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50 could only squirm and give out a few low, doubtful grunts; after which, as the other man kept silence, he got up from his chair with about as much difficulty as if he had been glued to it.

"I will go to find out," said he, "but I am afraid I shall find very little, the servant—"

"Don't trouble yourself," interrupted the Moro. "Let me attend to it. You go and write." He left the hearth, lighted another lamp and carried it into the neighboring sitting-room, which had windows facing the south on the courtyard, while the kitchen windows were at the back of the old convent on the north side, where the cellar and the well were placed. Then he came back quickly, and under the eyes of the astonished priest took down a key that was hanging in the darkest corner of the kitchen, opened a closet against the wall, put up his hand without hesitating and took down a cheese of goats' milk, the existence of which Don Rocco had not even suspected; he took bread from a cupboard, and a knife from a drawer in the table.

Now it happened for only the third or fourth time in the whole life of Don Rocco that the famous frown entirely disappeared for a few moments. Even the eyelids stopped winking.

"You look surprised, Don Rocco," said the Moro complacently, "because I am at home in your house. But just keep on writing. You will understand later. We must also keep the


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Rh will flower naturally and contantly in the ame moneths one yeare, that they ve to doe in another, or with but little alteration, if the yeares proue not alike kindly: As for example, thoe plants that doe flower in January and February, will by no art or indutry of man be caued to flower in Summer or in Autumne; and thoe that flower in Aprill and May, will not flower in January or February; or thoe in Iuly, Augut, &c. either in the Winter or Spring: but euery one knoweth their owne appointed naturall times, which they contantly oberue and keepe, according to the temperature of the yeare, or the temper of the climate, being further North or South, to bring them on earlier or later, as it doth with all other fruits, flowers, and growing greene herbes, &c. except that by chance, ome one or other extraordinarily may be hindered in their due eaon of flowring, and o giue their flowers out of time, or ele to giue their flowers twice in the yeare, by the uperaboundance of nourihment, or the mildnee of the eaon, by moderate mowers of raine, &c. as it ometimes alo happeneth with fruits, which chance, as it is eldome, and not contant, o we then terme it but Luus naturæ: or ele by forcing them in hot toues, which then will perih, when they haue giuen their flowers or fruits. It is not then, as ome haue written, the owing of the eedes of Lillies, or any other plants a foote deepe, or halfe a foote deepe, or two inches deepe, that will caue them to be in flower one after another, as they are owne euery moneth of the yeare; for it were too groe to thinke, that any man of reaon and iudgement would o beleeue. Nor is it likewie in the power of any man, to make the ame plants to abide a moneth, two, or three, or longer in their beauty of flowring, then naturally they ve to doe; for I thinke that were no humane art, but a upernaturall worke. For nature till bendeth and tendeth to perfection, that is, after flowring to giue fruit or eede; nor can it bee hindered in the coure thereof without manifet danger of detruction, euen as it is in all other fruit-bearing creatures, which tay no longer, then their appointed time is naturall vnto them, without apparent damage. Some things I grant may be o ordered in the planting, that according to that order and time which is oberued in their planting, they hall hew forth their faire flowers, and they are Anemones, which will in that manner, that I haue hewed in the worke following, flower in euerall moneths of the yeare; which thing as it is incident to none or very few other plants, and is found out but of late, o likewie is it knowne but vnto a very few. Thus haue I hewed you the true olution of thee doubts: And although they haue not beene amplified with uch Philoophicall arguments and reaons, as one of greater learning might haue done, yet are they truely and incerely et downe, that they may erue tanquam galeatum, againt all the calumnies and objections of wilfull and obdurate perons, that will not be reformed. As firt, that all double flowers were o found wilde, being the worke of nature alone, and not the art of any man, by planting or tranplanting, at or before the new or full Moone, or any other oberuation of time, that hath caued the flower to grow double, that naturally was ingle: Secondly, that the rules and directions, to caue flowers to bee of contrary or different colours or ents, from that they were or would be naturally, are meere fancies of men, without any ground of reaon or truth. And thirdly, that there is no power or art in man, to caue flowers to hew their beauty diuers moneths before their naturall time, nor to abide in their beauty longer then the appointed naturall time for euery one of them.

Rh

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Rh fire going," he added, when the priest, having slowly recovered from his amazement, passed into the sitting-room.

The Moro took the iron bellows, a sort of arquebuse barrel, turned one end toward the coals, and blew into the other in so unusual a way as to produce a strident whistle. Then he started on his supper.

What possessed him! At one moment he was devouring his food, at another he would raise his head and remain transfixed, while at another he would walk up and down the kitchen violently knocking the chairs and table. He seemed like an imprisoned wild beast which every now and then raises its fangs from the bone, listens and looks, seizes it again, leaves it, rushes around its cage in a rage and goes back to gnaw.

Meanwhile, Don Rocco was leaning over his paper, wondering still at what he had seen, unable in his unsuspiciousness to draw any inferences, listening to the steps and the noises in the next room with a torpid uneasiness that had about the same resemblance to fear as the intelligence of Don Rocco himself had to understanding. "'You will understand later,'" he repeated to himself. "What am I to understand? That he knows where the money is?" He kept it in a box in his bed-chamber, but there were only two ten-franc pieces, and Don Rocco


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Harriet Ludlow


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52 reflected with satisfaction that the new wine was not yet sold, and that that money at least was safe from the clutches of the Moro.

It did not appear as if the latter threatened violence. "At the worst I should lose twenty francs," concluded Don Rocco, seeking refuge in his philosophical and Christian indifference to money. He mentally abandoned the twenty francs to their destiny and sought to concentrate his thoughts on the sacred text: Nemo potest duobus dominis servire. At the same moment he seemed to hear, between the hasty steps of the Moro, a heavy, dull thud from a greater distance, as of a door being broken open; then the bang of a chair knocked down in the kitchen; then still another distant noise. The Moro entered the sitting-room and violently closed the door behind him.

"Here I am, Don Rocco," said he. "Have you also finished?"

"Now is the time," thought the priest, who immediately forgot everything but the presence of this man.

"Not finished yet," he answered. "But I will finish after you have gone. What do you wish?"

The Moro took a seat opposite him and crossed his arms on the table.

"I am living a bad life, sir," said he. "The life of a dog and not of a man."

At this Don Rocco, although he had resigned


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Rh himself to the worst, felt his heart expand. He answered severely, and with his eyes cast down: "You can change, my son, you can change."

"That's why I am here, Don Rocco," said the other. "I want to make confession. Now, at once," he added when he saw that the priest remained silent.

Don Rocco began to wink and to squirm somewhat.

"Very well," said he, still with his eyes cast down. "We can talk about it now. but the confession can come later. You can return for it to-morrow. It requires a little preparation. And it must be seen whether you have received proper instruction."

The Moro immediately fired off, with all placidity and sweetness, three or four sacrilegious oaths against God and the sacraments, as if he were reciting an Ave, and drew the conclusion that he knew as much about it as a member of the clergy.

"There, there, you see!" said Don Rocco, squirming more than ever. "You are beginning badly, my son. You want to confess, and you blaspheme!"

"Oh, you must n't notice little things like that," answered the Moro. "I assure you that the Lord does n't bother about it. It is a habit, so to speak, of the tongue, nothing more."

"Beastly habits, beastly habits," pronounced


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54 Don Rocco, frowning and looking into his handkerchief, which he held under his nose with both hands.

"In fine, I am going to confess," insisted the man. "Hush, now, don't say no! You will hear some stiff ones."

"Not now, really not now," protested Don Rocco, rising. "You are not prepared at present. We will now thank the Lord and the Virgin who have touched your heart, and then you will go home. To-morrow you will come to holy Mass, and after Mass we will meet together again."

"Very well," answered the Moro. "Go ahead."

Don Rocco got down on his knees near the lounge and, with his head turned, seemed to wait for the other to follow his example.

"Go ahead," said the Moro. "I have a bad knee and will say my prayers seated."

"Very well; sit here on the sofa, near me, where you will be more comfortable; accompany my words with your heart, and keep your eyes fixed on that crucifix in front of you. Come, like a good fellow, and we will pray the Lord and the Virgin to keep you in so good a state of mind that you may have the fortune to make a good confession. Come, like a good, devout fellow!"

Having said this, Don Rocco began to recite Paters and Aves often devoutly raising his


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Henry


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Rh brows. The Moro answered him from his seat on the sofa. He seemed to be the confessor and the priest the penitent.

Finally, Don Rocco crossed himself and got up.

"Now sit right here while I confess," said the Moro, as if there were nothing against it. But Don Rocco caught him up. Had they not already arranged that he should confess the next day? But the other would not listen with that ear, and continued hammering away at his request with obstinate placidity.

"Let us stop this," he said, all at once. "Pay attention, for I am beginning!"

"But I tell you that it is not possible and that I will not have it," replied Don Rocco. "Go home, I tell you! I am going to bed at once."

He started to leave; but the Moro was too quick for him, rushed to the door, locked it, and put the key in his pocket.

"No, sir! you don't go out of here! Might I not die to-night? Would n't I, if the Lord just blew on me like this?"

And he blew on the petroleum lamp and put it out.

"And if I go to hell," he continued in a sepulchral voice, in the dark, "you will go there too!"

The poor priest, at this unexpected violence, in the midst of this darkness, lost his presence of mind. He no longer knew where he was, and


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56 kept saying, "Let us go, let us go," trying to find the sofa, beating the air with his extended hands. The Moro lighted a match on his sleeve, and Don Rocco had a glimpse of the table, of the chairs, and of his strange penitent, before it became darker than ever.

"Could you see? Now I shall begin; with the biggest sin. It is fifteen years since I have been to confession, but my biggest sin is that I have made love to that ugly creature, your servant."

"Body of Bacchus!" involuntarily exclaimed Don Rocco.

"If I am familiar with the kitchen," continued the Moro, "it is because I must have come here fifty times of an evening when you were not here, to eat and drink with Lucia. Perhaps you have even found that some few francs were missing . . ."

"I know nothing about it; no, I know nothing about it!" mumbled Don Rocco.

"Some of those few small bills in your box, first compartment to the left at the bottom."

Don Rocco gave forth a low exclamation of surprise and pain.

"Now, as for me, I have gotten through stealing," continued he; "but that witch would carry off even your house. She is a bad woman, a bad woman! We must get rid of her. Do you remember that shirt that you missed last year?


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Hewson


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Rh I have it on now and she gave it to me. I cannot give it back because. . ."

"Never mind, don't bother, never mind," interrupted Don Rocco. "I'll give it to you."

"Then there were some glasses of wine, but I did n't drink them all myself. And then there is the silver snuff-box with the portrait of Pius Ninth."

"Body of Bacchus!" exclaimed Don Rocco, who thought he still had in his box that precious snuff-box given him by an old colleague. "That also?"

"I drank it; yes, sir, it took me fifteen days. Do not get excited, for we are in confession."

"What's that?"

It was a noise against the gate of the courtyard. A hard knock or a stone.

"It is evil-doers," said the Moro. "Rascally night-birds. Or perhaps some sick person. I'll go at once to find out."

"Yes, yes," said Don Rocco hastily.

"I will go and return to-morrow," continued the other, "for I see that you certainly do not care to confess me to-night."

He took out some matches and re-lighted the lamp, saying:

"Listen, Don Rocco, I want to be an honest man and work; but I must change my residence, and for the first few days how can I get along? You understand what I mean."


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58 Don Rocco scratched his head.

"You are to come to-morrow morning of course," he said.

"Naturally! But I have a few debts here; and going around in broad daylight, I should like to show my face without being ashamed."

"Very well," responded Don Rocco, frowning considerably, but in a benevolent tone. "Wait a moment."

He took a lamp, left the sitting-room, and returned immediately with a ten-franc bill.

"Here you are," said he.

The man thanked him and left, accompanied by the priest, who carried the lamp as far as the middle of the courtyard and waited there until the Moro called to him from outside the gateway that no one was there. Then Don Rocco went to close the gate, and re-entered the house.

He could not go to bed at once. He was too agitated. Body of Bacchus! he kept repeating to himself. Body of Bacchus! One could hardly have imagined so extraordinary a case, and for it to happen to him, of all men! His head felt as confused as when he played at tresette and did not understand the game and every one badgered him. What a chaos there was in that head of good and of bad, of bitterness and of consolation! The more extraordinary did the thing appear to him, with the greater faith, with the more


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Rh reverence, did he refer it all to the hand of God. In thinking over his entrance into the kitchen, and that man seated at the hearth, memory gave him a stronger spasm of fear than the reality had, and it was immediately succeeded by mystic admiration of the hidden ways of the Lord. Certainly Lucia's fault was a bitter one, but how clearly the design of Providence could be seen in it! It led a man to the house of the priest; through sin to grace. What a great gift he had received from God, he the last of the priests of the parish, one of the last of the diocese! A soul so lost, so hardened in evil! He felt scruples at having allowed himself to be moved too strongly by the deception of his servant, the loss of the snuff-box. Kneeling by his bed, he recited, amid rapid winks, an interminable series of Paters, Aves, and Glorias, and prayed the Lord, St. Luke, and St. Rocco to help him in properly directing this still immature confession. Heavens! to come to confession with a string of oaths and to accuse others more than himself! To Don Rocco the heart of the Moro appeared under an image which pleased him, it seemed so new and clear. A healthy fruit with a first spot of decay; only in his case the image was reversed.

When he had gone to bed and was lying on his side, ready to sleep, it occurred to him that the next day Lucia would arrive. This thought


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, James (1798-1861)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, James Fernandez


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, James Stanier


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60 suggested another, and made him turn right over flat on his back.

It brought up, in fact, a grave problem. Had the Moro spoken of Lucia in confession or not? Don Rocco remembered that he had made no remark when the man, having blown out the light, declared that he wished to confess. Neither had he done so later when the man said: "Don't get excited, for we are in confession." Therefore, there was at least a grave doubt that this had been a real confession; and even if the penitent had afterwards interrupted it, this did not in the least detract from its sacramental character, had it existed; and, consequently, what about Lucia? And his answer to the Countess Carlotta? Body of Bacchus! It seemed the case of Sigismondo. Don Rocco cast a formidable frown at the ceiling.

He remembered the pereat mundus, and the arguments of that well of science, that extraordinary man, the professor. It would be impossible now to send away Lucia. And finally the dark words of Countess Carlotta were quite clear to him. He himself must leave: pereat Rochus.

The hour was striking in the clock tower. The voice of the clock was dear to him by night. His rugged heart softened somewhat, and Satan saw his chance to show him the peaceful little church surrounded by the cypresses, his own, all his own, and a certain fig tree that was dear to


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Rh him under the bell-tower; he made him feel the sweetness of the cells rendered holy by so many pious souls of old, the sweetness of living in that quiet niche of St. Luke, so well suited to his humble person, in the exercise of a ministry of deed and of word, without worldly aims and without responsibility of souls. Satan further showed him the difficulty of finding a good place; reminded him of the needs of his old father and his sister, poor peasants, one of them now too old and the other too infirm to gain their livelihood by working. And Satan finally turned casuist and sought to prove that, without betraying the secret, he could still send away the servant on some pretext, or even with none. But at this suggestion of profiting by the confession Don Rocco raised such a frightful frown that the devil fled without waiting for more. Let him keep Lucia, then, and let her see to it that she followed the sacred text: Nemo potest duobus dominis servire. Just see how the words of holy writ fitted the occasion! Don Rocco sought to mentally stitch together the last sentences of his sermon, but it was too fatiguing an attempt for him. He might have succeeded, however, had he not fallen asleep in the midst of a most difficult passage.


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62

slept little and arose at dawn. Before going down he stepped to the window to consult the weather. In stepping back his eyes fell on the entrance to the cellar. It was open.

Don Rocco went down to the cellar, and came out again with a most unusual expression. The wine was no longer there. Neither wine nor cask. But outside there were fresh marks of wheels.

Don Rocco followed these as far as the main road. There they disappeared. There remained but a short curve from the edge to the middle of the road into the labyrinth of all the other wheel tracks. Don Rocco did not think at that time to go in search of the authorities in order to make a complaint. Ideas came to him very slowly, and perhaps this particular one would not be due before midday.

On the contrary he returned, wrapped in meditation, to St. Luke. "Those blows," said he to himself, "that stone thrown! It is fortunate that the Moro was with me then; otherwise, he would have been suspected." He went back to the cellar entrance, examined minutely the fractured door, contemplated the place where the cask had stood, and, scratching his head, went into the church to repeat some prayers.


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305

1. Of whom the welkin (rájas) here [is] the allies, [who] thrusts (?) people, the wood, the heaven—great [is] Indra's gladness.

2. [He is] not to be dared against; [his] might, dared, dares daring against [others]; as, of old, his fame [was] unwavering, Indra's might [is] not to be dared against.

3. Let him give us that wide wealth, of reddish (piçán̄ga-) aspect; Indra [is] most powerful lord among the people.

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vi. 34-

1. Send thou forth the voice for Agni, bull of people (kṣití): may he pass us over our haters.

2. He who burns down the demons, Agni, with sharp heat (çocís): may he etc. etc.

3. He who from distant distance shines over across the wastes: may he etc. etc.

4. Who looks forth upon and beholds together all beings: may he etc. etc.

5. Who, the bright Agni, was born on the further shore of this firmament (rájas): may he etc. etc.

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text: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 33

title: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 33


text: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 34

title: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 34


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 to be the only accessible collection, for although the Palatine MS., the sole extant copy of the anthology of Cephalas, was discovered in the Palatine library at Heidelberg, and copied by Saumaise (Salmasius) in 1606, it was not published until 1776, when it was included in Brunck’s Analecta Veterum Poetarum Graecorum. The MS. itself had frequently changed its quarters. In 1623, having been taken in the sack of Heidelberg in the Thirty Years’ War, it was sent with the rest of the Palatine Library to Rome as a present from Maximilian I. of Bavaria to Gregory XV., who had it divided into two parts, the first of which was by far the larger; thence it was taken to Paris in 1797. In 1816 it went back to Heidelberg, but in an incomplete state, the second part remaining at Paris. It is now represented at Heidelberg by a photographic facsimile. Brunck’s edition was superseded by the standard one of Friedrich Jacobs (1794–1814, 13 vols.), the text of which was reprinted in a more convenient form in 1813–1817, and occupies three pocket volumes in the Tauchnitz series of the classics. The best edition for general purposes is perhaps that of Dübner in Didot’s Bibliotheca (1864–1872), which contains the Palatine Anthology, the epigrams of the Planudean Anthology not comprised in the former, an appendix of pieces derived from other sources, copious notes selected from all quarters, a literal Latin prose translation by Boissonade, Bothe, and Lapaume and the metrical Latin versions of Hugo Grotius. A third volume, edited by E. Cougny, was published in 1890. The best edition of the Planudean Anthology is the splendid one by van Bosch and van Lennep (1795–1822). There is also a complete edition of the text by Stadlmüller in the Teubner series.

Arrangement.—The Palatine MS., the archetype of the present text, was transcribed by different persons at different times, and the actual arrangement of the collection does not correspond with that signalized in the index. It is as follows: Book 1. Christian epigrams; 2. Christodorus’s description of certain statues; 3. Inscriptions in the temple at Cyzicus; 4. The prefaces of Meleager, Philippus, and Agathias to their respective collections; 5. Amatory epigrams; 6. Votive inscriptions; 7. Epitaphs; 8. The epigrams of Gregory of Nazianzus; 9. Rhetorical and illustrative epigrams; 10. Ethical pieces; 11. Humorous and convivial; 12. Strato’s Musa Puerilis; 13. Metrical curiosities; 14. Puzzles, enigmas, oracles; 15. Miscellanies. The epigrams on works of art, as already stated, are missing from the Codex Palatinus, and must be sought in an appendix of epigrams only occurring in the Planudean Anthology. The epigrams hitherto recovered from ancient monuments and similar sources form appendices in the second and third volumes of Dübner’s edition.

Style and Value.—One of the principal claims of the Anthology to attention is derived from its continuity, its existence as a living and growing body of poetry throughout all the vicissitudes of Greek civilization. More ambitious descriptions of composition speedily ran their course, and having attained their complete development became extinct or at best lingered only in feeble or conventional imitations. The humbler strains of the epigrammatic muse, on the other hand, remained ever fresh and animated, ever in intimate union with the spirit of the generation that gave them birth. To peruse the entire collection, accordingly, is as it were to assist at the disinterment of an ancient city, where generation has succeeded generation on the same site, and each stratum of soil enshrines the vestiges of a distinct epoch, but where all epochs, nevertheless, combine to constitute an organic whole, and the transition from one to the other is hardly perceptible. Four stages may be indicated:—1. The Hellenic proper, of which Simonides of Ceos (c. 556–469 ), the author of most of the sepulchral inscriptions on those who fell in the Persian wars, is the characteristic representative. This is characterized by a simple dignity of phrase, which to a modern taste almost verges upon baldness, by a crystalline transparency of diction, and by an absolute fidelity to the original conception of the epigram. Nearly all the pieces of this era are actual bona fide inscriptions or addresses to real personages, whether living or deceased; narratives, literary exercises, and sports of fancy are exceedingly rare. 2. The epigram received a great development in its second or Alexandrian era, when its range was so extended as to include anecdote, satire, and amorous longing; when epitaphs and votive inscriptions were composed on imaginary persons and things, and men of taste successfully attempted the same subjects in mutual emulation, or sat down to compose verses as displays of their ingenuity. The result was a great gain in richness of style and general interest, counterbalanced by a falling off in purity of diction and sincerity of treatment. The modification—a perfectly legitimate one, the resources of the old style being exhausted—had its real source in the transformation of political life, but may be said to commence with and to find its best representative in the playful and elegant Leonidas of Tarentum, a contemporary of Pyrrhus, and to close with Antipater of Sidon, about 140 (or later). It should be noticed, however, that Callimachus, one of the most distinguished of the Alexandrian poets, affects the sternest simplicity in his epigrams, and copies the austerity of Simonides with as much success as an imitator can expect. 3. By a slight additional modification in the same direction, the Alexandrian passes into what, for the sake of preserving the parallelism with eras of Greek prose literature, we may call the Roman style, although the peculiarities of its principal representative are decidedly Oriental. Meleager of Gadara was a Syrian; his taste was less severe, and his temperament more fervent than those of his Greek predecessors; his pieces are usually erotic, and their glowing imagery sometimes reminds us of the Song of Solomon. The luxuriance of his fancy occasionally betrays him into far-fetched conceits, and the lavishness of his epithets is only redeemed by their exquisite felicity. Yet his effusions are manifestly the offspring of genuine feeling, and his epitaph on himself indicates a great advance on the exclusiveness of antique Greek patriotism, and is perhaps the first clear enunciation of the spirit of universal humanity characteristic of the later Stoic philosophy. His gaiety and licentiousness are imitated and exaggerated by his somewhat later contemporary, the Epicurean Philodemus, perhaps the liveliest of all the epigrammatists; his fancy reappears with diminished brilliancy in Philodemus’s contemporary, Zonas, in Crinagoras, who wrote under Augustus, and in Marcus Argentarius, of uncertain date; his peculiar gorgeousness of colouring remains entirely his own. At a later period of the empire another genre, hitherto comparatively in abeyance, was developed, the satirical. Lucillius, who flourished under Nero, and Lucian, more renowned in other fields of literature, display a remarkable talent for shrewd, caustic epigram, frequently embodying moral reflexions of great cogency, often lashing vice and folly with signal effect, but not seldom indulging in mere trivialities, or deformed by scoffs at personal blemishes. This style of composition is not properly Greek, but Roman; it answers to the modern definition of epigram, and has hence attained a celebrity in excess of its deserts. It is remarkable, however, as an almost solitary example of direct Latin influence on Greek literature. The same style obtains with Palladas, an Alexandrian grammarian of the 4th century, the last of the strictly classical epigrammatists, and the first to be guilty of downright bad taste. His better pieces, however, are characterized by an austere ethical impressiveness, and his literary position is very interesting as that of an indignant but despairing opponent of Christianity. 4. The fourth or Byzantine style of epigrammatic composition was cultivated by the beaux-esprits of the court of Justinian. To a great extent this is merely imitative, but the circumstances of the period operated so as to produce a species of originality. The peculiarly ornate and recherché diction of Agathias and his compeers is not a merit in itself, but, applied for the first time, it has the effect of revivifying an old form, and many of their new locutions are actual enrichments of the language. The writers, moreover, were men of genuine poetical feeling, ingenious in invention, and capable of expressing emotion with energy and liveliness; the colouring of their pieces is sometimes highly dramatic.

It would be hard to exaggerate the substantial value of the Anthology, whether as a storehouse of facts bearing on antique manners, customs and ideas, or as one among the influences which have contributed to mould the literature of the modern world. The multitudinous votive inscriptions, serious and sportive, connote the phases of Greek religious sentiment, from pious awe to irreverent familiarity and sarcastic scepticism; the moral tone of the nation at various periods is mirrored with corresponding fidelity; the sepulchral inscriptions admit us into

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Rh

Ecaue the Lilly is the more tately flower among manie: and amongt the wonderfull varietie of Lillies, knowne to vs in thee daies, much more then in former times, whereof ome are white, others bluh, ome purple, others red or yellow, ome potted, others without pots, ome tanding vpright, others hanging or turning downewards, The Crowne Imperiall for his tately beautifulnes, deerueth the firt place in this our Garden of delight, to be here entreated of before all other Lillies; but becaue it is o well knowne to mot perons, being in a manner euery where common, I hall neede onely to giue you a relation of the chiefe parts thereof (as I intend in uch other things) which are thee: The roote is yellowih on the outide, compoed of fewer, but much thicker cales, then any other Lilly but the Perian, and doth grow ometimes to be as great as a pretty bigge childes head, but omewhat flat withall, from the ides whereof, and not from the bottome, it hooteth forth thicke long fibres, which perih euery yeare, hauing a hole in the midt thereof, at the end of the yeare, when the old talke is dry and withered, and out of the which a new talke doth pring againe (from a bud or head to be een within the hollownee on the one ide) the yeare following: the talke then filling vp the hollownee, rieth vp three or foure foote high, being great, round, and of a purplih colour at the bottome, but greene aboue, beet from thence to the middle thereof with many long and broad greene leaues, very like to the leaues of our ordinary white Lilly, but omewhat horter and narrower, confuedly without order, and from the middle is bare or naked without leaues, for a certaine pace vpwards, and then beareth foure, ixe, or tenne flowers, more or lee, according to the age of the plant, and the fertility of the oyle where it groweth: The buddes at the firt appearing are whitih, tanding vpright among a buh or tuft of greene leaues, maller then thoe below, and tanding aboue the flowers, after a while they turne themselues, and hang downewards euerie one vpon his owne footetalke, round about the great temme or talke, ometimes of an euen depth, and other while one lower or higher than another, which flowers are neare the forme of an ordinary Lilly, yet omewhat leer and cloer, coniting of ixe leaues of an Orange colour, triped with purplih lines and veines, which adde a great grace to the flowers; At the bottome of the flower next vnto the talke, euery Rh


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28 leafe thereof hath on the outide a certaine bunch or eminence, of a darke purplih colour, and on the inide there lyeth in thoe hollow bunched places, certaine cleare drops of water like vnto pearles, of a very weete tate almot like ugar: in the midt of each flower is a long white tile or pointell, forked or diuided at the end, and ixe white chiues tipt with yellowih pendents, tanding cloe about it: after the flowers are pat, appeare ixe quare eede veels tanding vpright, winged as it were or welted on the edges, yet eeming but three quare, becaue each couple of thoe welted edges are ioyned cloer together, wherein are contained broad, flat, and thinne eedes, of a pale brownih colour, like vnto other Lillies, but much greater and thicker alo. The talke of this plant doth oftentimes grow flat, two, three, or foure fingers broad, and then beareth many more flowers, but for the mot part maller then when it beareth round talkes. And ometimes it happeneth the talke to be diuided at the top, carrying two or three tufts of greene leaues, without any flowers on them. And ometimes likewie, to beare two or three rowes or crownes of flowers one aboue another vpon one talke, which is eldome and carce eene, and beides, is but meere accidentall: the whole plant and euery part thereof, as well rootes, as leaues and flowers, doe mell omewhat trong as it were the auour of a Foxe, o that if any doe but come neare it, he cannot but mell it, which yet is not vnwholome. I haue not oberued any variety in the colour of this flower, more then that it will be fairer in a cleare open ayre, and paler, or as it were blated in a muddy or moakie ayre. And although ome haue boated of one with white flowers, yet I could neuer heare that any uch hath endured in one vniforme colour.

This plant was firt brought from Contantinople into thee Chritian Countries, and by the relation of ome that ent it, groweth naturally in Peria.

It flowereth mot commonly in the end of March, if the weather be milde, and pringeth not out of the ground vntill the end of February, or beginning of March, o quicke it is in the pringing: the heads with eed are ripe in the end of May.

It is of ome called Lilium Perficum, the Perian Lilly: but becaue wee haue another, which is more vually called by that name, as hall be hewed in the next Chapter, I had rather with Alphonus Pancius the Duke of Florence his Phyitian, (who firt ent the figure thereof vnto M r . Iohn de Brancion) call it Corona Imperialis, the Crowne Imperiall, then by any other name, as alo for that this name is now more generally receiued. It hath been ent alo by the name Tuai, and Tuchai, and Turfani, or Turfanda, being, as it is like, the Turkih names.

For any Phyicall Vertues that are in it, I know of none, nor haue heard that any hath been found out: notwithtanding the trong ent would perwade it might be applyed to good purpoe.

He roote of the Perian Lilly is very like vnto the root of the Crowne Imperiall, and loing his fibres in like maner euery yeare, hauing a hole therin likewie where the old talke grew, but whiter, rounder, and a little longer, maller, and not tinking at all like it, from whence pringeth vp a round whitih greene talke, not Rh


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 On page 114 will be found the Eberswalde means from 1830 to 1912. Only one center occurs later than that date of beginning, namely, 1833. The others were mostly between 1821 and 1827. The means of this group are plotted in figure 8 and also shown more in detail in figure 9. These means have been corrected for age and reduced to

percentages of a mean line reading 2.57 mm. in 1830 and 0.54 mm. in 1910. These in turn have been smoothed and plotted in figure 23.

In considering the significance of the agreement above noted, one should, in my opinion, keep in mind first the unusually homogeneous environment of these particular trees and the great care they have received, and second, the suggestion they contain of eventually defining distinct meteorological districts in which homogeneous effects are noted. A small pine of 60 rings from the Hartz Mountains was examined in the


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 Geological Museum at Berlin, in which the same cycle was prominent. It was not measured, as the date of cutting was not known. PILSEN (AUSTRIA) GROUP. This group of 7 Pinus silvestris sections was measured in the office of Dr. A. Cieslar, in the Hochschule der Bodenkultur at Vienna. I have no samples of them in my collection, but they were carefully cross-identified before measuring. Two sections had the ring for 1849 very doubtful, but its identity was verified by comparison with the others. The average date of the center was 1821 and the average size 11 inches in diameter. They all came from a forest station near Pilsen, in northwestern Austria. I have not seen the locality, but judging by the appearance of the country a little farther south the mountains are not rugged. The mean measures upon this group from 1830 to 1912 are given on page 114; their plot is in figure 8. The curve is very peculiar, and it is hard to say how it should be corrected for age. It descends sharply from 3.62 mm. in 1830 to 1.25 mm. in 1851, and from that point on it remains 1.25. This bent line has been applied, and the resulting percentages have been smoothed and plotted in figure 24.

SOUTHERN BAVARIA GROUP. This group of 7 Pinus silvestris and 1 Picea excelsa sections was cut for me by the kindness of Messrs. Klopfer and Konigen in Munich from logs in their yards. The trees had been cut in the winter of 1911-12 at Altotlinz, Ober Bayern, some 50 miles south, at a considerable altitude, in the northern valleys of the Alps. The rings in all these were clear and distinct and no doubtful cases were found except a very few near the center of two sections, which were omitted in the means; yet the cross-identification was not fully satisfactory. Sections numbered M 2, M 6, and M 8 in this group showed 1 to 2 entire discordances out of about 10 features in the last 60 years. The others agree fairly well. Possibly this condition results from the rugged and non-homogeneous region where they grew.

On page 116 will be found the means from 1848 to 1911. In these, M 6 and M 7 are extrapolated for about 12 years, and M 8 for 2. These means will be found plotted in figure 8. The curve shows apparently a very rapid decrease of growth with age. The correction line assumed is a line reading about 3.15 mm. in 1850, 2.10 mm. in 1860, then with decreasing slope reaching a nearly level line at 0.90 mm. between 1895 and 1911. The means have been reduced to percentages of this line and smoothed by Hann's formula and plotted in figure 24.


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40 OLD EUROPEAN TREES. It is of course most desirable to carry the tree-records back as far as possible for verification of any feature observed in recent years and for additional information. But one is met by the rapidly diminishing number of specimens and the liability of obtaining records which are not representative of the regions on account of the increasing effect of individual and accidental variations. It is true that in the very homogeneous region about Flagstaff, Arizona, an average of 5 trees and even of 2 gave a valuable record corroborated by comparisons with larger numbers; but in these European groups the oldest trees are all from the Scandinavian peninsula, and probably the individual trees of which I have samples are representative of widely different localities in a rugged and mountainous country. Even though not homogeneous, the 15 oldest trees have been segregated in 2 groups covering the interval from 1740 to 1835.

Group A represents the inner coast of Norway and includes the following trees: No. B 3, Ös, south of Bergen; No. B 11, Sopteland, south of Bergen; No. B 12, Sogne Fjord; No. B 15, Hardanger Fjord; No. B 16, Sogne Fjord; No. N 2, latitude 68° 45'.

Group B is made up of 8 trees from Dalarne, central Sweden, and 1 from Lapland, latitude 64° 30'. This group, therefore, represents somewhat more homogeneous conditions, but yet it can not be well summarized in its larger fluctuations. When plotted with Group A, as in figure 10, it shows the latter to have a considerable tendency to reversal, a characteristic already observed in this region. But there are discrepancies in Group B consisting of sudden depressions in growth


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 which suggest injury, as in 1756 and 1769 and 1770. A very regular recovery from these depressions sustains this idea of their cause. The means of the 2 groups are given on page 116.

A few trees are perhaps available for periods antedating 1740. The centers of 5 are as follows: B 12 in 1682, B 15 in 1641, N 2 in 1497, S 4 in 1510, S 9 in 1660. But the first 3 are from separate localities in Norway and the other 2 are from central Sweden, so it seems hardly profitable to include them here in a group on account of the tendency to reversal between those localities. The section N 2, 400 years old, from high latitude on the Norwegian coast, presents a feature of interest as noted in connection with the Norwegian group, namely, a pronounced fluctuation very nearly 34 years in length. The measures on this tree have been plotted, a mean sinuous line drawn through them, and then this mean line transferred to a different scale, smoothed graphically, and photographed to form figure 38 on page 106. The more formal analysis of this interesting tree-record with the periodograph confirms this periodic fluctuation. WINDSOR (VERMONT) GROUP. On return from Europe it seemed desirable to learn how American trees react in similarly moist climates. But it was not easy to secure sections. There are very few large pines near the Eastern cities. One "pitch" pine from 50 miles south of Boston, with more than 100 rings, was secured, but there were no others in that immediate vicinity. Five white-pine sections from near Middleboro, Massachusetts, were obtained, but their rings were too few in number, being only 50 to 60. Finally a satisfactory series of hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, from Windsor, was collected. Six sections came from the northwest slopes of Mount Ascutney at the lower and very steep end of the Brownsville trail. Five of these I cut from the stumps myself and preserved, and one was measured on the stump itself with full cross-identification. The remaining 5 of the 11 were cut from logs in a lumber-yard in Windsor; they came from across the river on a farm about 3 miles from town. Thus 7 or 8 miles separated these two subgroups. But the whole are here retained in one group, for the cross-identification, though difficult, was perfectly satisfactory. In order to be quite sure on this point, the subgroups were left separate until their curves could be compared. The Ascutney subgroup, with one extrapolation, extends back to 1695, and from that date 2 trees were carried back to 1650. A comparison between the 2 and the whole 6 showed harmonious curves in their overlapping parts. This curve shows an average growth of considerably less than 1 mm. in all its earlier years and up to the year 1808, when its yearly growth doubled. This sudden


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Moving pictures and photo plays are famous the world over, and in this line of books the reader is given a full description of how the films are made—the scenes of little dramas, indoors and out, trick pictures to satisfy the curious, soul-stirring pictures of city affairs, life in the Wild West, among the cowboys and Indians, thrilling rescues along the seacoast, the daring of picture hunters in the jungle among savage beasts, and the great risks run in picturing conditions in a land of earthquakes. The volumes teem with adventures and will be found interesting from first chapter to last.


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 increase was interpreted to mean that at that time these hemlocks emerged from the shade of surrounding trees. The change was so rapid and great that it seemed likely to be due to the cutting down of the surrounding forest. In this subgroup, also, the years 1770 and 1821 were so extremely small that injury on those dates seemed likely. The other subgroup from east of Windsor extends easily to 1650, with one extrapolation of 20 years and another of 3. It shows no effects in 1770 or 1821, but does show a temporary slight rise in 1807, and then a gradual increase to well over 2 mm. by 1870 or 1880, as would be expected when light-loving trees gradually push their way out into preeminence above their neighbors. A comparison between these two curves in their minor details confirms the view that all 11 may be included in one group.

The means of the Windsor hemlock sections from 1651 to 1912 are given on page 116. In 1651 the figures give an average derived from only 6 sections. This increases to 9 sections in 1694, and from 1695 the whole 11 sections are used. These numbers have been smoothed and plotted,. and their resulting curves will be found in figure 27, together with the sunspot curve. OREGON GROUP. Following the New England group, a set of Douglas firs was obtained from a logging area about 25 miles northwest of Portland, Oregon. Several points of interest appear in connection with this group. In the first place, the samples were not radial specimens of the wood itself as heretofore, but were pieces of blotting-paper of suitable size which had been rubbed into the tops of the weathered tree stumps. These were made in 1912 by Mr. Robert H. Weinknecht, who writes as follows:

"The prevailing age on the tract is about 210 years on the stump. The trees selected were average with neither suppressed nor abnormally large growth. An average typical radius was selected on each stump. Twenty-three impressions from this one locality were obtained and sent. Twenty-one came from stumps cut in the summer of 1908, one from a stump cut in 1909, and one from a stump cut in 1912. The method of taking the impressions was one devised by Mr. Higgs and described by him in the Forest Quarterly for March, 1912. It was found that fresh stumps gave very poor results and especially poor for the last 50 years. This was attributed to pitch forming near the outer parts of the stump and to the fact that the weathering of the stump had not been sufficient to bring the rings out in relief. Some of the impressions were gone over with a pencil to bring out the rings where they were faint or broken. This was done carefully and checked by the number of rings counted on the stump."

During the course of identification and measurement, it was observed that only a small proportion of the ring impressions show distinctly


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 the ending of each year's growth, which is usually the best measuring-point. In good reproductions the measures are satisfactory, different observers agreeing within 0.1 to 0.2 mm. In others, however, there is much chance for judgment in selecting the measuring-point, and observers differ 0.3 to 0.5 mm. Nevertheless it is easy to judge of the relative sizes of rings and the only injurious effect is to reduce variations.

The cross-identification was very satisfactory, with practically no doubtful cases and only a few which required careful study. It is not likely that there is a single error in identity throughout the 17 sections in this group. Two other trees, one cut in 1909 and the other of

unknown date, but probably cut in 1902, were not included. They showed special characteristics, such as an evident injury in 1861-62, affecting the 1862 ring and several others following it. They show also small growth in 1886, and even in 1887 and 1888 following the minimum growth of 1884 and 1885 prominent in the large group. The tree (cut probably in 1902) shows a minute growth in the years 1779 to 1783 inclusive, evidently the result of injury. These two sections are full of character and may prove valuable.

Five other rubbings similar to the group of 17 were discarded because defective in some parts. The attempt to trace the lost lines with a pencil-mark gave no help. One of the 17 was defective since


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 1835, and only the earlier part, ending in 1834, was used. Extrapolated values for the missing part were derived in the usual way. A few short, apparently doubtful, regions of rings required careful study and it was found that well-adjusted illumination of the rubbings was very necessary to their correct reading. When the ring impressions were deep in the paper, the end of the rubbing showing the tree center was held toward the source of light in order that the elevation corresponding to the beginning of the spring growth might be brightly illuminated. When the impressions were shallow and faint, it was noted that the rings became very distinct if the rubbing was held between the eyes and the light, thus giving a very faint and perfectly even illumination. If this did not bring out the individual rings, the rubbing was not used.

The location in which these trees grew was visited in 1918 and general contours were noted. The hills are low and comparatively flat-topped, with disintegrated rocks showing in railroad cuttings. The sides of the hills are steep, and the valley bottom is narrow and usually has a wash near its center. In general the drainage is toward the east, but there is no high and sharp ridge between this region and the ocean on the west. The situation is far enough north to have a good snowfall in winter. It is about 800 feet above sea-level.

The tabular matter giving the results of the measures on the 17 Douglas firs of Oregon will be found on page 117. The plotted values appear in figure 11. THE SEQUOIA GROUP. In 1911, after examining the writer's results obtained on the yellow pines, Huntington made an extensive series of measurements on the big tree, Sequoia gigantea. He did this work on the stumps themselves by direct counting from the outside. This introduced errors of beginning due to removal or injury of outer rings, and errors of omission which of course could not be checked. In order to correct for large errors of omission, he worked out an approximate correction on the grounds of probability which depended upon a comparison between two or more radii of the tree, and in that way many errors were compensated. In the vast majority of cases, his measures were not of individual rings but of successive groups of ten. I have collected seven of his trees, and after complete cross-identification verify his centers as shown in table 4.

But Huntington's method of working directly on the stump enabled him to get data from a very large number of trees, some 450, in a way that served his purpose very admirably. He was searching for general effects, and accuracy to a year or two was less essential. He wished to approximate absolute values of rainfall in past climates, in contrast with which my chief aim is to get relative and periodic values. These


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The outdoor chums are four wide-awake lads, sons of wealthy men of a small city located on a lake. The boys love outdoor life, and are greatly interested in hunting, fishing and picture taking. They have motor cycles, motor boats, canoes, etc., and during their vacations go everywhere and have all sorts of thrilling adventures. The stories give full directions for camping out, how to fish, how to hunt wild animals and prepare the skins for stuffing, how to manage a canoe, how to swim, etc. Full of the spirit of outdoor life.


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 two different purposes supplement each other in a highly valuable manner. Therefore, for him, the determination of the general curve, with an allowance for larger growth near the center, was most important. For that purpose he used both young and old trees. Necessarily he visited places where the trees had been cut. The two chief regions of his measurement were in the King's River Canyon district close to the General Grant National Park, and in an old lumber region near Springville, which is south of the Sequoia National Park.

Following Huntington's route, I visited the former region in August 1915. The town of Hume, the mill-site of the Sanger Lumber Company, is reached from Sanger by daily auto stage and formed, therefore, an excellent base of operations. Hume is at an elevation of about 5,500 feet, on the shore of a large artificial pond, into which the logs are dumped as they are brought down from the camps. A narrow- 4. gage logging road extends in an easterly direction from Hume, high up on the southern side of King's River Canyon. It winds in and out of the various small canyons or basins that empty into the large ravine. The elevation of the log road increases gradually from Hume until it reaches 7,000 feet at Camp 6 and Camp 7, which are about 7 and 9 miles distant respectively.

Camp 6 and Camp 7 are the names of the two recent logging stations. Camp 6 was occupied in 1915 and was located on the eastern side of Redwood Basin. The camp sites are usually chosen in such localities, for in each basin there is an enormous collection of accessible timber. In general the tops of the mountains are very rugged and the slopes exceedingly steep. The upper ridges are apt to be very sharp, but in the higher altitudes there is a tendency for the weathering of the mountain to produce this basin type of contour. From the accumulation of soil and the enormous snowfall in winter these become exceedingly swampy. Below the basin the water is carried by sharp, narrow canyons down very steep grades to the river far below. These groves of sequoias are between 6,000 and 7,000 feet above the sea. The climate at this elevation presents a contrast between an intensely cold winter season with 10 to 15 feet of snow and


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 could not be identified at all, chiefly owing to large numbers of compressed rings in the last 500 years or more, and to several heavy fire-scars and its generally complacent character. In 1919 a short radial sample was cut from another part of the stump and a complete and satisfactory identification obtained. It shows very fine rhythmic growth in places. No. 13 was not included in the final averages, because its rings were very complacent and perfect identification was not obtained. Nos. 14 and 15 were obtained from the northern side of the valley and their identification was entirely satisfactory. The agreement which they give with Huntington's "first year of tree" has already been quoted.

The three groups whose collection has been described above showed on examination certain interesting relationships to the location in which they were found. The first group was obtained high up on a hillside, where the slope of the ground was 15° to 25°. It was not very far from the top of a sharp ridge and there was no opportunity for moisture to collect and remain for long periods on the soil. Therefore one would expect these trees to show variation related to the amount of snowfall each winter, if any did. The growth of some of these trees was large but full of constant variation, and they were therefore of the type which I have called "sensitive." They do in fact show best of any the relationship to precipitation which will be described in a later chapter. The second group came from a characteristic feature of the country, namely, a basin with thoroughly water-soaked soil.

The luxuriance of vegetation in these basins before lumbering was wonderful. The sequoias grew often within a few feet of each other, and even between them were pines, firs, and cedars. Lumbermen often point out the bottom of a basin and say that such a place ran over 1,000,000 board feet to the acre. To-day nearly all the trees are gone and debris and rubbish are scattered about everywhere. The constant supply of water in the basin made the trees less dependent upon the annual precipitation and they show, in fact, large rings with very slight variation from year to year. They are typical examples of the "complacent" habit. Complacent trees contribute much less to a knowledge of climatic variations, and some of them have to be discarded because of uncertainty in the dating of their rings.

The third group, Nos. 12 to 15, came from Indian Basin, where logging had been done about 1903. Its outlet, like the others, was toward the northeast. It had, however, a much larger flat area, now covered by extensive fields of hay and by forage. The characteristics of the trees found here were the same as in the groups already described.

No. 1 (with a 7-foot radius) was first counted and marked with provisional dates. The rings were coarse and the numbering seemed promising, but proved later to have 6 to 8 errors in the last 700 years. No, 5, which was the tree cut down during my visit, was then dated


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 the inmost sanctuary of family affection, and reveal a depth and tenderness of feeling beyond the province of the historian to depict, which we should not have surmised even from the dramatists; the general tendency of the collection is to display antiquity on its most human side, and to mitigate those contrasts with the modern world which more ambitious modes of composition force into relief. The constant reference to the details of private life renders the Anthology an inexhaustible treasury for the student of archaeology; art, industry and costume receive their fullest illustration from its pages. Its influence on European literatures will be appreciated in proportion to the inquirer’s knowledge of each. The further his researches extend, the greater will be his astonishment at the extent to which the Anthology has been laid under contribution for thoughts which have become household words in all cultivated languages, and at the beneficial effect of the imitation of its brevity, simplicity, and absolute verbal accuracy upon the undisciplined luxuriance of modern genius.

Latin Anthology.—The Latin Anthology is the appellation bestowed upon a collection of fugitive Latin verse, from the age of Ennius to about 1000, formed by Peter Burmann the Younger. Nothing corresponding to the Greek anthology is known to have existed among the Romans, though professional epigrammatists like Martial published their volumes on their own account, and detached sayings were excerpted from authors like Ennius and Publius Syrus, while the Priapeïa were probably but one among many collections on special subjects. The first general collection of scattered pieces made by a modern scholar was Scaliger’s Catalecta veterum Poetarum (1573), succeeded by the more ample one of Pithoeus, Epigrammata et Poemata e Codicibus et Lapidibus collecta (1590). Numerous additions, principally from inscriptions, continued to be made, and in 1759–1773 Burmann digested the whole into his Anthologia veterum Latinorum Epigrammatum et Poematum. This, occasionally reprinted, was the standard edition until 1869, when Alexander Riese commenced a new and more critical recension, from which many pieces improperly inserted by Burmann are rejected, and his classified arrangement is discarded for one according to the sources whence the poems have been derived. The first volume contains those found in MSS., in the order of the importance of these documents; those furnished by inscriptions following. The first volume (in two parts) appeared in 1869–1870, a second edition of the first part in 1894, and the second volume, Carmina Epigraphica (in two parts), in 1895–1897, edited by F. Bücheler. An Anthologiae Latinae Supplementa, in the same series, followed. Having been formed by scholars actuated by no aesthetic principles of selection, but solely intent on preserving everything they could find, the Latin anthology is much more heterogeneous than the Greek, and unspeakably inferior. The really beautiful poems of Petronius and Apuleius are more properly inserted in the collected editions of their writings, and more than half the remainder consists of the frigid conceits of pedantic professional exercises of grammarians of a very late period of the empire, relieved by an occasional gem, such as the apostrophe of the dying Hadrian to his spirit, or the epithalamium of Gallienus. The collection is also, for the most part, too recent in date, and too exclusively literary in character, to add much to our knowledge of classical antiquity. The epitaphs are interesting, but the genuineness of many of them is very questionable.

ANTHON, CHARLES (1797–1867), American classical scholar, was born in New York city on the 19th of November 1797. After graduating with honours at Columbia College in 1815, he began the study of law, and in 1819 was admitted to the bar, but never practised. In 1820 he was appointed assistant professor of Greek and Latin in his old college, full professor ten years later, and at the same time headmaster of the grammar school attached to the college, which post he held until 1864. He died at New York on the 29th of July 1867. He produced for use in colleges and schools a large number of classical works, which enjoyed great popularity, although his editions of classical authors were by no means in favour with schoolmasters, owing to the large amount of assistance, especially translations, contained in the notes. ANTHONY, SAINT, the first Christian monk, was born in Egypt about 250. At the age of twenty he began to practise an ascetical life in the neighbourhood of his native place, and after fifteen years of this life he withdrew into solitude to a mountain by the Nile, called Pispir, now Der el Memun, opposite Arsinoë in the Fayum. Here he lived strictly enclosed in an old fort for twenty years. At last in the early years of the 4th century he emerged from his retreat and set himself to organize the monastic life of the crowds of monks who had followed him and taken up their abode in the caves around him. After a time, again in pursuit of more complete solitude, he withdrew to the mountain by the Red Sea, where now stands the monastery that bears his name (Der Mar Antonios). Here he died about the middle of the 4th century. His Life states that on two occasions he went to Alexandria, to strengthen the Christians in the Diocletian persecution and to preach against Arianism. Anthony is recognized as the first Christian monk and the first organizer and father of Christian monachism (see ). Certain letters and sermons are attributed to him, but their authenticity is more than doubtful. The monastic rule which bears his name was not written by him, but was compiled out of these writings

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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anthology

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anthology


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76 best Eberswalde sections. In view of the as yet unsuccessful efforts to obtain a photograph of this section, its measures have been plotted and are found in figure 22 with the sunspot curve for comparison. In the figure the upper curve gives the actual measures with the standardizing line drawn through them. The middle curve shows the same measures reduced to percentage departures from the line and smoothed by Hann's formula. The lowest curve shows the corresponding sunspot numbers. It would be highly interesting to know the exact conditions under which a tree produced such a curve of growth as this. In the opinion of the writer, it would not be impossible to find other trees of this type, and even to identify them without real injury to the tree, so that surrounding conditions could be studied.

The European groups. — For better comparison, the nine European groups have been corrected for change of growth-rate with age, reduced to percentages of their own means, smoothed by Hann's formula, and plotted in figures 23 and 24 together with the sunspot curve. They do not all follow the sunspot numbers with equal accuracy, and the six groups showing best agreement are segregated in the first of the two figures. The north German and south Sweden groups around the Baltic Sea are the most satisfactory; the group from the west coast of Norway is almost as good. Then come the Dalarne, Christiania, and south of England groups. These six in figure 23 have the times of sunspot maxima indicated by broken lines carried straight upward from the sunspot curve at the bottom. Of the other three groups, the trees from the inner coast of Norway as a whole appear to show a reversed cycle, probably because they were in deep inland valleys, while the southern groups, northwest Austria, and southern Bavaria close to the Alps have combined agreement and disagreement, so that they can not as yet be considered to give a definite result. They are shown by themselves in figure 24.

However, in the 6 groups representing the triangle between England, northern Germany, and the lower Scandinavian peninsula, a variation in growth since 1820 showing pronounced agreement with the sunspot curve is unmistakable. Every sunspot maximum and minimum since that date appears in the trees with an average variation of 20 per cent. This is shown in figure 25, which contains the mean of the 57 trees of the six groups, with the sunspot curve placed below for comparison. The agreement is at once evident. The apparent increase of tree-growth with increase in the number of sunspots becomes still more striking when the means are summated in a period of 11.4 years, as shown in the lower part of the figure.

A second important feature of figure 25 is that five of the eight minima show a small and brief increase in tree-growth. This suggestion of a second maximum is of interest, because in it we find agreement with Hann and Hellmann in their studies of European rainfall and sunspots, and it lends added weight to results which each author obtained but


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 "carry a crucified man within you?" Ignatius answered, "I do; for it is written, 'I will dwell within them, and I will walk among them.'" Trajan then issued this sentence. "We command that Ignatius, who says that he carries about within him, one who has been crucified, be carried by soldiers in chains unto the great city of Rome, there to be devoured by wild beasts, for the public gratification." When the holy Martyr heard this announcement, he cried out with joy, "I thank Thee, O my Master, for that Thou hast permitted me to show forth, in the penalty I am to suffer, the perfect love I have toward Thee, and hast associated me with Thine Apostle Paul, in these iron bonds." So saying, he gladly put on the chains, and after offering up a prayer for the Church, and commending it with tears to the, he was withdrawn like some leader of a goodly flock, the foremost of its associates in grace and stature, being destined, under the conduct of a harsh and savage soldiery, to become a prey for the wild beasts at Rome.

III. Maintaining a tone of mind thus elevated, and happy in the prospect of the closing scene, he travelled from Antioch to Seleucia, and proceeded forward by sea; and on arriving after a troublesome voyage at Smyrna, he gladly took the opportunity of disembarking to visit the holy Polycarp, who at that time was Bishop of the Smyrnaeans, and who was his own fellow-disciple, both having at a former period received instruction from Saint John the Apostle. After having continued some time the guest of Polycarp, and having communicated with him in spiritual gifts, he declared the joy he found in his bonds, and invited him to give all diligence in assisting the main object of his desires; which was, that the wild beasts might make him an early prey; and so, retiring from the sight of this world, he might pass into the presence of. To assist him in this object, he more particularly invited St. PoIycarp. But he extended the request to the Church in general; for the Churches and cities of Asia had, through their Bishops, Presbyteries, and Deacons, received the holy man; and all were pressing forward to meet him, from their anxiety to partake in the spiritual gifts which he distributed.

IV. It was in terms like those which have been stated, that he gave evidence of the integrity of that love for his, which was now leading him through a good confession to his heavenly inheritance; and he was assisted herein by the zealous prayers


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 offered up by the persons who were with him, with a reference to the season of his trial. In repayment of the kindness shewn him by the Churches which received him on his journey, he sent by their rulers certain letters of thanks, which breathed forth the graces of a Christian spirit, in the language of supplication and warning. And, noticing what kindness of feeling was exhibited on all sides towards him, he began to fear, that now, while the glorious gate of martyrdom lay open before him, the affection of the Christian brotherhood would lead them to interfere with his devotion to the ; and he therefore addressed the Church of the Romans in an Epistle on the subject.

V. Having, by that Epistle, engaged in his own view those of the brethren at Rome, whose intentions had been opposite, he left Smyrna, and proceeded on his voyage. The object of his military guard, in thus hurrying him forward, was, to arrive at Rome in time for the games, which are publicly held in that great city; so that the populace might see him, when he gained his Crown of Martyrdom, by being thrown to the wild beasts. He touched at Troas, and then crossed to Neapolis; and traversing Macedonia, by way of Philippi, advanced to the parts of Epirus near Epidamnus; here finding a vessel on the coast, he crossed the Adriatic, and entered the Tyrrhene sea. As he was coasting in sight of the various islands and towns, the city of Puteoli was pointed out to the holy man, and he expressed a strong desire to disembark there, in order that he might tread in the very footsteps of the Apostle Paul. But as the wind arose violently, and the vessel was running before it, he was prevented from doing so; and therefore passed straight onward, not without remarking how good and blessed a love was once exhibited by the brethren in that spot. [ Acts xxviii. 13, 14. ] Taking advantage of the wind, which during the whole day and ensuing night continued favourable, we hurried forward; unwillingly ourselves, for we wept at the thought of that just man's separation from us; but he, on the other hand, was well satisfied with an early removal from this world, in the hope of being sooner joined unto the LORD he loved. We landed at the Roman Havens, nearly at the close of the unhallowed games. The soldiers expressed impatience at the tardiness of our arrival; and the Bishop was glad to acquiesce in their demand to hasten forward.


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 VI. The party was therefore hurried on from the place of landing called Portus; and, reports concerning the holy Martyr having gone before his arrival, he was met by certain brethren, whose minds were in a mingled state of fear and joy;—of joy, at being counted worthy to meet with him, whom the had taken up in His arms, while at the same time they shuddered at the thought of such a man being dragged away to death. To some of them he expressed a wish, that they should hold back from interference; as, in the ardour of their feelings, they declared an intention of inducing the populace to ask, that this good man might not be killed. Knowing this, he implored all, after saluting them, to show him a true love; expressing himself more largely on the point, than in his Epistle; and entreating them not to injure the prospects of one who was hastening to his. And so, with all the brethren on their bended knees, he besought the of  for the Churches, that He would remove from them this persecution, and confirm the brotherhood in all mutual love. After which he was hurried off to the Amphitheatre, and straightway cast down into it, as the Emperor had ordered, nearly as the games were going to close. It was on that high day, which the Romans call the thirteenth, and multitudes were accordingly assembled. He was thrown to the wild beasts at a spot close to the temple; and so was speedily carried into effect the desire of this holy Martyr Ignatius, according to that which is written, "the desire of the righteous shall be granted." For thus he was a burthen to none of his brethren from the trouble of gathering up his remains; a consummation in correspondence with a wish, which he had previously expressed in his Epistle. The harder parts were alone left, and those were gathered up and carried to Antioch, where they were wrapped in a linen cloth, and deposited with the brethren of that Holy Church,—a treasure rendered invaluable, by the Christian graces, which had adorned the Martyr's life.

VII. This event took place on the thirteenth day before the Calends of January, that is, on the twentieth of December. The Consuls at Rome were Syrus, and Senecius for the second time. We personally witnessed every thing, and passed the following night within doors, in tears; and often knelt we down, and addressed to the a prayer, that He would strengthen that reliance in Him, which the event of the day had tended to disturb.


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 For a little time we reposed in sleep, and, on our doing so, some of us presently saw him, leaning over and embracing us; others saw our blessed Ignatius praying over us, as he had previously been doing; while to others he appeared with the marks of recent struggles and exertions upon him, but now come up, and standing before his, his labours over, and rejoicing with exceeding gladness. After comparing the visions which thus presented themselves in our dreams, we sang an hymn to, the Giver of all good, and uttered the language of benediction over the departed Saint.

And now we make known to you the day and time at which this event occurred; that at the season of his Martyrdom we may gather together, and collect a portion of the spirit, which animated this courageous Champion and Martyr of, who trod down Satan beneath his feet, and finished according to his hope his career of love and zeal, through our ; to whom, with the  and the , be glory and power throughout all ages! Amen.

From this narrative, we learn to make the most of our time, wherever we are and however circumstanced. We are always on our trial, always have duties, always can be promoting glory. Ignatius wrote his letters when he was a prisoner, travelling a weary way across a whole continent to his death. And of all his labours through forty years, these letters alone have been preserved to us. When then we are in pain, or trouble, and begin to despond, and think our labour has no fruit, let us think of this Blessed Martyr, praise, and take courage.


text: Tracts for the Times/Record IX

title: Tracts for the Times/Record IX


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 provisionally. It was 700 years old, with coarse, sensitive rings, and was the only one of the group showing the ring for 1915. In comparing these two for larger variations no accordance was recognized and in details cross-identification failed also, due (as afterwards found) to accumulated errors in No. 1.

No. 2 was then counted and compared with No. 5 with apparent certainty and satisfaction. The former was nearly 6 feet in radius, with small rings, 2,200 years old, and with all but 3 years represented. The last 700 years were thus compared minutely with No. 5 and the earlier parts with No. 1, and one ring (later identified as 699 A. D.) was found to have been overlooked. The earlier parts were later all checked

12.—Cross-identification in first five sequoias and gross rings in No. 1. against No. 3 and no suspicion of error was discovered. This number was, therefore, taken as the best type of specimen of this group. Large fluctuations of size rarely occur in it.

No. 3 was next counted by comparison with No. 2. No. 3 has few large fluctuations and large portions of it match No. 2 with the greatest accuracy. Nevertheless, as a standard with which to compare others, it would be misleading, for it frequently omitted rings; in one place 7 rings and in another 6 rings are entirely missing, and half a dozen more in singles and in pairs. Yet cross-identification with No. 2 was easy and perfectly convincing as to the location of the missing rings.


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Author:Gertrude W. Morrison

Works

 * The Girls of Central High series (7 books, 1914–1919)

title: Author:Gertrude W. Morrison


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 No. 4 proved to have fairly large rings with 3 to 4 single ones missing and some hard to find, but the identification was easy and entirely satisfactory. No. 1, which was by this time recognized as the most difficult of the group, was reexamined in detail by comparison with No. 5, which proved difficult, with No. 2, which was somewhat better, but especially with No. 4, which proved to have the closest similarity, and all apparent errors were removed. It was very apt to drop out completely rings which were a little below the average. No. 5 seemed to have no tendency to subdue or drop rings. This, with its disclosures of the ring for 1915, showed the necessity of including younger trees in any new group to avoid mistakes in the outer slow-growing parts of the older trees. A comparison of the last 70 years' growth of sections 1 to 5 is given in figure 12. An illustration of "gross" rings is seen in the upper curve.

When the second subgroup was compared with the first, two complete omissions from No. 2 and the others of that first subgroup were discovered. This necessitated the complete renumbering of the first five sections.

The sections were measured at this stage of the dating process. The final renumbering was made after the 1919 trip, the purpose of which was settling the identity of a doubtful ring occasionally found between 1580 and 1581. The existence of this ring was established and the necessary corrections on the sections and in the tabular matter in this book have been made. All subsequent comparisons have verified this identification.

THE SEQUOIA JOURNEY OF 1918. The visit to the Big Trees in 1918 was for the purpose of procuring material so that the tree-record from the 2,200 years already secured could be extended to 3,000 years. It was expected to do this without great difficulty, for Huntington had enumerated 3 trees over 3,000 years of age, and he had placed numbers on the tops of stumps so that these could be readily identified. Nevertheless, in consequence of the occasional absence of a number on the top of a large stump which had been counted by him, a little more care proved to be necessary than was anticipated.

After procuring an outfit in San Francisco, I selected Hume as a base and immediately went out on the log road to Camp 6, the old location of the groups obtained in 1915. All the stumps from which samples had been taken (including Nos. 1 to 15) were visited and each was marked with its respective number preceded by the letter D. This marking was done by a chisel, and the figures were usually about 4 inches in height. Placing the capital D before each number made it certain that no number would be accidentally read upside-down. Naturally the stumps from which samples have been taken show the large cut from center to outside, and there is no doubt about their


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126 1909. An annotated bibliography of evaporation. Mon. Wea. Rev., June, September, November, 1908; February, March, April, May, June, 1909.

1902. On some phenomena which suggest a short period of solar and meteorological changes. Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. 70: 500–503.

. 1905. The flow of the river Thames in relation to British pressure and rainfall changes. Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. 76: 494–506. 1905.

. 1906. Barometric pressures of long duration over large areas. Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. 78: 43–60. 1906.

. 19062. Some world weather problems. Science Progress No. 2, October 1906.

. 1908. Monthly rainfall averages for 37 stations. Solar Physics Obsv., South Kensington.

. 1909. Discussion of Australian meteorology. Solar Physics Obsv., South Kensington.

. 1910. Southern hemisphere surface air circulation. Solar Physics Obsv., South Kensington.

19102. The behavior of the short-period atmospheric pressure variation over the earth's surface. Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. 73: 457–470.

, and 1908. Monthly mean values of barometric pressures for 73 stations. Solar Physics Obsv., South Kensington, 1908. 1909. Notes on cyclones of the Indian Ocean, 1856–67, and their association with solar rotation. Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc., 70, No. 1, November 1909.

. 1913. Distribution of sunspots in heliographic latitude, 1874–1913. Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc., 74: 112. December 1913.

1913. Determination of periodicities by the harmonic analyzer with an application to the sunspot cycle. Astroph. Jour., 38: 268. 1913.

1915. Tree-growth as a measurement of rainfall. Symons's Met. Mag., March 1915: 21–23.

The science of musical sounds.

. 19162. The Henrici harmonic analyzer and devices for extending and facilitating its use. Jour. Franklin Institute, September 1916: 285–322.

1912. See Kimball, H. H. 19123.

1903. Climatology of California. W. B. Bull. L.

, and 1909. Relations of weather to crops and varieties adapted to Arizona conditions. Univ. of Arizona Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 61. 1910. The influence of forests on climate and on floods. Report to House Com. on Agr.

1903. Periodicity of sunspots and the variations of the mean annual temperatures of the atmosphere. Comptes Rendus. June 1903. Transl. Mon. Wea. Rev., August 1903: 371.

1918. Studies of the yield and reproduction of western yellow pine in Arizona and New Mexico. Jour. of Forestry, March 1918: 273–293.

1914. The shifting of the climatic belts. Scot. Geog. Mag., 30:281, No. 6. June 1914.

1912. The connection between hydrographical and meteorological phenomena. Qtly. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc., 38, No. 163, July 1912.

1910. The orbits of meteorites. Pop. Astr., No. 175: 1–15. . 19102. Two types of comets' tails. Pop. Astr., No. 175.

. 19103. The size of meteors. Astroph. Jour., Vol. XXI, No. 1: 88. January 1910.

1910. Cycles du temps dans l'accroissement des grands arbres. Ciel et Terre. Bull. Soc beige d'Astron., November 5, 1910.

1914. Design and theory of mechanism for illustrating certain systems of lines of force and stream lines. Bull. Mt. Wea. Obsv., 6: 195. August 1914. 1876. Notes on climate of New South Wales. Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. W., 10: 151.

1914. On Professor Turner's theory of a sunspot swarm of meteors associated with the Leonids. Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc., 75: 82. December 1914.

1917. Larken. Och. dess betydelse for svensk skogshushallning. Skogsvârdsforeningens Tidskrift.

1903. Die Schwankungen der jährlichen Niederschlagshöhen und deren Beziehungen zu den Relativzahlen für die Sonnenflecken. Heft. VII, Das Klima des Kön. Sachsen." [sic] Chemnitz.

1897. On lunar and solar periodicities of earthquakes. Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. 61: 455–465.

. 1898. On the investigation of hidden periodicities with application to a supposed 26-day iieriod of meteorological phenomena. Ter. Mag., 3, March 1898: 13–41.

. 1899. On the periodogram of magnetic declination at Greenwich. Camb. Philos. Soc. Trans., 18: 107–135.


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Rh 1913. The effect of soot in smoke on vegetation. Mellon Institute of Industrial Research and School of Specific Industries. Smoke Investigation Bull. No. 7.

1905. Synchronous variations in solar and terrestrial phenomena. Astroph. Jour., 22: 42-75. July 1905.

1913. The mode of propagation of the sun's influence in magnetic storms. Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc, 73: 539. May 1913.

1909. Weather cycles in the growth of big trees. Mon. Wea. Rev., une [sic] 1909: 225-237.

. 1914. Method of estimating rainfall by the growth of trees. Bull. Amer. Geog. Soc., Vol. XLVI: 321-335, May 1914.

. 19142. A photographic periodogram of the sunspot numbers. Astroph. Jour., Vol. XL, No. 3; 326-331, October 1914.

. 19143. A method of estimating rainfall by the growth of trees. The climatic factor as illustrated in arid America, by E. Huntington. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 192, Chapter XI: 101-121.

. 1915. An optical periodograph. Astroph. Jour., Vol. XLI, No. 3: 173-186. April 1915.

. 19152. The Callendar sunshine recorder and some of the world-wide problems to which this instrument can be applied. Proc. 2d Pan-Amer. Sci. Cong., Sec. II: 570-579.

. 1917. Climatic records in the trunks of trees. Amer. Forestry, December 1917: 732-735.

, and. 1912. On the relative numbers of prominences observed on the eastern and western limbs. Kodaikanal Bull. 28: 509-516. 1912.

. 1913. The apparent effect of planets on the distribution of prominences. Kodaikanal Bull. 35:37-43. 1913.

. 1914. The periodogram analysis of the variations of SS Cygni. Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc, 74: 678. June 1914.

1891. Irrigation and water storage in the arid regions. Report of the Chief Signal Officer to the House of Representatives.

1908. Solar Vortices. Astroph. Jour., 28: 100, reprinted in Cont. Mt. Wilson Sol. Obs. No. 26.

. 19082. The study of stellar evolution. The University of Chicago Press.

. 19083. On the probable existence of a magnetic field in sunspots. Astroph. Jour., 28: 363.

. 1913. Preliminary researches of an attempt to detect the general magnetic field of the sun. Astroph. Jour., 38, July 1913, reprinted in Cont. Mt. Wilson Sol. Obs. No. 71.

. and and  1919. The magnetic polarity of sunspots. Astroph. Jour., 49: 153, April 1919.

1902. Die Schwankungen der Niederschlagsmengen in grosseren Zeiträumen.

1906. Die Niederschläge in den norddeutschen Stromgebieten.

1914. Le problème du desséchement de I'Asie intérieure. Annales Géographie, 15 janvier 1914: 1-30.

1910. Solar disturbances and terrestrial temperatures. Astroph. Jour., 32: 97.

1905. Explorations in Turkestan, by Raphael Pumpelly. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 26.

. 1911. Palestine and its transformation.

. 1912. The secret of the big trees. Harpers, July 1912: 292-302.

. 1914. The climatic factor as illustrated in arid America. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 192.

. 1918. The evolution of the earth and its inhabitants. Climate and the evolution of civilization. Yale University Press.

1916. Tree-growth and meteorological factors.

1908. Pyroheliometer and polarimeter observations. Bull. Mt. Weather Obsv., Vol. I, 2-4; Vol. II, 2.

. 1910. Solar radiation, atmospheric absorption, and sky polarization at Washington, D. C. Bull. Mt. Weather Obsv., Vol. III, 2.

. 1912. The dense haze of June 10-11, 1912. Bull. Mt. Weather Obsv., Vol. V, part 3: 161-165.

, and 2. The influence of clouds on the distribution of solar radiation. Bull. Mt. Weather Obsv., Vol. V, part 3: 166-183.

. 1913. The meteorological aspect of the smoke problem. Mellon Institute of Industrial Research and School of Specific Industries. Smoke Investigation Bull. No. 5.

. 1914. The relation between solar radiation intensities and the temperature of the air in the northern hemisphere in 1912-13. BuU.Mt. Weather Obsv., Vol. VI, part 5: 205-220.

1913. On the harmonic analysis of sunspot relative numbers. Mon. Not. Roy. Ast. Soc, 73: 543, May 1913. {[nop}}


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. 1905. First report on relation between climate and crops. Bull. U. S. Weather Bureau 36.

1902. The relation of the sunspot cycle to meteorology. Mon. Wea. Rev. 1902, April: 179.

. 1911. The sun.

. 1913. Annals of astrophysical observatory of the Smithsonian Institution.

. 19132. The variation of the sun. Astroph. Jour. 38: 181, September 1913.

. 1918. On periodicity in solar variation. Smith. Misc. Coll. 69: No. 6, June 1918.

. 1903. The simultaneous variations of the sunspots and terrestrial atmospheric temperatures. Ann. Soc, Met. France, June 1903. Transl. Mon. Wea. Rev., August 1903: 371.

. 1917. Die Jahresringe der Holzgewächse und die Bedeutung deraelben als klimatischer Indikator. Progressus Rei Botanicae, Fünfter Band.

, H. 1909. L'Enchatnement des variations climatique. Soc. Belg. Astron. 1909.

. 1912. Studies on climates and crops; corn crops in the United States. Bull. Amer. Geog. Soc, Vol. XLIX: 745–760. October 1912.

. 1913. On some climatic changes recorded in New York City. Studies on climates and crops. Bull. Amer. Geog. Soc, Vol. XLV: 117–131. February 1913.

. 1914. About climatic variations. Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. XXXVII: 305–315, April 1914.

. 19142. A study of the changes in the distribution of temperature in Europe and North America during the years 1900–1909. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. XXIV: 39–113.

. 1915. On storm frequency changes in the United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., August 1915, 43: 379–389.

. 19152. Notices sur quelques relations numériques entre facules et taches solaires. Mem. Soc. Spett. italiani, Vol. IV, Serie 2, 1915: 181–184.

. 19153. Recherches sur les variations du rapport entre facules et taches solaires. Mem. Soc Spett. italiani, Vol. IV, Serie 2, 1915: 185–190.

. 19154. Sur les facules solaires. Comptes Rendus, t. 161, page 434, séance du octobre 1915.

. 19155. Sur les variations du rapport entre facules et taches solaires. Comptes Rendus, t. 161, page 485, séance du 26 octobre 1915.

. 1916. Les variations de la latitude héliographique moyenne des taches solaires. Comptes Rendus, t. 162, page 501, séance du 3 avril 1916.

. 19162. De l'influence de la terre sur la frèquence et la latitude héliographique moyenne des taches solaires. Comptes Rendus, t. 162, page 593, séance du 17 avril 1916.

1913. The effect of smoke and gases on vegetation. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., Vol. XX: 169–188.

1903. Studies on the circulation of the atmospheres of the sun and the earth—II. Synchronism of the variations of the solar prominences with the terrestrial barometric pressures and the temperature. Mon. Wea. Rev., November 1903, Vol. 31: 509.

. 19032. Studies of the circulation of the atmospheres of the sun and earth—V. The variable action of the sun and its effect on terrestrial weather conditions. U. S. Weather Bureau.

. 1909. Important problems in climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 1909, 37: 979–982.

. 1910. Studies on the general circulation of the earth's atmosphere. Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. XXIX, April 1910: 277–292.

. 19102. The circulations of the atmospheres of the earth and of the sun. Pop. Sci. Monthly, May 1910: 437–461.

. 19103. The inversion of temperature amplitudes and departures in the United States. Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. XXX, August 1910: 115–127.

1905. Annual rings of tree-growth. Mon. Wea. Rev., 33: 250. June 1905.

1890. Klima-Schwankungen seit 1700. Wien, 1890.

1903. The rainfall of Scotland in relation to sunspots. Jour. Scot. Met. Soc, 12: 117. 1903.

1914. Clouds of California. Los Angeles. U. S. Weather Bureau Office, 1914.

1884–85. A lately discovered cycle. Amer. Met. Jour., I, 130, 528.

. 1915. A study of the moving waves of weather in South America. Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc., Vol. XLI, No. 175, July 1915: 202–208.

1916. Plant succession: An analysis of the development of vegetation. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 242.


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.—The dates in table 4 on page 45 should be altered by one year to agree with those in table 5 on page 52.


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116 {| class = "_tablecolhdborder table t1" !A.D.!!0!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!|9
 * +Southern Bavaria: 8 trees.
 * 1840||......||......||......||......||......||......||......||......||3.20||3.42
 * 1850||3.36||3.71||3.31||3.64||3.41||2.80||2.62||2.42||2.14||1.95
 * 1860||1.91||2.35||2.38||1.98||1.90||1.08||1.38||1.28||1.35||1.42
 * 1870||1.09||1.75||1.71||1.62||1.39||1.39||1.52||1.58||1.68||1.66
 * 1880||1.65||1.55||1.50||1.44||1.26||1.05||1.00||0.92||1.09||0.96
 * 1890||1.11||0.99||1.04||0.76||0.81||0.96||0.95||0.96||0.95||0.72
 * 1900||0.81||0.82||0.74||0.86||0.90||0.81||1.02||1.19||0.92||0.66
 * 1910||0.79||0.76||......||......||......||......||......||......||......||......
 * }
 * 1880||1.65||1.55||1.50||1.44||1.26||1.05||1.00||0.92||1.09||0.96
 * 1890||1.11||0.99||1.04||0.76||0.81||0.96||0.95||0.96||0.95||0.72
 * 1900||0.81||0.82||0.74||0.86||0.90||0.81||1.02||1.19||0.92||0.66
 * 1910||0.79||0.76||......||......||......||......||......||......||......||......
 * }
 * 1910||0.79||0.76||......||......||......||......||......||......||......||......
 * }
 * }


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Rh {| class = "_tablecolhdborder table t1" !A.D.!!0!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!9
 * + Central Sweden: 12 trees.
 * 1820||0.92||0.92||1.05||1.08||1.16||0.98||1.12||1.08||1.12||0.84
 * 1830||0.97||0.92||0.74||0.93||1.04||0.65||0.72||0.72||0.72||0.69
 * 1840||0.71||0.65||0.78||0.71||0.77||0.66||0.72||0.62||0.81||0.77
 * 1850||0.78||0.70||0.66||0.46||0.73||0.62||0.82||0.89||0.98||1.12
 * 1860||1.30||1.14||1.04||1.04||0.96||0.95||1.02||0.87||1.09||0.97
 * 1870||1.28||1.03||1.02||0.85||0.88||0.87||0.87||0.86||0.93||0.76
 * 1880||0.84||0.66||0.86||0.68||0.77||0.88||0.84||0.88||0.76||0.74
 * 1890||0.74||0.76||0.81||0.78||0.92||0.89||0.92||0.77||0.62||0.70
 * 1900||0.67||0.74||0.50||0.59||0.58||0.53||0.51||0.47||0.47||0.46
 * 1910||0.55||……||……||……||……||……||……||……||……||……
 * }
 * 1870||1.28||1.03||1.02||0.85||0.88||0.87||0.87||0.86||0.93||0.76
 * 1880||0.84||0.66||0.86||0.68||0.77||0.88||0.84||0.88||0.76||0.74
 * 1890||0.74||0.76||0.81||0.78||0.92||0.89||0.92||0.77||0.62||0.70
 * 1900||0.67||0.74||0.50||0.59||0.58||0.53||0.51||0.47||0.47||0.46
 * 1910||0.55||……||……||……||……||……||……||……||……||……
 * }
 * 1900||0.67||0.74||0.50||0.59||0.58||0.53||0.51||0.47||0.47||0.46
 * 1910||0.55||……||……||……||……||……||……||……||……||……
 * }
 * }


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114 {| class = "_tablecolhdborder table t1" !A.D.!!0!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!9
 * + South of England: 11 trees.
 * 1850||……||……||……||……||……||……||……||……||……||3.1
 * 1860||5.1||4.6||4.7||3.8||3.53||4.18||4.29||5.25||4.27||4.32
 * 1870||3.65||5.19||5.21||4.32||4.34||4.87||4.04||3.79||4.94||4.72
 * 1880||3.26||3.75||3.93||3.50||3.12||2.78||3.08||2.23||2.06||1.75
 * 1890||2.41||1.74||1.81||1.81||2.30||2.22||2.06||1.83||1.48|||1.45
 * 1900||1.71||1.90||1.63||2.35||2.29||1.83||1.84||1.65||1.72||1.51
 * 1910||2.28||1.71||1.65||……||……||……||……||……||……||……
 * }
 * 1890||2.41||1.74||1.81||1.81||2.30||2.22||2.06||1.83||1.48|||1.45
 * 1900||1.71||1.90||1.63||2.35||2.29||1.83||1.84||1.65||1.72||1.51
 * 1910||2.28||1.71||1.65||……||……||……||……||……||……||……
 * }
 * 1910||2.28||1.71||1.65||……||……||……||……||……||……||……
 * }
 * }


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The tables give the mean growth of the group for each year in millimeters. The decade number in the left column applies to the growth in the adjacent column, and the succeeding 9 years follow along the horizontal line.