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 the east. When an officer unfortunately becomes insane, he is immediately put under careful surveillance, and sent either to the asylum in Calcutta or to Europe; this same surveillance being continued throughout the voyage.

4. LOVE OF CHANGE.—The love of change is inherent in the breasts of all men,and the more it is subjected to it the more it is desired. In fact, a constant change is necessary throughout our whole economy to preserve it in health; in our thoughts, our words,and our actions; our dress, our diet, our manners, and our customs, nay, in the very elements of our bodies, from the hair of our heads and the nads on our fingers, to the valves of the heart and the membranes of the brain;and if this change is suspended, disease in some form or another ensues.

From the nature of service in India,officers are never permanently settled. In the most peaceable times they are every second or third year obliged to migrate, and if longer stationary, they are apt to become weary of their monotonous life,and long again to be on the move. When they become sick, this ruling passion increases; and its good effects being so well scertained, the invalid's desire is to try change of air.

5.MEDICAL CERTIFICATES.—The young Assistant-surgeon should consider the giving a medical certificate a sacred privilege; and be fully


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 preys upon the mind, and health, like a shuttle-cock, is bandied from the one to the other, finding a resting place in neither; when the whole system, physical and metaphysical, becomes irritable and disturbed,and the physician is perplexed to determine which is the seat of the disease;it often happens that no active remedy is thought of, and the morbid diathesis is entrusted to time alone to effect a cure. Nor are any further steps taken till the patient sinks into hypochondriasis; till the overstretched mind threatens imbecility; or till the moral shock recoiling upon the corporeal frame, gives rise to symptoms of acute disease, that bring the unfortunate man to the margin of the grave, from which nothing but a long residence in his native country can rescue him. I fear many medical officers would scruple to give a sick certificate for such mental affliction, and that Government would look gravely before they sanctioned leave of absence in such cases; yet such seem to me as much entitled to indulgence as the more palpable distempers of the body.

I am not prepared to prove the frequency of insanity in India compared with that of Britain, but I am convinced that the climate and mode of life strongly predispose to that most dreadful of all disorders, and I would dissuade every one with any strong hereditary tendency, from settling in

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 if need be, send out one of her own trained assistants to superintend the institution we advocate. We sincerely trust it is not yet too late to effect some modification of this kind. The substance of the third resolution of our meeting might be submitted to Miss Nightingale's London committee, with a request that they should sanction the devotion of the sum to be collected to local purposes."

To establish such a staff of nurses is less difficult than may be imagined, now that the means appear forthcoming.

One lady superintendent, six nurses for Calcutta, two for each of the division stations of Barrackpore, Dinapore, Benares, Cawnpore, Merut,Umballah,Lahore, Peshawur, say twenty-five in toto would be enough to try the experiment, with a good prospect of success in the Bengal presidency.

3. MENTAL AFFECTIONS.—I have often been at a loss to account for the indifference shown by the world, as well as by medical officers, towards affections of the mind. When misplaced censure, or unmerited disgrace, or pecuniary loss, or blasted ambition, or disappointed love, or hope long deferred, or death of kindred or consort have disquieted the soul, and steeped the senses in melancholy and despair, when the appetite refuses sustenance and the couch affords no repose, when the mind preys on the body, and the body


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 that she was born and bred to, roughing it in a ward of a public hospital, and superintending the wants of the sick and wounded soldier at Balaclava, and gladly bear testimony to the intrinsic value of such ministration.

"It is not in hospitals alone, however, that nursing is required. India,of all countries in the world, must demand a band of trained nurses for private houses. In England disease is mild, and every man, but the most solitary, possesses kind and earnest private relations to soothe his sufferings in the dark hour. What a contrast India presents is only too well known to those who have experienced the miseries of the bachelor's sick room, where solitude the most profound prevails, only disturbed by the occasional hasty visits of the physician, whose skill is rendered half nugatory by the impossibility of intrusting any one with the administration of medicine, or if the hour of death approach, by the vulture-like crowding of the servants to seize what booty they can lay their hands on. Impressed by these reflections we think it is much to be regretted that Mr. Hume did not embody his opinion in an amendment. We are quite sure that the measure we support would be equally honourable to Miss Nightingale, who might be invited to lay down her own laws, and


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 they are, strange to say, not in use. During a thunder-storm, when the thunder is near, the best precaution one can take is to sit upon a well varnished chair, with the feet upon another chair. Thus the sitter may rest in safety, when the carpet underneath is destroyed.


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Bingham, Edmund Franklin


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 CHAPTER X.

1. CIVIL STATIONS.—The whole face of the country is mapped out into convenient provinces or zillahs,consisting on an average of two or three thousand square miles, with a population of six or eight hundred thousand, and are venue of one or two hundred thousand pounds. In the centre, or some more convenient spot, the station is fixed, the residents being a collector of the revenue and a magistrate for the administration of justice, each having one or more European assistants;an assistant-surgeon, numerous native officials, a large jail, containing from six to twelve hundred prisoners, and a small detachment of troops.

In every town and every village the collector and the magistrate have their native representatives. Every breach of the peace, every defection of revenue is immediately made known at the zillah station, and the culprits are liable to be brought before the European courts.

2. DUTY AND PAY OF CIVIL SURGEONS.—An order was at one time given that no Assistant-surgeon should hold permanent charge of a civil


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 '''2. THE SICK ROOM'''.—If the most painful and dreary hours of our lives are spent in the sick room in England, even though surrounded with affectionate relations and every comfort that can mitigate disease,how forlorn must be the position of the bachelor in India in his solitary room, prostrated by sickness, unable to rise from his bed, unable to lift a glass of water to his lips, and hardly able to express his wants to his unsympathizing attendant,who feels aggrieved at the extra demand made upon him by his afflicted master. How often have I heard a patient utter, would that my sister were here! Would that my mother were here! Would that my wife were here in their days of trouble.

It is very much to be desired that a band of sick nurses should be available for officers and their families in times of sickness. These are not wanted in our hospitals, where every arrangement is as complete as circumstances admit of.

It is gratifying to see that the wants of the sick room of officers in India, are attracting so much public attention, and I cannot advocate the cause better than by giving the following extract from the Bengal Hurkaru, being part of a review of a public meeting held in Calcutta,in honour of Miss Nightingale.

I have witnessed that lady still young, accomplished and beautiful, throwing aside the luxuries


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Brice, Calvin Stewart


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 station till he had been two years in the service; but that, from the paucity of assistants so qualified, has been abolished,but a later order, obliging him to vacate his appointment if absent more than six months, even on medical certificate, has not been abolished—a severity of exaction that is imposed on no other commissioned officer in India,and a very strong incentive to him to take care of his own health. 'Tis no trifling matter to find himself, at the end of six months' leave, placed at the disposal of the Commander-in-chief, and be ordered to join a regiment perhaps fifteen hundred miles distant—therefore let him look to himself.

The consolidated pay of a civil Assistant-surgeon is C.R. 300 per month, to which may be added 30 for palanquin and 26 for vaccination, and, if disposed to make himself generally useful,he may have 50 for the duties of postmaster, and, possibly, a little more as register of deeds, and 12½ for every hundred Sepoys committed to his charge; and, if a favourite, he may get a fee now and then for attendance upon the families of Civilians who, by government orders, are obliged to remunerate him for their families, though attendance on them personally is part of his public duty.

He will occasionally be consulted by the natives of the district; and is on such occasions allowed the discretion of supplying them with medicines


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1. SANITARIA.—I come now to treat of medical certificates, and the different plans resorted to by European officers when change of air is thought advisable. To an invalid labouring under chronic disease, and exhausted by slow but long-continued fever, change of air, as it is commonly called, brings about the most wonderful effects. I do not pretend to explain how this change operates, or to demonstrate whether there is any actual difference between the atmosphere of the twoplaces; or whether the good effects are indirectly produced by working upon the mind alone, but well assured I feel of its great efficacy in the restoration to health when convalescence has begun; as also of its giving a favorable turn to disease before convalescence has begun. Change of air, from a good to a bad climate, is often attended with advantage; and this is evenperceptible in removing from one house to another, from one room to another, or further still, from one bed to another. For the correctness of these remarks, I appeal to every one who has had the misfortune to suffer from long illness.


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 from the public stores; but the consciousness of having done a good action must, in the majority of cases, be his only reward. Those who could afford to give a fee are mean and niggardly in the extreme, and those who cannot are as niggardly of their gratitude.

Government at one time prohibited Civil Surgeons from receiving fees from natives; and I have known a case where the fee was ordered to be returned. That order now does not, that I am aware of, exist, and I have known a case where remuneration was recovered in a civil court.

His duties are the care of the civilians of the station, their wives; and families, the prisoners of the jail varying from 700 to 1500, and the native servants of the court.

By way of making up for his small allowances, civil Assistant-surgeons were at one time allowed to trade, but that has of late been prohibited. The life that Assistant-surgeons lead at an out-of-the-way civil station is not a very desirable one; every one is busy but himself; his own duties do not occupy a tenth part of his time; and, unless he be able to draw largely upon his own resources, he is very apt to fall a victim to his old enemy, ennui. Moreover, his pay is less than he would have with a regiment, and, compared with the rest of the civilians, not a third part of theirs. No one likes to be the lowest


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 paid official in the sphere in which he moves. Hence most Assistants, if unmarried, prefer the duties of a regiment, and the society of officers on the same scale of pay as themselves. Civil stations are left to married men, or to a new class of indigenous qualifications—Sub-Assistant-surgeons.

The principal medical duty of a civil station is medical jurisprudence. The natives, with all their gentleness, are a most revengeful and blood-thirsty race amongst themselves. Assault, and maiming, and murder, and poisoning, are very frequent;and in a populous zillah few days in the year pass over without some case of the above nature being brought before the magistrate, and referred to the Civil Surgeon. He is, indeed, the principal reference on such subjects, and will do well to keep his knowledge of that branch of his profession fresh in memory. The most frequent mode of poisoning is by the leaves of stramonium, (which grows everywhere,) given in a currie, and the sudden death is accounted for by cholera.

3. PRISONERS AND JAILS.—When a culprit is convicted by a magistrate, and sentenced to imprisonment, corporal punishment, or death, the sentence, if approved of by the sessions judge, and by the Sudder Nazamut Adawlut, is carried out in the zillah jail; if to imprisonment for life, he is removed to the great jails of Agra or Alipore;


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 most perfect drainage, and have a rush of pure water twice a day. Tollys Nulla, the circular canal, and the river, are most conveniently situated for opening the necessary number of arteries.

15. FLOATING CORPSES.—These form another source of sickness. Though the Hindoos profess to burn the bodies of the dead, and throw the ashes into the sacred Ganges, or any of its million branches, yet the poorer classes either cannot afford fuel for this purpose, or do not incinerate. They are satisfied with singeing the body with a bundle of straw, and sinking it by means of an earthen pot filled with mud, and tied to the neck of the deceased. As soon as decomposition takes place, and the development of gas, the body rises to the surface, and drops down the stream for hundreds of miles, tainting the atmosphere as it floats along, till maceration and birds of prey strip the flesh from the bones, and cause it to sink to rise no more.

Not long ago this Hindoo practice became the subject of a public inquiry; but I believe the evil was thought to be too deeply rooted in native superstition to be put down by the order of the magistrate


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 than elongated cesspools, indescribably filthy and offensive; without the necessary fall to give a current to the rain water when it falls, and absorption and percolation are the chief agents in checking the bad effects. Nor are the injurious effects confined to the most filthy parts of the native town, but they taint the health of the inhabitants of its palaces.

A considerable reservoir of river water, filled by a steam pump, stands upon the esplanade, with a canal extending into Chowringee; but it is useless as a detergent for the public sewers; the original object of it was to water the streets, and to fill the tanks;but the chief use made of it is by sweating natives and sweating horses to bathe with.

For the last twenty years, we have had one committee after another sitting upon the conservancy department of Calcutta, but bringing forth nothing vital. All of them have lamented the most unhealthy state of the public sewers; all have suggested something being done, but the original evils remain to this day unmitigated.

Nevertheless, the drains of Calcutta admit of being as well purified as any town in the world, the rise of the tide is from twenty to thirty feet; indeed, a great part of Calcutta is below the level of the spring tides, and it is only necessary to sink the present drains ten or twelve feet to have


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 the development of miasma than India, the laws of the realm prohibit the growth of rice contiguous to towns.

14. TANKS, POOLS AND DRAINS.—But marshes and rice fields are but two of the many sources of disease to be seen on every hand in India. Every native of rank has a nursery for fever in the immediate vicinity of his house called a tank, and every poor man a pool, from which he dug the mud to build his house,which seem as if made on purpose to supply them with malaria, as well as with muddy water. I do not mean to attribute any blame to tanks and ponds, if kept properly clean, they would then be both useful and ornamental, and the sod excavated in forming them would serve to raise the adjoining land and render it dry; but from the weeds and jungle that in most cases are allowed to infest them, they exert the most prejudicial effects on the health of the inhabitants. If the ditches of Fort William were allowed to remain filled with stagnant water, and become a field for the study of reeds and rushes, its present healthy character would soon leave it, and were the numerous tanks throughout Calcutta left to nature, the consequences on the public health would be calamitous.

Things are bad enough as they are. Calcutta is probably the worst drained city in the British dominions; its present drains are nothing better


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User:William Maury Morris II/Obit: Dr. Mytton Maury Dies

MAURY/DRAPER FAMILIES - SCIENTIFIC
Rev. Dr. Mytton Maury, Episcopal minister, and editor of [Matthew Fontaine Maury had died. This was a newer revised edition] Maury's Geography, died at Dt. John's Riverside Hospital in Yonkers Monday night at the age of 80. Dr. Maury, who was well known as a Hebrew scholar and teacher, was for ten years curate of St. Thomas's Church in this city.

Dr. Maury was born at Liscard, Wales, on Jan. 18, 1839. The family came to Fredericksburg, Va., in 1849, and after the death of his parents Dr. Maury was brought up by relatives in New York City. He was graduated from Columbia University with highest honors and in 1850 received the degree of Master of Arts from that university. He attended the Berkeley Divinity School at Middletonn, Conn., and after leaving there traveled in Europe and the Holy Land. He was given the degree of Doctor of Divinity by New York University in 1868, and occupied positions at St. James's Church Fordham, N.Y.; St. Thomas's Church in New York City, and other churches. From 1875 to 1895 he was engaged in editing the geography which bears his name.

Two daughters and a son survive Dr. Maury, Misses Antonia C. and Carlotta J. Maury, and Dr. John William Draper Maury. The funeral services will be held at his home in Hastings at 2 P. M. tomorrow, and the interment will be at the Church of St. Mary of the Highlands, in Cold Spring, N. Y., which was built by Dr. Maury.

Source: The New York Times

Published: August 6, 1919

Wikisource:

Antonia Coetana de Paiva Pereira Maury was born in Cold Spring, New York in 1866. She was named in honor of her maternal grandmother, Antonia Coetana de Paiva Pereira Gardner Draper,[1] who belonged to a noble family that fled Portugal for Brazil on account of Napoleon Bonaparte's wars.[2] Maury's father was the Reverend Mytton Maury, a direct descendant of the Reverend James Maury and one of the sons of Sarah Mytton Maury. Maury's mother was Virginia Draper, a daughter of Antonia Coetana de Paiva Pereira Gardner and Dr. John William Draper.[2]

Maury was also the granddaughter of John William Draper and a niece of Henry Draper, both pioneering astronomers. As such, young Antonia and her two siblings [Carlotta Maury:prominent palentologist and author] were exposed to science at a very early age.[1]

Antonia Maury attended Vassar College, graduating in 1887 with honors in physics, astronomy, and philosophy. There, she studied under the tutelage of renowned astronomer Maria Mitchell.[1]


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 continued state of circulation; agitation is not enough, and no one can taste water that has stood in a glass for a week unmoved and unchanged, especially in a hot climate without being convinced of the truth of the theory. Hence also the reason why the months of August,September, and October are so unhealthy. In these months the periodical floods are subsiding; the country is covered with a stratum of slime, and mud, and decaying vegetation: the inhabitants of many such districts abandon their houses at that time,nor venture to go back till the unhealthy season is over. The Tarai along the foot of the Himmalayan mountains; the Delta at the mouth of the Indus; the Sunderbunds of the Ganges, are in a great measure deserted at this season, few remaining exposed that can effect their escape. Many parts of the interior are, during these months, insulated by cordons of jungle, and no one who values his life would willingly pass through them.

13. RICE FIELDS.—The same laws that operate in rendering marshes miasmatic, also act, though perhaps in a less degree, in the rice fields of India. Towards the end of the rains and while the fields are still flowing with water, the ears are cropped and the straw is allowed to remain to ferment and form malaria. This is not a visionary idea, for so strong is this belief, that in many parts of the continent of Europe, far less favourable for


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 § frco d ao seca fo do cdor do rrosmaninhall § xpovā ferra fo do cder de castelejo § martim gill fo do Juiz dos orfāaos de lixboa § ᵱo d abreu criado do bp̃o de çafy § duarte barbosa sobrinho de dio barbosa crado do bp̃o de çiguença § anto frrz q’ vivia na mouraria de lixboā

§ luis ao de beja q’ foy crado da sra Ifante q’ ᵭs tem § Jo da silva fo de no da silva da ilha da madeira este me disse senp̃ q’ n’o avia de hyr salvo se vosa alteza o ouvese per seu srviço e anda como diçipulo encuberto. § o faleiro tem caa seu pay e may e irmāaos hū deles leva consigo.

outra jente miuda de moços destes tambē dizē q’ am de hyr de que farey memoria a vosa alteza se mandar quando forē.

a qinta ᵱte desta armaçā he de xpovā de haroo q̃ nela meteo m̄j ducados Diz caa q̃ vosa alteza lhe mādo la tomar xx +dos de fazēda elle daa caa os avisos d armada de vosa alteza asy da feita como da que se faz soube q̃ ᵱ hūu criado seu q la tem. avendo se as cartas deste podria vosa alteza sabr ᵱ que via sabia estes secretos. as mercaderias que levā sam cobre azouge panos baxos de cores sedas baxas de cores e marlotas feitas destas sedas. certificasse que ᵱtira esta armada ᵱa baxo em fim deste Julho mas a mȳ nō mo pareçe asy nē ate meado agosto, posto que o correo venha mais çedo. a rrota que se diz que ban de levar be dirto ao cabo fryo ficando lhe o brasy a māo dirta c


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 and if to transportation, he is shipped off to Singapore. Prisoners are generally employed at road making, out of doors, or in some manufacture if within doors; the proceeds of which go far to meet the expenses of the establishment. Formerly they were allowed so many pice a day to provide for their subsistence, but lately rations have been served out, ready cooked.

It is worthy of remark, that the magistrate is the superintendent of the jail, and that the civil surgeon's duties are only confined to the prisoners when sick. At present the superintendents of jails in Bengal, Agra, and the Punjaub, are medical officers, and it appears to me that the system would work well if all civil surgeons were appointed to be superintendents of zillah jails, the duties of which should be learned during the period of their probation at the general hospital. The civil surgeon has. ample time to devote to that duty which the magistrate has not, and with due care all jails ought to be self-supporting. Of course, extra pay would require to be granted for the extra duty.

4. NATIVE CHARACTER.—No two nations could possibly differ more completely than the British and the Hindostanni They have scarcely a sympathy in common, more than self interest and family affection. Almost all their manners and customs are the reverse of the European; they


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 could not tie a knot nor pick up a pebble from the ground without shewing a difference in their mode of doing it. Yet they are a civilized and a most polished race, and were as much so two thousand years ago, when we were barbarians as they are now. They are gifted with a wonderful power of self-possession, and their intercourse with one another is the very beau ideal of good manners; diffidence or bashfulness are unnatural to them, and the child of six years of age, the adult of fourteen, and the man of sixty, are endowed with an ease and grace of manner throughout all castes, such as would be envied by the ornaments of European society.

The inhabitants of Upper India are a race very superior to the Bengalies, being tall, stout, and manly, very handsome in figure, and in feature as different from the African as these are from the European. Every man goes out armed with his spear, his matchlock, or his sword and shield, or loaded bludgeon, and looks down upon his Bengali compatriot with slight and contempt. The inferior animals are as superior as the natives,and the cattle of the upper provinces are alone found fit for artillery draught.

Much has been written upon India, calculated to intimidate strangers, but I believe life is as safe from violence as in any part of the world. Ladies travel unprotected from one end of it to the other.


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 Private property is no where so safe, for bolts and bars are unknown; the doors stand open night and day, and robberies are less common than in England. Much has also been said respecting the dishonesty, the rapacity,and the want of principle of the natives, yet few residents keep even their own keys, or even their own purses, entrusting everything they have to a servant, whose wages are only fifteen shillings a month. But he who has learned to protect himself in person and property in old Albion need be under no apprehension for those in any other region of the globe.

The great mass of the population is either Hindoo or Mussulman. In outward appearance there is but little distinction,but in reality no bond of union,no social intercourse subsists between them. They are equally intolerant of each others religion, repugnant to intermarrying, incapable of sitting down to the same feast, or partaking of the contents of the same cup; so much so that a high caste Brahmin would consider himself defiled by putting a dish used by a Mussulman to his lip, and this only to be expunged by a long course of ablution and devotion. Nor is this intolerance restricted to the two great branches of the population; each has numerous castes among their own order, equally intolerant of each other. A Sheeah and a Soonie Mussulman are as distinct as Catholic and Protestant.


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 The despotism of caste is certainly exceedingly high, and carried to such a pitch as to ignore all acts of charity and benevolence, and render the calls of humanity and mercy from all not of their own caste of no avail. But caste is an attribute of all nations,in our own country as well as in all countries, and if society throughout the world were analyzed, there would be found nearly the same amount of exclusiveness and intolerance.

Strangers are prone to form a wrong idea of the natives, and to identify them with the African,or the West Indian,and to call them niggers; but in reality they are a very handsome race, and were it not for their copper-colour, they would be acknowledged as fine specimens of the human species, even in our own exclusive isle. Many think that because they go almost naked, that they must necessarily be pinched with poverty, but their grandees, who drive their own carriages, take their airing with the upper portion of their persons bare, or covered by transparent muslin; and even those of the poorer classes have gold and silver ornaments in use that would purchase raiment for themselves many times over.

5. EDUCATION.—Much has been said about their ignorance; but out of a thousand natives, picked up indiscriminately in the streets of any town, as many individuals would be found able to read and write, and calculate, as in most parts of


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 twenty-four pergannahs, sweeping away thousands and thousands of the population.

The stations of Hansi and Kurnaul, are good examples of the generation of fever from excess of irrigation;the country is naturally dry and unfertile, so as to give little crop if dependent on the scanty rains of the seasons. An abundant supply of water for cultivation was furnished by a canal,but without due discretion, this was allowed to overflow the country to excess,converting it into a hotbed of fever. The consequence was, that Kurnaul, one of the largest and finest cantonments, was abandoned;and its hundreds of elegant houses in ruins, and its endless ranges of barracks, not yet in ruins, are lasting monuments of the abuse of one of the most essential elements of life. The superintendents of the Great Ganges Canal, and of those of the Punjaub, have, therefore, good reason to be on their guard against similar abuse. But the abuse of the new canal by excess of irrigation is not the only evil to be apprehended; the bed of the old river must not be over drained so as to stop the current, and leave nothing but a chain of stagnant pools; for if this is done, great sickness is unavoidable, and the blessing intended to be conferred upon the country may turn out a public calamity.

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 of which the new cantonment of Namean, on the Irrawaddy, is a noted example, and has been abandoned in consequence of its unhealthiness, yet Namean seemed to possess all the advantages desirable in a cantonment. It is ascertained that all the types of intermittent fever may be occasioned by the same exposure to miasma; four persons may pass through a jungle at the same time: one may get a quotidien fever; one a tertian, and one a quartan, and one may escape; and the one may be attacked an hour or two after the exposure;another a day or two; another a week or two, the seeds of fever lying dormant in the constitution.

12. MARSHES.—These are the principal sources of miasma or malaria, and hence the name of marsh—fever;and hence the propriety of draining marshy ground, and the impropriety of excess of irrigation, converting good soil into a nursery for fever. That Calcutta is so much more healthy now than it was in the olden time, when the survivors held a jubilee when the sickly season was over, is chiefly owing to the drainage of its marshes and jeels, and learing away jungle;and that cultivated lands may be depopulated even by marine inundation, was manifested in the awful mortality from fever that followed the irruption of the sea into the districts of Balasore, and the


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 Europe. Their original language, the Sanscrit, is highly refined,abounds in the greatest beauties of literature, and is extensively studied in colleges and schools. The colloquial language, the Hindostanni, is the channel of communication of numerous newspapers. Banking and commercial transactions are carried on upon the most extensive scale, with branches all over Asia, and the poorest shopkeeper, in the poorest bazaar, keeps his accounts on slips of palm-leaves as carefully and correctly as in a wareroom in Piccadilly.

6. SECLUSION OF FEMALES.—It is true that the female part of the population knows very little of these accomplishments, but this is only a peculiarity in their national manners; for such learning is considered as superfluous as it was in the early days of British history, when the maids of honour could not write their own love letters. Much sympathy has been wasted in England, and great commiseration has been expressed at public meetings respecting the secluded lives to which the females were doomed. But the ladies of India do not consider seclusion in the light of a grievance; on the contrary, they would think it the acme of misery to be subjected to the public gaze and admiration as in English society.

7. WORSHIP.—Much horror has been expressed respecting their idolatry;but the Mussulmen are not idolators,but nearly pure deists,and the


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 by strangers. There are in general good grounds, for the reputed character they bear, and though it be only a popular opinion, it is the safest plan to retain it.

The state of sleeping or waking materially affects the liability to miasma: a person may pass through an unhealthy country with safety if awake, whereas if asleep he will most likely be attacked; as if the vis medicatrix that protected the constitution when awake, went to sleep along with its master, leaving him unprotected.

It is also curious that miasma may be effectually shut out by tying up the head in a gauze veil, which acts like the wire-gauze of the safety lamp. Hence an advantage of the native mode of sleeping with the head and body wrapped up in a cloth,which no doubt saves them from many a fever. A belt of high trees intervening between a marsh and a town, is known to afford a similar exemption to the inhabitants. Numerous instances exist of towns becoming suddenly unhealthy after the cutting down of such high belts of trees, as well as other instances of towns being protected by having a grove of trees planted between them and the marsh. Miasma seems capable of accumulation in the soil, and the breaking in of old forest land is generally attended with much sickness. Hence cantonments suddenly established on the site of a cut down forest are at first very unhealthy,


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 island during one monsoon, when the wind is from the sea, but if the monsoon change, and blow from the interior, sickness invariably follows. Miasma loses its property of producing fever in its progress on the wind, as if it became too volatile to have effect. Localities within one mile of a marsh may be feverish, whereas others five miles distant may be healthy. People born and bred in a malarial country become inured to it, and enjoy comparatively good health, where new comers would suffer. The Garrows, one of the hill tribes, on the frontier of Assam, are the most powerful, athletic race I have seen in India, yet they inhabit a country, into the interior of which no European could penetrate without the certainty of a most dangerous fever. In some parts of South America, a slave escapes from bondage, and finds a safe asylum in some well-known deadly jungle, knowing that his master would follow him thither at the risk of his life. Landholders frequently take advantage of their being seasoned to marshy situations, renting their farms at a very low rate, when a succession of casualties to new coiners has prevented people in general from having anything to do with such supposed unlucky spots.

In most cantonments in India, there are certain marked houses,known from their unhealthiness, and waste; or only occupied for a month or two


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 only use their idols as agents or representatives of the deity, for Mahadeo, (the Great God) is their highest point of veneration. The natives are emphatically a religious nation, and pay more attention to its rites than perhaps any other people living, for there is hardly an act of their life that they do not associate with their religion.

8. CONVERSION.—Much disappointment has been felt at the slow progress of conversion to Christianity, but those who have watched the obstacles to be encountered will not be surprised at the small number of converts. The propagation of the gospel in India is attended with many difficulties, peculiar to the country. No Hindoo can embrace Christianity without losing caste, in other words, without being cut by every individual of his caste; who disown him as a renegade and a vagabond; his contact is shunned as contamination even by his own family, and till of late his patrimony went to his next of kin, and he was reduced to beggary. Lately, this law was abrogated by government, and strange to say, the leading natives of Calcutta entered into an association to petition parliament that the old law disinheriting all Christian converts should be restored.

9. EASY CIRCUMSTANCES.—It has become customary in some quarters to hold up the natives as an oppressed, over taxed, ill used people,


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 struggling for a subsistence. I confess this does not accord with my experience, and I speak from observations made from Singapore to the Kybur Pass. I feel assured that those who have lived under purely native rule,bless the day when they came under the dominion of the Company, and that those still living under independent native potentates would had the annexation of their country as a boon. In no country is the public peace more seldom broken; is private property more secure; do the population enjoy the ordinary comforts of life, at less toil and trouble, or enjoy more civil and religious liberty; and if exceptions do take place, they are owing to the perversion of the law, by the natives themselves. A great outcry has of late arisen about the prevalence of torture, more particularly in the Madras presidency, as if that were the usual system of squeezing the revenue out of defaulters. During the whole of my service,and I have been more or less intimately connected with the Civil Courts, I do not remember a single case of torture inflicted, directly or indirectly, either by European or subordinate native authority.

10. MARCH OF INTELLECT.—The march of intellect is making rapid inroads into the ignorance, the apathy, and the time-honoured encumbrances that for so many centuries have obstructed the improvement of society. The improved mode of transport by steam boats has monopolized the commerce of


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 elements in the atmosphere; and till chemistry attains to that extreme perfection, we must be content to use the old fashioned terms malaria and contagion to explain our meaning; and our theories without meaning. This miasma is generated more readily in Autumn than during other seasons of the year; is more potent at full and new moon than at other periods of lunation;and more active between sunset and ten o'clock, than during the rest of the day. Miasma seems to possess gravity; soldiers that sleep on the ground-floor are more sickly than those that sleep on the second or third story. European settlers preserve their health in the Sunderbands of the Gangesby living in lofty houses; and in the forests of Malacca, some wild tribes actually roost upon lofty trees; indeed, the distribution of miasma is directed by the same laws that are applicable to smoke or fog.

Miasma is liable to be dissipated by heat; a moist atmosphere is more favourable for its action than a dry one, and a person may sleep in a marsh with impunity, if beside a watch fire. Miasma may be conveyed by the wind to a considerable distance, with its properties unimpaired. A ship may anchor, and a regiment may encamp a mile distant to windward of a marshy island without suffering; whereas,if so situated a mile to leeward, both would suffer from fever. An army may encamp with safety on the sea-shore of a


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 the great rivers,and the railway will soon run the steamers off the Ganges; for, contrary to all expectation, the natives have shown the utmost partiality for all transit by rad. The schoolmaster is abroad in our universities; our colleges, our city academies,and our village schools;a taste is sprung up for European literature and science, and young Bengal is adopting the costume, the manners and customs of the governing classes.

11. HOUSES.—Native houses are in general very humble dwellings, though of great variety. The Malays build their houses of thatch and bamboo, upon stakes driven into the sand; with the tide flowing under them, approaching them by a boat and mounting them by a ladder. Nothing could be more airy and more cleanly than such an edifice.

The Burmese also build their houses upon large timbers, let into the ground, with an open space below the planked floor, where they generally keep their cattle. The walls are planked, and the roofs either planked or thatched. The Burmese houses are more capacious and more comfortable than those of any native race in India.

The Bengali budds his house on a terrace of mud two or three feet high, the fabric being constructed of bamboos and thatch. The floor is of mud, and is frequently washed over with cow-dung and water, and when dry ornamented with


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 various devices, outlined with chalk. In the north-west the houses are built of mud, with flat roofs, also covered with mud, and with slope enough to run the rain off.

The Kyburies follow the example of the swallow, and scoop out their houses out of the brow of the hill independent of masonry or carpentry, and ensured against fire.

12. CLOTHING.—The dress worn by the natives is principally cotton, and generally white. In winter, warmer fabrics of quilted cotton are worn, and by the more wealthy, Cashmere shawls and English broadcloth. The head-dress is an ample turban of cloth; their shoes are mere slippers, generally embroidered, and worn without socks. Their slippers they invariably leave at the door, for it would be considered as disrespectful to enter with their shoes on, as with their turban off.

The hill tribes wear fabrics made of hemp,or of sheep's wool, or of the softer wool of the Cashmere goat; the Punjaubees of camel's hair, or tanned sheep skin, with the wool on it.

The dress is at all seasons very scanty, in summer merely nominal, and in winter quite inadequate to protect them against the cold, so much so, that a European would perish of cold if obliged to wear the clothing they wear.

Their bedding is equally scanty, and the practice of the common orders is to spread a mat on


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1540.] to be heir to the crown. These five were declared by Act of Parliament guilty of high treason; their trial was dispensed with; they were sentenced to death, and the bill was passed without a dissentient voice. This was on the first of June. It was the same week in which the Tower seemed likely to be the destiny of Tunstall and Gardiner; the struggling parties had reached the crisis when one or the other must fall. The religious condition of the country is well described by Marillac in a letter, written on the 1st of June, to Montmorency:—',—A few days since the Dean of the Chapel Royal and the Bishop of Chichester were conducting the service in state at Westminster Abbey, when they were arrested, and sent to the Tower for treason, and before night their goods were seized and confiscated.'Lord Cromwell, I hear from a credible quarter, says that other bishops are about to follow. I did not learn their names, but we may presume them to be those who lately shook Cromwell's credit, and brought him nearly to his ruin. However that be, things are now at a pass when either Cromwell's party or the Bishop of Winchester's party must fall; and although they are both high in favour and authority with the King their master, fortune will most probably turn in favour of Cromwell. The Dean of the Chapel, the Bishop of Winchester's best friend, is struck down; the Archbishop of Canterbury, his greatest adversary, has been deputed to preach in the Bishop's place at St Paul's, and has begun to argue against his doctrines in the same pulpit where the Bishop preached in Lent. Doctor Barnes, who was lately imprisoned, is likely to be soon released at the intercession of the Germans; and another doctor, named Latimer, who last year surrendered his See rather than subscribe to the Six Articles, is recalled, and will shortly be replaced upon the bench.'So great is the inconstancy here, and so lightly opinion changes.'The state of religion continues most unfortunate. The bishops are divided, and hate one another. The people know not what to believe; for those who are inclined to the reformed views are called heretics; those who adhere to the old faith are charged with Papistry and


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298 Nine days more were allowed to pass; on the tenth the blow descended.

But the story must again go back for a few steps, to make all movements clear.

From the day of the King's marriage 'he was in a manner weary of his life.' The public policy of the connection threatened to be a failure. It was useless abroad, it was eminently unpopular at home; while the purpose for which the country had burdened him with a wife was entirely hopeless. To the Queen herself he was kindly distant; but, like most men who have not been taught in early life to endure inconvenience, he brooded in secret over his misfortune, and chafed the wound by being unable to forget it. The documents relating to the pre-contract were not sent; his vexation converted a shadow into a reality.


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1540.] He grew superstitious about his repugnance, which he regarded as an instinct forbidding him to do an unlawful thing. 'I have done as much to move the consent of my heart and mind as ever man did,' he said to Cromwell, 'but without success.' 'I think before God,' he declared another time, 'she has never been my lawful wife.' The wretched relations continued without improvement till the 9th of May. On that day a royal circular was addressed to every member of the privy council, requiring them to attend the King's presence, 'for the treaty of such great and weighty matters as whereupon doth consist the surety of his Highness's person, the preservation of his honour, and the tranquillity and quietness of themselves and all other his loving and faithful subjects.' It may be conjectured that the King had at this time resolved to open his situation for discussion. No other matter can be ascertained to have existed at the time worthy of language so serious. Yet he must have changed his purpose. For three weeks longer the secret was preserved, and his course was still undecided. On the evening of the 6th or 7th of June Sir Thomas Wriothesley repaired to Cromwell's house with the ordinary reports of public business. He found the minister alone in a gallery, leaning against a window. 'Were there any news abroad?' Cromwell asked. Wriothesley said he knew of none.


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 the ground, on which they slumber soundly, with nothing but a sheet over them, enveloping the whole body, head, and all; the heat of the breath making up for the warmth of a blanket. Tattooing is not extensively practised by the Hindostanees, though many women have a beauty spot on the forehead, or a ring of spots round the arms or ankles.

Paint is much used by the men; devices of all sorts and forms being painted on the forehead, of red, white, or yellow, to denote their caste. The men are very fond of golden necklaces and rings; and the females actually, load themselves with ornaments; golden rings in the nose, two or three inches in diameter, with a precious stone in the centre; rings all round the ears, necklaces, armlets, anklets, finger rings, and toe rings, beyond counting.

The Burmese practice tattooing to a very great extent, and with great skill; from the waist to the knee the men are covered with all manner of patterns, like a richly embroidered shawl; the owners pique themselves upon their elegance; and the fair sex are as much fascinated by them as by the form and figure of their lovers. The dress of the Burmese ladies is as remarkable as that of the men; consisting of a loose tunic of white cotton, and a rather scanty wrapper of fancy coloured silk overlapping the bosom, and extending to the ground;


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 open in front, exposing the knee at every ordinary step, and at every extraordinary step, a good deal more extraordinary.

There is a variety of dress in use among the Nagas, one of the hill tribes of Assam, which, from its exceeding primitive nature is worth notice compared with which even the fig leaf is full dress. The Nagas go literally naked in their native wilds, but are with all not without peculiar ideas of decency. This is marked by having a fold of the preputium drawn through a small ivory ring, and worn in that predicament. They would think it highly indecorous and disrespectful to appearin female society without this appendage.

These rings are sold in the bazars of Muuipore, all of which are kept by women; and such is the force of habit and the elasticity of modesty that these ladies think no more of fitting a handsome Naga with this inexpressible, than they would in fitting his great toe with a ring.

13. DIET.—The diet of the natives is of the simplest kind, that of the Hindoos being rice, with a seasoning of ghee (clarified butter) and some dry spice and green vegetables made into a currie,besides milk in its various forms of curd. That of the Mussulmans is more generous, a large allowance of wheaten flour made into unleavened cakes with fish, or flesh or ghee.

Many of the articles of diet are very


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 either from the material itself or its mode of cooking. None is more deleterious than the half-cured or wholly putrid fish so much in use by the poor. Such amess requires little salt and goes a greater way than if fresh or properly cured; but in proportion as it saves the means of the consumer, it excites a predisposition to disease. Raw rice, underbaked bread,raw vegetables, deficiency of salt,or wood ashes used instead of salt, and the inveterate practice of smoking tobacco mixed with some intoxicating drug, generally hemp-seed (called bang), have also a powerful effect in lowering the standard of health.

But when it is considered, that a great mass of the population, not only live,but support a family on three, or four rupees a month, the wonder is how they exist at all.

But putrid fish is a delicacy compared to what some natives indulge in.

Aghorpunts, or eaters of dead men's flesh are occasionally met with. During my service in Assam, two men of this caste were sent to me by the magistrate to have my opinion as to their sanity. One of them was not exactly composmentis, but the other was of sound mind, and assured me he had been in the habit of eating human flesh for years. I believe the practice of appearing in a bazar, picking the flesh off a thigh bone is often done by way of horrifying the


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300 'There is something,' the minister said, 'which troubles me. The King loves not the Queen, nor ever has from the beginning; insomuch as I think assuredly she is yet as good a maid for him as she was when she came to England.' 'Marry, sir,' Wriothesley answered, 'I am right sorry that his Majesty should be so troubled. For God's sake, devise how his Grace may be relieved by one way or the other.' 'Yes,' Cromwell said, 'but what and how?' Wriothesley said he could not tell on the moment; but standing the case as it did, he thought some way might be found. 'Well, well,' answered the minister, 'it is a great matter.' The conversation ended; and Wriothesley left him for the night.

'The next day following,' Wriothesley deposed, 'having occasion eftsoons for business to repair unto him, I chanced to say, 'Sir, I have thought somewhat of the matter you told me, and I find it a great matter. But, sir, it can be made better than it is. For God's sake, devise for the relief of the King; for if he remain in this grief and trouble, we shall all one day smart for it. If his Grace be quiet we shall all have our parts with him.' 'It is true,' quoth he; 'but I tell you it is a great matter.' 'Marry,' quoth I, 'I grant; but let the remedy be searched for.' 'Well,' quoth he; and thus brake off from me.'

Wriothesley's remedy was of course a divorce. It could be nothing else. Yet, was it not a remedy worse than any possible disorder? Cromwell, indeed, knew himself responsible. He it was who, with open eyes, had


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 natives, and extorting money from them as an inducement to go elsewhere.

14. IMPURE WATER.—No part of diet is more generally objectionable than the water they drink. One would expect that the natives of India, so excessively careful of defilement in their manner of eating and drinking, would be very particular about their water, their only beverage;and that nothing less than distilled water from the spring, or rain water from the clouds, would satisfy them; but no nation is so notoriously indifferent about the water they drink.

If we visit any of the legitimate places for lifting water, any of the ghauts of the river, we shall see a dense mass of naked people of all ages and all sexes standing up to their waists in water; some washing their clothes, some their bodies, and all stirring up as much mud from the bottom as they can; yet when their ablutions are completed, filling their pitchers where they stand for the day's consumption; probably one of the common sewers of a bazar enters the river a few yards above the ghaut; and it may happen that the surface of the water is strewed with the yet warm ashes of some lately incinerated human being, or that a putrid carcase is revolving in au eddy adjacent. If we visit any of the private tanks we shall find a spacious pool of water shaded with trees and embroidered with weeds, the necessary


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1540.] led the King into his embarrassment. Yet, was a second divorce to give mortal affront to the Lutherans, as the first had done to the Catholics? Was another marriage scandal to taint a movement which had already furnished too much of such material to insolence? What a triumph to the Pope! What a triumph to the Emperor! How would his own elaborate policy crumble to ruins! It was a great matter indeed to Cromwell.

But how would the whisper of the word sound in the ears of the English reactionaries? What would the clergy think of it, in whose, only not unanimous, convictions the German alliance had been from the first a pollution? What would the Parliament think of it, who had seen the fruit of their theological labours so cunningly snatched from them? What would the Anglican bishops think of it, who had found themselves insulted from the pulpit, from behind the shield of the hateful connection—with one of their body already in the Tower, and the same danger hanging before them all? Or the laity generally—the wool-growers of the counties, the merchants of the cities, the taxpayers charged with the new subsidy, who, in the connection with the house of Cleves, saw a fresh cause of quarrel with the Emperor and the ruin of the trade with Flanders; what, to all these, in the heat and rage of party, must have seemed the natural remedy for the King's difficulty? Let Queen Catherine and her friends be avenged by a retribution in kind. Their opinions on the matter were shortly expressed.


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 reservoir of all the surface water in the neighbourhood, a perfect infusion of every thing offensive and filthy, and literally alive with animalcules here too we shall see the same scene of washing clothes and scrubbing bodies, and other acts of uncleanliness; yet from this same pool they draw their supply of water, and no wonder that they often become sick from using it.

15. BATHING. The universal practice of bathing has, I have no doubt, a bad effect upon the health of the people. In a country such as India where so much of the person is exposed to the accumulation of dust and perspiration, it was no doubt a wise and provident law that instituted ablution as a religious rite, for no other plan so effectual could have been devised to insure cleanliness and a healthy state of skin. But I fear bathing is often abused, that it is considered in the light of an ordinance of their religion, and is practiced without due regard to the season of the year, the state of the weather, or the condition of the body as to health and disease. There are numerous cold, raw, rainy days even in the summer season, and bleak withering days in winter, when people even in good health would be much better in their beds at home than thus doing penance on the banks of a river; and a person labouring under diarrhœa, dysentery, or internal


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, or under the influence of mercury, would be committing an act of great indiscretion by taking a cold bath al fresco, yet natives bathe every day when so affected.

16. EXPOSURE OF THE DYING.—Ill-timed bathing is not the only instance of the religious laws of the country aggravating the diseases of the people, and adding to the bills of mortality. The practice of the Hindoos hurrying persons dangerously ill to the banks of the river, and exposing them in the open air, on a bed, with their feet hanging over in the water, and their bodies besmeared with the slime of the river, till the ordeal puts an end to their existence, must be considered as a frequent cause of death; and there can be no doubt that thousands of lives are by this unfeeling treatment taken away, that with proper nursing might have recovered. This custom, practised every day, equally repugnant to human nature as Sutteeism, is probably ten times more destructive than it was. The friends of a poor dependent,unfortunate widow, incited her to the commission of suicide, in order to rid themselves of a relation who might claim a maintenance among them; the friends of a person hopelessly ill, take advantage of his helplessness and his superstition, and hurry him off to the river as the most appropriate place to die, and if he should


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302 Meanwhile, the minister who, in the conduct of the mighty cause which he was guiding, had stooped to dabble in these muddy waters of intrigue, was reaping, within and without, the harvest of his errors. The consciousness of wrong brought with it the consciousness of weakness and moody alternations of temper. The triumph of his enemies stared him in the face, and rash words dropped from him, which were not allowed to fall upon the ground, declaring what he would do if the King were turned from the course of the Reformation. Carefully his antagonists at the council-board had watched him for years. They had noted down his public errors; spies had reported his most confidential language. Slowly, but surely, the pile of accusations had gathered in height and weight, till the time should come to make them public. Three years before, when the northern insurgents had demanded Cromwell's punishment, the King had answered that the laws were open, and were equal to high and low. Let an accuser come forward openly, and prove that the Privy Seal had broken the laws, and he should be punished as surely and as truly as the meanest criminal. The case against him was clear at last; if brought forward in the midst of the King's displeasure, the charges could not fail of attentive hearing, and the release from the detested matrimony might be identified with the punishment of the author of it.

For struck down Cromwell should be, as his master Wolsey had been, to rise no more. Not only was he hated on public grounds, as the leader of a revolution,


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 happen to survive the infliction, and recover, he is considered an outcast and a vagabond because he did not die.

We have put down Sutteeism,female infanticide and human sacrifice,but we forget that in the most populous cities of India, even in the city of Calcutta, sacrifices of life no less atrocious are every day perpetrated.

We have only to go to any of the Murdah Ghauts, above the mint, the public places of incineration, and there we shall see the old, the middle aged, the young and the beautiful of both sexes, exposed in their last agonies, with only three or four hired mourners preparing their funeral pile, and a party of vultures, grim, gory, and abominable as harpies, hopping near them, eagerly watching when the vital spark shall be extinct.

The following case is so much to the point, that I make no apology for inserting it, and though it occurred more than fifteen years ago,yet I believe similar cases still occur. In Calcutta, on an evening of January, I accompanied a medical friend during a visit to a native lady of rank, who had a miscarriage that day at noon. The patient was a young woman to all appearance lately in good health; she lay quite insensible, breathing laboriously, and pulseless; eyes fixed, and open, skin of natural warmth: the room filled with


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 attendants, hot and suffocating. After prescribing for, and enjoining perfect rest, we went away, promising to return in an hour or two. About ten, when we called again, we learned that they had carried her off to the river side, where she expired. I have no doubt that if this lady had been allowed to lie quietly in her chamber, that she would have recovered. In her condition it was dangerous even to raise her: nevertheless, she was placed upon a bed, carried through a labyrinth of narrow passages and staircases out of a very hot room into the cold night air, and jolted along on men's shoulders through the streets to the river, because Hindoo superstition assures a blessed immortality to all who die on the banks of the Sacred Ganges.

17. EUNUCHISM.—It is somewhat remarkable that this unnatural practice,so common from time immemorial, yet so directly opposed to human nature, and the welfare of the commonwealth, should never have engaged the attention of the legislation. It is notorious that the attendant of every, and many of the favourites about native courts, are creatures of no sex at all: emasculated in early boyhood like pigs and rabbits with impunity—and with the same object in view, that of bringing a higher price in the market than ordinary humanity; yet the perpetration of such an act in any other region of the British dominions


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 would be an act of felony. The time has come when such unconstitutional practices should be suppressed, by making them penal!

18. COOLINISM.—Another practice equally inconsistent with the increase of the population is that of Coolin-Brahminism. A Coolin Brahminis in Hindoo religion believed to be a quintessence of every thing sacred and mundane; to form a matrimonial alliance with such men is an object of ambition with the highest families, and to admit of the largest extension of such marriages, they are licensed by the priesthood to plenary indulgence in the number of their wives. They therefore lead a roving sort of life; they get feasted, worshipped, and enriched by the family of the bride, and when the honeymoon is over, they ride away, probably never to return, to enter into similar engagements with other families on their conjugal tour, leaving at every halt a Penelope in her teens, to lament for their loss, and despair of their return.

19. WIDOWISM.—It is somewhat curious that when government put an end to Sutteeism, one of the chief incentives to that sacrifice, viz., the prohibition of Hindoo widows marrying a second time should have been allowed to continue in effect. However, that remnant of barbarism is now under the consideration of government,and will no doubt be consigned to oblivion.


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 '''20. POLYGAMY.'''—This is another subject at present under judication, but it is a delicate one to meddle with, and a dangerous one. The argument of its being detrimental to the state cannot be adduced against it. It is an essential custom of both the Hindoo and the Mussulman, and the time has not yet come, when it can be safely meddled with. The following remarks extracted from the Friend of India, are worthy of remembrance.

"That polygamy is a mighty social evil,few Europeans will ever be disposed to question. If we could abolish it at once and for ever, introduce a purer morality, and a loftier standard of social life, no sacrifice would be too great for such an end. This is we fear impossible, and it is by no means clear that the good which the legislature can effect is worth either the effort it would require, or the suspicion it would certainly excite.

"This privilege cannot be abolished without abolishing Hindooism with it. The whole creed is based upon the supposition that the line is perpetually kept up, that there is always a son extant to perform the shraddh. To abolish the privilege would be to enrage every professor of the creed from Peshawur to Travancore,and excite a degree of suspicion fatal to a cordial cooperation in reforms at least as important."

I could easily enlarge on this subject, and point


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 out in vivid colours how often the religious opinions of the Hindoos operate destructively on the lives of the people who profess them; their pilgrimages, their penances, their mutilations, their self-inflicted tortures, and self-sacrifices, but that would swell this Essay to an inconvenient extent, and shall conclude this chapter with only one more example.

21. THUGGEEISM.—Amongst the many causes that in India shorten the span of life, and add to the rate of mortality is the system of Thuggee. This system, which has horrified the world by the heinousness of its guilt, and exhibited a picture of human depravity unparalleled in the history of any nation, has been practised in India for more than two hundred years,and though greatly checked, continues even till this day. The blackest page in the records of the rudest and most savage state of mankind vanishes, and becomes white as snow when contrasted with the enormity of villainy inseparable from the trade of Thuggee, and our astonishment is only increased when we find it practised by the courtly Mussulman and the timid Hindoo; and, that a nation that could, out of compassion or charity, establish hospitals for sick animals, and even crawling insects; and the greater portion of whom would shrink with horror from shedding the blood of any living creature, even for their own subsistence,


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 can, nevertheless, exhibit a numerous sect of professional ruffians, who, with subsistence as their object, the murder of human beings as the means, and religious fanaticism as a palliation for their crimes, wander over the country like demons of destruction, regardless of the laws of God or man.

It is a remarkable fact, that these diabolical wretches, whose subsistence was procured at the sacrifice of two or three men per month, had, nevertheless, a fixed habitation in some Native state, where their wives and their families resided, and to which they retired with their plunder after a fortunate expedition;and what is most unaccountable, their dreadful profession was known by every inhabitant in their village, and they were regularly mulcted of part of their ill-gotten spoil, by the chief of the village, who occasionally threatened to deliver them up to justice, unless they paid him a handsome bribe. From these headquarters gangs of Thugs, wont to set out on expeditions, towards all parts of Hindostan, from the Sutlej to the Brahmapootra, and from the Himalayah mountains to Cape Comorin.

The extent to which Thuggee has been carried on for many years, appears altogether incredible, and the drain upon human life, in any other country less populous than India,must have been manifest and unaccountable. Previous to the noble


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 and benevolent system for the suppression of Thuggee, now in force, every high-road was infested by prowling gangs of merciless murderers: every traveller, whose appearance gave evidence of his being possessed of the value of a few rupees, was waylaid by one or more of the confederacy: his confidence was gained by well-disguised protestations of friendship, and ostensible acts of kindness;or his fears were imposed upon, so as to make him claim protection from those bent upon his destruction; secret retreats, for the perpetration of their deeds, were fixed like stages along a line of march; to one or other of these places of execution, the unsuspecting victims were conducted, and, on a pre-concerted signal being given by the leader of the band, each traveller was instantly seized by two, three, or more of the crew, and strangled.

The persons of the victims were plundered immediately after death; their bodies invariably stabbed in some vital place, the breast or the eyes, so as to destroy all chance of re-animation, and thrown into graves dug upon the spot where they were murdered—into wells,or deep pools, or into thickets, where they were devoured by tigers. In some parts of the country, where the soil is so shallow as not to admit of a grave deep enough, the bodies were cut to pieces and buried piecemeal; for, if buried entire, the decomposition that


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 ensued would cause them to enlarge, so as to force up the soil, and lead to detection.

One should have thought, that the first object of the Thugs would be to fly from the place of blood; but, no: they often encamp over the very graves, cook their food, eat and sleep upon the spot, and thus efface all trace of their crimes. There are as many grades of distinction in a band of Thugs, as in a troop of disciplined soldiers. None but the most expert,whose hands are stiff with the blood of a hundred victims, or whose address in the art of decoying has shone forth pre-eminent, dare aspire to the honour of commanding a gang; in point of rank to the chief, come the stranglers, or decoyers; while those who have never had the prowess to put a human being to death, are condemned to perform all menial offices; to cook, act as scouts, dig the graves, and complete the burial. The Thug considers his trade quite as legitimate, in his own estimation, as that of any other calling; he practices it with as little compunction as a butcher or a gamekeeper; offers sacrifices to the goddess of destruction, Kali, to grant him success;and dedicates a fixed portion of his plunder to her altar, in gratitude for her protection. He venerates his profession, as the means of providing for the comfort and happiness of himself and family;pity or compassion has no hold upon his mental faculties,—horror no power


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 to alarm him,—remorse never deprives him of an hour's sleep. He considers himself a superior being to a thief or a robber, and would not condescend to speak to such wretches; he values himself according to his dexterity in putting an end to his fellow-creatures; and dwells upon any act of unusual atrocity, with unbounded delight. When the laws of his country demand his life, as an expiation for his crimes, he mounts the scaffold with the air of a martyr, and, scornful of being contaminated by the touch of a common hangman, adjusts the fatal cord with his own hands, and launches himself into eternity.

I have dwelt so much upon Thuggee,because cases connected with it are not unfrequently submitted to the Civil Surgeon,in a medico-legal point of view. Lest the stranger should feel alarmed at the accounts of Thuggee, I may state for his consolation, that Europeans are not included amongst the prizes for plunder. They have,from fears of detection, and, perhaps, from fears of their means of self-defence, been hitherto unmolested


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1. DISEASES IN GENERAL.—The principal diseases to which natives are liable,are Intermittent and Remittent fever. Cholera, Diarrhœa, Dysentery, and Small-pox. Many of them are so accustomed to ague, that they do not feel much inconvenience from it,they lie down for an hour or two till the paroxysm is over, and then get up and return to their occupation. In long continued cases of ague, the spleen becomes enormously enlarged, and so fragile, that a blow or a kick on the belly very often causes its rupture and death. In all such cases, the use of mercury is strictly forbidden.

Dysentery is probably the most fatal of all diseases, and carries off the largest portion of the population.

2. CATARRH.—This is a frequent complaint, and it is not uncommon during the hottest weather. Persons predispose themselves to it by undressing immediately on returning home after a visit during the heat of the day; leaving an out-door temperature of 102°, and sitting down in shirt and pyjamas


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1540.] but, in his multiplied offices, he had usurped the functions of the ecclesiastical courts; he had mixed himself in the private concerns of families; he had interfered between wives and husbands, fathers and sons, brothers and sisters. In his enormous correspondence he appears as the universal referee—the resource of all weak or injured persons. The mad Duchess of Norfolk chose him for her patron against the Duke. Lady Burgh, Lady Parr, Lady Hungerford, Lady Burgh's letter to him will show the character of interference which he was called upon to exercise: 'My very good lord, most humbly I beseech your goodness to me your poor bounden bedewoman, considering the great trouble I am put unto by my Lord Burgh, who always hath lien in wait to put me to shame and trouble, which he shall never do, God willing, you being my good and gracious Lord, as I have found you merciful to me ever hitherto; and so I most humbly beseech you of your good continuance, desiring now your good lordship to remember me, for I am comfortless, and as yet not out of the danger of death through the great travail that I had. For I am as yet as a prisoner comfortless, only trusting to your lordship's goodness and to the King's Grace's most honourable council. For I hear say my Lord Burgh hath complained on me to your Lordship and to all the noble council; and has enformed your lordship and them all that the child that I have borne and so dearly bought is none of his son's my husband. As for me, my very good lord, I do protest afore God, and also shall receive him to my eternal damnation, if ever I designed for him with any creature living, but only with my husband; therefore now I most lamentably and humbly desire your lordship of your goodness to stay my Lord Burgh that he do not fulfil his diabolical mind to disinherit my husband's child.'And thus am I ordered by my Lord Burgh and my husband (who dare do nothing but as his father will have him do), so that I have nothing left to help me now in my great sickness, but am fain to lay all that I have to gage, so that I have nothing left to help myself withal, and might have perished ere this time for lack of succour, but through the goodness of the gentleman and his wife which I am in house withal. Therefore I most humbly desire alike made him the


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 in an in-door temperature of 82° without due precaution.

Colds are also frequently caught by the punkah-bearer going to sleep, till awoke by his master, bathed in perspiration. Anxious to make amends for his neglect he pulls with double vigour, and entails a cold upon the sleeper.

3. CALCULUS.—This was at one time thought to be a rare disease amongst natives but late experience shows it to be as prevalent as in temperate zones. Many civil surgeons have operated in hundreds of cases within their own districts, and with remarkable success. Even natives, uneducated at any school, ignorant of anatomy and self-taught, operate with a degree of success that surprises the educated practitioner.

4. GOITRE.—is frequent along the outer range of the Himalayan, especially on limestone formations, but it is not considered a very grievous evd further than the inconvenience of its size and weight. Both sexes seem equally liable to it. It is unknown in the plains.

5. ELEPHANTIASIS.—in one or both legs is almost peculiar to Bengal proper, and is more common in the male sex than the female, and in mature age rather than in youth. It also is looked upon as an inconvenience rather than as a serious evil. The disease is almost unknown in the north-west provinces.


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 '''6. LEPROSY'''.—Cases of this horrid disease are common all over Hindostan,and in both sexes, but confined especially to those of low castes. It does not seem materially to shorten the span of life, but to confine its ravages to the extremities; lopping off joint after joint, toe after toe, and finger after finger, and eventually the entire hand or foot, while the outcast victims drag out a lengthened existence in loathsome misery. It is firmly believed by the natives to be hereditary as well as contagious; no one thinks of inter-marrying with a leper, and contact of any sort is abhorred.

7. CHOLERA.—Cholera is the most alarming disease, and when epidemic, its ravages are like those of a destroying angel. I am inclined to think that it is much less frequent now, than it was twenty or thirty-years ago, though not less virulent. Hence a visitation from it causes universal alarm. I have a theory of my own upon Cholera, which it may be well to mention here; it may not be new, and it may not be true, but by it I can account for most of its concomitant symptoms; and its adoption renders the numerous names used to express a supposed different type superfluous; such as Blue Cholera, Cholera Asiatica, Cholera Asphyxia, Cholera Spasmodia, &c., for I believe, all these are merely different stages of the same disease. I will not pretend to


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 say, which is the first cause of Cholera, nor do I think we shall arrive at that knowledge till the analysis of the atmosphere is carried to infinitely greater perfection than it is at present; till we are able to separate the principles of small-pox, plague, and intermittent fever from the air we breathe, and bottle them up as we do oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonic acid gas. I consider cholera essentially a disease of secretion, of immoderate secretion of serum from the skin and the intestines. In the first few hours so much liquid is withdrawn from the blood, that it becomes too much inspissated to pass through the capillaries from the arterial into the venous system; the whole course of circulation is stopped nearly as effectually, as if the arteries were filled with treacle or tar, for the blood soon becomes of that consistence. Hence engorgement of the arterial system, suppression of all glandular secretion, of bile, of urine, of saliva; hence congestion of the lungs and asphyxia, imperfect oxidation of the blood, and lividity of countenance, cramps and spasms, clammy coldness and death. I believe, I am correct in stating, that during an experience of twenty-five years, I have not met with cholera in an epidemic form more than five times.

I do not intend to enter upon the questio vexata as the contagiousness of cholera, but shall merely


text: Author:James Douglas (1867-1940)

title: Author:James Douglas (1867-1940)


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 give a slight sketch of its visits on three principal occasions when I had to contend with it.

The first time I saw Cholera as an epidemic, was in the campaign against the Coles, in 1832. Soon after leaving Barrackpore, in November, it showed itself in the camp to which I was attached. For nearly a month it assumed the sporadic form, selecting for its victims the camp followers, and the weaker Sepoys only. Though a good many of those attacked were carried off, still it did not excite much alarm; and we hoped,by constant change of ground, and the cold weather increasing, to leave it somewhere behind. However, after we had penetrated about twelve marches into the interior of the enemy's country, it burst out at Luckipore with all the violence of an epidemic, and raged for several days with most appalling mortality. The hospital became crowded to excess;two, three, or four poor fellows were carried in every hour; and so rapid was the progress of the disease, that many died a few hours after they were attacked. Many of the followers, rather than run the risk of living longer in camp, fled into the forests, and attempted to find their way home;running the risk of meeting upon their path the numerous beasts of prey, and the enemy, as savage as merciless, and still more dangerous than the wild beasts, through many a


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304 champion of their domestic wrongs. Justly and unjustly, he had dragged down upon himself the animosity of peers, bishops, clergy, and gentlemen, and their day of revenge was come.

On the 10th of June he attended as usual at the morning sitting of the House of Lords. The privy council sat in the afternoon, and at three o'clock the Duke of Norfolk rose suddenly at the table: 'My Lord of Essex,' he said, 'I arrest you of high treason.' There were witnesses in readiness, who came forward and swore to have heard him say 'that, if the King and all his realm would turn and vary from his opinions, he would fight in the field in his own person, with his sword in his hand, against the King and all others; adding that, if he lived a year or two, he trusted to bring things to that frame that it should not lie in the King's power to resist or let it.' The words 'were justified to his face.' It was enough. Letters


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 weary mile. The retching of those attacked—the groans of the dying, and the lamentations for the dead, occupied the ear incessantly night and day; graves were seen a digging in every direction, and funeral piles smoking all around, tainting the very atmosphere with human empyreumatic odour, flocks of kites and vultures hovered over the dismal scene, screaming to be deprived of their expected prey, troops of jackals prowled about at night, tearing open and robbing the newly-tenanted graves of the Mussulmen; and the short hoarse bark of the hyena, like a knell from a death's head, grated upon the startled ear; warning us of our mortality, and of his, perhaps, groping for our bones before another day's dawn. Public religious processions were frequently performed by the natives, each caste separate by itself, with all the noisy solemnity characteristic of Hindoo and Mussulman rites, the one trying to out-do the other in their supplications to their favourite deities, to abate the dreadful calamity; and, to complete the tragical scene, the savage enemy, apparently exempt from the disease, looked on composedly, from the skirts of the jungle ready to empale with their arrows any one who ventured beyond the picquets, and anticipated our extermination without any efforts of theirs to assist.

When things were in this condition, we broke ground, marched two days in succession, and


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 halted at Boonga. We had not a case of cholera after leaving Luckipore. It is pretty well ascertained, though not easily accounted for, that if cholera break out in camp, and if that camp be broken up into parties, the chances are, that the greater number of parties will be exempt. This was strikingly exemplified in two companies of the 34th native infantry, that were detached: they had not a case of cholera after, though it continued with the head-quarters. The number of deaths on this occasion amounted to about seventy: about three-fourths of these were camp-followers. Most providentially, not a European officer was attacked: such is the caprice of this awful disorder.

The second time it was my fortune to meet with epidemic cholera, was in May and June, 1834, while in medical charge of the civil station of Goalpara, in Assam. Its progress up the Brahmapootra was very wed marked, but slow. I first heard of it at Dacca, some time after at Jumalpore, next it reached Goalpara, then it proceeded to Gohatti, thence to Bishnauth, and all in regular succession. Several weeks elapsed during its progress from Dacca to Bishnauth. In the town of Goalpara, with about 4,000 inhabitants, about 300 died of it. It continued to rage for six weeks. Its virulence seemed to have abated at Bishnauth, where only a few died.

The last time I saw cholera as an epidemic,


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 was after the capture of Rangoon, in April, 1852. At the great pagoda, within the stockade, in the field hospital, and on board the shipping, it raged with appalling mortality. I have never seen it in so aggravated a form, and of thirty-three European artillery men attacked, I lost nine, most of them the finest and strongest men of the battalion.

Though cholera so rarely assumes the epidemic form, an occasional case happens at all seasons.

8. SCURVY.—Scurvy has of late years become much more prevalent in India than formerly, or rather I am inclined to think that that disease has previously existed under some other names. On my assuming medical charge of the civil station of Gohatti, 1836, I found it prevalent amongst the prisoners, under the name of gangrene, and that many of them had, previous to that time, died of it. The mouth was the chief seat of the disease. It manifested itself by a pale sponginess of the gums, and looseness of the teeth; or by a foul ulcer inside the cheek. All the symptoms of profuse salivation rapidly ensued; the gums became a mass of suppurating matter, the teeth dropped out, the ulcer spread over the mouth, the cheeks sloughed away, the patient sank exhausted—or, if he recovered, he was frightfully deformed. The hospital stores contained almost no anti-scorbutic. Oranges and lemons, indigenous to the neighbouring hills, were


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1540.] were instantly written to the ambassadors at foreign courts, desiring them to make known the blow which had been struck and the causes which had led to it.


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 then plentiful in the bazaar. I bought them in basket-suds, prescribed them ad libitum in every case, and found them a perfect specific. I was fortunate in losing only one or two cases, and they were far advanced before they came under my care. No symptom of this disease showed itself amongst the Europeans at the station.

At Lahore, in 1848, I had no less than 425 cases of scurvy amongst the Sepoys of the 31st regiment native infantry. The ulcers generally began by a thickening swelling and engorgement of the cellular substance, soon after assuming the nature of an irritable bod, which, when cut into presented a spongy mass of cells infiltrated with pus. These sometimes remained in a chronic state, covered with a hard raised horny crust, or they ran into a phagydenic ulcer extending rapidly on all sides, dividing muscles and tendons, and laying bare the very bones. No part of the body was free from them, though they were chiefly confined to the lower extremities. When most prevalent every open sore took on the same ulcerative character, and a bubo, an abrasion, or a blister, as in hospital gangrene was speedily changed into a phagydenic ulcer, threatening to involve the whole limb in mortification. Such ulcers generally went by the vague name of Scinde boils, but I came to the conclusion, that all such sores so common along the course of the


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 Indus, were merely types of scurvy, and treated them as scurvy with the greatest success. In 1849, I had medical charge of the 2nd European Fusiliers at Lahore, and found about one-third of the regiment afflicted with scurvy. In them it was not of an ulcerative character, but marked particularly in the gums with swelled legs, and general anemia; and when diarrhœa set in upon such a constitution,it was of a very intractable and fatal character. My impression was that the general scantiness of vegetable diet so common in the Punjaub and Scinde, was the cause of this scorbutic diathesis. As the best means of improving the tone of health of the regiment, and eradicating the disease, I recommended that half a pound of fresh vegetables should be added to the daily rations of the soldiers, and it was sanctioned by government,and the same concession has since been extended to all European troops in the presidency with the best effects.

Scrofula is a rare disease amongst the natives, as is also phthisis; and it is generally allowed that India is very favourable to Europeans affected with these diseases. Elephantiasis,leprosy, hydrocele, are common; syphilis and gonorrhæa are prevalent every where.

9. MAHAMURRY.—It is very remarkable, that in the Himmalayah mountains, especially in Kumaon, at elevations of from five to seven


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 feet, a disease frequently becomes epidemic with most of the characteristics,and all the fatality of plague, and known there by the name of Mahamurry, or the Great Mortality. As soon as the disease manifests itself, the people leave the place, and take up their temporary abode a considerable distance from the infected village; the dead are left unburied where they fall, the sick deserted where they lie, nor do the survivors venture back to their homes for months and years, when decomposition and time is supposed to have purified the infected spot. So strong is their conviction of the Mahamurry being contagious, that acordon is immediately made round a community suffering from the disease, and if one of their number were to venture beyond the boundary, he would be stoned to death.

10. PREDISPOSING CAUSES OF DISEASE.—A sound mind in a sound body,has long been known to be the best prophylactic against disease; a man in good health and of a cheerful train of mind, may be many times exposed to contagion or malaria with impunity, whereas one labouring under any bodily ailment, or depressing passion, is very liable to catch infection. Hence poor diet, bad water, scanty clothing, wretched houses, famine, fatigue, misfortune, melancholy, prepare the body for the seeds of fever; and the weak and inanimate are more frequently its victims than the


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 strong and the active. Hence the propriety of a more generous diet, and an extra glass of wine during the prevalence of an epidemic, especially cholera.

11. MALARIA.—It is a generally received opinion that the greater proportion of the diseases of India is the consequence of malaria generated in the decomposition of animal or vegetable matter: that a certain ethereal essence, whether a gas or a vapour, a film or an aroma, is evolved by such substances, when exposed to putrefaction in moist high temperatures, which has the property of causing fever when inhaled, or absorbed externally. The germs of disease are so ethereal, that they have hitherto baffled all art and all science to identify them, either in air, earth, or water. We can separate the component parts of all three, and bottle them up like May-dew; we can handle electricity, galvanism, and magnetism as we would material agents; we can divide the light of day into its constituent elements, and convert the red, and the yellow, ray into peculiar uses,—and the violet ray into a photographic pencil, far surpassing in truth, the paintings of the most able artists. But who can analyze a cubic foot of air, and be able to ascertain whether it be good or wholesome, or contain the essence of small-pox or cholera, or plague, or intermittent fever? Yet our belief is that these must exist as distinct


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 TO

BY

JOHN McCOSH, M.D.,

LONDON:

H. ALLEN & CO., 7, LEADENHALL STEEET

1856.


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Veratius, Cn. Egnatius


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 {| class="_valign"

 * colspan=2 |CHAPTER I.
 * Page.
 * 1. An Outline of India. 2. Government. 3. Civil and Military Establishments. 4. Qualifications and Appointments. 5. Photography. 6. Medical List. 7. Rank. 8. Medical Board. 9. Superintending Surgeon. 10. Surgeons and Assistants. 11. Slowness of Promotion. 12. Subordinate Medical Department. 13. Native Doctors. 14. New Medical College. 15. Native Skill. 16. Medical Literature. 17. Medical Etiquette. 18. Duelling. 19. Pay. 20. Private Practice
 * 1
 * colspan=2 |CHAPTER II.
 * 1. Medical Fund. 2. Military Fund. 3. Orphan Fund. 4. Lawrence Asylum. 5. Lord Clive's Fund. 6. Pensions, Regular. 7. Wound Pensions. 8. Officers Killed in Action. 9. Donation Batta. 10. Investment and Remittance of Money. 11. Debt. 12. Wills and Estates. 13. Furlough. 14. E. I. U. Service Club
 * 25
 * colspan=2 |CHAPTER III.
 * 1. Date of Rank and Pay. 2. Passage. 3. Wardrobe. 4. Instruments. 5. Books. 6. Wife. 7. Embarkation. 8. Pleasures of Exile. 9. Voyage by the Cape of Good Hope. 10. Overland Route. 11. The Peninsular and Oriental Company.
 * 36
 * }
 * 1. Medical Fund. 2. Military Fund. 3. Orphan Fund. 4. Lawrence Asylum. 5. Lord Clive's Fund. 6. Pensions, Regular. 7. Wound Pensions. 8. Officers Killed in Action. 9. Donation Batta. 10. Investment and Remittance of Money. 11. Debt. 12. Wills and Estates. 13. Furlough. 14. E. I. U. Service Club
 * 25
 * colspan=2 |CHAPTER III.
 * 1. Date of Rank and Pay. 2. Passage. 3. Wardrobe. 4. Instruments. 5. Books. 6. Wife. 7. Embarkation. 8. Pleasures of Exile. 9. Voyage by the Cape of Good Hope. 10. Overland Route. 11. The Peninsular and Oriental Company.
 * 36
 * }
 * 36
 * }


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text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/L. Venuleius Apronianus


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Venuleius 3.


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Venuleius 2.


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Venuleius 1.


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Venuleia


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Ventidius Cumanus


text: Author:Walter Charles Cross Pakes

title: Author:Walter Charles Cross Pakes


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title: Author talk:Walter Charles Cross Pakes


text: Author talk:Austin Threlfall Nankivell

title: Author talk:Austin Threlfall Nankivell


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x Large subscriptions to the Association-imputation of selfishness—O'Connor opposition at Leeds—public dinner of free-trade members of Parliament.—meeting of delegates—council appointed.p. 90.

Delegate meeting in London, February 1839—Sir Robert Peel’s adroitness—Cobden as a speaker—chartist outrage—delegate meeting at Manchester—Mr. Villiers’ motion.p. 107.

Establishment of the League, March 1839—The Anti Corn-Law Circular and tracts—the League abused—retirement of Mr. Poulen Thomson—election of Mr. R. H. Greg.p. 124.

The campaign for 1840—erection of a pavilion—meeting of deputies there—list of deputies—free-trade banquets—the delegates in London—interviews with Melbourne, Peel and Graham, Russell, Labouchere,and Baring—Mr. Villiers’ motion—important resolution.p. 141.

Starvation in Ireland—report of committee an import duties—Leaguers itinerating—M. Fred. Butipth defence of English ladies—petitions and publications.p. 160.

Campaign of 1841—the Walsall election—retreat of the Whig candidate—vituperations of the Whig press—lesson to ministers, and their probable fate—agitation directed on Parliamentary boroughs. p. 175.

Meetings in Manchester—the import duties—the Bible on the Corn Law—Mathew Henry.p. 190.

Proposal of an eight shillings’ duty—the League’s address on total repeal—the whig budget—O’Conner chartists and physical-force—Dr.Sleigh’s mission—where farm produce goes.p. 200.