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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/German Catholics

GERMAN CATHOLICS, a religious sect which sprang up in Germany about the close of 1844, which rapidly increased during the four or five following years and then as rapidly declined. The immediate cause of the formation of this sect was the exhibition by Arnoldi, bishop of Trèves, of the holy coat preserved in the cathedral of that city and said to be the coat of Christ. The bishop accompanied the exhibition of the holy coat by a promise of plenary indulgence to whoever should make a pilgrimage to Trèves to honor it. The announcement of this proceeding on the part of the bishop of Trèves produced a feeling of general astonishment in Germany and drew from a Silesian priest called J. Ronge, who had already been suspended from his charge on account of his independent views, a letter protesting against the exhibition of the holy coat and denouncing the projected pilgrimage as idolatry. This letter was published in the ‘Sächsische Vaterlandsblätter’ on 16 Oct. 1844, and produced an amount of excitement that was quite unanticipated by the writer. Ronge was excommunicated, but this only increased the general enthusiasm in his favor, and when he entered into relations with Czerski, another independent priest who had seceded from the Church, and made along with him an appeal to the lower grades of the clergy to unite in founding a National German Church independent of the Pope and governed by councils and synods, the appeal received a ready answer from a considerable number of those to whom it was addressed. A number of congregations belonging to the new body were formed in the more important towns, especially in Leipzig, under the celebrated Robert Blum, and in Magdeburg under the teacher Kote. In the spring of 1845 there were already about 100. At this time (March 1845) a council was summoned to meet in Leipzig to deliberate on the affairs of the body. Only 20 congregations were represented there, but these nevertheless at once proceeded under the presidency of Professor Wigard to arrange a system of doctrine and practice which was to form the basis of union for the whole Church. The Bible was recognized as the sole standard of faith and its interpretation was left to reason, “penetrated and animated” by the Christian idea. Only two sacraments were admitted, baptism and the Lord's Supper. In matters of ritual each congregation was left free to carry into practice its own views. The organism of the new Church was almost the same as that of the Presbyterian dissenting churches of Scotland. Each congregation was to choose its own pastor and elders. Affairs of a general interest were entrusted to the management of a general council to meet every five years, but the decisions of

this council were to be ratified by a majority of the congregations before they came valid. The confession of sins, the hierarchy of the clergy and the celibacy of the priests were abolished and the authority of the Pope was not recognized. On the subject of purgatory nothing was declared either for or against it. The constitution of the new Church was thus a Protestant one, but in some respects the German Catholics went even further than the majority of Protestants in a liberal direction, inasmuch as they claimed for all, complete religious liberty and declared their religion to be capable of development and modification with the progress of the human mind.

The Church established on this basis had at first, as has already been stated, great success. The most eminent men of the liberal party regarded the movement with sympathy, or at least with interest. Gervinus expressed his belief that great benefits might result from it. Many Protestants, dissatisfied with the subjection of their religion to state supervision, joined the body, which, at the end of 1845, counted 298 congregations. But it was not long before the spirit of opposition began to show itself. The majority of the governments in Germany at the instigation both of the Protestant and the Roman Catholic clergy began to use repressive measures against the new body. Prussia contented itself with regulating the exercise of their worship; but some of the other states went further. At Baden the adherents of the sect were deprived of their political rights. Austria took the course of banishing them from her dominions. But persecution from without did less hurt than the divisions within the body. Almost immediately after the meeting of the council at Leipzig a congregation had been formed at Berlin which refused to abide by its decisions. Czerski and Ronge, the two originators of the sect, became the leaders of two opposing parties within it, one of which, that headed by Czerski, clung to the traditions and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, rejecting only the supremacy of the Pope and the union between Church and State; while the other sought for more freedom, converted religion into a sort of popular philosophy and began to mix up with it questions of politics, exhibiting strong democratic tendencies. These were most plainly manifest during the revolutionary epoch of 1848. The schism between the two parties was then complete. One section of the congregations of German Catholics professed to have only religious ends in view, while another section openly pronounced itself in favor of socialistic principles.

From the year 1850, however, there were several attempts to re-establish the unity of the body. An effort was made to reintroduce harmony by widening the basis of union. Instead of founding a religion, a council held at Gotha in June 1859, proposed the formation of a religious association or confederation into which all free Protestant and even Jewish congregations were to be admitted. Legislation in the different states had become more tolerant and the carrying out of the scheme of the council of Gotha seemed to be at least practicable. But the result proved otherwise. The associations consisted of too heterogeneous elements. While some of the members receding

further and further from orthodoxy proclaimed simple design as their religion and abolished baptism and the Lord's Supper, others on the contrary lost themselves in an exaggerated mysticism. According to the most recent statistics there are still about 100 congregations of German Catholics in Germany; but their numbers only amounted to about 6,200 in 1895. Consult Bauer, ‘Geschichte der Gründung und Fortbildung der deutschkatholischen Kirche’ (Meissen 1885); Kampe, ‘Wesen des Deutschkatholicismus’ (Tübingen 1850); Findel, ‘Der Deutschkatholicismus in Sachsen’ (Leipzig 1895).


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The Inner Life, v. I/Foreword to the Indian edition

FOREWORD TO THE INDIAN EDITION Our evening “Talks” at the Theosophical Headquarters at Adyar have become quite an institution, and a very considerable amount of information, due to new research, often arising from some question put by a student, is given in this friendly and intimate circle. Our good Vice-President, Sir S. Subramania Iyer, found so much help and illumination from these talks, that he earnestly wished to share his pleasure with his brethren in the outer world, and gave a sum of money to help in their publication. I cordially endorse his view of their value, and commend this volume and those which will follow it to the earnest study of all our members. A second series is ready for the press, but the date of its issue will depend partly on the reception given to the present.

ANNIE BESANT

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The Inner Life, v. I/Introduction

INTRODUCTION

I wish that I could help my American readers to realise the conditions under which this book has been produced. The Theosophical Society as a whole does not by any means sufficiently understand or appreciate the work done at its Headquarters, and although for you in America it is away on the other side of the earth, I should like to help you to see it as it is. Readers of the Messenger must at least, have some general idea of the appearance of the place, and must know something of the life which is lived here — a long life, a strenuous life, and a life lived under very peculiar conditions. Nowhere else in the world at this present moment is there such a centre of influence — a centre constantly visited by the Great Ones, and therefore bathed in their wonderful magnetism. The vibrations here are marvellously stimulating, and all of us who live here are therefore constant strain of a very peculiar kind, a strain which brings out whatever is in us. Strong vibrations from other planes are playing all the while upon our various vehicles, and those parts of us which can in any sense respond to them are thereby raised, strengthened and purified. But it must be remembered that there is another side to this. There may well be in each of us some vibrations the character of which is too far removed from the level of these great influences to fall into harmony with them, and where that is the case intensification will still take place, but the result may well be evil rather than good. To live at Adyar is the most glorious of all opportunities for those who are able to take advantage of it, but its effect on those who are constitutionally unable to harmonize with its vibrations may be dangerous rather than helpful. If a student can bear it he may advance rapidly; if he cannot bear it he is better away. The workers here live mostly in the great central building, within the immediate aura of the shrine room and the President. The students live chiefly half-a-mile away at various other houses, though all within the large estate which now belongs to the Society. Each during the day does his own work in his own way, but in the evening we all gather together upon the roof of the central building, in front of the President' s rooms, formerly occupied by Madame Blavatsky herself, and there, under the marvellous night sky of India, so infinitely more brilliant than anything that we know in what are miscalled temperate climes, we sit and listen to her teaching. All through the summer of last year, so much of which she spent in a tour through the United States, it fell to my lot to take charge of the meetings of the students here. In the course of that time I delivered many informal little addresses and answered hundreds of questions. All that I said was taken down in shorthand, and this book is the result of those notes. In a number of cases it happened that what was said on the roof at the meetings was afterwards expanded into a little article for The Theosophist or The Adyar Bulletin; in all such cases I reprint the article instead of the stenographic report, as it has had the advantage of certain corrections and additions. Necessarily a book of this sort is fragmentary in its nature; necessarily also it contains a certain amount of repetition; though this latter has been excised wherever possible. Many of the subjects treated have also been dealt with in my earlier books, but what is written here represents in all cases the result of the latest discoveries in connection with those subjects. The subjects have been classified as far as possible, and this volume represents the first series, containing five sections. The second volume, containing the nine remaining sections, is now in the printer' s hands. A list of the subjects of which it will treat will be found at the end of this volume.

C. W. LEADBEATER

Adyar, July, 1910

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the preceding accounts, it appears that hostilities soon commenced. There can be no doubt that the natives, by exercising their pilfering habits, were the aggressors. The whale boat was stolen and broken in pieces for the sake of the iron; and, whenever the Aborigines appeared afterwards, the sentries fired at them without ceremony. This was not the best way to gain their confidence, or to teach them better

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Rh manners; and that they were capable of being taught, was very evident from the conduct of Wellington in the affair of the Lieutenant's handkerchief. It appears also that they soon became on intimate terms with the sailors,—assisting them in their various occupations,—until, unfortunately, "after having seen and tried its use," one of the natives ran away with an axe. Who, knowing their habits, could be surprised at such an action?

A few days afterwards, Wellington came to the camp, when he was given to understand that the stolen axe must be returned, which was undoubtedly very proper; but, "est modus in rebus," there might have been a milder and more persuasive method of communicating the demand than by holding an axe in one hand, and catching the Chief by the back of the neck with the other. It is not to be wondered at, that Wellington, being thus treated, should have expressed his indignation rather indecorously.

After these occurrences, it is somewhat astonishing that the seaman missed the same evening from H.M.S. Success, was not massacred by the natives in revenge for the insult offered to their Chief, instead of being accompanied by them in safety to the camp.

When the Success quitted the new settlement, Captain Stirling left a party of marines, to add to its security. The natives still continued to commit acts of theft; and it was reported that they attacked men in the woods, without, however, doing them any visible

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burgh, Richard de (d.1243)


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Blackmore, James Newnham


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Blair, David


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burgh, Richard de (1259?-1326)


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Blair, William Newsham


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Blakeney, William Theophilus


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bland, Rivett Henry


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bland, William


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148 injury. They were very cautious in approaching the settlement,—and well they might,—as they were fired at without distinction. A tribe of them appeared in its vicinity, and were saluted with an eighteen-pounder, loaded with grape-shot; but, owing to the inaccuracy of the gunner, none of them were killed. This occurrence had the effect of preventing their re-appearance for a long time.

A few months afterwards, a soldier of the thirty-ninth was speared at a very short distance from the camp. The wound was dangerous, and the man's life was despaired of He, however, ultimately recovered.

This act of cruelty very justly demanded the serious notice of the Commandant, and it was determined that a severe example should be made of the culprits.

A party of the military (and, I believe, also of the prisoners) were dispatched in search of the natives. They came unexpectedly on their camp at Bowen's Straits, and instantly fired at them, killing some, and wounding many more. A woman, and two children, were amongst the slain; another of her children, a female, about six or eight years old, was taken, and brought to the camp, and placed under the care of a soldier's wife. After this, the natives kept aloof from the settlement; and it was as well that they did so, as

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Rh almost all the soldiers were, more or less, affected with scurvy, which prevailed here in as great vigour as it did at Melville Island.

In the midst of the sickness, the settlement was deprived of medical aid for several months,—the surgeon. Dr. Wood, having died three months after his arrival. Thus harassed with disease, and in a state of perpetual alarm, on account of the natives, it need not appear strange, that the accounts, written at this time by the sojourners, were in a tone of gloomy despondency.

On March 28th, several Malay proas being observed passing the bay. Captain Smyth dispatched Mr. Macleod, the storekeeper, to invite them into port, and he was successful in his embassy. A few of them visited the settlement, when the Commandant offered them protection, and assistance in curing their cargo: they were much gratified thereby, and expressed their satisfaction at being, for the future, as they hoped, under British protection. They spoke of the Dutch as acting in a manner most oppressive and unjust towards them. They were also delighted at the prospect of being protected from the natives, who wage war with them, and steal their canoes whenever they can find an opportunity.

Captain Smyth was succeeded in the command by Lieutenant Sleeman, of the same regiment, on the 24th of April, 1828, and, at the same time, Dr. Davis, the assistant-surgeon, arrived, to take the medical charge.

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150 The Doctor having heard very doleful accounts of the settlement, and being called instantly, on his arrival, to visit a person dangerously ill, and having observed the woeful countenances of the settlers, he became convinced of the truth of the sad relations he had previously been made acquainted with, respecting the unhealthiness of the climate.

He was quite convinced that affairs were even worse than they had been represented, as he saw "visceral disease" strongly depicted on every countenance; and, under these impressions, he made a corresponding report to head-quarters very shortly after his arrival.

However, being gifted with sound sense, and much discrimination, it was not long before experience taught him that he had too hastily (and without sufficient reason) coincided in the generally-received opinion regarding the climate, which he was not ashamed publicly to avow.

He observes:—

In another report, he says:—

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Author:William Bland

Works

 * Suppression of Spontaneous Combustion in Woolships (second edition, 1845)
 * Letters to Charles Buller, M.P. (1849)

title: Author:William Bland


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burgh, Walter Hussey


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poet, Patmore himself once declared in a moment of luminous paradox, "occupies a quite peculiar position—somewhere between that of a Saint and that of Balaam's Ass": and save for the fact that both saint and ass are notoriously humble in demeanour, it seems impossible that any phrase should more suggestively crystallise his own lifelong attitude. With meet dramatic insight, Mr. John Sargent chose this poet as model for his Prophet Ezekiel, for to the sense of friend and foe alike there played about him flashes of the untranslatable Vision, echoes of the Voice Crying in the Wilderness. From the days of his vivid and self-conscious childhood, through that maturity of passionate antagonisms and inviolate fealties, into the prophetic old age, ominous, aloof, yet strangely tender, Coventry Patmore was at each moment a unique and compelling personality. Aristocrat, pessimist, scholar, poet of human love and of transcendent mysticism, he stood as a stumbling-block and a foolishness to the Philistines of his age. He himself loved and hated strongly: and in the eternal justice it has been decreed that strongly, too, should he be loved and hated—a scandal to the timid or unbelieving multitude, a seer to the few who cared to understand.

From the first, there was a singular interdependence between Patmore's life and his literary work: a consistent absorption in certain ideals which must always be rare in human nature.

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90 Not that he was free from vagaries; but his prejudices and perversities even now are "excellently intelligible," and a certain proud integrity of soul forbids us to separate the poet from the man. Together then, as one single entity, should the life record and the art record be studied.

Coventry Kersey Dighton Pattnore was born at Woodford, in Essex, 23 July, 1823. From his mother, an austere woman of Scottish descent, he seems to have received little save the gift of life; in his father he found not only the inseparable companion but almost the sole instructor of his youth. Peter George Patmore was himself a literary man of versatile parts, exemplifying that not unusual combination of strong individuality and feeble character. From very childhood, Coventry spent hours in his father's library; together the two read Dante, Chaucer, Shakespeare, and selections from all the great English classics; while at night this not unliberal education was supplemented by visits to the best playhouses, or to the homes of "Barry Cornwall" and others of the so-called Cockney School. It was doubtless a desultory method, yet it proved more effective than might many a wiser one. And when, between his twelfth and fifteenth years, the boy manifested keen interest in mathematics and experimental science, his father—with customary indulgence and apparently at some pecuniary inconvenience—fitted for his use a little laboratory. To the end of his life, our poet was wont to refer with zest to his investigations there, even asserting that he had in those early years discovered a new chloride of bromine.

But in the life of so transcendent a thinker, it is the spiritual experiences, however youthful and fugitive, which retain permanent interest. The elder Patmore seems to have been what is now

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Rh known as a "reverent agnostic," and Coventry naïvely tells us that until his twelfth year he was an agnostic, too. He had, indeed, received no definite religious instruction; but coming at that time upon some little book of devotion, he was impressed with a gasp "what an exceedingly fine thing it would be if there really were a God" with whom he might live on terms of love and obedience. It was the first of those illuminations or angel-visits of which our poet was vaguely conscious all through his youth: visits which as yet left slight impression upon the outer life, but which cast upon the things of earth sudden gleams of interpretation, and in one memorable instance forced upon him a most intense and lasting apprehension of the supreme worth of personal purity.

But poetry, that elect lady and predestined passion of his life, early claimed some initiative allegiance. From Patmore's own account, it was at about the age of sixteen (in "The River," and "The Woodman's Daughter") that he first turned seriously to verse-making; writing then also a remarkable little essay on Macbeth, published later in the Pre-Raphaelite Germ. The fact that an original tragedy was also in contemplation would scarcely be worth noting save for the subjective experience which it induced. For by another wholly characteristic illumination, the boy student came to perceive that such tragedy as might inspire the highest poetry "ought to present the solution, rather than the mere conclusion, by death, of the evils and disasters of life." Here, assuredly, was no ordinary fruit of youthful speculation, but the basis of that philosophic and fundamental simplicity which Patmore was so uncommonly to attain. May it not, in truth, be recognised as a note of that Divine

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92 Wisdom which will neither be withstood nor denied by its chosen vessel? For in casting about for this possible solution of a difficult world, our poet first came into definite contact with the Christian idea. The conception of the God-Man, the Word made Flesh, took immediate root in an intellect and heart peculiarly open, peculiarly sensitive to beauty and to truth. Almost half a century later, Coventry Patmore declared that this thought of God incarnate in Jesus Christ had from that moment remained to him "the only reality worth seriously caring for."

Kindred experiences were more disquieting. A visit to relatives in Scotland (devout members of the Free Kirk), much "profitable discourse" and an unsuccessful attempt at extemporaneous prayer, sent Coventry back to London in a revulsion of feeling which almost threatened unbelief. But the early vision remained intact, and excesses born of much zeal and little knowledge gradually made way for a new advance.

Meanwhile Peter George Patmore's parental pride urged his son on to publication, and in 1844 the first little volume, Poems, was issued from Moxon's press. The home circle was, of course, enthusiastic, and even the literary world took some slight notice. "A very interesting young poet has blushed into bloom this season," wrote Robert Browning; Leigh Hunt and the "Cockney" contingent were vastly appreciative; and Bulwer Lytton sent a most discerning letter of sincere praise and admonition. Several of the reviews were, on the other hand, actually abusive, and in his later years Patmore himself came to regard these early poems with undisguised contempt. To the critic of to-day, untempered praise and blame seem alike superfluous. They were simply experimental verses of pathetic and

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Rh character, the vigour of their word-painting being as undeniable as, upon one side, a certain hectic quality, or upon the other, an imperfect sense of rhythm. At their best, as, for instance, in "The River," one seems to detect a weak solution of Christabel:

In 1845, just a year after his son's little triumph, Peter George Patmore was overtaken by financial troubles and left England. It meant a radically new era for Coventry. Practically penniless, he was now left dependent upon his own resources; while the hot-house atmosphere of sympathetic and uncritical praise was simultaneously withdrawn. So the young swimmer made his plunge, and contrived to prove that he was not of the sinking sort. None the less, it was a year of arduous struggle, Patmore's work for the current Reviews scarcely sufficing to pay for the humble lodgings which he and a younger brother occupied together. "Who is your lean young friend with the frayed shirt-cuffs?" inquired Monckton Milnes one evening of Mrs. Procter, when the impecunious poet had been dining at her house. But after reading the early verses and learning more of their author, the future Lord Houghton made brave reparation for this "heartless flippancy." Through his assistance, Coventry obtained, in 1846, the post of assistant librarian at the British Museum, and the friendship thus opened up proved thenceforth of mutual profit.

It was during those grey days that Patmore

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94 made the acquaintance of Tennyson—then also the occupant of a modest apartment "up two or three flights of stairs." Together they discussed letters, together they dined, together they walked half the nights away; and although the elder poet had not yet attained universal recognition, he was to the devoted Coventry a font of perfectness. Years later, when a breach had severed the intimacy, Patmore's proud and essentially original spirit used to refer bitterly to the days when he had followed Tennyson about "like a dog."

But infinitely more potent than any other influence upon our poet's youth was that of a woman, Emily Augusta Andrews, destined to create for him one of the ideal unions of literary history. She became the wife of Coventry Patmore, after a brief courtship, in 1847 (her twenty-fourth and his twenty-fifth year), and, to the end, the exquisite intimacy and dignity of their love served as a veritable initiation into the mysteries of life. The mingled simplicity and stateliness of Emily Patmore, her strange beauty—perpetuated by Woolner, Millais, and Browning —her selfless devotion, her wit and, withal, her practical wisdom, come down to us upon the testimony of nearly all who were privileged to know her. And the gentle sway which she exercised over the heart and mind of her husband was absolute until her death. "I have been thinking to-day," Coventry wrote in 1860, when the great shadow was already falling across his hearthstone, "of all your patient, persistent goodness, your absolutely flawless life, and all your amiable, innocent graces." In another place he declares that her love revealed to him what was to prove the basic philosophy of his life and work: "The relation of the soul to Christ as his betrothed wife is the key to the feeling with

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text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Blyth, Hon. Sir Arthur


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Rh which prayer and love and honour should be offered to Him. She showed me what that relationship involves of heavenly submission and spotless, passionate loyalty."

A second volume of poems, containing, among others, "Tamerton Church Tower," "The Yew-berry," "The Falcon," was published by Patmore in 1853. Its simplicity—bare, and at moments almost crude—was an intentional protest against the more wilful metres just then affected by Browning and even Tennyson. Its realism may perhaps be one fruit of our poet's sympathy with the pre-Raphaelites; although that "last rub which polishes the mirror" (a watchword Patmore himself is said to have furnished the Brotherhood) was the quality it most conspicuously lacked. Yet in spite of much imperfectness and some monotony, there are strange, searching gleams of metaphysical insight in these romantic pieces; and with curious premonition, the bright particular star was that charming lyric "Eros."

But the magnum opus of Patmore's early life was at hand. That New Song, "the first of themes, sung last of all," had long been trembling upon his lips: in The Angel in the House it found its full and perfect utterance. The theme—daring, precisely because it was so simple, so universal, and to the vulgar mind so common-place—was a glorification of happy nuptial love. In itself, the graceful and very simple romance scarcely justifies repetition. "Par la grace infinie, Dieu les mit au monde ensemble"; and so in the surpassing pain and joy of love, they woo and wed. There are no memorable obstacles, no heroic sacrifices; it all passes in the conventional shadow of an English deanery; and like the delicious fairy tales of old, they live happily ever afterward—and have many children! But in

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burgh, William (1741-1808)


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96 this quiet domestic idyll one is conscious of the first man and the first woman, of the last man and the last woman, and of God, in whom Love finds its source. Patmore's rare insight into the elemental human consciousness, his reality and delicacy of emotion, form the warp of the poem; albeit its woof includes the homeliest details of "sun and candle-light." Here is one beautiful fragment, the first recognition of love between Felix and Honoria. With the latter's sisters, they are seated one summer morning in the shadow of the grim Druid rocks

Our poet's Primal Love was essentially of the Sacraments; and early in his song—even while seeking expression for things "too simple and too sweet for words"—he struck the note of his characteristic message:—

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Rh With this root, indeed, rather than with any potential flowering, the poem is mainly concerned. Yet there is an increasing tendency, notably throughout the Preludes, toward a mystical interpretation of sexual love. The "pathos of eternity" has blown across the face of passion: and in the Victories of Love (as the latter part of the work was called) there is even more of this divine pathos than there is of nuptial joy.

Although the Angel was never completed according to Patmore's original design, few of us will feel that it could desirably be longer. The last word is spoken in that extraordinary "Wedding Sermon," which brings the poem to a close. Here, where the claims of body and spirit are reconciled with so sweet and austere an eloquence, we realise that the home of love is no longer upon our humble earth. Out from the house of human felicity must the angel now adventure—out into realms higher and more loving: although to men of goodwill the body's bond may still reveal itself as

Here, for those who could receive it, was anticipated the whole tremendous doctrine of Patmore's future odes!

The metrical scheme of the Angel—an iambic octosyllabic line, rhyming throughout the First Part in quatrains, throughout the Second in couplets—has often been subjected to ridicule. It is, in fact, a metre trembling perilously upon the border of the commonplace, and lending itself with staggering ease to parody and perversion. But the poet had chosen it deliberately as the vehicle best suited to a simple and for the most

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98 part joyous story; and in the main, he avoided the pitfalls both of his form and his theme to a marvel. There is no denying a certain obvious quality to the Angel in the House. But those who find it merely "sweet" or "innocuous" must have missed the more transcendent message of the Wedding Sermon, and of those interesting Preludes which, chorus-like, precede and interpret the various cantos. "The Spirit's Epochs," the "Daughter of Eve," and many another of these lyrics are of singular beauty and power—as, for instance, this pregnant stanza of "Unthrift":

Doubtless it was this rarer quality, coupled with Patmore's eternally real tenderness, which attracted the immediate appreciation of the poets themselves. Tennyson believed it "one of the very small number of great poems which the world has had"; Father Gerard Hopkins (who knew the work in a later edition which his own criticism had helped to perfect) declared that "to dip into it was like opening a basket of violets." And Ruskin, both in season and out of season, proclaimed that the Angel ought to become "one of the most blessedly popular" poems in our language. At last, and after much early neglect, his words were fulfilled. Patmore's work became the poetic idol of England: its colouring of popular taste was reflected in Owen Meredith's Lucile, as in Woolner's My

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text:
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Rh Beautiful Lady; and before the author's death almost a quarter of a million copies had been sold.

In a most real sense this idyll of domestic love was the fruit of the poet's union with Emily Patmore. He himself declared that to the "subtlety and severity" of his wife's poetic taste the work owed "whatever completeness it has, not to mention many of the best thoughts, which stand verbatim as she gave them to me." Just here it may be wise to remark that Coventry Patmore was an impressionist in all statements of fact, that (in the words of his friend Edmund Gosse) "he talked habitually in a sort of guarded hyperbole"; hence his writings and recorded conversations abound in the most excessive appreciation or—its opposite! There seems, however, no doubt that Emily Patmore was responsible not merely for the inspiration of the Angel, but for much of its actual form. The seal of her firm, frail little hand is upon its beauties and its limitations; and without her revelation of human tenderness, her prodigal self-sacrifice as wife and mother, the poem had scarcely been possible. So about the brief dedication of the finished work there hung a double tragedy. It was "To the memory of her by whom and for whom I became a Poet,"—for she had died one year before its completion.

In the summer of 1862, after suffering for five years from consumption, Patmore's wife passed bravely and peacefully out of the little circle which she had made in very truth "a world of love shut in, a world of strife shut out." Slight as were the poet's means, he had spared no effort that Emily should be "as much cared for as any duchess"; and when the break at last came, his anguish was acute. The "Azalea" ode, which records an

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text:
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l00 experience of this time, vibrates with a poignancy almost insufferable. Wakened by the perfume of his wife's azalea flower, and momentarily oblivious of his loss, the poet suffers a strange repetitional agony:

Almost equally pathetic were Patmore's efforts to be "mother and father, too," to his six young children, his impatience at infantine perversity, and the bitter self-accusings which followed. One of the best known among his shorter odes, "The Toys," traces its source back to the rocky path of those sad days. Rocky enough in all truth it was, yet upon its way one flower blossomed into bloom—Emily Honoria, the poet's eldest daughter—rising as best she might to be care-taker of the little family, companion and confidante to the father himself.

Coventry Patrnore's own health had become so much impaired by the long strain of anxiety and

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text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Blyth, Neville


text:
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Rh sorrow, that in 1864 he obtained leave of absence from the British Museum for a few months' travel in Italy. It was arranged that he should join Aubrey de Vere in Rome; but, on the whole, the bereaved poet seems to have anticipated the trip without enthusiasm. "I expect," he wrote to that wise little Emily Honoria, "to be very dull and miserable for the first two or three weeks, until I get to Rome; but when I am there I shall be all right, for nobody can be dull or miserable where Mr. de Vere is."

A more compelling, though as yet an unacknowledged, magnet was drawing Patmore to the Eternal City. For almost ten years—during which time he stood as a "High" Anglican—a shadowy but colossal vision of the Church Catholic had been looming before his consciousness, alternately claiming and repulsing his affections. The Catholic position, he tells us, had early been revealed to him as so logically perfect as almost to imply an absence of life: while from his reading of St. Thomas he discovered two luminous facts; first, the eminent realily of Catholic devotional literature; secondly, that "true poetry and true theological science have to do with one and the same ideal, and that . . . they differ only as the Peak of Teneriffe and the table-land of Central Asia do." Yet the unalterable repugnance of his wife Emily (who was the daughter of a Dissenting minister, and all her life "invincibly" prejudiced and terrified by some imaginary spectre of Papistry !) had long seemed a tenable argument against the momentous change. In point of fact, what the poet actually needed, each day more imperiously, was simply the gift of resolute faith. And so, pilgrim-like, with unerring instinct, he travelled back that old, old road which leads to Rome.

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text:
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102 Once in the Papal city, Aubrey de Vere introduced him into a Catholic circle of notable grace and distinction; and here, with "deliberate speed, majestic instancy," he continued his search after truth. It was not an easy struggle. We have the whole story in his little "Autobiography" of the spirit; and it proves that while the man's reason was soon convinced, his will remained faltering and unpersuaded. The further he advanced—stepping into the battle of truth and error, he calls it, instead of being merely a spectator—the more vehemently developed his own natural reluctance. After several weeks of this ordeal, flesh warring against spirit and reason against conscience in the age-old strife of centripetal and centrifugal force, it flashed upon our poet that nothing but the definite act of submission—the experimental and bridge-burning leap—could effect the reconciliation he sought. It was late at night when he reached this decision; but, like the importunate widow of the Gospels, Patmore rushed from his hotel to the Jesuit monastery, and would be denied neither by rule nor padlock. Father Cardella, the learned and patient priest who had been his instructor, refused to permit the great step in this precipitate haste. But the neophyte made then and there his general confession; and two or three days later he was received into the Holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church.

The first person to be apprised of this submission was an English lady then resident in Rome, Miss Marianne Caroline Byles, a convert and close friend of Cardinal Manning. "I had never before beheld so beautiful a personality," Coventry declared with his usual ardour, "and this beauty seemed to be the pure effulgence of Catholic sanctity." The world was soon to know her as Mary Patmore, the poet's second wife.

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text:
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Rh "Tired Memory," an ode of great beauty, interprets that delicate and difficult experience by which the new love was reconciled to that other—infinitely mourned, infinitely cherished, scarcely yet resigned to the "stony rock of death's insensibility." In the pathos and intimacy of its self-revelation, the poem is not unworthy of comparison with the Vita Nuova. Emily Patmore, when death seemed quite near, had begged her husband to wed again: so now in a passionate reverie he brings her his confession of the strange new joy which will not be denied.

the poet muses. And with brief stroke of surpassing delicacy he traces Love's "chilly dawn," the coming of this fair stranger with her starlike, half-remembered graces, the tired heart's reluctant stirring,

There were more than subjective difficulties in the way of a marriage, however. Miss Byles would seem to have taken a more or less formal vow of celibacy, from which, later on, she was duly dispensed; while the poet, on his side,

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text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bolton, Hon. Henry


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bonney, Charles


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bonwick, James


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bonython, John Langdon


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Boothby, His Honour Benjamin


text:
Page:Dictionary of spoken Russian (1945).djvu/476

 Well, who'd know him if I wouldn't? We grew up together. • to increase. Продукция стали продолжает расти. The production of steel continues to increase. • to develop. За последние десятилетия техника растёт с удивительной быстротой. Technical know-how has developed amazingly in recent decades.

растительность (F) vegetation.

растительный vegetables and fruits. Он ест только растительную и молочную пищу. He only eats vegetables, fruits, and dairy foods. □ растительное масло vegetable oil.

растягивать ([-g*v-] dur of растянуть) to draw out. Он растягивает свой доклад без нужды. He drew out his speech unnecessarily.

растянуть (-тяну, -тянет; pct of растягивать) to stretch. Растяните мне, пожалуйста, эти перчатки. Stretch these gloves for me, please. • to pull. Я растянул себе связку на ноге. I pulled a tendon in my leg. • to draw out. Эта повесть слишком растянута. This story is too drawn out.

-ся to be stretched. Резинка растянулась и совсем не держит. The elastic has been stretched so much that it's no good. • to stretch out. Я с наслаждением растянулся на койке. I stretched out on the cot with the greatest pleasure. □ Он упал и растянулся во весь рост. He fell flat.

расход expense. У нас в последнее время были большие расходы. We've had a great many expenses lately. — Мы вам возместим расходы по поездке. We'll pay your expenses on the trip. □ в расходе out on an errand. У нас сейчас все курьеры в расходе. All our messenger boys are out on errands now. государственные расходы state expenditure.

расходиться (-хожусь, -ходится; dur of разойтись) to break up. Уже полночь, пора расходиться. It's already midnight — time to break up. • to vary. По этому вопросу мнения резко расходятся. Opinions vary sharply on this question. • to disagree. В этом пункте я с вами расхожусь. I disagree with you on that point. □ Тут дорога расходится. Куда нам повернуть? There's a fork in the road here. Which way shall we turn?

расходовать (dur/pct: из-/) to use. Они теперь научились экономно расходовать материалы. They've now learned how to use material economically.

расчёт calculation. Тут у вас ошибка в расчёте. You made a mistake in calculation here. — Мой расчёты не оправдались. My calculations missed fire. □ По моим расчётам это произойдёт очень скоро. The way I figure it, it will happen very soon. • Значит мы с вами в расчёте? We're even now, aren't we? • Вы должны принять в расчёт все эти обстоятельства. You must take all the circumstances into consideration.

расширить (pct of расширять) to make larger. Я хочу расширить это отверстие. I want to make this hole larger. • to let out. Если этот пиджак расширить в плечах, он будет вам как раз впору. If you'd let this jacket out in the shoulders, it would fit you perfectly. • to broaden. Путешествие заграницу очень расширило его кругозор. The trip abroad broadened him a good deal.

расширять (dur of расширить) to enlarge. Мы всё время расширяем сеть начальных школ. We're continually enlarging our primary school system. • to widen. Эту улицу сейчас расширяют. They're widening the street now.

раунд round. Он был выбит нокаутом на пятом раунде. He was knocked out in the fifth round.

рационализация rationalization.

рва See ров.

рвать (рву, рвёт; p рвала; рвался, рвалась, рвалось, рвались) to tear. Машина рвёт нитку. The sewing machine is tearing the thread. — Как ему не стыдно так рвать книги! He ought to be ashamed, tearing the books like that! • to pull. Этот врач ловко рвёт зубы. This doctor is very good at pulling teeth. • to pick. Рвать цветы воспрещается. Picking flowers is forbidden. • to vomit. Его всю ночь рвало. He was vomiting all night. □ *Он прямо рвёт и мечет. He's storming all over the place.

рвота vomiting.

рвы See ров.

реакционный reactionary.

реакция reaction. Раствор показывает кислотную реакцию. The solution shows an acid reaction. — Тогда мы переживали полосу реакции. At that time we lived through a period of reaction.

реальный realistic. Это реальная политика. That's realistic politics. • real. Реальная заработная плата у нас повышается. The real wages here are increasing. □ реально realistically. Будем смотреть на вещи реально. Let's look at things realistically. □ По-моему, это совершенно реальный план. In my opinion, that's quite a practical plan.

ребёнок (-нка, P ребята, ребят, ребятам/ The P in the meaning "children" is mostly supplied by дети/) baby. У неё шестимесячный ребёнок. She has a six-month old baby. • child. Я уже не ребёнок. I'm not a child anymore. — У них пятеро детей. They have five children. — Я вижу, ребята опять напроказили. I see that the children pulled off one of their pranks again.

ребро (P рёбра) rib. До чего исхудал бедняга — все рёбра видны! Poor fellow, how thin he's gotten. His ribs are sticking out all over. □ ребром on edge. Поставьте доску ребром. Stand the board on edge. □ Нам придётся поставить вопрос ребром. We'll have to put the question point-blank. • *Смотри, пересчитают тебе за это рёбра! Watch out, they'll break every bone in your body for that.

ребята (ребят, ребятам P/of ребёнок/) fellows, guys. Ну, ребята, пошли! Come on, fellows; let's go! — Хорошие они ребята! They're fine guys! □ свои ребята one's own gang. Вчера у нас собрались всё свой ребята. Nobody but our own gang was at our place last night.

ревизия inspection.

ревматизм rheumatism.

ревнивый jealous. У вас очень ревнивая жена? Is your wife very jealous? □ ревниво jealously. Он ревниво оберегает свою свободу. He guards his freedom jealously.

ревновать to be jealous. Муж у неё ничего, только уж очень её ревнует. She hasn't got a bad husband, but he's awfully jealous.

ревность (F) jealousy. Она порвала с ним из-за его ревности. She broke up with him because of his jealousy. — Когда они вернулись домой, она ему устроила сцену


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burghall, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burghers, Michael


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burghersh, Bartholomew (d.1355)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burghersh, Bartholomew (d.1369)


text:
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152

In further corroboration of this opinion regarding the healthiness of the climate, I shall here introduce the observations of that experienced officer Captain Laws, which also afford much other valuable information concerning the settlements on the north coast of New Holland.

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Rh

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154

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Rh

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156

As far as my own observations and experience go, I perfectly coincide in opinion, as to the healthiness of the climate; I was accustomed to use a great deal of exercise, even in the middle of the day, which would have been extremely hazardous in India. When Captain Laws, Captain Barker, and myself, took an excursion to Croker's Island, we were occasionally up to the middle in water, and exposed for hours to the influence of an unclouded tropical sun. We rested during the night in an open boat, subjected to the nocturnal dew; and the greatest part of next day we were again exposed to the sun; yet none of us felt the slightest ill effects from the expedition. Had we acted in the same manner in some of the other tropical

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Rh, we should not, in all probability, have lived forty-eight hours longer.

On my arrival in Raffles Bay, I found every person, not only in good health, but in good condition; and during my residence there, I observed no complaint amongst the people, (I omit those who came in the Amity from Coupang) excepting ophthalmia, which occasionally prevails, but generally in a mild form.

Every man, woman, and child left the settlement in perfect health; and, notwithstanding the melancholy accounts related of it, only three deaths occurred during the entire period of its occupation, viz., Dr. Wood, and, after his decease, (and before another medical man arrived,) a prisoner and an infant died. It may be observed, that three deaths occurred shortly after my arrival; but then it is also evident, that these casualties were not occasioned by the climate of Raffles Bay.

title: Page:Narrativeavoyag01wilsgoog.djvu/189


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burghersh, Henry


text: Narrative of a Voyage Round the World (Wilson)/Chapter 10


text:
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160 season. The settlers, however, procured a sufficient supply of good quality from a well, about thirty-seven feet deep, within a few yards of high-water mark.

In selecting a spot for a settlement on the northern coast of New Holland, it is not essentially necessary that there should be water; as abundance of it might be caught during the rainy season, and retained in tanks and reservoirs, which could very easily be constructed. In this respect, therefore, there is a decided advantage over those places where the fall of rain is neither plentiful nor certain. Here it is invariably so;—and it is surprising that this circumstance has never been taken into consideration.

The appearance of the land about Raffles Bay has been compared by some to the coast of Orissa in Bengal, and by others to Demerara;—the fact is that the land here is exceedingly low, as it almost invariably is on the north and north-west coast of New Holland, and in this respect it bears a resemblance to either of these places; but the similarity exists no farther, as here there is neither underwood nor jungles to create and foster effluvia inimical to health.

But low land in a tropical latitude, although generally considered unhealthy, is not invariably so—neither are high lands always healthy. Raffles Bay, although little above the level of the sea, is decidedly healthy; while Timor, not much nearer the equator, although in many places exceedingly lofty, is (as well as Batavia) celebrated as the grave of Europeans.

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Rh It may be supposed that this remark applies only to Coupang, which, like Batavia, is situated low; but that the interior, like that of Java, may be comparatively healthy. While at Coupang I was particular in my enquiries on this head; and was informed that in the sickly season, which occurs shortly after the commencement of the easterly monsoon, (i. e. the cessation of the rainy season) the high lands afford no protection against disease, which rages there with as much fury, and as insidiously, as it does at Coupang.

The soil, as far as examined, cannot in general be called good; there are, however, several fertile patches; but it would not answer either in an agricultural or pastoral point of view. Admitting that the land was good, and capable of producing valuable crops, yet the price of labour would prevent its being cultivated with advantage, especially as it is situated so near to India, whence rice could be procured at a very low rate.

Although in the quality of wood it falls short of Melville Island, yet there is a sufficiency, well enough adapted for ordinary purposes.

The bay abounds with various kinds of excellent fish, but from want of a proper seine the quantity caught was not very considerable. The Satellite's people (being better provided) had no difficulty in catching an ample supply daily, not only sufficient for the ship's company,

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162 but also for all in the settlement. The Malays caught fish readily with a hook, but none of our people had any success by that method.

It may not be out of place now to give a few particulars as to the character of the Aborigines of this part of New Holland.

In personal appearance they bear some resemblance to the natives about Port Jackson. They are, however, better made, and possess more intelligent, and perhaps more savage countenances,—they go entirely naked, and their shoulders, breasts, nates, and thighs, are ornamented with cicatrices, resembling the braiding of a hussar's jacket. Their hair is long, generally straight, and powdered with red earth.

Some of them wear a fillet of net work, about two or three inches wide, bound tightly round the waist, and a similar ornament round the head and arms; and sometimes a necklace of net work hanging a considerable length down the back.

Many of them have the front tooth in the upper jaw knocked out in the same manner as the Port Jackson natives mentioned by Captain Collins. They paint their faces, and frequently their entire bodies, with red earth; those who are inclined to be dandies, draw one or two longitudinal lines of white, across the forehead, and three similar on each cheek; and a few who appeared to be exquisites, had another white line drawn from the forehead to the tip of the nose. The nasal

title: Page:Narrativeavoyag01wilsgoog.djvu/194


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burke, Edmund Plunkett


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burke, John


text:
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Rh cartilage is invariably perforated; but it is only on particular occasions that they introduce a bone or piece of wood, and sometimes a feather through it.

In this part of the coast, the natives are divided into three distinct classes, who do not intermarry. The first and highest is named Mandro-gillie, the second, Manbur-gē, and the third, Mandro-willie.

The first class assumes a superiority over the others, which is submitted to without reluctance; and those who believe in real difference of blood amongst civilized nations, might find here some apparent ground for such opinion, as the Mandro-gillies were observed to be more polite, and unaffectedly easy in their manners, than the others, who, it was supposed, were neither so shrewd nor so refined: this, however, might be only imaginary.

Mariac (or Wellington as he was named by Captain Stirling), the chief of the country round Raffles Bay and Port Essington, is apparently about thirty-three years of age, nearly five feet eight inches in height: he limps in his walk, but whether from a wound received in foreign or domestic war, I did not learn. His features are regular, and, while he is in a good humour, placid and benign; but, on the least displeasure, which arose frequently from slight causes, they gleamed with savage fury.

He has evidently much sway among his tribe; as even Miago, although so much in favour with us, has been observed to fall back, by a look and a word from his chief. From Miago's possessing a turn for fun and

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164 mimickry, and his unrivalled dexterity in throwing the spear, he had become a favourite in the camp, to the great annoyance of Wellington, who seemed to view him in the same light that Haman did Mordecai.

Wellington gave Captain Barker to understand, that presents to any of his people should only come through himself; and he occasionally exhibited so much ill-humour at deviations from this request, that Captain Barker thought it prudent to cut him for some time.

The natives generally go in parties of from six to twelve; Wellington, however, usually went at some distance apart, accompanied only by one. When the settlement was formed, his attendant was Iacama, a Manburgē (called, by Captain Stirling, Waterloo).

Miago had then the honour of being his travelling companion, but lost the office, from the attention he received in the camp. He was succeeded by Olobo, a Mandrogillie, as timorous as a hare. When we left the settlement, Monanoo, the younger brother of the chief of Croker's Island, held that distinguished employment.

It is difficult to say whether they are accompanied in their excursions by their women, but it is probable that they are not. As far as we could learn, the natives never penetrate far into the interior, generally keeping along the shore, and occasionally cutting across any projecting point of land.

Their food chiefly consists of fish, which they spear very dexterously. Catching turtle seems to be a

title: Page:Narrativeavoyag01wilsgoog.djvu/196


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burke, Peter


text:
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Rh occupation with them, and they appear quite adepts in that useful art. It is to point the spears, used for that purpose, that they estimate and covet iron so much. They also make use of shell-fish, which it is probably the business of the women to collect. They do not eat the trepang (so desired by Chinese epicures), which is in great abundance all along the coast; but the various native esculent roots and fruits, together with cabbage-palms, afford an agreeable addition to their usual fare.

They are very fond of honey, which appears to be in abundance, as they were seldom seen in the settlement without a supply of that article; and when they went into the woods on purpose to procure it, they soon returned successful. Their mode of proceeding was, to watch the movements of the bees, (which requires a keen eye, and long practice,) and as soon as they saw them settle on a tree, they proceeded to cut it down, which they effected with their stone hatchets, much quicker than could be imagined. It was for this purpose that Waterloo ran away with the axe, "after having seen and tried its use," judging, rightly, that it was preferable to his own ley-book (i. e. hatchet).

Respecting the number of the natives, there was no means of forming anything like a correct opinion; yet, judging from the rapidity with which they

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 broke all records in the recent track meet. — Другие работницы показали такие же рекорды в работе, как она. The other women workers attained the same record in their work as she did.

рекордный record. В этом полёте наш самолёт достиг рекордной скорости. Our plane made record speed in this flight. — Наш завод выполнил заказ в рекордный срок. Our factory filled the order in record time.

религиозный religious.

религия religion.

рельс rail, track. Рельсы выделывают на одном из местных заводов. Rails are produced in one of the local factories. — Вы видите, впереди на рельсах что-то лежит. You see, something's lying on the track up ahead. □ Здесь вчера товарный поезд с рельсов сошёл. A freight train was derailed here yesterday. • *Теперь дело поставлено на рельсы. The whole thing can begin to run smoothly now.

ремень (-мня M) strap. Затяните потуже ремни на чемодане. Tighten the straps on the suitcase. • belt. У машины перетёрся ремень. The belt on the machine is worn out.

ремесленник craftsman, artisan. У нас мало ремесленников одиночек. We have few independent craftsmen. • tradeschool student. Наши ремесленники часть дня учатся, а другою — работают на заводе. Our trade-school students go to school part-time and work in a factory part-time.

ремесленница trade-school student, artisan F.

ремесло (P ремёсла) trade, craft. Этот сапожник хорошо знает своё ремесло. This shoemaker knows his trade.

ремешок (-шка) strap. Не найдётся ли у вас ремешка или верёвочки? Would you have a strap or a piece of string?

ремонт reconditioning. Ремонт завода почти закончен. The reconditioning of the plant is almost finished. • overhauling. Ваша машина нуждается в основательном ремонте. Your car needs a complete overhauling. • repair. По случаю ремонта музей закрыт. The museum is closed for repairs. • repair work. Кто будет платить за ремонт дома? Who'll pay for the repair work on the house? □ У меня сейчас идёт ремонт квартиры. I'm having my apartment renovated.

ремонтировать (both dur and pct) to repair, to overhaul, to renovate.

репа turnip.

репетиция rehearsal.

репродуктор loud-speaker. Голос из репродуктора начал передавать новости. The news began to come over the loud-speaker.

репутация reputation. У него репутация очень способного человека. He has the reputation of being a very capable man. • good name. Я дорожу своей репутацией. I think a lot of my good name.

ресница eyelash.

республика republic.

рессора spring. У нас в автомобиле лопнула рессора. Our car broke a spring. — Эта телега на рессорах, вас не будет трясти. This wagon has springs, so you won't be shaken up.

ресторан restaurant. Пойдёмте обедать в ресторан. Let's go eat in a restaurant. — В этом ресторане можно хорошо и дёшево поесть. You can get a good meal cheaply in this restaurant. □ вагон-ресторан dining car.

реформа reform.

рецензия notice. Вчера в газете была рецензия на эту пьесу. There was a notice about this play in the newspaper yesterday. • review. Вы читали рецензию о его книге? Have you read the review of his book?

рецепт prescription. Отнесите этот рецепт в аптеку. Take this prescription to the drugstore. • recipe. Я сделала пирог по вашему рецепту. I made a pie according to your recipe.

речной river. По Москве-реке ходят речные трамваи. River trolleys run along the Moscow River. (A river trolley is a small steamer that makes stops for passengers every few blocks.) • fresh-water. Это — речная рыба, в море она не водится. This is a fresh-water fish and doesn't breed in the sea.

речь (P -чи, -чей F) speech. Мне его речь очень понравилась. I liked his speech very much. — Это выражение в живой речи не употребляется. This expression is not in use in everyday speech. • address. Он выступит на съезде с приветственной речью. He'll deliver an address of welcome at the convention. • conversation. Я не знаю, о чём идёт речь. I don't know what the conversation is about. □ часть речи part of speech. □ И речи быть не может, чтобы вы ушли без ужина. Don't even think of leaving without first having supper. • Он опять завёл речь о прибавке. He started to talk about getting a raise all over again.

решать (/pct: решить/) to decide. Он никогда не решает сразу. He never decides offhand. — Он уже не раз решал бросить пить. He decided more than once to give up drinking. • to make up one's mind. Решайте поскорей! Make up your mind quickly.

решающий (prap of решать) decisive. Наконец мы нанесли противнику решающий удар. We finally delivered the decisive blow to the enemy. □ Это обстоятельство является для меня решающим. This circumstance decides it for me.

решение solution. Решение этой задачи — дело не простое. The solution of this problem is not an easy matter. • decision. Это решение было принято после длительного обсуждения. This decision was taken after prolonged discussion. — Решение суда уже известно. The court's decision is already known.

решётка or решотка bars. В психиатрическом отделении на окнах железные решётки. There are iron bars on the window at the psychiatric clinic. • fence. Сад окружён чугунной решёткой. The garden is surrounded by an iron fence.

решето (P решёта) sieve. Просейте зерно через решето. Screen the giain through a sieve. — *Ах ты голова решетом! Your head is like a sieve! □ *Опять переделывать? Тут работать, что воду решетом черпать! Do it all over again? Working here is like carrying water in a sieve. • *Вот чудеса в решето! Он сегодня первым на работу пришёл. Will wonders never cease! He was the first on the job today.

решительный determined. Вы, я вижу, человек решительный. I see you're a determined man. • decisive. Это был решительный момент в моей жизни. This was a decisive moment in my life. — Придётся принять реши-


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Translation talk:Arukh ha-Shulchan/Choshen Mishpat

Choshen term is the breastplate of the high priest of Jewish levite tribe. This item of the Cohen gadol ( high prieat in Jewish temple)s clothing would be consulted for legal and spiritual decisions via the stone inserts and decisions made by the high priest based in coded information from the stones in the breastplate


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burke, Robert O'Hara


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166, when one of their countrymen was confined , it may be conjectured, that they are by no means thinly spread.

On the occasion alluded to, two natives, who had observed Luga taken into custody, left the settlement, and spread the tidings. In the evening, Wooloogary arrived, accompanied by fifty men at arms. From the time the two natives left, until Wooloogary's arrival, there was an interval of six hours; they had to walk two or three miles, and to cross and re-cross a strait two miles wide. It is difficult to know whether they would have acted hostilely, had their friend not been released; perhaps they only came to intercede in his behalf, and, according to the custom of civilized politicians, thought their request might be better attended to, by making a formidable appearance.

The only warlike weapons that they used (as far as we could learn) were spears, of different forms and sizes; the largest are from nine to ten feet long: some are serrated, and named burreburai; others are headed with a sharp stone, and named imburbē. They use the throwing stick, named rogorook, which is exactly of the same form, and made in the same manner, as that in use among the natives about Port Jackson. Besides these, they have small sharp-pointed spears, which they chiefly use in the spearing of fish.

We could not learn whether they were in the habit of fighting with each other, or with neighbouring tribes;

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Rh but spear wounds being by no means uncommon among them, it is probable that, in this respect, they also resemble their eastern Australian brethren. It is well known, however, that they wage continual war with the Malays, who, it was evident, both hated and feared them.

It does not appear that the Marēgĕ (the name given by the Malays to the natives) are altogether to blame, or, at least, they may plead in extenuation that, as the Mulwadie (as they call the Malays) come to their coasts without leave asked or obtained, and carry away the trepang, and, more particularly, the much-valued madjendie (i. e. turtle), it is but fair that they should catch a canoe whenever they can; and that they are pretty successful in this way, appeared very evident to us,—all their canoes being of Malay construction.

Although it may seem rather paradoxical, yet I do not hesitate to say, that the natives, far from being such untameable savages as originally represented, are, in reality, a mild and merciful race of people. They appeared to be fond of their wives and children; at least, they talked of them with much apparent affection. They have frequently interposed their good offices in preventing the soldiers' children from being chastised: I have seen them run between the mother and child, and beg the former to desist from her (as it appeared to them) unnatural conduct, in punishing her own offspring.

They are, like all uncivilized people, very irascible, but easily pacified; in short, they require to be

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burke, Thomas Nicholas


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168 managed just like children. They were easily taught to distinguish conventional right from wrong, and many instances occurred, which proved their aptitude in this respect.

Miago, after having become honest himself, once detected one of his companions endeavouring to secrete a spoon, while they were about to partake of some rice prepared for them ;—provoked by this ungrateful behaviour, he instantly took it from the delinquent, and sent him away, without permitting him to have any share of the food.

On first visiting the settlement, a native would invariably pilfer anything that came in his way that he could secrete, but the article was always brought back by those who knew that such conduct was not tolerated by their civilized visiters.

They also soon learned to place confidence in a person whose word was to be depended on. Some of our people acted, perhaps, in rather a reprehensible manner, by promising the natives a mambrual (or some other present), merely to get rid of their importunities, without any intention of performing their promise, thinking the natives would forget the circumstance; but, in this supposition, they were completely deceived, being invariably and pertinaciously reminded of their promise, and the natives looked on them as not to be trusted in

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Rh future;—on the contrary, they placed implicit reliance in those who, having given a promise, performed it punctually.

The chief objects of their desire were tomahawks, large nails, and iron hoops; but, in the progress of time, they took a fancy to various articles of dress. To obtain a shirt, was a great object with them; and they soon became so particular, that if a button were wanting in the collar or sleeves, they were not satisfied till the deficiency was remedied. A coloured handkerchief, which they used to roll neatly round the head, was also much prized.

After they became somewhat polished in their manner, if they saw anything that struck their fancy, they asked for it; if given them, they shewed no visible marks of thankfulness; and, if refused them with firmness, they laid it down quietly.

Some time before we left the coast, they could be trusted implicitly, even with those articles they most highly prized.

It may be justly presumed, that living, as they do, more agreeably to nature, they are subject to fewer diseases than man in a civilized state. But, that they are not altogether exempt from the ills attending animal existence, was very obvious.

"During the inclement and wet weather at the commencement of this year," observes Dr. Davis, "a party of the Aborigines was discovered, labouring under acute bronchitis, on a low neck of land, near the western

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 Blount, Stephen, equity draftsman and conveyancer, a student of Lincoln's Inn 2 Nov., 1859 (then aged 18), called to the bar 30 April, 1863 (3rd son of Sir Edmund Blount, Bart., of Mawley Hall, Salop); born 15 Nov., 1840; married 10 Aug., 1874, Lizzie, dau. of late William Worswick, Esq., of Norman and Birstall, co. Leic. (see Foster's Baronetage).
 * 29, Eaton Square, V.; 4, Stone Buildings, W.C.

Blount, William, J.P., D.L. Bucks, M.P. Totnes 1839-40, a student of Gray's Inn 24 Nov., 1827, called to the bar 1 May, 1833, called to the bench 16 Jan., 1867 (2nd son of William Blount, Esq., of Nantes, Brittany); born 11 April, 1799; married 1st,, 1821, Eliza, dau. of Thomas Wright, of Fitzwalters, Essex; she died 6 Feb., 1826, leaving issue; he married 2ndly, 31 March, 1839, Lady Charlotte Jane Seymour, dau. of Edward Adolphus, 11th duke of Somerset, and has issue (see Foster's Peerage).
 * Orleton, Herefordshire; Orchehill House, Gerrard's Cross; Reform Club.

Blumberg, Alfred Victor, M.A. St. John's Coll., Oxon, a member of the Western circuit, a student of the Middle Temple 12 Dec., 1877, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1882 (eldest son of George Frederick Blumberg, Esq., of London); born,.
 * Clifton Gardens, Maida Vale, W.; 4, Brick Court, Temple, E.C.

Blumberg, Charles Nathaniel, undergrad. Trin. Hall, Camb., goes the Western circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 2 Nov., 1860 (then aged 23), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1863 (2nd son of Ludwig Alexander Blumberg, Esq., of Notting Hill, London); born, 1837; married 5 Aug., 1868, Mary Elizabeth, youngest dau. of Charles Roworth, Esq., of Brockham, Surrey.
 * 4, Elm Court, Temple, E.C.

Blunt, Sir Charles William, Bart., M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1845, J.P., D.L. Sussex, high sheriff 1873, practised at Madras 1837, a student of the Middle Temple 22 Oct., 1832, called to the bar 20 Nov., 1835 (eldest son of Richard Charles Blunt, Esq., of London); born 22 Nov., 1810.
 * Ringmer and Heathfield Park, Sussex; 11, Warwick Street, Charing Cross, S.W.; University Club.

Bockett, Charles Frederick, formerly practised in New Zealand, a student of Lincoln's Inn 10 Jan., 1859 (then aged 18), certificate of honour May, 1862, called to the bar 6 June, 1863 (3rd son of Daniel Smith Bockett, of Lincoln's Inn Fields, solicitor); born, 1841.
 * 60, Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C.

Boddam, Hungerford Tudor, a member of the Oxford circuit, joint author of Notanda, Digest in Law and Equity, a student of the Inner Temple 12 April, 1869 (then aged 18), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1872 (2nd son of Col. Hungerford Mier Boddam, of Bengal S.C.); born, 1851; married 13 March, 1880, Alice Mary, dau. of J. O. Griffiths, Esq., Q.C., recorder of Reading.
 * Burston Lodge near Stone, Staff.; 5, Crown Office Row, Temple, E.C.

Bodington, Oliver Eaton, B.A. London Univ. 1878 and a member of Convocation, bachelier-en-droit (LL.B.) Paris 1881, a student of the Inner Temple 4 Nov., 1881 (then aged 22), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1884 (eldest son of George Fowler Bodington, of Kingswinford, Staffordshire, physician); born 6 March, 1859.
 * Ashwood House, Kingswinford, near Dudley.

Bodkin, Archibald Henry, a student of the Inner Temple 9 May, 1882 (then aged 20), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1885 (5th son of William Peter Bodkin, Esq., of Highgate, Middlesex, J.P., D.L.); born, 1862.
 * West Hill Place, Highgate, Middlesex.

Bodley, John Edward Courtenay, M.A. Balliol Coll., Oxon, private secretary since 1880 to Rt. Hon. Sir C. W. Dilke, Bart., M.P. (president Local Government Board), secretary to royal commission on housing of working classes 1884-5, a member of the Oxford circuit, author of Souchester Sessions, etc., a student of the Inner Temple 17 Nov., 1871 (then aged 18), called to the bar 6 June, 1874 (2nd surviving son of Edward Fisher Bodley, Esq., late of Dane Bank House, Congleton, dec.); born 6 June, 1853.
 * 17, Pont Street, S.W.; Library Chambers, Middle Temple, E.C.

Crawley-Boevey, Arthur William, M.A. Balliol Coll., Oxon, of the Bombay civil service, a student of Lincoln's Inn 12 June, 1865 (then aged 19), called to the bar 6 June, 1868 (5th son of Sir Martin Hyde Crawley-Boevey, Bart., of Flaxley Abbey, co. Gloucester); born 12 Aug., 1845; married 16 Sept., 1873, Annie Maria, 2nd dau. of Major-General Sir Robert Phayre, K.C.B., late A.D.C. to the Queen, brigadier-general Afghanistan 1880, resident at Baroda 1872-4 (see Foster's Baronetage).
 * Goojerat, India.

Boger, Walter Deeble, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1858, equity draftsman and conveyancer, J.P. Cornwall, a student of Lincoln's Inn 29 Jan., 1853 (then aged 20), called to the bar 5 June, 1857 (eldest son of Deeble Boger, Esq., of Wolsdon, Cornwall); born 15 Feb., 1832; married, 1863, Amelia Harriet, dau. of Thomas Bosworth, Esq., of Westerham, Kent.
 * Wolsdon Antony, Devonport; 56, Upper Berkeley Street, W.; 12, Old Sqtiare, W.C.

Bohn, Henry, a member of the North-eastern circuit, a student of the Middle Temple 5 Jan., 1863, called to the bar 6 June, 1866 (2nd son of late Henry George Bohn, of Twickenham, Middlesex, publisher); born 21 Oct., 1834; married 1 Sept., 1874, Jessie Eliza, dau. of S. H. Godson, Esq., of Rutland Gate, S.W.
 * 142, Holland Road, W.; 2, Dr. Johnson's Buildings Temple, E.C.; Junior Carlton Club, S.W.

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text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Baptism

BAPTISM (from the Greek baptizō, from baptizein, to immerse or dip), the application of water to a person as a sacrament or religious rite. It is generally thought to have been usual with the Jews even before Christ, being administered to proselytes, but was probably nothing more than a ceremony of purification. From this baptism, however, that of John the Baptist differed, because he baptized Jews also as a symbol of the necessity of perfect purification from sin. Christ himself never baptized, but directed his disciples to administer this rite to converts (Matt xxviii, 19); and baptism, therefore, became a religious ceremony among Christians, taking rank as a sacrament with all sects which acknowledge sacraments.

In the primitive Church the person to be baptized was immersed in a river or in a vessel, with the words which Christ had ordered, and a new name was generally bestowed at this time further to express the change. Sprinkling, or, as it was termed, clinic baptism, was used only in the case of the sick who could not leave their beds. The Greek Church and various Eastern sects retained the custom of immersion; but the Western Church adopted or allowed the mode of baptism by pouring or sprinkling, since continued by most Protestants. This practice can be traced back certainly to the 3d century, before which its existence is disputed. Since the Reformation there have been various Protestant sects, called Baptists, holding that baptism should be administered only by immersion and to those who can make a personal profession of faith.

The Montanists in Africa baptized even the dead, and in Roman Catholic countries the practice of baptizing church bells — a custom of 10th century origin — continues to this day. Being an initiatory rite, baptism is, therefore, administered only once to the same person. The Roman and Greek Catholics consecrate the water of baptism, but Protestants do not. The act of baptism is accompanied only with the formula that the person is baptized in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost; but among most Christians it is preceded by a confession

of faith made by the person to be baptized, if an adult, and by his parents or sponsors if he be a child

The Roman Catholic form of baptism is far more elaborate than the Protestant. This Church holds that baptism is a sacrament which has the effect to remove in the individual the penal consequences of the sin of Adam, to restore him to a state of supernatural grace, and to give him a right to the beatific vision of God, remitting all actual sins committed by the individual. It also imprints an indelible character, which is both an ornament to the soul and a capacity for receiving the other sacraments. The effect of the sacrament is produced ex opere operato; that is, by an act of the Holy Ghost infallibly accompanying the performance of the external rite. Bishops, priests and deacons are the ordinary ministers of baptism, and all others are forbidden to baptize except in case of necessity. Baptism is, however, valid when duly administered by any person, and any one may lawfully baptize in case of necessity. On the part of children and others who have never attained the use of reason no dispositions are required. In order to receive the sacrament validly a person who has the use of reason must know what he is doing and intend to receive baptism. In order to receive the grace of the sacrament he must have faith, and, if he has committed mortal sins, repentance; otherwise the grace of the sacrament remains suspended until he acquires the proper dispositions. Besides sacramental baptism, called baptismum fluminis, there are two substitutes which can supply its place, called, in a wide and improper sense, baptismum sanguinis and baptismum flaminis. The former of these is martyrdom, the second is the desire of baptism, accompanied by faith and perfect contrition or the love of God, These only supply the place of baptism when it cannot be had, and confer sanctifying grace, but not an indelible character. Solemn baptism is accompanied with the application of chrism and holy oil, and several other ceremonies of great antiquity.


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 Boileau, Sir Francis George Manningham, Bart., B.A. Christ Church, Oxon, major royal Norfolk rifle volunteers since 1867, J.P., D.L. Norfolk, succeeded as 2nd bart. 1869, a student of Lincoln's Inn 25 May, 1852 (then aged 22), called to the bar 30 April, 1855 (2nd son of Sir John Peter Boileau, Bart., of Ketteringham Park, Norfolk); born 26 March, 1830; married 2 Aug., 1860, Lucy Henrietta, eldest dau. of Sir George Edward Nugent, Bart., and has issue (see Foster's Baronetage).
 * Tacolnestone Hall and Ketteringham Park, Wymondham, Norfolk; Travellers', Marlborough, and Brooks' Clubs.

Du Bois, Theodore Judkin, a student of Lincoln's Inn 12 April, 1843, called to the bar 5 May, 1848 (3rd son of Edward du Bois, of London, bar.-at-law); born,.
 * 10, Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

Bolden, John Leonard, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1867, B.A. mathematical tripos 1864, J.P. Cornwall, a student of the Inner Temple 2 May, 1864 (then aged 22), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1867 (2nd son of William Bolden-Bolden, of Hyning, Lancashire); born 16 Dec., 1841; married 6 May, 1874, Caroline Elizabeth, eldest dau. of Rev. Patrick George McDouall, M.A, rector of Cosgrove, Northants, and has issue (see Foster's Peerage, earldom of Dumfries).
 * Camborne, Cornwall.

Bolland, William Craddock, B.A., Magdalen Coll., Camb., 1878 (fifth junior optime 1878, scholar 1874), a member of the North-eastern circuit, a student of Lincoln's Inn 23 March, 1877 (then aged 22), called to the bar 21 April, 1880 (only son of Rev. Arthur Bolland, M.A., of Leeds); born, 1855.
 * 7, King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C.

Bolton, Alfred David, practises before the High Court of Judicature Calcutta, a student of the Middle Temple 27 May, 1865, called to the bar 10 June, 1870 (youngest son of Thomas Bolton, of Oaken Codsall, co. Stafford, gentleman, attorney-at-law); born, ; married 28 Nov., 1883, Emily Grace, 3rd dau. of John Dutton, Esq., of Winton House, Leamington.
 * Calcutta; 48, Maitland Park Road, N.W.; Oaken, Wolverhampton.

Bolton, William Henry, B.A. Trin. Coll., Oxon, goes the Northern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 14 Nov., 1873 (then aged 20), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1878 (eldest son of Joseph Cheney Bolton, Esq., of Carbrook Larbert, co. Stirling, M.P.); born, 1853.
 * , West Cromwell Road, S.W.; 3, Temple Gardens, E.C.

Bompas, Henry Mason, Q.C., M.A., St. John's Coll., Camb., 1862, B.A, 1858 (fellow 1861), LL.B. London Univ. (fellow Univ. Coll.) 1862, matric. 1854, B.A. 1855, and a member of Convocation, recorder of Plymouth Jan., 1885, of Poole 1882-5, assistant commissioner on middle class education 1865, reporter in Court of Common Pleas 1865-75, contested Southampton 1878 and West Kent 1880, a member of the Western circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 3 May, 1860 (then aged 24), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1863, Q.C. 13 Feb., 1877, bencher 28 Jan., 1881 (youngest son of Charles Carpenter Bompas, serjeant-at-law, late of London, dec.); born, 1836; mar. 20 Sept., 1867, Rachel Henrietta, eldest dau. of Rev. Edward White, of Tufnell Park, Holloway.
 * Abingdon House, Greenhill Road, Hampstead, N.W.; 3, Harcourt Buildings, Temple, E.C.; Devonshire and National Liberal Clubs.

Bond, Edward, M.A. (fellow) Queen's Coll., Oxon, assistant charity commissioner 1884, lecturer on conveyancing to Incorporated Law Society, a student of Lincoln's Inn 17 Jan., 1868, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1871 (eldest son of Edward Bond, Esq., of Hampstead, Middlesex); born,.
 * Elm Bank, Thurlow Road, Hampstead, N.W.; 24, Old Square, W.C.

Bond, Henry, B.A., Trin. Hall, Camb., 1875, matric. London Univ. 1870, chancellor's legal medallist, members' prizeman (from Amersham Hall School), a student of the Middle Temple 11 Nov., 1874, called to the bar 18 April, 1883 (eldest son of William Bond, of Cambridge); born,.
 * 3, Brookside, Cambridge.

Bond, Isaac, M.A., Trin. Coll., Dublin, 1859, a student of the Inner Temple 19 Nov., 1856 (then aged 22), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1867 (youngest son of late Isaac Bond, Esq., of Workington, Cumberland); born, 1834.

Bond, Thomas, B.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1829, late recorder of Wareham, J.P. Dorset, a student of Lincoln's Inn 30 April, 1828 (then aged 22), called to the bar 19 Nov., 1833 (4th son of Rev. William Bond, of Tyneham, Dorset); born, 1806.
 * Tyneham, Wareham, Dorset; 6, Charles Street, Berkeley Square, W.

Bond, Walter William Hadrian MacGeough, undergrad. Christ Church, Oxon, a student of the Middle Temple 17 Nov., 1879, went to the Inner Temple 24 March, 1884 (then aged 26), where he was called to the bar 7 May, 1884 (eldest son of Joshua Walter MacGeough Bond, Esq., of Drumsill, co. Armagh); born, 1857.
 * Drumsill, Armagh; Allandale, Wimborne, Dorset.

Bonnaud, William Augustus, practises before the High Court of Judicature Calcutta, a student of the Middle Temple 28 April, 1868, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1871 (3rd son of Peter Bonnaud, collector of customs Calcutta); born, 1849.
 * Calcutta.

Bonnerjee, Woomes Chunder, author of The Hindu Wills Act of 1870, practises before the High Court of Judicature Calcutta, a student of the Middle Temple 19 Nov., 1864, called to the bar 11 June, 1867 (son of Grees Chunder Bonnerjee, ot Calcutta, attorney-at-law, solicitor, proctor, and vakeel of H.M.'s High Court of Justice Fort William, Bengal); born, 1844.
 * Calcutta.

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170 boundary of Raffles Bay. During the continuance of the disease (which, in many instances, was severe,) they were very abstemious. The only remedies which we saw them employ, during the acute stage, were cords tied very tightly round their heads, over which they poured cold water.

"On one occasion, the chief (Wellington) lay down on the sand, and caused one of his tribe to stand on his head,—most probably for the purpose of deadening the acute pain he was suffering.

"Several of these people have deep circular impressions,—on their faces in particular,—as if caused by the small-pox. From the inability of making myself understood, the nature of the disease which produced these marks is not yet ascertained."

The natives described, in language, or, rather, by signs sufficiently significant, the history of this malady, which they call oie-boie, and which appears to be very prevalent among them. It evidently bears a resemblance, both in its symptoms and consequences, to small-pox,—being an eruptive disease, attended with fever, and leaving depressions. It frequently destroys the eyes, and I observed more than one native who had thus suffered. Mimaloo's left eye was destroyed by this disease; hence, his English name, One-eye, to which he appeared particularly partial. We could not learn whether they used any remedy, except abstinence.

They are also frequently affected with ophthalmia.

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burke, William (1792-1829)


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 Bonser, John Winfield, attorney-general of the Straits Settlements since 1882, M.A. (fellow) Christ's Coll., Camb., bracketted senior classic 1870, matric London Univ. 1864, member of joint Board of Examiners Inns of Court 1879-83, a student of Lincoln's Inn 5 June, 1869 (then aged 21), late Tancred student in common law, called to the bar 18 Nov., 1872 (only son of Rev. John Bonser, of Bath); born, 1848.

Bonsey, Henry Dawes, B.A. St. John's Coll., Camb., a reporter for Law Times in Queen's bench division, a member of the Midland circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 22 Jan., 1872 (then aged 22), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1875 (3rd son of William Henry Bonsey, Esq., of Slough, Bucks); born,.
 * 1, Tanfield Court, Temple, E.C.

Booker, John Lee, undergrad. Hertford Coll., Oxon, a student of the Inner Temple 12 Nov., 1880, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1884 (eldest son of Septimus Booker, of Swarthdale House, Carnforth); born,.
 * Swarthdale House, Carnforth.

Boome, John Henry, educated at King's Coll., London, a student of the Middle Temple 3 March, 1869, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1872 (eldest son of John Coles Boome, late of West End, Essendon, Herts, gent.); born 16 Feb., 1847; married 26 Aug., 1872, Elizabeth, 3rd dau. of late William Baker, Esq., of Oundle, Northants.
 * Headingley, Palmerston Road, Southgate, N.; 26, Old Square, W.C.

Haworth-Booth, Col. Benjamin Blaydes, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1849, twenty-fifth wrangler 1846, was a member of the Northern circuit, It.-col. 1st brigade Yorkshire artillery volunteers since 1861, assumed the additional surname of Booth by royal licence, 1869, J.P., D.L. Yorkshire East Riding, a student of Lincoln's Inn 20 April, 1846, went to the Inner Temple 26 May, 1849, where he was called to the bar 8 June, 1849 (eldest son of Benjamin Haworth, Esq., of Hull Bank House, Yorks); born at Rowlston 7 June, 1823; married 28 July, 1853, Cordelia, 2nd dau. of late Rev. FitzGerald Wintour, prebendary of Southwell (by his wife Jane Dayrell, niece of 1st Lord Wenlock), and has issue.
 * Hull Bank House, Hull; Brooks' and University Clubs.

Booth, Charles, M A. (fellow). King's Coll., Camb., 1856, goes the Midland circuit, J.P. Yorks West Riding, a student of Lincoln's Inn 15 Feb., 1855 (then aged 26), called to the bar 30 April, 1858 (eldest son of late Lt.-Col. Henry Booth, 43rd light infantry); born, 1829; married 24 April, 1867, Elizabeth Staveley, elder dau. of John Staveley Shirt, Esq., of Wales, near Rotherham.
 * Brushes, Sheffield.

Booth, John, M.A. Worcester Coll., Oxon, a student of Lincoln's Inn 27 Jan., 1859 (then aged 25), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1862 (eldest son of James Booth, Esq., of Fingest Grove, Bucks); reported dead 1884.
 * Swinefleet Park, Goole, Yorkshire.

Booth, Richard, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1880, matric. London Univ. 1869, equity draftsman and conveyancer, a student of Lincoln's Inn 20 Jn., 1874 (then aged 22), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1877 (only son of Rev. Samuel Harris Booth, Baptist minister); born 5 Aug., 1851; married 23 May, 1878, Ada, eldest surviving dau. of Thomas Williams, of Birkenhead.}}
 * 4, Stone Buildings, W.C.

Sclater-Booth, Rt. Hon. George, P.C, F.R.S., M.P. N. Hants since 1857, M.A. Balliol Coll., Oxon, parliamentary secretary to Poor Law Board 1867, to treasury 1868, president Local Government Board 1874-80, official verderer of the New Forest since 1877, assumed the additional surname of Booth in 1857, a student of the Inner Temple 16 Nov., 1846 (then aged 20), called to the bar 17 June, 1851 (eldest son of William Lutley Sclater, Esq., of Hoddington House, Hants); born 19 May, 1826; married 8 Dec., 1857, Lydia Caroline, only dau. of Major George Birch, of Clare Park, Hants; she died, 1881, leaving issue.
 * The Priory, Odiham, Hants; 74, St. George's Square, S.W.; Carlton and St. Stephen's Clubs.

Boothman, Charles Thomas, a member of the Northern circuit, matric. London Univ. 1861, educated at Stonyhurst, a student of the Inner Temple 20 Nov., 1865 (then aged 22), called to the bar 6 June, 1868 (eldest son of Thomas Boothman, Esq., of Manchester, dec.); born, 1843.

Boreham, Walter Long, M.A., Christ's Coll., Camb., 1874, a student of the Inner Temple 30 May, 187 1 (then aged 22), called to the bar 6 June, 1878 (2nd son of William Wakeling Boreham, Esq., J.P., of the Mount, Haverhill, Essex); born, 1849.

Borland, Rev. Robert Spencer, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1853, rector of Harford, Devon, 1871-7, a student of Lincoln's Inn 20 Jan., 1847 (then aged 20), called to the bar 6 June, 1855 (3rd son of James Borland, M.D., of Teddington, Middlesex); born 1827.
 * South Teddington, Hampton Wick, Middlesex.

Borlase, William Copeland, M.P. East Cornwall since 1880, M.A., Trin. Coll., Oxon, 1873, J.P. Cornwall, deputy warden of stannaries of Cornwall and Devon, vice-president of Society of Antiquaries, president of Royal Institution of Cornwall 1867-8, educated at Winchester, a student of the Inner Temple 18 Nov., 1867 (then aged 19), called to the bar 21 June, 1882 (3rd son of Samuel Borlase, Esq., of Castle Harneck, Cornwall); born 5 April, 1848; married, 1870, Alice Lucy, dau. of Rev. Alfred Kent, vicar of Coln St. Aldwyns, co. Gloucester.
 * Laregan, Penzance; 18, Clifford Street, W.; Reform Windham, Cobden, Fielding, and National Liberal Clubs.

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Rh It is a singular circumstance, that the Aboriginal tribes of New Holland should possess so very little affinity of language, while in personal figure, manners, mode of life, and implements of war, there is so striking a resemblance.

The dialect of the natives of Baffles Bay is by no means inharmonious, but it was extremely difficult to obtain the true sound of their words, as it frequently happened, that the words (the correct sound of which not being caught at first) were repeated by us as near as we could guess, when they, either through indifference or complaisance, adopted our mode of pronunciation; and it required some pains, on our part, to obviate the effects of their apathy or inconvenient politeness.

Whether they have any idea of a Superior Being, or of a future state of existence, it was impossible for us to ascertain. It was easy enough to reciprocate communication, as far as regarded objects evident to the external senses; but, as may be imagined by those conversant on the subject, any attempt to talk of abstract principles must have proved altogether fruitless.

When it is called to mind that they were just beginning to lay aside suspicion, and to visit the settlement without fear, not long before it was abandoned, it will not seem strange that these particulars, relating to them, are so scanty and imperfect. A little longer

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172 intercourse would have enabled a person (inclined to observe their manners, and learn their language) to obtain more correct and extensive information respecting the various Aboriginal tribes on this part of the coast, who, to say the least of it, were treated so cavalierly, in the first instance, by the civilized intruders on their native land.

Before concluding this brief account of Raffles Bay, I may be permitted to offer a few general remarks in recapitulation.

Not long after the formation of this settlement, unfavourable accounts were sent from it to Sydney, which, being transmitted home, completely sickened those having the direction of colonial affairs, who gave orders that it should be abandoned.

Captain Barker (who was in charge when these orders came) hesitated some time before he decided to obey them. It appeared evident to him, that the Home Government had acted solely from the unfavourable information they had hitherto received; and had they been aware that, at the present moment, the settlement was in so flourishing a condition, and that there was every reason to suppose the desired object was on the point of being obtained, these orders would have been gladly countermanded.

I say, he hesitated some time; but, recollecting that "obedience is better than sacrifice," he carried the orders into execution, though with extreme reluctance.

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Baptism for the Dead

BAPTISM FOR THE DEAD, a custom mentioned by Saint Paul in 1 Cor. xv, 29. It probably consisted in the vicarious baptism of a living Christian for a catechumen who had died unbaptized, the latter being thereby accounted as baptized. It is doubtful if the custom was ever widely prevalent, and it seems to have soon died out in the Church, although kept alive by Marcionites and other heretics. It was forbidden by the Synod of Hippo (393). It is observed by the Mormons at the present day.