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 was exuberant and endowed with a perfectly exceptional faculty of playing upon words. As a poet he is no unworthy disciple of Lamb and Hunt; as a humorist he resembles Barham, with less affluence of grotesque invention, but with a pathos to which Barham was a stranger. In his two most famous poems, the ‘Song of the Shirt’ and the ‘Bridge of Sighs,’ this pathos is almost detached from the humorous element in which it is commonly imbedded, and the result is two of the rarest achievements of contemporary verse—pieces equally attractive to the highest and the humblest, genuine Volkslieder of the nineteenth century. He is, however, most truly himself when the serious and the comic are inextricably combined, as in those masterpieces ‘Miss Kilmansegg’ and the ‘Epistle to Rae Wilson.’ Here he stands alone, even though the association of poetry and humour is the general note of his literary work. As a man he was highly estimable; and the tragic necessity laid upon him of jesting for a livelihood while in the very grasp of death imparts a painful interest to his biography.

HOOD, THOMAS, the younger (1835–1874), known as, humorist, only surviving son of [q. v.], poet and humorist, was born at Lake House, Wanstead, Essex, 19 Jan. 1835. From March 1835 till 1838 he was with his parents abroad. After attending a private school at St. John's Wood, he went to University College School in 1845, and then to the grammar school at Louth, Lincolnshire. On 10 Jan. 1853 he matriculated from Pembroke College, Oxford, with a view to reading for the church; he passed his examinations, but did not take a degree. He early commenced writing. His first poem, ‘Farewell to the Swallows,’ appeared in ‘Sharpe's Magazine,’ 1853, ii. 44. While residing at Shutta, near Looe in Cornwall, in 1857, his first book, ‘Pen and Pencil Pictures,’ passed through the press, and soon reached a second edition. He obtained employment on the ‘Liskeard Gazette’ in 1856, and was editor during 1858–9. He lived in Cornwall till 1860. While there he was a frequent guest of Sir William and Lady Molesworth at Pencarrow. Chiefly through Lady Molesworth's interest he was admitted into the war office as a temporary clerk in the accountant-general's department on 11 July 1860. There he became a great favourite, and was noted for his skill as a caricaturist. He left the war office in May 1865 to become editor of ‘Fun,’ the comic newspaper which had been founded in 1861. Hood not only wrote much for his paper, but drew and engraved many of its illustrations. His jokes were somewhat mechanical, but his verses were always lively, and were produced with little effort. His ‘Rules of Rhyme, a Guide to English Versification,’ printed in 1869, was twice reissued (1877 and 1889). For the ‘Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine’ he wrote his best novel, ‘Captain Masters's Children,’ a work issued in three volumes in 1865. ‘Tom Hood's Comic Annual’ was first issued by him in 1867, and has been continued annually since. With his sister, [q. v.], he illustrated and wrote many children's books, and throughout his life he practised painting, drawing, modelling, and carving. He died at Gloucestershire Cottage, Peckham Rye, Surrey, 20 Nov. 1874.

Hood's novels, besides that already noticed, include: His ‘Favourite Poems’ appeared at Boston, Massachusetts, 1877, with a memoir by his sister. Hood edited many miscellaneous collections in prose and verse.
 * 1) ‘Vere Vereker's Vengeance,’ 1865.
 * 2) ‘A Golden Heart,’ a novel, 1867, 3 vols.; 1868.
 * 3) ‘The Lost Link,’ 1868, 3 vols.
 * 4) ‘Money's Worth,’ 1870, 3 vols.
 * 5) ‘Love and Valour,’ 1871, 3 vols.

HOOK, JAMES (1746–1827), organist and composer, born at Norwich in 1746, was the only son of John Hook, minister of the Norwich Tabernacle. He showed a talent for composition before he was seven years old, and was placed under Garland, the cathedral organist, for musical instruction. Migrating to London, he published a ‘Collection of new English Songs sung at the new Richmond Theatre’ (about 1765); was for a long time organist of St. John's, Horselydown; was organist and composer at Marylebone Gardens from 1769 to 1773; and at Vauxhall Gardens from 1774 to 1820. He gave music lessons, and excelled as an organist, performing an organ concerto every night at Vauxhall. He died at Boulogne in 1827. Hook's first wife was Miss Madden (d. 1795). Their two sons were [q. v.], afterwards


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 dean of Worcester, and [q. v.], the humorist. Hook, the composer, was himself a wit. His second wife died 5 April 1873.

Hook composed over two thousand songs, and wrote music for the organ, pianoforte, and other instruments, an oratorio, catches and glees, dramatic pieces, and an instruction book, ‘Guida di Musica.’ His knowledge of the works of other musicians was great, and he was charged by his contemporaries with unscrupulously adapting their musical ideas to his own purposes. Hook probably appropriated much that would have otherwise been sooner forgotten or never even known. His choice of materials and his perception of the public mood rendered him very popular. The originality of his most famous songs does not appear to have been questioned. His ‘Scotch’ ballad ‘Within a mile’ was sung by Incledon in the ‘Gentle Shepherd’ in 1795, and with the ‘greatest applause by Mrs. Mountain in Harlequin Faustus,’ probably in the same year. ‘The Lass of Richmond Hill,’ as happily ‘English’ as the former was ‘Scotch,’ was composed about 1787, and sung by Incledon probably in the following year. (See Notes and Queries, 5th ser. ix. 495, and x. 169.)

Among Hook's dramatic and concerted vocal pieces, some of them with words by Theodore Hook, are: ‘Ode on the Opening of the new Exhibition Room’ (on the site of which the Lyceum now stands), 1765; ‘Dido,’ 1771; ‘The Divorce,’ 1771 (produced in 1781 at Drury Lane), ‘Trick upon Trick,’ ‘Il Dilettante,’ ‘Cupid's Revenge,’ ‘Country Courtship’ (Sadler's Wells), and ‘One Morning Dame Turner’ (prize catch), all in 1772; ‘Apollo and Daphne,’ 1773; ‘The Ascension’ (oratorio), and ‘The Fair Peruvian,’ 1776; ‘The Lady of the Manor,’ 1778; ‘Come, kiss me, dear Dolly’ (prize catch), 1780; ‘Ode on the Return of Peace,’ and ‘Too civil by half,’ 1783; ‘The Double Disguise’ (written by Miss Madden), 1784; ‘Jack of Newbury,’ 1795; ‘Diamond cut Diamond,’ 1797; ‘Wilmore Castle,’ 1800; ‘The Soldier's Return,’ 1805; ‘Tekeli,’ and ‘Catch him who can,’ 1806; ‘Music Mad,’ and ‘The Fortress,’ 1807; ‘The Siege of St. Quintin’ (at Drury Lane), 1808; ‘Killing no Murder,’ and ‘Safe and Sound,’ 1809. Many of Hook's songs appear in ‘Collections of Songs sung at Vauxhall,’ ‘The Anchoret,’ ‘Hours of Love,’ ‘L'année,’ ‘The Aviary,’ ‘Nursery Songs,’ &c. Eleven of his glees and catches are published in ‘Warren's Collections,’ vols. i–iii.

HOOK, JAMES (1772?–1828), dean of Worcester, son of [q. v.], musical composer, and brother of [q. v.], was born in London, probably in 1772 (his son's biographer says June 1771, but as he is recorded to have entered Westminster School in 1788 at the age of fifteen, and to have died in February 1828, aged 55, this cannot be the case). While at Westminster he edited the school magazine, ‘The Trifler,’ and by an unlucky attempt to satirise Eton provoked the well-known epigram of Canning on the ‘heavy fellows’ of Westminster in the ‘Microcosm,’ the Etonian Magazine. He made the best retort possible, but the honours of the contest certainly did not rest with him. He inherited his father's skill in music and his mother's skill in painting: he wrote in youth the librettos of two of his father's musical entertainments, ‘Jack of Newbury’ and ‘Diamond cut Diamond,’ which were performed, but never printed; and his juvenile sketches, which included a set of caricatures of leading public men, induced Sir Joshua Reynolds to recommend that he should be educated as an artist. In 1792 he was a candidate for election from Westminster to Christ Church, Oxford, but was excluded for ‘acts of insubordination,’ to which he had also invited others. He proceeded to Oxford nevertheless, and graduated from St. Mary Hall in 1796. In the same year, yielding to the strong wish of his mother, he took holy orders, and in the following year contracted a most advantageous marriage with Anne, daughter of Sir, bart. [q. v.], physician and confidential friend of the Prince of Wales, whose private chaplain he became. His rise in the church was consequently very rapid. After having held livings in Gloucestershire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, and Hertfordshire, he became in 1814 archdeacon of Huntingdon, in 1817 rector of Whippingham in the Isle of Wight, and in 1825 dean of Worcester, an appointment bringing with it two valuable livings. He did not enjoy it long, dying at Worcester 5 Feb. 1828. He was buried in the cathedral, and his epitaph was written by the bishop (Folliott H. W. Cornewall). Notwithstanding his accumulated preferment, he left his family in straitened circumstances. [q. v.] was his son.

Hook published (1802) ‘Anguis in Herba,’ a defence of the clergy against certain imputations, and some sermons and charges. The review of Moore's ‘Loves of the Angels,’ published among his brother's works, is probably from his pen. He was also author of a pamph-

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  against Paine and other revolutionary writers, signed ‘Publicola;’ of ‘Al Kalomeric [i.e. Bonaparte], an Arabian Tale,’ satirising Napoleon; and of ‘The Good Old Times, or the Poor Man's History of England.’ His anonymous novels, ‘Pen Owen,’ 1822, and ‘Percy Mallory,’ 1824, exhibit a strong family likeness to his brother's, and would be readable at the present day but for the antiquated style of treatment. The former, which is considerably the better, has a lively portrait of the younger Sheridan, under the appellation of Tom Sparkle, and a spirited picture of the Cato Street conspiracy.

 HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788–1841), novelist and miscellaneous writer, son of [q. v.], musical composer, was born in Charlotte Street, Bedford Square, 22 Sept. 1788. He was educated at private schools, and subsequently for a short time at Harrow. According to his own account, which may be easily credited, he was principally distinguished at school for mischief, deceptiveness, and an inaptitude for serious application. He had the misfortune to lose an excellent mother at an early age, and his natural failings were fostered by a premature introduction to the theatrical world as author of words for the songs in his father's comic operas. His share in the ‘Soldier's Return’ brought him 50l. when he was only sixteen; and, sometimes in conjunction with his father, sometimes independently, he produced during the next five or six years a number of farces and melodramas. One of the latter, ‘Tekeli,’ was ridiculed by Byron in ‘English Bards and Scotch Reviewers,’ but proved attractive to the public. Hook's social qualities, however, gained him more celebrity than his dramatic performances; his conversation abounded with wit and drollery, his faculty for lyrical and musical improvisation was marvellous, and the exuberance of his animal spirits impelled him to ceaseless practical jokes, sometimes harmless, sometimes heartless, but always clever. The most celebrated was the famous Berners Street hoax, perpetrated in 1809, when the street was blocked up for a whole day by all sorts and conditions of men, from the Duke of Gloucester and the lord mayor to draymen and chimney-sweeps, summoned on various pretexts to besiege the house of a Mrs. Tottenham, who had incurred Hook's displeasure. Upwards of four thousand letters, it is said, had been sent out. Hook's next freak was to take up residence at the university of Oxford, which he left after two terms without having involved himself in any more serious scrape than the risk of banishment, from the excess of complaisance which made him volunteer to sign forty articles should such be the desire of the authorities. Resuming his gay life in town, he became acquainted with the Rev. E. Cannon and other favourites of the Prince of Wales. It was probably through their and his brother's influence that, at the age of twenty-four, utterly unacquainted as he was with business and arithmetic, he obtained the post of accountant-general and treasurer at Mauritius, where he arrived in October 1813. This apparently miraculous piece of good fortune proved his ruin. When, in 1817, an examination into the state of the treasury was directed by the governor, Hook at first received a full acquittance from every liability; but a second investigation, undertaken at the instance of a clerk named Allan, who destroyed himself during the course of it, brought to light a deficiency of sixty-two thousand dollars, of which he could offer no explanation. He was, of course, held responsible, his whole property in the island was confiscated, and he was sent home. Upon his arrival in England the case was investigated by the treasury, who discovered no ground for criminal proceedings, but fixed the civil responsibility upon him for the rest of his life. His remaining property was seized, he was imprisoned from 1823 to 1825, and although, after the final treasury minute, the crown claim for the balance of the debt was allowed to remain dormant during his life, it was revived against his representatives. The fault of this apparently harsh proceeding lay principally with himself. Though for many years receiving an ample income from his pen, he never attempted to discharge any portion of his admitted liability, and had thus forfeited all title to indulgence.

Long before Hook's liberation from confinement he had resorted to his pen for his living. In 1819 and 1820 appeared, with other ephemeral literary work, the clever farce ‘Exchange no Robbery,’ so unluckily suggestive in title that it had to be brought out under the pseudonym of ‘Richard Jones,’ ‘The Arcadian,’ a short-lived magazine, and ‘Tentamen,’ a satire on Queen Caroline and Alderman Wood, which achieved no little success. If the authorship was known to any, it may have co-operated with the general recommendation of Sir Walter Scott in obtaining for him the editorship of the ‘John Bull,’ established towards the end of 1820 to counteract the popular enthusiasm for Queen Caroline. Hook's reckless humour and preternatural faculty of improvisation now had full swing, and his powers were


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 never displayed to so much advantage as in this scurrilous, scandalous, but irresistibly facetious, and for a time exceedingly potent journal. No man with a particle of chivalry could have written as Hook did, but no such man could have been equally effective in exposing a pernicious, though generous, popular delusion. He undoubtedly proved himself the prince of lampooners. The exuberance of his impetuous fun sweeps away the studied and polished sarcasms of refined satirists like Moore; he hurls ridicule and invective right and left with a Titanic vigour so admirable in itself as a manifestation of energy that we almost forget that after all it is only mud that he is showering. Most of it, however, stuck where it was meant to stick, and his disreputable paper must be named with the ‘Craftsman’ and the ‘North Briton’ among those which have contributed to mould English history. ‘It is impossible to deny,’ says the ‘Quarterly Review,’ ‘that “Bull” frightened the Whig aristocracy from countenancing the Court of Brandenburgh House. The national movement was arrested, and George IV had mainly “John Bull” to thank for that result.’ It produced another result less satisfactory to the editor; when his long-concealed identity leaked out, it became impossible for the treasury to show him the indulgence which would have been represented as the price of his pen, and pique perhaps concurred with carelessness in preventing him from endeavouring to make his defalcations good. He had further encumbered himself with family cares in a very unfortunate manner, having formed an irregular connection, to which he adhered with such strict fidelity that it is surprising he should never have legalised it. Another great mistake was the dissipation of his energies in a number of abortive literary projects, instead of their concentration in his journal, which, after some years of almost unparalleled success, gradually ceased to be a remunerative property. Among these unsuccessful undertakings, however, must not be reckoned his nine volumes of novels published from 1826 to 1829 under the collective title of ‘Sayings and Doings,’ for which he received little less than 3,000l. ‘Passion and Principle,’ with its pendant ‘Cousin William,’ ‘Gervase Skinner,’ and ‘Martha the Gipsy’ are the best known. Hook estimated his own ability as a novelist very accurately. ‘Give me,’ he said, ‘a story to tell, and I can tell it, but I cannot create.’ This deficiency in invention made him an habitual copyist from the life. The hero of ‘Maxwell’ (1830), his next and most carefully constructed novel, is a close portrait of his friend Cannon, and his later works, ‘Gilbert Gurney’ and ‘Gurney Married’ (1836 and 1838), are little else than a gallery of thinly disguised portraits and a string of anecdotes from real life, so excellently told, however, that these slight performances seem likely to survive his more ambitious writings. They appeared in the ‘New Monthly Magazine,’ of which he had become editor in 1836. In the interval he had written (1833) ‘The Parson's Daughter’ and ‘Love and Pride,’ and (1832) a life of Sir David Baird, a work apparently quite out of his line, but which satisfied the family and the public. ‘Jack Brag,’ 1836, is a successful parasite's mockery of an unsuccessful one. He also rewrote the reminiscences of Michael Kelly and commenced a life of Charles Mathews, which was discontinued from differences with the family. His last novel of importance was ‘Births, Marriages, and Deaths,’ 1839; subsequent publications, the dregs of his failing powers, were believed to be only partially from his own hand. During the last six or seven years of his life Hook was steadily sinking in health, in circumstances, and in literary power, and the inner history of his life is truly tragic. Received into the highest circles, admired, caressed, applauded for his unequalled social talent, he was, as he knew well, regarded merely as a hired jester, whose failure to amuse his patrons would be visited by prompt expulsion from their society. While apparently the soul of gaiety abroad, at home he led the life of the hunted and harassed author; while the dissipations of the gay world broke down his health, domestic cares weighed heavily upon his really affectionate disposition; and the scenes where he shone and sparkled were darkened by the great shadow of his unredeemed and unredeemable debt. Lockhart has raised the veil in a most powerful passage in the ‘Quarterly,’ reinforced by significant extracts from Hook's diary. Portraits of him as he appeared at this time to those who chiefly knew him as Lord Hertford's parasite appear in ‘Coningsby,’ where he is introduced as ‘Lucian Gay,’ and in ‘Vanity Fair,’ where he figures as ‘Mr. Wagg.’ ‘Done up in purse, in mind, and in body,’ as he said himself, he expired at his house at Fulham on 24 Aug. 1841. His effects were seized by the crown as preferential creditor, but his family were provided for by a subscription, in which the names of his aristocratic patrons, the king of Hanover's excepted, were not to be found.

Hook was a better man than would be easily discovered from his writings. ‘He was,’ says Lockhart, ‘humane, charitable, generous. There was that about him which


text: Translation:Odes (Horace)/Book I/1

title: Translation:Odes (Horace)/Book I/1


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 in the latter year he probably emigrated to New England. In 1641 appeared in London his sermon entitled ‘New England's Teares for Old England's Feares,’ which was preached on 23 July 1640, ‘being a day of publique humiliation.’ Winthrop cannot be right in identifying Hook with the William Hooke who was in New England as early as 1633, when he witnessed the delivery of the Pemaquid grant, and was afterwards one of Sir Ferdinando Gorges's council.

In America, says Wood, Hook ‘continued his practices without control for some time;’ in other words he preached as an independent. At first he was minister to the newly founded settlement at Taunton, Massachusetts, where he was associated with Nicholas, was the friend of Wilson and Mather, and seems to have been both pious and popular. Hook's Church is now represented by the West Taunton Church. In 1644 or 1645 he removed to Newhaven, where he became ‘teacher,’ the pastor being John Davenport [q. v.]

Hook's wife, presumed on slight evidence to be the Jane Hook some of whose letters are found among the ‘Mather Papers,’ was sister to Edward Whalley the regicide, who was cousin to Cromwell. In 1653 Hook sent the Protector an account of the position of affairs in New England. It is printed in the ‘Thurloe State Papers,’ where the date 3 Nov. 1653 does not seem to be correct, since on 6 Oct. 1653 a committee was appointed by the council of state to consider Hook's communication. In 1656 Hook returned to England and became one of the Protector's chaplains at Whitehall. He is said, without sufficient proof, to have been master of the Savoy, a post subsequently filled by his son John (see below); although it is true that there are two letters of Hook in the ‘Rawlinson MSS.’ at Oxford, written from the Savoy, and dated 30 Aug. and 19 Oct. 1658 respectively (Rawl. MSS. 60 A, f. 484, and 61 A, f 335). On 7 Aug. 1659 Hook preached at Whitehall; and he with the other chaplains had a special place at the Protector's funeral in September. In the same year the London independents wrote to Monck, then in the north, inquiring as to the toleration likely to be extended them in the future. Monck addressed a reply to Hook and several well-known preachers.

After the Restoration Hook seems to have kept up his connection with the independents of New England. Samuel Wilson Taylor, when arrested on his way to New England, on 3 April 1664, confessed that news-books and letters found upon him had been given to him by Hook for delivery in New England. Hook died on 21 March 1677, and was buried in Bunhill Fields, London ( Congregationalism, 586 n.)

Hook published several sermons, and was joint author with John Davenport [q. v.] of ‘A Catechisme containing the chief heads of Christian Religion, published at the desire and for the use of the Church of Christ at New Haven’ (London 1659; in New Haven probably several years earlier). Hook also joined with Joseph Caryl [q. v.] in editing Davenport's devotional work, ‘The Saints Anchor-Hold in all Storms and Tempests,’ London, 1661.

(1634–1710), son of the above, was also an independent preacher, and accompanied his father to New England, but returned to England before him. The Protector showed him some favour (cf. William Hook to Cromwell in, i. 564). In 1663 he was made chaplain of the Savoy by the Rev. Henry Killigrew [q. v.], whom he succeeded as master in 1699, and was in that position in 1702 when the hospital was dissolved by the lord-keeper Wright. He was at the time a minister at Basingstoke, where he died in 1710.

 HOOKE, JOHN (1655–1712), serjeant-at-law, eldest son of John Hooke, born at Drogheda in 1655, was educated at Kilkenny, and on 28 June 1672 entered as a pensioner at Trinity College, Dublin, under the tuition of Richard Acton of Drogheda. He became a student of Gray's Inn on 3 Feb. 1674, and was called to the bar on 8 Feb. 1681. In 1697 he was a candidate for the office of chief justice of Chester, and was considered to have a fair prospect of success (, Diary, iv. 216). He rose to the degree of serjeant-at-law on 30 Nov. 1700. After holding a Welsh judgeship till 1702 he was, in or before 1703, appointed chief justice of Carnarvon, Merioneth, and Anglesey, an office to which he was again appointed in 1706. In 1707 Lord Bulkeley preferred a complaint against him


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124 divine right is superadded to that of earthly supremacy. Heaven and earth are considered the parents of all mankind, and the emperor, as the Son of Heaven, is of course next in authority, and reverenced accordingly. Whosoever, therefore, obtains the decree of Heaven, to ascend "the dragon throne," has a sort of mysterious dignity thrown around him; and it is in their opinion as wicked to dispute the authority of the supreme on earth as the supreme in Heaven. Both parents and rulers are by the Chinese infinitely exalted above children and subjects, and receive not only homage but adoration. Moral feeling, therefore, carried to an excess, and strengthened by superstitious awe, lead the Chinese without questioning to yield to authority; and this submissive, unresisting spirit is the source of that peace and good order which prevail throughout the empire. Thus to establish, and thus to sanction the most absolute despotism, and to render it subservient to the pacification of a great country, certainly argues a degree of penetration and discernment which does not comport with a barbarous state of society.

We are not here defending the justness of the principle, or maintaining the doctrine, that, because a ruler chooses to call himself the parent of a nation, therefore all his subjects arc children, and to be treated as if they were in their nonage; but if it be an object to secure the submission of the populace to a few rulers, we say, that a more convenient and effectual plan could not have been adopted. Grounding the authority on the most readily acknowledged title, that of the parental prerogative; and demanding obedience on the most powerfully constraining principle, that of filial affection; it is not strange, that subjection is attained,


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To Anne

 * "To Anne", a poem by George Gordon Byron (Oh, Anne, your offences to me have been grievous)
 * "To Anne", a poem by George Gordon Byron (Oh say not, sweet Anne, that the Fates have decreed)

title: To Anne


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 for demanding presents, which was tried before a committee of the House of Commons, and in spite of his explanation, that it was merely a customary present from the town of Beaumaris, which he and his predecessors were in the habit of receiving, he was found guilty by the committee, but was subsequently cleared by the house on the report by 178 to 130 votes. He died poor in 1712, leaving among other issue by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Major-general Lambert, a son, or Nathanael (d. 1763) [q. v.], author of a history of Rome. His wife survived him till 26 Jan. 1736.

 HOOKE, LUKE JOSEPH, D.D. (1716–1796), catholic divine, son of (d. 1763) [q. v.], was born at Dublin in 1716. He was educated for the priesthood at the seminary of St. Nicolas du Chardonnet, Paris, graduated D.D. at the Sorbonne about 1736, and in 1742 was appointed to one of the six chairs of theology at the Sorbonne. In 1751 an outcry was raised against him for having allowed Martin de Prades, a bachelor of divinity, to argue a thesis which covertly advocated encyclopædist doctrines. Hooke pleaded in excuse that he had only cursorily examined the thesis, and that as soon as he perceived its unsoundness he had been prominent in denouncing it. In 1752 he was deprived of his professorship, but the decree, at the solicitation of his old colleagues, was rescinded in 1754. The deprivation, however, ultimately took effect. In 1762 another theological chair became vacant, and though Archbishop de Beaumont put forward a rival candidate, Petitjean, Hooke was elected by twenty-eight votes to twenty-seven. The archbishop resorted to every device to get the election annulled, and failing in this he forbade the seminaries to send their students to Hooke's lectures. Hooke, consequently, had only half a dozen auditors, and in 1766 gave up the unequal struggle by resigning his chair. He became librarian to the Mazarin Library. In 1775 he was visited by Dr. Johnson at St. Cloud. ‘We walked round the palace and had some talk,’ says Johnson in his skeleton diary, and next day Hooke returned the call at Johnson's inn (, Johnson, ed. Birkbeck Hill, ii. 397). Hooke's duties at the library were limited to three days a week and nine months of the year. In April 1791 the Paris Directory dismissed him from the librarianship, on account of his refusal of the oath to the civil constitution of the clergy. Hooke contended that his was one of the posts whose occupants were not amenable to the oath. But the Directory appointed as his successor the sub-librarian, the Abbé Le Blond. Hooke refused to retire; but after standing a sort of siege, withdrew to St. Cloud, where he died 16 April 1796. Besides several pamphlets on his personal grievances, Hooke published ‘Religionis Naturalis et Revelatæ Principia,’ Paris, 1754; reprinted in 1774 by Brewer, an English Benedictine, and by Migne in vols. ii. and iii. of his ‘Theologiæ Cursus Completus;’ and ‘Nature et Essence du Pouvoir de l'Eglise,’ 1791. He also edited in 1778, for the Duc de Fitzjames, the ‘Memoirs of Marshal Berwick.’

 HOOKE, NATHANIEL (1664–1738), Jacobite, born at Corballis in the county of Meath in 1664, was third son of John Hooke, a merchant of Drogheda, and grandson of Thomas Hooke, a merchant and alderman of Dublin. (1655–1712) [q. v.], serjeant-at-law, was his eldest brother. In 1679 he entered Trinity College, Dublin, but he left almost immediately, possibly on account of his religious opinions, which were puritan. He proceeded to Glasgow University in 1680, but soon removed to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he was admitted a sizar on 6 July 1681 (Hist. MSS. Comm. App. to 3rd Rep. p. 328), leaving Cambridge as he had left Glasgow, without taking a degree. He then went abroad, probably joining the Earl of Argyll in Holland. In 1685 he landed with Monmouth at Lyme Regis, acting as the duke's private independent chaplain. When in the beginning of July Monmouth passed into Somerset, Hooke was sent secretly to London with one Danvers to raise an insurrection in the city; he was exempted from the general pardon issued on 10 March 1685–6, but in 1688 he gave himself up and was pardoned. Hooke now became a loyal servant of King James II, and turned Roman catholic. After James's abdication he joined Dundee in Scotland, but in May 1689 was taken at Chester and committed to the Tower of London. He was released on 12 Feb. 1689–90, went to Ireland, served in the Jacobite army at the battle of the Boyne, and then entered the French service in the Irish regiment of Galmoy. In 1702 Hooke entered into communication with the Duke of Marlborough; the next year he held a command in the regiment of Sparre, and served with the French army in Flanders and on the Moselle. In August 1705 he


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Rh and confidence won. This has been the foundation of Chinese politics from the earliest ages of antiquity; it has prevailed through every successive dynasty; and even now succeeds in binding together their vast and increasing population. We could tell them of a better system, which, inculcating universal love, is equally effectual in restraining oppression on the part of the ruler, as well as insubordination on the part of the subject; which, while it requires servants to be "obedient to their own masters," insists on "masters doing the same things to them, forbearing threatening, knowing that they also have a master in heaven." But for a heathen country, where the light of the Gospel has never shone, we cannot but admire the wisdom of a legislative principle, which so effectually unites and tranquillizes so vast a nation.

The policy of the Chinese government will appear in the mutual responsibility, and universal espionage which prevail throughout all the offices of state, and to the remotest corner of the empire. Though the "Great Emperor,"—the "Imperial Ruler,"—and the "Holy Lord," as he is called, claims and exercises universal and unlimited control over all "within the four seas;" though he dwells in the "pearly palace," and sits on the "dragon throne;" with the designation of "Ten thousand years," for his title, and the meed of divine honours for his gratification; yet he finds that he cannot rule the empire without assistance, or regulate its multifarious affairs without the aid of his ministers. These he calls his "hands and feet," his "ears and eyes," and to these he condescends to delegate a portion of his authority; holding them responsible for its exercise, with their fortunes, their liberties, and


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246 7.

Will not the laughing boy despise

Her who relates each fond conceit—

Who, thinking Heaven is in her eyes,

Yet cannot see the slight deceit?

8.

For she who takes a soft delight

These amorous nothings in revealing,

Must credit all we say or write,

While vanity prevents concealing.

9.

Cease, if you prize your Beauty's reign!

No jealousy bids me reprove:

One, who is thus from nature vain,

I pity, but I cannot love. January 15, 1807. [First published, 1832.]

TO ANNE.

1.

, Anne, your offences to me have been grievous:

I thought from my wrath no atonement could save you;

But Woman is made to command and deceive us—

I look'd in your face, and I almost forgave you.


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 he went on a mission to the Scottish Jacobites, and in 1706 he obtained letters of naturalisation in France, and took part in the battle of Ramillies. In April 1707 he again went to Scotland, with Lieutenant-colonel John Murray, to confer with the Jacobites. The next year he became a brigadier in the French army (3 March 1708), was created an Irish baron, and was present at the Dunkirk expedition of that year, and at Malplaquet in the next.

Hooke had now wearied of negotiating schemes for rebellion with the Jacobites in Scotland, and refused in 1709 to go again as an emissary. He is probably the Mr. Hooke who appears as a correspondent of the Duke of Marlborough in 1710 (Hist. MSS. Comm. App. to 8th Rep. p. 38), and in 1711 he went to Dresden on a diplomatic mission from Louis XIV to Frederick Augustus, king of Poland and elector of Saxony, but this negotiation was superseded by the general arrangements for peace at Utrecht. Hooke had no active share in the rebellion of 1715. He had communications in that year with, second earl of Stair [q. v.], British ambassador in Paris, but there is nothing to prove that he turned traitor to the Jacobite cause; it is more probable that in his relations with Stair he was acting as a spy in the Jacobite interest. On 18 March 1718 he became a maréchal de camp in the French army. On 1 Jan. 1720 his letters of naturalisation were confirmed and registered, and on 27 April 1721 he became a commander of the order of St. Louis. Hooke died on 25 Oct. 1738. He married in 1704 Eleanor Susan MacCarthy Reagh, probably a lady-in-waiting on the exiled queen-dowager, and by her left one son, James Nathaniel Hooke (1705–1744).

The correspondence of Colonel Hooke from 1703 to 1707, partly transcribed by Hooke's nephew,, the historian of Rome [q. v.], is now in the Bodleian Library. This was edited, with a memoir (in vol. ii.), by the Rev. W. D. Macray, for the Roxburghe Club, 1870–1. Portions of Hooke's correspondence had previously appeared in ‘Revolutions d'Ecosse et d'Irlande en 1707, 1708, et 1709 …’ published at the Hague 1758, and in Macpherson's ‘Original Papers,’ published 1775.

HOOKE, NATHANIEL or NATHANAEL (d. 1763), author, eldest son of, serjeant-at-law [q. v.], and nephew of [q. v.], is thought by Kirk to have studied with Pope at Twyford school, near Winchester, and to have there formed a friendship with the poet which subsisted through life (Biog. Collections, MS. No. 42, quoted by, Dict. of English Catholics). He was admitted to Lincoln's Inn 6 Feb. 1702. Writing to the Earl of Oxford, 17 Oct. 1722, he says that ‘the late epidemical distemper’ (meaning the South Sea infatuation) ‘seized him,’ and that ‘he was in some measure happy to find himself at that instant just worth nothing.’ He seeks employment and also permission to dedicate to his lordship a translation from the French of Sir Andrew Michael Ramsay's ‘Life of Fénelon’ (published in 1723), London, 12mo. The permission was granted, and from 1723 till his death Hooke is said to have enjoyed the confidence and patronage of many distinguished men, including the Earl of Oxford, the Earl of Marchmont, Mr. Speaker Onslow, Fénelon, Pope, Dr. Cheyne, and Dr. King, principal of St. Mary Hall, Oxford. When the Duchess of Marlborough required literary assistance in the preparation of her memoirs, Hooke was recommended to her. He accordingly waited upon the duchess while she was still in bed, oppressed by the infirmities of age. On his arrival she caused herself to be lifted up, and continued speaking for six hours. Without the aid of notes she delivered her narrative in a lively and connected manner. Hooke resided in the house until the completion of the work, which appeared in 1742 under the title of ‘An Account of the Conduct of the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough from her first coming to Court to the year 1710.’ Hooke received from the duchess 5,000l. (, Memoirs of Lord Chesterfield, i. 116). During his residence with her she commissioned him to negotiate with Pope for the suppression, in consideration of the payment of 3,000l., of the character of ‘Atossa’ in his ‘Epistles’ (, Works, ed. Elwin and Courthope, iii. 79, 80, 84, 91, 105). Ruffhead states (Life of Pope) that the duchess took a sudden dislike to Hooke because, finding her without religion, he attempted to convert her to popery. John Whiston, however, asserts that at her death she left 500l. a year to Hooke and Mallet to write the history of the late duke (manuscript note in, Life of Pope).

It was Hooke who brought a catholic ecclesiastic to take Pope's confession on his deathbed. The priest had scarcely departed when Bolingbroke entered, and flew into a great passion on learning what had happened. Pope bequeathed Hooke 5l. to be expended on a ring or other memorial. Hooke was also friendly with Martha Blount, who by will dated 13 Oct. 1762 left a legacy to Miss Elizabeth Hooke. Hooke died at Cookham,


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Rh the habit of advertising their wares, by long projecting signs, hung out in front of their houses, painted in the gayest colours; while the bustling crowd, perpetually thronging the principal avenues, contributes to enliven and animate the scene. In the southern division of the city, is an enclosure, about two miles in circumference, where the emperor and his great officers annually go through the ceremony of ploughing and sowing the seed; in order to set an example to the subjects of this vast empire, and to encourage agriculture, from which the greatest part of their support is derived. Notwithstanding these vacant spaces in the city of Pekin, the population is so dense where the citizens reside, that the number of inhabitants cannot be much less than two millions. Such, then, is the seat of government, and such the palaces and buildings it contains; worthy the metropolis of a great and civilized country.


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 Berkshire, on 19 July 1763 (Gent. Mag. xxxiii. 362), and was buried in Hedsor churchyard, where a tablet, with a Latin inscription, to his memory was put up at the expense of his friend, Frederick, lord Boston, in 1801 (, Buckinghamshire, p. 578).

He left two sons, Thomas Hooke, rector of Birkby and vicar of Leek, Yorkshire (d. 1791); and [q. v.] His daughter, Jane Mary Hooke, died on 28 April 1793, and was buried in Hedsor churchyard.

Bishop Warburton describes Hooke as ‘a mystic and quietist, and a warm disciple of Fénelon.’ Dr. Johnson observes that he ‘was a virtuous man, as his history shows.’ Pope suggested that Hooke and Middleton were the only two contemporary prose-writers whose works were worth consulting by an English lexicographer.

Hooke's ‘Roman History, from the Building of Rome to the Ruin of the Commonwealth’ (4 vols., London, 1738–1771, 4to), suggested itself to him while he was preparing for his private use an index to the English translation of Catrou and Rouille's ‘Roman History.’ The first volume was dedicated to Pope, and introduced by ‘Remarks on the History of the Seven Roman Kings, occasioned by Sir Isaac Newton's Objections to the supposed 244 years of the Royal State of Rome.’ The second volume is dedicated to, earl of Marchmont [q. v.], and to it are annexed the Capitoline marbles, or consular calendars, discovered at Rome during the pontificate of Paul III in 1545. The third volume was printed under Hooke's inspection, but was not published until 1764, after his death. The fourth volume was published in 1771—it is believed by Dr. Gilbert Stuart. The whole work has been frequently reprinted; the latest edition, in 6 vols. 8vo, appeared in 1830. Hooke leaned rather to the democratic than to the aristocratic or senatorial party in his history. The work long held a high place in historical literature. Hooke's works, not already mentioned, are: Hooke revised Thomas Townsend's translation of Ribadeneyra's ‘History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards,’ London, 1753, 8vo.
 * 1) ‘Travels of Cyrus, with a Discourse on Mythology,’ London, 1739, 12mo, translated by Hooke in twenty days while at Bath from the French of Sir Andrew Michael Ramsay, and generally mistaken for an original work.
 * 2) ‘Observations on—I. The Answer of M. l'Abbé de Vertot to the late Earl Stanhope's Inquiry concerning the Senate of Ancient Rome, dated December 1719. II. A Dissertation upon the Constitution of the Roman Senate, by a Gentleman; published in 1743. III. A Treatise on the Roman Senate, by Dr. C. Middleton; published in 1747. IV. An Essay on the Roman Senate, by Dr. T. Chapman; published in 1750,’ London, 1758, 4to, dedicated to Speaker Onslow. This work was answered by Edward Spelman in an anonymous pamphlet entitled ‘A Short Review on Mr. Hooke's Observations,’ 1758. William Bowyer, the learned printer, published ‘An Apology for some of Mr. Hooke's Observations concerning the Roman Senate,’ London, 1758.
 * 3) ‘Six Letters to a Lady of Quality … upon the subject of Religious Peace and the Foundations of it,’ first printed in ‘The Contrast; or an Antidote against the pernicious Principles disseminated in the Letters of the late Earl of Chesterfield,’ 2 vols., London, 1791, and issued separately in 1816. The manuscript was given by Hooke to the widow of George Berkeley, bishop of Cloyne, and was by her presented to the Rev. Sir Adam Gordon, bart., the editor of ‘The Contrast.’

Hooke's portrait, painted by Bartholomew Dandridge, is in the National Portrait Gallery.

HOOKE, ROBERT (1635–1703), experimental philosopher, was born on 18 July 1635 at Freshwater in the Isle of Wight, his father, the Rev. John Hooke, being minister of the parish. Although of a sickly constitution, he was sprightly and quick-witted; but headaches precluded study, and the design of educating him for the church was abandoned. Left to himself, he sought diversion in constructing mechanical toys, among others a wooden clock ‘that would go,’ and a model of a ship ‘with a contrivance to make it fire off some small guns, as it was sailing across a haven of a pretty breadth.’ His father died in October 1648, leaving him 100l., with which he went to London, and became for a short time a pupil of Sir Peter Lely. He then entered Westminster School, and lived in the house of [q. v.] Here he acquired Latin and Greek, with a smattering of Hebrew, and other oriental languages, and astonished his teachers by mastering the six books of Euclid in one week. It is added that he did besides, ‘of his own accord, learn to play twenty lessons on the organ, and invented thirty several ways of flying.’

In 1653 he entered Christ Church Oxford,


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140 This benevolent arrangement not only carries out the idea of parental care, which the Chinese rulers profess to have for their numerous family, but entitles them as much to the appellation of "discreet and wise," as was Joseph in the house of Pharaoh, when he recommended a measure of a similar character to the sovereign of Egypt. The laws relating to this department also require, that the canals, roads, embankments, and bridges, should be kept in due and thorough repair. The Chinese are necessitated, by the circumstances of their country, to pay much attention to the draining and irrigation of their lands. Water, like fire, is with them a good servant but a bad master. Without it they cannot raise their produce or transport their goods; and yet, when their mighty rivers accidentally burst their bounds, or the sea makes any encroachment on their thickly peopled territory, devastation and ruin, with a fearful loss of life, are the immediate consequences. Especial care, therefore, has from the earliest antiquity been taken to prevent inundations; and the individual who first drained the waters of the Yellow River, was raised to the rank of emperor, and almost deified. The labour and expense still bestowed on this department of public service, is scarcely equalled in any other unevangelized country. Some of the embankments are strong and well constructed; and though built centuries ago, still stand the test of time, and prove of incalculable benefit to the surrounding peasantry. Their bridges, over rapid streams and broad arms of the sea, composed of solid blocks of granite, fifteen or twenty feet long, and standing erect amidst the raging tide, bear testimony to the skill and perseverance of those who contrived and completed the


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Rh 2.

I vow'd I could ne'er for a moment respect you,

Yet thought that a day's separation was long;

When we met, I determined again to suspect you—

Your smile soon convinced me suspicion was wrong.

3.

I swore, in a transport of young indignation,

With fervent contempt evermore to disdain you:

I saw you—my anger became admiration;

And now, all my wish, all my hope's to regain you.

4.

With beauty like yours, oh, how vain the contention!

Thus lowly I sue for forgiveness before you;—

At once to conclude such a fruitless dissension,

Be false, my sweet Anne, when I cease to adore you! January 16, 1807. [First published, 1832.

EGOTISM. A LETTER TO J. T. BECHER.

1.

Fate should seal my Death to-morrow,

(Though much I hope she will postpone it,)

I've held a share of Joy and Sorrow,

Enough for Ten; and here I own it.


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146 national college. At a short distance, is the general arena for literary controversy, where the public examinations, for the capital, are held. The cells for the candidates are numerously disposed round the arena; where many an anxious heart beats high with expectation, and many an aspiring mind is plunged into deep disappointment, when classed with those who fail. Amongst the literary institutions of this great city, may be enumerated a college for the cultivation of the Chinese and Mantchou languages, and one for the study of the Thibetan tongue. A Mahomedan mosque, with a Russian church, and a Roman Catholic temple, are all enclosed within the walls of the imperial city; but all these edifices are surpassed in splendour by the many shrines of idolatry which abound; among the rest may be specified the "white pagoda temple," so called, on account of a white obelisk, erected in honour of the founder of Buddhism, the scab of whose forehead, produced by frequent prostrations is still preserved and venerated as a holy relic.

The southern division of the city, where the Chinese principally reside, is the grand emporium of all the merchandize that finds its way to the capital, and tends to ornament and gratify the adherents of the court. Here, relieved from the strict discipline that prevails in the palace, the citizens give themselves up to business, or dissipation; encouraged and led on by voluptuous courtiers, who have nothing to do, but to display their grandeur, or to please their appetites. There is an immense deal of business done in this southern city, and the broad street which divides it from north to south, is constantly thronged by passengers and tradesmen. Chinese shopkeepers are in


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 as a chorister or servitor, and proceeded M.A. on 28 Sept. 1663, on the nomination of Lord Clarendon, chancellor of the university. His mechanical skill brought him to the notice of a concourse of learned men at Oxford in 1655; he communicated his artifices for flying to [q. v.], then warden of Wadham College, studied astronomy by the advice of [q. v.], assisted [q. v.] in his chemistry, and was by him recommended to the Hon. [q. v.], whom he materially aided in the construction of his air-pump. Hooke is said by Wood to have also ‘read to him Euclid's “Elements,” and made him to understand Descartes.’ A small tract on capillary attraction, published by Hooke in 1661 (included in his Micrographia, p. 10), won attention from the Royal Society, and on 12 Nov. 1662 he was appointed their curator of experiments, when Boyle was thanked for dispensing with his services (, Hist. Royal Society, i. 124). His election as fellow on 3 June 1663 carried with it exemption from all charges (ib. i. 250); he was frequently a member of the council, and the society's repository was committed to his care on 19 Oct. 1663. In June 1664 Sir [q. v.] founded, for Hooke's benefit, a lecture of 50l. a year, leaving the number and subjects of his discourses to the discretion of the Royal Society (ib. i. 484); and his office of curator was, on 11 Jan. 1665, made perpetual, with a salary of 30l. and apartments in Gresham College, Bishopsgate Street, where he resided during the remainder of his life. His nomination as professor of geometry in Gresham College followed on 20 March 1665, and he read astronomical lectures in the same institution as locum tenens for Dr. Pope in 1664–5.

The registers of the Royal Society testify to the eagerness with which Hooke hurried from one inquiry to another with brilliant but inconclusive results. Among those which early engaged his attention were the nature of the air, its function in respiration and combustion, specific weights, the laws of falling bodies, the improvement of land-carriage and diving-bells, methods of telegraphy, and the relation of barometrical readings to changes in the weather. He measured the vibrations of a pendulum two hundred feet long attached to the steeple of St. Paul's; invented a useful machine for cutting the teeth of watch-wheels; fixed the thermometrical zero at the freezing-point of water; and ascertained (in July 1664) the number of vibrations corresponding to musical notes. This he explained on 8 Aug. 1666 to Pepys, who thought his ‘discourse in general mighty fine,’ but his pretension ‘to tell how many strokes a fly makes with her wings’ ‘a little too much refined’ (Diary, iv. 43, Bright's ed.) In 1665 was published his ‘Micrographia, or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies,’ a book full of ingenious ideas and singular anticipations. It contained the earliest investigation of the ‘fantastical colours’ of thin plates, with a quasi-explanation by interference (p. 66), the first notice of the ‘black spot’ in soap-bubbles, and a theory of light, as ‘a very short vibrative motion’ transverse to straight lines of propagation through a ‘homogeneous medium.’ Heat was defined as ‘a property of a body arising from the motion or agitation of its parts’ (p. 37), and the real nature of combustion was pointed out (p. 103) in detail, eleven years before the publication of Mayow's similar discovery (see, Journal, iii. 497; Note 13 to  Elements of Chemistry, i. 535).

While the plague raged in London, Hooke was employed as philosophical assistant by Dr. Wilkins and Sir William Petty, at Durdans, the seat of the Earl of Berkeley, near Epsom; and the meetings of the Royal Society having been resumed, he read, on 21 March 1666, a discourse on gravity, containing the happy idea of measuring its force by the swinging of a pendulum. This was followed, after two months, by a paper on curvilinear motion, illustrated with the aid of the ‘circular pendulum,’ an unacknowledged loan from Horrocks (, Hist. Royal Society, ii. 90;, Hist. of Astronomy, p. 425). By this means Hooke showed experimentally that the centre of gravity of the earth and moon is the point describing an ellipse round the sun. The clear statement of the planetary movements as a problem in mechanics dates from this remarkable essay. About this time Hooke presented to the Royal Society the first screw-divided quadrant, an anemometer (described in Phil. Trans. ii. 444), of a form lately recommended for universal use by Professor Wild (, Meteorology, p. 150), and a ‘weather-clock.’ He applied the circular pendulum to watches (, Hist. Royal Society, ii. 97), experimented upon himself in an exhausted receiver, and on 12 June 1667 discoursed on the effects of earthquakes. On 19 Sept. 1667 he exhibited a model for rebuilding the city after the great fire, which, though not adopted, procured him the appointment of city surveyor. In this lucrative employment he accumulated some thousands of pounds, found after his death in an iron chest, unopened for thirty years. Among the buildings designed by him were the new Bethlehem Hospital, Montague House, and the College of Phy-


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Rh mount, the summits of which are crowned with pavilions, and the sides ornamented with walks, and shaded with trees. Game of all kinds enliven the scene, and thousands of birds please the ear, with every variety of song. Corresponding with this mount, is a lake,about a mile and a half long, and one third of a mile broad, crossed by a bridge of nine arches, built of fine white marble. Its banks are ornamented with a variety of trees, and its bosom garnished with the flowers of the water lily; so that in the estimation of Father Hyacinth, "the infinite variety of beauties which the lake presents, constitute it one of the most enchanting spots on earth." In the midst of the lake, is a marble isle, adorned with temples, and surmounted by an obelisk; affording a delightful view of the surrounding gardens. A temple, dedicated to the discoverer of the silk-worm, stands near these gardens, where the empress, and the ladies of the court, attend to the cultivation of silk; in order to encourage a branch of industry, on which China mainly depends for its wealth and elegance. In these gardens, the arrangement is such, that the whole seems the production of nature, rather than the effect of art; and affords a pleasing retreat for those who would retire from the symmetrical disposition of the imperial palace, to enjoy the mildness of natural scenery, in the midst of a dense and crowded capital.

In this division of the city, and nearly fronting the imperial palace, are the courts of the six grand tribunals of the empire, which have been before described; together with the office of the astronomical board, and the royal observatory. At the south-east corner of the northern division of the capital, is the grand


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2Charles Dickens.] A herd of female jackos after one nut, in their native jungle, could not have made such a screeching clatter, and their Chinese swearing must have been something awful. The first bold man who disembarked had a terrible time of it. He carried letters and despatches. Now I have always considered the conveyance of the mails in Russia on an insecure and unsatisfactory footing, as illustrated by the Courier of St. Pe- tersburg on his four horses at Astley's; but I saw this man, with my own eyes, in four boats at once. I never heard whether he reached the shore, or was pulled to pieces. A-miu now re- turned and knocked A-tye over into the water with her oar; but the girl swam like a fish, and climbed up the boat in an instant - her clothes, only a silk blouse and trousers, soon drying in the Macao sun. And at last, amongst scream- ing, fighting, and struggling - crying, laughing, and swearing - I got to shore, but how, I have no more notion than how I once fell with a burst balloon, from the height of a mile, sur- rounded by fireworks, into a street in the Vaux- hall-road, which, for the life of me, I never could find out afterwards.

A very agreeable dinner, with plenty of cool beer, and "cups" of various descriptions, and a ride round the city, with a visit to the Cave of Camoëns, caused the evening to pass pleasantly enough. The kindness and hospitality of the great English houses in China is unbounded. Travellers bring in their luggage, and become "squatters" in the establishment for as long as it suits them, coming and going as they please. It is no intrusion on privacy to mention the names of the Dents and Jardines in connexion with these real accommodations in a country where hotels are not. Their courtesy to tra- vellers is world-famous.

It was my good fortune that evening to meet Mr. Osmond Cleverley, as Captain Castella had presaged. He alone escaped from the terrible massacre on board the Queen, the year before last; and as we sat on the balcony overlooking the bay, whilst our younger friends shot clay pellets at the dogs and tanka girls along shore, he gave me the following particulars : He left Hong Kong one fine morning in Fe- bruary, 1857, in the Queen - as I had left in the Fei-maa - with a mixed crew and passengers, English, Portuguese, and Chinese - the latter predominating.

The European passengers had, as usual, sat down to dinner in the saloon, off Lantao, when the Chinese left on deck and about the boat, by a preconcerted movement, suddenly knocked the mate and the man at the wheel on the head, threw them overboard, seized the arm-chest, which was on the bridge, with its cut- lasses and ready-loaded muskets, and began firing down on the passengers. The cap- tain (Wynn) and Mr. Cleverley seized their revolvers, and rushed up the ladder. The former was cut down as he reached the deck, and, falling on the latter, they were both thrown back into the cabin, and the hatches were im- mediately closed by those above, one of whom fell dead into the cabin by a shot from Mr. Cleverley's revolver.

Thus closed in a trap, they had nothing to look forward to but to be killed like beasts. The captain was almost senseless from a sword- cut on his skull; the engineer was undressing rapidly to leap overboard ; and the passengers and crew were too panic-stricken to do anything. Knowing that when the guns of the Chinese were fired they had no means of loading them again, Mr. Cleverley went alone up the ladder with a fresh revolver, and, forcing the cabin-door open, met his assailants. He was received with their fire, but shot three of them dead. They fell back, and, emboldened by this, he was ad- vancing, when a musket-ball passed through his thigh, smashing the bone. He again fell down back into the cabin, and the captain, seeing this, said, "Then all is over, sir. Here, take my revolver, and God bless you! we shall never meet again." He then stumbled to the stern- port, and threw himself into the sea, followed by the engineer. The Chinese fired after them, and they were never seen again.

Mr. Cleverley now bound up his broken leg, and was limping to the aft cabin, when another volley from deck was sent after him, followed by a Chinese yell of victory, as they rushed to- wards the saloon. Certain there was no chance left, he seized one of the rattan chairs common in China, and dragging it and himself towards the port sponsons, threw it into the water, and dropped in after it. Fortunately he was not perceived; the steamer, with nobody at her engines, kept on her way, and he was soon astern, floating, but alone in the sea! In great agony, as the swell moved his broken bone, he floated for nearly an hour, with the assistance of his chair. Once it escaped from his hand, and in turning to recover it, as he rose on a wave higher than ordinary, he discovered a lorcha working to windward: and, from his nautical knowledge, he knew that, not being weatherly, his true course would bring her within hail. And he was right: she came nearer and nearer, until she got within hail, and just within an hour from his leaving the steamer he was taken on board as the hapless Queen was seen slowly standing to the northward, and was now half-funnel down.

The lorcha took him on to Macao, not, how- ever, before the crew had asked him how much money he would give them to do so; and even then they would not land him amongst the Chinese boats. But he wrote on a card in pencil, "Mr. William Dent, or any other Euro- pean ;" and in half an hour Mr. Dent arrived, and took him to his house, placing him on a bed, which he did not leave for many months. He is now a cripple, and, although formerly distinguished for athletic exercises, limps about in great suffering.

All the Europeans on board the Queen were murdered, and the ship was burnt. The whole plan was conceived and carried out by that fiendish miscreant Yeh - another link in the chain of his hideous cruelties. Mr. Cleverley


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Rh 17.

Say, Becher, I shall be forgiven!

If you don't warrant my salvation,

I must resign all Hopes of Heaven!

For, Faith, I can't withstand Temptation.

P.S.—These were written between one and two, after midnight. I have not corrected, or revised.

Yours,.

TO ANNE.

1.

say not, sweet Anne, that the Fates have decreed

The heart which adores you should wish to dissever;

Such Fates were to me most unkind ones indeed,—

To bear me from Love and from Beauty for ever.

2.

Your frowns, lovely girl, are the Fates which alone

Could bid me from fond admiration refrain;

By these, every hope, every wish were o'erthrown,

Till smiles should restore me to rapture again.

3.

As the ivy and oak, in the forest entwin'd,

The rage of the tempest united must weather;

My love and my life were by nature design'd

To flourish alike, or to perish together.


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252 4.

Then say not, sweet Anne, that the Fates have decreed

Your lover should bid you a lasting adieu:

Till Fate can ordain that his bosom shall bleed,

His Soul, his Existence, are centred in you. 1807. [First published, 1832.]

TO THE AUTHOR OF A SONNET

BEGINNING "'SAD IS MY VERSE,' YOU SAY, 'AND YET NO TEAR.'"

1.

verse is "sad" enough, no doubt:

A devilish deal more sad than witty!

Why we should weep I can't find out,

Unless for thee we weep in pity.

2.

Yet there is one I pity more;

And much, alas! I think he needs it:

For he, I'm sure, will suffer sore,

Who, to his own misfortune, reads it.

3.

Thy rhymes, without the aid of magic,

May once be read—but never after:

Yet their effect's by no means tragic,

Although by far too dull for laughter.


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 ; and he planned in 1691 Alderman Aske's Hospital at Hoxton.

Hooke's astronomical observations showed characteristic acuteness, originality, and inconsequence. He was the first to infer the rotation of Jupiter from the movement of a spot noted on 9 May 1664 (Phil. Trans. i. 3, 245), but left it to Cassini to determine its period. His drawings of Mars on 12 March 1666 (ib. p. 239) served Proctor, after more than two centuries, to fix that planet's exact rate of rotation. The fifth star in the Orion trapezium, rediscovered by Struve in 1826, was casually noted by him on 7 Sept. 1664 (Micrographia, p. 242; Memoirs Royal Astronomical Society, iii. 189). His observations of the comet of 1664 were communicated to the Royal Society on 1 Aug. 1666; and he made in 1669 the earliest attempt at the telescopic determination of the parallax of a fixed star. Observing γ Draconis for the purpose from July to October with a 36-foot telescope pointed through an aperture in the roof of Gresham College, he perceived displacements intimating (as he thought) a parallax of 25″ to 30″, but desisted from further inquiry. His illusory result led to Bradley's discovery of aberration. These experiments formed the subject of Hooke's Cutlerian lectures in 1670, published in 1674 as ‘An Attempt to Prove the Motion of the Earth by Observations.’ The first observation of a star by daylight was recorded in this little work (p. 27).

Hooke, perhaps unaware that Grimaldi had anticipated him, described the phenomena of the diffraction of light in two papers in 1672 and 1675. He was a member of the committee of the Royal Society, to which Newton's communication on the different refrangibilities of light was referred in January 1672, and on 15 Feb. imparted his grounds of objection to it (, Hist. Royal Society, iii. 10). Newton made an elaborate reply (Newtoni Opera, iv. 322), but his ‘Discourse’ on colour on 9 and 16 Dec. 1675 was met by Hooke's declaration that ‘the main of it was contained in the “Micrographia”’ (, Hist. Royal Society, iii. 269). Newton vindicated his originality (ib. p. 278), but a conciliatory private letter from Hooke evoked a reply acknowledging important obligations (, Life of Newton, i. 140).

In a simultaneous controversy with Hevelius, Hooke prejudiced a good cause by bad manners. Hevelius having ignored his recommendation of telescopic sights, he devoted several Cutlerian lectures to unfriendly comments on that ‘curious and pompous book,’ the ‘Machina Cœlestis.’ Hooke's acrid, though just, arguments were collected as ‘Animadversions on the First Part of the “Machina Cœlestis”’ (1674), in which he inserted descriptions of a ‘water-level’ (p. 61), and of a mode of giving clockwork motion to a parallactic instrument (p. 68).

There is no doubt of Hooke's priority in the application of a spiral spring to regulate the balance of watches; but here again his peevish temper brought him discredit. The invention, arrived at about 1658, was designed to solve the problem of longitudes, and Boyle and Brouncker endeavoured to secure him a patent, but he declined their terms, and concealed the improvement until Huygens rediscovered it in 1675. He then caused some of his ‘new watches’ to be constructed by Tompion (one of which was presented to Charles II), and published the principle involved in them of the isochronism of springs in the maxim ‘ut tensio, sic vis,’ appended in cryptographic form to ‘A Description of Helioscopes’ (1676). A quarrel with Oldenburg on the subject culminated in Hooke's accusation of him as ‘a trafficker in intelligence,’ an expression which the Royal Society obliged him to withdraw. It was contained in a postscript to his ‘Lampas, or a Description of some Mechanical Improvements of Lamps and Water-poises’ (1677).

Hooke acted as secretary to the Royal Society after Oldenburg's death, from 25 Oct. 1677 to 30 Nov. 1682, and edited seven numbers of ‘Philosophical Collections,’ substituted by him for the ‘Transactions.’ He declined the post of librarian to the Royal Society in 1679. His ‘Lectures and Collections’ (1678) included ‘Cometa,’ dealing chiefly with the great comet of 1677, and ‘Microscopium.’ His ‘Lectures de Potentiâ restitutiva’ (1678) are designated by Professor Tait (Properties of Matter, p. 194) as ‘a very curious pamphlet containing some remarkably close anticipations of modern theories.’ He expounded in it the true theory of elasticity, and (virtually) the kinetic hypothesis of gases (p. 15). His ‘Lectiones Cutlerianæ’ (1679) were a reissue, under one cover, of the discourses already separately published.

Hooke divined before Newton the true doctrine of universal gravitation, but wanted the mathematical ability to demonstrate it. The mutual attraction of the heavenly bodies was no secret to him, and he foresaw in 1670 that ‘the true understanding of this principle will be the true perfection of astronomy’ (Attempt to Prove the Motion of the Earth, p. 28). But his promise to ‘explain a system of the world answering in all things to the common rules of mechanical motions’ remained unfulfilled. He, however, stated the


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 law of inverse squares in his ‘Cometa’ (1678), and a letter from him in 1679, containing a sagacious conjecture relative to the paths of projectiles, induced Newton ‘to resume his former thoughts concerning the moon’ (, Life, i. 287). Hooke's protests, on the presentation of the ‘Principia’ to the Royal Society, that ‘he gave Newton the first hint of this invention,’ evoked the scholium to the fourth proposition of the first book, admitting his anticipation of the law of inverse squares; but Newton's irritation led him to suppress his ‘Optics’ until after Hooke's death. His other inventions included an odometer, an ‘otocousticon’ as an aid to hearing, a sounding-machine, and a reflecting quadrant (, History of the Royal Society, p. 246). He first asserted the true principle of the arch, and described in 1684 a practicable system of telegraphy. The ‘wheel barometer’ and ‘double barometer,’ the universal joint, the anchor escapement of clocks, originated with him. He constructed an arithmetical machine, and in 1674 the first Gregorian telescope; propounded on 19 March 1675 a remarkable theory of the variation of the compass; recommended for helioscopes the principle of diagonal reflections; anticipated Chladni's method of showing the nodal lines in vibrating surfaces; explained in 1667 the scintillation of the stars by irregular atmospheric refractions; inferred the action of a solar repellent force in producing the tails of comets (Posthumous Works, p. 168); suggested the motion of the sun among the stars (ib. p. 506); and propounded correct notions as to the nature of fossils and the succession of living things upon the globe (ib. pp. 291, 333). Halley described his last invention, a ‘marine barometer,’ to the Royal Society in February 1700 (Phil. Trans. xxii. 791).

Hooke's mind was so prolific that there was scarcely a discovery made in his time which he did not conceive himself entitled to claim. To guard against infringements of his supposed rights, he adopted from 1682 a policy of reserve, designing thenceforward to perfect before suggesting his inventions. In June 1696 an order was granted to him for renewing his experiments at the expense of the Royal Society, but his strength was no longer equal to the task. The death, in 1687, of his niece and housekeeper, Mrs. Grace Hooke, the daughter of his elder brother, a grocer at Newport, permanently affected his spirits, and he suffered from headaches, giddiness, and faintings. A chancery suit with Sir John Cutler about his salary, decided in his favour in 1696, aggravated his ill-health. He was created a doctor of physic at Doctors' Commons by a warrant from Archbishop Tillotson in December 1691; read a ‘curious discourse’ on the tower of Babel before the Royal Society in 1692, and expounded Ovid's ‘Metamorphoses’ in 1693. But his health was broken, and during the last year of his life he was rendered helpless by blindness and swelling of the legs. He died at Gresham College on 3 March 1703, at the age of sixty-seven, and was buried in the church of St. Helen, Bishopsgate Street. Among his many unfulfilled projects was that of a testamentary disposition of his estate for the benefit of natural science.

His biographer, Waller, describes him as ‘in person but despicable, being crooked and low of stature, and as he grew older more and more deformed. He was always very pale and lean, and latterly nothing but skin and bone, with a meagre aspect, his eyes grey and full, with a sharp, ingenious look whilst younger. He wore his own hair of a dark brown colour, very long, and hanging neglected over his face uncut and lank, which about three years before his death he cut off, and wore a periwig. He went stooping and very fast, having but a light body to carry, and a great deal of spirits and activity, especially in his youth. He was of an active, restless, indefatigable genius, even almost to the last, and always slept little to his death, oftenest continuing his studies all night, and taking a short nap in the day. His temper was melancholy, mistrustful, and jealous, which more increased upon him with his years.’ He led ‘a collegiate, almost monastic life,’ latterly rendered sordid by penury, and was in his way religious, though his mind was warped by congenital infirmities of body and temper.

His ‘wonderful sagacity in diving into the most hidden secrets of nature’ was in great measure neutralised by the desultoriness of his inquiries. But his power of forecasting discovery was extraordinary, and he was the greatest mechanic of his age. He professed to have made a ‘century of inventions.’

Hooke's papers were, after his death, placed in the hands of Richard Waller, F.R.S., who edited from them in 1705 a folio volume of ‘Posthumous Works,’ prefixing a life of the author, to a small extent autobiographical. The volume includes: 1. A discourse ‘On the Present Deficiency of Natural Philosophy,’ expounding a ‘Philosophical Algebra’ upon Baconian principles, for the purpose of reducing discovery to a teachable art. 2. A ‘Treatise on Light, including Observations and Speculations on the Comets of 1680 and 1682.’ 3. ‘An Hypothetical Explanation of Memory.’ 4. ‘An Hypothesis of the Cause of Gravity,’ found in a ‘propagated pulse’ of the


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 ether. 5. ‘Discourses of Earthquakes,’ termed by Mallet ‘a diffuse sort of system of physical geology, full of suggestive thoughts’ (Quarterly Journal of Science, i. 59). 6. ‘Lectures for improving Navigation and Astronomy.’ Waller died before a projected second volume appeared, and some of the remaining manuscripts furnished Derham's ‘Philosophical Experiments and Observations’ in 1726. An abridgment of Hooke's ‘Micrographia’ was published at London in 1780. His unpublished remains were collected by Dr. Thomas Stack into one volume, believed to exist in the library of the Royal Society (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. xii. 429). A few of his papers are preserved in the British Museum (Addit. MSS. 6193–4).

 HOOKER, alias VOWELL, JOHN (1526?–1601), antiquary and chamberlain of Exeter, was born there in or about 1526, being the second son of Robert Hooker, who was mayor of Exeter in 1529, by his third wife, Agnes, daughter of John Doble of Woodbridge, Suffolk. His parents died when he was about ten years old. He was educated in Cornwall at a famous school kept by Dr. John Moreman, vicar of Menheniot, and thence proceeded to Oxford. Corpus Christi College was most probably the college to which he belonged, although Exeter has been suggested, for under a tablet in the hall of Corpus, inscribed with Latin verses concerning the founder, are these words: ‘Hanc repurgatam tabellam restituit Johannes Hooker, generosus, Exoniensis, 1579’ (, Survey of the Antiquities of the City of Oxford, ed. Clark, 1889, i. 551). On leaving Oxford he travelled in Germany, and at Cologne he kept the common exercises of a lecture and disputations in the law, a circumstance leading to the inference that he graduated in that faculty before he left England. He next visited Strasburg, where he sojourned with Peter Martyr. After returning to England for a short time, he proceeded to France with the intention of travelling through Italy and Spain, but in consequence of the wars he was ‘driven to shift himself homewards again.’ Not long afterwards he married, took up his residence in the parish of St. Mary Major in his native city, was in Exeter when it was besieged by the rebels in 1549, and applied himself to the study of astronomy and English history.

He was elected the first chamberlain of the city of Exeter on 21 Sept. 1555. He mentions his appointment in his manuscript ‘History of Exeter.’ His fee he tells us was 4l. a year, and his liveries brought 32s. more. His office chiefly concerned the orphans, but he was also to see the records safely kept, to enter the acts of the corporation in the absence of the town clerk, to attend the city audits, to survey the city property, and to help and instruct the receiver (, Hist. of Exeter, p. 242). As solicitor to Sir Peter Carew, he went to Ireland on his client's business; and he was elected burgess for Athenry in the Irish parliament of 1568. On 20 March 1568–9 the lord deputy of Ireland and the Irish council granted him a license to print the Irish acts of parliament at his own charges (Calendar of the Carew MSS. 1515–74, p. 387). In 1569 he spoke vehemently in the Irish House of Commons in support of the royal prerogative, and so irritated the opposition that the house broke up in confusion, and his parliamentary friends deemed it necessary to escort him to his lodgings in the house of Sir Peter Carew, to protect him from personal violence. Browne Willis states that he and Geoffrey Tothill were elected burgesses for Exeter to Queen Elizabeth's third parliament, which assembled at Westminster on 8 May 1572 (Notitia Parliamentaria, vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 80), but his name does not appear in the ‘Official List of Members of Parliament,’ 1878. He died at Exeter in November 1601, and was buried on 8 Nov. in St. Mary Major's.


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 By his first wife, Martha, daughter of Robert Toker of Exeter, he had issue five children, viz.: Robert, John, John, Margery, and Prothsaye; and by his second wife, Anastryce, daughter of Edward Bridgeman of Exeter, he had issue Thomas, Toby, Alice (wife of John Travers), Zachary (who became rector of St. Michael Carhayes, Cornwall), Audrey, Thomas, May, Peter, Amy, George, John, and Dorothy. He was uncle of ‘judicious’ Richard Hooker [q. v.] (pedigree in Works, ed. Keble, i. p. cix).

A portrait of him is preserved in the town hall of Exeter.

Hooker's chief literary labour was the editing and revision of Holinshed's ‘Chronicles,’ originally published in 1577. ‘Newlie augmented and continued with manifold matters of singular note and worthie memorie to the yeare 1586,’ by Hooker, the work reappeared in 3 vols. folio in 1586–7. Hooker was assisted in the undertaking by Abraham Fleming, John Stow, and Francis Thynne, and many of their additions relating to contemporary politics roused the wrath of the queen, and caused the edition to undergo serious castration immediately after its first publication [see under ]. Hooker's original contributions to the work are: 1. ‘The begininge, cause, and course of the comotion or rebellion in the counties of Devon and Cornewall in … 1549.’ One manuscript is in the Bodleian Library, Rawlinson MS. 792. Another, belonging to the Rev. R. Walker of Truro, was sold at Bristol in 1855. 2. ‘The Irish historie composed by Giraldus Cambrensis and translated into English (with scholies to the same), together with Supplie to the said historie from the death of Henrie the eight, unto 1587;’ sometimes found separate. Dedicated to Sir Walter Raleigh. 3. ‘Description of the City of Exeter, and of the sundry Assaults given to the same.’ A MS. copy is in Ashmole MS. 762; another, dated 1559, is in the Cottonian collection, Titus F. vi. 88; an outline of the ‘Description’ dated 1571 is in MS. in the College of Arms (H. D. N. No. 41; cf. Notes 1882). The ‘Description’ alone was issued separately, apparently at Exeter, about 1583 in 4to. 4. ‘An Addition to the Chronicles of Ireland, from 1546, where they ended, to the year 1568.’ 5. ‘Order and usage of keeping the Parliaments in England.’ Also issued separately, London, 1572, 4to, and with the ‘Description’ of Exeter (London? 1575? 4to); it was reprinted in the ‘Somers Tracts.’ There are manuscripts of this work in the Harleian collection, 1178, f. 19, and in the library of Lord Calthorpe, and in the MS. at the College of Arms mentioned above. 6. ‘A Catalog of the Bishops of Excester, with the description of the Antiquitie and first foundation of the Cathedrall Church of the same’ (also separately. London, 1584, 4to).

Other of his separate publications are: 7. ‘Orders enacted for Orphans and for their portions within the Citie of Excester, with sundry other instructions incident to the same,’ London [1575], 4to. 8. ‘The Events of Comets or blazing Stars, made upon the sight of the Comet Pagonia, which appeared in the month of Nov. and Dec. 1577,’ London, 8vo. Dedicated to Sir John Gilbert. 9. ‘A Pamphlet of the Offices, and duties of everie particular sworne Officer of the citie of Excester,’ London, 1584, 4to. 10. ‘The Lyffe of Sir Peter Carewe, late of Mohonese Otrey, in the countie of Devon, Knyghte, whoe dyed at Rosse, in Irelande, the 27th of November 1575.’ Printed in ‘Archæologia,’ xxviii. 96–151, and in the ‘Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts, edited by J. S. Brewer and W. Bullen,’ London, 1867, vol. i. pp. lxvii–cxviii. The original manuscript is at Lambeth, No. 605. Its contents are embodied in ‘The Life and Times of Sir Peter Carew, Kt. (From the original manuscript) with a historical introduction and elucidatory notes,’ by John Maclean, F.S.A., London, 1857, 8vo.

The ‘Description’ of Exeter [No. 3 above], together with Nos. 6 and 9, was reprinted carelessly by Andrew Brice [q. v.] in 1765 from a MS. in the Guildhall, Exeter.

The following remain in manuscript: 12. ‘A Synopsis Chorographical, or an historical Record of the Province of Devon, in Latin called Damnonia.’ There is a copy of this in Harl. MS. 5827 entitled ‘A Discourse of Devonshire and Cornwall, with Blazon of Arms.’ On the author's death the work was put into the hands of Judge Doddridge to prepare it for publication, but it has never been printed (for description, see Journal Brit. Archæol. Soc. 1862, xviii. 134–45). Prince had seen a copy in the possession of John Eastchurch of Wood, with manuscript remarks by Doddridge. 13. ‘An Abstracte of all the Orders and Ordynances extant, made, enacted, and ordayned, by the Maiors and Comon Counsell of the Citie of Excester for the tyme beinge, for the good government of the saide Citie and Comonwelthe of the same.’ Manuscript belonging to the corporation of Exeter. 14. Two thick manuscript folio volumes, also in the possession of the corporation of Exeter, containing a vast amount of local antiquarian information, chiefly relating to the haven of Exe and the city of Exeter. 15. ‘Journal of the Proceedings of the Irish Parliament, anno 1568.’ Manuscript mentioned by Bishop Tanner


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 (Bibl. Brit. p. 410). 16. Autograph manuscript in the University Library, Cambridge (Mm. i. 32), containing part of a journal of the parliament at Dublin, 1568; the arms and quarterings of the lords of parliament in England, temp. Edwardi VI, Mariæ, et Elizabethæ; and several collections of the arms of the gentry in England and Ireland. 17. Heraldic collections in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, dated 1575. 18. ‘The Desplayenge of the Gulye Lyon of Berewcke yn Durias, together with his Caveat unto Frauncys, Erle of Bedforde, his Lorde and Patron,’ 1578, 4to, at Woburn. He is also said to have written: 19. A translation of the Epistle of St. Augustine to Dardanus. 20. A translation of Erasmus's ‘Detectio Præstigiarum.’ This and the preceding work he presented to Thomas, earl of Bedford. 21. ‘A Book of Ensigns,’ dedicated to the Earl of Bedford.

John Hooker alias Vowell must be distinguished from or  (fl. 1540), poet and dramatist, described as of Maidstone, who became a demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1525, and graduated B.A. in 1527, proceeding M.A. in 1535 and B.D. in 1540. He was elected fellow in 1530, and lectured at his college in various subjects, being, according to Tanner, a well-known classical scholar; Leland, in his ‘Cygnea Cantio,’ refers to him as ‘Hocherus nitor artium bonarum.’ A letter of Hooker's, supposed to be addressed to Bullinger, is printed in ‘S. Clementis Epist. duæ cum Epist. singular. Clar. Virorum,’ Lond. 1694. The following works, apparently never published, have been attributed to him:
 * 1) ‘Piscator; or, the Fisher caught,’ a comedy which Warton thought was written for the students at Magdalen to act.
 * 2) . ‘An Introduction to Rhetorick.’
 * 3) ‘Poema de vero Crucifixo.’
 * 4) ‘Epigrammata Varia.’ Bloxam wrongly attributed to this writer Vowell's ‘Life of Sir Peter Carew.’

HOOKER, RICHARD (1554?–1600), theologian, was born at Heavitree, Exeter, probably in March 1553–4. The original name of the family was Vowell, but in the fifteenth century members of it called themselves Vowell alias Hooker or Hoker, and in the sixteenth century the original name was generally dropped. Hooker's great-grandfather, John Hooker (d. 1493), and his grandfather, Robert Hooker (d. 1537), were both mayors of Exeter, the former in 1490 and the latter in 1529. His father, Roger Vowell alias Hooker, seems to have been in poor circumstances. A sister, Elizabeth, who married one Harvey, is said to have died in September 1663, aged 121 years; she seems to have supplied Fuller with some very incorrect information about her distinguished brother. Richard was educated at Exeter grammar school. His progress there was rapid, and at the solicitation of the schoolmaster, his uncle, alias Vowell [q. v.], resolved to provide him with means for a university education. The uncle was intimate with Bishop Jewel, and urged his friend to ‘look favourably’ on his poor nephew. Jewel summoned the lad and his teacher to Salisbury; was impressed by Richard's promise; bestowed an annual pension on his parents, and in 1568 (according to the second edition of Walton's ‘Life’) obtained for him a clerk's place at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The president of the college, (d. 1600) [q. v.], interested himself in the youth. Hooker often journeyed on foot from Oxford to Exeter, and paid on the way several visits to Jewel at Salisbury. Jewel died in September 1571, and his place as Hooker's patron was taken by his friend, [q. v.], then bishop of London, who sent his son Edwin (afterwards Sir Edwin) to be Hooker's pupil at Oxford. Sandys and another Oxford pupil, [q. v.], grandnephew of the archbishop, became Hooker's chief friends in after-life. When nearly twenty years old (1573) Hooker was elected a scholar of his college. The statutable limit of age for the admission of scholars was nineteen, but it was permissible according to the founder's statutes to make an exception in case of a candidate of unusual


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 attainments. Hooker graduated B.A. 14 Jan. 1573–4 and M.A. 8 July 1577, and in the latter year obtained a fellowship. An extant inventory of the furniture in his college rooms—on the second or third floor above the library—shows that his books included Hosius's ‘De Hæreticis,’ ‘Jewel's reply to Harding,’ 1564, and Lyra's ‘Commentaries’ (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xi. 221). As a young man Hooker's range of learning was very wide. He was well acquainted with Greek and Hebrew, and although theology was then, as afterwards, his special study, he was no stranger to music and poetry, ‘all which he had digested and made useful.’ Henry (afterwards Sir Henry) Saville was one of his Oxford friends, and in July 1579 he was appointed deputy to Thomas Kingsmill [q. v.], the professor of Hebrew, on the recommendation of the Earl of Leicester, chancellor of the university. He read Hebrew lectures in the university until his final departure. In October 1579 he was expelled from the college for a month, with his friend and former tutor, Dr. John Rainolds or Reynolds, and other colleagues. The cause is not known, but it seems probable that Hooker and his friends' views had offended John Barfoot, the vice-president, who was an ardent puritan. On returning to Oxford he quietly continued his studies, and about 1581 took holy orders. Outside Oxford he made his first public appearance in the same year, when he preached at St. Paul's Cross in London.

On the occasion of this sermon Hooker lodged in the house of a draper in Watling Street named John Churchman, and Mrs. Churchman (according to Walton) straightway persuaded him to marry their daughter Joan, an ill-tempered woman, neither rich nor beautiful. Wood calls her ‘a clownish, silly woman, and withal a mere Xanthippe.’ That the marriage was ‘a mistaken and ill-asserted one’ seems undoubted, and Walton attributes Hooker's error in the choice of his wife to his bashfulness and dim sight. Walton's story was doubtless derived from friends of Hooker, who specially disliked his wife, and should not, perhaps, be taken quite seriously. That Hooker's relations with his wife were thoroughly unhappy is rendered improbable by his will, in which he makes ‘my wel-beloved wife’ sole executrix and residuary legatee, while ‘Mr. John Churchman, my wel-beloved father,’ is appointed an overseer along with Hooker's friend Sandys.

Hooker vacated his fellowship on his marriage, and on 9 Dec. 1584 was presented by John Cheney, the patron, to the living of Drayton-Beauchamp, Buckinghamshire. When his pupils Cranmer and Sandys visited him there they found him (according to Walton's well-known anecdote) in a field reading the odes of Horace while tending his sheep; were soon deprived of his ‘quiet company’ by his wife, who ordered him to rock the cradle, and left disgusted at the domestic tyranny to which Hooker submitted. Sandys is said to have told his father (now archbishop of York) of Hooker's condition, and at the archbishop's suggestion and by the influence of Whitgift, archbishop of Canterbury, Hooker was, on 17 March 1584–5, appointed master of the Temple. Walter Travers [q. v.], a well-known puritan, who was already afternoon-reader or lecturer at the Temple, was a candidate for the post, and was passed over in Hooker's favour.

As soon as Hooker was installed in office the Temple church became the scene of a violent theological controversy between the master and the afternoon-lecturer. The church was thenceforth crowded with judges and barristers, including Sir Edward Coke and Sir James Altham, who took ‘notes from the mouths of their ministers’ (, Church Hist. ed. Brewer, v. 184 sq.) It is noticeable that Hooker's Cambridge friends Jewel and Rainolds both belonged to the moderate puritan school among English churchmen, and he himself seems at first to have inclined to their views. He always adhered generally to Calvin's doctrine of election (cf. his sermon on Justification), carefully studied Calvin's ‘Institutes,’ and invariably spoke of Calvin with respect. But Travers's extravagant puritanism compelled him to emphasise his objections to Calvinistic theology in detail, and he proved himself in his sermons the ablest living advocate of the church of England as by law established. ‘The pulpit,’ wrote Fuller, ‘spake pure Canterbury in the morning and Geneva in the afternoon.’ Travers's lectures proved more popular than his antagonist's, and soon became strenuous denunciations of Hooker's views, which he represented as latitudinarian and erroneous. Whitgift intervened, and silenced Travers on the ground that he had received ordination according to the presbyterian form in a foreign congregation. Travers, in an appeal to the council, charged Hooker with heresy, and Hooker answered the charge at length (printed in 1612). Although the controversy was keen it was conducted with much dignity, and Hooker and Travers never lost respect for each other. When the dispute was subsiding, Hooker resolved to investigate the general principles involved in the position of the church of England, and his great work on the ‘Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity’ was the result. So that he might the more peacefully pursue his studies he appealed to Whitgift in 1591 to give him a country benefice. The


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 archbishop presented him to the rectory of Boscombe, Wiltshire, where he soon completed half his treatise. On 17 July 1591 he was instituted to a minor prebend of Salisbury.

In July 1595 the crown, doubtless on Whitgift's recommendation, presented him to the better living of Bishopsbourne near Canterbury, and there he continued his literary labours. Dr. Hadrian Saravia, a Dutch protestant, who had lately become prebendary of Canterbury, strongly sympathised with Hooker's views, and in his later years was his dearest friend. His reputation spread rapidly, and many interested in the controversy in which he had engaged sought him out at Bishopsbourne. He died at Bishopsbourne on 2 Nov. 1600, and was buried in the chancel of the church. Bishop Andrewes wrote five days later that ‘his workes and worth’ were ‘such as behind him he hath not (that I know) left anie neere him.’ Sir William Cowper, grandfather of William, first Earl Cowper [q. v.], built in 1635 a monument above Hooker's grave, with a bust of the scholar upon it. Sir William's epitaph, in English verse, first associated the epithet ‘Judicious’ with Hooker's name.

Hooker's will, dated 26 Oct. 1600, was proved 3 Dec. The value of his estate, which chiefly consisted of books, was 1,092l. 9s. 2d. His wife Joan, who was sole executrix and residuary legatee, died in March 1600–1, five months after her husband, but not, it is said, until she had married a second husband. To each of his four daughters, Alice, Cicely, Jone, and Margaret, Hooker left 100l. as their marriage portions. Alice died unmarried 20 Dec. 1649, and was buried 1 Jan. following at Chipstead, Surrey. Cicely married ‘one Chalinor, sometime a schoolmaster in Chichester.’ Jone married Edward Nethersole at Bishopsbourne 23 March 1600. Margaret, the youngest daughter, was wife of Ezekiel Charke, B.D., rector of St. Nicholas, Harbledown, near Canterbury, and had a son, Ezekiel, rector of Waldron, Sussex (d. 1670). Ben Jonson told Drummond of Hawthornden in 1618 that Hooker's children were then beggars (Conversations with Drummond, Shakesp. Soc. p. 10).

Hooker's chief personal characteristic, according to his friends, was his humility, or, to use Fuller's phrase, ‘his dove-like simplicity.’ Walton describes him when living at Bishopsbourne as ‘an obscure harmless man, a man in poor clothes, his loins usually girt in a coarse gown or canonical coat; of a mean stature and stooping, and yet more lowly in the thoughts of his soul; his body worn out not with age but study and holy mortifications; his face full of heat pimples, begot by his unactivity and sedentary life.’ ‘God and Nature,’ Walton continues, ‘blessed him with so blessed a bashfulness that, as in his younger days his pupils might easily look him out of countenance; so neither then nor in his age did he ever willingly look any man in the face, and was of so mild and humble a nature that his poor parish-clerk and he did never talk but with both their hats on or both off at the same time; and to this may be added, that though he was not purblind, yet was short or weaksighted, and where he fixed his eyes at the beginning of his sermon, there they continued till it was ended.’ At one time he was the victim of the blackmailing persecution of a scheming woman, who threatened to charge him with immorality; but his pupils Cranmer and Sandys finally relieved him of her visits.

Hooker was an active and exemplary parish priest, and personally practised much fasting and private prayer. He was not a popular preacher. According to Walton, his ‘sermons were neither long nor earnest, but uttered with a grave zeal and an humble voice.’ ‘He seemed to study as he spake: the design of his sermons, as of all his discourses, was to show reasons for what he spake, and with these reasons such a kind of rhetoric as did rather convince and persuade than frighten men into piety.’ Fuller draws attention to ‘the copiousness of his style’ as a preacher, and the severe demands he made on the intelligence of his audience, some of whom censured him as ‘perplext, tedious, and obscure.’ ‘His voice was low, stature little, gesture none at all, standing stone-still in the pulpit.’ But attentive hearers, who closely followed his argument, ‘had their expectation ever paid at the close thereof.’

On 29 Jan. 1592–3, John Windet, the publisher, obtained a license from the Stationers' Company for the publication of ‘The Lawes of Ecclesiasticall Politie. Eight books by Richard Hooker’ (, Transcript, ii. 295). On 13 March Hooker presented a manuscript copy to Lord Burghley. The first edition—a small folio—was issued by Windet without a date, and bore the title ‘Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie. Eyght Bookes by Richard Hooker. Printed at London by John Windet.’ The first forty-five pages are occupied by Hooker's preface, addressed ‘to them that seeke (as they tearme it) the reformation of lawes and orders Ecclesiasticall in the church of England.’ The forty-sixth page supplies a list of the ‘things handled in the bookes following,’ and the contents of eight books are enumerated. Four books only follow, and prefixed to the concluding list of errata is ‘An advertisement