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Rh appeared at the Whitehall Theatre in Garrick's comedy, ‘The Guardian.’ The experiment was more than once renewed. In 1848 he played in Dickens's amateur company. In 1849 he appeared as Shylock in company with Barry Sullivan and others, and in 1850 he acted in his own play, ‘The Noble Heart’ at the Olympic and in the provinces. It is said that his performances, especially as Shylock, were thoughtful and artistic, but he was deficient in physical power.

Lewes married in 1840 Agnes, daughter of Swynfen Stevens Jervis (1798–1867) of Chatcull, Staffordshire, M.P. for Bridport in 1837, in whose family he had, it is believed, acted as tutor. He had to support himself by literary work, and the Leweses became known to many of the most distinguished authors of the time, especially to Carlyle, Thackeray, and J. S. Mill. He wrote many articles in the chief quarterly reviews, principally upon topics connected with the drama. He tells Macvey Napier (Correspondence, p. 463) in 1844 that an article of his upon Goethe in the ‘British and Foreign Quarterly’ had been translated into both French and German. In 1840 he wrote in the ‘Westminster’ upon ‘The French Drama;’ in 1841 in the ‘Westminster’ upon Shelley, whom he contrasts favourably with Byron; in 1842 in the ‘Westminster’ upon ‘The Errors and Abuses of English Criticism,’ attacking the system of anonymous writing, and in the ‘British and Foreign Review’ upon ‘Hegel's Æsthetics;’ in 1843 in the ‘Foreign Quarterly’ upon ‘The Spanish Drama’ (articles afterwards reprinted in 1846 as a volume), and upon A. W. von Schlegel, whom he attacks as a philosophic impostor; in the ‘Edinburgh’ upon ‘Dramatic Reform’ and ‘The Classification of Theatres;’ and in the ‘British and Foreign Quarterly’ upon ‘The Modern Philosophy of France,’ describing Cousin as a charlatan, and speaking favourably of Comte; in 1844 in the ‘British and Foreign’ upon ‘Alfieri and Italian Drama;’ in the ‘New Quarterly’ upon ‘Goldoni and Italian Comedy;’ and in the ‘Classical Museum’ upon the ‘Antigone and the Dancing of the Greek Chorus;’ in 1845 in the ‘Edinburgh’ upon Lessing, for whom he has the highest admiration, partly as ‘the least German of all Germans;’ in 1847 in the ‘British Quarterly’ upon ‘Browning and the Poetry of the Age,’ Tennyson being in his view the only true poet living; in 1848 in ‘Fraser's Magazine’ upon Leopardi, and in the ‘British Quarterly’ upon ‘Historical Romance: Alexandre Dumas;’ and in 1849 in the ‘British Quarterly’ upon ‘Disraeli's Writings’ and upon Macaulay. Lewes was invariably bright, clear, and eminently independent in his criticism. He had greater sympathy than most Englishmen with French canons of taste, disliked the clumsiness and obscurity of German literature, and thought that our national idolatry of Shakespeare had made us blind to the merits of the classical school.

Besides criticising Lewes had attempted independent authorship in his play of the ‘Noble Heart,’ and had made some adaptations from the French dramas, especially ‘The Game of Speculation,’ which had a lasting popularity. He wrote also two novels, ‘Ranthorpe’ (written in 1842) and ‘Rose, Blanche, and Violet,’ which were published in 1847 and 1848 respectively. The second shows great improvement in literary skill, and is very superior to the ordinary run of ephemeral novels. Lewes, however, was not a born novelist, and his attempts are enough to disprove the suggestion that he played any other part than that of a judicious critic in regard to the novels of George Eliot.

Lewes's continuous interest in philosophy was shown by the ‘Biographical History of Philosophy.’ The two first volumes appeared in 1845, and the last two in 1846. The vivacity of the writing, and the skill with which the personal history of philosophers was connected with the history of their speculations, gave a deserved popularity to the work. The general aim is to show the vanity of all metaphysics, and to represent Comte's positivism as the ultimate goal of philosophy. The book represents rather the impressions of a very quick and brilliant journalist than the investigations of a profound student. In later editions much was added, but in so unsystematic a fashion, according to the temporary course of Lewes's reading, as to destroy the symmetry without proportionally adding to the value of the work.

In 1850 Thornton Leigh Hunt [q. v.] established the ‘Leader’ in co-operation with Lewes, who was editor for literary subjects. A series of articles appeared in the ‘Leader’ from April to August 1852, which were reprinted in 1853, with considerable alteration and additions, as ‘Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences.’ The letters which (with some additions) form the first part of the book were founded upon an analysis of Comte's philosophy by George Walker, a lawyer of Aberdeen (information from Professor Bain). The assistance of two friends is acknowledged, perhaps insufficiently, in a note to the second letter; but the names were not given, as at that time sympathy with Comte's views was not an advantage for a professional man in Scotland. The Leweses were at this time living with the Thornton Hunts. Lewes


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1896.
 * 45 Geo. 3. c. 89.
 * An Act to alter and extend the Provisions of the Laws now in force for the Punishment of the Forgery of Bank Notes, Bills of Exchange, and other Securities to every Part of Great Britain.
 * 45 Geo. 3. c. 92.
 * An Act the title of which begins with the word " An Act to amend," and ends with the words " and from one County to another."
 * 45 Geo. 3 c. 111.
 * An Act to amend and render more effectual an Act made in the Parliament of Ireland in the Fifth Year of His present Majesty, intituled " An Act for erecting and establishing Publick Infirmaries or Hospitals in this Kingdom."
 * 46 Geo. 3. c. 37.
 * An Act to declare the Law. with respect to Witnesses refusing to answer.
 * 46 Geo. 3. c. 43.
 * An Act for granting to His Majesty certain Stamp Duties on Appraisements and on Licences to Appraisers in Great Britain.
 * 46 Geo. 3. c. 54.
 * An Act for the more speedy Trial of Offences committed in distant Parts upon the Sea.
 * 46 Geo. 3. c. 71.
 * An Act to amend several Acts for the Encouragement of finding and working Mines and Minerals within Ireland.
 * 46 c. 106.
 * An Act to provide for the better Execution of the several Acts relating to the Revenues, Matters, and Things under the Management of the Commissioners of Customs and Port Duties, and of the Commissioners of Inland Excise and Taxes in Ireland.
 * 46 Geo. 3. c. 148.
 * An Act for granting to His Majesty a Sum of Money to be raised: by Lotteries.
 * 46 Geo. 3. c. 153.
 * An Act for the preservation of the Publick Harbours of the United Kingdom.
 * }
 * 46 Geo. 3. c. 54.
 * An Act for the more speedy Trial of Offences committed in distant Parts upon the Sea.
 * 46 Geo. 3. c. 71.
 * An Act to amend several Acts for the Encouragement of finding and working Mines and Minerals within Ireland.
 * 46 c. 106.
 * An Act to provide for the better Execution of the several Acts relating to the Revenues, Matters, and Things under the Management of the Commissioners of Customs and Port Duties, and of the Commissioners of Inland Excise and Taxes in Ireland.
 * 46 Geo. 3. c. 148.
 * An Act for granting to His Majesty a Sum of Money to be raised: by Lotteries.
 * 46 Geo. 3. c. 153.
 * An Act for the preservation of the Publick Harbours of the United Kingdom.
 * }
 * 46 Geo. 3. c. 148.
 * An Act for granting to His Majesty a Sum of Money to be raised: by Lotteries.
 * 46 Geo. 3. c. 153.
 * An Act for the preservation of the Publick Harbours of the United Kingdom.
 * }
 * 46 Geo. 3. c. 153.
 * An Act for the preservation of the Publick Harbours of the United Kingdom.
 * }
 * }

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh made in 1851 the acquaintance of Miss Evans [see ], who had come to London to help in editing the ‘Westminster Review.’ The views of marriage held by Lewes and his immediate circle were not more strict than those of Godwin and Shelley. When, however, the conduct of the persons concerned exemplified the theories which he had inculcated, complications arose which became practically trying. In July 1854 Lewes left his family, with whom he had lived until that date, and went with Miss Evans to Germany. The circumstances were such as to preclude the possibility of a divorce. It would apparently be unjust to say that the wrong was exclusively upon either side; but it does not appear that moral laxity was combined with cruelty. Lewes had for a time to work hard to support his wife and children (Life of George Eliot, i. 312), and sent his boys to school in Switzerland.

For the rest of his life Lewes passed as the husband of Miss Evans, and was most affectionate and generous, devoting himself to shield her from all the troubles of authorship, and promoting her success by judicious criticism and by every means in his power. After spending some time at Weimar and Berlin, Lewes returned to England in March 1855. His ‘Life of Goethe,’ finished at Weimar, appeared in the following November with marked success, and has become the standard English work upon the subject. It was used in France as the base of two works, one of which was described by Lewes as a barefaced reproduction of his own. It has been widely accepted, in spite of some national jealousy in Germany. It shows his characteristic merits of clear good sense, independent criticism, and unflagging vivacity. Goethe's idolaters were of course dissatisfied, and Lewes's general prepossession against German style and dislike of the mystic and the allegorical may disqualify him for adequate appreciation of some aspects of Goethe's genius. The book, however, has merits which have seldom been equalled in similar work, and it retains its position in our literature.

The great success of ‘George Eliot's’ writings began in 1857 with the publication of the ‘Scenes of Clerical Life.’ Lewes was no longer under the necessity of writing for immediate profit. He now turned his attention to physiology, and published a good many articles, which showed his powers as a popular expounder of science. He visited Ilfracombe in the summer of 1856 to study marine zoology, and the ‘Seaside Studies,’ which were the result of his work, appeared early in 1858. It was welcomed by many ‘scientific bigwigs’ (Life of George Eliot, ii. 12), as well as by the public. It was followed by the ‘Physiology of Common Life’ (1859), and ‘Studies in Animal Life’ (1862), chiefly reprints from the ‘Cornhill Magazine.’ They contain suggestions due to serious scientific research, as well as popular exposition. Among various suggestions is that of the fundamental homogeneity of all nervous structures, which he appears to have first put forward, and which has been adopted by Wundt and other German physiologists. Lewes contemplated a history of science, of which his book upon Aristotle, published in 1864, was a first instalment. He endeavours to show that Aristotle's anticipations of modern science have been exaggerated.

In 1865 Lewes became the editor of the ‘Fortnightly Review,’ but without any pecuniary interest in the adventure. The first number appeared 15 May 1865, and was the first English periodical to adopt as a rule the plan of signed articles. He received contributions from many distinguished writers, but resigned his post at the end of 1866, and was succeeded by Mr. John Morley. He contributed to the ‘Pall Mall Gazette’ in its early years, and in 1875 republished from it some of his criticisms upon the drama.

Lewes had been always interested in philosophical and physiological problems. His researches into the nervous system had in 1860 given him ‘a clue through the labyrinth of mental phenomena,’ and about 1862 he began more systematically to try to put together the fundamental principles of a scientific psychology. The result was his ‘Problems of Life and Mind,’ the first volume of which appeared at the end of 1873 (dated 1874), the second in 1875, the third in 1877, and the fourth (posthumously) in 1879. The book was compiled from many papers written at different times, and is a series of discussions rather than a systematic exposition. Lewes had always been more or less a follower of Comte. He said in an article upon Comte in the ‘Fortnightly Review’ for 1867: ‘I have been criticising him for more than twenty years, and lost his friendship by my freedom.’ In the ‘Problems’ he probably diverged to some extent from his early master by admitting the relevance of some metaphysical inquiries, although by excluding the ‘metempirical’ or ontological problems which lie beyond possible experience he held that he was still adhering to Comte's doctrine. He differed from Comte also by admitting the possibility of a separate science of mind, although he connected it closely on one side with physiology, and on the other attributed new importance to the ‘sociological’ factor. He gives special prominence to the doctrine


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Martin off Brest, he fell in with, and after a sharp action captured, the Immortality, flying homeward from the destruction of M. Bompard's squadron on the coast of Ireland [see ]. In addition to her complement, the Immortality had on board 250 soldiers, and her loss was consequently very great. Otherwise the two frigates were nearly equal in force, and the Fisgard's victory has always been considered one of the most brilliant frigate actions of the war (, ii. 160;, iii. 84). For the next two years the Fisgard was employed actively on the coast of France under the orders of Sir John Warren, and, in company with different ships of the squadron, captured or destroyed several ships of war, privateers, coasting craft, and batteries.

From 1803 to 1805 Martin commanded the Impétueux; in 1807 the Prince of Wales, both in the Channel; and in 1808 the Implacable in the Baltic. On 26 Aug., while attached to the Swedish fleet under the immediate orders of Sir Samuel Hood [q. v.] in the Centaur, he brought to action and had a large share in the capture of the Russian ship Sewolod. In his official letter Hood assigned much of the credit to Martin, and the king of Sweden conferred on him the cross of the order of the Sword. He was again in the Baltic in 1809. On 1 Aug. 1811 he was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral, and in 812, with his flag in the Aboukir, took part in the defence of Riga against the French army under Davoust. He was afterwards second in command at Plymouth till 1814. On 2 Jan. 1815 he was nominated a K.C.B., and a few days later was appointed deputy-comptroller of the navy. In 1816 he became comptroller, which office he held till the reorganisation of the navy board in 1831. From 1818 to 1831 he sat in parliament as member for Plymouth. On 12 Aug. 1819 he was made a vice-admiral, a G.C.B. 3 March 1830, admiral 22 July 1830, vice-admiral of the United Kingdom in 1847, and admiral of the fleet 13 Oct. 1849. He died at Portsmouth on 21 Oct. 1854. Sir William Hotham [q. v.] recorded that 'his capacities for business and thorough knowledge of the state of the navy marked him as a fit man to be at the head of its civil department. He added to a strong understanding and quick perception great personal application and activity, and transacted arduous business without any trouble to himself and satisfactorily to others; exceedingly amiable in his family and much beloved by those who knew him well' (Hotham MS.) He married Catherine, daughter of Captain Robert Fanshawe, for many years naval commissioner at Plymouth, and had issue three daughters and three sons, the eldest of whom, Sir William Fanshawe Mart in, bart., G.C.B., rear-admiral of the United Kingdom, was commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean 1860-2, and is now (1893) senior admiral on the retired list; the second, Sir Henry Byam Martin, K.C.B., died an admiral in 1865; and the third, Lieutenant-colonel Robert Fanshawe Martin, died in 1846. There is a portrait of Sir Thomas in the United Service Club.

 MARTIN, WILLIAM (1696?–1756), admiral, was the son of Commodore George Martin (d. 1724), and, it is said, a kinsman of Admiral Sir John Norris [q. v.] He entered the navy as a ' volunteer per order,' or ' king's letter boy,' on board the Dragon, with his father, 26 Aug. 1708 (Commission and Warrant Book, 12 Aug. 1708). When the Dragon went to Newfoundland in May 1710, Martin was put on shore at Plymouth 'for his health' (Dragon's Pay Book). He must have been entered on board some other ship almost immediately, for on 30 July 1710 he was promoted by Sir John Norris in the Mediterranean to be second lieutenant of the Resolution. On 4 Jan. 1711-12 he was appointed by Sir John Jennings, also in the Mediterranean, to the Superbe, in which he continued till July 1714 (Comm. and Warr. Books; Admiralty Lists). During 1716 and 1716 he was in the Cumberland, flagship of Sir John Norris in the Baltic. In 1717 he was in the Rupert; in 1718 again with Norris in the Cumberland. On 9 Oct. 1718 he was promoted to the rank of captain, and took post from that date. On 5 Nov. 1718 he was appointed to the Seahorse; and on 9 Feb. 1719-20 to the Blandford, which during the summers of 1720-1 was attached to the Baltic fleet under Norris, and was afterwards employed in American waters in the suppression of piracy. From 1727 to 1732 he commanded the Advice in the fleet at Gibraltar or in the Channel, under Sir Charles Wager; and from 1733 to 1737 the Sunderland on the home station, at Lisbon, or in the Mediterranean. In May 1738 he was appointed to the Ipswich, one of the fleet in the Mediterranean under Rear-admiral Nicholas Haddock [q. v.] In January 1740-1 he was ordered to hoist a broad-pennant in command of a detached squadron oft' Cadiz, and in July 1742 was sent by Admiral Thomas Mathews [q. v.] to enforce the neutrality of


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Rh that the mind, like the bodily organism, is a unit, whose aspects can be logically separated, but which are not really distinct. Although his admirers do not claim that he contributed any radically new conception to philosophy, they hold that he did much to bring out new aspects of doctrines not fully perceived by his predecessors.

Lewes's health had been often feeble during his later years. He had, however, a remarkable buoyancy of spirit, and was, till the last, most brilliant and agreeable in conversation. Whatever his faults, he was a man of singular generosity, genial and unpretentious, quick to recognise merit, and ready to help young authors. Though an incisive critic he was never bitter, and was fair and open-minded in controversy. His extraordinary versatility is shown by his writings, and was, perhaps, some hindrance to his eminence in special departments. He was short and slight, with a fine brow and very bright eyes, but the other features were such that Douglas Jerrold is said to have called him too unequivocally the ‘ugliest man in London.’ Yet in animated talk his personal defects would vanish.

Lewes died at the Priory, St. John's Wood, where he had lived from 1863, on 28 Nov. 1878. Two of his sons, Thornton and Herbert, died before him in 1869 and 1875. His eldest son, Charles, born in 1843, gained a clerkship in the post office in 1860, and became the heir of George Eliot on her death in 1880. He left the post office in 1886. He was a promoter of the Hampstead Heath extension, and was elected a member of the first London County Council for the St. Pancras district in 1888. He died 26 April 1891 at Luxor in Egypt. By his wife Gertrude, sister of Miss Octavia Hill, whom he married in 1864, he left three daughters (Times, 2 May 1891).

Lewes's works are: 1. ‘Biographical History of Philosophy,’ 2 vols. 8vo, 1845–6 (later editions in 1857, 1867, 1871, 1880; translated into German and Magyar). 2. ‘The Spanish Drama: Lope da Vega and Calderon,’ 1847. 3. ‘Ranthorpe,’ 1847. 4. ‘Rose, Blanche, and Violet,’ 1848. 5. ‘The Noble Heart’ (play). 6. ‘Life of Maximilien Robespierre, with Extracts from unpublished Correspondence,’ 1849. 7. ‘Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences,’ 1853. 8. ‘The Life of Goethe,’ 2 vols. 8vo, 1855, 1864, 1875, 1890 (abridgment in 1873). 9. ‘Seaside Studies at Ilfracombe, Tenby, the Scilly Isles, and Jersey,’ 1858. 10. ‘Physiology of Common Life,’ 2 vols. 8vo, 1859–60. 11. ‘Studies in Animal Life,’ 1862. 12. ‘Aristotle, a Chapter from the History of the Sciences, including an Analysis of Aristotle's Scientific Writings,’ 1864. 13. ‘Problems of Life and Mind’ (see above), 1874–9. 14. ‘On Actors and the Art of Acting,’ 1875. 15. ‘The Study of Psychology: its Object, Scope, and Method,’ 1879.

LEWGAR, JOHN (1602–1665), Roman catholic controversialist, born in London ‘of genteel parents’ in 1602, was admitted a commoner of Trinity College, Oxford, and matriculated 13 Dec. 1616 (Register of Oxford Univ. ed. Clark, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 357). He was admitted B.A. 25 Nov. 1619, commenced M.A. in 1622, was incorporated at Cambridge in 1625, and took the degree of B.D. 6 July 1632 (ib. vol. ii. pt. iii. p. 378). He was rector of Laverton, Somerset, 1627–35. Having been induced by Chillingworth to abjure protestantism, he went to Maryland on the invitation of Cecil Calvert, second lord Baltimore, who had been his intimate friend at college. After the death of his wife Lewgar returned to England, some years before the Restoration, in company with Father Andrew White, a jesuit, who had been engaged in missionary work among the aborigines of Maryland. Subsequently he resided in Lord Baltimore's house in Wild Street, London; and he died of the plague, in the parish of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, in 1665.

His works are: 1. ‘Erastus Junior: a solid Demonstration by Principles, Forms of Ordination, Common Laws, Acts of Parliament, that no Bishop, Minister, nor Presbyter, hath any Authority to Preach, &c., from Christ, but from the Parliament,’ London, 1659–60. 2. ‘Erastus Senior, scholastically demonstrating this Conclusion, That (admitting their Lambeth Records for true) those called Bishops here in England are no Bishops either in order or jurisdiction, or so much as legal’ (anon.) [London?], 1662, 12mo, in answer to Mason, Heylyn, and Bramhall. It elicited from R[alph?] C[udworth?] a reply, entitled ‘A Scholasticall Discourse … wherein is answered all which is alleged by Erastus Senior against the order and jurisdiction of the Bishops of the Church of England,’ London, 1663, 4to. Lewgar's treatise has been erroneously ascribed to Peter Talbot in reprints which appeared at Sydney in 1848 and New York in 1850, and in ‘The English Catholic Library,’ vol. ii. London, 1844, 8vo. Talbot wrote a book on the same topic, entitled ‘The Nullity of the Protestant Church of England and its Clergy,’ Brussels,


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Martin Naples. With three ships of the line, two frigates, and four bomb-vessels he sailed into Naples Bay on the afternoon of 9 Aug., and sending his flag-captain, De Langle, on shore, requested an immediate and categorical answer to his demands. The Neapolitans attempted to make conditions, and De Langle returned to the ship with their deputy. Martin replied that he was sent ‘as an officer to act, not a minister to treat,’ and desired De Langle to go back and insist on an answer in half an hour. Martin's force was small, but immensely superior to any the Neapolitans could oppose to it, and they necessarily yielded to the pressure put on them; but Charles (afterwards Charles III of Spain) neither forgot nor forgave the indignity.

He was subsequently employed in protecting Tuscany from any attempt on the part of the Spaniards, and in February 1742–3 was sent to Genoa to require the destruction of some magazines which the Spaniards had formed on Genoese territory; if any opposition was offered he was to bombard the city. He was afterwards sent to Ajaccio, where he found a Spanish ship entering recruits for the Spanish army. Here, too, resistance was impossible, and on his demand the men were landed and the ship was burnt. Towards the end of the year he returned to England, and on 7 Dec. was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral. In February 1743–4 he commanded in the Channel fleet under Sir John Norris. On 19 June 1744 he was advanced to be vice-admiral, and was second in command in the fleet which went to Lisbon under Sir John Balchen [q. v.] After Balchen's death he was appointed to the chief command, which he held through 1745. In December he was sent into the North Sea under Admiral Vernon, and on Vernon's dismissal succeeded to the command. On 15 July 1747 he was promoted to be admiral of the blue; but piqued, it may be, at Anson, who was his junior, taking on himself the command in the Channel, he obtained leave to retire. He settled down at Twickenham, and died there on 17 Sept. 1756, ‘being then about sixty years old’. According to Charnock ‘he not only possessed a considerable share of classical learning, but spoke the French, Spanish, Italian, and German languages with the greatest ease and fluency. In his person he was remarkably handsome and particularly attentive to his dress, manners, and deportment. When in command he lived in the greatest splendour, maintaining his rank in the highest style.’ It does not appear that he was married. Sir George Martin [q. v.], admiral of the fleet, was his grand-nephew, grandson of his brother Dr. Bennet Martin.  MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767–1810), naturalist, born at Marsfield, Nottinghamshire, in 1767, was the son of a hosier, a native of that town, who neglected his business, went on the stage for a time, and afterwards deserting his family repaired to London, where under the name of Joseph Booth he opened an exhibition of 'Polygraphic Paintings.' He died on 25 Feb. 1797 in Cumberland Gardens, Vauxhall (Gent. Mag. 1797, i. 167). Martin's mother (née Mallatratt) supported herself by acting, and educated her son at the best schools that her itinerant mode of life and straitened circumstances would allow. She quitted the stage after a theatrical career of more than twenty-six years in 1797. Martin when only five years old sang on the stage to the accompaniment of a German flute. When nine years old he delivered a lecture on 'Hearts' to several audiences at Buxton. In his twelfth year Martin began to take drawing lessons from James Bolton at Halifax, and from him he imbibed a taste for natural history. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1796. In 1797 he married a widow, Mrs. Adams, an actress who had resided with his mother, and quitting the stage set up as a drawing-master first at Burton-upon-Trent, and shortly after at Buxton, where he bought a fourth share in the theatre. In 1805 he was appointed drawing-master to the grammar school at Macclesfield, where he went to live. He appears also to have given drawing lessons in Manchester. He died at Macclesfield on 31 May 1810, leaving a widow, six children, and aged mother unprovided for. His widow was appointed librarian to the subscription library at Macclesfield. A son, William Charles Linnaeus Martin, is separately noticed.

He was author of : 1. 'Figures and Descriptions of Petrifications collected in Derbyshire,' Nos. 1-4, 4to, Wigan, 1793, subsequently completed and issued under the title of 'Petrificata Derbiensia,' &c, vol. i. 4to, Wigan, 1809. 2. 'Outlines of an Attempt to establish a Knowledge of extraneous Fossils on Scientific Principles,' 2 pts. 8vo, Macclesfield, 1809. He also wrote an ' Account of some. . . Fossil Anomiæ' for the ' Transactions of the Linnean Society,' 1798, iv. 44-50; while two papers found among his manuscripts were published after his death : ' On the Localities of certain. . . Fossils ... in Derbyshire,' in 'Tilloch's Philosoph. Mag.'


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 Environmental Damage

As a result of the impact, one of six containers of the pesticide (PCP) entered the water. In addition, a small undetermined quantity of ethyl mercaptan and a hydrobromic acid were released. Due to the hazardous pollution of the water by the PCP, the U.S. Coast Guard closed the MRGO to waterborne traffic until August 14, 1980, and mounted a major cleanup and recovery effort including, among others, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA), and numerous State of Louisiana agencies and local authorities. The State of Louisiana Health Department established a "Health and Environmental Zone." (See figures 2 and 3.) Seventy-five inhabitants of the Shell Beach area were temporarily evacuated due to the fumes.

The September 12, 1980 "Hazardous Materials Intelligence Report (HMIR)" newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 18, reported:

Throughout the cleanup operation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) monitored PCP levels in shrimp, oysters, and fish in nearby lake Borgne, and the sediments and water column in both lake and the MRGO. Nancy Maynard, NOAA scientific support coordinator for the PCP spill, told HMIR that the PCP concentrations in the sediments, water column, and biota attained their maximum values at the time of the spill and again later during the vacuum recovery of PCP from the MRGO. Using chemical tracers and other techniques, NOAA determined that the turbulence from the vacuum operation had transported the PCP vertically to the surface waters and that tidal currents had distributed PCP laterally into Lake Borgne and the MRGO. Maynard said that the spill provided NOAA with a good opportunity to study the transport and fate of substances other than oil in the environment. According to Maynard, researchers have focused their modeling and monitoring activities on oil spills until recently, although hazardous material present many more difficulties than oil because of the unique physical and chemical properties of each material.

After the completion of the vacuum operation, the PCP levels in all areas dropped to less than 1 part per billion (ppb), Maynard said. She added that the cleanup crews recovered almost all of the spilled PCP and that a recent hurricane flushed out the MRGO and Lake Borgne and removed or dispersed any remaining chemical. Oyster samples from Lake Borgne had previously been found to contain high PCP levels, forcing state official to close the lake to fishing, but the organisms rapidly depurated themselves, Maynard said, and the lake was reopened.

Crew Information

The SEADANIEL was manned by a crew of 33. The master and radio officer were British nationals, while the balance of the crew were Chinese. The TESTBANK was manned by a crew of 23 persons of mixed nationalities, predominantly German nationals. In addition, two passengers were aboard the TESTBANK. (See appendix B.)


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52 of Taxes.
 * 47 Geo. 3. Sees. 2. c. 15.
 * An Act to provide for the regulating and securing the Collection of the Duty on Gold and Silver Plate wrought or manufactured in Ireland.
 * 47 Geo. 3. Sees. 2. c. 50.
 * An Act to amend an Act made in the Parliament of Ireland in the Fifth Year of his present Majesty's Reign, for erecting and establishing Publick Infirmaries or Hospitals in Ireland.
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 47.
 * An Act for quieting possessions and confirming defective Titles in Ireland, and limiting the Right of the Crown to sue in manner therein mentioned ; and for the Relief of Incumbents in respect of Arrears due to the Crown during the Incumbency of their Predecessors.
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 55.
 * An Act for repealing the Duties of Assessed Taxes, and granting new Duties in lieu thereof, and certain additional Duties to be consolidated therewith ; and also for repealing the Stamp Duties on Game Certificates, and granting new Duties in lieu thereof, to be placed under the management of the Commissioners for the Affairs
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 47.
 * An Act for quieting possessions and confirming defective Titles in Ireland, and limiting the Right of the Crown to sue in manner therein mentioned ; and for the Relief of Incumbents in respect of Arrears due to the Crown during the Incumbency of their Predecessors.
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 55.
 * An Act for repealing the Duties of Assessed Taxes, and granting new Duties in lieu thereof, and certain additional Duties to be consolidated therewith ; and also for repealing the Stamp Duties on Game Certificates, and granting new Duties in lieu thereof, to be placed under the management of the Commissioners for the Affairs
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 55.
 * An Act for repealing the Duties of Assessed Taxes, and granting new Duties in lieu thereof, and certain additional Duties to be consolidated therewith ; and also for repealing the Stamp Duties on Game Certificates, and granting new Duties in lieu thereof, to be placed under the management of the Commissioners for the Affairs
 * An Act for repealing the Duties of Assessed Taxes, and granting new Duties in lieu thereof, and certain additional Duties to be consolidated therewith ; and also for repealing the Stamp Duties on Game Certificates, and granting new Duties in lieu thereof, to be placed under the management of the Commissioners for the Affairs
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 58.
 * An Act the title of which begins with the words "An Act for amending" and ends with the words " the Bail Bonds to the King."
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 72.
 * An Act for the Increase and Preservation of Timber in Dean and New Forests.
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 75.
 * An Act for providing suitable Interment in Churchyards or Parochial Burying Grounds in England for such dead Human Bodies as may be cast on Shore from the Sea, in cases of Wreck or otherwise.
 * }
 * An Act for the Increase and Preservation of Timber in Dean and New Forests.
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 75.
 * An Act for providing suitable Interment in Churchyards or Parochial Burying Grounds in England for such dead Human Bodies as may be cast on Shore from the Sea, in cases of Wreck or otherwise.
 * }
 * An Act for providing suitable Interment in Churchyards or Parochial Burying Grounds in England for such dead Human Bodies as may be cast on Shore from the Sea, in cases of Wreck or otherwise.
 * }
 * }


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Rh 1658, 8vo (, Writers of Ireland, ed. Harris, p. 193). 3. ‘A Conference between John Lewgar and Mr. Chillingworth, whether the Roman Church be the Catholic Church, and all out of her Communion Heretics or Schismatics,’ London, 1687, 4to.

LEWICKE, EDWARD (fl. 1562), poet, was the author of ‘The most wonderfull and pleasaunt History of Titus and Gisippus, whereby is fully declared the figure of Perfect Friendship: drawn into English Metre,’ London, 1562. The tale was originally taken from Boccaccio by Sir Thomas Eliot, who introduces a prose version into his ‘Governor.’ Lewicke's poem is, as Mr. Collier has shown, little more than a rhymed paraphrase of Eliot's rendering. Goldsmith's ‘Tale of Alcander and Septimius’ was probably taken from Lewicke.

LEWIN, THOMAS (1805–1877), miscellaneous writer, born on 19 April 1805, was fifth son of Spencer James Lewin, vicar of Ifield, Sussex, and rector of Crawley in the same county. In March 1816 he was placed at Merchant Taylors' School (Register, ed. Robinson, ii. 202), whence he proceeded to Oxford, matriculating from Worcester College on 29 Nov. 1823 (, Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886, iii. 843). He migrated to Trinity on obtaining a scholarship there in 1825, and took a first class in classical honours in 1827, graduating B.A. in 1828, and M.A. in 1831. On leaving Oxford he was admitted at Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar in 1833. His sound judgment and solid acquirements gradually secured for him an ample chancery practice. In 1852 Lord St. Leonards (then lord chancellor), to whom Lewin had rendered valuable assistance in framing measures of law reform, appointed him a conveyancing counsel to the court of chancery. He retained the post until his death on 5 Jan. 1877. He married late in life.

Lewin's ‘Practical Treatise on the Law of Trusts and Trustees,’ 8vo, London, 1837 (8th edition, 1885), has long taken rank as an authoritative text-book. His most important work, ‘The Life and Epistles of St. Paul,’ 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1851 (2nd edition, 2 vols. 4to, 1874; 3rd edition, 1875), occupied him for full forty years, during which he more than once personally inspected all the principal scenes to which it relates. The later editions are embellished with abundant historical illustrations, many of them from sketches of his own.

Lewin was an active member of the Society of Antiquaries, of which he became a fellow on 19 March 1863. At the suggestion of the president, Lord Stanhope, the admiralty made in 1862 a special series of tidal observations with a view to settling the place of Cæsar's landing in Britain, which Lewin identified with Hythe, a view strongly contested by Edward Cardwell, D.D. [q. v.], who claimed the distinction for Deal. In his paper ‘Further Observations on the Landing of Cæsar’ (printed in ‘Archæologia,’ xxxix. 309–14) Lewin justly claimed the verdict of the admiralty to be in favour of Hythe. In his ‘Sketch of British and Roman London,’ a paper printed in ‘Archæologia’ (1865), xl. 59–70, he showed that London was ab origine a British city; and in an elaborate paper ‘On the Position of the Portus Lemanus of the Romans’ (‘Archæologia,’ 1865, xl. 361–74) strove to identify the Portus with Hythe, a position which W. H. Black endeavoured to controvert. He also contributed three papers on the vexed question of the topography of Jerusalem (ib. xli. 116–34, 135–50, and xliv. 17–62), and ‘On the Castra of the Littus Saxonicum, and particularly the Castrum of Othona’ (ib. xli. 421–52).

His other writings are: 1. ‘An Essay on the Chronology of the New Testament,’ 8vo, Oxford, 1854. 2. ‘The Invasion of Britain by Julius Cæsar,’ 8vo, London, 1859; 2nd edition, with replies to the remarks of Sir G. B. Airy and Professor E. Cardwell, 2 pts. 1862. 3. ‘Jerusalem: a Sketch of the City and Temple from the earliest times to the Siege by Titus,’ 8vo, London, 1861. 4. ‘The Siege of Jerusalem by Titus; with the Journal of a recent Visit to the Holy City, and a General Sketch of the Topography of Jerusalem from the earliest times down to the Siege,’ 8vo, London, 1863. 5. ‘Fasti Sacri; or a Key to the Chronology of the New Testament,’ 8vo, London, 1865.

LEWIN, WILLIAM (d. 1598), civilian, eldest son of Edmund Lewin of Cofflye, Hertfordshire, by his wife Juliana Gouche (, Genealogies, Kent, pp. 212, 432), matriculated at Cambridge as a pensioner of Christ's


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Page:NTSB-MAR-81-8 MV Testbank and MV Seadaniel accident report.pdf/13

THE LOUISIANA STATE HEALTH DEPARTMENT, IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE LOUISIANA WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES AND THE U.S. COAST GUARD, HAS ESTABLISHED A HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ZONE AROUND THE SHELL BEACKBEACH [SIC] AND HOPEDALE AREA BECAUSE OF THE THREAT OF PENTACLOROPHENALPENTACHLOROPHENOL [SIC] CONTAMINATION IN THE WATERS OF THAT AREA. ALL COMMERCIAL, PRIVATE AND SPORT FISHING, AND OTHER WATER ACTIVITIES (WATER SKIING, SWIMMING, WASHING OF VESSELS OR VESSEL HOLDS, ETC.) ARE PROHIBITED IN THE ZONE. IN ADDITION TO THE HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ZONE THE COAST GUARD HAS ALSO ESTABLISHED A SAFETY ZONE IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER GULF OUTLET (MRGO).

THE COAST GUARD SAFETY ZONE PROHIBITS ALL VESSEL TRAFFIC ON THE MRGO BETWEEN LIGHT 106 AND LIGHT 68. VESSELS WILL BE ALLOWED TO CROSS THE MRGO AT THE UPPER AND LOWER END OF THE HOPEDALE CANAL, BUT WILL NOT BE ALLOWED ON THE MRGO. THESE CROSSINGS WILL BE SUPERVISED BY COAST GUARD OR LA. WILD_LIFEWILDLIFE [SIC] AND FISHERIES VESSELS.

THE AREAS AFFECTED BY THE HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ZONES ARE

Figure 2—Louisiana State Health Department Notice establishing "Health and Environmental Zone."


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/73

1896.
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 103..
 * An Act for further extending the Provisions of several Acts for establishing the Bank of Ireland ; and for empowering the Governor and Company of the said Bank to advance the Sum of One million two hundred and fifty thousand Pounds, Irish Currency, towards the Service of the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight.
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 106.
 * An Act to remedy the Inconvenience which has arisen and may arise from the Expiration of Acts before the passing of Acts to continue the same.
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 110.
 * An Act for the further encouragement and better Regulation of the British White Herring Fishery until the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and thirteen, and from thence to the end of the then next Session of Parliament.
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 113.
 * An Act to empower Grand Juries in Ireland (or Persons appointed by them) to sell or exchange Ground that has been occupied by old Court Houses, Gaols, or County Infirmaries, and the Materials thereon.
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 127.
 * An Act the title of which begins with the words " An Act to render valid," and ends with the words " preventing of clandestine Marriages."
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 128.
 * An Act the title of which begins with the words " An Act to repeal so much," and end with the words and settling such Accounts."
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 138.
 * An Act for defining and regulating the Powers of the Commission of Teinds, in augmenting and modifying the Stipends of the Clergy of Scotland.
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 140.
 * An Act for the more effectual administration of the Office of a justice of the peace and for the more effectual prevention of felonies within the district of Dublin metropolis.
 * }
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 127.
 * An Act the title of which begins with the words " An Act to render valid," and ends with the words " preventing of clandestine Marriages."
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 128.
 * An Act the title of which begins with the words " An Act to repeal so much," and end with the words and settling such Accounts."
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 138.
 * An Act for defining and regulating the Powers of the Commission of Teinds, in augmenting and modifying the Stipends of the Clergy of Scotland.
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 140.
 * An Act for the more effectual administration of the Office of a justice of the peace and for the more effectual prevention of felonies within the district of Dublin metropolis.
 * }
 * An Act for defining and regulating the Powers of the Commission of Teinds, in augmenting and modifying the Stipends of the Clergy of Scotland.
 * 48 Geo. 3. c. 140.
 * An Act for the more effectual administration of the Office of a justice of the peace and for the more effectual prevention of felonies within the district of Dublin metropolis.
 * }
 * An Act for the more effectual administration of the Office of a justice of the peace and for the more effectual prevention of felonies within the district of Dublin metropolis.
 * }
 * }


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Rh College in November 1559, proceeded B.A. in 1561–2, and was elected a fellow in 1560. Upon the visit of Queen Elizabeth to the university in August 1564, he addressed her in Latin in the name of all the bachelors (, Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, iii. 32). In 1565 he commenced M.A., and was chosen tutor to Anne Cecil, afterwards countess of Oxford. She subsequently wrote to her father (Lord Burghley) urging him to recommend Lewin to the queen to translate Jewel's works into Latin. During part of 1569 Lewin was one of the proctors of the university. On 10 July 1570 he was elected public orator, but resigned that office in the following year. While M.A. and a student of the civil law he obtained from the Archbishop of Canterbury a dispensation to hold, although a layman, a benefice, with or without cure. On 16 March 1575–6 he became dean of the peculiars, and on 7 May 1576 was admitted an advocate. In that year he was created LL.D. He was judge of the prerogative court of Canterbury from 1576 till his death, chancellor of the diocese of Rochester, and commissary of the faculties. His reputation as a painstaking, upright judge was very high. In bequeathing a legacy to the advocates and proctors of the arches, to be expended on a dinner and a piece of plate, he begs them to impute his strictness with them to his desire ‘that causes might proceed in a iust, orderlie, and speedie course’ (will registered in P.C.C. 1, Lewyn). In 1582 he supplicated for incorporation at Oxford, apparently with success. In 1584 he was in a commission to visit the diocese of St. Asaph. He represented Rochester in the parliament which assembled on 28 Oct. 1586, and in June 1587 was in a commission to visit the hospitals of Saltwood and Hythe. In the parliament of 4 Feb. 1588–9 he again served for Rochester. On 27 Feb. following he was admitted, along with his patron Bancroft, archbishop of Canterbury, a member of Gray's Inn (Register, ed. Foster, p. 74). As one of the high commissioners for causes ecclesiastical he was present at the deprivation of Robert Cawdry for nonconformity on 14 May 1590. In May 1591 he engaged in a discussion with Thomas Cartwright (1535–1603) [q. v.], when the latter was convened before the commissioners to take the oath ex officio. To the parliament of 19 Feb. 1592–3 he was returned for Rochester for the third time, and on 27 Feb. spoke against a motion to reform the ecclesiastical courts (Parl. Hist. iv. 374). In the debate on the bill against recusants, on 12 March, he urged that the Brownists and Barrowists should be proceeded against as well as the papists.

In January 1593 Lewin was made a master in chancery (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1591–1594, p. 311). In 1596 he was holding the prebend of Llanefydd in the church of St. Asaph.

Lewin died on 15 April 1598 and was buried at St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, though it had been his desire to be interred in the church of Otterden, Kent, in which parish he possessed a fine house and estate. In accordance with his instructions an elaborate monument to his memory was erected on the north side of his chapel in Otterden Church.

He married Anne, daughter of Francis Gouldsmith of Crayford, Kent, a lady celebrated by Gabriel Harvey, in the dedication of his ‘Ciceronianus’ to her husband, for her beauty and virtues. He left three sons, Justinian, Thomas, and William; and three daughters: Anne (d. 1645), wife of Sir Lawrence Washington, knt. (1579–1643), of Garsden, Wiltshire, and registrar of the court of chancery (New England Hist. and Genealog. Reg. for July 1890); Catherine, wife of James Paget of Northamptonshire; and Judith (d. 1625), wife of Sir John Isham, bart., of Lamport, near Northampton. His second son and eventual heir, Justinian, born in 1586, was admitted of Gray's Inn on 8 Feb. 1602–3 (Register, p. 104), became gentleman of the privy chamber to James I, and was knighted 14 March 1603–4. He died on 28 June 1620. By his marriage on 14 May 1607 to Elizabeth, daughter of Arthur Capel of Little Hadham, Hertfordshire, he had an only daughter, Elizabeth. His widow married, secondly, on 18 March 1622–3, Ralph, lord Hopton [q. v.] (, Hertfordshire, i. 243).

Lewin was a friend of John Sturmius and Gabriel Harvey [q. v.] He is author of the Latin epistle to the printer before Harvey's ‘Ciceronianus,’ 1577. Some, if not all, of the letters written in the name of the university during the short period he held the office of public orator were by his substitute John Becon [q. v.]

A grandson, (1613–1673), son of William Lewin of Smithfield, London, by Sarah, his wife, was baptised at St. Bartholomew-the-Less on 17 Feb. 1612–1613. He graduated B.C.L. in 1632 and D.C.L. in 1637 as a member of Pembroke College, Oxford (, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 222–3, 465). He was appointed commissary of Norfolk in 1633, and official to the archdeacon of Norfolk in 1639. In 1639 he was judge-martial of the army under Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel, in the Scotch expedition. He became on 18 Nov. 1641 a member of Gray's Inn (Register, p. 234), and a master in chancery on 22 July 1641. He


text: Weird Tales/1934/The Man Who Returned

title: Weird Tales/1934/The Man Who Returned


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text:
The Monster-God of Mamurth

The Monster-God of Mamurth by The Edmond Hamilton

Out of the desert night he came to us, stumbling into our little circle of firelight and collapsing at once. Mitchell and I sprang to our feet with startled exclamations, for men who travel alone and on foot are a strange sight in the deserts of North Africa.

For the first few minutes that we worked over him I thought he would die at once, but gradually we brought him back to consciousness. While Mitchell held a cup of water to his cracked lips I looked him over and saw that he was too far gone to live much longer. His clothes were in rags, and his hands and knees literally flayed, from crawling over the sands, I judged. So when he motioned feebly for more water, I gave it to him, knowing that in any case his time was short. Soon he could talk, in a dead, croaking voice.

"I'm alone," he told us, in answer to our first question; "no more out there to look for. What are you two—traders? I thought so. No I'm an archeologist. A digger-up of the past." His voice broke for a moment. "It's not always good to dig up dead secrets. There are ionic things the past should be allowed to hide."

He caught the look that passed between Mitchell and me.

"No, I'm not mad," he said. "You will hear, I'll tell you the whole tiling. But listen to me, you two," and in his earnestness he raised himself to a sitting position, "keep out of Igidi Desert. Remember that I told you that. I had a warning, too, but I disregarded it. And I went into hell—into hell! But there, I will tell you from the beginning.

"My name—that doesn't matter now. I left Mogador more than a year ago, and came through the foot-hills of the Atlas ranges striking out into the desert in hopes of finding some of the Carthaginian mills the North African deserts are known to hold.

"I spent months in the search, traveling among the squalid Arab villages, now near an oasis and now far into the black, untracked desert. And as I went farther into that savage country, I found more and more of the ruins I sought, crumbled remnants of temples and fortresses, relics, almost destroyed, of the age when Carthage meant empire and ruled all of North Africa from her walled city. And then, on the side of a massive block of stone, I found that which turned me toward Igidi.

"It was an inscription in the garbled Phenician of the traders of Carthage, short enough so that I remembered it and can repeat it word for word. It read, literally, as follows: Merchants, go not into the city of Mamurth, which lies beyond the mountain pass. For I, San-Drabat of Carthage, entering the city with four companions in the month of Eschmoun, to trade, on the third night of our stay came priests and seized my fellows, I escaping by hiding. My companions they sacrificed to the evil god of the city, who has dwelt there from the beginning of time, and for whom the wise men of Mamurth have built a great temple the like of which is not on earth elsewhere, where the people of Mamurth worship their god. I escaped from the city and set this warning here that others may not turn their steps to Mamurth and to death.

"Perhaps you can imagine the effect that inscription had on me. It was the last trace of a city unknown to the memory of men, a last floating spar of a civilization sunken in the sea of time. That then could have been such a city at all seemed to me quite probable What do we know of Carthage even, but a few names? No city, no civilization was ever so completely blotted off the earth as Carthage when Roman Scipio ground its temples and palaces into the very dust, and plowed up the ground with salt, and the eagles of conquering Rome flew across a desert where a metropolis had been.

"It was on the outskirts of one of those wretched little Arab villages that I had found the block and its inscription, and I tried to find someone in the village to accompany me, but none would do so. I could plainly see the mountain pass, a mere crack between towering blue cliffs. In reality it was miles and miles away, but the deceptive optical qualities of the desert light made it seem very near. My maps placed that mountain range all right, as a lower branch of the Atlas, and the expanse behind the mountains was marked as 'Igidi Desert', but that was all I got from them. All that I could reckon on as certain was that it was desert that lay on the other side of the pass, and I must carry enough supplies to meet it.

"But the Arabs knew more! Though I offered what must have been fabulous riches to those poor devils, not one would come with me when I let them know what place I was heading for. None had ever been there, they would not even ride far into the desert in that direction; but all had very definite ideas of the place beyond the mountains as a nest of devils, a haunt of evil Jinns.

"Knowing how firmly superstition is implanted in their kind, I tried no longer to persuade them, and started alone, with two scrawny camels carrying my water and supplies. So for three days I forged across the desert under a broiling sun, and on the morning of the fourth I reached the pass.

"It was only a narrow crevice to begin with, and great boulders were strewn so thickly on its floor that it was a long, hard job getting through. And the cliffs on each side towered to such a height that the space between was a place of shadows and whispers and semidarkness. It was late in the afternoon when I finally came through, and for a moment I stood motionless; for from that side of the pass the desert sloped down into a vast basin, and at the basin's center, perhaps two miles from where I stood, gleamed the white ruins of Mamurth.

"I remember that I was very calm as I covered the two miles between myself and the ruins. I had taken the existence of the city as a fact, so much so that if the ruins had not been there I should have been vastly more surprised than at finding them.

"From the pass I had seen only a tangled mass of white fragments, but as I drew nearer, some of these began to take outline as crumbling blocks, and walls, and columns. The sand had drifted, too, and the ruins were completely buried in some sections, while nearly all were half covered.

"And then it was that I made a curious discovery. I had stopped to examine the material of the ruins, a smooth, veinless stone, much like an artificial marble or a superfine concrete. And while I looked about me, intent on this, I noticed that on almost every shaft and block, on broken cornice and column, was carved the same symbol—if it was a symbol. It was a rough picture of a queer, outlandish creature, much like an octopus, with a round, almost shapeless body, and several long tentacles or arms branching out from the body, not supple and boneless, like those of an octopus, but seemingly stiff and jointed, like a spider's legs. In fact, the thing might have been intended to represent a spider, I thought, though some of the details were wrong. I speculated for a moment on the profusion of these creatures carved on the ruins all around me, then gave it up as an enigma that was unsolvable.

"And the riddle of the city about me seemed unsolvable also. What could I find in this half-buried mass of stone fragments to throw light on the past? I could not even superficially explore the place, for the scantiness of my supplies and water would not permit a long stay. It was with a discouraged heart that I went back to the camels and, leading them to an open spot in the ruins, made my camp for the night. And when night had fallen, and I sat beside my little fire, the vast, brooding silence of this place of death was awful. There were no laughing human voices, or cries of animals, or even cries of birds or insects. There was nothing but the darkness and silence that crowded around me, flowed down upon me, beat sullenly against the glowing spears of light my little fire threw out.

"As I sat there musing, I was startled by a slight sound behind me. I turned to see its cause, and then stiffened. As I have mentioned, the space directly around my camp was clear sand, smoothed level by the winds. Well, as I stared at that flat expanse of sand, a hole several inches across suddenly appeared in its surface, yards from where I stood, but clearly visible in the firelight.

"There was nothing whatever to be seen there, not even a shadow, but there it was, one moment the level surface of the sand, the next moment a hole appearing in it, accompanied by a soft, crunching sound. As I stood gazing at it in wonder, that sound was repeated and simultaneously another hole appeared in the sand's surface, five or six feet nearer to me than the other.

"When I saw that, ice-tipped arrows of fear seemed to shoot through me, and then, yielding to a mad impulse, I snatched a blazing piece of fuel from the fire and buried it, a comet of red flame, at the place where the holes had appeared. There was a slight sound of scurrying and shuffling, and I felt that whatever thing had made those marks had retreated, if a living thing had made them at all. What it had been, I could not imagine, for there had been absolutely nothing in sight, one track and then another appearing magically in the clear sand, if indeed they were really tracks at all.

"The mystery of the thing haunted me. Even in sleep I found no rest, for evil dreams seemed to flow into my brain from the dead city around me. All the dusty sins of ages past, in the forgotten place, seemed to be focused on me in the dreams I had. Strange shapes walked through them, unearthly as the spawn of a distant star, half icon and vanishing again.

"It was little enough sleep I got that night, but when the sun finally came, with its first golden rays, my fears and oppressions dropped from me like a cloak. No wonder the early peoples were sun-worshippers!

"And with my renewed strength and courage, a new thought struck me. In the inscription I have quoted to you, that long-dead merchant-adventurer had mentioned the great temple of the city and dwelt on its grandeur. Where, then, were its ruins? I wondered. I decided that what time I had would be better spent in investigating the ruins of this temple, which should be prominent, if that ancient Carthaginian had been correct as to its size.

"I ascended a nearby hillock and looked about me in all directions, and though I could not perceive any vast pile of ruins that might have been the temple's, I did see for the first time, far away, two great figures of stone that stood out black against the rosy flame of the sunrise. It was a discovery that filled me with excitement, and I broke camp at once, starting in the direction of those two shapes.

"They were on the very edge of the farther side of the city, and it was noon before I finally stood before them. And now I saw clearly their nature: two great, sitting figures, carved of black stone, all of fifty feet in height, and almost that far apart, facing both toward the city and toward me. They were of human shape and dressed in a queer, scaled armor, but the faces I can not describe, for they were unhuman. The features were human, well-proportioned, even, but the face, the expression, suggested no kinship whatever with humanity as we know it. Were they carved from life? I wondered. If so, it must have been a strange sort of people who had lived in this city and set up these two statues.

"And now I tore my gaze away from them, and looked around. On each side of those shapes, the remains of what must once have been a mighty wall branched out, a long pile of crumbling ruins. But there had been no wall between the statues, that being evidently the gateway through the barrier. I wondered why the two guardians of the gate had survived, apparently entirely unharmed, while the wall and the city behind me had fallen into ruins. They were of a different material, I could see; but what was that material?

"And now I noticed for the first time the long avenue that began on the other side of the statues and stretched away into the desert for a half-mile or more. The sides of this avenue were two rows of smaller stone figures that ran in parallel lines away from the two colossi. So I started down that avenue, passing between the two great shapes that stood at its head. And as I went between them, I noticed for the first time the inscription graven on the inner side of each.

On the pedestal of each figure, four or five feet from the ground was a raised tablet of the same material, perhaps a yard square, an covered with strange symbols—characters, no doubt, of a lost language, undecipherable, at least to me. One symbol, though, that was especially prominent in the inscription, was not new to me. It was the carven picture of the spider, or octopus, which I have mentioned that I had found everywhere on the ruins of the city. And here it was scattered thickly among the symbols that made up the inscription. The tablet on the other statue was a replica of the first, and I could learn no more from it. So I started down the avenue, turning over in my mind the riddle of that omnipresent symbol, and then forgetting it, as I observed the things about me.

"That long street was like the avenue of sphinxes at Karnak, down which Pharaoh swung in his litter, borne to his temple on the necks of men. But the statues that made up its sides were not sphinx shaped. They were carved in strange forms, shapes of animals unknown to us, as far removed from anything we can imagine as the beasts of another world. I can not describe them, any more than you could describe a dragon to a man who had been blind all his life. Yet they were of evil, reptilian shapes; they tore at my nerves as I looked at them.

"Down between the two rows of them I went, until I came to the end of the avenue. Standing there between the last two figures, I could see nothing before me but the yellow sands of the desert, as far as the eye could reach. I was puzzled. What had been the object of all the pains that had been taken, the wall, the two great statues, and this long avenue, if it but led into the desert?

"Gradually I began to see that there was something queer about the part of the desert that lay directly before me. It was flat. For an area, seemingly round in shape, that must have covered several acres the surface of the desert seemed absolutely level. It was as though the sands within that great circle had been packed down with tremendous force, leaving not even the littlest ridge of dune on its surface. Beyond this flat area, and all around it, the desert was broken up by small hills and valleys, and traversed by whirling sand-clouds, but nothing stirred on the flat surface of the circle.

"Interested at once, I strode forward to the edge of the circle, only a few yards away. I had just reached that edge when an invisible hand seemed to strike me a great blow on the face and chest, knocking me backward in the sand.

"It was minutes before I advanced again, but I did advance, for all my curiosity was now aroused. I crawled toward the circle's edge, holding my pistol before me, pushing slowly forward.

"When the automatic in my outstretched hand reached the line of the circle, it struck against something hard, and I could push it no farther. It was exactly as if it had struck against the side of a wall, but no wall or anything else was to be seen. Reaching out my hand, I touched the same hard barrier, and in a moment I was on my feet.

"For I knew now that it was solid matter I had run into, not force. When I thrust out my hands, the edge of the circle was as far as they would go, for there they met a smooth wall, totally invisible, yet at the same time quite material. And the phenomenon was one which even I could partly understand. Somehow, in the dead past, the scientists of the city behind me, the 'wise men' mentioned in the inscription, had discovered the secret of making solid matter invisible, and had applied it to the work that I was now examining. Such a thing was far from impossible. Even our own scientists can make matter partly invisible, with the X-ray. Evidently these people had known the whole process, a secret that had been lost in the succeeding ages, like the secret of hard gold, and malleable glass, and others that we find mentioned in ancient writings. Yet I wondered how they had done this, so that, ages after those who had built the thing were wind-driven dust, it remained as invisible as ever.

"I stood back and threw pebbles into the air, toward the circle. No matter how high I threw them, when they reached the line of the circle's edge they rebounded with a clicking sound; so I knew that the wall must tower to a great height above me. I was on fire to get inside the wall, and examine the place from the inside, but how to do it? There must be an entrance, but where? And I suddenly remembered the two guardian statues at the head of the great avenue, with their carven tablets, and wondered what connection they had with this place.

"Suddenly the strangeness of the whole thing struck me like a blow. The great, unseen wall before me, the circle of sand, flat and unchanging, and myself, standing there and wondering, wondering. A voice from out the dead city behind me seemed to sound in my heart, bidding me to turn and flee, to get away. I remembered the warning of the inscription, 'Go not to Mamurth.' And as I thought of the inscription, I had no doubt that this was the great temple described by San-Drabat. Surely he was right: the like of it was not on earth elsewhere.

"But I would not go, I could not go, until I had examined the wall from the inside. Calmly reasoning the matter, I decided that the logical place for the gateway through the wall would be at the end of the avenue, so that those who came down the street could pass directly through the wall. And my reasoning was good, for it was at that spot that I found the entrance: an opening in the barrier, several yards wide, and running higher than I could reach, how high I had no means of telling.

"I felt my way through the gate, and stepped at once upon a floor of hard material, not as smooth as the wall's surface, but equally invisible. Inside the entrance lay a corridor of equal width, leading into the center of the circle, and I felt my way forward.

"I must have made a strange picture, had there been any there to observe it. For while I knew that all around me were the towering, invisible walls, and I knew not what else, yet all my eyes could see was the great flat circle of sand beneath me, carpeted with the afternoon sunshine. Only, I seemed to be walking a foot above the ground, in thin air. That was the thickness of the floor beneath me, and it was the weight of this great floor, I knew, that held the circle of sand under it for ever flat and unchanging.

"I walked slowly down the passageway, with hands outstretched before me, and had gone but a short distance when I brought up against another smooth wall that lay directly across the corridor, seemingly making it a blind alley. But I was not discouraged now, for I knew that there must be a door somewhere, and began to feel around me in search of it.

"I found the door. In groping about the sides of the corridor my hands encountered a smoothly rounded knob set in the wall, and as I laid my hand on this, the door opened. There was a sighing, as of a little wind, and when I again felt my way forward, the wall that had lain across the passageway was gone, and I was free to go forward. But I dared not go through at once. I went back to the knob on the wall, and found that no amount of pressing or twisting of it would close the door that had opened. Some subtle mechanism within the knob had operated, that needed only a touch of the hand to work it, and the whole end of the corridor had moved out of the way, sliding up in grooves, I think, like a portcullis, though of this I am not sure.

"But the door was safely opened, and I passed through it. Moving about, like a blind man in a strange place, I found that I was in a vast inner court, the walls of which sloped away in a great curve. When I discovered this, I came back to the spot where the corridor opened into the court, and then walked straight out into the court itself.

"It was steps that I encountered: the first broad steps of what was evidently a staircase of titanic proportions. And I went up, slowly, carefully, feeling before me every foot of the way. It was only the feel of the staircase under me that gave reality to it, for as far as I could see, I was simply climbing up into empty space. It was weird beyond telling.

"Up and up I went, until I was all of a hundred feet above the ground, and then the staircase narrowed, the sides drew together. A few more steps, and I came out on a flat floor again, which, after some groping about, I found to be a broad landing, with high, railed edges. I crawled across this landing on hands and knees, and then struck against another wall, and in it, another door. I went through this too, still crawling, and though everything about me was still invisible, I sensed that I was no longer in the open air, but in a great room.

"I stopped short, and then, as I crouched on the floor, I felt a sudden prescience of evil, of some malignant, menacing entity that was native here. Nothing I could see, or hear, but strong upon my brain beat the thought of something infinitely ancient, infinitely evil, that was a part of this place. Was it a consciousness, I wonder, of the horror that had filled the place in ages long dead? Whatever caused it, I could go no farther in the face of the terror that possessed me; so I drew back and walked to the edge of the landing, leaning over its high, invisible railing and surveying the scene below.

"The setting sun hung like a great ball of red-hot iron in the western sky, and in its lurid rays the two great statues cast long shadows on the yellow sands. Not far away, my two camels, hobbled, moved restlessly about. To all appearances I was standing on thin air, a hundred feet or more above the ground, but in my mind's eye I had a picture of the great courts and corridors below me, through which I had felt my way.

"As I mused there in the red light, it was clear to me that this was the great temple of the city. What a sight it must have been, in the time of the city's life! I could imagine the long procession of priests and people, in somber and gorgeous robes, coming out from the city, between the great statues and down the long avenue, dragging with them, perhaps, an unhappy prisoner to sacrifice to their god in this, his temple.

"The sun was now dipping beneath the horizon, and I turned to go, but before ever I moved, I became rigid and my heart seemed to stand still. For on the farther edge of the clear stretch of sand that lay beneath the temple and the city, a hole suddenly appeared in the sand, springing into being on the desert's face exactly like the one I had seen at my campfire the night before. I watched, as fascinated as by the eyes of a snake. And before my eyes, another and another appeared, not in a straight line, but in a zigzag fashion. Two such holes would be punched down on one side, then two more on the other side, then one in the middle, making a series of tracks, perhaps two yards in width from side to side, and advancing straight toward the temple and myself. And I could see nothing!

"It was like—tgr comparison suddenly struck me—like the tracks a many-legged insect might make in the sand, only magnified to un-heard-of proportions. And with that thought, the truth rushed on me, for I remembered the spider carved on the ruins and on the statues, and I knew now what it had signified to the dwellers in the city. What was it the inscription had said? 'The evil god of the city, who has dwelt there from the beginning of time. And as I saw those tracks advancing toward me, I knew that the city's ancient evil god still dwelt here, and that I was in his temple, alone and unarmed.

"What strange creatures might there not have been in the dawn of time? And this one, this gigantic monster in a spider's form—had not those who built the city found it here when they came, and, in awe, taken it as the city's god, and built for it the mighty temple in which I now stood? And they, who had the wisdom and art to make this vast fane invisible, not to be seen by human eyes, had they done the same to their god, and made of him almost a true god, invisible, powerful, undying? Undying! Almost it must have been, to survive the ages as it had done. Yet I knew that even some kinds of parrots live for centuries, and what could I know of this monstrous relic of dead ages? And when the city died and crumbled, and the victims were no longer brought to its lair in the temple, did it not live, as I thought, by ranging the desert? No wonder the Arabs had feared the country in this direction! It would be death for anything that came even within view of such a horror, that could clutch and spring and chase, and yet remain always unseen. And was it death for me?

"Such were some of the thoughts that pounded through my brain, as I watched death approach, with those steadily advancing tracks in the sand. And now the paralysis of terror that had gripped me was broken, and I ran down the great staircase, and into the court. I could think of no place in that great hall where I might hide. Imagine hiding in a place where all is invisible! But I must go some place, and finally I dashed past the foot of the great staircase until I reached a wall directly under the landing on which I had stood, and against this I crouched, praying that the deepening shadows of dusk might hide me from the gaze of the creature whose lair this was.

"I knew instantly when the thing entered the gate through which I too had come. Pad, pad, pad—that was the soft, cushioned sound of its passage. I heard the feet stop for a moment by the opened door at the end of the corridor. Perhaps it was in surprise that the door was open, I thought, for how could I know how great or little intelligence lay in that unseen creature's brain? Then, pad, pad—across the court it came, and I heard the soft sound of its passing as it ascended the staircase. Had I not been afraid to breathe, I would have almost screamed with relief.

"Yet still fear held me, and I remained crouched against the wall while the thing went up the great stairs. Imagine that scene! All around me was absolutely nothing visible, nothing but the great flat circle of sand that lay a foot below me; yet I saw the place with my mind's eye, and knew of the walls and courts that lay about me, and the thing above me, in fear of which I was crouching there in the gathering darkness.

"The sound of feet above me had ceased, and I judged that the thing had gone into the great room above, which I had feared to enter. Now, if ever, was the time to make my escape in the darkness; so I rose, with infinite carefulness, and softly walked across the court to the door that led into the corridor. But when I had walked only half of the distance, as I thought, I crashed squarely into another invisible wall across my path, and fell backward, the metal handle of the sheath-knife at my belt striking the flooring with a loud clang. God help me, I had misjudged the position of the door, and had walked straight into the wall, instead! "I lay there, motionless, with cold fear flooding every part of my being. Then, pad, pad—the soft steps of the thing across the landing and then silence for a moment. Could it see me from the landing? I wondered. Could it? For a moment, hope warmed me, as no sound came, but the next instant I knew that death had me by the throat, for pad, pad—down the stairs it came.

"With that sound my last vestige of self-control fled and I scrambled to my feet and made another mad dash in the direction of the door. Crash!—into another wall I went, and rose to my feet trembling. There was no sound of footsteps now, and as quietly as I could, I walked into the great court still farther, as I thought, for all my ideas of direction were hopelessly confused. God, what a weird, game it was we played there on that darkened circle of sand!

"No sound whatever came from the thing that hunted me, and my hope flickered up again. And with a dreadful irony, it was at that exact moment that I walked straight into the thing. My outstretched. hand touched and grasped what must have been one of its limbs, thick and cold and hairy, which was instantly torn from my grasp and then seized me again, while another and another clutched me also. The thing had stood quite still, leaving me to walk directly into its grasp—the drama of the spider and the fly!

"A moment only it held me, for that cold grasp filled me with such deep, shuddering abhorrence that I wrenched myself loose and I fled madly across the court, stumbling again on the first step of the great staircase. I raced up the stairs, and even as I ran I heard the thing in pursuit.

"Up I went, and across the landing, and grasped the edge of the railing, for I meant to throw myself down from there, to a clean death on the floor below. But under my hands, the top of the railing moved, one of the great blocks that evidently made up its top was loosened and rocked toward me. In a flash I grasped the great block and staggered across the landing with it in my arms, to the head of the staircase. Two men could hardly have lifted it, I think, yet I did more, in a sudden excess of mad strength; for as I heard that monster coming swiftly up the great stairs, I raised the block, invisible as ever, above my head, and sent it crashing down the staircase upon the place where I thought the thing was at that moment.

"For an instant after the crash there was silence, and then a low humming sound began, that waxed into a loud droning. And at the same time, at a spot half-way down the staircase where the block had crashed, a thin, purple liquid seemed to well out of the empty air, giving form to a few of the invisible steps as it flowed over them, and outlining, too, the block I had thrown, and a great hairy limb that lay crushed beneath it, and from which the fluid that was the monster's blood was oozing. I had not killed the thing, but had chained it down with the block that held it prisoner.

"There was a thrashing sound on the staircase, and the purple stream ran more freely, and by the outline of its splashes, I saw, dimly, the monstrous god that had been known in Mamurth in ages past. It was like a giant spider, with angled limbs that were yards long, and a hairy, repellent body. Even as I stood there, I wondered that the thing, invisible as it was, was yet visible by the life-blood in it, when that blood was spilled. Yet so it was, nor can I even suggest a reason. But one glimpse I got of its half-visible, purple-splashed outline, and then, hugging the farther side of the stairs, I descended. When I passed the thing, the intolerable odor of a crushed insect almost smothered me, and the monster itself made frantic efforts to loosen itself and spring at me. But it could not, and I got safely down, shuddering and hardly able to walk.

"Straight across the great court I went, and ran shakily through the corridor, and down the long avenue, and out between the two great statues. The moonlight shone on them, and the tablets of inscriptions stood out clearly on the sides of the statues, with their strange symbols and carved spider forms. But I knew now what their message was!

"It was well that my camels had wandered into the ruins, for such was the fear that struck through me that I would never have returned for them had they lingered by the invisible wall. All that night I rode to the north, and when morning came I did not stop, but still pushed north. And as I went through the mountain pass, one camel stumbled and fell, and in falling burst open all my water supplies that were lashed on its back.

"No water at all was left, but I still held north, killing the other camel by my constant speed, and then staggered on, afoot. On hands and knees I crawled forward, when my legs gave out, always north, away from that temple of evil and its evil god. And tonight, I had been crawling, how many miles I do not know, and I saw your fire. And that is all."

He lay back exhausted, and Mitchell and I looked at each other's faces in the firelight. Then, rising, Mitchell strode to the edge of our camp and looked for a long time at the moonlit desert, which lay to ward the south. What his thoughts were, I do not know. I was nursing my own, as I watched the man who lay beside our fire.

It was early the next morning that he died, muttering about great walls around him. We wrapped his body securely, and bearing it with us held our way across the desert.

In Algiers we cabled to the friends whose address we found in his moneybelt, and arranged to ship the body to them, for such had been his only request. Later they wrote that he had been buried in the little churchyard of the New England village that had been his childhood home. I do not think that his sleep there will be troubled by dreams of that place of evil from which he fled. I pray that it will not.

Often and often have Mitchell and I discussed the thing, over lonely campfires and in the inns of the seaport towns. Did he kill the invisible monster he spoke of, and is it lying now, a withered remnant, under the block on the great staircase? Or did it gnaw its way loose; does it still roam the desert and make its lair in the vast, ancient temple, as unseen as itself?

Or, different still, was the man simply crazed by the heat and thirst of the desert, and his tale but the product of a maddened mind? I do not think that this is so. I think that he told truth, yet I do not know. Nor shall I ever know, for never, Mitchell and I have decided, shall we be the ones to venture into the place of hell on earth where that ancient god of evil may still be living, amid the invisible courts and towers, beyond the unseen wall.

title: The Monster-God of Mamurth


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Rh resided at Ludham, Norfolk, and endeavoured to promote Charles II's interest in that county, especially, as he says, ‘in the business of Lynne, which might have been of eminent use but for the treachery of Hynderson, then governor of Newark’ (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1660–1, p. 220). For his share in this plot he was imprisoned for a short time in 1655 (ib. Dom. 1655, p. 368). At the Restoration he was restored to his offices, and was knighted on 12 May 1661. He died 1 Jan. 1672–3, and was buried in the chancel of St. Bartholomew-the-Less.

 LEWIN, WILLIAM (d. 1795), naturalist, was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society 20 Dec. 1791, and was residing at Darenth, Kent, in 1792, and at Hoxton in 1794. He probably died at the end of 1795. His name does not appear in the list of fellows of the Linnean Society for 1796, and he is described as ‘the late William Lewin’ in the ‘Transactions’ of 1797. Lewin published after more than twenty years of study ‘The Birds of Great Britain accurately figured’ (in 7 vols. 1789–1795), engraved and coloured by Lewin himself. Plates of eggs were added from the Duchess of Portland's collection. In the descriptions of birds Lewin was helped by his sons, and the work was dedicated to John Latham (1740–1837) [q. v.], from whom, as well as from Parkinson and Pennant, Lewin had received material assistance. The second edition of the ‘Birds’ was published in 8 vols. 1795–1801, 4to, with descriptions in French as well as in English. The drawings, numbering twenty thousand, and including 267 plates, were executed by Lewin. They are spirited, and show considerable artistic taste, but the colouring is crude and the birds at times badly proportioned. As for the descriptions, Lewin speaks of the black woodpecker as having been found in England, but being exceedingly scarce, and of the great auk as appearing in the northern parts of the kingdom, without a word of its excessive rarity, so that Professor Newton is amply justified in describing Lewin's ‘British Birds’ as a very worthless book (art. ‘Ornithology,’ Encycl. Britt.) Lewin also contributed a paper in 1793 on some rare British insects to the ‘Linnean Society's Transactions’ (iii. 1–4), and published a first volume only of ‘The Insects of Great Britain systematically arranged, accurately engraved, and painted from Nature,’ London, 1795, 4to, with forty-six coloured plates. The plates in this work were engraved by Lewin himself, and the descriptions written in both French and English, but the value of the work is much lessened by the painting (done under Lewin's ‘immediate direction’), which is in several instances very bad.

A brother, (fl. 1805), settled in Paramatta, New South Wales, and spent nine years in making collections of the birds and insects of the country. He published ‘The Birds of New Holland, with their natural history, collected, engraved and faithfully painted after nature,’ London, 1808–22, consisting of twenty-six carefully coloured plates, with short descriptions (a new edition is dated 1838); and ‘Prodromus (sic) Entomology,’ eighteen coloured plates and descriptions of moths and their food-plants, London, 1805, 4to, forming a history of the lepidopterous insects of New South Wales. His brother Thomas assisted him in these works, to the former of which he wrote a preface.

 LEWINS or LEWENS, EDWARD (1756–1828), United Irishman, was born in Dublin in 1756. Intended originally for the priesthood, he received his education in a French seminary, and retained his Roman catholic faith, but he became a Dublin attorney. He joined the society of United Irishmen, and owing to his knowledge of the French language he was, in April 1797, sent to Hamburg as the accredited envoy of the Dublin committee in order to renew those negotiations with the French government begun in the preceding year by Lord Edward Fitzgerald and Arthur O'Connor [q. v.] for an immediate invasion of Ireland, and also, if possible, to obtain a loan of 500,000l. and a supply of arms from Spain. Having presented his credentials to Reinhard the French plenipotentiary at Hamburg, he had shortly afterwards, in company with Wolfe Tone, an interview with Hoche at some place on the Rhine. From Hoche he learnt of the intended expedition under General Daendels and Admiral de Winter, and accompanied Hoche and Tone to the Hague to assist in organising it. In July he proceeded to Paris, where he afterwards constantly resided in the capacity of confidential agent of the United Irishmen. Several attempts, notably by Samuel Turner [q. v.] the spy, in conjunction with Napper Tandy, were made to


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Rh undermine his authority, but without success, and Lewins, or Thompson as he called himself in his secret despatches, seems fully to have deserved the confidence reposed in him. In June 1798, subsequent to the outbreak of the Irish rebellion, he again appealed to the Directory for assistance. He was greatly disappointed by the failure of the rebellion, and by the bitter religious spirit imparted to it. When the union was mooted he addressed a strong memorial to the French government, representing the necessity of counteracting a scheme so likely, in his opinion, to add to the power of Great Britain. He was one of those banished by act of parliament.

During the reign of Charles X Lewins exercised much influence in France through his intimate friend the Abbé de Fraysinous, bishop of Hermopolis, who was minister of public instruction and grand master of the university of Paris. He became inspector of studies at the university of Paris, and was always ready to further the interests of the Irish exiles. On his death, 11 Feb. 1828, M. de Fraysinous, with the members of the university of Paris and all the Irish exiles in France, attended his funeral at Père-Lachaise. Of his two sons, Laurence de Lewens (as he was called in France) was in the bureau of public instruction, and a knight of the legion of honour, while Hippolite was a priest.

LEWIS. [See also .]

LEWIS, ANDREW (1720?–1781), soldier, born in Donegal about 1720, was son of John Lewis by Margaret Lynn. The father, who is said to have been of Huguenot descent, killed his landlord soon after his son's birth and fled to America, where he settled in Bellefont, Augusta county, Virginia, and founded the town of Staunton. Andrew Lewis early became notable for his bravery in the frontier wars with the Indians, and served as a volunteer in the Ohio expedition of 1754. He was major in Washington's Virginia regiment at the surrender of Fort Necessity and at the defeat, on 9 July 1755, of Major-general Edward Braddock [q. v.] In 1756 he commanded the Sandy Creek expedition against the Shawnesse Indians. In 1758 he served with Major James Grant's expedition to Fort Duquesne, was in the defeat on 14 Sept., and was taken prisoner and detained at Montreal. He was one of the commissioners who concluded a treaty with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix, New York, in 1768. In 1774 he was appointed brigadier-general on the western frontiers of Virginia, and commanded the colonists at the battle of Point Pleasant, 10 Oct. 1774, an important engagement, in which his brother Charles was killed. In March and June 1775 he was a delegate to the Virginia conventions. Lewis took the popular side in the war of independence, and from 1 March 1776 to 5 April 1777 was brigadier-general of the continental army, and on 9 July 1776 dislodged Lord Dunmore from Gwynn's Island. He resigned his command on the ground of ill-health, and died at Colonel Talbot's house in Bedford county, Virginia, while on his way to his home on the Roanoke River, on 26 Sept. 1781. He was married and a son, Charles, predeceased him. His statue, by Crawfurd, stands on one of the pedestals of the Washington monument at Richmond, Virginia, which was unveiled in 1858. Lewis's orderly book was edited, with notes, by C. C. Campbell, Richmond, 1860. Besides Charles, his brothers Thomas (1718–1790) and William Lewis (1724–1811) were distinguished Virginian colonists, the one as a member of the Virginian assemblies, the other as a soldier.

LEWIS, CHARLES (1753–1795), painter, was born at Gloucester in 1753. He was apprenticed to a manufacturer at Birmingham, where he obtained some reputation for his skill in the decoration of japanned tea-trays. In 1776 he went to Dublin, but not meeting with success in his profession he took to the stage, obtaining an engagement as a singer from Michael Arne [q. v.] at the Crow Street Theatre, Dublin. Meeting with no better success in that line, he next tried painting. In 1781 he visited Holland, and on his return to England settled in London, where he acquired great repute as a painter of still-life. Lewis exhibited nine pictures of fruit, dead game, &c., at the exhibition of the Society of Artists in 1772, and three pictures at the Royal Academy in 1786. He exhibited for the last time in 1791, sending a fruit piece to the Royal Academy. On the invitation of Lord Gardenstone Lewis went to Edinburgh, but on the death of his patron his fortunes languished, and he died there on 12 July 1795.


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Martin 1812, xxxix. 81-5; 'Cursory Remarks on … Rotten Stone,' in 'Mem. Manchester Philosoph. Soc.' 1813, ii. 31&-27, reprinted in 'Nicholson's Journal,' xxxvi. 46-56.

MARTIN, WILLIAM (fl. 1765–1821), painter, was pupil and assistant to, R.A. [q. v.], and appears to have resided for about twenty years or more in Cipriani's house. In 1766 he was awarded a gold palette for an historical painting by the Society of Arts. In 1775 he exhibited at the Royal Academy a portrait and 'Antiochus and Stratonice,' In the next nine years he contributed portraits, scenes from Shakespeare, or classical subjects. In 1791 he sent 'Lady Macduff surprised in her Castle of Fife,' and in 1797 and 1798 portraits. About 1800 he was engaged on decorative paintings at Windsor Castle, which occupied him some years. He was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy again in 1807, 1810, 1812, and 1816. In 1810 his name appears as 'Historical Painter to His Majesty.' In 1812 he was residing at Cranford in Middlesex, and was still living there in 1821 ; there is, however, no record of his death at that place.

Two of Martin's pictures in St. Andrew's Hall, Norwich, 'The Death of Lady Jane Grey' and 'The Death of Queen Eleanor,' were engraved by F. Bartolozzi, R.A., who also engraved his 'Imogen's Chamber.' A picture of The Barons swearing the Charter of Liberties at Bury St. Edmunds,' now in the University Galleries at Oxford, was engraved in mezzotint by W. Ward. 'A Cottage Interior' was similarly engraved by Turner, and 'The Confidants' by J. Watson.

MARTIN, WILLIAM (1772–1851), ‘natural philosopher and poet,’ born on 21 June 1772, at the Twohouse in Haltwhistle, hard by the Roman Wall, in Northumberland, was eldest son of Fenwick Martin, by his wife Ann, daughter of Richard Thompson. The father, who was successively a tanner, a publican, and a coach-builder, had four sons, the two youngest of whom, Jonathan (1782–1838) and John (1789–1854), are separately noticed; the second son, Richard, was a quartermaster in the guards, who served through the Peninsular war, and was present at Waterloo, and there was one daughter, Ann. William left his native place in 1775 for Cantyre, in company with his mother's parents, who held a small highland farm from the Duke of Argyll. On the death of his grandparents, he went to live with his father, then in business at Ayr. There he says he often saw ‘the celebrated Scotch bard, Robert Burns,’ and he adds, ‘I think I never saw him sober—to my knowledge.’ In 1794 he was working in a ropery at Howdon dock, and in the following year he joined the Northumberland regiment of militia at Durham. On his discharge in 1805 he ‘got a patent for shoes, and began to study the perpetual motion, and discovered it at the result of thirty-seven different inventions,’ including original contrivances for fan ventilators, safety lamps, and railways. The pretensions of Sir Humphry Davy and George Stephenson to discoveries in the same field he denounced as dishonest, and claimed to have confuted Newton's theory of gravitation. Martin proceeded in 1808 to London, where he exhibited and sold (for an absurdly small sum) his foolish and redundant patent for perpetual motion (see, Perpetuum Mobile, 2nd ser. p. 200). In the following year he returned to his modest trade of rope-making, and in 1810 to the militia. Passing over to Ireland with his regiment, he made shift to acquire during his moments of leisure the elements of line engraving.

Despite his quackery and buffoonery, Martin possessed much ingenuity as a mechanician, and in 1814 was presented with the Isis silver medal by the Society of Arts for the invention of a spring weighing machine with circular dial and index. In the same year he married ‘a celebrated dressmaker,’ whom he also describes as ‘an inoffensive woman’ (she died 16 Jan. 1832), and founded the ‘Martinean Society,’ based, in opposition to the Royal Society, upon the negation of the Newtonian theory of gravitation. In 1821 he published ‘A New System of Natural Philosophy on the Principle of Perpetual Motion, with a Variety of other Useful Discoveries.’ He henceforth styled himself ‘Anti-Newtonian,’ and commenced a series of lectures setting forth his views in the Newcastle district. In 1830 he made an extended lecturing tour throughout England, from which he returned triumphant, declaring that no one had dared to defend the Newtonian system. In 1833 he issued in his followers' behoof ‘A Short Outline of the Philosopher's Life, from being a Child in Frocks to the Present Day, after the Defeat of all Impostors, False Philosophers, since the Creation. … The Burning of York Minster is not left out, and an Ac-