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 Kenton Miller, Director General, International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Switzerland; Betty Mindlin, Institute for Economic Research, Brazil; Abdul Samad Minty, Anti-Apartheid Movement, United Kingdom; Irving Mintzer, World Resources Institute, USA: Barbara Mitchell, International Institute for Environment and Development. United Kingdom; Debbie Mitchell, Department of Environment, Nova Scotia, Canada; R. Mkwanazi, Zimbabwe; Adhi Moersid, IAI, Indonesia; N.N. Moiseyev, Member, Academy of Sciences of the USSR; Dag Moller, Fiskeridirektoratets Havforskningsinstitutt, Norway; B.A. Molski, Professor, Botanical Garden of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, Poland; Olga Monakova, USSR Academy of Sciences; Marcello Monteiro de Carvalho, Attorney-at-Law, Brazil; Estanislau Monteiro de Oliveira, Secretaria Especial do Meio Ambients (SEMA), Brazil; Raul A. Montenegro, President, Asociacion Argentina de Ecologia, Argentina; Andre Franco Montoro, Governor, Sao Paulo, Brazil Laurindo S. Moreira, Miguelopolis, Brazil; Joao Eduardo Moritz, President, Brazilian National Federation of Engineers, Brazil; Omar Morrinez-Legeretta, Mexico; Karen Morrison, Canada; Joao Eduardo Mortiz, President, Brazilian National Federation of Engineers, Brazil; Ted Moses, Grand Chief/Chairman, Grand Council of the Crees, Canada; Movement for the Defense of Life, Santos, Brazil; T.P.Z. Mpofu, Director of Natural Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Zimbabwe; P. Muchanyuka, Zimbabwe; Simon Muchiru, Environment Liaison Centre, Kenya; Robert Mugabe, Prime Minister, Zimbabwe; Kartono Muhamad, FISKA, Indonesia; Paul Muldoon, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Herald Muller, Hessische Stirtung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Federal Republic of Germany; Ingrid Munro, UN Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), Kenya; David A. Munro, Secretary-General, Conference on Conservation and Development, Canada; Laura Murphy, The Indonesian Environmental Forum, Indonesia; Charles M. Musial, President. New Waterfront, Fish and Game Association. Canada; Rahab W. Mwatha, Secretary, The Green Belt Movement, Kenya; Norman Myers, Environmontal Consultant, United Kingdom.

NATUR & UNGDOM, Norway; William Nagle, World Resources Institute, USA; I.V. Nagy, President, Environment Protection Committee of the Patriotic People's Front, Hungary; Syamsuddin Nainggolan, Yayasan Pants Bakti, Indonesia; P.K.R. Nair, International Council for Research on Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kenya, Lance Nale, Executive Director, Voluntary Planning Board. Department of Development, Nova Scotia, Canada; /…

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1. Blessed art thou, O Lord our God, King of the universe, who removest sleep from mine eyes, and slumber from mine eyelids.

2. Blessed art thou, O Lord our God, King of the universe, who hast given us the Law of truth, and hast planted everlasting life in our midst.

3. Moses commanded us the Law as an inheritance of the congregation of Jacob.

4. Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is One.

Blessed be His name, whose glorious kingdom is for ever and ever.

And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.

5. And these words which I command thee this day shall be upon thine heart: and thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be for frontlets between thine eyes. And thou shalt write them upon the doorposts of thy house and upon thy gates.

6. O my God, guard my tongue from evil, and my lips from speaking guile. Open my heart to thy Law, and let my soul pursue thy commandments.

Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be acceptable before thee, O Lord, my Rock and my Redeemer.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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327 while the breath of life is within us. And may their souls repose in the land of the living, beholding thy glory and delighting in thy goodness.

And now, O good and beneficent God, what shall we say, what shall we speak unto thee? Our needs are many, our knowledge slender. Shame covers us as often as the remembrance of all thy love for us rises within our minds. O turn this day in lovingkindness and tender mercy to the prayers of thy servants who pour out their souls before thee. May thy lovingkindness not depart from us. Give us our needful sustenance, and let us not be in want of the gifts of flesh and blood. Remove from us care and sorrow, distress and fear, shame and contempt. Let thy grace be with us, that we may rear our children to keep thy commandments and to fulfil thy will all the days of their life. O God, take us not hence in the midst of our days. Let us complete in peace the number of our years. Verily we know that our strength is frail, and that thou hast made our days as hand-breadths. Help us, O God of our salvation, to bear ourselves faithfully and blamelessly during the years of our pilgrimage. And when our end draws nigh and we depart this world, be thou with us, and may our souls be bound up in the bond of life with the souls of our parents and of the righteous who are ever with thee. Amen, and Amen.


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Lord, what is man, that thou regardest him? or the son of man, that thou takest account of him? Man is like to vanity; his days are as a shadow that passeth away. In the morning he flourisheth, and sprouteth afresh; in the evening he is cut down, and withereth. So teach us to number our days that we may get us a heart of wisdom. Mark the innocent man, and behold the upright: for the latter end of that man is peace. But God will redeem my soul from the grasp of the grave: for he will receive me. My flesh and my heart faileth: but God is the strength of my heart and my portion for ever. And the dust returneth to the earth as it was, but the spirit returneth unto God who gave it. I shall behold thy face in righteousness; I shall be satisfied, when I awake, with thy likeness.

May God remember the soul of my revered father [mother] who has gone to his [her] repose. May his [her] soul be bound up in the bond of life. May his [her] rest be glorious, with fulness of joy in thy presence, and pleasures for evermore at thy right hand.

Father of mercy, in whose hand are the souls of the living and the dead, may thy consolation cheer us as we remember (on this holy day) our beloved and honoured kinsfolk who have gone to their rest, our dear parents, the crown of our head and our glory, whose desire it was to train us in the good and righteous way, to teach us thy statutes and commandments, and to instruct us to do justice and to love mercy. We beseech thee, O Lord, grant us strength to be faithful to their charge


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Rh there is probably much less risk of an accident than there was in the days of diligences.

The next remarkable point on this line is at Termignon. The valley turns somewhat abruptly to the east, and the course of the railway is not at first perceived. It makes a great bend to the left, then doubles back, and rises in a little more than a mile no less than three hundred and thirty-four feet. This is, perhaps, the most striking piece of the whole line.

Lanslebourg station, 25½ miles from, and 2220 feet above, St. Michel, is arrived at in two hours and a quarter from the latter place. The engines are now changed. Thus far we have been traversing the easy portion of the route, but here the heavy section begins. From Lanslebourg the line rises continuously to the summit of the Mont Cenis pass, and accomplishes an ascent of 2240 feet in six miles and a third of distance.

It is curious and interesting to watch the ascent of the trains from Lanslebourg. The puffs of steam are seen rising above the trees, sometimes going in one direction, and sometimes directly the contrary, occasionally concealed by the covered ways—for over two miles out of the six the line is enclosed by planked sides and a corrugated iron roof to keep out the snow—and then coming out again into daylight. A halt for water has to be made about half-way up; but the engines are able to start again, and to resume their rate of seven miles an hour, although the gradient is no less than one in fourteen and a half. The zigzags of the old Cenis road are well known as one of the most remarkable pieces of road-engineering in the Alps. The railway follows them, and runs parallel to the road on the outside throughout its entire distance, with the exception of the turns at the corners, where it is carried a little further out, to render the curves less sharp. Nevertheless they are sufficiently sharp (135 feet radius), and would be impracticable without the centre rail.

The run across the top of the pass, from the Summit station to the Grande Croix station—a distance of about five miles—is soon


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 Nobuyoshi Namiki. Member of Board of Directors, Japan Economic Research Centre, Japan; David Nantes, Minister of Municipal Allairs, Government of Nova Scotia. Canada; National Agency of Environmental Protection, Denmark; National Council of Rubber Tappers of Brazil, Brazil; National Survival Institute, Canada; Yoshihiro Natoff, Assistant Director, International Affairs. Environment Agency, Japan; Natural Resources Defense Council, USA; Valerian Naumov, USSR State Committee for Science and Technology, USSR; Coleman Nee, Aide to Commissioner Ruckelshaus, USA: Neighborhood Association of Barra da Tijuca (AMABARRA), Brazil; Gordon Nelson, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, Canada; Fiona Nelson, Chairperson, National Survival Institute, Canada; Jeremiah Niagah, Minister of Environment and Natural Resources, Kenya; Peter Nijhoff, Director. Nature and Environment, IUCN, Netherlands; Hiroshi Nishimiya, Social Cooperation Division. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, United Nations Bureau, Japan; Teshishige Nishio, Director, Public Information Office, Environment Agency, Japan; Garth Norris, Western and Northern Region, Alberta, Canada; North Toronto Collegiate, Canada; Norwegian Farmer's Union and the Agricultural Cooperative Organizations, Norway; S. Nugroho, LKBN Antara, Indonesia; Abdul Hakim Nusantara, SKREPP, Indonesia; Joseph S. Nye, Director, Centre for Science and International Affairs, USA; Julius K. Nyerere, former President, Tanzania. John O'Riordan, Director, Planning and Assessment, Ministry of Environment, British Columbia, Canada; Timothy O'Riordan, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom; G.O.P. Obasi, Director General, World Meteorological Organization, Switzerland: Hans Odendahl, Manager, Crawley-McCracken, Ottawa, Canada; Richard Odingo, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University Nairobi, Kenya; Kamil geeman, Bird-Lovers Association of Indonesia, Indonesia; Paschalia Edith Ooaye, Breastfeeding Information Group, Kenya; Tosohisa Ohno, Visitors Receiving Section, International Hospitality and Conference Service Association, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan; Oikos, Association for Defenders of the Earth, Brazil; Ibu Gedong Baggee Oa, Indonesia; Luza Okiishi, Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB), Brazil; G. Okolotowicz, Research Scientist, Sea Fisheries Institute, Poland; Kate Olsrud, Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature, Norway; Maria Isabel Oliveira Vieira de Mendonca, Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB), Brazil: George Opundo, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Kenya; Beatrice Olivastri, Executive Director. National Survival Institute, Canada; /…

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 O. Ooko-Obaka. Public Law Institute, Kenya; Alex Orlov, USSR Academy for Foreign Trade, USSR; Celso Orsini, University of See Paulo, Brazil; Antonio Ortiz Mens, President, Inter-American Development Bank, USA; J.O. Oucho, Population Studies and Research Institute, Kenya: Joseph Qume, Dean of School of Environmental Studies, University, Kenya; Janetie Outerkirk, Administrative Assistant, Office of the Deputy Minister, Ottawa, Canada; Lars Overein, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Norway. Maureen Oxley, Canada.

Maria Tereza Jorge Padua, General Secretary, Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development, Brazil; Waldemar Pailoli, President, Brazilian Association for the Protection of Nature, Brazil; G.K.C. Pardee, United Kingdom; Leo Pare, Sous-Ministre. Ministers des Relations Internationales, Quebec, Canada; Regina Maria Passes Gemes, Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Amblesial (CETESB), Bazil; Surendra Petal, Professor, University of Sussex, United Kingdom; Corry Patty, Indonesia; Torbjorn Paula, Norges Naturvernforbund, Norway; O. Parley, Aide to Commissioner 5okolov, USSR; J. Pawlak, Deputy Chief Inspector. State Inspectorate of Environment, Poland; Bing Pearl, Chief of Staff, Ministry of National Defence, Ottawa. Canada; Charles Pearson, The Johns Hopkins University, USA; Red Pedersen, Minister of Renewable Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Canada; Flavio Rios Peixoto da Silvaira, Minister of Urban Development and Environment, Brazil; Austin Pelion, Minister of Environment, British Columbia, Canada: Maria Jose Pareira de Lacerda (Dede), Resident of Gariroba shantytown. Brazil; Renat Parelet. Scientific Secretary, Institute for System Studies of the State Committee for Science and Technology and the USSR Academy of Sciences; Nadyr Sobtel Peres de Souza, President, Regional Council for Environmental Defense (CONDEIKA), Brazil; Permanent Assembly of Environmentalist Groups in Sao Paulo (APEDEIA), Brazil; Siqurd Peterson, President, Agricultural Institute of Canada, Canada; Leonid Petenko, USSR State Committee for Science and Technology, USSR; Yuri Petrov, USSR Academy for Foreign Trade, USSR; Klaus Pfister, Ministry of Environment, Finland; M. Jean Pierre, Director, Direction des Strategies et Politiques Environnementales, Quebec, Canada; Luis Carlos Pinheiro Machado, President, Brazilian Company of Faring/Ranching Research, Brazil; Dick Pitman, Zambesi Society and the Wildlife Society, Zimbabwe; Planetary Association for Clean Energy. Inc, Canada; George Pletiukhine, USSR State Committee for Science and Technology, USSR; /…

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 Hasan Poerbo, PPLH ITB, Indonesia; P.I. Poleracy, Deputy Chairman. Commission on Environmental Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers, USSR; Pollution Probe Foundation, Canada; B.V. Pospelov, Institute for the Far-East, USSR; Luiz Augusto de Proenca Rosa, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; George Priddle, Chairman and Associate Professor, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Waterloo University, Canada; D.I. Protsenko, Chairman, State Committee on Natural Protection of the Ukranian SSR, USSR; Provinces of Alberta, British Columbia. Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec, Canada; Public Advisory Committees to Environment Council of Alberta. Canada; Agus Puronomo, The Indonesian Environmental Forum, Indonesia. S.A. Qasin, Aide to Commisioner Al-Athel, Saudi Arabia; Irene Quellet, Administrative Assistant, Intergovernmental Affairs Directorate, Ottawa, Canada;

T.W. Raintung, DGI, Indonesia; Jacub Rais, Bakosurtanal, Indonesia; Arcot Ramachandran, Executive Director, UN Centre for Human Settlements, Kenya; Hanna Rambe, Majalah Mutiara Indonesia; K.K.S. Rana, former Chairman, Intergovernmental Inter-sessional Preparatory Committee, Kenya; Paul Raskin, Energy Systems Research Group. USA; A. Ray, Fndamental Research Institute, Canada; Amalya Reddy, Department of Management Studies. Indian Institute of Science, India; William E. Rees, Associate Professor, School of Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia, Canada; Regional Development and Farming Systems Research Groups, Royal Tropical Institute, Netherlands; David Rehling, Danmarks Naturfredningsforening, Denmark; William K. Reilly, President, Conservation Foundation, USA; Magda Rennet, President, Friends of the Earth, Brazil; Robert Repetto, World Resources Institute, USA; Ataide Rbeiro, City Councilman, Health and Environmental Council of Santana do Parnaiba, Brazil; Miles G, Richardson, President, Council of the Haida Nation, Canada; Peter Richerrs, Saint Mary's University, Nova Scotia, Canada; Sheila Ritchie, Communications Branch, Pacific and Yukon Region, Canada; Filippo di Robilant, Aide to Commissioner Agnelli, Italy; Raymond Robinson, Federal Environmental Assessment Review office, Canada; Henning Rodhe. Stockholms Universitet, Sweden; Nina Kvalheim Rong, Rong Lake A/S, Norway; E.F. Roots, Office of the Science Advisor, Canada; Imron Rosyadi, MUI, Indonesia; Rolf Svein Rougno, Ordforer, Norway; Sauli Rouhinen, Finnish Council for the Protection of the Environment, Finland; Stanley Rowe, Saskatchewan Environmental Society, Canada; Royal Society of Canada, Academy of Science, Canada; /…

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Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/79

 mechanically gripped between his knees, sinks lower and lower till it rests on the ground. Likely as not he'll doze on until his mother's shrill voice startles him with an enquiry as to whether he intends to get that milking done to-day; other times he is roused by the plunging of the cow, or knocked over by a calf which has broken through a defective panel in the pen. In the latter case the youth gets tackle on to the calf, detaches its head from the teat with the heel of his boot, and makes it fast somewhere. Sometimes the cow breaks or loosens the leg-rope and gets her leg into the bucket and then the youth clings desperately to the pail and hopes she'll get her hoof out again without spilling the milk. Sometimes she does, more often she doesn't―it depends on the strength of the boy and the pail and on the strategy of the former. Anyway, the boy will lamb the cow down with a jagged yard shovel, let her out, and bail up another.

When he considers that he has finished milking he lets the cows out with their calves and carries the milk down to the dairy, where he has a heated argument with his mother, who judging from the quantity of milk has reason to believe that he has slummed some of the milkers. This he indignantly denies, telling her she knows very well the cows are going dry.

The dairy is built of rotten box bark―though there is plenty of good stringy bark within easy distance―and the structure looks as if it wants to lie down and is only prevented by three crooked props on the leaning side; more props will soon be needed in the rear for the dairy shows signs of going in that direction.


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 The milk is set in dishes made of kerosene tins, cut in halves, which are placed on bark shelves fitted round against the walls. The shelves are not level and the dishes are brought to a comparatively horizontal position by means of chips and bits of bark, &c, inserted under the lower sides. The milk is covered by soiled sheets of old newspapers supported on sticks laid across the dishes. This protection is necessary, because the box bark in the roof has crumbled away and left fringed holes―also because the fowls roost up there. Sometimes the paper sags, and the cream may have to be scraped off an article on Dairy Farming.

The selector's wife removes the newspapers, and reveals a thick, yellow layer of rich cream, plentifully peppered with dust that has drifted in somehow. She runs a dirty forefinger round the edges of the cream to detach it from the tin, wipes her finger in her mouth, and skims. If the milk and cream are very thick she rolls the cream over like a pancake with her fingers, and lifts it out in sections. The thick milk is poured into a slop-bucket, for the pigs and calves, the dishes are "cleaned"―by the aid of a dipper full of warm water and a rag―and the wife proceeds to set the morning's milk. Tom holds up the doubtful-looking rag that serves as a strainer while his mother pours in the milk. Sometimes the boy's hand gets tired and he lets some of the milk run over, and gets into trouble; but it doesn't matter much, for the straining-cloth has several sizeable holes in the middle.

The door of the dairy faces the dusty road and is off its hinges and has to be propped up. The prop is


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 missing this morning, and Tommy is accused of having been seen chasing old Poley with it at an earlier hour. He never see'd the damn prop, never chased no cow with it, and wants to know what's the use of always accusing him. He further complains that he's always blamed for everything. The pole is not forthcoming, and so an old dray is backed against the door to keep it in position. There is more trouble about a cow that is lost, and hasn't been milked for two days. The boy takes the cows up to the paddock slip-rails and lets the top rail down: the lower rail fits rather tightly and some exertion is required to free it, so he makes the animals jump that one. Then he 'poddies'―hand-feeds the calves which have been weaned too early. He carries the skim-milk to the yard in a bucket made out of an oil-drum―sometimes a kerosene tin―seizes a calf by the nape of the neck with his left hand, inserts the dirty forefinger of his right into its mouth, and shoves its head down into the milk. The calf sucks, thinking it has a teat, and pretty soon it butts violently―as calves do to remind their mothers to let down the milk―and the boy's wrist gets barked against the jagged edge of the bucket. He welts that calf in the jaw, kicks it in the stomach, tries to smother it with its nose in the milk, and finally dismisses it with the assistance of the calf rope and a shovel, and gets another. His hand feels sticky and the cleaned finger makes it look as if he wore a filthy, greasy glove with the forefinger torn off.

The selector himself is standing against a fence talking to a neighbour. His arms rest on the top rail of the fence, his chin rests on his hands, his pipe rests


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 between his fingers, and his eyes rest on a white cow that is chewing her cud on the opposite side of the fence. The neighbour's arms rest on the top rail also, his chin rests on his hands, his pipe rests between his fingers, and his eyes rest on the cow. They are talking about that cow. They have been talking about her for three hours. She is chewing her cud. Her nose is well up and forward, and her eyes are shut. She lets her lower jaw fall a little, moves it to one side, lifts it again, and brings it back into position with a springing kind of jerk that has almost a visible recoil. Then her jaws stay perfectly still for a moment, and you would think she had stopped chewing. But she hasn't. Now and again a soft, easy, smooth-going swallow passes visibly along her clean, white throat and disappears. She chews again, and by-and-by she loses consciousness and forgets to chew. She never opens her eyes. She is young and in good condition; she has had enough to eat, the sun is just properly warm for her, and well―if an animal can be really happy, she ought to be.

Presently the two men drag themselves away from the fence, fill their pipes, and go to have a look at some rows of forked sticks, apparently stuck in the ground for some purpose. The selector calls these sticks fruit-trees, and he calls the place 'the orchard.' They fool round these wretched sticks until dinner-time, when the neighbour says he must be getting home. 'Stay and have some dinner! Man alive! Stay and have some dinner!' says the selector; and so the friend stays.

It is a broiling hot day in summer, and the dinner


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68

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Rh In the bison area the encroachments are chiefly among the Siouan-speaking tribes. Then, if we recall the limits of maize culture, we note a rather close agreement between the distributions for the two traits. As we know that maize came up from the South, it is reasonable to suppose that pottery came by the same road. As to their time relations, we cannot be so sure, for though pottery has gone a little farther than maize culture, there is a climatic limit to the latter.

Over the Antilles, through Mexico, and on into South America was the great pottery region. In some places archæologists have uncovered deposits of sherds many feet thick, suggesting an intensive pursuit of the art similar to that for textiles (p. 59). Outside of the Andean area pottery is less intense. It has been reported from sections of the manioc area throughout, from which we may infer that its distribution there is approximately continuous. In the South, somewhere near the 30° of latitude, it disappears altogether, so that about the only part of the southern continent that did not make some pretense of pottery was lower Patagonia and a portion of the Brazilian highlands.

The process of manufacture varied according to locality, but one general characteristic applies to all, no wheel was used in the New World. It is true that large vessels were often built up on shallow baskets and turned slowly to bring the successive parts within easy reach, but this does not involve the principle of the wheel. Even the Lacandone (Guatemala) method of supporting the pot upon a block which is turned by the feet, is not a true wheel, for the turning is merely for the sake of bringing all parts of the surface to the potter's hand.

As a rule, all the New World potters used the coil method; i.e., slender rods of clay were rolled out to convenient lengths and the vessel built up spirally. In some vessels from the Pueblo area the original traces of the coils were retained as decorative motives, but as a rule, the surfaces were afterwards scraped smooth and to the requisite thinness. So far as we have data, the coil method was used in all of the Amazon

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Rh 'Do you know how they return again?' 'No Sir,' he replied.

'Do you know where the path of Devas and the path of the fathers diverge?' 'No, Sir,' he replied.

3. "Do you know why that world never becomes full?' 'No, Sir," he replied.

'Do you know why in the fifth libation water is called Man ?' 'No, Sir,' he replied.

4. 'Then why did you say (you had been) instructed? How could anybody who did not know these things say that he had been instructed?' Then the boy went back sorrowful to the place of his father, and said: 'Though you had not instructed me, Sir, you said you had instructed me.

5. 'That fellow of a Râganya asked me five questions, and I could not answer one of them.' The father said: 'As you have told me these questions of his, I do not know any one of them. If I knew these questions, how should I not have told you ?

6. Then Gautama went to the kings place, and when he had come to him, the king offered him proper respect. In the morning the king went out on his way to the assembly. The king said to him:


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 {{c|

Equal Access and Treatment
}}

20. States shall grant equal access. due process and equal treatment in administrative and judicial proceedings to all perons who a'e or may be affected by transboundary interferences with their usa of a natural resource or the environment.

{{c|

III. STATE RESPONSBLITY
}}

21. states shall cease activities which breach an international obligation regarding the environment and provide compensation for the harm caused.

{{c|

IV. PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
}}

22. States shall settle environmental disputes by peaceful means. If mutual agreement on a solution or on other dispute settlement arrangements is not reached within 18 months. the dispute shall be submitted to conciliation and. if unresolved thereafter to arbitration or Judicial settlement at the request of any of the concerned States. /…

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 {{c|

Non-Discrimination
}} 13. States shall apply as a minimum at least the same standards for environmental conduct and impacts regarding transboundary natural resources and environmental interferences as are appllied domestically (i.e.. do not do to others what you would not do to your own citizens). {{c|

General Obligation to Cooperate on Transboundary Environmental Problems
}} 14. States shall cooperate in good faith with other States to achieve optimal use of transboundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of transboundary environmental interferences. {{c|

Exchange of Information
}} 15. States of origin shall provide timely and relevant information to the other concerned States regarding transboundary natural resources or environmental interferences. {{c|

Prior Assessment and Notification
}} 16. States shall provide prior and timely notification and relevant information to the other concerned States and shall make or require an environmental assessment of planned activities which may have significant transboundary effects. {{c|

Prior Consultations
}} 17. States of origin shall consult at an early stage and in good faith with other concerned States regardin existing or potential transboundary interferences with their use of a natural resource or the environment.

18. States shall cooperate with the concerned States in monitoring, scientific research and standard setting gading transboundary natural resources and environmental interferences. {{c|

Emergency Situations
}} 19. States shall develop contingency plans regarding emergency situations likely to cause transboundary environmental interferences and shall promptly warn, provide relevant information to and co-operate with concerned States when emergencies occur. /…

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78 'Sir, Gautama, ask a boon of such things as men possess.' He replied: 'Such things as men possess may remain with you. Tell me the speech which you addressed to the boy.'

7. The king was perplexed, and commanded him, saying: 'Stay with me some time.' Then he said: 'As (to what) you have said to me, Gautama, this knowledge did not go to any Brâhmana before you, and therefore this teaching belonged in all the worlds to the Kshatra class alone. Then he began:

1. 'The altar (on which the sacrifice is supposed to be offered) is that world (heaven), O Gautama; its fuel is the sun itself, the smoke his rays, the light the day, the coals the moon, the sparks the stars.

2. 'On that altar the Devas (or prânas, represented by Agni, &c.) offer the sraddhâ libation (consisting of water). From that oblation rises Soma, the king (the moon).

1. The altar is Parganya (the god of rain), O Gautama; its fuel is the air itself, the smoke the cloud, the light the lightning, the coals the thunderbolt, the sparks the thunderings.


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 {{c|

Prior Notification, Accces, and Due Process
}} 6. States shall inform in a timely manner all persons likely to be significantly affected by a planned activity' and to grant them equal access and due process in administrative and Judicial proceedings. {{c|

Sustainable Development and Assistance
}} 7. States shall ensure that conservation is treated as an integral part of the planning and implementation of development activities and provide assistance to other States, especially to developing countries, in support of environmental protection and sustainable development. {{c|

General Obligation to Cooperate
}} 8. States shall cooperate in good faith with other States in implementing the preceding rights and obligations.

{{c|

II. PRINCIPLES RIGHTS. AND OBLIGATIONS CONCERNING TRANSBOUNDARY NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL NTERFERENCES
}} {{c|

Reasonable and Equitable Use
}} 9. States shall use transboundary natural resources in a reasonable and equitable manner. {{c|

Prevention and Abatement
}} 10. States shall prevent or abate any transboundary environmental interference which could cause or causes igniicant harm (but subject to certain exceptions provided for in #11 and #12 below). {{c|

Strict Liability
}} 11. States shall take all reasonable precautionary measures to limit the risk when carrying out or permitting certain dangerous but beneficial activities and shall ensure that compensation is provided should substantial transboundary harm occur even when the activities were not known to be harmful at the time they were undertaken. {{c|

Prior Agreements When Prevention Costs Greatly Exceed Harm
}} 12. States shall enter into negotiations with the affected State on the equitable conditions under which the activity could be carried out when planning to carry out or permit activities causing tansboundry harm which is substantial but are less than the cost of prevention, (If no agreement can be reached, see Art. 22). /…

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Rh 2. 'On that altar the Devas offer Soma, the king (the moon). From that oblation rises rain.

1. 'The altar is the earth, O Gautama; its fuel is the year itself, the smoke the ether, the light the night, the coals the quarters, the sparks the intermediate quarters.

2. 'On that altar the Devas (prânas) offer rain. From that oblation rises food (corn, &c.)

1. 'The altar is man, O Gautama; its fuel speech itself, the smoke the breath, the light the tongue, the coals the eye, the sparks the ear.

2. 'On that altar the Devas (prânas) offer food. From that oblation rises seed.

1. 'The altar is woman, O Gautama.

2. 'On that altar the Devas (prânas) offer seed. From that oblation rises the germ.

1. 'For this reason is water in the fifth oblation called Man. This germ, covered in the womb, having dwelt there ten months, or more or less, is born.

2. 'When born, he lives whatever the length of his life may be. When he has departed, his friends carry him, as appointed, to the fire (of the funeral pile) from whence he came, from whence he sprang.


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 {{c|

I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES, RIGHTS, AND RESPONSIBILITIES
}} {{c|

Fundamental Human Right
}} 1. All human beings have the fundamental right to an environment adequate for their health and well being. {{c|

Inter-Generational Equity
}} 2. States shall conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations. {{c|

Conservation and Sustainable Use
}} 3. States shall maintain ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere, shall preserve biological diversity, and shall observe the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems. {{c|

Environmental Standard and Monitoring
}} 4. States hall establish adequate environmental protection standards and monitor changes in and publish relevant data on environmental quality and resource use. {{c|

Prior Evironmental Assessments
}} 5. States shall make or require prior environmental assessments of proposed activities which may significantly affect the environment or use of a natural resource. /…

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80

1. 'Those who know this (even though they still be grihasthas, householders) and those who in the forest follow faith and austerities (the vânaprasthas, and of the parivrâgakas those who do not yet know the Highest Brahman) go to light (arkis), from light to day, from day to the light half of the moon, from the light half of the moon to the six months when the sun goes to the north, from the six months when the sun goes to the north to the year, from the year to the sun, from the sun to the moon, from the moon to the lightning. There is a person not human ,—

2. 'He leads them to Brahman (the conditioned Brahman). This is the path of the Devas.

3. 'But they who living in a village practise (a life of) sacrifices, works of public utility, and alms, they go to the smoke, from smoke to night, from night to the dark half of the moon, from the dark half of the moon to the six months when the sun goes to the south. But they do not reach the year.

4. 'From the months they go to the world of the fathers, from the world of the fathers to the ether, from the ether to the moon. That is Soma, the king. Here they are loved (eaten) by the Devas, yes, the Devas love (eat) them.


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 consists of hot roast meat, hot baked potatoes, hot cabbage, hot pumpkin, hot peas, and burning-hot plum-pudding. The family drinks on an average four cups of tea each per meal. The wife takes her place at the head of the table with a broom to keep the fowls out, and at short intervals she interrupts the conversation with such exclamations as 'Shoo! shoo!' 'Tommy, can't you see that fowl? Drive it out!' The fowls evidently pass a lot of their time in the house. They mark the circle described by the broom, and take care to keep two or three inches beyond it. Every now and then you see a fowl on the dresser amongst the crockery, and there is great concern to get it out before it breaks something. While dinner is in progress two steers get into the wheat through a broken rail which has been spliced with stringy bark, and a calf or two break into the vineyard. And yet this careless Australian selector, who is too shiftless to put up a decent fence, or build a decent house and who knows little or nothing about farming, would seem by his conversation to have read up all the great social and political questions of the day. Here are some fragments of conversation caught at the dinner-table. Present―the Selector, the Missus, the neighbour, Corney George―nicknamed 'Henry George'―Tommy, Jackey, and the younger children. The spaces represent interruptions by the fowls and children:―

Corney George (continuing conversation): 'But Henry George says, in 'Progress and Poverty,' he says'

Missus (to the fowls): 'Shoo! Shoo!'


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Rh

5. 'Having dwelt there, till their (good) works are consumed, they return again that way as they came, to the ether, from the ether to the air. Then the sacrificer, having become air, becomes smoke, having become smoke, he becomes mist,

6. 'Having become mist, he becomes a cloud, having become a cloud, he rains down. Then he is born as rice and corn, herbs and trees, sesamum and beans. From thence the escape is beset with most difficulties. For whoever the persons may be that eat the food, and beget offspring, he henceforth becomes like unto them.


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the shearer had met with an accident. To tell the truth, he had been in a drunken row at a wayside shanty, from which he had escaped with three fractured ribs, a cracked head, and various minor abrasions. His dog, Tally, had been a sober but savage participator in the drunken row, and had escaped with a broken leg. Macquarie afterwards shouldered his swag and staggered and struggled along the track ten miles to the Union Town Hospital. Lord knows how he did it. He didn't exactly know himself. Tally limped behind all the way, on three legs.

The doctors examined the man's injuries and were surprised at his endurance. Even doctors are surprised sometimes―though they don't always show it. Of course they would take him in, but they objected to Tally. Dogs were not allowed on the premises.

'You will have to turn that dog out,' they said to the shearer, as he sat on the edge of a bed.

Macquarie said nothing.

'We cannot allow dogs about the place, my man,' said the doctor in a louder tone, thinking the man was deaf.

66


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 'Tie him up in the yard then.'

'No. He must go out. Dogs are not permitted on the grounds.'

Macquarie rose slowly to his feet, shut his agony behind his set teeth, painfully buttoned his shirt over his hairy chest, took up his waistcoat, and staggered to the corner where the swag lay.

'What are you going to do?' they asked.

'You ain't going to let my dog stop?'

'No. It's against the rules. There are no dogs allowed on the premises.'

He stooped and lifted his swag, but the pain was too great, and he leaned back against the wall.

'Come, come now! man alive!' exclaimed the doctor, impatiently. 'You must be mad. You know you are not in a fit state to go out. Let the wardsman help you to undress.'

'No!' said Macquarie. 'No. If you won't take my dog in you don't take me. He's got a broken leg and wants fixing up just―just as much as―as I do. If I'm good enough to come in, he's good enough―and―and better.'

He paused awhile, breathing painfully, and then went on.

'That―that there old dog of mine has follered me faithful and true, these twelve long hard and hungry years. He's about―about the only thing that ever cared whether I lived or fell and rotted on the cursed track.'

He rested again; then he continued: 'That―that there dog was pupped on the track,' he said, with a sad sort of a smile. 'I carried him for months in a


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 billy can, and afterwards on my swag when he knocked up.…And the old ―his mother―she'd foller along quite contented and sniff the billy now and again―just to see if he was all right.…She follered me for God knows how many years. She follered me till she was blind―and for a year after. She follered me till she could crawl along through the dust no longer, and―and then I killed her, because I couldn't leave her behind alive!'

He rested again.

'And this here old dog,' he continued, touching Tally's upturned nose with his knotted fingers, 'this here old dog has follered me for―for ten years; through floods and droughts, through fair times and―and hard―mostly hard; and kept me from going mad when I had no mate nor money on the lonely track; and watched over me for weeks when I was drunk―drugged and poisoned at the cursed shanties; and saved my life more'n once, and got kicks and curses very often for thanks; and forgave me for it all; and―and fought for me. He was the only living thing that stood up for me against that crawling push of curs when they set onter me at the shanty back yonder―and he left his mark on some of 'em too; and―and so did I.'

He took another spell.

Then he drew in his breath, shut his teeth hard, shouldered his swag, stepped into the doorway, and faced round again.

The dog limped out of the corner and looked up anxiously.

'That there dog,' said Macquarie to the Hospital


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 staff in general, 'is a better dog than I'm a man―or you too, it seems―and a better Christian. He's been a better mate to me than I ever was to any man―or any man to me. He's watched over me; kep' me from getting robbed many a time; fought for me; saved my life and took drunken kicks and curses for thanks―and forgave me. He's been a true, straight, honest, and faithful mate to me and I ain't going to desert him now. I ain't going to kick him out in the road with a broken leg. I―Oh, my God! my back!'

He groaned and lurched forward, but they caught him, slipped off the swag, and laid him on a bed.

Half an hour later the shearer was comfortably fixed up. 'Where's my dog?' he asked, when he came to himself.

'Oh, the dog's all right,' said the nurse, rather impatiently. 'Don't bother. The doctor's setting his leg out in the yard.'


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70 area of South America and in southwestern and eastern United States, except in the general area about the Great Lakes. In this northern section, we have the Mandan-Hidatsa type, fully described by G. L. Wilson, in which the vessel is worked

out from a single block of clay, then beaten into shape with a paddle, fired, rubbed with grease, and coated with a solution of boiled maize. Less complete, but still adequate, data from the Blackfoot, Menomini, and Pawnee indicate that in the upper Mississippi area we had a generalized type of this process in contrast to the coil method. Eastward in the northern Algonkin area our data are not so good, but it is generally believed that the coil process prevailed, except in the farthest north where the pottery was very crude.

This upper Mississippi, or Mandan-Hidatsa type has a striking resemblance to Alaska-Siberian pottery. The studies of Jochelson and Bogoras show one general method for Alaska and eastern Siberia, a method closely paralleling the

Mandan-Hidatsa type. The Blackfoot, Menomini, Cree, and some of the adjacent tribes fired their pots by putting them over the fire, as in use, after first soaking them with fat. This is also the usual method among the Chukchee and Alaskan Eskimo. The archæological specimens collected by Stefánsson

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Rh at Cape Parry also show this crude firing. We thus have two regions of similar pottery traits, which as previously stated, may, after all, be connected west of Hudson Bay.

In Mexico, Central America, and the Andean region the coil method seems to have been in use, but as to its relative position we cannot be sure. Traces of molding are seen in prehistoric pottery from Central America and Peru, where the potter's art ceased to be mere woman's work and rose to the level of a profession. On a priori grounds the coil method

seems ill adapted to the fine modeling found here, yet it is clear that it is the fundamental method throughout the greater part of the pottery area. That it is the most primitive way may be doubted, since we find the crude pottery of the upper Mississippi and the trans-Bering region simply worked out from a mass. Such questions, however, must await chronological studies of the ceramic art.

The methods of tempering clay with sand, gravel, pulverized stone, or shell, used in the New World, are not essentially different from those employed in the Old. The use of "slips," or thin washes of such clays as will give pleasing color tones was understood in most places, the exceptions being the southern coast of Brazil and Patagonia, the greater part of eastern United States, the upper Mississippi, and Alaska. In short, the use of "slips" is found wherever pottery rises above the mere utilitarian level.

The principle of glaze, highly characteristic of later Old World pottery, was not understood in the New. Yet, in the Pueblo area, a true glaze was used for decoration, giving us

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72 what is known as the glazed type. Since this glaze does not cover the entire surface, its use could not have been to make vessels water-tight. Glazed ware has also been reported from Totonac sites near Vera Cruz and also from the vicinity of Coban, Guatemala.

However, when we turn to pottery paints the New World takes high rank. A brief visit to a museum will make this point clear. The only place where aboriginal pottery of the higher type survived the Conquest is in southwestern United States, and it is from here that most of our knowledge of processes comes. Here we find the paints of both vegetable and mineral origin, the reds and yellows from iron, the blacks from juices of plants. By proper firing, the desired colors could be made permanent. On the whole, aboriginal clay work was almost exclusively limited to ornamental and useful

vessels, though in a few localities in the United States the stone pipe gave way to one of clay and in certain parts of Mexico true bricks were made.

Our consideration of pottery forms may properly begin with the United States. On the whole, wherever pottery is extensively manufactured, there is considerable variety of form,

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Rh but still the preference is given to two or three forms which may be taken as the distinguishing characteristics of the several areas. For example, in the lower Mississippi Valley the most distinctive forms are the bottle-like vases and effigy bowls. Among the latter are some remarkable human heads.

In the South Atlantic region, the bowl is the prevailing form and one type approaches the olla of the Southwest. In the North Atlantic area is the well-known pointed-bottomed jar of the Algonkin, and inland the highly original Iroquois square-topped pot. Finally, in the upper Mississippi, we find

a simple, globular, narrow-rimmed pot. The greatest variety of form is in the lower Mississippi area, where ceramics rises to the level of a true art.

Proceeding southward, the next great pottery area is southwestern United States, where the leading forms are the shallow bowl and the bulging olla.

Notwithstanding the great complexity of ceramic culture in Mexico and Central America, there is at least one characteristic form throughout, viz., a support of three long legs. There is also a tendency toward flat bottoms and cylindrical bodies in vessels not supported by legs.

In Colombia and Ecuador, hourglass shapes abound, while in Peru, we find the pointed jar, the double jar of which "whistling jars" are an example, and the effigy vase, the latter reminding one of the lower Mississippi group. In southern and eastern Brazil, the most distinctive shape is the bulging burial urn, in some cases with a hood. Frequently, these urns take an hourglass form which is also the leading form for household pottery north of the Amazon. In addition,

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74 the whole of the Amazon pottery area we find an extraordinarily large tub-shaped vessel, and in eastern Brazil a local development of effigy jars quite parallel to that of the lower Mississippi.

An interesting theoretical problem lies in these pottery

forms. It appears that almost everywhere the cooking pot tends toward the oval or hemispherical form and that the regional distinctions we have drawn are in vessels for other purposes, often largely ornamental. Thus, when we move northward from the lower Mississippi, pottery becomes strictly a vessel for cooking, or specifically utilitarian. In the North Atlantic area, pottery has a rival in soapstone, but vessels of this material have a form of their own which seems to have

something in common with the cooking kettle of the eastern Eskimo. Some pottery vessels collected by Stefánsson and Anderson between Hudson Bay and the Mackenzie River have corners quite like Eskimo soapstone kettles, but the better type of Alaskan ware has a shape like that common in

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are more than once mentioned together in the last testamentary dispositions of our friend, as persons for whom he felt a true regard, and to whose affection and fidelity he, in some respects, intrusted the welfare of those who were dearest to him in life. Permit me, then, to associate your names with mine in this tribute to his memory.

GEORGE TICKNOR


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Rh Aleutian baskets; yet, if there is a fundamental ceramic container concept in the New World, it is that of the globular cooking pot. The strong claims for the recognition of this form appear when we examine the animal-like vessels of Central America and the lower Mississippi in which we usually see the globular part with ornamental appendages.

Decorations of pottery fall into two groups, those produced by secondary modeling, and true designs. The former is a prominent feature in Peru, Colombia, Central America, the lower Mississippi, and eastern Brazil. Elsewhere it is relatively infrequent, the preference being given to painted or incised designs. The secondary modeling of the so-called Chiriqui pottery from Panama has been carefully studied by MacCurdy who finds that practically all consists of efforts to represent the armadillo and the alligator. Von den Steinen has given an illuminating discussion of animal forms in eastern Brazil, in some cases so reduced by conventionalization as to appear symbolic. A somewhat similar study has been made of lower Mississippi pottery, but without the help of the makers, the specimens being prehistoric. In Colombia we find frog and monkey-like creatures represented as peeping over the rims of jars, but it is in Peru that ceramic modeling reaches its highest level. Here, we not only have animals and natural objects faithfully represented, but human heads so executed as to suggest their being portrait jars.

Painted and incised ceramic decorations tend to be geometric and often closely parallel textile designs, to be discussed under the next head. We shall, therefore, defer their discussion until the whole subject of design has been considered.

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text: The American Indian/Chapter 4

title: The American Indian/Chapter 4


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 CHAPTER IV. THE FOUNDATIONS OF GOVERNMENT IN IOWA. The Squatter Governments. — History records how the Pilgrim fathers, coming without government authority to the new world, drew up the famous Mayflower Compact to insure among themselves an orderly civil society. The pioneers of Iowa, settling upon lands as yet unsurveyed and unprovided with local constitutional government, likewise voluntarily entered into agreements to secure peace, order, and justice.

The Miners' Compact. — The neglected and abandoned mines of Spain at Dubuque were reopened by miners early in the year 1830. And as Congress had made no provision for the local government of the Iowa country after the admission of Missouri in 1821, the miners at Dubuque met around an old Cottonwood log and organized themselves into a body politic by drawing up the following regulations: 22


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the preceding discussions we have ignored the most interesting and suggestive sides of textiles and ceramics, namely, their decorations. Wherever such products occur we almost always find them richly ornamented by designs in color which constitute the greater part of the decorative art of their makers. Taking the New World decorative designs as a whole, we are impressed with their extreme geometric unrepresentative character and the rarity of realistic art. A stroll through a large museum reveals an astonishing complexity of geometrical design in contrast to similar collections from the Old World. Nowhere else do we find anything in basketry approaching the finest basketry decorations of the Pacific Coast or in pottery that of the Andean region. From the standpoint of æsthetic values, the ancient Old World products may be rated as superior, but the range and richness of geometric design in the New World cannot be denied.

Anthropologists have given the subject of decorative design a great deal of attention, and we consequently have for the tribes of the northern continent a body of special research literature not equalled by that for any other part of the world. Quite recently, the use of ceramic design as an index to chronology and relationship in extinct cultures has appeared as a special method in archæological research and promises a considerable development in the near future. Unfortunately, no such progress has been made in the art of the southern continent or even for the Antilles and Mexico. Our first task, therefore, is to consider rather fully the status of the North American design problem and then to view the southern continent from that horizon.

If we compare the decorations upon a representative series of baskets from the Rocky Mountain region with those upon

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text:
Index talk:The American Indian.djvu

Editing notes
I've completed all but the images for Chapter 4, and have noticed a few points:
 * (1) Endnotes : The work uses endnotes for each chapter. Our usual policy in this situation is to include them within ref tags and the place where the footnote is referenced, because the transcluded chapters will then present these as chapter endnotes anyway.
 * (2) æ : The work uses "æ" in words such as "æsthetics", "archæology", "archæologist", etc., and this wasn't spotted by me right away. It's difficult to spot.
 * (3) Images : There are many, many plates throughout the work, not only as separate pages but also as ilustrations within the running text. I see more than 100 such images, so those who know how to process images will be needed very much.  There is now a commons:Category:The American Indian (1917) for these images.

Are there any recommend changes to the way I've set up and formatted Chapter 4? Once suggestions for changes are made, should we use that as a baseline for formatting the other chapters? --EncycloPetey (talk) 03:45, 2 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Chapter headings: to my eyes, all the text in the chapter headings is the same size as the body-text; so larger and smaller shouldn’t be needed. — Iain Bell (talk) 08:06, 2 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Done. --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:14, 2 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Image backgroud: The images that have a background of light grey should be cleaned to have a background of white. They all should be the same color. Otherwise the images that were once a yellow color were better than the changed images that have backgrounds of grey. But apparently it is too late for corrections now. —Maury (talk) 06:16, 3 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Image captions : Theornamentalist has noticed that the image captions are than the regular text.  See DjVu page 44 (the plate between pp. 18 & 19) for his formatting. --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:13, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Endnote pages
How should we handle pages like page 31, where the entire contents consists of endnotes that will be included in ref tags on other pages? --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:35, 2 October 2012 (UTC)

Compare the ends of the transcluded Chpaters 4 and 6, to see the implications of the problem. --EncycloPetey (talk) 14:35, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

I've hit on the solution of including the endnotes in the footer, so that they appear on the original page, but are not transcluded. This has now been done for chapter 4. --EncycloPetey (talk) 04:12, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

Missing Reference
I cannot seem to find where endnote number 5 is in Chapter VI. Should I just ignore it? MarkLSteadman (talk) 02:32, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Not sure how to handle this, but wanted to state that I also don't see footnote 5 anywhere, at least not anywhere between footnotes 4 and 6. I have found a couple of in-work typos in other chapters, so this could be one more printing error, but again I'm not sure what we can do about it. --EncycloPetey (talk) 06:06, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I would ignore the missing endnote, as we can't just add in an unpublished endnote in the chapter and being faithful to the original piece of work is encouraged. If you find a typo, just use Template:SIC to indicate a typo within the text. --Wylve (talk) 10:21, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * But therein lies the problem. The endnote was published and appears on page 114. It just isn't referred to from anywhere in the text, so we don't have a place to position it among the running text.  So, either we have to insert it somewhere it wasn't, or remove something that is there.  This issue is tied up in the problem of the above section: what we do when a page has no content but endnotes that have already been included in the text. --EncycloPetey (talk) 14:23, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Endnote problem
The endnote on page 12 (Chapter 1), has an endnote within itself. Placing  within a   creates an error. Any solutions? --Wylve (talk) 14:57, 4 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Technically, that's a footnote with an endnote in it. There is a way to do this, but I'm about to leave for work and so can't tackle the problem right now.  I can take a stab at it either this evening or this weekend (it's a three-day weekend for me).  --EncycloPetey (talk) 15:13, 4 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Ok thank :) --Wylve (talk) 17:46, 4 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Should be fixed now. --EncycloPetey (talk) 22:30, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Index talk:The American Indian.djvu


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Rh a series of pottery vessels from Arizona and New Mexico, there seems to be a definite similarity. Closer inspection suggests that this is true because certain combinations of angles and checker patterns are common to both. The chief point of difference is that curved lines and realistic figures are rare in basketry, whereas they occur with somewhat greater frequency on the pottery in question. Again, if we examine the blankets of the Navajo, we find a series of designs strikingly like those upon the basket series. Since we know that the Navajo weaving is of recent origin, we infer that many of their blanket designs were borrowed from basketry and because of the much greater distribution of the latter, that the pottery designs were also greatly influenced thereby.

An important point has been made that the technique of weaving itself places certain form limitations upon designs which tend to make them similar, irrespective of the wishes of the artist. In all weaving we have a geometrical relation between the warp and weft elements since they have a right-angle relation to each other and, in the main, can build up a design by equal rectangular units only. In basketry these units are usually so large that diagonals can only be run as steps and even in cloth it is difficult to escape this effect. These stepped designs and diagonal rows of small squares constitute one of the prevailing characteristics of textile art, so that in our discussions of design distribution we must make full allowance for similarities due to the limitations imposed by the weaving technique.

For example, we find a certain type of designs for cane baskets in Louisiana, and passing over to northern South America, we find baskets of similar materials with designs almost identical. In this case we have other facts that suggest this similarity to be but another example of culture diffusion. Yet, we can find baskets in some of the Pacific Islands which can scarcely be distinguished from cane baskets of the New World, if we consider the designs only, and in this case there is no good reason for expecting diffusion.

The limitations set by weaving are more clearly shown when realistic figures are attempted (Fig. 35). Painted pottery,

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Rh

The Squatters and the Law. — Zachary Taylor, in command of United States troops at Prairie du Chien, sent Jefferson Davis, at this time a young army officer, with a detachment of troops to drive the Dubuque miners and other settlers back to the east side of the river; for Congress had as early as 1785 and again in 1807 declared that no settlements should be made on any part of the public domain until the Indian title thereto had been extinguished and the land surveyed. And again in 1833 the act of 1807 was revived with special reference to the Iowa country. But as Professor Benjamin F. Shambaugh aptly says in his History of the Constitutions of Iowa, ". . . the pioneers on their way to the trans-Mississippi prairies did not pause to read the United States Statutes at Large. They outran the public surveyors. They ignored the act of 1807. And it is doubtful if they ever heard of the act of March 2, 1833. Some were bold enough to cross the Mississippi and put in crops even before the Indian title had expired; some squatted on unsurveyed lands; and others, late comers, settled on surveyed territory."

The Character of the Squatters. — When the Congressional survey was first begun in Iowa in 1836, there were


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78 on the other hand, imposes no such restrictions in the matter of design, but leaves the hand free to make curves of any form. Accordingly, when we find the aboriginal potters of Arizona

and New Mexico using a great array of checked and angular patterns, with stepped lines, we must necessarily refer them to textiles.

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Rh Another significant point is that the extensive use of realistic figures in cloth occurs only where weaving is highly developed, as in Peru and Mexico. When we examine examples of such decorations as are preserved in our museum collections, we note that even so, these figures are greatly distorted to make their contours coincide with the fixed lines of weaving. Further, it is also in these same localities that pottery decorations become more realistic, suggesting that some allowance must be made for the degrees of complexity in the culture of the weavers. It may be that the simple designs upon New England pottery are about all that can be expected from such a crude cultural setting. Yet, we must conclude that in the earlier stages of their historical developments in the New World both textiles and pottery were decorated with geometric designs and that the use of realistic figures came later. This is somewhat at variance with a current theory of art genesis which considers geometric art to be mere conventionalizations of earlier realistic figures. We have already noted how the weaving technique itself conventionalized all figures and have recognized other factors producing conventional effects, but the cultural conditions in the New World do not seem consistent with the above theory of design origin. The total distribution of the several types of design points clearly to a development from the simplest geometrical textile designs to the realistic textile figures.

Like many other culture traits, designs tend to fall into geographical groups. While the boundaries to such areas cannot always be drawn with great precision, their centers can be located without much difficulty. We have noted that California seemed to be the center of the highest attainments in basket-making, and it so happens that this is also the great center for basketry designs. As indicated on the map (Fig. 17) the basketry area includes the great plateau region extending from well up into British Columbia southward to the non-Pueblo tribes of Arizona and New Mexico. Here we saw that two kinds of technique were in use, coil and woven

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80, usually twined weaving, and that while tribes tend to specialize now in one of these and then in another, this variation seems to have little effect upon the designs, for the same

designs occur upon both. The coil technique offers great freedom in design because of its similarity to embroidery; but this is, perhaps, compensated by the trick of overlaying

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