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308, I expressed the great admiration with which I regarded them, and he said, "Well, you know, they're both pleasant and useful to the Aged. And by George, sir, it's a thing worth mentioning, that of all the people who come to this gate, the secret of those pulls is only known to the Aged, Miss Skiffins, and me!"

"And Mr. Wemmick made them," added Miss Skiffins, "with his own hands out of his own head."

While Miss Skiffins was taking off her bonnet (she retained her green gloves during the evening as an outward and visible sign that there was company), Wemmick invited me to take a walk with him round the property, and see how the island looked in winter-time. Thinking that he did this to give me an opportunity of taking his Walworth sentiments, I seized the opportunity as soon as we were out of the Castle.

Having thought of the matter with care, I approached my subject as if I had never hinted at it before. I informed Wemmick that I was anxious in behalf of Herbert Pocket, and I told him how we had first met, and how we had fought. I glanced at Herbert's home, and at his character, and at his having no means but such as he was dependent on his father for: those, uncertain and unpunctual. I alluded to the advantages I had derived in my first rawness and ignorance from his society, and I confessed that I feared I had but ill repaid them, and that he might have done better without me and my expectations. Keeping Miss Havisham in the background at a great distance, I still hinted at the possibility of my having competed with him in his prospects, and at the certainty of his possessing a generous soul, and being far above any mean distrusts, retaliations, or designs. For all these reasons (I told Wemmick), and because he was my young companion and friend, and I had a great affection for him, I wished my own good fortune to reflect some rays upon him, and therefore I sought advice from Wemmick' s experience and knowledge of men and affairs, how I could best try with my resources to help Herbert to some present income—say of a hundred a year, to keep him in good hope and heart—and

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Rh gradually to buy him on to some small partnership. I begged Wemmick, in conclusion, to understand that my help must always be rendered without Herbert's knowledge or suspicion, and that there was no one else in the world with whom I could advise. I wound up by laying my hand upon his shoulder, and saying "I can't help confiding in you; though I know it must be troublesome to you; but that is your fault; in having ever brought me here."

Wemmick was silent for a little while, and then said with a kind of start, "Well, you know, Mr. Pip, I must tell you one thing. This is devilish good of you."

"Say you'll help me to be good then," said I.

"Ecod," replied Wemmick, shaking his head, "that's not my trade."

"Nor is this your trading-place," said I.

"You are right," he returned. "You hit the nail on the head. Mr. Pip, I'll put on my considering cap, and I think all you want to do may be done by degrees. Skiffins (that's her brother) is an accountant and agent. I'll look him up and go to work for you."

"I thank you ten thousand times."

"On the contrary," said he, "I thank you, for though we are strictly in our private and personal capacity, still it may be mentioned that there are Newgate cobwebs about, and it brushes them away."

After a little further conversation to the same effect, we returned into the Castle where we found Miss Skifiins preparing tea. The responsible duty of making the toast was delegated to the Aged, and that excellent old gentleman was so intent upon it that he seemed to be in some danger of melting his eyes. It was no nominal meal that we were going to make, but a vigorous reality. The Aged prepared such a haystack of buttered toast, that I could scarcely see him over it as it simmered on an iron stand hooked on to the top-bar; while Miss Skiffins brewed such a jorum of tea, that the pig in the back premises became strongly excited, and repeatedly expressed his desire to participate in the entertainment.

The flag had been struck, and the gun had been fired, at

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310 the right moment of time, and I felt as snugly cut off from the rest of Walworth as if the moat were thirty feet wide by as many deep. Nothing disturbed the tranquillity of the Castle, but the occasional tumbling open of John and Miss Skiffins: which little doors were a prey to some spasmodic infirmity that made me sympathetically uncomfortable until I got used to it. I inferred from the methodical nature of Miss Skiffins's arrangements that she made tea there every Sunday night; and I rather suspected that a classic brooch she wore, representing the profile of an undesirable female with a very straight nose and a very new moon, was a piece of portable property that had been given her by Wemmick.

We ate the whole of the toast, and drank tea in proportion, and it was delightful to see how warm and greasy we all got after it. The Aged, especially, might have passed for some clean old chief of a savage tribe, just oiled. After a short pause of repose, Miss Skiffins—in the absence of the little servant, who, it seemed, retired to the bosom of her family on Sunday afternoons—washed up the tea-things, in a trifling lady-like amateur manner that compromised none of us. Then, she put on her gloves again, and we drew round the fire, and Wemmick said, "Now, Aged Parent, tip us the paper."

Wemmick explained to me while the Aged got his spectacles out, that this was according to custom, and that it gave the old gentleman infinite satisfaction to read the news aloud. "I won't offer an apology," said Wemmick, "for he isn't capable of many pleasures—are you, Aged P.?"

"All right, John, all right," returned the old man, seeing himself spoken to.

"Only tip him a nod every now and then when he looks off his paper," said Wemmick, "and he'll be as happy as a king. We are all attention, Aged One."

"All right, John, all right!" returned the cheerful old man: so busy and so pleased, that it really was quite charming.

The Aged's reading reminded me of the classes at Mr.

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Rh Wopsle's great-aunt's, with the pleasanter peculiarity that it seemed to come through a keyhole. As he wanted the candles close to him, and as he was always on the verge of putting either his head or the newspaper into them, he required as much watching as a powder-mill. But Wemmick was equally untiring and gentle in his vigilance, and the Aged read on, quite unconscious of his many rescues. Whenever he looked at us, we all expressed the greatest interest and amazement, and nodded until he resumed again.

As Wemmick and Miss Skiffins sat side by side, and as I sat in a shadowy corner, I observed a slow and gradual elongation of Mr. Wemmick' s mouth, powerfully suggestive of his slowly and gradually stealing his arm round Miss Skiffins's waist. In course of time I saw his hand appear on the other side of Miss Skiffins; but at that moment Miss Skiffins neatly stopped him with the green glove, unwound his arm again as if it were an article of dress, and with the greatest deliberation laid it on the table before her. Miss Skiffins's composure while she did this was one of the most remarkable sights I have ever seen, and if I could have thought the act consistent with abstraction of mind, I should have deemed that Miss Skiffins performed it mechanically.

By-and-bye, I noticed Wemmick' s arm beginning to disappear again, and gradually fading out of view. Shortly afterwards, his mouth began to widen again. After an interval of suspense on my part that was quite enthralling and almost painful, I saw his hand appear on the other side of Miss Skiffins. Instantly, Miss Skiffins stopped it with the neatness of a placid boxer, took off that girdle or cestus as before, and laid it on the table. Taking the table to represent the path of virtue, I am justified in stating that during the whole time of the Aged's reading, Wemmick's arm was straying from the path of virtue and being recalled to it by Miss Skiffins.

At last the Aged read himself into a light slumber. This was the time for Wemmick to produce a little kettle, a tray of glasses, and a black bottle with a porcelain- topped

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312 cork, representing some clerical dignitary of a rubicund and social aspect. With the aid of these appliances we all had something warm to drink: including the Aged, who was soon awake again. Miss Skiffins mixed, and I observed that she and Wemmick drank out of one glass. Of course I knew better than to offer to see Miss Skiffins home, and under the circumstances I thought I had best go first: which I did, taking a cordial leave of the Aged, and having passed a pleasant evening.

Before a week was out, I received a note from Wemmick, dated Walworth, stating that he hoped he had made some advance in that matter appertaining to our private and personal capacities, and that he would be glad if I could come and see him again upon it. So, I went out to Walworth again, and yet again, and yet again, and I saw him by appointment in the City several times, but never held any communication with him on the subject in or near Little Britain. The upshot was, that we found a worthy young merchant or shipping-broker, not long established in business, who wanted intelligent help, and who wanted capital, and who in due course of time and receipt would want a partner. Between him and me, secret articles were signed of which Herbert was the subject, and I paid him half of my five hundred pounds down, and engaged for sundry other payments: some, to fall due at certain dates out of my income: some contingent on my coming into my property. Miss Skiffins's brother conducted the negotiation. Wemmick pervaded it throughout, but never appeared in it.

The whole business was so cleverly managed, that Herbert had not the least suspicion of my hand being in it. I never shall forget the radiant face with which he came home one afternoon, and told me as a mighty piece of news, of his having fallen in with one Clarriker (the young merchant's name), and of Clarriker' s having shown an extraordinary inclination towards him, and of his belief that the opening had come at last. Day by day as his hopes grew stronger and his face brighter, he must have thought me a more and more affectionate friend, for I had the

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Rh greatest difficulty in restraining my tears of triumph when I saw him so happy.

At length, the thing being done, and he having that day entered Clarriker's House, and he having talked to me for a whole evening in a flush of pleasure and success, I did really cry in good earnest when I went to bed, to think that my expectations had done some good to somebody.

A great event in my life, the turning point of my life, now opens on my view. But, before I proceed to narrate it, and before I pass on to all the changes it involved, I must give one chapter to Estella. It is not much to give to the theme that so long filled my heart.

that staid old house near the Green at Richmond should ever come to be haunted when I am dead, it will be haunted, surely, by my ghost. O the many, many nights and days through which the unquiet spirit within me haunted that house when Estella lived there! Let my body be where it would, my spirit was always wandering, wandering, wandering about that house.

The lady with whom Estella was placed, Mrs. Brandley by name, was a widow, with one daughter several years older than Estella. The mother looked young and the daughter looked old; the mother's complexion was pink, and the daughter's was yellow; the mother set up for frivolity, and the daughter for theology. They were in what is called a good position, and visited, and were visited by, numbers of people. Little, if any, community of feeling subsisted between them and Estella, but the understanding was established that they were necessary to her, and that she was necessary to them. Mrs. Brandley had been a friend of Miss Havisham's before the time of her seclusion.

In Mrs. Brandley's house and out of Mrs. Brandley's house, I suffered every kind and degree of torture that

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 look out for squalls; and I will too. Humph!" he said, after a scrutiny, "I don't like his cut, for he has not altogether the bearing of a bushman, though he's rigged like one."

As the boat neared the landing-place, the stranger saluted them, and inquired, in a bland voice, "Is this Mr. Dodge's station?"

"Too polite," whispered Dodge to Slinger; and in a higher tone—" Dodge's station! O no: Dodge's station is higher up the creek by a good three miles, and I wish 'twas further off."

"How so?" inquired the stranger.

"Because he's a queer neighbour, and we can't agree. I'm right again," whispered Dodge to Slinger; "I'm sure its one of my old friends."

After landing his passengers, Dodge pulled his boat boldly across, and after a short conversation with the stranger, he agreed to accompany him on his way; first, however, re-crossing to tell his friends to help themselves to anything they could find in the hut, and to make themselves quite at home: "and now," he said, "for the present, good bye; I shall return about sunset, after I have shown this gentleman a little of the interior."

Dodge again joined the stranger, and fastening his boat to a mangrove tree, they wended their way up the banks of the creek through an occasional scrub or swamp. By one of those stories for which Dodge was never at a loss, he drew from the stranger the purport of his business: it was neither more nor less than the serving a writ upon Dodge, "for which I shall get well paid," said the bailiff,—"out," muttered Dodge.

They were skirting an extensive tract overgrown with dwarf trees matted together with the thread-like fibres of the native vine, when Dodge said, "Come,shove along, we must get through this."

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96 aught ill for thy earls, as erst thou must!” Then the golden hilt, for that gray-haired leader, hoary hero, in hand was laid, giant-wrought, old. So owned and enjoyed it after downfall of devils, the Danish lord, wonder-smiths’ work, since the world was rid of that grim-souled fiend, the foe of God, murder-marked, and his mother as well. Now it passed into power of the people’s king, best of all that the oceans bound who have scattered their gold o’er Scandia’s isle. Hrothgar spake—the hilt he viewed, heirloom old, where was etched the rise of that far-off fight when the floods o’erwhelmed, raging waves, the race of giants (fearful their fate!), a folk estranged from God Eternal: whence guerdon due in that waste of waters the Wielder paid them. So on the guard of shining gold in runic staves it was rightly said for whom the serpent-traced sword was wrought, best of blades, in bygone days, and the hilt well wound.—The wise-one spake, son of Healfdene; silent were all:— “Lo, so may he say who sooth and right follows ’mid folk, of far times mindful, a land-warden old, that this earl belongs


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Rh to the better breed! So, borne aloft, thy fame must fly, O friend my Beowulf, far and wide o’er folksteads many. Firmly thou shalt all maintain, mighty strength with mood of wisdom. Love of mine will I assure thee, as, awhile ago, I promised; thou shalt prove a stay in future, in far-off years, to folk of thine, to the heroes a help. Was not Heremod thus to offspring of Ecgwela, Honor-Scyldings, nor grew for their grace, but for grisly slaughter, for doom of death to the Danishmen. He slew, wrath-swollen, his shoulder-comrades, companions at board! So he passed alone, chieftain haughty, from human cheer. Though him the Maker with might endowed, delights of power, and uplifted high above all men, yet blood-fierce his mind, his breast-hoard, grew; no bracelets gave he to Danes as was due; he endured all joyless strain of struggle and stress of woe, long feud with his folk. Here find thy lesson! Of virtue advise thee! This verse I have said for thee, wise from lapsed winters. Wondrous seems how to sons of men Almighty God


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98 in the strength of His spirit sendeth wisdom, estate, high station: He swayeth all things. Whiles He letteth right lustily fare the heart of the hero of high-born race,— in seat ancestral assigns him bliss, his folk’s sure fortress in fee to hold, puts in his power great parts of the earth, empire so ample, that end of it this wanter-of-wisdom weeneth none. So he waxes in wealth; nowise can harm him illness or age; no evil cares shadow his spirit; no sword-hate threatens from ever an enemy: all the world wends at his will; no worse he knoweth, till all within him obstinate pride waxes and wakes while the warden slumbers, the spirit’s sentry; sleep is too fast which masters his might, and the murderer nears, stealthily shooting the shafts from his bow!

“Under harness his heart then is hit indeed by sharpest shafts; and no shelter avails from foul behest of the hellish fiend. Him seems too little what long he possessed. Greedy and grim, no golden rings


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 (Communicated in the meeting of January 30, 1915).

The discussion of some parts of 's theory of gravitation may perhaps gain in simplicity and clearness, if we base it on a principle similar to that of, so much so indeed that 's name may properly be connected with it. Now that we are in possession of 's theory we can easily find how this variation principle must be formulated for systems of different nature and also for the gravitation field itself.

Motion of a material point.

§ 1. Let a material point move under the influence of a force with the components $$K_{1},K_{2},K_{3}$$. Let us vary every position $$x,y,z$$

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Rh he gives for his pride; the promised future forgets he and spurns, with all God has sent him, Wonder-Wielder, of wealth and fame. Yet in the end it ever comes that the frame of the body fragile yields, fatéd falls; and there follows another who joyously the jewels divides, the royal riches, nor recks of his forebear. Ban, then, such baleful thoughts, Beowulf dearest, best of men, and the better part choose, profit eternal; and temper thy pride, warrior famous! The flower of thy might lasts now a while: but erelong it shall be that sickness or sword thy strength shall minish, or fang of fire, or flooding billow, or bite of blade, or brandished spear, or odious age; or the eyes’ clear beam wax dull and darken: Death even thee in haste shall o’erwhelm, thou hero of war! So the Ring-Danes these half-years a hundred I ruled, wielded ’neath welkin, and warded them bravely from mighty-ones many o’er middle-earth, from spear and sword, till it seemed for me no foe could be found under fold of the sky. Lo, sudden the shift! To me seated secure came grief for joy when Grendel began to harry my home, the hellish foe; for those ruthless raids, unresting I suffered


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 occurring in the real motion in the way defined by the infinitely small quantities $$\delta x,\delta y,\delta z$$. If, in the varied motion, the position $$x+\delta x,\ y+\delta y,\ z+\delta z$$ is reached at the same time $$t$$ as the position $$x,y,z$$ in the real motion, we shall have the equation

$$L$$ being the Lagrangian function and the integrals being taken over an arbitrary interval of time, at the beginning and the end of which the variations of the coordinates are zero. $$K$$ is supposed to be a force acting on the material point beside the forces that are included in the Lagrangian function.

§ 2. We may also suppose the time $$t$$ to be varied, so that in the varied motion the position $$x+\delta x,\ y+\delta y,\ z+\delta z$$ is reached at the time $$t+\delta t$$. In the first term of (1) this does not make any difference if we suppose that for the extreme positions also $$\delta t=0$$. As to the second term we remark that the coordinates in the varied motion at the time $$t$$ may now be taken to be $$x+\delta x-v_{1}\delta t$$, $$y+\delta y-v_{2}\delta t$$, $$z+\delta z-v_{3}\delta t$$, if $$v_{1},v_{2},v_{3}$$ are the velocities in the real motion. In the second term we must therefore replace $$\delta x,\delta y,\delta z$$ by $$\delta x-v_{1}\delta t$$, $$\delta y-v_{2}\delta t$$, $$\delta z-v_{3}\delta t$$. In the equation thus found we shall write $$x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4}$$ for $$x,y,z,t$$. For the sake of uniformity we shall add to the three velocity components a fourth, which, however, necessarily must have the value 1 as we take for it $$\dfrac{dx_{4}}{dx_{4}}$$. We shall also add to the three components of the force $$K$$ a fourth component, which we define as

and which therefore represents the work of the force per unit of time with the negative sign. Then we have instead of (1)

and for (2) we may write

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§ 3. In 's theory the gravitation field is determined by certain characteristic quantities $$g_{ab}$$, functions of $$x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4}$$, among which there are 10 different ones, as

A point of fundamental importance is the connection between these quantities and the corresponding coefficients $$g'_{ab}$$, with which we are concerned, when by an arbitrary substitution $$x_{1},\dots x_{4}$$ are changed for other coordinates $$x'_{1},\dots x'_{4}$$. This connection is defined by the condition that

$ds^{2}=g_{11}dx_{1}^{2}+\dots+g_{44}dx_{4}^{2}+2g_{12}dx_{1}dx_{2}+\dots$

or shorter

$ds^{2}=\Sigma(ab)g_{ab}dx_{a}dx_{b}$

be an invariant.

Putting

we find

Instead of (6) we shall also write

so that the set of quantities $$\pi_{ba}$$ may be called the inverse of the set $$p_{ab}$$. Similarly, we introduce a set of quantities $$\gamma_{ba}$$, the inverse of the set $$g_{ab}$$.

We remark here that in virtue of (5) and (7) $$g'_{ba}=g'_{ab}$$ and that likewise $$\gamma_{ba}=\gamma_{ab}$$.

Our formulae will also contain the determinant of the quantities $$g_{ab}$$, which we shall denote by $$g$$, and the determinant $$p$$ of the coefficients $$p_{ab}$$ (absolute value: $$|p|$$). The determinant $$g$$ is always negative.

We may now, as has been shown by, deduce the motion of a material point in a gravitation field from the principle expressed by (3) if we take for the Lagrangian function

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 Motion of a system of incoherent material points.

§ 4. Let us now, following, consider a very large number of material points wholly free from each other, which are moving in a gravitation field in such a way that at a definite moment the velocity components of these points are continuous functions of the coordinates. By taking the number very large we may pass to the limiting case of a continuously distributed matter without internal forces.

Evidently the laws of motion for a system of this kind follow immediately from those for a single material point. If $$\varrho$$ is the density and $$dy\ dy\ dz$$ an element of volume we may write instead of (8)

If now we wish to extend equation (3) to the whole system we must multiply (9) by $$dt$$ and integrate with respect to $$x, y, z$$ and $$t$$.

In the last term of (3) we shall do so likewise after having replaced the components $$K_{a}$$ by $$K_{a}dx\ dy\ dz$$, so that in what follows $$K$$ will represent the external force per unit of volume.

If further we replace $$dx\ dy\ dz\ dt$$ by $$dS$$, an element of the four-dimensional extension $$x_{1},\dots x_{4}$$, and put

we find the following form of the fundamental theorem.

Let a variation of the motion of the system of material points be defined by the infinitely small quantities $$\delta x_{a}$$, which are arbitrary continuous functions of the coordinates within an arbitrarily chosen finite space $$S$$, at the limits of which they vanish. Then we have, if the integrals are taken over the space $$S$$, and the quantities $$g_{ab}$$ are left unchanged,

For the first term we may write

$\int\delta\mathrm{L}\cdot dS,$

if $$\delta\mathrm{L}$$ denotes the change of $$\mathrm{L}$$ at a fixed point of the space $$S$$.

The quantity $$\mathrm{L}dS$$ and therefore also the integral $$\int\mathrm{L}dS$$ is invariant when we pass to another system of coordinates.

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 § 5. The equations of motion may be derived from (12) in the following way. When the variations $$\delta x_{a}$$ have been chosen, the varied motion of the matter is perfectly defined, so that the changes of the density and of the velocity components are also known. For the variations at a fixed point of the space $$S$$ we find

where

(Therefore: $$\chi_{ba}=-\chi_{ab},\ \chi_{aa}=0$$).

If for shortness we put

so that $$\mathrm{L}=-P$$, and

we have

$\begin{array}{c} \delta\mathrm{L}=-\Sigma(a)\dfrac{u_{a}}{P}\delta w_{a}=-\Sigma(ab)\dfrac{u_{a}}{P}\dfrac{\partial\chi_{ab}}{\partial x_{b}}=\\ \\ =-\Sigma(ab)\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{b}}\left(\dfrac{u_{a}}{P}\chi_{ab}\right)+\Sigma(ab)\chi_{ab}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{b}}\left(\dfrac{u_{a}}{P}\right), \end{array}$|undefined

so that, with regard to (14),

{{MathForm2|(17)|$$\left.\begin{array}{c} \delta\mathrm{L}+\Sigma(a)K_{a}\delta x_{a}=-\Sigma(ab)\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{b}}\left(\dfrac{u_{a}}{P}\chi_{ab}\right)+\\ \\ +\Sigma(ab)\left(w_{b}\delta x_{a}-w_{a}\delta x_{b}\right)\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{b}}\left(\dfrac{u_{a}}{P}\right)+\Sigma(a)K_{a}\delta x_{a} \end{array}\right\} $$}}

If after multiplication by $$dS$$ this expression is integrated over the space $$S$$ the first term on the right hand side vanishes, $$\chi_{ab}$$ being 0 at the limits. In the last two terms only the variations $$\delta x_{a}$$ occur, but not their differential coefficients, so that according to our fundamental theorem, when these terms are taken together, the coefficient of each $$\delta x_{a}$$ must vanish. This gives the equations of motion

which evidently agree with (4), or what comes to the same, with

In virtue of (18) the general equation (17), which holds for

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 arbitrary variations that need not vanish at the limits of $$S$$, becomes

§ 6. We can derive from this the equations for the momenta and the energy.

Let us suppose that only one of the four variations $$\delta x_{a}$$ differs from 0 and let this one, say $$\delta x_{c}$$, have a constant value. Then (14) shows that for each value of $$a$$ that is not equal to $$c$$

while all $$\chi$$'s without an index $$c$$ vanish.

Putting first $$b = c$$ and then $$a=c$$, and replacing at the same time in the latter case $$b$$ by $$a$$, we find for the right hand side of (20)

$\Sigma(a)\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{c}}\left(\frac{u_{a}w_{a}}{P}\right)\delta x_{c}-\Sigma(a)\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{a}}\left(\frac{u_{c}w_{a}}{P}\right)\delta x_{c}.$ |undefined

But, according to (15) and (16),

$\Sigma(a)\frac{u_{a}w_{a}}{P}=P=-\mathrm{L}$|undefined

so that (20) becomes

It remains to find the value of $$\delta\mathrm{L}$$.

The material system together with its state of motion has been shifted in the direction of the coordinate $$x_{c}$$ over a distance $$\delta x_{c}$$. If the gravitation field had participated in this shift, $$\partial\mathrm{L}$$ would have been equal to $$-\dfrac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{c}}\delta x_{c}$$. As, however, the gravitation field has been left unchanged, $$\dfrac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{c}}$$ in this last expression must be diminished by $$\left(\dfrac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{c}}\right)_{w}$$, the index $$w$$ meaning that we must keep constant the quantities $$w_{a}$$ and consider only the variability of the coefficients $$g_{ab}$$. Hence

$\delta\mathrm{L}=\left\{ -\frac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{c}}+\left(\frac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{c}}\right)_{w}\right\} \delta x_{c}$|undefined

Substituting this in (22) and putting

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we find

The first three of these equations ($$c$$ = 1, 2, 3) refer to the momenta; the fourth ($$c$$ = 4) is the equation of energy. As we know already the meaning of $$K_{1},\dots K_{4}$$ we can easily see that of the other quantities. The stresses $$X_{x},X_{y},X_{z},Y_{x}\dots$$ are $$T_{11},T_{21},T_{31},T_{12}\dots$$; the components of the momentum per unit of volume $$-T_{41},-T_{42},-T_{43}$$; the components of the flow of energy $$T_{14},T_{24},T_{34}$$. Further $$T_{44}$$ is the energy per unit of volume. The quantities

$\left(\frac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{1}}\right)_{w},\ \left(\frac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{2}}\right)_{w},\ \left(\frac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{3}}\right)_{w}$|undefined

are the momenta which the gravitation field imparts to the material system per unit of time and unit of volume, while the energy which the system draws from that field is given by $$-\left(\dfrac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{4}}\right)_{w}$$.

An electromagnetic system in the gravitation field.

§ 7. We shall now consider charges moving under the influence of external forces in a gravitation field; we shall determine the motion of these charges and the electromagnetic field belonging to them. The density $$\varrho$$ of the charge will be supposed to be a continuous function of the coordinates; the force per unit of volume will be denoted by $$K$$ and the velocity of the point of a charge by $$v$$. Further we shall again introduce the notation (10).

In 's theory the electromagnetic field is determined by two sets, each of four equations, corresponding to well known equations in the theory of electrons. We shall consider one of these sets as the mathematical description of the system to which we have to apply 's principle; the second set will be found by means of this application.

The first set, the fundamental equations, may be written in the form

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Page:LorentzGravitation1915.djvu/8

 the quantities $$\psi_{ab}$$ on the left hand side being subject to the conditions

so that they represent 6 mutually independent numerical values. These are the components of the electric force $$\mathrm{\textsf E}$$ and the magnetic force $$\mathrm{\textsf H}$$. We have indeed

{{MathForm2|(27)|$$\left.\begin{array}{ccccc} \psi_{41}=\mathrm{\textsf E}_{x}, & & \psi_{42}=\mathrm{\textsf E}_{y}, &  & \psi_{43}=\mathrm{\textsf E}_{z},\\ \psi_{23}=\mathrm{\textsf H}_{x}, & & \psi_{31}=\mathrm{\textsf H}_{y}, &  & \psi_{12}=\mathrm{\textsf H}_{z}, \end{array}\right\} $$}}

and it is thus seen that the first three of the formulae (25) express the connection between the magnetic field and the electric current. The fourth shows how the electric field is connected with the charge.

On passing to another system of coordinates we have for $$w_a$$ the transformation formula

$w'_{a}=

which can easily be deduced, while for $$\psi_{ab}$$ we shall assume the formula

In virtue of this assumption the equations (25) are covariant for any change of coordinates.

§ 8. Beside $$\psi_{ab}$$ we shall introduce certain other quantities $$\bar{\psi}_{ab}$$ which we define by

or with regard to (26)

in which last equation the bar over $$cd$$ means that in the sum each combination of two numbers occurs only once.

As a consequence of this definition we have

and we find by inversion

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 To these equations we add the transformation formula for $$\bar{\psi'}_{ab}$$, which may be derived from (28)

§ 9. We shall now consider the 6 quantities (27) which we shall especially call "the quantities $$\psi$$" and the corresponding quantities $$\bar{\psi}$$, viz. $$\bar{\psi}_{41}\dots\bar{\psi}_{12}$$.

According to (30) these latter are homogeneous and linear functions of the former and as (because of (5)) the coefficient of $$\psi_{cd}$$ in $$\bar{\psi}_{ab}$$ is equal to the coefficient of $$\psi_{ab}$$ in $$\bar{\psi}_{cd}$$, there exists a homogeneous quadratic function $$\mathrm{L}$$ of $$\psi_{41}\dots\psi_{12}$$, which, when differentiated with respect to these quantities, gives $$\psi_{41}\dots\psi_{12}$$. Therefore

and

If, as in (34), we have to consider derivatives of $$\mathrm{L}$$, this quantity will be regarded as a quadratic function of the quantities $$\psi$$.

The quantity $$\mathrm{L}$$ can now play the same part as the quantity that is represented by the same letter in §§ 4 — 6. Again $$\mathrm{L}dS$$ is invariant when the coordinates are changed.

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 § 10. We shall define a varied motion of the electric charges by the quantities $$\delta x_{a}$$ and we shall also vary the quantities $$\psi_{ab}$$, so far as can be done without violating the connections (25) and (26). The possible variations $$\delta\psi_{ab}$$ may be expressed in $$\delta x_{a}$$ and four other infinitesimal quantities $$q_{a}$$ which we shall presently introduce. Our condition will be that equation (12) shall be true if, leaving the gravitation field unchanged, we take for $$\delta x_{a}$$ and $$q_{a}$$ any continuous functions of the coordinates which vanish at the limits of the domain of integration. We shall understand by $$\delta w_{a}$$, $$\delta\psi_{ab}$$, $$\delta\mathrm{L}$$ the variations at a fixed point of this space. The variations $$\delta w_{a}$$ are again determined by (13) and (14), and we have, in virtue of (26) and (25),

$\delta\psi_{aa}=0,\ \delta\psi_{ba}=-\delta\psi_{ab},\ \Sigma(b)\frac{\partial\delta\psi_{ab}}{\partial x_{b}}=\delta w_{a}=\Sigma(b)\frac{\partial\chi_{ab}}{\partial x_{b}}.$|undefined

If therefore we put

we must have

$\vartheta_{aa}=0,\ \vartheta_{ba}=-\vartheta_{ab},\ \Sigma(b)\frac{\partial\vartheta_{ab}}{\partial x_{b}}=0.$|undefined

It can be shown that quantities $$\vartheta_{ab}$$ satisfying these conditions may be expressed in terms of four quantities $$q_{a}$$ by means of the formulae

Here $$a'$$ and $$b'$$ are the numbers that remain when of 1, 2, 3, 4 we omit $$a$$ and $$b$$, the choice of the value of $$a'$$ and that of $$b'$$ being such that the order $$a, b, a', b'$$ can be derived from the order 1, 2, 3, 4 by an even number of permutations each of two numbers.

§ 11. By (31), (36) and (37) we have

Here, in the transformation of the first term on the right hand side it is found convenient to introduce a new notation for the quantities $$\bar{\psi}_{ab}$$. We shall put

$\bar{\psi}_{ab}=\psi_{a'b'}^{*}.$

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Page:LorentzGravitation1915.djvu/11

 a consequence of which is

$\psi_{ba}^{*}=-\psi_{ab}^{*}$

and we shall complete our definition by

The term we are considering then becomes

$\begin{array}{l} \Sigma(\overline{ab})\psi_{a'b'}^{*}\left(\dfrac{\partial q_{b'}}{\partial x_{a'}}-\dfrac{\partial q_{a'}}{\partial x_{b'}}\right)=\Sigma(\overline{ab})\psi_{ab}^{*}\left(\dfrac{\partial q_{b}}{\partial x_{a}}-\dfrac{\partial q_{a}}{\partial x_{b}}\right)=\\ \\ =\tfrac{1}{2}\Sigma(ab)\psi_{ab}^{*}\left(\dfrac{\partial q_{b}}{\partial x_{a}}-\dfrac{\partial q_{a}}{\partial x_{b}}\right)=-\Sigma(ab)\psi_{ab}^{*}\dfrac{\partial q_{a}}{\partial x_{b}}=\\ \\ =-\Sigma(ab)\dfrac{\partial\left(\psi_{ab}^{*}q_{a}\right)}{\partial x_{b}}+\Sigma(ab)\dfrac{\partial\psi_{ab}^{*}}{\partial x_{b}}q_{a}, \end{array}$|undefined

so that, using (14), we obtain for (38)

where we have taken into consideration that

$\Sigma(\overline{ab})\overline{\psi_{ab}}\left(w_{b}\delta x_{a}-w_{a}\delta x_{b}\right)=\Sigma(ab)\overline{\psi_{ab}}w_{b}\delta x_{a}.$|undefined

If we multiply (40) by $$dS$$ and integrate over the space $$S$$ the first term on the right hand side vanishes. Therefore (12) requires that in the subsequent terms the coefficient of each $$q_a$$ and of each $$\delta x_{a}$$ be 0. Therefore

and

by which (40) becomes

In (41) we have the second set of four electromagnetic equations, while (42) determines the forces exerted by the field on the charges. We see that (42) agrees with (19) (namely in virtue of (31)).

§ 12. To deduce also the equations for the momenta and the energy we proceed as in § 6. Leaving the gravitation field unchanged we shift the electromagnetic field, i. e. the values of $$w_a$$ and $$\psi_{ab}$$ in the direction of one of the coordinates, say of $$x_c$$, over a distance defined by the constant variation $$\delta x_{c}$$ so that we have

title: Page:LorentzGravitation1915.djvu/11


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Page:LorentzGravitation1915.djvu/12

 $\delta\psi_{ab}=-\frac{\partial\psi_{ab}}{\partial x_{c}}\delta x_{c}$|undefined

From (36), (14) and (37) we can infer what values must then be given to the quantities $$q_a$$. We must put $$q_{c}=0$$ and for $$a\ne c$$

$q_{a}=\psi_{ac'}\delta x_{c}.$

For $$\delta\mathrm{L}$$ we must substitute the expression (cf. § 6)

$\left\{ -\frac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{c}}+\left(\frac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{c}}\right)_{\psi}\right\} \delta x_{c},$|undefined

where the index $$\psi$$ attached to the second derivative indicates that only the variability of the coefficients (depending on $$g_{ab}$$) in the quadratic function $$\mathrm{L}$$ must be taken into consideration. The equation for the component $$K_{c}$$ which we finally find from (43) may be written in the form

where

and for $$b\ne c$$

Equations (44) correspond exactly to (24). The quantities $$T$$ have the same meaning as in these latter formulae and the influence of gravitation is determined by $$\left(\dfrac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{c}}\right)_{\psi}$$ in the same way as it was formerly by $$\left(\dfrac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{c}}\right)_{w}$$.

We may remark here that the sum in (45) consists of three and that in (46) (on account of (39)) of two terms.

Referring to (35), we find f.i. from (45)

$T_{11}=\tfrac{1}{2}\left(\psi_{43}\overline{\psi}_{43}+\psi_{42}\overline{\psi}_{42}-\psi_{41}\overline{\psi}_{41}+\psi_{23}\overline{\psi}_{23}-\psi_{31}\overline{\psi}_{31}-\psi_{12}\overline{\psi}_{12}\right),$

while (46) gives

$T_{12}=\psi_{31}\overline{\psi}_{23}-\psi_{41}\overline{\psi}_{42}.$

The differential equations of the gravitation field.

§ 13. The equations which, for a given material or electromagnetic system, determine the gravitation field caused by it can also be derived from a variation principle. has prepared the way

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 for this in his hist paper by introducing a quantity which he calls $$H$$ and which is a function of the quantities $$g_{ab}$$ and their derivatives, without further containing anything that is connected with the material or the electromagnetic system. All we have to do now is to add to the left hand side of equation (12) a term depending on that quantity $$H$$. We shall write for it the variation of

$\frac{1}{\varkappa}\int QdS,$

where $$\varkappa$$ is a universal constant, while $$Q$$ is what calls $$H\sqrt{-g}$$, with the same or the opposite sign. We shall now require that

not only for the variations considered above but also for variations of the gravitation field defined by $$\delta g_{ab}$$, if these too vanish at the limits of the field of integration.

To obtain now

$\delta\mathrm{L}+\frac{1}{\varkappa}\delta Q+\Sigma(a)K_{a}\delta x_{a}$

we have to add to the right hand side of (17) or (40), first the change of $$\mathrm{L}$$ caused by the variation of the quantities $$g$$, viz.

$\Sigma(\overline{ab})\frac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial g_{ab}}\delta g_{ab},$|undefined

and secondly the change of $$Q$$ multiplied by $$\tfrac{1}{\varkappa}$$. This latter change is

$\Sigma(\overline{ab})\frac{\partial Q}{\partial g_{ab}}\delta g_{ab}+\Sigma(\overline{ab}e)\frac{\partial Q}{\partial g_{ab,e}}\delta g_{ab,e},$|undefined

where $$g_{ab,e}$$ bas been written for the derivative $$\frac{\partial g_{ab}}{\partial x_{e}}$$.

As

$\delta g_{ab,e}=\frac{\partial\delta g_{ab}}{\partial x_{e}}$|undefined

we may replace the last term by

$\Sigma(\overline{ab}e)\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{e}}\left(\frac{\partial Q}{\partial g_{ab,e}}\delta g_{ab}\right)-\Sigma(\overline{ab}e)\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{e}}\left(\frac{\partial Q}{\partial g_{ab,e}}\right)\delta g_{ab}.$|undefined

§ 14. As we have to proceed now in the same way in the case

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 of a material and in that of an electromagnetic system we need consider only the latter. The conclusions drawn in § 11 evidently remain valid, so that we may start from the equation which we obtain by adding the new terms to (43). We therefore have

When we integrate over $$S$$, the first two terms on the right hand side vanish. In the terms following them the coefficient of each $$\delta g_{ab}$$ must be 0, so that we find

These are the differential equations we sought for. At the same time (48) becomes

§ 15. Finally we can derive from this the equations for the momenta and the energy of the gravitation field. For this purpose we impart a virtual displacement $$\delta x_{c}$$ to this field only (comp. §§ 6 and 12). Thus we put $$\delta x_{a}=0,\ q_{a}=0$$ and

$\delta g_{ab}=-g_{ab,c}\delta x_{c}$

Evidently

$\delta Q=-\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x_{c}}\delta x_{c}$|undefined

and (comp. § 12)

$\delta\mathrm{L}=-\left(\frac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{c}}\right)_{\psi}\delta x_{c}$|undefined

After having substituted these values in equation (50) we can deduce from it the value of $$\left(\dfrac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{c}}\right)_{\psi}$$.

If we put

and for $$e\ne c$$

the result takes the following form

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text:
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Remembering what has been said in § 12 about the meaning of $$\left(\dfrac{\partial\mathrm{L}}{\partial x_{c}}\right)_{\psi}$$, we may now conclude that the quantities $$T_{ab}^{g}$$ have the same meaning for the gravitation field as the quantities $$T_{ab}$$ for the electromagnetic field (stresses, momenta etc.). The index $$g$$ denotes that $$T_{ab}^{g}$$ belongs to the gravitation field.

If we add to (53) the equations (44), after having replaced in them $$b$$ by $$e$$, we obtain

where

$T_{ec}^{t}=T_{ec}+T_{ec}^{q}.$

The quantities $$T_{ec}^{t}$$ represent the total stresses etc. existing in the system, and equations (54) show that in the absence of external forces the resulting momentum and the total energy will remain constant.

We could have found directly equations (54) by applying formula (50) to the case of a common virtual displacement $$\delta x_{c}$$ imparted both to the electromagnetic system and to the gravitation field.

Finally the differential equations of the gravitation field and the formulae derived from them will be quite conform to those given by, if in $$Q$$ we substitute for $$H$$ the function he has chosen.

§ 16. The equations that have been deduced here, though mostly of a different form, correspond to those of. As to the covariancy, it exists in the case of equations (18), (24), (41), (42) and (44) for any change of coordinates. We can be sure of it because $$\mathrm{L}dS$$ is an invariant.

On the contrary the formulae (49), (53) and (54) have this property only when we confine ourselves to the systems of coordinates adapted to the gravitation field, which has recently considered. For these the covariancy of the formulae in question is a consequence of the invariancy of $$\delta\int HdS$$ which has proved by an ingenious mode of reasoning.

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100 heart-sorrow heavy. Heaven be thanked, Lord Eternal, for life extended that I on this head all hewn and bloody, after long evil, with eyes may gaze! —Go to the bench now! Be glad at banquet, warrior worthy! A wealth of treasure at dawn of day, be dealt between us!” Glad was the Geats’ lord, going betimes to seek his seat, as the Sage commanded. Afresh, as before, for the famed-in-battle, for the band of the hall, was a banquet dight nobly anew. The Night-Helm darkened dusk o’er the drinkers. The doughty ones rose: for the hoary-headed would hasten to rest, agéd Scylding; and eager the Geat, shield-fighter sturdy, for sleeping yearned. Him wander-weary, warrior-guest from far, a hall-thane heralded forth, who by custom courtly cared for all needs of a thane as in those old days warrior-wanderers wont to have. So slumbered the stout-heart. Stately the hall rose gabled and gilt where the guest slept on till a raven black the rapture-of-heaven blithe-heart boded. Bright came flying shine after shadow. The swordsmen hastened, athelings all were eager homeward forth to fare; and far from thence


text: On Hamilton's principle in Einstein's theory of gravitation


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 together, so this year I must learn how much of the real spirit of home, unity, cheerfulness, may be brought out when many members of a family are scattered. … Many of the workers are coming to Lincoln's Inn. If I do not see Ruskin I shall think that it represents the past year. I have had intercourse with him on all subjects connected with art. If I do see him, I shall hope that it is emblematic of the coming year; … it is a strange thing that the sad, hard-working, selfish should cling to the bright, radiant, generous.

Ladies' Guild, December 3rd, 1855. To.

Miss Harrison tells me that she thinks I may write to you.—I need not tell you how much pleasure it gives me to do so, especially to-day, as it is my birthday.

All is quiet, everyone asleep, the room empty, the fire out; but I never knew a more cheerful scene. Everything seems bright and blessed, to-day, for me. I trust that it is so, and always will be, for you; that, after many dark shadows, fearful changes, hard work, (if you ever know such) there shall come calm joy like this. And not only after, but in the darkness. You have heard about those last strange changes that have taken place among us. In the very heart of them, I felt most deeply conscious how very mighty all good must be; how little our weakness would hinder God's work. This conviction gave me whatever strength, courage, power, I have had. In proportion as I lost light of it, I have been weak, timid, and wavering.


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Rh the great-hearted guest would guide his keel. Bade then the hardy-one Hrunting be brought to the son of Ecglaf, the sword bade him take, excellent iron, and uttered his thanks for it, quoth that he counted it keen in battle, “war-friend” winsome: with words he slandered not edge of the blade: ’twas a big-hearted man! Now eager for parting and armed at point warriors waited, while went to his host that Darling of Danes. The doughty atheling to high-seat hastened and Hrothgar greeted.

Beowulf spake, bairn of Ecgtheow:— “Lo, we seafarers say our will, far-come men, that we fain would seek Hygelac now. We here have found hosts to our heart: thou hast harbored us well. If ever on earth I am able to win me


text: The Oldest English Epic/Chapter 1/Beowulf 25


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12 hero, the fire of genius flashed from his eyes, while his broad massive brow stamped him as a thinker, and his well-defined nose indicated that, he possessed sufficient force of character to enable him to carry his thoughts into execution.

With the aid of a little water from a neighbouring fountain, our heroine was quickly restored to consciousness, and on seeing that the roysterers had actually taken their departure, she looked languishingly at her lover and said:

"Are you then safe, my own dear Oliver?"

"Yes, safe, and what is more, victorious, my darling Mary: Take heart, dear love, for to-day our oppressors have received a terrible blow, and I have been placed in the position whereby I am entrusted with power, great power, power to carve out for Australia a great place among the nations of the world, and to render my name illustrious as a wise lawgiver and beneficent ruler"

On hearing these words from her loved one, Mary's bright hazel eyes looked the pride which she felt. As the lovers stood there in the moonlight, they looked a well-matched pair, he with his determined eagle-eyes and noble bearing, she with her fine form's graceful poise, which, with the sweetness of her face with its finely chiselled nose and dazzling white teeth, and her well-shaped head with its glorious crown of luxuriant brown hair, seemed to obtain added beauty and regal dignity from the pleasure with which she was filled by Oliver's words.

Mary pressed the hand of her lover, and walked slowly by his side, conversing with him in the language of lovers; and so absorbed in each other did Oliver and Mary become, that they failed to observe the actions of two ruffianly-looking men, who, keeping in the shadow of the houses, crept silently nearer and nearer to the amorous couple. They were armed with long sharp knives, and they carried them unsheathed in their hands.

Suddenly, with an oath, the bravos sprang upon the couple, and, felling Mary to the ground with a crushing blow, they turned their attention to Oliver, who, having been taken entirely by surprise, might have been there and then deprived of his life, had it not been or his great natural agility and enormous physical strength. Seizing the dagger of one of his would-be assassins, he wrenched it from his hand, and stabbed him to the heart. The bravo fell weltering in his gore and expired without a groan. Oliver then turned his attention to his other assailant, who, though somewhat unnerved by the fate of his companion, showed himself no mean antagonist, and proved himself a master of the art of wrestling, and a match for the man whose life he had determined to take. Oliver gripped the wrist of the hand which held his opponent's dagger, but found his own hand also held in a vice-like grip. The two powerful men swayed to and fro in each other's grasp, each thirsting for the blood of the other. Their veins stood out like whip-cord, and their breaths came hot, short and quick. Every trick known to the professional wrestler was in vain tried by Oliver, and he had almost begun to despair of success and to resign himself to his fate when Mary, who had recovered from the blow she had received, picked up

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text: Oliver Spence

title: Oliver Spence


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Rh danger has not been previously known; or that its position is inaccurately laid down on the chart; or that the ship has been drifted out of her proper course by unknown currents. That vessels are frequently lost, through one or other of these causes, there can be no doubt, yet it is no less true, that many others owe their destruction to ignorance or inadvertence.

Although our disaster might, in like manner, be easily ascribed either to currents, erroneous charts, or recent-formed coral reefs, yet it must be confessed, that we were not entirely free from blame.—1st. We gave a reef on the larboard hand too wide a berth, and, in consequence, the fair channel being very narrow, we (assisted partly by the tide,) approached too near the reef on the starboard, off which the ship was lost.—2dly, We ought to have passed to the northward of the reef, where there was not only much more sea-room; but where, by our being between the sun and the reef, its limits and detached patches, (from the beautiful green appearance, contrasted, when viewed in such an aspect, with the dark blue of the deep water,) would have been much more easily and accurately discerned. This error was committed by our wish to avoid going round about, so that we might reach Halfway Island before the sun got too far a-head.—3dly, In such an intricate navigation, we ought not to have carried such a press of sail; for, if the ship had not been going with such velocity, it must be evident, she would not have struck with so much force, and,

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56, there might have been some chance of getting her again afloat, before she became irreparably injured.

These errors being thus stated as a warning to others; I cannot conclude without mentioning, that no person could have paid more devoted and unremitted attention, in every respect, to his duty than Captain Young, who is a good practical seaman, and a very superior navigator. He was ably assisted by his chief mate, Mr. Underwood, a young man possessing every requisite to form that inestimable character—a thorough-bred seaman;—But any encomium of mine may be deemed superfluous—a more correct estimate of both their characters being easily formed from the fact, that the strictest discipline, order, and regularity, were preserved after the shipwreck; and, in consequence of this, and of their other well-directed exertions, assisted by Divine Providence, all hands reached a distant friendly port, in safety.

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text: Narrative of a Voyage Round the World (Wilson)/Chapter 3


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already mentioned that we were kindly received by the Resident of Coupang. He was in very low spirits, not only on account of having lately been bereft of his wife; but also from a more recent affliction he had experienced, by the death of his pastor, friend, and counsellor, the Rev. Mr. Le Brun, who had unexpectedly fallen a victim to an insidious fever a few days before our arrival.

Under the influence of these depressing events, the Resident lived quite retired: he expressed to me his regret that I had not arrived a little earlier, as he thought the assistance of a British surgeon might have saved the life of his much-valued friend, who had not received the advantage of medical attendance during his illness, in consequence of the only surgeon, in whom dependence could be placed, having been, a short time previously, carried off by an attack of a similar disease.

The day after our arrival, we received a polite

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58 to dine with Mr. Teilmann, Secretary to Government, who had invited all the Europeans, of any note in port, to meet us. At the time appointed (3 P.M.), Captain Young, Messrs. Radford, Underwood, Owen, and myself, repaired to his hospitable abode, where we found a considerable number already assembled, forming a large circle in the cool and spacious verandah, each individual occupying an easy arm-chair, smoking cigars, and puffing care away.

After our introduction, which was performed with much formality, we were invited to take a cigar, and a glass of wine or spirits before dinner. This appears to be a common custom here, as the attendants, without being called, waited on us, one with cigars, another with a lighted stick, and a third with wine, spirits, and water. The company being all arrived, dinner was announced, and after a little ceremony, we were all comfortably seated at table, on which was tastefully spread an abundance of choice and well-cooked viands, whose savoury odour might tempt the most fastidious appetite;—it is therefore not to be wondered at, that our eyes wandered over the various dishes with more than epicurean delight.

Fish of several kinds,—soups, including the birds'-nest and trepang, together with many other equally rich items, having been partaken of,—our worthy host called out with a loud voice "Bo ma kanna!" which, being interpreted, signifies "Bring dinner." To us, who had lately fared so scantily, it seemed strange, and

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Rh somewhat absurd, that such rich and delicious food, of which several had so liberally partaken, should not even be considered as a part of dinner. We were no less astonished to find, in this semi-barbarous place, people who had skill to prepare, and taste to enjoy, dainties well deserving the admiration of the most refined apician connoisseurs.

The attendants, also, who were numerous, gave an additional zest to the entertainment, by performing their office with promptitude and good will. In such circumstances, it was difficult to act in conformity with the precept of Celsus ; but as the one part of it had been broken from necessity, it was deemed fair and just on our part to break the other from choice, and carpere diem while it was in our power.

After dinner, the bottle circulated freely, and several who had until now been very silent, began to show symptoms of the Cacoethes loquendi; but as the conversation was carried on either in Dutch or Malayese, I could not derive much advantage from it. Having consumed no inconsiderable quantity of well-cooled claret, we retired from table, and enjoyed our coffee under the verandah; after which, some took leave,—others remained to smoke cigars, and drink brandy and water.

In the mean time, the interests of the sailors, who were comfortably lodged in Fort Concordia, were not

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60 forgotten; but it was not long before they began to make complaints of the roguery of the person who had contracted to supply them with provisions. On inquiry, there did not appear any just cause of complaint, and the contractor (a native dealer) was so annoyed by their groundless accusation, that he declined having anything more to do with them; when the Serjeant of the Fort, an Amboynese, undertook the office of purveyor.

There being no notary public, nor, indeed, anything in the shape of a lawyer in Coupang, Captain Young could not get a protest drawn up according to legal form; but, deeming it prudent to make some public statement, relative to the circumstances attending the loss of the vessel, as early as possible, he did so in a clear and concise manner, and the Secretary lent his assistance to give it some formality.

The two boats were then advertised to be sold by auction, for the benefit of the underwriters. The long-boat, if it had been in good condition, and sound, would have sold well, as it was of a convenient size and form to trade along the coast. Before the sale, however, a Chinese carpenter was sent to inspect the boats, who soon discovered the defective worm-eaten state of the long boat; and, in consequence, at the sale it only brought 175 dollars, while the skiff, being in a sound state, sold for 180. The first was purchased by the Collector of Customs, a son of the Resident; and the other by Mr. Bechade, a French merchant, whose

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Rh polite and friendly attention to us will be long and gratefully remembered.

From the shortness of my visit, and the peculiar circumstances attending it, I could not obtain much information respecting the Island of Timor, which, from its geographical position and natural productions, is deserving of far greater notice than it has yet received. The Dutch, however, have, it would appear, viewed it as of small consideration, in comparison with their other oriental insular possessions. Yet, they have, with characteristic prudence, taken care that its various capabilities should be kept in the shade, lest their trading rivals might be tempted to break the tenth commandment.

Although, from the above-mentioned causes, I have little information to communicate, yet the following cursory observations relative to Coupang may not be deemed altogether unimportant.

This town, the principal settlement of the Dutch, is situated on the south side of a capacious bay, near the western extremity of the island; where vessels of any burden may anchor in safety, excepting when the N.W. monsoon blows; in which season they usually find convenient shelter-under the lee of a small adjacent island named Pulo Semao.

The view of the town from the anchorage does not impress the stranger with a very favourable idea of the industry or enterprise of its inhabitants;—on the left bank of a small rapid river is a madreporic

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63 rock of some elevation, whereon is built Fort Concordia, which commands the town, and may thereby keep it, and the various aboriginal tribes, in awe; but being completely commanded by more elevated ground to the westward, it could not be of much avail in repelling the hostile attacks of a disciplined force. To the eastward of the fort, on which the Dutch flag waves, a few red roofs of houses may be perceived here and there, sprinkled among the trees. To the westward of the fort, at a little distance, may be observed a considerable number of fishermen's huts, in a little cove, shaded by the cocoa and palmyra palms. On approaching nearer to the town, its aspect improves a little. The residence of Mr. Bechade,—a Chinese temple, and some other pretty fair buildings, tend to embellish the Marina, where a commodious inn, now nearly completed, will be of much advantage to strangers.

The principal street, parallel with the right bank of the river, contains some good houses, a few of which are in repair, but by far the greater part are more or less dilapidated. Here are situated the Church, and the habitations of the Resident, the Secretary, and others connected with Government. Rows of trees on each side of the street, being without their usual attendants, canals, afford an agreeable shade, without being detrimental to health.

The other streets, if they deserve the name, are narrow and crooked, and the houses formed chiefly of bamboo. The town is well supplied with water from

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Rh the river, which is fresh at a very little distance from its mouth. The principal part of the town is on the right bank, but there is a considerable number of houses on the left bank also, and a communication exists by means of a bamboo bridge.

The river rises from the mountains to the southward, at no great distance from the bay. Its banks for several miles are cultivated; and, viewed from the rising ground behind the town, they have a very picturesque appearance. The steep shelving sides, in which rice is chiefly grown, are formed into terraces, and well irrigated. At the bottom of the glen (as it may be called), the cocoa, the palmyra, the banana, the bead-fruit, the orange, and the lemon tree, flourish luxuriantly, and diffuse an air of happiness and plenty around the peaceful-looking habitations, which are strewed pretty thickly on both sides of the river.

It may appear almost incredible, that notwithstanding the length of time (upwards of 200 years) this place has been colonised, there is not a carriage road of any description, excepting one along the sea-shore, about a mile in length, leading to the villas of the Resident and Secretary. There are several bridle paths, which, not having received the smallest assistance from art, are very indifferent, and to those unaccustomed to them, exceeding irksome and fatiguing. During my short excursions into the country, I could not help reflecting, how different it would have appeared, had it been a tithe of the time under British sway.

As Coupang has lately been made a free port, it is

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User:Ret.Prof/Christian Oral Tradition

This is not a Wikisource article: It is an individual user's work in progress page. See Paralipomena and also History of the Hebrew Gospel

title: User:Ret.Prof/Christian Oral Tradition


text:
The Ballads of Marko Kraljević/Marko Kraljević and Musa the Outlaw

Марко Краљевић и Муса кесеџија


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Parker, Ely Samuel


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Parker, Foxhall Alexander


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 They may chain our tongues and hands to a great degree, forbid us to read the Bible together, &c., but no human power can check the influence which continual sacrifice has; no one can hinder the conviction that these children are gaining,—all Love can overcome Evil. This is a Gospel which will prepare them for that more personal one, which these people will teach!

You ask what Miranda and I intend to do. Andy is teaching in the morning, and teaching my children in the afternoon. I am working here, where I will continue, as long as ever I have any strength, or as long as I am permitted to do so. My whole life is bound in with this Society. Every energy I possess belongs to it. If I leave here, I intend to continue to support myself if possible, if I can keep body and soul together. I have just completed some work for Ruskin. When I take it home, I intend to learn whether he thinks it of any use for me to go on drawing; whether there is any hope of employment; if so, I shall devote all spare time to it. If not, I intend to begin to study with all energy, to qualify myself as a governess; resting sure that whatever work offers itself may be done well, may become a blessed, noble, occupation.

I wish I could convey to you any impression of the picture I have seen to-day. Yes, if I could impart to anyone my own perception of the picture, could only let them have an opportunity of looking at it for as long as I did, I should have done something worth living for. That union of the truth with the ideal is perfect, solemn, glorious, awful and mighty. It will I trust never fade from my memory.


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 December 4th, 1855.

Thank you for all kind messages about us, or to us. I wish I could tell you about my children, of the blessed spirit which they are beginning to show continually. I wish I could tell you of the kindness of all our friends; above all I hope that you do possess that strong confidence in a great spirit of love, that you do see the effects of its strength in those, whoever they may be, for whom and with whom you have worked, a confidence not based on fiction or fancy, but on experience, on a clear perception of motives. I have had that faith for some years; but I am sure we shall all look back to this crisis as to a time which has tried, proved, and strengthened it. No one need suspect us of blinding ourselves to the existence of selfishness; our life would not permit it; but oh the joy, after a life of many sorrows, many changes, in which either no friends did stand by us, or we had not the power to see that they did, to see at last the time arrived when numbers of arms are stretched out to save us,—this is glorious! But, above and beyond the delight of gratitude for sympathy, what a blessing it is to feel how much there is in men that is generous, affectionate, sympathetic; to know that, if you are no longer to encourage this spirit among those with whom you have lived so long, God can and will strengthen it. If you may no longer bow before those with whom you live, when you see their wonderful nobleness, struggling with adverse circumstances, no longer learn humility from them, God himself will teach you in other places, and by other means. You dare leave all your labour to Him, because He has given you whatever of a right spirit you have exercised in it.


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 Ladies' Guild, December 7th, 1855.

I have been trying to write to you every night, but have been too sleepy. It is now luncheon time, so I must not write much … I did indeed spend a glorious day on Monday. Emma Cons and I walked to Dulwich. Oh the delight of the frosty morning! the beautiful leaves as they peeped out from the banks! As we passed Ruskin's house, it seemed wrapped in mist; just as we came up, the sun broke out behind the house, which, however, quite shaded the garden, except that one ray darted thro' the glass doors of the hall, and pierced the darkest depths of the steady cedars; then on to Dulwich, where we met Miss Harris. I wrote a letter asking Ruskin to let us see his pictures. We drove to his house, sent the letter in; the answer was that the ladies were to be shown in. "Crawley" took us into the dining room and stirred the fire; the room was papered with red flock paper, and there were a number of almost purple leather chairs and a number of pictures. Crawley led us up to one saying, "This is the Slave Ship." Oh, you do not know how often I have read Ruskin's description of this picture, and have hoped that it was in his possession: I had not remembered it, however, since I had heard of this promised visit. It was such a surprise. I looked at it for some time; then I just looked at the other pictures in the room; one was the "Grand Canal at Venice" by Turner, which I hardly saw. There was a sketch by Tintoret of a doge at his prayers, very beautiful, with a picture of the second coming of Christ; the large picture, for which this was a study, is now in Venice. There were two or three William Hunts, two or three


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 by Prout, who you know now paints architecture so beautifully. Crawley said, "Perhaps you can find enough to amuse (!!!) you for twenty minutes, until our other rooms are disengaged." Of course I was delighted; but, having once really looked at the Slave Ship, it was impossible to turn to anything else. I must not attempt to describe it, Ruskin having done so; … Crawley returned but too soon; told us about the other pictures, pointed out a figure of "our Saviour which Mr. Ruskin thinks a great deal of." Had he not done so, I should be standing before the Slave Ship now. Ruskin sent down a very kind message. I did not hear whether it was "his kind regards" as I was thinking; but the end of the message was "he would have been very glad to have come down to shew us the pictures himself, were it not that he was correcting his book, and had been much delayed by a severe cold." And then we went thro' three more rooms, and the hall full of pictures, which I had not time to see properly, but which remain in my memory like a bright vivid dream; quiet lakes with a glow of colour, cities in moonlight, and lighted with a wonderful glow of furnace light; emerging, wild, fantastically shaped grey clouds, blown by evening winds leaving the sky one glow of sunset light; fairs all bright; with an old cathedral quietly watching impetuous waves dancing against lonely rocks; solemn bays of massy rocks with a darkened line of evening sun against the sky; the sweep of the river beside rounded hills; but all done by an eye which sought for true beauty, not a line out of harmony, or that does not tell some precious tale. When I reached home W. said that Miss Sterling had called … "She said she was very glad you had taken a holiday." Well what do you suppose I did? I had dinner and set off


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Rh not included,) if it be so far described in its details as to be made available to others, must occupy a good deal of room. In the present volume after advancing some observations applicable to the home economy in general, I have gone no further than to open the subject of a systematic culture of the mind, by suggesting some methods for eliciting, and for enriching, those faculties that are passive, and recipient chiefly, and which, as they are developed early demand the teacher's attention before the time when any strenuous labours ought to be exacted from children.

I wish to secure the attention of some who may be my readers to a point, adverted to more than once in the course of the volume, namely, that although the phrase—Home Education—understood in its primary import, means, of course, the education of a family under the paternal roof; yet, the principles and the methods of instruction propounded in this work are, I hope, such as, with more or less modification, may be applied in all cases where the number assembled around a teacher does not greatly exceed the limits of a large family.

In advancing, as I am now doing the principles and methods of, it would give me much uneasiness to find myself so far misunderstood, as for it to be inferred that I assign


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Parker, Francis Wayland


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394 supervening on his decease, has acquired a posthumous notoriety, which no condition of his life, or characteristics of his own, ever entitled him to. As a boy and youth he was very docile, and rather (as was very naturally to be expected) stupid and dull of apprehension. He never attended any public school, but an attempt was made by the catechist to teach him with the other children, an attempt which proved him a signal failure. Lanny or Lannie is, you will find, an aboriginal verb of the western tribe of Tasmania, signifying to fight or strike. How it came to be applied to the family I know not; it is certain they showed no fight when cleverly captured in the act of robbing in a shepherd's hut on the Cape Grim property of the Van Diemen's Land Company, shortly before the date at which I first saw them in H.M. gaol at Launceston. They were taken, I believe, between Mount Cameron and the Arthur River, on the west coast. . . . The aboriginal race of Tasmania possessed, in common with wild natives of other regions, great acuteness of vision at long distances; and to this faculty, rather than to any general fitness as a sailor, must be attributed the employment of Billy, and of many Polynesians of equally low development, on board whaling ships, where a keen eye at the mast-head is often worth a mint of money."

William Lanné afterwards sojourned with his own people at Oyster Cove. He then contracted an acquaintance with boat-men and sailors. Ultimately he became a whaler, and for years sailed from Hobart Town in the Aladdin, Jolly in habits as well as in appearance, he was always a favourite with his fellow-seamen, and was received with enthusiasm by the old ladies of the settlement whenever he paid them a visit As the youngest and handsomest of their tribes, they were loud in their praises of him to me. Consorting with the Europeans, and having no mate among his colour, it is not remarkable that he should have found fault with the excellent photograph copied in this work, and told Mr. Woolley, the artist, that it was "too black" for him.

Lanné continued cruising about for years. I never heard that her Gracious Majesty invited him to dine with her, although he had supposed, should he ever visit England, that compliment might have been paid to him as the last sovereign of his ancient race. It was some consolation to receive her smiles

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Rh indirectly, being warmly greeted by her son, the Duke of Edinburgh, in January 1868. Clad in a blue suit, with a gold-lace band round his cap, he walked proudly with the Prince on the Hobart Town regatta ground, conscious that they alone were in possession of royal blood.

A couple of months after Lanné went whaling again. He returned in the Runnymede in February of the present year, bloated and unhealthy. For several days he complained of sickness. On the Friday he was suddenly seized with choleraic diarrhœa, and his system was unable to bear up against the attack. The following day he attempted to dress himself, with a view of proceeding to the hospital for treatment, but the exertion overcame him, and he fell dead on the bed. The Hobart Town Mercury of March 5th, 1869, has this melancholy record:—

"He had an unfortunate propensity for beer and rum, and was seldom sober when on shore. He was paid off on Saturday last, when he received a balance of wages and lay amounting to 12l. 13s. 5d. He took up his residence at the 'Dog and Partridge' public-house, at the corner of Goulburn and Barrack streets, and died from a severe attack of English cholera, as described by us yesterday. His body was removed to the Colonial Hospital on Wednesday night, March 3d, where it awaits burial, and to-morrow the grave will close over the last male aboriginal of Tasmania."

The circumstances attending this funeral were very remarkable. From my friend Mr. J. W. Graves, barrister in Hobart Town, I received letters relative to this extraordinary affair. A true friend of the Tasmanians, he endeavoured to make the occasion of national significance, and wished to see the Governor with other officials pay the last mark of respect to the Last Man of the Aborigines. But the Hobart Town Mercury, of March 8th, gives the following particulars:—

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Page:Dictionary of spoken Russian (1945).djvu/468

 перед школой. The children themselves planted a garden in front of the school. □ В прошлом году его разбил паралич. He had a paralytic stroke last year.

-ся to break. Это зеркало разбилось при перевозке. This mirror was broken in moving.

разбойник robber; rascal.

разболеться (pct of разбаливаться) to get sick. Смотрите — не разболейтесь! Be careful you don't get sick! □ У меня сильно разболелась голова от этого дыма. The place was so full of smoke I got a headache.

разбор analysis. Мы делали разбор этого романа на вчерашнем уроке. We made an analysis of this story at yesterday's class. • discrimination. Они приглашают всех без разбору. They invite everybody without discrimination. □ Мы попали туда к шапочному разбору. We came toward the very end of the gathering. • Он читает всё без разбору. He'll read anything.

разбрасывать (dur of разбросать).

разбросать (pct of разбрасывать) to scatter. Вы опять мне все бумаги разбросали. You scattered all my papers again.

разбудить (-бужу, -будит; pct of будить) to wake up. Разбудите меня в восемь часов. Wake me up at eight o'clock.

разбужу See разбудить.

разваливать (dur of развалить) to break up. Неужели вам не жалко разваливать хорошо налаженный апарат? Don't you feel sorry for breaking up a good working unit?

-ся to fall apart. Наш дом необходимо отремонтировать, он совсем разваливается. Our house needs renovation; it's falling apart.

развалина ruin. Когда его вытащили из-под развалин, он ещё дышал. He was still breathing when they picked him up from the ruins. • wreck. За последний год он совсем превратился в развалину. He's become a physical wreck in the last year.

развалить (-валю, валит; pct of разваливать) to tear down. Эту стену придётся развалить. We'll have to tear down this wall.

-ся to be broken down. Наш забор совсем развалился. Our fence is all broken down. • to fall to pieces. Мой сапоги вот-вот развалятся. My boots are just about falling to pieces. • to sprawl. Он сидел, развалившись в кресле. He sprawled all over the armchair. • to go to pot. После его отъезда наш кружок развалился. After he left, our group went to pot.

разве why. А вы разве этого не читали? Why, haven't you read it? • really. Разве вы не знакомы? Don't you really know each other? • maybe. Скучно! Разве в кино пойти? I'm bored. Maybe I'll go to the movies. • unless. Я непременно приду — разве только заболею. I'll surely come unless I get sick. • possibly. У нас в городе всякие развлечения имеются, кроме, разве, балета. We have all kinds of entertainment in our town, except possibly ballet. □ Разве вы не можете отложить вашей поездки? Can't you postpone your trip? • Разве вы не знаете, что здесь курить воспрещается? You know you're not allowed to smoke here, don't you?

разведка reconnaissance. На рассвете мы отправились в разведку. We went out on reconnaissance at dawn. • search. Тут производили разведку на нефть. They made a search for oil in this region.

разведчик scout. Разведчик полз на животе. The scout was crawling on his stomach.

разведу See развести.

развёл See развести.

развернуть (ppp -вёрнутый; pct of развёртывать) to unroll. Разверните этот кусок материи. Unroll this piece of cloth. • to open. Погодите, дайте развернуть пакет. Wait, let me open the package. • to turn around. Тут трудно развернуть машину — улица слишком узкая. It's hard to turn a car around here; the street is too narrow. • to develop. За эти годы мы широко развернули военную промышленность. We developed our war industries extensively during these years. • to outline. Докладчик развернул огромную программу строительства. The lecturer outlined the great building program.

развёрстка distribution.

развёртывать (dur of развернуть).

развести (-веду, -дёт; p -вёл, -вела, -о, -и; pap -ведший; pct of разводить) to mix. Разведите порошок в воде. Mix the powder in water. • to dilute. Они, видно, забыли развести этот спирт и прямо так и подали. They evidently forgot to dilute the alcohol and served it that way. □ развести мост to raise a drawbridge. Сейчас разведут мост. They're about to raise the drawbridge. развести огонь to start a fire. Наконец, нам удалось развести огонь и хоть немного согреться. Finally, we started the fire and warmed ourselves up a bit. □ Он развёл детей по домам. He took the children to their homes. • Паровоз развёл пары. The locomotive got up steam. • Развели в доме грязь, сил нет! They made such a mess in the house I just can't stand it. • Он только руками развёл. He made a helpless gesture with his hands.

-сь to divorce. Я развёлся с женой три года тому назад. I divorced my wife three years ago. □ Сколько тут у вас мышей развелось — просто беда! It's just awful! You have more mice now than you've ever had.

развивать (dur of развить) to describe. Он мне вчера долго развивал свой план расширения завода. Yesterday he described to me at great length his plan for enlarging the plant.

-ся to develop. Гражданская авиация быстро развивается за последние годы. Civilian aviation has developed greatly in the last few years.

развилина See развилка.

развилка fork of a road.

развитие development. Я с волнением следил за развитием событий. I was anxiously watching the development of events. — Она поражает всех необычайным для её возраста развитием. Her mental development is so unusual for her age that she amazes everyone.

развить (разовью, -вьёт; imv развей; p развила; развился, -лась, -лось, -лись; ppp развитый, sh F -вита; pct of развивать) to develop. Мы предполагаем в этом году значительно развить производство часов. We intend to develop the watchmaking industry greatly this year. — Он блестяще развил эту мысль в своём докладе. He developed this idea brilliantly in his report.

-ся to develop. От танцев у неё очень развились мускулы ног. Dancing developed her leg muscles a great deal. • to mature. Как он развился за последний год! He certainly matured this past year. • to shape up. Посмотрим,


text:
The Poets' Chantry/Gerard Hopkins

                <pages index="The Poet's Chantry" from="The Poet's Chantry pg 085.jpg" to="The Poet's Chantry pg 085.jpg" /> <pages index="The Poet's Chantry" from="The Poet's Chantry pg 086.jpg" to="The Poet's Chantry pg 086.jpg" /> <pages index="The Poet's Chantry" from="The Poet's Chantry pg 087.jpg" to="The Poet's Chantry pg 087.jpg" /> <pages index="The Poet's Chantry" from="The Poet's Chantry pg 088.jpg" to="The Poet's Chantry pg 088.jpg" />

title: The Poets' Chantry/Gerard Hopkins


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Page:The complete poems of Emily Bronte.djvu/198

142 XXXIV

busy day has hurried by,

And hearts greet kindred hearts once more;

And swift the evening hours should fly,

But, what turns every gleaming eye

So often to the door?

And then so quick away?—And why

Does sudden silence chill the room?

And laughter sink into a sigh,

And merry words to whispers die,

And gladness change to gloom?

Oh, we are listening for a sound,

We know, shall ne'er be heard again;

Sweet voices in the halls resound,

Fair forms, fond faces gather round,

But all in vain, in vain.

Their feet shall never waken more

The echoes in those galleries wide,

Nor dare the snow on mountain's brow,

Nor skim the river's frozen flow,

Nor wander down its side.

They who have been our life, our soul,

Through summer youth from childhood's spring,

Who bound us in one vigorous whole

To stand 'gainst Tyranny's control

For ever triumphing:


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Rh Who bore the brunt of battle's fray,

The first to fight, the last to fall,

Whose mighty minds with kindred lay,

Still led the van in glory's way

The idol chiefs of all.

They, they are gone! Not for a while,

As golden suns at night decline,

And e'en in death our grief beguile,

Foretelling with a rose-red smile

How bright the morn will shine.

No; these dark towers are lone and lorn;

This very crowd is vacancy;

And we must watch and wait and mourn

And half look out for their return;

And think their forms we see.

And fancy music in our ear,

Such as their lips could only pour,

And think we feel their presence near,

And start to find they are not here;

And never shall be more!


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144 XXXV

now the house-dog stretched once more

His limbs upon the glowing floor;

The children half resume their play,

Though from the warm hearth scared away;

The goodwife left her spinning-wheel

And spread with smiles the evening meal;

The shepherd placed a seat and pressed

To their poor fare his unknown guest,

And he unclasped his mantle now,

And raised the covering from his brow,

Said, voyagers by land and sea

Were seldom feasted daintily,

And cheered his host by adding stern

He'd no refinement to unlearn.

A silence settled on the room,

The cheerful welcome sank to gloom;

But not those words, though cold or high,

So froze their hospitable joy.

No—there was something in his face,

Some nameless thing which hid not grace,

And something in his voice's tone

Which turned their blood as chill as stone.

The ringlets of his long black hair

Fell o'er a cheek most ghastly fair.

Youthful he seemed—but worn as they

Who spend too soon their youthful day.

When his glances dropped, 'twas hard to quell

Unbidden feelings' hidden swell;


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Rh And Pity scarce her tears could hide,

So sweet that brow with all its pride.

But when upraised his eye would dart

An icy shudder through the heart,

Compassion changed to horror then,

And fear to meet that gaze again.

It was not hatred's tiger-glare,

Nor the wild anguish of despair;

It was not either misery

Which quickens friendship's sympathy;

No—lightning all unearthly shone

Deep in that dark eye's circling zone,

Such withering lightning as we deem

None but a spirit's look may beam;

And glad were all when he turned away

And wrapt him in his mantle grey,

And hid his head upon his arm,

And veiled from view his basilisk charm.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ellora

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ellora


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ellore

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ellore


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ellsworth, Oliver


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Rh XLVIII

the same place, when nature wore

The same celestial glow,

I'm sure I've seen these forms before

But many springs ago;

But only he had locks of light

And she had raven hair;

While now, his curls are dark as night

And hers as morning fair.

Besides, I've dreamt of tears whose traces

Will never more depart;

Of agony that fast effaces

The verdure of the heart.

I dreamt one sunny day like this,

In this peerless month of May,

I saw her give th' unanswered kiss

As his spirit passed away.

Those young eyes that so sweetly shine

Then looked their last adieu,

And pale death changed that cheek divine

To his unchanging hue.

And earth was cast above the breast

That once beat warm and true,

Where her heart found a living rest

That moved responsively.


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172 Then she, upon the covered grave,

The grass-grown grave, did lie,

A tomb not girt by English wave

Nor arched by English sky.

The sod was sparkling bright with dew,

But brighter still with tears;

That welled from mortal grief, I knew

Which never heals with years.

And if he came not for her woe,

He would not now return;

He would not leave his sleep below,

When she had ceased to mourn.

O Innocence, that cannot live

With heart-wrung anguish long,

Dear childhood's innocence forgive,

For I have done thee wrong!

The bright rosebuds, those hawthorn shrouds

Within their perfumed bower,

Have never closed beneath a cloud,

Nor bent beneath a shower.

Had darkness once obscured their sun

Or kind dew turned to rain,

No storm-cleared sky that ever shone

Could win such bliss again.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ellsworth

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ellsworth


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ellwangen

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ellwangen


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ellwood, Thomas


text:
President Obama - It Gets Better

President Obama - It Gets Better

PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA

THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON, D.C.

October 21, 2010 It Gets Better Video Transcript

Remarks of President Barack Obama

Video for the “It Gets Better” Project

Washington, DC

Like all of you, I was shocked and saddened by the deaths of several young people who were bullied and taunted for being gay, and who ultimately took their own lives. As a parent of two daughters, it breaks my heart. It’s something that just shouldn’t happen in this country.

We’ve got to dispel the myth that bullying is just a normal rite of passage – that it’s some inevitable part of growing up. It’s not. We have an obligation to ensure that our schools are safe forall of our kids. And to every young person out there you need to know that if you’re in trouble, there are caring adults who can help.

I don’t know what it’s like to be picked on for being gay. But I do know what it’s like to grow up feeling that sometimes you don’t belong. It’s tough. And for a lot of kids, the sense of being alone or apart – I know can just wear on you. And when you’re teased or bullied, it can seem like somehow you brought it on yourself – for being different, or for not fitting in with everybody else.

But what I want to say is this. You are not alone. You didn’t do anything wrong. You didn’t do anything to deserve being bullied. And there is a whole world waiting for you, filled with possibilities. There are people out there who love you and care about you just the way you are. And so, if you ever feel like because of bullying, because of what people are saying, that you’re getting down on yourself, you’ve got to make sure to reach out to people you trust. Whether it’s your parents, teachers, folks that you know care about you just the way you are. You’ve got to reach out to them, don’t feel like you’re in this by yourself.

The other thing you need to know is, things will get better. And more than that, with time you’re going to see that your differences are a source of pride and a source of strength. You’ll look back on the struggles you’ve faced with compassion and wisdom. And that’s not just going to serve you, but it will help you get involved and make this country a better place.

It will mean that you’ll be more likely to help fight discrimination – not just against LGBT Americans, but discrimination in all its forms. It means you’ll be more likely to understand personally and deeply why it’s so important that as adults we set an example in our own lives and that we treat everybody with respect. That we are able to see the world through other people’s eyes and stand in their shoes – that we never lose sight of what binds us together.

As a nation we’re founded on the belief that all of us are equal and each of us deserves the freedom to pursue our own version of happiness; to make the most of our talents; to speak our minds; to not fit in; most of all, to be true to ourselves. That’s the freedom that enriches all of us. That’s what America is all about. And every day, it gets better.

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title: President Obama - It Gets Better


text: Category:It Gets Better Project

title: Category:It Gets Better Project


text:
Page:Wiltshire, Extracted from Domesday Book.djvu/583

[ 535 ] is a furlong quare. It was valued at 20 hillings; now at 35.

28. Warinus, the bow-man, holds Celewrde, Edric held it T. R. E. and it was aeed at 1 hides. Here are 2 ploughlands. One of them is in demene with 4 borderers. Here are 8 acres of meadow, and 10 acres of wood. It was, and is, worth 40 hillings.

29. Croc holds half a hide in Stoche. Here is half a ploughland. It is worth 10 hillings.

30. Wilelmus, the horn-blower, holds Wicheford. Avitius held it T. R. E. and it was aeed at 2 hides. Here are 2 ploughlands. And 3 villagers and 3 borderers occupy 1 ploughland. The mill pays 15 hillings. Here are 8 acres of meadow. It was, and is, worth 40 hillings.

31. Edwardus holds a yardland in Alwarberie. Bode held it T. R. E. It is worth 40 pence.

FINIS.


text:
Page:Wiltshire, Extracted from Domesday Book.djvu/305

[ 257 ] XXV.

1. Ernulfus de Heding holds Chivele. Brixi held it T.R.E. and it was then aeed at 16 hides. Seven hides are in demene, where are 6 ploughlands and 10 ervants. Eighteen villagers and 14 borderers occupy 12 ploughlands. Two mills let for 5 hillings. Here are 16 acres of meadow. The pature is half a mile quare. The wood is a mile and a half long, and a quarter of a mile broad. The manor is worth 16 pounds. When it came to Ernulfus it was worth 20 pounds, excepting the upport of 2 oldiers, which was due from the manor.

2. The ame Ernulfus holds 3 hides and a yardland in Poterne, which T.R.E. were aeed with the manor of Poterne. Omund, bihop of Salibury, claims thee lands. Algar, who T.R.E. held them, could not be removed from the church. Robert holds them under Rh


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Elmacin, George


text:
Vice President Biden - It Gets Better

Vice President Biden - It Gets Better

VICE PRESIDENT JOE BIDEN

THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON, D.C.

October 21, 2010 It Gets Better Video Transcript

Remarks of Vice President Biden

Video for the “It Gets Better” Project

Washington, DC

Hey, thanks for giving me a chance to say a few words to you. I want to start off by saying, first and foremost, I'm proud of you. There's not a single thing about you that's not normal, good and decent. And you're not alone. There are tens of millions of people around the world, and millions of people right here in America—and people right in your neighborhood—who may be or are perceived to be gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender; they're normal people. But so many people in your circumstance are experiencing being bullied or ridiculed and I know it's not only hurtful, but sometimes it can be literally frightening. And there's absolutely no justification for it.

Just remember what this woman named Eleanor Roosevelt, president Roosevelt's wife, she once said, "No one can make you feel inferior without your consent." Don't give your consent. Look around you. Look at the people who are the bullies. They're the same ones that are making fun of every other kid in your class who has something different about him or her. They made fun of me because I stuttered and it hurt. The only thing all of us had in common is that we were the vehicles to be used by those losers to try to make themselves feel superior. It's not about you, it's about them.

Folks, it's hurtful and sometimes it's really hard to understand that it's the bully who's really the inferior one. That doesn't make it any easier for you. It doesn't make it hurt any less. It doesn't make the fear go away. But I came to understand because of my mother and father that the fact that I stuttered didn't make me less bright, less worthy or less of a person as they tried to make me feel. It was the people who were making fun of me who were less worthy, less bright.

You know, although I didn't like it at the time, I now, as a grown man and Vice President of the United States, I look back on it now and realize it really was a godsend to me; it gave me so much self-confidence and it helped me grow. But most of all it made me more sensitive to see inside the hurts other people. I came out of it a much stronger person. And now when I look back, I see just how weak those bullies actually were.

One day, not long from now, you're going to look back on this time in your life and you'll be incredibly proud that you were able to get through it, too. And the rest of us will be incredibly grateful because you're the people who are going to grow up to be the adults who help society become more caring, more decent, more mature. You know what it's like so you won't do it to anybody else for any reason. You'll have the experience; you can empathize. You can use that to change attitudes and to change perceptions, to literally change the world.

And right now I know for many of you young folks, each day can be a struggle. I know for LGBT youth it can be especially hard and, on some days, it seems almost unbearable. But when you feel that way, think about what I'm saying to you. You have nothing to be ashamed of; you have every reason to be proud. Proud!

Don't let them take your self-worth away. Things do get better. You might not be able to see it right now, but it's there and it's waiting for you. I absolutely promise you that.

So fight through and keep going. You know, the life that lies ahead is so much greater than the difficulties that lie behind you. It will get better and I look forward to the day when all of you will be able to make us all feel better about ourselves as a country.

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title: Vice President Biden - It Gets Better


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Elmali

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Elmali