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In response to many enquiries continually reaching us, from young men desirous of improving their position in the world of tailoring, we find it desirable to state briefly in the form of a prospectus, not only the course it is necessary to pursue, that these young men may attain the object of their ambition ; but also to impart a little information and sound advice which may guide them as to the best way to go about it. Most young men, of an intelligent and aspiring turn of mind, when they have acquired a fair knowledge of practical tailoring, look with longing eyes towards the Shears and the Cutting Board, and picture to themselves a time when they hope to be foremen, to wield the larger implements with skill and dexterity. They are conversant with the history of many men who started in the humblest circumstances, who achieved marked success, and became a credit to their calling. They think of Andrew Johnson, the poor fatherless lad, who while still in his teens, supported his mother by his skilful use of the needle and the venerable goose, and who eventually became President of the United States—a distinguished statesman as well as tailor. Well, doubtless young men can say to themselves and act on the belief that " what man has done, man can do ; but to do so, young men must set themselves to be masters of their business in all its branches. They must be like the needle, whatever they undertake they must go through with it Their first ambition must be, to master the practical problems in connection with the business. We say practical problems ; for not a few men waste both their time and energies on theories and controversies, which profit neither themselves nor anyone else. The practical outcome of this stage of the young man's ambition must be his finding himself a successful cutter. Coming now more directly to the point, we shall enquire briefly as to the time

Circumstances so alter cases, that it would be impossible to give one definite, unqualified reply to this question. As we look back over twenty five years, and the long line of students who have passed through our Cutting Academy more in number doubtless than have attended any similar Academy in Europe—we have received Students of every age, from 15 to 50 years, and of pretty well every variety of capacity and circumstances. But recently we received a youth of 15, son of a master tailor in the City desirous of getting his son an early and complete education in the Art of Cutting. He came for a term of three months, which was afterwards extended to four months. Being an intelligent and devoted lad, desirous of acquiring the Art, he not only acquired the systems with their varied applications to disproportionate figures and different styles of garment, but also gave special attention to the daily lectures—the subjects of which for the ensuing season will be found further on in this prospectus—and took notes to impress the different points upon his mind. Shortly after leaving the Academy he secured a situation in a middle class trade, which he kept, with credit to himself, and profit to his employer. This we admit is a somewhat exceptional case. We relate it to show what can be done.


text: Author:Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Author:Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria


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Rh One more case occurs to mind, illustrating what we may term " the other end." We recall the form of a Student, whose hairs were already streaked with silver, and whose prime was certainly on the wane, if not past. His history none of the Students knew, except one he took into his confidence more than the others. He had been in business, but as the result of an unfortunate train of circumstances had failed, thus forming a crisis in his career. The very little capital he could command, he resolved to invest in a series of perfecting lessons or brush up at the Tailor and Cutter Academy. He attended to all the routine of instruction as one who feels he is playing his last card, and succeeded in fitting himself for the cutting room of a respectable trade ; so that we could with confidence recommend him to a good provincial trade as cutter, where he is now receiving £3 3s. a week, as well as satisfying his employers. Though we do have such cases, the majority of our Students are young men, who have for the most part acquired a knowledge of practical tailoring—though numbers come who have not even this acquirement ; and by a longer stay and dilligent application, not a few of these have distinguished themselves as cutters. Those who are determined, almost invariably do so. But as we have no wish to deceive any one— to succeed as a cutter, a young man must determine to do so. The advantages for young men acquiring the Cutting in these days are greater than they ever, were, but then competition is also greater. So that while success is open to all, it can only be attained by special effort. When a determined effort is made by our Students, success almost invariably follows, as a matter of course. From the nearest estimate we can make, fully nine-tenths of our Students get situations and keep them. We select a few of the recent letters we have received from late Students, which we give at the end of this prospectus ; these are only specimens out of a very large bundle. The time of year for Students. We have two seasons in the year when the bulk of our Students pass through our Academy. The one season begins in January and the other in July ; and though no Student is accepted unless we have a place for him, still, when it is equally convenient, Students will do well to come between the seasons. As we keep a regular staff of competent teachers all the year round, and as our method of teaching combines both individual and class teaching, Students can begin their studies at any time, for as regards the rudiments, each is treated individually, and on his own merits, so that his progress is simply at the rate at which he can acquire tuition. Well, after the care and attention we have devoted to the development of our Academy arrangements and course of study, as set forth in this prospectus, we naturally and confidently say : Nowhere can the Art of Cutting be taught so thoroughly and practically as at the Tailor and Cutter Academy. There are several ways of acquiring the Cutting. Some do so by self-tuition, and in our " Students Instructor and Guide," full detailed instruction are given as to how this can be done. Easy lessons are given to start with, and the necessary works are given in their order, for study. This excellent work, which ought to he in the hand of every intending Student, whether they intend acquiring the Art at our Academy or not, is supplied at our Office, at the nominal charge of One Shilling. To acquire the Art by self-tuition, however, requires more determined application than the bulk of young men will be found able to summon. Besides, so many difficulties arise in tuition which can only be met verbally as they arise. Still, it is possible to acquire the Art of Cutting by self-tuition.

Intending Students, however, must judge for themselves as to the course they will pursue in acquiring the Art of Cutting. Our business in this prospectus is to point out the advantages accruing from a course of tuition at the Tailor and Cutter Academy. No effort on our part is required to bring Students to our Academy, as nearly all come through the recommendation of old Students. We only ask intending Students to compare the course of tuition and advantages of the Tailor and Cutter Academy, and the success of our Students as compared with other Cutting Schools.

It is, or ought to be, the merest truism to state, that mere systems or theoretic teaching cannot make a student competent for success at the Cutting Board, hence the very large infusion of the practical element in out teaching. Defects in fitting, their causes and remedies are fully discussed and practically illustrated. Our lectures embrace the Art of Trying On, with practical illustrations. The Use and Abuse of Model Patterns are treated in a series of lectures. Practical illustrations are also given in Economy in Cutting—an important branch of cutting not sufficiently studied. Business principles and qualifications also form the subjects of several lectures ; and indeed—as will be seen by the following syllabus—the whole groundwork of an artistic, scientific, and commercial education, covering the whole tailoring trade, is fully illustrated and explained.

Our Cutting Rooms are light, airy, and lofty, while every convenience necessary for health and comfort have been studied. We will now suppose a Student desirous of coming to our Academy to acquire the Art of Cutting ; his first enquiry will be :

Though not in every case, still in many cases, the first question will be one of finance. Where this is a consideration, economy must be studied. There is the railway fare—if the Student is out of London—whatever that may be. A month's tuition will be five pounds, which is payable upon entering upon his studies. Then there is board and lodging. Our accommodation for Students is in the suburbs. Our secretary and chief assistant has, with his wife, the charge of our lodging department. 7/- a week was the old charge for lodging, but as the railway fare amounts to 2/- a week, going to and fro to the office, this has been deducted from the lodging, so that the lodging is 5/-, which with the railway fare is 7/-. As these are matters which will doubtless interest many intending students, we may add further, that Students usually have breakfast and tea at our Students' apartments and Sunday's dinner, and dine on weekdays at one of the convenient places not far from the office. The whole can be done, including washing, for £1 a week. While this provides every necessary, it also involves economy. It includes nothing for getting about sightseeing. For others who go in for a longer period of tuition, and to whom a pound or two is no very special object, no difficulty can be experienced in arranging all such matters.


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and Aliquot Part Finder.

We have now completed arrangements for the supply of the above, and we feel sure it will prove of almost unlimited service to the trade generally, and especially so to the young and aspiring portion of it. As a

Diagram Square

It possesses all the advantages of the ordinary square, with the addition of having one side curved in the same way as a full size trouser stick, so that it can be used for drawing diagrams in precisely the same way as the trouser stick is used for full size patterns. In addition to this it is absolutely unbreakable, being made from brass ; which enables it to be made much thinner, and so be of more use in drawing the lines with greater accuracy, whilst the additional weight of the brass prevents the liability wood has of shifting. On one side it has the

ordinary $1⁄6$ scale, whilst on the other it has a one-twelfth, $1⁄6$,$1⁄8$,$1⁄3$,$1⁄8$,$1⁄4$, scales, from 12 to 24, so that the Student can draw his diagrams to either of these scales, as he may require, and thus do away with the necessity of having a separate square for eaoh scale. As an 3/6 brass; in leather ease 4/-; electro-plated 5/-.

NEW REGISTERED No. 44.

There are in us 3 many different kinds or makes of squares ; but hitherto, none have come up to our idea of what a convenient make of tailors' square ought to be, the common make is a weak jointed, one sided, clumsy kind of a thing, often getting out of the square, and, owing to the weight of useless timber, the joints give way. A few years since, we arranged a square, and had one made for our own private and special use. Students and others have seen the square in use, and expressed a desire to possess a copy of it. We had a number made to oblige oar friends ; no sooner were they seen, than orders for the new make of square came in from many quarters. The square is fast jointed, finished alike on both sides ; and the edges being bevelled will admit of much greater exactness in making the different divisions than is possible by the thick edge of the old make of squares. The short arm is 12 inches long, and the other 21 inches ; the inner edge being nicely curved, which is suited for pleats, waist seam of skirts, and many parts of a garment where the same kind of a curved line is found. For trousers cutting, the new make of square is specially adapted for shaping the seams by a clean free curve ; and in securing a nice front and fork seam. We have made special arrangements with a first-class firm of square makers, which enables us to supply them at a price with in the reach of all. Price 4/6. Postage 3d.

The John Williamson Company Limited,

93 & 94 Drury Lane, London, W C.

This ingenious arrangement is intended to combine the advantages of a set of graduated tapes in one handy instrument, and there is no doubt it answers its purpose admirably. It is arranged so that measuring from a given point you can find the divisions required for every breast measure, to find all the points in every kind of garment, the only variation necessary being that, instead of using the quantities $2 1⁄4$, 3, $4 1⁄2$, 6, 9, 12 and so on, the cutter will have to turn to the divisions marked $1⁄8$, one sixth, $1⁄4$, $1⁄2$, or $2⁄3$ and then mark off opposite the numbers agreeing with the breast measure he's cutting for. Thus practically simplifying the method of graduation very considerably. The square is made of the very best material, and every division marked with the greatest possible care, so that strict accuracy may be fully relied on.

PRICE 7s. 6d. POST FREE


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 felt for William the Silent and his successors. By her utterance at the time of her inauguration Queen Wilhelmina struck a responsive chord in the hearts of her subjects, who saw incarnated in her the spirit of her great ancestor.

It may be here recalled whence the rulers of the Netherlands have derived the name of Orange. The principality of that name was originally situated in the South of France, in what is now the department of Vaucluse, which comprises a portion of the former Comtat-Venaissin and the principality of Orange. The sovereignty of the principality passed to the Nassau family after the death of Philibert de Chalon, who died in 1530, while in the Pope's service, and who had designated as his successor the only son of his eldest sister, Claude, the wife of Henry of Nassau. This youth, René of Nassau, adopted the


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 motto of his uncle, Je maintiendrai. At his death, which took place at the siege of St. Dizier, his vast lands went to his first cousin, William of Nassau. As this boy Prince—for he was only eleven years of age when he came into his inheritance—was thus a personage of importance, both the Emperor Charles V. and the Church considered it important to secure his good graces. Hence it was that Charles V. gave his authority for the acceptance of the inheritance, on condition that the new Prince should be brought up in Brussels and in the Roman Catholic religion. This is how Prince William came to take up his residence in the Netherlands. In 1701 the principality of Orange reverted to France, but the Dutch Princes retained the escutcheon and the motto.

The history of the Netherlands' struggle against Spain has been told by Motley,


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 challenge not be accepted, the one who declines to fight had better leave his native village for ever. To the present day, in Andalusia, the lowest type of people and the gipsies issue the same form of challenge.


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 To the tapperij, the drinking-place, wherein we drink from the tap, in contradistinction to the sluiterij, where we drink from the bottle, do we owe our military “tattoo,” which is none other than tap-toe (the tap is closed), the tattoo being the signal for closing the taps in the public-houses. The seeker after etymologies will find a goldmine in Holland.

Traces there are, of course, of Spanish blood among the Dutch population, and occasionally of Spanish customs. One in particular is to be met with in the villages on the banks of the Lek, or Lower Rhine. There, a man seeking a quarrel with another will plant his knife in the table at which his enemy sits. The knife will be promptly plucked out, and the two will adjourn to the street and attempt to slit each other's cheeks (kaaken snijden). Should the


text:
Page:The Holy Bible, containing the Old & New Testament & the Apocrypha.djvu/1041

XIX] gelim, and went over Jordan with the king, to conduct him over Jordan. Now Barzillai was a very aged man, even fourscore years old: and he had provided the king of sustenance while he lay at Mahanaim; for he was a very great man. And the king said unto Barzillai, Come thou over with me, and I will feed thee with me in Jerusalem. And Barzillai said unto the king. How long have I to live, that I should go up with the king unto Jerusalem? I am this day fourscore years old: and can I discern between good and evil? can thy servant taste what I eat or what I drink? can I hear any more the voice of singing men and singing women? wherefore then should thy servant be yet a burden unto my lord the king? Thy servant will go a little way over Jordan with the king: and why should the king recompense it me with such a reward? Let thy servant, I pray thee, turn back again, that I may die in mine own city, and be buried by the grave of my father and of my mother. But behold thy servant Chimham; let him go over with my lord the king; and do to him what shall seem good unto thee. And the king answered, Chimham shall go over with me, and I will do to him that which shall seem good unto thee: and whatsoever thou shalt require of me, that will I do for thee. And all the people went over Jordan. And when the king was come


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'''TO BE HAD OF THE JOHN WILLIAMSON COMPANY LIMITED, 93 & 94 DRURY LANE, LONDON, W. C.''

Specially suitable for burning Coal, Wood or Charcoal

Patent Smokeless Burners, con-half the amount of an ordinary Gas Stove. No smell, no smoke, no fixing.

LARGEST SIZES TO ORDER.

No fixing, burns any fuel, placed in operation in a few minutes; cost for burning, 11½. per week; will hold 10 irons.

PRICE 37/6.

Larger sizes £2 1 5s., £3 3s,, & £3 15s.

We have made special arrangements with the manufacturer of the finest and most durable Pencil Crayons that are made. The lead is of the best quahty, and the finish, both of the crayon itself and of the wood in which it is encased, is everything that the most fastidious could desire.

Single Crayons 6d.; per doz. 4/6, post free.

The John Williamson Company Limited, 93 & 94 Drury Lane, London, W.C.


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THE The lever pulls the blade quite half an inch back through the cloth during the process of cutting, hereby combining the ordinary action of the Shears with that of a knife.

The best in the market for ease and comfort in cutting; durability, and excelence of finish. Specially manufactured for the "Tailor and Catter" office.

Advantages of the adjustable Level Spring and Bolt:—No more loose bolts ; easily taken apart to clean, or sharpen; adjustable to run tight or loose. Cutting power increased. Require sharpening less often. Edges kept together without pressure on the handles

Having made a special arrangement with Messrs. Heinisch's English representative we are enabled to supply these renowned American Shears and Trimmers at exceptionally low prices. They always give satisfaction.

The John Williamson Company Limited, 93 & 94 Drury Lane, London, W.C.


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Rh over, the king kissed Barzillai, and blessed him; and he returned unto his own place. Then the king went on to Gilgal, and Chimham went on with him: and all the people of Judah conducted the king, and also half the people of Israel.

And, behold, all the men of Israel came to the king, and said unto the king. Why have our brethren the men of Judah stolen thee away, and have brought the king, and his household, and all David's men with him, over Jordan? And all the men of Judah answered the men of Israel, Because the king is near of kin to us: wherefore then be ye angry for this matter? have we eaten at all of the king's cost? or hath he given us any gift? And the men of Israel answered the men of Judah, and said, We have ten parts in the king, and we have also more right in David than ye: why then did ye despise us, that our advice should not be first had in bringing back our king? And the words of the men of Judah were fiercer than the words of the men of Israel.

there happened to be there a man of Belial, whose name was Sheba, the son of Bichri, a Benjamite: and he blew a trumpet, and said. We have no part in David, neither have we inheritance in the son of Jesse: every man to his tents, O Israel. So every man of Israel went up from after David, and followed


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 up the Connecticut River, entered Narragansett Bay, and sailed past Cape Cod as far as Boston Harbour. He gave his name to a large island which he visited, and which is known to the present day as Block Island.

The names of places tell eloquent stories, and indicate fords, castles, dams, havens, and churches; drecht, burg, kerk, bosch, hout, heiden, poort, and haven, are respectively ford, burgh or borough, church, wood, timber, heath, port, and haven. Dordrecht is the “tower of the ford”; Holland, woodland; Het Loo, the grove, the affix loo being found in many other names of places throughout the country and in Belgium—Waterloo, for instance. Veen, or ven, means peat-bog, and is coupled with loo in Venlo; and we find the two words coupled again in Louvain, or Loo-Veen, in Belgium.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/May 1905/Present Problems in Radioactivity


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/May 1905/The Harvard Medical School


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/May 1905/Alpheus Spring Packard


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/May 1905/Organization in Scientific Research


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 times this street was known as Wilgen-Pooten-Straat (the street planted with willows). The word “bowery” is the Dutch bouwerij, or peasant's dwelling. A far-fetched etymology is the one which would derive bouwerij from bos, and make of the boer a cattle-raiser. The Dutch peasant was styled a boer, or “dweller,” long before a distinction was made between the cattle-raiser and the market-gardener.

Americans have, for centuries past, consumed quantities of waffles (wafelen), (krullen), and cookies (koekjes).

From Hindeloopen does Cape Henlopen in Delaware Bay take its name, while Cape May, off the coast of New Jersey, is the namechild of the first European shipbuilder in America, who explored the southern, as Block did the northern, coast of New Netherland. In 1614 Adrian Block went


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/May 1905/The Origin of Species Through Selection Contrasted with their Origin Through the Appearance of Definite Variations


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/May 1905/Galileo III


text: Author:Adriaen Block

title: Author:Adriaen Block


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 whose work is so highly thought of in Holland that it has been translated into the Dutch language, and is used as a textbook in the schools. The story has also been told by the Dutch historian Blok; it is a story of barbaric savagery on the part of the Spaniard, and of sturdy resistance and bloody retaliation on that of the Hollander.

To the present day is the Spaniard execrated throughout Holland, and it avails him not to speak French, with the object of concealing his nationality, which seems to be instinctively divined by the descendants of his ancestors' thousands of victims. Still, it must be recorded that during the war between Spain and the United States of America, Dutch national sentiment was rather with the ancient foe. This may be explained by the fact that the Dutch people felt that a small nation was being


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/May 1905/The Cultivation of Tobacco in the Philippines


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/May 1905/The Progress of Science


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/June 1905/Von Baer and the Rise of Embryology


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/June 1905/Galileo IV


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/June 1905/The Teaching of Logic


text:
Author:Petrus Johannes Blok

Works

 * Editor of Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (New Dutch Biographical Dictionary) (1911-37)
 * Oranje. (1919–1920)
 * Frederik Hendrik. (1924)
 * De Ruyter. (1928)

title: Author:Petrus Johannes Blok


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/June 1905/The Mutations of Lycopersicum


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/June 1905/Biology in the Rocky Mountains


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/June 1905/Plants That Hide from Animals


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/June 1905/The Progress of Science


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 67/July 1905/Recent Discoveries in Heredity and their Bearing on Animal Breeding


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It is now clearly proved that Graduated Tapes as hitherto published, do not produce correct patterns for all sizes of figures, as it is well known that the human form, as it increases is bulk does not increase in the same ratio all over the body. The invention embodied in these tapes meets these requirements. Neither the sizes below 36 nor the sizes larger, are in the same proportion as the 36 breast. The 36 breast graduated to a lad of 30 breast would be too small in the scye and shoulder ; besides the same amount being required for the making up, seams, buttons, &c., there is not tin same space for the garment to give, as all garments do, more or less when buttoned. On the other hand, graduation, pure and simple, applied to the larger figures, such as 42 and 44, produces a garment invariably too large in the scye and shoulders and too small in the breast. To meet this, the exact ratio of increase and decrease has been arrived at in these tapes, after many years of high class experience of measuring thousands of customers.

Postage 3d. extra. Each set of Tapes is accompanied by a

Which includes systems for Coats, Vests and Trousers. This Treatise is a kind of, containing as it does, much useful information in practical cutting. It is sold separately at 1/-, but is given with each set of tapes, without charge.

Are still supplied at The Tailor and Cutter Office. 5s.— 3s. 6d. Postage 3d. extra. These also are accompanied by a Treatise.

These squares are all made of the very finest box wood, and have been specially manufactured for ourselves.

Tailors' Crayons of the very best quality only, box. Free by Parcel Post 9d. extra. Price 2/- per

An adjunct to the Cutting board ranking in value second only to the shears.

A wonderful economiser, for by its means the smallest piece of clay can be used with the power and freedom of a whole cake.

One piece will last three times as long as is usually the case.

Perfectly simple in adjustment, handy in shape, and size, and can easily be carried in the waistcoat pocket. The points of the wheel are entirely protected when not in use and can be brought into action by turning a screw with the finger and thumb.

The wheel in no way interferes with its utility as a crayon-holder.

The price does not exceed that of an ordinary tracing wheel.

It protects the crayon from breakage.

It preserves the crayon from dirt.

It is a safeguard against waste.

It is a security against annoyance.

The Combination Crayon-holder and Tracing Wheel is beautifully finished, the edges being carefully bevelled and the whole highly nickel-plated. It is now being offered at the low price of 2/6, or free by post 2/8. To prevent disappointment order without delay.

The John Williamson Company Limited 93 & 94 Drury Lane, London, W.C.


text: Author:Pieter Adriaanszoon van der Werff


text:
Twenty Years After/Chapter 16

The circumstances that had hastened the return of D'Artagnan to Paris were as follows:

One evening, when Mazarin, according to custom, went to visit the queen, in passing the guard-chamber he heard loud voices; wishing to know on what topic the soldiers were conversing, he approached with his wonted wolf-like step, pushed open the door and put his head close to the chink.

There was a dispute among the guards.

"I tell you," one of them was saying, "that if Coysel predicted that, 'tis as good as true; I know nothing about it, but I have heard say that he's not only an astrologer, but a magician."

"Deuce take it, friend, if he's one of thy friends thou wilt ruin him in saying so."

"Why?"

"Because he may be tried for it."

"Ah! Absurd! They don't burn sorcerers nowadays."

"No? 'Tis not a long time since the late cardinal burnt Urban Grandier, though."

"My friend, Urban Grandier wasn't a sorcerer, he was a learned man. He didn't predict the future, he knew the past -- often a more dangerous thing."

Mazarin nodded an assent, but wishing to know what this prediction was, about which they disputed, he remained in the same place.

"I don't say," resumed the guard, "that Coysel is not a sorcerer, but I say that if his prophecy gets wind, it's a sure way to prevent it's coming true."

"How so?"

"Why, in this way: if Coysel says loud enough for the cardinal to hear him, on such or such a day such a prisoner will escape, 'tis plain that the cardinal will take measures of precaution and that the prisoner will not escape."

"Good Lord!" said another guard, who might have been thought asleep on a bench, but who had lost not a syllable of the conversation, "Do you suppose that men can escape their destiny? If it is written yonder, in Heaven, that the Duc de Beaufort is to escape, he will escape; and all the precautions of the cardinal will not prevent it."

Mazarin started. He was an Italian and therefore superstitious. He walked straight into the midst of the guards, who on seeing him were silent.

"What were you saying?" he asked with his flattering manner; "That Monsieur de Beaufort had escaped, were you not?"

"Oh, no, my lord!" said the incredulous soldier. "He's well guarded now; we only said he would escape."

"Who said so?"

"Repeat your story, Saint Laurent," replied the man, turning to the originator of the tale.

"My lord," said the guard, "I have simply mentioned the prophecy I heard from a man named Coysel, who believes that, be he ever so closely watched and guarded, the Duke of Beaufort will escape before Whitsuntide."

"Coysel is a madman!" returned the cardinal.

"No," replied the soldier, tenacious in his credulity; "he has foretold many things which have come to pass; for instance, that the queen would have a son; that Monsieur Coligny would be killed in a duel with the Duc de Guise; and finally, that the coadjutor would be made cardinal. Well! the queen has not only one son, but two; then, Monsieur de Coligny was killed, and "

"Yes," said Mazarin, "but the coadjutor is not yet made cardinal!"

"No, my lord, but he will be," answered the guard.

Mazarin made a grimace, as if he meant to say, "But he does not wear the cardinal's cap;" then he added:

"So, my friend, it's your opinion that Monsieur de Beaufort will escape?"

"That's my idea, my lord; and if your eminence were to offer to make me at this moment governor of the castle of Vincennes, I should refuse it. After Whitsuntide it would be another thing."

There is nothing so convincing as a firm conviction. It has its own effect upon the most incredulous; and far from being incredulous, Mazarin was superstitious. He went away thoughtful and anxious and returned to his own room, where he summoned Bernouin and desired him to fetch thither in the morning the special guard he had placed over Monsieur de Beaufort and to awaken him whenever he should arrive.

The guard had, in fact, touched the cardinal in the tenderest point. During the whole five years in which the Duc de Beaufort had been in prison not a day had passed in which the cardinal had not felt a secret dread of his escape. It was not possible, as he knew well, to confine for the whole of his life the grandson of Henry IV., especially when this young prince was scarcely thirty years of age. But however and whensoever he did escape, what hatred he must cherish against him to whom he owed his long imprisonment; who had taken him, rich, brave, glorious, beloved by women, feared by men, to cut off his life's best, happiest years; for it is not life, it is merely existence, in prison! Meantime, Mazarin redoubled his surveillance over the duke. But like the miser in the fable, he could not sleep for thinking of his treasure. Often he awoke in the night, suddenly, dreaming that he had been robbed of Monsieur de Beaufort. Then he inquired about him and had the vexation of hearing that the prisoner played, drank, sang, but that whilst playing, drinking, singing, he often stopped short to vow that Mazarin should pay dear for all the amusements he had forced him to enter into at Vincennes.

So much did this one idea haunt the cardinal even in his sleep, that when at seven in the morning Bernouin came to arouse him, his first words were: "Well, what's the matter? Has Monsieur de Beaufort escaped from Vincennes?"

"I do not think so, my lord," said Bernouin; "but you will hear about him, for La Ramee is here and awaits the commands of your eminence."

"Tell him to come in," said Mazarin, arranging his pillows, so that he might receive the visitor sitting up in bed.

The officer entered, a large fat man, with an open physiognomy. His air of perfect serenity made Mazarin uneasy.

"Approach, sir," said the cardinal.

The officer obeyed.

"Do you know what they are saying here?"

"No, your eminence."

"Well, they say that Monsieur de Beaufort is going to escape from Vincennes, if he has not done so already."

The officer's face expressed complete stupefaction. He opened at once his little eyes and his great mouth, to inhale better the joke his eminence deigned to address to him, and ended by a burst of laughter, so violent that his great limbs shook in hilarity as they would have done in an ague.

"Escape! My lord -- escape! Your eminence does not then know where Monsieur de Beaufort is?"

"Yes, I do, sir; in the donjon of Vincennes."

"Yes, sir; in a room, the walls of which are seven feet thick, with grated windows, each bar as thick as my arm."

"Sir," replied Mazarin, "with perseverance one may penetrate through a wall; with a watch-spring one may saw through an iron bar."

"Then my lord does not know that there are eight guards about him, four in his chamber, four in the antechamber, and that they never leave him."

"But he leaves his room, he plays at tennis at the Mall?"

"Sir, those amusements are allowed; but if your eminence wishes it, we will discontinue the permission."

"No, no!" cried Mazarin, fearing that should his prisoner ever leave his prison he would be the more exasperated against him if he thus retrenched his amusement. He then asked with whom he played.

"My lord, either with the officers of the guard, with the other prisoners, or with me."

"But does he not approach the walls while playing?"

"Your eminence doesn't know those walls; they are sixty feet high and I doubt if Monsieur de Beaufort is sufficiently weary of life to risk his neck by jumping off."

"Hum!" said the cardinal, beginning to feel more comfortable. "You mean to say, then, my dear Monsieur la Ramee "

"That unless Monsieur de Beaufort can contrive to metamorphose himself into a little bird, I will continue answerable for him."

"Take care! You assert a great deal," said Mazarin. "Monsieur de Beaufort told the guards who took him to Vincennes that he had often thought what he should do in case he were put into prison, and that he had found out forty ways of escaping."

"My lord, if among these forty there had been one good way he would have been out long ago."

"Come, come; not such a fool as I fancied!" thought Mazarin.

"Besides, my lord must remember that Monsieur de Chavigny is governor of Vincennes," continued La Ramee, "and that Monsieur de Chavigny is not friendly to Monsieur de Beaufort."

"Yes, but Monsieur de Chavigny is sometimes absent."

"When he is absent I am there."

"But when you leave him, for instance?"

"Oh! When I leave him, I place in my stead a bold fellow who aspires to be his majesty's special guard. I promise you he keeps a good watch over the prisoner. During the three weeks that he has been with me, I have only had to reproach him with one thing -- being too severe with the prisoners."

"And who is this Cerberus?"

"A certain Monsieur Grimaud, my lord."

"And what was he before he went to Vincennes?"

"He was in the country, as I was told by the person who recommended him to me."

"And who recommended this man to you?"

"The steward of the Duc de Grammont."

"He is not a gossip, I hope?"

"Lord a mercy, my lord! I thought for a long time that he was dumb; he answers only by signs. It seems his former master accustomed him to that."

"Well, dear Monsieur la Ramee," replied the cardinal "let him prove a true and thankful keeper and we will shut our eyes upon his rural misdeeds and put on his back a uniform to make him respectable, and in the pockets of that uniform some pistoles to drink to the king's health."

Mazarin was large in promises, -- quite unlike the virtuous Monsieur Grimaud so bepraised by La Ramee; for he said nothing and did much.

It was now nine o'clock. The cardinal, therefore, got up, perfumed himself, dressed, and went to the queen to tell her what had detained him. The queen, who was scarcely less afraid of Monsieur de Beaufort than the cardinal himself, and who was almost as superstitious as he was, made him repeat word for word all La Ramee's praises of his deputy. Then, when the cardinal had ended:

"Alas, sir! Why have we not a Grimaud near every prince?"

"Patience!" replied Mazarin, with his Italian smile; "That may happen one day; but in the meantime "

"Well, in the meantime?"

"I shall still take precautions."

And he wrote to D'Artagnan to hasten his return.

title: Twenty Years After/Chapter 16


text: Author:Francisco de Valdez

title: Author:Francisco de Valdez


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 swallowed up by a larger one, a fate they dread.

There is hardly a city in the Netherlands which does not call forth grim recollections. To be besieged was for many years a matter of course for Dutch cities. These sieges gave birth to heroes. In 1573 Leyden was besieged by Valdez, the Spanish General, and defended by Van der Voes and Adrian van der Werf, the Burgomaster who, to those who suggested surrender, replied: “My own fate is indifferent to me; not so of the city entrusted to my care. I know that we shall starve if not soon relieved, but starvation is preferable to the dishonoured death which is the only alternative. Your menaces move me not. My life is at your disposal. Here is my sword; plunge it into my breast, and divide my flesh among you. Take my body to appease your hunger, but expect no surrender so long as I am alive.”


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Van der Voes
Not to let facts get in the way of a rollicking tale, I cannot find anything about this person except of the oft-repeated phrase to the effect "he was a valiant man, and a renowned Latin poet." Can anybody please throw some light upon the real person? MODCHK (talk) 04:00, 2 January 2013 (UTC)


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Twenty Years After/Chapter 17

The captive who was the source of so much alarm to the cardinal and whose means of escape disturbed the repose of the whole court, was wholly unconscious of the terror he caused at the Palais Royal.

He had found himself so strictly guarded that he soon perceived the fruitlessness of any attempt at escape. His vengeance, therefore, consisted in coining curses on the head of Mazarin; he even tried to make some verses on him, but soon gave up the attempt, for Monsieur de Beaufort had not only not received from Heaven the gift of versifying, he had the greatest difficulty in expressing himself in prose.

The duke was the grandson of Henry VI. and Gabrielle d'Estrees -- as good-natured, as brave, as proud, and above all, as Gascon as his ancestor, but less elaborately educated. After having been for some time after the death of Louis XIII. the favorite, the confidant, the first man, in short, at the court, he had been obliged to yield his place to Mazarin and so became the second in influence and favor; and eventually, as he was stupid enough to be vexed at this change of position, the queen had had him arrested and sent to Vincennes in charge of Guitant, who made his appearance in these pages in the beginning of this history and whom we shall see again. It is understood, of course, that when we say "the queen," Mazarin is meant.

During the five years of this seclusion, which would have improved and matured the intellect of any other man, M. de Beaufort, had he not affected to brave the cardinal, despise princes, and walk alone without adherents or disciples, would either have regained his liberty or made partisans. But these considerations never occurred to the duke and every day the cardinal received fresh accounts of him which were as unpleasant as possible to the minister.

After having failed in poetry, Monsieur de Beaufort tried drawing. He drew portraits, with a piece of coal, of the cardinal; and as his talents did not enable him to produce a very good likeness, he wrote under the picture that there might be little doubt regarding the original: "Portrait of the Illustrious Coxcomb, Mazarin." Monsieur de Chavigny, the governor of Vincennes, waited upon the duke to request that he would amuse himself in some other way, or that at all events, if he drew likenesses, he would not put mottoes underneath them. The next day the prisoner's room was full of pictures and mottoes. Monsieur de Beaufort, in common with many other prisoners, was bent upon doing things that were prohibited; and the only resource the governor had was, one day when the duke was playing at tennis, to efface all these drawings, consisting chiefly of profiles. M. de Beaufort did not venture to draw the cardinal's fat face.

The duke thanked Monsieur de Chavigny for having, as he said, cleaned his drawing-paper for him; he then divided the walls of his room into compartments and dedicated each of these compartments to some incident in Mazarin's life. In one was depicted the "Illustrious Coxcomb" receiving a shower of blows from Cardinal Bentivoglio, whose servant he had been; another, the "Illustrious Mazarin" acting the part of Ignatius Loyola in a tragedy of that name; a third, the "Illustrious Mazarin" stealing the portfolio of prime minister from Monsieur de Chavigny, who had expected to have it; a fourth, the "Illustrious Coxcomb Mazarin" refusing to give Laporte, the young king's valet, clean sheets, and saving that "it was quite enough for the king of France to have clean sheets every three months."

The governor, of course, thought proper to threaten his prisoner that if he did not give up drawing such pictures he should be obliged to deprive him of all the means of amusing himself in that manner. To this Monsieur de Beaufort replied that since every opportunity of distinguishing himself in arms was taken from him, he wished to make himself celebrated in the arts; since he could not be a Bayard, he would become a Raphael or a Michael Angelo. Nevertheless, one day when Monsieur de Beaufort was walking in the meadow his fire was put out, his charcoal all removed, taken away; and thus his means of drawing utterly destroyed.

The poor duke swore, fell into a rage, yelled, and declared that they wished to starve him to death as they had starved the Marechal Ornano and the Grand Prior of Vendome; but he refused to promise that he would not make any more drawings and remained without any fire in the room all the winter.

His next act was to purchase a dog from one of his keepers. With this animal, which he called Pistache, he was often shut up for hours alone, superintending, as every one supposed, its education. At last, when Pistache was sufficiently well trained, Monsieur de Beaufort invited the governor and officers of Vincennes to attend a representation which he was going to have in his apartment

The party assembled, the room was lighted with waxlights, and the prisoner, with a bit of plaster he had taken out of the wall of his room, had traced a long white line, representing a cord, on the floor. Pistache, on a signal from his master, placed himself on this line, raised himself on his hind paws, and holding in his front paws a wand with which clothes used to be beaten, he began to dance upon the line with as many contortions as a rope-dancer. Having been several times up and down it, he gave the wand back to his master and began without hesitation to perform the same evolutions over again.

The intelligent creature was received with loud applause.

The first part of the entertainment being concluded Pistache was desired to say what o'clock it was; he was shown Monsieur de Chavigny's watch; it was then half-past six; the dog raised and dropped his paw six times; the seventh he let it remain upraised. Nothing could be better done; a sun-dial could not have shown the hour with greater precision.

Then the question was put to him who was the best jailer in all the prisons in France.

The dog performed three evolutions around the circle and laid himself, with the deepest respect, at the feet of Monsieur de Chavigny, who at first seemed inclined to like the joke and laughed long and loud, but a frown succeeded, and he bit his lips with vexation.

Then the duke put to Pistache this difficult question, who was the greatest thief in the world?

Pistache went again around the circle, but stopped at no one, and at last went to the door and began to scratch and bark.

"See, gentlemen," said M. de Beaufort, "this wonderful animal, not finding here what I ask for, seeks it out of doors; you shall, however, have his answer. Pistache, my friend, come here. Is not the greatest thief in the world, Monsieur (the king's secretary) Le Camus, who came to Paris with twenty francs in his pocket and who now possesses ten millions?"

The dog shook his head.

"Then is it not," resumed the duke, "the Superintendent Emery, who gave his son, when he was married, three hundred thousand francs and a house, compared to which the Tuileries are a heap of ruins and the Louvre a paltry building?"

The dog again shook his head as if to say "no."

"Then," said the prisoner, "let's think who it can be. Can it be, can it possibly be, the `Illustrious Coxcomb, Mazarin de Piscina,' hey?"

Pistache made violent signs that it was, by raising and lowering his head eight or ten times successively.

"Gentlemen, you see," said the duke to those present, who dared not even smile, "that it is the `Illustrious Coxcomb' who is the greatest thief in the world; at least, according to Pistache."

"Let us go on to another of his exercises."

"Gentlemen!" -- there was a profound silence in the room when the duke again addressed them -- "Do you not remember that the Duc de Guise taught all the dogs in Paris to jump for Mademoiselle de Pons, whom he styled `the fairest of the fair?' Pistache is going to show you how superior he is to all other dogs. Monsieur de Chavigny, be so good as to lend me your cane."

Monsieur de Chavigny handed his cane to Monsieur de Beaufort. Monsieur de Beaufort placed it horizontally at the height of one foot.

"Now, Pistache, my good dog, jump the height of this cane for Madame de Montbazon."

"But," interposed Monsieur de Chavigny, "it seems to me that Pistache is only doing what other dogs have done when they jumped for Mademoiselle de Pons."

"Stop," said the duke, "Pistache, jump for the queen." And he raised his cane six inches higher.

The dog sprang, and in spite of the height jumped lightly over it.

"And now," said the duke, raising it still six inches higher, "jump for the king."

The dog obeyed and jumped quickly over the cane.

"Now, then," said the duke, and as he spoke, lowered the cane almost level with the ground; "Pistache, my friend, jump for the `Illustrious Coxcomb, Mazarin de Piscina.'"

The dog turned his back to the cane.

"What," asked the duke, "what do you mean?" and he gave him the cane again, first making a semicircle from the head to the tail of Pistache. "Jump then, Monsieur Pistache."

But Pistache, as at first, turned round on his legs and stood with his back to the cane.

Monsieur de Beaufort made the experiment a third time, but by this time Pistache's patience was exhausted; he threw himself furiously upon the cane, wrested it from the hands of the prince and broke it with his teeth.

Monsieur de Beaufort took the pieces out of his mouth and presented them with great formality to Monsieur de Chavigny, saying that for that evening the entertainment was ended, but in three months it should be repeated, when Pistache would have learned a few new tricks.

Three days afterward Pistache was found dead -- poisoned.

Then the duke said openly that his dog had been killed by a drug with which they meant to poison him; and one day after dinner he went to bed, calling out that he had pains in his stomach and that Mazarin had poisoned him.

This fresh impertinence reached the ears of the cardinal and alarmed him greatly. The donjon of Vincennes was considered very unhealthy and Madame de Rambouillet had said that the room in which the Marechal Ornano and the Grand Prior de Vendome had died was worth its weight in arsenic -- a bon mot which had great success. So it was ordered the prisoner was henceforth to eat nothing that had not previously been tasted, and La Ramee was in consequence placed near him as taster.

Every kind of revenge was practiced upon the duke by the governor in return for the insults of the innocent Pistache. De Chavigny, who, according to report, was a son of Richelieu's, and had been a creature of the late cardinal's, understood tyranny. He took from the duke all the steel knives and silver forks and replaced them with silver knives and wooden forks, pretending that as he had been informed that the duke was to pass all his life at Vincennes, he was afraid of his prisoner attempting suicide. A fortnight afterward the duke, going to the tennis court, found two rows of trees about the size of his little finger planted by the roadside; he asked what they were for and was told that they were to shade him from the sun on some future day. One morning the gardener went to him and told him, as if to please him, that he was going to plant a bed of asparagus for his especial use. Now, since, as every one knows, asparagus takes four years in coming to perfection, this civility infuriated Monsieur de Beaufort.

At last his patience was exhausted. He assembled his keepers, and notwithstanding his well-known difficulty of utterance, addressed them as follows:

"Gentlemen! Will you permit a grandson of Henry IV. to be overwhelmed with insults and ignominy?

"Odds fish! As my grandfather used to say, I once reigned in Paris! Do you know that? I had the king and Monsieur the whole of one day in my care. The queen at that time liked me and called me the most honest man in the kingdom. Gentlemen and citizens, set me free; I shall go to the Louvre and strangle Mazarin. You shall be my body-guard. I will make you all captains, with good pensions! Odds fish! On! March forward!"

But eloquent as he might be, the eloquence of the grandson of Henry IV. did not touch those hearts of stone; not one man stirred, so Monsieur de Beaufort was obliged to be satisfied with calling them all kinds of rascals underneath the sun.

Sometimes, when Monsieur de Chavigny paid him a visit, the duke used to ask him what he should think if he saw an army of Parisians, all fully armed, appear at Vincennes to deliver him from prison.

"My lord," answered De Chavigny, with a low bow, "I have on the ramparts twenty pieces of artillery and in my casemates thirty thousand guns. I should bombard the troops till not one grain of gunpowder was unexploded."

"Yes, but after you had fired off your thirty thousand guns they would take the donjon; the donjon being taken, I should be obliged to let them hang you -- at which I should be most unhappy, certainly."

And in his turn the duke bowed low to Monsieur de Chavigny.

"For myself, on the other hand, my lord," returned the governor, "when the first rebel should pass the threshold of my postern doors I should be obliged to kill you with my own hand, since you were confided peculiarly to my care and as I am obliged to give you up, dead or alive."

And once more he bowed low before his highness.

These bitter-sweet pleasantries lasted ten minutes, sometimes longer, but always finished thus:

Monsieur de Chavigny, turning toward the door, used to call out: "Halloo! La Ramee!"

La Ramee came into the room.

"La Ramee, I recommend Monsieur le Duc to you, particularly; treat him as a man of his rank and family ought to be treated; that is, never leave him alone an instant."

La Ramee became, therefore, the duke's dinner guest by compulsion -- an eternal keeper, the shadow of his person; but La Ramee -- gay, frank, convivial, fond of play, a great hand at tennis, had one defect in the duke's eyes -- his incorruptibility.

Now, although La Ramee appreciated, as of a certain value, the honor of being shut up with a prisoner of so great importance, still the pleasure of living in intimacy with the grandson of Henry IV. hardly compensated for the loss of that which he had experienced in going from time to time to visit his family.

One may be a jailer or a keeper and at the same time a good father and husband. La Ramee adored his wife and children, whom now he could only catch a glimpse of from the top of the wall, when in order to please him they used to walk on the opposite side of the moat. 'Twas too brief an enjoyment, and La Ramee felt that the gayety of heart he had regarded as the cause of health (of which it was perhaps rather the result) would not long survive such a mode of life.

He accepted, therefore, with delight, an offer made to him by his friend the steward of the Duc de Grammont, to give him a substitute; he also spoke of it to Monsieur de Chavigny, who promised that he would not oppose it in any way -- that is, if he approved of the person proposed.

We consider it useless to draw a physical or moral portrait of Grimaud; if, as we hope, our readers have not wholly forgotten the first part of this work, they must have preserved a clear idea of that estimable individual, who is wholly unchanged, except that he is twenty years older, an advance in life that has made him only more silent; although, since the change that had been working in himself, Athos had given Grimaud permission to speak.

But Grimaud had for twelve or fifteen years preserved habitual silence, and a habit of fifteen or twenty years' duration becomes second nature.

title: Twenty Years After/Chapter 17


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title: Author:Lodewijk van Boisot


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 HE task which I have taken upon myself this morning, or perhaps it would be more correct to say, which circumstances impose upon me, is, I feel it, a difficult one. I do not refer to the fact that the term of office for which I was elected and accepted the position of Lecturer in this congregation, being about to expire, and having declined a re-election, I stand here for the last time in my official capacity. It was for very definite reasons that I accepted the trust when, without the least solicitation on my part, it was offered me, and it is for equally definite reasons that I now feel myself impelled to relinquish it. Except to give expression to the natural pang of regret one feels at severing any relations which have been of a pleasant nature, and to the promptings of appreciation towards those who have harbored the very best of intentions, this is not a subject to be touched upon here. But it would be an injustice both to you and myself were I to part without indicating, as clearly and plainly as I can, my views on a subject in which we are all, no matter where we stand, interested, if not concerned—one that surely needs all the light that can be thrown upon it, from whatever quarter it comes—namely, Jews and Judaism, or, more precisely, the relation in which the two stand to one another. It is to this task that I have reference, and you will agree with me that to speak of Jews and Judaism is a difficult task. It is also a delicate one, and were it not that it would be more than cowardly to shrink from a duty, no matter how difficult and delicate it be, I would probably not have chosen to discuss this subject from this spot. Naturally, the views which I am about to unfold will not be shared—at least in their entirety—by the honored leader of this congregation, but this is, if anything, one reason more why there should be no doubt as to my own position, and the close personal relation in which I stand to your guide raises this duty to a necessity. The esteem in which he stands he has gained for himself through his sincerity


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 William of Orange had enjoined upon the Leydeners to hold out for three months, as Holland's destiny lay in their hands; they responded to his appeal. Finally, he resolved to inundate the surrounding country. The dikes were broken in sixty places, while the sluice-gates of Rotterdam and Gouda were opened, when Dutch ships under Admiral Boisot sailed to the rescue of the beleaguered city, massacred the Spaniards, and the Dutch entered Leyden. William heard the good news while in church at Delft, proceeded to Leyden, and, as a reward for its citizens' more than heroic resistance, gave them the choice between immunity from certain taxes and the establishment of a University. The Leydeners chose the latter.

Among many of the heroes engendered by the war was John Haring, of Hoorn, the Dutch Horatius. It was in 1572, a


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 year memorable in the annals of sieges, that De Bossu was fighting De Sonoy, off the Y, at the beginning of the siege of Haarlem. John Haring planted himself upon the dike at a point where it was so narrow that two men could hardly stand abreast. He held in check one thousand of the enemy, to enable his countrymen to rally, but in vain; all his efforts merely assisted their retreat in good order. John Haring distinguished himself again at the siege of his native city, when the Spanish Admiral De Bossu was defeated by Cornelius Dirkszoon, and imprisoned in the city for three years. John Haring's part in the battle consisted in clambering aboard the Inquisition, the Spanish flagship, and hauling down her colours. This deed of bravery cost the humble hero his life. Quaint old Hoorn, be it said en passant, also saw the birth of Willem Schouten, who discovered


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 the passage round the headland known as Cape Horn, and gave the latter the name of his native city. Another Hoorner's name, Abel Tasman, lives in Tasmania; he discovered both that island and New Zealand.

Reference has been made to the death of three of William the Silent's brothers on the battlefield. Two of them, Counts Louis and Henry of Nassau, were defeated and slain by the Spaniards at Mook, a tiny place in Limburg, on the heath of Mook, in 1574. Gallantly they rode in a desperate charge into the ranks of the enemy, never to be seen again. For centuries has the name of the locality served as a curse. A Dutchman will wish another on the Mookerheide: “Ik wou dat hij op de Mookerheide zat” (“I wish you were on the heath of Mook”).

To resume, in chronological order, this


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 brief survey of Holland's history. After years of strenuous fighting, the Utrecht Union, the famous defensive league of the Northern Netherlands, was formed in 1579, and in 1581 the States-General threw off their allegiance to the Spanish Crown. In 1584 William the Silent was foully done to death, and the year following his son Maurice was elected Stadhouder, and was succeeded at his death by his brother Frederick Henry (1625-1647). The latter died shortly before the peace of Westphalia, by which the independence of the United States of the Netherlands was formally recognized, and was succeeded by his son William. On his death in 1650 the reins of government were entrusted to the Grand Pensionary, John de Witt. During his term of office the Netherlands were invaded by Louis XIV. of France, who overran the country without encountering


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 much resistance. The people, believing that they had been betrayed, broke into a rebellion, and murdered John de Witt and his brother Cornelis. Prince William, afterwards of England (William III. of Holland), thereupon was elected Stadhouder, when the French were defeated, with the aid of the Elector of Brandenburg and the Spanish troops, and the war was at last terminated by the peace of Nijmwegen in 1678. William married Mary, daughter of the Duke of York, afterwards King James II. of England. In 1689 he was elected King by Parliament, retaining at the same time the office of Stadhouder of the Netherlands. The rest of his reign belongs to English history, and it remains but to be said that the united fleets of England and Holland defeated the French off La Hogue, and that the peace of Rijswijk forced the French King to restore


text: Author:Hugh John Belfour

title: Author:Hugh John Belfour


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 a considerable part of his conquests. Holland's history subsequent to this period is of little interest. In 1795 the French Republic's troops invaded the country and created the Batavian Republic, and a few years later, in 1810, Napoleon annexed Holland to his Empire. The French were driven out of the Netherlands by the Dutch, aided by Russia and Prussia, when the Prince of Orange, son of William V., the last Stadhouder, who died in exile in 1806, ascended the throne of Holland as an independent Sovereign, He was created King of the Netherlands (Belgium and Holland) by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, under the title of William I. The bond was severed by the Revolution of 1830. He abdicated ten years later, and was succeeded by his son, William Frederick of Orange, who had fought under the Prussian flag during the Napoleonic wars;


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 he was wounded at Auerstädt, and he again fought at Waterloo with the Dutch-Belgian Legion. William II. was succeeded by William III. in 1849. The latter was the father of Queen Wilhelmina, and at his death, in 1890, the male line of the House of Nassau-Orange became extinct. During the minority of the Queen, her mother, Queen Emma, the King's second wife, acted as Regent. The heir to the Dutch Crown is Princess Juliana, born on April 30, 1909.

Besides the explorers already named, the record must be preserved of Barentz and Heemskerk, who discovered Novaya Zemblya, and whose fortitude has been immortalized by the Dutch poet Tollens.

“Dutch courage” is of the best, and when the Hollander sings his National Anthem, “Voor Vaderland en Vorst” (“For Fatherland and Prince”), he may


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 and absolute fidelity to his convictions, and I am sure he would think less of any of his kin were he or she to do aught but follow in turn the dictates of conscience. It is neither a wrong, shame or misfortune for a son to differ from his father, either in matters of religion or anything else; but it is a wrong, shame and misfortune if this be the case, not to say so. I have never concealed, neither before nor after accepting the position in this congregation, my views, as little as I have endeavored to press them upon you. But I have striven when, on former occasions, I felt obliged to give expression to them, to do so in a reverent and respectful spirit. and I shall endeavor to do so this morning.

"The state of Judaism," it has lately been said, "calls for reflection, not for condemnation." That it presents problems, serious and weighty problems, to earnest and thinking minds can only be questioned or denied by those unaccustomed to or incapable of serious and earnest thought. Nor can the discussion of these problems be evaded if we desire to obtain, either for our own peace of soul or for a larger circle, a satisfactory solution of them. The breaking out of divisions is, no doubt, to be regretted, and I for one can well understand the voices raised, which appeal for unity and the urgent calls to bury differences for the sake of peace. But it is a serious error to mistake stillness for harmony, calm for peace, silence for acquiescence. Not only is there a stillness "as of death," and a calm foreboding a storm, there is also a silence, which springs from an indifference due to a feeling of despair or disgust, and not an indifference due to a lack of interest. It is one of the most hopeful signs of the present that cold indifference to religious affairs is yielding slowly, but I believe gradually, not only among the Jews—who but reﬂect the spirit of the times in this respect—but in general to a recognition that we cannot afford to regard with indifference a matter which involves our own present and the future of our children. But it is necessary to distinguish between controversy and discussion, between wrangling quarrels and calm debates. People are tired and very naturally so of the never-ending quarrels about unimportant trifles. while the main


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42 This sum would be available as follows:—

It is now important to inquire whether £50,000 will suffice for the municipal needs of Garden City.


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 give proud expression to the words, “Wien Ne'erlandsch bloed door d'aderen vloeit, van vreemde smetten vrij” (“Those in whose veins the Netherlands blood flows free from foreign taint”); for it is blood that has told in the past, tells in the present, and will assuredly continue to tell in the future. It has told against the Germanic races, the Romans, the Franks, the Danes, the Normans, and the Spaniards; in Java, Sumatra, the East and West Indies, New Netherland, Japan, Brazil, Guiana, the Cape of Good Hope, and New York; it has in days past worsted England on the sea, resisted the Grand Monarque, and at one time made of the Dutch one of the three Great Powers of the day.

It is generally believed that a knowledge of German will enable one to get on in Holland, but such is far from being the case. Although the Dutch and German


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 languages possess much that is in common, the pronunciations and the spellings are at variance. It is only the student who will notice the similarity between loopen and laufen (to run), and lepel and Löffel (a spoon), while English people must not too literally translate as the equivalents of words in their own language such words as tot, coster, baker, golf, pink, met, and blazer, for their Dutch signification is till or until, sexton, nurse, wave, sailing-smack, with, and blusterer, or blow-hard. These to give only a few illustrations. With regard to the matter of pronunciation, the Dutch g presents the same difficulty as to pronunciation as the Spanish letter j. An excellent exercise for those who wish to master this difficulty is to repeat the following line:

“Grietje, gooi geen goeje groente in de gracht”—i.e., “Maggie, do not throw any


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 good vegetables into the canal.” An Arab or a Spaniard can doubtless master this stumbling-block in Dutch pronunciation, but it is doubtful whether an Englishman will succeed.

A few words of Dutch may here be given for the benefit of English-speaking cyclists, who will frequently come across sign-boards bearing the words “Gevaarlijke helling,” which do not mean that the road leads to Hades, but merely “dangerous slope”; “Bondsrijwiel hersteller” are Cyclists' Touring Union repairers, while the amateur photographer will readily recognize “dark chamber” in its equivalent “donkere kamer,” provided he has the merest smattering of German. Both English and Dutch hail a cat as “puss,” the Dutch spelling the word poes, which is pronounced in the same fashion, and is an imitative word, from the noise of the cat spitting.


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 Americans will find much to interest them, if they will take note of the names of places, many of which are to be met with in their country, some of them having become family names. Nordyke, to give an example, is in Dutch Noordijk, the North Dike. Roosevelt, Cortlandt, Van-dam, and many other names, are clearly of Dutch origin, while Stuyvesant will recall New Amsterdam's grim old Governor, with his silver-encased stump, Piet Stuyvesant. Should the New Yorker have a taste for the beauties of etymology, he will deplore the fact that somebody changed “Helle Gat” (“beautiful pass or outlet”) into “Hell Gate;” but he and the Londoner must not be deceived into believing that Lange-Straat is a “long” street, for it is named after the Huguenot family of De Lange. This does not apply to Lange Pooten, the principal street in The Hague. In olden


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 issue is not brought forward. They have grown weary of the perpetual bickerings and sneers, of the imputing of dishonorable motives to opponents, of the haughty tone which declares, "I alone am right and you are altogether wrong." And what is saddest of all, during all this time most precious opportunities are lost. Such methods remind one forcibly of the story told of the hunters, who were discussing the qualities of the deer they hoped to catch. While they were quarrelling among themselves, the deer whizzed by and—out of sight. Some years ago, in speaking of Jews and Judaism, we could still point to the rising generation of American Jews and paint in vivid colors the hopes we placed in them. That generation has risen and is before us. It will not do to console ourselves by putting off our hopes to a still further future. It is with the present that we have to deal. Earnest discussion, however, and calm debate is always in place, is what we sadly need to-day, and is in itself already a contribution towards that positive work, which we ought ever to have in view. It is in this sense—not in a spirit of controversy, which is utterly repugnant to me, but in the hope that my words may aid to some extent, however small, in clearing the situation that I now ask the question, of what nature are the differences that divide Jews to-day, for that behind all that we see going on around us there lurk differences however concealed they may be through quarrels and controversies, so admirably adapted to hide the real issue, no one can, no one will doubt?

I include under the term Jew not only those who have identified themselves with any synagogue or congregation, or who take a more or less active part in charitable and other institutions founded by Jews—a very important part of religion—but all those who lay claim, by the mere accident of birth, to the name. This definition is not without its importance, for it warns us not to put a too narrow interpretation upon the term. The same warning applies to the use of the word Judaism. There is of course, as we shall presently see, such a thing as a too wide interpretation of it, but there is also a too narrow interpretation,and while we should


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 Formerly, each town had its own standard time, while the railways and post-offices made use of Greenwich time, a system which was somewhat confusing, the other clocks being twenty minutes ahead of that time. Now, however, Amsterdam time, which is nineteen minutes ahead of that of Greenwich, has been uniformly adopted thoughoutthroughout [sic] the Netherlands.


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 centre. It was introduced there by Portuguese Jews after the sack of Antwerp in 1576, but its great development dates from about the middle of the nineteenth century. There are now some seventy factories, employing about 12,000 operatives. Visitors are allowed to visit some of these works on payment of a small fee, and, in some cases, if properly vouched for by some well-known resident.

The cultivation of bulbs is carried on on an extensive scale, and in days gone by the tulip had about it a halo of romance, and gave rise to as frantic speculations as were witnessed in the days of the South Sea Bubble. Then followed the inevitable crash, and to-day the Dutchman cultivates the beautiful flower as others do the potato, and without any vision of producing a “black tulip.” This “philosopher's stone” in the realm of tulipdom remains to be


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 eggs which come into the English market are of high quality.

Of Dutch butter, more than 12,000 tons come to this country every year; while Germany buys even more, in spite of the heavy import duty. The position of Dutch butter on the English market is strongly assured, and is steadily gaining strength. Belgium, too, takes more than 5,000 tons. The principal reason why Germany and Belgium are such strong competitors for Dutch butter is that those countries have been quick to recognize the great importance of the Dutch control system. Some years ago Dutch exporters had great trouble in combating the adulteration of the article, but since the control system has been established the exportation of doubtful butter has been stopped altogether. Under this system of control every parcel of butter bears on the


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 itself a Government label, as a guarantee of its purity. Friesland is a great manufacturer of butter, Leeuwarden and Bolswaard being its principal market-towns. Ever since the butter industry in Holland was developed upon the lines adopted by Denmark, the Dutch butter has become more and more independent of the English markets, as, owing to the favourable geographical position occupied by Holland, it can supply Germany and Belgium on very favourable terms. The creameries of the Netherlands are computed to have an output of more than 40,000 tons of butter, of which 30,000 tons are exported.

Of some 55,000 tons of cheese exported from Holland, the greater part goes, in not very unequal proportions, to the United Kingdom, Belgium, and Germany. Edam, Gouda, and Friesland are the principal


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 cheese centres. The original and well-known Edam cheese—i.e., that made in North Holland—still maintains its high reputation, as does also the old style of farmers' Gouda, made in South Holland. Alkmaar, Hoorn, Purmerend, Medemblik, and Enkhuizen, all possess cheese-markets.

Edam may naturally be selected as the cheese-market par excellence; hence a description of what is really a gay and picturesque scene is not out of place here. An odd sight it is to witness men garbed in white, and presenting the appearance of sailors from H.M.S. Pinafore, shuffle along carrying a hundredweight of cheese on trays suspended from their shoulders by leather yokes into the weigh-house, and, trotting back at the shuffle, deposit in the warehouse the shining, golden-coloured “cannon-balls” which have made Edam famous. Later, these cheeses will be


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 try to be as exact as we can, it is better to err on the wider side than on the other, which consists in using it in a too restricted sense. If for the sake of illustration, I may introduce terms with which we cast about so liberally, what do we mean, or let me rather ask, what should we mean, when we call a man Orthodox, say of another that he is Conservative and of a third, that he is a Radical? These terms meet our gaze continually in the press, resound from pulpits, or are heard in homes, but a clear definition of them is rarely attempted, much less furnished. It is of course possible that the terms base upon sentiment. I mean to say that they can be used in a sense which would make it depend upon the personal feelings, and not strictly logical beliefs of a man whether he identifies him self with the one or the other wing. I say, I do not deny the possibility of such an interpretation of the terms. But I do say if this be the case among American Jews, let us know it. If all the differences consequently that exist among us refer merely to a few forms and ceremonies, more or less, and if the question of these forms and ceremonies is a mere matter of feeling and sentiment, then by all means, let it be clearly stated. But if this be all, I am afraid that we have been enacting a comedy of "Much Ado About Nothing" that would be ridiculous, were it not lamentable. If, as would appear from recent official utterances, the whole question hinges upon the introduction of the organ, or family pews, the removal of hats, a few prayers more or less, why then, let positions on these questions be clearly taken, but whether it is worth while to wage a forty years' war over such questions at the loss of many golden opportunities for doing some positive good, or whether the result can in any case be of sufficient importance to merit a song of triumph, or a funeral dirge, is another question, which I have no hesitation whatever in answering in the negative. It is possible that at the opening of what is commonly known as the Reform movement, the word was understood in the narrower sense as involving merely a change of forms, leaving all doctrines, teachings, principles and even traditions entirely undisturbed. Whether this be so or not, it is certain that if there is any meaning to be


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 painted with a deep claret-tinted pigment, to enable them to stand the sea-voyage without detriment to their quality. Edam was in days gone by a seaport, and along the Edam-Volendam Canal are tufts of “paddy,” or wild rice—a link with the cargoes formerly discharged there by ships from Holland's Eastern possessions. A compliment the Hollander is fond of paying to his wife is, “There is no better kaasboerin (cheese-farmer).

Among the other industries which add to Holland's revenue are cattle-raising, diamond-cutting, and the cultivation and exportation of bulbs. The Dutch cattle are all of one colour—black and white. Should the black stripes form on the coat of the animal three vertical belts equal in width, the beasts are greatly prized and admired.

Diamond-cutting has Amsterdam for its


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 discovered. In his much-read novel, “The Black Tulip,” Dumas tells of the feud between Cornelius van Baerle and Boxtel in the days of the brothers De Witt, whose murder he graphically describes. In the seventeenth century a single bulb fetched thousands of florins, the Semper Augustus bulb attaining the price of 13,000 florins; but the Government put down speculation, and the value of the bulb fell to fifty florins. Some fifty species of the tulip have been described; the one from which most of the celebrated varieties have been derived is the Tulipa Gesneriana, which Conrad Gesner, a German, brought in 1559 from Constantinople to Augsburg, whence it found its way to Holland. Since then innumerable varieties have been originated, and Dutch growers now boast of nearly 2,000 varieties.

The cultivated varieties of tulips are


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 classified by florists, according to their colour, into “selfs,” flowers of one solid colour; “bizarres,” flowers with a clear yellow base or centre with orange, red, crimson, and other markings; “roses,” flowers variegated with shades of rose, deep red, or scarlet; and “bybloemen,” flowers of dark colours such as lilac, purple, brown, and “black.” Several other species have given rise to cultivated varieties, but to a much more limited extent.

Tulips are propagated in two ways—by offsets from the bulb and by seeds. The offsets grow to a flowering size in three or four years, and may be relied on to reproduce the variety truly. Most varieties produce offsets in considerable abundance. There is a remarkable peculiarity about seedling tulips. When they begin to flower, after growing for four or five years, the flowers are of one plain dull colour,


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 whatever may have been the colours and markings of the flowers from which the seeds were taken. In this state the seedling tulips are called "breeders," and they usually remain in this condition for several years. Then at last comes a spring when several of them "break" into the brilliant colours which we look for in tulips, and into the markings which are called "flamed," or "feathered." They can now be classified under some of the recognized varieties, and are ready for the market. How long it will be before the "breeders" begin to break no one can say, but various devices are tried to hasten the event, such as withholding and then giving water, moving the bulbs from a very poor to a very rich soil, and even sending them to a distance for change of air. When the "breeders" have assumed the desired colours and markings, they are said to be "rectified," but they


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 then grow less vigorously, and multiply less rapidly. “Breeders,” therefore, are chiefly used in propagation, and are called by the Dutch “mother tulips.” There is, of course, always the chance that these seedling tulips will give rise to a new variety. Great skill is needed in the cultivation of them, and an intelligent and careful grower will produce well-marked flowers where another would fail. The Dutch growers commonly manure the ground in which the tulip is to be ultimately grown, and then plant it with potatoes, in order to make the soil, which would otherwise be too strong, suitable after a couple of years for the reception of the bulbs. Every summer they are taken up, the offsets are detached, and all replanted in fresh soil. Those who wish to feast their eyes on a sea of colour should hie to Holland about Easter-time,


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 attached at all to the terms Orthodoxy and Reform, as applied to Jews of to-day, they must refer to something else, or rather something more than is implied in a strictly etymological interpretation of the word "reform." Reform in this sense has been carried out long ago, if not in practice, at least in theory. The abuses against which the pioneers of the Reform movement fought, have ceased in all intelligent Jewish communities at least. and in unintelligent congregations they still continue without regard to the length or shortness of the prayers, whether an organ has been introduced or not. But apart from this, it may safely be asserted that there is no congregation in this country, at all worthy of the name, that has not modified its forms to some extent during the past forty years. Absolute Conservatism does not exist, and as far as America is concerned, the introduction of organs and family pews, or even the hat question no longer forms the distinguishing mark between Orthodoxy and Reform, certainly not between Conservatism and Radicalism. It is entirely unnecessary to work one's self up to an uncontrollable pitch of excitement to take up the cudgel for Reform in the narrower sense. There is no call for attacking a dead giant. It certainly does not require much courage or great abilities. No! I hold that if there be any differences dividing Jews to-day—I say Jews and not Judaism—these differences must have reference to divergent religious convictions. It is here alone that dividing lines can be drawn and in order to reach a clear view of the situation must be sharply drawn.

We often hear it stated that Judaism has no dogmas. Let us be careful how we use terms. Nothing adds more to confusion of ideas than loose, definitions. If by dogmas we mean speculations concerning matters in regard to which certainty can never be reached, and which, therefore, require a certain amount, no matter how small, of pure faith, then we are justified in saying that Judaism has no dogmas. True, there have been times when such speculations have freely been indulged in by those professing Judaism. Indeed, it may be said that there has never been a time in the history of Judaism, or any other religion, when such


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 were entirely absent, for man, in his insatiable thirst to fathom the mysteries of existence, has always endeavored to bridge over the gap between the finite and the infinite in some way. Everyone who thinks, tries to solve the problems of life in a manner satisfactory to himself, if not to others. That is an inherent trait in man, and has nothing to do with any particular form of religion. But such speculations in regard to the soul, in regard to good and evil, in regard to a future life, and even in regard to God, have never formed an essential feature of Judaism. It is also true that attempts have been made to formulate a creed in Judaism. The great Maimonides was the first to do it, but neither his nor any other has ever been universally adopted or declared binding upon Jews. If, however, by dogmas we mean certain fundamental principles upon which a religion rests, then it is simply absurd to say that Judaism has no dogmas. No religion can exist without dogmas in this sense. Even irreligion has its dogmas. Atheism, no less than Agnosticism, sets up certain principles, even if they be but negative in their character. What is true is, that Judaism, as a religion, is not in its character. It has always laid far more stress upon practice than upon theory; it has always been more a way of living than a theory of life. But it is also theoretical. Its theories, it is true, have their outcome in action, and were never mere speculations, indulged in as a pure abstraction, but they were theories, after all. If we object to the term dogma, let us say principles, tenets, doctrines, or what not? It is of no consequence which word we employ, but what we must not lose sight of is that Judaism, as the term has heretofore been understood, has certain doctrines or principles, or whatever name you may please to employ. It may be difficult to give an exact definition of Judaism in precise terms, but, for all that, it must be something definite. Though one may not know exactly what it stands for, it must stand for something, and cannot be employed promiscuously for anything or everything our fancy or caprice may dictate. I lay stress upon this point, for, simple as it may appear, it is frequently lost sight of, and the loose way in


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Author:Thomas Hogg

Works

 * Treatise on the Cultivation of Florists' Flowers. (publication year not currently known, but extant 1837)
 * A practical treatise on the culture of the carnation, pink, auricula, polyanthus, ranunculus, tulip, hyacinth, rose, and other flowers: with a dissertation on soils and manures, and catalogues of the most esteemed varieties of each flower. (1839)

title: Author:Thomas Hogg


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 which the term Judaism is used contributes its share—a very large one—to that confusion which is one of the most characteristic traits of the present state of the question concerning the relation of Jews to Judaism. You may believe what you please, but you have no right to define Judaism as you please. I shall come back to this presently. In the collection of legends and tales known as the Midrash, there is a story told to illustrate the peculiar hospitality of the wicked inhabitants of Sodom. It is said that they had a room, containing a bed of a certain size, which they placed at the disposal of strangers. If the bed was too short, they cut off the stranger's legs until he could accommodate himself to it; if it was too long, they stretched the stranger's limbs. It is much in the same way that Judaism is treated to-day. We stretch it or shorten it to suit our convenience; we fashion it according to our views. Now, I do not believe that we are obliged to fashion our views according to it, but we are certainly not justified in compounding any mixture we choose and labelling it Judaism. It is because of this pernicious habit of defining Judaism in an arbitrary fashion that we are making such little, if any, headway in the solution of the problems before us. Every man means something else when he says "Judaism." No wonder that it becomes something vague and indeterminate; no wonder that finally nobody knows exactly what it means, because it is used for anything and everything.

I have said it is better to make our interpretation of it too wide rather than too narrow, but I repeat there is such a thing as a too wide interpretation, so wide, that it becomes "vague and indeterminate." I may have erred in this particular myself. If so, I am perfectly ready to acknowledge my error. But the experience of only one year, combined with as careful thought and observation as I am capable of, has convinced me that we are on the wrong road, that this loose interpretation of a term, which is if not perfectly definite, at least moderately definite in its character, must cease, if we wish to understand the real issue before us. In order to understand the relation of Jews to Judaism, we must for the


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 and travel through the Hillegom-Haarlem district when they will see acres upon acres of tulips and hyacinths in full bloom, while in the cities the quays (kaden) are lined with barges converted for the nonce into floating flower-beds.

Not in Holland alone, but in England, did a mad craze exist for the tulip (the word is derived from the Persian toliban, a turban). It is on record that in 1834 a Mr. Davey, of Chelsea, paid the sum of £100 for a single bulb of “Miss Fanny Kemble.” This purchase is described in a “Treatise on the Cultivation of Florists' Flowers,” by T. Hogg, of Paddington. “This precious gem,” wrote Mr. Hogg,


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 “is adapted to the second or third row in the bed; the stem is firm and elastic, the foliage full and broad, of a lively green; the cup large, and of the finest form; the white pure, and wholly free from stain; the pencilling on the petals is beautifully marked with black or dark purple, and the feathering uniform and elegant; it preserves its shape to the last, the outer leaves not sinking from the inner; in a word, it is considered the first flower of its cast, and the best that has ever been produced in England;”

An old English poem sings the charm of the tulip in the following strain:


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 The fisheries, especially the herring fishery, are now on the decline, owing to foreign competition. It is not necessary to waste any sentiment over what will happen to the Marken and Volendam fisherfolk when the Zuider Zee shall have been partially drained. These good people have practically taken from that fishing-ground all fish fit to be put on the dining-table, and they admit it. In the future they will, like the hardy islanders of Urk, who chaff the others as “pond-fishermen,” have to sail out into the North Sea, or become “cow-milkers,” as the Dutch style landlubbers.

Peat-cutting is another industry which is locally profitable, as peat is the fuel used in the land for warming and cooking purposes. There are two kinds of peat—hard peat, or harde turf, as the Dutch call it, used in the stoves of houses and in my


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 moment sharply distinguish between the two. What Judaism is, is one thing, what modern Jews believe or do not believe is another. The two factors may cover one another, but they also may not. If they do, well and good; if not, there is still the question, what is to be done? But it certainly increases the difficulty of the situation if we try to force Judaism to our views, just as it is wrong to do violence to our convictions, if they do not coincide with what has been heretofore known as Judaism. Our point of view then must not be subjective only, but objective as well. Subject and object, Jews and Judaism, to repeat, may equal one another, but they also may not. At any rate, we must understand both.

Interpreting Judaism in a wide rather than in a narrow sense, it still stands for something very definite. The idea of one God, or in other words, the unity of creation, a force from which all emanates, must be left out of the question, for it no longer forms a distinguishing mark of Judaism. To Judaism belongs the eternal glory of having been the first to grasp this great idea in its grandeur. But from Judaism, others have learned it, and while they did not maintain it in its pristine purity, mixing it with foreign elements, we see during the last centuries a gradual progress among the adherents of Christianity towards the purer conception of the Jewish prophets, until in our own days, in the official utterances of Unitarianism, and in the unofficial but equally forcible utterances of the representatives of other denominations, monotheism in its purest form and sense is adopted as an essential feature of other religions besides Judaism. But the acknowledgment of the authority of the Bible as being a Divine Revelation has formed hitherto a distinguishing mark of Judaism. You may interpret revelation as widely as you please, but you cannot leave it out of view when speaking of Judaism, I again add, as that term has hitherto been understood. You may explain the method of Revelation as you please, but you must be careful not to explain it away. It is a convenient method frequently resorted to by those who argue against Revelation to give the very crudest conception of it, and hold that up as the only one possible. I do not do this. It is by no means necessary in order


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 lady's chaufferette; the other, a lighter and softer peat (zachte turf, or lange turf, because cut in greater lengths), which is of a more fibrous character. Gouda not only makes cheese, but fashions clay into pipes of quaint shape, many of which find their way into the clubs of the “Knickerbockers,” or descendants of the Dutch in New York. Delft, early in the seventeenth century, when commercial relations were started with Japan, began by copying the blue porcelain of Seto, and “old Delft” is nowadays worth more than its weight in silver. There is in Delft the celebrated pottery known as “De Porceleijne Fles” (The Porcelain Bottle), which has existed uninterruptedly for about 250 years, and its mark is familiar to purchasers of its wares the world over. It stands in its original place, and, so to speak, under the same roof. Its artistic adviser is Heer A.


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 to believe in Revelation to suppose that God came down on Mount Sinai and gave Moses two tablets of stone, but I do hold that if you remove the supernatural character of it, you have no longer Revelation in the sense in which that term has hitherto been understood. If you continue to use the term without stating clearly that what you mean by it is something entirely different, essentially different, then you are contributing to the confusion which is so strongly to be condemned. You may be as wide as you please in your definition, but withal within certain limits. The line, it seems to me, must be drawn between the natural and supernatural.

In close connection with this stands the question concerning the divine origin and authority of the Bible. Again, I say, interpret the term "divine origin and authority" as widely as you please, but you have no right to interpret it away. I am not of those who believe that the acceptance of modern views of the Bible lowers its value in our eyes. No! Its value for me does not depend upon the question of its origin and its parts, but lies somewhere else, in a region where these questions do not enter. Nor do I fear that it will become lost. Mankind cannot do without the Bible, because it is a reflection of mankind. But I go further, and say the acceptance of modern views does not at all necessarily involve the abandoning of the belief in its divine authority or even origin. We have instances in our days of persons who cling firmly to its authority, aye, and yet accept the results of the much-abused Biblical criticism. But if we do not accept the Bible as our au-authorityauthority [sic], we must distinctly say so. To go on theoretically acknowledging it as such and contradicting ourselves in practice, is again a contribution to confusion. Here is another doctrine, which has hitherto been considered fundamental in Judaism. In order to know exactly what differences divide Jews to-day, what is our relation towards Judaism,we must make clear what has heretofore been understood under Judaism. It is only then that we can know how far our views are in accord with it or not.

There is one more doctrine to which I desire to allude, and which, it appears to me, has been held to be essential to Judaism, I add once