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 APYREXIA (Gr. , from  , privative,  , to be in a fever,  , fire, fever), in pathology, the normal interval or period of intermission in a fever. ʽAQĪBA BEN JOSEPH (c. 50–132), Jewish Palestinian rabbi, of the circle known as  (q.v.). It is almost impossible to separate the true from the false in the numerous traditions respecting his life. He became the chief teacher in the rabbinical school of Jaffa, where, it is said, he had 24,000 scholars. Whatever their number, it seems certain that among them was the celebrated Rabbi Meir, and that through him and others ʽAqība exerted a great influence on the development of the doctrines embodied in the Mishnah. He sided with Bar Cochebas in the last Jewish revolt against Rome, recognized him as the Messiah, and acted as his sword-bearer. Being taken prisoner by the Romans under Julius Severus, he was flayed alive with circumstances of great cruelty, and met his fate, according to tradition, with marvellous steadfastness and composure. He is said by some to have been a hundred and twenty years old at the time of his death. He is one of the ten Jewish martyrs whose names occur in a penitential prayer still used in the synagogue service. ʽAqība was among the first to systematize the Jewish tradition, and he paved the way for the compilation of the Mishnah. From his school emanated the Greek translation of the scriptures by Aquila. AQUAE (Lat. for “waters”), a name given by the Romans to sites where mineral springs issued from the earth. Over a hundred can be identified, some declaring by their modern names their ancient use: Aix-les-Bains in Savoy (Aquae Sabaudicae), Aix-en-Provence (Aquae Sextiae), Aix-la-Chapelle or Aachen (Aquae Grani), &c. Only two occur in Britain: Aquae Sulis—less correctly Aquae Solis—at Bath in Somerset, which was famous, and Buxton (called Aquae simply), which seems to have been far less important. Aquae Sulis was occupied by the Romans almost as soon as they entered the island in 43, and flourished till the end of the Roman period. It was frequented by soldiers quartered in Britain, by the Britons, and by visitors from north Gaul, and its name was known in Italy, though patients probably seldom travelled so far. Like most mineral springs known to the ancients, it was under the protection of a local deity, the Celtic Sul, whom the Romans equated with their Minerva. Stately remains of its baths and temple have been found at various times, especially in 1790 and 1878–1895, and may still be seen there. AQUAE CUTILIAE, a mineral spring in Italy, near the modern Cittaducale, 9 m. E. of Rieti. The lake near it was supposed by classical writers to be the central point of Italy, and was renowned for its floating islands, which, as in other cases, were formed from the partial petrification of plants by the mineral substances contained in the water. Considerable remains of baths may still be seen there they were apparently resorted to by both Vespasian and Titus in their last illnesses, for both died there. AQUAMARINE (Lat. aqua marina, “water of the sea”), a transparent variety of (q.v.), having a delicate blue or bluish-green colour, suggestive of the tint of sea-water. It occurs at most localities which yield ordinary beryl, some of the finest coming from Russia. The gem-gravels of Ceylon contain aquamarine. Clear yellow beryl, such as occurs in Brazil, is sometimes called aquamarine chrysolite. When corundum presents the bluish tint of typical aquamarine, it is often termed Oriental aquamarine. AQUARELLE (from Ital. acquarella, water-colour), a form of painting with thin water-colour or ink. AQUARII, a name given to the Christians who substituted water for wine in the Eucharist. They were not a sect, for we find the practice widely in vogue at an early time, even among the orthodox. In Greek they were called Hydroparastatae, or those who offer water. Theodosius, in his persecuting edict of 382, classes them as a special sect with the Manicheans, who also eschewed wine. See. AQUARIUM (plural aquaria), the name given to a receptacle for a marine flora and fauna. Until comparatively recently, aquaria were little more than domestic toys, or show-places of a popular character, but they have now not only assumed a profound scientific importance for the convenient study of anatomical and physiological problems in marine botany and zoology, but have also attained an economic value, as offering the best opportunities for that study of the habits and environment of marketable food-fish without which no steps for the improvement of sea-fisheries can be safely taken. The numerous “zoological stations” which have sprung up, chiefly in Europe and the United States, but also in the British colonies and Japan, often endeavour to unite these two aims, and have in many cases become centres of experimental work in problems relating to fisheries, as well as in less directly practical subjects. Of these stations, the oldest and the most important is that at Naples, which, though designed for purely scientific objects, also encourages popular study by means of a public aquarium. The following account (1902) of this station by Dr W. Giesbrecht, a member of the staff, will serve to show the methods and aims, and the complex and expensive equipment, of a modern aquarium:—

“The zoological station at Naples is an institution for the advancement of biological science—that is, of comparative anatomy, zoology, botany, physiology. It serves this end by providing the biologist with the various objects of his study and the necessary appliances; it is not a teaching institution. The station was founded by Dr Anton Dohrn, and opened in the spring of 1874; it is the oldest and largest of all biological stations, of which there are now about thirty in existence. Its two buildings are situated near the seashore in the western town park (Villa Nazionale) of Naples. The older and larger one, 33 metres long, 24 m. deep, 16 m. high, contains on the ground floor the aquarium, which is open to the public. On the first floor there is, facing south, the principal library, ornamented with fresco paintings, and, facing north, a large hall containing twelve working tables, several smaller rooms and the secretarial offices. On the second floor is the physiological laboratory, and on the third floor the small library, a hall with several working tables, and the dark rooms used in developing photographs. The ground floor of the smaller building, which was finished in 1887, contains the rooms in which the animals are delivered, sorted and preserved, and the fishing tackle kept, together with the workshop of the engineer; on the first and second floors are workrooms, amongst others the botanical laboratory; on the third floor are store-rooms. In the basement of both buildings, which is continued underneath the court, there are sea-water cisterns and filters, engines and store-rooms. The materials for study which the station offers to the biologist are specimens of marine animals and plants which abound in the western part of the Mediterranean, and especially in the Gulf of Naples. To obtain these, two screw-steamers and several rowing boats are required, which are moored in the harbour of Mergellina, situated close by. The larger steamer, ‘Johannes Müller’ (15 m. long, 2½ m. wide, 1 m. draught), which can steam eight to ten English miles per hour, is provided with a steam dredge working to a depth of eighty fathoms. From the small steamer, ‘Frank Balfour,’ and the rowing boats, the fishing is done by means of tow-nets. Besides these there are fishermen and others who daily supply living material for study. The plankton (small floating animals) is distributed in the morning, other animals as required. The animals brought in by the fishermen are at once distributed amongst the biologists, whereas the material brought up by the dredges is placed in flat revolving wooden vessels, so as to give the smaller animals time to come out of their hiding-places. The students who work in the station have the first claim on specimens of plants and animals; but specimens are also supplied to museums, laboratories and schools, and to individuals engaged in original research elsewhere. Up to the present time about 4000 such parcels have been despatched, and not infrequently live specimens of animals are sent to distant places. This side of the work has been of very great value to science. The principal appliances for study with which the station provides the biologist are workrooms furnished with the apparatus

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text: Translation talk:The Last Judgment: A Vision

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 IV. The suits which the Treasury and its Directors, on its behalf, acting in the name and in the interests of the creditors, mostly of foreign nationality, may consider they have to bring against the financial administration represented by the Minister of Finance in so far as regards the guardianship of the guarantees of the debt which we have confided to the said Treasury, will be brought in the terms of their jurisdiction before the new tribunals which, in conformity with the agreement entered into with the Powers, have been instituted in Egypt.

V. The Commissioners selected as stated above will have the direction of the special Treasury of the Public Debt. They will be appointed by us for five years, and will sit in Cairo. Their functions may be continued after the five years have expired, and in case of the death or resignation of one of them the vacancy will be filled by us in the manner of the original appointment. They may intrust one of themselves with the functions of President, and the latter will notify his nomination to the Minister of Finance.

VI. The cost of exchange, insurance, and conveyance of specie abroad, as well as the commission for the payment of the coupons will be borne by the Government. The Directors of the Treasury will come to a previous arrangement with the Ministers of Finance with regard to all these operations, but the Minister will decide whether the despatch of these sums is to be effected in specie or by letters of exchange.

VII. The Treasury will not be allowed to employ any funds, disposable or not, in operations of credit, commerce, industry, &c.

VIII. The Government will not be able, without an agreement with the majority of the Commissioners directing the Treasury of the Public Debt, to effect in any of the taxes specially devoted to the Debt any changes which might result in a diminution of the revenue from these taxes. At the same time, the Government may farm out one or several of these taxes, provided that the contract entered into insure a revenue at least equal to that already existing, and may also


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 conclude Treaties of commerce introduciDg modifications in the Customs duties,

IX. The Government undertakes not to issue any loans, Treasury Bonds or any other new bonds, and not to contract other loan of any nature whatsoever. This same engagement is entered into in the name of the Daira Sanieh. Nevertheless, in case the Government, from urgent national reasons, should find itself placed under the necessity of having recourse to credit, it may do so within the limits of strict necessity, and without doing anything to affect the employment of the revenues set apart for the Treasury of the Public Debt, or to cause their diversion from their destination. These totally exceptional loans can only be contracted after an agreement on the subject with the Commissioners directing the Treasury.

X. In order that the arrangements stated in the preceding article shall not place obstacles in the way of the Administration, the Government may open a running account with a bank to facilitate its payments by means of anticipations, to be regulated in accordance with the year's receipts. The debit or credit balance will be settled at the end of each year. This current account must never be overdrawn during the year by more than 50,000,000 fr.

Done at Cairo, the 2nd of May, 1876. ISMAIL.

No. XIII Decree for the Unification of the Egyjptian debt, &c., 7th May, 1876. the loans contracted in 1862, 1864, 1868, 1873, 1865, 18673, and 1870, by the Government and the Daïra


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 Sanieh, originally amounted to the sum of 65,497,660l. sterling, and are now reduced to 54,793,150/. sterling by the redemption of bonds effected up to this day;

Whereas to these debts, contracted by means of loans with sinking funds, there is to be added the floating debt contracted both by the Government and the Daïra in order to cover the deficit resulting from the partial non-execution of the contract relative to the Loan of 1833, not including the provision contained in clause 19 of the said contract for the completion of the public works already in course of construction ; and also to meet the expenditure occasioned by circumstances beyond human control, and by public calamities ;

Whereas this debt has to a great extent been contracted by means of credit operations which, having been forced upon the Government in critical periods or under other exceptional and urgent circumstances, have been concluded on conditions onerous for the State Treasury;

Whereas, in order to make it possible for the Treasury and the Daïra Sanieh to satisfy these different debts, and to better secure for the future the interests of the creditors by a measure in conformity with the public exigencies, it has been found opportune and useful to unify all these debts by establishing one general debt, bearing interest at the rate of seven per cent., and redeemable within sixty-five years ;

Whereas, in view of the conditions of issue of the different loans with sinking funds attached, the bonds belonging to these loans, if unified at par of their nominal value, receive a benefit which it is only just to extend to the holders of bonds of the floating State debt and of the Daïra Sanieh in a proportion which shall establish as far as possible an equality between all creditors, and it is also equitable to accord to the holders of the 1864, 1865, and 1867 loans, the last payments of which are shortly falling due, a compensation for the relatively greater prolongation of the sinking fund operations ;

Whereas the yearly sum necessary for the service of the general unified debt, amounting to 91,000,000l. sterling, will


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 be 6,443,600l. sterling, but, in order to determine the real charge which will actually be chargeable in the ordinary State Budget, it is necessary to deduct from that sum 684,411l. sterling, being the contribution of the Daïra Sanieh in proportion to the amount of its debt unified with the State Debt, and thus the annual charge on the State remains at 5,759,189l. sterling ;

Whereas the unification and the consolidation of the State debts into one general debt make it inopportune to continue the payment of the Moukabalah, by which the Government had intended to arrive at the extinction of the floating debt by anticipating the land tax in six yearly amounts ;

Whereas, in consequence of this anticipation, one of the most important revenues of the State would after some years be considerably reduced, while in the interest both of the Government and of the State creditors it is necessary that the revenue of the Treasury be secured, so as to satisfy the interest and the redemption of the Public Debt, and also the Budget expenditure;

Whereas for these reasons our Privy Council has proposed to us, and we have approved, to arrest the operation of the Moukabalah by granting to those who have made anticipatory payments all rights and privileges over the property which they would only have definitively acquired after the full payment of the Moukabalah, and to take equitable measures either for the restitution of these anticipatory payments or for a proportionate reduction of taxes, the result of which will be to obviate a considerable reduction in one of the principal sources of the State revenue ;

Whereas, further for the security of the creditors, it has become necessary to establish a special Treasury charged with receiving the amount of revenue devoted to the service of the Debt;

We, the Khedive of Egypt, after consulting our Privy Council, have decreed, and do hereby decree as follows : —

I. All the debts of the State and those of the Daïra Sanieh, resulting from loans contracted in the years 1862, 1864, 1868, 1873, 1865, 1867, and 1870, the floating debt of


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 the State, and the floating debt of the Daïra Sanieh, including the Treasury bonds and all other bonds or obligations, are unified into a general debt, the bonds of which shall bear interest at the rate of seven per cent. on the nominal capital, and shall be redeemable in sixty-five years by half-yearly drawings. The unification is effected at par of the nominal amount of the bonds of the old 1862, 1868, 1870, and 1873 Loans. The bonds of the general debt shall be delivered at the rate of 95 per cent. of their nominal capital to the holders of Seven per Cent. bonds of the 1864 and 1865 Loans, and of the Nine per Cent. Loan of 1867. For this latter loan the difference of the per-centage of interest shall be capitalized at the rate of 70 per cent. of the nominal capital, and at the rate of 80 ''per cent. to the holders of the bonds of the floating debts of the State and the Daïra Sanieh'', in the form of Treasury bonds or other bonds and obligations which constitute them. By virtue of this operation the general unified debt will amount to 91,000,000l. sterling nominal, to bear interest from the 1st of July, 1876.

II The loan debt and floating debt of the Daïra Sanieh being unified with that of the State under the same restrictions and guarantees, the Daïra Sanieh is bound to pay annually into the Treasury of the Public Debt the sum of 684,411l. sterling, representing its proportion of the total yearly amount necessary for the interest and sinking fund of the debt.

III. The revenues specially devoted to the service of the General Debt are : —Moudirieh de Garbieh, 1,201,523l. sterling; Moudirieh de Menouieh, 714,107l.; Moudirieh de Behera, 424,312l.; Moudirieh de Siout, 732,179l.; octroi dues of Cairo, 345,389l. ; octroi dues of Alexandria, 173,837l.; import duties of Alexandria, Suez, Damietta, Rosetta, Port Saïd, and El Arich, 639,677l.; railways, 990,806l. ; tobacco dues, 264,015l., salt revenues, 200,000l.; the rent of Materieh, 60,000l.; sluice revenues and navigation dues on the Nile up to Wadyhalfa, 30,000l; bridge of Kasr-el-Nil, 15,000l.—total,


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 5,790,845l. sterling, Contributions of the Daira, which is to be paid immediately upon the money coming in, 684,411l. ; general total of revenne devoted to the service of the Unified General Belt, 6,475,256l.

IV. The bonds of the General Unified Debt shall be issued in sums of 20l., 100l., 500l., and 1000l. sterling, with coupons payable half-yearly. The drawing of bonds for the half-yearly redemption will be effected by the Managing Commissioners of the Treasury of the Public Debt. These bonds shall be delivered in exchange for the bonds of the old loans and the bonds of the floating debt on the conditions prescribed in Art, I. of the present Decree.

V. A group composed of banking houses and financial establishments has undertaken by contract the operation of the unification of the debt. Special Government Commissioners shall be appointed by us to watch over the regular execution of these operations.

VI. For the service of the Unified Debt a special Treasury is created, the statutes of which are laid down in our preceding Decree, which is to be considered as complementary of the present Decree.

VII. Our Minister of Finance is charged with the execution of the present Decree.

Done at Cairo, the 7th day of May, 1876. ISMAIL.

No. XIV. Decree issued on 15th November, 1876, with reference to the Finances of Egypt, the Amortization of Debt, and the Financial Administration, (The Goschen-Joubert Decree.)

, the Khedive of Egypt,

Considering that the Decree of the 7th May, 1876, relating


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 to the unification of the debts of the State and of the Daïra requires certain modifications in its application. Considering the Decree of the 2nd May, 1876, establishing the Treasury of the Public Debt, and desiring to strengthen still further the functions of the Commissioners who administer the said Treasury.

Considering that the suppression of the law of the Moukabalah raises unanimous objections on the part of those whom it affects, and that the Chamber of Delegates has given expression to the desire that the law should be maintained. In our firm desire to assure the regular course of the public services, while at the same time protecting the interests of the creditors by more efficacious guarantees. And having heard our Privy Council, we have decreed and decree —

— Finances.

I. The debts of the Daïra as set forth in the Tables A and B inserted in the present Decree are separated from the debts of the State, and not included in the unification of the general public debt. These debts will form the subject of a special arrangement.

II. ''The law of the Moukahalah is re-established, and is considered as never having ceased to be in force. Nevertheless, the annual reductions produced hy the effect of the law of the Moukahalah will not come into force until the commencement of the year 1866, and an annual interest of 5 per cent, will he credited to the contributaries up to the end of the year 1885 on the sums which should he deducted''.

The whole sum produced hy the Moukahalah will he applied to the redemption of the Loans of 1864, 1865, and 1867, and of the unified debt.

In the employment of the available ('disponibles') funds yielded by the Moukahalah, certain reservations are made which are dealt with in Article 6, relating to 'amortization.'

III. A special administration of the railways and


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apyrexia

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apyrexia


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 of the port of Alexandria is estabished, which will be placed under the direction of a Commission, as will be set forth hereafter.

The revenues of the railways and of the port of Alexandria will be directly applied to the payment of the interest and the sinking fund of a series of preference bonds having a special mortgage on the railways and the port of Alexandria, amounting to seventeen millions sterling, and bearing interest at 5 per cent., redeemable in sixty-five years. Interest to run from the 15th October, 1876.

These bonds will be offered by preference to the holders of the Loans of 1862, 1868, and 1873, in exchange for bonds of these loans bearing 7 per cent., which bonds will be cancelled.

The annuity necessary for the service (interest and sinking fund) of the preference 5 per cent, bonds, amounting to 885,744l., and payable in two half-yearly payments of 442,872l. each, will form the first charge on the revenues of the railways and of the port of Alexandria, and will remain, in every eventuality, the first liability of the Commission of the Public Debt.

IV. The Loans of 1864, 1865, and 1867 are deducted from the Unified debt.

They will continue to bear the interest appertaining to them until their complete redemption.

They will be redeemed within the terms of their respective contracts. They will be redeemed, however, at the rate of 80 instead of at 100 per cent., and the first half-yearly payment on account of this redemption will be postponed by six months ; that is to say, it will take place for the Loan of 1864 on the 1st April, 1877, for the Loan of 1865 on the 7th July, 1877, and for the Loan of 1867 on the 22nd May, 18772.

V. The bonus of 25 per cent., granted by the Decree of the 7th May last to the holders of the Floating Debt, is reduced to 10 per cent.


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''Surely the world of Thar—its strange cities and enormous mountains, its turquoise seas, twin moons and crimson sun—is nothing but a dream? And yet...''

EINING in his pony on the ridge, Khal Kan pointed down across the other sands of the drylands that stretched in the glare of the crimson, sinking sun.

"There we are, my lads!" he announced heartily. "See yonder black blobs on the desert? They're the tents of the dry-landers."

His tall young figure was straining in the saddle, and there was a keen anticipation on his hard, merry young face. 6


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/September 1897/Principles of Taxation: Nomenclature and Forms of Taxation XIX


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 By the effect of these measures, the financial position will be as follows:—

To this debt of 59 millions an annuity of 4,177,720l. sterling is assigned, representing its redemption in sixty-five years, and interest at the rate of 7 per cent, upon the capital. Interest to run from 15th July, 1876.

This annuity is payable in two half-yearly payments of 2,088,860l. each.

The revenues which are at present assigned to the Treasury of the Public Debt by our Decree of the 7th May, 1876, remain pledged as before, subject to the modifications which will result from the resent Decree, which will he arranged by the Controllers-General to he mentioned hereafter, and by the Commissioners of the Public Debt.

The 2,000,000l. in bonds of general debt accruing to the


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 Government for the port of Alexandria are not to he disposed of until after the entire payment of the amount of 704,000l. due on 1st January, 1877 to the contractors of the port.

— Amortization.

VI. The operation of redeeming the bonds will be carried out by the Commissioners of the Treasury of the Public Debt. In order to increase the amount available for redemption, a deduction will be made of one-seventh of the interest of 7 per cent, which is assigned to the service of this debt, viz. : — 1 per cent, on the capital remaining to be redeemed at the beginning of each year.

The fund yielded by this deduction will be added to the sums available from the Moukabalah, and will be also employed in redeeming bonds by means of public purchases, subject to the reservation mentioned hereafter, in case of public purchases not being made.

This deduction, however, will only be made to the end of the year 1885 at the latest, and if before that date the unified debt is reduced to 40,000,000l. sterling, payment of interest at 7 per cent, will be resumed from that moment.

The funds yielded by the Moukabalah will be paid in their entirety to the Commissioners of the Public Debt, to whom the service of redemption is confided ('service d'amoitissement'). The Commissioners of the Treasury of the Public Debt will take out of the funds paid to them the sum necessary for the redemption of the 1864, 1865, and 1867 Loans, and they will devote the available balance to the redemption of the general unified debt.

In the event that after the service of the Public Debt shall have been provided for the revenues should be insufficient to meet the estimated budget expenses of the Government, such as they are fixed in the table annexed to the present Decree, the Finance Committee, composed of the Minister of Finance and the two Controllers-General, will give notice thereof to the Commissioners of the Public Debt. The latter will then keep back out of the available funds yielded by


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 Les versements effectués à la Caisse de la Dette;

Les restes en Caisse au dernier jour du mois;

Des relevés semblables seront, en outre, fournis par l'Administration des Douanes aux dates du 25 Avril et du 25 Octobre et par celle des chemins de fer aux dates du 14 Avril et du 14 Octobre.

XXXIV. Les Commissaires de la Dette nommeront et révoqueront les employés de la Caisse et régleront les rapports entre la Caisse et ses correspondants.

XXXV. Les dépenses de personnel et de matériel de la Caisse de la Dette, les commissions et allocations diverses de ses correspondants, les frais de change, assurances, transports d'espèces, et généralement toutes dépenses nécessaires pour l'exécution du service des Dettes Privilégiée et Unifiée, seront supportés par le Gouvernement et feront annuellement l'objet d'un Budget arrêté par la Commission de la Dette et approuvé par le Conseil des Ministres.

Notre Ministre des Finances entretiendra à la Caisse de la Dette une avance permanente en rapport avec la partie des dépenses ci-dessus qu'elle devra acquitter directement.

XXXVI. Annuellement la Commission de la Dette publiera un Rapport sur ses opérations, et soumettra son compte de gestion à l'autorité qui sera constituée pour juger les comptes des Administrations publiques.

XXXVII. Aucun nouvel emprunt, de quelque nature que ce soit, ne pourra être émis par notre Gouvernement, que sur l'avis conforme de la Commission de la Dette. Il sera loisible toutefois à notre Ministre des Finances de se procurer des avances en compte courant, dans la limite maxima de ₤ E. 2,000,000.

XXXVIII. Les Commissaires de la Dette, représentants légaux des porteurs de titres, auront qualité pour poursuivre devant les Tribunaux de la Réforme contre l'Administration Financière représentée par notre Ministre des Finances, l'exécution des dispositions concernant les affectations de revenus, les taux d'intérêt des dettes, la garantie du Trésor, et généralement toutes les obligations qui incombent à notre Gouvernement en vertu de la présente loi, à l'égard du service des Dettes Privilégiée et Unifiée.


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 XXXIX. Sont maintenues avec force exécutoire toutes les dispositions des Décrets des 2 Mai, et 18 Novembre, 1876, concernant les attributions de la Commission de la Dette Publique qui ne sont pas contraires à la présente loi.

XL. Sont déclarées propriétés de l'État les propriétés des Daïras Sanieh et Khassa, mentionnées dans les états annexés au Contrat du 22 Juillet, 1877, ou dans les inscriptions hypothécaires prises en vertu de ce contrat.

XLI. Ces propriétés sont affectées exclusivement à la garantie de la Dette Générale de la Daïra Sanieh, sans préjudice des effets de l'hypothèque consenti par Acte du 19 Août, 1878. Elles seront insaisissables jusqu'à l'entier amortissement de cette dette.

Leurs produits et revenus ne pourront être saisis qu'en raison de dettes particulières, contractées par l'Administration de la Daïra postérieurement au Contrat du 12 Juillet, 1877.

XLII. Le produit des aliénations de ces propriétés sera exclusivement affecté à l'amortissement de la Dette Générale de la Daïra.

XLIII. II sera payé à la Daïra Sanieh sur les fonds de la liquidation une somme de ₤E.450,000, tant pour lui rembourser les sommes qu'elle a payées en l'acquit du Gouvernement que pour l'indemniser du préjudice résultant pour elle de la nonexécution des engagements pris à son égard par la Liste Civile.

Moyennant quoi, l'État et la Daïra seront complètement libérés l'un envers l'autre pour toutes causes antérieures au 1er Janvier, 1880, sauf compensation jusqu'à due concurrence de la somme de ₤E. 450,000, avec les impôts dus par la Daïra pour l'année 1879.

XLIV. Les titres de la Dette Générale de la Daïra Sanieh seront productifs d'un intérêt de 5 pour cent du capital nominal, dont 4 pour cent d'intérêt fixe garanti par le Gouvernement sur les ressources générales du Trésor, et 1 pour cent d'intérêt complémentaire.

Il y aura lieu à la distribution de cet intérêt complémentaire


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/Principles of Taxation: The Existing Methods of Taxation XX


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aquae

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aquae


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Author:Moses Wilson Gray

Works

 * Self-paying Colonization in North America

title: Author:Moses Wilson Gray


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/June 1897/The Racial Geography of Europe: The Three European Races V


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/July 1897/The Racial Geography of Europe: France - The Teuton and the Celt VI


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The New International Encyclopædia/Janizaries

JANIZARIES, or JANISSARIES (OF. jannissaire, Fr. janissaire, It. giannizzero, from Turk, yen̄icheri, new troops, from yen̄i, new + Ar. askar, army, soldier). A Turkish military force first instituted by Orkhan (1326-59), the son and successor of Othman, the founder of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, who levied from the conquered Christian peoples a systematic tribute of young children. These tribute children, always the healthiest and strongest, were trained under Mohammedan tutelage, and, together with Christian captives taken in war and Turkish subjects attracted by the special privileges offered, constituted a special corps of picked troops, which was thus composed of many nationalities. In

turn it became the bulwark of the Empire, and, like the Roman pretorians and Russian streltsi, a dictatorial power. The corps was more perfectly organized by Amurath I. after 1360, when its strength was raised to about 12,000. After the sixteenth century the drafting of Christian children and captives ceased, and the corps was recruited by voluntary enlistment. There were two classes of janizaries, one a standing force, garrisoned in Constantinople and the chief towns and varying in number from 25,000 to 100,000, the other a trained militia known as jamaks, scattered throughout all the towns of the Empire, and numbering from 300,000 to 400,000. The janizaries proper were divided into ortas or regiments. At the head of the whole force was the aga, whose power extended to life and death, for the janizaries were always ready to break out into deeds of violence if their pay or perquisites were withheld. In times of peace they acted as a police force. They served on foot, generally formed the reserves of the Turkish Army, and were noted for the wild impetuosity of their attack. The Sultan's bodyguard was formed of them. They became in the course of time very unruly, and their history abounds in conspiracies, assassinations of sultans, viziers, and agas, and atrocities of every kind; so that by degrees they became more dangerous to the sultans than any foreign enemies. Attempts were made by several sultans to reform or dissolve the corps, but they were always unsuccessful. The reforms of Sultan ../Mahmud/ II. (q.v.) were bitterly opposed by the janizaries, especially the reorganization of the army on the European model. This opposition broke forth in open revolt, and on June 15, 1825, Mahmud ordered the flag of the Prophet to be unrolled and the Faithful to be arrayed against the mutinous corps. The janizaries, deserted by their aga and other principal officers, were defeated, with the loss of 16,000 men; their barracks were burned, 6000 to 8000 of them being killed in the assault or destroyed by the flames. A proclamation of June 17, 1826, declared the janizary force dissolved. All opposition was defeated with bloodshed. Thousands were put to death, and more than 20,000 were banished. In the Imperial Museum at Constantinople are 150 life-size figures illustrating the appearance of these famous troops.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/August 1897/The Racial Geography of Europe: France VII


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/September 1897/The Racial Geography of Europe: The Basques VIII


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/The Racial Geography of Europe: Italy IX


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 careful to point out that it was not in his opinion the true remedy for the evils that afflicted his native land: "In closing, allow me to say that I am not one of those who look to systems of emigration as likely by themselves to prove in any considerable degree an efficient corrective of the evils of this country. Such systems can plainly be made vastly advantageous to the parties emigrating; and whenever, upon really overcrowded estates, it is desired to procure larger accommodation for men (and not for cattle), emigration can be made the means of serving the parties who remain behind, by facilitating such re-arrangement of farms as may be necessary for the purpose. In the case of an individual proprietor, whose estate is not sufficiently extensive to afford the means of living to all the population who now occupy it, it is plainly the only remedy that, as an individual, he can use. Single-handed, he cannot stimulate general trade or manufactures so as to absorb his people, but he can help them to emigrate. I am anxious that it should not be inferred from this, that I join in the cry of over-population. Overpopulation was accounted the great source of evil in Ireland when she numbered little over two millions of inhabitants. If her present eight millions were reduced back again to two, it would be a remedy for over-population strong enough to satisfy the most drastic practitioners; but what would it do, after all, but put the country back a century? I believe her disease is constitutional, and that other remedies than emigration are required for its eradication. I believe, however, that emigration may be made a most effective topical cure for certain topical sores."

Wilson Gray sailed for Australia almost simultaneously with Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, and, very soon after his arrival in Melbourne, he was found in the front rank of the land

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Translation:The Last Judgment: A Vision

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already lived many years in the world, and it had never entered my head that one could dream of such things as I shall presently describe. I had always enjoyed my usual pleasant sleep, and thought it was sufficient to shut my eyes and relax, when I read in a few books how the authors regretted that they must spend the hours of darkness as truly useless idlers, without being able to carry out their official duties as they slept, duties that required, so to speak, but a few waking hours; but it was surely impossible. Thanks to these hints an idea occurred to me concerning my own useless sleep, and I decided to correct the mistake I had hitherto been making by bringing together my waking and sleeping states, transforming them into a single continuous course – something, moreover, which I was much more likely to achieve than other men, because I already spent my waking hours dreaming and fantasizing, so that I had hardly anything to do but allow my imagination to get a little more out of control, and the thing would happen of itself. What prospects, I said to myself, might present themselves in this way! Not one more minute of your life need you spend in idleness or allow to elapse without purpose; you will be the first person who ever employed his sleeping hours usefully and industriously.

In the beginning, however, things did not turn out too well. Fearing that I would have as many normal dreams as useful ones, I failed to fall sleep on my first attempt: the matter was still too tough, so to speak, to be digested. I was quite out of sorts the following morning, and would have done better to have sat up and read a good book, for I was now so exhausted by my vigil that I had to sleep all the next day. Of course, I could not go to work now on such a tiring day, because it was so rare an occurrence, and in this way my efforts did more harm than good. Soon afterwards things turned out a little better for me, though I made the mistake of thinking, in the cold light of day, that they were mere trifles which I had dreamed, nothing but recapitulations of my activities and thoughts from the previous day, and which therefore could not be of much help to me; nevertheless, I was making slow but steady progress in this art, and I had to console myself with the fact that beginnings are always difficult.

As I made progress, I had the same problem again that upon waking I would forget the most beautiful dreams, or I would be so anxious to remember everything while I was dreaming that I had to wake up. Another time, it seemed as if I would remember everything pretty well, but by the time I had recalled everything correctly, it was day, and I might as well have remained awake, so that my clear awareness of the effort was wasted. In short, I realized how difficult it is to attain any degree of perfection and excellence in even the humblest of arts.

But through my repeated and continued efforts, I have now finally succeeded so well that I can almost dream whatever I want, so that I regularly assign myself in the evening a topic on which I meditate or which awakens ideas within me; so I lie down and execute my plan well, and as I sleep I hold my imagination in check and let no thought slip past which seems to me good and useful.

With the help of this exercise, I came to revise some books whose authors had preceded me in this field. I read The Dreams of Quevedo and those of his imitator Moscherosch, who wrote under the pseudonym Philander von Sittewalt and who greatly surpassed his predecessor. Without wishing to surpass either of them, I set myself as a theme a dream which both of them had dreamt and described, in order to see which path I would take, namely the Last Judgment, and as I have reproduced it here, the reader may compare it with those two; and lest I give offense, never forget that it is nothing but a dream in which the imagination continually overflows her banks and oversteps all her bounds and, so to speak, takes great pleasure in putting common sense’s nose out of joint – fortunately, however, it can tolerate a sound thrashing. As it is not uncommon for many thoughtful men to have communicated their thoughts on various matters to the public, I too will not neglect to write down my dreams in the future on divers subjects for those of an inquisitive frame of mind.

I had hardly fallen asleep when it seemed as if the whole world around me had acquired a new countenance: the trees were grimacing; the ponderous rocks and mountains appeared to be laughing; the rivers were flowing downstream with thunderous laughter; the flowers were opening and stretching themselves in all their colours, as though they were waking from a deep sleep. I suddenly felt as though the whole world and all its parts had become inflamed with a joyful awareness, and that a new light had touched the ancient sleepers, and had broken into all their strongly locked chambers and roused them from their sleep. What will be the upshot of it all? I asked myself. A brisk wind arose and went on its merry way through the meadows and mountains; the grass and foliage became greener; a lovely crimson flush coloured the spring, and the little woodbirds couldn’t behave strangely enough with their voices. While I was still wonderstruck, it felt exactly as though something were burrowing beneath my feet and striking the Earth’s core with a thousand pulses; the subterranean waters were striving with the internal fire; ores and rocks strove to contain the imminent outburst and prevent it from being born. The sun was high in the sky and beat down relentlessly, drying up with its rays the mountains and the streams, and the spirits of the world felt a primal yearning for the sun. Suddenly death and the forces of restraint had been removed from the whole of nature, and now all the wheels of the clock spun round violently and impetuously; torrents powerful and unstoppable rushed down the valleys; rocky fragments broke away and came to life like flowers; the green valleys rose up and sank down in waves. All the creative powers ran and raced up and down the veins of nature; the trees put forth buds and blossoms, and in an instant the fruit sprang forth; it fell from the stalk and the leaves withered, whereupon an early spring drew them forth again and urged them on, and so spring, summer, autumn and winter chased one another; the rushing torrents were held in check by the instantaneous ice, after which the plummeting waves came to life again. Thus nature frightened and inflamed herself; and finally the bud of time leapt and released eternity from its chains with a mighty sound; the veiled fire broke forth from all earthly things, and the eternal primordial element of light reigned once again over the depths, and all spirits flowed together into one spirit.

Now, the gently flowing streams leapt down in beautiful patterns, the waters a brilliant crystal, the flowers diaphanous, the grass silent green flames; on the surface of the earth precious stones and gold swam jubilantly; the sun beheld them joyfully and recalled their forgotten rays, which had been lost in deep shafts at the creation. All sounds became music and shouts of joy; all who were poor became rich; the discontented and the frightened all became happy and satisfied.

I was now no longer in doubt as to what it was that had occurred: it was in fact the so-called Last Judgment, which I had so often wished to experience without troubling myself to die. It had always been my wish, as it happened, that it might suddenly appear before my face while I was not even thinking of it. And just as it often happens that the almost impossible ideals and aspirations of young people come to pass, so too it turned out well for me one time without my needing to do anything about it myself – something that in fact occurs only rarely.

I was now expecting everything to take place the way it is always described with regard to this solemn occasion, and I was not mistaken, for it turned out approximately so. Entire hosts of angels and spirits moved through the transfigured air and a fiery throne was prepared for the judge, who sat down to judge the living and the dead. A great trump struck up, and between its notes there sounded voices so wonderful that my whole soul was shaken. It was not long before a number of colourful and strange characters appeared, jumping playfully and comically all over the place; it was just as if a cornucopia had poured forth the fabulous gods of ancient times; there were satyrs running with characters from Tartarus; gloomy Pluto moved amongst them, along with the Furies and the terrors of hell; but all had a somewhat devilish complexion, as they are usually depicted in mythology, so I could easily tell that things were now getting serious, and I was not a little anxious for myself. As I was still looking about me curiously and anxiously, I became aware of a very miserable figure amongst the satyrs, who was holding a rifle in his hands and pointing it at me, as if he were about to fire. Because one is usually childish and timid in dreams, I too was afraid of this marksman, and my fear was complete when he cried out: Here neither translation nor translated is allowed! A reference to the fact that in my initial excitement and rapture I had immediately asked a nearby devil about those two great figures Cervantes and Shakespeare. The gunman gradually squeezed the trigger with a threatening look, and I was terrified that the gun would go off at any moment, but as I was trying to edge away in silence, another fellow with horns grabbed me by the arms and shouted: ''Stay, you idler! How can you be afraid of this would-be satyr, whom none of us recognizes as such? At this, I said: Can’t you see then that he wants to set up his sniper’s nest here and take me for a game bird? But the latter said in turn: His rifle association has collapsed and been forgotten; also, he has never learned how to shoot; throughout his life he has contented himself with taking aim, firing and presenting arms; and on top of everything else, there are no bullets in his rifle, so he has exhausted his ammunition without ever having shot anyone.'' I asked him how then such innocent folk came to be in their company while wearing such frighteningly large ammunition pouches.

You must not marvel at that, the devil continued, all kinds of people always slip in amongst us who wish to be numbered amongst the devils rather than amongst the damned; but I hope the Last Judgment will put an end to these shenanigans, along with many others.

Now the ruling spirit of the World had to bring back to life all the dead and send them up from below, whereupon there arose on the Earth a mighty digging, shaking, rustling, stirring, sliding, bustling, conferring, seizing and speculating, as all the millions of dead creatures tried to come back to life and went to extraordinary lengths to get hold of their former souls again. As there were not enough souls to be found, there was much wheeling and dealing, and competition amongst the bodies and running after the immortal spirits – so much so that a councillor of commerce, who by chance had been the first to come back to life, clapped his hands in delight and wished for no greater bliss, provided that he should attain it.

Finally, a few hundred thousand had appeared and were standing there, looking around, not quite knowing what was to happen to them. Old Nicolai was still stuck in the ground and had absolutely no desire to come out, because he had heard that pure eternity was to begin now; he refused point blank to have anything to do with anything pure, because he had sworn an implacable hatred for the very concept. There was a great grasping and snatching of souls, but no one wanted to accept his own, so that one poor soul, spurned by her own body, despised by the rest, and blushing with shame, fluttered continuously around his stubborn body and implored him to stuff her into him; but he stubbornly dug himself even deeper into the stones and brazenly claimed that his constitution did not by any means permit him to return to such a pitiful existence again.

As the place became fuller and fuller, teeming more and more with new characters, who were continually coming back to life out of the earth, it soon began to give way, and some statisticians rejoiced loudly over the large population in Heaven, while attributing the causes of the population now to the climate, now to the constitution, which they undertook to study in order to unravel the mystery. Some who had been the kings went back and forth with delight among the bodies to set up conscription, whereby they had the advantage that every deceased soldier could come back to life and be useful for military service again. It does not matter, one general said, even if three quarters of this rabble should be condemned at the trial; it is all the better to make use of them afterwards, for they are already used to fire.

Some angels broke out into heavenly music and turned the whole wide atmosphere melodious; the inflamed tones embraced fervently and a powerful spirit of love pervaded the awakened eternity, playing in a childlike manner, so that the hearts of the pious were transfigured and opened up before the divine rays, whereby the melodies became inherent in them and they kissed one another with their thirsting souls. The air sighed in response and sang like a bride, and wonderful harmonies were thrown out like sparks and rained down golden in glorious arches and vibrations. The full-voiced choir of angels was rapt and sang a jubilant song and played merrily and happily on their heavenly instruments. But some musicians, just awakened, cried out in the midst of it: ''Oh, nonsense! Where’s the expression? What sensation is that meant to represent? Give me the words of the text, so that I can understand the music, and interpret and appraise it.'' And when the elements now sounded once again and the transfigured ores behaved like trombones, cymbals and powerful trumpets, and freely improvised amongst themselves, they would by no means tolerate this impropriety, and called for the music director in order to take him to task for it. Be still, my friends, cried an English doctor, and just observe with me how pretty and chubby all these little angels are, how smooth and sheer; I would be willing to bet a large sum of money that they allowed themselves to be inoculated with the cowpox, and in the same way we Englishmen hope to become angels as well.

The Last Judgment, however, had already begun, and Nicolai, despite his learning, was sentenced to two thousand years, to be spent in silence listening to the devils’ endless jokes. He had declared the whole thing a phantasm and put it down to an overheated imagination; unperceived, he attached leeches to himself to suck out the unseemly poetry; and so he was tried and sentenced with the leeches on his backside, bowing politely to expose his globes, which he had actually brought with him into the next world. It is strange, he said to himself, while the satyrs were already thinking up cutting remarks with which to punish him, ''it is still strange that these phantasms have not disappeared even though the fiends are sucking out everything eccentric to their hearts’ content, and it is just like bestial satyrs to release me as soon as they catch the slightest whiff of wit. But I must communicate this vision of mine of the Last Judgment to my friend Biester at once; it should be reported in the Berlin Monthly, and with the remark, moreover, that while I am keeping up with the times, the leeches on the contrary are regressing and losing their power, as though they themselves now believe in ghosts.'' Some satyrs led him away and conveyed him to his future place of residence.

Now there passed by a herd of modern theologians, who all bowed very respectably before the judgment seat, then they turned likewise towards the Devil and his cohorts, bowed to them with great courtesy and a friendly smile, and then hoped to slip by between the two with an easy politeness. The devils, however, blocked their way, so that they were forced to remain standing, whereupon the theologians began an entertaining discussion; some of them also related well-known stories in order to while away the aeons a little. They talked a lot about tolerance and humanity; others had lists with them, for the benefit of the almshouses, and tried to present a pen to the horned ones in order to enroll them too among the ranks of the philanthropists. The devils, however, who were incapable of taking a joke, dragged them with coarse phrases before the judgment seat to be sentenced. Here they were interrogated, but I could hear nothing of the sentence; I just gathered from the facial expressions of the satyrs that things would not be turning out for the best for them; I also heard one of them grumble as they passed by again: This is meant to be Enlightenment? These are the fruits of all our culture and pure science, that we who have never even mentioned Hell just then there arose a great outcry when some devils re-emerged and pleaded to take the cultured Nicolai up to Heaven or somewhere else, because he was so excessively tiresome and absolutely could not keep quiet, so that none of the devils could put up with him; they even threatened to leave the hellfire themselves. The boundless mercy was moved, and he was sentenced to take himself off to Nothingness, a valley that lies between life and death, that is neither Heaven nor Hell, that, strictly speaking, does not exist. He went forth with joy and said that he would enjoy himself there because it was his native land, and having to leave it had been the worst thing for him about the resurrection. On the whole, the judge’s voice continued, we do not want to taint noble eternity any longer by passing judgment on such creatures as have never existed and of whom I have never been aware; let all these fellows be conveyed thither, for they are as little suited for Hell as for Heaven; we can make better use of salvation and, for that matter, the flames of Hell. How amazed I was that the huge number of countless multitudes was diminished so extraordinarily by this single word; from the scraping of feet that these amateur non-entities were making in front of the throne there arose such a noise that the heavenly music could no longer be heard; they changed their place of residence with joy and jubilation, and I noticed that many of them had manuscripts, which they took with them in order to put the finishing touches to them over there.

A host of women had arisen, and the prudes among them pushed forward forcibly to show how embarrassed they were, for all of them were naked. They shocked all Heaven with their exquisite virtue and claimed to be completely innocent, while finding nothing innocent; everything aggrieved them and was liable to lead them astray; some of them even sought to cover their souls with their hands, so extraordinarily embarrassed were they. The devils greatly pestered them with coarse expressions, and as soon as they turned red or pale with shame, lightning flashed all round them, as it is wont to do in the clouds before a thunderstorm. They were all condemned without exception, but their only complaint was that the devils were, strictly speaking, men, and that one might therefore think ill of them in Heaven. Others said that, at the very least, they would prefer to be covered with the flames of Hell, as in Heaven their chastity would be put to too severe a trial. Thereupon they went off very discreetly, and I felt free again because I had been ashamed up till then to stare helplessly at their indecent pudenda.

While I was still reflecting, Jean Paul came bounding towards me and said: ''Isn’t it very annoying how the last day suddenly comes upon us without the slightest justification for it? For what then will some six or seven thousand alphabets say? And just look around, see how mundanely and normally it all happens. I would have described it very differently.'' He did not wait for my reply but ran as fast as he could after the prudes, who were already far away and of whom he overtook only the last one. Noble, pure soul! he exclaimed, do you still read so diligently the role of Klotilde? She bowed and stepped back respectfully, apologized that she was doomed for the time being, but perhaps sometime in the future she would once again have the honour. He shook his head in total amazement and disappeared into the crowd.

Now many fathers and mothers appeared with many children, and each child was carrying several children’s books under his arm, which they consulted from time to time in order to regulate their conduct, and they were often exhorted by their sensible parents to behave themselves. The father, a very respectable man, looked around with a meaningful glance, apparently scrutinizing the arrangements, and shrugged his shoulders. Well, well, he then began, turning towards the almighty judge, ''but I would have thought that one who has existed since the beginning of time, and so has reached quite an advanced age, would have more consideration for children and their delicate minds! What are they supposed to make of all this, eh? Have I instructed them so diligently only to see them now, after their death, become prey to a dangerous superstition? And when everything remained as it was, he turned to some of the most respected angels and said: Hey children, do me a favour and wipe those grimaces from your faces, especially you devils over there, whom I cannot stand at all; what is a child’s sensitive imagination supposed to make of such fantastic monstrosities?'' When the devils all began to laugh at these remarks, he turned away indignantly, and pointed out to his children that they couldn’t believe anything at all that they saw there, particularly as it was all just a fantasy and relic of the dark ages. After some discussions with the devils, he took himself off, together with all the children, to Nothingness, where he hoped to find an abundance of rational enlightenment.

It had become a little quiet when one suddenly became aware, with great astonishment, of a tremendous digging and working in the ground; great clods were turned over and the earth seemed to be suffering greatly from labour pains, and at the very least to be heralding some horrible giant. Some guessed Goliath, others Titan, but both were wrong, for there emerged nothing more than large bales of paper, entitled: Universal Literary Gazette. Now, really, an old scholar cried, who is not reminded by this of Horace’s Parturiunt montes? Scarcely had the devils seen the spectacle than some arrived posthaste and gathered up all the paper, while one of them in a frightful temper cried: ''No, really, things are becoming absolutely intolerable when something that has never shown a trace of life now wants to take part in the universal resurrection! You volumes probably think that we shall also turn a blind eye to the confusion here? You fancy that if you simply behave in an animated manner, it will be just as though you were actually alive. But no, my friend, no one here is going to sell us a pig in a poke. At this, the Literary Gazette'' came forward and spoke in roman type at great length about the signs of the times and about cocky young people, saying that she had already been in print for sixteen years, and that she was well worth the price and that she was indeed alive, and that she would do this, and that she would do that, etc. The devil, however, grabbed her unceremoniously by the ears and inconsiderately ripped from her masthead the All, so that only gemeine was left, and thus was she placed before the tribunal. The judge looked at her ungraciously and said: Have I not commanded in my laws, Thou shalt not review? At this, the editor, who was living in the papers, cried out with great zeal: ''I thought you meant: Thou shalt not reason, and that’s what I have faithfully kept: but where, incidentally, is that commandment to be found? Because Orientalism is not my field. It is included in the commandment, the judge replied: Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.''

If only she had a bit of sense, a philosopher said, one could even forgive her for bearing false witness, but there is not a trace of intelligence to be found in her. Now, upon my soul, the secretary, who was still rooted to the earth, was heard to shout from below, those are palpable lies, as everyone knows that we even subscribed to a particular news sheet, which was moreover distributed free of charge.  In general, the editor continued, a high court should not take any notice of lampoons against the honourable institution, for all that can be said against it is just a pack of lies.  Don’t be so rude, a devil snapped at him. The only reason they have they torn off one of our ears, the former said, ''is to stay in character. No, on the contrary, all you highly esteemed immortals, here we meet with a most delightful eternity, inasmuch as I hope to dispatch many more volumes to the printing press, and as a new century is almost upon us, we too need to devise an entirely new plan and move with the times, for one must not of course remain standing still. My esteemed fellow subscribers (you who take an interest in literature and in my misfortune), what if we here, where we alas see before us so much life, immortality, and the like that we don’t know which way to turn, were to turn our Literary Gazette into a Universal Lethargy Gazette according to the new plan? Would that not help us splendidly?'' He intended to keep on talking but was transported with all the paper to the realm of Nothingness, where he was virtually indispensable.

I had taken great delight in the latter drama, when a nimble devil seized me by the collar before I could suspect it, and in spite of all my struggling he led to the judgment seat. I heard laughter all around me, and amongst the groans the adage crossed my mind: He who laughs last laughs longest. The judge asked me very gravely how I could have presumed to represent in Zerbino, under the vile image of one Stallmeister, a dog, worthy pedagogues, who had expended much zeal, effort, time, intelligence almost, on the improvement of schools and enlightenment, and on the introduction of well-meaning monthly journals? I replied that he was looking for specific personalities, whereas I did not mean it to be taken so literally: And I certainly hope that I am not the author who is portrayed there.

But, the voice continued, you cannot deny that you besmirched and scorned great and respected men in the same work, some openly identified by name, others concealed behind spiteful puns, for hardly anyone, it seems, is agreeable to you.

I did not mean it to be taken in so vicious a light, I interrupted, trembling, I assumed that you would take it as a joke.

That is always your excuse, was the answer, when you cannot think of anything else to say, but even if I wanted to forgive you for everything, can you deny or justify the fact that you have already portrayed and ridiculed the actual Last Judgment in advance?

This accusation came as a surprise to me; I fell silent; fear took hold of me, but just then, as luck would have it, I woke up.

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 reformers— the democratic party that had for its watchword the expressive phrase, "Unlock the lands." When the Victorian Convention met in Melbourne in 1857, with the object of securing a reform of the land laws, Wilson Gray was chosen one of the delegates from the metropolis, in company with three brother Hibernians—Michael Keeley and Stephen Donovan, city councillors, and James Doyle, one of the men of '48. At its first meeting the Convention elected Wilson Gray as its president, and it had no reason to regret its decision, for during a session of three weeks he guided its deliberations with gentlemanly tact and skill. Liberal land legislation was not secured without a protracted struggle with interested wealthy monopolists, but the ultimate success of the people was due in no small degree to the impulse given to the movement by that historical body—the Convention—and to the stirring addresses of its president, Wilson Gray. An agricultural constituency—the county of Rodney—gratefully returned him to Parliament, and he entered that higher sphere with fond hopes of advancing the popular cause. The crooked ways of politics, however, did not accord with his simple honest nature, and it would perhaps have been much better if he had continued to fight outside the Parliamentary arena. The measures on which he had set his heart were not passed into law; politicians on whom he had relied for co-operation proved faithless; and so, with a heavy heart, the popular tribune resigned his seat, bade farewell to Victoria, and made the distant colony of New Zealand his home for the remainder of his life. He never again interfered in politics, but, accepting the position of District Judge of the province of Otago, gave himself up to the conscientious discharge of his official duties until his death on April 4th, 1875. His

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 statue has an honourable place in the Trades' Hall of the capital of Victoria, and his portrait hangs on the walls of the University in the principal city of New Zealand. As illustrating his extreme conscientiousness, it is a fact that he insisted on going circuit whilst almost too ill to walk. At Lawrence, the last town in which he sat, he was carried from his bed to the court, and having performed his last judicial act, was carried back, never to rise again. As a judge he had a great detestation of mere technical defences, of which the following is a humorous instance in point:

There was a case in which a plea of infancy had been put forward. He wanted to know why such a plea had been advanced, and asked if there was no other defence to the action, which was one for goods sold and delivered. The facts were explained to him, showing that the technical defence was set up on the ground that the plaintiff was not morally entitled to recover, if he were legally. The next case on the list was an action for calls due. After hearing the evidence, the defendant's counsel raised a large number of nonsuit points—the company had not been properly registered, the calls not duly made, &c. Turning to the defendant. Judge Gray said: "I want to know why all these technical defences have been raised. Why do you not pay as other shareholders have done?" The defendant replied: "Well, I have never had any objection to pay with the rest; but when the secretary of the company called on me, he said I was a puppy, sir! A puppy!" "Oh," quietly remarked the judge, "another plea of infancy, I see. I must nonsuit. Call the next case."

Sir Robert Stout, Premier of New Zealand, thus admirably sums up the career of a man, of whom Irishmen all the world

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Armstrong, William George


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User talk:89900werdfvcgh

— billinghurst  sDrewth  13:37, 18 October 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:89900werdfvcgh


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Author:Harrison Smith Morris

Works

 * Where meadows meet the sea. A collection of sea songs and pastoral lays (1892)
 * In the yule-log glow (1892)
 * Tales from ten poets (1893)
 * Tales from Shakespeare (1894)
 * "Florence Earle Coates" from Book News Monthly (December 1898) Vol. 17 No. 196:191.
 * Lyrics and landscapes (1908)
 * Travels near home: written for The Site and Relic Society of Germantown and read at the meeting of October 25, 1909 (1910)
 * Masterpieces of the Sea. William T. Richards; a brief outline of his life and art (1912)
 * Hannah By (1920)
 * The landlord's daughter (1923)
 * Walt Whitman: a brief biography with reminiscences (1920 or 1929)
 * Martial notes of the old war and the new; dedicated to the G.A.R. passing by on the march to immortality (1929)
 * Confessions in art (1930)

Poetry

 * Madonna, and other poems (1894)

title: Author:Harrison Smith Morris


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Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/306

 over may well be proud: "His distinguishing characteristic was his extreme conscientiousness. This made him doubtful of his own powers and ever prone to underrate himself. He had been offered a seat on the Supreme Court bench of New Zealand, but this he refused. When the Liberal party in Victoria got into power, to their great honour, he was offered a county court judgeship, and this also he declined. Another of his characteristics was his entire unselfishness. At one time, when the business of the court was light, he thought it wrong for the government to keep a district judge for such a small number of cases, and he wrote offering to resign, notwithstanding the fact that, if his resignation had been accepted, he had no means and no business to maintain himself. His benevolence was unbounded. No one in distress who requested aid from him ever met with a refusal. Here then was a politician—radical in his opinions, pure in his life, unsullied in his character, not a self-seeker, and ever modest and humble. Is it not the duty of Australians to cherish his memory? Amidst all the turmoil of party warfare, no one doubted his sincerity. Am I wrong, then, in thinking that, when the impartial historian comes to record the early struggles for Liberalism in Australia, the name of Wilson Gray will stand high amongst the statesmen and politicians of the past? I know of no one's career better fitted to inspire our young colonists with enthusiasm and with a desire so to act that their lives may not be forgotten. Gray strove to so frame the laws and carry on the administration of the government, that the evils which had afflicted? European countries might be unknown in these southern lands. He was a Liberal; he was poor; he was conscientious; he was modest; he was able; he was learned. Let our young colonists, remembering him and his life, ask themselves what

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 Some unseen force hurled his body squarely into the core of this purple flame!

By ROBERT H. LEITFRED

HEN the young scientist Aaron Carruthers finished computing the intricate problem before him on his desk, he closed his eyes as if to visualize the chaos these symbols denoted.

Thin beads of sweat formed on his high, intelligent forehead. Three times had he re-checked the problem to make certain there had been no error. He had even sent word to a colleague, George Vignot, to come to the laboratory and work out the problem in his own way just to make certain that there had been no mistake.

In a few minutes the big, bearded chemist, Vignot, would arrive. No chance that both would make the same mistake. And if Vignot's conclusions matched his own—well, the astounding and fearsome news would have to be sent out to the world on the Continental Television News panels. 63