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Pirate Party Declaration of Principles/3.0

 * Abstract
 * Citizens' Rights and Personal Freedoms
 * Free Our Culture
 * Patents and Private Monopolies Harm Society
 * Conclusion


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492 On such occasions the amateur is usually allowed a companion, who is posted in the ways of the ring and is called a "padrino." The padrino directs the amateur how to carry on the fight, and, in fact, acts as his chaperon and next friend, throughout. Our acquaintance was crowded into the fight against his will; but I will let him tell it himself as he told it to us:

"I said, 'No, no, the bull has done me no insult; why should I fight with him? But they all said, 'you are a brave young man, and want to make your way in the world, and be popular with the ladies; it is better that you begin now that you have so good time, and fight the bull.' So I let them put my name on the bills. Well, I liked this matter not very much at all, but I could not get out of it, and so they kept me in. When the day comes, I went in with my padrino, and said to myself when I sees the bull, 'I will keep over on the other side and let the others do the fight.' But after a time the audience began to get excited, and to encourage me on, they commenced to throw oranges and such trifles at me pretty lively. Then my padrino comes up to me and he says:

'Look you; this will not do very well at all! If you do not fight the bull there will be a row, and it is better that you do not disgrace yourself!'

"So I told him, I will fight the bull sooner as to dodge my head all the times from the oranges and bananas which the audience throws at me. He looked at my saddle and said:

'The cinch is loose, and it is better that you get off and let me tighten it before you go into the fight.'

“So I got off and stood by the side of my horse looking at him to cinch him tighter. This time I was


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Rh stooping over, and saw not the bull, which I was thinking was on the other side of the ring. As I so stood I feel myself lifted up into the air, and when I came down the bull was on my top, tramping me, and using his horns on me, so that when they got him away I could not stand, and was confined to my bed for six weeks.

"Then they told me, when I was well again, that the judges had awarded me the highest prize, because I had expose myself so bravely to the bull, and not try for to get out of the way when he come for me.

"I said, that is all very well; I was always a brave man and care not much for the bull." Then they said:

'But the judges let that bull out alive, and decided that when you should recover and the bull should recover, you should fight it over once more again together. You are well and the bull is very well indeed.'

"I said, no, I have no desire to hurt the bull. He was receive much aggravation, and I forgive him for what he did do to me!"

"They said that such language would not do for the judges, and if I did not like to fight the bull again I was disgrace for life, and it was better I should leave the city that evening. Now there was a young lady there which I thought of very much, and I concluded it was better to fight the bull than to lose the lady.

"When we went into the ring again, I see the bull looking very mad and ugly, and I concluded I would go over on the other side and wait a little while; probably he might get better-natured or afraid to come at me. But pretty soon, the people they commenced to encourage me with fruit and such things as I don't eat, and cry out to me to go in and fight the bull at once, or


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494 come out of the ring. So I told my padrino I would fight him a little but do not feel very well.

"He said: "It is better you should throw the bandarillas into the bull's neck. I will attract the attention of the bull, and when you are ready to throw, you call out and I will jump aside."

"I said I would do so, and my padrino went up to the bull, and begun to dance around before his nose. Then I ran up to throw the bandarillas, but I was so excited that I have forgotten to call out to him to get out of the way, and, when I let them go they strike him in the back instead of the bull. Then my padrino he bellow louder as ever the bull should do, and begin to dance like a tarantula and catch at the bandarillas. At last he got hold of them and tore the barbs out of his flesh. Then he runs over to me and pulls me down, and begin to beat me over the head and the back with the flat side of his sword, and his foot and he says:

"Look here you now! It is better before we go any further, that one thing shall be understood immediate. Are you the padrino of me, or the padrino of the bull?"

"He was so very angry that I could not say an explanation, and so I told him I would- go home, for I like not the sport, and it might make us bad friends or something if we kept on. Some of the oranges and apples and things which they throwed at me as I went out were very solid, and I left the town that night. Since then I have had no quarrel with the bulls, and I like not to have any more."

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Rh from the shores of Mexico, I sought for and obtained, through the kindness of my Mexican and American friends, a permit to visit, and inspect in all its details, the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa.

Accompanied by two ladies, Mr. Brennan, and some military friends, we embarked in a Custom-House boat, and were rowed over to the famous old fortress, on a warm bright morning, when the sea was calm, and the water so clear that we could see every object in it down to the bottom. The waters of this coast fairly swarm with sharks of the most savage description, and we saw several of the grey monsters disporting themselves near the surface and keeping a weather-eye open for a chance to take somebody in, as we rowed along.

The Spaniards lavished millions on millions upon the construction of this fortress, which was intended to serve as a complete protection to Vera Cruz and the shipping which might gather here, from the attacks of the dreaded English buccaneers who were desolating the whole Spanish Main, and practicing cruelties on their luckless captives as atrocious as those which the Spaniards had inflicted upon the unfortunate natives of tropical America. Enormous rings of pure copper were built into the solid wall, along the whole western front of the castle next the city, for the ships to fasten to, under the protection of the guns of the fortress. Those rings are still there, but now amount to but so many tons of old copper, as the water has shoaled to such an extent as to render it impossible for any vessel above the grade of a yawl-boat to lie there, if there was any longer a necessity for their doing so. The steamers now anchor inside the reef, on the North of the Castle, and sail-vessels to the South of it. The


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496 American steamer Cleopatra, being of comparatively light draft, and not large and unwieldy, runs in between the castle and mole, and was then lying at anchor there.

An immense coral reef extends out to the north-west from the castle for several miles, and from this most of the material for building the fortress was taken. The size of this coral formation is astonishing. Many of the specimens are three feet in thickness—like the trunks of great trees, in fact. As we neared the castle we could see that a section of the entire wall some thirty feet long, the same in height, and twelve or fifteen feet in thickness, being undermined, had broken out, and now leans over towards the city, leaving a great gap, which no attempt has been made to fill. The boat-landing is in the interior of the castle, a crooked passage, evidently excavated in the coral for that purpose, leading up to that point. This passage was formerly flanked by substantial walls, which are now in ruins.

No description of the castle would give any clear idea of its character, without a ground plan or diagram to illustrate it. The immensely thick walls, all the way around, are backed by a range of barracks, dungeons, and offices, whose roof of solid stone, flat, thick, and paved on the top with cement, would support batteries of almost any weight. All the guns in the fortress were originally mounted en barbette, upon this roof. There is nothing like a casemate with protection for the gunners about the castle. The guns—mostly of iron, and ranging from thirty-two to sixty-four pounders, made in 1844-5—are all in bad condition, the carriages nearly valueless from decay, and many dismounted and


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Rh lying useless on the roof. Inside there are court-yards, plazas or parade-grounds of sufficient extent for a large force, and quarters for a thousand men or more.

The Spaniards, in constructing this fortress, made all provision for defending it to the last extremity against assault. The moat passed and the outer wall scaled, the assailants would find the garrison retreating into several minor castles, each with its own moat and draw-bridge, and, in those days, "a hard nut to crack," in every sense of the expression. The moat is now so filled with sand and debris as to be fordable even at high-tide, and the old draw-bridges being no longer of any use, have been replaced by bridges which are fixed in their places and answer better the purposes of communication between the different sections of the castle. I should say at a rough guess, that the whole fortification covers eight to ten acres.

Outside the old main wall, on the eastern front and northern end, there is now an earth-work of sufficient height to screen the gunners, and mounted with about twenty pretty heavy guns. This battery if put in order, might be capable of doing some serious damage to a hostile fleet; but the value set upon it by the French may be inferred from the fact that they dumped an enormous pile of coal—some thousands of tons—right into it, covering several of the guns on the north end to a depth of many feet, and the coal lies there yet, just as they left it in the haste of their departure. I suppose that I break no law of hospitality in saying what everybody who has visited the castle within the last ten years knows, that, practically, this old fortress, once one of the strongest and most formidable in the world, is to day utterly worthless for defence against a


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498 hostile fleet of any strength. So well aware are the military men and Government of Mexico of this fact, that no attempt is now made to improve it, or even keep it in repair; and it is now considered merely as a fortified prison, rather than as a real castle of defense against invaders. A vigorous bombardment of a few hours by heavy artillery would reduce it to a pile of ruins, but there is no likelihood of any necessity for even that, as the experience of Gen. Scott and other commanders, shows that the city can be taken with little trouble by an attack from the land side, and the castle is then useless to either party.

Leaving our boat at the landing, we passed into the main square or parade-ground, and from thence to the Salle des Armas, where we were received most courteously by the commandant Colonel Carbo, Captain Fortunato Mendez the second in command, and their subordinates. Even at this time—the early part of January—the heat of the sun—reflected back from the cement pavement and the white walls surrounding—was oppressive in the plaza as we passed through it; what it must be in June, July, or August, I have no wish to know from experience. It must be perfectly fearful.

The commandant was a young man of slight statue, but said to be a good officer and a man of great bravery and determination of character. From his quarters we went through the interior of the castle. The garrison consisted of two hundred men, and within the gloomy dungeons of this fearful place there were eighty prisoners, civil and military, several of whom are under sentence of imprisonment for life.

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Rh God! such a place to immure a human being in! It makes one shudder to think of it, after looking at those dark, noisome caverns; what must it be to enter there with the word "perpetua" entered on the books against one's name! Death at once, would be a mercy beside it.

The number of these low, vaulted cells, connecting one with another, is hardly less than sixty to eighty, all told, and the best of them is but a little, less horrible than the worst. The roof is low, and arched in each, the walls, roof and floor of one piece, as it were, and in most of them the only ventilation is through a small opening in the top, so slight as to admit of the entrance of but a mere glimmer of light at midday. A few have small, narrow, port-holes, or slits, through the outer walls looking seaward, but they are so cunningly contrived, being bent or curved as they pass through the thick stone-work, that the poor wretches inside can never see through them and get even a glimpse of a sail or the sea outside.

What fearful tales of hopeless misery, despair, and lingering but welcome death, could those damp, dripping walls tell if they had tongues. The damp sea-air collects in the the roofs of all of them, and falls, year after year, with a steady, unceasing drip, drip, drip, to the paved floor. This water is charged heavily with lime, and stalactites, three and four feet in length, hang from the ceiling, like slender icicles, by thousands. On the cold stone floor the dropping water forms large buttons of fine lime deposits, which give it the appearance at a casual glance, of having been laid in fancy mosaic. Remember that Vera Cruz is worse cursed with yellow fever, or vomito and malarious diseases of all kinds,


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500 than any other place on earth, that the climate is fearfully hot and damp, that the harbor outside the castle swarms with sharks which make the attempt to swim from thence to the shore certain death, in case a prisoner should by any chance escape from his cell, and you can form some idea of what must be the condition, mental and physical, of the prisoners of the castle of San Juan de Ulloa. I was not surprised when I saw by the light of the flashing torches of our guides, high up on the ceiling of one of these dens of horrors, rudely scrawled with charcoal, evidently in the darkness and through the sense of feeling alone, by some prisoner mounted on the shoulders of his companions, the familiar quotation from Dante:

The inscription is in Spanish and without date, but in an adjoining room I saw the lion of Spain drawn in the same manner on the wall, with the date beneath, 1835, and from comparison judged the first to be the oldest.

The cells or dungeons occupied by the prisoners at the present time, are the most comfortable—or rather the least noisome and horrible—of any in the fortress; but they are fearful, nevertheless. There was a report in the city that two prisoners had been shot in the castle just before our visit, but the commandant assured us that such was not the case, as no executions had taken place there for some months. I saw nothing to indicate that the prisoners were treated with any uncalled for severity or cruelty by those in command there now; and, on the contrary, I believe that all that the


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Rh arrangement of the place will admit of, is done to mitigate the horrors of their situation. I was told that at certain hours, those not guilty of attempting to break their parole, are allowed to promenade on the roof for a specified time daily, and such other indulgences as are possible are granted them.

Among the prisoners is General Castillo, who was second in command under Miramon in the expedition sent out from Queretaro by Maximilian to capture President Juarez, at Zacatecas. This expedition came very near accomplishing its object, but the fortunate intervention of a few American sharp-shooters, who held the imperialist advance force in check until Escobedo arrived and routed them, saved the President, and turned the tide of war back towards Queretaro, where Miramon arrived with but a handful of men left, out of all the splendid force with which he had started out in the full flush of hope and confidence of victory.

Castillo gave the Republic much trouble, and when, at last captured and sentenced to ten years banishment to Yucatan, as an alternative for death, foolishly and wickedly broke his parole, and returned to Mexico a month afterwards, only to be re-captured and sent to serve out his ten years in San Juan de Ulloa. He had been there a year, and was fast succumbing to the deadly unhealthiness of the place and the hopelessness of his position.

While in the City of Mexico, I was approached by parties who desired me to say a word in his behalf to members of the Government, and to carry him a message when I visited San Juan de Ulloa; but as I was situated, I felt that it would be wholly out of place for me to do so, and would have nothing to do with it. I


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502 learned after our visit, however, that one of my companions, a young, kind-hearted and sympathetic girl, had promised the General's wife, that if she had an opportunity she would give him the message of love and hope—love warm and true indeed, but hope, I fear, only delusive and empty—from her.

While we were in the castle the young lady went past his window near enough to speak to him. He was standing by the bars, and looking out, but the moment he saw us he turned away and concealed himself from our sight. I caught but a momentary glimpse of his blanched and haggard face, but that was quite enough. When I learned all the facts I was quite glad that the message was not delivered, under the circumstances, but I could not fail to honor the young girl for her sympathy and kindness of heart, however much it might have been impolitic and misdirected.

From the inner castle, we walked out upon the beach outside the eastern wall, and there in a small patch of cane-brake, saw the monument erected in memory of "the French who fell in the expedition to Mexico, in 1838-9." The monument is still perfect, but I saw several skulls and other human bones scattered all around it, and presume that the invaders have not been permitted to rest in peace, even in the silence of their lonely graves on the shore of the land they came to conquer.

The French, in the invasion which culminated in the "Empire," brought a large number of small steam launches of iron, for use in the harbor of Vera Cruz and vicinity. These are lying wrecked, with their bottoms stove in and machinery removed or ruined, and rapidly wasting away, all around the eastern side of the


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Rh castle. They have been used in some places to make a breakwater, with the reef in which the castle is built, and are all now utterly worthless save for old iron; they will soon be worthless even for that purpose. Many old Spanish guns of the finest metal, thrown into the sea years ago, are still lying in the shallow water around the castle, and might be converted into ploughshares and pruning-hooks to the benefit of the country, but probably never will be.

I have spoken more freely of the castle of San Juan de Ulloa, and what I saw there, from the fact that I visited it independent of Mr. Seward, who did not go over until some days later; but it is not a pleasant subject to me under any circumstances. I am heartily glad that I went there, and thankful for the attention and courtesy which enabled me to inspect it throughout, but I am glad that I shall not look upon it, nor on its like, again.

In every life there is a question unanswered, a doubt unsolved, a mystery unexplained, which becomes more and more a subject of irritation and annoyance as age progresses. A positive insult may be forgiven, and time cicatrizes the wound inflicted by the fang of slander, or the physical assassin's weapon. But the doubt is worse than the reality.

What old bachelor, tottering down the hill of life alone, would not feel a sense of inexpressible relief, could he but know, to a certainty, that Jane Smith, on whom he was so spooney at twenty-one, would have refused him, out and out, had he dared to ask her the momentous question? He did not ask the question, and to day is in doubt whether, after all, she might not have said yes, instead of no, and so changed the whole


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Rh The pig thus urged, persisted in traveling, mainly with the two legs on one side, which naturally caused him to move in a circle, instead of advancing in a direct line. As the circle grew neither larger, nor smaller as the day wore on, it was evident that neither man nor beast got nearer home, or nearer market. It never appeared to occur to the man that if he would change the rieta and the cornstalk from hand to hand occasionally, the pig might be induced to change his tactics also, and adopt the line of practical advance and progress, in place of the line of beauty, which leads us, practically, nowhere, after all. The chances are that hunger, or the desire for "sleep, tired nature's sweet restorer" etc., in the fullness of time induced a change of tactics on the part of one or the other; but which? Did the endurance of the man equal his attachment to "el cosas del pais" and prove too much for the pig? or did the pig's proverbial obstinacy wear out the man? or did each hold his own, and are they both destined to walk around and around on that lonely hillside as we left them, through the endless cycles of eternity? I ought to have staid and seen it out; but an aching void within me urged me on, and I did not; I wish I had let it ache!

The other doubt is sadder, and more painful still. As we went down by rail from Paso del Macho to Vera Cruz, we looked from the window of what had been Maximilian's imperial car, upon a scene by the roadside which struck me nearer to the heart, and filled my soul with sadness and doubt more utterly unfathomable.

A poor, old steed—who may have borne Santa Anna and his fortunes in his day, or better served the world by drawing a dump-cart for a grading party on the railroad track—had been turned out to die. The zapilotes


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Rh but he was game to the last, and no rule of politeness bade him to hurry up with his dying; so he took his time for it, and showed them, unmistakably, by his looks that he regarded their presence as—to some extent—ill-timed and indelicate, and partaking of the character of undue familiarity.

They were engaged in this nice little game of "freeze out," as we left the station and passed out of sight. But who won? Did the zapilotes and death beat the horse at last? or did he starve them all while they waited? or are they still waiting and watching, he living and hoping, and the game bound to go on to the end of time? Look upon this picture, and then on that, and tell me what are the sufferings of common humanity to mine!

Reader: I have told you the secret of my blighted life. You will now know why my forehead is prematurely wrinkled, my hair turned grey before my time, and a tendency to grow hump-shouldered is developing in my frame, when you meet me on Broadway or Montgomery street. A blighted being, harassed with doubts which may never be solved, I go forth from the land where Cortez fought and conquered, and Montezuma died.

Let the riddle of the Sphynx go unread, the story of the Lost Tribes untold, the problem of the squaring of the circle unsolved; they are but as vanity and vexation of spirit to me; but would you save my grey hairs from going down in sorrow to the grave, skip all the rest, and come down to the ranchero and the pig, the horse and the zapilotes,—tell me who whipped, and oh, tell me quickly!


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HOUGH we had still to touch at a distant Mexican port—that of Sisal in Yucatan,—at Vera Cruz, our long trans-continental trip through tropical Mexico, was practically over. The story of that journey is told, but its results and consequences—serious or otherwise for the Republic of Mexico and the Juarez Administration—remain to be developed in the future. So much idle speculation as to the object and purport of this visit of Mr. Seward to the Republic of Mexico, has been indulged in by the people and press of both nations, and so many efforts made to give it a false political significance and importance, that I have thought it best to put on record all the speeches and letters made and written by Mr. Seward in Mexico, that the world might see for itself, just what actually passed between him and the citizens and officials of Mexico.

To complete the work, I asked permission to copy, verbatim, the farewell letters written by Mr. Seward as we were preparing to go on board the steamer at Vera Cruz, to the President and the leading members of his Cabinet, Mrs. Juarez, and the Commissioner, Señor Bossero, who was sent out to Guadalajara by the Mexican Government, to meet the party, and provide for our comfort and enjoyment on our journey through the Republic.


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 Pirate Party Declaration of Principles 3.1  Introduction We wish to change global legislation to facilitate the emerging information society, which is characterized by diversity and openness. We do this by requiring an increased level of respect for the citizens and their right to privacy, as well as reforms to copyright and patent law.

The three core beliefs of the Pirate Party are the need for protection of citizen's rights, the will to free our culture, and the insight that patents and private monopolies are damaging to society.

Ours is a control and surveillance society where practically everyone is registered and watched. It is counterproductive to a modern judicial state to impose surveillance on all its citizens, thereby treating them as suspects. Democracy pre-supposes a strong protection for citizen's rights.

Copyright was created to benefit society in order to encourage acts of creation, development and spreading of cultural expressions. In order to achieve these goals, we need a balance between common demands of availability and distribution on the one hand, and the demands of the creator to be recognized and remunerated on the other. We claim that today's copyright system unbalanced. A society where cultural expressions and knowledge is free for all on equal terms benefits the whole of the society. We claim that widespread and systematic abuses of today's copyrights are actively counter-productive to these purposes by limiting both the creation of, and access to, cultural expressions.

Privatized monopolies are one of society's worst enemies, as they lead to price-hikes and large hidden costs for citizens. Patents are officially sanctioned monopolies on ideas. Large corporations diligently race to hold patents they can use against smaller competitors to prevent them from competing on equal terms. A monopolistic goal is not to adjust prices and terms to what the market will bear, but rather use their illgotten rights as a lever to raise prices and set lopsided terms on usage and licensing. We want to limit the opportunities to create damaging and unnecessary monopoly situations.

Trademarks are primarily useful as consumer protection devices. We feel trademarks mostly work fine today, and do not suggest any changes here.   Democracy, Citizens' Rights and Personal Freedoms The citizen's right to privacy is written in the Swedish constitution. From this fundamental right springs several other basic human rights like the rights to free speech, freedom of opinion, to obtain information as well as the right to culture and personal development. All attempts by the state to curtail these rights must be questioned and met with powerful opposition.

All powers, systems and methods that the state can use against its citizens must be under constant evaluation and scrutiny by elected officials. When the government

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WILLIAM H. SEWARD.


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 uses surveillance powers against regular citizens who are not suspected of any crime, it is a fundamentally unacceptable and clear violation of the citizen's right to privacy. Each citizen must be guaranteed the right to anonymity which is inherent to our constitution and the right of the individual to control all use of his or her personal data must be strengthened.

The government must respect the constitution not just in saying, but in practice. Respect for the citizens and their privacy shall mean that principles like prohibition of torture, integrity of lawmaking, due process of law, messenger immunity, and the postal secret are not negotiable. The Pirate Party shall and will act to expose and bring down an administration that the party considers doesn't respect human rights, as expected from a western democracy.

The postal secrets act shall be elevated to a general communications secrets act. Just as it is prohibited to read someone else's mail today, it shall be forbidden to read or access e-mail, SMS or other forms of messages, regardless of the underlying technology or who the operator may be. Any and all exceptions from this rule must be well-motivated in each and every case. Employers shall only be allowed to access an employee's messages if this is absolutely necessary to secure the technical functionality or in direct connection with the employee's work-related duties. The government shall only be allowed access to a citizen's means of communication or put a citizen under surveillance in the case of a firm suspicion of a crime being committed by said citizen. In all other cases, the government shall assume its citizens to be innocent and leave them alone. This communications secrets act must be given a strong legal protection, as the government has repeatedly shown that it is not to be entrusted with sensitive information.

We want to repeal the Data Retention Directive and strengthen the citizens' right to privacy.

The Pirate Party has no opinion on whether Sweden should or should not be a member of the European Union, but now that we are, we have a right to demand that the union is governed by democratic principles. The democratic shortage in the Union must be addressed in the long term, and the first step is to prevent it from being set in stone through a bad constitution. The proposed European Union constitution that France and the Netherlands voted against shall not be accepted, neither in its original form nor with cosmetic changes.

Decision-making and governmental administration in both Sweden and the European Union shall be characterized by transparency and openness. Swedish representatives in the EU shall act to bring the Union closer to the Swedish principle of public access to records.

Foundations of democracy shall be protected, both in Sweden and in the EU.

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510 WILLIAM H. SEWARD.

WILLIAM H. SEWARD.


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Rh WILLIAM H. SEWARD.

WILLIAM H. SEWARD.


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512 WILLIAM H. SEWARD.

At 4 on Tuesday, January 11th., 1870, we were all on board the Cleopatra, and she was steaming out of the harbor of Vera Cruz, past the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa, and the great coral reefs beyond it, into the Gulf of Mexico. At sunset, all on board subject to seasickness, were down with it; the writer among the number, of course. All next day we were out of sight of land with a rough sea. The morning of the 13th dawning clear and beautiful, revealed to us the low sandy shores of Yucatan along the southern horizon, and at noon we came to anchor off Sisal, in the open roadstead which serves for a harbor, save in case of a norther blowing, when there is no harbor at all.

The sea being rough Mr. Seward decided not to go on shore, though he was strongly tempted to do so and spend the next twenty days in visiting the ancient Spanish city of Merida, the mysterious ruins of Palenque, the logwood forests of Campeche, and other points of interest on the peninsula.


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 Free Our Culture When copyrights were originally created, they only regulated the right of a creator to be recognized as the creator. It has later been expanded to cover commercial copying of works as well as also limiting the natural rights of private citizens and non-profit organizations. We say that this shift of balance has prompted an unacceptable development for all of society. Economic and technological developments have pushed copyright laws way out of balance and instead it infers unjust advantages for a few large market players at the expense of consumers, creators and society at large. Millions of classical songs, movies and books are held hostages in the vaults of huge media corps, not wanted enough by their focus groups to re-publish but potentially too profitable to release. We want to free our cultural heritage and make them accessible to all, before time withers away the celluloid of the old movie reels.

''Immaterial laws are a way to legislate material properties for immaterial values. Ideas, knowledge and information are by nature non-exclusive and their common value lies in their inherent ability to be shared and spread.''

We say that copyrights need to be restored to their origins. Laws must be altered to regulate only commercial use and copying of protected works. To share copies, or otherwise spread or use works for non-profit uses, must never be illegal since such fair use benefits all of society.

We want to reform commercial copyrights. The basic notion of copyrights was always to find a fair balance between conflicting commercial interests. Today this balance is lost and needs to be regained.

We suggest a reduction of commercial copyright protection, i.e. the monopoly to create copies of a work for commercial purposes, to five years from the publication of the work. The rights to make derivative works shall be adjusted so that the basic rule will be freedom for all to make them immediately. Any and all exceptions from this rule, for example, translations of books, or the usage of protected musical scores in movies, shall be explicitly enumerated in the statutes.

We want to create a fair and balanced copyright.

All non-commercial gathering, use, processing and distribution of culture shall be explicitly encouraged. Technologies limiting the consumer's legal rights to copy and use information or culture, so-called DRM, should be banned. In cases where this leads to obvious disadvantages for the consumer, any product containing DRM shall display clear warnings to inform consumers of this fact.

Contractual agreements implemented to prevent such legal distribution of information shall be declared null and void. Non-commercial distribution of published culture, information or knowledge - with the clear exception of personal data - must not be limited or punished. As a logical conclusion of this, we want to abolish the blank media tax.

We want to create a cultural commons.

title: Page:Principles 3.1.pdf/3


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the pale afternoon the clouds go by Aimlessly roving in the quiet sky. His head between his hands, the dreamer weaves His dream of clouds and Autumn-colored leaves. Ah, his intimate sorrow, his long sighs. And the glad radiance that has dimmed his eyes! And all the tender glances, the blond tresses, The rose hands over-brimming with caresses, The sudden faces smiling everywhere In the gold-dusted curtains of the air!

In the pale afternoon A friendly faerie maiden comes to me And tells me tales of many a secret thing Fraught with the spell and music of the moon, And I have learned what wonder the birds sing, And what the breezes bring over the sea, All that lies hidden in the mist or gleams, A fleeting presence, in a young girl's dreams.

And once the thirst of infinite desire Possessed me like a fever, and I said, I want to feel all radiance, fragrance, fire And joy of life within me, to inspire My soul forever!" And the faerie maid

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514 : so that the peninsular can hardly be called a first class, quiet place to live in. Nevertheless, the roads are good, the country is improving, and the State has more to show in the way of exports—the product of her soil—than any other in the Republic.

The annual receipts of the Custom-House at Sisal, amount to four hundred thousand dollars, and the export of hemp—the best article of the kind now produced in the world—amounted in 1869 to eighteen thousand bales of four hundred pounds each. This hemp is mainly raised around Merida, and the industry—which is a new one—is fast extending, and bringing prosperity and happiness to the State. Sisal has a population of all colors, ages, sexes and conditions, of one thousand, all told. A great swamp and laguna extends miles up into the interior, in the rear of the town, and the place is not specially noted for its salubrity.

Mr. Brennan and my old San Francisco friend, Lever,—who was a captain in the Volunteers during our civil war, and afterwards a member of the famous "American Legion of Honor," and a Lieutenant Colonel in the Mexican Army,—now U. S. Mail Agent on the Cleopatra, went out on the laguna shooting ducks, ibises, flamingoes and—Heaven knows what not,—and had a glorious time, returning well laden with spoils,—all of which were spoiled by the heat of the weather, next morning.

Groves of tall, graceful cocoa-palms, and rank luxuriant cane-brakes, give a peculiar tropical charm to the place as seen from the harbor. We saw but one carriage in the place. It was a private coach, with wheels and bed as heavy as that of one of our great lumber wagons, and had a little inclosed cab-like structure, for


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Rh two persons, perched high up on leathern springs in the centre. It was drawn by three little mules harnessed all abreast, one in the shafts, and one on each side; it will be long ere I shall look upon its like again.

That night we all went to the Sisal theatre. It is a funny affair. The stage was under a palm leaf-thatched shed, open on one side, and the scenery was permanently fixed, admitting of no changing. The audience sat in a large open yard, with the starry Heavens above them for a roof, and a grove of cocoa palm trees in full verdure for a back ground. It is doubtless the tallest theatre in the world at this time, the best ventilated, and the safest in case of a fire or an earthquake.

What the play was I could not find out. The company was composed of amateurs, and the performance for the benefit of some charity which I hope deserved it. The theatre was filled to repletion, the mosquitoes occupying all the space not required by the audience of some five hundred people. The principal actor was the Prefecto Politico of the town, a fine, fleshy, old gentleman, who, despite the loss of one eye, played his part right well. I made his acquaintance, and found him a true gentleman, and very pleasant company indeed. Admission dos rials, and un rial extra for a chair—total, thirty-seven and one half cents. The scene was novel and interesting, and I shall not soon forget that evening's entertainment at the theatre, by the side of the restless, moaning sea, on the wild, lone shore of Yucatan.

That evening a party of officials and leading citizens left Merida, on receipt of the telegram announcing Mr. Seward's arrival, and come down to the coast before midnight, having galloped their horses all the way.


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516 At ten Friday, January 14th., I returned on board the Cleopatra, with the Collector of the Port of Sisal, the Captain of the Port, the 2nd Captain of the Port, the Prefecto Politico and other local officers, the American Consul at Merida, Señor Perucho, the Secretary of the Governor of Yucatan, Señor Rivos, an old and highly intelligent merchant of Merida, and others and the last official presentation and reception of Mr. Seward in Mexico took place.

After an hours conversation on political subjects, the Secretary handed Mr. Seward a letter of which the following is a translation:

The Governor of the State of Yucatan,

''To the illustrious American, William H, Seward. ''

M. CIREROL.

The party then took leave of Mr. Seward in the most affectionate manner, and his visit to Mexico was ended.


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  Patents and Private Monopolies Harm Society Patents have many damaging effects. Pharmaceutical patents are responsible for human deaths in diseases they could have afforded medication for, research priorities are skewed, and unnecessarily high, and rising, cost of medicines in richer parts of the world.

Patents on life and genes, like patented crops, lead to unreasonable and harmful consequences. Software patents retard technological development and constitute a serious threat against Swedish as well as European small- and medium-sized businesses in the IT sector.

Patents are said to encourage innovation by protecting inventors and investors in new inventions and manufacturing methods. In reality, patents are increasingly used by large corporations to hinder smaller companies from competing on equal terms. Instead of encouraging innovation, patents are being used as "mine fields" when waging war against others, often patents the owner has no plans on developing further themselves.

We believe patents have become obsolete and that they actively stifle innovation and the creation of new knowledge. Besides, just by looking at all business areas that is not patentable it is clear that patents simply are not needed - the market forces derived from being first-to-market is quite sufficient for fostering innovation. Inventors should compete fairly with natural advantages like innovative designs, customer benefits, pricing and quality, instead of with a state-awarded monopoly on knowledge. Not having to pay small armies of patent lawyers will free resources that can be used for creating real innovation and improve products at a faster rate, benefiting us all in the end.

We want to abolish patents gradually.

Apart from abusing patents, large corporations attempt to create monopolies by other means. By keeping information on things like file formats and interfaces secret, they try to create vendor lock-in, thereby limiting competition with a blatant disregard for the value of a free and fair market. This practice leads directly to higher prices and a lower rate of innovation. Whenever the publicly funded sector procures information systems or produces information itself, it must actively counteract the formation or continuation of these private monopolies on information, knowledge, ideas, or concepts. Initiatives like Open Access, with the purpose of making results of research freely available, shall be encouraged and supported.

Private monopolies shall be combated.

The public sector shall archive documents and make them publicly available in open formats. It shall be possible to communicate with the government without being tied to a certain private supplier of software. The use of open source in the public sector, including schools, shall be stimulated.

Open formats and open source shall be encouraged.

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Rh That evening our steamer sailed away for Havana, and as the sun went down in the west I sat on the deck smoking my last cigarrito, wrapped in smoke and thought, and saw the palm-fringed shore of Mexico slowly sink down in the horizon and fade away from sight. From sight, but not from memory! Beautiful, unfortunate Mexico; in all my after years, what visions of thee and thine will haunt me day and night!

Again shall I see the gay flotilla moving up the Laguna de Cayutlan, the wooded hills and tropical valley of La Calera; Colima—the beloved of the sun—with her gardens, ruins, and palm groves, and her great smoking volcano for a back ground, will be before me. Again shall I see the gallant cavalcade and the flashing arms of the Guard of Jalisco, filing through the great Barranca de Beltran, or moving by torchlight over the hills of San Marcos. I shall see the full, round moon rise over beautiful Guadalajara, and hear the soft love song and notes of the light guitar, or watch the beauties of Mexico's cities floating through the voluptuous mazes of the danza. Again I shall see the blaze, and listen to the roar of the fire-balls, as they come crashing down into the dark depths of the earth, in the mines of Guanajuato. Again shall I tread your bloodstained battle fields, on which the problem of free government in America was decided; again stand by the little mound of stones and the three black crosses which mark an epoch in the world's history, amid the waving corn-fields at the foot of the lone Cerro de Las Campanas. Again, and yet again, shall I tread the deserted halls of Chapultepec, and look down on the fair valley and city of Mexico, and up to mighty Popocatapetl crowned with eternal snow. Again shall I stand where


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518 Cortez fought and Guatamozin lost and died. Still shall I see brown Dolores at the casement standing, and Juanita with the flashing eyes, ride past in her stately carriage on the paseo. I shall listen to the wild music of the trumpet and the kettle-drum in Colima, and the wilder notes of the Aztec band at the foot of the pyramid of Cholula, or stand in breathless silence absorbed in the fiery eloquence which pours like a flood from the lips of Ignacio Altamarino in the Palace of Mexico.

Again shall I descend the defiles of the Cumbres and dash at full speed through the Pass of Chiquihuite, and walk through the damp and dismal dungeons of the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa. Your flower-embowered and blood-stained shores have faded from my sight, but all these things, and a thousand other memories—bright and beautiful in the main, though occasionally tinged with sorrow and with sadness—are mine, and only death can rob me of them.

Land of history, romance, flowers, poetry, and song; land of dark and fearful deeds, violence, wrong and a terrible past; land with a present mixed and clouded, in which

to atone for the sins of those who came before them; land with a bright and glorious future, in which all your people,—educated and disenthralled of prejudice and bigotry—shall in truth be "sovereign, free and independent," and white-winged peace and prosperity shall walk hand in hand through all your borders, God bless thee! Adios!


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  Closing words We wish to guard citizen's rights, their right to privacy and basic human rights. When the government routinely put its citizens under surveillance, it invariably leads to abuse of powers, lack of freedoms and injustices. We demand a correction of these injustices. We demand justice, freedom and democracy for the citizens.

Today's copyright and patent laws lead to harmful monopolies, the loss of important democratic values, hinders the creation of culture and knowledge, and prevents them from reaching the citizens. We demand the abolishment of patents and fair and balanced laws of copyrights, rooted in the will of the people, to enrich people's lives, enable a healthy business climate, create a knowledge and cultural commons, and thereby benefiting the development of society as a whole.

Our work with this is now focused on parliamentary means and therefore we seek a mandate from the people to represent them in these issues.

The Pirate Party does not strive to be part of an administration. Our goal is to use a tie breaker position in parliament as leverage, and support an administration that drives the issues in our platform in a satisfactory manner. When they do, we will support that administration on other issues where we choose to not hold opinions of our own.

To unite as a strong movement, we have chosen to not take a stand in any political issues not connected with the principles declared herein.

We stand united around our protection of the right to privacy, our will to reform copyrights, and the need to abolish patents.

title: Page:Principles 3.1.pdf/5


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 Called me to follow her, and when she spoke It was as if a harp to the soft stroke Of loving hands had wakened suddenly: She syllabled hope's language, calling me.

Oh, thirst for the ideal! From the height Of a great mountain forested with night She showed me all the stars and told their names; It was a golden garden wherein grows The fleur-de-lys of heaven, leaved with flames. And I cried, "More!" and then the dawn arose.

The dawn came blushing; on her forehead beamed Delicate splendor, and to me it seemed A girl that, opening her casement, sees Her lover watching her, and with surprise Reddens but cannot hide her from his eyes.

And I cried, "More!" The faerie maiden smiled And called the flowers, and the flowers were Lovely and fresh and moist with essences,— The virgin rose that in the woods grows wild, The gentle lily tall and shy and fair, The daisy glad and timid as a child, Poppies and marigolds, and all the rare Blossoms that freight with dreams the evening air.

But I cried, "More!" And then the winds brushed by Bearing the laughter of the world, the cry Of all glad lovers in the woods of Spring, And echoes, and all pleasant murmuring 9]

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 Of rustling leaf or southward-flying bird, Unworded songs and musics never heard. The faerie maiden, smiling, led me where The sky is stretched over the world, above Our heights and depths of hoping and despair, Beyond the reach of singing and of love. And then she tore the veil. And I saw there That all was dawn. And in the deeps there beamed A woman's Face radiant exceedingly.— Ah, never, Muses, never could ye say The holy joyance that enkindled me!— "More? . . ." said the faerie in her laughing way; But I saw the Face only. And I dreamed. 11]

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text:
Pirate Party Declaration of Principles/3.1

 * Introduction
 * Democracy, Citizens' Rights and Personal Freedoms
 * Free Our Culture
 * Patents and Private Monopolies Harm Society
 * Closing words


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 In the Autumn of the same year Mr. Goschen and M. Joubert went out to Egypt as representatives of the bond-holders, whose interests were thought to be unduly trenched upon by the Decrees of May. Their proposals were embodied in a Decree, issued on 18th November, 1876, which again separated the debts of the Daïra from those of the Government, revived the Moukabalah, provided for the issue of Preference bonds, and, in particular, instituted the 'Dual Control.'

Under this Decree Mr. Romaine was appointed Controller-general of Revenue, and the Baron de Malaret Controller-general of Public Debt and Audit. The English government disclaimed responsibility for these appointments. Early in 1878 the state of Egyptian finance was again critical, and the government evaded the execution of Decrees granted against it by the International Courts. On 30th March appeared a Decree appointing a Commission of Enquiry, consisting of the four commissioners of the Caisse, with M. de Lesseps as President, and Major Baring and Riaz Pasha as Vice-Presidents. Their report, dated 19th August, was accepted on the 28th by the Khedive, who accordingly, with the approval of the British government, appointed Nubar Pasha prime minister, with Mr. Wilson as Minister of Finance, and M. de Blignières as Minister of Public Works. A decree of 15th December, suspended the Dual Control, and one of 17th December defined the powers of the ministers. On 7th April, 1879, the Khedive, who had long been chafing against the foreign ministers, accepted a 'nationalist' cabinet under Cherif Pasha, and a report having been made by the Commission of Enquiry on the following day showing the country to be bankrupt, prepared a counter-plan which was published in a Decree of 22nd April. The Caisse and the Consuls alike protested against this Decree, as being in violation of international obligations


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Why I Rejected Ten Thousand Manuscripts

The editor worthy of the name realizes that he has a triple responsibility. In selecting manuscripts, he must please the public first of all. But he must also please the owners of his magazine and he must please himself. He cannot make a success of his job unless all three demands are satisfied in every issue. The first responsibility is obvious. The magazine public reads to be entertained. The editor is under an unwritten contract not to bore his following. If he does, he will lose its support as surely as would the manager of a vaudeville theater who insisted on showing wearisome, dull acts. Of course, there are publics and publics. The readers of the Atlantic Monthly undoubtedly chuckle over essays that would cause the readers of the Smart Set to groan with ennui, and vice versa. Each magazine must provide the kind of entertainment wanted.

It is regrettable in a good many cases that the editor must please his publisher. The latter is apt to be a businessman with poor judgment where writing is concerned. He wants commercial results from a commodity that cannot be appraised in the terms of, say, Bessemer steel. He hires an expert to get them for him, yet does not hesitate to criticize and offer inept suggestions. So be it. After all, the publisher pays salaries and signs the checks to authors.

But, whomever else he may please, the editor must please himself. A successful magazine always has a personality, an intangible something that sets it apart from its rivals and induces buyers to select it from among hosts of others, probably equally good. This personality is shaped by the editor, who can only go by what he likes and does not like. He cannot afford to publish stories which he regards as trashy, even though other magazines may be printing fiction of the same order. He cannot, at the risk of producing a meaningless hodgepodge, give a hearing to every type of popular story. He cannot, and must not, surrender his individual critical faculty. So it is really his own personality that he puts into his magazine. If it proves to be attractive to the public, well and good. If it does not, he will soon be looking for another job.

The above explains, broadly, why I rejected ten thousand manuscripts in the two and a half years that I was editor of Ainslee's Magazine. I rejected them because I did not like them, or because I thought my readers would not like them, or because I knew that the owners of Ainslee's would disapprove. Inevitably, I turned down some that appealed to me, in deference to the tastes of the other judges concerned. But every manuscript that I bought and printed, I liked, though I by no means always regarded it as literature.

Far from exhausting the subject, however, this merely clears the way for details that should be instructive to writers.

Ainslee's, under my editorship, was primarily a fiction magazine. Each number contained a complete novelette, running to about 35,000 words, an installment of a serial and from seven to nine short stories. A series of articles about the great enchantresses of history, by Anice Terhune, had been running for many years, and I retained the feature. There were dramatic and book departments. I published an unusually large amount of verses, sometimes as many as twelve or thirteen poems in a single issue.

Manuscripts poured in on me through the mails and from the offices of literary agents. A few were sent because I had asked the authors to let me see examples of their work. The unsolicited manuscripts fell into two natural groups, the amateur and the professional. The former comprised 90 percent of the total, the latter 10 percent.

The large army of untrained and, for the most part, talentless persons in the United States who seem to be determined to become writers is a constant source of astonishment to the editor. The aspirants are well educated and generally earn their livings in semi-literary callings, such as the church, teaching, library work, etc. But they have nothing original to say, and their technique consists of a stilted imitation of classical models. I do not deny that a very few may have it in them to learn and to emerge as craftsmen. But the manuscripts which they have the poor judgment to circulate before they have acquired even rudimentary facility, have no chance of being accepted. Such offerings are weeded out by the editor's reader and returned as a matter of course, though I may say that in well-conducted offices, they are given the benefit of every doubt and are conscientiously examined.

The 10 percent of workmanlike stories and articles by professionals constitutes the raw material which the editor tests and weighs, from which he selects and builds his magazine. I estimate that I hopefully examined for Ainslee's one thousand prose manuscripts. The number was not enormous, and the fact that I bought one for every three I rejected indicates that competition among writers is not quite so keen as it is supposed to be.

I had a system, by means of which it was pretty certain that I would not miss important manuscripts. In the morning the mail was placed on my desk, and my first task was to run through it. All stories by former contributors, by writers known to me by reputation or accompanied by letters addressed to me instead of to the magazine, as well as stories which for any reason seemed promising, I marked with a special sign in blue pencil. This meant that, after having been entered on the books, they were to come back to me. The others, the nondescript majority, went to my reader, who had instructions to let me see every effort which showed the least glimmer of promise.

The manuscripts I had marked were read first by me, later by the reader, only in cases where I felt that I needed to reinforce my own judgment. This system is not used in all offices, but I regard it as a good one. It eliminates a favorite complaint of writers—that the editor allows his reader too great a veto power. It proved sound as far as I was concerned, because I found practically all the available stories myself. Of the hundreds passed up to me by the reader, I accepted less than five.

Getting down to the final test of why I rejected three out of four of the manuscripts which were seriously considered, I list a number of reasons which applied in one case or another:

 * 1) Although readable, they were not precisely in the vein characteristic of the magazine. My objective for Ainslee's was to please women and the type of man who is sympathetic to the modern woman. I was seeking to entertain rather than to instruct. Many a story that might have been snapped up by the Ladies' Home Journal was rejected by me.
 * 2) They resembled in theme, plot or situation some story that I had printed recently, or was about to print. This does not imply plagiarism. More than one writer may be moved to write about a woman going on the stage to escape the ennui of married life, but a magazine that has published a story of this variety is not likely to want another for a year or so.
 * 3) They were too long or too short for the theme handled, too wordy or too nakedly condensed. Both extremes are bad. The former offense, however, is by far the more common. Countless stories are spoiled by being spun out to 10,000 words when they should have been kept down to 5,000.
 * 4) They were weak in one or more of the three essentials: characterization, plot, atmosphere. From my point of view, the most important factor in a story is characterization. If its people are real people, the things they do are pretty sure to be interesting. Next comes plot—the adroit staging of situations leading up to a denouement. Third, the color and atmosphere of place—the mise-en-scène.
 * 5) They expounded some theory, in which the author doubtless took great stock, but which would be likely to bore the majority of readers. Propaganda has no place in magazine fiction. Religion and partisan politics are the most dangerous topics, but all "isms" are bad. If you must have a socialist in your story, let him keep his place as an actor in the human comedy. Do not permit him to occupy the limelight for the purpose of delivering lectures on socialism.
 * 6) They were sloppily written. I am aware that some editors care only for the narrative quality in a story. My own tastes and those, I am sure, of my public demanded that the English language be not manhandled. I did not insist on every magazine writer being a stylist, but I required something more than grammatical accuracy. I wanted the public to exclaim: "What well-written stories!" in addition to: "What rattling good yarns!"

The best tip I can give to authors is, that they read carefully the magazines for which they propose to write. I do not mean that they should slavishly adapt themselves to the whims of editors. They will not get very far if they do. Fiction, to be effective, must be a form of self-expression, untrammeled by the fear that some critic would prefer to have it differently presented. But if the author is familiar with the idiosyncracies of a number of magazines, he will be able to avoid many a disappointment by sending his story first to the office where it is mostly likely to be welcomed.

A study of Ainslee's through the latter half of 1918, 1919 and 1920, the period of my editorship, would have revealed that the work of several writers was especially favored. The aspirant would have learned a good deal about the needs of Ainslee's by familiarizing himself with the serials, novelettes and short stories signed by these stars.

Since I used so little nonfiction material, comparatively few articles were submitted. Amateur writers would sometimes send me accounts of personal experiences, with the comment that they were "as romantic," or "just as thrilling," as fiction. This showed a thorough misconception of the art of entertaining by means of narrative. Happenings in real life can be utilized by the clever teller of tales. He rearranges them and provides a climax wherever one is needed. But in their original sequence they never form a story. They are merely chronicles, devoid of plot. Were this not so, the morning newspaper, with its varied record of strange events, would be as fascinating as a magazine.

Of course, I rejected practically all the articles sent in. But really good work imposes itself, in spite of office rules against the form in which it is cast. I found myself unable to refuse a certain essay on perfumes, another on an old house, two on the frills and fancies of love. They were short, and certainly pleased many more readers than they disappointed.

In my estimate of ten thousand manuscripts rejected in two and a half years, I do not include poems. Heaven knows how many poems I turned down. Probably five thousand. The magazine had always been hospitable to verse. Consequently, a great deal of it came in. I was especially interested in maintaining a high standard in this field. Poetry is regarded in too many offices as being merely "filler" material. I did not see why it should not be featured. To get what I wanted, however, I had to invite the best poets to become contributors. The daily crop of unsolicited verse was, nearly all of it, incredibly bad.

The average rhymester seems to have a passion for topical subjects! This is very well if one is contributing to newspapers, which can publish within a few days of the event celebrated. A monthly magazine goes to press a good many weeks before it appears on the newsstands. In 1918, every mail brought me stanzas dealing with the activities of the A.E.F. in France. In 1919, the favorite theme was the westward bound transports. After I had read for the thousandth time that the boys were "coming home," followed by a line that invariably ended with the words "across the foam," the mere sight of a soldier poem drove me to distraction.

To summarize, I rejected ten thousand prose manuscripts and half as many poems, because:

First: The great majority were not good enough to be published in any magazine.

Second: Of the remainder, some were not in line with the magazine's policy; some, though another editor might have bought them, did not appeal to me.

title: Why I Rejected Ten Thousand Manuscripts


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 imposed by the judicial reforms, and the Sultan was induced to telegraph, on 26th June, an Iradé deposing Ismail, and appointing his son Tewfik to be Khedive in his place.

The Firman granted to Tewfik allowed to him so much less liberty of action than was enjoyed by his father that, on the remonstrance of the representatives of the Powers at Constantinople, it was superseded by another, dated 2nd August, which was read at the citadel of Cairo on the 14th of that month. Even under the revised Firman the Khedive is prohibited from contracting loans without the consent of existing creditors, and from maintaining more than 18,000 troops.

The foreign ministers were not reinstated under the new Khedive, but the Dual Control was revived; Major Baring and M. de Blignières succeeding by a Decree of 4th September to the positions formerly occupied by Mr. Romaine and M. de Malaret; and the powers of the Controllers were newly defined by a Decree of 15th November. The English and French Controllers were to have equal authority, to have the right of being present at Councils of Ministers, and, though nominally Egyptian officials, were not to be removed without the consent of their respective Governments. The Controllers were instructed by Lord Salisbury and M. Waddington to make the Khedive understand that the establishment in Egypt of political influence on the part of any other Power, in competition with that of England and France, would not be tolerated.

On 19th December a Decree was issued, with the assent of all the Powers, as to the advances of the Rothschilds.

On 31st March, 1880, a Declaration was signed by the Consuls-General of the five powers, promising to accept the decision (and get it accepted by the other powers) of a proposed 'Commission of Liquidation,' and also to consent that


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 the decision of the Commission should be binding upon the mixed Courts. The Commission, consisting of two Englishmen, two Frenchmen, one German, one Austrian, and one Italian, was appointed by a Decree of the same date, and presented its report on 17th April.

A 'Law of Liquidation' in accordance with this report was sanctioned by a Decree of 17th July, 1880, and all the powers interested in the mixed Courts had assented to it before the end of August. By this law, which reduces the interest on the unified debt to 4 per cent., and abolishes the Moukabalah, an International authority is for the first time given to the Caisse.

During the year 1881 the so-called Nationalist party made considerable progress, and the 'Chamber of Delegates,' which had nominally existed since 1866, was opened on 25th December.

In January, 1882, the Chamber claimed, as against the Dual Control, to regulate the Budget. A new ministry came in under Mahmoud Samy, with Arabi as Minister for War. On 8th February the Controllers-general presented a joint note to the Government, and on 12th March M. de Blignières resigned his Controllership. Then came the military plots and counterplots, the massacres of Alexandria, and the suppression of Arabi and his party by Great Britain single-handed; France, under the Freycinet ministry, declining to take part in the work, and Turkey hesitating to accept the British invitation to do so till it was too late. The Conference of Ambassadors, held at Constantinople from June to August, with reference principally to the intervention of Turkey in the campaign, and to the temporary measures which might become necessary for the protection of the Suez Canal, threw but


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Page:Minutes of War Cabinet Meeting 1.djvu/7

 East, the situation in Macedonia is serious and sea communications between England and the East are difficult and precarious. The Chief of the Imperial General Staff is, for the above reasons, very strongly against embarking on another campaign, notwithstanding the political arguments to the contrary.

The political view, which was laid before the War Cabinet by Lord Curzon and Mr. Chamberlain, is that we cannot allow the Sherif to be overwhelmed; one small State after another that has, willingly or unwillingly, espoused the cause of the Allies has been shattered; it is particularly important not to allow the downfall of the Sherif, as the effect on our prestige throughout the East would be disastrous; if the cause of the Sherif is allowed to collapse, the probable result will be still larger demands on our military forces for dealing with the difficult situation which may be precipitated in various parts of the East.

One objection to the landing of troops in the Hedjaz is the religious difficulty that non-Moslems are not permitted in that country. Reports have been received to the effect that the native troops would dissolve if they found themselves supported by European forces, and therefore that the despatch of the force would defeat its own object. On the other hand, other reports state that in the last resort they would welcome assistance, and the Sherif himself has asked for it. The Indian Govenment are averse from sending Christian troops to the Hedjaz under any circumstances, but Mr. Chamberlain informed the War Cabinet that at the present time his Military and Political Advisers at the India Office have come to the conclusion that this is a less evil than the collapse of the Sherif.

The question is complicated by the fact that the French had offered to send infantry, but have not yet communicated what troops they proposed to send, or the date at which they could arrive.

The War Cabinet had before them a number of telegrams containing the views of the Sirdar, who holds that neither British nor French brigades should be sent to Rabegh except in the last resort, but that preparations fo landing troops in case of emergency should be made, and a brigade be sent if necessary to prevent the capture of Mecca by the Turks. Lord Curzon and Mr. Chamberlain agreed with him, provided that there was still time to prepare a proper defensive position before the Turks could arrive.

The news contained in the latest telegrams is to the effect that a movement of the Turkish troops from Medina towards the coast has been made, but it is impossible as yet to judge whether they intend to attack Yenbo or Rabegh.

 * The War Cabinet decided on the following action:-

(a.) The Foreign Office should ask the French Government whether they have decided to send a brigade, and, if so, what troops they proposed to send, and when they will be ready.

(b.) The Chief of the Imperial General Staff should direct the General Officer Commanding the Egyptian Expeditionary Force to prepare a brigade for the use of the Sirdar if ordered.

(c.) The Foreign Office should direct the Sirdar to take any action possible with a view to the preparation of a military position at Rabegh, in readiness for occupation by the Allied forces on their arrival. [1365—1]


text: Pirate Party Declaration of Principles/3.1/Free Our Culture


text: Pirate Party Declaration of Principles/3.1/Patents


text: Pirate Party Declaration of Principles/3.1/Conclusion


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Pirate Party Declaration of Principles/3.1/Citizens' Rights

 Piratpartiets principprogram/3.2/Demokrati


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Pirate Party Declaration of Principles/3.1/Introduction

 Piratpartiets principprogram/3.2/Inledning


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Page:Stories by Foreign Authors (Italian).djvu/177

 STORIES BY FOREIGN AUTHORS


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 {|align=center width=400
 * colspan=2|FRENCH. II.(Ready in April)
 * width=50%|The Substitute
 * width=50%|By François Coppee
 * The Attack on the Mill
 * By Emile Zola
 * The Virgin's God-Child
 * By Emile Souvestre
 * The Sempstress' Story
 * By Gustave Droz
 * The Venus of Ille
 * By Prosper Mérimée
 *
 *
 * }
 * The Venus of Ille
 * By Prosper Mérimée
 *
 *
 * }
 * }


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 {|align=center width=400
 * colspan=2|SPANISH.(Ready in June)
 * width=50%|The Tall Woman
 * width=50%|By Pédro Antonio de Alarcon
 * The White Butterfly
 * By José Selgas
 * The Organist
 * By Gustavo Adolfo Becquer
 * Moors and Christians
 * By Pédro Antonio de Alarcon
 * Bread Cast Upon the Waters
 * By Fernan Caballero
 *
 *
 * }
 * Bread Cast Upon the Waters
 * By Fernan Caballero
 *
 *
 * }
 * }


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 {|align=center width=400
 * colspan=2|POLISH—GREEK—BELGIAN HUNGARIAN (Ready in August)
 * width=50%|The Light-House Keeper of Aspinwall
 * width=50%|By Henryk Sienkiewicz
 * The Plain Sister
 * By Demetrios Bikélas
 * The Massacre of the Innocents
 * By Maurice Maeterlinck
 * Saint Nicholas Eve
 * By Camille Lemonnier
 * In Love with the Czarina
 * By Maurice Jokai
 * }
 * By Camille Lemonnier
 * In Love with the Czarina
 * By Maurice Jokai
 * }
 * }

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

153-157 Fifth Ave., New York


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Götz, Hermann

GÖTZ, gẽts, (1840-76). A gifted German composer, born in Königsberg, Prussia. He did not begin his musical studies until his eighteenth year, and from 1860 to 1863 was a pupil at the Stern Conservatory. Berlin, where his teachers were Stern, Von Bülow, and Ulrich. Upon leaving the conservatory, he became organist of a church at Winterthur, Switzerland. Götz's place among composers is permanently established by his one opera, Die Zähmung der Widerspenstigen, first performed at Mannheim on October 11, 1874. In addition to some orchestral compositions, he left an unfinished opera, completed by his friend Ernst Frank, called Francesca von Rimini. Ill health, brought on by overwork, caused him to retire in 1870 to Hottingen, near Zurich, and he died there, December 3, 1876.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Götzen, Friedrich, Count

GÖTZEN, gẽts'en,, Count (1767-1820). A Prussian general, born at Potsdam. He entered the army in 1783, and was appointed major on the general staff in 1801. He had the fullest confidence of King Frederick William III., who appointed him his chief adjutant in 1804, and at whose request he was sent to organize the defense of Silesia. As Governor-General of that province, he displayed extraordinary patriotism during the critical period of the Napoleonic invasion, and was chiefly instrumental, by his skill and persistent energy, in saving that province to the Prussian Crown.


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Italian)/A Great Day


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Italian)/Pereat Rochus


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Italian)/San Pantaleone


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Italian)/It Snows


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Italian)/College Friends


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Italian)

title: Stories by Foreign Authors (Italian)


text: Stories by Foreign Authors

title: Stories by Foreign Authors


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French III)/The Hidden Masterpiece


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French III)/The Sorrow of an Old Convict


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French III)/The Mummy's Foot


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French III)/Father and Son


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The New International Encyclopædia/Götzen, Gustav Adolf, Count von

GÖTZEN,, Count von (1866—). A German traveler, born at the Castle of Scharfeneck, Silesia. He undertook a journey to the Kilimanjaro, which was highly successful, and on his second tour traversed the entire continent of Africa from Pangani, German East Africa, to the mouth of the Congo. The journey, undertaken in association with Drs. von Prittwitz and Kersting, was begun December 21, 1893, and was terminated, after almost incredible difficulties and hardships, November 29, 1894. The interesting discoveries made by Götzen on this tour are described by him in the volume entitled Durch Afrika von Ost nach West (1895). In 1896 he was sent to Washington as military and naval attaché, in 1900 was appointed Governor of German East Africa, and in 1901 major and commander of the defensive forces there stationed.


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French III)/Laurette or the Red Seal


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French III)

title: Stories by Foreign Authors (French III)


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish)/The Tall Woman


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish)/The White Butterfly


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish)/The Organist


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish)/Moors and Christians


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish)/Bread Cast Upon the Waters


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish)

title: Stories by Foreign Authors (Spanish)


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Scandinavian)/The Father


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Scandinavian)/When Father Brought Home the Lamp


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Scandinavian)/The Flying Mail


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Scandinavian)/The Railroad and the Churchyard


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Scandinavian)/Two Friends


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Scandinavian)/Hopes


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The New International Encyclopædia/Götzenberger, Jakob

GÖTZENBERGER, gẽts'en-bĕrg-ẽr, (1800-66). A German historical painter, born in Heidelberg, pupil of Cornelius, first at Düsseldorf, then in Munich. With Förster and Hermann he painted (1832), in the Aula of the University at Bonn, the frescoes representing the Faculties, for which he had made studies in Rome and Naples in 1828. A cycle in fresco in the chapel at Nierstein, Hesse, made his reputation. He was appointed Court painter and inspector of the gallery at Mannheim, visited Paris and London with Cornelius, and in 1844 decorated the Trinkhalle at Baden-Baden with illustrations of the legends of the Black Forest. In 1847 he went to England, where he painted many portraits and some frescoes, of which those in Bridgewater House for Lord Ellesmere, and four great compositions after an old English ballad, in Northumberland Palace, are the most noteworthy.


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (Scandinavian)


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Page:The Bible Against Slavery (Weld, 1838).djvu/23

21 late trial of Robinson were bought, yet we have no floating visions of "chattels personal," man auctions, or coffles.

The transaction between Joseph and the Egyptians gives a clue to the use of "buy" and "bought with money." Gen, xlvii. 18—26. The Egyptians proposed to Joseph to become servants. When the bargain was closed, Joseph said, "Behold I have bought you this day," and yet it is plain that neither party regarded the persons bought as articles of property, but merely as bound to labor on certain conditions, to pay for their support during the famine. The idea attached by both parties to "buy us," and "behold I have bought you," was merely that of service voluntarily offered, and secured by contract, in return for value received, and not at all that the Egyptians were bereft of their personal ownership, and made articles of property. And this buying of services (in this case it was but one-fifth part) is called in Scripture usage, buying the persons. This case claims special notice, as it is the only one where the whole transaction of buying servants is detailed—the preliminaries, the process, the mutual acquiescence, and the permanent relation resulting therefrom. In all other instances, the mere fact is slated without particulars. In this case, the whole process is laid open. (1.) The persons "bought," sold themselves, and of their own accord. (2.) Obtaining permanently the services of persons, or even a portion of them, is called "buying" those persons. The objector, at the outset, takes it for granted, that servants were bought of third persons; and thence infers that they were articles of property. Both the alleged fact and the inference are sheer assumptions. No instance is recorded, under the Mosaic system, in which a master sold his servant. That servants who were "bought" sold themselves, is a fair inference from various passages of Scripture.

In Leviticus xxv. 47, the case of the Israelite, who became the servant of the stranger, the words are, "If he unto the stranger." The same word, and the same form of the word, which, in verse 47, is rendered sell himself, is in verse 39 of the same chapter, rendered be sold; in Deut. xxviii. 68, the same word is rendered "be sold." "And there ye shall be unto your enemies for bond-men and bond-women and ." How could they "be sold" without being bought? Our translation makes it nonsense. The word Makar rendered "be sold" is used here in the Hithpael conjugation, which is generally reflexive in its force, and, like the middle voice in Greek, represents what an


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (German II)/Christian Gellert's Last Christmas


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (German II)

title: Stories by Foreign Authors (German II)


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Page:The European Concert in the Eastern Question.djvu/124

 little light upon the international aspects of the questions at issue

The battle of Tel-el- Kebir was fought on 13th September. In the following month Lord Dufferin was sent to Cairo to report upon the situation. In December England agreed, though France demurred, to the abolition of the Dual Control The Dual which was effected by a Decree of 18th January, 1883. During this year Egypt continued under the de facto control of England, and little occurred to define her international position, beyond the repeated assurances of the English Government that its forces would be withdrawn at an early date. But in 1884 it became evident that the revenues of the country were insufficient to meet its expenditure without some relaxation of the Law of Liquidation. Preliminary negotiations took place with France, of which Parliament was informed in June, and on the 28th of that month a Conference of the Great Powers met at London for the discussion of the Egyptian question, primarily in its financial aspects. The Conference, at which the Ottoman representative took occasion to call attention to the Sovereign rights of the Sultan, broke up, without arriving at any conclusions, on 2nd August. The next step taken by the British government was to send Lord Northbrook to Egypt to examine into the state of its finances on the spot. On his recommendation the operation of the sinking fund provided by the Law of Liquidation was suspended by a ministerial letter, dated 18th September, till 25th October. The illegality was hardly to be avoided, but an action was thereupon commenced by the Caisse against the government, in which judgment was given


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (German II)/Ghetto Violet


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (German II)/The Severed Hand


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (German II)/Peter Schlemihl


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French II)/The Substitute


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French II)

title: Stories by Foreign Authors (French II)


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French II)/The Attack on the Mill


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French II)/The Virgin's God-Child


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French II)/The Sempstress' Story


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French II)/The Venus of Ille


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Page:The European Concert in the Eastern Question.djvu/125

 for the plaintiffs by the Mixed Court of First Instance on 9th December. In the meantime Lord Northbrook had made his report, and the ministry, towards the end of November, submitted to the Powers a scheme under which England would guarantee a new loan of £5,000,000, at 3½ per cent., while a further loan of £4,ooo,ooo was to be added to the Preference Debt, and the interest on the Unified Debt was to be reduced to 3½ per cent. This scheme was not accepted, and steps were taken by several of the Powers indicating a wish to substitute something like a 'multiple control' for the existing British supervision of Egyptian reforms. On 11th December Russia and Germany claimed to be allowed each to nominate a Commissioner of the Caisse ; and, on 17th January, 1885, the French government forwarded to the Foreign Office a counter-project, which received the general support of Germany, Austria, and Russia, and became the basis of fresh negotiations. At length, on 17th March, a Declaration was signed at London on behalf project, of the six Powers, and subsequently on behalf of the Porte, embodying a draft Convention (signed on 18th March) and a draft Decree to be issued by the Khedive.

The arrangements set forth in these documents, and sanctioned by the House of Commons on 27th March, is to the effect that a loan of £9,000,000 is to be authorized by the Porte and guaranteed by the great Powers jointly and severally; that the Unified and Preference coupons are to be taxed for two years, but not longer without the sanction of an International Commission; and that an Act is to be drawn up providing for the freedom of the Suez Canal.


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 The collection of Texts illustrative of the international position of Egypt has been made upon a principle somewhat different from that followed in previous chapters. The relations of the Khedivial government to the Sultan on the one hand, and to the Powers on the other, are so ambiguous that it has been thought better to err on the side of inserting too many documents rather than too few. Thus, in order better to explain the Khedive's quasi-independence of the Porte, the whole series of Firmans, from 1841 to 1879, has been set out, though some of them were not submitted to the Powers, and only those of 1873 and 1879 are now in force. In like manner several of the financial Decrees have been superseded to an extent greater than could well be expressed by italicizing portions of them; but without setting out in extenso these earlier Decrees the later ones could hardly have been made intelligible.

''The act of submission which thou hast just made, the assurances of fidelity and devotion which thou hast given, and the upright and sincere intentions which thou hast manifested, as well with regard to myself as in the interests of my Sublime Porte, have come to my sovereign knowledge, and have been very agreeable to me. ''


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French I)

title: Stories by Foreign Authors (French I)


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French I)/The Siege of Berlin


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French I)/The Juggler of Notre Dame


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French I)/Uncle and Nephew


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French I)/Another Gambler


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French I)/The Necklace


text: Stories by Foreign Authors (French I)/The Black Pearl


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The New International Encyclopædia/Götzkowski, Johann Ernst

GÖTZKOWSKI, gẽts-kŏv'skḗ, or GOTSKOWSKI, (1710-75). A Prussian merchant and patriot, born at Konitz. In 1730 he removed to Berlin, where, supported by the patronage of the Crown, he introduced the manufacture of porcelain in 1761 at the request, it is said, of Frederick the Great. After the battle of Kunersdorf (1759), so damaging to Prussia, he used his influence with the Russian general who was laying siege to Berlin (1760), to guard the city against plundering, and to reduce the heavy tribute levied upon the inhabitants.


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Page:The Bible Against Slavery (Weld, 1838).djvu/24

22 does for himself, and should manifestly have been rendered, "ye shall offer yourselves for sale, and there shall be no purchaser." For a clue to Scripture usage on this point, see 1 Kings xxi. 20, 25—"Thou hast sold thyself to work evil. "There was none like to Ahab that sold himself to work wickedness."—2 Kings xvii. 17. "They used divination and enchantments, and sold themselves to do evil."—Isa. 1. 1. "For your iniquities have ye sold yourselves." Isa. lii. 3, "Ye have sold yourselves, and ye shall be redeemed without money." See also, Jer. xxxiv. 14—Romans vii. 14, vi. 16—John viii. 34, and the case of Joseph and the Egyptians, already quoted. In the purchase of wives, though spoken of rarely, it is generally stated that they were bought of third persons. If servants were bought of third persons, it is strange that no instance of it is on record.

The general object of the laws defining the relations of master and servant, was the good of both parties—more especially the good of the servants. While the master's interests were guarded from injury, those of the servants were promoted. These laws made a merciful provision for the poorer classes, both of the Israelites and Strangers, not laying on burdens, but lightening them—they were a grant of privileges and favors.

I. No servant from the Strangers, could remain in the family of an Israelite, without becoming a proselyte. Compliance with this condition was the price of the privilege.—Gen. xvii. 9—14, 23, 27.

II. Excommunication from the family was a .—Gen. xxi. 14. Luke xvi. 2—4.

III. Every Hebrew servant could his master to keep him after the six years contract had expired. This shows that the system was framed to advance the interests and gratify the wishes of the servant quite as much as those of the master. If the servant demanded it, the law obliged the master to retain him, however little he might need his services. Deut. xv. 12—17. Ex. xxi. 2—6.

IV. The rights and privileges guarantied by law to all servants.


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23 1. They were admitted into covenant with God. Deut. xxix. 10—13.

2. They were invited guests at all the national and family festivals. Ex. xii. 43—44; Deut xii. 12, 18, xvi. 10—16.

3. They were statedly instructed in morality and religion. Deut xxxi. 10—13; Josh. viii. 33—35; 2 Chron. xvii. 8—9.

4. They were released from their regular labor nearly. During which they had their entire support, and the same instruction that was provided for the other members of the Hebrew community.

(a.) The Law secured to them the whole of every seventh year; Lev. xxv. 3—6; thus giving to those who were servants during the entire period between the jubilees, eight whole years, including the jubilee year, of unbroken rest.

(b.) Every seventh day. This in forty-two years, the eight being subtracted from the fifty, would amount to just six years.

(c.) The three annual festivals. The Passover, which commenced on the 15th of the 1st month, and lasted seven days, Deut. xvi. 3, 8. The Pentecost, or Feast of Weeks, which began on the 6th day of the 3d month, and lasted seven days. Lev. xvi. 10, 11. The Feast of Tabernacles, which commenced on the 15th of the 7th month, and lasted eight days. Deut. xvi. 13, 15; Lev. xxiii. 34—39. As all met in one place, much time would be spent on the journey. Cumbered caravans move slowly. After their arrival, a day or two would be requisite for divers preparations before the celebration, besides some time at the close of it, in preparations for return. If we assign three weeks to each festival—including the time spent on the journeys, and the delays before and after the celebration, together with the festival week, it will be a small allowance for the cessation of their regular labor. As there were three festivals in the year, the main body of the servants would be absent from their stated employments at least nine weeks annually, which would amount in forty-two years, subtracting the sabbaths, to six years and eighty-four days.

(d.) The new moons. The Jewish year had twelve; Josephus says that the Jews always kept two days for the new moon. See Calmet on the Jewish Calendar, and Horne's Introduction; also 1 Sam. XX. 18, 19, 27. This in forty-two years, would be two years 280 days.


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Help:ProofreadPage extension

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title: Help:ProofreadPage extension