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494 Class 19.— Provisional Orders Confirmation.

(1.) Under Brine Pumping (Compensation for Subsidence) Act, 1891:

Order of Local Government Board. Ch. iv.

(2.) Under Drainage and Improvement of Lands (Ireland) Act, 1863:

Order of Public Works Commissioners. Ch. vii. (Bunkey.)

(3.) Under Electric Lighting Acts, 1892 and 1888:

Orders of Board of Trade. Ch. iii. (Notting Hill, &c.); Ch. lxxxii. (No. 1); Ch. lxxxiii. (No. 2); Ch. lxxxiv. (No. 6); Ch. cxvii. (No. 3); Ch. cxviii. (No. 4); Ch. cxix. (No. 5); Ch. clxxv. (No. 7).

(4.) Under Elementary Education Acts:

Orders of Education Department. Ch. ii. (Tottenham); Ch. clxiv. (Acton, &c.); Ch. clxxiii. (London).

(5.) Under Gas and Water Works Facilities Act 1870:

Orders of Board of Trade. Ch. xcv. (Gas); Ch. xcviii. (Gas and Water); Ch. clxi. (Water).

(6.) Under General Pier and Harbour Act, 1861:

Orders of Board of Trade. Ch. xciv. (No. 2); Ch. cxxi. (No. 4); Ch. clxxvi. (No. 3); Ch. clxxvii. (No. 5).

(7.) Under Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890;

(a.) Orders of Local Government Board. Ch. ccxxxviii (Birkenhead and Leeds).

(b.) Order of Secretary for Scotland. Ch. vi. (Aberdeen).

(8.) Under Inclosure Acts, 1845-1882:

Order of Board of Agriculture. Ch, clxxiv. (Darwen).

(9.) Under Land Drainage Act, 1861:

Order of Board of Agriculture. Ch. xciii. (Langley, &c.).

(10.) Under Local Government Acts:

(a.) Gas and Water Works Facilities Act, 1870, and Public Health Act, 1875:

Orders of Local Government Board. Ch. cxii. (Gas).

(b.) Poor Law Amendment Act, 1867, 'and Local Government Act, 1888:

Orders of Local Government Board. Ch. lxxvi. (Oxford and Whitechapel).

(c.) Poor Law Act, 1889:

Order of Local Government Board. Ch. xxviii. (St. Matthew, Bethnal Green).

(d.) Public Health Act, 1875, and Local Government Act 1888:

Orders of Local Government Board. Ch. xxix. (No. 4); Ch. xxx. (No. 5); Ch. lxxiv. (No. 1); Ch. lxxv. (No. 3); Ch. c. (Ports);


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A.D. 1896.]Class 19 Provisional Orders Confirmation— Continued. Ch. ci. (No. 6); Ch. cii. (No. 7); Ch. ciii. (No. 8); Ch. civ. (No. 9); Ch. cv. (No. 10); Ch. cvi. (No. 11); Ch. cvii. (No. 12); Ch. cviii. (No. 14); Ch. cix. (No. 17); Ch. cx. (No. 18); Ch. cxi. (No. 19); Ch. cxiii. (Warrington); Ch. clxvii. (No. 2); Ch. clxviii. (No. 16); Ch. clxix. (No. 20); Ch. clxx. (No. 21); Ch. clxxi. (No. 22); Ch. clxxii. (No. 24); Ch. ccxxxvi. (No. 13); Ch. ccxxxvii. (No. 15).

(11.) Under Local Government (Scotland) Acts: (a.) Under Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892 :

Order of Secretary for Scotland. Ch. v. (Cupar Water).

(b.) Under Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1867 :

Orders of Secretary for Scotland. Ch. lxxvii. (Bonnybridge &c. Water); Ch. xcix. (Kelty Water); Ch. cxiv. (Culter Water); Ch. cxv. (Dalmeny and Kirkliston Water).

(12.) Under Merchant Shipping Act, 1894:

Order of Board of Trade. Ch. xcvii. (London and English Channel).

(13.) Under Metropolitan Police Act, 1886:

Order of Secretary of State. Ch. lxxxi.

(14.) Under Military Lands Act, 1892:

Orders of Secretary of State. Ch. cxxii. (Manchester).

(15.) Under Public Health {Ireland) Act, 1878 :

Orders of Local Government Board for Ireland. Ch. lxxxv. (No. 3); Ch. lxxxvi. (No. 4); Ch. lxxxvii. (No. 5); Ch. lxxxviii. (No. 6); Ch. lxxxix (No. 7); Ch. xc. (No. 8); Ch. xci. (No. 10); Ch. xcii. (No. 12); Ch. cxvi. (No. 9); Ch. clxii. (No. 2); Ch. clxiii. (No. 11); Ch. ccxxxv. (No. 1).

(16.) Under Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1888 :

Orders of Board of Trade. Ch. lxxviii. (Strabane Canal); Ch. lxxix. (Caledonian and Crinan Canals); Ch. lxxx. (Burwell Fen, &c.); Ch. clxv. (Lee-on-the-Solent Light Railway, &c.).

(17.) Under Tramways Act, 1870:

Orders of Board of Trade. Ch. cxx, (No. 1); Ch. clxvi. (No. 2).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive ::(3) Presentation of "some aspect of matter" to the UN by one of the involved Asian states;

 * (4) A French guarantee of complete independence to the Associated States, "including unqualified option to withdraw from French Union at any time...";

 * (5) A French undertaking not to withdraw the Expeditionary Corps from Indochina during the period of united action in order to ensure that the U.S. would be providing air and sea, but not combat troop, support;

 * (6) Franco–American agreement on the training of native forces and a new command structure during united action (Admiral Radford was reported to be thinking in terms of a French supreme command with a U.S. air command);

 * (7) Full endorsement by the French cabinet and Assembly of these conditions to ensure a firm French commitment even in the event of a change in government in Paris.

It was further agreed that in the course of united action, the U.S. would pursue efforts to broaden the coalition and to formalize it as a regional defense pact.

 * d.

Eisenhower was still insistent on collective action, but recognized that the British might not commit themselves initially and that the Australians, facing a general election later in May, could only give "evidence" of their willingness to participate. A second major problem was Indochinese independence. Dulles posed the American dilemma on this score: on the one hand, the U.S. had to avoid giving Asia reason to believe we were intervening on behalf of colonialism; on the other, the Associated States lacked the personnel and leadership necessary to carrying on alone. "In a sense," said Dulles, "if the Associated States, were turned loose, it would be like putting a baby in a cage of hungry lions. The baby would rapidly be devoured." His solution was that the Associated States be granted (evidently, orally) the right to withdraw from the French Union after passage of a suitable time period, perhaps five or ten years. A final point concerned Executive–Congressional relations once a French request, backed by Parliamentary assent, reached Washington. The President felt he should appear before a joint session of Congress and seek a Congressional resolution to use the armed forces in Indochina. At Eisenhower's request, Dulles directed that State Department begin working up a first draft of such a Presidential message. Rh

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Rh

 — The capital letters placed after the chapter here the following signification :—

* Several Public Acts of a Local Character which have been placed among the Local Acts are included in this Index. These Acts are distinguished by their Chapters being given in Roman Numerals.

See Table II., c. vi.

See  (c. 26);  (c. 39);  (c. 25);   (c. 14).

Provision as to printing of future copies.

See. (c. 54, s. 33 (2j).

See—


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 who had a bushel basket in reserve, even agreeing to pay her for the basket; but she only shook her head, and wagged the forefinger, saying, No, señora, no puedo"—("No, madame, I cannot "). A woman held in her hand a corn husk, which she waved continuously up and down. On examination, I found it was butter rolled up snugly, which she assured me was "fresca sin sal''"—"fresh, without salt". A new revelation, but in the course of time I learned to appreciate this primitive method, and that in this climate salt was a hindrance to its preservation for any length of time. At last I became convinced of the perfect and complete fitness of things, and of their self-vindication.

In making the tortilla, the corn is first soaked for several hours in a solution of lime-water, which removes the husk. Then a woman gets down upon her knees and beats it for hours on the metate. Small pieces of the dough are worked between the hands, tossed and patted and flattened out, until no thicker than a knife-blade, after which they are thrown upon the steaming hot comal, a flat, iron affair something like a griddle. They are never allowed to brown, and are without salt or seasoning of any kind; but after one becomes inducted into their merits, they prove not only palatable, but they make all other corn-bread tasteless in comparison, the slight flavor of the lime adding to the natural sweetness of the corn.

There were tamales rolled up in corn husks, steaming hot and sold in numbers to suit the hungry purchasers. I found that this remarkable specimen of food was made, like the tortillas, from macerated corn. Small portions of the dough were taken in hand and wrapped around meat which had been beaten to a jelly and highly seasoned with pepper and other condiments. The whole was then folded snugly in a corn husk and thrown into a vessel of boiling lard.

When I witnessed this operation, the woman whose enterprise it was, began singing in a cheery voice and making crosses before the fire, saying, "If I don't sing, the tamales will never be cooked."

In my market experiences nothing imparted a greater zest than watching the multitude of homeless poor taking their meals all around the border of the market. All the compounds they ate were complete


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Rh  of the goods; no special transit dues are to be levied beyond what is necessary to defray the cost of actual services rendered, and they are to involve no discriminations as regards nationality or ownership. It is expected that many States will act on the recommendations, which declare that the Powers represented at the Barcelona Conference recognize that “any one of these States is entitled on the railways under the sovereignty or authority of any other State to all reasonable facilities for promoting and encouraging the flow of international traffic to and from its territory,” and proceed to lay down detailed regulations for the application of these principles.

 TRANSVAAL (see 27.186), since 1910 a province of the Union of South Africa. At the 1911 census the inhabitants numbered 1,686,212, compared with 1,269,951 in 1904, an increase of 32.78%. Whites numbered 420,562 (as against 297,277 in 1904), coloured 1,265,650. Women outnumbered men, the proportion being for all races 89.71 males to 100 females. Of the whites 92.55% and of the coloured 24.30% were returned as Christians. Asiatics numbered 11,072 (9,018 males); of these 10,048 were British Indians, 3,065 having been born in the Transvaal.

In 1918 the whites numbered 499,347, of whom 303,050 lived in urban areas. At the 1921 census the total white pop. was 543,481 (males 284,952, females 258,529). Thus between 1904 and 1921 the whites had almost doubled in number, the increase being principally due to the development of the gold and coal mines. The growth of the white population gave the Transvaal at the 1920 election 13 more seats in the Union Parliament than the province had in 1910.

The chief towns are Johannesburg (total pop. 1911, 237,104, whites only, 1918, 137,166) and Pretoria (total pop. 1911, 57,674, whites only, 1918, 41,690). Besides Johannesburg there were on the Witwatersrand the municipalities of Krugersdorp, Germiston, Boksburg, Benoni, Roodepoort and Brakpan (the last named the centre of the Far East Rand, being created a municipality in 1919), approximately half the inhabitants of the province being concentrated on the Rand.

The chief executive officer is styled administrator, and provincial government is in the hands of a provincial council, the system being the same for all the provinces of the Union (for particulars see ). In the five years 1913–4 to 1917–8 the revenue collected for provincial purposes rose from £602,000 to £815,000, native pass fees providing half or more of the receipts. The Union subsidy in the same period rose from £620,000 to £695,000. The two main heads of expenditure were education and roads, bridges, works. The sum spent on education was £665,000 in 1913–4 and £1,143,000 in 1917–8. In 1920 there were 1,040 State schools with 109,700 scholars. There were also 389 State-aided native schools with 26,900 scholars. There was keen controversy over the language question in the schools for white children. By an ordinance of 1911, which came into operation on Jan. 1 1912, instruction up to standard IV. was to be in and through the “home language of the child”; a second medium might then be used if the parents so desired. This arrangement ended an attempt to enforce bi-lingualism and worked very fairly. In other respects the Transvaal was noted for its many educational experiments.

Gold mining retained its position as the chief industry, the Transvaal producing nearly half the world’s output. There was a notable increase in the output of coal, and with the provision of railway communication to the Messina mines (situated in the extreme N. by the Limpopo) the production of copper ore rapidly increased. The output of tin from the Bushveld was also noteworthy. Manufacturing industries were developed on the Rand. The province retained its importance as a stock-raising country, and there was a marked increase in the cultivation of maize and tobacco (for statistics see ).

Politics and parties in South Africa cut across provincial boundaries, and the history of the Transvaal since 1910 is part of that of the Union. The province presented in its social life many extremes, the conservatism of the back-veld Boer contrasting strongly with the progressive and democratic spirit of the dwellers on the Rand. But both these elements had their counterparts in other provinces. Party feeling was, however, more strongly expressed in the Transvaal than elsewhere, and this led to the introduction of politics into the provincial council, in which, at the election of 1914, the Labour party gained a majority of one. This election followed a great industrial upheaval on the Rand, leading to serious riots and bloodshed. The white workmen on the Rand formed the main strength of the Labour party, though it had also a considerable following in Durban and Cape Town.

A considerable number of Boers in the western Transvaal took part in the rebellion of 1914, but the influence of Generals Botha and Smuts kept many Boers loyal to the British connexion, as was shown at subsequent general elections. At the 1920 election the Nationalists, or Separatist party, gained 13, and at the 1921 election 15 out of the 49 Transvaal seats—how evenly the Dutch vote was divided was shown by the narrow majorities obtained in 1921 in the rural areas, while in two constituencies the voting resulted in a tie. The 1920 election had been notable for the success of Labour candidates on the Rand; the election of 1921 saw the Labour representation of the province reduced from 12 to 5 members. Labour organizations were not confined to the whites, but extended to the natives, who showed unexpected powers of combination and arranged strikes on customary European lines. But neither this industrial movement among the natives, nor their demands for political rights, was confined to the Transvaal.

The first administrator was Mr. Johann F. B. Rissik (Minister of Lands and of Native Affairs in the Transvaal as a self-governing colony). He was reappointed for a second term but resigned in 1917 to become a member of the Railways and Harbour Board of the Union, being succeeded as administrator by Mr. A. G. Robertson, who had represented Wakkerstroom in the provincial council.

 TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853–1917), English actor and manager (see 27.234), died in London July 2 1917. The chief Shakespearean productions of his later years were Macbeth in 1911 and Othello in 1912. In 1912 he also produced Louis N. Parker’s Drake and in 1913 his biblical play Joseph and his Brethren. In 1914 he produced Mr. Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion. During the World War he was active in propaganda work, organizing lectures at His Majesty’s theatre and speaking himself frequently in America during his theatrical tours. He published a volume of Thoughts and Afterthoughts (1913) and other occasional papers. His sudden death, after a comparatively slight operation, at the age of 63, was felt as a great loss to the contemporary English stage.

 TRENCH, FREDERICK HERBERT (1865–), British poet and playwright, was born at Avoncore, co. Cork, Nov. 12 1865. Educated at Haileybury and Keble College, Oxford, he was elected a fellow of All Souls’ College, and in 1891, after some years spent in travelling, was appointed an examiner in the Board of Education. This appointment he gave up in 1908 in order to devote himself to literary work. In 1908 he also became director of the Haymarket theatre, London, and during a short tenure of this position he staged King Lear and Maeterlinck’s Blue Bird . During the World War he worked in Florence for the establishment of a better understanding between Great Britain and Italy. From his school days he had been a writer of verse, and his first volume of poems, Deirdre Wedded, appeared in 1901. It was followed by further poems, notably “Apollo and the Seaman,” included in New Poems (1907), and Lyrics and Narrative Poems (1911). Among his later publications were an Ode from Italy in Time of War (1915); Poems with Fables in Prose (1917); and a poetic play Napoleon (1918), which was produced in London by the Stage Society in 1919.  TRENCHARD, SIR HUGH MONTAGUE, (1873–), British air marshal, was born Feb. 3 1873 and joined the army in 1893. He served through the S. African War, was dangerously wounded, and was promoted brevet major. He was then for seven years with the W. African Frontier Force and during that time took part in three campaigns, receiving the D.S.O. in 1906. After returning home in 1910 he joined the Royal Flying Corps and he became assistant commandant at Upavon in 1912. On the outbreak of war in 1914 he was at first left in charge of the central depot at Farnborough, but before the end of the year he was summoned to the front and he shortly afterwards became head of the military wing of the air forces under Sir J. French; this appointment he filled with signal success for nearly three years. He was promoted brevet

title: Page:EB1922 - Volume 32.djvu/798


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Transvaal

title: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Transvaal


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tree, Sir Herbert Beerbohm


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trench, Frederick Herbert


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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/517

A.D. 1896

To amend the Law with respect to the Eating of Occupiers of Agricultural Land in England, and for other purposes connected therewith. Ch. 16. E.

To amend the Law with respect to the Classification of Lands and Heritages for purposes of Rating in Scotland, for the Relief of the Occupiers of Agricultural Lands and Heritages, for the creation of a Fund for the Improvement of Congested Districts in the Highlands and Islands, and for Relief from the payment of the Land Tax in Burghs in Scotland. Ch. 37. S.

See (c. 16); (c. 37); (c. 15); (c. 48); (c. 34).

See

See

See (c. 43, s. 2); (c. 30); (c. 48, s. 13); (c. 9); (c. 45, s. 4).

See (c. 2); (Table II, c. cxxii).

To provide, during twelve months, for the Discipline and Regulation of the Army. Ch. 2. U.K.

See (c. 11); (c. 31); (c. 53).

See also Table II., c.vi. (Aberdeen) ; c. ccxxxviii. (Birkenhead and Leeds).


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 mysteries; but before going home I had secured many of the various receipts from the venders. I found plain atole much the same in appearance as gruel of Indian meal, but much better in taste, having the slight flavor of the lime with which the corn is soaked, and the advantage of being ground on the metate, which preserves a substance lost in grinding in a mill.

Tortillas, likewise, lose their flavor if made of ordinary meal. Atole de Ieche (milk), by adding chocolate takes the name of champurrado; if the bark of the cacao is added, it becomes atole de cascara; if red chili,—chili atole. If, instead of any of these agua miel, sweet water of the maguey, is added, it is called atole de agua miel; if piloncillo, the native brown sugar, again the name is modified to atole de pinole.

The meal is strained through a hair-cloth sieve, water being continually poured on it, until it becomes as thin as milk. It is then boiled and stirred rapidly until well cooked, when it is ready for the market. As served to the wretched-looking objects who so eagerly consume it, one felt no desire to partake, but in the houses, there is nothing more delicious and wholesome than atole de Ieche.

All the stews, fries, and great variety of other edibles were patronized and dispatched with the greatest eagerness. Barbacoa is one of the principal articles of food known to the Mexican market—and is good enough for the table of a king. The dexterous native takes a well-dressed mutton, properly quartered, using also head and bones. A hole is made in the ground, and a fire built in it. Stone slabs are thrown in, and the hole is covered. When thoroughly hot, a lining is made of maguey leaves, the meat put in, and covered with maguey, the top of the hole is also covered, and the process of cooking goes on all night.

The next morning it is put in a hot vessel, ready to eat—a delicious, brown, crisp, barbecued mutton.

As the process is difficult and tedious, it is not generally prepared in the families, and even the wealthiest patronize the market for this delicacy, ready cooked.


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498 See , c. 26); (c. 8).

To amend the Baths and Wash-houses Acts. Ch. 59. E.

, Additions to Duties on, &.c See (c. 28, ss. 2, 3, 8-11).

See (c. 13).

, Provisions respecting. See (c. 25).

See (c. 56).

To amend the Bishopric of Bristol Act, 1884. Ch. 29. E.

See (c. 30); (c. 48).

&c. See Table II.,c. lxxvii.

See Table II., c. xcvi.

See Table II., c. iv.

See (c. 29).

See (c. 37).

, Provisional Order under. See Table II., c. V. (Cupar Water).

To provide for the Trial of Burglaries by Courts of Quarter Sessions. Ch. 57. E.

See (c. 27).

See Table II., cc. lxxviii.–lxxx.

Provisions respecting. See (c. 26).

To exempt certain Chairmen of District Councils who have already taken the Oath from again taking the Oath before acting as Justices of the Peace. Ch. 22. E.

Acts extending to. See (c. 26); (c. 25).

See (c. 29); (c. 13).

See (c. 48. s. 1).


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Rh

ACTS OF FORMER SESSIONS (IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER) REPEALED OR AMENDED BY ACTS OF 59 & 60 VICT.


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 From Pancho's manner I am sure he felt as if his vocation were gone, by the way I had overleaped the bounds of custom in finding out things for myself. Nevertheless, he managed now and then to give some of the venders an account of our house, its location, and my singular management. But though looking mystified, he never left me for a moment, no matter how long I talked, or asked explanations.

We went into the stores, Pancho keeping between me and the crowd. The shopkeepers were as much surprised and as curious as the people in the streets, to see me marketing. But when the crowd of idlers closed up around me, they were polite and solicitous to know if the "procession" annoyed me.

The arrangement of the merchandise and the method of trafficking elicited an involuntary smile from me at every turn; so, if the merchants, clerks, and the "procession" found fun at my expense, I was no less amused at theirs.

Dozens of mozos bought from them, in my presence, a table-spoonful of lard, which the agile clerk placed on a bit of brown paper for transportation; three or four lumps of sugar, a tlaco's worth of salt, the same of pepper, were all taken from immense piles of these articles, near at hand, wrapped and ready for the purchaser.

Dainty china tea-cups hung closely together by their handles on the edge of every shelf, and up and down the walls in unbroken lines; but not a saucer was in sight, nor could a dish be had at any price.

Anticipating that I would take a tlaco, medio, and real's worth, like the mozos, the clerk took in his nimble fingers a few of the little packages; but my extraordinary announcement despoiled him of his ordinary sales.

Every eye was upon me when I had the temerity to ask for twenty pounds of sugar, ten pounds of coffee, and a gallon of vinegar. Sugar and coffee were abundant, but the vinegar was in bottles. He handed me one with a flourish, saying, "Vinagre de Francia. We have no other." I began to feel that far-away France had become my ally, having, like me, made an invasion on the "costumbres;" the


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A.D. 1896.] on the Board further powers as to the borrowing of moneys and for other purposes. (Blackrock and Kingatovm Drainage and Improvement)

PRIVATE ACTS.

PRINTED BY THE QUEEN'S PRINTER, AND WHEREOF THE PRINTED COPIES MAY BE GIVEN IN EVIDENCE.

 * 1) N Act to confer upon Frederic Lord Wolverton and the Trustees of the property settled by a Deed of Arrangement dated the 31st day of December 1888 in relation to the residuary real and personal estate of the late George Grenfell Lord Wolverton respectively powers to raise money for the more speedy carrying out of certain of the objects of the said Deed and to enable the grant of a jointure and portions by Frederic Lord Wolverton and for other purposes. (Wolverton Estate.)
 * 2) An Act for empowering the Trustees of the Will of the late John Chambers of the Hurst Tibshelf in the County of Derby with the consent of the Chancery Division of the High Court to sell the Coliery Undertakings subject to his will to a Company or Companies limited by shares either wholly or partially for shares stock or securities and to retain such shares stock or securities as if authorised investments. (Chambers Estate.)

PRIVATE ACTS. NOT PRINTED.

An Act to dissolve the Marriage of Richard Hollingsworth Griffin formerly of 164 Rathmines Road in the County of Dublin but now of 67 Stephen Street in the City of Dublin Mechanical Engineer with Annie Beatrice Griffin his now wife and to enable him to marry again and for other purposes. (Griffin's Divorce.)

An Act to dissolve the Marriage of George Vance Scovell of the Grosvenor Hotel Dublin Esquire with Vivienne Scovell his now wife and to enable him to marry again and for other purposes. {Scovells Divorce.)

An Act to dissolve the Marriage of Robert Archer Ross Todd of Ballyshannon in the County of Donegal Solicitor with Sarah Gertrude Todd his now wife and to enable him to marry again and for other purposes. (Todd's Divorce.)

An Act to naturalise Isaac Aaron Abensur and to grant and confer upon him all the rights privileges and capacities of a natural-born subject of Her Majesty the Queen. {Abensur's Naturalisation.)


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive ::e.

The American response to Laniel's requests set the stage for an extended series of discussions over the ensuing five weeks. In Paris, Dillon communicated the American conditions to Laniel, who accepted the conditions, but with important reservations. First, Laniel indicated his dismay at the U.S. insistence on the right of the Associated States to withdraw from the French Union. The Premier commented that the French public could never accept this condition inasmuch as the Associated States had themselves never made it and since even the Viet Minh envisioned joining the Union. Second, the obvious U.S. reluctance to go beyond air and naval forces disturbed the Premier. He requested that the U.S. provide, in addition, artillery forces and token ground troops. Moreover, he indicated pleasure that UK participation was no longer a prerequisite to American involvement.

 * f.

Laniel's qualified approval of the preconditions was accompanied by a request for a U.S. response to two other questions: (1) Could the U.S. in some way guarantee the borders and independence of Laos and Cambodia following a French withdrawal from those countries? (2) Could the U.S. provide written assurance of prompt air intervention to meet a Chinese Communist air attack on French forces in the delta?

 * g.

The American response to Laniel's demurrers and requests was for the most part negative. On the French–Associated States relationship, which Ambassador Dillon had commented was the chief barrier to a French request for intervention, Dulles replied (through Dillon) that the U.S. might have some flexibility on the matter, but had to remain adamant on complete independence if we ever hoped to gain Thai and Filipino support. Next, on the question of the extent of U.S. involvement, the U.S. was more amenable: we would not exclude antiaircraft "and limited U.S. ground forces for protection of bases which might be used by U.S. naval and air forces." As for Laniel's specific requests, Washington answered that it saw no way, in view of the military and legal impracticalities, to guarantee the security of Laos and Cambodia; the alternative was that Laos and Cambodia join with Thailand in seeking a UN Peace Observation Commission (POC) on their territories. On the possibility of Chinese MIG intervention, considered extremely remote by the Defense Department, the French were to be assured that a collective defense arrangement would include protection against that contingency.

 * h.

During the U.S.–French give-and-take, the British were clearly being kept at arm's length, no longer considered essential to the beginning of a united action. This irked London considerably, Rh

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480 Company to raise further capital and for other purposes. (Birmingham North Warwickshire and Stratford-upon-Avon Railway.)

ccxliii. An Act to confer further powers upon the Brading Harbour Improvement and Railway Company and for other purposes. (Brading Harbour and Railway.)

ccxliv. An Act to empower the Neath Pontardawe and Brynaman Bailway Company and the Great Western Hallway Company to enter into working and traffic agreements. (Neath Pontardawe and Brynaman Railway.)

ccxlv. An Act to enable the Barry Urban District Council to acquire Cadoxton Common and to maintain and regulate the same to construct new Waterworks to extend the limits of Gas and Water Supply for conferring further powers in relation to Buildings Streets and Sanitary matters for making further and better provision for the improvement health and local government of the District and for other purposes. (Barry Urban District Council.)

ccxlvi. An Act to extend the City of Belfast and for other purposes. (Belfast Corporation.)

ccxlvii. An Act to make provision as to the admission to the Metropolitan Main Drainage System of Sewage from part of the District of Willesden in the County of Middlesex. (Willesden Sewerage.)

ccxlviii. An Act to confer further powers on the Urban District Council of Saint Anne's-on-the-Sea in the County Palatine of Lancaster for the improvement of their District and for other purposes. (Saint Annes-on-the-Sea Improvement.)

ccxlix. An Act for the reduction of the Municipal Franchise in the City of Londonderry for the alteration and increase in the number of the Municipal Wards and of the number of Aldermen and Councillors elected for the said City for the improvement of the City the raising of further Moneys and for other purposes. (Londonderry Improvement.)

ccl. An Act for incorporating and conferring flowers on the Sheffield District Railway Company and for other purposes. (Sheffield District Railway.)

ccli. An Act for empowering the Urban District Council of Weston-super-Mare to acquire the undertaking of Knightstone Weston-super-Mare Limited and to construct works and for extending the powers of the Council in relation to certain matters and for other purposes. ( Weston-super-Mare Urban District Council.)

cclii. An Act to extend the time for the purchase of lands for the purposes of the City and South London Railway Act 1893 and for the completion of the underground Railway and works thereby authorised and to empower the Company to acquire additional lands and for other purposes. (City and South London Railway.)

ccliii. An Act to confirm and legalise certain Works constructed by the Blackrock and Kingstown Drainage Board to confer


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 only difference being, that the vinegar bottles were jolted on the backs of meek burros, or in carts, a thousand miles, and I had arrived, safe and sound, by diligence.

I asked: "Have you ham?"—"No hay" (pronounced eye), ("There is none ").

"Pickles?"— "No hay."

"Powdered sugar?"—"No hay."

"Crackers?"—"Tampoco" ("Neither").

"Salt?"—"Si hay" ("Yes, there is some").

"Coffee?"— "Si hay."

"Frijoles?" (beans)—"Tambien" ("Also").

"Candles?"—"Si hay."

"Potatoes?"—"Ya no hay, se acabaron" ("They are finished — all gone ").

Going to market, a matter-of-fact affair in the United States, resolved itself into a novel adventure.

The heterogeneous assemblage of goods, and the natural and artificial products of the country, astonished me equally with the strange venders. There was so much that was at once humorous, pitiable, and grotesque, all of which was heightened when I reached home, and observed quite a number of the "procession" in the rear. Once over the threshold, Pancho slammed the door in their faces, saying, "Son pobres todos, y sin verguenzas!" ("They are all poor and without shame").

Every day the strange enigma unfolded itself before me, with accrued interest. My lot had been cast among these people, when in total ignorance of their habits and customs. My aim and purpose, above all things, was to establish a home among them on the basis of the one left behind. The sequel will show how well I succeeded. But while endeavoring to cope with the servants, and comprehend their peculiarities, I found nothing more amusing.

Our Mexican friends made daily visits to the house, and were always ready to enjoy with me the latest humorous episode furnished by the servants. I was often assured by these friends that the


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 of their mozos and other servants had not occurred to them, as so striking, until my experiences, together with my enjoyment, had presented them in a new light; and that for them I had held the mirror up to nature. This was only possible by keeping up an establishment, and making one's self part and parcel of the incidents as they occurred. From this and the two succeeding chapters, it may seem that I was constantly involved in annoyances and disagreements with the servants; but such was not the case. Inconveniences more than can be named, were mine in the Sisyphean task of establishing an American home in Mexico, but if the reader can picture a perpetual treat in noting the strict adherence of the mozos to inbred characteristics, surely that privilege was mine.

As time goes on, and I no longer come in actual daily contact with them, in gay retrospect I see moving about me the phantom parade of blue-rebozoed women and white-garbed mozos.

Variety of scene and character was never wanting. If the interior workings of the household failed to interest me, I had only to turn and gaze through my barred window upon the curious street scenes.

On Saturdays, beggars were always out in full force, and on these days my time was mainly occupied in conversing with them, thereby obtaining many threads in the weft I was hoping to weave. A very old man, stooped and bent with age, applied to me for alms, when I asked his age. "Eleven years," he replied. "Oh!" I said, "that is a mistake. Why do you think you are only eleven?"—"Because I was a little boy when the Americans came." From that date—as I understood it—life was over to him and mere existence remained; added years had accumulated, but he was still a boy. I soon found that this class dated every notable event from either the cholera, the advent of the French, or the coming of the Americans.

An American negro was a welcome sight on one of these occasions, and his, good old-time familiar darky dialect, together with the sight of his kinky head, was refreshing. He stopped in front of my window, saying: "Well, now, mis', what is you a doin' heah? 'Marican white ladies neber likes dis country; dey isn't yo' kin o' people."


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78 He gave me his history in exaggerated negro style: how he had been in the war with his young master; had been taken prisoner, made to serve as cook on a Yankee gun-boat, had escaped, married a Mexican; and, after so many vicissitudes, had not forgotten his early training in his manner of addressing me.

Foremost among the objects that claimed my sympathy were the poor, over-laden, beaten donkeys; they seemed ubiquitous, and the picture my window framed never lacked a meek-eyed burro, until I could not separate them from their surroundings. They were typical figures, and

at last I came to regard any scene from which they were absent as incomplete.

They passed in a never-ending procession, bearing every imaginable commodity. I soon noticed that if the leader or "bell-wether" of the gang stopped, the rest did the same. If goaded to desperation by the merciless driver, the only resistance they offered was to quietly but doggedly lie down.

Often dozens of them passed, with green corn on the stalks, suspended gracefully about them, and in such quantities that nothing was visible but the donkeys' heads and ears, the corn spread out in fan-shape, reminding me of a lady's train, or a peacock in full plumage. The burros moved evenly and silently along, without an


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468 P. cxvii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the Electric Lighting Acts 1882 and 1888 relating to Bray Cork Liverpool Queenstown Rathmines and Rathgar and Sale.( Electric Lighting Orders Confirmation (No. 3).)

P. cxviiii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the Electric Lighting Acts 1882 and 1888 relating to Great Berkhamsted and Northchurch Great Crosby and Waterloo Margate and Pembroke Township. (Electric Lighting Orders Confirmation (No. 4).)

P. cxiv. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the Electric Lighting Acts 1882 and 1888 relating to Battersea Gamberwell and St. Saviour's District. (Electric Lighting Orders Confirmation (No. 5).)

P. cxx. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the Tramways Act 1870 relating to Aberdeen District Tramways Blackpool Corporation Tramways Bristol Tramways Dover Corporation Tramways Hull Corporation Tramways Manchester Corporation Tramways and Plymouth Corporation Tramways. (Tramways Orders Confirmation (No. 1).)

P. cxxi An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the General Pier and Harbour Act 1861 relating to Dunoon Helensburgh and Killybegs. (Pier and Harbour Orders Confirmation (No. 4).)

P. cxxii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Secretary of State under the Military Lands Act 1892. (Military Lands Provisional Orders Confirmation.)

cxxiii. An Act to authorise the Matlock Bath and Scarthin Nick Urban District Council to supply Gas and to provide for the transfer of the undertaking of the Matlock Bath Gaslight and Coke Company limited to the said Council and for other purposes. (Matlock Bath Gas.)

cxxiv. An Act to provide for the collection and appropriation of the Falmouth Rector's Rate and the eventual suspension or abolition of the same and for annexing to the See of Truro the advowson of the Rectory of Falmouth and for other purposes. (Falmouth Rectory.)

cxxv. An Act to extend the Boundaries of the Borough of Waterford to transfer to the Corporation the powers for fiscal purposes of the Grand Jury of the County of the City of Waterford to make further provision as to buildings streets and sanitary matters and for other purposes. (Waterford Corporation.)

cxxvi. An Act for conferring further powers on the South Eastern Railway Company and to make further provision with respect to their own undertaking and other undertakings in which they are interested and for other purposes. (South Eastern Railway.)


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 (twelve and one-half cents), it is the same at twenty-five cents a dozen." The words had hardly passed my lips, when he turned and looked me directly in the eye, with an expression which meant. "Well, now, look here, madame, you'll not take advantage of me in that way; I know the customary manner of doing business in this country, and there will be no change in selling eggs." Pancho put in a plea for him, adding: "Es costumbre del pais" ("It is the custom of the country"), which reconciled me.

The vender began counting slowly the fingers of his right hand with his left—"uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco,"—then holding up the index finger of the left hand —seis—and extending the six fingers, palms to the front, waved them back and forth before his determined face, as in low guttural tones that made me shiver, he said: No, señ-o-ri-ta'',

so-la-men-te á se-is por un re-al!" ("I will only sell them at six for a real"), by dozens—never! Lifting his hat politely, he took his departure saying, "Hasta luego!" ("I'll come again "). But I thought he need not trouble himself.

Seeing everything and everybody so conservative, running in the groove of centuries, reminded me that I was losing sight of my own "costumbres." The little fire-place in which the cooking had been done became distasteful, and I longed for a cooking-stove. A Mexican gentleman whom I did not know, on hearing of my desire, kindly offered to lend us one that he had bought about twenty years before, but had been unable to have it used to any extent, owing to the prejudices of the servants.

With the utmost delight, I saw the cargador (porter) enter the big door with this time-worn rickety desire of my heart. But when he slipped it from his head, the rattle of its dilapidated parts made me quake with anxiety.

Both Pancho and the cargador exclaimed in one voice, "Caramba!" ("Goodness gracious alive!"), gazing with puzzled expressions on the wreck.


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Rh to disturb the beauty and symmetry of the corn-stalk procession.

Pancho's knowledge of burros was as profound as of other subjects. As fifty of them were passing one morning, he happened to see me gazing on the strange scene, when the oracle broke silence by saying: "Alli va el ferro-carril Mexicano" ("There goes the Mexican railroad"), adding parenthetically, "Tambien se llaman licenciados" ("They are also called lawyers"); "tienen cabezas muy duras" ("they have very hard heads").

At last I was convinced that burros are possessed of an uncommon amount of good sense as well as much patience and meekness. Their shrewdness was intensely amusing to me when I saw how keenly they watched the arriéro—driver—unburden one of their companeros, and how quickly they jumped into the place to be also relieved of their terrible loads.

A man with a crate of eggs hanging from his head went trotting by, advertising his business by screaming, "Huevos! Huevos!" in deafening tones. Pancho, at his post of duty in the zaguan, called the vender with the long tangled hair and swarthy skin. After peeping cautiously around, he entered, when I went at once to make the bargain for myself, and to turn over another leaf in the book of my experiences. I wanted to buy two dozen, and handing him fifty cents, told Pancho to count the eggs. The man turned the half-dollar over and over—looking at me and then at the half-dollar; and at last handed the money back to me, saying: "No se venden asi" ("They are not sold in this way")—"solamente por reales" ("only by reals"). I said: "You sell six for a real,


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive especially as the Washington–Paris exchanges were making headlines despite efforts to keep them under wraps. It was only because of the stories and British annoyance that Dulles directed that the British, Australian, and New Zealand ambassadors be informed "in general terms" regarding U.S.–French talks.

 * 2.

 * a.

Although the setting up of several U.S. preconditions to involvement and the qualifications of the French reply by no means made intervention an immediate possibility, the U.S., apparently for the first time, moved ahead on contingency planning. The State Department's Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs took the lead by producing a hypothetical timetable based on the assumption of U.S.–French agreement in principle to the proposed conditions by 21 May. FEA also outlined a full slate of urgent priority studies to be undertaken by various Government agencies, including U.S. strategy under differing circumstances of Chinese involvement in the war. By 24 May, FEA had forwarded a contingency study of the Operations Planning Board, which proposed, among other things, U.S. public and private communications to Peking to prevent, or at least reduce the effectiveness of, direct Chinese intervention.

 * b.

The initiation of planning for U.S. intervention extended to more far-ranging discussions of the purposes, requirements, and make-up of a Southeast Asia collective defense organization. The framework of the discussions evidenced the Government's intention that united action only be undertaken after the Geneva conference had reached a stalemate or, far less likely, a settlement. Three regional formulations were envisaged: the first would be designed for direct action, probably without British participation, either to defeat the Viet Minh or exclude them from gaining control of Indochina; the second, formed, after a settlement, would comprise the present SEATO members and functions, in particular actual assistance to the participating Asian states against external attack or "Communist insurrection"; the third would have a broad Asian membership, with its function limited to social and economic cooperation.

 * c.

An important input to contingency planning on intervention came from the Joint Chiefs of Staff. On 20 May, the JCS sent a memorandum to the Secretary of Defense entitled "U.S. Military Participation in Indochina." In the paper, the Chiefs requested formulation of a Defense Department position on the size of any U.S. contributions and the nature of the command structure once united action began. They noted the "limited availability of U.S. forces Rh

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Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/420

400

right within the meaning of this section, and shall be appurtenant to or exercisable over the holding, as the case may be.

(2.) The vesting order may, if the Land Commission think fit, declare that the sale is made subject to or free from any particular easement, right, or appurtenance, and such declaration shall have full effect.

(3.) This section shall extend to any sale or declaration of title, made by the Land Judge in pursuance of the Landed Estates Court (Ireland) Act, 1858, in like manner as if it were herein re-enacted with the necessary modifications.

35.—(1.) Where an agreement for the purchase of a holding is made after the commencement of this Act and is lodged with the Land Commission, the purchaser shall, in the event of the sale being carried out, be discharged form all liability to the vendor in respect of any liabilities affecting the holding at the date of the agreement, including all rent and arrears existing at such date; but if the advance is refused the agreement shall be void, and the tenant shall be liable to pay rent and arrears as if the agreement had not been made. Provided that no proceeding in respect of the said rent and arrears existing at the date of the agreement shall be brought pending the carrying out of the sale.

(2.) Interest on the purchase money from the date of the said agreement until the day from which the purchase annuity begins, shall be payable half-yearly on the first day of May and first day of November by the purchaser, and shall be paid to, and be collected and recoverable by, the Land Commission, in like manner as if it were an instalment of the purchase annuity charged upon the holding, and when received by them shall as respects the period subsequent to the date of the advance be applied in payment of the interest due under section twenty of the Land Law (Ireland) Act, 1887, and subject thereto shall be paid to the person in receipt of the rent at the date of the agreement or such other person as may prove himself to be entitled thereto, and if the advance is refused shall be allowed by the landlord to the tenant as a payment on account of rent.

36. Where a sale of a holding is made by a landlord to a purchase of tenant in consideration of the tenant paying a fine and engaging to pay to the vendor a rentcharge, the Land Commission may, if satisfied with the security, make an advance under the Land Purchase Acts as amended by this Act to the tenant for the purposes of such purchase of any sum not exceeding the amount of the fine payable to the landlord, subject as follows: —

 * (a.) The advance shall not exceed the saleable value of the landlord's interest in the holding after deducting such sum as appears to the Land Commission to be the capital value of the rentcharge:

 * (b.) The advance shall not be made where the rentcharge exceeds half the rent which, in the opinion of the Land Commission, would be a fair rent for the holding:

 * (c.) An ejectment for nonpayment of rent shall not be brought in respect of the rentcharge:


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive for military action in Indochina" and the "current numerical advantage of the French Union forces over the enemy, i.e., approximately 5 to 3." Pointing out the disadvantages of either stationing large numbers of U.S. troops in Indochina or of basing U.S. aircraft on Indochina's limited facilities, the Chiefs considered "the current greatest need" to be an expanded, intensified training program for indigenous troops. The JCS observed, moreover, that they were guided in their comments by the likely reaction of the CPR to U.S. involvement, as well as by the prescription: "Atomic weapons will be used whenever it is to our military advantage."

 * d.

In view of these problems and prospects, the JCS urged the limitation of U.S. involvement to strategic planning and the training of indigenous forces through an increase in MAAG to 2250 men. Our force commitment should be limited, they thought, primarily to air-naval support directed from outside Indochina; even here, the Chiefs cautioned against making a "substantial" air force commitment. The Chiefs were also mindful of the Chinese. Since Viet Minh supplies came mainly from China, "the destruction or neutralization of those outside sources supporting the Viet Minh would materially reduce the French military problems in Indochina." The Chiefs were clearly taking the position that any major U.S. force commitment in the Far East should be reserved for a war against the Chinese. Recognizing the limitations of the U.S. defense establishment for large-scale involvement in so-called "brush-fire" wars, the Chiefs were extremely hesitant as had consistently been the case, to favor action along the periphery of China when the strategic advantages of U.S. power lay in decisive blows against the major enemy. Thus, the JCS closed their memorandum with the admonition that air-naval commitments beyond those specified

 * "...will involve maldeployment of forces and reduce readiness to meet probable Chinese Communist reaction elsewhere in the Far East. From the point of view of the United States, with reference to the Far East as a whole, Indochina is devoid of decisive military objectives and the allocation of more than token U.S. armed forces to that area would be a serious diversion of limited U.S. capabilities."

 * e.

The JCS evidently also decided that it would be a good idea to gather together military representatives of the U.S., France, the UK, Australia, and New Zealand. At first, the Chiefs suggested the downgrading of the representatives to below chief-of-staff level; but apparently on the strong protest of Under Secretary Smith at Geneva, and of the British too, the Chiefs acquiesced in a meeting at chief-of-staff level. But prior to the meeting, which began the first week of June, important developments occurred in the U.S.–France go-'round on intervention. Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive ::f.

The ticklish problem of bringing France to concede the vitalness of granting full independence to the Associated States occupied center stage once more. On 27 May, the State Department, acknowledging France's hesitancy to go too far on this score, still insisted on certain "minimum measures," the most important of which was that France announce, during or immediately after the signing of the latest draft treaties, that she would willingly withdraw all her forces from Indochina unless invited by the governments of the Associated States to maintain them or to establish bases. The U.S., the Department added, would be prepared to make a similar declaration if it committed forces. Beyond that step, the French were also asked to permit Indochinese participation in the programming of economic aid, and their direct receipt of all military aid; to find ways to broaden participation of the Vietnamese defense ministry and armed forces in national defence; and to push for the establishment of "representative and authentic nationalist governments" at the earliest possible date.

 * g.

The French responded, with surprising affirmativeness to these proposals. Dillon was able to report from Paris on 29 May, following a conversation with Laniel, that the two perhaps "had now reached accord in principle on political side." Laniel, he reported, urged immediate military talks to complete arrangements on training of the Vietnamese, a new command structure, and war plans. Inasmuch as Ely and O'Daniel in Indochina had reached general agreements on American assumption of responsibility for training the VNA, the way was apparently cleared for bilateral military talks in Washington to take place simultaneously with, and therefore disguised by, the five-power staff negotiations.

 * h.

Dillon's optimism was cut short rather quickly. When he reported on talks with Schumann, Dillon had added Schumann's and Pleven's concern about Chinese air intervention, which they felt would be so damaging as to warrant a deterrent action in the form of a Presidential request to the Congress for discretionary authority to defend the Delta in case of CCAF attack. The French wanted a virtually instantaneous U.S. response, which would be assured by a Presidential request before, rather than after, overt Chinese aerial intervention. The State Department's retort was that the French first had to satisfy the previously reported conditions before any such move by the President could be considered.

 * i.

Dillon was no less disappointed by Washington's reply than the French. He cabled back that there apparently was an "extremely serious misunderstanding between U.S. and French": Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive :"French draw sharp distinction between (1) US intervention in present circumstances with Viet Minh bolstered by Chinese Communist materiel, technicians and possibly scattered troops and (2) US reaction against full-scale air attack mounted from Communist Chinese bases."

Dillon said that, for the French, the U.S. preconditions applied in the first case but not the second, wherein only Congressional authorization was understood to stand in the way of direct U.S. action. Ely, the Ambassador reported, had all along believed he had Radford's personal assurance of an American reaction to Chinese air attack in the Delta. Now, the French wanted to know if they could count on instant U.S. interdiction of a CCAF strike. The Ambassador closed by reminding the Department of the incalculable harm to NATO, to the whole U.S. position in Western Europe, and to the U.S. position against communist worldwide strategy if a Chinese attack were not met.

 * j.

Despite Dillon's protestations, the Department stuck by its initial position of May 15, namely, that Chinese air attack was unlikely and that the U.S. would meet that problem when it arose. Clearly, the U.S. was unwilling to make any advance commitments which the French could seize upon for political advantage without having to give a in their Indochina policy. Eisenhower affirmed this view and went beyond it: the conditions for united action, he said, applied equally to Chinese direct and indirect involvement in Indochina. The U.S. would make no unilateral commitment against any contingency, including overt, unprovoked Chinese aggression, without firm broad allied support.

 * k.

There were other obstacles to U.S.–French agreement, as brought into the open with a memorandum to the President from Foreign Minister Bidault on June 1. One was American insistence on French Assembly approval of a government request for U.S. intervention. The French cabinet considered that to present a program of Allied involvement to the Assembly except under the circumstance of "a complete failure of the Geneva Conference" attributable to the communists "would be literally to wish to overthrow the [French] Government." A second area of continuing disagreement concerned the maintenance of French forces in the field and the nature of a U.S. commitment. The French held that the U.S. could bypass Congress by committing perhaps one division of Marines without a declaration of war. Although assured that the Marines, being part of the Navy, would be included in a U.S. air–naval commitment, the French wanted much more. Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive :1.

A final, but by no means negligible, French objection to the U.S. proposals was the independence issue. Far from having been settled, as Dillon supposed, the French were still unhappy about American pressure for concessions even after the State Department's May 27 revisions. The French were particularly disturbed (as Bidault implied) at the notion that the Associated States could leave the Union at any time, even while French fighting men were in the field on Indochina's behalf. France was perfectly willing, Bidault remarked, to sign new treaties of association with the three Indochinese States, to allow them a larger voice in defense matters, and to work with them toward formation of truly national governments; but, to judge from his commentary, Paris would not go the whole route by committing itself in advance to Indochina's full freedom of action. And while this and other issues remained unresolved, as Dulles observed on June 4, Laniel's reported belief that the U.S. and France were politically agreed was, to Washington, a "serious overstatement."

 * 3.

 * a.

Early in June, the unsettled issues separating the U.S. from France began to lose their relevance to the war. Even if they could be resolved, it was questionable whether U.S. involvement could any longer be useful or decisive. Thus, on the matter of training the VNA, we were no longer certain that time would, permit our training methods to take effect even if the French promptly removed themselves from responsibility in that area. State Department opinion now held that the Vietnam situation had deteriorated "to point where any commitment at this time to send over U.S. instructors in near future might expose us to being faced with situation in which it would be contrary to our interests to have to fulfill such commitment. Our position accordingly is that we do not wish to consider U.S. training mission or program separately from over-all operational plan on assumption conditions fulfilled for U.S. participation war Indochina."

Simply put, the Department had determined that the grave but still retrievable military situation prevailing at the time united, action was proposed and pursued had, in June, altered radically. Morale of the Franco–Vietnamese forces had dropped sharply, the whole Tonkin Delta was endangered, and the political situation in Saigon was dangerously unstable. Faced with this uniformly black picture, the Administration moved to withdraw united action from consideration by the French.

 * b.

By mid-June, American diplomacy was in an unenviable position. At Geneva, very little progress had been made of a kind Rh

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Page:William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (3rd ed, 1768, vol I).djvu/501

 Ch. 18 3. By urrender of it's franchies into the hands of the king, which is a kind of uicide. 4. By forfeiture of it's charter, through negligence or abue of it's franchies; in which cae the law judges that the body politic has broken the condition upon which it was incorporated, and thereupon the incorporation is void. And the regular coure is to bring an information in nature of a writ of quo warranto, to enquire by what warrant the members now exercie their corporate power, having forfeited it by uch and uch proceedings. The exertion of this act of law, for the purpoes of the tate, in the reigns of king Charles and king James the econd, particularly by eiing the charter of the city of London, gave great and jut offence; though perhaps, in trictnes of law, the proceedings in mot of them were ufficiently regular: but the judgment againt that of London was revered by act of parliament after the revolution; and by the ame tate it is enacted, that the franchies of the city of London hall never more be forfeited for any caue whatoever. And, becaue by the common law corporations were diolved, in cae the mayor or head officer was not duly elected on the day appointed in the charter or etablihed by precription, it is now provided, that for the future no corporation hall be diolved upon that account; and ample directions are given for appointing a new officer, in cae there be no election, or a void one, made upon the charter or precriptive day.


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1896.

 * (e.) The Land Commission may, if satisfied with the security, make a further advance for the redemption of the rentcharge in like manner as for the purchase of the holding:
 * (f.) Where a holding is sold under this section the powers conferred by the Land Purchase Acts and this Act for the apportionment of charges shall extend to an apportionment of charges between the purchase money and the rentcharge, and the provisions of section fifteen of the Land Law (Ireland) Act, 1887, with respect to the acceptance by an incumbrancer of the purchase money in part discharge of his incumbrance shall apply as if the rentcharge were other lands within the meaning of those provisions.

37.— (I.) Where the Land Commission, in pursuance of section fifteen of the Land Law (Ireland) Act, 1887, order the redemption of tithe rentcharge at a price not less than twenty times the net amount of such tithe rentcharge, after making such deduction in of sale, respect of rates as is provided by section seven of the Irish Church Act, 1869, Amendment Act, 1872 50 & 51 Vict. c.70, the consent of the Treasury shall not be required to such redemption.

(2.) The foregoing enactment shall not apply to any annual sum payable to the Land Commission under section thirty-two of the Irish Church Act, 1869, as amended by any other Act, but the Land Commission may order the redemption of such tithe rent at a sum calculated on the basis of the annual sum being for a term of forty-five instead of fifty-two years.

38.—(1.) The Land Commission upon the sale of a holding under Sale of holding section thirty of the Land Law (Ireland) Act, 1881, or under any power of sale, may sell the holding in lots.

(2.) Section fifteen of the Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act, 1885, as amended by this Act, shall extend to a sale of a holding by the Land Commission, as successors to the Commissioners of Church Temporalities in Ireland.

(3.) Where a holding is subject to the future payment of an annuity, and the Land Commission sell it in lots, or in the exercise of their powers under the Land Purchase Acts authorise the subdivision of the holding, the Land Commission may apportion the annuity in such manner as they deem expedient, or may, if they think fit, make an order discharging any such portion of the holding as aforesaid from any further liability for such annuity, or any part thereof, or any arrears thereof.

(4.) Where the Land Commission sell a holding, the purchase money shall, subject to the provisions of section thirty of the Land Law (Ireland) Act, 1881, be paid and distributed as if it were the purchase money of a holding sold by a landlord to a tenant.

(2)(b) as to money for labourers cottages.}}39. The power conferred on the Lord Lieutenant by sub-section (2) of section five of the Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act, 1891, to make regulations for the application of the moneys therein mentioned towards the cost of providing labourers cottages is hereby


text: The Holy Bible, containing the Old & New Testament & the Apocrypha/Volume 1/Deuteronomy


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive that could lead any of the Allies to expect a satisfactory outcome. Yet, the alternative which the U.S. had kept open no longer seemed viable either. As Dulles told Smith, any "final agreement" with the French would be "quite impossible," for Paris was moving farther than ever from a determination that united action was necessary. "They want, and in effect have, an option on our intervention," Dulles wrote, "but they do not want to exercise it and the date of expiry of our option is fast running out." From Paris, in fact, Ambassador Dillon urged the Secretary that "the time limit be now" on U.S. intervention." [sic] And Dulles was fast concluding that Dillon was correct.

 * c.

In view of France's feeling that, because of strong Assembly pressure for a settlement, no request could be made of the U.S. until every effort to reach agreement at Geneva had been exhausted, Dulles in effect decided on 15 June that united action was no longer tenable. In a conversation with Bonnet, in which the Ambassador read a message from Bidault which indicated that the French no longer considered the U.S. bound to intervention on satisfaction of the seven conditions, the Secretary again put forth the difficulty of the American position. He stated that the U.S. stood willing to respond to a French request under the conditions of 11 May, but that time and circumstance might make future U.S. intervention "impracticable or so burdensome as to be out of proportion to the results obtainable." While this standpoint would be unsatisfactory to Bidault, especially in his dealings with the communists at Geneva, Dulles "could not conceive that it would be expected that the U.S. would, give a third power the option to put it into war at times and under conditions wholly of the other's choosing." United action was, then, not removed from consideration at a later date; but it was shelved, and it never appeared again in the form and with the purpose originally proposed.

 * d.

During this period of a gradual "break" with France on united action, the alternative for the United States became a collective defense arrangement with British participation. Once again, U.S. hopes shifted to London, particularly when Eden, on 9 June, told Smith of his extreme pessimism over the course of the negotiations. Smith drew from the conversation the strong impression that Eden believed negotiations to have failed, and would now follow the U.S. lead on a coalition to guarantee Cambodia and Laos "under umbrella of some UN action" (Smith's words). Whether the U.S. and U.K. would act prior to or after a likely settlement at Geneva by the desperate French became the major area of inquiry.

 * e.

The rebirth and demise of united action was a rare case of history repeated almost immediately after it had been made. The Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive United States, having failed to interest Britain in united action prior to the start of the Geneva Conference, determined to plunge ahead without British participation as a. But, the caveat to the French grew in importance. Conditions which had been given the French before the fall of Dien Bien Phu were now augmented, most importantly by a greater detailing of the process the French government would have to go through before the U.S. would consider intervention.

 * 4.

 * a.

Even while the French pondered the conditions, urged their refinement and redefinition to suit French policies, and insisted in the end that they saw no political obstacles separating the U.S. and France, Washington foresaw that the French were very unlikely to forward a request for U.S. involvement. Having learned something from the futile diplomatic bargaining in April, Department of State representatives in Paris and Washington saw that what the French wanted was not the military but the political benefits of U.S. involvement; and they thought they could get them by bringing into the open the fact that the U.S. and France were negotiating active American participation in the fighting. Thus, Dillon correctly assessed in mid-May that French inquiries about U.S. conditions for intervention represented a "wish to use possibility of our intervention primarily to strengthen their hand at Geneva." Dillon's sensitivity to the French position was proven accurate by Bidault's memorandum to the President: France would, in reality, only call on the United States if an "honorable" settlement could clearly not be obtained at Geneva, for only under that circumstance could the National Assembly be persuaded that the Laniel government had done everything possible to achieve peace.

 * b.

Our recognition of the game the French were playing did not keep us from posing intervention as an alternative for them; but by adhering tenaciously to the seven conditions, the U.S. ruled out either precipitous American action or an open-ended commitment to be used or rejected by Paris. "We cannot grant French an indefinite option on us without regard to intervening deterioration" of the military situation, Dulles wrote 8 June. As much as the Administration wanted to avoid a sell-out at Geneva, it was aware that events in Indochina might preclude effective action even if the French suddenly decided they wanted U.S. support.

 * c.

The United States, then, did not propose united action with the intention of subverting the Conference. Instead, united action was offered as a palliative if the Conference should become an exercise Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive in futility for the Western side. Washington clearly hoped that France would find it could not gain an "honorable settlement" through talks with the Viet Minh, and that the British could admit to having been unrealistic in postponing a commitment to united action pending the outcome of talks. In short, the U.S. predicted and welcomed the Conference's "subversion" through communist intransigence; yet when, in mid-June, the Conference began to break for what would be a lengthy recess, Washington had to conclude that united action was no longer appropriate to military circumstances in Indochina, nor feasible given U.S. insistence on intervention only under conditions conducive to a decisive success. By the end of June, therefore, the pattern of U.S. diplomacy shifted — from united action in Indochina to collective defense in Southeast Asia, and from disenchantment with the Geneva Conference to attempts to influence a settlement at least basically in keeping with our interests. Rh

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Harrison, William (1685-1713)


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Page:Face to Face With the Mexicans.djvu/87

 The cargador was the first to break the silence that followed this ebullition of astonishment.

"Que atroz!" ("How atrocious!") he exclaimed.

"Que barbaridad!" ("How barbarous!") echoed Pancho.

"Por Supuesto que si!" ("Well, I should say so I"), quoth the cargador.

"Pos como no!" ("Well, I'd like to know why it isn't! "), said the disgusted Pancho.

"She will never get a cook to use it, never!" The cook came into the patio to inspect the stove, and she too spoke in a low voice to the men, but folding her arms and emphatically raising her tone on the last word "el higado" which explained itself later.

As there was not a flue in the building, the stove was placed in the little fire-place. It had only two feet, which stood diagonally opposite each other, causing the stove to nod and bend in a grim, diabolic way. Being duly settled on its own responsibility by the aid of bricks, Pancho opened one of the doors, when instantly it lay full length on the floor. He walked away, looking back in disgust on the wreck. I ventured to touch the door on the opposite side, when, as if by magic, it, also, took a position on the floor as vis-à-vis; the servants exclaiming: "Muy mal hecho!" ("A very bad make, or job! "), "tan viejo!" ("so very old!" )

"Pos como no!" ("Well, I should say so I") they all chimed in, the cook glancing at me suspiciously, and folding her arms as she added: "No, señora, I cannot use the estufa."

"Why not?" I asked.

"Porque me hace daño en el higado."


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 "Because it will give me disease of the liver; Mexican servants dislike stoves, and if you keep this one, no cook will stay here," she replied.

A blacksmith was called to renovate the treasure, but he also worked on the mañana system, taking weeks to do his best, and still leaving the stove dilapidated. The cook took her departure, and on Pancho's solicitation dozens came, but a glance at the stove was enough.

Politeness ruled their lives, and native courtesy was stronger than love of truth. Without saying a word about the stove, they would say, " I would like to work for you—you are muy amable—muy simpática — amiable and agreeable; but,"—her voice running up to a piping treble — she would add, "tengo mi familia"—I have my family—or, " I am now occupied," meaning employed, by Don or Doña Such-a-one.

Pancho always looked on with keen interest during such conversations, his face saying, without a word: "I told you so; these cooks will never adopt your costumbres Americanos."

The stove was always falling, or some part dropping off.

At last one day I went in and saw it careened to one side—both feet off—and both doors down, suggesting that some canny hand had dismantled it. The wreck presented a picture painfully realistic; but before I time to inquire as to the perpetrator, the stove addressed me:

"I was once an American citizen, bred and born. My pedigree is equal to any of your boasted latter-day ancestry. A residence of twenty years in Mexico has changed my habitudes and customs. You need not try to mend and fix me up—to erect your American household gods on my inanimate form. I am a naturalized Mexican, with all that is implied. I have had my freedom the greater portion of the time since they bought me from a broken-down gringo; for neither the señora nor the cooks would use me. I'll do you no good; if you mend and fix me up in one place, I'll break down in another. Content yourself with our braseros (ranges) and pottery. Accept our usages, and you will be happy in our country.


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 "You need not wonder at my rust-eaten and battered condition. I have lain undisturbed in the corral for nearly twenty years. During the rainy season, when the big drops pelted me unmercifully, snakes, lizards, centipedes, and tarantulas came habitually to take refuge inside my iron doors. So many different natures coming in close contact, there were frequently serious collisions. These warlike engagements have crippled and maimed me, more than the weather, or any service I have rendered. You will not find a cook who will even know how to make me hot for your use. Take me back to the corral! Take me back!"


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were overshadowed by the dome of a magnificent cathedral, the exterior of which was embellished with lifesized statues of saints. The interior presented a costly display of tinted walls, jeweled and bedecked images, and gilded altars. Its mammoth tower had loomed grimly under the suns and stars of a hundred years, and the solidity of its perfect masonry has so far defied the encroachments of time.

The city of our adoption boasted an Alameda, where the air was redolent of the odor of the rose and violet, and made musical with the tinkling of fountains; and where could be seen the "beauty and chivalry" of a civilization three centuries old, taking the evening air.

Plazas beautified with flowers, shrubs, and trees, upon which neither money nor pains had been spared, lent a further charm. Stores were at hand wherein could be purchased fabrics of costly texture, as well as rare jewels—in fact, a fair share of the elegant superfluities of life; and yet in the midst of so much civilization, so much art, so much luxury of a certain kind, so much wealth, I found to my dismay, upon investigation, that I was at least fifty miles from an available broom!

Imagine the dilemma, you famously neat housekeepers of the United States! A house with floors of pounded dirt, tile, brick, and cement, and no broom to be had for money, though, I am pleased to


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 add, one was finally obtained for love. My generous little Mexican neighbor and friend, Pomposita, taking pity on my despair, gave me one—which enabled me to return the half-worn borrowed broom of another friend.

Owing to the exorbitant demands of the custom-house, such humble though necessary articles were not then imported; and the untutored sons of La Republica manufactured them on haciendas, from materials crude beyond imagination.

Once or twice a year long strings of burros may be seen, wending their way solemnly through the streets; girt about with a burden of the most wonderful brooms.

These brooms were of two varieties; one had handles as knotty and unwieldy as the thorny mesquite while the other was still more primitive in design, and looked like old field Virginia sedge grass tied up in bundles. They were retailed by men who carried them through the streets on their backs.

For the rude character of their brooms, however, the manufacturers are not to blame, but the sterility of the country, and the failure of nature to provide suitable vegetable growths.

Every housekeeper takes advantage of the advent of the escobero (broom-maker), to lay in a stock of brooms sufficient to last until his next visit. It was two months before an opportunity of buying a broom, even from a " wandering Bavarian," was afforded me, and during that time I came to regard Doña Pomposita's gift as the apple of my eye.

"Mer-ca-ran las es-co-bas!" One morning a new sound assailed my ears, as it came up the street, gathering force and volume the nearer it approached. I heard it over and over without divining its meaning. But at last a man


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 our portal and in a tone that made my hair stand on end and with a vim that almost shook the house, he screamed—Es-co-bas, Señ-o-ra!"—drawling each word out as long as a broom-handle, then rolling it into a low hum, which finally died into a whispered—"Will you buy some brooms?" Had he known my disposition and special fondness for broom-handles—without reference to my household need—he would have brought them to me directly, dispensing with his ear-splitting medley—to a woman for three months without a broom!

On ascertaining that the escobero would not visit the city again for some time. I bought his entire stock, and laid them up with prudent foresight, against the possibility of another broom famine.

With a genuine American spirit, I concluded to have a general house-cleaning, and, equipped with these wonderful brooms, with Pancho's assistance the work began. The first place demanding attention was the immense parlor, with its floor of solid cement. Pancho began to sweep, but the more he swept, the worse it looked—ringed, streaked, and striped with dust. I thought he was not using his best efforts, so with a will, I took the broom and made several vigorous strokes, but to my amazement, it looked worse than ever. In my despair a friend came in, who comprehended the situation at a glance, and explained that floors of that kind could not be cleaned with a broom; that amoli—the root of the ixtli (easily)—soap-root—applied with a wet cloth, was the medium of renovation.

The amoli was first macerated and soaked for some time in water. A portion of the liquid was taken in one vessel and clear water in another. The cleansing was done in small squares, the rubbing all in one direction. The effect was magical—my dingy floor being restored to its original rich Indian red.

Now and then, while on his knees, rubbing away with might and main, Pancho would throw his eyes up at me with a peculiar expression of despair, while he muttered in undertone: "No es costumbre de los mozos lavar los suelos" ("It is not customary for mozos to wash floors").


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Page:1909. Is Shakespeare Dead? From My Autobiography.djvu/18

IS SHAKESPEARE DEAD? you can still hear the believing multitudes shouting for Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel.

A friend has sent me a new book, from England—The Shakespeare Problem Restated—well restated and closely reasoned; and my fifty years' interest in that matter—asleep for the last three years—is excited once more. It is an interest which was born of Delia Bacon's book—away back in that ancient day—1857, or maybe 1856. About a year later my pilot-master, Bixby, transferred me from his own steamboat to the Pennsylvania, and placed me under the orders and instructions of George Ealer—dead now, these many, many years.

I steered for him a good many months—as was the humble duty of the pilot-apprentice: stood a daylight watch and spun the wheel under the severe superintendence and correction of the master. 4


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IS SHAKESPEARE DEAD? He was a prime chess player and an idolater of Shakespeare. He would play chess with anybody; even with me, and it cost his official dignity something to do that. Also—quite uninvited—he would read Shakespeare to me; not just casually, but by the hour, when it was his watch, and I was steering. He read well, but not profitably for me, because he constantly injected commands into the text. That broke it all up, mixed it all up, tangled it all up—to that degree, in fact, that if we were in a risky and difficult piece of river an ignorant person couldn't have told, sometimes, which observations were Shakespeare's and which were Ealer's. For instance:

What man dare, I dare!

Approach thou what are you laying in the leads for? what a hell of an idea! like the rugged ease her off a little, ease her off! rugged Russian bear, the armed rhinoceros


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IS SHAKESPEARE DEAD? or the there she goes! meet her, meet her! didn't you know she'd smell the reef if you crowded it like that? Hyrcan tiger; take any shape but that and my firm nerves she'll be in the woods the first you know! stop the starboard! come ahead strong on the larboard! back the starboard! . . . Now then, you're all right; come ahead on the starboard; straighten up and go 'long, never tremble: or be alive again, and dare me to the desert damnation can't you keep away from that greasy water? pull her down! snatch her! snatch her baldheaded! with thy sword; if trembling I inhabit then, lay in the leads!—no, only the starboard one, leave the other alone, protest me the baby of a girl. Hence horrible shadow! eight bells—that watch man's asleep again, I reckon, go down and call Brown yourself, unreal mockery, hence!"

He certainly was a good reader, and splendidly thrilling and stormy and tragic, but it was a damage to me, because I have never since been able to read Shakespeare in a calm and sane way.


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IS SHAKESPEARE DEAD? I cannot rid it of his explosive interlardings, they break in everywhere with their irrelevant "What in hell are you up to now! pull her down! more! more!—there now, steady as you go," and the other disorganizing interruptions that were always leaping from his mouth. When I read Shakespeare now, I can hear them as plainly as I did in that long-departed time—fifty-one years ago. I never regarded Ealer's readings as educational. Indeed they were a detriment to me.

His contributions to the text seldom improved it, but barring that detail he was a good reader, I can say that much for him. He did not use the book, and did not need to; he knew his Shakespeare as well as Euclid ever knew his multiplication table. Did he have something to say—this Shakespeare-adoring Mississippi pilot—


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IS SHAKESPEARE DEAD? anent Delia Bacon's book? Yes. And he said it; said it all the time, for months—in the morning watch, the middle watch, the dog watch; and probably kept it going in his sleep. He bought the literature of the dispute as fast as it appeared, and we discussed it all through thirteen hundred miles of river four times traversed in every thirty-five days the—time required by that swift boat to achieve two round trips. We discussed, and discussed, and discussed, and disputed and disputed and disputed; at any rate he did, and I got in a word now and then when he slipped a cog and there was a vacancy. He did his arguing with heat, with energy, with violence; and I did mine with the reserve and moderation of a subordinate who does not like to be flung out of a pilot-house that is perched forty feet above the water. He was fiercely loyal to Shakespeare and cor-


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 concerned, questions of commerce and navigation, as well as questions relating to the regular service of communication by post.

Such new Conventions shall be concluded in fifteen years, or sooner if possible.

. IV. The union of the United States of the Ionian Religious Islands to the Kingdom of Greece shall in no wise invalidate the principles established by the existing legislation of those Islands with regard to freedom of worship and religious toleration; accordingly the rights and immunities established in matters of religion by Chapters I and V of the Constitutional Charter of the United States of the Ionian Islands, and specifically the recognition of the Orthodox Greek Church as the dominant religion in those Islands; the entire liberty of worship granted to the Established Church of the Protecting Power; and the perfect toleration promised to other Christian communions,—shall, after the union, be maintained in their full force and effect.

The special protection guaranteed to the Roman Catholic Church, as well as the advantages of which that Church is actually in possession, shall be equally maintained; and the subjects belonging to that communion shall enjoy in the Ionian Islands the same freedom of worship which is recognized in their favour by the Protocol of the 3rd of February, 1830.

The principle of entire civil and political equality between subjects belonging to different creeds, established in Greece by the same Protocol, shall be likewise in force in the Ionian Islands.

Art. V. The Legislative Assembly of the United States of the Ionian Islands has decreed by a resolution passed on the	$7/19$th of October, 1863, that the sum of ten thousand pounds


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I’ve had problems with 	⅞

It ought to be 7/19.

--Zyephyrus (talk) 19:04, 8 September 2012 (UTC)


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Page:William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (3rd ed, 1768, vol I).djvu/82

66 of thee three laws, Roger Hoveden and Ranulphus Cetrenis inform us, king Edward the confeor extracted one uniform law or diget of laws, to be oberved throughout the whole kingdom; though Hoveden and the author of an old manucript chronicle aure us likewie, that this work was projected and begun by his grandfather king Edgar. And indeed a general diget of the ame nature has been contantly found expedient, and therefore put in practice by other great nations, which were formed from an aemblage of little provinces, governed by peculiar cutoms. As in Portugal, under king Edward, about the beginning of the fifteenth century. In Spain under Alonzo, who about the year 1250 executed the plan of his father St. Ferdinand, and collected all the provincial cutoms into one uniform law, in the celebrated code entitled las partidas. And in Sweden, about the ame aera, a univeral body of common law was compiled out of the particular cutoms etablihed by the laghman of every province, and intitled the land’s lagh, being analagous to the common law of England.

thee undertakings, of king Edgar and Edward the confeor, eem to have been no more than a new edition, or freh promulgation, of Alfred’s code or dome-book, with uch additions and improvements as the experience of a century and an half had uggeted. For Alfred is generally tiled by the ame hitorians the, as Edward the confeor is the. Thee however are the laws which our hitories o often mention under the name of the laws of Edward the confeor; which our ancetors truggled o hardly to maintain, under the firt princes of the Norman line; and which ubequent princes o frequently promied to keep and to retore, as the mot popular act they could do, when preed by foreign emergencies or dometic dicontents. Thee are the laws, that o


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Page:William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (3rd ed, 1768, vol I).djvu/83

§. 3. o vigorouly withtood the repeated attacks of the civil law; which etablihed in the twelfth century a new Roman empire over mot of the tates on the continent: tates that have lot, and perhaps upon that account, their political liberties; while the free contitution of England, perhaps upon the ame account, has been rather improved than debaed. Thee, in hort, are the laws which gave rie and original to that collection of maxims and cutoms, which is now known by the name of the common laws. A name either given to it, in contraditinction to other laws, as the tatute law, the civil law, the law merchant, and the like; or, more probably, as a law common to all the realm, the  or folcright mentioned by king Edward the elder, after the abolition of the everal provincial cutoms and particular laws before-mentioned.

though this is the mot likely foundation of this collection of maxims and cutoms, yet the maxims and cutoms, o collected, are of higher antiquity than memory or hitory can reach: nothing being more difficult than to acertain the precie beginning and firt pring of an antient and long etablihed cutom. Whence it is that in our law the goodnes of a cutom depends upon it’s having been ued time out of mind; or, in the olemnity of our legal phrae, time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary. This it is that gives it it’s weight and authority; and of this nature are the maxims and cutoms which compoe the common law, or , of this kingdom.

unwritten, or common, law is properly ditinguihable into three kinds: 1. General cutoms; which are the univeral rule of the whole kingdom, and form the common law, in it’s tricter and more uual ignification. 2. Particular cutoms; which for the mot part affect only the inhabitants of particular ditricts. 3. Certain particular laws; which by cutom are adopted and ued by ome particular courts, of pretty general and extenive juridiction. Rh


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography, Second Supplement, volume 2.djvu/206

 HALIBURTON, ARTHUR LAWRENCE, first (1832–1907), civil servant, third son of  [q. v.] and Louisa, daughter of Capt. Lawrence Neville, was born at Windsor, Nova Scotia, on 26 Dec. 1832. He was educated at King's College in that town, the oldest university in the dominion, from which he received in 1899 an honorary D.C.L. degree. He was called to the Nova Scotian bar in 1855, but a few months later he received a commission in the commissariat department of the British army, and during the later stages of the Crimean war he served as a civil commissary at the base in Turkey. After the Peace of Paris he was posted to the forces in Canada. In November 1859 he was appointed deputy assistant commissary general, and transferred to the London headquarters; in 1869 he was made assistant director of supplies and transports, resigning his commission in the army and formally entering the civil service. In this capacity he consolidated and greatly simplified the chaotic arrangements which regulated the transport and travelling allowances of the army at home. In 1872 he was appointed deputy accountant general in the military department of the government of India, which post he held till 1875; on returning to the war office he acted as chairman of a committee which brought about a much-needed decentralisation and effected substantial economies in that office. In 1878 he was appointed director of supplies and transport, and it devolved upon him to supervise the victualling of the army during eight campaigns, which included the Nile expedition of 1884-5. On the testimony of Lord Wolseley no army that he had been associated with was so well fed as the British troops were on that occasion, in circumstances of unprecedented difficulty. In recognition of his services, Haliburton was made C.B. in 1880 and K.C.B. in 1885. On the abolition of the office of civilian director of supplies and transports in 1887 he was placed temporarily on the retired list; but after serving on several important public inquiries at home and abroad he became in May 1891 assistant under-secretary for war, and in 1895 permanent under-secretary, which office he held till his retirement by operation of the age-limit in 1897. He was made G.C.B. in that year, and in 1900 was raised to the peerage under the title of Baron Haliburton of Windsor in the province of Nova Scotia and dominion of Canada.

In 1891 he served as representative of the war office on the committee, of which [q. v. Suppl. II] was the head, to investigate the terms and conditions of service in the army. His dissentient report contained a strong defence of the principle of the existing short service system, and effectually neutralised the recommendations in the direction of modifying it upon which the rest of the committee stood agreed. In December 1897, after his retirement from the war office, he conducted a vigorous newspaper campaign in 'The Times' against [q. v. Suppl. II] and others on the same topic of ’Short versus Long Service.' His letters were subsequently reprinted in pamphlet form; as were also another series contributed to the same newspaper in 1901 on 'Army Administration in Three Centuries.' It is no exaggeration to say that he was the first to explain to the public generally, and to not a few among military critics, the real nature of Lord Cardwell's reforms and of the army reserve created by them. During his later years he became a convert to the principle of universal service, and a few weeks before his death he formulated in the pages of the ’Nineteenth Century' a scheme for universal military training. He died at Bournemouth on 21 April 1907, and was buried at Brompton cemetery. Haliburton represented the finest type of civil servant, uniting indefatigable industry with great lucidity of expression and breadth of view. He worked, moreover, in complete harmony with the military officials in the war office, and his opinion was held in high regard by those soldiers on the active list who were best versed in the problems of military administration. On 3 Nov. 1877 he married Marian Emily, daughter of Leo Schuster and widow of Sir William Dickason Clay, second baronet; she survived him without issue.

HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816–1902), congregationalist divine, born at Maidstone on 22 May 1816, was son of [q. v.], proprietor of the 'Maidstone Journal,' by Mary, daughter of James Teverill of Worcester. Educated at Rochester and at Totteridge, he entered his father's printing house at fourteen, working successively as compositor, reader, and reporter. In 1837 he went to Highbury College, in training for the congre-