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328 Let us begin first with the historic and prehistoric culture classifications. Our experience with Old World archæology arouses two expectations. In classical problems, we anticipate finding a long and continuous occupation of definite areas where we find the successive remains of what is, in its fundamentals, a single expanding culture. As all of these areas have well-established historical periods, we take, as a matter of course, the close correlation, or superposition, of archæological and historical culture localizations. On the other hand, when we deal with the archaeology of cultures that do not readily connect themselves with historical data, as the Paleolithic cultures of western Europe, and even some of the Neolithic, we are accustomed to find a series of cultures resting one above the other, but between which the connections are broken. It has sometimes been proposed that this difference is, in the main, one of interpretation, but again it is defended as a real difference due to the relative antiquities of the two groups. Thus, it is considered that cultures arising early enough to run their courses before the dawn of history, have time to vanish completely and leave room for the establishment of something entirely new and independent. Without dwelling upon the respective merits of these two somewhat opposing views, we may turn to the objective correlation of the archæological and cultural classifications for the New World.

In the first place, the reader should fix in his mind the nature of these distribution areas. Our analyses show that each is a more or less illy-defined area in which there are many trait differences, but that these show a gradation outward from a center, or nucleus. While, by comparative study, one arrives at the generalization of a type for the various social groups making up such a center, the result is, nevertheless, strongly grounded in empirical methods, and is not the work or interpretation of a single individual. We have seen that in this respect the historic and archæological areas are essentially similar, indicating that the data of both apply to analogous, if not identical, cultures. We should note, also, that the difference between the two classifications is one of time. One deals with observations upon living natives, the other with what is found

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 very uncomfortable during those last few days."

"And nothing else?"

"Oh yes. The Mass was destroyed by a bombardment of heavy neutrons. It disintegrated completely."

"And you can't recall any details of the annihilator machine?"

"It was your invention."

"I seem to have forgotten."

"But you haven't forgotten that the Mass was destroyed, and the world saved from a fate that hung over it for ten years?"

"No."

"Or the shining things that come showering down from the sky?"

"No."

George Vignot snorted and rumpled his hair. "You've got ten years in which to perfect that annihilator machine again. And you'll do it. Can't help it. You've already done it. That much is settled even if we can't prove it. I'm going back to my classes. When you need help, call on me and I'll come. But don't expect too much. I'm only a messy chemist. I'm not a miracle worker."

He left the laboratory and was shortly followed by Danzig, leaving the young scientist to solve the problems that were to face him in the future.

Carruthers walked to the quartz-glass window and stared into the twilight encompassing the city. But his mind was not on the problem of destroying the Mass that would eventually threaten the earth. He was thinking of those last, precious minutes on Thunder Mountain.

"Ten years," he breathed, as if talking to someone far off in space, "is a long time to wait for you again, Ishtar—a long time to await your second coming since you first appeared out of the void of outer space. Where are you now, and what are you doing?"

He waited patiently, but no answer came out of the present. It lay in the future—ten years of research and toil.

The lights winked on in the teeming caverns of city streets one hundred floors below his window. The throb of the underground turbines beat familiarly against his ears as if to bring him back to a more normal way of life.

But nothing would ever be normal from now on. Nothing would ever be quite the same. Nothing would ever erase the memory of her from his mind. For he knew that no matter what might happen during the next decade, the pattern of his life would flow on to its ultimate conclusion. That Ishtar, the girl from outer space, would come rocketing down from the sky in the shining thing. And he would hold her again in his arms. This was his Alpha and Omega. The beginning, and the end.

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Rh But on, O loitering Song, nor, all too fond,

Gaze on the key, when thou shouldst ope the door!

The realms through which thou goest no pæan love.

Let none misdoubt, nor this strong record weigh

O'erlightly! little heart have I to feign:

The hand writes only what the eye beheld.

Here, too, was salutation; song was here,

Breathed from a pipe by one beneath a pine,

So fair the Roamer never heard the notes,

Nor knew what happy pause his presence filled.

"Welcome!" he heard, "not to eternal things!

No longer the divine encounter hope!

Here learn thou yet art mortal in the mind!"

"Mortal in all," he answered, "still heaven's ray

Strikes through the precious oriel of the eye

Upon my spirit." Risen, long gazed at him

That one whose impulse the wise reason checked.

"Is god-sprung vigor in thy bones infused

That melt not in this air? thou seemest man,

Still beautiful to each fine nerve of sense,

As thou wouldst be, wert thou and I alive."

"Mortal I am," returned he; "still undoomed,

My brief years yet await their manly deeds;

Across the spectral moor I come to you."

As 't were his soul's command, he bent his gaze

Who first had spoken. "Hath mortality


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Rh on the ground. Since the former begins with 1492 and thus arbitrarily cross-sections the cultural career of the natives, we may expect a large part of the readily accessible archæological data to refer to the historic cultures. On the other hand, we have just grounds for assuming that the prehistoric period was of much greater duration than the historic. One of our problems, therefore, will be to discover if the archæological data can be analyzed so as to reveal earlier independent cultures in any of these areas, if such there were. Unfortunately, this task must await more searching field-work, as our discussion of chronology has suggested; so all that can be hoped for now is the mere formulation of the problem.

The most direct approach to this will be a comparative study of the respective distribution maps. For convenience, we have superimposed the archaeological and culture area maps (Fig. 101), the historic areas in Arabic, the prehistoric, or archæological areas, in Roman enumeration. At first glance, the respective boundaries may seem bewildering, but closer inspection shows many areas to have common centers. Reading from north to south, we have the following coincident pairs: XI–5, X–4, IX–2, VIII–3, VII–9, VI–1, XVIII–15, XXI–12, XXIII–14, XXIV–13. Thus, ten of the fourteen historic culture areas coincide with prehistoric archæological centers. Of the remaining, XII–6, may well be added to the above, since it is rather a graphic factor that gives the impression of divergence.

Turning now to Area 10, we find it embracing archæological centers for XIV, XV, and XVI. Area XIII lies between or on the margins of 9 and 10, but need not be considered here, for reasons previously stated (p. 260). Area XVI is the old Maya region and is, therefore, somewhat earlier than the type culture of historic Area 10. In like manner, XV is the center of Zapotecan culture, which also seems to be older than the type of Area 10, or XIV.

Likewise, for Area 11 we have three archæological centers, XVII, XIX, and XX. While we cannot yet state the chronological relations of these, yet, from the artifacts alone, we see

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330

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76 So long a leash? and doth thy spirit of sense

Pluck its gross nurture from this crystal air?"

"Across hell's moor, thou sayest?" a second spoke.

"O soul of daring! art thou—" cried a third,

But on his sentence broke the other's will:

"Thou livest?" and to his lips some question sprang,

And died; "but earth remembers not my name

That, to the light ascending, clouds o'ertook;

Whate'er I was, more I shall never be."

Then he, the poet, though denied the bays:

"Not unaccompanied by signs of grace

Thou comest; o'er the fiery heath, whose gloom

Washes the northward, where last night we kept

The morning watch, a solitary star,

Some heavenly exile, slipped from God's white hosts,

Moved beautiful, as in its element,

Where never blessèd light was seen before.

Heaven send us good of that bright augury!"

Crimson and amber lapped the horizon's edge

Like a low sea, whence rose the dawn, dark blue

Brightening with light; and, like a shallow cup,

Immeasurably broad with rolling moor,

Slated with mist, the lowlands fell away.

Morn laced the South with mountains vaporous,

Translucent films and shining levels far,

With spots of cloud and belted fog midway,


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Rh Masking a land of valleys. Still the sun

Filled the vast scene with beauty ere he rose;

Then lifted he his head majestical

Above the rose-bloom wave and amber glow,

And poured his glory on the outstretched world.

As 't were a group of hunters that the dawn

Islands in undiscovered solitudes,

Who look amazed on unknown loveliness,

Canyon, or cataract, or virgin lake,

The embosomed jewel of a continent,

There stood the little company enthralled,

Lost in their vision, in the spreading light

Suddenly captive, silently ensphered,

Oblivious, fascinated, eye-entranced;

Nor longer hung they on the Roamer's breath;

Some instinct urged them; swift they broke apart;

Alone he stood, nor saw their vagrant forms,

Coursing the gleams of morning far away.

He seemed to hail a new creation there,

And from himself projected half he saw—

Thoughts of the heart and colors of the mind—

And spiritualized it. O, high miracle!

Nor all unknown unto his boyhood dawns,

When bobolinks seemed listening as they sang

Their matin song, tumbling the liquid notes

Exultant, and to harken after them;


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Rh that XVII affiliates with XIX and XX rather than with XVI, indicating that they have a great deal in common.

Perhaps the most complicated is the superposition in eastern North America. Thus, in Area 8 we find two archæological centers, and in 7, three, if not four. In Area III, the home of the Iroquois, stratified deposits have been reported showing Iroquois remains over and above what are regarded as Algonkin. The latter have affiliations to Area I and V, and since the ancestral home of the Iroquois seems to have been farther south, we assume that the prehistoric Area III is due to this intrusion. In the discussion of culture Area 7, we found the Iroquois to be intermediate to 8 and hence, not typical. That their archæology seems more sharply divergent than their historic culture, may be due to the leveling effect of contact with the surrounding tribes. In Areas I and V we have no very satisfactory chronological determinations, so that further discussion is useless.

Looking back over this comparison, we see, first of all, that the greater disparities between the two classifications fall in the regions of higher culture. In the case of 10 and 11, it is suggested that the chronological factor is the chief disturbing element. For 7 and 8, we are less clear, but some students attribute the divergence to shiftings in the population, as the data for the Iroquois suggest. To generalize, we may say that on the whole, the tendency is for the historic cultures to coincide with those of the prehistoric classification, but that in the region of intense culture and the eastern maize province, the archæological areas are more numerous than the historic classifications would lead us to anticipate. A natural inference would be that this is explicable as an expression of relative age, those areas in which the people had lived through only one culture cycle, being the ones in which the two maps most nearly coincide. This, however, does not seem consistent with other data, and may be disregarded at present.

The reader is, no doubt, quite familiar with the idea of no correlations between culture and linguistic type, which is

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78 So had he harkened his first melodies;

And as the morning, imaged in the lake,

Gave back the mirrored mountain, hung aloft,

Lovelier than nature, so had his young world

Exhaled a secret beauty folded there,

That from himself took its deep mystery:

But now his eyes beheld a greater morn.

There was an eminence not far removed,

Whence he could view more nigh that pleasant soil,

Whose charms lay broadcast to his roving glance.

Straight on he wound by brook and blossoming green,

And oft his gaze, on the wide prospect borne

To some horizon bound or skyey mount,

A lonely mystery, lingering stood fixed;

Or from blown ridges of the upland caught

Firm lines, or flooding color from the fields;

And as the broad rings from a pebble thrown

Move o'er still waters and lead on the eye,

So from the fair point where his sight reposed,

By momentary beauty stayed awhile,

The loveliness of earth spread ever on,

O'erflowing and embracing all he saw;

Till, on that mount arrived, the world's blue round

Encircled him with old familiar things,

One sky, one earth, one sweet majestic whole,—


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332 regarded as a kind of truism. But when we look carefully into the case, it is not clear that every kind of correlation is absent. Our attention, so far, has been fixed upon the conventional stock grouping, but it is now becoming clear that this is not the only possible classification. Under the appropriate heading, we have noted that in California, positive similarities between a large number of stocks have been worked out and new groupings proposed. Further, we have shown how the great variety of languages spoken in the California culture area fell into groups strictly parallel to the culture grouping, and noted suggestive data from other areas pointing in the same direction. In all this, there appears a definite tendency for language to correlate in certain ways with the culture grouping. Yet, this correlation may be an expression of tribal contact rather than genetic relationship in speech, for it certainly does not follow that similarities in culture parallel identities of linguistic stock.

Perhaps the reader should be reminded that we are discussing unity in stock and not identity of speech. Though the English and German languages are of the same stock, they are far from being mutually intelligible, and this well illustrates what we meet with in native American stocks. It is, in fact, a safe assumption that real identity of speech in the New World will be accompanied by political and cultural unity. On the other hand, we are dealing with a distinction of another sort, for a stock relation is an expression of common origin. Even the most cursory comparison of culture and linguistic maps will show that a single stock may spread into several culture areas, as, for example, the Athapascan, which is found in Areas 1, 2, 3, 6, and 9. This simply means that a language can travel independently of culture, or, at least, outlives it. The point we made in the preceding is that the representatives of different stocks gathered into a culture area often show intra-stock similarities by which also they can be grouped and segregated. These similarities suggest that languages have a grouping similar to, and largely coincident with, the culture grouping. This may, or may not, be the result of genetic

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Rh Color and light and shade, figure and size,

In due proportion and perspective true;

For choice creative, mingling with the sense,

Taught his rich eye, by habit in it grown,

To look on nature, and to add the stamp

And earthly impress of the gazing soul;

So ever in the world another world

Rose fairer, by a mightier order moved;

Nature, instinctive, owned the sovereign mind,

That bound all things in its own motion fast,

Unconscious, as the dreamer fills his dream.

The heavenly faculty within him wrought,

And as from chaos drew the lovely scenes,

And hung them in the porches of the dawn.

Such power of evocation oft he used,

His birthright, in far other days than these,

And other lands, where yet on rock and bough

The robe of autumn casts its fiery edge,

Ruddying the pine-grown amphitheatre,

And in the ample distance fade away

Masses of golden woodland o'er the fields;

Or where, long hours, the misty, climbing spring

Wreathes lake and forest, thicket and point and isle,

Yellowing and reddening, and the tender green

Loops hill to hill, and with the sudden bloom

Of warm May days the horizon dapples round.


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Rh relations, but rather of long social contact. Our point is that the languages of a culture area, even when regarded as of independent stocks, still show a grouping that tends to be coincident with that for cultural characters. It is a reasonable expectation that a distribution of phonetic types alone would show a similar correspondence. The peculiar point is, however, that the unity is in the stock affiliation and not in practical speech, for the linguistic differentiation within a stock is often very great. Neither is there political unity, and it may be doubted if the latter can long exist without the other. The suggestion is, therefore, that the similarities of languages within a geographical, or culture area, are due to the expansion of the early parent stocks within their habitats, and to the long association made possible thereby.

We may now turn to the somatic classification of American aborigines. Again, we have a truism that no correlations are to be found with culture and language. Yet, our previous discussion of somatic classifications indicated a kind of agreement in-so-far that each culture area manifested some somatic unity, or that the geographical distribution of somatic types is generally coincident with culture distribution. Under that head it was suggested that this could be expected if the population were fairly stable, since sexual and culture contacts are largely simultaneous. As to linguistic correlations, it follows that wherever agreements are found between language and culture, there also may be expected agreements in somatic type. A fine example of this is to be found in the Eskimo, where culture, language, and somatic type are equally distinct from other parts of the continent. On the other hand, we find cases where a stock language is found in more than one culture area, and again, other cases in which the somatic type has spread into neighboring areas. Hence, we are dealing with three independent groups of human phenomena, each of which tends toward the same geographical centers.

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80 O memory-haunted eyes, that learned the light

On springtime pastures of his youth, when first,

Sweet in his blood, the bud of boyhood broke

Wide-open to the dalliance of the morn!

But here no change of season met his view,

Nor hint of birth or death; eternal seemed

The summer air, the landscape, and the sky,

And beauty without alteration found.

Before him a wide river-bottom lay,

Smooth as a floor, where clumps of elm and oak

Opened obscure and nameless solitudes,

Bathing in dawn; in undiscovered lands

Sweep such vast floods amid the fragrant wild,

And wander many a forest-mantled league

Unlooked on, till the lost explorer come,

Tracking his hopes. There plunged the Roamer down

In that far country, sunken in the West;

And all along the steep precipitous

The mobile scene made pictures as he went,

That borrowed nothing from the poet's eye;

The landscape recomposed at every step

With change kaleidoscopic, ever new,

And crag, and pass, and vistas opening heaven

Cast dreaming beauty in that air divine,

Like shadows in the stream of being flung.


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Rh So high above the fair Salernian gulf,

O'er little Positano, breaks the cliff,

A thousand pictures in enchanted skies;

Warm glows the morn, far heavenward climbs the eye,

And the sea leaves its azure borders bare.

Thus through great loveliness, hour after hour,

The Roamer dropped unto the shining plain.

Nor less in beauty rose the further world,

Nor more ceased he to gaze; for everywhere

The seeing of his eyes was magical.

A land of faëry! there the mutable

Eternal seemed, though, every moment changed,

It lapsed, and came again, the world divine.

The lights of Turner, Constable, Corot

Imparadised the earthly tabernacle

Of mortal beauty; and whatever tinct

In later times discloses marvellous

The revelation of the eye, whose beam

Worships devout in nature's sanctuary

Of light, flung forth the garment of the world,—

Color divine, the prime of heavenly things,

Robe of the infinite, ethereal weave,

Ageless with spacious tissues, dawn and dark.

How many memories hung upon his eyes!

How many raptures, native to his heart,


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82 Reincarnations of our glorious dust,

Loaded his sight! tall peak and brooding sky

Peopled his mind with long since vanished shapes

Of classic woe and mythic mystery,

That spoke the tongues of unrecorded time,—

Antique religion, dark with human fate.

What lands, what ages there stretched out the world!

One tract was full of echoes of the dead,

Thick with deep valleys of tranquillity

After life's labor done, and dim with hills,

Where the pine whispered to the whispering plane,

And shepherd unto shepherd loved and sang.

All the selectest moments of his life

Seemed there upgathered in their visible form.

Ay me! how far it rolled, that golden haze!

Here Fontainebleau opened its woodlands warm;

There Brittany chanted its pastorals;

Lone oleanders in the gullies flamed;

Now every blossom starred the summer grass,

And now the wild path through the wild shrub ran;

And, as the long striped grasses of the sea

Breathe odors on the pure and saline air

Sweet-scented, fragrance roused him, rich and keen,

Where rounded masses of exotic bloom

Rivalled in vain the morning flowers of song.

"O rose, in which Hafiz had lodged the world!"


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Rh He murmured, 'mid caresses of his hand;

"And thou, white lily," cried he, "fit to sleep

In Mary's bosom!—what garden-close is this?"

He marvelled; and started back, as at his face

Seen in a pool, so instant came the Shade,

And instant spoke, with challenge courteous:

"Who art thou in this solitude supreme,

That wearest on thy cheek the rose of youth

And in thy eyes so sweet a violet?"

"A pilgrim come I, seeking heavenly things,"

The Roamer said. "On earth thy answer find!"

And with the motion of his lifted arm

He seemed to comprehend the beauteous whole;

More than with words the gesture gave reply;

Sternly he spoke, albeit with accents pure,

And long perused the Roamer, silent found.

"Earth be thy answer! only from earthly things

Created is this fleeting paradise,

The abode of the delaying souls of men

A little while, the spirit's after-glow,

Ere all descend into the starless dark.

As moons and comets die, so sinks a Race,

After its blaze of glory quite extinct,

To wander lampless the creative void.

How fair it stood, our Race! not that, I mean,

Which from the gates of Eden issued curst,


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84 But that which dreamt, in sad and lonely hearts

Of lovelier Edens than their earthly fields,

And brought the mortal seed to heavenly flower.

O mystic Might! that from the soul puts forth

Its blossom, lighting heaven, till it shall close

Far off and fallen in the unforeseeing deep!

Wonderful, Earth, from thy dark soil it comes,

Flower of the spirit, in highest heaven up-borne,

Supreme of things, far-shining, the Ideal!

Clothed on with beauty of the world below,

That from the mortal senses takes its form

And radiance,—not alone the outer frame

Of eye and ear and touch, material things,

But all that loveliness within the soul,

The holy burden of its great ideas,

The splendor of its passions unto death,

Wrapping the world in little spiritual flames,—

How mounts the Dream! up! up!—born of the dust!—

Brighter than lifted once on glory's height

The Sacred Way, that loudest oft proclaimed

Earth's victor, thronged with captives and with spoils,

Where consul-captains of great Rome enthroned

Drew their long triumphs to the Capitol!

They on their shoulders bore the mighty world:


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Rh But here, the soaring soul on outstretched wings

Bears up the precious burden of all hope

Through dim and starry deeps, the charge of heaven.

How wan it grows, and waxes gray with time!

Beauty and glory die, and love hath end;

Mary and Magdalen are made one dust;

And all things turn to phantoms, fade, and cease.

Only a little while those glories stand

That rose unto eternal memory.

Great kings, dead emperors, in trance and dream,

Augustan shapes, grave, beautiful, divine,

Each in his shroud of empire as he lived,

Revisit my old eyes, that see no more

Immortal things!" Reëntering in himself,

He vanished, and the breast of the Unknown

Received him unto his eternal place.

A voice rang out, far-distant: "Where are they,

Whose names sound vaguely on this hollow air,

The fiery Intercessors, once proclaimed?

I served them; for they sent me in my youth

Visions that lit the sunlight; the thin dawn

Was thronged with angels bearing trophied palms

Toward a great light, far rising in the East;

All flowers breathed incense round me up to heaven;

The thoughts of men passed o'er me, shining flights;

And many a nation then grew great of soul,


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86 Whose names, heard in my brain, bred mighty forms,

Like tall angelic spirits of the spheres

On balanced planets rushing, fiery orbs;

Athene, Rome, Albion, America

Whirled forward, kindling time. How should man fail?

And ever from the deep sprang destiny,

And to fresh ages gave another morn.

I served because I believed,—a single man

Among the phantom nations. Long I believed;

For when I brooded once the wrack of time,

A fire arose within my living bones,

And rapt me, prophet-wise, out of that flesh

Which yet engarbs my thought, models my words,

Into the thoughtless, wordless infinite,

Where truth abides; great radiance entered in

The temple of my being, that shook and flamed

With silent thunders of another world,

Heard in the soul,—and, heard, they died away;

And often, gazing on a fragile flower,

Or little acts of mute, unconscious love,

Or listening to dim stories of old wars,

I grew aware of some transcendent sphere,

Of which these were the brief, decaying forms;

And, grown a man, seized in the mystic sweep

Of that which comes and goes without a name,


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Rh Up to the heaven of heavens was I caught,

Whirled like a leaf, and dropped, a withered thing.

Those musings, insights, transports,—whence were they?

That made the pulses of my beating blood

Voices of the unknown Ineffable,

And dipped my eyes in prophecy and gleam

Of what the Intercessors half disclose,—

Poet and sculptor, painter, sage, musician,

The wisdom-lovers, heaven-dreamers all?

They, and their progeny, like leaves decay.

Where is the resurrection, O dry bones?

Answer, ye valleys of the sepulchre!"

The solitary echo paused afar.

Nigh, from a clump of laurel, rose a voice:

"Would I had known thee in the world below,

Athenian," the Roamer heard one say;

And, looking, saw comrade with comrade couched

Companionable, in friendly converse linked.

The hyacinthine locks clung round a head

Apollo might have loved, so like a flower

The fair face gave itself unto the light.

The beauty of twenty centuries yet shone,

Immortal youth, upon his form divine,

And in his eyes a joyful radiance showed

The dawning of the soul. "O beautiful,


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88 Incarnating the forces of the world

That house in thee a moment, and the house

Grows radiant with the presence of the gods

That shine therefrom," tender and resonant,

The elder voice began, "whence came this mould

To be thy image, and envelop thee,

Imageless beauty, given unto love

Within the heart, and known unto thyself

A shadow in time's stream,—no more?" A smile

Played on the lips of the immortal youth:

"Such came I, body and spirit, from the gods,

The blossom of the will divine, that breaks

To blossom in the heavens and earth and seas,

The glow of life, and mystic hearts of men."

"As comes the rose upon the swaying stalk,

So hast thou budded on life's wind-swayed reed,

Making it fair," the rising voice began

To wing the golden words, "for from the soul

Only flows beauty forth upon the world.

The soul creates its world; and blest art thou

Who thus dost realize thyself in life,

Making thee beautiful." Slow spake the youth:

"Such am I, as when first I looked upon

My image in my heart; and, though I change,

Such shall I be, I know, at the last day."

"Alone and single in thy loveliness


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The literature of Arabia has its origin in the songs, improvisations, recitations and stories of the pre-Mahommedan Arabs. Of written literature in those days there was, so far as we know, none. But where books failed memory was strong and the power of retaining things heard was not confined to a professional class. At every festive meeting many could contribute a poem or a story, many could even improvise the one or the other. When members of different tribes met in peace (as at the fair of ʽUkāẓ) the most skilful reciters strove to maintain the honour of their own people, and a ready improviser was held in high esteem. The smartest epigrams, the fairest similes, the keenest satires, spoken or sung on such occasions, were treasured in the memory of the hearers and carried by them to their homes. But the experience of all peoples in that memory requires to be helped by form. Sentences became balanced and were made clear by some sort of definite ending. The simplest form of this in Arabian literature is the sajʽ or rhymed prose, in which the sentences are usually (though not always) short and end in a rhyme or assonance. Mahomet used this form in many parts of the Koran (e.g. Sura, 81). The next step was the introduction of metre into the body of the sentence and the restriction of the passages to a definite length. This in its simplest form gave rise to the rajaz verses, where each half-line ends in the same rhyme and consists of three feet of the measure. Other metres were introduced later until sixteen altogether were recognized. In all forms the rhyme is the same throughout the poem, and is confined to the second half of the line except in the first line where the two halves rhyme. While, however, these measures were in early use, they were not systematically analysed or their rules enunciated until the time of Khalīl ibn Ahmad in the 8th century. Two other features of Arabian poetry are probably connected with the necessity for aiding the memory. The first of these is the requirement that each line should have a complete sense in itself; this produces a certain jerkiness, and often led among the Arabs to displacement in the order of the lines in a long poem. The other feature, peculiar to the long poem (qasīda, elegy), is that, whatever its real object, whatever its metre, it has a regular scheme in the arrangement of its material. It begins with a description of the old camping-ground, before which the poet calls on his companion to stop, while he bewails the traces of those who have left for other places. Then he tells of his love and how he had suffered from it, how he had journeyed through the desert (this part often contains some of the most famous descriptions and praises of animals) until his beast became thin and worn-out. Then at last comes the real subject of the poem, usually the panegyric of some man of influence or wealth to whom the poet has come in hope of reward and before whom he recites the poem.

Poetry.—The influence of the poet in pre-Mahommedan days was very great. As his name, ash-Shāʽir, “the knowing man,” indicates, he was supposed to have more than natural knowledge and power. Panegyric and satire (hijāʽ) were his chief instruments. The praise of the tribe in well-chosen verses ennobled it throughout the land, a biting satire was enough to destroy its reputation (cf. I. Goldziher’s Abhandlungen zur arabischen Philologie, i. pp. 1-105). Before Mahomet the ethics of the Arabs were summed up in muruwwa (custom). Hospitality, generosity, personal bravery were the subjects of praise; meanness and cowardice those of satire. The existence of poetry among the northern Arabs was known to the Greeks even in the 4th century (cf. St Nilos in Migne’s Patrologia Graeca, vol. 79, col. 648, and Sozomen’s Ecclesiastical History, bk. 6, ch. 38). Women as well as men composed and recited poems before the days of the Prophet (cf. L. Cheikho’s Poetesses of the Jāhiliyya, in Arabic, Beirut, 1897).

The transmission of early Arabic poetry has been very imperfect. Many of the reciters were slain in battle, and it was not till the 8th to the 10th centuries and even later that the earliest collections of these poems were made. Many have to be recovered from grammars, dictionaries, &c., where single lines or groups of lines are quoted to illustrate the proper use of words, phrases or idioms. Moreover, many a reciter was not content to declaim the genuine verses of ancient poets, but interpolated some of his own composition, and the change of religion introduced by Islam led to the mutilation of many verses to suit the doctrines of the new creed.

The language of the poems, as of all the best Arabian literature, was that of the desert Arabs of central Arabia; and to use it aright was the ambition of poets and scholars even in the Abbasid period. For the man of the towns its vocabulary was too copious to be easily understood, and in the age of linguistic studies many commentaries were written to explain words and idioms.

Of the pre-Mahommedan poets the most famous were the six whose poems were collected by Asmaʽī about the beginning of the 9th century (ed. W. Ahlwardt, The Diwans of the Six Ancient Arabic Poets, London, 1870). Single poems of four of these—Amru-ul-Qais, Ṭarafa, Zuhair and ʽAntara—appear in the (q.v.). The other two were (q.v.) and  (q.v.). But besides these there were many others whose names were famous; such as Taʽabbata Sharran, a popular hero who recites his own adventures with great gusto; his companion Shanfarā, whose fame rests on a fine poem which has been translated into French by de Sacy (in his Chrestomathie Arabe) and into English by G. Hughes (London, 1896); Aus ibn Hajar of the Bani Tamīn, famous for his descriptions of weapons and hunting scenes (ed. R. Geyer, Vienna, 1892); Ḥātim Tā’i, renowned for his open-handed generosity as well as for his poetry (ed. F. Schulthess, Leipzig, 1897, with German translation); and ʽUrwa ibn ul-Ward of the tribe of ʽAbs, rival of Ḥātim in generosity as well as in poetry (ed. Th. Nöldeke, Göttingen, 1863). Among these early poets are found one Jew of repute, Samau’al (Samuel) ibn Adiyā (cf. Th. Nöldeke’s Beiträge, pp. 52-86; art. s.v. “Samuel ibn Adiya” in Jewish Encyc. and authorities there quoted), and some Christians such as ʽAdīʽibn Zaid of Hira, who sang alike of the pleasures of drink and of death (ed. by Louis Cheikho in his Les Poètes arabes chrétiens, pp. 439-474, Beirut, 1890; in this work many Arabian poets are considered to be Christian without sufficient reason). One poet, a younger contemporary of Mahomet, has attracted much attention because his poems were religious and he was a monotheist. This is Umayya ibn Abi-ṣ-Ṣalt, a Meccan who did not accept Islam and died in 630. His poems are discussed by F. Schulthess in the Orientalische Studien dedicated by Th. Nöldeke, Giessen, 1906, and his relation to Mahomet by E. Power (in the Mélanges de la faculté orientale de l’université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, 1906). Mahomet’s relation to the poets generally was one of antagonism because of their influence over the Arabs and their devotion to the old religion and customs. Kaʽb ibn Zuhair, however, first condemned to death, then pardoned, later won great favour for himself by writing a panegyric of the Prophet (ed. G. Freytag, Halle, 1823). Another poet, (q.v.), followed his example. (q.v.) and (q.v.) were also contemporary. Among the poetesses of the time (q.v.) is supreme. In the scarcity of poets at this time two others deserve mention; Abū Mihjan, who made peace with Islam in 630 but was exiled for his love of wine, which he celebrated in his verse (ed. L. Abel, Leiden, 1887; cf. C. Landberg’s Primeurs arabes, 1, Leiden, 1886), and Jarwal ibn Aus, known as al-Ḥuṭaiʽa, a wandering poet whose keen satires led to his imprisonment by Omar (Poems, ed. by I. Goldziher in the Journal of the German Oriental Society, vols. 46 and 47).

Had the simplicity and religious severity of the first four caliphs continued in their successors, the fate of poetry would have been hard. Probably little but religious poetry would have been allowed. But the Omayyads (with one exception) were not religious men and, while preserving the outward forms of Islam, allowed full liberty to the pre-Islamic customs of the Arabs and the beliefs and practices of Christians. At the same time the

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Rh Thou art forever," answered that pure voice,

Which spoke o'erawed with higher mystery,

Solemn, deep-breathed, profound: "the spirit shares

The eternity of beauty seated there

In the soul's essence, there its realm and throne;

Yet hath the soul full many an earthly change.

With worship and desire its life begins,

With love and adoration for the good

That most releases it in power and joy,

And most absorbs its joy and power released.

Fore-seen, fore-felt, fore-known in the ideal,

Beauty, wherewith it shall itself be clothed

And grow incarnate, maddens the young soul,

As if the unhewn statue in the block

Should passion for itself; the poet so,

Until he be disburdened of his song,

Is with prophetic inspiration mad;

And as the sculptor frees the marble god,

And poets' fancies people oft the air,

The soul embodies mortally, and knows,

In passions, tastes, and appetites achieved,

Its form and image, seen in this dim sphere.

This builds it outwardly its mortal shell,

Experience, its stamp and other self,

Making apparent what its nature is.

Here, in experience, as in clay, it works,


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90 Assuming form, itself the masterpiece

Emerging beautiful for love's delight;

And ever, more incarnating the fair,

So grows it dear, and cherished by the gods:

But first must heavenly beauty bathe its eyes."

"Hard is experience," the youth replied,

"That works with fate and chance; other to me

The revelation was that cleansed my sight,—

Imagination's world; there elder men

Made their emotions and ideas a voice

Of aspiration and accomplishment

Unto mankind; oft on their lips I hung,

Lifting my eyes to the fair sight they saw,

Painted, or carven, or visionary sung,—

Infinite forms in one eternal found;

And oft themselves ensouled what seemed most fair.

So with sweet passion for the master's face

Did my own soul put on immortal form,

Clothed with that ray, and grew in fond desire

Of inward purity and outward grace,

Patterned upon the heroes and the gods;

For, in that plastic world of art and thought,

Easy the growth is of immortal souls."

"Imagination hath a higher truth

Than scant reality," the voice returned;

"Experience it concentrates and refines,


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206 (2) In elliptical sentences, with quasi-prepositional force, unless, save, 1934, 2151, 2533.

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 my youth. He was but four, and sucking sugar-plums, when his father and I were fugitives after Worcester. Judge from this story, if he rhymes the truth of me.

I think it was then, with the rain soaking my wretched borrowed clothes and the heavy tight plough-shoes rubbing my feet all to blisters, that I first knew consciously how misery may come to kings as to vagabonds. Egad, I was turned the second before I had well been the first. Trying to think of other things than my present sorry state among the dripping trees of Spring Coppice, I could but remember sorrier things still. Chiefly came to mind the Worcester fight, that had been rather a cutting down of my poor men like barley, and Cromwell's Ironside troopers the reapers; How could so much ill luck befall—Lauderdale's bold folly, that wasted our best men in a charge? The mazed silence of Leslie's Scots horse, the first of their blood I ever heard of before or since who refused battle? I remembered too, as a sick dream, how I charged with a few faithful at a troop of Parliamentarian horse said to be Cromwell's own guard; I had cut down a mailed rider with a pale face like the winter moon, and rode back dragging one of my own, wounded sore, across my saddle bow. He had died there, crying to me: "God save your most sacred Majesty!" And now I had need of God to save me.

"More things than Cromwell's wit and might went into this disaster," I told myself in the rain, nor knew how true I spoke.

After the battle, the retreat. Had it been only last night? Leslie's horsemen, who had refused to follow me toward Cromwell, had dogged me so close m fleeing him I was at pains to scatter and so avoid them. Late we had paused, my gentlemen and I, at a manor of White-Ladies. There we agreed to divide and flee in disguise. With trie help of two faithful yokels named Penderel I cut my long curls with a knife and crammed my big body into coarse garments—gray cloth breeches, a leathern doublet, a green jump-coat—while that my friends smeared my face and hands with chimney-soot. Then farewells, and I gave each gentleman a keep-sake—a ribbon, a buckle, a watch, and so forward. I remembered, too, my image in a mirror, and it was most unkingly—a towering, swarthy young man, ill-clad, ill-faced. One of the staunch Penderals bade me name myself, and I chose to be called Will Jones, a wandering woodcutter.

Will Jones! "Twas an easy name and comfortable. For the nonce I was happier with it than with Charles Stuart, England's king and son of that other Charles who had died by Cromwell's axe. I was heir to bitter sorrow and trouble and mystery, in my youth lost and hunted and friendless as any strong thief.

The rain was steady and weary. I tried to ask myself what I did here in Spring Coppice. It had been necessary to hide the day out, and travel by night; but whose thought was it to choose this dim, sorrowful wood? Richard Penderel had said that no rain fell elsewhere. Perhaps that was well, since Ironsides might forbear to seek me in such sorry bogs; but meanwhile I shivered and sighed, and wished myself a newt. The trees, what I could see, were broad oaks with some fir and larch, and the ground grew high with bracken reddened by September's first chill.

Musing thus, I heard a right ill sound—horses' hoofs. I threw myself half-downways among some larch scrub, peering out through the clumpy leaves. My right hand clutched the axe I carried as part of my masquerade. Beyond was a lane, and along it, one by one, rode enemy—a troop of Cromwell's horse, hard fellows and ready-seeming, with breasts and caps of iron. The)' stared right and left searchingly. The bright, bitter eyes of their officer seemed to strike through my hiding like a pike-point. I clutched my axe the tighter, and


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 swore on my soul that, if found, I would the fighting—a better death, after all, than my poor father's.

But they rode past, and out of sight. I sat up, and wiped muck from my long nose. "I am free yet," I told myself. "One day, please our Lord, I shall sit on the throne that is mine. Then shall I seek out these Ironsides and feed fat the gallows at Tyburn, the block at the Tower."

OR I was young and cruel then, as now I am old and mellow. Religion perplexed and irked me. I could not understand nor like Cromwell's Praise-God men of war, whose faces were as sharp and merciless as, alas, their swords. "I'll give them texts to quote," I vowed. "I have heard their canting war-cries. 'Smite and spare not!' They shall learn how it is to be smitten and spared not."

For the moment I felt as if vengeance were already mine, my house restored to power, my adversaries chained and delivered into my hand. Then I turned to cooler thoughts, and chiefly that I had best seek a hiding less handy to that trail through the trees.

The thought was like sudden memory, as if indeed I knew the Coppice and where best to go.

For I mind me how I rose from among the larches, turned on the heel of one pinching shoe, and struck through a belt of young spruce as though I were indeed a woodcutter seeking by familiar ways the door of mine own hut. So confidently did I stride that I blundered—or did I?—into a thorny vine that hung down from a long oak limb. It fastened upon my sleeve like urging fingers. "Nay, friend," I said to it, trying to be gay, "hold me not here in the wet," and I twitched away. That was one more matter about Spring Coppice that seemed strange and not overcanny—as also the rain, the gloom, my sudden desire to travel toward its heart. Yet, as you shall see here, these things were strange only in their basic cause. But I forego the tale.

"So cometh Will Jones to his proper home," cjuoth I, axe on shoulder. Speaking thus merrily, I came upon another lane, but narrower than that on which the horsemen had ridden. This ran ankle-deep in mire, and I remember how the damp, soaking into my shoes, soothed those plaguey blisters. I followed the way for some score of paces, and meseemed that the rain was heaviest here, like a curtain before some hidden thing. Then I came into a cleared space, with no trees nor bush, nor even grass upon the bald earth. In its center, wreathed with rainy mists, a house.

I paused, just within shelter of the leaves. "What," I wondered, "has my new magic of being a woodcutter conjured up a woodcutter's shelter?"

But this house was no honest workman's place, that much I saw with but half an eye. Conjured up it might well have been, and most foully. I gazed at it without savor, and saw that it was not large, but lean and high-looking by reason of the steep pitch of its roof. That roof's thatch was so wet and foul that it seemed all of one drooping substance, like the cap of a dark toadstool. The walls, too, were damp, being of clay daub spread upon a framework of wattles. It had one door, and that a mighty thick heavy one, of a single dark plank that hung upon heavy rusty hinges. One window it had, too, through which gleamed some sort of light; but instead of glass the window was filled with something like thin-scraped rawhide, so that light could come through, but not the shape of things within. And so I knew not what was in that house, nor at the time had I any conscious lust to find out.

I say, no conscious lust. For it was unconsciously that I drifted idly forth from the screen of wet leaves, gained and moved along a little hard-packed path between bracken-clumps. That path led to the


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 centred in his hands, he protected and secured their religious liberty." To the sorrow of the nation whom he had served so well, John Hubert Plunkett died in Melbourne in 1869. His funeral oration was pronounced by Father Isaac Moore, an eloquent Jesuit then attached to the Australian Church, but who was subsequently recalled to Ireland, and was one of the select preachers on the memorable occasion of the opening of the great cathedral of Armagh. Father Moore truly remarked of the deceased statesman that "his example, his integrity and his blameless life, secured for him, and indirectly for us, the respect of those who by their early associations and early training, had imbibed against Catholics a host of prejudices. Nor during his sway of high office has he been associated with anything questionable. He was esteemed by all, and by all beloved. When he came to these colonies, he found the Church which did not need aid richly endowed, while the Roman Catholics, who were poor, were obliged to provide for the education of their children and for divine service unassisted. Not only this, but in other things they were made to feel that they were not on a footing of equality. Even in such a state of society, one liberal spirit can do a great deal towards a reform. One such spirit alone, so isolated and against such odds, did produce a great effect. It is mainly to him whose memory we honour, to him and his great fellow-champion of liberty in the parent colony, Sir Richard Bourke, that we in common with other denominations, owe the religious freedom we now possess."

The Hon. Edward Butler, Q.C., is another cherished name in the annals of the bar of New South Wales. As a young man fresh from Kilkenny College, he was the coadjutor of Sir Charles Gavan Duffy in reviving the Nation after the

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87

 on him gladiaðgomelra lāfe heard ond hring-mǣl,Heaðobear[d]na gestrēon, þenden hīe ðām wǣpnumwealdan mōston,

oð ðæt hīe forlǣddan tō ðām lind-plegan swǣse gesīðasond hyra sylfra feorh. Þonne cwið aæt bēore,sē ðe bēah *gesyhð, eald æsc-wiga,sē ðe eall gem[an], gār-cwealm gumena(him bið grim sefa), onginneð gēomor-mōdgeong[um] cempan þurh hreðra gehygdhiges cunnian, wīg-bealu weccean,ond þæt word ācwyð: ‘Meaht ðū, mīn wine,mēce gecnāwan, þone þīn fædertō gefeohte bær under here-grīmanhindeman sīðe, dȳre īren,þǣr hyne Dene slōgon, wēoldon wæl-stōwe,syððan Wiðergyld læg, æfter hæleþa hryre,hwate Scyldungas? Nū hēr þāra banenabyre nāt-hwylces frætwum hrēmigon flet gǣð, morðres gylpe[ð],ond þone māðþum byreð, þone þe ðū mid rihterǣdan sceoldest.’ Manað swā ond myndgaðmǣla gehwylce

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 E. O. 9981 Title 3--The President EXECUTIVE ORDER 9981 ESTABLISHING THE PRESIDENT'S COMMITTEE ON EQUALITY OF TREATMENT AND OPPOR- TUNITY IN THE ARMED SERVICES WHEREAS it is essential that there be maintained in the armed services of the United States the highest standards of democracy, with equality of treatment and opportunity for all those who serve in our country's defense: NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, by the Constitution and the statutes of the United States, and as Commander in Chief of the armed serv- ices, it is hereby ordered as follows: 1. It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin. This policy shall be put into effect as rapidly as possible, having due regard to the time required to effec- tuate any necessary changes without im- pairing efficiency or morale. 2. There shall be created in the Na- tional Military Establishment an advisory committee to be known'as the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, which shall be composed of seven mem- bers to be designated by the President. 3. The Committee is authorized on be- half of the President to examine into the rules, procedures and practices of the armed services in order to determine in what respect such rules, procedures and practices may be altered or improved with a view to carrying out the policy of this order. The Committee shall con- fer and advise with the Secretary of De- fense, the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force, and shall make such recommendations to the President and to said Secretaries as in the judgment of the Committee will effectuate the policy hereof. 4. All executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government are authorized and directed to cooperate with the Committee in its work, and to furnish the Committee such inforwa- tion or the services of such persons as the Committee may require in the per- formance of its duties. 5. When requested by the Committee to do so, persons in the armed services or in any of the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government shall testify before the Committee and shall make available for the use of the Committee such documents and other information as the require. 6. The Committee exist until such time Committee may shall continue to as the President shall terminate its existence by Executive order. HARRY S. TRV THE WHIT HOUSE, July 26, 1948. EXECUTIVE ORDER 9982 EX7ENDING THE PROVISIONS OF EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 9870 OF JULY 8, 1947, I:Z- SCRIBING REGULATIONS ].=:RTAINING 'tO E ORANTING OF AND CCOTG FOR CERTAIN FOREIGN ERCE ALLOWANC AD ALLOS By virtue of the authority vested In me by the Potelan Service Act of 1946 Star. 999) and by section 202 of the evised Statutes of the United Stat U.S. C. 156), the provisions of Execu- tive Order No. 98 of Jy 8, 194, pre- scrlbin regulations pertainin to the rantin of and accountin for ceain iorein service allowances and allo- mens, are hereb extended and contin- ued In effect o and includin June 30, 1949. This order shall be effectlve as of Jul 1, 1948. RY S. TR E WH Ho, July 29, 1948. EXECUTIVE ORDER 9983 [Exemption of Garland S. Ferguson From Compulsory Retirement for Age; Aug. 2, 1948; not published] EXECUTIVE ORDER 9984 REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE FURNISHING OF CLOTHING IN KIND OR PAYMENT OF CASH ALLOWANCES IN LIEU THEREOF TO ENLISTED PERSONNEL OF THE NAVY, COAST GUARD, NAVAL RESERVE, AND COqT GUARD RESERVE By virtue of and pursuant to the au- thority vested in me by section 10 of the Pay Readjustment Act of June 16. 1942 (56 Stat. 359, 363), I hereby prescribe the following regulations governing the fur- ' 3 CFR, 1947 Supp. 722 Page 722


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 storm of '48 had passed away. Amongst his contributions were the graceful ballads that appeared in the new Nation, over the signature of "Eblana." When he made the parent Australian colony his home, he wrote extensively for the Sydney press, besides occupying a seat in Parliament and appearing as counsel in most of the important cases that came before the higher courts. In 1873, whilst he was holding office as Attorney-General in the Ministry of Sir Henry Parkes, the Chief Justiceship became vacant, and every one expected that Mr. Butler, by virtue of his position as senior law officer of the colony and his acknowledged pre-eminence at the bar, would have received due promotion to the bench of the Supreme Court. But the Premier, Sir Henry Parkes, an unscrupulous politician who, on more than one memorable occasion, has exhibited a rabid anti-Irish and anti-Catholic bias, to the astonishment of all Australia, passed over his gifted Attorney-General and gave the highest of judicial offices to a man who was Mr. Butler's junior at the bar. Naturally after such an unwarrantable reflection, and such a gross violation of the proprieties, Mr. Butler at once severed his connection with the Ministry, and never held office again during the few remaining years of his existence. Sir James Martin, the barrister who was so unjustly promoted to the Chief Justiceship over the head of Mr. Butler, was also an Irishman, but one of a different stamp to the noble-minded, unselfish, and patriotic Edward Butler. Sir James delivered many able addresses from time to time, but there is little in any of them to suggest that their author was a native of Cork. In this respect he differed very much from his colleague, Mr. Justice Faucett, a Dublin man, who is frequently the chosen mouthpiece of his countrymen and fellow-Catholics. In the early

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Rh Frees it from time, and shapes creation's stuff

In likeness of the mind's ideal world;

Thence hath our sight its visionary ray

Wherein the painter and the sculptor see,

The poet dreams, the lover lives forlorn;

Thence music feeds on harmonies divine;

Beauty the soul creates it hath from thence,

And, in creating, takes that beauty's form;

That world, once seen, the soul puts beauty forth,

Bloom after bloom, and men who look on it

Enamored are and like unto it grow;

Then speeds the heart of youth to the most fair,

What fascinates it most, most imitates;

Such passion most maketh it beautiful.

So soul takes form of beauty it beholds

And images; yet far more oft 't is seen

In mortal raiment of divine desire;

Its heavenly thirst increases without end;

Unslaked its passion, wonderful it glows,

And fills its earthly sphere with unknown light:

Then shines apparent the eternal part

In the soul's nature, homesick for the fair,

And ever fairer as it turneth home:

So grows the soul to mortals manifest."

"Love is the great creator"; the reply

Came with the heart's voice in it, musical


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92 With rich, unspent emotions, deep with youth;

"Let others paint the lily and the rose,

Let others carve the mortal and the god,

Let others pour celestial harmonies,

So may Love give me to be pure within,

And wear on earth his heavenly form!" He ceased,

And as with silver trumpets rang the wood,

A blare of music, and the laurel leaves

Rustled, and silence made the sound more sweet.

Ere to the Roamer's lips had sprung the voice

That rose within his heart, the tense scene broke,

As fades weird magic at the spoken word;

Only, far South, a glimmering water shone;

A wind woke moaning overhead; a pine,

Framing the offing, cried aloud. He saw

The glimmering water, heard the pine's great cry,

As if they were but portions of himself,—

So passion wrought, ebbing from ear and eye,

Body and soul, discharging the rapt mood.

"Great nature's frame!" he murmured low, "O Thou,

The awful emanation of the mind,

The base and apex of creative power,

So vast, so trackless, so impenetrable!

A cyclone, whirling in the wilderness!

A water-spout on the untravelled sea!


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Rh Eddy of mortal dust! O infinite Sphere,

How far thou stretchest, illimitable dream!

Path of the Light! mould of the earthly soul!

The Phantom of all Immanence! Unknown!"

His shining face seemed listening to the vague

He searched with restless eyes; a surf of cloud

Broke on the distant highlands, glittering spurs,

Whose foothills, rounding up in wooded knolls,

Arose to meet him coming, from afar.

Ridges of broken country lay between,

Outcropping limestone over meadowy gulfs,

Green laps of summer; lakes like gems were set,

And many a vaporous glen, far palisade,

Led the eye captive through the violet haze,

Where the great river wandered down the west;

But he turned southward toward that watery sheen.

Young was the heart that looked on the fair world;

Young was the foot that bent down flower and fern

Across the valley; many a faëry ring

He trod in the still forest, unespied;

And many a caverned gnome, deep underground,

Heard his faint footfall, and the elfin bands,

Hidden by bush and covert, listened nigh.

So, fancy-bound and beauty-thralled, he roved

New pastures, not like those, severe and pure,

Where first he swept the pine-bough by, and saw


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94 The sea, aye echoing eternity.

Other this soil, rich with the rose-leaf mould

Of beauty dead, breathed forth mortality.

Death choked the vital air, as on he went,

The death of beauty; here, pink-petalled, fell

The boy-loved arethusa, golden-tongued,

In the black swamp-land, moccasins by the pine;

And every flower bade memory farewell.

Oft he deplored the blue hepatica,

The earliest darling of the wood, the hills

Long since deflowered, whereon the laden bloom

Of mountain-laurel crowned his summers up

With sorrow, and the faces of old springs

Hung o'er the last year's brown and withered leaves.

O young and tender heart that saw the earth

Grown sad with beauty gone,—"Ay! this long time!"

He swept the sighing words from youthful lips:

"The grave spans all things with a little space!

Shut in the rose are summer's obsequies!

Death links with death!" and higher rose his strain:

"All things decay and vanish, changing form,

The infinite variable. The rainbow's arch

Is baseless, and the azure firmament,

Drifted with snowy mountains, range on range,

Shuts, as the lily; all that's in the world


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Rh Hath but its moment of infinity,

And no continuance anywhere is found

Save in the One, the Formless, undiscerned.

Hath heaven heard Him, in what skies He dwells?

A million orbs divide the region up;

A million beauties multiply on earth;

A million joys traffic in all men's hearts.

Seek ye in multitudes the Infinite One?

Seek ye in mortal bloom the Heavenly Rose?

Seek ye in endless nothingness the Whole?

Innumerable annihilation gnaws,

And infinite division, multiplied,

Unbinds the universe. Look you, how swift

The flood of waters sweeps Niagara's fall!

The hanging mass pours its eternal curve;

It sinks in billowing drifts of radiant spray,

And each drop shares the rainbow, rising up;

And the deep, fallen river chafes along,

And never more repairs its majesty.

Even so dissolves the godless universe."

And ever, speaking, he in thought beheld

Proteus, the god, sweet Adon's garden saw,

And all the mystery of life and death,

Nature's hard miracle. "The seasons change:

'T is birth,—'t is death,—'t is resurrection,—aye

The infinite cycle on itself returns


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The New International Encyclopædia/Hadik von Futak, Andreas, Count

HADIK VON FUTAK, , , Count (1710-90). An Austrian general, born on the island of Schütt (formed by the Danube, between Pressburg and Komorn), of an ancient noble family of Hungary. He distinguished himself in the wars against France and Prussia by his bravery and strategical skill. He was advanced to the rank of general in 1747. In the second year of the Seven Years' War (1757) he suddenly made a descent on Berlin and levied upon the city a tribute of 300,000 thalers, which he distributed among his soldiers. After the treaty of peace (1763) he became Governor of Transylvania. He was commander-in-chief of the Austrian Army during the Turkish campaign of 1789, but was compelled by illness to resign his command to Laudon. His diary contains much interesting information on the military history of the eighteenth century.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Hading, Jane

HADING, ȧ'dāN', (1859—). The stage-name of Jeanne-Alfrédine Tréfouret, a French actress, born at Marseilles. Her first appearance on the stage, she has recorded, was when she was three years old. At the age of fourteen, after dramatic studies at the Conservatoire of her native city, she began her career in Algiers and Cairo. She first appeared in Paris in 1879, when she sang in La petite mariée and La belle Lurette. She was engaged in 1885 at the Gymnase, under the direction of M. Victor Koning, who afterwards was her husband, and she established her popularity by her enormous success in Ohnet's Le maître de forges; in Frou Frou (1886) she added still further to her reputation. She contributed to the success of M. Lavedan's Prince d'Aurec in June, 1892, and afterwards joined the Comédie Française. Sardou chose her for the title rôle of his Marcelle in 1896. She appeared in many parts of Europe and in South

America, as well as in the United States, where she became best known by her tours with Coquelin in 1888 and 1894.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Hadith

HAD'ITH (Ar. hadith, tradition, from hadatha, to occur). The general designation in Arabic for a story or tradition, but more specifically applied to the traditions about Mohammed, the prophet's sayings and doings, which, as a complement to the Koran, form, together with it, the supreme authority for all religious and legal questions of the Mohammedans. Originally the traditions were transmitted orally; but the danger of their being entirely forgotten gradually led to their being written down in the first centuries after Mohammed. The earlier collections, however, possess only individual authority, and make no claim to systematic arrangement or comprehensiveness. Such collections are known as musnads, ‘genealogical chains,’ from the fact that each tradition is traced back to its ultimate authoritative source. Eight of such musnad collections are known to us, though many more were produced. The higher class of Hadith literature, however, is represented by collections termed musannat, ‘systematized,’ in which the traditions are divided according to subjects and treated with reference to their ritualistic, historical, and ethical import. The attempt is made to carry each utterance of the prophet back from one source to the other, until a contemporary of Mohammed is reached, and if the chain is complete the tradition is considered to be of the first class; the value of the defective traditions varies again according to the number of links missing, and the names of those who have transmitted the traditions. It will be seen that in this way the door is opened for almost endless variety of opinions as to the exact value of this or that tradition. The principal and most authoritative collections of traditions are those of Bokhari, Moslim, Abu Daud, Tirmidi, Nasa'i, and Maja. Of these again, which were all produced in the ninth century, the most important code is the Sahih of Bokhari (810-870), who, it is said, spent sixteen years of his life in traveling through the length and breadth of the land for the purpose of collecting such traditions, and who singled out, from a number of 60,000, about 7270, as alone genuine. Besides numerous editions published within the last fifty years in the Orient, a standard European edition of the Sahih was published by the later Professor Krehl, Le recueil ''des traditions musulmanes, par. . . al-Bokhari'' (Leyden, 1862-68). The six authoritative Hadith collections are far from exhausting the Hadith literature. Every generation, almost, produced collections of traditions aiming to fill out gaps or to determine the value of traditions. In this way an enormous Hadith literature grew up which is fully discussed by Goldziher, in his Mohammedanische Studien, vol. ii. (Halle, 1890). See ; ; .


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Sonnet 18

 * Sonnet 18, by William Shakespeare.
 * Sonnet 18, by Barnfield
 * A sonnet by Petratch

title: Sonnet 18


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The New International Encyclopædia/Hadjemis

HADJEMIS, hăj'ḗ-mĭz. A name applied to the Iranian population of that part of Persia between Ispahan and Teheran, including also the Talych and Mazandarani of the shores of the Caspian. In stature they are generally above the average; their head form is dolichocephalic, or tends to be such. See, section Ethnology.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Hadley

HAD'LEY. A town, including several villages, in Hampshire County, Mass., three miles northeast of Northampton; on the Connecticut River,

and on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map: Massachusetts, B 3). It is in an agricultural region, and has two public libraries. The government is administered by town meetings. Population, in 1890, 1669; in 1900, 1789. Settled as Norwottock in 1659, Hadley was incorporated under its present name (from Hadley, England) in 1661. The regicides Goffe and Whalley were concealed here for some years after 1664; and there is a tradition that in 1675 the former suddenly appeared, put himself at the head of the people, and saved the town from an Indian attack. Consult Judd, History of Hadley (Northampton, 1863).


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The New International Encyclopædia/Hadley, Arthur Twining

HADLEY, (1850—). An American educator, who became president of Yale University in 1899. He was born at New Haven, Conn., the son of Prof. James Hadley. He graduated at Yale in 1876, and pursued advanced studies at Yale and Berlin. In 1879-83 he was tutor in Yale College. He was university lecturer on railroad transportation from 1883 to 1886; commissioner of labor statistics for Connecticut from 1885 to 1887; professor of political science at Yale University, 1886-98; and in 1899 was made president. He was president of the American Economic Association, 1897-99. In 1885 he published Railroad Transportation: Its History and Its Laws, which at once gained him the position of an authority on the subject; it was translated into Russian in 1886, and into French in 1887. In the same year he was summoned as expert witness before the Cullom State Committee, which drafted the Interstate Commerce Law. He also published: Report on the Labor Question (1885); Report on the System of Weekly Payments (1886); Economics (1896); Education of the American Citizen (1901). He contributed numerous essays on political and economic subjects to scientific and popular periodicals, and is the author of the articles on transportation in Lalor's Cyclopædia of Political Science. President Hadley's writings place him in the first rank among American economists.


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 Something clicked in Roger Benton's brain. "Slime?"

The little man nodded. "You know, the slime that covers the whole lake this time o' year. There wasn't none on her. The body should've been covered with it, by rights, after bein' over a week in th' water. Don't seem natteral like, does it?" He grinned rather sheepishly. "'Course, I don't hold with what them Injuns says 'bout it."

With an effort the other murmured, "What do they say about it?"

"Some heathen stuff 'bout th' d'ceased bein' a friend of the lake sperits, an' them savin' her from th' deefilement o' th' slime." He chuckled. "What stuff them dumb savages do think up!"

Roger Benton didn't answer. He sat very still, listening to the chant that drummed against his ears through the open window.

II

S HE paddled evenly through the water the copper-skinned boatman rested a stolid gaze upon the back of the cringing figure who sat in the center of his canoe.

A very different look burned from the eyes of the expensively dressed blonde woman who reclined beside the cringing figure—a look of disgust and contempt which soon took form in rancid words; "If you could only see yourself!" she sneered. "You're white as a sheet and trembling like a frightened dog."

Benton turned bloodshot, pleading eyes upon her. "Won't you change your mind, Hilda? Please tell him to take us back."

"When we're nearly there?" Her jaw set grimly. "Not much I won't! It's taken me two years to get you this far—and now you're going the rest of the way; you won't cheat me any longer out of the pleasure of swelling it over my old neighbors in that swanky island bungalow."

He stretched a quivering hand toward her, "Hilda, I'll buy you a nicer place. I'll buy you anything you like, if you won't make me go back there."

She knocked his hand aside roughly. "You could buy me the most expensive mansion on Fifth Avenue and it wouldn't give me the kick of living on that island across from Paw's farm where I used to be so poor."

A flash of forgotten spirit was in his voice as he leaned toward her out of earshot of the oarsman: "Haven't you done enough to me already? Have you forgotten the reason you're not poor now is that you made me commit a murder you had planned?"

"Shut up, you fool!" she hissed through clenched teeth, "And get this through your head, once and for all: I planned nothing—I knew nothing—I did nothing! And you or nobody else can prove otherwise!"

The canoe slid to a stop upon the island shore. "We're here. Get up and help me out," she commanded.

For a long moment he remained motionless, glaring at her with a burning hatred. Under her own steady stare, his gaze wavered, dropped. When he raised it again it was a vacant, hopeless thing.

As his wife picked a fastidious way through the shells and weed that covered the shore, old Nahma waddled down the hilly path toward them. Hilda peered past her at the coveted bungalow. Satisfied with what she saw she turned patronizingly to the squaw.

"Well old woman looks from here like you've taken pretty good care of things." Nahma returned an impassive nod then gazed silently into her eyes. Hilda felt vaguely uncomfortable and abruptly ordered:

"I want you to go back to the mainland


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 around the nation—each focusing on different legal, policy, and technical questions—have begun to address these issues as well.

V. TRANSPARENCY FOR TAXPAYERS: FEDERAL SPENDING DISCLOSURE

Information about government expenditures is an especially important category of information warranting greater public disclosure. Simply put, citizens are entitled to know where their tax dollars go. As a corollary, government should make that information readily accessible. A number of websites provide that transparency, and furthermore solicit public participation to ensure the best use of taxpayer dollars.

Recovery Act

Recovery.gov provides comprehensive and detailed information about how funds allocated under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act) have been spent. This website provides data about tax benefits, government contracts, grants and loans, and Recovery Act entitlement spending. It traces the use of Recovery Act dollars by spending agency, by recipient and subrecipient, and by geography. In fact, Recovery.gov shows where stimulus spending takes place, down to specific zip codes. It also provides information about specific Recovery Act projects. In addition, Recovery.gov allows citizens who suspect fraudulent use of Recovery Act funds to alert the Recovery Board that administers the funds. The quantity and quality of spending information at Recovery.gov is unprecedented. The federal website also provided a model that lead the states to create state-level websites on Recovery Act spending.

Federal Grants

USASpending.gov, revised and re-launched in March 2010, provides expanded transparency of federal spending information beyond Recovery Act funds. It provides extensive information about federal contracts, grants, and loans in one searchable location. USASpending.gov now also includes spending data on sub-awards to federal grants and contracts. The public can therefore now track how taxpayer dollars are spent down to the sub-award level.

Information Technology Spending

The federal government spends significant resources on investments in information technology (IT). IT.usaspending.gov is a new information clearinghouse that allows the public visually to track approximately $80 billion in federal IT initiatives and to hold the government accountable for its investments in new IT. The website's dashboard allows the public to see which IT projects are working and on-schedule and which are not. It solicits public participation as well, by allowing the public to offer alternative approaches to planned government IT spending and to provide feedback to the chief information officers at federal agencies about their IT investments. And increased transparency in this context has in fact exposed underperforming

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 initiatives. For one example, the VA has terminated $54 million dollars' worth of IT projects. More generally, the increased scrutiny that federal IT spending has received has already saved over $3 billion dollars of taxpayer money.

Other Government Payments

A new improper payments dashboard, Paymentaccuracy.gov, was launched in June 2010 in response to Executive Order 13520, "Reducing Improper Payments and Eliminating Waste in Federal Programs." Executive Order 13520 requires federal agencies to analyze why improper payments by the government occur, and to increase their efforts to protect against such payments. Paymentaccuracy.gov contains information about current and historical rates and amounts of improper payments, information on why improper payments occur, and information about what agencies are doing to reduce and recover improper payments. The site allows the public to download data about improper government payments, and to report suspected overpayments. Greater disclosure of unwarranted government expenditures provided by Paymentaccuracy.gov creates strong incentives for agencies to avoid mistaken or otherwise improper payments.

Taxpayer Receipts

The White House also recently launched a new web site, "Taxpayer Receipt," (http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/taxes/tax-receipt), that allows citizens to see exactly where their tax dollars go, fulfilling a promise President Obama made during his 2011 State of the Union Address. Here, taxpayers can enter their 2010 income tax information, and see how their tax payments were used, both as a percentage of their income tax payment and in absolute dollars given their individual income tax payment information. Taxpayer Receipt thus provides accountability of the use of tax dollars not by specific programs, but across the board.

VI. CLASSIFIED INFORMATION AND OTHER GOVERNMENT RECORDS Creating a more open government requires more than pushing information out to the public and soliciting public participation and collaboration to solve challenges agencies face, as essential as those are. Openness also requires the government to generate information that is categorically unavailable to the public less often. Here, the Administration has made great efforts to limit designating government records as beyond the public's ken. Specifically, President Obama has issued executive orders aimed at curbing the over-classification of agency documents and excessive designation of government information as sensitive, while establishing a process for declassifying documents that no longer should be withheld.

Over-Classification and Declassification of Government Information

In December 2009, the President issued Executive Order 13526, "Classified National Security Information," and an accompanying Presidential Memorandum on the subject of the Order's implementation. This Executive Order 13526 improves the process by which government information becomes "classified," and how long it remains classified. It provides

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 clarified, and stricter, standards for classifying information. It further provides that government information "shall not be considered for classification unless its unauthorized disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause identifiable or describable damage to the national security" according to specified criteria, and furthermore provides explicit reasons for which classification is prohibited. The Order also limits the delegation of classification authority within agencies, and restores the presumption against classification in cases of "significant doubt." It also requires agencies to undertake comprehensive review of their classification practices, issue guidelines to facilitate proper and uniform classification, and to create procedures for keeping their guidelines current. The Order also tightens the standards for keeping information classified for more than 25 years, and provides that no information may remain classified indefinitely.

Executive Order 13526 also establishes a National Declassification Center within the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). The National Declassification Center is charged with streamlining the declassification process, overseeing quality assurance of agency declassification efforts, and implementing standardized training for the declassification of government records determined to have permanent historical value. Finally, the Order instructs the Information Security Oversight Office (ISOO) within the National Archives Office to implement the Order by issuing directives, "binding on the agencies." It furthermore authorizes the Director of ISOO to report violations of the Order, and explicitly contemplates sanctions for government officers and employees who knowingly or negligently "classify or continue the classification of information in violation of [the Order] or any implementing directive," among other reasons. The Order also requires agency heads to provide the Director of ISOO with reports summarizing their efforts to review comprehensively their classification guidance. In the Presidential Memorandum accompanying Executive Order 13526, President Obama explained that the Order should "produce measurable progress towards greater openness and transparency in the Government's classification and declassification programs."

NARA has taken important steps to implement the Order and to ensure that agencies comply with it. In January 2011, the Director of ISOO advised senior agency officials with responsibility to undertake comprehensive review of their classification standards and to facilitate their declassification efforts to issue periodic status reports on their progress. In June 2010, the National Declassification Center (NDC) created by the Order held an open forum seeking public participation and feedback in response to the NDC's draft plan to implement the Order and to prioritize declassification efforts. The NDC made clear that its efforts would focus on the declassification of government documents "determined to be of high public interest." Following that forum and publication of a draft implementation plan, the NDC issued a final public plan to implement the Order, on which it continues to invite public comment. The NDC also plans biannual reports tracking progress on agency declassification efforts.

Executive Order 13526 has already begun to have an effect. According to the ISOO's April 2011 report, executive branch agencies in fiscal year 2010 reduced their personnel authorized to classify documents by 7%, recording their lowest number to date. Agencies also employed a 10-years-or-fewer classification designation for 74% of all original classification

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 decisions, which is the highest percentage of that short-term designation used to date. With respect to declassification, the executive branch reviewed 53.1 million pages of classified information, and declassified 29.1 million pages (55.4%). Over the course of 2010, NARA also oversaw efforts to improve the infrastructure for reducing the backlog of documents for declassification review. From January 2010 to April 2011, 104.9 million backlogged pages were initially reviewed, most of which require further review. Of those, nearly 12 million pages were released to the public. As with improving agency processes for administering the Freedom of Information Act, government-wide reform of classification and declassification requires sustained commitment. But with NARA's coordination and assistance, agencies have begun to make meaningful progress.

Limiting Use of Controlled but Unclassified Government Information

Formal classification is not the only way in which government documents are restricted. Agencies currently use many dozens of markings, such as "for official use only," to designate information that requires safeguarding or dissemination controls, referred to as "Controlled Unclassified Information" (CUI). In November 2010, President Obama issued Executive Order 13556 to standardize such designations and reduce agencies' over-reliance on them. As the President explained, agencies' "inefficient, confusing patchwork has resulted in inconsistent marking and safeguarding of documents," as well as "unclear or unnecessarily restrictive dissemination policies." To promote "openness and uniformity" across the government, Executive Order 13556 requires agency review of all forms of non-classified information withheld from the public. The Order instructs agencies to review their relevant practices, and to submit to the National Archives and Records Administration all of their proposed categories of CUI. It makes clear that CUI markings do not provide an independent basis for withholding information from the public. The Order also charges NARA with reviewing categories of such information and, in consultation with agencies and the public, with approving categories and subcategories to be applied uniformly throughout the executive branch. NARA is spearheading those efforts at present.

VII. WHITE HOUSE TRANSPARENCY

President Obama has done more than direct the executive branch to become more open. Leading by example, the White House has opened its own windows. It has provided the public with information about presidential scheduling, financial disclosures, ethics materials, and White House visitors. The President has also issued an executive order to provide increased access to Presidential Records.

Daily Schedules

Since July 2010, the White House has made the President's and the Vice President's daily public schedules available. Those schedules are available at the White House web site, Whitehouse.gov. In addition, anyone can subscribe the President's or Vice President's schedules electronically—sent, or added to one's own computer calendar, automatically. In this way, citizens have instant access to the President's and Vice President's public schedules.

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 Presidential Tax Returns and Financial Disclosure Forms

The White House has also released the President's and the Vice President's tax filings, as well as their annual financial disclosures forms. Both of these are also posted prominently on the White House website. The public thus has easy access to the President's and Vice President's income and other financial interests. Ethics and Financial Disclosures of White House Staff The White House has also posted all waivers of strict new ethics requirements for White House personnel. President Obama's Executive Order 13490, "Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Personnel," imposes new rules on how executive branch appointees are to conduct themselves, and restricts appointees' pre-government and post-government employment. The Order also requires every political appointee in every executive agency to sign an Ethics Pledge, while it allows for a waiver when the literal application of the Ethics Pledge does not make sense or is not in the public interest. All such waivers are posted online in their entirety for the public and media to review.

White House staff salary and financial disclosure forms are publicly available as well. Here again for the first time, interested parties may submit requests online for the staff financial disclosure reports they would like to review. The records and distribution process have been streamlined, so that each report is available in pdf form for transmission via email. Requested reports are e-mailed as quickly as possible.

White House Visitor Logs

The White House has also made the security log of all White House visitors publicly available, posted online on a rolling basis. The public can now browse the names of everyone who visits the White House. The visitors log can be searched by name or by date, and log records can be downloaded as well. The White House has released over 1,250,000 names so far.

Presidential Records

President Obama has also ensured that White House records, even sensitive documents, will become more readily and more quickly available to the public in the future. In January 2009, the President issued Executive Order 13489, promoting greater access to Presidential Records. That Order rescinded Executive Order 13323, which had restricted the disclosure of Presidential Records by allowing former presidents and their descendants to delay indefinitely the release of information. This new Order also gives the Archivist, the Attorney General, and the White House Counsel roles in determining the use of presidential privileges. Executive Order 13489 thus promotes openness for the near and far future.

VIII. CRITIQUES

Public feedback is an intended and valued consequence of open government. Just as the Administration has directed agencies to solicit the public's views about their Open Government Plans, so too has it welcomed the public's assessments of its larger open government efforts. As

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124 There was not a single light either on the engine or carriages, and only the shut ash-box threw a dim reddish light on to the rails.

"What is this?" asked I, stepping back.

"Why, we are going in the train. Have you forgotten? We are going in the train," muttered the doctor.

The night was chilly and he was trembling from cold, and as I looked at him I felt the same rapid tickling shiver all over my body.

"D—n you!" I cried loudly. "Just as if you couldn't have taken somebody else."

"Hush! please, hush!" and the doctor caught me by the arm.

Somebody out of the darkness said:

"If you were to fire a volley from all the guns, nobody would stir. They are all asleep. One could go up and bind them all. Just now I passed quite close to the sentry. He looked at me and did not say a word, never stirred. I suppose he was asleep too. It's a wonder he does not fall down."

He who spoke yawned and his clothes rustled, evidently he was stretching himself. I leaned against the side of the carriage, intending to climb up—and was instantly overcome by sleep. Somebody lifted me up from behind and laid me down, while I began pushing him away with my feet, without knowing why, and again I fell asleep, hearing as in a dream fragments of a conversation:

"At the seventh verst."

"Have you forgotten the lanterns?"


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116 —how they had grown up, and had been provided for and married, and had multiplied in their descendants.

When I had given the most accurate information about almost everything about which he had asked, his features alternately expressed cheerfulness and solemnity. He was pleased and touched; while the people cheered up more and more, and could not hear too much of our conversation, of which, it must be confessed, he was obliged to translate a part into their own dialect.

At last he said, "Podestà, I am convinced that this is a good, accomplished, and well-educated gentleman, who is travelling about to acquire instruction. We will let him depart in a friendly manner, that he may speak well of us to his fellow countrymen, and induce them to visit Malsesine, the beautiful situation of which is well worthy the admiration of foreigners." I gave additional force to these kind words by praising the country, the situation, and the inhabitants, not forgetting to mention the magistrates as wise and prudent personages.

This was well received; and I had permission to visit the place at pleasure, in company with Master Gregorio. The landlord with whom I had put up now joined us, and was delighted at the prospect of the foreign guests who would crowd upon him when once the advantages of Malsesine were properly known. With the most lively curiosity he examined my various articles of dress, but especially envied me the possession of a little pistol, which slipped conveniently into the pocket. He congratulated those who could carry such pretty weapons; this being forbidden in his country, under the severest penalties. This friendly but obtrusive personage I sometimes interrupted to thank my deliverer. "Do not thank me," said honest Gregorio; for you owe me nothing. If the podestà had understood his business, and the actuary had not


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Rh been the most selfish man in the world, you would not have got off so easily. The former was still more puzzled than you; and the latter would have pocketed nothing by your arrest, the information, and your removal to Verona. This he rapidly considered, and you were already free before our dialogue was ended."

Toward the evening the good man took me into his vineyard, which was very well situated, down along the lake. We were accompanied by his son, a lad of fifteen, who was forced to climb the trees, and pluck me the best fruit, while the old man looked out for the ripest grapes.

While thus placed between these two kind-hearted people, both strange to the world, alone, as it were, in the deep solitude of the earth, I felt in the most lively manner, as I reflected on the day's adventure, what a whimsical being man is; how the very thing, which in company he might enjoy with ease and security, is often rendered troublesome and dangerous, from his notion that he can appropriate to himself the world and its contents after his own peculiar fashion.

Toward midnight my host accompanied me to the bark, carrying the basket of fruit with which Gregorio had presented me, and thus, with a favourable wind, I left the shore, which had promised to become for me a Læstrygonicum shore.

And now for my expedition on the lake. It ended happily, after the noble aspect of the water, and of the adjacent shore of Brescia, had refreshed my very heart. On the western side, where the mountains cease to be perpendicular, and near the lake, the land becomes more flat. Garignano, Bojaco, Cecina, Toscolan, Maderno, Verdom, and Salo stand all in a row, and occupy a reach of about a league and a half; most of them being built in long streets. No words can express the beauty of this richly inhabited spot. At ten o'clock in the morning, I landed at Bartolino, placed my luggage


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118 on one mule, and myself on another. The road went now over a ridge which separates the valley of the Etsch from the hollow of the lake. The primeval waters seem to have driven against each other from both sides, in immense currents, and to have raised this colossal dam of gravel. A fertile soil was deposited upon the gravel at a quieter period, but the labourer is constantly annoyed by the appearance of the stones on the surface. Every effort is made to get rid of them. They are piled in rows and layers one on another, and thus a sort of thick wall is formed along the path. The mulberry-trees, from a want of moisture, have a dismal appearance at this elevation. Springs there are none. From time to time puddles of collected rain-water may be found, with which the mules, and even their drivers, quench their thirst. Some wheels are placed on the river beneath, to water at pleasure those plantations that have a lower situation.

The magnificence of the new country, which opens on you as you descend, surpasses description. It is a garden a mile long and broad, which lies quite flat at the foot of tall mountains and steep rocks, and is as neatly laid out as possible. By this way, about one o'clock on the 10th of September, I reached Verona, where I first write this, finish, and put together the first part of my diary, and indulge in the pleasing hope of seeing the amphitheatre in the evening.

Concerning the weather of these days I have to make the following statement. The night from the 9th to the 10th was alternately clear and cloudy: the moon had always a halo round it. Toward five o'clock in the morning, all the sky was overcast with gray, not heavy clouds, which vanished with the advance of day. The more I descended, the finer was the weather. As at Botzen the great mass of the mountains took a northerly situation, the air displayed quite another


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Rh quality. From the different grounds in the landscape, which were separated from each other in the most picturesque manner, by a tint more or less blue, it might be seen that the atmosphere was full of vapours equally distributed, which it was able to sustain, and which, therefore, neither fell in the shape of dew, nor were collected in the form of clouds. As I descended farther, I could plainly observe that all the exhalations from the Botzen Valley, and all the streaks of cloud which ascended from the more southern mountains, moved toward the higher northern regions, which they did not cover, but veiled with a kind of yellow fog. In the remotest distance, over the mountains, I could observe what is called a "water-gull." To the south of Botzen they have had the finest weather all the summer, only a little water (they say aqua to denote a light rain) from time to time, and then a return of sunshine. Yesterday a few drops occasionally fell, and the sun throughout continued shining. They have not had so good a year for a long while; everything turns out well: the bad weather they have sent to us.

I mention but slightly the mountains and the species of stone; since Ferber's "Travels to Italy," and Hacquet's "Journey along the Alps," give sufficient information respecting this district. A quarter of a league from the Brenner, there is a marble quarry, which I passed at twilight. It may, nay must, lie upon mica-slate, as on the other side. This I found near Colman, just as it dawned: lower down there was an appearance of porphyry. The rocks were so magnificent, and the heaps were so conveniently broken up along the highway, that a "Voigt" cabinet might have been made and packed up at once. Without any trouble of that kind, I can take a piece, if it is only to accustom my eyes and my curiosity to a small quantity. A little below Colman I found some porphyry, which splits into regular plates, and, between Brandrol and