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 of President Burgers, which cannot be said to have been one of active opposition, a considerable number of the Boers accepted the annexation with complacency. Burgers himself left the Transvaal a disappointed, heart-broken man, and a deathbed statement published some time after his decease throws a lurid light on the intrigues which arose before and after annexation. He shows how, for purely personal ends, Kruger allied himself with the British faction who were agitating for annexation, and to undermine him and endeavour to gain the presidency, urged the Boers to pay no taxes. However this may be, Burgers was crushed; but as a consequence the British government and not Paul Kruger was, for a time at least, master of the Transvaal. In view of his attitude before annexation, it was not surprising that Kruger should be one of the first men to agitate against it afterwards. The work of destruction had gone too far. The plot had miscarried. And so Kruger and Dr Jorissen, by whom he was accompanied, were the first to approach Lord Carnarvon with an appeal for revocation of the proclamation. Lord Carnarvon’s reply was that the act of annexation was an irrevocable one. Unfortunately the train of events in England favoured the intrigues of the party who wished the annexation cancelled. In 1878 Lord Carnarvon resigned, and there were other evidences of dissension in the British cabinet.

Kruger, who since the annexation had held a salaried appointment under the British Government, again became one of a deputation to England. His colleague was Piet Joubert. They laid their case before Sir Michael Hicks Beach (who had succeeded Lord Carnarvon) but met with no success. Sir Michael, however, in a despatch dated September the 16th 1878, reiterated the intention of the British cabinet to grant the state “to the utmost practicable extent, its individuality and powers of self-government under the sovereignty of the queen.” On the occasion of Kruger’s second mission to endeavour to get the annexation revoked Sir T. Shepstone determined to dispense with his further services as a government servant, and terminated the engagement. In the beginning of 1879 Shepstone was recalled and Colonel Owen Lanyon, who had served in Bechuanaland and was then administrator of Griqualand West, was appointed administrator in the Transvaal. In the meantime, the Zulu forces which threatened the Transvaal had been turned against the British, and the disaster of Isandhlwana occurred. Rumours of British defeat soon reached the Transvaal, and encouraged the disaffected party to become bolder in their agitation against British rule. Thus Sir Bartle Frere wrote at the time: “All accounts from Pretoria represent that the great body of the Boer population is still under the belief that the Zulus are more than a match for us, that our difficulties are more than we can surmount, and that the present is the favourable opportunity for demanding their independence.” In April Frere visited Pretoria and conferred with the Boers. He assured them that they might look forward to complete self-government under the Crown, and at the same time urged them to sink political differences and join hands with the British against their common enemy, the Zulus. The Boers, however, continued to agitate for complete independence, and, with the honourable exception of Piet Uys, a gallant Boer leader, and a small band of followers, who assisted Colonel Evelyn Wood at Hlobani, the Boers held entirely aloof from the conflict with the Zulus, a campaign which cost Great Britain many lives and £5,000,000 before the Zulu power was finally broken. In June Sir Garnet Wolseley went to South Africa as commander of the forces against the Zulus, and as high commissioner “for a time,” in the place of Sir Bartle Frere, of the Transvaal and Natal. Meantime Frere’s proposals to fulfil the promises made to grant the Boers a liberal constitution were shelved. After the “settlement” of the Zulu question, Sir Garnet Wolseley proceeded to Pretoria and immediately organized an expedition against Sikukuni, who throughout the Zulu campaign had been acting under the advice of Cetywayo. Sikukuni’s stronghold was captured and his forces disbanded.

Sir Garnet Wolseley now assured the Boers at a public gathering that so long as the sun shone the British flag would fly at Pretoria. In May 1880 he returned to England, having established in the Transvaal a legislative council with powers so limited as to convince many of the Boers that there was no intention of fulfilling Shepstone’s promises. Meanwhile events in Great Britain had once more taken a turn which gave encouragement to the disaffected Boers. Already in November 1879 Gladstone had conducted his Midlothian campaign. In one speech, referring to Cyprus and the Transvaal, he said: “If those acquisitions were as valuable as they are valueless, I would repudiate them, because they were obtained by means dishonourable to the character of our country.” And in another speech he said that the British had insanely placed themselves in the strange predicament of the free subjects of a monarchy going to coerce the free subjects of a republic. Expressions such as these were translated into Dutch and distributed among the Boers, and they exercised a good deal of influence in fanning the agitation already going on in the Transvaal, So keenly were the Midlothian speeches appreciated by the Boers that the Boer committee wrote a letter of thanks to Gladstone, and expressed the hope that should a change in the government of Great Britain occur, “the injustice done to the Transvaal might find redress.” In April 1880, this change in the British Government did occur. Gladstone became prime minister, and shortly afterwards Frere was recalled. Could events be more auspicious for the party seeking retrocession? On being directly appealed to by Kruger and Joubert, Gladstone however replied that the liberty which they sought might be “most easily and promptly conceded to the Transvaal as a member of a South African Confederation.” This was not at all what was wanted, and the agitation continued. Meanwhile in the Transvaal, concurrently with the change of prime minister and high commissioner, the administrator, Colonel Lanyon, began vigorously to enforce taxation among the Boers. Men who would not pay taxes to their own appointed governments, and who were daily expecting to be allowed to return to that condition of anarchy which they had come to regard as the normal order of things, were not likely to respond willingly to the tax-gatherer’s demands. That many of them refused payment in the circumstances which existed was natural.

In November matters were brought to a head by the wagons of a farmer named Bezuidenhout being seized in respect of the non-payment of taxes, and promptly retaken from the sheriff by a party of Boers. Lanyon began to recognize that the position was becoming grave, and telegraphed to Sir George Colley, the high commissioner of South-East Africa, for military aid. This, however, was not immediately available, and on the 13th of December the Boers in public meeting at Paardekraal resolved once more to proclaim the South African Republic, and in the meantime to appoint a triumvirate, consisting of Kruger, Pretorius and Joubert, as a provisional government. Within three days of the Paardekraal meeting a letter was sent to the administrator demanding the keys of the government offices. Formal proclamation of the republic was made on the 16th of December (Dingaan’s Day) at Heidelberg. Hostilities forthwith began. Meanwhile pressure was put on the British prime minister to carry out the policy he had avowed while out of office. But it was not until Great Britain was suffering from the humiliation of defeat that he was convinced that the time for granting that retrocession had arrived. The first shots fired were outside Potchefstroom, which was then occupied by a small British garrison (see ). On the 20th of December some 240 men under Colonel Anstruther, chiefly belonging to the 94th Regiment, while marching from Lydenburg to Pretoria, were surprised at Bronkhorst Spruit, and cut up by the Boer forces. Half the men were killed and wounded; the other half including some officers, were taken prisoners. Captain Elliot, one of the prisoners, who had been released on parole, was shot dead by Boers while crossing the Vaal, and Captain Lambert, another paroled prisoner who accompanied Elliot, was also shot,

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 but escaped. Pretoria, Rustenberg, Lydenburg, and other smaller towns had been placed in a position of defence under the directions of Colonel Bellairs, who remained in command at Pretoria, the garrison consisting of a small number of troops and the loyal inhabitants. Sir George Colley, with about 1400 men, marched towards the Transvaal frontier, but before reaching it he found, on the 24th of January 1881, that the Boers had already invaded Natal and occupied Laing’s Nek. He pitched his camp at Ingogo. Having been defeated at Laing’s Nek, and suffered considerable loss in an engagement near Ingogo, Colley took a force to the top of Majuba, a mountain overlooking the Boer camp and the nek. He went up during the night, and in the morning was attacked and overwhelmed by the Boers (Feb. 27). Of the 554 men who constituted the British force on Majuba, 92 were killed and 134 wounded, Sir George Colley himself being amongst those who were slain.

Ten days previous to the disaster at Majuba Sir Evelyn Wood had arrived at Newcastle with reinforcements. On Colley’s death he assumed command. Negotiations had been opened with the Boers before the attack on Majuba and the British cabinet refused to allow that disaster to influence their action. On the 6th of March a truce was concluded and on the 21st terms of peace were arranged between the Boer triumvirate and Sir Evelyn Wood. The most important of these terms were that the Transvaal should have complete internal self-government under British suzerainty and that a British resident should be stationed at Pretoria. Another article reserved to her majesty “the control of the external relations of the said state, including the conclusion of treaties and the conduct of diplomatic intercourse with foreign powers,” and the right to march troops through the Transvaal. The boundaries of the state were defined, and to them the Transvaal was strictly to adhere. These terms practically conceded all that the Boers demanded, and were never regarded as anything else than surrender either by the Boers or the loyalists in South Africa. The agreement had hardly been concluded when Sir Frederick Roberts arrived at the Cape with 10,000 troops, and after spending forty-eight hours there returned to England.

In the meantime, while the British general was making a treaty under the instructions of British ministers on the frontier, the beleaguered garrisons of Pretoria, Potchefstroom, and other smaller towns were gallantly holding their own. The news of the surrender reached Pretoria through Boer sources, and when first received there was laughed at by the garrison and inhabitants as a Boer joke. When the bitter truth was at length realized, the British flag was dragged through the dust of Pretoria streets by outraged Englishmen. Presently there assembled in Pretoria a commission to elaborate the terms of peace. On the one side were the Boer triumvirate, on the other Sir Evelyn Wood, Sir Hercules Robinson (Frere’s successor in the high commissionership), and Sir J. H. de Villiers, chief justice of Cape Colony, while President Brand of the Orange Free State gave the commission the benefit of his advice. The terms agreed upon were drawn up in the form of a convention and signed (Aug. 3). The preamble to the Pretoria Convention of 1881 contained in brief but explicit terms the grant of self-government to the Boers, subject to British suzerainty, In later years, when the Boers desired to regard the whole of this convention (and not merely the articles) as cancelled by the London Convention of 1884, and with it the suzerainty, which was only mentioned in the preamble, Mr Chamberlain, a member of the cabinet of 1880–1885, pointed out that if the preamble to this instrument were considered cancelled, so also would be the grant of self-government.

The government of the state was handed over to the triumvirate on the 8th of August and was continued in their name until May 1883, when Kruger was elected president.

C. From the Retrocession to 1899.—The retrocession of the Transvaal was a terrible blow to the loyalists. The Boers, on the other hand, found themselves in better plight than they had ever been before. Their native foes had been crushed by British forces; their liabilities were consolidated into a debt to Great Britain, to be repaid at convenience and leisure—as a matter of fact, not even interest was paid for some time. If ever a small state was well treated by a large one, the Transvaal was so in the retrocession of 1881. Unfortunately, this magnanirnity was forthcoming after defeat. It appeared as though a virtue had been made of a necessity, and the Boers never regarded it in any other light.

The new volksraad had scarcely been returned and the Pretoria Convention ratified (Oct. 25) before a system of government concessions to private individuals was started. These concessions, in so far as they prejudiced the commerce and general interests of the inhabitants, consisted chiefly in the granting of monopolies. Among the first monopolies which were granted in 1882 was one for the manufacture of spirituous liquor. The system continued steadily down to 1899, by which time railways, dynamite, spirits, iron, sugar, wool, bricks, jam, paper and a number of other things were all of them articles of monopoly. In 1882 also began that alteration of the franchise law which subsequently developed into positive exclusion of practically all save the original Boer burghers of the country from the franchise. In 1881, on the retrocession, full franchise rights could be obtained after two years’ residence; in 1882 the period of residence was increased to five years. Meanwhile the land-hunger of the Boers became stimulated rather than checked by the regaining of the independence of their country. On the western border, where the natives were of less warlike character than those on their southern and northern frontiers, intrigues were already going on with petty tribal chiefs, and the Boers drove out a portion of the Barolongs from their lands, setting up the so-called republics of Stellaland and Goshen. This act called forth a protest from the 15th Lord Derby (now secretary of state for the colonies), stating that he could not recognize the right of Boer freebooters to set up governments of their own on the Transvaal borders. This protest had no effect upon the freebooters, who issued one proclamation after another, until in November 1883 they united the two new republics under the title of the “United States of Stellaland.” Simultaneously with this “irresponsible” movement for expansion, President Kruger proceeded to London to interview Lord Derby and endeavour to induce him to dispense with the suzerainty, and to withdraw other clauses in the Pretoria Convention on foreign relations and natives, which were objectionable from the Boer point of view. Moreover, Kruger requested that the term “South African Republic” should be substituted for Transvaal State.

The result was the London Convention of the 27th of February 1884. In this document a fresh set of articles was substituted for those of the Pretoria Convention of 1881. In the articles of the new convention the boundaries were once more defined, concessions being made to the Transvaal on the Bechuanaland frontier, and to them the republic was bound to “strictly adhere.” In what followed it must always be remembered that Lord Derby began by emphatically rejecting the first Boer draft of a treaty on the ground that no treaty was possible except between equal sovereign states. Moreover, it is undeniable that Lord Derby acted as though he was anxious to appear to be giving the Boers what they wanted. He would not formally abolish the suzerainty, but he was willing not to mention it; and though, in substituting new articles for those of the Pretoria Convention he left the preamble untouched, he avoided anything which could commit the Boer delegates to a formal recognition of that fact. On the other hand, he was most indignant when in the House of Lords he was accused by Lord Cairns of impairing British interests and relinquishing the queen’s suzerainty. He declared that he had preserved the thing in its substance, if he had not actually used the word; and this view of the matter was always officially maintained in the colonial office (which, significantly enough,

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38 this, hidden Treason not many Hours before the appointed Time for the Execution thereof: (6) Therefore the King's most excellent Majesty, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and all his Majesty's faithful and loving Subjects, do most justly acknowledge this great and infinite Blessing to have proceeded meerly from God his great Mercy, and to his most holy Name do ascribe all the Honour, Glory and Praise: (7) And to the End this unfeigned Thankfulness may never be forgotten, but be had in a perpetual Remembrance, that all Ages to come may yield Praises to his Divine Majesty for the same, and have in Memory THIS JOYFUL DAY OF DELIVERANCE;

Be it therefore enacted by the King's most excellent Majesty, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same. That all and singular Ministers in every Cathedral and Parish Church, or other usual Place for common Prayer, within this Realm of England and the Dominions of the same, shall always upon the fifth Day of November say Morning Prayer, and give unto Almighty God thanks for this most happy Deliverance : (2) And that all and every Person and Persons inhabiting within this Realm of England and the Dominions of the same, shall always upon that Day diligently and faithfully resort to the Parish Church or ; Chapel accustomed, or to sme usual Church or Chapel where the said Morning Prayer, Preaching, or Other Service of God shall be used, and then and there to abide orderly and soberly during the Time of the said Prayers, Preaching, or other Service of God there to be used and ministred.

 * III. And because all and every Person may be put in Mind of this Duty, and be then better prepared shall give Warning said Holy Service, Be it enacted by Authority aforesaid. That every Minister shall give warning to the Parishioners publickly in the Church at Morning Prayer, the Sunday before every such fifth Day of November, for the due Observation of the said Day : And that after Morning Prayer or Preaching upon the said fifth Day of November, they read publickly, distincftly and plainly this present Act.

Certain Perfons attained of High Treason for conspiring to blow up with Gunpowder the Parliament-House practised in the Time of Queen Elizabeth.}}N most humble Manner beseechen your most excellent Majesty, your most loyal, faithful and true hearted Subjects, The Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, That whereas Arthur Creswel Jesuit, who at the Time of his Profession to be a Jesuit took Upon him the Name of Joseph Creswel, Oswald Tesmond Jesuit and Thomas Winter late of Huddington in the County of Worcester, Gentleman, the last Day of June in the four and fortieth Year of the Queen Elizabeth of famous Memory, at Valedolid within the Kingdom of Spain, and at divers other Days within the same four and fortieth Year of the said late Queen, at Valedolid aforesaid, and elsewhere within the same Kingdom of Spain, by the Means, Procurement and Privity of Robert Catesby, late of Asby in the County of Northampton, Esquire, Francis Tresham, late of Ruston in the said County of Northampton, Esquire, and Henry Garnet Jesuit, (assuming upon him to be Superior of the Jesuits within this Realm of England) and others, being all natural-born Subjects of this Realm, did traiterously and against the Duty of their Allegiance, move and incite Philip, then and yet King of Spain, then being at open Enmity and Hostility with the said late Queen, with Force to invade this Kingdom of England, and to join with the Papists and discontented Persons within this Realm of England, to depose and Overthrow the same late Queen of and from her Crown, and of and from all her Royal Estate, Title and Dignity, and to suppress and abolish the true Religion of Almighty God, truly and sincerely professed within this Kingdom, and to restore the Superstitious Romish Religion within the same, and to bring this ancient, famous and most renowned Kingdom to utter Ruin and miserable Captivity under foreign Power : (2)-And for that the greatest Impediment unto the same Invafion, would be the Want of Help of good Horses, the said Thomas Winter, the rather to encourage the same King thereunto, was to offer to the same King on the Behalf of the Papists of England, to give him Assistance presently upon the Landing of his Forces, with one thousand five hundred, or two thousand Horses; (3) and that for their better Accomplishing thereof, he should move the same King to furnish the Papists of England with a good Sum of Money, partly to be imployed to provide and furnish the Horses, and partly in Pensions, to be imployed upon some such as were to be prepared for that Service:(4) All which the said Thomas winter did relate to the said King of Spain, who (the said Kingdoms of England and Spain then standing in Hostility) took that Offer in very good Part, saying, That he would respect and account of the Catholicks of England, (meaning the Papists) as of his own Castilians, and thereupon agreed that he would make Invasion, and set Foot in England, about the Spring then next following, and would by way of Exchange send over unto the Papists of England one hundred thousand Crowns, to be paid at two several Days agreed upon. All which Particulars are extant in the Confession of some of the chiefest Offenders ; at which Time sundry Papists oi England did extraordinarily furnish themselves by the traiterous and wicked Perswasion and Means of sundry Jesuits, both with Horse and Armour.

II. But before these Things could be effected, Almighty God called the said late Queen to his Mercy: Immediately after whose Decease, that is to say, in the same Month of March, wherein (he departed out of this World, Christopher Wright, late of London, Gentleman, was imployed by the said Robert Catesby, Francis Tresham, Henry Garnet and others, into Spain, to negotiate with the said King of Spain, by the Means of the said Creswel the Jesuit, and others, to proceed in that Invasion. which the said Thomas Winter had before negotiated with him : ( 2 ) And afterward on the two and twentieth Day of June in the first, Year of your Majesty's. Reign over this Realm of England, Sir William Stanley, Knight, Hugh Owen, Esquire, William Baldwin, Jesuit, and others, did by and with the traiterous ment


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 128 He was killed in action yesterday. His remains will be sent to you to-day. How much he was beloved, appreciated, and admired, let the tears of agony we have shed, and the gloom of mourning throughout my command, bear witness. His loss is irreparable."

The body of the young officer was sent to Richmond, laid in state in the Capitol of Virginia, and we are told that "some tender hand deposited an evergreen wreath, intertwined with white flowers, upon the case that contained all that was mortal of the fallen hero." His family received the soldier's remains; they were taken to his Southern home; Virginia, the field of his fame, had surrendered him to Alabama, the land of his birth.

"The Major-General commanding," wrote Stuart, in a general order, "approaches with reluctance the painful duty of announcing to the Division its irreparable loss in the death of Major, commanding the Horse Artillery.

"He fell mortally wounded in the battle of Kellysville, March 17th, with the battle-cry on his lips, and the light of victory beaming from his eye.

"To you, his comrades, it is needless to dwell upon what you have so often witnessed his prowess in action, already proverbial. You well know how, though young in years, a mere stripling in appearance, remarkable for his genuine modesty of deportment, he yet disclosed on the battle-field the conduct of a veteran, and displayed in his handsome person the most imperturbable coolness in danger.

"His eye had glanced over every battle-field of this army, from the first Manassas to the moment of his death, and he was, with a single exception, a brilliant actor in all.

"The memory of, his many virtues, his noble nature and purity of character, is enshrined as a sacred legacy in the hearts of all who knew him.

"His record has been bright and spotless; his career brilliant and successful.

"He fell the noblest of sacrifices on the altar of his country, to whose glorious service he had dedicated his life from the beginning of the war."

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 Thus passed away a noble, lofty soul ; thus ended a career, brief, it is true, but among the most arduous, glorious, and splen did of the war. Young, but immortal a boy in years, but heir to undying fame he was called away from the scene of his triumphs and glory to a brighter world, where neither wars nor rumours of wars can come, and wounds and pain and suffering are unknown ; where " Malice domestic, foreign levy, nothing Can touch him further I " II. To him who writes these lines, the death of this noble youth has been inexpressibly saddening. It has cast a shadow on the very sunlight ; and the world seems, somehow, colder and more dreary since he went away. It was but yesterday almost that he was in his tent, and I looked into his frank, brave eyes, and heard his kind, honest voice.* There is the seat he occupied as we conversed the bed where he so often slept with me, pro longing his gay talk deep into the night. There are the books he read the papers which he wrote ; at this table he once sat, and here where my own hand rests has rested the hand of the Dead ! Every object thus recalls him, even as he lived an$ moved beside me but a few days ago. His very words seem still echoing in the air, and the dreary camp is full of his presence ! Nor am I the only one whose heart has bled for the young sol dier. All who knew him loved him for his gay, sweet temper, as they admired him for his unshrinking courage. I have seen no face over which a sort of shadow did not pass at the announce ment, " Pelham is dead! " " Pelham is dead ! " It is only another mode of saying " honour is dead ! courage is dead ! modesty, kindness, courtesy, the inborn spirit of the true and perfect gentleman, the nerve of the soldier, the gaiety of the good companion, the kindly heart, and the reso lute soul all dead, and never more to revisit us in his person ! " These words are not dictated by a blind partiality or mere 9
 * Written at " Camp No. camp," in the spring of 1 863.

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130 personal regard for the brave youth who has fallen in front of the foe, in defence of the sacred liberties of the South. Of his unshrinking nerve and coolness in the hour of peril, the name of "the gallant Pelham," given him by General Lee at Fredericksburg, will bear witness. Of his noble, truthful nature, those who knew him best will speak.

He had made for himself a celebrated name, and he was only twenty-four when he died!

A son of the great State of Alabama, and descended from an old and honourable family there, he had the courage of his race and clime. He chose arms as his profession, and entered West Point, where he graduated just as the war commenced; lost no time in offering his services to the South, and received the appointment of First-Lieutenant in the Confederate States army. Proceeding to Harper's Ferry, when General Johnston was in command there, he was assigned to duty as drill-officer of artillery, and in the battle of Manassas commanded a battery, which he fought with that daring courage which afterwards rendered him so famous. He speedily attracted the attention of the higher Generals of the army, and General J. E. B. Stuart entrusted him with the organization of the battalion of Horse Artillery which he subsequently commanded in nearly every battle of the war upon Virginia soil. Here I knew him first.

From the moment when he took command of that famous corps, a new system of artillery fighting seemed to be inaugurated. The rapidity, the rush, the impetus of the cavalry, were grafted on its more deliberate brother. Not once, but repeatedly, has the Horse Artillery of Pelham given chase at full speed to a flying enemy; and, far in advance of all infantry support, unlimbered and hurled its thunders on the foe. It was ever at the point where the line was weakest; and however headlong the charge of the cavalry, the whirling guns were beside it, all ready for their part. "Trot, march!" had yielded to "gallop!" with the battalion; it was rushed into position, and put in action with a rush; and in and out among the guns where the bolts fell thickest was the brave young artillerist, cool and self-possessed, but, as one of his officers said the other

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 day, "as gay as a school-boy at a frolic." He loved his profession for its own sake; and often spoke to the officers above alluded to of the "jolly good fights" he would have in the present campaign; but I anticipate my subject.

Once associated with the command of Stuart, he secured the warm regard and unlimited confidence of that General, who employed his services upon every occasion. Thenceforth their fortunes seemed united, like their hearts; and the young man became known as one of the most desperate fighters of the whole army. He was rightly regarded by Jackson and others as possessed of a very extraordinary genius for artillery; and when any movement of unusual importance was designed, Pelham was assigned to the artillery to be employed.

His career was a brief one, but how glorious! How crowded with great events that are history now! Let us glance at it:

When the Southern forces fell back from Manassas in 1861, his batteries had their part in covering the movement, and guarding the fords of the Rappahannock. During the campaign of the Peninsula, his Blakely was as a sentinel on post near the enemy; and at the battle of Williamsburg his courage and skill transformed raw militia into veterans. In the seven days battles around Richmond he won fadeless laurels. With one Napoleon, he engaged three heavy batteries, and fought them with a pertinacity and unfaltering nerve which made the calm face of Jackson glow; and the pressure of that heroic hand, warm and eloquent of unspoken admiration. Soon afterwards, at the "White House," he engaged a gunboat, and driving it away, after a brief but hot encounter, proved how fanciful were the terrors of these "monsters."

His greatest achievements were to come, however; and he hastened to record them on the enduring tablets of history. From the moment when his artillery advanced from the Rappahannock, to the time when it returned thither, to the day of Fredericksburg, the path of the young leader was deluged with the blood of battle. At Manassas he rushed his guns into the very columns of the enemy almost; fighting their sharpshooters with canister, amid a hurricane of balls. At Sharpsburg he had

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 132 WEARING OF THE GRAY. command of nearly all the artillery on our left, and directed it with the hand of a master. When the army crossed back into Virginia, he was posted at Shepherdstown, and guarded the ford with an obstinate valour, which spoke in the regular and unceasing reverberation of his deep-mouthed Napoleons, as they roared on, hour after hour, driving back the enemy. Of the days which succeeded that exciting period, many per sons will long hold the memory. It was in an honest old country-house, whither the tide of war bore him for a time, that the noble nature of the young soldier shone forth in all its charms. There, in the old hall on the banks of the Opequon, surrounded by warm hearts who reminded him perhaps of his own beloved ones in far Alabama ; there, in the tranquil days of autumn, in that beautiful country, he seemed to pass some of his happiest hours. All were charmed with his kind temper and his sunny disposition ; with his refinement, his courtesy, his high breeding, and simplicity. Modest to a fault almost blushing like a girl at times, and wholly unassuming in his entire deportment he became a favourite with all around him, and secured that regard of good men and women which is the proof of high traits and fine instincts in its possessor. In the beautiful autumn forests, by the stream with its great sycamores, and under the tall oaks of the lawn, he thus wandered for a time an exile from his own land of Alabama, but loved, admired, and cherished by warm hearts in this. When he left the haunts of "The Bower," I think he regretted it. But work called him. The fiat had gone forth from Washington that another "On to Richmond" should be attempted ; and where the vultures of war hovered, there was the post of duty for the Horse Artillery. The cavalry crossed the Blue Ridge, and met the advancing column at Aldie and Pelham was again in his element. Thenceforward, until the banks of the Rappahannock were reached by the cavalry, the batteries of the Horse Artillery dis puted every step of ground. The direction of the artillery was left, with unhesitating confidence, by Stuart to the young officer ; and those who witnessed, during that arduous movement, the masterly handling of his guns, can tell how this confidence was

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This distinguished officer is a native of Prince Edward county, Virginia, where he was born about the year 1808. His father was the late Judge Peter Johnston, of the General Court of Virginia, distinguished alike at the bar and on the bench, for sound practical sense and solid legal acquirements. He had been a soldier in his youth-had been one of Greene's officers in his celebrated campaign of 1781, in North and South Carolina-had borne himself honorably and bravely at Guilford, Camden, Eutaw, and Ninety-Six-and retained, to the day of his death, a predilection for his early profession, which not all his subsequent success in a profession of a very different character, could entirely obliterate. It is worthy of record, that he was the First Lieutenant of the company in which the celebrated Peter Francisco served as a private, and that the latter, scarcely less remarkable for his gigantic strength and undaunted

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 PELHAM "THE GALLANT." 138 justified. It was the eye of the great soldier, the hand of the born artillerist, which was evident in his work during those days of struggle. He fell back neither too soon nor too late, and only limbered up his guns to unlimber again in the first posi tion which he reached. Thus fighting every inch of the way from Aldie, round by Paris, and Markharn s, he reached the Rappahannock, and posted his artillery at the fords, where he stood and bade the enemy defiance. That page in the history of the war is scarcely known ; but those who were present know the obstinacy of the contests, and the nerve and skill which were displayed by the young officer. That may be unknown, but the work done by Pelham on the great day of Fredericksburg is a part of history now. All know how stubbornly he stood on that day what laurels encircled his young brow when night at last came. This was the climax of his fame the event with which his name will be inseparably connected. With one Napoleon gun, he opened the battle on the right, and instantly drew upon himself the fire, at close range, of three or four batteries in front, and a heavy enfilading fire from thirty-pound Parrots across the river. But this moved him little. That Napoleon gun was the same which he had used at the battle of Cold Harbour it was taken from the enemy at Seven Pines and, in the hands of the young officer, it had won a fame which must not be tarnished by defeat ! Its grim voice must roar, however great the odds ; its reverberating defi ance must roll over the plain, until the bronze war-dog was silenced. So it roared on steadily with Pelham beside it, blow ing up caissons, and continuing to tear the enemy s ranks. Gene ral Lee was watching it from the hill above, and exclaimed, with eyes filled with admiration, " It is glorious to see such cou rage in one so young ! " It was glorious indeed to see that one gun, placed in an important position, hold its ground with a firmness so unflinching. Not until his last round of ammuni tion was shot away did Pelham retire ; and then only after a peremptory order sent to him. He afterwards took command of the entire artillery on the right, and fought it until night with a skill and courage which were admirable. He advanced his guns

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 PELHAM "THE GALLANT." 139 the famous youth lies low at last. He fell " with the battle-cry on his lips, and the light of victory beaming from his eye." In the words of the general order which his beloved commander issued, " His record bad been bright and spotless ; his career brilliant and successful ; he fell the noblest of sacrifices on the altar of his country." The theme grows beneath the pen which at first attempted a slight sketch only, and my paper is growing too long. A few words more will complete the outline of this eminent young soldier. The name of Pelham will remain connected forWer with great events ; but it will live perennial, too, in many hearts who mourn bitterly his untimely end. All who knew him loved him ; I believe that no human being disliked him. His character was so frank, and open, and beautiful his bearing so modest and unassuming that he conciliated all hearts, and made every one who met him his friend. His passions were strong ; and when he was aroused fire darted from the flint, but this was seldom During all my acquaintance with him and that acquaintance dated back to the autumn of 1861 I never had a word addressed to me that was unfriendly, and never saw him angry but twice. " Poor boy ! " said Stuart one day, " he was angry with me once" and the speaker had known him longer than I had. He had rare self-control, and I think that this sprang in a great measure from a religious sense of duty. He would sit and read his Bible with close attention ; and, though he never made a profession of his religious convictions, it is certain that these convictions shaped bis conduct. The thought of death never seemed to cross his mind, however ; and he once told me that he had never felt as if he was destined to be killed in the war. Alas ! the brief proverb is the comment : " Man proposes, God disposes." Thus, modest, brave, loving, and beloved the famous soldier, the charming companion he passed away from the friends who cherished him, leaving a void which none other can till. Alabama lent him to Virginia for a time ; but, alas ! the pale face smiles no more as he returns to her. As many mourn his early death here, where his glory was won, as in the southern land from which

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 140 he came. To these—the wide circle who loved him for his great qualities, and his kind, good heart—his loss is irreparable, as it is to the whole South. The "breed of noble mind" like his is not numerous, and when such forms disappear the gap is hard to fill—the struggle more arduous than before. But the memory of this great young soldier still remains with us, his name is immortal in history as in many hearts which throbbed at his death!

Poor colourless phrases!—faded flowers I try to strew on the grave of this noble soul! But the loss is too recent, and the wound has not yet healed. The heart still bleeds as the pen traces the dull words on the page.

"Mourn for him! Let him be regarded As the most noble corse that ever herald Did follow to his urn!"

Strange words!—it may be said—for a boy little more than twenty! Exaggerated estimate of his loss!

No, the words are not strange; the loss is not exaggerated—for the name of this youth was John Pelham

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138 detachment" singing the loud, triumphant Marseillaise, as that same Napoleon gun, captured at Seven Pines, and used at Fredericksburg, drove them back. All that whole great movement was a marvel of hard fighting, however, and Pelham was the hero of the stout, close struggle. Any other chief of artillery might have sent his men in at Fredericksburg and elsewhere, leaving the direction of the guns to such officers as the brave Captain Henry; but this did not suit the young chieftain. He must go himself with the one gun sent forward, and beside that piece he remained until it was ordered back—directing his men to lie down, but sitting his own horse, and intent solely upon the movements and designs of the enemy, wholly careless of the "fire of hell" hurled against him. It was glorious, indeed, as General Lee declared, to see such heroism in the boyish artillerist; and well might General Jackson speak of him in terms of "exaggerated compliment," and ask General Stuart "if he had another Pelham, to give him to him." On that great day, the young son of Alabama covered himself with glory—but no one who knew him felt any surprise at it. Those who had seen him at work upon other fields knew the dauntless resolution of his brave young soul—the tough and stern fibre of his courage. That hard fibre could bear any strain upon it and remain unmoved.

In all those hard combats, no ball or shell ever struck him. The glance of the blue eyes seemed to conquer Danger, and render Death powerless. He seemed to bear a charmed life, and to pass amid showers of bullets without peril or fear of the result. It was not from the enemy's artillery alone that he ran the greatest danger in battle. He was never content to remain at his guns if they were silent. His mind was full of the contest, pondering its chances, as though he had command of the whole army himself; he never rested in his exertions to penetrate the designs of the enemy. Upon such occasions he was the mark at which the sharpshooters directed their most dangerous fire; but they never struck him. The balls passed to the right or left, or overhead—his hour had not yet come.

It came at last in that hard fight upon the Rappahannock, and

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User:Dsvyas

Hi, my name is Dhaval Sudhanva Vyas. I am primarily active on Gujarati Wikipedia. I am also active on Gujarati Wikisource and am a sysop at both these places. The best way to reach me is my talk page there.

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 dealt with Transvaal affairs) whatever the political party in power. Unfortunately, the timid way in which it was done made as in efface able an impression on Kruger even as the surrender after Majuba. Article 4 stated:

The other article to which the greatest interest was subsequently attached was art. 14:

Notwithstanding the precise fixing of the boundaries of the republic by the London Convention, President Kruger endeavoured to maintain the Boer hold on Goshen and Stellaland, but the British government on this point proved firm, and an expedition set out in 1884 under Sir Charles Warren, broke up the freebooters’ two states, and occupied the country without a shot being fired (see ). The expedition cost Great Britain a million and a half, but the attempt at farther extension westwards was foiled, and a little later treaties with Lobenguela and the grant to Cecil Rhodes and his co-directors of a charter for the British South Africa Company put a check on designs the Boers held to expand northward (see ). On the eastern border a similar policy of expansion was followed by the Boers, and in this instance with more success. Following up the downfall of the Zulu power after the British conquest in 1879, several parties of Boers began intriguing with the petty chiefs, and in May 1884, in the presence of 10,000 Zulus, they proclaimed Dinizulu, the son of Cetywayo, to be king of Zululand (see ). As a “reward” for their services to the Zulus, the Boers then took over from them a tract of country in which they established a “New Republic.” In 1886 the “New Republic” with limits considerably narrowed, was recognised by Great Britain, and the territory became incorporated with the Transvaal in 1888. Their eastern boundary, in the teeth of the spirit of the conventions, and with but scant observance of the letter, was by this means considerably extended. A similar policy eventually brought Swaziland almost entirely under their dominion (see ). At the same time President Kruger revived the project of obtaining a seaport for the state, one of the objects of Boer ambitions since 1860 (vide supra). Kruger endeavoured to acquire Kosi Bay, to the north of Zululand and only 50 m. east of the Swazi frontier. Meanwhile, events occurring within the state augured ill for the future of the country. In 1884 a concession to a number of Hollander and German capitalists of all rights to make railways led to the formation of the Netherlands Railway Company. This company, which was not actually floated till 1887, was destined to exercise a disastrous influence upon the fortunes of the state. Gold digging had hitherto enjoyed in the Transvaal but a precarious existence. In 1883 the discovery of Moodie’s Reef near the Kaap Valley led to a considerable influx of diggers and prospectors from the colonies and Europe, and by 1884 the Sheba Mine had been opened up, and Barberton, with a population of 5000 inhabitants, sprung into existence. In 1886 the Rand goldfields, which had just been discovered, were proclaimed and Johannesburg was founded. From that time the gold industry made steady progress until the Rand gold mines proved the richest and most productive goldfield in the world. As the industry prospered, so did the European population increase. The revenue of the state went up by leaps and bounds. At the end of 1886 Johannesburg consisted of a few stores and some few thousand inhabitants. In October 1896 the sanitary board census estimated the population as 107,078, of whom 50,907 were Europeans. The wealth which was pouring into the Boer state coffers exceeded the wildest dreams of President Kruger and his followers. Land went up in value, and farms, many of them at comparatively remote distances from the goldfields, were sold at enormously enhanced prices. In fact, so attractive did this sale of land become to the Boers that they eventually parted with a third of the whole land area of the country to Uitlander purchasers. Yet in spite of the wealth which the industry of the Uitlanders was creating, a policy of rigid political exclusion and restriction was adopted towards them.

An attempt was made in 1888, after the conference held between Cape Colony, the Orange Free State and Natal, to induce the Transvaal to enter a customs union. Kruger would have none of it, although by so doing he could have obtained permission for a settlement at and railway to Kosi Bay. A convention to this effect was signed in August 1890, the Transvaal being allowed three years in which to take advantage of its provisions. Kruger’s design at this time was to bring the whole of the external trade of the state, which was growing yearly as the gold industry developed, through Delagoa Bay and over the Netherlands railway. His hostility towards Great Britain and even Cape Colony led him to adopt a commercial policy both narrow and prejudicial to the interests of the gold industry. In the appointment of F. W. Reitz as president of the Orange Free State (January 1889) on the death of Sir John Brand, Kruger recognized a new opportunity of endeavouring to cajole the Free State. Brand had arranged, in the teeth of the strongest protests from Kruger, that the Cape railway should extend to Bloemfontein and subsequently to the Vaal river. Kruger now endeavoured to control the railway policy of the Free State, and induced that republic to agree to a treaty whereby each state bound itself to help the other whenever the independence of either should be threatened or assailed, unless the cause of quarrel was, in the eyes of the state called in to assist, an unjust one (see ).

In 1890 a feeling of considerable irritation had grown up among the Uitlanders at the various monopolies, but particularly at the dynamite monopoly, which pressed solely and with peculiar severity upon gold miners. Requests for consideration in the matter of the franchise, and also for a more liberal commercial policy in the matter of railways, dynamite and customs dues, began to be made. In response Kruger enacted that the period of qualification for the full franchise should now be raised to ten years instead of five. He at the same time instituted what was called a second chamber, the franchise qualifications for which were easier, but which was not endowed with any real power. During this year Kruger visited Johannesburg, and what was known as “the flag incident” occurred. He had by this time rendered himself somewhat unpopular, and in the evening the Transvaal flag, which flew over the landdrost’s house, was pulled down. This incensed Kruger so much that for many years he continued to quote it as a reason why no consideration could be granted to the Uitlanders.

By 1892 the Uitlanders began to feel that if they were to obtain any redress for their grievances combined constitutional action was called for, and the first reform movement began. The Transvaal National Union was formed. This consisted at the outset chiefly of mercantile and professional men and artisans. The mining men, especially the heads of the larger houses, did not care at this juncture to run the risk of political agitation. The Hon. J. Tudhope, an ex-minister in the Cape government, was elected chairman of the union. The objects of this body were avowed from the outset. They desired equal rights for all citizens, the abolition of monopolies and abuses, together with the maintenance of the state’s independence. In the furthering of this policy Tudhope was supported by Charles Leonard and his brother

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 186 WEARING OF THE GRAY. With what obstinate and unyielding courage he fought! with a daring how splendid, how rich in suggestion of the antique days ! He entered upon a battle with the coolness and resolu tion of a great leader trained in a thousand combats, and fought his guns with the fury and elan of Murat at the head of his horsemen. No trait of the ground, no movement of the enemy, ever escaped his eagle eye. With an inborn genius for war which West Point had merely developed, and directed in its proper channels, he had that rapid comprehension intuition almost which counts for so much in a leader. Where the con test was hottest and the pressure heaviest, there was Pelham with his guns ; and the broken lines of infantry, or cavalry giving ground before irresistible numbers, heard their deep voices roaring and saw the ranks of the enemy scattered. Often he waited for no order, took the whole responsibility, and opened his batteries where he saw that they were most needed by the emergencies of the moment. But what he did was always the very best that could be done. He struck at the right moment, and his arm was heavy. To the cavalry, the roar of Pelham s Napolegns was a welcome sound. When the deep-mouthed thunder of those guns was heard, the faintest took heart, and the contest assumed a new phase to all for that sound had proved on many a field the harbinger of victory.* Beside those guns was the chosen post of the young artillerist. The gaudium certaminis seemed to fill his being at such moments ; and, however numerous the batteries which he threw into action, he never remained behind " in command of the whole field/ He told me that he considered this his duty, and I know that he never shrank as he might have done from performing it. more of his guns when the cavalry fell back from the mountains. The report is entirely without foundation. He never lost a gun there or anywhere else. Though he fought his pieces with such obstinacy that the enemy more than once charged within ten yards cf the muzzles of the guns, he always drove them back, and brought his artillery off safely. He asked my friendly offices in making public this statement. I neglected it, but now put the facts on record, in justice to his memory.
 * The rumour has obtained a wide circulation that Major Pelham lost ono or

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 134 WEARING OF THE GRAY.

steadily, and at nightfall was thundering on the flank of the retreating enemy, who no longer replied. No answering roar came back from those batteries he had fought with his Napo leon so long ; he had triumphed. That triumph was complete, and placed for ever upon record when the great Commander-in- Chief, whom he loved and admired so ardently, gave him the name in his report of " the gallant Pelham." Supreme tribute to his courage immortalizing him in history I To be the sole name mentioned beneath the rank of Major-General in all that host of heroes and mentioned as "the gallant Pelham !" Thenceforward there was little for him to desire. He had never cared for rank, only longed for glory ; and now his name was deathless. It is true that he sometimes said, with modest and noble pride, that he thought it somewhat hard to be con sidered too young for promotion, when they gave him great corrl- mands as at Sharpsburg and Fredericksburg and called on him when the hardest work was to be done. But he never desired a mere title he had not won, and did his soldier s duty thoroughly, trusting to time. So noble and important, however, had been his recent services, that promotion was a matter of course. The President said, "I do not need to see any papers about Major Pelham," and had appointed him a Lieutenant- Colonel ; and it only awaited the formal confirmation of the Senate, when he fell on the Bappahannock. His fall was a pub lic calamity to the nation, but none to him. It was fit that such a spirit should lay down his great work before the hard life of the world had dimmed the polish of the good knight s spotless shield. He wanted no promotion at the hands of men. He had won, if not worn, the highest honours of the great soldier ; and having finished his task, the gentle spirit took its flight, pro moted by the tender hand of Death to other honours in a brighter world. III. In this hasty tribute to one whom I knew well, and loved much, it is hard to avoid the appearance of exaggeration. The character of this young soldier was so eminently noble his soul

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 PELHAM "THE GALLANT." 135 so brave, so true, so free from any taint of what was mean or sordid or little that the sober words of truth may be doubted by some, who will only regard them as that tender and pious flattery which friendship accords to the dead. This sentiment will be experienced only by strangers, how ever. Those who knew him will recognise the true portrait. His modesty, his gentleness his bearing almost childlike in its simplicity made his society charming. This modesty of deport ment was observed by every one, and strangers often referred to the singular phenomenon in a youth bred in the self-sufficient atmosphere of West Point, and whose name was already so famous. He never spoke of himself; you might live with him for a month, and never know that he had been in a single action. He never seemed to think that he deserved any applause for his splendid courage, and was silent upon all subjects connected with his own actions. In his purse was found folded away, after his death, a slip from a United States officer, once his friend, which contained the words, u After long silence, I write. God bless you, dear Pelham ; I am proud of your success." But he had never even alluded to the paper. Distinguished unmistakably by the affection and admiration of his immediate General rendered famous by the praise of the Commander-in- Chief at Fredericksburg he never exhibited the least trait of self-love, remaining still what he had always been, as modest, unassuming, and simple as a child. This and other winning traits come to my mind as I write, and I could speak at length of all those charming endowments which endeared him to every one around him. I could dwell on his nice sense of honour his devotion to his family on that prisca fides in his feeling and opinions which made him a great, true type of the Southern gentleman, attracting the attention and respect of the most eminent personages of his time. But with the recollection of those eminent social characteristics comes the memory always of his long, hard work in the service. I have often seen him engaged in that work, which gave him his great fame ; and this phase of the young officer s character obtrudes itself, rounding and completing the outline.

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 PELHAM "THE GALLANT." 137 He was ever by the guns which were under the hottest fire ; and, when the enemy shifted their fire to other portions of the field, he proceeded thither, riding at full speed, and directed the fresh batteries in person. His men will remember how cheer ing and inspiring was his presence with them how his coolness steadied them in the most exciting moments and his brave, cheerful voice was the herald of success. "He was the bravest human being I ever saw in my life," said one of his officers whom I conversed with recently ; and all who have seen him under fire will bear similar testimony. His coolness had some thing heroic in it. It never deserted him, or was affected by those chances of battle which excite the bravest. He saw guns shattered and dismounted, or men torn to pieces, without exhi biting any signs of emotion. His nature seemed strung and every muscle braced to a pitch which made him rock ; and the ghastliest spectacle of blood and death left his soul unmoved his stern will unbent. That unbending will had been tested often, and never had failed him yet. At Manassas, Williamsburg, Cold Harbour, Groveton, Oxhill, Sharpsburg, Shepherdstown, Kearneysville, Aldie, Union, Upperville, Markham, Barbee s, Hazel Kiver, and Fredericksburg at these and many other places he fought his horse artillery, and handled it with heroic coolness. One day when I led him to speak of his career, he counted up something like a hundred actions which he had been in and in every one he had borne a prominent part.^ Talk with the associates of the young leader in those hard-fought battles, and they will tell you a hundred instances of his dauntless courage. At Manassas he took position in a place so dangerous that an officer, who had followed him up to that moment, rode away with the declaration that " if Pelham was fool enough to stay there, lie was not" But General Jackson thanked him, as he thanked him at Cold Harbour, when the brave young soldier came back covered with dust from fighting his Napoleon the light of victory in his eyes. At Markham, while he was fighting the enemy in front, they made a circuit and charged him in the rear ; but he turned his guns about, and fought them as befo re, with his " Napoleon

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 The 3rd Battle Cruiser Squadron under Rear-Admiral Hood led the Battle Fleet. At 5.30 Hood observed flashes of gun fire and heard the sound of guns to the south-westward. He sent Chester (Captain Lawson) to investigate, and at 5.45 this ship engaged three or four enemy light cruisers. For twenty minutes the fight continued against heavy odds, and here occurred one of the most conspicuous instances of gallantry in the battle. Boy (1st Class) John Travers Cornwell was mortally wounded early in the fight, and all the crew of the gun where he was stationed lay dead or dying around him. He nevertheless remained alone at his post, waiting orders, and exposed to constant fire. He was only sixteen and a half and he did not live to receive the reward of his courage. "I recommend his case for special recognition," wrote Sir David Beatty, "in justice to his memory and as an acknowledgment of the high example set by him."

Chester rejoined the 3rd Battle Cruiser Squadron at 6.5. Hood was too far to the east, so he turned north-westward and five minutes later sighted Beatty. He received Rh

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Rh Aye,—Pride can veil, and Courage brave it all—

All—all—before—beyond—the deadliest fall:

Each hath some fear, and he who least betrays,

The only hypocrite deserving praise:

Not the loud recreant wretch who boasts and flies;

But he who looks on death—and silent dies:

So, steeled by pondering o'er his far career,

He half-way meets him should he menace near!

XI.

In the high chamber of his highest tower

Sate Conrad, fettered in the Pacha's power.

His palace perished in the flame—this fort

Contain'd at once his captive and his court.

Not much could Conrad of his sentence blame,

His foe, if vanquish'd, had but shared the same:—

Alone he sate—in solitude had scann'd

His guilty bosom, but that breast he mann'd:

One thought alone he could not—dared not meet—

"Oh, how these tidings will Medora greet?"

Then—only then—his clanking hands he raised,

And strained with rage the chain on which he gazed;

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 James Leonard, at one time attorney-general of Cape Colony. Both the Leonards, as well as many of their followers, were South Africans by birth. They, in common with the great bulk of the Uitlanders, recognized that the state had every right to have its independence respected. But they asserted that a narrow and retrogressive policy, such as Kruger was following, was the very thing to endanger that independence. The soundness of these views and the legitimacy of Uitlander aspirations were recognized by a few Boer officials at Pretoria. Some prominent burghers even spoke at Uitlander meetings in favour of the Uitlander requests. At a later date, Chief Justice Kotze, when on circuit, warned the Boers that in its retrogressive action the government was undermining the grondwet or constitution of the state. It soon became evident that one course, and one only, lay open to President Kruger if he desired to avert a catastrophe. It was to meet in a friendly spirit those men who had by their industry converted a poor pastoral country into a rich industrial one, who represented more than half the inhabitants, who paid more than three fourths of the revenue, and who were anxious to join him as citizens, with the rights of citizenship. He chose a course diametrically opposite. In an interview accorded to seven delegates from the National Union, in 1892, he told Charles Leonard to “go back and tell your people that I shall never give them anything. I shall never change my policy. And now let the storm burst.” In 1894 there occurred an incident which not only incensed the Uitlanders to fury, but called for British intervention. A number of British subjects resident in the Transvaal, in spite of their having no political status, were commandeered to suppress a native rising. This led to a protest, and eventually a visit to Pretoria, from Sir Henry Loch the high commissioner. In the negotiations which followed, President Kruger at length agreed to extend “most favoured nation” privileges to British subjects in reference to compulsory military service, and five British subjects who had been sent as prisoners to the front were released. This result was not, however, achieved before President Kruger had done his utmost to induce Sir Henry Loch to promise some revision in favour of the Transvaal of the London Convention. Following this incident came a further alteration in the franchise law, making the franchise practically impossible to obtain. At a banquet given in honour of the German emperor’s birthday in Pretoria in January 1895, Kruger referred in glowing terms to the friendship of Germany for the Transvaal, which in the future was to be more firmly established than ever. This speech was public evidence of what was known to be going on behind the scenes. The German consul at Pretoria at this juncture as a volatile, sanguine man, with visionary ideas of the important part Germany was to play in the future as the patron and ally of the South African Republic, and of the extent to which the Bismarckian policy might go in abetting an anti-British campaign. Whether he deceived himself or not, he led President Kruger and the Boers to believe that Germany was prepared to go to almost any length in support of the Transvaal if any opportunity occurred. His influence was an undoubted factor in the Kruger policy of that time.

The Delagoa Bay railway being at length completed to Pretoria and Johannesburg, Kruger determined to take steps to bring the Rand traffic over it. The Netherlands railway began by putting a prohibitive tariff on goods from the Vaal river. Not to be coerced in this manner, the Rand merchants proceeded to bring their goods on from the Vaal by wagon. Kruger then closed the drifts (or fords) on the river by which the wagons crossed. He only reopened them after the receipt of what was tantamount to an ultimatum on the subject from Great Britain.

In May 1895, on the urgent representations of Sir Henry Loch, the British government annexed Tongaland, including Kosi Bay, thus making the British and Portuguese boundaries conterminous on the coast of south-east Africa. In the previous month certain native territories between Tongaland and Swaziland had been annexed by Great Britain. The Boers, who had failed to fulfil the conditions under which they might have secured Kosi Bay, nevertheless resented this action, which took away from them all chance of obtaining a seaport. Kruger telegraphed that “this annexation cannot be regarded by this government otherwise than as directed against this republic. They must therefore regard it as an unfriendly act, against which they hereby protest.” The protest was unheeded, the British government having realized the international complications that might ensue had the Transvaal a port of its own.

At this time the Uitlanders formed a majority of the population, owned half the land and nine-tenths of the property, and they were at least entitled to a hearing. When in August 1895 they forwarded one of their many petitions praying for redress of their grievances and an extension of the franchise, their petition, with over 35,000 signatures, was rejected with jeers and insult. One member of the Raad, during a debate in the chamber, called upon the Uitlanders to “come on and fight” for their rights if they wanted them. The words were but the utterance of an individual Raad member, but they were only a shade less offensive than those used by Kruger in 1892, and they too accurately describe the attitude of the Boer executive. In September a meeting of the chambers of mines and commerce was held at Johannesburg, and a letter on various matters of the greatest importance to the mining industry was addressed to the Boer executive. It was never vouchsafed an answer. What the next step should be was freely discussed. Some urged an appeal to the Imperial government; but others, especially men of colonial birth and experience, objected that they would be leaning on a broken reed. That men who had still the memory of Majuba in their hearts should have felt misgiving is not to be wondered at. At this juncture (October 1895) came overtures to the leading Uitlanders from Cecil Rhodes, then prime minister of Cape Colony, and from Dr Jameson, leading to the Jameson Raid. To one or two men this scheme, subsequently known as the Jameson Plan, had been revealed in the previous June, but to the majority even of the small group of leaders it was not known till October or November 1895. The proposition came in a tempting hour. Rhodes and Jameson, after considerable deliberation, came to the conclusion that they might advantageously intervene between Kruger and the Uitlanders. They induced Alfred Beit, who was an old personal friend of Rhodes, and also largely interested in the Rand gold mines, to lend his co-operation. They then submitted their scheme to some of the Uitlander leaders. Between them it was arranged that Jameson should gather a force of 800 men on the Transvaal border; that the Uitlanders should continue their agitation; and that, should no satisfactory concession be obtained from Kruger, a combined movement of armed forces should be made against the government. The arsenal at Pretoria was to be seized; the Uitlanders in Johannesburg were to rise and hold the town. Jameson was to make a rapid march to Johannesburg. Meanwhile, in order to give Kruger a final chance of making concessions with a good grace, and for the purpose of stating the Uitlander case to the world, Charles Leonard, as chairman of the National Union, issued a historic manifesto, which concluded as follows:—

We have now only two questions to consider: (a) What do we want? (b) How shall we get it? I have stated plainly what our grievances are, and I shall answer with equal directness the question, What do we want? We want: (1) the establishment of this republic as a true republic; (2) a grondwet or constitution which shall be framed by competent persons selected by representatives of the whole people and framed on lines laid down by them—a constitution which shall be safeguarded against hasty alteration; (3) an equitable franchise law, and fair representation; (4) equality of the Dutch and English languages; (5) responsibility to the heads of the great departments of the legislature; (6) removal of religious disabilities; (7) independence of the courts of justice, with adequate and secured remuneration of the judges; (8) liberal and comprehensive education;

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50 But soon he found—or feigned—or dreamed relief,

And smiled in self-derision of his grief,

"And now come torture when it will—or may—

"More need of rest to nerve me for the day!"

This said, with languor to his mat he crept,

And, whatso'er his visions, quickly slept.

'Twas hardly midnight when that fray begun,

For Conrad's plans matured, at once were done,

And Havoc loathes so much the waste of time,

She scarce had left an uncommitted crime.

One hour beheld him since the tide he stemmed—

Disguis'd—discover'd—conquering—ta'en—condemn'd—

A chief on land—an outlaw on the deep—

Destroying—saving—prison'd—and asleep!

XII.

He slept in calmest seeming—for his breath

Was hush'd so deep—Ah! happy if in death!

He slept—Who o'er his placid slumber bends?

His foes are gone—and here he hath no friends;

Is it some seraph sent to grant him grace?

No, 'tis an earthly form with heavenly face!

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Rh Its white arm rais'd a lamp—yet gently hid,

Lest the ray flash abruptly on the lid

Of that clos'd eye, which opens but to pain,

And once unclosed—but once may close again.

That form, with eye so dark, and cheek so fair,

And auburn waves of gemm'd and braided hair;

With shape of fairy lightness—naked foot,

That shines like snow, and falls on earth as mute—

Through guards and dunnest night how came it there?

Ah! rather ask what will not woman dare?

Whom youth and pity lead like thee, Gulnare!

She could not sleep—and while the Pacha's rest

In muttering dreams yet saw his pirate-guest,

She left his side—his signet-ring she bore,

Which oft in sport adorn'd her hand before—

And with it, scarcely question'd, won her way

Through drowsy guards that must that sign obey.

Worn out with toil, and tir'd with changing blows,

Their eyes had envied Conrad his repose;

And chill and nodding at the turret door,

They stretch their listless limbs, and watch no more—

Just raised their heads to hail the signet-ring,

Nor ask or what or who the sign may bring.

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52 XIII.

She gazed in wonder, "can he calmly sleep,

"While other eyes his fall or ravage weep?

"And mine in restlessness are wandering here—

"What sudden spell hath made this man so dear?

"True—'tis to him my life, and more, I owe,

"And me and mine he spared from worse than woe:

"'Tis late to think—but soft—his slumber breaks—

"How heavily he sighs!—he starts—awakes!"

He raised his head—and dazzled with the light,

His eye seemed dubious if it saw aright:

He moved his hand—the grating of his chain

Too harshly told him that he lived again.

"What is that form? if not a shape of air,

"Methinks, my jailor's face shows wondrous fair!"

"Pirate! thou know'st me not—but I am one,

"Grateful for deeds thou hast too rarely done;

"Look on me—and remember her, thy hand

"Snatched from the flames, and thy more fearful band.

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 (9) efficient civil service, with adequate provision for pay and pension; (10) free trade in South African products. That is what we want. There now remains the question which is to be put before you at the meeting of the 6th of January, viz. How shall we get it? To this question I shall expect from you an answer in plain terms according to your deliberate judgment.

The Jameson conspiracy fared no worse and no better than the great majority of conspiracies in history. It failed in its immediate object. Jameson did not obtain more than 500 men. Johannesburg had the greatest difficulty in smuggling in and distributing the rifles with which the insurgents were to be armed. The scheme to seize the Pretoria fort had to be abandoned, as at the time fixed Pretoria was thronged with Boers. Finally, to make confusion worse confounded, Jameson, becoming impatient of delay, in spite of receiving direct messages from the leaders at Johannesburg telling him on no account to move, marched into the Transvaal.

The policy of delay in the execution of the plot which the Uitlander leaders found themselves compelled to adopt was determined by a variety of causes. Apart from the difficulty of obtaining arms, a serious question arose at the eleventh hour which filled some of the Uitlanders with mistrust. The reform leaders in the Transvaal, down to and including the Johannesburg rising, had always recognized as a cardinal principle the maintenance of the independence of the state. From Cape Town it was now hinted that the movement in which Jameson was to co-operate should, in Rhodes’s view, be carried out under the British flag. A meeting of Uitlander leaders was hastily summoned on the 25th of December. Two messengers were that night dispatched to interview Rhodes, who then gave the assurance that the flag question might be left to a plebiscite of the inhabitants of the Transvaal (see Blue-book, 1897, 165, p. 21). It was determined nevertheless to postpone action; however, on the 29th of December, Jameson started, and the news of his having done so reached Johannesburg from outside sources. A number of leading citizens were at once formed into a reform committee. In the absence of Charles Leonard, who had been sent as one of the delegates to Cape Town to interview Rhodes, Lionel Phillips, a partner in Messrs Eckstein & Co., the largest mining firm on the Rand, was elected chairman. Phillips had been for three years in succession chairman of the chamber of mines, and he had persistently for several years tried to induce Kruger to take a reasonable view of the requirements of the industry. Under the supervision of the reform committee, such arms as had been smuggled in were distributed, and Colonel Frank Rhodes was given charge of the armed men. A large body of police was enrolled, and order was maintained throughout the town. On the end of January 1896 Jameson, who found himself at Doornkop in a position surrounded by Boers, surrendered. Jameson and his men were conveyed to Pretoria as prisoners, and subsequently handed over to the high commissioner (Sir Hercules Robinson, who had succeeded Sir Henry Loch in June 1895).

Significant of the attitude of Germany—whose “flirtation” with the Transvaal has been noted—was an open telegram sent by the emperor William II. the day after the surrender of Jameson congratulating Kruger that, “without appealing to the help of friendly powers” he had repelled the raiders. The British government rejoined by commissioning a flying squadron and by calling attention to the London Convention, reserving the supervision of the foreign relations of the Transvaal to Great Britain. In Johannesburg meanwhile the Kruger government regained control. The whole of the reform committee (with the exception of a few who fled the country) were arrested on a charge of high treason and imprisoned in Pretoria. In April, at the trial, the four leaders—Lionel Phillips, Frank Rhodes, J. H. Hammond and George Farrar, who in conjunction with Charles Leonard had made the arrangements with Jameson—were sentenced to death, the sentence being after some months’ imprisonment commuted to a fine of £25,000 each. The rest of the committee were each sentenced to two years’ imprisonment, £2000 fine or another year’s imprisonment, and three years’ banishment. This sentence, after a month's incarceration, was also commuted. The fine was exacted, and the prisoners, with the exception of Woolls Sampson and W. D. (Karri) Davies, were liberated on undertaking to abstain from politics for three years in lieu of banishment. Messrs Sampson and Davies, refusing to appeal to the executive for a reconsideration of their sentence, were retained for over a year.

Sir Hercules Robinson was unfortunately in feeble health at the time, and having reached Pretoria on the 4th of January, he had to conduct negotiations under great physical disadvantage. He had no sooner learnt of the raid in Cape Town than he issued a proclamation through Sir Jacobus de Wet, the British resident at Pretoria, warning all British subjects in Johannesburg or elsewhere from aiding and abetting Jameson. This was freely distributed among the public of Johannesburg. While in Pretoria the high commissioner in the first instance addressed himself to inducing Johannesburg to lay down its arms. He telegraphed to the reform committee that Kruger had insisted “that Johannesburg must lay down arms unconditionally as a precedent to any discussions and consideration of grievances.” On the following day, the 7th of January, Sir Hercules telegraphed again through the British agent, who was then at Johannesburg, saying: “That if the Uitlanders do not comply with my request they will forfeit all claims to sympathy from Her Majesty’s government and from British subjects throughout the world, as the lives of Jameson and the prisoners are now practically in their hands.” The two thousand odd rifles which had been distributed among the Uitlanders were then given up. With regard to the inducements to this step urged upon the reform committee by the high commissioner, it is only necessary to say with reference to the first that the grievances never were considered, and with reference to the second it subsequently appeared that one of the conditions of the surrender of Jameson’s force at Doornkop was that the lives of the men should be spared. It was after the Johannesburg disarmament that Kruger had sixty-four members of the reform committee arrested, announcing at the same time that his motto would be “Forget and forgive.” Sir Hercules Robinson, in response to a message from Mr Chamberlain, who had been secretary of state for the colonies since July 1895, urging him to use firm language in reference to reasonable concessions, replied that he considered the moment inopportune, and on the 15th of January he left for Cape Town. In 1897 he was succeeded in the high commissioner ship by Sir Alfred Milner.

In the period which intervened between the Jameson raid and the outbreak of the war in October 1899 President Kruger’s administration continued to be what it had been; that is to say, it was not merely bad, but it got progressively worse. His conduct immediately after Johannesburg had given up its arms, and while the reform committee were in prison, was distinctly disingenuous. Instead of discussing grievances, as before the Johannesburg disarmament he had led the high commissioner to believe was his intention, he proceeded to request the withdrawal of the London Convention, because, among other things, “it is injurious to dignity of independent republic.” When Kruger found that no concession was to be wrung from the British government, he proceeded, instead of considering grievances, to add considerably to their number. The Aliens Expulsion

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A. D. 1605 , and the Consent of the Offenders aforesaid, from and out of Flanders, in the Parts beyond the Seas, under the Government of the Archduke, traiterously imploy and send Guy Fawks, late of London, Gentleman, unto the said King of Spain, to negotiate with him on the Behalf of the said Papists of England, for Invasion to be had against this Realm of England, to the same Effect as was committed to the said Christopher Wright, as is aforesaid : And the said Guy Fawks and Christopher Wright, though they had all the Furtherance of the said Creswel the Jesuit that he could give, yet finding no such Entertainment with the said King, who (as by the Sequel appeareth) grew into Detestatipn with the said Propositions and Negotiations, as they expected or desired ; but being wholly disappointed of all their The King of Hopes concerning that Matter, the said Robert Catesby, and divers other Persons within this Realm, did send over the said Thomas Winter into the said County of Flanders, to procure the said Guy Fawks, a natural-born Subject of this Realm, and yet a most traiterous, desperate and bloody-minded Person, then serving as a Soldier in the Low-Countries, to come over into this Realm, and by and with the traiterous Conspiracy and Consent of the said Henry Garnet, Oswald Tesmond, John Gerrard, and other Jesuits, and Thomas Pearcy, late of London, Esquire, John Wright, late of London, Gentleman, the said Christopher Wright, Francis Tresham, Robert Winter, late of Huddington. aforesaid, Esquire, John Graunt, late of Norbrook in the county of Warwick, Esquire, Ambrose Rockwood, late of Staningfield in the County of Suffolk, Esquire, Everad Digby, late of Gotehurburst in the County of Buckingham, Knight, Robert Keys, late of London. Gentleman, and Thomas Bates, late of London, Yeoman, to underatke the Execution of the most wicked, barbarous, execrable and abominable Treason that ever could enter into the Heart of the most wicked Man, by blowing up with Gun-powder the House of Parliament, at such Time as your most excellent Majesty, and your dearest Consort the Queen, and the most noble Prince Henry, together with the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, the Judges of the Realm, and the Knights, Citizens and Burgesses of Parliament, should be in the said Parliament-house assembled, (for which most traiterous and barbarous Purpose there were secretly laid in a Vault or Cellar under the Parliament-house, thirty-six Barrels of Gun-powder, or thereabouts) to the utter Overthrow and Subversion of the whole State of this flourishing and renowned Kingdom, if God of his infinite Mercy had not most miraculously, by your Majesty's blessed Direction, discovered the same, in finding out the said Barrels of Gun-powder in the said Vault or Cellar, but few Hours before the Time appointed for the Execution thereof; (3) all which most heinous, horrible and damnable Treasons are most manifest and apparent by the voluntary Confessions and Acknowledgments of the Offenders themselves ; Of which most barbarous, bloody and detestable Treason for conspiring and preparing to blowup the said Parliament-house with Gun-powder, the said Robert Winter, Thomas Winter, Guy Fawks, Robert Keys, Ambrose Rookwood, John Graunt and Thomas Bates, have been lately indicted, and during this present Session of Parliament, arraigned, convicted by Verdict, and therupon attained : (4) And the said Sir Everard Digby, Knight, hath likewise been indicted, and during this prefent Session of Parliament convicted and attainted by his own Confession of Record upon his Arraignment, according to the Laws of this your Majesty's Realm, as by the Records of their several Indictments and Attainders it doth and may more plainly appear; (5) and for the which Offences the said Sir Everard Digby, Robert Winter, Thomas Winter, Guy Fawks, Ambrose Rookwood, John Graunt, Robert Keys and Thomas Bates, have suffered Pains of Death according to their Demerits: (6) And the said Robert Catesby, Thomas Pearcy, John Wright and Christopher Wright were lately slain in open Rebellion, by them and others the said most wicked Traitors moved and stirred within divers Parts and Counties of this Realm, shortly after the said Discovery of their said most detestable and damnable Treason, in conspiring and preparing to blow up the said Parliament-house as aforesaid : (7) and the said Hugh Owen doth (of Purpose, and for Fear of condign Punishment according to his Demerits) reside and keep himself beyond the Seas, by Means whereof he cannot in Respect of such his voluntary Absence, "be arraigned, and publickly by due Trial of Law, upon apparent Testimony and Proof against him, be proceeded withal for his said most heinous and abominable Treasons :  (8) And the said Francis Tresham being likewise one of the said most detestable Traitors, and being apprehended and imprisoned in the Tower of London, having by sundry his Examinations confessed himself a principal Traitor in all the said most wicked and abominable Treasons, died in the said Tower, during the Time of his said Imprisonment, and before he could be indicted of the said Treason, &c.

or as much as it is found by daily Experience, that many of his Majesty's Subjects that adhere in thier hearts to the Popish Religon, by the Infecton drawn from thence, and by the wicked and devlish Counsel of Jesuits, Semminaries, and otner like persons dangerous to the Church and State, are so far perverted in the Point of their Loyalties and due Allegiance unto the King's Majesty, and the Crown of England, as they are ready to entertain and execute any treasonable Conspiracies and Prac-


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Rh "I come through darkness—and I scarce know why—

"Yet not to hurt—I would not see thee die."

"If so, kind lady! thine the only eye

"That would not here in that gay hope delight:

"Theirs is the chance—and let them use their right.

"But still I thank their courtesy or thine,

"That would confess me at so fair a shrine!"

Strange though it seem—yet with extremest grief

Is link'd a mirth—it doth not bring relief—

That playfulness of Sorrow ne'er beguiles,

And smiles in bitterness—but still it smiles;

And sometimes with the wisest and the best,

Till even the scaffold10 echoes with their jest!

Yet not the joy to which it seems akin—

It may deceive all hearts, save that within.

Whate'er it was that flash'd on Conrad, now

A laughing wildness half unbent his brow:

And these his accents had a sound of mirth,

As if the last he could enjoy on earth;

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40 Practices as evidently apears by that more than barbarous and horrible Attempt to have blown up with Gun-Powder the King, Queen, Prince, Lords and Commons in the House of Parliament assembled, tending to the utter Subversion of the whole State, lately undertaken by the Instigation of Jesuits and Seminaries, and in Advancement of their Religion, by their Scholars taught and instructed by them to that Purpose, which Attempt by the only Goodness of Almighty God was discovered and defeated: (2) And where divers Persons popishly affected, do nevertheless, the better to cover and hide their false 'Hearts, and with the more Safety to attend the Opportunity to execute their mischievous Designs,,repair sometimes to Church, to escape the Penalty of the Laws in that Behalf provided :

II For the better Discovery therefore of such Persons, and their evil Affections to the King's Majesty, and the State of this his Realm, to the End that being known, their evil Purposes may be the better prevented; (2) be it enacted by the King's most excellent Majesty, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons, in this prsent Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That every Popish Recusant convicted, be hereafter to be convicted, which heretofore hath conformed him or her self or which shall hereafter conform him or her self, and repair to the Church, and continue there during the Time of Divine Service, according to the Laws and Statutes in that Behalf made and provided shall within the first Year next after the End of this Session of Parliament (if he or she be conformed, as aforesaid, before the End of this Session of Parliament) or within the first Year next after that he or she shall after this Session of Parliament so conform him or her self, and repair to Church, as aforesaid-, and after the said first Year, shall once in every Year following at the least, receive the blessed Sacrament of the Lord's. Supper in the Church of that Parish where he or she shall most usally abide or be within the said 'Year, wherein by the true Meaning of this Statute he or she ought so to receive:

III And if there be no such-'Parish' Churchy' then in the Church next adjoining to the Place of his or her such most usual Abode: (2) And if any Recusant so conformed shall not receive the said Sacrament of the Lord's Supper accordingly, he or she shall for such not receiving lose and forfeit for the first Year, twenty Pounds, and for the second Year for such not receiving, forty Pounds, and for every Year after for such not receiving, three score Pounds, until he or she shall have received the said Sacrament, as is aforesaid : (-3) And if after he or she shall have received the said Sacrament, as is aforesaid, and after shall eftsoons at any Time offend in not receiving the said Sacrament, as is aforesaid, by the Space of one whole Year, that in every such Case such Person so offending shall for every such Offence lose and forfeit three score Pounds of lawful English Money ; (4) the one Moiety to be to our Sovereign Lord the King's Majesty, his Heirs and Successors, and the other Moiety to him that will sue for the same ; (5) and to be recovered in any of the King's Courts of Record at Westminster, or before Justices of Assize or General Gaol-delivery, or before Justices of the Peace at their General Quarter-Sessions, by Action of Debt, Bill, Plaint, or Information, wherein no Essoin, Protection or Wager of Law shall be allowed. IV. And be it further enacted by the Authority of this present Parliament, That the Church-wardens and Constables of every Town, Parish or Chapel, for the Time being, or some one of them, or if there be none such, then the Chief Constables of the Hundred where such Town, Parish or Chapel is or shall be, or one of them as well in Places exempt as not exempt, shall once in every Year present the monthly Absence from Church of all and all manner of popish Recusants within such Towns and Parishies ; (2) and shall present the Names of every of the Children of the said Recusants, being of the Age of nine Years and upwards, abiding with their said Parents, and as near as they can the Age of every of the said Children, as also the Names of the Servants of such Recusants, at the General or Quarter Sessions of that Shire, Limit, Divifion, or Liberty. _ V. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid. That all such Presentments shall be accepted, entered and recorded in the said Sessions by the Clerk of the Peace, or Town-Clerk for the Time being, or his Deputy, without any Fee to be had, asked or taken for the same : (2) And in Default of such Presentment to be made, the said Church-wardens, Constables, or high Constables respectively, shall for every such Default forfeit twenty Shillings : (3) and in Default of such accepting, entering and recording without Fee, as aforesaid, the said Clerk of the Peace or Town-Clerk shall for every such Offence forfeit and lose forty Shillings.

VI. And that upon every Presentment of such monthly Absence as aforesaid, whereupon such Party so presented shall after happen to be indicted and convicted, (not being for the same Absence before presented) then the said Church-wardens, Constables or High Constables respectively so making such Presentments, shall have a Reward of forty Shillings; (2) to be levied out of the Recusant's Goods and Estate, in such Manner and Form as by the more Part of the said Justices shall be by Warrant under their Hands and Seals then and there ordered and appointed.

VII. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That the Justices of Assize and Gaol-delivery at their Assizes, and the said Justices of Peace at any of their said Sessions, shall have Power and Authority by Virtue of this Act to enquire, hear and determine of all Recusants and Offences, as well for not receiving the Sacrament aforesaid, according to the Meaning of this Law, as for not repairing to Church, according to the Meaning of former Laws, in such Manner and Form as the said Justices of Assize and Gaol-delivery do or may now do by former Laws, in the Case of Recusancy for not repairing to Church; {2) and also shall have Power at their said Assizes and Gaol-delivery, and at the Sessions in which any Indictment against any Person, either for not repairing to Church according to former Laws, or not receiving the said Sacrament according to this Law, fhall be taken) to make Proclamation, by which it shall be commanded, that the Body of every such Offender shall be rendered to the Sheriff of the same County, or Bailiff, or other Keeper of the Gaol of the Liberty, before the next Assizes and General Gaol-deiivery-, or before the next, General or Quarter-Sessions respectively to be holden for the said


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 IX. FARLEY "THE SCOUT." i. In the old " Confederate Army of the Potomac," and then in the " Army of Northern Virginia," there was a man so notable for daring, skill, and efficiency as a partisan, that all who valued those great qualities honoured him as their chiefest exemplar. He was known among the soldiers as " Farley, the Scout," but that term did not express him fully. He was not only a scout, but a partisan leader; an officer of excellent judgment and mag nificent dash ; a soldier born, who took to the work with all the skill and readiness of one who engages in that occupation for which, by Providence, he is especially designed. He served from the beginning of the war to the hard battle of Fleetwood, in Culpeper, fought on the 9th of June, 1863. There he fell, his leg shattered by a fragment of shell, nd the brave true soul went to rejoin its Maker. One of the chiefest spites of fate is that oblivion which sub merges the greatest names and events. The design of this brief paper is to put upon record some particulars of the career of a brave soldier so that, in that " aftertime " which sums up the work and glory of the men of this epoch, his name shall not be lost to memory. Farley was born at Laurens village, South Carolina, on the 19th of December, 1835. He was descended, in a direct line, from the " Douglas " of Scotland, and his father, who was born on the Eoanoke river, in Charlotte county, Virginia, was one of the most accomplished gentlemen of his time. He emigrated to

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