text:
Help:Index pages

Index pages and the workspace
An "index page" (or "index file") is a page within the Index namespace. The Index namespace is the focus of the "workspace" in which proofreading and transcription take place. Each index page represents one work to be transcribed. Index pages have page lists, giving a numbered link for each page in the work. These links link to pages in the Page namespace (the other part of the workspace). The page titles of the Index and Page namespace pages will be the same.

Usually an index page is based on a file, either DjVu or PDF, but it can also be created manually from image files such as JPEG, PNG etc. When based on a single file, the page title of the index page must match the title of the file.

In addition to the page list, index pages also hold metadata for the work, such as title, author, year of publication etc. This information is useful for reference and it can be used by the final work in the main namespace.

Creating Index pages

Prior to creating an index page, you must upload a scan. This scan can be in DjVu or PDF format. In most situations, the scan should be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons rather than Wikisource. However, Wikimedia Commons' policy has extra requirements beyond the purely legal; it may not always accept scans for some works, even though they are legally free (either public domain or licensed) and acceptable for Wikisource. In these situations only, the scan can be uploaded directly to Wikisource.

For creating an index page using individual images, please see below.

A new index page must be created for every new transcription. Index pages are created in the same way as any other page. Some ways to create an index page are:
 * 1) From the file page (making sure that you are on Wikisource and not Wikimedia Commons), change the "File:" prefix in the url to "Index:", go to that page and select "Create".
 * 2) Enter the name of the index page in the search box then, on the search results, click the red link with this title.

When creating an index page from a scan file, the name of the page must exactly match the name of the file except for the namespace prefix. For example, if the name of a scan, following upload, is "File:My book.djvu" then the index page must be "Index:My book.djvu". Note that only the prefix has changed (from "File" to "Index"). Any other changes will prevent the index page from working correctly.

The new index page will not look like a normal wiki page. It will have a series of text fields instead of a single edit box (see image). Each text field is a parameter that are described below; most will be blank but a few are pre-filled automatically. Some of these parameters alter or support the process of transcription and proofreading; other parameters contain metadata and navigation links.

This is based on the index template. If you create or edit the page with JavaScript disabled, you will see a normal wiki edit box containing the index template. This can be completed and used in the same way as any other template.

The index page can be saved at this point. Any and all fields can be filled before saving and at any time in the future.

Parameters
Index pages have specific, preset parameters as part of the index template. The following instructions explain how to use each parameter.

 * The type of the original work. This will default to Book, which is the most common type of work on Wikisource.
 * Collection is used for a collection of media that are related. This is discouraged on the English Wikisource and the individual items should be loaded separately.
 * Journal or magazine is used for complete numbers or issues of a journal. Often these are made up of multiple articles or papers that will be transcluded separately. Uploading single articles from a journal is discouraged. However, do be aware that some journals and magazines will have different copyright terms on the various articles within them.
 * Thesis, report is generally used for works that have not been formally published. Care needs to be taken with these to ensure that they meet the Wikisource inclusion criteria. See What Wikisource includes for more details.
 * Dictionary is used for books that will be transcluded in very small sections.
 * Dictionary is used for books that will be transcluded in very small sections.

 * The title of this work. If there is a subtitle it should be included here as well. The title should be wikilinked to the main namespace. The subtitle should not be part of the link. If there is more than one work with the same name then you will need to disambiguate.
 * The title of this work. If there is a subtitle it should be included here as well. The title should be wikilinked to the main namespace. The subtitle should not be part of the link. If there is more than one work with the same name then you will need to disambiguate.

 * The primary language of the work using the standard codes with two or three letters. Here on the English Wikisource, this will be en, enm (Middle English), ang (Old English) or sco (Scots).
 * The primary language of the work using the standard codes with two or three letters. Here on the English Wikisource, this will be en, enm (Middle English), ang (Old English) or sco (Scots).

 * If this Index file is a part of a multi-volume work, enter the volume number into this field. If different volumes use different subpages it may help to wikilink this parameter to the volume's subpage in the Main namespace. For example,, if it is the first volume of the work "My book".
 * If this Index file is a part of a multi-volume work, enter the volume number into this field. If different volumes use different subpages it may help to wikilink this parameter to the volume's subpage in the Main namespace. For example,, if it is the first volume of the work "My book".

 * The name of the author should go here. It is common practice to wikilink this name to the author's page in the Author namespace.
 * The name of the author should go here. It is common practice to wikilink this name to the author's page in the Author namespace.

 * If the work was originally published in another language, enter the name of the translator(s). This should be wikilinked to the Author: namespace.
 * If the work was originally published in another language, enter the name of the translator(s). This should be wikilinked to the Author: namespace.

 * If this is a multi-author work, such as an encyclopedia or a journal, enter the name of the editor(s). This should be wikilinked to the Author: namespace.
 * If this is a multi-author work, such as an encyclopedia or a journal, enter the name of the editor(s). This should be wikilinked to the Author: namespace.

 * Enter the name(s) of any illustrators that are credited in the work. This should be wikilinked to the Author: namespace.
 * Enter the name(s) of any illustrators that are credited in the work. This should be wikilinked to the Author: namespace.

 * This applies mainly to Theses and Reports. The institution under whose auspices the work was produced is entered here. This should be linked to the Portal: namespace. An alternate use would be if the work was a collaborative production from among a group of unnamed followers of a particular author. This would mostly apply to artworks and hence rarely used here.
 * This applies mainly to Theses and Reports. The institution under whose auspices the work was produced is entered here. This should be linked to the Portal: namespace. An alternate use would be if the work was a collaborative production from among a group of unnamed followers of a particular author. This would mostly apply to artworks and hence rarely used here.

 * The name of the publisher should go here. If a portal exists for this author, the publisher's name may optionally be wikilinked to the appropriate page in the Portal namespace.
 * The name of the publisher should go here. If a portal exists for this author, the publisher's name may optionally be wikilinked to the appropriate page in the Portal namespace.

 * The location of the publisher should go here.
 * The location of the publisher should go here.

 * The year the work was published should go here.
 * The year the work was published should go here.

 * If the name of the Index page begins with an article (the, a, an) or a similar word, this parameter can be used to sort it correctly in Category pages. It acts as the  for the Index page.  See w:wp:Categorization for details.
 * If the name of the Index page begins with an article (the, a, an) or a similar word, this parameter can be used to sort it correctly in Category pages. It acts as the  for the Index page.  See w:wp:Categorization for details.

 * , OCLC, LCCN, ARK from BNF, National Archives Number
 * A unique identifier for the work assigned by one of these organisations. Only one of these is needed and for some early works there will be no identifier available.

 * Select the appropriate file type from the drop-down list. It will create a wikilink to the scan's page in the File namespace. If this field is left as "other" the wikilink will not be created. Based on currently supported file types this will be djvu or pdf. This can be overridden if, for example, an index page is being created manually from individual page images (see below).
 * Select the appropriate file type from the drop-down list. It will create a wikilink to the scan's page in the File namespace. If this field is left as "other" the wikilink will not be created. Based on currently supported file types this will be djvu or pdf. This can be overridden if, for example, an index page is being created manually from individual page images (see below).

 * The title page of the work. The number in the text field represents the page of the scan to be shown, the default is the first page. This can be overridden.
 * The title page of the work. The number in the text field represents the page of the scan to be shown, the default is the first page. This can be overridden.

 * This controls the Index page's categorization.  It will normally appear as a drop-down menu, but text can be entered instead.  In most cases the initial status of a newly added work will be "To be proofread". The template behind the index page records the setting with a short alphabetic code.
 * This controls the Index page's categorization.  It will normally appear as a drop-down menu, but text can be entered instead.  In most cases the initial status of a newly added work will be "To be proofread". The template behind the index page records the setting with a short alphabetic code.

 * See Page numbers in the Index namespace
 * See Page numbers in the Index namespace

This field is used to host the means to generate a graphical representation of all the positions (or scanned pages) found in a typical .DjVu or .PDF uploaded source file as they are [re]mapped with manually assigned page numbering to offset any differences between the actual source file and this graphical representation. Such assignments, offset or otherwise, automatically link to their corresponding targets in the Page: namespace where any embedded page content extracted from a source file is displayed side-by-side with a thumbnail image of the file position (or scanned page) associated with that content. This is done in order to better facilitate the transcription and proofreading process as explained earlier on.

The means to accomplish the above is done through the  tag with pre-defined commands. The Pages field is automatically populated with the  tag by default and, if left untouched, will always generate a basic position#-to-page# graphical representation of 1-to-1 (i.e. no offsets, customizations, etc.) all the way through & until the end of the uploaded source file is detected for you. The  tag is a powerful yet simple way to depict how the position-sequence to page-numbering found in any given work is to be specifically structured and works across the many various types of structures one might encounter just as easily. You can command it to indicate positions which shouldn't be numbered; for instance,  will cause positions 1 and 2 to be represented as unnumbered pages (-), and page numbering will start by setting the third position of this document as page 1.
 * the Pagelist tag

Since early 2024, sometimes pagelists for recently created file do not work and display. The solution is to purge the file on Wikimedia Commons. That can be done either through going to the address "commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=[filename here]&action=purge" or through using gadgets, such as the purge clock (near the bottom).

You can also use text to label positions. For example,. Note that quotation marks (") are required when there are spaces in the text label.

If a sequence of positions were designated with lower case Roman numerals as page numbers in their original paper-printed form, use  to indicate this. This will set position 5 to i, position 6 to ii, and so on. Note the 11=1. This is used to start the Arabic numeral count following the end of the Roman numeral assignments. The equivalent tag for upper case roman numerals is "highroman".

The  command can be invoked multiple times, which useful in dictionaries (see Index:A Dictionary of Music and Musicians vol 4.djvu) or when the work is made up of several smaller works each with their own range of positions-to-pages (see Index:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu). When using multiple pagelists, the following syntax is used:. This code will show only positions 147–185 for example.

 * If this is a multi-volume work, put links to the Index pages for the other volumes here. See Index:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu for a simple example of this and Index:Popular Science Monthly Volume 5.djvu for a more complex example.
 * If this is a multi-volume work, put links to the Index pages for the other volumes here. See Index:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu for a simple example of this and Index:Popular Science Monthly Volume 5.djvu for a more complex example.

 * A table of contents (ToC) for the text. Usually this will provide links to the chapters in the Main: namespace.
 * The table of contents can be typed in here directly, either using plain wikitext (lists, tables, or simple links), or via the Auxiliary Table of Contents template. However, if the text includes its own table of contents, this can be shown instead by "transcluding" the pages from the text (use the name of each page, wrapped in two curly brackets—or braces—at either side). See Index:Air Service Boys over the Rhine.djvu for an example of this. Hint: don't leave spaces or returns between the separate pages when using this. This will ensure vertical alignment between the separate pages.
 * If a page contains more than just the table of contents, you can transclude just the table of contents by using Labelled Section Transclusion, and adding it to the index with  – see Index:Amazing Stories Volume 16 Number 06.djvu for an example.
 * If the table of contents is long, a scrolling window can be used, by placing  before the table of contents (and a   after it).
 * Sometimes the table of contents in the text is complex or contains a lot of detail, resulting in a very long Index page. In these cases a simplified table of contents with links to the chapters may be created. For example, compare Index:History of england froude.djvu with Index:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu.
 * Sometimes the table of contents in the text is complex or contains a lot of detail, resulting in a very long Index page. In these cases a simplified table of contents with links to the chapters may be created. For example, compare Index:History of england froude.djvu with Index:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu.

 * This overrides the default calculated resolution for the thumbnail image displayed in edit mode for any Page: namespace page. For example a value of 1000 in this field will produce a thumbnail based at 1000 pixels.
 * Currently, some browsers will experience a phenomenon called 'black-nail'—short for an all black thumbnail being displayed in edit mode in error. Experimenting with this value should provide a solution for this by forcing a lower resolution than the automatically calculated default—a value anywhere in the range of 300 to 1600 typically works here.
 * Currently, some browsers will experience a phenomenon called 'black-nail'—short for an all black thumbnail being displayed in edit mode in error. Experimenting with this value should provide a solution for this by forcing a lower resolution than the automatically calculated default—a value anywhere in the range of 300 to 1600 typically works here.

 * (Cascading style sheet)
 * If this field has content it will automatically add css styling to each page in the Page namespace as they are created. On the English Wikisource we don't recommend this and prefer to do css styling in the main namespace.

 * This parameter controls the header on each page in the Page namespace associated with the Index page. The header of each new page in the Page namespace will be pre-filled with whatever text has been entered in this parameter of the index page.
 * The header is mostly used for titles (of the book, chapter, article etc.) and page numbers—anything at the top of the page that should not be transcluded to the main namespace. If a common format is repeated throughout the work, it saves time to include all or part of the formatting and text in this parameter.
 * A commonly used formatting template for this parameter is RunningHeader. This template has three parameters of its own, which create left-, centre-, and right-justified text.  The   magic word is also useful.  This will copy the number or text used for a page link in the pagelist parameter.  This allows for automatically generated page numbers, assuming the pagelist parameter is correct. If the book contains sidenotes, you can include the   template in this field.
 * The header can be edited on individual pages in the Page namespace. Doing so will not affect the header parameter in the Index page nor any other page in the Page namespace. The header will never affect the work in the main namespace.
 * The drawback of using this field is that it doesn't take into account left and right headers and formats them all the same way. One way to cope with this is to put the page number at both sides of the running header template and delete the appropriate one when proofreading the page. An example of this technique can be found at Index:The Rover Boys on the Great Lakes.djvu:  Alternatively, the rvh template may be used, which automatically detects whether the page number is odd or even.
 * The drawback of using this field is that it doesn't take into account left and right headers and formats them all the same way. One way to cope with this is to put the page number at both sides of the running header template and delete the appropriate one when proofreading the page. An example of this technique can be found at Index:The Rover Boys on the Great Lakes.djvu:  Alternatively, the rvh template may be used, which automatically detects whether the page number is odd or even.

 * Like the header, this parameter controls the default text in the footer of each page in the Page namespace associated with the Index page.
 * It is common for page numbers to be shown in the footers of pages. The wikitext    can be used to simplify this process, along with the RunningHeader template. Moreover, the   tag—optionally the   or   template—is used to display footnotes. If the book contains sidenotes, you can include the   template in this field.
 * The footer can be edited on individual pages in the Page namespace. Doing so will not affect the footer parameter in the Index page nor any other page in the Page namespace.  The footer will never affect the work in the main namespace.
 * The footer can be edited on individual pages in the Page namespace. Doing so will not affect the footer parameter in the Index page nor any other page in the Page namespace.  The footer will never affect the work in the main namespace.

 * This parameter is used for project management categories (e.g. Category:WikiProject NLS). Categories under Category:Works (e.g. those in Works by type, Works by genre, Works by subject, Works by country, etc.) or Category:Authors (e.g. those in Authors by type, Authors by nationality, Authors by occupation, etc.) should not be used on Index pages (belonging on mainspace transclusion pages and Author pages, respectively) and should be moved over when seen.
 * This parameter is used for project management categories (e.g. Category:WikiProject NLS). Categories under Category:Works (e.g. those in Works by type, Works by genre, Works by subject, Works by country, etc.) or Category:Authors (e.g. those in Authors by type, Authors by nationality, Authors by occupation, etc.) should not be used on Index pages (belonging on mainspace transclusion pages and Author pages, respectively) and should be moved over when seen.

Using individual image files
Index can be made out of JPEGs, PNGs and other image files as well as container formats of scans like PDF and DjVu. This would cover, for example, individual photographs of pages or non-print works such as inscriptions or plaques. Due to the extra complexity and other drawbacks of this process, this is not recommended for anything other than very short works: such as single pages or works of just 2-3 pages in length.

The process is similar to the normal Index page process, with the following exceptions:
 * 1) Creating the page.  Create a new page in the Index namespace as you would in any other namespace.  If this page involves only one image, it is a good idea to use the filename for the pagename.  For example:   leads to  .  If this page involves multiple files, use a pagename that makes sense.  If the filenames of the page images have a common element, it may make sense to use that; using the filetype is optional.  For example:.
 * 2) Parameters.  Some of the parameters will need to be entered manually.
 * 3) * Scans: This parameter is a drop down list of file types. Choose the type of file you are using.  If this is not available in the list, choose "other".
 * 4) * Cover image: No automatic cover image will be generated. Instead of a page number, the image needs to be entered manually with the complete image code. For example:  .  If using multiple pages, use either the first source image or the one that best corresponds to a "cover image" for the work.
 * 5) * Pages: No automatic pagelist will be generated. Instead of the   tag, each page needs to be added manually.  Each page should be a wikilink to a specific page in the Page namespace, using the name of the source files in the File namespace (replacing the "File:" prefix with a "Page:" prefix).  For example:
 * 6) *# One image: If using  (based on  the wikilink should be.
 * 7) *# Multiple images: These should be added in sequence.  If using, for example,   (based on different images), the wikilinks should be along the lines of:   etc.

Please note that individual image files do not contain OCR text layers like PDF and DjVu files (although TIFF files can contain text, they are not usable in this process). The Google OCR tool may be used to request ad hoc OCR of individual page images. Otherwise, it will be necessary to transcribe the entire text from the image.

Examples
When creating an index page in this way, it can help to have other examples for reference. Therefore, the following may be useful.

Single pages:
 * Index:Memorial written by Josephine Griffing asking that women be commissioned to assist with the care and education of the freedmen.jpg
 * Index:Yul-brynner-immigration-xl.jpg
 * Index:Memorial of the Cherokees
 * Index:James Smithson photocopied will 3 of 3.jpg
 * Index:EmancipationProclamation.jpg

Multiple pages:
 * Index:Supplemental Act of July 12, 1862.jpg
 * Index:The Complete Collection of Pictures & Songs by Randolph Caldecott.jpg
 * Index:Haycopy-1.jpg

Index talk pages
As the transcriptions of our works are a team-effort; where there is a style of formatting utilised from the style guide; or certain templates utilised; or other information that the original contributor wishes to convey to assisting transcribers, we encourage such information to be added to the Index: talk page. To assist transcribers to know that such information is available the Index: page will display the text: Note that relevant formatting guidelines may have already been established. Please check this Index's discussion page.

Proofreading and transclusion from the Index page
Index pages are the focus of proofreading. Each page in the pagelist should be proofread and the progress parameter amended accordingly.

For more information, see:
 * Help:Proofread
 * Help:Transclusion

Index page template
The default layout of an index page is controlled by the Proofreadpage index template. Javascript must be enabled in the user's browser for the template to function. If javascript is disabled or not available, the user will just see the template itself in a normal edit window. It may be useful occasionally for a user to deliberately disable javascript in order to edit the template directly but this should be rare.

Tools
On the index pages, there are four tools that can be utilised:
 * Book to scroll (icon [[file:Library-logo-blue-outline.png|20px]]) that enables the file to be viewed in a scrollable format, rather than the typical page at a time
 * BookReader (icon BookReader-favicon.svg) provides a 1-up or 2-up scan viewer
 * Purge file tool (icon OOjs_UI_icon_reload.svg) that enables the djvu or pdf layers of the file to be refreshed at Commons.
 * Transclusion check tool (icon [[file:Crystal man.png|20px]]) that enables the checking the completeness of the transclusion of the work from Page: namespace to main namespace.

title: Help:Index pages


text:
Page:NTSB - Railroad Accident Report - Derailment on May 25, 1989.djvu/96

 performed on unit SP 9340 between April 27 and April 29, 1989. During this time, several dynamic braking grids and a grid blower were replaced to correct a previously reported dynamic brake defect. According to the chief mechanical officer, based on this extensive work, the unit should have had functioning dynamic brakes during the descent from Hiland.

The results of the train dynamics analyzer tests indicated that in order to replicate the accident sequence, including brake pipe reductions and speed, a train with a trailing tonnage of 8,900 tons would have required the equivalent of three locomotive units with functioning dynamic brakes. Although the Safety Board concludes that when Extra 7551 East began its descent from Hiland, only three of the six locomotive units had functioning dynamic brakes, the Board could not determine, based on the available evidence, whether this total of three units involved the full dynamics of either SP 7549 or SP 9340, or a combination of the two.

After the operating crew of Extra 7551 East picked up their three-unit locomotive consist at the Mojave yard, they determined that one of the locomotive units was not operating. During the movement of the four-unit locomotive consist to pick up the 69 loaded cars of trona, the head-end engineer became aware that the dynamic brakes on one of the locomotive units were functioning only intermittently. When the two-unit locomotive helper consist coupled onto the rear of Extra 7551 East at Oban, the dynamic brakes on only one unit (SP 7443) were functioning. The helper engineer testified that he did not inform either the dispatcher or the head-end engineer because the dynamic brakes on the other unit (SP 8317) were not functioning when he took control of the consist and thus he believed the information had been relayed to the dispatcher by the engineer whom he relieved.

When Extra 7551 East departed Oban, the head-end engineer asked the helper engineer if he had "…all of your dynamics." When the helper engineer responded, "Yeah, I’m in full," the head-end engineer believed that both helper locomotive units had functioning dynamic brakes. Therefore, the head-end engineer believed that he had at least four units with fully functional dynamic brakes. Although the Safety Board is concerned about the lack of communication among the assistant chief dispatcher, the helper engineer, and the head-end engineer regarding the condition of the dynamic brakes on the six locomotive units, the head-end engineer’s belief that he had four units with functioning dynamic brakes was reasonable, under the circumstances.

Trailing Tonnage.—The Lake Minerals Corporation had shipped an average of only 88 tons per rail car when it had intended to ship 100 tons per car on the one previous occasion that it had shipped trona by rail. To avoid a repeat of that situation and also to avoid having excess material at the destination, Lake Minerals requested that the loading contractor at Rosamond install a sensing device on the front-end loader to measure the amount of material that was being loaded into the hopper cars. According to the superintendent of Lake Minerals, the accuracy of the sensing device had been tested and he was confident that each of the 69 hopper cars contained approximately 100 tons of trona. Therefore, the Safety Board concludes that the 69 hopper cars loaded at Rosamond each contained approximately 100 tons

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Wiltshire, Extracted from Domesday Book.djvu/51

HE King has 26 meuages in the borough of Malmeberie, and 25 other meuages, in which are tenements, that, coniderd as wate land, pay no taxes. Each of thee houes pay 10 pence rent, and altogether the um of 43 hillings and ixpence. Half a ruined meuage, part of the fee of the Bihop of Bayeux, does no ervices. The Abbot of Malmeberie has 4 meuages and

Rh


text: Wiltshire, Extracted from Domesday Book/Wiltescire


text:
The Poets' Chantry/William Habington

                <pages index="The Poet's Chantry" from="The Poet's Chantry pg 034.jpg" to="The Poet's Chantry pg 034.jpg" /> <pages index="The Poet's Chantry" from="The Poet's Chantry pg 035.jpg" to="The Poet's Chantry pg 035.jpg" />

title: The Poets' Chantry/William Habington


text:
Page:The complete poems of Emily Bronte.djvu/186

130 XXVIII

up thy halls! 'Tis closing day;

I'm drear and lone and far away.

Cold blows on my breast the Northwind's bitter sigh,

And, oh! my couch is bleak, beneath the rainy sky!

Light up thy halls! think not of me;

Absent is that face which thou hast hated so to see;

Bright be thine eyes, undimmed their dazzling shine,

For never, never more shall they encounter mine!

The desert moor is dark, there is tempest in the air;

I have breathed my only wish in one last, one burning prayer;

A prayer that would come forth altho' it lingered long;

That set on fire my heart, but froze upon my tongue.

And now, it shall be done before the morning rise;

I will not watch the sun arise in yonder skies.

One task alone remains—thy pictured face to view,

And then I go to prove if God, at least, be true!


text:
Page:The complete poems of Emily Bronte.djvu/187

Rh Do I not see thee now? Thy black resplendent hair;

The glory-beaming brow; and smile how heavenly fair!

Thine eyes are turned away—those eyes I would not see;

Their dark, their deadly ray would more than madden me.

Then, go, deceiver, go! My hair is streaming wet;

My heart's blood flows to buy the blessing—to forget!

Oh! could that heart give back—give back again to thine,

One tenth part of the pain that clouds my dark decline.

Oh! could I see thy lids weighed down in cheerless woe;

Too full to hide their tears, too stern to overflow;

Oh! could I know thy soul with equal grief was torn,

This fate might be endured—this anguish might be borne.

How gloomy grows the night! 'Tis Gondal's wind that blows;

I shall not tread again the deep glens where it rose.


text:
Page:The complete poems of Emily Bronte.djvu/188

132 I feel it on my face— Where, wild blast! dost thou roam?

What do we, wanderer! here, so far away from home?

I do not need thy breath to cool my death-cold brow;

But go to that far land, where she is shining now;

Tell her my latest wish, tell her my dreary doom;

Say that my pangs are past, but hers are yet to come.

Vain words, vain, frenzied thoughts! No ear can hear my call.

Lost in the desert air my frantic curses fall.

And could she see me now, perchance her lip would smile,

Would smile in careless pride and utter scorn the while!

But yet for all her hate, each parting glance would tell

A stronger passion breathed, burned in this last farewell—

Unconquered in my soul the Tyrant rules me still:

Life bows to my control, but Love I cannot kill!

November 1, 1838.


text:
Translation:Shulchan Aruch/Orach Chaim/507

The Laws of Baking on a Holiday

דין אפיה ביום טוב

Paragraph 1 - We bake in a forney, which is a large oven that with the opening on its side, as long as it is not new, because then we worry that it will crack open, thus spoiling the bread and diminishing from the joy of the holiday. We heat things in an antichi (which is a big boiler).

סעיף א - אופין בפורנ"י, דהינו תנורים שלנו הגדולים ופיהם בצדם, ובלבד שלא תהא חדשה דחישינן שמא תפחת ויפסד הלחם וימנע משמחת יום טוב. ומחמין חמין באנטיכי (פרוש, יורה גדולה).

Paragraph 2 - Even though it is forbidden to burn pieces of wood that fell from a tree on a holiday or on the preceding Shabbat, if they fell into the oven on the holiday, one should put on top of them many prepared logs (so that the forbidden wood not be recognizable) (the Ra"n chapter 1 of Beitzah) and thus nullify them, as long as he does not touch them until they are nullified by majority. However, if they fell into the oven on Shabbat, it is forbidden to burn them on the holiday after, even through nullification by majority.

סעיף ב - אף על פי שעצים שנשרו מן הדקל ביום טוב או בשבת שלפניו אסור להסיקן, אם נשרו ביום טוב בתוך התנור, מרבה עליהם עצים מוכנים (שלא יהיו עצי אסור נכרים) (ר"ן פרק קמא דביצה) ומבטלן, ובלבד שלא יגע בהם עד שיתבטלו ברב. אבל אם נפלו בתנור בשבת, אסור להסיקן ביום טוב שלאחריו אפלו על ידי בטול ברב.

Paragraph 3 - It is forbidden to take some wood from the wood pile in order to prod the fire in the oven, because it is considered making an object.

סעיף ג - אסור לקח עץ מבין העצים לחתות בו האש בתנור, דהוי ליה מתקן מנא.

Paragraph 4 - If some of the plaster fell into the oven, it is possible to bake and roast in it without raking it out, and the bread or roast will not be burnt, then one is forbidden to rake it, because he will be moving [the plaster] unnecessarily. However, it is permitted to flatten the fire and ashes in it so that they will be smooth and will not touch the bread, even if touching it would not be sufficient to burn it. However, if the plaster that fell is sufficient to burn the bread or roast if it were to touch them, even if without raking it would be possible to bake and roast in it, because it would burn, it is permitted to rake, because it is considered moving for a purpose. This is only true in their ovens where they would stick the bread around the ovens and they only had to rake for the plaster that fell. However, with our ovens, because it is impossible to bake without raking, it is possible to rake away the ashes and coals. Even though one will extinguish some in the process, it is impossible otherwise, and just like it is permitted to burn for the sake of food, similarly, it is permitted to extinguish for the sake of food. It is just like putting meat on the coals, and such is the practice.

סעיף ד - תנור שנפל לתוכו מטיח הטיט, אם אפשר לאפות ולצלות בו בלא גריפה ולא יתחרך הפת או הצלי, אסור לגרפו, מפני שהוא מטלטלו שלא לצרך, אבל מתר להשכיב האש והאפר שבו כדי שיהיה חלק ולא יגע בפת כלל, אף אל פי שאם היה נוגע בו לא היה כדי לחרכו. אבל אם יש בטיח שנפל בתוכו כדי לחרך הפת או הצלי אם היה נוגע בהם, אף על פי שבלא גריפה היה אפשר לאפות ולצלות בו, כיון שהיה מתחרך מתר לגרפו, דחשיב טלטול לצרך. ודוקא בתנורים שלהם שהיו מדבקים הפת סביבם ואין צריכים לגרפם אלא מהטיח שנפל לתוכו, אבל תנורים שלנו כיון שאי אפשר לאפות בהם בלא גריפה, מתר לגרפן מהאפר והגחלים, ואף על פי שהוא מכבה, אי אפשר בלא כן, וכשם שמתר להבעיר לצרך אכל נפש כך מתר לכבות לצרך אכל נפש, והרי זה כמניח בשר על הגחלים, וכן נהגו.

Paragraph 5 - We do not pour oil on a new oven or stove, nor do we polish them with a rag. But it is permitted to burn them, even for the first time, as long as one does not cool them in cold water in order to harden them. If they are burned too much and it is necessary to cool them down in water in order to bake with them, it is permitted. Therefore, it is permitted to soak in water the sweeper used to sweep the oven, even though one extinguishes fire in the process.

סעיף ה - תנור וכירים חדשים אין סכין אותם בשמן ולא טשין אותן במטלית, אבל מתר להסיקן אפלו הסק ראשון, ובלבד שלא יפיגם בצונן כדי להסמן. ואם הסקו יותר מדאי והצרכו להפיגן בצונן כדי לאפות בהן, מתר. לפיכך מתר לשרות במים המכבדת שמכבדין בה התנור, אף על פי שמכבה.

Paragraph 6 - It is permitted to bake an oven full of bread even if one only needs one loaf. This is only true in their ovens that were small; they would stick the bread on the walls, and because it was full, there was no room for the heat to spread out, and so the bread baked well. However, in our ovens, one should not bake more than he needs.

סעיף ו - מתר לאפות תנור מלא פת, אף על פי שאינו צריך אלא פת אחד. ודוקא בתנוריהם שהיו קטנים והיו מדבקים הפת בדפנותיהם, ומתוך שהוא מלא אין מקום לחמו להתפשט והפת נאפה יפה, אבל בתנורים שלנו אין לאפות יותר ממש שצריך.

Paragraph 7 - It is permitted to close the opening of the oven with clay or mud from the riverbank, as long as he softened it on the day before or made a sign on it and set it off to the side. However, it is forbidden to mix mud on a holiday. It is permitted to mix ash (with water) to seal the oven.

סעיף ז - מתר לסתם פי התנור בטיט ורפש שעל שפת הנהר, והוא שרככו מאמש או עשה בו סימן ונתקו לצד אחר, אבל לבגל טיט ביום טוב, אסור. ומתר לגבל אפר לסתם בו פי התנור.

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356 material, or it may serve as a logical connective in a series of dream thoughts. In any case an inference in the dream represents an inference in the dream thoughts.

The analysis of this dream should be continued here. With the inquest of the Professor there is connected the recollection of an index (published in Latin during my time) of the university students; also of my course of studies. The five years provided for the study of medicine were as usual not enough for me. I worked along unconcernedly in the succeeding years; in the circle of my acquaintances I was considered a loafer, and there was doubt as to whether I would "get through." Then all at once I decided to take my examinations; and I got "through," in spite of the postponement. This is a new confirmation of the dream thoughts, which I defiantly hold up to my critics: "Even though you are unwilling to believe it, because I take my time, I shall reach a conclusion (German Schluss, meaning either end or conclusion, inference). It has often happened that way."

In its introductory portion this dream contains several sentences which cannot well be denied the character of an argumentation. And this argumentation is not at all absurd; it might just as well belong to waking thought. In the dream I make sport of the communication of the Common Council, for in the first place I was not yet in the world in 1851, and in the second place, my father, to whom it might refer, is already dead. Both are not only correct in themselves, but coincide completely with the arguments that I should use in case I should receive a communication of the sort mentioned. We know from our previous analysis that this dream has sprung from deeply embittered and scornful dream thoughts; if we may assume further that the motive for censorship is a very strong one, we shall understand that the dream activity has every reason to create a flawless refutation of a baseless insinuation according to the model contained in the dream thoughts. But analysis shows that in this case the dream activity has not had the task of making a free copy, but it has been required


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Rh to use subject-matter from the dream thoughts for its purpose. It is as if in an algebraic equation there occurred plus and minus signs, signs of powers and of roots, besides the figures, and as if someone, in copying this equation without understanding it, should take over into his copy the signs of operation as well as the figures, and fail to distinguish between the two kinds. The two arguments may be traced to the following material. It is painful for me to think that many of the assumptions upon which I base my solution of psychoneuroses, as soon as they have become known, will arouse scepticism and ridicule. Thus I must maintain that impressions from the second year of life, or even from the first, leave a lasting trace upon the temperament of persons who later become diseased, and that these impressions—greatly distorted it is true, and exaggerated by memory—are capable of furnishing the original and fundamental basis of hysterical symptoms. Patients to whom I explain this in its proper place are in the habit of making a parody upon the explanation by declaring themselves willing to look for reminiscences of the period when they were not yet alive. It would quite accord with my expectation, if enlightenment on the subject of the unsuspected part played by the father in the earliest sexual impulses of feminine patients should get a similar reception. (Cf. the discussion on p. 218.) And, nevertheless, both positions are correct according to my well-founded conviction. In confirmation I recall certain examples in which the death of the father happened when the child was very young, and later events, otherwise inexplicable, proved that the child had unconsciously preserved recollections of the persons who had so early gone out of its life. I know that both of my assertions are based upon inferences the validity of which will be attacked. If the subject-matter of these very inferences which I fear will be contested is used by the dream activity for setting up incontestable inferences, this is a performance of the wish-fulfilment.

VII. In a dream which I have hitherto only touched upon, astonishment at the subject to be broached is distinctly expressed at the outset.

"The elder Brueche must have given me some task or other; strangely enough it relates to the preparation of my own lower


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358 ''body, pelvis and legs, which I see before me as though in the dissecting room, but without feeling my lack of body and without a trace of horror. Louise N. is standing near, and doing her work next to me. The pelvis is eviscerated; now the upper, now the lower view of the same is seen, and the two views mingle. Thick fleshy red lumps (which even in the dream make me think of hæmorrhoids) are to be seen. Also something had to be carefully picked out, which lay over these and which looked like crumpled tin-foil. Then I was again in possession of my legs and made a journey through the city, but took a wagon (owing to my fatigue). To my astonishment the wagon drove into a house door, which opened and allowed it to pass into a passage that was snapped off at the end, and finally led further on into the open. At last I wandered through changing landscapes with an Alpine guide, who carried my things. He carried me for some way, out of consideration for my tired legs. The ground was muddy, and we went along the edge; people sat on the ground, a girl among them, like Indians or Gypsies. Previously I had moved myself along on the slippery ground, with constant astonishment that I was so well able to do it after the preparation. At last we came to a small wooden house which ended in an open window. Here the guide set me down, and laid two wooden boards which stood in readiness on the window sill, in order that in this way the chasm might be bridged which had to be crossed in order to get to the window. Now, I grew really frightened about my legs. Instead of the expected crossing, I saw two grown-up men lying upon wooden benches which were on the walls of the hut, and something like two sleeping children next to them. It seems as though not the boards but the children were intended to make possible the crossing. I awakened with frightened thoughts.''

Anyone who has formed a proper idea of the abundance of dream condensation will easily be able to imagine how great a number of pages the detailed analysis of this dream must fill. Luckily for the context, I shall take from it merely the one example of astonishment, in the dream, which makes its appearance in the parenthetical remark, "strangely enough."


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2 On the 18th of September 200 prisoners were received on board, on the 21st we took our departure, and on the 17th of January, 1829, we arrived at Sydney, after a very pleasant passage, during which the utmost harmony and quietness uninterruptedly prevailed.

On the 26th all the prisoners were landed in good health.

After having spent a few weeks in New South Wales, the greater part of which time I parsed in excursions over the southern and western settled districts of the Colony, I prepared to return to England. There were several vessels in the harbour about to depart for London direct, laden with colonial produce; but, preferring the "Governor Ready," a ship in which I had spent many happy days, I obtained permission from the Colonial Government to return home in her, although she was to pursue rather a circuitous route.

Previous to leaving England, it had been arranged that this ship, after the debarkation of the prisoners at Sydney, should proceed to the Isle of France, to receive a cargo of sugar; but just as we were on the eve of leaving Sydney Cove, Captain Young (who commanded the vessel) received intelligence of the failure of the sugar crops there, which rendered it doubtful whether a cargo would be in readiness; but, as the owners of the ship (anxious to establish a direct commercial intercourse between the two ports,) had sent another vessel in ballast from Bristol to the Isle of France, with an intelligent supercargo, who had

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 and I could ask that such days as this may not be very rare, because the only meaning of our life, like the only meaning of her life, is union.

On Saturday the children were talking about their visit to you; and one of them said: "Ah! I should like to live there always." "So should I!" and "Oh that would be nice!" echoed round the room. They then said to me, "Should you not like to live there always?"

I was conscious of a very strong impulse urging me to answer "Yes." An idea of quiet (which has lately been occasionally my ideal of happiness) came over me, more especially a vision of your uncle's face, which always seemed to me to possess a divine expression of rest. I saw the danger; I yielded to the fear too much; I feared I was shrinking from work; and I said: "Do you want me to go? Do not you see there is work to be done here? I am of use." I saw the mistake in a moment; but something interrupted me, and I forgot the conversation. In about half an hour, I felt a little hand slide into mine, and hold it very tight. Harriet's large eyes fixed themselves on me, and she said in a trembling voice: "But, Miss Ockey, isn't there work to be done there, if one is willing to do it?"

I felt the rebuke very much. It spoke to a very strong tendency in me; and I told her that there was in all positions some work to be done, for which the world would be nobler; that we must all try to see the good which others were doing; but that I was sure we never could do any work well, until we were content to do our own well; that, until we had cultivated to the utmost the little garden in which our house stood, we must not cry for acres of distant land; that


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Rh to purchase cargoes for both vessels, the hope that he had succeeded, although diminished, was not entirely destroyed.

To obtain more certain information relative to this matter, and also to land several passengers; and, as little inconvenience, expense, or delay, would be occasioned thereby, it was deemed advisable to touch at the Derwent.

In the afternoon of the 18th March, Capt. Young and myself bade adieu to our friends at Sydney, and after a protracted pull down the harbour, joined the ship, which, having been under weigh since daylight, was lying-to for us inside the heads of Port Jackson.

We had a favourable and pleasant passage to Hobart Town, where we arrived on the evening of the 25th. From information received there, the idea of proceeding to the Isle of France was abandoned; the sugar had not been purchased, and the wholesale London dealers in that commodity had written to prohibit their agents in that Island from shipping any freight by the "Governor Ready," in consequence, I believe, of the following circumstance:—During her passage home last year, from the Isle of France, deeply (perhaps too deeply) laden with sugar, the ship encountered a tremendous gale of wind off the Island of Madagascar, and from the immense quantity of water shipped, much of the cargo was damaged; and as great prejudice exists in London against vessels built at Prince Edward's Island, the

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4 "Governor Ready" (built there) having spoiled her cargo was a circumstance not to be overlooked, and therefore she was unjustly singled out as an unsafe and unseaworthy vessel.

Thus circumstanced, Captain Young made up his mind to proceed to Batavia. This change was not altogether agreeable to me, having on a former occasion suffered much both from shipwreck and disease, near and at the Island of Java; but I made up my mind not to leave the ship, and it required some effort on my part to persevere in this resolution, as I was solicited to embark in the "Mermaid," (commanded by an old friend and mess-mate of mine, Captain Henniker,) which was on the point of sailing for England direct, via Cape Horn.

At daylight on the 2d of April we got under weigh, and gliding down the river, under the influence of a stiff breeze, Hobart Town and its singularly romantic environs soon receded from our view. As the wind was blowing strongly from the westward, we proposed going through D'Entrecasteaux's channel, so that, should

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Rh the wind continue to blow with undiminished force from the same quarter, we might anchor near the southern entrance, and there be in readiness for the first favourable slant to carry us round the south-west Cape of Van Dieman's Land. The wind, however, having shifted a little to the northward, and the barometer indicating moderate weather, we entered Storm Bay, and were soon once more on the mighty Southern Ocean.

The season was rather too far advanced for us to expect a favourable passage round Cape Leuwin; but as, according to Horsburgh's Directory, good passages had occasionally been effected as late, and even later, it was considered prudent to make the attempt, more especially as it was too early in the season for passing through Torres' Straits, a route, under the most favourable circumstances, beset with intricacy and danger.

Influenced by these considerations, we purposed to beat to windward; but the ship being very light—hardly in ballast trim—it was not expected that much progress could be made to the westward until the wind became more favourable. In anxious expectation of this wished-for event, we kept contending with adverse gales and tempestuous seas, being encouraged to persevere by an occasional northerly breeze, until the 23d of April, when, having only reached the 131st degree of east longitude, after having sustained much loss of canvas and other damage, our patience deserted us, more especially as the hope of obtaining a fair

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 no change of circumstances, before death or after it, could ever make us conscientious or zealous, or gentle; and that I was quite sure that, if any one of them could have done more good in any other position, they would have been there.

Mama has asked me to be sure to say that Mr. Vansittart Neale is very much interested in your uncle's plan, and that he is here on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Fridays. … I am very sorry that I cannot send the plan of the Ladies' College in this letter; I will do so on the first opportunity. I send you two addresses which I wish you would read, as I should like you to know something of Mr. Maurice. If you could know, as I know, the unwearied energy, the untiring devotion with which he works; how he has established the Associations, the Working Men's College, and now the College for Working Women, you could not fail to respect him. But, if to this was added the consciousness that he had been the agent of showing you the ground on which you were standing, the sun by whose light alone you could work! It has been my very earnest prayer that I may be able to prevent some from living on speculations, even as long as I lived on them. When first I met your uncle, I had just begun to know Mr. Maurice, apart from the band with whom he was working,—just begun to long for the certainty of which he spoke;—to be utterly weary of conjecturing; and I think I owe a great deal to the impression of your uncle's face and voice. They seemed so calm, so fixed; but nothing except real work, real intercourse with people who needed comfort, could ever have given me strength. Again, after three years, we have met; and I am still crying for more earnest faith, but only for others now. I do thank him. I do thank you and every one who


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 — Он работает сейчас над большой картиной. He's working on a large painting now. — Я починил вашу зажигалку, она теперь прекрасно работает. I fixed your cigarette lighter; now it works fine. — Они работают, не покладая рук. They work without letup. □ В нашем доме отопление работает на угле. Our house is heated by coal. • Время работает на нас. Time is in our favor.

работник worker. Он очень ценный работник. He is a very valuable worker. □ работник прилавка salesclerk. Он провёл отпуск в доме отдыха работников прилавка. He spent his vacation at a rest home for salesclerks.

работница woman worker. У многих наших работниц есть дети. Many of our women workers have children.

рабочий workers'. Рабочий посёлок находится у самого завода. The workers' settlement is right next to the factory. • working. Я ещё не успел снять рабочего костюма. I haven't had time yet to change my working clothes. □ рабочие руки manpower. У нас недостаток в рабочих руках. We have a manpower shortage here. рабочий день working hours. Во время войны рабочий день у нас был удлинён. Our working hours have been lengthened during the war. рабочий класс labor. рабочий скот draft animals. У нас не хватает рабочего скота. We're short of draft animals.

рабочий (AM) worker. Сколько рабочих у вас на заводе? How many workers do you have in the factory? — Большинство рабочих живёт недалеко от завода. Most of the workers live not far from the factory. — Большинство делегатов были рабочие от станка. Most of the delegates were factory workers.

рабство slavery.

равенство equality. Конституция обеспечивает равенство всех граждан перед законом. The constitution guarantees equality before the law to all citizens. • equal rights. У нас в СССР осуществлено равенство всех национальностей. All nationalities living in the USSR have equal rights. □ знак равенства equal sign. Ты забыл поставить знак равенства. You forgot to put in the equal sign.

равнина plain. Тут у нас гор нет — сплошь равнины. There are no mountains; just plains.

равновесие balance. Он потерял равновесие и упал. He lost his balance and fell down. □ душевное равновесие composure. Она при всех обстоятельствах сохраняет душевное равновесие. She never loses her composure.

равнодушие indifference.

равнодушный indifferent. Я возмущён их равнодушным отношением к её несчастью. I'm angry about the indifferent attitude they're showing to her hard luck. □ Я отношусь к этому совершенно равнодушно. This doesn't bother me one way or the other. • Он к спорту равнодушен. Sports don't mean much to him.

равномерный. □ равномерно equally. Эти товары будут равномерно распределены по магазинам. These goods will be distributed equally among the stores. • evenly. Тёплая одежда была равномерно распределена между семьями пострадавших от наводнения. The warm clothing was evenly distributed among families who were victims of the flood.

равноправие equal rights.

равный (sh -вна, -о, -ы) equal. Разделите этот пирог на равные части. Cut this pie into equal portions. — Он думает, что ему нет равных по уму и образованию. He thinks there's nobody equal to him in intellect and education. — Я люблю играть в шахматы с равным по силам противником. I like to play chess against an equally strong opponent. □ всё равно it makes no difference. Пусть сердится — мне всё равно! Let him be mad; it makes no difference to me. • anyway. Я ему не скажу этого, он всё равно не поймёт. I won't tell him; he wouldn't understand anyway. □ Делайте как хотите, мне всё равно. Do as you like; I don't care.

рад (sh forms only) glad. Я всегда рад вас видеть. I am always glad to see you. • pleased. Моя сестре будет очень рада познакомиться с вами. My sister will be very pleased to meet you. □ *Рад не рад, a надо идти. Like it or not, I have to go. • Я и сам не рад, что начал этот разговор. I regret ever having started this conversation. • Я буду рада — радёхонька, если мне не нужно будет делать эту работу. I'll be overjoyed if I don't have to do this work.

ради for (someone's) sake. Ради бога! For God's sake! — Сделайте это ради меня. Do it for my sake. □ чего ради what for. Чего ради я туда пойду? What will I go there for? шутки ради for fun. Не сердитесь, он сделал это только шутки ради. Don't be angry; he only did it for fun. □ Вы думаете, он сделал это ради ваших прекрасных глаз? You don't think he did it for love, do you?

радикальный drastic. В этом случае придётся принять радикальные меры. It's necessary to take drastic measures in this case. • thorough. Мы на будущей неделе произведём радикальную чистку квартиры. We're making a thorough cleaning of our apartment next week. • radical. У нас в учреждении предстоят радикальные перемены There will be some radical changes made in our office. □ радикально radically.

радио (indecl N) radio. По вечерам мы читаем или слушаем радио. In the evenings we read or listen to the radio.

радиоактивный. □ радиоактивное вещество radioactive matter.

радиовещание See радиопередача.

радиопередача radio program. Сегодня очень интересная радиопередача. Today's radio program is very interesting. • broadcast. В котором часу будет сегодня радиопередача на английском языке? When is the English language broadcast tonight?

радиоприёмник radio (receiver). Где я могу починить свой радиоприёмник? Where can I have my radio fixed?

радиосвязь (F) radio contact. Радиосвязь с ними уже установлена. Radio contact with them is already established.

радиостанция radio station. Вы ещё но видели нашей радиостанции? Have you seen our radio station yet?

радовать (/pct: об-/) to make happy. Меня радуют его успехи. His success makes me happy.


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 □ Радуйте нас почаще такими вестями. Let us hear such news more often.

-ся to be happy. Радоваться тут нечему. There's nothing to be happy about.

радостный ([-sn-]) happy. У меня сегодня радостный день: сын приехал! This is a happy day for me. My son has arrived. — Почему это у вас такой радостный вид? Why are you looking so happy today? □ Нас встретили радостными восклицаниями. They greeted us with cheers.

радость (F) pleasure. Я с радостью это для вас сделаю. I'll do it for you with pleasure. • joy. Он был вне себя от радости. He was beside himself with joy. • darling. Радость моя, как я по тебе соскучился! Darling, I missed you so! □ на радостях in one's joy. Я на радостях забыл передать вам её поручение. In my joy I forgot to give you her message.

радуга rainbow.

радушный hospitable. Они очень радушные люди. They are very hospitable people. □ радушно warm. Хозяин дома встретил нас очень радушно. The host gave us a warm welcome.

раз (P -ы, раз, разам; /g -у/) time. Это был первый и единственный раз что я его видел. That was the first and only time I ever saw him. — В следующий раз приходите пораньше. Come earlier next time. — Когда вы видели его в последний раз? When was the last time you saw him? — Я много раз здесь бывал. I've been here many times. — Он с одного раза научился ездить на велосипеде. He learned how to ride a bicycle the first time he was on one. — Сколько раз я должен повторять вам одно и то же? How many times do I have to repeat the same thing to you? — Я прочитал этот рассказ три раза подряд. I've read this story through three times in a row. • once. Мы ходим в кино раз в неделю. We go to the movies once a week. — Я с ним не раз встречался. I've met him more than once. • one. Считайте: раз, два, три. Count: one, two, three. □ два раза twice. Ваш друг уже два раза заходил к вам. Your friend has already been over to see you twice. ещё раз again. Спойте эту песню ещё раз. Sing that song again. ни разу never. Я у них ни разу не был. I've never been to see them. раз навсегда once and for all. Раз навсегда говорю вам — оставьте меня в покое. I'm telling you once and for all, leave me alone. □ А сапоги-то мне в самый раз. These boots fit me perfectly. • Вот тебе и раз! How do you like that? • *Семь раз отмерь, один раз отрежь. Look before you leap. • Ну, сколько у них в клубе членов! Раз, два — и обчёлся. They haven't so many members. You can count them on the fingers of one hand.

раз once. Раз, прошлой зимой, приходит он ко мне и говорит ... Once, last vinter, he came to me and said ... — Он даже как-то раз написал статью в газете. He once even wrote an article in the paper. — Раз начали рассказывать, то уж продолжайте. Once you start to tell something, continue. • if. Раз не знаешь, не говори. If you don't know, don't talk. □ как раз just. Это как раз то, что мне нужно. It's just what I need.

разбавить (pct of разбавлять) to thin. Похоже, что это молоко сильно разбавлено водой. It looks as if this milk has been thinned quite a bit with water. • to mix. Для обтирания разбавьте спирт водой. For a rubdown, mix the alcohol with water.

разбавлять (dur of разбавить) to dilute. He разбавляйте этого вина — оно не крепкое. Don't dilute this wine; it's not strong.

разбаливаться (dur of разболеться).

разбегаться (dur of разбежаться).

разбежаться (pr by §27; pct of разбегаться) to take a run. Он разбежался и перепрыгнул через лужу. He took a run and jumped over the puddle. • to run off. Куда все ребята разбежались? Where did all the kids run off to? □ У меня, при виде всех этих книг, глаза разбежались. Wben I saw all those books my eyes started wandering all over the place.

разберу See разобрать.

разберусь See разобраться.

разбивать (dur of разбить) to break up. Я не хотел бы разбивать вашу группу. I wouldn't want to break up your group.

разбирать (dur of разобрать) to sort out. Я вчера весь вечер разбирал старые письма. All last evening I was sorting out my old letters. • to sort. Я сейчас буду разбирать почту. I'm going to sort the mail now. • to make out. Я не разбираю его почерка. I can't make out his handwriting. □ (no pct) Нечего разбирать! Берите, что дают! Don't be so particular! Take what they give you! • Меня так и разбирало ответить ему резкостью. I was itching to tell him off. • Его зависть разбирает! He's being eaten up with envy.

-ся to be taken apart. Эту машину легко будет перевезти, она разбирается на части. It'll be easy to ship this machine; it can be taken apart. • to come up. Это дело будет разбираться через неделю. This case will come up next week. • to judge. Он совершенно не разбирается в людях. He's certainly no judge of people. □ Поверьте мне: человеческий организм сам отлично разбирается в том, что ему полезно, что вредно. Believe me, nature has a way of letting you know what's good for you and what isn't.

разбить (разобью, -бьёт; imv разбей; ppp -битый; pct of разбивать) to break. Осторожно, не разбейте этой вазы. Be careful! Don't break the vase. • to break down. Разбейте ваш отчёт на части. Break your report, down into sections. — Я легко разбил все его доводы. I had no trouble at all breaking down his arguments. • to divide. Я разбил мой класс на несколько групп. I divided my class into several groups. • to ruin. Этот неудачный роман разбил её жизнь. This unhappy love affair ruined her life. • to break up. Надо первым делом разбить эту площадь на участки. The first thing to do is to break up this lot into plots. □ разбить на голову to crush. Враг был разбит на голову. The enemy was completely crushed. разбить палатки to pitch tents. Мы разбили палатки прямо на снегу. We pitched our tents right in the snow. разбить сад to plant a garden. Дети сами разбили сад


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Parker, Alton Brooks

PARKER, ALTON BROOKS, an American jurist and publicist; born in Cortland, N. Y., in 1852. Studied at academies and schools and graduated from the Albany Law School in 1873. He was admitted to the bar and practiced in Ulster co. from 1877 to 1885. In the latter year he was appointed chairman of the State Democratic Committee. He was justice of the Supreme Court of New York in 1885 and a member of the Court of Appeals from 1889 to 1902. From 1898 to 1904 he was chief justice of this court and resigned to accept the Democratic nomination for the presidency. He took a prominent part in political affairs, serving as chairman of the Democratic State Convention in 1908. He served as chief counsel in many important cases in New York and elsewhere. He was president of the American Bar Association in 1906 and 1907.


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 Rh nearly two thousand prisoners, without having met with any difficulty, or disturbance, worth mentioning.

It was my intention to give a detailed account of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land; but as that subject has been so recently and ably treated of, I have restricted myself to offering a few words of advice to persons intending to become settlers in these colonies, to whom the hints I have given may, perhaps, prove advantageous.

T. B. WILSON.

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Rh Let us take up the occasion of the dream. It is a visit of this lady, Louise N., who assists at the work in the dream. She says: "Lend me something to read." I offer her She, by Rider Haggard. "A strange book, but full of hidden sense," I try to explain to her; "the eternal feminine, the immortality of our emotions" Here she interrupts me: "I know that book already. Haven't you something of your own?" "No, my own immortal works are still unwritten." "Well, when are you going to publish your so-called latest revelations which you promised us would be good reading?" she asks somewhat sarcastically. I now perceive that she is a mouthpiece for someone else, and I become silent. I think of the effort it costs me to publish even my work on the Dream, in which I have to surrender so much of my own intimate character. "The best that you know you can't tell to the children." The preparation of my own body, which I am ordered to make in the dream, is thus the self-analysis necessitated in the communication of my dreams. The elder Bruecke very properly finds a place here; in these first years of my scientific work it happened that I neglected a discovery, until his energetic commands forced me to publish it. But the other trains of thought which start from my conversation with Louise N. go too deep to become conscious; they are side-tracked by way of the related material which has been awakened in me by the mention of Rider Haggard's She. The comment "strangely enough" goes with this book, and with another by the same author, The Heart of the World, and numerous elements of the dream are taken from these two fantastic novels. The muddy ground over which the dreamer is carried, the chasm which must be crossed by means of the boards that have been brought along, come from She; the Indians, the girl, and the wooden house, from the Heart of the World. In both novels a woman is the leader, both treat of dangerous wanderings; She has to do with an adventurous journey to the undiscovered country, a place almost untrodden by foot of man. According to a note which I find in my record of the dream, the fatigue in my legs was a real sensation of those days. Doubtless in correspondence with this came a tired frame of mind and the doubting question: "How much further will my legs carry me?" The adventure in She


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The Seven Seas/The Mary Gloster

«Мэри Глостер» (Киплинг/Оношкович-Яцына)

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360 ends with the woman leader's meeting her death in the mysterious fire at the centre of the earth, instead of attaining immortality for herself and others. A fear of this sort has unmistakably arisen in the dream thoughts. The "wooden house," also, is surely the coffin—that is, the grave. But the dream activity has performed its masterpiece in representing this most unwished-for of all thoughts by means of a wish-fulfilment. I have already once been in a grave, but it was an empty Etruscan grave near Orvieto—a narrow chamber with two stone benches on the walls, upon which the skeletons of two grown-up persons had been laid. The interior of the wooden house in the dream looks exactly like this, except that wood has been substituted for stone. The dream seems to say: "If you must so soon lie in your grave, let it be this Etruscan grave," and by means of this interpolation it transforms the saddest expectation into one that is really to be desired. As we shall learn, it is, unfortunately, only the idea accompanying an emotion which the dream can change into its opposite, not usually the emotion itself. Thus I awake with "frightened thoughts," even after the dream has been forced to represent my idea—that perhaps the children will attain what has been denied to the father—a fresh allusion to the strange novel in which the identity of a person is preserved through a series of generations covering two thousand years.

VIII. In the context of another dream there is a similar expression of astonishment at what is experienced in the dream. This, however, is connected with a striking and skilfully contrived attempt at explanation which might well be called a stroke of genius—so that I should have to analyse the whole dream merely for the sake of it, even if the dream did not possess two other features of interest. I am travelling during the night between the eighteenth and the nineteenth of July on the Southern Railway, and in my sleep I hear someone call out: ''"Hollthurn, 10 minutes." I immediately think of Holothurian—of a museum of natural history—that here is a place where brave men have vainly resisted the domination of their overlord. Yes, the counter reformation in Austria! As though it were a place in Styria or the Tyrol. Now I distinctly see a little museum in which the remains or the possessions of these men are preserved. I wish to get off, but I hesitate to do so.''


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Rh ''Women with fruit are standing on the platform; they crouch on the floor, and in that position hold out their baskets in an inviting manner. I hesitate, in doubt whether we still have time, but we are still standing. I am suddenly in another compartment in which the leather and the seats are so narrow that one's back directly touches the back rest. I am surprised at this, but I may have changed cars while asleep. Several people, among them an English brother and sister; a row of books distinctly on a shelf on the wall. I see The Wealth of Nations, then Matter and Motion (by Maxwell)—the books are thick and bound in brown linen. The man asks his sister for a book by Schiller, and whether she has forgotten it. These are books which first seem mine, then seem to belong to the brother and sister. At this point I wish to join in the conversation in order to confirm and support what is being said.'' I awaken sweating all over my body, because all the windows are shut. The train stops at Marburg.

While writing down the dream, a part of it occurs to me which my memory wished to omit. ''I say to the brother and sister about a certain work: "It is from..." but I correct myself: "It is by..." The man remarks to his sister: "He said it correctly."''

The dream begins with the name of a station, which probably must have partially awakened me. For this name, which was Marburg, I substituted Hollthurn. The fact that I heard Marburg when it was first called, or perhaps when it was called a second time, is proved by the mention in the dream of Schiller, who was born in Marburg, though not in the one in Styria. Now this time, although I was travelling first-class, it was under very disagreeable circumstances. The train was overcrowded; I had met a gentleman and lady in my compartment who seemed persons of quality, but who did not have the good breeding or who did not think it worth


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362 while to conceal their displeasure at my intrusion. My polite salutation was not answered, and although the man and the woman sat next each other (with their backs in the direction in which we were riding), the woman made haste to pre-empt the place opposite her and next the window with her umbrella; the door was immediately closed and demonstrative remarks about the opening of windows were exchanged. Probably I was quickly recognised as a person hungry for fresh air. It was a hot night, and the air in the compartment, thus shut on all sides, was almost suffocating. My experience as a traveller leads me to believe that such inconsiderate, obtrusive conduct marks people who have only partly paid for their tickets, or not at all. When the conductor came, and I presented my dearly bought ticket, the lady called out ungraciously, and as though threateningly: "My husband has a pass." She was a stately figure with sour features, in age not far from the time set for the decay of feminine beauty; the man did not get a chance to say anything at all, and sat there motionless. I tried to sleep. In the dream I take terrible revenge on my disagreeable travelling companions; no one would suspect what insults and humiliations are concealed behind the disjointed fragments of the first half of the dream. After this desire has been satisfied, the second wish, to exchange my compartment for another, makes itself evident. The dream makes changes of scene so often, and without raising the least objection to such changes, that it would not have been in the least remarkable if I had immediately replaced my travelling companions by more pleasant ones for my recollection. But this was one of the cases where something or other objected to the change of scene and considered explanation of the change necessary. How did I suddenly get into another compartment? I surely could not remember having changed cars. So there was only one explanation: I must have left the carriage while asleep, a rare occurrence, examples for which, however, are furnished by the experience of the neuropathologist. We know of persons who undertake railroad journeys in a crepuscular state without betraying their abnormal condition by any sign, until some station on the journey they completely recover consciousness, and are then surprised at the gap in their memory. Thus, while I


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Rh am still dreaming, I declare my own case to be such a one of "Automatisme ambulatoire."

Analysis permits another solution. The attempt at explanation, which so astounds me if I am to attribute it to the dream activity, is not original, but is copied from the neurosis of one of my patients. I have already spoken on another page of a highly cultured and, in conduct, kind-hearted man, who began, shortly after the death of his parents, to accuse himself of murderous inclinations, and who suffered because of the precautionary measures he had to take to insure himself against these inclinations. At first walking along the street was made painful for him by the compulsion impelling him to demand an accounting of all the persons he met as to whither they had vanished; if one of them suddenly withdrew from his pursuing glance, there remained a painful feeling and a thought of the possibility that he might have put the man out of the way. This compulsive idea concealed, among other things, a Cain-fancy, for "all men are brothers." Owing to the impossibility of accomplishing his task, he gave up taking walks and spent his life imprisoned within his four walls. But news of murderous acts which have been committed outside constantly reached his room through the papers, and his conscience in the form of a doubt kept accusing him of being the murderer. The certainty of not having left his dwelling for weeks protected him against these accusations for a time, until one day there dawned upon him the possibility that he might have left his house while in an unconscious condition, and might thus have committed the murder without knowing anything about it. From that time on he locked his house door, and handed the key over to his old housekeeper, and strictly forbade her to give it into his hands even if he demanded it.

This, then, is the origin of the attempted explanation, that I may have changed carriages while in an unconscious condition—it has been transferred from the material of the dream thoughts to the dream in a finished state, and is obviously intended to identify me with the person of that patient. My memory of him was awakened by an easy association. I had made my last night journey with this man a few weeks before. He was cured, and was escorting me into the country, to his relatives who were summoning me; as we had a


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364 to ourselves, we left all the windows open through the night, and, as long as I had remained awake, we had a delightful conversation. I knew that hostile impulses towards his father from the time of his childhood, in connection with sexual material, had been at the root of his illness. By identifying myself with him, I wanted to make an analogous confession to myself. The second scene of the dream really resolves itself into a wanton fancy to the effect that my two elderly travelling companions had acted so uncivilly towards me for the reason that my arrival prevented them from exchanging love-tokens during the night as they had intended. This fancy, however, goes back to an early childhood scene in which, probably impelled by sexual inquisitiveness, I intruded upon the bedroom of my parents, and was driven from it by my father's emphatic command.

I consider it superfluous to multiply further examples. All of them would confirm what we have learned from those which have been already cited, namely, that an act of judgment in the dream is nothing but the repetition of a prototype which it has in the dream thoughts. In most cases it is an inappropriate repetition introduced in an unfitting connection; occasionally, however, as in our last example, it is so artfully disposed that it may give the impression of being an independent thought activity in the dream. At this point we might turn our attention to that psychic activity which indeed does not seem to co-operate regularly in the formation of dreams, but whose effort it is, wherever it does co-operate, to fuse together those dream elements that are incongruent on account of their origins in an uncontradictory and intelligible manner. We consider it best, however, first to take up the expressions of emotion which appear in the dream, and to compare them with the emotions which analysis reveals to us in the dream thoughts.

(g) The Affects in the Dream.

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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Parker, Edward Melville

PARKER, EDWARD MELVILLE, an American Protestant Episcopal bishop;

born in Cambridge, Mass., in 1885. He was educated at St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H., and at Keble College, Oxford, England. He was ordained priest in 1881. From 1879 to 1906 he was master of St. Paul's School. He was made bishop coadjutor of New Hampshire in 1906 and became bishop in 1914.


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Rh we have awakened. "If I am afraid of robbers in the dream, the robbers, to be sure, are imaginary, but the fear of them is real," and the same is true if I am glad in the dream. According to the testimony of our feelings, the emotion experienced in the dream is in no way less valid than one of like intensity experienced in waking life, and the dream makes its claim to be taken up as a part of our real mental experiences, more energetically on account of its emotional content than on account of its ideal content. We do not succeed in accomplishing this separation in waking life, because we do not know how to estimate an emotion psychically except in connection with a presentation content. If in kind or in intensity an affect and an idea are incongruous, our waking judgment becomes confused.

The fact that in dreams the presentation content does not entail the affective influence which we should expect as necessary in waking thought has always caused astonishment. Strümpell was of the opinion that ideas in the dream are stripped of their psychic values. But neither does the dream lack opposite instances, where the expression of intense affect appears in a content, which seems to offer no occasion for its development. I am in a horrible, dangerous, or disgusting situation in the dream, but I feel nothing of fear or aversion; on the other hand, I am sometimes terrified at harmless things and glad at childish ones.

This enigma of the dream disappears more suddenly and more completely than perhaps any other of the dream problems, if we pass from the manifest to the latent content. We shall then no longer be concerned to explain it, for it will no longer exist. Analysis teaches us that presentation contents have undergone displacements and substitutions, while affects have remained unchanged. No wonder, then, that the presentation content which has been altered by dream disfigurement no longer fits the affect that has remained intact; but there is no cause for wonder either after analysis has put the correct content in its former place.

In a psychic complex which has been subjected to the influence of the resisting censor the affects are the unyielding constituent, which alone is capable of guiding us to a correct supplementation. This state of affairs is revealed in psychoneuroses even more distinctly than in the dream. Here the


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Parker, Gilbert

PARKER, GILBERT, a Canadian novelist; born in Ontario, in 1862. Among his works are: “Pierre and His People”; “Tales of the Far North”; “An Adventurer of the North”; “A Romany of the Snows”; “A Lover's Diary” (1894); “The Trail of the Sword” (1894) ; “When Valmond Came to Pontiac”; “The Seats of the Mighty”; “Ladder of Swords” (1904); “The Judgment House” (1913); “World in the Crucible” (1915); “Wild Youth and Another” (1919). He served for several years in Parliament, Knight, 1902; baronet, 1915.


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Parker, Theodore

PARKER, THEODORE, an American theologian; born in Lexington, Mass., in 1810. He entered Harvard College in 1830, continuing, however, for a time to work on his father's farm; afterward teaching school at Boston. In 1834 he entered the Theological School. He was chosen, in 1837, minister of a Unitarian congregation at West Roxbury. He had there leisure for study, and read extensively, enjoying the society of Dr. Channing. His views of Christianity had diverged considerably from the standard of his sect, and great excitement was occasioned by his sermon “On the Transient and Permanent in

preached in 1841. Wearied with the bitterness and opposition of his adversaries, he visited Europe in 1843. The prejudice against him led to his quitting West Roxbury, and settling at Boston in 1846, as minister of the Twenty-eighth Congregational Society. In the following year he became joint-editor with Emerson and Cabot of the “Massachusetts Quarterly Review.” He distinguished himself as the fearless opponent of the Fugitive Slave Law and sheltered slaves in his own house. He was very active as a public lecturer on various political and social topics, and was the correspondent of many eminent men. Early in 1859 he was compelled to relinquish his duties and seek health in France and Italy. His earliest published work was the “Discourse of Matters Pertaining to Religion” (1847). It has been widely read in Europe as well as in America, and is one of the most important contributions to religious philosophy. Among his other works are: “Critical and Miscellaneous Writings”; “Theism, Atheism, and the Popular Theology”; “Discourses of Politics”; “Experiences as a Minister,” etc. He died in Florence in 1860.


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Rutledge, Edward

RUTLEDGE, EDWARD, an American statesman; born in Charleston, S. C., Nov. 23, 1749; was admitted to the bar in 1773; began practice in his native town; was a member of the Continental Congress in 1774-1777; took a conspicuous part in the discussions preceding the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, of which he was a signer; was on a commission with John Adams and Benjamin Franklin which met Lord Howe, Sept. 11, 1776, on Staten Island, but refused to enter into any treaty with him except on the basis of American independence. He was lieutenant-colonel of the Charleston Artillery which aided in expelling the British from the island of Port Royal in 1779; and was captured in 1780 and imprisoned for a year in St. Augustine. At the

of hostilities, he resumed the practice of law in Charleston; and was elected governor of South Carolina in 1798. He died in Charleston, S. C., Jan. 23, 1800.


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Rutledge, John

RUTLEDGE, JOHN, an American jurist, brother of Edward; born in Charleston, S. C., in 1739. He was a member of the South Carolina convention of 1774 that decided to take part in the Continental Congress, and a delegate to the latter body in 1775; chairman of the committee that framed the South Carolina constitution in 1776, and elected that year president of the new State government and Commander-in-Chief of the militia. In 1778 he was again elected governor of South Carolina. In 1780, when Charleston was captured by the British, he retired to North Carolina, joining Greene's army; but resumed the governorship at the close of the war. In 1782 he was elected to Congress, and re-elected in 1783. He was a member of the convention that framed the Constitution of the United States. In July, 1795, he was appointed by Washington Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and served the August term of that year; but his mental faculties failing, he was not confirmed by the Senate in December. He died in Charleston, July 23, 1800.


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Page:Freud - The interpretation of dreams.djvu/384

366 affect is always in the right, at least as far as its quality goes; its intensity may even be increased by means of a displacement of neurotic attention. If a hysteric is surprised that he is so very afraid of a trifle, or if the patient with compulsive ideas is astonished that he develops such painful self-reproach out of a nonentity, both of them err in that they regard the presentation content—the trifle or the nonentity—as the essential thing, and they defend themselves in vain because they make this presentation content the starting point in their thought. Psychoanalysis, however, shows them the right way by recognising that, on the contrary, the affect is justified, and by searching for the presentation which belongs to it and which has been suppressed by means of replacement. The assumption is here made that the development of affect and the presentation content do not constitute such an indissoluble organic union as we are accustomed to think, but that the two parts may be, so to speak, soldered together in such a way that they may be detached from one another by means of analysis. Dream interpretation shows that this is actually the case.

I give first an example in which analysis explains the apparent absence of affect in a presentation content which ought to force a development of emotion.

I. ''The dreamer sees three lions in a desert, one of which is laughing, but she is not afraid of them. Then, however, she must have fled from them, for she is trying to climb a tree, but she finds that her cousin, who is a teacher of French, is already up in the tree, &c.''

The analysis gives us the following material for this dream: A sentence in the dreamer's English lesson had become the indifferent occasion for it: "The lion's greatest beauty is his mane." Her father wore a beard which surrounded his face like a mane. The name of her English teacher was Miss Lyons. An acquaintance of hers had sent her the ballads of Loewe (German, Loewe—lion). These, then, are the three lions; why should she have been afraid of them? She has read a story in which a negro who has incited his fellows to revolt is hunted with bloodhounds and climbs a tree to save himself. Then follow fragments in wanton mood, like the following. Directions for catching lions from Die Fliegende


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Rh Blaetter: "Take a desert and strain it; the lions will remain." Also a very amusing, but not very proper anecdote about an official who is asked why he does not take greater pains to win the favour of his superior officer, and who answers that he has been trying to insinuate himself, but that the man ahead of him is already up. The whole matter becomes intelligible as soon as one learns that on the day of the dream the lady had received a visit from her husband's superior. He was very polite to her, kissed her hand, and she was not afraid of him at all, although he is a "big bug" (German—Grosses Tier= "big animal") and plays the part of a "social lion" in the capital of her country. This lion is, therefore, like the lion in the Midsummer Night's Dream, who unmasks as Snug, the joiner, and of such stuff are all dream lions made when one is not afraid.

II. As my second example, I cite the dream of the girl who saw her sister's little son lying dead in a coffin, but who, I may now add, felt no pain or sorrow thereat. We know from analysis why not. The dream only concealed her wish to see the man she loved again; the affect must be attuned to the wish, and not to its concealment. There was no occasion for sorrow at all.

In a number of dreams the emotion at least remains connected with that presentation content which has replaced the one really belonging to it. In others the breaking up of the complex is carried further. The affect seems to be entirely separated from the idea belonging to it, and finds a place somewhere else in the dream where it fits into the new arrangement of the dream elements. This is similar to what we have learned of acts of judgment of the dream. If there is a significant inference in the dream thoughts, the dream also contains one; but in the dream the inference may be shifted to entirely different material. Not infrequently this shifting takes place according to the principle of antithesis.

I illustrate the latter possibility by the following dream, which I have subjected to the most exhaustive analysis.

III. ''A castle by the sea; afterwards it lies not directly on the sea, but on a narrow canal that leads to the sea. A certain Mr. P. is the governor of it. I stand with him in a large salon with three windows, in front of which rise the projections of a wall,''