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 and Neptune (Macrob. iii. 4, 6; Arnob. loc. cit.; Servius, on Aen. iii. 119). The Etruscans held the Penates to be Ceres, Pales and Fortuna, to whom others added Genius Jovialis (Servius on Aen. ii. 325, Arnob. loc. cit.). The late writer Martianus Capella records the view that heaven was divided into sixteen regions, in the first of which were placed the Penates, along with Jupiter, the Lares, &c. More fruitful than these misty speculations is the suggestion, made by the ancients themselves, that the worship of these family gods sprang from the ancient Roman custom (common to many savage tribes) of burying the dead in the house. But this would account for the worship of the Lares rather than of the Penates. A comparison with other primitive religious beliefs suggests the conjecture that the Penates may be a remnant of fetishism or animism. The Roman genii seem certainly to have been fetishes and the Penates were perhaps originally a species of genii. Thus the Penates, as simple gods of food, are probably much more ancient than deities like Jupiter, Neptune, Apollo and Minerva.

With the Penates we may compare the kindly household gods of old Germany; they too had their home on the kitchen hearth and received offerings of food and clothing. In the castle of Hudemühlen (Hanover) there was a kobold for whom a cover was always set on the table. In Lapland each house had one or more spirits. The souls of the dead are regarded as house-spirits by the Russians; they are represented as dwarfs, and are served with food and drink. Each house in Servia has its patron-saint. In the mountains of Mysore every house has its bhuta or guardian deity, to whom prayer and sacrifices are offered. The Chinese god of the kitchen presents some curious analogies to the Penates: incense and candles are burnt before him on the first and fifteenth of the month; some families burn incense and candles before him daily; and on great festivals, one of which is at the winter solstice (nearly corresponding to the Saturnalia), he is served with cakes, pork, wine, incense, &c., which are placed on a table before him.

 PENCIL (Lat. penicillus, brush, literally little tail), a name originally applied to a small fine-pointed brush used in painting, and still employed to denote the finer camel’s-hair and sable brushes used by artists, but now commonly signifying solid cones or rods of various materials used for writing and drawing It has been asserted that a manuscript of Theophilus, attributed to the 13th century, shows signs of having been ruled with a black-lead pencil; but the first distinct allusion occurs in the treatise on fossils by Conrad Gesner of Zurich (1565), who describes an article for writing formed of wood and a piece of lead, or, as he believed, an artificial composition called by some stimmi anglicanum (English antimony). The famous Borrowdale mine in Cumberland having been discovered about that time, it is probable that we have here the first allusion to that great find of graphite. While the supply of the Cumberland mine lasted, the material for English pencils consisted simply of the native graphite as taken from the mine. The pieces were sawn into thin sheets, which again were cut into the slender square rods forming the “lead” of the pencil.

Strenuous efforts were made on the continent of Europe and in England to enable manufacturers to become independent of the product of the Cumberland mine. In Nuremberg, where the great pencil factory of the (q.v.) was established in 1760, pencils were made from pulverized graphite cemented into solid blocks by means of gums, resins, glue, sulphur and other such substances, but none of these preparations yielded useful pencils. In the year 1795 (q.v.), of Paris, devised the process by which now all black-lead pencils, and indeed pencils of all sorts, are manufactured. In 1843 William Brockedon patented a process for compressing pure black-lead powder into solid compact blocks by which he was enabled to use the dust, fragments, and cuttings of ine Cumberland lead. Brockedon’s process would have proved successful but the exhaustion of the Borrowdale supplies and the excellence of Conté’s process rendered it more of scientific interest than of commercial value.

The pencil leads prepared by the Conté process consist of a mixture of graphite and clay. The graphite, having been pulverized and subjected to any necessary purifying processes, is “floated” through a series of settling tanks, in each of which the comparatively heavy particles sink, and only the still finer particles are carried over. That which sinks in the last of the series is in a condition of extremely fine division, and is used for pencils of the highest quality. The clay, which must be free from sand and iron, is treated in the same manner. Clay and graphite so prepared are mixed together in varying proportions with water to a paste, passed repeatedly through a grinding mill, then placed in bags and squeezed in a hydraulic press till they have the consistency of stiff dough, in which condition they are ready for forming pencil rods. For this purpose the plastic mass is placed in a strong upright cylinder, from which a plunger or piston, moved by a screw, forces it out through a perforated base-plate in a continuous thread. This thread is finally divided into suitable lengths, which are heated in a closed crucible for some hours. The two factors which determine the comparative hardness and blackness of pencils are the proportions of graphite and clay in the leads and the heat to which they are raised in the crucible. According as the proportion of graphite is greater and the heat lower the pencil is softer and of deeper black streak.

The wood in which the leads are cased is pencil cedar from Juniperus virginiana for the best qualities, and pine for the cheaper ones. A board of the selected wood, having a thickness about equal to half the diameter of the finished pencil and as wide as four or six pencils, is passed through a machine which smooths the surface and cuts round or square grooves to receive the leads. The leads being placed in the grooves the board is covered with another similarly grooved board, and the two are fastened together with glue. When dry they are taken to rapidly revolving cutters which remove the wood between the leads. The individual pencils thus formed only need to be finished by being dyed and varnished and stamped with name, grade, &c. Instead of wood, paper has been tried for the casings, rolled on in narrow strips which are torn off to expose fresh lead as the point becomes worn down by use.

 PENDA, king of Mercia (d. 654 or 655), son of Pybba, probably came to the throne in 626, but It is doubtful whether he actually became king of Mercia until 633, the year of the defeat and death of Edwin of Northumbria. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle he was eighty years old at his death, but the energy of his administration and the evidence with regard to the ages of his children and relatives render it almost impossible. In 628 the Chronicle records a battle between him and the West Saxons at Cirencester in that year. In 633 Penda and Ceadwalla overthrew Edwin at Hatfield Chase; but after the defeat of the Welsh king at Oswald at “Hefenfelth” in 634, Mercia seems to have been for a time subject to Northumbria. In 642 Penda slew Oswald at a place called Maerfeld. He was continually raiding Northumbria and once almost succeeded in reducing Bamborough. He drove Cenwalh of Wessex, who had divorced his sister, from his throne. In 654 he attacked the East Angles, and slew their king Anna (see ). In 6544 or 655 he invaded Northumbria in spite of the attempts of Oswio to buy him off, and was defeated and slain on the banks of the “Winwaed.” In the reign of Penda the districts corresponding to Cheshire, Shropshire and Herefordshire were probably acquired, and he established his son Peada as a dependent prince in Middle Anglia. Although a pagan, he allowed his daughter Cyneburg to marry Alchfrith, the son of

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 cases the identification rests on very questionable evidence (see ). He and his brother Philip are the “ incomparable pair of brethren ” to whom the first folio of Shakespeare is inscribed. The earl left no sons when he died in London on the 10th of April 1630. Clarendon gives a very eulogistic account of Pembroke, who appears, however, to have been a man of weak character and dissolute life. Gardiner describes him as the Hamlet of the English court. He had literary tastes and wrote poems; one of his closest friends was the poet Donne, and he was generous to Ben Jonson, Massinger and others.

His brother,, the 4th earl (1584–1650), was for some years the chief favourite of James I., owing this position to his comely person and his passion for hunting and for field sports generally. In 1605 the king created him earl of Montgomery and Baron Herbert of Shurland, and since 1630, when he succeeded to the earldom of Pembroke, the head of the Herbert family has carried the double title of earl of Pembroke and Montgomery. Although Philip's quarrelsome disposition often led him into trouble he did not forfeit the esteem of James I., who heaped lands and offices upon him, and he was also trusted by Charles I., who made him lord chamberlain in 1626 and frequently visited him at Wilton. He worked to bring about peace between the king and the Scots in 1639 and 1640, but when in the latter year the quarrel between Charles and the English parliament was renewed, he deserted the king who soon deprived him of his office of chamberlain Trusted by the popular party, Pembroke was made governor of the Isle of Wight, and he was one of the representatives of the parliament on several occasions, notably during the negotiations at Uxbridge in 1645 and at Newport in 1648, and when the Scots surrendered Charles in 1647 From 1641 to 1643, and again from 1647 to 1650, he was chancellor of the university of Oxford; in 1648 he removed some of the heads of houses from their positions because they would not take the solemn league and covenant, and his foul language led to the remark that he was more fitted “ by his eloquence in swearing to preside over Bedlam than a learned academy.” In 1649, although a peer, he was elected and took his seat in the House of Commons as member for Berkshire, this “ ascent downwards ” calling forth many satirical writings from the royalist wits. The earl was a great collector of pictures and had some taste for architecture. His eldest surviving son, Philip (1621–1669), became 5th earl of Pembroke, and 2nd earl of Montgomery; he was twice married, and was succeeded in turn by three of his sons, of whom Thomas, the 8th earl (c. 1656–1733), was a person of note during the reigns of William III. and Anne. From 1690 to 1692 he was first lord of the admiralty, then he served as lord privy seal until 1699, being in 1697 the first plenipotentiary of Great Britain at the congress of Ryswick. On two occasions he was lord high admiral for a short period, he was also lord president of the council and lord-lieutenant of Ireland, while he acted as one of the lords justices seven times, and he was president of the Royal Society in 1689–1690. His son Henry, the 9th earl (c. 1689–1750), was a soldier, but was better known as the “ architect earl.” He was largely responsible for the erection of Westminster Bridge. The title descended directly to Henry, 10th earl (1734–1794), a soldier, who wrote the Method of Breaking Horses (1762); George Augustus, 11th earl (1759–1827), an ambassador extraordinary to Vienna in 1807, and Robert Henry, 12th earl (1791–1862), who died without issue. George Robert Charles, the 13th earl (1850–1895), was a grandson of the 11th earl and a son of (q.v.), whose second son Sidney (b. 1853) inherited all the family titles at his brother's death.

 PEMBROKE, a town of Ontario, Canada, capital of Renfrew county, 74 m. W.N.W., of Ottawa by rail on the south shore of Allumette Lake, an expansion of the Ottawa river, and on the Canadian Pacific and Canada Atlantic railways. Pop. (1901), 5156. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishopric, an important centre in the lumber trade, and contains saw, grist and woollen mills, axe factory, &c. The Muskrat river affords excellent water-power.  PEMBROKE (Pehfro), an ancient municipal borough, a contributory parliamentary borough and county-town of Pembrokeshire, Wales, situated on a narrow peninsula at the head of the Pennar tidal inlet or “ pill ” of Milford Haven. Pop. (1901), 4487; together with Pembroke Dock 15,853. Pembroke is a station on the South Wales system of the Great Western railway. The old-fashioned town, consisting chiefly of one long broad street, retains portions of its ancient walls. A large mill-dam is a conspicuous feature on the north of the town. St Mary's church in the centre of the town possesses a massive tower of the 12th century. Near the ruined West Gate is the entrance to Pembroke Castle, a splendid specimen of medieval fortified architecture. The circular vaulted keep erected by Earl William Marshal (c. 1200), remains almost intact. Close to the keep stands the ruined chamber wherein, according to local tradition, Henry VII. was born in 1457. Beneath the fine banqueting hall, a flight of steps descends into “ the Wogan," a vast subterranean chamber giving access to the harbour. Facing the castle, on the western side of the pill, stand the considerable remains of Monkton Priory, a Benediction house founded by Earl William Marshal as a cell to the abbey of Séez or Sayes in Normandy, but under Henry VI. transferred to the abbey of St Albans. The priory chuich, now the parish church of the suburb of Monkton, contains monuments of the families of Meyrick of Bush and Owen of Ozielton. St Daniel's chapel forms a prominent landmark on the ridge south of the town. (formerly known as Pater, or Paterchurch), a naval dockyard and garrison town, is situated close to Hobb's Point, at the eastern extremity of Milford Haven. It forms the Pater Ward of Pembroke, from which it is distant 2 m. to the north-west. The place owes its origin to the decision of the government in 1814 to form a naval dépôt on Milford Haven. The dockyard, enclosed by high walls and covering 80 acres, is protected by a powerful fort—the construction and repairing of ironclads are extensively carried on here. There is a submarine depot at Pennar Gut, and also accommodation for artillery and infantry. Ferry boats ply frequently between Pembroke Dock and Neyland on the opposite shore of the Haven.

Pembroke is probably an Anglo-Norman form of the Cymric Penfro, the territory lying between Milford Haven and the Bristol Channel, now known as the Hundred of Castlemartin. During the invasion of South Wales under William Rufus, Arnulf de Montgomeri, fifth son of Roger earl of Shrewsbury, seems to have erected a fortress of stone (c. 1090) on the site of the castle. The first castellan of this new stronghold was Giraldus de Windsor, husband of the Princess Nest of South Wales and grandfather of Giraldus Cambrensis. Throughout the 12th and 13th centuries the castle was strengthened and enlarged under successive earls palatine of Pembroke, who made this fortress their chief seat. As the capital of the palatinate and as the nearest port for Ireland, Pembroke was in Plantagenet times one of the most important fortified cities in the kingdom. The town, which had grown up under the shadow of the almost impregnable castle, was first incorporated by Henry I. in 1109 and again by Earl Richard de Clare in 1154 (who also encircled the town with walls), and these privileges were confirmed and extended under succeeding earls palatine and kings of England. In 1835 the corporation was remodelled under the Municipal Corporations Act. Henry II. occasionally visited Pembroke, notably in 1172, and until the close of the Wars of the Roses, both town and castle played a prominent part in the history of Britain. With the passing of the Act of Union of Wales and England in 1536 however, the jura regalia of the county palatine of Pembroke were abolished, and the prosperity of the town began to decline. Although acknowledged as the county town of Pembrokeshire, Pembroke was superseded by Haverfordwest as the judicial and administrative centre of the shire on account of the more convenient position of the latter place. By the act of 1536 Pembroke was declared the leading borough in the

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 recovering. My idea in letting go the second anchor was if the ship struck to keep her head to sea so as to be easily got off if required I am positive that had not the large chain been defective we should have ridden out the gale. We rode out as heavy a gale a week previous. The larger anchor weighed about 20 or 25 cwt since the first enquiry I find the small chain is an inch one I consider there was no chance of holding the vessel after the first chain parted I consider the ship was not sufficiently well found in Chains to ensure her riding safely during the winter months. I consider this port is perfectly safe in the winter months provided a ship is well found in ground tackle. The second anchor was let go within 5 minutes after the first chain parted. The second chain parted as soon as the strain came on it. Had the second anchor been down with 45 fathoms on it I do not think it would have parted as soon as it did There is a buoy on the second anchor. We drifted about a cable's length from the time of parting the second chain to the time of striking. The ship was quite far enough out. There were about 280 loads of timber on board when she came ashore. The wind was about north when the chain parted.

Sd. George Allen Mate Geffrard

Taken and sworn Before us

7 July 1875 Sd. J S Harris

J G Bussell

Charles Elg sworn saith

I am second mate of the Geffrard I am a Swede by birth I have been 20


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Author talk:Mary Jane Serrano

Biographical sources
Library of Congress gives her full name as Mary Jane Christie Serrano. Find-a-Grave has a record of a person of that name with a matching death year. This gives her birth year as approximately 1840 and that she was an Irish immigrant to the United States. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 01:27, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

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 Valence tried to regain the palatine rights which had been attached to the earldom of Pembroke. But his energies were not confined to South Wales. Henry III. heaped lands and honours upon him, and he was soon thoroughly hated as one of the most prominent of the rapacious foreigners. Moreover, some trouble in Wales led to a quarrel between him and Simon de Montfort, and this soon grew more violent. He would not comply with the provisions of Oxford, and took refuge in Wolvesey Castle at Winchester. where he was besieged and compelled to surrender and leave the country. In 1259 he and Earl Simon were formally reconciled in Paris, and in 1261 he was again in England and once more enjoying the royal favour. He fought for Henry at the battle of Lewes, and then, after a stay in France, he landed in Pembrokeshire, and took part in 1265 in the siege of Gloucester and the battle of Evesham. After the royalist victory he was restored to his estates and accompanied Prince Edward, afterwards Edward I., to Palestine. He went several times to France on public business; he assisted in the conquest of North Wales; and he was one of Edward’s representatives in the famous suit over the succession to the crown of Scotland in 1291 and 1292. He died at Bayonne on the 13th of June 1296, his body being buried in Westminster Abbey. His eldest surviving son, (c. 1265–1324), succeeded to his father’s estates, but was not formally recognized as earl of Pembroke until after the death of his mother Joan about 1307. He was appointed guardian of Scotland in 1306, but with the accession of Edward II. to the throne and the consequent rise of Piers Gaveston to power, his influence sensibly declined; he became prominent among the discontented nobles and was one of those who were appointed to select the lord ordainers in 1311. In 1312 he captured Gaveston at Scarborough, giving the favourite a promise that his life should be spared. Ignoring this undertaking, however, Guy Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, put Gaveston to death, and consequently Pembroke left the allied lords and attached himself to Edward II. Valence was present at Bannockburn; in 1317, when returning to England from Rome, he was taken prisoner and was kept in Germany until a large ransom was paid. In 1318 he again took a conspicuous part in making peace between Edward and his nobles, and in 1522 assisted at the formal condemnation of Earl Thomas of Lancaster, and received some of his lands. His wife, Mary de Chatillon, a descendant of King Henry III, was the founder of Pembroke College, Cambridge.

In 1339 (d. 1348), a great-grandson of William de Valence, having inherited through the female line a portion of the estates of the Valence earls of Pembroke was created.or recognized as, earl of Pembroke. His son John (d. 1376) married Margaret Plantagenet, daughter of King Edward III., and on the death without issue of his grandson. In 1389 the earldom of Pembroke reverted again to the Crown, while the barony of Hastings became dormant and so remained till 1840.

In 1414 Humphrey Plantagenet, fourth son of King Henry IV., was created duke of Gloucester and earl of Pembroke for life, these titles being subsequently made hereditary, with a reversion as regards the earldom of Pembroke, in default of heirs to Humphrey, to William de la Pole, earl of Suffolk. Accordingly, on the death of Humphrey, without issue, in 1447 this nobleman became earl of Pembroke. He was beheaded in 1450 and his titles were forfeited. In 1453 the title was given to Sir jasper Tudor, half-brother of King Henry VI. Sir Jasper being a Lancastrian, his title was forfeited during the predominance of the house of York, but was restored on the accession of Henry VII. On his death Without heirs in 1495, his title became extinct.

During his attainder Sir jasper was taken prisoner by (d. 1469), a zealous Yorkist, who had been raised to the peerage as Baron Herbert by Edward IV., and for this service Lord Herbert was created earl of Pembroke in 1468. His son William (d. 149I) received the earldom of Huntingdon in lieu of that of Pembroke, which he surrendered to Edward IV., who thereupon conferred it (1479) on his son Edward, prince of Wales; and when this prince succeeded to the throne as Edward V., the earldom of Pembroke merged in the crown. , a few months previous to her marriage with Henry VIII., was created marchioness of Pembroke in 1532, It is doubted by authorities on peerage law whether the title merged in the royal dignity on the marriage of the marchioness to the king, or became extinct on her death in 1536.

The title of earl of Pembroke was next revived in favour of (c. 1501–1570), whose father, Richard, was an illegitimate son of the 1st earl of Pembroke of the house of Herbert. He had married Anne Parr, sister of Henry VIII.’s sixth wife, and was created earl in 1551. The title has since been held by his descendants.

An executor of Henry VIII.’s will and the recipient of valuable grants of land, Herbert was a prominent and powerful personage during the reign of Edward VI., both the protector Somerset and his rival, John Dudley, afterwards duke of Northumberland, angling for his support. He threw in his lot with Dudley, and after Somerset’s fall obtained some of his lands in Wiltshire and a peerage. It has been asserted that he devised the scheme for settling the English crown on Lady Jane Grey; at all events he was one of her advisers during her short reign, but he declared for Mary when he saw that Lady Jane’s cause was lost. By Mary and her friends Pembroke’s loyalty was at times suspected, but he was employed as governor of Calais, as president of Wales and in other ways. He was also to some extent in the confidence of Philip II. of Spain. The earl retained his place at court under Elizabeth until 1569, when he was suspected of favouring the projected marriage between Mary, queen of Scots, and the duke of Norfolk. Among the monastic lands granted to Herbert was the estate of Wilton, near Salisbury, still the residence of the earls of Pembroke.

His elder son Henry (c. 1534–1601), who succeeded as 2nd earl, was president of Wales from 1586 until his death. He married in 1577 Mary Sidney, the famous countess of Pembroke (c. 1561–1621), third daughter of Sir Henry Sidney and his wife Mary Dudley. Sir Philip Sidney to whom she was deeply attached through life, was her eldest brother. Sir Philip Sidney spent the summer of 1580 with her at Wilton, or at Ivychurch, a favourite retreat of hers in the neighbourhood. Here at her request he began the Countess of Permbroke’s Arcadia, which was intended for her pleasure alone, not for publication. The two also worked at a metrical edition of the Psalms. When the great sorrow of her brother’s death came upon her she made herself his literary executor, correcting the unauthorized editions of the Arcadia and of his poems, which appeared in 1590 and 1591. She also took under her patronage the poets who had looked to her brother for protection. Spenser dedicated his Raines of Time to her, and refers to her as Urania in Colin Cloufs come home againe; in Spenser’s Astrophel she is “Clorinda.” In 1599 Queen Elizabeth was her guest at Wilton, and the countess composed for the occasion a pastoral dialogue in praise of Astraea. After her husband’s death she lived chiefly in London at Crosby Hall, where she died.

, 3rd earl of Pembroke (1580–1630), son of the 2nd earl and his famous countess, was a conspicuous figure in the society of his time and at the court of James I. Several times he found himself opposed to the schemes of the duke of Buckingham, and he was keenly interested in the colonization of America. He was lord chamberlain of the royal household from 1615 to 1625 and lord steward from 1626 to 1630. He was chancellor of the university of Oxford in 1624 when Thomas Tesdale and Richard Wightwick re founded Broadgates Hall and named it Pembroke College in his honour. By some Shakespearian commentators Pembroke has been identified with the “Mr W. H.” referred to as “the onlie begetter" of Shakespeare’s sonnets in the dedication by Thomas Thorpe, the owner of the published manuscript, while his mistress, (q.v.), has been identified with the “dark lady” of the sonnets. In both

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 striking it low against the wall. The side that wins the toss has the first service. The ball must be replayed by the opposing side at the vall, which it must hit over a line 3 ft. from the base of the wall and under the net fixed at the top of the wall The game is counted 15, 30, 40, game, reckoned by the number of faults made by the opposing side. A fault is scored (a) when after the service the ball is not caught on the volley or first bounce, (b) when it does not on the return strike the wall within the prescribed limits, (c) when it goes out of the prescribed limits of the court, (d) when it strikes the net fixed at the top of the court. The side making the fault loses the service. A game like this has been played in England by Spanish professionals on a court 250 ft. long, against a wall 30 ft. high and 55 ft. wide. The ball used, a trifle smaller than a base-ball, is hard rubber wound with yarn and leather-covered, weighing 5 ounces. The server bounces the ball on the concrete floor quite near the fronton, and hits it with his chistera against the wall with a force to make it rebound beyond a line 80 ft. back. It usually goes treble that distance.

PELOTAS, a city of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, on the left bank of the São Gongalo river near its entrance into tne Lagoa dos Patos, about 30 m. N.W. of the city of Rio Grande Pop (1900), city, about 24,000; municipio (commune, 1037 sq. m.),43,091. The Rio Grande Bagé railway communicates with the city of Rio Grande, and with the railways extending to Bagé, Cacequy, Santa Maria, Passo Fundo and Porto Alegre. The São Gonçalo river is the outlet of Lagoa Mirim, and Pelotas is therefore connected with the inland water routes. The city is bu1lt on an open grassy plain (campo) little above the level of the lake (28 ft. above sea-level). The public buildings include the church of São Francisco, dating from the early part of the 19th century, the municipal hall, a fine theatre, the Misericordia hospital, a public library containing about 25,000 volumes and a great central market. Pelotas is the centre of the xarque or carne secca (jerked beef) industry of Rio Grande do Sul. In its outskirts and the surrounding country are an immense number of xarqueadas (slaughter-houses), with large open yards where the dressed beef, lightly salted, is exposed to the sun and air. There are many factories or packing houses where the byproducts are prepared for market. Pelotas was only a small settlement at the beginning of the 10th century and had no parochial organization until 1812. It became a villa in 1830 and a city in 1835.

 PELOUZE, THÉOPHILE JULES (1807–1867), French chemist, was born at Valognes, in Normandy, on the 26th (or 13th) of February 1807. His father, Edmond Pelouze (d. 1847), was an industrial chemist and the author of several technical handbooks. The son, after spending some time in a pharmacy at La Fère, acted as laboratory assistant to Gay-Lussac and J. L. Lassaigne (1800–1859) at Paris from 1827 to 1829. In 1830 he was appointed associate professor of chemistry at Lille, but returning to Paris next year became repétiteur, and subsequently professor, at the École Polytechnique. He also held the chair of chemistry at the Collège de France, and in 1833 became assayer to the mint and in 1848 president of the Commission des Monnaies. After the coup d'état in 1851 he resigned his appointments, but continued to conduct a laboratory-school he had started in 1846. He died in Paris on the 1st of June 1867. Though Pelouze made no discovery of outstanding importance, he was a busy investigator, his work including researches on salicin, on beetroot sugar, on various organic acids—gallic, malic, tartaric, butyric, lactic, &c—on oenanthic ether (with Liebig), on the nitrosulphates, on gun-cotton, and on the composition and manufacture of glass. He also carried out determinations of the atomic weights of several elements, and with E. Frémy, published Traité de chimie générale (1847–1850), Abrégé de chimie (1848); and Notions générales de chimie (1853).

PELTIER, JEAN CHARLES ATHANASE (1785–1845), French physicist, was born at Ham (Somme) on the 22nd of February 1785. He was originally a watchmaker, but retired from business about the age of thirty and devoted himself to experimental and observational science. His papers, which are numerous, are devoted in great part to atmospheric electricity, waterspouts, cyanometry and polarization of skylight, the temperature of water in the spheroidal state, and the boiling point at great elevations. There are also a few devoted to curious points of natural history. But his name will always be associated with the thermal effects at junctions in a voltaic circuit His great experimental discovery, known as the “Peltier effect,” was that if a current pass from an external source through a circuit of two metals it cools the junction through which it passes in the same direction as the thermo-electric current which would be caused by directly heating that junction. while it heats the other junction (see ). Peltier died in Paris on the 27th of October 1845.

PELTUINUM [mod. Civita Ansidonia], a town of the Vestini, on the Via Claudia Nova, 12 m. E.S.E. of Aquila. It was apparently the chief town of that portion of the Vestini who dwelt west of the main Apennine chain. Remains of the town walls, of an amphitheatre, and of other buildings still exist.

 PELUSIUM, an ancient city and port of Egypt, now represented by two large mounds close to the coast and the edge of the desert, 20 m. E. of Port Said. It lay in the marshes at the mouth of the most easterly (Pelusiac) branch of the Nile, which has long since been silted up, and was the key of the land towards Syria and a strong fortress, which, from the Persian invasion at least, played a great part in all wars between Egypt and the East. Its name has not been found on Egyptian monuments, but it may be the Sin of the Bible and of Assur-bani-pal's inscription. Pelusium (“the muddy”) is the Faramā of the Arabs, Peremoun in Coptic; the name Tīna which clings to the locality seems etymologically connected with the Arabic word for clay or mud. The site, crowned with extensive ruins of burnt brick of the Byzantine or Arab period, has not yielded any important remains.

 PELVIS (Lat. for “basin,” cf. Gr.  ), in anatomy, the bony cavity at the lower part of the abdomen in which much of the genito-urinary apparatus and the lower part of the bowels are contained (see, § Appendicular).

PEMBA, an island in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa, forming part of the sultanate of Zanzibar. Pemba lies 30 m. N.N.E. of Zanzibar island between 4° 80' and 5° 30′ S., and 39° 35′ and 39° 50′ E. It is some 40 m. long and 10 across at its broadest part, and has an area of 380 sq. m. It is of coralline formation. On the side facing the mainland the coast is much indented. From its luxuriant vegetation it gets its' Arabic name of Al-huthera—“The Green.” The interior is diversified by hills, some of which exceed 600 ft. The land is chiefly owned by great Arab proprietors, who work their plantations with Swahili labour, and with negroes from the mainland. Prior to 1897 the labourers were all slaves. Their gradual manumission was accomplished without injury to the prosperity of the island. The population is estimated at between 50,000 and 60,000, of whom 2000 to 3000 are Arabs. Most of the inhabitants are of Bantu stock, and are known as Wapemba. In the ports there are many Hindu traders and a few Europeans. The plantations are nearly all devoted to cloves (the annual average output being 10,000,000 ℔) and coco-nut palms (for the preparation of copra). The number of coco-nut plantations is very small compared with those devoted to cloves. Yet cloves need much care and attention and yield small profit, while the coco-nut palm yields a fairly uniform crop of nuts and will grow almost anywhere. The preponderance of clove plantations dates from a cyclone which in 1872 destroyed nearly all the clove-trees in the island of Zanzibar. Thereupon, to benefit from the great rise in the price of cloves, the Pemba planters cut down their palms and planted cloves. The value of the cloves exported in 1907 was £339,000, or 92% of the total exports. India, Germany and Great Britain are, in the order named, the chief purchasers. Other exports include fire-wood, skins and hides, mother-of-pearl, wax and small quantities of rubber, cowries, tortoiseshell and so-called tortoise-nail. The “ tortoise-nail” is the valve with which a shell-fish closes its shell. The Llandolphia rubber-vine is indigenous, and since 1906 Ceara rubber-trees have been

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 20 years at sea I was on board when the Geffrard came on shore at 7.30 p.m. on 13 June the mate and I were standing forward when the chain parted  the mate never left the deck when the mate said the chain had parted I would not believe it  The reason the second anchor was not down was we considered the chain of the first was good   Had the second anchor been down I do not think it would of helped the ship anything. One of the chains is generally smaller than the other in most ships I believe that ships ride with one anchor better than with two I have seen ships lay with 2 anchors and both parted and another with a single anchor ride safely. We had not time enough to heave in on the first chain I let the second anchor go. At the time the chain parted the ship took a steer & a sea struck her on the starboard bow which I consider was the cause of the chain parting When we found the chain had parted we at once let go the second anchor I can't say how long after the first chain parted that the second went  I can't exactly say the time she struck after the second chain parted; we were busy. Made sail on the ship after the second chain parted  She continued drifting till about 11 PM when she struck I do not think the second anchor would have been of any use having so much of the first chain out  We did not expect bad weather as the glass was high the weather looked fine The second chain is a ⅞ inch one was pretty well worn   The second chain would not have held her  The ship surged on the second chain while they were paying it out & it snapped We could have paid out to 90 fathoms had it held  The men were prepared before the chain parted


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 I was washed from the Bows to the main hatch

Sd Charles Elg

Taken and sworn

Before us

7 July 1875

Sd J S Harris

J G Bussell


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 extensively planted. Rice, the chief of Pemba’s imports, could easily be grown on the island. Cotton cloths (Kangas) form the next most considerable item in the imports.

Pemba has three ports, all on the west side of the island. Shaki-Shaki, the capital and the centre of trade, is centrally situated at the head of a shallow tidal creek partly blocked by dense growths of mangroves. Mkoani is on the south-west coast, Kishi-Kashi on the north-west coast; at the last-named port there is a deep and well-sheltered harbour, approached however by a narrow and dangerous channel.

Pemba is administered as an integral part of the Zanzibar dominions, and yields a considerable surplus to the exchequer, mainly from a 25% duty imposed on cloves exported. There is a weekly steamship service to Zanzibar, and in 1907 the two islands were connected by wireless telegraphy (see ).

 PEMBROKE, EARLS OF. The title of earl of Pembroke has been held successively by several English families, the jurisdiction and dignity of a palatine earldom being originally attached to it. The first creation dates from 1158, when the earldom of Pembroke was conferred by King Stephen on Gilbert de Clare (d. 1148), son of Gilbert Fitz-Richard, who possessed the lordship of Strigul (Estrighoiel, in Domesday Book), the modern Chepstow. After the battle of Lincoln (1141), in which he took part, the earl joined the party of the empress Matilda, and he married Henry I.’s mistress, Isabel, daughter of Robert de Beaumont, earl of Leicester.

, 2nd earl of Pembroke (d. 1176), commonly known as “Strongbow,” son of the first earl, succeeded to his father’s estates in 1148, but had forfeited or lost them by 1168. In that year Dermot, king of Leinster, driven out of his kingdom by Roderick, king of Connaught, came to solicit help from Henry II. He secured the services of Earl Richard, promising him the hand of his daughter Eva and the succession to Leinster. The earl crossed over in person (1170), took both Waterford and Dublin, and was married to Eva. But Henry II., jealous of this success, ordered all the troops to return by Easter 1171. In May Dermot died; this was the signal of a general rising, and Richard barely managed to keep Roderick of Connaught out of Dublin Immediately afterwards he hurried to England to solicit help from Henry II., and surrendered to him all his lands and castles. Henry crossed over in October 1172; he stayed in Ireland six months, and put his own men into nearly all the important places, Richard keeping only Kildare. In 1173 he went in person to France to help Henry II., and was present at Verneuil, being reinstated in Leinster as a reward. In 1174 he advanced into Connaught and was severely defeated, but fortunately Raymond le Gros re-established his supremacy in Leinster. Early in 1176 Richard died, just as Raymond had taken Limerick for him Strongbow was the statesman, as the Fitzgeralds were the soldiers, of the conquest. He is vividly described by Giraldus Cambrensis as a tall and fair man, of pleasing appearance, modest in his bearing, delicate in features, of a low voice, but sage in council and the idol of his soldiers. He was buried in the cathedral church of Dublin, where his etiigy and that of his wife are still preserved.

Strongbow having died without male issue, His daughter became countess of Pembroke in her own right, and the title was borne by her husband,, or Le Maréchal, second son of John le Maréchal, by Sibylle, the sister of Patrick, earl of Salisbury. John le Maréchal was a partisan of the empress Matilda, and died about 1164.

The date of Sir William Marshal’s birth is uncertain, but his parents were married not earlier than 1141, and he was a mere child in 1152, when he attracted the notice of King Stephen. In 1170 he was selected for a position in the household of Prince Henry, the heir-apparent, and remained there until the death of his young patron (1183) He undertook a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, where he served as a crusader with distinction for two years. Although he had abetted the prince in rebellion he was pardoned by Henry II. and admitted to the royal service about 1188. In 1189 he covered the flight of Henry II. from Le Mans to Chinon, and, in a skirmish, unhorsed the undutiful Richard Coeur de Lion. None the less Richard, on his accession, promoted Marshal and confirmed the old king’s licence for his marriage with the heiress of Strigul and Pembroke. This match gave Marshal the rank of an earl, with great estates in Wales and Ireland, and he was included in the council of regency which the king appointed on his departure for the third crusade (1190). He took the side of Prince John when the latter expelled the justiciar, William Longchamp, from the kingdom, but he soon discovered that the interests of John were different from those of Richard. Hence in 1195 he joined with the loyalists in making war upon the prince. Richard forgave Marshal his first error of judgment, allowed him to succeed his brother, John Marshal, in the hereditary marshalship, and on his death-bed designated him as custodian of Rouen and of the royal treasure during the interregnum. Though he quarrelled more than once with John, Marshal was one of the few English laymen who clung to the royal side through the Barons' War. He was one of John’s executors, and was subsequently elected regent of the king and kingdom by the royalist barons in 1216. In spite of his advanced age he prosecuted the war against Prince Louis and the rebels with remarkable energy. In the battle of Lincoln (May 1217) he charged and fought at the head of the young king’s army, and he was preparing to besiege Louis in London when the war was terminated by the naval victory of Hubert de Burgh in the straits of Dover. He was criticized for the generosity of the terms he accorded to Louis and the rebels (September 1217); but his desire for an expeditious settlement was dictated by sound statesmanship. Self-restraint and compromise were the key-notes of Marshal’s policy. Both before and after the peace of 1217 he reissued Magna Carta. He fell ill early in the year 1219, and died on the 14th of May at his manor of Caversham near Reading. He was succeeded in the regency by Hubert de Burgh, in his earldom by his five sons in succession.

Marshal’s eldest son, (d. 1251), 2nd earl of Pembroke of this line, passed some years in warfare in Wales and in Ireland, where he was justiciar from 1224 to 1226; he also served Henry III. in France. His second wife was the king’s sister, Eleanor, afterwards the Wife of Simon de Montfort, but he left no children. His brother (d. 1254), 3rd earl, came to the front as the leader of the baronial party, and the chief antagonist of the foreign friends of Henry III. Fearing treachery he refused to visit the king at Gloucester in August 1255, and Henry declared him a traitor. He crossed to Ireland, where Peter des Roches had instigated his enemies to attack him, and in April 1254 he was overpowered and wounded, and died a prisoner. His brother (d. 1241), who became the 4th earl, was a friend and ally of Richard, earl of Cornwall. When another brother, Anselm, the 6th earl, died in December 1245, the male descendants of the great earl marshal became extinct. The extensive family possessions were now divided among Anselm’s live sisters and their descendants, the earldom of Pembroke reverting to the Crown.

The next holder of the lands of the earldom of Pembroke was William de Valence (d. 1296), a younger son of Hugh de Lusignan, count of La Marche, by his marriage with Isabella of Angouléme (d. 1246), widow of the English king John, and was born at Valence, near Lusignan. In 1247 William and his brothers, Guy and Aymer, crossed over to England at the invitation of their half-brother, Henry III. In 1250 Aymer (d. 1260) was elected bishop of Winchester, and in 1247 Henry arranged a marriage between William and Joan de Munchensi (d. 1507) a granddaughter of William Marshal, 1st earl of Pembroke. The custody of Joan’s property, which included the castle and lordship of Pembroke, was entrusted to her husband, who in 1295 was summoned to parliament as earl of Pembroke. In South Wales

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 L. W. Clifton Esq.

We consider as Landsmen that Capt Munday should have had a second chain down at the this time of year — We consider a second Court of Enquiry before a Nautical Assessor is advisable. We have no Nautical Assessor here

J G Harris


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 Colonial Secretary

We may deciding to hold a formal inquiry I think the Harbor Master would be a good person to ?? ?? ?? ?? ??

?? 19/6/75

Collector of Customs

Please ?? with the Harbor Master and report their recommendation


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L Worsley Clifton Collector 2 July 75

The Honorable Colonial Secretary


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 Western Australia

Custom House Fremantle

26th June 1875

No 4/781

Sir

I have the honor to enclose here with the minutes of the Preliminary inquiry regarding the stranding of the 'Geffrard' at the Vasse, for the information of His Excellency The Governor.

On the receipts of these papers I observed that Mr Harris did not state in his report any intention of preparing formal charges under the 1st section of The Honorable

The Colonial Secretary

Perth


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 28 Victoria, I therefore thought it advisable to ask the question by wire, and I append his reply.

The Court having decided to prefer specific charges I would request to be informed if His Excellency will authorise a Nautical Assessor being sent to the Vasse to hear the case, as it appears that there is no person there who can act in that capacity; and in the event of His Excellency doing so, I would respectfully suggest that some person of nautical skill be nominated for I feel sure the Court will "appoint" any person named.

I have the honor to be

Sir

Your obedient servant


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pembroke, Earls of


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 $\frac{5}{7359}$

26th June 1875

Collector of Customs

Preliminary Inquiry to Stranding of Ship Geffrard

$5/7389$.


text:
Author:Noah

Works attributed to Noah

 * Book of Noah, no longer extant; quoted in the Book of Enoch and the Book of Jubilees

Prose

 * Genesis, chapters 6-9
 * "Noah" in Legends of Old Testament Characters by Sabine Baring-Gould, 1871
 * "Noah" in The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament by Montague Rhodes James, 1920.

Poetry

 * "Noah" in The Poetical Works of Elizabeth Margaret Chandler, 1848

Reference works

 * "Noah" in Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897
 * "Noah (III)," in A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon, by George Reynolds
 * "Noah (III)," in A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon, by George Reynolds

title: Author:Noah


text:
Portal:Lamech (descendent of Cain)

Works

 * Book of Lamech, mentioned in the List of Sixty Books, no longer extant
 * "Song of the Sword", a short passage from Genesis

Works about Lamech

 * Genesis 4:17–23
 * "The Song of Lamech" by Arthur Hugh Clough
 * "Lamech" in Legends of Old Testament Characters by Sabine Baring-Gould, 1871.
 * "Lamech" in The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament by Montague Rhodes James, 1920.

title: Portal:Lamech (descendent of Cain)


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Davies, Hon. Sir Matthew Henry


text:
Author:Adam

Traditionally attributed to Adam
The following are works attributed to Adam according to one or more religious traditions:
 * The Hours of the Day and Night
 * Life of Adam and Eve, also known as The Apocalpyse of Moses

Ancient texts

 * Apocalypse of Adam
 * Cave of Treasures
 * Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan
 * Contradiction of Adam and Eve, also called the Book of Adam
 * Genesis
 * Jubilees
 * The Penitence of Adam and Eve
 * Testament of Adam
 * Testament of Our First Parents

Reference works

 * "Adam," in A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon, by George Reynolds
 * "Adam," in A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon, by George Reynolds
 * "Adam," in A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon, by George Reynolds
 * "Adam," in A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon, by George Reynolds

Poetry

 * Adamgirk by Arakel of Siwnik, 15th Century
 * Paradise Lost by John Milton, 1667

Other works

 * "Adam" in The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament by Montague Rhodes James, 1920.

title: Author:Adam


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146 "Well, then, I will acknowledge openly," answered Charlotte, with some impatience, "my feeling is against this plan. I have an instinct which tells me no good will come of it."

"You women are invincible in this way," replied Edward. "You are so sensible that there is no answering you; then, so affectionate, that one is glad to give way to you; full of feelings, which one cannot wound; and full of forebodings, which terrify one."

"I am not superstitious," said Charlotte: "and I care nothing for these dim sensations, merely as such; but, in general, they are the result of unconscious recollections of happy or unhappy consequences, which we have experienced as following on our own or others' actions. Nothing is of greater moment, in any state of things, than the intervention of a third person. I have seen friends, brothers and sisters, lovers, husbands and wives, whose relation to each other, through the accidental or intentional introduction of a third person, has been altogether changed,—whose whole moral condition has been inverted by it."

"That may very well be," replied Edward, "with people who live on, without looking where they are going; but not, surely, with persons who have attained to self-consciousness."

"Self-consciousness, my dearest husband," insisted Charlotte, "is not a sufficient weapon. It is very often a most dangerous one for the person who bears it. And, out of all this, at least so much seems to arise, that we should not be in too great a hurry. Let me have a few days to think: don't decide."

"As the matter stands," returned Edward, "however many days we wait, we shall still be in too great a hurry. The arguments for and against are all before us; all we want is the conclusion; and, as things are, I think the best thing we can do is to draw lots."

"I know," said Charlotte, "that, in doubtful cases, it


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Rh is your way to leave them to chance. To me, in such a serious matter, this seems almost a crime."

"Then, what am I to write to the captain?" cried Edward; "for write I must at once."

"Write him a kind, sensible, sympathising letter." answered Charlotte.

"That is as good as none at all," replied Edward.

"And there are many cases," answered she, "in which we are obliged, and in which it is the real kindness, rather to write nothing than not to write."


text:
Author:Joseph (patriarch)

Works
The following works are attributed to Joseph by one or more religious traditions
 * "The Testament of Joseph Concerning Sobriety" in The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
 * Prayer of Joseph

Works about Joseph

 * Genesis
 * "Joseph" by Ann Eliza Bleecker
 * "Joseph" in The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament by Montague Rhodes James, 1920.
 * "Joseph (II)," in A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon, by George Reynolds
 * Joseph and His Brethren: A Pageant Play (1913) by Louis N. Parker
 * "Joseph" in The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament by Montague Rhodes James, 1920.
 * "Joseph (II)," in A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon, by George Reynolds
 * Joseph and His Brethren: A Pageant Play (1913) by Louis N. Parker
 * Joseph and His Brethren: A Pageant Play (1913) by Louis N. Parker

title: Author:Joseph (patriarch)


text:
Author:Shem

Works
The following apocryphal works are attributed to Shem according to one or more religious traditions:
 * Paraphrase of Shem
 * Treatise of Shem

Works about Shem

 * Genesis

title: Author:Shem


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 CHAPTER II.

was alone in his room. The repetition of the incidents of his life from Charlotte's lips; the representation of their mutual situation, their mutual purposes,—had worked him, sensitive as he was, into a very pleasant state of mind. While close to her—while in her presence—he had felt so happy, that he had thought out a warm, kind, but quiet and indefinite, epistle which he would send to the captain. When, however, he had settled himself at his writing-table, and taken up his friend's letter to read it over once more, the sad condition of this excellent man rose again vividly before him. The feelings which had been all day distressing him again awoke, and it appeared impossible to him to leave one whom he called his friend in such painful embarrassment.

Edward was unaccustomed to deny himself anything. The only child, and consequently the spoiled child, of wealthy parents, who had persuaded him into a singular but highly advantageous marriage with a lady far older than himself; and again by her petted and indulged in every possible way, she seeking to reward his kindness to her by the utmost liberality; after her early death his own master, travelling independently of every one, equal to all contingencies and all changes, with desires never excessive, but multiple and various,—free-hearted, generous, brave, at times even noble,—what was there in the world to cross or thwart him?

Hitherto, everything had gone as he desired. Charlotte had become his; he had won her at last, with an obstinate, a romantic fidelity: and now he felt himself, 148


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Rh for the first time, contradicted, crossed in his wishes, when those wishes were to invite to his home the friend of his youth,—just as he was longing, as it were, to throw open his whole heart to him. He felt annoyed, impatient: he took up his pen again and again, and as often threw it down again because he could not make up his mind what to write. He would not go counter to his wife's wishes: still less could he go counter to her expressed desire. Ill at ease as he was, it would have been impossible for him, even if he had wished, to write a quiet, easy letter. The most natural thing to do, was to put it off. In a few words, he begged his friend to forgive him for having left his letter unanswered: that day he was unable to write circumstantially, but shortly he hoped to be able to tell him what he felt at greater length.

The next day, as they were walking to the same spot, Charlotte took the opportunity of bringing back the conversation to the subject; perhaps because she knew that there is no surer way of rooting out any plan or purpose than by often talking it over.

It was what Edward was wishing. He expressed himself in his own way, kindly and sweetly. For although, sensitive as he was, he flamed up readily,—although the vehemence with which he desired anything made him pressing, and his obstinacy made him impatient,—his words were so softened by his wish to spare the feelings of those to whom he was speaking, that it was impossible not to be charmed, even when one most disagreed with him.

On that morning he first contrived to bring Charlotte into the happiest humour, and then so disarmed her with the graceful turn which he gave to the conversation, that she cried out at last: "You are determined that what I refuse to the husband you will make me grant to the lover. At least, my dearest," she continued, "I will acknowledge that


text:
Portal:Japhet

Works about Japhet

 * Genesis

title: Portal:Japhet


text:
Author:Joshua

Traditionally attributed to Joshua

 * Joshua, a book in the Bible

title: Author:Joshua


text:
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150 your wishes, and the warmth and sweetness with which you express them, have not left me untouched, have not left me unmoved. You drive me to make a confession: unill now I, too, have had a concealment from you; I am in exactly the same position with you, and I have hitherto been putting the same restraint on my inclination which I have been exhorting you to put on yours."

"Glad am I to hear that," said Edward. "In the married state, a difference of opinion now and then, I see, is no bad thing. We learn something of one another by it."

"You are to learn at present, then," said Charlotte, "that I feel with regard to Ottilie as you do with regard to the captain. The dear child is most uncomfortable at the school, and I am thoroughly uneasy about her. Luciana, my daughter, born as she is for the world, is there training hourly for the world: languages, history, everything that is taught there, she acquires with so much ease, that, as it were, she learns them off at sight. She has quick natural gifts, and an excellent memory: one may almost say she forgets everything, and in a moment calls it all back again. She distinguishes herself above every one at the school with the freedom of her carriage, the grace of her movement, and the elegance of her address, and, with the inborn royalty of nature, makes herself the queen of the little circle there. The superior of the establishment regards her as a little divinity, who under her hands is shaping into excellence, and who will do her honour, gain her reputation, and bring her a large increase of pupils: the first pages of this good lady's letters, and her monthly notices of progress, are for ever hymns about the excellence of such a child, which I have to translate into my own prose: while her concluding sentences about Ottilie are nothing but excuse after excuse,—attempts at explaining how it can be that a


text:
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Rh girl in other respects growing up so lovely seems coming to nothing, and shows neither capacity nor accomplishment. This, and the little she has to say besides, is no riddle to me; because I can see in this dear child the same character as that of her mother, who was my own dearest friend, who grew up with myself, and whose daughter, I am certain, if I had the care of her education, would form into an exquisite creature.

"This, however, has not fallen in with our plan; and as one ought not to be picking and pulling, or for ever introducing new elements among the conditions of our life, I think it better to bear, and to conquer as I can, even the unpleasant impression that my daughter, who knows very well that poor Ottilie is entirely dependent upon us, does not refrain from flourishing her own successes in her face, and so, to a certain extent, destroys the little good which we have done for her. Who are well enough trained never to wound others by a parade of their own advantages? and who stands so high as not at times to suffer under such a slight? In trials like these, Ottilie's character is growing in strength; but, since I have clearly known the painfulness of her situation, I have been thinking over all possible ways to make some other arrangement. Every hour I am expecting an answer to my own last letter, and then I do not mean to hesitate any more. So, my dear Edward, it is with me. We have both, you see, the same sorrows to bear, touching both our hearts in the same point. Let us bear them together, since we neither of us can press our own against the other."

"We are strange creatures," said Edward, smiling. "If we can only put out of sight anything which troubles us, we fancy at once we have got rid of it. We can give up much in the large and general, but to make sacrifices in little things, is a demand to which we are rarely equal. So it was with my mother,—as long as I lived with her, while a boy and a young man,


text:
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152 she could not bear to let me be a moment out of her sight. If I was out later than usual in my ride, some misfortune must have happened to me. If I got wet through in a shower, a fever was inevitable. I travelled: I was absent from her altogether; and, at once, I scarcely seemed to belong to her. If we look at it closer," he continued, "we are both acting very foolishly, very culpably. Two very noble natures, both of which have the closest claims on our affection, we are leaving exposed to pain and distress, merely to avoid exposing ourselves to a chance of danger. If this is not to be called selfish, what is? You take Ottilie; let me have the captain: and for a short period, at least, let the trial be made."

"We might venture it," said Charlotte thoughtfully, "if the danger were only to ourselves. But do you think it prudent to bring Ottilie and the captain into a situation where they must necessarily be so closely intimate,—the captain a man no older than yourself, of an age (I am not saying this to flatter you) when a man becomes first capable of love and first deserving of it, and a girl of Ottilie's attractiveness?"

"I cannot conceive how you can rate Ottilie so high," replied Edward. "I can only explain it to myself by supposing her to have inherited your affection for her mother. Pretty she is, no doubt. I remember the captain telling me so, when we came back last year, and met her at your aunt's. Attractive she is,—she has particularly pretty eyes; but I do not know that she made the slightest impression upon me."

"That was quite proper in you," said Charlotte, "seeing that I was there; and, although she is much younger than I, the presence of your old friend had so many charms for you, that you overlooked the promise of the opening beauty. It is one of your ways, and that is one reason why it is so pleasant to live with you."


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Rh Charlotte, openly as she appeared to be speaking, was keeping back something, nevertheless, which was, that, at the time when Edward first came back from aboard, she had purposely thrown Ottilie in his way, to secure, if possible, so desirable a match for her protégée. For of herself, at that time, in connection with Edward, she never thought at all. The captain, also, had a hint given to him to draw Edward's attention to her; but the latter, who was clinging determinately to his early affection for Charlotte, looked neither right nor left, and was only happy in the feeling that it was at last within his power to obtain for himself the one happiness which he so earnestly desired, and which a series of incidents had appeared to have placed for ever beyond his reach.

They were on the point of descending the new grounds, newly laid out, in order to return to the castle, when a servant came hastily to meet them, and, with a laugh on his face, called up from below, "Will your Grace be pleased to come quickly to the castle? The Herr Mittler has just galloped into the court. He shouted to us, to go all of us in search of you; and we were to ask whether there was need, 'whether there is need,' he cried after us, 'do you hear? but be quick, be quick.'"

"The odd fellow!" exclaimed Edward. "But has he not come at the right time, Charlotte? Tell him, there is need,—grievous need. He must alight. See his horse taken care of. Take him into the saloon, and let him have some luncheon. We shall be with him immediately.

"Let us take the nearest way," he said to his wife, and struck into the path across the churchyard, which he usually avoided. He was not a little surprised to find here, too, traces of Charlotte's delicate hand. Sparing, as far as possible, the old monuments, she had contrived to level it, and lay it carefully out, so


text:
Author:Cesare Baronio

Works

 * Annales Ecclesiastici ("Ecclesiastical Annals")

title: Author:Cesare Baronio


text:
Author:Ezra

Works
Traditionally attributed to Ezra:
 * 1 Chronicles and 2 Chronicles, also known as Paralipomenon
 * ../-Nehemiah, originally a single work, also known as 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras
 * 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras, also known as 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras

Works about Ezra

 * "Ezra" in The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament by Montague Rhodes James, 1920.

title: Author:Ezra


text:
Author:Solomon

Traditionally attributed to Solomon

 * Parts of Psalms
 * Proverbs
 * Ecclesiastes
 * Song of Songs
 * Psalms of Solomon
 * Testament of Solomon

Reference

 * "Solomon" in A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon by George Reynolds, 1891.
 * "Solomon" in A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon by George Reynolds, 1891.

Poetry

 * "If Solomon for wisdom prayed" by John Newton
 * "King Solomon and the Ants" by John Greenleaf Whittier
 * "Solomon and Balkis" by Robert Browning

Other

 * "Accession of Solomon" in The Great Events by Famous Historians ed. Rossiter Johnson, 1905.
 * "Solomon" in The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament by Montague Rhodes James, 1920.
 * "Solomon" in Prophets and Kings by Ellen G. White.
 * "Solomon" in Prophets and Kings by Ellen G. White.

title: Author:Solomon


text: Portal:Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes


text:
Page:An Elizabethan garland; being a descriptive catalogue of seventy black-letter ballads, printed between the years 1559 and 1597.djvu/22

Imprinted at London hy John Alde and Eicharde Johnes and are to be solde at the Long Shop adjoining unto S. Mildreds Churche in the Pultrie and at the litle shop adjoining to the Northwest doore of Paules Churche. Anno domini 1566 the 20, of August.

(A popular ballad of the seventeenth century, "Pride's Fall, or a Warning to all English-Women," gives us a similar instance of monstrosity:—

About his neck & flaunting ruff, It now had gallantly,' Starched with white and blew, Seemly unto the eye: With laces long and broad. As now are womens bands. Thus heavy, wanton pride First in God's anger stands.

In 1587, Henry Carre had a license to print "a newe balled, intituled "Stowp gallant," concerning a child borne with great Ruffes.")

Imprinted at London at the long Shop adjoining unto Sainct Mildreds Church in the Poultrie by Jolm Alde. Anno Domini 1566. Novembris 25.

Imprinted at London by Alexander Lacy, for William Lewes: dwellyng in Cow Lane, above Holborne cundit, over against the signe of the Plough.

(In the previous year Thomas Colwell printed "The true description of two monsterous chyldren, borne at Herne, in Kent, the 27 daie of Auguste


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 6.djvu/180

 154 as to make it appear a pleasant spot on which the eye and the imagination could equally repose with pleasure. The oldest stones had each their special honour assigned them. They were ranged according to their dates along the wall, either leaning against it, or let into it, or however it could be contrived; and the string-course of the church was thus variously ornamented.

Edward was singularly affected as he came in upon it through the little wicket: he pressed Charlotte's hand, and tears started into his eyes. But these were very soon put to flight by the appearance of their singular visitor. This gentleman had declined sitting down in the castle: he had ridden straight through the village to the churchyard-gate; and then, halting, he called out to his friends, "Are you not making a fool of me? Is there need, really? If there is, I can stay till midday. But don't keep me. I have a great deal to do before night."

"Since you have taken the trouble to come so far," cried Edward to him, in answer, "you had better come through the gate. We meet at a solemn spot. Come and see the variety which Charlotte has thrown over its sadness."

"Inside there," called out the rider, "come I neither on horseback, nor in carriage, nor on foot. These here rest in peace: with them I have nothing to do. One day I shall be carried in feet foremost. I must bear that as I can.—Is it serious, I want to know?"

"Indeed it is," cried Charlotte, "right serious. For the first time in our married lives we are in a strait and difficulty, from which we do not know how to extricate ourselves."

"You do not look as if it were so," answered he. "But I will believe you. If you are deceiving me, for the future you shall help yourselves. Follow me quickly: my horse will be none the worse for a rest."


text:
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 Rh The three soon met in the parlour, where luncheon was brought in; and Mittler told them what he had done, and was going to do on that day. This eccentric person had in early life been a clergyman, and had distinguished himself in his office by the never-resting activity with which he contrived to make up and put an end to quarrels,—quarrels in families, and quarrels between neighbours; first among the individuals immediately about him, and afterward among whole congregations, and among the country gentlemen round. While he was in the ministry, no married couple were allowed to separate; and the district courts were untroubled with either cause or process. A knowledge of the law, he was well aware, was necessary to him. He gave himself with all his might to the study of it, and very soon felt himself a match for the best-trained advocate. His circle of activity extended wonderfully; and people were on the point of inducing him to move to the Residence, where he would find opportunities of exercising in the higher circles what he had begun in the lowest, when he won a considerable sum of money in a lottery. With this he bought himself a small property. He let the ground to a tenant, and made it the centre of his operations, with the fixed determination, or rather in accordance with his old customs and inclinations, never to enter a house when there was no dispute to make up, and no help to be given. People who were superstitious about names, and about what they imported, maintained that it was his being called Mittler which drove him to take upon himself this strange employment.

Luncheon was laid on the table, and the stranger then solemnly pressed his host not to wait any longer with the disclosure which he had to make. Immediately after refreshing himself he would be obliged to leave them.


text:
Page:An Elizabethan garland; being a descriptive catalogue of seventy black-letter ballads, printed between the years 1559 and 1597.djvu/23

 in the year of our Lord 1565. They were booth women chyldren, and were chrystened and lyved half a daye. The one departed before the other almoste an howre." It is entirely prose, with a woodcut of the two children, united at the stomach.)

Imprinted at London in Fletestreate beneath the Conduit, at the Signe of S. John Evangelist, by Thomas Colwell.

(This ballad was licensed by the Stationers' Company in 1566–7. The story of Gehazi is in what we now call the Second Book of Kings. "A Ballett of Kyng Salomon," probably the original of the tune here referred to, was licensed in 1559–60.)

Imprinted at London by John Awdeley, dwellyng in little Britain Streete without Aldersgate. The 23. of December.

(John Sampson (alias Awdely), the printer, was probably the author of this production. It is not named in Smith's "Bibliotheca Cantiana.")

Imprinted at London, in Fletstrete at the signe of the Faucon by Wylliam Gryffith. 1568.

A very passionate and beautiful ballad; the burden of which is, "Or els for love I die."

(This ballad was licensed to Thomas Colwell in 1562–3. The tune is unknown.)


text:
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156 Husband and wife made a circumstantial confession; but scarcely had he caught the substance of the matter, when he started angrily up from the table, rushed out of the saloon, and ordered his horse to be saddled instantly.

"Either you do not know me, you do not understand me," he cried, "or you are sorely mischievous. Do you call this a quarrel? Is there any want of help here? Do you suppose that I am in the world to give advice? Of all occupations which man can pursue, that is the most foolish. Every man must be his own counsellor, and do what he cannot let alone. If all go well, let him be happy, let him enjoy his wisdom and his fortune; if it go ill, I am at hand to do what I can for him. The man who desires to be rid of an evil, knows what he wants; but the man who desires something better than he has is stone-blind. Yes, yes, laugh as you will, he is playing blindman's-buff: perhaps he gets hold of something; but the question is, what he has got hold of. Do as you will: it is all one. Invite your friends to you, or let them be: it is all the same. The most prudent plans I have seen miscarry, and the most foolish succeed. Don't split your brains about it: and if, one way or the other, evil comes of what you settle, don't fret: send for me, and you shall be helped. Till which time I am your humble servant."

So saying, he sprang on his horse, without waiting the arrival of the coffee.

"Here you see," said Charlotte, "the small service a third person can be when things are off their balance between two persons closely connected: we are left, if possible, more confused and more uncertain than we were."

They would both probably have continued hesitating some time longer, had not a letter arrived from the captain in reply to Edward's last. He had made up


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 6.djvu/183

 Rh his mind to accept one of the situations which had been offered him, although it was not in the least up to his mark. He was to share the ennui of certain wealthy persons of rank, who depended on his ability to dissipate it.

Edward's keen glance saw into the whole thing; and he pictured it out in just, sharp lines.

"Can we endure to think of our friend in such a position?" he cried. "You cannot be so cruel, Charlotte."

"That strange Mittler is right, after all," replied Charlotte: "all such undertakings are ventures; what will come of them, it is impossible to foresee. New elements introduced among us may be fruitful in fortune or in misfortune, without our having to take credit to ourselves for one or the other. I do not feel myself firm enough to oppose you further. Let us make the experiment; only one thing I will entreat of you,—that it be only for a short time. You must allow me to exert myself more than ever, to use all my influence among all my connections, to find him some position which will satisfy him in his own way." Edward assured his wife of his warmest gratitude. He hastened with a light, happy heart, to write off his proposals to his friend. Charlotte in a postscript was to signify her approbation with her own hand, and unite her own kind entreaties with his. She wrote, with a rapid pen, pleasantly and affectionately, but yet with a sort of haste which was not usual with her; and, most unlike herself, she disfigured the paper at last with a blot of ink, which put her out of temper, and which she only made worse with her attempts to wipe it away.

Edward laughed at her about it; and, as there was still room, added a second postscript, that his friend was to see from this symptom the impatience with which he was expected, and measure the speed at


text:
Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 6.djvu/184

158 which he came to them by the haste in which the letter was written.

The messenger was gone; and Edward thought he could not give a more convincing evidence of his gratitude than by insisting again and again that Charlotte should at once send for Ottilie from the school. She said she would think about it, and, for that evening, induced Edward to join with her in the enjoyment of a little music. Charlotte played exceedingly well on the piano, Edward not quite so well on the flute. He had taken a great deal of pains with it at times; but he lacked the patience, the perseverance, requisite for the completely successful cultivation of such a talent. Consequently his part was done unequally: some pieces well, only perhaps too quickly; while with others he hesitated, not being quite familiar with them; so that, for any one else, it would have been difficult to have gone through a duet with him. But Charlotte knew how to manage it. She held in, or let herself be run away with, and fulfilled in this way the double part of a skilful conductor and a prudent housewife, who are able always to keep right on the whole, although particular passages will now and then fall out of order.


text:
Author:Hilary of Poitiers

Works

 * Commentarius in Evangelium Matthaei (Commentary on Matthew, 356)
 * De Synodis or De Fide Orientalium (358)
 * De Trinitate (359/360)
 * Apologetica ad reprehensores libri de synodis responsa
 * Contra Arianos vel Auxentium Mediolanensem liber (365)
 * Contra Constantium Augustum liber
 * Tractatus super Psalmos
 * Commentarius in Evangelium Matthaei

Works about Hilary

 * "Hilary the Bishop" in Lives of Illustrious Men by Jerome
 * Introduction to Hilary's works in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II, Volume IX.
 * Introduction to Hilary's works in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II, Volume IX.
 * Introduction to Hilary's works in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II, Volume IX.

title: Author:Hilary of Poitiers


text:
Author:Cyrus

Works

 * Cyrus cylinder

title: Author:Cyrus


text:
Author:John Awdely

Works

 * The Wonders of England (1559)
 * The Fraternitye of Vacabondes (1565)
 * Preface to A briefe Treatise agaynst certayn Errors of the Romish Church by Gregory Scot (1574)
 * Ecclesi. xx., Remember death and thou shalt never sinne (30 April, 1569)
 * Cruel Assault of God's Fort
 * Epitaphe upon Death of Mayster John Veron, preacher
 * A Godly Ditty or Prayer to be song unto God for the preservation of his Church, our Queene and Realme, against all Traytours, Rebels, and Papistical Enemies (1570)
 * The form and shape of a Monstrous Child, borne at Maydstone in Kent, the 24. of October. 1568

title: Author:John Awdely


text:
User talk:Juliadb

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User talk:JimJJewett~enwikisource

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title: User talk:JimJJewett~enwikisource


text: Author:Nebuchadnezzar II

title: Author:Nebuchadnezzar II


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 25.djvu/432

Henning nephew, John Minet Henniker, who resumed the additional surname of Major by royal license on 27 May 1822.

Henniker-Major was author of: 1. ‘A Letter to George, Earl of Leicester, President of the Society of Antiquaries’ [on some armorial bearings found at Caen], 8vo, London, 1788. 2. ‘Two Letters on the Origin, Antiquity, and History of Norman Tiles, stained with armorial bearings,’ 8vo, London, 1794. 3. ‘Some Account of the Families of Major and Henniker,’ 4to, London [1803]. To ‘Archæologia’ (xi. 255–66) he contributed in March 1793 an ‘Account of Bicknacre Priory, Essex.’

 HENNING, JOHN (1771–1851), modeller and sculptor, born at Paisley on 2 May 1771, was the son of Samuel Henning, a carpenter. He received at Paisley the only education he ever had. He followed his father's business, and while engaged in it began to model portraits in wax. In 1799 he went to Glasgow, and then, about 1802, to Edinburgh, where he studied in the Trustees' Academy under John Graham (1754–1817) [q. v.] Through the influence of his employer, James Monteith, he was commissioned to make busts of several prominent citizens of Edinburgh. In 1811 he came to London, and began to draw with enthusiasm from the Elgin marbles, and afterwards from the Phigaleian frieze. After twelve years he completed the modelling of a reduced copy of the Parthenon and Phigaleian friezes, with the missing parts restored. The work attracted attention at the time, but Michaelis (Der Parthenon, p. iv) says the restoration of the Parthenon frieze is quite arbitrary. Henning afterwards executed similar models in relief of the cartoons of Raphael. While in London he received sittings from several ladies, including Mrs. Siddons, and Princess Charlotte of Wales, to whom Henning says he recommended books on the Scottish reformation and the revolution (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. viii. 305). Henning was one of the founders, and for many years a member of the Society of British Artists. In 1846 he was presented with the freedom of Paisley, and was entertained at a banquet there. He died in London on 8 April 1851, aged 80, and was buried in the cemetery of St. Pancras at Finchley. Redgrave says his works are ‘plaster miniatures modelled with great skill and minute accuracy.’

 HENRIETTA or HENRIETTA ANNE, (1644–1670), born at Bedford House, Exeter, on 16 June 1644, was the fifth daughter of Charles I, by his queen, Henrietta Maria. By her father's orders she was baptised in Exeter Cathedral, according to the forms of the church of England; the register gives her name as simply Henrietta (, Life of Fuller, p. 341). Within fifteen days after her birth her mother started for France, confiding her to the care of Sir John Berkeley, governor of Exeter, who was also a tenant of Bedford House. Her governess was Lady Dalkeith. Charles saw his daughter for the first time on his arrival at Exeter on 26 July, when on his way to Cornwall. On 17 Sept. he was again at Exeter, where he spent nearly a week, and assigned for her maintenance the greater part of the excise revenues of the city. He established her household, appointing for her chaplain Thomas Fuller. For some months the princess remained unmolested, although an attempt was made to alienate her revenues for military purposes. In the autumn of 1645, when Fairfax laid siege to Exeter, her governess vainly endeavoured to remove her into Cornwall. On the surrender of the city in April 1646 it was stipulated that Henrietta should either remain in safety in Exeter or be taken with her governess to any place selected for them, while the king's pleasure should be taken as to her future residence. Henrietta was ultimately taken to Oatlands. The funds assigned for her were now no longer available. Lady Dalkeith, after making several fruitless applications to the generals and parliament, wrote an urgent letter to the committee for the county of Surrey at Kingston. The commons ordered, on 24 May, that the princess should be placed with her sister and brother at St. James's Palace; her retinue was to be dismissed, and a committee appointed to see to her proper maintenance. Lady Dalkeith, who had been directed in a recent letter from the king to stay with the princess at all hazards, applied for the necessary permission to the speakers of the House of Commons and of the House of Lords. Both letters proving unsuccessful, Lady Dalkeith resolved to escape (she was still with her charge at Oatlands), and on 25 July pupil and governess were suddenly missing. The household, by Lady Dalkeith's desire, did not communicate with the parliament until three days later. No orders were given for pursuit. Lady Dalkeith disguised the child in a tattered frock and called her ‘Peter,’ as the nearest approximation to her lispings of ‘prin-


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Page:The Works of J. W. von Goethe, Volume 6.djvu/185

 CHAPTER III.

captain came, having previously written a most sensible letter, which had entirely quieted Charlotte's apprehensions. So much clearness about himself, so just an understanding of his own position and the position of his friends, promised everything which was best and happiest.

The conversation of the first few hours, as is generally the case with friends who have not met for a long time, was eager, lively, almost exhausting. Toward evening Charlotte proposed a walk to the new grounds. The captain was delighted with the spot, and observed every beauty which had been first brought into sight and made enjoyable by the new walks. He had a practised eye, and at the same time one easily satisfied; and, although he knew very well what was really valuable, he never, as so many persons do, made people who were showing him things of their own uncomfortable by requiring more than the circumstances admitted of, or by mentioning anything more perfect which he remembered having seen elsewhere.

When they arrived at the summer-house, they found it dressed out for a holiday, only, indeed, with artificial flowers and evergreens, but with some pretty bunches of natural corn-ears among them, and other field and garden fruit, so as to do credit to the taste which had arranged them.

"Although my husband does not like in general to have his birthday or christening-day kept," Charlotte 159


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 25.djvu/389

 bishop of Calcutta, who encouraged her to produce another poem in defence of religion, which she entitled 'Superstition and Error.' About the same time she contributed some prose essays on foreign literature to the 'Edinburgh Monthly Magazine,' and wrote 'Stanzas on the Death of the late King,' 1820. In 1821 she obtained the prize offered by the Royal Society of Literature with a poem on Dartmoor. A volume called 'Welsh Melodies' appeared in 1822, and she was about the same time induced to write a five act tragedy, the 'Vespers of Palermo.' This was produced at Covent Garden Theatre on 12Dec. 1823, with C. M. Young, Charles Kemble, and Miss Kelly in the principal parts. It was a tedious, spiritless play, unsuited to the stage, and was immediately withdrawn. It was shortly afterwards put on the boards at Edinburgh with some success. She subsequently wrote two other plays, 'The Siege of Valencia,' 1823, and 'De Chatillon,' neither of which was acted. In 1825, after a zealous study of the German language and literature, she published her 'Lays of many Lands' and the 'Forest Sanctuary,' her own favourite among her works. In the second edition of the 'Forest Sanctuary,' 1829, 'Casabianca' first appeared. The 'Records of Women' followed in 1828, and the 'Songs of the Affections' in 1830. In addition to these books she contributed to 'Blackwood's' and 'Colburn's' magazines and other periodicals. Her reputation, which rapidly grew in this country, extended to America, where a collected edition of her poems was issued in 1825 by Professor Norton.

In 1825 she removed from Bronwylfa, her eldest brother's house, near St. Asaph, Flintshire, where she had lived since 1809, to Rhyllon, a house distant only a quarter of a mile away. After the death of her mother in 1827, her health, already impaired, showed signs of further failure, and in the summer of the following year she changed her residence to Wavertree, near Liverpool. In July 1829 she visited Scotland, and made the acquaintance of Sir Walter Scott, and afterwards went to the English lakes. There she met Wordsworth, who a few years later commemorated her in his 'Epitaphs,' No. xii. stanza 10. On a second visit to Scotland she made the acquaintance of Lord Jeffrey. In 1831 she removed to Dublin, where her second brother was chief commissioner of police. Here, while avoiding general society, she enjoyed the friendship of Sir William Rowan Hamilton, Archbishop Whately, and Blanco White. At Dublin she published two small volumes of religious verse, 'Hymns on the Works of Nature,' 1833, and 'Hymns for Childhood,' 1834 (but first published in 1827 in America), and in 1834 'National Lyrics and Songs for Music,' and 'Scenes and Hymns of Life.' Her health was now completely shattered, and she gradually sank until 16 May 1835, when she died. She was buried in St. Anne's Church, Dublin.

In person Mrs. Hemans was of the middle height, well proportioned, her head beautifully formed and set. This is better shown in Angus Fletcher's bust of her than in the portrait by W. E. West, as engraved by Scriven, or in another portrait by E. Robertson, Life of Sir W. R. Hamilton, i. (605). She was bright and attractive in conversation, in which her intellectual alertness was helped by her wide reading, linguistic acquirements, and remarkable memory. Maria Jane Jewsbury drew her portrait, under the name of 'Egeria,' in her 'Three Histories.'

A collective edition of her works, with memoir by her sister, Mrs. Hughes, was published in 1839, 7 vols. 12mo; another, chronologically arranged, in 1849, one vol. royal 8vo. Among many American editions is one by Griswold, with essay on her genius by H. T. Tuckerman, Philadelphia, 1850. Her poems are stamped with feminine qualities; they have singular grace and tenderness, and exhibit an ardent sympathy with chivalry in every form. In her own day Lord Jeffrey, Byron, the Countess of Blessington, and Christopher North were among her admiring critics or readers. But her poetry lacks deep thought or subtle emotion, and although it had immense popularity in its day, its sweetness and fluency have long palled upon the taste of thoughtful readers.

Her five sons were: Arthur, born in 1812 and died at Rome in February 1837; Claude, who went to America in 1834; George Willoughby, who was engaged in the ordnance survey; Henry William, who in 1835 became British consul at Buffalo, U.S.A., was a contributor to the 'North American Review,' and died at Pard, Brazil, 20 June 1871; and [q. v.]


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412


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Rh It is certainly a remarkable fact that with a much smaller number of working men of science than Germany or the United States, Great Britain is able to produce so many great leaders. Lord Rayleigh was president of the Montreal meeting twenty-five years ago and Lord Kelvin president of the section for mathematics and physics. It might be supposed that Great Britain could not again furnish two physicists of the same class, but at Winnipeg Sir J. J. Thomson presided over the association and Professor Rutherford over the section, both recipients of Nobel prizes and commanding the course of modern physics.

In his address Professor Thomson referred first to the local conditions of the meeting and the great development of Manitoba, reminding his hearers that even the enterprise and energy of the people and the richness of the country could not have accomplished this without the resources coming from the labors of men of science. After discussing certain educational problems, including the dangers from the examination system and early specialization, the speaker reviewed the more recent developments of physics and the new conception of physical processes with which he himself has been so intimately concerned. As he aptly said in his concluding sentences: "The new discoveries made in physics in the last few years, and the ideas and potentialities suggested by them, have had an effect upon the workers in that subject akin to that produced in literature by the Renaissance. Enthusiasm has been quickened, and there is a hopeful, youthful, perhaps exuberant, spirit abroad which leads men to make with confidence experiments which would have been thought fantastic twenty years ago."

Professor Rutherford naturally chose for discussion one of the subjects in the newer physics with which his own work—largely carried on in a Canadian university—has been concerned, namely, the present position of the atomic theory and the values of certain fundamental atomic magnitudes. Before the