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648 of which Penalties shall, on Conviction before any of such Magistrates duly authorized to act within the Limits aforesaid, be paid to the Informer, and the other Half to the Poor of the Parish in which such Offence shall be committed ;   and in case any of the Penalties by this Act imposed shall not be paid, with the Charges incident to the Conviction, immediately upon such Conviction, the same shall and may be levied by the Warrant of such Magistrate as aforesaid; by Distress upon the Goods and Chattels of every such Offender or Offenders; and in case there shall be no sufficient Distress, then every such Offender or Offenders shall and may be committed by such Magistrate as aforesaid, to the Common Gaol within the Limits aforesaid, in the Case of any First Offence, for the Space of Three Months, and in the Case of any Second or further Offence, for the Space of Six Months, unless the said Penalty and Charges shall: be sooner paid.

XIV. And be it further enacted, That the inhabitants of any Parish, Township or Place, within the Jurisdiction aforesaid, shall be deemed and taken to be competent Witnesses, for the Purpose of proving the Commission of any Offence against this Act, within the Limits of such Parish, Township, or Place, notwithstanding the Penalty incurred by such Offence, or any Part thereof, is or may be given or applicable to the Poor of such Parish, Township, Place, or otherwise for Benefit or Use or in Aid or Exoneration of such Parish, Township, or Place.

XV. And be it further enacted, That the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports for the Time being, and the Lieutenant of Dover Castle for his Deputies, the Time being, and the Deputy Wardens of the Cinque Ports for the the Time being, and the Judge Official and Commissary of the Court Admiralty of the Cinque Ports, Two ancient Towns, and the Members thereof for the Time being, and any other Officer who shall be appointed by the Lord Warden, and all and every of them, shall and may execute, perform, and do, within the Jurisdiction aforesaid, all the Acts, Matters, and Things contained in this Act, in like Manner, to all Intents and Purposes, as any Magistrate or Magistrates, or any Commissioner or Commissioners to be appointed by virtue of this Act, is and are authorized to execute, perform, and do the same.

XVI. And whereas by a certain Act passed in the Twenty-eighth Year of the Reign of King Henry the Eighth, intituled For Pirates, it is among other things enacted to the Effect following, that whenever any Commission for the Punishment of certain Offences therein named, shall be directed or sent to any Place within the Jurisdiction of the Five Ports, that then every such Commission shall be directed unto the Lord Warden of the said Port for the Time being, or to his Deputy, or unto Three or Four such Persons as the Lord Chancellor for the Time being shall name and appoint : And whereas by the said Act it is further enacted to the Effect following, that every Inquisition and Trial to be had by virtue of such Commission, shall be made and had by the Inhabitants of the said Five Ports, or the Members of the same : And whereas of a long Time past, no such Commission has been sent to any Place within the Jurisdiction of the


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652

On which Day appeared personally W.Z. of and Y. Z. of who produced themselves as Sureties for the said  the Master, and for the Owners of the said Ship and Cargo, [or, as the Case may be] for the said Master and Owners of the said   Goods and Merchandizes, and submitting themselves to the Jurisdiction of the High Court of Admiralty of England, [or, the Court of Admiralty for the Cinque Ports, as the Case may be] bound themselves, their Heirs, Executorsand Administrators, for the said Master and Owners of the said Ship and Cargo, [or, as the Case may be] for the said  Master and Owners, or, for the Owners of the said Goods and Merchandizes, in the Sum of  Pounds of lawful Money of Great Britain, unto the said A. B. &c. to answer the Salvage, and Expences of the said Ship and Cargo, [or, as the Case may be], on the said Goods and Merchandize, as shall hereafter be decreed by the said Court, according to the Tenor of the Act in that Behalf made and provided ; and unless they shall so do, they hereby consent that Execution shall issue forth against them, their Heirs, Executors, and administrators, Goods and Chattels, wheresoever the same shall be found, to the Value of the Sum above mentioned.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 There is something pathetic and fatalistic about this, but the power of such a tone as a protection against outward shocks is manifest. Pascal is another Frenchman of pessimistic natural temperament. He expresses still more amply the temper of self-surrendering submissiveness:—

When we reach more optimistic temperaments, the resignation grows less passive. Examples are sown so broadcast throughout history that I might well pass on without citation. As it is, I snatch at the first that occurs to my mind. Madame Guyon, a frail creature physically, was yet of a happy native disposition. She went through many perils with admirable serenity of soul. After being sent to prison for heresy,

"Some of my friends," she writes, "wept bitterly at the hearing of it, but such was my state of acquiescence and


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H sin,’ ‘satisfaction,’ ‘merit,’ ‘necessary to salvation,’ ‘have been foisted into modern theology without sanction from Scripture.’ Accordingly, in 1860, a suit was instituted against him in the court of arches by direction of his diocesan, Charles Richard Sumner, bishop of Winchester. Judgment was delivered in the case of Burder v. Heath on 2 Nov. 1861, when the defendant was declared to have forfeited his living under the statute of 13 Eliz. c. 12. An appeal was made to the judicial committee of the privy council, and the judgment, delivered on 6 June 1862, confirmed the decision of the lower court, and Heath was deprived of the vicarage of Brading. After his deprivation Heath lived in retirement, and died at Esher, Surrey, on 27 May 1888.

Besides editing for some time the ‘Journal of Anthropology,’ Heath wrote: 1. ‘A brief Account of the Scottish and Italian Missions to the Anglo-Saxons. Collected from Bede and the best historians, and thrown into the form of a Chronicle,’ London, 1845, 8vo. 2. ‘The Future Human Kingdom of Christ; or Man's Heaven to be this earth,’ 2 vols. London, 1852–3, 8vo. 3. ‘Our Future Life,’ London, 1853, 8vo. 4. ‘The Exodus Papyri. With an historical and chronological introduction by Miss Corbaux,’ London, 1855, 8vo. 5. ‘A Record of the Patriarchal Age; or the Proverbs of Aphobis, B.C. 1900, now first translated from the Egyptian,’ Ryde [1858], 12mo. 6. ‘Sermons on Important Subjects,’ Ryde [1860], 12mo. 7. ‘A Defence of my Professional Character,’ London [1862], 8vo. 8. ‘Phœnician Inscriptions,’ part i. London, 1873, 8vo.

HEATH, HENRY (1599–1643), Franciscan, son of John Heath, was baptised at St. John's Church, Peterborough, on 16 Dec. 1599 (Tablet, 22 Jan. 1887, p. 152). His parents were protestants, who sent him in 1617 to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1621 (, List of Members of C. C. C. C. p. 26). He resided in the university for about five years, and was appointed librarian of his college. The perusal of controversial works inclined him to Roman catholicism, and coming to London he obtained an introduction to George Muscott, a priest, who received him into the Roman communion. Muscott sent him to the English College at Douay, where Dr. Kellison, the president, admitted him as a convictor. Afterwards entering the Franciscan convent of St. Bonaventure at Douay, he received the habit of St. Francis in 1623, when he assumed the name of Paul of St. Magdalen, and at the end of that year he became a professed member of the order. He was an inmate of the convent for nearly nineteen years, leading a life of exceptional austerity. He was appointed vicar or vice-president of his house in December 1630; its guardian in October 1632, and again on 15 June 1634 for three years longer; custos custodum, with the office of commissary of his English brethren and sisters in Belgium in 1637, and on 19 April 1640, guardian and also lector of scholastic theology (, Catholic Religion in Cornwall, p. 554). He next obtained leave to come on the English mission, and after landing at Dover proceeded to London on foot. Being penniless he lay down to rest at the door of a citizen, who suspected that he was a shoplifter, and handed him over to the custody of a constable. The discovery of some catholic writings concealed in his cap revealed his character. He was convicted under the statute of 27 Eliz. as a returned priest, and was executed at Tyburn on 17 April 1643.

He was the author of: 1. ‘Soliloquia seu Documenta Christianæ Perfectionis,’ Douay, 1651, 12mo; translated into English ‘out of the sixth and last Latin edition,’ Douay, 1674, 24mo, reprinted, London, 1844, 12mo. 2. Thirty treatises on various religious subjects, said to have been preserved in 1743 in St. Bonaventure's convent at Douay.

An engraved portrait of him in Mason's ‘Certamen Seraphicum Provinciæ Angliæ’ is reproduced in the English translations of his ‘Soliloquies.’

His father, when a widower and nearly eighty years old, went to Douay, was reconciled to the catholic church in St. Bonaventure's convent, and became a lay brother in the community. He died on 29 Dec. 1652.


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H HEATH, JAMES (1629–1664), historian, son of Robert Heath, the king's cutler, who lived in the Strand, was born in London in 1629, and educated in Westminster School. He entered Christ Church, Oxford, in 1646, and was deprived of his studentship in 1648 by the parliamentarian visitors. In March 1649 he was at the Hague at the court of Charles II (Chronicle, ed. 1663, p. 420). Living afterwards on his patrimony, he adhered to Charles II in his exile until it was almost spent, and then married. He was therefore unable to claim his student's place in 1660. To support his family he wrote and corrected for the press. Heath died on 16 Aug. 1664, at Well Close, near the Lame Hospital in St. Bartholomew's parish, and was buried near the screen of the church of that parish, leaving several children and some unpublished manuscripts. ‘He was a good school scholar, and had command of an English and Latin pen, but wanted a head for a chronologer, and was esteemed by some a tolerable poet’.

Heath's chief work is ‘A Brief Chronicle of the late Intestine War in the three Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland,’ 1661, afterwards enlarged and completed from 1637–1663, in 4 parts, 1663. Another edition is continued by J. Philipps, Milton's nephew, to 1675 (published London, 1676), and another to 1691. ‘Some copies have in them the pictures of the most eminent soldiers in the said war, which makes the book valued the more by some novices. But this chronicle being mostly compiled from lying pamphlets and all sorts of news-books, there are innumerable errors therein, especially as to name and time, things chiefly required in history’ (ib.) Heath is extremely biassed, and states hardly any facts on his own authority. Nevertheless the details he collects from the newspapers of the period give his chronicle a certain usefulness, especially for the period of the republic.

His other works are: 1. ‘Elegy on Dr. Thomas Fuller’ [q. v.], 1661. 2. ‘An Essay to the Celebration of the Anniversary Day of his Majestie's Birth and Restitution,’ London, 1662; in verse. 3. ‘An Elegy upon the most lamented Death of the late Dr. J. Gauden’ [q. v.], London 1662; a single folio sheet. 4. ‘The Glories and Magnificent Triumphs of the Blessed Restitution of King Charles II, from his Arrival in Holland till this present,’ 1662. 5. ‘Flagellum; or the Life and Death, Birth and Burial of Oliver Cromwell, the late Usurper’ (Carlyle calls him ‘Carrion Heath,’ and adds that he is a ‘dreadfully dull individual,’ Life of Cromwell, chap. ii.), 1663; 3rd edit. 1665; 4th, with print of Cromwell, 1669; other editions, 1672, 1679. 6. ‘Elegy (with Epitaph) on the much lamented Death of Dr. Sanderson, late Lord Bishop of Lincoln,’ 1663. 7. ‘A new Book of Loyal English Martyrs and Confessors,’ 1663. 8. ‘Brief but exact Survey of the Affairs of the United Netherlands,’ no date. 9. ‘England's Chronicle of Lives and Reigns of the Kings and Queens, from Julius Cæsar to William and Mary,’ 1689; 2nd edit. 1691. He was perhaps the author of verses prefixed to ‘The Art of Longevity,’ by Edmund Gayton [q. v.] (see, Athenæ Oxon. iii. 757).

HEATH, JAMES (1757–1834), engraver, born 19 April 1757, was eldest son of George Heath, a yeoman farmer at Horton in Staffordshire, by his wife, a Miss Hunball. He was first articled as a pupil to the engraver, Joseph Collyer the younger [q. v.] Collyer was an exacting master, and by steady application Heath acquired his great mechanical skill. His earliest engravings were some of the portraits in the collected edition of Horace Walpole's works. He was subsequently employed to engrave Stothard's designs for Harrison's ‘Novelists' Magazine’ and Bell's ‘Poets,’ and the taste and dexterity with which he rendered these small illustrations brought this style of illustration into great popularity. His engravings after Stothard, Smirke, and others, are very numerous, and are to be found in Sharpe's ‘British Classics,’ the ‘Lady's Poetical Magazine,’ Forster's ‘Arabian Nights,’ Glover's ‘Leonidas,’ and many similar editions of popular works. He engraved some of the plates for Boydell's ‘Shakespeare,’ and also in 1802 published a series of illustrations of Shakespeare on his own account. In 1780 he exhibited three engravings at the exhibition of the Society of Artists. In 1791 he was elected an associate engraver of the Royal Academy, and in 1794 was appointed historical engraver to George III, continuing in that post under successive sovereigns until his death. He engraved some large plates, notably ‘The Dead Soldier’ after J. Wright, ‘The Death of Nelson’ after B. West, ‘The Riots in Broad Street, 1780,’ after F. Wheatley, ‘The Death of Major Pierson’ after the picture by J. S. Copley in the National Gallery, ‘Titian's Daughter’ after Titian, ‘The Holy Family’ and ‘The Good Shepherd’ after Murillo, ‘The Holy Family (Orléans)’ after Raphael, &c.


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H He worked first in stipple and afterwards in line, sometimes in conjunction with others, keeping a large number of pupils working under his direction. He re-engraved the existing set of Hogarth's plates, and completed the engraving of Stothard's ‘Canterbury Pilgrims,’ left unfinished by Schiavonetti at his death. He also engraved numerous portraits. Heath amassed a considerable fortune, but lost much property by a fire in 1789. About 1822 he retired from his profession, and his stock of proofs and other engravings was dispersed by auction in that year. He married about 1777 Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Thomas, a Welsh clergyman, by whom he had one son, George Heath, afterwards serjeant-at-law. Charles Heath (1785–1848) [q. v.] was an illegitimate son. Heath died in Great Coram Street, London, on 15 Nov. 1834. A portrait of Heath by Sir Joshua Reynolds is in the collection of Mr. Samuel Parr at Nottingham; another by J. Lonsdale is in the National Portrait Gallery; others, by W. Behnes, L. F. Abbott, and T. George, have been engraved, and a small oval portrait was engraved for the ‘Monthly Mirror’ of 1796. He exhibited in 1834 at the Royal Academy ‘Children playing with a Donkey,’ but it is not stated to have been an engraving.

HEATH, JOHN (fl. 1615), epigrammatist, was born at Stalls, Somersetshire, and entered at Winchester School in 1600 at the age of thirteen (, Winchester Scholars, p. 159). He matriculated at New College, Oxford, on 11 Oct. 1605, when his age is given as twenty, was admitted perpetual fellow in 1609, and proceeded B.A. 2 May 1609, and M.A. 16 Jan. 1613 (Reg. Univ. Oxon. ii. pt. i. 271, iii. 286, Oxf. Hist. Soc.). He resigned his fellowship in 1616. In 1610 he published ‘Two Centuries of Epigrammes,’ inscribed to Thomas Bilson, the bishop of Winchester's son, and claims that his work is free from ‘filthy and obscene jests.’ Many epigrams are addressed to well-known literary men of the day. He contributed verses to the volume issued on the death of Sir T. Bodley, and to other collections of the kind. He translated Peter du Moulin's ‘Accomplishment of the Prophecies of Daniel and the Revelation,’ in defence of King James against Bellarmine, 1613, and Wood says he translated some works out of Spanish. He was possibly the author of ‘The House of Correction, or certayne Satyrical Epigrams written by J. H., Gent.,’ London, 1619, which was republished with a different title-page in 1621, but it is very doubtful whether he is the ‘I. H.’ who wrote ‘The Divell of the Vault or the Unmasking of Murther’ (1606). John Davies of Hereford has an epigram to Heath in the ‘Scourge of Folly,’ p. 252, and Ben Jonson in his ‘Discoveries’ (lxx) says contemptuously, ‘Heath's epigrams and the skuller's (i.e. John Taylor's) poems have their applause.’

HEATH, JOHN (1736–1816), judge, was son of Thomas Heath, alderman of Exeter, author of an ‘Essay on Job’ (, Lit. Anecd. ii. 276), and nephew of Benjamin Heath [q. v.] He was educated at Westminster School, and in 1754, at the age of eighteen, he matriculated at Christ Church, and took the degrees of B.A. in 1758 and M.A. in 1762. For a time he filled the office of town-clerk of Exeter. He was admitted a member of the Inner Temple in May 1759, and was called to the bar in June 1762. In 1775 he became a serjeant-at-law and recorder of Exeter; and, being an intimate friend of Thurlow, he was appointed, though he had no great practice at the bar, to succeed Sir William Blackstone in the court of common pleas, 19 July 1780. Here he sat for thirty-six years. He refused to be knighted on his elevation, saying that he preferred to remain ‘plain John Heath,’ but, although chargeable with great judicial severity (see, Lives of the Chancellors, iv. 33 n., vi. 154), his learning, which was much esteemed by Lord Eldon, and his fairness made him a good judge. He tried the Bishop of Bangor and others for riot, when Erskine procured their acquittal in spite of an adverse summing-up. After being long infirm, on 16 Jan. 1816 he died of an apoplexy, but whether at Hayes or at 36 Bedford Square is uncertain (see ‘Reminiscences’ by R. W. Blencowe in Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. i. 276). He was buried at Hayes in Middlesex, where he had a farm and country house. His tombstone there states his age as eighty-five, but the parish register, with probably greater authority, gives it as eighty. He was not married.


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H HEATH, NICHOLAS (1501?–1578), archbishop of York and lord chancellor, descended from the Heaths of Apsley, Tamworth, was born in London, about 1501. He received his early instruction in St. Anthony's School, London, and is also said to have been ‘educated for a time’ at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded in 1516. Wood affirms that Heath was nominated to Cardinal Wolsey's College, Oxford, before graduating B.A. in 1519; but the cardinal had not begun to select students for his society at so early a period. Heath afterwards migrated to Christ's College, Cambridge, where he proceeded B.A. in 1519–20, was elected fellow in 1521, commenced M.A. in 1522, and was elected fellow of Clare Hall on 9 April 1524. On 17 Feb. 1531–2 he became vicar of Hever in the deanery of Shoreham. In 1534 Heath was appointed archdeacon of Stafford, and in 1535 took the degree of D.D. at Cambridge. In the last year he was sent, together with Edward Fox, to negotiate with the princes who formed the Smalcaldic League in Germany as to the king of England's joining the league, and accepting the Confession of Augsburg. In this negotiation Heath is said by Burnet to have won the good opinion of Philip Melanchthon. On his return Heath was appointed almoner to the king, and on 6 Sept. 1537 was instituted to the rectory of Bishopsbourne and the deanery of South Malling. In 1539 he was elected bishop of Rochester. An edition of the English translation of the bible, known as ‘the Great Bible,’ which was published by both E. Whitchurch and Richard Grafton [q. v.] in November 1541, is described on the title-page as ‘overseen and perused’ at Henry VIII's command by Heath and Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop of Durham. On 22 Dec. 1543 Heath was elected to the see of Worcester, then vacant by the resignation of Hugh Latimer. Burnet says that Heath's fear that Latimer should be reinstated under Edward VI induced him outwardly to acquiesce in the reformed movement, though, from papers discovered later, it appears that he was at the time in constant communication with Reginald Pole and the Princess Mary as to schemes for bringing back the Romish influence. Heath's real views were brought to a test by his being appointed in 1550 as one of the bishops to prepare a form for ordination, which had not been provided in the first prayer-book. A form already arranged by Cranmer was accepted by the other commissioners, but Heath refused to sign it, though acknowledging that it was ‘good and godly’ and professing himself ready to use it. For this opposition Heath was brought before the council, and, ‘refusing obstinately’ to yield, was committed to the Fleet on 4 March 1551. In September 1551 he was again before the council. In spite of much pressure he still refused to yield, and informed the council that he would never consent to take down altars and to set up tables in churches. Heath was thereupon deprived of his see by a mixed commission of divines and laymen, but was allowed to live in the house of Ridley, bishop of London, whom he always called ‘the best learned of the party.’

Immediately on the accession of Mary, Heath was restored to his see of Worcester, which had been held in the meantime by Hooper (August 1553). On 19 Feb. 1555 congé d'élire was issued to the chapter of York to elect Heath as their archbishop in succession to Holgate, deprived. The election was made and confirmed by bull of Pope Paul IV on 21 June 1555, and by the grant of the pall on 3 Oct. The archbishop had previously been appointed president of Wales. He used his influence with Queen Mary to procure considerable benefactions for the see of York. His predecessor had denuded the see of many manors. Of these Heath procured the restitution of Ripon and seven other manors in Yorkshire, and the church of Southwell and five other manors in Nottinghamshire. It is said that the see of York owes Queen Mary and Heath more than a third of its possessions. These changes were no doubt facilitated by Heath's legal position, as, at the beginning of 1556, he received the great seal in succession to Sir Nicholas Hare, and the temporalities of the see were not restored to him till 26 May 1556. Heath's occupancy of the see of York was also marked by the building of York House in the Strand, he having for this purpose sold Suffolk Place, which had been given to him by the queen. At the death of Queen Mary the archbishop and chancellor rendered a most valuable service to Elizabeth by proclaiming her accession at once in the House of Lords on the announcement of Queen Mary's death. This, he said, ‘would have been a much more sorrowful loss to them, if they had not had such a successor, that was the next and undisputed heir to the crown, of whose right and title none could question’. Queen Elizabeth never forgot this service. The archbishop continued to hold the office of chancellor for a short time after Elizabeth's accession, and on being deprived of the seal was continued in the council. Heath rendered another service to the new government in the disputation between the reformed and unreformed divines at Westminster in the first year of Elizabeth. The preliminaries for the discussion were all arranged by Heath


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H in concert with Sir Nicholas Bacon, and when, in the disputation that ensued, the Romish divines refused to abide by the preliminaries that had been agreed upon, Heath refused to uphold them in their objections, and condemned their disorderly conduct. In the debate in the House of Lords on the bill for establishing the queen's supremacy Heath made a long speech, dwelling especially on the danger of forsaking the see of Rome and on the nature of the supremacy claimed, which he held to be against the word of God. The speech attributed to him by Burnet against the Uniformity Act was made by Abbot Feckenham [q. v.] When the bishops were called upon to take the oath enjoined by the Supremacy Act, and were summoned before the queen, Heath naturally became the leader and spokesman for the party. He showed great boldness on the occasion, calling upon Elizabeth to fulfil Mary's covenant with the holy see for the suppression of heresy. The archbishop suffered no ill-consequences from his bold words. Upon his ultimate refusal to take the oath, Heath, together with the other bishops, was deprived of his see. It is said that the bishops were completely taken by surprise at the deprivation being enforced, as there were no others to supply their places. Heath's deprivation took place on 5 July 1559 at the lord treasurer's house in Broad Street. On his deprivation he was committed to the Tower, together with some of the other recusants. They were treated mildly and allowed to dine together. In a short time Heath was set at liberty and allowed to retire to his estate at Chobham in Surrey, on giving an undertaking ‘not to interrupt the laws of church and state or to meddle with affairs of the realm.’ This undertaking he appears to have religiously observed, as the queen more than once paid him a visit at his house at Chobham and was loyally welcomed. He was allowed to dispose of his property at will, and died of old age, respected by all, at the end of 1578 (Loseley MSS.). He was buried in the chancel of Chobham Church, a plain black stone marking his grave. His moderate tone was of much service to Elizabeth. As the leading surviving prelate of the Marian days he had much influence in determining the attitude of the Romanists towards her.

HEATH, RICHARD (d. 1702), judge, son of Roger Heath, was admitted as a member of the Inner Temple in July 1652, and called to the bar in November 1659. He may be the Mr. Heath mentioned by Pepys (Diary, i. 350) as attorney to the duchy of Lancaster in 1662. He became a bencher of his inn in October 1677, a serjeant-at-law in 1683, and when Sir Edward Atkyns became chief baron, he succeeded to the vacancy in the court of exchequer, 21 April 1686. He concurred with his colleagues in expressing an opinion in favour of the king's dispensing power, but did not altogether approve of the royal policy, as appears from Sancroft's statement on 6 Nov. 1688, that Heath alleged himself to have had instructions from the court to pronounce the bishop's petition a factious libel. James II superseded him in December, but he was excepted out of the Bill of Indemnity after the revolution, went into retirement, and died in July 1702. He married Katherine, daughter of Henry Weston of Ockham and Sende, sheriff of Surrey and Sussex.

HEATH, ROBERT (1575–1649), judge, son of Robert Heath of Brasted, Kent, a member of the Inner Temple, by Anne, daughter of Nicholas Posyer, was born at Brasted on 20 May 1575, and educated at Tunbridge grammar school and St. John's College, Cambridge, which he entered on 26 June 1589, and where he spent three years, but took no degree. In 1591 he entered Clifford's Inn, and on 23 May 1593 the Inner Temple, where he was called to the bar in 1603. He was reader at Clifford's Inn for two years (1607–9), was appointed clerk of the pleas in the king's bench for life in 1607, and on 7 July 1612 had a grant in trust for Robert Car, viscount Rochester, afterwards Earl of Somerset, of a moiety of the office of chief clerk of the inrolments in the king's bench, with a twelfth of the emoluments in reversion expectant on the death of the then holder, Sir John Roper. When Roper was raised to the peerage as Lord Teynham (19 Nov. 1616), Heath was appointed trustee of the same moiety for George viscount Villiers during Teynham's life. He was elected a bencher of the Inner Temple in 1617, and by recommendation of the king recorder of London on 10 Nov. 1618, was autumn reader at the Inner Temple in 1619, was returned to parliament for the city of London on 20 Nov. 1620, and


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 new Ministry which succeeded "All the Talents" and took seat in Parliament April 8, 1807, represented everything in English society that was most impervious to reason. In its origin a creature of royal bigotry trembling on the verge of insanity, before it had been a few short weeks in office every liberal or tolerant Englishman was shocked to find that this band of Tories, whose prejudices were such as modern society could scarcely understand, and who had been forced into office by the personal will of an almost imbecile King, did in reality represent a great reaction of the English people against tolerant principles, and reflected the true sense of the nation as it had never been reflected by Grenville or Fox. Parliament was dissolved April 27, though only four months old; and June 22, when the "Leopard" was firing into the "Chesapeake," the new Parliament met at Westminster Hall, with a ministerial majority of more than two hundred country squires, elected on the cry that the Church was in danger.

From its nominal head, this Ministry was called the Portland administration; but its leader was Spencer Perceval, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and its


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 published, with more or less fidelity to those of existing Roman monuments, in which attempts were made to adhere to the rules laid down by Vitruvius. In Rome and other parts of Italy, where ancient monuments or portions of them still remained in situ, architects could study their details and base their designs on them, but in other countries they were bound to follow the copybook, and thus they lost that originality and freedom of design which characterizes the earlier work of the Renaissance.

On the other hand, there is no doubt that the publications of Vignola and Palladio, based as they were on the remains of ancient Rome, then much better preserved than at the present day, tended to maintain a high standard in the employment of the Classic orders, with correct proportions and details; so much so, that in referring to the influence which those works exerted from the middle of the 16th century in France and Spain, and during the 17th and 18th centuries in England and to a certain extent in Spain, Germany and the Netherlands, it is generally spoken of as the introduction of the pure Italian style. The tendency, however, of such hard and fast rules leads eventually to an excess in the opposite direction, and the works of Borromini in Italy and Churriguera in Spain in the middle of the 17th century resulted in the production of what is generally referred to as the Rococo style. This style was fostered in France by the attempts to reproduce, externally and in stone, ornamental decoration of a type which is only fitted for internal work in stucco, and in Germany and the Netherlands by reproductions of fantastic designs published in copybooks, which led to the bastard style of the Zwinger palace in Dresden and the Dutch architecture of the 18th century. Vignola’s work on the five orders was published in 1563, and Palladio’s in 1570; they were preceded by a publication of Serlio’s in 1540, giving examples of various architectural compositions, and to him is probably due the introduction of the pure Italian style in the Louvre in 1546. They were followed by other authors, as Scamozzi in Italy, Philibert de l’Orme in France, and, at a later date, Sir William Chambers in England.

The term given to the earlier Renaissance or transition work in Italy is the Cinque-cento style, though sometimes that title is given to buildings erected in the 16th century; in France it is known as the François I. style, in Spain as the Plateresque or Silversmiths’ style, and in England as the Elizabethan and Jacobean styles.

There is still another and very important difference to be noted between the styles of the middle ages and those of the Renaissance. Although the names of the designers in the former are occasionally known and have been handed down to us, they were only partially responsible, as the works were carried out by other craftsmen working on traditional lines, whereas in the latter they are of much more importance because of the independent thought and study of the individual; and though to a certain extent the development of each man’s work may have been influenced by others working in the same direction, his special object was to acquire personal fame and by his own fancy or predilection to produce what he conceived to be an original work peculiar to himself. Consequently in our description the name of the architect who designed a particular building, as well as the date of its erection, are necessarily given to show the progress made In his studies or otherwise.

In the styles hitherto described a chronological order has been followed, as far as possible, in order to show the gradual development of the style; that course is adopted here to a certain extent, when dealing with the Renaissance, though the introduction of the personal element, to which reference has been made, brings in a change of some importance. Henceforth the career of the individual has to be taken into consideration, and at times it may be an advantage when describing a building by an architect of eminence to mention other works by him, and so depart from the chronological sequence.

Ecclesiastical.—The classic revival in Italy, though foreshadowed in other branches of art, as in painting and sculpture, and also to a marked degree in literature, was virtually introduced by one great man, Filippo Brunelleschi of Florence, who, trained as a sculptor, and disappointed with his want of success in the competition held in 1403 for the bronze gates of the baptistery at Florence, determined to devote himself to architecture, possibly in the hope that he might some day be able to solve the great problem of erecting over the crossing of Arnolfo di Lapo’s great cathedral the dome projected by the latter but never executed. Having spent some years in Rome, Brunelleschi returned to his native town about 1410, with a profound knowledge of classic architecture and of Roman construction, as shown in the Pantheon, the thermae, Colosseum and other remains, then in much better preservation than at the present day. Some years passed in the production of various schemes and in deliberations with the council of Florence, but eventually in 1420 the completion of the cathedral was entrusted to him, and he undertook to construct the dome without centreing, and to raise it on a drum so as to give it greater importance than Arnolfo had contemplated, as shown in the fresco of the Spanish chapel of Santa Maria Novella, Florence. The dome as projected by Brunelleschi was of considerable size, being 130 ft. in diameter and 135 ft. from the cornice to the eye of the dome, including the drum on which it was raised; it was octagonal in plan, and built with an inner and outer casing partly in brick, with angle and two intermediate ribs on each face, which were in stone. The construction of the dome was completed in 1434; but the lantern, built on the basis of the model he had made, was not carried out till 1462, some years after his death. Brunelleschi’s other works in Florence consisted of the church of San Lorenzo, which he rebuilt in 1425 after a fire, and the church of Santo Spirito (1433), a very remarkable building, the design of which was based on the medieval basilicas of Rome, with such modifications in plan and section as his knowledge of ancient Roman work suggested. This church consists of nave, transept and choir, with aisles all round, the centre or crossing being covered with a dome on pendentives, which henceforth became the chief characteristic in all the Renaissance churches. Brunelleschi’s earliest work was the Pazzi chapel, an original conception which is more remarkable for the pure classic feeling and refinement in all its details than for the design. The weakness of the archivolt round the central archway, and the mass of panelled wall carried on columns (far too slight in their dimensions), detract seriously from the effect of the façade; internally the structural function of the pilasters is not sufficiently maintained, and instead of a simple hemispherical dome, as in the cathedral, a quasi-Gothic type was built, with twelve ribs and scalloped cells, which destroys its dignity.

Brunelleschi was followed by another great Florentine architect, Leon Battista Alberti, who was also a great mathematician and a scholar, and further promoted the study of classic architecture by writing a treatise in Latin, Opus praestantissimum de re aedificatoria, which was based partly on that of Vitruvius and was published in 1485, after his death, accompanied by illustrations. The first building with which he was connected was the church of San Francesco at Rimini, to which in 1440 he added the front. In this he was evidently inspired by the Roman triumphal arch in that city, and his interpretation of it, to meet the requirements in its façade which were imposed upon him by the existing nave, was admirable. Unfortunately the principal front was never completed, but on the south side he designed a series of recesses to hold the sarcophagi containing the remains of the friends of his client, Sigismondo Malatesta, the effect of which is simple and grand. Alberti’s largest work, the church of Sant’ Andrea at Mantua (1472), in which the nave, transept and choir are all covered with barrel vaults, recalls the vaulted corridors of the Colosseum. There are no aisles, but a series of rectangular chapels on each side, the division walls of which act as buttresses to resist the thrust of the great vault. The lofty arched openings to the chapels, separated by Corinthian pilasters with entablature supporting the coffered vault and a central dome (since rebuilt), complete the structure, which has served since as the model for all the Renaissance churches of the same type. The principal front is not satisfactory, as it takes no cognizance of the width of the nave, and the side doors have no use or meaning; here Alberti seems to have been led astray in his triumphal arch treatment, which is inferior to his scheme for the church at Rimini.

In 1462 Michelozzo, another Florentine architect, built the chapel of St Peter at the east end of the church of Sant’ Eustorgio, Milan. Externally it has little attraction, but internally the dome, with its magnificent frieze of winged angels in relief with a painted background of arcades and other accessories, is the most beautiful composition of the Renaissance. Michelozzo’s first work was the Dominican monastery and church of San Marco at Florence (1439–1452), but he is better known for his secular work, to which we shall return.

The next great architect chronologically is Bramante d’ Urbino, to whom was entrusted the commencement of the church of St Peter at Rome. His first important work was the church of Santa Maria della Consolazione at Todi (1472), which consists of a square nave with immense semicircular apses, one on each side. The nave is covered with a dome raised on a drum, and carried on pendentives, and the apses with hemispherical vaults butt against the nave walls and form externally a very fine group. Bramante was the architect of the chapel in the cloisters of San Pietro-in-Montorio, Rome (1472),

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H theless Heath was suspected of a secret sympathy with puritanism and the popular party, and was removed from office without cause assigned on 14 Sept., and replaced by Sir John Finch (1584–1660) [q. v.] He obtained leave from the king to practise as a serjeant in all courts except the Star-chamber, and on 12 Oct. 1636 was appointed king's serjeant. In this capacity he appeared to prosecute Thomas Harrison, a clergyman, indicted in Trinity term 1638 for publicly charging Sir Richard Hutton [q. v.], justice of the common pleas, while sitting in court at Westminster, with high treason. Harrison was convicted. In May 1640 Heath examined the ringleaders in some anti-papistical riotous assemblies held in Lambeth and Southwark.

On 23 Jan. 1640–1 Heath was appointed to a puisne judgeship in the king's bench, and on 13 May following to a mastership in the court of wards and liveries. The latter appointment was cancelled a few days later. He attended the king to York in May 1642, and was ‘sent for by parliament’ as a delinquent, but took refuge in Lord Strange's house in Lancashire. He rejoined the king at Oxford in the autumn, and in October was appointed chief justice of the king's bench in succession to Sir John Bramston, though, according to Dugdale, his patent was not issued until 31 Oct. 1643. In this capacity he tried, at the Oxford Guildhall on 6 Dec. 1642, four prisoners of war, viz. Captain John Lilburne [q. v.] and three other officers of the parliamentary army, on a charge of high treason, in that they had borne arms against the king. The parliament threatened retaliatory measures, and the proceedings were abandoned. On 4 July 1643 he received a commission of oyer and terminer to go circuit in Oxfordshire and the neighbouring counties, with liberty to avoid disturbed districts. He held an assize at Salisbury in the autumn, accompanied by Sir John Bankes [q. v.] and Sir Robert Foster [q. v.], at which the Earls of Northumberland, Pembroke, and Salisbury were indicted for high treason. The grand jury, notwithstanding the utmost pressure from the judges, threw out the bill, no offence being shown but that of assisting the parliament. Heath also tried about the same time Captain Turpin, a parliamentary sea-officer taken by the royalists in their recent attempt to relieve Exeter, and sentenced him to death as a traitor. Though reprieved, Turpin was kept close prisoner by Sir John Berkeley (d. 1678) [q. v.], the governor of Exeter, who in July hanged him by way of retaliation for the execution of Captain Howard, a deserter from the parliamentary army. The House of Commons thereupon impeached Heath and his colleagues of high treason (22 July). In October 1644 he was placed on the list of those to be condemned before the passing of the Act of Oblivion, and in the following December was excepted from pardon. His place was declared vacant, as if he were dead, by ordinance of 22 Nov. 1645, and his estates were subsequently sequestered. He fled to France in 1646, and died at Calais on 30 Aug. 1649. He was buried in Brasted Church, beneath a stately monument.

During his residence in France Heath wrote the brief autobiography published in the ‘Philobiblon Society Miscellany,’ vol. i.; probably also a curious catena of the virtues of a judge twenty-four in number, to correspond with the links of his collar of SS, and each, from studiousness to sanctity, denoted by a term beginning with the letter s, discovered among his autograph papers in the possession of his descendant, Lord Willoughby de Broke, by E. Shirley, esq., and by him communicated to ‘Notes and Queries’ in 1854 (1st ser. x. 357). Heath is the author of a formal treatise on pleading, published under the title of ‘Maxims and Rules of Pleading in Actions Real Personal and Mixt Popular and Penal,’ &c., London, 1694, 8vo. As a constitutional lawyer he was distinguished by learning and ability. He exhibited rare constancy to his principles, and seems to have been sincerely religious and benevolent to the clergy (Proceedings in Kent in 1640, Camd. Soc., 126, 129). He was a friend of learning, and in 1630 showed his attachment to his college by presenting some books to the library (, Hist. of St. John's College, Cambridge, 340, 498). His portrait in ruff and robes, by an unknown hand, is in St. John's College; an engraving of the same by Hollar, done in 1664, adorns the 1680 edition of Dugdale's ‘Origines Juridiciales’ (Chron. Ser. 110); an etching from the engraving by Richard Sawyer (1820) is in the British Museum (Add. MS. 32351). The features are regular, the brow broad and massive, the eyes dark and penetrating.

Heath married, on 10 Dec. 1600, Margaret, daughter of John Miller, by whom he had five sons and one daughter, who survived him. Mary, the daughter, married Sir William Morley of Halnaker, Sussex. The eldest son, Edward, was created a knight of the Bath at the Restoration, recovered his father's estates, and also the fees which he ought to have received as chief justice of the king's bench, but which had been appropriated by the prothonotary of that court. He married a daughter of Ambrose, brother of Sir George Croke [q. v.], through whom he acquired the manor of Cottesmore in Rutlandshire. The


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H second son, John, was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1634, and became attorney-general of the duchy of Lancaster on the Restoration, was knighted at Whitehall 27 May 1664, and sat in parliament for Clitheroe from 1661 to 1679. He married Margaret, daughter of Sir John Mennes, by whom he had an only daughter, Margaret, who married George Verney, fourth lord Willoughby de Broke.

HEATH, ROBERT (fl. 1650), poet, was not improbably the Robert Heath (born in London) who entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1634, and has Latin verses before Gabriel Dugres's ‘Grammaticæ Gallicæ Compendium,’ 1636. He may also be the ‘R. H.’ who published in 1659 ‘Paradoxical Assertions and Philosophical Problems.’ His chief work, ‘Clarastella; together with Poems occasionall, Elegies, Epigrams, Satyrs,’ 8vo, was issued by Humphrey Moseley in 1650. From Moseley's address to the reader it appears that the book was published without Heath's knowledge. The first part consists of a series of love-poems to ‘Clarastella;’ among the ‘occasional poems’ are some verses headed ‘To a friend wishing peace,’ describing the inconveniences of civil war, and earnestly pleading for the establishment of peace; the third part includes elegies on Sir Bevil Grenvil, William Lawes, the musician, and other friends who had fallen in the wars; the fourth part is a collection of epigrams; and the volume concludes with a batch of satires. Some of the poems addressed to ‘Clarastella’ are hardly inferior to Carew's best love-verses.

HEATH, ROBERT (d. 1779), mathematician, was a captain in the army, and is described late in life as a ‘half-pay captain of invalids’. For a time he served with his regiment in the Scilly Isles, and while there wrote ‘A History of the Islands of Scilly, with a Tradition of the Land called Lioness, and a General Account of Cornwall.’ The book, published in London in 1750, and dedicated to the Duke of Cumberland, included a new map of the isles, drawn by himself from an actual survey made in 1744; it was reprinted in 1808 in Pinkerton's ‘Voyages and Travels,’ ii. 729–784. Heath is best known as a frequent contributor to the ‘Ladies' Diary.’ His earliest contribution to that periodical is dated in 1737. He rapidly secured a high position on the staff, and proposed the prize essays for 1739, 1740, 1742, 1746, and 1748. When Henry Beighton [q. v.], the editor, died in October 1743, the proprietors, the Stationers' Company, allowed Beighton's widow to conduct the ‘Diary,’ with the aid of Heath as her deputy. In that capacity Heath exercised full editorial control from 1744 to 1753, and continued to write largely for the work, contributing under his own and assumed names. But Heath's violent temper and loose notions of honesty brought him into endless difficulties. A personal quarrel with Thomas Simpson [q. v.] led Heath to abuse virulently in print Simpson's ‘Doctrine of Ultimators’ (1750) and ‘Doctrine of Fluxions’ (1751), while he praised inferior works on the same subject by William Emerson [q. v.] John Taylor, who like Emerson was a contributor to the ‘Diary,’ inserted in his ‘Mathematical Exercises’ (1750–3) an able defence of Simpson signed ‘Honestus’ against Heath's assertions. In 1753 the proprietors, the Stationers' Company, dismissed Heath and installed his rival Simpson in the editorial chair.

One of the chief charges proved against Heath was that while editor of the ‘Ladies' Diary’ he started in 1749 a journal on similar lines on his own account, and appropriated for his own periodical, which he called ‘The Palladium,’ the best contributions sent to him as editor of the ‘Diary.’ On his dismissal from the latter office he concentrated all his energies on this venture of his own, and made it the vehicle of much intemperate abuse directed against Simpson, the Stationers' Company, and the ‘Ladies' Diary.’ The title of his journal was often changed. It was


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56 mouthpiece was George Canning, the Foreign Secretary. These two commoners—men of no special family connection, of no estates, and little so-called "stake in the country"—guided the aristocratic and conservative society of England, and exaggerated its tendencies. In modern days little is remembered of Spencer Perceval except that he became at last one of the long list of victims to lunatic assassins; but for a whole generation no English Liberal mentioned the name of the murdered prime minister without recalling the portrait drawn by Sydney Smith in the wittiest and keenest of his writings, in which Perceval was figured as living at Hampstead upon stewed meats and claret, and walking to church every Sunday before eleven young gentlemen of his own begetting, with their faces washed and their hair pleasingly combed.

In Sydney Smith's caricature there was little exaggeration. Spencer Perceval was forty-five years old, a lawyer of the best character, devoted to his family, his church, and sovereign; a man after Lord Eldon's heart, who brought to the Treasury Bench the legal knowledge and mental habits of a leader at the Chancery Bar and the political morality of a lawyer's brief. The criticism was not less revolting than remarkable, that many of the men whose want of political morality was most conspicuous in this story were, both in England and in America, models of private respectability and fanatical haters of vice. That


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H renamed ‘The Gentleman and Lady's Palladium,’ 1750, ‘The Gentleman's and Lady's Palladium and Chronologer,’ 1754, ‘The Gentleman's and Lady's Military Palladium,’ 1759, ‘The Palladium Extraordinary,’ 1763, ‘The Palladium Enlarged,’ 1764, ‘The Palladium of Fame,’ 1765, and ‘The British Palladium,’ 1768. Heath conducted his own paper with greater care than that he had expended on the ‘Diary,’ and suggested some useful schemes, which through lack of subscribers were never carried out. He proposed to reprint the original ‘Ladies' Diaries,’ a project fulfilled subsequently by both Charles Hutton (1775) and Thomas Leybourn (1817). He absurdly tried to establish a Palladium Society, having for its mark a ‘Palladium button,’ to be obtained from him. His journal ceased in 1778. He died in 1779.

According to De Morgan, ‘Heath was a person who made noise in his day, and in so doing established a claim to be considered a worthless vagabond.’ But as editor of mathematical periodicals he did something to popularise the study of mathematics in England. His works include, besides those already mentioned: 1. ‘The Practical Arithmetician,’ 1750. 2. ‘The Ladies' Chronologer,’ No. I. 1754 (amalgamated with the ‘Palladium’ of 1755). 3. ‘The Ladies' Philosopher,’ No. I. 1752, II. 1753, III. 1754. 4. ‘Astronomia Accurata; or the Royal Astronomer and Navigator,’ 1760. 5. ‘General and Particular Account of the Annular Eclipse of the Sun which happened on Sunday, April 1, 1764.’

HEATH, THOMAS (fl. 1583), mathematician, born in London, was admitted probationer fellow of All Souls, Oxford, in 1567, and proceeded B.A. 1569, and M.A. 1573 (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 270). Wood dates his master's degree in 1579 (Fasti, i. 213). Heath won considerable repute for his knowledge of astronomy and physics, and denounced the astrological predictions of Richard Harvey [q. v.] in his ‘Manifest and Apparent Confutation of an Astrological Discourse lately published to the discomfort (without cause) of the weak and simple sort.’ With that ‘Confutation’ was bound up his ‘Brief Prognostication or Astronomical Prediction of the Conjunction of the two superiour Planets Saturn and Jupiter, which shall be in 1583, April 29,’ London, 1583. Both parts were dedicated to Sir George Carey, ‘knight marshal of the queen's household.’ Heath was a friend of John Dee [q. v.] and Thomas Allen (1542–1632) [q. v.]

HEATHCOAT, JOHN (1783–1861), inventor, son of Francis Heathcote, a farmer of Long Whatton, Leicestershire, by Elizabeth Burton, was born at Duffield, near Derby, on 7 Aug. 1783. After a moderate education he was apprenticed to a hosiery manufacturer named Swift, but the situation not being found suitable his indentures were cancelled, and he was then apprenticed to William Shepherd, a maker of Derby-ribbed stockings and a frame-smith, at Long Whatton. As a journeyman he afterwards worked with Leonard Elliott, frame-smith and setter-up of machinery at Nottingham; soon purchased the goodwill of the business, and carried it on upon his own account. His attention was early turned to the construction of a lace-making machine. About 1803 he removed to Hathern with the object of constructing a machine which would do the work of the pillow, the multitude of pins, the thread and bobbins, and the fingers, and would supersede them in the production of lace, as the stocking-loom had superseded the knitting-needle. Analysing the component threads of pillow-lace, he classified them into longitudinal and diagonal. The former he placed on a beam as warp. The remainder he reserved as weft, each thread to be working separately, and to be twisted round a warp-thread, and then to cross diagonally its appropriate neighbour thread, and thus close the upper and lower sides of the mesh. Finally he contrived the needful mechanical arrangements: the bobbins to distribute the thread, the carriage and grooves in which they must run, their mode of twisting round the warp and travelling from side to side of the machine. Marc Isambard Brunel said of this machine: ‘It appears to me one of the most complete mechanical combinations, in which the author displays uncommon powers of invention.’ A patent, No. 3151, taken out in 1808, and known as the ‘horizontal pillow,’ led after further experiments to the construction of the machine patented in 1809, No. 3216. Thus at the age of twenty-four Heathcoat became the acknowledged inventor of the most complicated machine ever produced. The first square yard of plain net was sold from the machine at 5l.; the average price in 1890 is five pence. The annual average returns of the trade are 4,000,000l., giving employment


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H at fair wages to 150,000 workpeople. In 1805 Heathcoat had removed to Loughborough, whence his improved machine was known as the ‘Old Loughborough.’ In 1809 he entered into partnership with Charles Lacy, who had been a point-net maker at Nottingham. Under this partnership the machinery was so increased that by 1816 fifty-five frames were at work in the Loughborough factory. They also made much money by granting permission to other firms to use the machine on the payment of a royalty. There were several infringements of the patent, more particularly by William Morley, a machine builder, in 1813, but an injunction was procured against him. The Luddites, on the night of 28 June 1816, attacked Heathcoat, Lacy, & Boden's factory at Loughborough, and destroyed fifty-five frames and burnt the lace which was upon them. The firm sued the county for the damage and was awarded 10,000l., but the magistrates required that the money should be expended locally. To this Heathcoat gave a decided refusal, and the amount was never received. He said his life had been threatened, and he would go as far as possible from such desperate men. Dissolving his partnership with Lacy, he then, in conjunction with John Boden, purchased a large mill at Tiverton in Devonshire, where machinery could be driven by the stream of the Exe. The removal to Tiverton proved favourable. Heathcoat constructed his new frames of increased width and speed, and by applying rotary power lessened the cost of production. He patented a rotary self-narrowing stocking-frame, and put gimp and other ornamental threads into bobbin net by mechanical adjustment. In 1821 the partnership with Boden was dissolved. Year by year Heathcoat took out further patents and continued to make inventions and improvements in his manufactures until 1843, when he retired. In 1832, in conjunction with Henry Handley, M.P., he patented a steam plough to assist in agricultural improvements in Ireland. On 12 Dec. 1832 he was elected to represent Tiverton in parliament, and sat for that borough till 23 April 1859. He seldom addressed the house, but was very useful in committees. His colleague for many years in the representation of the town, Lord Palmerston, paid a high tribute to his patriotic and independent course on his retirement. At his own cost he built British schools, which were opened 1 Jan. 1843, and in the same year his portrait, the cost of which was defrayed by a public subscription, was presented to the corporation of his adopted town. He died at Bolham House, Tiverton, 18 Jan. 1861, and was buried in St. Peter's churchyard on 24 Jan. He married about 1804 Ann, daughter of William Cauldwell of Hathern, Leicestershire, by whom he left two daughters, Miss Heathcoat and Mrs. Brewin, who employed their large property in carrying out their father's benevolent schemes.

HEATHCOTE, GILBERT (1651?–1733), lord mayor of London, born at Chesterfield about 1651, and descended from an ancient Derbyshire family, was eldest son of Gilbert Heathcote, alderman of Chesterfield, by Anne, daughter of Thomas Dickens. He graduated B.A. in 1669 and M.A. in 1673 from Christ's College, Cambridge (Grad. Cantabr. 1823, p. 227), and was living in London in 1682 in the parish of St. Dunstan's-in-the-East. He afterwards carried on business as a merchant in St. Swithin's Lane; traded in Spanish wines and other produce in 1690–2 (Cal. of Treasury Papers, 1556–1696, pp. 112, 244), and had large transactions with Jamaica, furnishing remittances on behalf of the government for the troops there (ib. 1702–7, pp. 448, 491–2). His trade with the East Indies was equally extensive. In 1693 the ship Redbridge, of which he was part owner, being detained at the instance of the East India Company, which claimed a monopoly of the trade with India, he asserted at the bar of the House of Commons his right to trade wherever he pleased, unless restrained by parliament. The house declared by resolution against the company's monopoly (, Hist. of England, iv. 476). Heathcote actively promoted the bill for a new East India Company, subscribed 10,000l. of its capital, and served both as a director and as one of a committee of seven to arrange matters with the old company (, New View of London, 1708, pp. 603–4;, Brief Relation, iv. 403, 485). Strype relates that at a meeting, held in London about 1698, of the company of Eastland merchants (of which Heathcote was governor in 1720), Peter the Great was present, and was addressed by Heathcote ‘in high Dutch’ with reference to the importation of tobacco into his dominions (, Survey of London, ed. Strype, 1720, bk. v. p. 262).

Heathcote was one of the founders of the Bank of England, and in 1694 was elected by ballot one of its first board of directors


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1807 Timothy Pickering and Roger Griswold should join hands with Aaron Burr was less wonderful than that Spencer Perceval and his friend James Stephen, the author of "War in Disguise," should adopt the violence of Napoleon as the measure of their own morals, and avow that they meant to respect no other standard. With the same voice Spencer Perceval expressed fear lest calling Parliament on a Monday should lead members into Sunday travel, and justified the bombardment of Copenhagen and the robbery of American commerce.

The Whigs thought little of his abilities. Sydney Smith, who delighted to ridicule him, said that he had the head of a country parson and the tongue of an Old Bailey lawyer. The Tories admired and followed him as readily as they had once followed Pitt; but to an American, necessarily prejudiced, Sydney Smith's estimate seemed just. Every American critic placed Perceval in an order of intelligence not only below the Whigs, but below Lord Sidmouth. When confronted with the dulness of Spencer Perceval, Americans could even feel relief in the sarcasm of George Canning, which, unlike Perceval's speeches, had at least the merit of rhetoric.

Of George Canning, who passed so rapidly across the scene, and yet left so sharp an impression on the memory of America, something must be said, if only to explain how a man so gifted, and in later life so different in influence, should have thought it worth


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H (, iii. 342). By the act of parliament extending the Bank's charter to 1710, Heathcote's gain as a capitalist was stated to be 60,000l. (, Hist. of the Bank of England, i. 69, 80, 94). He was appointed one of nine trustees in 1710 of the city loan to the emperor of 250,000l. for carrying on his war against France, himself contributing 4,000l. (Marlborough Dispatches, ii. 396;, vi. 9, 24, 28). On the dismissal of Sunderland from the secretaryship in 1710, Heathcote, as governor of the Bank of England, headed a deputation to the queen to represent the injurious effects which any further changes in the ministry would have upon public credit, an intention which the queen disclaimed in her reply (, Queen Anne, pp. 426–7;, vi. 594).

Heathcote's ample fortune gave him leisure for public work. He was a common councilman for Walbrook ward in 1690 (A List of the Names of the Court … of Common Council, for the year 1690), and became alderman of the same ward 30 June 1702. At the following lord mayor's feast (29 Oct.) he was knighted by the queen, who dined at Guildhall (, Hist. of London, i. 503). He was elected sheriff on midsummer-day 1703, having been fined in 1698 for declining to serve the office (, iv. 401). In 1710, being next in seniority for election as lord mayor, he was strongly opposed by the court party, who objected to the remonstrance he addressed to the queen, but the court of aldermen finally elected him (ib. vi. 637). On account of his unpopularity the procession to Westminster on 30 Oct. was curtailed, and he rode on horseback, the livery companies attending him by water in their barges (ib. p. 648;, Hist. of London, p. 299). During his mayoralty he unsuccessfully opposed a motion in the court of common council to address the crown in congratulation upon the negotiations which resulted in the treaty of Utrecht (ib. p. 302). He removed on 16 March 1724 to the ward of Bridge-Without, becoming senior alderman and father of the city. He was also colonel of the blue regiment of the trained bands (, vi. 188), treasurer and vice-president of the Honourable Artillery Company, president of St. Thomas's Hospital, and master of the Vintners' Company in 1700. He was appointed a commissioner for the colony of Georgia in October 1732, and obtained much support for the proposal from his fellow-directors of the Bank of England (Gent. Mag. 1732, pp. 975, 1032). On 17 Jan. 1732–3 he was created a baronet.

Heathcote served in parliament during four reigns. On his first election for the city of London in 1700 he was expelled the house for being concerned as a trustee for circulating exchequer bills contrary to an act of William and Mary (Commons' Journ. xiii. 351–2). He was re-elected in the following November, and represented the city until 1710. In 1714 he was elected for Helston, Cornwall, in 1722 for New Lymington, and in 1727 for St. Germans, Cornwall. He was a staunch whig, and used his influence with the merchants of London in support of Godolphin's administration. In 1731 he introduced without success a bill to lighten the pressure of tithes. (For contemporary criticism of the measure in the ‘Craftsman,’ ‘Fog's Journal,’ and other papers, see Gent. Mag. i. 240–1.) In a pamphlet entitled ‘An answer to the Remarks upon the Bill … concerning Tythes,’ 1731, and dedicated to Heathcote, his action was highly commended. Horace Walpole condemns Catherine Macaulay's praise of Heathcote, and calls him ‘a paltry, worthless Jacobite’ (Letters, v. 7, 42).

Despite his wealth Heathcote was noted for his parsimony. Writing to Strype the historian in December 1712 he complained of the charge of a few shillings as fees for the burial of his own brother (see Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. Cole, 5853, p. 270). Pope, who was opposed to him in politics, severely characterises him as ‘starting … from dreams of millions, and three groats to pay’ (Dunciad, bk. ii. 251–2). In the ‘Essay on Man’ (Ep. iii. 44), the line ‘The fur that warms the monarch warmed a bear’ had in the manuscript ‘Sir Gilbert’ for ‘the monarch.’ In his ‘Moral Essays’ (Ep. iii. 101–2) Pope again writes: The grave Sir Gilbert holds it for a rule That every man in want is knave or fool. His unpopularity with the lower orders was thus increased. On 29 May 1715 the mob during disturbances in the city is said to have designed the murder of Heathcote and other magistrates, and the burning of their houses (Cal. Treasury Papers, 1714–19, p. 235). In 1728, when returning from the House of Commons, his coach was stopped in St. Paul's Churchyard, and he was robbed by thieves, who were lying in wait for Queen Caroline (, Hist. of London, ii. 32).

Heathcote had a house called Forest House at Low Leyton, Essex, which was afterwards sold by his descendants (, Environs, 1796, iv. 164). He also purchased from the Mackworth family the seat of Normanton in Rutlandshire, described by Dyer in his ‘Fleece’ as ‘the selected walk of Heathcote's leisure.’ He died 25 Jan. 1733 at his house


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Heathcote in St. Swithin's Lane in his eighty-third year. He was buried at Normanton, where a monument by Rysbrach, with an inscription, is erected to his memory (, Baronetage, iii. 220).

His fortune was estimated at 700,000l., and he was reputed the richest commoner in England. He bequeathed 500l. to St. Thomas's Hospital and 500l. to the poor of Chesterfield, and a legacy to the Rev. Dr. Johnson, who cured him of an ulcer in his leg. He married in 1682 (license granted 30 May) Hester, daughter of Christopher Rayner, a London merchant, by whom he had a son, Sir John, his successor, and two daughters—Anne, married to Sir Jacob Jacobson, and Elizabeth, who married Sir Sigismond Trafford of Dunston Hall, Lincolnshire. His descendant, Sir Gilbert John Heathcote, was created Baron Aveland 26 Feb. 1856. Lady Heathcote died in 1714, and was buried on 6 Oct. in Low Leyton Church.

Heathcote's portrait in civic robes is preserved in the court-room of St. Thomas's Hospital, and another in three-quarter length is said to remain at Conington Castle, Huntingdonshire.

HEATHCOTE, RALPH (1721–1795), divine and miscellaneous writer, was born on 19 Dec. 1721 at Barrow-upon-Soar, Leicestershire, where his father (d. 1765), afterwards vicar of Sileby and rector of Morton, Derbyshire, was then curate. His mother was a daughter of [q. v.], the historian of the Saracens. After receiving instruction from his father, and at Chesterfield grammar school, he entered at Jesus College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. in 1744, and M.A. in 1748. In March 1748 he became curate of St. Margaret's, Leicester, and vicar of Barkby in 1749, preferments which brought him 50l. a year. In 1746 he published a Latin dissertation on the history of astronomy (‘Historia Astronomiæ sive de ortu et progressu astronomiæ’), which attracted considerable notice; but when in 1752 he essayed to take a part in the Middletonian controversy on the miraculous powers ascribed to the early church, he discovered that ‘though I had gone through a school and a college, and had produced a Latin work which had been applauded for its language, I could not express myself tolerably in English. I mention this chiefly to note what I take to be a great defect in most of the grammar schools, viz. a total neglect to cultivate our own language.’ He produced two pamphlets anonymously notwithstanding, entitled respectively ‘Cursory Animadversions on the Controversy in General’ (1752), and ‘Remarks upon a Charge by Dr. Chapman (1752);’ and in the following year wrote a reply to Thomas Fothergill's sermon on the uses of commemorating King Charles's martyrdom, ‘a slight production, yet sufficient, perhaps, to show that there is neither reason nor use in any such commemoration.’ These publications attracted the notice of Warburton, who presented Heathcote to the assistant preachership at Lincoln's Inn. Accordingly Heathcote, who had in August 1750 obtained a comfortable independence by his marriage to Margaret Mompesson, a descendant of the heroic vicar of Eyam, removed in June 1753 to London, where he ‘found his way into the society’ of Jortin, Birch, Maty, and others, ‘who met once a week to drink coffee and talk learnedly for two or three hours.’ He took a part in the controversy against Bolingbroke on the one hand, publishing in 1755 ‘A Sketch of Lord Bolingbroke's Philosophy,’ and in that against the Hutchinsonian Dr. Patten on the other. His tracts, he says, were favourably received, ‘yet when the heat of controversy was over I could not look into them without disgust and pain. The spleen of Middleton and the petulancy of Warburton had infected me as they had other young scribblers.’ Their substance, however, ‘purged from that ferment which usually agitates theological controversy,’ formed the staple of his dissertation on occasion of his D.D. degree at Cambridge in 1759, and of his Boyle lectures, 1763–5. In 1761 he became one of the chief writers in the ‘Biographical Dictionary,’ and in 1767 published an anonymous letter to Horace Walpole on the dispute between Hume and Rousseau, which was attributed to Walpole himself. About this time he returned to the midland counties, where he had received several small pieces of preferment, usually residing at Southwell, Nottinghamshire, where he was a prebendary of the minster. In 1771 he published anony-


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58 his while to challenge the hatred of a people whose future he, unlike his colleague Perceval, had imagination enough to foresee. George Canning was thirty-seven years old when he took charge of the Foreign office. His father, who came from a very respectable but in no way eminent family, died in 1771; his mother having no means of support became a provincial actress, and the boy was adopted by an uncle, who sent him to Eton and Oxford. He left Oxford at the time when the French Revolution promised a new birth to Europe, and Canning was then a warm Republican from sympathy and conviction. The political reaction which followed swept the young man to the opposite extreme; and his vehemence for monarchy and the Tories gave point to a Whig sarcasm,—that men had often been known to turn their coats, but this was the first time that a boy had turned his jacket. In consequence of his conversion Pitt brought him into Parliament in 1793, and placed him in office in 1796. In the hotbed of Pitt's personal favor Canning's natural faults were stimulated, until the irritation caused by his sarcastic wit and by what the stolid gentry thought his flippancy roused a sort of insurrection against him. Few men were more admired, and none was more feared or hated; for it was impossible to say what time-honored monument he might overthrow in defending.

No man in England flung himself more violently


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1807. into the reaction against Republican ideas than this young Republican of 1789. Canning's contempt was unbounded for everything that savored of liberal principles; and in following the impulses of his passion he lost whatever political morality he had possessed. If one act in Bonaparte's career concentrated more than another the treason and violence of a lifetime, it was the coup d'état of the 18th Brumaire, in 1799, when he drove the Legislature at the point of the bayonet from the hall at St. Cloud, and annihilated French liberty, as he hoped, forever; yet this act, which might have been applauded by some English statesmen whose heads paid on Tower Hill the penalty for such treason to the liberties of their own country, threw Canning into paroxysms of delight.

 * "Huzza! huzza!  huzza!" he wrote on hearing the news; "for no language but that of violent and tumultuous and triumphant exclamation can sufficiently describe the joy and satisfaction which I feel at this complete overthrow and extinction of all the hopes of the proselytes to new principles....  It is the lasting ridicule thrown upon all systems of democratic equality,—it is the galling conviction carried home to the minds of all the brawlers for freedom in this and every other country,—that there never was, nor will be, nor can be, a leader of a mob faction who does not mean to be the lord and not the servant of the people.  It is this that makes the name of Bonaparte dear to me. . ..


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 a small circular building covered with a dome and surrounded with a peristyle of columns of the Doric order; and of the dome of the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, as also of the three apses, which are decorated with pilasters and baluster shafts with circular medallions enclosing busts, all in terra cotta. Before passing to his work at St Peter’s there are some other early churches we must notice. The Certosa, near Pavia, was begun in 1396, and in one sense suggests the revival of classic architecture, in that all its arches have semicircular heads. The magnificent façade of the church was commenced in 1473 from the designs of Borgognone, a Milanese architect: it is one of the few examples in Italy of large size in which the transition is noticeable, for although there are no Gothic details the design follows that of the middle ages, and instead of great pilasters of the Corinthian order, buttresses with niches containing statues divide the façade and accentuate the internal divisions of the church; the open galleries above the entrance doorway crossing the upper storey of the central portion are all derived from well-known Lombardic features. The upper part of the façade is inferior to the lower, Borgognone’s design having been departed from. The enrichment of the whole front, from the lower plinth to the string course under the first gallery, with bas-reliefs, panelled pilasters, niches, medallions and other decorative accessories, all in white marble, so completely covers the whole surface that scarcely any portion is left plain, which to a certain extent detracts from its effect as a whole; but there is an endless variety of design, and the baluster or candelabrum shafts dividing the windows and the friezes and cresting above their cornices, are of great beauty. The circular rose window above, with its enclosing frontispiece of later date, shows the coming influence of the later Italian style. The cloisters adjoining are surrounded with a light arcade, with enrichments in the spandrils and frieze, all in terra cotta.

The cathedral of Como is also a transitional example, where buttresses are employed all round the church, and it is only in the finials which surmount them, the great projecting cornice which crowns the structure, and the doorways and windows, that we find classical details; the doorways recall the porches of the Lombard churches, and are of great beauty in design, the south doorway being said to be by Bramante. Another example, remarkable for its elaborately carved front and porch, is the church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli at Brescia (1487–1490) by Ludovici Beretta, which both externally and internally is one of the richest specimens of the early Italian Renaissance. The church dedicated to Santa Maria dei Miracoli in Venice (1481–1489), by Pietro Lombardo, is another transitional example in which the Byzantine influence of St Mark’s is recognizable in the semicircular pediments of its façade and of the exterior of the chancel, and Lombardic influence in its external decorations with pilaster strips and blind arcades. The interior is one of the gems of the Renaissance, on account of its splendid decoration with marble linings and fine cinque-cento carving. Similar semicircular pediments are found in the façade of the church of San Zaccharia at Venice (1515), but are purely decorative because the roof behind is not semicircular like that of the Miracoli. The decoration of the main front, here all in marble, is of an entirely different design, and is subdivided into a series of storeys, the lower panelled, the first storey with arcades and the upper ones with pilasters. An earlier example (1461) in San Bernardino at Perugia is of a far higher standard, and its enrichment with bas-reliefs by the Florentine sculptor Agostino di Duccio (c. 1418–c. 1490) gives it the first place for its conception and execution. Among others, the church of Spirito Santo, Bologna, in terra cotta; the church of Santa Giustina, Padua (1532); the sacristy of San Satiro, Milan (1479), by Bramante; and the sacristy of the church of Santo Spirito, Florence (1489–1496), by Sangallo, are all interesting examples of the early Renaissance in Italy.

In 1505, on the advice of Michelangelo, Bramante was instructed to prepare designs for a new church in Rome dedicated to St Peter, to take the place of the early basilica, which, built in haste, began to show serious signs of failure. Already, fifty years earlier, Pope Nicholas V. had commenced a new building, the erection of which was stopped by his death in 1454. The scheme was revived by Julius II., and the foundation stone of the new structure was laid in 1506. On Bramante’s death in 1514, Raphael, Peruzzi and Sangallo were successively appointed, and the last named prepared a new design, which, however, was not carried out, as he found it necessary first to strengthen the piers of the dome provided by Bramante and to remedy the defects of his successors. In 1546 Michelangelo, then seventy-two years of age, was entrusted with the continuance of the work, and he made radical changes, chiefly in the design of the dome. Comparison of the plans of Bramante and Sangallo with that actually carried out by Michelangelo shows that he not only increased the size of the piers to carry his dome, but the outer walls of the north, south and west apses, and omitted the aisles which surrounded the latter (fig. 51). He would seem to have availed himself of the foundation walls already built and of Bramante’s piers to carry the dome, which had been raised up to the cornice, but otherwise the architectural features of the whole building externally and internally were carried out from Michelangelo’s own designs. Sangallo had suggested for the exterior a series of superimposed orders with three storeys; Michelangelo elected to have one order only with an attic storey. The building gained thereby in dignity, but it lost in scale, for the huge pilasters of the Corinthian order (87 ft. high) look considerably smaller, in spite of the two storeys of windows between them. These windows also, which from their design are apparently about 10 to 12 ft. high, actually measure 20 ft. in height. The same defect exists in the interior, where the Corinthian order, over 100 ft. in height to the top of the cornice (Plate III., fig. 69), calls for a similar increase in the dimensions of all the sculptured decorations; the figures in the spandrils being 20 ft. high, and the cherubs supporting the holy water spouts 10 ft. Otherwise the scheme realizes the conception which Bramante proposed from the first, viz. to raise the dome of the Pantheon on the top of the basilica of Constantine; the latter being represented by the magnificent barrel vault (75 ft. in span) of the nave, transepts and choir; the former by the great hemispherical dome, 140 ft. in diameter, which, including the drum, is 162 ft. from the top of the cornice above the pendentives to the soffit of the dome. The dome is built in two shells with connecting ribs on the same principle as Brunelleschi’s dome in Florence, and was nearly completed before Michelangelo’s death in 1563, and the lantern in 1590 from the model which he had made. In 1605 the east end of the old basilica was taken down, and three more bays were added, thus converting the Greek cross of Michelangelo’s design into the Latin cross originally conceived by Bramante. The nave and the eastern vestibule were completed in 1620, and the great semicircular portico was added by Bernini in 1667. The immense height of the east façade, and its prolongation in front of Michelangelo’s chief feature, the dome, hides the design of a great portion of the latter, so that it can only be seen either from a great distance

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Heather  ‘The Irenarch, or Justice of the Peace's Manual,’ a work strangely attributed by Mr. Parkes to Junius, though the third edition bore the author's name. The second and third editions have a long dedication to Lord Mansfield, containing much miscellaneous legal and historical matter. From this time, though he continued to visit London up to 1785, Heathcote's ‘great object of employment was the administration of justice, though nothing could be more averse from my temper and way of life. But I was teased into it.’ He published, however, in 1786 the first volume of a miscellany of anecdotes and dissertations, entitled ‘Sylva,’ which was not continued. He became vicar-general of the peculiar of Southwell in 1788, and died on 28 May 1795. He was a man of no eminent powers or attainments, but an excellent type of the learned, tolerant, and useful clergyman of the eighteenth century. ‘His matter,’ says Warburton, writing to Hunt, ‘is rational, but superficial and thin-spread. He is sensible, and has reading, but little vivacity.’

HEATHER or HEYTHER, WILLIAM (1563?–1627), musical composer, was born at Harmondsworth, Middlesex, probably about 1563 (Brown's ‘Dict.’ says 1584). He was a chorister of Westminster, and presumably remained in that choir until, on 27 March 1615, he was sworn in a gentleman of the Chapel Royal. While resident in Westminster he became an intimate friend of [q. v.], then master of Westminster School. In 1602 Heather nursed Camden through a fever, and in 1609, during another illness, and by reason of an outbreak of the plague, Camden was taken to the musician's house in the Almonry, and afterwards to Chislehurst, where Heather had land and a dwelling-house. When Camden determined to found a history lectureship at Oxford, he transferred all his right in the manor of Bexley in Kent to the chancellor, masters, and scholars of the university on the twofold condition that the profits of the manor (valued at about 400l. per annum) should be enjoyed by Heather, his heirs, and executors for the term of ninety-nine years after Camden's death, and that during that period Heather should pay to the professor of history in Oxford the sum of 140l. a year. Heather carried the deed of gift from Camden to Piers, the vice-chancellor of the university, in May 1622, and on the 17th of the month convocation conferred on Heather and [q. v.] the degrees of bachelor and doctor of music. On the 18th Piers wrote to Camden: ‘We have paid Mr. Heather's charges for this journey, and likewise given him the Oxford courtesie (a pair of gloves for himself and another for his wife)’ (, Camdeni Epistolæ, p. 329). A proposed public disputation between Heather and Dr. Nathaniel Giles on musical questions came to nothing, and the music which served for Heather's exercise was actually composed by Orlando Gibbons [q. v.]. Heather afterwards disposed of his interest in Bexley Manor to Sir Francis Leigh of Addington, Surrey (, Kent).

In 1623 Heather, whom Camden had appointed his sole executor, followed his friend to his grave in Westminster Abbey (Visitation of Huntingdonshire, Camden Soc. 1849, p. xi). On 7 May 1625 he attended the funeral of James I. In the following year Heather founded the music lectureship at Oxford. The deed was dated 20 Feb. 1626, and set forth that of 16l. 6s. 8d., payable yearly out of his estates in Kent, 13l. 6s. 8d. should be employed for the music professor's salary (out of which he should keep in repair the instruments in his charge, and give at least one practical music lesson weekly); the remaining 3l., afterwards augmented by small sums, was to go to the reader of a lecture on musical theory, which should be delivered in English (17l. 6s. 8d. by the year is the amount of Heather's bequest by his will). The founder appointed Nicholson, organist of Magdalen, the first master or professor, and John Allibond of the same college was the first and last lecturer, the latter's salary being afterwards made over to the speaker at act time. After Heather's death the nomination of the professor was left in the hands of the vice-chancellor, the dean of Christ Church, the president of Magdalen College, the warden of New College, and the president of St. John's (all for the time being), since the four colleges maintained choirs. At the same time Heather gave to the Music School a ‘harpsycon,’ chest of viols, and music, printed and manuscript.

Heather died towards the end of July 1627, and was buried 1 Aug. in the broad aisle on the south side of the abbey (Westminster Registers, p. 126). His widow was buried there 6 Sept. 1635. His half-length portrait in the Music School represents him in cap and gown. An engraving is in Hawkins's ‘History of Music,’ ii. 572. Heather left many charitable bequests: 3l. annually for ever to Eton College, 50l. in the hands of the clerk of the cheque to be lent in cases of distress to such gentlemen of the chapel as should need it, besides a gift of 10l. to gentlemen and choristers. He had been a benefactor


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 in his lifetime to the extent of 100l., and of 10l. in his will, to the hospital in Tothill Fields. It is probable that he was aged 64 when he made his will in July 1627, as he requested that sixty-four mourning gowns be given to so many poor men at his funeral.

HEATHERINGTON, ALEXANDER (d. 1878), mining agent, opened in 1867 at Halifax, Nova Scotia, the ‘International Mining Agency,’ with which was associated the ‘Canadian Mines Bureau’ at 30 Moorgate Street, London. He also started at Halifax a monthly paper entitled the ‘Mining Gazette,’ the first number of which appeared on 10 Jan. 1868. He was a fellow of the Geological Society, and a clever statistician. He compiled: Heatherington died at Toronto on 8 March 1878 (Geolog. Mag. new ser. v. 336).
 * 1) ‘The Gold Yield of Nova Scotia, compiled from corrected official records,’ 8vo, London, 1860–9, continued from 1870 to 1874 as ‘The Mining Industries of Nova Scotia.’
 * 2) ‘A Practical Guide for Tourists, Miners, and Investors, and all persons interested in the development of the Gold Fields of Nova Scotia,’ 8vo, Montreal, 1868.
 * 3) ‘A Plea for the Gold Industry of Nova Scotia,’ 8vo, London (1874).

HEATHFIELD,. [See, 1717–1790, general.]

HEATON, CLEMENT (1824–1882), glass-painter and decorator, son of James Heaton, a Wesleyan minister, was born at Bradford, Wiltshire, in 1824. He spent his early years in commerce, but occupied his leisure with drawing. The so-called Gothic revival encouraged him in his twenty-sixth year to begin business at Warwick as a glass-painter and designer. Shortly afterwards he came to London and founded the firm of Heaton & Butler. Though chiefly occupied with glass-painting, he gave the initiative to a new and extensively adopted style of church-decoration. This was essentially Gothic in style, but he combined his own original conceptions with carefully studied motives from natural history, heraldry, early Christian symbolism, &c. He made great use of line-decoration, and as his colouring improved by practice, he acquired a peculiar style, which was much admired at the time. He made many experiments to insure permanent and trustworthy colours for glass-painting and mural decoration, but they were checked by his sudden death in 1882. Among his principal works, many of which were carried out in conjunction with Sir Arthur Blomfield as architect, were the decoration of the chapel at Trinity College, Cambridge, Eaton Hall, the town halls at Rochdale and Manchester, the Mansion House and Merchant Venturers' Hall at Bristol, and churches at Banbury, All Saints, Ascot, West Newton, and Sandringham.

HEATON, MARY MARGARET (1836–1883), writer on art, was the eldest daughter of James Keymer, a silk-printer, and of his wife Margaret, a sister of  [q. v.] Her father was an intimate friend of Douglas Jerrold and other literary men. In 1863 she married Charles William Heaton, professor of chemistry. She died on 1 June 1883. Her first published works consisted of graceful verses for children, written to the designs of Oscar Pletsch; but, though these were very successful, it was to her writings upon art that she owed her reputation. In 1869 appeared her ‘Masterpieces of Flemish Art,’ and in 1870 her ‘Life of Albrecht Dürer,’ the first separate life of that artist published in England. Her extensive reading specially qualified her for dealing with the times in which Dürer lived, and her knowledge of German enabled her to make a more complete and accurate translation of his journal than had appeared before. The success of the book was immediate and lasting, and procured for her the acquaintance of Dr. [q. v.], the first editor of the ‘Academy,’ to which review she was a very frequent contributor from its commencement till a short time before her death. Her ‘Concise History of Painting’ (1873) is the most readable and comprehensive of all short works of the kind, a new edition of which was in 1888 added to Bohn's ‘Artists' Library.’ She also prepared a new edition of Allan Cunningham's ‘Lives of British Painters,’ and wrote several new biographies and some of the most important articles in the new edition of Bryan's ‘Dictionary of Painters and Engravers.’

HEBER, REGINALD (1783–1826), bishop of Calcutta, was born at Malpas, Cheshire, 21 April 1783. The family was an ancient one, long settled at Marton Hall, in


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H consider the purchase by the nation of Dr. Burney's library. There being a vacancy in the representation of Oxford in 1821, he again became a candidate, and was elected member for the university against Sir J. Nicholl (, Diary, ii. 234). In the same year he served as sheriff of Shropshire (, Sheriffs of Shropshire, 1831, p. 242). J. L. Adolphus addressed to him his ‘Critical Remarks on the “Waverley Novels,”’ 1821. Heber was created D.C.L. by his university, 19 June 1822. In 1824 he was one of the founders of the Athenæum Club. Although a silent member of parliament, he was constant in attendance and in his duties on committees, but while at Brussels in 1826 he resigned his seat. He remained abroad until 1831, when he returned to England; with the exception of visits to sale-rooms and booksellers' shops, he lived secluded at Hodnet or Pimlico. He died at his house at Pimlico, 4 Oct. 1833, in his sixty-first year, and was buried at Hodnet on 16 Nov. following.

In person Heber was tall, strong, and well made, and until his last illness he was of robust health. He was very near-sighted. In general society, as well as in familiar company, his manners were most winning. His literary and bibliographical knowledge was equalled by few of his contemporaries, and he had a marvellous memory. He travelled extensively, mainly in search of books. His correspondence with booksellers and auctioneers both at home and abroad was very great; but he purchased in all methods, at one time a whole library of thirty thousand books at Paris. He detested large-paper copies, as taking up too much room on the shelves. He was a born book-collector. Dibdin saw a catalogue of his books compiled at the age of eight. When ten years old he requested his father to buy some volumes at a certain sale, where ‘there would be the best editions of the classics.’ His neatly written flyleaf memoranda are familiar to all book-buyers. Specimens of his notes may be seen in a ‘Terence,’ 1567, and Daniel's ‘Poeme on the Earle of Devonshyre’ [1606], at the British Museum. He was in the habit of buying copy after copy of works which took his fancy, and was unusually generous in lending his treasures. ‘No gentleman can be without three copies of a book’ was his saying, ‘one for show, one for use, and one for borrowers.’ ‘The fiercest and strongest of all the bibliomaniacs,’ as Campbell called him (Life by, ii. 305), with ‘volumes open as thy heart’ (, Introduction to Marmion), was described by Dibdin as Atticus who ‘unites all the activity of De Witt and Lomenie, with the retentiveness of Magliabecchi and the learning of Lelong’ (Bibliomania, i. 131).

He was unmarried, although there was a talk of a match between him and Miss Frances Mary Richardson Currer [q. v.] It was thought probable that a portion at least of his literary treasures would have been left to some public institution. After a long search, his will, dated 1 Sept. 1827, was found by Dibdin (see Reminiscences, i. 440–5) hidden away on a shelf. The will disposed of property valued at 200,000l., but not a word was said about the books. Yet when he died he possessed eight houses full of them, overflowing all the rooms, chairs, tables, and passages—two in London, one at Hodnet, one in the High Street of Oxford, others at Paris, Brussels, Antwerp, and Ghent, besides numerous smaller hoards in other parts of the continent. Heber's enormous collections were dispersed in a memorable series of sales lasting over three years. The books in England were sold by Sotheby & Son, Evans, & Wheatley, under the superintendence of Payne & Foss, and fetched 56,774l. The catalogue is in twelve parts, 8vo, 1834–6. The fourth part contained the greater portion of his English poetry and works connected with the progress of the English language and literature. This was the feature of his library of which he was most proud. Some copies of this part were issued with a separate title and preface in 1834; the notes were written by J. P. Collier. There was also a sale at Ghent in 1835 of the books, mostly in fine condition, housed by Heber in that city. The catalogue of this sale (Gand, 1835, 8vo), and those describing the books sold at Paris in 1834 and 1835, compiled by Silvestre, are necessary to complete the set of the ‘Bibliotheca Heberiana.’ The books sold on the continent, the coins and drawings, brought about 10,000l. The total cost to Heber of all his purchases is supposed to have been about 100,000l. Dibdin estimated the total number of Heber's collections in England to have amounted to 127,500 vols. Allibone calculated more precisely that the books in England numbered 113,195 volumes, those brought from Holland 3,632 volumes, while Boulard's library, purchased and kept in Paris, included 30,000 volumes, making a total of 146,827 volumes (Critical Dictionary of English Literature, 1859, i. 816). This does not include an immense number of pamphlets and an unknown quantity of books stowed away in all quarters of Europe. Perhaps no man ever collected such vast accumulations of choice volumes.

The following were edited by him: 1. ‘Auli