text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/491

Rh e.g. the dream "Autodidasker—Conversation with Court-Councillor N.," present the same processes of displacement and condensation as the others.

Hence we cannot refuse to acknowledge that the two kinds of essentially different psychic processes participate in the formation of the dream; one forms perfectly correct dream thoughts which are equivalent to normal thoughts, while the other treats these ideas in a highly surprising and incorrect manner. The latter process we have already set apart in Chapter VI as the dream-work proper. What have we now to advance concerning this latter psychic process?

We should be unable to answer this question here if we had not penetrated considerably into the psychology of the neuroses and especially of hysteria. From this we learn that the same incorrect psychic processes—as well as others that have not been enumerated—control the formation of hysterical symptoms. In hysteria, too, we at once find a series of perfectly correct thoughts equivalent to our conscious thoughts, of whose existence, however, in this form we can learn nothing and which we can only subsequently reconstruct. If they have forced their way anywhere to our perception, we discover from the analysis of the symptom formed that these normal thoughts have been subjected to abnormal treatment and have been transformed into the symptom by means of condensation and compromise formation, through superficial associations, under cover of contradictions, and eventually over the road of regression. In view of the complete identity found between the peculiarities of the dream-work and of the psychic activity forming the psychoneurotic symptoms, we shall feel justified in transferring to the dream the conclusions urged upon us by hysteria.

From the theory of hysteria we borrow the proposition that such an abnormal psychic elaboration of a normal train of thought takes place only when the latter has been used for the transference of an unconscious wish which dates from the infantile life and is in a state of repression. In accordance with this proposition we have construed the theory of the dream on the assumption that the actuating dream-wish invariably originates in the unconscious, which, as we ourselves have admitted, cannot be universally demonstrated though it cannot


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/492

474 be refuted. But in order to explain the real meaning of the term repression, which we have employed so freely, we shall be obliged to make some further addition to our psychological construction.

We have above elaborated the fiction of a primitive psychic apparatus, whose work is regulated by the efforts to avoid accumulation of excitement and as far as possible to maintain itself free from excitement. For this reason it was constructed after the plan of a reflex apparatus; the motility, originally the path for the inner bodily change, formed a discharging path standing at its disposal. We subsequently discussed the psychic results of a feeling of gratification, and we might at the same time have introduced the second assumption, viz. that accumulation of excitement—following certain modalities that do not concern us—is perceived as pain and sets the apparatus in motion in order to reproduce a feeling of gratification in which the diminution of the excitement is perceived as pleasure. Such a current in the apparatus which emanates from pain and strives for pleasure we call a wish. We have said that nothing but a wish is capable of setting the apparatus in motion, and that the discharge of excitement in the apparatus is regulated automatically by the perception of pleasure and pain. The first wish must have been an hallucinatory occupation of the memory for gratification. But this hallucination, unless it were maintained to the point of exhaustion, proved incapable of bringing about a cessation of the desire and consequently of securing the pleasure connected with gratification.

Thus there was required a second activity—in our terminology the activity of a second system—which should not permit the memory occupation to advance to perception and therefrom to restrict the psychic forces, but should lead the excitement emanating from the craving stimulus by a devious path over the spontaneous motility which ultimately should so change the outer world as to allow the real perception of the object of gratification to take place. Thus far we have elaborated the plan of the psychic apparatus; these two systems are the germ of the Unc. and Forec. which we include in the fully developed apparatus.

In order to be in a position successfully to change the outer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/493

Rh world through the motility, there is required the accumulation of a large sum of experiences in the memory systems as well as a manifold fixation of the relations which are evoked in this memory material by different end-presentations. We now proceed further with our assumption. The manifold activity of the second system, tentatively sending forth and retracting energy, must on the one hand have full command over all memory material, but on the other hand it would be a superfluous expenditure for it to send to the individual mental paths large quantities of energy which would thus flow off to no purpose, diminishing the quantity available for the transformation of the outer world. In the interests of expediency I therefore postulate that the second system succeeds in maintaining the greater part of the occupation energy in a dormant state and in using but a small portion for the purposes of displacement. The mechanism of these processes is entirely unknown to me; anyone who wishes to follow up these ideas must try to find the physical analogies and prepare the way for a demonstration of the process of motion in the stimulation of the neuron. I merely hold to the idea that the activity of the first Ψ-system is directed to the free outflow of the quantities of excitement, and that the second system brings about an inhibition of this outflow through the energies emanating from it, i.e. it produces a transformation into dormant energy, probably by raising the level. I therefore assume that under the control of the second system as compared with the first, the course of the excitement is bound to entirely different mechanical conditions. After the second system has finished its tentative mental work, it removes the inhibition and congestion of the excitements and allows these excitements to flow off to the motility.

An interesting train of thought now presents itself if we consider the relations of this inhibition of discharge by the second system to the regulation through the principle of pain. Let us now seek the counterpart of the primary feeling of gratification, namely, the objective feeling of fear. A perceptive stimulus acts on the primitive apparatus, becoming the source of a painful emotion. This will then be followed by irregular motor manifestations until one of these withdraws the apparatus from perception and at the same time


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/494

476 from pain, but on the reappearance of the perception this manifestation will immediately repeat itself (perhaps as a movement of flight) until the perception has again disappeared. But there will here remain no tendency again to occupy the perception of the source of pain in the form of an hallucination or in any other form. On the contrary, there will be a tendency in the primary apparatus to abandon the painful memory picture as soon as it is in any way awakened, as the overflow of its excitement would surely produce (more precisely, begin to produce) pain. The deviation from memory, which is but a repetition of the former flight from perception, is facilitated also by the fact that, unlike perception, memory does not possess sufficient quality to excite consciousness and thereby to attract to itself new energy. This easy and regularly occurring deviation of the psychic process from the former painful memory presents to us the model and the first example of psychic repression. As is generally known, much of this deviation from the painful, much of the behaviour of the ostrich, can be readily demonstrated even in the normal psychic life of adults.

By virtue of the principle of pain the first system is therefore altogether incapable of introducing anything unpleasant into the mental associations. The system cannot do anything but wish. If this remained so the mental activity of the second system, which should have at its disposal all the memories stored up by experiences, would be hindered. But two ways are now opened: the work of the second system either frees itself completely from the principle of pain and continues its course, paying no heed to the painful reminiscence, or it contrives to occupy the painful memory in such a manner as to preclude the liberation of pain. We may reject the first possibility, as the principle of pain also manifests itself as a regulator for the emotional discharge of the second system; we are, therefore, directed to the second possibility, namely, that this system occupies a reminiscence in such a manner as to inhibit its discharge and hence, also, to inhibit the discharge comparable to a motor innervation for the development of pain. Thus from two starting points we are led to the hypothesis that occupation through the second system is at the same time an inhibition for the emotional


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Federalists


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/495

Rh discharge, viz. from a consideration of the principle of pain and from the principle of the smallest expenditure of innervation. Let us, however, keep to the fact—this is the key to the theory of repression—that the second system is capable of occupying an idea only when it is in position to check the development of pain emanating from it. Whatever withdraws itself from this inhibition also remains inaccessible for the second system and would soon be abandoned by virtue of the principle of pain. The inhibition of pain, however, need not be complete; it must be permitted to begin, as it indicates to the second system the nature of the memory and possibly its defective adaptation for the purpose sought by the mind.

The psychic process which is admitted by the first system only I shall now call the primary process; and the one resulting from the inhibition of the second system I shall call the secondary process. I show by another point for what purpose the second system is obliged to correct the primary process. The primary process strives for a discharge of the excitement in order to establish a perception identity with the sum of excitement thus gathered; the secondary process has abandoned this intention and undertaken instead the task of bringing about a thought identity. All thinking is only a circuitous path from the memory of gratification taken as an end-presentation to the identical occupation of the same memory, which is again to be attained on the track of the motor experiences. The state of thinking must take an interest in the connecting paths between the presentations without allowing itself to be misled by their intensities. But it is obvious that condensations and intermediate or compromise formations occurring in the presentations impede the attainment of this end-identity; by substituting one idea for the other they deviate from the path which otherwise would have been continued from the original idea. Such processes are therefore carefully avoided in the secondary thinking. Nor is it difficult to understand that the principle of pain also impedes the progress of the mental stream in its pursuit of the thought identity, though, indeed, it offers to the mental stream the most important points of departure. Hence the tendency of the thinking process must be to free itself more


text:
Page:NARA Style Guide.pdf/8

 1.2.1 Use headings and subheadings.

 * Use headings and subheadings to indicate (1) where the important ideas are and (2) where major separations of thought occur. Think of headings as signs along the highway. Readers depend on such signs as much as drivers do. A 20-mile stretch of interstate without any signs would be spooky and aggravating.
 * There are three types of headings: question headings, statement headings, and topic headings.
 * Question headings (for example, How Do I Locate the Records I Want?) are particularly useful in letters and general instructions. Readers move through the document with particular questions in mind, and question headings guide them to the answers. Phrase the question headings from the reader's point of view. In other words, use Will I Be Charged for the Service? rather than Will You Be Charged for the Service?
 * Statement headings are short declarative sentences (for example, Lodging Is Available Nearby) and are the next most engaging.
 * Topic headings (the most common form) are considered the most formal, so management is often most comfortable with them. Topic headings consist of a word or phrase (e.g., Requesting Records), but they are not engaging and are often so vague as to be unhelpful. If topic headings are to be used, make sure they are clear and accurate.

1.2.2 Limit heading levels to three or fewer.
 * While headings are useful for organizing your text, don't use more than three levels. Dividing your document into more pieces at the top levels should allow you to limit subdivisions below the major level to two. In most cases, you will need only the main heading and one level of subheading.
 * The Office of the Federal Register recommends that regulations contain no more than three levels, noting that more than three levels make regulations hard to read and use.

1.2.3 Write short sections.
 * Long paragraphs are daunting and discourage the reader from even trying to understand your material. Short paragraphs are more inviting and are easier to read and understand.

Rh

title: Page:NARA Style Guide.pdf/8


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/496

478 and more from exclusive adjustment by the principle of pain, and through the working of the mind to restrict the affective development to that minimum which is necessary as a signal. This refinement of the activity must have been attained through a recent over-occupation of energy brought about by consciousness. But we are aware that this refinement is seldom completely successful even in the most normal psychic life and that our thoughts ever remain accessible to falsification through the interference of the principle of pain.

This, however, is not the breach in the functional efficiency of our psychic apparatus through which the thoughts forming the material of the secondary mental work are enabled to make their way into the primary psychic process—with which formula we may now describe the work leading to the dream and to the hysterical symptoms. This case of insufficiency results from the union of the two factors from the history of our evolution; one of which belongs solely to the psychic apparatus and has exerted a determining influence on the relation of the two systems, while the other operates fluctuatingly and introduces motive forces of organic origin into the psychic life. Both originate in the infantile life and result from the transformation which our psychic and somatic organism has undergone since the infantile period.

When I termed one of the psychic processes in the psychic apparatus the primary process, I did so not only in consideration of the order of precedence and capability, but also as admitting the temporal relations to a share in the nomenclature. As far as our knowledge goes there is no psychic apparatus possessing only the primary process, and in so far it is a theoretic fiction; but so much is based on fact that the primary processes are present in the apparatus from the beginning, while the secondary processes develop gradually in the course of life, inhibiting and covering the primary ones, and gaining complete mastery over them perhaps only at the height of life. Owing to this retarded appearance of the secondary processes, the essence of our being, consisting in unconscious wish feelings, can neither be seized nor inhibited by the foreconscious, whose part is once for all restricted to the indication of the most suitable paths for the wish feelings originating in the unconscious. These unconscious wishes


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/497

Rh establish for all subsequent psychiceffortspsychic efforts [sic] a compulsion to which they have to submit and which they must strive if possible to divert from its course and direct to higher aims. In consequence of this retardation of the foreconscious occupation a large sphere of the memory material remains inaccessible.

Among these indestructible and unincumbered wish feelings originating from the infantile life, there are also some, the fulfilments of which have entered into a relation of contradiction to the end-presentation of the secondary thinking. The fulfilment of these wishes would no longer produce an affect of pleasure but one of pain; and it is just this transformation of affect that constitutes the nature of what we designate as "repression" in which we recognise the infantile first step of passing adverse sentence or of rejecting through reason. To investigate in what way and through what motive forces such a transformation can be produced constitutes the problem of repression, which we need here only skim over. It will suffice to remark that such a transformation of affect occurs in the course of development (one may think of the appearance in infantile life of disgust which was originally absent), and that it is connected with the activity of the secondary system. The memories from which the unconscious wish brings about the emotional discharge have never been accessible to the Forec., and for that reason their emotional discharge cannot be inhibited. It is just on account of this affective development that these ideas are not even now accessible to the foreconscious thoughts to which they have transferred their wishing power. On the contrary, the principle of pain comes into play, and causes the Forec. to deviate from these thoughts of transference. The latter, left to themselves, are "repressed," and thus the existence of a store of infantile memories, from the very beginning withdrawn from the Forec, becomes the preliminary condition of repression.

In the most favourable case the development of pain terminates as soon as the energy has been withdrawn from the thoughts of transference in the Forec., and this effect characterises the intervention of the principle of pain as expedient. It is different, however, if the repressed unconscious wish receives an organic enforcement which it can lend to its thoughts of transference and through which it can enable them to make


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Claud


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, David (1663-1721)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, David (1768-1843)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Elizabeth (1641-1708)


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Fakhr-ad-Din ar-Razi

FAKHR-AD-DIN AR-RAZI, fäk'r-ȧd-dḗn' är-rä'zḗ, also known as (1149-1210). A Mohammedan philosopher and theologian. He was born at Rai, Tabarestan; first studied with his father, and later at Merv and Maragha, where he was one of the pupils of Al Majd al Jili, who in turn had been a disciple of Al-Ghazali. He was accused of rationalism, despite the fact that he restored many to the orthodox faith. Nevertheless, his commentary on the Koran, entitled Māfatih-al-haib (best ed., 6 vols., in the year 1278 of the Hejira), is the most varied and many-sided of all extant works of the kind, comprising most of the material of importance that had previously appeared. Fakhr-ad-din also devoted himself to a wide range of studies, and is said to have expended a large fortune on experiments in alchemy. He taught at Rai and Ghazni, and became head of the university founded by Mohammed Ibn Tukush at Herat.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Elizabeth (1758-1816)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Emma


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Gavin (1561?-1612)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Gavin (1730-1797)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Gavin (1753-1805)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, George (1666-1737)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, George (1783-1830)


text:
Page:NARA Style Guide.pdf/9

 ::Each paragraph should discuss one main idea, not two. But if the idea requires 20 sentences to develop, that doesn't mean you should have a 20-sentence paragraph. Find places to break lengthy paragraphs.
 * If a paragraph is long, the writer will certainly have provided transitional terms in at least a few places. For example, the writer may have started sentences with such words and phrases as Next, Furthermore, In addition, However, or As a result. Paragraphs can also begin with these transitions. Just make sure that the resulting smaller paragraphs are unified in themselves.
 * Short paragraphs also give you the opportunity to insert informative headings into your material.

1.3 Verbs

 * 1.3.1 Use the active voice (unless passive makes more sense).
 * Active voice is the best way to identify who is responsible for what action.
 * In an active sentence, the person or organization that's acting is the subject of the sentence. In a passive sentence, the person or item that is acted upon is the subject of the sentence. Passive voice obscures who is responsible for what and is one of the biggest problems with government documents.

 * Especially in directives, regulations, or instructions, use the active voice to make it clear to the reader who takes what action.

Rh

title: Page:NARA Style Guide.pdf/9


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Gustavus


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Henry Parr


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Hugh (d.1679)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Hugh (d.1724)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Hugh (1729-1805)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Hugh Douglas


text:
Page:The Daughters of England.djvu/141

130 not in herself sufficient perception to know, that in consequence of her beauty she is made to occupy a false position in society, from which she will assuredly have to descend, it becomes the duty of all who have her happiness at heart, to warn her, that in her intercourse with the world, she must not look for a sincere and disinterested friend in man.

I am far from asserting that there are not instances of noble and generous-hearted men, who know how to be the friend of woman, and the protector of her true interests; yet, such is the general tone of social intercourse, that these instances are lamentably rare.

The most objectionable part, however, of what I would call the minor morals of social life, as regards the subject of female beauty, has not yet been alluded to. Man is sincere in one sense, in his admiration of real beauty while it lasts; and if when the ruling star begins to wane, he suns himself in the rays of another luminary, he is still faithful to beauty as the object of his worship, though the supposed divinity may be invested in a different shrine. If, then, his professions of admiration were offered only to the really beautiful, scarcely one woman in a hundred would be injured by the personal flattery of man. But, unfortunately, that large proportion of the female sex, who are not exactly pretty, nor altogether plain, are exposed to the same system of flattery, for charms which they really do not possess. I have often wondered whether there ever was a woman so destitute of personal attractions, that no man, at some time or other of her life, had ever told her she was beautiful; and it is a well-known fact, that the more we doubt our possession of any particular attraction, the more agreeable is every assurance from others that such attraction does exist.

Thus there is an endless train of mischief let in upon

title: Page:The Daughters of England.djvu/141


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, James (d.1479)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, James (1477?-1529)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, James (d.1540)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, James (d.1575)


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/498

480 an effort towards penetration with their excitement, even after they have been abandoned by the occupation of the Forec. A defensive struggle then ensues, inasmuch as the Forec. reinforces the antagonism against the repressed ideas, and subsequently this leads to a penetration by the thoughts of transference (the carriers of the unconscious wish) in some form of compromise through symptom formation. But from the moment that the suppressed thoughts are powerfully occupied by the unconscious wish-feeling and abandoned by the foreconscious occupation, they succumb to the primary psychic process and strive only for motor discharge; or, if the path be free, for hallucinatory revival of the desired perception identity. We have previously found, empirically, that the incorrect processes described are enacted only with thoughts that exist in the repression. We now grasp another part of the connection. These incorrect processes are those that are primary in the psychic apparatus; they appear wherever thoughts abandoned by the foreconscious occupation are left to themselves, and can fill themselves with the uninhibited energy, striving for discharge from the unconscious. We may add a few further observations to support the view that these processes designated "incorrect" are really not falsifications of the normal defective thinking, but the modes of activity of the psychic apparatus when freed from inhibition. Thus we see that the transference of the foreconscious excitement to the motility takes place according to the same processes, and that the connection of the foreconscious presentations with words readily manifest the same displacements and mixtures which are described to inattention. Finally, I should like to adduce proof that an increase of work necessarily results from the inhibition of these primary courses from the fact that we gain a comical effect, a surplus to be discharged through laughter, if we allow these streams of thought to come to consciousness.

The theory of the psychoneuroses asserts with complete certainty that only sexual wish-feelings from the infantile life experience repression (emotional transformation) during the developmental period of childhood. These are capable of returning to activity at a later period of development, and then have the faculty of being revived, either as a consequence of


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, James (fl.1566-1580)


text:
Page:The Daughters of England.djvu/142

Rh the minds of the young and inexperienced, by what men are accustomed to regard in the light of harmless pleasantry, or as an almost necessary embellishment to polished manners. It may be said, that the plain woman has her glass, to which she can refer for never-failing truth. It is true, she has; but there is a vast difference between looking for what we do not wish to see, and for what we do. Besides which, when a young plain woman first mixes in society, she sees the high distinction which mere beauty obtains for its possessor, and she finds herself comparatively neglected and forgotten. In her home she is doubtless valued in proportion to her merits; but in company, what avail the kind and generous heart which beats within her bosom, the bright intelligence of her mind, the cordial response she would offer in return for kindness, the gratitude, the generous feeling which animate her soul? Who, in all that busy circle, cares to call forth any of these? Nay, so little do all or any of them avail her in society, that she begins in time to suspect she is personally repulsive; and what woman of sensitive or delicate feelings ever conceived this idea of herself, without experiencing, along with it, a strange sense of loneliness and destitution, as if excluded from the fellowship of social kindness—shut out from the pale of the lovely, and the beloved? If, then, the treacherous voice of man but whispers in her ear, that these hard thoughts about herself have no foundation, who can wonder if she is found too ready to "lay the flattering unction" to her heart? or who can wonder if the equanimity of her mind becomes disturbed by a recurrence of those painful doubts, occasionally to be dispelled by a recurrence of that flattery too?

To young women. thus circumstanced, I would affectionately say—Beware! Beware of the unquiet thoughts, the disappointment, the rivalry, the vain competition, the

title: Page:The Daughters of England.djvu/142


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/499

Rh the sexual constitution, which is really formed from the original bisexuality, or in consequence of unfavourable influences of the sexual life; and they thus supply the motive power for all psychoneurotic symptom formations. It is only by the introduction of these sexual forces that the gaps still demonstrable in the theory of repression can be filled. I will leave it undecided whether the postulate of the sexual and infantile may also be asserted for the theory of the dream; I leave this here unfinished because I have already passed a step beyond the demonstrable in assuming that the dream-wish invariably originates from the unconscious. Here, as in other places, there are gaps in the treatment of the subject, which I have left intentionally, because to fill them up would require on the one hand too great effort, and on the other hand an extensive reference to material that is foreign to the dream. Thus I have avoided stating whether I connect with the word "suppressed" another sense than with the word "repressed." It has been made clear only that the latter emphasizes more than the former the relation to the unconscious. I have not entered into the cognate problem why the dream thoughts also experience distortion by the censor when they abandon the progressive continuation to consciousness and choose the path of regression. I have been above all anxious to awaken an interest in the problems to which the further analysis of the dream-work leads and to indicate the other themes which meet these on the way. It was not always easy to decide just where the pursuit should be discontinued. That I have not treated exhaustively the part played in the dream by the psychosexual life and have avoided the interpretation of dreams of an obvious sexual content is due to a special reason which may not come up to the reader's expectation. To be sure, it is very far from my ideas and the principles expressed by me in neuropathology to regard the sexual life as a "pudendum" which should be left unconsidered by the physician and the scientific investigator. I also consider ludicrous the moral indignation which prompted the translator of Artemidoros of Daldis to keep from the reader's knowledge the chapter on sexual dreams contained in the Symbolism of the Dreams. As for myself, I have been actuated solely by the conviction that in the explanation of sexual dreams I should be bound to entangle myself deeply in the still unexplained problems of perversion and bisexuality; and for that reason I have reserved this material for another connection. Nor will I further investigate the difference in the play of the psychic forces in the dream formation and in the formation of the hysterical symptoms, for to do this we ought to possess a more explicit knowledge of one of the members to be compared. But I regard another point as important, and will here confess that it was on account of this very point that I have just undertaken this entire discussion concerning the two psychic systems, their modes of operation, and the repression. For it is now immaterial whether I have conceived the 2 H


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/500

482 logical relations in question with approximate correctness, or, as is easily possible in such a difficult matter, in an erroneous and fragmentary manner. Whatever changes may be made in the interpretation of the psychic censor and of the correct and of the abnormal elaboration of the dream content, the fact nevertheless remains that such processes are active in dream formation, and that essentially they show the closest analogy to the processes observed in the formation of the hysterical symptoms. The dream is not a pathological phenomenon, and it does not leave behind an enfeeblement of the mental faculties. The objection that no deduction can be drawn regarding the dreams of healthy persons from my own dreams and from those of neurotic patients may be rejected without comment. Hence, when we draw conclusions from the phenomena as to their motive forces, we recognise that the psychic mechanism made use of by the neuroses is not created by a morbid disturbance of the psychic life, but is found ready in the normal structure of the psychic apparatus. The two psychic systems, the censor crossing between them, the inhibition and the covering of the one activity by the other, the relations of both to consciousness—or whatever may offer a more correct interpretation of the actual conditions in their stead—all these belong to the normal structure of our psychic instrument, and the dream points out for us one of the roads leading to a knowledge of this structure. If, in addition to our knowledge, we wish to be contented with a minimum perfectly established, we shall say that the dream gives us proof that the suppressed material continues to exist even in the normal person and remains capable of psychic activity. The dream itself is one of the manifestations of this suppressed material; theoretically, this is true in all cases; according to substantial experience it is true in at least a great number of such as most conspicuously display the prominent characteristics of dream life. The suppressed psychic material, which in the waking state has been prevented from expression and cut off from internal perception by the antagonistic adjustment of the contradictions, finds ways and means of obtruding itself on consciousness during the night under the domination of the compromise formations.

"Flectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta movebo."


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/501

Rh At any rate the interpretation of dreams is the via regia to a knowledge of the unconscious in the psychic life.

In following the analysis of the dream we have made some progress toward an understanding of the composition of this most marvellous and most mysterious of instruments; to be sure, we have not gone very far, but enough of a beginning has been made to allow us to advance from other so-called pathological formations further into the analysis of the unconscious. Disease—at least that which is justly termed functional—is not due to the destruction of this apparatus, and the establishment of new splittings in its interior; it is rather to be explained dynamically through the strengthening and weakening of the components in the play of forces by which so many activities are concealed during the normal function. We have been able to show in another place how the composition of the apparatus from the two systems permits a subtilisation even of the normal activity which would be impossible for a single system.

(f) The Unconscious and Consciousness—Reality.

On closer inspection we find that it is not the existence of two systems near the motor end of the apparatus but of two kinds of processes or modes of emotional discharge, the assumption of which was explained in the psychological discussions of the previous chapter. This can make no difference for us, for we must always be ready to drop our auxiliary ideas whenever we deem ourselves in position to replace them by something else approaching more closely to the unknown reality. Let us now try to correct some views which might be erroneously formed as long as we regarded the two systems in the crudest and most obvious sense as two localities within the psychic apparatus, views which have left their traces in


text:
Page:NARA Style Guide.pdf/15

 {| width=100%
 * - valign=top
 * width=50% |
 * given the fact that

 * width=50% |
 * because

 * }

 * 1.5.2 Avoid redundancy.

 * Weigh the meanings of words and let those meanings do their job. October is a month, so there's no need to say "the month of October." Cooperation means working jointly.

 * 1.5.3 Avoid intruding words.
 * "Intruders" are another type of verbal padding—extra words that contribute nothing to the meaning of the sentence. Common intruders include program, event, effort, method, conditions, and activities.
 * Records are endangered by fluctuating temperature conditions.

 * Records are endangered by fluctuating temperatures.
 * The new policy simplifies reporting activities.
 * The new policy simplifies reporting.

 * The declassification effort is proceeding on schedule.
 * The declassification is proceeding on schedule.

Rh

title: Page:NARA Style Guide.pdf/15


text:
Page:The Daughters of England.djvu/143

132 fruitless decoration, and all that train of evils which ensue from vacillating between the two extremes of flattering hopes, and mortified ambition. Go home, then, and consult your mirror; no falsehood will be there. Go home, and find, as you have often done before, that even without beauty, you can make the fire-side circle happy there; nor deem your lot a hard one. From many dangers attendant upon beauty you are safe, from many sorrows you are exempt; above all, should you become a wife, from that which is, perhaps, the greatest calamity in woman's history, the loss of her husband's love, because the charms for which alone he valued her, have vanished. This never can be your experience, and so far you are blest.

If personal beauty be so great a good as men persuade us it is, how important does it become to know that there is no certain way of preserving this treasure, but by a strict regard to health! We hear of the beauty of extreme delicacy, of the beauty of a slight hectic, and sometimes of the beauty of constitutional debility and languor, but who ever ventured to speak of the beauty of disease? And yet, all these, if not treated judiciously, or checked in time, will infallibly become disease. On the other hand, we hear of vulgar health, of an unladylike bloom, and of too much strength, giving an air of independence unbecoming to the female character. Sincerely wishing that all who hold these sentiments may make the best use of the advantages of illness, when it does fall to their lot, we will pass on to consider the advantages of health as one of the greatest of earthly blessings.

Perfect health was the portion of our first parents while Paradise was yet untrodden, save by the steps of sinless men, and angels. Since that time, it has become rarely the experience of any of the human family to be altogether exempt from disease ; yet, so much are the sufferings of

title: Page:The Daughters of England.djvu/143


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/502

484 the terms "repression" and "penetration." Thus, when we say that an unconscious idea strives for transference into the foreconscious in order later to penetrate consciousness, we do not mean that a second idea is to be formed situated in a new locality like an interlineation near which the original continues to remain; also, when we speak of penetration into consciousness, we wish carefully to avoid any idea of change of locality. When we say that a foreconscious idea is repressed and subsequently taken up by the unconscious, we might be tempted by these figures, borrowed from the idea of a struggle over a territory, to assume that an arrangement is really broken up in one psychic locality and replaced by a new one in the other locality. For these comparisons we substitute what would seem to correspond better with the real state of affairs by saying that an energy occupation is displaced to or withdrawn from a certain arrangement so that the psychic formation falls under the domination of a system or is withdrawn from the same. Here again we replace a topical mode of presentation by a dynamic; it is not the psychic formation that appears to us as the moving factor but the innervation of the same.

I deem it appropriate and justifiable, however, to apply ourselves still further to the illustrative conception of the two systems. We shall avoid any misapplication of this manner of representation if we remember that presentations, thoughts, and psychic formations should generally not be localised in the organic elements of the nervous system, but, so to speak, between them, where resistances and paths form the correlate corresponding to them. Everything that can become an object of our internal perception is virtual, like the image in the telescope produced by the passage of the rays of light. But we are justified in assuming the existence of the systems, which have nothing psychic in themselves and which never become accessible to our psychic perception, corresponding to the lenses of the telescope which design the image. If we continue this comparison, we may say that the censor between two systems corresponds to the refraction of rays during their passage into a new medium.

Thus far we have made psychology on our own responsibility; it is now time to examine the theoretical opinions


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/503

Rh governing present-day psychology and to test their relation to our theories. The question of the unconscious in psychology is, according to the authoritative words of Lipps, less a psychological question than the question of psychology. As long as psychology settled this question with the verbal explanation that the "psychic" is the "conscious" and that "unconscious psychic occurrences" are an obvious contradiction, a psychological estimate of the observations gained by the physician from abnormal mental states was precluded. The physician and the philosopher agree only when both acknowledge that unconscious psychic processes are "the appropriate and well-justified expression for an established fact." The physician cannot but reject with a shrug of his shoulders the assertion that "consciousness is the indispensable quality of the psychic"; he may assume, if his respect for the utterings of the philosophers still be strong enough, that he and they do not treat the same subject and do not pursue the same science. For a single intelligent observation of the psychic life of a neurotic, a single analysis of a dream must force upon him the unalterable conviction that the most complicated and correct mental operations, to which no one will refuse the name of psychic occurrences, may take place without exciting the consciousness of the person. It is true that the physician does not learn of these unconscious processes until they have exerted such an effect on consciousness as to admit communication or observation. But this effect of consciousness may show a psychic character widely differing from the unconscious process, so that the internal perception cannot possibly recognise the one as a substitute for the other. The physician must reserve for himself the right to penetrate, by a process of deduction, from the effect on consciousness to the unconscious psychic process; he learns in this way that the effect on consciousness is only a remote psychic product of the unconscious process and that the latter has not become conscious as such; that it has been in existence and operative without betraying itself in any way to consciousness.


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/504

486 A reaction from the over-estimation of the quality of consciousness becomes the indispensable preliminary condition for any correct insight into the behaviour of the psychic. In the words of Lipps, the unconscious must be accepted as the general basis of the psychic life. The unconscious is the larger circle which includes within itself the smaller circle of the conscious; everything conscious has its preliminary step in the unconscious, whereas the unconscious may stop with this step and still claim full value as a psychic activity. Properly speaking, the unconscious is the real psychic; its inner nature is just as unknown to us as the reality of the external world, and it is just as imperfectly reported to us through the data of consciousness as is the external world through the indications of our sensory organs.

A series of dream problems which have intensely occupied older authors will be laid aside when the old opposition between conscious life and dream life is abandoned and the unconscious psychic assigned to its proper place. Thus many of the activities whose performances in the dream have excited our admiration are now no longer to be attributed to the dream but to unconscious thinking, which is also active during the day. If, according to Scherner, the dream seems to play with a symbolising representation of the body, we know that this is the work of certain unconscious phantasies which have probably given in to sexual emotions, and that these phantasies come to expression not only in dreams but also in hysterical phobias and in other symptoms. If the dream continues and settles activities of the day and even brings to light valuable inspirations, we have only to subtract from it the dream disguise as a feat of dream-work and a mark of assistance from obscure forces in the depth of the mind (cf. the devil in Tartini's sonata dream). The intellectual task as such must be attributed to the same psychic forces which perform all such tasks during the day. We are probably far too much inclined to over-estimate the conscious character even of intellectual and artistic productions. From the communications of some of the most highly productive persons, such as Goethe and Helmholtz, we learn, indeed, that the most essential and original parts in their creations came to them in the form of inspirations and reached their perceptions almost


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/505

Rh finished. There is nothing strange about the assistance of the conscious activity in other cases where there was a concerted effort of all the psychic forces. But it is a much abused privilege of the conscious activity that it is allowed to hide from us all other activities wherever it participates.

It will hardly be worth while to take up the historical significance of dreams as a special subject. Where, for instance, a chieftain has been urged through a dream to engage in a bold undertaking the success of which has had the effect of changing history, a new problem results only so long as the dream, regarded as a strange power, is contrasted with other more familiar psychic forces; the problem, however, disappears when we regard the dream as a form of expression for feelings which are burdened with resistance during the day and which can receive reinforcements at night from deep emotional sources. But the great respect shown by the ancients for the dream is based on a correct psychological surmise. It is a homage paid to the unsubdued and indestructible in the human mind, and to the demoniacal which furnishes the dream-wish and which we find again in our unconscious.

Not inadvisedly do I use the expression "in our unconscious," for what we so designate does not coincide with the unconscious of the philosophers, nor with the unconscious of Lipps. In the latter uses it is intended to designate only the opposite of conscious. That there are also unconscious psychic processes beside the conscious ones is the hotly contested and energetically defended issue. Lipps gives us the more far-reaching theory that everything psychic exists as unconscious, but that some of it may exist also as conscious. But it was not to prove this theory that we have adduced the phenomena of the dream and of the hysterical symptom formation; the observation of normal life alone suffices to establish its correctness beyond any doubt. The new fact that we have learned from the analysis of the psychopathological formations, and indeed from their first member, viz. dreams, is that the unconscious—hence the psychic—occurs as a function of two separate systems and that it occurs as such even in normal psychic life. Consequently


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/506

488 there are two kinds of unconscious, which, we do not as yet find distinguished by the psychologists. Both are unconscious in the psychological sense; but in our sense the first, which we call Unc., is likewise incapable of consciousness, whereas the second we term "Forec." because its emotions, after the observance of certain rules, can reach consciousness, perhaps not before they have again undergone censorship, but still regardless of the Unc. system. The fact that in order to attain consciousness the emotions must traverse an unalterable series of events or succession of instances, as is betrayed through their alteration by the censor, has helped us to draw a comparison from spatiality. We described the relations of the two systems to each other and to consciousness by saying that the system Forec. is like a screen between the system Unc. and consciousness. The system Forec. not only bars access to consciousness, but also controls the entrance to voluntary motility and is capable of sending out a sum of mobile energy, a portion of which is familiar to us as attention.

We must also steer clear of the distinctions superconscious and subconscious which have found so much favour in the more recent literature on the psychoneuroses, for just such a distinction seems to emphasize the equivalence of the psychic and the conscious.

What part now remains in our description of the once all-powerful and all-overshadowing consciousness? None other than that of a sensory organ for the perception of psychic qualities. According to the fundamental idea of schematic undertaking we can conceive the conscious perception only as the particular activity of an independent system for which the abbreviated designation "Cons." commends itself. This system we conceive to be similar in its mechanical characteristics to the perception system P, hence excitable by qualities and incapable of retaining the trace of changes, i.e. it is devoid of memory. The psychic apparatus which, with the sensory organs of the P-systems, is turned to the outer world, is itself the outer world for the sensory organ of Cons.; the teleological justification of which rests on this relationship. We are here once more confronted with the principle of the succession of instances which seems to dominate the structure of the apparatus. The material under excitement flows to the Cons.


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/507

Rh sensory organ from two sides, firstly from the P-system whose excitement, qualitatively determined, probably experiences a new elaboration until it comes to conscious perception; and, secondly, from the interior of the apparatus itself, the quantitative processes of which are perceived as a qualitative series of pleasure and pain as soon as they have undergone certain changes.

The philosophers, who have learned that correct and highly complicated thought structures are possible even without the co-operation of consciousness, have found it difficult to attribute any function to consciousness; it has appeared to them a superfluous mirroring of the perfected psychic process. The analogy of our Cons. system with the systems of perception relieves us of this embarrassment. We see that perception through our sensory organs results in directing the occupation of attention to those paths on which the incoming sensory excitement is diffused; the qualitative excitement of the P-system serves the mobile quantity of the psychic apparatus as a regulator for its discharge. We may claim the same function for the overlying sensory organ of the Cons. system. By assuming new qualities, it furnishes a new contribution toward the guidance and suitable distribution of the mobile occupation quantities. By means of the perceptions of pleasure and pain, it influences the course of the occupations within the psychic apparatus, which normally operates unconsciously and through the displacement of quantities. It is probable that the principle of pain first regulates the displacements of occupation automatically, but it is quite possible that the consciousness of these qualities adds a second and more subtle regulation which may even oppose the first and perfect the working capacity of the apparatus by placing it in a position contrary to its original design for occupying and developing even that which is connected with the liberation of pain. We learn from neuropsychology that an important part in the functional activity of the apparatus is attributed to such regulations through the qualitative excitation of the sensory organs. The automatic control of the primary principle of pain and the restriction of mental capacity connected with it are broken by the sensible regulations, which in their turn are again automatisms. We learn that


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/508

490 the repression which, though originally expedient, terminates nevertheless in a harmful rejection of inhibition and of psychic domination, is so much more easily accomplished with reminiscences than with perceptions, because in the former there is no increase in occupation through the excitement of the psychic sensory organs. When an idea to be rejected has once failed to become conscious because it has succumbed to repression, it can be repressed on other occasions only because it has been withdrawn from conscious perception on other grounds. These are hints employed by therapy in order to bring about a retrogression of accomplished repressions.

The value of the over-occupation which is produced by the regulating influence of the Cons. sensory organ on the mobile quantity, is demonstrated in the teleological connection by nothing more clearly than by the creation of a new series of qualities and consequently a new regulation which constitutes the precedence of man over the animals. For the mental processes are in themselves devoid of quality except for the excitements of pleasure and pain accompanying them, which, as we know, are to be held in check as possible disturbances of thought. In order to endow them with a quality, they are associated in man with verbal memories, the qualitative remnants of which suffice to draw upon them the attention of consciousness which in turn endows thought with a new mobile energy.

The manifold problems of consciousness in their entirety can be examined only through an analysis of the hysterical mental process. From this analysis we receive the impression that the transition from the foreconscious to the occupation of consciousness is also connected with a censorship similar to the one between the Unc. and the Forec. This censorship, too, begins to act only with the reaching of a certain quantitative degree, so that few intense thought formations escape it. Every possible case of detention from consciousness, as well as of penetration to consciousness, under restriction is found included within the picture of the psychoneurotic phenomena; every case points to the intimate and twofold connection between the censor and consciousness. I shall conclude these psychological discussions with the report of two such occurrences.


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/509

Rh On the occasion of a consultation a few years ago the subject was an intelligent and innocent-looking girl. Her attire was strange; whereas a woman's garb is usually groomed to the last fold, she had one of her stockings hanging down and two of her waist buttons opened. She complained of pains in one of her legs, and exposed her leg unrequested. Her chief complaint, however, was in her own words as follows: She had a feeling in her body as if something was stuck into it which moved to and fro and made her tremble through and through. This sometimes made her whole body stiff. On hearing this, my colleague in consultation looked at me; the complaint was quite plain to him. To both of us it seemed peculiar that the patient's mother thought nothing of the matter; of course she herself must have been repeatedly in the situation described by her child. As for the girl, she had no idea of the import of her words or she would never have allowed them to pass her lips. Here the censor had been deceived so successfully that under the mask of an innocent complaint a phantasy was admitted to consciousness which otherwise would have remained in the foreconscious.

Another example: I began the psychoanalytic treatment of a boy of fourteen years who was suffering from tic convulsif, hysterical vomiting, headache, &c., by assuring him that, after closing his eyes, he would see pictures or have ideas, which I requested him to communicate to me. He answered by describing pictures. The last impression he had received before coming to me was visually revived in his memory. He had played a game of checkers with his uncle, and now saw the checker-board before him. He commented on various positions that were favourable or unfavourable, on moves that were not safe to make. He then saw a dagger lying on the checkerboard, an object belonging to his father, but transferred to the checker-board by his phantasy. Then a sickle was lying on the board; next a scythe was added; and, finally, he beheld the likeness of an old peasant mowing the grass in front of the boy's distant parental home. A few days later I discovered the meaning of this series of pictures. Disagreeable family relations had made the boy nervous. It was the case of a strict and crabbed father who lived unhappily with his mother,


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/510

492 and whose educational methods consisted in threats; of the separation of his father from his tender and delicate mother, and the remarrying of his father, who one day brought home a young woman as his new mamma. The illness of the fourteen-year-old boy broke out a few days later. It was the suppressed anger against his father that had composed these pictures into intelligible allusions. The material was furnished by a reminiscence from mythology. The sickle was the one with which Zeus castrated his father; the scythe and the likeness of the peasant represented Kronos, the violent old man who eats his children and upon whom Zeus wreaks vengeance in so unfilial a manner. The marriage of the father gave the boy an opportunity to return the reproaches and threats of his father—which had previously been made because the child played with his genitals (the checker-board; the prohibitive moves; the dagger with which a person may be killed). We have here long repressed memories and their unconscious remnants which, under the guise of senseless pictures have slipped into consciousness by devious paths left open to them.

I should then expect to find the theoretical value of the study of dreams in its contribution to psychological knowledge and in its preparation for an understanding of neuroses. Who can foresee the importance of a thorough knowledge of the structure and activities of the psychic apparatus when even our present state of knowledge produces a happy therapeutic influence in the curable forms of the psychoneuroses? What about the practical value of such study someone may ask, for psychic knowledge and for the discovering of the secret peculiarities of individual character? Have not the unconscious feelings revealed by the dream the value of real forces in the psychic life? Should we take lightly the ethical significance of the suppressed wishes which, as they now create dreams, may some day create other things?

I do not feel justified in answering these questions. I have not thought further upon this side of the dream problem. I believe, however, that at all events the Roman Emperor was in the wrong who ordered one of his subjects executed because the latter dreamt that he had killed the Emperor. He should first have endeavoured to discover the significance of the dream; most probably it was not what it seemed to be. And


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/511

Rh even if a dream of different content had the significance of this offence against majesty, it would still have been in place to remember the words of Plato, that the virtuous man contents himself with dreaming that which the wicked man does in actual life. I am therefore of the opinion that it is best to accord freedom to dreams. Whether any reality is to be attributed to the unconscious wishes, and in what sense, I am not prepared to say offhand. Reality must naturally be denied to all transition—and intermediate thoughts. If we had before us the unconscious wishes, brought to their last and truest expression, we should still do well to remember that more than one single form of existence must be ascribed to the psychic reality. Action and the conscious expression of thought mostly suffice for the practical need of judging a man's character. Action, above all, merits to be placed in the first rank; for many of the impulses penetrating consciousness are neutralised by real forces of the psychic life before they are converted into action; indeed, the reason why they frequently do not encounter any psychic obstacle on their way is because the unconscious is certain of their meeting with resistances later. In any case it is instructive to become familiar with the much raked-up soil from which our virtues proudly arise. For the complication of human character moving dynamically in all directions very rarely accommodates itself to adjustment through a simple alternative, as our antiquated moral philosophy would have it.

And how about the value of the dream for a knowledge of the future? That, of course, we cannot consider. One feels inclined to substitute: "for a knowledge of the past." For the dream originates from the past in every sense. To be sure the ancient belief that the dream reveals the future is not entirely devoid of truth. By representing to us a wish as fulfilled the dream certainly leads us into the future; but this future, taken by the dreamer as present, has been formed into the likeness of that past by the indestructible wish.


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Falcon

FALCON (OF. faucon, falcon, It. falcone, from Lat. falco, falcon, from falx, sickle). Broadly, any hawk of the family Falconidæ, more usually and scientifically one of those species which, in the language of falconry, were styled ‘noble’ birds of prey. The true falcons are characterized by a bill curved from the base, the upper mandible hooked at the point, and the cutting edge of the upper mandible furnished with a prominent projection or ‘tooth.’ The claws are also sharp, curved, and strong; and in accordance with all this powerful armature the whole frame is very robust and muscular. The legs are rather short, and have great power in striking or seizing prey. The breast-bone and shoulder-girdle are large and adapted for the attachment of powerful muscles; the wings are long and pointed. The true falcons are bolder in proportion to their size than any other of the Falconidæ, even the eagles. Their acuteness of vision is wonderful, and they have very great powers of flight. A falcon is recorded as having traversed the distance between Fontainebleau and Malta, not less than 1350 miles, in 24 hours. They soar to a prodigious height in the air, always endeavoring to outsoar any bird of which they may be in pursuit, and to swoop down upon it from above; although it is far more difficult for them to rise vertically in a calm atmosphere than for birds of short and rounded wing, and they either rise obliquely — often making their onward flight in a series of arcs — or avail themselves of the wind, and by flying against it are borne aloft as a boy's kite is.

The species are numerous and widely distributed. Some of them are of very wide range, while others are peculiar to certain countries or climates. The best-known American species are the gyrfalcon (q.v.), formerly confused with the Iceland falcon and the Greenland falcon, and the peregrine falcon, known in the United States as duck-hawk, of which the female is par excellence ‘the falcon’ of falconers, and the male is the ‘tercel,’ ‘tiercel,’ or ‘tercelet.’ The hobby (Falco subbutco); the red-footed or red-legged

falcon (Falco rufipes), a small species, much resembling the hobby; the merlin (Falco æsalon); and the kestrel or windhover (Falco tinnuneulus), are common and well-known English species. The gyrfalcon and peregrine are European also. The name falcon is sometimes extended to cover all of the various birds included in the Falconidæ, some 350 species, of which about one-tenth occur in the United States. The birds commonly called buzzards, eagles, kites, hawks, harriers, ospreys, and caracaras (qq.v.) are usually included in that family, but it is obviously confusing to call them all falcons, and the word is better restricted therefore to the genus Falco, in its present restricted sense.

For the use of falcons in sport, see ; for books relating to the family, see, and consult Fisher, Hawks and Owls of the United States (Washington, 1893); and for portraits, see Plates of, and.


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/519

, 78, 245 Absurd dreams, 59, 327, 334–364 Absurdity of dreams, 327 Acceleration of thought in dreams, 397 Accidental stimuli, 185, 186 Adler, Alf., 241 Affects, flagging of, 457 in the dream, 364–389 inversion of, 375 restraint of, 372 sources of, 382 suppression of, 371, 372, 375 transformation of, 479 Agoraphobia, 249, 259 Alarm clock dreams, 21, 22, 186 Allegorising interpretation of dreams, 48 symbolisms, 81 Altruistic impulses, 212 Ambiguity of dreams, 125 Amnesia, 412, 413 Analyses of dreams, 90–102, 116–120, 124–128, 131, 143–146, 155–157, 160–166, 167–183, 193–196, 201–203, 219–221, 227–230, 232–259, 264–283, 308, 309, 312, 317, 318, 320–364, 366–376, 378–389, 397, 398, 460–462 self, 87 Analysis of dream life, 33 of psychological formations, 487 Anamnesis, 281 Anxiety dreams, 27, 28, 74, 114, 136, 137, 199, 200, 226, 231, 245, 247, 413, 436, 458–464 Apparent duration of dreams, 53 Arbitrariness in dream interpretation, 190 Aristotle, 2, 27 Arithmetic speeches in dreams, 322–334 Artemidoros of Daldis, 82, 481 Artificial dreams, 81 Artigues, 27 Association dreams, 186 Auditory hallucinations, 26 pictures, 41 Automatisms, 489

, 392 Benini, V., 37; quoted, 59 Bernard, Claude, 414 Binz, C., 63; quoted, 14, 47 Bisexuality, 481 Bladder-exciting dreams, 72 Bleuler and Freud, 41, 81, 111 Bodily stimuli, 185, 193 symbolisation of, 190 Boerner, 28 Brandes, G., 225 Breuer, J., 83, 470 Brill, A. A., 111, 136, 195, 240, 419 Bruecke, 325, 357 Burdach quoted, 4, 5, 41–43, 65, 68, 188 Buzareingues, Giron de, 19

, Miss Whiton, 15, 16, 36, 186 Causality, law of, 42 Causal relations, 292, 293 Censor of resistance, 287 Cerebral anemia, 463, 464 Chabaneix, 36, 53 Characteristics of the sleeping state, 466 Chemistry of the sexual processes, 276 Childish impressions, 323 Children's dreams, 107–112, 155, 438 Chronic psychotic persons, 75 Cicero quoted, 6, 46 Cipher method of interpreting dreams, 82, 83, 87, 245 Clark, G. S., 222 Claustrophobia, 267 Coinage of words in dreams, 279 Complications of the human character, 493 Compositions in dreams, 300, 301 Compression, principle of, 471 501


text:
Page:DenisGale annotated notebook complete2.pdf/12

 I INTRODUCTION.

In the note books of Denis Gale occurs a great deal of matter of no special importance, such as systematic lists of birds, etc., apparently copied into the books merely for his own convenience to avoid constant reference to manuals. Such matter I have omitted from this transcript, generally indicating the omission in some way. Ann Annotations appear either in footnotes or in parentheses and are signed "J.H." I have taken the liberty to insert punctuation marks in many places, after careful consideration, where it would make the notes more easily readable, and have corrected orthography and grammar in many instances, though note always, by any means. The transcript has been written as rapidly as I could manipulate the keys and proof^-read very hastily. In the early part of the transcript I omitted the check list numbers, but inserted them in all the pages after page 120. In nomencla- ture he followed Ridgeway's "Nomenclature of North American Birds," Bull. 21, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, but in the notes for 1898 he adds the A.O.U. numbers also. The notes are all written with ink, and probably written at home, though quite likely transcribed from some kind of a field memorandum book. At least one of the books was altogether too large to con-veniently carry into the field, and they do not bear the us-ual marks of rough usage in the field in all kinds of weather. In places the notes bear internal evidence of not having been written on the dates they bear. This is particularly true of the large book, No. 6. Most of the localities mentioned


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/520

502 Compulsion neurosis, 207, 212, 221 Compulsive ideas, 83, 283 Condensation, principle of, 471 work of the dream, 261, 283, 288, 316, 358, 430, 472 Condensing activity of the dream, 277 Conflict of psychic forces, 372 of the will, 208, 312 Connection between dream content and reality, 7 Conscious day phantasies, 393 end–presentations, 421 thought activity in dream formations, 445 wishes, 438, 439 Consciousness, problems of, 490 Consolation dreams, 232 Content of perception, 453, 454 Convenience dreams, 105 Correspondence between dreams and reality, 157 Counter volition, 312 wish dreams, 133, 135 Curative activity of the dream, 69

, 254 Daudet, A., 268, 392 David, J. J., 280 Day phantasies, 393, 394 Death-wish towards parents, 218 Debacker, 114, 463 De Biran, Maine, 75 Defence-neuropsychoses, 195 Degeneration, 212 D'Hervey, Marquis, 20, 51 Delage, Yves, 152, 467; quoted, 67, 68 Delbœuf, J., 8, 9, 16, 42, 48, 152; quoted, 15, 43, 88 theory of, 62, 63 Deliriums of hunger, 447 Delusions, 75, 452 Demonomania, 464 Demonomaniacal hallucinations, 464 Dental irritation, dreams of, 230, 234, 235 stimulus, 191 De Sanctis, Sante, 74, 79 "Desired" ideas, 85 Digestive disturbances and dreams, 28, 185 Disagreeable dreams, 112, 135 Disfigurement of dreams, 115, 184, 305, 365 Disfiguring activity of dreams, 327 Displacement in dream formation, 314 Displacement of psychic intensities, 402 Distortion in dreams, 113–137, 415 Disturbing stimuli, 62 Divinatory power of the dream, 53 Dream activity, 329, 401 affects in the, 364–389 censor, 198, 387, 407, 409 condensation, 261, 283, 286, 288, 315, 358, 430, 472 curative activity of the, 69 digestive disturbances and the, 28, 185 disfigurement, 115, 184, 304, 365 displacement, 150, 286–288 divinatory power of the dream, 53 enigma of the, 365 ethical feelings in the, 54 etiology of the, 53 fear, 136 formation, 185, 198–200, 262, 263, 273, 276, 277, 285, 287, 322, 389, 390, 400, 429, 450, 465, 481 displacement in, 314 laws of the, 23 mechanism of, 297 origin of the, 416 psychic activity in, 401 formation, requirements of, 322 functions of the, 61–73, 458 hallucinations, 42 hypermnesia, 10, 465 images, variegated, 189 interpretation, cipher method of, 82, 83, 87, 245 method of, 80–102 problem of, 80 symbolic, 81 illusions, 24 influence of sexual excitement on the, 28 keystone of the, 415 life, theory of, 46, 78 material of the, 7–16 means of representation in the, 288 memory in the, 7–16, 14, 48, 184 of nerve stimulus, 186 obscurity of the, 1 origin of the, 407 paramnesia in the, 352 peculiarity of the, 45 phantasy, 70–72 phenomena of the, 487 pre-scientific conception of the, 2 problem, present status of the, 1


text:
User talk:108.213.149.41

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
 * Style Guide
 * Inclusion policy
 * For Wikipedians

You are welcome to continue editing articles without logging in, but you may wish to  [ create an account] . Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits. Creating an account on Wikisource has many of the same benefits as creating an account on Wikipedia. For one thing, if you continue to edit without a username, your IP address is used to publicly identify you.

In any case, I hope you enjoy donating your time to grow the Wikisource library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please sign your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question. Again, welcome! — billinghurst  sDrewth  21:53, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:108.213.149.41


text:
User talk:201.234.55.50

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
 * Style Guide
 * Inclusion policy
 * For Wikipedians

You are welcome to continue editing articles without logging in, but you may wish to  [ create an account] . Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits. Creating an account on Wikisource has many of the same benefits as creating an account on Wikipedia. For one thing, if you continue to edit without a username, your IP address is used to publicly identify you.

In any case, I hope you enjoy donating your time to grow the Wikisource library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please sign your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question. Again, welcome! — billinghurst  sDrewth  21:55, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:201.234.55.50


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/521

Rh Dream, problems of the, 3 processes, primary, 464–474 psychology of the, 464 secondary, 474–479 prophetic power of the, 27 psychic activity in the, 46, 68 capacities in the, 48 resources of the, 399 psychological character of the, 52, 423, 431 psychology of the, 416 psychotherapy of the, 75 reactions, 155 regression of the, 431 relation of the, to the waking state, 4–7 riddles of the, 444 scientific theories of the, 80 sources, 16–35 stimuli, 16–35, 139, 155 strangeness of the, 1 sway of the, 11 symbolism, 249 the guardian of sleep, 197 theories, 61–73 thoughts, elements of the, 284, 285 emotions of the, 375 logical relations among the, 291 revealed upon analysis, 159 structure of, 431 verbal compositions of the, 283 waking caused by the, 452–458 wishes, 429, 437, 438 transferred, 455 wish–fulfilment of the, 76 within the dream, 313 work, the, 260–402 Dreams about fire, 239 absurd, 59, 327, 334–364 acceleration of thought in, 397 alarm clock, 21, 22, 186 ambiguity of, 125 analyses of, 90–102, 116–120, 124–128, 131, 143–146, 155–157, 160–166, 167–183, 193–196, 201–203, 219–221, 227–230, 232–259, 264–283, 308, 309, 312, 317, 318, 320–364, 366–376, 378–389, 397, 398, 460–462 and mental diseases, 73–79 disturbance, 77 anxiety, 27, 28, 74, 114, 136, 137, 199, 200, 226, 231, 245, 247, 413, 436, 458–464 Dreams, apparent duration of, 53 arithmetic speeches in, 322–334 artificial, 81 as picture puzzles, 261 as psychic products, 51 association, 186 bladder-exciting, 72 children's dreams, 107–112, 155, 438 composition in, 300, 301 consolation, 232 counter-wish, 133, 135 digestive organs and, 185 disagreeable, 122, 135 disfigurement of, 115, 135 disfiguring activity of, 327 distortion in, 113–137, 415 egotism in, 229 etiology of, 24, 33, 64 examination, 230, 231, 378 exhibition, 207, 267, 311 experimentally produced, 23 forgetting in, 262, 405–421 formation of, 185, 198–200, 262, 263, 273, 277, 285, 287 "fractionary" interpretation of, 414 hallucinatory, 430 harmless, 155, 157 headache, 71, 189 healing properties of, 66 historical significance of, 487 hunger, 113, 241 hypermnesia, 9, 11 hypocritical, 122, 376 illusory formations in, 191 immoral, 59 impression, 232 language of, 104 mantic power of, 3 material of, 138–259 memory of, 38 nerve-exciting, 34 of convenience, 105, 241, 451 of death, 216, 218 of dental irritation, 230, 234, 235 of falling, 239 of fear, 114, 226 of flying, 239 of intestinal excitement, 72 of inversion, 303 of nakedness, 207 of neurotics, 87 of swimming, 239 of the dead, 338


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mount, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mountague, William


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/522

504 Dreams of thirst, 105, 241 of visual stimulation, 191 partition of, 293 parturition, 243–245 perennial, 159 pollution, 310 prophetic power of, 3 psychic source of, 33 psychological investigation in, 405 peculiarity of, 39, 40 punitive, 378 scientific literature on, 1–79 self-correction in, 411 sexual, 240 organs and, 185 somatic origin of, 64 sources of, 138–259 supernatural origin of, 3 symbolic interpretation of, 316 symbolism in, 249–259 the fulfilment of wishes, 103–112, 123, 128, 134, 393 theoretical value of the study of, 492 theory of the origin of, 29, 127 the result of egotistical motives, 346 toothache, 189, 190 tooth exciting, 72 transforming activity of, 327 typical, 131–137, 203–259 unburdening properties of, 66 urinary organs and, 185 why forgotten after awakening, 35 wish, 113, 123, 128, 219 wish-fulfilment in, 104 word coinage in, 279–281 Dreaming, psychology of, 154 Dugas, 454; quoted, 46, 50 Duration of dreams, 53 Dyspnœa, 267

, 21, 53, 397; quoted, 38 Egotism in dreams, 229 of the infantile mind, 226 Elements of dream thoughts, 284, 285 Elimination theory, 458 Ellis, Havelock, quoted, 14, 50, 467 Emotions of the dream thoughts, 375 of the psychic life, 197 theory of the, 371 Endogenous psychic affections, 419 Endopsychic censor, 416 Endoptic phenomena, 414 End-presentations, 419, 421, 470 Enigma of the dream, 365 Enuresis nocturna of children, 240 Ephialtes, 2 Essence of consciousness, 121 Ethical feelings in the dream, 54 Etiology of dreams, 24, 33, 53, 64, 132 of neuroses, 281 Examination dreams, 230, 231, 578 Examination-phobia, 230 Excitation of want, 446 Excitations, unconscious, 440, 448, 460 Exhibitional cravings, 206 Exhibition dreams, 207, 267, 311 External nerve stimuli, 186 (objective) sensory stimuli, 17–27, 193

of memories, 457 Falling in dreams, 239 Fancies while asleep, 307 Fechner, G. Th., quoted, 39, 40, 46, 424 Federn, Dr. Paul, 239 Fensterln, 170 Féré, 75 Ferenczi, S., 82, 207 Festschrift, 264 Figaro quoted, 175 Fischer, R. P., 55 Flagging of affects, 457 Fliess, W., 140 Fliesse, W., 79 Flying in dreams, 239 Forbidden wishes, 209 Foreconscious wishes, 456 Forgetting in dreams, 35–37, 262, 405–421 Formation of dreams, 185, 198–200, 262, 263, 273, 276, 277, 285, 287, 322, 389, 390, 400, 429, 450, 465, 481 of hysterical symptoms, 481, 482 of illusions, 187 "Fractionary" interpretation of dreams, 414 France, Anatole, quoted, 78 Freud, Dr., 236, 237, 256, 279 Functions of the dream, 61, 458 Furuncles, 194 Furunculosis, 185

, 20


text:
User talk:Rarejules

Welcome
Welcome

Hello, Rarejules, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * Help pages
 * Style guide
 * Inclusion policy
 * For Wikipedians

You may be interested in participating in Add the code active projects, PotM or CotW to your page for current wikisource projects.
 * Proofread of the Month
 * Community collaboration
 * Requested texts

You can put a brief description of your interests on your user page and contributions to another Wikimedia project, such as Wikipedia and Commons.

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikisource, the library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please "sign" your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question.

Again, welcome! Beeswaxcandle (talk) 22:14, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rarejules


text:
User talk:Libtest2

Welcome
Welcome

Hello, Libtest2, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * Help pages
 * Style guide
 * Inclusion policy
 * For Wikipedians

You may be interested in participating in Add the code active projects, PotM or CotW to your page for current wikisource projects.
 * Proofread of the Month
 * Community collaboration
 * Requested texts

You can put a brief description of your interests on your user page and contributions to another Wikimedia project, such as Wikipedia and Commons.

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikisource, the library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please "sign" your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question.

Again, welcome! Beeswaxcandle (talk) 22:15, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Libtest2


text:
Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/523

Rh Gastric sensations, 30 General and specific sensations, 30 Goblot quoted, 454 Goethe, 486 Gregory, 19 Griesinger, 76, 113 Gruppe, O., quoted, 2 Gschnas, 183 Guislain, 75

, 75 Hallam, Miss Florence, 13, 113 Hallucinations, 4, 43, 44, 49, 74, 76, 187, 424, 446 auditory, 26 hypnogogic, 25, 40 ideas transformed into, 41 of hysteria, 432 of paranoia, 432, 433 Hallucinatory dreams, 430 paranoia, 77 psychoses, 447 regression, 448 Harmless dreams, 155, 157 Hartman, Edward von, 113 Hauffbauer, 18 Headache dreams, 71, 189 Healing properties of dreams, 66 Helmholtz, 486 Herbart quoted, 63 Hildebrandt, F. W., 53, 55, 59, 60, 138; quoted, 6, 7, 11, 13, 15, 20, 21, 47, 51, 57, 58 Hilferding, Mrs. M., 376 Historical significance of dreams, 487 Hohnbaum, 74 Homer, 208 Homosexuality, 233, 248, 304 Human character, complication of, 493 Hunger dreams, 113 Hypermnesia of the dream, 465 Hypermnesic dreams, 9, 11 Hypnogogic hallucinations, 25, 40 sensory images, 185 Hypocritical dreams, 122, 376 Hysteria, 283, 418 hallucinations of, 432 study of, 456 theory of, 473 Hysterical counter-reaction, 220 identification, 126, 127 imitation, 126 paralysis, theory for, 444 phantasy, 127 phobias, 83, 220, 486 Hysterical symptoms, theory of, 449 formation of, 481, 482, 487 vomiting, 449

masochists, 134 Ideas, concatenation of, 295 "desired" 85 transformation of, 424 transformed into hallucinations, 41 "undesired," 85 Ideation, unconscious, 459 Illusions, 24, 49, 76 formation of, 23, 187 Illusory formations in dreams, 191 Imaginations, 43 Immoral dreams, 59 Impression dreams, 139, 232 Incest, 248 Incomprehensible neologisms, 247 Independent psychic activity in the dream, 68 Individual dream images, 306 psychology, 13 Infantile psychology, 211, 221 etiology of the neuroses, 373 experiences as the source of dreams, 157–184 phantasies, 407 reminiscences, 12, 13 Influence of sexual excitement on the dream, 28 Inner nerve stimuli, 66, 198 sensory stimuli, 66 Insomnia, 2 Intensive objective stimulation, 193 Intermediary presentations, 472 thoughts, 417 Internal bodily stimulation, 185 (subjective) sensory stimuli, 24 Interpretation of pathological ideas, 85 Intestinal excitement dreams, 72 Inversion of affects, 375 Irma's dream, 88–90 analysis of, 90–102

, 81 Jessen quoted, 5, 9, 18, 38, 54, 60 Jodl, 48 Jones, Dr., 229 Josephus quoted, 309 Jung, C. G., 78, 234, 309, 419, 421

, 58 ; quoted, 75 Keller, G., quoted, 208


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mountain, Armine Simcoe Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mountain, Didymus


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mountain, Jacob


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/329

 No. 33.]

first step towards evangelizing a heathen country in the early times, seems to have been to seize upon some principal city in it as a centre of operation; to place a Pastor, i.e., a Bishop there; to surround him with a sufficient number of associates and assistants; and then to wait, till, under the blessing of God, this Missionary College was enabled to gather around it the scattered children of grace from the evil world, and invest itself with the shape and influence of an organized Church. The converts would, in the first instance, be naturally attracted to the immediate vicinity of the Missionary or Bishop, whose diocese, nevertheless, would extend indefinitely over the heathen country on every side, his mission being without restriction to all to whom had never been preached. As he prospered in the increase of his flock, and sent out his clergy to greater and greater distances from the city, so would the homestead (so to call it,) of the Church enlarge; other towns would be brought under his government, till at length he would find "the burden too heavy for him," and would appoint other Pastors to supply his place in this or that part of his diocese. To these he would commit a greater or lesser share of his spiritual power, as might be necessary; sometimes he would make them fully his representatives, or ordain them Bishops; at other times he would employ presbyters for his purpose. These assistants, or (as they were called) Chorepiscopi, would naturally be confined to their respective districts; and if Bishops, an approximation would evidently be made to a division of the large original diocese into


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mountain, Rosoman


text:
Page:Southern Historical Society Papers volume 09.djvu/7

 WM. ELLIS JONES, PRINTER,

RICHMOND, VA.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mountain, Thomas


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/330

 a number of smaller ones connected with and subordinate to the Bishop of the metropolitan city. Thus, from the very Missionary character of the Primitive Church, there was a tendency in its polity to what was afterwards called the Provincial and Patriarchal system.

It is not, indeed, to be supposed that this was the only way in which the graduated order of sees (so to call it) originated; but, at least, it is one way. And there is this advantage in remarking it: we learn from it, that large dioceses are the characteristics of a Church in its infancy or weakness; whereas, the more firmly Christianity was rooted in a country, and the more vigourous its rulers, the more diligently were its sees multiplied throughout the ecclesiastical territory. Thus, St. Basil, in the fourth century, finding his exarchate defenceless in the neighbourhood of Mount Taurus, created a number of dioceses to meet the emergency. These subordinate sees may be called suffragan to the Metropolitan Church, whether their respective rulers were mere representatives of the Bishop who created them, i.e., Chorepiscopi; or, on the other hand, substantive authorities, sovereign within their own limits, though bound by external ties to each other and to their Metropolitan. The most perfect state of a Christian country would be, that of a sufficient number of separate dioceses; the next to it, the system of Chorepiscopi, or Suffragan Bishops in the modern sense of the word.

Few persons, who have not expressly examined the subject, are aware of the minuteness of the dioceses into which many parts of Christendom were divided in the first ages. Some Churches in Italy were more like our rural deaneries than what we now consider dioceses; being not above ten or twelve miles in extent, and their sees not above five or six miles from each other. Even now (or, at least, in Bingham's time,) the kingdom of Naples contains 147 sees, of which twenty are Archbishopricks. Asia Minor is 630 miles long, 210 broad; yet in this country there were almost 400 dioceses. Palestine is in length 160 miles, in breadth 120; yet the number of known dioceses amounted to 48. Again, in the province of Syria Secunda, the see of Larissa (e.g.) was about 14 miles from Aparnea, Arethusa 16 from Epiphania. And so, again, in the West, though the dioceses were


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mounteney, Richard


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/331

 generally larger, as partaking more of a Missionary character, yet in Ireland there were at one time from 50 to 60 sees.

Such was the character of the Primitive Regimen, where Christianity especially flourished in the zeal and number of its professors. But, where the country was mountainous or desert, the inhabitants scanty, or but partially Christian, it was considered advisable to leave all to the management of one chief Pastor, who appointed assistants to himself according to his discretion, as the circumstances of the times required. The office of these Chorepiscopi, or country Bishops, was to preside over the country clergy, inquire into their behaviour, and report to their principal; also to provide fit persons for the inferior ministrations of the Church. They had the power of ordaining the lower ranks of clergy, such as the readers, sub-deacons, and exorcists; they might ordain priests and deacons with the leave of the city Bishop, and administer the rite of confirmation; and were permitted to sit and vote in synods and councils. Thus their office bore a considerable resemblance to that of our Archdeacons; except, of course, that they had the power of ordination; whereas the latter are but presbyters. And, in matter of fact, by such presbyters (visitors, as they were called,) they were superseded in the course of the fourth and following centuries, till at length the Pope caused the order to be set aside almost altogether in the ninth.

Little use was made of Suffragans during the middle ages; but, at the time of our Reformation, Archbishop Cranmer felt the deficiency of the English Church in respect of Bishopricks, and projected several measures to supply it. The most complete was that of increasing the number of dioceses; availing himself of existing circumstances, he advised the King to apply the Abbey lands to the founding of twenty additional sees. Bishop Burnet gives some of the particulars of this attempt in the following passage:—

"On the 23rd of May, in the session of Parliament, a bill was brought in by Cromwell for giving the king power to erect new bishopricks by his letters-patent . It was read that day for the


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/332

 first, second, and third time; and sent down to the Commons. The preamble of it was, 'that it was known what slothful and ungodly life had been led by those who were called religious. But that these houses might be converted to better uses; that God's word might be better set forth; children brought up in learning; clerks nourished in the universities; and that old decayed servants might have livings; poor people might have almshouses to maintain them; readers of Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, might have good stipends; daily alms might be administered, and allowance might be made for mending of the highways, and exhibitions for ministers of the Church; for these ends, if the king thought fit to have more bishopricks or cathedral churches erected out of the rents of these houses, full power was given him to erect and found them, and to make rules and statutes for them, and such translations of sees, or divisions of them, as he thought fit.' In the same paper, there is a list of the sees which he intended to found; of which what was done afterwards came so far short, that I know nothing to which it can be so reasonably imputed, as the declining of Cranmer's interest at court, who had proposed the erecting the new cathedrals and sees, with other things mentioned in the preamble of the statute, as a great mean of reforming the Church ." Some of the proposed additional dioceses are then enumerated; Essex, Hertford, Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire, Oxford and Berkshire, Northampton and Huntingdon, Middlesex, Leicester and Rutland, Gloucestershire, Lancashire, Suffolk, Stafford and Salop, Nottingham and Derby, Cornwall. As to the means by which they were to be endowed, no opinion is here expressed on its lawfulness, as the present sketch is confined to the consideration of the spiritual part of the ecclesiastical system. It is scarcely necessary to add, that Cranmer's views were partly realised, in the subsequent creation of the dioceses of Chester, Bristol, Glocester, Oxford, and Peterborough.

The same prelate, whose episcopate has had so important an influence upon the constitution of our Church ever since, also projected with great wisdom, a system of suffragan bishops or


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mountfort, William


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/333

 Chorepiscopi, which he was able to bring into effect, and which lasted till the reign of King James. Twenty-six such bishops were appointed; the bishop of the diocese having the power of presenting two persons to the king, who might choose either of them, and present him to the archbishop of the province for consecration. These suffragans exercised such jurisdiction as their principal gave them, or as had formerly been committed to suffragans; their authority lasting no longer than he continued their commission to them. "These were believed," says Burnet, "to be the same with the Chorepiscopi in the primitive church; which, as they were begun before the first council of Nice, so they continued in the Western Church till the 9th century, and then a decretal of Damasus being forged, that condemned them, they were put down every where by degrees, and now revived in England. The suffragan sees were as follows; Thetford, Ipswich, Colchester, Dover, Guilford, Southampton, Taunton, Shaftsbury, Molton, Marlborough, Bedford, Leicester, Gloucester, Shrewsbury, Bristol, Penrith, Bridgwater, Nottingham, Grantham, Hull, Huntingdon, Cambridge, Pereth, Berwick, St. Germain's, and the Isle of Wight."

After the disuse of suffragans in the reign of James I. there was a fresh project for establishing them on the Restoration. Charles, in one of his declarations, promises to increase the number of bishops, in accordance with Archbishop Usher's plan for episcopal government. However, his intention was not put into execution, doubtless owing to existing circumstances, which reasonably interfered with it.

The following extract is made from Bingham, Antiqu. ix. 8. "One great objection against the present diocesan episcopacy, and that which to many may look the most plausible, is drawn from the vast extent and greatness of most of the northern dioceses of the world, which makes it so extremely difficult for one man to discharge all the offices of the episcopal function……The Church England has usually followed the larger model, and had very great and extensive dioceses; for at first she had but seven bishopricks in the whole nation, and those commensurate in a manner,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mountier, Thomas


text:
Page:London - The People of the Abyss.djvu/31

Rh "I'll tell you what I want," I said. "You drive along and keep your eye out for a shop where old clothes are sold. Now, when you see such a shop, drive right on till you turn the corner, then stop and let me out."

I could see that he was growing dubious of his fare, but not long afterward he pulled up to the curb and informed me that an old clothes shop was to be found a bit of the way back.

"Won'tcher py me?" he pleaded. "There's seven an' six owin' me."

"Yes," I laughed, "and it would be the last I'd see of you."


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mount-Maurice, Hervey de


text:
Page:London - The People of the Abyss.djvu/33

 {|style="margin:3em auto;"
 * style="border:1px solid;"|People of the Abyss-033.jpg
 * }
 * }
 * }


text:
Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/334

 to the seven Saxon kingdoms. Since that time she has thought it a point of wisdom to contract her dioceses, and multiply them into above 20; and if she should think fit to add 40 or 100 more, she would not be without precedent in the practice of the Primitive Church.… In Ireland, there are not now above half the number of dioceses that there were before, and consequently they must needs be larger by uniting them together. In England, there are more in number than formerly, some new ones being created out of old ones, and at present, the whole number augmented to three times as many as they were for some ages after the first conversion. Besides that, we have another way of contracting dioceses in effect here in England appointed by law, which law was never yet repealed; which is by devolving part of the bishop's care upon the Chorepiscopi, or suffragan bishops, as the law calls them:—a method commonly practised in the ancient Church in such large dioceses as those of St. Basil and Theodoret, one of which had no less than fifty Chorepiscopi under him, if Nazianzen rightly informs us. And it is a practice, which was continued here all the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and even to the end of King James; and is what may be revived again, whenever any bishop thinks his diocese too large, or his burden too great to be sustained by himself alone."

To the above statements, may be subjoined the present number of souls, and the area of square miles, in certain of our dioceses, as given in a pamphlet lately published, which has come into the writer's hands since the foregoing was put on paper. (Vide Plan for a New Arrangement, &c. by Lord Henley.)

By this table, it is not here intended to insinuate the necessity of any immediate measure of multiplying the English sees or appointing suffragans, (the expediency of which is to be determined by a variety of considerations, which it were unprofitable here to


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Moutray, John