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Rh for their young guest. It was many months before Allan could prevail on them to have their meals in the second parlour, which was certainly the proper dining-room, but which was made the sitting-parlour in order that the best room might be always kept in order. He suggested that Amy had not been used to associate with such people as themselves, and still less with such as their servants, and the girls from town seconded his request that there should be a separation; but as Mrs. Lindsay and Jessie said, they did not take any of the trouble, and it was a convenience to have all the confusion of the meals in the kitchen—Jessie in particular objected to any innovation; she felt like the ladies of old Saxon time, and liked to be the dispenser of food to the establishment; and though her father did not make so much objection to the change, she was sure that he would miss the opportunity of talking over what had been done and planning what was to be done next, with both Allan and George.

It was on one occasion when Amy had observed George's thoughtfulness and consideration for Allan that he asked her if she would mind including Copeland with the family, for certainly he was superior in every way to the other servants and chance travellers, and it might remove some of the difficulties. Amy liked George and

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 under the precarious climatic conditions of the rest of Australia. The River Leichhardt was struck on the 6th of May, in about 19° south latitude, and at a distance of a hundred miles from its mouth. The stream was at this point only from twenty to thirty yards wide, but about thirty miles from the gulf the bed was from 500 to 600 yards wide, and about half of this space was filled by the water. There was a large sand-spit at this place, a feature that indicated the tidal influence, and a tidal rise of four feet was observed. McKinlay proceeded northwards as far as the state of the country would allow, but was at length arrested by interposing deep and broad mangrove creeks, and boggy flats. At this point he judged the sea to be still from four to five miles distant, and observed a tidal rise and fall of from ten to eleven feet. This was on the 19th of May, and on the 21st the party commenced the return homeward, which the leader had already decided should be by way of Port Denison and the eastern colonies.

For nearly 150 miles eastwards the country preserves the general Australian character. Beyond that distance and nearly to the sea-coast it presents almost a continuous succession of hill ranges, forming a country most difficult for locomotion, and where the remaining bullocks, horses, and camels of the expedition rapidly sank under their increased toils. The fine River

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138 agreed to that modification of the plan, so Allan brought forward his proposal again with this difference, and found that there was no objection raised by any one. George took his place naturally where he could be most useful, and in little things he was more attentive than Allan, and had more of the forms of politeness.

The Hammonds heard a good deal from various sources about the guest they had rejected. Their friend, Mr. Lufton, who lived about thirty miles beyond Aralewin, used sometimes call at the Lindsays', and was enthusiastic about the prettiness and the cleverness of the young stranger. Mr. Troubridge, whose wife was a great reader, and who, knowing something of the name and reputation of Gerald Staunton, was very sorry indeed that she had not had the chance of befriending his orphan, used to prose in Mrs. Hammond's own drawing-room about the mistake she had made, and wonder why she did not try to retrieve it by going to the girl and offering her home now, for no doubt she would be very glad to escape from those rough, unpolished people, to a more refined society. What was worse, Mrs. Hammond's own boys, who had always liked to go to Branxholm when they had a chance, were still fonder of going now, and her eldest, Louis, was constantly regretting the untimely death of

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Rh Mr. Staunton, the more especially as Amy was such a dear little creature, and it would have been so delightful to have had her at home.

Mrs. Hammond knew that Amy had written to her father's sister, and she buoyed herself up with the conviction that Mrs. Evans must send for her, and then there would be an end of all this; so as soon as there was the needful time allowed for the receipt of an answer, she reminded Mr. Hammond that it was probable the child would be written for, and he very willingly rode across to enquire. He, too, was desirous that Amy should be removed from the immediate neighbourhood, and felt convinced by his wife's strong impression, that, whatever Amy's mother might have been, her father's sister, whom he knew to be the wife of an English rector in the country, would see it to be her duty to take care of his orphan.

But the letter was as unsatisfactory as possible. Even though the family of Lindsays were pleased to think that Amy was not going away, they were very indignant at the spirit and tone of the letter. After expressing her sorrow at her brother's sudden death, and her cautious hopes that he was prepared for the momentous change, Mrs. Evans glanced at the unfeeling conduct of the family, on whom her brother had some claim, and then praised in the most glowing terms the

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 which they had afterwards to rectify as they proceeded northwards.

Emerging from this region of inundation in about 25° south latitude, an extensive country of high promise was passed through, consisting in a great degree of grassy plains, intersected by rivers, and bounded by hilly ranges. The abundance of water, indeed, suggests that this particular season may have been one of unusual moisture. The travellers were impeded by swamps, and while in the daytime the air was perfumed by the odour of innumerable flowers, in the night it was infested by still more numerous mosquitoes. Patches of scrub, too, were not unfrequent, and the ever-recurring spinifex grass indicated its accompanying poor soil. What appeared to be the dividing range of the country was passed about latitude 22°, a little further north than Stuart found it in his line of march, seven or eight degrees to the westward.

After passing the tropical line, and entering what is geographically tropical Australia, the aspect of the country does not greatly vary until quite near to the gulf. No country perhaps retains its similarity of feature throughout so great an area, and through so many degrees of latitude, as Australia. A change of country begins where the regular rains of a tropical season call forth a profuse vegetation, and create a more uniformly good soil than is found


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 Burdekin was made on 5th July in about 19° south latitude and 145° east longitude; at which point it presented a fast running stream twenty yards wide, and knee-deep of water. Following its course, a party of natives are disturbed in the act of cooking food, which consisted of roasted roots and a kind of fruit. The deserted board was promptly cleared by our travellers, who, by this time reduced to horse and camel, found the native larder fully as attractive as their own.

The marks of dray-wheels and bullocks' feet—those sure indications of pastoral settlement, were repeatedly passed as the travellers descended the Burdekin; but, although cheered by the knowledge that they were once more amongst the habitations of their countrymen, they were never fortunate in coming upon any station, and they were unwilling to deviate from the direct course for any special search. It was only after leaving the river at the point where it makes its great sweep from a south-east to a north-east direction, that in their course for Port Denison they at length descried one of the pastoral homesteads. This station was about seventy miles from the port, and belonged to Messrs. Harvey and Somers, who received the party with the full measure of squatting hospitalities. The new seaport settlement of Bowen, upon Port Denison, is for the


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140 conduct of the Lindsays. She had never in her life heard of such goodness to an absolute stranger; she hoped Amy would be grateful to those who had thus made a home for her and spread a table for her in the wilderness, and would also thank a Higher Power which had inspired such kindness, for without Him there is no good thing done or even thought. Mrs. Evans was also glad to hear that these excellent people were in easy circumstances, and hoped and prayed that their kindness might be returned to them fourfold; she trusted that Amy would accommodate herself to her new circumstances, and not give way to selfish sorrow for those who were beyond her aid or her prayers, but would diligently try to do her duty in this world, and to prepare her heart for he next. She then went into some family details with regard to her husband and her children, mentioned them all by name, and told their ages, as if to show that she felt like an aunt; and to make up for all omissions of interest in Amy's affairs by trying to interest Amy in her own; sent kindest regards to the Lindsays, and especially to that dear Mrs. Lindsay, who had been so like a mother to her orphan niece, and ended her letter with a sort of prayer.

Amy had hoped for something from her aunt,

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Rh lings and 4 score eels. In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 12 pounds. This manor Eddeda held of Queen Eddeva.

M. Ralf holds of Walter [Wot- ton (Underwood)]. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 10 ploughs. On the demesne are 3 ; and 10 villeins with 13 bordars have 7 ploughs. There are 5 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams), and woodland (to feed) 200 swine. , In all it is and was worth 7 pounds ; T.R.E. 8 pounds. This manor Eddeva wife of Ulward held and could sell.

Two Englishmen hold of Walter in this hundred 1 virgate. There is land for half a plough, and there is meadow (sufficient) for half a plough (team). It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 3½ shillings. These same men held it T.R.E. and could sell.

M. Hugh de Bolebec holds of Walter [Whitchurch]. It is assessed at 8 hides. There is land for 12 ploughs. On the demesne are 3 ploughs, and there could be 2 (more). There 14 villeins with 2 bordars have 7 ploughs. There are 8 serfs and meadow (sufficient) for 6 plough (teams). In all it is and was worth 8 pounds ; T.R.E. 10 pounds. This manor 2 brothers, thegns of King Edward, held as 2 manors and could sell.

In [Littlecote ] Robert holds of Walter 2½ hides as one manor. There is land for 3 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ploughs ; and 2 villeins with 3 bordars have i plough. There are 3 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for i plough (team). This land is and was worth 40 shillings ; T.R.E. 60 shillings. This manor Wiga, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

In [Burston ] Turstin holds of Walter 1 hide. There is land for i plough, and it is there with 2 bordars and I serf. There is meadow (sufficient) for i plough (team). It is worth 20 shillings ; when received 10 shillings; T.R.E. 20 shillings. This land was held by Alwen, a certain woman, under Siward, and she could sell (her land).

Ralf holds of Walter in [Pitstone ] 5½ hides as one manor. There is land for 2 ploughs and these are there with villeins and 3 bordars and i serf. There is woodland (to feed) 40 swine. It is worth 40 shillings ; when received 20 shillings ; T.R.E. 40 shillings. This manor Toroi, a man of Earl Lewin, held and could sell.

William holds of Walter in [Swanbourne] 7 hides and 3 virgates as one manor. There is land for 7 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ; and 7 villeins with 5 bordars have 4 ploughs. There are 2 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for 6 plough (teams). In all it is and was worth 4 pounds ; T.R.E. 100 shillings. This manor 2 thegns held fo. 147b Alward 5 hides all but 1 virgate, and Alwi his man 2 hides and 3 virgates. They held them as two manors and could sell (them).

M. Walter himself holds [(Great) Horwood]. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 9 ploughs. In the demesne are 5 hides, and on it are 4 ploughs ; and 8 villeins with 10 bordars have 5 ploughs. There are 2 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for 9 plough (teams), and woodland (to feed) IOO swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 7 pounds. This manor Alward cilt, a thegn of King Edward, held.

Walter de Bee holds of Walter [Singleborough]. It is assessed at 6 hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. On the demesne are 3 ploughs ; and 4 villeins with bordars have 3 ploughs. There are 4 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for 3 plough (teams), and woodland (to feed) 40 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 4 pounds. This manor Edward cilt, a thegn of King Edward, held.

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Rh after she had written to her. She recollected that her father was Mrs. Evans's only brother, and that it was with her mother that there was the quarrel, if any; that she had seemed grieved at parting from her father, and had cried a good deal; but this letter, so cold and pharisaical, was a disappointment to her. Allan, who had brought it, had looked earnestly at her while she read. He feared some evil, and held his breath.

"Read it, Allan," said she, when she had come to the end of it, "and give your mother Mrs. Evans's message." All that she had lost came up before her. The old wound of the death of the best loved one was ripped up afresh, after months, by this cold letter of condolence; the half-hopes she had formed that she might be taken back to English civilization, to the society of those who were allied to her in blood, and probably also of congenial tastes and manners, were rudely snapped; there was really no life for her but this; she must bend her nature to it, and be very grateful, as Mrs. Evans said.

"Amy," said Allan, indignantly, "if she is such a woman, how thankful you should be that you are here! Don't distress yourself about such empty rubbish, such contemptible hypocritical twaddle as this. Will you let me read it to my mother? She will not appreciate the message

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142 unless she understands something of the kind of woman that sends it. You will let me read it to her."

Feelings of kinship were strong with the Lindsays, and there had been a rather uneasy fear in Allan's mind that his little teacher would leave him; for her father's sister—a minister's wife—would be bound to send for her.

When Allan went into the garden (where mother was giving George some directions about the vegetable beds that he was laying out) with Amy's open letter in his hand, she stopped short in a most important sentence, and turned to meet him.

"She's no to gang, I hope," said she, eagerly.

"No, it's good news for us, mother, but' Amy's a little downcast. She says I may read you the letter. It's a good plain hand, and that's the best that can be said of it. Now don't say a word till I come to the end, for there's a message for you," and Allan read it right through.

"Dear Mrs. Lindsay!—that dear Mrs. Lindsay. Well, that beats a' I ever heard in my life. I think Amy, poor thing, has been the means of showing us the hollowness of things we are used to hold in high esteem, for if Mrs. Hammond made me sick of gentility, this is like to make one ashamed of a profession o' religion. No a

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Rh M. Walter himself holds WADONE [Whaddon]. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 10 ploughs. In the de- mesne are 5 hides, and on it are 5 ploughs ; and 14 villeins with 9 bordars have 5 ploughs. There are 10 serfs, meadow (suffi- cient) for 10 plough (teams), and woodland (to feed) 100 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 8 pounds. This manor Edward cilt, a thegn of King Edward, held.

M. In [Mursley] William holds of Walter 5 hides as one manor. There is land for 4 ploughs. On the demesne are ; and 2 villeins with 5 bordars have 2 ploughs. There are 2 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams). It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) pounds. In [Lamport ] Berner holds of Walter 3½ hides as one manor. There is land for 4 ploughs. On the demesne is 1, and there could be another. There 2 villeins with 2 bordars have 2 ploughs. There are 2 serfs, meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams) and woodland (to feed) 50 swine. It is and was worthT.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 40 shillings. This manor Suen Suert, a man of Earl Eduin, held and could sell.

Robert holds of Walter [Akeley]. It is assessed at 3 hides. There is land for 4 ploughs. On the demesne are 4 oxen and there could be 2 ploughs (more). There 2 villeins with 4 bordars have 2½ ploughs. There are 2 serfs, meadow (sufficient) for i plough (team) and woodland (to feed) 806 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth 40 shillings ; T.R.E. 60 shillings. This manor Alric son of Goding held and could sell.

M. Hugh holds of Walter [Lillingstone (Dayrell)]. It is assessed at 5 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 1½, and there could be half a plough more. There 6 villeins with 5 bordars have 2 ploughs, and there could be a third. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 1,200 swine. It is worth 60 shillings; when received 40 shillings ; T.R.E. 50 shillings. This manor Syric, a man of Queen Eddid, held and could sell.

In [(Maids) Moreton] Turstin holds of Walter 2 hides. There is land for 2 ploughs, and there are 1½ there, and there could be half a plough more. There are 2 villeins and 4 bordars, and meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams). It is worth 30 shillings ; when received 10 shillings; T.R.E. 20 shil- lings. This manor Ulvric, a man of Alric son of Goding held, and could sell.

In the same vill the same Torstin holds of Walter 4 hides as one manor. There is land for 4 ploughs. On the demesne are 2, and there could be other 2. There are I villein with 3 bordars, and meadow (sufficient) for 4 plough (teams). It is worth 4 pounds ; when received 20 shillings ; T.R.E. 60 shil- lings. Two hides of this manor Alric son of Goding held as one manor, and Ederic, a man of Asgar the staller, 1½ hides as one manor, and Saward, a man of Azor son of Toti, held half a hide. They could assign (dare) and sell (their land).

In [Leckhampstead] Hugh holds of Walter 2 hides. There is land for 1 plough, and it is there with 1 villein and 2 bordars and 1 serf. There is 1 mill worth (de) 20 pence, meadow (sufficient) for 1 plough (team), and woodland (to feed) 50 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 30 shillings ; when received 20 shillings ; T.R.E. 30 shil- lings. This manor was held by Swartin, a man of Asgar the staller. He could not sell or assign (dare) his land but by his leave.

In [Beachampton] Hugh holds of Walter 5 hides as one manor. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ; and 5 villeins with 9 bordars have 3 ploughs. There is 1 serf, and 1 mill worth (de) 10 shillings, and meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams). In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 4 pounds ; when received 30 shillings ; T.R.E. 4 pounds and 10 shillings. This manor Alric, a man and thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

The same Hugh holds [Bourton]

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Rh FRAGMENT OF AN EPISTLE TO THOMAS MOORE.

say I?"—not a syllable further in prose;

I'm your man "of all measures," dear Tom,—so here goes!

Here goes, for a swim on the stream of old Time,

On those buoyant supporters, the bladders of rhyme.

If our weight breaks them down, and we sink in the flood,

We are smothered, at least, in respectable mud,

Where the divers of Bathos lie drowned in a heap,

And Southey's last Pæan has pillowed his sleep;

That Felo de se who, half drunk with his Malmsey,

Walked out of his depth and was lost in a calm sea,

Singing "Glory to God" in a spick and span stanza,

The like (since Tom Sternhold was choked) never man saw.

The papers have told you, no doubt, of the fusses,

The fêtes, and the gapings to get at these Russes, —

Of his Majesty's suite, up from coachman to Hetman,—

And what dignity decks the flat face of the great man.


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Rh of Walter. It is assessed at 1 hide. There is land for 2 ploughs. On the demesne is 1 ; and 2 villeins with 2 bordars have 1 plough. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams). It is and was worth 30 shil- lings ; T.R.E. 20 shillings. This manor Alric, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

In Edingberge [Lenborough] Ralf holds of Walter 3 hides as one manor. There is land for 2 ploughs. One is there, and there could be another. There are 2 bordars, and meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams). It is worth 30 shillings ; when received 60 shillings ; T.R.E. 40 shillings. This manor Towi, a man of Alric son of Coding, held and could sell.

In [Hillesden] Hugh holds of Walter 18 hides as one manor. There is land for 14 ploughs. On the demesne are 4 ; and 17 villeins with 9 bordars have 10 ploughs. There are 7 serfs and 1 mill worth (de) 4 shillings, meadow (sufficient) for 14 plough (teams), and woodland (to feed) 100 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 6 pounds ; when received 8 pounds ; and as much T.R.E. This manor Alric, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell. Ralf holds of Walter [Edgcott]. It is assessed at 5 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ; and 10 villeins with 9 bordars have 6 ploughs. There are 2 serfs, meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams) and woodland (to feed) 100 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 100 shillings. This manor 4 thegns held. One of these, Alwin, had 2½ hides as one manor, the second, Edwin, 1 hide and 1 virgate as orje manor, and Almar half a hide, and Thori, a housecarl of King Edward, 3 virgates. All could sell their land.

In [(Little) Woolstone] Ralf holds of Walter 3½ hides as one manor. There is land for 3 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ; and 4 villeins have I plough. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams), and a mill worth (de) 10 shillings. It is worth 40 shillings ; when received 20 shillings ; T.R.E. 60 shillings. This manor Edward, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

In [(Great) Woolstone] the monks of St. Pierre de la Couture (culturæ) hold of Walter 5 hides as one manor. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ; and 8 villeins with 1 bordar have 3 ploughs. There is a mill worth (de) 6 shillings and 4 pence. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 4 plough (teams), and woodland (to feed) 100 swine. It is and was worth 3 pounds ; T.R.E. 4 pounds. This manor Alric son of Coding held and could sell.

M. Walter himself holds [New- ton (Longville )]. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 12 ploughs. In the de- mesne are 4 hides, and on it are 4 ploughs ; and 20 villeins with 8 bordars have 8 ploughs. There are 1 1 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for 6 plough (teams). In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 12 pounds; when received 10 pounds ; and as much T.R.E. This manor Edward cilt held.

In [Loughton] Ivo holds of Walter 4½ hides. There is land for 4½ ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ; and 5 villeins with 2 bordars have I plough and there could be another plough and a half. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 4 plough (teams). It is worth 60 shillings ; when re- ceived 30 shillings ; T.R.E. 4 pounds. This manor 5 thegns held and could sell.

fo. 148

In [Bradwell] Walter Achet holds of Walter Gifard 1½ hides. There is land for 2 ploughs. On the demesne is I, and there could be another. There are I bordar, i serf, and meadow (sufficient) for i plough (team). It is worth 20 shil- lings; when received 10 shillings ; T.R.E. 30 shillings. This land Alviet, a man of Queen Eddid, held and could sell.

M. In [Linford] Hugh holds of Walter 2 hides and 1½ virgates as one manor. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne is i ; and 1 6 villeins with 2 bordars have 4 ploughs. There are 4 serfs and meadow (sufficient) for 4 plough (teams). It is worth pounds ; when received 40 shillings ; T.R.E. pounds. This manor Alric son of Coding held and could sell.

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40 I saw him, last week, at two balls and a party,—

For a Prince, his demeanour was rather too hearty.

You know, we are used to quite different graces,

The Czar's look, I own, was much brighter and brisker,

But then he is sadly deficient in whisker;

And wore but a starless blue coat, and in kersey-

mere breeches whisked round, in a waltz with the Jersey,

Who, lovely as ever, seemed just as delighted

With Majesty's presence as those she invited.

June, 1814. [First published, Letters and Journals, 1830, i. 561, 562 (note).]

ANSWER TO 'S PROFESSIONS OF AFFECTION.


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Rh

M. The same Hugh holds of Walter [Ravenstone]. It is assessed at hides. There is land for 6 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ; and 10 villeins with bordars have 4 ploughs. There are 4 serfs, and 1 mill worth (de) 25 shillings, meadow (sufficient) for 6 plough (teams), and woodland (to feed) 300 swine. It is and was worth 100 shillings; T.R.E. 6 pounds. This manor Lewin, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

In [Lavendon] Ralf holds of Walter 2 hides and I virgate and the fourth part of 1 virgate. There is land for 2 ploughs. On the demesne is I ; and 5 villeins with 8 bordars have 1 plough. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 1 plough (team), woodland (to feed) 30 swine. It is worth 25 shillings ; (was worth) when received 10 shillings ; T.R.E. 40 shillings. This land a man of Bishop Wlwi held and could sell.

M. In [Hardmead] Hugh holds of Walter 2½ hides as I manor. There is land for 2½ ploughs, and they are there with 4 villeins and 2 bordars. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 1 plough (team), woodland (to feed) 50 swine. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 40 shillings. This manor a man of Alric son of Godin held and could sell.

M. Richard holds of Walter [Moulsoe], It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 7 ploughs. On the demesne is i ; and 7 villeins with 9 bordars have 6 ploughs. There is I serf. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 100 swine. In all it is worth 6 pounds ; when received 100 shillings ; T.R.E. 8 pounds. This manor 8 thegns held and could sell ; one of these, Alwin, held 2 hides as I manor ; another, Ulf, a man of Asgar the staller, 2 hides as I manor ; and Algar, a man of Edward cilt, 1½ hides as I manor ; Elsi i hide ; Turchil i hide ; Lodi I hide ; Osulf i hide ; Elric half a hide.

M. In [Broughton ] Hugh holds of Walter 4 hides as one manor. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne is I plough ; and 8 villeins with 5 bordars have 4 ploughs. There are 2 serfs and I mill on the demesne. There is meadow (sufficient) for 3 plough (teams). It is and was worth 60 shillings ; T.R.E. 4 pounds. This manor Oswi, a man of Alric son of Coding, held and could sell.

In [Milton (Keynes)] Hugh holds of Walter half a hide. There is land for i plough, but it is not there. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 1 plough (team). It is worth 4 shillings ; T.R.E. 10 shillings. This land Oswi, a man of Alric, held and could sell.

M. In [(Bow) Brickhill] Ralf holds of Walter 5 hides as one manor. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2, and 8 villeins with 2 bordars have 3 ploughs. There are 2 serfs and meadow (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams). It is worth 60 shillings ; when received 40 shillings ; T.R.E. 100 shillings. Of this land Goduin, a man of Bishop Wlwi, held 2 hides as 1 manor, Godbold 1 hide, Alric 1 hide, Ordric I hide ; all these could sell their land.

M. In the same vill Robert holds of Wal- ter 4 hides as one manor. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 3 ; and 9 villeins with 5 bordars have 2 ploughs. There are 3 serfs, and 1 mill worth (de) 10 shillings, meadow (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 100 swine. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 100 shillings. Of this land Goduin, a man of Bishop Wlwi, held 2 hides as I manor, and 5 other thegns held the other land, that is to say 2 hides, and they could sell (their land).

William de Warenne holds [Broughton ]. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 hides and on it are 2 ploughs ; and 13 villeins with 5 bordars have 6 ploughs. There are 4 serfs, and i mill worth (de) 10 shillings, meadow (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 100 swine. In all

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text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 7/Answer to ——'s Professions of Affection


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Rh (totis valentiis) it is and was worth 8 pounds; T.R.E. 10 pounds. This manor Edward, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

M. Brienz holds of William [Caversfield]. It is assessed at 5 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. On the demesne are 3; and 12 villeins with 9 bordars have 5 ploughs. There is a fish-stew (vivarium piscium). In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 100 shillings. This manor Edward, a man of Earl Tosti, held and could sell.

M. William Pevrel holds [Hartwell], 6 hides and 3 virgates. Tehel holds (it) of him. There is land for 8 ploughs. On the demesne are 3; and 16 villeins with 4 bordars have 5 ploughs. There arc serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for 8 plough (teams). In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth 100 shillings; T.R.E. 7 pounds. This manor Alwin, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

In [Upton ] Robert holds of William 3½ hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and 8 villeins with 3 bordars have 3 ploughs. There are 3 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for plough (teams). It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 60 shillings. This manor Alwin, a man of Queen Eddid, held and could sell.

M. Payn holds of William {{sc|Tochingewiche [Tetchwick ] as 2 hides. There is land for 2 ploughs. On the demesne is 1; and 3 villeins have 2 ploughs. There is 1 serf, meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 50 swine. This land is worth 30 shillings; when received 20 shillings; T.R.E. 30 shillings. This manor Alwin, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

In {{sc|Sibdone}} [Shipton (Lee) ] William holds I hide. There is land for half a plough, and it is there with 1 villein. It is and was worth 5 shillings. This land Alwin, a thegn of King Edward, held.

{{c|{{sc|In Votesdone [Waddesdon] Hundret}} }} M. William himself holds {{sc|Claindone}} [(Middle) Claydon]. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 10 ploughs. In the demesne are 3 hides, and on it are 3 ploughs; and 16 villeins with 2 bordars have 5 ploughs, and there could be 2 more. There are 3 serfs, meadow (sufficient) for 4 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 150 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 10 pounds; when received 12 pounds; T.R.E. 10 pounds. This manor Alwin, a thegn of King Edward, held.

M. William himself holds {{sc|Hocsaga}} [Hogshaw]. It is assessed at 5 hides. There is land for 3½ ploughs. In the demesne are 3 hides and on it are 2 ploughs; and 6 villeins with 2 bordars have 1½ ploughs. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 3 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 40 swine. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 60 shillings. This manor Alwin, a thegn of King Edward, held.

M. Ralf holds in {{sc|Claindone}} [(East) Claydon] of William 3 hides and 1 virgate as one manor. There is land for 3 ploughs. On the demesne is 1; and 4 villeins have another, and there could be a third. Meadow it there (sufficient) for 1 plough (team), wood for (making) fences. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 40 shillings. This manor Alwin, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell. Of this land a certain man of his held 1 virgate and could (not) sell it without (preter) his permission.

M. Ambrose holds of William {{Sc|Edestocha}} [Adstock]. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 7 ploughs. On the demesne are 3; and 5 villeins with 2 bordars have 3 ploughs, and there could be a fourth. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 7 plough (teams). In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth 100 shillings; T.R.E. 8 pounds. This manor Gethe wife of Earl Ralf held and could sell.

{{c|{{sc|In Bonestou Hundret}} }}

M. William himself holds {{sc|Haversham}} [Haversham]. It is assessed at 10 hides. {{smallrefs}} {{c|253}}

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Rh EPISTLE TO MR. MURRAY.

1.

dear Mr. Murray,

You're in a damned hurry

To set up this ultimate Canto;

But (if they don't rob us)

You'll see Mr. Hobhouse

Will bring it safe in his portmanteau.

2.

For the Journal you hint of,

As ready to print off,

No doubt you do right to commend it;

But as yet I have writ off

The devil a bit of

Our "Beppo:"—when copied, I'll send it.

3.

In the mean time you've "Galley"

Whose verses all tally,

Perhaps you may say he 's a Ninny,

But if you abashed are

Because of Alashtar,

He'll piddle another Phrosine.


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52 4.

Then you've Sotheby's Tour,—

No great things, to be sure,—

You could hardly begin with a less work;

For the pompous rascallion,

Who don't speak Italian

Nor French, must have scribbled by guess-work.

5.

No doubt he 's a rare man

Without knowing German

Translating his way up Parnassus,

And now still absurder

Fie meditates Murder

As you'll see in the trash he calls Tasso ' s.

6.

But you've others his betters

The real men of letters

Your Orators—Critics—and Wits—

And I'll bet that your Journal

(Pray is it diurnal?)

Will pay with your luckiest hits.

7.

You can make any loss up

With "Spence" and his gossip,

A work which must surely succeed;


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Rh mesne are hides, and on it are 1½ ploughs, and there could be another and a half. There 6 villeins with 8 bordars have 7 ploughs. There are 5 serfs, and I mill worth (de) 8 shillings and 75 eels, meadow (sufficient) for 9 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 300 swine. It is and was worth 6 pounds; T.R.E. 7 pounds. This manor Countess Gueth held.

M. Drogo holds of William STOCHES [Stoke (Goldington)] 3 hides and 3 virgates as one manor. There is land for 4 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and 5 villeins with 4 bordars have 2 ploughs. There are 2 serfs, meadow (sufficient) for 4 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 200 swine. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 4 pounds. This manor Countess Gueth held.

fo. 148b

William son of Ansculf holds in this hundred half a hide, and a certain Englishman (holds it) of him. There is land for half a plough, and this is there with i bordar. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 10 shillings. This land Lewin brother of Alsi held and could sell.

M. Ralf holds of William in [Ellesborough] 13½ hides. There is land for 1 1 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and villeins with 3 bordars have 9 ploughs. There are 2 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 105 swine. In all it is and was worth 8 pounds; T.R.E. 9 pounds. This manor Earl Harold held, and this same manor Ansculf de Pinchengi got in exchange for half Risenberga [Risborough] against (contra) Ralf Talgebosch, by order of King William.

In the same vill Otbert holds of William 1½ hides. There is land for 2 ploughs, and there are 2 oxen with I villein. It is and was worth 5 shillings; T.R.E. 2O shillings. This land Balduin, a man of Archbishop Stig(and), held and could sell.

M. The same Otbert holds of William [Hampden (Great and Little)]. It is assessed at 3 hides. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and 4 villeins have 3 ploughs. There are 2 serfs; and woodland (to feed) 500 swine. As rent for the woodland (are received) shares for ploughs (de reddita silvis ferra ii carucis). It is and was worth 4 pounds; T.R.E. 100 shillings. This manor Balduin, a man of Archbishop Stig(and), held and could sell.

Walter holds of William [Ditton]. It is assessed at 5 hides. There is land for ploughs. On the demesne is I; and 4 villeins have 2 ploughs. There are I serf, and meadow (sufficient) for 3 plough (teams), and woodland (to feed) 16 swine. It is and was worth 30 shillings; T.R.E. 40 shillings. This manor Sired, a man of Earl Harold, held and could sell.

M. The same Walter holds of William [Stoke (Poges)]. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 10 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and 10 villeins with 3 bordars have 6 ploughs, and there could be 2 more. There are 4 serfs and i mill worth (de) 4 shillings, and woodland (to feed) 500 swine. In all (totis valentits) it is worth 5 pounds; when received 3 pounds; T.R.E. 6 pounds. This manor Siret, a man of Earl Harold, held and could sell. One hide of this land a certain sokeman, a man of Tubi, held and could sell.

M. In [(North) Marston ] Rannulf holds of William 6½ hides as one manor. There is land for 6 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and 8 villeins with 3 bordars have 3 ploughs, and there could be a fourth. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams). In all it is worth 100 shillings; when received 60 shillings; T.R.E. 4 pounds. Of this manor Leuric, a man of Earl Edwin, held 5 hides as I manor; another man had 1 hide and 1 virgate of King Edward's soke; and Brictuin, a man of Earl Tosti, had 1 virgate. All these could sell (their land).

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Rh Then Queen Mary's Epistle-craft,

With the new "Fytte" of "Whistlecraft,"

Must make people purchase and read.

8.

Then you've General Gordon,

Who girded his sword on,

To serve with a Muscovite Master,

And help him to polish

A nation so owlish,

They thought shaving their beards a disaster.

9.

For the man, "poor and shrewd,"

With whom you'd conclude

A compact without more delay,

Perhaps some such pen is

Still extant in Venice;

But please, Sir, to mention your pay.

10.

Now tell me some news

Of your friends and the Muse,

Of the Bar, or the Gown, or the House,


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54 From Canning, the tall wit,

To Wilmot, the small wit,

Ward's creeping Companion and Louse,

11.

Who 's so damnably bit

With fashion and Wit,

That he crawls on the surface like Vermin,

But an Insect in both,—

By his Intellect's growth,

Of what size you may quickly determine. Venice, January 8, 1818. [First published, Letters and Journals, 1830, ii. 156, 157; stanzas 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, first published, Letters, 1900, iv. 191-193.]

ON THE BIRTH OF JOHN WILLIAM RIZZO HOPPNER.

father's sense, his mother's grace,

In him, I hope, will always fit so;

With—still to keep him in good case—

The health and appetite of Rizzo. February 20, 1818. [First published, Letters and Journals, 1830, ii. 134.]


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Rh In the same vill Bernard holds of William hide. There is land for 1 plough, and this is there with 1 bordar. It is and was worth 10 shillings; T.R.E. 20 shillings. This land Alwi, a man of Brictric, who was of the king's soke, held and could sell.

In [Hoggeston] Payn holds of William 8 hides and 2½ virgates. There is land for 10 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ; and 12 villeins with 7 bordars have 8 ploughs. There are 5 serfs and meadow (sufficient) for 10 plough (teams). In all it is and was worth 7 pounds ; T.R.E. 100 shil- lings. Of this manor Aimer held 7 hides as i manor ; he was a man of Bundi the staller. And a man of the abbess of Berchinges [Barking] had 1 hide ; and a man of Eddeva the Fair held 2½ virgates; and all these could sell (their land).

In [Soulbury] Payn holds of William 5½ hides and the third part of a virgate. There is land for 17 ploughs. On the demesne are 3 ; and 14 villeins with 5 bordars have 9 ploughs, and there could be 5 ploughs more. There are 3 serfs and I mill worth (de) 16 shillings, and meadow (sufficient) for 3 plough (teams). In all it is and was worth 7 pounds ; T.R.E. 8 pounds. This manor 11 sokemen held and could sell.

In [Hollingdon ] Payn holds of William 3½ virgates. There is land for 1 plough, and it is there with 3 villeins. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 10 shillings. This land 4 sokemen held ; of these, 3 men of Brictric had 2½ vir- gates, the fourth, a man of Wiga, had I vir- gate ; these could all sell their land.

In [Littlecot ] Payn holds of William 1½ hides. There is land for 1½ ploughs. One plough is there with 1 bordar and there could be half a plough (besides). Meadow is there (sufficient) for 1 plough (team). It is worth 20 shillings ; when re- ceived 40 shillings ; T.R.E. 30 shillings. This land 2 men of Brictric held and could sell.

In [Cheddington] Suertin holds of William half a hide. There is land for 2 oxen (to plough). It is and was worth 5 shil- lings ; T.R.E. 10 shillings. This land Leuing, a man of King Edward, held and could sell.

In [Swanbourne] Payn holds of William 1 virgate. There is land for 2 oxen (to plough). It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 2 shillings. This land Oswi, a man of Brictric, held and could sell.

Balduin holds of William ' at ferm ' 2 hides. There is land for 1½ ploughs, and these are there with i villein and 1 bordar. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 1 plough (team). In all it is and was worth 26 shillings. The same man held it T.R.E. and could sell it.

In [Marsh (Gibbon)] Ailric holds of William 4 hides as one manor. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ; and 5 villeins with 3 bordars have 3 ploughs. There are 3 serfs, meadow (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams), and woodland (to feed) 30 swine. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 70 shillings. The same man held it T.R.E., but he now holds it ' at ferm ' of William in heaviness and misery (graviter et miserabiliter),

M. William himself holds [Newport (Pagnel)]. It is assessed at 5 hides. There is land for 9 ploughs. In the demesne are 4 carucates of land, and on it are 4 ploughs ; and 5 villeins have 5 ploughs. The burgesses have 6½ ploughs, and of other men outside the 5 hides (there are) those who cultivate (laborantes). . . . There are 9 serfs and 2 mills worth (de) 40 shillings, meadow (suffi- cient) for all the plough (teams) and (worth) I o shillings (besides) ; woodland (to feed) 300 swine and (worth) 2 shillings (besides). And, in addition, 4 shillings come from men who dwell in the woodland. And in all other rents paid yearly it renders 116 shillings and 4 pence. In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth 20 pounds ; T.R.E. 24

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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 7.djvu/89

Rh

[E NIHILO NIHIL;

OR

.]

rhymes I printed seven volumes—

The list concludes John Murray's columns:

Of these there have been few translations

For Gallic or Italian nations;

And one or two perhaps in German—

But in this last I can't determine.

But then I only sung of passions

That do not suit with modern fashions;

Of Incest and such like diversions

Permitted only to the Persians,

Or Greeks to bring upon their stages—

But that was in the earlier ages

Besides my style is the romantic,

Which some call fine, and some call frantic;

While others are or would seem as sick

Of repetitions nicknamed Classic.

For my part all men must allow

Whatever I was, I'm classic now.


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 7/Epistle to Mr. Murray


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Rh pounds. This manor Ulf, a thegn of King Edward, held.

In [Caldecot] William holds 3 hides and 1 virgate. There is land for 2 ploughs. On the demesne is 1 ; and there could be another. There is 1 villein and 1 mill worth (de) 8 shillings ; and a certain knight (miles) has there half a hide with half a plough. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 1 plough (team), and woodland (to feed) 100 swine. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 40 shillings. This manor 2 men ot Ulf held and could sell.

In [(Little)Woolstone] William holds 1½ hides. There island for 1½ ploughs. On the demesne is 1 ; and 1 villein has half a plough. There are 2 serfs. It is and was worth 2O shillings ; T.R.E. 30 shillings. This land Ulf, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

In [Bradwell] William holds 3 virgates. There is land for 1 plough, and this is there with i villein and 2 bordars and 1 serf. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 1 plough (team). It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 10 shillings. This land Alward, a man of Coding, held and could sell. Of this land Ansculf, when he was sheriff, dispossessed (desaisivit) William de Celsi, unjustly, as the men of the Hundred say, and without authority (liberatore) of the king or of any one (else).

In [Linford] Robert holds of William 1 virgate. There is land for 2 oxen (to plough), and there is 1 villein. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) shillings. This land Grimbald, man of Bisi, held and could sell.

In [Tyringham] Acard holds of William 7 hides and 1 virgate and the fourth part of 1 virgate as one manor. There is land for 8 ploughs. On the demesne are 3 ; and 9 villeins with 6 bordars have 5 ploughs. There are 6 serfs, meadow (suffi- cient) for 8 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 200 swine and (yielding) 26 pence from small dues (de minutis consuetudinibus). In all it is worth 6 pounds ; when received 8 pounds ; fo. 149

and the same T.R.E. This manor 5 thegns held ; one of these, Herold, had 3 hides as 1 manor, and Goduin, a priest, half a hide, Estan hides as 1 manor, Godric, a man of Herold, 1 virgate, and Alveva wife of Herold 1 hides as 1 manor ; these all could sell (their land) to whom they wished.

Wibert holds of William 4 hides as 1 manor. There is land for 4 ploughs. On the demesne is I ; and 7 villeins with 6 bordars have 3 ploughs. There are 1 serf, and 1 mill worth (de) 20 shillings, meadow (sufficient) for 3 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 150 swine and (yielding) 16 pence (besides). It is and was worth 40 shillings ; T.R.E. 4 pounds. This manor 2 thegns, Herald and Alwi, held and could sell. In CICELAI [Chicheley] Balduin holds of William 3 hides as one manor. There is land for 3 ploughs. On the demesne is i, and 5 villeins with 4 bordars have 2 ploughs. Meadow is there (sufficient) for I plough (team), woodland (to feed) 100 swine. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 40 shillings. The same man held it T.R.E. and could sell it.

In the same (vill), Andrew holds of William 3 hides as one manor. There is land for 3 ploughs. On the demesne is i ; and 7 villeins with 4 bordars have 2 ploughs. There are 2 serfs, meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams) and woodland (to feed) 100 swine. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 40 shillings. This manor Edestan, a man of Al- nod Chentis, held and could sell.

In the same (vill), Payn holds of William 3 hides and 3 virgates as one manor. There is land for 4 ploughs. On the demesne is 1 ; and 5 villeins with 6 bordars have 3 ploughs. There is meadow (sufficient) for (the) plough (teams). It is worth 60 shillings ; when re- ceived 100 shillings; T.R.E. 4 pounds. This manor 9 thegns held and could sell without leave of their lords.

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text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 7/On the Birth of John William Rizzo Hoppner


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 7/E Nihilo Nihil


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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 7.djvu/110

76 JOHN KEATS.

FROM THE FRENCH.

TO MR. MURRAY.

1. Orford and for Waldegrave

You give much more than me you gave;

Which is not fairly to behave,

My Murray!


text:
Author:Georg Simon Ohm

Works

 * Grundlinien zu einer zweckmäßigen Behandlung der Geometrie als höheren Bildungsmittels an vorbereitenden Lehranstalten / entworfen (Guidelines for an appropriate treatment of geometry in higher education at preparatory institutes / notes) (1817)
 * Die galvanische Kette: mathematisch bearbeitet (1827) translated as The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically in Taylor, Scientific Memoirs (1841)
 * Elemente der analytischen Geometrie im Raume am schiefwinkligen Coordinatensysteme (Elements of analytic geometry concerning the skew coordinate system) (1849)
 * Grundzüge der Physik als Compendium zu seinen Vorlesungen (Fundamentals of physics: Compendium of lectures) (1853–1854)

title: Author:Georg Simon Ohm


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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 7.djvu/111

Rh 2.

Because if a live dog, 't is said,

Be worth a lion fairly sped,

A live lord must be worth two dead,

My Murray!

3.

And if, as the opinion goes,

Verse hath a better sale than prose,—

Certes, I should have more than those,

My Murray!

4.

But now this sheet is nearly crammed,

So, if you will, I shan't be shammed,

And if you won't,—you may be damned,

My Murray! August 23, 1821. [First published, Letters and Journals, 1830, ii. 517.]

[NAPOLEON'S SNUFF-BOX.]

, accept the box a hero wore,

In spite of all this elegiac stuff:

Let not seven stanzas written by a bore,

Prevent your Ladyship from taking snuff! 1821. [First published, Conversations of Lord Byron, 1824, p. 235.]


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayer, Joseph


text:
Author:Richard Taylor (1781-1858)

Editor

 * Scientific Memoirs, Selected from the Transactions of Foreign Academies of Science
 * Annals of Natural History
 * Lectures on History by Priestley

title: Author:Richard Taylor (1781-1858)


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78

THE NEW VICAR OF BRAY.

1.

you know Doctor Nott?

With "a crook in his lot,"

Who seven years since tried to dish up

A neat Codicil

To the Princess's Will,

Which made Dr. Nott not a bishop.


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Rh M. William himself holds [Tickford ]. It is assessed at 5 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 carucates of land besides the 5 hides, and there are on it 2 ploughs. There 6 villeins with 4 serfs have 6 ploughs. Meadow is there (sufficient) for 5 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 50 swine. There 5 sokemen pay 27 shillings. It is worth 100 shillings; when received 6 pounds; and as much T.R.E. This manor Ulf, a thegn of King Edward, held, and there were 5 thegns who held 3½ virgates of this land and could sell (their land) to whom they wished.

In [Hardmead] Hervey holds 1 hide all but half a virgate, as one manor, of William. There is land for 1 plough, and it is there with 2 villeins and 2 bordars and 1 serf. Woodland is there (to feed) 24 swine. It is and was worth 12 shillings; T.R.E. 20 shillings. This land Goduin, a man of Ulf, held and could sell.

In the same (vill), Payn holds of William half a virgate. There is land for 2 oxen (to plough), and these are there, and meadow (sufficient) for 2 oxen, and woodland (to feed) 5 swine. It is and was worth 2 shillings; T.R.E. 2. This land Godric, a man of Oswi, held and could sell.

In the same (vill), Balduin holds I hide of William as one manor. There is land for 1 plough, and this is there with 3 villeins. It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 1 mark of silver. This manor 3 brothers held; one of these was a man of Tochi, and 2 were men of Balduin. They could sell (their land). Of this land half a virgate belongs to (jacet in) the church (monasterio) of St. Firmin of Crauelai [(North) Crawley] and it belonged to it T.R.E.

In [Milton (Keynes)] Otbert holds of William 1 hide. There is land for 1 plough. There are 1 villein and 5 bordars and 1 serf, and meadow (sufficient) for 1 plough (team). It is worth 5 shillings; when received 20 shillings; and as much T.R.E. This land Sawold, a man of Wlward cilt, held and could sell.

Robert de Todeni holds 7 hides in [Stone] and Gilbert holds of him. There is land for 6 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and 7 villeins with 11 bordars have 4 ploughs. There are 4 serfs; and 1 sokeman pays 1 5 shillings yearly. In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 100 shillings. This manor Ulf, a housecarl of King Edward, held.

M. In [Cheddington] Gilbert holds of Robert 5½ hides as one manor. There is land for 3½ ploughs. On the demesne is 1; and there could be another. There 6 villeins have 1½ ploughs. There are 4 serfs, and meadow (sufficient) for 2 plough (teams). It is and was worth 60 shillings; T.R.E. 100 shillings. This manor Osulf son of Frane, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

M. In [Clifton (Reynes)] William de Boscroard and his brother hold of Robert 4 hides as one manor. There is land for 4 ploughs. On the demesne are 2; and 6 villeins with 7 bordars have 2 ploughs. There are 3 serfs, meadow (sufficient) for 4 plough (teams), woodland (to feed) 400 swine. In all it is and was worth 100 shillings; T.R.E. 6 pounds. This manor Osulf, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell. In this vill of Clistone Suert and Turbert held 3 virgates which William and Roger have taken possession of and hold concealed, to the king's hurt (babent occupatas et celatas super regem), as the men of the Hundred (court) assert. Of the 4 abovementioned hides Alric, a man of Osulf, held i virgate and could sell (it) to whom he wished.

M. Robert de Olgi holds EVREHAM [Iver]. It is assessed at 17 hides. There is land for 30 ploughs. In the demesne are 2 hides, and

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text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 7/John Keats


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 7/From the French


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 7/To Mr. Murray (3)


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 7/Napoleon's Snuff-box


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Rh on it are 4 ploughs, and 32 villeins have 26 ploughs. Of these villeins 5 have 6 hides. There are 6 bordars and 4 serfs and 3 mills worth (de) 44 shillings, and meadow (sufficient) for 30 plough (teams). From 4 fisheries come 1,500 eels and fish for Fridays for the use of the reeve of the vill (prepositi villæ). There is woodland (to feed) 800 swine, and there are 2 arpends of vineyard (arpendi vineæ). In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 22 pounds; when received 100 shillings; T.R.E. 12 pounds. This manor Tochi, a thegn of King Edward, held, and there were there 3 sokemen; of these, one, a man of Tochi, held 3 virgates, but he could not sell except by his leave; another, a man of Queen Eddid, (held) 2½ hides; the third, a man of Seulf, had 2½ hides; these two could assign (dare) or sell (their land) to whom they wished, and they did not belong to this manor. This manor Robert got from Clarenbold de Maresc in exchange (excambiavit pro) for Pateberie [Padbury ], and it is (part) of his wife's fee.

M. Robert himself holds [(High) Wycombe] belonging to (de) his wife's fee. It is assessed at 10 hides. There is land for 30 ploughs. In the demesne are 4 hides, and on it are 3 ploughs. There 40 villeins with 8 bordars have 27 ploughs. There are 8 serfs and 4 boors (buri), and 6 mills worth (de) 75 shillings yearly, meadow (sufficient) for 3 plough (teams) and for the horses of the court (curia) and the villeins' plough (teams) and woodland (to feed) 500 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is worth 26 pounds; when received 10 pounds; T.R.E. 12 pounds. This manor Brictric held of Queen Eddid.

Robert son of Walter holds of Robert [Oakley]. It is assessed at 5 hides and 3 virgates. There is land for 7 ploughs. On the demesne are 3; and 9 villeins with 7 bordars have 4 ploughs. There are 3 serfs, woodland (that would feed) 200 swine, except that it is the king's preserve in which it lies (nisi esset parcus regis in quo jacet). In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth 7 pounds; T.R.E. 7 pounds. These 5 hides and 3 virgates are 8 hides. Of these, Alwid the maid held 2 hides which she could assign (dare) or sell to whom she wished. And of the demesne 'ferm' (dominica firma) of King Edward she had half a hide which Godric the sheriff granted her (to hold) as long as he was sheriff, on condition of her teaching his daughter embroidery work. This land Robert son of Walter holds now according to the testimony of (testante) the Hundred (court).

fo.149b

Ralf Basset holds of Robert [Masworth]. It is assessed at 20 hides. There is land for 9 ploughs. On the demesne are 4; and 22 villeins have 5 ploughs. There are 8 serfs, and 3 mills worth (de) 15 shillings, meadow (sufficient) for 6 plough (teams) and woodland (to feed) 800 swine. In all (totis valentiis) it is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 20 pounds. This manor Brictric, a thegn of King Edward, held and could sell.

In [Cheddington] Ralf holds of Robert 1½ hides. There is land for 1 plough, and this is there with 2 bordars. There is meadow (sufficient) for 1 plough (team). It is and was worth T.R.E. and after (valuit semper) 20 shillings. This land Fin the Dane held and could sell.

In [Shalstone] Robert holds of Robert 4 hides as one manor. There is land for 5 ploughs. On the demesne are 2 ploughs; and 4 villeins with 3 bordars have 3 ploughs. There are 4 serfs, and woodland (to feed) 50 swine. This land is worth 40 shillings; when received 30 shillings; T.R.E. 60 shillings. This manor Azor son of Toti held and could sell.

M. Turstin holds of Robert [(Water) Stratford], It is assessed at 8 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. On the demesne are 3; and 10 villeins with 5 bordars have 5 ploughs. There are 3 serfs, and 1 mill worth (de) 8 shillings, and meadow (sufficient) for 6 plough (teams). It is worth 7 pounds; when received 100 shillings; T.R.E. 7 pounds. This manor Azor son of Toti held and could sell.

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164 he placed two exceedingly small blue stars in the upper and lower luff of the flag, as he remarked, "to represent their interest in the business." This, however, was his joke, as he was most liberal in every way. After this ship had made her celebrated record passage from San Francisco to Boston, Mr. Huckins usually closed his discussions upon the speed of clipper ships by saying, "Well, anyway, none of them can beat my Northern Light."

The Trade Wind measured: length 248 feet, breadth 40 feet, depth 25 feet, and was 2030 tons register, being 24 tons larger than the Challenge. Those two ships were the largest clippers that were ever built at or about New York, and with the exception of the Ocean Monarch, a packet ship of 2145 tons register, built by William H. Webb in 1856, were the largest sailing ships ever constructed at that port. The Trade Wind was an exceedingly sharp and handsome ship, and attracted a great deal of attention. It was estimated that more than thirty thousand persons gathered about Jacob Bell's shipyard at the foot of Houston Street, East River, one bright morning in August of that year to see her launched. She was owned by W. Platt & Son, of Philadelphia, and was commanded by Captain W. H. Osgood, late of the ship Valparaiso.

The Nightingale, one of the most beautiful clippers launched in 1851, was not built for the California trade, but was originally intended for a yacht. This ship was constructed by Samuel Hanscom, at Portsmouth, with the intention of carrying passengers to the World's Pair, held in London during that year, and was fitted with extensive and

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Rh luxurious accommodations for that purpose, her between-decks being given up to large saloons and staterooms. It was proposed, after her arrival at London, to exhibit her in the Thames as a model American clipper ship, and no expense or skill was spared to make her a worthy representative. She was 1066 tons register, length 178 feet, breadth 36 feet, depth 20 feet, with 36 inches dead-rise at half floor.

Unfortunately, when the Nightingale was nearly completed, and ready for launching, her owners fell short of money. Mr. Hanscom, however, carried out his contract, and the ship was finished and then put into the hands of Governor Goodwin, of Portsmouth, to dispose of, each sub-contractor agreeing to accept his pro rata share of the proceeds. She was taken to Boston and there attracted the attention of Sampson & Tappen, who were so well pleased with the ship that they gladly paid the sum of $75,000 for her. This left the subcontractors, such as sparmakers, sailmakers, riggers, and blockmakers, an additional profit beyond their contract, and Mr. Hanscom also realized a larger amount than he would have received under the original contract. So great was the excitement over the news from California, and so keen the demand for clippers at this time, that almost any of them could have been sold for a substantial advance upon their contract price. Those were the palmy days of the ocean carrying trade, and at no period before, or since, have ships yielded such golden harvests to their builders and owners.

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166 The Witch of the Wave registered 1494 tons, and measured: length 202 feet, breadth 40 feet, depth 21 feet, with 40 inches dead-rise at half floor. Her mainmast was 90 feet and her mainyard 81 feet in length. Though built at Portsmouth, she was owned by Captain John Bertram and Alfred Peabody, of Salem, and was the pride of that ancient seaport. It was usual in those days for owners to entertain on board their ships when favorable opportunity offered, so the trip of the Witch of the Wave from Portsmouth to Salem to obtain her register was made an occasion of festivity.

The first of May was the day selected, but lowering clouds and squalls of wind and rain decided Captain Bertram to postpone the cruise until more favorable weather, and those of his guests who had appeared upon the scene were rewarded by an opportunity to examine the ship at their leisure. They found her a very handsome vessel, with grace and beauty in every line and curve of her hull. Her decks were remarkably clear, with plenty of room for working ship, and the between-decks had more than ample head room and were well ventilated. Her figurehead represented a young woman partially clad in gossamer drapery of white and gold, with one shapely arm extended and her small bare feet lightly stepping upon the crest of a wave, while the stern was ornamented with a seashell in which a child was being drawn by dolphins. These designs were executed by John W. Mason, of Boston, and were of decided artistic merit. The cabins and staterooms were finished in the most luxurious manner, the wainscot of the main cabin being of

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Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/386

 of the arrow and the length of the arrow to the strength of the archer, to which the weight of the bow has to be adapted. The proper weight of a bow is the number of ℔ which, attached to the string, will draw a full-length arrow to its head. For men’s bows the drawing-power varies from 40 to 60 ℔, anything above this being extreme; ladies’ bows draw from 24 to 32 ℔ Estimating 50 ℔ as a fair average, such a bow would be 6 ft. 1 in. long for a 30-in., 6 ft. for a 28-in., and 5 ft. 11 in. for a 27-in. arrow, but the height as well as the strength of the archer have to be considered. Similarly a lady’s bow on the average measures about 5 ft. 6 in. and her arrows 25 in. Modern bows are either made entirely of yew (occasionally of other woods), when they are called “self-bows,” or of a combination of woods, when they are called “backed-bows.” Self-bows are rarely or never made in a single stave, owing to the difficulty of obtaining true and flawless wood of the necessary length; hence two staves joined by a double fish-joint, which forms the centre of the bow, are used, tested and adjusted so that they may be as equally elastic as possible. The best yew is imported from Italy and Spain, and is allowed to season for three years before it is made into a bow, which again is not used till it is two years older. In backed-bows the belly, the rounded part nearest to the string, is generally but not necessarily made of yew, the back, or flat part, of yew (the best), hickory, lance or other woods, glued together in strips. The centre of the bow, for about 18 in., should be stiff and resisting, then tapering off gradually to the horns in which the string is fitted, the greatest care being taken that the two limbs are uniform. The bow of self-yew is generally considered more agreeable to handle and has a better “cast,” throwing the arrow more smoothly and with less jar, and since no glued parts are exposed, it is less liable to injury from wet. On the other hand, “crysals” (tiny cracks, which are apt to extend) are more frequent in this class of bow. Self-yew bows cost £8 or £10, where a good backed-bow can be bought for about half that. The self-bow is more sensitive than other bows, and its work is mostly done during the last few inches of the pull, where the backed-bow pulls evenly throughout. The backed-bow should be perfectly straight in the back, but after use often loses its shape either by “following the string,” i.e. getting bent inwards on the string-side, or by becoming “reflex” (bending the opposite way). Self-bows are even more apt to lose their shape than backed-bows, as there is no hard wood to counteract the natural grain. A bow that is strongly reflexed at the ends is known as a “Cupid’s bow.” To form the handle the wood of the bow is left thick in the centre, and braid, leather or indiarubber is wound round it to give a better grip.

The String and Stringing.—The string is made of three strands of hemp, dressed with a preparation of glue, and should be perfectly round, smooth and not frayed, as a broken string may result in a broken bow. The string, at its centre, is 6 in. from the belly of the man’s bow; 5 in. in the lady’s bow. The clenched fist with the thumb upright was the old, rough and ready estimate, known as “fist-mele.” For a few inches above and below the nocking point the string is lapped with carpet-thread to save it from fraying by contact with the arm; the nocking point being made by another lapping of filoselle silk, so that the string may exactly fit the nock of the arrow. When a bow is properly strung the string should be longitudinally along the middle of the belly.

Arrows and Nocking.—The parts of the arrow are the shaft, the “nock” or notch, the “pile” or point, and the feathers. The shaft is made of seasoned red deal, and may be “self” or “footed.” Most arrows are “footed,” i.e. a piece of hard wood to which the pile is attached is spliced to the deal shaft, which should be perfectly straight and stiff. The shaft is made in several shapes. Most archers prefer the “parallel” pattern—the shaft being the same size from nock to pile; the next is the “barrelled,” the shape being thick in the centre and tapering towards the ends. The “bob-tail” diminishes from the pile to the nock; the “chested” tapers from the middle to the pile. The pile should not be taper but cylindrical, “broadshouldered” where the point begins. The nock is cut square. There are three feathers, the body feathers of a turkey or peacock being the best. They should all curve the same way, are about 1 in. long and in. deep, with the ends near the nock either square, or balloon-shaped. The weight of an arrow is its weight in new English silver; a five-shilling arrow is heavy for a man’s bow, while four-shillings is light. A 28-in. arrow for a 50-℔ bow may weigh four-and-ninepence; a 27-in. arrow four-and-sixpence. This may serve as a rough standard.

Other Implements.—The archer uses finger-tips, or a “tab” of leather, to protect the fingers against the string, and a leather “bracer” to protect the left arm from its blow. Quivers are not now used except by ladies. A special box for carrying bows and arrows about; a proper cupboard, known as an “ascham,” in which they may be kept at home in a dry, even temperature, not too hot; and a baize or leather case for use on the ground, are important minor articles of equipment.

Targets, Scoring and Handicapping.—The targets, 4 ft. in diameter, are made of straw 3 to 4 in. thick, and are supported sloping slightly backwards by an iron stand. The faces are of floor-cloth painted with concentric rings, 4 in. each in breadth. The outer ring, white, counts one point; the next, black, three; the next, blue, five; the next, red, seven; and the next, gold—a complete circle of 4 in. radius—nine. The exact centre of the gold is called the “pin-hole.” The targets are set up in pairs, facing each other, the distances for men being 100, 80 and 60 yds.; for ladies, 60 and 50; for convenience, 5 yds. are added to allow for a shooting-line that distance in front of each target. The centre of the gold should be 4 ft. from the ground. Each archer shoots three arrows—an “end”—at one target; they then cross over and mark the scores. If an arrow cuts two rings, the archer is credited with the value of the higher one. In matches a “York Round” or a “St George’s Round” is usually shot by men, the former consisting of 144 arrows, 72 at 100 yds., 48 at 80 yds., and 24 at 60 yds., the latter of 36 arrows at each of these distances. One York Round only is shot on a day; a double York Round is shot, one on each day, at the more important meetings. Ladies usually shoot the “National Round” of 48 arrows at 60 yds. and 24 at 50 yds. At most meetings the prizes are awarded on the gross scores; at others, including the Championship meeting, on points, two points for the highest score on the round and two for most hits on the round, one point each for highest score and most hits at each of the three ranges, ten points in all. Ladies’ scores are calculated similarly. To decide the Championship, the Grand National Archery Society passed a rule in 1894 that “The Champion prizes shall be awarded to the archer gaining the greatest number of points, provided that those for gross hits or gross score are included; any points won by other archers shall be redistributed among those gaining the points for gross hits or gross score.” Handicapping may be done by “rings,” the winner of a first prize not being allowed to count “whites” at subsequent meetings, and “blacks” and “blues” being lost for further successes. Better methods are (1) to deduct a percentage from the gross score of successful shooters, (2) to handicap by points, as in other pastimes, or (3) to rate a shooter according to the average of his last year’s performances, re-rating him monthly, or at convenient intervals, the system being to add his average of the current year to his average of last year, and divide the sum by two to form his new rating.

Clout and Long Distance Shooting.—This form of archery is chiefly supported by the Woodmen of Arden and the Royal Company. At 100 yds., the target (smaller by 4 in. than the usual one, but with an inner white circle instead of the blue) is set up against a butt only 18 in. from the ground, but for nine-score, ten-score, and twelve-score shooting it is a white target, 2 ft. 6 in. in diameter, with a black centre. The target, the centre and the arrow that hits the centre are each known as a “clout.” Hits and misses are signalled by a marker stationed, rather perilously, by the side of the butt. The target is sloped backwards to an angle of 60°, with rings marked round it on the ground at distances of 1 ft., 3 ft., 6 ft. and 9 ft., a hit in the outer ring counting one, and in the next two, and so on, the clout or centre counting six. For the longer ranges lighter arrows are used. The Scottish clout was a piece of canvas, stretched on a frame; the range 180 or 200 yds.; all arrows counted one that were within 24 ft. of the target, the clout counting two. Modern archers have paid scant attention to mere distance-shooting, which is an art of its own, but their experiments prove that with a fairly heavy bow, say 60 ℔ or 63 ℔, and a long light arrow, known as a “flight arrow,” a good archer should be able to reach 300 or 310 yds. With a heavier bow, properly under control, 50 or 60 yds. might be added to this by a strong man. These experiments seem to be verified by a quotation from Shakespeare (Henry IV. Act iii. Sc. 2): “A’ would have clapped i’ the clout and twelve score, and carried you a forehand shaft a fourteen and fourteen and a half,” i.e. 280 or 290 yds. Instances are recorded of Englishmen shooting 340 and 360 yds., but in 1795 Mahmoud Effendi of the Turkish embassy shot 482 yds. with a Turkish bow, and Sultan Selim 972. The Turk, however, used a Turkish bow and a 14-in. arrow, with a grooved rest on his left arm along which the arrow passed, to compensate for the difference between the draw of the bow and the shortness of the arrow. The diplomatist’s shot is supported by good evidence, but the sultan’s is regarded as improbable at least.

Championship and Scores.—The British championship meetings, instituted in 1844, are conducted under the laws of the Grand National Archery Society: the prizes, apart from the Challenge prizes, are given in money, there being also a rule that any one who makes three golds at one end receives a shilling from all others of the same sex who are shooting. The most notable champion was Horace A. Ford (d. 1880), who held the title for eleven consecutive years, 1849 to 1859 inclusive, and again in 1867. He made a four-figure score at four other championship meetings, his highest, 1251 (in 1857) for 245 hits being unapproached. To him the modern scientific practice of archery must largely be attributed, together with its improvement and its popularity. The names of G. Edwards, Major C. Hawkins Fisher, H. H. Palairet, C. E. Nesham, and G. E. S. Fryer, are also notable as champions. Among ladies Mrs Horniblow was champion for eleven years between 1852 and 1881, Miss Legh for nineteen years between 1880 and 1908; Mrs Piers Legh, Miss Betham and Mrs Bowly claim the title on four occasions. Mrs Bowly’s score of 823 (1894) was the highest made for the championship till Miss Legh made 825 with 143 hits—only one arrow missed altogether—in 1898; beating her own record with a score of 841 (143 hits) in 1904. It should not be forgotten that as the championship is awarded by points, the highest score does not necessarily win.

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20 III

——,

You ask me to explain, in detail, what I mean by asserting that the Imagination is the basis of knowledge. "Apparently," you say, "our knowledge of the world external to ourselves seems to you to spring, not from the sensations as interpreted by the Reason, but (at all events to a large extent) from the sensations as interpreted by the Imagination. If you mean this, I wish you would show how the Imagination thus builds up our knowledge of the world. But I think I must have misunderstood you."

You have not misunderstood me. I would go even further than the limits of your statement: for I believe that we are largely indebted to the Imagination for our knowledge, not only of the external world, but also of ourselves. However, suppose we first take a simple instance of the knowledge of external things: "This inkstand is hard. How did I come to know that it was hard? How do I know that it is hard now?"

Let us begin from the beginning. I am an infant scrambling on the floor where the said ink stand is casually lying. Having a congenital impulse (commonly called "instinct") to touch and suck anything that comes in my way, and especially anything bright, I greedily and rapidly approximate my lips to the corner of this polished object. I recoil with a sharp shock of pain. The pain abates. The instinctive recoil from the inkstand has left in me an instinctive aversion to the pain-causing object: but my


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Letter 3] touching and sucking instinct again revives, and as soon as it prevails over the recoiling instinct, I am impelled again towards the inkstand, not so rapidly as before, but still too rapidly. I recoil again, with pain lessened but still acute, I am acquiring "knowledge": I "know," though I cannot put it into words, that I have twice found the inkstand not-to-be-rapidly-approached-under-penalty-of-a-certain-kind-of-pain, in other words, "hard." But I try again; I try four, five, six times: I find that when I approach with less velocity my pain is less, and when with sufficiently diminished velocity, there is no pain at all; I touch and suck in peace: but when I forget my experience and suppose that the inkstand—even though I dash wildly at it after my old fashion—will "behave differently this time," I find that I am mistaken: the inkstand will not "behave differently"; it always behaves in the same way. By this time then I know something very important indeed.

But pause now, my friend, and ask yourself how much this infant has a right to say he "knows," so far as the evidence of the senses guides him. All that the senses have told him is that on five, six, seven, say even seventy, occasions, he found the inkstand hard. But is this all that he "knows"? You know perfectly well that he knows infinitely more: he has made a leap from the past into the future and knows that the inkstand will be found hard whenever he touches it. When he grows up and attains the power of speech he will generally express his knowledge in the Present Tense: "I must not strike the inkstand with my mouth for it is hard": but in reality this "is" implies "will be"; "I must not strike the inkstand with my mouth for I shall find it hard." Now what is it that has produced in him this conviction which no philosopher can justify by mere logic, but which every baby acts on? It seems to have arisen thus. The baby has


text:
Author:Thomas Johann Seebeck

Works

 * Magnetische polarisation der metalle und erze durch temperatur-differenz
 * Über den Magnetismus der galvanischen Kette

title: Author:Thomas Johann Seebeck


text:
Author:Jean Charles Athanase Peltier

Works

 * Météorologie. Observations et recherches expérimentales sur les causes qui concourent à la formation des trombes

title: Author:Jean Charles Athanase Peltier


text:
Author:Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta

Works

 * De vi attractiva ignis electrici (1769) (On the attractive force of electric fire)


text:
Page:The kernel and the husk (Abbott, 1886).djvu/38

22 received in rapid succession two sensations, first, that of a violent approximation to the inkstand, secondly, a sudden shock of pain. Having received this pair of sensations very frequently, he cannot help associating them together in his thoughts; so that now the thought of a violent approximation to the inkstand necessarily suggests to him the thought that it is not-to-be-approached-violently, or "hard." He began by learning to expect that perhaps, or probably, the first sensation would be followed by the second; but having found, after constant experiments, that the second sensation, so far as his experience goes, always follows the first, he gradually passes from belief into certainty, or knowledge, that the second always will, or must, follow the first.

A similar transition is going on at the same time in the infant's mind—I mean the transition from belief to certainty—in regard to thousands of other propositions besides the one we have selected, "this inkstand is hard." Every single case of such transition facilitates the transition in other cases, by making the child feel that, if he is to get on in the world and make his way through it without incurring the constant pains and penalties of Nature, he must not disregard these juxtapositions, or pairs of sensations, (which, when he grows older, he will, if ever he becomes an educated man, call "cause" and "effect"), but must take them to heart and remember them; when the first of a familiar pair comes, he must be prepared to find the second immediately following. Not unfrequently the child's limited experience associates together in his mind sensations that Nature has not associated; as, for example, when he infers that a clock must tick because he has never yet in his life seen a clock that has stopped. In this and other cases the child has afterwards to dissociate what he had too hastily joined together, and to correct his conclusions by wider experience. But, on the


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Rh Government, which is not expressly granted or necessarily implied in the Federal Constitution

Nor can I yield to the doctrine early broached, but as early repudiated, that any one department of the govern. meat is constituted the final and exclusive judge of its own delegated powers. No such tribunal has been erected by the fundamental law. The. judicial department of the Federal Government is the creature, by compact, of the several States as sovereignties. That department can exercise no power not delegated to it. All power not delegated and not prohibited to the States, the States have expressly reserved to themselves and the people. To admit that the Federal Judiciary is the sole anti exclusive judge of its own powers, and the extent of the authority delegated, is virtually to admit that the same unlimited power may be exercised by every other department of the general government both legislative and executive, because each is independent of, and co-ordinate with the other. Neither has any power but such as the Starers have delegated, and all power not delegated, remains with the States and the people thereof. In view of the vastly increasing power of the Federal Government, and the relatively diminishing importance of the State sovereignties respectively, the ty of the latter to, watch closely and resist firmly, every encroachment of the former, becomes every day more and more imperative, and the official oath of the functionaries of the States becomes more and more significant. As the power of the Federal Government depends solely upon what the Sates have granted, expressly or by implication, and as no common. judge has been provided for, to determine when the one or the other shall have proved unfaithful to the compact, the solemn pledge of faith exacted from both, has been deemed an effectual guaranty, and a frequent recurrence to the fundamental principles on which our government is organized, a sufficient stimulus to every public officer and to the people at large, both to yield and exact a perfect conformity. But I solemnly believe that the last hope of free representative fedreative government rests with the States. Increase of influence and patronage on the part of the Federal Government, naturally leads to consolidation, consolidation to despotism. and ultimate anarchy, dissolution, and all its attendant evils.

If the sovereignty of the States is destined to be swallowed up hy the Federal Government, if consolidation is to supplant federation, and the General Government to become the sole judge of its own powers, regardless the solemn compact by which it was brought into existence, and the source of its own vitality, as an humble officer of one of the States, bound to regard the just rights and powers, both of the Union and the States, I want my skirts to be clear, and that posterity may not lay the catastrophe to my charge. I am truly thankful for the same feeling of conscientious firmness on entering upon he discharge of the duty before me, as would be required in ease of direct invasion, open rebellion, or palpable treason against our common country.

Without the States there can be no Union. The abrogation of State, sovereignty is not a dissolution of the Union, but an absorption of its elements. He is the true man, the faithful officer, who is ready to assert and guard every jot of power rightfully belonging to each, and to resist. the slightest encroachment or assumption of power on the part of either.

The Constitution of the United States is a peculiar instrument, and it has brought into existence and operation a peculiar system of government. But little, if any, aid is furnished in its construction by analogy. It is not merely a grant of powers. It not only confers powers upon the Federal Government, but it guaranties rights to the States and to the citizens. It was not designed merely to provide a General Government for all the States, but to provide security and protection for the States and people who are parties to the compact by which it is created.Not only did it confer certain powers upon the General Government, but it imposed solemn duties upon the Government; thereby created, and upon the States who were its creators. More than this, it solemnly enjoined upon both the State and General Governments, the exercise of certain powers and duties, and the abstaining by ouch from the exercise of powers and functions exclusively pertaining to either.

It is an instrument of grants and covenants. Somewhat like an indenture of conveyance, it contains not only grants of powers, but covenants for the faithful observance of the stipulations therein contained. It creates three distinct departments of government, the executive, legislative and judicial, and grants to each, the powers which it was designed that they shall respectively exercise; all those powers not granted or prohibited to the States, it especially reserved to the States and the people. In addition to this the States, the sole parties to the instrument, by it, solemnly and mutually engaged that they would do certain things, and that certain things they would not do, and that certain things should not be done, either by the government of the Union, of of the States. The language of the Constitution is so peculiar, that the distinction between power to be conferred upon the Government about to be created, and covenants entered into between the parties, as States is obvious at a glance. Congress my exercise all the legislative power granted in the Constitution, but no other, because all other's are especially reserved to the States and the people. In the same article which grants the legislative powers to Congress and enumerates and defines them, is contained also a prohibitory covenant or compact, by which the States have agreed not to do certain things, which before as sovereignties, they had an undoubted-right to do. "No state shall grant letters of Marque and reprisal, coin money, emit bills of credit, make anything but gold and silver coin a legal tender, pass any bills of attainder, ex post facto law or any law impairing the obligation of contracts," &c.

Now suppose, in violation of this compact, any State should do any of the things herein prohibited. Is it pretended that Congress has the right to make such acts on the part of the officers of the State, penal? Or by legislation call such offending State to account? Exclude from the Union? Expel representatives from their: seats? Arrest its executive, its legislators and judges, and imprison them The acts of such State would be simply void; and it would be the duty of all courts, both Federal and State, so to declare them. They would afford no, protection to any person or officer acting under: them, not because Congress has any legislative power to denounce or abrogate them but because they are in violation of the fundamental law.

8o, also, in the same section, are contained sundry prohibitions upon the United States, among which is the following: "The privilege of the Writ of Habeaus Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it." Suppose in a time of profound peace and quiet, the Federal Government should pass a law suspending the privileges of this writ. Would the State Government have the power to call to account the Federal Officers who had violated the compact in this behalf? The legislators who passed, and the executive who approved it? Not at all. Such an act of Congress would simply be void, and it would be the duty of every State and Federal Court so to pronounce it, and it would afford no protection any officer, State or Federal, for refusing to obey such orbit.

I mention the illustrations to show that a great portion of our Federal Constitution rests in compact, while still another portion rests in grant. Where powers are granted, they are to be exercised; where rights rest in compact, they have still the three of law; but the Federal Government has no power to legislate upon them—they are to be obeyed and enhanced by the parties to the compact, the States themselves.

I come now to consider the 4th article of the Federal Constitution. The first section provides that, "Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of, every other State," &c. The first appearance of the various provisions of this article, [ except that in relation to fugitives from labor] in the National Convention, was in the "Plan of a Federal Constitution"— submitted by Charles Pinckney, of South Carolina, May, 1787.—2 ''Mad. Pap.''

That plan contained no reference fugitives from labor. Various plans were submitted, and referred, proposition made and adopted or rejected, when, on the 25th day of July, 5787, a Committee of Detail was appointed, consisting of seven members, of which Mr. Rutledge, of S.C., was chairman, "to report a Constitution conformable to the resolutions passed by the Convention."—''2 Mad. Pap.'', 1197

On the 6th day of August, Mr. Rutledge, from the Committee of Detail,made a report. In that report the several sections now contained in the 4th article, (except the clause in relation to fugitives from labor, which had not yet been thought of,) followed each other, and the article in regard to records as yet stopped, with the mere assertion of the covenant. that foil faith. &c., should be given to them; no power was given Congress over the mater as yet.

The first assertion that appears in regard to fugitives from labor; was made on-the 28thh day of August, 1787 when article 15,, reported by the committee of detail,


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Letter 3] whole, the transition from belief to certainty, in any one case, is facilitated by the great majority of similar cases in which the same transition is going on with results that are confirmed by his own experience and by that of his elders. What helps the transition, in each case, is its general success; it works: it helps the child to move more and more confidently in the world without subjecting himself to the punishments which Nature has attached to ignorance.

Now therefore, reviewing the stages of the progress upwards, we see that the knowledge of which we are speaking is based upon an inherent and fundamental belief of which we can give no logical justification whatever. Why should an inkstand always be hard? The child can allege no reason for this except that, having found the inkstand to be hard in a great number of past instances, he is compelled to believe that it will be always hard, with such it force of conviction that he cannot but feel and say he "knows" it. But of course there is no logical justification for this assertion. He might argue for some months or even years, in precisely the same way about a clock, and say that "a clock always ticks," because he has seen the clock tick times innumerable and never known it not to tick. Why should not a larger experience confute his so-called knowledge in the case of the inkstand as in the case of the clock? As the clock collapses, why should not the nature of the inkstand collapse—be, come unwound, so to speak, or altogether transmuted? There is no possible answer to this question for the child, at present, except the following:—"It never has done so, and therefore I believe that it never will. 'I believe in the uniformity of Nature. The sequences of observed cause and effect are Nature's promises, and if she does not keep them, life will break down. I am compelled to believe, and to act on the belief, that life will


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24 not break down. I believe that this inkstand is hard, because this belief works.'"

I conclude therefore that all knowledge of the kind we are now describing is based on belief (viz. the belief that what has been will be) tested by experience. I think it must also be admitted that Imagination contributed to the result: for the child not only remembers his two past consecutive sensations but gradually images in his mind a kind of bond between them, which memory pure and simple could not have contributed. Memory reproduces "Inkstand and then hardness;" Imagination paints, or begins to paint, a new idea, "Inkstand and therefore hardness." Again, Memory reproduces vaguely numerous instances, "The inkstand was hard ten, eleven, twenty, many times;" then comes Imagination and at a leap sets before the mind an entirely new notion, and invents for it the word "always."

Concerning other and more complex kinds of knowledge what need is there to say a word? For if such simple propositions as "a stone is hard," are shown to depend upon Imagination for suggesting, and Faith for retaining, a conviction of the uniformity of Nature, much more must these influences be presupposed if the child is to attain knowledge about matters avowedly future, e.g. "the sun will rise to-morrow." In reality all knowledge of any practical value has to do with a future, immediate or remote; and therefore I do not think I shall be exaggerating in saying that for all knowledge about things outside us we depend largely upon Imagination and Faith.

But I pass now to consider a child's knowledge about himself. Take for example such a proposition as this, "I like sugar." Is Faith or Imagination required to enable a child to arrive at the knowledge of this proposition about himself? I think so. The very use of the word "I," if used intelligently, appears to need some