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157—205 Would'st thou the Greeks their lawful prey should yield,

The due reward of many a well-fought field?

The spoils of cities razed and warriors slain,

We share with justice, as with toil we gain:

But to resume whate'er thy avarice craves,

That trick of tyrants, may be borne by slaves.

Yet if our chief for plunder only fight,

The spoils of Ilion shall thy loss requite,

Whene'er, by Jove's decree, our conquering powers

Shall humble to the dust her lofty towers."

Then thus the king: "Shall I my prize resign

With tame content, and thou possessed of thine?

Great as thou art, and like a god in fight,

Think not to rob me of a soldier's right.

At thy demand shall I restore the maid?

First let the just equivalent be paid;

Such as a king might ask; and let it be

A treasure worthy her, and worthy me.

Or grant me this, or with a monarch's claim

This hand shall seize some other captive dame,

The mighty Ajax shall his prize resign,

Ulysses' spoils, or e'en thy own be mine.

The man who suffers, loudly may complain;

And rage he may, but he shall rage in vain.

But this when time requires. It now remains

We launch a bark to plough the watery plains,

And waft the sacrifice to Chrysa's shores,

With chosen pilots, and with labouring oars.

Soon shall the fair the sable ship ascend,

And some deputed prince the charge attend.

This Creta's king, or Ajax shall fulfil,

Or wise Ulysses see performed our will;

Or, if our royal pleasure shall ordain,

Achilles' self conduct her o'er the main;

Let fierce Achilles, dreadful in his rage,

The god propitiate, and the pest assuage."

At this Pelides, frowning stern, replied:

"O tyrant, armed with insolence and pride,

Inglorious slave to interest, ever joined

With fraud, unworthy of a royal mind!

What generous Greek, obedient to thy word,

Shall form an ambush, or shall lift the sword?

What cause have I to war at thy decree?

The distant Trojans never injured me:

To Phthia's realms no hostile troops they led;

Safe to her vales my warlike coursers fed;

Far hence removed, the hoarse-resounding main,

And walls of rocks, secure my native reign,

Whose fruitful soil luxuriant harvests grace,


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38 Rich in her fruits and in her martial race.

Hither we sailed, a voluntary throng,

To avenge a private, not a public wrong:

What else to Troy the assembled nations draws,

But thine, ungrateful, and thy brother's cause?

Is this the pay our blood and toils deserve,

Disgraced and injured by the man we serve?

And darest thou threat to snatch my prize away,

Due to the deeds of many a dreadful day?

A prize as small, O tyrant! matched with thine,

As thy own actions if compared to mine.

Thine in each conquest is the wealthy prey,

Though mine the sweat and danger of the day.

Some trivial present to my ships I bear,

Or barren praises pay the wounds of war.

But know, proud monarch, I'm thy slave no more:

My fleet shall waft me to Thessalia's shore.

Left by Achilles on the Trojan plain,

What spoils, what conquests, shall Atrides gain?"

To this the king: "Fly, mighty warrior! fly,

Thy aid we need not, and thy threats defy:

There want not chiefs in such a cause to fight,

And Jove himself shall guard a monarch's right.

Of all the kings, the gods' distinguished care,

To power superior none such hatred bear;

Strife and debate thy restless soul employ,

And wars and horrors are thy savage joy.

If thou hast strength, 'twas Heaven that strength bestowed,

For know, vain man! thy valour is from God.

Haste, launch thy vessels, fly with speed away,

Rule thy own realms with arbitrary sway:

I heed thee not, but prize at equal rate

Thy short-lived friendship and thy groundless hate.

Go threat thy earth-born Myrmidons; but here

'Tis mine to threaten, prince, and thine to fear.

Know, if the god the beauteous dame demand,

My bark shall waft her to her native land;

But then prepare, imperious prince! prepare,

Fierce as thou art, to yield thy captive fair:

E'en in thy tent I'll seize thy blooming prize,

Thy loved Briseïs, with the radiant eyes.

Hence shalt thou prove my might, and curse the hour

Thou stoodest a rival of imperial power;

And hence to all our host it shall be known

That kings are subject to the gods alone."

Achilles heard, with grief and rage oppressed;

His heart swelled high, and laboured in his breast.

Distracting thoughts by turns his bosom ruled,

Now fired by wrath, and now by reason cooled:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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140

, Colonial secretary Victoria, Hongkong, January 9th, 1846

desirableness of having the Notitia Linguæ Sinicae of P. Prémare translated into English having often been suggested, we are happy in being able at length to announce its completion, and also to state, in reply to inquiries for the book, that it is now half through the press in the office of the Chinese Repository. Prémare's work, we believe, is generally admitted to be the best extant for aiding the student in the acquisition of the Chinese language. We have before us the sheets that have been printed; and as a specimen of the work, and of the thoughts of the Chinese and their mode of expressing them, we select a few of the apothems and proverbs from the closing section of Part First, which treats of "the spoken language and familiar style."

The apothems and proverbs in the Chinese language add not a little to its dignity and strength of expression. There are doubtless, in all, many more than are comprised in this collection. In the examples presented it will be desirable to attend as wel1 to the mode of expression as to the sense." So says P. Prémare.

1. Yih máng yin chung máng, siáng tsiáng juh ho káng,一盲引眾盲相將入火炕, if the blind lead the blind they will both go into the pit.


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255–303 That prompts his hand to draw the deadly sword,

Force thro' the Greeks, and pierce their haughty lord;

This whispers soft, his vengeance to control,

And calm the rising tempest of his soul.

Just as in anguish of suspense he stayed,

While half unsheathed appeared the glittering blade,

Minerva swift descended from above,

Sent by the sister and the wife of Jove;

For both the princes claimed her equal care;

Behind she stood, and by the golden hair

Achilles seized, to him alone confessed;

A sable cloud concealed her from the rest.

He sees, and sudden to the goddess cries,

Known by the flames that sparkle from her eyes:

"Descends Minerva, in her guardian care,

A heavenly witness of the wrongs I bear

From Atreus' son? Then let those eyes that view

The daring crime, behold the vengeance too."

"Forbear!" the progeny of Jove replies,

"To calm thy fury I forsake the skies:

Let great Achilles, to the gods resigned,

To reason yield the empire o'er his mind.

By awful Juno this command is given;

The king and you are both the care of Heaven.

The force of keen reproaches let him feel,

But sheathe, obedient, thy revenging steel.

For I pronounce—and trust a heavenly Power—

Thy injured honour has its fated hour,

When the proud monarch shall thy arms implore,

And bribe thy friendship with a boundless store.

Then let revenge no longer bear the sway,

Command thy passions, and the gods obey."

To her Pelides: "With regardful ear,

'Tis just, O goddess! I thy dictates hear.

Hard as it is, my vengeance I suppress:

Those who revere the gods, the gods will bless,"

He said, observant of the blue-eyed Maid;

Then in the sheath returned the shining blade.

The goddess swift to high Olympus flies,

And joins the sacred senate of the skies.

Nor yet the rage his boiling breast forsook,

Which thus redoubling on Atrides broke:

"O monster! mixed of insolence and fear,

Thou dog in forehead, but in heart a deer!

When wert thou known in ambushed fights to dare,

Or nobly face the horrid front of war?

'Tis ours, the chance of fighting fields to try,

Thine to look on, and bid the valiant die.

So much 'tis safer through the camp to go,


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40 And rob a subject, than despoil a foe.

Scourge of thy people, violent and base!

Sent in Jove's anger on a slavish race,

Who, lost to sense of generous freedom past,

Are tamed to wrongs, or this had been thy last.

Now by this sacred sceptre hear me swear,

Which never more shall leaves or blossoms bear,

Which, severed from the trunk, as I from thee,

On the bare mountains left its parent tree;

This sceptre, formed by tempered steel to prove

An ensign of the delegates of Jove,

From whom the power of laws and justice springs—

Tremendous oath! inviolate to kings—

By this I swear, when bleeding Greece again

Shall call Achilles, she shall call in vain.

When, flushed with slaughter, Hector comes to spread

The purpled shore with mountains of the dead,

Then shalt thou mourn the affront thy madness gave,

Forced to deplore, when impotent to save:

Then rage in bitterness of soul, to know

This act has made the bravest Greek thy foe."

He spoke; and furious hurled against the ground

His sceptre starred with golden studs around;

Then sternly silent sat. With like disdain,

The raging king returned his frowns again.

To calm their passion with the words of age,

Slow from his seat arose the Pylian sage,

Experienced Nestor, in persuasion skilled;

Words sweet as honey from his lips distilled:

Two generations now had passed away,

Wise by his rules, and happy by his sway;

Two ages o'er his native realm he reigned,

And now the example of the third remained.

All viewed with awe the venerable man,

Who thus, with mild benevolence, began:

"What shame, what woe is this to Greece! what joy

To Troy's proud monarch, and the friends of Troy!

That adverse gods commit to stern debate

The best, the bravest of the Grecian state.

Young as ye are, this youthful heat restrain,

Nor think your Nestor's years and wisdom vain.

A godlike race of heroes once I knew,

Such as no more these aged eyes shall view!

Lives there a chief to match Pirithous' fame,

Dryas the bold, or Ceneus' deathless name;

Theseus, endured with more than mortal might,

Or Polyphemus, like the gods in fight?


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351–399 With these of old to toils of battle bred,

In early youth my hardy days I led;

Fired with the thirst which virtuous envy breeds,

And smit with love of honourable deeds.

Strongest of men, they pierced the mountain boar,

Ranged the wild deserts red with monsters' gore,

And from their hills the shaggy Centaurs tore.

Yet these with soft persuasive arts I swayed;

When Nestor spoke, they listened and obeyed.

If in my youth e'en these esteemed me wise,

Do you, young warriors, hear my age advice.

Atrides, seize not on the beauteous slave;

That prize the Greeks by common suffrage gave;

Nor thou, Achilles, treat our prince with pride;

Let kings be just, and sovereign power preside.

Thee, the first honours of the war adorn,

Like gods in strength, and of a goddess born;

Him, awful majesty exalts above

The powers of earth, and sceptred sons of Jove,

Let both unite with well-consenting mind;

So shall authority with strength be joined.

Leave me, O king! to calm Achilles' rage;

Rule thou thyself, as more advanced in age.

Forbid it, gods, Achilles should be lost,

The pride of Greece, and bulwark of our host."

This said, he ceased; the king of men replies:

"Thy years are awful, and thy words are wise.

But that imperious, that unconquered soul,

No laws can limit, no respect control:

Before his pride must his superiors fall,

His word the law, and he the lord of all?

Him must our hosts, our chiefs, ourself obey?

What king can bear a rival in his sway?

Grant that the gods his matchless force have given;

Has foul reproach a privilege from heaven?"

Here on the monarch's speech Achilles broke,

And, furious, thus, and interrupting, spoke:

"Tyrant, I well deserved thy galling chain,

To live thy slave, and still to serve in vain,

Should I submit to each unjust decree:

Command thy vassals, but command not me.

Seize on Briseïs, whom the Grecians doomed

My prize of war, yet tamely see resumed;

And seize secure; no more Achilles draws

His conquering sword in any woman's cause.

The gods command me to forgive the past;

But let this first invasion be the last:

For know, thy blood, when next thou dar'st invade,

Shall stream in vengeance on my reeking blade."


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42 At this they ceased; the stern debate expired:

The chiefs in sullen majesty retired.

Achilles with Patroclus took his way,

Where near his tents his hollow vessels lay.

Meantime Atrides launched with numerous oars

A well-rigged ship for Chrysa's sacred shores:

High on the deck was fair Chryseïs placed,

And sage Ulysses with the conduct graced:

Safe in her sides the hecatomb they stowed,

Then, swiftly sailing, cut the liquid road.

The host to expiate next the king prepares

With pure lustrations and with solemn prayers.

Washed by the briny wave, the pious train

Are cleansed, and cast the ablutions in the main.

Along the shores whole hecatombs were laid,

And bulls and goats to Phœbus' altars paid.

The sable fumes in curling spires arise,

And waft their grateful odours to the skies.

The army thus in sacred rites engaged,

Atrides still with deep resentment raged.

To wait his will two sacred heralds stood,

Talthybius and Eurybates the good.

"Haste to the fierce Achilles' tent," he cries,

"Then bear Briseïs as our royal prize:

Submit he must, or, if they will not part,

Ourself in arms shall tear her from his heart."

The unwilling heralds act their lord's commands;

Pensive they walk along the barren sands:

Arrived, the hero in his tent they find,

With gloomy aspect, on his arm reclined.

At awful distance long they silent stand,

Loth to advance, or speak their hard command;

Decent confusion! This the godlike man

Perceived, and thus with accent mild began:

"With leave and honour enter our abodes,

Ye sacred ministers of men and gods!

I know your message; by constraint you came;

Not you, but your imperious lord, I blame.

Patroclus, haste, the fair Briseïs bring;

Conduct my captive to the haughty king.

But witness, heralds, and proclaim my vow,

Witness to gods above, and men below!

But first, and loudest, to your prince declare,

That lawless tyrant whose commands you bear;

Unmoved as death Achilles shall remain,

Though prostrate Greece should bleed at every vein:

The raging chief in frantic passion lost,

Blind to himself, and useless to his host,

Unskilled to judge the future by the past,


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449–497 In blood and slaughter shall repent at last."

Patroclus now the unwilling beauty brought;

She, in soft sorrows, and in pensive thought,

Passed silent, as the heralds held her hand,

And oft looked back, slow-moving o'er the strand.

Not so his loss the fierce Achilles bore,

But sad retiring to the sounding shore,

O'er the wild margin of the deep he hung,

That kindred deep from whence his mother sprung;

There, bathed in tears of anger and disdain,

Thus loud lamented to the stormy main:

"O parent goddess! since in early bloom

Thy son must fall, by too severe a doom;

Sure, to so short a race of glory born,

Great Jove in justice should this span adorn;

Honour and fame at least the Thunderer owed;

And ill he pays the promise of a god,

If yon proud monarch thus thy son defies,

Obscures my glories, and resumes my prize."

Far in the deep recesses of the main,

Where aged Ocean holds his watery reign,

The goddess-mother heard. The waves divide;

And like a mist she rose above the tide;

Beheld him mourning on the naked shores,

And thus the sorrows of his soul explores:

"Why grieves my son? thy anguish let me share,

Reveal the cause, and trust a parent's care."

He, deeply sighing, said: "To tell my woe

Is but to mention what too well you know.

From Thebè, sacred to Apollo's name,

Eëtion's realm, our conquering army came,

With treasure loaded and triumphant spoils,

Whose just division crowned the soldier's toils;

But bright Chryseïs, heavenly prize! was led

By vote selected to the general's bed.

The priest of Phœbus sought by gifts to gain

His beauteous daughter from the victor's chain;

The fleet he reached, and, lowly bending down,

Held forth the sceptre and the laurel crown,

Entreating all; but chief implored for grace

The brother-kings of Atreus' royal race:

The generous Greeks their joint consent declare,

The priest to reverence, and release the fair.

Not so Atrides: he, with wonted pride,

The sire insulted, and his gifts denied:

The insulted sire, his god's peculiar care,

To Phœbus prayed, and Phœbus heard the prayer:

A dreadful plague ensues; the avenging darts

Incessant fly, and pierce the Grecian hearts.


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1846. 2. Ho ts'ung k'au ch'uh, ping ts'ung k'au juh, 禍從口出病从看口入, misfortunes proceed from the mouth, and by the mouth diseases enter.

3. Háu tieh puh tá ting, háo jin puh táng ping, 好鐵不打釘人不當兵, good iron is not used for nails, nor are soldiers made of good men.

4. Shun fung puh k'i láng, 顺風不起浪, a fair wind raises no storm.

5. Sui fung táu to, shun shwui tui ch'uen, 隨風到舵順水推船, to sail with wind and tide.

6. Shí shun fung ch'ui ho, hiá shwui hang ch'uen, 是順風吹火下水行船, to fan the flame in a fair wind and impel the boat with current.

7. Yih nian wán nien, 一念萬年, one mind, ten thousand years; always of one mind.

8. Yih kü liáng teh, 一舉兩得, or yih kü liáng pien, 一舉兩便, to kill two birds with one stone.

9. Yih nien chí ch'á, chung shin chí hwui, 一念之差終身之悔, the error of a thought, the regret of a whole life.

10. Siáu puh jin luán tá mau, 小不忍亂大謀, a little impatience subverts great undertakings.

11. K'o hoh i t'ien, jin sin nán muán, 溝壑易填人心難滿, vast chasms can be filled, the heart of a man is never satisfied.

12. I teh ping, i puh teh ming, 醫得病醫不得命, diseases may be healed, but fate cannot be remedied.

13. I teh shin, i puh teh sin, 醫得身醫不得心, the body may be healed, but the mind is incurable.

14. Jin sin wei hü kú ling, shán kuh wei hü kú ying, 人心惟虛故靈山谷惟虛故應, the open mind reflects, the hollow dell resounds.

15. Shú tau wú yin, 樹到無陰, when the tree falls the shade disappears.

16. Shú táu hú sun sán, 樹到猢猻散, when the tree falls, the monkeys flee.

17. Hú luh puh t'ung yú, 虎鹿不同遨, the tiger does not walk with the hind.

18. Sui luh ché puh kú t'ú, 遂鹿者不顧兔, he who pursues the stag disdains to notice the hare.

19. Tá ch'ung puh k'ih fuh juh, 大蟲不吃伏肉, the tiger does not molest a lying carcass.


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44 A prophet then, inspired by heaven, arose,

And points the crime, and thence derives the woes:

Myself the first the assembled chiefs incline

To avert the vengeance of the Power divine;

Then, rising in his wrath, the monarch stormed;

Incensed he threatened, and his threats performed.

The fair Chryseïs to her sire was sent,

With offered gifts to make the god relent;

But now he seized Briseïs' heavenly charms,

And of my valour's prize defrauds my arms,

Defrauds the votes of all the Grecian train;

And service, faith, and justice, plead in vain.

But, goddess! thou thy suppliant son attend,

To high Olympus' shining court ascend,

Urge all the ties to former service owed,

And sue for vengeance to the thundering god.

Oft hast thou triumphed in the glorious boast

That thou stood'st forth, of all the ethereal host,

When bold rebellion shook the realms above,

The undaunted guard of cloud-compelling Jove.

When the bright partner of his awful reign,

The warlike Maid, and monarch of the main,

The traitor-gods, by mad ambition driven,

Durst threat with chains the omnipotence of Heaven.

Then called by thee, the monster Titan came,

Whom gods Briareus, men Ægeon name;

Through wondering skies enormous stalked along;

Not he that shakes the solid earth so strong:

With giant-pride at Jove's high throne he stands,

And brandished round him all his hundred hands.

The affrighted gods confessed their awful lord,

They dropped the fetters, trembled and adored.

This, goddess, this to his remembrance call,

Embrace his knees, at his tribunal fall;

Conjure him far to drive the Grecian train,

To hurl them headlong to their fleet and main,

To heap the shores with copious death, and bring

The Greeks to know the curse of such a king:

Let Agamemnon lift his haughty head

O'er all his wide dominion of the dead,

And mourn in blood, that e'er he durst disgrace

The boldest warrior of the Grecian race."

"Unhappy son!" fair Thetis thus replies,

While tears celestial trickle from her eyes,

"Why have I borne thee with a mother's throes,

To fates averse, and nursed for future woes?

So short a space the light of heaven to view!

So short a space! and filled with sorrow too!

O might a parent's careful wish prevail,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campbell, Archibald (d.1703)


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547–591 Far, far from Ilion should thy vessels sail,

And thou, from camps remote, the danger shun,

Which now, alas! too nearly threats my son.

Yet—what I can—to move thy suit I'll go

To great Olympus crowned with fleecy snow.

Meantime, secure within thy ships, from far

Behold the field, nor mingle in the war.

The sire of gods, and all the ethereal train,

On the warm limits of the farthest main,

Now mix with mortals, nor disdain to grace

The feasts of Æthiopia's blameless race:

Twelve days the Powers indulge the genial rite,

Returning with the twelfth revolving light.

Then will I mount the brazen dome, and move

The high tribunal of immortal Jove."

The goddess spoke: the rolling waves unclose;

Then down the deep she plunged, from whence she rose,

And left him sorrowing on the lonely coast

In wild resentment for the fair he lost.

In Chrysa's port now sage Ulysses rode;

Beneath the deck the destined victims stowed:

The sails they furled, they lashed the mast aside,

And dropped their anchors, and the pinnace tied.

Next on the shore their hecatomb they land,

Chryseïs last descending on the strand.

Her, thus returning from the furrowed main,

Ulysses led to Phœbus' sacred fane;

Where at his solemn altar, as the maid

He gave to Chryses, thus the hero said:

"Hail, reverend priest! to Phœbus' awful dome

A suppliant I from great Atrides come:

Unransomed here receive the spotless fair;

Accept the hecatomb the Greeks prepare;

And may thy god, who scatters darts around,

Atoned by sacrifice, desist to wound."

At this the sire embraced the maid again,

So sadly lost, so lately sought in vain.

Then near the altar of the darting king,

Disposed in rank their hecatomb they bring:

With water purify their hands, and take

The sacred offering of the salted cake;

While thus with arms devoutly raised in air,

And solemn voice, the priest directs his prayer:

"God of the silver bow, thy ear incline,

Whose power encircles Cilia the divine;


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campbell, Archibald (d.1744)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campbell, Archibald (1691-1756)


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46 Whose sacred eye thy Tenedos surveys,

And gilds fair Chrysa with distinguished rays!

If, fired to vengeance at thy priest's request,

Thy direful darts inflict the raging pest;

Once more attend! avert the wasteful woe,

And smile propitious, and unbend thy bow."

So Chryses prayed; Apollo heard his prayer:

And now the Greeks their hecatomb prepare;

Between their horns the salted barley threw,

And, with their heads to heaven, the victims slew:

The limbs they sever from the inclosing hide;

The thighs, selected to the gods, divide:

On these, in double cauls involved with art,

The choicest morsels lay from every part.

The priest himself before his altar stands,

And burns the offering with his holy hands,

Pours the black wine, and sees the flame aspire;

The youths with instruments surround the fire:

The thighs thus sacrificed, and entrails drest,

The assistants part, transfix, and roast the rest,

Then spread the tables, the repast prepare;

Each takes his seat, and each receives his share.

When now the rage of hunger was repressed,

With pure libations they conclude the feast;

The youths with wine the copious goblets crowned

And, pleased, dispense the flowing bowls around.

With hymns divine the joyous banquet ends,

The Pæans lengthened till the sun descends:

The Greeks, restored, the grateful notes prolong:

Apollo listens, and approves the song.

'Twas night: the chiefs beside their vessel lie,

Till rosy morn had purpled o'er the sky:

Then launch, and hoist the mast; indulgent gales

Supplied by Phœbus, fill the swelling sails;

The milk-white canvas bellying as they blow,

The parted ocean foams and roars below:

Above the bounding billows swift they flew,

Till now the Grecian camp appeared in view.

Far on the beach they haul their barks to land;

The crooked keel divides the yellow sand;

Then part, where stretched along the winding bay

The ships and tents in mingled prospect lay.

But, raging still, amidst his navy sat

The stern Achilles, steadfast in his hate;

Nor mixed in combat, nor in council joined;

But wasting cares lay heavy on his mind:

In his black thoughts revenge and slaughter roll,

And scenes of blood rise dreadful in his soul.


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639–682 Twelve days were past, and now the dawning light

The gods had summoned to the Olympian height:

Jove, first ascending from the watery bowers,

Leads the long order of ethereal Powers.

When like the morning mist, in early day,

Rose from the flood the daughter of the sea;

And to the seats divine her flight addressed.

There, far apart, and high above the rest,

The Thunderer sat; where old Olympus shrouds

His hundred heads in heaven, and props the clouds.

Suppliant the goddess stood: one hand she placed

Beneath his beard, and one his knees embraced.

"If e'er, O father of the gods!" she said,

"My words could please thee, or my actions aid;

Some marks of honour on my son bestow,

And pay in glory what in life you owe.

Fame is at least by heavenly promise due

To life so short, and now dishonoured too.

Avenge this wrong, O ever just and wise!

Let Greece be humbled, and the Trojans rise;

Till the proud king, and all the Achaian race

Shall heap with honours him they now disgrace."

Thus Thetis spoke, but Jove in silence held

The sacred counsels of his breast concealed;

Not so repulsed, the goddess closer pressed,

Still grasped his knees, and urged the dear request.

"O sire of gods and men! thy suppliant hear,

Refuse, or grant; for what has Jove to fear?

Or, oh! declare, of all the powers above,

Is wretched Thetis least the care of Jove?"

She said, and sighing thus the god replies,

Who rolls the thunder o'er the vaulted skies:

"What hast thou asked? Ah, why should Jove engage

In foreign contests, and domestic rage,

The gods' complaints, and Juno's fierce alarms,

While I, too partial, aid the Trojan arms?

Go, lest the haughty partner of my sway

With jealous eyes thy close access survey;

But part in peace, secure thy prayer is sped:

Witness the sacred honours of our head,

The nod that ratifies the will divine,

The faithful, fixed, irrevocable sign;

This seals thy suit, and this fulfils thy vows—"


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48 He spoke, and awful bends his sable brows,

Shakes his ambrosial curls, and gives the nod;

The stamp of fate, and sanction of the god:

High heaven with trembling the dread signal took,

And all Olympus to the centre shook.

Swift to the seas profound the goddess flies,

Jove to his starry mansion in the skies.

The shining synod of the immortals wait

The coming god, and from their thrones of state

Arising silent, rapt in holy fear,

Before the majesty of heaven appear.

Trembling they stand, while Jove assumes the throne,

All, but the god's imperious queen alone:

Late had she viewed the silver-footed dame,

And all her passions kindled into flame.

"Say, artful manager of heaven," she cries,

"Who now partakes the secrets of the skies?

Thy Juno knows not the decrees of fate,

In vain the partner of imperial state.

What favourite goddess then those cares divides,

Which Jove in prudence from his consort hides?"

To this the Thunderer: "Seek not thou to find

The sacred counsels of almighty mind:

Involved in darkness lies the great decree,

Nor can the depths of fate be pierced by thee.

What fits thy knowledge, thou the first shalt know:

The first of gods above and men below:

But thou, nor they, shall search the thoughts that roll

Deep in the close recesses of my soul."

Full on the sire, the goddess of the skies

Rolled the large orbs of her majestic eyes,

And thus returned: "Austere Saturnius, say,

From whence this wrath, or who controls thy sway?

Thy boundless will, for me, remains in force,

And all thy counsels take the destined course.

But 'tis for Greece I fear: for late was seen

In close consult the silver-footed queen.

Jove to his Thetis nothing could deny,

Nor was the signal vain that shook the sky.

What fatal favour has the goddess won,

To grace her fierce inexorable son?

Perhaps in Grecian blood to drench the plain,

And glut his vengeance with my people slain."

Then thus the god: "O restless fate of pride,

That strives to learn what heaven resolves to hide;

Vain is the search, presumptuous and abhorred,

Anxious to thee, and odious to thy lord.

Let this suffice: the immutable decree

No force can shake: what is, that ought to be.

Goddess submit, nor dare our will withstand,


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733—781 But dread the power of this avenging hand;

The united strength of all the gods above

In vain resists the omnipotence of Jove."

The Thunderer spoke, nor durst the queen reply;

A reverend horror silenced all the sky.

The feast disturbed, with sorrow Vulcan saw

His mother menaced, and the gods in awe;

Peace at his heart, and pleasure his design,

Thus interposed the architect divine:

"The wretched quarrels of the mortal state

Are far unworthy, gods! of your debate:

Let men their days in senseless strife employ,

We, in eternal peace, and constant joy.

Thou, goddess-mother, with our sire comply,

Nor break the sacred union of the sky:

Lest, roused to rage, he shake the blest abodes,

Launch the red lightning, and dethrone the gods.

If you submit, the Thunderer stands appeased;

The gracious power is willing to be pleased."

Thus Vulcan spoke; and, rising with a bound,

The double bowl with sparkling nectar crowned,

Which held to Juno in a cheerful way,

"Goddess," he cried, "be patient and obey.

Dear as you are, if Jove his arm extend,

I can but grieve, unable to defend.

What god so daring in your aid to move,

Or lift his hand against the force of Jove?

Once in your cause I felt his matchless might,

Hurled headlong downward from the ethereal height;

Tossed all the day in rapid circles round;

Nor, till the sun descended, touched the ground:

Breathless I fell, in giddy motion lost;

The Sinthians raised me on the Lemnian coast."

He said, and to her hands the goblet heaved,

Which, with a smile, the white-armed queen received.

Then to the rest he filled; and, in his turn,

Each to his lips applied the nectared urn.

Vulcan with awkward grace his office plies,

And unextinguished laughter shakes the skies.

Thus the blest gods the genial day prolong,

In feasts ambrosial, and celestial song.

Apollo tuned the lyre; the muses round

With voice alternate aid the silver sound.

Meantime the radiant sun, to mortal sight

Descending swift, rolled down the rapid light.

Then to their starry domes the gods depart,

The shining monuments of Vulcan's art:

Jove on his couch reclined his awful head,

And Juno slumbered on the golden bed.


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have now passed through the Iliad, and seen the anger of Achilles, and the terrible effects of it, at an end: as that only was the subject of the poem, and the nature of Epic poetry would not permit our author to proceed to the event of the war, it may perhaps be acceptable to the common reader to give a short account of what happened to Troy and the chief actors in this poem, after the conclusion of it.

I need not mention that Troy was taken soon after the death of Hector, by the stratagem of the wooden horse, the particulars of which are described by Virgil in the second book of the Æneis.

Achilles fell before Troy, by the hand of Paris, by the shot of an arrow in his heel, as Hector had prophesied at his death. Book xxii.

The unfortunate Priam was killed by Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles.

Ajax, after the death of Achilles, had a contest with Ulysses for the armour of Vulcan, but being defeated in his aim, he slew himself through indignation.

Helen, after the death of Paris, married Deïphobus his brother, and at the taking of Troy betrayed him, in order to reconcile herself to Menelaüs, her first husband, who received her again into favour.

Agamemnon at his return was barbarously murdered by Ægisthus, at the instigation of Clytæmnestra, his wife, who in his absence had dishonoured his bed with Ægisthus.

Diomed, after the fall of Troy, was expelled his own country, and scarce escaped with life from his adulterous wife Ægiale; but at last was received by Daunus in Apulia, and shared his kingdom; it is uncertain how he died.

Nestor lived in peace, with his children, in Pylos, his native country.

Ulysses also, after innumerable troubles by sea and land, at last returned in safety to Ithaca, which is the subject of Homer's Odyssey.

I must end these notes by discharging my duty to two of my friends, which is the more an indispensable piece of justice, as the one of them is since dead. The merit of their kindness to me will appear infinitely the greater, as


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450 the task they undertook was, in its own nature, of much more labour than either pleasure or reputation. The larger part of the extracts from Eustathius, together with several excellent observations, were sent me by Mr. Broome: and the whole Essay upon Homer was written, upon such memoirs as I had collected, by the late Dr. Parnell, Archdeacon of Clogher in Ireland. How very much that gentleman's friendship prevailed over his genius in detaining a writer of his spirit in the drudgery of removing the rubbish of past pedants, will soon appear to the world, when they shall see those beautiful pieces of poetry, the publication of which he left to my charge, almost with his dying breath.

For what remains, I beg to be excused from the ceremonies of taking leave at the end of my work; and from embarrassing myself, or others, with any defences or apologies about it. But instead of endeavouring to raise a vain monument to myself, of the merits or difficulties of it (which must be left to the world, to truth, and to posterity), let me leave behind me a memorial of my friendship with one of the most valuable men, as well as finest writers, of my age and country; one who has tried, and knows by his own experience, how hard an undertaking it is to do justice to Homer; and one who (I am sure) sincerely rejoices with me at the period of my labours. To him, therefore, having brought this long work to a conclusion, I desire to dedicate it; and to have the honour and satisfaction of placing together, in this manner, the names of Mr. Congreve, and of A. POPE.
 * March 25, 1720.


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the excitement in Gonzales continued, and there was no telling what would happen next, Amos Radbury resolved to remain in the town for at least several days.

"If I am needed I shall reënter the army," he said.

"Then I shall go with you," said Dan.

"But your side, my son—"

"My side is all right again. It was a mere scratch."

"I wish I could call my wound a scratch," put in Poke Stover. "But instead of getting better my shoulder seems to get wuss, hang the luck."

"I think it would be a good plan for you to go up to the ranch, and take it easy," said Amos Radbury. "Pompey can wait on you, and at the same time you can keep an eye on Ralph and the place. I do not like to leave my boy and the negro all alone."

"Then I'll go up to once," answered the frontiersman. "I'm no good at fighting in the saddle,

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Rh but perhaps I can mind things about the ranch, as you say." And he departed up the Guadalupe before night. His going was a great relief to the planter, for he was afraid Ralph might get into trouble if left to his own devices. And in this he was not far wrong, for when Stover reached the ranch he found that the youngest Radbury had just heard of the fall of the Alamo, and was going to ride off in the direction of San Antonio, thinking to find his father and brother there.

In the meantime, General Houston, having heard of the fall of the Alamo, at once sent word to Colonel Fannin to blow up the powder-magazine at Goliad, and abandon the place. "You must hurry all you can," added the commander-in-chief, "for the enemy is reported to be advancing upon you." Fannin was to intrench at Victoria, on the Guadalupe, and await further orders.

Colonel Fannin was in command of between four hundred and five hundred men, the majority of whom were volunteers from the United States, including the New Orleans Grays, the Georgias, the Alabama Red Rovers, and the Kentucky Mustangs. On receiving Houston's order he sent out one of his captains to bring in the settlers and their families at Refugio. Before the settlers could be assisted, the Texans were attacked by an advance guard of Mexican cavalry, and then Fannin sent out another body of men to help

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276 the first. There were several fierce skirmishes, and the Texans tried to get away, but in the end they were either shot down or taken prisoners.

Having tried in vain to give succour to those sent to Refugio, Colonel Fannin started, several days later, for Victoria, after dismantling his fort and burying his cannon. Not a Mexican was in sight as the troop, numbering about three hundred, crossed the San Antonio River and marched across the prairie, and coming to a fine bit of grazing ground the colonel halted to give his horses a chance to feed and to rest.

"We ought not to halt here,—we ought to push on to the timber," said one under-officer, and several others agreed with him, but the halt was made, and time lost that proved fatal to the entire expedition.

The soldiers had just resumed their march when some Mexican cavalry were seen at a distance, in front. Hardly had they spread out before the Texans when a large force of Mexican infantry appeared to the rear. This was at two o'clock in the afternoon, and a little later the Texans were entirely surrounded, and the Mexicans began a furious attack.

The Texans formed into something of a square, with the wagons in the centre, and the artillery at the corners, and so withering was their fire that the Mexicans were repulsed again and again, and

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Rh retreated, leaving the prairie crimson with the blood of the dead and wounded. With the Mexicans were a number of Indians, but they quickly retreated when their leaders were shot down by the Texan sharpshooters.

As night came on, Colonel Fannin called his men together, and asked them if they wished to remain and fight it out, or try to escape to the timber. "You can escape if you wish," he said, "for the Mexicans are demoralised by the large numbers that they have lost."

"We can't leave the wounded to be butchered," was the reply. "We will stand by them to the end," and so they remained.

In the morning it was seen that the enemy had been reinforced, and once again the battle was renewed, the Mexicans opening with their howitzers loaded with grape and canister, and doing fearful damage. At last the Texans could stand it no longer, and sent out a flag of truce, although against Colonel Fannin's desire.

The flag was received, and it was arranged that the Texans should surrender as prisoners of war, to be treated according to the usages of civilised nations. Their arms were then taken from them, and they were marched back to Goliad, and placed in an old church in that town. The wounded were also brought in, but only a few received medical aid.

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278 It had been stipulated that the prisoners' lives be spared, yet when the capture of the Goliad garrison was reported to General Santa Anna he instantly sent word that all of the prisoners should be taken out and shot! The command was an infamous one, yet it was obeyed almost to the letter, only a handful of the Texans escaping out of about three hundred. Small wonder was it that Santa Anna was often termed the Mexican butcher.

Houston's arrival at Gonzales did something toward allaying the excitement, and in a short time he gathered together some three hundred men. But as report after report came in of the advance of Santa Anna with a large force, he felt that it would be useless to give battle, and began to fall back toward the Colorado River, hoping there to be joined by Fannin and others. He took with him most of the inhabitants of Gonzales, and the town was left behind in flames.

With the army went Amos Radbury and Dan, both well mounted and well armed. The first stop was at Peach Creek, fifteen miles distant; and here, on the day following, over a hundred additional volunteers joined Houston's command. From Peach Creek the little army moved to Nevada Creek, and here Houston delayed his march in order that some of his men might bring in a blind widow, who had been left at her home

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Rh some distance back with her six children. When the Colorado was gained, the army went into camp at Burnham's Crossing, and then across the river at Beason's Crossing.

Here the general received news of the surrender of Fannin's force, brought by a settler from Goliad. This was a great blow to Houston, and he felt that he must fall back still farther, and wait for reinforcements from other sources before risking a battle with the powerful Mexican general who was bent upon crushing him. He began to fall back to the Brazos River.

The retreat toward the Brazos caused much murmuring. "Houston is a coward,—he won't fight the greasers," said some, but others who understood their commander more thoroughly said nothing and did as ordered. Once an under-officer tried to start an open rebellion, but Houston threatened to "lick him out of his boots," if he didn't mind his own business. Then he made a little speech, and told the men that he would soon give them all the fighting they wanted, and "on the top side," as he expressed it. Many of the volunteers were of lawless character, and it needed just such a man as the dashing and daring, yet cautious, Houston to keep them in check and make them do their best when the proper moment arrived.

"What do you make of this, father?" asked

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280 Dan of his parent, when the retreat toward the Brazos was ordered.

"I don't know what to make of it," answered Amos Radbury. "I suppose General Houston knows what he is doing."

"But see how the settlers are leaving their homes. There is a regular panic among them."

"That is true, Dan. I wish I knew how Ralph and Stover are faring at home."

"Can we get back to them?"

"Hardly now, for we would most likely have to pass right through Santa Anna's lines. I do not believe it will be long before we have a big fight."

"Do you believe it is true that Colonel Fannin has been defeated?"

"It may be so, for, judging by what took place at the Alamo, Santa Anna must have a large army concentrating here."

It was raining at the time; indeed, it rained now nearly every day, and the march was anything but a pleasant one. Often the wagons and cannon got stuck, and the men had to put their shoulders to the wheels to help things along. Volunteers came and went, and so did the settlers, and sometimes the commander could not calculate how many men he had to rely upon in case of emergency. Yet on struggled the body until, on March 28th, the army reached San Felipe. From

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Rh here they went up the Brazos and encamped near Groce's Ferry.

In the meantime, Santa Anna's army was pressing forward, but in several different ways. The Mexican general had thought that the slaughter at the Alamo and the massacre at Goliad would make the Texans submit without further difficulty. He had yet to learn that it was indeed liberty or death with these stern people, who were so soon to risk their all in one final contest.

One portion of the Mexican army, having gained the Colorado, crossed in rafts, while another portion moved upon San Felipe; and then a portion of the concentrated forces went to Fort Bend. From here Santa Anna pushed on, through the rain and mud, to Harrisburg, hoping to surprise the town; but, when he arrived, the place was practically abandoned.

He wished most of all to capture the heads of the government the Texans had set up, and, learning they were off for Galveston Island, he set out on the march for New Washington, which is located just north of Galveston Bay.

Houston, hearing that Santa Anna had at last crossed the Brazos, began to march south to meet him. The Texans encamped at Buffalo Bayou, opposite to what was left of the smoking ruins of Harrisburg. Every soldier was now more than eager to fight.

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282 "Very well; fight you shall," said General Houston.

"We will! We will!" shouted the soldiers.

Then Houston continued: "Some of us may be killed, and some must be killed. But, boys, remember the Alamo!"

"Yes, we will remember the Alamo!" came back in a deep chorus. "Down with every Mexican in the State of Texas!"

Buffalo Bayou was crossed with great difficulty, on rafts and by swimming, and the soaked and weary army took its way to Lynch's Ferry, where the Buffalo Bayou and the San Jacinto River join. Here were found some rafts belonging to the Mexicans, piled high with army stores, and these were confiscated. Falling back to a shelter of live-oaks, General Houston planted his cannon, and then prepared to fight the enemy on sight.

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I do not check this page too often; please see my user page on the Commons where I can be more easily contacted. Thanks!

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" we are in for it now, father."

"Yes, Dan, we shall soon see some heavy fighting, I am afraid. I trust you come out of it unharmed."

"And I hope you come out unharmed, too, father," added Dan, earnestly.

The two sat under a live-oak, overlooking a wide expanse of prairie, dotted here and there with patches of timber. Behind them flowed the broad and muddy stream, with a stretch of treacherous marsh-land separating them from the water. The soldiers had been formed into something resembling companies, and Mr. Radbury had been assigned to his old position of lieutenant, with Dan as one of the privates under him.

The Texans had gathered around in little knots to discuss the situation in low tones. Under one of the trees stood General Houston, clad in nothing more striking than an old slouch hat, a shiny black coat, and a light-coloured pair of trousers which had long since seen their best days. His

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 Miracles prove the power which God has over hearts, by that which He exercises over bodies.

The Church has never approved a miracle among heretics.

Miracles a support of religion: they have been the test of Jews; they have been the test of Christians, saints, innocents, and true believers.

A miracle among schismatics is not so much to be feared; for schism, which is more obvious than a miracle, visibly indicates their error. But when there is no schism, and error is in question, miracle decides.

Si non fecissem quæ alius non fecit. The wretches who have obliged us to speak of miracles.

Abraham and Gideon confirm faith by miracles.

Judith. God speaks at last in their greatest oppression.

If the cooling of love leaves the Church almost without believers, miracles will rouse them. This is one of the last effects of grace.

If one miracle were wrought among the Jesuits!

When a miracle disappoints the expectation of those in whose presence it happens, and there is a disproportion between the state of their faith and the instrument of the miracle, it ought then to induce them to change. But with you it is otherwise. There would be as much reason in saying that, if the Eucharist raised a dead man, it would be necessary for one to turn a Calvinist rather than remain a Catholic. But when it crowns the expectation, and those who hoped that God would bless the remedies, see themselves healed without remedies…

The ungodly.—No sign has ever happened on the part of the devil without a stronger sign on the part of God, or even without it having been foretold that such would happen.

Unjust persecutors of those whom God visibly protects. If they reproach you with your excesses, "they speak as the heretics." If they say that the grace of Jesus Christ distinguishes us, "they are heretics." If they do miracles, "it is the mark of their heresy."

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284 sword, also an old affair, was tied to his belt with bits of a lariat. Altogether he looked anything but a general bent upon leading a raw and un disciplined army to victory.

"We will win!" he was saying. "We cannot afford to lose. The whole fate of Texas hangs upon our courage!"

Amos Radbury looked at Dan, and something of a smile crossed his face. "Did you hear that, lad?" he asked. "I believe our general speaks the truth. He is not a man to fail."

The day wore along until two in the afternoon, when several cannon-shots were heard in the distance, and incoming scouts announced that Santa Anna was coming, but not with his entire army. The Mexican general had divided his forces again, much to his disadvantage, as we shall see.

A light skirmish occurred late in the afternoon, but Houston could not draw on a general engagement, and while Santa Anna pitched his camp and fortified it, the Texans remained on strict guard all night, fearing a surprise.

In the morning General Cos arrived with five hundred men, to reinforce Santa Anna, but the soldiers were so tired out by a forced march they could scarcely stand, and so for the time being the Mexican general did nothing. In the meantime, the Texans called a council of war. Some were for attacking the Mexicans, and others wanted to

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Rh wait to be attacked. Houston said but little, yet by his face he showed that some plan of action was forming in his brain.

The council over, the commander called two trusty scouts to him, and sent them off with axes on a secret mission, which was to cut away the bridge by which both armies had reached their present encampments. This done, neither could retreat, so the fight would have to be "to a finish."

"To arms!" came the call in the middle of the afternoon, and the solitary drum the Texans possessed began to roll. Then, as the men formed to march, the single fifer struck up the popular tune of the day, "Will You Come to the Bower?"

"Dan, be careful of yourself!" cried Amos Radbury, as he pressed his son's hand. "Be careful for my sake!" And then he rushed off to lead his men forward. Dan's face was pale, but his clear eyes shone with a determination that could not be mistaken. He would do his duty, come what might.

"Vance's bridge has been cut down!" came the cry. "You must fight now to a finish! Remember the Alamo!"

"Remember the Alamo!" came back wildly. "Remember the Alamo! Down with Santa Anna!" And then the long lines rushed on, straight for the barricades which the Mexicans had erected.

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 Works by the same Author THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. The Land of the Orang- Utan and the Bird of Paradise. A Narrative of Travel, with {Studies of Man and Nature. With Maps and Illustrations. Third and cheaper edition. 12mo. $2.00. The result is a vivid picture of tropical life, which may be read with unflag- ging interest, and a sufficient amount of his scientific conclusions to stimulate our appetite without wearying us by detail. Indeed, we may safely say that we have never read a more agreeable book of its kind. Saturday Kei'iew. BAD TIMES. An Essay on the present Depression of Trade, tracing it to its source in enormous Foreign Loans, excessive War Expenditure, the increase of Speculation and of Million- aires, and the Depopulation of the Rural Districts. With sug- gested Remedies. 12mo. 75 cents. No intelligent reader of his book can fail to gain a better comprehension of the social problem of to-day, or fail to receive a certain inspiration from the sug- gestive treatment which Mr. Wallace has given to the subject. Chicago News. Scientific NATURAL INHERITANCE. By FRANCIS GAI.TOX, F.R.S., author of " English Men of Science : their Nature and Nurture," etc. 8vo. $2.50. BY THE SAME AUTHOR. ENGLISH MEN OF SCIENCE: their Nature and Nur- ture. 8vo. $3.00. INQUIRIES INTO HUMAN FACULTY AND ITS DE- VELOPMENT. With Illustrations and Plates. 8vo. $3.00. RECORD OF FAMILY FACULTIES. Consisting of Tabu- lar Forms and Directions for entering Data. 4to. 90 cents. LIFE HISTORY ALBUM. Being a Personal Note-Book, a Register of Height, Weight, and other Anthropometrical Obser- vations, and a Record of Illnesses. 4to. $1.25. GLEANINGS IN SCIENCE. A series of Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects. By the Rev GKKALD MOLLOY, D.D., D.Sc., Rector of the Catholic University of Ireland, sometime Fellow of the Royal Society. With Illustrations 8vo. $2.25 THE CIVILIZATION OF SWEDEN IN HEATHEN TIMES. By OSCAR MONTELIUS, Ph.D. Translated from the Second Swedish Edition (revised and enlarged by the author), by Rev. F. H. WOODS, B.D. With map and 205 Illustrations. 8vo. S4.00. Although the book deals only with the progress of the early inhabitants of Sweden, it is not less interesting, as all archaeology tends to show that there has been a remarkably similar process of development, not only among Euro- pean peoples, but among all racrs of the world. Therefore the author's clear and succinct account of the progress of this people will give the student a clear notion of the successive stages of civilization through which man has passed. Science. MACMILLAN & CO., NEW YORK.


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 NATURE SERIES. Popular Lectures and Addresses on various subjects in Physical Science y, S ? R W' LLIAM THOMSON, D.C L., LL.D., F.R.S.E., Fellow of St' Peter s College. Cambridge, and Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University ot. Glasgow. With Illustrations. 3 vols Crown 8vo Vol I. Constitution of Matter. $2.00. On the Origin and Metamorphoses of Insects. By SIR JOHN LUBBOCK Bart., F.K.S., M.P, D.C.L , LL.D. With numerous Illustrations. Third edition. Crown, 8vo. 1.00. On British Wild Flowers Considered in Relation to Insects By SIR JOHN LUBBOCK Bart,, F R.S, M.P., D.C.L., LL.D. With Illustra- tions. Fourth edition. Crown, 8vo. $1.25. Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves. By SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, F.R S etc Crown, 8vo. $1.25. The Transit of Venus. By G. FORBES, M.A., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Andersonian University, Glasgow. Illustrated Crown, Sv<> $1.00. The Common Frog. By ST. GEORGE MIVART, F.R.S., Lecturer in Comparative Anatomy at St. Mary's Hospital. With numerous Illus- trations. Crown, Svo. $1.00. Polarisation of Light. By W. SPOTTISWOODE, F.R.S. With Illus- trations. Fourth edition. Crown, Svo. $1 25. The Science of Weighing and Measuring, and the Standards of Measure and Weight. By H. W. CHISHOLM, Warden of the Standards With numerous Illustrations. Crown, Svo. $1.25. How to Draw a Straight Line : A Lecture on Linkages. By A. B. KEMPE. With Illustrations. Crown, Svo. 50 cents. Seeing and Thinking. By Prof. W. K. CLIFFORD, F.R.S. With Diagrams. Crown, Svo. $1.00. Degeneration. By Prof. E. RAY LANKKSTER, F.R.S. With Illustra- tions. Crown, Svo. 75 cents. Fashion in Deformity, as Illustrated in the Customs of Barbarous and Civilized Races. By Professor FLOWER. With Illustrations. Crown, Svo. 50 cents. Charles Darwin. Memorial Notices Reprinted from "Nature." By THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY, F.R.S., G. J. ROMANES, F.R.S., ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, F.R.S., and W. T. THISELTON DYER. F.R.S. With a Portrait engraved by C. H. Jeens. Crown, Svo. 50 cents On the Colours of Flowers, as Illustrated in the British Flora. By GRANT ALLEN. With Illustrations. Crown, Svo $1.00. The Scientific Evidences of Organic Evolution. By GEORGE J. Ro- MAXKS, M. A., LL !>., F.R.S., Zoological Secretary of the Linnaean Society. Crown, Svo. 50 cents. The Chemistry of the Secondary Batteries of Plante and Faure. By J. H. GLADSTONE, Ph.D., F.RS, and ALFRED TRIBE, F Inst., C.E Lecturer on Chemistry at Dulwich College. Crown, Svo. $1.00. On Light. The Burnett Lectures. By GEORGE GABRIEL STOKES, M.A., P.R.S., etc, Fellow of Pembroke College, and Lucasian Pro- fessor of Mathematics in the University of Cambridge. Three Courses: I. On the Nature of Light. 2. On Light as a Means of Investigation i. On the Beneficial Effects of Light. In one Volume. Crown Svo. $. 00 Modern Views of Electricity. By OLIVER J. LODGE, LL.D., D.Sc., F R.S., Professor of Experimental Physics in University College, Liver- pool. Illustrated. (In press.) Chemistry of Photography. By RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the Technical College, Finsbury. (Just ready.) MACMILLAN & CO,, NEW YORK.


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286 The Mexicans were taken completely by surprise, for it had grown so late that they had come to the conclusion that hostilities would be put off until the next day. Santa Anna was taking a nap in his tent, while his officers lay around smoking and playing cards. The soldiers were partaking of such food as their scanty means afforded.

"Forward!" came from the Texan officers. "Forward! Don't give them time to form!" And on swept the line, and crack! crack! went the rifles and pistols. Some of the Mexicans tried to return the fire, while others fell flat to avoid the bullets.

"The cannon!" shouted the Mexican general, Castrillon, when a bullet killed him instantly. Some of the cannoneers were already at the field-pieces, but they could do little, for the Texans were already upon them. The smoke was thick, and the yelling upon both sides incessant. In the midst of all was General Houston, firing his pistol and using his sword to every possible advantage, and calling to his men to remember the Alamo and not let one Mexican get away.

Side by side Amos Radbury and Dan gained the barricade. A Mexican loomed up before them and the lieutenant despatched him with a pistol-shot. Then over the barricade went father and son, Dan using his empty gun as a club, and the lieutenant drawing his bowie-knife, a weapon with which

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Rh nearly every Texan was provided. The Texans came over at leaps and bounds, and charged straight into the heart of the enemy's camp, striking down every Mexican that opposed them.

Coming out of his tent, Santa Anna yelled to his men to arm themselves and form into battleline. But the confusion was so great that none of his followers paid attention to him. The Texans were aroused as never before, and struck at the Mexicans with such lightning-like rapidity that the enemy was dazed, and scores of them fell upon their knees begging for mercy. The shooting still continued, and now Dan was horrified to see his father go down, stabbed in the leg by a Mexican bayonet.

"Father!" he yelled, hoarsely, and then turned to the Mexican who had done the deed. The fellow tried to pierce Dan with his steel, but more by instinct than reason the youth leaped to one side. Then Dan's gun came crashing down, and the Mexican with it, his skull cracked by the force of the blow.

A crowd was now rushing that way, a score of Mexicans pursued by fully as many Texans, and Dan had his hands full to keep his parent from being trampled upon. There was a strange humming in the boy's ears, and he seemed to be lifted up as though walking on air, while he panted for breath.

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288 "Keep off,—he is my father!" he screamed, and hurled one of the Mexicans to one side. Then another came to take his place, and man and boy rolled over on the prairie-grass close to the wounded lieutenant. The Mexican had Dan by the throat when a Texan, rushing forward, kicked the enemy in the head, rendering him partly unconscious.

Leaping up, Dan tried to collect his confused senses. Texans and Mexicans were running in every direction, but at a glance he saw that his own side had the best of the battle, and a prayer of thankfulness burst from his lips. Then he saw General Houston go down, struck in the ankle by a bullet. Yet the staunch commander kept to his post. His horse was also shot several times.

At last the Mexicans were in full retreat. Paralysed with fear, some of them sought the open prairie, where they were shot down by the Texan sharpshooters, while others ran frantically for where the Vance bridge had been located. Here the banks of the river were high and rocky, and but few escaped to the opposite side.

The battle had been fought and won, but the end was not yet. On the prairie, one of the Mexican commanders tried to make a stand, but the Texans shot down the line almost as quickly as it was formed. Then the Mexicans began to throw down their firearms, and the officers held

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494 Willows, species and varieties of British, 77

Wilson, Alexander, his account of the passenger-pigeon in North America, 31

Wind-carriage of seeds explains many facts of plant distribution, 371

Wind-dispersal of seeds, objections to, 365

Wind-fertilised degraded from insect-fertilised flowers, 324

Wings of stone-curlews (figure), 223 why small but useless are retained, 416

Wit and humour, origin of faculties of, 472

Wollaston, Mr. T.W., on variation of beetles, 44 on small butterfly in Porto Santo, 106

Wolves, varieties of in Catskill Mountains, 105

Wood, Mr. J., on muscular variations, 447

Mr. T.W., on variable colouring of pupae of cabbage butterflies, 197

Woodward, Dr. S.P., on variation of mollusca, 43

Y

Youatt, on breeds of sheep, 97

Young animals often spotted, 289

Z

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Rh Useless specific characters, no proof of existence of, 141

Utriculariae inhabiting bromelias, 118

V

Vanessa callirhoe, small variety in Porto Santo, 106

Variability of the lower animals, 42 of the Foraminifera, 43 of sea-anemones, 43 of land mollusca, 43 of insects, 44 of lizards, 46 of birds, 49 of primary wing-feathers, 51 of wings and tail, 53 of Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 55 of Agelaeus phoeniceus, 56 of Cardinalis virginianus, 58 of tarsus and toes, 60 of birds in Leyden Museum, 61 of Sciurus carolinensis, 67 of skulls of wolf, 70 of skulls of a bear, 72 of skulls of Sus cristatus, 73 of plants, 76 of oaks, 77

Variation, Lyell on, 4 in internal organs, 66 the facts of, 83 proofs of generality of, 85 of vegetables and fruits, 86 of apples and melons, 87 under domestication accords with that under nature, 100 coincident not necessary, 127 and heredity, problems of, 410 Professor Geddes's theory of, 428 the cause of, 439

Variations of flowers, 88 of domestic animals, 88 of domestic pigeons, 89 conditions favourable to production of, 98 beneficial, 143

Varieties, importance of, 41 of same species adapted to self or to insect-fertilisation, 330

Vegetables, variation of, 86

Vegetation and reproduction, antagonism of, 428

Vertebrata, mimicry among, 261 geological succession of, 405

Vestiges of Creation, 3

Viola odorata, 2 canina, 2

Violets, as illustrating species, 2

Von Buch on species, 6

W

Wallace, Dr. Alexander, on absence of choice by female moths, 275

Ward, Mr. Lester F., on progressive development of plants, 398

Warning coloration, 232

Warning colours of marine animals, 265

Wasps and bees, mimicry of, 258 poisonous with warning colours, 287

Water-cress, chokes rivers in New Zealand, 24 driven out by willows, 24

Water-ouzels, probable origin of, 116

Weale, Mr. Mansel, on protective colours of butterflies, 206

Weeds of United States, 15

Weir, Mr. Jenner, on deceptive resemblance of a caterpillar to a twig, 204 on inedibility of conspicuous caterpillars, 236 on birds disregarding inedible larvae, 254

Weismann on progressive adaptation of colours of larva, 206 on non-heredity of acquired characters, 440 and Galton's theories of heredity almost identical, 443 (note) on origin of the mathematical faculty, (note)

Weismann's theory of heredity, 437

Westwood, Professor, on variation of insects, 44 deceived by a mimicking cricket, 259

White coloration of insular birds and butterflies, 230

Whymper, Mr., his sensations when falling on the Matterhorn, 38


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Rh up their swords, handles to the front, as a token of surrender.

"It's too late to surrender!" cried a number of Texans. "Remember the Alamo!" Meaning, "Remember how you butchered our soldiers!"

"Me no Alamo! Me no Alamo!" shrieked many of the Mexicans. "Good Americano! Me no Alamo!" They wished the Texans to understand that they were not responsible for the cold-blooded slaughter at the mission. At last Colonel Almonte gathered together nearly four hundred of the defeated and made a formal surrender, and to the everlasting honour of Texas be it said that these prisoners were not maltreated.

The night that followed was one never to be forgotten. Santa Anna had escaped, and while some ran around crying, "Santa Anna! Hunt down Santa Anna!" others procured from the Mexicans' store a number of candles, which they lit, and then formed a grand procession through the live-oak grove and across the prairie, dancing and yelling like a lot of Indians. The victory had been so long delayed that now, when it was really theirs, they were intoxicated with joy.

The contest had been a remarkable one in many ways. The Texan army numbered exactly 743, of whom eight were killed and thirty wounded. Santa Anna's force numbered over sixteen hundred, and of these, 630 were killed, two hundred

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492 Species, which vary little, 80 closely allied inhabit distinct areas, 111 vigour and fertility of, how kept up, 327

Spencer, Mr. Herbert, on factors of organic evolution, 411 on effects of disuse, 413 on difficulty as to co-adaptation of parts, 417 on direct action of environment, 418

Sphingidae, protective attitudes of larvae, 210

Sphinx ligustri, general resemblance of larva to food plant, 202

Spider, alluring coloration of, 211

Spines, on origin of, 431 rarity of, in oceanic islands, 432

Spiny plants abundant in South Africa and Chile, 433

Spots a primitive ornamentation of animals, 289

Sprengel on flowers and insects, 309

Staphylinidae, protective habit of, 210

Sterility of mongrels, 165 correlated with colour, etc., 168 and natural selection, 173 of hybrids produced by natural selection, 179

Struggle for existence, 14 among plants, 15 for life, illustrations of, 18 for existence on the pampas, 22 for life between closely allied forms most severe, 33 for existence, ethics of, 36 how it acts among flowers, 328

Summary of facts of colouring for protection and recognition, 227

Survival of the fittest, 11, 122, 123

Swainson, definition of species, 2

Swamping effects of intercrossing, 142

Sweden, destruction of grass by larvae of moths in, 17

Swinhoe, Mr., on protective colouring of a bat, 201

Symmetry, bilateral in colours of animals needful for recognition, 217

T

Tails used as respirators, 136

Tapirs, distribution of, 352

Tegetmeier, Mr., on feeding habits of pigeons and fowls, 75 on sparrows and crocuses, 75 on curious correlations in pigeons, 140

Tegumentary appendages and colour, 291

Thousand-fathom line divides oceanic from continental islands, 347 the teachings of, 348 map showing, 349

Thwaites, Mr., on spread of Lantana mixta in Ceylon, 30

Tiger, use of stripes of, 199

Titmice as illustrating divergence, 107

Transformation of species of crustacea, 427

Transmutationists, the early, 3

Travers, Mr. W.L., on effects of introduced plants in New Zealand, 29

Trees, great variety of, in many forests, 36

Trimen, Mr., on butterfly deceived by its mimic, 245 on mimicry, 247

Tropical animals, why brilliantly coloured, 299

Tropics, no proof of lower temperature of, 369

Tropidorhynchi mimicked by orioles, 263

Trumpeter, 93

Tumblers, 91

Turbits and owls, 91

Tylor, Mr. A., on Coloration in Animals and Plants, 285

U

Ungulates, origin of feet of, 423

Use and disuse, effects of, overpowered by natural selection, 435

Useless characters, 131 not specific, 132


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Rh Rook and crow, 2

Roses, Mr. Baker on varieties of, 77

Rubus, Bentham and Babington on species and varieties of, 77

Rudiments and variations in man, 446

Runts, 91

Rutaceae, variation of structure in, 79

S

St. Helena, destruction of forests by goats, 17

St. Hilaire, M. Aug., variability of Gomphia oleaefolia, 79

Saxicola, divergence of character in species of, 108 recognition marks of, 222

Scientific opinion before Darwin, 4

Scolopax, figures of tails of, 225

Scudder, Mr. S.H., on inedibility of Danais archippus, 238 on fossil insects, 403

Seebohm, Mr., on swamping effects of intercrossing, 143

Seeds, how dispersed, 306 how protected, 307 floating great distances, 361 dispersal of, by wind, 362 weight and dimensions of, 364 importance of wind-carriage of, 372 remarkable case of wind-carriage of, 373

Seiurus carolinensis, diagram of variation, 67 sp., habits of, 117

Selection, artificial, 84 by man, circumstances favourable to, 96 unconscious, 96

Selective association, isolation by, 171

Self-fertilisation of flowers, 321

Semper, Professor, on casting hairs of reptiles and Crustacea, 137 (note) on direct influence of environment, 426

Sesiidae, mimicry by, 240

Sex colour and nests of birds, 277

Sex, colours characteristic of, 269

Sexual colours of insects, probable causes of, 273 of birds, 275 characters due to natural selection, 283 diversity the cause of variation, 439

Sexual selection and colour, 274 by struggles of males, 282 neutralised by natural selection, 294-296 restricted to male struggles, 296

Shetland Islands, variety of ghost-moth in, 270

Shrews and field-mice, internal variations of, 69

Shrikes, recognition marks of, 222

Similarity of forms of life not due to similarity of conditions, 339

Singing of male birds, use of, 284

Skull of wolf, diagram of variations of, 70 of Ursus labiatus, diagram of variations of, 72 of Sus cristatus, diagram of variations of, 73

Skunk an illustration of warning colour, 233

Slack, Baron von, on protective markings of sloths, 201

Sloth, protective colour and marking of, 201

Snakes, mimicry of poisonous, 261

Snipe, tails of two species (figs.), 225

Sounds and odours peculiar to male, how useful, 284 produced by peculiar feathers, 284

South America, fossil and recent mammals of, 393

Species, definition of, 1, 2 origin of, 2, 6 Lyell on, 4 Agassiz on, 5 transmutation of, 6 Geoffroy St. Hilaire on, 6 Dean Herbert on, 6 Professor Grant on, 6 Von Buch on, 6 allied, found in distinct areas, 36


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290 wounded, and 730 made prisoners. The enemy had lost, in killed and wounded, more men than the Texan army contained, and at the end of the battle the Texans had more prisoners than they had men in the ranks! Besides prisoners, the Texans took over a thousand firearms, two hundred sabres, four hundred horses and mules, and about $12,000 in silver. Part of the money was divided among the soldiers, each man receiving $7.50, and that was his entire pay for the campaign.

The Texans were bound to find Santa Anna, and scouts went out in all directions in search of him. On the following day he was discovered in the long grass near the edge of a ravine, on the other side of the river. He tried to hide in the grass, but was compelled to crawl out and surrender. At first he claimed to be a private, but his jewels betrayed him, and then he said he was one of Santa Anna's aides-de-camp. But no one believed him, and he was taken into the Texan camp without delay. Here there was a most dramatic scene between General Houston and his noted prisoner. Houston, exhausted and covered with the dirt of battle, lay at the foot of a tree, where he had just taken a nap after having his ankle dressed.

"I am General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, President of the Mexican Republic," said that individual, as he bowed low and flashed his jewels

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 Pelagic animals, colours of, 193

Phasmidae, resemblance of, to sticks and leaves, 203

Physiological selection, 180

Pickard-Cambridge, Rev. O., on sexual selection, 296 (note)

Pieridae, sexual diversity among, 271

Pigeons, varieties of, 89 domestic, derived from wild rock-pigeons, 90 curious correlations in, 140 white eggs of, protective, 213

Pigs, great increase of, in South America and New Zealand, 28

Pikermi, extinct animals of, 377

Pipits as illustrating divergence, 108

Planorbidae, variations of, 44

Plants, the enemies of, 16 variability of, 76 constitutional variation of, 94 colour relations of, 302 true mimicry rare in, 303 exotic rarely naturalised in Europe, 356 dispersal of, 361 northern, in southern hemisphere, 368 identical on summits of remote mountains, 369 progressive development of, 397 geological development of (diagram), 402

Plovers, recognition marks of (figure), 221

Plumes, origin of accessory, 291 muscular relation of ornamental, 292

Poisonous fruits, 307

Porto Santo, rabbits of, 326

Poulton, Mr. E.B., on variable colours of larvae and pupae, 196, 198 on concealments of insects by resemblance to environment, 202 on protective form of Notodonta ziczac, 210 on inedibility of conspicuous larvae, 237

Pouters, 90

Primulaceae, variations of structure in, 79

Problem, the, before Darwin, 6

Problems in variation and heredity, 410

Progression in plants and animals, 395

Protection by terrifying enemies, 209

Protective colouring, variable, 195 of white-headed fruit-pigeon, 200 of African sun-birds, 200 of Kerivoula picta, 201 of sloths, 201 of larva of Sphinx ligustri, 202 of stick and leaf insects, 203 of caterpillars, 203, 205 of butterflies, 206

Ptilopus cinctus, protective colour of, 200

Pugnacity of birds with accessory plumes, 294

R

Rabbit, use of white tail of, 218

Rapid increase of plants, 28

Raspail, M., on variability in a grass, 80

Rat, black, spread of, 34

Rattlesnake, use of rattle of, 262

Raven, why black in arctic regions, 191

Reciprocal crosses, 155

Recognition marks of herbivora, 218 of birds, 222 of tropical forest birds, 224 of insects, 226

Reproductive functions, susceptibility of, 153

Reptiles, geological distribution of, 406

Rhinoceroses, evidence of evolution afforded by fossil, 383

Rocks, all stratified formed in shallow water, 344

Rocky Mountains, scarcity of monocotyledons in, 401

Rodents, prevent woody vegetation in the pampas, 23

Romanes, Professor G.J., on useless characters, 131, 139 on meaningless peculiarities of structure, 140 on supposed absence of simultaneous variations, 142 on physiological selection, 180


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Rh and military decorations before Houston. "I claim to be a prisoner of war at your disposal."

General Houston regarded him in utter silence for several seconds, a silence in which each man measured the other thoroughly. Plainly Santa Anna was disconcerted, and he looked around nervously, as if expecting that at any moment he might be shot in the back. Then Houston waved him to a seat on a near-by box of ammunition.

An interpreter was called up, and Santa Anna asked for a piece of opium, saying he was suffering much pain. The opium was given him and this quieted his nerves.

"That man may consider himself born to no common destiny who has conquered the Napoleon of the West," went on the Mexican general, bombastically. "It now remains for him to be generous to the vanquished."

Again Houston looked at him, a look that made Santa Anna quail.

"You should have remembered that at the Alamo," said the Texan commander.

"I am not to blame—I acted under the orders of the government of Mexico," cried Santa Anna, hastily, and tried to explain that there was a law which held that prisoners taken with arms must be treated as pirates. But Houston cut the interpreter short when translating the words.

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292 "Who is the government of Mexico?" he exclaimed. "You, and you alone, and you are responsible for the law that made the slaughter at the Alamo possible. And you are likewise responsible for the massacre at Goliad!" went on Houston, with great intensity of feeling.

"No, no, you are mistaken," answered Santa Anna, and then tried to excuse the massacre of Fannin and his men in various ways. He wanted to treat for peace and for his release, but Houston told him that only the government of Texas had jurisdiction in the matter. Then Santa Anna was placed in a tent, given his private baggage, and a strong guard was set, that some of the more headstrong of the Texans might not kill him.

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after the battle, Dan sought out medical aid and had his father attended to. Mr. Radbury was still unconscious, and for several days it was not known whether he would live or die. During all that time, his son remained at his side, hoping and praying for the best. At last the planter was pronounced out of danger, but the wound had been a deep one and it was doubtful if Mr. Radbury would ever be as strong again as he had been.

While father and son were at the temporary hospital which the Texans had opened, Dan made a discovery which filled him with interest. Among the Mexican prisoners that had been taken, the youth found a man from San Antonio whom he knew well,—a person who had joined Santa Anna's army after the fall of the Alamo. During a talk with this individual, he learned that Carlos Martine was also in the army, having joined at the same time.

"I must find that man and have a talk with

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294 him," said Dan to himself, and as soon as his father was a little better he set out on his hunt.

He had not made many inquiries, when he learned that Carlos Martine was dead, having been shot down while trying to escape across the open prairie, and the body had already been put away.

"But what of the dead—were the things in their pockets buried with them?" asked Dan of one of the Texan guards.

"No, their pockets were emptied, and everything found was turned over to the quartermaster," was the reply, and then the youth went to the officer named and told him of Martine and of the missing papers.

"Here is a lot of stuff, Radbury. You can look it over and see if there is anything there belonging to your father."

Dan examined the pile with care, and presently came upon the papers, safe and sound, just as they had been stolen by Hank Stiger.

"They are here!" he cried, and passed them over for examination. "Won't father be glad of this!" And off he ran a little later to tell his parent. Amos Radbury could scarcely speak, but his satisfaction shone in his eyes.

"It is a great relief," he murmured. "They cannot disturb my home now." And then he added with a sigh, "I wish I were there now!"

"All in good time, father," said Dan,

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 Ezekiel.—They say: These are the people of God who speak thus.

It is said, "Believe in the Church"; but it is not said, "Believe in miracles"; because the last is natural, and not the first. The one had need of a precept, not the other. Hezekiah.

The synagogue was only a type, and thus it did not perish; and it was only a type, and so it is decayed. It was a type which contained the truth, and thus it has lasted until it no longer contained the truth.

My reverend father, all this happened in types. Other religions perish; this one perishes not.

Miracles are more important than you think. They have served for the foundation, and will serve for the continuation of the Church till Antichrist, till the end.

The two witnesses.

In the Old Testament and the New, miracles are performed in connection with types. Salvation, or an useless thing, if not to show that we must submit to the Scriptures: type of the sacrament.

[We must judge soberly of divine ordinances, my father. Saint Paul in the isle of Malta.]

The hardness of the Jesuits then surpasses that of the Jews, since those refused to believe Jesus Christ innocent only because they doubted if His miracles were of God. Whereas the Jesuits, though unable to doubt that the miracles of Port Royal are of God, do not cease to doubt still the innocence of that house.

I suppose that men believe miracles. You corrupt religion either in favour of your friends, or against your enemies. You arrange it at your will.

On the miracle.—As God has made no family more happy, let it also be the case that He find none more thankful.

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Rh. "We have truly nothing more to fear. Santa Anna is whipped and has already sent word that his other troops must withdraw. The independence of Texas is assured beyond a doubt."

Dan was right in what he said. Not long after Santa Anna's defeat the remainder of his army was in full retreat. As they fell back they were closely watched by the Texans, but no further fighting took place.

The government of Texas had retired to Galveston, but as soon as the victory of San Jacinto became known, President Burnett and his cabinet hurried to the Texan camp and opened negotiations with Santa Anna. The Mexican general was ready to promise almost anything in return for his liberty, and Houston suggested that he be made to recognise the independence of Texas, that the Rio Grande River should become the boundary between the independent State and Mexico, that all Texan prisoners should be released, that all private property should be restored, and numerous other things, all of which were after ward embodied in a treaty signed at Velasco.

Yet even then Santa Anna was not given his liberty. The people were aroused to the depths of their very souls and they feared that the "Mexican Butcher" could not be trusted. Against the advice of many he was put into prison, and it was not until nearly a year later that he was allowed

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296 to return to Mexico. Here he found himself "out in the cold" in more ways than one, and highly disgusted he retired to his estate at Mango del Clavo, not to be heard of again for some time to come.

With the closing of the war matters waxed hot in Texas politically, but with politics Amos Radbury had little to do. As soon as he was able, he returned to his ranch on the Guadalupe, where both he and Dan were received in a warm manner by Ralph and the ever faithful Poke Stover and Pompey.

"You are both heroes," cried the youngest Radbury. And then he added, with all the ardor of youth: "How I wish I had been along!"

"Never mind, lad, your time may come some day," said Poke Stover.

"If it dun cum dat boy will prove as brave as any of dem," said Pompey. "Yo' see, it's in de Radbury blood, wot fit in de Rebolution, de wah ob 1812 and de Injun wahs. Da can't help it no moah dan da kin help eatin', he! he!" And he slapped his thigh enthusiastically. That evening Pompey served the "spread of his life," as Dan designated it, and never were a party happier than the Radburys and Poke Stover as they sat and ate and drank, and talked over the many things which had happened since the first trouble with the Indians.

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Rh "But I am glad it is over," said Amos Radbury. "Glad it is over, and equally glad that we are all home once more."

Here let us bring to a close this tale of the war, "For the Liberty of Texas." Summer was now at hand, and as soon as Dan felt rested he and Ralph, assisted by Pompey, set to work to put the ranch in order and attend to the stock, which had suffered more or less from neglect. Later on, both Mr. Radbury and Poke Stover joined in the labour, and before fall everything was running as smoothly as it had the spring previous.

The liberty of Texas had been assured, but the people were not satisfied, and clamoured to be ad mitted to the United States. In a few years this was accomplished, and Texas became as she is to-day, the largest State in our glorious Union. Then followed trouble about the boundary line between the United States and Mexico, and soon war was declared between the two principal republics of North America. The further adventures of the Radburys before this war and through a portion of it will be told in the next volume of this series, to be entitled, "With Taylor on the Rio Grande," in which we shall meet all of our old friends once more, and learn what they did to defeat both their personal enemies and also the enemies of their country.

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298 Yet for the time being all went well, and here we will say good-bye, echoing the shout Ralph gives as he dashes over the range on his pet mustang:

"Hurrah for the liberty of Texas! Hurrah for the heroes of San Jacinto!"

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text: For the Liberty of Texas/Chapter 34

title: For the Liberty of Texas/Chapter 34


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146 isolated from their parent form. Let us suppose, for example, that one portion of a species usually living in forests ranges into the open plains, and finding abundance of food remains there permanently. So long as the struggle for existence is not exceptionally severe, these two portions of the species may remain almost unchanged; but suppose some fresh enemies are attracted to the plains by the presence of these new immigrants, then variation and natural selection would lead to the preservation of those individuals best able to cope with the difficulty, and thus the open country form would become modified into a marked variety or into a distinct species; and there would evidently be little chance of this modification being checked by intercrossing with the parent form which remained in the forest.

Another mode of isolation is brought about by the variety—either owing to habits, climate, or constitutional change—breeding at a slightly different time from the parent species. This is known to produce complete isolation in the case of many varieties of plants. Yet another mode of isolation is brought about by changes of colour, and by the fact that in a wild state animals of similar colours prefer to keep together and refuse to pair with individuals of another colour. The probable reason and utility of this habit will be explained in another chapter, but the fact is well illustrated by the cattle which have run wild in the Falkland Islands. These are of several different colours, but each colour keeps in a separate herd, often restricted to one part of the island; and one of these varieties—the mouse-coloured—is said to breed a month earlier than the others; so that if this variety inhabited a larger area it might very soon be established as a distinct race or species. Of course where the change of habits or of station is still greater, as when a terrestrial animal becomes sub-aquatic, or when aquatic animals come to live in tree-tops, as with the frogs and crustacea described at p. 118, the danger of intercrossing is reduced to a minimum.

Several writers, however, not content with the indirect effects of isolation here indicated, maintain that it is in itself a cause of modification, and ultimately of the origination of


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VI new species. This was the keynote of Mr. Vernon Wollaston's essay on "Variation of Species," published in 1856, and it is adopted by the Rev. J. G. Gulick in his paper on "Diversity of Evolution under one Set of External Conditions" (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. xi. p. 496). The idea seems to be that there is an inherent tendency to variation in certain divergent lines, and that when one portion of a species is isolated, even though under identical conditions, that tendency sets up a divergence which carries that portion farther and farther away from the original species. This view is held to be supported by the case of the land shells of the Sandwich Islands, which certainly present some very remarkable phenomena. In this comparatively small area there are about 300 species of land shells, almost all of which belong to one family (or sub-family), the Achatinellidæ, found nowhere else in the world. The interesting point is the extreme restriction of the species and varieties. The average range of each species is only five or six miles, while some are restricted to but one or two square miles, and only a very few range over a whole island. The forest region that extends over one of the mountain-ranges of the island of Oahu, is about forty miles in length and five or six miles in breadth; and this small territory furnishes about 175 species, represented by 700 or 800 varieties. Mr. Gulick states, that the vegetation of the different valleys on the same side of this range is much the same, yet each has a molluscan fauna differing in some degree from that of any other. "We frequently find a genus represented in several successive valleys by allied species, sometimes feeding on the same, sometimes on different plants. In every such case the valleys that are nearest to each other furnish the most nearly allied forms; and a full set of the varieties of each species presents a minute gradation of forms between the more divergent types found in the more widely separated localities." He urges, that these constant differences cannot be attributed to natural selection, because they occur in different valleys on the same side of the mountain, where food, climate, and enemies are the same; and also, because there is no greater difference in passing from the rainy to the dry side of the mountains than in passing from one valley to


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148 another on the same side an equal distance apart. In a very lengthy paper, presented to the Linnean Society last year, on "Divergent Evolution through Cumulative Segregation," Mr. Gulick endeavours to work out his views into a complete theory, the main point of which may perhaps be indicated by the following passage: "No two portions of a species possess exactly the same average character, and the initial differences are for ever reacting on the environment and on each other in such a way as to ensure increasing divergence in each successive generation as long as the individuals of the two groups are kept from intercrossing."

It need hardly be said that the views of Mr. Darwin and myself are inconsistent with the notion that, if the environment were absolutely similar for the two isolated portions of the species, any such necessary and constant divergence would take place. It is an error to assume that what seem to us identical conditions are really identical to such small and delicate organisms as these land molluscs, of whose needs and difficulties at each successive stage of their existence, from the freshly-laid egg up to the adult animal, we are so profoundly ignorant. The exact proportions of the various species of plants, the numbers of each kind of insect or of bird, the peculiarities of more or less exposure to sunshine or to wind at certain critical epochs, and other slight differences which to us are absolutely immaterial and unrecognisable, may be of the highest significance to these humble creatures, and be quite sufficient to require some slight adjustments of size, form, or colour, which natural selection will bring about. All we know of the facts of variation leads us to believe that, without this action of natural selection, there would be produced over the whole area a series of inconstant varieties mingled together, not a distinct segregation of forms each confined to its own limited area.

Mr. Darwin has shown that, in the distribution and modification of species, the biological is of more importance than the physical environment, the struggle with other organisms being often more severe than that with the forces of nature. This is particularly evident in the case of plants, many of which, when protected from competition, thrive in a


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VI soil, climate, and atmosphere widely different from those of their native habitat. Thus, many alpine plants only found near perpetual snow thrive well in our gardens at the level of the sea; as do the tritomas from the sultry plains of South Africa, the yuccas from the arid hills of Texas and Mexico, and the fuchsias from the damp and dreary shores of the Straits of Magellan. It has been well said that plants do not live where they like, but where they can; and the same remark will apply to the animal world. Horses and cattle run wild and thrive both in North and South America; rabbits, once confined to the south of Europe, have established themselves in our own country and in Australia; while the domestic fowl, a native of tropical India, thrives well in every part of the temperate zone.

If, then, we admit that when one portion of a species is separated from the rest, there will necessarily be a slight difference in the average characters of the two portions, it does not follow that this difference has much if any effect upon the characteristics that are developed by a long period of isolation. In the first place, the difference itself will necessarily be very slight unless there is an exceptional amount of variability in the species; and in the next place, if the average characters of the species are the expression of its exact adaptation to its whole environment, then, given a precisely similar environment, and the isolated portion will inevitably be brought back to the same average of characters. But, as a matter of fact, it is impossible that the environment of the isolated portion can be exactly like that of the bulk of the species. It cannot be so physically, since no two separated areas can be absolutely alike in climate and soil; and even if these are the same, the geographical features, size, contour, and relation to winds, seas, and rivers, would certainly differ. Biologically, the differences are sure to be considerable. The isolated portion of a species will almost always be in a much smaller area than that occupied by the species as a whole, hence it is at once in a different position as regards its own kind. The proportions of all the other species of animals and plants are also sure to differ in the two areas, and some species will almost always be absent in the smaller which are present in the larger country. These differences will act and react on


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vi remainder that of Sillig (Gotha, 1851–3), excepting in some few instances, where, for reasons given in the Notes, it has been deemed advisable to depart from it. The first two Books, and portions of others, are the performance of the late Dr. Bostock, who contemplated a translation of the entire work; but, unfortunately for the interests of science, he was not permitted to carry his design into execution.

Upwards of a hundred pages had been printed off before the present Translator entered on his duties; and as they had not the advantage of Dr. Bostock's superintendence through the press, some trifling oversights have occurred. These are, for the most part, corrected in a short Appendix.