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xvii quarters far beyond the reach of suspicion or distrust, accounts of atrocities, in the perpetration of which upon neglected or repudiated children, these schools have been the main instruments, very far exceeding any that appear in these pages.

This comprises all I need say on the subject; except that if I had seen occasion, I had resolved to reprint a few of these details of legal proceedings, from certain old news papers.

One other quotation from the same Preface, may serve to introduce a fact that my readers may think curious.

"To turn to a more pleasant subject, it may be right to say, that there are two characters in this book which are drawn from life. It is remarkable that what we call the world, which is so very credulous in what professes to be true, is most incredulous in what professes to be imaginary; and that, while, every day in real life, it will allow in one man no blemishes, and in another no virtues, it will seldom admit a very strongly-marked character, either good or bad, in a fictitious narrative, to be within the limits of probability. But those who take an interest in this tale, will be glad to learn that the BROTHERS CHEERYBLE live; that their liberal chanty, their singleness of heart, their noble nature, and their unbounded benevolence, are no creations of the Author's brain; but are prompting every day (and oftenest by stealth) some munificent and generous deed in that town of which they are the pride and honour."

If I were to attempt to sum up the thousands of letters, from all sorts of people in all sorts of latitudes and climates, which this unlucky paragraph brought down upon me, I should get into an arithmetical difficulty from which I could not easily extricate myself. Suffice it to say, that I believe


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The Times/1933/Obituary/Robert Mackintosh

The Rev. Robert Mackintosh, D.D., who died at Kinrara, Whaley Bridge, on Sunday at the age of 74, exercised a great influence on a generation of students for the Congregational ministry. He was professor at the Lancashire Independent College, Whalley Range, Manchester, from 1894 till 1930. Dr. Mackintosh was educated at Glasgow University, where he took his M.A. degree. He then went to the new College, Edinburgh, for his Divinity course, and graduated B.D. at Edinburgh. Glasgow gave hi the degree of D.D. in recognition of his scholarly influence over his students. Before going to Manchester he was minister at Dumfries for four years. Dr. mackintosh took a deep interest in public affairs. For many years he was a member of the local Bible Society Committee. A memorial service will be held to-day in the College Chapel, Whalley Range.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 of Miss Katharine Tynan on "The Grave of Michael Dwyer":

There is a remarkable official testimony to the good qualities of the Irishmen who were exiled to Australia in the early days, that deserves to be dug out of the musty blue-book in which it has long been buried, and to be placed on permanent record. In 1819 Mr. John Thomas Bigge visited Australia in the capacity of special commissioner from King George III. to investigate the practical operation of the transportation system. He spent three years in making fall and exhaustive inquiries into every phase of the question; and in his final report, dated May 6th, 1822, occurs this significant and noteworthy passage:

"The convicts embarked in Ireland generally arrive in

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 had held up for a while. We saw two or three similar camps further on, forming a temporary suburb of Byrock.

The population was on the platform in old overcoats and damp, soft felt hats; one trooper in a waterproof. The population looked cheerfully and patiently dismal. The local push had evidently turned up to see off some fair enslavers from the city, who had been up-country for the cheque season, now over. They got into another carriage. We were glad when the bell rang.

The rain recommenced. We saw another swagman about a mile on struggling away from the town, through mud and water. He did not seem to have heart enough to bother about trying to avoid the worst mud-holes. There was a low-spirited dingo at his heels, whose sole object in life was seemingly to keep his front paws in his master's last footprint. The traveller's body was bent well forward from the hips up; his long arms―about six inches through his coat sleeves―hung by his sides like the arms of a dummy, with a billy at the end of one and a bag at the end of the other; but his head was thrown back against the top end of the swag, his hat-brim rolled up in front, and we saw a ghastly, beardless face which turned neither to the right nor the left as the train passed him.

After a long while we closed our book, and, looking through the window, saw a hawker's turn-out which was too sorrowful for description.

We looked out again while the train was going slowly, and saw a teamster's camp: three or four


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was raining―'general rain.'

The train left Bourke, and then there began the long, long agony of scrub and wire fence, with here and there a natural clearing, which seemed even more dismal than the funereal 'timber' itself. The only thing which might seem in keeping with one of these soddened flats would be the ghost of a funeral―a city funeral with plain hearse and string of cabs―going very slowly across from the scrub on one side to the scrub on the other. Sky like a wet, grey blanket; plains like dead seas, save for the tufts of coarse grass sticking up out of the water; scrub indescribably dismal―everything damp, dark, and unspeakably dreary.

Somewhere along here we saw a swagman's camp―a square of calico stretched across a horizontal stick, some rags steaming on another stick in front of a fire, and two billies to the leeward of the blaze. We knew by instinct that there was a piece of beef in the larger one. Small, hopeless-looking man standing with his back to the fire, with his hands behind him, watching the train; also, a damp, sorry-looking dingo warming itself and shivering by the fire. The rain 216


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29 red-leaved Rhagodia nutans, the sweet-smelling white flowering Alyxia buxifolia, and the handsome Composite, with Rosemary-like leaves Ozothamus turbinatus, and now scrambling down where a small declivity presents itself, at the immense risk of being immolated on the rocks beneath for our daring, we are once more on the sea beach, not without startling a splendid Wedge-tailed Eagle, which had evidently been in search of food here. He alights again not far off,—take this glass, and see what a splendid fellow he is, standing so proudly erect in his dark-brown coat, and with such vividly bright eyes. From the middle tail feathers exceeding the outer by some four inches, the tail has a wedge-shaped termination, from which the Eagle gets its popular name. The earliest account of this bird was given by Collins in his "English Colony in New South Wales, in 1802," but no mention is there made of the wedge-shaped tail. The individual there engraved was captured by Captain Waterhouse near Broken Bay, and showed his immense strength by sending his talons through a man's foot, whilst lying at the bottom of a boat with his feet tied. The head, too, is beautifully figured in Mitchell's "Australian Expeditions, and the brilliancy of the eye admirably delineated. We remember once at a pic-nic near this spot, whilst luncheon was being spread out on the grass, a splendid fellow hovering over us for some time, decamping only when a rifle ball was sent through his tail feathers, as an intimation not to try closer quarters, but little did he seem to heed this so courteous a message. Magpies are


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30 evidently at feud with this as with all birds of prey, and buffet him as he flies along Without making much impression.

The mode adopted by the Wedge-tailed Eagle of capturing the Opossum is interesting;—he goes to a hollow tree in which it is probable his victim may be located, and with his talons, scrapes the bark, until the Opossum becoming alarmed, rushes out and is soon pounced upon by its crafty foe. The natives aware of this ruse, resort to a similar plan; they take a piece of rough wood, and scrape it over the surface of the tree, with precisely the same results.

But the sun is over the yard-arm, so we, like other of our fellow-workers and travellers, cry "spell-ho," until our next chapter.


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 waggons covered with tarpaulins which hung down in the mud all round and suggested death. A long, narrow man, in a long, narrow, shoddy overcoat and a damp felt hat, was walking quickly along the road past the camp. A sort of cattle-dog glided silently and swiftly out from under a waggon, 'heeled' the man, and slithered back without explaining. Here the scene vanished.

We remember stopping―for an age it seemed―at half-a-dozen straggling shanties on a flat of mud and water. There was a rotten weatherboard pub, with a low, dripping verandah, and three wretchedly forlorn horses hanging, in the rain, to a post outside. We saw no more, but we knew that there were several apologies for men hanging about the rickety bar inside―or round the parlour fire. Streams of cold, clay-coloured water ran in all directions, cutting fresh gutters, and raising a yeasty froth whenever the water fell a few inches. As we left, we saw a big man in an overcoat riding across a culvert; the tails of the coat spread over the horse's rump, and almost hid it. In fancy still we saw him―hanging up his weary, hungry, little horse in the rain, and swaggering into the bar; and we almost heard someone say, in a drawling tone: ''Ello, Tom! 'Ow are yer poppin' up?'

The train stopped (for about a year) within a mile of the next station. Trucking-yards in the foreground, like any other trucking-yards along the line; they looked drearier than usual, because the rain had darkened the posts and rails. Small plain beyond, covered with water and tufts of grass. The


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31 CHAPTER V.

again starting, our party is reinforced by some friends who desire to be initiated into the wonders of the Sea-shore, and we ramble along ancle [sic] deep in the sea water, now enriching our own vasculum, and now explaining to some of the younger of our companions the habits and construction of many curious things with which they load themselves. One of them gathers some very beautiful Echini (Sea Eggs or Urchins) to which the spines are still adhering, and we save some for microscopic examination since they are important in the identification of species, varying probably in each. We mentioned before, (page 9), the peculiar suckers of the Starfishes, and those of the Sea-eggs are very similar. The beautiful (so called) shell of this creature is but little known, or it would surely be more appreciated; it is composed of five pieces admirably joined together, so as to form its habitation, and is perforated at each extremity by two large openings, one of which is the mouth, from which project five polished pointed teeth, better adapted, we should have thought, for large Molluscs than a vegetable diet of Algae and Desmidise. The calcareous plates (which are more easily examined when the spines are rubbed off), may be divided into two sets, varying as well in shape as in their use,—the larger being studded with hemispherical tubercles of


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, God-forgotten 'timber,' black in the distance; dull, grey sky and misty rain over all. A small, dark-looking flock of sheep was crawling slowly in across the flat from the unknown, with three men on horseback zig-zagging patiently behind. The horses just moved―that was all. One man wore an oilskin, one an old tweed overcoat, and the third had a three-bushel bag over his head and shoulders.

Had we returned an hour later, we should have seen the sheep huddled together in a corner of the yards, and the three horses hanging up outside the local shanty.

We stayed at Nyngan―which place we refrain from sketching―for a few hours, because the five trucks of cattle of which we were in charge were shunted there, to be taken on by a very subsequent goods train. The Government allows one man to every five trucks in a cattle-train. We shall pay our fare next time, even if we have not a shilling left over and above. We had haunted local influence at Comanavadrink, for two long, anxious, heart-breaking weeks ere we got the pass; and we had put up with all the indignities, the humiliation―in short, had suffered all that poor devils suffer whilst besieging Local Influence. We only thought of escaping from the bush.

The pass said that we were John Smith, drover, and that we were available for return by ordinary passenger-train within two days, we think―or words in that direction. Which didn't interest us. We might have given the pass away to an unemployed in Orange, who wanted to go Out Back, and who begged


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 for it with tears in his eyes; but we didn't like to injure a poor fool who never injured us―who was an entire stranger to us. He didn't know what Out Back meant.

Local Influence had given us a kind of note of introduction to be delivered to the cattle-agent at the yards that morning; but the agent was not there―only two of his satellites, a cockney colonial-experience man, and a scrub-town clerk, both of whom we kindly ignore. We got on without the note, and at Orange we amused ourself by reading it. It said:

'Dear Old Man,―Please send this beggar on; and I hope he'll be landed safely at Orange―or―or where-ever the cattle go.―Yours,.

We had been led to believe that the bullocks were going to Sydney. We took no further interest in those cattle.

After Nyngan the bush grew darker and drearier, and the plains more like ghastly oceans; and here and there the 'dominant note of Australian scenery' was accentuated, as it were, by naked, white, ring-barked trees standing in the water and haunting the ghostly surroundings.

We spent that night in a passenger compartment of a van which had been originally attached to old No. 1 engine. There was only one damp cushion in the whole concern. We lent that to a lady who travelled for a few hours in the other half of the next compartment. The seats were about nine inches wide and sloped in at a sharp angle to the bare matchboard wall, with a bead on the outer edge; and as the cracks had become well caulked with the grease and dirt of


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32 size, attached externally to articulate with the moveable locomotive spines. Each of these large plates has somewhat of a pentagonal form, those situated near the mouth and apex being considerably smaller than those at the centre of the shell;—there are ten rows of these tuberculated plates, but being disposed in pairs, each row of large pieces being united by a zig-zag suture with another of a similar description, there are in reality but five large segments of the shell, each supporting a double row of tubercles. Nor are these the only parts to which spines are affixed, a vast number, though of secondary importance, being disseminated over the surface. In addition to the plates supporting the tubercles, there are a number of ambulacral bands which support the myriads of suckers protruded after the manner of the Starfishes. "In a moderate sized Urchin," Forbes tells us, "he reckoned sixty-two rows of pores in each of the ten avenues." Now as there are three pairs of pores in each row, their number multiplied by six, and again by ten, would give the great number of 3,720 pores; but as each sucker occupies a pair of pores, the number of suckers would be only half that amount, or 1,860. In other parts its structure is not less complicated,—there are above three hundred plates of one kind, and nearly as many of another, all dovetailing together with the greatest nicety and regularity, bearing on their surfaces above 4,000 spines, each perfect in itself, of a complicated structure, and having a free movement in its socket,


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 generations, they held several gallons of water each. We scuttled one, rolled ourself in a rug, and tried to sleep; but all night long overcoated and comfortered bushmen would get in, let down all the windows, and then get out again at the next station. Then we would wake up frozen and shut the windows.

We dozed off again, and woke at daylight, and recognised the ridgy gum-country between Dubbo and Orange. It didn't look any drearier than the country further west―because it couldn't. There is scarcely a part of the country out west which looks less inviting or more horrible than any other part.

The weather cleared, and we had sunlight for Orange, Bathurst, the Blue Mountains, and Sydney, They deserve it; also as much rain as they need.


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 New South Wales in a very healthy state, and are found to be more obedient and more sensible of kind treatment during the passage than any other class. Their separation from their native country is observed to make a stronger impression upon their minds, both on their departure and during the voyage."

Amongst the remarkable Irish convicts who were shipped to Sydney by the home authorities was Edward O'Shaughnessy, a man of conspicuous ability. He was a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, and, in his new sphere at the antipodes, his talents advanced him to the position of editor of the official journal of the colony, the Sydney Gazette, Mr. Flanagan describes him as "an effective political writer, and endowed with considerable poetical talent, which he employed for some years in cultivating a taste for literature amongst the colonists." As showing the shameless severity of the laws during the early years of the century, Major Marjoribanks mentions the case of an Irish gentleman who died in New South Wales some years ago worth a quarter of a million of money. And yet this gentleman, who accumulated such vast wealth in the colonies by honest industry, was transported from home in his youth for the alleged offence of taking a handkerchief out of the pocket of a pedestrian. But the cleverest and most celebrated pocket-picker that ever landed on the shores of Australia, or the shores of anywhere else, was George Barrington, the name by which he is generally known, or George Waldron, to give him his baptismal title. His remarkable achievements have furnished many themes for literary and dramatic treatment, and quite recently

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', there's two of them, and they're having a fight! Come on.'

It seemed a strange place for a fight―that hot, lonely, cotton-bush plain. And yet not more than half-a-mile ahead there were apparently two men struggling together on the track.

The three travellers postponed their smoke-ho! and hurried on. They were shearers―a little man and a big man, known respectively as 'Sunlight' and 'Macquarie,' and a tall, thin, young jackeroo whom they called 'Milky.'

'I wonder where the other man sprang from? I didn't see him before,' said Sunlight.

'He muster bin layin' down in the bushes,' said Macquarie. 'They're goin' at it proper, too. Come on! Hurry up and see the fun!'

They hurried on.

'It's a funny-lookin' feller, the other feller,' panted Milky. 'He don't seem to have no head. Look! he's down―they're both down! They must ha' clinched on the ground. No! they're up an' at it again…Why, good Lord! I think the other's a woman!'

'My oath? so it is!' yelled Sunlight. 'Look! the 222


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 brute's got her down again! He's kickin' her! Come on, chaps; come on, or he'll do for her!'

They dropped swags, water-bags and all, and raced forward; but presently Sunlight, who had the best eyes, slackened his pace and dropped behind. His mates glanced back at his face, saw a peculiar expression there, looked ahead again, and then dropped into a walk.

They reached the scene of the trouble, and there stood a little withered old man by the track, with his arms folded close up under his chin; he was dressed mostly in calico patches; and half-a-dozen corks, suspended on bits of string from the brim of his hat, dangled before his bleared optics to scare away the flies. He was scowling malignantly at a stout, dumpy swag which lay in the middle of the track.

'Well, old Rats, what's the trouble,' asked Sunlight.

'Oh, nothing, nothing,' answered the old man, without looking round. 'I fell out with my swag, that's all. He knocked me down, but I've settled him.'

'But look here,' said Sunlight, winking at his mates, 'we saw you jump on him when he was down. That ain't fair, you know.'

'But you didn't see it all,' cried Rats, getting excited. 'He hit me down first! And, look here, I'll fight him again for nothing, and you can see fair play.'

They talked awhile; then Sunlight proposed to second the swag, while his mate supported the old man, and after some persuasion, Milky agreed, for the sake of the lark, to act as time-keeper and referee.


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33 We now come to the "Caves," which are the "lions" in this part of the country;—we enter the first, which has a double opening, high, but not particularly deep;—here, much to the joy of our party, we find magnificent groups of Purpuræ and Halotideæ (Ear Shells), and we were soon all on our knees intent in admiration of them, calling down vengeance on some irreverent beings who had been hacking and hewing away and mutilating many splendid specimens, without, as we could perceive, obtaining one entire. The Haliotis is a flat, brickdust coloured shell, so similar in shape to the human ear that it is commonly known as the Ear Shell; and the generic name given above is composed of two Greek words having a similar signification. The natives call it Munja, or big-mouthed. The aperture is nearly as large as the shell itself, one end being slightly spiral, and from the spire to the other extremity is a row of holes, for the passage of the animal's mantle, which are made at regular intervals as it increases in size, the one nearest the spire closing up as each new one is formed, leaving seven or eight generally open; the interior of the shell is beautifully iridiscent [sic], and in much request for inlaying purposes. The animal itself is exceedingly worthy of attention, its head and side-lobes being fringed or festooned. The natives of the South Sea use the §hell to ornament their boats, and to make some kind of musical instrument,—the thick portions of the lip are also formed into fish hooks. Mr. Swainson corrects a remark


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 Rats entered into the spirit of the thing: he stripped to the waist, and while he was getting ready the travellers pretended to bet on the result.

Macquarie took his place behind the old man, and Sunlight up-ended the swag. Rats shaped and danced round; then he rushed, feinted, ducked, retreated, darted in once more, and suddenly went down like a shot on the broad of his back. No actor could have done it better; he went down from that imaginary blow as if a cannon-ball had struck him in the forehead.

Milky called time, and the old man came up, looking shaky. However, he got in a tremendous blow which knocked the swag into the bushes.

Several rounds following with varying success.

The men pretended to get more and more excited, and betted freely; and Rats did his best. At last they got tired of the fun, Sunlight let the swag lie after Milky called time, and the jackeroo awarded the fight to Rats. They pretended to hand over the stakes, and then went back for their swags, while the old man put on his shirt.

Then he calmed down, carried his swag to the side of the track, sat down on it and talked rationally about bush matters for awhile; but presently he grew silent and began to feel his muscles and smile idiotically.

'Can you len' us a bit o' meat?' said he suddenly.

They spared him half-a-pound; but he said he didn't want it all, and cut off about an ounce, which he laid on the end of his swag. Then he took the lid off his billy and produced a fishing-line. He baited


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 the hook, threw the line across the track, and waited for a bite. Soon he got deeply interested in the line, jerked it once or twice, and drew it in rapidly. The bait had been rubbed off in the grass. The old man regarded the hook disgustedly.

'Look at that!' he cried, 'I had him, only I was in such a hurry. I should ha' played him a little more.'

Next time he was more careful, he drew the line in warily, grabbed an imaginary fish and laid it down on the grass. Sunlight and Co. were greatly interested by this time.

'Wot yer think o' that?' asked Rats. 'It weighs thirty pound if it weighs an ounce! Wot yer think o' that for a cod? The hook's half-way down his blessed gullet?'

He caught several cod and a bream while they were there, and invited them to camp and have tea with him. But they wished to reach a certain shed next day, so―after the ancient had borrowed about a pound of meat for bait they went on, and left him fishing contentedly.

But first Sunlight went down into his pocket and came up with half-a-crown, which he gave to the old man, along with some tucker. 'You'd best push on to the water before dark, old chap,' he said, kindly.

When they turned their heads again, Rats was still fishing: but when they looked back for the last time before entering the timber, he was having another row with his swag; and Sunlight reckoned that the trouble arose out of some lies which the swag had been telling about the bigger fish it caught.


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 he has received from Mr. Leslie Stephen the crowning honour of a place in the "." A native of Maynooth, County Kildare, Barrington's precocious talents gained him the favour and the patronage of a sympathetic clergyman, through whose interest he was placed in a boarding-school at Dublin. Here he remained until his sixteenth year, when, having been severely flogged for a violation of scholastic discipline, he ran away, after revenging himself by stealing twelve guineas from the master of the establishment and a gold repeater from that gentleman's sister. He turned his steps towards Drogheda, where he fell in with a company of strolling players, to whose ranks he became a welcome acquisition by reason of his handsome stage presence, and his marvellous memory. But the company got into financial difficulties at Londonderry, and Barrington resolved to replenish his empty purse by pocket-picking. He succeeded beyond his most sanguine anticipations, Cork and Dublin being his favourite and most lucrative fields of operation. Ireland becoming at length too hot to hold him, Barrington crossed the Channel and made his appearance in London fashionable society as a handsome young gentleman of good family, a character which he was naturally well qualified to play to the life. His ready assurance and his polished address enabled him to fraternise on the most familiar terms with noblemen and gentry, and to explore their well-lined pockets with an easy grace and a boundless self-confidence, that almost inspire a feeling of admiration at the perverted abilities of this accomplished adventurer. Once he actually attended a Royal reception, and succeeded in the difficult feat of cutting off the collar of an Order of the Garter, besides appropriating many snuff-boxes and purses from the

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 pockets of the distinguished company. He then attempted a still higher flight of villany by trying to seize the diamond snuff-box presented to Prince Orloff by the Empress Catherine, and valued at £30,000. Barrington made this daring attempt in Covent Garden Theatre. He contrived to get a seat next to that of the Russian Prince, and succeeded in snatching the snuff-box, but it was soon missed, and the culprit was caught before he had time to get away from the theatre with his splendid prize. After a long career of undetected pocket-picking, Barrington was now bowled out for the first time, and just as he was essaying the most ambitious of his exploits, but his cool self-possession did not desert him in the hour of trouble. When brought before the court and charged with the crime he had so nearly consummated, Barrington spoke so effectively, and concocted such a plausible defence, that the Russian Prince, relenting, refused to prosecute, and the prince of pickpockets was discharged with a caution to be more careful in his handling of other people's property for the future. The publicity that this little incident acquired necessitated Barrington's retirement for a season from fashionable and exclusive circles, and he had to be content with exercising his talents in the humbler and less remunerative walks of life. He made a professional tour through Ireland and Scotland, and after this eclipse, he returned to aristocratic society and shone with even greater brilliancy than before. But, unrivalled artist as he was, continued success had the natural result of making him less cautious in his operations, and one day Barrington was caught picking a pocket on a racecourse. He was tried, convicted, and sentenced to seven years' transportation. Barrington bade good-bye to the old world in this clever and characteristic little speech from the

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34 of Mr. Reeves in his Monograph on this genus, that "It is a curious. circumstance in the Geography of the Haliotideæ, that few, if any, are to be found where Chitons (Boat Shell) abound, as if they exchanged places to a certain extent in the two hemispheres -" and we have found as he has, that both these genera do inhabit not only the same latitudes, but almost precisely the same localities, the Chitons being common in the rock pools on the coast, the Haliotideæ remaining only in deeper water, feeding occasionally on shore vegetation.

The author of the "Curiosities of Food," mentions that the natives of most of the islands in the Chinese seas dry the soft parts of a species of this animal as an article of food.

It is here may be found, in some of the deep holes, that singular creature called the Pagurus, or Hermit Crab, from its invariably inhabiting the empty shells of some of the Mollusca; the body and tail are wanting the usual shelly covering, or possess it but in a rudimentary state, and have only a membranous bag for their protection. We well remember the surprise we felt on first beholding a specimen of this strange Crustacean which had been captured by a gentleman whilst Cray-fishing somewhere in this locality, and we were at first inclined to think it was undergoing the process of the periodical moult, after the habit of its kind, the new shell being only in a semi-developed state, but a careful search subsequently along the sea-shore revealed numerous individuals in the same rudimentary condition, ensconced generally in the water-worn habitation of the Fusus, or Spindle-shell,


text: Category:Conductors

title: Category:Conductors


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Author:Hugo Alpen

Works

 * A New Book of Songs for Schools and Singing Classes. (1901)

title: Author:Hugo Alpen


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A NEW BOOK OF SONGS FOR SCHOOLS AND SINGING CLASSES.

GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.

GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, AND AMERICA.

GEOGRAPHY OF NEW SOUTH WALES.

PRACTICAL GEOMETRY.

PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL GEOMETRY.

BOYS' AND GIRLS' AIDS TO ARITHMETIC:


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title: Author talk:Hugo Alpen


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 dock: "My Lord—I have a great deal to say in extenuation of the crime for which I now stand convicted at this bar; but upon consideration, I will not arrest the attention of the honourable Court too long. Among the extraordinary vicissitudes incident to human nature, it is the peculiar and unfortunate lot of some devoted persons to have their best wishes and their most earnest endeavours to deserve the good opinion of the most respectable part of society frustrated. Whatever they say, or whatever they do, every word and its meaning, every action and its motive, is represented in an unfavourable light, and is distorted from the real intention of the speaker or the actor. That this has been my unhappy fate does not seem to need much confirmation. Every effort to deserve well of mankind, that my heart bore witness to, its rectitude has been frustrated by such measures as these, and consequently rendered abortive. Many of the circumstances of my life, I can, without any violation of the truth, declare to have therefore happened absolutely in spite of myself. The world, my lord, has given me credit for abilities, indeed much greater than I possess, and therefore much more than I deserved; but I had never found any kind hand to foster those abilities. I might ask, where was the generous and powerful hand that was ever stretched forth to rescue George Barrington from infamy? In an age like this, which in several respects is so justly famed for liberal sentiments, it was my severe lot that no noble-minded gentleman stepped forward and said: 'Barrington, you are possessed of talents which may be useful to society. I feel for your situation, and as long as you act the part of a good citizen, I will be your protector; you will have time and opportunity to rescue yourself from the obloquy of your former conduct.' Alas, my lord, George Barrington had never the supreme,

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 felicity of having such comfort administered to his wounded spirit. As matters have unfortunately turned out, the die is cast; and as it is, I have resigned to my fate without one murmur of complaint."

On the voyage to Australia, Barrington was the means of saving the ship from being captured by his fellow-prisoners. A few of the most desperate convicts on board plotted to seize the vessel that was bearing them into exile, and to steer for America and freedom as soon as they had got rid of their gaolers. Availing themselves of the first favourable opportunity, they made a rush for the deck, but found an unexpected opponent in one who was wearing their own uniform of crime, for Barrington stood at the hatchway wielding a handspike, and kept them at bay until the officers appeared on the scene and quelled the mutiny. The two ringleaders were executed on the spot, and their followers were punished in a minor degree. For the great and important service he rendered at this critical moment, Barrington naturally received a large measure of liberty and indulgence during the remainder of the voyage; and, when the ship arrived at Sydney, the officers warmly commended him to the generous consideration of the governor of the colony, who not only gave him a full and immediate emancipation, but appointed him to the lucrative office of superintendent of convicts. Ever afterwards he was a changed man. He kept religiously to the straight path off duty, and his facile fingers were never known to stray into a strange pocket at the antipodes. He settled in the mother

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mell, Davis


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Author:George Barrington

Works

 * A Voyage to Botany Bay, with a description of the country, manners, customs, religion, &c. of the natives London (1801), 8vo
 * with a second part entitled ‘A Sequel to Barrington's Voyage to New South Wales, comprising an interesting narrative of the transactions and behaviour of the convicts,’ &c.
 * There is another edition printed at New York, n.d. Other editions are entitled ‘An Account of a Voyage to New South Wales, enriched with beautiful coloured prints, London, 1803, 1810, 8vo, with an engraved portrait of the author prefixed.’
 * The History of New South Wales, including Botany Bay, Port Jackson, Pamaratta [sic], Sydney, and all its dependancies, from the original discovery of the island &c., London, 1802, 8vo.
 * The History of New Holland, from its first discovery in 1616 to the present time London, 1808, 8vo
 * the second edition illustrated with maps.

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 colony of the Australias, wrote its history in two bulky volumes, and lived to be a patriarch in the land of his exile. But Barrington's "History of New South Wales," dedicated to His Gracious Majesty George the Third, is not the literary monument that will transmit his name to an admiring posterity. He will be best and longest remembered by the audaciously witty prologue which he wrote and recited on the occasion of the first dramatic performance that was given in the city of Sydney by a company of convicts: From distant climes, o'er widespread seas we come, Though not with much éclat, or beat of drum; True patriots all, for, be it understood. We left our country for our country's good; No private views disgrac'd our generous zeal, "What urg'd our travels, was our country's weal;

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35 with in all the instances we observed, the protruded claw considerably longer and larger than the other, yet this may not be a permanent characteristic of the species.

So perfect is everything which has been created, that we naturally ask ourselves the question, how may this seeming defect be accounted for; was the crab so created originally, or has this practice (as Mr. Lewes suggests ) resorted to at the outset as a temporary refuge from more powerful enemies, now become an organised tendency in the species? It is not easy to conjecture, but we incline to the opinion of Mr. Kirby, that this singular form and habitation enables these uncouth animals to prey on creatures, which were they to wear the livery of their own tribe would be on their guard and escape them. We find too, that to adapt themselves thoroughly to their dwelling place, what in other species would be the tail, is in them transformed into an apparatus by which a firmer grip of it is obtained, and so carried more easily along whenever they take their walks abroad for pleasure or from necessity.

Whilst groping about in shallow water not many days since for the green Algae which grow attached to the rocks, an object moving freely about,—apparently vegetable,—arrested our attention; it was speedily captured and taken home inter alia, but so thickly was it covered with small fragments of red Algæ, and the violet colored zoophyte, Catenicella aurita, that it required long and very careful examination before we


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36 discovered that it was a small crab, which had evidently so disguised itself the better to obtain its prey. We were unable at the time to refer to our books to decide the species which had adopted this plan, and rapid decomposition set in subsequently, so that to this moment we remain in ignorance; but a writer of a paper in Volume 8 of the "Naturalist," (1858, page 7), called "Notes on Crustaceans," mentions having observed this peculiarity in crabs of the genus Hyas; and in one instance he was amused at seeing a fine fellow stalking along with all the majesty which borrowed plumes often produce;—it was in a large deep pool round the edge of which abrupt rocks stood, one affording a shelter for some very fine tufts of Delesseria sanguinea, amongst which he had established himself; but noticing, no doubt, that the color of his shell was an unpleasing contrast to the handsome weed, he proceeded to array himself with small bits of the extremity of the frond, which he detached, and stuck upon his carapace in an extremely irregular manner, giving him a most ludicrous appearance. This author had another opportunity of observing this process in a specimen which he had in his Aquarium.

But we should not omit to say a few words of the Birds of the Sea-shore, since they tend so much to our enlivenment—we could not forget them if we would: there are first the Gulls, ever restless, screaming their shrill note now just over our heads, and anon flying far out to sea in search of food, in the choice of which they do not seem very particular, preying greedily upon Fishes, Crustacea, Mollusca, and almost any


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37 carcase which is floating. When in search of food they sustain themselves, as many of our readers may have observed, by a quivering motion of the wings, now and then touching the water with their feet,—they swim well but cannot dive: then we have that splendid fellow the Swallow-tailed Tern, with his long red bill, jet black pate, and pale dove-colored wings, darting down into the sea after his prey with unerring accuracy and the rapidity of an arrow. Tripping nimbly along to the water's edge is the elegant little Dotterel, one of the most graceful of our sea-shore birds, and occasionally the Penguin will glide out from shelter of some seaweed bank; the Ibis is a common visitor to the Hopkins, as is also the splendid Australian Pelican, whose wings expand to a width of eight feet; the White-headed Fish-hawk or Osprey too may often be seen lurking about the rocks, feeding on some fine fish, captured by means of his spine-covered feet; the Cormorant frequents the rivers near the sea, and it will afford the sea-side stroller much and lasting pleasure to carefully watch the habits of any one of them, which he may easily do by concealing himself behind any low scrub or rock that presents itself.


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 And none will doubt, but that our emigration, Has proved most useful to the British nation. But, you inquire, what could our breasts inflame With this new passion for theatric fame; What, in the practice of our former days, Could shape our talents to exhibit plays? Your patience, sirs, some observations made, You'll grant us equal to the scenic trade. He who to midnight ladders is no stranger, You'll own will make an admirable Ranger. To seek Macheath we have not far to roam, And sure in Filch I shall be quite at home. Unrivalled there, none will dispute my claim, To high pre-eminence and exalted fame. As oft on Gadshill we have ta'en our stand When 'twas so dark you could not see your hand, Some true-bred Falstaff, we may hope to start, "Who, when well bolstered, well will play his part. The scene to vary, we shall try in time To treat you with a little Pantomime. Here light and easy Columbines are found, And well-tried Harlequins with us abound; From durance vile our precious selves to keep, "We often had recourse to th' flying leap; To a black face have sometimes owed escape, And Hounslow Heath has proved the worth of crape. But how, you ask, can we e'er hope to soar Above these scenes, and rise to tragic lore? Too oft, alas! we've forced th' unwilling tear, And petrified the heart with real fear. Macbeth a harvest of applause will reap, For some of us, I fear, have murdered sleep; His lady too, with grace will sleep and talk. Our females have been used at night to walk. Sometimes, indeed, so various is our art, An actor may improve and mend his part; "Give me a horse," bawls Richard, like a drone, We'll find a man would help himself to one. Grant us your favour, put us to the test. To gain your smiles we'll do our very best; And without dread of future Turnkey Lockits, Thus, in an honest way, still pick your pockets. It may be doubted whether Richard Brinsley Sheridan

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38 CHAPTER VI.

But we must not forget that other parts of the coast demand our attention now, for although we prefer the bracing breezes of Warrnambool, there are many who run down from the hot streets of Melbourne to spend a few days or weeks in the quietude of Geelong, for gloomy though it may appear to some, the searcher after a knowledge of Marine objects will find plenty that is novel, much that will interest him in Corio Bay. "However dull," says Edward Forbes, "a country may seem, however uninteresting its human population, the creatures that live on its surface, or swarm amid the waves that wash its shores, afford a constant and inexhaustible source of amazement and instruction. The Naturalist is at home everywhere, and finds a museum where the ordinary voyager sees nothing but a waste. In the Polar regions he is intensely happy, but in the tropics he is in Paradise itself. No district is so poor and barren, but it has treasures for him, and none so rich, but that all its gold would fail to prevent his rushing after a new butterfly, or climbing the rocks after a new flower." To impress this fact on our readers is the aim of these pages, which will we trust assure them that there is much to be learned,


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 himself could have bettered this original and historical prologue.

But convictism, as an institution, has long since passed away in the parent colony, and nought remains to tell of its organised existence save an occasional suggestive name, that has survived the process of modern transformation into prettily-sounding titles. In Sydney harbour, for example, there stands a small rocky islet that still bears the expressive name of Pinchgut Island. In that unpleasing and somewhat vulgar appellation is embalmed the story of the prisoners who were caught in the act of pilfering provisions from the government stores in the early days of the colony, and who were dramatically punished, as a warning to the whole community, by being left without food for several days on this solitary rock, round which the sharks were continually circling.

Vaucluse, one of the prettiest spots on Sydney Harbour, has a curious and romantic history. At the beginning of the century it was chosen as his place of residence by Sir Henry Hayes, an Irish baronet, who had the misfortune to be transported for abducting the lady on whom he had set his affections, but who did not see her way to reciprocate his tender passion. Though technically a prisoner. Sir Henry's rank and social position caused him to be treated by the authorities as a privileged person, and he was allowed a full measure of freedom on his giving his word of honour that he would make no attempt to leave the colony and return to Ireland. Sir Henry accepted his fate with philosophical resignation, and commenced to build a new home for himself on the beautiful estate which he had purchased and called Vaucluse. But though the place was, and still is, one of the loveliest spots on earth, it had at that time one serious and

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39 —great happiness in store for those who will follow our advice. To be at the Sea-side without some occupation is one of the dreariest things which can fall to a man's lot,—by occupation let it be remembered we do not mean the abominable pastime,—novel-reading,—so often indulged in, and called recreation, but that in which the mind can participate and be prevented from falling into that listless state which too often succeeds a season of idleness and desuetude.

A more beautiful little Bay than this can scarcely be imagined,—a perfect basin surrounded by high bluffs on the town side, above which are the Botanical Gardens, and over the water, in the back ground, are the pretty Anakies to complete the landscape. Here the sea is ever calm, and seldom disturbed by the huge waves and bleak winds which form so unpleasant a feature at other parts of the coast. This now is a piping hot day, so we are glad enough to leave the dusty streets to embrace any stray puff of wind lurking about. The Shore birds are silent enough; but see how the water birds are sporting about in the greatest enjoyment, perpetually turning over and over in the water, now diving and only raising their bills just above the surface to breathe, their bodies still remaining submerged. How we envy them as we pant here, shrivelled up almost by the sun's rays. The Bird Bank across the Bay is covered with Pelicans, their bills pressed down on their breasts, Gulls, and Cormorants,—the latter have a loose piece of skin under the throat, but not as is the case with the Pelicans, for storing their food, but rather to admit of


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 annoying drawback. It was infested with snakes. One day, however, a bright idea struck Sir Henry as he was cogitating on the subject, and wondering if there were any practicable means of ridding himself of these unwelcome intruders. He resolved to try a bold and remarkable experiment. He would see whether the virtue of St. Patrick's prohibition of snakes on Irish soil would extend to the same soil if transferred to the other side of the world. He accordingly sent home for a number of barrels of Irish soil, and they arrived in Sydney in due course. Sir Henry then spread this imported earth as far as it would go around his residence, with the result, very gratifying to himself, that his domestic precincts were never afterwards troubled by snakes, although the other portions of the estate continued to be infested by the reptiles. Succeeding occupants of Vaucluse, amongst them the distinguished statesman, W. C. Wentworth, all agree in testifying to the singular fact that a snake was never known to cross the charmed circle of Irish earth.

The "well-known and highly popular alderman and member of the Legislative Assembly, and of genially Milesian extraction," whom Mr. George Augustus Sala met in Sydney and thus described, is Mr. Daniel O'Connor, a typical specimen of the industrious and unconquerable Celt. He told the story of his life at a banquet given last year in his honour, when he assumed office as Postmaster-General in the Ministry of Sir John Robertson. It is worth quoting as a characteristic specimen of the ups and downs of colonial life, and as showing how a brave-hearted Irishman can triumph over all the obstacles that ill fortune may cast in his path. Mr. O'Connor informed a distinguished company on that occasion that he commenced to earn a livelihood for himself at the early age of ten. In 1865 he started business

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40 their swallow being extended when meeting with some tit-bit rather larger than usual; we expect they are pretty well gorged now from the indifference with which they regard us, and our endeavours to get them on the wing. There too in addition to the White Ibis and the Dotterel, which we have mentioned previously as frequenting the Warrnambool Coast, we have the Sooty Oyster Catcher, (Hæmotopus fuliginosus) from Lake Connewarre, and the delicate Greenshank (Glottis glottoides.) We can scarcely particularise the species of Ducks which occasionally wheel over our heads as we progress, but we have seen near the Lakes, the Mountain, the Black, the Teal, the pretty pink-eyed (Malacorhynchus membranaceus) (Sow,) the Shoveler, and many more. Look through this glass now at that group of silvery-breasted Grebes (Podiceps) gliding along the surface of the water as they alight; out of the water they are (except on the wing) perfectly helpless, only standing with great difficulty; but once in their own natural element, their broad oar-like lobed feet enable them to swim and dive with great facility; a specimen of the lesser Grebe ornaments our shelves, presented by a friend who had picked it up under the light-house at Queenscliff, against which it had flown, and by its side, standing about nineteen inches high is the very beautiful Stone Curlew, (Œdicnemus grallarius), whose brilliant dark markings looming out from its light cinereous plumage, render it a prize to the Ornithologist,—let him look for it here!!

But to work, yet let us first remark to our readers, (as we should have done earlier), no matter of what


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 for himself in the city of Sydney, and he worked with such industry and perseverance that he realised a considerable fortune in six years' time. In 1871 he was the possessor of fourteen houses, and had over £7,000 to his credit. Then he launched into mining speculations, with the result that in five months he lost everything he possessed. He sold all his houses, and although he paid every man as far as the money went, he was still left very largely in debt. But he did not lose heart at this sudden revolution in his fortunes. He set to work again at his legitimate avocation, and, at the end of seven years, he was in the proud position of paying everybody twenty shillings in the pound, besides being in receipt of a clear income of £1,000 a year—the reward of untiring industry and dauntless courage in fighting the up-hill battle of life.

Sydney has of late years made such rapid strides in population and commercial importance that it is now almost on an equality with its great southern rival, Melbourne; and the competition between these two chief centres of colonial life is now characterised by the keenest intensity. Political considerations enter largely into this struggle for supremacy, for at Sydney free-trade is the orthodox gospel; whereas, at Melbourne, protection to native industries has been the settled fiscal policy of the country for years by the deliberate vote of the great majority of the people. Time alone will tell which of these opposing systems is the best adapted to the development and the material well-being of the colonies. Besides Sydney, there are several other prosperous cities and towns in the parent colony—notably Newcastle, Maitland, Bathurst, and Goulburn—all largely peopled by the industrious Irish, who constitute a third of the general population of New South Wales. In the rural districts also

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41 sex they be, that searchers after sea-side treasures must not regard their personal appearance, nor hesitate to adorn themselves with the paraphernalia of the craft in the shape of sundry sized "billies," or tin cans, suspended on a strap or string, for collecting; a hammer, such as is used by Geologists, is indispensable—one end tapering to a fine point, the other blunt, and let the handle be tolerably long and well seasoned; a cold chisel is often of very great assistance, and a small muslin net made so as to fasten to a walking stick is the most useful instrument the Sea-side collector or diver into Ocean's mysteries can employ; wet feet, as a matter of course, will fall to our lot, but no matter so long as we keep moving and the spoil is plentiful. The rocks just left dry by the retreating tide, with here and there a few very shallow pools we will search first; Tops (Trochi), Cerithium, Natica, and the brilliantly-colored bivalves Aviculæ, are in profusion;—taking lip the stones, one by one, we meet with so many interesting forms that we must needs be moderate in our gatherings or our pots will soon be overcrowded,—it is well therefore to select only such as cannot easily be obtained at any other time, leaving the more common to be collected as leisure offers;—to arrive home after a day's fag on the rocks, to reach which we may have had a preparatory row, or a tedious walk on a soft sandy beach, with hosts of creatures to " bed and board," which to do successfully inculcates some acquaintance with the habits of each, is indeed a bore, and likely to damp the ardour of even the most enthusiastic of our readers. Strolling quietly along "improving" (we


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 are numerous agricultural and pastoral settlers, either of Irish birth or of Irish parentage, the possessors of smiling, productive homesteads, and members of a free and independent yeomanry.

There cannot be the slightest doubt that New South Wales contains within her wide domain all the elements of permanent prosperity. Her mineral resources are both extensive and valuable. Her coal mines in the basin of the Hunter river will be a source of industrial wealth for many years to come, as on them the sister colonies are mainly dependent for a supply. Her gold-fields are by no means yet exhausted, and the richness of her pastoral resources is unsurpassed. Wool is her staple product, and, as is well known, it commands a high price in the home markets. She has acquired to a great extent the large and growing river trade of the Murray and its tributaries, and is pushing her railways in every direction with commendable vigour and enterprise. It is no wonder, therefore, that her people now confidently predict that she will soon overtake the haughty Victoria, and once more wear the laurels of colonial supremacy.

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42 hope) "the shining hour," by recounting past experiences, we turn over those stones under which it is probable what we are in search of may be lurking;—for a time we are unsuccessful, but at last our zeal meets with its reward. We find a thin flat ribbon-shaped gelatinous creature of a dirty white colour, writhing about into all manner of crevices to prevent its being detached, twisting itself into curious shapes, but always adhering so tenaciously to the rock, that it is scarcely possible to remove it without mutilation;—however, Naturalists have a certain amount of perseverance, and done will we never be, so at last when the patience of our companions is well nigh exhausted, we have a specimen fairly bottled. But what is this creature, do you ask? One glance through our pocket lens, shows us it is a Planaria— we know it at once from its Hydatid appearance. Under the higher powers of a* microscope the digestive apparatus is well worthy of examination, it will be found to be arborescent, the nutritive juices being dispersed along the sides of the animal. These creatures, though belonging to the Entozoa (internal parasites), are not parasitic, but creep about on the Confervæ and Algæ, found in situations similar to those we are now working in. The small specks on the anterior part of the body, have been said to be eyes, but Rymer Jones thinks their claim to such an appellation not only unsubstantiated, but actually "negatived by experiments," which go to prove that in the pursuit of prey, no power of detecting the proximity of their food by the exercise of sight is possessed by any of them. Be


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 CHAPTER X.

FOUR OF THE FAMILY.

much of what has been said in previous chapters, concerning the progress of colonisation in Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland, and the concurrent advance of the Irish citizens of these states, applies with equal force and truth to the other four colonies in the Australasian dominion, that, to avoid recapitulation, it will be most convenient to place South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand under a general heading, and regard them as forming an harmonious family group at the antipodes. The colony of South Australia was founded almost simultaneously with Victoria, but in a far different manner. In 1836 an English enthusiast, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, propounded a new and fantastical scheme of colonisation, which, as is usually the case, attracted many by its novelty

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43 this as it may, we secure a few specimens to mount for the Microscope, and again to work; away wriggle ere we can lay hands on them, myriads of the small pink Nereis, not very unlike the Centipede in appearance, having legs regularly disposed on each of the numerous segments of which its body consists, but belonging, as will readily be seen, to the Annelida, a class named from Annellus (a small ring), in which are comprised creatures whose bodies are composed of a succession of rings, the leech and common earthworm being familiar illustrations, but there is even yet a more interesting type which inhabits those small elongated tubes which are so abundant in low water on this beach; these tubes are apparently made of grains of sand, particles of which, from being waterworn, shine out like diamonds, and are cemented together by some substance (what it is we know not) which exudes from the body of its occupant, a Terebella belonging to the division Tubicola of Cuvier. Our own experience enables us to confirm the remark of Mr. Lewes, that "Amateurs are not fond of Worms," but the peculiar structure of some of them, the beauty of their tentacles when expanded (in Terebellæ or Serpulæ for instance), demand careful examination from those having a love for Natural History. The Keeper of one of the bathing houses here has lately exhibited to the frequenters of his establishment a tiny impromptu Aquarium, in which, amidst other things, were groups of Serpulæ, whose tentacles carefully expanded when everything


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149

a bitterly cold morning, and under a dense heavy pall of leaden cloud, we start on our journey across the great Canterbury Plains towards Timaru and Dunedin.

The plains are composed chiefly of shingle, with a scant herbage of tussock grass. Here and there, alongside the line, are young plantations of English oak and Australian blue gum. Stubble fields, hedged in by long rows of gorse, stretch away on either hand for miles. Already (May) the winter ploughing has begun in places. The majestic range of the snowy Alps bounds the great plain to the right. What a burnished splendour! what a dazzling glory! as the sun bursts through the pall of cloud! Could anything be more beautiful than these eternal solitudes of snow? The absolute purity—peace—rest. What an emblem of the soul's repose after purification from life's mire and unrest! The rattle of the train hurts and jars. It

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44 around was quiet, were withdrawn with great rapidity on their being touched or otherwise disturbed.

The wonderful process of the Terebella multiplying itself by gemmation, described in such a spirited manner in the "Sea-side Studies, (page 61,) is far too interesting not to find a place in our Work;—it is quite a new feature in its history, although it has been long known to occur in nearly allied Annelida, the tail of the Nereis, for instance, being still the tail of its offspring, and however often the body may divide, still the same tail remains attached to the hinder portion, so that this part of the animal may be said to enjoy a kind of immunity from death. "When," says Lewes, "the animal (Terebella) reproduces by this budding process, it begins to form a second head near the extremity of its body. After this head, other segments are in turn developed; the tail or final segment being the identical tail of the mother, but pushed forward by the young segments, and now belonging to the child, and only vicariously to the mother. In this state we have two worms and one tail. It is as if a head were suddenly to be developed out of your lumbar vertebrae, yet still remain attached to the column, and thus produce a double-headed monster, more fantastic than fable; or suppose you were to cut a caterpillar in half, fashion a head for the tail half, and then fasten this head to the cut end of the other half—this would give you an instance of the Syllis budding. But in some worms the process does not stop here. What the mother did, the child does, and you may see at last six worms forming one


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Author:Honoré Mercier

Works

 * Elements of Logic

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 alone. The scheme, viewed as a theory, looked very sound and substantial, but, as not unfrequently happens with brilliant theories, it failed miserably when put into practice. Briefly summarised, Wakefield's scheme consisted in placing a high value on land, in order to attract a socially superior class of intending colonists, and thus forming a fund by which labour, both skilled and unskilled, could be obtained at low rates. On this novel principle it was proposed to form a model community of labourers, artisans, and land-owners. The waste land of New South Wales could be purchased without difficulty at the rate of five shillings per acre, but, in order to carry out the rose-water theory of Wakefield, the land of the proposed new colony was valued at twelve shillings per acre, or 120 per cent above its presumably actual value. Surprising as it may appear, it is no less true that this chimerical project made numerous converts throughout England, and received the support of many eminent men, who afterwards no doubt wondered exceedingly what on earth induced them to lend their names to such a hare-brained scheme The promoters, amongst whom were Grote, the historian of Greece, and Henry Bulwer, had no difficulty in forming the South Australian Association on the principles laid down by the sanguine Wakefield. Dr. Whately was one of the most enthusiastic advocates" of the scheme, and, on one occasion, he waxed eloquent in describing its splendid advantages. "A colony so founded," he said, "would fairly represent English society. Every new-comer would have his own class to fall into, and to whatever class he belonged, he would find its relations to the others, and the support derived,from the others, much the same as in the parent country. There would be little more revolting to the

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 of an emigrant than if he had merely shifted his residence from Sussex to Cumberland or Devonshire." It is a great pity that this clerical orator did not accompany those to whom he addressed these delusive words. Had he done so, he would have discovered the enormous gulf that separates theory from actuality, and would have been furnished by experience with material for an additional chapter to his well-known treatise on "Logic." Had he voyaged to the antipodes with the Wakefield pioneers, he would have come in contact with a great many things "revolting to the feelings of an emigrant." However, until the bubble burst, all went merry as a marriage-bell. The association progressed splendidly in public confidence, the prospectus of the new colony was everywhere perused, and the scheme was puffed into a feverish existence by the promises of promoters and the frenzy of reckless speculators.

The first practical step towards the formation of the new colony was taken in May, 1836, when a heterogeneous collection of surveyors, clerks, architects, engineers, teachers, lawyers and clergymen, was despatched to the new land of promise. All these accomplished gentlemen were devout believers in the Wakefield theory, but they would have been the last people in the world chosen by a common-sense leader for the rough-and-ready work of pioneer colonisation. As they afterwards learned to their cost, it would have been far better for them if they had had less book-knowledge and more hand-skill before starting on their wild-goose expedition to the other side of the globe. They found on landing, that the place of which they had heard and read such glowing accounts, was wholly unfit for purposes of settlement. All their delicious old-world dreams were rudely dispelled by the hard realities that stared them in the face. They set

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45 continuous line, with only one tail for the six. The tail indeed is the family inheritance, but reversing the laws of primogeniture, it always descends to the youngest; like that elaborate display of baby linen which was worked with such fondness for the first-born, and has become in turns the costume of successive pledges as they appeared on this scene of life with a constant diminendo of interest in all but parental eyes. The separation finally takes place, and then we perceive the children and grand-children are not quite the same as their ancestor." As we have before mentioned, the fact had not hitherto been observed in the group Tubicola, (or animal flowers), yet two of our author's Terebellæ gave him a sight of it. "The first," he tells us, "died before the separation took place; the second, after a day or two's captivity, separated itself from its appendix of a baby, and seemed all the livelier for the loss of a juvenile which had been literally in that condition of 'hanging to its mother's tail,' which I have heard applied in metaphorical sarcasm to small boys anxious to be with their mothers. The young one only lived four days." We need not apologise for this long extract, it is the most graphic description we have met with for many a day, and we only wish we could follow out the author's learned arguments in confirmation of the experiments of Bonnet and M. Peltier.

But what means that piteous cry from our companion on a-head who is wading about sans shoes, sans stockings? Has a monster Poulpe taken fancy to his posterior extremities, or has some daring young Mollusk, caught in the act of shoeing her pretty foot,


text:
User talk:84.61.167.15

Welcome

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title: User talk:84.61.167.15


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Page:Narrativeavoyag01wilsgoog.djvu/351

Rh

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User talk:193.91.196.9

Welcome
Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
 * Style Guide
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You are welcome to continue editing articles without logging in, but you may wish to  [ create an account] . Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits. Creating an account on Wikisource has many of the same benefits as creating an account on Wikipedia. For one thing, if you continue to edit without a username, your IP address is used to publicly identify you.

In any case, I hope you enjoy donating your time to grow the Wikisource library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please sign your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question. Again, welcome! Zyephyrus (talk) 15:02, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

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Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/212

 out in search of a suitable site for a settlement, and after exploring St. Vincent Gulf chose a position on its eastern shore, a large fertile plain bounded on the east by a mountain range, and traversed by a small river, on the banks of which they settled down, and named their infant city Adelaide, in compliment to the Queen of William the Fourth.

Whilst the first settlers were thus contending with the unexpected difficulties of their position, the London promoters of this ill-digested scheme continued their policy of puffing its alleged advantages, with the result that large numbers of deluded individuals were despatched to the antipodes before any adequate preparations had been made for their reception. These unlucky people were discharged at Port Adelaide as so much human freight, and found themselves compelled to drag their luggage and merchandise after them to the little settlement. To add to the difficulties of the situation, a most pernicious system of gambling in land orders sprang up, and to such an extent did this mischievous speculating proceed, that the future city was actually mapped out as consisting of nine square miles. It would be impossible in a cursory sketch to refer in detail to the numerous absurdities that were perpetrated by the pioneer colonists of South Australia.

Suffice it to say that the reign of speculation came to its inevitable and inglorious collapse in a very short space of time, and the usual unhappy consequences ensued. The unfortunate victims of the broken-down Wakefield theory found that they had been living all the while in airy castles of their own imagination, and had been trading on fictitious capital. They were literally reduced to the direst extremities of poverty. In the excitement of the speculation mania, the natural fertility of the soil was lost sight of, and had

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Page:Sea and River-side Rambles in Victoria.djvu/65

46 retained one of his fingers in her grasp (he is a bachelor) as she closes her habitation? We hurry to the rescue, but he has only stepped on "this nasty thing" we discover, and he holds it up to us with a derisive look, as much as to say, "catch me beachcombing any more!!" but it is a prize indeed which has caused him this alarm, a Crustacean, very unlike the Lobsters and Crabs generally met with 5 it is the Ibacus Peronii of Leach, and belongs to an order of Macrorous Decapods (Scyllarideæ), or in plainer terms, long-tailed, ten-footed Crustaceans,—feet all of equal length. When full grown it measures about five inches, the carapace much wider than it is long, with a lamellar prolongation on each side which covers the feet. The eyes instead of being situated near the external angle of the carapace are far distant from it. The abdomen is short, suddenly narrowed from before, backwards. It is commonly known as the u Kangaroo Crab," from a habit of striking the water with its flabelliform tail, and bounding into the air, and with the same apparatus it swims rapidly—it being, as in many other Crustaceans, specially constructed for that purpose. Our bathing-house acquaintance has captured many fine specimens, of one of which a sketch is given at the end of this chapter.

Swimming about occasionally amongst the seaweeds the pretty Syngnathus may be met with;—the common name of Pipe-fish it receives from its tubular snout, and long attenuated body: this is the marsupial fish which formed the subject of a paper read by Mr. Becker, before the Philosophical Institute of Victoria, (Transactions, Vol. 1, page 14, 1857,) but the fact


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 it not been for the assistance rendered by the adjacent colonies of Victoria and New South Wales, the Wakefield settlement would have been involved in all the horrors of famine. Thus ended this celebrated attempt to found a colony on abstract scientific principles, and without reference to the suggestions of common sense. The Wakefield experiment, like all other socialistic enterprises of the kind that have been once tried, was never repeated.

Consequent on the collapse of the Wakefield scheme, a general exodus ensued, and Adelaide, the city of nine square miles on paper, ceased for a time to have any actual existence. A happy accident, however, saved the place from complete and utter abandonment. This was the discovery of copper, a discovery that caused a revolution in the fortunes of the colony, and served in a great measure as an antidote to the evils of fantastical colonisation. Mine after mine was opened up, and it was soon ascertained that the settlement had permanent mineral resources of great value. The most famous mines are the Burra Burra, the Kapunda, the Wallaroo and the Moonta. From the Burra Burra mine copper to the value of £5,000,000 sterling has been raised, and the quantity of ore obtained from the Wallaroo is represented by a still higher amount. When the excitement that followed the discovery of copper cooled down, a new source of wealth was found in the agricultural resources of the soil, and South Australia has ever since ranked amongst the finest wheat-growing countries on the face of the earth.

On July 7th, 1849, the members of the St. Patrick's Society of South Australia issued an address to their countrymen at home, expressive of gratitude to God for the prosperity with which their labours in the southern land

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 had been rewarded, and of commiseration for the dire distress and suffering with which it had pleased Providence to afflict their brothers in blood and affection in the old country. It was their anxious desire, they said, to make an effort to lighten the sorrow, to cheer the hopes and to invigorate the energies of their suffering brethren by making known to them a "land flowing with milk and honey," a land of refuge from the political and social evils under which Ireland groaned, a land of rest for their weary spirits, and of promise for their rising sons and daughters.

In this fraternal address, the colony of South Australia was described as "a country where the reward of steady industry, prudence, and sobriety, is certain, where the labour of comparatively few years will ensure a homestead and a competence to the working man and his family—even wealth, abundance, and social advancement to many; where the climate is generally salubrious and agreeable, and where none but freemen tread the soil." But every picture must have its due proportion of shade, and in accordance with that universal principle, the succeeding paragraph of the address intimates to the intending emigrant that "You must be prepared to labour hard, to endure privations, to toil occasionally under a burning sun and a scorching wind, and to suffer loneliness in the bush (for there you must rear your home or work out the means of purchasing one)." A rich recompense is predicted for the Irish emigrant who possesses the manly qualities of resolute perseverance, sobriety, and frugality. An Irishman of determination, undaunted by the inevitable difficulties of a newly-settled land, would be sure in the course of time to accumulate means, create a property, and attain a position of security and comfort, that would enable him to cheer the hearts, and close in comfort

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Page:The European Concert in the Eastern Question.djvu/143

 Le Khedive aura la disposition complete et entière des affaires finaneières du pays. Mais il n'aura pas le droit de contracter des emprunts, sauf pour ce qui concerne exclusivement le règlement de la situation financière présente, et en parfait accord avec ses presents creanciers ou les délégués charges officiellement de leurs intérêts.

Le Khédiviat ne saura, sous aucun prétexte ni motif, abandonner à d'autres, en tout ou en partie, les privileges accordes privileges à l'Égypte et qui lui sont confies, et qui sont une emanation des prerogatives inherentes au pouvoir souverain, ni aucune partie du territoire.

L'Administration Égyptienne aura soin de payer régulièrement le tribut annuel fixé à ₤ T. 750,000.

La monnaie sera frappee en frappée en mon nom.

En temps de paix 18,000 hommes de troupes suffisent pour la garde interieure de l'Égypte. Ce chiffre ne doit pas être


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 dépassé. Cependant, comme les forces Égyptiennes de terre et de mer sont destinées aussi au service de mon Gouvernement, dans le cas ou la Sublime Porte se trouverait engagée dans une guerre, leur chiffre pourra etre augmente dans la proportion jugée convenable.

Les drapeaux des forces de terre et de mer et les insignes des différents grades des officiers seront les mêmes que ceux de mes armees.

Le Khédiviat aura le droit de conférer aux officiers de terre et de mer jusqu'au grade de Colonel inclusivement et aux employés civils jusqu'au grade de Sanie inclusivement.

Le Khédive ne pourra, comme par le passé, construire expresse de mon des bâtiments blindés sans l'autorisation Gouvernement.

Je veillerai au strict maintien des conditions qui précèdent, et qui ayant été sanctionnées par mon Iradé Impérial, ont été consignées dans mon présent, orné de mon autographe Impérial, et qui te sera remis par Ali Fuad Bey.

No. X.

Règlement d'organisation judiciare pour les procèmixtes en Égyte.

TITRE PREMIER.

.

. — Tribunaux de premidre instance et cour d'appel.

§ I. Institution et composition.

I. II sera institue trois tribunaux de priemière instance à Alexandrie, au Caire et à Zagazig.

II. Chacun de ces tribunaux sera composé de sept juges : quatre étrangers et trois indigènes.

Les sentences seront rendues par cinq juges, dont trois étrangers et deux indigènes.

L'un des juges étrangers présidera avec le titre de vice-


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Talk:Cinderella

Ashputtle variation
In my English literature book, there is a version titled Ashputtle which is attributed directly to Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm. It is most similar to this translation, but it uses the name Ashputtle, and it changes some of the wording. The rhymes are slightly different, changing the singular to plural sometimes, or changing "to" to "on".

Someone may wish to add more information on this. Rj.amdphreak (talk) 16:03, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cinderella


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Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/215

 the eyes, of his aged parents, besides offering unthought-of advantages to his little ones. That this is no exaggerated statement is proved by facts within the personal knowledge of the writers of the address. "We are happy to state that a large portion of the Irish labourers who have arrived in this province, have, within a period of a few years, been enabled to withdraw themselves from the labour market, to become proprietors of land and stock, and employers of labour. The man who on his native soil was a careworn, toilworn being, living in a wretched hovel, without a chance of improving his circumstances, ill-clad, hungry, hopeless, with no motive for exertion, no work for more than half the year, getting a pittance of sixpence to tenpence a day, yet paying a high rent for his miserable holding, and competing to the death for its possession—this man of despair, transferred to a land of peace, with hope before him to stimulate his energies, and lead them into a right direction, here at length finds his services valuable and well remunerated; and learning for the first time in his life the luxury of feeling that he too can earn something to save, and that he occupies a higher position in the social scale, unfolds qualities that never seemed to belong to the national character."

This inspiriting address was signed by the Hon. Major O'Halloran, President of the St. Patrick's Society; Mr. K. E. Torrens, Collector of Customs, Vice-President; Sir George Kingston; the Hon. Captain Bagot, M.L.C., and a number of other representative Irish colonists. Its publication in Ireland naturally induced many intending emigrants to select South Australia as their future home, but the Imperial authorities seemed to still cling to the old unfortunate Wakefield idea that this particular colony must be kept socially superior to all the rest. Acting under this

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 stupid notion, they did their best to discourage Irish immigration, and the local St. Patrick's Society was compelled to send home a remonstrance against the unfair distinctions that were being made in the choice of immigrants. Under date "Adelaide, July 14, 1849," Sir Henry E. F. Young, governor of South Australia, wrote to Earl Grey, Secretary of State for the Colonies, commending to his favourable notice a memorial from the St. Patrick's Society of the colony, praying that Irish labourers might be shipped from Ireland direct, by the Land and Emigration Commissioners, in equal relative numbers to the English and Scotch labourers who were brought out at the expense of the colonial funds. In the memorial referred to, the members of St. Patrick's Society directed Earl Grey's attention to the fact that their countrymen, who were desirous of proceeding to South Australia, were not receiving a fair share of the facilities and encouragement to which they were entitled at the hands of the home authorities. In proof of this statement, statistics were quoted, showing that the proportion of English to Irish emigrants was as twenty to one. The memorialists further declared that it had come to their knowledge that English agents had in various instances refused to give passages to Irish emigrants, qualified in all respects, solely because they were Irish. And they concluded with a direct intimation to his lordship that they were prepared to prove that the Irish emigrants of South Australia were as orderly, industrious and thrifty as their brethren of England and Scotland, and made equally good colonists.

On December 15th, 1849, Earl Grey replied to the effect that he thought it right to refer the questions raised in the memorial, for the consideration of the Land and Emigration

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User talk:Emmanuel Vallois

— billinghurst  sDrewth  16:18, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Emmanuel Vallois


text:
The Tales of Chekhov/Volume 12/A Classical Student

 Slučaj s klasikom Случай с классиком (Чехов)


text:
A Daughter of Albion

A FINE carriage with rubber tyres, a fat coachman, and velvet on the seats, rolled up to the house of a landowner called Gryabov. Fyodor Andreitch Otsov, the district Marshal of Nobility, jumped out of the carriage. A drowsy footman met him in the hall.

"Are the family at home?" asked the Marshal.

"No, sir. The mistress and the children are gone out paying visits, while the master and mademoiselle are catching fish. Fishing all the morning, sir."

Otsov stood a little, thought a little, and then went to the river to look for Gryabov. Going down to the river he found him a mile and a half from the house. Looking down from the steep bank and catching sight of Gryabov, Otsov gushed with laughter. . . . Gryabov, a large stout man, with a very big head, was sitting on the sand, angling, with his legs tucked under him like a Turk. His hat was on the back of his head and his cravat had slipped on one side. Beside him stood a tall thin Englishwoman, with prominent eyes like a crab's, and a big bird-like nose more like a hook than a nose. She was dressed in a white muslin gown through which her scraggy yellow shoulders were very distinctly apparent. On her gold belt hung a little gold watch. She too was angling. The stillness of the grave reigned about them both. Both were motionless, as the river upon which their floats were swimming.

"A desperate passion, but deadly dull!" laughed Otsov. "Good-day, Ivan Kuzmitch."

"Ah . . . is that you ?" asked Gryabov, not taking his eyes off the water. "Have you come?"

"As you see . . . . And you are still taken up with your crazy nonsense! Not given it up yet?"

"The devil's in it. . . . I begin in the morning and fish all day . . . . The fishing is not up to much to-day. I've caught nothing and this dummy hasn't either. We sit on and on and not a devil of a fish! I could scream!"

"Well, chuck it up then. Let's go and have some vodka!"

"Wait a little, maybe we shall catch something. Towards evening the fish bite better . . . . I've been sitting here, my boy, ever since the morning! I can't tell you how fearfully boring it is. It was the devil drove me to take to this fishing! I know that it is rotten idiocy for me to sit here. I sit here like some scoundrel, like a convict, and I stare at the water like a fool. I ought to go to the haymaking, but here I sit catching fish. Yesterday His Holiness held a service at Haponyevo, but I didn't go. I spent the day here with this . . . with this she-devil."

"But . . . have you taken leave of your senses?" asked Otsov, glancing in embarrassment at the Englishwoman. "Using such language before a lady and she . . . ."

"Oh, confound her, it doesn't matter, she doesn't understand a syllable of Russian, whether you praise her or blame her, it is all the same to her! Just look at her nose! Her nose alone is enough to make one faint. We sit here for whole days together and not a single word! She stands like a stuffed image and rolls the whites of her eyes at the water."

The Englishwoman gave a yawn, put a new worm on, and dropped the hook into the water.

"I wonder at her not a little," Gryabov went on, "the great stupid has been living in Russia for ten years and not a word of Russian! . . . Any little aristocrat among us goes to them and learns to babble away in their lingo, while they . . . there's no making them out. Just look at her nose, do look at her nose!"

"Come, drop it . . . it's uncomfortable. Why attack a woman?"

"She's not a woman, but a maiden lady. . . . I bet she's dreaming of suitors. The ugly doll. And she smells of something decaying . . . . I've got a loathing for her, my boy! I can't look at her with indifference. When she turns her ugly eyes on me it sends a twinge all through me as though I had knocked my elbow on the parapet. She likes fishing too. Watch her: she fishes as though it were a holy rite! She looks upon everything with disdain . . . . She stands there, the wretch, and is conscious that she is a human being, and that therefore she is the monarch of nature. And do you know what her name is? Wilka Charlesovna Fyce! Tfoo! There is no getting it out!"

The Englishwoman, hearing her name, deliberately turned her nose in Gryabov's direction and scanned him with a disdainful glance; she raised her eyes from Gryabov to Otsov and steeped him in disdain. And all this in silence, with dignity and deliberation.

"Did you see?" said Gryabov chuckling. "As though to say 'take that.' Ah, you monster! It's only for the children's sake that I keep that triton. If it weren't for the children, I wouldn't let her come within ten miles of my estate. . . . She has got a nose like a hawk's . . . and her figure! That doll makes me think of a long nail, so I could take her, and knock her into the ground, you know. Stay, I believe I have got a bite. . . ."

Gryabov jumped up and raised his rod. The line drew taut. . . . Gryabov tugged again, but could not pull out the hook.

"It has caught," he said, frowning, "on a stone I expect . . . damnation take it . . . ."

There was a look of distress on Gryabov's face. Sighing, moving uneasily, and muttering oaths, he began tugging at the line.

"What a pity; I shall have to go into the water."

"Oh, chuck it!"

"I can't. . . . There's always good fishing in the evening. . . . What a nuisance. Lord, forgive us, I shall have to wade into the water, I must! And if only you knew, I have no inclination to undress. I shall have to get rid of the Englishwoman. . . . It's awkward to undress before her. After all, she is a lady, you know!"

Gryabov flung off his hat, and his cravat.

"Meess . . . er, er . . ." he said, addressing the Englishwoman, "Meess Fyce, je voo pree . . . ? Well, what am I to say to her? How am I to tell you so that you can understand? I say . . . over there! Go away over there! Do you hear?"

Miss Fyce enveloped Gryabov in disdain, and uttered a nasal sound.

"What? Don't you understand? Go away from here, I tell you! I must undress, you devil's doll! Go over there! Over there!"

Gryabov pulled the lady by her sleeve, pointed her towards the bushes, and made as though he would sit down, as much as to say: Go behind the bushes and hide yourself there. . . . The Englishwoman, moving her eyebrows vigorously, uttered rapidly a long sentence in English. The gentlemen gushed with laughter.

"It's the first time in my life I've heard her voice. There's no denying, it is a voice! She does not understand! Well, what am I to do with her?"

"Chuck it, let's go and have a drink of vodka!"

"I can't. Now's the time to fish, the evening. . . . It's evening . . . . Come, what would you have me do? It is a nuisance! I shall have to undress before her. . . ."

Gryabov flung off his coat and his waistcoat and sat on the sand to take off his boots.

"I say, Ivan Kuzmitch," said the marshal, chuckling behind his hand. "It's really outrageous, an insult."

"Nobody asks her not to understand! It's a lesson for these foreigners!"

Gryabov took off his boots and his trousers, flung off his undergarments and remained in the costume of Adam. Otsov held his sides, he turned crimson both from laughter and embarrassment. The Englishwoman twitched her brows and blinked. . . . A haughty, disdainful smile passed over her yellow face.

"I must cool off," said Gryabov, slapping himself on the ribs. "Tell me if you please, Fyodor Andreitch, why I have a rash on my chest every summer."

"Oh, do get into the water quickly or cover yourself with something, you beast."

"And if only she were confused, the nasty thing," said Gryabov, crossing himself as he waded into the water. "Brrrr . . . the water's cold. . . . Look how she moves her eyebrows! She doesn't go away . . . she is far above the crowd! He, he, he . . . . and she doesn't reckon us as human beings."

Wading knee deep in the water and drawing his huge figure up to its full height, he gave a wink and said:

"This isn't England, you see!"

Miss Fyce coolly put on another worm, gave a yawn, and dropped the hook in. Otsov turned away, Gryabov released his hook, ducked into the water and, spluttering, waded out. Two minutes later he was sitting on the sand and angling as before.

Дочь Альбиона (Чехов)

title: A Daughter of Albion