt to be called an adventurer," one of the chiefs begins, but is interrupted by the hoofs and the eruption of a splendid specimen of an Indian who dismounts and reports that after recovering thirty of the company's horses he has just had them taken away by a bunch of rebels. Another station telephones a rumor that the 500 rebels have run into the 3,400 Federals and are having a hot time of it. One of the chiefs telephones a subordinate to hire a launch to take the place of the commandeered Doodle-bug. Scarcely is this done when a slender half-breed presents himself with a fresh commission to be a colonel and to raise a regiment of 500 men for the rebels. The superintendent shows the new Colonel every consideration. He is compelled to, or else the Colonel will enlist the men from the company's laborers. Also, the Colonel wants to borrow a launch for a couple of days. It is blackmail, but the superintendent smilingly lends it, and as soon as the Colonel is gone sends orders to hire another launch for the company at Tampico. Following that, at his suggestion, a chief telephones a lone man in a lone station in the path of the Federal drift to be ready to disconnect the wires and cut and run for it. Between telephone calls a broken conference is held on the problem of moving the Ebano oil. A chief states that the company's shop at Ebano is occupied by seven engines which the rebels have captured from the Mexican Central and are repairing. Another chief, whose activities are patently diplomatic, is instructed to attempt to persuade the rebel leaders to use the repair shops at Tampico. It is decided, since the Ebano oil must be moved because of lack of further storage, to get the rebels to move it over the captured Mexican Central. "If they won't or can't," the superintendent concludes, "then propose that they let us move it over their lines. We can furnish our own trains, crews, and everything." Pleasant Dreams AND the foregoing is just a sample of what went on for all that blessed day and half the night in that hot room of the house on the hill. One last thing I must give. Over the telephone came the verification of the earlier report of fighting. The 3,400 Federals had pretty well cut to pieces the 500 rebels, who were dropping back. Also, the Federals had ceased drifting and were making fast time for the mountains. And in the evening I fell asleep in my chair while the telephone rang on and on, and while the superintendent and his chiefs conferred and planned and considered immediate problems vastly profounder than any I have mentioned here.

title: Our Adventures In Tampico


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Nichol, John (1833-1894)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Nicholson, Henry Alleyne


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Tennessee River

TENNESSEE RIVER, the largest tributary of the Ohio, formed by the union of the Clinch and Holston rivers, which rise in S.W. Virginia, and unite near Kingston, Roane co., Tenn. At first the course of the Tennessee is S.W. to Chattanooga, near the S. line of the state, where it passes through a part of the Cumberland range of mountains in a series of bends, and again turns S.W., entering the state of Alabama, and at Gunter's Landing, Marshall co., Ala., assumes a direction nearly W. by N. Between Lauderdale and Lawrence counties it spreads in a broad but shallow expansion called Muscle shoals, flowing over flint and limestone rocks in a succession of rapids for 36 m., and affording a large amount of water power. It afterward passes near Tuscumbia and Florence, on opposite sides, and at Chickasaw on the Mississippi line turns N.W., and forms the boundary thence to the Tennessee line between Alabama and Mississippi. Reëntering Tennessee, after a circuit of nearly 300 m. in Alabama, it flows almost due N. till it reaches Birmingham, Ky., when it turns W.N.W. and enters the Ohio at Paducah, McCracken co., 50 m. from the mouth of the latter. Its length from Kingston to Paducah is estimated at 800 m., but from the source of its longest affluent, the Holston, it is more than 1,100 m. Its principal tributaries are the Sequatchie,

Paint Rock, Flint, and Duck rivers, and Elk and Shoal creeks, entering it from the right; and the Hiawassee, Big Sandy, and Clark's rivers, and Town and Big Bear creeks, from the left. The fall of the river in its whole course is computed at about 2,000 ft. It is navigable from the Muscle shoals to its entrance into the Ohio, 259 m.; and above the shoals steamboats ascend to Knoxville, nearly 500 m. The scenery on the upper portion of the river is very beautiful. Darby estimates the area drained by the Tennessee and its tributaries at 41,000 sq. m.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Nimrod


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Vinton, Samuel Finley


text:
Page:Public Records Scotland Act 1809 (Ukpga 18090042 en).pdf/4

300 Books and Warrants of the ame, and with an Inventory of the Whole, to the Accuracy and Completenes of which the aid Clerks repectively that make Oath in the Court of the Sheriff Depute or Stewart Depute; and that the aid Sheriff Clerks or Stewart Clerks hall receive the aforeaid Books, Regiters and Warrants repectively, to be depoited with the other Public Records under their Cutody and Care, and hall make and ubcribe full Duplicates of uch Inventories to be delivered to and depoited by the aid Clerks of Burghs repectively with the other Public Records under their Cutody and Care.

VII. And, in order that the aforeaid Proviions of this Act respecting the Delivery of the everal Commiary or Burgh Records to the Lord Clerk Regiter and the everal Sheriff Clerks and Stewart Clerks repectively, may be faithfully and punctually carried into Execution; be it enacted, That it hall be competent for the Lords of Council and Seion, on a ummary Complaint by the Lord Clerk Regiter, to inflict uch Penalties, not exceeding the Sum of Fifty Pounds for each Offence, upon any Sheriff Clerk or Stewart Clerk, Burgh Clerk, or Commiary Clerk, wilfully refuing or neglecting to comply with the aforeaid Proviions of this Act, and to make uch further Orders thereon as may appear to them to be neceary, uch Penalties being in all Caes recoverable by the Lord Clerk Regiter, and olely applicable by him to the Purpoes of the tablihment of His Majety's General Regiter Houe.

VIII. And be it further enacted, That from and after the Expiration of Six Months after the paing of this Act it shall not be lawful for the Sheriff Clerks or Stewart Clerks of the everal Shires and Stewartries to ue any Books for the Regitration of Deeds or other Writings, unles the ame hall have been previouly marked, at leat on the firt and lat Leaves thereof, and iued to them by the Lord Clerk Regiter or his Deputies authorized to that effect, for each of which Books there hall not be charged more than the prime Cot thereof, together with a Fee to the Deputy Keepers of Records not exceeding Five Shillings Sterling; and if any Sheriff Clerk or Stewart Clerk hall ue any other Books or Regiters than uch as hall have been previouly marked as aforeaid, and iued to him by the Lord Clerk Regiter or his Deputies, he hall be liable in a Penalty of Five Pounds Sterling for each Offence, to be recoverable, together with the Expences of Proces, by the Lord Clerk Regiter, on a ummary Complaint at his Intance to The Lords of Council and Seion (uch Penalty being in all Caes olely applicable by the Lord Clerk Regiter to the Purpoes of the Etablihment of His Majety's General Regiter Houe) and hall further be bound and obliged again to record the ame Deeds and other Writings or Books duly marked and iued to him as aforeaid.

IX. And be it further enacted, That from and after the Expiration of Six Months after the paing of this Act, it hall not be lawful for the Clerks of Royal Burghs to ue any Books for the Regitration of Intruments of Seiin of Subjects holding in Burgage, or for the Deeds and other Intruments which they are hereby enabled to receive and to record, unles uch Books hall have been previouly marked and iued by the Lord Clerk Regiter, or his Deputies, in the Manner above directed, and under the Penalty above provided, in the Cae of Sheriff Clerks or Stewart Clerks as aforeaid. X. And


text: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 22

title: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 22


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Nixon, John (1815-1899)


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ashley, James Monroe


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Bishop, Richard Moore


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/O'Byrne, William Richard


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Avery, Elroy McKendree


text: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 23

title: A Complete Guide to Heraldry/Chapter 23


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cowen, Benjamin S.


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cowell, Joseph


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cowell, Benjamin


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cowdery, Jonathan