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Dear Sir.

I write merely to say that the Doctor is getting bravely on. He is drinking his pint of porter a day and thinks it the best medicine yet given him, is setting up occasionally for half an hour at a time & is quite lively & fond of cheerful company. He says that, however pleasant it would be to have Mrs. Jarvis with him, he cannot but feel glad that she did not undertake the journey.

I intend to profit by your suggestion and hold on to him till it will be perfectly safe for him to accomplish the journey home.

Dr. Brigham of Utica N.Y. passed through our place 2 or 3 days ago. I invited him to visit the Doctor. They are old acquaintances and of course were happy in meeting each other.

The Doctor is strong enough to write to you, but I much prefer acting as his amanuensis for fear of his overtaxing his powers as he did last week when he wrote to Mrs. Jarvis.

Very truly yrs.

J. Marion Sims.

Rev'd Wm. Jarvis,

Portland,

Ct.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Dear Sir.

Your letter of the 7th was recd. this morning and afforded the Doctor a perfect treat. He is now improving very rapidly indeed, has a good appetite and is cracking the bones of boiled birds with quite a relish. He was surprised and delighted to day by an accidental visit from Dr. A. Kellogg of Birmingham Ct. and seems to be very greatly entertained with the description of Dr. K's adventures. The meeting was unexpected to each and afforded mutual gratification.

The Doctor set up to day for two hours or more at a time. I hope the letter from his daughter will arrive tomorrow, as he is now able to read and to write for himself.

Yrs. very truly

J. Marion Sims.

Rev'd William Jarvis,

Portland,

Ct.

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Rev'd William Jarvis.

Dear Sir. The arrival of Dr. Kellogg has made a new man of Dr. Jarvis. He sets up most of the day and has been riding out for two days past. He is gaining strength very fast, but I cannot tell how long it may be before he can safely travel. As I said before, I shall be sure to hold on to him till it is altogether prudent for him to make a move homewards.

Believe me as your friend.

J. Marion Sims.

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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ancillon, Johann Peter Friedrich


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My Dear Doctor.

I have just rec'd your kind letter from Charleston. I cannot but regret that you did not get there time enough for the Steamer: however I hope you have gotten home safely. Would you believe that I haven't yet recovered my health perfectly? On the Friday after you left I exposed myself unnecessarily and relapsed. I am now fortunately up again but I take good care to let the office alone. In the morning I shall go to the country to see my sick brother and after my return I shall go down to Lowdon[?] Co. merely to get away from business. Thus you see I am disposed to take care of myself.

Boling is fat & so is Jones. Amis & Mr. Lyton have both been grimting[?] a little. Amis says that he had "brain fever" although he was out at hard work in 2 days after it. Our friend Baldwin is still feeble & low spirited, but is evidently improving daily. Mr. King (at the Hall) has been very sick and Anarca, our Anarca, is nursing

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 him, so you may feel easy about his recovery. He is entering convalescence.

Tell Miss Charlotte M. Jarvis, if you please, that I intend to send her the Daguerrotype, provided she agrees to send her own to us, but on no other terms.

Remember me affectionately to our friends.

Very truly

Yr. friend

J. Marion Sims.

Geo. O. Jarvis, MD,

Portland,

Ct.

title: Page:Sims Correspondence 1848.djvu/19


text: Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 13.djvu/636


text: Cambridge Natural History Mammalia

title: Cambridge Natural History Mammalia


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Rh of the sleet, which fell last night, and the bleak wind which whistling at the windows. Last Sunday I wrote to our good old mother, and during the week I mailed to her a religious newspaper—which Ann takes—and proposes, after she herself shall have finished it, to send for Ma's entertainment. . ..

Aleck tells me, Dick, that you have joined the Campbellites and become a disciple. . ..

I do not regret to hear that you have turned away from worldy things. . ..

There is another thing, Dick, persons professing to be Christians are very apt to make the conduct of their brother professors around them a standard for their own conduct towards God. This may, without knowing it, and unless one keep a watchful eye upon his own heart, tend, more or less, to lead us to regard unduly the opinions of the world, and prompt us to do what an untrammeled conscience would condemn. Learn your duties, Dick, from the Bible. There you have them laid down in example, law, and precept. I love to see Christians after the Bible and according to their own consciences, and not according to the opinions of other men. I hope, Dick, whatever persuasion you join, that you will be a Christian according to the Bible as you understand it.

After being engaged on surveying work for more than a year, Maury obtained a few weeks leave to visit his parents in Tennessee, and attend to some business-matters for his father, who was now old and infirm. He also wished to make arrangements for bringing his parents into Virginia to live with him. On his way back to New York he was thrown from the top of a stage-coach, he having given his seat inside to a poor woman who could not stand the exposure of the cold night air.

His leg was broken at the knee. It was set by an incompetent surgeon, and he languished for three months at Somerset, Ohio. It was found necessary to


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110 they find nothing to think about? Still less could we expect to meet with a being thus impervious in the country; for there, if human nature pleases not, she may find

Whether it arises from an intellectual, or a moral defect, that this happy experience is so seldom realized, is a question of some importance in the formation of character. If young ladies really do not wish to be close observers, the evil is a moral one, and I cannot but suspect that much truth lies here. They wish, undoubtedly, to enjoy every amusement which can be derived from observation, but they do not wish to observe; because they either have some little pet sorrow which they prefer brooding over to themselves, or some favourite subject of gossip, which they prefer talking over with their friends, or they think it more ladylike not to notice common things, or more interesting to be absorbed, to start when spoken to, and to spend the greatest portion of their time in a state of reverie.

If such be the choice of any fair reader of these pages, I can only warn her that the punishment of her error will eventually come upon her, and that as surely as she neglects in youth to cultivate the expansive and pleasure-giving faculty of observation, so surely will life become wearisome to her in old age, if not before. There are, however, many whose error on this point arises solely out of their ignorance of the innumerable advantages to be derived from a close observation of things in general. Their lives are void of interest, their minds run to waste, they are constantly pining for excitement, without being conscious of any definite cause for what they suffer. They see their more energetic and intelligent companions

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ROBERT SOUTHWELL

WILLIAM HABINGTON

RICHARD CRASHAW

173

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174

AUBREY DE VERE

GERARD HOPKINS

Father Hopkins' published verses may be found in the following anthologies :—

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Rh

COVENTRY PATMORE

LIONEL JOHNSON

FRANCIS THOMPSON

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176

ALICE MEYNELL

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Crashaw, William, 37, 38

177

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178 De Vere, Aubrey (continued)

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Rh Johnson, Lionel (continued)

 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168
 * To the Children, 167, 168

Patmore, Coventry, 33, 65, 86, 87, 89; birth, 90; first poems and early life, 91-4; first marriage, 94, 95-8; death of Emily Patmore, 99, l00; journey to Rome, 101, 102; second marriage, 102-4, 105-12; death of Mary Patmore, 113; third marriage, 114; failing

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180 Patmore, Coventry (continued) health and death, 115, 116-19, 147, 156, 165

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Rh Thompson, Francis (continued)

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30 break the limb over again and reset it, and this was done without the aid of opium or chloroform, the use of which in surgical operations was then unknown. In January 1840, he believed himself so far recovered as to be able to resume his journey to New York, where the vessel was still lying to which he was attached. But he had to be driven in a sleigh from Ohio across the Alleghany Mountains in the dead of winter. He was much delayed on the road, and the vessel sailed without him.

The following letters were written just before and after his accident:—

In my last I alluded to the possibility of my parents return with me; but all their plans, and mine too, have been changed, at least for the present.

The Navy Department will not allow me to wait here for the rising of the waters, and I am afraid to venture with the old people and the very rough roads between this and Louisville, Ky. These considerations have induced my father to determine on a visit to my Sister Holland. . . . It is their present intention to spend the winter with her in Mississippi, and in the spring, if Pa thinks himself equal to the undertaking, they will come on to Virginia. . . My mother, who is quite as untravelled as Aunt Herndon was, thinks she could perform the trip from here to Fredericksburg on horseback!

. . . My father's voice, which was always very powerful, is as strong now as it ever was; he frequently exercises it in calling to his hands while at work at the top of its hail; it can be heard distinctly a mile off; under favourable circumstances it has been heard two miles. . ..

Besides, being at Mrs. Holland's, he will be within a day's ride (35 miles) of Memphis on the Mississippi, whence he can choose his own time for the journey.

Since writing the above, I have received a letter from Nannie informing me of the arrival of a letter in a


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Byron, George Gordon


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Rh envelope, requiring my immediate presence in New York, so I shall have the pleasure of seeing you sooner than I expected.

The following letters describe his accident, sufferings and surroundings, at Somerset, Ohio:—

I shall not be with you according to intentions expressed in my last. I write, toes up, to inform you of the accident which detains me. With twelve others I was upset in a stage here last Friday, about 1 I was the thirteenth, and had my right knee joint transversely dislocated and the thigh bone longitudinally fractured, making together a very serious injury, from which a recovery must be slow.

Fortunately I am in the hands of a good physician, and my mind is at ease. According to one of the first physicians of the State, whom I had to examine the leg, treatment, &c., I may consider myself fortunate if I am off my back in three months time. With this prospect before me, I have written for Nannie and the children. . ..

But for this or some other accident I should now have been in New York. My most affectionate good wishes to your father, and ever, dear cousin, your friend, M. F. Maury.

In December 1839, Maury had so far recovered from his accident as to be able to leave the place here it occurred.


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Rh "'A man can die but once.' The younger assured me in a mocking tone that he wanted to see 'how she would do it this time.' But I tell you what; there was a sort of fascination about the brute."

Jermyn, who seemed to have seen every ship in the world, broke in sulkily:

"I saw her once out of this very window towing up the river; a great black ugly thing, going along like a big hearse."

"Something sinister about her looks, wasn't there?" said the man in tweeds, looking down at old Jermyn with a friendly eye. "I always had a sort of horror of her. She gave me a beastly shock when I was no more than fourteen, the very first day—nay, hour—I joined, her. Father came up to see me off, and was to go down to Gravesend with us. I was his second boy to go to sea. My big brother was already an officer then. We got on board about eleven in the morning, and found the ship ready to drop out of the basin, stern first. She had not moved three times her own length when, at a little pluck the tug gave her to enter the dock gates, she made one of her rampaging starts, and put such a weight on the check rope—a new six-inch hawser that forward—there they had no chance to ease it round in time, and it parted. I saw the broken end fly up high in the air, and the next moment that brute brought her quarter against the pier-head with a jar that staggered everybody about her decks. She didn't hurt herself. Not she! But one of the boys the mate had sent aloft on the mizzen to do something, came down on the poop-deck—thump—right in front of me. He was not much older than myself. We had been grinning at each other only a few minutes before. He must have been handling himself carelessly, not expecting to get such a jerk. I heard his startled cry—Oh!—

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116 in a high treble as he felt himself going, and looked up in time to see him go limp all over as he fell. Ough! Poor father was remarkably white about the gills when we shook hands in Gravesend. 'Are you all right?' he says, looking hard at me. 'Yes, father.' 'Quite sure?' 'Yes, father.' 'Well, then good-bye, my boy.' He told me afterwards that for half a word he would have carried me off home with him there and then. I am the baby of the family—you know," added the man in tweeds, stroking his moustache with an ingenuous smile.

I acknowledged this interesting communication by a sympathetic murmur. He waved his hand carelessly.

"This might have utterly spoiled a chap's nerve for going aloft, you know utterly. He fell within two feet of me, cracking his head on a mooring-bitt. Never moved. Stone dead. Nice looking little fellow, he was. I had just been thinking we would be great chums. However, that wasn't yet the worst that brute of a ship could do. I served in her three years of my time, and then I got transferred to the Lucy Apse, for a year. The sailmaker we had in the Apse Family turned up there, too, and I remember him saying to me one evening, after we had been a week at sea: 'Isn't she a meek little ship?' No wonder we thought the Lucy Apse a dear, meek, little ship after getting clear of that big, rampaging savage brute. It was like heaven. Her officers seemed to me the restfullest lot of men on earth. To me who had known no ship but the Apse Family, the Lucy was like a sort of magic craft that did what you wanted her to do of her own accord. One evening we got caught aback pretty sharply from right ahead. In about ten minutes we had her full again, sheets aft, tacks down, decks cleared, and the officer of the watch leaning against the weather rail peacefully. It seemed simply marvellous to me. The other would have stuck for

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Rh in irons, rolling her decks full of water, knocking the men about—spars cracking, braces snapping, yards taking charge, and a confounded scare going on aft because of her beastly rudder, which she had a way of flapping about fit to raise your hair on end. I couldn't get over my wonder for days.

"Well, I finished my last year of apprenticeship in that jolly little ship—she wasn't so little either, but after that other heavy devil she seemed but a plaything to handle. I finished my time and passed; and then just as I was thinking of having three weeks of real good time on shore I got at breakfast a letter asking me the earliest day I could be ready to join the Apse Family as third mate. I gave my plate a shove that shot it into the middle of the table; dad looked up over his paper; mother raised her hands in astonishment, and I went out bare-headed into our bit of garden, where I walked round and round for an hour.

"When I came in again mother was out of the dining-room, and dad had shifted berth into his big armchair. The letter was lying on the mantelpiece.

"'It's very creditable to you to get the offer, and very kind of them to make it,' he said. 'And I see also that Charles has been appointed chief mate of that ship for one voyage.'

"There was, over leaf, a P.S. to that effect in Mr. Apse's own handwriting, which I had overlooked. Charley was my big brother.

"'I don't like very much to have two of my boys together in one ship,' father goes on, in his deliberate, solemn way. 'And I may tell you that I would not mind writing Mr. Apse a letter to that effect.'

"Dear old dad! He was a wonderful father. What would you have done? The mere notion of going back (and as an officer, too), to be worried and bothered,

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118 and kept on the jump night and day by that brute, made me feel sick. But she wasn't a ship you could afford to fight shy of. Besides, the most genuine excuse could not be given without mortally offending Apse & Sons. The firm, and I believe the whole family down to the old unmarried aunts in Lancashire, had grown desperately touchy about that accursed ship's character. This was the case for answering 'Ready now' from your very death-bed if you wished to die in their good graces. And that's precisely what I did answer—by wire, to have it over and done with at once.

"The prospect of being shipmates with my big brother cheered me up considerably, though it made me a bit anxious, too. Ever since I remember myself as a little chap he had been very good to me, and I looked upon him as the finest fellow in the world. And so he was. No better officer ever walked the deck of a merchant ship. And that's a fact. He was a fine, strong, upstanding, sun-tanned, young fellow, with his brown hair curling a little, and an eye like a hawk. He was just splendid. We hadn't seen each other for many years, and even this time, though he had been in England three weeks already, he hadn't showed up at home yet, but had spent his spare time in Surrey somewhere making up to Maggie Colchester, old Captain Colchester's niece. Her father, a great friend of dad's, was in the sugar-broking business, and Charley made a sort of second home of their house. I wondered what my big brother would think of me. There was a sort of sternness about Charley's face which never left it, not even when he was larking in his rather wild fashion.

"He received me with a great shout of laughter. He seemed to think my joining as an officer the greatest joke in the world. There was a difference of ten years between us, and I suppose he remembered me best in

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text:
Right to Food Guidelines

=Text=

GUIDELINE 1: DEMOCRACY, GOOD GOVERNANCE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RULE OF LAW
1.1       States should promote and safeguard a free, democratic and just society in order to provide a peaceful, stable and enabling economic, social, political and cultural environment in which individuals can feed themselves and their families in freedom and dignity.

1.2       States should promote democracy, the rule of law, sustainable development and good governance, and promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in order to empower individuals and civil society to make demands on their governments, devise policies that address their specific needs and ensure the accountability and transparency of governments and state decision-making processes in implementing such policies. States should, in particular, promote freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of information, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly and association, which enhances the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security. Food should not be used as a tool for political and economic pressure.

1.3       States should also promote good governance as an essential factor for sustained economic growth, sustainable development, poverty and hunger eradication and for the realization of all human rights including the progressive realization of the right to adequate food.

1.4       States should ensure, in accordance with their international human rights obligations, that all individuals, including human rights defenders of the progressive realization of the right to adequate food, are accorded equal protection under the law and that due process is guaranteed in all legal proceedings.

1.5       Where appropriate and consistent with domestic law, States may assist individuals and groups of individuals to have access to legal assistance to better assert the progressive realization of the right to adequate food.

GUIDELINE 2: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
2.1 In order to achieve the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security, States should promote broad-based economic development that is supportive of their food security policies. States should establish policy goals and benchmarks based on the food security needs of their population.

2.2       States should assess, in consultation with key stakeholders, the economic and social situation, including the degree of food insecurity and its causes, the nutrition situation and food safety.

2.3       States should promote adequate and stable supplies of safe food through a combination of domestic production, trade, storage and distribution.

2.4       States should consider adopting a holistic and comprehensive approach to hunger and poverty reduction. Such an approach entails, inter alia, direct and immediate measures to ensure access to adequate food as part of a social safety net; investment in productive activities and projects to improve the livelihoods of the poor and hungry in a sustainable manner; the development of appropriate institutions, functioning markets, a conducive legal and regulatory framework; and access to employment, productive resources and appropriate services.

2.5       States should pursue inclusive, non-discriminatory and sound economic, agriculture, fisheries, forestry, land use, and, as appropriate, land reform policies, all of which will permit farmers, fishers, foresters and other food producers, particularly women, to earn a fair return from their labour, capital and management, and encourage conservation and sustainable management of natural resources, including in marginal areas.

2.6       Where poverty and hunger are predominantly rural, States should focus on sustainable agricultural and rural development through measures to improve access to land, water, appropriate and affordable technologies, productive and financial resources, enhance the productivity of poor rural communities, promote the participation of the poor in economic policy decisions, share the benefits of productivity gains, conserve and protect natural resources, and invest in rural infrastructure, education and research. In particular, States should adopt policies that create conditions that encourage stable employment, especially in rural areas, including off-farm jobs.

2.7       In response to the growing problem of urban hunger and poverty, States should promote investments aimed at enhancing the livelihoods of the urban poor.

GUIDELINE 3: STRATEGIES
3.1       States, as appropriate and in consultation with relevant stakeholders and pursuant to their national laws, should consider adopting a national human-rights based strategy for the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security as part of an overarching national development strategy, including poverty reduction strategies, where they exist.

3.2       The elaboration of these strategies should begin with a careful assessment of existing national legislation, policy and administrative measures, current programmes, systematic identification of existing constraints and availability of existing resources. States should formulate the measures necessary to remedy any weakness, and propose an agenda for change and the means for its implementation and evaluation.

3.3       These strategies could include objectives, targets, benchmarks and time frames; and actions to formulate policies, identify and mobilize resources, define institutional mechanisms, allocate responsibilities, coordinate the activities of different actors, and provide for monitoring mechanisms. As appropriate, such strategies could address all aspects of the food system, including the production, processing, distribution, marketing and consumption of safe food. It could also address access to resources and to markets as well as parallel measures in other fields. These strategies should, in particular, address the needs of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups, as well as special situations such as natural disasters and emergencies.

3.4       Where necessary, States should consider adopting and, as appropriate, reviewing a national poverty reduction strategy that specifically addresses access to adequate food.

3.5       States, individually or in cooperation with relevant international organizations, should consider integrating into their poverty reduction strategy a human rights perspective based on the principle of non-discrimination. In raising the standard of living of those below the poverty line, due regard should be given to the need to ensure equality in practice to those who are traditionally disadvantaged and between women and men.

3.6       In their poverty reduction strategies, States should also give priority to providing basic services for the poorest, and investing in human resources by ensuring access to primary education for all, basic health care, capacity building in good practices, clean drinking water, adequate sanitation and justice and by supporting programmes in basic literacy, numeracy and good hygiene practices.

3.7       States are encouraged, inter alia and in a sustainable manner, to increase productivity and to revitalize the agricultural sector including livestock, forestry and fisheries through special policies and strategies targeted at small-scale and traditional fishers, and farmers in rural areas, and the creation of enabling conditions for private sector participation, with emphasis on human capacity development and the removal of constraints to agricultural production, marketing and distribution.

3.8       In developing these strategies, States are encouraged to consult with civil society organizations and other key stakeholders at national and regional levels, including small-scale and traditional farmers, private sector, women, and youth associations, with the aim of promoting their active participation in all aspects of agricultural and food production strategies.

3.9       These strategies should be transparent, inclusive and comprehensive, cut across national policies, programmes and projects, take into account the special needs of girls and women, combine short-term and long-term objectives, and be prepared and implemented in a participatory and accountable manner.

States should support, including through regional cooperation, the implementation of national strategies for development, in particular for the reduction of poverty and hunger as well as for the progressive realization of the right to adequate food.

GUIDELINE 4: MARKET SYSTEMS
4.1       States should, in accordance with their national law and priorities, as well as their international commitments, improve the functioning of their markets, in particular their agricultural and food markets, in order to promote both economic growth and sustainable development, inter alia, by mobilizing domestic savings, both public and private, by developing appropriate credit policies, by generating sustainable adequate levels of national productive investment through credits in concessional terms and by increasing human capacity.

4.2       States should put legislation, policies, procedures and regulatory and other institutions in place to ensure non-discriminatory access to markets and to prevent uncompetitive practices in markets.

4.3       States should encourage the development of corporate social responsibility and the commitment of all market players and civil society towards the progressive realization of the right of individuals to adequate food in the context of national food security.

4.4       States should provide adequate protection to consumers against fraudulent market practices, misinformation and unsafe food. The measures toward this objective should not constitute unjustified barriers to international trade and should be in conformity with the WTO agreements.

4.5       States should, as appropriate, promote the development of small-scale local and regional markets and border trade to reduce poverty and increase food security, particularly in poor rural and urban areas.

4.6       States may wish to adopt measures to ensure that the widest number of individuals and communities, especially disadvantaged groups, can benefit from opportunities created by competitive agricultural trade.

4.7       States should strive to ensure that food, agricultural trade and overall trade policies are conducive to fostering food security for all through a non-discriminatory and market-oriented local, regional, national and world trade system.

4.8       States should endeavour to establish well functioning internal marketing, storage, transportation, communication and distribution systems, inter alia, to facilitate diversified trade and better links within and between domestic, regional and world markets, as well as to take advantage of new market opportunities.

4.9       States will take into account that markets do not automatically result in everybody achieving a sufficient income at all times to meet basic needs, and should therefore seek to provide adequate social safety nets and, where appropriate, the assistance of the international community for this purpose.

4.10     States should take into account the shortcomings of market mechanisms in protecting the environment and public goods.

GUIDELINE 5: INSTITUTIONS
5.1       States, where appropriate, should assess the mandate and performance of relevant public institutions and, where necessary, establish, reform or improve their organization and structure to contribute to the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security.

5.2       To this end, States may wish to ensure the coordinated efforts of relevant government ministries, agencies and offices. They could establish national intersectoral coordination mechanisms to ensure the concerted implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies, plans and programmes. States are encouraged to involve relevant communities in all aspects of planning and execution of activities in these areas.

5.3       States may also wish to entrust a specific institution with overall responsibility for overseeing and coordinating the application of these guidelines, bearing in mind the Declaration and Programme of Action of the 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights and taking due account of existing agriculture conventions and protocols. In order to ensure transparency and accountability, the functions and tasks of this institution would need to be clearly defined, regularly reviewed and provision made for adequate monitoring mechanisms.

5.4       States should ensure that relevant institutions provide for full and transparent participation of the private sector and of civil society, in particular representatives of the groups most affected by food insecurity.

5.5       States should take measures, where and if necessary, to develop, strengthen, implement and maintain effective anticorruption legislation and policies, including in the food sector and in the management of emergency food aid.

GUIDELINE 6: STAKEHOLDERS
6.1       Recognizing the primary responsibility of States for the progressive realization of the right to adequate food, States are encouraged to apply a multi-stakeholder approach to national food security to identify the roles of and involve all relevant stakeholders, encompassing civil society and the private sector, drawing together their know-how with a view to facilitating the efficient use of resources.

GUIDELINE 7: LEGAL FRAMEWORK
7.1       States are invited to consider, in accordance with their domestic legal and policy frameworks, whether to include provisions in their domestic law, possibly including constitutional or legislative review that facilitates the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security.

7.2       States are invited to consider, in accordance with their domestic legal and policy frameworks, whether to include provisions in their domestic law, which may include their constitutions, bills of rights or legislation, to directly implement the progressive realization of the right to adequate food. Administrative, quasi-judicial and judicial mechanisms to provide adequate, effective and prompt remedies accessible, in particular, to members of vulnerable groups may be envisaged.

7.3       States that have established a right to adequate food under their legal system should inform the general public of all available rights and remedies to which they are entitled.

7.4       States should consider strengthening their domestic law and policies to accord access by women heads of households to poverty reduction and nutrition security programmes and projects.

GUIDELINE 8: ACCESS TO RESOURCES AND ASSETS

8.1       States should facilitate sustainable, non-discriminatory and secure access and utilization of resources consistent with their national law and with international law and protect the assets that are important for people's livelihoods. States should respect and protect the rights of individuals with respect to resources such as land, water, forests, fisheries and livestock without any discrimination. Where necessary and appropriate, States should carry out land reforms and other policy reforms consistent with their human rights obligations and in accordance with the rule of law in order to secure efficient and equitable access to land and to strengthen pro-poor growth. Special attention may be given to groups such as pastoralists and indigenous people and their relation to natural resources.

8.2       States should take steps so that members of vulnerable groups can have access to opportunities and economic resources in order to participate fully and equally in the economy.

8.3       States should pay particular attention to the specific access problems of women and of vulnerable, marginalized and traditionally disadvantaged groups, including all persons affected by HIV/AIDS. States should take measures to protect all people affected by HIV/AIDS from losing their access to resources and assets.

8.4       States should promote agricultural research and development, in particular to promote basic food production with its positive effects on basic incomes and its benefits to small and women farmers, as well as poor consumers.

8.5       States should, within the framework of relevant international agreements, including those on intellectual property, promote access by medium and small-scale farmers to research results enhancing food security.

8.6       States should promote women's full and equal participation in the economy and, for this purpose, introduce, where it does not exist, and implement gender-sensitive legislation providing women with the right to inherit and possess land and other property. States should also provide women with secure and equal access to, control over, and benefits from productive resources, including credit, land, water and appropriate technologies.

8.7       States should design and implement programmes that include different mechanisms of access and appropriate use of agricultural land directed to the poorest populations.

Guideline 8a: Labour
8.8       States should take measures to encourage sustainable development in order to provide opportunities for work that provides remuneration allowing for an adequate standard of living for rural and urban wage earners and their families, and to promote and protect self-employment. For States that have ratified the relevant instruments, working conditions should be consistent with the obligations they have assumed under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, relevant ILO Conventions and other treaties including human rights conventions.

8.9       In order to improve access to the labour market, States should enhance human capital through education programmes, adult literacy and additional training programmes, as required, regardless of race, colour, gender, language, religion, political opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Guideline 8b: Land
8.10     States should take measures to promote and protect the security of land tenure, especially with respect to women, poor and disadvantaged segments of society, through legislation that protects the full and equal right to own land and other property, including the right to inherit. As appropriate, States should consider establishing legal and other policy mechanisms, consistent with their international human rights obligations and in accordance with the rule of law, that advance land reform to enhance access for the poor and women. Such mechanisms should also promote conservation and sustainable use of land. Special consideration should be given to the situation of indigenous communities.

Guideline 8c: Water
8.11     Bearing in mind that access to water in sufficient quantity and quality for all is fundamental for life and health, States should strive to improve access to, and promote sustainable use of, water resources and their allocation among users giving due regard to efficiency and the satisfaction of basic human needs in an equitable manner and that balances the requirement of preserving or restoring the functioning of ecosystems with domestic, industrial and agricultural needs, including safeguarding drinking water quality.

Guideline 8d: Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
8.12     States, taking into account the importance of biodiversity, and consistent with their obligations under relevant international agreements, should consider specific national policies, legal instruments and supporting mechanisms to prevent the erosion of and ensure the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture, including, as appropriate, for the protection of relevant traditional knowledge and equitable participation in sharing benefits arising from the use of these resources, and by encouraging, as appropriate, the participation of local and indigenous communities and farmers in making national decisions on matters related to the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture.

Guideline 8e: Sustainability
8.13     States should consider specific national policies, legal instruments and supporting mechanisms to protect ecological sustainability and the carrying capacity of ecosystems to ensure the possibility for increased, sustainable food production for present and future generations, prevent water pollution, protect the fertility of the soil, and promote the sustainable management of fisheries and forestry.

Guideline 8f: Services
8.14     States should create an enabling environment and strategies to facilitate and support the development of private and public sector initiatives to promote appropriate tools, technologies and mechanization in the provision of relevant services, including research, extension, marketing, rural finance and microcredit, to enable more efficient food production by all farmers, in particular poor farmers, and to address local constraints such as shortage of land, water and farm power.

GUIDELINE 9: FOOD SAFETY AND CONSUMER PROTECTION
9.1       States should take measures to ensure that all food, whether locally produced or imported, freely available or sold on markets, is safe and consistent with national food safety standards.

9.2       States should establish comprehensive and rational food-control systems that reduce risk of food borne disease using risk analysis and supervisory mechanisms to ensure food safety in the entire food chain including animal feed.

9.3       States are encouraged to take action to streamline institutional procedures for food control and food safety at national level and eliminate gaps and overlaps in inspection systems and in the legislative and regulatory framework for food. States are encouraged to adopt scientifically based food safety standards, including standards for additives, contaminants, residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides, and microbiological hazards, and to establish standards for the packaging, labelling and advertising of food. These standards should take into consideration internationally accepted food standards (Codex Alimentarius) in accordance with the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (SPS). States should take action to prevent contamination from industrial and other pollutants in the production, processing, storage, transport, distribution, handling and sale of food.

9.4       States may wish to establish a national coordinating committee for food to bring together both governmental and non-governmental actors involved in the food system and to act as liaison with the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. States should consider collaborating with private stakeholders in the food system, both by assisting them in exercising controls on their own production and handling practices, and by auditing those controls.

9.5       Where necessary, States should assist farmers and other primary producers to follow good agricultural practices, food processors to follow good manufacturing practices, and food handlers to follow good hygiene practices. States are encouraged to consider establishing food safety systems and supervisory mechanisms to ensure the provision of safe food to consumers.

9.6       States should ensure that education on safe practices is available for food business operators so that their activities neither lead to harmful residues in food nor cause harm to the environment. States should also take measures to educate consumers about the safe storage, handling and utilization of food within the household. States should collect and disseminate information to the public regarding food-borne diseases and food safety matters, and should cooperate with regional and international organizations addressing food safety issues.

9.7       States should adopt measures to protect consumers from deception and misrepresentation in the packaging, labelling, advertising and sale of food and facilitate consumers' choice by ensuring appropriate information on marketed food, and provide recourse for any harm caused by unsafe or adulterated food, including food offered by street sellers. Such measures should not be used as unjustified barriers to trade; they should be in conformity with the WTO agreements (in particular SPS and TBT).

9.8       Developed countries are encouraged to provide technical assistance to developing countries through advice, credits, donations and grants for capacity building and training in food safety. When possible and appropriate, developing countries with more advanced capabilities in food safety-related areas are encouraged to lend assistance to less advanced developing countries.

9.9       States are encouraged to cooperate with all stakeholders, including regional and international consumer organizations, in addressing food safety issues, and consider their participation in national and international fora where policies with impact on food production, processing, distribution, storage and marketing are discussed.

GUIDELINE 10: NUTRITION
10.1     If necessary, States should take measures to maintain, adapt or strengthen dietary diversity and healthy eating habits and food preparation, as well as feeding patterns, including breastfeeding, while ensuring that changes in availability and access to food supply do not negatively affect dietary composition and intake.

10.2     States are encouraged to take steps, in particular through education, information and labelling regulations, to prevent overconsumption and unbalanced diets that may lead to malnutrition, obesity and degenerative diseases.

10.3     States are encouraged to involve all relevant stakeholders, in particular communities and local government, in the design, implementation, management, monitoring and evaluation of programmes to increase the production and consumption of healthy and nutritious foods, especially those that are rich in micronutrients. States may wish to promote gardens both at home and at school as a key element in combating micronutrient deficiencies and promoting healthy eating. States may also consider adopting regulations for fortifying foods to prevent and cure micronutrient deficiencies, in particular of iodine, iron and Vitamin A.

10.4     States should address the specific food and nutritional needs of people living with HIV/AIDS or suffering from other epidemics.

10.5     States should take appropriate measures to promote and encourage breastfeeding, in line with their cultures, the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and subsequent resolutions of the World Health Assembly, in accordance with the WHO/UNICEF recommendations.

10.6     States may wish to disseminate information on the feeding of infants and young children that is consistent and in line with current scientific knowledge and internationally accepted practices and to take steps to counteract misinformation on infant feeding. States should consider with utmost care issues regarding breastfeeding and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the basis of the most up-to-date, authoritative scientific advice and referring to the latest WHO/UNICEF guidelines.

10.7     States are invited to take parallel action in the areas of health, education and sanitary infrastructure and promote intersectoral collaboration, so that necessary services and goods become available to people to enable them to make full use of the dietary value in the food they eat and thus achieve nutritional well-being.

10.8     States should adopt measures to eradicate any kind of discriminatory practices, especially with respect to gender, in order to achieve adequate levels of nutrition within the household.

10.9     States should recognize that food is a vital part of an individual's culture, and they are encouraged to take into account individuals' practices, customs and traditions on matters related to food.

10.10   States are reminded of the cultural values of dietary and eating habits in different cultures and should establish methods for promoting food safety, positive nutritional intake including fair distribution of food within communities and households with special emphasis on the needs and rights of both girls and boys, as well as pregnant women and lactating mothers, in all cultures.

GUIDELINE 11: EDUCATION AND AWARENESS RAISING
11.1     States should support investment in human resource development such as health, education, literacy and other skills training, which are essential to sustainable development, including agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development.

11.2     States should strengthen and broaden primary education opportunities, especially for girls, women and other under-served populations.

11.3     States should encourage agricultural and environmental education at the primary and secondary levels in order to create a better awareness in new generations about the importance of conserving and making sustainable use of natural resources.

11.4     States should support higher education by strengthening developing country university and technical faculties of agriculture related disciplines and business to carry out both education and research functions, and by engaging universities throughout the world in training developing country agriculturalists, scientists and businessmen at the graduate and post-graduate levels.

11.5     States should provide information to individuals to strengthen their ability to participate in food related policy decisions that may affect them, and to challenge decisions that threaten their rights.

11.6     States should implement measures to make people improve their housing conditions and their means for food preparation, because they are related to food safety. Such measures should be made in the educative and infrastructure fields, especially in rural households.

11.7     States should promote and/or integrate, into school curricula, human rights education, including civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, which includes the progressive realization of the right to adequate food.

11.8     States are encouraged to promote awareness of the importance of human rights, including the progressive realization of the right to adequate food.

11.9     States should provide proper training to officials responsible for the implementation of the progressive realization of the right to adequate food.

11.10   States should raise public awareness of these guidelines and continously provide and improve access to them and to relevant human rights laws and regulations, particularly in rural and remote areas.

11.11   States may wish to empower civil society to participate in the implementation of these guidelines, for instance through capacity building.

GUIDELINE 12: NATIONAL FINANCIAL RESOURCES
12.1     Regional and local authorities are encouraged to allocate resources for anti-hunger and food security purposes in their respective budgets.

12.2     States should ensure transparency and accountability in the use of public resources, particularly in the area of food security.

12.3     States are encouraged to promote basic social programmes and expenditures, in particular those affecting the poor and the vulnerable segments of society, and protect them from budget reductions, while increasing the quality and effectiveness of social expenditures. States should strive to ensure that budget cuts do not negatively affect access to adequate food among the poorest sections of society.

12.4     States are encouraged to establish an enabling legal and economic environment to promote and mobilize domestic savings and attract external resources for productive investment, and seek innovative sources of funding, both public and private at national and international levels, for social programmes.

12.5     States are invited to take appropriate steps and suggest strategies to contribute to raise awareness of the families of migrants in order to promote efficient use of the remittances of migrants for investments that could improve their livelihoods, including the food security of their families.

GUIDELINE 13: SUPPORT FOR VULNERABLE GROUPS
13.1     Consistent with the World Food Summit commitment, States should establish Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems (FIVIMS), in order to identify groups and households particularly vulnerable to food insecurity along with the reasons for their food insecurity. States should develop and identify corrective measures to be implemented both immediately and progressively to provide access to adequate food.

13.2     States are invited to systematically undertake disaggregated analysis on the food insecurity, vulnerability and nutritional status of different groups in society, with particular attention to assessing any form of discrimination that may manifest itself in greater food insecurity and vulnerability to food insecurity, or in a higher prevalence of malnutrition among specific population groups, or both, with a view to removing and preventing such causes of food insecurity or malnutrition.

13.3     States should establish transparent, non-discriminatory eligibility criteria in order to ensure effective targeting of assistance, so that no one who is in need is excluded, or that those not in need of assistance are included. Effective accountability and administrative systems are essential to prevent leakages and corruption. Factors to take into account include household and individual assets and income, nutrition and health status, as well as existing coping mechanisms.

13.4     States may wish to give priority to channelling food assistance via women as a means of enhancing their decision-making role and ensuring that the food is used to meet the household's food requirements.

GUIDELINE 14: SAFETY NETS
14.1     States should consider, to the extent that resources permit, establishing and maintaining social safety and food safety nets to protect those who are unable to provide for themselves. As far as possible, and with due regard to effectiveness and coverage, States should consider building on existing capacities within communities at risk to provide the necessary resources for social safety and food safety nets to fulfil the progressive realization of the right to adequate food. States may wish to consider the benefits of procuring locally.

14.2     States and international organizations should consider the benefits of local procurement for food assistance that could integrate the nutritional needs of those affected by food insecurity and the commercial interests of local producers.

14.3     Although the design of social and food safety nets will depend on the nature of food insecurity, objectives, budget, existing administrative capacity and local circumstances such as levels of food supply and local food markets, States should nonetheless ensure that they adequately target those in need and respect the principle of non-discrimination in the establishment of eligibility criteria.

14.4     States should take steps, to the extent that resources permit, so that any measure of an economic or financial nature, likely to have a negative impact on existing levels of food consumption of vulnerable groups be accompanied by provision for effective food safety nets. Safety nets should be linked to other complementary interventions that promote food security in the longer term.

14.5     In situations where it has been determined that food plays an appropriate role in safety nets, food assistance should bridge the gap between the nutritional needs of the affected population and their ability to meet those needs themselves. Food assistance should be provided with the fullest possible participation of those affected, and such food should be nutritionally adequate and safe, bearing in mind local circumstances, dietary traditions and cultures.

14.6     States should consider accompanying food assistance in safety net schemes with complementary activities to maximize benefits towards ensuring people's access to and utilization of adequate food. Essential complementary activities include access to clean water and sanitation, health care interventions and nutrition education activities.

14.7     States, in the design of safety nets, should consider the important role of international organizations such as FAO, IFAD and WFP, and other relevant international, regional and civil society organizations that can assist them in fighting rural poverty and promoting food security and agricultural development.

GUIDELINE 15: INTERNATIONAL FOOD AID
15.1     Donor States should ensure that their food aid policies support national efforts by recipient States to achieve food security, and base their food aid provisions on sound needs assessment, targeting especially food insecure and vulnerable groups. In this context, donor States should provide assistance in a manner that takes into account food safety, the importance of not disrupting local food production and the nutritional and dietary needs and culture of recipient populations. Food aid should be provided with a clear exit strategy and avoid the creation of dependency. Donors should promote increased use of local and regional commercial markets to meet food needs in famine-prone countries and reduce dependence on food aid.

15.2     International food-aid transactions, including bilateral food aid that is monetized, should be carried out in a manner consistent with the FAO Principles of Surplus Disposal and Consultative Obligations, the Food Aid Convention and the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, and should meet the internationally agreed food safety standards, bearing in mind local circumstances, dietary traditions and cultures.

15.3     States and relevant non-state actors should ensure, in accordance with international law, safe and unimpeded access to the populations in need, as well as for international needs assessments, and by humanitarian agencies involved in the distribution of international food assistance.

15.4     The provision of international food aid in emergency situations should take particular account of longer term rehabilitation and development objectives in the recipient countries, and should respect universally recognized humanitarian principles.

15.5     The assessment of needs and the planning, monitoring and evaluation of the provision of food aid should, as far as possible, be made in a participatory manner, and whenever possible, in close collaboration with recipient governments at the national and local level.

GUIDELINE 16: NATURAL AND HUMAN-MADE DISASTERS
16.1     Food should never be used as a means of political and economic pressure.

16.2     States reaffirm the obligations they have assumed under international humanitarian law and, in particular, as parties to the 1949 Geneva Conventions and/or the 1977 Additional Protocols thereto with respect to the humanitarian needs of the civilian population, including their access to food in situations of armed conflict and occupation, inter alia,

-Additional Protocol I provides, inter alia, that "[t]he starvation of civilians as a method of warfare is prohibited" and that "[i]t is prohibited to attack, destroy, remove or render useless objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population, such as foodstuffs, agricultural areas for the production of foodstuffs, crops, livestock, drinking water installations and supplies and irrigation works, for the specific purpose of denying them, for their sustenance value to the civilian population or to the adverse party, whatever the motive, whether in order to starve out civilians, to cause them to move away, or for any other motive", and that "these objects shall not be made the object of reprisals".

16.3     In situations of occupation, international humanitarian law provides, inter alia: that to the fullest extent of the means available to it, the Occupying Power has the duty of ensuring the food and medical supplies of the population; that it should, in particular, bring in the necessary foodstuffs, medical stores and other articles if the resources of the Occupied Territory are inadequate; and that if the whole or part of the population of an Occupied Territory is inadequately supplied, the Occupying Power shall agree to relief schemes on behalf of the said population, and shall facilitate them by all the means at its disposal.

16.4     States reaffirm the obligations they have assumed regarding the protection, safety and security of humanitarian personnel.

16.5     States should make every effort to ensure that refugees and internally displaced persons have access at all times to adequate food. In this respect, States and other relevant stakeholders should be encouraged to make use of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement when dealing with situations of internal displacement.

16.6     In the case of natural or human-made disasters, States should provide food assistance to those in need, may request international assistance if their own resources do not suffice, and should facilitate safe and unimpeded access for international assistance in accordance with international law and universally recognized humanitarian principles, bearing in mind local circumstances, dietary traditions and cultures.

16.7     States should put in place adequate and functioning mechanisms of early warning to prevent or mitigate the effects of natural or human-made disasters. Early warning systems should be based on international standards and cooperation, on reliable, disaggregated data and should be constantly monitored. States should take appropriate emergency preparedness measures, such as keeping food stocks for the acquisition of food and take steps to put in place adequate systems for distribution.

16.8     States are invited to consider establishing mechanisms to assess nutritional impact and to gain understanding of the coping strategies of affected households in the event of natural or human made disasters. This should inform the targeting, design, implementation and evaluation of relief, rehabilitation and resilience building programmes.

GUIDELINE 17: MONITORING, INDICATORS AND BENCHMARKS
17.1     States may wish to establish mechanisms to monitor and evaluate the implementation of these Guidelines towards the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security, in accordance with their capacity and by building on existing information systems and addressing information gaps.

17.2     States may wish to consider conducting "Right to Food Impact Assessments" in order to identify the impact of domestic policies, programmes and projects on the progressive realization of the right to adequate food of the population at large and vulnerable groups in particular, and as a basis for the adoption of the necessary corrective measures.

17.3     States may also wish to develop a set of process, impact and outcome indicators, relying on indicators already in use and monitoring systems such as FIVIMS, so as to assess the implementation of the progressive realization of the right to adequate food. They may wish to establish appropriate benchmarks to be achieved in the short, medium and long term, which relate directly to meeting poverty and hunger reduction targets as a minimum, as well as other national and international goals including those adopted at the World Food Summit and the Millennium Summit.

17.4     In this evaluation process, process indicators could be so identified or designed that they explicitly relate and reflect the use of specific policy instruments and interventions with outcomes consistent with the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security. Such indicators could enable States to implement legal, policy and administrative measures, detect discriminatory practices and outcomes, and ascertain the extent of political and social participation in the process of realizing that right.

17.5     States should, in particular, monitor the food-security situation of vulnerable groups, especially women, children and the elderly, and their nutritional status, including the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies.

17.6     In this evaluation process, States should ensure a participatory approach to information gathering, management, analysis, interpretation and dissemination.

GUIDELINE 18: NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS
18.1     States that have as a matter of national law or policy adopted a rights-based approach, and national human rights institutions or ombudspersons, may wish to include the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security in their mandates. States that do not have national human rights institutions or ombudspersons are encouraged to establish them. Human rights institutions should be independent and autonomous from the government, in accordance with the Paris Principles. States should encourage civil society organizations and individuals to contribute to monitoring activities undertaken by national human rights institutions with respect to the progressive realization of the right to adequate food.

18.2     States are invited to encourage efforts by national institutions to establish partnerships and increase cooperation with civil society.

GUIDELINE 19: INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION
19.1     States should fulfil those measures, actions and commitments on the international dimension, as described in Section III below, in support of the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines, which assist States in their national efforts in the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security as set forth by the World Food Summit and the World Food Summit: five years later within the context of the Millennium Declaration

=References=

title: Right to Food Guidelines


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 side. The interior, which has a crypt in each transept, in the main preserves its original character. It has ten columns which are attributed to the temple of Venus, and there are good screens of the 12th century, and other sculptures. In the dilapidated episcopal palace Pope Pius II. died in 1464. An interesting church is S. Maria della Piazza, with an elaborate arcaded façade (1210). The Palazzo del Comune, with its lofty arched substructures at the back, was the work of Margaritone d’ Arezzo, but has been since twice restored. There are also several fine late Gothic buildings, among them the churches of S. Francesco and S. Agostino, the Palazzo Benincasa, and the Loggia dei Mercanti, all by Giorgio Orsini, usually called da Sebenico (who worked much at Sebenico, though he was not a native of it), and the prefecture, which has Renaissance additions. The portal of S. Maria della Misericordia is an ornate example of early Renaissance work. The archaeological museum contains interesting pre-Roman objects from tombs in the district, and two Roman beds with fine decorations in ivory (E. Brizio, in Notizie degli scavi, 1902, 437, 478).

To the east of the town is the harbour, now an oval basin of 990 by 880 yards, the finest harbour on the S. W. coast of the Adriatic, and one of the best in Italy. It was originally protected only by the promontory on the N., from the elbow-like shape of which (Gk.  ) the ancient town, founded by Syracusan refugees about 390, took the name which it still holds. Greek merchants established a purple factory here (Sil. Ital. viii. 438). Even in Roman times it kept its own coinage with the punning device of the bent arm holding a palm branch, and the head of Aphrodite on the reverse, and continued the use of the Greek language. When it became a Roman colony is doubtful. It was occupied as a naval station in the Illyrian war of 178 (Liv. xli. 1). Caesar took possession of it immediately after crossing the Rubicon. Its harbour was of considerable importance in imperial times, as the nearest to Dalmatia, and was enlarged by Trajan, who constructed the north quay, his architect being Apollodorus of Damascus. At the beginning of it stands the marble triumphal arch with a single opening, and without bas-reliefs, erected in his honour in 115 by the senate and people. Pope Clement II. prolonged the quay, and an inferior imitation of Trajan’s arch was set up; he also erected a lazaretto at the south end of the harbour, now a sugar refinery, Vanvitelli being the architect-in-chief. The southern quay was built in 1880, and the harbour is now protected by forts on the heights, while the place is the seat of the 7th army corps.

The port of Ancona was entered in 1904 by 869 steamships and 600 sailing vessels, with a total tonnage of 961,612 tons. The main imports were coal, timber, metals, jute. The main exports were asphalt and calcium carbide. Sugar refining and shipbuilding are carried on.

Ancona is situated on the railway between Bologna and Brindisi, and is also connected by rail with Rome, via Foligno and Orte.

After the fall of the Roman empire Ancona was successively attacked by the Goths, Lombards and Saracens, but recovered its strength and importance. It was one of the cities of the Pentapolis under the exarchate of Ravenna, the other four being Fano, Pesaro, Senigallia and Rimini, and eventually became a semi-independent republic under the protection of the popes, until Gonzaga took possession of it for Clement VII. in 1532. From 1797 onwards, when the French took it, it frequently appears in history as an important fortress, until Lamoricière capitulated here on the 29th of September 1860, eleven days after his defeat at Castelfidardo. ANCREN RIWLE, a Middle English prose treatise written for a small community of three religious women and their servants at Tarent Kaines (Tarrant Crawford), at the junction of the Stour and the Tarrant, Dorset. It was generally supposed to date from the first quarter of the 13th century, but Professor E. Kölbing is inclined to place the Corpus Christi MS. about the middle of the 12th century. The house of Tarrant was founded by Ralph de Kahaines, and greatly enriched about 1230 by Richard Poor, bishop successively of Chichester, Salisbury and Durham, who was born at Tarrant and died there in 1237. At the time when the Ancren Riwle was addressed to them the anchoresses did not belong to any of the monastic orders, but the monastery was under the Cistercian rule before 1266. There are extant seven English MSS. of the work, and one Latin, the Latin version being generally supposed to be a translation. The Latin MS., Regula Anachoritarum sive de vita solitaria (Magdalen College, Oxford, No. 67, fol. 50) has a prefatory note:—Hia incipit prohemium venerabilis patris magistri Simonis de Gandavo, episcopi Sarum, in librum de vita solitaria, quem scripsit sororibus suis anachoritis apud Tarente. But Bishop Simon of Ghent, who died in 1315, could not have written the book, if it dates, at latest, from the early 13th century. It has been tentatively attributed to Richard Poor, who was connected with Tarrant, and was actually a benefactor of the monastery. But the adoption of Prof. Kölbing’s early date would almost destroy Poor’s claim.

The Ancren Riwle is written in a simple, non-rhetorical style. The severity of the doctrine of self-renunciation is softened by the affectionate tone in which it is inculcated. The book contains rules for the conduct of the anchoresses, and gives liturgical directions for divine service; but the greater part of it is taken up with the purely spiritual side of religion. The rules for the restraint of the senses, for confession and penance, are subordinated to the central idea of the supreme importance of purity of heart and the love of Christ. The last chapter deals with the domestic affairs and administration of the monastery. Incidentally the writer gives a picture of the manners and ideas of the time, and provides an account of the doctrine then generally accepted in the English church.

ANCRUM, a village on Ale or Alne Water (a tributary of the Teviot), Roxburghshire, Scotland, 2 m. W. of Jedfoot Bridge station on the Roxburgh-Jedburgh branch of the North British railway. Pop. (1901) 973. The earlier forms of the name, “Alnecrumba,” “Ankrom” and “Alnecrom,” indicate its Gaelic derivation from crom, “crooked”—“the crook or bend of the

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 трудящийся (AM/refl prap of трудиться/). □ трудящиеся working population. Совет депутатов трудящихся Soviet.

труп corpse.

труппа troupe. В этой пьесе участвует вся труппа. In this play the whole troupe is taking part. • company. В труппе нашего театра только молодые актёры. The company at our theatre only has young actors.

трус coward.

тросики (-ков P) bathing trunks. Мы идём купаться, не забудьте взять с собой трусики. We're going swimming, so don't forget your bathing trunks. • shorts. Одна команда была в белых трусиках, а другая в синих. One team wore white shorts and the other team wore blue.

трусость (F) cowardice.

тряпка rag. Вытрите пол мокрой тряпкой. Wipe the floor with a wet rag. □ У неё только тряпки в голове. She's only got clothes on her mind. • *Не будьте тряпкой, умейте настоять на своём. Don't be like putty; insist on your own way.

трясти (трясу, -сёт; p тряс [trjas] or [trjos], трясла, -о, -и; pap трясший /pct: тряхнуть/) to shake. Не трясите стола. Don't shake the table. □ трясти руку to pump someone's hand. Он долго тряс мне руку и благодарил меня. He pumped my hand for a long time and thanked me. □ В автобусе ужасно трясёт. You get terribly shaken up in the bus. • Меня трясёт лихорадка. I'm shivering with fever.

-сь to tremble. Я тряслась от страха. I was trembling with fear. • to shake. У него руки трясутся. His hands are shaking.

тряхнуть (pct of трясти) to nod. Он тряхнул головой. He nodded his head. □ *Давайте-ка тряхнём стариной — споём наши студенческие песни. Let's bring back the good old days and sing our college songs.

туберкулёз tuberculosis.

тугой (sh туг, туга, туго, -ги; cp туже) tight. Эта пружина слишком тугая. This spring is too tight. □ туго tightly. Ваш чемодан слишком туго набит. Your suitcase is too tightly packed. • slowly. Дело очень туго подвигается. The work moves along rather slowly. туго-натуго as tight as you can. Стяните эти верёвки туго-натуго. Pull these strings together as tight as you can. □ *Он немного туг на ухо. He's a bit hard of hearing.

туда there. Туда можно ехать и поездом и пароходом. You can get there by train or boat. — Вы туда звонили? Did you phone there? □ ни туда, ни сюда neither forwards nor backwards. Теперь мы застряли! Ни туда, ни сюда. We're stuck now! We can't move either forwards or backwards. туда же! what do you know. Языка он не знает, а туда же за перевод берётся! He doesn't know the language, and what do you know! He has the nerve to translate. туда и обратно there and back. Можно успеть съездить туда и обратно в один день? Is it possible to get there and back in one day?

туже See тугой.

туз (-а) асе. Вам надо было покрыть туза козырем. You ought to have trumped that ace.

туловище body. Туловище у него миленькое, а голова большая. He has a small body but a large head.

туман fog. В этом тумане нужно ехать очень осторожно. You've got to drive carefully in this fog. — У меня голова сегодня точно в тумане. I'm in a fog today.

тундра tundra.

туннель ([tunelj]; M) tunnel.

тупик (-а) dead-end street. Наш дом стоит в тупике. Our house is on a dead-end street. • blind alley. *Я чувствую, что зашёл в тупик. I feel as if I'm up a blind alley. □ Своим вопросом он нас поставил в тупик. He stumped us with his question.

тупой (sh туп, тупа, тупо, -ы) dull. Эти ножницы совсем тупые. These scissors are much too dull. — У меня тупая боль в боку. I have a dull pain in my side. • blunt. Один конец этой палки острый, другой — тупой. One end of the stick is sharp and the other is blunt. □ тупо stupidly. Она всё тупо твердит своё. She keeps repeating the same thing stupidly. □ Беда в том, что он тупой человек. The trouble is he's thick.

турбина turbine.

турист tourist.

туристка tourist F.

тусклый (sh тускл, -скла) dim. Как вы можете работать при таком тусклом свете? How can you work in such dim light? • dull. От этого концерта у меня осталось очень тусклое впечатление. This concert made a rather dull impression on me.

тут here. Я тут не оставил шляпы? Did I leave my hat here? — Кто это тут трогал мой бумаги? Who's been at my papers here? • at that point. Тут даже он не выдержал. At that point even he couldn't stand it anymore. □ тут как тут there he (she, etc.) is. Только заговорили о нём, а он тут как тут! We've just spoken about him and there he is! □ Кто тут. Who's there. • А он молчит, да и всё тут. But he just sits there without saying a word.

туфли (-фель P) shoes. Она купила себе туфли на высоких каблуках. She bought a pair of high-heel shoes. □ домашние туфли slippers.

тухлый rotten. Мне попалось тухлое яйцо. I got a rotten egg. — Тут пахнет чём-то тухлым. There's a rotten smell here.

тухнуть (p тух, тухла) to die out. Лампа тухнет, долейте керосину. The lamp is dying out. Put some more kerosene in it.

туча cloud. Смотрите, какие тучи! Будет дождь. Look at those clouds! It's going to rain. • swarm. Над озером туча комаров. There are swarms of mosquitoes over the lake. □ Он уже целую неделю ходит мрачный как туча. He's been walking around for a whole week as if he were going to a funeral.

тушить (тушу, тушит) to put out. Не тушите света — я ещё почитаю. Don't put the light out; I'll read for a while.

тщательный careful. Этот вопрос заслуживает тщательного изучения. This problem deserves careful study. • thorough. Мы произвели сегодня в общежитии тщательную уборку. We made a thorough cleaning in the dormitory today. □ тщательно with great care. Он выполнил свою


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 работу очень тщательно. He's done his work with great care.

тщетный futile. Все наши просьбы были тщетны. All our pleas were futile. □ тщетно in vain. Мы тщетно пытались его уговорить. We tried in vain to persuade him.

ты (ga тебя, dl тебе, i тобой, тобою, §21) you. Куда это ты так торопишься? Where are you going in such a hurry? — Мы ждём тебя завтра в три. We expect you tomorrow at three. — Дать тебе ещё чаю? Shall I give you some more tea? — Тебе понравилась эта книга? Did you like this book? — Тебя вызывают по телефону. Somebody called you on the phone. — Повтори, он тебя не понял. Repeat it; he didn't understand you. — Что с тобой случилось? What happened to you? — Мы как раз о тебе говорили. We were just talking about you. — Я по тебе соскучился. I missed you. □ *Вот тебе и раз! That's a fine how-do-you-do! • Куда тебе! You've got a fat chance of doing that!

тыква pumpkin.

тысяча (/is -чью/, §22) thousand. Эту картину оценивают в несколько тысяч рублей. This picture is valued at several thousand rubles. — Об этом уже писали тысячу раз. It's been written about a thousand times. — Первая часть книги в тысячу раз интереснее второй. The first part of the book is a thousand times more interesting than the second.

тысячный thousandth.

тюлень (M) seal. Мы видели дрессированных тюленей — какие они забавные! We saw the trained seals. How amusing they are! □ *Ну ты, тюлень, поворачивайся! Hey, molasses, get moving!

тюрьма (P тюрьмы) prison, jail.

тяга draft. В этой печке плохая тяга. There's a bad draft in this chimney. □ *Он дал тягу. He took to his heels.

тяжёлый (sh -ла, -о, -ы) heavy. У меня тяжёлые чемоданы. My suitcases are heavy. — Вам нельзя тяжёлой пищи. You shouldn't eat heavy food. — Эта статья написана тяжёлым слогом. This article is written in a heavy style. — Я шёл туда с тяжёлым сердцем. I went there with a heavy heart. • hard. Труд тракториста тяжёлый, но я работаю охотно. The job of a tractor driver is hard, but I enjoy it. — У него тяжёлый характер. He's a hard man to get along with. • difficult. Это было тяжёлое время. It was a difficult time. □ тяжёлая промышленность heavy industry. тяжело hard. Он тяжело работает. He works hard. — Он очень тяжело пережил смерть друга. He took the death of his friend very hard. • heavy. Дайте я вам помогу нести, а то вам одному тяжело. Let me help you carry it; it's too heavy for you alone. • painful. Мне тяжело об этом говорить. It's painful for me to talk about this. □ *Вы теперь стали тяжелы на подъём! It's becoming so difficult to budge you these days.

тяжесть (F) weight. Собственно говоря, вся тяжесть работы лежит на нём. As a matter of fact, the full weight of the work is on him. • load. Только будьте осторожны — не поднимайте тяжестей. Be careful not to lift heavy loads. □ У меня сегодня какая-то тяжесть в голове. My head feels kind of heavy today.

тянуть (тяну, тянет) to pull. Паровоз тянул за собой пятьдесят вагонов. The locomotive pulled fifty cars. • to draw. Труба плохо тянет — надо бы позвать трубочиста. The chimney draws badly. We have to call in a chimney sweep. • to draw out. Не тяните — говорите короче. Don't draw it out. Come to the point. • to put off. Он всё ещё тянет с ответом? Is he still putting off his answer? • to drag. Он так тянет эту песню, что тошно слушать. Oh, how he drags out that song! It's sickening to listen to. • to drag along. "Как живёте" "Да так, всё ещё тяну!" "How are you?" "Oh, so so; dragging along". • to sip. Она тянула холодный лимонад через соломинку. She sipped cold lemonade through a straw. □ тянуть лямку to drag along. Я уже много лет тяну эту лямку. I've been dragging along there for many years. □ *Меня всегда летом тянет в деревню. In the summer I always long to go to the country. • *Он из меня все жилы вытянул. He's pressing me very hard.

У
у (§31) by. Наш дом у самой реки. Our house is right by the river. — Сядем у окна. Let's sit by the window. • at. Я буду ждать вас у входа. I'll wait for you at the entrance. — Она живёт у брата. She's staying at her brother's house. — Он будет у нас ночевать. He's going to sleep at our place. • in. У вас я чувствую себя, как дома. I feel at home in your house. • from. У кого вы достали эту книгу? From whom did you get this book? □ Что у вас слышно? What's new with you? • У вас уже есть билет? Did you get your ticket yet? • У меня зуб болит. My tooth aches. • Спросите у милиционера. Ask the officer. • У меня к вам маленькое дело. I have a little matter to talk over with you. • У неё трое детей. She has three children. • У всякого свой вкус. Everyone to his own taste. • Что у вас в этом чемодане? What do you keep in this suitcase? • У кого вы учитесь? Who's your teacher? • У этого стула две ножки сломаны. This chair has two broken legs. • Какая она у вас умница! How intelligent that girl of yours is!

убегать (dur of убежать) to run off. По утрам он наспех выпивает стакан молока и убегает в школу. Every morning he hurriedly gulps a glass of milk and runs off to school. • to run away. Смотрите, ребята, не убегайте далеко от дома. Now, children, don't run too far away from the house.

убегу See убежать.

убедить (/pr S1 not used/, убедит; ppp убеждённый; pct of убеждать) to convince. Вы меня убедили; сдаюсь! You've convinced me; I give up. — Я убеждён в его невиновности. I'm convinced of his innocence. • to persuade. Убедите


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 Alne.” The village is of considerable antiquity, and was formerly held by the see of Glasgow. Its cross, said to date from the time of David I., is one of the best preserved crosses in the Border counties. Ancrum Moor, 2 m. N.W., was the scene of the battle in which, on the 17th of February 1545, the Scots under the earl of Angus, Sir Walter Scott of Buccleuch, and Norman Leslie, defeated 5000 English, whose leaders, Sir Ralph Evers or Eure and Sir Brian Latoun or Layton, were slain. A Roman road, 24 ft. broad, forms the N.E. boundary of the parish of Ancrum. ANCUS MARCIUS (640–616, fourth legendary king of Rome. Like Numa, his reputed grandfather, he was a friend of peace and religion, but was obliged to make war to defend his territories. He conquered the Latins, and a number of them he settled on the Aventine formed the origin of the Plebeians. He fortified the Janiculum, threw a wooden bridge across the Tiber, founded the port of Ostia, established salt-works and built a prison.

Ancus Marcius is merely a duplicate of Numa, as is shown by his second name, Numa Marcius, the confidant and pontifex of Numa, being no other than Numa Pompilius himself, represented as priest. The identification with Ancus is shown by the legend which makes the latter a bridge-builder (pontifex), the constructor of the first wooden bridge over the Tiber. It is in the exercise of his priestly functions that the resemblance is most clearly shown. Like Numa, Ancus died a natural death.

ANCYLOPODA, or, an apparently primitive extinct subordinal group of Ungulata showing certain resemblances to the Perissodactyla, both as regards the cheek-teeth and the skeleton, but broadly distinguished by the feet being of an edentate type, carrying long curved and cleft terminal claws. From this peculiar structure of the feet it would seem that the weight of the body was mainly carried on their outer sides, as in Edentates. The group is typified by Chalicotherium, of which the original species was discovered in the Lower Pliocene strata of Eppelsheim, Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1825, and named on the evidence of the teeth, the limbs being subsequently described as Macrotherium. The skull is short, with a dental formula of i., c. , p. , m. , but in fully adult animals most of the front teeth were shed. The molar teeth recall those of Palaeosyops (see ). Remains referred to Chalicotherium have been also obtained from the Lower Pliocene and Upper Miocene strata of Greece, Hungary, India, China and North America. A skull from Pikermi, near Mt. Pentelikon, Attica, shows the absence in the adult state of upper and lower incisors and upper canines, much the same condition being indicated in an Indian skull. There were three toes to each foot, and the femur lacked a third trochanter.

Macrotherium, which is typically from the Middle Miocene of Sansan, in Gers, France, may indicate a distinct genus. Limb-bones nearly resembling those of Macrotherium, but relatively stouter, have been described from the Pliocene beds of Attica and Samos as Ancylotherium. In America the names Morotherium and Moropus have been applied to similar bones, on the belief that they indicated edentates. Macrotherium magnum must have been an animal of about 9 ft. in length.

The South American genus Homalodontotherium is often placed in the Ancylopoda, but reasons against this view are given in the article. Professor H. F. Osborn considers that the Ancylopoda are directly descended from the Condylarthra.

ANCYRA (mod. , q.v.), an ancient city of Galatia in Asia Minor, situated on a tributary of the Sangarius. Originally a large and prosperous Phrygian city on the Persian Royal Road, Ancyra became the centre of the Tectosages, one of the three Gaulish tribes that settled permanently in Galatia about 232 The barbarian occupation dislocated civilization, and the town sank to a mere village inhabited chiefly by the old native population who carried on the arts and crafts of peaceful life, while the Gauls devoted themselves to war and pastoral life (see ). In 189 Ancyra was occupied by Cn. Manlius Vulso, who made it his headquarters in his operations against the tribe. In 63 Pompey placed it (together with the Tectosagan territory) under one chief, and it continued under native rule till it became the capital of the Roman province of Galatia in 25  By this time the population included Greeks, Jews, Romans and Romanized Gauls, but the town was not yet Hellenized, though Greek was spoken. Strabo (c. 19) calls it not a city, but a fortress, implying that it had none of the institutions of the Graeco-Roman city. Inscriptions and coins show that its civilization consisted of a layer of Roman ideas and customs superimposed on Celtic tribal characteristics, and that it is not until c. 150 that the true Hellenic spirit begins to appear. Christianity was introduced (from the N. or N.W.) perhaps as early as the 1st century, but there is no shred of evidence that the Ancyran Church (first mentioned 192) was founded by St Paul or that he ever visited northern Galatia. The real greatness of the town dates from the time when Constantinople became the metropolis of the Roman world: then its geographical situation raised it to a position of importance which it retained throughout the middle ages. See further (1).

The modern town contains many remains of the Roman and Byzantine periods. The most important monument is the Augusteum, a temple of white marble erected to “Rome and Augustus” during the lifetime of that emperor by the common council or diet of the three Galatian tribes. The temple was afterwards converted into a church, and in the 16th century a fine mosque was built against its S. face. On the walls of the temple is engraved the famous Monumentum Ancyranum, a long inscription in Latin and Greek describing the Res gestae divi Augusti; the Latin portion being inscribed on the inner left-hand wall of the pronaos, the Greek on the outside wall of the naos (cella). The inscription is a grave and majestic narrative of the public life and work of Augustus. The original was written by the emperor in his 76th year ( 13–14) to be engraved on two bronze tablets placed in front of his mausoleum in Rome, and as a mark of respect to his memory a copy was inscribed on the temple walls by the council of the Galatians. Thus has been preserved an absolutely unique historical document of great importance, recounting (1) the numerous public offices and honours conferred on him, (2) his various benefactions to the state, to the plebs and to his soldiers, and (3) his military and administrative services to the empire.

.—An important ecclesiastical synod was held at Ancyra, the seat of the Roman administration for the province of Galatia, in 314. The season was soon after Easter; the year may be safely deduced from the fact that the first nine canons are intended to repair havoc wrought in the church by persecution, which ceased after the overthrow of Maximinus in 313. The tenth canon tolerates the marriages of deacons who previous to ordination had reserved the right to take a wife; the thirteenth forbids chorepiscopi to ordain presbyters or deacons; the eighteenth safeguards the right of the people in objecting to the appointment of a bishop whom they do not wish.

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title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ancyra