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Portal talk:Southern Historical Society

I found a few books on Archive.org that have chapters on John Pelham I would like to help proofread - if somebody could upload them and set them up here?

http://www23.us.archive.org/details/waritsheroes00ayre

http://archive.org/details/wearinggray00cookrich

GallantPelhams (talk) 23:17, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I would not know how to place them on Wikisource but you are correct in they both are good books. However, neither of those two books are a part of the 52 volumes of the Southern Historical Society Papers so I suppose they would have to be placed elsewhere. They also have good illustrations. I am wondering if you are you planning to do only two John Pelham articles, one in each book, or other entries in those two books as well? Perhaps you would fare better if you re-post your message on [] "Scriptorium" where abundant help exists. Everything I have stated is just a suggestion by a worker on the 52 SHSP volumes. Kindest regards, — William Maury Morris II Talk 01:10, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

I would personally only do the parts on Pelham, but I assume with time other people would find other sections they found interesting, and in a few months or years we'd have the books complete. GallantPelhams (talk) 05:21, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I understand. There are unfinished books including some I intend to finish because I asked for them. But the two books that you mention are not a part of the volumes of the Southern Historical Society "Papers" which are all in volumes. What you need is for someone to set-up the books for you in a different area away from these 52 volumes. The books you mention are not a part of the 52 volumes. There are many excellent Southern books and they are in many places but none are a part of the 52 volumes of the Southern Historical Society "Papers" which are unique in their own right. I do not presently have the knowledge to set up books or I would do that for both you and myself. There are good books and I am a Southerner by birth and I love "Deart 'Ole Dixie" and these United States that I served in the military for in the late 1960s. You need to ask an administrator who knows how to set up your chosen books. Again, Scriptorium, is the place to ask for that and some good-hearted person with the know-how would help. The parts only on the Gallent Pelham would just be articles. Personally, I would try to get the books set up and if that did not work I would just find an area, give it a proper title, and then type in the articles. The administrators would notice if they are in a wrong area and probably just move your work to a proper area. I have done this with several books and as a few articles a few years back. I do not know what rules about that method would be at this time. I did those books a couple of years ago. Everyone is always busy helping others and trying to do works they themselves want to do but after you place a request in Wikisource Scriptorium someone will help you in some manner. It sometimes takes a couple of days from what I have seen for that help. If after placing your request in Scriptorium, I myself would just start writing articles but please don't try to blend them into the Southern Historical Society's "Papers" consisting of 52 established volumes. Okay? Kind regards, — William Maury Morris II Talk 18:28, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I've uploaded the books. The links are on GallantPelhams' talk page. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 01:12, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

War and its Heroes/Major John Pelham and Wearing of the Gray/Pelham  both exist now - I do not have much time to proofread but I have started. I encourage others to help, or to help with other chapters in the books with officers you care about. This is a great project guys! GallantPelhams (talk) 22:13, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Southern Historical Society


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oberlin, Jérémie Jacques

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 42.djvu/116

 wittiest of his pieces, ending with a spirited rush. Pope's 'Epistle to Arbuthnot' may have owed something to this 'Letter.' There is more bitterness, but equal vivacity, in his 'Satire addressed to a Friend about to leave the University and come abroad in the World,' which closes with a fable, excellently told. More ambitious, but really inadequate and low in tone, is the 'Satire' in which Spenser is introduced, 'dissuading the Author from the Study of Poetry.' The passage referring to the calamities of authors has been often quoted.

While in 'original' satire Oldham cannot be said to have reached the height to which he was desirous of climbing, he is memorable in our poetic literature as one of the predecessors of Pope in the 'imitative' or adapting species of satirical and didactic verse. Boileau (certain of whose imitations were in their turn imitated by Oldham) had revived the popularity of the device of paraphrasing Latin satirical poetry while applying to modern instances its references and allusions. Oldham's first attempt in this direction seems to have been his 'Horace's Art of Poetry, imitated in English, addressed by way of Letter to a Friend,' 1681 (see the ' Preface '). But the same 'libertine' way, as he calls it, was more lightly and yet more completely pursued by him in his imitation of Horace's 'Satires,' i. ix. ('Ibam forte via sacra' — 'As I was walking in the Mall of late'), and in the other Horatian paraphrases and similar pieces published by him in the same year. Most of these, which include reproductions of Horace, Juvenal, Virgil, Ovid, Catullus, Martial, as well as of Bion and Moschus, the Psalms, and Boileau, are in the heroic couplet; but some of the lyrics are translated in Pindaric, i.e. irregular, metre.

Oldham's verse lacks finish, a defect specially noticeable in a looseness of rhyme and in what Dryden censured as The harsh Cadence of a rugged Line. Of prose Oldham left behind him nothing beyond the 'Character of a certain Ugly Old Priest,' an unpleasing effort in the grotesque, and a sketch entitled 'A Sunday Thought in Sickness,' which contains certain resemblances, probably unintentional, to the closing scene of Marlowe's 'Doctor Faustus.'

An edition of 'Poems and Translations' by Oldham was published in 1683, and one of his 'Remains in Verse and Prose,' with a series of commendatory verses (including Dryden's), in the following year. Subsequent editions of his works are dated 1685, 1686, 1688, 1703, and 1722; but some of these may be merely made up by booksellers. Those of 1685 and 1686 are identical, except as to the date. The most complete edition is that cited in the text, by the eccentric 'half-pay poet' Edward Thompson, in 3 vols. 12mo, 1770. It is prefaced by a brief memoir, and a statement of the editors 'point of view.' The notes are meagre and inaccurate.

 OLDHAM, JOHN (1779–1840), engineer, born in 1779 in Dublin, was apprenticed to an engraver there, but subsequently became a miniature-painter. Having a strong inclination for mechanics, he invented a numbering machine, which in 1809 he unsuccessfully offered to the bank of Newry for numbering their bank-notes. In 1812 the machine was adopted by the Bank of Ireland, and he received the appointment of engineer and chief engraver. In 1837 he entered the service of the Bank of England, where he introduced many improvements in the machinery for printing and numbering banknotes. This machinery continued in use until 1852–3, when the system of surface-printing was adopted. He paid much attention to marine propulsion, and in 1817 he obtained a patent (No. 4169) for propelling ships by means of paddles worked by a steam-engine, an endeavour being made to imitate the motion of a paddle when used in the ordinary way. In 1820 he patented a further improvement (No. 4249), the paddles being placed on a shaft across the ship, and caused to revolve, being feathered by an adaptation of the gearing used in the former patent. Though a very imperfect contrivance, it has an interest from the fact that it was used in the Aaron Manby, the first seagoing iron ship ever constructed [see ]. A further development of the idea resulted in the construction of a feathering paddle-wheel, which was patented in 1827 (No. 5455). His system of warming buildings, introduced into the Bank of Ireland, and subsequently into the Bank of England, is described in the ‘Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal,’ 1839, p. 96. He died at his house in Montagu Street, Russell Square, on 14 Feb. 1840, leaving, it is said, a family of seventeen children.


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Page:Project Longshot - Advanced Design Program Project Report.pdf/35

Rh

 * EXTERNAL DRIVE SOURCE--3.75 TERRAWATT LASER


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Rh

The Matter Anti-matter Annihilation could potentially be capable of producing the necessary specific impulse of a million seconds, but it was not considered to be feasible to create a system adequate for storing the anti-matter for 100 years under the limited power constraints of a spacecraft.

The ideal rocket equation was used to determine the potential specific impulse of an extremely high temperature expansion of gas through a nozzle. (See calculations and assumptions in appendix.) Using the critical temperature for sustained Deuterium fusion (3.9E8 degrees Kelvin) a specific impulse of 39000 seconds was calculated (1/300th the specific impulse desired). Since this specific impulse is insufficient for the mission requirements (using an extremely optimistic temperature under ideal conditions), this candidate was dropped.

Advances in technology for an accelerated ion drive (using a magnetic/electric field to fire charged particles out a nozzle) have brought the specific impulse to 3500 seconds. Although this is a current technology that could be implemented now at a relatively low cost, it is felt that the two remaining orders of magnitude will remain out of reach in the near future. Therefore, this candidate was also discarded.

In determining the feasibility of a Laser-pumped Light Sail, another method besides comparing specific impulse becomes necessary, since the drive is external. The single impulse required to reach the designated system in 100 years was determined to be 13,500 km/sec.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oberlin

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oberlin


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Page:Project Longshot - Advanced Design Program Project Report.pdf/37

Rh The size of a laser with continuous output, to accelerate the payload to 13,500 km/sec in a year, is 3.75 Terra Watts. Since a micropulsed 1 Terra Watt laser has been developed, it is conceivable (although extremely unlikely) that the necessary laser could be invented within the next 20 years. The low feasibility, coupled with the lack of a system for decceleration[sic] into the Centauri System, led to the cancellation of this system's candidacy (see appendix for calculations).

3.2.2.2 Pulsed Fusion Microexplosion Drive
The Pulsed Fusion Microexplosion Drive is not a current, but rather an enabling technology. The system concept, modeled after the British Interplanetary Society's project DEADALUS, is to fire high energy particle beams at small fusionable pellets that will implode and be magnetically channeled out the nozzle (see Figs. 3.2b and 3.2c). The expected specific impulse is 1.02E6 seconds. The specific mass breakdown for separate sections (including fusion chamber, particle beam igniter system, and magnetic nozzle/inductor system) is included in the structures section (2.3.2). Finally, the entire system is expected to gimble a full degree in two axes to enable navigational corrections in three dimensions.

The type of fuel used in the pellets is of critical importance. Due to the extremes of temperatures and duress inherent in fusion reactions, a magnetic field is required to supplant the casing around the fusion


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oberon

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oberon


text:
Page:O. F. Owen's Organon of Aristotle Vol. 2 (1853).djvu/169

 last they make use of sophistical arguments, as if the conclusion did not follow from the things laid down, but they allow readily, trusting to habit, and apprehending that they will suffer no inconvenience. Moreover, we must extend the discourse and insert things which are of no use to it, as they do, who write falsely, for when there are many things, it is dubious in which consists the falsity, wherefore sometimes also, interrogators escape notice, proposing secretly, things which proposed by themselves, would not be admitted.

For concealment then, we must use the thing stated, but for ornament, we must employ induction and division of things homogeneous. What kind of thing then induction is, is clear, but division is one of such a kind, as that one science is better than another, either from its being more accurate, or from its belonging to better subjects; and that of sciences, some are theoretical, others practical, but others effective, for each thing of this kind adorns a speech, yet it is not necessary that it should be adduced, in order to the conclusion.

For the sake of perspicuity, we must adduce examples and comparisons; examples indeed appropriate, and from which we derive information, such as Homer, not as Chœrilus (employs), for thus, what is proposed will be more perspicuous.

Chapter 2
disputation we must employ syllogism with dialecticians, rather than with the multitude, but induction, on the contrary, rather with the multitude, concerning which also we have spoken before. Still, in some cases, he who makes an induction may question the universal, but in others this is not easy, from a common name not being laid down in all similitudes, but when it is necessary to assume the universal, they say it is


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oberstein

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oberstein


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 42.djvu/117

 His eldest son, (1801–1851), succeeded to his father's place at the bank. He was elected an associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers on 2 March 1841, and in 1842 he read a paper ‘On the Introduction of Letterpress Printing for numbering and dating the Notes of the Bank of England’ (Proceedings, 1842, p. 166), and in the following year he contributed ‘A Description of the Automatic Balance at the Bank of England invented by W. Cotton’ (ib. 1843, p. 121). For the latter he received a Telford medal. He died at Brussels on 7 Nov. 1851.

 OLDHAM, NATHANIEL (fl. 1740), virtuoso, was the son of a dissenting minister. Early in life he went to India ' in a military capacity ', but returned to England on inheriting from a near relation a fortune said to be of 100,000l. In 1728 he was living at Ealing, Middlesex, where he occupied Ealing House, formerly the residence of Sir James Montagu (1666-1723) [q. v.], baron of the exchequer (, Environs of London, ii. 228;, Greater London, i. 21). He had another house at Witton, near Hounslow, and a London house in Southampton Row, Bloomsbury. He was intimate with Sir Hans Sloane, Dr. Mead, and other collectors, and began to collect natural and artificial curiosities, though with little taste or judgment. A 'choice collection of butterflies' was one of his principal acquisitions. He was a constant visitor at 'Don Saltero's' coffee-house at Chelsea, where he used to meet Sloane and others, and compare shells, plants, and insects. He patronised the arts, collected paintings, and had also a taste for the turf. He was at length compelled by his extravagant expenditure (chiefly on his collections) to take refuge from his creditors within the sanctuary of the court of St. James's. Here be used to frequent the refreshment-room, kept by one Drury, on Duck Island, in St. James's Park. He had at last decided to sell his collections, with a label over the door, 'Oldham's last shift,' when he was arrested by a creditor and sent to the king's bench, where he is supposed to have died. His career in several respects resembles that of [q. v.]

Oldham's portrait was painted more than once by his friend Highmore. A full-length of Oldham (date 1740), engraved by J. Faber after Highmore, represents him in a green velvet hunting coat with a gun (, op. cit.;, Cat. of Engraved Portraits, p. 286). Oldham was godfather to Nathaniel Smith the printseller, whose son, J. T. Smith of the British Museum, contributed an account of Oldham to J. Caulfield's ' Portraits, Memoirs, &c., of Remarkable Persons.'

 OLDHAM, THOMAS (1816–1878), geologist, born at Dublin on 4 May 1816, was eldest son of Thomas Oldham and his wife, Margaret Bagot. He was educated at a private school, and began residence at Trinity College, Dublin, before completing his sixteenth year. In the spring of 1836 he proceeded B.A., and then went to Edinburgh, where he studied engineering, and attended the geological lectures of Professor Jamieson, the two becoming intimate friends. After a stay of about two years in Scotland, he returned to Dublin.

The work of Oldham's life may be divided into two periods—the one spent in Ireland, the other in India. Appointed in 1839 on the geological department of the ordnance surveyor of the former country, he was engaged especially in surveying the counties of Kerry and Tyrone, the report of this work being published in 1843. At Trinity College he was appointed assistant professor of engineering in 1844, and professor of geology in 1845. He held official positions at the Dublin Geological Society, becoming its president in 1846. In that year, too, he took the degree of M.A., and was also appointed local director for Ireland of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom.

In addition to official work, Oldham communicated twelve papers on the geology of Ireland to the Dublin Geological Society, or to the British Association, and in 1849 had the good fortune to discover, in the Cambrian, or slightly older, rocks of Bray Head, co. Wicklow, the singular fossils or organic marks which have been named after him, Oldhamia.

In November 1850 Oldham was appointed by the directors of the East India Company superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, and reached that country early in the following year. Though his staff of assistants was small—about twelve in number—yet, largely owing to his industry and powers of organisation, rapid progress was made with the work, and in about ten years an area in Bengal and Central India twice as large as Great Britain had been surveyed and recorded. During this work coalfields had received


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Oberlin

OBERLIN, Ohio, village in Lorain County; on southern division of New York Central main railway system, east and west; Lorain and Ashland and the Lorain and West Virginia north and south; also the Cleveland, Columbus and Southwestern interurban electric railway, 33 miles west by south of Cleveland, on the State highway. It was settled in 1833 as a college town, and Oberlin College was founded the same year, and has grown to be one of the largest colleges in the United States. Oberlin was incorporated as a village in 1846 and has always been noted for its beautiful shady streets and fine homes, it has never had any saloons, it is an ideal residence town. It is in a fertile agricultural region and its industries are chiefly connected with farm products. Besides the college and its fine system of public schools, there is a business college and a kindergarten training school. Pop. 4,365, without the students numbering 2,000.


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 thus in all such particulars; yet it is one of the most difficult things to define this, viz. which of those adduced are, and which are not, such. Wherefore in disputation they oftentimes circumvent each other, some asserting that those which are not similar are similar, but others doubting whether similars are not similars. On this account, in all such cases he (the disputant) must endeavour to assign a name, so that it may neither be possible for the respondent to doubt, as if what is adduced is not similarly stated, nor for the interrogator to find fault, as if it were similarly stated, since many things which are not similarly stated, appear to be so.

When, an induction being made in many things, a person does not grant the universal, then it is fair to demand the objection; he however who does not state in what this occurs, does not justly demand in what it is not so, for he ought, having first made an induction, thus to demand the objection. It must be claimed too, that the objections be not alleged in the thing itself, which is proposed, unless there should be only one such thing, as the dual alone is the first of even numbers, since it is necessary that the objector should bring the objection in something else, or should state that this alone is a thing of such a sort. As to those indeed, who object to the universal, yet do not allege the objection in the same (genus), but in the equivocal, (as that some one may have not his own colour, or foot, or hand, for a painter may have colour, and a cook a foot, not his own,) employing division in such things, the interrogation must be made, since from the equivocation escaping notice, he will appear to object rightly to the proposition. Still if the objector impede the interrogation, by objecting not in the equivocal, but in the same genus, it is necessary by removing that, in which the objection consists, to bring forward the remainder, making it universal, until what is useful is assumed. Thus, in the case of oblivion and of having forgotten, for they do not allow that he who


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The Mercury (Hobart)

1898

 * The W.C.T.U. and our Burnie correspondent (20 May)

1901

 * Death of Hon. H. I. J. R. Rooke (29 November)

1906

 * Death of Mrs. Rooke (5 January)

title: The Mercury (Hobart)


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Oberlin College

OBERLIN COLLEGE, at Oberlin, Ohio; coeducational, founded in 1833 under the name of the Oberlin Collegiate Institute. In 1850 the name was changed to Oberlin College, although from the beginning the work offered was of college grade. The preparatory was the first department opened, but within two years the collegiate department and the theological school were organized and in operation. It was the first college in the United States to adopt coeducation, and in 1835 admitted students “without respect to color.” Oberlin College was a noted centre from which emanated strong anti-slavery sentiments, and in the vicinity was the

“../Underground Railroad/” (q.v.), so much used in slavery days by the ../Abolitionists/ (q.v.). In addition to the regular courses in the College of Arts and Sciences, there is a department of music and a graduate school of theology (undenominational). Courses are also given in physical education for both men and women. There is a summer school (offering work of college grade only). In 1918-19 there were 173 teachers and officers connected with the college, and the total student enrolment was 1,518. The attendance in the College of Arts and Sciences is limited to 1,000. The college has 5,280 living alumni. The library contains 185,985 bound volumes and 153,193 unbound volumes and pamphlets. The buildings and equipment of the college are valued at $2,266,650. The productive endowment amounts to $2,929,170.91, not including the Hall bequest, which will ultimately come into the possession of the college for endowment purposes, conservatively estimated at $3,000,000. For 1917-18 the total income of the institution was $642,799.89.


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 these the respondents are often dissatisfied. Moreover, we ought to abound in definitions, and to have at hand those, both of the probable and of the primary, since through these, syllogisms are formed. We must endeavour also to possess those, into which the other disputations generally fall; for as in geometry it is of importance to be exercised about the elements; and in arithmetic, to be prompt in the multiplication of numbers in a regular series up to ten, also contributes greatly to the knowledge of the multiplication of the other numbers besides; so in like manner in arguments, the being prompt about principles, and tenaciously to retain propositions in the memory (are of great service). For as places laid down in the mnemonic (part of the soul) only, immediately cause us to remember them, so these also, will render a person more syllogistic, in consequence of his regarding these (propositions), defined numerically. A common proposition also, rather than an argument, should be committed to memory, since to abound with principle and hypothesis is moderately difficult.

Moreover, we must be accustomed to make one argument many, concealing as obscurely as possible, which sort of thing may be done, if a person very much recedes from the alliance of those things which are the subject of discussion. Such arguments indeed, as are especially universal, will be capable of experiencing this; as that there is not one science of many things, for thus it is in relatives, and in contraries, and in conjugates.

Besides, we ought to make universal records of arguments, even if that discussed, be particular; for thus it will be possible to make one argument many, so also in rhetorical enthymemes.


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 42.djvu/119

 verses dedicated to his wife, Marie Oldisworth (7 Feb. 1644), and of 'A Book touching Sir Thomas Overbury,' &c. (Addit. MS. 15476) which, he says, 'I wrote from dictation, and read over to my old grandfather. Sir Nicholas Overbury, on Thursday, 1 Oct. 1637.'

 OLDISWORTH, MICHAEL (1591–1654?), politician, was second son of Arnold Oldisworth (b. 1661) of Bradley, Gloucestershire, by Lucy, daughter of Francis Barty, a native of Antwerp. The father, who resided in St. Martin's Lane, London, sat in parliament in 1593 as M.P. for Tregony, and was afterwards keeper of the hanaper in chancery and receiver of fines in the king's bench (cf. Cal. State Papers, 1611–8, p. 381;, Alumni Oxon.) On 31 May 1604 the reversion to the keepership of the hanaper was conferred on his eldest son, Edward (ib. 1603–10, p.116; ib. 1611–8, p. 358). Arnold Oldisworth had antiquarian tastes, and as a member of the Society of Antiquaries, founded by Archbishop Parker in 1572, read, on 29 June 1604, a paper on 'The Diversity of the Names of this Island' (, Antiquarian Discourses, 1771, i. 98). The dates render Hearne's bestowal of this distinction on the son Michael an obvious error (ib. ii. 438).

The son Michael matriculated from Queen's College, Oxford, on 21 Nov. 1606, aged fifteen, and graduated B.A. from Magdalen College on 10 June 1611. He was admitted to a lellowship by the latter society in 1612, and proceeded M.A. on 5 July 1614. He soon afterwards became secretary to William Herbert, third earl of Pembroke, in his capacity as lord chamberlain. To his connection with the earl Oldisworth owed his election as M.P. for Old Sarum in January 1624. He was re-elected for the same constituency in 1625, 1626, and 1628; but the university of Oxford, of which the earl was chancellor, rejected his recommendation that Oldisworth should become the university's parliamentary representative together with Sir Henry Martin, in 1627. On Lord Pembroke's death in 1630, Oldisworth was for a time without employment, but in October he succeeded one Taverner as secretary to Philip Herbert, earl of Pembroke or Montgomery, brother to Oldisworth's earlier patron and his successor in the office of lord chamberlain (Strafford Papers, ii. 115). Thenceforth he completely identified himself with his new master's fortunes. He had always inclined to the popular party. He was in the early part of his parliamentary career a friend and correspondent of Sir John Eliot (Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep.), and when the civil war broke out he was popularly credited with a large responsibility for his master's adherence to the parliamentary cause. In both the Short and Long parliaments of 1640 he sat for Salisbury. 'Tho' in the grand rebellion he was no colonel, yet he was governor of old Pembroke and Montgomery, led him by the nose (as he pleased) to serve both their turns' (, Fasti, i. 356). On 5 July 1644 he appeared as a witness against Laud at the archbishop's trial, and testified to Laud's efforts to deprive his master of the right he claimed as lord chamberlain to appoint the royal chaplains (, Works, iv. 294–5). His services to the parliamentary cause did not go unrewarded, and he was made one of the two masters of the prerogative office.

When in the course of the struggle Lord Pembroke's association with the parliamentarians was confirmed by his election to the House of Commons, Oldisworth, who was popularly regarded as prompting every step in his master's political progress, received much uncomplimentary notice at the hands of royalist pamphleteers (cf. Cal. State Papers, 1645–7, pp. 565–6). Many pasquinades on Pembroke and himself were published, with the object of emphasising the earl's illiterate and vulgar tastes, under the satiric pretence that Oldisworth was their author; and librarians who have not made allowance for the unrestricted boldness of political satire have often accepted literally the anonymous writers' assurances respecting the authorship of the tracts (cf. Brit. Mus. Cat.) 'Newes from Pembroke and Montgomery, or Oxford Manchestered by Michael Oldsworth and his Lord' (1648), which was mockingly signed by Oldisworth, was evoked by Oldisworth's presence at Oxford with his master, when the latter went thither to preside over the parliamentary visitation of the university. In the same year two other tracts professed to report on Oldisworth's authority Pembroke's 'speech to the king concerning the treaty upon the commissioners' arrival at Newport at the Isle of Wight, and the earl's 'farewell to the king' on leaving the Isle of Wight. Both, it was


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Oberlin Theology

OBERLIN THEOLOGY. This term is applied to a system of doctrine inculcated at Oberlin College by the teaching of the Rev. Charles Grandison Finney (1792-1875), who became professor of theology at Oberlin College in 1835 and president in 1851-66. Finney was an impressive teacher and preacher, who broke away from Calvinism and modified its tenets. Finney carried on revival services in New York, Philadelphia and Boston during the years 1828-57, and in London in 1849-50, and traveled through England and Scotland in 1858, expounding his theories and holding revivals.

The general type of doctrine is the “New School Calvinism,” of which the characteristic thought is that all responsible character pertains to the will in its voluntary attitude and action, and that each moral agent determines for himself, in the exercise of his own freedom, whatever is morally praiseworthy or blameworthy in his character and life; that sin is a voluntary failure to meet obligation, and that nothing else is sin; and that righteousness, or holiness, is a voluntary conforming to obligation such as is always in the power of every moral agent. Neither sin nor holiness can be transmitted, inherited or imputed, in the sense of being reckoned to the account of one in whose will it has not originated. As punishment can be inflicted only as an expression of blameworthiness, no one can be liable to punishment for Adam's sin, because no one can be blameworthy for any sin but his own. It is just as impossible that one should be forgiven any sin but his own. The ethical philosophy of Finney and his associates makes the well-being, or blessedness of the sentient universe the Summum bonum, or ultimate good; and the voluntary regard for this good, which is called benevolence, the grand element of all virtue. It is a peculiarity of the Oberlin Theology to regard virtue (or righteousness) and sin as in their own nature antagonistic to one another, each being contradictory of the other, and necessarily exclusive of it. Virtue being benevolence, and sin the refusal to be benevolent, they cannot coexist in the same will.

The Oberlin doctrine of sanctification first promulgated at Oberlin by Mr. Finney and

others was based upon the prevalent idea that some sin still remains in the character and action of the converted man, coexisting with his obedience. The problem of sanctification is to eliminate this remnant of sin and make the obedience entire and permanent. On this view there would be two classes of Christians: the simple converted rendering a partial consecration and obedience; and the entirely sanctified whose consecration and obedience are entire. The theoretical and practical views of the Oberlin theology may be gathered from the following: The Oberlin Evangelist (24 vols., Oberlin 1839-62); The Oberlin Quarterly Review (4 vols., Oberlin 1845-49); Finney, Charles G., ‘Systematic Theology’ (2 vols., Oberlin, 1845-46); Fairchild, ‘Moral Philosophy’ (New York 1869); Foster, F. H., ‘Genetic History of New England Theology’ (Chicago 1907). The modern theological ideas of Oberlin College are set forth in King's ‘Reconstruction in Theology’ (1901); ‘Theology and the Social Consciousness’ (1902); ‘The Seeming Unreality of Spiritual Life’ (1908), and ‘The Laws of Friendship: Human and Divine’ (1909).


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 pretended, were ‘taken verbatim by Michael Oldsworth.’ Under like conditions appeared next year Pembroke's ‘Speech at his Admittance to the House of Commons,’ his ‘Speech to Noll Cromwell, lord deputy of Ireland,’ 20 July 1049, 'A Thaknsgiving [sic] for the Recovery of. . . Pembroke,’ and his 'Speech. . . in the House of Commons upon passing an Act for a Day of Thankgiving or Co. Jone's Victory over the Irish’ (1649). In the last Pembroke is made to say, ‘I love my man, Michael Oldsworth, because he is my mouth, and prays for me.’ In one of the many satires, entitled ‘The Last Will and Testament of the Earl of Pembroke, also his Elegy. . . by Michael Oldsworth’ (Nodnol, 1650), the earl is represented as ordering Oldisworth, his ‘chaplain, to preach his funeral sermon,’ and to receive twenty nobles for telling ‘the people all my good deeds and crying up my nobility.’ In another lampnoon, bearing the same title, and attributed to Samuel Butler, author of ‘Hudibras,’ Pembroke charges his eldest son to ‘follow the advice of Michael Oldworth’ (cf., Portraits, iv. 314). At a later date Oldsworth was described as ‘Pembrochian Oldsworth that made the Earl, his master's, wise speeches’ (England's Confusion, 1659).

Pembroke died in 1650, and Oldisworth was one of his executors (cf. Cal. Committee for Compounding, pp. 1532-4, 1931). He succeeded his master as keeper of Windsor Great Park. On 25 June 1651 he was appointed a commissioner to inquire into a rebellion in South Wales (Col. State Papers, 1651, p. 266), and he was continued in his post at the prerogative office by the council of state after the dissolution of the Long parliament in October 1653 (ib. 1653, p. 217). He seems to have died a year later.

Oldisworth was regarded as possessing some literary accomplishment. He was one of the eighty-four persons nominated to form the order of Essentials in Edmund Bolton's project of a national academy in 1617. Herrick, addressing a poem to him in ‘Hesperides,’ described him as ‘the most accomplished gentleman, M. Michael Oulsworth,' and foretold with barely pardonable exaggeration immortality for his fame (, Works, ed. Pollard. ii.159).

Oldisworth married, in 1617, Susan (b. 1599). daughter of Thomas Poyntz, who was then dead, by his wife Jane, whose second hushand was one Dickerie, or Doctwra of Lutun, Bedfordshire (, Marriage Licenses, p. 994).

 OLDISWORTH, WILLIAM (1680–1734), miscellaneous writer, son of the Rev. William Oldisworth, vicar of Itchen-Stoke, Hampshire, and prebendary of Middleton, alias Longparish, in Winchester, matriculated at Hart Hall, Oxford, on 4 April 1698, when aged 18. He left the university without taking a degree, and probably, like his friend Edmond Smith, with a greater reputation for wit than for steadiness of character. According to Rawlinson, he ‘served an uncle, a Justice of the Peace in Hampshire, as his clerk,’ and about 1706 he drifted to London, where he became a hack-writer for the booksellers. His chief success arose through his connection with the tory paper the ‘Examiner,’ of which he edited vols. ii. iii., iv., and v., and nineteen numbers of vol. vi., when the queen's death put an end to it. Swift asserted that he had never exchanged a syllable with Oldisworth, nor even seen him above twice, and that in mixed company (, Life of Swift,, p. 134); and in the ‘Journal to Stella,’ 12 March 1712–13, wrote that ‘the chancellor of the exchequer sent the author of the “Examiner” [i.e. Oldisworth] twenty guineas. He is an ingenious fellow, but the most confounded vain coxcomb in the world; so that I dare not let him see me, nor am acquainted with him.’ Through attachment to the Stuarts, Oldisworth was present at the battle of Preston, and, according to the ‘Weekly Pacquet’ of 17 Jan. 1715–16, was killed with his sword in hand, being determined not to live any longer. This rumour was incorrect; for he survived the defeat, and resumed his life in London, but with less good fortune. Hearne wrote to Rawlinson, on 28 Aug. 1734, to inquire whether Oldisworth was dead, and on 11 Nov. states that he ‘dyed above four months since.’ But this appears to have been an error, as the exact date is given as 15 Sept. 1734. Rawlinson mentions Carshalton in Surrey as the place of death, though a letter to him from Alderman John Barber says that ‘for many years before he dy'd, Oldisworth liv'd upon the Charity of his friends. He had several sums of me … and, poor man, ran into debt with every Body that would trust him; and at last would get into an Alehouse or Tavern Kitchin, and entertain all Comers and Goers with his Learning and Criticisms. He at last was sent to the King's Bench Prison for Debt, where he dy'd. And Mr. …, the non-juring Parson, that was corrector to Mr. Bowyer's Press, came and told me he was dead, and I gave him a Guinea to buy a coffin. This is all I know of that unhappy Man, who had


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The Mercury (Hobart)/1901/Death of Hon. H. I. J. R. Rooke

It becomes a melancholy duty to record the death of one of the best-known men in the North of the island, and, as a matter of fact well known, either personally or by repute, throughout the State. The Hon. Henry Isidor Joachim Raphael Rooke, passed away at Launceston at 6 o'clock on Thursday morning the 28th inst. The end came suddenly. While on the way from his bedroom to the bath he fell down and expired. As a commercial man, legislator, sportsman, and hail fellow well met with a wide circle of acquaintances, no man was more popular than Harry Rooke, and no man more ready to take part in public movements, whether for the benefit of society at large or deserving individuals. Of late he had been stricken with physical weakness, entailing much suffering, and though kindly hands smoothed his pillow it was felt that hopes of respite were vain. At last he has passed quietly away

He was born in Spain in 1841 and was the only son of the late Colonel Rooke, of the English Legion, who fought all through the Carlist war. He was educated in London, and came to Tasmania with his parents when 16 years of age. Alter spending some years in the country he went to Launceston, and started business as merchant and importer, which he earned on for many years He had retired from active business life for some years past. Mr. Rooke first entered political life as member for Deloraine in the Legislative Assembly, being elected on May 25, 1882. He stood for the representation of North Esk in the Legislative Council in July, 1886, and was successful, and continued to represent that constituency up to the time of his demise, having been re-elected each time without opposition. He held office as Chief Secretary from March 1 to March 29, 1887. in the Administration formed by the late Sir James Agnew, which was defeated in its taxation proposals Mr. Rooke was a prominent member of the Upper Chamber, and contributed materially towards brightening the debates by animated speeches, largely commingled of shrewdness, grasp of facts, and a caustic wit that had nothing spiteful about it. He was a member of the Executive Council, a magistrate of the territory, and visiting justice of the Gaol at Launceston. He was connected with local sporting institutions, was a steward of the Tasmanian Turf Club, and president of a number of athletic clubs He had always taken a deep interest in the volunteer movement, held the long service medal and was captain and paymaster of the Launceston Rifle Corp. He had been married twice, on the last occasion to his cousin, daughter of the Hon A. T. Rooke.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Oberon

OBERON. Of all the works of the once fashionable, facile and wildly piquant senior member of the poetical galaxy which made the court of Karl August of Saxe-Weimar the literary centre of Germany, his romatic epic ‘Oberon’ (1780), is the only one universally read to-day in Germany. However, it is difficult for our age to appreciate Goethe's enthusiastic reception of the poem with the prophecy that “as long as poetry remains poetry, gold gold and crystal crystal, ‘Oberon’ will be loved and admired as a masterpiece of poetic art.”

It transplanted the manner and form of Ariosto's ‘Orlando furioso,’ though the stanzas are not so regularly built as the Italian. Based on Count de Tressan's (1778) narration of the chanson de geste of “Huon de Bordeaux” (12th century) and influenced by Shakespeare's ‘Midsummernight's Dream’ and Pope's version of Chaucer's ‘The Marchantes Tale,’ it mingles the fairy lore of Brittany and of ‘The Arabian Nights’ to celebrate exploits of the king of the fairies, Oberon (Old French Alberon, derived from the German Alberich — ‘Elf-prince’). For the slaying of Karl the Great's despicable son, Charlot, Huon duke of Guienne, is condemned to go to Babylon (or Bagdad) and demand four molars and a tuft of the beard of the kalif after kissing the latter's daughter and slaying her intended. This feat is accomplished through the friendship of Oberon and the magic power of his horn, a blast of which causes all wicked persons to dance, and of a certain ring, which had been abstracted from its owner, Titania, and to which all the spirit world was subject. Commanded to go to the Pope at Rome before consummating marriage with the kalif's daughter, Huon yields to temptation and the couple are thrown on a desert isle by Oberon, who had deserted his Titania with the vow never to return to her unless a human couple should be found who were absolutely faithful, since she had championed the faithless girl wife of an aged dotard. About the invented quarrel of Oberon and his queen, Titania, is centred the whole conception of Wieland's poem. Thrown by the

of Titania into captivity in Tunis, Huon and Rezia withstand the first test of temptation and, reunited, return to Paris and reconcile Karl. C. M. von Weber based his opera ‘Oberon’ on Wieland's poem. Consult Köhler, Reinhold, ‘Oberon’ (Leipzig 1868); Wieland, C. M., ‘Gesammelte Werke’ (Franz Muncker, Vol. I, Stuttgart and Berlin); id., ‘Werke’ (Prussian Academy of Sciences, Erich Schmidt and others, 1909; English trans., William Sotheby, London 1805).


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Oldfield, Thomas (1755-1799)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Oldfield, Thomas Hinton Burley


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Oldhall, William


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(　66　) YON, YON, YON, LASSIE.

—"Ruffian's Rant."

An old song.

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Oldham, Hugh


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Oldham, John (1600?-1636)


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Oberon, or the Elf-King's Oath

OBERON, OR THE ELF-KING'S OATH, romantic English opera in three acts by Carl Maria von Weber, libretto by James R. Planché, first represented at Covent Garden, London, 12 April 1826. The libretto is founded on Villeneuve's romance, ‘Huon of Bordeaux’ and Sotheby's translation of Wieland's poem ‘Oberon.’ It was Weber's last work. The keynote of the whole is the picture of the mysteries of elf-land and the life of the spirits of air, earth and water, and through the hazy atmosphere of elves and spirits are discerned the outlines of two contrasting themes — Western chivalry and Oriental life.

Reiza's aria, ‘Ocean thou Mighty Monster,’ in the second act is frequently sung on the concert stage by dramatic sopranos. The charming overture beginning with a horn solo also has frequent independent performance. Mendelssohn, Gade, Schumann and Wagner have all drawn inspiration from this sublime and dreamy work.

The original autograph score is in the Royal Library, Petrograd, having been presented by Max von Weber to Alexander II in 1855.

The opera was translated into German by Theodor Hell and given in Leipzig in December 1826; in Vienna, 20 March 1827, and in Berlin, 2 July 1828. It was given in Paris in German without success in 1830 and in French with success in 1857. Oberon was first sung in New York, 9 Oct. 1829. It was given in Italian at Her Majesty's, London, 3 July 1860, with recitatives by Sir Julius Benedict, and this version was given in Philadelphia, 9 March 1870. ‘Oberon’ was revived in London, 7 Dec. 1878 and in New York at the Metropolitan Opera House, 28 Dec. 1918, in a new revision by Arthur Bodansky, who conducted the work. Consult Upton, Standard Operas (Chicago 1897), and Musical America (New York), 4 Jan. 1919.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Oldham, John (1653-1683)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Oldham, John (1779-1840)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Oldham, Nathaniel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Oldham, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Oldisworth, Giles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Oldisworth, Michael


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 assassination, he recalled the suggestion for the assembling of the Virginia Legislature because of the fact, as alleged, that conditions had changed since he made that suggestion; and the great change in these conditions was the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia. And Colonel McClure himself says, at page 227:

"What policy of reconstruction Lincoln would have adopted, had he lived to complete his great work, cannot now be known."

We have reached the conclusion, therefore, that there is no good reason to believe, and certainly no satisfactory evidence on which to found the opinion, that had Mr. Lincoln survived the war he would have been either willing or able to withstand the oppressions of the malicious and revengeful men in his cabinet and in Congress in their determination to further punish the people of the already prostrate and bleeding South, to which condition of affairs he had done so much to contribute. A striking evidence of this is furnished by the statement of Admiral Porter, who was with Mr. Lincoln when he came to Richmond immediately after the evacuation. Admiral Porter says that when Lincoln told him he had authorized the re-assembling of the Virginia Legislature, and began to reflect on what Seward would have to say about this, he (Lincoln) sent a messenger post haste to General Weitzel and revoked the order before he left Richmond. (See Porter's Naval History, p. 779.

Although Andrew Johnson was, as we heard General Wise say of him, "as dirty as cart-wheel grease" we have always believed he withstood the malice of these bad men longer than Mr. Lincoln would have done, and that he (Johnson) really tried to help the South after the war, as we know that he tried to prevent the adoption and carrying out of the wicked "Reconstruction" measures.

We know that on May 9, 1865, within less than a month from his inauguration, Johnson issued an executive order restoring Virginia to the Union; that on the 22d of the same month he proclaimed that all the Southern ports, except four in Texas, should be opened to foreign commerce on July 1, 1865; that on the 29th of May he issued a general amnesty proclamation (with some notable exceptions), after which the irreconcilable differences between him and his party became so fierce and bitter that he was obstructed in every way possible, and came very near being impeached, and


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 mainly on account of his attempted acts of kindness to the Southern people. So that, we are constrained to say, if Mr. Lincoln was a true friend of the South, ''"Good Lord, deliver us from our friends." ''

But let us now examine Mr. Lincoln's career, somewhat in detail, and see what we can find in it to entitle him to rank with the good and great men of the earth.

(1) Up to the time he attained his majority he was literally a "hewer of wood and a drawer of water." This was, of course, his misfortune, a thing for which he was in no way to blame, and we only refer to it as a fact, and not by way of reproach to him in any sense.

(2) For three or four years after attaining his majority, he first kept a store, then a post office, did some surveying, and employed his leisure hours in studying and preparing himself for the Bar.

(3) He practiced law about twenty-five years, and made but little reputation as a lawyer, beyond the fact that he was regarded as a shrewd, sensible and honest lawyer. During this period he was sent to the Illinois Legislature four times, but made little or no reputation as a legislator.

(4) In 1847 he was elected to Congress, and served only one term. He certainly made no reputation as a member of Congress, unless his speech advocating the right of secession, as referred to by Judge Black in his Essays, entitled him to such distinction.

(5) We next hear of him in the canvass with Stephen A. Douglas for the Senate, in which he did make reputation both as a ready-debater and stump speaker, and was regarded as one of the most ambitious and shrewdest politicians of his time. He was twice defeated for the Senate, but the reputation won in his last canvass with Douglas laid the foundation for his candidacy for the presidency, although Seward was, by far the foremost candidate for that office up to the time of the meeting of the Convention. This convention, fortunately for Lincoln, met in Chicago, where his "boosters" did most effective work in his behalf. He was only nominated by means of a corrupt bargain entered into between his representatives and those of Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania, and Caleb B. Smith,


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 of Indiana, by which Cabinet positions were pledged both to Cameron and to Smith in consideration for the votes controlled by them, in the convention, and which pledges Lincoln fulfilled, and, in that way made himself a party to these corrupt bargains. (1 Morse, 169; Lamon, 449.) He was nominated purely as the sectional candidate of a sectional party, and not only received no votes in several of the Southern States, ''but he failed to get a popular majority of the section which nominated and elected him, and received nearly one million votes less than a popular majority of the vote of the country. (1 Morse,'' 178.)

(6) After his election, he sneaked into the national Capitol at night in a way he was, and ought to have been, ashamed of the rest of his life, and commenced his administration by acts of deceit and duplicity and by palpable violations of the Constitution he had sworn to support, as already set forth herein, and by plunging the country into war without any authority or justification for so doing.

(7) At the end of two years his administration had become so unpopular and was deemed so inefficient, that the appointment of a Dictator was seriously considered, and Lamon says, if Grant had not succeeded in capturing Vicksburg in July 1863, ''"certain it is that President Lincoln would have been deposed, and a Dictator would have been placed in his stead as chief executive, until peace could be restored to the nation by separation or otherwise." (Lamon's Recollections,'' 183-4.)

(8) We have already alluded to his standing with the Northern people at the election in November, 1864, when nearly one-half of these people voted against him, and when, but for the improper use of the army in controlling the election, it is believed he would have been defeated by McClellan, since in many of the States carried by Lincoln the popular vote was very close. (See Butler's Book and McClellan's Platform.}

(9) Between the time of his second election and his assassination, the South had become so completely exhausted, that he had only to keep his armies, as already marshalled, in the field, to accomplish its defeat. Says Lamon:

"At the time McClellan took command of that army (Army of the Potomac), the South was powerful in all the elements of successful warfare. It had much changed when General Grant


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Offa (fl.709)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Offa (d.796)


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 great abilities, and might have been an Ornament to his Country.’ Spence remarked of Oldisworth that he had extraordinary fluency in extempore Latin verse, and would ‘repeat twenty or thirty verses at a heat’ (Anecdotes, p. 267); while Pope said of him that he could translate an ode of Horace ‘the quickest of any man in England’ (Works, ed. Elwin and Courthope, x. 207).

To Oldisworth are attributed:
 * 1) ‘The Cupid,’ a poem, 1698.
 * 2) ‘The Muses Mercury; or the Monthly Miscellany,’ consisting of poems, prologues, songs, &c., never before printed. January 1707 to January 1708, both inclusive. But the epistles dedicatory are signed J. O.
 * 3) ‘A Dialogue between Timothy and Philatheus, in which the Principles and Projects of a late whimsical Book, “The Rights of the Christian Church” [by Matthew Tindal, 1706], are fairly stated and answered. Written by a Layman,’ vol. i. 1709, ii. 1710, and iii. 1711. The last volume has numerous supplements, each with title-page. From Lintot's ‘Pocket-book’ (, Lit. Anecd. viii. 298) it appears that Oldisworth received 75l. for the three volumes. The title was probably suggested by John Eachard's ‘Dialogue between Philautus and Timothy,’ attacking Hobbes.
 * 4) ‘Vindication of the Bishop of Exeter, occasioned by Mr. Benjamin Hoadly's Reflections on his Lordship's two Sermons of Government,’ 1709. This was answered by Hoadly in ‘The Divine Rights of the British Nation and Constitution Vindicated,’ 1710, pp. 81–8.
 * 5) ‘Annotations on the “Tatler,” written in French by Monsieur Bournelle, and translated into English by Walter Wagstaff,’ 1710, 2 pts. They were marked by great eccentricity.
 * 6) ‘Essay on Private Judgment in Religious Matters’ (anon.), 1711. Lintot paid 15l. 1s. for it.
 * 7) ‘Reasons for restoring the Whigs’ (anon.), 1711. Probably satirical. The sum paid for it by Lintot was 2l. 12s.
 * 8) ‘The Iliad of Homer,’ a prose translation, with notes, 1712, 5 vols.; 1714 and 1734, 5 vols. Oldisworth translated books 16 to end; his coadjutors were  [q. v.] and  [q. v.]
 * 9) ‘The Odes, Epodes, and Carmen Sæculare of Horace, in Latin and English. With a translation of Dr. Bentley's Notes. To which are added Notes upon Notes, done in the Bentleian stile and manner’ (24 pts., 6d. each), 1712–13, 3 vols. Reissued with title-page dated 1713, 2 vols., as ‘by several hands,’ though some of the parts are dated 1725. The translations were published separately as ‘The Odes, Epodes, and Carmen Sæculare of Horace in English verse. By Mr. William Oldisworth,’ 2nd edit. 1719. These versions are described in ‘Notes and Queries,’ 3rd ser. viii. 229, as ‘uniformly good, and frequently very elegant.’ Monk, however, in his ‘Life of Bentley,’ condemns the ‘Notes upon Notes’ as ‘miserably vapid; and their unvaried sneer is tiresome and nauseous.’
 * 10) ‘State Tracts,’ 1714.
 * 11) ‘Works of late Edmund Smith. With his Character by Mr. Oldisworth,’ 1714; embodied by Johnson in the ‘Lives of the Poets’ as written ‘with all the partiality of friendship,’ though, he adds, ‘I cannot much commend the performance. The praise is often indistinct, and the sentences are loaded with words of more pomp than use.’
 * 12) ‘State and Miscellany Poems, by Author of “Examiner,”’ 1715.
 * 13) ‘Callipædia; or the Art of getting pretty children. Translated from Latin of Claudius Quilletus,’ 1729.
 * 14) ‘Delightful Adventures of Honest John Cole, that Merry Old Soul’ (anon.), 1732.
 * 15) ‘The Accomplished Senator; from the Latin of Bishop Laurence Grimald Gozliski,’ 1733. In an elaborate preface Oldisworth defends his character and asserts his independence.

OLDMIXON, JOHN (1673–1742), historian and pamphleteer, was a member of an ancient family which had been settled at Axbridge, Somerset, as early as the fourteenth century, and afterwards held the manor of Oldmixon, near Bridgwater. The historian's father, John Oldmixon of Oldmixon, gentleman, by his will of 1675, proved in April 1679 by his daughters Hannah and Sarah Oldmixon, left to his son John his best cabinet; and when Elinor Oldmixon of Bridgwater, widow, died in 1689, letters of administration were granted to her children, John Oldmixon and Hannah Legg. Oldmixon's mother seems to have been sister to Sir John Bawden, knight and merchant, whose will was proved in the same year (Crisp, Abstracts of Somerset Wills, copied from Collections of the Rev. F, Broum, 3rd ser. p. 24, 4th ser. p. 106, 6th ser. p. 5; Weaver, Visitations of Somerset, p. 56, and Somerset Incumbents, pp. 76, 109, 223, 281.

In his 'History of the Stuarts' (pp. 421), Oldmixon, speaking of the disinterment of the remains of Admiral Blake, a native of Bridgwater, says that he lived while a boy with Blake's brother Humphrey, who afterwards emigrated to Carolina. Mr. John Kent of Funchal has pointed out that Oldmixon was in all probability author of the 'History and Life of Robert Blake … written by a


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 Gentleman bred in his Family,’ which appeared without date about 1740, and contains a quotation from ‘a modern historian,’ who is Oldmixon himself. The political views are certainly in accordance with Oldmixon's.

In 1696, when Oldmixon was twenty-three, he published ‘Poems on several Occasions, written in Imitation of the Manner of Anacreon, with other Poems, Letters, and Translations,’ and a dedication to Lord Ashley, in which he said that most of the poems were written by a person in love. In 1697 he wrote ‘Thyrsis, a Pastoral,’ which formed the first act of Motteux's ‘Novelty, or Every Act a Play;’ and in 1698 ‘Amintas, a Pastoral,’ based on Tasso's ‘Amynta.’ This play had a prologue by John Dennis, but was not successful on the stage. In the same year Oldmixon published ‘A Poem humbly addrest to the Right Hon. the Earl of Portland on his Lordship's Return from his Embassy in France,’ in which he refers to Prior; and in 1700 he produced at Drury Lane an opera, ‘The Grove, or Love's Paradise.’ The music was by Purcell, and the epilogue by Farquhar. His last and best play, ‘The Governor of Cyprus,’ a tragedy, was acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1703. It was followed by ‘Amores Britannici: Epistles Historical and Gallant, in English heroic Verse, from several of the most illustrious Personages of their Time,’ 1703, and ‘A Pastoral Poem on the Victories at Schellenburgh and Blenheim,’ 1704, dedicated to the Duchess of Marlborough. From January 1707 to January 1708 Oldmixon published a quarto periodical, ‘The Muses Mercury, or the Monthly Miscellany,’ which contained verses by Steele, Garth, Motteux, and others (, Life of Richard Steele, i. 147, 151–2, 192).

Oldmixon's work as an historian began in 1708, when he published in two volumes ‘The British Empire in America,’ a history of the several colonies written to show the advantage to England of the American plantations. In 1709–10 he published ‘The History of Addresses,’ a criticism of the professions of loyalty then, as at former political crises, so freely presented to the sovereign. In 1711 he wrote to Lord Halifax, protesting that a book of his—‘The Works of Monsieur Boileau, made English by several Hands’ (1711–13)—had been dedicated to his lordship in another man's name, and without his consent or knowledge. Having quarrelled with the publisher, he had refused to complete the work; but the missing poems had been supplied by Samuel Cobb [q. v.] and John Ozell [q. v.]. He had had no opportunity to correct mistakes, and Nicholas Rowe, the translator of the ‘Lutrin,’ had assumed the merit of the whole work (Add. MS. 7121, f. 39).

On 5 Oct. 1710 appeared the first number of ‘The Medley,’ a weekly paper, which followed Addison's ‘Whig Examiner’ in replying to the tory ‘Examiner’ (Catalogue of the Hope Collection of Early Newspapers in the Bodleian Library, pp. 22, 23). ‘The Medley,’ which lasted until August 1711, was started at the suggestion of Arthur Mainwaring or Maynwaring [q. v.], and was written by him, with the aid of Oldmixon (who had been recommended to Maynwaring by Garth) and occasional assistance from Henley, Kennet, and Steele. In 1712 the papers were reprinted in a volume, but, as there was little sale, the impression was thrown on Oldmixon's hands, to his loss (Life of Arthur Maynwaring, Esq., 1715, pp. xiv, 167–9, 171). Gay, in ‘The Present State of Wit,’ 1711, spoke of the author of ‘The Medley’ as a man of good sense, but ‘for the most part perfectly a stranger to fine writing;’ and he attributed to Maynwaring the few papers which were decidedly superior to the others. Oldmixon says that he was to have had 100l. down and 100l. a year for his work upon ‘The Medley,’ but that he was never paid (Memoirs of the Press, 1742, p. 13). His anonymous ‘Reflections on Dr. Swift's Letter to the Earl of Oxford about the English Tongue’ (1712) was a political attack; and it was followed in the same year by ‘The Dutch Barrier Ours, or the Interest of England and Holland inseparable,’ an answer to the ‘Conduct of the Allies.’

In 1712 Oldmixon published two parts of ‘The Secret History of Europe,’ in order to expose the faction which had brought Europe to the brink of slavery by advancing the power of France. A third part appeared in 1713, and a fourth in 1715, with a dedication to the Prince of Wales, explaining that the accession of George I had made it possible to bring the design to an end. Similar works were ‘Arcana Gallica, or the Secret History of France for the last Century,’ 1714; ‘Memoirs of North Britain,’ 1715; and ‘Memoirs of Ireland from the Restoration to the Present Times,’ 1716, in all of which the designs of papists and Stuarts against the protestant religion and the British constitution were exposed. The anonymous ‘Life and History of Belisarius … and a Parallel between Him and a Modern Heroe’ (Marlborough) appeared in 1713, and in 1715 ‘The Life and Posthumous Works of Arthur Maynwaring, Esq.,’ with a dedication to Walpole, in which, as well as in the preface, Oldmixon spoke of his own services to the party, and


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 of the neglect he had experienced. In the ‘Memoirs of the Press’ he says that he saw much time-serving at the accession of George I, and men of different principles included in the ministry, whereupon, knowing the evil that followed from a similar course under William III, he wrote a pamphlet, ‘False Steps of the Ministry after the Revolution.’ As an illustration of the way he was treated, he describes how he was disappointed in his efforts to obtain a commission as consul in Madeira for the principal merchant in that island, who was his own kinsman, though Stanhope had promised Garth that it should be done. Nearly two years after the king's accession Oldmixon was offered the post of collector of the port of Bridgwater. It was represented that the profits were double the real amount, and he says that in a month after accepting the office he wished himself back in London, but relatives and friends persuaded him to stay (ib. p. 33). ‘Mist's Weekly Journal’ for 26 July 1718 noticed that Oldmixon had retired from his garret to Bridgwater, and was intelligencer-general for that place to the ‘Flying Post.’ A satirical list of a dozen treatises which might be expected from him was added.

At Bridgwater Oldmixon acted as a sort of political agent (State Papers, Public Record Office, Dom., 1719, bundle 19, Nos. 131, 138, 161), and was twice in trouble with the local authorities in 1718. The mayor summoned him to appear before him to disclose the names of certain persons who had paraded the streets crying ‘Ormond for ever: he is come;’ and the sexton and parish clerk laid an information that Oldmixon and others frequented the presbyterian and anabaptist conventicles, though of late they had come to the church (Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep., p. 319). In December 1718 Oldmixon asked Jacob Tonson to speak to the Duke of Newcastle that he might succeed Rowe as poet-laureate, a post he would have had before, as Garth knew, but for Rowe. He was now banished in a corner of the kingdom, surrounded by Jacobites, vilified and insulted. He was, he said, the oldest claimant, and his present life was not worth living (Add. MS. 28275, f. 46). He did not get the laureateship, however, and in 1720 other letters to Tonson contained further complaints of slight, and requests for money due to him (ib. ff. 84, 95, 133).

At this time Clarendon's ‘History of the Rebellion’ was much discussed, and Oldmixon felt it necessary to set the facts of history in a truer light. In his ‘Critical History of England,’ in two volumes, which appeared in 1724–6, he attacked Clarendon and Laurence Echard [q. v.], and defended Bishop Burnet. Dr. Zachary Grey [q. v.] replied with a ‘Defence of our antient and modern Historians against the frivolous Cavils of a late Pretender to Critical History,’ and this was followed by Oldmixon's ‘Review of Dr. Zachary Grey's Defence,’ 1725, and ‘Clarendon and Whitlock compar'd,’ 1727, in which he hinted that Clarendon's editors had taken undue liberties with the text. It is interesting to find that Dr. Cotton Mather, having made Oldmixon's acquaintance, highly praised the ‘Critical History’ for truthfulness in his ‘Manuductio ad Ministerium,’ published at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1726, though he had previously resented reflections made by Oldmixon on his ‘History of New England’ (, Lit. Anecd. ii. 545).

In 1728 Oldmixon printed ‘An Essay or Criticism as it regards Design, Thought, and Expression, in Prose and Verse,’ and ‘The Arts of Logick and Rhetorick,’ based upon a work by Father Bouhours. In these pieces he attacked Laurence Eusden the laureate, Echard, Addison, Swift, and Pope. He had already incurred Pope's anger in connection with the publication of ‘Court Poems,’ 1717 (, ed. Elwin and Courthope, vi. 436; Curliad, 1729, pp. 20, 21), and various articles in the ‘Flying Post’ for April 1728, and he is said to have written a ballad, ‘The Catholic Priest,’ 1716, which was an attack on Pope's ‘Homer’ (ib. pp. 27–31). Pope revenged himself by giving Oldmixon a place in the ‘Dunciad’ (bk. ii. ll. 283–90), and in the ‘Art of Sinking in Poetry’ (ch. vi.). Oldmixon figures also in the ‘Revenge by Poison on the Body of Mr. Edmund Curll,’ and ‘A further Account of the most deplorable conditionn of Mr. Edmund Curll.’ Steele is said to have satirised him in the ‘Tatler,’ No. 62, as Omicron, the unborn poet; but this is improbable, especially in view of the remarks in No. 71.

After three years of work, and at considerable expense, Oldmixon brought out in 1730, or rather the end of 1729, ‘The History of England during the Reigns of the Royal House of Stuart,’ a folio volume that was afterwards to be followed by others which, taken together, make up a continuous history of England. In this book he charged the editors of Clarendon's ‘History’—Atterbury, Smalridge, and Aldrich—with altering the text to suit party purposes, basing his statements on what he had been told by George Duckett [q. v.], who in his turn had received information from Edmund Smith [q. v.] Bishop Atterbury


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 [q. v.], then in exile, the sole survivor of the persons attacked, printed a ‘Vindication’ of himself and friends, dated Paris, 26 Oct. 1731, which was reprinted in London. Other pamphlets, including a ‘Reply’ by Oldmixon and ‘Mr. Oldmixon's Reply … examined,’ followed in 1732, containing vindications of the Earl of Clarendon and of the Stuarts, and charges Oldmixon with himself altering Daniel's ‘History,’ which he had edited for Kennet's ‘Complete History of England’ in 1706. In June 1733 Oldmixon printed and gave away at his house in Southampton Buildings ‘A Reply to the groundless and unjust Reflections upon him in three Weekly Miscellanies’ (Gent. Mag. 1731, p. 514; 1733, pp. 117, 129, 140, 335). It is true that the earlier editions of Clarendon did not give the manuscript in its complete form, but Oldmixon had no sufficient ground for the explicit charges which he made, and passages which he said were interpolations were afterwards found in Lord Clarendon's handwriting (Edinburgh Review, June 1826, pp. 42–6). Dr. Johnson unfairly said (Idler, No. 65) that the authenticity of Clarendon's ‘History’ was brought in question ‘by the two lowest of all human beings—a scribbler for a party and a commissioner of excise,’ i.e. Oldmixon and Duckett. The second volume of Oldmixon's history, ‘The History of England during the Reigns of King William and Queen Mary, Queen Anne, King George I: With a large Vindication of the Author against the groundless Charge of Partiality,’ appeared in 1735; and the third, ‘The History of England during the Reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth,’ in 1739. One main object was to show that our constitution was originally free, and that we do not owe our liberty to the generosity of kings.

In 1730, owing, it is said, to Queen Caroline's interest, Walpole ordered Oldmixon's salary of 100l. at Bridgwater to be doubled, but the money was irregularly paid (Memoirs of the Press, pp. 46, 47), while the promised increase gave rise to a report that Oldmixon was a court writer. Moreover, during the three years which Oldmixon spent in town preparing the second volume of the ‘History’ his deputy involved him in a debt to the crown which after inquiry was reduced to 360l., but Oldmixon was ordered to pay it at once. This he managed to do from the arrears of his allowance of 100l. which the queen directed to be paid him. To ease himself of his troubles, Oldmixon, who was lamed by an attack of gout, soon resigned. In July 1741 he wrote to the Duke of Newcastle in great trouble and distraction. ‘I am now dragged,’ he wrote, ‘to a place I cannot mention, in the midst of all the infirmities of old age, sickness, lameness, and almost blindness, and without the means even of subsisting’ (Add. MS. 32697, f. 308). His last work ‘Memoirs of the Press, Historical and Political, for Thirty Years Past, from 1710 to 1740,’ with a dedication to the Duchess of Marlborough, was not published until immediately after his death (London Magazine, 1742, p. 364). In the postscript Oldmixon asked those who wished to show their concern for his misfortunes to subscribe towards a ‘History of Christianity’ which he had written some years earlier, on the basis of Basnage's ‘Histoire de la Religion des Eglises reformées.’

Oldmixon died on 9 July 1742, aged 69, at his house in Great Pulteney Street, having married in 1703 Elizabeth Parry (the license was granted on 3 March at the faculty office of the Archbishop of Canterbury). He was buried at Ealing on the 12th, near his son and daughter (, Environs of London,, 1795, ii. 236). Another son, George, died on 15 May 1779, aged 68 (, History and Antiquities of Brentford, Ealing, and Chiswick, 1845, p. 194). One daughter, presumably Mrs. Eleanora Marella (, Somerset Wills, 4th ser. p. 106), sang at Hickford's Rooms in 1746; and another, Hannah Oldmixon of Newland, Gloucestershire, died in 1789, aged 84 (Gent. Mag. 1789, p. 89). A Sir John Oldmixon died in America in 1818; but nothing seems to be known of the title, or whether he was related to the historian (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. xi. 399, xii. 76).

Besides the books already mentioned, Oldmixon published ‘Court Tales,’ 1717, and a ‘Life’ prefixed to ‘Nixon's Cheshire Prophecy,’ 1719, besides, of course, anonymous pamphlets, translations, &c., which have been forgotten. Of these the ‘History and Life of Robert Blake’ has been already mentioned. His historical work has little value now, as his main object in writing it was to promote the cause of his party. He never hesitated in attacking those on the other side, whether dead or living. [Oldmixon's Memoirs of the Press is the chief source of information for his life. There are short sketches in the Biog. Dram. and Cibber's Lives of the Poets; and other particulars will be found in Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 562, ii. 538–539, iv. 85, viii. 170, 298; Nichols's Lit. Illustrations, iv. 186, 282; Swift's Works, ed. Scott, i. 128, 157, vi. 168, xiii. 227, 234–5; Pope's Works, ed. Elwin and Courthorpe, ii. 59, iii. 24, 252, 261, 435, iv. 56, 334, 338, vi. 436, ix. 63, x. 206, 362, 467, 474; Genest's History of


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 the Stage, ii. 116, 193, 280–1; Lowndes's Bibl. Manual (articles ‘Oldmixon’ and ‘Clarendon’); Disraeli's Calamities of Authors; Monthly Chronicle, 1729, pp. 225–6, 1731, p. 181; Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. pp. 304, 306–7, 350, 362; Collinson's Hist. of Somerset, iii. 591.]  OLDSWORTH. [See .]

OLDYS or OLDIS, VALENTINE (1620–1685), poet, son of Valentine Oldis, was born in 1620, and educated at Cambridge. He was made M.D. of Cambridge per literas regias on 6 Oct. 1671, and honorary member of the College of Physicians on 30 Sept. 1680. He died in 1686, and was buried near his father in Great St. Helen's, by St. Mary Axe. Oldis published 'A Poem on the Restoration of King Charles,' 1660, fol., and was a patron of literature and men of letters. He is among the contributors of commendatory verses to Henry Bold's 'Poems Lyrique, Macaronique, Heroique, &c.,' London, 1664, and has one of the poems in the volume addressed to him. He also contributed to Alexander Brome's 'Songs, and other Poems,' London, 1664. John Phillips dedicated to Oldis his 'Macaronides: or Virgil Travesty,' London, 1673.

 OLDYS, WILLIAM (1696–1781), Norroy king-of-arms and antiquary, born, according to his own statement, on 14 July 1696, probably in London, was the natural son of Dr. (1636–1708), an eminent civil lawyer.

The antiquary's grandfather, (1591?–1645), born about 1591 at Whitwell, Dorset, was a scholar of Winchester College from 1605, and subsequently graduated from New College, Oxford (B.A. 1614, M.A. 1618, B.D. 1626, D.D. 1643). He was proctor in the university in 1623, and vicar of Adderbury, Oxfordshire, from 1627 till his death. As a devoted royalist be rendered himself during the civil war obnoxious to the supporters of the parliament in his neighbourhood, and, fearful of their threats, he concealed himself for a time in Banbury. In 1645 he met by arrangement his wife and a son, when on a journey either to Winchester or Oxford, and resolved to ride a part of the way with them. Some parliamentary soldiers had, however, learnt of his intention, and intercepted him on the road. He fled before them in the direction of Adderbury, but when be arrived in front of his own house, his horse consequently overtook him, and shot him dead (, Sufferings of the Clergy, ii. 323). A tablet in the chancel of Adderbury Church bears a long Latin inscription to his memory. He married Margaret (d. 1705), daughter of the Rev. Ambrose Sacheverell, and left eleven children (, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 54,, Hist. of Banbury, pp. 397, 604).

Of these, William the civilian, born at Adderbury in 1636, gained a scholarship at Winchester in 1648, was fellow of New College from 1655 to 1671 (B.C.L. 1661, D.C.L. 1667), and was admitted an advocate of Doctors' Commons in 1670. He became advocate of the admiralty and chancellor of the diocese of Lincoln. He was removed from the former office in 1693 for refusing to pronounce the sailors acting against England under the orders of James if guilty of treason and piracy (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. i. 417). He unsuccessfully contested the parliamentary representation of Oxford University in 1705, and contributed the life of Pompey to the co-operative translation of Plutarch (1683-6), in which Dryden took port. He died at Kensington in 1708. His 'great library' was purchased by the College of Advocates at Doctors' Commons, whose books were finally dispersed by sale ill 1861. He was unmarried, but he 'maintained a mistress in a very penurious and private manner' (, English Civilians, 1804, p. 95). In his will he devised 'to his loving cozen, Mrs. Ann Oldys, his two houses at Kensington, with the residue of property,' and appointed 'the said Ann Oldys 'whole and sole' executrix of his will. Ann Oldys was the mother of the future king-of-arms. By her will, proved in 1711, she gave, after two or three trifling bequests, 'all her estate, real and personal, to her loving friend Benjamin Jackman, of the said Kensington, upon trust, for the benefit of her son William Oldys,' and she left to Jackman the tuition and guardianship of her son during his minority.

After the death of his parents, William the antiquary made his way in life by his own abilities. In 1720 he was one of the sufferers in the South Sea bubble, and was thus involved in a long and expensive lawsuit. In 1724 he removed to Yorkshire, leaving his books and manuscripts in the care of Burridge, his landlord. The next six years he chiefly spent at the seat of the first Earl of Malton, a friend of his youth. Oldys was at Leeds soon after the death of Ralph Thoresby the antiquary in 1726, and paid a visit to his celebrated museum (, Life of Raleigh, 1736, p. xxxi). He remained in


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 Yorkshire for about six years, and apparently assisted Dr. Knowler in editing the 'Earl of Strafforde's Letters and Despatches,' 2 vols. 1739. In 1729 he wrote an 'Essay on Epistolary Writings, with respect to the Grand Collection of Thomas, earl of Strafford, dedicated to the Earl of Malton. While on a visit to Wentworth House he witnessed the wilful destruction of the collections of the antiquary Richard Gascoigne [q. v.], consisting of seven great chests of manuscripts [see, 1579-1661?].

On returning to London in 1730, Oldys discovered that Burridge had dispersed his books and papers. The former included Langbaine's 'Dramatick Poets,' with manuscript notes and references by Oldys. This annotated volume had passed into the possession of Thomas Coxeter, who, says Oldys in his second annotated copy of Langbaine, 'kept it so carefully from my sight that I never could have the opportunity of transcribing into this [volume which] I am now writing in the notes I had collected in that.' The book in question afterwards belonged to Theophilus Gibber [q. v.], and from the notes of Oldys and Coxeter was derived the principal part of the additional matter furnished by Cibber (or rather by Shiels) for the 'Lives of the Poets,' 5 vols. 1753, 12mo. To the 'Universal Spectator ' of Henry Stonecastle [see, 1698-1774] Oldys contributed about twenty papers between 1728 and 1731. While in 1730 Samuel Burroughs and others were engaged in a project for printing the 'Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe,' Oldys drew up 'Some Considerations upon the Publication of Sir Thomas Roe's Epistolary Collections' (now in the British Museum, Addit. MS. 4168).

Oldys had by 1731 brought together a valuable library. It contained 'collections of manuscripts, historical and political, which had been the Earl of Clarendon's; collections of Royal Letters, and other papers of State; together with a very large collection of English heads in sculpture, which alone had taken [him] some years to collect at the expense of at least three score pounds.' In the course of the same year he became acquainted with Edward Harley, second earl of Oxford [q. v.], who purchased for 40l., with the prospect of 'a more substantial recompense hereafter,' Oldys's collections, 'with the catalogues' he had drawn 'up of them at his lordship's request.'

Oldys had free access to Harley's celebrated library, and one result of his studies there was the publication of 'A Dissertation upon Pamphlets. In a Letter to a Nobleman' [probably the Earl of Oxford], London, 731, 4to. It reappeared in Morgan's 'Phœnix Britannicus,' London, 1732, 4to, and in Nichols's 'Literary Anecdotes' (iv. 98-111 ). Oldys also contributed to the 'Phœnix Britannicus' (p. 65) a bibliographical history of 'A Short View of the Long Life and Raigne of Henry the Third, King of England : presented to King James by Sir Robert Cotton, but not printed till 1627.' According to Dr. Ducarel, Oldys wrote in the 'Scarborough Miscellany,' 1732-4. John Taylor, the author of 'Monsieur Tonson,' informed Isaac D'Israeli that 'Oldys always asserted that he was the author of the well-known song Busy, curious, thirsty fly! which first appeared in the 'Scarborough Miscellany' for 1732.

The London booksellers employed Oldys in 1736 to see through the press a new edition of Sir Walter Raleigh's 'History of the World.' To this edition (2 vols. 1736, fol.) is prefixed 'The Life of the Author, newly compil'd, from Materials more ample and authentick than have yet been published, by Mr. Oldys.' The 'Life' occupies 282 pages, and embodies much labour and research. It was reprinted in 1740, 8vo, and was prefixed to the collected edition of Raleigh's 'Works,' 8 vols. Oxford, 1829. Gibbon meditated a 'Life of Raleigh,' but he relinquished the design from a conviction that 'his ambition, exclusive of the uncertain merit of style and sentiment, must be confined to the hope of giving a good abridgment of Oldys' (, Miscellaneous Works, 1837, p. 68).

The 'Life of Raleigh' greatly increased Oldys's fame. He was frequently consulted at his chambers in Gray's Inn on obscure and obsolete writers by eminent men of letters. He aided Thomas Hayward in compiling his 'British Muse,' and Mrs. Cooper in her 'Muses' Library,' and his jottings for a life of Nell Gwynne he gave to Edmund Curll. In 1737 Oldys published anonymously his 'British Librarian: exhibiting a Compendious Review or Abstract of our most scarce, useful, and valuable Books in all Sciences, as well in Manuscript as in Print: with many Characters, historical and critical, of the Authors, their Antagonists, &c., in a manner never before attempted, and useful to all readers,' London, 1738, 8vo. It was originally brought out as a monthly serial, in six numbers, from January to June 1737, though the postscript is signed 'Gray's Inn, Feb. 18, 1737,' i.e. 1737-8. The work contains curious details of works now excessively rare (cf., Bibliomania, ed. 1842, p. 52).


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 Bailey's Life of Fuller, p. 787; Beloe's Anecdotes, i. 205; Bentley's Excerpta Historica, p. 175; Boswell's Johnson (Croker), i. 202; Brushfield's Bibl. of Sir W. Raleigh, 1886; Brydges's Censura Lit. 1st edit. i. 438; Brydges's Restituta, ii. 30 n. iv. 167; Chambers's Cyclopædia of Engl. Lit. 1st edit. ii. 121; Corney's Curiosities of Literature Illustrated, 2nd edit. p. 162; D'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature, vi. 363; Fry's Bibliographical Memoranda, p. 33; Gent. Mag. 1784 pt. i. pp. 161, 200, 272, 329. pt. ii. pp. 744. 946, 975, 1785, pt. i. pp. 106. 107, pt. ii. p. 567; Gough's Brit. Topography, 1780, i. 31, 567: Grose's Olio; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. iv. 168, vii. 569; Nichol's Lit. Anecd. vii. 300, x. 641; Notes and Queries, 7th ser. ii. 540 (and general indexes); Taylor's Records of my Life. 1832. i. 25.]

O'LEARY, ARTHUR (1729–1802), Irish priest and politician, was born in 1729 at Acres, a townland in the parish of Fanlobbus, near Dumnanway, Co. Cork, his parents being of the peasant class. Having acquired some knowledge of clascical literature, he went to a monastery; of Capuchin friars at St. Malo in Brittany. There he entered the Capuchin order, and was ordained priest. In the course of the war between England and France which commenced in 1756 prisoners of war made by the French were confined at St. Malo; many of them were Irishmen and catholics, and O'Leary was appointed chaplain to the prisons and hospitals. The Duc de Choiseul, minister of foreign affairs, directed O'Leary to persuade the catholic soldiers to transfer their allegiance to France, but be indigantly spurned the proposal. 'I thought It,' wrote O'Leary long afterwards in his 'Reply to Wesley,' 'a crime to engage the king of England's soldiers into the service of a catholic monarch against their protestant sorereign. I resisted the solicitation, and my conduct was approved by the divines of a monastery to which I then belonged, who unanimously declared that in conscience I could not have acted otherwise.' l!e continued to hold the chaplaincy until peace was declared in 1762. Among distinguished personages whose intimacy he enjoyed in France was Cardinal de Luynes, archbishop of Sens.

In 1771 he returned to Ireland, and for Ireland, and for several years he officiated in a small edifice in the city of Cork, long known as Father O'Leary's chapel, when he preached to crowded congregations, his sermons being 'chiefly remarkable for a happy train of strong moral reasoning, bold figure,and scriptural allusion.' In 1775 a Scottish physician named Blair, residing in Cork, published a sceptical and blasphemous work under the title of 'Thoughts on Nature and Religion.' O'Leary obtained permission from Dr. Mann, protestant bishop of the diocese, to reply to this in 'A Defence of the Divinity of Christ and the Immortality of the Soul,' Cork. 1776. O'Leary's next publication appeared about 1777. under the title 'Loyalty asserted; or the now Test-oath vindicated and proved by the disciples of the Canon and Civil Laws, and the Authority of the most Eminent Writers, with an Enquiry into the Pope's deposing Power, and the groundless Claims of the Stuarts. In a letter to a Protestant Gentleman.' In 1779 the hostile French fleet rode menacing and unoppased in St. George's Channel, and much anxiety prevailed regarding the attitude of the Irish catholic body. At this critical moment O'Leary, in 'An Address to the common People of the Roman Catholic religion concerning the apprehended French Invasion,' explained to Irishmen their obligation of undivided allegiance to the Ilritish government. In I779 he issued 'Remarks on the Rev. John Wesley's Letter on the civil Principles of Roman Catliolics and his defence of the Protestant Association,' Dublin, 1760, 8vo. This witty, argumentative, and eloquent treatise elicited from Wesley a reply which was noticed by O'Leary in a few pages usually printed with the 'Remarks.' and entitled ' A rejoinder to Mr. Wesley's Reply.' Some years laterthe two controversialists met. Wesley noted in his 'Journal 'on 12 May 1787: 'A gentleman invited me to breakfast with my old antagonist, Father O'Leary. I was not at all displeased at being disappointed. He is not the stiff, queer man thai I expected, but of an easy, genteel carriage, and seems not to be wanting either in sense or learning.' About 1780 John Howard visited Cork, and was introduced to O'Leary, who was an active member of a society which had for some years been established in that city 'for the relief and discharge of persons confined for small debts.' In after times Howard frequently boasted of sharing the friendship and esteem of the friar.

O'Leary's ablest work was 'An Essay on Toleration; or Mr, O'Leary's Plea for Liberty of Conscience' [1780?']. One consequence of its publication was his election as one of the 'Monks of St, Patrick' or 'Monks of the Screw,' a political association which was started by Barry Yelverton, afterwards lord Avonmore. He was, however, only an honorary member of the association, and did not join in the orgies with which the soi-disant monks celebrated their reunions. In 1781 he collected his 'Miscellaneous Tracts,' and published them at Dnhlin in a single octavo


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 volume (, Bibl. Manual, ed. Bolin, iv. 1723).

In 1782 O'Leary publicly announced his support of the Irish national volunteer movement, and a body of volunteers known as the 'Irish Brigade 'conferred on him the honorary dignity of chaplain. Many of the measures discussed at the national convention held in Dublin were previously submitted to him. On 11 Nov. 1783 he visited that assembly, and met with a most enthusiastic reception. He was now the idol of his catholic fellow-country-men, who regarded him as one of the stoutest champions of the nationalist cause. But he was at the same time actually in the pay of the government. His biographer, England, gives the following account of his position: During his visit in Dublin a confidential agent of the ministry proposed to him that he should write something in defence of their measures. On his refusal, it was intimated that his silence would be acceptable to the government, and that an annual pension of 150l. was to be offered for his acceptance without any condition attached to it which would be repugnant to his feelings as an Irishman or a catholic. A change in the administration occurred shortly afterwards, and the promise remained unfulfilled. It is doubtful whether this story is quite accurate. Before 1784 he was obviously in receipt of a secret pension of at least 100l. a year, which had been conferred on him in acknowledgment of the value set by the authorities on the loyalist tone of his writings. In 1784 it was proposed to him, in consideration of an extra 100l. per annum, to undertake a new task, namely, to give information respecting the secret designs of the catholics. Lord Sydney, secretary of state in Pitt's ministry, wrote thus to the Duke of Portland, viceroy of Ireland, on 4 Sept. 1784: 'O'Leary has been talked to by Mr. Nepean, and he is willing to undertake what is wished for 100l. a year, which has been granted him;' and on 8 Sept. Orde, the chief secretary, wrote to Nepean thanking him for sending over a spy or detective named Parker, and adding: 'I am very glad also that you have settled matters with O'Leary', who can get to the bottom of all secrets in which the catholics are concerned, and they are certainly the chief promoters of our present disquietude. He must, however, be cautiously trusted, for he is a priest, and, if not too much addicted to the general vice of his brethren here, he ia at least well acquainted with the art of raising alarms for the purpose of claiming a merit in doing them away.' Again Orde writes on 23 Sept.: 'We are about to make trial of O'Leary's sermons and of Parker's rhapsodies. They may be both, in their different callings, of very great use. The former, if we can depend upon him, has it in his power to discover to us the real designs of the catholics, from which quarter, after all, the real mischief is to spring.' Mr. Lecky remarks that Father O'Leary, whose brilliant pen had already been employed to vindicate both the loyalty and faith of the catholics and to induce them to remain attached to the law, appears to have consented for money to discharge an ignominious office for a government which distrusted and despised him (History of England, vi. 369); while Mr. Froude does not hesitate to describe him as 'a paid and secret instrument of treachery' (The English in Ireland, ii. 4ol). Francis Plowden, O'Leary's friend, ignoring the early date at which O'Leary first placed himself at the government's disposal, asserted that the pension was granted to O'Leary for life in the name of a trustee, but upon the secret condition that he should for the future withhold his pen and reside no more in Ireland (, Ireland since the Union, 1811, i. 6). The Rev. Mr. Buckley was informed that the pension was accepted on the understanding that Mr. Pitt would keep his word as a man of honour in promising that he would bring about the emancipation of the catholics and the repeal of the penal laws in case O'Leary consented to write nothing against the union of the Irish with the British parliament (Life of O'Leary, 1868, p. 356). In an endeavour to extenuate O'Leary's conduct, Mr. Fitzpatrick says: 'He had already written in denunciation of French designs on Ireland; and what more natural than that he should now be asked to track the movements of certain French emissaries who, the government heard, had arrived in Dublin, and were conspiring with the catholic leaders to throw off the British yoke? This task O'Leary, as a staunch loyalist, may have satisfied his conscience in attempting, especially as he must have known that in 1784 the catholics as a body had no treasonable designs, though doubtless some exceptions might be found' (Secret Service under Pitt, 2nd edit. p. 224). O'Leary's biographer represents that the pension of 200l. was not offered him until 1789, after he had finally 'left Ireland, and, although this is clearly incorrect, some doubt is justifiable as to whether the whole sum was actually paid him until he had ceased to concern himself with Irish politics.

About 1784 O'Leary was solicited to write a history of the 'No Popery' riots in London under Lord George Gordon. For a short time he entertained the idea, and began to


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 collect materials, but eventually abandoned the design. In 1786 hs wrote his ‘Review of the Important Controversy between Dr. Carroll and the Rev. Messrs. Wharton and Hawkins; including a Defence of Clement XIV.’ Appended to it is ‘A Letter from Candor to the Right Hon. Luke Gardiner on his Bill for a Repeal of a part of the Penal Laws against the Irish Catholics.’ This was written in 1779, and had appeared in the newspapers of that time. In 1785 and 1786 the peace of the county of Cork was disturbed at night by mobs under the guidance of a leader who assumed the name of ‘Captain Right,' all O'Leary published 'Addresses to the Common People of Ireland, particularly such of them as are called Whiteboys,’ demonstrating in a familiar, eloquent, sad bold mode of reasoning the folly, wickedness, and illegality of their conduct. His personal exertions were further solicited by the magistrates of the county, and he accompanied them to different places of worship, exported the deluded ‘people to obedience to the laws and respect or religion, and was successful in persuading numbers of them to suit the association. He afterwards published ‘A Defence of the Conduct and Writings of the Rev. Arthur O'Leary during the late Disturbance; in the Province of Munster, with a full Justification of the Irish Catholics, and an Account of the Risings of the Whiteboys; Written by Himself in Answer to the False Accusations of Theophilus [i.e. Patrick Duigenan], and the Ill-grounded Insinuations of the Right Rev. Dr. Woodward, Lord Bishop of Cloyne.’

The controversies in which his equivocal position involved him induced him to quit Ireland in 1789, when he was appointed one of the chaplains to the Spanish embassy in London, his colleague there being Dr. Hussey, afterwards bishop of Waterford. They afterwards had a dispute, and a ‘Narrative of the Misunderstanding between the Rev. A. O’Leary and the Rev. Mr. Hussey’ appeared in 1791 (, p. 255 n.) On his arrival in London, O'Leary was anxiously sought after by his countrymen. Edmund Burke introduced him to the Duke of York, and always spoke with characteristic enthusiasm of the good effect of his writings. He uaed to attend the meetings of the English catholic committee, but he opposed its action, and took exception to the absurd appellation of ‘Protesting Catholic Dissenters. Charles Butler, the secretary of the committee, says: ‘The appearance of Father O’Leary was simple. In his countenance there was a mixture of goodness, solemnity, and drollery which fixed every eye that beheld it. No one was more generally loved or revered; no one less assuming or more pleasing in his manner. Seeing his external simplicity, persons with whom he was arguing were sometimes tempted to treat him cavalierly ; but then the so enmity with which he would mystify his adversary, and ultimately lead him into the most distressing absurdity, was one of the most delightful scenes that conversation ever exhibited’ (Hist. Memoirs of the English Catholics, 1822, iv. 438). Successful efforts were meanwhile made by his friend Plowden to secure the full payment of the pension of 200l., with all unpaid arrears.

St. Patrick’s chapel, Sutton Street, Soho Square, was, during the later years of his life, the scene of his labours. His sermons were widely admired, and his auditory included all grades of society. His collections for a projected history of the Irish rebellion of 1798 he presented to Francis Plowden. He published in 1800 an ‘Address to the Ian; Spiritual and Temporal of the Parliament of Great Britain; to which is added an Account of Sir H. Mildmay‘s Bill relative to Nuna.’ This was followed by 'A Memorial in behalf of the Fathers of La Trappe and the Orphans committed to their Gare; which was probably the last of his literary labours. Towards the end of 1801 he went to France for the benefit of his health. He was again in London on 7 Jan. 1802, and died on the following morning at No. 45 Great Portland Street. His ‘Funeral Oration,’ pronounced by the Rev. Morgan D’Arcy, has been printed. The body was interred in Old St. Pancras churchyard, and a monument was placed over the grave by Earl Moira. afterwards marquis of Hastings (Addit. MS. 27488, f. 156), This monument was repaired by public subscription in 1851. Another was erected in St. Patrick's Chapel. When old St. Pancras churchyard was taken by the Midland railway for the extension of their station building, the remains of O’Leary were removed, and on 8 Feb. 1691 they were interred in the catholic cemetery at Kensal Green, in a grave close to that of Cardinal Wiseman (Tablet, 28 Feb. 1891, p. 355).

His earliest biographer, England, in portraying his character, states that ‘good sense, unaffected piety, and extensive knowledge gained him the respect and admiration of the learned and grave, whilst by his unbounded wit, anecdotes, and unrivalled brilliancy of imagination he was the source of delight and entertainment to all whom he admitted to his intimacy.’ A more discriminating critic, Mr. Lecky, admits that