text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 27.djvu/364

 4to.  ‘The Reward of Murder, or a Relation of the Penitent Behaviour of Rose Warne of Lynn, a condemned Malefactor,’ n.d.  ‘The Open Door, or a Vindication of the Extent of Christ's Death, in Answer to John Owen,’ n.d.  ‘A Brief Discovery of some Pieces of close Idolatry in some pretending to Religion, with Independents and Presbyterians,’ n.d.

 HORNE, RICHARD HENRY or HENGIST (1803–1884), author, born in London on 1 Jan. 1803, was educated at Sandhurst, with the view of entering the East India Company's service. Receiving no appointment, he became a midshipman in the Mexican navy, and served in the war against Spain. He was present at the siege of Vera Cruz and the taking of the fortress of San Juan Ulloa. Swimming in the bay of Vera Cruz, he had a narrow escape from a shark. At the restoration of peace he went (after recovering from an attack of yellow fever) to the United States, where he visited some of the Indian encampments. On one occasion he was shipwrecked in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and on another he broke two of his ribs near the Falls of Niagara. He returned to England from Nova Scotia in a timber vessel. On the voyage the crew mutinied, and later the ship took fire. In the ‘Monthly Repository,’ under the signature ‘M. I. D.,’ he wrote an account of his early experiences. He began his literary career in 1828 by contributing a poem, ‘Hecatompylos,’ to the ‘Athenæum.’ In 1833 he published ‘Exposition of the False Medium and Barriers excluding Men of Genius from the public,’ advocating the establishment of a Society of English Literature and Art, ‘for the encouragement and permanent support of men of superior ability in all departments of human genius and knowledge.’ This was followed in 1834 by ‘Spirit of Peers and People: a National Tragicomedy.’ Between July 1836 and June 1837 he edited the ‘Monthly Repository.’ In 1837 appeared two impressive tragedies, ‘Cosmo de Medici’ and ‘The Death of Marlowe;’ the former was reprinted in 1875, with the addition of some miscellaneous poems, and the latter (in one act) passed through several editions. A curious tract, ‘The Russian Catechism, with Explanatory Notes,’ was published in or about 1837. In 1839 Horne began a correspondence with Elizabeth Barrett (afterwards Mrs. Browning), which continued until 1846. ‘Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, addressed to Richard Hengist Horne,’ was published in 1877, 2 vols. He contributed in 1840 an Introduction to Black's translation of ‘Schlegel's Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature,’ and in the same year published ‘Gregory VII, a Tragedy,’ with a prefatory ‘Essay on Tragic Influence.’ In 1841 he contributed an introduction and three of the modernised poems to ‘Poems of Geoffrey Chaucer Modernised,’ and published ‘The History of Napoleon,’ 2 vols. About this time he was engaged as commissioner to report on the employment of children and young persons in mines and manufactures. Mrs. Browning's ‘Cry of the Children’ was inspired by Horne's report. In 1843 appeared ‘Orion, an Epic Poem, in ten Books,’ the work by which he is chiefly known. It passed through six editions in 1843, and five followed later. Attention was attracted to it from the fact that the first three editions were issued at a farthing. There are eloquent passages in ‘Orion,’ but the praise accorded to it by Edgar Allan Poe and others was far in excess of its merits. ‘A New Spirit of the Age,’ 1844, republished in the same year (2 vols.), is a very interesting collection of critical essays on distinguished contemporaries. Mrs. Browning and Robert Bell assisted Horne in this work, which was illustrated with well-executed portraits. Two stories for children, ‘The Good-natured Bear’ and ‘Memoirs of a London Doll, written by herself, edited by Mrs. Fairstar’ (afterwards republished together), appeared in 1846, to which year belongs ‘Ballad Romances.’ At this time Horne was writing much on many subjects. Among his fugitive pieces may be mentioned ‘The Life of Van Amburgh, the Brute Tamer, by Ephraim Watts, Citizen of New York,’ and ‘Gottlieb Einhalter, or the Philanthropic Assassin’ (which appeared in ‘Howitt's Journal,’ and was republished under the title of ‘Murder Heroes’). In 1847 he married Miss Foggo, but he was not fitted to lead a domestic life. ‘Judas Iscariot,’ a tragedy in two acts, was published in 1848, and republished in a collection of ‘Bible Tragedies,’ 1881. ‘The Poor Artist,’ 1850 (2nd ed. 1871), is attractive; but ‘The Dreamer and the Worker,’ 2 vols., 1851, a story with a moral, is of slender interest. In 1852 Horne went with William Howitt to Australia, where he served as commander of the gold escort in Victoria, 1852, commissioner of crown lands for the gold fields, 1853–4, territorial magistrate, 1855, &c. ‘Australian Facts and Prospects, to which is prefixed the Author's Australian Autobiography,’ London, 1859, written in Melbourne, is full of shrewd observation and entertaining

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 27.djvu/365

 . ‘Prometheus, the Fire Bringer,’ Edinburgh, 1864, a dramatic poem (of little value), was written in the Australian bush; and ‘The South-Sea Sisters; a lyric masque,’ Melbourne [1866], celebrated the opening of the Intercolonial Exhibition of Australasia. Horne remained in Australia until 1869, when (conceiving that the Victorian government had not kept faith with him) he returned to England in the sailing ship The Lady Jocelyn. On the voyage he kept a journal, which he printed under the title of ‘The Lady Jocelyn's Weekly Mail.’ In 1874 he received a civil list pension of 50l. a year, which was augmented to 100l. before Lord Beaconsfield went out of office. He continued to write verse and prose (chiefly for magazines) in his later years. ‘The Tragic Story of Emilia Daràna, Marchioness of Albarozzi,’ was published in ‘Harper's Magazine,’ November 1874; ‘The Countess von Labanoff, or the Three Lovers; a Novelette,’ was reprinted from the ‘New Quarterly Magazine’ in 1877; ‘Laura Dibalzo,’ a tragedy, followed in 1880, and ‘King Nihil's Round Table, or the Regicide's Symposium; a Dramatic Scene,’ in 1881. ‘Soliloquium Fratris Rogeri Baconis’ (verse), from ‘Fraser's Magazine,’ appeared in 1882, and ‘The Last Words of Cleanthes; a Poem,’ from ‘Longman's Magazine,’ in 1883. Horne's latest work was a curious prose-tract, purporting to be translated from an Arabic original, ‘Sithron, the Star-Stricken,’ 1883. He died at Margate on 13 March 1884, and was buried there on 18 March. Among his papers were many unpublished plays, poems, and romances. One of the poems was a long piece in blank verse, ‘Ancient Idols, or the Fall of the Gods,’ which he regarded as his most considerable work. He appointed as his literary executor Mr. H. Buxton Forman, who in 1872 had reprinted from ‘Household Words’ (14 June 1851) his striking poem, ‘The Great Peace-maker; a Submarine Dialogue,’ on the laying of the submarine cable between Dover and Calais.

Horne was a talented, energetic, and versatile writer. His epic and his early tragedies have much force and fire, but they are not born for immortality. He was a good musician, he played excellently on the guitar, sang well, and was a marvellous whistler. He was an expert swimmer. Horne had his affectations. When he went out to Australia he was ‘Richard Henry,’ but he came back ‘Richard Hengist.’ In the bush he had met a Mr. Hengist, whose name he took.

HORNE, ROBERT (1519?–1580), bishop of Winchester, was son of John Horne, a member of an old Cumberland family settled at Cleator in that county, where he was probably born. The doubt as to his birthplace, suggested by his having been admitted to a Yorkshire fellowship at St. John's College, Cambridge, is answered by the fact that Cleator is situated in what was the old archdeaconry of Richmond, which, before the foundation of the see of Chester by Henry VIII, was included in the diocese of York. He graduated at St. John's College as B.A. in 1536–7, M.A. in 1540, B.D. in 1546, and D.D. in 1549. He was elected a fellow of his college on 25 March 1536–7, and became senior bursar, and Hebrew lecturer in 1545–1546. He was a zealous advocate of the reformed doctrines, and, being a man of learning and a powerful preacher, he soon obtained ecclesiastical preferment. In October 1546 he became vicar of Matching in Essex, in May 1550 rector of Allhallows, Bread Street, London, about the same time chaplain to Edward VI, and in November of the following year dean of Durham, on the deprivation of Dean Robertson. The new dean was received with ill-concealed aversion by a chapter wedded to the ‘old learning’ and ritual (Rites of Durham, Surtees Society, pp. 59, 65). On 18 Feb. 1552–3 Cecil wrote to the chapter requiring them to conform to Horne's orders ‘in religion and divine service,’ and to ‘receive him and use him well’ (Lansdowne MS. 981, fol. 194). Without delay Horne began reforming his cathedral and its services on the strictest puritan lines. With his own hands he removed St. Cuthbert's tomb in the cloisters, and tore down the ‘superstitious ornaments’ in the cathedral and in St. Nicholas Church.

Horne took part in the disputation on the sacraments with [q. v.] and Young, held at the houses of Sir William Cecil and Sir Richard Moryson (, Cranmer, i. 385). He became prebendary of Bugthorpe in York Minster on 27 April 1552, and in the following October he was appointed with other of the royal chaplains to consider a scheme of articles of religion (ib. p. 391); the forty-five articles were the result, and Horne amongst the rest signed them. On 11 Oct. 1552 ‘Horne, deane of Durham, declared a secret conspiracy of th' erl of Westmurland, the yeare of th' apprehension of the duke of Somerset. … He was commanded to kepe this matter close’ (Lit. Rem. Edw. VI, 463). At the same time he was nominated by Northumberland as the successor of Tunstall, the deprived bishop of Durham, the see being severed from that of Newcastle by act of par-


text:
Page:Duffy's Irish Catholic Magazine April 1847 p. 78.png

 infinity, and prolongation of some parts in the more magnificent churches, all united and blended together by the rich and subdued light reflected through the stained-glass windows, must be productive of religious emotions. "On entering a Gothic cathedral," says Coleridge, "I am filled with devotion, and with awe! I am lost to the actualities which surround me, and my whole being expands into the infinite; earth and air, and nature and art, all swell up into eternity, and the only sensible impression left is, that I am nothing."

These effects will, we believe, be found by those who closely examine the subject, to proceed mainly from the cruciform and tripartite arrangements, joined with the principle of verticality of which we shall here take some notice.

“It is not less the beauty, and the perfection of Gothic architecture,” says Mr. Poole, quoting Professor Whewell, “that it is vertical, aspiring, indefinite, than it is the beauty and perfection of Grecian architecture, that it is horizontal, reposing, definite.” The idea of each is beautiful, though its beauty be of a different character from that of its rival sister, and the very forms in the Gothic style, which Evelyn calls fantastic and licentious, and which Wren sneeringly attributes to the builders “spiring up all they could, are the apt expressions of the distinctively beautiful idea of Gothic art.” Now in the churches of the middle era of Christian architecture, which we have said contain the best specimens of ecclesiastical art, we find the principle of vertical tendency to prevail. The arcades of nave and aisles, the arches of doors and windows, the canopies of niches and tabernacle work, in fact, every detail from the floor to the spire-top, “whose silent finger points to heaven,” are governed by the aspiring idea of verticality, and its symbolical allusions. The substitution of the pointed for the semicircular Romanesque arch, was the first step taken by the ancient church builders towards the development of the vertical principle. The forms and details of the half pagan Romanesque hung heavily on Christian art, till the introduction of the pointed arch, from which period verticality quickly developed itself; and it was only towards the close of the fifteenth century, when the idea was in a great measure abandoned by the substitution of the low four-centred arch that art began to be debased; so long as verticality in treatment was preserved, pointed architecture was a living and progressive art. How much greater degree of height was obtained with the same features, and a smaller quantity of material, by the use of the pointed arch instead of the semi-circular, is shown by Mr. Pugin, in his excellent “Contrasts.”

Another of the peculiarities of detail of Christian, as contra-distinguished from pagan art, is the aggregation of minute parts, and this, experience teaches us, is a chracteristic of the beautiful, and is peculiarly appropriate in Christian churches. by the smallness of the several parts, our idea of the vastness of the whole is magnified; thus we find on closely comparing ancient works with modern of the same actual dimensions, the smallness of the stones used in the walls of the former, gives the entire an effect of greater magnitude than is conveyed by modern works, in which it appears to be a fixed principle to use the largest blocks the quarry can produce. The representation of the human figure works never approached to any thing like life size. We will often find the jambs of a door of moderate dimensions decorated with various groups of figures, as at Lichfield, Wells, Malmsbury, and several other cathedral and monastic churches in England, Bayeux Cathedral in Normandy, and in some of hour humble less pretending churches in Ireland. At the neglected and almost forgotten church of ClontuskretClontuskert [sic], in the County of Galway, there remains a west door, the minute sculptures of which are in an excellent state of preservation. The part over the arch,, contains representations of bishops and other ecclesiastics; the sides of the jambs contain figures of grotesque character, the meaning of which we have not heard explained. Immediately within the door, on the angle of the inner jamb, there is a small holy water stoup, contained within a niche, which is adorned with two bass reliefs, one of St. Augustine, probably, and the other, undoubtedly, of St. Catherine, as she is represented with her usual symbol, the wheel. Often a story of Sacred Scripture, or ecclesiastical history, was contained within a space which would scarcely contain a fragment of a heathen divinity or of a monstrosity of modern sculpture. Our old Irish crosses contain many beautiful examples of such aggregation of minute parts. On several ancient fonts are figures in bass relief, representing the crucifixion of our Lord, and the seven sacraments. We do not mean to contend, that in every case the form of these details is correct in delineation, and that in general the oderns are not superior to the ancients in this respect. But the beauty of form is altogether apart from that of aggregation, and affects us in a different way, though, perhaps, towards the same end; and in this particular, we hope for great improvements in future developments of Christian art. Beauty of form and correctness of outline may be given to the details of aggregation, without infringing on the ancient idea. In painting already great triumphs have been achieved by Overbeck, and others of the new German School of Catholic ar, who, while preserving the entire spirit of the artists of the middle ages, have corrected their defects in outline, and perspective. Flaxman, who may be considered an impartial, as well as a competent judge, appreciates highly this ancient sculpture. For speaking of the west front of Wells Cathedral, he says, “This work is necessarily ill drawn, and defective in principle, and much of this sculpture is rude and severe; yet, in parts, there is a beautiful simplicity, an irresistible sentiment, and sometimes a grace, excelling more modern productions.”

The construction of medieval architecture is so important a feature of its fitness, as to call for our utmost attention, particularly when it is contrasted with contrivances for the support of modern edifices. In no point, perhaps, does the superiority of medieval to modern art appear more strikingly than in this, notwithstanding the much boasted improvements of modern science. If any one will take the trouble of comparing the ground plans and sections of relative buildings, of the pointed and the revived pagan styles, he will find that, in buildings covering the same superficial area, the touching points occupy a much greater extent in the latter than in the former; that is, that of the areas within the walls a greater space of ground is required for the supports of the structure (such as piers and columns) in the pagan than in the Christian styles. He will also find that a greater degree of altitude is arrived at in the Christian styles, with, as we have before mentioned, a smaller quantity of materials. These facts demonstrate the superior practical


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 27.djvu/366

 (7 Edward VI). The oversight of the diocese was actually committed to him on 27 Nov. 1552 (ib. p. 415), but, greatly to Northumberland's annoyance, he ‘cared not to take it over Tunstall's head’ (Cal. State Papers, January 1551–2). On 2 Jan. 1552–3 Northumberland wrote of Horne: ‘I have been much deceived by him, for he is undoubtedly not only a greedy, covetous man, but also a malicious, and an open evil speaker.’

The accession of Mary at once deprived Horne of all his preferments. He was summoned before the lords of the council in September 1553, and charged with having polluted the church of Durham by introducing his wife into the college, and with having infected the whole diocese with protestant error. He was deprived of his deanery; all his goods at Durham were confiscated for the queen's use, and on learning that it was intended to commit him to the Tower, he started for Zurich, paying a visit on the way to Peter Martyr at Strasburg (, Memorials, iii. pref. viii). At Zurich Horne and his wife, Margery, with eleven others of the leading scholars of the day, were sheltered and hospitably entertained by Christopher Froschover, the protestant printer (ib. i. 232, 519, cf., D.D., d. 1600). Horne declined the invitation of the English exiles settled at Frankfort, under the spiritual rule of [q. v.], to join them there and form one united protestant church. He was determined to ‘adhere to the order last taken in the church of England’ (the second prayer-book of Edward VI), but ultimately joined [q. v.] at Frankfort, and on the expulsion of Knox (26 March 1555) and the resettlement of the church there, he was appointed reader in Hebrew. He joined with Cox, Grindal, Sandys, and others in a letter to Calvin (5 April 1555) informing him of the changes made in their ritual for the sake of peace, and apologising for acting without consulting him (Zurich Letters, iii. 753–5). Horne was soon involved in the notorious ‘troubles at Frankfort,’ but after the withdrawal of Knox's supporters, Whittingham, Foxe, and others, Cox appointed Horne chief minister (1 March 1555–6), and left for Strasburg. Fresh broils ensued in January 1556–7. Horne resigned his office. At the suggestion of the magistrates a new scheme of church government was drawn up, but Horne and his friends declined to accept either it or another plan of reconciliation drawn up by Cox and Sandys (afterwards archbishop of York), whom the magistrates had summoned to heal the rupture (, Church Hist. iv. 207–26;, Church Hist. vi. 144–53, 162–4). In June Horne left Frankfort for Strasburg, and remained there until 21 Dec. 1558, when the death of Mary made it safe for him to return to England.

Horne reached London at the beginning of 1559, and was restored to the deanery of Durham (, Annals, i. 228–9;, Elizabeth, s.a. 1559). He was at once selected to preach on public occasions in London, sometimes before the queen (cf., Life of Nowell, p. 43; (, u.s. p. 394). At the disputation at Westminster Abbey between the Roman catholic and protestant divines on 31 March, Horne led the way on his side with a weighty and learned paper ((, u.s. ii. 465, No. xv.; , Acts, iii. 979 ff.; , Conferences, pp. 24–9). On the opening of the visitation at St. Paul's on 11 Aug. he was the preacher, and sat as visitor both there and in other churches of London (, Diary, pp. 206–7; (, u.s. I. i. 249). He was also appointed one of the visitors of the university of Cambridge and of Eton College ((, Parker, i. 205). In November 1560, on White's deprivation, he was nominated to the see of Winchester, and was consecrated by Parker at Lambeth on 16 Feb. 1561. In the winter of 1563 Feckenham, the late abbot of Westminster, was committed to his custody. For a time Horne daily discussed matters of faith with the prisoner before selected audiences with much temper and courtesy. But after Feckenham contradicted a report of his approaching conformity which Horne had circulated, the bishop treated him with greater rigour, refused all further discussion with him, and finally secured his recommittal to the Tower in October 1564. Feckenham published (1565) what purported to be Horne's arguments and his answers in their conferences together. Horne, in an elaborate reply, violently impugned Feckenham's accuracy and honesty [see ] ((, Annals, i. 215, ii. 179; (, Parker, i. 279;, Athenæ, i. 508). When [q. v.], the deprived bishop of London, was committed to the Marshalsea in Southwark, within his diocese, Horne, ‘with officious and reprehensible zeal,’ caused the oath of supremacy to be tendered to him in the full assurance that he would not take it. When indicted for recusancy before the queen's bench Bonner, or his counsel, justified his refusal by the plea that Horne had no authority to administer the oath as not being legally a bishop, never having been consecrated by a form sanctioned by parliament, the Act of Uniformity which gave authority to the prayer-book having made no express mention of the ordinal. To remedy this defect a fresh act was passed in 1566,


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 27.djvu/367

 having a retrospective force, but care was taken that neither Bonner nor any other person should be similarly molested (, Reformation, ii. 424–6;, Annals, ii. 2–4; , Parker, i. 120). In 1573 John Leslie [q. v.], bishop of Ross, the wily ambassador of Mary Queen of Scots at the English court, was placed in Horne's custody, and on 14 Nov. Horne begged Burghley to relieve him of his prisoner, whom he described as a ‘devilish spirit’ and ‘this devill’ (Lansd. MSS. xvii. art. 57;, Orig. Letters, 3rd ser. iii. 367). In 1565 he presented his old fellow-exile, Laurence Humphrey [q. v.], to a living, which called forth a remonstrance from Jewel on account of Humphrey's nonconformity (, Annals, ii. 133;, Parker, i. 369). Horne was incorporated D.D. of Oxford 9 July 1568. As visitor he forced Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, to admit his companion at Zurich, William Cole, D.D. [q. v.], to the headship, to which Cole had recently been nominated by the queen against the fellows' wishes. A strict visitation followed, and the college was purged of all taint of Romanism (, Grindal, p. 196;, Parker, i. 528; , Annals, ii. 165). He exercised visitatorial authority with equal vigour at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1571, and at New College, Oxford. At New College he removed in 1576 John Underhill [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Oxford, from his fellowship for questioning his powers; but Underhill, by Leslie's advice, having threatened Horne with a lawsuit, the bishop reinstated him (, Athenæ, ii. 831). Horne's puritanical fanaticism led him in his visitations of his cathedral, as well as of the colleges subject to him, to order the destruction of every picture, painted window, image, vestment, ornament, or architectural structure, which he regarded as superstitious. Organs were silenced, and missals and old service books were put to the vilest uses. Copes and vestments were prohibited, and persons were forbidden to turn to the east at the ‘Gloria Patri’ more papistico. At New College the whole of the rich tabernacle work covering the east end of the chapel was shattered to pieces, the wall made flat, whitened, and inscribed with scripture texts. The cloisters and chapter-house of his cathedral were pulled down to save the cost of repair, and ‘to turn their leaden roofs into gold’ (, Life of Sir Thomas Pope, Appendix xix.;, Fasti, i. 180, n. 7; , Winchester, p. 180).

Horne laboured hard to get the ‘papistical habits’ abolished, but he ultimately accepted them. In 1564 he signed the episcopal manifesto allowing the ‘habits’ and explaining their use, and, with Jewel, preached at Paul's Cross to reconcile the people to them, saying ‘he wished those cut off from the church who troubled it about white or black garments, square or round caps’ (, Puritans, i. 156). Writing to his friend Gualter he expressed his dislike to the vestments, and his hope that the law might be altered; but ‘he obeyed for obedience sake’ (, Annals, i. 264;, Parker, i. 344).

In the administration of his diocese he was equally harsh to papists and sectaries. In January 1579 he desired that the papists should be more rigorously dealt with (Lansd. MSS. xii. art. 31), and in 1580 he advised the council to prevent the landing of jesuits and priests in Hampshire, and to transport obstinate recusants (, Annals, ii. 344). His enemies played upon his name as indicative of his character, ‘hard in nature and crooked in conditions,’ and of his ‘dwarfish and deformed person’ (, Worthies, i. 330). In January 1567 he recommended to Cecil for the deanery of Canterbury ‘one Mr. Whitgift,’ as ‘a man honest and very well learned’ (Cal. State Papers). His wife Margery died in 1576. He was in very infirm health in February 1579–80 (Zurich Letters, 2nd ser. p. 307), and died at Winchester House, Southwark, on 1 June 1580. He desired to be buried in his cathedral ‘before the pulpit, in seemly sort, without any pomp or blazing ceremony.’ He left four daughters surviving him: Anne Dayrel, Mary Hales, Margery Hales, and Rebecca Hayman. A fifth daughter, Elizabeth Dering, appears to have predeceased him. Dr. William Barlow, probably the bishop successively of Rochester and of Lincoln, was his brother-in-law. Immediately after his death his goods were seized for debts to the crown.

Apart from letters, injunctions, &c., Horne published: 1. A translation of two sermons of Calvin's, with a prefatory apology, 1553; reprinted by Antony Munday, and dedicated to Robert, earl of Leicester, 1584. 2. ‘Whether Christian Faith may be kept secret, and The hurt of being present at the Mass;’ entitled by Bale ‘De Missæ Abominationibus,’ 1553. 3. ‘Answer to Feckenham's “Scruples and Staies of Conscience touching the Oath of Supremacie,”’ 1566. 4. ‘Life and Death,’ four sermons published under his name in 1613. Horne was one of those who drew up the ‘Book of Advertisements’ in 1564 (, Parker, i. 315), and helped to frame the canons of 1571 (ib. ii. 60). In Parker's revision of the authorised version, known as the ‘Bishops' Bible’ (1568), the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Lamentations were assigned to Horne (ib. ii. 222).


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 27.djvu/368

 In 1573 he joined Parker, Sandys, Jewel, his old friend Cox, and other prelates in concerting measures to counteract Cartwright's attacks on the established ecclesiastical government (ib. p. 282).

The collection of ‘Zurich Letters’ contains a large number of letters from and to Horne. Some of the most valuable historically, as well as the most pleasing in tone, are those addressed to Bullinger and to Gualter, Bullinger's successor in the pastorate of Zurich. One of those written to Bullinger describes the order of common prayer and administration of the sacraments of the church of England according to Edward VI's second prayer-book (Zurich Letters, 2nd ser. pp. 354–8).

A portrait at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, is said to represent Horne. It was engraved by White by mistake as that of Bishop Gardiner. It is also engraved in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ vol. lxi. pt. ii. p. 611.

 HORNE, ROBERT (1565–1640), divine, was probably the Robert Horne ‘pleb. fil.’ of Newcastle who matriculated, aged 16, 25 Feb. 1581, at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 7 Feb. 1584, and M.A. 6 July 1587 (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., ii. 95, iii. 119). From 1585 to 1595 the same Horne was chaplain of Magdalen College (, Register of Magdalen, ii. 129). By 1613 the divine was settled at Ludlow, where he preached, and whence he dates his books. His will is dated in 1640, and he bequeathed a rent-charge of 10l. to the rector of Ludlow parish church.

Horne published:
 * 1) ‘God's gentle Remembrancer this last summer, anno 1613, or an Exposition on part of the Parable of the Lost Son,’ London, 1614, 8vo, dedicated to Richard Atkyns of Tuppe Leigh, Gloucestershire. A reference is made in the preface to Prince Henry's death and the plague.
 * 2) ‘Points of Instruction for the Ignorant, as also an Exposition on the Ten Commandments and the Lord's Prayer by questions and answers,’ 2nd edition, much enlarged, 1617 (Bodleian Library).
 * 3) ‘Certaine Sermons of the Rich Man and Lazarus,’ London, 1619, 4to, dedicated to Sir Thomas Chamberlain, chief justice of his majesty's council in the marches of Wales (British Museum and Bodleian Library).
 * 4) ‘The Shield of the Righteous, or the Ninety-first Psalme,’ London, 1625, 4to.
 * 5) ‘The History of the Woman of great Faith … treatised and expounded,’ London, 1632, 12mo.

The two last are in the British Museum, and the author's name is spelt Horn. In the Rawlinson MSS. (B. art. 151, Bodleian Library) is an unpublished collection of historical manuscripts belonging to Horne, relating to the reigns of James I and Charles I between 1618 and 1626, and transcribed by him at Clunbury, Ludlow, and Westthorpe in Shropshire. It contains copies of letters from Raleigh, Bacon, Sir Philip Sidney, besides proceedings in parliament from 1610 to 1626, and letters about the Spanish match.

 HORNE, THOMAS (1610–1654), master of Eton College, son of William Horne of Cassall, Nottinghamshire, was born at West Hallam, Derbyshire, in 1610. He matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, in 1624, graduating B.A. 14 Feb. 1628, and M.A. 4 July 1633. He first kept a private school in London; was afterwards master of the free school, Leicester, for about two years; and was master of Tunbridge school from 1640 to 1648. In 1648 he succeeded George Goad [q. v.] as master of Eton College. [q. v.] was educated under him there. Dying 22 Aug. 1654, he was buried (24 Aug.) in the college chapel. Two of Horne's sons became distinguished scholars, one, William, a scholar of Eton, graduated B.A. in 1660 and M.A. in 1664 from King's College, Cambridge; was elected fellow and became assistant master at Eton, and afterwards master of Harrow. The other, Thomas, also a scholar of Eton, graduated B.A. 1662 and M.A. 1666 from King's College, Cambridge, where he was elected a fellow; became chaplain to the Earl of St. Albans; was senior proctor at Cambridge in 1682, when he also was appointed fellow of Eton; he published several sermons.

Horne was the author of some popular classical school books:  ‘Janua Linguarum; or a Collection of Latin Sentences, with the English of them,’ London, 1634, 8vo; chiefly a translation of ‘Janua Linguarum reserata—the Gate of Languages unlocked,’ by J. A. Komensky. Horne's translation was revised by J. Rowbotham, and again corrected and republished by W. D. (possibly [q. v.]), with a ‘portal’ prefixed, London, 1659.  ‘Manuductio in ædem Palladis, quâ Utilissima Methodus Authores bonos legendi indigitatur,’ London, 1641,


text:
Ferdinand Marcos' Eighth State of the Nation Address

One year ago today, I signed Proclamation No. 1081 placing the entire country under martial law.

As President of the Republic, I saw it as my clear and inescapable duty to meet the rebellion against our duly constituted government, the anarchy in our social life, the paralysis of the economy, the disintegration of our bureaucracy.

With God’s clear light and our people’s vigorous support, we involved the full powers of the Constitution to meet the threats to our Republic and build a new society.

Man in his presumption has always claimed the advances we call civilization as his handiwork.

Often we disregard the unknown intervention of God and the logic and consequence of history and events.

This was time in the past. It is true now of what we proudly point to as the almost miraculous achievements we ascribe to the New Society.

Many of the advances that we can list down are but the logical consequences of the decisive rupture from an old and stricken society.

As soon as the moral and political decision was made, the rebirth followed.

What we now see are the attributes of that rejection of our degrading past.

The rectification of our errors and the fruits of our endeavors spring from the first momentous decision of September 21, 1972.

We worked hard to be where we are today. Each one of us has a personal testimony. But there is a common experience we share as a people and as a nation that survives to record the real change in our country. This experience is our collective effort in laying the foundations of a new society.

The achievement is yours. The symbols of our national progress are familiar to you. But let me outline them for our record.

A year ago, we faced a crisis of survival. We have surmounted the crisis.

The man who feared to walk his own street has been freed from his fears; he can now walk his city.

The farmer who feared for his cattle can now sleep.

The man whose father tilled another man’s land will no longer sire children who will till the land of the landowner’s sons. Together they will have their own lands to till.

The man who once surrounded himself with hired guns has been put in jail or reduced to insignificance. Those who used to seek his influence can now go to government offices on their own and be sure they would be served. The small man who did not dare to raise his voice can now speak and be heard. Poverty is no longer the solitude of the poor. It has become the concern of all.

The armed force of the rebellion has been crushed. The danger still remains, but the rebellion can no longer re-establish itself to its old position, unless we allow it. The urban terrorists have been checked. The rightist conspirators, too. Over half a million firearms taken from, or surrendered by, the population will never find their way again into private hands. 145 so-called private armies that have been disbanded will no longer intimidate innocent men. Thousands of criminals, kidnapping gangs, crime syndicates and terrorists, now caught and jailed, will no longer pose a menace to our countrymen. The national crime rate has dropped. The once-troubled area of Mindanao will henceforth be a showcase of harmonious work.

In the economy, we have set new records of growth. As of the beginning of September, the international reserve stood at $739 million, the highest in our history. The balance of payments showed a surplus of $612 million.

In the first eight months of 1973, our export receipts totalled $1.121 billion, $408 million and 57% higher than the receipts of the comparable period in 1972. This has resulted in a favorable balance of trade amounting to P912.9 million. Our decision to open trade with non-traditional markets such as the Communist countries resulted, over a 12-month period, in export receipts from these sources alone, of $44 million, with 75 per cent coming from the People’s Republic of China. For the first time in our history, we posted a favorable balance of trade of $59 million with Japan. Although our shift from an import-oriented to an export-oriented economy has barely begun, we expect this year’s exports to exceed our $1.4 billion target.

In the stock market, transactions multiplied ten times in volume, from last year’s monthly average of P49.7 million, to the present monthly average of P504.3 million.

Mining and oil exploration have exploded into profitable activity. Full protection and assistance have been guaranteed to mining claims, thus separating claim jumpers from real claimants.

In energy exploration, we have made it highly attractive for domestic and foreign investors to join the search for oil and other sources of energy. A Petroleum Board has been created, and the Oil Industry Commission has been attached to the NEDA, signifying the high rating given to oil in our priorities.

As of today, a total of 18 oil firms from the United States, Europe, Taiwan, Australia and Bermuda have joined the oil hunt in the Philippines, with six of them signing service contracts. This includes the biggest firms in the world.

In investment, the record has surpassed all previous records. From September to December last year, 52 firms, including Ford, with a combined investment total of P671.7 million, applied for incentives. As of July this year, 31 multi-national firms with an aggregate capitalization of P302 million applied for BOI listing. In that same month, 37 foreign-owned companies were granted permit to operate locally, with a combined capitalization ofP20 million. From September to the end of August this year, applications from foreign investors to the BOI totaled P237.9 million, or more than double the figure for the same period immediately preceding the proclamation of martial law. At least seven investment banks with foreign equity have registered with the BOI. In all, some 250 industrial and agricultural projects were registered as of June 30, 1973, with a total investment of P5.7 billion.

The Progressive Car Manufacturing Program of the Philippines performed according to schedule, with the five participants—Ford Philippines, General Motors Philippines, Delta Motors Corporation, DMG and Chrysler Philippines—meeting the 10 per cent local content requirement as of June 30. They are expected to fulfill the 15 per cent content requirement for the second semester by December this year. Ford has begun construction of a body stamping plant in the export processing zone of Mariveles at a cost of P257 million. General Motors is constructing a P137 million transmission plant in Muntinglupa. Delta Motors has just completed us engine block plant.

There was no letup in our effort to support the growth of the economy with infrastructure. We have increased capital expenditures to P5.3 billion—an increase from 15% to 45% of the budget. The integrated development approach allowed us to concentrate on a number of area development programs, including the Manila Bay Project and Mindanao. The Manila Bay Development Project envisions the reclamation of a 1.5 kilometer-wide strip of land with an area of 10,700 hectares from Cavite through Manila to Bataan, on which will be constructed a six-lane highway, sewage, flood control and drainage complex, among others. In Mindanao, P496 million has been appropriated for rehabilitation and development. Five major road-building projects are being undertaken by local and foreign firms on contract with the government. Aside from these, we have the Bicol River Basin Project, Pampanga Delta, Candaba Swamps, the Metropolitan Manila Transport and Land Use. Construction of the Pan Philippine Highway continues and we expect its completion by the end of 1975. Last July we inaugurated one of the longest bridges in the world between Samar and Leyte, the San Juanico Bridge. The Opon-Mandaue Bridge in Cebu and the Lucban Bridge in Cagayan were also inaugurated. Rural electrification has reduced the cost of electricity to the common man, and is lighting up far-flung areas of the country.

Meanwhile, we authorized the Export Processing Zone in Mariveles, upon its incorporation, to incur up to $100 million from abroad, in order to hasten its development. Fully developed, the zone should house PI.8 billion in investments, generating at least 205, 941 jobs and producing at least P2.l billion a year in exports.

At the same time, the development of small-and medium-scale industries was given a new start this year. Liberalized government policy has facilitated the establishment of small- and medium-scale industries all over the country, as a spur to rural development. The countryside must now share in progress and must catch up with the urban areas. This is both an economic and environmental necessity.

Not only have we sought to open up the rural areas to industrial development. We have also begun to develop as many tourist attractions in these areas, as part of our tourist development program. After September, the Philippines became a favored tourist destination, and for the last 12 months, we posted an increase in tourist traffic of 107 per cent. This tourist influx has not only given us an evolving major dollar earner for the economy, but has also given impetus to some of our environmental programs, like the cleanliness and beautification drive and major historical reconstruction projects. The Pasig is now being cleaned, Chinatown is being dressed up, Intramuros is being reconstructed while in the South, Zamboanga and Marawi are being developed.

In food production, we had to weather one of the worst droughts ever to hit our country, ironically after the disastrous floods that inundated most of Luzon last year. While we turned to outside sources for our immediate needs, we launched Masagana 99. The Green Revolution, of course, continues; but with Masagana 99, we aimed to double the present average per hectare yield of rice. We made available P305 million in loans to 350,000 farmers tilling 500,000 hectares in 53 provinces. At the same time, we launched “Palayang Bayan” with a total coverage of 150,000 hectares of heretofore uncultivated public lands. We also set the price of palay at P35 per cavan to encourage production.

We had to adopt certain measures to meet the temporary shortage in rice supply. We rationed rice to the hard-hit areas, encouraged the use of substitutes, as well as a mixture with corn. We have now passed the most critical part of the shortage. We can now look to the first Masagana harvest in October.

This was, for many of us, a most difficult situation. But given the challenge, our people were willing to sacrifice and organize themselves to help find a common remedy to the problem.

Our economic performance stands in marked contrast not only to past years of poor economic activity in our country, but also to the difficulties encounters it by the mighty economies all over the world during the year. The entry into our country of capital is a demonstration of faith and confidence both in the economy, and in the future of our nation.

Easily the most meaningful reform in the society is the emancipation of the fanner from his age-old bondage to the soil. This means the liberation of about a million farmers who have tilled without owning the land. As of the middle of this month, 119,655 certificates of land transfer have been issued, involving 148,014,867 hectares and 85,818 tenant-tillers. In 62 provinces, 538,652 tenant-tillers have been identified and interviewed, preparatory to the issuance of the same certificates.

As for the laborer, we sought reforms that contribute to his dignity as a working man. We have just finished a Comprehensive Survey for Employment by world experts. Through the National Labor Relations Commission, we instituted a system of swift arbitration and conciliation between labor and management. As of the end of August this year, the Commission settled 4.576 out of 5,841 complaints, resulting in the payment of P58.28 million to claimants. Labor disputes that used to take 20 to 25 years are now settled within 37 days.

Employment reform also continued, and we succeeded in cutting down the unemployment rate to five per cent. By requiring certain agencies of the government, and encouraging the private sector to give priority to labor-intensive projects, we were able to generate more jobs for our people. Manpower and youth training continues to occupy a high priority in our human resources program. Some 13 public employment offices have been set up all over the country to gather labor market information, match available skills with available jobs and work out employment generating schemes in cooperation with local governments, civic groups, and the private sector. Women and minors, and the long-neglected domestic help, all got their due from our labor reforms.

In housing, we instituted a more reasonable and effective rent control law, increased the housing allotment to P970 million, with eighty per cent to be borne by the private sector. The capitalization of the National Housing Corporation was increased to P250 million to make it a more effective agency for low-cost housing. At the same time some 45,570 squatters were moved to government resettlement projects.

In education, we began a reform that seeks to improve the relevancy of the curricula to the building of a society of enlightened and productive men. We have started to redirect the school system so that it does not continue to inculcate in the young prejudices against work, as it did in the past. State support for early education has been broadened by the new Constitution to include high school education in cases where funds are available for the purpose. Various means to reduce the cost of learning tools, including books, have also been adopted.

We have not overlooked the care of the health of the population. Government health services and Medicare have been broadened and expanded, particularly in the rural areas, where health conditions, in spite of our efforts, often determine life or death. We have more rural health units serving our people, more hospitals in the provinces, more workers in the field; but these increases only open our eyes to the larger possibilities of public health care.

Alongside this program, we began a serious effort to safeguard the environment from pollution and the other hazards to life engendered along the way to industrialization. We shall not commit the mistake of other countries of facing this problem when it has already arrived and reached critical proportions. We have created an environmental center to map out our program against this threat to man.

The result of all these social programs, whether directed towards the achievement of social justice or the broadening of social services to the people, has been to increase the chances of every man, woman and child of this country for a long and productive life, for a living place in harmony with their hopes, and for an equal share in the benefits of progress.

But all this we must premise on the radical change in the political order and the political culture.

We ratified a new Constitution that has given a firm and formal basis to the sweeping reforms that we instituted by decree.

All the social and economic reforms that had been denied us by the old legislative process are now enduring features of the law of the land.

The sanctified concept of private property, which permitted the rise of an exploitative oligarchy, has been displaced by a democratized concept of private wealth.

The new Constitution declares as national policy the need to democratize wealth and spread social justice.

This has enabled us to move confidently towards the complete extirpation of the monopoly of privileges and power by the old oligarchy in our society.

And in place of this monopoly of power by the rich, there has been a resurgence of the power of the people to determine their future. Sovereignty has passed from those who claimed to represent the people to the Filipino people themselves.

Today, what began as a movement to ratify the new Constitution by the direct and open exercise of initiative by the people, has become the mainspring of political power and decision-making. Through the barangay, the voice of every citizen has found a direct channel to the citadels of government and the heart of the Presidency. Every citizen now has a chance to speak on the issues that affect the national community, to harmonize his interests with those of the community, and to act directly on matters that touch deeply his individual and communal life.

We saw this emerging political order at work in the recent series of consultation with the people on national issues last July.

We saw the barangay at work in the national effort to meet the recent rice crisis. For the first time in our history, the rice shortage did not drive us into panic, but became instead the occasion for moral resurgence on the part of our people. We looked on it as an economic problem and not as apolitical problem. We matched the crisis with resolution.

And, with the barangay serving as the network of rice distribution throughout the country, we weathered the crisis and today face with optimism the coming harvest.

It has been possible to pursue this broad program of social, political and economic reforms because we retrieved the government bureaucracy from inutility and made it the servant of our development effort.

We began the journey of the last 12 months with massive overhaul of the government bureaucracy, as proposed in the Reorganization Plan that I submitted to the Congress as early as March 1972. Every letter and provision of the plan has since been implemented, and in those instances where it did not provide for new necessities, we did not hesitate to establish the machinery to answer them.

As the first step, we faced the massive problem of graft and corruption in the bureaucracy that had been for so long the nemesis of every development program. After a review of ranks of the service, we dismissed and retired over 6,655 employees from the government service. No agency or department was spared from this overhaul, but the most severely affected offices were predictably enough the Bureau of Internal Revenue, the Bureau of Customs, the now defunct Rice and Corn Administration, and the judiciary.

Following this house cleaning, we implemented changes and modifications designed to make the executive branch more relevant and responsive to national needs and goals, particularly the goal of accelerated national development.

We merged the various economic planning agencies of government into one central body: the National Economic Development Authority that was charged with the task of formulating and overseeing the national economic development program.

We created the rational Grains Minority to replace the Rice and Corn Administration and attend to the country’s staple food.

We launched a major overhaul of the revenue collection agencies of government, and provided for a more efficient lax collection system, that offered, in part, an amnesty to individuals and corporations with accountability with the government. The immediate result of this has been a new record in tax collections.

At the level of every department and agency, we have implemented reorganization plans designed to make them more effective and economical units of the bureaucracy.

Finally, at the level of the local governments, we have created the new Department of Local Governments and Community Development, to bring new vitality to all the local governments of the country.

The net result of this reorganization effort is a government that can provide services in the field where they count most that spends less for political representatives, and more for the benefits of the people, and leads in the realization of national objectives.

As of the first of September, the cash operations of the national government netted a surplus of P1.202 billion.

The priority we have given to Mindanao in our integrated development approach was dictated in part by the immense resources of that area that had to be tapped, in part by an old social question that has nagged me since I first came to the Presidency.

We have never really bridged the cultural gap between the majority of the Filipinos and our Muslim brothers, and it is for us now to really bridge it. The troubles that broke out last October, fanned by Communist agitation and propaganda, did not precede our plans for the area: they delayed rather than hastened the implementation of our projects.

The Muslim areas have a lot of catching up to do with the more developed parts of the country, and in this we were committed to give them all possible support.

That is why new road arteries are being built simultaneously in the area, food production, education, and health services are being given utmost emphasis, and economic activity is being given a big push. P496 million have been appropriated for Mindanao, apart from the funds coming from foreign loans for development. A Muslim information center has been opened in Marawi, the Institution of Islamic Studies in the University of the Philippines, Amanah Bank has been created with a capitalization of P100 million: barter trade has been resumed with Sabah; and a unique type of development loan is being given to those who had fled to the hills but later opted to live a normal life.

Our relations with our neighbors and the outside world have been marked with civility and friendship, with a deepened understanding on the part of our allies of the new decisions we have had to take in pursuance of the society we are trying to build.

Our reforms have won the respect and confidence even of those who were skeptical about the prospects of our success immediately after September last year. We have won new friends without losing any of our old ones. We continue to maintain a strong presence in the ASEAN, and other forums of importance.

We have forged new ties with Eastern Europe, strengthened existing ties with the Islamic nations of Africa and the Middle East, as well as the non-Islamic ones. Only a few weeks ago, we sat down in friendly consultation with dignitaries from Libya, Saudi Arabia, Senegal and Somalia on how the Islamic nations can help in our effort to lift up the Muslim areas.

At the root of all these is a new sense of vitality and discipline, a new sense of pride that has taken hold of our people. Here at last is a people, who will obey the law not because they fear punishment, but rather because they know that by supporting order and government, they are building with their own hands the future that they want. It makes one proud to be one of them, and to see what they have become.

Many will ask, what do you consider your worthiest accomplishment during the last 12 months? My answer is: the transformation of our people. It is this reaching out to one another, to do something ”extra” for the country and for one’s fellowmen. It is here that our democratic revolution inscribes its greatest virtue, its most important gain. For it is that makes an age, a culture, a civilization.

The sheer momentum of our reforms so far has thrust our country forward on its journey toward full national development. But, compared to the long way we still have to go, we have taken only a few steps.

And we cannot afford to linger on the road. If we do, we risk being overtaken by a re-assertion of old habits, a relapse into complacency and indolence.

Then also, development generates its own dynamism. Our very gains have created new problems, vastly more complex than the ones we have surmounted.

Basically, what we have done these past 12 months has been to lay the foundations of national civility that have been torn up by decades of bitter political strife and social anarchy. We have redressed the most urgent popular grievances. We have established a pattern of social, political, and economic stability. From this new level of stability, we must now launch our nation towards a new height of development.

Specifically, we must consolidate the gains we have made in peace and order:

We must vigorously check any backsliding on the part of the civil service and the national bureaucracy;

We must complete the land reform program that we have begun;

We must propel the national economy to new feats of productivity;

We must democratize wealth, and make labor a full partner in development;

We must broaden the social services, particularly in housing and education;

We must broaden our political economic and cultural relationships in the world community.

The tremendous improvement in peace and security is self-evident to every citizen and every visitor to the Philippines, Manila has at last been able to shed its international notoriety as a city of guns and mindless violence.

The Filipino is safer now, in his person and property, than he has been in a generation.

Yet you and I know that there are gaps, lacks and remission in this atmosphere of security.

Petty crime appears to be rearing its ugly head once again in Metropolitan Manila, and I am aware that there is a resurgence of petty graft among the lower echelons of local and national governments.

We cannot—we shall not—condone this kind of backsliding. Neither has insurgency completely subsided. In some parts of the southern islands, in Northern Luzon and Bicolandia there is still occasional righting between our troops and rebellious bands. Although the government has broadened its effort to develop the Muslim regions through a broad-based, integrated program of economic and social development, and our negotiations with leaders of the disaffected communities have been productive.

There have been recent ambuscades in Cotabato, Lanao, and Zamboanga; and outlaw bands still roam portions of Basilan Island.

In Jones, Isabela, the government recently lost some men in encounters with Communist terrorists.

We expect some more incidents of this kind to occur in the South and in the North. But such incidents are bound to be limited in scale and peripheral in significance.

It is clear that dissidence has no future in this country, and we shall not let these incidents distract us from our real work.

We shall continue to meet insurgency and subversion with the full force of state power, as we have done. But we shall also remain eager to negotiate, to conciliate the grievances of those among us who are disaffected, who feel left behind by the level of living that others of us have attained. We shall extend the government’s hand, in friendship and respect, to all those who desire it. And the state shall continue to make its primary concern the task of spreading the benefits of development equitably among all our people. It shall be my policy to unite the nation and bring together all diverse and conflicting elements.

The cornerstone of this policy is the land reform program. This has touched the lives of many Filipino workers on the land. But the implementation of the program has been hampered by a lack of funds, by resistance from vested interests, and by administrative deficiencies. In some cases landowners, in the ways of the old society, are once again trying to use their “connections” to preserve their landholdings.

On the problem of food production, the next harvest should enable us to more than meet our minimum domestic requirements in rice and other food crops. Masagana 99 and Palayan ng Bayan are doing their part—the one to improve agricultural technology, the other to harness all idle government lands to the needs of food production.

But our efforts here are grievously hampered by a perennial shortage of fertilizer, farm machinery, even of farm animals. We must find a way of overcoming these deficiencies.

In the last 12 months, we have started to shift the thrust of the economy from imports to exports. In this effort, we have had initial success—which is reflected in the favorable balance of trade, the unprecedented level of our foreign reserves, and in the influx of foreign investment. Our exports increased by 57%, 27% of which are new products. But here too we have a great deal more to do, and many complex problems to face.

Our basic strategy is to balance the optimum growth in national product—utilizing both national and foreign capitals to the fullest extent—with the largest-possible expansion of employment. Toward this end, we are paying particular attention to the encouragement of small- and medium- scale industries, which are characteristically labor-intensive.

We do not intend to neglect our youth in this generative process. Our out-of-school youth, particularly, must become committed to development: they too must share in the proceeds.

We must now undertake a survey of youth resources: how many of them are productive, how many unproductive.

Part of this enlistment of our youth in the developmental process is the reform of the educational system that we have initiated, to transform our schools from sterile ivory towers into vital centers of modernization. While doing so, we shall preserve and enhance academic freedom: our universities will keep their autonomy, and will continue to take care of their own problems of student dissidence.

Despite the lessons of the past, there still is a tendency among some of the affluent and economically-powerful in our society to amass wealth indiscriminately and to corner scarce commodities. The government has no desire to create new oligarchies in place of the old: we shall take every opportunity to encourage the rich in the fulfillment of their civil responsibility.

To whom much is given, much will be expected by the New Society. We shall propose to national business and industry the creation of a social amelioration fund that will encompass housing, education, medical and pension plans for their workers.

This acceptance by the rich of their social responsibility must include their willingness to democratize the crucial sectors of the economy. We shall urge corporations engaged in the public utilities and the exploitation of natural resources to broaden their ownership.

In this way can Philippine capital make Philippine labor a partner, instead of an inanimate tool, in the process of production. We cannot allow progress to be built on the back of the Filipino worker, nor allow the minimum-wage worker to be squeezed between the threat of unemployment and an escalating cost of living. The government shall see to it that the worker is awarded his just share of every increment of rising productivity.

This government concern for the Filipino worker cannot but extend to the military, whose scale of salaries is very much lower than that of the private sector. I am, under my own personal direction, organizing a fund intended for those who serve in the Armed Forces. This fund must be organized in partnership with the private sector and must take care of the housing, educational, medical needs as well as the future of military personnel and their dependents.

As an earnest of our determination to develop the economy, we have in the past year drawn up a variety of incentives for business and investment. We shall continue this policy. The tax on dividends declared by corporations shall be reduced from the present 35% to 15%.

We shall continue to protect foreign investors from harassment, confiscation, or expropriation. The government regards them as partners in Philippine progress and solemnly guarantees the free repatriation of their investments and their profits at any time.

In government, we shall continue to give priority to development. 45 per cent of the national budget, instead of the usual 15, is now devoted to capital spending.

Faced with a worldwide problem of energy, we are determined to reduce our national dependence on oil to 25 per cent of all our fuel needs. As part of this effort, we are initiating the organization of a mass-transit system for the Metropolitan Manila area, transport being the biggest consumer of oil. We shall direct the shifting of needs for energy to geothermal, hydroelectric and atomic sources of power.

As the emphasis of our economy changes, so must change national patterns of settlement. We must mitigate the inevitable problems of rapid urbanization—slums, traffic congestion, crime and so forth—as much as possible. Toward this end, I have ordered the creation of a Human Settlements Commission to oversee the establishment of satellite towns and cities distinct from the Metropolitan Manila region, and to study the implications of changing population patterns and new modes of social organization.

The broadening of social services continues. And here, the main effort must be the generation of employment, the alleviation of mass-poverty and the extirpation of social inequality.

In foreign relations we need to broaden our contacts in a time of shifting power relationships in the world community. Toward this end, we have offered relations with Eastern Europe. We have also expanded our contacts with the Middle East and Africa. We are sending an ambassador to Saudi Arabia. A special mission will soon leave for the Middle East. And some of our ambassadors are being concurrently designated to the countries in Africa.

Conversely, we have been receiving foreign missions in Manila: a Russian trade mission has just arrived in Manila; and recently we sent a Philippine mission to the People’s Republic of China.

We have recently acceded to GATT, the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs. We are participating in the World Conference on Sugar in Geneva, where we hope to obtain a larger share of the sugar quota for the world market. We are negotiating with the European Economic Community through our regional organization, the ASEAN.

Our economic performance in the past twelve months has raised our credit rating at the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. As a result, we have been able to ease our debt-servicing burden and to generate more development capital through foreign loans.

Our diplomacy is turning toward the Asian region, as it should. Our primary area of interest is productive Philippine participation in ASEAN and the creation of an Asian Forum as a meeting-place of the diverse ideologies, cultures, religions, political orders and national interests of the Asian national stales, which must share a common interest in peace and prosperity in the region.

The agenda before us is full. Hard work awaits us. But the future we face is bright, for national development is within our grasp.

In a memorable metaphor, the historian Toynbee compared human societies to climbers on a cliff. Some have found poor niches in the rock—and are content to rest where they are: static, petrified, unwilling to venture any higher.

By contrast, the dynamic societies disdain the mean shelter of the rockface: they aspire to the heights, and willingly risk the danger of a fall for the glory of the summit.

In many ways, this metaphor sums up the state of the Filipino nation today.

We have dared to make new beginnings—because the old paths have proved to be dead ends. We have exchanged the poor certainty of the status quo for the dynamism of a new society.

Now we must move from where we are — to new heights.

Ferdinand E. Marcos


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 27.djvu/369

 8vo (Bodleian Library).  ‘Rhetoricæ compendium Latino-Anglicè,’ London, 1651, 8vo. Wood adds that Horne published some learned observations on the ‘Epitome of the Greek Tongue’ written by Ant. Laubegeois.

HORNE, THOMAS HARTWELL (1780–1862), biblical scholar, bibliographer, and polemic, born in Chancery Lane, London, on 20 Oct. 1780, was son of William Horne, a barrister's clerk, who for many years was confidentially employed by [q. v.], baron of the exchequer. He was educated successively at a dame's school at Eversley, Hampshire, at a boys' school in London, and at Christ's Hospital, where he remained from 1789 to 21 Oct. 1795, and rose to be a deputy Grecian. For two years he was contemporary at Christ's Hospital with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who gave him private instruction in the summer vacation of 1790. In 1796 he obtained an engagement as a barrister's clerk at a salary of 20l. a year. In order to increase his income he directed his attention to literature. His first publication was ‘A Brief View of the Necessity and Truth of the Christian Revelation,’ London, 1800 and 1802, 8vo. He obtained two guineas for the copyright. Soon afterwards he joined the Wesleyan methodists, and he continued in communion with them for many years. He was for a time amanuensis to Dr. Willich, who was preparing ‘The Domestic Encyclopædia;’ clerk to [q. v.], a catholic barrister, whom he assisted in his ‘Digest of the Laws;’ assistant in spare hours to Charles Butler, the catholic historian; and from 1806 to 1809 private clerk to [q. v.]. Meanwhile he devoted himself late at night and early in the morning to editing or compiling works on such varied subjects as grazing, theology, law, Sunday schools, topography, and bibliography.

In May 1808 the compilation of the indexes to the three volumes of the Catalogue of the Harleian Manuscripts in the British Museum was entrusted to Horne by the commissioners on public records, and after its completion he continued to be employed in the Record Office at the Chapter House, Westminster. In 1816 he was engaged on the index to the ‘Rotuli Scotiæ in turri Londonensi et in domo Capitulari Westmonasteriensi asservati,’ and from 1817 to 1819 was third or junior clerk at the Record Office.

The first edition of his ‘Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures’ appeared in 1818. This work, to use his own words, was ‘the result of seventeen years' prayerful, solitary, unassisted, and not unfrequently midnight labour.’ It was well received. The university of King's College, Aberdeen, conferred upon him the honorary degree of M.A. in 1818, and in the following year Dr. Howley, bishop of London, ordained him to the curacy of Christ Church, Newgate Street. There he remained for six years; from 1825 to 1833 he was assistant minister at Welbeck Chapel, and in November 1833 Dr. Howley, then archbishop of Canterbury, collated him to the rectory of the united parishes of St. Edmund the King and Martyr and St. Nicholas Acons in the city of London. In 1831 he was presented to a prebend in St. Paul's Cathedral (, Fasti, ed. Hardy, ii. 438). He was also sub-librarian to the Surrey Institution from 1809 till its dissolution in 1823, and from 1824 until Christmas 1860 was senior assistant librarian in the department of printed books in the British Museum.

In 1821 Horne was engaged to prepare a classified catalogue of the library of Queens' College, Cambridge, and three years later he undertook at the request of the trustees to compile a similar catalogue of the printed books in the British Museum; but after he had made considerable progress this work was eventually abandoned in favour of the alphabetical catalogue now in use. In March 1828 Horne was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. In 1829 he took the degree of B.D. at Cambridge as a ‘ten year man’ (Graduati Cantabr. ed. 1856, p. 198). It was at his suggestion that the tercentenary commemoration of the publication of the protestant English Bible by Myles Coverdale was celebrated in 1835. He died at his residence in Bloomsbury Square, London, on 27 Jan. 1862, and was buried in the cemetery at Nunhead.

He married in 1812 Sarah, eldest daughter of John Millard, solicitor, clerk to the Cordwainers' Company. She died on 7 July 1858, aged 74. By her he had two daughters, one of whom, Mrs. Sarah Anne Cheyne, survived him. His portrait has been engraved by H. Adlard and by J. Cochrane from photographs.

Horne's chief work, ‘An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures; with maps and facsimiles of Biblical Manuscripts,’ 3 vols., London, 1818, 8vo, supplement 1 vol. 1821, passed through many editions. The second edition


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 27.djvu/370

 appeared in 4 vols. 1821, and supplement 1 vol. 1822; 3rd edit. 4 vols. 1822; 4th edit. 4 vols. 1823; 5th edit. 4 vols. 1825; 6th edit. 4 vols. in 5, 1828; 7th edit. 4 vols. in 5, 1834; 8th edit. 5 vols. 1846; 9th edit. revised, corrected, and enlarged, 5 vols. 1846; 10th edit. by the author, with the assistance of Samuel Davidson, LL.D., and Samuel Prideaux Tregelles, LL.D., 4 vols. 1856; 11th edit., with the assistance of John Ayre, M.A., and S. P. Tregelles, 4 vols. 1860. Many other editions have appeared in the United States. Of the seventh edition the fifth volume was issued separately as ‘Manual of Biblical Bibliography,’ 1839. Immediately after its first appearance it took its place in literature as one of the principal class-books for the study of the Scriptures in all English-speaking protestant colleges and universities.

Other of Horne's works besides those described above were: In 1805 Horne commenced, and for nine months edited, ‘The Tradesman, or Commercial Magazine;’ between 1815 and 1817 he edited ‘The Literary Panorama;’ and between 1824 and 1835 he contributed numerous historico-ecclesiastical articles to the ‘Encyclopædia Metropolitana.’ One of the articles, ‘Diplomacy,’ was afterwards appended to Polson's ‘Principles of the Law of Nations,’ 1848. He also edited Richard Lee's ‘Treatise on Captures in War,’ 2nd edit. 1803, 8vo; Richard Burn's ‘Justice of the Peace,’ 20th edit. 1805; ‘The Bible for the use of Families,’ with James Wallis, 1809; Callis's ‘Readings upon the Statutes of Sewers,’ 4th edit. 1810; John Clarke's ‘Bibliotheca Legum,’ 1810; Thomas Pott's ‘Compendious Law Dictionary,’ 1815; James Cavanagh Murphy's ‘Arabian Antiquities of Spain,’ 1816, with an introduction on ‘The History of the Mohammedan Empire in Spain,’ in which he was aided by John Gillies and John Shakespeare; Dr. Simon von Leeuwen's ‘Commentaries on the Romano-Dutch Law,’ 1820 (English transl.); Thomas Clerk's ‘Works of Hogarth,’ with life, 1821; Bishop Beveridge's ‘Works,’ with memoir, 9 vols., 1824. Horne's translations include Beaujour's ‘View of the Commerce of Greece,’ 1800; De Marten's ‘Essays on Privateers,’ 1801; Maignan's ‘Analysis of Raphael's Picture of the Transfiguration,’ 1817. He also wrote the descriptions for Joseph Farington's engravings of ‘The English Lakes,’ 1816, and for Finden's ‘Landscape Illustrations of the Bible,’ 1836.
 * 1) ‘A Compendium of the Statute Laws and Regulations of the Court of Admiralty, relative to Ships of War, Privateers, &c.,’ Lond. 1803, 12mo.
 * 2) ‘Wallis's Pocket Itinerary; being a … Guide to all the principal Direct and Cross Roads throughout England, Wales, and Scotland’ (pseudonymous), Lond. 1803, 18mo.
 * 3) ‘The Complete Grazier; or Farmer's and Cattle-dealer's Assistant’ (anon.), Lond. 1805, 8vo.
 * 4) ‘Hints on the Formation and Management of Sunday Schools’ (anon.), Lond. 1807, 12mo.
 * 5) ‘Catalogue of the Library of the Surrey Institution, methodically arranged’ (anon.), Lond. 1811, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1812.
 * 6) ‘Librorum Manuscriptorum Bibliothecæ Harleianæ Catalogus,’ Lond. 1812, fol., forming the fourth volume of the ‘Catalogue of the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum.’
 * 7) ‘Introduction to the Study of Bibliography; to which is prefixed a Memoir on the Public Libraries of the Antients,’ 2 vols., Lond. 1814, 8vo.
 * 8) ‘An Illustrated Record of Important Events in the Annals of Europe during 1812–15’ (anon.), Lond. fol.
 * 9) ‘Deism Refuted; or Plain Reasons for being a Christian,’ 1819; 7th edit. 1826.
 * 10) ‘The Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity briefly stated and defended, with a Defence of the Athanasian Creed,’ 1820; 2nd edit. 1826.
 * 11) ‘Outlines for the Classification of a Library, submitted to the Trustees of the British Museum,’ Lond. 1825, 4to.
 * 12) ‘Catalogue of the Library of … Queens' College, Cambridge, methodically arranged,’ 2 vols. 1827, 8vo.
 * 13) ‘Romanism contradictory to the Bible,’ 1827.
 * 14) ‘A Compendious Introduction to the Study of the Bible,’ 1827; tenth London edition, with the assistance of the Rev. John Ayre, 1862.
 * 15) ‘Manual of Parochial Psalmody,’ 1829; forty-first edit. 1861.
 * 16) ‘Manual for the Afflicted,’ 1832.
 * 17) ‘Bibliographical Notes on the Book of Jasher,’ 1833.
 * 18) ‘The Conformity of the Church of England … to the Apostolic Precept and Pattern,’ 1834.
 * 19) ‘A Protestant Memorial,’ 1835.
 * 20) ‘Mariolatry; or Facts and Evidences demonstrating the Worship of the Virgin Mary in the Church of Rome’ (anon.), 1840.
 * 21) ‘Popery the Enemy and Falsifier of Scripture’ (anon.), 1844.
 * 22) ‘Popery Delineated’ (anon.), 1848.
 * 23) ‘The Communicant's Companion,’ 1855.

 HORNE-TOOKE, JOHN. [See .]


text:
Page:John Dewey's Interest and Effort in Education (1913).djvu/17

 than when he goes at it out of the fullness of his heart. The theory of effort simply says that unwilling attention (doing something disagreeable because it is disagreeable) should take precedence over spontaneous attention.

Practically the appeal to sheer effort amounts to nothing. When a child feels that his work is a task, it is only under compulsion that he gives himself to it. At every let-up of external pressure his attention, released from constraint, flies to what interests him. The child brought up on the basis of "effort" acquires marvelous skill in appearing to be occupied with an uninteresting subject, while the real heart of his energies is otherwise engaged. Indeed, the theory contradicts itself. It is psychologically impossible to call forth any activity without some interest. The theory of effort simply substitutes one interest for another. It substitutes the impure interest of fear of the teacher or hope of future reward for pure interest in the material presented. The type of character induced is that illustrated by Emerson at the beginning of his essay on Compensation, where he holds up the