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Rh and familiar connections. They may annoy us by their folly, or stay too long when they call, or call at inconvenient times; but how sweetly do we smile at all their remarks, how patiently do we bear all their allusions, compared with those of our own family circle. The fact is, they have less power over us, and for this reason, because they do not know us so well. Half the provocations we experience from common conversation, and more than half the point of every bitter taunt, arise out of some intended or imagined allusion to what has been known or supposed of us before. If a parent speaks harshly to us in years of maturity, we think he assumes too much the authority which governed our childhood; if a brother would correct our folly, we are piqued and mortified to think how often he must have seen it; if a sister blames us for any trifling error, we know what her condemnation of our whole conduct must be, if all our faults are blamed in the same proportion. Thus it is that our near connections have a hold upon us, which strangers cannot have ; for, besides the cases in which the offence is merely imagined, there are but too many in which past folly or transgression is made the subject of present reproach. And thus the evil grows, as year after year is added to the catalogue of the past, until our nearest connections have need of the utmost forbearance to avoid touching upon any tender or forbidden point.

Now, it is evident that youth must be comparatively exempt from this real or imaginary source of pain; just in proportion as the past is of less importance to them, and as fewer allusions can be made to the follies or the errors of their former lives. Thus the season of youth has greatly the advantage over that of maturer age, in cultivating that evenness of temper which enables its possessor to pass pleasantly along the stream of life, without unnecessarily ruffling its own course, or that of others.

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148 The next point we have to take into account in the right government of temper, is the important truth, that habitual cheerfulness is a duty we owe to our friends and to society. We all have our little troubles, if we choose to brood over them, and even youth is not exempt; but the habit is easily acquired of setting them aside for the sake of others, of evincing a willingness to join in general conversation, to smile at what is generally entertaining, and even to seek out subjects for remark which are likely to interest and please. We have no more right to inflict our moodiness upon our friends, than we have to wear in their presence our soiled or cast-off clothes; and, certainly, the latter is the least insulting and disgraceful of the two.

A cheerful temper—not occasionally, but habitually cheerful—is a quality which no wise man would be willing to dispense with in choosing a wife. It is like a good fire in winter, diffusive and genial in its influence, and always approached with a confidence that it will comfort, and do us good. Attention to health is one great means of maintaining this excellence unimpaired, and attention to household affairs is another. The state of body which women call bilious, is most inimical to habitual cheerfulness; and that which girls call having nothing to do, but which I should call idleness, is equally so. In a former part of this chapter, I have strongly recommended exercise as the first rule for preserving health; but there is an exercise in domestic usefulness, which, without superseding that in the open air, is highly beneficial to the health, both of mind and body, inasmuch as it adds to other benefits, the happiest of all sensations, that of having rendered some assistance, or done some good.

How the daughters of England—those who have but few servants, or, perhaps, only one—can sit in their father's homes with folded hands, when any great domestic

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Rh is going on, and not endeavour to assist, is a mystery I have tried in vain to solve; especially when, by so doing, they become habitually listless, weary, and unhappy; and when, on the other hand, the prompt and willing domestic assistant is almost invariably distinguished by the characteristics of energy and cheerfulness. Let me entreat my young readers, if they ever feel a tendency to causeless melancholy, if they are afflicted with cold feet and headache, but, above all, with impatience and irritability, so that they can scarcely make a pleasant reply when spoken to, let me entreat them to make trial of the system I am recommending; not simply to run into the kitchen and trifle with the servants, but to set about doing something that will add to the general comfort of the family, and that will, at the same time, relieve some member of that family of a portion of daily toil.

I fear it is a very unromantic conclusion to come to, but my firm conviction is, that half the miseries of young women, and half their ill-tempers, might be avoided by habits of domestic activity; because (I repeat the fact again) there is no sensation more cheering and delightful, than the conviction of having been useful; and I have gene- rally found young people particularly susceptible of this pleasure.

A willing temper, then, is the great thing to be attained; a temper that does not object, that does not resist, that does not hold itself excused. A temper subdued to an habitual acquiescence with duty, is the only temper worth calling good; and this may be the portion of all who desire so great a blessing, who seek it in youth, and who adopt the only means of making it their own—watchfulness and prayer.

I have said nothing of the operation of love, as it relates to the subject of this chapter ; but it must be understood to

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150 be pre-eminently the life-spring of our best endeavours in the regulation both of health and temper, since none can fail in the slightest degree in either of these points, without materially affecting the happiness of others.

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title: The Daughters of England/Chapter VII


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SOCIETY, FASHION, AND LOVE OF DISTINCTION.

is often to the daughters of a family, what business or a profession is to the sons; at least so far as regards the importance attached to it, and the opportunity it affords of failure or success. Society! what a capacious and dignified idea this word presents to the girl just entering upon womanhood! What a field for action and sensation! What an arena for the display of all her accomplishments! How much that is now done, thought, and uttered, has society fox its object! How much is left undone, for the sake of society! But let us pause a moment, and ask what society is. Is it a community of tried and trusted friends, united together by the ties of perfect love? Listen to the remarks of those, even of your own family, who return from the evening party, or the morning call. Is it a community of beings with whom mind is all in all, and intellectual improvement the purpose for which they meet? Observe the preparations that are made—the dress, the furniture, the food, the expense that is lavished upon these. Is it a community who even love to meet, and who really enjoy the social hours they spend together? Ask them in what mood or temper they enter upon the fatigues of the evening, or how often they wish that some event would occur to render their presence unnecessary.

There is, however, one class of beings, who generally go into society with no want of inclination, but who rather esteem no trouble too great which is the means of bringing

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152 them in contact with it, or which enables them to pass with credit the ordeal which society presents. This class of beings consists of young women who have not had experience enough to know what society really is, or what is the place assigned to them by the unanimous opinion of society, in the circles with which they exchange visits. What an event to them is an evening party! One would think each of the young aspirants to distinction expected to be the centre of a circle, so intense is the interest exhibited by every act of preparation. The consequence of all this, is a more than ordinary degree of causeless depression on the following day, or else an equal degree of causeless elevation, arising perhaps out of some foolish attention, or flattering remark, which has been repeated to half the ladies in the room.

Of all the passions which take possession of the female breast, a passion for society is one of the most inimical to domestic enjoyment. Yet, how often does this exist in connection with an amiable exterior! It is not easy to say, whether we ought most to pity or to blame a woman who lives for society—a woman who reserves all her good spirits, all her becoming dresses, her animated looks, her interesting conversation, her bland behaviour, her smiles, her forbearance, her gentleness for society—what imposition does she practise upon those who meet her there! Follow the same individual home, she is impatient, fretful, sullen, weary, oppressed with headache, uninterested in all that passes around her, and dreaming only of the last evening's excitement, or of what may constitute the amusement of the next; while the mortification of her friends at home, is increased by the contrast her behaviour exhibits in the two different situations, and her expenditure upon comparative strangers, of feelings to which they consider themselves as having a natural and inalienable right.

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 a bottle of port wine. A servant in rich livery attended on them, and at their departure, they were offered a shilling each, which of course they declined to accept, and gave the coin to the servant. Thus the legend was fulfilled in this instance. Can any Irish correspondent confirm the statement? I have no doubt of the veracity of the parties alluded to; and I can add that I have passed the door of Howth Castle hundreds of times, but never saw it closed.

v. (2nd S. x. 374.)—The observations of your correspondent H. J. M. of Holmfirth, relative to the leafing of the oak and ash during the present year exactly agree with what took place in this district, where the oak was most undoubtedly first to unfold its leaves, though not quite to the extent of some preceding seasons. I, too, have for many years observed the leafing of trees, and especially of the two species in question, and have invariably found the oak to precede the ash, corroborating to a certain extent the testimony of the poet: —

The substratum here is magnesian limestone, but my remarks are borne out by the experience of a friend residing at some distance on the new red sandstone, who affirms that, having watched the leafing of these trees during the last twenty years, he has never known the ash foremost in the race, but always the reverse. Older people also in the neighbourhood, who have paid attention to the subject, especially an old woodman, bear witness to the constant earlier leafing of the oak. I may mention that some of the ashes were full of blossom this year at the time when the oaks were just unfolding their buds, and misled another friend of mine, who at a cursory view mistook them for opening leaves. Now in the course of the time over which even my own observations extend there have been all manner of seasons, wet and dry; the correctness, therefore, of the old prognostication (and the adage prevails in this neighbourhood) is here sufficiently refuted. There is, indeed, a greater interval betwixt the leafing of the two in some seasons than others; and as the ash is said by writers on forest trees to affect moisture in a greater degree than the oak, I suppose in a wet spring it will more nearly approach the oak in the development of its foliage; but, as before stated, I have always found it lagging somewhat in the rear.

Since writing the above, a gentleman informs me that he observed the oak to have preceded the Aberford ash in Hyde Park this year.

(2nd S. x. 363.) — To the Query of Δδ, from what legend the charm for the toothache is derived which he quotes, I beg to reply that it is not derived from any. It is one of those unmeaning forms of words which have been so often put together to impose upon the ignorant. There are very many similar ones, which might be adduced for all sorts of maladies; and they all vary in different localities, and frequently as to their application for the cure of maladies. I have often met with the one here quoted, but always with the name of St. Peter the Apostle, instead of Bortron, or Bertron. But in France a similar charm is employed for the cure of fevers, which runs thus: —

"Ante portam Jerusalem sedebat Sanctus Petrus, et ecce supervenit Dominus Jesus, et ait illi, Quid hie jaces, Petre? Cui respondit: Domine jaceo mala febre. Ait illi Jesus: Surge Petre, et dimitte hanc malam febrem. Qui surgens secutus est eum, et Petrus ait: Obsecro te, Domine et bone Jesu, ut quicumque hæc verba devote dixerit, febris ei nocere non possit. Ait illi Jesus: Fiat sicut petisti, etc."

F. C. H.

In the north of Hampshire it is believed that carrying suspended round the neck a molar tooth taken from some grave in the churchyard, is a preservative against toothache. A lad complained to me the other day that in spite of his wearing such a charm he had lately suffered from toothache. Somehow or other the proved invalidity of the charm has not shaken his faith in its efficacy, for he still wears the tooth, with a devout belief in its virtue.

(2nd S. x. 247.)—The opinion that mushrooms are most plentiful at the full of the moon has long been entertained in this country. I know from experience that this opinion is founded on fact. It should not be thought wonderful that vegetables should be affected by the influence of a body which can move the vast ocean.

Philadelphia.

— Pennant, in his Tour in Scotland, relates the following among the customs of the Highlanders: —

"After marriage, the bride immediately walks round the church alone........

"The parturient woman never sets about her usual avocations till she has been kirked, that is, has gone into the church and walked round it: for no religious ceremony is used in Scotland on this occasion."

Has this custom of walking round the church, whether inside or outside, ever existed in England? I mean, of course, as a religious or effective ceremony.

— The following tradition is often heard in South Lancashire. A gentleman was one evening sitting cosily in his parlour, reading or meditating, when he was interrupted by the appearance of a cat, which came down the chimney, and called out, "Tell Dildrum Doldrum's dead!" He was naturally startled by the occurrence, and when shortly afterwards his


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Rh As a cure for this passion, I would propose a few remarks, founded both on observation and experience. In the first place, then, we seldom find that society affords us more pleasing or instructive intercourse than awaits us at home; and as to kindly feeling towards ourselves, if not excited in our nearest connections, how can we expect it from those who know us less, without having practised upon them some deception?

In the next place, we ought never to forget our own extreme insignificance in society. Indeed, it may be taken as a rule with young people in ordinary cases, that one-half of of the persons they meet with in society are not aware of their having been present, nor even conscious of the fact of to their existence; that another half of the remaining number have seen them without any favourable impression; that another half of those who still remain, have seen them with rather unfavourable feelings than otherwise; while, of those who remain beyond these, the affectionate feelings, indulgence, and cordial interest, can be as nothing, compared with what they might enjoy at home.

"How can this be?" exclaims the young visitor, "when so many persons look pleased to see me, when so many invitations are sent me, when some persons pay me such flattering compliments, and others appear so decidedly struck with my appearance?" I should be truly sorry to do anything to cool down the natural warmth and confidence of youth; but, in such cases, my rule for judging is a very simple one, depending upon the result of the following inquiries:—What is the proportion of persons you have noticed in the same company? What is the proportion of those by whom you have felt yourself repelled? What is the proportion of those you have really admired? and the proportion of those to whom you have been attracted by sympathy, or affection? Ask yourselves these questions,

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154 and remember, that whatever may be the flattering aspect of society, you nave no right to expect to receive, in admiration, or good-will, more than you give.

There is another class of young women, who appear to think the only reason for their being invited into society, is, that another place may be occupied, another chair filled, and another knife and fork employed; for as to any effort they make in return for the compliment of inviting them, they might, to all intents and purposes, have been at home. Now, where persons cannot, or dare not, converse—or where that which alone deserves the name of conversation is not suited to the habits or the ways of thinking of those who have been at the trouble of inviting guests—I am a great advocate for cheerful, easy, social chat; provided only, it gives place the instant that something better worth listening to is commenced. That all ingenuous, warm-hearted, unaffected young women, can chat, and some of them very pleasantly too, witness their moments of unrestrained confidence in the company of their friends. There is, then, no excuse for those who go into company, and return from it, without having contributed in any way to the enjoyment of the party they had been invited to meet.

All young persons, however insignificant, must occasionally meet the eye of the mistress of the house where they are visiting, and then is the time to say something expressive of interest in her, or her's; such as inquiring for some absent member of the family; or, at any rate, proving in some way or other, that she and her household have interests with which you are not wholly unacquainted.

One of the most genuine, and at the same time one of the most pleasing compliments ever paid, is that of proving to those we visit, or receive as visitors, that we have

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Rh been previously aware of their existence. There are many delicate ways of doing this; and while it injures no one, it seldom fails to afford a certain degree of gratification. Social chat, is that which sets people at liberty to talk on their favourite subjects, whatever they may be. In society, too, we meet with a large proportion of persons, who want listeners; and the young, who cannot be supposed to have amassed so large a sum of information as others, ought to consider themselves as peculiarly called upon to fill this respectable department in society, remembering at the same time, that the office of a good listener can never be that of a perfectly silent one. There must be occasionally an animated and intelligent response, intervals of attentive and patient hearing, with a succession of questions, earnestly, but modestly put, and arising naturally out of the subject, to render the part of the listener of any value in general conversation. The vapid response effectually repels; the flat and Uninterested expression of countenance soon wearies; and the question not adapted to the subject cuts short the narration.

Let me not, however, be understood to recommend the mere affectation of interest, or attention; though perfectly aware that such affectation is the current coin, by which the good-will of society is generally purchased. My view of the case is this—that the absence of vanity and selfishness in our own feelings, and benevolence towards others, will induce a real interest in everything which concerns them, at least, so far as it may occupy the conversation of an evening; and are we not as much bound in duty to be social, frank, and talkative to little-minded and common-place persons, provided they have been at the pains to invite and to entertain us, as if they were more intellectual, or more distinguished. Besides, how often do we find in conversation with such persons, that they

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156 are able to give us much useful information, which individuals of a higher grade of intellect would never have condescended to give; and, after all, there is a vast sum of practical and moral good effected by persons of this description, whose unvarnished details of common things afford us clearer views of right and wrong, than more elaborate statements.

I have said, already, that the indulgence of mere chat should never be carried too far. In the society of intelligent and enlightened men, nothing can be more at variance with good taste, than for women to occupy the attention of the company with their own little affairs; but especially when serious conversation is carried on, no woman of right feeling would wish to interrupt it with that which is less important. Nor ought this humble substitute for conversation, which I have recommended to those who cannot do better, or appreciate what is higher, on any occasion to be considered as the chief end at which to aim in society. Women possess pre-eminently the power of conversing well, if this power is rightly improved and exercised; but as this subject is one which occupies so large a portion of a previous work, I will only add, that my opinion remains the same as therein expressed, that the talent of conversation is one which it is woman's especial duty to cultivate, because the duties of conversation are amongst those for which she is peculiarly responsible.

When we think of what society might be to the young, and to the old, it becomes a painful task to speak to the in- experienced, the trusting, and the ardent, of what it is. When we think of the seasons of mental and spiritual refreshment, which might thus be enjoyed, the interchange

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Rh of mutual trust and kindness, the awakening of new ideas, the correction of old ones, the sweeping away of prejudice, and the establishment of truth, the general enlargement of thought, the extension of benevolence, and the increase of sympathy, confidence, and good faith, which might thus be Drought about amongst the families of mankind; we long to send forth the young and the joyous spirit, buoyant with the energies of untried life, and warm with the generous flow of unchecked feeling, to exercise each growing faculty, and prove each genuine impulse, upon the fair and flowery field which society throws open, alike for action, for feeling, and for thought.

But, alas! such is society as it now exists, that no mother venturing upon this experiment, would receive back to the peaceful nest the wing so lately fledged unruffled by its flight, the snowy breast unstained, or the beating heart as true as when it first went forth, elated with the glowing hope of finding in society what it never yet was rich enough to yield.

An old and long-established charge is brought against society for its flattery and its falsehood, and we go on from year to year complaining in the same strain; those who have expected most, and have been the most deceived, complaining in the bitterest terms. But, suppose the daughters of England should now determine that they would bring about a reformation in society, how easily would this be done! for, whether they know it or not, they have the social morals of their country in their power. If the excellent, but humble maxim, 'Let each one mend one,' were acted up to in this case, we should have no room left to find fault with others, for all would be too busily and too well occupied in examining their own motives, and regulating their own conduct, to make any calculations upon what might be done or left undone by others.

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text:
Madonna

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1903), "Madonna" in Harper's Monthly Magazine (September 1903).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1904), "Madonna" in Mine and Thine (1904).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Madonna" in Poems I.

title: Madonna


text: Page:Risk of performance errors due to sleep loss, circadian desynchronization, fatigue, and work overload.pdf/2


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Beaney, Hon. James George


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Page:Risk of performance errors due to sleep loss, circadian desynchronization, fatigue, and work overload.pdf/3

Human Health and Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions

Data that have been collected during space flight missions consistently indicate that sleep loss, circadian desynchronization, fatigue, and work overload occur, to varying degrees, for some individuals. Few studies of performance have been conducted in flight, however, and the findings that have been generated remain unclear as to how a crew member's performance during space flight is directly impacted by sleep loss. Extensive ground-based scientific literature, including controlled laboratory studies and data that have been gathered from industries, demonstrates that the degree of sleep and circadian disturbances that are often experienced by astronauts result in performance errors and may also impact long-term health.

Space flight evidence regarding sleep loss primarily includes data that were collected through controlled studies (Category II ) as well as through self-report (Category III ). These evaluations, which have focused on short-duration (fewer than 30-day) missions, have provided data from astronauts' daily sleep logs, polysomnography, and actigraphy. These data have characterized sleep in space, overall, as shorter, less restful, and more interrupted than sleep on Earth. Circadian rhythms may also be misaligned due to scheduling constraints, with the result that fatigue (physical and mental) from work overload has been reported (Scheuring et al., 2007). Questions, however, remain regarding the nature of sleep and circadian rhythms on long-duration space flight missions. Despite the fact that ISS construction has been under way for 9 years, systematic data collection to address this issue has only been undertaken recently. In light of ground-based evidence on sleep-loss-related performance effects, it is critical to understand the various factors that exist in the space flight and long-duration mission environment, and to identify ways in which sleep and circadian rhythms can be protected for crews who are flying on ISS and shuttle missions. NASA ground support personnel, as well as space flight crews, experience sleep loss, fatigue, circadian misalignment, and work overload. Ground teams that support robotic missions to Mars, as evidenced during the Mars Pathfinder, Spirit, Opportunity, and Phoenix missions, similarly face issues of sleep loss and circadian desynchronization.

As human space flight transitions from LEO (e.g., shuttle, ISS) to Exploration missions to the moon and Mars, and as NASA continues to support robotic missions to Mars and beyond, it becomes more important to characterize human risk factors accurately and adequately and to identify the ways in which to mitigate this performance risk safely and effectively. The first short-duration lunar missions, which will be similar to the shuttle missions, will seem to be fast-paced sprints as compared to the marathon-like races of later, longer lunar outpost missions (and ISS increments). Docking will require shifting of schedules for those in flight and for their support teams on the ground; the hurried schedule will likely include heavy workloads. Longer lunar missions will pose additional challenges to crews, including perpetual non-terrestrial day-night cues, environmental constraints, and extended periods of high-intensity workload. As the evidence reveals, crews on short- and long-duration lunar missions will need to be well-equipped and prepared for the potential performance and long-term health effects of sleep loss and circadian shifting.


text:
I know not how to find the Spring

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1904), "I know not how to find the Spring" in Scribner's Magazine (March 1904).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1904), "I know not how to find the Spring" in Mine and Thine (1904).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "I know not how to find the Spring" in Poems II.

title: I know not how to find the Spring


text:
User talk:Demdem

— billinghurst  sDrewth  14:12, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Constitution of Malta
Wikisource does not host dynamic copies of documents. The Constitution of Malta is the 1964 constitution, as it was published in 1964. It should not be modified to include later additions. Any later changes should be added as separate documents. --EncycloPetey (talk) 15:13, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Demdem


text:
A Ballad of a Drum

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1904), as "The Ballad of a Drum" in The Delineator (December 1904).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1904), "A Ballad of a Drum" in Mine and Thine (1904).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "A Ballad of a Drum" in Poems I.

title: A Ballad of a Drum


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Page:Notes and Queries - Series 2 - Volume 10.djvu/568

 wife entered, he related to her what had happened, and their own cat, which had accompanied her, exclaimed "Is Doldrum dead?" and immediately rushed up the chimney, and was heard of no more. Of course there were numberless conjectures upon such a remarkable event, but the general opinion appears to be that Doldrum had been King of Catland, and that Dildrum was the next heir.

. — A paragraph in the Cambridge Chronicle for Dec. 8, 1860, mentions that the carpenters of Chatteris, in the Isle of Ely, had observed the feast of their patron saint, St. Catherine, by assembling together at a trade dinner, &c.

.—This was a sweetmeat image which was given to children in commemoration of the Saviour's birth. The custom was observed in Northumberland in 1822. See Davison's History of Alnwick for that year, p. 262.

.

CHRISTMAS AT EXETER IN 1737.

Some curious notices of Christmas customs at Exeter, in 1737, are to be found in a scarce local work (written in 1737, but not published till 1770), of which the following is the title: —

From this volume I extract some verses, with their explanatory notes: —

1. Throwing at Cocks at Christmas-time: —

P. 35.

This throwing at cocks at Christmas is an unusual instance of the observance of this barbarous custom, and is not mentioned in Hone's Works, and similar publications. That the custom was continued up to 1770, we may conclude from the above note not being corrected or altered by the author, as is the case with many of the notes in the books. Mr. Brice, I may here observe, was a printer in Exeter, manager of a newspaper, and author of a Topographic Dictionary.

2. Christmas Carols and Christmas-drink: —

3. Christmas Mummers: —

P. 90.

(Play Musick)."

4. Christmas Bell-men of the Night: —

Pp. 91. 93.


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158 In the first place, each young woman acting upon this rule, would live for home, trusting that society would take care of its own interests. She would, however, enter into it as a social duty, rather than a personal gratification, and she would do this with kind and generous feelings, determined to think the best she could of her fellow-creatures, and where she could not understand their motives, to give them credit for good ones. She would mix with society, not for the purpose of shining before others, but of adding her share to the general enjoyment; she would consider every one whom she met there, as having equal claims upon her attentions; but her sympathies would be especially called forth by the diffident, the unattractive, or the neglected. Above all, she would remember that for the opportunities thus afforded her, of doing or receiving good, she would have to render an account as a Christian, and a woman; that for every wrong feeling not studiously checked, for every falsehood however trifling or calculated to please, for every moral truth kept back or disguised for want of moral courage to divulge it, for every uncharitable insinuation, for every idle or amusing jest at the expense of religious principle, and for every chance omitted of supporting the cause of virtue however unpopular, or discountenancing vice, however well received, her situation was that of a responsible being, of whom an account of all the good capable of being derived from opportunities like these, would be required.

Need we question for a moment whether such are the feelings, and such the resolutions, of those who enter into society in general. We doubt not but some are thus influenced, and that they have their reward; but with others, old associations and old habits are strong, and they think that one can do nothing against the many; and thus they wait, and wish things were otherwise, but never set about the

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User talk:Dewi.riyo

— billinghurst  sDrewth  14:28, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dewi.riyo


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Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/7

.

ILLUSTRATED

BY

JOHN E. SOWERBY.

DESCRIBED,

WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND A KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS, BY

C. PIERPOINT JOHNSON.

RE-ISSUE:

TO WHICH IS NOW ADDED

A SUPPLEMENT

CONTAINING 180 FIGURES OF LATELY DISCOVERED

FLOWERING PLANTS.

JOHN W. SALTER, A.L.S., F.G.S.

AND THE

FERNS, HORSETAILS, AND CLUB-MOSSES.

JOHN E. SOWERBY.

John Van Voorst - Logo.jpg

LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCLXXVI.

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Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/8

 PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/8


text: Notes and Queries/Series 2/Volume 10/Dildrum, King of the Cats


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Index talk:Notes and Queries - Series 2 - Volume 10.djvu

Notes and Queries/Series 2/Volume 10/Dildrum, King of the Cats has been made for the Note "Dildrum, King of the Cats" from the December 15th issue, pp. 463-464, but as there's no contents list to add it to at the moment I'm listing it here. Xensyria (talk) 14:40, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Notes and Queries/Series 1/Volume 6/Northumberland Tradition and Notes and Queries/Series 2/Volume 11/Doldrum, King of the Cats have also been made, so if you would rather organise it as part of a larger subsection, or rename it to something like /Volume 11/Folk-Lore/Doldrum, King of the Cats or whatnot, then please also make the same corrections to them too. Xensyria (talk) 15:17, 17 July 2012 (UTC) EDIT: Xensyria (talk) 15:18, 17 July 2012 (UTC)


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Page:The Daughters of England.djvu/170

Rh reformation themselves. Yet, surely these are times for renovated effort on the part of women, to whom the interests of society belong; for let men rule, as they unquestionably have a right to do, in the senate, the camp, and the court; it is women whose sentiments and feelings give tone to society, and society which in its turn influences the sentiments and feelings of mankind. Each generation, as it arises, matures, and consolidates into another series of social intercourse, bears the impress which society has stamped upon the last; and so powerful is the influence thus derived, that the laws of a nation would be useless in defence of virtue, if the voice of society was raised against it.

How often has the tender and anxious mother had to deplore this influence upon the minds of her children! Until they mingled with society, they were respectful, attentive, and obedient to her injunctions, confiding implicitly in the rectitude and the reasonableness of her requirements. But society soon taught them that the views of their parents were unenlightened, old-fashioned, or absurd; that even the motives for enforcing them might not be altogether pure; and that none who mixed in good society, ought to submit to regulations so childish and humiliating.

If, then, such be the influence of society, how important is it that so powerful an agent should be engaged on the side of virtue and of truth. And that it already is so in many most important cases, I acknowledge, to the honour of my country, believing that the general tone of society is highly favourable to that high moral standard, for which England is pre-eminent over every nation of the world. I allude particularly to the preservation of the character of woman from the slightest taint. The rules, or rather the opinions of society, as to what is correct or incorrect in female conduct, extending down to the most minute points

title: Page:The Daughters of England.djvu/170


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Page:A colonial autocracy, New South Wales under Governor Macquarie, 1810-1821.djvu/193

 profits or to leave their money in the New South Wales Bank, from which they could draw it at a moment's notice. The principal superintendent of convicts also acted in his private capacity as banker and money-lender, a calling not very consonant with his official station.

With a sounder currency, a more hopeful agricultural outlook, a prospect of encouragement to the wool-trade and lighter duties on South Sea products, the future looked brighter in 1821 than it had done for many years. But the social conditions of the Colony were very troubled. The increasing number of free settlers, both those from England and those born in the Colony, even the children of the convicts, began to gather together against them. These, as they grew richer and freer, became more disliked, and after 1821 began to lose ground. Under Macquarie's rule they reached their highest point socially and economically, and with his departure their day declined.


text: Category:Plays by century

title: Category:Plays by century


text: Category:Works by century

title: Category:Works by century


text: Category:19th-century plays

title: Category:19th-century plays


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Belcher, Rev. Robert Henry


text: Category:20th-century plays

title: Category:20th-century plays


text:
Author:Robert Henry Belcher

Works

 * Degrees and 'Degrees' (Hardwicke)
 * an exposure of traffic in academical titles (republished with additions in 1888)
 * Latin Prose Compositions Part I., 1874. Part II., 1879
 * Keys to both (Macmillan, 1883)
 * The Bonny Kate (Hayes, 1876)
 * a Story of the Sixteenth Century
 * A New Latin Grammar in two parts (Hachette, 1891)

Contributions to Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

 * A Note on Latin Place-Names (1886)
 * On the Structure of the Greek Theatre (1886)
 * On the Middle Voice in the Latin Verb (1887)
 * The Theatre of the Greeks (1887)
 * The Middle Voice in Latin (1889)
 * Notes on the Land-system of the Iliad (1889)
 * Notes on the Etymology of the Word "Penguin." (1890)
 * On the Existence of the Cat in Ancient Italy (1890)
 * On the Dramatic Works of Ibsen (1890)
 * A Page of Latter-day Literature (1892)
 * On some Female Characters in the Plays of Sophocles (1894)
 * On Recent Discoveries at Megalopolis, in Arcadia (1894)

Editor

 * editor of Livy, Book II., with Notes (Rivington,1882)
 * Manuel des Examens (Hachette, 1884)

title: Author:Robert Henry Belcher


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Page:A colonial autocracy, New South Wales under Governor Macquarie, 1810-1821.djvu/194

ON THE HIGH SEAS.

the Judge-Advocate had a Commission as Judge of the Court of Vice-Admiralty, there were but few matters with which his court, being one of instance only, could deal. There was, for example, no Commission giving jurisdiction in cases of prize, and when, during the American War, British vessels put in bringing prizes for adjudication, they had to be sent on to India or Ceylon. The court might take cognisance of "all breaches of the laws of trade, navigation and revenue, as well as suits for the recovery of seamen's wages". There was, however, a great ignorance of Admiralty law in Sydney, and in point of fact the only case brought before the Court of Vice-Admiralty from 1810 to 1821 was that of the Tottenham in 1818. Questions of seamen's wages were generally submitted to the magistrates, and the Judge-Advocate's Commission was thus for all practical purposes non-existent.

Macquarie had, of course, no control over commanders of the Navy, and occasionally found his powerlessness in this respect inconvenient, though visits from King's ships were not frequent. During the war with America a few put in for refreshments and repairs, and amongst others the Samarang, sloop of war, with Captain Chase in command. He brought with him from India a supply of £10,000 worth of silver dollars for use in the Colony, and stayed some time in the harbour, "most tyrannically trampling upon the personal freedom of His Majesty's (166)


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Page:A colonial autocracy, New South Wales under Governor Macquarie, 1810-1821.djvu/195

 ". The truth was that Captain Chase was preparing to take the sea once more, and not wishing to fall in with an American vessel without his full crew on board, was filling vacancies by the method of the press-gang. As he kept to his ship, and as pressing for the Navy was legal, Macquarie could not restrain him, and by Chase's orders men were impressed "both afloat and ashore". The Governor pointed out to Lord Bathurst how unsuitable was the "Impress Service" to a country where the "great mass of the population is made up of Convicts," to press whom was "at direct variance with the object of their transportation". The Secretary of State agreed and made representations to the Admiralty, but as the war soon came to an end no more was heard of such practices and the matter dropped. Except for naval store-ships coming to New South Wales or New Zealand for timber, or vessels on voyages of discovery, the whole territory lay beyond the track of the Navy. It was in the trade with New Zealand and in the South Sea Islands and in transportation of convicts that the limits of the jurisdiction of the courts of New South Wales were most severely felt.

The traders in the South Seas were rough, adventurous men ruling with foul speech and brutal punishments their wild and turbulent crews. The annals of the Pacific are filled with stories of murder and revenge. They tell of outrages on the natives followed by fierce reprisals, mutinies successful or unsuccessful alike ending in bloodshed, and scarcely credible oppressions practised by the captains on their crews. Macquarie's missionary-magistrates had jurisdiction only when crimes were committed on land. Even then, being wholly without coercive powers, they could do nothing effective. In New South Wales itself there was no court which could take cognisance of offences committed on the Islands or on the High Seas. The only thing


text: Index:The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night - Volume 4.djvu


text: Index:The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night - Volume 5.djvu


text: Index:The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night - Volume 6.djvu


text: Index:The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night - Volume 7.djvu


text: Index:The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night - Volume 8.djvu


text: Index:The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night - Volume 10.djvu


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Page:NTSB - Railroad Accident Report - Derailment on May 25, 1989.djvu/94

When the Calnev 14-inch liquid petroleum pipeline ruptured on May 25, 1989, in the immediate area where a Southern Pacific freight train had derailed 13 days earlier, the Safety Board’s investigation developed a bifold focus: (1) to determine the factors that led to the train derailment on May 12, 1989; and (2) to determine the factors that led to the pipeline rupture, including the effect, if any, that the train derailment and the postderailment wreckage clearance and pipeline inspection activities had in causing the pipeline to rupture. To facilitate a discussion of the accident investigation, this report will address first those issues that relate exclusively to the train derailment; second, those issues pertinent to the time period between the train derailment and the pipeline rupture; third, those-issues that relate exclusively to the pipeline rupture; and fourth, those issues germane to both the train derailment and the pipeline rupture, such as emergency response.

No anomalies or deficiencies in the track structure, track geometry, or signals were noted that would have contributed to the train derailment. The crewmembers of Extra 7551 East were qualified by the Southern Pacific for their respective positions. The Calnev pipeline dispatcher on duty at the time of the pipeline rupture had successfully completed the training program established by the company. Weather was not considered a factor in either the train derailment or the pipeline rupture.

The investigation of the train derailment on May 12, 1989, revealed that when Extra 7551 East crested the hill at Hiland to descend the 2.2-percent grade, the head-end engineer believed he had a trailing tonnage of 6,150 tons and 69 tons per operative brake, based on the tonnage profile that had been given to him at the Mojave yard office and 24 axles (four 6-axle units) of dynamic brakes, based on his assumption that two of the head-end locomotive units and the two helper locomotive units had functioning dynamic brakes. Based on this information, the operating rules required that the engineer crest the hill at 5 mph under the maximum speed allowed, 30 mph, and not exceed the maximum speed during the descent. The general road foreman testified, and the results of the train dynamics analyzer tests corroborated, that the engineer should have been able to easily control the train and maintain a speed of 30 mph down the grade with 24 axles of dynamic brakes and a trailing tonnage. of 6,150 tons. The Safety Board’s investigation, therefore, examined (1) the accuracy of the information—particularly the number of axles of functioning dynamic brakes and the trailing tonnage—on which the engineer based his operation of the train, and (2) whether or not the engineer’s acceptance of this information as being accurate was reasonable. The investigation then attempted to determine what action, if any, the engineer could have taken to control the train down the 2.2-percent grade or to prevent the train from derailing given the information that was provided to him.


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Page:NTSB - Railroad Accident Report - Derailment on May 25, 1989.djvu/51

 The rupture was about 29 inches long and, with respect to the circumference, was located about 5 inches to the east of the top of the pipe as installed (about the 1:30 o’clock position looking north). The electric resistance welded seam was located about at the top of the pipe. Examination of the area indicated that there was plastic deformation (bulging of the pipe) associated with the rupture and that the rupture produced a "fish mouth" type opening of about 4.2 inches at its widest point (see figure 14). There was no apparent visual evidence of pipe material or manufacturing" deficiencies.

Plastic deformation (denting) was present in the area of the rupture. The primary "dent" extended approximately 27 inches longitudinally along the top portion of the pipe; the dent angled slightly from the longitudinal axis of the pipe. The primary dent began at a point 20 inches northwest of the rupture point and extended to a point 7 inches southwest of the rupture point. The primary dent was about 1⅜ inches wide at its widest point and the deepest depth of the dent was abou 0.07 inches.

The primary dent produced a protrusion (bulge) on the inside surface of the pipe and localized wall thinning. The minimum wall thickness, as measured in this area at the accident site, was 0.249 inches and was located about 4 inches from the point of rupture. Additional wall thinning was near the point of rupture ("Tests and Research," "Metallurgical Testing").

Nearly parallel to and below the primary dent was a mark/scratch on the pipe that extended from about the same downstream location as the primary dent to about the point of rupture.

A second pair of marks on the pipe was located upstream (south) about 36 inches south of the point of rupture. The pipe had been damaged (gouged) in an area about 5 inches below (east) the top of the pipe. The longer mark was about 36 inches long and located closer to the top of the pipe; a 2½-inch-wide section of the coating had been removed. revealing a 1½-inch-wide mark on the metal. The second mark began slightly north of the first; the maximum width of damage to the coating was about 2 inches and the length of damage was about one half that of the upper mark.

About 120 inches north of the point of rupture, some damage to the coating on the east side of the pipe was observed. Coating in widths varying from 4 to 7 inches had been removed from the pipe at the 3 o’clock position (looking north). No damage was apparent o the pipe metal.

At a location 188 feet north of the end of the Highland Road casing, two reas of damage to the pipe were found at the time the pipe was being removed for replacement. The section of pipe containing these two areas of damage were sent to the Southwest Research Institute for metallurgical examination. ("Tests and Research," "Metallurgical Testing").

.—The train derailment occurred on the single mainline track in San Bernardino, California, near railroad MP 486.8. Approaching the


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Page:NTSB - Railroad Accident Report - Derailment on May 25, 1989.djvu/52

 derailment site from the west, the track grade descended between 2.0 and 2.2 percent for 22 miles before it transitioned to a O.O-percent grade at the derailment site. In the 22 miles of descending grade, there were 56 curves which varied in degree of curvature from a maximum of 6 degrees to a minimum of 30 minutes.

The track was constructed of 119-pound continuous welded rail (CWR) on tangent track and 136-pound CWR on most of the curves. The 4-degree curve at the derailment site was laid with new 136-pound CWR in 1986. The rails rested on double shouldered tie plates and 9-foot hardwood. crossties and were restrained with two rail-holding spikes on the gage side of the rail, one rail-holding spike on the field side of the rail, and one plate-holding spike on each side of the rail. The rail was box-anchored every other tie. The ties were laid in a ballast of crushed rock.

The 4-degree right-hand curve (based on the direction of movement of Extra 7551 East) at the derailment site was constructed on a fill (levee) with a maximum height of about 21 feet. The curve was 2,474 feet in lenqth, including a 376-foot spiral on each end, and had a 1-inch superelevation.

According to SP Timetable No. 2, the authorized maximum timetable speed for the curve was 30 mph. The Federal Railroad Administration allows a maximum operating speed of 38 mph for a 4-degree curve with a 1-inch superelevation.

About 680 feet of track were destroyed during the derailment. Because of the extensive track damage, there were no distinguishable marks to indicate the point of derailment.

.—Trains on the single mainline track are governed by a traffic control system using colored lights on wayside signals. An inspection of the signal equipment in the area of the derailment was conducted on May 13, 1989. The inspection revealed no problems with the signal system.

At the time of the accident, Extra 7551 East consisted of, from front to rear, 4 road locomotive units (SP 8278, SP 7551, SP 7549, and SP 9340), 69 open-top hopper cars loaded with trona, and 2 helper locomotive units (SP 8317 and SP 7443).

.—All of the locomotive units were manufactured by the Electro Motive Division (EMD) of General Motors Corporation. These units were six-axle, SD models with 26L automatic brake valves and extended range dynamic brakes.


text:
Journal of William Maclay

Source Information: Produced by Jon Roland and sourced from The Constitution Society. Scanned publication at the Internet Archive referenced in some instances for formatting. Footnotes in this text are the originals as published in the 1890 edition. index

title: Journal of William Maclay


text: Talk:Journal of William Maclay

title: Talk:Journal of William Maclay


text:
Journal of William Maclay/Preface

is a tendency, when dealing with public men of the past, to throw a glamour around their memory, and, by a systematic perversion or ignoring of facts, to lead present generations to regard them as little less than deities. The signers of the Declaration of Independence, the framers of our Constitution, and all who in any way were involved in the inception of this nation, are venerated with a childlike awe, rendering us oblivious to the motives which led to those occurences or to the pressure of circumstances which induced many to take the course they did. The journal of William Maclay, beginning with the 24th of April, 1789, and ending on the 3d of March, 1791, gives a graphic description of the debates, ceremonies, and social life of that important period of our national existence. Some hesitancy has been felt in giving an unreserved publication of this journal to the world, owing to the severity of the criticisms made on prominent personages, which in a large degree serve to dispel the roseate illusions in reference to men of that day. It should be kept in mind, however, that the journal was strictly private in its nature, intended merely for personal reference, and that the thought of its publication seems never to have entered the mind of its author, else he undoubtedly would have smoothed over many phrases and erased entire passages, as being too forcible for public expression.

But in just this circumstance lies the great value of the work. William Maclay wrote every evening of events which took place during the day. He wrote while his mind was yet heated with the fierce debates in the Senate, and while the scenes were yet fresh in his memory, thus transmitting on paper pictures of historical events which are wonderfully vivid. Great care, therefore, has been taken to give the present publication word for word from the original manuscript, even to the spelling of proper names: Ellsworth being spelled with one "l," Read as Reed, Beckley, Clerk of the House of Representatives, as Buckley, and Carroll as Carrol.

William Maclay, like many of those who were actively engaged in the Revolution, was of Scotch descent, his father, Charles Maclay, having sailed for America in 1734. The brothers of William Maclay were also active in the movements which led to the overthrow of British supremacy in America; his brother, the Hon. John Maclay, being a member of that conference held in "Carpenters' Hall" which declared that "they, in behalf of the people of Pennsylvania, were willing to concur in a vote of Congress declaring the United Colonies free and independent States." John Maclay also served three terms in the Pennsylvania Legislature, 1790, 1792, and 1794. Another brother of William Maclay, the Hon. Samuel Maclay, was chosen Speaker of the Pennsylvania State Senate, of which body he was a member from 1797 to 1802, and resigned in 1802 in order to serve in the United States Senate, where he represented Pennsylvania from 1802 to 1809.

William Maclay was born on the 20th of July, 1737, in New Garden Township, Pennsylvania, and was educated in the classical school of the Rev. John Blair. He studied law, and was admitted to practice at the York County bar, April 28, 1760. At the close of the French and Indian War he visited England and had an interview with Thomas Penn, one of the proprietaries, relative to the surveys in the middle and northern parts of the province. In 1772 he laid out the town of Sunbury, and erected for himself a stone house, which was standing a few years since. He acted as the representative of the Penn family, and took a prominent part in the so-called Pennamite war. At the outset of the Revolution, although an officer of the proprietary Government, he took an active part in favor of independence, during which struggle he held the position of assistant commissary. In 1781 he was elected to the Assembly of Pennsylvania, and from that time filled the offices of member of the Supreme Executive Council, Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, deputy surveyor, and was one of the commissioners for carrying into effect the laws respecting the navigation of the Susquehanna. In January, 1789, he was elected to the United States Senate. The question as to who should hold the long term of office was decided by lot — William Maclay drawing the short term, while Robert Morris, his colleague, drew the long term.

William Maclay began to differ with the Federalists very early in the session. He did not approve of the state ceremony attendant upon the intercourse of the President with Congress; he flatly objected to the presence of the President in the Senate while business was being transacted; and boldly spoke against his policy in the immediate presence of President Washington. He was one of the foremost in opposing the chartering of the United States Bank, even at the sacrifice of personal popularity, for the strong Democratic position he took and the stubbornness with which he maintained it in the face of overwhelming pressure cost him his re-election, he being succeeded by an ardent Federalist.

So pronounced were the Democratic views of William Maclay, and so boldly and ably did he maintain his position in the face of the opposition, that the question can well be raised if he, rather than Thomas Jefferson, was not the true founder of the Democratic party. It is well known that on the organization of the "new Government," as it was then called, April, 1789, Thomas Jefferson was in France, where he had resided since 1784, and that he did not arrive in New York, then the seat of government, until March, 1790, some eleven months after the Federal machine had been in operation. And it was some time after he took his place as Secretary of State that his influence and ability as a leader of men were felt among the elements composing the Democratic party. It was during these first months of the new Government's life that questions seriously affecting its character, whether to be monarchical or republican in its forms, were fiercely debated and decided. It was then that the foundations of the great Democracy were laid; the superstructure erected by Thomas Jefferson being in conformity with the precedents then and there irrevocably established.

Who, then, was the leader of the opposition to this strong monarchical tendency? The records of the First Congress, unfortunately, are fragmentary and meager, so that little has been known of the stirring debates that took place at that time. The journal of William Maclay, however, throws a flood of light on this period, and establishes beyond cavil the claims of Pennsylvania to having produced the father of the Democratic party in the person of William Maclay.

For a hundred years this valuable journal has been jealously guarded from public scrutiny by the descendants of the statesman. Portions of it were privately printed in 1880, and a limited edition distributed among the members and friends of the family. Many passages, however, were suppressed, as being too caustic in their strictures on eminent personages whom we are accustomed to regard with the highest veneration. This, however, in a great measure, destroyed the complexion of the context and the value of the work. But, now that an unreserved publication is called for in the interest of history, it will be seen that William Maclay was foremost in the opposition to these extreme monarchical views of the Federalists, and that in combating and subverting their aspirations he laid the foundation of the Democratic party.

On his retirement from the Senate, William Maclay resided on his farm, adjoining Harrisburg, where he erected a stone mansion. In the year 1795 he was elected a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, and was again elected in 1803. He was a presidential elector in 1796, and from 1801 to 1803 officiated as one of the Associate Judges of Dauphin County. He died on the 16th of April, 1804, in Harrisburg, and is buried in Paxtang churchyard.

He was a man of the strictest integrity, positive opinions, keen insight into the underlying motives of men, and with indomitable perseverance and tenacity of purpose in carrying out views once formed. In personal appearance he was six feet and three inches in height, light complexion, while his hair, in middle age, appears to have been brown, and was tied behind or "clubbed." Mr. Harris, of Harrisburg, narrates that he "well remembered, when a young collegian, during the summer vacation he used to watch Mr. Maclay wearing a suit of white flannel, with lace ruffles, walking up and down the river-bank in Maclayville — as it was then called — and he thought he had never seen such a dignified, majestic old gentleman: while," he added, "I was always half afraid of him — he seemed to awe me into insignificance."

.
 * . August, 1890.

title: Journal of William Maclay/Preface


text:
Author:William Maclay

Works

 * Journal of William Maclay (1789 - 1791)

title: Author:William Maclay


text: Template:Plainlist

title: Template:Plainlist


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Journal of William Maclay/List of Persons Referred to in the Journal

Ames, Fisher, Rep., Massachusetts.

Ashe, John Baptist, Rep., North Carolina.

Baldwin, Abraham, Rep., Georgia.

Barry, Captain, captain in the United States Navy during the Revolution.

Bassett, Richard, Senator, Delaware.

Beckley, John, Clerk of the House of Representatives.

Benson, Rep., New York.

Bingham, William, afterward Pennsylvania States Senator.

Bland, Theodore, Rep., Virginia.

Boudinot, Elias, Rep., New Jersey.

Brown, John, Rep., Virginia.

Bryan, Judge, father of the abolition laws.

Burke, Edmund, Edanus Rep., South Carolina.

Butler, Pierce, Senator, South Carolina.

Carroll, Charles, Senator, Maryland. (Note. Written with one "1" in journal.)

Carroll, David, Rep., Maryland.

Chew, President of the Pennsylvania High Court of Errors and Appeals, 1790-1806.

Clymer, George, Rep., Pennsylvania.

Coles, Isaac, Rep., Virginia.

Contee, Benjamin, Rep., Maryland.

Coxe, Tench, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.

Dalton, Tristram, Senator, Massachusetts.

Delany, Sharpe, Collector of Duties at the Port of Philadelphia.

Dickenson, Philemon, Senator, New Jersey.

Ellicott, Andrew, Surveyor.

Ellsworth, Oliver, Senator, Connecticut. (Note. Written Elsworth in the Journal.)

Elmer, Jonathan, Senator, New Jersey.

Few, William, Senator, Georgia.

Findley, William, afterward Congressman, serving eleven terms.

Fitzimons, Thomas, Rep., Pennsylvania.

Floyd, William, Rep., New York.

Foster, Theodore, Senator, Rhode Island.

Gale, George, Rep., Maryland.

Gallatin, Albert, afterward United State Senator.

Gerry, Elbridge, Rep., Massachusetts.

Giles, William B., Rep., Virginia.

Gilman, Nicholas, Rep., New Hampshire.

Goodhue, Benjamin, Rep., Massachusetts.

Grayson, William, Senator, Virginia.

Gray, George, member of the Constitutional Convention of Pennsylvania, 1789-'90.

Grout, Jonathan, Rep., Massachusetts.

Gunn, James, Senator, Georgia.

Gurney, Colonel Francis, member of Pennsylvania Legislature.

Hamilton, Alexander, Secretary of the Treasury.

Harris, Davy, son of John Harris.

Harris, John, founder of Harrisburg, father-in-law to William Maclay.

Hartley, Thomas, Rep., Pennsylvania.

Hawkins, Benjamin, Senator, North Carolina.

Heister, Daniel, Rep., Pennsylvania.

Henry, John, Senator, Maryland.

Hillagas, Michael, Assistant Treasurer.

Huger, Daniel, Rep., South Carolina.

Humphreys, Colonel.

Huntingdon, Benjamin, Rep., Connecticut.

Irwin, Matthew, Master of Rolls of Pennsylvania, 1790-1800.

Izard, Ralph, Senator, South Carolina.

Jackson, James, Rep., Georgia.

Jefferson, Thomas, Secretary of State.

Johnson, William S., Senator, Connecticut.

Johnston, Samuel, Senator, North Carolina

King, Rufus, Senator, New York.

Knox, General, Secretary of War.

Langdon, John, Senator, New Hampshire.

Lawrence, John, Rep., New York.

Lear, Tobias, Private Secretary to Washington.

Lee, Richard Henry, Senator, Virginia.

Leonard, George, Rep., Massachusetts.

Linn, Chaplain of the Senate.

Livermore, Samuel, Rep., New Hampshire.

Livingston, William, Governor of New Jersey.

Logan, George, member of Pennsylvania Legisture.

MacLay, William, Senator, Pennsylvania.

MacPherson, William, afterward Naval Officer of the Port of Philadelphia.

Matthews, George, Rep., Georgia.

Madison, James, Jr., Rep., Virginia.

Meredith, Samuel, first Treasurer of the United States, 1789-1801.

Mifflin, General Thomas, President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania.

Miles, Samuel, Mayor of Philadelphia, 1790-'91.

Montgomery, Colonel John, commissioned County, Pa., in 1794.

Morris, Robert, Senator, Pennsylvania.

Muhlenberg, F. A., Rep., Pennsylvania, and Speaker of the House.

Oswald, Eleazer, editor "Independent Gazetteer."

Otis, Samuel, Secretary of the Senate.

Parker, Josiah, Rep., Virginia.

Partridge, George, Rep., Massachusetts.

Paterson, William, Senator, New Jersey

Petit, chairman of the Public Creditors.

Peters, Richard, Speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly, 1789-'90.

Powell, afterward Speaker of Pennsylvania Senate.

Read, George, Senator, Delaware.

Rush, Dr. Benjamin, member of Pennsylvania Convention which ratified the United States Constitution, 1787.

Ryerson, member of Pennsylvania Assembly.

Scott, Thomas, Rep., Pennsylvania.

Schuyler, Philip, Senator, New York.

Sedgwick, Theodore, Rep., Massachusetts.

Seney, Joshua, Rep., Maryland.

Sherman, Roger, Rep., Connecticut.

Smilie, John, member of Pennsylvania Legislature, afterward of Congress, 1793-'95, 1799-1813.

Smith, William, Rep., Maryland.

Stanton, Joseph, Senator, Rhode Island.

Stone, Michael J., Rep., Maryland.

Strong, Caleb, Senator, Massachusetts.

Sturges, Jonathan, Rep., Connecticut.

Sylvester, Peter, Rep., New York.

Thatcher, George, Rep., Massachusetts.

Thompson, Charles, Secretary of the old Congress.

Trumbull, Jonathan, Rep., Connecticut.

Truxtun, Captain. afterward Commander of the frigate Constellation.

Tucker, Thomas T., Rep., South Carolina.

Wadsworth, Jeremiah, Rep., Connecticut.

White, Alexander, Rep., Virginia.

Williamson, Hugh, Rep., North Carolina.

Wingate, Paine, Senator, New Hampshire.

Wynkoop, Henry, Rep., Pennsylvania.

Vandalsen, William Maclay's' landlord while in New York.

Vining, John, Rep., Delaware.


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Journal of William Maclay/The Rules of Proceedings for the First United States Senate

House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member — (Second clause, fifth section, first article on the Constitution of the United States).

1. The President (of the Senate)should be in the chair within half an hour of the time to which the Senate stands adjourned; and the Senators shall immediately take their seats in a circular order; those from New Hampshire occupying the right of the Chair and those from Georgia the left.

2. The minutes of the preceding day shall be read before any other business is entered upon; inaccuracies or inelegancies may be corrected or amended; but no reconsideration as to matter of substance shall take place on such reading.

3. Every Senator presenting a petition, memorial, or other Writing, shall briefly state the import of the same; and every such paper after being read shall be deemed to lie on the table, unless the same is dismissed upon special motion for impropriety or want of decency.

4. Every motion made and seconded shall be repeated from the Chair and then be open to discussion. The motion, if verbal, shall be put in writing at the request of the President (of the Senate) or any two Senators.

5. Adoption, rejection, amendment, commitment, or postponement, shall be considered as proper modes of treating business; and in all cases (treaties, returned bills, etc., and the expulsion of a member, excepted) majority of votes shall govern.

6. Every Senator when speaking shall address himself to the Chair. No Senator shall be shall be named in debate, but may be referred to by mentioning the State he represents or by alluding to his place in the House.

7. In case of a debate becoming tedious, four Senators may call for the question; or the same number may at any time move for the previous question, viz, "Shall the main question now be put?"

8. Priority of speaking and all questions of order shall be decided by the President (of the Senate); but either party may appeal to a vote of the House.

9. The name of the Senator making and of the one who seconds a motion shall be entered on the journals of the House.

10. No Senator shall speak more than twice on the same subject without leave obtained from the Chair.

11. Inviolable secrecy shall be observed with respect to all matters transacted in the Senate while the doors are shut, or as often as the same is enjoined from the Chair.

12. Every member of a committee shall attend the same at the time appointed by the chairman, who shall be the Senator of the most northerly State of those from whom the committee are taken.

13. When a commitment is agreed upon, the President (of the Senate) shall take the sense of the Senate as to the manner of appointing the committee, whether by motion from the Senators, nomination from the Chair, or by ballot; which shall take place accordingly.

14. The files of the House shall remain open for the inspection of all the Senators, etc., but no original paper shall be removed from the House without leave obtained for that purpose by the Senate.

15. The yeas and nays on any question shall be entered on the journals at the desire of one fifth of the Senators present.

16. These rules shall be engrossed on parchment and hung up in some conspicuous part of the Senate chamber. And every Senator who shall neglect attendance daring a session, absent himself without leave or withdraw for more than a quarter of an hour without permission after a quorum is formed, shall be guilty of disorderly behavior, and his name, together with the nature of the transgression, shall be written on a slip of paper and annexed to the bottom of the rules; there to remain until the Senate, on his application or otherwise, shall take order on the same.