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Q-Codes

Introduction

1 The series of groups listed in this Annex range from QOA to QUZ.

2 The QOA to QQZ series are reserved for the maritime mobile service.

3 Certain Q code abbreviations may be given an affirmative or negative sense by sending, immediately following the abbreviation, the letter C or the letters NO (in radiotelephony spoken as: CHARLIE or NO).

4 The meanings assigned to Q code abbreviations may be amplified or completed by the appropriate addition of other groups, call signs, place names, figures, numbers, etc. It is optional to fill in the blanks shown in parentheses. Any data which are filled in where blanks appear shall be sent in the same order as shown in the text of the following tables.

5 Q code abbreviations are given the form of a question when followed by a question mark in radiotelegraphy and RQ (ROMEO QUEBEC) in radiotelephony. When an abbreviation is used as a question and is followed by additional or complementary information, the question mark (or RQ) should follow this information.

6 Q code abbreviations with numbered alternative significations shall be followed by the appropriate figure to indicate the exact meaning intended. This figure shall be sent immediately following the abbreviation.

7 All times shall be given in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) unless otherwise indicated in the question or reply.

8 An asterisk * following a Q code abbreviation means that this signal has a meaning similar to a signal appearing in the International Code of Signals.

QRA What is the name of your vessel (or station)? The name of my vessel (or station) is ...

QRB How far approximately are you from my station? The approximate distance between our stations is ... nautical miles (or kilometres).

QRC By what private enterprise (or state administration) are the accounts for charges for your station settled? The accounts for charges of my station are settled by the private enterprise ... (or state administration).

QRD Where are you bound for and where are you from? I am bound for ... from ...

QRE What is your estimated time of arrival at ... (or over ...) (place)? My estimated time of arrival at ... (or over ...) (place) is ... hours.

QRF Are you returning to ... (place)? I am returning to ... (place). or Return to ... (place).

QRG Will you tell me my exact frequency (or that of ...)? Your exact frequency (or that of ...) is ... kHz (or MHz).

QRH Does my frequency vary? Your frequency varies.

QRI How is the tone of my transmission? The tone of your transmission is ... 1. good 2. variable 3. bad.

QRJ How many radiotelephone calls have you to book? I have ... radiotelephone calls to book.

QRK What is the intelligibility of my signals (or those of ... (name and/or call sign))? The intelligibility of your signals (or those of ... (name and/or call sign )) is ... 1. bad 2. poor 3. fair 4. good 5. excellent.

QRL Are you busy? I am busy (or I am busy with ... (name and/or call sign)). Please do not interfere.

QRM Is my transmission being interfered with? Your transmission is being interfered with ... 1. nil 2. slightly 3. moderately 4. severely 5. extremely.

QRN Are you troubled by static? I am troubled by static ... 1. nil 2. slightly 3. moderately 4. severely 5. extremely.

QRO Shall I increase transmitter power? Increase transmitter power.

QRP Shall I decrease transmitter power? Decrease transmitter power.

QRQ Shall I send faster? Send faster (... words per minute).

QRR Are you ready for automatic operation? I am ready for automatic operation. Send at ... words per minute.

QRS Shall I send more slowly? Send more slowly (... words per minute).

QRT Shall I stop sending? Stop sending.

QRU Have you anything for me? I have nothing for you.

QRV Are you ready? I am ready.

QRW Shall I inform ... that you are calling him on ... kHz (or MHz)? Please inform ... that I am calling him on ... kHz (or MHz).

QRX When will you call me again? I will call you again at ... hours on ... kHz (or MHz).

QRY What is my turn? (Relates to communication.) Your turn is Number ... (or according to any other indication). (Relates to communication.)

QRZ Who is calling me? You are being called by ... (on ... kHz (or MHz)).

QSA What is the strength of my signals (or those of ... (name and/or call sign))? The strength of your signals (or those of ... (name and/or call sign)) is ... 1. scarcely perceptible 2. weak 3. fairly good 4. good 5. very good.

QSB Are my signals fading? Your signals are fading.

QSC Are you a low traffic ship station? I am a low traffic ship station.

QSD Are my signals mutilated? Your signals are mutilated.

QSE* What is the estimated drift of the survival craft? The estimated drift of the survival craft is ... (figures and units).

QSF* Have you effected rescue? I have effected rescue and am proceeding to ... base (with ... persons injured requiring ambulance).

QSG Shall I send ... telegrams at a time? Send ... telegrams at a time.

QSH Are you able to home with your direction-finding equipment? I am able to home with my direction-finding equipment (on ... (name and/or call sign)).

QSI I have been unable to break in on your transmission. or Will you inform ... (name and/or call sign) that I have been unable to break in on his transmission (on ... kHz (or MHz)).

QSJ What is the charge to be collected to ... including your internal charge? The charge to be collected to ... including my internal charge is ... francs.

QSK Can you hear me between your signals and if so may I break in on your transmission? I can hear you between my signals; break in on my transmission.

QSL Can you acknowledge receipt? I am acknowledging receipt.

QSM Shall I repeat the last telegram which I sent you (or some previous telegram)? Repeat the last telegram which you sent me (or telegram(s) number(s) ...).

QSN Did you hear me (or ... (name and/or call sign)) on ... kHz (or MHz)? I did hear you (or ... (name and/or call sign)) on ... kHz (or MHz).

QSO Can you communicate with ... (name and/or call sign) direct (or by relay)? I can communicate with ... (name and/or call sign) direct (or by relay through ...).

QSP Will you relay to ... (name and/or call sign) free of charge? I will relay to ... (name and/or call sign) free of charge.

QSQ Have you a doctor on board (or is ... (name of person) on board)? I have a doctor on board (or ... (name of person) is on board).

QSR Shall I repeat the call on the calling frequency? Repeat your call on the calling frequency; did not hear you (or have interference).

QSS What working frequency will you use? I will use the working frequency ... kHz (or MHz) (in the high frequency bands normally only the last three figures of the frequency need be given).

QSU Shall I send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class ...)? Send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class ...).

QSV Shall I send a series of Vs (or signs) for adjustment on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz))? Send a series of Vs (or signs) for adjustment on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).

QSW Will you send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class ...)? I am going to send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class ...).

QSX Will you listen to ... (name and/or call sign(s)) on ... kHz (or MHz), or in the bands .../channels ...? I am listening to ... (name and/or call sign(s)) on ... kHz (or MHz), or in the bands .../channels ...

QSY Shall I change to transmission on another frequency? Change to transmission on another frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).

QSZ Shall I send each word or group more than once? Send each word or group twice (or ... times).

QTA Shall I cancel telegram (or message) number ...? Cancel telegram (or message) number ...

QTB Do you agree with my counting of words? I do not agree with your counting of words; I will repeat the first letter or digit of each word or group.

QTC How many telegrams have you to send? I have ... telegrams for you (or for ... (name and/or call sign)).

QTD* What has the rescue vessel or rescue aircraft recovered? ... (identification) has recovered ... 1. ... (number) survivors 2. wreckage 3. ... (number) bodies.

QTE What is my TRUE bearing from you? or What is my TRUE bearing from ... (name and/or call sign)? or Your TRUE bearing from me is ... degrees at ... hours. or Your TRUE bearing from ... (name and/or call sign) was ... degrees at ... hours. or What is the TRUE bearing of ... (name and/or call sign) from ... (name and/or call sign)? The TRUE bearing of ... (name and/or call sign) from ... (name and/or call sign) was ... degrees at ... hours.

QTF Will you give me my position according to the bearings taken by the direction-finding stations which you control? Your position according to the bearings taken by the directionfinding stations which I control was ... latitude, ... longitude (or other indication of position), class ... at ... hours.

QTG Will you send two dashes of ten seconds each (or carrier) followed by your call sign (or name) (repeated ... times) on ... kHz (or MHz)? or Will you request ... (name and/or call sign) to send two dashes of ten seconds each (or carrier) followed by his call sign (and/or name) (repeated ... times) on ... kHz (or MHz)? I am going to send two dashes of ten seconds each (or carrier) followed by my call sign (or name) (repeated ... times) on ... kHz (or MHz). or I have requested ... (name and/or call sign) to send two dashes of ten seconds each (or carrier) followed by his call sign (and/or name) (repeated ... times) on ... kHz (or MHz).

QTH What is your position in latitude and longitude (or according to any other indication)? My position is ... latitude, ... longitude (or according to any other indication).

QTI* What is your TRUE course? My TRUE course is ... degrees.

QTJ* What is your speed? (Requests the speed of a ship or aircraft through the water or air respectively.) My speed is ... knots (or kilometres per hour or ... statute miles per hour). (Indicates the speed of a ship or aircraft through the water or air respectively.)

QTK* What is the speed of your aircraft in relation to the surface of the Earth? The speed of my aircraft in relation to the surface of the Earth is ... knots (or ... kilometres per hour or ... statute miles per hour).

QTL* What is your TRUE heading? My TRUE heading is ... degrees.

QTM* What is your MAGNETIC heading? My MAGNETIC heading is ... degrees.

QTN At what time did you depart from ... (place)? I departed from ... (place) at ... hours.

QTO Have you left dock (or port)? or Are you airborne? I have left dock (or port). or I am airborne.

QTP Are you going to enter dock (or port)? or Are you going to alight (or land)? I am going to enter dock (or port). or I am going to alight (or land).

QTQ Can you communicate with my station by means of the International Code of Signals (INTERCO)? I am going to communicate with your station by means of the International Code of Signals (INTERCO).

QTR What is the correct time? The correct time is ... hours.

QTS Will you send your call sign (and/or name) for ... seconds? I will send my call sign (and/or name) for ... seconds.

QTT The identification signal which follows is superimposed on another transmission.

QTU What are the hours during which your station is open? My station is open from ... to ... hours.

QTV Shall I stand guard for you on the frequency of ... kHz (or MHz) (from ... to ... hours)? Stand guard for me on the frequency of ... kHz (or MHz) (from ... to ... hours).

QTW* What is the condition of survivors? Survivors are in ... condition and urgently need ...

QTX Will you keep your station open for further communication with me until further notice (or until ... hours)? I will keep my station open for further communication with you until further notice (or until ... hours).

QTY* Are you proceeding to the position of incident and if so when do you expect to arrive? I am proceeding to the position of incident and expect to arrive at ... hours (on ... (date)).

QTZ* Are you continuing the search? I am continuing the search for ... (aircraft, ship, survival craft, survivors or wreckage).

QUA Have you news of ... (name and/or call sign)? Here is news of ... (name and/or call sign).

QUB* Can you give me in the following order information concerning: the direction in degrees TRUE and speed of the surface wind; visibility; present weather; and amount, type and height of base of cloud above surface elevation at ... (place of observation)? Here is the information requested: ... (The units used for speed and distances should be indicated.)

QUC What is the number (or other indication) of the last message you received from me (or from ... (name and/or call sign))? The number (or other indication) of the last message I received from you (or from ... (name and/or call sign)) is ...

QUD Have you received the urgency signal sent by ... (name and/or call sign)? I have received the urgency signal sent by ... (name and/or call sign) at ... hours.

QUE Can you speak in ... (language), with interpreter if necessary; if so, on what frequencies? I can speak in ... (language) on ... kHz (or MHz).

QUF Have you received the distress signal sent by ... (name and/or call sign)? I have received the distress signal sent by ... (name and/or call sign) at ... hours.

QUH* Will you give me the present barometric pressure at sea level? The present barometric pressure at sea level is ... (units).

QUM May I resume normal working? Normal working may be resumed.

QUN 1. When directed to all stations: Will vessels in my immediate vicinity ... or (in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude) or (in the vicinity of ...) please indicate their position, TRUE course and speed? 2. When directed to a single station: Please indicate your position, TRUE course and speed. My position, TRUE course and speed are ...

QUO* Shall I search for ... 1. aircraft 2. ship 3. survival craft in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude (or according to any other indication)? Please search for ... 1. aircraft 2. ship 3. survival craft in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude (or according to any other indication).

QUP* Will you indicate your position by ... 1. searchlight 2. black smoke trail 3. pyrotechnic lights? My position is indicated by ... 1. searchlight 2. black smoke trail 3. pyrotechnic lights.

QUR* Have survivors ... 1. received survival equipment 2. been picked up by rescue vessel 3. been reached by ground rescue party? Survivors ... 1. are in possession of survival equipment dropped by ... 2. have been picked up by rescue vessel 3. have been reached by ground rescue party.

QUS* Have you sighted survivors or wreckage? If so, in what position? Have sighted ... 1. survivors in water 2. survivors on rafts 3. wreckage in position ... latitude, ... longitude (or according to any other indication).

QUT* Is position of incident marked? Position of incident is marked by ... 1. flame or smoke float 2. sea marker 3. sea marker dye 4. ... (specify other marking).

QUU* Shall I home ship or aircraft to my position? Home ship or aircraft ... (name and/or call sign) ... 1. to your position by sending your call sign and long dashes on ... kHz (or MHz) 2. by sending on ... kHz (or MHz) TRUE track to reach you.

QUW* Are you in the search area designated as ... (designator or latitude and longitude)? I am in the ... (designation) search area.

QUX Do you have any navigational warnings or gale warnings in force? I have the following navigational warning(s) or gale warning(s) in force: ...

QUY* Is position of survival craft marked? Position of survival craft was marked at ... hours by ... 1. flame or smoke float 2. sea marker 3. sea marker dye 4. ... (specify other marking).

QUZ May I resume restricted working? Distress phase still in force; restricted working may be resumed.

title: Q-Codes


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Page:Japanese flower arrangement.djvu/180

Rh have no charms for him. In presenting flowers to a friend they always send them in buds, so that the friend may experience the pleasure of seeing the flowers open in his own home; and a branch of a non-flowering tree would be given while its leaves were forming, so that the pleasure of watching the leaves unfold would not be lost.

[174]

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Farewell letter to Soviet Russia

致蘇俄遺書

title: Farewell letter to Soviet Russia


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Page:Japanese flower arrangement.djvu/199

Rh bent, do not require such patience to bring into the correct curves, and the stems are readily brought together at the base. In its arrangement also, faults are quickly recognized and easily corrected. Therefore I give many different examples of arrangements of aspidistra.

It is arranged on the same principles as all other plants, but with it you will find that Heaven usually folds around its attribute. These two should be tied together, as shown in the cut below, and left tied over night.

The curled leaf is made by putting the extreme point of the leaf around a small stem and rolling it up in the palms of your hands for a few minutes. Then let go of it; this will make a loose roll. Should you wish it very tight and small, roll as tight as possible, then pull the stick out and put a pin or two through to hold the curl in place. The pins may be [193]


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 [206]


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Rh There is much controversy among these different schools as to their relative antiquity, but the above dates are those most generally accepted. For any inaccuracy of dates, due to the difficulties of translation from the Japanese chronology, I ask leniency.

[218]


text:
Author:Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz

Works

 * "On the comparative quantity of salt contained in the waters of the Ocean," Edinb. Journ. Sci. VI., 1832, pp. 341-345
 * "Ueber die Gesetze nach welchem der Magnet auf eine Spirale einwirkt, wenn er ihr plötzlich genähert, oder von ihr entfernt wird, und über die vortheilhafteste Contruction der Sipralen zu magneto-electrischem Behufe." St. Pétersb. Acad. Sci. Mém., II., 1833, pp. 427-458
 * Translated as "On the Laws according to which the Magnet acts upon a Spiral, when it is suddenly approached to or removed from it; and on the most advantageous Mode of constructing Spirals for Magneto-Electrical purposes" in Taylor, Scientific Memoirs I., 1837, pp. 608-630.
 * "Ueber einige Versuche im Gebiete des Galvanismus." St. Pétersb. Acaf. Sci. Bull., III., 1838, col. 321-326.
 * "Translated as "On the production of cold by the voltaic current." Sturgeon, Ann. Electr. II., 1838-1839, pp. 380-384.
 * "Ueber das Gesetz der Leitungsfähigket für Electricität bei Dräthen von verschiedenen Längen und Durchmessern." St. Pétersb. Acad. Sci. Mém., III., 1838 (pte. 1), pp. 187-204
 * Translated as "On the Laws of the Conducting Powers of Wires of different Lengths and Diameters for Electricity" in Taylor, Scientific Memoirs I., 1837, pp. 311-325.

title: Author:Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz


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Page:Japanese flower arrangement.djvu/206

 CHAPTER TWENTY JAPANESE FLOWER VASES

LTHOUGH the Japanese have not as large a flora as other countries, they have above all others a greater beauty and variety of flower receptacles. These are not only beautiful in form, material, and design, but are made for the use to which they are put; so that a flower can always be placed in an appropriate receptacle, and probably in one especially designed for that particular sort of flower.

Their love of the beautiful, however, does not cause them to overlook the practical in these vases, and they most seek in their shapes what will best prolong the life of flowers. For this reason their vases are wide open at the mouth, for they do not depend upon the vase itself, as we do, to hold flowers in position, having found that the oxygen [200]


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 through the neck opening is as necessary to the plant as the oxygen it receives from the depths of the water; thus also the water remains sweet much longer than in our small-necked vases, where it so quickly becomes foul.

Many are the odd and fanciful significances connected with these Japanese receptacles. For instance, the hanging vases so numerous and quaint in form came into use through the idea that flowers presented by an esteemed friend should not be placed where they could be looked down upon, so they were raised and hung. And in the hanging bamboo vases the large, round surface on top is supposed to represent the moon, and the hole for the nail a star. The cut, or opening, below the top is called fukumuki the "wind drawing through place."

The low, flat vases, more used in summer than winter, not only give variety in the form of receptacles, but, as with vines and hanging vases, make it possible to arrange plants of bulbous and water growth in [203]


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 positions. The standard vases are the most common, for in them all arrangements of flowers, except aquatics and creepers, are placed. They alone outnumber in beauty and variety all forms of our flower vases combined.

Again, when we come to consider the color of the Japanese vases, we can only admire their never failing taste in the choice of the soft pastel shades. Could anything more clearly show their perfect taste than their preference for bronze? This to them seems most like mother earth in color, and therefore best, as it is, to enhance the beauty of flowers instead of detracting from their exquisite shades. What a contrast to the glitter and show of our silver vases, which represent generally little else but their cost.

The bamboo, in its simplicity of line and neutral color, makes a vase always charming but, alas! not practical in this country, where our steam heat at once causes it to split. But while vases made from solid pieces of bamboo cannot be used in this [204]


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Talk:An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XL

The translation at the end of paragraph 2 should read " ... attack unarmed than armed persons". See other web sites for same text I.E. CONSTITUTION.ORG
 * However, the copy of the book we have transcribed from has it the other way round. See Page:Essay on Crimes and Punishments (1775).djvu/174 Beeswaxcandle (talk) 19:40, 10 January 2013 (UTC)


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Page:Biographies of Scientific Men.djvu/226

 followed by "Le Perfectionnement des Thermomeètres et Baromètres," "L'Action Capillaire," "La Fusion des Vapeurs," etc.

In 1804 Gay-Lussac, in conjunction with Alexander von Humboldt, published an important memoir on the chemical and physical properties of air taken at an altitude of 23,000 feet. Ballooning in the early part of the nineteenth century was attended with the greatest risks; but he and Humboldt were intrepid naturalists, and undertook the investigation of the atmosphere at great heights—hygrometry, atmospheric electricity, aqueous tension, atmospheric pressure, etc., were some of the subjects investigated. Their memoir was published by the Académie des Sciences, and contained the announcement that hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water in the proportion of two hundred volumes of hydrogen to one hundred volumes of oxygen. It was from this discovery that Gay-Lussac was led to the most important law of volumes, which he discovered in 1809. This was his chef d'œuvre; but more anon.

Gay-Lassac investigated the nature of volcanic gases—more particularly hydrochloric acid gas—and "the vapours that rise from the fumarolles cause the sublimation of the chlorides of iron, copper, lead, and ammonium; iron glance and chloride of sodium (the latter often in large quantities) fill the cavities of recent lava streams and the fissures of the margin of the crater." In the Annales de


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 Chimie, tome xxii., p. 415, he gave the chemical process in the formation of specular iron.

In 1809, the same year that he discovered the law of volumes, Gay-Lussac was elected Professor of Chemistry at his alma mater—the École Polytechnique, Paris—and remained at the great military school for twenty-three years. In 1832 he transferred to the same chair in the Jardin des Plantes.

In 1823 he published a memoir on the dynamics of earthquakes, in which he says that "the earth, so many centuries old, still preserves an internal force, which raises mountains, overturns cities, and agitates the entire mass. Most mountains, in issuing from the bosom of the earth, must have left vast cavities, which have remained empty, at least unless they have been filled with water and gases."

The existence of alkaline metals was prophesied by Lavoisier in 1793; and potassium and sodium were discovered by Davy in 1807, by means of the voltaic pile; and in the following year Gay-Lussac discovered a new process which yielded both potassium and sodium more abundantly than the voltaic pile. This was by the action of white-hot iron on the hydroxides of potassium and sodium. No doubt the brilliant researches of Davy stimulated Gay-Lussac and his collaborates Thénard, and in their Recherches Physico-Chimiques (1811) are to be found many remarkable observations on the action of the voltaic pile which Napoleon had constructed for


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Labelye, Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Labouchere, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacey, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lachtain


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lackington, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lackington, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/La Cloche, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacroix, Alphonse François


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, Francis Antony


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, Harriette Deborah


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, Henry de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, Hugh de (d.1186)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, Hugh de (d.1242?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, John (d.1681)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, John (fl.1737)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, John William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, Maurice


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, Peter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, Roger de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, Thomas Hailes


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, Walter de (d.1085)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, Walter de (d.1241)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lacy, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ladbrooke, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ladyman, Samuel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Laeghaire


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Laffan, Joseph de Courcy


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Laffan, Robert Michael


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Laforey, John


text: Category:Musical instruments

title: Category:Musical instruments


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Laguerre, Louis


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Page:Biographies of Scientific Men.djvu/228

 the École Polytechnique. Much to his credit, the greatest military genius the world has ever seen was always interested in the work of men of science, and greatly esteemed their talents. It was through the influence of Napoleon (then First Consul) that Alexander Volta was awarded a gold medal, a prize of 6000 francs (both of the Académie des Sciences), and the Cross of the Légion d'Honneur, for his electrical researches.

In the year (1809) that Napoleon defeated the Austrians at Wagram, and annexed Tuscany and the Papal States, Gay-Lussac announced his discovery of the law of volume. This all-important law is generally stated, in these days, in the following words: When gases or vapours, either elementary or compound, unite together to form a new product, the resulting product always occupies two volumes. Occasionally the resulting volume is the sum of the constituent volumes, but usually there is condensation. The following examples illustrate the law of Gay-Lussac:—

The resulting volume is always two.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Labour Legislation


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Page:The Holy Bible, containing the Old & New Testament & the Apocrypha.djvu/1085

VI] they rested on the house with timber of cedar.

And the word of the Lord came to Solomon, saying, Concerning this house which thou art in building, if thou wilt walk in my statutes, and execute my judgments, and keep all my commandments to walk in them; then will I perform my word with thee, which I spake unto David thy father: and I will dwell among the children of Israel, and will not forsake my people Israel. So Solomon built the house, and finished it. And he built the walls of the house within with boards of cedar, both the floor of the house, and the walls of the cieling: and he covered them on the inside with wood, and covered the floor of the house with planks of fir. And he built twenty cubits on the sides of the house, both the floor and the walls with boards of cedar: he even built them for it within, even for the oracle, even for the most holy place. And the house, that is, the temple before it, was forty cubits long. And the cedar of the house within was carved with knops and open flowers: all was cedar; there was no stone seen. And the oracle he prepared in the house within, to set there the ark of the covenant of the Lord. And the oracle in the forepart was twenty cubits in length, and twenty cubits in breadth, and twenty cubits in the height thereof: and he overlaid it with pure gold; and so covered the altar which was


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Page:The Holy Bible, containing the Old & New Testament & the Apocrypha.djvu/1086

Rh of cedar. So Solomon overlaid the house within with pure gold: and he made a partition by the chains of gold before the oracle; and he overlaid it with gold. And the whole house he overlaid with gold, until he had finished all the house: also the whole altar that was by the oracle he overlaid with gold.

And within the oracle he made two cherubims of olive tree, each ten cubits high. And five cubits was the one wing of the cherub, and five cubits the other wing of the cherub: from the uttermost part of the one wing unto the uttermost part of the other were ten cubits. And the other cherub was ten cubits: both the cherubims were of one measure and one size. The height of the one cherub was ten cubits, and so was it of the other cherub. And he set the cherubims within the inner house: and they stretched forth the wings of the cherubims, so that the wing of the one touched the one wall, and the wing of the other cherub touched the other wall; and their wings touched one another in the midst of the house. And he overlaid the cherubims with gold. And he carved all the walls of the house round about with carved figures of cherubims and palm trees and open flowers, within and without. And the floor of the house he overlaid with gold, within and without.

And for the entering of the oracle he made doors


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VII] of olive tree: the lintel and side posts were a fifth part of the wall. The two doors also were of olive tree; and he carved upon them carvings of cherubims and palm trees and open flowers, and overlaid them with gold, and spread gold upon the cherubims, and upon the palm trees. So also made he for the door of the temple posts of olive tree, a fourth part of the wall. And the two doors were of fir tree: the two leaves of the one door were folding, and the two leaves of the other door were folding. And he carved thereon cherubims and palm trees and open flowers: and covered them with gold fitted upon the carved work.

And he built the inner court with three rows of hewed stone, and a row of cedar beams.

In the fourth year was the foundation of the house of the Lord laid, in the month Zif: and in the eleventh year, in the month Bul, which is the eighth month, was the house finished throughout all the parts thereof, and according to all the fashion of it. So was he seven years in building it.

Solomon was building his own house thirteen years, and he finished all his house.

He built also the house of the forest of Lebanon; the length thereof was an hundred cubits, and the breadth thereof fifty cubits, and the height thereof


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Rh thirty cubits, upon four rows of cedar pillars, with cedar beams upon the pillars. And it was covered with cedar above upon the beams, that lay on forty five pillars, fifteen in a row. And there were windows in three rows, and light was against light in three ranks. And all the doors and posts were square, with the windows: and light was against light in three ranks. And he made a porch of pillars; the length thereof was fifty cubits, and the breadth thereof thirty cubits: and the porch was before them: and the other pillars and the thick beam were before them. Then he made a porch for the throne where he might judge, even the porch of judgment: and it was covered with cedar from one side of the floor to the other.

And his house where he dwelt had another court within the porch, which was of the like work. Solomon made also an house for Pharaoh's daughter, whom he had taken to wife, like unto this porch. All these were of costly stones, according to the measures of hewed stones, sawed with saws, within and without, even from the foundation unto the coping, and so on the outside toward the great court. And the foundation was of costly, stones even great stones, stones of ten cubits, and stones of eight cubits. And above were costly stones, after the measures of hewed


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VII] stones, and cedars. And the great court round about was with three rows of hewed stones, and a row of cedar beams, both for the inner court of the house of the Lord, and for the porch of the house.

And king Solomon sent and fetched Hiram out of Tyre. He was a widow's son of the tribe of Naphtali, and his father was a man of Tyre, a worker in brass: and he was filled with wisdom, and understanding, and cunning to work all works in brass. And he came to king Solomon, and wrought all his work. For he cast two pillars of brass, of eighteen cubits high apiece: and a line of twelve cubits did compass either of them about. And he made two chapiters of molten brass, to set upon the tops of the pillars: the height of the one chapiter was five cubits, and the height of the other chapiter was five cubits: and nets of checker work, and wreaths of chain work, for the chapiters which were upon the top of the pillars; seven for the one chapiter, and seven for the other chapiter. And he made the pillars, and two rows round about upon the one network, to cover the chapiters that were upon the top, with pomegranates: and so did he for the other chapiter. And the chapiters that were upon the top of the pillars were of lily work in the porch, four cubits. And the chapiters upon the two pillars had pomegranates also above, over against the belly


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Rh which was by the network: and the pomegranates were two hundred in rows round about upon the other chapiter. And he set up the pillars in the porch of the temple: and he set up the right pillar, and called the name thereof Jachin: and he set up the left pillar, and called the name thereof Boaz. And upon the top of the pillars was lily work: so was the work of the pillars finished.

And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the other: it was round all about, and his height was five cubits: and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about. And under the brim of it round about there were knops compassing it, ten in a cubit, compassing the sea round about: the knops were cast in two rows, when it was cast. It stood upon twelve oxen, three looking toward the north, and three looking toward the west, and three looking toward the south, and three looking toward the east: and the sea was set above upon them, and all their hinder parts were inward. And it was an hand breadth thick, and the brim thereof was wrought like the brim of a cup, with flowers of lilies: it contained two thousand baths.

And he made ten bases of brass; four cubits was the length of one base, and four cubits the breadth thereof, and three cubits the height of it. And the


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VII] work of the bases was on this manner: they had borders, and the borders were between the ledges: and on the borders that were between the ledges were lions, oxen, and cherubims: and upon the ledges there was a base above: and beneath the lions and oxen were certain additions made of thin work. And every base had four brasen wheels, and plates of brass: and the four corners thereof had undersetters: under the laver were undersetters molten, at the side of every addition. And the mouth of it within the chapiter and above was a cubit: but the mouth thereof was round after the work of the base, a cubit and an half: and also upon the mouth of it were gravings with their borders, foursquare, not round. And under the borders were four wheels; and the axletrees of the wheels were joined to the base: and the height of a wheel was a cubit and half a cubit. And the work of the wheels was like the work of a chariot wheel: their axletrees, and their naves, and their felloes, and their spokes, were all molten. And there were four undersetters to the four corners of one base: and the undersetters were of the very base itself. And in the top of the base was there a round compass of half a cubit high: and on the top of the base the ledges thereof and the borders thereof were of the same. For on the plates of the ledges thereof, and on the borders there-


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Rh of, he graved cherubims, lions, and palm trees, according to the proportion of every one, and additions round about. After this manner he made the ten bases: all of them had one casting, one measure, and one size.

Then made he ten lavers of brass: one laver contained forty baths: and every laver was four cubits: and upon every one of the ten bases one laver. And he put five bases on the right side of the house, and five on the left side of the house: and he set the sea on the right side of the house eastward over against the south.

And Hiram made the lavers, and the shovels, and the basons. So Hiram made an end of doing all the work that he made king Solomon for the house of the Lord: the two pillars, and the two bowls of the chapiters that were on the top of the two pillars; and the two networks, to cover the two bowls of the chapiters which were upon the top of the pillars; and four hundred pomegranates for the two networks, even two rows of pomegranates for one network, to cover the two bowls of the chapiters that were upon the pillars; and the ten bases, and ten lavers on the bases; and one sea, and twelve oxen under the sea; and the pots, and the shovels, and the basons: and all these vessels, which Hiram made to king Solomon for the house of


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VIII] the Lord, were of bright brass. In the plain of Jordan did the king cast them, in the clay ground between Succoth and Zarthan. And Solomon left all the vessels unweighed, because they were exceeding many: neither was the weight of the brass found out. And Solomon made all the vessels that pertained unto the house of the Lord: the altar of gold, and the table of gold, whereupon the shewbread was, and the candlesticks of pure gold, five on the right side, and five on the left, before the oracle, with the flowers, and the lamps, and the tongs of gold, and the bowls, and the snuffers, and the basons, and the spoons, and the censers of pure gold; and the hinges of gold, both for the doors of the inner house, the most holy place, and for the doors of the house, to wit, of the temple. So was ended all the work that king Solomon made for the house of the Lord. And Solomon brought in the things which David his father had dedicated; even the silver, and the gold, and the vessels, did he put among the treasures of the house of the Lord.

Solomon assembled the elders of Israel, and all the heads of the tribes, the chief of the fathers of the children of Israel, unto king Solomon in Jerusalem, that they might bring up the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of the city of David, which is Zion. And all the men of Israel assembled themselves


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Rh unto king Solomon at the feast in the month Ethanim, which is the seventh month. And all the elders of Israel came, and the priests took up the ark. And they brought up the ark of the Lord, and the tabernacle of the congregation, and all the holy vessels that were in the tabernacle, even those did the priests and the Levites bring up. And king Solomon, and all the congregation of Israel, that were assembled unto him, were with him before the ark, sacrificing sheep and oxen, that could not be told nor numbered for multitude. And the priests brought in the ark of the covenant of the Lord unto his place, into the oracle of the house, to the most holy place, even under the wings of the cherubims. For the cherubims spread forth their two wings over the place of the ark, and the cherubims covered the ark and the staves thereof above. And they drew out the staves, that the ends of the staves were seen out in the holy place before the oracle, and they were not seen without: and there they are unto this day. There was nothing in the ark save the two tables of stone, which Moses put there at Horeb, when the Lord made a covenant with the children of Israel, when they came out of the land of Egypt. And it came to pass, when the priests were come out of the holy place, that the cloud filled the house of the Lord, so that the priests could not stand


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VIII] to minister because of the cloud: for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord.

Then spake Solomon, The Lord said that he would dwell in the thick darkness. I have surely built thee an house to dwell in, a settled place for thee to abide in for ever. And the king turned his face about, and blessed all the congregation of Israel: ( and all the congregation of Israel stood;) and he said. Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, which spake with his mouth unto David my father, and hath with his hand fulfilled it, saying, Since the day that I brought forth my people Israel out of Egypt, I chose no city out of all the tribes of Israel to build an house, that my name might be therein; but I chose David to be over my people Israel. And it was in the heart of David my father to build an house for the name of the Lord God of Israel. And the Lord said unto David my father, Whereas it was in thine heart to build an house unto my name, thou didst well that it was in thine heart. Nevertheless thou shalt not build the house; but thy son that shall come forth out of thy loins, he shall build the house unto my name. And the Lord hath performed his word that he spake, and I am risen up in the room of David my father, and sit on the throne of Israel, as the Lord promised, and have built an house for the name of the Lord God of Israel. And


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 Gay-Lussac stated in the Mémoires de la Société d'Arcueil, tome ii., p. 207, that "lorsque deux gaz se combinent, leurs volumes mesurés a la même température et à la même pression sont dans des rapports simples." It will be seen that Gay-Lussac anticipated the great law of Avogadro, although it was left to the Italian physicist to distinguish between the ultimate particles of compounds and elements—between molecule and atom. As Roscoe and Schorlemmer say: "The discovery by Gay-Lussac of the law of volume—combination, together with Avogadro's explanation of the law—served no doubt as most valuable supports of Dalton's atomic theory; but the truth of this latter theory was still further asserted by a discovery made by Dulong and Petit in 1819. These French chemists determined the specific heat of thirteen elementary bodies, and found that the numbers thus obtained, when compared with the atomic weights of the same bodies, showed that the specific heats of the several elements are inversely proportional to their atomic weights; or, in other words, the atom of each of these elements possesses the same capacity for heat. Although subsequent research has shown that this law does not apply in every case, it still remains a valuable means of controlling the atomic-weight determinations of many elements."

Gay-Lussac was the inventor of the tower, known by his name, in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Formerly the nitrous fumes were allowed to escape into the air, but


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 now they are utilized according to Gay-Lussac's method. This consists in absorbing the vapours by means of sulphuric acid of a specific gravity—1·76. On treating this nitrous sulphuric acid with steam, nitrous fumes are evolved and passed again into the chamber, while the diluted sulphuric acid is again concentrated.

In 1808 Gay-Lussac and Thénard prepared boron by decomposing boron trioxide with potassium. They also prepared boron fluoride by heating together boron trioxide and calcium fluoride; and they determined the composition of boric acid both synthetically and analytically. In 1809 Gay-Lussac discovered the chemical action of light on a mixture of hydrogen and chlorine; and in 1810, he and Thénard examined hydrofluoric acid, which had been discovered by Scheele in 1772. In the same year (1810) they established the elementary nature of phosphorus, an important investigation which led to the discovery of the element's various allotropes.

In 1814, the year that Napoleon defeated the Prussians and signed his abdication of the throne of France, Gay-Lussac and Davy discovered hydriodic acid, and examined the element iodine which had been previously isolated by Courtois (1811). Gay-Lussac also examined bromine, and demonstrated the compound nature of fluor spar.

In 1815 Gay-Lussac made a most important discovery, namely, that of cyanogen gas; and proved that this gas habitually imitated the element chlorine in its


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 convenient method devised by Vernon Harcourt, in which air charged with ammonia is passed over red-hot copper. Under the influence of the heat the atmospheric oxygen unites with the hydrogen of the ammonia, and when the excess of the latter is removed with sulphuric acid, the gas properly desiccated should be pure nitrogen, derived in part from the ammonia, but principally from the air. A few concordant determinations of density having been effected, the question was at first regarded as disposed of, until the thought occurred that it might be desirable to try also the more usual method of preparation in which the oxygen is removed by actual oxidation of copper without the aid of ammonia. Determinations made thus were equally concordant among themselves, but the resulting density was about part greater than that found by Harcourt’s method (Rayleigh, Nature, vol. xlvi. p. 512, 1892). Subsequently when oxygen was substituted for air in the first method, so that all (instead of about one-seventh part) of the nitrogen was derived from ammonia, the difference rose to %. Further experiment only brought out more clearly the diversity of the gases hitherto assumed to be identical. Whatever were the means employed to rid air of accompanying oxygen, a uniform value of the density was arrived at, and this value was % greater than that appertaining to nitrogen extracted from compounds such as nitrous oxide, ammonia and ammonium nitrite. No impurity, consisting of any known substance, could be discovered capable of explaining an excessive weight in the one case, or a deficiency in the other. Storage for eight months did not disturb the density of the chemically extracted gas, nor had the silent electric discharge any influence upon either quality. (“On an Anomaly encountered in determining the Density of Nitrogen Gas,” Proc. Roy. Soc., April 1894.)

At this stage it became clear that the complication depended upon some hitherto unknown body, and probability inclined to the existence of a gas in the atmosphere heavier than nitrogen, and remaining unacted upon during the removal of the oxygen—a conclusion afterwards fully established by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay. The question which now pressed was as to the character of the evidence for the universally accepted view that the so-called nitrogen of the atmosphere was all of one kind, that the nitrogen of the air was the same as the nitrogen of nitre. Reference to Cavendish showed that he had already raised this question in the most distinct manner, and indeed, to a certain extent, resolved it. In his memoir of 1785 he writes:—

Although, as was natural, Cavendish was satisfied with his result, and does not decide whether the small residue was genuine, it is probable that his residue was really of a different kind from the main bulk of the “phlogisticated air,” and contained the gas afterwards named argon. The announcement to the British Association in 1894 by Rayleigh and Ramsay of a new gas in the atmosphere was received with a good deal of scepticism. Some doubted the discovery of a new gas altogether, while others denied that it was present in the atmosphere. Yet there was nothing inconsistent with any previously ascertained fact in the asserted presence of 1% of a non-oxidizable gas about half as heavy again as nitrogen. The nearest approach to a difficulty lay in the behaviour of liquid air, from which it was supposed, as the event proved erroneously, that such a constituent would separate itself in the solid form. The evidence of the existence of a new gas (named Argon on account of its chemical inertness), and a statement of many of its properties, were communicated to the Royal Society (see Phil. Trans. clxxxvi. p. 187) by the discoverers in January 1895. The isolation of the new substance by removal of nitrogen from air was effected by two distinct methods. Of these the first is merely a development of that of Cavendish. The gases were contained in a test-tube A (fig. 1) standing over a large quantity of weak alkali B, and the current was conveyed in wires insulated by U-shaped glass tubes CC passing through the liquid and round the mouth of the test-tube. The inner platinum ends DD of the wire may be sealed into the glass insulating tubes, but reliance should not be placed upon these sealings. In order to secure tightness in spite of cracks, mercury was placed in the bends. With a battery of five Grove cells and a Ruhmkorff coil of medium size, a somewhat short spark, or arc, of about 5 mm. was found to be more favourable than a longer one. When the mixed gases were in the right proportion, the rate of absorption was about 30 c.c. per hour, about thirty times as fast as Cavendish could work with the electrical machine of his day. Where it is available, an alternating electric current is much superior to a battery and break. This combination, introduced by W. Spottiswoode, allows the absorption in the apparatus of fig. 1 to be raised to about 80 c.c. per hour, and the method is very convenient for the purification of small quantities of argon and for determinations of the amount present in various samples of gas, e.g. in the gases expelled from solution in water. A convenient adjunct to this apparatus is a small voltameter, with the aid of which oxygen or hydrogen can be introduced at pleasure. The gradual elimination of the nitrogen is tested at a moment’s notice with a miniature spectroscope. For this purpose a small Leyden jar is connected as usual to the secondary terminals, and if necessary the force of the discharge is moderated by the insertion of resistance in the primary circuit. When with a fairly wide slit the yellow line is no longer visible, the residual nitrogen may be considered to have fallen below 2 or 3%. During this stage the oxygen should be in considerable excess. When the yellow line of nitrogen has disappeared, and no further contraction seems to be in progress, the oxygen maybe removed by cautious introduction of hydrogen. The spectrum may now be further examined with a more powerful instrument. The most conspicuous group in the argon spectrum at atmospheric pressure is that first recorded by A. Schuster (fig. 2). Water vapour and excess of oxygen in moderation do not interfere seriously with its visibility. It is of interest to note that the argon spectrum may be fully developed by operating upon a miniature scale, starting with only 5 c.c. of air (Phil. Mag. vol. i. p. 103, 1901).

The development of Cavendish’s method upon a large scale

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Author:Wilhelm August Nippoldt

Works

 * "Ueber die Gültigkeit der Ohm'schen Gesetze für Electrolyte une eine numerische Bestimmung des Leitungswiderstandes der verdünnten Schwefelsäure durch alternirende Ströme." Annal Phys. Chem. CXXXVIII., 1869, pp. 280-298, 370-399. With Kohlrausch
 * Translated as "On the Extension of Ohm's Laws to Electrolytes, and on the Numerical Determination of the Resistance of dilute Sulphuric Acid by means of Alternate Currents." Phil. Mag. XL., 1870, pp. 227-229.

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Rh I have set there a place for the ark, wherein is the covenant of the Lord, which he made with our fathers, when he brought them out of the land of Egypt.

And Solomon stood before the altar of the Lord in the presence of all the congregation of Israel, and spread forth his hands toward heaven: and he said, Lord God of Israel, there is no God like thee, in heaven above, or on earth beneath, who keepest covenant and mercy with thy servants that walk before thee with all their heart: who hast kept with thy servant David my father that thou promisedst him: thou spakest also with thy mouth, and hast fulfilled it with thine hand, as it is this day. Therefore now, Lord God of Israel, keep with thy servant David my father that thou promisedst him, saying, There shall not fail thee a man in my sight to sit on the throne of Israel; so that thy children take heed to their way, that they walk before me as thou hast walked before me. And now, O God of Israel, let thy word, I pray thee, be verified, which thou spakest unto thy servant David my father. But will God indeed dwell on the earth? behold, the heaven and heaven of heavens cannot contain thee; how much less this house that I have builded? Yet have thou respect unto the prayer of thy servant, and to his supplication, O Lord my God, to hearken unto the cry and to the prayer, which thy


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 ; that it is the radicle of hydrocyanic acid and cyanic acid; and that prussic acid is a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Cyanogen, it may be mentioned, plays an important part in many organic reactions and compounds.

Gay-Lussac observed that the action of chlorine on hydrocyanic acid replaced the hydrogen forming cyanogen chloride, or acide chlorcyanique of his day; and he found that when beeswax was bleached by means of chlorine, it lost hydrogen and took up an equal volume of chlorine. At a royal ball at the Tuileries, in the reign of Charles X. (brother of Louis XVI.), the guests were "much annoyed by the irritating vapours which came from the wax candles to illuminate the apartments." This was due to the fact that the manufacturer had used chlorine to bleach the wax, and the irritating vapours contained hydrochloric acid.

In 1816 "Gay-Lussac made the remarkable observation that when a crystal of common potash alum is hung up in a saturated solution of ammonia alum it grows exactly as if it had been placed in the solution from which it was originally obtained. From this fact he drew the conclusion that the molecules of these two alums possess the same form." This was the beginning of Mitscherlich's law of isomorphism, which was discovered in 1810.

Gay-Lussac, by igniting potassium carbonate in iodine vapour, or chlorine gas, obtained an evolution of oxygen


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 and carbon dioxide. His chemical and physical researches were incessant, and most important discoveries were made by this indefatigable genius.

Gay-Lussac discovered the monochloride and trichloride of iodine, and dithionic acid; and "by heating sodium in dry ammonia, Gay-Lussac and Thénard obtained an olive-green, easily-fusible mass, sodamide, hydrogen being separated. This substance with water forms sodium hydroxide and ammonia; with carbon monoxide, it forms sodium cyanide and water; and with dry hydrochloric acid it forms sodium and ammonium chlorides."

Gay-Lussac also worked on the products of the explosion of gunpowder in both confined and open spaces. This was the beginning of the vast province of artillery science; and his elaborate and beautiful researches on the fulminates of silver and mercury were of the highest order. Mercury fulminate is prepared by warming alcohol with nitric acid and mercuric nitrate. It forms silky, lustrous prisms, which explode with the utmost violence upon being heated or struck; hence it is extensively used for percussion caps, dynamite cartridges, etc. The analogous silver fulminate is still more explosive.

In 1831 Gay-Lussac was elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies; and in 1839 he was created a peer of France by King Louis Philippe. The latter's education, it may be remarked, was entrusted to the


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VIII] servant prayeth before thee to day: that thine eyes may be open toward this house night and day, even toward the place of which thou hast said, My name shall be there: that thou mayest hearken unto the prayer which thy servant shall make toward this place. And hearken thou to the supplication of thy servant, and of thy people Israel, when they shall pray toward this place: and hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place: and when thou hearest, forgive.

If any man trespass against his neighbour, and an oath be laid upon him to cause him to swear, and the oath come before thine altar in this house: then hear thou in heaven, and do, and judge thy servants, condemning the wicked, to bring his way upon his head; and justifying the righteous, to give him according to his righteousness.

When thy people Israel be smitten down before the enemy, because they have sinned against thee, and shall turn again to thee, and confess thy name, and pray, and make supplication unto thee in this house: then hear thou in heaven, and forgive the sin of thy people Israel, and bring them again unto the land which thou gavest unto their fathers.

When heaven is shut up, and there is no rain, because they have sinned against thee; if they pray toward this place, and confess thy name, and turn from


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 celebrated Madame de Genlis, and her teaching was planned on the principles of Rousseau.

In addition to his discoveries and researches in chemistry, Gay-Lussac was a brilliant physicist. The law of the expansion of gases was discovered by him and Charles: a gas expands rd of its volume for each degree of temperature (Centigrade) above 0° C; or, in other words, the law of Gay-Lussac states that all gases in all conditions present one coefficient of expansion —0·00367; that is, when heated from 0° to 100° they expand like air, namely, a thousand volumes of a gas measured at will occupy 1367 volumes at 100°. Regnault, in the year that Gay-Lussac died (1850), showed that Gay-Lussac's law is not entirely correct.

Gay-Lussac invented an alcoholmeter. It is used to determine the strength of spirituous liquors; that is, the proportion of pure alcohol which they contain. He also invented the syphon barometer. In this barometer both the longer and shorter limbs are closed, but the shorter one contains a capillary aperture through which the atmospheric pressure is transmitted.

Gay-Lussac invented an apparatus for ascertaining vapour densities. It involved the determination of the volume of a given weight of vapour; but this method and those of Dumas, Bunsen, and Hofmann have been superseded by that of Victor Meyer, or the air-displacement method.


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Rh their sin, when thou afflictest them: then hear thou in heaven, and forgive the sin of thy servants, and of thy people Israel, that thou teach them the good way wherein they should walk, and give rain upon thy land, which thou hast given to thy people for an inheritance.

If there be in the land famine, if there be pestilence, blasting, mildew, locust, or if there be caterpiller; if their enemy besiege them in the land of their cities; whatsoever plague, whatsoever sickness there be; what prayer and supplication soever be made by any man, or by all thy people Israel, which shall know every man the plague of his own heart, and spread forth his hands toward this house: then hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place, and forgive, and do, and give to every man according to his ways, whose heart thou knowest; (for thou, even thou only, knowest the hearts of all the children of men;) that they may fear thee all the days that they live in the land which thou gavest unto our fathers. Moreover concerning a stranger, that is not of thy people Israel, but cometh out of a far country for thy name's sake; (for they shall hear of thy great name, and of thy strong hand, and of thy stretched out arm;) when he shall come and pray toward this house; hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place, and do according to all


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VIII] that the stranger calleth to thee for: that all people of the earth may know thy name, to fear thee, as do thy people Israel; and that they may know that this house, which I have builded, is called by thy name.

If thy people go out to battle against their enemy, whithersoever thou shalt send them, and shall pray unto the Lord toward the city which thou hast chosen, and toward the house that I have built for thy name: then hear thou in heaven their prayer and their supplication, and maintain their cause. If they sin against thee, (for there is no man that sinneth not,) and thou be angry with them, and deliver them to the enemy, so that they carry them away captives unto the land of the enemy, far or near; yet if they shall bethink themselves in the land whither they were carried captives, and repent, and make supplication unto thee in the land of them that carried them captives, saying. We have sinned, and have done perversely, we have committed wickedness; and so return unto thee with all their heart, and with all their soul, in the land of their enemies, which led them away captive, and pray unto thee toward their land, which thou gavest unto their fathers, the city which thou hast chosen, and the house which I have built for thy name: then hear thou their prayer and their supplication in heaven thy dwelling place, and maintain their cause,


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 Gay-Lussac did valuable work on vapour densities, vapour tensions, and solubilities. The effect of variation of temperature on the solubility of different salts was very clearly demonstrated by him; and he was the first to have recourse to the graphic method of expressing solubilities.

In addition to numerous memoirs, Gay-Lussac wrote a Cours de Physique, Cours de Chimie, Leçons de Chimie, etc.

His work was a brilliant conglomerate of faits accomplis in the earliest days of modern chemistry and physics. He was a man of extensive learning—homo multarum scientiarum—and was always ready to give the best advice to students and others.

Gay-Lussac received most of the honours that fall to the lot of men of science. He died on 9th May 1850, a hundred and nine days before the death of the "bourgeois king," Louis Philippe, and a year before the coup d'état of Napoleon III.

Among posthumous honours, there is the Lycée Gay-Lussac at Limoges, and the Rue Gay-Lussac, Paris, near the Panthéon and Luxembourg.

In conclusion, "the alchemists were right. There is a philosopher's stone; but the stone is itself a compound of labour, perseverance, and genius, and the gold which it produces is the gold of true knowledge, which shall never grow dim or fade away."


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Rh and forgive thy people that have sinned against thee, and all their transgressions wherein they have transgressed against thee, and give them compassion before them who carried them captive, that they may have compassion on them: for they be thy people, and thine inheritance, which thou broughtest forth out of Egypt, from the midst of the furnace of iron: that thine eyes may be open unto the supplication of thy servant, and unto the supplication of thy people Israel, to hearken unto them in all that they call for unto thee. For thou didst separate them from among all the people of the earth, to be thine inheritance, as thou spakest by the hand of Moses thy servant, when thou broughtest our fathers out of Egypt, O Lord God.

And it was so, that when Solomon had made an end of praying all this prayer and supplication unto the Lord, he arose from before the altar of the Lord, from kneeling on his knees with his hands spread up to heaven. And he stood, and blessed all the congregation of Israel with a loud voice, saying, Blessed be the Lord, that hath given rest unto his people Israel, according to all that he promised: there hath not failed one word of all his good promise, which he promised by the hand of Moses his servant. The Lord our God be with us, as he was with our fathers: let him not leave us, nor forsake us: that he may incline our hearts


text: Biographies of Scientific Men/Gay-Lussac


text:
Page:The Holy Bible, containing the Old & New Testament & the Apocrypha.djvu/1103

VIII] unto him, to walk in all his ways, and to keep his commandments, and his statutes, and his judgments, which he commanded our fathers. And let these my words, wherewith I have made supplication before the Lord, be nigh unto the Lord our God day and night, that he maintain the cause of his servant, and the cause of his people Israel at all times, as the matter shall require: that all the people of the earth may know that the Lord is God, and that there is none else. Let your heart therefore be perfect with the Lord our God, to walk in his statutes, and to keep his commandments, as at this day.

And the king, and all Israel with him, offered sacrifice before the Lord. And Solomon offered a sacrifice of peace offerings, which he offered unto the Lord, two and twenty thousand oxen, and an hundred and twenty thousand sheep. So the king and all the children of Israel dedicated the house of the Lord. The same day did the king hallow the middle of the court that was before the house of the Lord: for there he offered burnt offerings, and meat offerings, and the fat of the peace offerings: because the brasen altar that was before the Lord was too little to receive the burnt offerings, and meat offerings, and the fat of the peace offerings. And at that time Solomon held a feast, and all Israel with him, a great congregation, from the


text:
Author:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac

Works about Gay-Lussac

 * Gay-Lussac, in Biographies of Scientific Men (1912)
 * Gay-Lussac, in Biographies of Scientific Men (1912)

title: Author:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac


text: The Kernel and the Husk/The Miracles of the New Testament


text:
Page:Scientific Memoirs, Vol. 1 (1837).djvu/460

448 XXIII.

1. study of the phænomena of nature has led philosophers to consider bodies as being composed of molecules held in a state of fixed equilibrium at a certain distance from each other. Such a state requires that they should be endued with a certain action. Some peculiarities of this action we are already able to assign, but its complete characteristics are not yet well defined.

As the resistance opposed by bodies to compression increases indefinitely with the reduction of their volume, though their molecules have not come into contact with each other, it shows that the force which they exercise is repulsive at the least distances. At a distance greater than these, but still imperceptible, it must vary with great rapidity, and become attractive, in order that a steady equilibrium of the molecules may be possible; and finally, when it has become perceptible, it must decrease in the inverse ratio of the square of the distance, in order to represent the universal attraction. The limits of the distance at which the negative action becomes positive vary according to the temperature and nature of the molecules, and determine whether the body which they form be solid, liquid, or aëriform.

There is a class of phænomena, rather singular at first sight, in which however it appears that nature designed, by separating the forces which she employs, to present herself in all her simplicity. Such are the phænomena which constitute what we denominate statical electricity. It is well known with what admirable facility Franklin explained these phænomena, by supposing that the molecules of bodies are surrounded by a quantity of fluid or æther, the atoms of which, while they repel each other, are attracted by the molecules. It is known also how Coulomb subsequently proved that the force with which the repulsion of atoms and the attraction of the molecules are produced, is, like universal attraction, regulated by the law of the inverse ratio of the square of the distance. Indeed, the latter philosopher has substituted for the hypothesis of Franklin, which is that generally followed in England, Germany, and Italy, another hypothesis, in which a second fluid is supposed to perform the part assigned to matter in that of Franklin; and this mode of explaining the


text:
Author:Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier

Works

 * Théorie analytique de la chaleur. Paris: Firmin Didot Père et Fils (1822).
 * Translated as The Analytical Theory of Heat by Alexander Freeman (1878)
 * "Mémoire sur la température du globe terrestre et des espaces planétaires." 7. Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences of the Institut de France. pp. 569–604. (1827)
 * "Mémoire sur la distinction des racines imaginaires, et sur l'application des théorèmes d'analyse algébrique aux équations transcendantes qui dépendent de la théorie de la chaleur." 7. Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences of the Institut de France. pp. 605–624 (1827).
 * "Analyse des équations déterminées." 10. Firmin Didot frères. pp. 119–146 (1827).
 * "Remarques générales sur l'application du principe de l'analyse algébrique aux équations transcendantes." 10. Paris: Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences of the Institut de France. pp. 119–146 (1827).
 * "Mémoire d'analyse sur le mouvement de la chaleur dans les fluides." 12. Paris: Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences of the Institut de France. pp. 507–530 (1833).
 * "Rapport sur les tontines." 5. Paris: Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences of the Institut de France. pp. 26–43 (1821).
 * Œuvres de Fourier (Paris, 1889-90) 11 Volumes.

title: Author:Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/515

 involves arrangements different from what would at first be expected. The transformer working from a public supply should give about 6000 volts on open circuit, although when the electric flame is established the voltage on the platinums is only from 1600 to 2000. No sufficient advantage is attained by raising the pressure of the gases above atmosphere, but a capacious vessel is necessary. This may consist of a glass sphere of 50 litres’ capacity, into the neck of which, presented downwards, the necessary tubes are fitted. The whole of the interior surface is washed with a fountain of alkali, kept in circulation by means of a small centrifugal pump. In this apparatus, and with about one horse-power utilized at the transformer, the absorption of gas is 21 litres per hour (“The Oxidation of Nitrogen Gas,” Trans. Chem. Soc., 1897).

In one experiment, specially undertaken for the sake of measurement, the total air employed was 9250 c.c., and the oxygen consumed, manipulated with the aid of partially de-aërated water, amounted to 10,820 c.c. The oxygen contained in the air would be 1942 c.c.; so that the quantities of atmospheric nitrogen and of total oxygen which enter into combination would be 7308 c.c. and 12,762 c.c. respectively. This corresponds to N + 1·75 O, the oxygen being decidedly in excess of the proportion required to form nitrous acid. The argon ultimately found was 75·0 c.c., or a little more than 1% of the atmospheric nitrogen used. A subsequent determination over mercury by A. M. Kellas (Proc. Roy. Soc. lix. p. 66, 1895) gave 1·186 c.c. as the amount of argon present in 100 c.c. of mixed atmospheric nitrogen and argon. In the earlier stages of the inquiry, when it was important to meet the doubts which had been expressed as to the presence of the new gas in the atmosphere, blank experiments were executed in which air was replaced by nitrogen from ammonium nitrite. The residual argon, derived doubtless from the water used to manipulate the gases, was but a small fraction of what would have been obtained from a corresponding quantity of air.

The other method by which nitrogen may be absorbed on a considerable scale is by the aid of magnesium. The metal in the form of thin turnings is charged into hard glass or iron tubes heated to a full red in a combustion furnace. Into this air, previously deprived of oxygen by red-hot copper and thoroughly dried, is led in a continuous stream. At this temperature the nitrogen combines with the magnesium, and thus the argon is concentrated. A still more potent absorption is afforded by calcium prepared in situ by heating a mixture of magnesium dust with thoroughly dehydrated quick-lime. The density of argon, prepared and purified by magnesium, was found by Sir William Ramsay to be 19·941 on the O = 16 scale. The volume actually weighed was 163 c.c. Subsequently large-scale operations with the same apparatus as had been used for the principal gases gave an almost identical result (19·940) for argon prepared with oxygen.

Argon is soluble in water at 12° C. to about 4·0%, that is, it is about 2 times more soluble than nitrogen. We should thus expect to find it in increased proportion in the dissolved gases of rain-water. Experiment has confirmed this anticipation. The weight of a mixture of argon and nitrogen prepared from the dissolved gases showed an excess of 24 mg. over the weight of true nitrogen, the corresponding excess for the atmospheric mixture being only 11 mg. Argon is contained in the gases liberated by many thermal springs, but not in special quantity. The gas collected from the King’s Spring at Bath gave only %, i.e. half the atmospheric proportion.

The most remarkable physical property of argon relates to the constant known as the ratio of specific heats. When a gas is warmed one degree, the heat which must be supplied depends upon whether the operation is conducted at a constant volume or at a constant pressure, being greater in the latter case. The ratio of specific heats of the principal gases is 1·4, which, according to the kinetic theory, is an indication that an important fraction of the energy absorbed is devoted to rotation or vibration. If, as for Boscovitch points, the whole energy is translatory, the ratio of specific heats must be 1·67. This is precisely the number found from the velocity of sound in argon as determined by Kundt’s method, and it leaves no room for any sensible energy of rotatory or vibrational motion. The same value had previously been found for mercury vapour by Kundt and Warburg, and had been regarded as confirmatory of the monatomic character attributed on chemical grounds to the mercury molecule. It may be added that helium has the same character as argon in respect of specific heats (Ramsay, Proc. Roy. Soc. l. p. 86, 1895).

The refractivity of argon is ·961 of that of air. This low refractivity is noteworthy as strongly antagonistic to the view at one time favoured by eminent chemists that argon was a condensed form of nitrogen represented by N3. The viscosity of argon is 1·21, referred to air, somewhat higher than for oxygen, which stands at the head of the list of the principal gases (“On some Physical Properties of Argon and Helium,” Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. lix. p. 198, 1896).

The spectrum shows remarkable peculiarities. According to circumstances, the colour of the light obtained from a Plücker vacuum tube changes “from red to a rich steel blue,” to use the words of Crookes, who first described the phenomenon. A third spectrum is distinguished by J. M. Eder and Edward Valenta. The red spectrum is obtained at moderately low pressures (5 mm.) by the use of a Ruhmkorff coil without a jar or air-gap. The red lines at 7056 and 6965 (Crookes) are characteristic. The blue spectrum is best seen at a somewhat lower pressure (1 mm. to 2·5 mm.), and usually requires a Leyden jar to be connected to the secondary terminals. In some conditions very small causes effect a transition from the one spectrum to the other. The course of electrical events attending the operation of a Ruhmkorff coil being extremely complicated, special interest attaches to some experiments conducted by John Trowbridge and T. W. Richards, in which the source of power was a secondary battery of 5000 cells. At a pressure of 1 mm. the red glow of argon was readily obtained with a voltage of 2000, but not with much less. After the discharge was once started, the difference of potentials at the terminals of the tube varied from 630 volts upwards.

The behaviour of argon at low temperatures was investigated by K. S. Olszewski (Phil. Trans., 1895, p. 253). The following results are extracted from the table given by him:—

The smallness of the interval between the boiling and freezing points is noteworthy.

From the manner of its preparation it was clear at an early stage that argon would not combine with magnesium or calcium at a red heat, nor under the influence of the electric discharge with oxygen, hydrogen or nitrogen. Numerous other attempts to induce combination also failed. Nor does it appear that any well-defined compound of argon has yet been prepared. It was

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/515


text:
Page:Japanese flower arrangement.djvu/185

REES are all yo, or masculine, so when they are arranged with anything else they must be above, while grasses and flowers, being feminine, can be put down in the lower parts of the arrangement. But when your vase is a hanging one, a many-sectioned vase or a double bucket, you may arrange grasses high and trees low.

This is because such an arrangement is often supposed to look like a mountain, which has grass growing on its top and trees at its foot and in the valleys.

A poem comes to mind here which is very dear to all lovers of Ike-bana:

 * Musashi no ni
 * Kusa makura shite
 * Nagamure ba, Fuji yori takaki
 * Tokonatsu no hanna.

[179]


text:
Page:Japanese flower arrangement.djvu/201

HE Japanese are fond of applying a distinction of sex to inanimate things. They distinguish between male and female rocks and stones, male and female waterfalls, etc., and this same distinction is carried out in flower arrangement. All flowers and grasses in general belong to the in—female sex—while the trees belong to the yo or male. These distinctions are also applied between different forms of flowers. The buds are female; fully opened and perfect flowers are male; and the overblown and withered again return to female. They even distinguish between the front and the back of leaves, though it is merely a contrast of color. The front of a leaf is male and the back female. If two leaves grow together, as shown in the cut, the [195]


text:
Page:Japanese flower arrangement.djvu/211

Rh country, the beautiful baskets made in such variety of shape from bamboo reeds, with their color assuming the soft brown shades of mother earth, so perfect an offset for all the varied tints of the flowers, are entirely practical in any climate.

Not to be overlooked is the tiny hanging vase found in the simple peasant home—some curious root picked up at no cost and fashioned into a shape suitable to hold a single flower or vine. Such vases could be made with little effort by anyone and find place anywhere in our own land, had we only a keen enough desire to be always surrounded by the beautiful.

After experience with Japanese vases we find ourselves much more critical in the selection of American or European ones and, beholding all the delightful forms of Japanese vases depicted in their prints, we grow most regretful of the scarcity of their importation into Europe or this country. [205]


text:
The Nightingale at Great Barr

The sun is chambered in the distant west, And night has spread her robes across the sky; Nature is silent in expectancy, And over all things lies the hush of rest.

The stars above their faithful sentry keep; I listen for the music of the spheres, Said to re-echo through the eternal years, But every earthly sound and whisper sleep.

But hark! From out of the shadows comes a song, So strangely sweet, that never was there wrought such music out of human life or thought, Nor earth's darkness do such notes belong.

The song is heard; the singer hides from sight; Hath not God promised music in the night?

title: The Nightingale at Great Barr


text: The Holy Bible, containing the Old & New Testament & the Apocrypha/Volume 1/II. Samuel


text:
User:Pigsonthewing

I am Andy Mabbett, from Birmingham , England.

About me
I have been a Wikimedia volunteer since 2003. Additionally, I am (pro bono) with. You can find more about me on my English Wikipedia user page or my website: http://pigsonthewing.org.uk, or follow me as @pigsonthewing on Twitter or @Pigsonthewing@mastodon.social on Mastodon.

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 * File:Handbook of Birmingham (1886).djvu
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Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/516

 found, however, by M. P. E. Berthelot that under the influence of the silent electric discharge, a mixture of benzene vapour and argon underwent contraction, with formation of a gummy product from which the argon could be recovered.

The facts detailed in the original memoir led to the conclusion that argon was an element or a mixture of elements, but the question between these alternatives was left open. The behaviour on liquefaction, however, seemed to prove that in the latter case either the proportion of the subordinate constituents was small, or else that the various constituents were but little contrasted. An attempt, somewhat later, by Ramsay and J. Norman Collie to separate argon by diffusion into two parts, which should have different densities or refractivities, led to no distinct effect. More recently Ramsay and M. W. Travers have obtained evidence of the existence in the atmosphere of three new gases, besides helium, to which have been assigned the names of neon, krypton and xenon. These gases agree with argon in respect of the ratio of the specific heats and in being non-oxidizable under the electric spark. As originally defined, argon included small proportions of these gases, but it is now preferable to limit the name to the principal constituent and to regard the newer gases as “companions of argon.” The physical constants associated with the name will scarcely be changed, since the proportion of the “companions” is so small. Sir William Ramsay considers that probably the volume of all of them taken together does not exceed th part of that of the argon. The physical properties of these gases are given in the following table (Proc. Roy. Soc. lxvii. p. 331, 1900):—

The glow obtained in vacuum tubes is highly characteristic, whether as seen directly or as analysed by the spectroscope.

Now that liquid air is available in many laboratories, it forms an advantageous starting-point in the preparation of argon. Being less volatile than nitrogen, argon accumulates relatively as liquid air evaporates. That the proportion of oxygen increases at the same time is little or no drawback. The following analyses (Rayleigh, Phil. Mag., June 1903) of the vapour arising from liquid air at various stages of the evaporation will give an idea of the course of events:—

ARGONAUTS (, the sailors of the “Argo”), in Greek legend a band of heroes who took part in the Argonautic expedition under the command of Jason, to fetch the golden fleece. This task had been imposed on Jason by his uncle (q.v.), who had usurped the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly, which rightfully belonged to Jason’s father Aeson. The story of the fleece was as follows. Jason’s uncle Athamas had two children, Phrixus and Helle, by his wife Nephele, the cloud goddess. But after a time he became enamoured of Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, and neglected Nephele, who disappeared in anger. Ino, who hated the children of Nephele, persuaded Athamas, by means of a false oracle, to offer Phrixus as a sacrifice, as the only means of alleviating a famine which she herself had caused by ordering the grain to be secretly roasted before it was sown. But before the sacrifice the shade of Nephele appeared to Phrixus, bringing a ram with a golden fleece on which he and his sister Helle endeavoured to escape over the sea. Helle fell off and was drowned in the strait, which after her was called the Hellespont. Phrixus, however, reached the other side in safety, and proceeding by land to Aea in Colchis on the farther shore of the Euxine Sea, sacrificed the ram, and hung up its fleece in the grove of Ares, where it was guarded by a sleepless dragon.

Jason, having undertaken the quest of the fleece, called upon the noblest heroes of Greece to take part in the expedition. According to the original story, the crew consisted of the chief members of Jason’s own race, the Minyae. But when the legend became common property, other and better-known heroes were added to their number—Orpheus, Castor and Polydeuces (Pollux), Zetes and Calaīs, the winged sons of Boreas, Meleager, Theseus, Heracles. The crew was supposed to consist of fifty, agreeing in number with the fifty oars of the “Argo,” so called from its builder Argos, the son of Phrixus, or from  (swift). It was a larger vessel than had ever been seen before, built of pine-wood that never rotted from Mount Pelion. The goddess Athena herself superintended its construction, and inserted in the prow a piece of oak from Dodona, which was endowed with the power of speaking and delivering oracles. The outward course of the “Argo” was the same as that of the Greek traders, whose settlements as early as the 6th century dotted the southern shores of the Euxine. The first landing-place was the island of Lemnos, which was occupied only by women, who had put to death their fathers, husbands and brothers. Here the Argonauts remained some months, until they were persuaded by Heracles to leave. It is known from Herodotus (iv. 145) that the Minyae had formed settlements at Lemnos at a very early date. Proceeding up the Hellespont, they sailed to the country of the Doliones, by whose king, Cyzicus, they were hospitably received. After their departure, being driven back to the same place by a storm, they were attacked by the Doliones, who did not recognize them, and in a battle which took place Cyzicus was killed by Jason. After Cyzicus had been duly mourned and buried, the Argonauts proceeded along the coast of Mysia, where occurred the incident of Heracles and (q.v.). On reaching the country of the Bebryces, they again landed to get water, and were challenged by the king, Amycus, to match him with a boxer. Polydeuces came forward, and in the end overpowered his adversary, and bound him to a tree, or according to others, slew him. At the entrance to the Euxine, at Salmydessus on the coast of Thrace, they met Phineus, the blind and aged king whose food was being constantly polluted by the Harpies. He knew the course to Colchis, and offered to tell it, if the Argonauts would free him from the Harpies. This was done by the winged sons of Boreas, and Phineus now told them their course, and that the way to pass through the Symplegades or Cyanean rocks—two cliffs which moved on their bases and crushed whatever sought to pass—was first to fly a pigeon through, and when the cliffs, having closed on the pigeon, began to retire to each side, to row the “Argo” swiftly through. His advice was successfully followed, and the “Argo” made the passage unscathed, except for trifling damage to the stern. From that time the rocks became fixed and never closed again. The next halting-places were the country of the Maryandini, where the helmsman Tiphys died, and the land of the Amazons on the banks of the Thermodon. At the island of Aretias they drove away the Stymphalian birds, who used their feathers of brass as arrows. Here they found and took on board the four sons of Phrixus who, after their father’s death, had been sent by Aeetes, king of Colchis, to fetch the treasures of Orchomenus, but had been driven by a storm upon the island. Passing near Mount Caucasus, they heard the groans of Prometheus and the flapping of the wings of the eagle which gnawed his liver. They now reached their goal, the river Phasis, and the following morning Jason repaired to the palace of Aeetes, and demanded

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/516


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Argon

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Argon