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The New International Encyclopædia/Grange

GRANGE. The name popularly applied to the Patrons of Husbandry, but in fact denoting the constituent and subsidiary lodges of that organization. The Society of Patrons of Husbandry was founded at Washington, D. C. in December, 1807, to advance the interests of husbandry. The chief founder of the society was O. H. Kelley, a clerk in the Department of Agriculture, deputed by the Government in 1866 to make a tour of inspection through the Southern States, and to report upon their agricultural conditions and the best means of improving them. The widespread demoralization of the farming population there convinced Kelley that organization was vitally necessary, as well for the farmers' self-protection as for their advancement by the use of scientific methods of cultivation and the enactment of laws favorable to them. Upon his return to Washington, therefore, he, with six others, established the ‘National Grange of Patrons of

The other founders were William Saunders, J. R. Thompson, A. B. Gresh, F. M. McDowell, L. M. Trimble, and William M. Ireland. The organization was secret, and membership was limited to those actually engaged in agriculture. Women were admitted on an equality with men; and this feature, novel at that time, had much to do with the society's rapid growth. The constitution provided for local, district, State, and national organizations, for the conferring of degrees, and for the election of women to office. Aided by the efforts of Kelley, who was a zealous promoter, the society, after a few years, gained rapidly in numbers and influence. In 1873 there were 13,000 subordinate granges, and in 1875 the total membership reached 1,500,000. At about this time the Grange had become prominently identified with legislative measures, both State and national, intended to curb railroads and trusts, to prevent discrimination in rates and prices, and in other ways, not always justifiable, to advance the farmers' interests. Although supposedly a non-partisan and non-political order, a good deal of ‘wildcat’ legislation was laid at the Grange's door, and eventually brought it into disrepute. In the meantime, however, it had been largely instrumental in securing the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act, the Oleomargarine Law, the Hatch Act, founding experiment stations, and the law making the head of the Department of Agriculture a Cabinet officer. The Grange also endeavored to gain control of elevators, warehouses, and terminal facilities, and instituted coöperative buying and selling on a large scale for the advantage of its members. The public, not easily distinguishing the official acts of the Grange from the efforts and purposes of the farmers generally, came to designate the whole class as Grangers, and their legislative ends as the Granger Movement. Doubtless from this derived meaning also came the term Granger roads, applying to the principal railroads carrying grain and wheat. Of late years the political activity of the Grange has practically ceased; or, more properly, it has been successively transferred to the ../Farmers' Alliance/ (q.v.) and to the ../Populist Party/ (q.v.). On the other hand, the social aspects of the Grange have been more largely developed, and it promises, though with a smaller membership than it once had, to remain a permanent institution. Consult: Popular Science Monthly, vol. xxxii.; American Annals of Political Science, vol. iv.; New Jersey Labor Statistics for 1886.


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 at Oxford the monument of a man whose priestly office had been endowed by a king of the second dynasty. Excellent scholars like Dr. Hincks and Mr. Goodwin have ascribed the monument to this early date, and have considered it the most ancient of all dated monuments. This indeed cannot be proved; but there is no doubt whatever that it is the most ancient authentic monument recording a religious endowment.

Temples.

No temples of the ancient empire are extant at present, except perhaps the monument discovered some years ago in the neighbourhood of the great Sphinx; but no one can say whether this is a temple or a tomb. But this want of early temples is certainly owing to the destruction of the most ancient cities, like Memphis and Heliopolis. There is no reason for doubting the inscription first published by M. de Rougé, which says that Chufa or Cheops built his pyramid near a temple of Isis, and that he built or endowed a temple to Hathor; or the inscriptions at Dendera, which ascribe the restoration of its ancient temple to Tehutimes III., "according to the plan found in ancient writings of the time of king Chufu." There is every reason for believing that in the ancient empire great and splendid temples were built. But we must not take for granted that temples at this early period were places of worship in our modern sense of the term. At no period of the

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 Egyptian religion were the public admitted to the temples as worshippers. All the temples we know were royal offerings made to the divinity of the locality, and none but the priestly personages attached to the temple itself had free access to its precincts. But the image of the god and those of the divinities associated with him were often brought out in solemn processions, in which the entire population took part.

Triads and Enneads.

In the principal temple of each province, the chief deity was associated with other gods; hence the expression of the Greek inscriptions; hence from an early period triads (consisting of the principal god, a female deity and their offspring), or enneads, consisting of nine gods. Thus at Thebes the triad consisted of Amon, Nut and Chonsu; at Abydos, of Osiris, Isis and Horus. No special importance was attached by the Egyptians to the number three and it is a mistake to look for triads everywhere, for the number of gods varied according to the place; the number nine was much more frequent, and this is often nothing more than a round number, signifying either the gods of a locality or the entire Pantheon.

Local Character of Egyptian Worship.

As each deity was connected with some locality, his name was generally followed by a phrase indicating


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Populist Party

POPULIST PARTY, or. A political party in the United States, organized at Cincinnati in May, 1891, by a national convention composed chiefly of representatives of the agricultural and industrial classes. The party grew out of the movements previously inaugurated by the “Grangers” and the “../Farmers' Alliance/” (q.v.). Its platform of principles demanded the free and unlimited coinage of silver; the abolition of the national banking system; the issue of fiat money in sufficient quantity to transact the business of the country on a cash basis, and the loan of such currency to the people at not more than two per cent. per annum on non-perishable agricultural products; national ownership of all means of public communication and transportation; a graduated income tax; popular election of United States Senators; the adoption of the initiative and referendum in legislation; and the prohibition of alien ownership of land. On July 2, 1892, a National Convention of the Populist Party met at Omaha, Neb., for the purpose of nominating candidates for President and Vice-President of the United States. It adopted a platform embodying the above mentioned views and nominated James B. Weaver of Iowa for President and James G. Field of Virginia for Vice-President. The Populist ticket received 22 electoral votes and a popular vote of 1,055,424. In the next Presidential campaign, that of 1896, the Populist Party nominated for President W. J. Bryan, who had already received the nomination of the Democratic Party, and for Vice-President Thomas E. Watson of Georgia. Most of the Populist Party supported Bryan and the Democratic candidate for Vice-President, Arthur Sewall, but a considerable portion of the party stood for the independence of their movement, and voted for Bryan and Watson. On account of their refusal to depart from the path marked out by themselves, the latter were called the “Middle-of-the-Road” Populists. In order to have the full Populist vote counted for Bryan, an arrangement was made between the two parties in twenty-eight States, by which each was to have a proportionate representation on the electoral ticket. As a

result of this arrangement Bryan received 176 electoral votes, while Sewall received 149 and Watson 27. The Populist platform of 1896 differed but slightly from that of 1892. In the campaign of 1900 the Populist Party again nominated for President W. J. Bryan, who was also the Democratic nominee, but again refused to indorse the Democratic nominee for the Vice-Presidency (Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois). After a spirited contest, Charles A. Towne of Minnesota received the nomination for Vice-President, but he subsequently withdrew, and the National Executive Committee of the Populist Party substituted Stevenson. In addition to its old principles the party in 1900 denounced the imperialistic policy of the Government, expressed sympathy for the Boers in their struggle with Great Britain, advocated municipal ownership of public utilities, and condemned the practice of the courts in issuing injunctions in labor disputes between employers and employees. Consult: Hopkins, Political Parties in the United States (New York, 1900); McKee, National Conventions and Platforms (Baltimore, 1900); and Reynolds, National Platforms and Political History (Chicago, 1898).


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User:Endek~enwikisource/common.js

I'm a college student of ITS Surabaya. I was in Accelerate class when i continued my education in SMAN 1 Surabaya. So i could graduate early from senior high.

title: User:Endek~enwikisource/common.js


text: User:Endek~enwikisource/common.css

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Picquart (Coates)

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1902), "Picquart" in The Century Magazine (July 1902).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1904), "Picquart" in Mine and Thine (1904).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Picquart" in Poems II.

title: Picquart (Coates)


text:
Transition (Coates)

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1902), "Transition" in Harper's Monthly Magazine (February 1902).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1904), "Transition" in Mine and Thine (1904).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Transition" in Poems I.

title: Transition (Coates)


text:
Pilgrim Song (Coates)

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1904), "Pilgrim Song" in Mine and Thine (1904).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Pilgrim Song" in Poems I.

title: Pilgrim Song (Coates)


text:
To Poverty

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1902), "To Poverty" in The Atlantic Monthly (May 1902).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1904), "To Poverty" in Mine and Thine (1904).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "To Poverty" in Poems II.

title: To Poverty


text: Index:The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night - Volume 3.djvu


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Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/459

289

2. In the male, indeed, grows (bhū) the seed; that is poured along into the woman; that verily is the obtainment of a son; that Prajāpati said.

3. Prajāpati, Anumati, Sinīvālī hath shaped; may he put elsewhere woman-birth; but may he put here a male.

1. I have gone about the race of snakes, as the sun about the sky, as night about living creatures other than the swan (haṅsá); thereby do I ward off thy poison.

2. What was known of old by priests (brahmán), what by seers, what by gods; what is (bhūtá), is to be, that has a mouth—therewith do I ward off thy poison.

3. With honey I mix (pṛc) the streams; the rugged (? párvata) mountains [are] honey; honey is the Páruṣṇī, the Cī́pālā; weal be to thy mouth, weal to thy heart.

The comm. reads at the beginning madhv ā pṛñce; he takes the streams for the Ganges etc., the mountains (párvata) for the Himālaya etc., and the hills (girí) for their foot-hills; the paruṣṇī for the great river of that name, and çīpālā as adj., 'rich in

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/459


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Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/22

  no affinity either in language or descent, they have an old version of the Bible into their language. The structure of this language has been studied by Adelung (Mithridat. vol. i. pp. 430, foll.) and other modern philologers, among whom may be mentioned Brosset, the author of several learned memoirs on the Georgian grammar and language: Klaproth, also, has given a long vocabulary of it, in his Asia Polyglotta.

Armenian writers have supplied historical memoirs to Georgia, though it has not been entirely wanting in domestic chronicles. These curious records, which have much the style and appearance of the half-legendary monkish histories of other countries, are supposed to be founded on substantial truth. One of the most important works on Georgian history is the memorials of the celebrated Orpelian family, which have been published by St. Martin, with a translation. Some account of these, along with a short sketch of the History of the Georgians and their literature, will be found in Prichard (Physical Hist. of Mankind, vol. iv. pp. 261—276). Dubois de Montpéreux (Voyage autour du Caucase, vol. ii. pp. 8—169) has given an outline of the histoiy of Georgia, from native sources; and the maps in the magnificent Atlas that accompanies his work will be found of great service.

 IBE'RIA INDIAE (, Peripl. M. E. p. 24, ed. Hudson), a district placed by the author of the Periplus between Larica and the Scythians. It was doubtless peopled by some of the Scythian tribes, who grailually made their descent to the S. and SE. part of Scinde, and founded the Indo-Scythic empire, on the overthrow of the Greek kings of Bactria, about B. C. 136. The name would seem to imply that the population who occupied this district had come from the Caucasus.

 IBE'RICUM MARE. [.]

 IBE'RES, IBE'RI, IBE'RIA. [.]

 IBERINGAE (, Ptol. vii. 2. § 18), a people placed by Ptolemy between the Bepyrrhus Mons (Naraka Mts.?) and the Montes Damassi, in India extra Gangem, near the Brahmaputra.

 IBE'RUS (, gen., and ; in MSS. often Hiberus: Ebro), one of the chief rivers of Spain, the basin of which includes the NE. portion of the peninsula, between the great mountain chains of the Pyrenees and Idubeda. [.] It rises in the mountains of the Cantabri, not far from the middle of the chain, near the city of Juliobriga (the source lies 12 miles W. of Reyñosa), and, flowing with a nearly uniform direction to the SE., after a course of 450 M. P. (340 miles), falls into the Mediterranean, in 40° 42' N. lat., and 0° 50' E. long., forming a considerable delta at its month. It was navigable for 260 M. P. from the town of (Varea, in Burgos). Its chief tributaries were:—on the left, the (Segre) and the  (Gallego), and on the right the  (Xalon). It was long the boundary of the two Spains [], whence perhaps arose the error of Appian (Hisp. 6), who makes it divide the peninsula into two equal parts. There are some other errors not worthy of notice. The origin of the name is disputed. Dismissing derivations from the Phoenician, the question seems to depend very much on whether the Iberians derived their name from the river, as was the belief of the ancient writers, or whether the river took its name from the people, as W. von Humboldt contends. If the former was the case, and if Niebuhr's view is correct, that the of NE. Spain was originally Celtic [], a natural etymology is at once found in the Celtic aber, i. e. water, (Polyb. ii. 13, iii. 34, 40, et alib.; Scyl. p. 1; Strab. iii. pp. 156, et seq.; Steph. B. s. v.; Mela, ii. 6. § 5; Caes. B. C. i. 60; Liv. xxi..5, 19, 22, &c.; Plin. iii. 3. s. 4, iv. 20. s. 34; Lucan. iv. 23; Cato, Orig. VII. ap. Nonius, s. v.Pisculentus.)

 IBETTES. [.]

 IBES, a town in the SE. of Hispania Citerior, mentioned by Livy (xxviii. 21, where the MSS. vary in the reading), is perhaps the modern Ibi, NE. of Valencia. (Coins, ap. Sestini, p. 156: Laborde, Itin. vol. i. p. 293.)

IBIO'NES, VIBIO'NES (, al., Ptol. iii. 5. § 23), a Slavonian people of Sarmatia Europaea, whom Schafarik (Slav. Alt. vol. i. p. 213) looks for in the neighbourhood of a river Iva-IvizaIcinka, of which there are several in Russia deriving their name from "iwa" = "Salix Alba," or the common white willow.

IBLIODURUM, in Gallia Belgica, is placed by the Antonine Itin. on the road between Virodunum (Verdun) and Divodurum (Metz). The termination (durum) implies that it is on a stream. The whole distance in the Itin. between Verdun and Metz is 23 Gallic leagues, or 34 ½ M. P., which is less than even the direct distance between Verdun and Metz. There is, therefore, an error in the numbers in the Itin. somewhere between Virodunum and Divodurum, which D'Anville corrects in his usual way. The site of Ibliodurum is supposed to be on the Iron, at a place about two leagues above its junction with the Orne, a branch of the Mosel, and on the line of an old road.

ICA'RIA. [, p. 328, b.]

ICA'RIUM MARE. [; .]

I'CARUS, ICARIA (, : Nikaria), an island of the Aegean, to the west of Samos, according to Strabo (x. p. 480, xiv. 639), 80 stadia from Cape Ampelos, while Pliny (v. 23) makes the distance 35 miles. The island is in reality a continuation of the range of hills traversing Samos from east to west, whence it is long and narrow, and extends from NE. to SW. Its length, according to Pliny, is 17 miles, and its circumference, according to Strabo, 300 stadia. The island, which gave its name to the whole of the surrounding sea (Icarium Mare or Pelagus), derived its own name, according to tradition, from Icaras, the son of Daedalus, who was believed to have fallen into the sea near this island. (Ov. Met. viii. 195, foll.) The cape forming the easternmost point of the island was called Drepanum or Dracanum (Strab. xiv. pp. 637. 639; Hom. Hymn. xxxiv. 1; Diod. Sic. iii. 66; Plin. iv. 23; Steph. B. s. v. ), and near it was a small town of the same name. Further west, on the north coast, was the small town of Isti, with a tolerably good roadstead; to the south of this was another little place, called (, Strab. l. c.; Athen. i. p. 30.) According to some traditions, Dionysus was born on Cape Draconum (Theocrit. Idyll. xxvi, 33), and Artemis had a temple near Isti, called Tauropolion. The island had received its first colonists from Miletus (Strab. xiv. p. 635); but in the time of Strabo it belonged to the Samians: it had then but few inhabitants, and was mainly used by the Samians as pasture land for their flocks. (Strab. x. pp. 488. xiv. p. 639; Scylax, pp. 22; Aeschyl. Pers. 887; Thucyd. iii. 92, viii.


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Iberia


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Iberia Indiae


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Ibericum Mare


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Iberes


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Iberingae


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Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/460

vi. 12- water-grass' (çāivāla): all these are to pour on (ā siñcantu) poison-removing honey. The Ppp. text is quite different: abhi nā pṛkṣa nadyaṣ parvatāi ’va girayo madhu: madhu pṛṣṭī çīpālā samāste ‘stu çaṁ hṛdaya. Perhaps paruṣṇī signifies here an 'eddying' brook, and çīpālā a pool 'rich in water-plants.' ⌊Considering that the effect of snake-bite upon heart and blood must have been well known to even the most unlettered Hindu, I am tempted to suggest emendation of āsné to asné.⌋ ⌊In R. and W's ed., correct nadyò3 to nadyà1ḥ.⌋

1. Homage to the weapons (vadhá) of the gods; homage to the weapons of kings; likewise the weapons that are of the Vāiçyas—to them of thine, O death, be homage.

2. Homage to thy benediction; homage to thy malediction; homage to thy favor, O death; this homage to thy disfavor.

3. Homage to thy sorcerers; homage to thy remedies; homage to thy roots, O death; this homage to the Brāhmans.

1. The bone-dissolving, joint-dissolving, settled (ā́sthita) heart disease, all the balā́sa, cause thou to disappear, that is seated in the limbs and in the joints.

SPP. adopts in a the saṁhitā-reading parusraṅsám (p. paruḥ॰sraṅsám), with nearly all his mss., and with the comm. The majority also of our mss. ⌊not E.O.⌋ omit the ḥ but the Prāt. authorizes no such abbreviation, and the point is one in regard to which the usage of the mss., however seemingly accordant, is not to be trusted. Ppp. reads,

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/460


text: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 11

title: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 11


text: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 12

title: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 12


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Iberus


text: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 13

title: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 13


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Ibettes


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Ibes


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Ibiones


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Ibliodurum


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Icaria


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Icarium Mare


text: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Icarus


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234 said to help people to put things out of their minds, but it helps them more when it puts things into their minds, and this is what it did for me. Through work I discovered Philadelphia and myself together.

II

It strikes me as one of the little ironies of life that for the first inducement to work, and therefore the first incentive to my knowledge and love of Philadelphia, I should have been indebted to my Uncle, Charles Godfrey Leland, who, in 1880, when the Centennial excitement was subsiding, settled again in Philadelphia after ten years abroad, chiefly in England. Philadelphia welcomed him with its usual serenity, betrayed into no expression of emotion by the home-coming of one of its most distinguished citizens who, in London, had been received with the open arms London, in expansive moments, extends to the lion from America. The contrast, no doubt, was annoying, and my Uncle, of whom patience could not be said to be the predominating virtue, was accordingly annoyed and, on his side, betrayed into anything but a serene expression of his annoyance. Many smaller slights irritated him further until he worked himself up into the belief that he detested Philadelphia, and he was apt to be so outspoken in criticism that he succeeded in convincing me, anyway, that he did. Later, when I read his Memoirs, I found in them passages that suggest the charm of Philadelphia as it has not been suggested by any other writer I know of, and


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Rh that he could not have written had he not felt for the town an affection strong enough to withstand that town's easy indifference. But during the few years he spent in Philadelphia after his return he was uncommonly successful in hiding his affection, a fact which did not add to his popularity.

From his talk, I might have been expected to borrow nothing save dislike for Philadelphia. But his influence did not begin and end with his talk. There never was a man—except J.—who had such a contempt for idleness and such a talent for work. He could not endure people about him who did not work and, as I was anxious to enjoy as much of his company as I could, for I had found nobody in Philadelphia so entertaining, and as by work I might earn the money to pay for the independence I wanted above all things, I found myself working before I knew it.

I had my doubts when he set me to drawing but, my time being wholly my own and frequently hanging drearily on my hands, my ineffectual attempts to make spirals and curves with a pencil on a piece of paper, attempts that could not by the wildest stretch of imagination be supposed to have either an artistic or a financial value, did not strike me as a disproportionate price for the pleasure and stimulus of his companionship. Besides, he held the comfortable belief that anybody who willed to do it, could do anything—accomplishment, talent, genius reduced by him to a question of will. His will and mine combined,


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238, could not make a decorative artist of me, but he was so kind as not to throw me over for ruthlessly shattering his favourite theory. He insisted that I should write if I could not draw.

I had my doubts about writing too. I have confessed that I was not given to thinking and therefore I had nothing in particular to say, nor were words to say it in at my ready disposal, for, there being one or two masters of talk in the immediate home circle, I had cultivated to the utmost my natural gift of silence. Nor could I forget two literary ventures made immediately upon my leaving the Convent, before the blatant conceit of the prize scholar had been knocked out of me—one, an essay on François Villon, my choice of a maiden theme giving the measure of my intelligence, the second a short story re-echoing the last love tale I had read—both MSS., neatly tied with brown ribbon to vouch for a masculine mind above feminine pinks and blues, confidently sent to Harper's and as confidently sent back with the Editor's thanks and no delay. But my Uncle would not let me off. I must stick at my task of writing or cease to be his companion, and so relapse into my old Desert of Sahara, thrown back into the colourless life of a Philadelphia girl who did not go out and who had waited to marry longer than her parents thought considerate or correct. Of all my sins, of none was I more guiltily conscious than my failure to oblige my family in this respect, for of none was I more frequently and uncomfortably reminded by my family. I scarcely ever went


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Rh to see my Grandmother at this period that from her favourite pereh on the landing outside the dining-room, she did not look at me anxiously and reproachfully and ask, "Any news for me, my dear?" and she did not have to tell me there was but one piece of news she cared to hear.

Luckily, writing, my substitute for marriage, was an occupation I was free to take up if I chose, as the work it involved met with no objection from my Father. It was only when work took a girl where the world could not help seeing her at it, that the Philadelphia father objected. To write in the privacy of a third-story front bedroom, or of a back parlour, seemed a ladylike way of wasting hours that might more profitably have been spent in paying calls and going to receptions. If this waste met with financial return, it could be hushed up and the world be none the wiser. The way in which my friends used to greet me after I was fairly launched is characteristic of the Philadelphia attitude in the matter—"always scribbling away, I suppose?" they would say with amiable condescension.

I could not dismiss my scribbling so jauntily. The record of my struggles day by day might help to keep out of the profession of journalism and book-making many a young aspirant as ardent as I was, and with as little to say and as few words to say it in. Experience has taught me to feel, much as Gissing felt, about the "heavy-laden who sit down to the cursed travail of the pen," but nobody could have made me feel that way then, and I am not


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240 sure I should care to have missed my struggles, exhausting and heart-rending as they were. During my apprenticeship when nothing, not so much as a newspaper paragraph, came from my mountain of labour, the Philadelphia surface of calm told gloomily on my nerves. Ready to lay the blame anywhere save on my sluggish brain, and moved by my Uncle's vehement denunciations, I vowed to myself a hundred times that a sleepy place, a dead place, like Philadelphia did not give anybody the chance to do anything. I changed my point of view when at last my "scribbling away" got into print.

III My first appearance was with a chapter out of a larger work upon which I had been engaged for months. My Uncle, whose ideas were big, had insisted that I must begin straight off with a book, something monumental, a magnum opus; no writer was known who had not written a book; and to be known was half the battle. I was in the state of mind when I would have agreed to publish a masterpiece in hieroglyphics had he suggested it, and I arranged with him to set to work upon my book then and there, though I was decidedly puzzled to know with what it was to deal. I think he was too, my literary resources and tendencies not being of the kind that revealed themselves at a glance. But he declared that there was not a subject upon which a book could not be written if one only went about it in the right way, and in a moment of


text:
Author talk:Alexander Bogdanov

Priority for translation
Perhaps we can discus here, which translations people feel keenest to wortk on.Leutha (talk) 18:10, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Author talk:Alexander Bogdanov


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Page:The Seven Seas (Kipling, 1896).djvu/100

 THE SONG OF THE BANJO

couldn't pack a Broadwood half a mile—

You mustn't leave a fiddle in the damp—

You couldn't raft an organ up the Nile,

And play it in an Equatorial swamp.

I travel with the cooking-pots and pails—

I ' m sandwiched 'tween the coffee and the pork—

And when the dusty column checks and tails,

You should hear me spur the rearguard to a walk!

With my ' Pilly-willy-winky-winky popp! '

[Oh, it's any tune that comes into my head!]

So I keep 'em moving forward till they drop;

So I play 'em up to water and to bed.


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Rh In the silence of the camp before the fight,

When it's good to make your will and say your prayer,

You can hear my strumpty-tumpty overnight

Explaining ten to one was always fair.

I'm the Prophet of the Utterly Absurd,

Of the Patently Impossible and Vain—

And when the Thing that Couldn't has occurred,

Give me time to change my leg and go again.

With my ' Tumpa-tumpa-tumpa-tum-pa tump! '

In the desert where the dung-fed camp-smoke curled

There was never voice before us till I led our lonely chorus,

I—the war-drum of the White Man round the world!

By the bitter road the Younger Son must tread,

Ere he win to hearth and saddle of his own,—

'Mid the riot of the shearers at the shed,

In the silence of the herder's hut alone—


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80 In the twilight, on a bucket upside down,

Hear me babble what the weakest won't confess—

I am Memory and Torment—I am Town!

I am all that ever went with evening dress!

With my ' Tunk-a tunka-tunka-tunka-tunk! '

[So the lights—the London Lights—grow near and plain!]

So I rowel 'em afresh towards the Devil and the Flesh,

Till I bring my broken rankers home again.

In desire of many marvels over sea,

Where the new-raised tropic city sweats and roars,

I have sailed with Young Ulysses from the quay

Till the anchor rumbled down on stranger shores.

He is blooded to the open and the sky,

He is taken in a snare that shall not fail,

He shall hear me singing strongly, till he die,

Like the shouting of a backstay in a gale.


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Rh With my ' ''Hya! Heeya! Heeya! Hullah! Haul!'' '

[O the green that thunders aft along the deck!]

Are you sick o' towns and men? You must sign and sail again,

For it's 'Johnny Bowlegs, pack your kit and trek!'

Through the gorge that gives the stars at noon-day clear—

Up the pass that packs the scud beneath our wheel—

Round the bluff that sinks her thousand fathom sheer—

Down the valley with our guttering brakes asqueal:

Where the trestle groans and quivers in the snow,

Where the many-shedded levels loop and twine,

So I lead my reckless children from below

Till we sing the Song of Roland to the pine.

With my ' Tinka-tinka-tinka-tinka-tink! '

[And the axe has cleared the mountain, croup and crest!]


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82 So we ride the iron stallions down to drink,

Through the cañons to the waters of the West!

And the tunes that mean so much to you alone—

Common tunes that make you choke and blow your nose,

Vulgar tunes that bring the laugh that brings the groan—

I can rip your very heartstrings out with those;

With the feasting, and the folly, and the fun—

And the lying, and the lusting, and the drink,

And the merry play that drops you, when you're done,

To the thoughts that burn like irons if you think.

With my ' Plunka-lunka-lunka-lunka-lunk! '

Here's a trifle on account of pleasure past,

Ere the wit that made you win gives you eyes to see your sin

And the heavier repentance at the last!


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Rh Let the organ moan her sorrow to the roof—

I have told the naked stars the Grief of Man!

Let the trumpets snare the foeman to the proof—

I have known Defeat, and mocked it as we ran!

My bray ye may not alter nor mistake

When I stand to jeer the fatted Soul of Things,

But the Song of Lost Endeavour that I make,

Is it hidden in the twanging of the strings?

With my ' Ta-ra-rara-rara-ra-ra-rrrp! '

[Is it naught to you that hear and pass me by?]

But the word—the word is mine, when the order moves the line

And the lean, locked ranks go roaring down to die.

The grandam of my grandam was the Lyre—

[O the blue below the little fisher huts!]

That the Stealer stooping beachward filled with fire,

Till she bore my iron head and ringing guts!


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84 By the wisdom of the centuries I speak—

To the tune of yestermorn I set the truth—

I, the joy of life unquestioned—I, the Greek—

I, the everlasting Wonder Song of Youth!

With my ' Tinka-tinka-tinka-tinka-tink! '

[What d'ye lack, my noble masters? What d'ye lack?]

So I draw the world together link by link:

Yea, from Delos up to Limerick and back!


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Page 143. The ceremonial connected with the Reading of the Law has already been discussed above in the notes on P.B. pp. 66 seq. But on Sabbath and Festivals the rite is more elaborate. The Sephardim differ considerably from the Ashcenazim at this point, and the older rites all show many variations, especially in regard to the Scriptural texts cited in the invocations prior and subsequent to taking the scroll from the Ark. The long additions—beginning Unto thee it was showed that thou mightest know that the Lord he is God, there is none other beside him (אַתָּה הָרְאֵתָ לָדַעַת Deut. iv. 35)—made in some Synagogues on the festival of the Rejoicing of the Law were, according to Abudarham, used on every Sabbath in Spain in the middle of the fourteenth century. Other additions also are made by the same authority for the weekly Sabbath in this part of the service.

Our P.B. opens with four verses, three of them Scriptural texts (beginning There is none like unto thee among the gods, O Lord, אֵין כָּמוֺךָ) Ps. lxxxvi. 8, cxlv. 13, xxix. II, while the other (the Lord reigneth, יִיָ מֶלֶךְ) is composite as indicated above in the note on P.B. p. 28. Some of these verses are already included in Sopherim xiv. 8, so that our P.B. has excellent authority for its choice of them, though they are not found in the mediæval rites. (Landshuth, p. 296, however, quotes a manuscript of the Shibbole ha-Lekeṭ middle of the thirteenth century for the custom of introducing the verses on all such Sabbaths and Festivals on which two Scrolls of the Law are taken out from the Ark.) The short prayer that follows in our P.B. Father of Mercies (אב הָרַחֲמִים) quotes the text, Ps. li. 20 (do good unto Zion, etc.). The second sentence, for in thee alone do we trust etc., is compiled by adapting various Scriptural phrases.

Some recent rituals insert, as our P.B. does, a meditation in Aramaic opening Blessed be the name of the Sovereign of the Universe (בְּרִיךְ שְׁמֵהּ). It is a noble


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cxlviii " and "the glory of greatness" (P.B. p. 175), and the reference here may be to this extended meaning. In the Midrash (Genesis Rabba ch. xii.) the Sabbath is likened to the gem in a signet ring. Abudarham, however, explains that the "crown of glory" consists of the honour expressed in the previous words: thou didst call him a faithful servant (Numbers xii. 7).

And thus it is written in thy law. Thereupon follows the citation of Exodus xxxi. 16, 17. The point is: the observance of the Sabbath is ordained in the decalogue, but also it is written elsewhere in the law. The Sabbath is referred to in ten passages over and above the fourth commandment.

Page 139. Thou didst call it the desirable of days in remembrance of the creation. This precise phrase (חֶמְדַּת יָמִים) is not, as one would expect, a Scriptural term applied to the Sabbath. But the Targum (Jerushalmi) translates the text (Gen. ii. 2) And God finished (וַיְכַל) by And God desired (וַחֲמֵד) on the seventh day, and the phrase desirable of days in remembrance of the creation is probably thence derived (Abudarham, and the comm. Baal haṭṭurim on Gen. ii. 2. Abudarham cites Ps. Ixxxiv. 3 for the use of כִּלְתָה in the sense of passionate desire). Baer (p. 219) adopts an alternative suggestion of Abudarham and renders: "Thou hast proclaimed, appointed, it to be the desirable of days." Yet another solution of the difficulty has been found (Siddur Rashi § 477, Vitry p. 82): by construing the words thou didst call it with what follows and not with what precedes, the sense would be: "It is the desirable of days, thou didst proclaim it a memorial of the creation" (with reference to the words in the fourth commandment, Exod. xx.).

Pages 140-2. See above, notes on P.B. pp. 50-54.


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ICARUSA.  99; Ptol. v. 2. § 30; P. Mela, ii. 7.) Modern writers derive the name of Icaria from the Ionic word, a pasture (Hesych., s. v. ), according to which it would mean "the pasture land." In earlier times it is said to have been called Doliche (Plin. l. c.; Callim. ''Hymn. in Dian.'' 187), Macris (Plin. l. c.; Eustath. ''ad Dionys. Per.'' 530; Liv. xxvii. 13), and Ichthyoessa (Plin. l. c.). Respecting the present condition of the island, see Tournefort, Voyage du Lévant, ii. lett. 9. p. 94; and Ross, Reisen auf den Griech. Inseln, vol. p. 164, fol.

COIN OF OENOE OR OENAE, IN ICARUS.

 ICARUSA. a river the embouchure of which is on the E. coast of the Euxine, mentioned only by Pliny (vi. 5). Icarusa answers to the Ukrash river; and the town and river of Hieros is doubtless the  of Arrian (Peripl. p. 19), which has been identified with Sunjuk-kala. (Rennell. Compar. Geog. vol. ii. p. 328.)

 ICAUNUS or ICAUNA (Yonne), in Gallia, a river which is a branch of the Sequana (Seine). Autesiodurum or Autessiodurum (Auxerre) is on the Yonne. The name Icaunus is only known from inscriptions. D'Anville (Notice, &c., s. v. Icauna) states, on the authority of the Abbé le Beuf, that there was found on a stone on the modern wall of Auxerre the inscription DEAE ICAVNI. He supposes that Icauni ought to be Icauniae, but without any good reason. He also adds that the name Icauna appears in a writing of the fifth century. Accoirding to Ukert (Gallien, p. 145). who also cites Le Beuf, the inscription is "Deabus Icauni." It is said that in the ninth century Auxerre was named Icauna, Hionna, Junia. (Millin. Voyage, i. p. 167, cited by Ukert, Gallien, p. 474.) Icauna is as likely to be the Roman form of the original Celtic name as Icaunus.

 ICENI, in Britain. Tacitus is the only author who gives us the exact form Iceni. He mentions them twice.

First, they are defeated by the propraetor P. Ostorius, who, after fortifying the valleys of the Autona (Aufona) and Sabrina, reduces the Iceni, and then marches against the Cangi, a population sufficiently distant from Norfolk or Suffolk (the area of the Iceni) to be near the Irish Sea. (Ann. xii. 31, 32.) The difficulties that attend the geography of the campaign of Ostorius have been indicated in the article. It is not from this passage that we fix the Iceni.

The second notice gives us the account of the great rebellion under Boadicea, wife of Prasntagus. From this we infer that Camulodunum was not far from the Icenian area, and that the Trinobantes were a neighbouring population. Perhaps we are justified in carrying the Iceni as far south as the frontiers of Essex and Herts. (Ann. xiv. 31—37.)

The real reason, however, for fixing the Iceni lies in the assumption that they are the same as the Simeni of Ptolemy, whose town was Venta (Norwich or Caistor): an assumption that is quite reasonable, since the Venta of Ptolemy's Simeni is in the Itinerary as the Venta Icenorum, and in contradistinction to the Venta Belgarum (Winchester).

 ICH, a river of Central Asia which only occurs in Menander of Byzantium (Hist. Legal. Barbarorum ad Romanos, p. 300, ed. Niebuhr, Bonn, 1829), surnamed the "Protector," and contemporary with the emperor Maurice, in the 6th century after Christ, to whom comparative geography is indebted for much curious information about the basin of the Caspian and the rivers which discharge themselves into it on the E. Niebuhr has recognised, in the passage from Menander to which reference has been made, the first intimation of the knowledge of the existence of the lake of Aral, after the very vague intimations of some among the authors of the classical period. Von Humboldt (Asie Centrale, vol. ii. p. 186) has identified the Ich with the Emba or Djem, which rises in the mountain range Aïruruk, not far from the sources of the Or, and, after traversing the sandy steppes of Saghiz and Bakoumbaï, falls into the Caspian at its NE. comer. (Comp. Levchine, Hordes et Steppes des Kirghiz-Kazaks, p. 65.)

 ICHANA (: Eth. ), a city of Sicily, which, according to Stephanus of Byzantium, held out for a long time against the arms of the Syracusans, whence he derives its name (from the verb, a form equivalent to ), but gives us no indication of the period to which this statement refers. The Ichanenses, however, are mentioned by Pliny (iii. 8. s- 14) among the stipendiary towns of the interior of Sicily, though, according to Sillig (ad loc.) the true reading is Ipanenses. [.] In either case we have no clue to the position of the city, and it is a mere random conjecture of Cluverius to give the name of Ichana to the ruins of a city which still remain at a place called Vindicari, a few miles N. of Cape Pachynum, and which were identified (with still less probability) by Fazello as those of Imachara. []

 ICHNAE, a city of Bottiaea, in Macedonia, which Herodotus (vii. 123) couples with Pella. (Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 582.)

 ICHNAE, Isid. Char. p. 3; Steph. B. s. v.), a small fortified town, or castle, in Mesopotamia, situated on the river Bilecha, which itself flowed into the Euphrates. It is said by Isidorus to have owed its origin to the Macedonians. There can be little doubt that it is the same place as is I called in Dion Cassius (xl. 12), and in Plutarch  (Crass, c. 25). According to the former writer, it was the place where Crassus overcame Talymenus: according to the latter, that to which the younger Crassus was persuaded to fly when wounded. Its exact position cannot be determined; but it is clear that it was not far distant j from the important town of Carrhae.

ICCIUS PORTUS. [.]

ICHTHYO'PHAGI (, Diod. iii. 15, seq.; Herod. iii. 19; Pausan. i. 33. § 4; Plin. vi. 30. s. 32), were one of the numerous tribes dwelling on each shore of the Red Sea which derived their appellation from the principal article of their diet. Fish-eaters, however, were not confined to this region: in the present day, savages, whose only diet is fish cast ashore and cooked in the sun, are found on the coasts of New Holland. The Aethiopian Ichthyophagi, who appear to have been the most numerous of these


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 If her manners have so great an influence on my resentful heart, you may judge how much more strongly they operate on Mr. Vernon's generous temper. I wish I could be as well satisfied as he is, that it was really her choice to leave Langford for Churchhill; and if she had not stayed there for months before she discovered that her friend's manner of living did not suit her situation or feelings, I might have believed that concern for the loss of such a husband as Mr. Vernon, to whom her own behaviour was far from unexceptionable, might for a time make her wish for retirement. But I cannot forget the length of her visit to the Mainwarings; and when I reflect on the different mode of life which she led with them from that to which she must now submit, I can only suppose that the wish of establishing her reputation by following though late the path of propriety, occasioned her removal from a family where she must in reality have been particularly happy. Your friend Mr. Smith's story, however, cannot be quite correct, as she corresponds regularly with Mrs. Mainwaring. At any rate it must be exaggerated. It is scarcely possible that two men should be so grossly deceived by her at once.

Yours, etc., 2em


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  tribes, dwelt to the southward of the Regio Troglodytica. Of these, and other more inland races, concerning whose strange forms and modes of life curious tales are related by the Greek and Roman writers, a further account is given under Troglodytes.

 ICHTHYOPHAGORUM SINUS l'lxeuo<pdya,v koAttos, Ptol. vi. 7. § 13), was a deeply embayed portion of the Persian gulf, in lat. 25° N., situated between the headlands of the Sun and Asabe' on the eastern coast of Arabia. The inhabitants of its bor- ders were of the same mixed race — Aethiopo- Ara- bian — with the Ichthyophagi of Aethiopia. The bay was studded with islands, of which the prin- cipal were Aradus, Tylos, and Tharos. [W. B. D.] ICHTHYS. [Elis, p. 817, b.] ICIANI, in Britain, mentioned in the Itinerary as a station on the road from London to Carlisle (Lugu- ballium). As more than one of the stations on each side (Villa Faustini, Camboricum, &c.) are uncertain, the locality of the Iciani is uncertain also. Chester- ford, Ichburg, and Thetford are suggested in the Momimenfa Britannica. [R- G. L.J ICIDIIAGUS, a town of Gallia Lugdunensis, is placed by the Table on a road between Revessium (supposed to be St. ranlian) and Aquae Segete. [Aquae Segete.] Icidmagus is probably Issen- geaux or Issinhaux, which is SSW. of St. Etienne, on the west side of the mountains, and in the basin of the Upper Loire. The resemblance of name is the chief reason for fixing on this site. [G. L.] ICO'NII ('I/cdrioi), an Alpine people of Gallia. Strabo (p. IS-O) says: " Above the Cavares are the Vocontii, and Tricorii, and Iconii, and Peduli;" and again (p. 203): " Next to the Vocontii arc the Si- conii, and Tricorii, and after them the Jledali (Me- duUi), who inhabit the highest summits." These Iconii and Siconii are evidently the same people, and the sigma in the name Siconii seems to be merely a repetition of the final sigma of the word Ovkovtiovs. The Peduli of the first passage, as some editions have it, is also manifestly the name Jledulli. The ascertained position of the Cavares on the east side of the Rhone, between the Durance and Isere, and that of the Vocontii east of the Cavares, combined with Strabo's remark about the position of the Me- dull!, show that the Tricorii and the Iconii are be- tween the Vocontii and the Medulli, who were on the High Alps; and this is all that we know. [G. L.J ICO'NIUM ('Ik6uiov : Eth. 'Ikovuvs : Cogni, Kunjah, or Koniyeh'), was regarded in the time of Xenophon (^Anah. i. 2. § 19) as the easternmost town of Phrygia, while all later authorities describe it as the principal city of Lycaonia. (Cic. ad Fam. iii. 6, 8, XV. 3.) Strabo (xii. p. 568) calls it a tto- Aix^'oy, whence we must infer that it was then still a small place ; but he adds that it was well peopled, and was situated in a fertile district of Lycaonia. Phny (v. 27), however, and the Acts of the Apostles, describe it as a very populous city, in- habited by Greeks and Jews. Hence it would ap- pear that, within a short period, the place had greatly risen in importance. In Pliny's time the territory of Iconium foimed a tetrarchy comprising 14 towns, of which Iconium was the capital. On coins belonging to the reign of the emperor Gallienus, the town is called a Roman colony, which was, probably, only an assumed title, as no author spe.aks of it as a colony. Under the Byzantine emperors it was the metropolis of Lycaonia, and is frequently mentioned (Hierocl. p. 675); but it was wrested from them first by theSaracens, and afterwards by the Turks, who made it the capital of an empire, the sovereigns of which took the title of Sultans of Iconium. Under the Turkish dominion, and during the period of the Cru- sades, Iconium acquired its greatest celebrity. It is still a large and populous town, and the residence of a pasha. The place contains some architectural remains and inscriptions, but they appear almost all to belong to the Byzantine period. (Comp. Amm. Marc. xiv. 2 ; Steph. B. s. v. ; Ptol. v. 6. § 16; Leake, Asia Minor, p. 48 ; Hamilton, Researches, vol. ii. p. 205, fol. ; Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 31 ; Sestini, Geo. Num. p. 48.) The name Iconium led the an- cients to derive it from tiKwv, which gave rise to the fable that the city derived its name from an image of Medusa, brought thither by Persons (Eustath. a<Z Dionys. Per. 856) ; hence Stephanus B. maintains that the name ought to be spelt 'Eik6viov, a form actually adopted by Eustathius and the Byz,antine writers, and also found on some coins. [L. S.J ICOEIGIUM. [Egorigium.] ICOS. [Ices.] ICOSITA'NL [luci.] ICO'SIUM (^K6(nov : Algier), a city on the coast of JIauretania Caesariensis, E. of Caesarea, a colony under the Roman empire, and presented by Vespasian with the jus Latinum. (Itin. Ant. ■p. 15; Mela, i. 6. § 1 ; Plin. V. 2. s. 1 ; Ptol. iv. 2. § 6.) Its site, already well indicated by the numbers of Ptolemy, who places it 30' W. of the mouth of the Savus, has been identified with certainty by inscriptions dis- covered by the French. (Pollissier, in the Explo- ration Scientifique de TAlgtrie, vol. vi. p. 350.) Many modern geographers, following Mannert, who w;is misled by a confusion in the numbers of the Itinerary, put this and all the neighbouring places too fiir west. [Comp. Iol.] [P. S.] ICTIMU'LI or VICTIMU'LI ('Iktov/ioi/Aoi, Strab.), a people of Cisalpine Gaul, situ.ited at the foot of the Alps, in the territory of Vercellae. They are mentioned by Strabo (v. p. 218), who speaks of a village of the Ictimuli, where there were gold mines, which he seems to place in the neighbourhood of Vercellae; but the passage is so confused that it would leave us in doubt. Pliny, however, who notices the gold mines of the Victimnli among the most productive in Italy, distinctly places them " in agro VerccUcnsi." We learn from him that they were at one time worked on so large a scale that a law was passed by the Roman censors prohibiting the employment in them of more than 5000 men at once. (PHn. xsxiii. 4. s. 21.) Their site is not more precisely indicated by either of the above authors, but the Geographer of Ravenna mentions the " civitas, quae dicitur Victimuk " as situated " near Eporedia, not far from the foot of the Alps " (Geogr. Rav. iv. 30) ; and a modern writer has traced the existence of the " Castellum Victimula " during the middle ages, and shown that it must have been situated between Ivrea and Biclla on the banks of the Elvo. Traces of the ancient gold mines, which appear to have been worked during the middle ages, may be still observed in the neigh- bouring mountains. (Durandi, Alpi Graie e Pevr- nine, pp. 110 — 1 12 ; Walckenaer, Geogr. des Gardes, vol. i. p. 1 68.) [E. H. B.] ICTIS, in Britain, mentioned by Diodorus Siculus (v. 22) as an island lying ofi" the coast of the tin districts, and, at low tides, becoming a peninsula, whither the tin w.as conveyed in waggons. St. Mi- chaefs Mount is the suggested locality for Ictis


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Author:Edmund Caldwell

Works

 * Baa Baa Black sheep (1880)
 * Types of British Animals (1909)

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 Mr. and Mrs. Fowle are pleased with you. I hope you will continue to give satisfaction.

How impertinent you are to write to me about Tom, as if I had not opportunities of hearing from him myself! The last letter that I received from him was dated on Friday, 8th, and he told me that if the wind should be favourable on Sunday, which it proved to be, they were to sail from Falmouth on that day. By this time, therefore, they are at Barbadoes, I suppose. The Rivers are still at Manydown, and are to be at Ashe tomorrow. I intended to call on the Miss Biggs yesterday had the weather been tolerable. Caroline, Anna, and I have just been devouring some cold souse, and it would be difficult to say which enjoyed it most.

Tell Mary that I make over Mr. Heartley and all his estate to her for her sole use and benefit in future, and not only him, but all my other admirers into the bargain wherever she can find them, even the kiss which C. Powlett wanted to give me, as I mean to confine myself in future to Mr. Tom Lefroy, for whom I don't care six-pence. Assure her also, as a last and indubitable proof of Warren's indifference to me, that he actually drew that gentleman's picture for me, and delivered it to me without a sigh.

Friday. — At length the day is come on which I am to flirt my last with Tom Lefroy, and when


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LETTERS OF JANE AUSTEN to like or dislike in either. To the Berties are to be added the Lances, with whose cards we have been endowed, and whose visit Frank and I returned yesterday. They live about a mile and three-quarters from S. to the right of the new road to Portsmouth, and I believe their house is one of those which are to be seen almost any-where among the woods on the other side of the Itchen. It is a handsome building, stands high, and in a very beautiful situation.

We found only Mrs. Lance at home, and whether she boasts any offspring besides a grand pianoforte did not appear. She was civil and chatty enough, and offered to introduce us to some acquaintance in Southampton, which we gratefully declined.

I suppose they must be acting by the orders of Mr. Lance of Netherton in this civility, as there seems no other reason for their coming near us. They will not come often, I dare say. They live in a handsome style and are rich, and she seemed to like to be rich, and we gave her to understand that we were far from being so; she will soon feel therefore that we are not worth her acquaintance.

You must have heard from Martha by this time. We have had no accounts of Kintbury since her letter to me.

Mrs. F. A. has had one fainting fit lately; Rh


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LETTERS OF JANE AUSTEN You will be surprised to hear that Jenny is not yet come back; we have heard nothing of her since her reaching Itchingswell, and can only suppose that she must be detained by illness in somebody or other, and that she has been each day expecting to be able to come on the morrow. I am glad I did not know beforehand that she was to be absent during the whole or almost the whole of our friends being with us, for though the inconvenience has not been nothing, I should have feared still more. Our dinners have certainly suffered not a little by having only Molly’s head and Molly’s hands to conduct them; she fries better than she did, but not like Jenny.

We did not take our walk on Friday, it was too dirty, nor have we yet done it; we may perhaps do something like it to-day, as after seeing Frank skate, which he hopes to do in the meadows by the beech, we are to treat ourselves with a passage over the ferry. It is one of the pleasantest frosts I ever knew, so very quiet. I hope it will last some time longer for Frank’s sake, who is quite anxious to get some skating; he tried yesterday, but it would not do.

Our acquaintance increase too fast. He was recognized lately by Admiral Bertie, and a few days since arrived the Admiral and his daughter Catherine to wait upon us. There was nothing   [390]


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LETTERS OF JANE AUSTEN

XXXVI

Southampton: Wednesday (January 7).

,

You were mistaken in supposing I should expect your letter on Sunday; I had no idea of hearing from you before Tuesday, and my pleasure yesterday was therefore unhurt by any previous disappointment. I thank you for writing so much; you must really have sent me the value of two letters in one. We are extremely glad to hear that Elizabeth is so much better, and hope you will be sensible of still further amendment in her when you return from Canterbury.

Of your visit there I must now speak “incessantly”; it surprises, but pleases me more, and I consider it as a very just and honourable distinction of you, and not less to the credit of Mrs. Knight. I have no doubt of your spending your time with her most pleasantly in quiet and rational conversation, and am so far from thinking her expectations of you will be deceived, that my only fear is of your being so agreeable, so much to her taste, as to make her wish to keep you with her for ever. If that should be the case, we must remove to Canterbury, which I should not like so well as Southampton.

When you receive this, our guests will be all Rh


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sukhomlinov, Vladimir

SUKHOMLINOV, VLADIMIR (1848-), Russian general and war minister, was born in 1848. He passed through the cavalry school in St. Petersburg, and in 1867 was given a commission in the Guard Ulans. He graduated from the Academy of the General Staff in 1874. He took part in the war with Turkey in 1877-8 as an officer of the general staff, and was awarded the St. George Cross of the fourth degree. From 1884 to 1886

he commanded a dragoon regiment and from 1886 to 1897 he was the head of the officers' cavalry school in St. Petersburg, having meantime in 1890 been promoted to the rank of general. His next appointment was as commander of the 10th Cavalry Division. In 1899, while commanding the troops of the Kiev military district, Gen. Dragomirov appointed him as his chief-of-staff and later as his assistant. His close connexion with Gen. Dragomirov, who enjoyed enormous prestige in the Russian army, ensured Sukhomlinov's future career. After the death of Dragomirov, he was appointed commander in Kiev.

From 1909 to 1916 he was Russian war minister, and it was under him that two Russian orders for mobilization were given at the outbreak of the World War. Self-confident and ambitious Sukhomlinov played a disastrous rôle in the administration of the Russian army. Notwithstanding the discovery, even in Oct. 1914, that there was an insufficiency of shells, rifles and cartridges, he assured the Duma that everything was all right. It was only in 1916, under strong pressure of public opinion, that the Tsar Nicholas II. dismissed him from office. Finally he was brought up for trial on a charge of treason. The court found him guilty of offences in office, and he was sentenced to penal servitude. Later Sukhomlinov was freed by an amnesty granted by the Bolsheviks and went to Finland. In 1921 he began the publication of his memoirs. (N. N. G.)


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APPENDIX No I.

Senhor.

Acerqua do negoceo de fernam de magalhaes eu tenho feito e trabalhado quanto deus sabe, como lhe largamente tenho esprito, e agora estando xebres doente falei niso muito ryjo a el Rei apresentando lhe todolos enconuinientes que neste caso auia, apresentando lhe alem das outras cousas, quam fea cousa era e quam desacostumada receber hum Rei os uasalos doutro Rei seu amigo contra sua vontade que era cousa que antre caualeiros se nom acustumaua e se auia por mui grande erro e cousa mui feia e que eu nom acabaua em ualhadoly de lhe oferecer uosa pesoa e reinos e senhorios quando ele ja recebya estes contra uoso prazer que lhe pedia que oulhase que nom era tempo pera descontentar uosalteza e mais em cousa que lhe tam pouco inportaua e tam incerta e que muitos uasalos e omens tinha pera fazer seuos descobrimentos quando fore tempo e nam e os que de uosalteza uinham descontentes e de que uosalteza nom podia de deixar de ter sospeita que auiam de trabalhar mais por uos desseruir que por ninhūa outra cousa e que su alteza tinha ainda agora tanto que fazer em descobrir seuos reinos e senhorios e em os asentar que lhe nom deuiam de lembrar taes nouidades de que se podiam seguir eacandolos e outras cousas que se bem podiam escusar apresentando lhe tambem quam mal isto parecia em anno e tempo de tal casamento e acrecentamento de divido e amor. E que me parecia que uosalteza syntiria muito saber que estes omens lhe pedem licença e nom lha dar pera


text: Author:Nikolai Nikolayevich Golovin

title: Author:Nikolai Nikolayevich Golovin


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sun Yat-sen

SUN YAT-SEN (1867-), Chinese leader of the revolutionary movement which ended in the abdication of the Manchu dynasty in Feb. 1912, was born in Kuangtung province, the son of a native Christian. He studied at the College of Medicine in Hong-Kong from 1887 to 1892, and there took his degree in medicine and surgery. He practised his profession first at Macao and then at Canton, but from the outset of his career displayed more interest in politics than in medicine, being by temperament an iconoclast, an organizer of secret societies and a leader of conspiracies against the established order of things. Inspired by his semi-European training, with bitter resentment against the Manchus, whom he regarded as responsible for China's humiliation at the hands of Japan, he first raised the standard of rebellion and of Cantonese independence in 1895; but the coup failed and Dr. Sun was compelled to seek safety in exile. Henceforward all his energies were directed towards stimulating the anti-dynastic movement, first by the collection of funds from the Chinese communities in the United States, Hawaii and the Straits Settlements, and then by organized propaganda work conducted by secret agents throughout the Empire. He received considerable assistance and encouragement in Japan, where he founded a society known as the Tung Men-hui, which played a prominent part in Chinese politics after the establishment of the Republic. Although an exile, he was generally regarded by the “Western-learning” section of Young China as its leader, especially after the Chinese Government's attempt to kidnap him in London, in 1896. In 1911, when the revolution broke out prematurely at Wuchang, Dr. Sun was in England; but he hurried back to China and arrived at Shanghai on Christmas Eve, in time to be acclaimed as the originator of the Republican programme and elected Provisional President by the delegates to the National Convention assembled at Nanking. On Jan. 5, after having taken the oath of office, he issued a Manifesto (countersigned by Wu Ting-fang as Minister for Foreign Affairs) in which the purposes and policy of the Republican Government were proclaimed. On Feb. 12 an Imperial edict announced the abdication of the Emperor; it surrendered the reins of government to the representatives of the sovereign people and declared that henceforth the constitution should be Republican; at the same time, the organization of the new form of government was entrusted, “with full powers,” to Yuan Shih-k'ai. On the 14th, Sun Yat-sen resigned the Presidency and in the name of the Nanking Assembly invited Yuan to accept the position of Provisional President. His action was applauded by Young China at the time as evidence of patriotic self-abnegation, but events proved that it was chiefly inspired by recognition of the fact that he and the Cantonese group of politicians who had joined him as leaders of the Republican movement, did not

yet carry sufficient weight to justify them in attempting to form a national government.

Relations between Sun Yat-sen and Yuan Shih-k'ai were never cordial, but until the ejection from Peking of the Kuo Min-tang Radicals by the President Dictator in 1913, they preserved the appearance of goodwill, and towards the end of 1912 Sun accepted a highly paid appointment as Director of National Railways at Shanghai. After the failure of the Kuo Min-tang's “war to punish Yuan,” Sun wandered again in a wilderness of conspiracies. Eventually, after the death of the Dictator (1916) he became one of the Cantonese group of politicians which waged continual warfare against the party in power at Peking. Because of the futility and sordid intrigues which characterized the independent Military Government at Canton, he, whose reputation in 1912 had stood high at home and abroad, came gradually to be regarded as an irreconcilable conspirator, whose personal ambitions were largely responsible for the continuance of the senseless civil strife between the North and the South. By the vehemence of his rhetoric, by the fervour of his grandiose schemes for the remaking of China at the time of the revolution, he captured the imagination of considerable sections of the public, especially in the United States; but his subsequent career failed to justify his own belief in himself as a heaven-sent reformer. In April 1921, a special session of the Southern (Canton) Parliament elected him to be President of the Chinese Republic, his supporters declaring the Canton “Military Government” to be the only lawfully constituted government in the country; but the influence of these Cantonese “Constitutionalists” over the other southern provinces had then become almost insignificant, and the “Military Government,” prohibited by the Foreign Powers from interfering with the revenues of the Maritime Customs, was confronted by financial problems of a kind which threatened not only its reforming activities but its continued existence.


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Supan, Alexander Georg

SUPAN, ALEXANDER GEORG (1847-1920), Austrian geographer, was born at Innichen, South Tirol, March 3 1847. He was educated at the Laibach gymnasium, and in 1870 took his doctor's degree at Graz, afterwards becoming a teacher in the Oberrealschule at Laibach. In 1872 he left Laibach and studied geography at Vienna, Dresden and Halle, returning in 1877. In 1881 he was appointed professor of geography at the university of Czernowitz, and in 1884 became editor of Petermanns Mitteilungen, retaining this post until 1909, when he accepted the chair of geography at Breslau. Under Supan's editorship Petermanns Mitteilungen was more concerned with reports and accounts of geographical work in every sphere than with original papers and records of discovery, and a feature in which the editor was much interested was the publication of supplements to the Mitteilungen. An account of the economic produce of N. America, 1880-5, appeared in this manner in 1886, and Die Bevölkerung der Erde, founded 1872 by Hermann Wagner and Behm, was continued by Supan as a supplement from 1890 to 1910. In 1889 he became editor of the statistical calendar of the Almanack de Gotha. His original contributions to geographical science are chiefly concerned with climatology and oceanography, and his published works include Lehrbuch der Geographie (1873); Statistik der unteren Luftströmungen (1881); Grundzüge der physischen Erdkunde (1884); Deutsche Schulgeographie (1895; latest ed. 1915) and Die territorialische Entwicklung der europäischen Kolonien (1906), besides many papers in Petermanns Mitteilungen. He died at Breslau July 6 1920.


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Page:First Voyage Round the World.djvu/30

 Calecut. He took much care that the chests should not be broken, and that there should be no robbery, because the captains were going to request ships of the governor, with which to return to the ships to save what goods had not been wetted. These captains reached Cananor in eight days, from whence they sent a message to the governor, who at once sent Gonzalo de Crasto in a caravel, with two pilots; and they went to the ships and put the best things on board the caravel, until they could not load it any more, and having recovered all the men, they set fire to the ships, as they were already full of water. So they returned to Cochim. In this Fernan de Magalhāes worked hard, and did much service, and attended well to everything.

"This Fernan de Magalhāes was of the king's household, and came to India with the Viceroy Dom Francisco [d'Almeida], and he was in the action with the Turks; and he was always much wounded in the fleets and in Calecut; and in these ships he lost his small portion of property, and he went away poor to Portugal, and went about with claims for his services, and begged of the king a hundred reis increase of his palace stipend, which the king did not choose to grant, at which he was aggrieved, and went to Castile to live at Seville, where he married. As he had much knowledge of the art of navigation, and enterprise, and devoted himself to that, he came to an understanding with the directors of the House of Trade of Seville, so that the emperor gave him a fleet of five ships, with which he navigated, discovering a new way to Maluco, which was in the year 1519, as I will relate further on in its place; with which he caused great difficulties to Portugal."

Correa again refers to the incident of Magellan remaining with the wreck, in his tome, p. 625, where he says:

"Fernan de Magalhāes, an honourable gentleman, who served in these parts in the time of the Viceroy Afonso


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tilak, Bal Gangadhar

TILAK, BAL GANGADHAR (1856-1920), Indian nationalist leader and orientalist, was born July 23 1856, at Ratnagiri, where his father, a Chitpavan Brahman, was an educational officer. At the Deccan College, Poona, he graduated in arts with honours in 1876, and took the LL.B. degree in 1879. In the following year he took the lead in providing secondary and higher education in Poona under Indian direction by founding an English school and the famous Fergusson College. Tilak con- ducted law classes till 1890, by which time he had become the sole proprietor as well as the editor of the two weekly papers, the Mahratta (in English) and the Kesari (“Lion” in Mahratti) which he and his friends had founded in 1880. These were the chief printed media of his anti-Government propaganda; but he took every advantage of public activities, such as membership of the local municipality and the organizing of Shivaji and Ganpati celebrations, to work upon the prejudices and passions both of the masses and of the educated minority. Identifying himself with Brahmanical orthodoxy he bitterly opposed social reforms. His violent condemnation in 1897 of the plague prevention regulations was followed by the assassination of the local plague commissioner (Mr. Rand) and a young British officer driving with him at the time. Convicted of sedition, he was sentenced to 18 months' rigorous imprisonment, but he was released within a year under pledges of good behaviour. In prison he pursued the Vedic studies which had already given him a place in oriental scholarship. His elaborate paper on “The Orion, or Researches into the Antiquity of the Vedas,” read at the International Congress of Orientalists, London 1892 (published at Poona, 1893), was followed in 1903 by his “Arctic Home in the Vedas” — expounding a theory of extremely remote Aryan origins which has failed to secure the acceptance of other scholars. Tilak was twice elected to the Bombay Legislature for triennial terms. Again indicted for sedition in June 1908, he was sentenced by a Parsi judge (Mr. Justice Davar) to six years' transportation, afterwards commuted on account of age and health to simple imprisonment at Mandalay. On release in 1914 he actively promoted the home-rule campaign, and at last succeeded, after the death in 1915 of G. K. Gokhale, in his prolonged struggle to secure for his party control of the Indian National Congress. A libel suit he instituted in London against Sir Valentine Chirol for statements made in Indian Unrest (1910) ended in a verdict for the defendant with costs (Feb. 21 1919). On returning to India he refrained from definite association with the non-cooperation cult. His death in Bombay, Aug. 1 1920, was followed by demonstrations of mourning throughout India, showing his remarkable hold on the popular mind.

(Author:Frank Herbert Brown)


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 has been generally assumed, but Tytler (Hist. of Scotland, iv. pp. 433, 434) considered her guilty. Angus remained in England till 1542, joining in the attacks upon his countrymen on the border, while James refused all demands from Henry VIII. for his restoration, and kept firm to his policy of suppressing and extirpating the Douglas faction. On James V.’s death in 1542 Angus returned to Scotland, with instructions from Henry to accomplish the marriage between Mary and Edward. His forfeiture was rescinded, his estates restored, and he was made a privy councillor and lieutenant-general. In 1543 he negotiated the treaty of peace and marriage, and the same year he himself married Margaret, daughter of Robert, Lord Maxwell. Shortly afterwards strife between Angus and the regent Arran broke out, and in April 1544 Angus was taken prisoner. The same year Lord Hertford’s marauding expedition, which did not spare the lands of Angus, made him join the anti-English party. He entered into a bond with Arran and others to maintain their allegiance to Mary, and gave his support to the mission sent to France to offer the latter’s hand. In July 1544 he was appointed lieutenant of the south of Scotland, and distinguished himself on the 27th of February 1545 in the victory over the English at Ancrum Moor. He still corresponded with Henry VIII., but nevertheless signed in 1546 the act cancelling the marriage and peace treaty, and on the 10th of September commanded the van in the great defeat of Pinkie, when he again won fame. In 1548 the attempt by Lennox and Wharton to capture him and punish him for his duplicity failed, Angus escaping after his defeat to Edinburgh by sea, and Wharton being driven back to Carlisle. Under the regency of Mary of Lorraine his restless and ambitious character and the number of his retainers gave cause for frequent alarms to the government. On the 31st of August 1547 he resigned his earldom, obtaining a regrant sibi et suis haeredibus masculis et suis assignatis quibuscumque. His career was a long struggle for power and for the interests of his family, to which national considerations were completely subordinate. He died in January 1557. By Margaret Tudor he had Margaret, his only surviving legitimate child, who married Matthew, 4th earl of Lennox, and was mother of Lord Darnley. He was succeeded by his nephew David, son of Sir George Douglas of Pittendriech.

, 8th earl, and earl of Morton (1555–1588), was the son of David, 7th earl. He succeeded to the title and estates in 1558, being brought up by his uncle, the 4th earl of Morton, a Presbyterian. In 1573 he was made a privy councillor and sheriff of Berwick, in 1574 lieutenant-general of Scotland, in 1577 warden of the west marches and steward of Fife, and in 1578 lieutenant-general of the realm. He gave a strong support to Morton during the attack upon the latter, made a vain attempt to rescue him, and was declared guilty of high treason on the 2nd of June 1581. He now entered into correspondence with the English government for an invasion of Scotland to rescue Morton, and on the latter’s execution in June went to London, where he was welcomed by Elizabeth. After the raid of Ruthven in 1582 Angus returned to Scotland and was reconciled to James, but soon afterwards the king shook off the control of the earls of Mar and Gowrie, and Angus was again banished from the court. In 1584 he joined the rebellion of Mar and Glamis, but the movement failed, and the insurgents fled to Berwick. Later they took up their residence at Newcastle, which became a centre of Presbyterianism and of projects against the Scottish government, encouraged by Elizabeth, who regarded the banished lords as friends of the English and antagonists of the French interest. In February 1585 they came to London, and cleared themselves of the accusation of plotting against James’s life; a plan was prepared for their restoration and for the overthrow of James Stewart, earl of Arran. In October they invaded Scotland and gained an easy victory over Arran, captured Stirling Castle with the king in November, and secured from James the restoration of their estates and the control of the government. In 1586 Angus was appointed warden of the marches and lieutenant-general on the border, and performed good services in restoring order; but he was unable to overcome the king’s hostility to the establishment of Presbyterian government. In January 1586 he was granted the earldom of Morton with the lands entailed upon him by his uncle. He died on the 4th of August 1588. He was succeeded in the earldom by his cousin William, a descendant of the 5th earl. (For the Morton title, see .)

, 10th earl (c. 1554–1611), was the son of William, the 9th earl (1533–1591). He studied at St Andrews University and joined the household of the earl of Morton. Subsequently, while visiting the French court, he became a Roman Catholic, and was in consequence, on his return, disinherited and placed under restraint. Nevertheless he succeeded to his father’s titles and estates in 1591, and though in 1592 he was disgraced for his complicity in Lord Bothwell’s plot, he was soon liberated and performed useful services as the king’s lieutenant in the north of Scotland. In July 1592, however, he was asking for help from Elizabeth in a plot with Erroll and other lords against Sir John Maitland, the chancellor, and protesting his absolute rejection of Spanish offers, while in October he signed the Spanish Blanks (see ) and was imprisoned (on the discovery of the treason) in Edinburgh Castle on his return in January 1593. He succeeded on the 13th in escaping by the help of his countess, joining the earls of Huntly and Erroll in the north. They were offered an act of “oblivion” or “abolition” provided they renounced their religion or quitted Scotland. Declining these conditions they were declared traitors and “forfeited.” They remained in rebellion, and in July 1594 an attack made by them on Aberdeen roused James’s anger. Huntly and Erroll were subdued by James himself in the north, and Angus failed in an attempt upon Edinburgh in concert with the earl of Bothwell. Subsequently in 1597 they all renounced their religion, declared themselves Presbyterians, and were restored to their estates and honours. Angus was again included in the privy council, and in June 1598 was appointed the king’s lieutenant in southern Scotland, in which capacity he showed great zeal and conducted the “Raid of Dumfries,” as the campaign against the Johnstones was called. Not long afterwards, Angus, offended at the advancement of Huntly to a marquisate, recanted, resisted all the arguments of the ministers to bring him to a “better mind,” and was again excommunicated in 1608. In 1609 he withdrew to France, and died in Paris on the 3rd of March 1611. He was succeeded by his son William, as 11th earl of Angus, afterwards 1st marquis of Douglas (1589–1660). The title is now held by the dukes of Hamilton.

ANGUSSOLA or, SOPHONISBA, Italian portrait painter of the latter half of the 16th century, was born at Cremona about 1535, and died at Palermo in 1626. In 1560, at the invitation of Philip II., she visited the court of Madrid, where her portraits elicited great commendation. Vandyck is said to have declared that he had derived more knowledge of the true principles of his art from her conversation than from any other source. She painted several fine portraits of herself, one of which is at Althorp. A few specimens of her painting are to be seen at Florence and Madrid. She had three sisters, who were also celebrated artists. ANHALT, a duchy of Germany, and a constituent state of the German empire, formed, in 1863, by the amalgamation of the two duchies Anhalt-Dessau-Cöthen and Anhalt-Bernburg, and comprising all the various Anhalt territories which were sundered apart in 1603. The country now known as Anhalt consists of two larger portions—Eastern and Western Anhalt, separated by the interposition of a part of Prussian Saxony—and of five enclaves surrounded by Prussian territory, viz. Alsleben, Mühlingen, Dornburg, Gödnitz and Tilkerode-Abberode. The eastern and larger portion of the duchy is enclosed by the Prussian government district of Potsdam (in the Prussian province of Brandenburg), and Magdeburg and Merseburg (belonging to the Prussian province of Saxony). The western

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/55


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tillett, Benjamin

TILLETT, BENJAMIN (1860-), British Labour politician, was born at Bristol, Sept. 11 1860. He started work in a brickyard at eight years and was a “Risley” boy for two years. At 12 years he served for six months on a fishing smack, was afterwards apprenticed to a bootmaker and then joined the Royal Navy. He was invalided out of the navy and made several

voyages in merchant ships. He then settled at the London Docks, and organized the Dockers' Union of which he became general secretary in June 1887, taking a prominent part in the dock strike of 1889. He was subsequently one of the pioneer organizers of the General Federation of Trades, National Transport Workers' Federation, National Federation of General Workers, International Transport Federation, and the Labour party. For many years he was an alderman on the L.C.C. After standing for Parliament unsuccessfully four times, he was elected in 1917 as Labour member for N. Salford. In 1910 he published A Brief History of the Dockers' Union, commemorating the 1889 dockers' strike, and in 1911 A History of the London Transport Workers' Strike.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yale University

YALE UNIVERSITY (see 28.899 ). — In 1919 President A. T. Hadley announced his decision to resign the presidency of Yale at the close of the university year; and on June 22 1921 his successor, James Rowland Angell, was inaugurated. Developments in 1910-20 were marked in many respects. The university's endowment increased from $11,967,166.29 to $24,048,730.45. The university began to be the beneficiary under the will of the late John W. Sterling of New York City, a graduate of Yale College, of about $20,000,000, held by trustees for the university under his bequest. The money was to be used for memorial buildings and devoted “to some extent to the foundation of Scholarships, Fellowships or Lectureships, the endowment of new Professorships and the establishment of special funds for prizes.” At the same time the university's property holdings were augmented, and several important buildings constructed, including the Osborn Memorial Laboratories, the Sloane Physics Laboratory, the Dunham Laboratory of Electrical Engineering, the Mason Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering, Sprague Memorial Hall (Music), the Brady Memorial Laboratory (Pathology), Artillery Hall and the Artillery Armoury, and the magnificent Memorial Quadrangle, the gift of Mrs. Stephen V. Harkness, of New York City. This quadrangle includes seven courtyards in collegiate Gothic, designed by James Gamble Rogers of New York City, and erected at a cost of several million dollars. It is recognized as one of the most perfect groups of modern Gothic buildings in the world.

The number of students in 1920 who were candidates for a degree was 3,214, practically the same as ten years earlier. Educationally the university underwent a thorough reorganization in its administrative and educational system to meet modern conditions. The medical school was allied to the New Haven hospital and placed on full-time basis; the law school introduced the requirement of a college degree for entrance, except for Academic Seniors; the undergraduates' courses in the Sheffield Scientific School were placed on a four-year basis; and the higher engineering degrees were transferred from the scientific school to the graduate school. Several new university officers were appointed, including a Provost, who represented the Faculties before the Corporation and assisted the President in the educational administration of the university; the Dean of Students, who was primarily concerned with student moral; and a Dean of Freshmen, who had under his jurisdiction all undergraduate freshmen. These were formed into what is called the Freshmen Year, at the close of which undergraduates pursued three years of study in the Sheffield Scientific School leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science, or three years of study in the college leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, or in the case of students without Latin, Bachelor of Philosophy. The admission of all students was centralized in a Board of Admissions, under a chairman appointed by the Yale Corporation.

In connexion with the literary activities of the university the Yale University Press was started in 1908, by Mr. George Parmly Day, the treasurer of the university, under an agreement with the university by which all books published and bearing the Yale name must receive approval in advance by the Yale University Council's Committee on Publications. The Press was affiliated with the Oxford University Press, and became an important publishing agency in America for works of a literary and scholarly character. The number of books published in 1919 was seventy-eight. The number of books sold was 184,145. The Yale Review was transformed in 1911 into a quarterly review under the editorship of Wilbur L. Cross, Dean of the Yale Graduate School, and it is recognized as one of the most representative organs of sober thought in America.

Eight thousand Yale men, including graduates, former students and students, entered the military and naval services of the United States during the World War. The university had the

most important artillery school in the country outside of Fort Sill and Camp Zachary Taylor. It also had one of the largest naval training units, and was the centre of the scientific work of the chemical warfare service. It was also the seat of the leading army laboratory school. Two hundred and twenty-five Yale men lost their lives in the service of their country. A memorial has been dedicated in their honour. (A. P. S.)


text: Author:Anson Phelps Stokes (1874-1958)

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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yanushkevich, Nikolai

YANUSHKEVICH, NIKOLAI (1868-), Russian general, was born in 1868 and entered the army in 1888. He passed through the academy of the general staff, and was appointed on the general staff. By 1909 he had reached the rank of general, but all his service was spent in the offices of the War Ministry, out of contact with troops. Very strict as a bureaucrat, he earned the special favour of the War Minister, Sukhomlinov, and, though he was quite untrained in the leading of troops in modern warfare (at the academy of the general staff he had taken an administrative course), he was, thanks to his even temper and enterprise, quickly promoted to the higher posts. Just before the World War he was appointed head of the general staff. Unable to introduce improvements, he limited himself merely to formal direction, which toned in well with the régime which the careless War Minister, Sukhomlinov, had established. With the declaration of war Yanushkevich, as head of the general staff, became the head of the staff of the supreme commander-in-chief. But at the commencement of operations, feeling himself completely unprepared for leadership on active service, he withdrew and left the work in the hands of his subordinates.


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Talk:A History of Sanskrit Literature/Chapter 16

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