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 focuses itself for a time on the apprehended object, there is an expectation that such details will as it were emerge into consciousness. Hence he describes such apprehension as “implicit,” and in so far as the implicit apprehension determines the order of such emergence he describes it as “schematic.” A good example of this process is the use of formulae in calculations; ordinarily the formula is used without question; if attention is fixed upon it, the steps by which it is shown to be universally applicable emerge and the “schema” is complete in detail.

With this result may be compared Kant’s theory of apprehension as a synthetic act (the “synthesis of apprehension”) by which the sensory elements of a perception are subjected to the formal conditions of time and space.

APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn), a contract whereby one person, called the master, binds himself to teach, and another, called the apprentice, undertakes to learn, some trade or profession, the apprentice serving his master for a certain time.

Roman law is silent on the subject on this contract, nor does it seem to have had any connexion with the division of the Roman citizens into tribes or colleges. So far as can be seen it arose in the middle ages, and formed an integral part of the system of trade gilds and corporations by which skilled labourers of all kinds sought protection against the feudal lords, and the maintenance of those exclusive privileges with which in the interests of the public they were favoured. In those times it was believed that neither arts nor sciences would flourish unless such only were allowed to practise them as had given proofs of reasonable proficiency and were formed into bodies corporate, with certain powers of self-government and the exclusive monopoly of their respective arts within certain localities; and the medieval universitas (corporation)—whether of smiths and tailors or of scholars—included both such as were entitled to practise and teach and such as were in course of learning. The former were the masters, the latter the apprentices. Hence the term apprentice was applied indifferently to such as were being taught a trade or a learned profession, and even to undergraduates or scholars who were qualifying themselves for the degree of doctor or master in the liberal arts. When barristers were first appointed by Edward I. of England they were styled apprenticii ad legem—the serjeants-at-law being servientes ad legem; and these two terms corresponded respectively to the trade names of apprentices and journeymen. During the middle ages the term of apprenticeship was seven years, and this period was thought no more than sufficient to instruct the learner in his profession, craft or mystery under a properly qualified master, teacher or doctor—for these names were synonymous—and to reimburse the latter by service for the training received. After this the apprentice became himself a master and a member of the corporation, with full rights to practise the business and to teach others in his turn; so also it would seem that undergraduates had to pass through a curriculum of seven years before they could attain the degree of doctor or master in the liberal arts. On the continent of Europe these rules were observed with considerable rigour, both in the learned professions and in those which we now designate as trades. In England they made their way more slowly and did not receive much countenance, there being always a jealousy of anything savouring of interference with the freedom of trade. Nevertheless the formation of gilds and companies of tradesmen in England dates probably from the 12th century, and the institution of apprenticeships cannot be of much later date. In 1388 and 1405 it is noticed in acts of parliament. By various subsequent statutes provisions were made for the regulation of the institution, and from them it appears that seven years was its ordinary and normal term in the absence of special arrangement. By a statute of 1562 this was made the law of the land, and it was enacted that no person should exercise any “trade or mystery” without having served a seven years’ apprenticeship. In no place did the apprentices become so formidable by their numbers and organization as in London. During the Great Rebellion they took an active part as a political body, and were conspicuous after the Restoration by being frequently engaged in tumults. It was probably owing to this circumstance, quite as much as to economic considerations of freedom of trade, that the act of Elizabeth never found much favour with the courts of law. Soon after the Great Rebellion we find the apprentice laws strongly reprobated by the judges, who endeavoured, on the theory that the act of Elizabeth could apply to no trades which were not in existence at its date, to limit its operation as far as possible. Such limitation of the act gave rise to many absurd anomalies and inconsistencies, e.g. that a coachmaker could not make his own wheels but must buy them of a wheelwright, while the latter might make both wheels and coaches, because coach-making was not a trade in England when the act of Elizabeth was passed. For the like reason the great textile and metal manufactures which arose at Manchester and Birmingham were held exempt from the operation of the statute. Concurrently with the dislike to the apprentice laws which such anomalies generated, the doctrines of Adam Smith, that all monopolies or restrictions on the freedom of trade were injurious to the public interest, had gradually been making their way, and notwithstanding much opposition an act was passed in 1814 by which the statute of Elizabeth, in so far as it enacts that no person shall engage in any trade without a seven years’ apprenticeship, was wholly repealed. The effect of this act was to give every person the fullest right to exercise any occupation or calling of a mechanical or trading kind for which he deemed himself qualified.

Apprenticeship, therefore, which was formerly a compulsory, now became a voluntary contract. In the case of the learned professions the principles and theories which gave birth to corporations with monopolies, and required apprenticeship or its equivalents, have—contrary to what has taken place in trade—been not only maintained but intensified; that is to say, not only have such bodies retained and even extended in some cases their exclusive privileges, but in general no one is allowed to practise in such professions unless his capabilities have been tested and approved by public authority. Thus no man is allowed to practise law or medicine in any of their branches who has not undergone the appropriate training by attendance at a university or by apprenticeship—sometimes by both combined—and passed certain examinations. Entrance to the church is guarded by similar checks. In such instances the old principle—now generally abandoned in trade—of granting a monopoly to those possessing a certain standard of qualification is maintained in greater vigour than ever.

In some kinds of manufacture the old conditions have been modified by the subdivisions of labour or by the introduction of machinery, which have reduced the amount of skill which formerly was requisite, and thus they have passed out of the category of the higher skilled handicrafts, as only a very slight or short training is necessary to make an efficient worker; but a large number of the higher skilled trades remain which require a long period of training at the bench, and a careful inquiry into this subject has shown that in nearly all of such trades there is a scarcity of skilled workers, which is due to the falling off in the number of apprenticeships. Many persons qualified to form an opinion deplore that something in the nature of the old standard of qualification is not still applied to those trades, and consider that the only method of restoring a high standard of skill is by apprenticeship. The decay of apprenticeship in these trades is due, not to any inherent defect in the system, nor to its having been superseded by any other form of technical education, but to difficulties, especially in London and some other large towns, which place it beyond the reach of that class of persons who have the greatest need of it. Among these difficulties are:—first, insufficient organization, and secondly, want of funds to pay premiums where such are required. These difficulties are

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Rh their career in literature and the experience of nations. He required that the inductive argument shall meet and justify the deductive. He turned from the solid conclusion to the process which led up to it, from the discovered law to the law of discovery, the ineffectual anticipation, the simultaneous attainment, the contested reception, the disputed priority. If the full-blown precepts of developed science which accompany the mature, the normal, and therefore industrial epoch of national life were not clear formerly, Roscher explains the defect not by the fault of men groping in the dark, but by the fact that political economy, which exists for mankind, varies with the progress of events, and is subject to the conditions of youth and age. He distinguishes physiology from pathology, insists on the phenomena proper to epochs of decline, and notes with especial care the teaching of nations that have carried the experiment of existence to its conclusion. Starting with the idea that the ancients understood distribution better than we do, and that truth is often older than error, he has expanded and enriched professional literature with the study of all the economic notions in the civil and the ecclesiastical code, in Erasmus and Luther, Bacon and Burke. The worst use of theory is to make men insensible to fact; and facts, as they existed before Salmasius vindicated 5 per cent, or Gournay spoke the winged words, are nearly as good for instruction as the things that have been since the discoveries of 1776, 1798, 1815, and 1835.

With little less than Buckle's appreciation of Adam Smith, Roscher's memory, crowded with instances of the power of self-sacrifice, disinclines him from the doctrine which refers economic facts to the simplest and most universal of human motives, and he derives laws and theories from causes deep in the entire structure of society, and from combinations of human and spiritual influence. He came at a time when several candid generalisations of primitive liberalism were withering under the mathematical touch of comparative statistics, and is always ready to find a grain of wisdom in the oddities of our ancestors; and

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1896. (2.) A dispute between any such society or branch and person by reason of that enrolment or service shall be decided by a court of summary jurisdiction.

(3.) If the rules of a society or branch certified before the twenty-third day of July one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, and in force at the time of the enrolment or service, provide that a member shall be deprived of any benefit by reason of that enrolment or service, the society or branch may require of the member a contribution exceeding the rate of contribution otherwise payable by him to an amount not exceeding one tenth of that rate during the time the member is serving out of the United Kingdom, or may suspend all claim of the member to any benefits assured by the society or branch, and all claim of the society or branch to any contributions payable by the member, during tiie time only he is serving out of the United Kingdom, but so that if he returns to the United Kingdom he shall forthwith be replaced on the same footing as before he went abroad on service.

44.—(1.) The trustees of a registered society or branch may, with the consent of the committee or of a majority of the members present and entitled to vote in general meeting, invest the funds of the society or branch, or any part thereof, to any amount in any of the following ways:

(a) in the Post Office Saving Bank, or in any savings bank certified under the Trustee Savings Bank Act, 1863; or

(b) in the public funds; or

(c) with the National Debt Commissioners as in this Act provided; or

{d) in the purchase of land, or in the erection or alteration of offices or other buildings thereon; or

(e) upon any other security expressly directed by the rules of the society or branch, not being personal security, except as in this Act authorised with respect to loans.

(2.) The rules of a society with branches and of any branch thereof may provide for the investment of funds of the society or of that branch by the trustees of any branch, or by the trustees of the society, and the consent required for any such investment shall be the consent of the committee, or of such majority as aforesaid of the society or branch by whom the funds are invested.

45.—(1.) A registered society and, subject to the rules of Loans to the society, a registered branch may advance to a member of at least one full year's standing any sum not exceeding one half of the amount of an assurance on his life, on the written security of himself and two satisfactory sureties for repayment.

(2.) The amount so advanced, with all interest thereon, may be deducted from the sum assured, without prejudice in the meantime to the operation of the security.

46. A registered society may, out of any separate loan fund to be Loans oat of formed by contributions or deposits of its members, make loans to


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282 members on their personal security, with or without sureties as may be provided by the rules, subject to the following restrictions:

(a) a loan shall not at any time be made out of money contributed for the other purposes of the society:

(b) a member shall not be capable of holding any interest in the loan fund exceeding two hundred pounds:

(c) a society shall not make any loan, to a member on personal security beyond the amount fixed by the rules, or make any loan which together with any money owing by a member to the society, exceeds fifty pounds:

(d) a society shall not hold at any one time on deposit from its members any money beyond the amount fixed by the rules, and the amount so fixed shall not exceed two thirds of the total sums owing to the society by the members who have borrowed from the loan fund.

47.—(1) A registered society or branch may (if the roles thereof so provide) hold, purchase, or take on lease in the names of the trustees of the society or branch any land, and may sell, exchange, mortgage, lease, or build upop that land (with power to alter and pull down buildings and again rebuild), and a purchaser, assignee, mortgagee, or tenant shall not be bound to inquire as to the authority for any sale, exchange, mortgage, or lease by the trustees, and the receipt of the trustees shall be a discharge for all sums of money arising from or in connexion with the sale, exchange, mortgage, or lease.

(2.) A branch of a registered society need not for the purposes of this section be separately registered.

(3.) Nothing in this section shall authorise a benevolent society to hold land exceeding one acre in extent.

48. Where a registered society or branch is entitled in equity to any hereditaments of copyhold or customary tenure, either absolutely or by way of mortage or security, the lord of the manor of which the hereditament's are held shall, if the society or branch so requires, admit not more than three trustees of the society or branch as tenants in respect of such hereditaments, on payment of the usual fines, fees, and other dues payable on the admission of a single tenant

49.—(1.) All property belonging to a registered society, whether property. acquired before or after the society is registered, shall vest in the trustees for the time being of the society, for the use and benefit of the society and the members thereof, and of all persons claiming through the members according to the rules of the society.

(2.) The property of a registered branch of a society shall vest wholly or partly in the trustees for the time being of that branch or of any other branch of which that branch forms part (or, if the rules of the society so provide, in the trustees. for the time being of the society), for the use and benefit either of the members of any such branch and persons claiming through those members, or of the members of the society generally, and persons claiming through them, according to the rules of the society.


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1896. (3.) The trustees shall not be liable to make good any .deficiency in the funds of the society or branch but shall be liable only for sums of money actually received by them respectively on account of the society or branch,

50. Upon the death, resignation, or removal of a trustee of a registered society or branch, the property vested in that trustee shall, without conveyance or assignment, and whether the property is real or personal, vest, as personal estate subject to the same trusts, in the succeeding trustees of that society or branch either solely or together with any surviving or continuing trustees, and, until the appointment of succeeding trustees, shall so vest in the surviving or continuing trustees only, or in the executors or administrators of the last surviving or continuing trustee, except that stocks and securities in the public funds of Great Britain and Ireland shall be transferred into the names of the succeeding trustees, either solely or jointly with any surviving or continuing trustees.

51. In all legal proceedings whatsoever concerning any property vested in the trustees of a registered society or branch, the property may be stated to be the property of the trustees in their proper names as trustees for the society or branch without further description.

52.—(1.) A registered society or branch may pay to the account Investments of the National Debt Commissioners at the Bank of England or the Bank of Ireland, as the case, may require, any sum of money not Commissioners, less than fifty pounds upon a declaration of the trustees of the society or branch, or any two of them, that the money belongs exclusively to the society or branch.

(2.) The cashier of the Bank shall receive all such sums of money and place them to the account of the Commissioners in the book of the bank named " The Fund for Friendly Societies."

(3.) A sum of money paid in upon a false declaration shall be forfeited to the Commissioners, and applied by them in the manner directed by section twelve of the Savings Banks Act, 1891

(4.) The provisions of sections twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, and twenty-eight of the Trustee Savings Banks Act, 1863, as to the regulation of receipts, certificate, and orders, shall apply to money paid under this section. (5.) A society or branch so investing money with the Commissioners shall be entitled to a receipt entitling to interest at the following rates: —


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284

(6.) A society or branch withdrawing money so invested with the Commissioners shall not be entitled to make any further deposit without their consent.

(7.) A society or branch so investing money with the Commissioners shall furnish such returns as may be required by the Commissioners, in respect of the funds deposited with them, and the assurances to which those funds relate.

(8.) A society or branch having funds invested with the Commissioners at a rate higher than two pounds fifteen shillings per centum per annum shall retain at that rate so much only of its funds as arises from assurances made before the date applicable to that rate, after deducting all benefit payments and management expenses incurred on account of those assurances ; and whenever the society or branch fails to satisfy the Commissioners of its title to retain at that rate any part of its funds, the Commissioners shall require the withdrawal thereof, or the transfer thereof to the rate of twopence per centum per diem, or two pounds fifteen shillings per centum per annum, as the case may require, and in default of withdrawal within thirty days, shall transfer the same in their books accordingly, and shall notify the transfer to the society or branch.

(9.) Whenever it appears to the Commissioners that all the members of a society or branch assured before the fifteenth day of August one thousand eight hundred and fifty have died or ceased to be members, the Commissioners shall forthwith transfer


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1896. in their books to the rate of twopence per centum per diem, or two pounds fifteen shillings per centum per aunum, as the case may require, all funds of the society or branch remaining invested at any higher rate, and shall notify the transfer to the society or branch.

53.—(1.) A receipt under the hands of the trustees of a registered society or branch, countersigned by the secretary, for all sums of money secured to the society or branch by any mortgage or other assurance, being in the form prescribed by this Act, if endorsed upon or annexed to the mortgage or other assurance, shall vacate the mortgage or assurance and vest the property therein comprised in the person entitled to the equity of redemption of that property, without reconveyance or resurrender.

(2.) If the mortgage or other assurance has been registered under any Act for the registration or record of deeds or titles, or is of copyholds or of lands of customary tenure and entered on any court rolls, the registrar under any such Act, or recording officer, or steward of the manor, or keeper of the raster, shall on production of the receipt, verified by oath of any person, enter satisfaction of the mortgage or charge made by the assurance on the register or court rolls, and shall grant a certificate, either upon the mortgage or assurance, or separately to the like effect.

(3.) The certificate shall be received in evidence in all courts and proceedings without further proof.

(4.) The person making the entry shall be entitled for making the said entry and granting the said certificate to a fee of two shillings and sixpence, which in Ireland shall be paid by stamps and applied in accordance with the Public Offices Fees Act, 1879.

(5.) This section shall not extend to Scotland or the Island of Jersey.

54. Every officer of a registered society or branch having Security by receipt or charge of money shall, if the rules of the society or branch so require, before taking upon himself the execution of his office, become bound with one sufficient surety at the least in a bond or give the security of a guarantee society, in such sum as the society or branch directs, conditioned for his rendering a just and true account of all sums of money received and paid by him on account of the society or branch at such times as its rules appoint, or as the society or branch or the trustees or committee thereof require him to do, and for the payment by him of all sums due from him to the society or branch.

55.—(l.) Every officer of a registered society or branch having Accounts of receipt or charge of money shall, at such times as by the rules of the society or branch he should render account, or upon demand made, or notice in writing given or left at his last or usual place of residence, give in his account as may be required by the society or branch, or by the trustees or committee thereof, to be examined and allowed or disallowed by them, and shall, on the like demand


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286 or notice, pay over all sums of money and deliver all property in his hands or custody to such person as the society or branch, or the committee or the trustees, appoint.

(2.) In case of any neglect or refusal to deliver the account, or to pay over the sums of money or to deliver the property in manner aforesaid, the trustees or authorised officers of the society or branch may sue upon the bond or security before mentioned, or may apply to the county court or to a court of summary jurisdiction, and the order of either such court shall be final and conclusive.

56—(1.) A member of a registered society (other than a benevolent society or working-men's club) or branch thereof, not being sums payable under the age of sixteen years, may, by writing under his hand on his death by delivered at or sent to the registered office of the society or branch, made in a book kept at that office, nominate a person to whom any sum of money payable by the society or branch on the death of that member, not exceeding one hundred pounds, shall be paid at his decease.

(2.) The sum of money payable by the society or branch on the death of a member, shall include sums of money contributed to or deposited in the separate loan account and the sums of money accumulated for the use of the member under the provisions of this Act with interest thereon.

(3.) The person so nominated must not be an officer or servant of the society or branch, unless that officer or servant is the husband, wife, father, mother, child, brother, sister, nephew, or niece of the nominator.

(4.) A nomination so made may be revoked and varied by any similar document under the hand of the nominator, delivered, sent, or made as aforesaid.

(5.) The marriage of a member of a society or branch shall operate as a revocation of any nomination theretofore made by that member under this section.

57.—(1.) On receiving satisfactory proof of the death of a nominator, the society or branch shall pay to the nominee the amount due to the deceased member, not exceeding the said sum of one hundred pounds.

(2.) The receipt of a nominee over sixteen years of age for any amount so paid shall be valid.

(3.) If the total sum in respect to which a nomination may be made under this Act by a member, after deducting any sums of money payable under the rules of the society or branch, or otherwise, for the purpose of defraying funeral expenses, exceeds at the time of the death of that member eighty pounds, the society or branch shall before making any payment require the production of a duly stamped receipt for the succession or legacy duty payable thereon, or a letter or certificate from the Commissioners of Inland Revenue stating that no such duty is payable.


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1896. (4.) The Commissioners shall give such receipt, letter, or certificate on the payment of the duty or satisfactory proof of no duty being payable, as the case may be.

58.—(1.) If any member of a registered society or branch, entitled from the funds thereof to a sum not exceeding one hundred pounds, dies intestate and without having made any nomination thereof then subsisting, the society or branch may, without letters of administration, distribute the sum among such persons as appear to a majority of the trustees, upon such evidence as they may deem satisfactory, to be entitled by law to receive that sum, subject, if that sum, after making such deductions as aforesaid, exceeds eighty pounds, to the obtaining from the Commissioners of Inland Revenue a receipt for the succession or legacy duty payable thereon, or a letter or certificate stating that no such duty is payable.

(2.) If any such member is illegitimate, the trustees may pay the Sum of money which that member might have nominated to or among the persons who, in the opinion of a majority of them, would have been entitled thereto if that member had been legitimate, or if there are no such persons, the society or branch shall deal with the money as the Treasury may direct.

59. When the principal value of the estate is payable of any person entitled to make a nomination under this Act exceeds one hundred pounds, any sum paid under estate exceeds this Act without probate or letters of administration shall, not withstanding such nomination or payment, be liable to estate duty as part of the amount on which that duty is charged, and the trustees of the society or branch may before making any such payment require a statutory declaration by the claimant, or by one of the claimants, that the principal value of that estate, including the sum in question, does not after deduction of debts and funeral expenses exceed the value of one hundred pounds.

60.—(1.) A payment made by a registered society or branch, validity of under the foregoing provisions of this Act with respect to payments payments, on death generally to the person who at the time appears to a majority of the trustees to be entitled thereunder, shall be valid and effectual against any demand made upon the trustees or the society or branch by any other person, but the next of kin or lawful representative of the deceased member shall have remedy for recovery of the money, so paid as aforesaid, against the person who has received that money.

(2.) Where the society or branch has paid money to a nominee in ignorance of a marriage subsequent to the nomination, the receipt of the nominee shall be a valid discharge to the society or branch.

61—(1.) A registered society or branch shall not pay any sum of money upon the death of a member or other person whose death is or ought to be entered in any register of deaths, except upon the production of a certificate of that death under the hand of the registrar of deaths or other person having care of the register of deaths in which that death is or ought to be entered.


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288 (2.) This section shall not apply to deaths at sea, nor to a death by colliery explosion or other accident where the body cannot be found, nor to any death certified by a coroner or procurator fiscal to be the subject of a pending inquest or inquiry.

62. A society or branch, whether registered or unregistered, shall amount not insure or pay on the death of a child under five years of age any sum of money which, added to any amount payable on the death of that child by any other society or branch, exceeds six pounds, or on the death of a child under ten years of age any sum of money which added to any amount payable on the death of that child by any other society or branch, exceeds ten pounds.

63.A society or branch, whether registered or unregistered, shall not pay any sum on the death of a child under ten years of age except to the parent of the child, or to the personal representative of the parent, and upon the production by the parent or his personal representative of a certificate of death issued by the registrar of deaths, or other person having the care of the register of deaths, containing the particulars mentioned in this Act.

64.—(1.) Where application is made for a certificate of the death of a child for the purpose of obtaining a sum of money from & society or branch, the name of the society or branch, and the sum sought to be obtained therefrom shall be stated to the registrar of deaths.

(2.) The registrar of deaths shall write on or at the foot of the certificate the words "to be produced to the society or branch (naming the same) said to be liable for payment of the sum of l. (stating the same)"

(3.) All certificates of the same death shall be numbered in consecutive order.

65.—(1.) A registrar of deaths shall not give any one or more certificates of death for the payment in the whole of any sum of may be given, exceeding six pounds on the death of a child under five years, or for the payment in the whole of a sum exceeding ten pounds on the death of a child under ten years.

(2.) A registrar of deaths shall not grant any such certificate unless the cause of death has been previously entered in the register of deaths on the certificate of a coroner or of a registered medical practitioner who attended the deceased child during its last illness or except upon the production of a certificate of the probable cause of death under the hand of a registered medical practitioner, or of other satisfactory evidence thereof.

66. A society or branch, whether registered or unregistered, to which is produced a certificate of the death of a child which does not purport to be the first shall, before paying any money thereon, inquire whether any and what sums of money have been paid on the same death by any other society or branch.

67. Nothing in this Act respecting payments on the death of insurable children shall apply to insurances on the lives of children of any


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 * 1.

To judge from the public commentaries of the communist delegation leaders — Molotov and Chou — China and the Soviet Union were satisfied with the outcome at Geneva. The final settlement seemed to meet most of their objectives, measured not simply in terms of their narrow interests in Indochina, but more broadly in terms of their global interests. The Viet Minh, however, accepted a settlement considerably at variance not only with their initial demands and their actual military control in Vietnam, but with their compromise position as well. Yet, even the Viet Minh appeared content with the results of Geneva. The reason — the belief that time was on their side.

 * a.

At the final plenary session on 21 July, the Soviet, Chinese, and North Vietnamese delegates agreed that the Accords, if properly implemented, would end hostilities and give the DRV a territorial base in the North. The stage would thus be set for general elections in Vietnam and produce the desired communist takeover. The political situation in South Vietnam was precarious. In addition, there was a multitude of armed sects and other groups hostile to the central government of Bao Dai who continually relied on the French. The communists certainly had good cause for considering that South Vietnam could not cohere sufficiently within the two-year period prior to national elections, stipulated by the Final Declaration, to pose a viable alternative to the DRV. The communists had good reason to believe that a stable regime in the southern zone would never be formed; hence the DRV would assume control of the entire country almost by default.

 * b.

Interestingly, however, the Chinese accepted the notion that the Geneva Accords had, at least temporarily — and perhaps permanently — created two separate political entities. As early as June, Chou told Jean Chauvel that the Chinese recognized the existence of Viet Minh and Vietnamese governments. In talking of a final political settlement, Chou again stated that this should be achieved by direct negotiations between the two Vietnamese governments. So far as the CPR was concerned, partition meant not a simple division of administrative responsibility — which is the implication of the Vietnam armistice provision (Article 14a) for the conduct of "civil administration" by the "parties" who were to regroup to the two zones — but the establishment of governmental authority in North and South Vietnam. What still remains unclear, of course, is the permanency which Chou privately attached to that arragnementarrangement [sic]. Rh

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1896. age, where the person insuring has an interest in the life of the person insured.

66 —(1.) Every dispute between

(a) a member or person claiming through a member or under the ruies of a registered society or branch, and the society or branch or an officer thereof; or

(b) any person aggrieved who has for not more than six months ceased to be a member of a registered society or branch, or any person claiming through such person aggrieved, and the society or branch, or an officer thereof; or

(c) any registered branch of any society or branch and the society or branch of which it is a branch; or

(d) an officer of any such registered branch and the society or branch of which that registered branch is a branch; or

(e) any two or more registered branches of any society or branch, or any officers thereof respectively, shall be decided in manner directed by the rules of the society or branch, and the decision so given shall be binding and conclusive on all parties without appeal, and shall not be removable into any court of law or restrainable by injunction; and application for the enforcement thereof may be made to the county court.

(2.) The parties to a dispute in a registered society or branch may, by consent (unless the rules of the society or branch expressly forbid it), refer the dispute to the chief registrar, or in Scotland or Ireland to the assistant registrar.

(3.) The chief or other registrar to whom a dispute is referred shall, with the consent of the Treasury, either by himself or by any other registrar, hear and determine the dispute, and shall have power to order the expenses of determining the dispute to be paid either out of the funds of the society or branch, or by such parties to the dispute as he may think fit, and his determination and order shall have the same effect and be enforceable in like manner as a decision made in the manner directed by the rules of the society or branch.

(4.) The chief or other registrar to whom a dispute is referred may administer oaths, and may require the attendance of all parties concerned, and of witnesses, and the production of all books and documents relating to the matter in question.

(5.) Where the rules of a registered society or branch direct that disputes shall be referred to justices, the dispute shall be determined by a court of summary jurisdiction, or, if the parties thereto consent, by the county court.

(6.) Where the rules contain no direction as to disputes, or where no decision is made on a dispute within forty days after application to the society or branch for a reference under its rules, the member or person aggrieved may apply either to the county court, or to a court of summary jurisdiction and the court to which application is so made may hear and determine the matter in dispute; but in the case of a society with branches the said forty days shall not begin


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive ::c.

Beyond Vietnam, the Chinese apparently believed that the final agreements would preclude the three Indochinese states from involvement in the American security system. When Chou communicated to Eden his concern about Laotian, Vietnamese, and Cambodian participation in a Southeast Asia treaty organization, the Foreign Secretary said he knew of no proposal for those States to join. The next day Eden told Molotov that a security pact in Southeast Asia was inevitable and completely in line with British policy; but he added that no consideration was being given to the inclusion of Cambodia and Laos (a comment which Smith regarded as a "mistake" inasmuch as the U.S. hoped to use the threat of their inclusion to get a better settlement). When the conference closed, the Chinese felt sufficiently assured about the matter, it would seem. On 23 July, a Chinese journalist confided: "We have won the first campaign for the neutralization of all Southeast Asia."

 * d.

China, at this time, was greatly concerned with her own internal problems, and anxious to consolidate at home before moving further into Asia. The Korean War had exacerbated the pressing economic and political problems within China, as had the attempts by Peking to push an economic reconstruction beyond the limits of possibility. The Chinese were satisfied that the Indochina situation after Geneva allowed, at least, temporary assurance that a major effort could be turned inward, without fear of repercussions along China's southwestern border.

 * e.

The USSR and China had watched warily the sporadic attempts of the U.S.; first, to keep the Indochina problem out of Geneva, and second, to gather the Western nations into united action to prevent communist consolidation of Indochina. There was an element of unpredictability concerning U.S. action in Southeast Asia, fostered purposely to a great extent by the U.S. and UK (with calculated moves such as the bilateral military talks in Washington), but also emphasized by the inordinate number and wide variety of public statements on Indochina that were made by official and semi-official Washington during the months of June and July, while the Geneva Conference sat. Peking and Moscow, then, had some reason to believe that they had pre-empted U.S. military moves by diplomacy.

 * f.

The Soviet government was not dedicated to the furtherance of Chinese goals in Southeast Asia, nor did the USSR want to see an increase in U.S. influence in this area. For these reasons, it was greatly in the interest of the Soviets to press for the withdrawal of French power from Indochina — but in a way calculated to inhibit any major increase in U.S. or Chinese power to replace the French. The creation, therefore, Rh

title: Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part III.djvu/121


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/310

290 to run until application has been made in succession to all the bodies entitled to determine the dispute under the rules of the society or branch, so however that no rules shall require a greater delay than three months between each successive determination.

(7.) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Arbitration Act 1889, or in any other Act, the court and the chief or other registrar or any arbitrator or umpire to whom a dispute is referred under the rules of a registered society or branch shall not be compelled to state a special case on any question of law arising in the case but the court, or chief or other registrar, may, at the request of either party, state a case for the opinion in England or Ireland of the Supreme Court, and in Scotland of either division of the Inner House of the Court of Session, on any question of law and may also grant to either party such discovery as to documents and otherwise, or such inspection of documents, and in Scotland may grant warrant for the recovery of documents and examination of havers, as might be granted by any court of law or equity, and the discovery shall be made on behalf of the society or branch by such officer thereof as the court or registrar may determine.

69.—(1.) A registered society may, by special resolution, with change name, approval in writing of the chief registrar, or in the case of societies registered and doing business exclusively in Scotland or Ireland the assistant registrar for Scotland or Ireland respectively change its name, and shall not change its name in any other manner.

(2.) Any such change of name shall not affect any right or obligation of the society, or of any member thereof, and any pending legal proceedings may be continued by or against the trustees of the society, or any other officer who may sue or be sued on behalf of the society, notwithstanding its new name.

70.—(1.) Any two or more registered societies may, by special engagements, resolution of both or all such societies, become amalgamated together as one society, with or without any dissolution or division of the funds of those societies or either of them.

(2.) A registered society may, by special resolution, transfer its engagements to any other registered society which may undertake to fulfil the engagements of that society.

(3.) A special resolution by a registered friendly society for an amalgamation or transfer of engagements under this Act shall not be valid without —

(a) the assent thereto of five-sixths in value of the members, given either at the meetings at which the resolution is, according to the provisions of this Act, passed and confirmed, or at one of them, or, if the members were not present thereat, in writing; and

(b) the written consent of every person receiving or entitled to any relief, annuity, or other benefit from the funds of the society, unless the claim of that person is first duly satisfied, or adequate provision is made for satisfying that claim.


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1896 (4.) Provided that on application of the trustees or committee of a registered friendly society desiring to amalgamate or transfer its engagements, and upon notice of that application being published in the Gazette, the chief registrar, after hearing the trustees or committee and any other persons whom he considers entitled to be heard upon the application, may, with the consent of the Treasury, order that any of the assents, consents, and conditions required by this Act, or by any regulations made under this Act, be dispensed with, and may confirm the amalgamation or transfer.

(5.) A registered society consisting wholly of members under twenty-one years of age, and a registered society or branch or branches of a society having members above twenty-one years of age, may, by resolutions registered in the manner required for the registration of an amendment of rules, become amalgamated together as one society or branch, or provide for distributing among several branches the members of a society consisting wholly of members under twenty one years of age, and the other provisions of this section shall not apply to. that amalgamation.

(6.) The value of members shall be ascertained by giving one vote to every member, and an additional vote for every five years that he has been a member, but to no one member more than five votes in the whole.

(7.) If any member of a friendly society which has amalgamated or transferred its engagements, or if any person claiming any relief, annuity, or other benefit, from the funds thereof, is dissatisfied with the provision made for satisfying his claim, that member or person may apply to the county court of the district within which the chief or any other place of business of the society is situate for relief or other order, and that court shall have the same powers in the matter as in regard to the settlement of disputes under this Act

71.—(1.) A registered society may, by special resolution, Conversion of determine to convert itself into a company under the Companies Acts, 1862 to 1890, or to amalgamate with or transfer its engagements to any such company.

(2.) If a special resolution for converting a society into a company contains the particulars required by the Companies Acts, 1862 to 1890, to be contained in the memorandum of association of a company, and a copy thereof has been registered at the central office, a copy of that resolution under the seal or stamp of the central office shall have the same effect as a memorandum of association duly signed and attested under the said Acts.

(3.) If a society is registered as, or amalgamates with, or transfers all its engagements to, a company, the registry of the society under this Act shall thereupon become void, and shall be cancelled by the chief registrar or by the assistant registrar for Scotland or Ireland under his direction; but the registration of a society as a company shall not affect any right or claim subsisting against that society, or any penalty incurred by that society; and for the purpose of enforcing any such right, claim, or penalty, the society may be sued and proceeded against in the same manner


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292 as if it had not become registered as a company ; and every such right or claim, or the liability to any such penalty, shall have priority, as against the property of the company, over all other rights or claims against or liabilities of the company.

72. An amalgamation or transfer of engagements in pursuance of this Act shall not prejudice any right of a creditor of either or any society party thereto.

73.—(1.) A registered society may, by a resolution passed by a majority of the members or delegates present and entitled to vote at any general meeting, of which notice specifying the intention to propose any such resolution has been duly given according to the rules, determine to become a branch of any other registered society, and also, if thought tit, of any registered branch thereof.

(2.) If the rules of the society do not comply with all the provisions of this Act and of the Treasury regulations in respect of the registry of branches, the meeting at which any such resolution is passed may amend the rules so as to bring the rules into compliance with this Act and with the Treasury regulations (3.) A copy of the rules of the society marked to show the amendments, if any, made at the meeting, and two copies of the resolution and of such amendment of rules, if any, as aforesaid, each signed by the chairman of the meeting and by the secretary of the society so determining to become a branch of another society, and countersigned by the secretary of that other society, shall be sent to the registrar.

(4.) If the registrar finds timt the rules, with or without such amendment as aforesaid, comply with the provisions of this Act and of the Treasury regulations, he shall cancel the registry of the first-mentioned society and register it as a branch of that other society, and also, if so specified in the resolution before mentioned, of any branch of that other society, without further request or notice, and shall register such amendment of rules without further application or evidence, and until such registry as aforesaid the resolution shall not take effect.

(5.) An advertisement of any cancelling of registry under this section shall not be requisite.

(6.) The rules of a society which becomes a branch under this section shall, so far as they are not contrary to any express provision of this Act or of the Treasury regulations, and subject to any such amendment thereof as aforesaid, continue in force as the rules of the branch until amended.

(7.) This section shall apply only to societies registered before the first day of January one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.

74. For the purposes of this Act a special resolution shall mean a resolution which is —

(a) passed by a majority of not less than three fourths of such members of a registered society, entitled under the rules to vote as may be present in person or by proxy (where the rules allow proxies) at any general meeting of which notice


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/313

1896. specifying the intention to propose that resolution has been duly given according to the rules; and

(b) confirmed by a majority of such members entitled under the rules to vote as may be present in person or by proxy (where the rules allow proxies), at a subsequent general meeting of which notice has been duly given, held not less than fourteen days nor more than one month from the day of the meeting at which such resolution was first passed.

At any meeting mentioned in this section a declaration by the chairman that the resolution has been carried shall be conclusive evidence of the fact.

75. A copy of every special resolution for any of the purposes mentioned in this Act, signed by the chairman of the meeting and of special countersigned by the secretary, shall be sent to the central office and registered there, and until that copy is so registered the special resolution shall not take effect.

76.—(1.) Upon the application—

(a) of one fifth of the whole number of members of a resistered society; or

(b) in the case of a registered society of one thousand members and not exceeding ten thousand, of one hundred members; or

(c) in the case of a registered society of more than ten thousand members, of five hundred members,

the chief registrar, or in cases of societies registered and doing business exclusively in Scotland or in Ireland the assistant registrars for Scotland and Ireland respectively but with the consent of the Treasury in every case, may—

(a) appoint an inspector or inspectors to examine into and report on the affairs of the society; or

(b) call a special meeting of the society.

(2.) The application under this section shall be supported by such evidence, for the purpose of showing that the applicants have good reason for requiring an inspection to be made or meeting to be called, and that they are not actuated by malicious motives in their application, and such notice thereof shall be given to the society, as the chief registrar directs.

(3.) The chief or assistant registrar may, if he thinks fit, require the applicants to give Security for the costs of the proposed inspection or meeting, before appointing any inspector or calling the meeting.

(4.) All expenses of and incidental to any such inspection or meeting shall be defrayed by the members applying therefore or out of the funds of the society, or by the members or officers, or former members or officers, of the society in such proportions as the chief or assistant registrar directs.

(5.) An inspector appointed under this section may require the production of all or any of the books and documents of the society, and may examine on oath its officers, members, agents, and


text:
Author:Harold Leeney

Works

 * The Home Doctoring of Animals. (1908)

title: Author:Harold Leeney


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/314

294 servants in relation to its business, and may administer such oath accordingly.

(6.) The chief or assistant registrar may direct at what time and place a special meeting under this section is to be held and what matters are to be discussed and determined at that meeting, and the meeting shall have all the powers of a meeting called according to the rules of the society, and shall in all cases have power to appoint its own chairman, any rule of the society to the contrary notwithstanding.

(7.) This section shall not apply to a society with branches, except with the consent of the central body of that society.

77.—(1.) The chief registrar, or, in the case of a society registered and doing business in Scotland or Ireland exclusively, the assistant registrar for Scotland or Ireland, may—

(a) if he thinks fit, at the request of a society, to be evidenced in such manner as he may direct: or

(b) with the approval of the Treasury, on proof to his satisfaction that an acknowledgement of registry has been obtained by fraud or mistake, or that a society exists for an illegal purpose, or has wilfully and after notice from a registrar whom it may concern violated any of the provisions of this Act, or has ceased to exist,

by writing under his hand cancel the registry of a society.

(2.) The chief or assistant registrar, in any case in which he might, with the approval of the Treasury, cancel the registry of a society, may, by writing under his hand, suspend the registry for any term not exceeding three months, and may, with the approval of the Treasury, renew the suspension for the like period,

(3.) Unless the chief or assistant registrar has given to a registered society not less than two months previous notice in writing, specifying briefly the ground of any proposed cancelling or suspension, the registry of the society shall not be cancelled (except at its request) or suspended.

(4.) Where the registry of a society has been cancelled or suspended, notice thereof shall forthwith be advertised.

(5.) Where the registry of a society has been suspended or cancelled, the society shall from the time of the suspension or cancelling (but if suspended, only while the suspension last, and subject also to the right of appeal given by this section) absolutely cease to enjoy as such the privileges of a registered society, but without prejudice to any liability actually incurred by the society, and any such liability may be enforced against the society as if the suspension or cancelling had not taken place.

(6.) A society may appeal from the cancelling of its registry, or from any suspension thereof which is renewed after six months, as follows:—

(a) from the assistant registrar for Scotland or Ireland to the chief registrar, and from him to the Court of Session in Scotland or the High Court in Ireland respectively; and


text: Author talk:Harold Leeney

title: Author talk:Harold Leeney


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/315

1896. (b) from the chief registrar, in cases not relating exclusively either to Scotland or to Ireland, to the High Court in England.

78.—(1.) Subject to the provision of this Act as to the dissolution of societies with branches, a registered society or branch may terminate or be dissolved in any of the following ways:—

(a) upon the happening of any event declared by the rules to be the termination of the society or branch; or

(b) as respects societies or branches other than friendly societies or branches, by the consent of three-fourths of the members, testified by their signatures to the instrument of dissolution; or

(c) as respects friendly societies or branches, by the consent of five-sixths in value of the members (including honorary members, if any), testified by their signatures to the instrument of dissolution, and also by the written consent of every person receiving or entitled to receive any relief, annuity, or other benefit from the funds of the society or branch, unless the claim of that person is first duly satisfied, or adequate provision made for satisfying that claim, and^ in the case of a branch, with the consent of the central body of the society, or in accordance with the general rules of the society; or

{d) by the award of the chief registrar or assistant registrars in the cases specified in this Act.

(2 ) The provisions of this Act as to the method of calculating the value of members and the remedy of members and persons dissatisfied with the provisions made for satisfying their claims in the case of the amalgamation or transfer of engagements of a registered friendly society shall apply to the dissolution of a registered friendly society or branch.

79. When a registered society or branch is terminated by an instrument of dissolution:—

(1) The instrument shall set forth —

(a) the liabilities and assets of the society or branch in detail; and

(b) the number of members and the nature of their interests in the society or branch; and

(c) the claims of creditors (if any), and the provision to be made for their payment; and

(d) the intended appropriation or division of the funds and property of the society or branch, unless the appropriation or division is stated in the instrument of dissolution to be left to the award of the chief registrar.

(2.) Alterations in the instrument of dissolution may be made with the like consents as are in this Act required for the dissolution of a society or branch, testified in the same manner.

(3.) A statutory declaration shall be made by one of the trustees, or by three members and the secretary of the society or branch, that the provisions of this Act have been complied


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/316

298 with, and shall be sent to the registrar with the instrument of dissolution.

(4.) The instrument shall not in the case of a registered friendly society or branch direct or contain any provision for a division or appropriation of the funds of the society or branch, or any part thereof, otherwise than for the purpose of carrying into effect the objects of the society or branch as declared in the rules thereof, unless the claim of every member or person claiming any relief, annuity, or other benefit from the funds thereof is first duly satisfied, or adequate provisions are made for satisfying those claims.

(5.) The instrument of dissolution and all alterations therein shall be registered in manner in this Act provided for the registry of amendments of rules, and shall be binding upon all the members of the society or branch.

(6.) The registrar shall cause a notice of the dissolution to be advertised at the expense of the society or branch, and, unless within three months from the date of the Gazette in which the advertisement appears, a member or other person interested in or having any claim on the funds of the society or branch commences proceedings to set aside the dissolution of the society or branch, and the dissolution is set aside accordingly, the society or branch shall be legally dissolved from the date of that advertisement, and the requisite consents to the instrument of dissolution shall be considered to have been duly obtained without proof of the signatures thereto.

80.—(1.) Upon the application made in writing under their hands—

(a) of one-fifth of the whole number of members of a registered society or branch; or

(b) in the case of a registered society or branch of one thousand members and not exceeding ten thousand, of one hundred members; or

(c) in the case of a registered society or branch of more than ten thousand members, of five hundred members, the chief registrar may by himself, or by any assistant registrar, or by any actuary or public auditor whom the chief registrar may appoint in writing under his hand, investigate the affairs of the society or branch, but shall give not less than two months previous notice in writing to the society or branch whose affairs are to be investigated.

(2.) The application shall—

(a) state that the funds of the society or branch are insufficient to meet the existing claims thereon, or that the rates of contribution fixed in the rules of the society or branch are insufficient to cover the benefits assured; and

(b) set forth the grounds on which the insufficiency is alleged; and

(c) request an investigation into the affairs of the society or branch with a view to the dissolution thereof.


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 THE HOME DOCTORING OF ANIMALS.

.―I. Diseases of the Blood―II. Diseases of the Heart―III. Diseases of the Digestive System―IV. Tumours―V. Diseases of the Respiratory Organs―VI. Diseases of the Eye―VII. Diseases of the Brain and Nervous System―VIII. Diseases of the Generative Organs―IX. Diseases connected with Parturition―X. Troubles of the New Born―XI. Skin Diseases―XII. Parasites and Parasitic Diseases―XIII. Diseases of the Foot―XIV. Lameness and Bone Diseases―XV. Wounds and their Treatment―XVI. Bleeding: How to arrest Bleeding and how to Classify―XVII. Operations: Such as Castrating and Docking―XVIII. Blisters, Blistering, Firing, Setons, Setoning―XIX. Poisons and Antidotes―XX. Antiseptics and Disinfectants―XXI. Anaesthesia, Insensibility to Pain―XXII. Physicking, Purging Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Dogs, and Cats―XXIII. Diseases of Poultry―XXIV. Administration of Medicines―XXV. Medicines: A Comprehensive Series of Prescriptions―XXVI. Nursing and Foods for the Sick―XXVII. Methods of Control or Trammelling Animals―XXVIII. Vices, Tricks, and Bad Habits of the Horse.

THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF BOILER CONSTRUCTION:

(Engineering Supplement): "Mr. Cruickshank has given a useful work to boiler designers and superintendents.…There is a 'handiness' in the arrangement of the subjects which enables the reader to locate any subject quickly."

"A practical treatise on the construction and management of steam boilers, and will be found of great value to practical engineers."


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/317

1896. (3.) If upon the investigation it appears that the funds of the society or branch are insufficient to meet the existing claims thereon, or that the rates of contribution fixed in the rules of the society or branch are insufficient to cover the benefits assured to be given by the society or branch, the chief registrar may, if he considers it expedient so to do, award that the society or branch be dissolved, and its affairs wound up, and shall direct in what manner the assets of the society or branch shall be divided or appropriated: Provided always, that the chief registrar may suspend his award for such period as he may deem necessary to enable the society or branch to make such alterations and adjustment of contributions and benefits as will in his judgement prevent the necessity of the award of dissolution being made.

(4.) A registrar proceeding under this section shall have all the same powers and authorities, enforceable by the same penalties, as in the case of a dispute referred to him under this Act.

(5.) Every award under this section, whether for dissolution or distribution of funds, shall be final and conclusive on the society or branch in respect of which the award is made, and on all members of the society or branch and on all other persons having any claim on the funds of the society or branch, without appeal, and shall be enforced in the same manner as a decision on a dispute under this Act.

(6.) The expenses of every investigation and award, and of publishing every notice of dissolution, shall be paid out of the funds of the society or branch before any other appropriation thereof is made.

(7.) Notice of every award for dissolution shall, within twenty-one days after the award has been made, be advertised by the central office and unless, within three months from the date on which that advertisement appears, a member or person interested in or having any claim on the funds of the society or branch commences proceedings to set aside the dissolution of the society or branch consequent upon such award, and the dissolution is set aside accordingly, the society or branch shall be legally dissolved from the date of the advertisement, and the requisite consents to the application to the registrar shall be considered to have been duly obtained without proof of the signatures thereto.

82. A notice required by this Act to be advertised shall be Advertisement published in the Gazette and in some newspaper in general circulation in the neighbourhood of the registered office of the society or branch.

83. The provisions of this Act respecting the dissolution of Dissolution of societies shall not apply to any society having branches except leaving with the consent of the central body of the society.

83.—(1.) Where a person takes any proceeding to set aside the dissolution of a society or branch, he shall give notice of the order proceeding to the central office not less than seven days before the proceeding is commenced.

(2.) Where an order is made setting aside the dissolution of a society or branch, the society or branch shall give notice of they


text: Author talk:William Douglas Cruickshank

title: Author talk:William Douglas Cruickshank


text:
Page:Winston Churchill to Franklin D. Roosevelt - NARA - 194947.jpg

 JT This telegram must be closely paraphrased before being communicated to anyone. (SC)

London

Dated May 31, 1941

Rec'd 12:12 p.m.

Secretary of State, Washington.

TRIPLE PRIORITY.

2233, May 31, 5 p.m. (SECTION TWO)

The fore and fury of the air attack was beyond anything known or expected, and as we had no airfields which could work virtually unrestricted, both against the ships holding off airborne attacks and against our troops and anti-aircraft guns ashore. The enemy has suffered very heavy losses to his high-grade personnel, in aircraft, and above all troop carrying machines. We must expect increasing strain upon our defence of Egypt and our communications with Malta and Gibraltar. Valuable time has, however, been gained and it remains to be seen what use we can make of it.

"Five. The capture of Crete will, of course, be exploited to the full of enemy propaganda, and any open move by you like sending even a brigade to Iceland could not come at a more timely moment. See also second epistle to the Corinthians Chapter Six, Verse Two."

End Message..

JOHNSON

NPL


text:
Author:William Douglas Cruickshank

Works

 * The Principles and Practice of Boiler Construction: A Manual of Instruction and Useful Information for Practical Men. (1894, 1908)

title: Author:William Douglas Cruickshank


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Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/241

 accentuated in London and some other large towns, but in many other districts apprenticeship is actively proceeded with. Efforts are being made, notably by the National Institution of Apprenticeship, to meet these difficulties. The Charity Commissioners in their report for 1905 recognized the value of this institution, and stated that they would in future enable the trustees of charity endowments for apprenticeship to avail themselves of the practical co-operation of the institution. The modern trade unions, on the other hand, have done nothing to assist in restoring apprenticeship to its proper place; on the contrary, they have hampered it by restrictions which they have imposed, limiting the number of apprentices who may be taken. The result of fewer apprentices has been not only to lower the standard of skill in the higher trades, but to reduce the productive capacity of the artisans. The altered conditions now attending apprenticeship are, mainly, that the apprentice does not live with the master, and that the term is generally five years instead of a longer period; but the principle remains precisely the same, and the fact that it is applied more and more largely in Austria, Germany and other countries is an evidence of its necessity.

The contract of apprenticeship is generally created by indenture, but any writing properly expressed and attested will do. The full consideration must be set out, and the instrument, whether a premium is paid or not, must be duly stamped, except in the case of parish apprentices and apprentices to the sea service (see ). Where a charity or institution intervenes, it retains control over the indentures until the end of the term of apprenticeship, when the indenture should be cancelled and given up to the apprentice. Any one who is capable of making a contract can take an apprentice, and the law does not limit the number which may be taken by any master. Any person of legal capacity can bind himself as an apprentice, provided he is over seven years of age, though, as he is by the common law exempt from all liability ex contractu, it is usual for the apprentice’s relations or friends to become bound for his service and good conduct during the period of his apprenticeship. The consent of the apprentice, however, must be expressed by his executing the indenture. No child under nine can be bound as a parish apprentice. The master must teach the apprentice the agreed trade or trades; should the master exercise two trades (which he has agreed to teach) and give up one, it would be good ground for dissolving the contract by the apprentice. An apprentice is not bound to work on Sundays, but he may be required to work on bank holidays. He cannot become a volunteer (soldier) without his master’s consent. It is usual in the indenture to state whether the apprentice is to be paid wages or otherwise. If the contract is to pay wages, no deduction can be made owing to illness or accident, unless it has been so provided for in the indentures. Nor is the apprentice liable for breakages or similar faults. The master has been supposed to have a right to administer moderate corporal punishment, though he may not delegate it. But this right is really obsolete. According to old custom a master provided proper food for his apprentices, and medical attendance when required; but the modern practice is for apprentices to reside with their parents or friends who maintain them. A master cannot assign indentures without the approval of the apprentice or such parties as are named in the contract for this purpose, even if he should transfer his business. The contract of apprenticeship may be dissolved by (1) efflux of time; (2) by death (if the master dies, some part of the premium is usually returnable, but if the apprentice dies no part is returnable); (3) by consent; (4) in case of grave misconduct; (5) under the Bankruptcy Act 1883, providing for discharge of the indentures of apprenticeship and for payment on account of premium. Disputes between master and apprentice, in cases where no premium has been paid, or where the premium does not exceed £25, are dealt with by courts of summary jurisdiction. Apprentices bound according to the “custom of London,” who are infants above the age of fourteen years and under twenty-one and unmarried, are responsible upon covenants contained in indentures executed by them just as if they were of full age. The term of apprenticeship is usually not less than four years. Apprentices by the custom of London in agreements made at the Guildhall are subject to the jurisdiction of the chamberlain of London.

Parish apprentices are those bound out by guardians of the poor in England. By the Poor Relief Act 1601, overseers of the poor were empowered, with the consent of two justices, to put out poor children as apprentices “where they shall be convenient.” Owing to the disinclination to receive such apprentices it became necessary to make the reception compulsory (1696), but this compulsion to receive them was abolished in 1844. Many statutes have been passed from time to time regulating the apprenticing of parish children, but it is now under the control of the Local Government Board, which issues rules specifying fully the manner in which such children are to be bound, assigned and maintained.

APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside), the act of setting apart and applying to a particular use to the exclusion of all other. In ecclesiastical law, appropriation is the perpetual annexation of an ecclesiastical benefice to the use of some spiritual corporation, either aggregate or sole. In the middle ages in England the custom grew up of the monasteries reserving to their own use the greater part of the tithes of their appropriated benefices, leaving only a small portion to their vicars in the parishes. On the dissolution of the monasteries these “great tithes” were often granted, with the monastic lands, to laymen, whose successors, known as “lay impropriators” or “lay rectors,” still hold them, the system being known as impropriation. Appropriation may be severed and the church become disappropriate, by the presentation of a clerk, properly instituted and inducted, or by the dissolution of the corporation possessing the benefice.

In the law of debtor and creditor, appropriation of payments is the application of a particular payment for the purpose of paying a particular debt. When a creditor has two debts due to him from the same debtor on distinct accounts, the general law as to the appropriation of payments made by the debtor is that the debtor is entitled to apply the payments to such account as he thinks fit; solvitur in modum solventis. In default of appropriation by the debtor the creditor is entitled to determine the application of the sums paid, and may appropriate them even to the discharge of debts barred by the Statute of Limitations. In default of appropriation by either debtor or creditor, the law implies an appropriation of the earlier payments to the earlier debts.

In constitutional law, appropriation is the assignment of money for a special purpose. In the United Kingdom an Appropriation Bill is a bill passed at the end of each session of parliament, enumerating the money grants made during the session, and appropriating the various sums, as voted by committee of supply, to the various purposes for which it is to be applied. The United States constitution (art. I. § 9) says: “No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law.” Bills for appropriating money originate in the House of Representatives, but may be amended in the Senate. APPURTENANCES (from late Lat. appertinentia, from appertinere, to appertain), a legal term for what belongs to and goes with something else, the accessories or things usually conjoined with the substantive matter in question. APRAKSIN, THEDOR MATVYEEVICH (1671–1728), Russian soldier, began life as one of the pages of Tsar Theodore III., after whose death he served the little tsar Peter in the same capacity. The playfellowship of the two lads resulted in a lifelong friendship. In his twenty-first year Apraksin was appointed governor of Archangel, then the most important commercially of all the Russian provinces, and built ships capable of weathering storms, to the great delight of the tsar. He won his colonelcy at the siege of Azov (1696). In 1700 he was appointed chief of the admiralty,

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/241


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apprenticeship


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Appropriation


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/501

Rh Wood, architectural use of, ; armor of, ; carving,, , ; work in, Plateau area,

Wool, distribution of use, ; Navajo use of, ; spinning of,

Word distribution, New World languages, problem in,

World quarters, four,

Writing, invention of, ; Maya system of,, ; practised in Mexico,

Yahgan, ; stock, ,

Yakima Valley, intermediate culture in Columbia Basin,

Year counts, pictographic, ; Plains Indians,, –

Yokes, stone, Mexico,

Yucatan,, ; archæological characterization of,

Yuman peoples, ; stock, grouped under Hokan,, ; stock, ; stock, linguistic and tribal grouping,

Zapotec,, ; culture, ; stock, linguistic and tribal grouping,

Zero, discovery and use in mathematics by the Maya,

Zume, Tupi god,

Zuñi,, , ; stock,

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/501


text: The Oak (Ward)/Index

title: The Oak (Ward)/Index


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/Franklin's Kite Experiment with Modern Apparatus


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/The Psychology of Belief


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/Free-Hand Drawing in Education


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/Some Unrecognized Laws of Nature


text:
Author:Robert Stupart

Works

 * Infantry Pocket Book. (1913 or earlier)
 * The Cadet Hand Book. (1912 or earlier) There is a digital copy (PDF of second edition - 1913) held at State Library of Victoria.
 * Rifle Exercises and Musketry Instruction for Cadets. (1913 or earlier)
 * Note: as many of R. Stupart's military manuals were reissued during World War I, most are given publication dates of 1914 or 1915, even though advertised as available for sale years beforehand.

title: Author:Robert Stupart


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/Science at the University of Chicago


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/The Idea of Murder Among Men and Animals


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/A Decade in Federal Railway Regulation


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/Early American Chemical Societies


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/The Economic Value of Animals


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/Sketch of Louis Figuier


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/Editor's Table


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/Scientific Literature


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/General Notices


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/Publications Received


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/Fragments of Science


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/Minor Paragraphs


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/October 1897/Notes


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/479

 Abipones,, ,

Aboriginal life, complexity of,

Abrading, pebbles showing process,

Acacia niopo berry, snuff powder,

Accent, stress, little used in American phonetics,

Acorn, area, ; bread,, ; industry, northern extension of, ; meal, cooked in baskets, California, ; preparation of, for food,

Adhesions, associations between social trait-complexes, –

Adultery, punishment of,

Adze, distribution of,

Africa, age-societies of, ; tales from, in New World mythology,

Age, system of societies in America,

Age, grades, –; grades, Plains Indian societies, –; grading systems, origin of, –; societies, men's, –; Plains,

Aged, treatment of,

Agricultural, areas, –; products, Amazon Basin, ; products, Chibcha peoples, ; products, Ecuador,, ; products, Inca, ; products, Pueblo peoples, , ; rituals,

Agriculture, Amazon Basin, ; Amazon tribes, ; area of intensive, outlined, ; area of intensive, ; Chibcha area, ; control of, by Inca and Nahua, ; cultural differences in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, ; diffusion of, ; distribution in America, ; Eastern Woodland Area,, ; extensive, Maya, ; guanaco area, –; high organization of in Nahua and Maya areas, ; Inca area, ; intensive, Aztec, ; lack of in the Plains, ; limits of distribution in North America, –; main dependence on in Southwest area, ; nomadic tribes of the Southwest, ; in the Old and New Worlds, –; Southeastern area, ; still maintained by Amazon tribes, ; woman's work in eastern maize area,.

Alaska-Siberian type of pottery,

Aleutian Islands,, ; archæology of,

Algonkin,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; possible historical relation to Eskimo,. See also Algonquian

Algonquian, languages, ; linguistic area, ; stock,, , , ; stock in California, ; stock, consolidated with California stocks, ; stock, linguistic and tribal groups, –; stocks, linguistic, recently combined with,

Alpaca, herded for wool,

Altars, sand painted, Pueblo area,

Amazon area, culture characterization of, –

Amherst students, bodily proportions,

Ancestors, family, carving influenced by beliefs concerning,

Angakok,

Animal, lodges, Caddoan, ; tales, prevalence of in mythology, ; transport, distribution of,

Animals, clan and gens names derived from, ; domestication of, –, ; early introduction of European, ; hoofed, similarity of root terms for in several languages, ; life-like forms of, carved, ; Old World, early adoption in Southeastern area, ; take on human qualities in mythology,

Animism, –

Anthropology, aims of,, –, ; uncoördinated sciences, making up the whole,

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/479


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/Index

title: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 51/Index


text:
Author talk:David Clayton Winchcombe Howell Price

Death
Family trees at the ancestry website state that Price died in 1937.

Search at NSW BDMs would seem to confirm this

12575/1937 	PRICE 	DAVID CLAYTON W 	JOHN HOWELL 	ISABEL VIRGINIA 	BURWOOD

death notice at http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/17359325


text:
Author:David Clayton Winchcombe Howell Price

Works

 * Light Horse Pocket Book. (1913 or earlier; second edition 1914)


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/389

 AUSTRALIAN NAVAL AND MILITARY ANNUAL.

Military Defence Acts and Statistics, Regulations and Syllabus of Military College, Commonwealth Militia, Rifle Clubs, etc., Naval Defence Acts, Naval Forces, and much official and other useful information.

LIGHT HORSE POCKET BOOK.

INFANTRY POCKET BOOK.

THE CADET HAND BOOK.

RIFLE EXERCISES AND MUSKETRY INSTRUCTION FOR CADETS.


text:
User talk:Yehoshuabenisrael

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title: User talk:Yehoshuabenisrael


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User talk:Kent1235

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource. We appreciate your contribution of the text How to Rock Break-Ups and Make-Ups, but in general we cannot accept copyrighted material. Please see Copyright for more information on this topic, or generally, Policies and guidelines. Thank you. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 04:31, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kent1235


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User talk:MozK397

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title: User talk:MozK397


text:
Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/35

Rh Page


text:
Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/36

xxii Page


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/491

1536.] above them all, in his vicar-general's chair, sat Cromwell, proud and powerful, lording over the scowling crowd. The present hour was his. His enemies' turn in due time would come, also.

The mass had been sung, the roll of the organ had died away. It was the time for the sermon, and Hugh Latimer, Bishop of Worcester, rose into the pulpit. Nine-tenths of all those eyes which were then fixed on him would have glistened with delight, could they have looked instead upon his burning. The whole multitude of passionate men were compelled, by a changed world, to listen quietly while he shot his bitter arrows among them.

We have heard Pole; we will now hear the heretic leader. His object on the present occasion was to tell the clergy what especially he thought of themselves; and Latimer was a plain speaker. They had no good opinion of him. His opinion of them was very bad indeed. His text was from the sixteenth chapter of St Luke's Gospel: 'The children of this world are wiser in their generation than the children of light.'

The race and parentage of all living things, he said, were known by their fruits. He desired by this test to try the parentage of the present Convocation. They had sat—the men that he saw before him—for seven years, more or less, session after session. What measures had come from them? They were the spiritualty—the teachers of the people, divinely commissioned; said to be, and believed to be, children of light; what had they done? … Mighty evils in those years had been


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/492

472 swept away in England … but whose hands had been at the work?—was it theirs? For his part, he knew that they had burned a dead man's bones; he knew that they had done their best to burn the living man who was then speaking to them.… What else they had done he knew not.

'The end of your Convocation shall show what ye are,' he said, turning direct upon them; 'the fruit of your consultations shall show what generation ye be of. What now have ye engendered? what have ye brought forth? What fruit has come of your long and great assembly? What one thing that the people have been the better of a hair? That the people be better learned and taught now than they were in time past, should we attribute it to your industry, or to the providence of God and the foreseeing of the King's Grace? Ought we to thank you or the King's Highness? Whether stirred the other first?—you the King, that ye might preach, or he you, by his letters, that ye should preach more often? Is it unknown, think you, how both ye and your curates were in manner by violence enforced to let books be made, not by you, but by profane and lay persons? I am bold with you; but I speak to the clergy, not to the laity. I speak to your faces, not behind your backs.'

If, then, they had produced no good thing, what had they produced? There was false money instead of true. There were dead images instead of a living Saviour. There was redemption purchased by money, not redemption purchased by Christ. Abundance of these things


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/493

1536.] were to be found among them … and all those pleasant fictions which had been bred at Rome, the canonizations and beatifications, the totquots and dispensations, the pardons of marvellous variety, stationaries and jubilaries, manuaries and oscularies, pedaries, and such other vanities—these had gracious reception; these were welcomed gladly in all their multiplicity. There was the ancient purgatory pickpurse—that which was suaged and cooled with a Franciscan's cowl laid upon a dead man's back, to the fourth part of his sins; that which was utterly to be spoiled, but of none other but the most prudent father the Pope, and of him as oft as he listed—a pleasant invention, and one so profitable to the feigners, that no emperor had taken more by taxes of his living subjects than those truly begotten children of the world obtained by dead men's tributes.

This was the modern gospel—the present Catholic faith,—which the English clergy loved and taught as faithfully as their brothers in Italy. 'Ye know the proverb,' the preacher continued, '"An evil crow an evil egg." The children of this world that are known to have so evil a father the world, so evil a grandfather the devil, cannot choose but be evil—the devil being such an one as never can be unlike himself. So of Envy, his well-beloved leman, he begot the World, and left it with Discord at nurse; which World, after it came to man's estate, had of many concubines many sons. These are our holy, holy men that say they are dead to the world; and none are more lively to the world. God is taking account of his stewards, as though he should


text:
Page:Historical Essays and Studies.djvu/402

390 the saying of ancient practitioners that the lancet produced much the same results upon the generation that is past as its disuse upon the generation that is passing, is Roscher all over. Though he deems protection a mark of weakness, and its prolongation a mark of incapacity, he admits the use of temporary sacrifices in the training of resources. With Adam Smith he rejoices at the enactment of the navigation laws, and with Cobden at their repeal; he feels with Garrison about emancipation, but is vividly conscious of conditions in which slavery is an instrument of civilisation. He expounds with intelligent admiration the colonial system by which this country has changed the face of the world, but he studies with equal care, he admires in another way the system by which Spain preserved where we destroyed. Absolute monarchy is the note of first or second childhood, but absolute monarchy rescued the peasants. Monopolies are a mistake; but the monopoly of the Oporto Company saved port wine.

The best of the economists who last preceded Roscher admitted that in dealing with poverty their science failed. Mill thought that want in any sense implying suffering may be completely extinguished; and Roscher added that precept must be modified by fact. His disciples went on to argue that the principles of the classic teachers on the theory of population, of rent, of the source of wealth, lead beyond their conclusions. With Roscher's doctrine of relative truth, the impregnable stronghold was hard to keep against the assault of sympathy and the prickings of that delicate conscience which is defined, a conscience unequal to the struggle of life. He dwells complacently on the immeasurable progress of this age, on the enlarged sphere and accepted duties of the State in respect of misery, education, overwork, health, and help to the weak, and judges that the social advance cancels the socialist programme. "Socialism," said Dunoyer, "is merely the present system logically carried out." On the other side, if it is right that the State should do so much, the reign of the log was usurpation and the ancient ways


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/494

474 say, 'All good men in all places accuse your avarice, your exactions, your tyranny. I commanded you that ye should feed my sheep, and ye earnestly feed yourselves from day to day, wallowing in delights and idleness. I commanded you to teach my law; you teach your own traditions, and seek your own glory. I taught openly, that he that should hear you should hear Me; he that should despise you should despise Me. I gave you also keys—not earthly keys, but heavenly. I left my goods, that I have evermore esteemed, my Word and sacraments, to be dispensed by you. Ye have not deceived Me, but yourselves: my gifts and my benefits shall be to your greater damnation. Because ye have despised the clemency of the Master of the house, ye have deserved the severity of the Judge. Come forth; let us see an account of your stewardship,'

'And He will visit you; in his good time God will visit you. He will come; He will not tarry long. In the day in which we look not for Him, and in the hour which we do not know, He will come and will cut us in pieces, and will give us our portion with the hypocrites. He will set us, my brethren, where shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth; and here, if ye will, shall be the end of our tragedy.'

Our glimpses into these scenes fall but fitfully.The sermon has reached us; but the audience—the five hundred fierce vindictive men who suffered under the preacher's irony—what they thought of it; with what


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/495

1536.] feelings on that summer day the heated crowd scattered out of the cathedral, dispersing to their dinners among the taverns in Fleet-street and Cheapside—all this is gone, gone without a sound. Here no friendly informer comes to help us; no penitent malcontent breaks confidence or lifts the curtain. All is silent.

Yet, although the special acts of this body were of no mighty moment, although rarely have so many men been gathered together whose actual importance has borne so small a proportion to their estimate of themselves, yet not often, perhaps, has an assembly collected where there was such heat of passion, such malignity of hatred. For the last three years the clergy had remained torpid and half stunned, doggedly obeying the proclamations for the alterations of the service, and keeping beyond the grasp of the law. But, although too demoralized by their defeat to attempt resistance, the great body of them still detested the changes which had been forced upon their acceptance, and longed for a change which as yet they had not dared to attempt actively to compass. The keener among the leaders had, however, by this time, in some degree collected themselves. They had been already watching their enemies, to strike, if they could see a vulnerable point, and had masked batteries prepared to unveil. Latimer taunted them with their inefficiency: he should find, perhaps to his cost, that their arms had not wholly lost


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/496

476 their ancient sinew. To keep clear of suspicion of favouring heresy, in their duel with the Pope and Papal idolatries, they knew to be essential to the position of the Government. When taunted with breaking the unity of the Church, the Privy Council were proud of being able to point to the purity of their doctrines; and although fighting against a stream too strong for them—contending, in fact, against Providence itself—the King, Cromwell, and Cranmer struggled resolutely to maintain this phantom stronghold, which they imagined to be the key of their defences. The moving party, on the other hand, inevitably transgressed an unreal and arbitrary boundary; and through the known sensitiveness of the King on the real presence, with the defence of which he regarded himself as especially entrusted by the supremacy, the clergy hoped to recover their advantage, and in striking heresy to reach the hated vicar-general.

The sermon was preached on the 9th of June; on the 23rd the Lower House of Convocation indirectly replied to it, by presenting a list of complaints on the doctrines which were spreading among the people, the open blasphemy of holy things, and the tacit or avowed sanction extended by certain members of the council to the circulation of heretical books. As an evidence of the progress in the change of opinion, this document is one of the most remarkable which has come down to us.