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Cato's Letters/Letter 89

SIR, Most men see the advantage of trade to a country, and to every man in it; but very few know how to improve those advantages, and much fewer endeavour to do so. As soon as any law is enacted, or proposed for publick benefit, particular men set their wits to work how to draw separate advantages, from those provisions, whatever becomes of the publick; and indeed it is not to be hoped, must less expected, that they should ever do otherwise. But what is most to be lamented is, that the publick very often suffers by their not consulting their real interest, and in pursuing little views, whilst they lose great and substantial advantages. A very small part of mankind have capacities large enough to judge of the whole of things; but catch at every appearance which promises present benefit, without considering how it will affect their general interest; and so bring misfortunes and lasting misery upon themselves to gratify a present appetite, passion, or desire.

This is certainly true in almost every circumstance of publick and private life: The latter falls within all men’s observation; and the other happens as often, though not as often taken notice of. How many are there, who do not prefer a servile office or pension before the general interest of their country, in which their own is involved; and so sacrifice their liberty and the protection which they receive from equal laws, for momentary and precarious advantages; and by such means lose or hazard a large inheritance, or make it much less valuable, for trifling benefits, which will not pay half the difference?

Nothing is so much the interest of private men, as to see the publick flourish: for without mentioning the pleasure and internal satisfaction which a generous mind must receive, in seeing all people about him contented and happy, instead of meagre and starved looks, nakedness and rags, and dejected and melancholy faces; to see all objects gay and pleasing; to see fruitful and well manured fields; rich splendid, and populous cities, instead of barren rocks, uncultivated deserts, and dispeopled and empty towns: I say, besides avoiding all this horror, every man’s private advantage is so much wrapt up in the publick felicity, that by every step which he takes to depreciate his country’s happiness, he undermines and destroys his own: when the publick is secure, and trade and commerce flourish, every man who has property, or the means of acquiring property, will find and feel the blessed effects of such a circumstance of affairs; all the commodities which he has to dispose of will find a ready vent, and at a good price; his inheritance will increase every day in value; he is encouraged, and finds it his interest, to build, and improve his lands, cultivate new trades, and promote new manufactures; and by these means the people will be employed, and enabled to live in plenty, to marry, increase, and pay for the productions of the land, which otherwise will have little or no production: foreigners will be invited to partake of our happiness, and add to the publick stock; and even the poor and helpless will have their share in the general felicity, arising from the superfluities and charity of the rich. But the reverse of this glorious and happy scene shews itself in enslaved and corrupted nations.

But as this is abundantly the interest of private men, it is much more so of princes: The riches of a prince are the riches of his people, and his security and happiness are their affections: They do not consist in pompous guards, splendid courts, heaped up and extorted wealth, servile and flattering parasites, numerous, expensive, and glittering attendants, profusion, and extravagance; but in the steady and faithful duty and devotions of a grateful and contented people, who derive and own their happiness to flow from his care and beneficence. Flatterers and parasites often will find it their interest to betray him (and what else can be expected from those who betrayed their country first?), his guards often revolt from him, and sometimes murder him, and neither can be depended upon in any exigency of his affairs; his amassed wealth shall be often their plunder, and his destruction the price of their new engagements. But a whole people can never have an interest separate from the interests of a good prince: Their diffusive wealth will be always at his call, because it is to be expended for their own benefit: Their persons will ever be at his command, to defend themselves and him: This is a source of wealth and power, which can scarce ever be exhausted. When men fight for themselves and their all, they are not to be conquered till they are extinguished; and there are few instances where they have been ever conquered, at least till they were not worth conquering.

Besides, the superfluities and wanton gifts of a free and happy people will bring more money into his coffers, than racks and armies can extort from enslaved countries. The states of Brabant alone gave more money formerly to the Dukes of Burgundy and to Charles V than in all probability the whole seventeen provinces would have yielded to Spain since, if they had been all subdued; and I dare say, if England ever loses its liberties, its princes, in a little time, would not be able with whips and chains, to force as much money out of it in seven years, as we have seen it pay in one: They might fetch blood and tears from their subjects, but little else. It is undeniably therefore true, that the publick interest is the interest of both prince and people, which almost every one owns in words; and yet how few do so in their actions?

Every man sees the advantage of being formidable abroad, and safe at home, and knows that we cannot attain either but by being at the charge of it; and that the more equally and impartially taxes are laid, the fewer will be necessary, and more money raised: Yet how few men will come into equal and impartial taxes? And what have any got by contrary methods? It is certain, that less taxes than are now paid to one another, if fairly levied at first, would have ended all our wars, and not left us one penny in debt; whereas every landed man in England now owes the fourth or fifth part of his estate to the publick engagements, by declining the payment of perhaps the tenth part of it when it was due, or ought to have been due; and besides, has rendered all the rest insecure, by disabling the publick to defend it.

Who, that is interested in the national funds, does not see, that if some method be not soon taken to pay them off, they can never be paid at all; that no nation will deliver themselves up to a foreign enemy, or be contented to languish, expire and perish, at home, to make good juggling and extorting bargains, cooked up between courtiers and brokers; that publick necessities will happen in the course of human affairs, and those necessities will justify or colour uncommon measures; and that corrupt ministers, in times to come, may advise their masters to extraordinary courses, and desperate acts of power? And yet how many are there among these gentlemen (the greatest part of whose fortunes depends upon these events) who will fall into any effectual measures to make the payment of these debts due to themselves practicable, or that are not ready to catch at and to promote the raising of a new fund; though they must see that every step which they take towards it renders the payment of the old ones desperate?

How many courtiers have we seen in our days, that have not done every thing which they condemned in their predecessors; though by doing so they undermined the ground upon which they stood and played the game into their enemies’ hands again, who did the same before into theirs? How often have we seen them decline any means of raising money, though ever so fatal to trade or their country? Or when have we seen them expend it afterwards with frugality and prudence, to prevent the necessity of raising it over again? And yet, by acting thus, they lessened their own interest with the people, and in consequence too with their prince; who generally will find it necessary to discard them when they become odious and contemptible; and sometimes will think it prudent to recommend himself to his people by delivering them up as sacrifices to publick vengeance: whereas if they acted a faithful and just part, they might grow old in power, and be double blessings to their prince and to their fellow-subjects.

Who does not see the benefit of navigable rivers, which makes the carrying out our own commodities, and the bringing to us what we want, cheap and easy; and consequently increases the price of the former, and lessens the price of the latter? And yet a project of that kind always meets opposition from any people upon trifling motives, without ever considering the advantages on the other side, which most commonly must overbalance their imaginary losses, by computing their whole income and expence.

All private men see the benefit that would accrue to England, and to almost every man in it, by bringing all the materials of navigation, and particularly iron, from our own plantations, which are for the most part bought for money from rival states, who may be, and are often our enemies. Though this would settle our naval power upon a fixed and solid foundation, and leave it no longer to depend upon accidental and precarious supplies liable to the impositions and caprices of those nations, and subject to be intercepted by others who may be in war with us; yet we have seen, oftener than once, that gentlemen of great estates have denied their countries this general good, and preferred the little advantage of selling a particular wood at an advanced price, or the encouragement of a private iron-work, to so great a benefit to themselves and their country; without ever giving themselves leave to balance the much greater augmentation of wealth and security, which would accrue personally to them by keeping so much money in their country, and by bringing in a great deal more from foreign states, by making navigation easy and cheap, by supplying themselves and their tenants with the instruments and utensils of husbandry, building, and house-keeping, at lower rates, and so enabling themselves to make greater profit of their lands, and their tenants to pay them greater rents; and, above all, by increasing the publick safety and power, of which every member will soon find the sensible effects in his own private affairs.

I confess it to be generally true, that the interest of any country is to make all sorts of manufactures themselves, rather than fetch them from neighbouring countries, or even from their own plantations; but it is always an exception to that truth, when those manufactures are necessary to carry on other trades which will return much greater benefit; and more so when they are necessary to carry on all trade in general, as iron and shipping undoubtedly are, upon the cheapness of which all the trade in the world in a great measure depends.

T I am, &c.

title: Cato's Letters/Letter 89


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apraksin, Thedor Matvyeevich

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apricot

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apricot


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Page:Historical Essays and Studies.djvu/80

68 excessive that it must have been more than conventional. Men said that he was more than human, that he surpassed all mankind in righteousness, that the splendour of Christ Himself shone forth when he ascended the throne. His very countenance was divine. The golden age came back again; Astraea returned to earth at his accession. It was really believed that he would be a glorious pontiff. Ferrante of Naples and Ferdinand of Aragon were hostile to him from the beginning; but in many countries the illusion was not dispelled until the cardinals who had refused his bribes published his iniquity. Julian della Rovere, afterwards Pope Julius II., insisted that a Council should be summoned in order to judge him.

The idea was taken up by the Court of France, when the Pope appointed one of his kinsmen to the archbishopric of Rouen, whilst the Chapter elected George d'Amboise. The ministers boasted that the king


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apries

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apries


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/April

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/April


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Kaalund, Hans Vilhelm

KAALUND, ka̤'lōōn, (1818-85). A Danish poet, born at Copenhagen. He studied sculpture and painting, but the enthusiasm with which his verses were received on the return of Thorwaldsen (1838) decided him to take up literature as a profession. His poems, Kong Haldan den Stœrke (1840), and Valkyrien Göndul (1842), were successful but not profitable, and the same was true of his other works until the publication of Et Foraar (1858), a collection of his best old and new poems. In 1875 his drama Fulvia appeared, and in 1877 another collection of poetry, En Eftervaar. A posthumous volume of verse was printed in 1885. Besides these, he wrote Fabler og blandede Digte (1844), and Fabler for börn (1845), a book for young children, illustrated by Lundye.


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Page:Historical Essays and Studies.djvu/81

Rh possessed an infallible means of subjugating Alexander by calling a Council. Charles VIII. claimed the crown of Naples, and threatened, if investiture should be refused, to depose the Pope, not by force, but by canonical proof that he was a heretic and an intruder. When Alexander took the side of the house of Aragon, and the French invaded Italy, his prospects seemed hopeless. He expected to be deposed. The Cardinal of Siena, whom he sent to mollify the King of France, could not obtain an audience, and wrote to warn his master of the approaching danger. The French intended to summon a Council at Ferrara to sit in judgment on the Pope, and they believed that the consciousness of his guilt would make him pliable. They occupied Rome without resistance. Alexander shut himself up in St. Angelo, with a small group of faithful prelates; but the majority of the Cardinals were urging the king to depose him. The instrument pronouncing his deposition was drawn


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 Page 306 - Scrambles amongst the Alps - Whymper.jpg THE SUMMIT OF THE MOMINC PASS IN 1864.


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110 Life will be gone ere I have lived;

Where now is Life's first prime?

I've worked and studied, longed and grieved,

Through all that rosy time.

To toil, to think, to long, to grieve,—

Is such my future fate?

The morn was dreary, must the eve

Be also desolate?

Well, such a life at least makes Death

A welcome, wished-for friend;

Then, aid me, Reason, Patience, Faith,

To suffer to the end!

.

SYMPATHY.

should be no despair for you

While nightly stars are burning;

While evening pours its silent dew

And sunshine gilds the morning.

There should be no despair—though tears

May flow down like a river:

Are not the best beloved of years

Around your heart for ever?


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Rh They weep, you weep, it must be so;

Winds sigh as you are sighing,

And Winter sheds his grief in snow

Where Autumn's leaves are lying:

Yet, these revive, and from their fate

Your fate cannot be parted:

Then, journey on, if not elate,

Still, never broken-hearted!

.

PAST DAYS.

strange to think, there was a time

When mirth was not an empty name,

When laughter really cheered the heart,

And frequent smiles unbidden came,

And tears of grief would only flow

In sympathy for others' woe;

When speech expressed the inward thought,

And heart to kindred heart was bare,

And Summer days were far too short

For all the pleasures crowded there,

And silence, solitude, and rest,

Now welcome to the weary breast—


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Sympathy


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Rh PLEAD FOR ME.

, thy bright eyes must answer now,

When Reason, with a scornful brow,

Is mocking at my overthrow!

Oh, thy sweet tongue must plead for me

And tell, why I have chosen thee!

Stern Reason is to judgement come,

Arrayed in all her forms of gloom:

Wilt thou, my advocate, be dumb?

No, radiant angel, speak and say,

Why I did cast the world away.

Why I have persevered to shun

The common paths that others run,

And on a strange road journeyed on,

Heedless, alike, of wealth and power—

Of glory's wreath and pleasure's flower.

These, once, indeed, seemed Beings Divine;

And they, perchance, heard vows of mine,

And saw my offerings on their shrine;

But, careless gifts are seldom prized,

And mine were worthily despised.


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Rh So, with a ready heart, I swore

To seek their altar-stone no more;

And gave my spirit to adore

Thee, ever-present, phantom thing;

My slave, my comrade, and my king.

A slave, because I rule thee still;

Incline thee to my changeful will,

And make thy influence good or ill:

A comrade, for by day and night

Thou art my intimate delight,—

My darling pain that wounds and sears

And wrings a blessing out from tears

By deadening me to earthly cares;

And yet, a king, though Prudence well

Have taught thy subject to rebel.

And am I wrong to worship, where

Faith cannot doubt, nor hope despair,

Since my own soul can grant my prayer?

Speak, God of visions, plead for me,

And tell why I have chosen thee!

.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Plead for Me


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Rh SELF-INTERROGATION.

" evening passes fast away,

'Tis almost time to rest;

What thoughts has left the vanished day,

What feelings in thy breast?

"The vanished day? It leaves a sense

Of labour hardly done;

Of little, gained with vast expense,—

A sense of grief alone!

"Time stands before the door of Death,

Upbraiding bitterly;

And Conscience, with exhaustless breath,

Pours black reproach on me:

"And though I've said that Conscience lies,

And Time should Fate condemn;

Still, sad Repentance clouds my eyes,

And makes me yield to them!'

"Then art thou glad to seek repose?

Art glad to leave the sea,

And anchor all thy weary woes

In calm Eternity?


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124 "Nothing regrets to see thee go—

Not one voice sobs 'farewell,'

And where thy heart has suffered so,

Canst thou desire to dwell?"

"Alas! the countless links are strong

That bind us to our clay;

The loving spirit lingers long,

And would not pass away!

"And rest is sweet, when laurelled fame

Will crown the soldier's crest;

But, a brave heart, with a tarnished name,

Would rather fight than rest."

"Well, thou hast fought for many a year,

Hast fought thy whole life through,

Hast humbled Falsehood, trampled Fear;

What is there left to do?"

"'Tis true, this arm has hotly striven,

Has dared what few would dare;

Much have I done, and freely given,

But little learnt to bear!"

"Look on the grave where thou must sleep,

Thy last, and strongest foe;

It is endurance not to weep,

If that repose seem woe.


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Page:Whymper - Scrambles amongst the Alps.djvu/311

 Page 311 - Scrambles amongst the Alps - Whymper.jpg THE CLUB-ROOM OF ZERMATT, IN 1864.


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Rh "The long war closing in defeat,

Defeat serenely borne,

Thy midnight rest may still be sweet,

And break in glorious morn!"

.

LINES COMPOSED IN A WOOD ON A WINDY DAY.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Self-Interrogation


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Lines composed in a Wood on a Windy Day


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Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. II.djvu/12

vi Page


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Rh DEATH.

! that struck when I was most confiding

In my certain faith of joy to be—

Strike again, Time's withered branch dividing

From the fresh root of Eternity!

Leaves, upon Time's branch, were growing brightly,

Full of sap, and full of silver dew;

Birds beneath its shelter gathered nightly;

Daily round its flowers the wild bees flew.

Sorrow passed, and plucked the golden blossom;

Guilt stripped off the foliage in its pride;

But, within its parent's kindly bosom,

Flowed for ever Life's restoring tide.

Little mourned I for the parted gladness,

For the vacant nest and silent song—

Hope was there, and laughed me out of sadness;

Whispering, "Winter will not linger long!"

And, behold! with tenfold increase blessing,

Spring adorned the beauty-burdened spray;

Wind and rain and fervent heat, caressing,

Lavished glory on that second May!

High it rose—no winged grief could sweep it;

Sin was scared to distance with its shine;


text:
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Ghassan Ahmed Daher (born February 23, 1993), better known by his stage name GH1520, is an Palestinian rapper, record producer , audio engineer , start singing in 2007 and formed his own band PaLRocK and made his own songs with Mc Mahmoud Salman and some other singers

title: User talk:GH1520


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Page:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, 1846).djvu/139

Rh Love, and its own life, had power to keep it

From all wrong—from every blight but thine!

Cruel Death! The young leaves droop and languish;

Evening's gentle air may still restore—

No! the morning sunshine mocks my anguish—

Time, for me, must never blossom more!

Strike it down, that other boughs may flourish

Where that perished sapling used to be;

Thus, at least, its mouldering corpse will nourish

That from which it sprung—Eternity.

.

VIEWS OF LIFE.

sinks my heart in hopeless gloom,

And life can show no joy for me;

And I behold a yawning tomb,

Where bowers and palaces should be;

In vain you talk of morbid dreams;

In vain you gaily smiling say,

That what to me so dreary seems,

The healthy mind deems bright and gay.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Death


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Page:The American Indian.djvu/220

174 when we note that almost everywhere there is an annual allotment of fields to the households of the group, thus distinctly demonstrating each individual's equality in the ownership of the community land. As in most other things, the Inca and Nahua highly systematized the workings of these fundamental concepts, forming thus codes of land laws. The boundaries to the group lands were fixed and the death penalty placed upon any one tampering with them. Also, certain unoccupied lands were set aside for the support of the governing class, labor upon which was requisitioned as needed. One who reads the special literature of the subject can scarcely fail being impressed with the thorough control of agriculture exercised by these centralized powers. In each community there were officials whose duty it was to call the people to the fields, and to direct their labors. Further, if we follow out the distribution of maize culture we find associated with it practically all of the following concepts: the family ownership of land without rights of sale or conveyance, the setting aside of plots for the rulers and religious officials, and, finally, the constant control and supervision by those in authority. Yet, the non-agricultural areas have these same characteristics to a less degree; hence, it is not fair to assume that the development of agriculture was wholly responsible for the general communistic conception, a conception universal from Cape Horn to the Bering Sea. Rather should we say that this fundamental communal concept is the foundation upon which the one grand agricultural complex of the New World was reared.

Personal property in the New World consisted of houses, chattels, produce, etc. In a very considerable part of North America, at least, the house, furniture, and all food was the property of the woman, regardless of whether descent was reckoned in the male or female line. No doubt a careful investigation of this subject would lead to important results, but this inquiry is for the future.

A form of property not usually recognized by us is that of the hereditary right to certain functions in the community, as the ownership of rituals for ceremonies, ceremonial songs,

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Rh be read. While this author denies that the natives swear, yet the witness said, "I wish that the earth may swallow me up alive, as I stand, in case I speak not the truth."

Finally, some note should be made of the ordeal, which also had its analogous forms in this hemisphere. Throughout the interior of Canada and even among some of the Eskimo the right to a woman and other privileges is decided by a wrestling match. In parts of the Amazon country an arm or leg is plunged into a vessel filled with vicious insects to test the integrity of the individual, and again, poisonous ants are allowed to bite one to show his remorse for injury to another. If space permitted, we could work out the distributions of these practices, but we have gone far enough to reveal the character of the phenomena. Thus, we find the principles of "life for life," indemnity, social control of settlements, tests by ordeals, and oaths, in the New World as well as in the Old. Where they differ is in the conventionalized forms of procedure. There are, however, no differences common to all parts of the New World, each geographical area manifesting some individuality.

From our own point of view, property may be conveniently comprehended under the classes of real and personal. Real estate, or property in lands, is with us an individual matter, but such an idea seems to have been foreign to the New World. Here the land, in so far as it was owned at all, was the property of the family group. The Nahua, with all their complexity, never got above this idea, nor did the Inca. The one fact that makes this especially clear is the entire absence of the idea of selling or conveying title to lands. Other kinds of property there were, which were freely given and exchanged and even levied upon by the organized governments of the central areas for taxes or tribute, yet in no case do we find evidence that this procedure extended to the land. On the other hand, the right to the exclusive use of certain plots by the social group, gens, clan, etc., was clearly recognized. Yet, the true communal character of the system appears

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172 peaiman, becomes apprehender, judge, and executioner without check or supervision.

As we have noted, the idea of a trial in which evidence is presented does not apply to the judicial procedures we have outlined, except in the area of intense culture. Outside of this area, the only cases in which proof of guilt is sought by prosecuting parties are in the trials of witches as reported for the Iroquois and parts of the Pacific Coast. At some of the Algonkin trials evidence might be produced to show that murder, for example, was excusable, but taking the country at large, the conventional procedures assume that the identity of the guilty is known to all concerned before the trial. Naturally, there are cases in which the identity of the criminal is in doubt, and in such a contingency the shaman may be called upon to discover him. Further, throughout both continents, and especially in eastern South America, normal death is considered as probably due to secret magic by some personal enemy, and it is the shaman's place to discover the culprit. Thus, we have no difficulty in explaining how the shaman comes into close association with the machinery of the law and how in many cases he stands as the highest exponent of authority. The regions where the shaman is most supreme are precisely those in which the blood feud is least restrained: viz., the Amazon country, the Arctic coast belt, the interior of Canada, and the great western plateaus of the United States. Here he often becomes the relentless avenger, hounding the steps of the real or assumed criminal, until opportunity presents itself for his dispatch.

Another subject of interest is the oath. It has been stated that nothing like an oath existed in the New World, but we do find customs that can scarcely be interpreted in any other way. Obviously they serve the same purpose. Thus, when a Blackfoot woman faces the sun in the presence of a tribal priest and says, "May I never set my foot into another snow, if, etc.," or when a Dakota, challenged as to his war record, touches a knife point held by a referee and makes a similar pledge, we have the essentials of an oath. In this connection the remarks of Garcilasso on the oath taken by a native Peruvian should

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Rh few properly accredited officials. It is true that there was a constant night patrol of the villages and on ceremonial occasions a day police, but that these officers acted in case of murder or theft is improbable.

Now that we are at the end of this somewhat tedious survey, we may summarize the data, meager though they be. In the first place, it is only the complex governments of Peru and Mexico that exercised systematic judicial functions in what we consider criminal cases. Almost everywhere else the family group, the gens or clan, as the case may be, was left to its own devices in meeting such situations. There were always conventional ways of proceeding, but these were almost entirely outside the jurisdiction of the tribal government. Everywhere, of course, the concept of "life for life" is entertained, but the tendency in the New World is for the true blood feud to be found among those tribes having the simplest family organizations, whose distribution is shown on our map for social grouping; while in the regions of clans and gentes provision is made for compensating the injured parties either by a single execution, for which no retaliation is permitted, or by the payment of an indemnity. That this seemingly close correlation indicates a true functional relation between the two is doubtful, since it may be largely a matter of geographical segregation; yet, there remains the undeniable fact that at least the conventional methods of dealing with crime have geographical distributions in every way comparable to those for other traits of culture. Hence, their presence in any given locality is to be explained by historical principles and not as due to inherent reactions. The principle of "blood for blood" may be innate and consequently world-wide, but its mere presence does not account for the conventional procedures we have noted, nor for their peculiar distributions.

Like every other subject in this volume, this one admits of great elaboration, but space and time forbid more than passing notice of a few collateral practices. Thus, it often happens that the shaman in a group comes to have an official relation to its judicial system. This is particularly noticeable among the wilder peoples of South America where the shaman, or

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170 peoples. The Iroquois also had formal trials, but the procedure was different; witches, for example, were tried before the council, a regularly constituted body, but murderers were subject to immediate revenge by the injured family, unless a peace token was offered. Yet, the council would intercede and try to mediate. This failing, the aggrieved were left free to exercise their right, which in turn might call for retaliation.

As to the tribes of the Gulf States who had progressed so far as to form strong confederacies, and where we have reason to expect some judicial system, no very exact statement can be made. We infer from the available sources that murders and lesser crimes were left to adjustment by the interested parties, blood vengeance being the rule. It is true that the village government seems to have had a few police officers, but these were to preserve order at ceremonies and to regulate labor in the communal fields, not to punish offenses against the individual. However, as to trials and formal methods of adjusting crimes, we are left with the impression that in this particular the tribes of the South were far behind their northern neighbors. We should not forget, however, that this may be an unjust estimate arising from inadequate data. One judicial principle strongly developed in the South is that the murderer shall be killed in precisely the same way as his victim, and this, again, holds for the Iroquois, but not for the surrounding Algonkin tribes.

There remains but one more area in North America, viz., southwestern United States. Among the less sedentary peoples, as the Apache and Navajo, the idea of compensation for murder and minor injuries prevailed. Adjustments were usually made in public, but the decision seems to have rested with the injured party. They could, if they chose, exercise the right of vengeance, but the other side was then free to retaliate. For the Pueblo peoples proper we lack adequate data, but the inference is that the paying of an indemnity was universal. In general, the governing machinery of these villages seems to have been directed toward religious ends rather than otherwise and so to a large extent rests with the

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Page:The American Indian.djvu/215

Rh injured party closed the incident and did not lead to an endless chain of murders.

Shifting eastward to the great gens area around the upper Mississippi and the Great Lakes, we find something more elaborate. In the first place, the Siouan group of tribes clustering around the Missouri had a well-developed police system which, however, had no definite relation to a gens group, but was initiated and controlled by a governing head for the whole tribal group of gentes. A further peculiarity of this is that such a government was transitory or periodical, being called into life each spring and ending with the last fall bison hunt. For the gens itself there was no judicial system other than the individual acts of its members. About the only formal procedure was one that seems genetically related to the calumet idea; for example, certain head men could wave a pipe over contending parties who were then bound to desist or to be set upon by the community.

Turning now to the Algonkin-speaking tribes occupying the greater part of the Ohio and St. Lawrence drainage, we find no trace of a police system except among a few groups in immediate contact with the Siouans. On the other hand, we seem to have a more sharply defined gens system in which the idea that the gens is responsible for the acts of a member is clearly formalized. Yet, we cannot be sure as to this, since in many cases, as, for example, among the Ojibway, where the gens lines do not correspond to the local grouping and the local group seems itself to be the judicial unit. So it may turn out that what we have here is merely an emphasized idea of the community's responsibility, a factor common in some degree to all parts of the world. The most interesting point here, however, is a highly formalized procedure which constitutes a kind of trial under the authority of the chief and the shaman. The principle of procedure is that the friends and relatives of the deceased are persuaded by gifts and speeches to forgive the offense. If they cannot be so persuaded, the prisoner is executed at once. This precise form of judicial procedure is found among the Ojibway and Micmac, with suggestions of it throughout the whole stretch of Algonkin

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/215


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Page:The American Indian.djvu/214

168 procedure, for among the Hudson Bay Eskimo the men of a group may, in consultation, condemn an obnoxious individual and arrange for some one to dispatch him at the first opportunity. Again, in Greenland there is a definite mode of dealing with an offender by challenging him to a public contest in which he is made to face his opponent who sings derisive songs specifying his misdeeds. Such ordeals are not only used in case of theft and murder, but even to discipline a lazy or incompetent person.

In the great interior of Canada among the Déné tribes and eastward, the fundamental legal procedure was about as above, each group of people being informally dominated by one or more head men who exercised whatever judicial functions there were. The same can be said of the interior salmon area; but throughout, the right of blood vengeance was recognized. For example, we are told that among the Shoshoni the head man, or chief, did not concern himself with murders, but left that to the injured party.

In general, we can say that this loose type of personal freedom to revenge, without definite judicial procedure, is distributed from southern California northward through the Plateaus, the Plains, Canada, Alaska, and Greenland. However, in Washington, Oregon, northern California, and practically everywhere in the Plains, we find the idea of compounding, or paying the injured party. Referring to the map for social groups, we note that this distribution follows closely the limits of the simple band, or village type of grouping.

Turning now to the regions manifesting gens and clan organizations, we note that in the North Pacific Coast area there is little to add, except that the idea of compounding by gifts of property or slaves is rather prominent. When a murder is committed, the essential payment is a life of equal rank, but this applies when the parties are of different families, whereas, within the family, the family chief adjusts the case. In short, the blood vengeance again holds here and a distinct judicial procedure has so far not been brought to notice, nor do we hear of police officers. On the other hand, the blood vengeance was so far formalized that the taking of a life by the

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/214


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Page:The American Indian.djvu/226

ceremonialism, or ritualism, was developed to an unusual degree in the New World. The high poetic feeling of the natives and their fondness for symbolism is strikingly reflected in their tribal mythologies. This also finds expression in formal and ritualistic procedures, usually in connection with songs. However, before entering into generalizations on American ritualism we must review some of its typical forms.

In the regions of higher culture we find the political organization closely paralleled by a priestly hierarchy. Thus, in Peru, the priest of the sun at Cuzco, a near relative of the ruler, was the head of the religious system, and for each province another member of the family served as a sub-priest. Under each of the latter was a complex of priestly offices and functions. The ruler himself was a sacred person not to be looked upon by common men. The supreme power was conceived as resting in a culture hero, commonly passing under the name, Viracocha, though a number of other names appear in the literature of the subject, with somewhat contradictory attributes, seemingly due to original differences between the older creator gods for the several localities, differences which the Inca conquest could not entirely eradicate. The true Viracocha seems to have been a white man with a long gray beard, whose acts and disappearance have a curious resemblance to those of similar characters in the mythologies of the wilder peoples of both continents. That Viracocha was a highly personal and spiritual being is shown by one of the Inca prayers to him as translated by Sir Clements Markham.

Next in rank to Viracocha were the heavenly bodies of which the sun was the most significant. The moon, the earth (All Mother), and on the coast, the sea (Mother Sea), were also of

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/226


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Page:The American Indian.djvu/239

Rh

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/239


title: Template:Short-title/y1


text: A Year's Life/Fourth of July Ode

title: A Year's Life/Fourth of July Ode


text:
Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/371

1896.


text:
User:Bishnu Saikia

You are requested to connect with me at Assamese wikipedia page by name Bishnu Saikia''' and to Talk  at that link, not here please.

title: User:Bishnu Saikia


text:
Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/48

xxx , they have maintained to the present day. It is the object of the present narrative to exhibit the period, in which these momentous results were effected;—the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella.

By the middle of the fifteenth century, the number of states, into which the country had been divided, was reduced to four; Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and the Moorish kingdom of Granada. The last, comprised within nearly the same limits as the modern province of that name, was all that remained to the Moslems of their once vast possessions in the Peninsula. Its concentrated population gave it a degree of strength altogether disproportioned to the extent of its territory; and the profuse magnificence of its court, which rivalled that of the ancient caliphs, was supported by the labors of a sober, industrious people, under whom agriculture and several of the mechanic arts had reached a degree of excellence, probably unequalled in any other part of Europe during the Middle Ages.

The little kingdom of Navarre, embosomed within the Pyrenees, had often attracted the avarice of neighbouring and more powerful states. But, since their selfish schemes operated as a mutual check upon each other, Navarre still continued to maintain her independence, when all the smaller states in the Peninsula had been absorbed in the gradually increasing dominion of Castile and Aragon.

This latter kingdom comprehended the province of that name, together with Catalonia and Valencia. Under its auspicious climate and free political


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/373

1896.

An Act to provide for raising farther Money for the purpose of the Telegraph Acts, 1863 to 1892. [14th August 1896.]

Most Gracious Sovereign,

HEREAS by the, the Treasury are authorised to raise the sum of one million pounds for the purpose of the Telegraph Acts, 1863 to 1892, and to borrow that sum as in the said Act mentioned; and it is expedient to provide further money for the said purpose:

Now we. Tour Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in Parliament assembled, being desirous to make the said further provision, have cheerfully granted to Your Majesty the further sum of three hundred thousand pounds, to be paid out of the Consolidated Fund, for the purposes of the said Acts, and we have resolved that the said sum may be provided as herein-after mentioned, and we do most humbly beseech Your Majesty that it may be enacted, and be it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:

1. The Treasury may issue out of the Consolidated Fund, or the growing produce thereof, such sums not exceeding in the whole the sum of three hundred thousand pounds as may be required by the Postmaster General for the purposes of the Telegraph Acts, 1863 to 1892, and section one of the Telegraph Act, 1892, shall be construed as if one million three hundred thousand pounds were therein substituted for one million pounds.

2. This Act may be cited as the Telegraph (Money) Act, 1896, and together with the Telegraph Acts, 1863 to 1892, may be cited collectively as the Telegraph Acts, 1863 to 1896.


text:
User:Lexandalf

I primarily edit on Wikipedia under the same name.

title: User:Lexandalf


text:
Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/374

354

An Act for paying to the Local Taxation (Ireland) Account a Share of the Estate Duty.[14th August 1896.]

E it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual And Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same as follows:

1.—(1.) During the continuance of this Act the Commissioners of Inland Revenue, in such manner, by such payments, and under such regulations as the Treasury may direct, shall pay to the Local Taxation (Ireland) Account, within the meaning of the out of the proceeds of the estate duty derived in Ireland from personal property such sums as may be ascertained by the Treasury to be equal to nine eightieth parts of the sum payable under the  to the Local Taxation Account therein mentioned.

(2.) The first payment under this section shall be made during the six months ending on the thirty-first day of March next after the passing of this Act, so as to make up a half-yearly payment applicable during the six ensuing months.

2. All sums payable under this Act to the Local Taxation (Ireland) Account, shall be distributed in manner hereafter to be provided by Parliament.

3. This Act may be cited as the Local. Taxation (Ireland) Estate Duty Act, 1896.

4. This Act shall continue in force for five years from the thirty-first day of March next after the passing thereof, and no longer, unless continued by Parliament.

An Act to grant Moneys for the purpose of certain Local Loans, and for other purposes relating to Local Loans.[14th August 1896.]

E it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:

1.—(1.) For the purpose of local loans there may be issued by the National Debt Commissioners the following sums, namely—

(a.) For the purpose of loans by the Public Works Loan Commissioners, any sum or sums not exceeding in the whole the sum of one million five hundred thousand pounds;


text:
Author:Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann

Works

 * Philosophie des Unbewussten (1869)

title: Author:Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann


text:
Page:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, 1846).djvu/148

138 In the evening, when we're sitting

By the fire perchance alone,

Then shall heart with warm heart meeting,

Give responsive tone for tone.

We can burst the bonds which chain us,

Which cold human hands have wrought,

And where none shall dare restrain us

We can meet again, in thought.

So there's no use in weeping,

Bear a cheerful spirit still;

Never doubt that Fate is keeping

Future good for present ill!

.

STANZAS TO ——

, some may hate, and some may scorn,

And some may quite forget thy name;

But my sad heart must ever mourn

Thy ruined hopes, thy blighted fame!

'Twas thus I thought, an hour ago,

Even weeping o'er that wretch's woe;


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Kiblah

KIBLAH,, or KEBLAH (Ar. Kiblah, that which is opposite, from kabala, to come from the south). The direction of the (q.v.), in Mecca, toward which Mohammedans face when in prayer. It is indicated in a mosque by a niche in the wall called the miḥrab. At the outset of his career Mohammed is said to have turned toward the Kaaba when praying; though this is contrary to Sura ii. 110: “The cast and the west is God's; therefore, whichever way ye turn is the face of God.” After his flight to Medina, the Prophet changed the direction of prayer toward Jerusalem in the hope of attracting the Jews. On January 16, 624, recognizing the futility of this hope, he changed the kiblah back again to the Kaaba, justifying this momentous change by a special revelation (Sura ii. 136-145). Consult Sprenger, Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammed, vol. iii. (Berlin, 1869).


text:
Page:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, 1846).djvu/149

Rh One word turned back my gushing tears,

And lit my altered eye with sneers.

Then "Bless the friendly dust," I said,

"That hides thy unlamented head!

Vain as thou wert, and weak as vain,

The slave of Falsehood, Pride, and Pain,—

My heart has nought akin to thine;

Thy soul is powerless over mine."

But these were thoughts that vanished too;

Unwise, unholy, and untrue:

Do I despise the timid deer,

Because his limbs are fleet with fear?

Or, would I mock the wolf's death-howl,

Because his form is gaunt and foul?

Or, hear with joy the leveret's cry,

Because it cannot bravely die?

No! Then above his memory

Let Pity's heart as tender be;

Say, "Earth, lie lightly on that breast,

And, kind Heaven, grant that spirit rest!"

.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Stanzas to ——


text:
Page:Life of William Hickling Prescott.djvu/15

HE following Memoir has been written in part payment of a debt which has been accumulating for above half a century. But I think it right to add, that my friend counted upon me, in case I should survive him, to prepare such a slight sketch of his literary life as he supposed might be expected,—that, since his death, his family, and I believe the public, have desired a biographical account of him ampler than his own modesty had deemed appropriate,—and that the Massachusetts Historical Society, who early did me the honor of directing me to prepare a notice of their lamented associate such as it is customary to insert in their official proceedings, have been content to accept the present Memoir as a substitute. It is, therefore, on all accounts, offered to the public as a tribute to his memory, the preparation of which I should not have felt myself at liberty to refuse even if I had been less willing to undertake it.

But if, after all, this Memoir should fail to set the author of the "Ferdinand and Isabella" before those who had not the happiness to know him personally, as a man whose life for more than forty years was one of almost constant struggle,—of an almost constant sacrifice of impulse to duty, of the present to the future,—it will have failed to teach its true lesson, or to present my friend to others as he stood before the very few who knew him as he was.

, November, 1863.


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/375

1896. (b.) For the purpose of loans by the Commissioners of Public Works in Ireland, any sum or sums not exceeding in the whole eight hundred thousand pounds.

(2.) The sums so issued shall be issued during a period ending on the day on which a further Act granting money for the purposes of those loans comes into operation, and in accordance with the provisions of the

2. There shall be added to the works for the purpose of which the public Works Loan Commissioners may lend in Great Britain under the, the following works,namely,

Any work for which the council of a county, borough, district, or parish are authorised to borrow;

The construction or improvement of any canal;

Provided that where the repayment of a loan for the construction or improvement of a canal is collaterally secured to the satisfaction of the Public Works Loan Commissioners, the rate of interest on the loan may be three-and-a- quarter per cent, per annum instead of the rate of four per cent, per annum authorised by the

3. Where under section twenty-seven of the the Fishery Board for Scotland, with the consent of the Secretary for Scotland, apply to the Public Works Loan Commissioners for a loan on the security of the annual grant under the  or of any part thereof, the Public Works Loan Commissioners may grant the loan on the same terms as regards rate of interest and period for repayment as are applicable to loans to harbour authorities under the

4. Whereas it is expedient that the principal of the several local loans specified in the schedule to this Act should, to the extent specified in the last column of that schedule, not be reckoned as assets of assets of the local loans fund established under the : therefore the principal of the said loans shall, to that extent, be written off from the assets of the local loans fund, and the provisions of section fifteen of the said Act shall, so far as applicable, apply thereto.

5. Whereas the property mortgaged as security for the loan mentioned in Part II. of the schedule to this Act has been sold of loan to with the consent of the Treasury, and it is therefore expedient that the debt due in respect of the principal sum outstanding on Company, account of that loan should be extinguished: therefore the said debt (including all claims for interest in respect thereof) shall be extinguished, and the amount thereof shall be deemed to be a free grant from Parliament.

6. This Act may be cited as the Public Works Loans Act, 1896.


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Page:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, 1846).djvu/150

Rh APPEAL.

HONOUR'S MARTYR.

moon is full this winter night;

The stars are clear, though few;

And every window glistens bright,

With leaves of frozen dew.


text:
Author talk:Robert Lewis Dabney

Brief Biography
Robert Lewis Dabney

Born 5 Mar 1820 Louisa Co., VA

Died 3 Jan 1898  Victoria, TX Father  Charles Dabney, b. 1 Jul 1781, Louisa Co., VA

Mother Elizabeth Randolph Price, b. 26 Sep 1784, Hanover Co., VA  Wife  Margueritta Lavinia Morrison, b. 11 Oct 1823

Married 28 Mar 1848  Augusta Co., VA

Children six sons 1. Robert Lewis Dabney, b. 10 Feb 1849, Augusta Co., VA 2. James Morrison Dabney, b. 1 Apr 1850, Augusta Co., VA 3. Charles William Dabney, b. 19 Jun 1855, Augusta Co., VA 4. Thomas Price Dabney, b. 5 Sep 1857 5. Samuel Brown Dabney, b. 8 Jun 1859, Prince Edward Co., VA 6. Lewis Meriwether Dabney, b. 11 Aug 1865, Prince Edward Co., VA Notes: Was born in Louisa county, Virginia, March 5, 1820. He studied at Hampden-Sidney College and later graduated from the University of Virginia in 1842. He taught for two years and then entered the Union Theological Seminary in Virginia, was licensed to preach in 1846, ordained by the Lexington Presbytery in July, 1847, and became pastor of Tinkling Spring Church in Augusta county, Virginia, where he remained for six years. In 1853 he accepted the professorship of church history in Union Seminary, Virginia, and remained until 1883, except during the civil war, when he was actively engaged in the Confederate service as chaplain of the Eighteenth Virginia Regiment, and afterward as chief-of-staff to Gen. T. J. Jackson. In 1883 he was elected to the chair of moral philosophy in the University of Texas. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Hampden-Sidney College in 1853, and that of LL. D. by the Southwestern Presbyterian University, Tennessee, in 1877, and simultaneously by Hampden-Sidney College. Besides being a voluminous contributor to periodical literature Dr. Dabney published "Life of Rev. Dr. F. S. Sampson" (Richmond, 1854); "Life of Gen. T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson" (London, 1864); "Sacred Rhetoric" (Richmond, 1866); "Defence of Virginia and the South" (New York, 1868); "Sensualistic Philosophy of the Nineteenth Century Considered" (1876); "A Course of Systematic and Polemic Theology" (St. Louis, 1878); and "The Christian Sabbath" (Philadelphia, 1881).

Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, Volume III

VII--Prominent Persons

SHSP vol.19 page 376

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Southern_Historical_Society_Papers_volume_19.djvu/382

An Open Letter from Dr. R. [Robert] L.[Lewis] Dabney to Dr. J.[John] William Jones.

[For the Richmond Dispatch, January 2, 1892.]

, December 75, 1891

To the Rev. Dr. John William Jones :

''Rev. and Dear Sir: My home is now nearly 2,000 miles from Virginia. I am an old man, infirm and totally blind.''

title: Author talk:Robert Lewis Dabney


text:
Page:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, 1846).djvu/151

Rh The sweet moon through your lattice gleams

And lights your room like day;

And there you pass, in happy dreams,

The peaceful hours away!

While I, with effort hardly quelling

The anguish in my breast,

Wander about the silent dwelling,

And cannot think of rest.

The old clock in the gloomy hall

Ticks on, from hour to hour;

And every time its measured call

Seems lingering slow and slower:

And, oh, how slow that keen-eyed star

Has tracked the chilly grey!

What, watching yet! how very far

The morning lies away!

Without your chamber door I stand;

Love, are you slumbering still?

My cold heart, underneath my hand,

Has almost ceased to thrill.

Bleak, bleak the east wind sobs and sighs,

And drowns the turret bell,

Whose sad note, undistinguished, dies

Unheard, like my farewell!


text:
Page:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, 1846).djvu/152

142 To-morrow, Scorn will blight my name,

And Hate will trample me,

Will load me with a coward's shame—

A traitor's perjury.

False friends will launch their covert sneers;

True friends will wish me dead;

And I shall cause the bitterest tears

That you have ever shed.

The dark deeds of my outlawed race

Will then like virtues shine;

And men will pardon their disgrace,

Beside the guilt of mine.

For, who forgives the accursed crime

Of dastard treachery?

Rebellion, in its chosen time,

May Freedom's champion be;

Revenge may stain a righteous sword,

It may be just to slay;

But, traitor, traitor,—from that word

All true breasts shrink away!

Oh, I would give my heart to death,

To keep my honour fair;

Yet, I'll not give my inward faith

My honour's name to spare!


text:
Page:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, 1846).djvu/153

Rh Not even to keep your priceless love,

Dare I, Beloved, deceive;

This treason should the future prove,

Then, only then, believe!

I know the path I ought to go;

I follow fearlessly,

Inquiring not what deeper woe

Stern duty stores for me.

So foes pursue, and cold allies

Mistrust me, every one:

Let me be false in others' eyes,

If faithful in my own.

.

THE STUDENT'S SERENADE.

slept upon my couch,

But my spirit did not rest,

For the labours of the day

Yet my weary soul opprest;


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Honour's Martyr


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Appeal


text:
Light (Bourdillon)

The Night has a thousand eyes, And the Day but one; Yet the light of the bright world dies With the dying sun.

The mind has a thousand eyes, And the heart but one; Yet the light of a whole life dies When love is done.

Lumo Из Бурдильёна (Полонский)

title: Light (Bourdillon)


text:
Page:Chronological Table and Index of the Statutes.djvu/378

 * Army- :Reduced rates of postage for soldiers.
 * See, 2.
 * Collection and disposal of effects and payment of debts of officers and soldiers during on service or in colonies, or deserting, convicted, or insane
 * 26 & 27 Vict. c. 67.
 * 40 & 41 Vict. c. 7. s. 98. (temp.)
 * Constitution of stations for as extra-parochial, and appointment and episcopal superintendence of chaplains
 * 31 & 32 Vict. c. 83.
 * Chaplain holding benefice, when entitled to half-pay
 * 32 & 33 Vict. c. 93. s. 30.
 * Compensation to officers for commissions saleable on 1st November 1871 and commissioners for deciding on claims
 * 34 & 35 Vict. c. 86.
 * Compensation to retiring officers of Indian Artillery and Engineers
 * 37 & 38 Vict. c. 61.
 * Commutation of pensions.
 * See.
 * Exemption of authorised exchanges of officers from Army Brokerage Acts
 * 38 & 39 Vict. c. 16.
 * Smuggling, powers of officers, &c. as to prevention, &c. of; rewards, protection, &c.
 * See, 2 (e) (f).
 * See also ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (Members); ; ; ; ; ;.

 * See (Members, (a));.
 * See (Members, (a));.

 * Formation, training, calling out, number, and regulation of; enrolment of Chelsea and Greenwich out-pensioners resident in colony as a local force
 * 30 & 31 Vict. c. 110.
 * 33 & 34 Vict. c. 67.
 * 34 & 35 Vict. c. 86. s. 7.
 * 40 & 41 Vict. c. 7. s. 107. (temp.)
 * Application of Mutiny Act to.
 * See.
 * See also ; ; ; ;.
 * See also ; ; ; ;.

 * Liquidation of debts by
 * (E.) 32 & 33 Vict. c. 71. s. 125, &c.
 * See also .;
 * All men to be ready to pursue felons
 * 3 Edw. 1. (Stat. Westm, prim,) c. 9.
 * Of one suspected of homicide, and hue and cry after murderers, burglars, &c.
 * 4 Edw.,(Offic.Cor.)
 * Action of false imprisonment against sheriff for wrongful.
 * See, 2.
 * Writ for, of criminal, in one county when indicted in another
 * 5 Edw. 3. c. 11.
 * Writ of capias for, of felon
 * 20 Edw. 3. st. 5. c. 14.
 * On Sunday void (see also Religious Worship)
 * 29 Cha. 2. c. 7. s. 6.
 * Carrying arrested debtor to safe lodging, but not to prison for 24 hours
 * (E.) 32 Geo. 2. c. 28.
 * Of offenders escaping from one part of the United Kingdom to another part, and expense of removal.
 * See.
 * Reward for actively assisting, of criminals, and compensation to family of person killed in so doing.
 * (E.) 7 Geo. 4. c. 64. ss. 28, 30.
 * (E.) 14 & 15 Vict. c. 55. s. 7.
 * (E.) 19 & 20 Vict. c. 16. 8. 13.
 * Of criminals escaping from United Kingdom to colonies, and vice versa, and expense of removal
 * 6 & 7 Vict. c. 34.
 * Of certain criminals by any person, and penalty for resistance
 * (E. I.) 14 & 15 Vict. c. 19.
 * (E. I.) 24 & 25 Vict. c. 96. ss. 103–5.
 * Of person loitering at night, and suspected of felony or felonious intent (see also )
 * (E. I.) 24 & 25 Vict. c. 96, s. 104.
 * (E. I.) 24 & 25 Vict. c. 97. s. 57.
 * Of person loitering at night and suspected of offence against person
 * (E. I.) 24 & 25 Vict. c. 100. s. 66.
 * Of person loitering at night committing coinage offence
 * 24 & 25 Vict. c. 99. s. 31.
 * Of debtor about to abscond, &c. pending proceedings in bankruptcy
 * (E.) 32 & 33 Vict. c. 71. s. 86.
 * (E.) 33 & 34 Vict. c. 76.
 * Of person illegally fishing for salmon
 * (E.) 36 & 37 Vict. c. 71. s. 38.
 * Of deserting seamen.
 * See, 2 (g).
 * Of person sued for penalties under Customs Acts.
 * See, 2 (f).
 * See also ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (Prvilege); ; ; ; ; ; ;
 * See also ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (Prvilege); ; ; ; ; ; ;


text:
Page:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, 1846).djvu/158

148 Now go; for at the door there waits

Another stranger guest:

He calls—I come—my pulse scarce beats,

My heart fails in my breast.

Again that voice—how far away,

How dreary sounds that tone!

And I, methinks, am gone astray

In trackless wastes and lone.

I fain would rest a little while:

Where can I find a stay,

Till dawn upon the hills shall smile,

And show some trodden way?

"I come! I come!" in haste she said,

"'Twas Walter's voice I heard!"

Then up she sprang—but fell back, dead,

His name her latest word.

.

STANZAS.

not weep that thou art going to leave me,

There's nothing lovely here;

And doubly will the dark world grieve me,

While thy heart suffers there.


text:
Author:Lucius Sergius Catilina

Works

 * The Bellum Catilinarium of Sallust, and Cicero's Four Orations Against Catiline: With Notes. Together with the Bellum Jugurthinum of Sallust by William Trollope (1830)

title: Author:Lucius Sergius Catilina


text:
Page:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, 1846).djvu/159

Rh I'll not weep, because the summer's glory

Must always end in gloom;

And, follow out the happiest story—

It closes with a tomb!

And I am weary of the anguish

Increasing winters bear;

Weary to watch the spirit languish

Through years of dead despair.

So, if a tear, when thou art dying,

Should haply fall from me,

It is but that my soul is sighing,

To go and rest with thee.

.

THE CAPTIVE DOVE.

restless dove, I pity thee;

And when I hear thy plaintive moan,

I mourn for thy captivity,

And in thy woes forget mine own.

To see thee stand prepared to fly,

And flap those useless wings of thine,

And gaze into the distant sky,

Would melt a harder heart than mine.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Stanzas (Ellis)


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Rh 'Tis she that from each transient pleasure

Extracts a lasting good;

'Tis she that finds, in summer, treasure

To serve for winter's food.

And when Youth's summer day is vanished,

And Age brings Winter's stress,

Her stores, with hoarded sweets replenished,

Life's evening hours will bless.

.

MY COMFORTER.

hast thou spoken, and yet, not taught

A feeling strange or new;

Thou hast but roused a latent thought,

A cloud-closed beam of sunshine, brought

To gleam in open view.

Deep down, concealed within my soul,

That light lies hid from men;

Yet glows unquenched—though shadows roll,

Its gentle ray cannot control,

About the sullen den.


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154 Was I not vexed, in these gloomy ways

To walk alone so long?

Around me, wretches uttering praise,

Or howling o'er their hopeless days,

And each with Frenzy's tongue;—

A brotherhood of misery,

Their smiles as sad as sighs;

Whose madness daily maddened me,

Distorting into agony

The bliss before my eyes!

So stood I, in Heaven's glorious sun,

And in the glare of Hell;

My spirit drank a mingled tone,

Of seraph's song, and demon's moan;

What my soul bore, my soul alone

Within itself may tell!

Like a soft air, above a sea,

Tossed by the tempest's stir;

A thaw-wind, melting quietly

The snow-drift, on some wintry lea;

No: what sweet thing resembles thee,

My thoughtful Comforter?

And yet a little longer speak,

Calm this resentful mood;


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Rh And while the savage heart grows meek,

For other token do not seek,

But let the tear upon my cheek

Evince my gratitude!

.

SELF-CONGRATULATION.

, you were thoughtless once

Of beauty or of grace,

Simple and homely in attire,

Careless of form and face;

Then whence this change? and wherefore now

So often smooth your hair?

And wherefore deck your youthful form

With such unwearied care?

Tell us—and cease to tire our ears

With that familiar strain—

Why will you play those simple tunes

So often, o'er again?

"Indeed, dear friends, I can but say

That childhood's thoughts are gone;

Each year its own new feelings brings,

And years move swiftly on:


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/My Comforter


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Rh Hurling hell's strongest bulwarks down,

Even when the last pang thrills my breast,

When Death bestows the Martyr's crown,

And calls me into Jesus' rest.

Then for my ultimate reward—

Then for the world-rejoicing word—

The voice from Father—Spirit—Son:

"Servant of God, well hast thou done!"

.

THE OLD STOIC.

I hold in light esteem;

And Love I laugh to scorn;

And lust of fame was but a dream

That vanished with the morn:

And if I pray, the only prayer

That moves my lips for me

Is, "Leave the heart that now I bear,

And give me liberty!"

Yes, as my swift days near their goal,

'Tis all that I implore;

In life and death, a chainless soul,

With courage to endure.

.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/The Old Stoic


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The New International Encyclopædia/Propaganda

PROPAGANDA (Lat. de propaganda fide, concerning the propagation of the faith). The name of the most important of the Roman congregations or committees of cardinals for the administration, under the Pope, of the Roman Catholic Church. Those parts of the world which are designated from this point of view as ‘missionary countries’ come under its immediate jurisdiction, even when possessing an organized hierarchy. They include: In Europe, the, British Isles, Norway, Denmark, Holland, Switzerland, Greece, the Balkan Peninsula, and parts of Germany; all of North America except Mexico; all of Asia but the Patriarchate of Goa and the Philippines; all of Africa except Algeria and certain dioceses subject to European metropolitans; Australia and Oceania. The churches of the Oriental Rite also come under the Propaganda. For further details, see .


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The New International Encyclopædia/Propagation of the Faith, Societies for the

PROPAGATION OF THE FAITH, . See.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Gotland

GOTLAND, gṓt'lȧnd, or GOTHLAND (Swedish Gottland). An island in the Baltic Sea, situated about 44 miles off the eastern coast of Sweden, and forming, together with the adjacent islets of Farö and Gotska Sandön, the Swedish Län of Gotland (Map: Sweden, H 8). Its greatest length is nearly 80 miles, its greatest breadth about 35 miles, and its area nearly 1140 square miles. The surface is level and the soil fertile, while the climate is comparatively mild. A large part of Gotland is under forests, and the arable land constitutes only about one-fifth of the total area. The chief occupations are agriculture and the breeding of live stock. There is also some manufacturing of lime, and a number of the inhabitants are engaged in seafaring. There are a number of good harbors, of which Slite Hamn is the most important. The population of the län was 52,781 in 1900. Chief town, ../Wisby/ (q.v.). The island was in the possession of Sweden as early as the ninth century. In the Middle Ages Wisby was an important member of the Hanseatic League. The island was taken several times by Denmark. It came back into the possession of Sweden in 1645.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Gotskowski, Johann Ernst

GOTSKOWSKI, gṓts-kōv'skḗ,. See.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Gottenburg

GOTTENBURG, gŏt'ten-bōōrK. See.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Gotter, Friedrich Wilhelm

GOT'TER, (1746-97). A German poet and dramatist, born at Gotha. He began the study of law, but was early influenced to write for the theatre. While at Wetzlar he became the friend of Goethe. Gotter wrote tragedies, comedies, and songs. He was a great admirer of everything French. Perhaps his best work is Medea (1775), for which Benda wrote the music (1778). His complete works were published in 1787, and a posthumous volume, Litterarischer Nachlass, in 1802.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Götterdämmerung

GÖTTERDÄMMERUNG, gẽt'ẽr-dĕm'ẽr-ụng (Ger., Twilight of the Gods). The last of the

four divisions of Wagner's music drama, Der Ring des Nibelungen. It was first produced on August 17, 1876, at Bayreuth. See.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Götterdämmerung (Ragnarök)

GÖTTERDÄMMERUNG. See.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Gottfried, Johann Philipp

GOTTFRIED, gṓt'frḗt,. See.


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Rh MUSIC ON CHRISTMAS MORNING.

I love—but never strain

Could kindle raptures so divine,

So grief assuage, so conquer pain,

And rouse this pensive heart of mine—

As that we hear on Christmas morn,

Upon the wintry breezes borne.

Though Darkness still her empire keep,

And hours must pass, ere morning break;

From troubled dreams, or slumbers deep,

That music kindly bids us wake:

It calls us, with an angel's voice,

To wake, and worship, and rejoice;

To greet with joy the glorious morn,

Which angels welcomed long ago,

When our redeeming Lord was born,

To bring the light of Heaven below;

The Powers of Darkness to dispel,

And rescue Earth from Death and Hell.

While listening to that sacred strain,

My raptured spirit soars on high;

I seem to hear those songs again

Resounding through the open sky,

That kindled such divine delight,

In those who watched their flocks by night.


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46 With them, I celebrate His birth—

Glory to God, in highest Heaven,

Good-will to men, and peace on Earth,

To us a Saviour-king is given;

Our God is come to claim His own,

And Satan's power is overthrown!

A sinless God, for sinful men,

Descends to suffer and to bleed;

Hell must renounce its empire then;

The price is paid, the world is freed,

And Satan's self must now confess,

That Christ has earned a Right to bless:

Now holy Peace may smile from heaven,

And heavenly Truth from earth shall spring:

The captive's galling bonds are riven,

For our Redeemer is our king;

And He that gave his blood for men

Will lead us home to God again.

.

FRANCES.

will not sleep, for fear of dreams,

But, rising, quits her restless bed,

And walks where some beclouded beams

Of moonlight through the hall are shed.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Music on Christmas Morning


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Rh STANZAS.

, weep not, love! each tear that springs

In those dear eyes of thine,

To me a keener suffering brings,

Than if they flowed from mine.

And do not droop! however drear

The fate awaiting thee;

For my sake combat pain and care,

And cherish life for me!

I do not fear thy love will fail;

Thy faith is true, I know;

But, oh, my love! thy strength is frail

For such a life of woe.

Were 't not for this, I well could trace

(Though banished long from thee,)

Life's rugged path, and boldly face

The storms that threaten me.

Fear not for me—I've steeled my mind

Sorrow and strife to greet;

Joy with my love I leave behind,

Care with my friends I meet.


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60 A mother's sad reproachful eye,

A father's scowling brow—

But he may frown and she may sigh:

I will not break my vow!

I love my mother, I revere

My sire, but fear not me—

Believe that Death alone can tear

This faithful heart from thee.

.

GILBERT.

I.

THE GARDEN.

the city hung the moon,

Right o'er a plot of ground

Where flowers and orchard-trees were fenced

With lofty walls around:

'Twas Gilbert's garden—there, to-night

Awhile he walked alone;

And, tired with sedentary toil,

Mused where the moonlight shone.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/Stanzas (Acton)


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Rh IF THIS BE ALL.

! if this indeed be all

That Life can show to me;

If on my aching brow may fall

No freshening dew from Thee,—

If with no brighter light than this

The lamp of hope may glow,

And I may only dream of bliss,

And wake to weary woe;

If friendship's solace must decay,

When other joys are gone,

And love must keep so far away,

While I go wandering on,—

Wandering and toiling without gain,

The slave of others' will,

With constant care, and frequent pain,

Despised, forgotten still;

Grieving to look on vice and sin,

Yet powerless to quell

The silent current from within,

The outward torrent's swell:


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Rh While all the good I would impart,

The feelings I would share,

Are driven backward to my heart,

And turned to wormwood, there;

If clouds must ever keep from sight

The glories of the Sun,

And I must suffer Winter's blight,

Ere Summer is begun;

If Life must be so full of care,

Then call me soon to Thee;

Or give me strength enough to bear

My load of misery.

.

LIFE.

, believe, is not a dream

So dark as sages say;

Oft a little morning rain

Foretells a pleasant day.

Sometimes there are clouds of gloom,

But these are transient all;

If the shower will make the roses bloom,

O why lament its fall?


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/If this be all


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Rh institutions, its inhabitants displayed an uncommon share of intellectual and moral energy. Its long line of coast opened the way to an extensive and flourishing commerce; and its enterprising navy indemnified the nation for the scantiness of its territory at home, by the important foreign conquests of Sardinia, Sicily, Naples, and the Balearic Isles.

The remaining provinces of Leon, Biscay, the Asturias, Galicia, Old and New Castile, Estremadura, Murcia, and Andalusia, fell to the crown of Castile, which, thus extending its sway over an unbroken line of country from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean, seemed by the magnitude of its territory, as well as by its antiquity, (for it was there that the old Gothic monarchy may be said to have first revived after the great Saracen invasion,) to be entitled to a preëminence over the other states of the Peninsula. This claim, indeed, appears to have been recognised at an early period of her history. Aragon did homage to Castile for her territory on the western bank of the Ebro, until the twelfth century, as did Navarre, Portugal, and, at a later period, the Moorish kingdom of Granada. And, when at length the various states of Spain were consolidated into one monarchy, the capital of Castile became the capital of the new empire, and


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xxxii her language the language of the court and of literature.

It will facilitate our inquiry into the circumstances which immediately led to these results, if we briefly glance at the prominent features in the early history and constitution of the two principal Christian states, Castile and Aragon, previous to the fifteenth century.

The Visigoths who overran the Peninsula, in the fifth century, brought with them the same liberal principles of government which distinguished their Teutonic brethren. Their crown was declared elective by a formal legislative act. Laws were enacted in the great national councils, composed of prelates and nobility, and not unfrequently ratified in an assembly of the people. Their code of jurisprudence, although abounding in frivolous detail, contained many admirable provisions for the security of justice; and, in the degree of civil liberty which it accorded to the Roman inhabitants of the country, far transcended those of most of the other barbarians of the north. In short, their simple


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84 Above, a sky of purest blue,

Around, bright flowers of loveliest hue,

Allured the gazer's eye.

But what were all these charms to me,

When one sweet breath of memory

Came gently wafting by?

I closed my eyes against the day,

And called my willing soul away,

From earth, and air, and sky;

That I might simply fancy there

One little flower—a primrose fair,

Just opening into sight;

As in the days of infancy,

An opening primrose seemed to me

A source of strange delight.

Sweet Memory! ever smile on me;

Nature's chief beauties spring from thee;

Oh, still thy tribute bring!

Still make the golden crocus shine

Among the flowers the most divine,

The glory of the spring.

Still in the wall-flower's fragrance dwell;

And hover round the slight blue bell,

My childhood's darling flower.


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Rh Smile on the little daisy still,

The buttercup's bright goblet fill

With all thy former power.

For ever hang thy dreamy spell

Round mountain star and heather bell,

And do not pass away

From sparkling frost, or wreathed snow,

And whisper when the wild winds blow,

Or rippling waters play.

Is childhood, then, so all divine?

Or Memory, is the glory thine,

That haloes thus the past?

Not all divine; its pangs of grief,

(Although, perchance, their stay be brief,)

Are bitter while they last.

Nor is the glory all thine own,

For on our earliest joys alone

That holy light is cast.

With such a ray, no spell of thine

Can make our later pleasures shine,

Though long ago they passed.

.


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viii Page


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive IV.A  (26 Vols.)

U.S. MAP for Diem: The Eisenhower Commitments, 1954–1950 (5 Vols.)

1. NATO and SEATO: A Comparison


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 {| Align=center
 * TOP SECRET – SENSITIVE
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OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

SET #13


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Sec Def Cont Nr. X-


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive IV. A. 1.

Because the SEATO Treaty has been used by the Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Administrations to justify U.S. policy, aid, and presence in Vietnam, and because many have questioned this justification, the treaty has become a center of controversy. The issue is whether by intent of the parties and by treaty terminology the U.S. was obligated to use force to help defend the territorial independence and integrity of South Vietnam. No one seriously challenges U.S. military and economic aid provisions under the SEATO Treaty; the thrust of the criticism is the use of U.S. ground combat forces.

There are plentiful statements over time by the U.S. Government on the importance of SEATO.

President Eisenhower stated: "We gave military and economic assistance to the Republic of Vietnam. We entered into a treaty — the Southeast Asia Security Treaty — which plainly warned that an armed attack against this area would endanger our own peace and safety and that we would act accordingly."

President Kennedy stated: "...The SEATO Pact...approved by the Senate with only, I think, two against it, under Article 4, stated that the United States recognized that aggression by means of armed attack against Vietnam would threaten our own peace and security. So since that time the United States has been assisting the government of Vietnam to maintain its independence...The attack on the government by communist forces, with assistance from the north, became of greater and greater concern to the Government of Vietnam and the Government of the United States."

Secretary Rusk, speaking for the Johnson Administration, made the strongest statement of all: "We have sent American forces to fight in the jungles...because South Viet-Nam has, under the language of the SEATO Treaty, been the victim of 'aggression by means of armed attack.' Those who challenge this rationale contend that unlike the NATO Treaty which specifically included the 'use of armed force' and unambiguously intended such action, the SEATO Treaty was not meant by its U.S. framers as an umbrella for American military intervention."

This is the kind of issue that can readily be argued either way. It is obvious the language of the SEATO Treaty the signatories the choice of military means. And, a respectable argument can be made for the further step of obligation. For example, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Report on the treaty in 1954 stated:

 * "The committee is not impervious to the risks which this treaty entails. It fully appreciates that acceptance of these additional obligations commits the United States to a cause of action over a vast expanse of the Pacific. Yet these risks

Rh


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