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Rh viously ascertained totals. When it is considered that the three quarto volumes contain over 2,100 pages of tabular matter, having often as many as 22 vertical columns and 90 horizontal lines to the page, some impression may be obtained of the amount of labor involved in this effort to secure the highest attainable accuracy in the publication of the census. It has, of course, not been found practicable to eliminate every error from the material which was brought into the Office by the enumeration, or from the results as compiled in the Office, but certainly all who have taken part in the labors or responsibilities of the Ninth Census may well feel repaid for their exertions by the gratifying reception which these volumes have met from the people and the press of the country. In the revision of the statistical tables as they were put into type, this Office has been greatly assisted by the intelligent interest and kindly co-operation of the Congressional Printer, Hon. A. M. Clapp, who has afforded every opportunity consistent with other demands upon his office for the perfecting of this important national work, even to the last detail of publication. The several dates of issue for the three quarto volumes and the compendium were as follows: Population and social statistics, (quarto,) November 30, 1872; vital statistics, (quarto,) March 1, 1873; compendium, (octavo,) May 1, 1873; industry and wealth, May 9, 1873.

The revision of tabular statements has, however, not been the only work upon which the clerical force of the Office has been engaged during the year past. Each census brings into the Department an increasing mass of manuscript record, the usefulness of which, as record, is to depend wholly on the orderliness and compactness with which it shall be arranged for reference and consultation, after the compilation of general results for publication has been completed. The manuscript returns of the Ninth Census contain not only the name of every man, woman, and child in the United States on the 1st of June, 1870, in number 38,558,371, but nineteen entries, descriptive or merely affirmative or negative, against every such name. Moreover, every farm, factory, mill, or shop in the United States is returned by its location and the name of its owner, with from fifteen to fifty-two specifications of capital, stock, machinery, material, and product. In addition to the above, the statistics of mortality and what are known as the social statistics compose a body of manuscript larger than would have been required for the whole enumeration of the United States at the first two censuses, on the schedules then in use. The completion of the statistical tables of the census for publication leaves something like one million five hundred thousand pages in such place and order as the necessities of compilation required. Each of the five schedules must thereafter be brought together, sheet to sheet, township to township, county to county, State to State. The returns of each of the five classes must be prepared for binding by arranging the pages in numerical succession within the township, the townships in alphabetical order within the county, the counties in alphabetical order within the State. When this has been done, the record of the census is complete, 550 folio volumes of manuscript at 1870, of the average weight of 30 pounds.

The work, of which a rough description has here been given, has been carefully performed by skilled clerks, in order that the highest possible authority might be given to the record, and to secure the greatest ease and convenience of reference and consultation in the future.

Not less exacting have been the duties imposed upon the Office by the act of the last session providing for the payment of the assistant marshals of 1860, without proof of loyalty, as heretofore required.

By the act of March 3,1873, making appropriations "for the legislative,


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/The Coming Total Eclipse of the Sun

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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20

This act does not extend to any of his Majesty's ships of war, or any other ship, transport, or packet of his Majesty; or any vessels employed in his Majesty's revenues of customs or excise; or in the employment of the ordnance; or to any ship, transport, or packet employed in carrying the mails of letters and expresses, under the authority of his Majesty's Post-Master General; or any vessel in, or upon, his Majesty's service; or in the conveyance of any officers or soldiers; or any horses, arms, ammunition, or baggage belonging to them; and any person who shall take the benefit of this exemption, not being entitled to it, will incur a penalty of £5.

In 1805, it was in contemplation to effect a navigable communication between Wainfleet Harbour and Alford, a distance of twelve or thirteen miles; but the scheme is now superseded by this canal.

Although this canal has not yet been executed, we may state that its projectors had for their object a more ready transmission of corn, wool, and other agricultural produce, from Alford, and its vicinity, to London and other ports on the eastern shore, and to facilitate the introduction of coals, wares, and merchandize, to Alford and its neighbourhood.

 * 7 George III. Cap. 98, Royal Assent 20th May, 1767.
 * 42 George Ill. Cap. 116, Royal Assent 26th June, 1802
 * 6 George IV. Cap. 165, Royal Assent 22nd June, 1825.

Ancholme Navigation commences from the River Humber, at Ferraby Sluice, one mile west of the village of South


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Rh Ferraby, and four miles from the market town of Barton-upon-Humber. Hence it proceeds in nearly a straight line south to Glamford Briggs (or Brigg); thence continuing this direction to Bishop Briggs, on the high road from Gainsbro' to Market Raisin. The distance from Ferraby Sluice to where the Caistor Canal falls into the Ancholme Navigation is fourteen miles and a quarter, and from thence to its termination at Bishop Briggs, five miles and a quarter, making the total length nineteen miles and a half, upon which, (with the exception of the sea-lock at Ferraby Sluice), there is only one lock, of 6 feet rise, near to the end of the Caistor Canal.

The first act for completing this navigation, was passed, as stated above, on the 20th of May, 1767; it is entitled,  'An Act for the more effectual draining the Lands lying in the Level of Ancholme, in the county of Lincoln; and making the River Ancholme navigable from the River Humber, at or near a place called Ferraby Sluice, in the county of Lincoln, to the town of Glamford Briggs, and for continuing the said Navigation up or near to the said Rivers,from thence to Bishop Brigys, in the said county of Lincoln.'

A second act, for altering and enlarging the powers of this act, was passed in the 42nd George III. cap. 116, (June 26, 1802), and is entitled,  'An Act for altering and enlarging the Powers of an Act passed in the Seventh Year of the Reign of his present Majesty, entitled, An Act for the more effectual draining the Lands lying in the Level of Ancholme, in the county of Lincoln, and making the River Ancholme navigable from the River Humber, at or near a place called Ferraby Sluice, in the county of Lincoln, to the town of Glamford Briggs, and for continuing the said Navigation up or near to the said River, from thence to Bishop Briggs, in the said county of Lincoln.'

This act was succeeded by another, 6th George IV. cap. 165, (22nd June, 1825), entitled,  'An Act for altering and enlarging the Powers of Two Acts of his late Majesty King George the Third, for draining Lands within the Level of Ancholme, in the county of Lincoln, and making certain parts of the River Ancholme navigable.'

From the reports of the late Mr. Rennie, made in 1801 and


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22 1802, he estimates that to improve this navigation and drainage, it would cost £63,921, but of which sum only £6,063 related to the navigation.

In the year 1825, Mr. Rennie was again employed to examine this navigation and drainage, with a view to make further improvements. He directed that the sluice at Ferraby should be lowered 3 feet, making it 4 feet above low-water-mark at spring tides; that the river for three hundred yards from the sluice should be widened to 48 feet at bottom, and from thence to Cadney, 30 feet; that a lock of 6 feet rise should be made at Thornton Beck, and the bottom of the navigation, from this lock to Bishop Briggs, to diminish from 20œ feet broad to 15 feet. He estimated those improvements at £69,200.

The navigation and drainage is under the management of commissioners, who have power to raise £5,000, on security of tolls, to be applied for the improvement of the navigation and completing it to Bishop Briggs.

By the act of 6th George IV. it is stated that the sum of £12,000 raised by virtue of the act of 42nd George III. had been expended, and that the commissioners, in addition to this sum, had also incurred a debt of £7,500.. To liquidate which debt, and for the further purpose of improving the drainage and navigation, the commissioners have power of raising, by assessment, not more than £3,000 in any one year.

By the act of 42nd George III. the new rates and dues, substituted in lieu of the above, are as follows:—


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The commissioners appointed for directing the affairs of this navigation and drainage are not to be less than eighty in number, whose qualification is a possession, in the level, of one hundred acres of land, or a mortgage upon the tolls, to the amount of £1,000.

The quantity of land liable to be flooded, and consequently to the assessment for drainage, is 17,197A. 3R. l0p.

It is recited in the act of 42nd George III. that the annual amount of tolls on the navigation, was £700. The spring tide at Ferraby Sluice rises 19 feet above the sill of the lock, which is placed 4 feet above low-water-mark, spring tides.

Mr. John Rennie is the engineer to this navigation appointed by the act of parliament.

ANDOVER CANAL.

 * 29 George III. Cap. 72, Royal Assent 13th July, 1789.

THE Andover Canal commences at Barlowes Mill, near the town of Andover, and passing the village of Upper Clatford, proceeds on the western bank of the little River Anton to the


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24 village of Fullerton; thence, after crossing the river, it takes its direction for a short distance to the Test, which having crossed, it proceeds on the eastern bank of that river, by the village of Leckford, to the town of Stockbridge, thence by Compton House, the villages of Mitchelmersh and Timsbury, to the town of Romsey; from which latter place, its course is parallel with the Test River, by Nutshalling to Redbridge, where it enters the tideway of the Southampton Water. Its length is twenty-two miles and a half, and its fail from Barlowes Mill to Redbridge is l76⅓ feet. The dues upon this canal arise chiefly from the passage of coal and other fuel from the coast, and from the export of its surplus agricultural produce.

The engineer employed was Mr. Robert Whitworth, and the act for completing the same, which received the royal assent, as stated above, is entitled,  'An Act for making and maintaining a navigable Canal from or near the borough of Andover, in the county of Southampton, to or near Redbridge, in the parish of Millbrook, in the said county.'

The owners of this navigation are incorporated under the name of "The Company of Proprietors of the Andover Canal Navigation," and they are empowered to raise and contribute among themselves, for the execution of the work, a sum not exceeding £35,000, in three hundred and fifty shares of £100 each, with power to raise a further sum of £30,000, if necessary, for the purpose of carrying on and finishing the work, in the following manner:—that is, by permitting the original shareholders to take additional shares to the amount of £10,000, not exceeding ten additional shares by any original subscriber, and the remaining £20,000 by mortgage on the credit of the canal rates, tolls, &c. with interest, not exceeding legal interest. The management of this concern is placed in the hands of a committee of fifteen persons annually chosen from among the proprietors.

{{c|

TONNAGE RATES.
}}

 * And so in proportion for any less Quantity than a Ton.

Vessels not to exceed Eight Feet in Breadth, and Sixty Feet in Length, and not to draw more than Three Feet Six Inches Water. No Boat or other Vessel to pass a Lock without paying Rates equal to Fifteen Tons.


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Rh

At the termination of the canal at Redbridge, and where the same enters the river called Southampton Water, there is a wharf and quay, with warehouses, storehouses, cranes, &c. which, at the time the act was obtained, belonged to the Rev. Sir Charles Mills, Bart.; and, as it appears he was entitled to riverage, wharfage, and storehouse roomy for the use of the same, certain rates, as under, were secured to him, or his tenants, by a clause in the act, for all articles conveyed or to be conveyed on the Andover Navigation. {{c|

WHARFAGE RATES, PAYABLE AT REDBRIDGE.
}}

For all Goods which are landed and warehoused for the space of One Month, the following Rates are allowed, (which includes the Wharfage above, together with the expense of Porterage of such Goods.)

For putting the powers of the act into execution, one hundred and thirteen commissioners, together with the bailiff and approved men of Andover, were appointed, whose qualification was a clear annual rental of £100, or personal property to the amount of £3,000, unless he be heir apparent to a peer, or be eligible to be elected as a Knight of the Shire.

{{c|

ARUN RIVER NAVIGATION.
}}

 * 25 George III. Cap. 100, Royal Assent 13th May, 1785.

THE River Arun has its source on the eastern side of the High Downs, called Hind Head, a range of mountains, having an


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768 executive, and judicial expenses of the Government for the year ending June 30, 1874, and for other purposes," the Secretary of the Treasury was directed to "pay to the census-takers of 1860, or their assigns, the sums set to their credit now in the Treasury of the United States, any provision of existing laws to the contrary notwithstanding." In this legislation it was assumed that the accounts of the unpaid census-takers at the Eighth Census were in the Treasury Department; but the dict was otherwise. During the continuance of the Census Office us organized for the purposes of the Eighth Census, the Treasury Department received no notification of services rendered in enumeration, except upon and after the payment of individual accounts for such services, the marshals and assistant marshals for that census having been paid directly by the disbursing clerk of the Census Office. Subsequently to the disbandment of the Census Office, accounts of assistant marshals were occasionally paid by the disbursing clerk of the Department of the Interior, upon requisitions issued by the Treasury; but it was only in cases where the accounts were complete for payment that they were forwarded to the latter Department. The great body of claims from the Southern States, being cut off from present payment by the requirements of law in respect to proof of loyalty, were held in the Department of the Interior awaiting a11thority and appropriation for their adjustment. The passage of the act of March 3, 1873, therefore, involved the careful re-examination of these accounts, their verification by the original census returns of 1860, and the identification of claimants. Blank forms for executing the necessary papers were immediately dispatched to the latest known addresses of the unpaid assistant marshals of 1860. Up to the present time, the accounts of 828 assistant marshals, reaching a total of $164,341.53, have been forwarded to the Fifth Auditor of the Treasury for his action.

The following table exhibits the number and aggregate amount of claims which have thus been adjusted for each of the judicial districts of 1860. It will be seen that three of the claims adjusted were from non-slaveholding States, the persons interested having, it may be presumed, been compromised by subsequent removal to States in rebellion; at any rate, not offering to make proof of loyalty while that requirement of law continued as a condition of payment:

The First Comptroller of the Treasury having notified this Office of his decision that the term "census takers" in the act cited does not embrace United States marshals superintending the enumeration, but only assistant-marshals, the actual enumerators, no steps have been taken toward the adjustment of the claims of the unpaid marshals at the Eighth Census. The number of such marshals is 18. As no authority or appropriation exists for their payment, their accounts have not been


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26 of 923 feet above the sea, at low water, and at a short distance north of the town of Haslemere, in the county of Surrey; when, after taking an easterly course for some miles, it enters Sussex at Aldfold: whence it takes a southerly direction to New Bridge, near Billinghurst, where this navigation commences. In its course from Aldfold, to the last mentioned place, it is crossed several times by the Wey and Arun Canal. From New Bridge, a canal four miles and a half long has been cut, in a parallel course with the Arun, on its western bank, to near Haresfold, where it crosses to the east side, and continues in that course to Pallenham Wharf, when the river becomes navigable. From this place it pursues a southerly direction of two miles and three quarters, to Stopham, where the Rother, also a navigable river, falls into it: hence, taking a circuitous route, by Pulborough and Greatham, it reaches Greatham Bridge, to which place a canal, one mile and three quarters long, has been cut, in nearly a direct line, from the junction with the Bother. By this canal, the circuitous course, above described, is avoided, and five miles saved in the distance between Stopham and Greatham Bridge. From the latter place, the river makes several considerable bends to Houghton Bridge, (a distance of four miles, from the end of the canal), where this navigation, made under the powers of an act, passed in the 25th of George III. entitled, 'An Act for amending and improving the Navigation of the River Arun, from Houghton Bridge, in the parish of Houghton, in the county of Sussex, to Pallenham Wharf, in the parish of Wisborough Green, in the said county; and for continuing and extending the Navigation of the said River Arun, from the said Wharf, called Pallenham Wharf, to a certain Bridge, called New Bridge, situate in the parishes of Pulborough and Wisborough Green, in the said county of Sussex,'  ceases. The length of the river and cuts, belonging to this navigation, is thirteen miles; but to the sea, at Arundel Port, it is twenty-six miles and a quarter. The lower portion of this, however, is made navigable under other powers, and with different provisions, which will be described under the head of Arun River.

The subscribers to this work, thirty-one in number, were incorporated as "The Company of Proprietors of the River Arun "Navigation," within the limits pointed out in the language of the


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Rh title of the act before recited, and were authorized to raise amongst themselves, for carrying into execution the said act, the sum of £10,000, by one hundred shares of £100 each, which shares are personal estate.

This canal is navigable for vessels drawing 3 feet 1 inch water, and the following rates of tonnage are allowed:— {{c|

TONNAGE RATES.
}}

In clause 14, a novel mode is resorted to for preventing impositions, in regard to the quantity conveyed along this navigation; for it is there enacted, that all boatmen, &c. navigating this river, between Arundel Port and Pallenham Wharf, shall receive, for freight, including dues or rates, as follows:—

The affairs of this navigation are managed by a committee of three proprietors, subject to the control of a general assembly of proprietors, held twice a year.

The proprietors have a power, by public auction, to let or demise the rates and dues for any term not exceeding two years.

The original, and chief, object of this navigation was the supply of coal and fuel to the interior, and for the export of agricultural produce; but by the execution of the Wey and Arun Canal, which falls into the Wey, (and thence to the Thames), a


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28 direct communication is made with London, and when the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal is completed, a large additional revenue will doubtless be added to this concern, by the receipt of tolls upon marine stores, which, in time of war, may be safely transmitted from the Metropolis, by this conveyance, to the depot at Portsmouth.

{{c|

ARUN RIVER.
}}

 * 6 George II. Cap. 12, Royal Assent ——— 1732.
 * 33 George III. Cap. 100, Royal Assent 30th April, 1793.

navigation, to which the above acts apply, extends from Arundel Port, at the mouth of the Arun, to the town of Arundel, a distance only of five miles and three quarters: but the object of the first act, entitled,  'An Act for erecting Piers in, and for repairing and keeping in repair, the Harbour of Littlehampton, called Arundel Port, in the county of Sussex,'  was not so much the improvement of the navigation as for the harbour, and for the protection of shipping therein.

By this act, commissioners were appointed to cut a new channel, through the sea-beach, at Littlehampton, and other works therein specified, which are here passed over as not coming within the object of the present publication. Tolls were granted for the purpose of repaying the monies which were borrowed for carrying into execution the works designed.

When this was effected, and all arrears of interest paid off, one-half of the said duties were to be taken off, and the other half to be retained, for the purpose of preserving the harbour, and navigation of the river, to the town of Arundel.

In the preamble of the second act, entitled,  'An Act to explain and amend an Act made in the Sixth Year of the Reign of his late Majesty King George the Second, entitled, An Act for erecting Piers in, and for repairing and keeping in repair, the Harbour of Littlehampton, called Arundel Port, in the county of Sussex; and for empowering the Commissioners, acting under the said Act, to improve the Navigation of the River Arun,from the said Harbour, to the town of Arundel, in the said county,'  it is stated that the commissioners have repaid the sums of money, and interest,


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/The Most Expensive City in the World


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Rh expended in constructing the harbour of Littlehampton, under the act of 6th George II. and that half the duties, therein granted, have consequently ceased. Under the last act, the same commissioners, as under the original act, are re-appointed to carry into effect the provisions of the same, and have power to borrow any sum, not exceeding £2,000, with interest, on an assignment of the rates, tolls, or duties, authorized to be taken on the said navigation.

In lieu of the rates granted by the first act, the following are allowed under the act of the 33rd George III. {{c|

TONNAGE RATES.
}}

 * The other Duties, not being enumerated, are according to the Act of the 6th George II.

The tolls and duties, after payment of principal and interest of money borrowed, are to be applied entirely to the keeping of the harbour and navigation in good preservation. Vessels belonging to the port of Arundel are exempt from toll or duties, in consideration of the inhabitants of that town and port having expended, on the harbour, &c. the sum of £28,300. It is also worthy of remark that they are, on this account, by the above-mentioned act, made free of the harbours, ports, and havens of Dover, Rye, Ramsgate, and Sandwich. There is also a clause which reserves to the Duke of Norfolk, as water-bailiff of the River Arun, all the privileges he before enjoyed.

Though the powers of the two preceding acts extend only to Arundel Bridge, yet there is a good tideway navigation to Houghton Bridge, a distance of seven miles and a half, whence the Arun River Navigation commences. There is no act of parliament relating to this portion of the river; it is free of toll. At Ford, about half way between Arundel Harbour and the town of Arundel, the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal commences, the particulars of which will be found in the proper place.


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{{c|

ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH CANAL.
}}
 * 34 George III. Cap. 93, Royal Assent 9th May, 1794.

canal commences from the Coventry Canal, at Marston Bridge, three miles south of the town of Nuneaton, all in the county of Warwick, and after proceeding in a north-easterly direction, for about five miles, it crosses Watling Street, at the Plough Inn, where it enters the county of Leicester. A mile further, there is a cut of two hundred yards in length, to Hinckley Wharf, one mile from the town of Hinckley. Hence the canal proceeds in a northerly direction by Shenton Hall: crossing Bosworth Field, and leaving the town of Market Bosworth a mile to the east, it continues its course to Shackerston, where it crosses the River Sence, passing, on the north of Gopsall Hall, to Snareston Tunnel; a mile beyond which it enters a detached portion of the county of Derby: passing through the village of Measham, it makes a considerable detour, and again enters Leicestershire, near Donisthorpe, and terminates at Oakthorpe Fire Engine, on Ashby Wolds, one mile north-west of the Moira Baths, in the parish of Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

This canal is twenty-six miles and a half in length, and level throughout. It was, together with several railways branching from it, constructed under the authority of an act of parliament, entitled,  'An Act for making and maintaining a navigable Canal, from the Coventry Canal, at or near Marston Bridge, in the parish of Redworth, in the county of Warwick, to a certain Close in the parish of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, in the county of Leicester; and for continuing the same from thence, in one Line, to the Lime Works, at Ticknall, in the county of Derby; and in another Line, to the Lime Works, at Cloudhill, in the said county of Leicester, with certain Cuts or Branches from the said Canal.'

The proprietors of this canal are incorporated under the name of "The Company of Proprietors of the Ashby-de-la-Zouch Canal," with power to raise £150,000, in fifteen hundred shares of £100 each, and a further sum of £50,000, if the proper execution of the canal and other works should require it.


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TONNAGE RATES.
The estimate for the whole of the proposed works, made by Messrs. Jessop and Whitworth, February 24th, 1794, amounted to £138,238; but the estimate from Ashby Wolds, to the Coventry Canal, was only £27,316, 11s. 4½d.

The line was set out by Mr. Robert Whitworth, and the whole length was opened in May, 1805.

It is worthy of remark, that the level, from Ashby Wolds, continues uninterrupted along the whole length of this canal, the Coventry, and part of the Oxford Canal, to Hill Morton, a distance of full seventy miles. The company are under a penalty of £50,000 if they abstract any water from the Gopsall Park Estate, or in any way deteriorate the same.

The principal object of this navigation is the export of the produce of the extensive coal and lime works in the neighbourhood of Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

When authority was first obtained, for the making of this canal, it was the intention of the company to have continued the canal to the places mentioned in the title of the act, which would have made the total length of canal about fifty miles, with 252 feet of lockage. They, however, adopted railways for all the branches where lockage was necessary.


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RAILWAYS CONNECTED WITH THIS CANAL.
The railway to Ticknall Lime Works, commences at the Ashby-de-la-Zouch Canal, three quarters of a mile south-west of the village of Willesley, in the county of Derby, and at the distance of two miles and a half, passes through the town of Ashby-de-la-Zouch. One mile and a half further, the railway passes under a tunnel, at the end of which the Cloudhill Branch commences; and one mile and three quarters further it enters Derbyshire: whence it is rather more than two miles and a half to Ticknall Lime Works, making the whole distance from the canal eight miles and a half.

The Cloudhill Branch Railway, commencing from the tunnel on the Ticknall Railway, runs in a westerly direction for one mile and a quarter, where a railway, more than half a mile in length, branches northwards to a colliery. A quarter of a mile further, there is another branch, running southwards, about three hundred yards, to a colliery near Park Wood. From hence it takes a northerly course, passing to the west of the village of Worthington, to the Cloudhill Lime Works, a distance of two miles and three quarters, where it terminates. The total distance of this branch is four miles and a quarter.

There is also a railway, of half a mile in length, from a colliery near Moira, to the canal, opposite the Moira Baths.

{{c|

ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE CANAL.
32 Geo. III. C. 84, R. A. 11th June, 1792. 33 Geo. III. C. 21, R. A. 28th March, 1793. 38 Geo. III. C. 32, R. A. 26th May, 1798. 40 Geo. Ill. C. 24, R. A. 16th May, 1800. 45 Geo. III. C. 11, R. A. 18th March, 1805. }}

THE first act for making this canal, authorized the subscribers, who were incorporated under the name of "The Company of Proprietors of the Canal Navigation, from Manchester to or near Ashton-under-Lyne and Oldham," to make a canal from Manchester to Fairfield, with a branch to the town of Ashton-under-Lyne, and another branch from Fairfield, to a place called New Mill, near the town of Oldharn. This act was entitled,  'An Act for making a navigable Canal, from Manchester, to or near


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Rh Ashton-under-Lyne and Oldham, in the county Palatine of Lancaster,'  and under it the company were empowered to raise £60,000, in six hundred shares of £100 each, with further power to raise £30,000 among themselves, should the former sum be insufficient; or they may raise the same by mortgage of the tolls and duties.

In the following year the company applied again to parliament, and obtained an act, entitled,  'An Act to enable the Company of Proprietors of the Canal Navigation from Manchester, to or near Ashton-under-Lyne, and Oldham, to extend the said Canal from a place called Clayton Demesne, in the township of Droylsden, in the parish of Manchester aforesaid, to a place on the Turnpike-Road in Heaton Norris, leading between Manchester and Stockport, opposite to the House known by the Sign of the Three Boars' Heads, and from, or nearly from, a place called Taylor's Barn, in the township of Reddish, to Denton, at a place called Beat Bank, adjoining the Turnpike-Road leading between Stockport and Ashton-under-Lyne; and also from the intended Aqueduct Bridge, at or near a place called Waterhouses, in the parish of Ashton-under-Lyne aforesaid, to a place called Stoke Leach, at Hollinwood, in the township of Oldham aforesaid;'  under this act, they were authorized, in addition to the main line and branches above-mentioned, to make a branch from Clayton to near the town of Stockport; another branch from the last-mentioned branch, to the River Tame, near Beat Bank: and one other branch from the aqueduct over the Medlock near Waterhouses, to Hollinwood. Of those intended works, the branch to Beat Bank alone remains unexecuted. By this act, the company were authorized to raise an additional sum of £30,000, in shares, among themselves. After having executed a considerable portion of the works, which they were authorized to do, under the two preceding acts, and having expended the several sums of money which they were empowered to raise, the proprietors found it necessary again to apply to parliament for further powers, when they obtained a third act, entitled,  'An Act to enable the Company of Proprietors of the Canal Navigation from Manchester, to or near Ashton-under-Lyne and Oldham, to finish and complete the same, and the several Cuts and other Works authorized to be made and done by


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34 them, by the several Acts passed for that Purpose, and for amending the said Acts, and granting to the said Company further and other Powers.'  By this act they were empowered to raise a further sum of £30,000, by mortgage of the canal and tolls, or on promissory notes under the common seal of the company, to be repaid in five years, or in default, the holders of the notes were to have the option of becoming shareholders to the same amount.

This canal commences on the eastern side of the town of Manchester, at the end of Dale Street, and near to Piccadilly: thence passing through the suburbs, it crosses the River Medlock; thence to near Clayton, where the Stockport Branch commences. From Clayton the canal proceeds to the village of Fairfield, where the main line terminates, as described in the act, at a distance from Manchester of three miles and three quarters, and with a rise of 162 feet 6 inches, by eighteen locks. From Fairfield there is a branch to the Huddersfield Canal, at the Duckenfield Aqueduct, near the town of Ashton-under-Lyne. This branch is a little more than two miles and a half, and is level throughout. There is, also, a branch to Waterhouses, from Fairfield, where the canal again crosses the Medlock, by an aqueduct, after it has passed through a tunnel of considerable extent. This branch is in length two miles and a half, and is upon the same level as the Ashton Branch. From the aqueduct the branch is continued to Hollinwood, and from thence by the Werneth Colliery Company, to their extensive works near to Oldham. The length from the aqueduct, at Waterhouses, to Hollinwood, is rather more than one mile and three quarters; and the extension to the collieries is one mile. The branch from the aqueduct rises 83 feet, by means of eight locks. From the Hollinwood Branch, one-eighth of a mile from the aqueduct, is a collateral cut to Fairbottom Colliery, of little more than a mile in length, and level. The branch from Clayton leaves the main line between the tenth and eleventh lock from its commencement, and passing by Gaston and Reddish, terminates at Lancashire Hill, on the high-road from Manchester to Stockport, and but half a mile from the latter place.

In the town and suburbs of Manchester, several collateral cuts and basins, have been made from this canal to the various wharfs, quays, and manufactories; thus affording increased facilities to the


text:
Page:Rivers, Canals, Railways of Great Britain.djvu/57

Rh trade of this populous and important town and neighbourhood; amongst which, we may enumerate one, a quarter of a mile in length, which proceeds from the west side of Great Ancoats Street, across Mill Street, to Kirby Street, and from which three collateral cuts proceed. A short distance further, on the line of canal, there is another cut, nearly a quarter of a mile in length, which crosses Pollard Street, to the back of the large factories which front into Great Ancoats Street. These short cuts are all on one level.

The canal and branches are made 31 feet wide at top and 15 at the bottom, and in depth 5 feet. The locks are 70 feet long and 7 feet wide.

TONNAGE RATES ALLOWED BY THE FIRST ACT.
By the act of the 38th George III. cap. 32, the proprietors are allowed the following

RATES OF WHARFAGE.
By the act, entitled,  'An Act for amending the several Acts passed for making, extending,finishing, and completing the Canal Navigation from Manchester, to or near Ashton-under-Lyne and Oldham, and the several Cuts and other Works authorized to be made and done by the Company of Proprietors of the said Canal Navigation, and for granting to the said Company further and other Powers,'  the proprietors are allowed the following

ADDITIONAL RATES.
In the preamble of the last act, relating to this navigation, entitled,  'An Act for enabling the Company of Proprietors of the


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Page:Rivers, Canals, Railways of Great Britain.djvu/58

36 Canal Navigation from Manchester, to or near Ashton-under-Lyne and Oldham, more effectually to provide for the discharge of their Debts, and to complete the said Canal, and the Cuts and Works relating thereto,'  it is stated that the company have raised the several sums of £60,000, and £30,000, which they were empowered to do under the act of 32nd George III.; also the further sum of £30,000, granted under the act of 33rd George III.; also the sum of £29,977, 17s. in part of the sum of £30,000, which they were empowered to raise, under the act of 38th George III.; also the further sum of £8,677, in part of the further sum of £20,000, granted under the powers of the act of 40th George III. It is further stated, that the company have expended all the monies they have been enabled to raise, amounting to £158,654, 17s. and that they have contracted debts to a large amount. By this act, they are, therefore, empowered to raise a further sum of £40,000, over and above the several sums already granted, amounting to £170,000, to enable them to discharge such debts and complete their works. The last-mentioned sum of £40,000 to be raised by creating new and additional shares, or by calls, on original shareholders, of sums not exceeding £10 per share at each call.

This canal connects the towns of Manchester and Ashton-under-Lyne; and by the Huddersfield Canal, it has communication with that town, Saddleworth, and the populous clothing districts in that part of Yorkshire, and is a portion of one of the lines of inland navigation, which connects the Irish Sea with the German Ocean; on the one hand through the Huddersfield and Sir John Ramsden's Canals, the Calder and Hebble and Aire and Calder Navigations, to the port of Goole, and froln thence by the Rivers Ouse and Humber to the port of Kingston-upon Hull; and on the other hand, by entering the Rochdale Canal, near its junction with the Duke of Bridgewater's Canal, and by that navigation to Runcorn, and from thence, by the River Mersey, to Liverpool.

The town of Manchester derives considerable advantage by the facility with which this canal and branches supply it with stone and coal at an easy rate; an immense quantity of the latter article, in addition to what is required for ordinary purposes, being in daily requisition for innumerable steam engines in use in the various manufactories.


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Page:Rivers, Canals, Railways of Great Britain.djvu/59

Rh

{{c|

AVON RIVER.
17 Charles II. Cap. 12, Royal Assent 2nd March, 1664. }}

This river has its source three miles east of the town of Devizes, in Wiltshire, and after passing Park Shipton, and Rushall, it takes a southerly course along the east-end of Salisbury Plain, passing Enford Priory, Syrencot House, and the town of Amesbury; and two miles to the west of Stonehenge, it proceeds by Lake House, and the ruins of Old Sarum, to New Sarum, or Salisbury, where its stream is considerably augmented, by being united with the little Rivers Wily, the Nadder, and the Bourne. From Salisbury, its course is nearly south, through a delightful country, to the town of Fording Bridge, thence to Ringwood, and to Christchurch Bay, where it falls into the sea.

This river was made navigable, from Christchurch to Salisbury, under the powers of an act of the 17th Charles II. entitled,  'An Act for making the River Avon navigable from Christchurch to the city of New Sarum,'  but the whole of the works having been swept away by a flood, soon after its completion, it was suffered to continue in that ruinous condition until the year 1771, when the celebrated Brindley surveyed its course, and recommended a new canal to be cut parallel with the river.

Though this suggestion of Mr. Brindley's was not carried into execution, some repairs of the old works were commenced; these, however, were so inefficient, as to give rise to the scheme of a canal from Southampton to Salisbury.

When the act was obtained for the above scheme, the River Avon, as a navigation, was abandoned; and it is now navigable only as a tide river, free of toll, for very small vessels only, for the distance of two miles from the sea, with 5½ feet water at spring tides. At other times, the bar, at the entrance of Christchurch Harbour, is an insurmountable obstacle, which may be further inferred from the circumstance that there are but four small vessels belonging to Christchurch.

The length of the original navigation, to Salisbury, was thirty-six miles, viz. from Christchurch to Ringwood, thirteen miles and a half; from thence to Fording Bridge, seven miles and a half; and from thence to Salisbury, fifteen miles.


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Page:Rivers, Canals, Railways of Great Britain.djvu/60

38

{{c|

AVON RIVER.
}}
 * 24 George II. Cap. 39, Royal Assent 22nd May, 1751.
 * 33 George III. Cap. 23, Royal Assent 30th April, 1793.

This River Avon commences a mile west of Warwick, where the Rivers Leame and Dove (having previously received the waters of the Sow and Watergall) unite, and take the name of Avon. From the junction of these rivers, the Avon runs close to Warwick, (the county town), washing the walls of the castle, and passing through the princely grounds attached to the same, it takes a circuitous course by The Hill, Charlecote House, Alveston House, and Welcombe, to Stratford-upon-Avon, where it first becomes navigable. A mile from Stratford, it is the boundary between Gloucester and Warwick for about a mile in length; from thence its course continues through the county of Warwick, for the distance of a mile, and again becomes the boundary of Gloucester and Warwick, to Binton Bridges, to which place, from Stratford, the distance is five miles and one-eighth. From Binton Bridges, the Avon is still the county boundary, to Grange: it then passes through a portion of Warwick, to within three quarters of a mile of the junction with the Arrow River, where it again divides the counties of Warwick and Gloucester. The distance from Binton Bridges to the Arrow River is five miles and three quarters. From the Arrow Mouth, the Avon is the division for a mile and a half between Warwickshire and Worcestershire, when it enters the latter county, passing Offenham, to the bridge, at the town of Evesham. The distance from the mouth of the River Arrow, to the latter place, is six miles and a half. From Evesham Bridge, the river almost makes the circuit of the town; then proceeds, in a north-westerly direction, by the Manor-House, and Cracombe House, and by the villages of Fladbury and Wyre Piddle, to the bridge at the town of Pershore. The distance from the latter place to Evesham Bridge is eleven miles and three quarters. From Pershore, to Eckington Bridge, the river makes two or three considerable bends, so that though the distance by the river, between these places, is six miles and a half yet, by a straight line, it is only two miles and a half. From Eckington Bridge, the river


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Rh takes a southerly direction, passing Breedon, a little before which, it becomes the boundary between Gloucester and Worcester, and continues to be so to the town of Tewkesbury, where it falls into the River Severn, being in distance, from Eckington Bridge, seven miles and three quarters, and the total distance from Stratford-upon-Avon to the Severn is forty-three miles and three-eighths.

In the preamble of the first act relating to this river, we learn that, for a considerable time previous, it had been navigated, from Stratford, to its junction with the Severn; but that in consequence of frequent disputes between the proprietors of the navigation, and those using the navigation, it became necessary to apply to parliament for an act which should determine the amount of rates and duties to be paid.

The following rates have been paid ever since the river became navigable, and are still received, in addition to the rates which the proprietors of the navigation are empowered to collect, under the powers of the 24th George II.

ANCIENT TOLLS.
The following act, 24th George II. cap. 39, 22nd May, 1751, entitled,  'An Act for the better regulating the Navigation of the River Avon, running through the counties of Warwick, Worcester,and Gloucester, and for ascertaining the Rates of Water Carriage upon the said River,'  empowers the proprietors of the navigation to demand the following rates of tonnage:—


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Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1873.djvu/90

770 The ordinary salary of the Superintendent has not been drawn since the 1st of December, 1871. From that date till January 31, 1873, the Superintendent of Census was also Commissioner of Indian Affairs, receiving only the compensation affixed to the latter office. On my resignation as Commissioner of Indian Affairs, January 1, to take effect January 31, 1873, I received the following communication from the honorable Secretary: , Washington, D. C, January 31, 1873.

 * I transmit herewith a commission appointing you to be Superintendent of the Census.

You will observe that the word "emoluments" is erased from the commission, as at your express request the appointment is made "without compensation" for your services.

If you accept the appointment, be pleased to signify the same, take and subscribe the inclosed oath of office, and transmit it to this Department.

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, C. DELANO, Secretary of the Interior.

Hon., of Massachusetts.

Under this letter of appointment I at once duly qualified, and have discharged the duties of the Office during the remaining portion of the year to the best of my ability, so far as was consistent with professional duties involving a residence in a city somewhat remote from the seat of Government. The work of the Superintendent of Census does not cease abruptly with the publication of the statistical reports. The remains of office-work are by no means trifling, while the publication of the reports of itself gives rise to an extensive correspondence. Where no positive objection exists, it is of course desirable that the person who has organized and administered the service to the point of the publication of the reports should conduct this correspondence and Supervise the remaining details of administration, in order to secure the highest degree of continuity and consistency of plan and operation. It was in this view, as I understood it, that the honorable Secretary issued the appointment above recited, and it was for this reason that I cheerfully accepted the position. I shall be fully satisfied if I can believe that the public service has been in any, even the smallest, degree advantaged thereby.

I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, FEANCIS A. WALKER, Superintendent. Hon. , Secretary of the Interior.

, Washington, D. C, November 1,1873.
 * I have the honor to submit the following report relative to the Capitol building and grounds, and other public works under my supervision.

Since the date of the last annual report from this office various improvements have been made. Large coal vaults, each capable of


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Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/332

 many more were afterwards visible over the other plains. The "native turkey," a kind of bustard, is also plentiful. Fish, too, are abundant in the creeks and water-holes, and were seen jumping and snapping at the flies. We commonly think that all such pleasant scenes were made for man, but man hardly ever appears in all this magnificence and busy life; there were only signs of his existence in the smoke occasionally rising from the distant ranges. Let us return to our journal.

March 24th. We travelled to-day some eighteen miles on a course a little west of north, over nothing but one grand plain with plenty of small creeks crossing our line of march, with a high range of hills running to north-west and south-east, the tops of which are well-wooded. These Mr. McKinlay has called "Scott's Ranges," after John Scott, Esq., of Adelaide, who kindly lent Mr. McKinlay two horses from his run, and also gave him leave to take anything from his station that he thought might be of use to him. This plain is undulating in some parts. Here we saw some fifteen emus, and have called it Emu Plains. Camped on a small box creek with plenty of water; there was no timber anywhere except on the banks of the creeks and the tops of the ranges.

We are getting on well now, and hope to continue making good days' work, every one being in excellent health. A sheep to be killed to-day to


text:
MediaWiki:Gadget-PurgeTab

Purge tab: Adds a "*" tab or a "Purge" option in the actions tab, which purges the page's cache when clicked.

title: MediaWiki:Gadget-PurgeTab


text:
MediaWiki:Gadget-PurgeTab.js

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text:
Author:Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton

Works

 * Gallipoli Diary (1920)

title: Author:Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton


text:
Page:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1873.djvu/89

Rh taken up for final adjustment. The amount appearing as due them under the act of May 23, 1850, in connection with the Eighth Census, is in the neighborhood of $9,000. All but one of these claimants, however, appear on the books of the Treasury Department as debtors in larger sums to the United States, on account of moneys in their hands for the expenses of their offices at the outbreak of the rebellion, and not accounted for. It is, therefore, unnecessary to contemplate or provide for their payment as marshals in respect to the census, at this or any future time.

There still remain two United States marshals and twenty-three assistant marshals at the Ninth Census with whom no final settlement of account has been made. The total amount of the possible claims on these accounts is $5,270. Of the marshals unpaid, one has made no claim for compensation, having, as is understood, absconded; the other is reported by the Department of Justice as a defaulter to the United State in a much larger sum than his compensation would amount to for services in respect to the census. Of the assistant marshals indicated, four, claiming a total amount of $501.63, have failed to return their receipts for payment as required by the Treasury Department; five, claiming the total amount of 81,27S.20, have been refused payment for fraud, or gross delinquency tantamount to fraud, and fourteen, claiming the total amount of $2,738.04, have failed of payment by reason of the refusal of the marshals of their respective judicial districts to furnish the pay certificates required as a condition of payment by the act of May 23, 1850. In the majority of cases this refusal of the marshal is based on the refusal or neglect of the assistant marshal to make copies of his returns as required by law. In each of the foregoing cases a statement of the reasons for refusing or delaying payment has been filed in the Department for reference, should any of the claimants appear at a future time. I see no reason, however, to believe that any considerable portion of these claims will ever be perfected for payment.

The balance of appropriation on account of the Ninth Census remaining unexpended at date is 81,450.90.

The clerical force of the Office has been reduced as rapidly as was consistent with the performance of the duties before enumerated. The following table exhibits the number and grade of clerks employed at each of the dates specified. In accordance with the universal custom of the Department, a short leave of absence was given each clerk on discharge, to afford means and opportunity for seeking other employment. It will, therefore, be understood that the actual service in the Census Office of these clerks ceased by an average term of one month earlier than would appear from the dates in the table:


text:
User:History2007~enwikisource

Same as English Wikipedia user:History2007. Please contact me there, for I hardly log in here.

title: User:History2007~enwikisource


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/A Bubble-Blowing Insect


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/The Negro Since the Civil War


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Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/369

 first real bush-fire we have seen. The emus made us sick; the meat is so oily. They weighed, when ready for the pot, 48 lb., 31 lb., and 33 lb. The smaller ones were better, and they have saved us some sheep, which is a consideration.

We quote from Mr. McKinlay a description of this country:—

"'The grass passed over yesterday, although abundant is rank, and not of that sweet description we have before seen, but no doubt excellent for cattle and horses. Just as the animals were being brought in for packing, Davis found, in a small shallow pool, nearly dry, numbers of small nice looking fish of two sorts—longest not more than three and a-half inches; one sort like the cat-fish of the Murray, the other spotted like a salmon. For five miles over timbered plains on a bearing 345°; at three and a half miles, struck a small creek coming from west and south, with plenty of water; and, at five and a quarter miles further, an immense deep creek with water (gum), crossed at right angles from the western banks, which are very precipitous. I have called it the Jessie. At six miles came to and crossed a noble river, now a creek as it is not running, but plenty of water; from 300 to 400 yards broad. At crossing the first, cabbage palm seen on its western bank between this and the last creek; on left of course is a splendid belt of white gums on the dry sound flat. This river, like the other creek, flows from south of west after crossing a northerly and easterly course; I have called it the Joannie, after a young lady friend of mine. At fourteen and a half miles came to a fine lagoon running easterly and westerly; good water in abundance; went round it and camped north-west side, as the natives are firing close by on the south-east side; distance nineteen and a half miles. For some considerable distance back, it has been an open timbered country; plenty of myall and useful white butt gum; drainage, as yet, all to the east and slightly north. I thought the"


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/The Birds of the Adirondacks


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/The Structure of Blind Fishes


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Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/370

 "Jeannie bore more north, but it bore off again to the eastward; no game of any kind Been to-day, except a turkey; a great quantity of vines on which grows four or five black fruit, like peas and extremely hard, from every flower, and on which the emu appears to feed much. There were also two other vines or runners, on which grow an oblong fruit about one to one and a half inches long, green like cucumber, but bitter; the other is a round fruit about the size of a walnut, darker in colour than the other, not so abundant, and which the emu seems to exist much on at present. Some seeds of each, and many shrubs, flowers, and fruits before new to me, I have obtained. A number of partially dried lagoons all round this, about three-quarters of a mile long. One is about six feet deep; a very fine sheet of water.'"

May 1st. (Camp xlviii.) Beautiful May morning, with a fine breeze. Palmer saw a solitary native on the horses' tracks as he was coming up with the bullocks; he "cooeyed" to him, and as soon as blacky descried him he was off like a shot. We have seen but few natives. The country fine, with lots of grass seeds. We crossed a fine dry lagoon, well grassed, in the open timbered land; then struck a creek flowing nearly north, with a fine white sandy bed, but no water. We followed it down some way, and crossed. The bank, where we struck it, was too precipitous to get up on the other side. Here we saw some dead palm-tree leaves. Crossed again in the opposite direction, three miles from where we struck it. Distance to-day, eighteen miles.

2nd. Started early over a beautiful plain, and at three miles from camp crossed a water-course,


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/A Hundred Years of Chemistry II


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Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/371

 and at about 6 crossed another; plenty of water, and then further on a deep narrow creek flowing about north-north-east. Saw small ranges when crossing the creek, on the other side of plains, about south-west. [Here my Journal is so rubbed that I cannot make it out exactly, so I must crib from the governor's a bit, with what parts I can make out in mine here and there, and it continues as bad till the 11th.—J. D.]

Mr. McKinlay says at this date:— "'The large creek when last seen was bearing to west of north, a long distance off; beyond, an open plain. The creek I am now upon divides into several branches just here, which makes this one so small. Shot a new bird—dark grey, large tail, something like a pheasant in its flight; it always starts from the ground, and settles awkwardly on the trees, its tail appearing a nuisance to it; the specimen shot is too much torn for preservation. The days now are very warm, and the nights very agreeable. Short as the time is since they must have had the rain here, it is astonishing how it has dried up in many places. The large creek crossed yesterday I have called the William, after a young friend of mine.'"

3rd. (Camp l.) Blew pretty fresh this morning. Off early over a large plain, where at the end was some heavy timber, over a stony spinifex range. At about fourteen miles came to a water-course with abundance of water. Numerous courses on either side of us. The principal creek here is dry nearly, the grass quite dry and not so good quality as it has been lately. Any quantity of those


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/Mount Tamalpais


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Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/372

 beautiful broad leaved shady trees we saw before. Very hot indeed. Distance sixteen miles.

4th. (Camp li.) Very mild this morning. The sheep escaped last night, and half of them are missing. I hope we shall find them. This creek I was going to say is mine; at all events, Mr. McKinlay says it is "Davis." Found the sheep not far off. Went across plains of myall with gums. Crossed a small creek, then two more flowing north, then over good country with a little thick myall forest, then over pretty thickly timbered, well-grassed table-lands and spinifex ridge, ending our journey over fine plains to a creek, the only water seen to-day. Distance, twenty-seven and three-quarter miles! Poor sheep!

5th. (Camp lii.) Nice calm morning with dew, but looks like rain. We heard a native last night making an awful row, but as yet have seen none, though they were pretty near to us yesterday with their fires. This creek has plenty of box on it. We crossed it first thing, then over a plain country, next to a swamp, and afterwards plains with shrubs on them, and belts of timber. We camped at a water-course, rather muddy; but the leader is making a short stage of it to-day to make up for yesterday. The sheep, though well, are not in such condition as they have been. Distance today, thirteen and a half miles.

6th. (Camp liii.) Cloudy this morning. Started


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Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/373

 early, over plains and small belts of timber. Saw a native at a swamp for water, and two more in the distance, but they made off instanter. Birds of all kinds—cockatoos, parrots, hawks, macaws, curillas, grelas, crows, etc.

At twenty-two and a half miles struck the Leichhardt. Banks too steep to get any water for the animals, but, on following it down, came to a capital place; nice beach for about one mile. The width from bank to bank may be 170 yards. Hodgkinson caught a small fish, and we saw a large one, but he was too knowing. Camped; distance twenty-five miles.

7th. Very sultry, with every appearance of rain. Made an early start down the bed of the river, the water here being only fifteen or twenty yards wide. Crossed it, and followed along the western bank, where it is full of sand and timber, and full 500 yards wide; through some pretty forest-looking lands to a fine lagoon, with plenty of water and good green grass. Crossed two creeks, and came to another lagoon; plenty of water and feed. Then through open forests and plains. Mr. McKinlay, seeing we were not likely to meet with any water, changed his course for the Leichhardt, which we had left some distance away on our right. We arrived at it in about three miles. Crossed it, and camped on some sand. Lots of stones for the last two miles, and plenty on the river bank.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/International Law and the Peace Conference


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/The Fate of the Beagle


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/Science Study and National Character


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/Editor's Table


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Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/374

 8th. Strong breeze, and all our previous prognostications of rain vanished in that air. We started in good time. First part of the way over stones with spinifex, then over plains with belts and clumps of trees. At about ten miles we halted. As for the Sturt pigeons, I never witnessed such a sight; the enormous flights of them completely darkening the ground as they flew over in flocks from south-east to north-west, though thousands of them remain here. The blacks are burning on the river in all directions, and there are fires also in the direction of the "Albert."

The leader with Middleton rode out to ascertain what sort of country it was between the camp and the coast.

Mr. McKinlay here says:— "Took Middleton with me to ascertain what kind of country there is between camp and coast. On bearing of 355°, at six miles, came to and crossed a creek, plenty of water, flowing to north-north-east; at sixteen and a half miles struck a creek with heavy box and gum timber, and water where we struck it in small lagoons and side creeks. Camped; natives burning ahead of us, and a little east. A great portion of the country we have come over from camp is inundated, and has now coarse grass and reeds. This creek flows here about north; south of this, it comes more to the north-north-east.

"9th. Middleton and I still out; party in camp. Started on bearing of 40°; wind strong, south; at three and a half miles struck the creek, now a very considerable size, and flowing to the eastward and a little south; followed it for a quarter of a mile, keeping it on the left, on bearing of about 110°,


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/Fragments of Science


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/Minor Paragraphs


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/Notes


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/May 1900/Publications Received


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 "and crossed it at a long grassy flat. In its bed native whirlies between where we first struck it and crossed it; bearing of 40°, long deep reach of water, banks well defined; bearing of 40°, at three quarters of a mile creek, recrossed same on a bed of lava, all rent, abundance of water. At five and a half miles further struck the Leichhardt, its bed vast sheets of stones—rocks and small stones opposite side, lower down; the water in its bed is about or upwards of 150 yards wide. At two miles, bearing of about 210°, struck the river at a stony and rocky fail, and went westward half a mile to avoid the bend. Struck river again at three miles on same course as above; then, at four miles, struck a lagoon to south; then, at four and a half miles, struck the river, water in its full width, now upwards of 250 yards, a splendid-looking place, and lined on its banks with splendid timber of various kinds, with a variety of palms, etc.; then to the southward of south-west for between six and eight miles. But the rugged banks were so intricate that it was impossible to calculate the distance correctly; in a great many places, half a mile from the river banks, the plains drop off precipitously from three to ten feet, and slope off in undermined deep earthy creeks, finishing at last in deep reedy creeks close to the river. Water in nearly all the side creeks, and compelled us to keep out, but sometimes we were caught in them, thinking the timber we were advancing to was a lagoon or belt of timber, and then we were compelled to go round it; then cross a very fine creek running into the river, the same, I believe, we crossed yesterday about six miles from camp on our outward course. From this to our camp I make out about thirteen miles, on a bearing of about 200°. Got to camp about 8, for the last seven miles guided by a roman candle shot off at the camp. Fireworks are most useful in expeditions of this kind, as in many cases, some of our party have been guided up to camp near midnight.'"

9th. All of us save the governor and Middleton in camp awaiting their return, and


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 types, the Polygonal column, sometimes in error called the Protodoric, which was cut in the rock in imitation of a wooden column, and a second variety known as the Lotus column, which is employed inside, supporting the rock-cut roof, but having such slender proportions as to suggest that it was copied from the posts of a porch, round which the Lotus plant had been tied.

The culminating period of the Egyptian style begins with the kings of the eighteenth dynasty, their principal capital being Thebes, described by Herodotus as the “City with the Hundred Gates”; and although the execution of the masonry is inferior to that of the older dynasties, the grandeur of the conception of their temples, and the wealth displayed in their realization entitle Thebes to the most important position in the history of the Egyptian style, especially as the temples there grouped on both sides of the river exceed in number and dimensions the whole of the other temples throughout Egypt. This to a certain extent may possibly be due to the distance of Thebes from the Mediterranean, which has contributed to their preservation from invaders. We have already referred to the probable origin of the peculiar batter or raking side given to the walls of the pylons and temples, with the Torus moulding surrounding the same and crowned with the cavetto cornice. What, however, is more remarkable is the fact that, once accepted as an important and characteristic feature, it should never have been departed from, and that down to and during the Roman occupation the same batter is found in all the temples, though constructively there was no necessity for it. The strict adherence to tradition may possibly account for this, but it has resulted in a magnificent repose possessed by these structures, which seem built to last till eternity.

An avenue with sphinxes on both sides forms the approach to the temple. These avenues were sometimes of considerable length, as in the case of that reaching from Karnak to Luxor, which is 1 m. long. The leading features of the temple (see fig. 1) were:—(A) The pylon, consisting of two pyramidal masses of masonry crowned with a cavetto cornice, united in the centre by an immense doorway, in front of which on either side were seated figures of the king and obelisks. (B) A great open court surrounded by peristyles on two or three sides. (C) A great hall with a range of columns down the centre on either side, forming what in European architecture would be known as nave and aisles, with additional aisles on each side; these had columns of less height than those first mentioned, so as to allow of a clerestory, lighting the central avenue. (D) Smaller halls with their flat roofs carried by columns. And finally (E) the sanctuary, with passage round giving access to the halls occupied by the priest.

Broadly speaking, the temples bear considerable resemblance to one another (see ), except in dimensions. There is one important distinction, however, to be drawn between the Theban temples and those built under the Ptolemaic rule. In these latter the halls are not enclosed between pylons, but left open on the side of the entrance court with screens in between the columns, the hall being lighted from above the screens. The temples of Edfu, Esna and Dendera are thus arranged.

The great temple of Karnak (fig. 2) differs from the type just described, in that it was the work of many successive monarchs. Thus the sanctuary, built in granite, and the surrounding chambers, were erected by Senwosri (Usertesen) I. of the twelfth dynasty. In front of this, on the west side, pylons were added by Tethmosis (Thothmes, Tahutmes) I. (1541–1516), enclosing a hall, in the walls of which were Osirid figures. In front of this a third pylon was added, which Seti (Sethos) I. utilized as one of the enclosures of the great hall of columns (fig. 3), measuring 170 ft. deep by 329 ft. wide, having added a fourth pylon on the other side to enclose it. Again in front of this was the great open court with porticoes on two sides, and a great pylon, forming the entrance. In the rear of all these buildings, and some distance beyond the sanctuary, Tethmosis III. (1503–1449) built a great colonnaded hall with other halls round, considered to have been a palace. All these structures form a part only of the great temple, on the right and left of which (i.e. to the north-east and south-west) were other temples preceded by pylons and connected one with the other by avenues of sphinxes. Though of small size comparatively, one of the best preserved is the temple of Chons, built by Rameses III. It was from this temple that an avenue of sphinxes led to the temple of Luxor, which was begun by Amenophis III. (1414–1379 ), and completed by Rameses II. (1300–1234).

On the opposite or west bank of the Nile are the temple of Medīnet Abū, the Ramesseum, the temples of Kurna and of Deir-el-Bahri; the last being a sepulchral temple, which, built on rising ground, had flights of steps leading to the higher level (fig. 4), and porticoes with square piers at the foot of each terrace. In the rear on the right-hand side was found an altar, the only example of its kind known in Egypt. The halls behind this and the portico of the right flank had polygonal columns. In the palace of Tell el-Amarna, built shortly before 1350 by the heretic king Akhenaton (whose name was originally Amenophis IV.), and discovered by Petrie, there were no special architectural developments, but the painted decoration of the walls and pavements assumed a literal interpretation of natural forms of plants and foliage and of birds and animals, recalling to some extent that found at Cnossus in Crete.

Ascending the river from Cairo, the first temples of which important remains exist are the two at Abydos. One of these has an exceptional plan, with seven sanctuaries in the rear. It was built by Seti I., and consists of an outer portico with square piers, a hall

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 resting and amusing ourselves as best we may.

10th. (Camp lvi.) Beautiful weather, but very cold in the night. Started in good time and order over land subject to frequent inundations, judging from the reeds, etc. Crossed a creek about six miles from camp. Six miles further on, three fine lagoons in succession, all of them containing plenty of water, and at the last we camped where there was excellent feed.

Here Mr. McKinlay says:—

"'I forgot to mention that yesterday, on return to camp from first striking in Leichhardt's river, I observed apparently a native firing the grass a short distance on my right. I made towards it and saw one coming steadily towards us, till spying us, retreated at full speed; as I had some fish-hooks and line, I was determined to pull him or her up. Started off and overtook what turned out to be a gin and her piccaninie, and had a load of something which in her retreat she dropped. She screamed and cooed, and set fire to the grass all around us to endeavour to get rid of us, but all to no purpose. I held out to her a fish-hook, but she would not take them to look at even, but busied herself screaming and firing the grass; upon which I got off the horse and approached her. She immediately lifted up her yam-stick in the position the men throw their spears, and prepared to defend herself, until at last she quieted down on observing the fish-hook, and advanced a step or two and took it from me, evidently knowing the use of it. I then gave her a line and another hook, and by signs explained to her that I would return in the direction the day following. She wished me to understand something, holding up four of her fingers, but what she meant I could not guess. I tried to make out from her how far the coast was, making motions as if paddling"


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 "a canoe, bat could not get any information; as soon as we were clear off, she set to work to make an immense smoke to attract the notice of her people to give them the news. This afternoon three of the party went over east-south-east about three-quarters of a mile to the river and caught about a dozen of fish of small size and three different sorts, and a turtle about a foot long. The river during the day has almost always been in sight from three to six miles off, till crossing the creek when it was not more than one mile off.'"

11th. (Camp lvii.) Started over some broken slopes in the direction of the river, then over some plains, and crossed a creek running into the river, then into open country, sloping to north-east, with plenty of water on either side. Struck the river again at the falls. Camped on a small creek with running water and beautiful green feed. A bullock was killed, as he objected to go any further. The fish under the falls are numerous, and consist of guard-fish, sword-fish, and sharks. The falls are some fifty or sixty feet high; no current, deep water above and below. Found a tree of the palm species, with good fruit on it.

12th. This is a vile camp, high grass and no shade. The scenery, however, is very pretty, undulating fine grassed country, intersected by small creeks, their courses defined by trees on their banks. The grass is nearly up to one's neck, and it is very hard work to get through it. The men are busy jerking the beast; there won't be much trouble in that, as he has not one


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 ounce of fat on him, and his meat smells rather like musk.

Two of our fellows went to the falls to fish, and succeeded in bringing home some very good ones, black bream, and an excellent firm fish, and some flat-heads, not quite so good, but still very acceptable for a change.

A nice accident happened soon after Mr. McKinlay had left. He had told me to get the grass burned round the camp, so that it might be a little clear; so before he left I had commenced and burnt a good piece, and had finished, as I thought, and the fire all out and secure, the wind at the same time being very still, hardly a breath, when all of a sudden there was such an awful row in the camp, and all of us being a short distance away, we were perfectly astounded. Bang! bang!—fiz! fiz! We ran down as fast as our legs could carry us, and found to our dismay that some fire that had been smouldering had been fanned into a flame, and communicated with the pack saddles (some distance from the clearing), in which was our ammunition, to say nothing of fireworks; so rockets and blue lights were vieing with each other in their praiseworthy endeavours to celebrate our arrival at "The Falls." It might have been worse had we been farther afield, as the packs would inevitably have been destroyed. As it is, every rocket is absent "without leave," which


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 is a great pity in case we should want to signalize the "Victoria," should she be in the Gulf. I hear from the two who went to the Falls (Mr. McKinlay only allows two to go away at a time) that they are very pretty. The fruit tree that grows there is very like a medlar when ripe. Many native tracks about the tree, showing that they are partial to the good things of this land when they are to be found. The pigeons came over the camp by hundreds of thousands to the Leichhardt for water. We knocked over a few, for the beef is positively soft, not tender. What shall we do when we have nothing else?

13th. In camp. Finished the beef. McKinlay and party not returned yet; the camels a long way off this morning—four miles, I should say. They don't seem to like this feed; I wish they would not ramble so. It is not good travelling, in foot very fatiguing; tramping through this high, rough grass is anything but pleasant. This appears to me a very long day, and the breakfast burnt to rags, for which the cook got a blessing or two. After returning with the camels sat down to repair our small stock of clothes and play cards; some went off to fish. I wish I could, but orders from head-quarters prevent me.

14th. Two as usual off early to fish; I wish them luck; the two yesterday only caught a few, and those small. Took a nag and went after the


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You will also be entitled to all forms of treatment in general or special hospitals, whether as an in-patient or as an out-patient. These include, for instance, maternity care, sanatorium treatment, care of mental health, and all surgical operations.

The help of consultants and specialists of all kinds will be made available to you as national resources allow, whether at hospital, at special health centres, or at home.

Your doctor will arrange this help when you need it.

Hospital charges will cease on 5th July. Where accommodation permits, however, you can pay something for greater privacy (for example, in single rooms or small wards). Or if you do not want to use the new service itself, there will be private pay-bed accommodation for which you can make your own private fee arrangements with doctors.

Your doctor will give you a prescription for any medicines and drugs you need. You can get these free from any chemist who takes part in the Scheme. In some country areas the doctor himself may dispense medicines.

The same is true of all necessary appliances. Some of them will be obtainable for through hospitals; some your doctor can prescribe for you. There will be no charge, unless careless breakage causes earlier replacement than usual.

A dental service will be provided, but at present there are too few dentists to make a full service available to all without delay.

After 5th July you can go to any dentist taking part in the new arrangements (there will be a list at your Post Office). You need no application form. Just call, by appointment, on the dentist of your choice when you need him. At his surgery you and he will sign a form for your treatment under the new arrangements. All necessary fillings and dentures will be supplied without fee, but if you want anything specially expensive, and beyond what is necessary, you will pay the extra cost yourself.

Until a full dental service, without delays, can be made available, a special priority service for expectant and nursing mothers and young children is being organised by local authorities (in addition to the school dinners service). Full information about this priority service can be obtained at Welfare Centres.

Care of the eyes will be undertaken by specialists at hospitals, or at special clinics which will be part of the hospital service, as fast as these can be organised. Meanwhile, a Supplementary Eye Service will be available after 5th July.


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 First get a recommendation from your family doctor that your eyes need testing. Then hand that recommendation to any doctor with special qualifications (lists will be available) or to any ophthalmic optician taking part in the new service. If you need glasses, these will be provided without charge. For re-testing you can go direct to any of the doctors with special qualifications, or to an ophthalmic optician.

The National Health Service will provide several kinds of spectacles of different types. For specially expensive types you will have to pay the extra cost.

Specialist ear clinics will be established as resources allow. At them you will get not only an expert opinion upon deafness but also, if necessary, a new hearing aid invented by a special committee of the Medical Research Council. Production of these aids is now going on, but will not meet all demands at once. They will be supplied free, when ready, together with a reasonable allowance of maintenance batteries.

Your local County or County Borough Council will, as soon as it can, make special provision for: (1) advice and care of expectant and nursing mothers and children under five (for particulars ask your doctor, health visitor, or Welfare Centre); (2) midwifery (ask your doctor or Welfare Centre); (3) home nursing where there is illness in the family (ask your doctor); (4) all necessary vaccination or immunisation (through your doctor or Welfare Centre); and (5) a health visitor service to deal with problems of illness in the home, especially tuberculosis.

Special premises known as Health Centres may later be opened in your district. Doctors may be accommodated there instead of in their own surgeries, but you will still have "your own doctor" to give you personal and confidential treatment. He will still come to your home as necessary. At the Health Centre he will be able to use equipment supplied from public funds. These Centres may also offer dentistry and other services on the spot.

(83077) Wt.39168 2/48 Hw.


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 camels, but could not find them anywhere; returned, after some hours' fruitless search, to my dinner, and afterwards Bell and I started again, found yesterday's tracks, but no new ones. We shall be in a nice mess if they are lost; we looked for them till dark, and went on to last camp, but could see no sign of them. We stayed at the old camp all night without supper or blankets; mosquitoes very bad, but when we did get to sleep we forgot all about them.

15th. Up by starlight, and started across country to try and cut their tracks and make a circuit home again. The country covered with small trees, which is much against our seeing the brutes; had it been open plains, we might have seen them a long way off; I am afraid we shall not find them. Saw plenty of turkey, but could not waste time to go after them. After a long round we sighted camp about two o'clock, having had nothing to eat since one o'clock the day before. Just as we came in view of the camp I saw McKinlay on horseback coming up the creek. I reported our loss; he did not say much, as it was no fault of ours, but I dare say that he thought the more. Bell and I rode forty or fifty miles to-day, and crossed any quantity of small creeks and water-courses. Immense tracks of country burned by the natives. We came on a deserted native encampment, where we found the bones of


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 keep us up a bit, as the jerked meat does not satisfy us. We shall have to eat horses yet, I expect, and then—but don't let me think of it at present, quite time enough when the sheep and bullocks are all eaten. We had a jolly supper tonight—curry and mulligatawny soup. Beautiful weather now, and we all enjoy it much; we only want a little more to eat.

25th. A long walk after the camels this morning; they had gone beyond the horses; country same kind as yesterday, beautifully grassed all the way, but a little more undulating. Crossed a box creek with plenty of water, at about fourteen miles, to another box creek that was dry. Two miles further a creek with plenty of water, where we camped. Some rising ground in the distance to the west.

26th. (Camp xx.) The climate up here must be very healthy; the air is quite invigorating, and different to what we have had heretofore. Same kind of country as the last two, and finer could not be found for pastoral purposes. Weather beautiful; dews very heavy at night. We struck and crossed a box creek, where it loses itself in a flat. The latter part of the journey was through a large boggy swamp full of water, then over a fine plain for two or three miles, magnificent, to a large swamp running a long way to the east; so we made a long detour in that direction, and round


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 birds and a snake by the ashes of an old fire; there was a "whirlie" there too. I had to set to work after coming in to repair some things for the governor, and did not finish till after 11 ; pleasant that, and I as sleepy as an owl. Mr. McKinlay, Bell, and I have to start in the morning, but before we start let Mr. McKinlay tell in his own words where he has been since he started from us on 12th instant, and what he saw and did down the Leichhardt.

"'12th. I started out to-day to examine the country ahead, taking with me Middleton and Poole. At one mile, over plain 5°; changed course to 355°; at five and a half miles struck the river and changed course to 285°; at five-sixths of a mile struck and crossed creek from south to river; at two and five-sixths miles crossed smaller one from same direction; at a quarter of a mile further changed course to 340°; at eleven and three-quarter miles over very bad travelling country, plains subject to much inundation, to a creek running into the river, with splendid water and feed; at twelve and a half miles came to the river, with an immense sand pit opposite; appears to be within the influence of the sea, and is about 600 yards wide, and dry half across. A number of pelicans up some distance; water either brackish a little, or with some other peculiarity about it. Started, for apparently another bend of the river, on bearing of 329 One and three-quarters miles saw a lagoon, on the left, ahead; and, as the horses are tired, will bear for it and turn them out. Course 282° three-quarters of a mile; abundance of water and feed; lots of geese, ibis, ducks, and spoonbills. North three-quarters of a mile from this is the river, about 500 yards wide, treeless on the west bank, and cliffs about twenty to thirty feet high, all round an immense sweep; sandy beach opposite, within the influence of the sea; a rise and fall of four feet observed—and,"


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 it. Country here very flat, not a rise within sight, a nice place to be caught in a similar flood to the one we had to clear out from the 1st of the month. I don't suppose we could by any chance save ourselves, much less the animals and stores.

The plains we have been travelling over the last few days are covered with pieces of petrifaction. We saw one or two large logs quite petrified, and we got some specimens, which if we can get them to Adelaide will be considered curiosities. Camp xx., or Carbine Creek Camp—having left a carbine here that had lost its hammer and was unfit for service.

27th. Still journeying over an immense plain, and the low part of it awfully boggy, with hills on the right of the way. Crossed a creek with water, plenty of seed, and new flowers; one a kind of hollyhock, another on a large stem so like wax that we named it the wax plant; it was nearly white, with a very pretty puce eye.

Very hungry when we got to camp; found a sheep had been killed, and to which we paid great attention as soon as the supper was ready. I got some seed of the blue flower on the small creek near our camp, not quite ripe, but I shall take care of it in case I see no more. Mr. McKinlay also got bogged to-day, and got out with some difficulty; found that it was impracticable to go that way, so changed his course,


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 found the ground for some distance better for travelling, and camped. He climbed a tree, and could distinguish hills in the distance to the north and south of east, and some high ground near. We are a long way from the main creek; the ground is sadly boggy.

28th. (Camp xxi.) Morning splendid, and most of us hearty and in good spirits; kept changing our course to avoid water until we camped on a small stony rise, beyond this there is a net-work of creeks a mile in width; we crossed a great many to-day. These creeks must drain an immense area of country. Northward also appears to be a regular nest of creeks. This is a first-rate pastoral country.

29th. A new fruit to-day; the ripe ones have rather a nice taste, the seeds of it are quite hot and fiery. The fruit is about 1½ in. long, and ¾ in. in diameter, and ribbed quite sharply outside. We found here also the "bean tree," and the fruit tree of Cooper's Creek. Distance done to-day about seventeen miles. Camped on a small creek. The day was very fine; the first part of our journey was over rather swampy ground, but good travelling on the whole. For the last two miles the ground has been more swampy and full of watercourses, with plenty of water in them, caused by a large creek from the east emptying itself out in this direction. This creek Mr. KcKinlay has called


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 at high water, a little brackish. Caught a few fish; the only thing we had for supper; would have done well had there been sufficient of them.

"13th. Started, on bearing of 330°, for a distant point like river timber, which turned out to be a small hill or ridge with spinifex; a lagoon on the left at its base; struck it at five miles. At five and a half miles changed course to 355°; at ten miles, first part over firm small stony plains, good country; then, at four miles, crossed a salty timberless creek; and then over a succession of salt swampy flats, with grassy plots intervening. Middleton's mare, "Counterfeit," knocked up, and he had to stay with her. I and Poole went on, on a bearing of 355° still; at two miles came to a mangrove creek; at two and a quarter miles the banks of the Albert River; salt arm, from half to three-quarters of a mile broad. Returned to Middleton, and started back for the Leichhardt River, on bearing of 110°, to camp as soon as we could get water and feed, to endeavour to get the mare back to camp or part of the way. On bearing of 110° for about four miles, first part over salt swamps; passed a long rocky lagoon fall of water, and half a mile long from north to south—and several other smaller ones between that and the river; mangrove banks in all the flat parts. Banks on this side treeless; country much burnt up. Top tide at least five hours earlier than when we camped last night; caught a few fish—in all about enough for one, but had to do for the three of us. Rise and fall of river somewhere about five feet.

"14th. Wind south; was very cloudy during the night and this morning; mosquitoes very troublesome during the night. Bearing homewards, 170° to 215° for the first eight or ten miles, leaving Poole and Middleton to get on to our first camp, till I bring on the party on the morrow. Got to camp myself a little after sundown, and to my disgust found all the camels astray, and Bell and Davis in search of them.

"15th. Start Hodgkinson and Maitland on to Middleton and Poole's camp, with four horses, bedding, and provisions, on such a course, 25½° west of north, as will cut their camp. No tidings of the camels. I went out and hunted about for them


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/October 1900/Religious Beliefs of the Central Eskimo


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/October 1900/Mental Energy