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124  the fears of Plautianus, threatened to produce a revolution, and obliged the emperor, who still loved him, to consent with reluctance to his death. After the fall of Plautianus, an eminent lawyer, the celebrated Papinian, was appointed to execute the motley office of Prætorian præfect.

Till the reign of Severus, the virtue, and even the good sense of the emperors had been distinguished by their zeal or affected reverence for the senate, and by a tender regard to the nice frame of civil policy instituted by Augustus. But the youth of Severus had been trained in the implicit obedience of camps, and his riper years spent in the despotism of military command. His haughty and inflexible spirit could not discover, or would not acknowledge, the advantage of preserving an intermediate power, however imaginary, between the emperor and the army. He disdained to profess himself the servant of an assembly that detested his person and trembled at his frown; he issued his commands, where his request would have proved as effectual; assumed the conduct and style of a sovereign and a conqueror, and exercised, without disguise, the whole legislative as well as the executive power.

The victory over the senate was easy and inglorious. Every eye and every passion were directed to the supreme magistrate, who possessed the arms and treasure of the state; whilst the senate, neither elected by the people, nor guarded by the military force, nor animated by public spirit, rested its declining authority on the frail and crumbling basis of ancient opinion. The fine theory of a republic insensibly vanished, and made way for the more natural and substantial feelings of monarchy. As the freedom and honours of Rome were successfully communicated to the provinces, in which the old government had been either unknown, or was remembered with abhorrence, the tradition of republican maxims was gradually obliterated. The Greek historians of the age of the Antonines observe, with a malicious pleasure, that, although the sovereign of Rome, in compliance with an obsolete prejudice, abstained from the name of king, he possessed the full measure of regal power. In the reign of Severus, the senate was filled with polished and eloquent slaves from the eastern


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44 FMS = Fornmannasögur Norðrlanda. 12 vols. København, 1925—37.

FochF = Folkminnen och Folktankar. Lund.

Folklore Studies (The Catholic University of Peking). 6 vols. Peiping, 1942—47.

Fox, William S. Greek and Roman Mythology (Mythology of all Races I). Boston, 1916.

*Frazer, J. G. Apollodorus: the Library (Loeb Classical Library). London and New York, 1921.
 * The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead. 2 vols. London, 1913.
 * The Fasti of Ovid. 5 vols. London, 1929.
 * Folklore in the Old Testament. 3 vols. London, 1918.
 * The Golden Bough. 3d edition. 12 vols. London, 1907—15.
 * Myths of the Origin of Fire. London, 1930.
 * Pousanias 's Description of Greece. 6 vols. London, 1898.

Frey. See Bolte.

Frobenius, Leo. Atlantis: Volksdichtung und Volksmärchen Afrikas. 12 vols. Jena, 1921—28. Erlebte Erdteile. Frankfurt a. M., 1925 ff. and Fox, Douglas C. African Genesis. New York, 1937.

FSS = Fornaldarsögur Suðrlanda (ed. G. Cederschiöld). København, 1901.

Gantenbein, B. Sprichwörter und Fabeln der Kamerun-Neger (Mitteilungen der ostschweizerischen Geograph-Commerciellen Gesellschaft II). St. Gallen, 1909.

*Gaster, Moses. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sagen- und Märchenkunde (Gruz' Monatschrift fur Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums, XXIX, XXX). Bukarest, 1880, 1881. (Separate reprint, 1882; also included in Studies and Texts in Folklore, cited below).
 * The Exempla of the Rabbis. London, Leipzig, 1924.
 * Studies and Texts in Folklore, Magic, Medieval Romance, Hebrew Apocrypha and Samaritan Archaeology. 3 vols. London, 1925—28.

☉Gaster, Theodor H. The Oldest Stories in the World. New York, 1952. ☉Thespis. New York, 1950.

Gautreks Saga (ed. W. Ranisch, Palaestra XI). 1900.

Gayton, A. H. and Newman, Stanley S. Yokuts and Western Mono Myths. Berkeley (Calif.), 1940.

*Gerould, Gordon H. The Grateful Dead (PFLS LX). London, 1908.

*Gifford, E. W. Tongan Myths and Tales. BMB VIII. Honolulu 1924.

Giles, Herbert A. Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio. New York, 1927.

Gilgamisch = Ungrad, A. and Gressman, H. Das Gilgamesch-Epos. Göttingen, 1911.

*Golther, Wolfgang. Zur deutschen Sage und Dichtung. Leipzig, 1911.

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Rh Göngu Hrólfs saga (FAS III 235 ff.).

Gonzenbach, Laura. Sicilianische Märchen. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1870.

Graf, Arturo. Miti, Leggende e Superstizioni del Medio Evo. 2 vols. Torino, 1892—93.

☉Graham (Chinese) = Graham, David Crockett. Songs and Stories of the Ch'uan Miao (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Publications CXXIII No. 1). Washington, D. C, 1954.

*Gray, Louis H. Baltic Mythology (Mythology of All Races III). Boston, 1918.

Grenfell = Johnson, Sir Harry. George Grenfell and the Congo, II. London, 1908.

Grettis saga (ed. R. C. Boer). ASB VIII. Halle, 1900.

Grímssaga Loðinkinna (FAS II 143 ff.).

*Grinnell, G. B. Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk-Tales. New York, 1889.

*Grote, George. History of Greece. 3 vols. London, 1888.

Grundtvig, S. Danmarks gamle Folkeviser. 8 vols. København, 1853—.

Grunwald, M. "Spaniolic-Jewish Folktales and Their Motifs", Edoth II (1947), pp. 225—243 (in Hebrew).

GSCan = Publications of the Geological Survey of Canada, Anthropological Series.

Gull-þóris Saga (ed. Kr. Kaalund). København, 1898.

Gunnlaugs saga Ormstunga (ed. E. Mogk). Altnordische Texte I, 1886.

*Günter, H. Die christliche Legende des Abendlandes. Heidelberg, 1910.

Güntert, H. Der arische Weltkönig und Heiland. Halle, 1923.
 * Kalypso. Halle, 1919.

Gutmann, Bruno. Volksbuch der Wadschagga. Leipzig, 1914.

*Hackman, O. Die Polyphemsage in der Volksüberlieferung. Helsingfors, 1904.

Haddon, A. C. Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. 6 vols. Cambridge (Eng.), 1901—35.

*Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich von der. Gesammtabenteuer. 3 vols. Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1850.

Hálfdanar saga Brönufóstra (FAS III 559 ff.).

Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar (ed. F. R. Schröder). Halle, 1917.

Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka (ed. A. Le Roy Andrews). Halle, 1909.

Halm, K. von. Aisōpeiōn Mythōn Synagōgē. Lipsiae, 1852.

☉Halpert, Herbert N. Folktales and Legends from the New Jersey Pines. (Indiana University Ph. D. thesis). Typewritten ms. Indiana University Library. Bloomington, Ind., 1947.

*Handbook of South American Indians (ed. Julian H. Steward). BBAE CXLIII. 6 vols. Washington, D. C, 1946—50.

*Handy, E. S. C. Marquesan Legends. BMB LXIX. Honolulu 1930.

Harris, J. R. Boanerges. Cambridge (Eng.), 1913.

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46 The Cult of the Heavenly Twins. Cambridge, 1906. Picus who is also Zeus. Cambridge, 1916.

Harris, Joel C. *Uncle Remus: his Songs and Sayings. New York, 1880.
 * Uncle Remus and his Friends. Boston, 1892.
 * Nights with Uncle Remus. Boston, 1883.

*Hartland, E. S. The Legend of Perseus. 3 vols. London, 1894 ff.
 * Primitive Paternity. 2 vols. London, 1909.
 * The Science of Fairy Tales. London, 1891.

Hatt, Gudmund. *Asiatic Influences in American Folklore. København, 1949. The Corn Mother in America and Indonesia. (Anthropos XLVI [1951] pp. 853—914.)

*''Hdwb. d. Abergl.'' = Bächtold-Stäubli, H. and others. Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens. 10 vols. Berlin, 1927 ff.

*''Hdwb. d. Märch.'' = Mackensen, L. and others. Handwörterbuch des deutschen Märchens. Berlin, 1931 ff.

*Heepe, M. Jaunde-Texte. Hamburg, 1919.

Heiðreks saga. See Hervararsaga ok Heiðreks konungs.

*Held, T. v. Märchen und Sagen der africanischen Neger. Jena, 1904.

Heptameron. See Marguerite de Navarre.

*Herbert, J. A. Catalogue of Romances in the Department of Manuscripts in the British Museum. London, 1910. (Vol. 3 only; for vols. 1 and 2 see Ward, H. L. D.)

Herrmann, Paul. Erläuterungen zu den ersten neun Büchern der dänischen Geschichte des Saxo Grammaticus. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1901, 1922. Nordische Mythologie. Leipzig, 1903.

Hertel, A. Verzauberte Oertlichkeiten. Hannover, 1908.

*Hertz, Wilhelm. Aus Dichtung und Saga (ed. K. Vollmöller). Stuttgart and Berlin, 1907. Parzival. 2d ed. Stuttgart and Berlin, 1914. Spielmannsbuch. Stuttgart, 1886. Tristan und Isolde. Stuttgart, 1877.
 * Gesammelte Abhandlungen (ed. F. v. d. Leyen). Stuttgart and Berlin 1905.

Hervararsaga ok Heiðreks Konungs (ed. J. Helgason). København, 1924.

Hervieux, L. Les fabulistes latins. 2d ed. 2 vols. Paris, 1893—4 . Hibbard, Laura A. Mediaeval Romance in England. New York, 1924.

HF = Hoosier Folklore. Indianapolis, Ind., 1946 ff.

Hjálmterssaga ok Ölvis (FAS III 453 ff.).

Hock, Stefan. Die Vampyrsagen und ihre Verwertung in der deutschen Literatur. Berlin, 1900.

*Holm, G. Sagn og Fortællinger fra Angmagsalik (Meddelelser om Grønland X 237 ff.).

Holmberg, Uno. *Der Baum des Lebens (Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae XVI. B). Helsinki, 1922—3.

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jug

JUG, a vessel of earth, glass or metal, used for holding liquids and characterized by having one handle and a lip for ease in pouring. The origin of the word is uncertain. In slang the term is employed to denote a prison, and there is not wanting evidence that in this latter sense it is as adaptation of the Latin jug-um, a yoke. In the United States the word pitcher has superseded jug to a great extent. The Metropolitan Museum, New York, and the British Museum, London, contain very fine examples of this kind of vessel, in the latter is a remarkable bronze jug found at Kumasi in 1896, It was made in England in the reign of Richard II, whose arms and badge it bears. It is furnished with a lid, handle and spout. The ewer is a jug with a broad lip and was formerly in general use at table for pouring water over the hands after meals, a practice very essential when we remember that table forks were still unknown. Much variety in form and design appears in the early specimens, some are balanced on three feet and some take the form of animals. The 18th and l9th centuries saw the production in England of pottery vessels known as “Toby Jugs,” “Nelson Jugs,” etc., usually in the form of a stout old man with a hat the corners of which form the spouts.

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Rh, who justified personal flattery by speculative principles of servitude. These new advocates of prerogative were heard with pleasure by the court, and with patience by the people, when they inculcated the duty of passive obedience, and descanted on the inevitable mischiefs of freedom. The lawyers and the historians concurred in teaching that the Imperial authority was held, not by the delegated commission, but by the irrevocable resignation, of the senate; that the emperor was freed from the restraint of civil laws, could command by his arbitrary will the lives and fortunes of his subjects, and might dispose of the empire as of his private patrimony. The most eminent of the civil lawyers, and particularly Papinian, Paulus, and Ulpian, flourished under the house of Severus; and the Roman jurisprudence, having closely united itself with the system of monarchy, was supposed to have attained its full maturity and perfection.

The contemporaries of Severus, in the enjoyment of the peace and glory of his reign, forgave the cruelties by which it had been introduced. Posterity, who experienced the fatal effect of his maxims and example, justly considered him as the principal author of the decline of the Roman empire.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Juggernaut

JUGGERNAUT, jŭg'ėr-nât. See .


text: Author:Johannes Baptist Sägmüller

title: Author:Johannes Baptist Sägmüller


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Juggler

JUGGLER (Old French, jangleur, Latin, joculator, joker, jester), a skilful and dexterous performer of feats of different lands, including slight of hand (legerdemain). The juggler is or was to be found in all lands. He was a favorite with the Greeks and the Romans, and has been, for centuries, with the

Japanese and Chinese; and he has long been an institution in India, Further India, Persia and Tibet. The Aztecs and many other American native races had very skilful jugglers who seem to have been frequently connected with the religious or mythological beliefs of the peoples. Very skilful jugglers formed one of the most striking features of the elaborate court entertainments of Montezuma II, who was so fond of this sport that he had his own favorite private jugglers, some of whom were dwarfs and people otherwise deformed. See .


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126

ascent to greatness, however steep and dangerous, may entertain an active spirit with the consciousness and exercise of its own powers: but the possession of a throne could never yet afford a lasting satisfaction to an ambitious mind. This melancholy truth was felt and acknowledged by Severus. Fortune and merit had, from an humble station, elevated him to the first place among mankind. He had been "all things," as he said himself, "and all was of little value". Distracted with the care, not of acquiring, but of preserving, an empire, oppressed with age and infirmities, careless of fame, and satiated with power, all his prospects of life were closed. The desire of perpetuating the greatness of his family was the only remaining wish of his ambition and paternal tenderness.

Like most of the Africans, Severus was passionately addicted to the vain studies of magic and divination, deeply versed in the interpretation of dreams and omens, and perfectly acquainted with the science of judicial astrology; which, in almost every age except the present, has maintained its dominion over the mind of man. He had lost his first wife whilst he was governor of the Lyonnese Gaul. In the choice of a second, he sought only to connect himself with some favourite of fortune; and, as soon as he had discovered that a young lady of Emesa in Syria had a royal nativity, he solicited and obtained her hand. Julia


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Juglandacæ

JUGLANDACÆ, the walnut family, dicotyledonous plants, native of the north temperate zone. Most of the 40 or more species of this family consist of trees, all nut-hearing and producers of excellent wood for cabinet and other work. The most valuable in this respect is the black walnut The best known and most extensive genera are the Juglans or walnuts, and the Hicoria or hickories. The family is distinguished by alternate compound leaves.


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Translation:Anti-Human Trafficking Act, BE 2551 (2008)

Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paraminthra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej is graciously pleased to proclaim that: Whereas it is desirable to revise the law on measures against trafficking in females and children;

And whereas it is aware that this Act contains certain provisions giving rise to the restriction of personal rights and liberties, in respect of which section 29 incorporating sections 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 41 and 45 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand so permit by means of the legal provisions; Be it enacted by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the National Legislative Assembly, as follows:

This Act shall be cited as the "Anti-Human Trafficking Act, BE 2551 (2008)".

This Act shall come into force upon the elapse of one hundred and twenty days from the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.

The Measures against Trafficking in Females and Children Act, BE 2540 (1997), shall be repealed.

In this Act:

"Unlawful exploitation" means the seeking of benefit from prostitution, production or distribution of indecent objects or media, taking advantage of other forms of sexual activities, slavery, forced begging, forced labour or service, forcible removal of organs for commercial purposes, or any other similar act giving rise to human exploitation, irrespective of the consent of the victim;

"Forced labour or service" means an act of requiring a person to provide labour or service against his will, by threat of harm against the life, person, personal freedom, reputation or property of such person or of a third person, by whatever kind of coercion, by forcible violence or by placing such person in a state of irresistibility;

"Criminal organ" means a systematised group permanently or provisionally formed by three persons or more in order to commit one offence or more liable to maximum imprisonment for more than four years or offence under this Act, with a view to, either directly or indirectly, obtaining certain proprietary benefits or other benefits which are unlawful, irrespective of whether or not its system is explicit, the roles of its members are firmly defined or the membership of each member is continuous;

"Child" means a person under eighteen years of age;

"Fund" means the Anti-Human Trafficking Fund;

"Commission" means the Anti-Human Trafficking Commission;

"Commissioner" means an Anti-Human Trafficking Commissioner;

"Competent officer" means a superior administrative or police officer, and includes a government officer ranking not lower than third ordinary civil service class, possessing the qualifications determined in a ministerial regulation and authorised by the Minister to enforce this Act;

"Minister" means the Minister in charge of this Act.

The President of the Supreme Court of Justice and the Minister of Social Development and Human Security shall be in charge of this Act, pursuant to their respective authority.

For the purpose of enforcing this Act, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall be empowered to lay down the ordinances and the Minister of Social Development and Human Security shall be granted empowered to appoint the competent officers and issue the ministerial regulations and rules.

Those ordinances of the President of the Supreme Court of Justice, ministerial regulations and rules shall take effect upon their publication in the Government Gazette.

Where a person performs any of the following for the purpose of unlawful exploitation:

(1)	 Procuring, buying, selling, disposing of, bringing from or to any place, restraining, detaining, harbouring or receiving the delivery of any person, by coercion, force, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power, or offering of monies or other benefits to a person guarding or taking care of the victim so as to encourage that person to consent to the exploitation of the victim; or

(2)	 Procuring, buying, selling, disposing of, bringing from or to any place, restraining, detaining, harbouring or receiving the delivery of a child;

The person thereby commits an offence of human trafficking.

Any person who commits any of the following shall incur the same penalties as a human trafficker:

(1)	 Aiding in the commission of an offence of human trafficking;

(2)	 Patronising a human trafficker by furnishing him with property, meeting place or shelter;

(3)	 By whatever means assisting a human trafficker in evading arrest;

(4)	 Soliciting, accepting or agreeing to accept any property or other benefit from a human trafficker, in exchange for assisting the latter in evading the clutches of the law;

(5)	 Inviting a person to, directing a person to or bringing a person into contact with a criminal organ, for the sake of the commission of an offence of human trafficking.

The preparation of the offence under section 6 shall be dealt with by one third of the penalties provided for such offence.

Where two persons or more agree to commit the offence under section 6, each of them shall be liable to not more than one half of the penalties provided for such offence.

If one of them starts to commit the offence as agreed, all of them shall also undergo the penalties provided for such offence.

If one of them starts to commit the offence but, due to the prevention by his fellow offender, he does not complete it or, even having completed it, his act leads to no result, the offender making such prevention shall face the penalties pursuant to paragraph 1.

If any of the offenders under paragraph 1 gives up the further execution of the agreement and inform a competent officer of it prior to the commencement of the commission of the offence, the court may impose upon him no penalty at all or the more lenient penalties than those provided for by the law to any extent.

In cases the offence under paragraph 6 is committed by three persons or more jointly or by a member of a criminal organ, the penalties provided by the law for such offence shall be aggravated by one half.

In cases the offence under paragraph 6 is committed by a member of a criminal organ, all its members existing at the time of the commission and aware of or consenting to the commission shall be subject to the penalties provided for such offence, even having not committed it in person.

In cases the offence under paragraph 1 is committed for the purpose of subjecting to a third person's unlawful authority the victim who has been brought into or out of the Kingdom, the penalties provided for such offence shall twice be aggravated.

Any person who commits the offence under section 6 outside the Kingdom shall incur the penalties under this Act inside the Kingdom. In this respect, section 10 of the Criminal Code shall apply mutatis mutandis.

Where a person commits any offence under this Act by pretending to another that he is a public officer and acting as a public officer, without being such public officer and without the authority to so act, the penalties provided for such offence shall twice be aggravated.

Where a member of the House of Representatives, senator, local councillor, local administrator, government officer, local government official, official of a state organisation or agency, directing member, administrator or official of a state enterprise, or public officer or directing member of a constitutional organ commits an offence proscribed by this Act, the penalties provided for such offence shall twice be aggravated.

Where any Commissioner, AHTL Commissioner, member of a panel, member of a working committee or competent officer under this Act commits an offence proscribed this Act, the penalties provided for such offence shall thrice be aggravated.

The offences under this Act shall constitute the fundamental offences under the Anti-Money Laundering Act, BE 2542 (1999).

There shall be an Anti-Human Trafficking Commission, called "AHT Commission" in brief. The Commission shall consist of the Prime Minister, as Chairperson; the Deputy Prime Minister heading the AHTS Commission, as Vice Chairperson; the Minister of Defence, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Tourism and Sports, the Minister of Social Development and Human Security, the Minister of Interior, the Minister of Justice, the Minister of Labour, and four qualified persons appointed by the Prime Minister, as Commissioners, said each of the qualified Commissioners being of recognised proficiency and experience in the field of prevention, suppression, rehabilitation and international cooperation concerning human trafficking for a period of not less than seven years, and said not less than one half of them to be from the private sector; the Permanent Secretary for Social Development and Human Security, as Secretary; and the Director General of the Social Development and Welfare Department and the Director of the Office of Welfare Promotion and Protection for Children, Juveniles, Underprivileged Persons and Aged Persons, as Assistant Secretaries.

Not less than one half of the qualified Commissioners under paragraph 1 must be female.

The Commission shall be invested with the following authority:

(1)	 To render to the Council of Ministers the opinions as to the determination of the anti-human trafficking policy;

(2)	 To render to the Council of Ministers the opinions as to the improvement of the laws, rules or structure of the government agencies dealing with the anti-human trafficking activities, with a view to enhancing the effective enforcement of this Act;

(3)	 To determine the anti-human trafficking strategy and measures;

(4)	 To determine and oversee the fulfillment of the international obligations and international cooperation and liaison concerning the anti-human trafficking activities;

(5)	 To direct and oversee the integrated study, research and database for the anti-human trafficking purposes;

(6)	 To lay down the rules on the registration of the nongovernmental organs having the anti-human trafficking objectives and on the criteria for the provision of assistance in the activities of those organs;

(7)	 To, upon approval of the Ministry of Finance, lay down the rules on receipt of money, disbursement, safekeeping, utilisation and administration of the Fund;

(8)	 To lay down the rules on the reporting of financial status and administration of the Fund in the enforcement of this Act;

(9)	 To direct and supervise the operations of the AHTL Commission;

(10)	 To carry out the acts as required by the Council of Ministers.

A qualified Commissioner shall hold office for a term of four year.

A qualified Commissioner having retired from office by rotation may be reappointed, but may not hold office for more than two consecutive terms.

Apart from the retirement by rotation, a qualified Commissioner shall vacate office upon:

(1)	 Death;

(2)	 Resignation;

(3)	 Removal by the Prime Minister on account of failure of or dishonesty in duty or failure of good behaviour;

(4)	 Being adjudged bankrupt;

(5)	 Being adjudged an incompetent or quasi-incompetent person;

(6)	 Being sentenced to imprisonment by a final judgment, save where the sentence is in consequence of a negligent offence or misdemeanour;

(7)	 Being absent from a meeting for three consecutive times without reasonable grounds.

In cases a qualified Commissioner vacates office prior to an expiry of his term, the Prime Minister shall fill such vacancy with a person of the same qualifications. But if the remaining term of the Commissioner in question is less than ninety days, the office may be left vacant. The successor shall be in office for the remaining term of his predecessor.

In cases the office of a qualified Commissioner expires and no new qualified Commissioner is yet appointed, the retired Commissioner shall continue to function until a new Commissioner is appointed.

At a meeting of the Commission, the presence of not less than one half of the total Commissioners is required to establish a quorum.

Where the Chairperson is absent or unable to function, the Vice Chairperson shall chair the meeting. If the Vice Chairperson is also absent or incapable of functioning, the present Commissioners shall elect one amongst themselves to preside over the meeting.

A resolution of a meeting shall be passed by a majority of votes. In polling, one Commissioner shall have one vote. In case of tie, the presiding officer shall issue one additional vote as a casting vote.

The Commissioner shall hold at least three meetings a year.

There shall be an Anti-Human Trafficking Liaison and Supervision Commission, called "AHTL Commission" in brief. The Commission shall consist of the Deputy Prime Minister designated by the Prime Minister, as Chairperson; the Minister of Social Development and Human Security, as Vice Chairperson; the Permanent Secretary for Foreign Affairs, the Permanent Secretary for Tourism and Sports, the Permanent Secretary for Social Development and Human Security, the Permanent Secretary for Interior, the Permanent Secretary for Justice, the Permanent Secretary for Labour, the Permanent Secretary for Education, the Permanent Secretary for Public Health, the Attorney General, the Commissioner General of the National Police, the Director General of the Department of Provincial Administration, the Director General of the Department of Special Investigation, the Secretary General of the Anti-Money Laundering Commission, the Secretary General of the National Human Rights Commission, the Secretary General of the National Security Council, the Clerk of Bangkok, and eight qualified persons appointed by the Minister, as Commissioners, said each two of the qualified Commissioners being of recognised proficiency and experience in the field of prevention, suppression, rehabilitation and international cooperation concerning human trafficking for a period of not less than seven years, and said not less than one half of them to be from the private sector; and the Deputy Permanent Secretary for Social Development and Human Security, as Commissioner and Secretary.

The AHTL Commission shall be empowered to appoint its own Assistant Secretaries. The Assistant Secretaries may be the government officers or the members of the private sector. Not less than one half of the qualified Commissioners under paragraph 1 must be female.

The AHTL Commission shall be given the following authority:

(1)	 To prepare the operative and cooperative plans of the relevant agencies at the central, provincial, local, community and civil society levels in accordance with the anti-human trafficking policy, strategy and measures, and to oversee their implementation;

(2)	 To prepare the working plan and guidance for the development of ability of the anti-human trafficking personnel, and to oversee their implementation;

(3)	 To organise the projects for campaigning for and providing to the general public the education as to the anti-human trafficking, and to oversee their implementation;

(4)	 To report to the Commission the pursuance and assessment of the implementation of the policy, strategy, measures and enforcement of this Act;

(5)	 To pursue and report to the Commission the fulfillment of the international obligations, cooperation and liaison dealing with the anti-human trafficking;

(6)	 To determine the criteria on and to approve the disposal of money and property of the Fund under section 44 (4);

(7)	 To prepare and oversee the operative plans under this Act, with a view to enhancing the utmost effectiveness of the legal enforcement and to complying with the law on anti-money laundering, law on national anti-corruption and other relevant laws and international obligations;

(8)	 To carry out the acts as required by the Commission.

The provisions of sections 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the holding and vacation of offices of the qualified Commissioners and the meetings of the AHTL Commission.

The AHTL Commission shall hold at least six meetings a year.

The Commission and the AHTL Commission may set up the committees or working committees to consider certain matters and render the opinions thereon to them, or to transact certain business as they may require.

Section 21, paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the meetings of the committees or working committees.

The Permanent Secretariat for Social Development and Human Security shall serve as a secretariat of the Commission and the AHTL Commission. It shall have the following authority:

(1)	 To carry out general technical business of the Commission and the AHTL Commission;

(2)	 To be a centre for cooperating and liaising with the relevant government agencies, state agencies and private agencies on the enforcement of this Act at both the national and international levels;

(3)	 To systematise the anti-human trafficking work and the provision of effective assistance, relief and welfare protection to the victims;

(4)	 To collect, study and analyse the anti-human trafficking information, and to conduct research for the sake of the enforcement of this Act;

(5)	 To provide the information and connected database system on the anti-human trafficking activities;

(6)	 To implement the resolutions of the Commission and the AHTL Commission or to carry out the acts as required by them.

The Permanent Secretariat for Social Development and Human Security shall provide the budgets and personnel sufficient and appropriate for the functions under paragraph 1.

For the purpose of the anti-human trafficking activities, a competent officer shall be invested with the following authority:

(1)	 To serve on any person a citation by which that person is required to appear and give any statement or deliver any document or evidence;

(2)	 To search the person of a person reasonably believed to be a victim of an offence of human trafficking, with the consent of such person; prescribed that in cases the person is female, the search must be conducted by another female;

(3)	 To search any vehicle reasonably believed to be containing any evidence or victim of an offence of human trafficking;

(4)	 To enter any residence or place, for the purpose of searching for, seizing or attaching certain evidence concerning human trafficking which is reasonable believed to be there, or for the purpose of discovering and assisting a victim of an offence of human trafficking, when, in the course of applying for a warrant of search, the evidence would be removed, concealed or destroyed, or the victim would be attacked, removed or hidden.

In exercising the power under (4), the competent officer must express his faithfulness prior to the search and submit to his superior a written report of the searchable grounds and the outcome of the search. He must also provide a copy of the said report to the possessor of the searched residence or place. If no such person is present, the officer shall deliver the copy to him as quickly as possible. In the event that the search is to be conducted during a period of time from sunset to sunrise, the search must be led by a competent officer who ranks as or from the district chief officer, deputy superintendent of police or civil servant of seventh class, and the leading officer shall also submit a copy of the report of the searchable grounds and the outcome of the search, a list of evidence or victims of offence of human trafficking, and a list of seized or attached property to the provincial court jurisdictional over the locality of the search or to the Criminal Court within forty eight hours following the conclusion of the search.

The competent officer may delegate the execution of (2) and (3) to his subordinate.

In discharging his duty under this Act, a competent officer may seek assistance from a local person, but the officer may not compel him to give such assistance in a manner likely to imperil himself.

In performing his duties under this Act, a competent officer must produce his competent officer identity card to the persons concerned.

The form of a competent officer identity card shall be determined by the Minister and published in the Government Gazette.

In case of necessity for seeking for the facts as to human trafficking and protecting a person reasonably believed to be a victim of an offence of human trafficking, a competent officer may take the said person into custody for a period of not more than twenty four hours, and shall immediately inform of the custody the Commissioner General of the National Police, Director General of the Department of Special Investigation, Director General of the Department of Social Development and Welfare or provincial governor, as the case may be.

In cases the custody of the person likely to be a victim is needed to take place for more than the time limit under paragraph 1, the competent officer shall apply to the court for permission. The court may only permit the custody for a period of not exceeding seven days, and may also lay down certain conditions.

In taking into custody the person likely to be a victim pursuant to this section, the person must be kept in a proper place other than a penal chamber or institution, subject to the rules laid down by the Minister.

In rendering the duty under this section, the principles of human rights shall strictly be adhered to.

Where there is a reasonable belief that any document or other information communicated through postal service, telegraph, telephone, facsimile, computer, electronic instrument or application or any other information medium is or may be used in the commission of an offence of human trafficking, a competent officer, upon written approval of the Commissioner General of the National Police, Director General of the Department of Special Investigation or provincial governor, whichever applies, may file with the Criminal Court or jurisdictional provincial court an application ex parte for permission to obtain the said document or information, subject to the criteria and procedure set forth in an ordinance of the President of the Supreme Court of Justice.

In granting permission under paragraph 1, the court shall take into account the impacts on the right of privacy or any other right and the following grounds of necessity:

(1)	 It is reasonably believed that an offence of human trafficking is or is to be committed;

(2)	 It is reasonably believed that certain particulars as to an offence of human trafficking will be obtained following the access to the information in question;

(3)	 No any other appropriate or effective means may be undertaken.

The court may, by order, grant permission pursuant to paragraph 1 for a period of not exceeding ninety days, and may also lay down certain conditions. The persons in connection with the document or information in question shall cooperate on the enforcement of this section. If, following the order of permission, there appear the facts that the grounds of necessity have not been met or the circumstances have changed, the court shall be competent to modify the order as it finds expedient.

In executing the court order, the competent officer shall be empowered to request any person to assist in his performance of duty. Upon having transacted the business as permitted, the competent officer shall draw up a detailed record of its outcome and without delay submit the record to the court issuing the order.

All documents or information obtained according to paragraph 1 shall be placed in safekeeping and may only be used in an investigation and as evidence in the prosecution of an offence of human trafficking, subject to the rules laid down by the Minister.

Prior to entering a charge in court, if it is necessitated by the protection and prevention of human trafficking, a public prosecutor, either on his own impulse or upon a request of a judicial police officer, may petition the court for the immediate taking of evidence, said the public prosecutor bringing the victim or witness to the court and demonstrating to it the circumstances as to the commission of the offence and the grounds for such necessity.

In cases the victim or witness wishes to give a statement to the court in person, he shall inform the public prosecutor of his wish and the public prosecutor shall without delay file a petition with the court.

The court shall hold the taking of evidence immediately after having received the petition under paragraph 1 or 2. In this respect, if any interested person petitions the court for a cross-examination or for appointment of a counsel to conduct a cross-examination, said the interested person demonstrating to the court the grounds and necessity therefor, the court may grant the petition as it finds expedient. And the provisions of section 237 bis, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Code of Criminal Procedure shall apply mutatis mutandis.

If a case is later brought against the accused on account of any offence proscribed by Chapter 1, the said evidence shall be admissible in the trial and adjudication of such case.

In executing their duties under this Act, the competent officers shall be the public officers under the Criminal Code.

The Minister of Social Development and Human Security shall provide to the victims of the offences of human trafficking appropriate assistance in relation to food, residence, medical treatment, physical and mental rehabilitation, education, training, legal aid, return to country of origin or domicile, and action for compensation, subject to the rules laid down by the Minister who shall be mindful of the victims' human dignity and different sex, age, nationality, race, traditions and culture, the giving of a notice of right to protection prior to, during and following the assistance to the victims, the time limit for each stage of assistance and the victims' right to be heard first.

In providing assistance under paragraph 1, a victim may be committed to a detention centre under the law on anti-prostitution, detention centre under the law on child protection or other public or private foster institution.

For the purpose of providing assistance to a victim, a judicial police officer or public prosecutor shall, at the earliest occasion, inform the victim of the right to claim compensation in consequence of an offence of human trafficking and the right to legal aid.

In cases a victim has and wishes to exercise the right to claim compensation in consequence of an offence of human trafficking, a public prosecutor shall enter on behalf of the victim an action for compensation according to a submission of the Permanent Secretary for Social Development and Human Security or his designee.

The public prosecutor may enter an action for compensation under paragraph 1 together with a criminal charge or at any time in the course of the criminal trial before the court of first instance. A judgment on compensation shall be part of that on criminal matters. And in cases the court grants compensation, it shall be taken that the victim is a judgment creditor and the Director General of the Department of Legal Execution shall also bear the duty to execute this judgment.

No costs may be demanded in respect of the proceedings for compensation under paragraph 1 and the execution proceedings under paragraph 3. And the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure shall apply mutatis mutandis to the extent not contrary to or inconsistent with the provisions of this Act.

A competent officer shall provide protection to a victim in custody, irrespective of the latter's residence prior to, during or following the proceedings. In this respect, regard shall also be paid to the safety of his family members.

In cases a victim is to give a statement or testimony as a witness in respect of an offence of human trafficking under this Act, he shall be entitled to the protection under the law on criminal witness protection.

In cases a victim needs to return to his country of origin or domicile or in cases his family member resides in a foreign country, a competent officer shall cooperate with the domestic agencies of such country on the provision of continuous protection to the victim and his family member in that country, whether the said agencies are public or private, and whether or not such cooperation is to be made through an embassy or consulate in the country.

For the purpose of a prosecution against an offender under this Act, as well as the medical treatment, rehabilitation and exercise of rights of a victim, a competent officer may institute an action for extension of the victim's provisional residency in the Kingdom and for permission of the victim's provisional employment pursuant to the laws. In this respect, the humanity-based reasons shall be upheld.

Subject to section 37, a competent officer shall send a victim who is an alien back to his country of origin or domicile without delay, save where the victim is permitted to reside in the Kingdom pursuant to the law on immigration or is specially granted an extension of residency by the Minister of Interior and obtains documentary evidence under the law on civil registration or law on alien registration.

In enforcing paragraph 1, the safety and welfare of the victim shall be taken into account.

In cases a Thai national becomes a victim of an offence of human trafficking committed in a foreign country and he wishes to return to the Kingdom or another place of residence, a competent officer shall hold an examination as to whether he is actually a Thai national. If the victim's Thai nationality is verified, the competent officer shall undertake the necessary measures to bring him back to the Kingdom or his place of residence without delay and shall be mindful of his safety and welfare.

In cases a person victimised in a foreign country is an alien who has been permitted to reside in the Kingdom according to the law on immigration or has specially been granted an extension of residency by the Minister of Interior and in respect of whom the residency has not yet expired prior to leaving the Kingdom, if the victim bears certain documentary evidence and wishes to return to the Kingdom, a competent officer, having held an examination to verify such evidence, shall undertake the necessary measures to bring the victim back to the Kingdom without delay and shall be mindful of his safety and welfare. The victim shall be permitted to reside in the Kingdom according to the status and period of his residency existing prior to his leaving the Kingdom.

In cases a person victimised in a foreign country is an alien without any identity document, but there is a reasonable belief that he has or had have a lawful domicile or residence in the Kingdom, if the victim wishes to return to the Kingdom, a competent officer, having held an examination to verify such domicile or residence, shall undertake the necessary measures to bring the victim back to the Kingdom without delay and shall be mindful of his safety and welfare. The victim shall be permitted to reside in the Kingdom according to the status and period of his residency existing prior to his leaving the Kingdom.

The Ministry of Social Development and Human Security shall draw up and submit to the Council of Ministers an annual report on the situations, number of cases, operations of the relevant agencies and guidance of future work concerning the anti-human trafficking.

Unless endorsed in writing by the Minister of Justice, no judicial police officer may institute a prosecution against a victim on account of an offence of entering, leaving or residing in the Kingdom without permission as proscribed by the law on immigration, offence of giving false information to a public officer, forging a passport or uttering a forged passport as proscribed by the Criminal Code, offence under the law on anti-prostitution, only in respect of the act of bringing into contact, offering invitation to, making introduction to or importuning another person for prostitution purposes and the act of gathering in a house of ill fame for prostitution purposes, or offence of being an alien and assuming employment without permission as proscribed by the law on alien employment.

A fund, called "Anti-Human Trafficking Fund," shall be established in the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, for the purpose of dealing with the outlays accruing from the anti-human trafficking activities and from the administration of the Fund itself. The Fund shall consist of:

(1)	 The initial capitals provided by the Government;

(2)	 The subsidies granted by the Government out of the annual expenditure budgets;

(3)	 The money or property donated or dedicated to the Fund;

(4)	 The money granted by foreign states or international organisations;

(5)	 The fruits and benefits accruing from the Fund;

(6)	 The money obtained from selling property of the Fund or from profitable activities;

(7)	 The money or property vested in or granted to the Fund by virtue of other laws.

The money received by the Fund in pursuance of section 42 and its fruits need not to be delivered to the Ministry of Finance as public revenues.

The money and property of the Fund shall be disbursed for the following purposes:

(1)	 The provision of assistance to the victims pursuant to section 33;

(2)	 The provision of protection to the victims pursuant to section 36;

(3)	 The undertaking of certain measures to bring the persons victimised in the foreign countries back to the Kingdom or their places of residence pursuant to section 39;

(4)	 The anti-human trafficking activities, subject to the rules laid down by the AHT Commission;

(5)	 The administration of the Fund.

There shall be a Fund Administration Committee consisting of: the Permanent Secretary for Social Development and Human Security, as chairperson; the Permanent Secretary for Foreign Affairs, the Permanent Secretary for Justice, the representatives of the Bureau of Budget, the representatives of the Department of the Comptroller General, and three qualified persons appointed by the Commission, as members, said two of the qualified persons being the representatives of the private sector carrying out activities in the field of social development, social work, prevention and suppression of human trafficking or finance; and the Deputy Permanent Secretary for Social Development and Human Security designated by the Permanent Secretary for the same, as member and secretary.

Sections 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 25 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the holding and vacation of offices of the qualified members, the meetings of the Fund Administration Committee and the appointment of its subcommittees.

The Fund Administration Board shall be given the following authority:

(1)	 To approve the disbursement of money under section 44;

(2)	 To administer the Fund in accordance with the rules laid down by the Commission;

(3)	 To report the financial status and administration of the Fund to the Commission, subject to the rules laid down by the Commission.

The receipt, disbursement and keeping of money, organisation of profitable activities and administration in relation to the Fund shall be subject to the rules laid down by the Commission upon approval of the Ministry of Finance.

There shall be a Fund Administration Pursuance and Assessment Committee consisting of five members, that is, the chairperson and the qualified members appointed by the Commission. The qualified members shall possess the knowledge, ability and experience in the fields of finance, social work and assessment, said at least one of them being from each of the said fields. And the Deputy Permanent Secretary for Social Development and Human Secretary designated by the Permanent Secretary for the same shall serve as a member and secretary.

The provisions of sections 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the holding of offices, vacation of offices and conduct of meetings of the Fund Administration Pursuance and Assessment Committee.

The Fund Administration Pursuance and Assessment Committee shall have the following authority:

(1)	 To pursue, scrutinise and assess the administration of the Fund;

(2)	 To submit to the Commission the outcomes of its work and the recommendations concerned;

(3)	 To direct any person to furnish it with certain documents or evidence concerning the Fund or to appear and state certain facts for the sake of an assessment.

The Fund Administration Committee shall, within one hundred and twenty days from the final date of each fiscal year, draw up the balance sheet and operation accounts and submit them to the State Audit Office for audit and approval.

The State Audit Office shall, within one hundred and fifty days from the final date of each fiscal year, draw up a report on audit and approval of the balance sheet and operation accounts of the Fund and submit it to the Commission for acknowledgement.

The Minister shall present the audit account under paragraph 2 to the Prime Minister who shall further forward it to the House of Representatives and the Senate for acknowledgement and publish it in the Government Gazette.

Any person who commits an offence of human trafficking shall be liable to imprisonment from four years to ten years and a fine from eighty thousand baht to two hundred thousand baht.

If the offence under paragraph 1 is committed on a person over fifteen years of age and under eighteen years of age, the offender shall be liable to imprisonment from six years to twelve years and a fine from one hundred thousand baht to two hundred and forty thousand baht.

If the offence under paragraph 1 is committed on a person under fifteen years of age, the offender shall be liable to imprisonment from eight years to fifteen years and a fine from one hundred and sixty thousand baht to three hundred thousand baht.

Any legal person who commits an offence of human trafficking shall be liable to a fine from two hundred thousand baht to one million baht.

In case of a legal person being an offender, if its criminal conduct is in consequence of an instruction or act of any person or the failure of a managing director or person responsible for the operation of the legal person to give a required instruction or to perform a required act, such person shall be liable to imprisonment from six years to twelve years and a fine from one hundred and twenty thousand baht to two hundred and forty thousand baht.

Any person who commits any of the following for the purpose of obstructing the smooth investigation, inquiry, institution or conduct of a human trafficking case shall be liable to imprisonment for not more than ten years, or a fine of not exceeding two hundred thousand baht or both:

(1)	 Offering, asking to offer or agreeing to offer any property or other benefit to a victim or witness, with a view to encouraging him to refrain from meeting with a competent officer, judicial police officer or public prosecutor or from attending court to state certain facts or give a testimony before it, encouraging him to give a false statement or testimony, or encouraging him to give no any statement or testimony, in respect of a prosecution against an offender under this Act;

(2)	 By force, threat, coercion, intimidation, deceit or other unlawful act, causing a victim or witness not to meet with a competent officer, judicial police officer or public prosecutor or not to attend court to state certain facts or give a testimony before it, causing him to give a false statement or testimony, or causing him to give no any statement or testimony, in respect of a prosecution against an offender under this Act;

(3)	 Damaging, destroying, causing to be lost or useless, taking away, modifying, altering, hiding or concealing any document or evidence, or forging any document or evidence, or drawing up or uttering any false document or evidence, in respect of a prosecution against an offender undet this Act;

(4)	 Offering, asking to offer or agreeing to offer any property or other benefit to a Commissioner, AHTL Commissioner, panel member, working committee member or competent officer under this Act, or a judicial officer, public prosecutor or judicial police officer, or soliciting, accepting or agreeing to accept any property or benefit, for the purpose of encouraging such officer to perform, refrain from or delay an act in breach of his duty set forth in this Act; or

(5)	 By force, threat, coercion, intimidation or other unlawful act, causing a Commissioner, AHTL Commissioner, panel member, working committee member or competent officer under this Act, or a judicial officer, public prosecutor or judicial police officer to perform, refrain from or delay an act in breach of his duty set forth in this Act.

Any person who commits any of the following shall be liable to imprisonment for not more than five years or a fine of not exceeding one hundred thousand baht, save where the revelation is made in the execution of a duty or law:

(1)	 Having learnt that an application is made for any document or information under section 30, revealing such application to a person without relevant duty, in such a manner likely to render void the applicant's opportunity to obtain the document or information in question; or

(2)	 Having learnt or obtained the contents of any document or information under section 30, revealing them to a person without relevant duty.

Any person who commits or causes to be committed any of the following shall be liable to imprisonment for not more than six months, or a fine of not exceeding sixty thousand baht or both:

(1)	 Recording, distributing or publishing picture, or recording or distributing voices or other media capable of identifying a victim of an offence of human trafficking, irrespective of to whatever extent the act has progressed;

(2)	 Publishing or making available any information derived from an investigation of a judicial police officer or trial of a court and capable of identifying the first name or family name of a victim of an offence of human trafficking or his family member, irrespective of through whatever medium the act has been done;

(3)	 Publishing or making available any information, picture or voice capable of revealing the background, place of residence, place of work or place of education of a victim of an offence of human trafficking, irrespective of through whatever media the act has been done.

The provisions of paragraph shall be inapplicable in cases the act is required for the sake of a government agency in providing protection or assistance to the victim or is permitted by the victim of his own volition.

The assistance money for prevention and resolution of human trafficking problems under the Rules of the Anti-Human Trafficking Commission on Operations and Disbursement of Money for Prevention and Resolution of Human Trafficking Problems, BE 2550 (2007), shall be transferred to the Fund under this Act as its initial capital.

 * Prime Minister.
 * Prime Minister.

The grounds for promulgation of this Act are as follows: The penal provisions of the Measures against Trafficking in Females and Children Act, BE 2540 (1997), failed to cover the act of unlawful exploitation of persons not limited to females and children and the acts done in the more complicated ways, for instance, the bringing of persons into the Kingdom for prostitution and out of the Kingdom for trade, forced labour, service or begging, forced removal of organs for commercial purposes or other forms of unlawful exploitation currently more capable of being conducted by the transnational criminal organs. Also, Thailand has now signed the Convention on Transnational Organised Crime, and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementary to such United Nations Convention. It is expedient to make the penal provisions covering the said acts, so that the anti-human trafficking activities would be more effective and in accordance with the Convention and Protocol, as well as to establish an anti-human trafficking fund and to improve the measures for providing assistance to and protecting welfare of the victims for their utmost benefits. It is therefore necessary to enact this Act.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jugoslavia

JUGOSLAVIA, or YUGOSLAVIA, a term signifying the Southern Slav State (jugo comes from jug or yug, meaning south). The word derives from the geographical situation of the country, and includes the three branches of a single people known under the names of Serbians, Croatians and Slovenians, The area of the new state is about 75,000 square miles (nearly as large as England and Scotland together, or about two-thirds of the size of Italy). Its boundaries are formed by the Adriatic Sea and Isonzo River on the west, and the Hungarian Republic on the north. On the east it is bounded by Rumania and Bulgaria, and on the south by Greece and Albania. The provinces included in Jugoslavia are Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia, Carniola, Bachka, Banat and parts of Istria, southern Styria and southern Carinthia. The population within the border limits given above is estimated at 14,000,000 inhabitants, of whom 90 per cent are Slavs and 10 per cent belong to other nationalities, scattered on the borders: Rumanians, Albanians and Bulgarians.

The first attempt at Jugoslav unity, which the European War has consummated, dates from the 9th century. Ljudevit Posavski roused the Slavic people, fought the Franks and assembled under his authority the Croatians of Pannonia, the Slovenes and the Serbians of the Danube region (819-22.) During a very short time all the Jugoslav countries situated between the Sava and the Timok recognized a common sovereign. But this ephemeral realm was soon destroyed by the Frank and Byzantine powers. However, even discounting enemies from without, its existence would not have lasted long. Difficulty of relationship and communication in the Middle Ages prevented different parts of the same kingdom from becoming acquainted and known to each other. The least natural obstacle was an insurmountable barrier separating members of a single race.

It was thus that the Jugoslav provinces continued like fiefs hidden away in their geographical limits, ignorant of one another. Everything held them apart; the numerous rivers and mountains of the rough, hilly country; the

ambition and independence of their grand feudal chiefs, for whom the natural isolation of their subjects was a necessity; rivalry between the two churches: the Catholicism of Rome and the Orthodoxy of Byzance, which split up and disputed over the Jugoslavs placed under their two-fold influence. But in spite of all these obstacles, a feeling for inter-communication was to be noted among the southern Slavs every time an idea of centralization agitated Europe. A Jugoslav prince arose who tried to realize the union of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Zvonimir, king of Croatia (1076-88), as also Dushan the Mighty (1331-55), emperor of Serbia, and Tvrtko (1351-91), king of Bosnia, who reunited for a little while the three crowns of Bosnia, Serbia and Croatia.

From the 16th to 18th century most Jugoslav provinces fell under the Turkish rule, and the only link which kept the southern Slavs together was their language and common literature, known under the name of the Ragusan literature. The feeling of national unity was reflected in the writings of Ivan Gundulić (1588-1638), George Križanić (1617-86), Jovan Raić (1726-1801), Urban Jarnik (1784-1844), Dositheus Obradović (1739-1811) and many others. Thanks to the efforts of all these writers and thinkers, the idea of southern Slav unity was already widely disseminated among the people. Religious intolerance had lost much of its force. Liberal and democratic ideas prevailed for the moment, and the principle of nationality was proclaimed. Not long afterward the introduction of railroads facilitated communication between the different provinces, heretofore divided by impassable mountains. From this time onward the idea of Jugoslav unity showed itself not only in the works and thoughts of individual men of letters but in the great achievements of militant nationalism as well. Serbia emancipated herself politically (1804) and with Montenegro became the centre toward which the eyes of all the southern Slavs involuntarily turned. Side by side with great political events arose an intellectual movement of equal importance and likewise tending strongly toward emancipation and national unity. The celebrated scholar, Vuk Karadžić (1787-1864), completely reformed the Serbian literary language by his introduction of the vernacular into literature as the only fit and worthy vehicle of the written thoughts of the nation. His reform found an echo in Croatia where Ljudevit Gaj (1809-72) and his fellow-workers adopted the same tongue. Among the Slovene writers, Stranko Vraz (1810-51) and other contemporary authors endeavored to adopt the Serbo-Croat tongue as their literary language. Thus the three separate literatures, known before as the Serbian, the Croatian and the Slovenian, were unified and have since then formed one southern Slav literature. The mental and spiritual union between the different branches of the nation assumed a definite form and at the end of the 19th century attained its full development.

At the beginning of the 20th century the Jugoslav movement was more intensively felt throughout all the provinces. In Serbia the Austrophile parties with the dynasty of Obrenović were overturned in 1903. In Croatia the movement was marked by the fall of the reactionary Ban Khuen-Hedervary, who for 20

years had tyrannized over this sorely-tried country. Bosnia-Herzegovina was freed from the absolutism of its administrator, Benjamin Kalay, by his death. In 1905 Dalmatia rid herself of the obnoxious rule of the governor, Baron Handel; and in Montenegro a constitution was introduced. Soon after these events economic relations with Vienna and Budapest were discontinued. Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina (1908), which action stirred up all the Jugoslav people. The approach of the storm was felt more and more. The Serbian national organizations openly demanded the evacuation of the annexed country by the Habsburgs. To justify its régime, Austria established a reign of prosecutions and false trials. She proposed to unite all the Jugoslav provinces, including Serbia and Montenegro, under the Habsburg sceptre. The southern Slavs became wrought up by such actions and avowed vengeance among themselves. In 1912 the Balkan Confederation was formed against both Austria and Turkey, and Turkish rule subsided with the ending of the Balkan wars. Whereupon Austria-Hungary wanted to fill the vacancy and to bridge over Austro-German rule into Asia Minor. To accomplish this purpose the government of Vienna induced the Bulgarians to break the Balkan League and to separate from the Slavic nations, which they accordingly did.

After the Sarajevo tragedy in 1914, the war between Austria and Serbia began. In the beginning of the war Serbia twice defeated the Austrian army, but in 1915, attacked by Bulgaria in the rear, and by the Austro-German forces to the north, she succumbed. The country was occupied by the enemy for three years. In 1918 Bulgaria was the first of the Central Powers to surrender to the Entente Powers. Whereupon the Austrian army was forced to evacuate not only Serbia and Montenegro but all the other Jugoslav provinces. National councils of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes elected a central executive committee to establish a sovereign Jugoslav state. This convention was held in Geneva during November 1918, bringing a resolution to set up a national government representing all the Jugoslav provrnces and preparing ground for the election of a constituent assembly. In Montenegro a National Assembly met in the city of Podgorica, dethroned its king, Nicholas, and decided to join the Jugoslav union. The Allied Powers, Great Britain, France and the United States, first encouraged the unification of Jugoslavia, and later on gave a more definite form to their recognition. On 7 Feb. 1919 the United States government, through its Secretary of State, issued a formal statement of the following content: “On 29 May 1918, the Government of the United States expressed its sympathy for the nationalistic aspirations of the Jugoslav races, and on 28 June declared that all branches of the Slav race should be completely freed from German and Austrian rule. After having achieved their freedom from foreign oppression, the Jugoslavs, formerly under Austro-Hungarian rule, on various occasions expressed the desire to unite with the kingdom of Serbia. The Serbian government, on its part, has publicly and officially accepted the union of the Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian peoples. The Government of the United States,

therefore, welcomes the union, while recognizing that the final settlement of territorial frontiers must he left to the Peace Conference for adjudication according to the desires of the peoples concerned.’

Bibliography. — Cvijić, ‘Unité Ethnique et National des Yougoslaves’ (Scientia, Vol. XXIII, pp. 455-463, Bologna 1918); Forbes, ‘The Southern Slavs’ (Oxford University, pp. 1-32, 19l5); Gauvain, ‘La Question Yougoslav’ (Revue de Paris, t. 2, pp. 411-448, 1918); Harris, 'Southern Slav Question' (Amer. Polit. Science Review, Vol. IX, pp. 227-251, 1915); Hinković, ‘Les Yougoslaves, leur passé, leur avenir’ (Revue Anthropologique, Vol. XXVI, pp. 205-230, Paris 1916); Holdich, ‘A Jugo-Slav Federation’ (Fortnightly Review, Vol. CII, pp. 185-195, 1918); Krek, ‘Les Slovènes’ (Paris 1917); Lanux, ‘La Yougoslavie’ (Paris 1916); Maritch, ‘Ce que sont les Yougoslaves’ (La Revue, Vol. CXXIV, pp. 109-124, 1918), Marjanović, ‘Jugoslavija’ (New York 1916); Niederle, ‘La Race Slave’ (Paris 1911); Primorac, ‘La Question Yougo-Slave’ (Paris 1918); Radonich, ‘Srbi u Ugarskoj’ (‘The Serbians in Hungary,’ Nish 1915); Seton-Watson, ‘German, Slav, and Magyar’ (London 1916); ib., ‘The Southern Slav Question and the Habsburg Monarchy’ (London 1911); Stanoyevich, ‘Jugoslavia, a New European State’ (Century, March 1918); ib., ‘The Ethnography of the Jugoslavs’ (Geographical Review, February 1919); Stoyanovich, ‘La Bosnie-Herzegovine’ (Genève 1917); Sišić, ‘Povjest Hrvatskog Naroda’ (‘The History of the Croatian People,’ Zagreb 1916); Taylor, ‘The Future of the Southern Slavs’ (London 1917); Vercesi, ‘L'Italie et la Yugoslavie au Congress de Rome’ (Revue Politique et Parlementaire, t. 95, pp. 25-32, 1918); Voinovitch, ‘La Dalmatie, l'Italie, et l'Unité Yougoslave’ (Genève 1917); Vosnjak, ‘Jugoslav Nationalism’ (London 1916); Zuiovich, ‘Les Serbes’ (Paris 1917).


text: Translation talk:Anti-Human Trafficking Act, BE 2551 (2008)


text:
Author:John Joseph Wynne

Contributions to the Catholic Encyclopedia

He was also one of the editors of the 17th volume of the Catholic Encyclopedia (1922).

title: Author:John Joseph Wynne


text: The Beds of Navigable Waters Act

title: The Beds of Navigable Waters Act


text:
Author:Milivoy Stoyan Stanoyevich

Works

 * Serbians and Their National Poetry (1915)
 * Russian Foreign Policy in the East (1916)
 * Tolstoy's Interpretation of Money and Property (1916)
 * The Jugoslavs in the United States of America (1921)
 * Early Jugoslav literature (1000-1800) (1922)
 * Early Jugoslav literature (1000-1800) (1922)

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, the big, shaggy dog, ran up and down the shore of the lake, poking his nose in among the bushes here and there, barking loudly all the while.

"What's the matter with Splash?" asked Sue of her brother. "Is there a wild animal here, Bunny?"

"No, I don't guess so," the little boy answered. "Splash is wagging his tail, and he wouldn't do that if there were wild animals around. He doesn't like a wild animal. I guess Splash is just glad 'cause he is out of a boat. Splash doesn't like a boat."

"I do," said Sue. "But we didn't ought to have come away in the boat all alone. Bunny. Mother told us not to, you know."

"I know she did. Sue, but we couldn't help it. We were just going to look for Bunker


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Rh *Finno-Ugric Mythology (The Mythology of all Races IV). Boston, 1927. Gudstrons uppkomst. Uppsala, 1917.
 * Siberian Mythology (The Mythology of all Races IV). Boston 1927.

*Holmström, Helge. Studier över svanjungfrumotivet. Malmö, 1919.

*Howey, M. O. The Horse in Magic and Myth. London, 1923.

Hrßolfs Saga Kraka (ed. Finnur Jonsson). København, 1904.

*Hromundarsaga Greipssonar (FAS II 363 ff.).

*Huber, P. Michael. Die Wanderlegende von den Siebenschläfern. Leipzig, 1910.

*Huet, G. Les contes populaires. Paris, 1923.

*Hultkrantz, Åke. Conceptions of the Soul Among North American Indians. Stockholm, 1953.

Irwin, Cecilia Pauze. Summaries of the Stories of Béroalde de Verville's La Moyen de Parvenir. Unpublished M. A. thesis, University of South Carolina, 1953.

Ittman, J. *Einiges aus Bankon-Literatur (ZsES XVII).
 * Nyang-Märchen (ZsES XVII).

Jacobs, Joseph. Book of Wonder Voyages. London, 1896. Celtic Fairy Tales. London, 1892. More Celtic Fairy Tales. London, 1894. English Fairy Tales. London, 1890. More English Fairy Tales. London, 1895.
 * The Fables of Aesop. New York, 1894.

*Jacobs' list = Jacobs, Joseph. "List of Folk-Tale Incidents common to European Folk-Tales" in Papers and Transactions of the International Folk-lore Congress, 1891. London, 1892.

*Jacottet, E. The Treasury of Basuto Lore. London, 1908.

*JAFL = Journal of American Folk-Lore. Boston, etc., 1888 ff.

JAI = Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. London, 1871 ff.

JAOS = Journal of the American Oriental Society. Boston, etc., 1849 ff.

☉Jansen, William Hugh. Abraham "Oregon" Smith: pioneer, folk hero, and tale-teller. (Indiana University Ph. D. thesis.) Typewritten MS. Indiana University Library. Bloomington (Ind.), 1949.

JAS = Journal of the African Society. 34 vols. London, 1862—1900.

Jātaka. See Cowell.

JE = Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition. New York, etc., 1898 ff.

*Jegerlehner, Johannes. Sagen und Märchen aus dem Oberwallis. Basel, 1909.

Jenness, Diamond. Notes and Traditions from Northern Alaska (Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, Southern Party, 1913—16, XIII). Ottawa, 1924.

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48 Jensen, P. Das Gilgamesch-Epos in der Weltliteratur. Strassburg, 1906.

*Jijena Sanchez, Rafael. El Perro Negro. Buenos Aires, 1952.

Johnson, Sir Harry. George Grenfell and the Congo, Vol. II. London, 1908.

*Jones, Louis C. Spooks of the Valley: ghost stories for boys and girls. Boston, 1948.

JPASB = Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

JSFO = Journal de la Société Finno-ougrienne. Helsingfors, 1886 ff.

*Junod, H. A. The Life of a South African Tribe, Vol. II. Neuchatel, 1913.

*Kalevala, the land of heroes (W. F. Kirby, tr.). London, 1907.

Kålund, K. Kirialax Saga. København, 1917.

Keightley, Thomas. Fairy Mythology. London, 1847.

Keith, A. B. Indian Mythology (The Mythology of all Races VI). Boston, 1917.

☉Keller, John Esten. Motif-Index of Mediaeval Spanish Exempla. Knoxville (Tenn.), 1949.

Kennedy, P. Legendary Fictions of the Irish Celts. London, 1866.

*Ker, Anna. Papuan Fairy Tales. London, 1910.

Ketilssaga Haengs (FAS II 109 ff.).

*Kidd, D. Savage Childhood: a Study of Kaffir Children. London, 1906.

*Kittredge, G. L. Arthur and Gorlagon (Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature VIII). Boston, 1903.
 * A Study of Gawain and the Green Knight. Cambridge (Mass.), 1916.
 * Witchcraft in Old and New England. Cambridge (Mass.), 1929.

Klapper, Joseph. Erzählungen des Mittelalters. Breslau, 1914.

*Knowles, J. H. Folk-Tales of Kashmir. London, 1893.

*Köhler, Reinhold. Aufsätze über Märchen und Volkslieder (ed. J. Bolte and E. Schmidt). Berlin, 1894.

*Köhler-Bolte = Köhler, R. Kleinere Schriften (ed. J. Bolte). 3 vols. Weimar, 1898—1900.

Kölbing, E. Riddarsögur. København, 1872.

Krappe, A. H. Les Sources du Libro de Exemplos, Bulletin Hispanique, XXXIX, pp. 5—54. The Science of Folk-Lore. London, 1930.
 * Balor with the Evil Eye: Studies in Celtic and French Literature. New York, 1927.
 * Études de mythologie et de folklore germaniques. Paris, 1928.

*Kristensen, Evald Tang. Danske Sagn. 2d ed. 6 vols. København, 1928—36.

Krohn, Kaarle. *Bär (wolf) und Fuchs (JSFO VI). Helsingfors, 1886. Der gefangene Unhold (Finnische-Ugrische Forschungen VII 129—84). Helsingfors, 1908.
 * Mann und Fuchs. Helsingfors. 1891.

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Rh Krug, Adolph N. Bulu Tales from Kamerun, West Africa (JAFL XXV).

Kruyt, A. C. Het Animisme in den Indischen Archipel. 'sGravenhage, 1906.

*Lagerholm, Å. Drei Lygisogur (ASB XVII). København, 1927.

*Laistner, Ludwig. Das Rätsel der Sphinx. 2 vols. Berlin, 1889.

Landau, M. Die Quellen des Dekameron. 2d ed. Stuttgart, 1884.

*Landtman, G. The Folk-Tales of the Kiwai Papuans (Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae XLVII). Helsingfors, 1917.

Lang, Andrew. The Delectable Tale of the Marriage of Cupid and Psyche, done into English by William Adlington. London, 1886. Myth, Ritual and Religion. 2 vols. London, 1887.

*Langdon, S. H. Semitic Mythology (The Mythology of all Races V). Boston, 1931.

Largeau, V. Elements de Grammaire et Dictionnaire Français-Pahouin. Paris, 1901.

Laserstein, Käte. Der Griseldisstoff in der Weltliteratur (Forschungen zur neueren Literaturgeschichte LVIII). Weimar, 1926.

Latchman, Ricardo E. Las creencias religiosas de los antiguos peruanos. Santiago de Chile, 1929.

Lawrence, R. M. The Magic of the Horseshoe. London and Boston, 1898.

Le Braz, A. La Légende de la Mort chez les Bretons armoricains. 2 vols. Paris, 1902.

Lederbogen, Wilhelm. *Kameruner Märchen. Berlin, 1901. Duala Fables. JAS IV (1904—05).
 * Duala Marchen (Mittheilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen, VI, Dritte Abteilung). Berlin, 1903.

*Lee, A. C. The Decameron, its Sources and Analogues. London, 1909.

*Leland, Charles Godfrey. The Algonquin Legends of New England. Boston, 1884.

Leskien = Leskien, A. and Brugmann, K. Litauische Volkslieder und Märchen. Strassburg, 1882.

*Leyden, F. von der. Das Märchen, 3d ed. Leipzig, 1925. Der gefesselte Unhold (Prager deutsche Studien, Heft 8, Sonderabzug, 1—29). Prag, 1908.
 * Das Märchen in den Göttersagen der Edda. Berlin, 1899.

*Liebrecht, Felix. Zur Volkskunde. Heilbronn, 1879.

*Liljeblad, Sven. Die Tobiasgeschichte und andere Märchen mit toten Helfern. Lund, 1927.

*Liungman, W. En traditionsstudie över sagan om Prinsessan i Jordkulan. Göteborg, 1925. Sveriges Samtliga Folksagor. 3 vols. Djursholm (Sweden), 1950—52.
 * Två Folkminnesundersökningar. Göteborg, 1925.

Lloyd, John W. Aw-aw-tam Indian Nights. Westerfield, N. J., 1911.

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50 Loomis, C. Grant. White Magic: an Introduction to the Folklore of Christian Legend. Cambridge (Mass.), 1948.

Loomis, R. S. Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance. New York, 1927.

Loorits, Oskar. Grundzüge des estnischen Volksglaubens, Vol. I. Lund, 1949.

Lorentzen, Th. Die Sage vom Rodensteiner. Heidelberg, 1903.

*Löwis, A. von, of Menar. Die Brünhildsage in Russland (Palaestra No. 142). Leipzig, 1923.

*Luomala, Katherine. Maui-of-a-Thousand-Tricks. BMB CXCVIII. Honolulu, 1949.

Luzel, F. M. Contes populaires de Basse-Bretagne. 3 vols. Paris, 1887.

MacCulloch, J. A. *Celtic Mythology (The Mythology of all Races III). Boston, 1918.
 * The Childhood of Fiction. London, 1905.
 * Eddic Mythology (The Mythology of all Races II). Boston, 1930.

MacDougall, James, and Calder, George. Folk Tales and Fairy Lore in Gaelic and English. Edinburgh, 1910.

*Máchal, J. Slavic Mythology (The Mythology of all Races III). Boston, 1918.

MacKay, D. E. The Double Invitation in the Legend of Don Juan. Stanford University, 1943.

☉McKay, J. G. More West Highland Tales. Edinburgh and London, 1940.

MAFLS = Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society.

*Malalasekera, George Peiris. Dictionary of Pali Proper Names. 2 vols. London, 1937.

*Malory, Sir Thomas. Morte D'Arthur (many editions).

Mannhart, W. Wald und Feldkulte. 2 vols. 2d ed. Berlin, 1904—05.

*Mansfeld, Alfred. Urwald-Dokumente: Vier Jahre unter den Crossflussnegern Kameruns. Berlin, 1908.

Marie-Ursule, Sœur. Civilisation traditionelle des Lavalois. (Les Archives de Folklore V—VI). Quebec, 1951.

*Marguerite de Navarre. Heptameron. 3 vols. (ed. Díllage, Paris, 1879). (Analysis by Sarah C. Pinkney, University of South Carolina).

Meinhof, Carl. Afrikanische Märchen. Jena, 1921.

*Meinhof, Elli. Märchen aus Kamerun. Strassburg, 1889.

*Mélusine. 10 vols. Paris, 1878—1901.

Mensa Philosophica = T. F. Dunn. The Facetiae of the Mensa Philosophica (Washington University Studies, new series, Lang. and Lit. No. 5). St. Louis, 1934.

Métraux, Alfred. Ethnology of Easter Island. BMB CLX. Honolulu, 1940.
 * Mitos y Cuentos de los Indios Chiriguano. RMLP XXXIII (1932), pp. 119—84.
 * Myths of the Toba and Pilaga Indians of the Gran Chaco (MAFLS XL, 1946).

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jagić, Vatroslav

JAGIĆ, ya'gich, Vatroslav, Slavic philologist: b. Warasdin, 1838. He received his education at the University of Vienna; taught for some time at Agram and in 1870 was appointed professor of comparative philology at Odessa. Four years later he became professor of Slavic philology at Berlin and in 1875 founded there the Archiv für Slavische Philologie. He removed to Saint Petersburg in 1880, succeeding Sresnevski at the university there and in 1886 to Vienna as professor of Slavonic philology. He retired in 1908. He is a member of the Serbian and Cracow academies and of the Academy of Saint Petersburg. He published a very great number of works on the history, language and literature of the Slavs and edited the ‘Slavic Philological Encyclopedia’ (Saint Petersburg 1909 et seq.).


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 in the other quadrants the youngest septa lie nearest to the alar septa. This arrangement, however, is by no means characteristic even of the Zaphrentidae, and in the family Cyathophyllidae most of the genera exhibit a radial symmetry in which no trace of the bilateral arrangement described above is recognizable, and indeed in the genus Cyathophyllum itself a radial arrangement is the rule. The connexion between the Cyathophyllidae and modern Astraeidae is shown by Moseleya latistellata, a living reef-building coral from Torres Strait. The general structure of this coral leaves no doubt that it is closely allied to the Astraeidae, but in the young calicles a tetrameral symmetry is indicated by the presence of four large septa placed at right angles to one another. Again, in the family Amphiastraeidae there is commonly a single septum much larger than the rest, and it has been shown that in the young calicles, e.g. of Thecidiosmilia, two septa, corresponding to the main- and counter-septa of Streptelasma, are first formed, then two alar septa, and afterwards the remaining septa, the latter taking on a generally radial arrangement, though the original bilaterality is marked by the preponderance of the main septum. As the microscopic character of the corallum of these extinct forms agrees with that of recent corals, it may be assumed that the anatomy of the soft parts also was similar, and the tetrameral arrangement, when present, may obviously be referred to a stage when only the first two pairs of Edwardsian mesenteries were present and septa were formed in the intervals between them. Space forbids a discussion of the proposals to classify corals after the minute structure of their coralla, but it will suffice to say that it has been shown that the septa of all corals are built up of a number of curved bars called trabeculae, each of which is composed of a number of nodes. In many secondary corals (Cyclolites, Thamnastraea) the trabeculae are so far separate that the individual bars are easily recognizable, and each looks something like a bamboo owing to the thickening of the two ends of each node. The trabeculae are united together by these thickened internodes, and the result is a fenestrated septum, which in older septa may become solid and aporose by continual deposit of calcite in the fenestrae. Each node of a trabecula may be simple, i.e. have only one centre of calcification, or may be compound. The septa of modern perforate corals are shown to have a structure nearly identical with that of the secondary forms, but the trabeculae and their nodes are only apparent on microscopical examination. The aporose corals, too, have a practically identical structure, their compactness being due to the union of the trabeculae throughout their entire lengths instead of at intervals, as in the Perforata. Further, the trabeculae may be evenly spaced throughout the septum, or may be grouped together, and this feature is probably of value in estimating the affinities of corals. (For an account of coral formations see .)

In the present state of our knowledge the Zoantharia in which a primary cycle of six couples of mesenteries is (or may be inferred to be) completed by the addition of two pairs to the eight Edwardsian mesenteries, and succeeding cycles are formed in the exocoeles of the pre-existing mesenterial cycles, may be classed in an order, and this may be divided into the suborders Malacactiniae, comprising the soft-bodied Actinians, such as Actinia, Sagartia, Bunodes, &c., and the Scleractiniae, comprising the corals. The Scleractiniae may best be divided into groups of families which appear to be most closely related to one another, but it should not be forgotten that there is great reason to believe that many if not most of the extinct corals must have differed from modern Actiniidea in mesenterial characters, and may have only possessed Edwardsian mesenteries, or even have possessed only four mesenteries, in this respect showing close affinities to the Stauromedusae. Moreover, there are some modern corals in which the secondary cycle of mesenteries departs from the Actinian plan. For example, J. E. Duerden has shown that in Porites the ordinary zooids possess only six couples of mesenteries arranged on the Actinian plan. But some zooids grow to a larger size and develop a number of additional mesenteries, which arise either in the sulcar or the sulcular entocoele, much in the same manner as in Cerianthus. Bearing this in mind, the following arrangement may be taken to represent the most recent knowledge of coral structure:—

Group A.

Family 1. .—Solitary Palaeozoic corals with an epithecal wall. Septa numerous, arranged pinnately with regard to four principal septa. Tabulae present. One or more pits or fossulae present in the calicle. Typical genera—Zaphrentis, Raf. Amplexus, M. Edw. and H. Streptelasma, Hall. Omphyma, Raf.

Family 2. .—Solitary, rarely colonial corals, with radially arranged septa and without tabulae. Typical genera— Flabellum, Lesson. Turbinolia, M. Edw. and H. Caryophyllia, Lamarck. Sphenotrochus, Moseley, &c.

Family 3. .—Mainly colonial, rarely solitary corals, with radial septa, but bilateral arrangement indicated by persistence of a main septum. Typical genera—Amphiastraea, Étallon. Thecidiosmilia.

Family 4. .—Colonial corals allied to the Amphiastraeidae, but with radially symmetrical septa arranged in cycles. Typical genera—Stylina, Lamarck (Jurassic). Convexastraea, D’Orb. (Jurassic). Isastraea, M. Edw. and H. (Jurassic). Ogilvie refers the modern genus Galaxea to this family.

Group B.

Family 5. .—Branching or massive aporose corals, the calices projecting above the level of a compact coenenchyme formed from the coenosarc which covers the exterior of the corallum. Typical genera—Lophohelia, M. Edw. and H. Oculina, M. Edw. and H.

Family 6. .—Colonial branching aporose corals, with small calices sunk in the coenenchyme. Tabulae present, and two larger septa, an axial and abaxial, are always present, with traces of ten smaller septa. Typical genera—Pocillopora, Lamarck. Seriatopora, Lamarck.

Family 7. .—Colonial branching or palmate perforate corals, with abundant trabecular coenenchyme. Theca porous; septa compact and reduced in number. Typical genera—Madrepora, Linn. Turbinaria, Oken. Montipora, Quoy and G.

Family 8. .—Incrusting or massive colonial perforate corals; calices usually in contact by their edges, sometimes disjunct and immersed in coenenchyme. Theca and septa perforate. Typical genera—Porites, M. Edw. and H. Goniopora, Quoy and G. Rhodaraea, M. Edw. and H.

Group C.

Family 9. .—Solitary and colonial aporose corals. Tabulae and vesicular endotheca present. Septa numerous, generally radial, seldom pinnate. Typical genera—Cyathophyllum, Goldfuss (Devonian and Carboniferous). Moseleya, Quelch (recent).

Family 10. .—Aporose, mainly colonial corals, massive, branching, or maeandroid. Septa radial; dissepiments present; an epitheca surrounds the base of massive or maeandroid forms, but only surrounds individual corallites in simple or branching forms. Typical genera—Goniastraea, M. Edw. and H. Heliastraea, M. Edw. and H. Maeandrina, Lam. Coeloria, M. Edw. and H. Favia, Oken.

Family 11. .—Solitary and colonial corals, with numerous radial septa united by synapticulae. Typical genera—Lophoseris, M. Edw. and H. Thamnastraea, Le Sauvage. Leptophyllia, Reuss (Jurassic and Cretaceous). Fungia, Dana. Siderastraea, Blainv.

Group D.

Family 12. .—Solitary or colonial perforate corals, branching, massive, or encrusting. Septa radial; the primary septa usually compact, the remainder perforate. Theca perforate. Synapticula present in some genera. Typical genera—Stephanophyllia, Michelin. Eupsammia, M. Edw. and H. Astroides, Blainv. Rhodopsammia, M. Edw. and H. Dendrophyllia, M. Edw. and H.

Group E.

Family 13. .—Solitary corals with rudimentary septa, and the calicle filled with vesicular endotheca. Genera—

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Rh Myths and Tales of the Matako Indians. Göteborg, 1939.

Meyer, Elard H. Germanische Mythologie. Berlin, 1891. Mythologie der Germanen. Strassburg, 1903.

*Meyer, Johann J. Hindu Tales. London, 1909.

*Meyer, Kuno. The Voyage of Bran, son of Febal to the Land of the Living (with an essay upon the Irish Vision of the Happy Otherworld and the Celtic doctrine of Rebirth by Alfred Nutt). 2 vols. London, 1895, 1897.

Meyer, Richard M. Altgermanische Religiongeschichte. Leipzig, 1910.

Milligan, Robert H. *The Fetish Folk of West Africa. Chicago, 1912.
 * The Jungle Folk of Africa. New York, 1908.

*Mischlich, A. Neue Märchen aus Afrika. Leipzig, 1929.

*Mitford, A. B. F. Tales of Old Japan. 3d edition. London, 1876.

*MLN = Modern Language Notes. Baltimore, 1886 ff.

Moe, Moltke. Samlede Skrifter. 4 vols. Oslo, 1925 ff.

Mogk Festschrift = Festschrift Eugen Mogk zum 70. Geburtstag. Halle, 1924.

Monteil, C. Contes Soudanais. Paris, 1905.

Moreno Enriquez, Maria de los Angeles. Motivos de narracion tradicionales en los libros de Esdras. (Anuario de la Sociedad Folklorica de Mexico VI 7—45.) Mexico, 1947.

MSFO = Mémoires de la Société Finno-ougrienne, Helsingfors.

*MPh = Modern Philology. Chicago, 1903 ff.

Much, R. Der germanische Himmelsgott (Abhandlungen zur germanischen Philologie: Festgabe fur Richard Heinzel, pp. 189 ff.) Halle, 1898.

MWF = Midwest Folklore. Bloomington 1951 ff.

Müller, P. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tem-Sprache (Nord-Togo). (Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin, VIII.)

*Müller, W. Max. Egyptian Mythology (The Mythology of all Races XII). Boston, 1918.

*Nassau, R. H. Where Animals Talk: West African Folklore Tales. London, 1914.

Naumann, Hans. Primitive Gemeinschaftskultur. Jena, 1921.

Neilson, William A. The Origins and Sources of the Court of Love. Cambridge (Mass.), 1899.

*Nekes, Hermann. Lehrbuch der Jaunde-Sprache. Berlin, 1911.

☉Neuman, Dov. Motif-index to the Talmudic-Midrashic Literature. (Indiana University Ph. D. thesis). Microfilm Service, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1954.

*Norlind, Tobias. Skattsägner, en studie i jämförande folkminnesforskning. Lund, 1918.

Nornagests þáttr: in Bugge, S. Norroene Skrifter af sagnhistorisk Indhold, pp. 47 ff. Christiania, 1864.

Nouvelles récréations et joyeaux devis (in Oeuvres françoises de Bonaventure des Périers). Vol. II. Paris, 1856.

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jagow, Gottlieb von

JAGOW, Gottlieb von, German Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs: b. 26 June 1863. Educated at the University of Bonn, he entered the diplomatic service in 1895. He first made his mark as private secretary to Prince Bülow, former Imperial Chancellor. He became Minister to Rome in 1907 and Ambassador in 1908: During the Turco-Italian war he conducted important negotiations with the Italian

and, it is said, prevented a war between Austria and Italy at the time. He was recalled to Berlin and appointed foreign secretary on the death of Kiderlen-Waechter (q.v.) in 1913. A quiet, retiring and scholarly man, he was one of the worst speakers in the Reichstag. Both the former American and British ambassadors to Germany expressed their appreciation of his unfailing courtesy. According to Mr. Gerard (‘My Four Years in Germany’) von Jagow was forced out of office in November 1916 by an agitation against him on account of his lack of force in defending government policy in the Reichstag. On 4 Aug. 1914 the British Ambassador in Berlin was informed by von Jagow that Germany could not respect the neutrality of Belgium, which led to the entrance of Great Britain into the war on the same day. During his first year as American Ambassador in Berlin. Mr. Gerard endeavored to persuade the German authorities to conclude a “Bryan Peace Treaty” with the United States, to which von Jagow replied that, if Germany did so, he feared she would be “immediately asked to sign similar treaties with England, France and Russia.”