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Page:Dictionary of spoken Russian (1945).djvu/408

 leave of absence now. • leave. У него отпуск по болезни. He's on sick leave. • vacation. Он проводит свой отпуск у моря. He spends his vacation at the seashore.

отпускать (dur of отпустить) to let go. Ребёнок не отпускает мать ни на шаг. The child won't let his mother go a step away from him. — Они нас не отпускали, и мы поздно засиделись. They wouldn't let us go and we stayed very late. • to wait on. Спасибо, мне уже отпускает другой продавец. Thank you; another salesman is waiting on me. • to grow. Вы отпускаете бороду? Are you growing a beard?

отпустить (-пущу, -пустит; pct of отпускать) to let go. Отпустите птицу на волю; к чему она вам? Let the bird go. What do you need it for? — Мы вас без чаю не отпустим. We won't let you go without having tea. • to let up. Боль было отпустила меня немного, а теперь опять схватила. The pain let up a little, but now it's seized me again. • to dismiss. Школьников сегодня рано отпустили. School was dismissed early today. • to sell. Продавец отпустил нам товар. The salesman sold us the goods. • to appropriate. Какая сумма была отпущена на эту постройку? What amount of money was appropriated for this construction? • to loosen. Отпустите верёвку! Loosen the rope!

отпущу See отпустить.

отравить (отравлю, отравит; pct of отравлять) to poison. Перед уходом из нашей деревни, немцы отравили колодец. The Germans poisoned the well in our village before leaving.

-ся to take poison. Он отравился. He took poison. • to be poisoned. Вся семья отравилась грибами. The whole family was poisoned by the mushrooms.

отравлять (dur of отравить) to spoil. Он нам вечно отравляет всё удовольствие. He's forever spoiling all our fun.

отражаться (dur of отразиться) to be reflected. Деревья отражаются в пруду. The trees are reflected in the pond. — Всё, что он переживает, сразу отражается на его лице. You can see all he goes through reflected in his face. • to have an effect. Постоянные волнения скверно отражаются на его здоровье. The constant excitement has a bad effect on his health.

отражусь See отразиться.

отразиться (pct of отражаться) to show. Переутомление может отразиться на вашей работе. Over-fatigue may show in your work.

отрасль branch. Теперь этой отраслью промышленности ведает другой наркомат. This branch is now under the jurisdiction of another people's commissariat.

отрежу See отрезать.

отрезать (-режу, -жет; pct of отрезать and отрезывать) to cut. Отрежьте мне кусок хлеба. Cut a piece of bread for me. — Он мне так отрезал, что я его больше ни о чём просить не буду. He cut me so short that I'll never ask him for anything again. • to cut off. Несколько дней мы были отрезаны от всего мира. We were cut off from the world for a few days. □ *Семь раз примерь, а один отрежь. Look before you leap.

отрезать (dur of отрезать) to cut. Не отрезайте мне больше трёх метров этой материи. Don't cut more than three meters of this cloth for me.

отрезывать (dur of отрезать).

отрицательный negative.

отрицать (dur) to deny. Значит, вы отрицаете своё участие в этом деле? So you deny you had anything to do with this business? — Я не отрицаю, что он очень много для меня сделал. I don't deny that he did a lot for me.

отрывать (dur of оторвать) to take away. Он не любит, когда его отрывают от работы. He doesn't like to be taken away from his work.

-ся □ Он писал целый день, не отрываясь. He wrote the whole day without interruption.

отряд outfit. Мы с ним всю войну провели в одном отряде. We went through the whole war together in the same outfit. • detachment. Он работал в санитарном отряде. He served with a medical detachment. — Он был сержантом в моём отряде. He was a sergeant in my detachment. • group. Пионерский отряд едет в лагерь. The Pioneer group is going to camp.

отсрочивать (dur of отсрочить).

отсрочить (pct of отсрочивать) to postpone. Их отъезд отсрочен ещё на две недели. Their departure is postponed for two weeks. • to put off. Они решили отсрочить подписание этого договора. They decided to put off the signing of this agreement. • to delay. Моё возвращение на фронт было отсрочено на неделю. My return to the front was delayed for a week.

отставать (-стаю, -стаёт; imv -ставай; dur of отстать) to lag behind. Прибавьте шагу, не отставайте от других. Speed it up; don't lag behind the others. • to be slow. Ваши часы отстают. Your watch is slow.

отстаивать (dur of отстоять) to defend. Он упрямо отстаивал свою точку зрения. He stubbornly defended his point of view. • to stand up for. Надо уметь отстаивать свой права! You've got to know how to stand up for your rights.

отстану See отстать.

отстать (-стану, -нет; pct of отставать) to be behind. По-моему, вы безнадежно отстали от века. In my opinion you're hopelessly behind the times. • to be left behind. Я опоздал на поезд и отстал от своих. I was late for the train and was left behind. • to be loosened up. Вы не видите, что здесь штукатурка отстала. Don't you see that the plaster is loosened up here? □ Отстаньте! Вы мне надоели! Leave me alone! I've had enough of you. • *От одного берега отстал, к другому не пристал. He's caught in midstream.

отстёгивать ([-g*v-]; dur of отстегнуть) to unbotton. Не отстёгивайте верхней пуговицы. Don't unbutton your top button.

-ся to undo. Эти кнопки отстёгиваются с трудом. These snaps are hard to undo.

отстегнуть (pct of отстёгивать) to unfasten. Я отстегну крючок. I'll unfasten the hook.

-ся to unhook. □ У вас крючок отстегнулся. You have a hook unfastened.

отстоять (-стою, -стоит; pct of отстаивать) to save. Пожарным удалось отстоять соседний дом. The firemen were able to save the next house. □ Меня собирались уволить, но мой мастер меня отстоял. They wanted to fire me but my foreman talked them into keeping me.

отступать (dur of отступить) to retreat. Противник отступает. The enemy is retreating. • to shrink. Я никогда, не


text: Weird Tales/Volume 28/Issue 3/The Secret of Kralitz

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Author:Henry Kuttner

Novels

 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore

Short Stories

 * The Monkey Wrench (1931) [only as by Bertram W. Williams]
 * The Graveyard Rats (1936)
 * Messer Orsini's Hands (1938)
 * The Graveyard Curse (1938)
 * Hell's Archangel (1938)
 * My Name Is Death (1938)
 * Devil's Masquerade (1938)
 * Avengers of Space (1938)
 * Dictator of the Americas (1938)
 * The Dark Heritage (1938)
 * The Time Trap (1938)
 * The Truth About Goldfish (1939)
 * "Telepathy Is News!" (1939)
 * Co-authored with Robert Bloch
 * Co-authored with Robert Bloch
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * 50 Miles Down (1940)
 * The Shining Man (1940)
 * The Mad Virus (1940)
 * The Room of Souls (1940)
 * Time to Kill (1940)
 * The Seal of Sin (1940)
 * World Without Air (1940)
 * Evil Galetea (1940)
 * The Elixir of Invisibility (1940)
 * The Uncanny Power of Edwin Cobalt (1940)
 * To Boatl and Back (1940)
 * Tropic Hell (1941)
 * Monsters of the Atom (1941)
 * The Touching-Point (1941)
 * Red Gem of Mercury (1941)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Later Than You Think (1942)
 * Secret of the Earth Star (1942)
 * War-Gods of the Void (1942)
 * Volluswen (1943)
 * Problem in Ethics (1943)
 * Crypt-City of the Deathless One (1943)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * The Eyes of Thar (1944)
 * The Black Sun Rises (1944)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * What Hath Me? (1946)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Extrapolation (1948)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Tropic Hell (1941)
 * Monsters of the Atom (1941)
 * The Touching-Point (1941)
 * Red Gem of Mercury (1941)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Later Than You Think (1942)
 * Secret of the Earth Star (1942)
 * War-Gods of the Void (1942)
 * Volluswen (1943)
 * Problem in Ethics (1943)
 * Crypt-City of the Deathless One (1943)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * The Eyes of Thar (1944)
 * The Black Sun Rises (1944)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * What Hath Me? (1946)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Extrapolation (1948)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * The Eyes of Thar (1944)
 * The Black Sun Rises (1944)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * What Hath Me? (1946)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Extrapolation (1948)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Extrapolation (1948)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Extrapolation (1948)
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore
 * Co-authored with C.L. Moore

title: Author:Henry Kuttner


text:
Author:Benjamin Harrison (1833-1901)/Presidential Proclamations

1889

 * Proclamation 291 - Admission of South Dakota Into the Union
 * Proclamation 292 - Admission of North Dakota Into the Union
 * Proclamation 293 - Admission of Montana Into the Union
 * Proclamation 294 - Admission of Washington Into the Union


text: Category:Presidential proclamations of Benjamin Harrison


text:
Portal:Lewis Padgett

Authors

 * Catherine Lucille Moore (1911–1987)
 * Henry Kuttner (1915–1958)

Works

 * The "Gallegher" series of stories
 * "The Proud Robot"
 * "Gallegher Plus"
 * "The World Is Mine"
 * "Ex Machina"
 * "Time Locker"
 * "Mimsy Were the Borogoves"
 * "The Twonky"
 * "What You Need"

title: Portal:Lewis Padgett


text:
Page:Dictionary of spoken Russian (1945).djvu/557

 чрезвычайный extra. У нас в этом месяце были чрезвычайные расходы. We had some extra expenses this month. • special. Нам придётся созвать чрезвычайное заседание президиума. We have to call a special meeting of the Presidium. • tremendous. Пьеса имела чрезвычайный успех. The play was a tremendous success. □ чрезвычайно extremely. Это чрезвычайно интересно! This is extremely interesting! • most. Чрезвычайно важно написать это письмо сейчас же. It's most important to write this letter immediately.

чтение reading. Чтение вслух будет вам очень полезно. I think that reading aloud is good practice for you. — Что у вас тут есть для чтения? Have you anything to read here?

что ([što]; g чего [čivo]; d чему, i чем, l чём, §20) what. Что это такое? What is that? — Что с вами? What's the matter with you? — Чего тебе? What do you want? — Чему вы радуетесь? What are you so happy about? — Что стоит этот костюм? What does this suit cost? — Что толку с ним разговаривать! What's the use of talking to him! — А что, если он не придёт? And what if he doesn't come? • who. Это тот парень, что вчера нам показывал коровник. He's the guy who showed us the cowbarn yesterday. • anything. Его о чём ни попроси, он всё сделает. He'll do anything you ask him. — В случае чего — телеграфируйте! In case anything happens, wire me. — Посмотрите, не забыли ли чего. See whether you forgot anything. • how. Что ваша рука, поправляется? How is your hand? Is it getting better? • how much. Что он возьмёт, чтобы отвезти нас в город? How much will he charge to take us to town? □ а что? why? "Вы уходите?" "А что?" "You're leaving?" "Why do you ask?" вот что the following. Вам надо сделать вот что: .... You have to do the following: .... не за что don't mention it. "Спасибо!" "Не за что". "Thank you." "Don't mention it." ни за что not for anything. Не просите! Я ни за что не пойду. Don't even ask me; I wouldn't go there for anything. • for nothing. Не делай этого — пропадёшь ни за что! Don't do it; you'll be sticking your neck out for nothing. ни за что, ни про что for no reason at all. Обругал он меня ни за что, ни про что. He bawled me out for no reason at all! ни к чему of no use. Этот зонтик мне совсем ни к чему. This umbrella is of no use to me at all. ну что well. Ну что, получили разрешение? Well, did you get the permit? с чего where. С чего вы это взяли? Where did you get that idea? с чего бы why. С чего бы это ему так расхвораться? I wonder why he became so ill. уж на что what more. Я об этом в американском техническом справочнике читал — уж на что вернее! I read about this in an American technical handbook. What can you find more reliable than that? что вы! why. Что вы! Ваш багаж давно уже ушёл. Why! Your luggage left long ago. что до меня as far as I'm concerned. Что до меня, то я согласен. As far as I'm concerned, I agree. что же well. Что ж! Я не возражаю. Well, I don't object! • why. Что же это вы так недолго у нас гостили? Why did you stay so short a time with us? — Что же вы молчите? Why don't you say something? что за what kind. Это ещё что за выдумки? What kind of nonsense is that? что куда where it belongs. Скажите ему, что куда положить. Tell him to put the things just where they belong. что ли? maybe. Водки выпить, то ли? Maybe a shot of vodka will do it? что-либо (§23) something. Если найдётся что-либо подходящее, я куплю. If there's something worthwhile, I'll buy it. что-нибудь (§23) something. Принесите мне чего-нибудь поесть, я очень голоден. Give me something to eat; I'm very hungry. — Я надеюсь, что из этого что-нибудь да выйдет. I hope something will come of it. что-то (§23) something. Тут чего-то нехватает. There's something missing here. — Он что-то сказал об отъезде, но я не помню что именно. He said something about going away, but I don't remember what exactly. • somewhere. Это обошлось мне что-то рублей в сорок. This cost me somewhere around forty rubles. □ Я скорей возьму это, чем что-либо другое. I would rather take this than anything else. • Я-то тут не при чём. I have nothing to do with it. • У неё отец болен. А ей хоть бы что! Пошла танцовать. Her father is sick but it doesn't mean a thing to her — she goes out dancing. • Уж на что он умный человек, а и то маху дал. He's as clever as they come, but even he made a mistake. • За чем же дело стало? What's in the way now? • Чего, чего у них там только нет! There isn't a thing they haven't got. • Инструкции такие путаные — не понимаю, что к чему. The instructions are so confusing I can't make head or tail out of them. • "Я бросаю работу!" "Ну что вы выдумали!" "I'm quitting my job." "You don't mean it, do you?" • Гони что есть духу! Drive like all hell. • Чего только в жизни не бывает! Life is full of surprises. • Чуть что, он уже обижается. He gets offended at the slightest thing. • *Он ругался на чём свет стоит. He was cursing to beat the band. • А чем он не жених? What's wrong with him as a future husband • Да что об этом оворить! Обманул он нас. What's the use talking about it? He fooled us! • Я остался не при чём. I was left out in the cold. • Чем это он вам не угодил? How did he rub you the wrong way? • Я туда не поеду. Чего я там не видал? I won't go; there's nothing there for me.

что that. Я надеюсь, что мы ещё встретимся с вами. I hope that we'll meet again. — Мы так веселились, что разошлись только под утро. We had such a good time that We didn't part till morning. □ что твой as though. Он говорит по-английски — что твой американец. He speaks English as though he were a native American. что ... что whether ... or. Мне всё равно когда ехать — что сегодня, что завтра. I don't care whether we go today or tomorrow. □ У нас тут что ни работница, то героиня труда. There isn't a woman worker of ours who isn't a hero of labor. • У него что ни слово, то грубость. He can't open his mouth without being insulting.

чтобы or чтоб so that. Мы спешим, чтобы не опоздать на поезд. We're hurrying so that we won't miss the train.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coke, Edward


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Page:The complete poems of Emily Bronte.djvu/18

xiv


text:
Page:Our Common Land (and other short essays).djvu/33

 On whom does the continuous watchfulness devolve at best? Visitors, young, inexperienced, untaught, undertake districts; they find themselves part of a system, and follow in its lines; they meet individual cases of want, improvidence, disease, and though they know little themselves how to deal with such, they hesitate to make calls upon the time of a too busy clergyman, kind as he is in helping, gladly as he would reply to a practical question about the individual; they cannot talk out with him radical means of dealing with the roots of such evils. What can they do? They give or withhold the soup-ticket or the shilling. Has the clergyman usually time, has the visitor often knowledge to do much more than deal with the individual question of relief or no relief at the moment in the special case?

And yet the problem has become appalling, gigantic: viewed in its entirety, it might make us almost tremble?

Statesmen, philanthropists, political


text:
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, try their hands at it, or rather their heads. Do they succeed better than the clergy and the visitors? Do they not often succeed worse? For the clergy and the visitors at least bear witness to the poor of sympathy with them, and deal with the wants round them practically; while the theorists, let their theories be ever so excellent, somehow stand so far off that they bring little practically into operation. Who does not know of good laws passed which are nearly inoperative because not enforced by brave persons face to face with the evils which should be removed by them? Who does not know of sound principles of political economy clearly enunciated to those unconcerned by them, which never reach the ears of those whose lives they deeply affect, still less are brought before them by those whom they would trust?

Now these two classes, the studious, more leisurely, generalising thinkers, and the loving, individualising doers, need to be brought into


text:
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 communication; and that is what in this paper I wish most emphatically to enforce. Each has knowledge the other requires; separated, they are powerless; combined, they may do much. For I have drawn miserable pictures of the weakness of both, but see on the other hand what each has of strength. The clergy have all that is pitiful, all that is generous in the hearts of their richer parishioners on their side the power of calling out workers from among them, the power of directing a large part of their alms, the distribution of money, the leadership of the men. Besides these they have the enormous accumulated knowledge of the poor, gathered in long years of intimate observation of them in their homes a mass of information over which they may not have much time to brood, and from which they may not be in the habit of generalising, yet what might not the theorists learn from it?

And the visitors. I have called them inexperienced, and I might have added that their


text:
User:Prajwalghimire

Prajwal Ghimire

title: User:Prajwalghimire


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Page:Southern Historical Society Papers volume 05.pdf/33

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 Notes and Observations on Specimens of  at the

Image after Marsh

Andrew A. Farke, Ph.D.

Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology

1175 West Baseline Road

Claremont, CA 91711

email: afarke@webb.org


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 Introduction and Overview

Torosaurus -- the "pierced lizard" -- has been the target of several investigations at the dawn of the 21st century (see key citations below for a few of the relevant papers as well as some important previous descriptions of Torosaurus). The holotype specimens for ' (YPM 1830) and its junior synonym ' (YPM 1831) are both housed at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History (YPM) in, USA, and have been integral to many discussions about this animal.

In March 2000, I spent several days at the YPM taking detailed notes on the Yale specimens. This file contains scans of the original notes, which I am releasing as a service to the community. My hope is that the data will be of at least some use to others interested in these enigmatic horned dinosaurs, as well as an encouragement  for other paleontologists to distribute their own museum notes.

Disclaimer

The sketches, measurements, and notes are all my personal work and interpretations. These data are thus presented "as is", and users should be appropriately cautious when relying upon my notes for their own research. Although I strive to be accurate, inadvertent mistakes or inaccuracies are possible. In the end, there is no substitute for personal examination of a specimen in order to answer some questions.

Acknowledgments

Thank you to Mary Ann Turner (YPM) for facilitating access to the specimens, and to Museum of the Rockies for support of the original research trip.

Key Citations

Colbert EH, Bump JD (1947) A skull of Torosaurus from South Dakota and a revision of the genus. Proc Acad Nat Sci Phila 99: 93-106.

Farke AA (2006) Cranial osteology and phylogenetic relationships of the chamosaurine ceratopsid, Torosaurus latus. In: Carpenter K, editor. Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 235-257.

Farke AA (2011) Anatomy and taxonomic status of the chasmosaurine ceratopsid Nedoceratops hatcheri from the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A. PLoS ONE 6: e16196.

Hatcher JB, Marsh OC, Lull RS (1907) The Ceratopsia. US Geol Surv Monogr 49: 1-300.

Longrich NR, Field DJ (2012) Torosaurus is not Triceratops: ontogeny in chasmosaurine ceratopsids as a case study in dinosaur taxonomy. PLoS ONE 7(2): e32623.

Lull RS (1933) A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Yale Peabody Mus Memoir 3: 1-175.

Marsh OC (1891) Notice of new vertebrate fossils. American Journal of Science, Series 3 42: 265-269.

Scannella J, Horner JR (2010) Torosaurus Marsh, 1891 is Triceratops, Marsh, 1889 (Ceratopsidae: Chasmosaurinae): synonymy through ontogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1157-1168.

Scannella JB, Horner JR (2011) `Nedoceratops': an example of a transitional morphology. PLoS ONE 6: e28705.

How to Cite This

Some aspects of these notes were incorporated into a previous publication (Farke, 2006), and you may wish to cite that if the data were included there. Otherwise, I do request that you cite these notes through reference to the appropriate page on figshare.com, or another appropriate link if figshare.com is not available at  some point in the future.

License:

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444  Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.

This version of the document was assembled and uploaded on March 2, 2012


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General Morgan was frequently interrupted with rapturous applause, and the thanks of the Society were warmly voted to the orator for his "able and eloquent address," and a copy requested for publication.

General Early paid a brief but touchingly-appropriate tribute to the memory of Admiral Raphael Semmes, late Vice-President of the Society for the State of Alabama, and, on motion of General Dabney H. Maury, the following minute was unanimously adopted:

The death of Admiral Raphael Semmes, the Vice-President of this Society for the State of Alabama, having occurred since the last annual meeting, the Society takes this occasion to express its high admiration for the exalted character, eminent abilities, and distinguished services of the deceased, and its profound regret for the loss to the Society has sustained in his death; which is ordered to be entered on the Journal.


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A from this account or IP address, which appeared to be a test edit, was removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for this purpose. The community portal has information on contributing to this library. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 07:37, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

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34 General D. H. Maury then read the following as the

The Executive Committee have to report that during the past year they have endeavored to keep in view the great objects of the trust committed to their charge; that they have steadily worked for the interests of the Society amid some peculiar difficulties, and that there has been most gratifying progress in our important work. The acknowledgments we have made from time to time attest that the kind interest of our friends has steadily added to our

until we have now a collection which is widely recognized as one of priceless value. The Secretary has received from all parts of this country and from Europe numbers of letters seeking information concerning events of the war, and in almost every instance he has been able to furnish from our archives the information sought. We have given to a number of writers facts, narratives, &c., to aid them in elucidating the truth of our Confederate history, and we have the most gratifying assurances that our publications are looked to as high authority, not only in the South, but also at the North and in Europe.

Our friends have given us with cheerful alacrity material which could readily be sold for thousands of dollars, but which is of "inestimable" value to the cause of truth; and yet there remains in private hands much that ought to be on our shelves.

Our monthly has received the heartiest commendation from the press generally, and warm endorsation from leading Confederates, while we number among our constant readers some of the most distinguished Federal soldiers and some of the ablest military critics in Europe.

As to the character of our publications we have steadily pursued the policy announced in our last annual report, and unanimously approved by our last annual meeting; and we are gratified to


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xii chiefs, who arose in different parts of the land, ruling with an authority which was personal and not hereditary. The same conception is probably to be recognized in 217, the Israelites would not obey their judges. The word 'judge' is not used of Ehud, Barak, or Gideon, and seems not to have been found in the oldest of the author's sources. The title, Book of Judges, was in all probability meant by those who prefixed it to the book to correspond to that of the Book of Kings; the judges were the succession of rulers and defenders of Israel before the hereditary monarchy, as the kings were afterwards.

In the Hebrew Bible the Book of Judges stands in the first division of the Prophets, the Prophetic Histories (Jos., Jud., Sam., Kings), which narrate continuously the history of Israel from the invasion of Canaan to the fall of Jerusalem (586 B.C.). In the Greek Bible, Ruth is appended to it, sometimes under one title (κριταί), sometimes under its own name; and in manuscripts, the Pentateuch, together with Joshua, Judges, and Ruth, frequently forms a codex (Octateuch). In the history of Israel before the exile, Judges covers the time from the close of the period of conquest and occupation with the death of Joshua to the beginning of the struggle with the Philistines in the days of Eli. A better division, from our point of view, would have been the establishment of the kingdom of Saul, and there is some evidence that, in one at least of the older histories which our author had before him, Eli and Samuel were reckoned among the judges; but as Samuel is the central figure in the story of the founding of the


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 charity to embrace, and shall it in the future be limited to our family, our successful equals, or our superiors? Are we going to look out and up, but never down? The love of our Master Christ, the love of St. Francis, the love of Howard, the love of John Brown, the burning love of all who have desired to serve others, has been a mighty, all-embracing one, and specially tender, specially pitiful. All modern forms of alms-giving may pass and change, but this love must endure while the world lasts. And if it endure, it must find expression. Charity such as this does find expression. It finds expression, when healthiest and most vigorous, not in weak words, but in strong acts. If we would not be mere butterflies and perish with our empty, fleeting, self-contained lives; if we would not be fiends of intellectual self-satisfaction living a cold and desolate life; if we would not leave the hungry, the forlorn, the feeble, to perish from before us, or to rise and rend us; we must secure such


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 love as that which lighted and intensified the lives of heroes and of missionaries, and struggle to see what scope there is for acts which shall embody that love.

The mistake the old-fashioned donors make is not in their benevolence—that cannot be too strong—but they forget to watch whether the influence of their deeds is beneficent. I should not at all wonder if even thirty years ago doles were more beneficent than now. If the poor had at that time not learned to trust to them, if they came straight from the loving hands of those who cared to step aside from beaten tracks to know and serve the poor they must have had very different results from any they have now, when people have learned to depend on them, when they are almost the fashion, and often the relief for the consciences of those who don’t feel quite easy, if they give no time, no heart, no trouble, nor any money to the poor. I have no manner of doubt, that just now gifts of necessaries are injurious.


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 What form, then, shall our charity take in the immediate future?

Take that question home to yourselves, each of you who has not answered it already; ask it of yourselves, not as if you were asked to take the position of hero, or martyr, or professed philanthropist, but as if I had said to you, “What do you, as a man or woman, feel bound to do beyond the circle of your family for those who are fellow-men, fellow-citizens, many of them sunk into deep ruts of desolation, poverty, and sin?” Find some answer, live up to it, so shall your own life, your own city, your own age be better.

I will tell you what kind of answer I think may come to you. First, as to money, which is perhaps the most difficult thing to give without doing harm. Don’t sit down under the conviction that therefore you are to buy or spend it all for yourself. If you like to earn rather less, to pause in middle life, and give full thought to spending what you have,


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 or, better still, to give time which might have made money, I shall certainly not complain of you. But do not think there is no scope for beneficent gifts of money because soup-kitchens and free dormitories are not beneficent. There is abundant scope for large gifts, large enough to please the proudest of you. Are there no great gifts of open spaces to be made for the rich and poor to share alike in the time to come—spaces which shall be to the child no more corrupting than the mountain to the Highlander, or the long sea horizon to the fisherman’s lad? They will come to him as an inheritance he possesses as a Londoner or an English child; most likely being taken, like light and air, straight from God, and not in any way tending to remind him of men’s gifts, still less to pauperise him. But if a memory of you as a donor comes to him as youth ripens into manhood, long after you are in your grave, the thought is more likely to incite him to make some great, abidingly useful


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 gift to his town, than in any way to paralyse his energies or weaken his self-respect. Are there no places to plant with trees, no buildings to erect, no libraries to found, no scholarships to endow? Are there, moreover, none of those many works to achieve, which a nation, a municipality, a vestry, first needs to see done, to learn the use of by using, though finally such a community may prize them more by making an effort to establish similar ones? For instance, no one would dwell more urgently than I on the need of making healthy houses for the poor remunerative; and now the problem of doing so has been in a great measure solved. But do we not owe this to the efforts of a body of men in earlier time who were content to lose money in experiments and example? Pioneers must risk, if not give, largely, that we may travel smoothly over the road which they made with such difficulty. Are we in turn never to be pioneers? Are there no improved public-houses, no improved


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 theatres, no better machinery for collecting savings, which we may establish and give our money to? The same kind of far-sighted policy might be adopted with all smaller gifts, making them either radically beneficial in themselves, as when they train an orphan for service-work in life, or give rest to an invalid whose savings are exhausted; or they may be gifts of things which no one is bound to provide for himself, but which give joy—as if you helped to put coloured decoration outside our schools or houses in dingy streets, or invited a company of poor people whom you know to tea in your garden during the fair June weather, or even sent some shells from your home by the sea to small children in one of our few London playgrounds.

But to leave the question of money and come to the greater gift of time. Here especially I would beg you to consider whether you have each of you done your utmost. A poor district in London is inhabited by a


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Rh kingdom, it was not unnatural to begin a new book with his birth. The character of the two works shows conclusively that Judges was not composed by the author of Samuel; the peculiar religious interpretation of the history which is impressed so strongly on Judges is almost entirely lacking in Samuel.

The Title.—, Baba bathra 14b;, Orig.; Sophtim, Jerome. , Melito, Orig., titles in GAB al.;, Greek Ff. generally. Philo (de confus. lingg. c. 26, i. p. 424 ed. Mangey), ; cf. , Regnorum, for Kings. Liber Judicum, Judicum, in the Latin Church. In Syriac, Sephar dayyånē (dabnai Israīl), Book of Judges (SPLOH); another, and perhaps older title is, Pårōqē dabnai Israīl, The Deliverers of the Israelites (SA); cf. Ephrem, i. p. 308. The book was also known by its Hebrew title, Shåphţe or Shåpheţē (SPLH, BO. iii. 1. p. 5, 62, 71, &c), which was early corrupted to Shabhţē, as if from, tribe; so in SA, see Ephrem, l. s. c.—Sufetes, qui summus Poenis est magistratus (Liv., xxviii. 37); quod velut consulare imperium apud eos erat (ib. xxx. 7, of Carthage; cf. xxxiv. 61). In Latin inscriptions from Africa we learn of the sufetes of a number of cities (CIL. viii. No. 7, 765, 10525); sometimes two are named (ib. No. 797, 5306). occurs frequently in inscriptions, but it is in most cases uncertain whether ordinary judges or chief magistrates are meant. In Spain and Sardinia (Cagliari), the governors and petty kings were in the Middle Ages called judices (Ducange, s.v.), in which we may be disposed to see a survival from the times of the Phoenician rule. The sufetes of Carthage and the Punic colonies were a regular magistracy, and belong to a much more highly organized political society than the shōphetīm of the O.T. We might rather compare the who held the supreme power at Tyre for brief periods during an interregnum in the 6th cent. B.C. (Fl. Jos., c. Ap. i. 21 § 157).

The Book of Judges consists of three parts: 11–25, 26–1631, 17–21.


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 number of persons, ill-educated, dirty, quarrelsome, drunken, improvident, unrefined, possibly dishonest, possibly vicious. I will assume that we, too, have each of us a good many faults—perhaps we are selfish, perhaps we are indolent. I am sure all the virtue is not among the rich; but certain advantages they surely have which the poor have not—education, power of thinking out the result of certain courses of action, more extended knowledge of facts or means of acquiring it, habits of self-control, habits of cleanliness, habits of temperance, rather more providence usually, much more refinement, nearly always a higher standard, perhaps a high standard, of honesty. Have we not a most distinct place among the poor, if this be so? Is not our very presence a help to them? I have known courts nearly purified from very gross forms of evil merely by the constant presence of those who abhorred them. I know, you probably all know, that dirt disappears gradually in places that cleanly people go in


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 отступаю перед трудностями. I never shrink from difficulties. • to get off. Вы отступаете от темы. You've gotten off your topic.

отступить (-ступлю, -ступит; pct of отступать) to move back. Отступите-ка на шаг назад! Move back one step! • to break. На этот раз я отступлю от своих правил. This once I'll break my rule. • to indent. Начните новый абзац, отступив немного от края. Start a new paragraph; indent a bit from the margin.

отсутствие absence. Всё это произошло в моё отсутствие. All this happened during my absence. • lack. Усидчивостью не возместишь отсутствие таланта. Plugging won't make up for the lack of talent. □ За отсутствием кворума собрание не состоялось. Since there was no quorum, the meeting didn't take place.

отсылать (dur of отослать) to send away. Мне не хотелось бы отсылать его с пустыми руками. I wouldn't like to send him away empty-handed.

отсюда ([atsuda] /compare сюда/) from here. *Отсюда до вокзала рукой подать. It's just a stone's throw from here to the station. • here. Не хочется мне уезжать отсюда. I don't feel like leaving here.

отталкивать ([-k'v-]; dur of оттолкнуть) to repulse. У него отталкивающая наружность. He's repulsive-looking.

оттепель (F) thaw. Началась оттепель. It began to thaw.

оттого (/compare тот/) that's why. Я не знал, что вы сегодня дома, оттого и не пришёл. I didn't know you were at home today; that's why I didn't come. • because. Я ему не звонил, оттого что времени не было. I didn't call him up because I had no time.

оттолкнуть (pct of отталкивать) to push off. Кто это оттолкнул лодку от берега? Who pushed the boat off the shore? • to push away. Он меня грубо оттолкнул. He pushed me away roughly. • to repel. Вы оттолкнули его своей резкостью. You repelled him with your rudeness.

оттуда (/compare туда/) from there. "Пойдёмте с нами в кино". "Я только что оттуда". "Come with us to the movies." "I'm just coming from there." — Его оттуда так скоро не отпустят. They won't let him go from there so soon.

отход. □ До отхода поезда ещё много времени. There's plenty of time before the train leaves.

отходить (-хожу, -ходит; dur of отойти) to leave. Когда отходит пароход? When is the ship leaving?

отца See отец.

отцы See отец.

отчасти (/cf часть/) partly. А он отчасти прав. But he's partly right.

отчаяние despair.

отчего (/compare что/) why. Отчего вы вчера не пришли? Why didn't you come yesterday? — Скучно мне, сам не знаю отчего. I don't know why, but I feel kind of blue. □ отчего-то for some reason or other. Он отчего-то сегодня не в духе. He's in a bad mood today for some reason or other.

отчество patronymic (middle name which every Russian has, derived from father's first name). Как ваше отчество? What's your patronymic? — "Вашего отца зовут Иван, значит, ваше отчество — Иванович"? "Конечно!" "Your father's name is Ivan; does that mean your patronymic is Ivanovich?" "That's right."

отчёт report. Кто готовит отчёт о работе отдела? Who's writing a report on the work of the department? • account. Он представил отчёт о командировке. He presented an account of his mission. □ отдавать себе отчёт to realize. Вы отдаёте себе отчёт в том, как всё это серьёзно? Do you realize the seriousness of all this?

отчётливый clear. У вас очень отчётливый почерк. You have a very clear handwriting. □ отчётливо distinctly. Он говорит очень отчётливо, и я его хорошо понимаю. He speaks very distinctly; I understand him very well.

отчим stepfather.

отъезд departure. Их отъезд назначен на завтра. Their departure is set for tomorrow.

отыскать (-ыщу, -ыщет; pct of отыскивать) to find. Отыскали вы, наконец, вашего родственника? Did you finally find your relative?

отыскивать ([-k'v-]; dur of отыскать).

отыщу See отыскать.

офицер (/P -ы, -ов or -а, -ов/) officer. Он был офицером флота. He was a naval officer.

официальный official. Вам нужно официальное разрешение на поездку. You have to have official permission for the trip. • formal. Я ещё не получил официального сообщения о моём назначении. I still haven't gotten formal notice of my assignment. □ официально officially. Официально это не разрешается. This isn't permitted officially.

официант waiter. Скажите официанту, он принесёт вам карточку. Tell the waiter. He'll bring you the menu.

официантка waitress.

оформить (pct of оформливать and оформлять) to make official. Вы уже оформил этот договор? Have you already made the agreement official? • to make legal. Эти документы придётся оформить. It's necessary to make these papers legal.

оформливать (dur of оформить).

оформлять (dur of оформить).

охота hunting. Они поехали на охоту. They went hunting. • desire. У меня совершенно пропала охота к путешествиям. I lost all desire to travel. □ Охота вам с ним возиться! Why do you bother with him! • *Идёте купаться в такую погоду? Вот, охота пуще неволи! Are you going swimming in such weather? Well, once some people make up their minds, there's no stopping them.

охотиться (dur) to hunt. Здесь можно охотиться на волков. You can hunt wolves here. — Я уже давно охочусь за этим номером журнала. I've been hunting for this issue of the magazine for a long time now.

охотник hunter. Он охотник за крупной дичью. He's a big-game hunter. □ Он большой охотник до меткого словца. He likes to say witty things.

охотно gladly. Я охотно покажу вам наш город. I'll gladly show you our city. • readily. Он охотно принял это предложение. He readily accepted this offer. • willingly. Она охотно отвечала на все вопросы. She answered all the questions willingly. □ не охотно unwillingly. Он об этом не жчень охотно говорит. He speaks very unwillingly about this.


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 and out of frequently. Mere intercourse between rich and poor, if we can secure it without corrupting gifts, would civilise the poor more than anything. See, then, that you do not put your lives so far from those great companies of the poor which stretch for acres in the south and east of London, that you fail to hear each other speak. See that you do not count your work among them by tangible result, but believe that healthy human intercourse with them will be helpful to you and them. Seek to visit and help in parishes in which this is recognised as an end in itself.

Again, we have got our population into a state of semi-pauperism, from which individuals and societies cannot raise them merely by abstaining from gifts by guardians or withdrawing out-relief. We have accustomed them to trust to external help, and only by most patient individual care shall we raise them. Neither can we persuade donors, unaccustomed to study the future results of their acts, to


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 abstain from distinctly unwise charity unless we are among them, unless we are ready, too, to consider with them about each human soul, which is to them and to us inexpressibly precious, what is at the moment the wise thing to do. Have most gentlemen any idea how much this work needs doing in the poor districts of London? The Charity Organisation Society came forward now some years ago to try to get the donors of London to meet and consider this question in detail in every district in London. It undertook to look carefully into all cases brought to its offices, and to report the results of its inquiries. It did not undertake to make additional gifts except where they might secure enduring benefit, but it said to the donors, “Associate yourselves, relieve after due thought, after investigation, and in conjunction one with another.” That Society has made great way; it has established offices in every district, and has provided an investigating machinery of inexpressible value, of


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 which every Londoner may avail himself. But, I ask, where are the donors? Where are the representatives of the various relieving agencies? The clergy? The district visitors? There are of course a certain number who have co-operated heartily, but, as a rule, I am forced to reply very mournfully, after all these years they are for the most part going on with their ill-considered relief very much the same, not using the machinery, and reproaching the Charity Organisation Society that it is not relieving largely, and that it is not composed of themselves! Now, till these relieving agencies come in and take their share, and give their gentler tone to the somewhat dry machinery, are these offices to be places where mere routine business is done by an agent who cannot have much individual care for the applicants? Or is there to be anyone to watch over each applicant with real charity, questioning him gently, thinking for him sympathetically, seeking for him such help as will


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 be really helpful? In some offices in the poor districts we have found honorary secretaries to do this, and splendid work it has been. Wherever such help has been forthcoming the poor have been well served, and the old-fashioned donors have been in some measure won to wiser courses of action. But many more such honorary secretaries are needed, and that imperatively and immediately. Are there no men of leisure, with intellect and heart, who will come forward? I have known no such urgent need as this in the many years I have spent face to face with the poor since I came to London—the need of advice, of sympathy, of thoughtful decision for poor man after poor man, as he comes up to our offices at a crisis in his life.

One more instance of the way help can be given, and I have done; for I will not dwell now on the good that might be done by the purchase and management of the houses of the poor, by teaching, by entertainments for


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 охочусь See охотиться.

охрана guard. Ему поручено было наладить охрану урожая. It was his job to organize the guard over the crops. • protection. Вы теперь находитесь под моей охраной. You're under my protection now.

охранить (pct of охранять) to keep (someone) away. Мне удалось охранить её от этих волнений. I managed to keep her away from this excitement.

охранять (dur of охранить) to protect. Мы поставили часовых охранять склады. We placed guards to protect the warehouse.

оценивать (dur of оценить).

оценить (-ценю, -ценит; ppp -ценённый; pct of оценивать) to appraise. В ювелирном отделе вам оценят ваше кольцо. They'll appraise your ring in the jewelry department. • to appreciate. Никто не оценил её усилий. No one appreciated her efforts.

оценка appraisal.

очаровательный charming.

очевидец (-дца) eyewitness.

очевидный obvious. Это очевидное недоразумение. This is an obvious misunderstanding. □ очевидно apparently. Вы меня, очевидно, не поняли. Apparently you didn't understand me. • evidently. Вы, очевидно, ошиблись. You're evidently mistaken.

очень very. Я очень устал I'm very tired. — Он мой очень хороший знакомый. He's a very good friend of mine. • very much. Она очень хотела туда поехать. She wanted very much to go there. — Очень вам благодарен. Thank you very much. • greatly. Он очень доволен своей квартирой. He's greatly pleased with his apartment. • highly. Это очень возможно. That's highly probable.

очередь (P -ди, -дей F) line. Какая длинная очередь! What a long line! — За чем эта очередь? What's this line for? — Займите для меня место в очереди. Save a place for me in line. — До меня в очереди пять человек. There are five people in line ahead of me. • turn. Завтра будет ваша очередь. It'll be your turn tomorrow. — Он, в свою очередь, представил ряд возражений. He, in his turn, offered some objections. □ в первую очередь first. Это надо сделать в первую очередь. This has to be done first.

очинивать (dur of очинить).

очинить (очиню, очинит; ppp очинённый; pct of очинять and очинивать) to sharpen. Дайте я очиню вам карандаш. Let me sharpen your pencil for you.

очинять (dur of очинить).

очистить (pct of очищать) to clean. Необходимо очистить двор как следует. It's necessary to clean the yard thoroughly. • to clean out. Воры основательно очистили квартиру. The thieves cleaned out the apartment. • to peel. Очистить вам яблоко? Can I peel you an apple? • to vacate. Они должны очистить это помещение. They have to vacate these premises.

очищать (dur of очистить) to refine. На этом заводе очищают нефть. This factory refines oil.

очищу See очистить.

очки (очков P) glasses. Он надел очки. He put on his glasses. □ шофёрские очки goggles. Есть у вас шофёрские очки? Do you have a pair of goggles?

очко (P очки, очков, очкам) point. На сколько очков вы отстали? How many points behind are you? — Я вам дам несколько очков вперёд. I'll give you a handicap of several points. □ *Вы не думайте, что ему можно очки втирать. Don't think that you can pull the wool over his eyes.

очков See очки.

очнуться (pct) to come to. Он очнулся от обморока. He came to. □ Он только что очнулся после наркоза. He just came out of the anesthetic. • Я до сих пор не могу очнуться от неожиданности. I haven't gotten over the surprise yet.

очутиться (/no pr S1/, -чутится; pct) to find oneself. Вот не ожидал когда-нибудь очутиться здесь. I never expected to find myself here. — Он очутился в очень неловком положении. He found himself in a very awkward position. □ Каким образом вы здесь очутились? How did you ever get here?

ошибаться (dur of ошибиться) to be mistaken. Вы ошибаетесь, дело обстояло совсем иначе. You're mistaken; it wasn't like that at all. — Он редко ошибается в людях. He's rarely mistaken about people.

ошибиться (-шибусь, -бётся; p -шибся, -шиблась; pct of ошибаться) to make a mistake. Я ошибся в счёте. I made a mistake in counting. □ Он, как видно, ошибся в расчёте. Apparently he didn't figure right.

ошибка mistake. Его письмо полно орфографических ошибок. His letter is full of mistakes in spelling. • error. В ваш отчёт вкралась ошибка. There's an error in your report. — Это были судебная ошибка. That was a judicial error. • fault. Я сознаю свою ошибку. I admit it's my fault. □ по ошибке by mistake. Я по ошибке взял чужую шляпу. I took someone else's hat by mistake.

ошибочный erroneous.

оштрафовать (pct of штрафовать) to fine. Его оштрафовали за то, что он вошёл в трамвай с передней площадки. He was fined for entering the streetcar through the front door.

оштукатурить (pct of штукатурить) to plaster. Комната только вчера была оштукатурена. They plastered this room only yesterday.

ощупью gropingly. Я ощупью нашёл дверь. I found the door gropingly.


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 them, by oratorios, by excursions, by the gift of beautiful things. I will only point out now that as guardians or vestrymen the most influential sphere of work presents itself. If you try to get into Parliament, many men of equal education, high principles, and refinement probably contest the place with you; if you succeed they fail; if you try to make a name among the fashionable or wealthy circles, you may or may not succeed; but if you fail no one misses you much. But if, instead of trying to get high up, you were to try to get down low, what a position of usefulness you would have! You would learn much from vigorous colleagues, much I fancy which would make you ashamed; but what might not they gain, what might not the locality gain, if the administration of its affairs were carried on under the influence of men of education! As guardians, how you might see to the poor, leading them back to independence in most thoughtful ways, watching over them individually that no


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 wrong was done! As vestrymen, how you might be on the side of far-sighted expenditure or the suppression of corruption! When I see people all struggling to get up higher, they seem to me like people in a siege, who should all rush to defend the breach for the glory and renown of it, and trample one another to death, and leave little doors unwatched all round the town; and I can’t help wondering sometimes why more of them don’t pray Marion Erie’s prayer when she leaves the wedding-dress unfinished to go and nurse the fever-stricken patient, “Let others miss me, never miss me, God.”

I don’t the least mean that the works I have suggested are the only ones, or the best, or even that always that kind of work may be best. The form that charity takes in this age or in that must be decided by the requirements of the time, and these I describe may be as transient as others. Only never let us excuse ourselves from seeking the best form in the


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 indolent belief that no good form is possible, and things are better left alone; nor, on the other hand, weakly plead that what we do is benevolent. We must ascertain that it is really beneficent too.


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Rh


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П
падать (/pct: пасть and упасть/) to fall, to drop. Листья падают с деревьев. The leaves are falling from the trees. — Барометр быстро падает. The barometer is falling fast. — Цены на хлеб падают. The price of bread is dropping. □ падать духом to lose courage. Не падайте духом, всё уладится. Don't lose courage; everything will be all right. □ Подозрение падает на вас. You're the one under suspicion. — Я просто падаю от усталости. I'm so tired that I'm simply falling off my feet.

падеж (-а M) case (grammar).

падчерица stepdaughter.

паёк (пайка) ration.

пакет parcel, package. Тут для вас пакет пришёл. A parcel just arrived for you. — Свяжите мне, пожалуйста, все эти вещи в один пакет. Could you please wrap all these things up into one single package for me?

паковать (pct: у-) to pack. Я приду помочь паковать книги. I'll come to help pack the books.

палата ward. Мой друг лежит в палате номер два. My friend is in ward number two. □ *у него ума палата! He's got a head on his shoulders.

палатка tent. Летом тут живут пионеры в палатках. The Pioneers live here in tents in the summer. • stand. В этой палатке продаётся очень хороший квас. They sell delicious kvass at this stand. □ разбить палатку to pitch a tent. Давайте разобьём здесь палатку и остановимся на ночлег. Let's pitch our tent here and camp for the night.

палец (-льца) finger. У неё маленькие руки, но длинные пальцы. She has small hands but long fingers. — У меня перчатки в пальцах продрались. The fingers of my gloves are torn. — Пусть они посмеют вас хоть пальцем тронуть! I dare them to lift a finger against you! — *Он для вас и палец о палец не ударит. He won't lift a finger for you. □ безымянный палец third (ring) finger. большой палец thumb. палец на ноге toe. средний палец middle finger. указательный палец index finger. □ Отец на все их проделки смотрит сквозь пальцы. Their father makes fight of all the tricks they pull. • Если вы это сделаете, на вас все будут пальцем показывать. If you do that you'll be a marked man. • *Ему пальца в рот не клади. You've got to watch your step with him. • *Признайтесь, что вы всё это из пальца высосали. Admit that you dreamed this up. • *Ну и попали пальцем в небо! You're way off the mark! • *Я это знаю, как свой пять пальцев. I know it like the palm of my hand.

палка stick. Дайте мне толстую палку — выбивать ковры. Give me a heavy stick to beat the rugs with. • cane. Вам придётся ещё некоторое время ходить с палкой. You'll have to walk around with a cane for some time yet. □ Он болел три месяца и теперь худ, как палка. He was sick for three months, and now he's as thin as a rail. • *Ну, это палка о двух концах. You never can tell how it'll turn out.

палуба deck. Пойдём на палубу. Let's go on deck. — Мой каюта на средней палубе. My cabin is on the middle deck.

пальто (indecl N) (over)coat. У меня нет зимнего пальто, я привёз с собой только летнее. I haven't got a winter coat. I only took along a summer one.

памятник monument.

память (F) memory. У него поразительная память. He's got a marvelous memory. — У меня очень плохая зрительная память. My visual memory is very poor. — Если память мне не изменяет, он тоже подписал это заявление. If my memory doesn't fail me, he signed this declaration, too. — У вас, видно, память короткая! You seem to have a short memory. — Я продиктовал ей этот список по памяти. I dictated the list to her from memory. — Книга посвящена памяти его учителя. The book is dedicated to the memory of his teacher. □ на память to remember by. Подарите мне на память вашу карточку. Give me your picture to remember you by. на старой памяти for old times' sake. Я по старой памяти зашёл в университетскую библиотеку. For old times' sake I dropped into the college library. □ У меня это ещё свежо в памяти. It's still fresh in my mind. • Он от неё просто без памяти. He's crazy about her.

паника panic. Публика в панике кинулась к выходу. The audience rushed to the exit in a panic. — Не устраивайте паники; мы будем готовы к сроку. Don't get panicky. We'll be ready on time.

пансион board. Вам будет трудно получить комнату с пансионом. You'll find it hard to get a room with board.

панталоны (-лон P) bloomers, panties.

папа (M) daddy.

папироса cigarette. Это американские папиросы? Are these American cigarettes? — Какие папиросы вы курите? What brand of cigarettes do you smoke? — Хотите папиросу? Would you care for a cigarette?

папка folder. Что у вас в этой папке? What have you got in that folder? • cardboard. Эти переплёты из папки оказались очень прочными. These cardboard covers turned out to be very strong.

пар (P -ы, -ов /g -у; на пару/) steam. Поддайте-ка пару! Hey, give us some more steam! (Phrase commonly used in steam baths.) □ на всех парах full steam. Наш поезд мчался на всех парах. Our train was going full steam ahead. под паром fallow. У вас много земли оставлено под паром? Is much of your land lying fallow? разводить пару to get up steam. Машинист уже разводит пары. The engineer is already beginning to get up steam. □ При таком хозяйничанье вы на всех парах идёте к катастрофе. The way you're running things you're heading straight for ruin. • *С лёгким паром! I hope you enjoyed the steam bath.

пара pair. Мне бы очень пригодилась новая пара башмаков. I could use another pair of shoes. — Этот костюм продаётся с двумя парами брюк. This suit is sold with two pairs of pants. — Мы вам запряжём пару. We'll harness a pair (of horses) to a carriage for you. • two. Эти яблоки стоят гривенник пара. These apples are two for a grivennik (See Appendix 2.) • couple. Какая примерная


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 пара! What a model couple! • suit. Он пришёл в новой чёрной паре. He came in a new black suit. • partner. Все пошли танцовать, а он остался без пары. Everybody started dancing, but he didn't have a partner. □ Будьте от него подальше — он вам совсем не пара. Keep away from him. He's no one for you to pal around with. • Давайте закажем пару чая и колбасы. Let's get an order of tea and bologna. • Мы распили пару пива. We finished a bottle of beer. • Можно вас на пару слов? May I speak to you a minute? • Я ему скажу пару тёплых слов! I'll give him a piece of my mind! • Ну, они два сапога пара. They're two of a kind, all right.

парадный dress. Матросы были в парадной форме. The sailors were in dress uniform. □ парадный ход front entrance. Парадный ход закрыт, пойдём с чёрного. The front entrance is closed; let's use the back one.

паралич (-а M) paralysis.

парашют (M) parachute.

парень (-рня M) guy, fellow. Ваш друг весёлый парень. Your friend's a very cheerful guy. — Он парень что надо! He's a regular fellow.

пари (indecl N) bet. Он съел двадцать блинов на пари. He ate twenty pancakes on a bet. □ держать пари to bet. Я с ним держал пари, что вы придёте. I bet him you'd come. □ Пари? Want to bet?

парикмахер barber. Мне нужно пойти к парикмахеру. I ought to go to the barber. □ дамский парикмахер hairdresser or beautician.

парикмахерская (AF) barber shop, beauty parlor.

парикмахерша beautician. Ваша парикмахерша настоящая мастерица. Your beautician is a real artist.

парк park. Я вас буду ждать на скамейке у входа в парк. I'll wait for you at the bench near the park entrance. — Пойдёмте, мы покажем вам наш парк культуры и отдыха. Come on, we'll show you our park of culture and rest.

паровоз locomotive.

паровой steam. Здесь нет парового отопления. There's no steam heat here. — У этой машины паровой двигатель. This machine has a steam engine.

паром ferry.

пароход (steam)ship. Каким пароходом вы приехали? What ship did you come on?

партактив active party member. See also актив.

партер orchestra. Наши места в третьем ряду партера. Our seats are in the third row orchestra.

партиец (-тийца) Communist party member.

партизан partisan, guerrilla.

партизанский. □ партизанская война guerrilla warfare. партизанский отряд partisan detachment.

партийный party. Партийная дисциплина тут очень строга. Party discipline is very strict here. — Он старый партийный работник. He's an old party worker.

партия game. Давайте сыграем до обеда партию в шашки. Let's play a game of checkers before dinner. • (Communist) party. Он член (коммунистической) партии с 1915 года. He has been a member of the (Communist) party since 1915. □ политическая партия political party.

партком (партийный комитет) party committee of basic unit of Communist party.

парторг (партийный организатор) party organizer.

парторганизация (партийная организация) party cell (basic unit of Communist party). Её выбрали секретарём заводской парторганизации. She was elected secretary of the party cell in her factory.

парус (P -а, -ов) sail. Ветра нет, надо убрать паруса. There's no wind; we'd better lower the sails.

парусина canvas.

парусник sailboat.

парусный sail. □ парусная лодка sailboat. Они поехали на парусной лодке, а мы на моторной. They went by sailboat and we took a motorboat.

пасмурный cloudy. Сегодня пасмурный день. It's cloudy today.

паспорт (P -а, -ов) passport. Когда я смогу получить обратно свой паспорт? When can I get my passport back?

пассажир passenger. Говорите потише, другие пассажиры спать хотят. Speak a little softer; the other passengers want to sleep. □ зал для пассажиров waiting room.

паста paste. □ зубная паста tooth paste.

пастила (P пастилы) fruit candy.

пастух (-а) shepherd.

пасть (pct of падать).

пасха Easter. □ сырная пасха Easter cheese cake.

пасынок (-нка) stepson.

патефон phonograph.

патриот patriot.

патриотизм patriotism.

патриотический patriotic.

паук (-а) spider.

паутина cobweb.

пахарь (M) plowman.

пахать (пашу, пашет) to plow. Пахать начнём на будущей неделе. We'll start plowing next week.

пахнуть (p пах, пахла) to smell. Чем это так вкусно пахнет? What smells so delicious? — Эти духи пахнут сеном. This perfume smells like hay. □ *Тут пахнет бедой. There's trouble brewing here. • Вы знаете, чем это пахнет? You know what that'll mean, don't you?

пахота plowing. У них уже началась пахота. They've already begun the plowing.

пациент patient M.

пациентка patient F.

пачка pack. Тут только что лежала пачка папирос. There was a pack of cigarettes here a moment ago. • bunch. Там для вас целая пачка писем. There's a whole bunch of letters for you there. • stack. Он принёс большую пачку американских газет. He brought a large stack of American newspapers.

пачкать to soil. Осторожнее, вы пачкаете платье. Careful; you're soiling your dress. • to stain. Моё перо испортилось и пачкает пальцы. My fountain pen leaks and stains my fingers.

пашу See пахать.

паять to solder.


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Rh (2), ''before adjs. and advs., 133, 137, 191, etc. Special passages:'' tō fela micles, “far too much,” 694; hē tō fortð ge-stōp, “he had stepped too far forth,” 2289.

þǣr: I. adv.,, 32, 331, 493, etc.; unemphatic (like mod. there with impers. verbs) 271, 440, etc. For ðǣr on innan, 71, 2089, etc., see innan.

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Rh We now see the extraordinary conditions under which this woman of genius did her work. Outside her own circle she had not a single friend. She never had a lover or any one who came near to be her lover. She was never outside of Yorkshire save during the Brussels experience, where she paid so dearly for the education which she hoped to turn into money. She had practically no acquaintances. The only people in Haworth she talked to were the servants and the visitors forced upon the home by the brother. Yet she loved life and shrank from death. Between her sister Anne and herself there was a tie of peculiar tenderness and closeness. She was passionately loved by Charlotte, who saw, nevertheless, something harsh in her temperament. There is no reason to suppose that she failed in affection to her father and her aunt, or to Branwell, though he may have wearied her out. She did the work of a servant in the house apparently with the greatest cheerfulness and efficiency. In the exercise of her imagination and in her love of nature she found peace. She refused to complain, and turned a front now calm, now defiant, to the most threatening circumstances.


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 певец (вца) singer.

певица singer F.

педагогический teachers'. Моя дочь учится в педагогическом институте. My daughter is going to a teachers' college. — У него нет никакой педагогической подготовки. He doesn't have teachers' training.

педаль (F) pedal. Левая педаль моего велосипеда плохо действует. The left pedal on my bicycle doesn't work well. — Этот пианист слишком нажимает педаль. This pianist uses the pedal too much.

пекарня (gp -рей) bakery.

пекарь (/P -ря, -рей/ M) baker.

пеку See печь.

пение singing. Он учится пению у известного профессора. He is studying singing with a well-known teacher. — Меня разбудило пение птиц. I was awakened by the birds singing.

пепел (-пла) ashes.

пепельница ashtray.

первенство championship. Футбольная команда нашего вуза завоевала первенство СССР. Our college football team won the championship of the USSR.

первомайский. □ первомайская демонстрация May day demonstration.

первый first. Завтра выходит первый номер нашего журнала. Tomorrow the first issue of our magazine appears. — Я вернусь в первых числах октября. I'll return the first week of October. — Он первый занял это место. He was the first to occupy this seat. — В первый раз в жизни встречаю такого упрямца. This is the first time in my life I ever met such a stubborn fellow. — Я ему скажу об этом при первой возможности. I'll tell him about it at the first opportunity. — Он играет первую скрипку в оркестре. He's playing first violin in the orchestra. • best. Он первый ученик в классе. He's the best student in the class. □ первая помощь first aid. Там ему оказали первую помощь. That's the place he was given first aid. первое время at first. Первое время я его плохо понимал. At first I didn't understand him well. □ Она уже не первой молодости. She's far from young.

первым делом See дело.

перебивать (dur of перебить) to interrupt. Не перебивайте его, пожалуйста. Don't interrupt him, please.

перебить (-бью, -бьёт; imv -бей; ppp -битый; -pct of перебивать) to break. Я вам тут все чашки перебил. I broke all your cups. • to reupholster. Кому можно отдать перебить это кресло? Where can I have this armchair reupholstered? • to interrupt. Почему вы меня перебили? Why did you interrupt me? □ Сколько людей перебито! So many people were killed!

перебрасывать (dur of перебросить).

перебросить (pct of перебрасывать) to throw over. Пожалуйста, перебросьте верёвку через этот сук. Please throw the rope over this bough. — Помогите мне перебросить этот мешок через плечо. Help me throw this bag over my shoulder. — Мы перебросим доску на другой берег и перейдём через ручей. We'll throw a board over the brook and walk across. • to transfer. Его перебросили в другой город. He was transferred to another city.

переброшу See перебросить.

перебью See перебить.

переведу See перевести.

перевезти (-везу, -везёт; -вёз, -везла, -о, -и; pct of перевозить) to move. Завтра я перевезу вас со всем вашим багажом в другую гостиницу. Tomorrow I'll move you and all your stuff to another hotel. • take across. Можете вы перевезти нас на другой берег? Can you take us across the river?

перевёл See перевести.

перевес advantage. После получаса игры перевес оказался на нашей стороне. After a half hour of play the advantage was on our side.

перевести (-веду, -ведёт; p -вёл, -вела, -о, -и; pap -ведший; pct of переводить) to take across. Не беспокойтесь, я переведу детей через дорогу. Don't worry; I'll take the children across the street. • to switch off. Поезд перевели на запасной путь. The train was switched off to a siding. • to transfer. Его перевели в палату для выздоравливающих. He was transferred to the convalescent ward. • to translate. Вы сумеете это перевести? Will you be able to translate it? □ перевести дух to catch one's breath. Подождите, дайте дух перевести. Wait a minute; let me catch my breath. перевести назад to set back. Ваши часы спешат, их надо перевести назад. Your watch is too fast; you have to set it back. перевести по почте to send a money order. Переведите ему эти деньги по почте. Send him a money order.

перевод translation. Скажите, это дословный перевод? Tell me, is this a literal translation? • transfer. Он ожидает перевода в другой город. He's waiting for a transfer to another city. • waste. Это пустой перевод времени и больше ничего. This is just a waste of time. □ денежный перевод money order. Денежные переводы принимаются в любом почтовом отделении. Money orders are issued at any post office. почтовый перевод money order. Я вам вышлю эти деньги почтовым переводом. I'll send you a money order for this amount.

переводить (-вожу, -водит; dur of перевести) to transfer. Это правда, что вашего брата переводят в Москву? Is it true that your brother is being transferred to Moscow? • to translate. Он хорошо переводит. He translates well. □ Я не берусь переводить на английский. I won't take on the translation into English.

переводчик interpreter. Хотите быть нашим переводчиком? Do you want to be our interpreter? • translator. Русский переводчик хорошо передал стиль этого романа. The Russian translator caught the style of this novel very well.

переводчица translator, interpreter F.

перевожу See переводить.

перевожу See перевозить.

перевозить (-вожу, -возит; dur of перевезти) to move. В котором часу вы начнёте перевозить мебель? What time will you start moving the furniture?

перевыполнить (pct of перевыполнять) to exceed. Мы надеемся и на этот раз перевыполнить задание. We hope to exceed our quota this time, too.

перевыполнять (dur of перевыполнить) to exceed. Наши стахановцы систематически перевыполняют норму. Our Stakhanovites systematically exceed their quota.

перевяжу See перевязать.

перевязать (-вяжу, -вяжет; pct of перевязывать) to tie.


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64 and all detrimental to progress. This time his interest leads him to ancient and contemporary sources, of a literal rather than verbal nature; sources dealing with the three most influential prophets in the history of mankind, Jesus, Moses, and Mohammed.


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308 LVIII


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iv. 20- 9. Whichever flies through the atmosphere, and whichever creeps across the sky; whichever thinks the earth a refuge (nāthá)—that piçācá do thou show forth.

1. The kine have come, and have done what is excellent; let them stay (sad) in the stall (goṣṭhá); let them take pleasure with us; may they be rich in progeny here, many-formed, milking for Indra many dawns.

2. To the sacrificer and singer, to the helpful one (?), Indra verily gives further, steals not what is his; increasing more and more the wealth of him, he sets the godly man (devayú) in an undivided domain (? khilyá).

3. They shall not be lost; no thief shall harm [them]; no hostile

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text:
Proclamation 291

Whereas the Congress of the United States did by an act approved on the 22d day of February, 1889, provide that the inhabitants of the Territory of Dakota might upon the conditions prescribed in the said act become the States of North Dakota and South Dakota; and

Whereas it was provided by said act that the area comprising the Territory of Dakota should for the purposes of the act be divided on the line of the seventh standard parallel produced due west to the western boundary of said Territory, and that the delegates elected as therein provided to the constitutional convention in districts south of said parallel should at the time prescribed in the act assemble in convention at the city of Sioux Falls; and

Whereas it was provided by the said act that the delegates elected as aforesaid should, after they had met and organized, declare on behalf of the people of South Dakota that they adopt the Constitution of the United States, whereupon the said convention should be authorized to form a constitution and State government for the proposed State of South Dakota; and

Whereas it was provided by said act that the constitution so adopted should be republican in form and make no distinction in civil or political rights on account of race or color, except as to Indians not taxed, and not be repugnant to the Constitution of the United States and the principles of the Declaration of Independence, and that the convention should, by an ordinance irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the people of said States, make certain provisions prescribed in said act; and

Whereas it was provided by said act that the constitutions of North Dakota and South Dakota should, respectively, incorporate an agreement, to be reached in accordance with the provisions of the act, for an equitable division of all property belonging to the Territory of Dakota, the disposition of all public records, and also for the apportionment of the debts and liabilities of said Territory, and that each of said States should obligate itself to pay its proportion of such debts and liabilities the same as if they had been created by such States respectively; and

Whereas it was provided by said act that at the election for delegates to the constitutional convention in South Dakota, as therein provided, each elector might have written or printed on his ballot the words "For the Sioux Falls constitution" or the words "Against the Sioux Falls constitution;" that the votes on this question should be returned and canvassed in the same manner as the votes for the election of delegates, and if a majority of all votes cast on this question should be "For the Sioux Falls constitution" it should be the duty of the convention which might assemble at Sioux Falls, as provided in the act, to resubmit to the people of South Dakota, for ratification or rejection, at an election provided for in said act, the constitution framed at Sioux Falls and adopted November 3, 1885, and also the articles and propositions separately submitted at that election, including the question of locating the temporary seat of government, with such changes only as related to the name and boundary of the proposed State, to the reapportionment of the judicial and legislative districts, and such amendments as might be necessary in order to comply with the provisions of the act; and

Whereas it was provided by said act that the constitution formed for the people of South Dakota should, by an ordinance of the convention forming the same, be submitted to the people of South Dakota at an election to be held therein on the first Tuesday in October, 1889, for ratification or rejection by the qualified voters of said proposed State, and that the returns of said election should be made to the secretary of the Territory of Dakota, who, with the governor and chief justice thereof, or any two of them, should canvass the same, and if a majority of the legal votes cast should be for the constitution the governor should certify the result to the President of the United States, together with a statement of the votes cast thereon and upon separate articles or propositions, and a copy of said constitution, articles, propositions, and ordinances; and

Whereas it has been certified to me by the governor of the Territory of Dakota that at the aforesaid election for delegates the "Sioux Falls constitution" was submitted to the people of the proposed State of South Dakota, as provided in the said act; that a majority of all the votes east on this question was "For the Sioux Falls constitution," and that the said constitution was at the time prescribed in the act resubmitted to the people of South Dakota, with proper changes and amendments, and has been adopted and ratified by a majority of the qualified voters of said proposed State in accordance with the conditions prescribed in said act; and

Whereas it is also certified to me by the said governor that at the same time that the body of said constitution was submitted to a vote of the people two additional articles were submitted separately, to wit, an article numbered 24, entitled "Prohibition," which received a majority of all the votes cast for and against said article, as well as a majority of all the votes east for and against the constitution, and was adopted; and an article numbered 25, entitled "Minority representation," which did not receive a majority of the votes cast thereon or upon the constitution, and was rejected; and

Whereas a duly authenticated copy of said constitution, additional articles, ordinances, and propositions, as required by said act, has been received by me:

Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of America, do, in accordance with the act of Congress aforesaid, declare and proclaim the fact that the conditions imposed by Congress on the State of South Dakota to entitle that State to admission to the Union have been ratified and accepted and that the admission of the said State into the Union is now complete.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.

Done at the city of Washington, this 2d day of November, A.D. 1889, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and fourteenth.

BENJ. HARRISON

By the President:

JAMES G. BLAINE, Secretary of State

title: Proclamation 291


text: Category:South Dakota

title: Category:South Dakota


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Rh O Death! So many spirits driven

Through this false world, their all had given

To win the everlasting haven

For sufferers so divine:

Why didst thou smite the loved, the blest,

The ardent, and the happy breast,

That full of life desired not rest,

And shrank appalled from thine?

At least, since thou wilt not restore,

In mercy launch one arrow more;

Life's conscious death it wearies sore,

It tortures worse than thee.

Enough if storms have bowed his head,

Grant him at last a quiet bed

Beside his early stricken dead;

Even where he yearns to be!


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187 [person] shall dare attack their track (?); with whom he both sacrifices to the gods and gives, long verily with them does the kine-lord go in company.

4. No dust-raising horseman (? árvan) reaches them; not unto the slaughter-house (?) do they go; those kine of that sacrificing mortal roam over wide-going fearlessness.

5. The kine [are] Bhaga; Indra has seemed to me the kine; the kine [are] the draught of first soma; these kine—that, O people, [is] Indra; with whatever heart [and] mind I seek Indra.

6. Ye, O kine, fatten whoever is lean; the unlovely (açrīrá) one ye make of good aspect; ye make the house excellent, O ye of excellent voice; great is your vigor (váyas) called in the assemblies (sabhā́).

7. Rich in progeny, shining in good pasture, drinking clear waters at a good watering-place—let not the thief master you, nor the evil-plotter; let Rudra's weapon avoid you.

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Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board

 ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE FLORIDA SUPREME COURT

Per Curiam.

 * The Supreme Court of the State of Florida interpreted its elections statutes in proceedings brought to require manual recounts of ballots, and the certification of the recount results, for votes cast in the quadrennial Presidential election held on November 7, 2000. Governor George W. Bush, Republican candidate for the Presidency, filed a petition for certiorari to review the Florida Supreme Court decision. We granted certiorari on two of the questions presented by petitioner: whether the decision of the Florida Supreme Court, by effectively changing the State's elector appointment procedures after election day, violated the Due Process Clause or 3 U.S.C. § 5 and whether the decision of that court changed the manner in which the State's electors are to be selected, in violation of the legislature's power to designate the manner for selection under Art. II, §1, cl. 2 of the United States Constitution. 531 U.S. ____ (2000).

 * On November 8, 2000, the day following the Presidential election, the Florida Division of Elections reported that Governor Bush had received 2,909,135 votes, and respondent Democrat Vice President Albert Gore, Jr., had received 2,907,351, a margin of 1,784 in Governor Bush's favor. Under Fla. Stat. §102.141(4) (2000), because the margin of victory was equal to or less than one-half of one percent of the votes cast, an automatic machine recount occurred. The recount resulted in a much smaller margin of victory for Governor Bush. Vice President Gore then exercised his statutory right to submit written requests for manual recounts to the canvassing board of any county. See §102.166. He requested recounts in four counties: Volusia, Palm Beach, Broward, and Miami-Dade.

 * The parties urged conflicting interpretations of the Florida Election Code respecting the authority of the canvassing boards, the Secretary of State (hereinafter Secretary), and the Elections Canvassing Commission. On November 14, in an action brought by Volusia County, and joined by the Palm Beach County Canvassing Board, Vice President Gore, and the Florida Democratic Party, the Florida Circuit Court ruled that the statutory 7-day deadline was mandatory, but that the Volusia board could amend its returns at a later date. The court further ruled that the Secretary, after "considering all attendant facts and circumstances," App. to Pet. for Cert. 49a, could exercise her discretion in deciding whether to include the late amended returns in the statewide certification.

 * The Secretary responded by issuing a set of criteria by which she would decide whether to allow a late filing. The Secretary ordered that, by 2 p.m. the following day, November 15, any county desiring to forward late returns submit a written statement of the facts and circumstances justifying a later filing. Four counties submitted statements and, after reviewing the submissions, the Secretary determined that none justified an extension of the filing deadline. On November 16, the Florida Democratic Party and Vice President Gore filed an emergency motion in the state court, arguing that the Secretary had acted arbitrarily and in contempt of the court's earlier ruling. The following day, the court denied the motion, ruling that the Secretary had not acted arbitrarily and had exercised her discretion in a reasonable manner consistent with the court's earlier ruling. The Democratic Party and Vice President Gore appealed to the First District Court of Appeal, which certified the matter to the Florida Supreme Court. That court accepted jurisdiction and sua sponte entered an order enjoining the Secretary and the Elections Canvassing Commission from finally certifying the results of the election and declaring a winner until further order of that court.

 * The Supreme Court, with the expedition requisite for the controversy, issued its decision on November 21. Palm Beach County Canvassing Bd. v. Harris, Nos. SC00_2346, SC00_2348, and SC00_2349 (Nov. 21, 2000), App. to Pet. for Cert. 1a. As the court saw the matter, there were two principal questions: whether a discrepancy between an original machine return and a sample manual recount resulting from the way a ballot has been marked or punched is an "error in vote tabulation" justifying a full manual recount; and how to reconcile what it spoke of as two conflicts in Florida's election laws: (a) between the time frame for conducting a manual recount under Fla. Stat. §102.166 (2000) and the time frame for submitting county returns under §§102.111 and 102.112, and (b) between §102.111, which provides that the Secretary "shall _ ignor[e]" late election returns, and §102.112, which provides that she "may _ ignor[e]" such returns.

 * With regard to the first issue, the court held that, under the plain text of the statute, a discrepancy between a sample manual recount and machine returns due to the way in which a ballot was punched or marked did constitute an "error in vote tabulation" sufficient to trigger the statutory provisions for a full manual recount.

 * With regard to the second issue, the court held that the "shall _ ignor[e]" provision of §102.111 conflicts with the "may . . . ignor[e]" provision of §102.112, and that the "may _ ignor[e]" provision controlled. The court turned to the questions whether and when the Secretary may ignore late manual recounts. The court relied in part upon the right to vote set forth in the Declaration of Rights of the Florida Constitution in concluding that late manual recounts could be rejected only under limited circumstances. The court then stated: "[B]ecause of our reluctance to rewrite the Florida Election Code, we conclude that we must invoke the equitable powers of this Court to fashion a remedy _ ." App. to Pet. for Cert. 37a. The court thus imposed a deadline of November 26, at 5 p.m., for a return of ballot counts. The 7-day deadline of §102.111, assuming it would have applied, was effectively extended by 12 days. The court further directed the Secretary to accept manual counts submitted prior to that deadline.

 * As a general rule, this Court defers to a state court's interpretation of a state statute. But in the case of a law enacted by a state legislature applicable not only to elections to state offices, but also to the selection of Presidential electors, the legislature is not acting solely under the authority given it by the people of the State, but by virtue of a direct grant of authority made under Art. II, §1, cl. 2, of the United States Constitution. That provision reads:

 * "Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress _ ."

 * Although we did not address the same question petitioner raises here, in McPherson v. Blacker,, we said:

 * "[Art. II, §1, cl. 2] does not read that the people or the citizens shall appoint, but that `each State shall'; and if the words `in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct,' had been omitted, it would seem that the legislative power of appointment could not have been successfully questioned in the absence of any provision in the state constitution in that regard. Hence the insertion of those words, while operating as a limitation upon the State in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power, cannot be held to operate as a limitation on that power itself."

 * There are expressions in the opinion of the Supreme Court of Florida that may be read to indicate that it construed the Florida Election Code without regard to the extent to which the Florida Constitution could, consistent with Art. II, §1, cl. 2, "circumscribe the legislative power." The opinion states, for example, that "[t]o the extent that the Legislature may enact laws regulating the electoral process, those laws are valid only if they impose no `unreasonable or unnecessary' restraints on the right of suffrage" guaranteed by the state constitution. App. to Pet. for Cert. 30a. The opinion also states that "[b]ecause election laws are intended to facilitate the right of suffrage, such laws must be liberally construed in favor of the citizens' right to vote _ ." Ibid.

 * In addition, 3 U.S.C. § 5 provides in pertinent part:

 * "If any State shall have provided, by laws enacted prior to the day fixed for the appointment of the electors, for its final determination of any controversy or contest concerning the appointment of all or any of the electors of such State, by judicial or other methods or procedures, and such determination shall have been made at least six days before the time fixed for the meeting of the electors, such determination made pursuant to such law so existing on said day, and made at least six days prior to said time of meeting of the electors, shall be conclusive, and shall govern in the counting of the electoral votes as provided in the Constitution, and as hereinafter regulated, so far as the ascertainment of the electors appointed by such State is concerned."

 * The parties before us agree that whatever else may be the effect of this section, it creates a "safe harbor" for a State insofar as congressional consideration of its electoral votes is concerned. If the state legislature has provided for final determination of contests or controversies by a law made prior to election day, that determination shall be conclusive if made at least six days prior to said time of meeting of the electors. The Florida Supreme Court cited 3 U.S.C. § 1_10 in a footnote of its opinion, App. to Pet. for Cert. 32a, n. 55, but did not discuss §5. Since §5 contains a principle of federal law that would assure finality of the State's determination if made pursuant to a state law in effect before the election, a legislative wish to take advantage of the "safe harbor" would counsel against any construction of the Election Code that Congress might deem to be a change in the law.

 * After reviewing the opinion of the Florida Supreme Court, we find "that there is considerable uncertainty as to the precise grounds for the decision." Minnesota v. National Tea Co., . This is sufficient reason for us to decline at this time to review the federal questions asserted to be present. See ibid.

 * "It is fundamental that state courts be left free and unfettered by us in interpreting their state constitutions. But it is equally important that ambiguous or obscure adjudications by state courts do not stand as barriers to a determination by this Court of the validity under the federal constitution of state action. Intelligent exercise of our appellate powers compels us to ask for the elimination of the obscurities and ambiguities from the opinions in such cases." Id., at 557.

 * Specifically, we are unclear as to the extent to which the Florida Supreme Court saw the Florida Constitution as circumscribing the legislature's authority under Art. II, §1, cl. 2. We are also unclear as to the consideration the Florida Supreme Court accorded to 3 U.S.C. § 5. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Florida is therefore vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

It is so ordered.