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Page:An Introduction to the Study of Fishes.djvu/113

Rh constancy throughout this sub-class; they often coalesce with, and are no more separable from, the neighbouring or underlying cartilage-bones. All these bones have been topographically enumerated in Chapter IV.

Many attempts have been made to classify the bones of the Teleosteous skull, according to their supposed relation to each other, or with the view to demonstrate the unity of plan on which the skull has been built; but in all either the one or the other of the following two principles has been followed:—

A. The "vertebral doctrine" starts from the undeniable fact that the skull is originally composed of several segments, each of which is merely the modification of a vertebra. The component parts of such a cranial segment are considered to be homologous to those of a vertebra. Three, four, or five cranial vertebræ have been distinguished, all the various bones of the fully-developed and ossified skull being referred, without distinction as to their origin, to one or the other of those vertebral segments. The idea of the typical unity of the osseous framework of Vertebrates has been worked out with the greatest originality and knowledge of detail, by Owen, who demonstrates that the fish-skull is composed of four vertebræ.

The bones of the fish-skull are, according to him, primarily divisible into those of the neuroskeleton, splanchnoskeleton, and dermoskeleton.

The bones of the neuro- or proper endo-skeleton are arranged in a series of four horizontally succeeding segments: the occipital, parietal, frontal, and nasal vertebræ; each segment consisting of an upper (neural) and a lower (hæmal) arch, with a common centre, and with diverging appendages.

The neural arches of the four vertebræ, in their succession from the occiput towards the snout, are:—

1. Epencephalic arch, composed of the occipitals.


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Page:An Introduction to the Study of Fishes.djvu/114

86 2. Mesencephalic arch, composed of basisphenoid, alisphenoid, parietal, and mastoid.

3. Prosencephalic arch, composed of presphenoid, orbitosphenoid, frontal, and postfrontal.

4. Rhinencephalic arch, composed of vomer, prefrontal, and nasal.

The hæmal arches in the same order of succession are:—

1. Scapular or scapulo-coracoid arch, composed of suprascapula, scapula, aud coracoid; its appendage consists of the ulna, radius and carpal.

2. Hyoid or stylo-hyoid arch, composed of stylo-hyal, epihyal, ceratohyal, basihyal, glossohyal, and urohyal; its appendage is the branchiostegals.

3. Mandibular or tympano-mandibidar arch, composed of epi-, meso-, pre-, and hypo-tympanic, and the bones of the lower jaw; its appendage consists of the præoperculum and the other opercles.

4. Maxillary or palato-maxillary arch, composed of palatine, maxillary, and premaxillary; its appendage consists of the pterygoid and entopterygoid.

Parts of the splanchnoskeleton are held to be the ear-capsule or petrosal and the otolite, the eye-capsule or sclerotic, the nose-capsule or "ethmoid" and turbinal; the branchial arches.

The bones of the dermoskeleton are the supratemporals, supraorbitals, suborbitals, and labials.

B. In the second method of classifying the bones of the skull prominence is given to the facts of their different origin as ascertained by a study of their development. The parts developed from the primordial skull, or the cartilaginous case protecting the nervous centre are distinguished from those which enclose and support the commencement of the alimentary canal and the respiratory apparatus, and which, consisting of several arches, are comprised under the common name of

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text:
Author:Marc-Auguste Pictet

as author

 * Correspondance : sciences et techniques
 * Voyage de trois mois en Angleterre, en Ecosse et en Irlande, pendant l'été de l'an
 * "Relation d'un accident fatal arrivé à un voyageur sur le glacier de Buet et avis aux curieux qui parcourent les montagnes et particulièrement les glaciers."
 * Essais de physique.
 * Description d'experiences sur la Chaleur

as publisher

 * Bibliothèque Britannique

title: Author:Marc-Auguste Pictet


text:
Author:Horace Bénédict de Saussure

Works

 * Voyages dans les Alpes..., Vol. I (1779), II (1780), III and IV (1786), V, VI, VII, and VIII (1796)
 * Observations sur L'Ecorce des Feuilles et des Pétales des Plants (1762)
 * Essais sur l'Hygrométrie (1783)

Works about de Saussure

 * The life of Horace Benedict de Saussure, W. Freshfield, with the collaboration of Henry F. Montagnier (1920)
 * The life of Horace Benedict de Saussure, W. Freshfield, with the collaboration of Henry F. Montagnier (1920)

title: Author:Horace Bénédict de Saussure


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Author talk:Charles Scott Venable

Biographical information
Charles Scott Venable

1827-1900

b.19 April 1827 Prince Edward Co. Virginia

d. 11 Aug. 1900 Charlottesville, Virginia (Albemarle County)

Born at Longwood, Prince Edward county, Virginia, April 19, 1827, son of Nathaniel E. Venable and Mary Embra (Scott) Venable, his wife. He attended the schools of his native county, and in 1842 was graduated from Hampden-Sidney College, where he tutored for three years in mathematics, and at the same time studied law. He was professor of mathematics, 1846-52, with the exception of one year spent in study at the University of Virginia. He also studied in the universities at Berlin and Bonn, Germany. He then resumed his chair in Hampden-Sidney College, continuing until 1856, when he was elected professor of natural history and chemistry in the University of Georgia. After one year he accepted the chair of mathematics and astronomy in the University of South Carolina, which he held until 1862, although absent on military service during the last two years, serving throughout the war, the last two years on the staff of Gen. Robert E. Lee. He was professor of mathematics in the University of Virginia from 1865 to 1896, when he resigned. During 1870-73 and 1886-88 he was chairman of the faculty. It was due almost entirely to his efforts that Leander McCormick, of Chicago, Illinois, donated the great telescope to the university [of Va], and that $75,000 was added to the endowment fund by the alumni, and he also secured $70,000 for a natural history museum. He was the author of many valuable scientific works.

Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, Volume III VII--Prominent Persons

 * There is a Venable school in Charlottesville, Virginia named in his honor. Venable Elementary School opened in the University of Virginia neighborhood in 1925. The school was named for Confederate Colonel Charles Scott Venable, who was a Civil War soldier, professor of mathematics at the University of Virginia and author of arithmetic books for children.

 * Former Confederate Colonel Charles Scott Venable is buried in the University of Virginia's Confederate Cemetery.

title: Author talk:Charles Scott Venable


text:
Author talk:Diana Fontaine Maury Corbin

Notes:
Diana Fontaine Maury-Corbin (1837 - 1900)

Birth  25 Jun 1837 Died   6 Feb 1900  Richmond, Va.

Buried Confederate Cemetery, Fredericksburg, Va.

Father Matthew Fontaine Maury, b. 16 Jan 1806 Mother Ann Hull Herndon, b. 8 Aug 1811

Married 29, April, 1858

to Spotswood Wellford Corbin,

(b.22 Jan.1835, King & Queen Co., Va.)

Issue:

 * 1) Anne Herndon Maury Corbin, b. 27 Jul 1864, Fredericksburg, VA
 * 2) John Maury Corbin, b. 15 Nov 1867, London, England
 * 3) Matthew Maury Corbin, b. 15 Nov 1873

title: Author talk:Diana Fontaine Maury Corbin


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Author talk:George Atherton Aitken

Probate
"AITKEN George Atherton of 21 Church-row Hampstead Middlesex C.B. M.V.O. died 16 November 1917 Probate London 28 December to Emma Aitken widow Effect £8342 19s. 7d."
 * Principal Probate Registry. Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England. > 1917 > A > p.18

title: Author talk:George Atherton Aitken


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Page:Scientific Memoirs, Vol. 1 (1837).djvu/21

Rh side, and put it in the place of the transparent plate, taking care to turn its blackened surface to the lamp. The needle remains stationary, although the caloric rays continually fall on the anterior surface. It will be found immoveable also, if we employ a plate of copper coated on both sides with black colouring matter, or a thin flake of wood, or even a sheet of paper. Thus, though we should suppose the screen to be diaphanous, exceedingly thin, an excellent conductor of caloric, and possessing great powers of absorption and emission, the utmost elevation of temperature that can be acquired during the experiment would not furnish rays sufficiently strong to move the index of the galvanometer.

One is surprised at first to see caloric rays capable of giving a deviation of 30° fail to produce any effect when they are absorbed by the screen, which must necessarily send its acquired heat upon the apparatus. But our surprise ceases when we reflect that this heat is sent equally in all directions by every point of the heated screen, and therefore that the portion of total radiation which reaches the apparatus is but a very small fraction.

We shall see hereafter, that the anterior surface of the pile does not measure six square centimetres. With these data, if we suppose even that the thirty degrees of heat are completely absorbed by the screen, and afterwards dispersed through space, we find that the quantity of the rays which reach the thermoscopic body does not amount to the six-hundredth part of the whole. But the galvanometer that I use is capable, at the most, of marking only the 150th part of the force which moves the needle to 30°. Thus, even though the instrument were capable of discovering the presence of a heat four times as feeble, there would be no perceptible action.

The experiments which I have been describing seem to me to leave no doubt whatsoever as to the truth of the proposition just now enunciated; namely, that in my mode of operating the deviation of the galvanometer proceeds entirely from the heat instantaneously transmitted through the screen. These proofs, though so conclusive to my mind, seem however not to have been equally convincing to others; for I have heard some persons say, "We grant that the deviation of 21° obtained through the screen does not arise from the caloric propagated by conduction from the anterior to the other surface, but it may be maintained that it is caused by a heat instantaneously diffused, in the same manner as light, over all the points of the glass." Before we admit such a mode of transmission, it seems to me that we ought to demonstrate its existence by some decisive experiment. But supposing it true, then we must also suppose one of these two things,—either that the molecules of the glass acquire from the action of the source such modifications that they themselves become so many calorific centres, and return to their


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Page:Scientific Memoirs, Vol. 1 (1837).djvu/22

10 natural state when the radiation is stopped; or that the heat, which is supposed to be diffused through the material points of the screen, is but common caloric obeying the known laws of equilibrium. In the first case we should be only attempting to explain the very cause of the transmission, and the hypothesis, true or false, does not at all invalidate the fact which we are desirous to establish. In the second case, this heat, when it has reached the interior of the body, must take some time to issue from it; besides, this time must vary with the thickness of the screen, and its powers of conduction and emission. But let us intercept the calorific communication in our apparatus; let us remove the diaphanous screen from its stand, and expose it for some moments to the free radiation of the lamp on the other side of the diaphragm: if the supposition be true, the internal molecules of the glass will instantaneously acquire some heat. In order to see whether this heat really exists, let us replace the screen on its stand before the pile, still leaving the calorific communication with the lamp intercepted. The further surface of the plate of glass will, according to the hypothesis, immediately begin to emit towards the pile that caloric which reaches it successively from within, and the index of the galvanometer must lose its equilibrium. But whatever be the nature or the thickness of the screen with which this experiment is performed, we never obtain the slightest indication of a movement in the magnetic needle. It is therefore completely demonstrated that the deviations of the galvanometer exhibited in the experiments made with the diaphanous screens are not to be attributed, in the least degree, either to the external or the internal heat of the screen itself, but solely and exclusively to free transmission. Thus, whenever, in consequence of the radiant heat of the source being made to fall on a screen, a deviation of the galvanometer is perceptible, we may rest assured that the whole of the effect produced is to be ascribed to the rays of heat immediately transmitted through it, in the same manner as luminous rays.

Before I conclude these preliminary considerations, it is necessary to remark, 1st, that galvanometers of very great sensibility, such as must be used for the thermomultiplier, do not directly indicate quantities less than half-degrees; 2ndly, that the ratios of the degrees of the galvanometer and the forces of deviation are unknown. But it is often useful to have the fractions below the half-degree, and in certain circumstances it is absolutely indispensable to know the ratios of the several degrees of calorific action which move the magnetic needles to different distances from their primitive position.

To find the fractions sought, we have only to take the means of a certain number of observations. As to the ratio of the deviations and the forces, it is difficult and, in the present state of the science, perhaps impossible to determine it generally. But electric piles, such as those


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Page:Scientific Memoirs, Vol. 1 (1837).djvu/23

Rh employed in the construction of the thermomultiplier, furnish sufficiently simple means of solving the question in each particular case. Indeed there is nothing easier than to keep the index of the galvanometer at any degree of deviation. All that is required for this purpose is to place a lighted lamp at proper distance from either side of the thermoelectrical pile. To prevent the possibility of mistake on this point, let us suppose the axis of the pile to be perpendicular to the magnetic meridian, and the communications so fully established that, when the left or the right side of the pile is heated, a corresponding deviation will be exhibited by the galvanometer. Let there be now produced a sufficiently marked deviation by placing a lamp near enough at the same side. Let this deviation be 44°. After having brought the needle back to 0° by interposing a metallic screen, let us make it move to the 42nd degree of deviation on the left, by means of a second lamp placed on the other side. To bring the needle back again to the zero point of the scale, we have only to stop the radiation by means of a metallic screen, as before.

It is natural to ask what will be the effect now produced by the heat of both lamps being brought to bear simultaneously upon the opposite sides of the pile. The calorific effects will be partially destroyed, and the instrument will mark but their difference. If the same force were always required to make the needles describe arcs containing the same number of degrees, the index would stop at the second degree of deviation to the right; but we know that these effects continually increase to the right and to the left of zero. The difference of two degrees just now observed between the partial deviations of 44° and 42° was owing to the application of a force greater than what is required to make the index traverse the first two degrees of the scale. The position marked 2° will therefore be exceeded, and the more so in proportion as the first force is greater than the second, and the arc described will, when compared with the difference of the two deviations, immediately give the measure of the corresponding force. If, for instance, the needle stops at 8°, it will be inferred that the force required to make the needle pass from 42° to 44° is four times greater than that required to make it pass from zero to 2°. This effect would be five times greater if the needle stopped at 10°, and so of the rest.

I shall not attempt to conceal the fact, that in this process the proportionality of the forces to the degrees in the arc employed as a comparative measure is tacitly assumed. But the assumption is fully justified by experience; for we find that in galvanometers whose astatic system has been brought to a high degree of perfection, the magnetic needles, through the whole extent of the arc comprised between zero and the twentieth degree nearly, describe arcs proportional to the action of the electric current to which they arcare [sic] subjected. To be convinced of this,


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12 it is by no means necessary to review in succession all the degrees that contribute to the formation of this arc. The application of our method to the angles of 20° and 10° will be quite sufficient. This being done, we shall find an equal quantity between their difference and the effect produced by the simultaneous action of the moving forces. In other words, let us produce a deviation of 20° to the right and one of 10° to the left: let us then simultaneously expose the two opposite faces of the pile to the two radiations which produce these galvanometric indications: the index will move to the right, and stop precisely at 10°. Hence we infer that the force necessary to make the needle describe the arc comprised between 10° and 20° is equal to the force required to make it pass over the first ten degrees of the scale. Thus the proportion of the degrees to the forces is perceptible as far as the 20th degree on each side of zero.

This fact seems opposed to the inference which might have been made in examining the nature of the galvanometric action; for, in the successive rotation of the astatic system, the poles of the magnetic needles depart from the mean line of the electric currents. The intensity of the repulsive forces, therefore, decreases in proportion as the angle of deviation increases. Whence we should conclude that the effort necessary to make the needles exceed a given arc should change as soon as the first degrees of the scale are passed. This would undoubtedly take place if all the electric currents lay in a vertical plane passing through the line marked 0°; but the circumvolutions of the metallic wire which is wound on the frame placed under the graduated circle are distributed to a certain extent on each side of this plain. In the galvanometer which I have employed in my experiments, they cover the two opposite arcs of 76°, the chords of which are perpendicular to the line marked 0°. Thus so long as the oscillations take place within certain limits there will always be electric currents situated on each side of the needles. Now when the intensity of these currents is extremely feeble, their sensible effect on the needles must cease at a very short distance. Let us suppose this distance to be 18° of the division of the galvanometer intended to show the degrees of electric action which cause the deviations to the right and left for the first 20° of the scale. These degrees of action must be extremely feeble in a very delicate galvanometer. If, during these oscillations, the system of the needles is confined within the two initial arcs of 20°, it is clear that it will always be subject to the same action, whatever may be the position in which it is placed; for there will always be near its plane a series of currents extending to 18° on each side, even when the system will occupy the extreme limits. The influence of the currents that are further distant will, according to our hypothesis, be nothing. As the moving force will therefore have a constant value, we shall have to consider only the


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Page:Scientific Memoirs, Vol. 1 (1837).djvu/651

 M. Melloni's Experiments on the immediate Transmission of Radiant Heat.


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Page:Palestine Exploration Fund - Quarterly Statement for 1894.djvu/101

Rh (Taanith, iv, T). There is also a well-known passage concerning King Agrippa reading the Law in the temple (Sotah, vii, 8), when the Jews hailed him as a "brother." There are no allusions to events later than the reign of Hadrian, which is an indication of the date of the close of the Mishnah.

In conclusion of this sketch of the Jews under Roman rule in Palestine as related by themselves, and on their monuments, I have only to add that I shall be grateful for any corrections, especially such as Jewish scholars may, with their customary courtesy, think worth noting. Further comparisons with existing customs would also be of value. The "corner of the field" is still left unreaped in Palestine, and many peasant customs have come down from the Jewish period. There is, apparently, no reason why the life of the Jews in the nineteenth century should not much resemble that of their forefathers in their native land.


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80


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Rh

P. 260. The Jerusalem cross which, with four crosslets, the Latin Kings of Jerusalem adopted as arms {or on argent) is heraldically a "cross potent," sometimes explained as "croix potence" (gallows cross) from the gallows-like ends. I was struck in Moab by finding, at Hesban ("Memoirs Eastern Survey," p. 119), a stone, apparently a lintel of the Byzantine age, with two designs, one of a St. Andrew's cross, and another of a cross in a frame, with four crosslets, which might be an older form of the cross potent, the frame being afterwards broken at the corners. I do not remember another instance of a cross with crosslets on such a lintel stone. The Greek cross is very common on Byzantine buildings. A somewhat similar cross ✠ occurs often on Greek texts from Bashan and Syria.

P. 290. The graveyard noticed by Herr von Schick, east of Jeremiah's Grotto, contains tombs apparently of Crusaders; but there seems to have been an older Jewish cemetery here, of, perhaps, Roman or Byzantine times. The text with the golden candlestick, refering to Jacob of Cappadocia and his relatives, is clearly Jewish; but the letters have forms not older than about the fourth century A.D. The same refers to the tomb of Judas, son of Johanah, with the palm branch, which was an early funereal emblem of both Christians and Jews. Several other texts in Greek, referring to the tombs of Jews, are already known in north Syria and in Bashan. The Greek characters of the first and second centuries A.D. had not assumed the uncial forms of these texts, and dated inscriptions leave no doubt as to the history of the Greek character in Syria.

P. 295. The Latin text from Jaffa probably refers to Richard, Lion Heart, dating about 1191 A.D. The text reading  for the name of "Christian," is interesting, and may belong to the fourth century. It is probably older than the establishment of Christianity (326 A.D.), since it bears the spelling under which the Christians concealed the name of their faith, and has no cross. Several other examples are given by Waddington. It is evidently a Christian tombstone. The Patristic literature contains several allusions to this word.

P. 298. The round tower examined by Herr von Schick, on the knoll where I had supposed towers to have been erected, now proves to have the Roman opus reticulatum, which occurs also on the Jericho aqueduct. At this spot I have always supposed the "Women's Towers" of the third wall, to have stood, because of the distance from the tomb of Helena of Adiabene (Joseph. "Ant.," iv, 3 j 5 "Wars," ii, 2), as noted in my "Handbook to the Bible," p. 352.

P. 301. The Jewish cemetery, about the Christian era, was not in the valley of Hinnom, but mainly on the north of the city. The tomb


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82 of Helena dates about 50 A.D., and there is a tomb with a Hebrew text in the large cemetery round the so-called "Tomb of the Judges." The tombs in the Hinnom Valley are Christian tombs, in some cases as late as the ninth century A.D., as shown by their inscriptions. They were mainly cut for the monks of the Church of St. Sion, as recorded in the texts.

P. 307. Herr Baldensperger's further paper shows that the Questions issued by the Fund are capable of receiving very exact answers. The fellahin differ from the Arabs: (1) In never praying facing the east; (2) In visiting the tombs on Thursday. The Arabs only visit tombs when passing. The idea of the Mahdi lighting Satan at Lydda is inherited from an ancient Jewish belief, noticed in the Talmud, which points to the same site for the contest. The fellahin seem to confuse Ed Dejjâl with Dejjan or Dagon. The old custom of the female Nazerite, noticed in the Mishnah, seems also to survive (p. 317) in a distorted legend. The sprinkling of blood is also observed by the Arabs of the desert; and a story of the Moabite Arabs (see "Heth and Moab") speaks of Antar's mother hung up by her eyelashes.

P. 330. There is only one Stone of Proclamation noticed in the Mishnah ("Taanith," iii, 8); it was a stone on which men stood to proclaim lost property, and had no connection with any trial.

only city noticed in connection with the wars of Aziru against Geba in the Tell Amarna tablets which I could not discover in the vicinity was Sehlala, but on further search I find a village in one of the valleys east of Batrun (the Batruna of the tablets) called Beit Shelalah, which is probably the place in question. The letter in which it is noticed is much broken, but the central part runs as follows (158):—

''û. . . . s'arrabunum ina amati. . . . rinum û caru rabu. . . . zabi Ali Sehlali û anuma invirir. . . . istu alu Irpada û. . . . nacu ina Ali Tsumura û yanu amili sa asbunum ina cari rabi si û anumma amili sa asbumum ina cari rabi si Sabilu Bilimtanu Maya. . . . Arzaya anumma IV amili sa asbunum ina cari rabi si û icbunum sunu ana yasi lizipanna simi istu suti zabi Ali Sehlali û huse izzina istu suti zabi Ali Sehlali. . . . xxv sa iducunum. . . . Sehlali û inuma babi. . . . ici zabi. . . . unuti. . . . istu Ali Tsumuri. . . . anumma la adru uddu. . . . zazibunum. . . . Khazanuti ana panica. . . .''

The translation, though rendered difficult by the breaks in the text, appears to be—

"And . . . . they had rebelled from the orders . . . they had . . . . and the fortress . . . . the soldiers of the City of Sehlala, and now it


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Page:Palestine Exploration Fund - Quarterly Statement for 1894.djvu/105

Rh was aided by the City of Arpad, and. . . . from the City of Semyra, but not by the men who dwelt in her fortress, and these are the chiefs who had lived in her fortress, Sabilu, Bilimtanu, Maya. . . . Arzaya. These are the four chiefs who dwelt in her fortress, and they had said to me, May we hide from destruction by the hands of the soldiers of the City of Sehlala, and help to take us away from the hands of the soldiers of the City of Sehlala,. . . . twenty-four whom they will slay. . . . Sehlala, and lo to the gate have come soldiers. . . . the possessions. . . . from the City of Semyra. . . . Now I did not repel. . . . they were hidden (being) rulers from your presence". . ..

The town would seem at this time to have been in the hands of the league hostile to Egypt. Arpad was a city near Tunip, which latter was ruled by Aziru the Amorite rebel. The letter would have been written after the fall of Semyra, and of the various towns to the south which were near Sehlala.

9th November, 1893.

very interesting new contributions of the indefatigable Baurath Schick furnish matter for inferences of no less interest, and set us several problems. Two or three of them I incline to remark upon thus, in case it may throw some light upon their meaning and use:

The above-named explorer twice appears to present to our notice circular edifices, in his last paper:—1st. In the so-called "Church of St. Martin" {Quarterly Statement, October, 1893, p. 283) by the great synagogue north of the Mosque el-Omar. 2nd. On the knoll containing Conder's tomb of Our Lord {Quarterly Statement, October, 1893, p. 298).

In the first, as I read, there is a square and a cupola or dome above it, though whether this is the whole of the ancient structure—and even its shape, probably—is not yet quite ascertained. If it be as just stated, there is presented the combination of square and circle which is highly mystical, and signified in the Great or Sacred Pyramid, and in the Freemasonry of which this is probably the original. Both figures occur, as has been observed in these Statements already, in the Hebrew mysteries, but the circle least; and I am inclined to think this may be the older form—and, therefore, anterior to Judaism—causing it to be little seen under it. It is to be much remarked under Paganism, which is the corruption of the original worship and, therefore, hands down the primitive form of mysteries; but the square and cube are prominent in religion


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84 after historical times, and indicated in the similitude of the New Jerusalem, too. Sometimes these figures are signified visibly; at others by number; and it may be mentioned that in the Oracle of old, not only the cube was obviously specified, but in the walls, too, the squaring-of-the-circle ratio very secretly enshrined. This was the glory of all, and the Jewish Shechinah, containing its Palladium or Coffer, and here, then, square and circle were combined indeed.

Secondly, Schick describes a strange round enclosure—very near Conder's "Holy Sepulchre"—which he has discovered by digging, of which the wall is elegant, and built in a very unusual manner, and the floor of which is rock. He shows that it was evidently not a reservoir, and most probably not a theatre, and, in fine, that it never bore a roof. And, to his surprise, it seems to have had nothing in the centre. He is fain, then, though in perplexity, to conclude it was most likely the base of a tower. If so, certainly we might expect parts of the wall to be higher than the rest, and the top level of it broken; but, as I understand, any irregularity in it is only what the uneven floor level required.

Now, may it not be that we have here a primæval temple of Jebusites, being a simple circle of vast antiquity, open to the heavens? Such would be identical with the Druidical circle, and is the original Llan. For this word (so constant in topography), the old and proper Welsh for a church, means a circle—showing how, originally, the Gorsedd of Druidism was a place of true worship; and it must be noted how no idol has ever been found in our ancient British religion. The same Circle is to be seen in other parts of the globe, and even in remote Polynesia, showing how very primitive was its source, in that it had thus extended throughout the world.

In Christendom there are a few instances of round temples—especially the "Temple Church," in London, named from that of Jerusalem; and the unexplained Round Towers of Ireland, open to the sky, I submit, may be of the same origin, especially as the ancient race that built and used them was Phœnician or Canaanite.

I would also refer to the figures of serpents the same explorer describes and delineates, and which he tells us are all of the same shape, though several and of different sizes. He says (p. 297, October Quarterly Statement, 1893) they all have two long ears and a beak—most strange adjuncts to a serpent, and which he is evidently at a loss to explain. He remarks, however, justly, that such figures "must have had some deep meaning."

The head he calls a dragon's; but surely we are better warranted in calling it a bird's?—while the drop(?) it holds in the eagle-bill suggests exactly a seed in a bird's beak just taken up. The ears may then seem anomalous, and, in fact, to demand the supposition of a horse. Is not the head which he figures one between a horse's and a bird's?

A precious antiquity in our own country may, I venture to think,


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 Dove's Apparatus for the Polarization of Light.


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Rh throw light on this riddle thus left unsolved, and yet so evidently full of significance. In the accompanying figure I have compared Schick's drawing of the mystical serpent of Palestine with the great White Horse. This inestimable relic of British times and piety, at Uffington, will be, perhaps, noticed primâ facie to have some characters in common with these hybrid serpents.

Let the reader carefully notice the following features, and see if they do not justify an inference as curious and memorable—and in its consequences as important and as large—as we are often in a position to draw. For:—

1. Each has, apparently, a bird's head. 2. Yet each has the semblance of a horse's; or, if the upper one has not decidedly, it is plainly a horse itself. 3. Each, for body, has one very long thin sweep. 4. And this expressed in two continuous curves, and no more.

It may be added that in both forms not only are the curves beautifully designed—which, in the case of the White Horse, on the steep hillside in vast dimensions, is truly wonderful—but in every part of the figure the curves are admirable and almost perfect, however rude may be the shape. Let them be minutely observed.

On the serpent are excrescences not found in nature, two, with knobs on the ends; these might seem to answer, occultly, to the double dividing to form the horse's limbs. And the great thinness of the latter's body and neck—making them hardly wider than the tail with which they are drawn so continuous—is now explicable. For thus it makes the beast a serpent with legs; nay, the imperfection of these last may be thus explained, perhaps, too. It is, certainly, to be thought that the ancient Britons could have drawn the width of a horse's body in better


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86 portion than it is in here, and that any people who could so boldly and admirably' design the length, general proportions, and attitude of the creature must have made the thick parts also wider, or could not so egregiously have failed in this. No facts would be more salient, and it would be the easiest measure to express; it is impossible these parts could, unless intentionally, have been made so thin, as they would certainly have about reached to the dotted line.

By the hypothesis the strange serpent of Schick now enables us to form, the anomalous fact of so preposterous a body, when the rest is so beautifully figured, is explained; it is a serpent as well as horse. (I have tried to be accurate in my figure, but it is not perfect.)

Now there is no doubt, though it is perhaps very little known, that the great White Horse is a sacred symbol—of Ceridwen, the type again of the Holy Spirit. The same hybrid conception is to be seen on Ancient British coins. Christ, again, has been set forth mystically, or His Spirit, in Scripture, in connection both with a white horse, a serpent, and a dove; and here all may, perhaps, be combined, as in figures of Osiris, &c., in Egypt, forms or ideas are, and as the strength, spirituality, and wisdom of the Deity were in the majestic, human-headed, winged bulls which stood on each side the entrance of the Palace of Nineveh, in the advanced civilisation of the earliest times.

Hence, we may actually still say, with Baron UstinofF, that the centauric serpents were, perhaps, copies of Moses' brazen one made and exhibited indubitably as a type of Christ! And, in such a possibility—now credible, how interesting to conceive of that symbol as actually thus mystical and compound! Yet, certainly, there is much reason to think these found in Canaan were no other; and it is worthy of note how, while the "Brazen Serpent" had to be destroyed because it was worshipped or made a charm of, these copper ones must have been very abundant—i.e., would seem to have been exactly so used.

Indeed it might well be that, troubled and angered to lose their Nehushtan, the people who had grown attached to symbols made these copies of it at once abundantly so as to continue to worship the sign, of which still six have been found.

To recur, lastly, to the former subject, it is of much interest here to notice how the Serpent was designed as passing through the Circle of the Druids, as may still be seen, or both were found together—as we seem now again to have found them in the last report of Baurath von Schick. Tin's figure came to be worshipped, even by a sect of Christians, doubtless because of its reference to Christ; and He was expressed by it because He came and took sin's curse—which had come in by the serpent. So, too, He bade His followers to be " wise as serpents," but with His or the


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Rh dove's innocence, too, now—not as when it tempted man by its subtlety alone. And here let us notice the serpent and dove united, which very two I read in the strange figure—if not plainly in one, in the other, for the lower one has the serpent more evidently, and the upper the dove, and thus, by both together, we may find what is meant. The great stone Serpent of the Gorsedd typified the Holy Spirit flying forth over all the earth from God—the circle, or unity, in His heaven; and the dove was divinely used as its emblem, being even made its vehicle—as the serpent was that of the Evil Spirit; so that we find both creatures united in one symbolism, and that to the Holy Ghost.

When, then. He who is represented in the Apocalypse as going forth a Victor on the White Horse came to conquer sin and death, the Holy Spirit, which was the power of this ministry, descended on Him at its beginning as a Dove.


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have much satisfaction in announcing that a communication has been received from the Earl of Kimberley, stating that a two years' permit will, under certain conditions, be granted by the Sublime Porte to the Fund, for carrying on excavations at Jerusalem. Immediate steps will be taken to begin the works thus graciously permitted by the Ottoman Government, and it is hoped that some of the problems having reference to Ancient Jerusalem may be set at rest. Those desiring to contribute to the expenses of this important work are requested to send in their remittances as early as convenient.

Few spots in the Holy Land are regarded with greater interest than Jacob's Well, as to the identity of which there is no controversy. It was recently visited and examined by Mr. F. J. Bliss, who has traced the outlines of a church which once stood over it. His report and plan are published in the present number. It is much to be desired that the well and ground around it be thoroughly cleared and examined.

We are enabled this quarter to publish Canon Curtis's lecture on the very remarkable sarcophagi found at Sidon in the year 1887.

The representations of the sarcophagi which accompany the lecture are reproductions of some beautiful photographs of these most interesting specimens of Asiatic-G-reek art, which His Excellency Hamdy Bey, the Director of the Imperial Ottoman Museum of Antiquities at Constantinople, was so good as to send to Colonel C. M. Watson, R.E., with permission for their publication by the Palestine Exploration Fund. The lecture by the Rev. Canon Curtis gives a short account of these sarcophagi and of their discovery. To those subscribers who desire complete information regarding them, we would recommend the magnificientmagnificent [sic] work now in course of publication at Paris by Hamdy Bey and his collaborateur, Monsieur Theodore Reinach, entitled, "Une Necropole Royale à Sidon." Several numbers of this work, which is being published in parts, have already been issued, and the remainder are in hand. The plates are beautifully executed, and the letterpress is of great interest. The book will doubtless find a place in every library of importance.


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90 Information with reference to the discovery of these sarcophagi, together with descriptions of them and of the tombs in which they were found, and plans of the tombs were published in the Quarterly Statements for 1887, p. 69, and for 1888, pp. 5, 9, 140.

Herr Ton Schick sends a copy of a Greek inscription on an ancient tombstone found on the summit of Mount Olivet by the Greek Bishop Epiphanias, who translates the inscription as follows: "The tomb of our holy father Theogenos. In the year 220." The Bishop thinks this is the Martyrs' Chronology, and that 284, the year of Diocletian's reign, should be added, making the date of the tomb A.D. 504.

Herr von Schick has also forwarded impressions in wax of some scarabei said to have been found at Askelon, and drawings of some bronze (?) medals alleged to have been discovered at Et Tireh, north-west of Ramallah.

During the visit of the recent English pilgrim party to Jerusalem, lectures were delivered by the Rev. A. H. Kelk, on "Walks about Jerusalem"; by the Rev. J. Zeller, on "The Druzes"; by the Rev. J. E. Hanauer, on "The Present Walls and Grates of Jerusalem," and on "The Haram"; and by Mr. F. J. Bliss on "The Mounds of Palestine."

Mr. Baldensperger's "Answers to Questions" on Birth, Marriage, and Death among the Fellahin of Palestine are of special interest as illustrating passages of the Bible. The paper will be found in the present number, p. 127, et seq.

All Palestine explorers will be glad that Kerak is now occupied by a Turkish garrison. Doubtless under the protecting ægis of the sovereign power this remote and wild part of the country will be safer for travellers than it has hitherto been, and archæological discoveries of much interest and importance may be hoped for.

The Greek and other inscriptions from the Hauran, collected by the Rev. W. Ewing, have been reproduced, and will be published with translations and notes. Professor Ramsay and Mr. A. G. Wright, of Aberdeen, and Mr. A. Souter, M. A,, of Caius College, Cambridge, have kindly prepared them for publication.

The first edition of Major Condor's "Tell Amarna Tablets" having been sold within the year, lie has prepared a second edition, in which a new chapter is added, giving in full the Royal letters from Armenia, Elishah, Babylon, Assyria, &c., which are of great historical importance, and which contain allusions to the revolts in Palestine, and to the defeat of the Hittites. Major Conder has corrected his translations of the other tablets, and has added a


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Rh new preface and some notes, including further translations. He has also treated the Mythological Tablets.

The Committee having secured the rights and interests of the publication of "Judas Maccabæus," are about to issue a new edition revised by the author.

Major Conder writes: "The first edition of 'Judas Maccabæus' appeared in 1879, and was well received. During the fourteen years that have followed I had no occasion to look at its pages, until the present edition was called for; but I am glad to find little to correct, though much might be added. During this interval I have revisited many of the scenes described; have lived in Moab, and have ridden through the oak woods of Gilead. In the resting times, between more active years, I have had occasion to study more completely the subjects touched on in this volume, and further discoveries have cast some new light on the period."

"A Mound of many Cities," a complete account of the excavations at Tell el Hesy, with upwards of 250 illustrations, is now ready. This book, which will perhaps become the most popular work of the long list of books issued by the Palestine Exploration Fund, is a history by Mr. F. J. Bliss, of a Tell, or Mound, in Palestine, from the first building erected upon it, 2000 years B.C. to its final abandonment, 409 B.C. Mr. Bliss is a young American, educated partly at Beyrout, partly at Amherst College, Vermont. He is perfectly familiar with the language of the Fellahin. He took up the work upon this Tell where Prof. Flinders Petrie left it, and carried it on until he had compelled the Mound to yield up its secrets. He is the master of a free and lively style, and his work is interesting, not only for the story he has to tell, but also for the manner in which it is told. The work is also illustrated by very numerous drawings of objects found, plans, sections, and elevations.

In the history of this Tell we go back far beyond the beginning of European civilisation. A thousand years before David, a thousand years before the siege of Troy, a city stood upon the bluff overhanging the stream which is now called Tell el Hesy. The site formed a natural fortress. The first city was built by the Amorites. This city was taken, sacked, and destroyed, in one of the countless tribal wars. But the site was too important for the place to be left long deserted; another town was raised upon the ruins. Note that they did not clear away the rubbish when they re-built: they raised the new town upon the débris of the old. On the second town fell the same fate as that which destroyed the first. Then came a third, a fourth, and so on, until the ruins which are now covered with grass hide the remains, certainly of eight, probably of eleven cities. Probably the last city, which was not re-built, was destroyed about the year 400 B.C.

The broken pottery and other remains found on the various levels serve to give a date to the destroyed city. Thus, at a certain level, Phœnician pottery is found for the first time; at higher levels, Greek pottery. But there was also found an unexpected and very precious treasure in the shape of a cuneiform letter, on a clay tablet. The letter is written from the Governor of Lachish to the Egyptian Pharaoh, and the writer, Zimradi, or Zimridi, is mentioned in the Tell el Amarna Tablets as Governor of Lachish. We also learn from the same authority that Zimridi was murdered by servants of the Pharaoh. The G 2


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92 letter in the original cuneiform, with its transliteration and translation, will be found in the volume. In a word, the complete story of this Biblical City is here presented. It is the first time that one of the Tells of Palestine has been excavated, and therefore the first time that any of them has yielded up its secrets in illustration of the Biblical narrative. It is a history which is attractive from its subject, and made doubly attractive by the light, easy, and lucid manner in which Mr. Bliss presents it to the readers.

Price to subscribers to the Fund, 3s. 6d.; non-subscribers, 6s.

The Rev. T. F. Wright, Ph.D., General Secretary of the Fund in the United States of America, reports that the books, maps, and raised map sent out by the Committee for exhibition at the World's Fair, Chicago, attracted a large number of visitors who "were delighted with what they saw." A medal was awarded for the things exhibited, all of which were sold. The raised map was specially admired, and Dr. Wright mentions that the Judge was much impressed with the thoroughness of the work of the Fund.

Mr. George Armstrong's Raised Map of Palestine is attracting much attention, and it is difficult to supply promptly all the orders that come in for it.

This raised map is constructed on the same scale as those of the Old and New Testament maps already issued by the Society. These were reduced from the scale of the large map (1 inch to the mile) to of an inch to the mile, or the fraction of. The levels, as calculated by the engineers who triangulated the country, of whom Mr. Armstrong was one from the commencement to the end, are followed exactly. No other correct raised map of the country is possible, because the Survey of Palestine is copyright and belongs to the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Without raising the question of piracy, however, no other trustworthy raised map is at all likely to be attempted, because the knowledge of the country requisite can only be possessed by one who has stepped over every foot of it, and because the labour which Mr. Armstrong has given to the work—extending over many years—will scarcely be expended by any other person, now or in the future. This labour will be partly understood when it is explained that the map was prepared by the super-position of small pieces of cardboard, many thousands in number, cut 80 as to represent the line of the country, and laid one above the other. The work occupied all Mr. Armstrong's leisure time for seven years. In its unfinished state the map presents the appearance of a completely terraced country. It embraces the whole of Western Palestine, from Baalbeck in the north, to Kâdesh Barnea in the south, and shows nearly all that is known on the East of Jordan.

The natural features of the country stand out prominently, and show at a glance the relative proportions of the mountains, heights, valleys, plains, &c.

Names are given to the coast towns and a few of the inland ones; other towns are numbered to correspond with a reference list of names.

With this map before him the teacher or the student is enabled to follow the Bible narrative exactly; he can (race the route of armies; he can reconstruct the roads; he can understand the growth and the decay of cities, their safety or their dangers, from their geographical positions. It is a


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Rh magnificientmagnificent [sic] addition to the many works which this Society has given to the world. It illustrates the practical usefulness of the Society, while it adds one more to its achievements in the cause of illustration and explanation of the Bible Lands.

The map should be in every public library, and every public school, and every Sunday School. Its price is necessarily high, because the work is most costly to produce. It measures 7 feet 6 inches by 4 feet, and can be seen at the office of the Fund, 24, Hanover Square, W.

The map is cast in fibrous plaster, and framed solidly; it is despatched in a wooden box, for which an extra charge is made, but this is partly returned on the return of the box. The price to subscribers, partly coloured, is £7 7s.; if fully coloured and framed, £10 10s. The price to the general public is £10 10s. and £13 13s.

The partly coloured raised map has the seas, lakes, marshes, and perennial streams coloured blue, the Old and New Testament sites are marked in red, the principal ones having a number to correspond with a reference list of names, the body of the map is left white.

The fully coloured raised map has the seas, lakes, marshes, and perennial streams coloured blue, the Old and New Testament Sites are marked in red, the principal ones having a number to correspond with a reference list of names, the plains green, the rising ground, hills, and mountains in various tints, the olive groves and wooded parts of the country stippled in green, and the main roads are shown in a thin black line.

Photographs of the raised map are now ready. Size 16 inches by 8 inches, 5s. each; 8 inches by 4 inches, 1s. each.

In the "Revue Critique d'Histoire et de Litterature," M. Clermont-Ganneau writes as follows respecting the raised map of Palestine:—

Mr. George Armstrong, Assistant Secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund, has just completed the construction of a large raised map of Palestine, of which the Fund offers for sale casts in fibrous plaster. Mr. Armstrong, as one of the surveyors, had taken an active part both in the preparation on the spot, and in the careful drawing afterwards, of the large English map of 1 inch per mile in 26 sheets, a monumental map, which will henceforth be the basis of all geographical studies relating to the Holy Land. He was, then, better qualified than any other person, to undertake this colossal work, which has cost him long years of labour. He has executed it with a conscientiousness and a precision worthy of all praise. We already had raised maps of Palestine; but they were very rough and without scientific value. This one, a rigorously exact translation of the map of the Palestine Exploration Fund, gives us for the first time an image of the land, faithfully modelled even in the smallest details, by a professional man who has walked, with theodolite in hand, over the whole of its extent. The planimetric scale, identical with that of the large reduction of the map of 1 inch per mile, is of of an inch per mile, or to ; the hypsometric scale is three and a half times larger. The map does not measure less than 7 feet 6 inches long by 4 feet wide. Besides the purely topographical indications, shown by the relief and different colourings, the localities are represented by numbers corresponding to a long list of names of places. This superb


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94 raised map can then, besides its own peculiar interest, serve all the purposes of an ordinary map. Several great foreign scientific establishments are eager to obtain copies of it.

The construction of the Haifa-Damascus Railway is proceeding. By the kindness of Mr. Pilling, arrangements have been entered into for archæological discoveries made in the course of the works to be reported to the Fund, and, if necessary, to be carefully examined.

The Rev. Theodore E. Dowling, Jerusalem, asks for reliable information as to the origin of the "Jerusalem Cross." Four theories of the early history of this cross are current in Jerusalem.

Can any date, prior to that of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem, be assigned to it?

Index to the Quarterly Statement.—A new edition of the Index to the Quarterly Statements has been compiled. It embraces the years 1869 (the first issue of the journal) to the end of 1892. Contents:—Names of the Authors and of the Papers contributed by them; List of the Illustrations; and General Index. This Index will be found extremely useful. Price to subscribers to the Fund, in paper cover, 1s. 6d., in cloth, 2s. 6d., post free; non-subscribers, 2s. and 3s.

The following have kindly consented to act as Honorary Local Secretaries:—The Rev. H. Kingsford Harris, Runwell Vicarage, Wickford, for Chelmsford; the Rev. E. S. Little, Kiukiang, for Central China; Mrs. Elwes, Shadowbash, Nungumbankum, Madras, for Madras Presidency; the Rev. H. T. Ottley, St. Stephen's Parsonage, Kidderpore, Calcutta, for Bengal Presidency.

The new railway from Jaffa to Jerusalem has been laid down on the sheets of the large and small maps. Copies of these sheets are now ready.

The museum of the Fund, at 24, Hanover Square, is now open to subscribers between the hours of 10 a.m. and 5 p.m., every week-day except Saturdays, when it closes at 2 p.m.

The Committee have to acknowledge with thanks the following donations to the Library of the Fund:—

"The Holy Land," in two Vols. By William Hepworth Dixon. From A, S. Wardlaw, Esq.

"The Title-Deeds of the Holy Land." By the late John Wilson. From Mrs. E. Wilson Melville.


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Rh "Résultats Scientifiques d'un Voyage Entrepris en Palestine et en Syrie. Arachides, Crustacés Phyllopodes, Décapodes Fluviatiles, Crustacés." By Dr. Th. Barrois. From the Author.

"Sur une Curieuse Difformité de Certaines Coequilles D'unionidees." By Dr. Th. Barrois. From the Author.

"Description d'un Appareil destiné a la Recherche des Organismes Pélagiques par des ProfoundeursProfondeurs [sic] déterminées." By Dr. Th. Barrois. From the Author.

The Committee will be glad to receive donations of Books to the Library of the Fund, which already contains many works of great value relating to Palestine and other Bible Lands. See list of Books, July Quarterly Statement, 1893.

It may be well to mention that plans and photographs alluded to in the reports from Jerusalem and elsewhere cannot all be published, but all are preserved in the offices of the Fund, where they may be seen by subscribers.

A new edition of "Twenty-one Years' Work" is in course of preparation, and will be brought down to date.

The first volume of the "Survey of Eastern Palestine," by Major Conder, is accompanied by a map of the portion of country surveyed, special plans, and upwards of 350 drawings of ruins, tombs, dolmens, stone circles, inscriptions, &c. Subscribers to the "Survey of Western Palestine" are privileged to have the volumes for seven guineas. The price will be raised, after 250 names are received, to twelve guineas. The Committee are pledged never to let any copies be subscribed for under the sum of seven guineas. A. P. Watt and Son, Hastings House, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C, are the Sole Agents. The attention of intending subscribers is directed to the announcement in the last page of this number.

Mr. H. Chichester Hart's "Fauna and Flora of Sinai, Petra, and the Wâdy Arabah," which forms the second volume, can be had separately.

M. Clermont-Granneau's work, "Archæological Researches in Palestine," will form the third volume. The first portion of it is already translated, and it is hoped that the concluding part will soon be completed.

The maps and books now contained in the Society's publications comprise an amount of information on Palestine, and on the researches conducted in the country, which can be found in no other publications. It must never be forgotten that no single traveller, however well equipped by previous knowledge, can compete with a scientific body of explorers, instructed in the periods required, and provided with all the instruments necessary for carrying cut their work. See list of Publications.


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96 (scale  of an inch to a mile).—Embraces both sides of the Jordan, and extends from Baalbek in the north to Kadesh Barnea in the south. All the modern names are in black; over these are printed in red the Old Testament and Apocrypha names. The New Testament, Josephus, and Talmudic names are in blue, and the tribal possessions are tinted in colours, giving clearly all the identifications up to date. It is the most comprehensive map that has been published, and will be invaluable to universities, colleges, schools, &c.

It is published in 20 sheets, with paper cover; price to subscribers to the Fund, 23s.; to the public, £2. It can be had mounted on cloth, rollers, and varnished for hanging. The size is 8 feet by 6 feet. The cost of mounting is extra (see Maps).

In addition to the 20-sheet map, the Committee have issued as a separate Map the 12 sheets (viz., Nos. 5-7, 9-11, 13-15, 20-22), which include the whole of Palestine as far north as Mount Hermon, and the districts beyond Jordan as far as they are surveyed. See key-map to the sheets.

The price of this map, in 12 sheets, in paper cover, to subscribers to the Fund, 12s. 6d.; to the public, £1 1s.

The size of the map, mounted on cloth and roller for hanging, is 4 feet by 6 feet.

Any single sheet of the map can be had separately, price, to subscribers of the Fund, 1s. 6d. Mounted on cloth to fold in the pocket suitable for travelling, 2s. To the public 2s. and 2s. 6d.

Single copies of these maps in sheets, with cover, can be sent by post to all foreign countries at an extra charge of 1s.

''A copy of names and places in the Old and New Testament, with their modern identifications and full references, can be had by subscribers with either of these maps at the reduced price of 2s. 6d.''

Subscribers to the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society will shortly receive "John Poloner's Description of the Holy Land," in addition to the "Anonymous Pilgrims" already issued this year.

The following are a few of the translations in hand:—Brocardus; "John Poloncr's Description of the Holy Land"; "Guide-book to the Holy Land, 1350 A.D."; also extracts from various early writers illustrating topographical details of Jerusalem and the Holy Land, viz., Aristeas, Hecataeus, Origen, Cyril, St. Jerome, The Patriarch Sophronius, &c.

Branch Associations of the Bible Society, all Sunday School Unions within the Sunday School Institute, the Sunday School Union, and the Wesleyan Sunday School Institute, will please observe that by a special Resolution of the Committee they will henceforth be treated as subscribers and be allowed to purchase the books and maps (by application only to the Secretary) at reduced price.


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Rh The income of the Society, from December 20th, 1893, to March 20th, 1894, was—from annual subscriptions and donations, including Local Societies, £608 0s. 5d.; from all sources—£928 12s. 2d. The expenditure during the same period was £469 17s. 4d. On March 20th the balance in the Bank was £803 0s. 0d.

Subscribers are requested to note that the following cases, casts, and slides can be had by application to the Assistant Secretary at the Office of the Fund:—

Cases for binding Herr Schumacher's "Jaulân," 1s. each. Cases for binding the Quarterly Statement, in green or chocolate, 1s. each. Cases for binding "Abila," "Pella," and "'Ajlûn" in one volume, 1s. each. Casts of the Tablet with a Cuneiform Inscription found at Tell el Hesy, price 2s. 6d. each. Casts of the Ancient Hebrew Weight brought by Dr. Chaplin from Samaria, price 2s. 6d. each. Casts of an Inscribed Weight or Bead from Palestine, forwarded by Professor Wright, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., price 1s. each.

Lantern slides of the Raised Map, the Sidon Sarcophagi, and of the Bible places mentioned in the catalogue of photos and special list.

Back numbers of the Quarterly Statement.—In order to make up complete sets, the Committee will be very glad to receive any of the following numbers:—

No. II, 1869; Nos. VI and VII, 1870; No. III, 1871; January and April, 1872; October, 1873; January, 1874; January and October, 1875; January, 1883, and January, 1886.

While desiring to give every publicity to proposed identifications and other theories advanced by officers of the Fund and contributors to the pages of the Quarterly Statement, the Committee wish it to be distinctly understood that by publishing them in the Quarterly Statement they neither sanction nor adopt them.

Subscribers who do not receive the Quarterly Statement regularly are asked to send a note to the Secretary. Great care is taken to forward each number to all who are entitled to receive it, but changes of address and other causes give rise occasionally to omissions.


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98


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Rh

The amount expended on exploration during the past year has been small owing to delays in obtaining a Firman from the Ottoman Porte. Large sums have, as in past years, been expended on the production of the Quarterly Statements, which are distributed gratuitously among our subscribers, and of Books, Maps, and Photographs, for which there is a steady sale. The amount thus received during the year has been £685, as against £903 expended on their production, to which should be added the cost of posting them.

The authorised lecturers for the Society are—

The Rev. Thomas Harrison, F.R.G.S., Hillside, Benenden, Staplehurst, Kent. His subjects are as follows;—

(1) Research and Discovery in the Holy Land. (2) In the Track of the Israelites from Egypt to Canaan. (3) Bible Scenes in the Light of Modern Science. (4) Eastern Palestine. (5) The Dead Sea and the Cities of the Plain.

The Rev. J. R. Macpherson, B.D., Kinnaird Manse, Inehture, N.B. His subjects are as follows:—

(1) The Work of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (2) The Survey of Palestine. (3) The City of Jerusalem. (4) Eastern Palestine. (5) Calvary and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.


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100 The Rev. J. Llewelyn Thomas, M.A., Briton Ferry, Glamorganshire, South Wales. His subjects are as follows:—

(1) Explorations in Judea. (2) Research and Discovery in Samaria and Galilee. (3) In Bible Lands; a Narrative of Personal Experiences. (4) The Reconstruction of Jerusalem. (5) Problems of Palestine.

The Rev. Charles Harris, Lily Grove House, Ellington Road, Ramsgate—

(1) Modern Discoveries in Palestine. (2) Stories in Stones; or, New Light on the Old Testament.

Professor Theodore F. Wright, Ph.D., Cambridge, Mass., Honorary General Secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund for the United States. His subjects are as follows:—

(1) The Building of Jerusalem. (2) The Overthrow of Jerusalem. (3) The Progress of the Palestine Exploration.

The Rev. L. G. A. Roberts, 67, George Street, Hamilton, Ontario. His subjects are as follows:—

(1) Work in and around the Holy City. (2) Work outside the Holy City. (3) Popular Lecture upon the General Results obtained by the Fund.

The Rev. Wm. Roby Fletcher, Wavertree, Kent Town, Adelaide, Australia.

Application for Lectures may be either addressed to the Secretary, 24, Hanover Square, W., or sent to the address of the Lecturers.


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a brief but most interesting stay of nine days in Palestine, the pilgrims of the party, under the leadership of Mr. Woolrych Perowne, have embarked on their special steamer for Athens. As several lectures were given to the party in Jerusalem under the auspices of the Fund, an account of the pilgrimage will be of interest. On Sunday, February 25th, the party landed at Jaffa in comparative comfort, whereas the company arriving in the "Fürst Bismarck" on the Friday following were tossing about for forty-eight hours before an embarkation was possible. The pilgrims numbered one hundred and twenty.

There were twenty-two clergymen, including the Bishop of Worcester, Canon Tristram, of Durham, the Rev. Osborne Jay, of Shoreditch, and five Nonconformist ministers. About fifty proceeded to Jerusalem at once by train, while the rest followed on Monday, some by train, some by carriage. The hotel accommodation here was somewhat strained, but all were comfortably housed.

Notwithstanding the fatigue after the long journey, a large number turned out to hear Canon Tristram lecture Monday evening in the lecture room of Christ Church, kindly lent for the week by the Vicar, the Rev. Mr. Kelk. Canon Tristram began by referring to a remark made to him years ago by Rawlinson, that a large part of the history of Kings and Chronicles could be reconstructed from the Egyptian Monuments, but that Palestine itself, the theatre of those events, furnished hardly any such monuments. The reason is a double one. First, the geology: Palestine is a limestone country, Egypt used the imperishable granite, Assyria employed the equally immortal burnt clay, while Palestine worked in the soft and friable limestone or the perishable wood. Hence the preservation of inscriptions becomes most difficult. Second, the climate: In Egypt the wonderful dry atmosphere and the preserving sand have kept painted wooden panels perfectly fresh for thousands of years. Here the frosts and rains of winter alternating with the fierce heat of summer have destroyed the monuments. Wood in Palestine is exceptionally perishable. Tyre was in advance of Egypt in metal-work, but could not hand it down; the climate made this a physical impossibility.

The lecturer then reviewed the country between Jaffa and Jerusalem. Jaffa was Phœnician rather than Israelite. The coast between Scandaroon and Gaza has only two natural harbours, suitable for large shipping. The pilgrims had reason to notice the reefs, cropping out above the water, parallel to the coast at Jaffa. Similar reefs may


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102 be observed all along the coast, at Cæsarea, Acre, Tyre, Sidon, Gebal, &c. These formed the earliest harbours of history, seized upon by the Phœnicians with a sort of instinct, as suitable for small shipping; they built a breakwater out from the land at the south, leaving the entrance at the more protected north. Before history began this mysterious people started from their harbourless coast, and sailed to Cornwall and to the Canary Isles. In these islands the lecturer had seen the Phœnician inscriptions carved before the time of Solomon. They brought back with them the orange, the golden fruit of the Hesperides. This narrow coast was all their home; they wanted no land, but, like sea-birds, only nests in the rocks for their wives and little ones. He had visited the island of Ruad (the ancient Aradus), which also has its reef of rocks. Here he found a singular survival: it was absolutely covered with houses, but they contained only women and children. The men were all off on a voyage, to New York, to Liverpool, to Buenos Ayres. Here then were the descendants by blood and habits of the old Phœnicians.

The great system of plains along the Syrian coast, interrupted only by Carmel and the Ladder of Tyre, has had much to do with the history of the country. Here were fought the great battles of the nations. It has been the high road of armies for 5,000 years; the arterial military road between Egypt and Assyria, as testified by the tablets at Dog River, near Beyrout. Humanly speaking, these plains were the preservation of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah. The armies marched with cavalry and chariots, they could not deploy and manœuvre, and so left undisturbed the mountain kingdoms. The plains made the wealth not the strength of Syria. David and Solomon were good strategists and never fortified the plains, but only the hills. When the alien armies marched across the plains the nations retired to the mountains, returning in times of peace to cultivate their corn.

Jaffa is famous as the landing-place of the materials for the Temple brought by the Phœnician allies. Ascalon is counted as a Philistine town, but really belonged to the Phoenician Tyre and Sidon. The house shown as that of Simon the Tanner is not an unlikely site; it is close to the town wall, satisfying the Jewish law that tanneries should be outside the city, and has a fine well of water. Cœur de Lion took Jaffa for the Crusaders. The sad and dark spot in its history is the cruel massacre of prisoners by Napoleon. The lecturer has talked with an eye-witness of this scene, which occurred near the place where the English Hospital now stands. Jaffa has doubled itself in thirteen years; its present growth being as rapid as its former decay, for after the Crusaders it became almost as deserted as Cæsarea is now. The famous oranges of Jaffa are of course not indigenous. Neither is the prickly pear, which comes from America. Reference was then made to the beautiful plain of Sharon. The rose of Sharon was identified with the sweet-scented narcissus. The rose, in the common understanding, is not indigenous in low lands.


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Rh Canon Tristram then passed on to a bird's-eye view of the general character of the country. The frame and lighting of a picture have much to do with its value. So the setting of the Bible is most important. In no other country beside Palestine can so many phenomena of different latitudes be seen in so small a compass. Here are all maritime phenomena, here are rich plains, wild hill-country, and eternal snow. The depression of the Jordan Valley is a phenomenon absolutely unique. There you may find plants and animals that belong to Nubia, Central Africa, Madras, and Ceylon. The consequence is that the writers of the Bible were familiar with the phenomena of the whole world. Had the Bible been written in India how impossible would have been the imagery of the snow and hail! One night beyond the Jordan the lecturer was encamped under palm trees, the next, after a hard day's ride, he was encamped under Scotch firs! The Bible was written in the one land in the whole world which provides illustrations that appeal to every inhabitant of the globe.

Objections are made by some to the large population claimed for Palestine in old times. The Canon pointed out that the terrace cultivation was quite equal to that of Malta. There is no reason why in Solomon's time Palestine should not have been as thickly populated as Belgium and Barbadoes to-day. Rain was then much more plentiful. Native forests existed everywhere. The evergreens, the ilex, the sweet bay, drew down much moisture. When these were cut down their place was taken by the olive-tree, which brings down more moisture than any other tree.

An intelligent study of the fauna of Palestine may check some of the results of the higher criticism. In Leviticus Moses gives a list of animals which he repeats thirty-eight years after in the Book of Deuteronomy, with the addition of nine new species. Why this addition? Because the first list was compiled only nine months after the children of Israel left Egypt, while the second was made after their long sojourn in the wilderness. Now, while the Canon was travelling across the Jordan he picked up all the Arabic names he could find of animals and birds, with the result that eight out of nine of these added species were found to be creatures that now exist in the desert and which only could have existed in the desert and are not found in Egypt. This change in the lists is far better accounted for by the view that Moses wrote the Pentateuch than by the theory that it was compiled by Ezra one thousand years after. The Jews were neither travellers nor naturalists.

On Tuesday the pilgrimage proceeded to Jericho. On arriving at the "Good Samaritan's Inn" we found luncheon ready in the great court-yard. Canon Tristram's lecture-talks were intended to follow the route taken, so after lunch, standing against a big rock, with the attentive pilgrims sitting and standing below, above, and around him, the traveller of almost half a century began his interesting account. We were now, he said, in the Wilderness of Judæa. The ancient kingdom was divided into three parts—the Hill Country, the South


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104 Country, or Negeb, and the Wilderness. The Hill Country has always been fertile, and was once very well watered. The South Country used to be well populated and watered as shown by the numerous cisterns. But the Wilderness was never cultivated except in patches. 'Ain Shems is the last spring till we get to Jericho. The torrent beds are not often flooded, but when they are the inundation is tremendous. The Canon has encamped in a dry wady, but at midnight has been forced to flee from the sudden flood. He saw then the difficulty of measuring geologic forces by time, as a single flood may carry away much land. Much of the imagery of the Psalms is furnished by David's wanderings from the Wady Kelt to 'Ain Jidy. "A dry and thirsty land where no water is," "Turn our Captivity as the torrents of the South," are phrases easily understood here. The Canon has seen the wild boar driven up here after the Jordan floods, as the lions were driven up from the "swellings of Jordan" in old times. The last lions in Palestine were killed on Carmel at the time of the Crusaders, but the bear and the leopard are still to be found in the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon. The features of this part of the country have not changed from Bible times.

Khans are as unchangeable as roads, and we may well believe that this is the spot referred to by our Lord in the parable of the Good Samaritan. There were always cisterns here; here, for once, we are on no apochryphal site. Partridges abound, and David speaks of being chased "as a partridge in the wilderness." John the Baptist roamed all over this wilderness, perhaps preached here at this very Khan. Locusts and wild honey would be his natural food. The Arabs still catch locusts here; when fried and eaten with salt they taste like marrow. The hives of the wild bee, Apis lagustri, yellower than our bee, are found here in the caves. In the autumn the land is so bare that the bees eat their own honey. The honey is prized by the Arabs, who catch a bee, gum a tiny fragment of feather to his abdomen, let him go, and follow him to his hidden hive. Not far away is the Frank Mountain, where a castle was built by Herod as a last impregnable refuge in case he was driven from his kingdom. He may lie buried there in a tomb at the bottom of a pond.

On arriving at Jericho we found that a magic town had sprung up in the night: a huge circle was formed by about forty white tents, with great dining tents in the middle; the camp at Jericho being under the personal management of Mr. Alexander Howard. The general arrangements in Palestine were made by Messrs. Thomas Cook and Son. After dinner Mr. Bliss gave an informal lecture on the Lebanon. The next morning the party rode off to the Jordan and the Dead Sea, while Canon Tristram and I took a quiet day for exploration. It was difficult to realise that thirteen years had gone by since his last visit to Palestine: every bird, every plant were as familiar to him as if he had seen them the day before. In the cuts made by the Fund at Tell Abu 'Aleik and the Tell at 'Ain es Sultan, I was pleased to recognise several distinct varieties of the pre-Israelitish or Amorite pottery, so familiar to me in the lower


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Rh strata of Tell el Hesy. It shows that this was not a local Philistine type, and we may hope now to find it in other sites, furnishing a key to their age. About two and a half miles north of Riha (the modern Jericho), just after crossing Wady el Nuwei'meh we found the Arabs digging out stones from some low mounds, for a new building at Jericho. The ruins cover a space some four hundred and fifty yards by two hundred and fifty. We found many important Roman traces, a Corinthian capital, marble fragments of pavements, tesselatedtessellated [sic] pavements, bath tiles, well built walls, frescoed walls, &c. A detailed report will be given later. Canon Tristram and I talked the matter over, and in his evening lecture in the dining tent he gave a brief descripitiondescription [sic] of what we had observed, suggesting the strong probability that the place was Herod's Palace which he bought from Cleopatra. It was most gratifying to myself, the last explorer of the Fund, to have been associated in this discovery with one of its first explorers.

The Canon began by saying that in this deep depression of the Jordan Valley we have the key to the physical history of the world as well as to the history of the human race. We have here a problem of geology. The depth of the fissure at the north end of the Dead Sea is 1,600 feet below the Mediterranean level. An examination of the strata on the east and west sides shows that the fissure is no recent volcanic one. All the volcanic traces are superficial and subsequent to the Iocene period. The Jordan once flooded the whole valley, as fresh-water shells, similar to those found in the river to-day, occur on the top of the ridges. When the Canon began his work, absolutely nothing was known in the great museums of the fishes of Galilee and the Jordan. Now, 38 species have been found in the Sea of Galilee (27 by the Canon himself), and the fish turn out to be, not those of the Euphrates or the Orontes, but those of Tanganyika and the other great African lakes. Hence his belief that there once extended a great chain of lakes from Hermon to the Transvaal. It is the putting of little things together that has solved the great problems of the world. Like all lakes that have no outlet, the Dead Sea owes its extreme saltness to evaporation.

We now come to the human history. With the exception of Egyptian campaigns, the raid of Chedorlaomer is the oldest in history. We can trace his march to the point where he was met by Abraham on the plains to the north. At that time all the plain was as rich as this oasis of Eiha, as may be proved by digging anywhere through the marl to the alluvial soil. The Canon sought to drive out of people's heads the opinion that the Cities of the Plain were at the bottom of the Dead Sea—a story absolutely without foundation. That the cities were on the plain to the north is easily proved; it was from a hill between Bethel and Ai that "Lot lifted up his eyes and beheld all the plain of Jordan, that it was well watered everywhere before the Lord destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah." From this hill to-day you can see the plain but not the sea. Again, Abraham ascends a hill near Mamre and looks towards {not at) Sodom and sees the smoke rising; now, from this hill the intervening


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106 hills prevent one from seeing the plain itself, but smoke rising from the plain could easily be seen, whereas smoke rising from the Dead Sea would be quite invisible. This was first argued by Grove and followed by the Canon.

From the Jebel Nebâ, Moses might well have surveyed a large part of the country. Canon Tristram was the second to identify this with Nebo and the first to publish it. The preservation of the ancient name of Gilgal is most significant. In 1857 there were still a few palm trees left at Jericho. There was once a vast forest here which did not interfere with the corn-culture beneath. Palms must have salt in the soil—here the water is mainly brackish. Cleopatra cleared away the palms to introduce the Balm of Gilead (Balsama dendron), which must have a tropical climate. Like all exotic plants it finally died out. In Crusading times Jericho became the property of the Knights of St. John, who introduced the culture of the sugar-cane; the ruins of their mills may yet be seen. The revenue was then £1,500 a year. At the time of Joshua, Jericho was near 'Ain es Sultan. The Canon pointed out the difficulty of a vast army in crossing the Jordan without boats, which we know they did not have. You cannot, he said, explain Scripture history if you try to deny miracles. We can follow Joshua's march to Ai and to Bethel up the dangerous pass of 'Ain Duk. How easily the spies could have been concealed among these crags.

Not the least interesting place here, though very traditional, is Mount Quarantana, the Mountain of Temptation. The Canon described a wonderful system of hermit caves, partly artificial, some of them walled in. For some time they were deserted, but now, principally in Lent, they are re-inhabited by hermits from Egypt and Abyssinia. The walls are covered with frescoes, dating from the time of the Arian controversy. There is not a trace of a crucifix nor of the Adoration of the Virgin. In the lists of Apostles, St. John appears at the head. While the lecture was going on the rain beat down upon the tent and the prospects looked very grave for the morrow, but Thursday dawned clear and cloudless and the pilgrimage returned to Jerusalem in comfort, some by Mar Saba and the rest by the ordinary route. A good audience assembled in the evening to hear the Rev. Mr. Kelk lecture on Walks about Jerusalem, which he modestly called the tale of an ordinary observer. He pointed out the fact that Jerusalem is once more becoming a city of Jews. It is not many years since the estimate of the population gave 8,000 Jews, 10,000 Mohammedans, and 12,000 Christians. He believes that there are now 40,000 Jews, 8,000 Mohammedans, and 12,000 Christians. He stated that this is disputed, some putting the number of Jews as low as 26,000, but five years ago he caused a careful census of the Jews to be taken, and they then numbered 30,000; since then there is certainly an increase of 13,000, so that he believes the above estimate of 40,000 to be under the mark. Mr. Kelk then described the familiar but ever interesting walk around the city, beginning at the Jaffa gate and going southwards.


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Rh On Friday morning half the party went to Bethlehem, with Canon Tristram to lecture there and on the way, while the rest of the party had the privilege of listening to a peripatetic lecture by the Rev. Mr. Hanauer upon the present Walls and Gates of Jerusalem.

After meeting at the Jaffa Gate, this section proceeded up David's Tower, then on to the Rock Scarp of Zion at Bishop Gobat's School, and so on as far as St. Stephen's Gate. The party was somewhat large for an open-air lecture, so in the afternoon the section that had visited Bethlehem in the morning heard Mr. Hanauer's lecture in the lecture room, and then guided by the dragomans, visited the places described. Mr. Hanauer pointed out that the present city walls, though comparatively modern, yet present many points of interest which, as a rule, receive scant attention. Legendary lore has a real value, as, for example, the legends connected with the district east of the city which point unmistakably to the mysterious sect of the Essenes. The present walls, the lower parts of the Haram enclosure excepted, are the work of Suleiman the Magnificent, and were erected between the years 1536 and 1542. The order of the building may be followed from the inscriptions. Several interesting legends are extant, one of which tells that the architect who had excluded Neby Daûd lost his head for his impiety. The lecturer, however, pointed out that the first reference to this spot as the sepulchre of David is by Raymond D'Argilis. The circumference of the walls is about three miles. Space forbids my following the lecture any further, but its value lay, not only in the folk lore, of which Mr. Hanauer has made a speciality, but also in the fact that the lecturer has passed most of his life in Jerusalem, and as a boy assisted in Warren's excavations. 1 hope that we may see it published in full some day.

Friday evening the Rev. Mr. Zeller gave a learned lecture upon the Druzes, but as the substance of the lecture is in the September number of the "Church Missionary Intelligence and Record" (Salisbury Square, London), for 1887, I refer the reader to that magazine. It was originally intended that on Saturday morning Mr. Hanauer should accompany the party to the Haram, but it was decided to have his lecture beforehand in the lecture room, and at the early hour of half-past eight the room was crowded. The enthusiasm of the pilgrims for the lectures was most gratifying to those who arranged them. In six days they listened to ten lectures and visited all the sites of Jerusalem besides.

Mr. Hanauer illustrated on the black-board the original contours of the Temple Hill, showing how it had been altered in the course of centuries. A most hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer who had come up from Jaffa, and who was obliged to return immediately in the midst of a wild storm in order to preach twice the next day. In the evening Mr. Bliss lectured on the "Mounds of Palestine," with an account of his work at Tell el Hesy. On Sunday the Bishop of Worcester preached in the morning at Christ Church from the text "Our feet shall stand within thy gates, O Jerusalem." He spoke of the


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108 uncertainty attaching to the different sites here, and emphasized the spiritual character of Christianity. In the evening the sermon was by the Bishop of North Dakota, who had made a most stormy landing at Jaffa that morning.

Monday dawned with the fine weather which had become proverbial with the pilgrims. A small section left by land for Damascus, and the rest returned to Jaffa to embark that night. At Athens they are to hear lectures from Professor Mahaffy, who also spoke to them in Cairo. The lecturer at Rome was Archdeacon Farrar.

March 7 1894.

In December last I travelled by land from Jerusalem to Haifa, viâ Nâblus. The thorough work of the survey of Western Palestine has left very little to be done above ground, and the principal way to help the Fund now is to be on the alert to watch operations in places that are being dug up. One of the most interesting places in Palestine, because one of the least disputed, is Jacob's Well. It is a link between the histories of the Old and the New Testaments. It is the spot where the universality of the Christian religion was proclaimed in definite terms. The site has been greatly neglected, and I am glad to announce (what has been known to recent travellers) that at last proper care is being taken of the place.

For some years the property about the spot has been in the hands of the Greek Monastery, and has been enclosed by a wall. Visitors of former years will remember that to see the well they were obliged to descend by a hole at the surface of the ground into a small vault, choked with debris, but apparently some 20 feet by 10 feet. The discovery of the well-stone itself is described in the Statement for 1881, p. 212. The present Abbot is a Greek of genuine archæological tastes and enthusiasm. During the past year he has done some excavating with valuable results, which I shall now describe.

He began by clearing out the vault entirely, showing it to be a perfectly preserved cruciform crypt {see on plan). The eastern arm is 13 feet by 9 feet 6 inches, but the western arm is only 3 feet 6 inches deep. The east and west axis of the crypt is 25 feet 6 inches, and the north and south axis 20 feet. At the point  he found a doorway with a stair, leading up out of the crypt to a pavement some 6 feet above the floor of the crypt, but several feet lower than the top of its vault. The walls between which the stairway passes are plastered. At  he found a similar door, but he has not yet cleared away the rubbish under which corresponding steps are doubtless hidden. At the point


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110 in the western wall of the crypt, about 6 feet above the floor, is an opening of a passage, which leads out on to the pavement. A section of the passage measures somewhat under 2 feet square. The well is at the western end of the eastern arm. The walls are plastered, and on the floor, near the well, are signs of a mosaic pavement. The crypt is not lighted except by the passage just mentioned. The Abbot has placed an altar at the eastern end. He has also fitted a wooden door at the doorway at E, so that the crypt is now approached by ten steps.

The pavement (stone-flagging) at the top of the stairway has not been traced further than the point  but it may be assumed to occupy the place around the crypt. It is, as I have said, several feet lower than the top of the vault, hence the walls and the inferred wall  will be seen to rise from it. The wall has not been traced far enough for us to tell whether it continued southwards, or took a bend to the east.

So much for the crypt and its immediate surroundings, but the Abbot has done further work in excavating. Eighty-one feet west from the westward opening of the passage he has cleared away the rubbish long the upper part of the inside of a thick wall, exactly parallel to the wall  and hence also to the north and south axis of the crypt. As proved by comparison with other places, at least 10 feet of this wall must lie buried under the rubbish. It is 66 feet long from to  and its central point (in the middle of the doorway) falls in a continuation of the line  hence it is exactly opposite the well, at  and at  the wall turns to the east, and was traced for some 50 or 60 feet only. The wall, as seen from the inside, is built of roughly hewn stones, with small chippings let in between the joints, which, however, are well plastered over. It is difficult to determine the real thickness, as a rude modern wall has been built upon it and outside of it, making the entire present breadth over 12 feet. Accordingly, I have not seen the outside face.

At the point 35 feet from the west wall and 11 feet from the south wall, there sticks quite perpendicularly out of the rubbish a broken column of syenite granite. At the point l, 35 feet from the western wall and 11 feet from the north wall, there is a similar column (measuring 6 feet round), evidently in situ. Leaning against it there is another column, which I have not drawn; the first of these adjoining columns is slightly shaved off at the point of contact. The Abbot cleared the rubbish from about these two columns, and tells me that the place where they rest on the ground was found to be on a level with the pavement at the top of the stairway from the crypt. I was very sorry not to visit the spot with the Abbot, but he was away, returning only at night, when I saw him at the Monastery, but as his Arabic is not perfect I could not get out of him all I wished, although he was most cordial in furnishing information. However, he was clear on this point of levels, which is important in deciding the identity of the work about the crypt with the other discoveries. The rubbish near the columns was 12 or 15 feet deep, at the bottom he found ashes as from the falling of a roof.

On the basis of the facts above presented, I have ventured to restore


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