text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/188

Rh 8vo, 2 vols.; 2nd edition, London, 1842, 8vo. 2. ‘An Examination of some Passages in Dr. Whateley's Elements of Logic,’ Oxford, 1829, 8vo. 3. ‘The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race … translated [from vols. ii. and iii. of K. O. Müller's ‘Geschichten Hellenischer Stämme und Städte’] by H. Tufnell and G. C. Lewis,’ Oxford, 1830, 8vo, 2 vols.; 2nd edition, London, 1839, 8vo, 2 vols. 4. ‘Remarks on the Use and Abuse of some Political Terms,’ London, 1832, 8vo; new edition, with notes and appendix by Sir R. K. Wilson, bart., Oxford, 1877, 8vo. 5. ‘An Essay on the Origin and Formation of the Romance Languages. Containing an Examination of M. Raynouard's Theory on the Relation of the Italian, Spanish, Provençal, and French to the Latin,’ &c., Oxford, 1835, 8vo; a new edition, London, 1839, 8vo; second edition, London, 1862, 8vo. 6. ‘On Local Disturbances in Ireland, and on the Irish Church Question,’ London, 1836, 8vo; the part relating to the ‘Irish Church Question’ is a revised edition of his article which appeared in the third number of the ‘London Review.’ 7. ‘A Glossary of Provincial Words used in Herefordshire and some of the adjoining Counties’ (anon.), London, 1839, 12mo. 8. ‘History of the Literature of Ancient Greece. By K. O. Müller, vols. i. and ii. pts. i–iv. [translated from the German manuscript by G. C. Lewis],’ London, 1840–2, 8vo; no more published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, but the work was afterwards completed by J. W. Donaldson, D.D., London, 1858, 8vo, 3 vols. 9. ‘An Essay on the Government of Dependencies,’ London, 1841, 8vo; a new edition, Oxford, 1891. 10. ‘Babrii Fabulæ Æsopeæ cum Fabularum deperditarum Fragmentis. Recensuit et breviter illustravit G. C. Lewis,’ &c., Oxford, 1846, 12mo; 2nd pt., London, 1859, 8vo. The spurious fables in the second part were concocted by Minoides Menas, a Macedonian Greek, by whom they were sold, together with the manuscript of the genuine apologue, to the trustees of the British Museum in 1857. ‘To the eternal disgrace of English scholarship’ they were edited by Lewis in 1859, but were ‘almost immediately exposed by Duebner, Cobet, and other scholars’ (, Babrius, 1883, p. lxix). Both parts were translated into English verse from Lewis's text by the Rev. James Davies, who dedicated the translation to Lewis, London, 1860, 8vo. 11. ‘An Essay on the Influence of Authority in Matters of Opinion,’ London, 1849, 8vo; 2nd edition, London, 1875, 8vo. 12. ‘A Treatise on the Methods of Observation and Reasoning in Politics,’ London, 1852, 8vo, 2 vols. 13. ‘The Financial Statement, 1857. Speech of the Chancellor of the Exchequer in Committee of Supply,’ &c., London, 1857, 8vo. 14. ‘Speech … on the Introduction of the Bill for the better Government of India,’ London, 1858, 8vo. 15. ‘On Foreign Jurisdiction and the Extradition of Criminals,’ London, 1859, 8vo. 16. ‘Speeches … on Moving the Army Estimates, in Committee of Supply, in the House of Commons, March 3 and 6, 1862,’ London, 1862, 8vo. 17. ‘An Historical Survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients,’ London, 1862, 8vo. 18. ‘Suggestions for the Application of the Egyptological Method to Modern History; illustrated by examples’ (anon.), London, 1862, 8vo. 19. ‘A Dialogue on the Best Form of Government,’ London, 1863, 8vo; translated into French by P. M. Merroyer (Paris, 1867, 12mo), and into Italian (Padua, 1868, 8vo). An Italian translation of this dialogue is included in Brunialti's ‘Biblioteca di Scienze Politiche’ (Turin, 1884, 8vo), vol. ii. pt. i. pp. 1–63. His essay on the ‘Characteristics of Federal, National, Provincial, and Municipal Government’ (Letters, p. 364) was never published, and the pedigree which he compiled of his own family (ib. p. 425) appears to have been privately printed. [Letters of the Right Hon. Sir G. C. Lewis to various Friends, edited by Sir Gilbert F. Lewis, with portrait, 1870; the Works of Walter Bagehot, edited by Forrest Morgan, 1889, i. lv–vi, iii. 222–68, 421–2, iv. 205; Greville Memoirs, pts. ii. iii. 1885 and 1887; Walpole's Hist. of England, 1880–6, vols. iii. iv. v.; Sir Stafford Northcote's Twenty Years of Financial Policy, 1862, pp. 264–334; Buxton's Finance and Politics, 1888, i. 153–65, 294; A Selection from the Correspondence of Abraham Hayward, edited by H. E. Carlisle, 1886; Mrs. Grote's Personal Life of George Grote, 1873; Selections from the Correspondence of Macvey Napier, 1879; Revue des deux Mondes, seconde période, lxxxviii. 809–36 (P. Challemel-Lacour); Contemporary Review, xx. 803–18; Fraser's Magazine, 1863 lxvii. 684–686, 1870, new ser. ii. 288–93; Macmillan's Magazine, xxi. 465–74; Encyclop. Brit. 9th edit. xiv. 492–3; Times, 15 and 20 April 1863; Illustrated London News, xlii. 453–4 (with portrait), 490, xlv. 573–4, 584; Gent. Mag. 1845 pt. i. p. 90, 1863 pt. i. pp. 789–91, 1865 pt. ii. p. 802; Annual Register, 1863, Chron. pp. 207–8; Burke's Peerage, &c., 1890, pp. 287, 847; Dod's Peerage, &c., 1863, pp. 368–9; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1888, iii. 845; Honours Register of the Univ. of Oxford, 1883, p. 216; Stapylton's Eton School Lists, 1864, pp. 103, 111; Haydn's Book of Dignities, ed. H. Ockerby, 1890; Official Return of Lists of Members of Parliament, pt. ii. pp. 398, 425, 440, 457; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. iii. 320, 4th ser. xii. 264, 5th ser. xii. 208, 255, 7th ser. xi. 386,


text:
Weird Tales/Volume 31/Issue 6/Outlanders

Outlanders by Clark Ashton Smith

By desert-deepened wells and chasmed ways,

And noon-high passes of the crumbling nome

Where the fell sphinx and martichoras roam;

Over black mountains lit by meteor-blaze,

Through darkness ending not in solar days,

Beauty, the centauress, has brought us home

To shores where chaos climbs in starry foam,

And the white horses of Polaris graze.

We gather, upon those gulfward beaches rolled,

Driftage of worlds not shown by any chart;

And pluck the fabled moly from wild scaurs:

Though these are scorned by human wharf and mart—

And scorned alike the red, primeval gold

For which we fight the griffins in strange wars.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Braun, Louis

BRAUN, (1836—). A German painter of battle scenes. He was born at Schwäbisch Hall, Württemberg, and was educated in Munich and in Paris. He followed as an illustrator the Austrian army during the Danish War of 1864 and painted several battle scenes for the Emperor of Austria. He also accompanied the German armies in the war of 1870-71, and as a result exhibited his pictures entitled “Entry of the Mecklenburg Troops into Orleans,” “The Capitulation of Sedan,” “The Battle of Sedan” (later exhibited at Frankfort-on-the-Main and elsewhere as a panorama), “The Germans in Versailles,” and “The Entry of the German Army into Paris.” The great success of the “Battle of Sedan,” in panoramic form,

Braun (who in 1902 held a professorship in Munich) to produce several other works of the same description. Among these are the “Battle of Mars la Tour” (1884); “Panorama of the German Colonies” (with Petersen, 1885); and the “Battle of Lützen” (1892).


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/189

Rh 448, xii. 518; Halkett and Laing's Dict. of Anon. and Pseudon. Lit. 1882–8; Brit. Mus. Cat.]  LEWIS, GEORGE ROBERT (1782–1871), painter of landscapes and portraits, younger brother of Frederick Christian Lewis [q. v.] and of Charles Lewis [q. v.], the bookbinder, was born in London on 27 March 1782. He studied under Fuseli in the schools of the Royal Academy, and sent landscapes to the exhibitions of 1805–7; he at that time resided with his brother Frederick at Enfield, and was employed with him upon Chamberlaine's ‘Original Designs of the most celebrated Masters’ and Ottley's ‘Italian School of Design,’ for both of which works he executed some good aquatint plates. In 1818 Lewis accompanied Dr. Dibdin, in the capacity of draughtsman, on his continental journey, and his illustrations to the ‘Bibliographical and Picturesque Tour through France and Germany,’ published in 1821, form the most valuable part of that work. From other sketches which he made at the same time he etched a series of clever ‘Groups illustrating the Physiognomy, Manners, and Character of the People of France and Germany,’ which was issued in parts, and completed in 1823. Lewis had previously executed some of the plates for Dibdin's ‘Bibliographical Decameron,’ 1817, in which he and his brothers Frederick and Charles are highly eulogised. He was a very versatile artist and an enthusiastic student both of nature and antiquities. From 1820 to 1859 he exhibited portraits, landscapes, and figure subjects at the Royal Academy, the British Institution, the Suffolk Street Gallery, and the Oil and Water-colour Society, and he published, among other works, ‘Views of the Muscles of the Human Body,’ 1820; ‘Banks of the Loire illustrated—Tours;’ ‘Illustrations of Phrenology,’ 1841; ‘Illustrations of Kilpeck Church, Herefordshire, with an Essay on Ecclesiastical Design and a Descriptive Interpretation,’ 1842; ‘The Ancient Font of Little Walsingham Church,’ 1843; and ‘The Ancient Church of Shobdon, Herefordshire, illustrated and described,’ 1852; reissued in 1856. Several of Lewis's portraits have been engraved, and he aquatinted a large plate of the procession of the knights of the order of the Bath in Westminster Abbey, after F. Nash. In 1838 Lewis printed at Hereford ‘An Address on the subject of Education as connected with Design in every department of British Manufacture, together with Hints on the Education of the Poor generally.’ He died at Hampstead on 15 May 1871.

 LEWIS GLYN COTHI (fl. 1450–1486), Welsh bard, also sometimes called or, was a native of the Vale of Cothi in Carmarthenshire, whence, according to Welsh bardic custom, he derived his name. He is said to have lived at Pwlltinbyd, near Caio, and espousing the Lancastrian side in the wars of the roses, he served as an officer under Jasper, earl of Pembroke, to whom he dedicated several of his poems. The ravages of the civil war compelled him to seek refuge at Chester. He married a widow there, and intended to make the city his home, but on the day following his marriage the citizens, under some pretence or other, took from him all his household furniture and drove him out of the city. Thereupon he wrote several poems addressed to different Welsh leaders, urging them to revenge his injury, and one Reinalt of the Tower accordingly made a raid upon Chester. Lewis removed to Flint, but there too the English inhabitants maltreated him, and Lewis addressed them in a satiric poem of great pungency. He was, however, more hospitably received on returning to Llwydiarth, near Llanerchymedd, Anglesea. On the accession of Henry VII in 1485 he appears to have returned to Carmarthenshire, where he is said to have died not long after, and to have been buried at Abergwilly. A volume of his poems was published for the Cymmrodorion Society in 1837 (London, 8vo), under the editorship of the Revs. Walter Davies and John Jones (Tegid) [q. v.], but it contains no biographical notice of the writer, nor any account of the manuscripts from which the poems were transcribed. This volume contains about 150 poems, chiefly selected on account of the value of their historical and genealogical information; they are perhaps the best existing source of information about the part played by the Welsh in the wars of the roses (cf., Richard III, pp. 171, 277). There still remain unpublished a great number of his poems, many of which are in the Myvyrian collection in the Addit. MSS. of the British Museum. Hengwrt MSS. 37, 52, and 304, in the Peniarth collection, are supposed to be in his autograph, and poems by him are included in other manuscripts (18, 166, 247–248, 252, 270–1). Three poems, previously unpublished, are found in ‘Cymru,’ i. 115, and show that Lewis was a popular poet as well as a herald-bard. [Poems of Lewis Glyn Cothi; Yorke's Royal Tribes of Wales, ed. 1887, p. 89; Y Brython,


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/190

Rh No. 18, p. 137; G. ab Rhys's Hanes Llenyddiaeth Gymreig, pp. 237–42; Cat. Hengwrt MSS. in Arch. Cambr. 4th ser.]

LEWIS, GRIFFITH GEORGE (1784–1859), lieutenant-general, colonel-commandant royal engineers, was born at Woolwich on 10 Nov. 1784. He was educated privately and at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. On completing the course of study at the academy he was sent with the next two senior cadets to the west of England to be instructed in surveying under Major W. Mudge, before obtaining his commission in the royal engineers. He was gazetted second lieutenant on 15 March 1803, and lieutenant on 2 July the same year. After a year at Chatham he joined the Portsmouth command, and in May 1805 embarked with the expedition under Sir James Craig [q. v.] He served for a time at Malta, and then took part in the campaign of Naples and Calabria. He was present at the battle of Maida on 4 July 1806, and after it joined Colonel Oswald's brigade in a projected attack on the castle of Scylla. They arrived before the place on the night of 11 July. Lewis and the English engineers laboured unceasingly in the construction of the siege batteries, from which fire was opened on the 21st. So great was the effect that on the following day the garrison capitulated. It consisted of some four hundred sappers and miners and artillerymen, being all the men of the technical corps of the Calabrian army, under Colonel Michel of the French engineers.

Lewis was promoted second captain on 18 Nov. 1807. He served under Sir J. Stuart at the capture of Ischia and Procida in the Bay of Naples in August 1809, and in the Ionian Islands under Sir John Oswald [q. v.] at the siege of Santa Maura in 1810. In February 1811 he returned to England, staying at Gibraltar on his way, and was stationed at Woolwich. On 10 July he embarked with the expedition for Sweden and the Danish island of Anhalt, and returning in September was sent to the eastern district. In December 1812 he embarked for Portugal, and was employed in throwing up the lines round Lisbon. In 1813 he served in the campaign in Spain under Wellington. He was promoted captain on 21 July 1813. At the siege of St. Sebastian he was twice wounded, and in the assault of the breach on 25 July so severely, that his leg had to be amputated above the knee. He was mentioned in Lord Lynedoch's despatches as having distinguished himself by gallant conduct, and was promoted brevet major on 21 Sept. for his services. The same month he returned to England invalided. After some time on the sick list he joined the army of occupation in France, and in the autumn of 1817 was employed on special service.

On 18 Jan. 1819 he embarked for Newfoundland, where he served for some years. On 29 July 1825 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel. He returned to England on 18 Sept. 1827. On 1 April 1828 he embarked for Canada to serve on a commission on the Rideau Canal, and came home again on 6 Sept. He was commanding royal engineer at Jersey from December 1830 till January 1836; at the Cape of Good Hope from March 1836 until the autumn of 1842; in Ireland from January 1843 to January 1847, and at Portsmouth from January 1847 till 3 April 1851. On 20 June 1838 he was promoted brevet colonel, and on 23 Nov. 1841 regimental colonel. From April 1851 until July 1856 he was governor of the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich.

He was promoted to be major-general on 11 Nov. 1851, and lieutenant-general on 12 Aug. 1858, and was made a colonel commandant of the corps of royal engineers on 23 Nov. 1858. He received the Peninsular war medal with two clasps (Maida and St. Sebastian), and was made a C.B. for his war services. He also received a pension of 200l. per annum for life for his wounds, and a distinguished service pension of 100l. per annum. He died at Brighton on 24 Oct. 1859.

On 6 March 1821 Lewis married Miss Fanny Bland at St. John's, Newfoundland. Lewis was joint editor with Captain J. Williams of the ‘Professional Papers of the Corps of Royal Engineers,’ and of the ‘Corps Papers,’ from 1847 until 1854. He also contributed to them the following papers: quarto series, vol. vi. ‘Use of Fascines in forming Foundations;’ vol. vii. ‘Application of Forts, Towers, and Batteries to Coast Defence and Harbours;’ vol. ix. ‘On the Value of Fortresses;’ vol. x. ‘Memoir of Professional Life of Lieutenant-Colonel Brandreth, R.E.,’ ‘Defence of Country South of London,’ ‘Campaign of the Sutlej;’ octavo series, vol. i. ‘Observations on the Explosion of Mines at Seaford;’ vol. ii. ‘Description of Military Chapel at Dublin,’ ‘De la Défense Nationale en Angleterre;’ vol. iii. ‘Field Works for the Defence of Sicily in 1810;’ vol. iv. ‘Topographical Notes on the Seat of War in Turkey;’ vol. v. ‘Coast Defences;’ vol. vi. ‘Preponderance of Attack over Defence in Sieges;’ vol. vii. ‘Influence of Fortification upon Military Operations.’ ‘Corps Papers,’ No. 1, ‘Remarks on Casemates for Sea Batteries,’ ‘Drawbridges.’


text:
Weird Tales/Volume 32/Issue 3/The Prophet Speaks

The Prophet Speaks by Clark Ashton Smith

City forbanned by seer and god and devil!

In glory less than Tyre or fabled Ys,

But more than they in mere, surpassing evil!

Yea, black Atlantis, fallen beneath dim seas

For sinful lore and rites to demons done,

Bore not the weight of such iniquities.

Your altars with a primal foulness run,

Where the worm hears the thousand-throated hymn....

And all the sunsets write your malison,

And all, the stars unrolled from heaven's rim

Declare the doom which I alone may read

In moving ciphers numberless and dim.

O city consecrate to crime and greed!

O scorner of the Muses' messenger!

Within your heart the hidden maggots breed.

Against your piers the nether seas confer;

Against your towers the typhons in their slumber

In sealed abysms darkly mutter and stir:

They dream the day when earth shall disencumber

Her bosom of your sprawled and beetling piles;

When tides that bore your vessels without number

Shall turn your hills to foam-enshrouded isles,

And, ebbing, leave but slime and desolation,

Ruin and rust, through all your riven miles.

On you shall fall a starker devastation

Than came upon Tuloom and Tarshish old,

In you shall dwell the last abomination.

The dust of all your mansions and the mould

Shall move in changing mounds and clouds disparted

About the wingless air, the footless wold.

The sea, withdrawn from littorals desert-hearted,

Shall leave you to the silence of the sky—

A place fordone, forlorn, unnamed, uncharted,

Where naught molests the sluggish crotali.


text:
The Hour for Immediate Action

THE PRESIDENT: Good afternoon, everybody. For the past couple of months, I’ve been working with leaders of both parties to try and forge an agreement that would grow our economy and shrink the deficit -- a balanced plan that would cut spending in a responsible way but also ask the wealthiest Americans to pay a little more, and, above all, protect our middle class and everybody who is striving to get into the middle class.

I still want to get this done. It’s the right thing to do for our families, for our businesses, and for our entire economy. But the hour for immediate action is here. It is now.

We’re now at the point where, in just four days, every American’s tax rates are scheduled to go up by law. Every American’s paycheck will get considerably smaller. And that would be the wrong thing to do for our economy, it would be bad for middle-class families, and it would be bad for businesses that depend on family spending. Fortunately, Congress can prevent it from happening if they act right now.

I just had a good and constructive discussion here at the White House with Senate and House leadership about how to prevent this tax hike on the middle class, and I’m optimistic we may still be able to reach an agreement that can pass both houses in time. Senators Reid and McConnell are working on such an agreement as we speak.

But if an agreement isn’t reached in time between Senator Reid and Senator McConnell, then I will urge Senator Reid to bring to the floor a basic package for an up-or-down vote –- one that protects the middle class from an income tax hike, extends the vital lifeline of unemployment insurance to two million Americans looking for a job, and lays the groundwork for future cooperation on more economic growth and deficit reduction.

I believe such a proposal could pass both houses with bipartisan majorities as long as those leaders allow it to actually come to a vote. If members of the House or the Senate want to vote no, they can –- but we should let everybody vote. That’s the way this is supposed to work. If you can get a majority in the House and you can get a majority in the Senate, then we should be able to pass a bill.

So the American people are watching what we do here. Obviously, their patience is already thin. This is déjà vu all over again. America wonders why it is that in this town, for some reason, you can't get stuff done in an organized timetable; why everything always has to wait until the last minute. Well, we're now at the last minute, and the American people are not going to have any patience for a politically self-inflicted wound to our economy. Not right now.

The economy is growing, but sustaining that trend is going to require elected officials to do their jobs. The housing market is recovering, but that could be impacted if folks are seeing smaller paychecks. The unemployment rate is the lowest it’s been since 2008, but already you're seeing businesses and consumers starting to hold back because of the dysfunction that they see in Washington.

Economists, business leaders all think that we’re poised to grow in 2013 –- as long as politics in Washington don’t get in the way of America’s progress.

So we've got to get this done. I just want to repeat -- we had a constructive meeting today. Senators Reid and McConnell are discussing a potential agreement where we can get a bipartisan bill out of the Senate, over to the House and done in a timely fashion so that we've met the December 31st deadline. But given how things have been working in this town, we always have to wait and see until it actually happens. The one thing that the American people should not have to wait and see is some sort of action.

So if we don’t see an agreement between the two leaders in the Senate, I expect a bill to go on the floor -- and I've asked Senator Reid to do this -- put a bill on the floor that makes sure that taxes on middle-class families don’t go up, that unemployment insurance is still available for two million people, and that lays the groundwork, then, for additional deficit reduction and economic growth steps that we can take in the New Year.

But let's not miss this deadline. That’s the bare minimum that we should be able to get done, and it shouldn’t be that hard since Democrats and Republicans both say they don’t want to see taxes go up on middle-class families.

I just have to repeat -- outside of Washington, nobody understands how it is that this seems to be a repeat pattern over and over again. Ordinary folks, they do their jobs. They meet deadlines. They sit down and they discuss things, and then things happen. If there are disagreements, they sort through the disagreements. The notion that our elected leadership can't do the same thing is mind-boggling to them. It needs to stop.

So I'm modestly optimistic that an agreement can be achieved. Nobody is going to get 100 percent of what they want, but let's make sure that middle-class families and the American economy -- and, in fact, the world economy -- aren't adversely impacted because people can't do their jobs. Thank you very much, everybody.

title: The Hour for Immediate Action


text:
Page:Under Dewey at Manila.djvu/276

244 down Larry's back. All in an instant he thought of his former home, of his two brothers, perhaps already in Uncle Sam's service, of the Columbia, of Olan Oleson, and a score of other persons and things. He had turned away from the opening, but now, as Striker caught his arm, he turned back once more.

The Olympia had passed the fort on the island, and still no alarm had sounded forth. Next came the Baltimore, and still the silence remained unbroken. The men on both warships almost felt like giving a cheer.

Suddenly all was changed. Sizz! a colored rocket went sailing up into the darkness of the night, fired from Corregidor Island. Immediately an answering rocket came from the distant shore. The American ships had been discovered!

"The game is up!" cried Striker, and the hum of a dozen voices broke the stillness as the men began again to talk in whispers. "There, they have opened the ball! Now may the best men win, and that means us Yankees, every trip!"

"While Striker was speaking, a dull boom had sounded over the night waters, and now an eight-inch shell whistled over the deck of the Raleigh, the third ship in the line. The shell had scarcely struck

title: Page:Under Dewey at Manila.djvu/276


text:
Weird Tales/Volume 36/Issue 7/Who are the Living

The Epiphany of Death by Clark Ashton Smith

I find it peculiarly difficult to express the exact nature of the sentiment which Tomeron had always evoked in me. However, I am sure that the feeling never partook, at any time, of what is ordinarily known as friendship. It was a compound of unusual esthetic and intellectual elements, and was somehow closely allied in my thoughts with the same fascination that has drawn me ever since childhood toward all things that are remote in space and time, or which have about them the irresolvable twilight of antiquity. Somehow, Tomeron seemed never to belong to the present; but one could readily have imagined him as living in some bygone age. About him, there was nothing whatever of the lineaments of our own period; and he even went so far as to affect in his costume an approximation to the garments worn several centuries ago. His complexion was extremely pale and cadaverous, and he stooped heavily from poring over ancient tomes and no less ancient maps. He moved always with the slow, meditative pace of one who dwells among far-off memories and reveries; and he spoke often of people and events and ideas that have long since been forgotten. For the most part, he was apparently unheedful of present things, and I felt that for him the huge city of Ptolemides, in which we both dwelt, with all its manifold clamor and tumult, was little more than a labyrinth of painted vapors. There was a like vagueness in the attitude of others toward Tomeron; and though he had always been accepted without question as a representative of the noble and otherwise extinct family from whom he claimed descent, nothing appeared to be known about his actual birth and antecedents. With two servants, who were both deaf-mutes, who were very old and who likewise wore the raiment of a former age, he lived in the semi-ruinous mansion of his ancestors, where it was said, none of the family had dwelt for many generations. There he pursued the occult and recondite studies that were so congenial to his mind; and there, at certain intervals, I was wont to visit him,

I cannot recall the precise date and circumstances of the beginning of my acquaintance with Tomeron. Though I come of a hardy line that is noted for the sanity of its constitution, my faculties had been woefully shaken by the horror of the happening with which that acquaintance ended. My memory is not what it was, and there are certain lacunae for which my readers must contrive to forgive me. The only wonder is, that my powers of recollection have survived at all, beneath the hideous burden they have had to bear; for, in a more than metaphoric sense, I have been as one condemned to carry with him, at all times and in all places, the loathsome incubi of things long dead and corrupt.

I can readily recall, however, the studies to which Tomeron had devoted himself, the lost demonian volumes from Hyperborea and Mu and Atlantis with which his library shelves were heaped to the ceiling, and the queer charts, not of any land that lies above the surface of the earth, on which he pored by perpetual candle-light. I shall not speak of these studies, for they would seem too fantastic and too macabre for credibility; and that which I have to relate is incredible enough in itself; I shall speak, however, of certain strange ideas with which Tomeron was much preoccupied, and concerning which he so often discoursed to me in that deep, guttural and monotonous voice of his, that had the reverberation of unsounded caverns in its tones and cadences. He maintained that life and death were not the fixed conditions that people commonly believed them to be; that the two realms were often intermingled in ways not readily discerned, and had penumbral border-lands; that the dead were not always the dead, nor the living the living, as such terms are habitually understood. But the manner in which he spoke of these ideas was extremely vague and general; and I could never induce him to specify his meaning or to profer some concrete illustration that would render it more intelligible to a mentality such as mine, that unused to dealing in the cobwebs of abstraction, Behind his words, there hovered, or seemed to hover, a legion of dark, amorphous images that I couid never formulate or depict to myself in any way, until the final denouement of our descent into the catacombs of Ptolemides.

I have already said that my feeling for Tomeron was never anything that could be classified as friendship. But even from the first, I was well aware that Tomeron had a curious fondness for me — a fondness whose nature I could not comprehend, and with which I could hardly even sympathize. Though he fascinated me at all times, there were occasions when my interest was not unalloyed with an actual sense of repulsion. At whiles, his pallor was too cadaverous, too suggestive of fungi that have grown in the dark, or of leprous bones by moonlight; and the stoop of his shoulders conveyed to my brain the idea that they bore a burden of centuries through which no man could conceivably have lived. He aroused always a certain awe in me; and the awe was sometimes mingled with an indeterminate fear.

I do not remember how long our acquaintance had continued; but I do remember that he spoke with increasing frequency, toward the end, of those bizarre ideas at which I have hinted. Always I felt that he was troubled about something for he often looked at me with a mournful gleam in his hollow eyes; and sometimes he would speak, with peculiar stress, of the great regard that he had for me.

And one night he said, 'Theolus, the time is coming when you must kmow the truth — must know me as I am, and not as I have been permitted to seem. There is a term to all things, and all tbings are obedient to inexorable laws. I would that it were otherwise, but neither I nor any man, among the living or among the dead, can lengthen at will the term of any state or condition of being, or alter the laws that decree such conditions.'

Perhaps it was well that I did not understand him, and that I was unable to attach much importance to his words or to the singular intentness of his bearing as he uttered them. For a few more days, I was spared the knowledge which I now carry.

Then one evening, Tomeron spoke thus: 'I am now compelled to ask an odd favor of you, which I hope you will grant in consideration of our long friendship. The favor is, that you accompany me this very night to those vaults of my family which lie in the catacombs of Ptolemides.'

Though much surprised by the request, and not altogether pleased, I was nevertheless unable to deny him. I could not imagine the purpose of such a visit as the one proposed; but, as was my wont, I forbore to interrogate Tomeron, and merely told him that I would accompany him to the vaults if such where his desire.

'I thank you, Theolus, for this proof of friendship,' he replied earnestly, 'Believe me, I am loath to ask it; but there has been a certain deception, an odd misunderstanding which cannot go on any longer. Tonight, you will learn the truth.'

Carrying torches, we left the mansion of Tameron and sought the ancient catacombs of Ptolemides, which lie beyond the walls and have long been disused, for there is now a fine necropolis in the very heart of the city. The moon had gone down beyond the desert that encroaches toward the catacombs; and we were forced to light our torches long before we came to the subterranean adits; for the rays of Mars and Jupiter in a sodden and funereal sky were not enough to illumine the perilous path we followed among mounds and fallen obelisks and broken graves. At length we discovered the dark ang weed-choked entrance of the charnels; and here Tomeron led the way with a swiftness and surety of footing that bespoke long familiarity with the place.

Entering, we found ourselves in a crumbling passage where the bones of dilapidated skeletons were scattered amid the rubble that had fallen from the sides and roof. A choking stench of stagnant air and age-old corruption made me pause for an instant; but Tomeron scarcely appeared to perceive it, for he strode onward, lifting his torch and beckoning me to follow. We traversed many vaults in which mouldy bones verdigris-eaten sarcophagi were piled about the walls or strewn where desecrating thieves had left them in bygone years. The air was increasingly dank, chill and miasmal; and mephitic shadows crouched or swayed before our torches in every niche and corner. Also, as we went onward, the walls became more ruinous and the bones we saw on every hand were greener with the mould of time.

At length we rounded a sudden angle of the low cavern we were following. Here we came to vaults that evidently belonged to some noble family, for they were quite spacious and there was but one sarcophagus in each vault.

'My ancestors and my family lie here,' announced Tomeron.

We reached the cavern's end and were confronted by a blank walL At one side was the final vault, in which an empty sarcophagus stood open. The sarcophagus was wrought of the finest bronze and was richly carven.

Tomeron paused before the vault and turned to me. By the flickering, uncertain light I thought that I saw a look of strange and unaccountable distress on his features.

'I must beg you to withdraw for a moment,' he said, in a low and sorrowful voice. 'Afterward, you can return.'

Surprised and puzzled, I obeyed his request and went slowly back along the passage for some distance. Then I returned to the place where I had left him. My surprise was heightened when I found that he had extinguished his torch and had dropped it on the threshold of the final vault. And Tomeron himself was not visible anywhere.

Entering the vault, since there was seemingly no other place where he could have hidden himself, I looked about for him, but the room was empty. At least, I thought it empty till I looked again at the richiy carven sarcophagus and saw that it was now tenanted, for a cadaver lay within, shrouded in a winding-sheet of a sort that has not been used for centuries in Ptolemides.

I drew near to the sarcophagus, and peering into the face of the cadaver, I saw that it bore a fearful and strange re-. semblance to the face of Tomeron, though it was bloated and puffed with the adipocere of death and was purple with the shadows of decay. And looking again, I saw that it was indeed Tomeron.

I would have screamed aloud with the horror that came upon me; but my lips were benumbed and frozen and I could only whisper Tomeron's name. But as I whispered it, the lips of the cadaver seemed to part, and the tip of its tongue protruded between them. And I thought that the tip trembled, as if Tomeron were about to speak and answer me. But gazing more closely, I saw that the trembling was merely the movement of worms as they twisted up and down and to and fro and sought to crowd each other from Tomeron's tongue.


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/191

Rh LEWIS, HUBERT (1825–1884), jurist, born on 23 March 1825, was the second son of Walter Clapham Lewis of Upper Norland House, Kensington, Middlesex. He was educated privately until, in December 1844, he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he obtained a scholarship, and graduated B.A. in 1848. He entered at the Middle Temple in May 1851, and after obtaining two certificates of honour was called to the bar in 1854. He practised conveyancing and equity, first at Bradford in Yorkshire (where he went the northern circuit and attended the West Riding sessions), and subsequently in London. He died unmarried on 6 March 1884 at Margate, and was buried in the cemetery there.

Lewis was the author of the following legal works: 1. ‘Principles of Conveyancing,’ London, 1863, 8vo. 2. ‘Principles of Equity Drafting,’ London, 1865, 8vo. 3. The sixth edition of Goldsmith's ‘Equity,’ London, 8vo, was almost entirely rewritten by him in 1870. 4. ‘The Ancient Laws of Wales,’ London, 1889, 8vo, published posthumously, under the editorship of Prof. J. E. Lloyd of Aberystwith; this work, which practically occupied the whole leisure of Lewis's lifetime, was prepared with the view of proving that the English constitution and the law of real property were largely based upon or borrowed from early British institutions, which he reconstructed out of material found in the Welsh code of Howel the Good and in ‘The Record of Carnarvon,’ or out of the evidence of place-names, and some very inaccurate etymological reasoning based thereon. Lewis also left behind him in manuscript some works on ‘Local Nomenclature’ and kindred subjects, but these have not been published.

 LEWIS, JAMES HENRY (1786–1853), stenographer, born in the parish of King's Stanley, Gloucestershire, in August 1786, was the eldest son of James Lewis, cloth manufacturer and landowner, of the oil mills, Ebley, near Stroud, Gloucestershire. He became a professional teacher of writing, arithmetic, bookkeeping, and shorthand, and carried on business at 104 High Holborn; but being compelled to leave London on account of his health, he spent several years in travelling through the provinces, and taught and lectured on writing and stenography in the principal towns of the United Kingdom. During these wanderings he made the acquaintance of Sir Walter Scott, who, on 10 July 1826, wrote in his diary: ‘This morning I was visited by a Mr. Lewis, a smart Cockney, whose object is to amend the handwriting. He uses as a mechanical aid a sort of puzzle of wire and ivory, which is put upon the fingers to keep them in the desired position, like the muzzle on a dog's nose to make him bear himself right in the field. It is ingenious and may be useful. If the man comes here [Edinburgh], as he proposes, in the winter, I will take lessons’ (Journal of Sir Walter Scott, 1890, i. 224).

On his return to London Lewis took a house in the Waterloo Road, but ultimately he settled at 113 Strand, nearly opposite Exeter Hall. In June 1853 he retired to 49 Milton Road, Gravesend, where he died on 30 Nov. in that year. He was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. By his first wife he had a son and four daughters; one of the latter, with her husband, carried on the business in the Strand till about 1870, and the house was soon afterwards pulled down; by his second wife he had a son, Mr. Alfred Lionel Lewis.

His system of shorthand first appeared anonymously at London in 1814, under the title of ‘The Art of Writing with the Velocity of Speech.’ It was often reproduced, with the author's name on the title-page, as ‘The Ready Writer, or the Ne Plus Ultra of Shorthand,’ and under other titles. One undated edition, which claims to be the ninety-seventh, is entitled ‘The Ready Writer and Interpreter of the Royal Lewisian System of Shorthand.’ In some of the editions the rules and instructions are given in doggerel and jocose rhymes. All these works display so much egotism, empiricism, and eccentricity, that many stenographers have been inclined to unduly underrate the value of the system itself, which nevertheless possesses considerable merit and is still used by some professional shorthand writers in the high court of justice. The best exposition of it is to be found, not in Lewis's own books, most of which are purposely obscure, having been intended for the exclusive use of his pupils, but in a treatise by Thomas Campbell Foster [q. v.] entitled ‘Plain Instructions for the Attainment of an Improved, Complete, and Practical System of Shorthand,’ London, 1838, 8vo. Lewis reintroduced the quadrant signs, or what Byrom called ‘curvilinear diagonal strokes,’ which Taylor declined to use, and thus he obtained a larger number of simple signs for his alphabet. Following the example of Mason and Gurney he kept the circle for the most frequent letter, s, and he produced an alphabet which combined facility of junction with great lineality.

Lewis also published ‘An Historical Ac-


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/192

 count of the Rise and Progress of Shorthand, extracted from Lectures delivered at different periods by the Author, comprehending an impartial and critical Examination of the various Systems down to the present time,’ London, 1816, 8vo, with plates giving specimens of the Tironian notes and seventy-three alphabets from John Willis to Oxley. This is a valuable work, and according to Mr. Pocknell ‘it yet remains the best history which any student entering upon the theoretical aspect of shorthand can consult.’ In the correspondence between Robert Cabell Roffe and Thomas Molineux of Macclesfield, in ‘The Grand Master,’ it is asserted, on no apparent authority, that Hewson Clarke [q. v.] was the real author of this history.

Lewis made an important collection of about 240 books on shorthand, exclusive of duplicates. After his death this collection was divided among the British Museum, the Bodleian, the Birmingham Free Library, and the library of Cornelius Walford (Shorthand, i. 163, 177).

His portrait has been engraved; and an oil-painting is in the possession of his son, Mr. A. L. Lewis.

LEWIS, JOHN (1675–1747), author, born in the parish of St. Nicholas, Bristol, on 29 Aug. 1675, was the eldest son of John Lewis, wine cooper, of that city. Francis Lewis, vicar of Worth Matravers, Dorset, was his paternal grandfather. His mother was Mary, eldest daughter of John Eyre, merchant, of Poole. He received an excellent education, first under Samuel Conant, rector of Lichet-Matravers, next at Wimborne grammar school, under John Moyle and afterwards under John Russel in the grammar school at Poole. He acted as assistant to Russel, who, after his removal to Wapping, obtained for Lewis admission to the free school of Ratcliff Cross, belonging to the Coopers' Company. On leaving school he became tutor to the sons of Daniel Wigfall, a Turkey and lead merchant, and afterwards, 30 March 1694, was admitted a batler of Exeter College, Oxford, under the tuition of George Verman, a friend of Conant, his first instructor. In order to supplement his slender means while at the university he became assistant in the free school of Poole in 1696. After graduating B.A. on 14 Oct. 1697 he returned to his old friend Russel at Wapping, and shortly afterwards was ordained deacon.

In April 1698 he became curate of Acrise, Kent, and was collated to the rectory of the parish on 4 Sept. 1699. In 1702, Archbishop Tenison having ordered the sequestration of the rectory of Hawkinge, near Dover, licensed Lewis to serve the cure, and in 1705 presented him to the vicarage of St. John the Baptist, Margate (, Kent, iv. 359). The archbishop collated him to the rectory of Saltwood, with the chapel of Hythe, and to the desolate rectory of Eastbridge in 1706, and subsequently removed him to the vicarage of Minster, to which he was instituted on 10 March 1708–9. Lewis was appointed to preach at the archiepiscopal visitation on 28 May 1712, when his whiggish and low-church views excited the open hostility of his hearers. He commenced M.A. in 1712 as a member of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (, Hist. of Corpus Christi Coll. ii. 340). In 1714 he offended a former friend, John Johnson ‘of Cranbrook’ [q. v.], by attacking, in his ‘Bread and Wine in the Holy Eucharist not a proper Material Propitiatory Sacrifice,’ Johnson's ‘Unbloody Sacrifice & Altar Unvailed,’ which presented the high-church position. Archbishop Tenison, Dr. Waterland, and Dr. Bradford approved Lewis's reply, and when he re-enunciated his views in Canterbury Cathedral on 30 Jan. 1717, Archbishop Wake rewarded him with the mastership of Eastbridge Hospital, Canterbury. From this time until his death he was engaged in numerous works on biography and topography. Dying on 16 Jan. 1746–7, he was buried in the chancel of his church at Minster, where he had been vicar for upwards of thirty-seven years. Archbishop Wake characterised him as ‘vir sobrius, et bonus prædicator.’ He composed more than a thousand sermons, but he ordered his executor to destroy them, ‘lest they might contribute to the laziness of others.’

He married the youngest daughter of Robert Knowles of Herne, Kent. She died in 1720, leaving no issue.

Lewis is chiefly known by his biographies of Wiclif, Caxton, Pecock, and Bishop Fisher, in all of which his strong protestant bias is apparent. They are tedious compilations, but contain the result of much original research. The earliest was:
 * 1) ‘The History of the Life and Sufferings of … John Wicliffe. … With a Collection of Papers relating to the said History, never before printed,’ Lond. 1720 and 1723, 8vo; new edit., corrected and enlarged by the author,


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/193

 :: Oxford, 1820, 8vo. The original manuscript of the last revision is in the Bodleian (Rawlinson Collection, C. 979). Lewis also edited Roper's ‘Life of More,’ 1729, 8vo, and he left in manuscript lives of Servetus (written in answer to Sir Benjamin Hodges's biography, Lond. 1724, and formerly in Sir Peter Thompson's possession); of John Wallis, 1735 (copies of which are in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 32601, and in Bodl. MS. Rawl. C. 978); of [q. v.], 1744–5 (formerly belonging to Sir P. Thompson); of John Johnson of Cranbrook (formerly belonging to Thompson). None of these have been printed. Part of an autobiography by Lewis, which he continued till near his death, is extant in a copy transcribed for Thompson. This transcript, which only brings the narrative down to 1738, forms Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 28651. The original manuscript belonged to Joseph Ames in 1752.
 * 1) ‘The Life of Mayster Wyllyam Caxton, of the Weald of Kent, the first Printer in England. In which is given an Account of the Rise and Progress of the Art of Prynting in England during his time, till 1493,’ was first published, Lond. 1737, 8vo. In this work he was assisted by Sir Peter Thompson and Joseph Ames. The major part of it is inserted by Dibdin in his edition of Ames's ‘Typographical Antiquities.’ It has been completely superseded by William Blades's ‘Biography of Caxton.’ Collections for a history of printing by Lewis, dated 1741, are in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 20035.
 * 2) ‘The Life of Reynold Pecocke, Bishop of St. Asaph and Chichester; … being a sequel of the Life of Dr. J. Wiclif, in order to an introduction to the history of the English Reformation,’ appeared in 1744, 8vo; new edit. Oxford, 1820, 8vo. The original manuscript is in the Bodleian (Rawl. C. 413).
 * 3) ‘The Life of Dr. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester. With an Appendix of illustrative Documents and Papers,’ was first printed in 2 vols. in 1855, from the original autograph manuscript dated 1730–1, and now Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 28650. With an introduction by T. Hudson Turner.

Lewis's topographical works are of higher value. They deal mainly with Kent. The chief are:
 * 1) ‘The History and Antiquities, Ecclesiastical and Civil, of the Isle of Tenet in Kent,’ Lond. 1723, 4to; 2nd edit., with additions, 2 pts. Lond. 1736, 4to.
 * 2) ‘The History and Antiquities of the Abbey and Church of Favresham, in Kent, of the adjoining Priory of Davington, and Maison-Dieu of Ospringe, and Parish of Bocton subtus le Bleyne,’ 2 pts. [Lond.] 1727, 4to.
 * 3) ‘A little Dissertation on the Antiquities of the two ancient Ports of Richborough and Sandwich, by the Isle of Tenet in Kent. Printed verbatim from the original MS.,’ Lond. 1851, 12mo, being No. 13 of a ‘Series of Tracts on British Topography’ (sixty copies printed). Gough ascribes to Lewis ‘The History and Antiquities of the cathedral church of Rochester,’ Lond. 1717, 8vo, by  [q. v.]

Lewis also made some important contributions to religious history and bibliography. Pursuing his study of Wiclif he published in 1731 ‘The New Testament, translated out of the Latin Vulgat by John Wiclif, S.T.P., about 1378: to which is præfixt a History of the Translations of the Bible and New Testament, &c. into English,’ Lond. fol. A copy, interleaved, with manuscript additions by Lewis, and some notes by Sir Peter Thompson, fetched 10l. 10s. at the sale of Heber's library. The ‘History of Translations’ was issued separately with additions as ‘A Complete History of the several Translations of the Holy Bible and New Testament into English, both in MS. and in print,’ 2nd edit., with large additions, Lond. 1739, 8vo; 3rd edit., with an appendix drawn from Newcome's ‘Historical View of English Biblical Translations,’ Lond. 1818, 8vo. In 1738 appeared ‘A brief History of the Rise and Progress of Anabaptism in England; to which is prefixed some account of Dr. John Wicliffe, with a Defence of him from the false Charge of his denying Infant Baptism,’ Lond. 8vo. The author's copy, with large manuscript additions for a new edition, is in the Bodleian Library (Rawl. C. 409–12). A ‘Reply’ to the work, by Thomas Crosby, is dated 1738. Lewis pursued the subject in ‘A Vindication of the Ancient Britons and the Pighards of Bohemia from the false accusation of being Anabaptists,’ Lond. 1741, 12mo. Richard Chilton published ‘Some Observations’ on this work, 1743, 8vo.

Lewis wrote very many tracts on theological and antiquarian topics. The principal are:
 * 1) ‘The Church Catechism explain'd by way of question and answer, and confirm'd by Scripture proofs,’ Lond. 1700, 12mo, frequently reprinted. It has been translated into Irish and Welsh.
 * 2) ‘An Apology for the Clergy of the Church of England, in a particular examination of a book [by Matthew Tindal] entituled “The Rights of the Christian Church,” and its second Defence,’ Lond. 1711, 8vo.
 * 3) ‘The Agreement of the Lutheran Churches with the Church of England, shewn from the publick Confessions of the several Churches,’ Lond. 1715, 8vo.
 * 4) ‘Two letters in defence of the English Liturgy and Reformation,’ a reply to  [q. v.], 2nd edit., with additions, 2 pts. Lond. 1717, 8vo. A manuscript history of


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/194

 :: the English Liturgy by Lewis, dated 1723, once belonged to Edmund Calamy.
 * 1) ‘Historical Essay upon the Consecration of Churches,’ Lond. 1719, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘A Specimen of the Errors in the second volume of Collier's “Ecclesiastical History,” being a Vindication of Bishop Burnet's “History of the Reformation,”’ 1724, 8vo.
 * 3) ‘A Dissertation on the Antiquity and Use of Seals in England,’ Lond. 1736, 4to.
 * 4) ‘A brief Discovery of the Arts of the Popish Protestant Missioners in England, to pave the way for the restitution … of Popery,’ Lond. 1750, 8vo.
 * 5) ‘An Essay towards an account of Bishops suffragan in England’ printed in Nichols's ‘Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica,’ 1790, vol. vi.
 * 6) ‘Of the Books used in Churches and Monasteries here in England before the Reformation,’ printed in Gutch's ‘Collectanea Curiosa,’
 * 7) 165 (from Rawl. MS. in the Bodleian, C. 412).

Many of Lewis's tracts remain unprinted. Among Rawlinson's MSS. are: ‘Popish Cruelty exemplified in the persecution of the English Lollards from 1382 to 1507;’ and three tracts on the Eucharist.

A catalogue of Lewis's manuscripts sold by [q. v.] of Covent Garden, December 1749, is copied with the prices in Addit. MS. 28651, f. 46.

A portrait, engraved by G. White, is prefixed to the ‘History of Thanet,’ (2nd edit.); and a mezzotint print by Vertue to the edition of Wiclif's New Testament.

LEWIS, JOHN DELAWARE (1828–1884), miscellaneous writer, born in St. Petersburg in 1828, was only surviving son of John Delaware Lewis, a Russia merchant, by Emma, daughter of James Hamilton Clewlow, R.N. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduated B.A. in 1850, and proceeded M.A. in 1853. While at Cambridge he published, under the pseudonym ‘John Smith of Smith Hall, gent.,’ a volume, ‘Sketches of Cantabs’ (London, 1849, 18mo), which had considerable success, and reached a third edition in 1858. Lewis was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in Michaelmas 1858, and went the south-eastern circuit. From 1868 to 1874 he represented Devonport as a liberal in the House of Commons, unsuccessfully contesting the same constituency in February 1874 and in 1880, and Oxford in March 1874. He was a J.P. for Devon and Hampshire, and a lieutenant in the Pembrokeshire artillery militia. He spent much time at Arcachon. He died at Westbury House, Petersfield, Hampshire, on 1 Aug. 1884.

Lewis married, on 6 Jan. 1868, Teresa, eldest daughter of Sir Jervoise Clarke-Jervoise, but left no issue. Lewis was a versatile scholar, who wrote as well in French as in English. Besides contributions to periodical literature, he published, among other works: At the time of his death he was engaged upon an edition of Seneca's works and an English-French dictionary.
 * 1) ‘Across the Atlantic,’ London, 1850, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘Our College,’ London, 1857, 8vo.
 * 3) ‘Science and Revelation,’ 1871.
 * 4) ‘Hints for the Evidences of Spiritualism, by M.P.’ 1872, 1875.
 * 5) ‘Juvenalis Satiræ, with a literal English Prose Version and Notes,’ London, 1873, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1882, 2 vols. 8vo.
 * 6) A translation of Pliny's ‘Letters,’ London, 1879, 8vo.
 * 7) ‘Esprit des Grecs et des Romains,’ 1881.
 * 8) ‘De la Procédure criminelle en France et en Angleterre,’ 1882.
 * 9) ‘Causes Célèbres,’ Paris, 1883.

LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (1805–1876), painter of Italian, Spanish, and oriental subjects, was the eldest son of [q. v.] the engraver, and was born in Foley Street, London, in 1805, in the same house (it is said) as [q. v.], with whose family the Lewises were intimate. He received his first instruction from his father, and began to etch while still quite a boy. Some of his early etchings, principally after pictures by Dutch masters, are in the British Museum, but the first bent of his art was towards animals, which he used to study at the menagerie in Exeter 'Change. His father agreed that he should be a painter if he exhibited and sold a picture. This he did in 1820, his first exhibited picture in the British Institution being bought by George Garrard, A.R.A., the animal painter. In 1821 he exhibited at the Society of Painters in Oil and Water Colours (now the Royal Society of Painters in Water-colours) and at the Royal Academy, his contributions to the latter being ‘Puppies’ and ‘The Intruding Cur,’ which were followed in 1822 and 1823


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/195

Rh by portraits of dogs and horses, and a picture of a monkey who has broken a mirror in trying to get at its image in the glass. This was called ‘Fatal Curiosity,’ and was praised by Stothard. His first large picture, ‘Deer-shooting at Belhus, Essex,’ was bought by Hurst and Robinson, and he soon attracted the attention of Northcote, who purchased some of his sketches of animals, and introduced him to Sir Thomas Lawrence, by whom he was engaged to put in backgrounds and animals for his portraits. Six studies of wild animals, etched and mezzotinted by himself, were published by W. B. Cooke of Soho Square about 1825. These were afterwards the subject of eloquent praise by Mr. Ruskin (see Pre-Raphaelitism, 1851). He was at this time employed by George IV on deer and sporting subjects at Windsor. In both 1824 and 1825 he exhibited at the Royal Academy a picture of a lion and lioness, and in 1826 his father published ‘Twelve Etchings of Domestic Subjects,’ &c., by him. These were pure etchings, without mezzotint, and included some of his studies at Windsor. At this time he had a preference for water-colour, and in 1827 was elected an associate of the (now Royal) Society of Painters in Water-colours, sending to their exhibition of this year two drawings of ‘Vanquished Lions’ and ‘A Dying Lioness.’ Among his pictures at the Royal Academy this year was an ‘Eagle disturbed at his Prey by a Lioness,’ but after this time, though he continued to send to the Royal Academy exhibitions, his contributions were for many years of inferior importance to the drawings he sent to the Water-colour Society, of which he was elected a full member in 1829.

In 1827 he left his father's house and went to live at 21 St. John's Wood Road, and about this time took a tour in Tyrol and Italy, the effects of which were visible in his exhibited works of 1828 and following years till 1831, when his drawings of ‘Peasant Studies in the Highlands of Scotland’ showed that he had been to North Britain. In 1832 he exhibited his most important drawing of this period, ‘Highland Hospitality,’ which was engraved in mezzotint by William Giles. Though he never lost his love of animals, he had now abandoned his exclusive aim as an animal painter, and the whole scope of his art was altered and developed by his visit to Spain (1832–4). His drawings for the next three or four years were devoted to Spanish subjects, remarkable for their fine style and colouring. They included studies of the people, street scenes, church interiors, bullfights, and some incidents of the Carlist war. Perhaps the most important of the last class was ‘A Spy of the Christino Army brought before the Carlist general-in-chief, Zumalcarragui,’ exhibited at the Water-colour Society in 1837. It is engraved (on wood) in the ‘Art Journal’ for 1858. In 1838 he was in Paris, where he executed ‘Murillo painting the Virgin in the Franciscan Convent at Seville,’ and ‘The Pillage of a Convent by Guerilla Soldiers,’ both of which were exhibited in that year. These drawings, with one of a ‘Devotional Procession in Toledo,’ 1841, may be said to mark the end of his Spanish period. During this time his contributions to the Royal Academy were confined to studies of single figures. The fame of ‘Spanish’ Lewis, as he was then called, was increased by the publication of two series of lithographs, ‘Sketches and Drawings of the Alhambra,’ published 1835, and ‘Lewis's Sketches of Spain and Spanish Character,’ 1836, in the first of which he was assisted by J. D. Harding [q. v.], who drew some of the subjects on the stone. In 1838 he appeared as the lithographer of another man's drawings, in a volume uniform with his own, ‘Illustrations of Constantinople,’ by Coke Smith. Many of his Spanish drawings were engraved on a large scale. (For a list of his engraved works, which included some book illustrations in Finden's ‘Illustrations of Byron’ and elsewhere, see, Hist. of the Old Water-colour Society, ii. 139.)

Between 1838 and 1850 Lewis made no sign as an artist, except by two drawings sent to the society's exhibition in 1841, one of which has been mentioned. The other was an important drawing of ‘Easterday at Rome.’ He appears to have suffered from ill-health, and to have resided at Rome for some time, but he quitted that city for travels towards the East in 1839. In 1840 he went to Corfu and Albania, made sketches in Janina and the Pindus, nearly died of fever in the Gulf of Corinth, but went on to Athens and Constantinople, where he met and bid a last farewell to Wilkie, who died on the voyage home. The summer of 1842 was spent in Asia Minor and the winter at Cairo. In 1843 he made excursions to Mount Sinai, and up the Nile into Nubia, &c. In 1844 Thackeray, an old friend of his, visited him in Cairo, and found him established in the Arab quarter in the most complete oriental fashion. But even Cairo was too civilised for him at that time, and he preferred the life of the desert, under the tents and the stars (, Cornhill to Cairo, 1891, pp. 324–330, with a humorous portrait of the painter).

In 1848 the name of Lewis, who had contributed nothing to the exhibitions of


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/196

Rh the society since 1841, and had given no reasons for the neglect, was withdrawn from the list of members, but on a promise to conform to the rules he was re-elected a member. He did not contribute again, however, till 1850, when he sent a picture of ‘The Hhareem,’ which created a sensation.

This was the first of the drawings of his last or ‘oriental’ period, in which he developed a new style of manipulation, very minute in touch but extremely broad in effect, and, with extreme elaboration of detail and a brilliant complexity of light and shade, retaining all his old mastery of draughtsmanship and fine feeling for colour. The novelty of the first drawings in this style was emphasised by the new spirit in which his subjects were treated—the spirit, not of a traveller in search of the picturesque, but one who by a long sojourn in a strange country had become intimate with the character of the inhabitants and familiar with their mode of life.

In 1851 he returned to England, and after a short stay at 6 Upper Hornton Villas, Campden Hill, he married and settled at ‘The Holme’ at Walton-on-the-Thames, where he resided for the remainder of his life, working out the result of his eastern studies with endless patience and consummate skill. In 1852 appeared his second Egyptian drawing, ‘An Arab Scribe, Cairo,’ a work of distinct character and high finish; and though he did not send anything to the next exhibition of the Water-colour Society, he became again an annual exhibitor in 1854, when he also made his reappearance at the Royal Academy. The drawings of ‘Camels and Bedouins,’ 1854, and ‘The Well in the Desert’ and ‘The Greeting in the Desert,’ 1855, with their truthful representation of Arab life in the desert, then a novelty in art, and by their masterly rendering of shade and sunshine, greatly increased his fame. In 1856 Lewis was elected president of the Water-colour Society (in place of Copley Fielding, who had died in the previous year), and sent a drawing in body-colour to its exhibition—‘A Frank Encampment in the Desert of Mount Sinai,’ 1842—which drew from Mr. Ruskin this notable encomium: ‘I have no hesitation in ranking it among the most wonderful pictures in the world; nor do I believe that, since the death of Paul Veronese, anything has been painted comparable to it in its own line’ (Notes on some of the Principal Pictures, &c., 1856).

In 1858 Lewis, finding that oil pictures paid better than water-colours, resigned his presidency and membership of the Water-colour Society, and set himself to win the honours of the Royal Academy, of which he was elected an associate in the following year, and a full member in 1865. In 1866 he exhibited his diploma picture, ‘The Door of a Café in Cairo,’ and of the rest of his life the main record is to be found in the catalogues of the Royal Academy. The pictures of this period were founded on his Eastern sketches, and fully sustained, if they did not materially add to, his reputation. In 1876 he retired from the Academy, and he died at Walton-on-Thames on 15 Aug. in the same year. He was buried at Frimley, Surrey.

The works remaining in his possession at his death were sold at Christie's in May 1877. Several of his works in water-colour, chiefly studies and sketches, are in the South Kensington Museum. A set of over sixty small studies from the old masters, with a view of the Tribune at Florence, are in the National Gallery of Scotland. They were purchased by the Royal Scottish Academy in 1853, in which year Lewis was made an honorary member of that institution.

 LEWIS, JOYCE or JOCASTA (d. 1557), martyr, was only daughter of Thomas Curzon of Croxall, Staffordshire, by Anne, daughter of Sir John Aston of Tixall in the same county. She married, first, Sir George Appleby, in Leicestershire, and, after his death at the battle of Pinkie in 1547, Thomas Lewis, who had acquired part of the manor of Mancetter, Warwickshire, during the reign of Edward VI. For a time she was a strict catholic, but having been attracted towards protestantism by the death of the martyr Lawrence Saunders in 1555, the impression was confirmed by the teaching of a neighbour, John Glover, brother of Robert Glover (d. 1555) [q. v.] Her irreverent behaviour in church was made the subject of complaint to the Bishop of Lichfield, and he sent a citation which, however, Lewis is said to have forced the official to eat. The bishop bound the husband in 100l. to bring his wife up for trial in a month, which he did in spite of intercession from friends. Mrs. Lewis was detained in prison for a year, and burnt at Lichfield 18 Dec. 1557: she was accompanied to the stake by Augustine Bernher [q. v.] She left two sons by her first husband. A tablet to the memory of Joyce Lewis and Robert Glover was erected in Mancetter Church in 1833.


text:
Page:The Clipper Ship Era.djvu/262

 206 named for an estate that adjoins Balmoral, at that time under a forty years' lease to Prince Albert, and carried a figurehead of His Royal Highness in full Highland costume.

In 1852, Richard Green, of London, built the Challenger, of 699 tons. This ship, owned by W. S. Lindsay, of London, was constructed with the avowed purpose of beating the Challenge of New York. A comparison of the dimensions of this ship and those of the Sword-Fish, 1036 tons, is interesting.

The Challenger was commanded by Captain Killick, who made eight China voyages in her, the best passage home being 105 days. Although she was never directly matched with her American rival, they both took part in an informal race from China in 1852, while the challenge of the Navigation Club was pending. The passages of the seven vessels, four American and three British, were as follows:

It is only fair to state that the Witch of the Wave, commanded by Captain Millett, sailed from

title: Page:The Clipper Ship Era.djvu/262


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/197

LEWIS, LEOPOLD DAVID (1828–1890), dramatist, eldest son of David Lewis of Middlesex, physician, was born in London in 1828, was educated at King's College School, was admitted a solicitor in 1850, and practised at 4 Skinner's Place, Sise Lane, London, till 1875. A drama called ‘The Bells,’ which he had adapted from ‘Le Juif Polonais,’ by MM. Erckmann-Chatrian, was produced at the Lyceum Theatre 25 Nov. 1871, and was rendered notable by Mr. Henry Irving's striking impersonation of the leading character, Mathias, the conscience-stricken burgomaster. This was published as No. 97 of Lacy's series of acting editions. Lewis's other dramas were the ‘Wandering Jew,’ Adelphi Theatre, 14 April 1873; ‘Give a Dog a Bad Name,’ Adelphi, 18 Nov. 1876; and the ‘Foundlings,’ Sadler's Wells, 8 Oct. 1881. From February to December 1868 Lewis and Mr. Alfred Thompson conducted a monthly periodical entitled ‘The Mask, a Humorous and Fantastic Review.’ Lewis and Mr. Thompson wrote all the articles, and the latter supplied all the illustrations. Despite its cleverness, the work met with little favour from the public. Lewis also wrote a series of tales in three volumes entitled ‘A Peal of Merry Bells,’ published in 1880. He died in the Royal Free Hospital, Gray's Inn Road, London, on 23 Feb. 1890, and was buried at Kensal Green.

LEWIS, MARIA THERESA, (1803–1865), biographer, was only daughter of George Villiers, third son of Thomas Villiers, first earl of Clarendon, by his wife, Theresa Parker, daughter of the first Lord Boringdon. , fourth earl of Clarendon [q. v.], the well-known statesman, was her brother, and she was granted the precedence of an earl's daughter February 1839. She was born on 8 March 1803, and married for the first time, on 6 Nov. 1830, [q. v.], who died in 1842. On 26 Oct. 1844 she married her second husband, Sir, bart. [q. v.] Lady Theresa had a taste for literature. She was descended in the female line from Edward Hyde, the great earl of Clarendon, whose life was written by her first husband, and in 1852 she published in three volumes ‘The Lives of the Friends and Contemporaries of Lord Chancellor Clarendon;’ the book gives biographies of most of the people whose portraits were to be found in the Clarendon gallery at The Grove, Watford, which had descended successively to her father and brother; the lives of Lord Falkland, Lord Capel, and the Marquis of Hertford occupy the greater part of the volumes. Miss [q. v.] was so well impressed with the undertaking that she bequeathed her papers to Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis, Lady Theresa's father-in-law, with the proviso that in the event of his death they were to go to Lady Theresa. Accordingly, in 1865 was published in three volumes ‘Extracts of the Journals and Correspondence of Miss Berry from the year 1783 to 1852,’ edited by Lady Theresa Lewis. The work is judiciously done. Lady Lewis also edited a novel by the Hon. Emily Eden, and dramatised two fairy tales for juvenile performers. She survived her husband two years, and died 9 Nov. 1865, at the principal's lodgings, Brasenose College, Oxford.

LEWIS, MARK (fl. 1678), financial and miscellaneous writer, was apparently in 1670 a master in a school conducted on improved principles by A. Bret at Tottenham High Cross, Middlesex. His method of teaching so pleased the Earl of Anglesey, then lord privy seal, that he placed his grandsons at the school, and secured Lewis's rights to the invention by letters patent. About 1676 Lewis devoted himself to the concoction of various quackish schemes for the reduction of taxation, the increase of trade, and the establishment of banks. In 1677 he affixed the letters ‘D.D.’ to his name.

His writings are:  ‘An Essay to facilitate the Education of Youth by bringing down the Rudiments of Grammar to the Sense of Seeing,’ 8vo (London, 1670?).  ‘[Rudimenta?] Grammaticæ Puerilis, or the Rudiments of the Latin and Greek Tongues, &c. (an Apologie for a Grammar printed about twenty years since, … and reprinted for the use of a private school, &c.),’ 8vo, London [1671].  ‘Plain and Short Rules for pointing Periods and reading Sentences grammatically,’ 8vo (London, 1675?).  ‘Vestibulum Technicum, or an Artificial Vestibulum. Wherein the sense of Janua Linguarum is contained and most of the leading Words are compiled into Plain and Short Sentences,’ &c., 8vo, London, 1675.  ‘A Model for a School for the better Education of Youth,’ 8vo, London


text:
Weird Tales/Volume 42/Issue 3/Do You Forget, Enchantress

Do You Forget, Enchantress? by Clark Ashton Smith

The Muses all are silent for your sake:

While night and distance take

The hamadryad's hill, the naiad's vale,

Low droops the hippocentaur's golden tail,

And sleep has whelmed the satyrs in the brake.

Unplucked, the laurels stand as long ago;

The balms of Eros blow

Rose-red and secret in the cedars' pall. . ..

Do you forget, enchantress, or recall

The world you fashioned once, and now forgo?

Where, Venus-like from Lethe and the abyss,

Might rise the abandoned bliss;

Where the mute Muses bide your summoning word;

Where darkling faun and daemon drowse unstirred,

Waiting the invocation of your kiss.


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/198

 [1675?].  ‘Proposals to increase Trade and to advance his Majesties Revenue, without any hazard, … and with apparent Profit to Everybody,’ 8vo, London, 1677.  ‘Proposals to the King and Parliament how this Tax of one hundred sixty thousand pounds per moneth may be raised by a monethly Tax for one year … by setting up Banks here like the Bank at Venice,’ 4to, London, 1677.  ‘A Short Model of a Bank, … which … will be able to give out bills of credit to a vast extent, that all persons will accept of rather than mony,’ 8vo [London, 1677].  ‘Proposals to the King and Parliament, or a large Model of a Bank,’ 4to, London, 1678.

LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775–1818), author of the ‘Monk,’ was born in London on 9 July 1775. His father, Matthew Lewis, was deputy secretary-at-war, and proprietor of large estates in Jamaica (see Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. x. 396). His mother was Anna Maria, daughter of Sir Thomas Sewell, master of the rolls from 1764 to 1784. She was ‘much admired at court,’ famous for her grace in dancing minuets, and was an accomplished musician. Matthew was the eldest of four children, the others being Maria, wife of Sir Henry Lushington; Sophia, wife of Colonel Sheddon; and Barrington, who became deformed and died young from an injury to the spine. Matthew, his mother's pet companion, was a precocious child, and showed an early talent for music. After going to a school kept by Dr. Fountaine, he entered Westminster, where he distinguished himself as an actor in the ‘town boys' play,’ and afterwards went to Christ Church. While he was still a schoolboy his parents were separated. Mrs. Lewis went to France, and received a handsome allowance from her husband. Matthew showed much sense and good feeling in keeping up affectionate communications with his mother, while remaining on good terms with his father, and conveying messages between them. In 1791 (letter from Paris in ‘Life,’ p. 52, is wrongly dated 1792) he visited Paris, and a letter to his mother shows that he was already writing a farce and a novel. In the same year (his sixteenth) he wrote the ‘East Indian.’ In the summer of 1792 he went to Weimar, where he was introduced to Goethe, the ‘celebrated author of “Werter”’ (Life, i. 72). His taste for German literature either took him to Weimar or was acquired there. In any case he became a good German scholar. Goethe's ‘Sorrows of Werter’ (first translated 1779), Schiller's ‘Robbers’ (first translated 1792), had impressed him, and had become popular in England. He stayed at Weimar till the beginning of 1793, and after a visit to Lord Douglas at Bothwell Castle and the Duke of Buccleuch at Dalkeith, returned to Oxford. In 1794 he became attaché to the British embassy at the Hague. Here in ten weeks (ib. i. 133) he wrote the ‘Monk,’ having been induced to go on with it by his interest in the ‘Mysteries of Udolpho’ (1794). It appeared as ‘Ambrosio, or the Monk,’ in the summer of 1795. The story was taken from ‘Santon Barsisa’ in the ‘Guardian’ (No. 148). The book hit the public taste, which had just been turned towards Mrs. Radcliffe's romances, a form of literature of which Walpole's ‘Castle of Otranto’ (1765) set the first example. The Monk's indecency provoked many protests, and the attorney-general moved for an injunction against its sale. The prosecution, however, was dropped, and in his second edition the author expunged the most objectionable passages. Meanwhile he became famous at the age of twenty, and was received in the highest society. He sat in the House of Commons from 1796 to 1802 for Hindon, Wiltshire. His father made him an allowance of 1,000l. a year. He took a cottage at Barnes about 1798 (Life, pp. 183, 222), which was ornamented according to the taste of the day, had chambers in the Albany, and lived equally with great people and with actors and musicians. He knew the Duchess of York, whom he visited at Oatlands, the Princess of Wales, and other royal personages, and, according to Scott, was a good deal too fond of the nobility. He wrote plays and a great many poems, which, if of moderate merit, show a facility of versification almost equal to Moore's. He set many of them to music. In 1798 he brought out the ‘Castle Spectre’ at Drury Lane under Sheridan's management. It was founded upon a romance (never published) written in his earliest days of authorship. It ran for sixty nights, and was long popular with lovers of ghosts, horrors, and thunderstorms.

Lewis frequently visited the fifth Duke of Argyll at Inverary, and there, according to his biographer, fell in love with the duke's daughter, Lady Charlotte, married in June 1796 to Colonel Campbell, and afterwards Lady [q. v.] A walk with her in which they met a maniac suggested his once popular ballad ‘Crazy Jane’ (ib. i. 186–7). After her marriage he continued to be her friend, and at her house he first met Scott in 1798. Scott, then unknown, was much flattered by the condescension of a recognised poet. Lewis had already, through their common friend William Erskine, asked