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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive of French forces. In the meantime, the British withdrew from Cochinchina; on 4 March 1946, the Allied Southeast Asia Command deactivated Indochina as a territory within its purview. In February, the French deployed an amphibious task force prepared for operations in North Vietnam. On 28 February, they obtained Chinese agreement (from Chunking, not the Chinese satraps in North Vietnam) to turn over the occupation to France by April. Ho Chi Minh, faced with French military power and Chinese withdrawal, and denied succor from the United Nations or the U.S., had no recourse save to negotiate with the French.

The Accord signed by Ho with the French on 6 March, 1946, taxed Ho's popularity to the utmost. The VNQDD had vehemently opposed compromise, and even negotiations with the French, but Ho was careful to bring opposition representatives into his talks with Sainteny, the French spokesman, and to see otto [sic] it that the March 6 Accord was signed not only by Ho and Sainteny, but also by Vu Kong Kanh, the leader of the VNQDD. Still, feeling ran high against the French, and it took all of Ho's prestige to prevent rebellion against the Viet Minh. On 7 March, Ho and Vo Nguyen Giap defended the Accord before a crowd of 100,000 in Hanoi, in which Ho assured his people that: "You know that I would rather die than sell our country." On 8 March French troops landed in Haiphong, and re-entered Hanoi ten days later.

Upon French return — Ho's coalition cabinet and Vu Kong Kanh's signature on the March 6 Accord notwithstanding — a number of VNQDD leaders withdrew their support of Ho's government in protest against what they termed a "pro-French" policy of the Viet Minh. The Emperor Bao Dai left the country on 18 March, the day the French entered Hanoi. Ho, thereupon, moved to merge the Viet Minh into a larger, more embrasiveembracive [sic] Front organization, which would consolidate the several parties of the DRV, and thereby ease political stress. On 27 May 1946, the formation of the Popular National Front — subsequently known as the Lien Viet — was announced, to bring about "independence and democracy." Prominent leaders of all political parties were among the founders, and they jointly pledged "to safeguard our autonomy, so as to later attain complete independence." The Viet Minh, VNQDD, the Dong Minh Hoi, the Socialist Party and the Democratic Party were all roofed under the Lien Viet, but maintained separate organizations.

 * (3)

Agreement among the several parties in the Lien Viet lived, however, only so long as the Chinese remained in North Vietnam. Despite Chungking's contract to withdraw by April, 1946, the warlords lingered at their looting into June. On June 10, 1946, Chinese Nationalist troops evacuated Hanoi, and on June 15, the last detachments embarked at Haiphong. On June 19, the official Lien Viet organ published a sharp rebuke of "reactionary saboteurs of the March agreement," pointedly directed at the VNQDD. Reaffirming a policy of cooperation with France, Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive the Vietnamese government invited the French to join in a campaign against "enemies of the peace." The French, recognizing in the Lien Viet their sole Vietnamese support, willingly acceded.

One of the more remarkable chapters in the tragic history of Vietnamese nationalism then ensued. On the heels of the withdrawing Chinese Vo Nguyen Giap's DRV troops struck into the regions governed by the Dong Minh Hoi, VNQDD, and Phuc Quoc. In a series of skirmishes, they routed the partisan bands, and overturned the civil administrations of the opposition parties. The French not only provided equipment, but in some instances actually maneuvered their own forces with, and furnished artillery support for, the Vietnamese. Some strongholds held out for months — Lao Kay on the Yunnan border remained in VNQDD hands until November, 1946 — but the issue was decided before the end of July.

On July 11 to 13, in a series of raids in Hanoi, DRV forces with French armor in support occupied the opposition party headquarters and printing plants, and arrested over 100 political figures. With that, most of the opposition leaders returned to exile in China whence they had come less than a year before. Among these were Nguyen Hai Than of the Dong Minh Hoi — Ho's Vice President — and Vu Khong Kanh and Nguyen Tuong of the VNQDD — the former one of the three signatories of the March 6 Accord, the latter Ho's Minister of foreign Affairs and one of the negotiators of the Accord.

The U.S. Vice Consul in Hanoi submitted the following report, to the Department of State concerning the political situation at that juncture;

 * "Please pass to General Marshall for information.

 * "There are three important political parties in Viet Nam.

 * "They are Viet Minh League, composed of former Indo-Chinese communist Party (PCI dissolved itself November 30, 1945) and Democratic Party, son [sic] Vietnam Cach Menh Dong Minh Hoi, generally referred to as Dong Minh Hoi or DMH; and Vietnam Quoc Dan Dang.

 * "There are in addition several splinter parties which seem to serve chiefly as vehicles for organized banditry.

 * "Both Dong Minh Hoi and Quoc Dan Dang seem have support of Chinese. Most active part of Viet Minh is factor composed of former PCI members.

 * "Vdet Minh strength seems to be spread throughout northern

Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive  : Indo-China. Dong Minh Hoi and Quoc Dan Dang control territory in Moncay, Langson, Vinh Yen area.

 * "As yet no Catholic party has appeared nor do Catholics appear to be committed to support of any one party. Viet Minh League has been making tentative moves to capture Catholic support but is said to be too radical to obtain full cooperation from church. In view of fact church claims million members in Tonking and Annam (large percentage believed to be 'rice Christians'), it seems probable that Catholics as group will [not?] remain long absent from politics."

In July, the same source reported that Viet Minh was steadily eliminating the Dong Minh Hoi and VNQDD as organized opposition.

Ho Chi Minh was absent from Vietnam during the summer and early fall of 1946, engaged first by the abortive Fontainebleau negotiations and then by their aftermath, the he signed with France on 14 September 1946. During Ho's absence, Vo Nguyen Giap — Acting Minister of the Interior and Minister of National Defense — policed the Vietnamese political battlefield, arranging for the VNQDD and other "opposition" parties to survive — suitably disarmed and manned with cooperative nationalists — within the Lien Viet. The Lien Viet proceeded to forge new "unity" within the Front, and to tighten Front control over the DRV. On Ho's return, the National Assembly was galled back into session, presented with a reorganized government and a new constitution.

 * (4)

The National Assembly elected in January, 1946 — in dubiously honest elections — convened in Hanoi in late October. Of the original membership, 291 delegates presented themselves. The composition at opening was as follows: Rh

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The VNQDD and the Dong Minh Hoi, allocated 50 and 20 seats respectively, were thus less than 50% represented, and the Marxists group, the smallest in the Assembly, was, according to all surviving evidence, the most active and influential. During the two weeks the Assembly was in session, a number of opposition members were arrested and charged with criminal offenses. When the Assembly closed, 20 Dong Minh Hoi and VNQDD members remained, and of these, only 2 registered dissenting votes.

The new constitution, ratified on 8 November 1946 by the National Assembly with a vote of 240 to 2, ordained in phrases reminiscent of Jefferson and Rousseau a state of guaranteed civic freedoms, of delineated duties and rights of citizens, and of a people's parliament supreme in power. Thereafter, the Assembly adjourned until late 1953, and never did get around to transforming itself into constitutionally prescribed form. The 1946 Constitution declared Vietnam to be a democratic republic in which all power belonged to the people "without distinction of race, class, creed, wealth, or sex." Its territory, "composed of Bac-Bo, or Northern Viet Nam (Tonkin), Trung-Bo or Central Viet Nam (Annam), and Nam-Bo or Southern Viet Nam (Cochinchina) is one and indivisible... The capital of Viet Nam is Hanoi." However, the Constitution of 1946 never became institutionalized; instead, the exigencies of the war with the French eventuated in a government which was literally an administrative extension of a rigidly disciplined politico-military apparatus headed by Ho Chi Minh, and a cadre of his old comrades from the Indochina Communist Party.

The government approved by the National Assembly on 3 November 1946, however, preserved some of the facade of coalition; although the key cabinet positions were filled by communists, the government included independents, democrats, socialists and even one nominal VNQDD. Figure 5 presents the several Vietnamese governments in the period 1945–1949. Ho Chi Minh throughout that period preserved coalition, at least ; the DRV government in 1949 was still composed of a minority of ICP members and included one VNQDD and one Dong Minh Hoi. (The chart ignores the Lien Viet, using the more familiar Viet Minh throughout; the Vietnamese Nationalist Party is the VNQDD.) Rh

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Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive VIETNAMESE GOVERNMENT 1945 – 1949 (CONT'D.) {|style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" cellpadding="2"
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * -valign="top"
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="29"|Democratic Republic of Vietnam
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="29"|3 Nov 1946
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="29"|Hanoi
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="5"|5 ICP
 * width="14.3%"|President
 * width="14.3%"|Ho chi Minh
 * width="14.3%"|Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice-President
 * Vacant
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Ho chi Minh
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Interior
 * Huynh thuc Khang
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of National Defense
 * Vo nguyen Giap
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * 5 Independents
 * Minister of National Economy
 * Vacant
 * -valign="top"
 * 2 Democrat
 * Minister of Justice
 * Vu dinh Hoe
 * Democrat
 * -valign="top"
 * 1 Socialist
 * Minister of Finance
 * Lo van Hion
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * 1 Nationalist
 * Minister of National Education
 * Nguyen van Huyon
 * Socialist
 * -valign="top"
 * rowspan="20"|2 Vacant
 * Minister of Agriculture
 * Ngo tan Hnon
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Communications & Public Works
 * Tran dang Khoa
 * Democrat
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Labor
 * Nguyen van Tao
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Health
 * Hoang tich Tri
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Social Welfare
 * Chu ba Phuong
 * Vietnam Nationalist Party
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister without Portfolio
 * Nguyen Van To
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister without Portfolio
 * Bo xuan Luat
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Supreme Councillor
 * Nguyen vinh Thuy (Bao Dai)
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Hoang minh Giam
 * Socialist
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Interior
 * Hoang huu Nam
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of National Defense
 * Ta quang Buu
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of National Economy
 * Pham van Dong
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Agriculture
 * Cu huy Can
 * Democrat
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Justice
 * Tran cong Tuong
 * Democrat
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Finance
 * Trinh van Binh
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of National Education
 * Nguyen khanh Toan
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Communication & Public Works
 * Dang phue Thong
 * Socialist
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Health
 * Vacant
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Labor
 * Vacant
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Social Welfare
 * Vacant
 * } Rh
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Social Welfare
 * Vacant
 * } Rh
 * } Rh
 * } Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive VIETNAMESE GOVERNMENT 1945 – 1949 (CONT'D.) {|style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" cellpadding="2"
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * -valign="top"
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="23"|Democratic Republic of Vietnam
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="19"|2 March 1946
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="19"|Hanoi
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="3"|2 ICP
 * width="14.3%"|President
 * width="14.3%"|Ho chi Minh
 * width="14.3%"|Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice President
 * Nguyen hai Than
 * Dong Minh Hoi
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Nguyen tuong Tam
 * Vietnam Nationalist Party
 * -valign="top"
 * rowspan="3"|3 VN Nationalist
 * Minister of Interior
 * Huynh thuc Khang
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of National Defense
 * Phan Anh
 * Socialist
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of National Economy
 * Chu ba Phuong
 * Vietnam Nationalist Party
 * -valign="top"
 * 1 Dong Minh Hoi
 * Minister of Justice
 * Vu dinh Hoo
 * Democrat
 * -valign="top"
 * rowspan="2"|2 Democrats
 * Minister of Education
 * Dang thai Mai
 * Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Agriculture
 * Bo xuan Luat
 * Dong Minh Hoi
 * -valign="top"
 * 1 Socialists
 * Minister of Social Welfare
 * Truong dinh Tri
 * Vietnam Nationalist Party
 * -valign="top"
 * rowspan="9"|3 Independents
 * Minister of Finance
 * Lo van Hien
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Public Works & Communications
 * Tran dang Khoa
 * Democrat
 * -valign="top"
 * colspan="3"|The Vice Ministries were divided as follows:
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of the Interior
 * Hoang minh Giam
 * Socialist
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of National Defense
 * Ta quang Buu
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Justice
 * Nguyen van Huong
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice minister of Public Works & Communications
 * Dang phuc Thong
 * Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Finance
 * Trinh Van Binh
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of National Education
 * Do duc Duc
 * Democrat
 * -valign="top"
 * colspan="3" rowspan="4"|[Reorganized under constitution adopted by National Assembly, November 1946]
 * Vice Minister of Agriculture
 * Bo Xuan Luat
 * Dong Minh Hoi
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Social Welfare
 * Do Tiep
 * Dong Minh Hoi
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Nghiem ko To
 * Vietnam Nationalist Party
 * -valign="top"
 * colspan="3"|In addition, the following were elected: (1) a Consultative High Council headed by Nguyen vinh Thuy (ex-emperor Bai Dai); (2) A supreme council of National Defense with Vo nguyen Giap (Communist) as president and Vu khong Khanh (Nationalist Party) as vice-president; (3) the President of the National Assembly, Ngo tu Ha (Catholic); (4) the permanent Committee of the Assembly headed by Bui bang Doan (Independent)
 * }

Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive VIETNAMESE GOVERNMENT 1945 – 1949 (CONT'D) {|style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" cellpadding="2"
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * -valign="top"
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="4"| Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Cont'd)
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="4"|
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="4"|
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="4"|
 * width="14.3%"|Vice Minister of Health
 * width="14.3%"|Ton that Tung
 * width="14.3%"|Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Labor
 * Vacant
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Social Welfare
 * Vacant
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of War Veterans and Invalids
 * Ngo tu Ba
 * Independent (Catholic)
 * }
 * Independent (Catholic)
 * }

Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive  VIETNAMESE GOVERNMENT 1945 – 1949 (CONT'D) {|style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" cellpadding="2"
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * width="14.3%"|
 * -valign="top"
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="29"|Democratic Republic of Vietnam
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="8"|
 * width="14.3%" rowspan="29"|
 * width="14.3%"|5 ICP
 * width="14.3%"|President
 * width="14.3%"|Ho chi Minh
 * width="14.3%"|Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * 5 Independent
 * Vice President
 * Pham van Doag
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * 2 Democrat
 * rowspan="2"|Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Hoang minh Giam
 * -valign="top"
 * 3 Socialist
 * -valign="top"
 * 1 Nationalist
 * rowspan="2"|Minister of Interior
 * Phan ke Toai
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * rowspan="24"|1 Dong Min Hoi
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of National Defense
 * Vo nguyen Giap
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of National Economy
 * Phan Anh
 * Socialist
 * -valign="top"
 * rowspan="21"| As of July 1949
 * Minister of Justice
 * Vu dinh Hoe
 * Democrat
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Finance
 * Lo vanh Hien
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of National Education
 * Nguyen van Huyen
 * Socialist
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Agriculture
 * Ngo tan Nhon
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Communications & Public Works
 * Tran dang Khoa
 * Democrat
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Labor
 * Nguyen van Tao
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Health
 * Hoang tich Tri
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of Social Welfare
 * Chu ba Phong
 * Vietnam Nationalist Party
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister of War Veterans & Invalids
 * Vu dinh Tung
 * Independent (Catholic)
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister without Portfolio
 * Bo xuan Luat
 * Dong Minh Hoi
 * -valign="top"
 * Minister without portfolio
 * Dang van Huong
 * Independent (Buddhist)
 * -valign="top"
 * colspan="3"|Vice Ministers were divided as follows:
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Vacant
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Interior
 * Tran duy Hung
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of National Defense
 * Ta quang Buu
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of National Economy
 * Cu huy Can
 * Democrat
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Agriculture
 * Nghiem xuan Yem
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Justice
 * Tran cong Tuong
 * Democrat
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Finance
 * Trinh van Binh
 * Independent
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of National Education
 * Nguyen khanh Toan
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Communication & Public Works
 * Dang phuo Thong
 * Socialist
 * } Rh
 * Communist-Viet Minh
 * -valign="top"
 * Vice Minister of Communication & Public Works
 * Dang phuo Thong
 * Socialist
 * } Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive ::3.

Both the DRV constitution and the government of November, 1946, were soon submerged as the Viet Minh geared for war with France. A series of armed incidents in November, followed by large scale fighting in Hanoi in late December, destroyed what was left of the Franco-Viet. The DRV government took to the hills to assume a status of shadow state. The Viet Minh — properly, the Lien Viet — transformed itself into a semi-covert resistance organization, and committed itself to the military defeat of the French. During the opening year of the war, 1947, the DRV took steps to enhance its coalition nature, and to broaden the appeal of the Viet Minh. Communists, including Vo Nguyen Giap, were removed from the cabinet, and prominent Catholics and independents added. Thereafter, the government shifted steadily leftward. In the summer of 1948, Giap was reappointed Minister of National Defense, and a year later, Pham Van Dong, top communist, became Vice President. Moreover, while at first resistance against the French was offered by disparate political groups, eventually the Viet Minh, by superior organization and leadership, recaptured their monopoly over revolutionary nationalism.

Following is a survey of the principal Vietnamese political movements in the period 1947-1950. Two main groupings existed: the communist-centered Viet Minh and its auxiliaries in resistance to the French, and those nationalists finding common cause in the restoration of Bao Dai. Rh

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Resistance Groups (Continued)

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The Bao Dai Restoration Movements (Continued)

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The Bao Dai Restoration Movements (Continued)

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The Bao Dai Restoration Movements (Continued)

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive The foregoing demonstrates the poverty of Vietnamese nationalist movements in the period 1946–1950; only the Viet Minh can be said to have been a "national" movement at the outset of the war with France, and it built its popularity throughout the years of struggle. The Viet Minh stressed the primacy of political action among the people and the careful preparation of bases as preconditions for military action. Their careful attention to the former included extraordinary efforts to inculcate in their troops attitudes and habits which would win the respect, and eventually the cooperation of the populace. The following extracts from Viet Minh doctrine are dated 1948:

 * "TWELVE RECOMMENDATIONS

 * "The nation has its root in the people.

 * "In the Resistance war and national reconstruction, the main force lies in the people. Therefore, all the people in the army, administration, and mass organizations who are in contact or live with the people, must remember and carry out the following recommendations:

 * "Six forbiddances:

 * 1 – Not to do what is likely to damage the land and crops or spoil the houses and belongings of the people.

 * 2 – Not to insist on buhingbuying [sic] or borrowing what the people are not willing to sell or lend.

 * 3 – Not to bring living hens into mountainous people's houses.

 * 4 – Never to break our word.

 * 5 – Not to give offense to people's faith and customs (such as to lie down before the altar, to raise feet over the hearth, to play music in the house, etc.)

 * 6 – Not to do or speak what is likely to make people believe that we hold them in contempt.

 * "Six permissibles:

 * 1 – To help the people in their daily work (harvesting, fetching firewood, carrying water, sewing, etc.)

 * 2 – Whenever possible to buy commodities for those who live far from markets (knife, salt, needle, thread, pen, paper, etc.)

 * 3 – In spare time, to tell amusing, simple, and short stories useful to the Resistance, but not to betray secrets.

Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive :4 – To teach the population the national script and elementary hygiene.

 * 5 – To study the customs of each region so as to be acquainted with them in order to create an atmosphere of sympathy first, than gradually to explain to the people to abate their superstitions.

 * 6 – To show to the people that you are correct, diligent, and disciplined."

"STIMULATING POEM

Appraisals of Vietnamese nationalist parties available to the U.S. Department of State in 1949, on the eve of U.S. involvement in the Indochina war, were, on the whole, perceptive. A paper submitted in February, 1949, by George M. Abbott, one of the few American diplomats who had talked with Ho face to face, summarized issues in the following terms:

 * "C. International Relations.

 * 1. – Post war relations between the United States and Indochina got off to a bad start with President Roosevelt's views on international trusteeship for strategic areas in the hands of powers unable to defend them, followed by the overenthusiastic activities of certain OSS agents in the period just before and after the Japanese surrender. The belief that the policy of the United States is to throw the French out of Indochina still persists in many circles both in Indochina and in France. We are also blamed for permitting the Chinese and English to occupy the northern and southern halves of the country to disarm Japanese troops. Our persistent refusal to supply equipment and arms for French military operations in Indochina is a sore subject with most French army officers. Another source of irritation has been the almost universal tendency of American correspondents visiting Indochina to write articles extremely critical of the French...

Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive :"In recent weeks the French have actively supported proposals for four power cooperation in Southeast Asia to prevent the spread of communism, and there has been much talk about the strategic importance of Indochina as a bastion against the southward spread of Chinese Communists.

 * "As far as the Annamites are concerned, they were encouraged to believe that after the defeat of Japan we would assist them in obtaining independence. As it became apparent that our sympathies were tempered by strategic considerations in Europe, the popularity of the United States has diminished. Nevertheless, the prestige of the United States is still high, and even Ho Chi Minh has been careful to prevent any public anti-American propaganda...

 * "No one knows how many communists there are in Indochina, but the number of real party members is certainly small. The highest estimate is 20% of the troops fighting with Ho Chi Minh and this includes sympathizers. However, the number is undoubtedly growing, and at the same time non-communist military units are being steadily infiltrated with secret agents. Units under communist command are generally better armed. Thus the problem for the leader contemplating changing sides is not an easy one.

 * "Another point on which definite information is lacking is the channel of communications with Moscow and the center of regional control...Certainly satisfactory communications exist since Moscow publications of fairly recent date are frequently seized by the French...

 * "One peculiar thing about Vietnam Communism is that there has been very little anti-American propaganda. It is obvious that this is not due to ignorance of the current party line. It apparently represents a hope on the part of Ho Chi Minh that he may still obtain American support for or at least acceptance of a Viet Minh government under his leadership. Evidence that this hope is diminishing is furnished in a regional party directive dated in November 1948 which stated that active anti-American propaganda should be conducted in party circles and by word of mouth among the people but should not yet appear on the radio, in the press, or in public speeches...

 * "Opposed to the French forces are about 75,000 Vietnamese troops of various political complexions, largely under communist dominated leadership. There is considerable French-furnished evidence of communist political commissars and indoctrination extending down to company strength levels. It is certain that the disciplined communist element has been the largest factor

Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive  : in maintaining the vigor and cohesiveness of the resistance. In this, they have been greatly helped by French indecision and bad faith, and the terrorism of French troops.

 * "In spite of arms captures and occasional defections, there is no sign of large scale weakening of Vietnamese resistance abilities or morale. The large areas under Vietnamese control lack luxuries and medicines, but are wholly self-sufficient in the basic necessities and tolerably well administered, according to what few reports are available. They continue to form a source of supplies and of fresh troops that are only limited in numbers by the arms available.

 * "Although there are rumors of a Chinese Communist treaty with Ho Chi Minh, and of a Chinese Communist general and his staff in Northern Tonkin, there is little evidence, as yet, that the Chinese are of any considerable help in the resistance. French sources feel that there is little danger of a Chinese Communist 5th column in Cochinchina, or of an invitation on the part of Ho Chi Minh to the troops of the age-old national enemy to enter Indochina in force, in spite of the communist link. All French military sources consulted, however, feel that a large scale Chinese Communist invasion would make most, if not all, of Tonkin, militarily untenable.

 * "For many months past, observers feel that the resistance has not put forth its maximum effort, perhaps because the leaders are waiting for the outcome of political negotiations going on between the High Commissariat, the French Government and the Xuan-Bao Dai elements. If these should break down, the resistance will be greatly strengthened by the adhesion of many new neutral or pro-French elements. If the negotiations are successful, the resistance army is sure to be a dominant factor in any form of Vietnamese self-government..."

An extensive State Department intelligence report on "Political Alignments of Vietnamese Nationalists" of October, 1949, highlighted the importance of the Viet Minh:

 * ". The Vietnam Independence League, or Viet Minh, is the most influential political organization within the Vietnam Government [DRV]. It is the only political group whose organization extends down to the smallest villages. Its members include both individuals and parties, i.e., the Vietnam Socialist Party, the Vietnam Democratic Party, etc. As a League, it groups together a wide coalition of political personalities from moderate nationalists to doctrinaire communists. It most closely resembles the Chinese Kuomintang

Rh

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Page:From Anne Warren Weston to Deborah Weston; Monday, July 30, 1838.pdf/1

Rh Boston. July 30. 1838 Monday morning.

Dear Debora,

Yesterday morning I went to St Pauls' & though Mr Stone is a very good man, he is a stupid preacher. When the bell rang in the afternoon, I was in so deep a sleep that I could not comfortably get up, so I slept most of the afternoon & nearly ran into my shoes. At $1⁄2$ past 7, I went to hear D(?) Gu(?)ney, but found I had missed the hour. The meeting was at 6. I returned just in time to welcome the junior (?) of the attas(?), who should tell 11 o'clock not the


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive  : during the period 1924–26, when the communists and ChangChiang [sic] Kai-shek collaborated in China's nationalist movement.

 * "The Viet Minh Executive Committee, or Tongbo, is the real repository of power in Vietnam territory. The influential government paper,, is the organ of the Tongbo and reflects the line of the government. A majority of the Tongbo members are believed to be former members of the dissolved Indochinese Communist Party. Within the mass nationalist movement, the communists are undoubtedly the most cohesive political factor. President Ho Chi Minh is a communist but has great prestige as a nationalist leader among the mass of Vietnamese. He is the outstanding political personality in Indochina. He plays down his past communist connections, emphasizes the nationalistic aspects of his program, and is popularly considered a man above parties.

 * "The Viet Minh exercises its control over the mass nationalist movement through a variety of 'national welfare' organizations of women, youth, peasants, soldiers, etc., which in their totality embrace most of the population of Vietnam. Hoang Quoc Viet, the General Secretary of the Viet Minh, claims that the organization has a total membership of nine million..."

The collapse of the Chinese nationalists in 1949 reverberated within the Vietnamese nationalist movements. The Kuomintang-oriented parties — principally the VNQDD — were severely discredited, and the exile movements in China dispersed. The DRV began to shift into the communist bloc in search of material support, and there was a concomitant further leftward movement within the Viet Minh. By 1951, the Communist Party was "legalized," The Lao Dong Party (, or Vietnamese Workers' Party) thereafter became the dominant political power within the DRV, The Lao Dong Party was expressly Marxist-Leninist, and proudly claimed an unbroken lineage to the Indochinese Communist Party founded by Ho Chi Minh, including leadership of all the major nationalist "front" movements through 1951. Vo Nguyen Giap explained in 1961 that:

 * "The Vietnamese people's war of liberation was victorious because we had a wide and firm National United Front...organized and led by the Party of the working class: the Indochinese Communist Party, now the Viet Nam Workers' [Lao Dong] Party. In the light of the principles of Marxism-Leninism...the Party found a correct solution to the problems..."

The Lao Dong Party official history has credited communist machination for the key developments in Vietnamese history through 1951: Rh

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These templates are intended for use on more than one namespace.

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive :"The policy of founding the Indochinese democratic front between 1936 and 1939, the Viet Minh front between 1941 and 1951, and the Lien Viet front [1946–1951]; the decision of signing the 6 March 1946...preliminary accord [Ho's accommodation with France]...  — all these are typical examples of the clever application of the...instruction of Lenin."

In 1951, Ho Chi Minh himself set forth a Leninist account of the origins against France. In February, 1951, addressing the Congress of the Viet Minh and its role in the forming of the DRV and the war of the Vietnamese Communist Party (Lao Dong), Ho explained his political maneuvers over the previous decades. Reviewing the history of the Russian and Chinese revolutions, he pointed out that Vietnam, too, had felt the stirrings of change, and the Vietnamese working class"...began to struggle and needed a vanguard team, a general staff to lead it. On January 6, 1930, our Party came into being..." He described how the Party had brought about the formation of the Viet Minh, and the foundation of the DRV. Then in 1945 the French colonialists reappeared in South Vietnam and Chinese-sponsored reactionary government seemed in prospect in North Vietnam:

 * "In the face of that grave and pressing situation, our Party did everything possible to keep itself in existence, to work and develop to give discreet and more effective leadership in order to have the time gradually to consolidate the forces of the People's power and to strengthen the National United Front.

 * "At that time, the Party could not hesitate: Hesitation meant failure. The Party had to make quick decisions and to take measures — painful ones — to save the situation. The greatest worry was about the Party's proclamation of dissolution. But in reality it went underground. And though underground, the Party continued to lead the administration and the people...

 * "Mention should be made of the [agreements with the French in 1946] because they were considered as ultrarightist and caused much grumbling. But in the opinion of our comrades and compatriots in the South, they were correct. Indeed they were, because our comrades and compatriots cleverly availed themselves of the opportunity to build up and develop their forces.

 * "Lenin said that even if a compromise with bandits was advantageous to the revolution, he would do it..."

Ho then went on to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the resistance against the French, to describe the world situation in terms of a monolithic bloc of "democratic" nations against which was arrayed the United States and other reactionary powers, and to depict, as part of that larger clash, Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive Vietnam's war in common with Laotians and Cambodians against the French and the United States. He called for "a legal party appropriate to the situation in the world and at home in order to lead our people's struggle to victory. This party is the Vietnam Worker's Party [Lao Dong]. As regards its composition...it will admit the most enthusiastic and most enlightened workers, peasants, and intellectuals. As regards theory, it adheres to Marxism-Leninism. As regards discipline, it has an iron discipline..."

Thus ended the Viet Minh as a non-communist nationalist coalition. Rh

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User:Jayemd

Sup? I'm Jayemd!

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Executive Order 13621

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, to restore the country to its role as the global leader in education, to strengthen the Nation by improving educational outcomes for African Americans of all ages, and to help ensure that all African Americans receive an education that properly prepares them for college, productive careers, and satisfying lives, it is hereby ordered as follows:

Barack Obama The White House, July 26, 2012. [FR Doc. 2012–18868 Filed 7–31–12; 8:45 am] Billing Code 3295–F2–P

title: Executive Order 13621


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 In the spring of 1810 she revisited London. Thenceforward she spent some weeks there annually, and secured a high position in society. She numbered among her friends Sheridan, Sydney Smith, Humboldt, Mme. de Stael, Byron, Scott, and Wordsworth. She constantly dined at Lady Cork's, who was one of her intimate friends, and danced vivaciously in a pink domino at the ball given to the Duke of Wellington at Devonshire House in 1814. On Sundays her house was thronged with visitors. To offers of marriage she turned a deaf ear, but Miss Mitford declared that she was in 1814 engaged to Lord Herbert Stuart, a brother of Lord Bute (, Life of Miss Mitford, iii. 294). In 1816 Mrs. Opie visited Edinburgh, and stayed for a short time with Hayley in Sussex. She published in that year ‘Valentine's Eve,’ a novel in three volumes, explaining somewhat vaguely her religious views. Hayley declared that it ‘happily recommended to everyday practice the cordial lessons of simple, genuine Christianity’ (Memoirs, ii. 183). Meanwhile, at Norwich, Mrs. Opie had renewed an early intimacy with the quaker family of Gurney, and Joseph John Gurney [q. v.], whom Dean Stanley called ‘the quaker pope’ (, Life of Stanley, i. 252), obtained great influence over her. Mrs. Opie's affection for him was probably something stronger than mere friendship. In 1814 she commenced attending the Friends' religious services. Her religious opinions, although nominally unitarian, had never been very definite. The Friends' principles attracted her; and she experienced religious misgivings, which she confided to Mrs. Fry, Gurney's sister, and thereupon Gurney offered her spiritual advice (, The Memoirs of J. J. Gurney, i. 234–41). In December 1820 her father fell ill, and she remained in attendance on him until his death in October 1825. With his approval, she was formally received into the Society of Friends two months before (11 Aug. 1825). Dr. Alderson, at his express desire, was buried in the Friends' burying-ground at the Gildencroft, Norwich.

On joining the quakers, Mrs. Opie necessarily ceased novel-writing. Her last novel, ‘Madeline,’ was published in 1822, in two volumes. It won Southey's approval. She commenced another, but it remained unfinished. She wrote to Mrs. Fry, 6 Dec. 1823: ‘As it is possible that thou mayest have been told that a new novel from my pen, called “The Painter and his Wife,” is in the press, I wish to tell thee this is a falsehood; that my publishers advertised this only begun work unknown to me, and that I have written to say the said work is not written, nor ever will be. I must own to thee, however, that as several hundreds of it are already ordered by the trade, I have felt the sacrifice, but I do not repent of it.’ According to Miss Mitford, Mrs. Opie thus sacrificed ‘upwards of a thousand pounds copy-money’ (, Life of Miss Mitford, ii. 198–9). In 1823 she contributed to the ‘European Magazine’ a series of poetical epistles from Mary Queen of Scots to her uncles, a few tales, and a short memoir of Bishop Bathurst. When S. C. Hall asked her to write something for his ‘Amulet,’ she answered that her principles would only permit her to send an anecdote, which proved to be a pathetic tale, apparently ‘The Last Voyage: a true Story,’ in the volume of 1828 (Book of Memories, p. 169). In 1825 she published, in two volumes, ‘Illustrations of Lying in all its Branches,’ and in 1828 ‘Detraction Displayed.’ She had read the latter in manuscript to Gurney, and adopted his suggestions. It was praised by Archdeacon Wrangham, but Caroline Bowles found both works vulgar (Correspondence of Southey and Caroline Bowles, p. 105). The former had a large circulation in America.

Mrs. Opie now spent her time chiefly in works of charity. She visited workhouses, hospitals, and prisons, and ministered to the poor. After a sojourn in the lakes in 1826, she began to keep a diary, in which she recorded her religious thoughts, as well as details of her daily life.

She visited London every year for the May meetings, and combined with them much social gaiety. She occasionally went to Paris, where she met Lafayette, Benjamin Constant, Cuvier, Ségur, Mignet, Mme. de Genlis. In 1829 she sat to David d'Angers for a medallion. He wished her to sit to him, she stated, because her writings had made him ‘cry his eyes out.’ She atoned for dining at the Café de Paris and praising French cooks by visiting the hospitals. Resuming her work at Norwich, she took especial interest there in the Bible Society and the Anti-Slavery Society; but in 1832 she sold her Norwich house, and spent seven months in Cornwall, Opie's native county (, Cornish Worthies, ii. 245). She stayed with the Foxes at Falmouth in December 1832 and January 1833, and joined the essay readings at Rosehill, sometimes contributing a few lines to the subject of the week.

Her last book, ‘Lays for the Dead,’ appeared in 1833. It contained poems in memory of departed relatives and friends, chiefly written in Cornwall. Despite failing health, she visited the highlands of Scotland in 1834, and in the next year took her last jour-


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 ney, travelling in Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland. An account of the first part of the trip, entitled ‘Recollections of Days in Belgium,’ appeared in ‘Tait's Magazine’ for 1840. Once again settled in Norwich (now in lodgings), she spent much time in letter-writing. She calculated that she wrote six letters a day, besides notes. She also contributed to periodicals, among others, in 1839, to ‘Finden's Tableaux,’ then edited by Miss Mitford (Friendships of M. R. Mitford, ii. 40–43). In 1840 she attended the anti-slavery convention in London, as delegate for Norwich. She sat to Haydon, who called her ‘a delightful creature,’ and appears in his picture of the meeting of the delegates, now in the National Portrait Gallery. She is on the right-hand side, the second figure in the second row, in a tall black quakeress bonnet (, Life of Haydon, 2nd edit. iii. 159). She was in London in the two following years, attending meetings, dining out, and breakfasting with Rogers. For the next four years (1842–6) she remained in Norwich, in close attendance upon an aged aunt.

Time touched Mrs. Opie lightly. In 1839 Miss Mitford called her ‘a pretty old woman’ (Letters of M. R. Mitford, 2nd ser. i. 143); Caroline Fox dined with her in 1843, and found her ‘in great force and really jolly’ (Memories of Old Friends); and Mr. S. C. Hall, who saw her in 1851, declared that time ‘had only replaced the charms of youth with the beauty of old age’ (Retrospect of a Long Life, ii. 184–7). Till almost the end she retained her love of fun, her merry laugh and ready repartee, and her faculty of telling stories to children. In 1848 she again took a house of her own at Norwich on Castle Meadow. The house has since been pulled down, but the little street at the corner of which it stood is called Opie Street. In 1849 and 1850 she indulged in her favourite amusement of attending the assizes. At the age of eighty-two she visited the great exhibition of 1851 in a wheeled chair, and meeting Miss Berry, her senior by six years, in a similar position, playfully proposed that they should have a chair race. Mrs. Opie died at Norwich at midnight, 2 Dec. 1853, after a few months of enfeebled power and partial failure of memory. She was buried on 9 Dec., in the same grave as her father, in the Friends' burying-ground at Norwich.

Mrs. Opie's poems are simple in diction. Two or three of them are deservedly found in every anthology, and one, ‘There seems a voice in every gale,’ is well known as a hymn (, Dict. of Hymnology, p. 871). Her novels, which were among the first to treat exclusively of domestic life, possess pathos and some gracefulness of style, but belong essentially to the lachrymose type of fiction, and are all written to point a moral. Harriet Martineau declared that Mrs. Opie wrote ‘slowly and amidst a strenuous excitement of her sensibilities’ (Autobiography, i. 299). Sydney Smith, when returning some manuscript tales that Mrs. Opie had sent for his inspection, said ‘Tenderness is your forte, and carelessness your fault.’ Mrs. Inchbald thought Mrs. Opie cleverer than her books. After her death, Miss Mitford complained of Mrs. Opie's ‘slipshod tales and bad English,’ although in 1810 she placed her beside Miss Edgworth and Joanna Baillie. In 1822 Miss Mitford amusingly writes, before reading ‘Madeline:’ ‘One knows the usual ingredients of her tales just as one knows the component parts of plum pudding. So much common sense (for the flour), so much vulgarity (for the suet), so much love (for the sugar), so many songs (for the plums), so much wit (for the spices), so much fine binding morality (for the eggs), and so much mere mawkishness and insipidity (for the milk and water wherewith the said pudding is mixed up)’ (, Life of Miss Mitford, ii. 148). Moore found her tales dull and impracticable (Memoirs, ii. 269–70).

Mrs. Opie's character presents some curious contrasts. She managed to combine a love of pleasure, society, and pretty clothes with the religion of a quaker. ‘Shall I ever cease,’ she avowed, ‘to enjoy the pleasures of this world? I fear not’ (, Retrospect of a Long Life, ii. 184–7). She wore the quaker garb, although she confessed to Gurney the agony of mind she endured at the thought of adopting it (, Gurney, i. 242); but her dress, though fawn or grey in colour, was always of rich silk or satin. Miss Sedgwick fancied that Mrs. Opie's ‘elaborate simplicity and the fashionable little train to her pretty satin gown indicated how much easier it is to adopt a theory than to change one's habits’ (Letters from Abroad, i. 98). Crabbe Robinson declared that ‘her becoming a quaker gave her a sort of éclat; yet she was not conscious, I dare say, of any unworthy motive’ (Diary, ii. 277). Harriet Martineau, who neither approved nor was greatly interested in Mrs. Opie, noted in 1839 ‘a spice of dandyism in the demure peculiarity of her dress’ (Autobiogr. iii. 202). Dr. Chalmers, however, who met her in 1833, called her a plain-looking quakeress, and could hardly reconcile her appearance with his idea of the authoress whose works he had read with delight. Her benevolence was unflagging. She conceived the idea with Mrs. Fry of re-


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Rh forming the internal management of hospitals, and in this was warmly encouraged by Southey (Colloquies, ii. 322). She gave material assistance to Mrs. Inchbald, and took much trouble about the subscription for Miss Mitford in 1843. She drew profile likenesses in pencil of her visitors, and carefully preserved several hundreds of the sketches. Three of these drawings, portraits of members of the Gurney family, are in the possession of J. H. Gurney.

In appearance Mrs. Opie was of average height, rather stout, and of fair complexion. She had brown hair and grey eyes. Perhaps the most pleasing portrait is that painted by her husband soon after their marriage, now in the possession of Mrs. William Sidgwick. It was engraved in 1807 to accompany Mrs. Taylor's memoir of her in the ‘Cabinet.’ There are other paintings by Opie, and many engravings. A full list will be found in John Jope Rogers's ‘Opie and his Works.’ H. P. Briggs, R.A., painted her in 1835; the picture became the property of J. H. Gurney. A very fine bust by David d'Angers, dated 1836, came, like the medallion of 1829, into the possession of Mrs. Grosvenor Woods; there is an engraving of the medallion in Miss Brightwell's ‘Life of Mrs. Opie.’

Mrs. Opie's works, other than those already noticed, were: 1. ‘An Elegy to the Memory of the Duke of Bedford,’ 1802. 2. ‘The Warrior's Return and other Poems,’ 1808. 3. ‘Temper, or Domestic Scenes,’ 3 vols. 1812. 4. ‘Tales of Real Life,’ 3 vols. 1813; 3rd edit. 1816. 5. ‘New Tales,’ 4 vols. 1818. 6. ‘Tales of the Heart,’ 4 vols. 1820. 7. ‘Tales of the Pemberton Family, for the use of Children,’ 1825. 8. ‘The Black Man's Lament, or how to make Sugar,’ 1826. In 1814 she edited Mrs. Roberts's ‘Duty,’ with a character of the author. A collected edition of her ‘Miscellaneous Tales’ appeared in 1845–7, in twelve volumes.

OPIE, JOHN (1761–1807), portrait and history painter, was born at St. Agnes, about seven miles from Truro, Cornwall, in May 1761. His mother's maiden name was Tonkin, and he was descended on both sides from old Cornish families, but his father and his grandfather were carpenters. Though educated only at the village school, he made such progress, especially in arithmetic and Euclid, that at ten years old he began to instruct others, and at the age of twelve set up an evening school for poor children. In his mathematical bent he was encouraged by a maternal uncle, John Tonkin, who called him ‘the young Sir Isaac.’ But his tendency to art was stronger still, and prevailed in spite of the objections of his father, who wished him to follow his own trade of carpentering. His mother, as is usual, was on his side; and some copies of pictures which he made from memory, and a portrait he drew one Sunday morning of his father in a rage (he is said to have irritated him on purpose to catch the expression), probably helped to turn the scale in his favour. He soon got employment as a travelling portrait-painter, and when about fifteen attracted the attention of Dr. Wolcot (Peter Pindar) [q. v.], who was then attempting to establish himself at Truro. On one of his expeditions he went to Padstow, and at Place House, Pawston, the seat of the Prideaux family, he painted the whole household, down to the dogs and the cats (for an account of these pictures and others by Opie in Cornwall, see letter on the ‘Antiquity of the Family of Opie,’ Mag. of Fine Arts, iii. 210, &c.) From Padstow he brought twenty guineas, which he gave his mother, and said that in future he should maintain himself. Other patrons were Sir John St. Aubin and Lord Bateman, who employed him in painting old men, beggars, &c., and Opie painted his own portrait for Lord Bateman in 1777. He had a number of Cornish sitters between 1776 and 1778, and he painted the notorious Dolly Pentreath [see ] shortly before her death on 27 Dec. 1777. Of this portrait Opie made an etching, the only one by his hand.

It was, however, Dr. Wolcot who exerted the chief influence upon him. Conflicting stories are told of the early relations between the two, but there is no doubt that the doctor detected his talent, provided him with materials, instructed him in their use, lent him pictures and drawings to copy, and took him into his house. Soon there was a demand for portraits by Wolcot's protégé, and the doctor made the youth raise his price to half a guinea a head. At length it occurred to Wolcot that he might improve his own prospects, and Opie's also, by moving from Truro, and in 1779 he went to Helston, and practised there or at Falmouth for the next two years. He


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 appears also to have stayed awhile in Exeter, and at the end of 1780 the two settled in London. The doctor, who claimed to have 'lost an income of 800l. to 400l. a year by the change of scene, entered into a written agreement, by which it was agreed the two should share the joint profits in equal divisions.' The plan lasted for a year, 'but at the end (Wolcot writes) of that time my pupil told me I might return to the country, as he could now do for himself.' Though their relations were never so cordial after this, their intercourse was maintained for many years, and Opie contrihuted the life of Reynolds to Dr. Wolcot's edition of Pilkington's 'Dictionary,' which appeared in 1798. It was not till Opie*s second marriage that their estrangement was complete; Mrs. (Amelia) Opie thoroughly disliked the doctor. Yet Wolcot never attacked Opie in print, though he is said to have complained privately of his ingratitude; and all that Opie is reported to have said when any one spoke of the doctor is: 'Ay, in time you will know him.'

Wolcot, in working for his 'partner,' was no doubt working for himself also, but his services to Opie were inestimable. He noised his genius abroad, and on the young artist's arrival in London in 1781 he introduced him to artists and patrons, and showed about his pictures. The doctor had earned the gratitude of Mrs. Boscawen, widow of Admiral Boscawen [see ], by some verses he he had written on the death of her son, and he made use of her interest to introduce Opie to the court. This happened before March 1782, and George III bought one of Opie's pictures, and gave him a commission for a portrait of Mrs. Delaney (now at Hampton Court). He also received commissions to paint the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, Lady Salisbury, Lady Charlotte Talbot, Lady Harcourt, and other ladies of the court. During the spring of 1782 Opie's lodgings at Mr. Riccard's, Orange Court, Castle Street, Leicester Fields, were crowded with rank and fashion every day, and the 'Cornish wonder' was the talk of the town.

Sir Joshua Reynolds gave Opie advice and encouragement, and was surprised at the natural power shown in his paintings of a 'Jew' and a 'Cornish Beggar.' When Northcote returned from abroad in the summer of 1780, Reynolds said to him: 'Ah! my dear sir, you may go back; there is a wondrous Cornishman who is carrying all before him.' 'What is he like?' said Northote, eagerly. 'Like? Why, like Caravaggio and Velasquez in one.'

In 1780 a picture of him was exhibited in London at the Incorporated Society of Artists. This work is described in the catalogue as 'Master Oppey, Penryn; a Boy's Head, an Instance of Genius, not Inning seen a picture.' As Mr. Claude Phillips, in his article on Opie in the 'Gazette des Beaux-Arts' (1892, p. 299), has pointed out, this Master Oppey is clearly the same as John Opie, the future academician. In Redgrave's 'Dictionary' he is treated as a different person, and the place and date of his death are given as Marylebone, 26 Nov. 1785. The confusion is probably due to the 'Gentleman's Magazine' (1785, pt. ii. 1008), which contains an entry of the death of John Opie at that place and date; but it is plain from the context that the person erroneously supposed to be dead is none other than Dr. Wolcot's protégé, the one and only 'Cornish wonder.'

In 1782 Opie began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, sending 'An Old Man's Head' and 'An Old Woman,' and three others, none of which are now traceable. In 1783 he exhibited 'Age and Infancy' and 'A Boy and Girl,' with three portraits, one of which has been identified as that of William Jackson of Exeter, the organist and composer. Dr. Wolcot, in his 'Lyric Odes,' 1782, introduced a sonnet to Jackson, with these lines referring to the painter:

Opie's first cares in his new prosperity were to surround his mother with comfort, and to provide himself with a wife. On 4 Dec. 1782 he married Mary Bunn at the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. She was a daughter of Benjamin Bunn of St. Botolph's, Aldgate, who combined the business of a solicitor with that of a money-lender. The match was unhappy. In 1795 the lady eloped with one John Edwards, and in the following year Opie obtained a divorce. Meanwhile his sudden popularity waned. But he had not allowed his sudden elevation to turn his head, and, realising that his popularity was due to unusual circumstances, he was not surprised when the reaction came and his studio was deserted by the fashionable crowd. He merely increased his exertions to supply those defects in his art of which no one was more conscious than himself, and also to improve his education by the study of French and Latin, and by assiduous reading of English literature. He had confidence in his natural gifts, and though conscious that his manners were rough and unpolished, and that his education was defective, he did not on this account shun the companionship of others


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 better equipped than himself. Moreover, though the fashionable world ceased to throng his studio, he had still plenty of employment as a portrait-painter, and his reputation in the profession increased. In 1786 he sent seven pictures to the academy, including five portraits and two subject-pictures, 'A Sleeping Nymph—Cupid stealing a Kiss' and James I of Scotland assassinated by Graham at the instigation of his Uncle, the Duke of Athol.' In 1787 he sent 'The Assassination of David Rizzio,' which produced a powerful impression, with the result that Opie was elected an associate, and in the following spring a full member, of the Royal Academy. The two pictures of assassinations were purchased by Alderman Boydell, and were presented by him to the city of London. They are now hung in the City Gallery at Guildhall.

For the next seven years he only exhibited portraits at the Royal Academy, but he was largely employed in painting pictures for the important illustrated works of the day. For Boydell's 'Shakespeare' (1786-9) he painted 'Arthur supplicating Hubert,' 'Juliet on her Bed surrounded by the Capulets,' 'Antigonus sworn to destroy Perdita,' and four others. He also painted three pictures for Macklin's 'Poets,' four for Macklin's Bible, and eleven for Robert Bowyer's edition of Hume's 'History of England.' Of these works the most celebrated were 'Jephtha's Vow' (1793), 'The Presentation in the Temple' (1791), 'Mary of Modena quitting England' (now in the town-hall at JDevonport), and 'Elizabeth Grey petitioning Edward IV,' painted in 1798.

Meanwhile he had married again, and this time his choice was very fortunate. It was at an evening party at Norwich that he first met Amelia Alderson, the daughter of a doctor of that town, and cousin of Baron Alderson [see, and ]. He fell in love at first sight. They were married at Marylebone Church on 8 May 1798, and lived till his death at 8 Berners Street, whither he had moved in 1791. They were thoroughly suited to each other; she appreciated his genius and character. A grace was afterwards observed in his works, especially his female portraits, which they had lacked before. At first fortune did not seem to favour them, and there was a short period at the end of 1801 and the beginning of 1802 when he was wholly without employment; Mrs. Opie considered these 'three alarming months' as the severest trial in her married life. Then a 'torrent of business' came, and never ceased to flow till the day of his death.

In 1800 Opie addressed a letter to the editor of the 'True Briton' on the proposal for erecting a public memorial of the naval glory of Great Britain; and in 1802 Opie and his wife went to Paris and saw the wonderful collection of pictures which Napoleon had looted from all the galleries of Europe. In 1805 he was elected professor of painting to the Royal Academy. He had been a candidate for the appointment in 1799, when Barry was elected, but withdrew in favour of Fuseli. Opie refused to avail himself of the grace of three years allowed to the professor for the preparation of his lectures, and commenced their delivery in February 1807. He had previously delivered some lectures on art at the Royal Institution, which had been well received in spite of some want of method and abruptness. He now threw his whole mind into his task, and embodied the result of years of sincere thought in four lectures on (1) design, (2) invention, (3) chiaro scuro, and (4) colouring. With the exception of those of Sir Joshua Reynolds, no series of lectures emanating from the Royal Academy are better worth reading. Their views are original and just, and they contain much excellent criticism in language which is clear and vigorous. They are permanent contributions to critical literature.

The anxiety and labour spent in the composition of these lectures are supposed to nave hastened his death. He was busily engaged at the same time on his paintings, and 'laboured so intently the latter end of 1806 and the beginning of 1807 that he allowed his mind no rest, hardly indulging in the relaxation of a walk.' A disease of the spinal marrow, affecting his brain, ensued, and he strove in vain to finish his works for the academy exhibition. His pupil, [q. v.] (afterwards R.A.), volunteered to work on one of them—a portrait of the Duke of Gloucester—and Opie was able in one of his lucid intervals to give a direction, and to express satisfaction when it was carried out.

He died on 9 April 1807, and was buried, with some pomp, in St. Paul's Cathedral.

In the National Portrait Gallery are portraits by Opie of himself, Bartolozzi, and Thomas Holcroft. Another portrait of Opie by himself is in the Dulwich Gallery. In the National Gallery are portraits of William Siddons, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, and the 'Head of a Young Man.' A picture of 'Troilus, Cressida, and Pandarus' is in the Manchester Gallery, on loan from the National Gallery. In the diploma gallery of the Royal Academy is his 'Old Man and Child,' and at the Garrick Club a group from 'The Gamester,' with Stukeley and other actors. At


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 the Brompton Consumption Hospital are some works by Opie bequeathed by Miss Read in 1871. Among the great men of the day Opie painted Dr. Johnson (for whom he had a profound admiration) three times, Bartolozzi, John Bannister, Munden, and Betty (the young Roscius), Fox and Burke, John Crome and Northcote, Fuseli and Girtin, Southey, Dr. Parr, Mrs. Inchbald, and Mrs. Shelley. Altogether he executed 508 portraits (counting each head in family groups), all of which, with a very few exceptions, were in oil. Others of his pictures numbered 252.

The notes of Opie's character, both as an artist and a man, were originality, manliness, and sincerity. A carpenter's son in a remote village, without any regular instruction in art and without opportunity to study the works of great artists, he, at the age of nineteen, produced pictures which aroused the admiration and envy of the most distinguished artists in the country; at the age of twenty-five he had achieved the highest honours of his profession, and he fully sustained his reputation till his death. The merits of his work, in some respects, are perhaps even more perceptible now than when he painted. The unusual largeness of his manner, the contempt for small attractiveness of any kind, the freedom and force of his execution, the noble gravity of his feeling, distinguish his pictures from those of all his contemporaries, in a manner more favourable to their appreciation than in days when the public were accustomed to the polished grace and vivacity of Reynolds and Gainsborough, Hoppner and Lawrence. The reputation of Opie, which has risen considerably of recent years, was greatly increased by the reappearance of his fine picture of ‘The School’ (an early work engraved by Valentine Green in 1785), which was lent by Lord Wantage to the collection of English pictures (1737–1837) at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1888. Its rich but sombre colour, its fine chiaroscuro, the grave feeling in the heads, suggested at least affinity with the unimaginative side of Rembrandt. It is to this class of art that Opie belongs, the class of serious realism and strength of light and shade. His realism was not only serious but intellectual, for he painted with his brains as well as his brush. Authentic testimonies to his mental endowments, his talent for repartee, the weight and pith of his observations, are numerous. His memory was extraordinary. He knew Shakespeare, Milton, and many other poets ‘almost by heart.’ Horne Tooke said: ‘Mr. Opie crowds more wisdom into a few words than almost any man I ever knew; he speaks, as it were, in axioms, and what he observes is worthy to be remembered.’ Sir James Macintosh remarked that, ‘had Mr. Opie turned his mind to the study of philosophy, he would have been one of the first philosophers of the age.’ More convincing still is the testimony of Opie's caustic rival, Northcote, who never allowed his jealousy to interfere with his admiration of the wonderful Cornishman. But even from his devoted wife's testimony it is evident that he never overcame entirely the roughness of his manners. His very candid friend, Mrs. Inchbald, wrote after his death: ‘The total absence of artificial manners was the most remarkable characteristic, and at the same time the adornment and deformity, of Mr. Opie.’

O'QUINN, JEREMIAH (d. 1657), Irish presbyterian minister, was born at Templepatrick, co. Antrim. His parents were Roman catholics, and his mother-tongue was Gaelic. On his becoming a protestant, he was patronised by Arthur Upton of Castle Upton, the proprietor of Templepatrick, who, with a view to his becoming a preacher to the Gaelic-speaking population, sent him to Glasgow University, where ‘Jeremias Oquinus’ graduated M.A. in 1644. On 4 Oct. 1646 he was present as an ‘expectant’ (licensed preacher) at the admission of Anthony Kennedy (d. 11 Dec. 1697, aged 83) to the charge of Templepatrick parish. Shortly afterwards he was called by a majority to the charge of Billy parish, co. Antrim. His settlement was opposed by a party headed by Donald McNeill, who appealed from the army presbytery (constituted 10 June 1642) to the English parliamentary commissioners sent to Ulster in October 1645. The presbytery successfully resisted this appeal from a spiritual court to the civil authority, and O'Quinn was admitted to Billy. Patrick Adair [q. v.] describes him as ‘of great repu-


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Rh tation for honesty and zeal, though of little learning and no great judgment.’

On 15 Feb. 1649 the presbytery issued at Belfast the famous ‘representation’ (answered by Milton), which denounces the execution of Charles as ‘an act so horrible as no history, divine or human, ever had a precedent for the like.’ O'Quinn, who had not been present at the meeting, disobeyed the presbytery's order for reading this document in the churches. Joined by James Ker, minister of Ballymoney, he submitted (3 May) ten objections to the ‘representation.’ The presbytery argued the matter for several meetings; at length they suspended Ker and O'Quinn, and reported the matter to the standing commission of the church of Scotland, who approved their action. Ker and O'Quinn ‘despised the sentence’ and held their places, but continued to make fruitless applications to the presbytery for the removal of the suspension. They took the ‘engagement’ and got salaries from the civil list. With Thomas Vesey, minister of Coleraine, whose principles were episcopalian, they left the presbytery to join a clerical coalition, of which Timothy Taylor [q. v.], an independent, was the leader. By November 1651 they were weary of exclusion; an order in council (13 Nov.), addressed to Colonel Robert Venables, referred to O'Quinn as ‘somewhat embittered against the interest of England,’ and suggested his transfer to ‘parts where there are Irish that cannot speak English.’ O'Quinn advised Taylor to seek a conference with ‘the brethren of the presbytery,’ in order to adjust matters of difference, and was sent with this proposal to Kennedy. The presbytery appointed a conference with Taylor and Andrew Wyke of Lisburn at Antrim in March 1652. It turned to a discussion with Adair, who was thought to have gained the advantage. Ker made his submission in October, and O'Quinn soon followed his example. Henceforth he helped to keep the peace between the government and the presbyterians. The privy council paid him 40l. on 20 April 1654 for a visit to Dublin. His name is on Henry Cromwell's civil list of 1655 for a salary of 100l. at Billy. He died at Billy on 31 Jan. 1657 (the date is not to be corrected to 1658, as the Scottish reckoning prevailed in the north of Ireland). His executor, Teague O'Moony, a presbyterian landholder in co. Antrim, applied to the government for help towards payment of his small debts and funeral expenses, and received a grant of 25l. He was buried in Billy churchyard, where is a tombstone bearing his epitaph (name, ‘O'Quinius’) with Latin elegiacs. The inscription (most correctly given in Benn, where ‘exeunte’ should be ‘ex unda’) was renewed by Thomas Babington (1755–1823), vicar of Billy, who is buried in the same tomb. Adair spells his name O'Queen.

 ORAM, WILLIAM (d. 1777), painter and architect, was educated as an architect, and, through the patronage of Sir Edward Walpole, obtained the position of master-carpenter to the board of works. He designed a triumphal arch for the coronation of George III, of which an engraving was published. Oram also devoted much time to landscape-painting in the style of Gaspar Poussin. His works were often applied to decorative purposes and inserted over doors and mantelpieces. He designed and painted the staircase at Buckingham House, and was employed to repair the paintings on the staircase at Hampton Court. He published an etching of Datchet bridge in 1745. In 1766 he exhibited three landscapes at the Society of Artists' exhibition. Oram, who was generally known as ‘Old Oram,’ to distinguish him from his son, died on 17 March 1777, leaving a widow and a son, Edward Oram (noticed below). In his will, dated 4 Jan. 1776, and proved 17 March 1777 (P. C. C. 124, Collier), Oram describes himself as of St. John's, Hampstead, and leaves everything to his wife Elizabeth. His widow gave Oram's manuscripts to his near relative, Charles Clarke, F.S.A., who in 1810 published from them ‘Precepts and Observations on the Art of Colouring in Landscape-Painting, by the late William Oram, esq., of his Majesty's Board of Works.’

(fl. 1770–1800), son of the above, also practised as a landscape-painter. He exhibited landscapes at the Royal Academy from 1775 to 1790, and again in 1798 and 1799. He was also engaged in scene-painting as assistant to Philip James de Loutherbourgh [q. v.], and painted scenery for the Royalty theatre in Wellclose Square [see, 1742?–1798]. He was one of the artists patronised, like John Flaxman [q. v.] and William Blake [q. v.], by the Rev. Henry and Mrs. Mathew, and he assisted Flaxman in decorating their house in Rathbone Place. In 1799 Oram was


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  in Gresse Street, Rathbone Place. All later trace of him is lost.

 ORCHEYERD or ORCHARD, WILLIAM (d. 1504), mason and architect, was in September 1475 described as a freemason of Oxford. At that date Bishop Wayneflete of Winchester, who was superintending the building of Magdalen College, Oxford, engaged Orcheyerd to make the great west window of the chapel, in seven lights, according to a ‘portraiture’ prepared by Orcheyerd, for twenty marks. He was also to provide forty-eight cloister windows with buttresses, at 48s. 4d. for each window and buttress; twelve doors for chambers, and one hundred and two windows, as good as, or better than, the windows in the chambers of All Souls College, at 6s. 8d. each; and the windows of the library, each with two lights, with like reference to those of All Souls College, at 13s. 4d. each. This work was completed in 1477–8, in which years Orcheyerd acknowledged payment. In 1479 two further agreements were made for battlements and buttresses for Magdalen College chapel, hall, library, gateway tower, and cloister tower, with a staircase turret, called a ‘vyse,’ to the latter, and pinnacles, the spire for the turret to be 16 feet high, and the pinnacles 11½ feet; the spire to cost nine marks, and the pinnacles 11s. 1d. each. The stone was to be dug from the quarries belonging to the king and to the college at Headington, near Oxford. Orcheyerd was engaged at the same time upon work at Eton for Wayneflete, it being provided that the stone should be procured for that work from the same quarries. The satisfaction which his work gave is evidenced by the fact of the college leasing to him for fifty-nine years in 1478 some land at Barton, a hamlet of Headington, where their quarry was situated. This lease was, in 1486, converted into one for twenty years, should he live so long, with addition of other land. In the later lease he is described as ‘commonly called Master William Mason.’ In 1490 as ‘William Orchard, esquire,’ he leased out some of his land for five years; and in 1501, as ‘Master W. Mason,’ granted another lease. From a document dated 13 Feb. 1502–3, which is entered in the register of the university marked ¶, at f. 189, it appears that he was then engaged upon buildings at St. Bernard's College, for which he had made an agreement with the abbot of Fountains [called Funteys, i.e. Fontes, miscopied as Freynties in Wood's ‘Antiquities of the City of Oxford,’ 1890, ii. 309] for two years and a half from Whitsuntide 1502; he procured the entry in this register of the agreement with respect to the digging the foundations and quarrying the stone, owing apparently to some dispute. But in 1504 he died. His will, which is entered in the above-mentioned university register, at fol. 65 b, dated 21 Jan. 1503–4, was proved 13 March. He directed his body to be buried in the church of the priory of St. Frideswide, and bequeathed to the priory his house in Crampolle (Grandpool or Grandpont) after the death of his wife Katherine, to whom he left all the residue of his property, providing for masses for his soul at St. Frideswide's and Magdalen College, and securing to the college an annual payment for ever from the priory of 6s. 8d. His elder son, John Orchard, who took the degree of B.C.L., sold some of the Headington property in 1513. A portion of the rest was given in dowry with his daughter Isabella (al. Elizabeth) on her marriage to Edward Mawdisley, a tailor, of Oxford, about 1490. She subsequently married Harry Oldame of Oxford, and died before September 1513. John Orchard was a brewer in Oxford in 1505 (Univ. Reg. as above, f. 230 b).

 ORD, CRAVEN (1756–1832), antiquary, the younger son of Harry Ord, of the king's remembrancer's office, by Anne, daughter of Francis Hutchinson of Barnard Castle, Durham, was born in London in 1756. His uncle, Robert Ord [q. v.], was chief baron of the Scottish exchequer. Ord was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries on 26 Jan. 1775, and of the Royal Society on 3 May 1787 (, Royal Soc. App. iv. lix). He was for several years vice-president of the former society, and at the time of his death was, together with Bray and Dr. Latham, one of its three patriarchs. His life was mainly devoted to antiquarian researches. In association with Sir John Cullum, he prompted and assisted Gough in his great work on the ‘Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain,’ and to Ord's exertions, Gough testified, ‘are owing the impressions of some of the finest brasses, as well as many valuable descriptive hints’ (, Lit. Anecd. vi. 286). In September 1780 he undertook a tour in search of brasses in East-Anglia, together with Gough and Cullum, who described their success with enthusiasm. From Wisbech they proceeded ‘sixteen miles of one


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  level, through such a string of noble churches, most dreadfully situated, as cannot be matched, I believe, in the kingdom,’ to Lynn, ‘where is the noblest parcel of brasses I ever met with, in perfect preservation.’ He left few churches in southern England unexplored, and formed a unique collection of impressions of brasses. His method of obtaining the impressions was as follows: he always carried with him French paper kept damp in a specially prepared case, printer's ink, and a quantity of rags; he inked the brass, then wiped it very clean, laid on the paper, covered it with some thicknesses of cloth, and then trod upon it. He finished the outlines at home, cut out the figures, and pasted them in a large portfolio. His collection of impressions of sepulchral brasses, bound in two volumes, with deal boards over six feet in height, was purchased by Thorpe the bookseller in 1830 for 43l. 1s.

Ord's literary assistance was acknowledged by Nichols, by Mantell, and by Ormerod in their respective histories of Leicestershire, Surrey, and Cheshire; but he published nothing separately, his writings being confined to his communications to the ‘Archæologia.’ The most valuable of these were: in 1790, ‘An Inventory of Crown Jewels made in 3 Edward III’ (x. 241–260); in 1794, ‘Sir Edward Waldegrave's Accompt for the Funeral of King Edward VI’ (xii. 334–396); in 1803, ‘An Account of the Entertainment of King Henry VI at the Abbey of St. Edmunds Bury in 1433’ (xv. 65 seq.); in 1806, ‘Copies of five curious Writs of Privy Seal, one in the time of Queen Mary, and the others of Queen Elizabeth’ (xvi. 91 seq.)

Ord's extremely valuable library was mainly dispersed in June 1829, on the occasion of his leaving England for the sake of his health. At the same time was sold a portion of his choice collection of historical manuscripts. His ‘Registrum de Bury, temp. Edward III,’ was purchased by Madden for 126l., and his ‘Liber Garderobæ ab anno 18 Edw. II ad annum 15 Edw. III’ by Thorpe for 110l. 15s. His Suffolk collections, in twenty folio volumes, with three volumes of indexes, were obtained by the last-mentioned dealer for 210l.; all are now in the British Museum, together with a series of illustrative drawings (in Addit. MSS. 7101–2, 8986–7). A second sale of Ord's manuscripts took place in January 1830, when a very large quantity of small ancient deeds was sold in bags, and fetched from 2l. to 3l. each. Many of the manuscripts had previously belonged to J. Martin, the Thetford antiquary, and were acquired by Ord for a few shillings. The collections of Francis Douce and of Sir Thomas Phillipps were largely reinforced from Ord's sale. The remainder of his library was sold after his death, in May 1832.

Previous to 1829 Ord had resided chiefly at his seat of Greenstead Hall in Essex, where most of his children were born; but he died at Woolwich Common in January 1832. He married, in June 1784, Mary Smith, daughter of John Redman of Greenstead Hall, Essex, by whom he had five sons—the Rev. Craven Ord (1786–1836), vicar of St. Mary-de-Wigtoft, Lincolnshire, 1809, prebendary of Lincoln, 1814, married in 1814 Margaret Blagrave, a niece of the Rev. Sir John Cullum, bart., succeeded his father in his property at Greenstead, and died 14 Dec. 1836; Major Robert Hutchinson Ord, K.H., of the royal artillery, who married in 1817 Elizabeth Blagrave, a sister of the preceding; Captain William Redman Ord of the royal engineers; John Ord, M.D., of Hertford; Captain Harry Gough Ord, father of Sir Harry St. George Ord [q. v.] —and one daughter, Harriot Mary, who married in 1815 the Rev. George Hughes.

 ORD, HARRY  GEORGE (1819–1885), major-general royal engineers, colonial governor, son of Captain Harry Gough Ord, royal artillery, and of his wife, Louisa Latham of Bexley, Kent, was born at North Cray, Kent, on 17 June 1819. He was educated privately at Woolwich, and entered the Royal Military Academy there in 1835. He received a commission as second lieutenant in the corps of royal engineers on 14 Dec. 1837, and went through the usual course of professional instruction at Chatham. Promoted lieutenant on 27 May 1839, he was quartered at Woolwich and afterwards in Ireland. In January 1840 he was sent to the West Indies, where he remained for the next six years. He returned home in December 1845, and was stationed at Woolwich for a year, and then at Chatham. On 29 Oct. 1846 he was promoted second captain.

In December 1849 Ord was sent on special duty to the west coast of Africa and the island of Ascension, returning to England in September 1850, when he was again employed at Chatham. He received the thanks of the board of admiralty for his report and recommendations with reference to naval works at the island of Ascension. On 1 Jan. 1852 he was appointed adjutant of the royal en-


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 gineers at Chatham. He was promoted first captain on 17 Feb. 1854, but continued to hold the appointment of adjutant until July, when he was appointed brigade-major of the royal engineers under Brigadier-general (afterwards Sir) Harry David Jones [q. v.] in the combined French and English expedition to the Baltic. Ord was present at the siege and capture of Bomarsund, and was mentioned in despatches. He received the war medal and was promoted brevet-major on 8 Sept. 1854. On his return to England he was quartered at Sheerness.

In November 1855 Ord's services were placed at the disposal of the colonial office, and he was sent as a commissioner on a special mission to the Gold Coast, returning in May 1856. From June to October in 1856, and again from February to May 1857 (the interval being occupied with military duty at Gravesend), he was employed in Holland and France to assist the British minister at the Hague and the British ambassador in Paris in negotiations respecting the Netherlands' and French possessions on the west coast of Africa. On the completion of this duty he returned again to Gravesend.

On 2 Sept. 1857 Ord was appointed lieutenant-governor of the island of Dominica in the West Indies, and he assumed the government on 4 Nov. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel on 28 Nov. 1859. In April 1860, while in England on leave of absence, he was offered the government of the Bermudas, and was gazetted to the appointment on 16 Feb. 1861, assuming the government the following month. In January 1864 he returned home on leave of absence, was promoted brevet-colonel on 28 Nov., and was sent to the west coast of Africa as commissioner on special service under the colonial office in connection with disturbances with the Ashantis. He returned to England in March 1865. On 9 Oct. he was made a C.B., and the same month he resumed the government of the Bermudas. He finally left the Bermudas in November 1866.

On 5 Feb. 1867 Ord was appointed the first colonial governor of the Straits Settlements, these possessions having up to that time been administered by the government of India. He was made a knight-bachelor, assumed the government on 1 April 1867, and was promoted major-general on 16 April 1869. His tenure of the government was, by the desire of the colonial office, extended beyond the usual time, and he remained at Singapore until November 1873.

Ord's health had suffered from service in tropical climates, and for the next four years he remained unemployed. He was made a K.C.M.G. on 30 May 1877, having in April of that year been appointed governor of South Australia. In 1879, having completed the full term as colonial governor, he retired on the maximum pension, and lived at Fornham House, near Bury St. Edmunds. On 24 May 1881 he was made a G.C.M.G. He took considerable interest in the Zoological Society of London, of which he was an honorary fellow, and presented it with many animals from the various places in which he served. Ord died suddenly of heart-disease at Homburg on 20 Aug. 1885. He was buried in the churchyard of Fornham St. Martin, and a tablet to his memory has been placed in the church. A village institute was also erected at Fornham St. Martin in his memory by his friend, the sultan of Johore.

Ord married in London, on 28 May 1846, Julia Graham, daughter of Admiral James Carpenter, R.N., by whom he had three sons: Harry St. George, who settled in Australia; William St. George, retired captain royal engineers, of Fornham; and St. John St. George, a retired major of the royal artillery.

Ord was a popular governor. A three-quarter-length portrait of him was painted for the Chinese merchants of the Straits Settlements, and is now at Singapore. There is also a portrait of him in the chamber of the Legislative Council of Bermuda.

Ord contributed to the ‘Professional Papers of the Corps of Royal Engineers’ (new ser. vol. iv.) papers entitled ‘Experiments on the Penetration of Bullets’ and ‘Experiments with 5½-inch Shells.’

ORD, JOHN WALKER (1811–1853), topographer, poet, and journalist, born at Guisborough, Yorkshire, on 5 March 1811, was son of the principal partner in the firm of Richard Ord & Son, tanners and leather merchants of that place. He entered the university of Edinburgh, and, being intended for the medical profession, was apprenticed to Dr. Knox, the eminent lecturer on anatomy. While at Edinburgh he was intimate with Prof. Wilson and Hogg, the ‘Ettrick Shepherd.’ Eventually he abandoned the study of medicine, and, coming to London in 1834, he started, two years later, the ‘Metropolitan Literary Journal,’ a paper which was afterwards merged in the ‘Britannia.’ His literary labours brought him into intercourse with Thomas Campbell, Sheridan Knowles, Douglas Jerrold, and the Countess of Blessington. He afterwards retired to


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Rh his native county, and died at Guisborough on 29 Aug. 1853.

His works are: 1. ‘England: a historical Poem,’ 2 vols., London, 1834–5, 8vo. 2. ‘Remarks on the Sympathetic Condition existing between the Body and the Mind, especially during Disease,’ London, 1836, 8vo, forming a supplement to the ‘Metropolitan Literary Journal.’ 3. ‘The Bard, and minor Poems,’ 1841, 12mo. 4. ‘Rural Sketches and Poems, chiefly relating to Cleveland,’ London, 1845, 12mo. 5. ‘The History and Antiquities of Cleveland, comprising the Wapentake of East and West Langbargh, North Riding, County of York,’ London, 1846, 4to. Prefixed is a portrait of the author, engraved by B. F. Lloyd & Co., Edinburgh. Boyne says: ‘This work is written in a fulsome style. The author was unfit for such a great work; he was not an antiquary’ (Yorkshire Library, p. 190).

He also edited ‘Roseberry Topping: a Poem by Thomas Pierson,’ Stockton, 1847, 12mo, and left unfinished ‘The Bible Oracles.’

 ORD or ORDE, ROBERT (d. 1778), chief baron of the Scottish exchequer, was the eldest son of John Orde, under-sheriff of Newcastle-on-Tyne, by Anne Hutchinson. At an early period he removed to Edinburgh, where ultimately he was appointed baron of the Scottish exchequer. He died on 4 Feb. 1778. There is a portrait of him at Ravensworth Castle. By his wife Mary, eldest daughter of Sir John Darnell, knight, he had a daughter Elizabeth, married to Robert Macqueen, lord Braxfield [q. v.], and a son John Ord (1729?–1814). The son was educated at Hackney and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1750, and afterwards obtained a lay fellowship. Having been called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, he in 1777 became attorney-general of the duchy of Lancaster, and in 1778 master in chancery. He was M.P. successively for Midhurst, Hastings, and Wendover (1774–1790), and was some time chairman of ways and means in the House of Commons. He was F.R.S., and died on 6 June 1814, and was buried in Fulham churchyard.

 ORDE, JOHN (1751–1824), admiral, younger son of John Orde of East Orde and Morpeth (d. 1784), and brother of Thomas Orde-Powlett, first lord Bolton [q. v.], was born on 22 Dec. 1751. He entered the navy in 1766 on board the Jersey, with Commodore Spry, in the Mediterranean; afterwards served on the Newfoundland station with Commodore Byron, and in the West Indies with Sir George Rodney, who, on 7 April 1774, promoted him to be lieutenant of the Ferret sloop, and in July moved him to the Rainbow, in which he returned to England. In July 1775 he went out to North America in the Roebuck with Captain Andrew Snape Hamond [q. v.] From her he was moved in 1777 to the Eagle, Lord Howe's flagship, and early in 1778 was promoted to command the Zebra sloop, in which he assisted at the reduction of Philadelphia and the forts of the Delaware. On 19 May 1778 he was posted to the Virginia frigate, which, in 1779, was part of the force under Sir George Collier [q.v.] in the expedition up the Penobscot. In 1780 Orde took part in the reduction of Charlestown [see ], and in October was appointed to the Chatham. The following July, when Arbuthnot was recalled, he hoisted his flag in the Roebuck, and moved Orde into her as his flag-captain; and during the rest of the war Orde commanded the Roebuck in the North Sea and on the coast of France. In 1783 Orde was appointed governor of Dominica, restored to England at the peace, but the island for the next year was infested by bodies of negroes, who had obtained arms and taken to the mountains. Orde's energy in restoring quiet and security won for him the thanks of the settlers, and on 27 July 1790 he was created a baronet. On the outbreak of the revolutionary war he obtained leave to resign his government and return to active service in the navy. He was appointed to the Victorious, from which he moved to the Venerable, and afterwards to the Prince George, all attached to the Channel fleet.

On 1 June 1795 he attained the rank of rear-admiral, and, after a few weeks in temporary command at Plymouth during the early part of 1797, hoisted his flag on board the Princess Royal, and joined Lord St. Vincent off Cadiz as third in command. In the summer of 1798 Orde was deeply mortified at finding that Sir Horatio Nelson, a junior officer, had been sent into the Mediterranean in command of a squadron on particular service; and the more so as the arrival of Sir Roger Curtis in the fleet reduced him to fourth in command. This led him to complain to St. Vincent, in letters which that strict disciplinarian considered so highly improper that he ordered Orde to shift his flag