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 borough of Grimsby, and was duly returned for that constituency. At the next general election in 1818 he stood for Lincolnshire, but being in a hopeless minority, withdrew on the third day of the poll. Through Lord Fitzwilliam's interest he was returned in December 1819 for Peterborough, and was re-elected until 1832 without opposition. After that date he was frequently opposed, but continued to sit for Peterborough until his retirement in 1847. Heron was a constant speaker in the House of Commons, and among his proposals was a motion ‘respecting the vacating of seats in parliament on the acceptance of office,’ on which the Marquis of Northampton published a pamphlet of ‘Observations’ in 1835. He died suddenly at Stubton Hall in Lincolnshire on 29 May 1854. He married, at Cottesmore, Rutlandshire, on 9 Jan. 1792, Amelia, second daughter of Sir Horatio Mann of Boughton Malherbe, Kent. She predeceased him on 12 Dec. 1847. A monument to their memory was erected in Stubton churchyard by Mr. George Neville, the successor to the property. Heron built about 1800 the nave and tower of Stubton Church. He had no children, and at his death the baronetcy became extinct.

A volume of his ‘notes’ was printed anonymously for private circulation at Grantham in 1850, and reprinted for sale in 1851. They dealt mainly with politics and social economy, but included observations on natural history, drawn from the curious animals collected together in what was locally known as his ‘menagerie.’ In one passage he spoke of Croker as ‘one of the most determined jobbers,’ and in another referred to a ‘most malicious article’ of that critic in the ‘Quarterly Review.’ Croker revenged himself by a savage onslaught on the volume in the ‘Quarterly’ (1852, xc. 206–25).

HERRICK. [See also and ]

HERRICK, ROBERT (1591–1674), poet, fourth son of Nicholas Herrick, a goldsmith in Cheapside, by his wife Julian Stone, was baptised at the church of St. Vedast, Foster Lane, on 24 Aug. 1591. His father, who came of an ancient Leicestershire family of Heyricks or Eyrickes, died in November 1592 of injuries caused by a fall from an upper window of his house. It was suspected that the fall was not accidental; and Dr. Fletcher, bishop of Bristol, laid claim, as high almoner, to all his goods and chattels. The matter being referred to arbitration, the bishop was ultimately awarded 220l. out of the estate in full satisfaction of his claim. Two days before his death, or on the very day of his death, the elder Herrick had drawn up a will, leaving one-third of his property (which realised 5,000l.) to his wife, and two-thirds among his children. There were six surviving children, and a seventh (William) was posthumously born. From some verses ‘To the reverend shade of his religious Father’ it appears that the poet was long ignorant of his father's burial-place.

Their uncle, William, afterwards Sir William Hericke or Herrick [q. v.], became guardian to the children. On 25 Sept. 1607, Robert, who had probably been educated at Westminster School, was bound apprentice to his uncle for ten years. He did not serve out his apprenticeship, for in 1613 he was a fellow-commoner of St. John's College, Cambridge. Fourteen letters, chiefly applications for money, addressed by him from Cambridge to his uncle, are preserved at Beaumanor. It may be gathered from these letters that he was allowed (from his share of the property left by his father) 10l. a term for his expenses at college, that he found the allowance insufficient, and that the uncle supplemented it by grants (or loans) from his own pocket. ‘I could wish,’ writes Herrick, ‘chardges had leaden wings and Tortice feet to come vpon me; sed votis puerilibus opto.’ On one occasion he declares that his pecuniary troubles force him to neglect his studies, ‘whereas if you would be pleased to furnish me with so much that I might keepe beforehand with my Tutor, I doubt not but with quicke dispatch to attaine to what I ayme.’ With the twofold object of reducing his expenditure and of devoting himself to legal studies, he migrated in 1616 to Trinity Hall, where he proceeded B.A. in 1616–17, and commenced M.A. in 1620. From account-books preserved at Trinity Hall it appears that as late as 1629–30 he was in the hall's debt. Dr. Grosart contends that the entries in the steward's books refer to the poet's cousin, Robert Herrick, a son of Sir William Herrick; but there is no evidence to show that the cousin, who was educated at Oxford, studied at Trinity Hall.

On 2 Oct. 1629, shortly after his mother's death, Herrick was admitted to the living of Dean Prior, near Ashburton, Devonshire. Much of his poetry was written before he settled in Devonshire. Accustomed to cheerful society, he found the lonely life at Dean Prior irksome. He wistfully recalled the ‘lyric feasts,’ presided over by Ben Jonson, at ‘the Sun, the Dog, the Triple Tun.’ But he frankly acknowledged that his best poetry


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 was written at Dean Prior. Wood says that he ‘became much beloved by the gentry in those parts for his florid and witty discourses.’ His household was directed by his devoted maid ‘Prue’ (Prudence Baldwin), whose epitaph he composed. In his ‘Grange or Private Wealth’ he sings of his spaniel ‘Tracy,’ his pet-lamb, his cat, goose, cock, and hen. A tradition survived early in the nineteenth century (Quarterly Review, August 1810) that he had a ‘favourite pig, which he amused himself by teaching to drink out of a tankard.’ Another tradition is that he once threw his sermon at the congregation, cursing them for not paying attention. In one of his poems he describes his parishioners as A people currish; churlish as the seas; And rude almost as rudest savages. Several of his epigrams (more coarse than witty) appear to be directed against obnoxious neighbours. On the other hand, he has poems in praise of Devonshire friends.

In 1647 Herrick, a devoted royalist, was ejected from his living and retired to London. The poem on ‘His returne to London’ expresses his enthusiastic delight at being released from his ‘long and dreary banishment.’ London was the place of his nativity, and he vowed to spend in London the rest of his days. In his ‘Farewell to Dean-Bourn’ he declared that he would not go back to Devonshire until ‘rocks turn to rivers, rivers turn to men.’ Settling in St. Anne's, Westminster, he assumed the lay habit. Walker (Sufferings of the Clergy, p. 253) states that, ‘having no fifths paid to him,’ he ‘was subsisted by charity until the Restoration.’ It is to be noticed that his uncle, at Beaumanor, was still living, that other relatives were well-to-do, and that he had a large circle of wealthy friends.

On 24 Aug. 1662 Herrick was restored to his living; and the church register at Dean Prior records that ‘Robert Herrick, vicker, was buried ye 15th day of October 1674.’ A collateral descendant, W. Perry-Herrick, esq., of Beaumanor Park, erected in 1857 a monument to his memory in Dean Prior Church.

Few contemporary notices of Herrick are found, but there is ample evidence to show that his poetry was appreciated. Many of his poems were published anonymously in the later editions of ‘Witts Recreations’ (1650 and onwards). The compilers of ‘Wits Interpreter,’ ‘The Academy of Compliments,’ ‘The Mysteries of Love and Eloquence,’ and other seventeenth-century miscellanies, laid him under contribution. Several pieces were set to music by eminent composers—Henry Lawes, Lanière, Wilson, and Ramsay. The first of his poems that found its way into print was ‘King Obrons Feast,’ published anonymously in ‘A Description of the King and Queene of Fayries, their habit, fare, their abode, pompe, and state,’ London, 1635, 8vo. On 4 Nov. 1639 was entered in the ‘Stationers' Register’ ‘An addicion of some excellent Poems to Shakespeares Poems by other gentlemen’ (, Transcript, iv. 487), and among these additional pieces is mentioned ‘His Mistris Shade, by R. Herrick,’ which was printed anonymously in Shakespeare's ‘Poems,’ 1640, and was afterwards included, with some curious textual variations, in ‘Hesperides’ (where it is headed ‘The Apparition of his Mistresse calling him to Elizium’). In 1640 ‘The Several Poems written by Robert Herrick’ was entered, but not published. In 1648 appeared a collected edition of his poems: ‘Hesperides: or, The Works both Humane and Divine of Robert Herrick, Esq.,’ 8vo. The divine poems form a separate part, with a fresh title-page dated 1647, ‘His Noble Numbers: or, His Pious Pieces, Wherein (amongst other things) He sings the Birth of his Christ: and sighes for his Saviour suffering on the Crosse.’ The collection was dedicated to Charles, prince of Wales, afterwards Charles II. The edition was issued with Herrick's sanction (though there is no attempt at any arrangement of the poems), and has a portrait of the author by William Marshall. In 1647 Herrick had prefixed commendatory verses (not included in ‘Hesperides’) to the folio of Beaumont and Fletcher; and in 1649 he was one of the contributors to ‘Lacrymæ Musarum,’ a collection of memorial verses on the death of Henry, lord Hastings. He is not known to have published anything after 1649. There is a tradition that he was the original projector of ‘Poor Robin's Almanac;’ but this is a mistake. ‘Poor Robin’ was the nom de plume of Robert Winstanley of Saffron Walden (Notes and Queries, 6th ser. vii. 321–3). Verses of Herrick are occasionally quoted in the almanac; and in ‘Hesperides’ he playfully styled himself ‘Robin’ Herrick. A few—very few—manuscript poems, not included in ‘Hesperides,’ may with some probability be assigned to Herrick; but Mr. Hazlitt (Appendix to Herrick's Works in the ‘Old Authors' Library’) has claimed for him poems that can clearly be shown to belong to other writers.

Herrick was practically forgotten until Nichols in 1796–7 drew attention to his poetry in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine.’ Nichols was followed by Dr. Nathan Drake, who devoted some papers to Herrick in ‘Lite-


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 rary Hours;’ and in 1810 Dr. Nott published ‘Select Poems from the “Hesperides,”’ which was reviewed by Barron Field in the ‘Quarterly Review,’ Aug. 1810. In 1823 a complete edition, 2 vols., worthily edited by Thomas Maitland, lord Dundrennan, was published at Edinburgh, the ‘remainder’ copies being issued (with a fresh title-page) by William Pickering in 1825. Pickering's edition of 1846 contains a memoir by S. W. Singer; later editions are by Edward Walford, 1859; by William Carew Hazlitt, 1869, 2 vols., with additional information of interest; by Dr. Grosart, 3 vols., 1876; by A. W. Pollard, with introduction by A. C. Swinburne (in ‘Muses' Library’), 1891, 2 vols. Selections from Herrick (‘Chrysomela’) were edited by Francis Turner Palgrave in 1877.

Herrick reminds us at one time of the Greek epigrammatists; at another of Catullus, or Horace, or Martial; now of Ronsard, and then of Ben Jonson. But he is always original. He polished his verses carefully, but they never smell of the lamp. A consummate artist, he successfully attempted a variety of metrical experiments. But apart from its formal excellence his poetry has a fresh natural charm that the simplest may appreciate. Some of his poems (particularly his ‘Litany’) were handed down orally at Dean Prior when he had been forgotten by the critics. Though he professed a distaste for his Devonshire vicarage, no poet has described with equal gusto the delights of old English country-life—the wakes and wassails, the Christmas and Twelfth-tide sports, the May-day games and harvest-homes. In his ‘Hesperides’ he is the most frankly pagan of English poets, but his ‘Noble Numbers’ testify to the sincerity of his Christian piety.

HERRIES,. [See .] HERBIES, Sm CHARLES JOHN

HERRIES, CHARLES JOHN (1815–1883), financier, eldest son of J. C. Herries [q. v.], born in 1815, studied at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he proceeded B.A. 1837, M.A. 1840. In 1842 Sir Robert Peel made him a commissioner of excise. In 1856 he was chosen by Sir George Cornewall Lewis to occupy the deputy chair of the board of inland revenue, and in 1877 Lord Beaconsfield raised him to the chairmanship. In 1871 he was made C.B., and in 1880 (on Mr. Gladstone's recommendation) K.C.B. He left the public service in November 1881, ‘and his eminent financial and administrative abilities were acknowledged in a treasury minute, 2 Dec. 1881, and subsequently presented to parliament.’ He died unmarried 14 March 1883, at his country house, St. Julian's, Sevenoaks. Herries wrote an introduction to the ‘Memoir of the Right Hon. J. C. Herries, by Edward Herries, C.B.’ 2 vols. 1880).

HERRIES, JOHN CHARLES (1778–1855), statesman, eldest son of Charles Herries, a London merchant, and colonel of the light horse volunteers, by his wife Mary Ann Johnson, was born (probably in the month of November) in 1778. He was educated at Cheam and Leipzig University, and on 5 July 1798 was appointed a junior clerk in the treasury. He was shortly afterwards promoted to a post in the revenue department, where he showed such capacity that in 1800 he was employed to draw up for Pitt his counter-resolutions against Tierney's financial proposals (Parl. Hist. xxxv. 486–91). Upon the formation of the Addington ministry in 1801 Herries became private secretary to Vansittart, the secretary to the treasury, and in 1802 his translation from Gentz's treatise, ‘On the State of Europe before and after the French Revolution, being an Answer to L'Etat de la France à la fin de l'An VIII’ (London, 8vo), appeared; the sixth edition of which was published in 1804 (London, 8vo). In June 1803, in answer to the attacks of Cobbett and Lord Grenville upon the government, he published a pamphlet entitled ‘A Reply to some Financial Mistatements in and out of Parliament,’ for which he received the thanks of the prime minister. Perceval, on becoming chancellor of the exchequer in the Portland administration, appointed Herries his private secretary. In January 1809 he received the appointment of secretary and registrar to the order of the Bath, and in October of the same year was entrusted with the negotiations (which, however, proved unsuccessful) with Vansittart for his junction with Perceval's government (, Diary, 1861, ii. 219). In 1811 he went over to Ireland to assist Wellesley-Pole (afterwards the third earl of Mornington), who had been appointed chancellor of the Irish exchequer. While in Ireland Herries was nominated comptroller of the army accounts, but he never actually took his seat on the board, as on 1 Oct. 1811 he was appointed commissary-in-chief. The duties of the office were extremely onerous. The barefaced


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PILATE'S WIFE'S DREAM.

quenched my lamp, I struck it in that start

Which every limb convulsed, I heard it fall—

The crash blent with my sleep, I saw depart

Its light, even as I woke, on yonder wall;

Over against my bed, there shone a gleam

Strange, faint, and mingling also with my dream.

It sunk, and I am wrapt in utter gloom;

How far is night advanced, and when will day

Retinge the dusk and livid air with bloom,

And fill this void with warm, creative ray?

Would I could sleep again till, clear and red,

Morning shall on the mountain-tops be spread!

I'd call my women, but to break their sleep,

Because my own is broken, were unjust;


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ragnarök

RAGNARÖK, räg'nạ-rėk, in Scandinavian mythology the day of doom when the present world will be annihilated, to be reconstructed on an imperishable basis. The title of the concluding portion of Wagner's great operatic trilogy ‘Götterdämmerung’ is a translation of this word. In that work is depicted the downfall of Woden and the gods and the triumph of perfect human love. William Morris also treats this subject in his ‘Sigurd the Volsung.’ ‘Ragnarök’ is the title of a novel by Ignatius Donnelly.


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2 They've wrought all day, and well-earned slumbers steep

Their labours in forgetfulness, I trust;

Let me my feverish watch with patience bear,

Thankful that none with me its sufferings share.

Yet, Oh, for light! one ray would tranquilise

My nerves, my pulses, more than effort can;

I'll draw my curtain and consult the skies:

These trembling stars at dead of night look wan,

Wild, restless, strange, yet cannot be more drear

Than this my couch, shared by a nameless fear.

All black—one great cloud, drawn from east to west,

Conceals the heavens, but there are lights below;

Torches burn in Jerusalem, and cast

On yonder stony mount a lurid glow.

I see men stationed there, and gleaming spears;

A sound, too, from afar, invades my ears.

Dull, measured, strokes of axe and hammer ring

From street to street, not loud, but through the night

Distinctly heard—and some strange spectral thing

Is now upreared—and, fixed against the light

Of the pale lamps; defined upon that sky,

It stands up like a column, straight and high.

I see it all—I know the dusky sign—

A cross on Calvary, which Jews uprear


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Rh While Romans watch; and when the dawn shall shine

Pilate, to judge the victim will appear,

Pass sentence—yield him up to crucify;

And on that cross the spotless Christ must die.

Dreams, then, are true—for thus my vision ran;

Surely some oracle has been with me,

The gods have chosen me to reveal their plan,

To warn an unjust judge of destiny:

I, slumbering, heard and saw; awake I know,

Christ's coming death, and Pilate's life of woe.

I do not weep for Pilate—who could prove

Regret for him whose cold and crushing sway

No prayer can soften, no appeal can move;

Who tramples hearts as others trample clay,

Yet with a faltering, an uncertain tread,

That might stir up reprisal in the dead.

Forced to sit by his side and see his deeds;

Forced to behold that visage, hour by hour,

In whose gaunt lines, the abhorrent gazer reads

A triple lust of gold, and blood, and power;

A soul whom motives, fierce, yet abject, urge

Rome's servile slave, and Judah's tyrant scourge.

How can I love, or mourn, or pity him?

I, who so long my fettered hands have wrung;


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ragozin, Zenäide Alexeievna

RAGOZIN, rä-gō'zēn, Zenäide Alexeievna, Russian-American writer: b. Russia, 1835. She traveled widely in Europe and in 1874 came to the United States. She is a member of the leading American and European literary societies, and has achieved a wide reputation as an author. Her most important books are ‘The Story of Chaldea’ (1886); ‘The Story of Assyria’ (1887); ‘The Story of Media, Babylon, and Persia’ (1888); ‘ History of the World’; ‘Siegfried, the Hero of the Netherlands’ (1898); ‘Roland, the Paladin of France’

(1899); ‘Salammbo, the Maid of Carthage’ (1899).


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4 I, who for grief have wept my eye-sight dim;

Because, while life for me was bright and young,

He robbed my youth—he quenched my life's fair ray—

He crushed my mind, and did my freedom slay.

And at this hour—although I be his wife—

He has no more of tenderness from me

Than any other wretch of guilty life;

Less, for I know his household privacy—

I see him as he is—without a screen;

And, by the gods, my soul abhors his mien!

Has he not sought my presence, dyed in blood—

Innocent, righteous blood, shed shamelessly?

And have I not his red salute withstood?

Aye,—when, as erst, he plunged all Galilee

In dark bereavement—in affliction sore,

Mingling their very offerings with their gore.

Then came he—in his eyes a serpent-smile,

Upon his lips some false, endearing word,

And, through the streets of Salem, clanged the while,

His slaughtering, hacking, sacrilegious sword—

And I, to see a man cause men such woe,

Trembled with ire—I did not fear to show.

And now, the envious Jewish priests have brought

Jesus—whom they in mockery call their king—


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Rh To have, by this grim power, their vengeance wrought;

By this mean reptile, innocence to sting.

Oh! could I but the purposed doom avert,

And shield the blameless head from cruel hurt!

Accessible is Pilate's heart to fear,

Omens will shake his soul, like autumn leaf;

Could he this night's appalling vision hear,

This just man's bonds were loosed, his life were safe,

Unless that bitter priesthood should prevail,

And make even terror to their malice quail.

Yet if I tell the dream—but let me pause.

What dream? Erewhile the characters were clear,

Graved on my brain—at once some unknown cause

Has dimmed and rased the thoughts, which now appear,

Like a vague remnant of some by-past scene;—

Not what will be, but what, long since, has been.

I suffered many things, I heard foretold

A dreadful doom for Pilate,—lingering woes,

In far, barbarian climes, where mountains cold

Built up a solitude of trackless snows,

There, he and grisly wolves prowled side by side,

There he lived famished—there methought he died;

But not of hunger, nor by malady;

I saw the snow around him, stained with gore;


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6 I said I had no tears for such as he,

And, lo! my cheek is wet—mine eyes run o'er;

I weep for mortal suffering, mortal guilt,

I weep the impious deed—the blood self-spilt.

More I recall not, yet the vision spread

Into a world remote, an age to come—

And still the illumined name of Jesus shed

A light, a clearness, through the enfolding gloom—

And still I saw that sign, which now I see,

That cross on yonder brow of Calvary.

What is this Hebrew Christ? To me unknown,

His lineage—doctrine—mission—yet how clear,

Is God-like goodness, in his actions shewn!

How straight and stainless is his life's career!

The ray of Deity that rests on him,

In my eyes makes Olympian glory dim.

The world advances, Greek, or Roman rite

Suffices not the inquiring mind to stay;

The searching soul demands a purer light

To guide it on its upward, onward way;

Ashamed of sculptured gods—Religion turns

To where the unseen Jehovah's altar burns.

Our faith is rotten—all our rites defiled,

Our temples sullied, and methinks, this man,

With his new ordinance, so wise and mild,

Is come, even as he says, the chaff to fan


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Rh And sever from the wheat; but will his faith

Survive the terrors of to-morrow's death?

I feel a firmer trust—a higher hope

Rise in my soul—it dawns with dawning day;

Lo! on the Temple's roof—on Moriah's slope

Appears at length that clear, and crimson ray,

Which I so wished for when shut in by night;

Oh, opening skies, I hail, I bless your light!

Part, clouds and shadows! glorious Sun appear!

Part, mental gloom! Come insight from on high!

Dusk dawn in heaven still strives with daylight clear,

The longing soul, doth still uncertain sigh.

Oh! to behold the truth—that sun divine,

How doth my bosom pant, my spirit pine!

This day, time travails with a mighty birth,

This day, Truth stoops from heaven and visits earth,

Ere night descends, I shall more surely know

What guide to follow, in what path to go;

I wait in hope—I wait in solemn fear,

The oracle of God—the sole—true God—to hear.

.


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ragozin, Zénaïde Alexeïevna


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Rh May stand upon the cold, damp stone,

And think that, frozen, lies below

The lightest heart that I have known,

The kindest I shall ever know.

Yet, though I cannot see thee more,

'Tis still a comfort to have seen;

And though thy transient life is o'er,

'Tis sweet to think that thou hast been;

To think a soul so near divine,

Within a form, so angel fair,

United to a heart like thine,

Has gladdened once our humble sphere.

.

MEMENTOS.

long-locked drawers and shelves

Of cabinets, shut up for years,

What a strange task we've set ourselves!

How still the lonely room appears!

How strange this mass of ancient treasures,

Mementos of past pains and pleasures;


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 jobbery was universal. Herries appears to have worked hard and to have done his best, although the commissariat had still many shortcomings. At the end of 1813, in conjunction with Nathan Meyer Rothschild, Herries successfully formed and carried out a plan for the collection of French specie for the use of Wellington's army, and in 1814 he went to Paris, in order to negotiate financial treaties with the allies. In consequence of the continued dearth of specie a large number of twenty-franc pieces were at his suggestion coined at the mint in the following year for the use of the army. The office of commissary-in-chief was abolished on 24 Oct. 1816 by a treasury minute, dated 16 Aug., which paid a high compliment to Herries. A retiring pension of 1,350l. (reduced while holding office to 1,200l.) was granted him, and on 29 Oct. in the same year he was appointed auditor of the civil list, an office created by an act of parliament in the previous session (56 Geo. III, c. 46). This appointment gave rise to a debate in the House of Commons on 8 May 1817, but the motion condemning it was negatived by ninety-three to forty-two (Parliamentary Debates, xxxvi. 273–94). In July 1821 Herries was appointed by 1 and 2 Geo. IV, c. 90, one of the commissioners for inquiring into the collection and management of the revenue in Ireland. By an act of the following year (3 Geo. IV, c. 37) the powers of the commission were still further extended. The second report, dated 28 June 1822, on ‘the incorporation of the British and Irish establishments for the collection of the public income in such a manner as to place each description of the revenue throughout the United Kingdom under one practical management,’ was entirely drawn up by Herries (Parliamentary Papers, 1822, xii. 3*–24*). In 1822 Herries resigned the office of registrar and secretary to the order of the Bath. He was appointed financial secretary to the treasury by Lord Liverpool on 7 Feb. 1823, and at a by-election in the same month was returned for Harwich as a colleague of Canning. His first reported speech in the House of Commons was delivered on 18 March 1823, when he opposed the repeal of the window tax (Parliamentary Debates, new ser. viii. 608). As secretary to the treasury his wide knowledge of financial details was frequently of much service to the government, and under his auspices the consolidation of the customs laws was effected. He continued to hold office during Canning's administration, and in the summer of 1827 was made one of the commissioners for supervising the restoration of Windsor Castle. Upon Canning's death Herries, after some protracted negotiations, was at the king's desire appointed chancellor of the exchequer in Goderich's ministry. He was sworn a member of the privy council on 17 Aug., and received the seals at Windsor on 3 Sept. 1827. A quarrel soon afterwards broke out about the appointment of a chairman of the finance committee, which was to be nominated at the opening of the session. Without any previous consultation with Herries, Goderich and Huskisson agreed, at Tierney's instigation, to the nomination of Lord Althorp as chairman. Herries resented this slight, and insisted upon resigning if Lord Althorp was placed in the chair, while Huskisson refused to remain in office if Lord Althorp was not appointed; the ultimate result of these dissensions, coupled with the proposed introduction of Lord Holland into the cabinet, being the resignation of Goderich and the appointment of the Duke of Wellington as prime minister. As Huskisson had agreed to join the Wellington ministry on condition that Herries should not continue to hold the office of chancellor of the exchequer, Goulburn was appointed to that post, and Herries, who had not met the House of Commons in his capacity of chancellor of the exchequer, became on 12 Feb. 1828 master of the mint. On 18 Feb. he made an elaborate statement in the house, and explicitly denied that his conduct had been the cause of the dissolution of the ministry, or that he had conspired, either with the king or the leaders of the tory party, to upset the government (ib. new ser. xviii. 487–505). He also wrote out for the information of his friends a statement of ‘the events which led to the dissolution of the administration of Lord Goderich’ (Memoir, ii. 71–7). He took an active part in the proceedings of the finance committee, which was appointed early in the session of 1828, and presided over by Sir Henry Parnell. He drew up the fourth report (Parliamentary Papers, 1828, vol. v.), and his statement before the committee, according to Sir James Graham, ‘made the public accounts intelligible, which they never were before’ (Parliamentary Debates, new ser. xxiii. 247). On 2 Feb. 1830 Herries succeeded Vesey Fitzgerald [see and ] as president of the board of trade, retaining the post of master of the mint, but resigned both offices upon the accession of Lord Grey to power in November of that year. On 26 Jan. 1832 Herries moved a series of resolutions condemning the Russian-Dutch loan (ib. 3rd ser. ix. 903–14), and though the government secured a majority on the occasion its position was severely damaged by the debate. On the formation of Sir Robert Peel's


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 first administration Herries was appointed secretary at war (16 Dec. 1834), a post which he held until the overthrow of the ministry in April 1835. He was appointed one of the select committee on metropolitan improvements, and wrote the greater part of the second report for 1838. On 13 Feb. 1840 Herries's motion for returns of the public finances (ib. 3rd ser. lii. 184–201) was carried against the government by a majority of ten. In the following session he took an active part in the debates on the financial and commercial policy of the government. At the dissolution in June 1841 he retired from the representation of Harwich, and at the general election in the following month unsuccessfully contested the borough of Ipswich with Fitzroy Kelly (afterwards lord chief baron) [q. v.] For the next six years Herries remained both out of parliament and of office, but at the general election in July 1847 he was elected to parliament for the borough of Stamford as a protectionist. On his return to parliament Herries strenuously resisted the repeal of the navigation laws (, Lord George Bentinck, 1852, p. 558). His decision not to accept office is stated to have been one of the causes of Lord Stanley's failure to form a government in February 1851 (, Memoirs of an ex-Minister, 1884, i. 278–9). On 28 Feb. 1852, however, he was appointed president of the board of control in Lord Derby's first administration, and retained that post until the overthrow of the administration in December 1852. He was again returned for Stamford at the general election in July 1852, but retired from parliamentary life at the end of the session in the following year. Herries spoke for the last time in the House of Commons on 11 July 1853 on the government of India bill (Parliamentary Debates, 3rd ser. cxxix. 43–7), and was succeeded in the representation of Stamford by Lord Robert Cecil (the present marquis of Salisbury), who then entered the house for the first time. Herries died suddenly at St. Julians, near Sevenoaks, on 24 April 1855, aged 77, and was buried in the family vault at Sevenoaks. Herries married, on 8 Feb. 1814, Sarah, daughter of John Dorington, clerk of the fees of the House of Commons. She died on 27 Feb. 1821, leaving three sons—viz. (1) Sir Charles John Herries, K.C.B. [q. v.]; (2) William Robert Herries, brevet major, 43rd light infantry, who was killed at the battle of Moodkee in December 1845; (3) Edward Herries, C.B., formerly secretary of legation at Berne—and three daughters.

Herries throughout his career was a consistent tory, and a worthy and upright politician. He was neither a frequent nor a brilliant speaker, and he owed his position in the House of Commons mainly to his extensive knowledge of finance and his great capacity for work. The account given by Mr. Walpole in his ‘History of England’ (ii. 460–3) of the appointment of Herries to the office of chancellor of the exchequer has been the subject of considerable controversy. Founded as it is on statements in the ‘Life of Lord Palmerston’ and in Greville's ‘Memoirs,’ it cannot be said to be entirely free from political bias, and it certainly gives an erroneous impression of Herries's position. The imputations on his character are not borne out by the evidence when impartially considered, nor was he a mere ‘tory clerk;’ for ‘his position in general repute was such that his appointment to be chancellor of the exchequer excited, and indeed could excite, no surprise whatever on the ground of calibre. His qualifications were eminent’ (Letter of Mr. Gladstone, dated 3 Dec. 1880, to Sir Charles Herries). Herries was a man of singularly retired habits, and never ‘attended a public meeting except at his elections, or spoke at a public dinner—invitations to which he almost invariably declined’ (Memoir, i. [20]). He is said, however, to have been one of the originators of the Carlton Club, the precursor of which was ‘a place of meeting for party purposes, established to a great extent under his auspices in Charles Street, St. James's Square’ (ib. ii. 119). The portrait of Herries by Sir William Boxall, R.A. (now in the possession of Mr. Edward Herries) was exhibited at the Loan Collection of National Portraits at South Kensington in 1868 (Catalogue, No. 398), and has been engraved by Walker. Mr. Herries also possesses a portrait painted by Meyer, which was engraved by S. Freeman for the second series of Ryall's ‘Portraits of Eminent Conservatives and Statesmen.’ [Memoir of the Public Life of J. C. Herries by his son, Edward Herries, C.B. (1880), a somewhat unsatisfactory biography, dealing principally with Herries's share in the formation and dissolution of the Goderich ministry, and written in refutation of the imputations against Herries contained in Bulwer's Life of Lord Palmerston, Greville, and Walpole; Sir H. L. Bulwer's Life of Lord Palmerston, 1871, vol. i.; Greville's Memoirs, 1874, 1st ser. pp. 108–16, 120–4, 127–9; Croker's Correspondence and Diaries, 1884, i. 391–406; Martineau's History of the Thirty Years' Peace, 1877, vol. ii. bk. iii. chap. iii.; Walpole's History of England, vols. ii–v.; Edinburgh Review, cliii. 390–417; Quarterly Review, clii. 260–70; Sir N. H. Nicolas's Hist. of the Orders of British Knighthood, 1842, vol. iii. B. lxxi.; Gent. Mag. 1814, vol. lxxxiv. pt. i. p. 194, 1821 vol. xci. pt.


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 i. p. 283, 1846 new ser. xxv. 428, 1855 new ser. xliii. 641–2; Annual Register, 1855, App. to Chron. p. 268; Examiner for 28 April 1855, p. 260; Official Return of Lists of Members of Parliament, pt. ii. pp. 287, 303, 317, 330, 341, 353, 366, 402, 418; Haydn's Book of Dignities, 1851.]

HERRING, FRANCIS, M.D. (d. 1628), physician, a native of Nottinghamshire, was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge (B.A. 1585, M.A. 1589). On 3 July 1599, being then a doctor of medicine of Cambridge of two years' standing, he was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians. He was censor in 1609, 1618, 1620, 1623, 1624, 1626, and 1627. He was named an elect on 5 June 1623, and died in the beginning of 1628. He translated from the Latin of J. Oberndoerffer, ‘The Anatomyes of the True Physition and Counterfeit Mounte-banke: wherein both of them are graphically described, and set out in their Right and Orient Colours,’ 4to, London, 1602. He took occasion to add, by way of appendix, ‘A short Discourse, or Discouery of certaine Stratagems, whereby our London-Empericks haue bene obserued strongly to oppugne, and oft times to expugne their Poore Patients Purses.’ Herring's other writings are: 1. ‘In fœlicissimum … Jacobi primi, Angliæ … Regis, … ad Anglicanæ Reip. gubernacula Ingressum, Poema Gratulatorium,’ 4to, London, 1603. 2. ‘A modest Defence of the Caveat given to the wearers of impoisoned Amulets, as Preservatives from the Plague. … Likewise that unlearned … opinion, that the Plague is not infectious, … is … refuted by way of preface,’ 4to, London, 1604. 3. ‘Pietas Pontificia, seu, Conjurationis illius prodigiosæ, … in Jacobum … Regē … Novembris quinto, … 1605 … brevis adumbratio poetica,’ 4to [London], 1606. An English verse translation by A. P. was published with the title of ‘Popish Pietie’ in 1610. 4. ‘Pietas Pontificia … ab authore recognita … Accessit Venatio Catholica sive secunda Historiæ pars, &c. (In Jesuitas Epigramma, &c.) [With other pieces in verse],’ 8vo, London, 1609. Under the title of ‘Mischeefes Mysterie’ both parts of Herring's poem on the Gunpowder plot, with ‘A Psalme of Thankesgiving,’ ‘An Epigram against Jesuites,’ &c., were translated into English and ‘very much dilated’ by John Vicars, 4to, London, 1617, of which another edition, entitled ‘The Quintessence of Cruelty,’ appeared in 1641. 5. ‘Certaine Rules, Directions or Advertisements for this time of Pestilentiall Contagion: with a Caveat to those that weare about their Neckes impoisoned Amulets as a Preservative from the Plague … reprinted … Whereunto is added certaine directions for the poorer sort of people,’ 4to, London, 1625. Another edition, entitled ‘Preservatives against the Plague,’ was published in 1665.

HERRING, JOHN FREDERICK (1795–1865), animal-painter, was born in Surrey in 1795. Herring spent the first eighteen years of his life in the city of London, where his father, an American whose parents were Dutch, was a fringe-maker in Newgate Street. As a child he showed an aptitude for handling both whip and pencil. Having married against his father's wishes, he went, without settled plans, to Doncaster, where he arrived during the races in September 1814, and saw the Duke of Hamilton's horse William win the St. Leger. The sight inspired him to attempt the art of animal-painting, in which he subsequently excelled. At first he did not succeed as an animal-painter, but executed some satisfactory work in coach-painting, which led him to aspire to drive a coach. For two years he drove the ‘Nelson’ coach from Wakefield to Lincoln. He was afterwards transferred to the Doncaster and Halifax coach. While he was engaged on that road, his artistic powers, which he continually exercised, were discovered and appreciated, and he received many commissions to paint horses for gentlemen in the neighbourhood. In spite of increasing success as a painter of horses, he refused to hurriedly abandon his calling as coachman, and for some time drove the ‘Highflyer’ coach between London and York. When eventually he retired from the road and settled at Doncaster, he immediately obtained very numerous commissions. It was as the portrait-painter of racehorses that Herring earned his especial fame, and no great breeder or owner of racehorses is without some treasured production of Herring's brush. He painted Filho da Puta, the winner of the St. Leger in 1815, and for the following thirty-two years painted each winner in succession. He painted Mameluke, the winner of the Derby in 1827, and several other winners in later years. Herring had no education in art until he definitely set up as an artist, when he worked for a short time in the studio of Abraham Cooper, R.A. He painted an immense number of racing, coaching, and other sporting subjects, many of which were published by the sporting printsellers and the sporting magazines. He was a frequent exhibitor at the Royal Academy and the Society of British Artists; he was elected a member of the latter society in 1841. In


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 1830 he quitted Doncaster, and after residing some time near Newmarket, removed to Camberwell, London. He finally resided at Meopham Park, near Tunbridge Wells, where he died 23 Sept. 1865. Towards the close of his career Herring painted various subject-pictures, some of which have been engraved. In the National Gallery there is ‘A Frugal Meal,’ formerly in the Vernon Collection (engraved by J. Burnet and E. Hacker); in the Glasgow Gallery ‘A Group of Ducks’ and ‘The Deerstalker;’ and in the National Gallery at Dublin ‘A Black Horse drinking from a Trough.’ Herring, who painted several horses for the queen, was appointed animal-painter to the Duchess of Kent. He was somewhat vain of his powers, and thus lost some support in his later days. His musical talent was worthy of note. He had three sons, John Frederick, Charles, and Benjamin, who followed their father's profession. Charles died in 1856, and Benjamin in 1871. A portrait of Herring engraved by J. B. Hunt, after W. Betham, was prefixed to a memoir published in 1848.

 HERRING, JULINES (1582–1644), puritan divine, was born at Flambere-Mayre, Montgomeryshire (, Martyrologie, 1683, p. 462), in 1582. When three years old he was removed to Coventry, where his father appears to have been in business. He was educated under Perkin, minister at Morechurch in Shropshire, and at the grammar school at Coventry, and when fifteen years old was sent to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. After he had proceeded M.A., he returned to Coventry, and studied divinity under Humphrey Fenn [q. v.], vicar of Holy Trinity in that town. He objected to subscription, but obtained orders from an Irish bishop, and became a frequent and successful preacher in Coventry. Through the interest of Arthur Hildersam [q. v.], minister of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, he obtained the living of Calke, near Melbourne, Derbyshire, where he remained about eight years, attracting so many hearers that the church would not hold them. During this incumbency he married Miss Gellibrand, daughter of the minister to the English congregation at Flushing, by whom he had thirteen children. He was apparently compelled to resign his living on account of his scruples as to ceremonies. In 1618 he hired the hall of the Drapers' Company at Shrewsbury as a preaching place, and in the same year was appointed Tuesday lecturer, and preacher at the Sunday midday service at St. Alkmond's Church in that town. He was watched by spies, but escaped prosecution in the ecclesiastical courts, although Archbishop Laud is reported to have said he ‘would pickle that Herring of Shrewsbury’ (, Hist. of the Puritans, ii. 491). Complaints of his nonconformity were finally lodged before Thomas Morton, bishop of Lichfield, who, though satisfied of Herring's integrity, was obliged to suspend him. His friends obtained temporary removals of the suspension, but it was reimposed on account of his persisting in ignoring ceremonies. Leach, the vicar of St. Alkmond's, had been reported to the Star-chamber to be ‘no preacher,’ and Herring's preaching appears to have been often connived at by the authorities. While at Shrewsbury he refused several offers of a pastorate in New England. In 1633 he refused the offer of a chaplaincy by the Drapers' Company, and about 1635 went to reside at Wrenbury in Cheshire, where he ‘instructed’ from house to house, until in 1636 he accepted an invitation to become co-pastor with one Rulice to the English church at Amsterdam. On account of the edict forbidding ministers to leave the country without a license, he had much difficulty in escaping, and did not arrive in Holland till 20 Sept. 1637. He was warmly welcomed, the magistrates of Amsterdam paying the expenses of his journey. He died at Amsterdam, after a lingering illness, on 28 March 1644. Fuller says ‘he was a pious man, and a painful and useful preacher,’ and Samuel Clarke affirms that he was ‘a hard student, a solid and judicious divine, and in life a pattern of good works.’

 HERRING, THOMAS (1693–1757), archbishop of Canterbury, son of John Herring, rector of Walsoken, Norfolk, was born there in 1693. Educated at Wisbech school, he matriculated at Jesus College, Cambridge, on 13 June 1710, and graduated B.A. in 1713. He removed on 23 July 1714 to Corpus Christi College, where he was elected a fellow in 1716, and ordained deacon. In 1717 he commenced M.A. and became tutor of his college; he proceeded B.D. in 1724, and D.D. 1728. In 1719 he was ordained priest, and successively served the parishes of Great Shelford, Stow-cum-Quy, and Trinity in Cambridge. His handsome and dignified appearance and his winning address made him conspicuous as a preacher. In 1722 Fleetwood, bishop of Ely, appointed him one of


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12 These volumes, clasped with costly stone,

With print all faded, gilding gone;

These fans of leaves from Indian trees—

These crimson shells, from Indian seas—

These tiny portraits, set in rings—

Once, doubtless, deemed such precious things;

Keepsakes bestowed by Love on Faith,

And worn till the receiver's death,

Now stored with cameos, china, shells,

In this old closet's dusty cells.

I scarcely think, for ten long years,

A hand has touched these relics old;

And, coating each, slow-formed, appears,

The growth of green and antique mould.

All in this house is mossing over;

All is unused, and dim, and damp;

Nor light, nor warmth, the rooms discover—

Bereft for years of fire and lamp.

The sun, sometimes in summer, enters

The casements, with reviving ray;

But the long rains of many winters

Moulder the very walls away.

And outside all is ivy, clinging

To chimney, lattice, gable grey;

Scarcely one little red rose springing

Through the green moss can force its way.


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 his chaplains and gave him the living of Rettendon in Essex, and shortly afterwards that of Barley in Hertfordshire. These appointments necessitated the vacating of his fellowship at Corpus. He was presented by the crown to the rectory of All Hallows the Great in London in 1724, but resigned before institution. In 1726 he was elected preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and shortly afterwards made a chaplain to the king. In 1728 he accompanied his majesty to Cambridge. In 1731 he was presented by Sir William Clayton to the valuable rectory of Bletchingley in Surrey, upon which he resigned Barley. On 31 Jan. 1732 he was appointed dean of Rochester. He was now amply provided for, but on 18 June 1737 he was promoted to the bishopric of Bangor, retaining the deanery of Rochester in commendam. He was consecrated 15 Jan. 1737–8, commenced a visitation of his diocese, and described his tour through Wales in charming letters to his friend [q. v.] In 1743 he was translated to York on the death of Archbishop Blackburn; his appointment was confirmed 21 April. Writing to Duncombe on 25 Sept. he mentions his progress through his new diocese, and makes the rather startling announcement—‘I am confident I have confirmed above thirty thousand people.’ While at York the rebellion of 1745 broke out. The archbishop, who was a thorough whig, made himself conspicuous by his zeal for the Hanoverian family, not only in sermons, but in stirring up the Yorkshire folks to form an association for the defence of the constitution and liberties of the kingdom. By his energies he raised 40,000l. in aid of the government. Nor did his zeal lose its reward. Archbishop Potter of Canterbury died in 1747, and Herring was translated to the primacy in November. In 1753, six years after his translation, Herring was attacked by a fever, from which he never thoroughly recovered. He retired to Croydon House, and seems to have paid little attention to public business. His letters to his friends (published by William Duncombe) in the closing years of his life are very interesting. His correspondents included Philip Doddridge, Drs. Stukeley, Thomas Birch, Nathaniel Forster, and Jortin. Letters to Birch and Forster are preserved in the British Museum (Add. MSS. 4310 ff. 62–8, 75, 11275 ff. 44–86). A number of his letters to John James Majendie are noticed in the Fifth Report of the Historical MSS. Commission (App. p. 322). He repeatedly mentions his wretched health from 1754 onwards. His last letter is dated 3 Jan. 1757. He died of dropsy on 13 March following. He was buried in St. Nicholas Chantry or Bishops' Chapel in Croydon Church.

Herring as a theologian was colourless. The practical side of religion alone appealed to him, and as a preacher he touched merely upon practical duties without impassioned appeals. He was tolerant to all shades of opinion, and is said to have sent a message to Hume not to be discouraged at the clamour raised against him when his history was published. His munificence was great. Besides much improving Bishopsthorpe, he laid out 6,000l. in repairing the houses at Lambeth and Croydon. By his will he left 1,000l. to the Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy, and also 1,000l. to the master and fellows of Corpus College, Cambridge, towards repairing or rebuilding the college. His publications consisted of a few single sermons, which were collected and published in 1 vol. 8vo, 1763, by his friend William Duncombe. His letters to William Duncombe from 1728 to 1757 were edited by the Rev. [q. v.], 12mo, London, 1777. Hogarth painted two portraits of Herring; there are also portraits by S. Webster of Thomas Hudson; all have been engraved.

(d. 1774), brother of the archbishop, also took orders, was rector of Bolton Piercy, and became prebendary of Apesthorpe, York, in 1744. He was appointed dean of St. Asaph in 1751, and died 23 March 1774. He was married in 1750 to Elizabeth Cotton in Lambeth Palace Chapel (, Fasti Eccl. Angl. i. 83, iii. 167; Gent. Mag. 1774, p. 239; Reg. of Lambeth Palace Chapel).

HERSCHEL, CAROLINE LUCRETIA (1750–1848), astronomer, eighth child and fourth daughter of Isaac Herschel and Anna Ilse Moritzen, was born at Hanover on 16 March 1750. Her father's desire to educate his youngest daughter was thwarted by his wife's determination to keep her to household drudgery. He gave her a few surreptitious violin lessons, by which she was enabled to take part in his pupils' concerts. She had no other accomplishment, except knitting. She roused herself from the ‘kind of stupefaction’ caused by her father's death on 22 March 1767 to learn dressmaking, in order to earn her bread. She also attempted to qualify herself for a governess by practising fancy work in hours spared from sleep, though finding it ‘sometimes scarcely possible to get through the work required’ by her mother.


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Rh Unscared, the daw, and starling nestle,

Where the tall turret rises high,

And winds alone come near to rustle

The thick leaves where their cradles lie.

I sometimes think, when late at even

I climb the stair reluctantly,

Some shape that should be well in heaven,

Or ill elsewhere, will pass by me.

I fear to see the very faces,

Familiar thirty years ago,

Even in the old accustomed places

Which look so cold and gloomy now.

I've come, to close the window, hither,

At twilight, when the sun was down,

And Fear my very soul would wither,

Lest something should be dimly shown.

Too much the buried form resembling,

Of her who once was mistress here;

Lest doubtful shade, or moonbeam trembling,

Might take her aspect, once so dear.

Hers was this chamber; in her time

It seemed to me a pleasant room,

For then no cloud of grief or crime

Had cursed it with a settled gloom;

I had not seen death's image laid

In shroud and sheet, on yonder bed.


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 Her brother William [q. v.], to whom she was from the first enthusiastically attached, now offered her a home at Bath, and she prepared herself for singing at concerts by imitating the violin parts of concertos with a gag between her teeth. In this way she ‘gained a tolerable execution’ before she attempted to sing. She reached Bath on 28 Aug. 1772.

Besides giving her two singing lessons daily, her brother taught her English and arithmetic; but her studies were from 1773 impeded by continual demands for aid in his astronomical pursuits. The summer of 1775 was ‘taken up with copying music and practising, besides attendance on my brother when polishing, since, by way of keeping him alive, I was constantly obliged to feed him by putting the victuals by bits into his mouth.’ Moreover, she read novels to him while he was at the turning-lathe or polishing mirrors, serving his meals without interrupting the work with which he was engaged, and sometimes lending a hand. ‘I became in time as useful a member of the workshop as a boy in the first year of his apprenticeship.’

Meanwhile, as a preparation for appearance in oratorios, she was being ‘drilled into a gentlewoman’ by a dancing-mistress; her brother presented her with ten guineas to buy a dress, and she was pronounced at her début ‘an ornament to the stage.’ Her success was considerable. As first treble in the ‘Messiah,’ ‘Judas Maccabæus,’ &c., she sang at Bath or Bristol sometimes five nights in the week, but declined an engagement for the Birmingham festival, having resolved to appear only where her brother conducted. Their last public performance was in St. Margaret's Chapel, Bath, on Whit-Sunday, 1782.

At first she grudged the abandonment of music in order to be ‘trained for an assistant-astronomer.’ She began ‘sweeping’ on her own account with a small Newtonian reflector on 22 Aug. 1782 at Datchet, and in the following year discovered three remarkable nebulæ, one of them the well-known companion to the Andromeda nebula (No. 105 of Sir J. Herschel's ‘General Catalogue’). From December 1783 she was absorbed in the arduous labour of assisting her brother. Her presence when he was observing was indispensable. She habitually worked with him till daybreak. She not only read the clocks and noted down his observations, but executed subsequently the whole of the extensive calculations involved. She brought the stars of the ‘British Catalogue’ into zones of one degree each for his ‘sweeps,’ copied his papers, and prepared his catalogues for the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ besides the occupations of housekeeping, needlework, and entertaining distinguished visitors. In her few leisure moments she ground and polished mirrors, and ‘was indulged with the last finishing of a very beautiful’ one for Sir William Watson.

Between 1786 and 1797 she discovered eight comets, five of them with undisputed priority. That of November 1795 was afterwards famous as ‘Encke's comet.’ Some of the data relative to them are still preserved in a packet inscribed by her ‘Bills and Receipts of my Comets.’ The faint object detected on 1 Aug. 1786 was looked at with curiosity by Miss Burney as ‘the first lady's comet.’ She described Miss Herschel as ‘very little, very gentle, very modest, and very ingenuous’ (, Diary, iii. 442, ed. 1842). Mrs. Papendick, though less sympathetic, says that she was ‘a most excellent, kind-hearted creature’ (Journals, i. 253).

In 1787 a salary of 50l. a year, the first money which she thought herself free to spend to her own liking, was settled by the king upon Miss Herschel as her brother's assistant. After her brother's marriage, on 8 May 1788, she lived in lodgings, but co-operated with him no less zealously than before. The change, though bravely borne, cost her severe pangs. On 8 March 1798 her ‘Index to Flamsteed's Observations of the Fixed Stars’ was presented to the Royal Society, and was published at their expense with her list of ‘Errata’ to the same observations. The usefulness of a work which ‘contains a reference to every observation of every star in the British Catalogue’ was cordially acknowledged by Baily (Life of Flamsteed, pp. 388, 390).

In August 1799 Miss Herschel spent a week at the Royal Observatory, as the guest of Dr. Maskelyne; and from July to November 1800 she was at Bath, setting Alexander Herschel's house in order. Her youngest brother, Dietrich, came to England in broken health in 1805, and she was much tried for the next four years by adding care for him to her other occupations. Miss Herschel was present at royal fêtes at Frogmore in 1816 and 1817, and saw much of the Princess Sophia in the autumn of 1818. From 1819 her brother William's health caused her much anxiety. She assisted him in observing for the last time on 21 June 1821, and in the impetuosity of her grief for his death on 25 Aug. 1822, she carried out a hasty resolution to spend the remainder of her life with her relations in Hanover.

She regretted too late having ‘given herself and all she was worth’ to the German branch of her family, but would not ‘take back


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1896.

 * }


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14 Before she married, she was blest—

Blest in her youth, blest in her worth;

Her mind was calm, its sunny rest

Shone in her eyes more clear than mirth.

And when attired in rich array,

Light, lustrous hair about her brow,

She yonder sat—a kind of day

Lit up—what seems so gloomy now.

These grim oak walls, even then were grim;

That old carved chair, was then antique;

But what around looked dusk and dim

Served as a foil to her fresh cheek;

Her neck, and arms, of hue so fair,

Eyes of unclouded, smiling light;

Her soft, and curled, and floating hair,

Gems and attire, as rainbow bright.

Reclined in yonder deep recess,

Ofttimes she would, at evening, lie

Watching the sun; she seemed to bless

With happy glance the glorious sky.

She loved such scenes, and as she gazed,

Her face evinced her spirit's mood;

Beauty or grandeur ever raised

In her, a deep-felt gratitude.

But of all lovely things, she loved

A cloudless moon, on summer night;


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 her promise.’ Her real interest was with Sir John Herschel's career, and she felt keenly the intellectual isolation to which she had condemned herself. Before quitting England she had made over to her brother Dietrich her little funded property of 500l.; and her extreme frugality allowed room for further generosity to her poorer relations out of an income of 150l. a year, of which 100l. was a bequest from her brother William. She nursed Dietrich Herschel at his house in the Marktstrasse until his death in 1827, and made a final move in 1833 to No. 376 Braunschweigerstrasse.

For her ‘Reduction and Arrangement in the Form of a Catalogue in Zones of all the Star Clusters and Nebulæ observed by Sir William Herschel’ she received the Astronomical Society's gold medal on 8 Feb. 1828 (Memoirs Royal Astr. Society, iii. 409), but was ‘more shocked than gratified’ by the distinction. This laborious work was styled by Sir David Brewster ‘an extraordinary monument of the inextinguishable ardour of a lady of seventy-five in the cause of abstract science.’ Although never published, it was the most valuable of her undertakings, because indispensable to Sir John Herschel's review of northern nebulæ. Miss Herschel was created an honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1835, and of the Royal Irish Academy in 1838. On the first occasion Mrs. Somerville transmitted to her a copy of ‘The Connexion of the Physical Sciences.’

Miss Herschel's later years were cheered by many attentions. All men of science passing through Hanover, among them Gauss, Humboldt, and Mädler, called to see her. The royal family showed her constant kindness, and she had a particular regard for the Duke of Cambridge. Until 1839 her tiny figure was rarely absent from the theatre, where she was pleased to be noticed as a celebrity; she never missed a concert, and recorded her delight with Catalani and Paganini. A visit from her nephew in October 1824 afforded her vivid pleasure. During his next visit in June 1832 he wrote of her, then in her eighty-third year: ‘She runs about the town with me, and skips up her two flights of stairs. In the morning, till eleven or twelve, she is dull and weary, but as the day advances she gains life, and is quite “fresh and funny” at ten o'clock p.m., and sings old rhymes, nay, even dances! to the great delight of all who see her.’ Her ninety-sixth birthday was marked by Humboldt's transmission to her, in the name of the king of Prussia, of the gold medal for science. On the succeeding anniversary she entertained the crown prince and princess with great animation for two hours, even singing to them a composition of her brother William. Her last letter was finished on 3 Dec. 1846, but she lived to hold in her hands, in her nephew's ‘Cape Observations,’ the completion of the great celestial survey in which she had borne a share. She passed away tranquilly on 9 Jan. 1848, in her ninety-eighth year, and was buried with her parents in the churchyard of the ‘Gartengemeinde’ at Hanover. Her coffin was, by command of the princess royal, adorned with palm-branches, and, at her own request, contained a lock of her ‘revered brother's’ hair; and the inscription on her tombstone, composed by herself, commemorated her ‘participation in his immortal labours.’

Caroline Herschel was absolutely without personal ambition, and jealous of her own praises lest they should seem to abate anything from her brother's merits. ‘I did nothing for him,’ she protested, ‘but what a well-trained puppy-dog would have done.’ ‘My only reason,’ she wrote to her nephew, ‘for saying so much of myself is to show with what miserable assistance your father made shift to obtain the means of exploring the heavens.’ Her commonplace-book, by its numerous entries of elementary problems in mathematics and astronomy, picked up from her brother at odd moments, proves the diligence with which she acquired the scanty outfit which her alert intelligence rendered effective. Although her memory remained excellent to the last, she records that she could never remember the multiplication table. Her portrait, painted by Tielemann in 1829, which she declared to ‘look like life itself,’ is in the possession of her grand-nephew, Sir William J. Herschel. An engraving from a later likeness, taken at the age of ninety-seven, forms the frontispiece to Mrs. John Herschel's ‘Memoir.’ The Newtonian seven-foot reflector, with which many of her discoveries had been made from the roof of the house at Slough, was presented in 1840 by her and Sir John Herschel jointly to the Royal Astronomical Society. Her gold medal, bequeathed to her grand-niece, Lady Gordon, was given by her to Girton College, Cambridge. Minor planet No. 281 was named ‘Lucretia’ in her honour by M. Palisa in 1889. The materials for her own and her brother's biographies are derived chiefly from her ‘Journals’ and ‘Recollections’ written at various periods, with a fragment of a ‘History of the Herschels’ begun in 1842. [Mrs. John Herschel's Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel, London, 1876; Memoirs Royal Astronomical Soc. xvii. 120;


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Rh Full oft have I impatience proved

To see how long, her still delight

Would find a theme in reverie.

Out on the lawn, or where the trees

Let in the lustre fitfully,

As their boughs parted momently,

To the soft, languid, summer breeze.

Alas! that she should e'er have flung

Those pure, though lonely joys away—

Deceived by false and guileful tongue,

She gave her hand, then suffered wrong;

Oppressed, ill-used, she faded young,

And died of grief by slow decay.

Open that casket—look how bright

Those jewels flash upon the sight;

The brilliants have not lost a ray

Of lustre, since her wedding day.

But see—upon that pearly chain—

How dim lies time's discolouring stain!

I've seen that by her daughter worn:

For, e'er she died, a child was born;

A child that ne'er its mother knew,

That lone, and almost friendless grew;

For, ever, when its step drew nigh,

Averted was the father's eye;

And then, a life impure and wild

Made him a stranger to his child;

Absorbed in vice, he little cared

On what she did, or how she fared.


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 Athenæum, 22 Jan. 1848 (‘Sir J. Herschel’); Revue Britannique, January 1848 p. 214, June 1876 p. 283.]  HERSCHEL, JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM (1792–1871), astronomer, only child of  [q. v.], was born at Slough on 7 March 1792. He was educated at Dr. Gretton's school at Hitcham, Buckinghamshire, then for a few months at Eton, and afterwards at home by Mr. Rogers, a Scottish mathematician. He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, at the age of seventeen, graduated thence in 1813 as senior wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, and was immediately elected to a fellowship in his college. He was at this time described by the poet Campbell as ‘a prodigy in science, and fond of poetry, but very unassuming’ (, Life of Campbell, ii. 234). He proceeded M.A. on 3 July 1816, and in occasional residences at the university during the interval formed a lifelong intimacy with Whewell. Their Sunday mornings' ‘philosophical breakfasts’ in 1815 were long remembered (, Account of the Writings of Dr. Whewell, i. 6). Herschel's youthful compact with [q. v.] and [q. v.] to ‘do their best to leave the world wiser than they found it’ began to be fulfilled by their formation in 1813 of the ‘Analytical Society of Cambridge.’ The first volume of its transactions was written exclusively by Herschel and Babbage. A joint translation by Herschel and Peacock of Lacroix's ‘Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus,’ Cambridge, 1816, with an appendix on finite differences by Herschel, styled by Professor Tait ‘one of the most charming mathematical works ever written,’ became a university text-book, and was succeeded in 1820 by two admirable volumes of ‘Examples’ by Herschel and Babbage. To these works was mainly due the restoration of mathematical science in England by introducing the differential notation and continental methods of analysis.

Herschel's first communication to the Royal Society, ‘On a Remarkable Application of Cotes's Theorem’ (Phil. Trans. ciii. 8), was dated from Slough, 6 Oct. 1812, and on 27 May 1813 he was elected a fellow of the society. Several papers on various points of analysis followed, distinguished by the award of the Copley medal in 1821. That of 1816 (ib. cvi. 25), supplemented by an essay on the summation of series in the ‘Edinburgh Philosophical Journal’ in 1819 (ii. 23), was devoted to promote the new calculus of operations.

Gently combating his father's preference for the church, Herschel chose the law as his profession, and was entered as a student of Lincoln's Inn on 24 Jan. 1814. The acquaintance of Dr. Wollaston and of Mr. (afterwards Sir James) South diverted him, however, finally to science. He left London, and failing to obtain the chair of chemistry at Cambridge, experimented at Slough in chemistry and physical optics. Some of his original results were embodied in papers ‘On the Optical Phenomena exhibited by Mother-of-Pearl’ (ib. ii. 114), ‘On the Absorption of Light by Coloured Media’ (Trans. Roy. Soc. of Edinburgh, ix. 445), and in various researches on the action of crystals upon polarised light (Phil. Trans. cx. 45; Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. i. 21, 43).

Astronomy is first mentioned on 10 Sept. 1816, when he reported himself as ‘going under my father's direction to take up star-gazing.’ He then began a re-examination of his father's double stars, and executed in 1821–3 the revision of 380 pairs in conjunction with South, and at South's observatory in Blackman Street, Southwark. The instruments employed were a seven-foot and a five-foot refractor. The resulting catalogue (Phil. Trans. vol. cxiv. pt. iii.) was honoured by the bestowal of the Astronomical Society's gold medal, and of the Lalande prize for astronomy in 1825, for which Bessel, Struve, and Pons were competitors. Herschel took an active part in the foundation of the Royal Astronomical Society; he wrote its inaugural address, and was its first foreign secretary. He travelled in Italy and Switzerland with Babbage in 1821, making an ascent of Monte Rosa, and visited Holland with Grahame in 1822. After the removal of South's telescopes to Passy in 1824, he went abroad again with Babbage; and made a barometrical determination of the height of Etna on 3 July. He then traversed Germany, seeing some eminent astronomers, and visiting his aunt [q. v.] at Hanover. He experimented upon solar radiation from the summit of the Puy de Dôme in 1826. On his election in November 1824 as secretary of the Royal Society, a post filled by him during three years, he took up his residence at 56 Devonshire Street, Portland Place, London. On 18 April 1825 he wrote to his aunt, on receiving her zone catalogue of nebulæ: ‘These curious objects I shall now take into my especial charge, nobody else can see them.’ More than half of Sir William Herschel's 2,500 nebulæ were invisible with any existing telescope except the twenty-foot ‘front-view’ reflector constructed by Herschel with his father's aid in 1820. His first effective use of it was in executing a valuable drawing of the Orion nebula in February 1824 (Memoirs Astr. Soc.


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16 The love withheld, she never sought,

She grew uncherished—learnt untaught;

To her the inward life of thought

Full soon was open laid.

I know not if her friendlessness

Did sometimes on her spirit press,

But plaint she never made.

The book-shelves were her darling treasure,

She rarely seemed the time to measure

While she could read alone.

And she too loved the twilight wood,

And often, in her mother's mood,

Away to yonder hill would hie,

Like her, to watch the setting sun,

Or see the stars born, one by one,

Out of the darkening sky.

Nor would she leave that hill till night

Trembled from pole to pole with light;

Even then, upon her homeward way,

Long—long her wandering steps delayed

To quit the sombre forest shade,

Through which her eerie pathway lay.

You ask if she had beauty's grace?

I know not—but a nobler face

My eyes have seldom seen;

A keen and fine intelligence,

And, better still, the truest sense

Were in her speaking mien.

But bloom or lustre was there none,

Only at moments, fitful shone


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Rh An ardour in her eye,

That kindled on her cheek a flush,

Warm as a red sky's passing blush

And quick with energy.

Her speech, too, was not common speech,

No wish to shine, or aim to teach,

Was in her words displayed:

She still began with quiet sense,

But oft the force of eloquence

Came to her lips in aid;

Language and voice unconscious changed,

And thoughts, in other words arranged,

Her fervid soul transfused

Into the hearts of those who heard,

And transient strength and ardour stirred,

In minds to strength unused.

Yet in gay crowd or festal glare,

Grave and retiring was her air;

'Twas seldom, save with me alone,

That fire of feeling freely shone;

She loved not awe's nor wonder's gaze,

Nor even exaggerated praise,

Nor even notice, if too keen

The curious gazer searched her mien.

Nature's own green expanse revealed

The world, the pleasures, she could prize;

On free hill-side, in sunny field,

In quiet spots by woods concealed,

Grew wild and fresh her chosen joys,

Yet Nature's feelings deeply lay


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18 In that endowed and youthful frame;

Shrined in her heart and hid from day,

They burned unseen with silent flame;

In youth's first search for mental light,

She lived but to reflect and learn,

But soon her mind's maturer might

For stronger task did pant and yearn;

And stronger task did fate assign,

Task that a giant's strength might strain;

To suffer long and ne'er repine,

Be calm in frenzy, smile at pain.

Pale with the secret war of feeling,

Sustained with courage, mute, yet high;

The wounds at which she bled, revealing

Only by altered cheek and eye;

She bore in silence—but when passion

Surged in her soul with ceaseless foam,

The storm at last brought desolation,

And drove her exiled from her home.

And silent still, she straight assembled

The wrecks of strength her soul retained;

For though the wasted body trembled,

The unconquered mind, to quail, disdained.

She crossed the sea—now lone she wanders

By Seine's, or Rhine's, or Arno's flow;


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 the credit of successfully negotiating the first public loan (eight millions) that the young colony asked from the capitalists of the old world. He was mainly instrumental in securing the simplification of official oaths, and the recognition of the equal rights of all classes of colonists, irrespective of religious belief. As an Irish-Catholic leader, it could hardly be expected that he should escape calumny and misrepresentation. At the very outset of his public career, the report was industriously circulated that he was working to become President of an Australian republic, and that he was in reality a Jesuit whom the Pope had allowed to marry, a a convenient cloak for the concealment of his diabolical designs. The Orange Society in Melbourne assumed a first a very aggressive and deliberately offensive attitude and it required the exercise of all O'Shanassy's personal influence, together with that of the zealous and patriotic Father Geoghegan, to prevent bloodshed. Collisions between the insulted Catholics and the overbearing Orangemen were not unknown; and at one Twelfth-of-July demonstration serious rioting was the result of a premeditated display of Orange banners and emblems from the upstairs windows of the hotel, in which the disciples of King William were toasting the "pious and immortal memory." Impulsive Irishmen indignantly heard the news, and hurrying to the scene from all quarters, surrounded the hotel, and succeeded in forcing admission. In the meantime Father Geoghegan had been informed of the disturbance, and, dashing into the hotel, he endeavoured to separate the combatants, who were by this time fighting in close quarters. One scoundrel deliberately fired at the heroic priest. Providentially, he missed his aim, but the bullet struck and wounded David Hurley, who, with O'Shanassy. had just rushed in to the protection of the Soggarth Aroon

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 overdone, and Melbourne would prove a richer field for young folk such as they. In the end he prevailed, and they permanently united their fortunes with the few hundred persons who had already settled in the straggling township which is now a great metropolis."

He had no sooner settled down in his new home, than his success in business and his innate capacity for public life made him a man of mark. In all the great movements of the early days, such as the agitations for the legislative independence of Victoria, and the abolition of the transportation of British criminals to the colonies, he bore a leading part; but it was not until Victoria was granted a parliament of its own, that an opportunity was afforded of bringing his great statesmanlike abilities into play. As one of the members for Melbourne in the first Legislative Council, he gave abundant evidence of his intellectual qualifications for popular leadership. He was one of the committee who drafted the constitution under which the Government of Victoria has ever since been administered, and to his wise suggestions many of its most admirable features are to be attributed. As soon as it came into operation, he was elected to the popular chamber by Melbourne and Kilmore simultaneously. He chose the latter seat, to the great delight of its warm-hearted Hibernian electors, who continued for years to return him whenever he presented himself for re-election. O'Shanassy was the first Victorian member of parliament to hold office as Premier by a vote of the majority of the people's representatives. The three governments, of which he was the head, have been credited by friends and foes alike with placing on the statute-book some of the most beneficial and enduring pieces of legislation, notably the Local Government Act and the Crown Lands Act of 1862. To O'Shanassy himself

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Rh Fain would I know if distance renders

Relief or comfort to her woe.

Fain would I know if, henceforth, ever,

These eyes shall read in hers again,

That light of love which faded never,

Though dimmed so long with secret pain.

She will return, but cold and altered,

Like all whose hopes too soon depart;

Like all on whom have beat, unsheltered,

The bitter blasts that blight the heart.

No more shall I behold her lying

Calm on a pillow, smoothed by me;

No more that spirit, worn with sighing,

Will know the rest of infancy.

If still the paths of lore she follow,

'Twill be with tired and goaded will;

She'll only toil, the aching hollow,

The joyless blank of life to fill.

And oh! full oft, quite spent and weary,

Her hand will pause, her head decline;

That labour seems so hard and dreary,

On which no ray of hope may shine.

Thus the pale blight of time and sorrow

Will shade with grey her soft, dark hair;


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 ii. 487), in observations of the second comet of 1825, and of the Andromeda nebula (ib. pp. 486, 495). His great review of the nebulæ visible in the northern hemisphere was carried out at Slough with its aid during 1825–33, and the results embodied in a catalogue of 2,307 nebulæ, of which 525 were discovered by himself, presented to the Royal Society on 1 July 1833 (''Phil. Trans''. cxxiii. 359). The memoir was accompanied by nearly one hundred elaborate drawings, and contained many valuable suggestions. Its importance was recognised in 1836 by medals from the Royal and Astronomical Societies.

In a paper read before the Royal Society on 9 March 1826 Herschel gave the first discussion of the changes of position-angle between two adjacent stars as a means of detecting annual parallax (ib. cxvi. 266). He was elected president of the Royal Astronomical Society in February 1827, and for two subsequent biennial periods. His discoveries of double stars meanwhile, which in 1832 numbered 3,346, were progressively communicated in six catalogues to the Royal Astronomical Society (Memoirs, vols. ii–ix.), besides two extensive lists of measures of known pairs. These were after 1828 executed with a refractor of five inches aperture and seven feet focal length, which had been the chief instrument in the Blackman Street observatory. A graphical method of investigating stellar orbits, described by him before the Royal Astronomical Society on 13 Jan. 1832 (ib. v. 171), was a contribution of primary importance to a new branch of gravitational astronomy, recognised by a medal from the Royal Society on 30 Nov. 1833.

In a memoir ‘On the Aberration of Compound Lenses and Object-Glasses,’ read before the Royal Society on 22 March 1821 (Phil. Trans. cxi. 222), Herschel presented a complete analytical theory of spherical aberration, deducing practical rules of easy application for the construction of lenses, a popular abstract of which appeared in the ‘Edinburgh Philosophical Journal’ (1822, vi. 361). He still accepted the emission theory of light, but the results of Young and Fresnel soon afterwards engaged his eager study and acquiescence, and were brilliantly expounded in his article on light, written in 1827 for the ‘Encyclopædia Metropolitana.’ This admirable treatise, translated into French by Quetelet, besides including many original discoveries, gave European currency to the undulatory theory of light. Lucidity and power were no less conspicuous in Herschel's treatment of the subjects sound, heat, and physical astronomy, in the same publication. His ‘Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy,’ published in 1830 as the opening volume of Lardner's ‘Cabinet Cyclopædia,’ and styled by Whewell an ‘admirable comment on the “Novum Organum”’ (Quarterly Review, July 1831), captivated readers of all classes by the quiet charm of its style, and the justice and breadth of its views. It was translated into French, German, and Italian, and reprinted in English in 1851. To the same repertory in 1833 Herschel contributed ‘A Treatise on Astronomy,’ enlarged in 1849 into the deservedly famous ‘Outlines of Astronomy,’ perhaps the most completely satisfactory general exposition of a science ever penned. A twelfth edition appeared in 1873, and it was translated into Russian, Chinese, and Arabic, besides other languages.

Herschel married, on 3 March 1829, Margaret Brodie, second daughter of the Rev. Dr. Alexander Stewart of Dingwall, Ross-shire. The union was of unclouded happiness. Put forward in 1830 against the Duke of Sussex as the ‘scientific candidate’ for the presidency of the Royal Society, he was defeated by a narrow majority. In 1831 he was created by William IV a knight of the royal Hanoverian Guelphic order, and during a visit to his aunt at Hanover in June 1832 attended the Waterloo banquet in the Herrenhausen Palace. A project long cherished of completing his survey of the heavens in the southern hemisphere became feasible after his mother's death in January 1832; and on 13 Nov. 1833, having declined a free passage in a ship of war (as he subsequently declined the reimbursement by government of his expenses), he embarked with his family and instruments on board the Mountstuart Elphinstone for the Cape of Good Hope, and reached Table Bay on 15 Jan. A house was secured at Feldhausen, six miles from Cape Town, in ‘one of the most magnificent sites’ (Herschel wrote to Baily) ‘I ever saw.’ On 22 Feb. 1834 he observed the Argo nebula with his great reflector, and the equatorial (the seven-foot Slough refractor) was ready for work before June. Both were employed with extraordinary vigour and perseverance during the ensuing four years; commonly under highly advantageous circumstances as to definition, although in the hot season he found the stars to ‘tremble, swell, and waver most formidably.’ The rapid tarnishing of his mirrors would have rendered them useless in three months but for the provident exportation of a polishing machine.

Herschel's work at Feldhausen marked the commencement in a wide sense of southern


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20 Then comes the day that knows no morrow,

And death succeeds to long despair.

So speaks experience, sage and hoary;

I see it plainly, know it well,

Like one who, having read a story,

Each incident therein can tell.

Touch not that ring, 'twas his, the sire

Of that forsaken child;

And nought his relics can inspire

Save memories, sin-defiled.

I, who sat by his wife's death-bed,

I, who his daughter loved,

Could almost curse the guilty dead,

For woes, the guiltless proved.

And heaven did curse—they found him laid,

When crime for wrath was rife,

Cold—with the suicidal blade

Clutched in his desperate gripe.

'Twas near that long deserted hut,

Which in the wood decays,

Death's axe, self-wielded, struck his root,

And lopped his desperate days.

You know the spot, where three black trees,

Lift up their branches fell,


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 sidereal astronomy. Although struck with the comparative paucity of close double stars, he discovered and measured 1,202 pairs; 1,708 nebulæ and clusters, 1,269 of them previously unseen, figured in his lists; his chart of the Argo nebula gave the places of 1,203 stars; he catalogued 1,163 objects in both Magellanic Clouds; ‘monographed’ the Orion and other great nebulæ; and determined micrometrically the components of the ‘jewelled’ cluster in Crux. ‘Gauging’ the skies on his father's principle, he concluded the Milky Way, from a count of some 69,000 stars in 2,299 fields, to be an annulus rather than a disc of stars. He set the example of employing an ‘artificial star’ in stellar photometry, and skilfully applied the ‘method of sequences’ to fix the relative lustre of nearly five hundred stars, thereby laying a sure foundation for stellar magnitudes. The object aimed at was to range all the lucid stars along a single scale of brightness; and in order to link together southern and northern skies, the work of estimation was carried on on board ship in varying latitudes. Several specimens of the actinometer (described in 1825 in Edinb. Journ. of Science, iii. 107), with which at the close of 1836 he made the first satisfactory measures of direct solar radiation, were shown at the Meteorological Society's exhibition of instruments in 1889. The numerous sun-spots of 1836–7 engaged his close attention, and he suggested, in a letter to Baily of 1 March 1837, the now established relation between solar and auroral activity. His observations of Halley's comet between 28 Oct. 1835 and 5 May 1836 (Memoirs Roy. Astr. Soc. x. 325) gave strong support to the theory of electrical repulsion. From a series of observations of Saturn's satellites he derived corrected elements for those bodies, and the first independent confirmation of his father's discovery of the two next the ring. These multiplied labours were accomplished with only the aid of a mechanic named John Stone; but they were lightened by the cordial sympathy of Sir Thomas Maclear [q. v.], then H.M. astronomer at the Cape.

The public interest in this expedition was shown by the grotesque announcements of lunar discoveries at Feldhausen, made satirically by R. A. Locke in the ‘New York Sun’ for September 1835 (The Moon Story, New York, 1852). The excellent system of national education prevailing in the colony was initiated by Herschel, and he set on foot a plan of simultaneous meteorological observations, developed in his ‘Instructions for Making and Registering Meteorological Observations at various Stations in South Africa,’ printed in 1838 among the ‘Professional Papers of the Royal Engineers’ (ii. 214). Numerous tidal observations were sent by him to Dr. Whewell from the Cape. A few days before his departure from the Cape the members of the South African Literary and Scientific Institution, over which he had presided, presented him with a gold medal; and on 15 Feb. 1842 an obelisk of Craigleath stone was erected on the site of his great reflector.

Herschel's observation, on 16 Dec. 1837, of the sudden rise of the star η Argûs from the second to the first magnitude (Monthly Notices, iv. 121; Cape Results, p. 32) constituted him the virtual discoverer of its abnormal character. He sailed in the Windsor Castle in the middle of March 1838, and landed in England after nine weeks, in part occupied by the continuance of his photometric estimates. A baronetcy (reluctantly accepted) was conferred upon him at the queen's coronation; he was created D.C.L. of the university of Oxford on 12 June 1839. He declined to enter parliament as the representative of the sister university, and refused a proposal that he should succeed the Duke of Sussex as president of the Royal Society, but was elected in 1842 lord rector of Marischal College, Aberdeen, and acted as president of the British Association at Cambridge in 1845. Almost every learned society in Europe and several in America placed his name on their lists of members; he was made chevalier of the Prussian order ‘Pour le Mérite,’ and on 23 July 1855 was chosen, on the decease of Gauss, one of the eight foreign associates of the French Institute.

He paid his last visit to Miss Herschel at Hanover in July 1838, dining with Olbers at Bremen on his return, and attending the meeting of the British Association at Newcastle in August. He was here appointed a member of a committee for reducing Lacaille's stars, and wrote the preface to the catalogue of them published in 1847. The promotion of a scheme, then recently started by Humboldt and Gauss, for widespread magnetic observations mainly devolved upon him; he drew up a memorial to government on the subject, composed the instructions for Sir James Ross's southern expedition, and reported progress year after year at successive meetings of the British Association. Still more laborious was the task, first attacked at the Cape, of revising the nomenclature of southern stars. He prepared charts (presented to the Royal Astronomical Society in 1867, Monthly Notices, xxvii. 213, xxviii. 92) of all the lucid stars in both hemispheres, assigning the brightness of each within a third of a magnitude; communicated a large project of constellational reform to the Royal Astro-


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 nomical Society in 1841 (Memoirs, xii. 201), and made his final report, recommending less stringent, but more practicable measures, to the British Association in 1844 (Report, p. 32).

Herschel discovered in 1840 the variability of α Orionis (Memoirs Roy. Astr. Soc. xi. 269), and was, on 17 March 1843, among the first observers in England of the great comet (Proceedings Roy. Soc. iv. 450). In a ‘Note on the Art of Photography’ he had explained before the Royal Society, on 14 March 1839, his independent invention of the photographic use of sensitised paper (ib. iv. 131); and an essay ‘On the Chemical Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Preparations of Silver and other Substances,’ read on 5 March 1840 (Phil. Trans. cxxx. 1), obtained the third royal medal bestowed upon him by that body. It announced the use as a fixing agent of hyposulphite of soda, the solvent power of which upon the salts of silver he had discovered in 1819 (Edinb. Phil. Journal, i. 8); it originated the application to photographic prints of the terms ‘positive’ and ‘negative,’ adverted to ‘lavender grey’ rays beyond the violet, and described experiments on the ‘chemical analysis of the solar spectrum,’ by which an important new field was thrown open to research. The apparatus employed in them formed part of the Loan Collection of Scientific Instruments at South Kensington in 1876. His efforts to obtain coloured photographs were only partially successful; but his reproduction in 1843 of an engraving of the Slough forty-foot reflector was the first example of a photograph on glass (, Treatise on Photography, p. 5). His discovery in 1845 (Phil. Trans. cxxxv. 147) of the ‘epipolic dispersion’ of light produced by sulphate of quinine and some other substances, led the way to Sir George Stokes's explanation of the phenomena of fluorescence.

By the end of 1842 he had performed without assistance the computations necessary for the publication of his Cape observations. In September 1843 the letterpress was ‘fairly begun,’ and after some delays the work appeared in 1847, at the cost of the Duke of Northumberland, in a large quarto volume, entitled ‘Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834–8 at the Cape of Good Hope.’ Besides the catalogues of nebulæ and double stars, it included profound discussions of various astronomical topics, and was enriched with over sixty exquisite engravings. He insisted in it upon the connection of sun-spots with the sun's rotation, and started the ‘cyclonic theory’ of their origin. He investigated graphically the distribution of nebulæ, but fluctuated in his views as to their nature. Regarding them in 1825 as probably composed of ‘a self-luminous or phosphorescent substance, gradually subsiding into stars and sidereal systems’ (Memoirs Royal Astronomical Society, ii. 487), he ascribed to them later a stellar constitution, and finally inclined to suppose them formed of ‘discrete luminous bodies floating in a non-luminous medium’ (Results, &c. p. 139). Herschel stands almost alone in his attempt to grapple with the dynamical problems presented by star-clusters, and his analysis of the Magellanic Clouds was decisive as to the status of nebulæ. For these labours he received the Copley medal in 1847, and a special testimonial from the Royal Astronomical Society in 1848.

In April 1840 Herschel removed from Slough to a more commodious residence, named Collingwood, at Hawkhurst in Kent, and in December 1850 accepted the post of master of the mint, on its conversion from a ministerial into a permanent office. The reorganisation of the establishment devolved upon him, and the duties connected with it were rendered the more uncongenial by the partial separation from his family which their fulfilment required. He was one of the jury for scientific instruments at the Great Exhibition, and a member of the royal commission appointed in 1850 to inquire into the course of study at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. His health suffered, and his resignation of his position at the mint was unwillingly accepted in 1855.

Herschel afterwards led a retired life at Collingwood. The collection and revisal of his father's and his own labours was an arduous task, partially completed by the presentation to the Royal Society on 16 Oct. 1863 of a ‘Catalogue of 5,079 Nebulæ and Clusters’ (all then known), reduced to the common epoch 1860 (Phil. Trans. cliv. 1). He next undertook the amalgamation into a catalogue of his father's ‘classes’ of double stars, and on 14 Dec. 1866 read before the Royal Astronomical Society a ‘Synopsis of all Sir William Herschel's Micrometrical Measures of the Double Stars described by him’ (Memoirs, xxxv. 21). The autograph observations of the 812 pairs catalogued accompanied the paper, and are deposited in the library of the society. Herschel's general and descriptive catalogue of double stars was his last great undertaking. He finished before his death the arrangement in right ascension of 10,320 composite objects, with the synoptical history of two-fifths of them; and from his papers bequeathed to the Royal Astronomical Society the incomplete cata-


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/The Philosopher