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Rh the children of Israel were numbered, and were all present, and went against them: and the children of Israel pitched before them like two little flocks of kids; but the Syrians filled the country.

And there came a man of God, and spake unto the king of Israel, and said, Thus saith the Lord, Because the Syrians have said, The Lord is God of the hills, but he is not God of the valleys, therefore will I deliver all this great multitude into thine hand, and ye shall know that I am the Lord. And they pitched one over against the other seven days. And so it was, that in the seventh day the battle was joined: and the children of Israel slew of the Syrians an hundred thousand footmen in one day. But the rest fled to Aphek, into the city; and there a wall fell upon twenty and seven thousand of the men that were left. And Ben-hadad fled, and came into the city, into an inner chamber.

And his servants said unto him, Behold now, we have heard that the kings of the house of Israel are merciful kings: let us, I pray thee, put sackcloth on our loins, and ropes upon our heads, and go out to the king of Israel: peradventure he will save thy life. So they girded sackcloth on their loins, and put ropes on their heads, and came to the king of Israel, and said, Thy servant Ben-hadad saith, I pray thee,


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 became a journalist at the age of sixteen. At first he wrote for the 'Norfolk News,' and afterwards transferred his services to the 'Oxford Journal.' In 1866 he joined the parliamentary reporting staff of 'The Times,' and after eight years' work in that capacity was sent to Paris in 1874 to act as assistant to Henri Opper de Blowitz, 'The Times' Paris correspondent. There he remained for twenty-eight years. His leisure he chiefly devoted to historical research in the Bibliotheque Nationale and National Archives. He made himself thoroughly familiar with the topographical history of Paris, and threw new light on byways of the French revolution, investigating with especial thoroughness the part which Englishmen played in the great movement. His chief publications were: He also published 'The Paris Sketch Book' (a description of current Parisian life) (1887); contributed historical articles to several leading magazines, and was an occasional contributor to this Dictionary. In 1902 Alger retired from the service of 'The Times' on a pension, and settled in London. He died unmarried at 7 Holland Park Court, Addison Road, West Kensington, on 23 May 1907.
 * 1) 'Englishmen in the French Revolution,' 1889.
 * 2) 'Glimpses of the French Revolution,' 1894.
 * 3) 'Paris in 1789-94; Farewell Letters of Victims of the Guillotine,' 1902.
 * 4) 'Napoleon's British Visitors and Captives,' 1904.

ALINGTON, first. [See, 1825–1904.]

ALISON, ARCHIBALD, second baronet (1826–1907), general, born at Edinburgh on 21 Jan. 1826, was eldest son of Sir, first baronet [q. v.], the historian, by Elizabeth Glencairn, daughter of Lieut.-colonel Tytler. In 1835 Possil House, near Glasgow, became the family home. The father educated his son privately, till he went to Glasgow University. There, at the age of fifteen, he gained the first prize for an English essay on the character and times of Sulla, and reviewed Thierry's History of the Gauls' in Blackwood's Magazine.' Between Alison and his father there was always the closest intimacy. They shared the same tastes, and the son replied in 'Blackwood' (May 1850) to the criticisms in the 'Edinburgh Review' on the continuation of his father's history.

On 3 Nov. 1846 Alison was commissioned as ensign in the 72nd foot (afterwards Seaforth highlanders) and joined the depot at Nenagh. He was promoted lieutenant on 11 Sept. 1849, and joined the headquarters of the regiment in Barbados. Yellow fever was raging there, and his father had arranged for an exchange, but Alison refused to leave his regiment at such a time. He went with it to Nova Scotia in 1851, and came home with it in October 1854, having been promoted captain on 11 Nov. 1853.

After some months at Malta, the regiment went to the Crimea in May 1855, and having taken part in the expedition to Kertch, was placed in the highland brigade at the end of June. While serving with the regiment in the trenches before Sebastopol, Alison attracted the notice of Sir [q. v.], by opportunely producing a sketch plan of the trenches, which he had drawn on the inside of an envelope, as well as by his coolness under fire during the assault of 8 Sept. He was mentioned in despatches, was made brevet-major on 6 June 1856, and received the Crimean medal with clasp and the Turkish medal. On 19 Dec. 1856 he left the 72nd for an unattached majority.

When Sir Colin Campbell left England at twenty-four hours' notice on 12 July 1857 to deal with the Indian Mutiny, he took Alison with him as his military secretary, and a younger brother, Frederick, as his aide-de-camp. In the second relief of Lucknow both brothers were wounded, the elder losing his left arm. He returned to duty early in 1858, but the stump inflamed, and he was invalided home (10 March). He had been mentioned in despatches (Lond. Gaz. 16 Jan. 1858), was made brevet lieut.-colonel and C.B. (28 Feb. 1861), and received the medal with clasp. On his arrival in England he dined with Queen Victoria. When entertained by the corporation of Glasgow, he explained Sir Colin Campbell's work, and wrote on 'Lord Clyde's Campaign in India' in 'Blackwood' (Oct. 1858).

Alison was unemployed for the next four years. From 17 March 1862 to 19 Oct. 1867 he was an assistant adjutant-general, first with the inspector-general of infantry at headquarters, and three years afterwards in the south-western district. He became brevet-colonel on 17 March 1867. On 1 Oct. 1870 he was placed on the staff at Aldershot as assistant adjutant-general. At the end of 1873 he went to the west coast of Africa in command of the British brigade sent out for the Ashanti war, with the local rank of brigadier-general. He took part in

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text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Perkins, Hon. Patrick


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Perrin, George Samuel


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 the best of euery dowt,’ and two instrumental pieces, also in three parts.

LLOYD, JOHN (1558–1603), classical scholar, born at Denbigh in 1558, entered Winchester in 1574, and matriculated at Oxford as a scholar of New College on 20 Dec. 1577 (, Winchester Scholars, p. 146). He was perpetual fellow from 1579 until 1596, and graduated B.A. in 1581, M.A. in 1585, B.D. in 1592, and D.D. in 1595 (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., vol. ii.) On 4 April 1591 he was elected junior proctor, and in 1598 was presented by his college to the vicarage of Writtle, Essex. He died in 1603, and was buried in Writtle Church. He was brother of (1546–1601) [q. v.]

Lloyd, who was an eloquent preacher, edited, with a Latin translation and notes:
 * 1) ‘Flavii Josephi de Maccabæis liber,’ 8vo, Oxford, 1590.
 * 2) ‘Barlaami de Papæ principatu libellus,’ 4to, Oxford, 1592, the first edition of the tract.

LLOYD, JOHN (d. 1682), poet, born in 1644, was son of George Lloyd, rector of Wonston, Hampshire, and brother of [q. v.] On 13 Nov. 1662 he matriculated from Wadham College, Oxford, of which he was a scholar from 1663 until 1669. He graduated B.A. in 1666, and M.A. on 18 Feb. 1668–9, being instituted vicar of Holyrood, Southampton, 20 May 1675 (, Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714, iii. 926). He died at Southampton on 31 Aug. 1682, when he was succeeded by Roger Farbrother. He was author of ‘Shir ha Shirim, or the Song of Songs; being a Paraphrase upon the most excellent Canticles of Solomon in a Pindarick Poem. To which is annext another late Pindarick Ode, being an Hymn on the Works of the Six Days,’ 8vo, London, 1681–2. It was not until the ‘Paraphrase’ had been surreptitiously printed in 1681 (4to) by a stranger as his own composition that Lloyd published the genuine edition.

LLOYD, JOHN (1638–1687), bishop of St. Davids, born at Pentaine, Carmarthenshire, in 1638, was son of Morgan Lloyd. He matriculated at Oxford from Merton College on 10 March 1656–7, and was elected fellow of Jesus, becoming principal of that house in 1673. He graduated B.A. in 1659, M.A. in 1662, B.D. on 15 March 1669–70, and D.D. in 1674. On 9 April 1672 he was chosen precentor of Llandaff, and on 10 May 1679 he was appointed treasurer (, Fasti, ed. Hardy, ii. 261, 263). In 1682 and the three following years he was vice-chancellor of the university. He became rector of Llandawke, Carmarthenshire, in 1668, of Llangwm, Pembrokeshire, in 1671, and of Burton, in the same county, in 1672. He was consecrated bishop of St. Davids on 17 Oct. 1686, holding his rectories in commendam. He died in Jesus College on 13 Feb. 1686–7, and was buried in the chapel.

LLOYD, JOHN AUGUSTUS (1800–1854), engineer and surveyor, youngest son of John Lloyd of Lynn, Norfolk, was born in London on 1 May 1800, and was educated successively at private schools at Tooting and at Winchester, where he was taught the rudiments of science. When on a visit to Derbyshire he executed a survey of the Wirksworth mines. The peace of 1815 prevented his obtaining a commission in the army as he desired, and he was sent out to his elder brother, who was king's counsel at Tortola. There John spent his time in surveying, and acquired a knowledge of Spanish and French. Crossing to South America, he presented an introduction, which had been given him by Sir Robert Ker Porter, to Simon Bolivar, the liberator of Colombia, and served some years on his staff as a captain of engineers, ultimately attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In November 1827 he was commissioned by Bolivar to survey the Isthmus of Panama and report on the best means of inter-oceanic communication. His progress was arrested by disturbances at Carthagena, where in helping to restore order he was severely wounded and narrowly escaped death. He ultimately carried out the survey under immense difficulties, some of it being through dense forests, where the surveyors were constant targets for the carbines of ‘Cisneros’ and his band, wild Indian freebooters, for years the pest of the Caraccas. Lloyd recommended a road, on the line since adopted for the Chagres and Panama railway. Soon afterwards he appears to have returned to England. His report on his survey appeared in ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1830, pp. 59–68, with supplementary information in ‘Journal of Royal Geographical Society,’ i. 69–101. In the same year he was made F.R.S. He was employed, under the joint direction of the board of admiralty and the Royal Society,


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 by his terse and epigrammatic style. The larger part of Alexander's writings and lectures, however, was on theological subjects and much of it was prepared for English pulpits. Not so powerful as Magee, he became, probably, the most brilliant Anglican preacher of his day. No one approached him as a master of felicitous and striking phrase. His sermons were not so closely reasoned as Liddon's, but their effectiveness was much enhanced by their delivery without manuscript, by a splendid and sympathetic voice and a dignified presence. 'My habit,' he wrote, 'is to prepare carefully and to take into the pulpit a complete skeleton of the discourse, and as much argumentative or illustrative matter as might occupy some minutes in delivery, trusting for the rest to the suggestions of the moment founded upon previous thought.' His sermons on great occasions were very numerous, two notable examples being his discourse at the enthronement of his old friend Magee as archbishop of York on 17 March 1891, and that before the Lambeth conference in Canterbury Cathedral on 4 July 1897. Steeped in the writings of Pearson and the great Caroline divines, he wrote and spoke with a just sense of proportion, and knew how to distinguish things essential from things of secondary importance. His Oxford prize essay on the 'Divinity of Christ' was reprinted twice in a slightly modified form, in 1854, and again in one of his latest books, 'Primary Convictions' (1893, 2nd ed. 1898). This work also contains the substance of lectures delivered in America in 1892; it deals with the main topics of the Christian creed, and in picturesque and impassioned language dwells upon its beauty, its reasonableness and its response to the aspirations of the soul. His reasoned apologetic is reverent, telling, and brilliant; but he did not read German, and he took the critical labours of Germany at second hand. In 1876 he delivered at Oxford the Bampton lectures on the 'Witness of the Psalms to Christ and Christianity' (1876; 3rd edit. 1890). This contains much that is permanently valuable and suggestive, from the theological rather than the critical side. The same may be said of the 'Leading Ideas of the Gospels' (1872, 3rd edit. 1898), which grew out of Oxford sermons preached in 1871. His commentaries on the Johannine epistles (1881) in the 'Speaker's Commentary ' and hi the 'Expositor's Bible' (1889) abound in devout and beautiful thoughts and in proofs of a refined taste.

A convinced unionist in politics, Alexander showed his rhetorical power to advantage at the Albert Hall, London, in 1893, in his speech against the second home rule bill; but he had friends in all political camps. The most delightful of hosts, his conversation was full of interest and esprit. and even in extreme old age a literary problem or nice point of criticism would be eagerly taken up by him and discussed with his old fire. With the manners and the courtesy of a grand seigneur he combined the fatherly dignity of a prince of the church. He resigned the archbishopric on 30 Jan. 1911, and died in retirement at Torquay on 12 Sept. 1911. He was buried in Derry Cathedral cemetery beside his wife who had died on 15 Oct. 1895. Alexander was hon. D.C.L. Oxon (1876), hon. LL.D. Dublin (1892), hon. D. Litt. Oxon (1907), and he received the G.C.V.O. in 1911. On 15 Oct. 1850 he married Cecil Frances (daughter of John Humphreys, D.L.), well known as a hymn writer [see, Suppl. I], by whom he had two sons and two daughters.

Alexander's portrait was thrice painted: (1) for his family, by C. N. Kennedy, when he had been twenty-five years bishop of Derry; (2) for the palace of Armagh, by Walter Osborne; and (3) by Harris Brown for presentation to the National Gallery of Ireland by friends, representing all religious denominations, on his resignation of the primacy. A synod hall at Armagh is being built (1912) in his memory, and in Derry also his name is to be associated with a monument. A cartoon by 'Spy' appeared in 'Vanity Fair' in 1895. In addition to the works enumerated he published 'The Great Question and other Sermons' (1885; 2nd edit. 1887), and 'Verbum Crucis' (1892), and he edited Ephesians, Colossians, Thessalonians, and Philemon (1880) in the 'Speaker's Commentary.'

 ALGER, JOHN GOLDWORTH (1836–1907), journalist and author, born at Diss, Norfolk, and baptised on 7 Aug. 1836, was the only son of John Alger, a corn merchant of that town, by his wife Jemima, daughter of Salem Goldworth, yeoman, of Morning Thorpe, Norfolk. Educated at Diss, Alger


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Perry, Right Rev. Charles


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Peterswald, William John


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Petherick, Edward Augustus


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Phillimore, Major William George


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Phillips, Major George B.


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Philp, Robert


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Piddington, Hon. William Richman


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pilkington, Captain Henry Lionel


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Rh in determining the difference of level in the Thames between London Bridge and the sea. His report appeared in ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1831, pp. 167–98.

In 1831 Lloyd went out to Mauritius, where he was appointed colonial civil engineer and surveyor-general. He arrived at Port Louis on 31 Aug. 1831, and soon afterwards made a daring ascent of the Peter Botte mountain, which was previously regarded as inaccessible (see account in Journal of Royal Geographical Society, vol. iii.) During his twenty years' service in Mauritius he executed many useful public works, including a breakwater for the inner harbour, the custom house, a patent slip for vessels of six hundred tons, the colonial observatory, iron bridges, district churches, hundreds of miles of macadamised roads, and a trigonometrical survey of the island and the adjoining islets. He also compiled a new map of Madagascar, with a memoir, published in ‘Journal of Royal Geographical Society,’ vol. xx. He quitted the island on 4 April 1849, and reached Europe by way of Ceylon. He made his way to Norway, and afterwards travelled through Poland, where he was temporarily detained by the Russian authorities at Cracow. On his release he visited the Carpathians, Vienna, Tyrol, and France, and inspected the observatories en route.

Lloyd became an associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers, and served on the council. His paper communicated to the institute in 1849 on the ‘Facilities for a Ship Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific’ (see Proc. Inst. Civil Eng. ix. 58 et seq.) was awarded the Telford medal. ‘There was nothing,’ he wrote, ‘but the climate and the expense to prevent a canal being cut from one sea to the other of sufficient depth to float the largest ship in her majesty's navy’ (ib. p. 60). In 1851 Lloyd acted as special commissioner, in conjunction with Dr. (now Sir James) Lyon Playfair, in procuring specimens of the industrial products of the metropolis and manufacturing districts for the Great Exhibition, and performed his work with indefatigable industry. By way of reward he was sent as British chargé d'affaires to Bolivia. A paper which he wrote there on the famous mines of Copiapo, Chili, was communicated by Prince Albert to the Royal Geographical Society (see Journal, xxiii. 196–212). After the outbreak of war with Russia, Lloyd started on a mission to stir up the Circassians in the English interest. He was detained in the Crimea after the battle of the Alma to collect information, and died at Therapia of cholera on 10 Oct. 1854, in his fifty-fifth year. He left a widow and family. Two sons held commissions in the British army.

Lloyd was a man of immense energy and of much scientific aptitude. Besides the scientific papers already mentioned Lloyd wrote ‘Notes on Panama’ (‘Journal of Royal Geographical Society,’ i. 69–100), ‘Account of Observations at Mauritius’ (‘Astronomical Society's Monthly Notices,’ 1833–1836, iii. 186–94), ‘On Beds and Masses of Coal at a distance from the Sea in Mauritius’ (‘Geological Society's Proceedings,’ 1842, iii. 317–18), ‘Notes on Geological Formation of Round and Serpents Islands, Mauritius’ (‘Proc. Verb. Soc. Hist. Nat. de Maurice,’ 1846, pp. 155–6), ‘Report of a Journey across the Andes between Cochabamba and Chimoré’ (ib. xxiv. 259–65). A volume of ‘Papers relating to Proposals for establishing Colleges of Arts and Manufactures for the Industrial Classes’ was printed for private circulation at London in 1851, 8vo. He made many drawings of Madagascar, and charts, mostly South American.

 LLOYD, JULIUS (1830–1892), divine and author, son of Francis Lloyd, manufacturer, of London, was born 10 Sept. 1830 and was educated at the New Proprietary School, Blackheath. He entered at Trinity College, Cambridge, on 11 May 1848, was admitted scholar on 3 May 1851, and graduated B.A. in 1852 as 22nd wrangler. In 1853 he was placed in the first class of the moral science tripos. In 1855 he proceeded M.A., and was ordained. He served curacies in succession at Brentwood, Essex (1855–7), St. Peter, Wolverhampton (1858–62), Trysull, Staffordshire (1862–6), and St. Peter, Pimlico (1866–8). In 1868 he became vicar of High Cross, Hertfordshire, in 1871 incumbent of St. John, Greenock, in 1880 rector of St. Ann, Manchester, in 1886 vicar of Leesfield, Lancashire, rural dean of Oldham, and honorary canon of Manchester; and finally, in 1891, canon-residentiary of Manchester and rector of St. Philip, Salford, where he was elected a member of the Salford school board. Dr. Fraser, bishop of Manchester, appointed him his examining chaplain in 1881, to which post he was reappointed in 1886 by Bishop Moorhouse.

Lloyd died on 27 May 1892. He was an effective preacher and a hard-working parish priest, of pronounced liberal views. In 1865 he was appointed select preacher at Cam-


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pillinger, Hon. Alfred Thomas


text:
Page:Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Amendment Act 2002.pdf/4

before the date of commencement of section 31; or

as contemplated in section 31(6),

and whose name has been included on the list contemplated in subsection (3), may be appointed or designated as such under subsection (1)(a).

(3) The Director-General of the Department must compile and keep a list of every officer or person who has—

completed a training course as contemplated in section 31(6); or

been designated or appointed as a clerk an equality court in terms ”.

Amendment of section 31 of Act 4 of 2000

3. The following section is hereby substituted for section 31 of the principal Act:

“Implementation of Act

any court unless a presiding officer and one or more clerks are available.

(2) For purposes of giving full effect to this Act and making the Act as accessible as possible—

and in giving effect to subsection (1), judges, magistrates or additional magistrates, as the case may be, and clerks referred to in subsection (1) may be—

designated as presiding officers; and

appointed or designated as clerks,

respectively, for one or more equality courts;

the Minister must make the Act available in all official languages in the prescribed manner within a period of two years after the commencement of this Act.

(3) The Director-General of the Department must take all reasonable steps within the available resources of the Department to ensure that a clerk is available for each court in the Republic.

(4) The Chief Justice must, in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission and the Magistrates Commission, develop the content of training courses with a view to building a dedicated and experienced pool of trained and specialised presiding officers, for purposes of presiding in court proceedings as contemplated in this Act, by providing—

social context training for presiding officers; and

uniform norms, standards and procedures to be observed by presiding officers in the performance of their functions and duties and in the exercise of their powers.

(5) The Chief Justice must, in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission, the Magistrates Commission and the Minister, implement the training courses contemplated in subsection (4).

(6) The Director-General of the Department must develop and implement a training course for clerks of equality courts with the view to building a dedicated and experienced pool of trained and specialised clerks, for purposes of performing their functions and duties as contemplated in this Act, by providing—

social context training for clerks; and

uniform norms, standards and procedures to be observed by clerks in the performance of their functions and duties.

(7) The Minister must table a report in Parliament, as prescribed, relating to the content and implementation of the training courses referred to in ”.


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pirani, Frederick Joy


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pitt, Lieutenant-Colonel Douglas Charles Dean


text:
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4. This Act is called the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Amendment Act, 2002.


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Price, John


text: Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Amendment Act, 2002


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pring, His Honour the Hon. Ratcliffe


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Prout, John Skinner


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pugh, Theophilus Parsons


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text:
Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000/2003-01-15

as amended by

Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Amendment Act, No. 52 of 2002

CHAPTER 4

EQUALITY COURTS

Equality courts and presiding officers

16. (1) For the purposes of this Act. but subject to section 31—

every High Court is an equality court for the area of its jurisdiction;

any judge may, subject to subsection (2), be designated in writing by the Judge President as a presiding officer of the equality court of the area in respect of which he or she is a judge;

the Minister must, after consultation with the head of an administrative region defined in section 1 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act, 1944 (Act No. 32 of 1944), by notice in the Gazette—

designate one or more magistrate’s courts as equality courts for the administrative region concerned;

define the area of jurisdiction of each equality court, which may consist of any number of districts, sub-districts or other areas of jurisdiction created in terms of section 2 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act, 1944;

increase or reduce the area of jurisdiction of each equality court;

appoint one or more places within the area of jurisdiction of each equality court for the holding of equality court sittings;

withdraw or vary any notice under this paragraph; and

the head of an administrative region contemplated in paragraph (c) must, subject to subsection (2), designate in writing any magistrate or additional magistrate as a presiding officer of the equality court.

(2) Only a judge, magistrate or additional magistrate who has completed a training course as a presiding officer of an equality court—

before the date of commencement of section 31; or

as contemplated in section 31(4),

and whose name has been included on the list contemplated in subsection (4)(a), may be designated as such in terms of subsection (1).

(3) The Judges President and the heads of administrative regions must—

take all reasonable steps within available resources to designate at least one presiding officer for each equality court within his or her area of jurisdiction; and

without delay, inform the Director-General of the Department of any judge, magistrate or additional magistrate who has completed a training course as contemplated in section 31(4) and (5) or who has been designated in terms of subsection (1).

(4) The Director-General of the Department must compile and keep a list of every judge, magistrate and additional magistrate who has—

completed a training course as contemplated in section 31(4) and (5); or

been designated as a presiding officer of an equality court in terms of subsection (1).

(5) A presiding officer must perform the functions and duties and exercise the powers assigned to or conferred on him or her under this Act or any other law.”.

[S. 16 substituted by s. 1 of Act No. 52 of 2002.]

Clerks of equality courts

17. (1) (a) Subject to subsection (2) and the laws governing the public service, the Director-General of the Department may, for every equality court, appoint or designate one or more officers in the Department, or may appoint one or more persons in the prescribed manner and on the prescribed conditions, as clerks of the equality court, who must generally assist the court to which they are attached in performing its functions and who must perform the functions as may be prescribed.

(b) If a clerk of an equality court is for any reason unable to act as such or if no clerk has been appointed or designated for any equality court under paragraph (a), the presiding officer concerned may, despite subsection (2), designate any competent officer in the Department to act as clerk for as long as the said clerk is unable to act or until a clerk is appointed or designated under paragraph (a), as the case may be.

[Sub-s. (1) substituted by s. 2 (a) of Act No. 52 of 2002.]

(2) Only an officer or person contemplated in subsection (1)(a) who has completed a training course as clerk of an equality court—

before the date of commencement of section 31; or

as contemplated in section 31(6),

and whose name has been included on the list contemplated in subsection (3), may be appointed or designated as such under subsection (1)(a).

[Sub-s. (2) added by s. 2 (b) of Act No. 52 of 2002.]

(3) The Director-General of the Department must compile and keep a list of every officer or person who has—

completed a training course as contemplated in section 31(6); or

been designated or appointed as a clerk an equality court in terms of subsection (1)(a).

[Sub-s. (3) added by s. 2 (b) of Act No. 52 of 2002.]

Implementation of Act

31. (1) Despite section 16(1) no proceedings may be instituted in any court unless a presiding officer and one or more clerks are available.

(2) For purposes of giving full effect to this Act and making the Act as accessible as possible—

and in giving effect to subsection (1), judges, magistrates or additional magistrates, as the case may be, and clerks referred to in subsection (1) may be—

designated as presiding officers; and

appointed or designated as clerks,

respectively, for one or more equality courts;

the Minister must make the Act available in all official languages in the prescribed manner within a period of two years after the commencement of this Act.

(3) The Director-General of the Department must take all reasonable steps within the available resources of the Department to ensure that a clerk is available for each court in the Republic.

(4) The Chief Justice must, in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission and the Magistrates Commission, develop the content of training courses with a view to building a dedicated and experienced pool of trained and specialised presiding officers, for purposes of presiding in court proceedings as contemplated in this Act, by providing—

social context training for presiding officers; and

uniform norms, standards and procedures to be observed by presiding officers in the performance of their functions and duties and in the exercise of their powers.

(5) The Chief Justice must, in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission, the Magistrates Commission and the Minister, implement the training courses contemplated in subsection (4).

(6) The Director-General of the Department must develop and implement a training course for clerks of equality courts with the view to building a dedicated and experienced pool of trained and specialised clerks, for purposes of performing their functions and duties as contemplated in this Act, by providing—

social context training for clerks; and

uniform norms, standards and procedures to be observed by clerks in the performance of their functions and duties.

(7) The Minister must table a report in Parliament, as prescribed, relating to the content and implementation of the training courses referred to in subsections (4) and (5).

[S. 31 substituted by s. 3 of Act No. 52 of 2002.]


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 X WHEN DRAKE WENT DOWN TO THE HORN When Drake went down to the Horn, And England was crowned thereby.

XI SHE CALLS US, STILL UNFED We have fed our sea for a thousand years, And she calls us, still unfed, Though there's never a wave of all her waves But marks our English dead.

XII LORD GOD, WE HA' PAID IN FULL! If blood be the price of admiralty, Lord God, we ha' paid in full!

XIII BUT DROPS OUR DEAD ON THE SAND There's never a flood goes shoreward now But lifts a keel we manned; There's never an ebb goes seaward now But drops our dead on the sand- But slinks our dead on the sands forlore, From the Ducies to the Swin.


text:
Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000/2005-03-31

as amended by

Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Amendment Act, No. 52 of 2002

Judicial Matters Second Amendment Act, No. 55 of 2003

CHAPTER 4

EQUALITY COURTS

Equality courts and presiding officers

16. (1) For the purposes of this Act. but subject to section 31—

every High Court is an equality court for the area of its jurisdiction;

any judge may, subject to subsection (2), be designated in writing by the Judge President as a presiding officer of the equality court of the area in respect of which he or she is a judge;

the Minister must, after consultation with the head of an administrative region defined in section 1 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act, 1944 (Act No. 32 of 1944), by notice in the Gazette—

designate one or more magistrate’s courts as equality courts for the administrative region concerned;

define the area of jurisdiction of each equality court, which may consist of any number of districts, sub-districts or other areas of jurisdiction created in terms of section 2 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act, 1944;

increase or reduce the area of jurisdiction of each equality court;

appoint one or more places within the area of jurisdiction of each equality court for the holding of equality court sittings;

withdraw or vary any notice under this paragraph:

Provided that any proceedings pending before an equality court which are not finalised at the time of the publication of a notice in the Gazette as contemplated in this paragraph, must be finalised by that court, as if such notice had not been published; and

[Para. (c) substituted by s. 28 of Act No. 55 of 2003.]

the head of an administrative region contemplated in paragraph (c) must, subject to subsection (2), designate in writing any magistrate or additional magistrate as a presiding officer of the equality court.

(2) Only a judge, magistrate or additional magistrate who has completed a training course as a presiding officer of an equality court—

before the date of commencement of section 31; or

as contemplated in section 31(4),

and whose name has been included on the list contemplated in subsection (4)(a), may be designated as such in terms of subsection (1).

(3) The Judges President and the heads of administrative regions must—

take all reasonable steps within available resources to designate at least one presiding officer for each equality court within his or her area of jurisdiction; and

without delay, inform the Director-General of the Department of any judge, magistrate or additional magistrate who has completed a training course as contemplated in section 31(4) and (5) or who has been designated in terms of subsection (1).

(4) The Director-General of the Department must compile and keep a list of every judge, magistrate and additional magistrate who has—

completed a training course as contemplated in section 31(4) and (5); or

been designated as a presiding officer of an equality court in terms of subsection (1).

(5) A presiding officer must perform the functions and duties and exercise the powers assigned to or conferred on him or her under this Act or any other law.”.

[S. 16 substituted by s. 1 of Act No. 52 of 2002.]

Clerks of equality courts

17. (1) (a) Subject to subsection (2) and the laws governing the public service, the Director-General of the Department may, for every equality court, appoint or designate one or more officers in the Department, or may appoint one or more persons in the prescribed manner and on the prescribed conditions, as clerks of the equality court, who must generally assist the court to which they are attached in performing its functions and who must perform the functions as may be prescribed.

(b) If a clerk of an equality court is for any reason unable to act as such or if no clerk has been appointed or designated for any equality court under paragraph (a), the presiding officer concerned may, despite subsection (2), designate any competent officer in the Department to act as clerk for as long as the said clerk is unable to act or until a clerk is appointed or designated under paragraph (a), as the case may be.

[Sub-s. (1) substituted by s. 2 (a) of Act No. 52 of 2002.]

(2) Only an officer or person contemplated in subsection (1)(a) who has completed a training course as clerk of an equality court—

before the date of commencement of section 31; or

as contemplated in section 31(6),

and whose name has been included on the list contemplated in subsection (3), may be appointed or designated as such under subsection (1)(a).

[Sub-s. (2) added by s. 2 (b) of Act No. 52 of 2002.]

(3) The Director-General of the Department must compile and keep a list of every officer or person who has—

completed a training course as contemplated in section 31(6); or

been designated or appointed as a clerk an equality court in terms of subsection (1)(a).

[Sub-s. (3) added by s. 2 (b) of Act No. 52 of 2002.]

(4) The Director-General may, subject to such conditions as he or she may determine, in writing delegate any power conferred on him or her by this section to an officer employed by the Department, but shall not be divested of any power so delegated and may amend or set aside any decision of the delegatee made in the exercise of such power.

[Sub-s. (4) added by s. 29 of Act No. 55 of 2003.]


text:
Ronald Reagan Second Gubernatorial Inaugural Address

January 4, 1971

Lieutenant Governor Reinecke, our fellow constitutional officers, leaders and members of the senate and assembly - my fellow Californians:

Remembering our last meeting here under these same circumstances and in spite of the general belief that pain cannot be re-lived in memory, I recalled the cold of that day 4 years ago and decided that cold’s ability to shrink and contract should be applied to my remarks. We will soon be indoors and thawed out!

I do not know whether time has a faster pace in Sacramento than elsewhere but these four years have gone by more swiftly that they did when I marked a four-year term as the period from Freshman to Senior. And yet in this four-year span we have plumbed the ocean depths and reached out to the stars. We have lived for extended periods on the ocean’s floor and have walked on the surface of the moon. In fact I have been up in the air a few times myself and once or twice sought advice about living under water.

But it is almost a cliché to remark that we live in a time of accelerating change. Events once measured against a lifetime are compressed into a decade or even a year. Space and time and distance have been both stretched and shrunk and yesterday is but a preview of tomorrow.

Yet with all the change, some things remain the same. Our goal, for example, of promoting the well being of our people within a more just and perfect union – you will note I said promote not provide.

On that day four years ago, I asked that we set foot on a path leading toward a Creative Society. We have traveled that road since and with all my heart I believe we should continue. It turns away from increasing reliance on government and leads toward renewed respects for – and greater reliance on – the collective genius and common sense of the people.

It is not always an easy path because, by design, it demands as much from those who elect, as it does from those who are elected. This is of course the very reason it is a good road to follow. When those who are governed do too little, those who govern can – and often will – do too much.

When we first set foot on that path I expressed a belief that the most meaningful words in our Constitution are three in number, contained in the phrase, “We the people.” Those of us who faced you from these historic steps then, and we today who have been elected to constitutional office or legislative position, are in that three word phrase. We are of the people, chosen by them to see that no permanent structure of state government ever encroaches upon freedom or assumes a power beyond that freely granted by the people.

We have just gone through the ritual of election. By mandate of the people the power to govern will be shared. Control of the Legislature rests with representatives of one party and most of the constitutional officers and executive branch are of the other. To conclude pessimistically – as some have – that little progress can come from such a situation is to deny the value of the two-party system which has served us so well. Those who mournfully predict there will be little constructive action during this session of the Legislature do an injustice.

Now I do not mean to suggest there will not be certain differences of opinion and even some spirited debate in the days ahead. But I have no doubt that together we can conduct the people’s business in a constructive and effective way. In the first place, the people of California sent us here to do just that. And in the second place, our situation with regard to the division of power and authority is little different than it has been for these past four years and together we have accomplished much in those years.

Unhindered by party lines, one of the great engineering feats of all time, the California Water Project, is nearing completion. We have continued to add to our network of modern high speed highways and freeways and with every added mile we have saved the lives of our citizens.

While traffic fatality rates climb in the rest of the nation, ours continues to decline.

Our state has shown the way in environmental protection. Much remains to be done of course, but we are meeting the challenge. Legislation needed in the fight against air and water pollution has been provided and we are united determination to preserve the magic beauty of California.

With the entire nation plagued by runaway crime rates and bulging prisons, our major California cities report a reduction in crimes of violence.

Our rehabilitation policies and improved parole system are attracting nationwide attention. Fewer parolees are being returned to prison than at any time in our history and our prison population is lower than at any time since 1963.

It is the same in mental health where the number of hospitalized mentally ill patients is half what it was four years ago.

Since the tax increase of 1967, more than 40 pieces of legislation have been passed easing the tax burden. More than 5 percent of the annual budget is money returned directly to the homeowner.

The Creative Society has demonstrated its ability to reduce the size of government. The cost of actually administering state government has increased less than the increase in inflation alone. At the start of the fiscal year, there were fewer full-time employees than there were four years ago, and the press reported the other day what may be a first in the history of government – a great reduction in the annual accumulation of paper to be filed and stored.

All of this has been accomplished neither because of, nor in spite of, partisanship which explains my optimism that progress will continue.

This brief re-cap was not intended to gloss over or minimize the very real problems confronting the people and government of California. Still unsolved is the absolute necessity of sizeably reducing the tax burden of home owners.

This is complicated by the state’s fiscal situation. A subject which cries for more light and less heat. So far, too many explanations and interpretations have been couched in the rhetoric of campaign oratory. Confusion has led to uncertainty and fear. There is cause for neither.

One week from tomorrow I will appear before a joint meeting of the state legislature, the Senate and Assembly combined, to discuss in some detail and make public the full extent of our money problems. In the meantime some clarification here and now is appropriate.

The group of economists and business experts, who for 25 years have been forecasting revenues and expenditures upon which state budget are based, revised their estimate of expected tax revenues downward last June as a result of the general slow-down in the economy. There have been two revisions since – in late November and mid-December – further reducing estimated revenues.

This slump in tax revenues, however, is not our greatest problem. It just aggravated a situation that has been growing worse year after year. Welfare costs have been increasing more than three times as fast as revenue and in this present year have escalated at an even faster rate. Californians do not have to worry about proving their generosity and compassion for their less fortunate neighbors. On a per capita basis, we spend more than double the national average for welfare. In spite of this, we must face the fact that welfare has failed in its purpose. For the truly destitute among us it is a tragic failure. It has done little or nothing to eliminate the cause of dependency and it has spread itself so thin that in spite of its overwhelming extravagance, many whose need is the greatest are provided less than a minimum subsistence.

Under the aid to dependent children program, incentives are offered to encourage mothers to take employment. There can be no quarrel with this unless we look closely at how the incentive and complex regulations actually apply. A recent survey of 3 counties, representing 48% of the welfare caseload in California (Monterey, Los Angeles and San Diego Counties), showed the earnings or outside income of employed recipients averages $346 a month and the average grant from welfare, added to those earning, is $186 – for a total average of $532 a month. However, the survey also disclosed mothers of dependent children who have no outside income receive average grants of $207 – only $21 more than the grant to those with outside income in order to increase our ability to help the totally dependent.

Mandated by statute and federal regulation, welfare has proliferated and grown into a Leviathan of unsupportable dimensions. We have economized and even stripped essential public services to feed its appetite. Now the economic downturn has brought us to the moment of truth we have avoided for too long a time.

It has already been suggested that we meet this situation by simply adding to the taxpayers’ heavy load. That of course is an easy out – for everyone but the taxpayer who already pays too much for government.

I’m inclined to believe you didn’t send us here to find easy answers. A tax increase – even under the illusion that it would be a temporary expedient – will not resolve this problem. In the first place, temporary taxes have a way of outliving the problems that caused their birth. Government may protest that it never gets the money it needs, but it always manages to find a need for the money it gets.

Simply meeting this problem by finding additional funds, or passing it on to another level of government, is truly a temporary solution. Unless and until we face up to, and effect complete reform of welfare, we will face a tax increase next year, the year after, and the year after that – on into the future as far as we can see. There is no limit to the potential growth of the present welfare structure, short of total redistribution of the earnings of all who earn and produce.

We are faced with a choice. We can be depressed by a seeming fiscal crisis, or we can recognize this as the opportunity it really is. Let those who will wring their hands and cry doom. They will not be typical of our people.

We have a chance to do what might otherwise never have been done. Over the years we’ve talked about welfare, studied welfare, applied alterations and streamlined it’s administration where possible, but we’ve avoided facing up to it’s lack of a goal. Seneca said, “He who knows no port to sail for, finds no winds favorable.”

In the coming meeting with the legislature eight days from now, I shall propose restructuring welfare – to eliminate waste and the impropriety of subsidizing those whose greed is greater than their need. The present confusion must be replaced with a program designed to save, rather than destroy, California’s greatest resources – its people – a program that will maximize human dignity and salvage the destitute.

Here in California nearly a million children are growing up in the stultifying atmosphere of programs that reward people for not working, programs that separate families and doom these children to repeat the cycle in their own adulthood.

I believe we can change this. There is no greater challenge facing the state or nation. Why shouldn’t California take this “giant stride for mankind?” If not us – who? If not now – when?

In recent months a few in our midst have raised the haunting spectre of panic and depression. It is time we inoculated ourselves against the contagion of fear they would spread

The national government has embarked on a campaign to slow an inflation which has threatened our economy. There has been an understandable cooling off in the marketplace and a loss of earnings and employment. I do not minimize the anguish of the man of woman whose vocation or career has been interrupted. Everything possible must be done to alleviate their distress and shorten the period of economic dislocation.

But let us measure our strength. Let those who would play upon our fears ‘til we develop “an over the hill to the poorhouse” psychosis look at this way of life we call California as it really is.

If this state were a nation, it would rank among the top half-dozen economic giants of the world.

Our gross product will top one hundred billion dollars this year. We will earn more and spend more than any people anywhere in the world.

Eighty-four percent of us live in cities of more than 25,000. Yet we lead then nation in agricultural wealth.

We are young, with a median age of 30 – just inside that no-man’s land between the generations.

Our educational level is higher. We have a higher percentage of professionals and skilled technicians, and more than double our share of scholars and scientists.

In the decade which we embark upon today, the average family income will go from a little over $13,000 to more than $18,000 per year.

If all 20 million of us wanted to live elsewhere, we would find 100 people willing to trade places with each one of us.

Those who whine of a sick society aren’t talking about us. Our young people seek a cause in which they can invest their idealism, their youth and their strength. And we have such a cause. But we must prove to them our own faith and belief, that ours is the most innovative state in the union; that we have a history of accepting change – indeed of making change happen.

For, as Mark Twain once said: “The easy and slothful didn’t come to California. They stayed home.”

It is time to ignore those who are obsessed with what is wrong. Concentrate our attention on what is right – on how great is our power and potential, and how little we have to fear.

As I told a group of your fellow citizens who visited this capitol last fall, if California’s problems and California’s people were put in a ring together, it would have to be declared a mis-match.

We owe our humble thanks to a God who has blessed us possibly more than we deserve. Let us, in our stewardship of all He has given us, at least try to match His bounty – try as men to match his mountains.


text:
Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000/2006-01-11

as amended by

Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Amendment Act, No. 52 of 2002

Judicial Matters Second Amendment Act, No. 55 of 2003

Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 22 of 2005

CHAPTER 1

DEFINITIONS, OBJECTS, INTERPRETATION, GUIDING PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF ACT

Definitions

1. (1) In this Act, unless the context indicates otherwise— “age” includes the conditions of disadvantage and vulnerability suffered by persons on the basis of their age, especially advanced age;

“clerk of the equality court” means a clerk of an equality court appointed or designated in terms of section 17, read with section 31, and includes any reference to “a clerk”;

“Commission for Gender Equality” means the Commission for Gender Equality referred to in section 187 of the Constitution;

“complainant” means any person who alleges any contravention of this Act and who institutes proceedings in terms of the Act;

“Constitution” means the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996);

“constitutional institution” means any of the relevant institutions supporting constitutional democracy referred to in Chapter 9 of the Constitution and includes the Pan South African Language Board;

“Department” means the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development;

“discrimination” means any act or omission, including a policy, law, rule, practice, condition or situation which directly or indirectly—

imposes burdens, obligations or disadvantage on; or

withholds benefits, opportunities or advantages from,

any person on one or more of the prohibited grounds;

“equality” includes the full and equal enjoyment of rights and freedoms as contemplated in the Constitution and includes de jure and de facto equality and also equality in terms of outcomes;

“equality court” means a court contemplated in section 16, read with section 31, and includes any reference to “court”;

“family responsibility” means responsibility in relation to a complainant’s spouse, partner, dependent, child or other members of his or her family in respect of whom the member is liable for care and support;

“family status” includes membership in a family and the social, cultural and legal rights and expectations associated with such status;

“harassment” means unwanted conduct which is persistent or serious and demeans, humiliates or creates a hostile or intimidating environment or is calculated to induce submission by actual or threatened adverse consequences and which is related to—

sex, gender or sexual orientation; or

a person’s membership or presumed membership of a group identified by one or more of the prohibited grounds or a characteristic associated with such group;

“HIV/AIDS status” includes actual or perceived presence in a person’s body of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or symptoms of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), as well as adverse assumptions based on this status;

“intersex” means a congenital sexual differentiation which is atypical, to whatever degree; [Definition of “intersex” inserted by s. 16 (a) of Act No. 22 of 2005.]

“marital status” includes the status or condition of being single, married, divorced, widowed or in a relationship, whether with a person of the same or the opposite sex, involving a commitment to reciprocal support in a relationship;

“Minister” means the Minister for Justice and Constitutional Development;

“nationality” means ethnic or national origin and includes practices associated with xenophobia and other adverse assumptions of a discriminatory nature but does not include rights and obligations normally associated with citizenship;

“person” includes a juristic person, a non-juristic entity, a group or a category of persons;

“pregnancy” includes any condition related to pregnancy, intended pregnancy, potential pregnancy or termination of pregnancy;

“prescribed” means prescribed by regulation in terms of this Act;

“presiding officer” means a presiding officer of an equality court contemplated in section 16, read with section 31;

“prohibited grounds” are—

race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status. ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture. language and birth; or

any other ground where discrimination based on that other ground—

causes or perpetuates systemic disadvantage;

undermines human dignity; or

adversely affects the equal enjoyment of a person’s rights and freedoms in a serious manner that is comparable to discrimination on a ground in paragraph (a);

“regulation” means a regulation in terms of this Act;

“respondent” means any person against whom proceedings are instituted in terms of this Act;

“sector” means any sector referred to in section 29, and includes the sectors set out in the Schedule:

“sex” includes intersex; [Definition of “sex” inserted by s. 16 (b) of Act No. 22 of 2005.]

“socio-economic status” includes a social or economic condition or perceived condition of a person who is disadvantaged by poverty, low employment status or lack of or low-level educational qualifications;

“South African Human Rights Commission” means the South African Human Rights Commission referred to in section 184 of the Constitution;

“the State” includes—

any department of State or administration in the national, provincial or local sphere of government;

any other functionary or institution—

exercising a power or performing a function in terms of the Constitution or a provincial constitution; or

exercising a public power or performing a public function in terms of any legislation or under customary law or tradition;

“this Act” includes any regulation made in terms of this Act.


text: The Pathway of Roses/The True Order of Things


text:
Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000/2009-02-17

 as amended by

Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Amendment Act, No. 52 of 2002

Judicial Matters Second Amendment Act, No. 55 of 2003

Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 22 of 2005

Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 66 of 2008

Powers, functions and term of office of Equality Review Committee

33. (1) The Equality Review Committee—

must advise the Minister about the operation of this Act;

must advise the Minister about laws that impact on equality;

must submit regular reports to the Minister on the operation of the Act, addressing whether the objectives of the Act and the Constitution have been achieved and must make recommendations on any necessary amendments to the Act to improve its operation;

has the other powers and functions as prescribed.

(2) The Equality Review Committee may conduct its business and proceedings at its meetings as it deems fit.

(3) Members of the Equality Review Committee referred to in section 32(a), (d) and (e) are appointed for a period of five years and may be reappointed upon the expiry of their term of office.

(4) The other terms and conditions of appointment of members of the Equality Review Committee are as prescribed.

(5) The administrative work connected with the performance of the functions of the Equality Review Committee must be performed by officers designated by the Director-General of the Department.

(6) The members of the Equality Review Committee referred to in—

section 32(d) and (e) are entitled to the remuneration, allowances and other benefits; and

section 32(a), (b), (c), (f) and (g) are entitled to the allowances,

as may be determined by the Minister in consultation with the Minister of Finance.

[Sub-s. (6) substituted by s. 33 of Act No. 66 of 2008.]


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Livingstone, Thomas


text:
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262 old man, and begged for shelter for the night. The man said,

"Duks," answered the animals, and that must have meant, "We are willing," for the old man said, "Here you shall have shelter and food, go to the fire, and cook us our supper." The girl found in the kitchen abundance of everything, and cooked a good supper, but had no thought of the animals. She carried the full dishes to the table, seated herself by the grey-haired man, ate and satisfied her hunger. When she had had enough, she said, "But now I am tired, where is there a bed in which I can lie down, and sleep?" The animals replied,

Then said the old man, "Just go upstairs, and thou wilt find a room with two beds, shake them up, and put white linen on them, and then I, too, will come and lie down to sleep." The girl went up, and when she had shaken the beds and put clean sheets on, she lay down in one of them without waiting any longer for the old man. After some time, however, the grey-haired man came, took his candle, looked at the girl and shook his head. When he saw that she had fallen into a sound sleep, he opened a trap-door, and let her down into the cellar.

Late at night the wood-cutter came home, and reproached his wife for leaving him to hunger all day. "It is not my fault," she replied, "the girl went out with your dinner, and must have lost herself, but she is sure to come back to-morrow." The wood-cutter, however, arose before dawn to go into the forest, and requested that the second daughter should take him his dinner that day. "I will take a bag with lentils," said he; "the seeds are larger than millet, the girl will see them better, and can't lose her way." At dinner-time, therefore, the girl took out


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Livingstone, William


text:
Page:Grimm's household tales, volume 2 (1884).djvu/277

169.] the food, but the lentils had disappeared. The birds of the forest had picked them up as they had done the day before, and had left none. The girl wandered about in the forest until night, and then she too reached the house of the old man, was told to go in, and begged for food and a bed. The man with the white beard again asked the animals,

The animals again replied "Duks," and everything happened just as it had happened the day before. The girl cooked a good meal, ate and drank with the old man, and did not concern herself about the animals, and when she inquired about her bed they answered,

When she was asleep the old man came, looked at her, shook his head, and let her down into the cellar.

On the third morning the wood-cutter said to his wife, "Send our youngest child out with my dinner to-day, she has always been good and obedient, and will stay in the right path, and not run about after every wild humble-bee, as her sisters did." The mother did not want to do it, and said, "Am I to lose my dearest child, as well?"

"Have no fear," he replied, "the girl will not go astray; she is too prudent and sensible; besides I will take some peas with me, and strew them about. They are still larger than lentils, and will show her the way." But when the girl went out with her basket on her arm, the wood-pigeons had already got all the peas in their crops, and she did not know which way she was to turn. She was full of sorrow and never ceased to think how hungry her father would be, and how her good mother would grieve, if she did not go home. At length when it grew dark, she saw the light and came to the house in the forest. She begged quite prettily to be allowed to spend the night


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Livinus


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Livius, Titus


text:
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264 there, and the man with the white beard once more asked his animals,

"Duks," said they. Then the girl went to the stove where the animals were lying, and petted the cock and hen, and stroked their smooth feathers with her hand, and caressed the brindled cow between her horns, and when, in obedience to the old man's orders, she had made ready some good soup, and the bowl was placed upon the table, she said, "Am I to eat as much as I want, and the good animals to have nothing? Outside is food in plenty, I will look after them first." So she went and brought some barley and strewed it for the cock and hen, and a whole armful of sweet-smelling hay for the cow. "I hope you will like it, dear animals," said she, "and you shall have a refreshing draught in case you are thirsty." Then she fetched in a bucketful of water, and the cock and hen jumped on to the edge of it and dipped their beaks in, and then held up their heads as the birds do when they drink, and the brindled cow also took a hearty draught. When the animals were fed, the girl seated herself at the table by the old man, and ate what he had left. It was not long before the cock and the hen began to thrust their heads beneath their wings, and the eyes of the cow likewise began to blink. Then said the girl, "Ought we not to go to bed?"

The animals answered "Duks,"

Then the maiden went upstairs, shook the feather-beds, and laid clean sheets on them, and when she had done it


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lizars, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lizars, William Home


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Llewelyn, Thomas


text:
Page:Grimm's household tales, volume 2 (1884).djvu/279

169.] the old man came and lay down on one of the beds, and his white beard reached down to his feet. The girl lay down on the other, said her prayers, and fell asleep.

She slept quietly till midnight, and then there was such a noise in the house that she awoke. There was a sound of cracking and splitting in every corner, and the doors sprang open, and beat against the walls. The beams groaned as if they were being torn out of their joints, it seemed as if the staircase were falling down, and at length there was a crash as if the entire roof had fallen in. As, however, all grew quiet once more, and the girl was not hurt, she stayed quietly lying where she was, and fell asleep again. But when she woke up in the morning with the brilliancy of the sunshine, what did her eyes behold? She was lying in a vast hall, and everything around her shone with royal splendour; on the walls, golden flowers grew up on a ground of green silk, the bed was of ivory, and the canopy of red velvet, and on a chair close by, was a pair of shoes embroidered with pearls. The girl believed that she was in a dream, but three richly clad attendants came in, and asked what orders she would like to give? "If you will go," she replied, "I will get up at once and make ready some soup for the old man, and then I will feed the pretty little hen, and the cock, and the beautiful brindled cow." She thought the old man was up already, and looked round at his bed; he, however, was not lying in it, but a stranger. And while she was looking at him, and becoming aware that he was young and handsome, he awoke, sat up in bed, and said, "I am a King's son, and was bewitched by a wicked witch, and made to live in this forest, as an old grey-haired man; no one was allowed to be with me but my three attendants in the form of a cock, a hen, and a brindled cow. The spell was not to be broken until a girl came to us whose heart was so good that she showed herself full of love, not only towards mankind, but towards animals—and that thou hast done, and by thee at midnight we were set free, and the old hut in the forest was changed back again into my royal palace." And when they had arisen, the King's son ordered the three attendants to set out and fetch the father and mother of the girl to the marriage


text:
Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Bartholomew

ЭСБЕ/Ллойд, Варфоломей


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Charles (d.1661)


text:
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266 feast. "But where are my two sisters?" inquired the maiden. "I have locked them in the cellar, and to-morrow they shall he led into the forest, and shall live as servants to a charcoal-burner, until they have grown kinder, and do not leave poor animals to suffer hunger."

was once a tailor, who was a quarrelsome fellow, and his wife, who was good, industrious, and pious, never could please him. Whatever she did, he was not satisfied, but grumbled and scolded, and knocked her about and beat her. As the authorities at last heard of it, they had him summoned, and put in prison in order to make him better. He was kept for a while on bread and water, and then set free again. He was forced, however, to promise not to beat his wife any more, but to live with her in peace, and share joy and sorrow with her, as married people ought to do. All went on well for a time, but then he fell into his old ways, and was surly and quarrelsome. And because he dared not beat her, he would seize her by the hair and tear it out. The woman escaped from him, and sprang out into the yard but he ran after her with his yard-measure and scissors, and chased her about, and threw the yard-measure and scissors at her, and whatever else came in his way. When he hit her he laughed, and when he missed her, he stormed and swore. This went on so long that the neighbours came to the wife's assistance. The tailor was again summoned before the magistrates, and reminded of his promise. "Dear gentlemen," said he, "I have kept my word I have not beaten her, but have shared joy and sorrow with her." "How can that be," said the judge, "when she continually brings such heavy complaints against you?" "I have not beaten her, but just because she looked so strange I wanted to comb her hair with my hand; she, however, got away from me, and left me quite spitefully. Then I hurried after her, and in order to bring


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Charles (1735-1773)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Charles (1748-1828)


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171.] her back to her duty, I threw at her as a well-meant admonition whatever came readily to hand. I have shared joy and sorrow with her also, for whenever I hit her I was full of joy, and she of sorrow, and if I missed her, then she was joyful, and I sorry." The judges were not satisfied with this answer, but gave him the reward he deserved.

former days every sound had its meaning and application. When the smith's hammer resounded, it cried, "Strike away! strike away." When the carpenter's plane grated, it said, "Here goes! here goes." If the mill wheel began to clack, it said, "Help, Lord God! help, Lord God!" and if the miller was a cheat and happened to leave the mill, it spoke high German, and first asked slowly, "Who is there? who is there?" and then answered quickly, "The miller! the miller!" and at last quite in a hurry, "He steals bravely! he steals bravely! three pecks in a bushel."

At this time the birds also had their own language which every one understood; now it only sounds like chirping, screeching, and whistling, and to some, like music without, words. It came into the bird's mind, however, that they would no longer be without a ruler, and would choose one of themselves to be their King. One alone amongst them, the green plover, was opposed to this. He had lived free and would die free, and anxiously flying hither and thither, he cried, "Where shall I go? where shall I go?" He retired into a solitary and unfrequented marsh, and showed himself no more among his fellows.

The birds now wished to discuss the matter, and on a fine May morning they all gathered together from the woods and fields: eagles and chaffinches, owls and crows, larks and sparrows, how can I name them all? Even the cuckoo came, and the hoopoe, his clerk, who is so called because he is always heard a few days before him, and a


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Charles (1766-1829)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Charles (1784-1829)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Charles (1775-1839)


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268 very small bird which as yet had no name, mingled with the band. The hen, which by some accident had heard nothing of the whole matter, was astonished at the great assemblage. "What, what, what is going to be done?" she cackled; but the cock calmed his beloved hen, and said, "Only rich people," and told her what they had on hand. It was decided, however, that the one who could fly the highest should be King. A tree-frog which was sitting among the bushes, when he heard that, cried a warning, "No, no, no! no!" because he thought that many tears would be shed because of this; but the crow said, "Caw, caw," and that all would pass off peaceably. It was now determined that on this fine morning they should at once begin to ascend, so that hereafter no one should be able to say, "I could easily have flown much higher, but the evening came on, and I could do no more." On a given signal, therefore, the whole troop rose up in the air. The dust ascended from the land, and there was tremendous fluttering and whirring and beating of wings, and it looked as if a black cloud was rising up. The little birds were, however, soon left behind. They could go no farther, and fell back to the ground. The larger birds held out longer, but none could equal the eagle, who mounted so high that he could have picked the eyes out of the sun. And when he saw that the others could not get up to him, he thought, "Why shouldst thou fly still higher, thou art the King?" and began to let himself down again. The birds beneath him at once cried to him. "Thou must be our King, no one has flown so high as thou." "Except me," screamed the little fellow without a name, who had crept into the breast-feathers of the eagle. And as he was not at all tired, he rose up and mounted so high that he reached heaven itself. When, however, he had gone as far as this, he folded his wings together, and called down with clear and penetrating voice, "I am King! I am King."

"Thou, our King?" cried the birds angrily. "Thou hast compassed it by trick and cunning!" So they made another condition. He should be King who could go down lowest in the ground. How the goose did flap about with its broad breast when it was once more on the land! How


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Charles Dalton Clifford


text:
Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000/Versions

Various versions of the ../, exist:
 * as enacted on 9 February 2000.
 * as amended on 15 January 2003 by the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Amendment Act, 2002.
 * as amended on 31 March 2005 by the Judicial Matters Second Amendment Act, 2003.
 * as amended on 11 January 2006 by the Judicial Matters Amendment Act, 2005.
 * as amended on 17 February 2009 by the Judicial Matters Amendment Act, 2008, and currently in force.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, David (1597-1663)


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171.] quickly the cock scratched a hole! The duck came off the worst of all, for she leapt into a ditch, but sprained her legs, and waddled away to a neighbouring pond, crying, "Cheating, cheating!" The little bird without a name, however, sought out a mouse-hole, slipped down into it, and cried out of it with his small voice, "I am King! I am King!"

"Thou our King!" cried the birds still more angrily. "Dost thou think thy cunning shall prevail?" They determined to keep him a prisoner in the hole and starve him out. The owl was placed as sentinel in front of it, and was not to let the rascal out if she had any value for her life. When evening was come all the birds were feeling very tired after exerting their wings so much, so they went to bed with their wives and children. The owl alone remained standing by the mouse-hole, gazing steadfastly into it with her great eyes. In the meantime she, too, had grown tired and thought to herself, "You might certainly shut one eye, you will still watch with the other, and the little miscreant shall not come out of his hole." So she shut one eye, and with the other looked straight at the mouse-hole. The little fellow put his head out and peeped, and wanted to slip away, but the owl came forward immediately, and he drew his head back again. Then the owl opened the one eye again, and shut the other, intending to shut them in turn all through the night.

But when she next shut the one eye, she forgot to open the other, and as soon as both her eyes were shut she fell asleep. The little fellow soon observed that, and slipped away.

From that day forth, the owl has never dared to show herself by daylight, for if she does the other birds chase her and pluck her feathers out. She only flies out by night, but hates and pursues mice because they make such ugly holes. The little bird, too, is very unwilling to let himself be seen, because he is afraid it will cost him his life if he is caught. He steals about in the hedges, and when he is quite safe, he sometimes cries, "I am King," and for this reason, the other birds call him in mockery, 'King of the hedges' (Zaunkönig). No one, however, was so happy as


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, David (1635-1692)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, David (d.1714?)


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270 the lark at not having to obey the little King. As soon as the sun appears, she ascends high in the air and cries, "Ah, how beautiful that is! beautiful that is! beautiful, beautiful! ah, how beautiful that is!"

fishes had for a long time been discontented because no order prevailed in their kingdom. None of them turned aside for the others, but all swam to the right or the left as they fancied, or darted between those who wanted to stay together, or got into their way; and a strong one gave a weak one a blow with its tail, which drove it away, or else swallowed it up without more ado. "How delightful it would be," said they, "if we had a king who enforced law and justice among us!" and they met together to choose for their ruler, the one who could cleave through the water most quickly, and give help to the weak ones.

They placed themselves in rank and file by the shore, and the pike gave the signal with his tail, on which they all started. Like an arrow, the pike darted away, and with him the herring, the gudgeon, the perch, the carp, and all the rest of them. Even the sole swam with them, and hoped to reach the winning-place. All at once, the cry was heard, "The herring is first! the herring is first!" "Who is first?" screamed angrily the flat envious sole, who had been left far behind, "who is first?" "The herring! The herring," was the answer. "The naked herring?" cried the jealous creature, "the naked herring?" Since that time the sole's mouth has been at one side for a punishment.

" do you like best to feed your flocks?" said a man to an old cow-herd. "Here, sir, where the grass is neither too rich nor too poor, or else it is no use." "Why


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, David (1752-1838)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Edward (fl.1688-1726)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Edward (d.1847)


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174] not?" asked the man. "Do you hear that melancholy cry from the meadow there?" answered the shepherd, "that is the bittern; he was once a shepherd, and so was the hoopoe also,—I will tell you the story. The bittern pastured his flocks on rich green meadows where flowers grew in abundance, so his cows became wild and unmanageable. The hoopoe drove his cattle on to high barren hills, where the wind plays with the sand, and his cows became thin, and got no strength. When it was evening, and the shepherds wanted to drive their cows homewards, the bittern could not get his together again; they were too high-spirited, and ran away from him. He called, "Come, cows, come," but it was of no use; they took no notice of his calling. The hoopoe, however, could not even get his cows up on their legs, so faint and weak had they become. "Up, up, up," screamed he, but it was in vain, they remained lying on the sand. That is the way when one has no moderation. And to this day, though they have no flocks now to watch, the bittern cries, "Come, cows, come," and the hoopoe, "Up, up, up."

or three hundred years ago, when people were far from being so crafty and cunning as they are now-a-days, an extraordinary event took place in a little town. By some mischance one of the great owls, called horned owls,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Edward (1815-1890)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Evan


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272 had come from the neighbouring woods into the barn of one of the townsfolk in the night-time, and when day broke did not dare to venture forth again from her retreat, for fear of the other birds, which raised a terrible outcry whenever she appeared. In the morning when the man-servant went into the barn to fetch some straw, he was so mightily alarmed at the sight of the owl sitting there in a corner, that he ran away and announced to his master that a monster, the like of which he had never set eyes on in his life, and which could devour a man without the slightest difficulty, was sitting in the barn, rolling its eyes about in its head. "I know you already," said the master, "you have courage enough to chase a blackbird about the fields, but when you see a dead hen lying, you have to get a stick before you go near it. I must go and see for myself what kind of a monster it is," added the master, and went quite boldly into the granary and looked round him. When, however, he saw the strange grim creature with his own eyes, he was no less terrified than the servant had been. With two bounds he sprang out, ran to his neighbours, and begged them imploringly to lend him assistance against an unknown and dangerous beast, or else the whole town might be in danger if it were to break loose out of the barn, where it was shut up. A great noise and clamour arose in all the streets, the townsmen came armed with spears, hay-forks, scythes, and axes, as if they were going out against an enemy; finally, the senators appeared with the burgomaster at their head. When they had drawn up in the market-place, they marched to the barn, and surrounded it on all sides. Thereupon one of the most courageous of them stepped forth and entered with his spear lowered, but came running out immediately afterwards with a shriek and as pale as death, and could not utter a single word. Yet two others ventured in, but they fared no better. At last one stepped forth; a great strong man who was famous for his warlike deeds, and said, "You will not drive away the monster by merely looking at him; we must be in earnest here, but I see that you have all turned into women, and not one of you dares to encounter the animal." He ordered them to give him some armour, had


text:
The Moths of the British Isles Second Series

Preface NOCTUIDÆ TRIFINÆ, 1-62 GONOPTERINÆ, 63 QUADRIFINÆ, 64-84 HYPENINÆ, 85-97 BREPHIDÆ, 97-99 GEOMETRIDÆ GEOMETRINÆ, 99-108 ACIDALIINÆ, 109-140 HYDRIOMENINÆ, 141-259 BOARMIINÆ, 259-333 ZYGÆNIDÆ, 333-344 COCHLIDIDÆ, 344-347 COSSIDÆ, 347-350 SESIIDÆ, 350-360 HEPIALIDÆ, 360-364 /Index/


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174.] a sword and spear brought, and armed himself. All praised his courage, though many feared for his life. The two barndoors were opened, and they saw the owl, which in the meantime had perched herself on the middle of a great cross-beam. He had a ladder brought, and when he raised it, and made ready to climb up, they all cried out to him that he was to bear himself bravely, and commended him to St. George, who slew the dragon. When he had just got to the top, and the owl perceived that he had designs on her, and was also bewildered by the crowd and the shouting, and knew not how to escape, she rolled her eyes, ruffled her feathers, flapped her wings, snapped her beak, and cried, "Tuwhit, tuwhoo," in a harsh voice. "Strike home! strike home!" screamed the crowd outside to the valiant hero. "Any one who was standing where I am standing," answered he, "would not cry, strike home!" He certainly did plant his foot one rung higher on the ladder, but then he began to tremble, and half-fainting, went back again.

And now there was no one left who dared to put himself in such danger. "The monster," said they, "has poisoned and mortally wounded the very strongest man among us, by snapping at him and just breathing on him! Are we, too, to risk our lives?" They took counsel as to what they ought to do to prevent the whole town being destroyed. For a long time everything seemed to be of no use, but at length the burgomaster found an expedient. "My opinion," said he, "is that we ought, out of the common purse, to pay for this barn, and whatsoever corn, straw, or hay it contains, and thus indemnify the owner, and then burn down the whole building, and the terrible beast with it. Thus no one will have to endanger his life. This is no time for thinking of expense, and niggardliness would be ill applied." All agreed with him. So they set fire to the barn at all four corners, and with it the owl was miserably burnt. Let any one who will not believe it, go thither and inquire for himself.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Godfrey


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64 Though not to one dome circumscribeth She

Her worship, but, devoted to her rite,

A thousand Altars rise, for ever blazing bright.

LXVII.

From morn till night, from night till startled Morn

Peeps blushing on the Revel's laughing crew,

The Song is heard, the rosy Garland worn;

Devices quaint, and Frolics ever new.

Tread on each other's kibes. A long adieu

He bids to sober joy that here sojourns:

Nought interrupts the riot, though in lieu

Of true devotion monkish incense burns,

And Love and Prayer unite, or rule the hour by turns.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Hannibal Evans


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Hugh (1546-1601)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Hugh (1586-1667)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Humphrey (1610-1689)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Humphrey (1800-1881)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Jacob Youde William


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The Moths of the British Isles Second Series/Chapter 1

In the present and previous series of "The Moths of the British Isles," over 750 species have been portrayed on the plates and described in the text—a number that includes all those insects formerly grouped under the now obsolete term "Macro-Lepidoptera." The task of dealing with so many species in two volumes has necessarily imposed brevity in their treatment; but it is hoped that nothing has been omitted that could be legitimately regarded as falling within the scope of volumes especially designed for the votaries of Nature Study.

To have comprised in this scheme the large contingent of our moths known as "Micro-Lepidoptera" would have reduced further the space available for those species which experience shows appeal to the majority of nature students in a way that the minuter forms may not do. Even then, only a few general remarks on each group would have been possible, with, perhaps, a portrait or two of representative species. Such a course seemed hardly likely to prove of practical utility. The "Small Fry," as they have been called, exceedingly interesting though they may be to a limited number of students, have therefore been left for separate treatment at some more convenient season.

Both classification and nomenclature are always under revision, and we are probably a long way from hearing the last word concerning either. These are, however, matters that cannot be ignored even in a popular work; consequently I have ventured to adopt sundry changes in arrangement and in names which, although not departing from the old style in any very large way, still approach pretty closely to the new.

I have again to tender my sincere thanks to Mr. Robert Adkin, F.E.S., for kindly lending specimens of rare species and varieties for figuring; and also to Mr. B. Adkin, Mr. G. T. Porritt, F.E.S., and Mr. A. J. Scollick, F.E.S. I desire also to gratefully acknowledge the loan of further beautiful coloured drawings by Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S. These figures have been most accurately reproduced in black and white by Mr. Horace Knight, to whom I am greatly indebted for his able assistance in connection with the numerous drawings of ova, larvæ, and pupæ. In some cases the preserved skin of a caterpillar had to serve as a model, and where this occurs the fact is mentioned. A few figures of larvæ have been copied from Dr. G. Hofmann's Die Raupen der Schmetterlinge Europas, 2nd edit., by Professor Dr. Arnold Spuler. All such reproductions are duly noted in the text.

Mr. Knight is also responsible for the coloured drawings for Plates 1, 13, 36, 61, 96, 98, 100, 104, 134, and 148; the figures on which, except that of ''Zygæna filipendulæ ab. chrysanthemi'', are from specimens.

"A Forester," Mr. H. Main, F.E.S., and Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., were good enough to furnish prints of some of their excellent photographs depicting life-history details of moths and caterpillars in repose, as met with in nature.

 * RICHARD SOUTH.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, John (d.1523)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, John (1558-1603)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, John (d.1682)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, John (1638-1687)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, John Augustus


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Julius


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Nicholas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Richard (1595-1659)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Richard (1606-1676)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Richard (d.1834)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Ridgway Robert Syers Christian Codner


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Simon


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lloyd, William Forster


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CANTO I.] LXVIII.

The Sabbath comes, a day of blessed rest:

What hallows it upon this Christian shore?

Lo! it is sacred to a solemn Feast:

Hark! heard you not the forest-monarch's roar?

Crashing the lance, he snuffs the spouting gore

Of man and steed, o'erthrown beneath his horn;

The thronged arena shakes with shouts for more;

Yells the mad crowd o'er entrails freshly torn,

Nor shrinks the female eye, nor ev'n affects to mourn.

LXIX.

The seventh day this—the Jubilee of man!

London! right well thou know'st the day of prayer:

Then thy spruce citizen, washed artisan,

And smug apprentice gulp their weekly air:

Thy coach of hackney, whiskey, one-horse chair,


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Swallow

SWALLOW (AS. swalewe, OHG. swalawa, Ger. Schwalbe, swallow; perhaps connected with Gk. ἀλκυών, alkyōn, Lat. alcedo, kingfisher). A passerine bird of the family Hirundinidæ, a family represented by many similar species in almost all parts of the world. This family consists of birds which prey on insects, catching them in the air. They have remarkable powers of flight, now soaring to a great height, now skimming near the surface of the ground or of the water, and wheeling with great rapidity. The bill is short and weak, broad at the base, and deeply cleft, so that the gape is wide; the wings are very long, pointed, and more or less sickle-shaped when expanded, and have only nine primaries; the legs are short and weak. The tail is

forked, and the plumage is close and glossy. The family is perhaps the most sharply defined and easily recognized of any in the order. The species are about eighty, widely diffused, being found in all countries except near the poles. Such of them as occur in the colder parts of the world are summer birds of passage, migrating to warmer regions when winter approaches and insects become scarce. Only seven species of swallow occur in North America, and all but one of these winter south of the United States, though in summer they range to the Arctic Ocean. The largest species is the purple martin, while the smallest is the bank swallow (q.v.). Perhaps the commonest of North American swallows is the barn-swallow (q.v.). Another swallow numerous about farmyards and barns is the cliff or eaves swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons), whose nest is the remarkable flask-shaped structure of pellets of mud often seen attached in rows to the outside walls of barns, just under the eaves. Formerly, as in the case of other swallows (see ), this species bred in rocky places and placed its nests in large companies against the faces of cliffs.

A large and handsome swallow common throughout North America is the white-bellied or tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), which is steel blue or green above and pure white beneath. Of the same genus is the exquisite little violet-green swallow (Tachycineta thallasina) of the Western United States, which is less than five inches long; the upper parts are velvety green and violet purple, while the under parts are pure white. The rough-winged swallow (q.v.) completes the list. South America has a large series of swallows very similar to those of the United States, and especially of that group of which the tree and violet-green swallows are a type. Some naturally breed in holes of rocks, others in hollow trees, or form nests of mud, straw, and feathers in some similar situation; but nearly all have abandoned their wild ways as fast as the country has been settled, and placed their abodes near or within buildings. The same pleasing habit characterizes the tribe in India, Africa, Australia, and everywhere else, and has led to the growth of much pleasant folk-lore, poetry, and sentiment. In Great Britain Hirundo rustica, the common or ‘chimney swallow’ (to be distinguished from the American chimney swift, q.v.), is much like our barn-swallow, and makes a similar nest, usually placed under a shed roof, in a half-ruined building, or often in a chimney. The geographical range of this species extends over a great part of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The window swallow, or house-martin (Hirundo urbica), is another very common European species, glossy black above, white below and on the rump; the feet covered with short downy white feathers, which is not the case in the chimney swallow.

Consult Sharpe and Wyatt, Monograph of the Hirundinidæ (London, 1885-94), which contains a description, with colored plates, of all the species of the world, and a full bibliography.