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158 leant out she could see that Miss Cordsen's window was also open. She was just going to call to the old lady, with whom she was on the most friendly terms, but on consideration she thought it would be nicer to enjoy the delightful moonlight evening alone.

In that part of the garden the paths were to a great extent overgrown by the spreading trees. The little pond, which had once been full of carp, and where even now some remained, only no one seemed to notice them, was fringed with tall rushes. On the other side was the old summer-house, almost hidden among the shrubs, which were now never clipped. The fact is, that part of the garden which was now most cared for was that which lay just in front of the house, and the part we are now speaking of was left pretty much to itself. Along the inside of the garden wall there stood a row of aspen trees, whose leaves were beginning to turn yellow and strew themselves on the paths. Almost all the other trees still kept their foliage, although it was already September. The mountain ash berries were beginning to redden, and shone in heavy clusters among the leaves, while here and there a leaf was to be seen turning from red to yellow. The beech trees, which had been planted in the time of the young Consul's grandfather, spread out their branches far and wide. The shining dark green foliage hung in rich festoons nearly to the ground, and the long shoots were fringed with masses of tufted beech-nuts.

A mysterious silence reigned in the garden, while the moonlight came rippling noiselessly through the

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Rh leaves and stealing down the trunks, forming patches of radiance on the grass, which were sharply defined by the edges of the dark shadows. Goldfinches, bullfinches, a few thrushes, and other autumn birds, were sitting in the aspen trees. They were mostly occupied in quietly pluming their feathers, and only some of the young birds, which had been hatched that spring, were hopping about from branch to branch. The parents sat watching them, thinking, doubtless, how delightful it was to be young and innocent. All nature seemed to have reached maturity, and the restless activity of spring was forgotten. The birds were now calm and sober enough. The cocks and hens sat peacefully side by side, no advances were made or encouraged. Love-making, with all its follies, was at an end for that year. Only the curious dragon flies, with their four long wings and taper bodies, were still busy with their love-dances over the pond. August had been so rainy and windy that they seemed anxious to make the most of the still autumn evening. The males were sitting dotted about among the reeds, peering on every side with their prominent eyes, and when one approached another too closely, the two would rush at each other till their transparent wings, like delicate plates of silver, and their scaly bodies, made a tiny rustling when they met in conflict. Then all was still again among the rushes, until the arrival of a female dragon-fly. She would come slowly and carelessly humming along from some other part of the garden, and when she got near the pond would change her course, turn off, and fly back again. Her little

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160 heart was doubtless beating high; but casting aside her fears, she at length took courage, and sped on over the pond. Away started five or six males, dashing at each other like knights in helm and harness, and battling confusedly amid the clash of tiny weapons. But the happy victor soon bid adieu to the conflict, and sailed past the others to the side of his lovely prize. Their wings met for a moment in mimic combat, and then away they glided in close embrace far over the heads of the discomfited champions, each aiding other with fairy wings, to seek a lonely spot far away among the rushes.

A plaintive air, sung by some shrill girlish voices in the West End, was wafted over by the light evening breeze. It was so still that Madeleine could follow every word:

She felt more than usually depressed, and now, just as it had happened after church on Sunday, Delphin's image seemed suddenly to spring up into her thoughts. Where he came from she knew not. A web of confused reveries seemed to weave themselves in her soul, just as the moon shed its mysterious network of shadows over the grass.

Her attention was all at once attracted by a noise in the garden. She certainly fancied that she heard the door of the summer-house creak on its rusty hinges. At the same moment she heard Morten's

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Rh heavy tread on the stone steps leading up to the front door: he must be returning from the stable. It was time to go to bed, but still she remained at the window, looking towards the summer-house. She now discovered two forms that were going slowly down the path which led to the wicket in the garden wall. This path was fringed on both sides by high overgrown hedges, and she could only see the heads every now and then as they passed. In the idea that it was one of the maids with her sweetheart, she was just going to shut the window. It was surely nothing which concerned her.

The pair had just reached the place at which two paths crossed each other, which was illuminated by a broad patch of moonlight. Madeleine could not help being curious to see who it might be, and still stood leaning out of the window, holding on to the fastening of the sun-blind. The lovers stood still for a moment, as if they felt that there was danger in passing the place. At length they took courage, and sped hastily by. But not hastily enough—Madeleine had recognized them both. Her pulse seemed to stop and her heart to sink within her, and without uttering a sound she slipped down on the floor under the window. In the passage, outside her door, she heard Morten go grumbling back from the bedroom which he and Fanny usually occupied, and in which she was not to be found.

Madeleine's head became clear in a moment. In another instant he would be down the staircase, out in the garden, and then They must be saved,

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162 but why she did not know, nor how; but save them she must. Her first idea was to close the window with a bang, but she did not dare to stand up. In her need she saw the water-bottle on the table. She seized it, and, without lifting her head, put it on the window-sill. She gave it a push, and a second after she heard the crash of the glass, and the splash of the water on the paving-stones with which the house was surrounded. She lay still, crouched in a heap under the window.

A light hurried step and the rustle of a dress were heard over the lawn. All was so still, and her nerves were in such a state of tension, that Madeleine could hear one of the French windows carefully opened and closed again. The step came upstairs, and as it passed her door she heard Morten's voice say, "I am sure you never thought that I should come out this evening;" and Fanny's answer, "Oh, one feels that sort of thing instinctively!"

Madeleine breathed again. It was indeed Fanny's voice, in its most insinuating and deceitful tones.

A short time afterwards she got up and closed her window, and withdrawing into the farthest corner of the room, she hastily undressed and crept into bed. Her tears flowed the whole time, but she was utterly crushed, and soon fell into a heavy slumber.

A good hour after Madeleine had gone to sleep, her door opened noiselessly, and a tall shadowy form glided into the chamber. The form placed a water bottle upon the table. The moon had reached the point at which it shone obliquely into the window,

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Rh and down upon the bed where Madeleine was sleeping. The apparition drew the curtains more closely, and the while a beam of moonlight passed over its features. They were furrowed with innumerable small wrinkles, and a night-cap with starched strings was knotted tightly under the chin.

Noiselessly as it had entered, the apparition glided out again, and the door closed.

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Rh Faulkland, fifty-four guns, in 1690, and the America, fifty guns, in 1740—still, at the outbreak of the Revolution, the shipwrights of America scarcely knew what a frigate was, and much less had thought of building one. It had been the policy of Great Britain to keep her American colonies as much as possible in ignorance concerning naval affairs, doubtless from fear of their growing ambition. They were therefore led to copy the models of French vessels, not only from choice, on account of their excellence, but from necessity as well. Thus it came about that the frigates of Great Britain and the United States were developed from the same source.

A sailing ship is an exceedingly complex, sensitive, and capricious creation—quite as much so as most human beings. Her coquetry and exasperating deviltry have been the delight and despair of seamen's hearts, at least since the days when the wise, though much-married, Solomon declared that among the things that were too wonderful for him and which he knew not, was " the way of a ship in the midst of the sea." While scientific research has increased since Solomon's time, it has not kept pace with the elusive character of the ship, for no man is able to tell exactly what a ship will or will not do under given conditions. Some men, of course, know more than others, yet no one has ever lived who could predict with accuracy the result of elements in design, construction, and rig. History abounds in instances of ships built for speed that have turned out dismal failures, and it has occasionally happened that ships built with no

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Rh VI

——,

You suspect that I am "pushing the claims of the Imagination so far as to deprive the Reason or Understanding of its rights;" and you ask me whether I dispute the universal belief that the former is an "illusive faculty." As for your suspicion, I will endeavour to show that it is groundless. As for your question, I admit that the Imagination is "illusive," but I must add that it also leads us to truth. It constructs the hypotheses, as well as the illusions, which, when tested by experience, guide us towards Knowledge.

Imagination is the "imaging" faculty of the mind. It does not, strictly speaking, create, any more than an artist, strictly speaking, creates. But as an artist combines lines, colours, shades, sounds, and thoughts, each one of which by itself is familiar to everybody, in such new combinations as to produce effects that impress us all as original and unprecedented, so does the Imagination out of old fragments make new existences and unities.

Attention impresses upon us the present; Memory recalls the past; but the Imagination is never content simply to reproduce the past or present. It sums up the


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48 past of Memory (sometimes perhaps also the present of Attention) and combines it with a conjectured future in such a way as to produce a whole. It is always seeking for likenesses, orderly connections, regular sequences, beautiful relations, suggestions of unity in some shape or other, so as to reduce many things into one and to obtain a satisfying picture.

For example, suppose a large mill-wheel at rest to be almost hidden from my eyes by intervening trees so that, even if it were moving, I could only see one spoke at a time; and at present I am not aware that it is close before me. Something begins to move. I look up. Attention tells me that I see before me, moving from left to right, something like a plank or pole: it passes and I see nothing; but then comes another similar object moving similarly; then a third, rather quicker; then a fourth, quicker still. The mind at once sets to work to find the cause. The Memory tells me that I have seen simply a number of poles or planks moving from left to right with quickened motion; the Attention tells me that I see one now; but the Imagination, taking in the isolated reports of Memory and Attention, includes them in a larger hypothesis of her own, in which, if I may so express it, the constituent elements, the spokes, are subordinated, and the explanatory unity, the wheel, is brought into prominence: and thus the motion from left to right, which explained nothing, is replaced, in my mind, by the motion of revolution, which explains everything.

It is on the basis of the Imagination, aided by Experience and Reason, that we establish our conviction of the permanence of the simplest Laws of Nature. This I have touched on in one of my previous letters. The Memory, recalling the sight of many stones falling to the ground, comes perhaps to the aid of Attention, as a child notes a particular stone falling to the ground, and


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Letter 6] suggests to the child's imitative nature an experimental attempt to make a stone fall to the ground. The child does it once and again, as often as he likes. Then, as a result of this unvarying experience, there springs up in the child's mind a picture in which he sees reproduced an apparently endless vista of his sensations as to stone-falling and its antecedents, a picture not confined, like the pictures of Memory, to past time, but including future as well as past and present: and thus the childish thought leaps upwards all at once to the conception of that sublime word "always," and dares to promulgate its first universal proposition, and attains to the definite certainty of a Law of Nature.

But you say that the Imagination is "illusive." It is; it rarely conducts us to truth without first leading us through error. Its business is to find likenesses and connections and to suggest explanations, not to point out differences, and make distinctions, and test explanations: these latter tasks are to be accomplished not by Imagination but by Reason with the aid of enlarged experience. The Imagination suggests to the child that every man is like his father, every woman like his mother; that the motion of the sea is like the motion of water in the washing-basin; that the thunder is caused by the rolling of barrels or discharge of coals up above; that a clock goes on of itself for ever: and a multitude of other illusions all arising from the same healthy imaginative conviction in every young mind that "What has been will be," and "The whole world is according to one pattern." The conviction is based on a profound general truth, but the particular shapes which it assumes are often erroneous. It is only after a course, and sometimes a very long course, of experience and experiment, that the child, or perhaps the man, eliminates with the aid of Reason those ideas which will not work, and confirms those that will work,


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50 till the latter become at last strong and inherent and quasi-instinctive convictions. None the less, if the Imagination did not first suggest the ideas on which the Reason is to operate, we should never obtain anything worth calling knowledge.

We might express all this by saying that Imagination is the mother of working-hypotheses: and this is true of all working-hypotheses, those of the observatory and laboratory as well as those of the nursery. No one who grasps this truth will henceforth deny the debt of science to Imagination. Knowledge is not worth calling knowledge till it is reduced to Law; and Law, as I have shown you above, is a mere idea of the Imagination. I do not deny the subsequent value of Reason; but Imagination must come first. It was from the Imagination that there first flashed upon the mind of Newton the vision of the working-hypothesis by which the apple's fall and the planet's path might be simultaneously explained. Then came in Reason, with experiment, testing, comparing, prepared to detect discrepancies, unlikelihoods, and any want of harmony between the new theory and the old order of things. Finally, the once-no more-than-working-hypothesis, having been found to harmonize with countless past and present phenomena and having enabled us to predict countless future phenomena, is now called a Law, and we are practically certain that it will act. The approval of this Law we owe to Reason, but for the suggestion of it we are indebted to Imagination. On the debt owed to Imagination by Mathematics—the foundation of all science—I will not add anything to what has been said in a recent letter.

Next as to the work of Imagination in art. Poets and artists, as well as astronomers, must be, so to speak, ex analogia Universi; that is to say, they must be in harmony with that order of things which they long to


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Letter 6] reveal to their fellow-men; they must see Law and Unity where others fail to see it; they must have inherited or received capacities and intuitions which give them an intense sympathy with the deep-down-hidden rhythms and abysmal motions which regulate atoms and sounds and hues and shapes, and the thoughts and feelings of men. An artist who wishes to paint a hill-side, or a wave, or a face, must have a vision of it. He must see it not only exactly as it is, but how it is: he sympathizes, as it were, with every cleft and runlet and hollow and projection of the hill, with every turn and fold and shade and hue of the ever-varying wave: he realizes the secret of Nature's working. Shall we make a distinction between the secret in the one case and the other? Shall we say the "spirit" of the face, but the "law" of the hill and the "law" of the wave? Or will not the intuition into this complex combination of multitudinous forces, apparently free and conflicting yet all guided and controlled into one harmonious result, be better expressed by saying that he enters into the "spirit" in all cases, the "spirit" of the hill, the wave, and the face? In proportion as he has this power, a great artist will be less likely to speak about it, and less able to explain it: but have it he must; and it is a power really not dissimilar, though apparently most different, from the scientific Imagination. It is, in both cases, a power of recognizing Order and Unity. The test also of the artistic, is (roughly speaking) the same as that of the scientific Imagination. Those ideas are right which "work." Does a scientific idea open, like a key, the secrets of Nature? Then it "works," and is, so far, right. So in art: to imagine rightly is to imagine powerfully so as to sway the minds of men. Those artistic imaginations are wrong which fail to fit the wards of the complicated human lock and to stir the inmost thoughts. There are obvious objections to this


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52 definition of what is artistically right; what stirs the Athenian may not stir the Esquimaux. But, roughly speaking, we may say that the test has held good. What has stirred the Athenian has stirred the great civilising races of the world. There may be a better and a higher test hereafter; but, for the present at all events, prolonged experience of its "working" is the test of artistic Imagination.

But the Imagination plays, perhaps, its most important part in our conceptions of human emotions and human character. These things cannot be exactly defined, like triangles or circles; nor can they or their results be predicted like the results of chemical action or the instinctive motions of irrational animals. Yet the Imagination helps us, after a sympathetic contemplation of what a friend has done and said and wished, to complete the picture by taking as it were a bird's-eye view of his past, present and future, so as to be able in some measure to realize and predict what he will do and say and wish. This mental "imagination," "image," or "idea" of our friend we might describe as the "law" of his being, so far as it was grasped by us: but so much more subtle and variable than any known "law" are the sequences of human thought and conduct, that we generally prefer the phrase which we just now used to describe the intuition of the artist; and so we speak of "entering into the spirit" of a man. It is usual to say that we do this by "sympathy:" but sympathy is only one form of Imagination tinged with love, the power of imagining the joys and sorrows of others and of realizing them as one's own. Imagination, without love, might realize the sorrows of an enemy to gloat over them: love, if it could be without Imagination—which it cannot be, since love implies at least some imagination of what the beloved would wish—would be a poor lifeless sentiment doing nothing, or nothing


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Letter 6] to the purpose. But imaginative love, or sympathy, gives us the key to the knowledge of all human nature, and is the foundation of all domestic and social unity and order.

As to the test of Imagination when brought to bear upon human nature, you will remember, I dare say, that it was determined to be the success with which it "worked" human nature, or, in other words, made men do "what they are intended to do." But I was then speaking of the way in which the great prophets, lawgivers, and founders of religions have influenced great masses of mankind, and in which almost every mother influences her children, by idealizing them. I might have added, and I will now add, a word on the manner in which an imaginary ideal of human nature proves its truth experimentally to the imaginer, by "working" him, that is, by making him capable of doing "the work he was intended to do." It is the more necessary to do this because the illusions of Imagination are nowhere so strong and so lasting as in the study of human Nature; and there is a danger that we may be deterred by the thought of them from steadily pursuing the truth. The cynic tells us with a sneer that babies, and none but babies, think men and women better than they are, and that, the older one grows, the more one is disillusionised about the virtue of human nature. But that is not true, or only a half truth. If we, as children, imagine the men and women about us to be perfections of power, wisdom, and virtue, one reason is, that we have, as children, a most inadequate standard of physical, mental, and moral excellence. As our standard rises, our sense of inadequacy increases; but the reason why, as we grow older, we cease to think people perfect, is, very often, not that we think worse of human beings, but that we think better of human possibilities.

But in some minds defect of Imagination combines with other causes to induce the repeatedly disillusionised


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142 she was removed to Cowdray, a place belonging to Southampton himself, where she was detained in honourable confinement.

The general case meanwhile continued to enlarge. The surviving materials are too fragmentary to clear the whole circumstances; but allusions to witnesses by name whose depositions have not been preserved, show how considerable those materials were. The world at least was satisfied of the guilt of the chief prisoners. 'They would have made as foul a work,' says a letter written from London on the 21st of November, 'as ever was in England.' Henry made up his mind that they should be proceeded against. Treason at home was too palpably connected with conspiracies against England abroad; and the country could not risk a repetition of the Pilgrimage of Grace.

While preparations were made for the trials, the King took the opportunity of issuing a calming circular to the justices of the peace. The clergy, as before, had been the first to catch the infection of disorder: they had been again eager propagators of sedition, and had spread extravagant stories of the intentions of the Government against the Church. Emboldened by the gentleness with which the late insurgents had been handled, 'these miserable and Papistical superstitious wretches,' the King said, 'not caring what danger and mischief our people should incur, have raised the said old rumours, and forged new seditious tales, intending


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1538.] as much as in them lyeth a new commotion. Wherefore, for the universal danger to you and to all our good subjects, and trouble that might ensue unless good and earnest provision to repress them be taken thereupon, we desire and pray you that within the precincts of your charges ye shall endeavour yourselves to inquire and find out all such cankered parsons, vicars, and curates as bid the parishioners do as they did in times past, to live as their fathers, and that the old fashions is best. And also with your most effectual vigilance try out such seditious tale tellers, spreaders of brutes, tidings, and rumours, touching us in honour and surety, or [touching] any mutation of the laws and customs of the realm, or any other thing which might cause sedition.'

And now once more the peers were assembled in Westminster Hall, to try two fresh members of their order, two of the noblest born among them, for high treason; and again the judges sat with them to despatch the lower offenders. On the 2nd and 3rd of December Lord Montague and Lord Exeter were arraigned successively. On the part of the Crown it was set forth generally that 'the King was supreme head on earth of the Church of England, and that his progenitors, from times whereof there was no memory to the contrary, had also been supreme heads of the Church of England; which authority and power of the said King, Paul the Third, Pope of Rome, the public


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144 enemy of the King and kingdom, without any right or title, arrogantly and obstinately challenged and claimed; and that one Reginald Pole, late of London, Esqr, otherwise Reginald Pole, late Dean of Exeter, with certain others of the King's subjects, had personally repaired to the said Pope of Rome, knowing him to be the King's enemy, and adhered to and became liege man of the said Pope, and falsely and unnaturally renounced the King, his natural liege lord; that Reginald Pole accepted the dignity of a cardinal of the Court of Rome without the King's license, in false and treasonable despite and contempt of the King, and had continued to live in parts beyond the seas, and was there vagrant, and denying the King to be upon earth supreme head of the Church of England.

Caring only to bring the prisoners within the letter of the Act, the prosecution made no allusion to Exeter's proceedings in Cornwall. It was enough to identify his guilt with the guilt of the great criminal. Against him, therefore, it was objected—

'That, as a false traitor, machinating the death of the King, and to excite his subjects to rebellion, and seeking to maintain the said Cardinal Pole in his intentions, the Marquis of Exeter did say to Geoffrey Pole the following words in English: 'I like well the proceedings of the Cardinal Pole; but I like not the proceedings of this realm; and I trust to see a change of this world.'

'Furthermore, that the Marquis of Exeter, machinating with Lord Montague the death and destruction of


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1538.] the King, did openly declare to the Lord Montague, 'I trust once to have a fair day upon those knaves which rule about the King; and I trust to see a merry world one day.'

'And, furthermore persevering in his malicious intention, he did say, 'Knaves rule about the King;' and then stretching his arm, and shaking his clenched fist, spoke the following words: 'I trust to give them a buffet one day.'

Sir Geoffrey Pole was in all cases the witness. The words were proved. It was enough. A verdict of guilty was returned; and the marquis was sentenced to die.

If the proof of language of no darker complexion was sufficient to secure a condemnation, the charges against Lord Montague left him no shadow of a hope. Montague had expressed freely to his miserable brother his approbation of Reginald's proceedings. He had discussed the chances of the impending struggle and the resources of which they could dispose. He had spoken bitterly of the King; he had expressed a fear that when, the world 'came to strypes,' as come it would, 'there would be a lack of honest men,' with other such language, plainly indicative of his disposition. However justly, indeed, we may now accuse the equity which placed men on their trial for treason for impatient expressions, there can be no uncertainty that, in the event of an invasion, or of a rebellion with any promise of success in it, both Montague and Exeter would have


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146 thrown their weight into the rebel scale. Montague, too, was condemned.

The date of the expressions which were sworn against them is curious. They belong, without exception, to the time when Reginald Pole was in Flanders. That there was nothing later was accounted for by the distrust which Geoffrey said that soon after they had begun to entertain towards him. Evidently they had seen his worthlessness; and as their enterprise had become more critical, they had grown more circumspect. But he remembered enough to destroy them, and to save by his baseness his own miserable life.

He was himself tried, though to receive a pardon after conviction. With Sir Edward Neville and four other persons he was placed at the bar on charges of the same kind as those against Exeter and his brother. Neville had said that he 'would have a day upon the knaves that were about the King;' 'that the King was a beast, and worse than a beast;' 'machinating and conspiring to extinguish the love and affection of the King's subjects.' Sir Geoffrey Pole, beyond comparison the most guilty, had been in command of a company under the Duke of Norfolk at Doncaster; and was proved to have avowed an intention of deserting in the action, if an action was fought—real, bad, black treason. Of the others, two had spoken against the supremacy; one had carried letters to the cardinal; another had said to Lord Montague, that 'the King would hang in hell for the plucking down of abbeys.'

The last case was the hardest. Sir Nicholas Carew


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1539.] Master of the Horse, had been on the commission which had taken the indictments against Exeter, and had said 'that he marvelled it was so secretly handled; that the like was never seen.' The expression brought him under suspicion. He was found to have been intimate with Exeter; to have received letters from him of traitorous import, which he had concealed and burnt. With the rest he was brought in guilty, and received sentence as a traitor. On the 9th of December the Marquis of Exeter, Montague, and Sir Edward Neville were beheaded on Tower Hill. On the 16th the following proclamation was issued:—

'Be it known unto all men, that whereas Henry Courtenay, late Marquis of Exeter, knight companion of the most noble order of the Garter, hath lately committed and done high treason against the King our dread sovereign lord, sovereign of the said most noble order of the Garter, compassing and imagining the destruction of his most royal person in the most traitorous and rebellious wise, contrary to his oath, duty, and allegiance, intending thereby, if he might have obtained his purpose, to have subverted the whole good order of the commonwealth of England, for the which high and most


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Vass Station

9/4 Sub Inspector Dyer

I have to report for your information to the Superintendent of Police that in the night of the 13th instant the Brig Geffrard lying at Quindalup nearly loaded with timber for Adelaide went on shore. She parted one chain and one  of the  broke. She is now nearly full of water Capt Munday has informed me to day that she is quite a wreck that her stern post is nocked up and now lying beneath her.

B S Back R

16-6-75

[Sidenote:]

Forwarded to the superintendent of police—

Bunbury 17-6-75


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148 treason the said Henry hath deserved to be degraded of the said most noble order, and expelled out of the same company, and is not worthy that his arms, ensigns, and hatchments should remain amongst the virtuous and approved knights of the said most noble order, nor to have any benefit thereof,—the right wise King and supreme head of the most noble order, with the whole consent and council of the same, wills and commands that his arms, which he nothing deserveth, be taken away and thrown down, and he be clean put from this order, and never from henceforth to be taken of any of the number thereof; so that all others by his example, from henceforth for evermore, may beware how they commit or do the like crime or fault, unto like shame or rebuke. 'God save the King.
 * 'December 16, 1538.'

Executions for high treason bear necessarily a character of cruelty, when the peril which the conspiracies create has passed away. In the sense of our own security we lose the power of understanding the magnitude or even the meaning of the danger. But that there had been no unnecessary alarm, that these noblemen were in no sense victims of tyranny, but had been cut off by a compelled severity, may be seen in the consequence of their deaths. Unjust sentences provoke


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 at the service of his friends. In 1712 appeared “Law is a Bottomless Pit, Exemplify’d in the case of the Lord Strutt, John Bull, Nicholas Frog and Lewis Baboon, who spent all they had in a law-suit. Printed from a Manuscript found in the Cabinet of the famous Sir Humphrey Polesworth.” This was the first of a series of five pamphlets advocating the conclusion of peace. Arbuthnot describes the confusion after the death of the Lord Strutt (Charles II. of Spain), and the quarrels between the greedy tradespeople (the allies). These put their cause into the hands of the attorney, Humphrey Hocus (the duke of Marlborough), who does all he can to prolong the struggle. The five tracts are printed in two parts as the “History of John Bull” in the Miscellanies in Prose and Verse (1727, preface signed by Pope and Swift). Arbuthnot fixed the popular conception of John Bull, though it is not certain that he originated the character, and the lively satire is still amusing reading. It was often asserted at the time that Swift wrote these pamphlets, but both he and Pope refer to Arbuthnot as the sole author. In the autumn of the same year he published a second satire, “Proposals for printing a very Curious Discourse in Two Volumes in Quarto, entitled,  ; or, A Treatise of the Art of Political Lying,” best known by its sub-title. This ironical piece of work was not so popular as “John Bull.” “’Tis very pretty,” says Swift, “but not so obvious to be understood.” Arbuthnot advises that a lie should not be contradicted by the truth, but by another judicious lie. “So there was not long ago a gentleman, who affirmed that the treaty with France for bringing popery and slavery into England was signed the 15th of September, to which another answered very judiciously, not by opposing truth to his lie, that there was no such treaty; but that, to his certain knowledge, there were many things in that treaty not yet adjusted.”

Arbuthnot was one of the leading spirits in the Scriblerus Club, the members of which were to collaborate in a universal satire on the abuses of learning. The Memoirs of the extraordinary Life, Works, and Discoveries of Martinus Scriblerus, of which only the first book was finished, first printed in Pope’s Works (1741), was chiefly the work of Arbuthnot, who is at his best in the whimsical account of the birth and education of Martin. Swift, writing on the 3rd of July 1714 to Arbuthnot, says:—“To talk of Martin in any hands but yours, is a folly. You every day give better hints than all of us together could do in a twelvemonth: and to say the truth, Pope who first thought of the hint has no genius at all to it, to my mind; Gay is too young: Parnell has some ideas of it, but is idle; I could put together, and lard, and strike out well enough, but all that relates to the sciences must be from you.”

The death of Queen Anne put an end to Arbuthnot’s position at court, but he still had an extensive practice, and in 1727 he delivered the Harveian oration before the Royal College of Physicians. Lord Chesterfield and William Pulteney were his patients and friends; also Mrs Howard (Lady Suffolk) and William Congreve. His friendship with Swift was constant and intimate; he was friend and adviser to Gay; and Pope wrote (2nd of August 1734) that in a friendship of twenty years he had found no one reason of complaint from him. Arbuthnot’s youngest son, who had just completed his education, died in December 1731. He never quite recovered his former spirits and health after this shock. On the 17th of July 1734 he wrote to Pope: “A recovery in my case, and at my age, is impossible; the kindest wish of my friends is Euthanasia.” In January 1735 was published the “Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot,” which forms the prologue to Pope’s satires. He died on the 27th of February 1735 at his house in Cork Street, London.

Among Arbuthnot’s other works are:—An Argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant regularity observed in the Births of both sexes (Phil. Trans. of the Royal Soc., 1710); “Virgilius Restauratus,” printed in the second edition of Pope’s Dunciad (1729); An Essay concerning the Effects of Air on Human Bodies (1733); An Essay concerning the Nature of Ailments ... (1731); and a valuable Table of Ancient Coins, Weights and Measures (1727), which is an enlargement of an earlier treatise (1705). He had a share in the unsuccessful farce of Three Hours after Marriage, printed with Gay’s name on the title-page (1717). Some pieces printed in A Supplement to Dr Swift’s and Mr Pope’s Works ... (1739) are there asserted to be Arbuthnot’s. The Miscellaneous Works of the late Dr Arbuthnot were published at Glasgow in an unauthorized edition in 1751. This includes many spurious pieces.

ARCACHON, a coast town of south-western France, in the department of Gironde, 37 m. W.S.W. of Bordeaux on the Southern railway. Pop. (1906) 9006. Arcachon is situated on the southern border of the lagoon of Arcachon at the foot of dunes covered with splendid pine-woods. It comprises two distinct parts, the summer town, extending for 2½ m. along the shore, and bordered by a firm sandy beach, frequented by bathers, and the winter town, farther inland, consisting of numerous villas scattered amongst the pines.

Owing to the mildness of its climate the winter town is a resort for consumptive patients. The principal industries are oyster-breeding, which is conducted on a very large scale, and fishing. The port has trade with Spain and England. ARCADE, in architecture, a range of arches, supported either by columns or piers; isolated in the case of those separating the nave of a church from the aisles, or forming the front of a covered ambulatory, as in the cloisters in Italy and Sicily, round the Ducal Palace or the Square of St Mark’s, Venice, round the courts of the palaces in Italy, or in Paris round the Palais-Royal and the Place des Vosges. The earliest examples known are those of the Tabularium, the theatre of Marcellus, and the Colosseum, in Rome. In the palace of Diocletian at Spalato the principal street had an arcade on either side, the arches of which rested direct on the capital without any intervening entablature or impost block. The term is also applied to the galleries, employed decoratively, on the façades of the Italian churches, and carried round the apses where they are known as eaves-galleries. Sometimes these arcades project from the wall sufficiently to allow of a passage behind, and sometimes they are built into and form part of the wall; in the latter case, they are known as blind or wall arcades; and they were constantly employed to decorate the lower part of the walls of the aisles and the choir-aisles in English churches. Externally, blind arcades are more often found in Italy and Sicily, but there are examples in

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Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 3.djvu/169

1539.]. Indignation in stormy times finds the means, sooner or later, of shaping itself into punishment. But the undercurrent of disaffection, which for ten years had penetrated through English life, was now exhausted, and gradually ceased to flow. The enemy had been held down; it acknowledged its master; and, with the exception of one unimportant commotion in Yorkshire, no symptom of this particular form of peril was again visible, until the King had received notice of departure in his last illness, and the prospect of his death warmed the hopes of confusion into life again. The prompt extinction of domestic treason, in all likelihood, was the cause which really saved the country from a visit from the Emperor. 'Laud be to God,' said an Englishman, 'we are all now united and knit with a firm love in our hearts towards our prince. Ye never read nor heard that ever England was overcome by outward realms, nor dare any outward prince enterprize to come hither, except they should trust of help within the realm, which I trust in God none such shall ever be found.' The speaker expressed the exact truth; and no one was more keenly aware of it than Charles V.

We must once more go back over our steps. The Emperor being on good terms with France, England, obedient to the necessity of its position, again held out its hand to Germany. Is"o sooner had the pacification of Nice been completed, and Henry had found that he was not, after all, to be admitted as a party contrahent,


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User talk:AdamBMorgan/Archive 8

Pathfinder of the Seas
Author: Lewis, Charles Lee, 1886- Subject: Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 1806-1873 Publisher: Annapolis, The United States naval institute Year: 1927 Possible copyright status: No known copyright restrictions as determined by scanning institution. Language: English Call number: 00489750 Digitizing sponsor: MBLWHOI Library Book contributor: MBLWHOI Library Collection: biodiversity; MBLWHOI; blc; americana Scanfactors: 27
 * Adam, is the following book on IA under copyright or not? William Maury Morris II (talk) 16:54, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I can't find any trace of a renewal, so it would appear to be public domain under PD-US-no renewal. Considering the publisher, although I am not sure if Annapolis counts or not, it may also be public domain under PD-USGov. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 17:32, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Annapolis looks "government" to me and during the American Civil War it was moved further North. From WikiPedia: The United States Naval Academy (also known as USNA, Annapolis, or Navy) is a four-year coeducational federal service academy located in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. Established in 1845 under Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft, it is the second-oldest of the United States' five service academies, and educates officers for commissioning primarily into the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. William Maury Morris II (talk) 19:18, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I see that Amazon.com is selling reprints at $33.xx so it appears there is no new copyright and even if there were it would not matter when transcribing the original (I think). If I d/l the book and then upload that book to commons will you take the giant leap of placing it on WS *pRopErLy*? I believe I can fill in all relevant information. Kind regards, William Maury Morris II (talk) 19:40, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Sure, just tell me the filename when you've uploaded it and I'll set up the index. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 19:48, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Adam, File:Pathfinder of the Seas.pdf [] Thank you once again, William Maury Morris II  (talk) 21:09, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * ✅ Index:Pathfinder of the Seas.pdf except a lot of the pages appear blank to me (although text appears in the left hand box). I'm not sure where this is happening.  I can read them if I access the PDF directly on Commons but not if I cycle through pages nor on Wikisource.  I am trying to purge things at the moment to see if that helps.  Maybe it will be OK for you? - AdamBMorgan (talk) 21:54, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Strange! It looks like someone cleaned all of the chalk-boards. There is no text on any of the images but yet there is text beside blank images. It is as though a blank image replicated itself many times. I can use the file on my computer that I uploaded to Commons and

I can type the text in. I have never seen this happen before today. Thank you for trying. Respectfully, William Maury Morris II (talk) 22:07, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Adam, is there anything that can be done to show the images on this book? It cannot be validated as is. What about me re-uploading it, would that work? I renamed the file and that may be the problem but the original file from Internet archives would have to be renamed. William Maury Morris II (talk) 00:07, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * [My first reply got lost somewhere on the internet] I'm not sure but I'm looking into it. I hoped that purging the memory and waiting for the server to regenerate page images would solve the problem but it did not.  I asked on Commons but only got one response.  The problem may be with Ghostscript, the software Wikimedia uses to generate page images from PDFs (which would explain why PDF readers have no problems but the thumbnails on Commons and pages here are all blank).  Some of the other PDFs on Commons appear to have the same problem (eg. File:The prophetic books of William Blake, Milton.pdf) but I have not yet found a common trait to explain anything.  I don't think the filename is the problem.  It is possible that the version of the PDF is the key.  It was a v1.6 PDF originally; I have uploaded an upgraded v1.7 version, just in case Ghostscript does not support the older format.  It is possible that downgrading may be necessary, assuming the version matters at all.  Another possibility is the font used in the PDF.  We may need to log a bug report with bugzilla.  In the worst case, we could try the DjVu equivalent.  If that works, the existing pages can be moved across to the DjVu by bot without losing any work. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 12:17, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

Presidential Proclamations
Adam, re the discussion on MOTM, I found the list of presidential proclamations - but it's a bit obscure: could you put it an appropriate portal?

 * Benjamin Harrison
 * Grover Cleveland
 * Theodore Roosevelt
 * William Howard Taft
 * Woodrow Wilson
 * Franklin Delano Roosevelt
 * Dwight D. Eisenhower
 * John F. Kennedy
 * Lyndon B. Johnson
 * Richard Nixon
 * Gerald Ford
 * Jimmy Carter
 * Ronald Reagan
 * George Herbert Walker Bush
 * William Jefferson Clinton
 * George W. Bush
 * Barack Obama

It needs similar lists for executive orders and maybe others. Chris55 (talk) 19:59, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

 * ✅ (Well, there were already similar lists for other subpages; proclamations was missing though and now it's done) - AdamBMorgan (talk) 22:21, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks Adam. But I still find it hard to find the Portal:Presidents of the United States page. The only links from the top appear to be in Portal:Index and a very missable one in Portal:United States. I'd expect them in Portal:Political Institutions and Public Administration of the United States, maybe Portal:Political Science. I haven't just fixed them because I suspect there are other similar ones missing at those levels too. Chris55 (talk) 12:23, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

Main page draft
Hi Adam, preparing the main page draft was easier than I thought. You added an automatic selection of books which need validation, but I feel that the updating of the section should be manual, because displaying also the year and the author would be finer for the main page. Immediately before the list I'd insert something like "Please contribute by validating them"; after the help pages' improvement we get to decide about a link. Another section would feature the already completed work on transcriptions. Do you like the overall layout of the draft? Soon, Erasmo Barresi (talk) 08:55, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I hope that I am not offending anyone here in asking this. I looked through the Portals and didn't see the one for the Southern Historical Society Volumes that Adam and I have worked on. Also, in looking I saw the term "Modern" and wonder exactly what it means for today, circa (date-date). The work done looks very good and appears easy to follow. Too, I have always thought that any work completed should have all validation of it done. Works that show as yellow and green blocks and show the terms proofread and validated do not appear to be completed works. I have noticed that here on WS but more recently I was doing some links on Facebook of completed works and it stood out a bit stronger from that perspective. We here know but others should not have to wonder why the difference. My sincere respects to the both of you hard workers and fine people, Adam & Erasmo. -- William Maury Morris II (talk) 16:32, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

 * You can find the portal in two ways:
 * click on "Portals", then on "American History" and you'll find it in the American Civil War paragraph,
 * click on "(category)" near "Portals", then on "S" in the Contents box and you'll find it.
 * There was a discussion on the Scriptorium in June to revise the eras' definitions, but there was no consensus.
 * The two sections for new texts might be confusing, but a link to a help page would solve the problem.
 * If you have other ideas, please just edit the draft and make all improvements you feel helpful. Soon, Erasmo Barresi (talk) 13:27, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I think the word "modern" should be tossed out completely except by century. Century is definite whereas "modern" always becomes the past. But I do not want to touch the good work others have set up and are setting up because it may create confusion. Create an area other than here for suggestions, make it stand out in a different color and point to it on Scriptorium. Very Respectfully, Maury (William Maury Morris II (talk) 17:18, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I keep starting to respond but then have to deal with other things.
 * EB: The dynamic list was just an idea; I have no problem with replacing it with a manual list. I think the layout looks good.  Although just cosmetic, the box around the two texts list on the right is a bit awkward (whitespace above the first title and the titles touch it on the left ut not the right).  That should be easy enough to fix.  You will probably get some resistance over changing the "new texts" to proofread and validated but it shouldn't be bad.  I have considered splitting PotM into it's own box, separate from the other collaboration, to give it more prominence.  This might unbalance or clutter than page, however.
 * WMM2: I added Portal:Southern Historical Society to Portal:American History after reading your comment. It should have been there, I probably just missed it when the portal was created.  It is, and always has been, listed under American History on Portal:Index and through its classification.  As for the Modern period, that's mostly due to historians defining Modern History as everything after the Middle Ages; or rather the Middle Ages are defined as the bit in the middle between the Ancient Age and the Modern Age. (As always, Wikipedia has an article on it: Modern history).  Wikisource currently adds an additional age, Early modern, which was the start of the discussion on Scriptorium (it should really be part of Modern and not a separate period). - AdamBMorgan (talk) 17:33, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

 * The particular layout of the titles in the box is not an error, it is a desired effect. The agreement of the community about the new texts' split is necessary as the two lists need to be updated. I'd keep all the collaborative projects in an only box: In this way deciding to add MotM and other items would be easy as an insertion does not modify the page's global appearance too much.--Erasmo Barresi (talk) 14:38, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

Wikipedia study
Hi Adam,

I'm so pleased that you have jumped in to work on the Wikipedia quality study! I wanted to let you know, after a conversation today with w:User:DarTar, it sounds likely that we will be able to get the original .DOC that the PDF file was produced from, hopefully in the next few days. So it might be worth seeing how that goes, before putting a ton of work into it -- it could lighten the load substantially! I'm planning to check in again Monday if we haven't heard anything back. -Pete (talk) 21:39, 3 August 2012 (UTC)
 * OK, I'll hold off for a while and see what happens. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 21:42, 3 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I'll be sure to let you know what I find out -- and I have already learned some good stuff from looking through your diffs. Thanks again! -Pete (talk) 21:45, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

Adam, I received the Word .DOC, and used it (via LibreOffice and the MediaWiki converter extension) to generate MediaWiki syntax. I pasted the output here:

Index talk:EPIC Oxford report.pdf

I talked with User:Phe on IRC, and it sounds like Match & Split may not be a viable option after all (it was what User:Mike Peel had suggested). But, I think having the raw wiki text on hand may prove useful; we can just copy it out a page at a time, wherever it will be helpful.

(Another option would be to simply skip the page-by-page version, either temporarily or altogether, and just work on the document as a whole.) -Pete (talk) 20:22, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Okay: I have built the structure that I think might work best. I've skipped the page-by-page approach for the text we haven't worked on yet (as I suggested at the end of my last comment). If somebody has the energy to put into the page-by-page version, that's great, but it doesn't seem to me like a major priority.

 * If you could take a look at what I've done -- splitting the document into sections, transcluding the pages that are already transcribed, and just pasting wikitext in elsewhere -- I'd love your take on whether this is a workable approach, before going much further.

 * If you approve, I think the major work left would be in inserting or recreating the various images and tables; and of course some text cleanup, especially on the non-English text. -Pete (talk) 01:46, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I'll work on some of the pages and transclude them as and when whole sections are ready. It's good to have the scans one click away; like having the references on a Wikipedia article.  In the meantime, the images will be useful either way.  Do you have them as part of the .DOC file?  If not, it is easy enough to copy and crop from the PDF.  They aren't complicated images, so I don't expect much (if any) loss to compression.
 * Your approach and structure seem fine. Everything should come together piece-by-piece: uploading images, adding graphs, proofreading pages, etc. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 22:41, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the feedback. Yes, the document I have does have images; I've included one here: Page:EPIC Oxford report.pdf/14 That's a good idea. Of course, the ones that can be easily reproduced with wiki syntax (the tables) should probably be done that way but with this one, I suppose the original image is the best option. I'll continue adding them. -Pete (talk) 16:51, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Official Records
Adam,

would you "please" fix this page http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Southern_Historical_Society_Papers_volume_23.djvu/289 that can be linked to here http://digital.library.cornell.edu/m/moawar/ofre.html ? Kind regards, Maury (AdamBMorgan (talk) 13:56, 10 August 2012 (UTC)
 * This looks like it was done before I saw this message. Feel free to ask in the future, though. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 13:56, 10 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, good ole George Orwell III fixed that just moments after I asked here and I thanked him on his talk page. Thank you, Adam. Respectfully, Maury ( William Maury Morris II (talk) 19:32, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

SHSP 2012
Adam,

 * http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Southern_Historical_Society_Papers_volume_22.djvu/9

 * added "tooltip" to General S. G. French = General Samuel Gibbs French (I have his specifics)

 * Removed link to Author:(Colonel) Samuel Bassett French

Respectfully, William Maury Morris II (talk) 08:03, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

Categorization by genre
Hi Adam, the current MotM task is a key task for improving our collection. However, I've contributed just a little because I don't know how to categorize works by genre. See for example Azolan. Could you explain me what I should do, please? Thanks for your endurance.--Erasmo Barresi (talk) 15:04, 13 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I have noticed while doing this that genres seems to be a little scattered in the category tree. For poems, Category:Poems by theme is the most relevant category (and I've just added it to Category:Works by genre).  Specific works require some judgement and there are a few I've found that I could not classify.  For Azolan, however, I would suggest Category:Love poetry (Category:Romantic poetry is a period not a genre) and perhaps Category:Religion in poetry (if not Category:Islamic poetry). Feel free to create new categories in Poems by theme if none of the existing themes seem to fit. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 15:24, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

Date Formats in Author pages.
Hello AdamBMorgan.
 * I seem to be playing catch-up here (and obviously never quite making it!)
 * For example, in Author:Perseus of Macedon, what does the slash achieve in the line
 * birthyear = ca./212 BCE
 * ? Indeed what is the effective difference between (c.) and (ca.) here?
 * And also: is there some means of qualifying an event (I found one author who was written up as "apparently suiciding" at various times; but whose actual death date was unrecorded... does that mean I should put "deathdate=?" and perhaps add a note?)
 * N.B. If these dates are only intended as guidelines to copyright expiry, then surely making clear the biblical/medieval/renaissance as appropriate era of the works is surely enough if more specific information is missing?
 * If I get my mind around what is required in future maybe you won't have to bail me out again!
 * Regards, MODCHK (talk) 23:00, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi. The slash just lets the computer read and understand the date. (It uses a piece of code that was meant to recognise subpages, which is why it uses a slash).
 * It's a recent change I made to the author template to try to fix an earlier problem (the template can't tell the difference between "ca. 212 BCE" and, for example, "foo" or any other string). Now it can automatically categorise the author by birth (or death) year and by era using a greater variety of inputs.  It will also read non-four-digit years and BCE years, none of which were being recognised properly before.
 * There is no difference between (c.) and (ca.), or even (circa). All three are recognised by the template. You can also enter decades or centuries in either birthyear or deathyear, if only approximate information is available. The other options I added, based on the dates users had used in existing author pages, are tentative dates with a question mark, ie. "212 BCE/?" (which displays as "212 BCE?"), and splits between two years, ie. "212 BCE/211 BCE".  "?" is appropriate for a year that is simply unknown and probably will never be known.  For the suicide, either "?" or the approximate period could be used, with a note to explain it.
 * I hope that helps. I've been pottering about adding bits to lots of author pages lately.  I only noticed that the author template wasn't processing dates properly when updating something else. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 09:53, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much. As you may have noticed I have been turning up a number of author references which were basically Old Testament biblical to early Roman Empire in vintage; and most lacked any kind of sensible dates (some at best accurate to only a century range.)
 * In fact I was half expecting somebody to point out until some actual works were attributable to a given author, perhaps I should not be filling in the reference at all? My reasoning is that anything known right now might as well be inserted into a stub entry rather than research the whole matter again later?
 * Thank you again for clarifying the date formats. Of course I will try not to, but if I err again please set me straight! MODCHK (talk) 11:08, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

SHSP authors & wikilinks
Adam, I saw your notation on needing more authors and wikilinks so I started with someone I am familiar with as shown below. However, WP has a good article on him and they also have an image. I tried to add that image to WS but for some reason it shows:File and I cannot add the image to WS. Would you please fix that? I am familiar with images but Alas! I cannot figure this one.

http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_Scott_Venable

Most respectfully, Maury ( William Maury Morris II (talk) 23:32, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

 * The portrait was uploaded to Wikipedia instead of Wikimedia Commons. I've moved it to Commons and the Author page is working now. (It was flagged to be moved already but it looks like no one had got around to it yet.) Cheers, AdamBMorgan (talk) 00:11, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I didn't notice it. Do you think it is best to place tooltips in an article or in the indices? (CAPITAL CHEERS 2U—Collegians Helping To Educate And Encourage Responsible Socializing Academic & Science) William Maury Morris II (talk) 01:06, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I would say it depends on the tooltip; to what it is being added and what information it provides. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 01:16, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Index and corresponding article show "C. S. Venable". Tooltips to fill in initials with full names. William Maury Morris II (talk) 01:54, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I think the tooltip on Page:Southern Historical Society Papers volume 12.djvu/195 is fine. If you mean Page:Southern Historical Society Papers volume 12.djvu/9 as well, I wouldn't put a tooltip over a wikilink.  It risks conflicting with the link and strictly, the title of the article is correct with the initials.  When that article is transcluded to the main namespace, a note can be added to the header as well. It's the final article in the mainspace that matters, so having the information there is the only place that is important. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 03:27, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

WikiMap
Adam, is there a map like this http://ultimategerardm.blogspot.com/2012/08/openid-for-users-of-wikipedia-please.html anywhere for Wikisource? William Maury Morris II (talk) 12:56, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I don't think so. I tracked the map back to here but it looks like it was a single commission.  There are some raw page view statistics for Wikisource here but it is split by language and not by origin of viewer. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 13:14, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Thank you
Not sure how I missed this, thanks for fixing it. Jeepday (talk) 00:47, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

Needed corrections
Adam, I found this moments ago. The spellings of two words are incorrect. Can you change these? http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Mexico_as_it_was_and_as_it_is.djvu/58

Two spellings:

"If his ancestor celebrated, here, a bloody sacrifice of victims takeh in battle, the modem Indian may purify the hill from the crime by the celebration of a peaceful mass, and the sermon of a worthy padre!

The Spanish version may have the same situation. I tried but it seems people are locked out from making any changes. Respectfully, — William Maury Morris II  Talk 20:01, 26 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Done. I locked the English version as it is going to be the featured text for September.  The Spanish version is not connected to anything I have done. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 21:26, 26 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Adam. You really are a very kind and helpful person/Administrator. Respectfully, — William Maury Morris II  Talk 01:50, 27 August 2012 (UTC)

Mexico
Hey Adam,

What can you make of this page, an error in the TOC, missing section? Prices page seems to be appendix 4, not 5. 5 is listed as prices though... for now I've unlinked appendix 5. - Theornamentalist (talk) 02:28, 27 August 2012 (UTC) I found the missing section... on pg 384. - Theornamentalist (talk) 02:35, 27 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I think there is a page missing in the third edition, either from the scan or from the original print run. Looking at the Internet Archive, this page of a different scan clearly has both appendices.  The meteorological appendix may have been left out of the third edition (and the table of contents wasn't changed or this was not intentional) or the page may have been lost prior to scanning (which doesn't explain the prices appendix being numbered four).  If you follow the page numbers, they don't seem to run in sequence.  The 464th page of the scan is page number 383 and the next page with a page number is the 467th page, which should be page number 386 but is numbered as page 388. It looks like a page is missing. Looking at a different scan of the 3rd edition, it has the same numbering problem and no meteorological appendix (NB: This scan comes from the Library of Congress' copy of the book; I would expect it to be in reasonable condition).  So, it might be an error that occurred with the original printers.  If so, adding a note in the header to this effect should be enough to cover the discrepancy. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 14:54, 27 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. Thank you for clearing it up, I didn't realize they were different editions. -Theornamentalist (talk) 15:25, 27 August 2012 (UTC)

Re: new dynamic layouts
I'd love to add/refine dynamic layouts as you've proposed but I feel we need to fix a thing or two before taking that next step. Rather than "blowing up" your proposal on WS:S with my concerns, I thought approaching you individually first would be better in this instance.

I've gone on and on about what I believe to be simple changes to the current dynamic layout scheme but have gotten very little in feedback let alone action to date. I'm hoping to gain your insight (& ultimately your support) for these changes. I've drawn up a whitepaper diagraming the current state of things and proposals for the changes I think are needed in this area. Please review it when you have the time and let me know what you think (if anything) about it. -- George Orwell III (talk) 19:09, 30 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I've looked through it and I would support these changes. It seems to be more about implementing good practice rather than a change that would be noticed by most users.  Change 1 is great; it removes confusion.  I don't know whether change 2 or 3 is the most practical—I know enough about HTML etc to follow the Basics section but get a bit lost at this stage.  I can't see why change 2 wouldn't work but I am happy for either to be implemented.  Can we make these changes or does it need a Bugzilla request? - AdamBMorgan (talk) 11:27, 31 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually, I believe it will finally fill out the ~3em or so offset expierenced by the header template under layout 1 on the left hand side as well as stop the skewing of the page highlight function by the same amount so users will "see" a slight difference (a difference that I believe to be the intended rendering had the designer had the tags available back then like we have today). And yes, for the most part the change is proactive rather than reactive with an eye towards future co-existance with multi-language or auto translation features still being developed.
 * As far as how to approach fixing this - your guess is as good as anybody's. Technically, Dynamic Layouts are not part of the ProofRead Page extension though it shares many of the same routines and files as the formal extension does (that's how it was gained "consensus" for implementation - by hostage - in the first place). I've brought to the attention of folks who I'd hoped could fix this with no luck. I'm not sure a bugzilla would solve to what amounts to a "self-inflicted, local" problem. -- George Orwell III (talk) 15:53, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Request
Adam, would you please bring a book to WS so I can edit it? the specific information follows. The pages are discolored but I prefer that because it is easier on my eyes than stark white pages. The edited pages won't be discolored when I am finished. Have a very good day either way, — William Maury Morris II  Talk 13:11, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

http://archive.org/details/facetofacewithme00igle

Author: Iglehart, Fanny Chambers Gooch, 1842-1913 Subject: Mexico -- Description and travel Publisher: New York, Fords, Howard, & Hulbert Possible copyright status: NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT Language: English Call number: b2601861 Digitizing sponsor: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

 * ✅ Index:Face to Face With the Mexicans.djvu - AdamBMorgan (talk) 17:38, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Heavens! You're very intelligent and swift, Adam! Thank you so much. — William Maury Morris II  Talk 19:42, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

My thoughts on Maintenance of the Month
Yes, Adam, I have some thoughts on MotM. First, the project needs to be advertised better: on the Main Page, of course, but also in the welcome template. Second, we might give awards to participants—I don't know how the PotM awarding system works and if there are "tools" for this. Third (but this affect this month's task only), I'm going to simplify the help workflow page. For the first point, will you start the proposals on the Scriptorium? Soon, Erasmo Barresi (talk) 14:17, 3 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Your changes to this month's task look good.  I've added a proposal to for both the main page and welcome. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 11:58, 4 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Also, the awards aren't too complicated. They are just userboxes and I don't think there's any tool involved.  Copying that part of WS:POTM shouldn't be a problem. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 12:03, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

Subpages
Within the help pages, I am thinking that we should be migrating Subpages to Help:Subpages or maybe to a subpage of the style guide, alternatively introductory text there with a lead to wherever the page belongs. — billinghurst  sDrewth  05:51, 4 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I'll move it to Help; there is a request for subpage help already. Putting the documentation for subpages into a subpage might be counter-productive. :) A summary and link to help could be useful though. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 12:08, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

Coords
Hi,

I can see coords are very rarely used, in fact the template seems only half implemented, so I appreciate there is probably little in the way of good practice established. I was not sure what you meant by mainspace in your comment  - did you mean the index page for the inscription or somewhere else? Thanks --Fæ (talk) 12:52, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I'm not sure how familiar you are with Wikisource; I just know you've worked with Wikipedia and Commons a lot. By the mainspace I mean the equivalent of the article namespace on Wikipedia or galleries on Commons.  The proofreading takes place in the Index and Page namespaces (sometime collectively called the workspace).  When this is finished, the text is transcluded (like a template) into the main namespace.  I did this for your inscription here: Inscription at the Assos Venetian Fort in Kefalonia.  This is a little more important for multipage works but the principle still stands for your PDF (incidentally, the ProofreadPage extension can work directly with JPEGs if preferred; it's just a little more difficult to set up).  I moved the co-ordinate template to the page in the main namespace when I removed it from the page in the Page namespace.  The template is not used much, so it is not fully implemented.  I suspect it was imported or copied from Wikipedia at an early stage but, as it doesn't really apply to books often, it hasn't been kept up to date.  I put it in the "notes" part of the header but there is not policy about how to use it if you want to change that. (NB: I transcluded the Latin version as well, although I'm not sure about the page title I used.) - AdamBMorgan (talk) 13:15, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for moving it, the terminology is not intuitive for me as it doesn't directly map onto working practice here. After getting a bit of advice, I have changed the Latin title but left the page as a redirect as I don't have permission to move the page there. I'll ponder coords in the longer term for Wikisource, the only reason I would want to push for a better template implementation, or try and establish guidelines for it, were if I started an inscriptions project of some sort (where external use of the coords would be great for creating a map of inscriptions), though I remain unsure if Wikisource is really the right project for something along those lines. --Fæ (talk) 13:44, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Inscriptions are within our inclusion policy and I can't think of a better fit for your project (although Commons could include the text on the File page); it's up to you how you want to proceed. We can always import the co-ord template from another project.
 * My turn: I'm not sure what you mean by "doesn't directly map onto working practice here". The workflow on Wikisource is typically:
 * Upload a scan (to Commons or Wikisource).
 * Proofread in the "workspace":
 * Create an index page in the Index namespace.
 * Create and proofread all pages in the Page namespace.
 * Transclude the text to the Main namespace.
 * Add any categories, portal links, notes and additional items to the page in the Main namespace.
 * The final product that the average reader is expected to see is the page in the main namespace. The workspace (Page and Index) is the "backroom" element of Wikisource. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 14:50, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Wikisource has interesting strengths for creating multiple free translations, though keeping an inscription on Commons would be okay, the ability to have many languages embedded on the same page is pretty nice for a short piece of text. In general, I would probably recommend that as a workable solution as other projects have made good use of geotagging there to create some innovative maps. As I say, I'll ponder on it further as sites like CISP have transcriptions handled pretty well, though not for easy re-use (in fact attribution/copyright seems clear as mud on that example) and the CISP database is not being maintained so the knowledge ought to go somewhere else at some point... My assumption is that there probably would be no (clear) copyright on a simple transcription but if a transcription has significant expansions that assumption would look very weak.
 * For ancient texts, there are other issues, such as how we support some form of transcription mark-up (showing uncertainties or re-constructions) and the question of which project should be used to support ancient Greek.
 * Thanks for the explanation; it probably did not seem intuitive to me as I have been dealing with things that are not books (letters and inscriptions) where seeing the scan or photo at the 'page' level is most useful to me. I'm pretty busy with other things (like the Chapters Association) but this has been on my back-burner for a long time and I'll mentally ear-mark the topic for follow-up next year unless something pops up to make it more urgent. --Fæ (talk) 15:53, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

PD-US-not-vested
I closed the discussion on PD-US-not-vested. It looks like you might be interested in follow up after the close. Jeepday (talk) 20:39, 8 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I have restored The Rats in the Walls to test everything is working and acceptable.  I'll move on to the others after a short time.  NB: I moved the template to Carl Lindberg's suggestion of PD-US-not renewed-unvested before moving it again to PD-US-no-renewal-unvested to match the wording of PD-US-no-renewal. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 00:55, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

Talkback
Gday Adam. Would you mind if I pointed you to the conversation for your input/noting. Thanks. — billinghurst  sDrewth  02:28, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

MediaWiki:Gadget-Edittools now a redirect
I don't see the point in having the gadget and the default edittools to be offering different options, so I have been bold and converted the latter to a redirect. Seems to work, not sure if you see any issues. — billinghurst  sDrewth  01:27, 16 September 2012 (UTC)
 * No, that's fine. I wasn't sure why there was a duplicate anyway. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 15:49, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Cell phone call for AdamBMorgan. Re: Please Help
Adam, *please* fix this link to Spanish Wikipedia for this English article. I have tried several things and none work. Respectfully, — William Maury Morris II  Talk 21:20, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Our_Sister_Republic_-_Mexico.djvu/195

 * ✅ The "es.w:" needed a colon instead of a full stop as well as a starting colon: ":es:w:"; and there was only one closing bracket. (The colon before the "es" tells the computer that it's a wikilink; otherwise it thinks it is an interwiki link, which you would see in the side bar under "In other languages.") - AdamBMorgan (talk) 21:37, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Adam, thank you so much! This page and another can be used to create a en.Wikipedia article that should exist but doesn't. From your example I will know what to do the next time. Very respectfully, Maury ( — William Maury Morris II  Talk 21:59, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

Themed featured work wikiproject
Maybe I'm jumping the gun on this one, but I really like your suggestion for the up and coming months. I wonder, would it be a viable project to kind of come up with something like you have in an effort to continue this in the future? I mean, we could probably come up with a good reason for featuring any text at a given time, but it could be a neat way for us all to collaborate: to specify like "this author died 100 years ago in May 2013; let's try and fully validate a handful of texts to feature," or "it's the birthday of José de Diego in April, let's try to gather some poems/documents to feature" and so on. - Theornamentalist (talk) 22:17, 17 September 2012 (UTC)
 * It sounds like a good plan. Finding appropriate themes and anniversaries might be the tricky part but Wikipedia has several lists: 1913, 1913 in literature, 1913 in poetry, etc.  We also have our own Category:1913 births and Category:1913 deaths.  (1913 chosen as 100 years before next year; other major anniversaries also apply as well.)  User knowledge would help too; User:EncycloPetey actualy suggested two of the timings in WS:FTC.  Getting people to take part might also be an issue but it's worth trying. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 12:28, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

[Category:1881 deaths]

 * Today is September 19th, 2012. On this date in 1881, the 20th president of the United States, James Abram Garfield, died of wounds inflicted by an assassin. — William Maury Morris II  Talk 12:54, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

 * On wikisource This covers both wikipedia and wikisource and is only an example of what can be used for the comments above. —  William Maury Morris II  Talk 13:00, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Is this the sort of thing you are thinking about, or thinking about if we cannot find something better, or perhaps it can be something additional. Again, this is just an example that happens to fit today's date. [I know about this date because when he died my kin became descendants of the next president Chester A. Arthur. His wife was Ellen Herndon of Virginia, daughter of William Lewis Herndon who became famous two times over for the WS "Exploration of the Amazon Valley" and for WP going down with the gold-laden SS (Side-wheel Steamer) "Central America". WP Herndon, Virginia was named in his honor and west point has a memorial in his honor.] —  William Maury Morris II  Talk 13:21, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, okay, how about on this date in 1796 U.S. President Washington's farewell address was published and WS has a copy? — William Maury Morris II  Talk 13:41, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, although a month rather than a day considering how featured texts work at the moment. If we knew of an upcoming anniversary or other event we could work ahead towards it.  If we had enough time we could choose a text, proofread it and nominate it to be featured in the same month of the anniversary. (Incidentally, Theornamentalist is referring to Wikisource talk:Featured text candidates, where I suggested a sequence of texts largely based on suggestions of timing.) - AdamBMorgan (talk) 20:15, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

Cell call for AdamBMorgan: Fort Hood, Texas: "You've been drafted"
Adam,

I and a friend in Mexico City, Raul, have been copying some of your method of editing and thus far all is well. However, the 2nd portion of a 3 part poem strays too far to the right. Would you please fix it, or tell me here how to fix it? I have tinkered with it but it will not line up with parts 1 and 3. Why not? 1 and 3 line up and part 2 should line up since your stolen borrowed code is the same. [] — William Maury Morris II  Talk 18:55, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

 * ✅ block center bases its width on the length on the lines of text it contains. The middle block has shorter lines, so it created a narrower block.  One way you can fix it is by using one block center around all three verses instead of three separate blocks.  That way, all the blocks are definitely using the same width.  This is the way I did it.  Another way would be to use the width parameter of the template (eg. {{block center|width=250px|"From Heaven she descended... etc), which would force the block to be the width you have chosen. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 19:53, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:AdamBMorgan/Archive 8


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 3.djvu/170

150 than, without quarrelling with Charles, he turned his position by immediate advances to the Smalcaldic League. In the summer of 1538 Lutheran divines were invited to England to discuss the terms of their confession with the bishops; and though unsuccessful in the immediate object of finding terms of communion, they did not return, without having established, as it seemed, a generally cordial relationship with the English Reformers. Purgatory, episcopal ordination, the marriage of the clergy, were the comparatively unimportant points of difference. On the vital doctrine of the real presence the Lutherans were as jealously sensitive as the vast majority of the English; and on the points on which they continued orthodox the Reformers, German and English, united in a bigotry almost equal to that of Rome. On the departure of the theological embassy, the Landgrave of Hesse took the opportunity of addressing a letter of warning to Henry on the progress of heresy in England, and expressing his anxiety that the King should not forget the duty of repressing and extirpating so dangerous a disorder.


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Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 3.djvu/171

1538.] His advice found Cranmer and Cromwell as anxious as himself. The Catholics at home and abroad persisted are embedded in the heart of their age. Let us listen to the Landgrave of Hesse. He will teach us that Henry VIII. was no exceptional persecutor.The Landgrave has heard that the errors of the Anabaptists are increasing in England. He depicts in warning colours the insurrection at Münster: 'If they grow to any multitude,' he says, 'their acts will surely declare their seditious minds and opinions. Surely this is true, the devil, which is an homicide, carrieth men that are entangled in false opinions to unlawful slaughters and the breach of society.… There are no rulers in Germany,' he continues, 'whether they be Popish or professors of the doctrines of the Gospel, that do suffer these men, if they come into their hands. All men punish them grievously. We use a just moderation, which God requireth of all good rulers. Whereas any of the sect is apprehended, we call together divers learned men and good preachers, and command them, the errors being confuted by the Word of God, to teach them rightlier, to heal them that be sick, to deliver them that were bound; and by this way many that are astray are come home again. These are not punished with any corporal pains, but are driven openly to forsake their errours. If any do stubbornly defend the ungodly and wicked errours of that sect, yielding nothing to such as can and do teach them truly, these are kept a good space in prison, and sometimes sore punished there; yet in such sort are they handled, that death is long deferred for hope of amendment; and, as long as any hope is, favour is showed to life. If there be no hope left, then the obstinate are put to death.' Warning Henry of the snares of the devil, who labours continually to discredit the truth by grafting upon it heresy, he concludes:—'Wherefore, if that sect hath done any hurt there in your Grace's realm, we doubt not but your princely wisdom will so temper the matter, that both dangers be avoided, errours be kept down, and yet a difference had between those that are good men, and mislike the abuses of the Bishop of Rome's baggages, and those that be Anabaptists. In many parts of Germany where the Gospel is not preached, cruelty is exercised upon both sorts without discretion. The magistrates which obey the Bishop of Rome (whereas severity is to be used against the Anabaptists) slay good men utterly alien from their opinions. But your Majesty will put a difference great enough between these two sorts, and serve Christ's glory on the one side, and save the innocent blood on the other.'—Landgrave of Hesse to


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Page:The kernel and the husk (Abbott, 1886).djvu/70

54 man to give up the search after the truth that lies beneath the illusion and to cast away all trust, all thought, of any ideal of humanity. Those who do this make shipwreck of their own lives. Their low ideal or no-ideal of conduct does not "work;" that is to say, it does not fit them to do the work they were intended to do. Even for the purposes of their own happiness their life is a failure. So far as the spiritual side of their nature is concerned, a dull and stagnant self-satisfaction is the highest prize they can hope to acquire: they have none of the keen joys of spiritual aspiration, of failures redeemed, of gradual progress, and of deeper insight into the glorious possibilities of human nature. But those who, while not rejecting the sobering admonitions of Experience and Reason, can nevertheless so far obey the promptings of Imagination as to retain in their hearts an ever fresh and expansive and healthful Ideal of life, find themselves led on by it from hope to nobler hope, from effort to more arduous effort, until life and effort end together.

Let this suffice as my protest against the popular fallacy that the Imagination is an abnormal faculty, limited to poets and painters and "artists," mostly illusive, and always to be subordinated in the search after truth. I maintain, on the contrary, that it lies at the basis of all knowledge; that it is no less necessary for science, for morals, and for religion, than for artistic success; and that the illusions of Imagination are the stepping-stones to Truths.

Now to speak of Reason, or, as some would call it, Understanding. While dealing with Imagination, we recognized that the work of Reason is mostly negative and corrective: but let us come to detail. Reason is commonly said to proceed by two methods; (i) by Induction, wherein, by "inducing," or introducing, a number of particular instances (eg. "A, B, C, &c., are men and are mortal"),


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Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 3.djvu/172

152 more and more loudly in identifying a separation from Rome with heresy. The presence of these very Germans had given opportunity, however absurdly, for scandal; and, taken in connection with the destruction of the shrines, was made a pretext for charging the King with a leaning towards doctrines with which he was most anxious to disavow a connection. The political clouds which were gathering abroad, added equally to the anxiety, both of the King and his ministers, to stand clear in this matter; and as Cromwell had recommended, after the Pilgrimage of Grace, that the Articles of Unity should be enforced against some offender or offenders in a signal manner—so, to give force to his principles, which had been faintly acted upon, either he, or the party to which he belonged, now chose out for prosecution a conspicuous member of the Christian brotherhood, John Lambert, who was marked with the dreadful reputation of a sacramentary. Dr Barnes volunteered as the accuser. Barnes, it will be remembered, had been himself imprisoned for heresy, and had done penance in St Paul's. He was a noisy, vain man, Lutheran in his views, and notorious for his hatred of more advanced Protestants. Tyndal had warned the brethren against him several years


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Page:Weird Tales volume 42 number 04.djvu/2

T'S all too easy for a cold, once it starts, to spread from one member of the family to another ... with troublesome results. That's why it's so sensible to enlist the aid of the Listerine Antiseptic gargle early and often!

This pleasant antiseptic reaches way back on throat surfaces to kill millions of threatening germs called the "secondary invaders."

Although many colds may be started by a virus, it is these "secondary invaders," say many authorities, that are responsible for much of the misery you know so well. Listerine Antiseptic, if used frequently during the 12 to 36-hour period of "incubation" when a cold may be developing, can often help forestall the mass invasion of these germs and so head off trouble.

Listerine Antiseptic's remarkable germ-killing action has been demonstrated time and again. Tests showed germ reductions on mouth and throat surfaces ranging up to 96.7% fifteen minutes after a Listerine Antiseptic gargle, and up to 80 % an hour later.

This germ-killing power, we believe, accounts for Listerine Antiseptic's remarkable clinical test record against colds. Tests made over a period of 12 years showed that those who gargled with Listerine Antiseptic twice daily had fewer colds and usually had milder colds than those who did not gargle ... and fewer sore throats.

So, whenever there's a cold in your family, prescribe Listerine Antiseptic for everyone. It's a wise thing to do, Lambert Pharmacal Co.

TESTS SHOWED LISTERINE ANTISEPTIC REDUCED GERMS UP TO 96.7%


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Page:The kernel and the husk (Abbott, 1886).djvu/71

Letter 6] you establish a general conclusion ("all men are mortal"); (ii) by Deduction, wherein, from two previous statements called Premises, you deduce a third, called a Conclusion.

(i) As regards Induction, surely you must admit that the initial part of the task falls not upon the Reason but upon the Imagination; which sees likenesses and leaps to general conclusions, mostly premature or false, but all containing a truth from which the falsehood must be eliminated. Thus, a child imagines, by premature Induction, that all men are (1) like his father; (2) black-haired; (3) between five and six feet high; (4) white-skinned, and so on. Then comes Reason afterwards, comparing and contrasting these imaginative premature conclusions with a wider and contradictory experience and widening the conclusion accordingly. Hence it is the part of Reason to suggest those varied experiments which are a necessary part of scientific Induction; and this is generally done by pointing out to us some neglected difference: "You say you had a Turkish bath three times, and each time caught a cold: but were the antecedents of these three colds quite alike? If not, how did they differ? Did you not on the first occasion sit in a draught at a public meeting? on the second, forget to put on your great coat? on the third, let the fire out though it was freezing? Consider therefore, not the single point of likeness, the Turkish bath, but the points of unlikeness also, in the antecedents of your three colds; and try the Turkish bath again, omitting these antecedents, before you say 'A Turkish bath always gives me cold.'"

You see then that in Induction the positive and suggestive part of the work is done by the Imagination; the negative and eliminative part by Reason.

(ii) As regards Deduction, the business of Reason is to ascertain that the Premises are not only true but also


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56 connected in such a way that a conclusion can be drawn from them. But even here Imagination plays a part: for the conclusion of every syllogism (roughly speaking) depends upon the following axiom: "If a is included in b, and b is included in c, then a is included in c; in other words, if a watch is in a box, and the box is in a room, then the watch is in the room." Now this general proposition, like all general propositions, is arrived at with the aid of the Imagination, so that we may fairly say that the Imagination, helps to lay the foundation of the Syllogism. When therefore you bear in mind that in every Syllogism the Premises are often the result of an Induction in which Imagination has played a part, and that the conclusion always depends upon an axiom of the Imagination, you must admit that even Deductive Reasoning by no means excludes the Imagination.

(iii) Practically, errors seldom arise, and truth is seldom discovered, from mere Deductive Reasoning. Any one can see his way through a logical Syllogism, and almost any one can lay his finger on the weak point in an illogical one. But the difficulty is to start the Reasoning in the right direction and to begin the Logical Chain with an appropriate Syllogism.

For example, suppose we wish to prove that "every triangle which has two angles equal, has two sides opposite to them equal": how can our Reason, our discriminative faculty, help us here? At present, not at all. We must first call to our aid the Imagination, which says to us, "Imagine the triangle with two equal angles to have two unequal sides opposite to them, and see what follows." And every one who has done a geometrical Deduction knows that we frequently start by "imagining" the conclusion to be already proved, or the problem to be already performed, and then endeavouring to realise, among the many consequences that would follow, which of those


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Page:The kernel and the husk (Abbott, 1886).djvu/73

Letter 6] consequences would harmonize with, or be identical with, the data to which we are working back.

The same process is common in the reasoning that deals with what is called Circumstantial Evidence Thus, it is asserted by A that he saw B commit a murder in the midst of a field, five minutes before midnight, on the first day of last month: how can we test the truth of A's assertion? The negative faculty of Reason cannot answer the question. But once more Imagination steps in and says, "Imagine the story to be true; imagine yourself to be in A's place; imagine the circumstances which would have surrounded him, the hidden place from which he saw the murder, the light which enabled him to see it, the precise sight that he saw, the voices or sounds that he heard, and, in a word, all the details of a likely and coherent narrative." When the Imagination has done this and "imagined" the place—perhaps a hedge—the light—moonlight, and so on, Reason steps in, and corroborates or rejects, by shewing that there was, or was not, a hedge whence the deed could have been witnessed; that there was a full moon or no moon on the night in question; that, if there had been a moon, the place in question was open to the moonlight, or in deep shadow: and thus Imagination and Reason (aided by experience of the place and knowledge of the time) arrive at a conclusion, the former making a positive, the latter a negative contribution. Hence it appears that even in those questions which are called pre-eminently "practical"—for what can be more "practical" than a trial in a law-court for life or death?—the Imagination plays so great a part that without its aid the reason could effect little or nothing.

Here I must break off; but I hope I have said enough to satisfy you that the imaginative faculty, though it needs the constant test of Reason and Experience, is far more


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58 intimately connected with what we call knowledge, than is commonly supposed. But if this be so, we ought not (I think) to be surprised if a careful analysis of our profoundest religious convictions should reveal that for these also we are indebted, and intended by God to be indebted, to the Imagination far more than to the Reason.


text: The Kernel and the Husk/Imagination and Reason