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 MENALIPPUS AND CHARITON. 57 From thence he was fent to the Jaole, and examined vpon interro- gatories to bewraye the reft of the confpiratours ; for which hee fuffered the racke, and the violence of other tormentes. After- wardes, Menalippus remembring the conftancie of his frende, and the crueltye by him ftoutly fuffered, went to Phalaris and con- feffed vnto him that not onely he was priuy to that treafon, but alfo was the auchour thereof. Phalaris demaundinge for what caufe he did it, tolde him the consideration before rehearfed, which was the reuokinge of fentence, and other iniuries done vnto him. The tyraunt maruaylinge at the conftant frendfhippe of thofc twaine, acquited them both, but vppon condition that both fhoulde depart oute of the citie and countrie of Sicilia. Neuer- thelefTe, he gaue them leaue to receiue the fruites and commodi- ties of their reuenues. In record and remembrance of whofe amitie, Apollo fang thefe Verfes. [centered] The rayfers vp of heauenly loue, amonges the humaine kimde : Were good Chariton and Menalippe, whofe like vnneths we finde. [end centered text] This Phalaris was a moft cruell tyraunte of the citie of Agrigen- tine in Scicilia, who befides other inftrumentes of new deuifed tormentes, had a Bull made of BrafTe, by the art and inuention of one Perillus: into which Bull, all fuch as were condemned to death were put, and by reafon of extreame heate of fire made vnder the fame, thofe that were executed, yelled foorth terrible foundes and noyfes, like to the lowing of a Bull. For which ingine and deuife, Perillus thinking to obtaine great reward, was for his labour, by commaundement of the tyraunt, throwen into the Bull, being the firft that fhewed the proofe of his deuife. Within a while after, alfo Phalaris himfelfe, for his great crueltie, was by a general affault, made vpon him by the people, haled into the fame Bull and burned : and althoughe this tyraunte farre excelled in beaftlye crueltie, yet there appeared fome fparke of humanitie in him, by his mercye extended vpon Chariton and Menalippus, the two true louers before remembred. The fame Phalaris wrote many proper and fhort Epiftles, full of vertuous inftructions, and holfome admonitions.


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Scrambles amongst the Alps/Chapter 4

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title: Scrambles amongst the Alps/Chapter 4


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§. 3. us next proceed to the , the written laws of the kingdom, which are tatutes, acts, or edicts, made by the king’s majety by and with the advice and conent of the lords piritual and temporal and commons in parliament aembled. The oldet of thee now extant, and printed in our tatute books, is the famous magna carta, as confirmed in parliament 9 Hen. III: though doubtles there were many acts before that time, the records of which are now lot, and the determinations of them perhaps at preent currently received for the maxims of the old common law.

manner of making thee tatutes will be better conidered hereafter, when we examine the contitution of parliaments. At preent we will only take notice of the different kinds of tatutes; and of ome general rules with regard to their contruction The method of citing thee acts of parliament is various. Many of our antient tatutes are called after the name of the place, where the parliament was held that made them; as the tatutes of Merton and Marlbridge, of Wetminter, Gloceter, and Wincheter. Others are denominated entirely from their ubject; as the tatutes of Wales and Ireland, the , and the . Some are ditinguihed by their initial words; a method of citing very antient, being ued by the Jews in denominating the books of the pentateuch; by the chritian church in ditinguihing their hymns and divine offices; by the Romanits in decribing their papal bulles; and in hort by the whole body of antient civilians and canonits, among whom this method of citation generally prevailed, not only with regard to chapters, but inferior ections alo: in imitation of all which we till call ome of our old tatutes by their initial words, as the tatute of , and that of . But the mot uual method of citing them, epecially ince the time of Edward the econd, is by naming the year of the king’s reign in which the tatute was made, together with the chapter, or particular act, according to it’s numeral order; as, 9 Geo. II. c. 4. For all the acts of one eion of parliament taken together make properly but one tatute; and therefore when two eions have been held in one year; we uually mention tat. 1. or 2. Thus the bill of rights is cited, as 1 W. & M. t. 2. c. 2. ignifying that it is the econd chapter or act, of the econd tatute or the laws made in the econd eions of parliament, held in the firt year of king Wiiliam and queen Mary. .

, as to their everal kinds. Statutes are either general or pecial, public or private. A general or public act is an uni- veral


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Rh present not as philosophical, but merely as convenient. The effect of electricity of tension, at rest, is either attraction or repulsion at sensible distances. The effects of electricity in motion or electrical currents may be considered as 1st, Evolution of heat; 2nd, Magnetism; 3rd, Chemical decomposition; 4th, Physiological phenomena; 5th, Spark. It will be my object to compare electricities from different sources, and especially common and voltaic electricities, by their power of producing these effects.

4. Tension.—When a voltaic battery of 100 pairs of plates has its extremities examined by the ordinary electrometer, it is well known that they are found positive and negative, the gold leaves at the same extremity repelling each other, the gold leaves at different extremities attracting each other, even when half an inch or more of air intervenes.

5. That ordinary electricity is discharged by points with facility through air; that it is readily transmitted through highly rarefied air; and also through heated air, as for instance a flame; is due to its high tension. I sought, therefore, for similar effects in the discharge of voltaic electricity, using as a test of the passage of the electricity either the galvanometer or chemical action produced by the arrangement hereafter to be described (48, 52).

6. The voltaic battery I had at my disposal consisted of 140 pairs of plates four inches square, with double coppers. It was insulated throughout, and diverged a gold leaf electrometer about one-third of an inch. On endeavouring to discharge this battery by delicate points very nicely arranged and approximated, either in the air or in an exhausted receiver, I could obtain no indications of a current, either by magnetic or chemical action. In this, however, was found no point of discordance between voltaic and common electricity; for when a Leyden battery (27) was charged so as to deflect the gold leaf electrometer to the same degree, the points were found equally unable to discharge it with such effect as to produce either magnetic or chemical action. This was not because common electricity could not produce both these effects (43, 46), but because when of such low intensity the quantity required to make the effects visible (being enormously great (107, 111)) could not be transmitted in any reasonable time. In conjunction with the other


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86 veral rule, that regards the whole community; and of this the courts of law are bound to take notice judicially and ; without the tatute being particularly pleaded, or formally et forth by the party who claims an advantage under it. Special or private acts are rather exceptions than rules, being thoe which only operate upon particular perons, and private concerns; uch as the Romans intitled, in contraditinction to the , which regarded the whole community : and of thee the judges are not bound to take notice, unles they be formally hewn and pleaded. Thus, to hew the ditinction, the tatute 13 Eliz. c. 10. to prevent piritual perons from making leaes for longer terms than twenty one years, or three lives, is a public act; it being a rule precribed to the whole body of piritual perons in the nation: but an act, to enable the bihop of Cheter to make a leae to A. B. for ixty years, is an exception to this rule; it concerns only the parties and the bihop’s ucceors; and is therefore a private act.

alo are either declaratory of the common law, or remedial of ome defects therein. Declaratory, where the old cutom of the kingdom is almot fallen into diue, or become diputable; in which cae the parliament has thought proper,, and for avoiding all doubts and difficulties, to declare what the common law is and ever has been. Thus the tatute of treaons, 25 Edw. III. cap. 2. doth not make any new pecies of treaons; but only, for the benefit of the ubject, declares and enumerates thoe everal kinds of offence, which before were treaon at the common law. Remedial tatutes are thoe which are made to upply uch defects, and abridge uch uperfluities, in the common law, as arie either from the general imperfection of all human laws, from change of time and circumtances, from the mitakes and unadvied determinations of unlearned judges, or from any other caue whatoever. And this being done, either by enlarging the common law where it was too narrow and circumcribed, or by re- training


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Scrambles amongst the Alps/Chapter 5

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title: Scrambles amongst the Alps/Chapter 5


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Mason and Dixon's Line


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4 proofs of identity hereafter to be given, these effects of points also prove identity instead of difference between voltaic and common electricity.

7. As heated air discharges common electricity with far greater facility than points, I hoped that voltaic electricity might in this way also be discharged. An apparatus was therefore

constructed (fig. 1), in which A B is an insulated glass rod upon which two copper wires, C, D, are fixed firmly; to these wires are soldered two pieces of fine platina wire, the ends of which are brought very close to each other at e, but without touching; the copper wire C was connected with the positive pole of a voltaic battery, and the wire D with a decomposing apparatus (48, 52), from which the communication was completed to the negative pole of the battery. In these experiments only two troughs, or twenty pairs of plates, were used.

8. Whilst in the state described, no decomposition took place at the point a, but when the side of a spirit-lamp flame was applied to the two platina extremities at e, so as to make them bright red-hot, decomposition occurred; iodine soon appeared at the point a, and the transference of electricity through the heated air was established. On raising the temperature of the points e by a blowpipe, the discharge was rendered still more free, and decomposition took place instantly. On removing the source of heat, the current immediately ceased. On putting the ends of the wires very close by the side of and parallel to each other, but not touching, the effects were perhaps more readily obtained than before. On using a larger voltaic battery (6), they were also more freely obtained.

9. On removing the decomposing apparatus and interposing a galvanometer instead, heating the points e as the needle would swing one way, and removing the heat during the time of its return (38), feeble deflections were soon obtained: thus also proving the current through heated air; but the instrument used was not so sensible under the circumstances as chemical action.

10. These effects, not hitherto known or expected under this form, are only cases of the discharge which takes place through


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§. 3. training it where it was too lax and luxuriant, hath occaioned another ubordinate diviion of remedial acts of parliament into enlarging and retraining tatutes. To intance again in the cae of treaon. Clipping the current coin of the kingdom was an offence not ufficiently guarded againt by the common law: therefore it was thought expedient by tatute 5 Eliz. c. 11. to make it high treaon, which it was not at the common law: o that this was an enlarging tatute. At common law alo piritual corporations might leae out their etates for any term of years, till prevented by the tatute 13 Eliz. before-mentioned: this was therefore a retraining tatute.

the rules to be oberved with regard to the contruction of tatutes are principally thee which follow.

1.  are three points to be conidered in the contruction of all remedial tatutes; the old law, the michief, and the remedy: that is, how the common law tood at the making of the act; what the michief was, for which the common law did not provide; and what remedy the parliament hath provided to cure this michief. And it is the buines of the judges o to contrue the act, as to uppres the michief and advance the remedy. Let us intance again in the ame retraining tatute of the 13 Eliz. By the common law eccleiatical corporations might let as long leaes as they thought proper: the michief was, that they let long and unreaonable leaes, to the impoverishment of their ucceors: the remedy applied by the tatute was by making void all leaes by eccleiatical bodies for longer terms than three lives or twenty one years. Now in the contruction of this tatute it is held, that leaes, though for a longer term, if made by a bihop, are not void during the bihop’s life; or, if made by a dean and chapter, they are not void during the life of the dean: for the act was made for the benefit and protection of the ucceor. The michief is therefore ufficiently uppreed by vacating them after the death of the grantors; but the leaes, du- ring


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User talk:Andreas Philopater

Welcome
Welcome

Hello, Andreas Philopater, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Again, welcome! Beeswaxcandle (talk) 17:58, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

Old and new London
The current bit of "Old and new London" is not sufficient to retain as it is only an extract, and not within WS:WWI. We transcribe the works, and we leave Wikipedia to do the encyclopaedic components. What I will do when the upload bot is back in action, I will upload the six volumes to Commons and set up the indices here. From there the work will be available to transcribe. — billinghurst  sDrewth  05:48, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the heads-up! --Andreas Philopater (talk) 22:25, 6 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I haven't forgotten, just ran into a difficulty where the tool that I would normally use has choked on the upload due to its size. In communication with the tool author, and if it is going to be a while, then I will use a fallback too to load the file to Commons. That tools is a little more cumbersome, so I am wanting to pursue the initial tool as a resolution point if at all possible. — billinghurst  sDrewth  14:14, 13 January 2015 (UTC)
 * No hurry! --Andreas Philopater (talk) 00:53, 16 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Gotten there, though not done hospital edges yet ... v.1 • v.2 • v.3 • v.4 • v.5 • v.6 ... enough to start, or restart on the bits that were of interest. — billinghurst  sDrewth  15:07, 25 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Fantastic! Thanks! If I want something else uploaded, can I ask you, or can I operate the upload bot myself? --Andreas Philopater (talk) 17:18, 27 January 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andreas Philopater


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Page:William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (3rd ed, 1768, vol I).djvu/104

88 ring their lives, being not within the michief, are not within the remedy.

2.  which treats of things or perons of an inferior rank, cannot by any general words be extended to thoe of a uperior. So a tatute, treating of “deans, prebendaries, parons, vicars, and others having piritual promotion,” is held not to extend to bihops, though they have piritual promotion; deans being the highet perons named, and bihops being of a till higher order.

3.  tatutes mut be contrued trictly. Thus the tatute 1 Edw. VI. c. 12. having enacted that thoe who are convicted of tealing hores hould not have the benefit of clergy, the judges conceived that this did not extend to him that hould teal but one hore, and therefore procured a new act for that purpoe in the following year. And, to come nearer our own times, by the tatute 14 Geo. II. c. 6. tealing heep, or other cattle, was made felony without benefit of clergy. But thee general words, “or other cattle,” being looked upon as much too looe to create a capital offence, the act was held to extend to nothing but mere heep. And therefore, in the next eions, it was found neceary to make another tatute, 15 Geo. II. c. 34. extending the former to bulls, cows, oxen, teers, bullocks, heifers, calves, and lambs, by name.

4.  againt frauds are to be liberally and beneficially expounded. This may eem a contradiction to the lat rule; mot tatutes againt frauds being in their conequences penal. But this difference is here to be taken: where the tatute acts upon the offender, and inflicts a penalty, as the pillory or a fine, it is then to be taken trictly: but when the tatute acts upon the offence, by etting aide the fraudulent tranaction, here it is to be contrued liberally. Upon this footing the tatute of 13 Eliz. c. 5. which avoids all gifts of goods, &c, made to defraud cre- ditors


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Rh air between the charcoal terminations of the poles of a powerful battery, when they are gradually separated after contact. Then the passage is through heated air exactly as with common electricity, and Sir H. Davy has recorded that with the original battery of the Royal Institution this discharge passed through a space of at least four inches. In the exhausted receiver the electricity would strike through nearly half an inch of space, and the combined effects of rarefaction and heat was such upon the inclosed air as to enable it to conduct the electricity through a space of six or seven inches.

11. The instantaneous charge of a Leyden battery by the poles of a voltaic apparatus is another proof of the tension, and also the quantity, of electricity evolved by the latter. Sir H. Davy says, "When the two conductors from the ends of the combination were connected with a Leyden battery, one with the internal, the other with the external coating, the battery instantly became charged; and on removing the wires and making the proper connections, either a shock or a spark could be perceived: and the least possible time of contact was sufficient to renew the charge to its full intensity."

12. In motion: i. Evolution of heat.—The evolution of heat in wires and fluids by the voltaic current is matter of general notoriety.

13. ii. Magnetism.—No fact is better known to philosophers than the power of the voltaic current to deflect the magnetic needle, and to make magnets according to certain laws; and no effect can be more distinctive of an electrical current.

14. iii. Chemical decomposition.—The chemical powers of the voltaic current, and their subjection to certain laws, are also perfectly well known.

15. iv. Physiological effects.—The power of the voltaic current, when strong, to shock and convulse the whole animal system, and when weak to affect the tongue and the eyes, is very characteristic.

16. v. Spark.—The brilliant star of light produced by the discharge of a voltaic battery is known to all as the most beautiful light that man can produce by art.

17. That these effects may be almost infinitely varied, some being exalted whilst others are diminished, is universally acknowledged; and yet without any doubt of the identity of character of the voltaic currents thus made to differ in their


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Mason, George


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Mason, James Murray


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§. 3. ditors and others, was held to extend by the general words to a gift made to defraud the queen of a forfeiture.

5.  part of a tatute mut be o contrued by another, that the whole may (if poible) tand: . As if land be veted in the king and his heirs by act of parliament, aving the right of A; and A has at that time a leae of it for three years: here A hall hold it for his term of three years, and afterwards it hall go to the king. For this interpretation furnihes matter for every claue of the tatute to work and operate upon. But

6. , totally repugnant to the body of the act, is void. If therefore an act of parliament vets land in the king and his heirs, aving the right of all perons whatoever; or vets the land of A in the king, aving the right of A: in either of thee caes the aving is totally repugnant to the body of the tatute, and (if good) would render the tatute of no effect or operation; and therefore the aving is void, and the land vets abolutely in the king.

7.  the common law and a tatute differ, the common law gives place to the tatute; and an old tatute gives place to a new one. And this upon the general principle laid down in the lat ection, that “.” But this is to be undertood, only when the latter tatute is couched in negative terms, or by it’s matter necearily implies a negative. As if a former act ays, that a juror upon uch a trial hall have twenty pounds a year; and a new tatute comes and ays, he hall have twenty marks: here the latter tatute, though it does not expres, yet necearily implies a negative, and virtually repeals the former. For if twenty marks be made qualification ufficient, the former tatute which requires twenty pounds is at an end. But if both acts be merely affirmative, and the Rh


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90 ubtance uch that both may tand together, here the latter does not repeal the former, but they hall both have a concurrent efficacy. If by a former law an offence be indictable at the quarter eions, and a latter law makes the ame offence indictable at the aies; here the juridiction of the eions is not taken away, but both have a concurrent juridiction, and the offender may be proecuted at either; unles the new tatute ubjoins expres negative words, as, that the offence hall be indictable at the aies, and not elewhere.

8.  a tatute, that repeals another, is itelf repealed afterwards, the firt tatute is hereby revived, without any formal words for that purpoe. So when the tatutes of 26 and 35 Hen. VIII, declaring the king to be the upreme head of the church, were repealed by a tatute 1 & 2 Philip and Mary, and this latter tatute was afterwards repealed by an act of 1 Eliz. there needed not any expres words of revival in queen Elizabeth’s tatute, but thee acts of king Henry were impliedly and virtually revived.

9.  of parliament derogatory from the power of ubequent parliaments bind not. So the tatute 11 Hen. VII. c. 1. which directs, that no peron for aiting a king de facto hall be attainted of treaon by act of parliament or otherwie, is held to be good only as to common proecutions for high treaon; but will not retrain or clog any parliamentary attainder. Becaue the legilature, being in truth the overeign power, is always of equal, always of abolute authority: it acknowleges no uperior upon earth, which the prior legilature mut have been, if it’s ordinances could bind the preent parliament. And upon the ame principle Cicero, in his letters to Atticus, treats with a proper contempt thee retraining claues which endeavour to tie up the hands of ucceeding legilatures. “When you repeal the law it- “elf,


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Mason, Lowell


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§. 3. elf, ays he, you at the ame time repeal the prohibitory claue, which guards againt uch repeal ."

10. , acts of parliament that are impoible to be performed are of no validity; and if there arie out of them collaterally any aburd conequences, manifetly contradictory to common reaon, they are, with regard to thoe collateral conequences, void. I lay down the rule with thee retrictions; though I know it is generally laid down more largely, that acts of parliament contrary to reaon are void. But if the parliament will poitively enact a thing to be done which is unreaonable, I know of no power that can control it: and the examples uually alleged in upport of this ene of the rule do none of them prove, that where the main object of a tatute is unreaonable the judges are at liberty to reject it; for that were to et the judicial power above that of the legilature, which would be ubverive of all government. But where ome collateral matter aries out of the general words, and happens to be unreaonable; there the judges are in decency to conclude that this conequence was not foreeen by the parliament, and therefore they are at liberty to expound the tatute by equity, and only  diregard it. Thus if an act of parliament gives a man power to try all caues, that arie within his manor of Dale; yet, if a caue hould arie in which he himelf is party, the act is contrued not to extend to that, becaue it is unreaonable that any man hould determine his own quarrel. But, if we could conceive it poible for the parliament to enact, that he hould try as well his own caues as thoe of other perons, there is no court that has power to defeat the intent of the legilature, when couched in uch evident and expres words, as leave no doubt whether it was the intent of the legilature or no.

are the everal grounds of the laws of England: over and above which, equity is alo frequently called in to ait, to moderate,


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92 moderate, and to explain them. What equity is, and how impoible in it’s very eence to be reduced to tated rules, hath been hewn in the preceding ection. I hall therefore only add, that there are courts of this kind etablihed for the benefit of the ubject, to correct and often the rigor of the law, when through it’s generality it bears too hard in particular caes; to detect and punih latent frauds, which the law is not minute enough to reach; to enforce the execution of uch matters of trut and confidence, as are binding in concience, though perhaps not trictly legal; to deliver from uch dangers as are owing to miortune or overight; and, in hort, to relieve in all uch caes as are, , objects of relief. This is the buines of our courts of equity, which however are only converant in matters of property. For the freedom of our contitution will not permit, that in criminal caes a power hould be lodged in any judge, to contrue the law otherwie than according to the letter. This caution, while it admirably protects the public liberty, can never bear hard upon individuals. A man cannot uffer more punihment than the law aigns, but he may uffer les. The laws cannot be trained by partiality to inflict a penalty beyond what the letter will warrant; but, in caes where the letter induces any apparent hardhip, the crown has the power to pardon.


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Masons

title: The New Student's Reference Work/Masons


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Mass

title: The New Student's Reference Work/Mass


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[ 93 ]

HE kingdom of England, over which our municipal laws have juridiction, includes not, by the common law, either Wales, Scotland, or Ireland, or any other part of the king’s dominions, except the territory of England only. And yet the civil laws and local cutoms of this territory do now obtain, in part or in all, with more or les retrictions, in thee and many other adjacent countries; of which it will be proper firt to take a review, before we conider the kingdom of England itelf, the original and proper ubject of thee laws.

had continued independent of England, unconquered and uncultivated, in the primitive patoral tate which Caear and Tacitus acribe to Britain in general, for many centuries; even from the time of the hotile invaions of the Saxons, when the antient and chritian inhabitants of the iland retired to thoe natural intrenchments, for protection from their pagan viitants. But when thee invaders themelves were converted to chritianity, and ettled into regular and potent governments, this retreat of the antient Britons grew every day narrower; they were overrun by little and little, gradually driven from one fatnes to another, and by repeated loes abridged of their wild independence. Very early in our hitory we find their princes doing homage to the crown of England; till at length in the reign of Edward the firt, who may jutly be tiled the conqueror of Wales, the line of


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22 , that is, a sort of circular prison, with open cells, like a glass bee-hive. He sits in the middle, and sees all the other does. He gives him work to do, and lectures him if he does not do it. He takes liquor from him, and society, and liberty; but he feeds and clothes him, and keeps him out of mischief; and when he has convinced him, by force and reason together, that this life is for his good, he turns him out upon the world a reformed man, and as confident of the success of his handy-work, as the shoemaker of that which he has just taken off the last, or the Parisian barber in Sterne, of the buckle of his wig. "Dip it in the ocean," said the perruquier, "and it will stand!" But we doubt the durability of our projector's patchwork. Will our convert to the great principle of Utility work when he is from under Mr. Bentham's eye, because he was forced to work when under it? Will he keep sober, because he has been kept from liquor so long? Will he not return to loose company, because he has had the pleasure of sitting vis-a-vis with a philosopher of late? Will he not steal, now that his hands are untied? Will he not take the road, now that it is free to him? Will he not call his benefactor all the names he can set his tongue to, the

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Rh moment his back is turned? All this is more than to be feared. The charm of criminal life, like that of savage life, consists in liberty, in hardship, in danger, and in the contempt of death, in one word, in extraordinary excitement; and he who has tasted of it, will no more return to regular habits of life, than a man will take to water after drinking brandy, or than a wild beast will give over hunting its prey. Miracles never cease, to be sure; but they are not to be had wholesale, or to order. Mr. Owen, who is another of these proprietors and patentees of reform, has lately got an American savage with him, whom he carries about in great triumph and complacency, as an antithesis to his New View of Society, and as winding up his reasoning to what it mainly wanted, an epigrammatic point. Does the benevolent visionary of the Lanark cotton-mills really think this natural man will act as a foil to his artificial man? Does he for a moment imagine that his Address to the higher and middle classes, with all its advantages of fiction, makes any thing like so interesting a romance as Hunter's Captivity among the North American Indians? Has he any thing to shew, in all the apparatus of New Lanark and its desolate monotony, to excite the thrill of imagination like

title: Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/31


text:
Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/32

24 the blankets made of wreaths of snow under which the wild wood-rovers bury themselves for weeks in winter? Or the skin of a leopard, which our hardy adventurer slew, and which served him for great coat and bedding? Or the rattle-snake that he found by his side as a bed-fellow? Or his rolling himself into a ball to escape from him? Or his suddenly placing himself against a tree to avoid being trampled to death by the herd of wild buffaloes, that came rushing on like the sound of thunder? Or his account of the huge spiders that prey on blue-bottles and gilded flies in green pathless forests; or of the great Pacific Ocean, that the natives look upon as the gulf that parts time from eternity, and that is to waft them to the spirits of their fathers? After all this, Mr. Hunter must find Mr. Owen and his parallellograms trite and flat, and will, we suspect, take an opportunity to escape from them!

Mr. Bentham's method of reasoning, though comprehensive and exact, labours under the defect of most systems—it is too topical. It includes every thing; but it includes every thing alike. It is rather like an inventory, than a valuation of different arguments. Every possible suggestion finds a place, so that the mind is distracted as much as enlightened by

title: Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/32


text:
Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/33

Rh this perplexing accuracy. The exceptions seem as important as the rule. By attending to the minute, we overlook the great; and in summing up an account, it will not do merely to insist on the number of items without considering their amount. Our author's page presents a very nicely dove-tailed mosaic pavement of legal common-places. We slip and slide over its even surface without being arrested any where. Or his view of the human mind resembles a map, rather than a picture: the outline, the disposition is correct, but it wants colouring and relief. There is a technicality of manner, which renders his writings of more value to the professional inquirer than to the general reader. Again, his style is unpopular, not to say unintelligible. He writes a language of his own, that darkens knowledge. His works have been translated into French—they ought to be translated into English. People wonder that Mr. Bentham has not been prosecuted for the boldness and severity of some of his invectives. He might wrap up high treason in one of his inextricable periods, and it would never find its way into Westminster-Hall. He is a kind of Manuscript author—he writes a cypher-hand, which the vulgar have no key to. The construction of his sentences is a curious

title: Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/33


text:
Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/34

26 with pegs and hooks to hang his thoughts upon, for his own use and guidance, but almost out of the reach of every body else. It is a barbarous philosophical jargon, with all the repetitions, parentheses, formalities, uncouth nomenclature and verbiage of law-Latin; and what makes it worse, it is not mere verbiage, but has a great deal of acuteness and meaning in it, which you would be glad to pick out if you could. In short, Mr. Bentham writes as if he was allowed but a single sentence to express his whole view of a subject in, and as if, should he omit a single circumstance or step of the argument, it would be lost to the world for ever, like an estate by a flaw in the title-deeds. This is over-rating the importance of our own discoveries, and mistaking the nature and object of language altogether. Mr. Bentham has acquired this disability—it is not natural to him. His admirable little work On Usury, published forty years ago, is clear, easy, and vigorous. But Mr. Bentham has shut himself up since then "in nook monastic," conversing only with followers of his own, or with "men of Ind," and has endeavoured to overlay his natural humour, sense, spirit, and style with the dust and cobwebs of an obscure solitude. The best of it is, he thinks his present mode of

title: Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/34


text:
Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/35

Rh expressing himself perfect, and that whatever may be objected to his law or logic, no one can find the least fault with the purity, simplicity, and perspicuity of his style.

Mr. Bentham, in private life, is an amiable and exemplary character. He is a little romantic, or so; and has dissipated part of a handsome fortune in practical speculations. He lends an ear to plausible projectors, and, if he cannot prove them to be wrong in their premises or their conclusions, thinks himself bound in reason to stake his money on the venture. Strict logicians are licensed visionaries. Mr. Bentham is half-brother to the late Mr. Speaker Abbott —Proh pudor! He was educated at Eton, and still takes our novices to task about a passage in Homer, or a metre in Virgil. He was afterwards at the University, and he has described the scruples of an ingenuous youthftd mind about subscribing the articles, in a passage in his Church-of-Englandism, which smacks of truth and honour both, and does one good to read it in an age, when "to be honest" (or not to laugh at the very idea of honesty) "is to be one man picked out of ten thousand!" Mr.

title: Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/35


text:
Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/36

28 Bentham relieves his mind sometimes, after the fatigue of study, by playing on a fine old organ, and has a relish for Hogarth's prints. He turns wooden utensils in a lathe for exercise, and fancies he can turn men in the same manner. He has no great fondness for poetry, and can hardly extract a moral out of Shakespear. His house is warmed and lighted by steam. He is one of those who prefer the artificial to the natural in most things, and think the mind of man omnipotent. He has a great contempt for out-of-door prospects, for green fields and trees, and is for referring every thing to Utility. There is a little narrowness in this; for if all the sources of satisfaction are taken away, what is to become of utility itself? It is, indeed, the great fault of this able and extraordinary man, that he has concentrated his faculties and feelings too entirely on one subject and pursuit, and has not "looked enough abroad into universality. "

title: Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/36


text:
Scrambles amongst the Alps/Chapter 6

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title: Scrambles amongst the Alps/Chapter 6


text:
Scrambles amongst the Alps/Chapter 7

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title: Scrambles amongst the Alps/Chapter 7


text: Category:Ministry of Finance regulations of Thailand


text: Category:Royal commands of Thailand

title: Category:Royal commands of Thailand


text:
The Annals of Wales

 * The Annals of Wales A (1912), a translation of the A Text by James Ingram.
 * The Annals of Wales B, a translation of the B Text by Wikisource

title: The Annals of Wales


text:
Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/127

I an aged, aged man

One morning near the Row,

Who sat, dejected and forlorn,

Till it was time to go.

It made me quite depressed and bad

To see a man so wholly sad—

I went and told him so.


text:
Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/91

Rh

gentleman has gained an almost unprecedented, and not an altogether unmerited popularity as a preacher. As he is, perhaps, though a burning and a shining light, not "one of the fixed," we shall take this opportunity of discussing his merits, while he is at his meridian height; and in doing so, shall "nothing extenuate, nor set down aught in malice."

Few circumstances shew the prevailing and preposterous rage for novelty in a more striking-point of view, than the success of Mr. Irving's oratory. People go to hear him in crowds, and come away with a mixture of delight and astonishment—they go again to see if the effect will continue, and send others to try to find out the mystery—and in the noisy conflict

title: Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/91


text:
Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/128

Mr. Punch's Book of Sports I asked him why he sat and stared

At all the passers-by,

And why on ladies young and fair

He turned his watery eye.

He looked at me without a word,

And then—it really was absurd—

The man began to cry.

But when his rugged sobs were stayed—

It made my heart rejoice—

He said that of the young and fair

He sought to make a choice.

He was an artist, it appeared—

I might have guessed it by his beard,

Or by his gurgling voice.

His aim in life was to procure

A model fit to paint

As "Beauty on a Pedestal,"

Or "Figure of a Saint."

But every woman seemed to be

As crooked as a willow tree

His metaphors were quaint.

"And have you not observed," he asked,

"That all the girls you meet

Have either 'Hockey elbows' or

Ungainly 'Cycling feet'?

Their backs are bent, their faces red,

From 'Cricket stoop,' or 'Football head.'"

He spoke to me with heat.


text:
Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/92

84 extravagant encomiums and splenetic objections, the true secret escapes observation, which is, that the whole thing is, nearly from beginning to end, a transposition of ideas. If the subject of these remarks had come out as a player, with all his advantages of figure, voice, and action, we think he would have failed: if, as a preacher, he had kept within the strict bounds of pulpit-oratory, he would scarcely have been much distinguished among his Calvinistic brethren: as a mere author, he would have excited attention rather by his quaintness and affectation of an obsolete style and mode of thinking, than by any thing else. But he has contrived to jumble these several characters together in an unheard-of and unwarranted manner, and the fascination is altogether irresistible. Our Caledonian divine is equally an anomaly in religion, in literature, in personal appearance, and in public speaking. To hear a person spout Shakspeare on the stage is nothing—the charm is nearly worn out—but to hear any one spout Shakspeare (and that not in a sneaking under-tone, but at the top of his voice, and with the full breadth of his chest) from a Calvinistic pulpit, is new and wonderful. The Fancy have lately lost something of their gloss in public estimation, and after the last fight, few would go far to see a

title: Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/92


text:
Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/93

Rh Neat or a Spring set-to;—but to see a man who is able to enter the ring with either of them, or brandish a quarter-staff with Friar Tuck, or a broad-sword with Shaw the Lifeguards' man, stand up in a strait-laced old-fashioned pulpit, and bandy dialectics with modern philosophers or give a cross-buttock to a cabinet minister, there is something in a sight like this also, that is a cure for sore eyes. It is as if Crib or Molyneux had turned Methodist parson, or as if a Patagonian savage were to come forward as the patron-saint of Evangelical religion. Again, the doctrine of eternal punishment was one of the staple arguments with which, everlastingly drawled out, the old school of Presbyterian divines used to keep their audiences awake, or lull them to sleep; but to which people of taste and fashion paid little attention, as inelegant and barbarous, till Mr. Irving, with his cast-iron features and sledge-hammer blows, puffing like a grim Vulcan, set to work to forge more classic thunderbolts, and kindle the expiring flames anew with the very sweepings of sceptical and infidel libraries, so as to excite a pleasing horror in the female part of his congregation. In short, our popular declaimer has, contrary to the Scripture-caution, put new wine into old bottles, or new cloth on old garments. He has,

title: Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/93


text:
Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/94

86 with an unlimited and daring licence, mixed the sacred and the profane together, the carnal and the spiritual man, the petulance of the bar with the dogmatism of the pulpit, the theatrical and theological, the modern and the obsolete;—what wonder that this splendid piece of patchwork, splendid by contradiction and contrast, has delighted some and confounded others? The more serious part of his congregation indeed complain, though not bitterly, that their pastor has converted their meeting-house into a play-house: but when a lady of quality, introducing herself and her three daughters to the preacher, assures him that they have been to all the most fashionable places of resort, the opera, the theatre, assemblies. Miss Macauley's readings, and Exeter-Change, and have been equally entertained no where else, we apprehend that no remonstrances of a committee of ruling-elders will be able to bring him to his senses again, or make him forego such sweet, but ill-assorted praise. What we mean to insist upon is, that Mr. Irving owes his triumphant success, not to any one quality for which he has been extolled, but to a combination of qualities, the more striking in their immediate effect, in proportion as they are unlooked-for and heterogeneous, like the

title: Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/94


text:
Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/95

Rh opposition of light and shade in a picture. We shall endeavour to explain this view of the subject more at large.

Mr. Irving, then, is no common or mean man. He has four or five qualities, possessed in a moderate or in a paramount degree, which, added or multiplied together, fill up the important space he occupies in the public eye. Mr. Irving's intellect itself is of a superior order; he has undoubtedly both talents and acquirements beyond the ordinary run of every-day preachers. These alone, however, we hold, would not account for a twentieth part of the effect he has produced: they would have lifted him perhaps out of the mire and slough of sordid obscurity, but would never have launched him into the ocean-stream of popularity, in which he "lies floating many a rood;"—but to these he adds uncommon height, a graceful figure and action, a clear and powerful voice, a striking, if not a fine face, a bold and fiery spirit, and a most portentous obliquity of vision, which throw him to an immeasurable distance beyond all competition, and effectually relieve whatever there might be of common-place or bombast in his style of composition. Put the case that Mr. Irving had been five feet high—Would he ever

title: Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/95


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Charles (fl.1721)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Charles (1687-1748)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Charles William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Daniel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, David


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Edmund


text:
Page:The Cycle Industry (1921).djvu/35

Rh 18 ins. away from the big driving wheel. The side tube of the fore and aft frame had a small steering wheel at each end, carried in forks, and the two were interconnected by a rack and pinion, so that one steering handle of the spade type turned both wheels simultaneously to the correct degree to allow one to follow the path of the other when turning.

This machine had a big vogue and was fast and fairly light. It certainly made the reputation of the Rudge Co. in those days.

Another type of tricycle that was much favoured was the Humber front steerer. This was made with a backbone and trailing wheel like a bicycle, the axle was balance geared and ran in bearings connected to a frame that sprang upward to form the steering head and downward and rearward to carry the crank axle and its bearings. It was steered by moving the two driving wheels by a handlebar just like a bicycle. Its one disadvantage was that owing to the construction the machine had approximately to fit the rider’s length of reach.

Following this type of tricycle it was natural that the advent of the rear driving, front steering safety bicycle should have turned designers’ thoughts to make a tricycle like a safety, only with two rear wheels in place of one. Humbers were one of the first to make a tricycle with a front steering wheel in a fork like a safety, and they named it “The Cripper” after the name of a professional rider, Mr. Robert Cripps, who won many races on it on road and track. Bob Cripps, as he was known to track frequenters, is alive to-day and runs a motor garage business at Nottingham.

From the days of the Humber Cripper tricycle this type of machine has advanced along very similar lines to the safety bicycle. Gradually the size of steering

title: Page:The Cycle Industry (1921).djvu/35


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Edward (1735?-1807)


text:
Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/96

88 have been heard of, or, as he does now, have "bestrode the world like a Colossus?" No, the thing speaks for itself. He would in vain have lifted his Lilliputian arm to Heaven, people would have laughed at his monkey-tricks. Again, had he been as tall as he is, but had wanted other recommendations, he would have been nothing.

Conceive a rough, ugly, shock-headed Scotchman, standing up in the Caledonian chapel, and dealing "damnation round the land" in a broad northern dialect, and with a harsh, screaking voice, what ear polite, what smile serene would have hailed the barbarous prodigy, or not consigned him to utter neglect and derision? But the Rev. Edward Irving, with all his native wildness, "hath a smooth aspect framed to make women" saints; his very unusual size and height are carried off and moulded into elegance by the most admirable symmetry of form and ease of gesture; his sable locks, his clear iron-grey complexion, and firm-set features, turn the raw, uncouth Scotchman into the likeness of a noble Italian picture; and even his distortion of sight only

title: Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/96


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Edward (1795-1837)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Gregory


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, James (1589?-1652?)


text:
Page:The Cycle Industry (1921).djvu/36

22 wheels increased, and driving wheels, once about 44 ins., decreased till they became all one size, 28 ins., then 26 ins., where they remain to-day. The side elevation of a modern tricycle is exactly the same as a safety bicycle, and the weight of the road racing tricycle is sometimes no more than an average roadster safety.

There are cyclists, like Mr. F. T. Bidlake, who prefer a tricycle to a safety, and to such men a long ride on a tricycle is no more fatiguing than a safety bicycle ride of the same distance.

Very few large manufacturers, however, cater for the tricycle trade as the demand is so limited, and tricyclists mostly obtain their machines from local assemblers, who are much aided in their work by the beautiful tricycle balance geared axles made by the Abingdon firm of Tyseley, near Birmingham. This concern was one of the pioneers in the industry and originally were small arms makers in the gun making quarter of Birmingham.

Tandem tricycles and sociable tricycles are machines of the past. The latter were ponderous affairs weighing over 1 cwt. and mostly made by taking a front steering tricycle or a Rotary and coupling another wheel, crank axle and chain to the existing frame and extending it outwards to accommodate the seat or saddle of the companion rider.

Tandems were rather a different affair. The Olympia tandem of Marriott and Cooper and the Beeston Humber tandem were fast reliable machines. The former had a single rear driving wheel and two steering wheels actuated like the steering wheels of a motor car, i.e. each wheel was separately pivoted. The saddle for the front rider was carried on an extension of the frame and the handle-bar was bent to pass behind the rider’s back. Chains were used to convey the transmission

title: Page:The Cycle Industry (1921).djvu/36


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, James (1750-1784)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, John (1559?-1621)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, John (d.1637)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, John (d.1676)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, John (1639-1677)


text:
Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/130

Mr. Punch's Book of Sports "But have you never found," I said,

"Some girl without a fault?

Are all the women in the world

Misshapen, lame or halt?"

He gazed at me with eyes aglow,

And, though the tears had ceased to flow.

His beard was fringed with salt.

"There was a day, I mind it well,

A lady passed me by

In whose physique my searching glance

No blemish could descry.

I followed her at headlong pace,

But when I saw her, face to face,

She had the 'Billiard eye'!"

You came down the field like a shaft from a bow

The vision remains with me yet.

I hastened to check you: the sequel you know:

Alas! we unluckily met.

You rushed at the ball, whirled your stick like a flail,

And you hit with the vigour of two:

A knight in his armour had surely turned pale,

If he had played hockey with you.

They gathered me up, and they took me to bed:

They called for a doctor and lint:

With ice in a bag they enveloped my head;

My arm they enclosed in a splint.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, John (d.1679)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, John (1696-1728)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, John (1652-1732)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, John (1788-1847)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, John Duncan


text:
Page:The Cycle Industry (1921).djvu/41

is little doubt that the pioneers of the industry had a hard up-hill struggle with materials in the early days of the bicycle. The parts makers all had to be educated to their requirements. We have read that the early velocipedes had cast iron frames, wood wheels, long bow springs for the saddle and steel tyres. No great difficulty there, because the carriage builders of that time were conversant with the parts required. When tubular backbones, wire spokes, ball bearings, special stampings and castings, india-rubber tyres, steel tyre rims, handles, saddles and other parts were required, makers of these had to be found, and not only manufacturers of the goods but those capable of making them to a specification. Coventry, the home of the cycle trade at that period, was not a manufacturing town in the sense that Birmingham was and is the centre of the steel toy manufacturing industry.

It was, therefore, natural that in their search for suitable unfinished and partly finished materials the Coventry engineers and mechanics turned to Birmingham and the adjacent Black Country towns to provide them with much of the raw and partly finished material. Sheffield supplied bar steel for bearings, wire for spokes, handles, made of horn on steel shanks, etc. Walsall provided saddles. Springs came from Sheffield and Redditch, and so on.

Without the beautifully drawn steel tube for back-bones and later for frames, which was produced by firms like the Weldless Steel Tube Co. and other firms

title: Page:The Cycle Industry (1921).djvu/41


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, John Glen


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Matthew Peter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Oliver


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Paul


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Peter (1669-1734)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Peter (1776-1833)


text:
Page:The Cycle Industry (1921).djvu/46

writing a chapter on the production of bicycles under the above heading it is possible to describe each process in detail until one would have quite a large book on that subject alone. It will be readily understood that in a book of this size such microscopic attention is impossible. It is, therefore, my intention to take the reader a personally conducted tour round a large cycle factory, commencing at the stores and finishing at the loading bay of the packing department, and refer briefly to each process in passing. We will imagine, therefore, that the entree has been secured to look over a cycle factory where everything except saddles, handles, tyres, and toolbags, is produced on the premises and assembled to make a complete bicycle. Arrived at the rough stores we find bins on the floor and racks lining the walls right up to the roof. In the racks and bins are steel tubing in multiple lengths of several feet, ready for cutting up into frame tubes, bars of steel of various sizes for making into cups, cones, and spindles for hubs, castings and stampings for frame lugs, spokes in bundles, steel and wood rims of various sizes, and of course, the usual stock of steel and other stores required by the factory millwrights for engineering purposes other than the actual construction of the bicycles.

Each stores has its own storekeeper, a clerk who specializes in organizing his department so that there is not a superfluity of one article and a scarcity of another. The various articles as they are delivered are counted, weighed, or otherwise reckoned, and a

title: Page:The Cycle Industry (1921).djvu/46


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Philip Parker


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Richard (1730-1806)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Richard (1748-1810)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Richard (1774-1834)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Richard (1811?-1876)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Richard John


text:
Page:The Cycle Industry (1921).djvu/59

are several ways of producing bicycles and all makers do not work on the same lines, in fact, possibly there is no trade where so much diversity exists in production methods as in the manufacture of bicycles.

Omitting the small local assembler who makes up an odd machine or two from finished parts purchased from the big factoring houses, we have, in order of size and importance, the small maker, who builds a bicycle throughout from the raw material; the medium-sized factory owner, who makes most of the parts himself but purchases a number of finished or partly finished components from outside sources; and the very large and complete factory owners, nearly always limited liability companies, who go in for mass production and do all the various preliminary processes on their own premises.

Mass production in the cycle trade is now a very highly organized branch of mechanical engineering. To make a success of cycle building from raw materials a big works has an expert drawing office staff, not only for the designing of bicycles but for scheming the tools which are to produce the parts at the lowest cost. Under this staff work a specialized branch of the engineering trade, who are the tool makers; this staff produces the jigs, templates, dies, etc., used in the departments which are the production shops proper.

Another works staff looks after the progress of the work through the various shops and keeps account of the numbers of parts produced each week, so that an equal

title: Page:The Cycle Industry (1921).djvu/59


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Robert (d.1557)


text:
Page:Mr. Punch's Book of Sports.djvu/132

Mr. Punch's Book of Sports My ankles are swelled to a terrible size;

My shins are a wonderful blue;

I have lain here a cripple, unable to rise,

Since the day I played hockey with you.

Yet still, in the cloud hanging o'er me so black,

A silvery lining I spy:

A man who's unhappily laid on his back

Can yet have a solace. May I?

An angel is woman in moments of pain,

Sang Scott: clever poet, he knew:

It may, I perceive, be distinctly a gain

To have fallen at hockey with you.

For if you'll but nurse me (Come quickly, come now),

If you'll but administer balm,

And press at my bidding my feverish brow

With a cool but affectionate palm;

If you'll sit by my side, it is possible, quite,

That I may be induced to review

With a feeling more nearly akin to delight

That day I played hockey with you


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Robert (1599?-1657)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Robert (d.1693)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Robert (fl.1684-1711)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Robert (1754-1799)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Samuel William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Thomas (d.1769)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Thomas (1730-1805)


text:
Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/97

Rh redeems the otherwise "faultless monster" within the bounds of humanity, and, when admiration is exhausted and curiosity ceases, excites a new interest by leading to the idle question whether it is an advantage to the preacher or not. Farther, give him all his actual and remarkable advantages of body and mind, let him be as tall, as strait, as dark and clear of skin, as much at his ease, as silver-tongued, as eloquent and as argumentative as he is, yet with all these, and without a little charlatanery to set them off, he had been nothing. He might, keeping within the rigid line of his duty and professed calling, have preached on for ever; he might have divided the old-fashioned doctrines of election, grace, reprobation, predestination, into his sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth heads, and his lastly have been looked for as a "consummation devoutly to be wished;" he might have defied the devil and all his works, and by the help of a loud voice and strong-set person—

have increased his own congregation, and been quoted among the godly as a powerful preacher of the word; but in addition to this, he went out of his way to attack Jeremy Bentham, and

title: Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/97


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90 the town was up in arms. The thing was new. He thus wiped the stain of musty ignorance and formal bigotry out of his style. Mr. Irving must have something superior in him, to look over the shining close-packed heads of his congregation to have a hit at the Great Jurisconsult in his study. He next, ere the report of the former blow had subsided, made a lunge at Mr. Brougham, and glanced an eye at Mr. Canning; mystified Mr. Coleridge, and stultified Lord Liverpool in his place—in the Gallery. It was rare sport to see him, "like an eagle in a dovecote, flutter the Volscians in Corioli." He has found out the secret of attracting by repelling. Those whom he is likely to attack are curious to hear what he says of them: they go again, to show that they do not mind it. It is no less interesting to the by-standers, who like to witness this sort of onslaught—like a charge of cavalry, the shock, and the resistance. Mr. Irving has, in fact, without leave asked or a licence granted, converted the Caledonian Chapel into a Westminster Forum or Debating Society, with the sanctity of religion added to it. Our spirited polemic is not contented to defend the citadel of orthodoxy against all impugners, and shut himself up in texts of Scripture and huge volumes of the Commentators as an impregnable

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Rh fortress;—he merely makes use of the stronghold of religion as a resting-place, from which he sallies forth, armed with modern topics and with penal fire, like Achilles of old rushing from the Grecian tents, against the adversaries of God and man. Peter Aretine is said to have laid the Princes of Europe under contribution by penning satires against them: so Mr. Irving keeps the public in awe by insulting all their favourite idols. He does not spare their politicians, their rulers, their moralists, their poets, their players, their critics, their reviewers, their magazine-writers; he levels their resorts of business, their places of amusement, at a blow—their cities, churches, palaces, ranks and professions, refinements, and elegances—and leaves nothing standing but himself, a mighty landmark in a degenerate age, overlooking the wide havoc he has made! He makes war upon all arts and sciences, upon the faculties and nature of man, on his vices and his virtues, on all existing institutions, and all possible improvements, that nothing may be left but the Kirk of Scotland, and that he may be the head of it. He literally sends a challenge to all London in the name of the of, to evacuate its streets, to disperse its population, to lay aside its employments, to burn its wealth, to renounce its

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92 vanities and pomp; and for what?—that he may enter in as the King of Glory; or after enforcing his threat with the battering-ram of logic, the grape-shot of rhetoric, and the crossfire of his double vision, reduce the British metropolis to a Scottish heath, with a few miserable hovels upon it, where they may worship God according to the root of the matter, and an old man with a blue bonnet, a fair-haired girl, and a little child would form the flower of his flock! Such is the pretension and the boast of this new Peter the Hermit, who would get rid of all we have done in the way of improvement on a state of barbarous ignorance, or still more barbarous prejudice, in order to begin again on a tabula rasa of Calvinism, and have a world of his own making. It is not very surprising that when nearly the whole mass and texture of civil society is indicted as a nuisance, and threatened to be pulled down as a rotten building ready to fall on the heads of the inhabitants, that all classes of people run to hear the crash, and to see the engines and levers at work which are to effect this laudable purpose. What else can be the meaning of our preacher's taking upon himself to denounce the sentiments of the most serious professors in great cities, as vitiated and stark-naught, of relegating religion to his

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Rh native glens, and pretending that the hymn of praise or the sigh of contrition cannot ascend acceptably to the throne of grace from the crowded street as well as from the barren rock or silent valley? Why put this affront upon his hearers? Why belie his own aspirations?

So says the poet; does Mr. Irving say so? If he does, and finds the air of the city death to his piety, why does he not return home again? But if he can breathe it with impunity, and still retain the fervour of his early enthusiasm, and the simplicity and purity of the faith that was once delivered to the saints, why not extend the benefit of his own experience to others, instead of taunting them with a vapid pastoral theory? Or, if our popular and eloquent divine finds a change in himself, that flattery prevents the growth of grace, that he is becoming the God of his own idolatry by being that of others, that the glittering of coronet-coaches rolling down Holborn-Hill to Hatton Garden, that titled beauty, that the parliamentary complexion of his audience, the compliments of poets, and the stare of peers discompose his wandering thoughts a little; and yet

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94 that he cannot give up these strong temptations tugging at his heart; why not extend more charity to others, and shew more candour in speaking of himself? There is either a good deal of bigoted intolerance with a deplorable want of self-knowledge in all this; or at least an equal degree of cant and quackery.

To whichever cause we are to attribute this hyperbolical tone, we hold it certain he could not have adopted it, if he had been a little man. But his imposing figure and dignified manner enable him to hazard sentiments or assertions that would be fatal to others. His controversial daring is backed by his bodily prowess; and by bringing his intellectual pretensions boldly into a line with his physical accomplishments, he, indeed, presents a very formidable front to the sceptic or the scoffer. Take a cubit from his stature, and his whole manner resolves itself into an impertinence. But with that addition, he overcrows the town, browbeats their prejudices, and bullies them out of their senses, and is not afraid of being contradicted by any one less than himself. It may be said, that individuals with great personal defects have made a considerable figure as public speakers; and Mr, Wilberforce, among others, may be held out as an instance. Nothing can

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Rh be more insignificant as to mere outward appearance, and yet he is listened to in the House of Commons. But he does not wield it, he does not insult or bully it. He leads by following opinion, he trims, he shifts, he glides on the silvery sounds of his undulating, flexible, cautiously modulated voice, winding his way betwixt heaven and earth, now courting popularity, now calling servility to his aid, and with a large estate, the "saints," and the population of Yorkshire to swell his influence, never venturing on the forlorn hope, or doing any thing more than "hitting the house between wind and water." Yet he is probably a cleverer man than Mr. Irving.

There is a Mr. Fox, a Dissenting Minister, as fluent a speaker, with a sweeter voice and a more animated and beneficent countenance than Mr. Irving, who expresses himself with manly spirit at a public meeting, takes a hand at whist, and is the darling of his congregation; but he is no more, because he is diminutive in person. His head is not seen above the crowd the length of a street off. He is the Duke of Sussex in miniature, but the Duke of Sussex does not go to hear him preach, as he attends Mr. Irving, who rises up against him like a martello tower, and is nothing loth to confront

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96 the spirit of a man of genius with the blood-royal. We allow there are, or may be, talents sufficient to produce this equality without a single personal advantage; but we deny that this would be the effect of any that our great preacher possesses. We conceive it not improbable that the consciousness of muscular power, that the admiration of his person by strangers might first have inspired Mr. Irving with an ambition to be something, intellectually speaking, and have given him confidence to attempt the greatest things. He has not failed for want of courage. The public, as well as the fair, are won by a show of gallantry. Mr. Irving has shrunk from no opinion, however paradoxical. He has scrupled to avow no sentiment, however obnoxious. He has revived exploded prejudices, he has scouted prevailing fashions. He has opposed the spirit of the age, and not consulted the esprit de corps. He has brought back the doctrines of Calvinism in all their inveteracy, and relaxed the inveteracy of his northern accents. He has turned religion and the Caledonian Chapel topsy-turvy. He has held a play-book in one hand, and a Bible in the other, and quoted Shakspeare and Melancthon in the same breath. The tree of the knowledge of good and evil is

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Rh no longer, with his grafting, a dry withered stump; it shoots its branches to the skies, and hangs out its blossoms to the gale—

He has taken the thorns and briars of scholastic divinity, and garlanded them with the flowers of modern literature. He has done all this, relying on the strength of a remarkably fine person and manner, and through that he has succeeded—otherwise he would have perished miserably.

Dr. Chalmers is not by any means so good a looking man, nor so accomplished a speaker as Mr. Irving; yet he at one time almost equalled his oratorical celebrity, and certainly paved the way for him. He has therefore more merit than his admired pupil, as he has done as much with fewer means. He has more scope of intellect and more intensity of purpose. Both his matter and his manner, setting aside his face and figure, are more impressive. Take the volume of "Sermons on Astronomy," by Dr. Chalmers, and the "Four Orations for the Oracles of God" which Mr. Irving lately published, and we apprehend there can be no comparison as to their success. The first ran like wild-fire through the country, were the

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98 darlings of watering-places, were laid in the windows of inns, and were to be met with in all places of public resort; while the "Orations" get on but slowly, on Milton's stilts, and are pompously announced as in a Third Edition. We believe the fairest and fondest of his admirers would rather see and hear Mr. Irving than read him. The reason is, that the groundwork of his compositions is trashy and hackneyed, though set off by extravagant metaphors and an affected phraseology; that without the turn of his head and wave of his hand, his periods have nothing in them; and that he himself is the only idea with which he has yet enriched the public mind! He must play off his person, as Orator Henley used to dazzle his hearers with his diamond-ring. The small frontispiece prefixed to the "Orations" does not serve to convey an adequate idea of the magnitude of the man, nor of the ease and freedom of his motions in the pulpit. How different is Dr. Chalmers! He is like "a monkey-preacher" to the other. He cannot boast

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Rh of personal appearance to set him off. But then he is like the very genius or demon of theological controversy personified. He has neither airs nor graces at command; he thinks nothing of himself; he has nothing theatrical about him (which cannot be said of his successor and rival); but you see a man in mortal throes and agony with doubts and difficulties, seizing stubborn knotty points with his teeth, tearing them with his hands, and straining his eyeballs till they almost start out of their sockets, in pursuit of a train of visionary reasoning, like a Highland-seer with his second sight. The description of Balfour of Burley in his cave, with his Bible in one hand and his sword in the other, contending with the imaginary enemy of mankind, gasping for breath, and with the cold moisture running down his face, gives a lively idea of Dr. Chalmers's prophetic fury in the pulpit. If we could have looked in to have seen Burley hard-beset "by the coinage of his heat-oppressed brain," who would have asked whether he was a handsome man or not? It would be enough to see a man haunted by a spirit, under the strong and entire dominion of a wilful hallucination. So the integrity and vehemence of Dr. Chalmers's manner, the determined way in which he

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100 gives himself up to his subject, or lays about him and buffets sceptics and gainsayers, arrests attention in spite of every other circumstance, and fixes it on that, and that alone, which excites such interest and such eagerness in his own breast! Besides, he is a logician, has a theory in support of whatever he chooses to advance, and weaves the tissue of his sophistry so close and intricate, that it is difficult not to be entangled in it, or to escape from it. "There's magic in the web." Whatever appeals to the pride of the human understanding, has a subtle charm in it. The mind is naturally pugnacious, cannot refuse a challenge of strength or skill, sturdily enters the lists and resolves to conquer, or to yield itself vanquished in the forms. This is the chief hold Dr. Chalmers had upon his hearers, and upon the readers of his "Astronomical Discourses." No one was satisfied with his arguments, no one could answer them, but every one wanted to try what he could make of them, as we try to find out a riddle. "By his so potent art," the art of laying down problematical premises, and drawing from them still more doubtful, but not impossible, conclusions, "he could bedim the noonday sun, betwixt the green sea and the azure vault set roaring war," and almost

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Rh compel the stars in their courses to testify to his opinions. The mode in which he undertook to make the circuit of the universe, and demand categorical information "now of the planetary and now of the fixed," might put one in mind of Hecate's mode of ascending in a machine from the stage, "midst troops of spirits," in which you now admire the skill of the artist, and next tremble for the fate of the performer, fearing that the, audacity of the attempt will turn his head or break his neck. The style of these "Discourses" also, though not elegant or poetical, was, like the subject, intricate and endless. It was that of a man pushing his way through a labyrinth of difficulties, and determined not to flinch. The impression on the reader was proportionate; for, whatever were the merits of the style or matter, both were new and striking; and the train of thought that was unfolded at such length and with such strenuousness, was bold, well-sustained, and consistent with itself.

Mr. Irving wants the continuity of thought and manner which distinguishes his rival—and shines by patches and in bursts. He does not warm or acquire increasing force or rapidity with his progress. He is never hurried away by a deep or lofty enthusiasm, nor touches the highest point of genius or fanaticism, but "in

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102 the very storm and whirlwind of his passion, he acquires and begets a temperance that may give it smoothness." He has the self-possession and masterly execution of an experienced player or fencer, and does not seem to express his natural convictions, or to be engaged in a mortal struggle. This greater ease and indifference is the result of vast superiority of personal appearance, which "to be admired needs but to be seen," and does not .require the possessor to work himself up into a passion, or to use any violent contortions to gain attention or to keep it. These two celebrated preachers are in almost all respects an antithesis to each other. If Mr. Irving is an example of what can be done by the help of external advantages. Dr. Chalmers is a proof of what can be done without them. The one is most indebted to his mind, the other to his body. If Mr. Irving inclines one to suspect fashionable or popular religion of a little anthropomorphitism, Dr. Chalmers effectually redeems it from that scandal.

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Mr. Punch's Book of Sports Vain the hope, for lo! the Ladies give poor Men no hour of peace.

Can we dare to "pop the question" when they front the "popping-crease"?

Though with "leg before the wicket" your short innings may be o'er,

Will the umpire be as truthful when it's "petticoat before"?

So lay down "the willow," batsmen, and, oh, bowler, leave the wicket,

Ye must yield once more to Woman, for the Ladies now play Cricket!

Newcomer (to Gent in front). If you would kindly move your head an eighth of an inch, I think that by standing on tip-toe I might be able, between the box-seat and body of that carriage, to ascertain the colour of long leg's cap.

Why is a promising cricketer like flour and eggs?

Because he's calculated to make a good batter.

The most remarkable instance of a hybrid animal is the cricket-bat.

A three-figure innings at cricket.

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Mackenzie and heiress of Nicholas Kennet of Coxhow, Northumberland, he had three sons: Kenneth, lord Fortrose, who was M.P. successively for the Inverness burghs and Rossshire, sided with the government in the rebellion of 1746, died 19 Oct. 1761, and was buried in Westminster Abbey: Ronald, died unmarried, and Nicholas, drowned at Douay. Seaforth's only daughter, Frances, married the Hon. John Gordon of Kenmure.

 MACKENZIE, WILLIAM (1791–1868), surgeon, born in Queen Street, Glasgow, on 29 April 1791, was son of James Mackenzie, a muslin manufacturer (d. 1800). He was educated in the grammar school and in the university of his native town. He then turned his attention for a short time to theology, intending to become a minister of the church of Scotland, but in 1810, abandoning divinity, he began the study of medicine in the university of Glasgow and in the Royal Infirmary of that city. In 1813 he was 'resident clerk' to Dr. Richard Miller at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, and in 1815 he obtained the diploma of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons. After a short stay in London, where he attended the lectures given by Abernethy at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, he resided in Paris, Pavia, and Vienna. In Vienna he studied under Von Beer, who encouraged his early bias towards the surgery of the eye. Early in 1818 he returned home. On 1 May of that year he became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and endeavoured to practise in London. His name appears among the list of members of the college for 1819, when he was living in Newman Street. Failing, however, to establish himself in London, he returned to Glasgow in 1819, and in the same year he took the additional diploma of fellow of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. He also commenced general practice, and lectured upon a variety of medical subjects in Anderson's College, the extra-academical school of medicine in Glasgow. In conjunction with Dr. Monteath he founded the Eye Infirmary in 1824, and in 1828 he was appointed Waltonian lecturer in the university of Glasgow 'on the structure, functions, and diseases of the eye.' In 1833 he proceeded M.D. at Glasgow, and in 1843 he was one of the surgeons upon whom the newly instituted fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of England was conferred honoris causa. His diploma bears the date 11 Dec. 1843. He was appointed surgeon-oculist to the queen in Scotland in 1838. He died at Glasgow, of angina pectoris, on 30 July 1868, leaving a widow and one son.

Mackenzie was one of the surgeons who raised ophthalmic surgery to the high place which it now holds among the special branches of medical science. His scientific attainments are best illustrated by his 'Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Eye' (1830), which remained the standard book on its subject until the introduction of the ophthalmoscope in 1851 effected a radical change in the diagnosis and treatment of intraocular disease. The book was translated into German in 1832; into French, in an edition which was not authorised by Mackenzie, in 1844, and in an authorised version in 1866; while a supplement, corrected by the author, was issued by Messrs. Warlomont and Testelin at Brussels as lately as 1866. In England four editions were issued, the last appearing in 1854. Mackenzie also wrote the following works upon the eye and its diseases: 1. 'An Essay on the Diseases of the Excreting Parts of the Lachrymal Apparatus,' 8vo, London, 1819. 2. 'The Physiology of Vision,' 8vo, London, 1841. 3. 'The Cure of Strabismus by Surgical Operation,' 8vo, London, 1841. 4. 'On the Vision of Objects on and in the Eye,' Edinburgh, 1845. 6. 'Outlines of Ophthalmology,' 12mo, 3rd edition, 1856. 6. 'Entoptics,' 8vo, 1864. He was editor of the first two volumes of the 'Glasgow Medical Journal,'

There is an excellent oil-painting of Mackenzie in the Eye Infirmary in Glasgow, by Sir Daniel Macnee, P.R.S.A. It has been engraved by Messrs. Maclure and Macdonald, of Glasgow. Another oil-painting in the reading room of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, presented by Mrs. Mackenzie, is a replica of a painting by Alexander Keith, which is in her possession. Mrs. Mackenzie also possesses a marble bust by Mr. George Ewing, a replica of which in freestone adorns the gable on the west front of the New Eye Infirmary in Berkeley Street, Glasgow. Lithograph portraits appeared in the 'Annales d'oculistiques' for 1868 (with obituary notice by Professor Warlomont) and in the 'Memoirs and Portraits of One Hundred Glasgow Men who have died during the last Thirty Years,' Glasgow, 1886.

Mackenzie's medical library is now incorporated with that of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons at Glasgow, and his collection of preparations of the eye is preserved in the medical school of St. Mungo's College. Both these valuable gifts were made by Mackenzie's widow and son.


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236 engine was put aboard a sailing ship for these purposes. She had four masts with Forbes's rig on the fore-, main-, and mizenmasts, the after- or spankermast being barque-rigged.

October 4, 1853, was a proud day for Boston. Business was suspended, and the schools were closed in order that every one might have an opportunity to see the launch of the Great Republic. People flocked from far and near. It was estimated that thirty thousand persons crossed by ferry to East Boston, while Chelsea Bridge, the Navy Yard at Charlestown, and the wharves at the north end of

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Spirit of the Age was never more fully shewn than in its treatment of this writer—its love of paradox and change, its dastard submission to prejudice and to the fashion of the day. Five-and-twenty years ago he was in the very zenith of a sultry and unwholesome popularity; he blazed as a sun in the firmament of reputation; no one was more talked of, more looked up to, more sought after, and wherever liberty, truth, justice was the theme, his name was not far off:—now he has sunk below the horizon, and enjoys the serene twilight of a doubtful immortality. Mr. Godwin, during his lifetime, has secured to himself the triumphs and the mortifications of an extreme notoriety and of a sort of posthumous fame.

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 MACKENZIE, WILLIAM BELL (1806–1870), divine, son of James Mackenzie of Sheffield, was born on 7 April 1806, and was educated at the grammar school there. Both his father and mother died in 1822, and Mackenzie began to study law, but by the help of some exhibitions was enabled to enter Magdalen Hall, Oxford, on 26 June 1830, graduating B. A. 1834, and M.A. 1837. He became curate of St. James's, Bristol, in 1834, and in 1838 incumbent of St. James's, Holloway, where the poverty of his parish involved him in much hard work. Mackenzie gradually collected a large congregation; he advocated the cause of the Moravian church, and was among the first to start special services in St. Paul's Cathedral. He died at Ramsgate on 22 Nov. 1870, leaving a widow and several children. He was the author of numerous works, the most important of which are:
 * 1) 'Gleanings from the Gospel Story,' 1859.
 * 2) 'Hand-book for the Sick,' 4th edit. 1861.
 * 3) 'Married Life, its Duties, Trials, and Joys,' 1861; new edit. 1867.
 * 4) 'Saul of Tarsus; his Life and Lessons,'1864.
 * 5) 'Bible Studies for Family Reading,' 1867.

 MACKENZIE, WILLIAM FORBES (1807–1862), of Portmore, Peeblesshire, politician, born on 18 April 1807, brother of [q. v.], was third and eldest surviving son of Colin Mackenzie, writer to the signet in Edinburgh, deputy-keeper of the signet, and a friend of Sir Walter Scott. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter of Sir [q. v.] of Pitaligo, bart. The family was descended from the Mackenzies of Balmanully, a younger branch of the Mackenzies of Gairloch, who claimed as their progenitor Hector, son of Alexander, sixth baron of Kintail. Forbes Mackenzie was educated for the law, and was called to the bar in 1827. He succeeded to the estate of Portmore on the death of his father in September 1880, and in 1881 was appointed deputy-lieutenant of the county of Peebles. He also sat in the House of Commons as member for that county from 1837 to 1841, 1&41-7, and 1847-52. During 1845-6 he was a lord of the treasury. On 9 July 1852 he was elected one of the members for Liverpool, but in the following year he was unseated on petition, and he was not again returned to parliament. His only claim to notice is as the author of the act for the regulation of public-houses in Scotland, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 67, 15 Aug. 1853, known as the Forbes Mackenzie Act, which provides for the closing of public-houses on Sundays and at ten on week days. He died suddenly while on a visit to the Glen, Peeblesshire, on 24 Sept. 1862. By his wife Helen Anne, daughter of Sir James Montgomery of Stanhope, baronet, he had a son, Colin, and a daughter, Elizabeth Helen, who died young.

 MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1796–1861), leader of Canadian insurgents, born at Dundee on 12 March 1795, entered while still a youth the service of a wool merchant in Dundee. In 1817 he became managing clerk to a canal company in Wiltshire; emigrated to Canada in 1820, and, after first working as an engineer, established a book-store at Queenstown in 1823. An agitation in favour of popular government in Canada was then in progress. Mackenzie soon interested himself in politics and joined the popular side. He removed to Toronto, and in May 1824 established an opposition paper, the 'Colonial Advocate.' On 8 June 1826 a tory mob broke into his office and destroyed the printing apparatus. For this outrage Mackenzie obtained 625l. damages. He rapidly made himself prominent as a liberal politician, and in 1828 was elected to the legislative assembly of Upper Canada for the county of York. He was re-elected at the general election of 1830. In the house he distinguished himself by the violence of his language; and on his describing the ministry as 'sycophants fit only to register the decrees of arbitrary power,' he was expelled the house. Being twice re-elected in 1831 he was twice re-expelled, when the government secured his final exclusion by disfranchising the county of York. In 1832 Mackenzie went to England to present to the home government a petition on behalf of his fellow-subjects, and secured the dismissal of several unpopular colonial officials. After his return to Canada, Mackenzie was chosen mayor of Toronto in May 1834. At the general election in the October following he was re-elected for the county of York, and the popular party having obtained a majority he was allowed to take his seat, and the minutes relative to his expulsion were expunged from


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32 His bark, after being tossed in the revolutionary tempest, now raised to heaven by all the fury of popular breath, now almost dashed in pieces, and buried in the quicksands of ignorance, or scorched with the lightning of momentary indignation, at length floats on the calm wave that is to bear it down the stream of time. Mr. Godwin's person is not known, he is not pointed out in the street, his conversation is not courted, his opinions are not asked, he is at the head of no cabal, he belongs to no party in the State, he has no train of admirers, no one thinks it worth his while even to traduce and vilify him, he has scarcely friend or foe, the world make a point (as Goldsmith used to say) of taking no more notice of him than if such an individual had never existed; he is to all ordinary intents and purposes dead and buried; but the author of Political Justice and of Caleb Williams can never die, his name is an abstraction in letters, his works are standard in the history of intellect. He is thought of now like any eminent writer a hundred-and-fifty years ago, or just as he will be a hundred-and-fifty years hence. He knows this, and smiles in silent mockery of himself, reposing on the monument of his fame—

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Mr. Punch's Book of Sports

at lunch, I cannot say

With truth that we are stayers;

Yet, though on village greens we play,

We're far from common players.

The mason blocks with careful eye;

We dub him "Old Stonewall."

The blacksmith hammers hard and high,

And the spreading chestnuts fall.

Sheer terror strikes our enemies

When comes the postman's knock,

Whereas his slow deliveries

Would suit the veriest crock.

The butcher prides himself on chops;

His leg-cuts are a joke;

But when he lambs the slow long-hops

There's beef behind his stroke.

The grocer seldom cracks his egg:

He cannot catch; he butters.

The gardener mows each ball to leg,

And trundles daisy-cutters.

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Rh No work in our time gave such a blow to the philosophical mind of the country as the celebrated Enquiry concerning Political Justice Tom Paine was considered for the time as a Tom Fool to him; Paley an old woman; Edmund Burke a flashy sophist. Truth, moral truth, it was supposed, had here taken up its abode; and these were the oracles of thought. "Throw aside your books of chemistry," said Wordsworth to a young man, a student in the Temple, "and read Godwin on Necessity." Sad necessity! Fatal reverse! Is truth then so variable? Is it one thing at twenty, and another at forty? Is it at a burning heat in 1793, and below zero in 1814? Not so, in the name of manhood and of common sense! Let us pause here a little.—Mr. Godwin indulged in extreme opinions, and carried with him all the most sanguine and fearless understandings of the time. What then? Because those opinions were overcharged, were they therefore altogether groundless? Is the very God of our idolatry all of a sudden to become an abomination and an anathema? Could so many young men of talent, of education, and of principle have been hurried away by what had neither truth, nor nature, not one particle of honest feeling nor the least

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34 shew of reason in it? Is the Modern Philosophy (as it has been called) at one moment a youthful bride, and the next a withered beldame, like the false Duessa in Spenser? Or is the vaunted edifice of Reason, like his House of Pride, gorgeous in front, and dazzling to approach, while "its hinder parts are ruinous, decayed, and old?" Has the main prop, which supported the mighty fabric, been shaken and given way under the strong grasp of some Samson; or has it not rather been undermined by rats and vermin? At one time, it almost seemed, that "if this failed,

now scarce a shadow of it remains, it is crumbled to dust, nor is it even talked of! "What then, went ye forth for to see, a reed shaken with the wind?" Was it for this that our young gownsmen of the greatest expectation and promise, versed in classic lore, steeped in dialectics, armed at all points for the foe, well read, well nurtured, well provided for, left the University and the prospect of lawn sleeves, tearing asunder the shackles of the free born spirit, and the cobwebs of school-divinity, to throw themselves at the feet of the new Gamaliel, and learn wisdom from him? Was

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Mr. Punch's Book of Sports Our tailor's cut is world-renowned;

The coachman's drives are rare;

He'll either cart you from the ground

Or go home with a pair.

The village constable is stout,

Yet tries short runs to win:

They say he's run more people out

Than ever he ran in.

The curate (captain) every match

Bowls piffle doomed to slaughter,

But still is thought a splendid catch—

By the vicar's elderly daughter. The watchmaker winds up the side,

But fails to time his pulls;

By now he must be well supplied

With pairs of spectacles.

Our umpire's fair; he says "Not Out,"

Or "Out," just as he thinks;

And gives the benefit of the doubt

To all who stand him drinks.

No beatings (beatings are the rule)

Can make our pride diminish;

Last week we downed the Blind Boys' School

After a glorious finish!

—"Take 'Art of !"

—Rest for the wicket.

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Page:The Spirit of the Age.djvu/43

Rh it for this, that students at the bar, acute, inquisitive, sceptical (here only wild enthusiasts) neglected for a while the paths of preferment and the law as too narrow, tortuous, and unseemly to bear the pure and broad light of reason? Was it for this, that students in medicine missed their way to Lecturerships and the top of their profession, deeming lightly of the health of the body, and dreaming only of the renovation of society and the march of mind? Was it to this that Mr. Southey's Inscriptions pointed? to this that Mr. Coleridge's Religious Musings tended? Was it for this, that Mr. Godwin himself sat with arms folded, and, "like Cato, gave his little senate laws?" Or rather, like another Prospero, uttered syllables that with their enchanted breath were to change the world, and might almost stop the stars in their courses? Oh! and is all forgot? Is this sun of intellect blotted from the sky? Or has it suffered total eclipse? Or is it we who make the fancied gloom, by looking at it through the paltry, broken, stained fragments of our own interests and prejudices? Were we fools then, or are we dishonest now? Or was the impulse of the mind less likely to be true and sound when it arose from high thought and warm feeling, than

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