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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tirpitz, Alfred von

TIRPITZ, ALFRED VON (1849-), German admiral and politician, was born at Küstrin March 19 1849. He entered the Prussian navy in 1865, and by 1890 had risen to be chief-of-staff of the Baltic station in the Imperial navy. In 1892 he was in

charge of the work of the chief-of-staff in the higher command of the navy. He was promoted to be rear-admiral in 1895, and in 1896 and 1897 he was in command of the cruiser division in east Asiatic waters. In 1899 he reached the rank of vice-admiral and in 1903 that of admiral. For the long period of 19 years, from 1897 to 1916, he was Secretary of State for the Imperial navy, and in this capacity advocated the navy bills of 1898, 1900, 1907 and 1912 for increasing the German fleet and successfully carried them through the Reichstag. In 1911 he received the rank of grand-admiral, and he retired in 1916.

The best account of Adml. von Tirpitz's naval achievements and political activities is contained in the book which he published in 1919 under the title of Erinnerungen. In that book he shows how gigantic was the task of creating the new German navy with which Great Britain had to reckon at the outbreak of the World War. Not only had a whole array of subsidiary industries to be established and supplies of raw materials secured; thousands of skilled workmen and hundreds of directing personalities of strong character and exceptional ability had to be found and trained. It has been customary to attribute the creation of the German navy to the Kaiser William II., and it is true that in large part the initiative for successive increases, and the demagogic appeals by which they were supported, originated with the Emperor. On the other hand, it was Tirpitz who not only conducted the practical advocacy of these schemes in the Reichstag, but also organized the service of propaganda in the German press and on the platform, putting popular pressure on the parliamentary representatives of the nation and constraining them to agree to the enormous expenditure which these schemes entailed. William II. was often a hindrance as well as a help, and Tirpitz gives instances in which the work of the construction departments and even that of the Secretary of State were interrupted or hampered by wild-cat Imperial projects for the construction of architecturally impossible vessels or of mechanically impossible machinery. One of these projects, on which an elaborate report had actually to be submitted to the Emperor, was a device for which it was claimed that it had solved the problem of perpetual motion. In the conduct of the naval war the official role of Tirpitz was confined to reporting and advising at general headquarters, the actual conduct and initiative in operations being in the hands of the higher command of the navy at Wilhelmshaven, subject to the Emperor's approval or veto. Tirpitz advances two contentions; first, that he would have sent the navy into decisive action at an earlier stage of the war; secondly, that he would have made an earlier and more ruthless use of the German U-boats; but his opponents traverse both these claims, and in particular assert that as Secretary of State he had neglected the construction of submarines, so that Germany entered the war with a comparatively small supply of these vessels.

In the political sphere Tirpitz was a bitter opponent of Bethmann Hollweg, whom he charged with indecision, half-heartedness and nebulous conceptions of the necessities of German policy. His own experiences in the Reichstag, and the close contact with the political parties which his advocacy of successive naval bills had involved, made him a master of political intrigue. During the years which immediately preceded the war, as well as during the first 18 months of the conflict, he was himself a candidate for the office of Imperial Chancellor, in the sense that many of the reactionary Conservatives and of those who advocated a ruthless conception of policy in peace and war regarded him as their political hope. Lord Haldane, in his book Before the War (1920), records his impression of Tirpitz when he visited Berlin in Feb. 1912 in order to make tentative proposals for an agreement regarding the limitation of new construction. Bethmann Hollweg, Lord Haldane thought, was willing to entertain the British suggestions; it was Tirpitz who behind the scenes offered a most strenuous opposition to any restrictions. Tirpitz himself maintains that his naval aspirations were directed not towards a war with Great Britain, but to the creation of a state of naval equilibrium or of German superiority, which would have enabled Germany to insist upon the unreserved coöperation of British policy in her world aims. It was probably true that Germany's policy was

directed rather towards being so strong at sea as to make England unwilling to fight her unless absolutely necessary, than towards actually challenging British naval supremacy. But this policy was, in any case, bound to make England peculiarly sensitive to provocation by Germany, — a point which was ignored by the champions of a great German navy. Tirpitz's book, in so far as his statements may be trusted, throws much light upon the circumstances in which German policy was directed or drifted in July 1914 into paths which inevitably led to war. He enlarges in particular upon what he considers the folly of the declaration of war upon Russia (see ). He is naturally influenced to some extent in what he says by his poor opinion of Bethmann Hollweg's capacities and by his own thorough knowledge of the Emperor's fickle and impetuous character.

His resignation in 1916, and the stages of his relations with the Emperor and the Higher Naval Command which led to it, are described in his Erinnerungen with almost tragic vividness. Tirpitz remained a leading figure in the political agitation against the Chancellor's policy and was selected as president of the “Vaterlandspartei,” a political association started in Sept. 1917 under reactionary auspices to combat all attempts at peace by compromise, and to advocate the prosecution of the U-boat warfare with extreme ruthlessness. This association offered a vigorous opposition to the movement, which succeeded only when it was too late, for obtaining alterations in the constitution limiting the power of the Emperor and laying the foundations of real parliamentary government in the Empire and in Prussia.

After the revolution Tirpitz was one of those against whom German popular animosity was chiefly directed as being the inspirer of the naval and world policy which led to the war, and also the most powerful influence in prolonging it. He was one of those who found it inadvisable to remain in Germany, and he departed to find a refuge in Switzerland. After the republican Government seemed fairly established, and the reign of law and order was being restored, he returned; but, possibly on account of his advanced age, did not appear during 1921 to be taking any further part in political intrigue or agitation. (G. S.)


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206 people from the four quarters of the globe, and, more astounding, giving itself up to these innovations with zest.

I looked on at the preparations,—as at most things, to my infinite boredom,—from outside: a perspective from which they appeared to me little more than a new form of social diversion. For they kept my gayer friends, who were well on the inside, busy going to Centennial balls at the Academy of Music in the Colonial dress which was as essential for admission as a Colonial name or a Colonial family tree, while I stayed at home and, seeing what lovely creatures powder and patches and paniers made of Philadelphia girls with no more pretence to good looks than I, felt a little as I did when the coloured dignitary rang at our front door with the Assembly card that was not for me. And between the balls, the same friends were immersed in Centennial Societies and Centennial Committees and Centennial Meetings and Centennial Subscriptions and Centennial Petitions, Philadelphia women for the first time admitted, and pining for admission, into public affairs; while I was so far apart from it all that I remember but one incident in connection with the Centennial orgy of work, and this as trivial as could be. When we moved into the Third Street house we had found in possession a cat who left us in no doubt of her disapproval of our intrusion, but who tolerated us because of the convenience of the ground floor windows from which to watch for her enemies among the dogs of the neighbourhood, and for the comfort of certain cupboards upstairs during the infancy

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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tisza, Stephen, Count

TISZA, STEPHEN, (1861-1918), Hungarian statesman (see 26.1017). During the Coalition Ministry (1906) Tisza retired into private life on his estate of Geszt. It was only in the House of Magnates that he expressed his views against the extension of the franchise. When Count Khuen-Hedervary took office in 1910, Tisza was his most earnest and effective opponent in the country. His return to the political arena took place during a period of obstruction. In 1912 he became president of the House of Deputies, and on July 10 1913 again returned to power as prime minister. When the World War broke out a truce was arranged between Tisza and the Opposition, but it did not last long, and in 1917 he was compelled to resign. Though hitherto he had been the most zealous adherent of Dualism and the partnership with Austria, he declared for the scheme of personal union after the manifesto of King Charles on Oct. 17 1918, the Pragmatic Sanction to hold good on the question of national defence, but with a separate Hungarian army and separate diplomatic representation abroad. When he saw no prospect of winning the war he pleaded for a peace in common with Germany on the basis of President Wilson's Fourteen Points. On Oct. 31 he was assassinated in his villa by men in military uniform, said to have been worn as a disguise.

Tisza had a power over Austria and Hungary such as had hardly ever been exercised before by an adviser of the Crown. He was distinguished by his determination and inflexible convictions, and was opposed to any policy involving weak concessions. In the newspapers Magyar Figyelö (Hungarian Observer) and Ignazmondó (Truth), he published articles on many subjects; in addition he published the historical study Von Sadowa bis Sedan (in Hungarian and German).

(E. v. W.)


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192 'Taught me the gipsy-folks' bolee ;

Kind o' volcano she were,

For she knifed me one night 'cause I wished she was white,

And I learned about women from 'er!

Then I come 'ome in the trooper,

'Long of a kid o' sixteen—

Girl from a convent at Meerut,

The straightest I ever 'ave seen.

Love at first sight was 'er trouble,

She didn't know what it were;

An' I wouldn't do such, 'cause I liked 'er too much,

But—I learned about women from 'er!

I 've taken my fun where I've found it,

An' now I must pay for my fun,

For the more you 'ave known o' the others

The less will you settle to one;


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 the Ascension of Isaiah supply much information on this subject.

In the New Testament angels appear frequently as the ministers of God and the agents of revelation ; and Our Lord speaks of angels as fulfilling such functions, implying in one saying that they neither marry nor are given in marriage. Naturally angels are most prominent in the Apocalypse. The New Testament takes little interest in the idea of the angelic hierarchy, but there are traces of the doctrine. The distinction of good and bad angels is recognized; we have names, Gabriel, and the evil angels Abaddon or Apollyon , Beelzebub , and Satan ; ranks are implied, archangels , principalities and powers , thrones and dominions. Angels occur in groups of four or seven. In Rev. i.-iii. we meet with the “Angels” of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor. These are probably guardian angels, standing to the churches in the same relation that the “princes” in Daniel stand to the nations; practically the “angels” are personifications of the churches. A less likely view is that the “angels” are the human representatives of the churches, the bishops or chief presbyters. There seems, however, no parallel to such a use of “angel,” and it is doubtful whether the monarchical government of churches was fully developed when the Apocalypse was written.

Later Jewish and Christian speculation followed on the lines of the angelology of the earlier apocalypses; and angels play an important part in Gnostic systems and in the Jewish Midrashim and the Kabbala. Religious thought about the angels during the middle ages was much influenced by the theory of the angelic hierarchy set forth in the De Hierarchia Celesti, written in the 5th century in the name of Dionysius the Areopagite and passing for his. The creeds and confessions do not formulate any authoritative doctrine of angels; and modern rationalism has tended to deny the existence of such beings, or to regard the subject as one on which we can have no certain knowledge. The principle of continuity, however, seems to require the existence of beings intermediate between man and God.

The Old Testament says nothing about the origin of angels; but the Book of Jubilees and the Slavonic Enoch describe their creation; and, according to Col. i. 16, the angels were created in, unto and through Christ.

Nor does the Bible give any formal account of the nature of angels. It is doubtful how far Ezekiel’s account of the cherubim and Isaiah’s account of the seraphim are to be taken as descriptions of actual beings; they are probably figurative, or else subjective visions. Angels are constantly spoken of as “men,” and, including even the Angel of Yahweh, are spoken of as discharging the various functions of human life; they eat and drink, walk and speak. Putting aside the cherubim and seraphim, they are not spoken of as having wings. On the other hand they appear and vanish, exercise miraculous powers , and fly. Seeing that the anthropomorphic language used of the angels is similar to that used of God, the Scriptures would hardly seem to require a literal interpretation in either case. A special association is found, both in the Bible and elsewhere, between the angels and the heavenly bodies, and the elements or elemental forces, fire, water, &c. The angels are infinitely numerous.

The function of the angels is that of the supernatural servants of God, His agents and representatives; the Angel of Yahweh, as we have seen, is a manifestation of God. In old times, the bnē Elohim and the seraphim are His court, and the angels are alike the court and the army of God; the cherubim are his throne-bearers. In his dealings with men, the angels, as their name implies, are specially His messengers, declaring His will and executing His commissions. Through them he controls nature and man. They are the guardian angels of the nations; and we also find the idea that individuals have guardian angels. Later Jewish tradition held that the Law was given by angels. According to the Gnostic Basilides, the world was created by angels. Mahommedanism has taken over and further elaborated the Jewish and Christian ideas as to angels.

While the scriptural statements imply a belief in the existence of spiritual beings intermediate between God and men, it is probable that many of the details may be regarded merely as symbolic imagery. In Scripture the function of the angel overshadows his personality; the stress is on their ministry; they appear in order to perform specific acts.

ANGEL, a gold coin, first used in France (angelot, ange) in 1340, and introduced into England by Edward IV. in 1465 as a new issue of the “noble,” and so at first called the “angel-noble.” It varied in value between that period and the time of Charles I. (when it was last coined) from 6s. 8d. to 10s. The name was derived from the representation it bore of St Michael and the dragon. The angel was the coin given to those who came to be touched for the disease known as king’s evil; after it was no longer coined, medals, called touch-pieces, with the same device, were given instead. ANGELICA, a genus of plants of the natural order Umbelliferae, represented in Britain by one species, A. sylvestris, a tall perennial herb with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or purple flowers. The name Angelica is popularly given to a plant of an allied genus, Archangelica officinalis, the tender shoots of which are used in making certain kinds of aromatic sweetmeats. Angelica balsam is obtained by extracting the roots with alcohol, evaporating and extracting the residue with ether. It is of a dark brown colour and contains angelica oil, angelica wax and angelicin, C18H30O. The essential oil of the roots of Angelica archangelica contains β-terebangelene, C10H16, and other terpenes; the oil of the seeds also contains β-terebangelene, together with methylethylacetic acid and hydroxymyristic acid.

The angelica tree is a member of the order Avaliaceae, a species of Aralia (A. spinosa), a native of North America; it grows 8 to 12 ft. high, has a simple prickle-bearing stem forming an umbrella-like head, and much divided leaves. ANGELICO, FRA (1387–1455), Italian painter. Il Beato Fra Giovanni Angelico da Fiesole is the name given to a far-famed painter-friar of the Florentine state in the 15th century, the representative, beyond all other men, of pietistic painting. He is often, but not accurately, termed simply “Fiesole,” which is merely the name of the town where he first took the vows; more often Fra Angelico. If we turn his compound designation into English, it runs thus—“the Beatified Friar John the Angelic of Fiesole.” In his lifetime he was known no doubt simply as Fra Giovanni or Friar John; “The Angelic” is a laudatory term which was assigned to him at an early date,—we find it in use within thirty years after his death; and, at some period which is not defined in our authorities, he was beatified by due ecclesiastical process. His baptismal name was Guido, Giovanni being only his name in religion. He was born at Vicchio, in the Tuscan province of Mugello, of unknown but seemingly well-to-do parentage, in 1387 (not 1390 as sometimes stated); in 1407 he became a novice in the convent of S. Domenico at Fiesole, and in 1408 he took the vows and entered the Dominican order. Whether he had previously been a painter by profession is not certain, but may be pronounced probable. The painter named Lorenzo Monaco may have contributed to his art-training, and the influence of the Sienese school is discernible in his work.

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Rh of her kittens. She kept us at a respectful distance and we never ventured upon any liberties with her. Those of our friends who did, heedless of her growls, were sure to regret it. Our family doctor carried the marks of her teeth on his hand for many a day. It happened that once, when two Centennial canvassers called, she was the first to greet them and was unfavourably impressed by the voluminous furs in which they were wrapped. When I came downstairs she was holding the hall, her eyes flaming, her tail five times its natural size, and I understood the prudence of non-interference. The canvassers had retreated to the vestibule between the two front doors and, as I opened the inner door, another glance at the flaming eyes and indignant tail completed their defeat and they fled without explaining the object of their visit. I must indeed have been removed from the Centennial delirium and turmoil to have retained this absurd encounter as one of my most vivid memories.

II

Upon the Centennial itself I looked at closer quarters. I was as removed from it officially, but not quite so penniless and friendless as never to have the chance to visit it. Inexperienced and untravelled as I was, it opened for me vistas hitherto undreamed of and stirred my interest as nothing in Philadelphia had until then. As I recall it, that long summer is, as it was at the time, a bewildering jumble of first impressions and revelations—Philadelphia


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/“Titanic” Disaster, 1912

“TITANIC” DISASTER, 1912. — No single event in 1912 could compare, in the intensity of its universal appeal to human

emotion, with the awful disaster to the British steamship “Titanic.” At 2:20 A.M. on April 15, that great White Star liner, the largest afloat, on her maiden voyage, went to the bottom of the Atlantic in lat. 41º 46' N., long. 50º 14' W., about 2¾ h. after striking at full speed on an iceberg, with a loss of 1,513 souls out of 2,224 on board. It had been supposed that such a vessel was unsinkable, and the tragedy raised numerous questions as to methods of ship construction, and additional provision of life-saving equipment. The “Titanic” had nominally boat accommodation for double the number saved, and the 20 boats launched were meant to hold 1,178 persons instead of the 652 they actually contained when they left the ship; moreover, the disaster occurred under exceptional conditions for getting people safely off, in the way of smooth water and fine weather. The most salutary lessons seemed to lie in the following directions: first, improved design and construction so as to provide a really unsinkable ship; secondly, greater precautions in navigation and look-out — for the “Titanic” was going at 18 knots (according to Lord Mersey an “excessive speed”), though it was known that icebergs were exceptionally numerous on the course; thirdly, better and more regular organization on shipboard — by boat drill (there had been none on the “Titanic”) and otherwise, for the emergency of having to abandon ship; and fourthly, a compulsory service of wireless on all liners, working day and night for it was one of the most lamentable incidents in the whole terrible story that the “Titanic's” wireless call for help, picked up all over the ocean and nobly responded to by the “Carpathia,” (Capt. Rostron), 70 m. off, fell on deaf ears on the “Californian” only 8 or 10 m. away. The full record of the disaster is contained in the reports of the inquiries held at once in America by a committee of Congress under Senator Smith, and later in London by a special commission presided over by Lord Mersey (report issued July 30). Painful and difficult though it was to distribute blame in such a case, there could be little doubt that the loss of life — 817 passengers out of 1,316, and 696 out of a crew of 908 — was much greater than ought to have been possible. Capt. E. J. Smith (b. 1853), a highly experienced seaman, who had been for 38 years in the service of the White Star Co. and who now went down with his ship, seems to have been averse from taking steps at first which might cause a panic on board; otherwise there should have been time, if adequate means of organization and of commanding discipline had existed, not only to get more people into the boats but to improvise rafts. In naval circles the opinion was strongly held that this should have been done, since the injuries received by the ship made it certain that she would sink in a given time. If so, there was a weakness in the higher command, or the means provided for exercising it in the organization of the crew on the “Titanic,” for which no merely material equipment could compensate. A natural expectation of security had been engendered, alike among the owners, officers and passengers of these magnificently appointed liners, which, until a crisis actually came, had made it almost unthinkable that it could come in that way; but the fact remains that responsibility for the lives of passengers rests with those who control the ship. In this case, it was not the inadequacy of the physical means of escape that accounted for the large proportion of the lost who remained on board; it was the inadequate organization for purposes of using them, and inadequate information as to the necessity. Apart from that, both Great Britain and America could mingle sorrow and pride over many fine incidents of the tragedy, with its long death roll of prominent people from both sides of the Atlantic. When it came to the sending away of the boats, the order was

“women and children first.” The figures of the 711 saved by the “Carpathia” (including about 60 who were picked up in the boats after the ship went down) speak for themselves: — Women: first class, 140 out of 144; second class, 80 out of 93; third class, 76 out of 165; crew, 20 out of 23. Children: first class, 6 out of 6; second class, 24 out of 24; third class, 27 out of 79. Men: first class, 57 out of 175; second class, 14 out of 168; third class, 75 out of 462; crew 192 out of 885. Altogether the percentage of women saved was 74.35, of children 52.29, of men 20.27. The comparatively small proportion of third-class passengers saved was shown to be purely accidental and not due to any preference being deliberately given to others; they were handicapped, however, by their quarters being remote from the boat deck, and by so many of them being unable to speak or understand English.


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Rh An' the end of it's sittin' and thinkin',

An' dreamin' Hell-fires to see;

So be warned by my lot (which I know you will not),

An' learn about women from me!

What did the Colonel's Lady think?

Nobody never knew.

Somebody asked the Sergeant's wife,

An' she told 'em true!

When you get to a man in the case,

They're like as a row of pins—

For the Colonel's Lady an' Judy O'Grady

Are sisters under their skins!


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210 all chaos and confusion, functions and formalities, spectacles and sensations—buildings Philadelphia could not have conceived of in its sanity covering acres of its beautiful Park, a whole shanty town of huge hotels and cheap restaurants and side-shows sprung up on its outskirts—marvels in the buildings, amazing, foreign, unbelievable marvels, the Arabian Nights rolled into one—interminable drives in horribly crowded street-cars to reach them—lunches of Vienna rolls and Vienna coffee in Vienna cafes, as unlike Jones's on Eleventh Street or Burns's on Fifteenth as I could imagine—dinners in French restaurants that, after Belmont and Strawberry Mansion, struck me as typically Parisian though I do not suppose they were Parisian in the least—the flaring and glaring of millions of gas lamps under Philadelphia's tranquil skies—a delightful feeling of triumph that Philadelphia was the first American town to do what London had done, what Paris had done, and to do it so splendidly—burning heat, Philadelphia apparently bent on proving to the unhappy visitor what the native knew too well, that, when it has a mind to, it can be the most intolerably hot place in the world—sweltering, demoralized crowds—unexpected descents upon a household as quiet as ours of friends not seen for years and relations never heard of—brilliant autumn days—an atmosphere of activity, excitement and exultation that made it good to be alive and in the midst of Centennial celebrations without bothering to seek in them a more serious end than a season's amusement.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tittoni, Tommaso

TITTONI, TOMMASO (1855-), Italian statesman, was born in Rome 1855. His father, Vincenzo, a tenant farmer on a large scale at La Manziana, had taken part in the defence of the Roman Republic under Garibaldi in 1849, was exiled by Pius IX., and reëntered Rome in 1870 through the breach of Porta Pia. Tommaso Tittoni was educated first at Naples, and subsequently at Oxford and Liége. He began his parliamentary career as deputy for Civitavecchia in 1886, sitting on the Right, but he resigned his seat in 1897, having been appointed prefect of Perugia; three years later he went to Naples in a similar capacity, and in 1902 he was raised to the Senate. When Giolitti became premier for the second time in 1903, Tittoni became his Foreign Minister. He aimed at improving relations with Austria, and also tried to bring about a reconciliation with France; it was in fact under his auspices that President Loubet visited Rome. On the resignation of Giolitti in March 1905 Tittoni became interim premier for a few days and remained in the Fortis Cabinet as Foreign Minister. His proposal to reduce the duty on Spanish wines in connexion with an Italo-Spanish commercial treaty aroused a storm of indignation among the agricultural classes and caused the fall of the Cabinet on Dec. 24 1905; and although Fortis composed a new administration, Tittoni did not enter it. A few months later he was appointed ambassador in London (March 1906), but in May, on the fall of the Sonnino Cabinet and the return of Giolitti to power, he was again summoned to the Consulta. He continued the policy of improving relations with Austria, which did not contribute to his popularity; after the annexation of Bosnia and the Herzegovina his imprudently worded speech at Carate created the illusion that Italy was to be compensated, perhaps by the cession of the Trentino, and the disappointment when nothing of the kind materialized greatly weakened his prestige. He remained in office until the fall of Giolitti in Dec. 1909. In April of the following year he was appointed ambassador in Paris. When the World War broke out, in spite of his Triplicist policy he openly expressed himself in favour of Italian neutrality, and on Italy's entry into the war he was careful not to compromise himself with Giolitti's attitude. But he was not at his ease in the French capital and in Nov. 1916 he resigned from the Paris embassy. On the fall of the Orlando Cabinet in June 1919, the new Premier Nitti chose Tittoni as Foreign Minister and first delegate at the Peace Conference, but the severe strain of the work told on his health and he was forced to resign in November. He was chosen president of the Senate in Dec., and soon after was appointed Italian delegate on the Council and Assembly of the League of Nations, but ill-health again forced him to relinquish both appointments. In 1910 he had published a volume of speeches, which was translated into English, and in 1919 he brought out a work on political conflicts and constitutional reform.


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Executive Order 13617

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) (NEA), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code,

I,, President of the United States of America, in view of the policies underlying Executive Order 12938 of November 14, 1994, and Executive Order 13085 of May 26, 1998, and the restrictions put in place pursuant to Executive Order 13159 of June 21, 2000, find that the risk of nuclear proliferation created by the accumulation of a large volume of weapons-usable fissile material in the territory of the Russian Federation continues to constitute an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States, and hereby declare a national emergency to deal with that threat. I hereby order:

Barack Obama The White House, June 25, 2012. [FR Doc. 2012–15954 Filed 6–26–12; 11:15 am] Billing Code 3295–F2–P

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Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/18

 According to Vasari, the first paintings of this artist were in the Certosa of Florence; none such exist there now. His earliest extant performances, in considerable number, are at Cortona, whither he was sent during his novitiate, and here apparently he spent all the opening years of his monastic life. His first works executed in fresco were probably those, now destroyed, which he painted in the convent of S. Domenico in this city; as a fresco-painter, he may have worked under, or as a follower of, Gherardo Starnina. From 1418 to 1436 he was back at Fiesole; in 1436 he was transferred to the Dominican convent of S. Marco in Florence, and in 1438 undertook to paint the altarpiece for the choir, followed by many other works; he may have studied about this time the renowned frescoes in the Brancacci chapel in the Florentine church of the Carmine and also the paintings of Orcagna. In or about 1445 he was invited by the pope to Rome. The pope who reigned from 1431 to 1447 was Eugenius IV., and he it was who in 1445 appointed another Dominican friar, a colleague of Angelico, to be archbishop of Florence. If the story (first told by Vasari) is true—that this appointment was made at the suggestion of Angelico only after the archbishopric had been offered to himself, and by him declined on the ground of his inaptitude for so elevated and responsible a station—Eugenius, and not (as stated by Vasari) his successor Nicholas V., must have been the pope who sent the invitation and made the offer to Fra Giovanni, for Nicholas only succeeded in 1447. The whole statement lacks authentication, though in itself credible enough. Certain it is that Angelico was staying in Rome in the first half of 1447; and he painted in the Vatican the Cappella del Sacramento, which was afterwards demolished by Paul III. In June 1447 he proceeded to Orvieto, to paint in the Cappella Nuova of the cathedral, with the co-operation of his pupil Benozzo Gozzoli. He afterwards returned to Rome to paint the chapel of Nicholas V. In this capital he died in 1455, and he lies buried in the church of the Minerva.

According to all the accounts which have reached us, few men on whom the distinction of beatification has been conferred could have deserved it more nobly than Fra Giovanni. He led a holy and self-denying life, shunning all advancement, and was a brother to the poor; no man ever saw him angered. He painted with unceasing diligence, treating none but sacred subjects; he never retouched or altered his work, probably with a religious feeling that such as divine providence allowed the thing to come, such it should remain He was wont to say that he who illustrates the acts of Christ should be with Christ. It is averred that he never handled a brush without fervent prayer and he wept when he painted a Crucifixion. The Last Judgment and the Annunciation were two of the subjects he most frequently treated.

Bearing in mind the details already given as to the dates of Fra Giovanni’s sojourning in various localities, the reader will be able to trace approximately the sequence of the works which we now proceed to name as among his most important productions. In Florence, in the convent of S. Marco (now converted into a national museum), a series of frescoes, beginning towards 1443; in the first cloister is the Crucifixion with St Dominic kneeling; and the same treatment recurs on a wall near the dormitory; in the chapterhouse is a third Crucifixion, with the Virgin swooning, a composition of twenty life-sized figures—the red background, which has a strange and harsh effect, is the misdoing of some restorer; an “Annunciation,” the figures of about three-fourths of life-size, in a dormitory; in the adjoining passage, the “Virgin enthroned,” with four saints; on the wall of a cell, the “Coronation of the Virgin,” with Saints Paul, Thomas Aquinas, Benedict, Dominic, Francis and Peter Martyr; two Dominicans welcoming Jesus, habited as a pilgrim; an “Adoration of the Magi”; the “Marys at the Sepulchre.” All these works are later than the altarpiece which Angelico painted (as before mentioned) for the choir connected with this convent, and which is now in the academy of Florence; it represents the Virgin with Saints Cosmas and Damian (the patrons of the Medici family), Dominic, Peter, Francis, Mark, John Evangelist and Stephen; the pediment illustrated the lives of Cosmas and Damian, but it has long been severed from the main subject. In the Uffizi gallery, an altarpiece, the Virgin (life-sized) enthroned, with the Infant and twelve angels. In S. Domenico, Fiesole, a few frescoes, less fine than those in S. Marco; also an altarpiece in tempera of the Virgin and Child between Saints Peter, Thomas Aquinas, Dominic and Peter Martyr, now much destroyed. The subject which originally formed the predella of this picture has, since 1860, been in the National Gallery, London, and worthily represents there the hand of the saintly painter. The subject is a Glory, Christ with the banner of the Resurrection, and a multitude of saints, including, at the extremities, the saints or beati of the Dominican order; here are no fewer than 266 figures or portions of figures, many of them having names inscribed. This predella was highly lauded by Vasari; still more highly another picture which used to form an altarpiece in Fiesole, and which now obtains world-wide celebrity in the Louvre—the “Coronation of the Virgin,” with eight predella subjects of the miracles of St. Dominic. For the church of Santa Trinita, Florence, Angelico executed a “Deposition from the Cross,” and for the church of the Angeli, a “Last Judgment,” both now in the Florentine academy; for S. Maria Novella, a “Coronation of the Virgin,” with a predella in three sections, now in the Uffizi,—this again is one of his masterpieces. In Orvieto cathedral he painted three triangular divisions of the ceiling, portraying respectively Christ in a glory of angels, sixteen saints and prophets, and the virgin and apostles: all these are now much repainted and damaged. In Rome, in the Chapel of Nicholas V., the acts of Saints Stephen and Lawrence; also various figures of saints, and on the ceiling the four evangelists. These works of the painter’s advanced age, which have suffered somewhat from restorations, show vigour superior to that of his youth, along with a more adequate treatment of the architectural perspectives. Naturally, there are a number of works currently attributed to Angelico, but not really his; for instance, a “St Thomas with the Madonna’s girdle,” in the Lateran museum, and a “Virgin enthroned,” in the church of S. Girolamo, Fiesole. It has often been said that he commenced and frequently practised as an illuminator; this is dubious and a presumption arises that illuminations executed by Giovanni’s brother, Benedetto, also a Dominican, who died in 1448, have been ascribed to the more famous artist. Benedetto may perhaps have assisted Giovanni in the frescoes at S. Marco, but nothing of the kind is distinctly traceable. A folio series of engravings from these paintings was published in Florence, in 1852. Along with Gozzoli already mentioned, Zanobi Strozzi and Gentile da Fabriano are named as pupils of the Beato.

We have spoken of Angelico’s art as “pietistic”; this is in fact its predominant character. His visages have an air of rapt suavity, devotional fervency and beaming esoteric consciousness, which is intensely attractive to some minds and realizes beyond rivalry a particular ideal—that of ecclesiastical saintliness and detachment from secular fret and turmoil. It should not be denied that he did not always escape the pitfalls of such a method of treatment, the faces becoming sleek and prim, with a smirk of sexless religiosity which hardly eludes the artificial or even the hypocritical; on other minds, therefore, and these some of the most masculine and resolute, he produces little genuine impression. After allowing for this, Angelico should nevertheless be accepted beyond cavil as an exalted typical painter according to his own range of conceptions, consonant with his monastic calling, unsullied purity of life and exceeding devoutness. Exquisite as he is in his special mode of execution, he undoubtedly falls far short, not only of his great naturalist contemporaries such as Masaccio and Lippo Lippi, but even of so distant a precursor as Giotto, in all that pertains to bold or life-like invention of a subject or the realization of ordinary appearances, expressions and actions—the facts of nature, as distinguished from the aspirations or contemplations of the spirit. Technically speaking, he had much finish and harmony of composition and colour, without corresponding mastery of light and shade, and his knowledge of the human frame was restricted. The brilliancy and fair light scale of his tints is constantly remarkable, combined with a free use of gilding; this conduces materially to that celestial character

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52 Běra, many, plenty, abundant.

Bérag, Hot with love; Elated, in high spirits.

Běrěbut, to quarrel and scramble for any object; to snatch from another.

Bérék, to be noisy, to babble. Ulah bérék, D'ont be noisy, keep quiet.

Běrěkah, propitious, favourable, prosperous, blessed with success.

Běrěkat, ar: lucky, blessed. Berekat Allah, the blessing of God. Having in superabundance, more than we can get through; victuals remaining unconsumed at a feast. Enough and to spare

Běrěkéké, a disease in growing paddy caused by a worm.

Bérés, in even and neat order, pretty, handsome.

Běrod, the name of a scaleless river fish.

Běrod, confounded, in a mass, as Kiamat berod, things are in a miserable plight.

Běs, the idiomatic expression of forcing in or stabbing.

Běsěsět, to cram or force into a small aperture.

Běsot, slipped out, sprung out, come out with force.

Bět, the idiomatic expression of cutting through at one slap, as of small trees or twigs.

Bětah, to have pleasure in, to be gratified with, to have a delight in.

Bétan, as, like to, similar to. Pantan in Malay- Marsden Page 230, like, as, resembling probably of the same origin.

Bětok, name of a fish in swamps, which is hard-lived, and survives long even out of water.

Bětus, split, broken, particularly when by breaking any liquid flows out.

Běuběr, a sash or belt worn round the loins, to keep the body firm whilst either walking or at work. All natives wear a běuběr.

Běuběuntěuran, name of a variety of grass.

Běuběurěum ěndog, the yolk of an egg.

Běuběut, to dash, to smash against any thing, as a tiger would smash its prey against a tree or rock.

Běu-ěus, wet, moist, wet in a less degree than Baseuh.

Běuhěung, the neck; Siket beuheung up to the neck, as far as the neck.

Běuhngar, Rich, affluent, having abundant possessions. Sugi ku pikir beuhngar ku akal, rich in thought, affluent in device.

Běukah, open, expanded, as a flower or seed head; particularly said of Paddy when the ears shoot out.

Běukas, mark, trace; said of a gun which has been shot off, and leaves the trace of the powder.

Běuki, to have an appetite for, to relish, to desire to eat, to be fond of any act even other than eating. To beuki ka na kéjo, he does not like rice. Used also figuratively as: Sok beuki bohong, he is fond of lying. Beuki kolot beuki bang'or, the older he gets the worse he is. Beuki in this latter sense is the more.


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Abbotsford

 * “The Abbotsford” by Morrison Waite

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Emma Abbott

 * "Emma Abbott", Woman of the Century, 1893
 * "Emma Abbott", Woman of the Century, 1893
 * "Emma Abbott", Woman of the Century, 1893

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Rh Aram, brushwood used for consolidating or giving substance to boggy roads, embankments, dikes, dams &c. brushwood laid down on a muddy road.

Aran, a name; as to- Aran hadé, nya hanto, as to its being good, indeed it is not (Jav. id).

Arang-arang, name of a fish in some rivers.

Arangan, name of a fish, the same as Arang-arang.

Arap, bits of string in weaving, which raise the alternate threads.

Arapat, ar: the mountain of Arafat near Mecca, where some of the ceremonies of becoming Haji take place. See Arafat.

Arapap-ěrěupěup, to stutter, not to be able to articulate clearly.

Arawah, also much called Roa, the eighth month of the Mohammedan year; otherwise also called Saban.

Ardi, mountain, occurs sometimes in the composition of proper names, and is Kawi. (Scr. adri, a mountain; herefrom are formed in Javanese ardi and redi, by transposition. Fr.)

Aré, The open country, or where there is little or only young jungle, in contradistinction to the mountainous and forest parts. Orang are, the people living in open country; this expression also sometimes implies evil spirits, demons.

Arěp, to exspect, to hope for, to look for; To di arep deui, I no longer expect it. I do not expect to see him again.

Arěs-arěsan, sweepings of rice mixed with sand and dust, picked up for use.

Areui, Jungle rope; the twining and long runners which abound in all tropical forests, much used as bands or ropes. Called in French Liane. Called in Malay Oyod, which word in Javanese means Root thus the idea of root is conveyed, when speaking of these lianes, which spread their roots above ground.

Argopuro, according to Javanese pronunciation: otherwise Argapura. The highest part of the Iyang mountains in Basuki, 9237 feet high, covered with rude terraces and traces of ancient worschip.
 * Argha, C. 47. Reverence, mode of worschip.
 * Arghya, C. 47. renerable, deserving worship, respectable.
 * Pura, C. 409. a city, a town, a collection of houses, a house or cluster of houses walled in.
 * Argha-pura, the worshipful city- or place to worship at.
 * Pûra, C. 415 a piece of water, a large quantity of water.
 * Argha-pāra, the worshipful water, the water deserving worship.
 * At one place on the top of the Argopuro, is a sort of hollow, going down into the ground about six feet perpendicular. It is so narrow that a man can with difficulty get up and down it. On the top of the Argopuro, Mr. Zollinger found several glazed pots partly whole and partly broken. They are about two feet high and have a mouth one foot wide, but belly out below.
 * Can there have been some worship of sacred water on the top of the Iyang? Tijdschrift 8 year 2e No. Feb. 1846.


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22 The Dayaks are still fond of possessing large earthenware jars for religious purposes, and the Sunda people often tell you of mysterious jars having been found at Balais or sacred spots amongst the mountains. (16).

Ari, If, in case that, now supposing that; Ari daik, chokot bai, if you like, you have only to take it.

Aria, or Ariya, a rank of office below Tumunggung
 * Aryya- C. 48. a Person of eminence, a man of worth, a master.
 * Ayrya- C. 64, a term of high respect, of veneration, and applied to persons of high descent. One of the names of Buddha, but particularly applied to the priests of Buddha. In the Pali form it is called Ariya- C. 64. (Arya with long â, of a good family, Skr., is in the old time of Bali (and Java) one of the titles of the Xatriyas. Fr.)

Ariya Bang'a, a character in ancient Javanese history, connected with the foundation of Majapahit and Pajajaran, and elder brother of Chiung Wanara. See Raffles 2 vol P. 100. Ariya Bang'a having settled at Majapahit. Bang'a C. 486. breaking, splitting, a fissure, a division, defeat, discomfiture. Ariya Banga was probably so called from breaking or splitting the country into two separate dominions.

Ariya Damar, the son of Angka Wijaya, the last king of Majapahit, by a witch of the Gunung Lawu. He was an enterprising youth and was sent by his father in command of an army against Bali, in consequence of which Bali became tributary to Majapahit. Ariya Damar was subsequently appointed to be chief of Palembang on Sumatra. To Palembang he carried the Champa Princess, who had been married to the king of Majapahit (his father?) and who had by him a son called Raden Patah. This princess had subsequently another son by Ariya Damar, called Raden Husen, and these two brothers were instrumental in upsetting Hinduism in Java, and introducing Mohammedanism. Raffles vol 2 Pages 115/117.

Ari-ari, as Tali-ari-ari, the after birth. Arip-ar: intelligent, wise, acute, skilful.

Ari-raya, a holiday, a festive occasion. This is Malay, but still often used by the Sundas. Raya in Achinese is great, and the Malays may have borrowed the expression from them, and it will thus mean „the Great day”.


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Rh Arit, an agricultural instrument like a hedging bill, called in Malay Parang. It is universally used for cutting grass, or for cleaning away weeds in gardens.

Arjuna, C. 48. gives Arjjuna. The name of a king with a thousand arms, see Bisnu. Arjuna is a celebrated character in the old Javanese legends. Arjuno, name of a mountain on the confines of SourabayaSurabaya [sic] and Pasuruan, 10.709 Rhine- land feet high.

Aro, the large bottlefly, such as lays the eggs for maggots. Musca vomitoria. Aros, a kind of gingham cloth in stripes of blue and white.

Arotan, festivels in former times; the word occurs in Pantuns. Aru-aru, to meddle with, to disturb, to oppose or give oflenceoffence [sic].

Arum, fragrant, sweet-scented.

Asa, I think, to be under the impression, to feel. Murah kitu asa di béré, It is cheap in that way, I feel as if it were given. Asa, C. 66, an interjection of recollection.
 * Asā. C. 65, wish, desire, hope.

Asa-an, to taste, to try, to take a taste, to make a trial. Asad, ar: the zodiacal sign Leo.

Asah, to sharpen, to whet, to rub or grind upon a stone. Kuda di asah it must be sharpened. Ki asahan, name of a liane or jungle rope, good for using as a rope in tying fences, or making dams in rivers, Tetracera dichotoma.

Asak, ripe, done enough in cooking. Buwah asak, ripe fruit. Kéjo asak properly boiled rice.

Asakan, to cook, to boil, to dress food.

Asal, ar: origin, source, race, descent, beginning, commencement. Asal na li Pajajaran, his descent or origin is from Pajajaran.

Asal, as long as, so that, provided that. Asal ulah di leburken, as long as you do not spoil it. Asal meunang siji bai gé hadé, provided that you get only one, it will do. Asal opat kaki jangkung na, mahi, as long as it is four feet high, it will be enough.

Asana, I think, it strikes me; Asana mohal di béré, it strikes me he will not give it.

Asang, the gills of a fish.

Asar, ar: that period of the day which is towards 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and is the third prayer hour with the Mohammedans.

Asělan, to replace seed or plants, that have failed. To fill in.

Asěm, a tamerindtamarind [sic] tree-Tamerindus Indica.

Asěm Jawa, the acid of Java; tamerindtamarind [sic] prepared for use.

Asép, a name of courtesy given to the male children of nobles, or of great men being a contraction of Kasép, handsome.

Asěruk, to walk about and examine, as a garden or a forest.

Asih, love, affection, pity, commiseration.

Asilar: revenue, income, produce, profit, gain.


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24 Asin, salt, saltish, salted. Daging asin, salt meat. Chi asin salt water, the water of the sea.

Asmara, the same as Samara, the deity of love which see. Samara C. 710. from Sa for Saha, with- Mâra an enemy; having the passions unsubdued. (17).

Asongkěn, to push forward, to shove along, to push on to eucounterencounter [sic]-to set afighting.

Asrah, to surrender, to submit, to give one self up, to ask for mercy; yielded, submitted. Sarahken in Sunda is also to give up, to surrender anything.

Asrakal, the act of standing up in prayer. (ar.)

Asta, a cubit, the measure from the elbow to the tips of fingers. Hasta C 789 the hand, a cubit measured by the hand and arm, from the elbow to the middle finger. Astaghafarillah ar: an exclamatio nofexclamation of [sic] astonishment or of sudden alarm: may God avert, may God preserve us. God bless me! Astana, the burial ground of Chiefs or of great men. In Bali Pangastanan is a sort of temple where Siwa is worshipped by the mass of the people. Sthana, C. 774 from Stha to stay-place, spot, situation or Asthana C. 66. an assembly (of the dead as used for a burial place). Astina, name of the Country of the Pandus, placed by the Javanese in the province of PakalonganPekalongan [sic] in their own Island-Crawfurd. (Skr. Hastinapura, ancient Delhi. Fr.)

Asuh, to nurse a small child, to fondle an infant in the arms; to hold such a child in the arms and swing it about. Asur, to push together, particularly firewood or burning logs. Asur, to bribe , to gain to one's interest by gifts.

Asuran, a bribe, a douceur.

Aswalas, a term of reproach. The words are properly Javanese and Asu- alas, dog of the woods. Suna, C. 748. a dog, derived from Su to hear, to obey, and na affirmative. alas forest. (çvan, Nominat. çvâ; cass. obliqui çun- Skr.; cf. Gr. kyôn, kyn-os; lat. c(v)an-is; Germ. hun-d. Our form here is derived from the Nominative-çvâ, with prefixed a. Fr.) Atah, unripe, raw, not sufficiently cooked. Atak-atak, direction, position, as Kapahung, to nyaho di Atak-atak na I lost myself in the forest, and know not in what direction (or where abouts).

Atal, Orpiment, a yellow sulphurate of arsenic, with which the natives, especially at the east end of Java, smear their bodies , and make themselves yellow , on occasions of ceremony, especially when celebrating their marriage ceremonies. Artal is given by Crawfurd who says it is Sanscrit.


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Rh Atar, ar: the planet mercury.

Atas, considering, with reference to, as to, since.
 * Atas pelkara itu, with reference to that affair.
 * Atas di béré, daik bai, since you give it, I am willing to take it.

Atawa, or- Sia masih kénéh daik chicking, atawa daik undur, do you still wish to remain, or do you wish to go away. It is perhaps the same as Tawa, C. 225, more, yet, still, moreover. (Skr. athawa, or; cf. utawa, lat. aut. Jav. atawa, utawa and utawi. Fr. )

Atěr, a variety of bambu, with substantial but not very thick stem; much used for boat-hooks. Bambusa Thouarsii.

Atěul, Itchy, having an itch to do something, ticklish, prurient-
 * Ateul biwir, itchy in the lips, disposed to blab.
 * Ateul leungan, disposed to make use of one's hand's to thrash others.
 * Ateul suku, disposed to wander about.
 * Sireum ateul, the itchy ant- a red variety of ant.
 * Sireum ateulan, said of things which are not even and alike, as some good, some bad- some light, some heavy.

Atoh, pleased, delighted, elated, glad.

Atu, an expletive, as Atu ho! well yes- Atu ulah! now d'ont.

Atua, or, either- atua sia, atua batur, either you or your companion; see atawa. (Is the same word; awâ corrupted to ua).

Atua, old- used only with wong person, as wong atua, the old people, parents.

Atua in the Pacific, almost every where, means God, Divinity, and has no doubt its origin in the Tua or Atua of the Archipelago, meaning old, as old age every where commands respect among these people-see Tuwa and kituwa. Wong-atua.

Aub, shade, shelter, used in conjunction with Payung an umbrella, as Aub-payung, literally the shade of the umbrella, but figuratively a duty that devolves on any person, or a right that may appertain to him. Saha nu bogah aub payung, who possesses the natural right?

Audabila men éshétan irajim, the way in which natives pronounce Audzu billahi men Sheitani r’rejimi by the aid of God, against the accursed devil- see Marsdens dictionary Page 205. a form of prayer used by the natives when in trouble, and especially used when a sudden flash of lightning is seen. The words are Arabic. (أَعُوذُ بِاللَّهِ مِنَ الشَيْطَانِ الرَّجِيمِ Fr.)

Aulia, ar: Saints, friends of God. Although an Arabic plural, it is equally used in the Archipelago as a Singular, conformably to the genius of the languages-Crawfurd.

Awab or awap, vapour, exhalation- the breath or animal perspiration visible from cold.

Awak, the body, person, the trunk.

Awak, a pronoun, thou, you, used towards an equal, and is neither so low as Sia nor so high as Andika; little used except in songs and Pantuns.


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26 Awal, ar: first, former, beginning, see ahwal.

Awang, the clouds. The etherial space. The heavens.

Awas, seeing clearly, sharpsighted, vigilant, watchful.

Awét, lasting, enduring, which can be used for a long time. Kayu awét, durable wood. Umur awét, a long life.

Awéwé, a woman, a female.

Awi, a bambu, a general name for every variety of Bambusa. The Sunda people distinguish the following varieties-
 * Awi Apus, resembles Awi tali, and is used much for splitting into withes.
 * "Atěr, strong and good for boathooks or poles.
 * "Bitung, large and substantial, good for posts.
 * "Bongkonol, small like Tamiang, of little use.
 * "Buluh, large but subject to be eaten by worms.
 * "Buluh munti, resembles Buluh, and is of little use.
 * "Bunar, large, good Bambu.
 * "Changkeǔteǔk, small sized tubes, makes neat bilik.
 * "Changkoré, a useless variety, cannot stand of itself, but reposes upon other bushes.

Awi-Awi-Gědé, or big bambu, called also Awi Andong; a valuable variety, much used. Bambusa maxima.
 * "Gěmbong, of little use, thin in wood, joints far apart.
 * "Gombong, much resembles Awi Gědé.
 * "Haur, a peculiar variety of Bambu, with thick wood and makes goods posts.
 * ""China, a variety introduced from China, with small tubes, and grown in gardens as ornamental.
 * ""Chuchuk, the thorny bambu, large and bearing numerous thorns or spikes- good for posts.
 * ""Héjo, or Green Haur, very smooth and bright green, good for posts.
 * ""Konéng, Yellow bambu, planted as ornamental.
 * ""Tutul, spotted variety.
 * "Léah, striped like Awi Gedé, but is smaller.
 * "Mayan, a large variety, but of little use, as the worms eat it.
 * "Saréngkol, small, crooked variety, of no use.
 * "Surat, or the written bambu, from being much striped along the tubes; of universal and great use.
 * "Tali, of universal use for all kinds of purposes; makes good string, as its name implies. The bambus Tali, Gedé and Surat are the most useful of the whole lot.
 * "Tamiang, thin, used for making temporary spears.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/48

Rh Awi-Tela, gives the best Iwung, or edible sprouts; otherwise of little use.
 * ", smallish in tubes, but stout and strong like Ater.
 * " or   Black- a useful bambu.

Awis, a kind of long reed or rush, growing in bushes, with seeds terminal to the stem.

Awor, deprived of virginity, deflowered.

Awt-awt, confusedly, in disorder, without any regularity.

Awul, a mysterious and apparently fabulous animal, that is heard only at night, and is reported to be somewhat of the human figure, but with feet turned backwards; it is fancied to be found only in old forests, amongst the mountains. Its name is dirivedderived [sic] from the cry which the animal is believed to emit.

Awun-awun, the haziness which in dry weather hangs over the country, and precludes any distant view, as of the mountains.

Awur, to spread or scatter over or out- to strew about. Béas na di awurken ka buruan, he flung the rice about the yard (in front of house). Chai na di awurken ka kebon, he sprinkled the water about the garden.

Aya, is, there is, there are, to exist. Aya siji, there is one. Aya bai datang kakiwari, it still exists to this moment.

Aya, father, a very refined and respectful expression.

Ayak, to sift, to riddle.

Ayakan, a sieve, a riddle, a screen.

Ayakĕn, to cause to be, to produce, to bring forward.

Ayanda, Father- said with much respect. Aya father; endah, good. (Cf. Adenda Fr.)

Ayat, ar: a verse of the Koran.

Ayat, used in the expression Jamany ayat, a Jacket without sleeves or neck, a sort of waistcoat, or bodice.

Ayĕr-ayĕran, sreamingscreaming [sic], neighing, sending forth a loud shrill voice.

Ayĕr Langgia- the predecessor of Jaya Baya as sovereign of Kědiri in Java. Under these two Sovereigns were prepared the greater part of the Kawi works still extant. Friederich Bat. Trans. vol 23 Page 17. He reigned in the 8th or 9th century after Christ. The name is probably derived from Ayrya C. 64 a term of high respect, of veneration; and applied to persons of high descent. One of the names of Buddha, but particularly applied to the priests of Buddha. The nearest approach which Clough affords for solution of Langgia is Langhanya, C 602, hunger, fasting, abstinence, and then the whole name would mean, „the holy and venerable man who was abstemious” Holy and abstemious”, which were characters eminently coveted by persons professing the Hindu austerities. (There is no proper derivation of this name out of the Skr. Fr.)

Ayěr mawar- Rose-water- Properly Malay.

Ayěuh, laid as corn, fallen down from over- luxuriance of growth.

Ayeŭnah, now, at this present moment.


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/49

28 Ayon, to compare weights, to balance one weight with another.

Ayu, handsome, pretty- in the Kawi of Java a name for the daughter or wife of a Prince. Raden ayu, a title born by native women of royal birth.

Ayuman, to mend by insertion, as a thatched roof by inserting new materials where the old had failed; or by replacing seed or plants, where they had failed in a plantation.

Ayun, to swing backwards and forwards; to rock as a cradle; to dangle a child in the arms. A ceremony performed when an infant is first taken out of the house into the open air.

Ayunan, a swinging cot for an infant.  Ba-āl, sore, painful the skin worn or rubbed off to the quick.

Bab, ar: a chapter, a division of a book. The stamp- like seal smeared with lamp- black, and put at the head of a great man's letter.

Baba, a name given to a male Chinese child born in Java, and generally called Si Baba. When applied to a grown up male Chinese born on Java, it is accented at the end and called Babah. This word Baba or Babah prefixed to a Chinaman's name shows that he was born on Java or in the Archipelago. Bāppā or Bālappā, C. 843, from Bala, younger; Appā father, a paternal uncle, father's younger brother, and is thus a term of courtesy.

Babachakan, to guttle, to eat greedily.

Babad, to cut down jungle, brush wood or grass in preparing land for cultivation; to clear away with an instrument called an Arit.

Babad, the paunch, the receptacle for food in the belly of ruminant animals. Babad may be a duplication of the first syllable of Bada C, 455, the belly, the abdomen.

Babad, chronicle, native history.

Babadéan, to guess, to solve a riddle; to play at riddles. Babadotan, name of a stinking grass called also Jukut bau ageratum conyzoides; very troublesome in cultivated land, especially in the humahs. Derived from Badot a rancid he-goat.

Babai, to fix a token or mark of possession on a tree, either to secure the neighbouring land for cultivation, or to show that the fruit on such trees is private property. The mark so fixed, which is generally long grass tied round the stem.

Babak, the bark of a tree, particularly when peeled off for any use.

Babak, the state of a horse when its back is sore and raw from the saddle- sore- backed, said of a horse.

Babak, a turn, a short spell of work. Hayang ngajaran sa babak. I will take a turn for trial. Kudu ku kula ayeunah sa babak let me now have it for a trial.

Babakalan, said of young people whoewho [sic] are courting, but not as yet engaged in marriage: derived from Bakal. which see.

Babakan, a sub-village; a village whose inhabitants have originally come off as a colony from some other village, as it were peeled off, as we might say „swarmed” when speaking of bees.


text:
Jacob Abbott

For works by or about Jacob Abbott, see Author:Jacob Abbott.

title: Jacob Abbott


text:
Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/50

Rh Babak-haur, a kind of centipede.

Babalanja- to do marketing, to make purchases of household commodities.

Babang, to run away, to escape, to go off without knowledge or notice.

Babantal, the ground part of a plough which carries the share. The sleeper or rest for any part of machinery, from Bantal a cushion.

Babar, cast down, destroyed, put to rout, driven away.

Babari, easy, not difficult.

Babasaran, the mulbery-tree- Morus Indica.

Babat, history, story, legend, chronicle, see Babad.

Babatok, the skull, the cranium.

Babawangan, sieves, a reedy grass growing in wet poor land. The word means resembling Bawang or onions.

Babétkěn, to fling with violence or rage, to dash.

Babi, a pig, a hog, a swine, a term of reproach for a nasty dirty fellow. Sus- Lauk babi, pig's flesh, pork.

Babi lěuwěung, the wild pig, the pig of the forests. Sus Verrucosus.

Babu, properly malay- a nurse, a woman to take care of children, in the employ of Europeans. Among the natives such a woman would be called Pangasuh.

Babuk, to beat violently with a stick, to give a thwack.

Bachack, wet and muddy. Said of ground soaked with rain.

Bachang, a springe, a cord with a noose fastened to a bent stick, in order to catch wild animals.

Bachot; an expression of surprise; oh is that it! aye indeed! who would have thought it!

Bada, a period of prayer or festival. Bada isa, the period of latest evening prayers after dark. Surud Bada, after the festival.

Badag, coarse, of large texture or grain; rough; uncomely.

Badak, the Rhinoceros. Rhinoceros Sumatrensis. Badak may be derived from Bada, C455, the belly, the abdomen, and Ek C, 85. One- This Ek in Singhalese coalesces with the word to which it relates at the end, and when such word terminates in a vowel like Bada, the é of ék is dropped, an only the k suffixed, thus Bada = Badak, which though not a current Singhalese word for a Rhinoceros, means „One Belly”, and would apply very well to an animal of which the belly forms so conspicuous a part. The Sunda people have also Ladog and Gandol for Rhinoceros. Nyampal badak, the evening star, literally the feeding time of the Rhinoceros. Cheuli badak the cactus or opuntia plant, literally Rhinoceros ears.

Badan, the body- The trunk of any animal- Crawfurd and Marsden call this word Arabic.


text:
User talk:Siska.Doviana

Welcome
Welcome

Hello, Siska.Doviana, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikisource, the library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please "sign" your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question.

Again, welcome! Beeswaxcandle (talk) 03:38, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

Change of proofread status
Hi. On some of your edits, you have been dropping the works from "Proofread" (orange) back to "Not proofread" (read), and I presume accidentally. This is unfortunate as the only means to then proofread the work again another two times, or to revert the edit; neither of which is productive. If you have checked the edit, then please move it forward to "Validated" (green) — billinghurst  sDrewth  10:04, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

Udah Mbak. Terima kasih atas pemberitahuannya.

Pertanyaan dari Hendrawd
Mbak, saya mau tanya lagi donk. Itu kalau formattingnya harus sesuai dengan naskah asli ya? Jadi tiap kata kan penjelasannya selalu menjorok ke dalam indent-nya, dan kalau ada garis lurus horisontal gmn? apa harus dikasi juga? contohnya di sini. Itu kan paling bawah sendiri ada garis lurusnya horisontal sebelum referensi. Terus buat template page numbering footer editnya gmn ya? Bingung yang di sini. Terus kata2 apa yang perlu diberi tautan? Yang make tag kata itu. Ada gak daftar / list template Wiki apa aja yang bs gw pake? Maaf mbak banyak nanya, soalnya masih newbie banget >_<. Mohon bantuannya ya mbak, makasih.

 * Maksud saya tentang formatting paragrafnya apakah harus sama persis dengan teks aslinya? Di teks aslinya kan kalau masih satu paragraf, baris selanjutnya selalu indent ke dalam(ke arah sana ->).
 * Terus waktu ganti baris kadang memakai tanda -(kalau masih 1 kata), contohnya misalnya seperti ini(contoh saja) =
 * "Kemenangan dari ke-
 * sebelasan spanyol disambut gembira oleh para pendukungnya."
 * Jadi apa harus tetap sama dengan naskah aslinya?

 * Untuk rumus rujukan saya sudah lihat dari hasil edit orang lain sebelumnya. Nah untuk rujukan yang berada di bawah itu kan sebelumnya ada garis horisontal. Apa garis horisontal tersebut harus diberikan, jadi biar sesuai dengan naskah aslinya?
 * contoh naskah asli yang ada garis horisontalnya ada di [|sini]
 * Lalu bagaimana cara membuat garis horisontal itu? Apa ada template untuk membuatnya? Kalau tidak ada apa harus pakai kode HTML atau menyambung "---" saja?

 * Untuk template numbering di footer belum dijawab tuh mbak. Tapi emang di sumary-nya sudah saya tulis kalau saya kebingungan untuk membuat numbering di footer, dan minta wikipedians lain yang lebih tahu membenarkannya kalau salah. Kalau misal ada list template yang bisa dipakai ya gak apa - apa dikasih mbak, nanti kan bs belajar dikit - dikit.

Untuk pertanyaan di atas sudah ada pencerahan setelah baca di sini, diabaikan saja mbak, tinggal pertanyaan yang bawah saja. Karena kan bs mempengaruhi penilaian nanti. Maaf mbak merepotkan.

 * Terakhir, bagaimana kalau misalnya saya sudah merasa hasil editan saya benar, tetapi ada orang lain yang merubahnya dan saya rasa salah?
 * Kalau misal halaman udah saya tetapkan menjadi */proofread*/, masih boleh diedit - edit lagi kan kedepannya kalau misal masih ditemui kesalahan?
 * Terus bagaimana kalau ada user lain yang kadang mengedit lagi halaman saya yang udah */proofread*/. Dan melabelinya lagi dengan */proofread*/ kepunyaan dia? Padahal dia cuma melakukan sedikit perubahan, misal menambahkan tautan saja.

Tentang templat header
Salam, Mbak Siska. Apakah nomor halamannya harus di sebelah kanan atas? Bolehkah menggunakan templat daripada Rh ? Terima kasih. :) Rachmat.Wahidi (talk) 03:23, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

To Do List
Akibat ngiklan di id.wikipedia neh. (-_-") 06Ivonne (talk) 06:31, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

Missing Symbol Character
untuk aksara jawa penulisannya simbolnya kan nggak ada mbak.. jadi harus bagaimana nih mbak?

Pengen Ikutan tetapi masih bingung Saya ya....
Hai....Bagaimana cara mengetahui halaman terbaru yang sudah di edit dan divalidasi secara sah ?

Lagian ni sudah tanggal 12 Juli 2012 ya... Apa masih banyak yg belum terketik gak ???? ...^^...klw ada sini mari Saya ketikkan -D

Hi Siska!
Just noticed your name on a talk page, and saw you started editing here recently. Welcome to one of my favorite projects =) Nice to see you here! -Pete (talk) 07:32, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Siska.Doviana


text:
Page:Tom Swift and His Motor Boat.djvu/64

a sense of anger mingled with an apprehension lest some harm should have been done to his craft, the owner of the Arrow went carefully over it. He could find nothing wrong. The engine was all right and all that appeared to have been accomplished by the unbidden visitor was the opening of the locked forward compartment. That this had been done by one of the many keys on Andy Foger's ring was evident.

"Now what could have been his object?" mused Tom. "I should think if he wanted to put a hole in the boat he would have done it amidships, where the water would have a better chance to come in, or perhaps he wanted to flood it with gasoline and"

The idea of fire was in Tom's mind, and he did not finish his half-completed thought.

"That may have been it," he resumed after a hasty examination of the gasoline tank, to make sure there were no leaks in it. "To get even with


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Page:Tom Swift and His Motor Boat.djvu/65

Rh me for outbidding him on the boat, Andy may have wanted to destroy the Arrow. Well, of all the mean tricks, that's about the limit! But wait until I see him. I've got evidence against him," and Tom looked at the key ring. "I could almost have him arrested for this."

Going outside the boathouse, Tom stood on the edge of the dock and peered into the darkness. He could hear the faint sound of some one rowing across the lake, but there was no light

"He had one of those electric flash lanterns," decided Tom. "If I hadn't found his keys, I might have thought it was Happy Harry instead of Andy.

The young inventor went back into the house after carefully locking the boat compartment and detaching from the engine an electrical device, without which the motor in the Arrow could not be started.

"That will prevent them from running away with my boat, anyhow," decided Tom. "And I'll tell Garret Jackson to keep a sharp watch to-night." Jackson was the engineer at Mr. Swift's workshop.

Tom told his father of the happening and Mr. Swift was properly indignant. He wanted to go at once to see Mr. Foger and complain of Andy's act, but Tom counseled waiting.


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Page:Tom Swift and His Motor Boat.djvu/66

54 "I'll attend to Andy myself," said the young inventor. "He's getting desperate, I guess, or he wouldn't try to set the place on fire. But wait until I show him these keys."

Bright and early the next morning the owner of the motor-boat was down to the dock inspecting it. The engineer, who had been on watch part of the night, reported that there had been no disturbance, and Tom found everything all right

"I wonder if I'd better go over and accuse Andy now or wait until I see him and spring this evidence on him?" thought our hero. Then he decided it would be better to wait. He took the Arrow out after breakfast, his father going on a short spin with him.

"But I must go back now and work on my gyroscope invention," said Mr. Swift when about two hours had been spent on the lake. "I am making good progress with it"

"You need a vacation," decided Tom. "I'll be ready to take you and Ned in about two weeks. He will have two weeks off then and we'll have some glorious times together."

That afternoon Tom put some new style spark plugs in the cylinders of his motor and found that he had considerably increased the revolutions of the engine, due to a better explosion being obtained. He also made some minor adjustments


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Page:Tom Swift and His Motor Boat.djvu/67

Rh and the next day he went out alone for a long run.

Heading up the lake, Tom was soon in sight of a popular excursion resort that was frequently visited by church and Sunday-school organizations in the vicinity of Shopton. The lad saw a number of rowing craft and a small motor-boat circling around opposite the resort and remarked:

"There must be a picnic at the grove to-day. Guess I'll run up and take a look."

The lad was soon in the midst of quite a flotilla of rowboats, most of them manned by pretty girls or in charge of boys who were giving sisters (their own or some other chap's) a trip on the water. Tom throttled his boat down to slow speed and looked with pleasure on the pretty scene. His boat attracted considerable attention, for motor craft were not numerous en Lake Carlopa.

As our hero passed a boat, containing three very pretty young ladies, Tom heard one of them exclaim:

"There he is now! That's Tom Swift."

Something in the tones of the voice attracted his attention. He turned and saw a brown-eyed girl smiling at him. She bowed and asked, blushing the while:

"Well, have you caught any more runaway horses lately?"


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Page:Tom Swift and His Motor Boat.djvu/68

56 "Runaway horses—why—what? Oh, it's Miss Nestor!" exclaimed the lad, recognizing the young lady whose steed he had frightened one day when he was on his bicycle. As told in the first volume of this series, the horse had run away, being alarmed at the flashing of Tom's wheel, and Miss Mary Nestor, of Mansburg, was in grave danger.

"So you've given up the bicycle for the motorboat," went on the young lady.

"Yes," replied Tom with a smile, shutting off the power, "and I haven't had a chance to save any girls since I've had it."

The two boats had drifted close together, and Miss Nestor introduced her two companions to Tom.

"Don't you want to come in and take a ride?*' he asked.

"Is it safe?" asked Jennie Haddon, one of the trio.

"Of course it is, Jennie, or he wouldn't be out in it," said Miss Nestor hastily. "Come on, let's get in. I'm just dying for a motor-boat ride."

"What will we do with our boat?" asked Katie Carson.

"Oh, I can tow that," replied the youth. "Get right in and I'll take you all around the lake."

"Not too far," stipulated the girl who had figured in the runaway. "We must be back for


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Page:Tom Swift and His Motor Boat.djvu/69

Rh lunch, which will be served in about an hour. Our church and Sunday-school are having a picnic."

"Maybe Mr. Swift will come and have some lunch with us," suggested Miss Carson, blushing prettily.

"Nothing would give me greater pleasure," answered Tom, and then he laughed at his formal reply, the girls joining in.

"We'd be glad to have you," added Miss Haddon. "Oh!" she suddenly screamed, "the boat's tipping over!"

"Oh, no," Tom hastened to assure her, coming to the side to help her in. "It just tilts a bit, with the weight of so many on one side. It couldn't capsize if it tried."

In another moment the three were in the roomy cockpit and Tom had made the empty rowboat fast to the stern. He was about to start up when from another boat, containing two little girls and two slightly larger boys, came a plaintive cry:

"Oh, mister, give us a ride!"

"Sure!" agreed Tom pleasantly. "Just fasten your boat to the other rowboat and I'll tow you."

One of the boys did this, and then, with three pretty girls as his companions in the Arrow and towing the two boats, Tom started off.

The girls were very much interested in the craft


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Page:Tom Swift and His Motor Boat.djvu/70

 and asked all sorts of questions about how the engine operated. Tom explained as clearly as he could how the gasoline exploded in the cylinders, about the electric spark and about the propeller. Then, when he had finished, Miss Haddon remarked naively:

"Oh, Mr. Swift, you've explained it beautifully, and I'm sure if our teacher in school made things as clear as you have that I could get along fine. I understand all about it, except I don't see what makes the engine go."

"Oh," said Tom faintly, and he wondering what would be the best remark to make under the circumstances, when Miss Nestor created a diversion by looking at her watch and exclaiming:

"Oh, girls, it's lunch time! We must go ashore. Will you kindly put about, Mr. Swift—I hope that is the proper term—and—land us—is that right?" and she looked archly at Tom.

"That's perfectly right," he admitted with a laugh and a glance into the girl's brown eyes. "I'll put you ashore at once," and he headed for a small dock.

"And come yourself to take lunch with us," added Miss Haddon.

"I'm afraid I might be in the way," stammered Tom. "I—I have a pretty good appetite, and"


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Rh "I suppose you think that girls on a picnic don't take much lunch," finished Miss Nestor. "But I assure you that we have plenty, and that you will be very welcome," she added warmly.

"Yes, and I'd like to have him explain over again how the engine works," went on Miss Haddon. "I am so interested."

Tom helped the girls out, receiving their thanks as well as those of the children in the second boat. But as he walked with the young ladies through the grove the young inventor registered a mental vow that he would steer clear of explaining again how a gasoline engine worked.

"Now come right over this way to our table," invited Miss Nestor. "I want you to meet papa and mamma."

Tom followed her. As he stepped from behind a clump of trees he saw, standing not far away, a figure that seemed strangely familiar. A moment later the figure turned and Tom saw Andy Foger confronting him. At the sight of our hero the bully turned red and walked quickly away, while Tom's fingers touched the ring of keys in his pocket.


text: Tom Swift and His Motor-Boat/Chapter 6

title: Tom Swift and His Motor-Boat/Chapter 6


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Page:Tom Swift and His Motor Boat.djvu/72

was his encounter with Andy that the young inventor hardly knew how to act, especially since he was a guest of the young ladies. Tom did not want to do or say anything to embarras them or make a scene, yet he did want to have a talk, and a very serious talk, with Andy Foger.

Miss Nestor must have noticed Tom's sudden start at his glimpse of Andy, for she asked:

"Did you see some one you knew, Mr. Swift?"

"Yes," replied Tom, "I did—er that is" He paused in some confusion.

"Perhaps you'd like—that is prefer—to go with them instead of taking lunch with girls who don't know anything about engines?" she persisted.

"Oh, no indeed," Tom hastened to assure her. "He—that is—the person I saw wouldn't care to have me lunch with him," and the youth smiled grimly.


text:
John Stevens Cabot Abbott

For works by or about John Stevens Cabot Abbott, see Author:John Stevens Cabot Abbott.

title: John Stevens Cabot Abbott


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Page:Tom Swift and His Motor Boat.djvu/73

Rh "Would you like to bring him over to our table?" inquired Miss Carson. "We have plenty for him."

"No, I think that would hardly do," continued the lad, who tried not to smile at the picture of the red-haired and squint-eyed Andy Foger making one of a party with the girls. The young ladies fortunately had not noticed the bully, who was out of view by this time.

Tom was presented to Mr. and Mrs. Nestor, who told him how glad they were to meet the young man who had been instrumental in saving their daughter from injury, if not death. Tom was a bit embarrassed, but bore the praise as well as he could, and he was very glad when a diversion, in the shape of lunch, occurred.

After a meal on tables under the trees in the grove Tom took the girls and some of their friends out in his motor-boat again. They covered several miles around the lake before returning to the picnic ground.

As Tom was starting toward home in his boat, wondering what had become of Andy and trying to think of a reason why the bully should attend anything as "tame" as a church picnic, the object of his thoughts came strolling through the trees down to the shore of the lake. The moment he saw Tom the red-haired lad started back, but the


text:
Page:Tom Swift and His Motor Boat.djvu/74

 young inventor, leaping out of his boat, called out:

"Hold on there, Andy Foger, I want to see you!" and there was menace in Tom's tone.

"But I don't want to see you!" retorted the other sulkily. "I've got no use for you."

"No more have I for you," was Tom's quick reply. "But I want to return you these keys. You dropped them in my boat the other night when you tried to set it afire. If I ever catch you"

"My keys! Your boat! On fire!" gasped Andy, so plainly astonished that Tom knew his surprise was genuine.

"Yes, your keys. You were a little too quick for me or I'd have caught you at it. The next time you pick a lock don't leave your keys behind you," and he held out the jingling ring. Andy Foger advanced slowly. He took the bunch of keys and looked at the tag.

"They are mine," he said slowly, as if there was some doubt about it.

"Of course they are," declared Tom. "I found them where you dropped them—in my boat."

"Do you mean over at the auction?"

"No, I mean down in my boathouse, where you sneaked in the other night and tried to do some damage."


text:
Page:Tom Swift and His Motor Boat.djvu/75

Rh "The other night!" cried Andy. "I never was near your boathouse any night and I never lost my keys there! I lost these the day of the auction, on Mr. Hastings' ground, and I've been looking for them ever since."

"Didn't you sneak in my boathouse the other night and try to do some mischief? Didn't you drop them then?"

"No, I didn't," retorted Andy earnestly. "I lost those keys at the auction, and I can prove it to you. Look, I advertised for them in the weekly Gazette."

The red-haired lad pulled a crumpled paper from his pocket and showed Tom an advertisement offering a reward of two dollars for a bunch of keys on a ring, supposed to have been lost at the auction on Mr. Hastings' grounds in Lanton. The finder was to return them to Andy Foger.

"Does that look as if I lost the keys in your boathouse?" demanded the bully sneeringly. "I wouldn't have advertised them that way if I'd been trying to keep my visit quiet. Besides, I can prove that I was out of town several nights. I was over to an entertainment in Mansburg one night and I didn't get home until two o'clock in the morning, because my machine broke down. Ask Ned Newton. He saw me at the entertainment."


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64 Andy's manner was so earnest that Tom could not help believing him. Then there was the evidence of the advertisement Clearly the squint-eyed youth had not been the mysterious visitor to the boathouse and had not unlocked the forward compartment. But if it was not he, who could it have been and how did the keys get there? These were questions which racked Tom's brain.

"You can ask Ned Newton," repeated Andy. "He'll prove that I couldn't have been near your place, if you don't believe me."

"Oh, I believe you all right," answered Tom, for there could be no doubting Andy's manner, even though he and the young inventor were not on good terms. "But how did your keys get in my boat?"

"I don't know, unless you found them, kept them and dropped them there," was the insolent answer.

"You know better than that," exclaimed Tom.

"Well, I owe you a reward of two dollars for giving them back to me," continued the bully patronizingly. "Here it is," and he hauled out some bills.

"I don't want your money!" fired back Tom. "But I'd like to know who it was that was in my boat"

"And I'd like to know who it was took my


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Rh keys," and Andy stuffed the money back in his pocket. Tom did not answer. He was puzzling over a queer matter and he wanted to be alone and think. He turned aside from the red-haired lad and walked toward his motor-boat.

"I'll give you a surprise in a few days," Andy called after him, but Tom did not turn his head nor did he inquire what the surprise might be.

Mr. Swift was somewhat puzzled when his son related the outcome of the key incident. He agreed with Tom that some one might have found the ring and kept it, and that the same person might have been the one whom Tom had surprised in the boathouse.

"But it's idle to speculate on it," commented the inventor. "Andy might have induced some of his chums to act for him in harming your boat, and the key advertisement might have been only a ruse."

"I hardly think so," answered his son, shaking his head. "It strikes me as being very curious, and I'm going to see if I can't get at the bottom of it"

But a week or more passed and Tom had no clew. In the meanwhile he was working away at his motor-boat, installing several improvements.

One of these was a better pump, which circulated the water around the cylinders, and another


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66 was a new system of lubrication under forced feed.

"This ought to give me a little more speed," reasoned Tom, who was not yet satisfied with his craft. "Guess I'll take it out for a spin."

He was alone in the Arrow, taking a long course up the lake when, as he passed a wooded point that concealed from view a sort of bay, he heard the puffing of another motor-boat.

"Maybe that's Mr. Hastings," thought Tom. "If I raced with him now, I think the Arrow could give a better account of herself.

The young inventor looked at the boat as it came -into view. It needed but a glance to show that it was not the Carlopa. Then, as it came nearer, Tom saw a familiar figure in it—a red-haired, squint-eyed chap.

"Andy Foger!" exclaimed Tom. "He's got a motor-boat! This is the surprise he spoke of."

The boat was rapidly approaching him, and he saw that it was painted a vivid red. Then he could make out the name on the bow, Red Streak. Andy was sending the craft toward him at a fast rate.

"You needn't think you're the only one on this lake who has a gasoline boat!" called Andy boastfully. "This is my new one and the fastest thing


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Rh afloat around here. I can go all around you. Do you want to race?"

It was a "dare," and Tom never took such things when he could reasonably enter a contest. He swung his boat around so as to shoot alongside of Andy and answered:

"Yes, I'll race you. Where to?"

"Down opposite Kolb's dock and back to this point," was the answer. "I'll give you a start, as my engine has three cylinders. This is a racing boat."

"I don't need any start," declared Tom. "I'll race you on even terms. Go ahead!"

Both lads adjusted their timers to get more speed. The water began to curl away from the sharp prows, the motors exploded faster and faster. The race was on between the Arrow and the Red Streak.


text: Tom Swift and His Motor-Boat/Chapter 7

title: Tom Swift and His Motor-Boat/Chapter 7


text:
Lyman Abbott

For works by or about Lyman Abbott, see Author:Lyman Abbott.

title: Lyman Abbott


text:
Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad

 * Prefatory

1. The Doyles are Astonished

2. Uncle John Makes Plans

3. "All Ashore!"

4. Some New Acquaintances and a Warning

5. Vesuvius Rampant

6. Under a Cloud

7. A Friend in Need

8. Across the Bay

9. Count Ferralti

10. The Road to Amalfi

11. The Eagle Screams

12. Moving on

13. "Il Duca"

14. Uncle John Disappears

15. Days of Anxiety

16. Tato

17. The Hidden Valley

18. The Guests of the Brigand

19. A Difficult Position

20. Uncle John Plays Eavesdropper

21. The Pit

22. News at Last

23. Beth Begins to Plot

24. Patsy's New Friend

25. Turning the Tables

26. The Count Unmasks

27. Tato is Adopted

28. Dreams and Dress-making

29. Tato Wins

30. A Way to Forget

31. Safe Home

title: Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad


text: Talk:Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad

title: Talk:Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad


text:
Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad/Prefatory

author is pleased to be able to present a sequel to "Aunt Jane's Nieces," the book which was received with so much favor last year. Yet it is not necessary one should have read the first book to fully understand the present volume, the characters being taken to entirely new scenes.

The various foreign localities are accurately described, so that those who have visited them will recognize them at once, while those who have not been so fortunate may acquire a clear conception of them. It was my good fortune to be an eye witness of the recent great eruption of Vesuvius.

Lest I be accused of undue sensationalism in relating the somewhat dramatic Sicilian incident, I will assure my reader that the story does not exaggerate present conditions in various parts of the island. In fact, Il Duca and Tato are drawn from life, although they did not have their mountain lair so near to Taormina as I have ventured to locate it. Except that I have adapted their clever system of brigandage to the exigencies of this story, their history is truly related. Many who have travelled somewhat outside the beaten tracks in Sicily will frankly vouch for this statement.

Italy is doing its best to suppress the Mafia and to eliminate brigandage from the beautiful islands it controls, but so few of the inhabitants are Italians or in sympathy with the government that the work of reformation is necessarily slow. Americans, especially, must exercise caution in travelling in any part of Sicily; yet with proper care not to tempt the irresponsible natives, they are as safe in Sicily as they are at home.

Aunt Jane's nieces are shown to be as frankly adventurous as the average clear headed American girl, but their experiences amid the environments of an ancient and still primitive civilization are in no wise extraordinary. 2em

title: Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad/Prefatory