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 as a practical politician has been attributed to lack of principle; but a failure from this cause is the exception, not the rule, and his was probably in one sense due to excess of principle, to his devotion to unattainable ideals. Few politicians have been more consistent or persistent in their main aims; and as to means he was not more unscrupulous than the majority of the politicians of his time. While by no means unmindful of his own personal interests, he, almost alone among contemporary Scottish politicians, was unflinchingly patriotic. Nor can it be affirmed that he was in any proper sense a traitor to his queen, if regard be had to essentials. On the contrary, he constantly strove to save her from herself, and at last sacrificed himself in a quixotic attempt to retrieve her hopeless fortunes.

Maitland was twice married: first to Janet Menteith, without issue; and secondly to Mary, daughter of Malcolm, third lord Fleming, by whom he had a son James and a daughter Margaret, married to Robert, first earl of Roxburgh. The son having become a Roman catholic retired to the continent, where he died without issue some time after 1620. He was the author of a 'Narrative of the Principal Acts of the Regency during the Minority, and other Papers relating to the History of Mary Queen of Scots,' edited by W. S. F., and privately printed at Ipswich in 1842 (copy in the library of the British Museum); and 'An Apologie for William Maitland of Ledington against the Lies and Calumnies of Jhone Leslie, Bishop of Ross, George Buchanan, and William Camden' (Addit MS, British Museum, 32092, f. 230). The estate of Lethington, which was restored to the family under the great seal, was sold 19 Feb. 1583-4 to Sir, first lord of Thirlestane [q. v.]

MAITLAND, WILLIAM (1693?–1757), topographer, born at Brechin about 1693, was originally occupied as a hair merchant, and in that capacity travelled in Sweden, Denmark, and Germany. He appears to have acquired some wealth. At length, settling in London, he turned his attention to the study of antiquities, and produced several ponderous compilations, which were well received at the time, but are now of small repute. On 12 April 1733 he was elected F.R.S. (Thomson, Hist. Roy. Soc., App. vol. iv. p. xxxix), and on 13 March 1736 F.S.A., but resigned the fellowship of the latter society in December 1740 on his return to Scotland ([Gough,] Chron. List of Soc. Antiq. 1798, pp. 5, 7 He died at Montrose on 16 July if 57. According to Gough, he was 'self-conceited, credulous, knew little, and wrote worse' (British Topography, ii. 572). In 1739 he published 'The History of London, from its Foundation by the Romans to the present time. … With the several accounts of Westminster, Middlesex, Southwark, and other parts within the Bill of Mortality. The whole illustrated with a variety of fine cuts,' fol., London, 1739 (another edit., brought down to 1756, 2 vols. 1756, 3rd edit. 1700, 4th edit. 1769). An edition, considerably enlarged and continued to 1772, by the Rev. John Entick, appeared in two folio volumes in 1775. His next publication was 'The History of Edinburgh, from its Foundation to the present time … with the several accounts of the Parishes. . . within the Suburbs, the antient and present state of Leith, and … a great variety of cuts of the principal buildings, fol., Edinburgh, 1753. About 1750 Maitland proposed to write a general description of Scotland, and sent with that object a printed letter and a lengthy list of queries to every minister in the country. The return fell so very short of his expectation that he abandoned the design in disgust; but several years after he made a tour over the whole kingdom himself, the result of which appeared in the first volume of his 'History and Antiquities of Scotland from the earliest account to the Death of James I … 1437; and from that period to the Accession of James VI to the Crown of England, 1603, by another hand,' 2 vols, fol., London, 1757, a posthumous work. What few returns came to his hands are mentioned by Gough in his 'British Topography' under the respective shires. A letter from Maitland to Dr. Thomas Birch, dated 1754, is in the British Museum, Additional MS. 4313.

MAITLAND, WILLIAM FULLER (1813–1876), picture collector, born 10 March 1813, was the second, but eldest surviving, son and heir of Ebenezer Fuller Maitland, of Stansted, Essex, and Park Place, Henley-on-Thames. He was educated by private tutors until he went to Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1835, and M.A. in 1839. Although he never had


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  'Mémoire à la Défense d'un Plan d'Acte de Parlement pour l'Etablissement des Loix de la Provence de Quebec,' 1773.  'Account of Proceedings of British and other Protestants of the Province of Quebec to establish a House of Assembly' (anon.), 1775.  'Additional Papers concerning Quebec, being an Appendix to the "Account of Proceedings,"' &c. (anon.), 1776.  'The Canadian Freeholder, a Dialogue shewing the sentiments of the bulk of the Freeholders on the late Quebeck Act,' 1776-9, 3 vols.; another issue 1779, 3 vols. A letter from Bishop Watson to him on this work is in the 'Anecdotes of the Life of Watson' (1817), pp. 64-5, and the draft of a long letter which Burke began for him on the same subject is in Burke's 'Correspondence,' ii. 310-12.

His other publications, mainly on social or political questions, were:  'Proposal for establishing Life Annuities in Parishes' (anon.), 1772.  'Considerations on the Bill now depending in the Commons for enabling Parishes to grant Life Annuities' (anon.), 1773. The bill passed through the lower house, but was rejected by the lords through the opposition of Lord Camden.  'Principle of Life Annuities explained in a Familiar Manner,' 1783. 'A voluminous work, useful at epoch of publication,' says McCulloch (Lit. of Political Economy. 243).  'Questions sur lesquelles on souhaite de 8cavoir les réponses de M. Adhémar et M. de Lisle,' 1784.  'Enquiry into the extent of the Power of Juries' (anon.), 1785.  'The Moderate Reformer, a Proposal to correct some Abuses in the Church of England. By a Friend to the Church,' 1791 ; 2nd edit., annexed to a reprint of 'Observations on Tithes by Rev. William Hales,' 1794.  'Occasional Essays, Political and Historical, from Newspapers of Present Reign and from Old Tracts' (anon.), 1809.

Maseres also issued:  ' A View of the English Constitution. A translation of Montesquieu's 6th Chapter of 11th Book of "L'Esprit des Loix'" (anon.), 1781.  'Du Gouvernement des Mceurs et des conditions en France avant la Revolution, by Gabriel Senac de Meiihan, with Remarks of Burke,' 1795.
 'Translation of a Passage in a late Pamphlet of Mallet du Pan, intitled "Correspondance Politique'" (anon.), 1796.
 He edited a great number of reprints of historical works, many of which were for private distribution only, including:
 'Emmae, Anglorum Reginae, Richardi I ducis Normannorum filiae encomium. Item Gesta Guilielmi II a Guillelmo Pictavensi scripta,' 1783.
 'Historic Anglicanss seiecta Monumenta excerpta ex volumine, "Historic Normannorum Scriptores Antiqui," 'Andrea Duchesne,' 1807.
 'Curse of Popery and Popish Princes,' 1807; issued originally in 1716.
 'History of Long Parliament, by Thomas May,' 1812.
 Three tracts published at Amsterdam in 1691 or 1692 under name of Ludlow and Sir Edward Seymour, 1812.
 'History of Irish Rebellion by Sir John Temple,'1813.
 'Select Tracts on Civil Wars in Reign of Charles I,' 1815, 2 vols., containing (ii. 657-671) 'remarks on some erroneous passages in Hobbes's "Behemoth."'
 'History of Britain by John Milton. With reprint of Edward Philips's Life and some of his Prose Tracts,' 1818.
 'Memoirs of most Material Transactions in England, 1588-1688. By James Wellwood,' 1820.

Through the patronage of Maseres [q. v.] was enabled to print in two volumes in 1801 a revision of Professor John Colson's translation of Margarita G. A. M. Agnesi's 'Institutione Analytiche,' and he paid the cost of reprinting the 'Analysis fluxionum,' 1800, of the Rev. William Hales. He contributed several papers on mathematical subjects to the 'Philosophical Transactions' for 1777, 1778, and 1780, and communicated to the 'Archæologia,' ii. 301-340, a 'View of the Ancient Constitution of the English Parliament,' on which Mr. Charles Mellish made some observations (ib. ii. 341-52). T. B. Howell addressed to him 'Observations on Dr. Sturges's Pamphlet respecting Non-Residence of the Clergy' (anon.), 1802, and reissued, with his name, in 1803; and there appeared in 1784 'An Authentic Narrative of the Dissensions in the Royal Society, with the Speeches of Maseres and others.' His account of the proceedings for perjury against Philip Carteret Webbre Wilkes is in Howell's 'State Trials,' xix. 1171-6; several communications between him and Franklin are in Franklin's 'Works,' x. 187-94; and Lords Lansdowne and Dartmouth own some of his letters (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. App. pp. 232-3, 6th Rep. p. 240, 11th Rep. App. pt. v. p. 352).

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Masham MASHAM, ABIGAIL, (d. 1734), was the elder daughter of Francis Hill of London, by his wife Mary, one of the two-and-twenty children of Sir John Jennings, and aunt of Sarah Jennings, who became the wife of John Churchill, first duke of Marlborough [q. v.] Francis Hill was a Levant merchant, who ruined himself by unfortunate speculations, and left a family of four children. In her statement to Burnet the Duchess of Marlborough says that Mr. Hill 'was some way related to Mr. Harley, and by profession an anabaptist' (Private Correspondence, ii. 112), and elsewhere she asserts that her aunt, Mrs. Hill, told her that 'her husband was in the same relation to Mr. Harley as she was to me' (Conduct, pp. 177–8 ; see also a letter from Addison to the Earl of Manchester, dated 13 Feb. 1707–1708, Hist MSS. Comm. 8th Rep. App. ii. p. 95, in which reference is made to the 'Bedchamber woman, whom it seems he [Harley] has found out to be his cousin'). The actual relationship, however, between Robert Harley, first earl of Oxford [q. v.], and Abigail Hill has never been discovered. Abigail's younger sister, Alice, who obtained through the influence of the duchess the situation of laundress in the Duke of Gloucester's house-hold, subsequently became a woman of the bedchamber to Queen Anne, and died on 16 Sept. 1762, aged 77. Her elder brother obtained a place in the custom-house, while her younger brother, Brigadier John Hill [q. v.], died in June 1735 (, Essex, ii. 848), and left his property to his nephew Samuel, second lord Masham (see infra).

Abigail Hill appears to have begun life by entering the service of Lady Rivers, the wife of Sir John Rivers, bart., of Chafford, Kent, whence she was removed by her cousin, the Duchess of Marlborough, 'to St. Albans, where she lived with me and my children, and I treated her with as great kindness as if she had been my sister' (Conduct, p. 178). Through the influence of the duchess Abigail was afterwards appointed a bedchamber woman to Queen Anne. The date of this appointment cannot be ascertained, but the name of 'Mrs. Hill' appears for the first time among the list of bedchamber women in Chamberlayne's 'Angliæ Notitia' for 1704. She probably filled some inferior office in Anne's household before this, possibly that of 'mother of the maids' (see, Angliæ Notitia for 1700, p. 519). By slow degrees Abigail gradually supplanted the duchess in the queen's favour. Abigail's opinions on church and political matters, unlike her cousin's, were in unison with the queen's, while her undeviating attention and compliant manners formed a strong contrast to the overbearing conduct of the duchess. In the summer of 1707 Abigail privately married Samuel Masham [see below}, then a groom of the bedchamber to Prince George of Denmark. For a long time the duchess was quite unsuspicious of her cousin, and she appears to have received the first hints of Abigail's rivalry from Mrs. Danvers, one of the bedchamber women (, viii. 263). Soon after hearing of the marriage, which had been kept secret from her, the duchess discovered that her 'cousin was become an absolute favourite, that the queen herself was present at her marriage in Dr. Arbuthnot's lodgings, at which time her majesty had called for a round sum out of the privy purse; that Mrs. Masham came often to the queen when the prince was asleep, and was generally two hours every day in private with her; and I likewise then discovered beyond all dispute Mr. Harley's correspondence and interest at court by means of this woman' (Conduct, p. l84). The duchess was furious, both with the queen and her cousin. On Godolphin's interposition Abigail consented to make an overture of reconciliation to the duchess, but the interview which followed showed that the breach was irreparable between them. Though Harley was dismissed from office in February 1708, he remained in constant communication with the queen through the medium of Abigail, and with her aid was ultimately successful in overthrowing the whig ministry. All the efforts of the duchess to dislodge Abigail from her position were unavailing, and the idea of obtaining her removal from the queen's presence by a parliamentary address had to be abandoned. Upon the dismissal of the duchess from her offices in January 1711, Abigail was given the care of the privy purse. The anecdote of the duchess spilling a glass of water as if by inadvertence over Abigail's gown at a court ceremonial, which is referred to by Voltaire in his 'Siècle de Louis XIV (Edinburgh, 1752, i. 333) and is the subject of Eugene Scribe's 'Le Verre d'Eau' (1840), appears to rest upon tradition only. In December 1711 Abigail endeavoured to persuade Swift not to publish his 'Windsor Prophecy' (in which he had made a savage attack upon the whig Duchess of Somerset), being convinced that he would injure himself and his party by its publication (, Works, i. 166–7). According to Lord Dartmouth, Anne was very reluctant to make Masham a peer, for she 'never had any design to make a great lady of her [Abigail], and should lose a useful servant about her person, for it would give


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MacDonnell places, and finally finds her with Aoibhell of the rock, the banshee of the Dal Cais in the fairy hill of Firinn. He asks when the Gael will be free, and she vanishes. 2. ‘An bonnaire fiadna phuic’ (‘The cruel, lowborn Tyrant’), a poem urging the immediate expulsion of the English. 3. ‘Mac an Cheannaigh’ (‘The Merchant's Son’), in which help from Spain is foretold for Ireland. 4. ‘An Fhocain Breatain’ (‘Britain's Danger’), pointing out her foes on the continent. 5. To the tune of the ‘White Cockade,’ a lament of the woman of Scotland for her husband, King Charles, often called ‘Clárach's Lament.’

He died in 1754, and was buried in the old churchyard of Ballyslough, near Charleville; in the Latin inscription on his tomb he is called Johannes McDonald. John O'Tuama [q. v.] wrote a lament for him in Irish (, Irish Minstrelsy, ii. 252).

 MACDONNELL, RANDAL,  and first  (d. 1636), called Abbaxach, from his having been fostered in the island of Arran, in Scotland, was fourth son of Sorley Boy MacDonnell [q. v.], and succeeded on the death of his brother Sir James in April 1601 to the lordship of the Glynns and Route in Ireland.

In 1597 he gave offence to government by assisting Sir James to fortify Dunluce Castle' and took part in the defeat which the MacDonnells inflicted that year upon Sir John Chichester and the garrison of Carrickfergus. He joined O'Neill in his rebellion, and accompanied him on his expedition into Munster early in 1600, but, becoming by his brother's death head of his house, and foreseeing the failure of the rebellion, he in August 1602 made a timely submission to the lord deputy, Lord Mountjoy, at Tullaghoge, offering to serve against O'Neill in Fermanagh with five hundred foot and forty horse at his own expense. His example exercised a good effect in the north, and he was knighted by Lord Mountjoy.

On the accession of James I, MacDonnell, on 28 May 1603, received a grant of the entire district of the Route and the Glynns, extending from Larne to Coleraine, and containing 333,907 acres. To this in the following year was added the island of Rathlin. In 1606 Dunluce Castle, the priorv of Coleraine, three-parts of the fishing of the river Bann, the castle of Olderfleet (Larne), and all lands belonging to the dioceses of Down and Connor were for different reasons excepted out of his grant; but on 21 June 1615 Dunluce Castle was restored to him. His fourth part of the fishing of the Bann, which he regarded as 'the best stay of his living,' involved him in a long and profitless controversy with Mr. Hamilton, afterwards Lord Clandeboye. In 1607, probably on account of his old connection with O'Neill, and because he had about 1604 married O'Neill's daughter Elice, he was charged by Lord Howth with being concerned in the events which culminated in the flight of the two northern earls. He appeared voluntarily before the lord deputy, denied the truth of the charge, and experienced no further trouble.

His prudent conduct was not approved by his kinsmen, and part of the 1614 conspiracy was to depose him in favour of Alexander, son of his elder brother James. But it strengthened his influence at court, and having by his judicious conduct in the matter of the Londoners' plantation at Coleraine, and the zeal with which he strove to civilise his own country, effaced all memory of his early conduct, he was, on 29 June 1618, created Viscount Dunluce. Shortly afterwards he was admitted a privy councillor, appointed lord-lieutenant of the county of Antrim, placed in command of a regiment, and on 12 Dec. 1620 advanced to the earldom of Antrim.

Like his father and the MacDonnells generally he was a Roman catholic. In 1621 he was charged, on the information of a certain Alexander Boyd, with harbouring priests in his house. He at once confessed his fault, promised never to fall into the like error again, and was graciously pardoned, but compelled to pay the reward due to Boyd for his information against him. On seeking a confirmation of his estates under the commission of grace in 1629 he was opposed by Cahil O'Hara of Kildrome, who claimed certain lands included in the original grant, and either by course of law or from dictates of prudence O'Hara's claims were allowed.

During his declining years Antrim suffered from dropsy. He sat in parliament on the first day of sessions 1634, but was excused from further attendance. In January 1635 he concluded a bargain with James Campbell, lord Cantire, afterwards earl of Irvine, for the purchase of the lordship of Cantire, originally in the possession of the MacDonnells, but they had been expelled in 1607. The arrangement was opposed by the Lord of Lorne, afterwards earl of Argyll, and Antrim's death intervening the matter sank for a time into abeyance.

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48 And when the King came home they told him that the Queen had been delivered of a cat. Then the King grew angry, and ordered his wife to be cast into prison, and therein was she shut up for many long years.

In the meantime the children had grown up. Then the eldest once went out with some other boys to fish, but the other boys would not have him with them, and said, "Go thy way, foundling."

Hereupon he was much troubled, and asked the old fisherman if that was true? The fisherman told him that once when he was fishing he had drawn him out of the water. So the boy said he would go forth and seek his father. The fisherman, however, entreated him to stay, but he would not let himself be hindered, and at last the fisherman consented. Then the boy went on his way and walked for many days together, and at last he came to a great piece of water by the side of which stood an old woman fishing. "Good day, mother," said the boy.

"Many thanks," said she.

"Thou wilt fish long enough before thou catchest anything."

"And thou wilt seek long enough before thou findest thy father. How wilt thou get over the water?" said the woman.

"God knows."

Then the old woman took him up on her back and carried him through it, and he sought for a long time, but could not find his father.

When a year had gone by, the second boy set out to seek his brother. He came to the water, and all fared with him just as with his brother. And now there was no one at home but the daughter, and she mourned for her brothers so much that at last she also begged the fisherman to let her set forth, for she wished to go in search of her brothers. Then she likewise came to the great piece of water, and she said to the old woman, "Good day, mother."

"Many thanks," replied the old woman.

"May God help you with your fishing," said the maiden. When the old woman heard that, she became quite friendly, and carried her over the water, gave her a


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MacDonnell Bunnamairge in 1621. Shortly before his death he completed the castle at Glenarm.

Prior to his marriage with the daughter of O'Neill, MacDonnell was the father of three sons, all of whom were probably illegitimate. One, known as Morrishe or Maurice MacDonnell, was hanged at Coleraine in 1643 for his share in the rebellion of 1641 another, Francis Macdonnell, O.S.F., was an ecclesiastic, and the third was James.

By his wife Aellis, Elice, or Alice, third daughter of Hugh O'Neill [q. v.], he had two sons, Randal [q. v.] created Marquis of Antrim, who got the baronies of Dunluce and Kilconway with the castle of Dunluce, and Alexander, who succeeded to the earldom and the barony of Glenarm, and six daughters, to each of whom he bequeathed 2,800l., viz. Anne, who was married first to Christopher Nugent, viscount Delvin, and secondly to William Fleming, nineteenth baron Slane; Mary, who was married first to Lucas, second viscount Dillon, and secondly to Oliver Plunket, sixth lord Louth; Sarah, who was married first to Neal Oge O'Neill of Killelagh, in co. Antrim, secondly to Sir Charles O'Conor Sligo, and thirdly to Donal MacCarthy Mor; Catherine, who was married to Edward Plunket of Castlecor, co. Meath; Rose, who was married to Colonel Lord George Gordon, brother of the Duke of Sutherland, who came to Ulster in 1642 as an officer in Major-general Monro's army, and to whose assistance the Marquis of Antrim owed his escape from prison at Carrickfergus in 1643; and Elice.

 MACDONNELL, RANDAL,, second and first  (1609–1683), eldest son of Sir Randal MacDonnell, viscount Dunluce and first earl of Antrim [q. v.], was born in 1609. He was 'bred the highland way,' and till he was seven or eight years old 'wore neither hat, cap, nor shoe, nor stocking.' At his birth he was assigned in wardship, in the event of his father's death, to James Hamilton, first earl of Abercorn, his father agreeing, under a penalty of 3,000l., that he should in due time marry the Lady Lucy Hamilton. But afterwards matching him to a daughter of the Duke of Lennox, he was in 1627 compelled to discharge his bond. Having spent some time travelling on the continent, Dunluce was on his return in 1634 introduced at court. There he became enamoured of Katherine Manners, widow of the Duke of Buckingham, and in April 1635 induced that lady, much to the king's disgust, to become his wife. At court he lived in magnificent style and contracted enormous debts (, MacDonnells, App. p. xix).

On the outbreak of the rebellion in Scotland he, at his own urgent request, was authorised in June 1639 to raise forces to attack the Earl of Argyll in his own country. But he miscalculated his ability, and the design miscarried. After the pacification of Berwick he attended the king for a time at Oxford, but on 17 June 1640 he took his seat in the Irish House of Lords. In Dublin he resided in Lord Ely's house, which he appears to have leased till the outbreak of the rebellion in October 1641, when he removed to the residence of his brother-in-law, Lord Slane, at Slane's Castle in co. Meath. By taking this step he gave rise to a rumour that he sympathised with the rebels, and feeling it necessary to dissociate himself from Lord Slane, who had thrown in his lot with the catholic nobility and gentry of the pale, he removed to Maddenstown, near Kildare, the residence of the Earl of Castlehaven. He remained there till after the battle of Kilrush on 15 April 1642, when, taking advantage of a passage recently opened into the north by the capture of Newry, he sent his wife to England, and repaired to Dunluce, where he arrived on 28 April. At Money more, on his way northward, he had an interview with Sir Phelim O'Neill [q. v.], by whom he is improbably said to have been influenced in his political views.

Shortly after his arrival in the north he was able, by his influence with his kinsman Alaster MacColl MacDonnell [see or  or ], who commanded the army besieging Coleraine, to revictual that city. But he was shortly afterwards, in May 1642, treacherously taken prisoner in his own castle of Dunluce by Major-general Robert Monro [q. v.], and confined in Lord Chichester's house of Joymount in Carrickfergus, to gratify, it is said by Carte, Antrim's hereditary enemy, Argyll, but more probably because, being a Roman catholic, he was naturallv suspected to be also a rebel. About six months afterwards he succeeded by an ingenious stratagem (, Letters, i. 366) in effecting his escape into the northern parts of England, and proceeding to York, where the queen then was, he suggested the idea of raising a force to co-operate with the Marquis of Montrose in Scotland. But being shortly afterwards


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90.] who had hair like flax. But the two sisters had no children, and once when the King was obliged to go from home he invited them to come to the Queen in order to cheer her, for she was about to bear a child. She had a little boy who brought a bright red star into the world with him. Then the two sisters said to each other that they would throw the beautiful boy into the water. When they had thrown him in (I believe it was into the Weser), a little bird flew up into the air, which sang,

When the two heard that, they were frightened to death, and ran away in great haste. When the King came home they told him that the Queen had been delivered of a dog. Then the King said, " What God does, is well done!" But a fisherman who dwelt near the water fished the little boy out again while he was still alive, and as his wife had no children they reared him. When a year had gone by, the King again went away, and the Queen had another little boy, whom the false sisters likewise took and threw into the water. Then up flew a little bird again and sang,

And when the King came back, they told him that the Queen had once more given birth to a dog, and he again said, "What God does, is well done." The fisherman, however, fished this one also out of the water, and reared him.

Then the King again journeyed forth, and the Queen had a little girl, whom also the false sisters threw into the water. Then again a little bird flew up on high and sang,


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50

Then they were all terrified, and the King took the bird, the fisherman and the three children back with him to the castle, and ordered the prison to be opened and brought his wife out again. She had, however, grown quite ill and weak. Then the daughter gave her some of the water of the fountain to drink, and she became strong and healthy. But the two false sisters were burnt, and the daughter married the prince.

There was once a King who had an illness, and no one believed that he would come out of it with his life. He had three sons who were much distressed about it, and went down into the palace-garden and wept. There they met an old man who inquired as to the cause of their grief. They told him that their father was so ill that he would most certainly die, for nothing seemed to cure him. Then the old man said, "I know of one more remedy, and that is the water of life; if he drinks of it he will become well again; but it is hard to find." The eldest said, "I will manage to find it," and went to the sick King, and begged to be allowed to go forth in search of the water of life, for that alone could save him. "No," said the King, 'the danger of it is too great. I would rather die." But he begged so long that the King consented. The prince thought in his heart, "If I bring the water, then I shall be best beloved of my father, and shall inherit the kingdom." So he set out, and when he had


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97.] ridden forth a little distance, a dwarf stood there in the road who called to him and said, "Whither away so fast?" "Silly shrimp," said the prince, very haughtily, "it is nothing to you," and rode on. But the little dwarf had grown angry, and had wished an evil wish. Soon after this the prince entered a ravine, and the further he rode the closer the mountains drew together, and at last the road became so narrow that he could not advance a step further; it was impossible either to turn his horse or to dismount from the saddle, and he was shut in there as if in prison. The sick King waited long for him, but he came not. Then the second son said, "Father, let me go forth to seek the water," and thought to himself, "If my brother is dead, then the kingdom will fall to me." At first the King would not allow him to go either, but at last he yielded, so the prince set out on the same road that his brother had taken, and he too met the dwarf, who stopped him to ask, whither he was going in such haste? "Little shrimp," said the prince, "that is nothing to thee," and rode on without giving him another look. But the dwarf bewitched him, and he, like the other, got into a ravine, and could neither go forwards nor backwards. So fare haughty people.

As the second son also remained away, the youngest begged to be allowed to go forth to fetch the water, and at last the King was obliged to let him go. When he met the dwarf and the latter asked him whither he was going in such haste, he stopped, gave him an explanation, and said, "I am seeking the water of life, for my father is sick unto death." "Dost thou know, then, where that is to be found?" "No," said the prince. "As thou hast borne thyself as is seemly, and not haughtily like thy false brothers, I will give thee the information and tell thee how thou mayst obtain the water of life. It springs from a fountain in the courtyard of an enchanted castle, but thou wilt not be able to make thy way to it, if I do not give thee an iron wand and two small loaves of bread. Strike thrice with the wand on the iron door of the castle, and it will spring open: inside lie two lions with gaping jaws, but if thou throwest a loaf to each of them, they will be quieted, then hasten to fetch some of the water of


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52 life before the clock strikes twelve, else the door will shut again, and thou wilt be imprisoned." The prince thanked him, took the wand and the bread, and set out on his way. When he arrived, everything was as the dwarf had said. The door sprang open at the third stroke of the wand, and when he had appeased the lions with the bread, he entered into the castle, and came in a large and splendid hall, wherein sat some enchanted princes whose rings he drew off their fingers. A sword and a loaf of bread were lying there, which he carried away. After this, he entered a chamber, in which was a beautiful maiden who rejoiced when she saw him, kissed him, and told him that he had delivered her, and should have the whole of her kingdom, and that if he would return in a year their wedding should be celebrated; likewise she told him where the spring of the water of life was, and that he was to hasten and draw some of it before the clock struck twelve. Then he went onwards, and at last entered a room where there was a beautiful newly-made bed, and as he was very weary, he felt inclined to rest a little. So he lay down and fell asleep. When he awoke, it was striking a quarter to twelve. He sprang up in a fright, ran to the spring, drew some water in a cup which stood near, and hastened away. But just as he was passing through the iron door, the clock struck twelve, and the door fell to with such violence that it carried away a piece of his heel. He, however, rejoicing at having obtained the water of life, went homewards, and again passed the dwarf. When the latter saw the sword and the loaf, he said, "With these thou hast won great wealth; with the sword thou canst slay whole armies, and the bread will never come to an end." But the prince would not go home to his father without his brothers, and said, "Dear dwarf, canst thou not tell me where my two brothers are? They went out before I did in search of the water of life, and have not returned." "They are imprisoned between two mountains," said the dwarf. "I have condemned them to stay there, because they were so haughty." Then the prince begged until the dwarf released them; he warned him, however, and said, "Beware of them, for they have bad hearts." When his


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97.] brothers came, he rejoiced, and told them how things had gone with him, that he had found the water of life, and had brought a cupful away with him, and had delivered a beautiful princess, who was willing to wait a year for him, and then their wedding was to be celebrated, and he would obtain a great kingdom. After that they rode on together, and chanced upon a land where war and famine reigned, and the King already thought he must perish, for the scarcity was so great. Then the prince went to him and gave him the loaf, wherewith he fed and satisfied the whole of his kingdom, and then the prince gave him the sword also, wherewith he slew the hosts of his enemies, and could now live in rest and peace. The prince then took back his loaf and his sword, and the three brothers rode on. But after this they entered two more countries where war and famine reigned, and each time the prince gave his loaf and his sword to the Kings, and had now delivered three kingdoms, and after that they went on board a ship and sailed over the sea. During the passage, the two eldest conversed apart and said, "The youngest has found the water of life and not we, for that our father will give him the kingdom,—the kingdom which belongs to us, and he will rob us of all our fortune." They then began to seek revenge, and plotted with each other to destroy him. They waited until once when they found him fast asleep, then they poured the water of life out of the cup, and took it for themselves, but into the cup they poured salt sea-water. Now therefore, when they arrived at home, the youngest took his cup to the sick King in order that he might drink out of it, and be cured. But scarcely had he drunk a very little of the salt sea-water than he became still worse, than before. And as he was lamenting over this, the two eldest brothers came, and accused the youngest of having intended to poison him, and said that they had brought him the true water of life, and handed it to him. He had scarcely tasted it, when he felt his sickness departing, and became strong and healthy as in the days of his youth. After that they both went to the youngest, mocked him, and said, "You certainly found the water of life, but you have had the pain, and we the


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Man, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Man, James


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54 gain; you should have been sharper, and should have kept your eyes open. We took it from you whilst you were asleep at sea, and when a year is over, one of us will go and fetch the beautiful princess. But beware that you do not disclose aught of this to our father; indeed he does not trust you, and if you say a single word, you shall lose your life into the bargain, but if you keep silent, you shall have it as a gift."

The old King was angry with his youngest son, and thought he had plotted against his life. So he summoned the court together, and had sentence pronounced upon his son, that he should be secretly shot. And once when the prince was riding forth to the chase, suspecting no evil, the King's huntsman had to go with him, and when they were quite alone in the forest, the huntsman looked so sorrowful that the prince said to him, "Dear huntsman, what ails you?" The huntsman said, "I cannot tell you, and yet I ought." Then the prince said, "Say openly what it is, I will pardon you." "Alas!" said the huntsman, "I am to shoot you dead, the King has ordered me to do it." Then the prince was shocked, and said, "Dear huntsman, let me live; there, I give you my royal garments; give me your common ones in their stead." The huntsman said, "I will willingly do that, indeed I should not have been able to shoot you." Then they exchanged clothes, and the huntsman returned home; the prince, however, went further into the forest. After a time three waggons of gold and precious stones came to the King for his youngest son, which were sent by the three Kings who had slain their enemies with the prince's sword, and maintained their people with his bread, and who wished to show their gratitude for it. The old King then thought, "Can my son have been innocent?" and said to his people, "Would that he were still alive, how it grieves me that I have suffered him to be killed!" "He still lives," said the huntsman, "I could not find it in my heart to carry out your command," and told the King how it had happened. Then a stone fell from the King's heart, and he had it proclaimed in every country that his son, might return and be taken into favour again.

The princess, however, had a road made up to her palace


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97] which was quite bright and golden, and told her people that whosoever came riding straight along it to her, would be the right wooer and was to be admitted, and whoever rode by the side of it, was not the right one, and was not to be admitted. As the time was now close at hand, the eldest thought he would hasten to go to the King's daughter, and give himself out as her deliverer, and thus win her for his bride, and the kingdom to boot. Therefore he rode forth, and when he arrived in front of the palace, and saw the splendid golden road, he thought it would be a sin and a shame if he were to ride over that, and turned aside, and rode on the right side of it. But when he came to the door, the servants told him that he was not the right man, and was to go away again. Soon after this the second prince set out, and when he came to the golden road, and his horse had put one foot on it, he thought it would be a sin and a shame to tread a piece of it off, and he turned aside and rode on the left side of it, and when he reached the door, the attendants told him he was not the right one, and was to go away again. When at last the year had entirely expired, the third son likewise wished to ride out of the forest to his beloved, with her to forget his sorrows. So he set out and thought of her so incessantly, and wished to be with her so much, that he never noticed the golden road at all. So his horse rode onwards up the middle of it, and when he came to the door, it was opened and the princess received him with joy, and said he was her deliverer, and lord of the kingdom, and their wedding was celebrated with great rejoicing. When it was over she told him that his father invited him to come to him, and had forgiven him. So he rode thither, and told him everything; how his brothers had betrayed him, and how he had nevertheless kept silence. The old King wished to punish them, but they had put to sea, and never came back as long as they lived.


text: Grimm's Household Tales, Volume 2/The Water of Life


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Man, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manby, Aaron


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manby, Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manby, George William


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Index talk:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu

I am in the process of uploading the images to Wikicommons under the scheme that (e.g.) the image on Page 17 (NOT djvu/17) is called File:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports (Illustration Page 17).png, and so forth. Where there are two on a page they are (e.g.) ... (Illustration Page 86A).png and ... (Illustration Page 86B).png, and the 4 and 6 up will be A-D and A-F. I haven't started on the 4's and 6's yet, otherwise they are currently available up to page 100.--Laverock ( Talk ) 00:19, 18 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Update: all the 1-up and 2-up images are now all available. The images are all grouped in commons:Category:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports--Laverock ( Talk ) 09:24, 18 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Final update: the 4-up and 6-up images are uploaded and the containing pages have all been proofread. --Laverock ( Talk ) 15:48, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you SO much for doing this! --EncycloPetey (talk) 20:23, 18 January 2013 (UTC)


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82 charge of the deck with orders to call him if the fog lifted, and turned in for his morning watch below. At seven bells the mate reported that the fog had cleared a little and a light breeze was springing up, and by the time Captain Palmer got on deck two large men-of-war were in sight not more than a mile distant—a frigate on the port bow and a sloop of war on the starboard quarter, both showing Russian colors. Soon the United States ensign was run up at the main peak of the Hero and floated gaily in the morning breeze. The three vessels were now hove to, and a twelve-oared launch was seen approaching from the frigate, her crew and officer in the stern sheets in uniform. As she swept round the stern of the Hero the crew tossed oars and the coxswain shot her alongside. She really looked almost as large as the little sloop; at all events the Russian officer stepped from her gunwale to the deck of the Hero. The officer spoke English fluently, and presented the compliments of Commander Bellingshausen, who invited the captain of the American sloop to come on board his ship.

Captain Palmer was all his life a man of purpose rather than of ceremony, though by no means deficient in dignity and self-respect. He accepted the invitation, and giving an order or two to his mate, stepped into the launch just as he stood, in sea boots, sealskin-coat, and sou'wester. They were soon alongside the frigate, and Captain Palmer was ushered into the commander's spacious and luxurious cabin. The scene was impressive; the venerable, white-haired commander surrounded by

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Rh his officers in uniform, and the stalwart young American captain standing, with respectful dignity, his rough weather-worn sea-dress contrasting with his fresh, intelligent, handsome face. Commander Bellingshausen smiled pleasantly, and taking his guest by the hand, said kindly, "You are welcome, young man; be seated."

After questioning Captain Palmer about himself, his vessel, and the land he had discovered, and incidentally remarking that he himself had been two years upon a voyage of discovery, the commander asked to see Captain Palmer's chart and log-book. These were sent for on board the Hero while an elaborate luncheon was being served, and were afterwards carefully examined. The commander then rose from his seat and placing his hand in a parental manner upon the young captain's head, delivered quite an oration: "I name the land you have discovered 'Palmer Land' in your honor; but what will my august master say, and what will he think of my cruising for two years in search of land that has been discovered by a boy, in a sloop but little larger than the launch of my frigate?" Captain Palmer was unable to offer any information on this point, but he thanked his host for the honor conferred upon him, and for his kindness and hospitality, remaining somewhat non-committal in his opinion as to the old gentleman's qualifications as an explorer.

It may be mentioned that upon all charts this portion of the Antarctic Continent is laid down as "Palmer Land," also that some twenty years elapsed before it was rediscovered by the British

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 * Robert Owen (1771-1858), English social reformer
 * Robert Dale Owen (1801-1877)
 * Robert Latham Owen (1856-1947), US senator

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84 explorer, Sir James Ross, in command of the famous Erebus and Terror expedition.

Captain Palmer next took command of the schooner Cadet, owned by Borrows & Spooner, of New York, on board of which he made a number of voyages to the Spanish Main. In 1826 he took the brig Tampico to Carthagena, and upon his return he married a daughter of Major Paul Babcock and sister of Captain David S. Babcock, afterwards famous as commander of the clipper ships SwordFish and Young America, and subsequently President of the Pacific Mail Steamship Co. Captain Palmer then took the brig Francis on several voyages to Europe, and in 1829 was in command of the brig Anawan, exploring new sealing-grounds among the islands about Cape Horn. In 1833 he took command of the New Orleans packet ship Huntsville, and then of the Hibernia, Garrick, and Siddons. In 1842 and the years following, as we have seen, he commanded the clippers Paul Jones, Houqua, Samuel Russell, and Oriental, and in 1850 retired from the sea.

At this time he was well known, not only among his neighbors and friends at Stonington, but in the great seaports of Europe and China as "Captain Nat," and many of those who talked about what he had said and what he had done were apparently unaware that he possessed any other name. It is pleasant to reflect that the neighboring seaport of Bristol has perpetuated the title in one who is respected and beloved, not more for his genius than for his modesty and reserve.

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Rh Palmer's earnest temperament and varied activities to lead a life of pleasure and idleness, so one of the first things that he did upon his retirement was to take the auxiliary steamship United States from New York to Bremen where she was sold. When some of his friends rallied him, asking whether he considered this giving up the sea. Captain Palmer replied, "Well, I really don't know how you can call a trip like this going to sea."

For many years Captain Palmer was the confidential adviser of A. A. Low & Brother in all matters relating to their ships, which occupied a considerable portion of his time, and while he was a seaman par excellence, he also possessed other accomplishments. He had much knowledge of the design and construction of ships, and many of his suggestions were embodied in the Houqua, Samuel Russell, Oriental, and other ships subsequently owned by the Lows. He was also a fine all-round sportsman, being a skilful yachtsman, excellent shot, and truthful fisherman. Altogether, he owned some fifteen yachts, and he was one of the earliest members of the New York Yacht Club, joining on June 7, 1845. The beautiful schooner Juliet, of seventy tons, designed by himself, was the last yacht owned by him. On board of her he sailed, summer after summer, upon the pleasant waters of the New England coast that he had known from boyhood and loved so well.

Captain Palmer stood fully six feet, and was a man of great physical strength and endurance. He was an active member of the Currituck Club, and at

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86 the age of seventy-six, on his annual cruise to the Thimble Islands for duck shooting, few of the party of much younger men held so steady a gun, or could endure the fatigue and exposure for which he seemed to care nothing. Though rugged in appearance, his roughness was all on the outside; his heart was filled with kindness and sympathy for the joys and sorrows of others. His brother. Captain Alexander Palmer, a seaman only less famous than himself, once said: "My home is here in Stonington, but Nat's home is the world." Captain Palmer was deeply though not vainly religious, and was long a warden of Calvary Episcopal Church at Stonington.

In 1876 he accompanied his nephew, Nathaniel B. Palmer, his brother Alexander's eldest son, who was in feeble health, to Santa Barbara, but as the invalid derived no benefit there, they went for the sea voyage to China on board the clipper ship Mary Whitridge. At Hong-kong, Captain Palmer received an ovation, for, while few of his old friends there were still alive, those who were left had good memories. On the return voyage to San Francisco on the steamship City of Pekin, Captain Palmer's nephew died when the vessel was but one day out. This was a terrible blow to Captain Palmer, from which he never recovered. On arriving at San Francisco he was confined to his bed, and although he received every care, he died there on June 21, 1877, in his seventy-eighth year. At the close of a glorious summer day, the remains of the devoted uncle and nephew were laid at rest in the churchyard at Stonington, by the hands of those who had known and loved them well.

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Rh Captain Palmer was a fine type of the American merchant seaman of that period, and I have thought it worth while to trace the leading events of his life, because he always seemed to me to be the father of American clipper-ship captains. Probably no one ever brought up so many young men who afterward became successful shipmasters, while his character and example were an inspiration to many who never sailed with him. It is indicative of the broad and far-reaching sympathies of Captain Palmer's life, that not only a part of the Antarctic Continent bears his name—an enduring monument to his memory—but that A. A. Low & Brother named one of their finest clipper ships, the N. B. Palmer, and the famous schooner-yacht Palmer, owned for many years by Rutherfurd Stuyvesant, was also named for him. Few men in private life have had part of a continent, a clipper ship, and yacht named for them.

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iv

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Works

 * Speech of the Four Bears to the Rees and Mandans, June 30, 1837

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" Young Auctioneers" forms the initial volume of a line of juvenile stories called "The Working Upward Series."

The tale is complete in itself, and tells of the adventures of a homeless, although not a penniless youth, who strikes up an acquaintanceship with another young fellow experienced as an auctioneer. The two purchase a horse and wagon, stock up with goods, and take to the road. The partners pass through a number of more or less trying experiences, and the younger lad is continually on the lookout for his father, who has broken out of an asylum while partly deranged in mind over the loss of his wife and his fortune.

I have endeavored in this tale to give a faithful picture of life among a certain class of traveling salesmen who are but little known to the world at large, especially to those who inhabit our large cities. In country places the traveling auctioneer is looked for as a matter of course, and he is treated according

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iv to the humor of the inhabitants, or rather, according to the merits or demerits of the "bargains" offered on a previous trip.

I sincerely trust that my numerous boy readers will find the tale to their liking, and that the moral—to lead an upright, honest life under any and all circumstances—will not escape them. 2em

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170 After this, Jonathan Nicholas, of Salem, recited the following impromptu lines:

I wonder what's the dreadful row

They're kicking up in Portsmouth now!

The people running up and down

Crying 'All Salem's come to town!'

Clear the track, the ship is starting!

Clear the track, the ship is starting!

Clear the track, the ship is starting!

And Portsmouth hearts are sad at parting.

They say a man came down to-day

To carry the Witch of the Wave away;

And the people think he ought n't oughter

Just because he 's been and brought her.

They called it rainy yesterday,

But I know better, anyway;

'T was only Portsmouth people crying

To see the good ship's colors flying!

But Captain B. said, 'Hang the sorrow!

The sun is bound to shine to-morrow.'

And when he speaks it's no use talking—

So the clouds and the blues, they took to walking.

And so to-day the sun shines bright,

And Salem sends her heart's delight;

And the good ship flies, and the wind blows free.

As she leaps to her lover's arms—the sea!

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Rh They have crowded her deck with the witty and wise,

The saltest wisdom and merriest eyes;

And manned her yards with a gallant crew

That it tickles her staunch old ribs to view.

They say she's bound to sail so fast

That a man on deck can't catch the mast!

And a porpoise trying to keep ahead,

Will get run over and killed stone dead.

Then here's a health to the hands that wrought her,

And three times three to the mind that thought her

For thought's the impulse, work's the way

That brings all Salem here to-day.

Repeated rounds of applause greeted this effusion, and the company went on deck, where music called the dancers to their feet. The wind had died out, and as the sun began to set in the west, the Witch of the Wave anchored in Salem harbor. The day's pleasure was brought to a close by a portion of the company singing these lines of Whittier's that had been set to music for the occasion:

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370 1853, and both continued in the San Francisco trade until 1883, during which time the David Crockett made her best twelve passages from New York to San Francisco in an average of 109 $7⁄12$ days each, her best being 102 days in 1872. The Young America, during this period also made twelve passages in an average of 110 $7⁄12$ days each, her best being 102 days in 1880.

As these ships were by many years the oldest survivors of the California clippers, there was a good deal of rivalry between them, and their records show that they were very evenly matched. It should, however, be remembered that about the year 1860 their spars and canvas were considerably reduced and that they were fitted with double topsail yards, all of which hampered their speed in moderate weather. Indeed, they resembled two faded beauties who in their youth had been rival belles.

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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Winkelmann, Eduard


text:
Speech of the Four Bears to the Rees and Mandans

My friends, all you that are here listen to what I say:

Since I can recollect, I have loved the whites. I have lived with them and never have I done them any injury. On the contrary, I have always protected them from the insults of my people: let them deny it if they can.

The Four Bears never saw a white man in distress but he done all in his power to assist him. If he was hungry I fed him; if he was fatigued my lodge was always open for him to rest and make himself at home in; and I was ready to die for them.

And how have I been repaid? By the more ingratitude. I never called the whites dogs, but today I do pronounce them real dogs, with hearts black and rancorous against poor unfortunate beings -- whose only sin -- is to have been too good to them.

They have deceived me. Those whom I considered as brothers have proved my most bitter enemies. I have been in many battles and often wounded; but the wounds I received from my enemies I glory in. Today I am wounded and by whom? -- by those dogs of whites that I considered my friends.

I do not fear death, you all know my friends. But to see my face so disfigured that the wolves, when they see me, would recoil with horror and say to themselves: There is the Four Bears, the friend of the white man, is past all endurance.

This is the last time here that you will hear me. I pray you therefore to listen to what I say. Think of your wives, your children, your fathers, your mothers. Think of all you hold most dear on earth when they are dead or dying by that dreadful curse brought among us by those dogs, the whites.

And are we tamely to submit to this? No, let us rise in a body. Let vengeance be the watchword. And before the sun has set I hope -- those -- will not one of them be alive.

The Four Bears will do his share.

---

''He died that day without being able to put his threats in execution, and was buried near Fort Clark. On a long pole near his tomb may be seen with scalps as Trophies of his exploits which he took from his enemies in the many encounters he had with them.''

A. R. Bouis


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Rh Unfortunately, this was the only way to deal with this type of men on shipboard. They were amenable to discipline only in the form of force in heavy and frequent doses, the theories of those who have never commanded ships or had experience in handling degenerates at sea to the contrary notwithstanding. To talk about the exercise of kindness or moral suasion with such men, would be the limit of foolishness; one might as well propose a kindergarten for baby coyotes or young rattlesnakes.

One does not like to dwell upon these depressing phases of human nature in connection with the graceful, yacht-like clipper, perhaps the most beautiful and life-like thing ever fashioned by the hand of man. It is therefore pleasant to record that there were many American clipper ships with crews that were for the most part decent, self-respecting men, who kept themselves, their clothes, and their forecastles clean and sweet. Of course, these men would have their grog and sweethearts on shore, and their quiet growl at sea—the birthright of all good sailormen; but they required no urging beyond a word of encouragement to do their work on deck and aloft quickly and well. Such a crew would not live with men who were unclean in their speech and habits, and would compel such human nuisances to pick up their traps and take themselves out under the topgallant forecastle to get along as best they might; but it was a great hardship when good seamen found themselves among a crew composed chiefly of these poor enough sailors but proficient blackguards and bullies.

In those days there was a class of persons who

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128 did their utmost to degrade an honorable profession by calling themselves lawyers. The ports of New York and San Francisco were the scenes of their most lucrative exploits. When a ship arrived, these fellows would waylay the sailors and follow them to dance-halls, gin-mills, and other low resorts, worming their way into the confidence of the too easy mariners by fairy tales and glittering prospects of large sums of money to be recovered as damages from their late captains, until they succeeded in extracting a narrative of the last voyage, including alleged grievances. They would then libel the ship and commence legal proceedings against the captain and officers. These cases would be tried before juries of landsmen who, having no practical knowledge of sailors or of the usages of the sea, frequently awarded damages, though in many cases the captain and officers were able to disprove false complaints or to justify their actions upon the ground of necessity in maintaining proper discipline. It is perhaps needless to say that of the damages recovered not one penny was ever handled by the aggrieved sailor, for the guiding principle of the sea lawyer's career being the resolve never to part with his client's money, these fellows literally made their clients' interests their own. Sailors themselves used to laugh and joke about the bare-faced yarns which they had spun under oath in court and got greenhorn juries to listen to and believe; but they did not laugh and joke about their lawyers, whom they regarded with contempt. One of the most insulting epithets which a sailor could apply to another was to call him a "sea lawyer," and there

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Rh was a particularly ravenous species of shark which used also to be known as the "sea lawyer."

At one time this abuse of the law became such a powerful instrument of extortion that captains and officers, innocent of any wrong, unless the protection of life and property be regarded as wrong, were compelled to leave their ships in the harbor of New York before they hauled alongside the wharf, in order to escape prosecution, and were made to appear like criminals fleeing from justice. This cannot be considered a very cheerful welcome home after a voyage round the globe. Yet it compares not unfavorably with the reception sometimes accorded the returning traveller nowadays—at the hands of officers of the law empowered to collect "protective" duties on personal effects.

After a while this nefarious trade, by which shipowners, captains, officers, and crews were alike defrauded, perished by its own rapacity; but the attitude of the United States Government of half a century ago in permitting her splendid American merchant captains and officers to be subjected to gross indignities, and the foreign seamen sailing under her flag to be robbed and shipped away without their knowledge or consent, must ever remain a blot upon the page of American maritime history.

Those well-intentioned philanthropists who had an idea that sailors were being ill-treated on board American ships, and who wasted sympathy upon a class of men most of whom required severe discipline, might have been better employed had they exerted their energies toward purging the seaports of the country of the dens of vice and gangs of robbers

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130 that infested them, though this might not have been so romantic as a sentimental interest in the welfare of the sailor when encountering the supposed terrors of the deep. As a matter of fact, the lives, limbs, and morals of sailors at that period were very much safer at sea than they were on land.

It is refreshing to turn to one man, at least, who knew and understood sailors, and who in early life had himself been a sailor. This was the Rev. Edward Thompson Taylor, known upon every sea with respect and affection as "Father Taylor." In 1833 the Seaman's Bethel was erected in North Square, Boston, and there Father Taylor presided for some forty years. During that time he did an enormous amount of good, both among sailors themselves, to whom he spoke in language which they could understand and feel, and by drawing the attention of influential men and women to the lamentable condition of the life of sailors when on shore, not only in Boston, but in all the great seaports of the United States. For many years the Seaman's Bethel was one of the most interesting sights of Boston, and all classes were attracted there by the novel and picturesque earnestness and eloquence of Father Taylor. Distinguished visitors were usually taken there or went of their own accord, to listen to the words of this inspired seaman, and many of them have recorded their impressions. Harriet Martineau, J. S. Buckingham, M. P., Charles Dickens, Frederika Bremer, John Ross Dix, Mrs. Jameson, Catherine Sedgwick, and Walt Whitman all testified to the wonderful power of this homely, self-educated Baptist preacher.

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Rh Father Taylor had little to say about the treatment of sailors on shipboard, for he knew that they were treated with humanity and according to their deserts, but he did have a great deal to say about their life and vile associations on shore; he once prayed with unconscious humor, "that Bacchus and Venus might be driven to the ends of the earth and off it." He possessed a marvellous power of description, and perhaps no poet or painter has more vividly portrayed the ever-changing moods of the ocean. He used these superb sea pictures as metaphors and illustrations. I have a clear remembrance of some of them and recall them with gratitude, but no words of mine can convey an adequate impression of their beauty and grandeur; his was a genius that eludes description.

It was once said of Father Taylor that he hated the devil more than he loved God, but I think whoever said this could not have understood him, for the affection, tenderness, and substantial help which Father Taylor lavished upon God's children, afflicted in body and mind, knew no bounds. At the same time he knew the men whom it was his mission to rescue, and often when denouncing their follies and vices his words fell hot as burning coals. He detested shams in any form, and was swift to detect them in sailors as well as in others.

In those days there was far too much ignorant sentimentality bestowed upon seamen and their affairs, too much

"Poor child of danger, nursling of the storm,

Sad are the woes that wreck thy manly form."

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132 Sad enough, no doubt, to the captain of a clipper ship bound round Cape Horn, compelled to stand by and see his canvas slatting to pieces in the first bit of a blow outside Sandy Hook, because he was cursed with a crew unable or unwilling to handle it. But this seldom happened more than once aboard of an American clipper in the fifties, for such a crew was taken in hand and soon knocked into shape by the mates, carpenter, sailmaker, cook, steward, and boatswain. Belaying pins, capstanbars, and heavers began to fly about the deck, and when the next gale came along the crew found that they could get aloft and make some kind of show at stowing sails, and by the time the ship got down to the line, they were usually pretty smart at handling canvas. As the clipper winged her way southward, and the days grew shorter, and the nights colder, belaying pins, capstan bars, and heavers were all back in their places, for system, order, and discipline had been established. When the snow-squalls began to gather on the horizon, and the old-time clipper lifted her forefoot to the first long, gray Cape Horn roller, with albatross and Cape pigeons wheeling and screaming in her wake, the mate, as he stood at the break of the quarter-deck in his long pilot-cloth watch-coat, woollen mittens, sea boots, and sou'wester, and sung out to the boatswain to get his men along for a pull on the weather braces, felt with pride that he had something under him that the "old man" could handle in almost any kind of weather—a well-manned ship.

In those days of carrying canvas as long and

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manby, Peter


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XV] And Nadab the son of Jeroboam began to reign over Israel in the second year of Asa king of Judah, and reigned over Israel two years. And he did evil in the sight of the Lord, and walked in the way of his father, and in his sin wherewith he made Israel to sin.

And Baasha the son of Ahijah, of the house of Issachar, conspired against him; and Baasha smote him at Gibbethon, which belonged to the Philistines; for Nadab and all Israel laid siege to Gibbethon. Even in the third year of Asa king of Judah did Baasha slay him, and reigned in his stead. And it came to pass, when he reigned, that he smote all the house of Jeroboam; he left not to Jeroboam any that breathed, until he had destroyed him, according unto the saying of the Lord, which he spake by his servant Ahijah the Shilonite: because of the sins of Jeroboam which he sinned, and which he made Israel sin, by his provocation wherewith he provoked the Lord God of Israel to anger.

Now the rest of the acts of Nadab, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? And there was war between Asa and Baasha king of Israel all their days. In the third year of Asa king of Judah began Baasha the son of Ahijah to reign over all Israel in Tirzah, twenty


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HE history of men before the mast on board American merchant ships is not a history of American sailors, for strictly speaking there have never been any American merchant sailors as a class; that is, no American merchant ship of considerable tonnage was ever manned by native-born Americans in the sense that French, British, Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, Spanish, or Danish ships are manned by men born in the country under whose flag they sail. Neither have Americans ever followed the sea all their lives before the mast, as do men of the nations named. Some of the small Salem ships and perhaps a few of the Nantucket whalers of a century ago may possibly have carried entirely American crews, but if so, the men did not remain long in the forecastle.

The ship George, 328 tons, built at Salem in 1812 and owned by Joseph Peabody, is a case in point. She was known as the "Salem frigate," and made many successful voyages to Calcutta. Of this ship's sailors, during her long and prosperous career, forty-five became captains, twenty chief mates, and six second mates. One of her Salem crew, Thomas M. Saunders, served as boy,

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manby, Thomas (fl.1670-1690)


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Rh and four years. And he did evil in the sight of the Lord, and walked in the way of Jeroboam, and in his sin wherewith he made Israel to sin.

the word of the Lord came to Jehu the son of Hanani against Baasha, saying, Forasmuch as I exalted thee out of the dust, and made thee prince over my people Israel; and thou hast walked in the way of Jeroboam, and hast made my people Israel to sin, to provoke me to anger with their sins; behold, I will take away the posterity of Baasha, and the posterity of his house; and will make thy house like the house of Jeroboam the son of Nebat. Him that dieth of Baasha in the city shall the dogs eat; and him that dieth of his in the fields shall the fowls of the air eat. Now the rest of the acts of Baasha, and what he did, and his might, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? So Baasha slept with his fathers, and was buried in Tirzah: and Elah his son reigned in his stead. And also by the hand of the prophet Jehu the son of Hanani came the word of the Lord against Baasha, and against his house, even for all the evil that he did in the sight of the Lord, in provoking him to anger with the work of his hands, in being like the house of Jeroboam; and because he killed him.

In the twenty and sixth year of Asa king of Judah


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XVI] began Elah the son of Baasha to reign over Israel in Tirzah, two years. And his servant Zimri, captain of half his chariots, conspired against him, as he was in Tirzah, drinking himself drunk in the house of Arza steward of his house in Tirzah. And Zimri went in and smote him, and killed him, in the twenty and seventh year of Asa king of Judah, and reigned in his stead.

And it came to pass, when he began to reign, as soon as he sat on his throne, that he slew all the house of Baasha: he left him not one that pisseth against a wall, neither of his kinsfolks, nor of his friends. Thus did Zimri destroy all the house of Baasha, according to the word of the Lord, which he spake against Baasha by Jehu the prophet, for all the sins of Baasha, and the sins of Elah his son, by which they sinned, and by which they made Israel to sin, in provoking the Lord God of Israel to anger with their vanities. Now the rest of the acts of Elah, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?

In the twenty and seventh year of Asa king of Judah did Zimri reign seven days in Tirzah. And the people were encamped against Gibbethon, which belonged to the Philistines. And the people thaencamped heard say, Zimri hath conspired, and hath


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Manby, Thomas (1766?-1834)


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 GENERAL ROBERT EDWARD LEE.

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1541.] stood was compared with England as it had been—no king had yet reigned over her to whom she owed so large a debt of gratitude as to his present Majesty.

The Lords and Commons, as the chancellor concluded, again rose and bowed to the ground, 'as if acknowledging the truth of his words, and giving thanks to Almighty God, who had allowed so great a prince so long to remain among them.' The King descended from the throne, and left the house. Although no allusion had been made to the Queen, her behaviour was the first subject which came under discussion. In the first days of the session a bill of attainder was brought in against Catherine Howard and Lady Rochford, and read a first time on the 21st of January. On the 28th, when, in the common pourse of business, it would have been proceeded with, the chancellor stopped its progress, and said that, in consideration of the rank of the Queen, and that no pretences might be hereafter raised of precipitate or unfair dealing, precautions greater than usual must be observed. The facts had been proved; but it was possible that something might be urged in extenuation of the crime, or at least in mitigation of punishment. The laws were just: the King was anxious, if possible, to show mercy. It would be well if the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Duke of Norfolk, and Lord Southampton should visit her in private to hear if she could say anything to improve her case;


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478 or at all events to bring back a statement of some kind, no matter what, provided it was true.

It is clear, from what subsequently passed, that the chancellor was acting under directions from the King; and that the object was, if possible, to prevent the completion of the attainder, and escape another execution. The peers at first acquiesced cordially; but as they had been responsible for the marriage, so especially they resented its consequences; the privy council Monday, held a meeting on Sunday: on Monday a resolution was passed in the Upper House to wait upon the King with a request, or rather with a demand, that the prosecution should be left to themselves and the Commons. They would implore his Highness to consider, with his general good sense, the liability of all men to misfortune, to remember the importance of his life to the realm, and not permit his distress to prey upon his health. Finally, should the bill be passed after hearing the Queen's defence, they would desire him to spare himself the trouble of appearing in person to listen to the recitation of it; and to convey his assent by letters patent under the great seal.


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 Would you like to know. . . if any changes have been made lo the Code of Federal Regulations ur what aoeurnerris have been published in me Federal Register withcui reading me Feaerai Register every day? If so, you may wish to subscribe to the LSA (List ol CFR Sections Aneered), the Federal Register Inner, or both. LSA me LSA mer of cm seonons Aneeiedi re eeergnea ro ieaa users of :ne code or Feaera/ Regularrons to amenoaxow actions pueusrrea rn me Federal Regrster, The LSA rs reaoeo monmly rn eornrruanve form Entries rnareare the rramore of the arranges-soon as revreeo, removed, or corrected s21 per year, Federal Register Index The index. covering the contents of the aarvv Federa/ Regrarer is raaueo munthiy rn cumuiauve aorrn. Enrnes are earned pnrnaniy under me names ov me rssurng agencies srgrrrm;-rn: eurqeere are earned as cross-references. $25 oar year A unarng aid re rnexooeo rn each pooiraauon wrrrerr ivsis Federal negfsrer page numbers wrxn me date or puoiroanon rn :ne Feoerai negrsrer W     -33? QTY] f 5 _,wg   § ” ?,rF»r; `. , ' V xr _ > V( f ,`   I, ~ ,     .  Jn ’    2 li C  §   5 i _    "`"`""éLr3é}Mé}rHér§\l§?Bééoirlénré gdtiéériéigrigéer-air;  U YES, send me me ronowrng noreaieo subscnplrons Vor one year. Feaer-an neoisrer inner (wsop $25 new year ,iw r r,‘ V ¢r~rr,,, ~r r - » nr 'u e ,W ,. »,~,,1, @ rar your orders (zum 512-2250 Phone your orders (202) 512-:soo uneiwes rwuiar srrinvino and rranalins-i For privacy check bcx wow: _I no nm ware rnv name avaraeie io einer rnarera cneek memoo of nuyrnenn U Cneck UEW£\D|S [D SA|D€Y\V‘iévY(1£>1\1 Oi l')(7!Z.rWn'vYS u om new rerarrr [_ ‘jj - II Dviso Clmnnercarri i`, I , rrrnrnrrnrr ware) cream aan; wo mei ee zu orgrsr rnarrk you for your order! Anrrnrrr/rrvr ngrrrrrrrre r Mail To: Suunawvicvvdevrl ni Documrrnts Po Eur HHQ54 Frusbwqn P/\ |5250-795A x cdxxviii
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text:
Page:Title 3 CFR 1997 Compilation.djvu/415

 Would you like to know. . . if any changes have been made lo the Code of Federal Regulations ur what aoeurnerris have been published in me Federal Register withcui reading me Feaerai Register every day? If so, you may wish to subscribe to the LSA (List ol CFR Sections Aneered), the Federal Register Inner, or both. LSA me LSA mer of cm seonons Aneeiedi re eeergnea ro ieaa users of :ne code or Feaera/ Regularrons to amenoaxow actions pueusrrea rn me Federal Regrster, The LSA rs reaoeo monmly rn eornrruanve form Entries rnareare the rramore of the arranges-soon as revreeo, removed, or corrected s21 per year, Federal Register Index The index. covering the contents of the aarvv Federa/ Regrarer is raaueo munthiy rn cumuiauve aorrn. Enrnes are earned pnrnaniy under me names ov me rssurng agencies srgrrrm;-rn: eurqeere are earned as cross-references. $25 oar year A unarng aid re rnexooeo rn each pooiraauon wrrrerr ivsis Federal negfsrer page numbers wrxn me date or puoiroanon rn :ne Feoerai negrsrer W     -33? QTY] f 5 _,wg   § ” ?,rF»r; `. , ' V xr _ > V( f ,`   I, ~ ,     .  Jn ’    2 li C  §   5 i _    "`"`""éLr3é}Mé}rHér§\l§?Bééoirlénré gdtiéériéigrigéer-air;  U YES, send me me ronowrng noreaieo subscnplrons Vor one year. Feaer-an neoisrer inner (wsop $25 new year ,iw r r,‘ V ¢r~rr,,, ~r r - » nr 'u e ,W ,. »,~,,1, @ rar your orders (zum 512-2250 Phone your orders (202) 512-:soo uneiwes rwuiar srrinvino and rranalins-i For privacy check bcx wow: _I no nm ware rnv name avaraeie io einer rnarera cneek memoo of nuyrnenn U Cneck UEW£\D|S [D SA|D€Y\V‘iévY(1£>1\1 Oi l')(7!Z.rWn'vYS u om new rerarrr [_ ‘jj - II Dviso Clmnnercarri i`, I , rrrnrnrrnrr ware) cream aan; wo mei ee zu orgrsr rnarrk you for your order! Anrrnrrr/rrvr ngrrrrrrrre r Mail To: Suunawvicvvdevrl ni Documrrnts Po Eur HHQ54 Frusbwqn P/\ |5250-795A x cdxv
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text:
Page:Title 3 CFR 1998 Compilation.djvu/405

 Would you like to know. . . if any changes have been made lo the Code of Federal Regulations ur what aoeurnerris have been published in me Federal Register withcui reading me Feaerai Register every day? If so, you may wish to subscribe to the LSA (List ol CFR Sections Aneered), the Federal Register Inner, or both. LSA me LSA mer of cm seonons Aneeiedi re eeergnea ro ieaa users of :ne code or Feaera/ Regularrons to amenoaxow actions pueusrrea rn me Federal Regrster, The LSA rs reaoeo monmly rn eornrruanve form Entries rnareare the rramore of the arranges-soon as revreeo, removed, or corrected s21 per year, Federal Register Index The index. covering the contents of the aarvv Federa/ Regrarer is raaueo munthiy rn cumuiauve aorrn. Enrnes are earned pnrnaniy under me names ov me rssurng agencies srgrrrm;-rn: eurqeere are earned as cross-references. $25 oar year A unarng aid re rnexooeo rn each pooiraauon wrrrerr ivsis Federal negfsrer page numbers wrxn me date or puoiroanon rn :ne Feoerai negrsrer W     -33? QTY] f 5 _,wg   § ” ?,rF»r; `. , ' V xr _ > V( f ,`   I, ~ ,     .  Jn ’    2 li C  §   5 i _    "`"`""éLr3é}Mé}rHér§\l§?Bééoirlénré gdtiéériéigrigéer-air;  U YES, send me me ronowrng noreaieo subscnplrons Vor one year. Feaer-an neoisrer inner (wsop $25 new year ,iw r r,‘ V ¢r~rr,,, ~r r - » nr 'u e ,W ,. »,~,,1, @ rar your orders (zum 512-2250 Phone your orders (202) 512-:soo uneiwes rwuiar srrinvino and rranalins-i For privacy check bcx wow: _I no nm ware rnv name avaraeie io einer rnarera cneek memoo of nuyrnenn U Cneck UEW£\D|S [D SA|D€Y\V‘iévY(1£>1\1 Oi l')(7!Z.rWn'vYS u om new rerarrr [_ ‘jj - II Dviso Clmnnercarri i`, I , rrrnrnrrnrr ware) cream aan; wo mei ee zu orgrsr rnarrk you for your order! Anrrnrrr/rrvr ngrrrrrrrre r Mail To: Suunawvicvvdevrl ni Documrrnts Po Eur HHQ54 Frusbwqn P/\ |5250-795A x cdv
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text:
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 Would you like to know. . . if any changes have been made lo the Code of Federal Regulations ur what aoeurnerris have been published in me Federal Register withcui reading me Feaerai Register every day? If so, you may wish to subscribe to the LSA (List ol CFR Sections Aneered), the Federal Register Inner, or both. LSA me LSA mer of cm seonons Aneeiedi re eeergnea ro ieaa users of :ne code or Feaera/ Regularrons to amenoaxow actions pueusrrea rn me Federal Regrster, The LSA rs reaoeo monmly rn eornrruanve form Entries rnareare the rramore of the arranges-soon as revreeo, removed, or corrected s21 per year, Federal Register Index The index. covering the contents of the aarvv Federa/ Regrarer is raaueo munthiy rn cumuiauve aorrn. Enrnes are earned pnrnaniy under me names ov me rssurng agencies srgrrrm;-rn: eurqeere are earned as cross-references. $25 oar year A unarng aid re rnexooeo rn each pooiraauon wrrrerr ivsis Federal negfsrer page numbers wrxn me date or puoiroanon rn :ne Feoerai negrsrer W     -33? QTY] f 5 _,wg   § ” ?,rF»r; `. , ' V xr _ > V( f ,`   I, ~ ,     .  Jn ’    2 li C  §   5 i _    "`"`""éLr3é}Mé}rHér§\l§?Bééoirlénré gdtiéériéigrigéer-air;  U YES, send me me ronowrng noreaieo subscnplrons Vor one year. Feaer-an neoisrer inner (wsop $25 new year ,iw r r,‘ V ¢r~rr,,, ~r r - » nr 'u e ,W ,. »,~,,1, @ rar your orders (zum 512-2250 Phone your orders (202) 512-:soo uneiwes rwuiar srrinvino and rranalins-i For privacy check bcx wow: _I no nm ware rnv name avaraeie io einer rnarera cneek memoo of nuyrnenn U Cneck UEW£\D|S [D SA|D€Y\V‘iévY(1£>1\1 Oi l')(7!Z.rWn'vYS u om new rerarrr [_ ‘jj - II Dviso Clmnnercarri i`, I , rrrnrnrrnrr ware) cream aan; wo mei ee zu orgrsr rnarrk you for your order! Anrrnrrr/rrvr ngrrrrrrrre r Mail To: Suunawvicvvdevrl ni Documrrnts Po Eur HHQ54 Frusbwqn P/\ |5250-795A x cdx
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1542.] The Commons, meanwhile, had petitioned for permission to discuss freely the history of the adultery, and from time to time to have access to his Majesty's person, to submit their opinions to him. The King had acquiesced; but he had requested, in turn, that he might not be molested by visits from the whole House; they must content themselves with communicating with him through a deputation. When the Peers carried their address to the palace, therefore, the Commons, who were acting in concert, sent with them a number of members to endorse the supplication. The two parties were admitted separately. The King thanked them for their anxiety, and consented to what they proposed; but before they returned, he called them together into his presence, and took the opportunity of suggesting that they were assembled neither for their own purposes nor for his, but for the interests of the commonwealth. They must remember that they were the representatives of the people: he desired that they would be more regular in their attendance, more diligent in discussing the measures which might be laid before them; and that in matters of difficulty the two Houses should hold more frequent conferences. He was


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Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 3.djvu/500

480 , perhaps, to forget his misfortune in the business of the State. The Houses determined that the issue of it should not long remain in uncertainty. They could now dispose of the Queen in their own way. The attainder bill was read a second and third time on the 7th and 8th of February. On the 11th the Commons were invited to the Upper House. The Duke of Suffolk, in the name of the committee who had waited upon Catherine, declared that she had confessed the crime which she had committed against God, the King, and the English nation; that she implored God's forgiveness, and only entreated that her faults might not be imputed to her family. Lord Southampton added a few words, which are not preserved; the bill was declared to be passed, and the King's signature was produced and attached.

Four days later the following letter was written by a gentleman in London to his brother at Calais.

'According to my writing on Sunday last, I saw the Queen and Lady Rochford suffer within the Tower the day following; whose souls I doubt not be with God, for they made the most godly and Christian end that ever was heard tell of, I think,


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Page:The Clipper Ship Era.djvu/120

HE repeal of the British Navigation Laws in 1849, after violent opposition in Parliament and the House of Lords, and from almost every British ship-builder and ship-owner, gave a new impetus to the building of clipper ships, as the British merchant marine was then for the first time brought into direct competition with the vessels of other nationalities, especially those of the United States.

During the years that had elapsed since the closing up of the East India Company in 1832, some effort had been made to improve the model and construction of British merchant ships, and as we have seen, clipper schooners had been built for the Aberdeen service and for the opium trade in China, but no attempt had been made in Great Britain to build clipper ships. British ship-owners still felt secure under the Navigation Laws, in the possession of their carrying trade with the Far East, and paid little attention to the improvements in naval architecture which had been effected in the United States.

This was not from ignorance of what had been accomplished there, for the fast American packet

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mandevil, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mandeville, Bernard


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Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 3.djvu/501

1542.] since the world's creation, uttering their lively faith in the blood of Christ only; and with goodly words and steadfast countenances they desired all Christian people to take regard unto their worthy and just punishment with death for their offences against God heinously from their youth upwards in breaking all his commandments, and against the King's royal Majesty very dangerously; wherefore, they being justly condemned, as they said, by the laws of the realm and Parliament to die, required the people to take example at them for amendment of their ungodly lives, and gladly to obey the King in all things, for whose preservation they did heartily pray, and willed all people so to do, commending their souls to God, and earnestly calling for mercy upon Him, whom I beseech to give us grace, with such faith, hope, and charity, at our departing out of this miserable world, to come to the fruition of his Godhead in joy everlasting.'