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420 the soldiers, the commissioners were to survey the Crown estates, to examine the treasurer's accounts, noting down accurately the receipts and disbursements; to inquire into the real conduct of the deputy, the council, the judges, 'how far every man was doing his duty in his degree;' whether there were complaints of bribery, extortion, or oppression, or whether such complaints were well founded; and generally they were to avail themselves of all means of information as to the condition and prospects of the country and the conduct of the Irish Government.

On arriving in Dublin they found themselves in a chaos of quarrel, calumny, and contradiction. Moderation seemed the one impossible and unimagined virtue. The loyalists in the council, who had done good service in the Geraldine rebellion, were in the humour of the modern Orangemen. The deputy, goaded by opposition and unreason, had dashed into toleration of the rebels. Immediately after the landing of the commissioners, an occurrence took place which illustrated the temper in which they would find Lord Grey, who but two years before had been a rational English nobleman. In the August of the same summer an expedition was ordered into King's County against O'Connor; and the knights and landowners of the Pale as usual were in attendance on the deputy. The weather had


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 Nihil Obstal, October 1, 1911 REMY LAFORT, S.T.D. Imprimatur «J0HN CARDINAL FARLEY ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK Copyright, 1911 By Robert Appleton Company Copijright, 1913 By the encyclopedia PRESS, INC. The articles in this work have been written specially for The Catholic Encyclopedia and are protected by copyright. All rights, includ- ing the right of translation and reproduction, are reserved. L ERINDALE COLLEGE LIBRARY

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 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE TENTH VOLUME EATON, THOMAS J., M.A., Mobile, Alabama: Mobile, Diocese of. ELGUERO, FRANCISCO, Morelia, Mexico: Michoacan, Archdiocese of. ELLIOT, WALTER, C.S.P., New York: Mission- ary Society of St. Paul the Apostle. ENGELHARDT, ZEPHYRIN, O.F.M., W.atson- viLLE, California: Mcmbre, Zenobius; Mon- terey and Los Angeles, Diocese of. ENGELKEMPER, WILHELM, S.T.D., Ph.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University op Munster: Milnster, University of. ESPINOSA, AURELIO MACEDONIO, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of Spanlsh, Leland Stan- ford University, California: Nevada. FANNING, WILLIAM H. W., S.J., Professor op Church History and Canon Law, St. Louis University-, St. Louis, Missouri: Medicine and Canon Law; Midwives; Monastery, Ca- nonical Erection of a. FISHER, J. H., S.J., Woodstock College, Mary- land: M^daille, Jean-Paul. FLAHERTY, MATTHEW J., M.A. (Harvard), Concord, Massachusetts: Moore, Thomas. FORBES-LEITH, WILLIAM, S.J., Boscombe, Bournemouth, England: Melrose, Chronicle of. FORD, JEREMIAH D. M., M.A., Ph.D., Pro- fessor of Spanish and French, Harvard Uni- versity, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Mena, Juan de; Menzini, Benedetto; Metastasio, Pietro; Morales, Ambrosio. FORGET, JACQUES, Professor of Dogmatic Theology and the Syriac and Arabic Lan- guages, University of Louvain: Melchers, Paul. FORTESCUE, ADRIAN, Ph.D., S.T.D., Letch- worth, Hertfordshire, England: Ma.ss, Nup- tial; Maurice, Roman Emperor; Melchites; Menaion; Metaphrastes, Symeon; Methodius I; Metrophanes of Smyrna; Michael CEerularius; Monasticism, III. Eastern Monasticism; Necta- rius. Patriarch of Constantinople. FOURNET, PIERRE AUGUSTE, S.S., M.A., Professor of History', College de Montreal, Montreal, Canada: Montboissier, Peter of. FOX, WILLIAM, B.S., M.E., Associate Professor OF Physics, College of the City' of New York: Matteucci, Carlo; Montgolfier, Joseph- ■ Michel. FUENTES, VENTURA, B.A., M.D., Instructor, College of the City of New York: Medrano, Francisco; Melendez Valdes, Juan; Mendana de Neyra, Alvaro de; Mendoza, Diego Hurtado de; Montemayor, Jorge de; Moratin, Leandro Fer- ndndez de; Moreto y Cabana, Agustin; Nava- rrete, Martin Fernandez de. GASQUET, FRANCIS AIDAN, O.S.B., S.T.D., Abbot President of the English Benedictine Congregation, London: Monasteries, Sup- pression of, in England under Henry VIII. GANCEVIC, ANTHONY LAWRENCE, O.F.M., Ph.D., S.T.D., Zaostrog, Dalmatia: Medulla, Andreas; Miridite, Abbey of. GARDNER, EDMUND GARRETT, M.A. (Cam- bridge), Barlow Lecturer on Dante, Uni- versity College, London: Medici, House of; Meli, Giovanni; Nardi, Jacopo. GARESCHE, EDWARD FRANCIS, S.J., St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri: Nacchiante, Giacomo; Nepveu, Francis; Neu- mayr, Franz. GEDDES, LEONARD WILLIAM, S.J., St. Beuno's College, St. Asaph, Wales: Messias. GERARD, JOHN, S.J., F.L.S., London: Monita Secreta. GEUDENS, FRANCIS MARTIN, C.R.P., Abbot Titular of B.arlinos, Corpus Christi Priory, Manchester, England: Newhouse, Abbey of. GIETMANN, GERARD, S.J., Teacher of "Clas- sical Languages and ^Esthetics, St. Ignatius College, Valkenburo, Holland: Michelozzo di Bartolommeo; Miller, Ferdinand von; Mohr, Christian; Miiller, Karl; Music, Ecclesiastical; Neumann, Johann Balthasar. GIGOT, FRANCIS E., S.T.D., Professor op Sacred Scripture, St. Joseph's Seminary', DuNWOODiE, New York: Maunoury, Auguste- Frangois; Merneptah I; Midrashim; Moab, Moabites; Moloch. GILLET, LOUIS, Paris: Massys, Quentin; Meis- sonier, Ernest; Melozzo da Forli; Memling, Hans; Mignard, Pierre; Millet, Jean-Frangois; Montagna, Bartolomeo; Muntz, Eugene; Mu- riUo, Bartolom^ Esteban. GLASS, JOSEPH S., CM., S.T.D., President, St. Vincent's College, Los Angeles, California: Medal, Miraculous. GOYAU, GEORGES, Associate Editor, "Revue des Deux Mondes", Paris: Mazarin, Jules; Meaux, Diocese of; Medici, Maria de'; Mende, Diocese of; Molai (Molay), Jacques de; Mon- strelet, Enguerrand de; Montalembert, Charles- Forbes-Rend de; Montauban, Diocese of; Mont- morency, Anne, First Duke of; Montor, Alcxis- Frangois Artaud de; Montpellier, Dioce.se and University of; Moulins, Dioce.se of; Namur, Dio- cese of; Nancy, Diocese of; Nantes, Diocese of; Napoleon I; Napoleon III; Nevers, Diocese of. GRATTAN-FLOOD, W. M., M.R.I.A., Mus.D., Rosemount, Enniscorthy, Ireland: Messing- ham, Thomas; Monteverde, Claudio; Motet; Mura, Saint. GREY, J. C, New York: Medellin, Archdiocese of; Monte Vergine.


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Manners fined 30,000l. His fortunes recovered under James I, who stayed at Belvoir in his progress southwards, witnessing the performance of Ben Jonson's 'Metamorphosed Gypsies,' and made him a K.B. at his coronation. On 9 June 1603 Rutland received the keepership of Birkwood Park, Yorkshire, and Clipstone Castle, Northamptonshire, and from June to August 1603 was engaged on a mission to Christian IV, king of Denmark, to present him with the order of the Garter, and to represent James at the christening of his son (Hist MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. App. p. 527). On 20 Sept. 1603 he became lord-lieutenant of Lincolnshire, and the same year high steward of Grantham. In 1609 he received also the stewardships of Long Bennington and Mansfield. His constitution seems to have been worn out prematurely, and he died on 26 June 1612. He was buried at Bottesford, Leicestershire. He is noted as being engaged in two duels when the subject attracted attention in 1613 (, Bacon, xi. 396). Rutland married, early in 1599, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Philip Sidney, who died without issue in 1615. The title passed to a brother, Francis, sixth earl of Rutland [q. v.] Many of Rutland's letters are preserved at Belvoir, Hatfield, and Longleat.  MANNERS, THOMAS, first (d. 1543), eldest son of Sir George Manners, by Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas St. Leger. His father became twelfth baron Ros of Hamlake in 1487 by the death of his mother, Eleanor, eldest sister and coheiress of Edmund, eleventh lord Ros of Hamlake, Trie8but, and Belvoir; he was a distinguished soldier, and was knighted by the Earl of Surrey on the Scottish expedition of 1497. He died at the siege of Tournay on 27 Oct. 1518. On 22 June 1513 Thomas landed at Calais on the French expedition. The same year he became Baron Ros on his father's death, and was summoned in 1515 to parliament. He was at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 and at Henry VIII's meeting with Charles V afterwards. In December 1521 he became cupbearer to the king; in January 1522 he was made steward of Pickering, Yorkshire, and from April to October of the same year he held the appointment of lord warden of the east marches, in which he was succeeded by Lord Percy. He also received the wardenship of Sherwood Forest on 12 July 1524, an office which afterwards became practically hereditary in his family. He was appointed K.G. on 24 April 1525, and on 18 June 1525 he was made Earl of Rutland. He was a great favourite of Henry VIII and had many grants, including the keepership of Enfield Chase, which was given him 12 July 1526. On 11 Oct. 1532 he landed with Henry in France; he was at the coronation of Anne Boleyn in 1533, and took part in her trial. Rutland was actively engaged in meeting the troubles of 1536 (cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 6th Rep. App. p. 445, &c.) He held a joint command with the Earls of Huntingdon and Shrewsbury and marched to Nottingham and thence to Newark, Southwell, and Doncaster against the northern rebels. He was steward of many monasteries, and from his various ancestors he had claims by way of foundation on certain of the houses. Hence when the dissolution came he received numerous grants of monastic property. In Leicestershire he obtained Charley, Garradon, and, by exchange, Croxton; in Yorkshire, Beverley, Warter, and Rievaulx by exchange. With Robert Tyrwhit he took Belvoir, Eagle, and Kyme in Lincolnshire, and in Yorkshire Nun Burnham (cf., Leicestershire, ii. 43). When Anne of Cleves came to England, Rutland was appointed her lord chamberlain, and met her at Shooter's Hill after her unfortunate interview with the king at Rochester. In 1542 he became constable of Nottingham Castle. He went to the border again on 7 Aug. 1542 as warden of the marches (cf. State Papers, v. 211, for his instructions; Hamilton Papers, vol. i.) But he was recalled, in consequence of illness, in November of the same year. From Newark-on-Trent he wrote on 7 Nov. to the council of the north : 'As Gode best knows, I ame in a poyur and febvll estat.' He died 20 Sept. 1543. His will is printed in 'Testamenta Vetusta' (ii. 719). When not at Belvoir, which he repaired and turned from a fortress into a dwelling-house, he seems to have lived at the old Benedictine nunnery of Holywell in Shoreditch, London. A portrait by an unknown artist is at Belvoir. He married, first, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Robert Lovel ; and secondly, Eleanor, daughter of Sir William Paston. By his second wife he had five sons and six daughters. His eldest son, Henry, who succeeded him in the title,


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1537.] been wet, the rivers were in flood, and on coming to a dangerous ford Lord Leonard insisted on swimming his horse across the water. Being powerfully mounted he passed safely, although with some difficulty; and immediately, although there was no enemy to be sought or peril to be escaped, no object to be gained either in time or convenience, he insisted that the whole force should follow him. They objected reasonably to incurring a needless risk. Whereupon 'his lordship did not only revile them, calling them traitors, but also caused his marshals to spoil and take away from the Baron of Delvin, being an old man and an ancient captain, Viscount Gormanstone, and the other lords and gentlemen, their horses, harness, and weapons, they then being in the midst of an enemy's country, and left them, to the peril of their enemies and danger of their lives, to travel home on foot through bogs and mire.' The Irish nature had made deep inroads upon the deputy. If the lords and gentlemen had broken the articles of war, they should have been brought home and tried for it. 'My Lord Deputy,' said Sir John Allen, 'is a nobleman and a good gentleman; but it should be good to reduce him to rule by order and counsel. I would have the King's deputy remember whose person he representeth; be sober in language, being more displeased with the offence than with the person. He ought to be the mirror both of justice and chivalry. It is not seeming to his estate and nobility to use vile language, which doth not


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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE TENTH VOLUME MENARD, SISTER MARIE, Nazabeth, Ken- tccky: Nazareth, Sisters of Charity of.

MERSHMAN, FRANCIS, O.S.B., S.T.D., Pro- fessor OF Moral Theology, Canon Law, and Liturgy, St. Joh.n's College, Collegeville, Minnesota: Massuet, RerK?; Maurice, Saint; Maurus, Saint; Moinwork, IJlesscd; M6nard, Nicolas-Hugucs; Menas, Saint; Nausea, Fred- eric.

MOELLER, CH., Professor of General His- tory, University of Louvain: Military Or- ders, The; Montesa, Military Order of.

MOLLOY, JOSEPH VINCENT, O.P., S.T.L., New Haven, Connecticut: Mathusala.

MONTES DE OCA Y OBREGON, JOSfi M. I., S.T.D., LL.D., Bishop op San Luis PoTosf, Administrator Apostolic of Tamaulipas, Domestic Prelate to His Holiness and Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, Knight Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre, Knight of Isabella the Catholic, K. C. of Charles the Third, Member of the Madrid Academy of Languages and History, San Luis Potosi, Mexico: Mexico, Archdiocese of.

MOONEY, JAMES, United States Ethnologist, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washing- ton: Mataco Indians; Maya Indians; Mayo In- dians; Mayoruna Indians; Mazatec Indians; Mbaya Indians; Mengarini, Gregorio; Menom- inee Indians; Miami Indians; Mission In- dians (of CaHfornia) ; Missions, Catholic Indian, of the United States; Mixe Indians; Mixteca Indians; Mocovi Indians; Montagnais Indians (Quebec); Moxos Indians; Mozetena Indians.

MOORE, THOMAS V., C.S.P., St. Thomas's Col- lege, Washington: Memory.

MORICE, A. G., O.M.I., Editor of "Le Patriots de l'Ouest", Duck Lake, Sa.skatchewan, Canada: Mazenod, Charles Joseph Eugene de; Micmacs; Missions, Catholic Indian (Canada); Montagnais Indians (Chippewayans) ; Nahanes.

MUNNYNCK, mark p. de, S.T.D., Professor OF Philosophy, University of Fribourg: Mechanism.

NOLAN, RICHARD S., B.A. (Trinity College, Dublin), London: Masses, Bequests for (Eng- land).

NYS, DfiSIRfi, S.T.D., Ph.D., President, S6mi- naire LfioN XIII, Univer.sity of Louvain: Minkelers, Jean-Pierre.

OBRECHT, EDMOND M., O.C.R., Abbot of Gethsemani Abbey, Kentucky: Melleray; Mellifont, Abbey of; Molesme, Notre-Dame de; Montrairail, John de; Morimond, Abbey of; New Abbey; Nowbattle.

O'CONNOR, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, M.A., LL.B., Manchester, New Hampshire: New Hamp- shire.

OLIGER, LIVARIUS, O.F.M., Lector op Church History, College S. Antonio, Rome: Mendi- cant Friars; Minimi (Minims).

OTT, MICHAEL, O.S.B.,Ph.D., Professor of the History op Philosophy, St. John's College, Collegeville, Minnesota: Matilda, Saint; Maximilian (Martyrs); Maximinus, Saint; Maximus of Turin, Saint; Mayor, John; Mayr, Beda; Mechtild of Magdeburg; Mi^gc, Antoine-Joseph; Mendoza, Francisco Sarmi- rnto de; Mendoza, Pedro Gonzales de; Mczgcr, Francis, Joseph, and Paul; Michael de Sanctis, Saint; Milic, Jan; Mirajus (Le Mire), Aubert; Mittarelli, Nicola Giacomo; Molina, Antonio do; Molitor, Wilhelm; Moschus, Johannes; Mundwiler, Fintan; Muzzarelli, Alfonso.

OTTEN, JOSEPH, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Mohr, Joseph; Mozart, Johann Chrysostomus Wolfgang Amadeus; Musical Instruments in Church Services.

OUSSANI, GABRIEL, Ph.D., Professor of Ec- clesiastical History-, Early Christian Lit- erature, and Biblical Arch.eology, St. Joseph's Seminary, Dunwoodie, New York: Mecca; Mohammed and Mohammedanism; Moses of Chorene.

PACIFIQUE, father, O.M.Cap., Micmac Mis- sion, Restigouche, Canada: Membcrton In- dians.

PfiREZ GOYENA, ANTONIO, S.J., Editor, "R.az6n y Fe", Madrid: Molinos, Miguel de.

PETRIDES, SOPHRONE, A.A., Profes.sor, Greek Catholic Seminary of Kadi-Keui, Constan- tinople: Metellopolis; Miletopolis; Mocissus; Modra; Musti; Myndus; NacoHa; Nazianzus.

PHELAN, PATRICK, Vicar General and Dean of the Archdiocese of Melbourne, Aus- tralia: Melbourne, Archdiocese of.

PHILLIPS, EDWARD C, S.J., Ph.D., Woodstock College, Maryland: Neri, Antonio.

POHLE, JOSEPH, S.T.D., Ph.D., J.C.L., Profes- sor OF Dogmatic Theology, University of Breslau: Mass, Sacrifice of the; Merit; Molina, Luis de; MoUnism.

POLLEN, JOHN HUNGERFORD, S.J., London: Molyneux, Sir Caryll; More, Henry; Morris, John.

POPE, HUGH, O.P., S.T.L., S.S.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis, Collegio Ange- Lico, Rome: Monica, Saint.

POULAIN, AUGUSTIN, S.J., Paris: Mohammedan Confraternities.

RAINER, Mgr. JOSEPH, V.G., P.A., Rector, St. Francis Provincial Seminary, Professor of Sacred Scripture and Hebrew, St. Francis, Wisconsin: Milwaukee, Archdiocese of.


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422 conquer his enemy, but rather exasperate him to more malice; and, to be plain, unless my Lord Deputy use another moderation than he hath done of late, he shall be more meet to be ruled than rule, for he hath lost the hearts of English and Irish, friend and foe.'

Allen, the writer of this passage, was, with the exception of Ormond and his son, the only person in Ireland competent to furnish the commission with any tolerable information; and the Butlers were supposed to be interested parties, and open to exception as witnesses. On the Master of the Rolls, therefore, St Leger chiefly depended; and with his assistance soon saw his way, not to Lord Leonard's removal, but to a limitation of the confidence which had been placed in him. Allen and St Leger together might have struck out some reasonable plan of action, if left uncontrolled. Unluckily, the commission was composite. Paulet, who belonged to the party in opposition to Cromwell in England, attached himself in Ireland to the deputy; and the reports sent home by the different commissioners contradicted each other little less than those which had before perplexed the English Government. It appeared, however, at least, that the revenue ought to be something, though it was actually nothing. It depended chiefly on the rents of lands confiscated for rebellion, which the tenants would not pay unless they were compelled; and with a diminished army would be diminished the means of compulsion. This was a fact which both


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Manners-Sutton is separately noticed. His third son, Roger of Uffington, was a benefactor to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. A letter from the second Lady Rutland expressing dislike of the Holy Maid of Kent has been preserved, and many of the earl's lettere are printed in full or in abstract in The 'State Papers, Henry VIII,' the 'Letters, and Papers,' and the Calendar of the Duke of Rutland's manuscripts (Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep.)  MANNERS-SUTTON, CHARLES (1755–1828), archbishop of Canterbury, born 14 Feb. 1755, was fourth son of Lord George Manners-Sutton (d. 1783) and grandson of John, third duke of Rutland. His father assumed the additional surname of Sutton upon inheriting the estates of his maternal grandfather, Robert Sutton, baron Lexinton, at the decease of his elder brother, Lord Robert Manners-Sutton, in 1762. His mother was Diana, daughter of Thomas Chaplin of Blankney in Lincolnshire. He was educated at the Charterhouse, and proceeded to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1777 as fifteenth wrangler, his younger brother, Thomas. Manners-Sutton, lord Manners [q. v.], being at the same time fifth wrangler; he proceeded M.A. 1780, D.D. 1792. In 1785 he was appointed to the rectory of Averham-with-Kelham in Nottinghamshire, a family living, of which his brother was patron, and also to that of Whitwell in Derbyshire, by his kinsman, the Duke of Rutland. In 1791 he became dean of Peterborough, and in the following year bishop of Norwich, succeeding the well-known Bishop Home. In 1794 the deanery of Windsor was conferred on him in commendam. His residence at Windsor brought him into intimate relations with the royal family, with whom both he and his wife were great favourites. Accordingly, on the death of Archbishop Moore in 1805, he was, through their influence, elevated to the primacy, against, it is said, the will of Pitt, who designed the post for his old tutor, Dr. Tomline. In 1797 Thomas James Mathias [q. v.], the author of 'The Pursuits of Literature,' had described him as 'a prelate whose amiable demeanour, useful learning, and conciliating habits of life particularly recommend his episcopal character.' 'No man,' he added, 'appears to me so peculiarly marked out for the highest dignity of the church, sede vacante, as Dr. Charles Manners-Sutton.' While he was bishop of Norwich his liberality and the expenses of a large family seem to have involved him in some pecuniary embarrassment, but he cleared it all off when he became archbishop. During his occupancy of the see of Canterbury the country palace of Addington was purchased (1807) from a fund accumulating from the sale of the old palace of Croydon.

As primate Manners-Sutton took an important part in that revival of church life which characterised the epoch. He was a staunch supporter of the small but very active band of high churchmen of whom Joshua and J. J. Watson, H. H. Norris, and Charles Daubeny were the leading spirits. He presided over the first meeting which issued in the foundation of the National Society, and the speedy and prosperous floating of that great scheme for the education of the poor was in no slight degree due to his efforts. He gave all the strength of his support to the foundation of the Indian episcopate; he guided and animated the reviving energies of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, identifying himself on more than one memorable occasion with those who strove to uphold its distinctly church character (see Life of D. Wilson, Bishop of Calcutta, p. 143), and he chose for his chaplains men who were in the van of the church movement: Richard Mant, afterwards bishop of Down and Connor; Christopher Wordsworth, afterwards master of Trinity College, Cambridge; Archdeacon Cambridge; and Dr. D'Oyly, the biographer of Archbishop Sancroft. His services to the cause, apart from his position, arose from his moral and social influence rather than from his intellectual powers. He was of imposing appearance, liberal almost to a fault, very accessible and affable to his clergy, and exemplary in his domestic life. 'Seldom,' writes Archdeacon Churton, 'has any primate presided over the English church whose personal dignity of character commanded so much deference from his suffragans, or whose position was so much strengthened by their concordant support' (Memoir of Joshua Watson, i. 254).

The archbishop never spoke in the House of Lords except upon ecclesiastical subjects. He steadily opposed all concession to the Ro-


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US passport
Roll 1700 - Certificates: 69000-69375, 26 Jul 1921-26 Jul 1921 > 507 Edmond Mary Obrecht b. Alsace, France, 13 Nov. 1852 father Nicholas Obrecht Been in US 28 years Scan contains image
 * Passport Applications, January 2, 1906–March 31, 1925. NARA Microfilm Publication M1490, 2740 rolls. General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

title: Author talk:Edmond Marie Obrecht


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1540.] factions admitted, and to which Henry must resign himself. He was encumbered with a country from which he could not retreat; which he could not govern; which was incapable of a noble independence, and incapable equally of a noble submission; which remained, and would remain, in a chronic disorder, exhausting alike to the English exchequer and the English patience. In other respects, as the Reformation advanced in England, Romanism with the Irish was deepening into a national principle. 'Irishmen,' said Allen, 'have long supposed that the royal estate of Ireland consists in the Bishop of Rome for the time being; and the lordship of the Kings of England to be but a governance under the same.' The Anglo-Irish of the Pale, and the Celts of the provinces, shared so far in the same convictions; and the commissioners concluded that the spirit was too strong to subdue. The King might conquer the country as often as he pleased; but his victories did but wound the air, which would close again behind his sword. The Archbishop of Dublin could find no spiritual man in all his diocese who would preach the word of God or declare the King's supremacy. The Butlers alone among the


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424 resident noblemen could be depended on for English sympathies or English opinions; and the deputy, though afraid to avow his Papal bearings, yet exhibited his tendency in the insults which he heaped upon the Archbishop; and in the oblique encouragement of the opposite faction.

St Leger, though he was too wise to commit himself, comprehended tolerably the condition of the various matters which he was sent to inspect. Especially he consulted Ormond, and carried away with him Ormond's views.

He returned with his companions in the April, spring of 1538; but the different conclusions at which they had arrived prevented any active resolution on the part of Henry, and the deputy, the council, and the country were again left to their own guidance. The slender restraints which had been imposed by the presence of the commissioners disappeared on their departure. The Bishop of Meath from his pulpit railed 'against the Archbishop of Dublin, calling him heretic and beggar, with other rabulous revilings.' The Archbishop was present, but his brother prelate, nevertheless, spoke of him 'with such a stomach that the three-mouthed Cerberus in hell could not have uttered it more viperiously.' A priest of St Patrick's neglected


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1538.] to read the prayer for the King in the Church-service. The Archbishop put him in confinement. Lord Leonard Grey immediately set him at liberty. The 'stations' which had been closed were reopened. The pardoners resumed their trade, and were not to be checked; and the Archbishop wrote to Cromwell, imploring that he might be supported or else be allowed to resign.

The conservative reaction in England which, two years later, overthrew the Privy Seal, was gaining strength at the time; and the deputy, it appeared, possessed the confidence of the Duke of Norfolk and his friends, and looked to their support. George Paulet had told him that Cromwell was on the edge of destruction, and he, perhaps, believed himself safe in acting on the expectation. But a clearer brain than belonged to Lord Leonard Grey was required to tread safely the narrow ridge which divided reaction from treason. The deputy was encouraged to oppose the semi-Lutheran Protestants; he dared at last to countenance the Romanists. The home Government had nominated a Dr Nangle to the Bishopric of Clontarf. The Pope, in opposition, appointed one of the Bourkes of Clanrickard. Nangle was expelled from the See; and the deputy, though ordered to prosecute the intruder under the Statute of Provisors, left him quietly in possession. Following the same policy, he had come to an open rupture with Lord Ormond and his son, and as he advanced further along his perilous road his Irish


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Manners-Sutton man catholics, but generally voted in favour of the claims of the protestant dissenters. The very year of his death, when he was too ill to attend in person, he gave his vote by proxy in favour of the latter, and expressed his sentiments through Charles Blomfield, then bishop of Chester. He died at Lambeth on 21 July 1828, and was buried 29 July at Addington, in a family vault which had been constructed under the church about half a year previously.

In 1778 he married Mary, daughter of Thomas Thoroton of Screveton, Nottinghamshire, by whom he had a family of two sons and ten daughters. The elder son, Charles Manners-Sutton, afterwards Viscount Canterbury, is separately noticed. Francis, the second son (1783-1825), was a colonel in the army. Manners-Sutton published two separate sermons, which were published respectively in 1794 and 1797.  MANNERS-SUTTON, CHARLES, first (1780–1845), speaker of the House of Commons, the elder son of Charles Manners-Sutton [q. v.], archbishop of Canterbury, by his wife Mary, daughter of Thomas Thoroton of Screveton, Nottinghamshire, was born on 29 Jan. 1780. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where as fourth junior optime he graduated B.A. 1802, M.A. 1805, and LL.D. 1824. Having been admitted a student of Lincoln's Inn on 19 May 1802, Manners-Sutton was called to the bar on 9 May 1806, and for a few years went the western circuit. At the general election in November 1806 he was returned in the tory interest for Scarborough, and continued to represent that borough in the House of Commons until the dissolution in December 1832. On 1 Nov. 1809 he was appointed judge-advocate-general in Spencer Perceval's administration, and on the 8th of the same month was sworn a member of the privy council (London Gazettes, 1809, pt. ii. p. 1773). He opposed Lord Morpeth's motion for an inquiry into the state of Ireland on 4 Feb. 1812, and declared that the government of that country had been 'deeply slandered' (Parl. Debates, 1st ser. xxi. 619-622). In March 1813 he both spoke and voted against Grattan's motion for a committee on the claims of the Roman catholics (ib. xxiv. 1028-35,1078). On 30 April 1817 he brought in his Clergy Residence Bill (ib. xxxvi. 88-92), which subsequently became law (57 Geo. III, c. 99). With these exceptions his speeches in the house were chiefly confined to subjects relating to his own official duties. On 2 June 1817 he was elected to the chair of the House of Commons, in the place of Charles Abbot, afterwards Baron Colchester [q. v.] by a majority of 162 votes over C. W. W. Wynn, the whig candidate (ib. xxxvi. 843-56), and thereupon resigned the office of judge-advocate-general. Manners-Sutton was re-elected speaker without opposition in January 1819, April 1820, November 1826, October 1830, and June 1831. During this period he was twice pressed to take office. On Canning's accession to power in April 1827 Manners-Sutton was offered the post of home secretary, which he declined 'from his feelings on the catholic question' (, i. 89-90), and in May 1832 he refused, after some hesitation, to undertake the formation of a tory ministry (, ii. 163-7;, ii. 325-9; , i. 408). On 30 July 1832 Manners-Sutton intimated his wish to retire from the chair at the close of the parliament, and a vote of thanks to him for his services was proposed by Lord Althorp and seconded by Goulburn and carried unanimously (Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. xiv. 931-9). An annuity of 4,000l. was also granted to him for life, and one of 3,000l. after his death to his heir male (2 & 3 Will. IV, c. cix.) At the general election in December 1832 Manners-Sutton was returned for the university of Cambridge with Henry Goulburn [q. v.] as a colleague. Owing to their hesitation to meet the reformed parliament with an inexperienced speaker, the ministers persuaded Manners-Sutton to postpone his retirement. Annoyed at this decision of the whig cabinet, the radicals opposed his re-election to the chair at the meeting of the new parliament on 29 Jan. 1833. Their candidate, Edward John Littleton, afterwards Lord Hatherton [q. v.], was defeated by a majority of 210, and Manners-Sutton was thereupon elected unanimously (Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. xv. 35-83). He was made G.C.B. on 4 Sept. 1833, as a reward for his conduct during the session, in which he has done government good and handsome service' (Greville Memoirs, pt. i. vol. iii. p. 30), and at the general election in January 1835 he was again returned for the university of Cambridge. On the opening of parliament on 19 Feb. 1835 his re-election was opposed by the whigs, who complained bitterly of his partisanship outside the house. Though Manners-Sutton effectually disproved the charges which had been brought against him, namely, (1) that being speaker he had busied himself in the subversion of the late government, (2) that he had assisted with others in the formation of the new govern-


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 OaNTRIBUTORS TO THE NINTH VOLUME DIRISOOLL, JAMES F., &T.D., Nsw Yoke:: Lefvites. FORTESCUE, ADRIAN, Ph.D., 6.T.D., Letcr- woBTH, - H^BTFOHDSHiBB, Bnqlaicd: Latin DRUM, WALTER, S.J., P«aFBSsaB of HtaRBW Church; Lavaho; Lector; Leo Diaconus; Leon- AND Sacbed Scbiptube, WOODSTOCK CoLLBQB, tius Byaantinus; LesBons in the Liturgy; Libera Mabylajo): Lazarus; Magi; Manahem; Mana- ^e; Libera Nos; Liberatus of Carthage; Litur- hen. Saint; Manasaes; Manuscripts of the Bible; gical Books; Liturgy; Lumen Christi; Marcel- Martin, Paulin. linua Ckmies; Jdarcian; Marcus Diadochus; DRORT, EDWIN, Nntmx. Kkhtvcky: Loretto, ^^^'^^^^^i^^.Cb^Vt^'^iGouye^tu,!; Sisters of, at the Foot of the Cross. ' ^ FOBrriER, ALCEE, LL.D., Cheyausr of the DUBKAY, C. A., S.M., S.T.B., Ph.D., Psotbssob of Leqiow of Honoub; OFncEa of Public In- PHIL060PHY, Mabibt Colubob, Washuygton: STBUcnoN; Pbbbioent, Louisiana Histqbical Le Fdvre, Jacques. Socdctt, Pbofebsob of Romance Languages, TULANE Unitebsitt, New Oblbans: Louisiana, DUGOAN, THOMAS, Editob, "The Cathoug ColoniaL Tbanscbipt", Habtfobd, Connecticut: Mac- pOURNET, PIERRE AUGU8TB, S.S., MJ^,, Pbo- Farland, Francis Patridt. fessob of Histoby, CouAqe de Montreal : Marie DUNN, JOSEPH, PH.D., Pbofibbob of Celtic de rincamation, Blessed ; Marie de llncamation. Languages and Litsbatubb, Catholic Uni- ^^^^ ^ YEBSITT OF AjiEBiCA, WASHINGTON: Mabinogion. ^^^* JAMES J., S.T.D.,PbofbssoeofPhilosopht, St. Thomas's College, Washington: Law, DWYER, PATRICK VINCENT, S.T.D., Bishop of Natural. Maitland, Austbalia : Maitland, Diocese of. fqX, WILLIAM, B.S., M.E., AssociAra Pbofbssob ^nr^'^wrs'^T^^ r^<r«^«^A rs c^ ^ -^ * OF Phtsics, Colleoe OF THE Cnr OF New EDMONDS, OOLUMBA, O.S.B., Fobt Augustus, ^^^^ ^^ ./ ,, i tlt • ** wj ' T- J- * A ■ • i. T^- 1 York: Maignan, Emmanuel; Mariotte, Edme; Scotland: Lindisfame, Ancient Diocese and Monastery of. Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando. GANfiBVld, ANTHONY LAWIRENCE, PhD., ENOLEHAIRDT, ZEPHYRIN, O.F.M., Watson- S.T.D., Zaostbog, Dalmatia: Lesina; Lucie yille, Califobnia: Magin CataU; Margil, (Lucius), John. Antonio; Martin of Valencia. GANSS, HENRY G., Mus.D., Lancasteb, Pewnstl- «.«^.r^^^ ^rrr^^* ^«, ^ ,^ r,, ^ VANiA : Llszt, Frauz ; Luther, Martin. FANNING, WILLAM H. W., S.J., Pbofessob of » » , Chubch Histobt and Canon Law, St. Lol^s GARDNER, EDMUND GARRETT, M.A. (Cam- UNivEBsnY, St. Louis, Mksoubi: Legitimation; bbidge), Bablow Lectubeb on Dante, Univeb- ManifesUtion of Conscience; Marriage, Mixed. «"^ College, London: Latini, Brunette; Mala- testa, House of; Manzoni, Alessandfo. FARLEY, JOHN M., S.T.D., Abchbishop of New qeUDENS, FRANCIS MARTIN, O.Pb^m., Abbot YOBK: McCloekey, John. Titulab of Barlings, Corpus Christi Pbioby, FBNLON, JOHN F., S.S., S.T.D., Pbesident, St. Manchesteb, England: Lohel, Johann. Austin's Coiajbge, Washington; Professor GHELLINCK, JOSEPH DE, Pbofessob of Patbol- OF Sacbed Scbiptube, St. MABr*s Seminary, ogy and Theological Literature of the Baltimore: Legrand, Louis; Le Hir, Arthur- Middle Ages, University of Louvain: Lessius, Marie; Le Long, Jacques. Leonard; Lugo, John de. FINEOAN, PHILIP M., SJ., College of the GIBBONS, JAMES, OAiRDINAL, Abchbishop of Atenbo, Manila, Philippine Islands: Manila, Baltimobe: Magnien, Alphonse. Archdiocese of; Manila Observatory. GIETMAXN, GERARD, S. J., Teacheb OF Classical «»%-n.T »TT<r-rvi»« 'mr^n,-^^-^ r^ n, -rx r^, LANGUAGES AND -ESTHETICS, St. IGNATIUS Col- FINN, WimAM JOSEPH, C.S p., Chicago, iLLi- ^^^ Vau^urg, Holland: Lemercier, NOIS: MarceUo, Benedetto; Marenzio, Luca. j^^^^^. j^^^^^ pj^^^. Levau, Louis; Liesborn, FISHER, J. H., S.J., Woodstock College, Mary- Master of; Lochner, Stephan; Maderna, Carlo; land: Liberatore, Matteo; Lohner, Tobias; Mansard, Frangois and Jules. Lugo, Francisco de; Mary Anne de Paredes, GILDAS, M.,O.C.R., La Trappe, Quebec : Lestrange, Blessed. I-iOuis-Henri de. FORD, JEREMIAH D. M., M.A., Ph.D., Professor GIMLET, LOLTfS, Pabis: Limbourg, Pol de; Lippi, OF Fbench and Spanish, Habtabd Univbbsity, Filippino; Lippi, Filippo; Lorenzetti, Pietro and Cam bbidge, Mabsaohubbits : Lope de Vega Ambrogio; Masolino da Panicale. Carpio, Felix; March, Ausias; Marenco, Carlo GIROXJX, C. H. A., O.M.I., Pbovidence, Canada: and Leopold. Mackenzie^ Vicariate Apostolic of.


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426 gained increasing influence over him. He ceased to hold communications with the council, and selected a private circle of advisers from the partisans and relations of the Earl of Kildare. Gerald Mac Gerald, who had been a prominent leader in the rebellion, was appointed marshal of the army; and Geraldine marauders, who had been in prison, were let loose from their cages, and returned to their old habits. Kildare's two sons-in-law, O'Connor and O'Carroll, were received into favour; and Grey's Irish tendencies had developed themselves so rapidly, that at the Midsummer of 1538, four months after St Leger had left Dublin, Lord James Butler wrote, 'My Lord Deputy is the Earl of Kildare newly born again, not only in destroying of those that always had served the King's Majesty, but in maintaining the whole sect, band, and alliance of the said Earl, after so vehement and cruel a sort as hath not been seen.' The frontier fortresses which had been built for the defence of Kilkenny were taken out of the hands of the Earl of Ormond, and bestowed on O'Carroll. The family retainers of the Butlers could not appear in Dublin streets without danger of being insulted. 'If all Ireland,' Lord Butler said, 'should devise to enfeeble the Englishry of this land, and by a mean under-colour of indifferency to strengthen the Irishry, they would not imagine more earnester ways than my Lord Deputy now doth.' Desmond, through his connivance, was stronger than ever in the south.


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Manners-Sutton ment, and (3) that he had counselled and advised the late dissolution of parliament, his opponent, James Abercromby, afterwards Lord Dunfermline [q. v.], was elected speaker by a majority of ten votes (Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. xxvi. 3-61). Manners-Sutton was created Baron Bottesford of Bottesford, Leicestershire, and Viscount Canterbury on 10 March 1835, and took his seat in the House of Lords for the first time on 3 April following (Journals of the House of Lords, xvii. 80-1). He was selected to fill the office of high commissioner for adjusting the claims of Canada on 18 March 1835, but shortly afterwards resigned the appointment on account of his wife's health (Greville Memoirs, pt. i. vol. iii. p. 234). He only spoke nine times in the House of Lords. While travelling on the Great Western railway he was seized with an apoplectic fit, and died at the residence of his younger son in Southwick Crescent, Hyde Park, London, on 21 July 1845, aged 65. He was buried at Addington on the 28th of the same month.

Though not a man of any remarkable ability, Manners-Sutton was a dignified and impartial speaker. During his speakership he thrice exercised his right to speak in committee of the whole house — on 26 March 1821 he spoke on the Roman Catholic Disability Removal Bill (Parl. Debates, 2nd ser. iv. 1451-4), and on 6 May 1825 and on 2 July 1834 on the bill for admitting dissenters to the universities (ib. 2nd ser. xiii. 434-5, 3rd ser. xxiv. 1092-3). While he was in office the houses of parliament were destroyed by fire (16 Oct. 1834), and his frequent communications with the king on this subject gave rise to the rumour that he was endeavouring to effect the overthrow of the whig cabinet. He was elected a bencher of Lincoln's Inn on 6 June 1817,andheld the post of registrar of the faculty office from 1827 to 1834.

He married first, on 8 July 1811, Lucy Maria Charlotte, eldest daughter of John Denison of Ossington, Nottinghamshire, by whom he had two sons, viz., Charles John, who, born on 17 April 1812, succeeded as second Viscount Canterbury, and died unmarried on 13 Nov. 1869, and John Henry Thomas, third viscount Canterbury [q. v.], and one daughter, Charlotte Matilda, who married, on 12 Feb. 1833, Richard Sanderson of Belgrave Square, London, M.P. for Colchester. His first wife died on 7 Dec. 1815, and on 6 Dec. 1828 he married, secondly, Ellen, widow of John Home-Purves of Purves, N.B., a daughter of Edmund Power of Curragheen, co. Waterford, by whom he had one daughter, Frances Diana, who became the wife of the Hon. Delaval Loftus Astley, afterwards third Baron Astley (8 Aug. 1848), and died on 2 June 1874. His widow survived him but a few months, and dying at Clifton, Gloucestershire, on 16 Nov. 1845, aged 54, was buried in the crypt of Clifton Church. A portrait of Manners-Sutton as speaker by H. W. Pickersgill belongs to Lord Canterbury. It was engraved in 1835 by Samuel Cousins. There is also an engraving of him by Hall after Chalon.

 MANNERS-SUTTON, JOHN HENRY THOMAS, third (1814–1877), the younger son of Charles Manners-Sutton, first viscount Canterbury [q. v.], by his first wife, Lucy Maria Charlotte, eldest daughter of John Denison of Ossington, Nottinghamshire, was born in Downing Street, London, on 27 May 1814. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated MA. in 1835. He was admitted a student of Lincoln's Inn on 18 Sept. 1835, but was never called to the bar, and took his name oiF the books of the society on 25 Nov. 1853. In September 1839 he defeated Thomas Milner Gibson at a by-election for the borough of Cambridge, but was subsequently unseated for bribery (Journals of the House of Commons, xlv. 293-4). At the general election in June 1841 he was again returned for Cambridge, and on 25 Aug. following spoke for the first time in the House of Commons (Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. lix. 216-17). On the formation of Sir Robert Peel's second administration in September 1841, Manners-Sutton was appointed Under-Secretary for the home department, but he took little part in the parliamentary debates. He resigned office upon Sir Robert Peel's overthrow in June 1846, and losing his seat for Cambridge at the general election in August 1847, did not again enter the House of Commons. In 1851 he published the 'Lexington Papers' (London, 8vo), which had been discovered at Kelham, Nottinghamshire, in the library


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Rh

I won't have a good and fine cloth to make a coat.

How much do you sell it the ell?

We thout overcharge you from a halfpenny, it cost twenty franks.

Sir, I am not accustomed to cheapen: tell me the last price.

I have told you, sir, it is valuable in that.

It is too much dear, I give at it, eighteen franks.

You shall not have what you have wished.

You did beg me my last word, I told you them.

Well, well, cut them two ells.

Don't you will not more?

No, at present.

Go to dine, the dinner is ready.

Cut some bread; here is it, I don't know that boiled meat is good.

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32 Gentilman, will you have some beans?

Peter, uncork a Porto wine bottle.

Sir, what will you to?

Some pears, and apples, what wilt you?

Taste us rather that liquor, it is good for the stomach.

I am too much obliged to you, is done.

How is the french? Are you too learned now?

I could to tell some word's that I know by heart.

Not apprehend you, the french language is not difficult.

I know it, and she have great deal of agreeableness. Who I would be. If I was know it!

It must to study for to learn it. How long there is it what you learn it?

It is not yet a month.

How is called your master?

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Rh It is called N***

I know him it is long; he has reached a many of my friends. Don't he tell you that it must to speak french?

Anthony, go to accompany they gentilsmen, do they see the town.

We won't to see all that is it remarquable here.

Admire this master piece gothic architecture's.

The chasing of all they figures is astonishing indeed.

The streets are very layed out by line and too paved.

There is it also hospitals here?

It not fail them.

What are then the edifices the worthest to have seen?

It is the arsnehal, the spectacle's hall, the cusiom-house and the Purse.

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Leland land or Layland, senior, and directed that the income derived from the benefices of Haseley and Pepeling should be applied to his maintenance. Leland died without recovering his reason on 18 April 1552, and was buried in the church of St. Michael le Querne. His monument bore a long laudatory inscription in English, with some Latin elegiac verse. The church, which was destroyed at the Great Fire, and was not rebuilt, stood at the west end of Cheapside.

Leland is the earliest of modern English antiquaries. His industry in accumulating facts was remarkable, and as a traveller he was a close observer. His ‘Itinerary’ carefully notes the miles distant between the places that he visited, the best way of approaching each city, and most of the objects of interest likely to interest an historian. But manuscripts attracted him more than architecture, and he rarely rises in his descriptions of buildings above his designation of the abbey of Malmesbury as ‘a right magnificent thing.’ On very rare occasions he notices local customs or popular botany. In his ‘Collectanea’ he shows himself to be a conscientious genealogist, but he was not an historical scholar. He defends with unnecessary zeal the truth of the Arthurian legends, and condemns the scepticism of Polydore Vergil. His English style is rough and disjointed, and both his ‘Itinerary’ and ‘Collectanea’ read like masses of undigested notes. As a Latin poet he is deserving of high regard. His poems are always graceful and imaginative, and exhibit at times, as in his ‘Cygnea Cantio,’ an appreciation of natural scenery which is not apparent in his ‘Itinerary.’ He wrote in very varied metres, and knew and appreciated the best classical models. Ovid, Lucretius, Martial, and Euripides are among the authors quoted by him. He is said by Polydore Vergil and Thomas Caius to have been personally vain and self-conceited, but his extant writings hardly corroborate this verdict. He had none of the virulence characteristic of the early professors of protestantism, and did not disdain social intercourse in his travels with abbots or friars. Pits's suggestion that his mental failure was due to his remorse at having abandoned Rome rests on no foundation.

Leland published little in his lifetime. All his works are now very rare. The titles of the pieces issued under his personal superintendence are: 1. ‘Næniæ in mortem Thomæ Viati equitis incomparabilis,’ dedicated to the Earl of Surrey, an elegy on the death of Sir Thomas Wyatt the elder, with a woodcut portrait of Wyatt, which has been attributed to Holbein, London (Reginald Wolfe), 1542, 4to (Brit. Mus. and Lambeth), reprinted in Hearne's edition of ‘Leland's Itinerary,’ vol. ii. 2. ‘Genethliacon illustrissimi Eaduerdi Principis Cambriæ, Ducis Coriniæ et Comitis Palatini, libellus ante aliquot annos inchoatus. Nunc vero absolutus et editus,’ a poem on the birth of Edward, prince of Wales, dedicated to Henry VIII, with an explanation of the ancient names of places used in the poem—‘Syllabus et interpretatio antiquarum Dictionum quæ passim in libello lectori occurrunt,’ London (R. Wolfe), 1543, 4to (Brit. Mus.); reprinted in Hearne's edition of the ‘Itinerary,’ vol. ix. 3. ‘Assertio inclytissimi Arturij, regis Britanniæ. Elenchus antiquorum nominum,’ London (John Herford), 1544, 4to (Brit. Mus., one copy on vellum), a defence of the authenticity of the Arthurian fables in reply to Polydore Vergil; an English translation was published with the title: ‘Ancient Order, and Societie and Unitie Laudable of Prince Arthur and his knightly Armorie of the Round Table; with a threefold Assertion, Englished from Leland by R. Robinson, 1582’ (cf., Brit. Bibliographer, 1810, i. 109–35). 4. ‘Kυγνειον Aσμα. Cygnea Cantio. Commentarij in Cygneam Cantionem indices Britannicæ Antiquitatis locupletissimi;’ a Latin poem in 699 lines in choriambic tetrameter, dedicated to Henry VIII, whose exploits are celebrated in the song of a swan swimming between Oxford and Greenwich; elaborate notes in Latin prose on the places mentioned include quotations from eighty classical and mediæval writers; Windsor is very sympathetically described. London (Reginald Wolfe), 1545, 4to, with woodcut (Brit. Mus.); another edition, 1658, 12mo; reprinted in Hearne's edition of the ‘Itinerary,’ vol. ix. 5. ‘Nænia in mortem Henrici Duddelegi equitis,’ London (John Mayler), 1545, 8vo (, 573); reprinted in Ross's ‘Historia Regum Angliæ,’ ed. Hearne, 1716, and in the 1770 edition of the ‘Itinerary.’ 6. ‘Bononia Gallo-mastix in laudem victoriæ felicissimi Henrici VIII Anglici, Francisci, Scotici;’ verses on Henry VIII's capture of Boulogne in 1544, London (John Mayler), 1545, 4to (, 573); reprinted in Hearne's edition of the ‘Collectanea.’ 7. ‘Eγκωμιον της Eιρηνης, Laudatio Pacis’ (the ‘Praise of Peace’), London (R. Wolfe), 1546, 4to, a Latin poem (Brit. Mus.); reprinted in Hearne's edition of the ‘Collectanea,’ vol. v. 8. ‘The Laboryouse Journey and Serche of J. Leylande for Englande's Antiquitees geven of him for a Newe Yeares Gifte to King Henry the VIII in the 37 Yeare of his Raygne, with Declaracyons enlarged by J. Bale,’ London, 1549, 8vo (Brit. Mus.); edited by John Bale, with long


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34 We are going too see the others monuments such that the public pawnbroker's office, the plants garden's the money office's, the library.

How is that gentilman who you did speak by and by.

Is a German.

Tongh he is German, he speak so much well italyan, french, spanish, and english, that among the Italyans, they believe him Italyan, he speak the frenche as the Frenches himselves. The Spanishesmen belie ve him Spanishing, and the Englishes, Englisman.

It is difficult to enjoy well so much several langages.

Here is a horse who have a bad looks. Give me another; I will not that. He not sall

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Leland notes by the editor interpolated in Leland's text, to which Bale added his own ‘Register of the Names of English Writers, whom the second part of his work “De Scriptoribus Britanniæ” shall comprehend.’ The ‘Newe Yeares Gifte’ was reprinted in Ralph Brooke's ‘Discoverie of Certaine Errours,’ 1594; in Weever's ‘Funerall Monuments,’ 1610; in 1722, Oxford, 8vo; in ‘Itinerary’ (ed. Hearne), v.; in Huddesford's ‘Life of Leland’; and, ed. W. A. Copinger, in 1895.

Leland's manuscript collections were on his death made over by Edward VI to the custody of Sir John Cheke, but when Cheke left England in Mary's reign, they seem to have been dispersed. Some were sold. No. 76 of Digby's MSS. (a copy of the four Gospels) in the Bodleian Library was bought by Dr. John Dee in London on 18 May 1556, ‘ex bibliotheca, Joh. Lelandi.’ The British Museum has a copy of Valla's translation of Homer's ‘Iliad’ (1522), with manuscript notes by Leland.

The five volumes of his ‘Collectanea,’ containing his miscellaneous notes on antiquities, catalogues of manuscripts in monastic libraries, and his account of English writers, passed into the hands of Humphrey Purefoy, whose son Thomas presented them to William Burton, the historian of Leicestershire, in 1612.

The original manuscripts of Leland's ‘Itinerary’ passed to William, lord Paget, and afterwards to Sir William Cecil, but they also ultimately became Burton's property. In 1632 Burton gave the ‘Collectanea,’ in five volumes, and seven of the eight volumes of the ‘Itinerary’ to the Bodleian Library at Oxford. The eighth volume of the ‘Itinerary,’ which Burton had lent to a friend, and had been unable to recover, was subsequently presented to the Bodleian by Charles King (M.A. of Christ Church 1677). Several sixteenth-century transcripts of Leland's manuscript ‘Itinerary’ are extant. A valuable copy made by John Stow is in Tanner MS. 464, and four other transcripts, more or less perfect, are also in the Bodleian Library (, Annals, p. 75).

Other of Leland's autograph manuscripts seem to have at one time belonged to Leland's publisher, Wolfe, and to have passed from him to the library of Sir Robert Cotton, being now in the Cottonian collection at the British Museum (cf. ‘Collectanea’ in Jul. C. vi. 1, and Vesp. F. ix. 223, with copies in Vitel C. ix. 234, and ‘Index Librorum in Monast. Angliæ Repert.’ in Vitel. C. ix. 227). The Harleian collection contains interesting transcripts of the ‘Itinerary,’ with an index by Sir William Dugdale (Harl. MS. 1346, cf. 6266). Leland's verses composed for Anne Boleyn's coronation are in Brit. Mus. Bibl. Reg. (18 A. lxiv.)

Many antiquaries had access to Leland's manuscripts in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Bale used the ‘Commentarii de Scriptoribus’ (in the fourth volume of Leland's ‘Collectanea’), when preparing his biographies of English writers, 1548 and 1557. At times Bale merely transcribes Leland's notes, but in most cases he expands them, and Bale's antipapal rancour is all his own. Harrison in his ‘Description of England,’ and Holinshed and Stow in their ‘Chronicles,’ freely incorporated notes by Leland when they were in the possession of Wolfe. Camden in his ‘Britannia,’ Dugdale in his ‘Warwickshire’ and his ‘Baronage,’ and William Burton in his ‘Leicestershire’ owed much to Leland's researches. Camden was charged by Ralph Brooke [q. v.] in his ‘Discoverie of Certaine Errours’ with unfairly ‘feathering his nest’ with Leland's plumes.

On 18 Jan. 1580–1 Thomas Hatcher wrote urging Stow to publish Leland's account of English authors (Harl. MS. 374, No. 10), but nothing came of the suggestion. Bishop Tanner intended to publish many of Leland's manuscripts, but he was delayed by his labours on his ‘Notitia Monastica,’ and was disappointed to find himself anticipated in one part of his design by the appearance in 1709 of Leland's ‘Commentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis’ at Oxford, under the editorship of Anthony Hall [q. v.] This was the first of Leland's antiquarian collections to be published. Hearne justly complains that the edition is very faulty, owing to many omissions and to erroneous transcription. His own copy, collated with Leland's manuscripts as far as p. 133, is in the Bodleian Library (Letters from the Bodleian, i. 198). A copy in the British Museum also contains copious manuscript notes. Tanner, ten years later, was still collecting notes for another edition of the book (cf., Lit. Anecdotes, v. 356), and his design developed into his ‘Bibliotheca Britannico-Hibernica,’ 1748 (cf. Notes and Queries, vi. 83–4).

It is owing to Hearne's industry that the chief part of Leland's writings was first sent to the press. In 1710 the ‘Itinerary of John Leland the Antiquary’ was published at Oxford in nine volumes. A revised edition, with additions, appeared in 1745, and a third in 1770. Miss Toulmin Smith re-edited the ‘Itinerary’ (12 pts. in 5 vols.), 1906–8. Leland's notes on West Somerset were edited by W. George in 1879; those on Hampshire in 1868, and those on Wiltshire (by Canon Jackson) 1875. Hearne's edition of the ‘Collectanea’ was published at Oxford in six volumes in 1715.


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Rh know to march, he is pursy, he is foundered. Don't you are ashamed to give me a jade as like? he is undshoed, he is with nails up; it want to lead to the farrier.

Your pistols are its loads?

No; I forgot to buy gun-powder and balls. Let us prick. Go us more fast never I was seen a so much bad beast; she will not nor to bring forward neither put back.

Strek him the bridle, hold him the reins sharters. Pique stron gly, make to marsh him.

I have pricked him enough. But I can't to make march him.

Go down, I shall make march.

Take care that he not give you a foot kick's.

Then he kicks for that I look? Sook here if I knew to tame hix.

I bring you a watch that want to be ordered.

I had the misfortune to leave fall down the

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36  where I did mounted, it must to put again a glass.

I want not a pendulum? I have them here some very good.

Don't you live me her proof againts? I shall not accept that this condition.

How have you passed the night?

Very bad. I have not sleeped: I have had the fever during all night. I fell some pain every where body.

Live me see your tongue. Have you pain to the heart?

Are you altered?

Yes, I have thursty often.

Your stat have nothing from lrouble some.

What I may to eat?

You can take a broth.

Can I to get up my self?

Yes, during a hour or two.

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Advertisement images
We should upload images from the ads as well as those from the text. Given the nature of the book and included advertisements, many of the images from the ads will be useful on Wikipedia for articles about technology, history, culture, etc. --EncycloPetey (talk) 02:57, 12 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Agree; the ads are really interesting in this book. See Commons:Category:The Cycle Industry (1921).  Sorry I forgot to grayscale them before uploading.  I'll go back and fix each one unless someone else wants to. done Moondyne (talk) 14:06, 27 January 2013 (UTC)
 * How do we know the ads are out of copyright and loadable to wikicommons? Come to that how do we know the main book is out of copyright in Britain - do we have dates for Grew?--Laverock ( Talk ) 22:07, 27 January 2013 (UTC)
 * We have the assurance of the Internet Archive that the work is "not in copyright". Further, it was published before 1923, and with no copyright statement. --EncycloPetey (talk) 17:34, 29 January 2013 (UTC)


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Rh Let me have another thing to do?

Take care to hold you warme ly, and in two or three days you shall be cured.

Where you go so?

I am going to Cadiz.

Have you already arrested a coach?

Yes, sir, and very cheap.

There is it some danger on the highway?

It is not spoken that.

They speak not that may have some robbers on the woods?

It have nothing to fear, or in day neither the night.

Don't we does pass for a***?

No, sir, they leave it to left.

Let us take patience, still some o'clock, and we shall be in the end of our voyage.

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Manners-Sutton of his cousin, John Henry Manners-Sutton, M.P. for Newark. On 1 July 1854 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, a post which he retained until October 1861, when he was succeeded by Sir A. H. Gordon. He became governor of Trinidad on 24 June 1864, and on 19 May 1866 was promoted to the post of governor of Victoria. He was created a K.C.B. on 23 June following, and assumed the office of governor on 15 Aug. 1866. On the death of his elder brother, Charles John Manners-Sutton, in November 1869, he succeeded as third viscount Canterbury. He resigned his post of governor of Victoria, where he was very popular, in March 1873, and returning to England took his seat in the House of Lords for the first time on 28 April following Journals of the House of Lords, cv. 270). In May 1873 he spoke in the debate on the second reading of the Australian Colonies (Customs Duties) Bill, and in July 1874 made some observations on the cession of the Fiji islands (''Parl. Debates'', 3rd ser. ccxv. 2006–8, ccxx. 1341, ccxxi. 187–8, 189), but took no other part in the debates of the House of Lords. He was created a knight grand cross of St. Michael and St. George on 25 June 1873. He died in Queensberry Place, London, on 23 June 1877, aged 63. He married, on 5 July 1838, Georgiana, youngest daughter of Charles Tompson of Witchingham Hall, Norfolk, by whom he had five sons — viz. (1) Henry Charles, the fourth and present viscount Canterbury; (2) Graham Edward Henry, who died 30 May 1888; (3) George Kett Henry, who died 2 March 1865; (4) John Gurney Henry, and (5) Robert Henry, who was called to the bar at the Inner Temple on 7 May 1879 — and two daughters, viz. (1) Anna Maria Georgiana, who married, on 25 Aug. 1868, Charles Edward Bright, C.M.G., of Torrak, Australia, and (2) Mabel Georgiana. His widow is still living. He succeeded his father as registrar of the faculty office in 1834, and retained that appointment until his death.

 MANNERS-SUTTON, THOMAS, first (1766–1842), lord chancellor of Ireland, fifth son of Lord George Manners-Sutton by his first wife, Diana, daughter of Thomas Chaplin of Blankney, Lincolnshire, and grandson of John Manners, third duke of Rutland, was born on 24 Feb. 1766. Charles Manners-Sutton [q. v.], archbishop of Canterbury, was his elder brother. On the death of his uncle, Lord Robert Sutton, in 1762, the estates of his great-grandfather, Robert Sutton, lord Lexinton [q. v.], devolved on his father, who thereupon assumed the additional surname of Sutton. Thomas was educated at the Charterhouse and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where, as fifth wrangler, he graduated B.A. 1777, M.A. 1780. He was admitted a student of Lincoln's Inn on 16 Nov. 1776, and was called to the bar on 18 Nov. 1780. He gradually obtained a considerable practice in the court of chancery, and at the general election in May 1796 was returned to the House of Commons for the borough of Newark-upon-Trent, for which he continued to sit until February 1806. In July 1797 he was appointed a Welsh judge, and in 1800 became a king's counsel, and received the appointment of solicitor-general to the Prince of Wales. In February and March 1802 he unsuccessfully urged the claims of the prince to the revenues of the duchy of Cornwall (Parl. Hist. xxxvi. 322–6, 332, 406–13, 441). He was appointed solicitor-general in Addington's administration on 11 May 1802, and received the honour of knighthood on the 19th of the same month. Though no longer in his service, Manners-Sutton addressed the House of Commons on behalf of the Prince of Wales during the debate on the king's message in February 1803 (ib. xxxvi. 1202–3). He took part in the prosecution of Edward Marcus Despard for high treason, of Jean Peltier for libelling Napoleon Buonaparte, and of William Cobbett for libelling the lord-lieutenant of Ireland (, State Trials, xxviii. 346–528, 529–620, xxix. 1–54). Manners-Sutton succeeded Sir Beaumont Hotham [q. v.] as a baron of the exchequer, and having been called to the degree of serjeant-at-law took his seat on the bench on 4 Feb. 1805. On 20 April 1807 he was created Baron Manners or Foston, Lincolnshire, and two days afterwards was sworn a member of the privy council. On the 23rd he was appointed lord chancellor of Ireland in the place of George Ponsonby, and on the 24th took his seat in the House of Lords for the first time (Journals of the House of Lords, xlvi. 191). Manners was a staunch protestant, and was greatly influenced in his conduct by William Saurin, who cordially detested the Roman catholics. The case of Patrick O'Hanlon, who was removed from


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Manners-Sutton the bench of magistrates by Manners for supporting the catholic claims, was brought before the House of Commons on 13 June 1816 (Parl. Debates, 1st ser. xxxiv. 1103-7; see also O'Hanlon, Letter to the Lord Manners . . . on alleged partial exercise of Authority by his Lordship, &c, Dublin [1817], 8vo). The controversy between Manners and Lord Cloncurry will be found in detail in the 'Personal Recollections of Lord Cloncurry,' 1849 (pp. 256-66). In 1820 Manners took a somewhat active part in the proceedings against Queen Caroline, and both spoke and voted in favour of the second reading of the Bill of Pains and Penalties, the arguments in support of which 'he considered to be irresistible' (Parl. Debates, 2nd ser. ii. 997-999, iii. 735-6, 891-2, 1646-9, 1698). His presence at the Orange dinner given by the Dublin Beefsteak Club in 1823, when the lord-lieutenant's health was drunk in solemn silence, gave great offence to Lord Wellesley, but the quarrel was ultimately patched up (, Diary, iii. 274; and the, Memoirs of the Court of George IV, i. 429-35, 443). After holding office for twenty years Manners sent in his resignation and sat for the last time in the Irish court of chancery on 31 July 1827.

On 9 June 1828 Manners spoke in the House of Lords on the subject of the catholic claims, and declared that it was impossible 'to grant the catholics the concessions they sought, and to afford any protection to the established reformed church of Ireland in the present temper of the Irish nation' (Parl. Debates, 2nd ser. xix. 1170). He voted against the second reading of the Roman Catholic Relief Bill on 4 April 1829 (ib. xxi. 396), and two days afterwards spoke in favour of the Qualification of Freeholders (Ireland) Bill, which he looked upon ' as an act of justice, and one which would confer considerable benefit upon a great portion of the forty-shilling freeholders themselves' (ib. 413-15). Manners does not appear to have spoken in the House of Lords alter the passing of the Reform Bill. He died in Brook Street, London, on 31 May 1842, aged 86, and was buried at Kelham, Nottinghamshire.

Manners was a dignified and courteous judge. His judgments, many of which are recorded in the reports of Ball and Beatty (1813-24) and Beatty (1847), do not carry great weight, notwithstanding the assertion of Joy, the Irish attorney-general, that out of his 4,469 Irish decisions 'only fourteen have been reversed and seven varied in some particulars' (O'Flanagan, ii. 370). O'Connell declared that 'he was a bad lawyer, but he was the most sensible-looking man talking nonsense he ever saw' (, History of the Lord Chancellors of Ireland, p. 203) ; and during the debate on the choice of a speaker in the House of Commons on 29 Jan. 1833 drew a most unflattering sketch of the lord chancellor's career (Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. xv. 55-6). While in Dublin he lived at 51 Stephen's Green East, where he kept great state, and was 'preceded by his ten servants walking two and two 'when he went to church on a Sunday (O'Flanagan, ii. 363).

Manners gave Lady Morgan her first lesson in salad-making, but when he discovered the emancipating tendency of her novel 'O'Donnel' he ordered the book 'to be burnt' (wrote Lady Morgan) 'in the servants' hall, and then said to Laay Manners (who told it to my sister), "Jenny, I wish I had not given her the secret of my salad." Ever after he only bowed to me when we met at court, never spoke to me' (Memoirs, 1863, ii. 495).

He married, first, on 4 Nov. 1803, Anne, daughter of Sir Joseph Copley of Sprotborough, Yorkshire, bart., by whom he had no issue. She died very suddenly at Thomas's Hotel, Berkeley Square, on 5 Aug. 1814, and on 28 Oct. 1815 he married, secondly, the Hon. Jane Butler, daughter of James, ninth baron Cahir, and sister of Richard, first earl of Glengall, by whom he had an only son, John Thomas, who succeeded him as second Baron Manners. His widow died at Fornham Hall, Bury St. Edmunds, on 2 Nov. 1846, aged 67. The present peer is a grandson of the first baron. Manners was for some years the recorder of Grantham. He was elected a bencher of Lincoln's Inn on 16 July 1800, but retired from the society in February 1805, upon his elevation to the judicial bench. There is an engraving of Manners by Cardon after Comerford.


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 MANNIN, JAMES (d. 1779), flower-painter, was a native of France. He settled in Dublin, where he practised as a flower-painter, and obtained such distinction in his ornamental compositions that in 1746 he was appointed to the office of master in the class of ornament and flower-painting in the newly established drawing academy of the Dublin Society in Shaw's Court, Dublin. Many artists who subsequently attained distinction were his pupils. Mannin was a contributor to the exhibitions of the Society of Artists in Ireland in 1765 and other years. He died in Dublin in 1779.

 MANNING, HENRY EDWARD (1808–1892), cardinal-priest, youngest son of William Manning, West India merchant, of Billiter Square, London, by his second wife, Mary, daughter of Henry Lenoy Hunter of Beech Hall, near Reading, Berkshire, was born at his father's country house, Copped Hall, Totteridge, Hertfordshire, on 15 July 1808. On the father's side he was probably descended from a family settled in Jamaica in the time of Charles II; his mother's family is said to have been of Italian extraction, Hunter being a translation of the Italian name Venatore. His father, who made and lost a considerable fortune, sat in parliament in the tory interest from 1794 to 1830, and in 1812-18 was governor of the Bank of England. In 1815 he removed from Copped Hall to Coombe Bank, Sundridge, Kent. There Manning made friends with and  [q. v.], afterwards bishops of St. Andrews and Lincoln respectively, whose father, the Rev. [q. v.], brother of William Wordsworth the poet, and afterwards master of Trinity College, Cambridge, held the rectory of Sundridge from 1815 to 1820. Manning followed Charles Wordsworth to Harrow in 1822, and thence to Oxford, where he matriculated on 2 April 1827, entering Balliol College. He brought with him the reputation of an athlete and sportsman; he was a bold rider and a skilful oarsman, had played in more than one eleven at Lord's, and had killed a hare with his first shot, but had not greatly distinguished himself as a scholar. A certain air of authority had gained him the sobriquet of 'The General,' and he is said to have been inclined to dogmatise on matters of which he knew little or nothing (cf., Reminiscences, p. 105).

Manning's private tutor was Charles Wordsworth, and among his fellow-pupils were Mr. Gladstone and, afterwards Hope-Scott [q. v.], with both of whom he formed enduring friendships. He read hard, and took a first class in the classical schools in Michaelmas term 1830. He also acquired some knowledge of Italian—in his shaving time, it is said—but, like Newman, he remained entirely ignorant of German. He was one of the readiest and most effective of the speakers at the Union, of which he was president in Michaelmas term 1829, the term of the historic debate (26 Nov.) with the Cambridge men on the comparative merits of Byron and Shelley as poets, when he left the chair to sustain the cause of Byron. Nearly half a century later (22 Oct. 1873) he spoke at the banquet given in commemoration of the foundation of the society at the Oxford Corn Exchange.

Manning's natural bent was towards political life; but a parliamentary career being, in consequence of his father's losses, out of the question, he obtained soon after taking his degree (2 Dec. 1830) a subordinate post in the colonial office—probably as private secretary to one of the chief clerks, for he was not paid out of public funds—read political economy, and dined with the Political Economy Club. By the advice, however, of a pious lady of evangelical views, Miss, afterwards Mrs. Mortimer [q. v.], he returned to Oxford, and having been elected to a fellowship at Merton College on 27 April 1832, was ordained on 23 Dec, and at once took a curacy under the Rev. John Sargent, the evangelical rector of Woollavington-cum-Graffham, Sussex. On 6 June 1833 he proceeded M.A., and four days later (Sargent having recently died) was instituted to the rectory of Woollavington, and on 16 Sept. following to that of Graff ham. On 7 Nov. the same year he married the late rector's third daughter, Caroline, the ceremony being performed in Woollavington Church by the bride's brother-in-law, the Rev. [q. v.], afterwards successively bishop of Oxford! and Winchester. A model parish priest, Manning rebuilt both his churches, and cared for the bodies as well as the souls of his parishioners, by whom he was greatly beloved. Long afterwards, in one of the finest passages in his writings, he spoke of the love he felt for 'the little church under a green hillside, where the morning and evening prayers and the music of the English Bible for seventeen years became a part of my soul' (England and Christendom, p. 124). In 1837 Manning was appointed to the second rural deanery of Midhurst. The same year (24 July) Mrs. Manning died of


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Manning consumption. The marriage, though childless, had been extremely happy, and Manning felt his wife's loss acutely, and to the end of his days religiously observed the anniversary of her death.

At his ordination Manning already believed in baptismal regeneration. In 1834 he adopted Hooker's doctrine of the eucharist, and about the same time he assimilated the doctrine of apostolical succession, and learned to attach a high value to tradition (cf. his first published sermon, The English Church; its Succession and Witness, London, 1836, and another, The Rule of Faith, London, 1838, 8vo). How far this rapid development was spontaneous, how far due to the influence of 'Tracts for the Times,' cannot be precisely determined. He was not at the time closely associated with any of the leaders of the tractarian movement, and he never contributed to the tracts. Whatever savoured of Erastianism was now utterly abhorrent to him. In the ecclesiastical commission of 1835 he discerned 'a virtual extinction of the polity of the church' (The Principle of the Ecclesiastical Commission examined, in a Letter to the Right Rev. Lord Bishop of Chichester, London, 1838, 8vo). He was feeling his way towards a scheme for a thorough system of national but clerically controlled education, and took an active part in the establishment of diocesan boards in connection with the National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor. On 30 Dec. 1840 he was instituted to the archdeaconry of Chichester, and in his first 'charge' deplored the paralysis of convocation. In 1842 he was appointed select preacher at Oxford, and published, under the title 'The Unity of the Church,' London, 1842, 8vo, 2nd edit. 1845, an able exposition of Anglo-catholic principles, intended to serve as a complement, and, to some extent, as a corrective of Mr. Gladstone's essay on 'The State in its Relations with the Church.' He had still, however, no sympathy with Rome, and after arguing elaborately for visible organic unity as a note of the true church, devoted a footnote (pp. 152-4) and a few pages in the last chapter to the discussion of the Roman claim to primacy. 'Tract XC he thought casuistical, and deeply grieved Newman by preaching a strongly anti-papal sermon in St. Marys, Oxford, on Guy Fawkes' day 1843. Like Newman, he could fill St. Mary's on a week-day. His 'Sermons preached before the University of Oxford,' published in 1844 (Oxford, 8vo), are characterised by deep spirituality and occasional eloquence.

With [q. v.] Manning had no personal acquaintance until Ward's degradation by the Oxford convocation, 13 Feb. 1845; against this step he recorded his vote, having come to Oxford in the worst of weather for the express purpose. After the sentence he met Ward in Dr. Pusey's rooms. A long conversation followed on Lutheranism, and Ward, defending the strongly anti-Lutheran position taken up in his book on 'The Ideal of a Christian Church,' drew from Manning the remark that that was the most Lutheran book he had ever read. The reference, of course, was to the extreme vehemence of its denunciatory passages. The connection thus formed ripened into a close friendship which lasted throughout Ward's life, though Manning was at first extremely pained by Ward's marriage.

After the secession of Ward and Newman, Manning became for a time one of the most trusted leaders of the high church party; nor was his confidence in the tenability of its position seriously shaken until he proved the difficulty of making it intelligible to foreigners during a tour on the continent, July 1847 to June 1848. He travelled slowly through Belgium and Germany to Italy, was much impressed by the apparent vitality of Romanism, and in May 1848 had an audience of Pope Pius IX, who praised the philanthropic spirit of English Christianity. On his return to England he found the church in a turmoil about the recent elevation of [q. v.] to the episcopal bench. The education question had also entered on a new phase, in consequence of the determination of government to make grants in aid of new elementary schools conditional upon the insertion in their trust deeds of certain clauses providing for their management by local committees. These clauses were regarded by the clergy with much suspicion, and at a meeting of the National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor, held in Westminster on 6 June 1849, the Rev. G. A. (now Archdeacon) Denison moved a resolution adverse to the acceptance of state aid on such terms, but afterwards withdrew it in favour of an amendment by Manning to much the same effect, but couched in more diplomatic language. A compromise was eventually arrived at. On 8 March 1850 judgment was given by the privy council in the case of [q. v.], who had been refused institution to a living on account of his unorthodox views on baptism, and twelve days later Manning's name appeared in the 'Times' at the head of the subscribers to a protest against the decision. On the defeat of the attempt subsequently made to settle the question by legis-


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Manning, Manning published a letter to his bishop (Ashurst Turner Gilbert), entitled 'The Appellate Jurisdiction of the Crown in Matters Spiritual,' London, 1850, 8vo, in which, with more ingenuity than cogency, he argued that no such jurisdiction in fact existed. He also put in circulation a 'declaration' against the jurisdiction, which was signed by eighteen hundred of the clergy during the autumn. The acquiescence of the rest convinced him that the church of England was no branch of the church catholic. At the same time nothing was further from his thoughts than to become the founder of an Anglo-catholic free church. 'Three hundred years ago,' he said, when the suggestion was made, 'we left a good ship for a boat. I am not going to leave the boat for a tub.'

Meanwhile the excitement caused by the so-called papal aggression reached its height, and by the irony of fate Manning's last official act as archdeacon of Chichester was to preside at a 'No Popery' meeting of his clergy summoned (ministerially) by himself. The meeting was held in Chichester Cathedral Library on 22 Nov. 1850. Manning formally presided, but except to express his entire want of sympathy with the object of the meeting took no part in the proceedings. The meeting over, he resigned his archdeaconry and came to London, where, after some months of anxious thought, he was received into the church of Rome with his friend Hope at the residence attached to the Jesuits' Church, Farm Street, Mayfair, on Passion Sunday, 6 April 1851. On the following Sunday he received minor orders from Cardinal Wiseman, by whom he was ordained priest on 14 June. A confessional was at once assigned him in Farm Street Church. By his secession Manning sacrificed a dignified position in a church to which he was attached by the strongest ties of sentiment for a doubtful future in one regarded with intense hostility by all ranks of English society. He had been powerfully influenced by Newman's 'Development of Christian Doctrine,' and had in effect adopted its principles without realising either their practical result or the legal position of the church of England until the Gorham case compelled him to confront both the one and the other. A study of the 'Loci Theologici' of Melchior Canus then completed what Newman had begun. During the period of inward debate he suffered extremely. 'E da martirio venni a questa pace' (And from martyrdom came I to this peace), he wrote when it was over, slightly misquoting the closing words of canto xv. of Dante, 'Paradiso,' in which Cacciaguida describes his translation to heaven.

The winter of 1851 saw Manning established in Rome, where he spent the best part of the next three years in study at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici and in the intimate society of Pius IX. The summers he divided between England and Ireland. His first appearance in a Roman catholic pulpit was made in the little chapel in Horseferry Road, Westminster, on 10 June 1852. The same year he published four lectures delivered in Southwark on 'The Grounds of Faith' (London, 8vo, 9th ed. 1888), in which he represented Romanism as the only alternative to rationalism. His first sermon in Rome, preached in the church of S. Andrea della Valle on 13 Jan. 1853, made a profound impression. In England he made several proselytes, among them his elder brother, Charles John Manning, whose wife had already seceded, and whose family followed suit,, Q.C. [q. v.], and Archdeacon [q. v.] In 1854 he received from the pope the degree of D.D., and began regular work in England, retaining his confessional at Farm Street, and throwing himself with great zeal into a movement for establishing reformatories. In 1857 he was made provost of the chapter of Westminster by the pope, who also sanctioned a rule which he had drawn up for a community of secular priests, modelled on that founded at Milan by St. Charles Borromeo in the sixteenth century, and subject to the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Westminster. Installed as superior of this 'Congregation of the Oblates of St. Charles,' as it was called, at the mother-house of St. Mary of the Angels, Westmoreland Road, Bayswater, on Whitsunday, 31 May 1857, Manning occupied himself during the next eight years with its direction, with preaching, the care of education, mission work in the slums of Westminster, and the literary defence of the temporal power of the pope. During this period he was frequently at Rome, where he preached several times at S. Andrea della Valle and other churches, and in 1860 was appointed by the pope his domestic prelate and protonotary apostolic, with episcopal rank and the title of Monsignore, to which the envious added the epithet Ignorante, in reference to his real or supposed want of perfect accomplishment in the refinements of theology and ceremonial etiquette. The honourable reception accorded to Garibaldi on his visit to England in the spring of 1864 drew from Manning a strong protest in the shape of a letter to the Right Hon. E. Cardwell, reprinted in his 'Miscellanies,' vol. i. The same year he published two letters 'To an Anglican Friend,' in which he expatiated on


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Manning the progress of rationalism within the church of England as shown by the judgment of the privy council in regard to the 'Essays and Reviews' and the impotence of convocation in the matter. A third on 'The Workings of the Holy Spirit in the Church of England,' addressed to Dr. Pusey, elicited that theologian's celebrated 'Eirenicon.' All three letters, with a pastoral on 'The Reunion of Christendom,' issued in 1866, and an historical introduction, were reprinted in 1867 under the title 'England and Christendom' (London, 8vo).

On the death of Cardinal Wiseman, Manning preached his funeral sermon at St. Mary's, Moorfields (23 Feb. 1865). On 30 April following the pope, obedient to an inward voice which said ever to him 'mettetelo li,' 'mettetelo li' (place him there), nominated Manning to the vacant see of Westminster, though he had been passed over by the chapter. He was consecrated at St. Mary's, Moorfields, on 8 June, received the pallium at Rome on Michaelmas day, and was enthroned at St. Mary's, Moorfields, on 6 Nov. The same year he published 'The Temporal Mission of the Holy Ghost' (London, 8vo, later edits. 1877, 1888, 1892), in which he retracted certain 'errors' contained in his Anglican writings and expounded the Roman catholic doctrine of the functions of the Holy Spirit in his fourfold relation to the church, human reason, holy scripture, and tradition. Ten years later he published a complementary volume on 'The Temporal Mission of the Holy Ghost' (London, 8vo), in which he dealt with the work of the Holy Ghost in the individual soul. These two treatises contain his most characteristic and systematic teaching.

As an archbishop Manning was by no means disposed to minimise his authority, and his autocratic methods were at first the more irksome to the clergy within his jurisdiction by contrast with the easy-going ways of his predecessor. Gradually, however, he established cordial relations with all his subordinates. If exacting towards others, he by no means spared himself. During the greater part of his long tenure of office it was his custom to spend his summer holidays in visiting the principal towns of the northern dioceses, preaching, lecturing, and holding receptions as he went. A thorough ultramontane, he italianised the vestments of his priests and their pronunciation of Latin, discountenanced all music but the Gregorian, and heartily approved of the papal veto placed upon Newman's scheme for a Roman catholic hall at Oxford. The church, he held, must provide for the education of her children within her own unity, and the paramount need of the hour was primary education. Accordingly in 1866 he established the Westminster Diocesan Education Fund, for the maintenance and extension of Roman catholic primary schools. He also founded in various parts of the diocese, homes, orphanages, industrial, reformatory, and poor schools for Roman catholic children, and spared no pains to obtain their legal custody from boards of guardians and other authorities. By a quarter of a century of such patient labour he succeeded in doubling the number of children in receipt of education in his schools, though the Roman catholic population had not increased. (For details see his 'Lenten Pastoral' for 1890 and 'The Month' for February 1892.)

In order not to overtax the liberality of his people he suffered the scheme for a cathedral at Westminster to remain in abeyance, but founded in 1867 the pro-cathedral at Kensington. Plans, however, were drawn and funds accumulated for the cathedral, for which in 1868 the site of the disused Tothill Fields Prison was secured. In 1872 a roomy but barrack-like structure, which had served as a club for the guards in Carlisle Place, Vauxhall Bridge Road, was purchased at a low figure, and converted into an archiepiscopal residence. Thither Manning removed from the house in York Place, Baker Street, which had been his residence since his accession to the see, and there he resided in great simplicity, yet hospitable with the hospitality of the true Christian bishop, for the rest of his life.

To prepare the way for the œcumenical council of 1870, Manning issued two pastorals, viz. 'The Centenary of St. Peter and the General Council' (London, 1867, 8vo) and 'The Œcumenical Council and the Infallibility of the Roman Pontiff' (London, 1869, 8vo), in which he marshalled at great length the evidence for the thesis of the infallibility of the pope, at the same time dealing superciliously with Gallicanism—an attitude which drew a reply from Dupanloup. As a member of the 'Deputatio pro Rebus ad Fidem pertinentibus' Manning played a prominent part in the proceedings of the council. At its close he issued another pastoral expository of its several decrees, entitled 'The Vatican Council and its Definitions' (London, 1870, 8vo). The three letters were reissued in one volume entitled 'Petri Privilegium' in 1871 (London, 8vo).

Ever vigilant in regard to education, Manning had issued a pastoral on the subject in the autumn of 1869, warning his clergy that a great controversy was impending. While at Rome, amid the stress and strain of the council he found time to master the details of Mr. Forster's measure, and on his return


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Manning he quietly matured his plans for the defence of the 'voluntary principle' under the new conditions imposed by the act of 1870. In 1872 he made an urgent appeal on behalf of his schools in a pastoral addressed to both clergy and laity, which with that of 1869 was reprinted the same year in a small volume entitled 'National Education and Parental Rights' (London, 8vo). The appeal met with a hearty response, and the schools continued not only to maintain their existence but to increase in numbers and efficiency. In regard to higher education he was less successful. A University College founded at Kensington in 1874 proved, under the management of Monsignor Capel, an entire failure and was closed in 1878. For the training of the clergy he founded in 1876 the diocesan seminary of St. Thomas, Hammersmith, which gave a great impulse to the establishment of similar institutions in other dioceses.

A sentence about the deification of the human nature of Christ in one of Manning's sermons at the pro-cathedral in 1878 (see The Divine Glory of the Sacred Heart, a sermon, London, 1873, 8vo) was impugned as heretical in a private letter by an Anglican clergyman, Dr. A. Nicholson. Manning replied through his secretary, Father Guiron, and a correspondence ensued, which was eventually published in the 'Guardian,' 17 Sept. Manning thereupon reviewed the controversy, defending his orthodoxy with much dialectical skill in a series of anonymous articles in the 'Tablet,' 27 Sept.-25 Oct., reprinted, under the pseudonym 'Catholicus,' and the title 'Dr. Nicholson's Accusation of the Archbishop of Westminster' (London, 1878, 8vo), and afterwards in his 'Miscellanies,' vol. ii.

A pamphlet on 'Cæsarism and Ultramontanism,' published by Manning in 1874, and two articles contributed by him to the 'Contemporary Review' in April and June of that year, in reply to certain criticisms by Mr. (now Sir) James Fitzjames Stephen, are also included in his 'Miscellanies,' vol. ii., and form an extremely coherent statement of the ultramontane theory of the relations of church and state. In 1875 he published 'The Vatican Decrees in their bearing on Civil Allegiance,' London. 8vo, a masterly reply to Mr. Gladstone's 'political expostulation' under the same title. Challenged by Lord Redesdale in the columns of the 'Daily Telegraph,' 9 Oct. 1875, to reconcile the infallibility of the Roman church with her practice of communion in one kind, he published several letters on that topic in the same newspaper. A reprint of them, entitled 'The Infallible Church and the Holy Communion of Christ's Body and Blood,' appeared the same year, London, 8vo.

Meanwhile Manning had received the berretta of a cardinal-priest from the pope, who assigned the church of S. Gregory the Great on the Cœlian for his title. There his enthronement took place in presence of a vast congregation, largely English, on 31 March 1875. He did not receive the hat until 31 Dec. 1877. Pius IX was then in his last illness, and Manning remained at Rome, and was present at his death on 7 Feb. 1878. At the election of his successor he voted with the majority of the conclave. In 1877 appeared 'The True Story of the Vatican Council,' a reprint of a series of articles contributed by him to the 'Nineteenth Century' in that year (London, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1884).

During the last twenty years of his life Manning was a pledged 'total abstainer,' and carried on a crusade as a lecturer and writer against the use of alcoholic stimulants. He was the founder (1868) of the temperance society known as 'The League of the Cross,' and was a strong advocate of the legislative restriction of the liquor traffic (cf. Miscellanies, vol. iii.) His philanthropy was as wide as it was untiring. He sat on the Mansion House committee for the relief of the starving poor of Paris in January 1871, was an active promoter of the Hospital Sunday and Hospital Saturday movements of 1872 and 1874, and pronounced his benison on the newly founded Agricultural Labourers' Union at a meeting in Exeter Hall on 10 Dec. 1872, and on lawful combinations of workmen generally, in a lecture on 'The Dignity and Rights of Labour' (repr. in Miscellanies, vol. ii. and in pamphlet form, 1887, London, 8vo). Before his submission to the see of Rome Manning's political principles were those of a moderate liberal, extremely suspicious of doctrinaire ideas and methods. After that great change they were of course mainly determined by it, but he did not often interfere directly in practical politics. He published, however, in 1868 a manifesto on the disestablishment of the Irish church and the reform of the Irish land laws in the shape of a letter to Lord Grey, reprinted in his 'Miscellanies,' vol. i.; and he was known to favour Mr. Gladstone's later Irish policy, including, with some reservations, the Home Rule Bill of 1886. On the religious issue which he conceived to be involved in the constitutional question raised by the return of Charles Bradlaugh to parliament in 1880, he contributed to the 'Nineteenth Century' and 'Contemporary Review' some animated 'Protests' against any modification of the