text:
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large - vol 2.djvu/578

528 or Kerfie, as before this Time they might have done if the faid Act had never been made; any Thing in the faid Act to the contrary thereof made, or any other Act, Statute or Law heretofore made, or hereafter Tor farther t0 be ma de to the contrary hereof in any wife notwithftanding. 27 EL c. 23. Prcvifioni relating hereto fee % Car. 2. c. 22. 22 & 23 Car. 2. c. 8. 11 £f 12 JV. 3. e. 20. 6 .4m. c. 8 £f 9. 7 ./ins. c. 13. 10 /<«n. c, 16. I ff«. 1, e| 15 £? 41. 11 Geo, 1. c. 24. 7 Geo. 2. {. 25. n Geo. 2. c. 28, o»rf 14 Gw. 2. c. 35.

P. XV.

An Act that Timber fhall not be felled to make Coals for Burning of Iron.

J7. 8. f. 17. T^OR the Avoiding of Deftrudion and Wafting of Timber, Be it enacted by our Sovereign Lady What Timber- p the Queen's Majefty, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons, in this prefent Par- Trees, and what ]} amen t affembled, and by the Authority of the fame, That no Perfon or Perfons hereafter fhall convert Places' fliall not or employ, or caufe to be converted or employed to Coal or other Fuel for the Making of Iron, any Tim- be converted to ber-tree or Timber-trees of Oak, Beech or Afh, or of any Part thereof, of the Breadth of one Foot Fuel for the fquare at the Stub, and growing within fourteen Miles of the Sea, or of any Part of the Rivers of Thama % making of iron. ^ evern _ > ff^y e ^ Humber, Dee, Tine, Teefe, Trent or any other River, Creek or Stream, by the which Carriage No Wood, &c. j s cornrnon ly u fed by Boat or other VeiTel to any Part of the Sea; (2) upon Pain of Forfeiture for every toCoal°Tc f ucn Tree, or any Part thereof, fo employed or converted to Coal or other Fuel for the Making of Iron within22 Miles as is aforefaid, forty Shilling of lawful Money of England; the one Half of all which Forfeitures to be of London, &C. to our Sovereign Lady the Queen's Majefty, and to her Heirs and Succeffors, and the other Moiety t» 23 El. c. 5. n im or them that will fue for the fame by original Writ, Bill, Plaint or Information, wherein no Eiloin, Protection, Injunction or Wager of Law fhall be admitted or allowed.

To what Shires II. Provided always, That this Act {hall not extend to the County of SuJJex nor to the Weild of Keni y or Maces this nor to an y t jj e Parlfhes f Charlewood, Newdigate and Ligh in the Weild of the County of Surrey. (2) This iffi! " 0t A<a to . be? in and take Effect from and after the Feaft of the Nativity of St. John Baptiji next coming Tor farther Pro- after this Seffion of Parliament. 27 El. c. 19. •vijiom relating to Woods fee 15 Car. 2. c. 2. 20 Car. 2. c. 3. 9 (S 10 TV, 3. c. 36. 1 Geo. 1. Stat. 2. c. 48. 6 Geo. I. c. 16. 29 Geo. 2. c. 36. end 31 Geo. 2. c, 41.

P. XVI.

Riots. The Statute made Anno i Mar. SelT. 2. c. 12. againft unlawful and rebellious Affemblies, fhall be continued during the Queen's Life, and until the End of the Parliament then next following. EXP.

P. XVII.

An A<ft for Prefervation of Spawn and Fry of Fifh. The Penalty for ' T7 O R the Prefervation hereafter of Spawn, Fry and young Breed of Eels, Salmons, Pikes, and of all •taking of the « ji other Fifh which heretofore hath been much deftroyed in Rivers and Streams fait and frefh within Spawn or Fry of « ^j s R ea i m, infomuch that in divers Places they feed Swine and Dogs with the Fry and Spawn of Fifh, ronabi'e, &°. r ' and otherwife, lamentable and horrible to be reported, deftroy the fame, to the great Hinderance and De- ilEJ.'i. c. 4.7. ' cay of the Commonwealth :' (2) Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's moit excellent Majefty, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons, in this prefent Parliament affembled, and by the Au- thority of the fame, That no Perfon or Perfons of what Eftate, Degree or Condition foever he or they be, from and after the firft Day of June next coming, with any manner of Net, Weele, But, Taining, Kepper, Lime, Crele, Raw, Fagnet, Trolnet, Trimenet, Trimboat, Stalboat, Weblifter, Seur, Lammet, or with any Device or Engine made of Hair, Wool, Line or Canvas; (3) or fhall ufe any Heling-Net or Trim- boat, or by any other Device, Engine, Cawtel, Ways or Means whatfoever heretofore made or deviled, or hereafter to be made or devifed, fhall take and kill any young Brood, Spawn or Fry of Eels, Salmon, Pike or Pikerel, or of any other Fifh, in any Flood-gate Pipe, at the Tail of any Mill, Wear, or in any Straits, Streams, Brooks, Rivers frefh or fait within this Realm of England, Wales, Berwick, or the Marches None fliall take thereof; (4) nor fhall frorr v and after the firft Day of June next coming, by any of the Ways and Means any Salmons or aforefaid, or otherwife in any River or Place above fpecified, take and kill any Salmons or Trouts, not Tioutsnotm being in Seafon, being Kepper-Salmons or Kepper-Trouts, Shedder-Salmons or Shedder- Trouts. Of that Length

And be it further enacted by the Authority aforefaid, That no Perfon or Perfons, of what Eftate, Fifhes muft be Degree or Condition he or they fhall be of, from and after the faid firft Day of June, by any of the Means that mail be aforefaid, in any of the Rivers or Places above-named, fhall take and kill any Pike or Pikerel, not being taken and killed. J n Length ten Inches or more; (2) nor any Salmon not being in Length fixteen Inches or more; (3) nor any Trout not being in Length eight Inches or more; (4) nor any Barbel not being in Length twelve Inches or more.

OfwhatMcih III. And to the Intent the faij young Fry, Brood or Spawn may b; preferved according to the true "ch Net <hall Meaning hereof, be it further enacted by the Authority aforefaid, That no manner of Perfon or Perfons, ic - from and after the firft Day of June next coming, fhall fifh or take Fifh with any manner of Net, Tramel, Kepe, Wore, Hivie, Crele, or by any other Engine, Device, Ways or Means whatfoever, in any River or other Place above-mentioned, but only with Net or Traxel whereof every Mefh or Maik fhall be two Inches and a Half broad; Angling excepted.

What Nets or JV. Provided neverthelefs, and be it enacted by Authority aforefaid, That in all fuch Places where Smelts, other Devices L oc hes, Minnies, Billheads, Gudgions or Eels, have been ufed to be taken and killed, that in all fuch Places ni »v be ufed for ' ' ' a


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/322

264 to waterfalls and water courses. Likewise, the known pottery of the whole insular area is similar.

Of special archæological features, Porto Rico offers a fine series in her mysterious stone collars, numerous three-pointed stone figures, elbow stones, and carved celts. Thus, in the main, we are justified in designating the Antilles as a distinct archæological area, belonging rather to South America than to the northern continent.

SOUTH AMERICA

No one has attempted a close classification of South American archæology but certain suggestions have been made. We have prepared a map upon which are located the areas indicated by our present knowledge. There are six of these: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Atlantic Highlands, and Patagonia. The interior of the tropical forest is a blank, for if it has any archæology, its discovery is for the future.

19. Colombia. In Colombia four culture centers have been recognized. In the north one centers about Antioquia, the home of the Tamahi and Nutabi peoples; the next to the south about Cartago (the Quimbaya); the third at Popayan (the Coconuco); and lastly, in the extreme south, the seat of the Chibcha empire. Though at the time of the conquest the latter was the center of the highest political development, the leading culture was formerly, at least, at Cartago.

No ruins of buildings comparable to those of the south have been noted. Even the mound development is feeble. However, there is one unique locality about San Augustine where remarkable monolithic statues have been found and also some mound structures. Metal work was praiseworthy, especially at Cartago. Skilful casting by the cire perdue method has been noted, and good examples of soldering, plating, and even gilding have been collected. Different colored alloys were produced with gold, silver, and copper.

Cartago was also the center of pottery development, but on the whole, Colombia pottery is inferior. Some painted decorations are in geometric patterns, but bold incised designs are more frequent. One striking feature is the tendency

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/322


text:
Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/278

226 but treacherous hostility; and that, exactly in proportion to the sternness of our separation from them, will be not only the spiritual but the temporal blessings granted by God to this country. How close has been the correspondence hitherto between the degree of resistance to Romanism marked in our national acts, and the honour with which those acts have been crowned, has been sufficiently proved in a short essay by a writer whose investigations into the influence of Religion upon the fate of Nations have been singularly earnest and successful—a writer with whom I faithfully and firmly believe that England will never be prosperous again, that the honour of her arms will be tarnished, and her commerce blighted, and her national character degraded, until the Romanist is expelled from the place which has impiously been conceded to him among her legislators. 'Whatever be the lot of those to whom error is an inheritance, woe be to the man and to the people to whom it is an adoption. If England, free above all other nations, sustained amidst the trials which have covered Europe, before her eyes, with burning and slaughter, and enlightened by the fullest knowledge of divine truth, shall refuse fidelity to the compact by which those matchless privileges have been given, her condemnation will not linger. She has already made one step full of danger. She has committed the capital error of mistaking that for a purely political question which was a purely religious one. Her foot already hangs over the edge of the precipice. It must be retracted, or the empire is but a name. In the clouds and darkness which seem to be deepening on all human policy—in the gathering tumults of Europe, and the feverish discontents at home—it may be even difficult to discern where the power yet lives to erect the fallen majesty of the constitution once more. But there are mighty means in sincerity; and if no miracle was ever wrought for the faithless and despairing, the country that will help itself will never be left destitute of the help of Heaven.' (Historical Essays, by the Rev. Dr. Croly, 1842). The first of these essays, England the Fortress of Christianity, I most earnestly recommend to the meditation of those who doubt that a special punishment is inflicted by the Deity upon all national crime, and perhaps, of all such crime, most instantly upon the betrayal, on the part of England, of the truth and faith with which she has been entrusted.

2. p. 19. 'Not the gift, but the giving': Much attention has lately been directed to the subject of religious art, and we are now in possession of all kinds of interpretations and classifications of it, and of the leading facts of its history. But the greatest question of all connected with it remains


text:
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large - vol 2.djvu/577

A.D. 1558. Offence and of the Seizure of the faid Cloth ; (%) or clfe (hall procure the Offender* to be thereof mdi ,t the faid next Seffions .fter the raid Seizure ; (3) and (hall alfc be houi sanceo. Obligation, to the Ufe of t the faid Juftices or any ol them (hall think meet for the Gi „ ,.,-,.. fV . . Matter with Eftcft, and to give Evidence as ol Righl ippci .,11 that he or they (hall fo recover and re. eive to the Sheriff or othi Maj fly, her Heirs and Succeffors; (4) and the one Half premiffes to be unto the Ciucen s Majclty, her Heirs and Su ,,„ that fhall make Information, or procure Indictment:, of and for tl, Pi 1 >1|] ,, and (hall follow the (ante with Effect.

IV. Ami further, Be it ordained and enacted by the Authority aforefaid, That the Jufticei before whom c ' rX '" <■< any fuch Offence flvdl be tried, fhall certify the fam : by tl ir Eftreal into the Exchequer, at the left ireaHv ,' 'r"' fichaelmas,™ they be bound to do other their Efti ts ; and upon thai Certificate, tl I icchequer to have lull rower and Authority to mak • Procefc for lo much thereof as by thi appertain to the Queen s Majcfty, in like Manner and Form as they only do for any other Fines and iet ' (laments (o certified before them. fln.%. . ,. 7 . xoAm.c.xc,. xi Am. fiat.,.. 09, 19 Sf 21. I Crt. x.fiat. 2,r. 36. 3 C„. I. c. 7 & »,. X, Gu. 2. t. 3 o. 18 Gu. a. c 24' I7 B
 * . f, ;6. 2+ G«. z. c. 46. 29 C«. 2. <■. 15. W 32 C7«. 2. c. 32. " ' J

P. XIII.

An Aft for Shipping in Englifh Bottoms. The Statute of 5 R. 2. Stat. 1. c. 3. cc 4 H. 7. c. 10. prohibiting zxp - the bringing in, or carryingoutofMercl1andi7.es but in Englifl) Ships, repealed. The Penalty where any ° 'V.' c ' f ' Merchandize fhall be (hipped or difcharged, but in E>i?lijb Ships. There fhall be no croffing of the Sea I *s 6 ' with any Hoy or Plate of an Englijh Subject's. Hoys, b'c. may crofs the Seas as far as Cam in Normandy, »4 R -. 2. c. 6. csV. In what Cafe Merchants may ufe Strangers Ships. To continue five Years. In what Cafe Mc'r- '* El - '5- chants of Brijlol may ufe Strangers Ships. 5 El, c. 5. §. 9.

P. XIV.

An Act for the continuing the making of Woollen Clothes in divers Towns in the County of Essex.

con late ' then next following, no Perfon or Perfons whatfoever fhall ufe or exercife the Feat or Myftery of Making, ham, mayui ' Weaving or Rowing of woollen Clothes, long or fhort, or Kerfies, pinned Whites, or plain Streights, the making of ' to the Intent to put the fame to Sale, but only in a Market-Town where Cloth hath continually been c ' ot, h or f 'if"' 1 ufed to be made by the Space of ten Years then laft paft, or in a City, Borough or Town Corporate, hive Xne before ' upon Pain of Forfeiture for every fuch woollen Cloth or Kerfie made, woven or rowed out of fuch the Statute of ' City, Borough, Town Corporate or Market-Town, five Pounds : 4 * 5 Ph. &- M. ' II. And where alfo it is provided in the faid Aft, That it fhall be lawful to any Pcrfon then ufing^- 5- ' or exercifig the Feat or Myftery of Making, Weaving or Rowing of Cloth or Kerfie, to inhabit or V .'p^&'m ' dwell where he then did dwell, and there to ufe the Making, Weaving or Rowing of Cloth or Kerfie c . 5. 'no Cloth ' ' as he hath heretofore ; any Thing in the faid Aft notwithftanding : fhall Ik- made to ' III. And where it is further provided by the faid Aft, That it fhall be lawful to all and every rdl but in » ' North Wales or South Wales, Chefhire or Lancajhire, Wejlmorland, Cumberland, Northumberland, Bifhoprick _. ', , . ' ing to the Water of Strowd in the County of Glouce/ler, where Clothes have been ufually made by the out of a Market- ' Space of twenty Years then laft paft, and having been an Apprentice to the Occupation of Cloth-making, Town. ' IV. And forafmuch as the Towns or Villages of Backing, Wcftbarfold, Dedham and Cockjhall in the 1 County of Effex, be fair large Towns, and as well planted for Cloth-making as the faid Town of Goddtl- ' of a long Time with Cloth-makers, which have made and daily do make good and true Cloth, to the ' Realm:' (2) Be it therefore ordained and enafted by the Authority of this prefent Parliament, That it fhall be lawful to all and every fuch Perfon and Perfons which now do inhabit or dwell, or hereafter fhall dwell, in the faid Towns or Villages of Backing, Wejlbarfolcl, CockJIiall and Dedham or in any of them, now ufing or exercifing, or that hereafter fhall ufe or exercife the Feat or Myftery of Making, Weaving or Rowing of Cloth or Kerfie, by the Space of ("even Years at the leaft, or have been Prentice thereto by the faid Space of feven Years, to inhabit and dwell in the faid Towns and Villages of Backing, JP'ejibarfald, Coskfiall and Dedham and in every or any of them, and to ufe the Making, Weaving or Rowing of Cloth or
 * Perfon or Perfons which then did, or after that Time fhould inhabit or dwell in any of the Shires of M" kct -Town,
 * ol Durham, Carnival, Suffolk, Kent, the Town of Goddelmlne in the County of Surrey, or Torkjbire, f what Placet 1 *
 * being not within twelve*Miles of the City of York, or in any of the Towns or Villages near adjoin- may make Cloth
 * or ufed the fame by the Space of feven Years, to fet up, ufe and exercife the Feat or Myftery of Making,
 * Weaving or Rowing of woollen Cloth, out of a City, Borough or Market-Town, as before that Time
 * they might have done ; any Thing in the {aid Aft to the contrary notwithftanding :
 * mine or better, and few Towns in this Realm better planted for that Purpofe, and have been inhabited
 * great Commonweal of the Country there, and nothing prejudicial to, or for the Commonwealth of this


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/323

Rh toward effigy vessels and vases bearing frogs, monkeys, etc., in relief, peeping over the brims. Spindle whorls of pottery, highly engraved, are frequent, but quite distinctive are the cylindrical pottery stamps for printing cloth and body painting. This may be considered as an independent invention of roller printing.

Emerald mines were worked. Colombian collections contain numbers of stone tools, particularly ax blades, some of which are grooved.

Very little is known of Venezuela, but the highland portion seems to have had culture affinities with Colombia. Unusually large stone mortars have been reported; ax blades are rectangular and triangular; pottery is rude, but shows incised decorations and the relief figures of Colombia; bone points and implements are abundant. Only a few mounds have been reported.

20. Ecuador. While Ecuador has some striking individualities, it nevertheless does show similarities to Peru on the one hand and to Colombia on the other. Historically, it is considered that a certain unity prevailed over the whole territory between the present boundary of Peru in the south and the River Ancasmayu on the north. This province is usually designated as the empire of Quito. The archæology of this region is not very well known, but there seems to be considerable variety and curious local developments. Two general subdivisions are recognized, the interior highland culture and that of the coast plain. Of the latter, Manabi is the most peculiar, with its stone chairs, carved slabs, pillars, and stone buildings; traits not found elsewhere.

Burial mounds are frequent on the coast and extend northward from Quito. Gold work is not so strongly developed as elsewhere but there is a special development in the art of overlaying with gold leaf. This, as well as pottery, is more highly developed on the coast. A great variety of stone and copper club heads and axes is to be found in the highlands, but they are not conspicuous on the coast.

21. Peru. Under another head we have outlined the culture of this area, hence we may merely note the chronological and

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/323


text:
Page:First Voyage Round the World.djvu/167

 peace with him. Then the captain had one of his men armed with his own armour, and told him that all of us would fight armed in that manner, at which the Moorish merchant was rather astonished; but the captain told him not to be afraid, and that our arms were soft to our friends and rough to our enemies; and that as a cloth wipes away the sweat from a man, so our arms destroy the enemies of our faith. The captain said this to the Moor, because he was more intelligent than the others, and for him to relate it all to the King of Zzubu.

After dinner, the nephew of this king, who was a prince, with the King of Mazzava, the Moor, the governor, and the chief of police, and eight of the principal men, came to the ship to make peace with us. The captain-general was sitting in a chair of red velvet, and near him were the principal men of the ships sitting in leather chairs, and the others on the ground on mats. Then the captain bade the interpreter ask the above-mentioned persons if it was their custom to speak in secret or in public, and whether the prince who was come with them had power to conclude peace. They answered yes, that they would speak in public, and that they had the power to conclude peace. The captain spoke at length on the subject of peace, and prayed God to confirm it in heaven. These people replied that they had never heard such words as these which the captain had spoken to them, and they took great pleasure in hearing them. The captain, seeing then that those people listened willingly to what was said to them, and that they gave good answers, began to say a great many more good things to induce them to become Christians. After many other subjects, the captain asked them who would succeed the king in their country after his death. They answered that the king had no son, but several daughters, and that this prince was his


text:
Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/279

Rh entirely unanswered. What good did it do to real religion? There is no subject into which I should so much rejoice to see a serious and conscientious inquiry instituted as this; an inquiry, undertaken neither in artistical enthusiasm nor in monkish sympathy, but dogged, merciless, and fearless. I love the religious art of Italy as well as most men, but there is a wide difference between loving it as a manifestation of individual feeling, and looking to it as an instrument of popular benefit. I have not knowledge enough to form even the shallow of an opinion on this latter point, and I should be most grateful to any one who would put it in my power to do so. There are, as it seems to me, three distinct questions to be considered: the first. What has been the effect of external splendour on the genuineness and earnestness of Christian worship? |the second, What is the use of pictorial or sculpturtal representation in the communication of Christian historical knowledge, or excitement of affectionate imagination? the third. What the influence of the practice of religious art on the life of the artist?

In answering these inquiries, we should have to consider separately every collateral influence and circumstance; and, by a most subtle analysis, to eliminate the real effect of art from the effects of the abuses with which it was associated. This could be done only by a Christian; not a man who would fall in love with a sweet colour or sweet expression, but who would look for true faith and consistent life as the object of all. It never has been done yet, and the question remains a subject of vain and endless contention between parties of opposite prejudices and temperaments.

3. p. 21. 'To the concealment of what is really good or great': I have often been surprised at the supposition that Romanism, in its present condition, could either patronise art, or profit by it. The noble painted windows of St, Maclou at Rouen, and many other churches in France, are entirely blocked up behind the altars by the erection of huge gilded wooden sunbeams, with interspersed cherubs.

4. p. 29. 'With different pattern of traceries in each': I have certainly not examined the seven hundred and four traceries (four to each niche) so as to be sure that none are alike; but they have the aspect of continual variation, and even the roses of the pendants of the small groined niche roofs are all of different patterns.

5. p. 41. 'Its flamboyant traceries of the last and most degraded forms': They are noticed by Mr. Whewell as


text:
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large - vol 2.djvu/576

C. 12. Such Cuftom fhall tie paid for Sweet Wines as was wont to be paid for Malm- lies. When Corn may betranfported out of Norfolk and Suffolk. & 6 Ed. 6. c, 14. A Provifo for the Inhabitants of Anglefey, Flint and Caer- narvon.

' IX. And where of late Years there hath been much greater Quantity of Sweet Wines brought into this e Realm than in Time paft hath been accuftomed, which have been alfo brought from the fame Place where 6 the Wine commonly called Malmfey is brought, and is of the fame Nature of Grape ; and nevertheless, ' either by Negligence, Ignorance or Corruption of the Officers, there hath not been fuch Cuftom and Subfidy ' received for the fame, to the Ufe of your Highnefs and your Progenitors, as is due, and ought of very ' Right to be paid, for fuch Sweet Wines coming through the Straights, commonly called the Straights oiMar- ' rock, otherwife Mallcgay, to the great Lofs and Hindrance of your Highnefs, and the Burthen of us your ' loving Subjects :'

X. I or the Avoiding of all Ambiguities and Doubts, and to the Intent the Officers may more certainly know what they ought to receive for fuch Kind and_ Nature of Merchandize, Be it enacted and declared by this prefent Act, and by the Authority aforefaid, That like Cuftom and Subfidy is of very Right to be paid, and fhall from henceforth be paid, for fuch Sweet Wines as is aforefaid, as is and hath been accuftom- ed to be paid for Malmfies ; any Negligence, Non-payment, Ufage or Cuftom to the contrary in any wife notwithftanding : (2) Saving to all and every Lord-Marcher, and other Perfon or Perfons whatfoever, Body Politick and Corporate, all and every fuch Right, Title and Intereft, as they or any of them have, and of Right ought to have, in the Payment or having of any Franchife, Liberty, Cuftom and Subfidy, or any of them ; any Thing in this Aft to the contrary notwithftanding.

XI. Provided always, and be it enacted, That it fhall be lawful to fhip, lade and tranfport into the Ports beyond the Sea, all Manner of Corn and Grain out of the Counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, and either of them, at fuch Places as heretofore hath been accuftomed, and between the Hours in this Act. appointed, when the fame Corn and Grain fhall not exceed the feveral Prices mentioned in the Statute made in the fifth and fixth Year of our late Sovereign Lord King Edward the Sixth, intituled, ' An Aft againft Regrators, ' Foreftallers and Engroffers,' the Cuftoms and Subfidies therefore due being well and truly paid ; any Thing in this Aft or any other Aft or Statute to the contrary notwithftanding. 22 Car. 2. c. 13. 1 W. & M. Stat. 1. c. 12.

XII. Provided always, That this Aft, nor any Thing therein contained, be not prejudicial or hurtful to the Ifle of Anglefey, the Shires of Caernarvon and Flint in North-Wales ; but that the Inhabitants thereof, and every of them, may receive, lade and difcharge, according to their old antient Ufes, Cuftoms or Li- berties granted to them or any of their Predeceffors, by the late King of famous Memory, King Henry the Eighth, or any other his Progenitors : So that they and every of them pay the Cuftoms and Subfidies that fhall be due, and difcharge and load within the Times and Hours before-mentioned ; any Thing in this prefent Aft to the contrary notwithftanding. 31 El. c. 5. 12 Car. 2. c. 4. For farther Provijions relating to Cuftoms, fee 13^ 14 Car. 2. c. 11. 25 Car. 2. c. 6. 2 IV. & M. Seff. 2. c. 4. 4 & 5 IV. &f M. c. 5 & 15. 6 W. & M. c 1. 6(^7 IV. 3. c. 7. 7 fcf 8 IV. 3. c. 10 fcf 20. 8 & 9 IV. 3. c. 36. 9 &? 10 JV. 3. c. 23. 1 Ann. Stat. 1. c. 26. 2 & 3 Ann. e.g. 3 c3* 4 Ann. c. 5. 4 Ann. c. 6. 8 Ann. c. 7 & 13. 12 Ann. Stat. 2. c. 8. ^Geo. 1. c. 7. 5 Geo. 1. c. 11. 6 Geo. 1. c. 21. 7 Geo. 1. Stat. i. c. 21. 8 Geo. 1. c. 15 cif 18. qGeo. 1. c. 21. II Geo. 1. c. 7 & 30. 12 Geo. 1. c. 28. I Geo. 2. Stat. 2. c. 17. 15 Geo. 2. c. 31. 18 Geo. 2. c. 28. 19 Geo. 2. c. 34. 2Geo. 2. c. 2. 28 Geo. 2. c. 21. 30 Geo. 2. c. 18 & 29. and 32 Geo. 2. c. 10.

P. XII.

An Act againfy. the deceitful Ufinp: of Linen Cloth.

The Inconve- niencies enfuing the deceitful ufing of Linen Cloth. aSf/. S. T.4. The Penalty for ftrctching or im- paiiingof Linen Cloth. What JufKces may hear and determine the Offences afore- faid. In what Sort he that feizeth an Offender's Cloth fhall purfue his Suit againft him. WHERE certain evil-difpofed and deceitful Perfons, ufing to buy and ingrofs into their Hands great ftore of Linen Cloth, do ufe to caft the Pieces of Cloth over a Beam or Piece of Timber made for ' their Purpofe, and do by fundry Devices rack, ftretcri and draw the fame both of Length and Breadth ; and ' that done, do then with Battledoors, Pieces of Timber and Wood, and other Things, fore beat the fame, ' ever carting thereupon certain deceitful Liquors mingled with Chalk and other like Things, whereby the faid ' Cloth is not only made to feem much Finer and Thicker to the Eye than it is indeed, but alfo the Threads ' great Deceit, Hindrance and Lofs of the Subjefts of this Realm :' (2) Be it therefore enafted by die Au- thority of this prefent Parliament, That if any Perfon or Perfons, fhall hereafter willingly ufe or caufe to be ufed the aforefaid Deceits, or any other Aft or Afts, Mean or Means, to, in or with any Kind of Linen Cloth, whereby the fame (hall be deceitful or worfe to and for the good Ufe thereof; that then the faid Cloth fhall be forfeited, and the Offender therein to be punifhed by one Month's Imprifonment at the leaft, and fhall pay fuch Fine as fhall be afleffed, for his or their Offence or Offences, by the Juftices be- fore whom he or they fhall be condemned, according to the Tenor of this Aft.
 * thereof be fo loofed and made weak, that after three or four Warnings it will fcarcely hold together, to the

II. And be it further enafted by the Authority aforefaid, That all and every the Juftices of Oyer and Determiner, and Juftices of Affizes in all their Seffions, and all Juftices of Peace in every County and Place of this Realm, or three of them at the leaft, whereof one to be of the Riorum, fhall have full Power and Authority to enquire, hear and determine the Offences aforefaid in their Seffions, by Information, Indict- ment, or upon the Traverfe of any Prefentment or Indictment found before the faid Juftices or any of them.

III. And be it further enafted by the Authority aforefaid, That if any Perfon or Perfons fhall at the next Seffions of the Peace after the faid Seizure (to be kept within the Shire or Place where the Seizure was made, or before two Juftices of Peace, whereof one to be of the Riorum) make due Information of the Offence


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/324

266 local differences. Three formative culture centers may be recognized: Nasca, Trujillo and Tiahuanaco. These individualities, according to Uhle, seem to have grown up from a more homogeneous state which formed the framework of Peruvian culture. Yet, in spite of all the investigations that have been made, it cannot be clearly perceived which of these three centers is the oldest, in fact, the data are more consistent with the view that they were in the main contemporaneous and mutually reactive.

When the Inca come into control of the whole area, certain tendencies to uniformity in art and technology are apparent, no doubt due to the shifting of population, the improved means of communication, and the direct legislation of the Inca government.

22. Chile. This region is frequently included in that of Peru, but the older underlying culture seems to have differed from that of the Inca period. There are solid historical grounds for considering the southern extension of Inca culture to be recent and so overlying the native cultures. In fact, the shell mounds of the long coast line indicate three periods of occupation. In the first of these, there were long-headed people with a rude culture, though they made some pottery. Later came a round-headed people of much higher culture, somewhat like the older Peruvians. Later still, the Inca overran this area as far south as the Maule River. The pottery of the earlier periods is for the most part undecorated, metal work is not frequent, but usually of Inca patterns. On the whole, the interior elevated portions of Chile seem to have sheltered a higher culture than the coast.

In the north, it will be noted that the area reaches out through Bolivia into Argentina, where centers the unique Calchaqui, or Diaguite culture. Aside from its own peculiar problems, this culture is interesting in that it, like the Pueblo culture of the United States, is an extreme outpost of the New World highland culture. There are even some curious correspondences between the two, the significance of which is not clear.

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/324


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/325

Rh Urn burial so widely diffused in the Atlantic Highland area (23) turns up here in infant burial only. Thus, one of the most puzzling peculiarities of the Calchaqui culture is the great number of large decorated urns containing the remains of very young infants. Adult urn burial is found just north and east of Calchaqui in the edge of the Atlantic Highland area. The designs have some vague resemblances to Marajo urns. Incidentally, we may note that urn burial of any kind is practically unknown in the Andean region. Other kinds of pottery are common in Calchaqui sites, some of which resemble the Nasca ware. The grooved ax also occurs here as in Ecuador. There are quite a number of original and unique articles, as the "knuckle-duster," a kind of hand dagger, and cup-shaped bells.

23. The Atlantic Highlands. In this area we have included the whole coast from the mouth of the Orinoco to the La Plata, and a considerable portion of the interior. There are at least two general characteristics, that of urn burial throughout and, on the coast, extensive shell mounds. Most of these shell deposits are of human origin. On the north coast they contain objects suggesting the culture of the Antilles, but from near the Amazon down, they seem to have a character of their own. That they contain pottery is not certain, the indications being that where found pottery is intrusive from the surface and later urn burials. Highly finished stone axes and other objects are common, and among the bones no suggestions of cannibalism are seen. In the vicinity of Santa Catharina, Brazil, there are finely wrought stone mortars in animal forms, and unique small point-like objects.

Outside the shell mounds and inland, the most striking objects come from Marajo Island and the territory surrounding the lower Amazon. A special feature is the engraved decoration reinforced with color, and a very unique object is the tanga, or pottery fig leaf.

Urn burial is highly characteristic of the Amazon Basin and extends far to the south, though its intensity declines as we leave the Amazon in either direction. Taking the artifacts as a whole, two rather clearly marked subdivisions of

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/325


text:
Page:First Voyage Round the World.djvu/168

 nephew, and had for a wife the king's eldest daughter, and for the sake of that they called him prince. They also said that when the father and mother were old they took no further account of them, but their children commanded them. Upon which the captain told them how God had made heaven and earth and all other things in the world, and that He had commanded that everyone should render honour and obedience to his father and mother, and that whoever did otherwise was condemned to eternal fire. He then pointed out to them many other things concerning our faith. The people heard these things willingly, and besought the captain to leave them two men to teach and show them the Christian faith, and they would entertain them well with great honour. To this the captain answered that for the moment he could not leave them any of his people, but that if they wished to be Christians that his priest would baptise them, and that another time he would bring priests and preachers to teach them the faith. They then answered that they wished first to speak to their king, and then would become Christians. Each of us wept for the joy which we felt at the goodwill of these people, and the captain told them not to become Christians from fear of us, or to please us, but that if they wished to become Christian they must do it willingly, and for the love of God, for even though they should not become Christian, no displeasure would be done them, but those who became Christian would be more loved and better treated than the others. Then they all cried out with one voice, that they did not wish to become Christians from fear, nor from complaisance, but of their free will. The captain then said that if they became Christians he would leave them the arms which the Christians use, and that his king had commanded him so to do. At last they said they did not know what more to answer to so many good and beautiful words which he spoke to them, but that they placed themselves in his


text:
Page:First Voyage Round the World.djvu/169

 hands, and that he should do with them as with his own servants. Then the captain, with tears in his eyes, embraced them, and, taking the hand of the prince and that of the king, said to him that by the faith he had in God, and to his master the emperor, and by the habit of St. James which he wore, he promised them to cause them to have perpetual peace with the King of Spain, at which the prince and the others promised him the same. After peace had been concluded, the captain had refreshments served to them. The prince and the King of Mazzava, who was with him, presented to the captain on behalf of his king large baskets full of rice, pigs, goats, and fowls, and desired the captain to be told he should pardon them that their present was not as fine as was fitting for him. The captain gave to the prince some very fine cloth and a red cap, and a quantity of glass and a cup of gilt glass. Glasses are much prized in this country. To the other people belonging to the Prince he gave various things. Then he sent by me and another person to the King of Zzubu a robe of yellow and violet silk in the fashion of a Turkish jubbeh, a red cap, very fine, and certain pieces of glass, and had all of them put in a silver dish, and two gilt glasses.

When we came to the town we found the King of Zzubu at his palace, sitting on the ground on a mat made of palm, with many people about him. He was quite naked, except that he had a cloth round his middle, and a loose wrapper round his head, worked with silk by the needle. He had a very heavy chain round his neck, and two gold rings hung in his ears with precious stones. He was a small and fat man, and his face was painted with fire in different ways. He was eating on the ground on another palm mat, and was then eating tortoise eggs in two china dishes, and he had four vessels full of palm wine, which he drank with a cane pipe. We made our obeisance, and presented to him


text:
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large - vol 2.djvu/575

A. D. 1558. other Hours or Times than is before limited and appointed; (3) upon Pain that the Owner and Owners, Master and Masters, or other Person or Persons which shall take Charge or Guiding of any such Ship, Crayer or Vessel, or of the Merchandize and Goods, during and for that Voyage, shall forfeit and lose for every such Offence C. li. of lawful Money of England.

IV. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That no Master, Shipper or Purser or other Person or Persons taking Charge of the Voyage, or the Merchants Goods, shall after the said Day, receive or take into any Ship Crayer or other Vessel, any Goods, Wages or Merchandize (except before excepted) to be carried or transported into any Parts beyond the Sea, or into the Realm of Scotland, before he shall have signified to the Customer of the Port where he ladeth, and other Officers there, in the open Custom-house, if any such be there, or else where the said Officers, their Deputies or Servants or any of them, be or shall be usually resident, that he intended to lade, and to what Place he intendeth to pass; (2) nor shall after his or their full Lading depart out of the Port, Creek or Stream, where he shall so lade, before he do in like Manner signify unto the Customer and other Officers, as is aforesaid, of his Lading, and what Merchants and other Persons shall have Lading with him, or in his Ship, Crayer, Vessel or Bottom, and further truly to answer to such questions as shall be ministred to him or them by the Customer or other Officer, concerning to such Wares or Merchandizes as he shall have laden, being examined upon his or their Oath, or otherwise, in the open Custom-house or otherwise, as is aforesaid, upon Pain to Forfeit for every such Default not truly advertising nor answering, as is aforesaid, C. li.

V. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That no Owner, Master, Purser or other Person taking Charge of any Ship, Crayer, Vessel or Bottom, wherein any Goods, Wares or Merchandize (ex- cept before excepted) shall be laden and brought from any the Parts beyond the Sea, or the Realm of Scotland, shall after the said Day discharge into any Lighter or Bottom, and lay on Land, or pro- cure, cause or willingly suffer to be discharged into any Lighter or Bottom, and to be laid on Land out of the Ship, Crayer, Vessel or Bottom, any Goods, Wares or Merchandize whatsoever, before such Owner, Master, Purser or other Person or Persons taking Charge of the Ship, Crayer, Bottom or Vessel, or the Merchants Goods for that Voyage, shall have signified and declared to the Customer or other Officer of the Port, Haven or Creek, where he arriveth, the Names of every of the Merchants or Laders, and shall have truly answered to such Questions and Interrogatories touching or concerning such Goods, Wares, or Merchandizes, as shall be then laden in any such Ship, Vessel or Bottom, as shall be to him ministred by such Customer or other Officer, openly in the Custom-house, or in such other Places, as is aforesaid, upon his or their Oath, if Need so require; (2) upon Pain that every such Master, Purser or other Person or Per- sons taking Charge of such Ship, Crayer or other Vessel for that Voyage, shall forfeit and lose for every such Default not truly advertising nor answering, as is aforesaid, C. li.

VI. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That from and after the said Day, no Person, Denizon ne Stranger, do take upon him to enter, or do or cause to be entered into the Books of any Cus- tomer, or any other Officer or Officers, of any Port or Haven within this Realm, or his or their Deputy or Deputies, Servant or Servants, any Manner of Goods, Wares or Merchandize whatsoever, coming or brought into your Highness Realm, from any the Parts beyond the Sea, or from the Realm of Scotland, or going or to be transported out of the same your Highness Realm, into any the Parts beyond the Sea, or into the Realm of Scotland, in the Name or Names of any other Person or Persons, than the very true Owner or Owners of the same Goods, Wares or Merchandizes, being not sold, bargained or contracted for, to or with any other Person or Persons, before such Entry, or before the Arrival of such Goods, Wares or Mer- chandize in the Parts beyond the Sea, upon Pain of Forfeiture of the Value of the Goods so entred.

VII. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That if any Wharfenegr, Cranekeeper, Searcher, Lighterman, Weigher or other Officer, pertaining to the Subsidy, Custom or Custom-house, do at any Time after the said Day consent or know any Offence or Thing to be committed or done contrary to the true Meaning of this Act, or any Article therein contained, and do not within one Month next after Knowledge thereof had, disclose the same to the Chief Customer or other Officer of the Port where or within whose Office or Charge any such Offence shall be committed or done, or else to the Lord Treasurer, Chan- cellor, Under-Treasurer or one of the Barons of the Exchequer, or the Attorney General for the Time be- ing, shall, for every such Concealment, or not disclosing such Offence, as is aforesaid, forfeit and lose C. li. of good and lawful Money of England.

VIII. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid. That the Customer of Hull shall have a Ser- vant or Deputy continually resident at the City of York; (2) and every other Customer, Comptroller and Searcher of every Port, shall from and after the Day aforesaid, assign and appoint to and in every of the Places above-mentioned, and in all and every Port, Creek or Road, where the Servant, or any of them, have been continually resident by the Space of ten Years, or hereafter shall be, as is aforesaid, one able and sufficient Deputy or Servant at least; (3) and that as well all and every of the Customers, Comptrollers and Searchers, as all and every his or their Deputy or Deputies, Servant and Servants, shall from Time to Time do his and their diligent Attendance at the Hours, Times and Places afore appointed, as well in the Custom- house, as elsewhere, as it shall be most expedient and convenient for the speedy Dispatch of the Merchant, and his Goods, Wares and Merchandize, and for the due Execution of this Act, in such Things as to him or them shall appertain, without Concealment or Consenting to any Thing or Things which may be to the Hurt or Damage of your Highness, your Heirs or Successor, in the just Answering of your Highness due Customs and Subsidies; (4) upon Pain that every such Customer, Comptroller and Searcher shall forfeit and lose for every Offence by him or them committed or done, his or their several Office or Offices, and C. li. of lawful Money of England; the one Moiety of all which Forfeiture shall be to your Highness, your Heirs and Successors, and the other Moiety to him or them that will sue for the same in any your Highness Courts, wherein no Essoin, Protection, Wager of Law or Injunction, shall be admitted and allowed. 'IX. And


text:
Page:First Voyage Round the World.djvu/170

 what the captain had sent him, and told him through the interpreter that it was not as a return for his present which he had sent to the captain, but for the affection which he bore him. That done, his people told him all the good words and explanations of peace and religion which he had spoken to them. The king wished to detain us to supper, but we made our excuses and took leave of him. The prince, nephew of the king, conducted us to his house, and showed us four girls who played on four instruments, which were strange and very soft, and their manner of playing is rather musical. Afterwards he made us dance with them. These girls were naked except from the waist to the knees, where they wore a wrap made of the palm tree cloth, which covered their middles, and some were quite naked. There we made a repast, and then returned to the ships.

Wednesday morning, because the night before one of our men had died, the interpreter and I, by order of the captain, went to ask the king for a place where we might bury the deceased. We found the king accompanied by a good many people, and, after paying him due honour, we told him of the death of our man, and that the captain prayed him that he might be put into the ground. He replied that if he and his people were ready to obey our master, still more reason was there for his land and country being subject to him. After that we said we wished to consecrate the grave in our fashion and place a cross on it. The sovereign said that he was content, and that he would worship that cross as we did. The deceased was buried in the middle of the open space of the town, as decently as possible, and performing the above-mentioned ceremonies to set them a good example, and in the evening we buried another. This done, we brought a good quantity of merchandise into the town of this king, and placed it in a house, and he took it under his charge and promised that no one would do harm or injury to the king. Four of our men were chosen to


text:
Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/280

228

forming the figure of the fleur-de-lis, always a mark, when in tracery bars, of the most debased flamboyant. It occurs in the central tower of Bayeux, very richly in the buttresses of St Gervais at Falalse, and in the small niches of some of the domestic buildings at Rouen. Nor is it only the tower of St Ouen which is overrated. Its nave is a base imitation, in the flamboyant period, of an early Gothic arrangement; the niches on its piers are barbarisms; there is a huge square shaft run through the ceiling of the aisles to support the nave piers, the ugliest excrescence I ever saw on a Gothic building; the traceries of the nave are the most insipid and faded flamboyant; those of the transept clerestory present a singularly distorted condition of perpendicular; even the elaborate door of the south transept is, for its fine period, extravagant and almost grotesque in its foliation and pendants. There is nothing truly fine in the church but the choir, the light triforium, and tall clerestory, the circle of Eastern chapels, the details of sculpture, and the general lightness of proportion, these merits being seen to the utmost advantage by the freedom of the body of the church from all incumbrance.

6. p. 41. Compare Iliad Σ, 1. 219, with Odyssey Ω 11, 5-10.

7. p. 42. 'Does not admit iron as a constructive material': Except in Chaucer's noble temple of Mars.

There is, by the bye, an exquisite piece of architectural colour just before:


text: Page:First Voyage Round the World.djvu/262


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/267

 south-east by the wide lands of the counts of Toulouse. The name Guienne, a corruption of Aquitaine, seems to have come into use about the 10th century, and the subsequent history of Aquitaine is merged in that of (q.v.) and  (q.v.).

ARABESQUE, a word meaning simply “Arabian,” but technically used for a certain form of decorative design in flowing lines intertwined; hence comes the more metaphorical use of this word, whether in nature or in morals, indicating a fantastic or complicated interweaving of lines against a background. In decorative design the term is historically a misnomer. It is applied to the grotesque decoration derived from Roman remains of the early time of the empire, not to any style derived from Arabian or Moorish work. Arabesque and Moresque are really distinct; the latter is from the Arabian style of ornament, developed by the Byzantine Greeks for their new masters, after the conquests of the followers of Mahomet; and the former is a term pretty well restricted to varieties of cinquecento decoration, which have nothing in common with any Arabian examples in their details, but are a development derived from Greek and Roman grotesque designs, such as we find them in the remains of ancient palaces at Rome, and in ancient houses at Pompeii. These were reproduced by Raphael and his pupils in the decoration of some of the corridors of the Loggie of the Vatican at Rome: grotesque is thus a better name for these decorations than Arabesque. This technical Arabesque, therefore, is much more ancient than any Arabian or Moorish decoration, and has really nothing in common with it except the mere symmetrical principles of its arrangement. Pliny and Vitruvius give us no name for the extravagant decorative wall-painting in vogue in their time, to which the early Italian revivers of it seem to have given the designation of grotesque, because it, was first discovered in the arched or underground chambers (grotte) of Roman ruins—as in the golden house of Nero, or the baths of Titus. What really took place in the Italian revival was in some measure a supplanting of the Arabesque for the classical grotesque, still retaining the original Arabian designation, while the genuine Arabian art, the Saracenic, was distinguished as Moresque or Moorish. So it is now the original Arabesque that is called by its specific names of Saracenic, Moorish and Alhambresque, while the term Arabesque is applied exclusively to the style developed from the debased classical grotesque of the Roman empire.

There is still much of the genuine Saracenic element in Renaissance Arabesques, especially in that selected for book-borders and for silver-work, the details of which consist largely of the conventional Saracenic foliations. But the Arabesque developed in the Italian cinquecento work repudiated all the original Arabian elements and devices, and limited itself to the manipulating of the classical elements, of which the most prominent feature is ever the floriated or foliated scroll; and it is in this cinquecento decoration, whether in sculpture or in painting, that Arabesque has been perfected.

In the Saracenic, as the elder sister of the two styles, which was ingeniously developed by the Byzantine Greek artists for their Arabian masters in the early times of Mahommedan conquest, every natural object was proscribed; the artists were, therefore, reduced to making symmetrical designs from forms which should have no positive meaning; yet the Byzantine Greeks, who were Christians, managed to work even their own ecclesiastical symbols, in a disguised manner, into their tracery and diapers; as the lily, for instance. The cross was not so introduced; this, of course, was inadmissible; but neither was the crescent ever introduced into any of this early work in Damascus or Cairo. The crescent was itself not a Mahommedan device till after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 The crescent, as the new moon, was the symbol of Byzantium; and it was only after that capital of the Eastern empire fell into the hands of the Turks that this symbol was adopted by them. The crescent and the cross became antagonist standards, therefore, first in the 15th century. And the crescent is not an element of original Moorish decoration.

The Alhambra diapers and original Majolica (Majorca) ware afford admirable specimens of genuine Saracenic or Moorish decoration. A conventional floriage is common in these diapers; tracery also is a great feature in this work, in geometrical combinations, whether rectilinear or curvilinear; and the designs are rich in colour; idolatry was in the reproduction of natural forms, not in the fanciful combination of natural colours. These curves and angles, therefore, or interlacings, chiefly in stucco, constitute the prominent elements of an Arabian ornamental design, combining also Arabic inscriptions; composed of a mass of foliation or floral forms conventionally disguised, as the exclusion of all natural images was the fundamental principle of the style in its purity. The Alhambra displays almost endless specimens of this peculiar work, all in relief, highly coloured, and profusely enriched with gold. The mosque of Tulun, in Cairo, 876, the known work of a Greek, affords the completest example of this art in its early time; and Sicily contains many remains of this same exquisite Saracenic decoration.

Such is the genuine Arabesque of the Arabs, but a very different style of design is implied by the Arabesque of the cinquecento, a purely classical ornamentation. This owes its origin to the excavation and recovery of ancient monuments, and was developed chiefly by the sculptors of the north, and the painters of central Italy; by the Lombardi of Venice, by Agostino Busti of Milan, by Bramante of Urbino, by Raphael, by Giulio Romano, and others of nearly equal merit. Very beautiful examples in sculpture of this cinquecento Arabesque are found in the churches of Venice, Verona and Brescia; in painting, the most complete specimens are those of the Vatican Loggie, and the Villa Madama at Rome and the ducal palaces at Mantua. The Vatican Arabesques, chiefly executed for Raphael by Giulio Romano, Gian Francesco Penni, and Giovanni da Udine, though beautiful as works of painting, are often very extravagant in their composition, ludicrous and sometimes aesthetically offensive; as are also many of the decorations of Pompeii. The main features of these designs are balanced scrolls in panels; or standards variously composed, but symmetrically scrolled on either side, and on the tendrils of these scrolls are suspended or placed birds and animals, human figures and chimeras, of any or all kinds, or indeed any objects that may take the fancy of the artist. The most perfect specimens of cinquecento Arabesque are certainly found in sculpture. As specimens of exquisite work may be mentioned the Martinengo tomb, in the church of the Padri Riformati at Brescia, and the façade of the church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli there, by the Lombardi; and many of the carvings of the Château de Gaillon, France—all of which fairly illustrate the beauties and capabilities of the style.

ARABGIR, or (Byz. Arabraces), a town of Turkey in Asia in the Mamuret el-Aziz or Kharput vilayet, situated near the confluence of the eastern and western Euphrates, but some miles from the right bank of the combined streams. Pop. about 20,000, of which the larger half is Mussulman. It is connected with Sivas by a chaussée, prolonged to the Euphrates. The inhabitants are enterprising and prosperous, many of them leaving their native city to push their fortunes elsewhere, while of those that remain the greater part is employed in the manufacture of silk and cotton goods, or in the production of fruit. The present town was built at a comparatively recent date; but about 2 m. north-east is the old town, now called Eski-Shehr, given (c. 1021) to Senekherim of Armenia by the emperor Basil II. It contains the ruins of a castle and of several Seljuk mosques. The Armenian population suffered severely during the massacres of 1895.

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/267


text:
Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/281

Rh 8. p. 43. 'The Builders of Salisbury': 'This way of tying walls together with iron, instead of making them of that substance and form, that they shall naturally poise themselves upon their buttment, is against the rules of good architecture, not only because iron is corruptible by rust, but because it is fallacious, having unequal veins in the metal, some places of the same bar being three times stronger than others, and yet all sound to appearance.' (Survey of Salisbury Cathedral in 1668, by Sir C. Wren.) For my own part, I think it better work to bind a tower with iron, than to support a false dome by a brick pyramid.

9. p. 60. Plate 3: In this plate figures 4, 5, and 6 are glazed windows, but fig. 2 is the open light of a belfry tower, and figures 1 and 3 are in triforia, the latter also occurring filled, on the central tower of Coutances.

10. p. 98. 'Ornaments of the transept towers of Rouen': The reader cannot but observe the agreeableness, as a mere arrangement of shade, which especially belongs to the 'sacred trefoil.' I do not think that the element of foliation has been enough insisted upon in its intimate relations with the power of Gothic work. If I were asked what was the most distinctive feature of its perfect style, I should say the Trefoil. It is the very soul of it; and I think the loveliest Gothic is always formed upon simple and bold tracings of it, taking place between the blank lancet arch on the one hand, and the overcharged cinquefoiled arch on the other.

11. p. 100. 'And levelled cusps of stone': The plate represents one of the lateral windows of the third story of the Palazzo Foscari. It was drawn from the opposite side of the Grand Canal, and the lines of its traceries are therefore given as they appear in somewhat distant effect. It shows only segments of the characteristic quatrefoils of the central windows. I found by measurement their construction exceedingly simple. Four circles are drawn in contact within the large circle. Two tangential lines are then drawn to each opposite pair, enclosing the four circles in a hollow cross. An inner circle, struck through the intersections of the circles by the tangents, truncates the cusps.

12. p. 134. 'Into vertical equal parts': Not absolutely so. There are variations partly accidental (or at least compelled by the architect's effort to recover the vertical) between the sides of the stories; and the upper and


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arabgir

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arabgir


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/268

 ARABIA, a peninsula in the south-west of Asia, lying between 34° 30′ and 12° 45′ N., and 32° 30′ and 60° E., is bounded W. by the Red Sea, S. by the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, and E. by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. Its northern or land boundary is more difficult to define; most authorities, however, agree in taking it from El Arish on the Mediterranean, along the southern border of Palestine, between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Akaba, then bending northwards along the Syrian border nearly to Tadmur, thence eastwards to the edge of the Euphrates valley near Anah, and thence south-east to the mouth of the Shat el Arab at the head of the Persian Gulf,—the boundary so defined includes the northern desert, which belongs geographically to Arabia rather than to Syria; while on the same grounds lower Mesopotamia and Irak, although occupied by an Arab population, are excluded.

In shape, the peninsula forms a rough trapezium, with its greatest length from north-west to south-east. The length of its western side from Port Said to Aden is 1500 m.; its base from the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb (or Bab al Mandab) to Ras el Had is 1300 m., its northern side from Port Said to the Euphrates 600 m.; its total area approximately 1,200,000 sq. m.

General Features.—In general terms Arabia may be described as a plateau sloping gently from south-west to north-east, and attaining its greatest elevation in the extreme south-west. The western escarpment of the plateau rises steeply from the Red Sea littoral to a height of from 4000 to 8000 ft., leaving a narrow belt of lowland rarely exceeding 30 m. in width between the shore and the foot-hills. On the north-east and east the plateau shelves gradually to the Euphrates and the Persian Gulf; only in the extreme east is this general easterly slope arrested by the lofty range of Jebel Akhdar, which from Ras Musandan to Ras el Had borders the coast of Oman.

Its chief characteristic is the bareness and aridity of its surface; one-third of the whole desert, and of the remainder only a small proportion is suited to settled life, owing to its scanty water-supply and uncertain rainfall. Its mountains are insufficient in elevation and extent to attract their full share of the monsoon rains, which fall so abundantly on the Abyssinian highlands on the other side of the Red Sea; for this reason Arabia has neither lakes nor forests to control the water-supply and prevent its too rapid dissipation, and the rivers are mere torrent beds sweeping down occasionally in heavy floods, but otherwise dry.

The country falls naturally into three main divisions, a northern, a central and a southern; the first includes the area between the Midian coast on the west and the head of the Persian Gulf on the east, a desert tract throughout, stony in the north, sandy in the south, but furnishing at certain seasons excellent pasturage; its population is almost entirely nomad and pastoral. The central zone includes Hejaz (or Hijaz), Nejd and El Hasa; much of it is a dry, stony or sandy steppe, with few wells or watering-places, and only occupied by nomad tribes; but the great wadis which intersect it contain many fertile stretches of alluvial soil, where cultivation is possible and which support a considerable settled population, with several large towns and numerous villages.

The third or southern division contains the highland plateaus of Asir and Yemen in the west, and J. Akhdar in the east, which with a temperate climate, due to their great elevation and their proximity to the sea, deserve, if any part of Arabia does, the name of Arabia Felix—the population is settled and agricultural, and the soil, wherever the rainfall is sufficient, is productive. The Batina coast of Oman, irrigated by the mountain streams of J. Akhdar, is perhaps the most fertile district in the peninsula; Hadramut, too, contains many large and prosperous villages, and the torrents from the Yemen highlands fertilize several oases in the Tehama (or Tihama) or lowlands of the western and southern coast. These favourable conditions of soil and climate, however, extend only a comparatively short distance into the interior, by far the larger part of which is covered by the great southern desert, the Dahna, or Ruba el Khali, empty as its name implies, and uninhabitable.

Exploration.—Before entering on a detailed description of the several provinces of Arabia, our sources of information will be briefly indicated. Except in the neighbourhood of Aden, no regular surveys exist, and professional work is limited to the marine surveys of the Indian government and the admiralty, which, while laying down the coast line with fair accuracy, give little or no topographical information inland. For the mapping of the whole vast interior, except in rare cases, no data exist beyond the itineraries of explorers, travelling as a rule under conditions which precluded the use of even the simplest surveying instruments. These journeys, naturally following the most frequented routes, often cover the same ground, while immense tracts, owing to their difficulty of access, remain unvisited by any European.

The region most thoroughly explored is Yemen, in the south-west corner of the peninsula, where the labours of a succession of travellers from Niebuhr in 1761 to E. Glaser and R. Manzoni in 1887 have led to a fairly complete knowledge of all that part of the province west of the capital Sana; while in 1902–1904 the operations of the Anglo-Turkish boundary commission permitted the execution of a systematic topographical survey of the British protectorate from the Red Sea to the Wadi Bana, 30 m. east of Aden. North of Yemen up to the Hejaz border the only authority is that of E. F. Jomard’s map, published in 1839, based on the information given by the French officers employed with Ibrahim Pasha’s army in Asir from 1824 to 1827, and of J. Halévy in Nejran. On the south coast expeditions have penetrated but a short distance, the most notable exceptions being those of L. Hirsch and J. T. Bent in 1887 to the Hadramut valley. S. B. Miles, J. R. Wellsted, and S. M. Zwemer have explored Oman in the extreme east; but the interior south of a line drawn from Taif to El Katr on the Persian Gulf is still virgin ground. In northern Arabia the Syrian desert and the great Nafud (Nefud) have been crossed by several travellers, though a large area remains unexplored in the north-east between Kasim and the gulf. In the centre, the journeys of W. Palgrave, C. Doughty, W. Blunt and C. Huber have done much to elucidate the main physical features of the country. Lastly, in the north-west the Sinai peninsula has been thoroughly explored, and the list of travellers who have visited the Holy Cities and traversed the main pilgrim routes through Hejaz is a fairly long one, though, owing to the difficulties peculiar to that region, the hydrography of southern Hejaz is still incompletely known.

The story of modern exploration begins with the despatch of C. Niebuhr’s mission by the Danish government in 1761. After a year spent in Egypt and the Sinai peninsula the party reached Jidda towards the end of 1762, and after a short stay sailed on to Lohaia in the north of Yemen, the exploration of which formed the principal object of the expedition; thence, travelling through the Tehama or lowlands, Niebuhr and his companions visited the towns of Bet el Fakih, Zubed and Mokha, then the great port for the coffee trade of Yemen. Continuing eastward they crossed the mountainous region and reached the highlands of Yemen at Uden, a small town and the centre of a district celebrated for its coffee. Thence proceeding eastwards to higher altitudes where coffee plantations give way to fields of wheat and barley, they reached the town of Jibla situated among a group of mountains exceeding 10,000 ft. above sea-level; and turning southwards to Taiz descended again to the Tehama via Hes and Zubed to Mokha. The mission, reduced in numbers by the death of its archaeologist, von Haven, again visited Taiz in June 1763, where after some delay permission was obtained to visit Sana, the capital of the province and the residence of the ruling sovereign or imam. The route lay by Jibla, passing the foot of the lofty Jebel Sorak, where, in spite of illness, Forskal, the botanist of the party, was able to make a last excursion; a few days later he died at Yarim. The mission continued its march, passing Dhamar, the seat of a university of the Zedi sect, then frequented by 500 students. Thence four marches, generally over a stony plateau dominated by bare, sterile mountains, brought them to

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/268


text:
Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/282

230 lower story are taller than the rest. There is, however, an apparent equality between five out of the eight tiers.

13. p. 143. 'Never paint a column with vertical lines': It should be observed, however, that any pattern which gives opponent lines in its parts, may be arranged on lines parallel with the main structure. Thus, rows of diamonds, like spots on a snake's back, or the bones on a sturgeon, are exquisitely applied both to vertical and spiral columns. The loveliest instances of such decoration that I know, are the pillars of the cloister of St John Lateran, lately illustrated by Mr Digby Wyatt, in his most valuable and faithful work on antique mosaic.

14. p. 186. 'The flowers lost their light, the river its music': Yet not all their light, nor all its music. Compare Modern Painters, vol ii. sec. 1, chap. iv. § 8.

15. p. 200. 'By the artists of the time of Pericles': This subordination was first remarked to me by a friend, to whose profound knowledge of Greek art I owe many obligations: Mr. C. Newton, now Consul at Mitylene.

16. p. 209. 'In one of the noblest poems': Coleridge's Ode to France:

Noble verse, but erring thought: contrast George Herbert:


text:
Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/283

Rh


text:
Page:Rivers, Canals, Railways of Great Britain.djvu/15

Rh in every branch of art and science, we accordingly find in history, that though well supplied with rive2, many canals and aqueducts were constructed, or at least begun, in the days of her prosperity. And here it may not be out of place to offer as a conjecture, that canals were in many instances originally adapted to other purposes than those of commerce, and that this latter object was rather an adaption than an invention. Thus the canals, which Strabo informs us were cut in Beotia for drawing off and keeping at a certain level the waters of Lake Capois, were afterwards used for the purposes of commerce and formed a commodious line of navigation. A navigable communication between the Ionian Sea and the Archipelago was early attempted by the Greeks, who designed a line of canal across the Isthmus of Corinth, but failed in the execution.

Their rivals and, in most cases, successful imitators, the Romans, were equally alive to the advantages of inland navigation. No less than three of the Roman Emperors renewed the attempt of cutting a canal across the Isthmus, but were obliged to abandon the project.

Drusus, who commanded, under Augustus, an army which was to march into Germany, had a canal made from the river, now called the Rhine to the Issel, for the sole purpose of conveying his army upon it. By this canal he lessened the waters of the right branch of the Rhine, and in the course of his work formed a third mouth of that river into the sea, as is mentioned by Pliny, Lucius Verus, when the Roman Army under his command was in Gaul attempted a canal between the Moselle end the" Rhine; another canal twenty-three miles in length was made by the Romans in the reign of Claudius, between the Rhine and Maese, supposed to be the canal, which now commences at Leyden and passes by Delft to its junction with the Maese at Sluys. This is an instance of adoption, the canal being originally cut for the purpose of draining the country when overflowed by inundations from the sea, but subsequently applied to the purposes of navigation. The canal, which is still used for the purposes for which it was constructed, viz. that of draining Lake Celano, formerly the Fucine Lake, into the Liris, was executed by Claudius, who employed thirty thousand men thereon for no less a period than twelve years.


text: The Seven Lamps of Architecture/Preface to the first edition


text: The Seven Lamps of Architecture/Preface to the second edition


text: The Seven Lamps of Architecture/Note

title: The Seven Lamps of Architecture/Note


text: The Seven Lamps of Architecture/Introductory


text: The Seven Lamps of Architecture/Notes

title: The Seven Lamps of Architecture/Notes


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/95

3, 1786.

As early as three o'clock in the morning, I stole out of Carlsbad; for otherwise I should not have been allowed to depart quietly. The band of friends, who, on the 28th of August, rejoiced to celebrate my birthday, had in some degree acquired a right to detain me. However, it was impossible to stay here any longer. Having packed a portmanteau merely, and a knapsack, I jumped alone into a post-chaise; and by half-past eight, on a beautifully calm but foggy morning, I arrived at Zevoda. The upper clouds were streaky and fleecy, the lower ones heavy. This appeared to me a good sign. I hoped, that, after so wretched a summer, we should enjoy a fine autumn. About twelve I got to Egra, under a warm and shining sun; and now it occurred to me, that this place had the same latitude as my own native town, and it was a real pleasure to me once more to take my midday meal beneath a bright sky, at the fiftieth degree.

On entering Bavaria, one comes at once on the monastery of Waldsassen, with the valuable domain of the ecclesiastical lords who were wise sooner than other men. It lies in a dish-like, not to say caldron-like,  85


text: Index:The Moki snake dance.djvu

title: Index:The Moki snake dance.djvu


text: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/1

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/1


text: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/2

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/2


text: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/3

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/3


text: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/4

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/4


text: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/5

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/5


text: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/6

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/6


text: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/7

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/7


text: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/8

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/8


text:
Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/9

 {|style="float: left;" UST at the dawn of an August morning groups of eager watchers sit along the precipitous cliffs or slopes of a mesa bearing on its crest a Moki village. All faces are turned in one direction; the gray light becomes many-hued before the near approach of the sun. A murmur passes through the crowd, in the distance a number of dark forms are seen running toward the mesa; nearer they come, pursued by boys and girls with wands of cornstalk, and run up the tortuous trail as though on level ground. As the sun appears above the eastern horizon the winner passes over the roof of the Snake kiva and the day of the Snake dance has begun with the Snake race. The runners deposit the melon vines, corn and other products they have carried from the fields, and the panting victor gets for his prize the glory of winning. As in the Greek games, the Mokis honor the swift runner.
 * The Moki snake dance pg 9.jpg
 * RACER.
 * }
 * }

As the day wears on the interest centers in the kivas, where swarthy priests are bringing to a close the mysterious rites begun days before, when the astronomer Sun priest had directed the town crier to announce the commencement of the ceremony. Since that time the priests had descended into the kiva, and a fleet runner had each day carried plumed prayer-sticks to the distant springs and shrines. Four days to the north, west, south and east snakes had been hunted. Then came the Antelope dance on the evening before the Snake dance; the sixteen songs and drama were enacted in the kiva while the

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/9


text:
Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/10

 Snake race was being run, and the time is now ripe for the final spectacle. The snakes have been washed and placed in jars and the costuming begins. Long-haired, painted priests in scanty attire emerge from the kivas and go on various errands. Visitors and Mokis examine one another with mutual curiosity; the children are having a jolly time, for the Snake dance comes in their village but once in two years, and white visitors are sure to bring candy to put a climax to the stuffing of new corn, melons and other good things of August.

Other dances of the Mokis are more pleasing, as the Kachina dances, with their mirth and music, or the Flute dance, full of color and ceremony, but the Snake dance attracts with a potent fascination. One gets so interested in the progress of the dance that the anticipated element of horror does not appear amid the rhythmic movement and tragic gestures of the dancers with here and there the sinuous undulation of a venomous rattlesnake. Along the sky-line of the houses and on every available foothold and standing place are spectators. At Wolpi, the top of the mushroom-shaped rock is a favorite seat. The crowd is hardly less interesting than the dancers. Everyone, except the white visitor, is in gala costume, Moki and Navajo vying in gaudy colors. The Moki maidens have their hair done

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/10


text:
Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/11

 up in great whorls of shining blackness at the sides of their heads. The women, who have brushed away the evidences of preparation for the feast to follow the dance, now appear at their best, and the children dash around, consuming unlimited slices of watermelon. Mormons, be-pistoled cowboys, prospectors, army officers, teachers from the schools, scientists, photographers, and tourists in the modern costume suitable for camp life, mingle with the Indian spectators in motley confusion. Not less than one hundred white people witnessed the Snake dance at Wolpi in 1897. Bach year there is a larger attendance.

If the visitor will look around he will see that at one side of the dance plaza there is a bower of green cottonwood branches, the kisi, where the snakes are to be kept in readiness during the dance. The descending sun casts a long shadow eastward from the kisi when a priest enters the plaza with a bag containing the reptiles and quickly disappears among the branches. This is the man who hands the snakes out to the dancers through a small opening in the

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/11


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/96

86 hollow, in a beautiful wheat-ground, enclosed on all sides by slightly ascending and fertile heights. This cloister also possesses settlements in the neighbouring districts. The soil is decomposed slate clay. The marl which is found in this mineral formation, and which, as yet undecomposed, slowly crumbles, makes the earth loose and extremely fertile. The land continues to rise until you come to Tirschenreuth, and the waters flow against you, to fall into the Egra and the Elbe. From Tirschenreuth it descends southwards, and the streams run toward the Danube. I can very rapidly form an idea of a country as soon as I know by examination which way even the least brook runs, and can determine the river to whose basin it belongs. By this means, even in those districts of which it is impossible to take a survey, one can, in thought, form a connection between lines of mountains and valleys. From the last-mentioned place begins an excellent road formed of granite. A better one cannot be conceived; for, as the decomposed granite consists of gravelly and argillaceous earths, they bind excellently together, and form a solid foundation, so as to make a road as smooth as a threshing-floor. The country through which it runs looks so much the worse: it also consists of a granite-sand, lies very flat and marshy, and the excellent road is all the more desirable. And as, moreover, the roads descend gradually from this plane, one gets on with a rapidity that strikingly contrasts with the general snail's pace of Bohemian travelling. The enclosed billet will give you the names of the different stages. Suffice it to say, that, on the second morning, I was at Ratisbon; and so I did these twenty-four miles and a half in thirty-nine hours. As the day


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/97

Rh began to dawn, I found myself between Schwondorf and Regenstauf; and I observed here a change for the better in the cultivation of the land. The soil was no longer the mere débris of the rock, but a mixed alluvial deposit. The inundation by which it was deposited must have been caused by the ebb and flood, from the basin of the Danube, into all the valleys which at present drain their water into it. In this way were formed the natural boles (pölder) on which the tillage is carried on. This remark applies to all lands in the neighbourhood of large or small streams, and with this guide any observer may form a conclusion as to the soils suited for tillage.

Ratisbon is, indeed, beautifully situated. The country could not but invite men to settle, and build a city in it, and the spiritual lords have shown their judgment. All the land around the town belongs to them: in the city itself churches crowd churches, and monastic buildings are no less thick. The Danube reminds me of the dear old Main. At Frankfort, indeed, the river and bridges have a better appearance: here, however, the view of the northern suburb, Stadt-amhof, looks very pretty, as it lies before you across the river.

Immediately on my arrival I betook myself to the College of the Jesuits, where the annual play was being acted by the pupils. I saw the end of the opera and the beginning of the tragedy. They did not act worse than many an unexperienced company of amateurs, and their dresses were beautiful, almost too superb. This public exhibition also served to convince me still more strongly of the worldly prudence of the Jesuits. They neglect nothing that is likely to produce an effect, and contrive to practise it with interest and care. In this there is not merely prudence, such as we understand the term abstractedly: it is associated with a real pleasure in the matter in hand, a sympathy and a fellow feeling, a taste, such as arises from the experience


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/98

88 of life. As this great society has among its members organ-builders, sculptors, and gilders, so, assuredly, there are some who patronise the stage with learning and taste; and, just as they decorate their churches with appropriate ornaments, these clear-sighted men take advantage of the world's sensual eye by an imposing theatre.

To-day I am writing in latitude forty-nine degrees. The weather promises to be fair, and even here the people complain of the coldness and wet of the past summer. The morning was cool, but it was the beginning of a glorious and temperate day. The mild atmosphere which the mighty river brings with it is something quite peculiar. The fruits are nothing very surprising. I have tasted, indeed, some excellent pears; but I am longing for grapes and figs.

My attention is riveted by the actions and principles of the Jesuits. Their churches, towers, and buildings have a something great and perfect in their plan, which imposes all beholders with a secret awe. In the decoration, gold, silver, metal, and polished marble are accumulated in such splendour and profusion as must dazzle the beggars of all ranks. Here and there one fails not to meet with something in bad taste in order to appease and to attract humanity. This is the general character of the external ritual of the Roman Catholic Church; but I have never seen it applied with so much shrewdness, tact, and consistency as among the Jesuits. Here all tends to this one end. Unlike the members of the other spiritual orders, they do not continue an old, worn-out ceremonial, but, humouring the spirit of the age, continually deck it out with fresh pomp and splendour.

A rare stone is quarried here into blocks. In appearance it is a species of conglomerate: however, it must be held to be older, more primary, and of a porphyritic nature. It is of a greenish colour, mixed


text: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/72

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/72


text: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/71

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/71


text: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/69

title: Page:The Moki snake dance.djvu/69


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/99

Rh with quartz, and is porous: in it are found large pieces of very solid jasper, in which, again, are to be seen little round pieces of a kind of breccia, A specimen would have been very instructive, and one could not help longing for one. The rock, however, was too solid; and I had taken a vow not to load myself with stones on this journey.

Sept. 6, 1786.

At half-past twelve on the 5th of September, I set off for Ratisbon. At Abbach the country is beautiful, while the Danube dashes against hmestone rocks as far as Saal; the limestone somewhat similar to that at Osteroda, on the Hartz,—close, but, on the whole, porous. By six I was in Munich; and, after having looked about me for some twelve hours, I will notice only a few points. In the Sculpture Gallery I did not find myself at home. I must practise my eye, first of all, on paintings. There are some excellent things here. The sketches of Rubens from the Luxembourg Gallery caused me the greatest delight.

Here, also, is the rare toy, a model of Trajan's Pillar. The material lapis-lazuli, and the figures in gilt. It is, at any rate, a rare piece of workmanship, and in this light one takes pleasure in looking at it.

In the Hall of the Antiques I soon felt that my eye was not much practised on such objects. On this account I was unwilling to stay long there, and to waste my time. There was much that did not take my fancy, without my being able to say why. A Drusus attracted my attention; two Antonines pleased me, as also did a few other things. On the whole, the arrangement of the objects was not happy, although there is an evident attempt to make a display with them; and the hall, or rather the museum, would have a good appearance if it were kept in better repair and cleaner. In the Cabinet of Natural History I saw beautiful things from the Tyrol, which in smaller


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 12.djvu/100

90 I was already acquainted with, and, indeed, possessed.

I was met by a woman with figs, which, as the first, tasted delicious; but the fruit in general is not good, considering the latitude of forty-eight degrees. Every one is complaining here of the wet and cold. A mist, which might well be called a rain, overtook me this morning early, before I reached Munich. Throughout the day the wind has continued to blow cold from off the Tyrolese mountains. As I looked toward them from the tower, I found them covered, and the whole heavens shrouded with clouds. Now, at setting, the sun is shining on the top of the ancient tower, which stands right opposite to my window. Pardon me that I dwell so much on wind and weather. The traveller by land is almost as much dependent upon them as the voyager by sea; and it would be a sad thing if my autumn in foreign lands should be as little favoured as my summer at home.

And now straight for Innspruck. What a deal I pass over, both on my right and on my left, in order to carry out the one thought which has become almost too old in my soul!

, Sept. 7, 1786.

It seems as if my guardian-spirit had said "Amen" to my "Credo," and I thank him that he has brought me to this place on so fine a day. My last postilion said, with a joyous exclamation, it was the first in the whole summer. I cherish in quiet my superstition that it will long continue so: however, my friends must pardon me if again I talk of air and clouds.

As I started from Munich, about five o'clock, the sky had cleared. On the mountains of the Tyrol the clouds stood in huge masses. Nor did the streaks in the lower regions move. The road lies on the heights, over bills of alluvial gravel, while below one sees the


text:
Template:T/r

rowspan=

title: Template:T/r


text:
Template:T/c

colspan=

title: Template:T/c


text:
User talk:205.132.251.14

Welcome
Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
 * Style Guide
 * Inclusion policy
 * For Wikipedians

You are welcome to continue editing articles without logging in, but you may wish to  [ create an account] . Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits. Creating an account on Wikisource has many of the same benefits as creating an account on Wikipedia. For one thing, if you continue to edit without a username, your IP address is used to publicly identify you.

In any case, I hope you enjoy donating your time to grow the Wikisource library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please sign your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question. Again, welcome! Beeswaxcandle (talk) 05:14, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:205.132.251.14


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/328

the course of these discussions it may have occurred to the reader that our culture classification is purely extensive, or horizontal, and ignores the chronological, or vertical relation. It is this chronological relation that underlies the great classifications in Old World archæology, especially that triumph of synthetic research in Europe, the determinations of the sequential relations among the several epochs in Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures. In this book we have so far been concerned with the distribution of trait-complexes rather than with their chronological sequence. Such a comprehension of the gross culture geography of the New World is logically necessary to its analytic treatment, but it is, after all, merely preliminary. It so far forms the chief content of our subject for the very good reason that it is a new science and as such has had barely more than time to get even once around the distribution problem; but now that such a general view has been attained, interest promises to center upon the time relations between the respective types of culture.

Mexico, Peru, and Yucatan have histories from which, as a vantage ground, respectable chronologies have been established. Of these, the last is the most extended, for the very good reason that the Maya have left to us a number of dated inscriptions. While these have come down to us in terms of the curious and highly original Maya calendar, yet modern scholars have been able to correlate them with our own reckoning. This correlation is, of course, not absolute, so the exact dates of one investigator do not quite agree with those of another, but still all have the same sequence. The following brief list based upon Morley's readings will give an adequate idea of the age of Maya culture.

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/328


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/581

1536.] he need call no council, he would give an answer of his own wit himself.

Standing in the highest place in the chamber, taking the high estate upon him, 'Herald,' he replied, 'as a messenger you are welcome to me and all my company, intending as I do; and as for the proclamation sent from the lords from whom you come, it shall not be read at the market cross, nor in no place amongst my people which be under my guiding.'

He spoke of his intentions; the herald inquired what they were. He said 'he would go to London, he and his company, of pilgrimage to the King's Highness, and there to have all the vile blood of his council put from him, and all the noble blood set up again; and also the faith of Christ and his laws to be kept, and full restitution to Christ's Church of all wrongs done unto it; and also the commonalty to be used as they should be.' 'And he bade me trust to this,' the herald said, 'for he would die for it.'

Lancaster begged for that answer in writing. 'With, a good will,' Aske replied; and he put his hand to his bill, and with a proud voice said, 'This is mine act, whosoever say to the contrary. I mean no harm to the King's person, but to see reformation; I will die in the quarrel, and my people with me.'


text:
Page:Mike (Wodehouse).djvu/203

Rh "For the school, sir?" inquired the solitary porter, bustling up, as if he hoped by sheer energy to deceive the traveller into thinking that Sedleigh station was staffed by a great army of porters.

Mike nodded. A sombre nod. The nod Napoleon might have given if somebody had met him in 1812, and said, "So you're back from Moscow, eh?" Mike was feeling thoroughly jaundiced. The future seemed wholly gloomy. And, so far from attempting to make the best of things, he had set himself deliberately to look on the dark side. He thought, for instance, that he had never seen a more repulsive porter, or one more obviously incompetent than the man who had attached himself with a firm grasp to the handle of the bag as he strode off in the direction of the luggage-van. He disliked his voice, his appearance, and the colour of his hair. Also the boots he wore. He hated the station, and the man who took his ticket.

"Young gents at the school, sir," said the porter, perceiving from Mike's distrait air that the boy was a stranger to the place, "goes up in the 'bus mostly. It's waiting here, sir. Hi, George!"

"I'll walk, thanks," said Mike frigidly.

"It's a goodish step, sir."

"Here you are."

"Thank you, sir. I'll send up your luggage by the 'bus, sir. Which 'ouse was it you was going to?"

"Outwood's."

"Right, sir. It's straight on up this road to the school. You can't miss it, sir."

"Worse luck," said Mike.

He walked off up the road, sorrier for himself than ever. It was such absolutely rotten luck. About now, instead of being on his way to a place where they probably ran a diabolo team instead of a cricket eleven, and played hunt-the-slipper in winter, he would be on the point of arriving at Wrykyn. And as captain of cricket, at that. Which was the bitter part of it. He had never been in command. For the last two seasons he had been the star

title: Page:Mike (Wodehouse).djvu/203


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/582

562 Lancaster again entreated on his knees that he might read the proclamation. On his life he should not, Aske answered; he might come and go at his pleasure, and if Shrewsbury desired an interview with the Pomfret council, a safe-conduct was at his service; but he would allow nothing to be put in the people's heads which might divert them from their purpose. 'Commend me to the lords,' he said at parting, 'and tell them it were meet they were with me, for that I do is for all their wealths.'

By this time the powers of all the great families, except the Cliffords, the Dacres, and the Musgraves, had come in to the confederacy. Six peers, or eldest sons of peers, were willingly or unwillingly with Aske at Pomfret. Lord Westmoreland was represented by Lord Neville. Lord Latimer was present in person, and with him Lord Darcy, Lord Lumley, Lord Scrope, Lord Conyers. Besides these, were the Constables of Flamborough, the Tempests from Durham, the Boweses, the Everses, the Fairfaxes, the Strangwayses, young Ellerkar of Ellerkar, the Danbys, St Johns, Bulmers, Mallorys, Lascelleses, Nor tons, Moncktons, Gowers, Ingoldsbys: we scarcely miss a single name famous in Border story. Such a gathering had not been seen in England since the grandfathers of these same men fought on Towton Moor, and the red rose of Lancaster faded before 'the summer sun of York.' Were their descendants, in another bloody battle, to seat


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/583

1536.] a fresh Plantagenet on Edward's throne? No such aim had as yet risen consciously into form; but civil wars have strange issues—a scion of the old house was perhaps dreaming, beyond the sea, of a new and betteromened union; a prince of the pure blood might marry the Princess Mary, restored to her legitimate inheritance. Of all the natural chiefs of the North who were in the power of the insurgents, Lord Northumberland only was absent. On the first summons he was spared for his illness; a second deputation ordered him to commit his powers, as the leader of his clan, to his brothers. But the brave Percy chose to die as he had lived. 'At that time and at all other times, the Earl was very earnest against the commons in the King's behalf and the lord privy seal's.' He lay in his bed resolute in refusal. The crowd yelled before the castle, 'Strike off his head, and make Sir Thomas Percy earl.' 'I can die but once,' he said; 'let them do it; it will rid me of my pain.' 'And therewith the Earl fell weeping, ever wishing himself out of the world.'

They left him to nature and to death, which was waiting at his doors. The word went now through the army, 'Every man to Doncaster.' There lay Shrewsbury and the Duke of Norfolk, with a small handful of disaffected men between themselves and London, to which they were going.

They marched from Pomfret in three divisions. Sir