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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pennsylvania

PENNSYLVANIA, a North Atlantic state of the United States of America and one of the original thirteen, lying for the most part between latitudes 39° 43′ 26.3″ and 42° N. and between longitudes 74° 40′ and 80° 31′ 36″ W. The state is in the form of a rectangle, except in the north-west where a triangular projection, extending to 42° 15′ N. lat., gives it a shoreline of almost 40 m. on Lake Erie, on the east where the Delaware river with two large bends separates it from New York and New Jersey, and in the south-east where the arc of a circle which was described with a 12-m. radius from New Castle, Delaware, forms the boundary between it and Delaware. The forty-second parallel of N. latitude forms the boundary between it and New York on the N.; Mason and Dixon's line is the border between it and Maryland and West Virginia on the south and a north and south line marks the boundary between it and West Virginia and Ohio on the west. The total area is 45,126 sq. m. and of this 294 sq. m. are water surface.

Population.—The population of Pennsylvania was 434,373 in 1790; 602,365 in 1800; 810,091 in 1810; 1,049,458 in 1820; 1,348,233 in 1830; 1,724,033 in 1840; 2,311,786 in 1850; 2,906,215 in 1860; 3,521,951 in 1870; 4,282,891 in 1880; 5,258,014 in 1890; 6,302,115 in 1900; 7,665,111 in 1910. Of the total in 1900, 985,250, or 15.6%, were foreign-born, 156,845 were negroes, 1639 were Indians, 1927 were Chinese and 40 were Japanese. Nearly 95% of the foreign-born was composed of natives of Germany (212,453), Ireland (205,909), Great Britain (180,670), Poland (76,358), Austria (67,492), Italy (66,655), Russia (50,959), Hungary (47,393) and Sweden (24,130). Of the native population (5,316,865) 90.7% were born within the state and a little more than two-fifths of the remainder were natives of New York, Maryland, Ohio, New Jersey, Virginia, New England, Delaware and West Virginia. Almost two-thirds of the Indians were in Cumberland county where, at Carlisle, is a United States Indian Industrial School. In 1906 the total number of communicants of different religious denominations in the state was 2,977,022, of whom 1,717,037 were Protestants and 1,214,734 were Roman Catholics. There is a large number of the smaller religious sects in the state; the principal denominations, with the number of communicants of each in 1906, are: Methodist (363,443), Lutheran (335,643), Presbyterian (322,542), Reformed Church (177,270), Baptist (141,694), Protestant Episcopalian (99,021), United Brethren (55,574), United Evangelical Church (45,480), Disciples of Christ (26,458), German Baptist Brethren (23,176), Eastern Orthodox Churches (22,123), Mennonites (16,527), Congregational (14,811), Evangelical Association (13,294), Friends (12,457), Church of God or “Winnebrennerians ” (11,157), and Moravian (5322).

Administration.—Pennsylvania has been governed under constitutions of 1776, 1790 and 1838; the present government is under the constitution of the 16th of December 1873 with amendments adopted on the 5th of November 1901. An amendment to the constitution to be adopted must be approved by a majority of the members elected to each house of the general assembly in two successive legislatures and then, at least three months after the second approval of the general assembly, by a majority of the popular vote cast on the adoption of the amendment. All male citizens over 21 years of age

who have been citizens of the United States for one month, residents of the state for one year and of the election district for two months immediately preceding the election, have the right of suffrage, provided they have paid within two years a state or county tax, which shall have been assessed at least two months and paid at least one month before the election. The Australian or “Massachusetts” ballot, adopted in 1891 under a law which fails to require personal registration, by a provision like that in Nebraska makes it easy to vote a straight ticket; party names are arranged on the ballot according to the number of votes secured by each party at the last preceding election.

History.—The chief features of Pennsylvania history in colonial days were the predominance of Quaker influence, the heterogeneous character of the population, liberality in matters of religion, and the fact that it was the largest and the most successful of proprietary provinces. The earliest European settlements within the present limits of the state were some small trading posts established by the Swedes and the Dutch in the

lower valley of the Delaware River in 1623–1681. Between 1650 and 1660 George Fox and a few other prominent members of the Society of Friends had begun to urge the establishment of a colony in America to serve as a refuge for Quakers who were suffering persecution under the “Clarendon Code.” William Penn (q.v.) became interested in the plan at least as early as 1666. For his charters of 1680–1682 and the growth of the colony under him see.

During Penn's life the colony was involved in serious boundary disputes with Maryland, Virginia and New York. A decree of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke, in 1750, settled the Maryland-Delaware dispute and led to the survey in 1763–1767 of the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland (lat. 39° 43' 26.3" N.), called the Mason and Dixon line in honour of the surveyors; it acquired considerable importance later as separating the free and the slave states. In 1784 Virginia agreed to the extension of the line and to the establishment of the western limit (the present boundary between Pennsylvania and Ohio) as the meridian from a point on the Mason and Dixon line five degrees of longitude west of the Delaware river. The 42nd parallel was finally selected as the northern boundary in 1789, in 1792 the Federal government sold to Pennsylvania the small triangular strip of territory north of it on Lake Erie. A territorial dispute with Connecticut over the Wyoming Valley was settled in favour of Pennsylvania in 1782 by a court of arbitration appointed by the Continental Congress.

Upon William Penn's death, his widow became proprietary. Sir William Keith, her deputy, was hostile to the council, which he practically abolished, and was popular with the assembly, which he assiduously courted, but was discharged by Mrs Penn after he had quarrelled with James Logan, secretary of the province. His successors, Patrick Gordon and George Thomas, under the proprietorship of John, Thomas and Richard Penn, continued Keith's popular policy of issuing a plentiful paper currency; but with Thomas the assembly renewed its old struggle, refusing to grant him a salary or supplies because of his efforts to force the colony into supporting the Spanish War. Again, during the Seven Years' War the assembly withstood the governor, Robert Hunter Morris, in the matter of grants for military expenses. But the assembly did its part in assisting General Braddock to outfit; and after Braddock's defeat all western Pennsylvania suffered terribly from Indian attacks. After the proprietors subscribed £5000 for the protection of the colony the assembly momentarily gave up its contest for a tax on the proprietary estates and consented to pass a money bill, without this provision, for the expenses of the war. But in 1760 the assembly, with the help of Benjamin Franklin as agent in England, won the great victory of forcing the proprietors to pay a tax (£566) to the colony; and thereafter the assembly had little to contest for, and the degree of civil liberty attained in the province was very high. But the growing power of the Scotch-Irish, the resentment of the Quakers against the proprietors for having gone back to the Church of England and many other circumstances strengthened the anti-proprietary power, and the assembly strove to abolish the proprietorship and establish a royal province; John Dickinson was the able leader of the party which defended the proprietors; and Joseph Galloway and Benjamin Franklin were the leaders of the anti-proprietary party, which was greatly weakened at home by the absence after December 1764 of Franklin in England as its agent. The question lost importance as independence became the issue.

In 1755 a volunteer militia had been created and was led with great success by Benjamin Franklin; and in 1756 a line of forts was begun to hold the Indians in check. In the same year a force of pioneers under John Armstrong of Carlisle surprised and destroyed the Indian village of Kittanning (or Atiqué) on the Allegheny river. But the frontier was disturbed by Indian attacks until the suppression of Pontiac's conspiracy. In December 1763 six Christian Indians, Conestogas, were massacred by the “Paxton boys” from Paxton near the present Harrisburg; the Indians who had escaped were taken

to Lancaster for safe keeping but were seized and killed by the “Paxton boys,” who with other backwoodsmen marched upon Philadelphia early in 1764, but Quakers and Germans gathered quickly to protect it and civil war was averted, largely by the diplomacy of Franklin. The Paxton massacre marked the close of Quaker supremacy and the beginning of the predominance of the Scotch-Irish pioneers.

Owing to its central position, its liberal government, and its policy of religious toleration, Pennsylvania had become during the 18th century a refuge for European immigrants, especially persecuted sectaries. In no other colony were so many different races and religions represented. There were Dutch, Swedes, English, Germans, Welsh, Irish and Scotch-Irish; Quakers, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Catholics, Lutherans (Reformed), Mennonites, Bunkers, Schwenkfelders, and Moravians. Most of these elements have now become merged in the general type, but there are still many communities in which the popular language is a corrupt German dialect, largely Rheno-Franconian in its origin, known as “Pennsylvania Dutch.” Before the Seven Years' War the Quakers dominated the government, but from that time until the failure of the Whisky Insurrection (1794) the more belligerent Scotch-Irish (mostly Presbyterians) were usually in the ascendancy, the reasons being the growing numerical strength of the Scotch-Irish and the increasing dissatisfaction with Quaker neglect of means of defending the province.

As the central colony, Pennsylvania's attitude in the struggle with the mother country was of vast importance. The British party was strong because of the loyalty of the large Church of England element, the neutrality of many Quakers, Dunkers, and Mennonites, and a general satisfaction with the liberal and free government of the province, which had been won gradually and had not suffered such catastrophic reverses as had embittered the people of Massachusetts, for instance. But the Whig party under the lead of John Dickinson, Thomas Mifflin and Joseph Reed was successful in the state, and Pennsylvania contributed greatly to the success of the War of Independence, by the important services rendered by her statesmen, by providing troops and by the financial aid given by Robert Morris (q.v.). The two Continental Congresses (1774, and 1775–1781) met in Philadelphia, except for the months when Philadelphia was occupied by the British army and Congress met in Lancaster and York, Pennsylvania, and then in Princeton, New Jersey. In Philadelphia the second Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, which the Pennsylvania delegation, excepting Franklin, thought premature at the time, but which was well supported by Pennsylvania afterwards. During the War of Independence battles were fought at Brandywine (1777), Paoli (1777), Fort Mifflin (1777) and Germantown (1777), and Washington's army spent the winter of 1777–1778 at Valley Forge; and Philadelphia was occupied by the British from the 26th of September 1777 to the 18th of June 1778. The Penns lost their governmental rights in 1776, and three years later their territorial interests were vested in the commonwealth in return for a grant of £120,000 and the guarantee of titles to private estates held in severally. They still own considerable property in and around Wilkes-Barré, in Luzerne county, and in Philadelphia. The first state constitution of September 1776 was the work of the Radical party. It deprived the Quakers of their part in the control of the government and forced many Conservatives into the Loyalist party. This first state constitution was never submitted to popular vote. It continued the unicameral legislative system, abolished the office of governor, and provided for an executive council of twelve members. It also created a curious body, known as the council of censors, whose duty it was to assemble once in seven years to decide whether there had been any infringements of the fundamental law. The party which had carried this constitution through attacked its opponents by withdrawing the charter of the college of Philadelphia (now the university of Pennsylvania) because its trustees were anti-Constitutionalists and creating in its place a university of the state of

The Constitutional party in 1785 secured the annulment by the state assembly of the charter of the Bank of North America, which still retained a congressional charter; and the cause of this action also seems to have been party feeling against the anti-Constitutionalists, among whom Robert Morris of the bank was a leader, and who, especially Morris, had opposed the paper money policy of the Constitutionalists. These actions of the state assembly against the college and the bank probably were immediate causes for the insertion in the Federal Constitution (adopted by the convention in Philadelphia in 1787) of the clause (proposed by James Wilson of Pennsylvania, a friend of the college and of the bank) forbidding any state to pass a law impairing the obligation of contracts. The state ratified the Federal Constitution, in spite of a powerful opposition—largely the old (state) Constitutional party—on the 22nd of December 1787, and three years later revised its own constitution to make it conform to that document. Under the constitution of 1790 the office of governor was restored, the executive council and the council of censors were abolished, and the bicameral legislative system was adopted. Philadelphia was the seat of the Federal government, except for a brief period in 1789–1790, until the removal to Washington in 1800. The state capital was removed from Philadelphia to Lancaster in 1799 and from Lancaster to Harrisburg in 1812.

The state was the scene of the Scotch-Irish revolt of 1794 against the Federal excise tax, known as the Whisky Insurrection (q.v.) and of the German protest (1799) against the house tax, known as the Fries Rebellion from its leader John Fries (q.v.). In 1838 as the result of a disputed election to the state house of representatives two houses were organized, one Whig and the other Democratic, and there was open violence in Harrisburg. The conflict has been called the “Buckshot War.” The Whig House of Representatives gradually broke up, many members going over to the Democratic house, which had possession of the records and the chamber and was recognized by the state Senate. Pennsylvania was usually Democratic before the Civil War owing to the democratic character of its country population and to the close commercial relations between Philadelphia and the South. The growth of the protectionist movement and the development of anti-slavery sentiment, however, drew it in the opposite direction, and it voted the Whig national ticket in 1840 and in 1848, and the Republican ticket for Lincoln in 1860. A split among the Democrats in 1835, due to the opposition of the Germans to internal improvements and to the establishment of a public school system, resulted in the election as governor of Joseph Ritner, the anti-Masonic candidate. The anti-Masonic excitement subsided as quickly as it had risen, and under the leadership of Thaddeus Stevens the party soon became merged with the Whigs. During the Civil War (1861–65) the state gave to the Union 336,000 soldiers; and Generals McClellan, Hancock, Meade and Reynolds and Admirals Porter and Dahlgren were natives of the state. Its nearness to the field of war made its position dangerous. Chambersburg was burned in 1862; and the battle of Gettysburg (July 1863), a defeat of Lee's attempt to invade the North in force was a turning point in the war.

The development of the material resources of the state since 1865 has been accompanied by several serious industrial disturbances. The railway riots of 1877, which centred at Pittsburg and Reading, resulted in the destruction of about two thousand freight cars and a considerable amount of other property. An organized association, known as the ../Molly Maguires/ (q.v.), terrorized the mining regions for many years, but was finally suppressed through the courageous efforts of President Franklin, Benjamin Gowen (1863–1889) of the Philadelphia & Reading railroad with the assistance of Allan Pinkerton and his detectives. There have been mining strikes at Scranton (1871), in the Lehigh and Schuylkill regions (1875), at Hazleton (1897), and one in the anthracite fields (1902) which was settled by a board of arbitrators appointed by President Roosevelt; and there were street railway strikes at Chester in 1908 and in Philadelphia in 1910. The calling in of Pinkerton detectives from Chicago and New

York to settle a strike in the Carnegie steel works at Homestead in 1892 precipitated a serious riot, in which about twenty persons were killed. It was necessary to call out two brigades of the state militia before the disorder was finally suppressed. The labour unions took advantage of this trouble to force Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Colorado and several other states to pass anti-Pinkerton statutes making it illegal to import irresponsible armed men from a distance to quell local disturbances. On the political side the chief features in the history of the state since 1865 have been the adoption of the constitution of 1873, the growth of the Cameron-Quay-Penrose political machine, and the attempts of the reformers to overthrow its domination. The constitution of 1838, which superseded that of 1790, extended the functions of the legislature, limited the governor's power of appointment, and deprived negroes of the right of suffrage. The provision last mentioned was nullified by the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the constitution of the United States. The chief object of the present state constitution (1873) was to prohibit local and special legislation. It increased the number of senators and representatives, created the office of lieutenant-governor, substituted biennial for annual sessions of the legislature, introduced minority representation in the choice of the higher judiciary and of the county commissioners and auditors and provided (as had an amendment adopted in 1850) for the election of all judges by popular vote. The political organization founded by Simon Cameron (q.v.) and strengthened by his son, James Donald Cameron, Matthew Stanley Quay and Boies Penrose (b. 1860), is based upon the control of patronage, the distribution of state funds among favoured banks, the support of the Pennsylvania railway and other great corporations, and upon the ability of the leaders to persuade the electors that it is necessary to vote the straight Republican ticket to save the protective system. Robert E. Pattison (1850–1904), a Democrat, was elected governor in 1883 and again in 1891, but he was handicapped by Republican legislatures. In 1905 a Democratic state treasurer was elected.


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STANDARD.– " Miss Carey has the gift of writing naturally and simply, her pathos is true and unforced, and her conversations are sprightly and sharp." LADY.– " Miss Carey's novels are always welcome ; they are out of the common run, immaculately pure, and very high in tone." DAILY TELEGRAPH.– " A novel ot a sort which it would be a real loss to miss."

STANDARD.– " Robert Ord's Atonement is a delightful book, very quiet as to its story, but very strong in character, and instinct with that delicate pathos which is the salient point of all the writings of this author." STANDARD.– "There is plenty of romance in the heroine's life. But it would not be fair to tell our readers wherein that romance consists or how it ends. Let them read the book for themselves. We will undertake to promise that they will like it." MORNING POST.– " Deserves to be extensively known and read. . . . Will doubt, less find as many admirers as readers." GUARDIAN.– "A thoroughly good and wholesome story." PALL MALL GAZETTE.– " Like all the other stories we have had from the same gifted pen, this volume, Not Like Other Girls, takes a sane and healthy view of life and its concerns.... It is an excellent story to put in the hands of girls." NEW YORK HOME JOURNAL.– " One of the sweetest, daintiest, and most interesting of the season's publications." JOHN BULL.– " The story is a simple one, but told with much grace and unaffected pathos." VANITY FAIR.– " A simple, earnest, and withal very interesting story ; well conceived, carefully worked out, and sympathetically told." LADY.– " So intrinsically good that the world of novel-readers ought to be genuinely grateful."

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lowermost sub-class of fishes, which comprises one form only, the Lancelet (Branchiostoma [s. Amphioxus] lanceolatum, possesses the skeleton of the most primitive type.

The vertebral column is represented by a simple chorda dorsalis or notochord only, which extends from one extremity of the fish to the other, and, so far from being expanded into


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 Rh THE NOVELS OF PALL MALL GAZETTE.– "This novel is for those who like stories with something of Jane Austen's power, but with more intensity of feeling than Jane Austen displayed, who are not inclined to call pathos twaddle, and who care to see life and human nature in their most beautiful form." GUARDIAN. "The refinement of style and delicacy of thought will make Lover or Friend? popular with all readers who are not too deeply bitten with a desire for things improbable in their lighter literature."

PALL MALL GAZETTE.– "' We doubt whether anything has been written of late years so fresh, so pretty, so thoroughly natural and bright. The novel as a whole is charming." OBSERVER.– " A capital story. The interest steadily grows, and by the time one reaches the third volume the story has become enthralling." DAILY NEWS.– "Miss Carey's fluent pen has not lost its power of writing fresh and wholesome fiction."

PALL MALL GAZETTE.– " Miss Carey's untiring pen loses none of its power, and her latest work is as gracefully written, as full of quiet home charm, as fresh and wholesome, so to speak, as its many predecessors."

PALL MALL GAZETTE.– " By no means the least attractive of the works of this charming writer." BRADFORD OBSERVER.– " There is a quiet charm about this story which finds its way into the innermost shrines of life. The book is wholesome and good, and cannot fail to give pleasure to those who love beauty." BOOKMAN.– "Fresh and charming. . . . A piece of distinctly good work." WESTMINSTER GAZETTE.– " A clever delineator of character, possessed of a reserve of strength in a quiet, easy, flowing style, Miss Carey never fails to please a large class of readers. Herb of Grace is no exception to the rule. ..." BOOKMAN.– "This pretty love story .... is charming, sparkling, and never mawkish."

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64 a cranial cavity, it is pointed at its anterior end as well as at its posterior. It is enveloped in a simple membrane like the spinal chord and the abdominal organs, and there is no trace of vertebral segments or ribs; however, a series of short cartilaginous rods above the spine evidently represent apophyses. A maxillary or hyoid apparatus, or elements representing limbs, are entirely absent.

 * [J. Müller, Ueber den Bau und die Lebenserscheinungen des Branchiostoma lubricum, in Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1844.]

The skeleton of the Cyclostomata (or Marsipobranchii) (Lampreys and Sea-hags) shows a considerable advance of development. It consists of a notochord, the anterior pointed end of which is wedged into the base of a cranial capsule, partly membranous partly cartilaginous. This skull, therefore, is not movable upon the spinal column. No vertebral segmentation can be observed in the notochord, but neural arches are represented by a series of cartilages on each side of the spinal chord. In Petromyzon (Fig. 30) the basis cranii emits two prolongations on each side: an inferior, extending for some distance along the lower side of the spinal column, and a lateral, which is ramified into a skeleton supporting the branchial apparatus. A stylohyal process and a subocular arch with a palato-pterygoid portion may be distinguished. The roof of the cranial capsule is membranous in Myxine and in the larvæ of Petromyzon, but more or less cartilaginous in the adult Petromyzon and in Bdellostoma. A cartilaginous capsule on each side of the hinder part of the skull contains the auditory organ, whilst the olfactory capsule occupies the anterior upper part of the roof. A broad cartilaginous lamina, starting from the cranium and overlying part of the snout, has been determined as representing the ethmo-vomerine elements, whilst the oral organs are supported by large, very peculiar cartilages (labials), greatly differing in general configuration and arrangement in the various Cyclostomes. There


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206 choice of superiors; the retainers of the abbeys followed their standard, and swelled their importance and their power. All this was at an end; and although in some instances they repurchased, on easy terms, the estates which their forefathers had granted away, yet in general the confiscated lands fell in smaller proportions to the old-established nobility than we should have been prepared to expect. The new owners of these broad domains were, for the most part, either the rising statesmen—the novi homines who had been nursed under Wolsey, and grown to manhood in the storms of the Reformation, Cromwell, Russell, Audeley, Wriothesley, Dudley, Seymour, Fitzwilliam, and the satellites who revolved about them; or else city merchants, successful wool-dealers, or manufacturers: in all cases the men of progress—the men of the future—the rivals, if not the active enemies, of the hereditary feudal magnates.

To such persons ultimately fell by far the largest portion of the abbey lands. It was not, however, so intended. Another Act, which Henry drew with his own hand, stated that, inasmuch as the slothful and ungodly life of all sorts of persons, bearing the name of religious, was notorious to all the world, … in order that both they and their estates might be turned to some better account, that the people might be better educated, charity be better exercised, and the spiritual discipline of the country be in all respects better maintained, it was expedient that the King should have


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 20 THE NOVELS AND TALES OF THE HEIR OF REDCLYFFE. With Illustrations by KATE GREENAWAY. HEARTSEASE ; or, the Brother's Wife. New Edition. With Illustrations by KATE GREENAWAY. HOPES AND FEARS ; or, Scenes from the Life of a Spinster. With Illustrations by HERBERT GANDY. DYNEVOR TERRACE ; or, the Clue of Life. With Illustrations by ADRIAN STOKES. THE DAISY CHAIN ; or, Aspirations. A Family Chronicle With Illustrations by J. P. ATKINSON. THE TRIAL : More Links of the Daisy Chain. With Illustrations by J. P. ATKINSON. THE PILLARS OF THE HOUSE ; or, Under Wode, under Rode. Two Vols. With Illustrations by HERBERT GANDY. THE YOUNG STEPMOTHER ; or, a Chronicle of Mistakes. With Illustrations by MARIAN HUXLEY. THE CLEVER WOMAN OF THE FAMILY. With Illustrations by ADRIAN STOKES. THE THREE BRIDES. With Illustrations by ADRIAN STOKES. MY YOUNG ALCIDES : A Faded Photograph. With Illustrations by ADRIAN STOKES. THE CAGED LION. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. THE DOVE IN THE EAGLE'S NEST. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. THE CHAPLET OF PEARLS; or, the White and Black Ribaumont. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. LADY HESTER ; or, Ursula's Narrative ; and THE DANVERS PAPERS. With Illustrations by JANE E. COOK. MAGNUM BONUM ; or, Mother Carey's Brood. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. LOVE AND LIFE : an Old Story in Eighteenth Century Costume. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. UNKNOWN TO HISTORY. A Story of the Captivity of Mary of Scotland. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. STRAY PEARLS. Memoirs of Margaret de Ribaumont, Viscountess of Bellaise. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY.

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1539.] powers granted to him to create by letters patent, and endow, fresh bishoprics as he should think fit, and convert religious houses into chapters of deans and prebendaries, to be attached to each of the new sees, and to improve and strengthen those already in existence. The scheme, as at first conceived, was on a magnificent scale. Twenty-one new bishoprics were intended, with as many cathedrals and as many chapters; and in each of the latter (unless there had been gross cause to make an exception) the monks of the abbey or priory suppressed would continue on the new foundation, changing little but the name. Henry's intentions, could they have been executed, would have materially softened the dissolution. The twenty-one bishoprics, however, sunk into six; and eight religious houses only were submitted to the process of conversion. The cost of the national defences, followed by three years of ruinous war, crippled at its outset a generous project, and saved the Church from the possession of wealth and power too dangerously great.

On the 23rd of May Parliament was prorogued for a week; on the 30th the lord chancellor informed the peers that his Majesty, with the assistance of the bench of bishops, had come to a conclusion on the Six Articles; which, it was


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 Rh THE NOVELS AND TALES OF THE ARMOURER'S 'PRENTICES. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. THE TWO SIDES OF THE SHIELD. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. NUTTIE'S FATHER. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. SCENES AND CHARACTERS ; or, Eighteen Months at Beechcroft. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. CHANTRY HOUSE. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. A MODERN TELEMACHUS. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. BYWORDS. A collection of Tales new and old. BEECHCROFT AT ROCKSTONE. MORE BYWORDS. A REPUTED CHANGELING; or, Three Seventh Years Two Centuries Ago. THE LITTLE DUKE, RICHARD THE FEARLESS. With Illustrations. THE LANCES OF LYNWOOD. With Illustrations by J. B. THE PRINCE AND THE PAGE : A Story of the Last Crusade. With Illustrations by ADRIAN STOKES. TWO PENNILESS PRINCESSES. With Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. THAT STICK. AN OLD WOMAN'S OUTLOOK IN A HAMPSHIRE VILLAGE. GRISLY GRISELL ; or, The Laidly Lady of Whitburn. A Tale of the Wars of the Roses. HENRIETTA'S WISH. Second Edition. THE LONG VACATION. THE RELEASE ; or, Caroline's French Kindred. THE PILGRIMAGE OF THE BEN BERIAH. THE TWO GUARDIANS ; or, Home in this World. Second Edition. COUNTESS KATE AND THE STOKESLEY SECRET. MODERN BROODS ; or, Developments Unlocked for. STROLLING PLAYERS : A Harmony of Contrasts. By C. M. YONGE and C. R. COLERIDGE.

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208 the course possibly which the many debates had taken—would be acceptable to the two Houses. A penal statute would be required to enforce the resolutions; and it was for their lordships to determine the character and the extent of the punishment which would be necessary. To give room for differences of opinion, two committees were this time appointed—the first consisting of Cranmer, the Bishops of Ely and St David's, and Sir William Petre; the other of the Archbishop of York, the Bishops of Durham and Winchester, and Dr Tregonwell. The separate reports were drawn and presented; the peers accepted the second. The cruel character of the resolutions was attributed, by sound authority, to the especial influence of Gardiner. It was not, in its extreme form, the work of the King, nor did it express his own desires. His


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 22 Olive : A Novel. With Illustrations by G. BOWERS. The Ogilvies : A Novel. With Illustrations. Agatha's Husband : A Novel. With Illustrations by WALTER CRANE. The Head of the Family : A Novel. With Illustrations by WALTER CRANE. Two Marriages. The Laurel Bush. My Mother and I: a Girl's Love Story. With Illustrations. Miss Tommy : a Mediæval Romance. King Arthur: Not a Love Story. About Money, and other Things. Concerning Men, and other Papers.

Neighbours on the Green. Joyce. Kirsteen : the Story of a Scotch Family Seventy Years Ago. A Beleaguered City : A Story of the Seen and the Unseen. Hester : a Story of Contemporary Life. He that Will Not when He May. The Railway Man and his Children. The Marriage of Elinor. Sir Tom. The Heir-Presmptive and the Heir-Apparent. A Country Gentleman and his Family. A Son of the Soil. The Second Son. The Wizard's Son : A Novel. The Curate in Charge. Lady William. Young Musgrave.

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80 case of the neutral coasts—and then running as a sinuous line through Belgium and France to the Jura border of Switzerland. West of that boundary, whether by land or sea, the two Powers could make ready their defence against the enemy. Nine months later Italy dared to join the Allies, mainly because her ports were kept open by the Allied sea-power.

On the Eastern front also the old style of war held. Land-power was there divided into two contending forces, and the outer of the two, notwithstanding its incongruous Czardom, was allied with the sea-power of the Democratic West. In short, the disposition of forces repeated in a general way that of a century earlier, when British sea-power supported the Portuguese and Spaniards in 'the Peninsula,' and was allied with the autocracies of the Eastern land-powers. Napoleon fought on two fronts, which in the terms of to-day we should describe as Western and Eastern.

In 1917, however, came a great change, due to the entry of the United States into the War, the fall of the Russian Czardom, and the subsequent collapse of the Russian fighting strength. The world-strategy of the contest was entirely altered. We have been fighting since, and can afford to say it without hurting any of our allies, to make the world a safe


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1539.] opinions on the disputed articles were wholly those contained in the body of the Act. He had argued laboriously in their maintenance, and he had himself drawn a sketch for a statute not unlike that which passed into law; but he had added two clauses, from which the bishops contrived to deliver themselves, which, if insisted upon, would have crippled the prosecutions and tied the hands of the Church officials. According to Henry's scheme, the judges would have been bound to deliver in writing to the party accused a copy of the accusation, with the names and depositions of the witnesses; and, if there was but one witness, let his reputation have stood as high as that of any man in the State, it would have been held insufficient for a conviction.


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 Rh SEEKERS AFTER GOD. The Lives of Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. ETERNAL HOPE. Sermons preached in Westminster Abbey. THE FALL OF MAN : and other Sermons. THE WITNESS OF HISTORY TO CHRIST. THE SILENCE AND VOICES OF GOD, with other Sermons. "IN THE DAYS OF THY YOUTH." Sermons on Practical Subjects. SAINTLY WORKERS. Five Lenten Lectures. EPHPHATHA ; or, the Amelioration of the World. MERCYAND JUDGMENT : a few last words on Christian Eschatology. SERMONS & ADDRESSES DELIVERED IN AMERICA. THE WORKS OF

SERMONS PREACHED IN LINCOLN'S INN CHAPEL. In six vols. SERMONS PREACHED IN COUNTRY CHURCHES. CHRISTMAS DAY : and other Sermons. THEOLOGICAL ESSAYS. THE PROPHETS AND KINGS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. THE PATRIARCHS AND LAWGIVERS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. THE GOSPEL OF THE KINGDOM OF HEAVEN. THE GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN. THE EPISTLES OF ST. JOHN. THE FRIENDSHIP OF BOOKS : and other Lectures. THE PRAYER BOOK AND LORD'S PRAYER. THE DOCTRINE OF SACRIFICE. Deduced from the Scriptures. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. THE KINGDOM OF CHRIST; or, Hints to a Quaker respecting the Principles, Constitution, and Ordinances of the Catholic Church. 2 vols.

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Rh place for democracies. So much as regards Idealism. But it is equally important that we should bear in mind the new face of Reality. We have been fighting lately, in the close of the War, a straight duel between land-power and sea-power, and sea-power has been laying siege to land-power. We have conquered, but had Germany conquered she would have established her sea-power on a wider base than any in history, and in fact on the widest possible base. The joint continent of Europe, Asia, and Africa, is now effectively, and not merely theoretically, an island. Now and again, lest we forget, let us call it the World-Island in what follows.

One reason why the seamen did not long ago rise to the generalisation implied in the expression 'World-Island,' is that they could not make the round voyage of it. An ice-cap, two thousand miles across, floats on the Polar Sea, with one edge aground on the shoals off the north of Asia. For the common purposes of navigation, therefore, the continent is not an island. The seamen of the last four centuries have treated it as a vast promontory stretching southward from a vague north, as a mountain peak may rise out of the clouds from hidden foundations. Even in the last century, since the opening


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210 The slight effort of leniency was not approved by the House of Lords. In spite of Cranmer's unwearied and brave opposition, the harshest penalties which were recommended received the greatest favour; and 'the bloody Act of the Six Articles,' or 'the whip with six strings,' as it was termed by the Protestants, was the adopted remedy to heal the diseases of England.

After a careful preamble, in which the danger of divisions and false opinions, the peril both to the peace of the commonwealth and the souls of those who were ensnared by heresy, were elaborately dwelt upon, the King, the two Houses of Parliament, and the Convocations of the two provinces declared themselves, after a great and long, deliberate and advised disputation, to have adopted the following conclusions: —

1. That, in the most blessed sacrament of the altar, by the strength and efficacy of Christ's mighty word, it being spoken by the priest, was present really, under the form of bread and wine, the natural body and blood of Jesus Christ; and that, after consecration, there remained no substance of bread and wine, nor any other but the substance of Christ.

2. That communion in both kinds was not essential to salvation; that, under the form of bread, the blood was present as well as the body; and, under the form of wine, the flesh was present as well as the blood.

3. That it was not permitted to priests, after their ordination, to marry and have wives.


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 24 THE WORKS OF CHARLES KINGSLEY WESTWARD HO ! HYPATIA ; or, New Foes with an old Face. TWO YEARS AGO. ALTON LOCKE, Tailor and Poet. An Autobiography. HEREWARD THE WAKE, "Last of the English." YEAST : A Problem. POEMS : including The Saint's Tragedy, Andromeda, Songs, Ballads, etc. THE WATER-BABIES : A Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby. With Illustrations by LINLEY SAMBOURNE. THE HEROES ; or, Greek Fairy Tales for my Children. With Illustrations by the Author. GLAUCUS ; or, The Wonders of the Shore. With Illustrations. MADAME HOW AND LADY WHY; or, First Lessons in Earth Lore for Children. With Illustrations. AT LAST. A Christmas in the West Indies. With Illustrations. THE HERMITS. HISTORICAL LECTURES AND ESSAYS. PLAYS AND PURITANS, and other Historical Essays. THE ROMAN AND THE TEUTON. PROSE IDYLLS, New and Old. SCIENTIFIC LECTURES AND ESSAYS. SANITARY AND SOCIAL LECTURES AND ESSAYS. LITERARY AND GENERAL LECTURES AND ESSAYS. ALL SAINTS' DAY : and other Sermons. DISCIPLINE : and other Sermons. THE GOOD NEWS OF GOD. Sermons. GOSPEL OF THE PENTATEUCH. SERMONS FOR THE TIMES. SERMONS ON NATIONAL SUBJECTS. VILLAGE SERMONS, AND TOWN AND COUNTRY SERMONS. THE WATER OF LIFE : and other Sermons. WESTMINSTER SERMONS.

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82 of the Suez Canal, the eastward voyage has still been round a promontory, though with the point at Singapore instead of Cape Town.

This fact and its vastness have made men think of the Continent as though it differed from other islands in more than size. We speak of its parts as Europe, Asia, and Africa in precisely the same way that we speak of the parts of the ocean as Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian. In theory even the ancient Greeks regarded it as insular, yet they spoke of it as the 'World.' The school-children of to-day are taught of it as the 'Old World,' in contrast with a certain pair of peninsulas which together constitute the 'New World.' Seamen speak of it merely as 'the Continent,' the continuous land.

Let us consider for a moment the proportions and relations of this newly realised Great Island. It is set as it were on the shoulder of the earth with reference to the North Pole. Measuring from Pole to Pole along the central meridian of Asia, we have first a thousand miles of ice-clad sea as far as the northern shore of Siberia, then five thousand miles of land to


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1539.] 4. That vows of chastity made to God advisedly, by man or woman, ought to be observed, and were of perpetual obligation.

5. That private masses ought to be continued, as meet and necessary for godly consolation and benefit.

6. That auricular confession to a priest must be retained, and continue to be used in the Church.

The Lords and Commons, in accepting the articles, gave especial thanks to his Majesty for the godly pain, study, and travail with which he had laboured to establish them; and they 'prayed God that he might long reign to bring his godly enterprise to a full end and perfection;' and that by these means 'quiet, unity, and concord might be had in the whole body of the realm for ever.'

On their side they enacted against such persons as should refuse to submit to the resolutions:—

That whoever, by word or writing, denied the first article, should be declared a heretic, and suffer death by burning, without opportunity of abjuration, without protection from sanctuary or benefit of clergy. Whoever spoke or otherwise broke the other five articles, or any one of them, should, for the first offence, forfeit his property; if he offended a second time, or refused to abjure when called to answer, he should suffer death as a felon. All marriages hitherto contracted by priests were declared void. A day was fixed before which their wives were to be sent to their friends, and to retain them after that day was felony. To refuse to go to confession was felony. To refuse to receive the sacrament was felony. On every road on which the free mind of man was


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212 moving, the dark sentinel of orthodoxy was stationed with its flaming sword; and in a little time all cowards, all who had adopted the new opinions with motives less pure than that deep zeal and love which alone entitle human beings to constitute themselves champions of God, flinched into their proper nothingness, and left the battle to the brave and the good.

The feelings with which the bill was received by the world may be gathered most readily from two letters—one written by an English nobleman, who may be taken to have represented the sentiments of the upper classes in this country; the other written by Philip Melancthon, speaking in the name of Germany and of English Protestantism struggling to be born.

The signature and the address of the first are lost; but the contents indicate the writer's rank.

'For news here, I assure you, never prince showed himself so wise a man, so well learned, and so catholic, as the King hath done in this Parliament. With my pen I cannot express his marvellous goodness, which is come to such effect that we shall have an Act of Parliament so spiritual that I think none shall dare to say that in the blessed sacrament of the altar doth remain either bread or wine after the consecration; nor that a priest may have a wife; nor that it is necessary to receive our Maker sub utrâque specie; nor that private masses should not be used as they have been; nor that it is not necessary to have auricular


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1539.] confession. And notwithstanding my Lord Canterbury, my Lord of Ely, my Lord of Salisbury, my Lords of Worcester, Rochester, and St David's defended the contrary long time, yet, finally, his Highness confounded them all with God's learning. York, Durham, Winchester, London, Chichester, Norwich, and Carlisle have showed themselves honest and well-learned men. We of the temporalty have been all of one opinion; and my Lord Chancellor and my Lord Privy Seal as good as we can desire. My Lord of Canterbury and all the bishops have given over their opinions and come in to us, save Salisbury, who yet continueth a lewd fool. Finally, all England hath cause to thank God, and most heartily to rejoice, of the King's most godly proceedings.'

There spoke the conservative Englishman, tenacious of old opinions, believing much in established order, and little in the minds and hearts of living human beings—believing that all variation from established creeds could only arise from vanity and licentiousness, and from the discontent of an ill-regulated understanding.

We turn to Melancthon, and we hear the protest of humanity, the pleading of intellect against institutions, the voice of freedom as opposed to the voice of order—the two spirits 'between whose endless jar justice resides.'

He reminded the King of the scene described by Thucydides, where the Athenians awoke to their injustice and revoked the decree against Mytilene, and he implored him to reconsider his fatal determination. He was grieved, he said, for those who professed the same


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214 doctrines as himself; but he was more grieved for the King, who allowed himself to be the minister of tyranny. For them nothing could happen more glorious than to lose their lives in bearing witness to the truth; but it was dreadful that a prince, who could not plead the excuse of ignorance, should stain his hands with innocent blood. The bishops pretended that they were defending truth; but it was the truth of sophistry, not of God. In England, and through Europe, the defenders of truth were piecing old garments with new cloth, straining to reconcile truth with error, and light with darkness. He was not surprised. It was easy to understand with the reason how such things were; but his feelings recoiled, and pleaded passionately against their hard and cruel hearts. 'If that barbarous decree be not repealed,' he said, 'the bishops will never cease to rage against the Church of Christ without mercy and without pity; for them the devil useth as instruments and ministers of his fury and malice against Christ—he stirreth them up to kill and destroy the members of Christ. And you, O King! all the godly beseech most humbly that you will not prefer such wicked and cruel oppressions and subtle sophistries before their own just and honest prayers. God recompense you to your great reward if you shall grant those prayers. Christ is going about hungry and thirsty, naked and imprisoned, complaining of the rage and malice of the bishops, and the cruelty of kings and princes. He prays, He supplicates, that the members of His body be not rent in pieces, but that truth may be defended, and the Gospel preached


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1539.] among men; a godly king will hear His words, and obey the voice of His entreaty.'

The extremes of opinion were thus visible on either side. Between them the Government steered their arduous way, under such guidance as conscience and necessity could furnish. To pass a statute was one thing: to enforce the provisions of it was another. The peers and bishops expected to be indulged forthwith in the pleasures of a hot persecution. The King's first act was to teach them to moderate their ardour. In order to soothe the acrimonies which the debate had kindled, the lords spiritual and temporal were requested to repair to Lambeth to 'animate and comfort the archbishop,' and to bury the recollection of all differences by partaking of his hospitality. The history of their visit was, perhaps, diluted through Protestant tradition before it reached the pages of Foxe, and the substance only of the story can be relied upon as true. It is said, however, that on this occasion a conversation arose which displayed broadly the undercurrent of hatred between Cromwell and the peers. One of the


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 Rh Arranged in 13 Volumes, each containing the Lives of three Authors.  Chaucer. By Dr. A. W. WARD. Spenser. By Dean CHURCH. Dryden. By Prof. SAINTSBURY.  Milton. By MARK PATTISON. Goldsmith. By W. BLACK. Cowper. By GOLDWIN SMITH.  Byron. By Professor NICHOL. Shelley. By J. A. SYMONDS. Keats. By SIDNEY COLVIN.  Wordsworth. By F. W. H. MYERS. Southey. By Prof. DOWDEN. Landor. By SIDNEY COLVIN.   Charles Lamb. By Canon AINGER. Addison. By W. J. COURTHOPE. Swift. By Sir LESLIE STEPHEN, K.C.B.  Scott. By R. H. HUTTON. Burns. By Principal SHAIRP. Coleridge. By H. D. TRAILL.  Hume. By Prof. HUXLEY, F.R.S. Locke. By THOS. FOWLER. Burke. By JOHN MORLEY.
Defoe. By W. MINTO. Sterne. By H. D. TRAILL. Hawthorne. By HENRY JAMES.

Fielding. By AUSTIN DOBSON. Thackeray. By ANTHONY TROLLOPE. Dickens. By Dr. A. W. WARD.

Gibbon. By J. C. MORISON. Carlyle. By Professor NICHOL. Macaulay. By J. C. MORISON.

Sydney. By J. A. SYMONDS. De Quincey. By Prof. MASSON. Sheridan. By Mrs. OLIPHANT.

Pope. By Sir LESLIE STEPHEN, K.C.B. Johnson. By Sir LESLIE STEPHEN, K.C.B. Gray. By EDMUND GOSSE.

Bacon. By Dean CHURCH. Bunyan. By J. A. FROUDE. Bentley. By Sir RICHARD JEBB.

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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/November 1899/An English University


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/November 1899/The Wonderful Century


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/November 1899/Spider Bites and Kissing Bugs


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 26 By GERTRUDE ATHERTON THE CONQUEROR. PATIENCE SPARHAWK AND HER TIMES. AMERICAN WIVES & ENGLISH HUSBANDS. A DAUGHTER OF THE VINE. By J. H. SHORTHOUSE JOHN INGLESANT: A Romance. SIR PERCIVAL: a Story of the Past and of the Present. THE LITTLE SCHOOLMASTER MARK. THE COUNTESS EVE. A TEACHER OF THE VIOLIN. BLANCHE, LADY FALAISE. By HUGH CONWAY A FAMILY AFFAIR. LIVING OR DEAD. By W. CLARK RUSSELL MAROONED. A STRANGE ELOPEMENT By Mrs. PARR DOROTHY FOX. ADAM AND EVE. LOYALTY GEORGE. ROBIN. By ANNIE KEARY A YORK AND A LANCASTER ROSE. CASTLE DALY: the Story of an Irish Home thirty years ago. JANET'S HOME. OLDBURY. A DOUBTING HEART. THE NATIONS AROUND ISRAEL. By E. WERNER SUCCESS, AND HOW HE WON IT. FICKLE FORTUNE.

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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/November 1899/Wireless Telegraphy


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/November 1899/Emigrant Diamonds in America


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/November 1899/Needed Improvements in Theater Sanitation


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/November 1899/The New Field Botany


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/November 1899/Do Animals Reason?


text: Category:Animal cognition

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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/November 1899/Sketch of George M. Sternberg


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 Rh By W. WARDE FOWLER A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. Illustrated. TALES OF THE BIRDS. Illustrated. MORE TALES OF THE BIRDS. Illustrated. SUMMER STUDIES OF BIRDS AND BOOKS. By FRANK BUCKLAND CURIOSITIES OF NATURAL HISTORY. Illustrated. In four volumes : FIRST SERIES––Rats, Serpents, Fishes, Frogs, Monkeys, etc. SECOND SERIES––Fossils, Bears, Wolves, Cats, Eagles, Hedgehogs, Eels, Herrings, Whales. THIRD SERIES––Wild Ducks, Fishing, Lions, Tigers, Foxes, Porpoises. FOURTH SERIES––Giants, Mummies, Mermaids, Wonderful People, Salmon, etc. By ARCHIBALD FORBES BARRACKS, BIVOUACS, AND BATTLES. SOUVENIRS OF SOME CONTINENTS. By THOMAS HUGHES TOM BROWN'S SCHOOLDAYS. TOM BROWN AT OXFORD. THE SCOURING OF THE WHITE HORSE. ALFRED THE GREAT. By MONTAGU WILLIAMS LEAVES OF A LIFE. LATER LEAVES. ROUND LONDON. By W. E. NORRIS THIRLBY HALL. A BACHELOR'S BLUNDER. The Works of SHAKESPEARE VICTORIA EDITION. In Three Volumes. Vol. I. COMEDIES. Vol. II. HISTORIES. Vol. III. TRAGEDIES.

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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/November 1899/Publications Received


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/December 1899/Exact Methods in Sociology


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 28 Hogan, M.P. Flitters, Tatters, and the Counsellor The New Antigone Memories of Father Healy CANON ATKINSON.–The Last of the Giant Killers ––Walks, Talks, Travels, and Exploits of Two Schoolboy ––Playhours and Half-Holidays; or, further Experiences of Two Schoolboys SIR S. BAKER. True– Tales for my Grandsons R. H. BAR HAM. –The Ingoldsby Legends REV. R. H. D. BARHAM. –Life of R. H. Barham ––Life of Theodore Hook [land BLENNERHASSET AND SLEEMAN.––Adventures in Mashona- SIR H. LYTTON BULWER.–– Historical Characters C. COWDEN CLARKE.–– The Riches of Chaucer SIR H. M. DURAND.–– Helen Treveryan LANOE FALCONER. ––Cecilia de Noel W. FORBES-MITCHELL. ––Reminiscences of the Great Mutiny W. P. FRITH, R.A. ––My Autobiography REV. J. GILMORE.–– Storm Warriors F. GUIZOT.–– Life of Oliver Cromwell CUTCLIFFE HYNE. ––The "Paradise" Coal-Boat RICHARD JEFFERIES. ––The Dewy Morn HENRY KINGSLEY.–– Tales of Old Travel MARY LINSKILL. ––Tales of the North Riding S. R. LYSAGHT. ––The Marplot M. M'LENNAN. ––Muckle Jock, and other Stories LUCAS MALET. ––Mrs. Lorimer G. MASSON. ––A Compendious Dictionary of the French Language F. A. MIGNET. ––Life of Mary Queen of Scots MAJOR GAMBIER PARRY.–– The Story of Dick E. C. PRICE. ––In the Lion's Mouth LORD REDESDALE.–– Tales of Old Japan W. C. RHOADES.–– John Trevennick CAMILLE ROUSSET. ––Recollections of Marshal Macdonald HAWLEY SMART. ––Breezie Langton MARCHES A THEODOLI. ––Under Pressure ANTHONY TROLLOPE. ––The Three Clerks MRS. HUMPHRY WARD. ––Miss Bretherton CHARLES WHITEHEAD. ––Richard Savage

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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/December 1899/Vinland and its Ruins


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/December 1899/The Education of the Feminist


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/December 1899/Development of the American Newspaper


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/December 1899/Value of the Study of Art


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/December 1899/How Standard Time Is Obtained


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/December 1899/Agricultural Education in Foreign Countries


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/December 1899/Eastern Oyster Culture in Oregon


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/December 1899/Malay Folklore


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/December 1899/Electricity from Thales to Faraday


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/December 1899/Wingless Birds


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/December 1899/Sketch of Frederick C. Selous


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/January 1900/Advance of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century


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 29 Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. each. The volumes marked with an asterisk (*) are also issued in limp leather, with full gilt back and gilt edge. 5s. net each. *Boswell's Life of Johnson. With an Introduction by MOWBRAY MORRIS. Horace. Rendered into English Prose, with Introduction, Running Analysis, Notes, and Index. By J. LONSDALE, M.A., and S. LEE, M.A. Morte D'Arthur. The Book of King Arthur, and of his Noble Knights of the Round Table. The Original Edition of Caxton, revised for modern use. With Introduction, Notes, and Glossary. By Sir E. STRACHEY. Biographical and Critical Memoir, by Prof F. T. PALGRAVE. With Introduction and Notes, Editions and Manuscripts. with Glossary, by R. MORRIS, and a Memoir by J. W. HALES, M.A. [edges, 4s.6d.] Notes, Analysis, and Index. By J. LONSDALE, M..A,. and S. LEE, M.A.
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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/January 1900/The Applications of Explosives I


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/January 1900/A Paradoxical Anarchist


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/January 1900/What Makes the Trolley Car Go I


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/January 1900/Woman's Struggle for Liberty in Germany


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 30 ILLUSTRATED

Crown 8vo. Cloth Elegant, gilt edges (Peacock Edition). 3r. 6d. each. Also issued in ornamental cloth binding. 2s. 6d. each. By JANE AUSTEN With Introductions by AUSTIN DOBSON, and Illustration's by HUGH THOMSON and C. E. BROCK. PRIDE AND PREJUDICE. SENSE AND SENSIBILITY. EMMA. MANSFIELD PARK. NORTHANGER ABBEY, AND PERSUASION. By J. FENIMORE COOPER With Illustrations by C. E. BROCK and H. M. BROCK. THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS. With a General Introduction by Mowbray Morris. THE DEERSLAYER. THE PATHFINDER. THE PIONEERS. THE PRAIRIE. By MARIA EDGEWORTH With Introductions by ANNE THACKERAY RITCHIE, and Illustrations by CHRIS HAMMOND and CARL SCHLOESSER. ORMOND. CASTLE RACKRENT, AND THE ABSENTEE. POPULAR TALES. HELEN. BELINDA. PARENT'S ASSISTANT. By CAPTAIN MARRYAT With Introductions by DAVID HANNAY, and Illustrations by H. M. BROCK, J. AYTON SYMINGTON, FRED PEGRAM, F. H TOWNSEND, H. R. MILLAR, and E. J. SULLIVAN. JAPHET IN SEARCH OF A FATHER. JACOB FAITHFUL. PETER SIMPLE.

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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/January 1900/Scenes on the Planets


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/January 1900/Professor Ward on Naturalism and Agnosticism


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/January 1900/Destructive Effects of Vagrant Electricity


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/January 1900/Winter Birds in a City Park


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/January 1900/Old Rattler and the King Snake


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/January 1900/Remarkable Volcanic Eruptions in the Philippines


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/January 1900/The Scavengers of the Body


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 31 ILLUSTRATED By CAPTAIN MARRYAT––continued. MIDSHIPMAN EASY. THE KING'S OWN. THE PHANTOM SHIP. SNARLEY-YOW. POOR JACK. THE PIRATE, AND THE THREE CUTTERS. MASTERMAN READY. FRANK MILDMAY. NEWTON FORSTER. By THOMAS LOVE PEACOCK With Introductions by GEORGE SAINTSBURY, and Illustrations by H. R. MILLAR and F. H. TOWNSEND. HEADLONG HALL, AND NIGHTMARE ABBEY. MAID MARIAN, AND CROTCHET CASTLE. GRYLL GRANGE. MELINCOURT. MISFORTUNES OF ELPHIN AND RHODODAPHNE. BY VARIOUS AUTHORS WESTWARD Ho ! By CHARLES KINGSLEY. Illustrated by C. E. Brock. HANDY ANDY. By SAMUEL LOVER. Illustrated by H. M. Brock. With Introduction by Charles Whibley. TOM CRINGLE'S LOG. By MICHAEL SCOTT. Illustrated by J. Ayton Symington. With Introduction by Mowbray Morris. ANNALS OF THE PARISH. By JOHN GALT. Illustrated By C. E. Brock. With Introduction by Alfred Ainger. SYBIL, OR THE TWO NATIONS, ETC. By BENJAMIN DISRAELI. Illustrated by F. Pegram. With Introduction by H. D. Traill. LAVENGRO. By GEORGE BORROW. Illustrated by E. J. Sullivan. With Introduction by Augustine Birrell, K.C. ADVENTURES OF HAJJI BABA OF ISPAHAN. By JAMES MORIER. Illustrated by H. R. Millar. With Introduction by Lord Curzon.

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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/South Sea Bubbles in Science


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/What Makes the Trolley Car Go II


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/Is the Christian Religion Declining?


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/A Century of Geology I


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/The Applications of Explosives II


text:
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 32 Crown 8vo, Cloth Elegant, Gilt Edges, 3s. 6d. per volume. Cranford. By Mrs. GASKELL. With Preface by Anne Thackeray Ritchie and 100 Illustrations by Hugh Thomson. The Vicar of Wakefield. With 182 Illustrations by Hugh Thomson, and Preface by Austin Dobson. Our Village. By MARY RUSSELL MITFORD. Introduction by Anne Thackeray Ritchie, and 100 Illustrations by Hugh Thomson. Gulliver's Travels. With Introduction by Sir Henry Craik, K.C.B., and loo Illustrations by C. E. Brock. The Humorous Poems of Thomas Hood. With Preface by Alfred Ainger, and 130 Illustrations by C. E. Brock. Sheridan's The School for Scandal and The Rivals. Illustrated by E. J. Sullivan. With Introduction by A. Birrell. Household Stories. By the Brothers GRIMM. Translated by Lucy Crane. With Pictures by Walter Crane. Reynard the Fox. Edited by J. JACOBS. With Illustrations by W. Frank Calderon. Coaching Days and Coaching Ways. By W. OUTRAM TRISTRAM. With Illustrations by H. Railton and Hugh Thomson. Coridon's Song; and other Verses. With Introduction by Austin Dobson and Illustrations by Hugh Thomson. Days with Sir Roger de Coverley. With Illustrations by Hugh Thomson. The Fables of Æsop. Selected by JOSEPH JACOBS. Illustrated by R. Heighway. Old Christmas. By WASHINGTON IRVING. With Illustrations by R. Caldecott. Bracebridge Hall. With Illustrations by R. CALDECOTT. Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow. With 50 Illustrations and a Preface by George H. Boughton, A.R.A. The Alhambra. With Illustrations by J. Pennell and Introduction by E. R. Pennell.

MACMILLAN & CO., LTD., LONDON.

J. PALMER, PRINTER, CAMBRIDGE.

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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/A Year's Progress in the Klondike


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/The Decline of Criminal Jurisprudence in America


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/The Blind Fishes of North America


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/The Man of Science in Practical Affairs


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/Forenoon and Afternoon


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/President Jordan's Neminism


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/Correspondence


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/Editor's Table


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 56/February 1900/Fragments of Science


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text:
User talk:Shivammanocha

Beeswaxcandle (talk) 07:53, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shivammanocha


text: Facts About Conscription

title: Facts About Conscription


text:
Author:Lester Chadwick

Works

 * Baseball Joe series, 14 books published between 1912 and 1928
 * College Sports series, 6 books published between 1910 and 1913

title: Author:Lester Chadwick


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Masters, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mastertown, Charles


text:
Author:Frederick Gordon

Works

 * Fairview Boys series, 6 books published between 1912 and 1917
 * Up and Doing series, 3 books published in 1912

title: Author:Frederick Gordon


text:
Author:Mabel C. Hawley

Works

 * Four Little Blossoms series, 7 books published between 1920 and 1930

title: Author:Mabel C. Hawley


text:
Author:Annie Roe Carr

Works

 * Nan Sherwood series, 7 books published between 1916 and 1937

title: Author:Annie Roe Carr


text:
Author:Frank V. Webster

Works

 * Bob Chester's Grit, 1911
 * Boys of Bellwood School, 1910

title: Author:Frank V. Webster


text:
Andrew Fuller

 * Andrew Fuller, a biography by his son A.G. Fuller

title: Andrew Fuller


text:
Page:Authors daughter v1.djvu/52

48 "You may stop with us, and welcome," said Mrs. Lindsay, "till ye can hear from your friends, or for all your life, if it would be agreeable to yoursel'."

"If I had only been a little older," said Amy, "I might have been of some use. I could have done something, but I can do nothing."

"Oh, but you can learn," said Mrs. Lindsay. "Rome was not built in a day. No doubt in time you may come to be as handy as our Jessie."

Amy looked at the large, pleasant young woman of twenty-three, who, with an apron on, and her sleeves tucked up to her elbows, was busily engaged in making up bread—thing too important to be trusted to Judy—with her fair hair tanned and her comely features freckled by exposure to all sorts of weathers under an Australian sun, and she wondered if she ever could by Mrs. Lindsay's training grow to resemble her. It was so different a prospect from all that the author's daughter had thought of becoming, that what was meant for encouragement only saddened her. What would her papa have thought of her being domesticated with such a household

Allan had more observation than his mother, and understood more of Amy's feelings. He led her out of the house to have a look at the weather, which had changed from extreme heat

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Page:Authors daughter v1.djvu/53

Rh to cold. A heavy shower or two had fallen through the night, and though it had not much effect in refreshing the pastures, the garden looked revived, and he took her through it.

"If anything ever vexes or troubles me," said he, "I always get best out of it when I am out of doors, and on horseback, so you must get Phemie's riding-skirt, and I'll mount you on Brownie, and show you the country. I don't know how it may look to your travelled eyes, but I think it a very fine country hereabouts."

"Yes, I like it very well. Dear papa said yesterday that every mile after we left the township brought us into prettier scenery, but—but—but—" and here the poor weary heart broke out afresh, "what is scenery to me now?"

"I wanted to ask you if you would like your poor father to be laid here;" said Allan. "It is thirty miles to the nearest churchyard, and that is a strange place to you. And if he was laid beside our poor Patrick, under that sheaoak and the three willows, this place would seem more like home to you. But it's for you to choose. We will do just as you like."

"Then I think I would like him to rest here, for it is not so much like taking him from me."

"But is there really nothing better for you to do than to stop with us, where we would make

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Page:Authors daughter v1.djvu/54

50 you welcome and do for you all that we can? But have you no friends?"

"No friends that care about me at all, and no money to take me to them if I had them," said Amy. "But I was going to learn; papa meant to train me to be a governess, so that I could make my own living; that is, after he found he was not strong, and I was getting on nicely; all the voyage out I read and studied with him every day; for he said he might not have so much time to give me afterwards; but it is all at an end now."

"You have been a good schools, I suppose," said Allan.

"No, very little at school. Mamma taught me while she was able, and then papa gave me lessons but I am only thirteen, and so little; no one would think I could teach till I grow bigger, and have forgotten half of what I have learned."

"You are only thirteen, and I suppose you know hundreds of things that I don't?" said Allan, "and I am nearly twenty, too old to go to school, and that is worse than being too young, for that gets better every day."

"Do your father and mother really offer to keep me here altogether " said Amy, doubtfully.

"Yes, really, and only too glad if you will accept the offer. Mrs. Hammond ought to have

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Page:Authors daughter v1.djvu/55

Rh done it. It is the meanest and coldest thing I ever heard of a lady doing, to throw off he care of you, as she did, but never doubt your welcome at Branxholm."

"I is very good of your father and mother, it is very good of you, but—"

"I know it quite well," interrupted Allan, "our living is too rough; we are not fit people to associate with such a little lady as you are. Perhaps my father and mother are too old to change their ways, but for the rest of us, if you see anything that vexes or annoys you, just tell us. We would do better if we only knew how. And what you cannot amend, you must try to put up with."

"I will try," said Amy, "for you are all very good. Then I may unpack my things and see what is broken? for I am pretty sure there is something wrong. And as for the large case of books that was left in Adelaide to be fetched out by Mr. Hammond's drays, will you give them room here? Some of the books might be useful to you."

"I don' think you know how ignorant I am," said Allan blushing. "I mean of books. I am afraid that your books would be too far on for me."

"Oh I surely not," said Amy, "you could teach yourself a great deal if you would take

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Page:Authors daughter v1.djvu/56

52 the trouble, and perhaps I could "—and she hesitated.

"Could you teach me?" said the young man, eagerly. "You cannot think how anxious I am to learn, but my father could no spare me, and with poor Patrick dying so young, I was doubly needed to help him. You don't think I am too old to begin at the beginning? I can read, of course, and write a little, but I am afraid that is about all I can do."

Allan did not speak or behave in any way like an uneducated man, such a one is seen in England. He had been educated by circumstances, and had naturally first-rate abilities, so that Amy was surprised a such a frank confession of ignorance.

"I am afraid I am only fit to help one who begins at the beginning," said she, "and if you will do your best to learn I will do all I can for you. I should be so happy if I thought I was of some use to anybody in he house. Then I may unpack my boxes and see if it is dear papa's desk that is broken?"

On looking into the trunk Amy discovered that the old desk was uninjured, but that her work-box had come off is hinges. "I know I did no pack things well, but I had no idea of the roads, and every thing seem out of place.

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Rh Can you mend this?" and she brought the workbox to Allan.

He wondered at the exceedingly handsome though not new workbox: It was of rosewood beautifully inlaid and most thoroughly finished. In the centre was a silver name-plate with the initials E. D. curiously interwoven and surmounted by a small coronet.

"This is a splendid piece of workmanship," said Allan, "only the screws of the hinges have never been strong enough. I can mend it easily if I can get small enough screws, and I think I have some; if not, I will send to Adelaide for them. I hope this handsome box will stand the climate; it is very severe on such things."

"It has been to Madeira and back already," said Amy. "It was mamma's, and I love it for her sake."

"Then I must take great pains with it. Would you mind coming into my workshop with me to see if I have screws that will suit?" said Allan, who knew that Dr. Burton had arrived, and who wished to keep Amy a short time longer out of the chamber of death. "You look like a city girl; I suppose you never saw anything like this before. Here is my forge and anvil, and the bellows I made myself; not very handsome, but they answer the purpose—they

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Page:Authors daughter v1.djvu/58

54 get up the heat. And here is my carpenter's bench and tools; I am going to get a turning lathe, for it is a capital thing for many purposes. It is very useful to be able to shoe the horses, and do rough carpentering when we are so far from any township."

"I never saw anything at all like this," said Amy, looking with interest on the rough shed, which Allan had put up with his own hands, and which was hung round with old horseshoes and odd apparently useless pieces of iron, and piled up at one end with timber of various shapes and sizes.

"I dare say it looks very confused to you, but I could put my hand on anything that is here in the dark. 0h! here are the screws, I think hey will do. But you would see nothing like this in London, and that was your home always I suppose."

"I was born in London, and except for the voyage to Madeira and back again, and the voyage to Melbourne, and after that to Adelaide, I have never been out of London Oh! by-the-bye, we went to the seaside when the children were ill, and with mamma, too."

"But had you no country cousins, or uncles, or aunts, or grandparents, to visit," said Allan, who could not understand the fact of a person having no relatives, near or distant.

title: Page:Authors daughter v1.djvu/58


text: Talk:Abridgement of Roman History

title: Talk:Abridgement of Roman History


text:
Category:History of Ancient Rome

Historical works about Ancient Rome. For historical works made by Ancient Romans, see Category:Ancient Roman historical works.

es:Categoría:Historia de la Antigua Roma fr:Catégorie:Histoire romaine ru:Категория:История Римской империи

title: Category:History of Ancient Rome


text:
Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/186

Rh Woods in November 1839. The female of this pair was in Mr. Burgess's collection. Mr. Heatley Noble tells us that he saw one at Fawley Court in the winter of 1885 or 1886.

100. White-tailed Eagle. Haliaëtus albicilla(Linn.).

'In 1846 one was caught in a trap near Chequers Court, the seat of Sir Robert Frankland Russell' (A. & H. Matthews, Zoologist, 1849, p. 2594). Yarrell says that one was taken at Fawley Court, but no details are, unfortunately, given to prove the correctness of this statement. About 1885 or 1886 a bird of this species was often seen in the Fawley deer park. It was strictly preserved and remained there most of the winter.

101. Sparrow-Hawk. Accipiter nisus (Linn.).

Common enough in winter and still breeding in many woods where permitted to do so. In the Thames valley on the borders of Bucks and Berks it is called ' blue-hawk.'

102. Goshawk. Astur palumbariui (Linn.).

A male, shot by the Rev. W. Goodall near Dinton Hall on September 10, 1789, is figured in the Dinton Hall MS. work.

103. Kite. Milvus ictinus, Savigny. Milvus milvus (Linn.).

A kite was killed in the sixties at the reservoir near Drayton Beauchamp by Mr. S. W. Jenney and passed into the collection of Sir John Harpur Crewe, of Colne Abbey in Derbyshire (Kennedy, p. 163). Mr. Wolley told Mr. Kennedy ' that while out for a stroll one day many years ago in the fields near Eton a kite flew over his head, and so low as to enable him to determine easily the species by its forked tail ' (Kennedy, p. 1 64). (The specimen killed near Drayton Beauchamp was probably shot within the borders of Hertfordshire, but as it is not mentioned in the History of Herts, and has been quoted as having been obtained in Bucks, the record must here be mentioned.)

104. Honey-Buzzard. Pernis apivorus (Linn.).

Kennedy, p. 1 66, says: ' I am indebted to the Rev. Bryant Burgess for the notice of a honey-buzzard which was captured in 1842 between Chesham and Missenden.' Gardner, Field, 1867, p. 73, reports a 'splendid specimen ' shot near Maidenhead by Captain Robson in July. Mr. Aplin, Zoologist, 1882, p. 116, informs me that on or about September 23, 1882, two honey-buzzards were killed in Shabbington Woods near Brill.

. Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus, Tunstall.

The peregrine is a rare occasional straggler, but perhaps less rare than is generally thought. Kennedy (p. 162) writes: 'Mr. James Britton, of the High Wycombe Natural History Society, informed me of one of these birds which had been recently captured in Brickhill Wood near Woburn.' Mr. Cocks writes, in litt.: 'One was trapped at Fawley lately and another killed there about three years ago; fide Mr. W. Rhodes, December 27, 1879.' The Rev. Hubert D. Astley informs us that a peregrine falcon, a tiercel, was found drowned in the artificial reservoir on Beacon Hill, Chequers Court Park, in autumn 1898. A male, moulting, was shot at Long-Marston on October 4, 1897, by Mr. Chapman, close to the Buckinghamshire border.

106. Hobby. Falco subbuteo, Linn.

This pretty little falcon has bred in Buckinghamshire and, as it is occasionally shot, might possibly do so again if it was left unmolested by the gamekeepers. Clark Kennedy wrote (p. 69): ' A pair of these falcons built their nest in a wood not far from Datchet in the summer of 1861. Although the old birds escaped molestation, four young ones were shot at Thorney almost as soon as they had learnt to fly. I saw two of these at Datchet in the collection of Mr. Ferryman, to whom they had been presented.' An adult pair were shot by Mr. Chapman on August 14 and 1 6, 1894, near Long-Marston, close to the Buckinghamshire border.

107. Merlin. Falco æsalon, Tunstall.

An occasional and probably regular winter visitor. A beautiful adult was shot by Mr. Chapman on the Bucks border near LongMarston, November 14, 1895.

108. Red-footed Falcon. Falco vespertinus, Linn.

Clark Kennedy (p. 162) writes: 'The inspector of the Eton police force an intelligent man who has a taste for natural history informed me that an orange-legged hobby was shot by the under-keeper on Sir Henry Vernon's estate at Steeple Claydon near Buckingham in January 1858. The date is an unusual one at which to find the species here, but my informant is acquainted with the bird and is not likely to have been mistaken.'

109. Kestrel. Falco tinnunculus, Linn.

Common all over the county and nesting regularly, though in small numbers. Many are killed by gamekeepers in spite of remonstrances.

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Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/187

Rh 110. Osprey. Pandion haliaetus (Linn.).

A number of single specimens have been obtained and seen at various times. In February 1845 an osprey was killed at Chequers. In 1868 it was in the collection of Lady Frankland Russell (Kennedy, p. 158). In 1854 one was shot on the canal at Halton, and was sold to Sir Anthony de Rothschild in Aston Clinton. One was seen in Fawley Woods in the winter of 1858. On September 26, 1863, the lodge-keeper shot a specimen in Ditton Park (Kennedy, p. 159). During the greater part of September 1864 a pair of ospreys frequented the large reservoirs and canals near Weston Xurville, Wilstone and Marsworth. They were tame and fearless and not molested even by the gamekeepers; but on September 30 a country lad killed the female and the specimen was obtained by the Rev. H. Harpur Crewe at Drayton Beauchamp. According to Willis (Field, 1862, xx. 319) another specimen was killed at Ditton Park on September 9, 1862. In August 1867 a female was shot by Captain Robson near Maidenhead. On October n, 1901, Mr. Pope, jun., shot a fine specimen on Aston Hill above Halton, and from some reports of two different people it would seem that a second specimen had been seen there shortly afterwards.

111. Cormorant. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.).

In 1857 Mr. John Wig shot one near Marlow railway bridge; in 1858 one was killed on the reservoir at Weston Turville by Mr. T. Billington (Kennedy, Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 214). Mr. A. H. Cocks informs us that a specimen of Phalacrocorax passed him flying on the Thames between Bisham and Marlow, in a thick fog, too dense to allow of identifying whether it was a cormorant or a shag.

112. Gannet. Sula bassana (Linn.).

This exclusively marine bird was caught by the Rev. J. Rogers at Sherington near Newport Pagnell in November 1847 (Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 2 1 6). One was killed on the canal near Wendover in 1886, and passed into the Tring Museum.

113. White Stork. Ciconia alba, Bechstein. C. ciconia (Linnaeus).

Said to have been shot near Buckingham in September 1846 (F. O. Morris, on the authority of Mr. James Dalton).

114. Common Heron. Ardea cinerea, Linn.

Herons are frequently seen on canals, rivers and ponds, especially on the river Ouse, Weston Turville reservoirs and Thames. We are aware of only two heronries in the county, both on the Thames. There is an old heronry at Harleyford, which was formerly large. Mr. Grossman made investigations about this heronry, and wrote as follows: 'On the 26th of August I visited Harleyford Manor on the Thames above Marlow, and found that the heronry which formerly had a good many nests had now dwindled down to very few. Sir William Clapton's bailiff informed me that he did not think that more than two or three pairs now nested there. It is very difficult to say at this time of the year how many inhabited nests there were this season, as nearly all the nests were in two or three tall fir-trees.' Mr. Heatley Noble tells us that there is a small heronry of some thirteen nests in a wood called Oaken Grove at Fawley Court. They came there about eighteen years ago, possibly from Harleyford. Before this heronry established itself at Fawley Court a single pair bred there once, but the nest was robbed.

115. Night-Heron. Nycticorax griseus (Linn.).

' Many years ago a specimen in the immature plumage was shot near Thame ' (Matthews, Zoologist, 1849, P- 2600). It is also said to have been killed near Cliefden in 1797 (cf. Kennedy, p. 189).

116. Little Bittern. Ardetta minuta (Linn.).

Single specimens have been shot at various times in the south of the county. In the Field, 1865, p. 254, Mr. J. Marshall records having shot a specimen just below Monkey Island on the Thames near Maidenhead. Another was shot at the same place about ten years before, and many years ago others were taken near Maidenhead. Those who know how little these birds are noticed in the daytime in most parts of Germany Hartert considers them much more frequent than they are supposed to be can hardly doubt that some must have bred near the Thames when these specimens were shot. The Rev. L. Jenyns also mentions its appearance on the river near Windsor, and ' it has once occurred in Buckinghamshire, near Uxbridge, on the borders of the county ' (Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 186).

117. Bittern. Botaurus stellaris (Linn.).

This bird is sometimes noticed in autumn or winter, but we have only a few exact records and dates from Buckinghamshire. Clark Kennedy wrote: ' I am informed by Mr. Dalziel Mackenzie that a fine specimen of the bittern was shot at Fawley Court

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Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/188

Rh in January 1864. One was shot at Medmenham in 1851 and specimens are said to have been taken near Chesham (Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 189). One was shot near the border at Cockmarsh, close to the river, by Mr. Jackson on January 14, 1871 (Cocks, Field, 1873, p. 135). A specimen was shot on Cholesbury Common by a keeper on December 12, 1892. It is well known that a pair had bred on the Tring reservoirs in 1 849, the old bird having been killed on the nest(!) and some eggs having been taken. One of the latter is in the collection of Prof. Alfred Newton, another in that of Miss Williams, Tring. This case of breeding is correctly mentioned in the History of Herts, p. 208, but Clark Kennedy claimed it for Bucks. The fact is that the border of Bucks and Herts just touches the outside of the reservoir.

118. Grey Lag-Goose, Anser cinereus, Meyer.

A rare winter visitor, sometimes alighting in flocks on inundated meadows in the Vale of Aylesbury in the parishes of Hulcott and Aston Clinton (Kennedy, p. 199); also seen sometimes, as the late Mr. Wiglesworth told us, near Castlethorpe on the river Ouse.

119. White-fronted Goose. Anser albifrons (Scopoli).

According to Kennedy (p. 199) it has occasionally been shot on the Thames. In 1867 some were seen near Surley, some obtained near Eton, Windsor and Datchet. According to information from the Rev. H. Harpur Crewe this species has occurred near Drayton Beauchamp, but no details are known.

120. Bean-Goose. Anur segetum (Gmelin).

Occasionally comes to the Thames in hard weather, and flocks are occasionally reported of this as well as of other geese; it is however not safe to mention these reports as the identification is always uncertain if no specimens have been obtained. According to Kennedy (p. 117) it occurs in cold weather near Slapton and Chesham.

121. Brent-Goose. Bernicla brenta (Pallas).

In 1865 a person named Bunce shot a pair of these geese near Datchet. Two specimens were shot near Eton in January 1867, when many more were seen. The Rev. H. Harpur Crewe has seen them in severe weather in small flocks near Drayton Beauchamp on the reservoirs (Kennedy, p. 118).

122. Whooper. Cygnus musicus (Bechstein).

The wild swan, whooper or hooper, is an occasional winter visitor, generally less rare in severe winter weather. There are a number of records, but it is wise to be careful with records about this swan, as escaped or feral mute swans are often mistaken for the whooper by non-ornithologists, especially if the birds were only seen, not obtained. Mr. Hassell (Field, February 1 86 1, p. 93) says that a pair were shot at Wraysbury on February 17, 1861. One was shot at Latimer, and was in 1868 in the collection of Lord Chesham. On February 21, 1864, five wild swans were seen at Fawley, and with them were two mute swans. The two latter were killed, while the whoopers flew westward over the Chiltern Hills. Mr. Crossman is in error, saying that the whooper had not occurred on the reservoirs near Tring of recent years, though Clarke Kennedy stated that it was formerly an occasional visitor there. A flock visited the reservoirs in the winter of 1891, and two were shot by the head keeper.

123. Mute Swan. Cygnus olor (Gmelin).

Kept on many waters, and often flies away to other lakes or ponds. Many are hatched on the river Thames. Feral mute swans are often reported as ' wild swans.' Doubtless (among others) a so-called wild swan that was ' knocked over with a stone ' near Brickhill by a labourer on December 22, 1870, was a mute swan the same that escaped from a water not three miles distant (see Field, 1870, pp. 9, 30) the day before.

124. Common Sheld-Duck. Tadorna cornuta (S. G. Gmelin). Tadorna tadorna (Linn.).

This species lives on salt water, and is only a rare visitor inland; but according to Kennedy it has occurred on the Thames near Cookham. It appears from time to time on the Tring reservoirs on the borders of Buckinghamshire. Already in 1868 the Rev. H. Harpur Crewe had seen it ' several times swimming about the reservoirs.' Walter Rothschild saw one on January 8, 1888; Street, the keeper, another on January 10, 1897. W. Rothschild shot a young male on November 6, 1893, another young male December 12, 1899, both in the presence of E. Hartert. Both are in the Tring Museum. A gander sheld-drake was shot in this neighbourhood in March 1780 by the Earl of Chesterfield's keeper (MS. in Dinton Hall with picture of the bird).

125. Ruddy Sheld-Duck. Tadorna casarca (Linn.).

These birds are kept in semi-confinement

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Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/189

Rh on many waters in England, and no doubt many of the captures of ruddy sheld-ducks which are reported are referable to unpinioned escaped birds; but apparently some of the birds of this species shot in England, notably in 1892, were genuine wild birds. We have no trustworthy record of such an occurrence in Buckinghamshire, but Mr. Vyse (Zoologist, 1892, p. 360) informs us that 'during the past four years ten were bred at Stoke Park near Slough, of which only a few were caught and pinioned, while the rest flew away, usually when the frost and snow came.' Probably all winter captures deal with escaped birds, while the summer records may possibly refer to genuine wild birds.

126. Egyptian Goose. Chenalopex <egyptiacus (Linn.).

J. W. Owen (Field, November 19, 1859, p. 425) says : ' A fine specimen was shot on November 1 at Marlow.' It is supposed to have been driven there during preceding gales, as it presented no appearance of ever having been in confinement. We are inclined to think that it must have escaped from some pond.

127. Mallard or Wild Duck. Anas boscas, Linn.

Common in all suitable localities.

128. Shoveler. Spatula dypeata (Linn.).

A somewhat scarce winter visitor on larger waters. Near the Tring reservoirs, close to the Buckinghamshire border, two or three pairs have been breeding regularly for at least ten or twelve years. On the Weston Tur- ville (Halton) reservoir it has sometimes been seen in winter. From the old manuscript at Dinton Hall we learn that it was shot there on September 10, 1774, and that four were seen, one of which was shot on August 29, 1800, at the place.

129. Pintail. Dafila acuta (Linn.).

Will most likely occur occasionally in win- ter, though we have no exact records beyond Clark Kennedy's statement (p. 122) that it was shot on a sheet of ice in Stoke Park by a man named Gregory in the winter of 1863. According to the same author ' the Rev. H. H. Crewe states that this species visits the reser- voirs at Marsworth, Wilstone and Weston Turville every winter in considerable num- bers.' This statement is no doubt erroneous, as we have only two single records of birds shot on Tring reservoirs, in February 1892 and December 1893, but the latter had ap- parently escaped from a pond near Tring, where several had been kept in a semi-wild state.

130. Teal. Nettion crecca (Linn.).

A regular winter visitor to the reservoirs, streams and rivers. It has also nested near Burnham (Kennedy, p. 124), in small num- bers on and near the reservoirs near Tring, and, according to the late Lionel Wigles- worth, not far from Castlethorpe. On the western Turville reservoirs flocks are often seen in winter.

131. Garganey. Querquedula circia (Linn.).

Occurs doubtless occasionally in winter, but we have no records. It has not occurred on the reservoirs near Tring within the last few years, though at least one specimen was killed there in 1846 or 1847 and seen by one of us.

132. Wigeon. Mareca penelope (Linn.).

The wigeon is a common winter visitor, generally from October onwards, to the rivers and reservoirs of the county.

133. Red-crested Pochard. Netta rufina (Pallas).

The bird reported by W. Rothschild to Mr. Littleboy as a female of this species (shot at the Tring reservoirs in September 1887) turned out to be an abnormally coloured fe- male of the common scoter, (Edemia nigra. A large flock of some forty individuals visited Wilstone reservoir, of which Walter Roth- schild himself shot four males and two females, of which three males and one female are now in the Tring Museum, the remaining pair having been given to Mr. J. G. Millais.

134. Pochard. Fuligula ferina (Linn.).

A frequent winter visitor to all larger waters of the county and breeding in some numbers on the Weston Turville (Halton) and Tring reservoirs. Full clutches of eggs are found about the middle of May. It must have been breeding in the county long ago, as a specimen was shot at Dinton Hall on June 16, 1825.

135. Baer's Pochard. Fuligula baeri, Radde. On November 5, 1901, the Hon. N.Charles Rothschild obtained a male specimen of this rare duck a few hundred yards from the border of Buckinghamshire on one of the Tring reservoirs. It was shot by a gentleman stand- ing close to him, and he at once remarked that it was an unusual duck and took it home with him. It is a male in moult, changing to the full winter plumage, which it has nearly acquired. The colours of the soft parts were put down by one of us as fol-

title: Page:VCH Buckinghamshire 1.djvu/189


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