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 put into the true road of returning to its value, neither charities nor bounties would be necessary; proprietors would do the rest for themselves—self-interest is the most spirited reformer; capitals would no longer be wanting, when land was the best of all securities; and, to complete the process, she would brush away the cobwebs of fraudulent money-dealers, the most destructive of all the vermin that infest the earth.—Loans, like all other contracts, should either be the objects of unlimited traffic, or the law that constitutes the exception should be strictly maintained.—When a maximum is established for interest, it ought to be rigorously enforced; differences of risk are shallow subterfuges to support annuities, except in cases where the borrower has no greater estate than for his own life; because when he has a full dominion over his property, and offers it as a security, the resort to a contingency, which is forced upon him by the lender to evade the law that would rescind the contract, and punish the extortion, is a gross and impudent fraud, for which

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 ¬which the usurer should forfeit his character and his money. — Whilst this subterfuge is tole- rated, proprietors of land must continue to be exposed to the greatest difficulties, and in its present depressed condition a greater relief is wanting than even the abolition of this destruc- tive imposition. Your government, in some ivay 07^ other, should contrive facilities for loans upon estates, until the storm that now desolates them has passed away. ¬"On the subject of your manufactures I have nothing further to add — their prosperity depends upon the unfettered ingenuity of your matchless people; but you ought to remember that their condition is not the same as when you mono- polized the commerce of your world, and that at an enormous expense which leans most heavily upon them, you have set up foreign markets to rival them. The details of this mighty concern is the office of your statesmen, and I trust will be wisely considered. You have ¬said ¬

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 ¬said that the improvement of your fisheries had not reached its height. — This is the moment to reach it by the most unremitting exertions. — Neither the sea nor the land can have been • enjoyed to the full, whilst your population is under difficulties for support. — There arc no doubt with you, as with us, various roots of cheap and easy culture, which though at once prolific and nutritious, are not by themselves inviting to the appetite, nor sufficient for a life of labour, without a mixture of animal food. — In times of distress, therefore, when the plough may fail you, a well ploughed ocean would be a constant refuge. — You can there have no unpropitious seed times, nor uncertain harvests ; — tempests could only disperse the reapers for a short season, and the crop would always remain undamaged in a boundless extent.— Even in England the system of supply is far from being perfect; it is brought to an astonishing height for the luxuries of London, yet is still defective in the more mo- mentous department of general and cheap dis- tribution, ¬

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 ¬tribution ; but, depend upon it, our legislature will never rest till this great object is accom- plished. ¬" With you, I fear, there is a fatal bar to improvement. — Be assured every attempt to- wards it must be abortive, whilst you keep up your duty upon salt; because the allowances you make to those who are engaged in fisheries, when guarded by the necessary forms to prevent frauds upon so important a revenue, render them of no use whatsoever, and fish can never be made a support for an inland population in their natural state. — Is it not, then, the height of folly to have resort to foreign fisheries at an immense distance, when other nations leave their own coasts and come almost into your harbours, from the superior abundance of your seas ? — They take your finest fish — they cure them with your own salt, the best in all your world, which is duty-free when exported ; they main- tain their people in comfort, whilst your's are everywhere starving, and prosper by a trade ¬out ¬

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 out of which you might chive all nations before you, securing your maritime greatness, whilst you increased your internal strength.—In the creeks and harbours of all countries, the smaller fish are always so numerous, that they are used for manure in quantities that almost exceed belief.—Is it certain that with the use of salt they might not be applied also to purposes more useful, and instead of being entirely cast out in large masses to fructify by corruption, be preserved from it by chemical skill, and be devoted to the subsistence of mankind?

"Another momentous subject still more, if possible, demands your attention, and with that I shall conclude.—One of the first sentences you uttered to me, after snatching me from the grave, made an impression upon me which I shall carry there hereafter. You said that this highly-favoured island had been the chosen instrument of Divine dispensation, and that if she deserted or slumbered upon her post, she would be

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 be relieved and punished—Beware that this penal moment is not at hand.—Why do you now permit despotism and fanaticism to palsy the freedom of the rising world, when your duty and your interest are struggling for precedency to crush them at a blow?—If that vast continent were governed according to the humane maxims of civilized nations, you would have no right to wrest the sceptre out of hands however unworthy to wield it; but since you have been placed for so many ages in the high post of honour for the advancement of human happiness, you ought to suffer no other nation to run on before you in the rescue of suffering millions from famine, dungeons, and the sword.—Recollect your eulogium upon the triumphs of chemistry and mechanics:—apply them to the mines and other productions of those vast regions; not as robbers or task-masters, but in the liberal spirit of commerce with their people, by which you might resuscitate your own country whilst you were breathing new life into theirs." The

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 The noble minded Morven seemed much pleased and affected, and spoke as follows, but in a voice so subdued as if he almost wished not to be heard:

"There are difficulties in the way of what you propose so warmly.—The project your honest zeal has suggested might kindle a new war throughout our whole world, which might, in the end, be destructive of the happiness and freedom you justly hold so sacred.—There are many desirable objects of policy that are not within our immediate reach, and which we must wait Heaven's own time to see accomplished; but the principle should be consecrated, and the occasion closely watched for its earliest application."

"Not a moment," I answered, "should ever be lost in any thing we have to do, when we are sure we are in the right; there is no time but the present for the performance of a practicable moral duty:, in such a cause, would set

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 ¬set at nought all the nations of the old \vo v ld it' the new one invoked her assistance. Such a great work could not be begun prematurely. — If the sun stood still of old in the camp of the Israelites, it would now rush to the west with increased velocity and lustre, to shine on the British standard, if it stood planted even for a moment in the night.* ¬" 1 have now finished all I have to observe upon the condition of your sublime country. — Looking at it with the eager curiosity of a stranger, bred in one which has long been the admiration of its own world, and not wishing to see her in any thing surpassed, yet I am obliged in justice to say, that I consider ¬• It may be proper here to inform the reader, that when it is six in the morning in Armata, it is midnight in the new world alluded to, because this twin planet with the earth re- volves also round its axis from west to east in twenty-four hours; and Armata being eastward of the new world, nearly ninety degrees of longitude, it follow* as above-mentioned, that when it is six in the morning in Armata it must be mid- night in the new world ; every 15 degrees of a great circle of 360 being equal to an hour of time ; 15 times 24 being 360. ¬o Armata ¬

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 ¬Armata in no respect behind her, except in the state of your finances. — I have not, indeed, been able to trace the smallest defect in any of your institutions, nor in the condition of any of your concerns, that does not come manifestly home to your revenue, which corrupts your government whilst it depresses your people. ¬" Your energies are still happily undiminished, your industry is unabated, your courage unsub- dued, your morals uncorrupted ; but you have the same sacrifices, for a season at least, to sub- mit to, as an individual may have to make, though with the highest qualifications, if his expenses have gone beyond his estate; and un- less you now guard with skill and firmness this heel of the Achilles, the result must be fatal. ¬" Remember always the noble eminence you stand on, and that no other nation is quali- fied to take your place. In the name of God, then, let this awful but animating consi- deration inspire yon— Be firm in your resolves — ¬Be ¬

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 ¬Be patient under temporary privations — Be obedient to your government, and preserve your greatness by the wisdom which made you great."

I now felt myself exhausted in my weak condition, by an exertion to which I fear my readers may have thought, all along, my mind as much as my body was unequal, but my generous protector was satisfied, and as night was coming on, he left me again to my rest. ¬When Morven came next morning into my apartment, I found myself so much recovered from my fatigue and the bruises I had suffered amongst the rocks, that I told him I was ready to attend him any where, and was full of impa- tience to see, in all its parts, so noble a country as he had described; particularly its capital, of which he had as yet said nothing in his general and more important history. ¬He seemed highly pleased with my proposal, 2 and ¬

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 ¬and said he would send for his son to accompany me, whose youth and modern manners made him a much fitter companion for such an expe- dition than himself. ¬The capital, he said, would fill me with admiration and wonder, as the city of Swaloal was, beyond all question, the greatest, the richest and the most illustrious in that world. I was struck with the name as he pronounced it, which he had not mentioned before; and although I well remembered the blunder which, from the habits of association, 1 had before made in the etymology of Armata, yet I could not help inquiring why this metropolis had obtained so singular an appellation. Morven, in answer, said, that he was himself no etymo- logist or antiquary, and could only inform me that Swaloal was a word in the Armatian language, signifying the city long known by that name. I smiled at this luminous explana- tion, saying, it reminded me of an anecdote of our George the Second, who, being a foreigner, ¬asked ¬

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 ¬asked one of the lords of his bed-chamber the meaning of the English word bespatter ; to which his lordship, seemingly much pleased with the easy task imposed upon him, assured the king that he could not have chosen a word whose signification was plainer, or more familiar — " It is just, Sire," he said, " as if your Majesty were to bespatter me, or as if I were to bespatter your Majesty." ¬Morven now smiled in his turn; and I observed to him that nothing was often more unsatisfactory than the derivations of words of all descriptions ; though the subject was un- doubtedly interesting, and frequently threw great light upon ancient history, but sometimes no light at all; as was the case, I thought, with our famous city of London, which could never have had its name from King Lud, though so often supposed ; because King Lud reigned before the time that Julius Ca?sar was in Britain, who, nevertheless, called it in his Commentaries the city of the Trinobants, which he could not ¬o 3 well ¬

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 ¬well have done if it had so recently received its name from a prince in the island; Caesar's first landing being, I believe, in the time of Cassibalaunus, who was brother to Lud, and succeeded him; neither could the city have been called London from Lud's Town — town not being a British but a Saxon word; and there- fore, if that had been its true derivation, it would have been called Caer Lud, and not Lud's Town — But it is still more strange how it should have been called Londinum, by Tacitus, as that was only its Latin name after it was called London ; an appellation which it never had in the time of the Britons, nor until the Saxon a?ra, when it received the name of Lundew, but with a termination then bestowed upon all well-fenced places, or such as had forts or castles — viz. Lundenburg and Lunden Ceaster. This name of Lunden was afterwards changed to London, neither of them being at all in honour of King Lud, hut adopted by the Saxons from the metropolitan city of Lundew, in Scotie- land or Sconia, then a place of great traffic in ¬the ¬

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 ¬the eastern part of Germany. The further, indeed, we trace the connection with King Lud, the more it will fail us; as Ludgate could never be from thence, gate not being British ; and, what is still stronger, Ludgate was for- merly Leougate ; Leod, signifying in Saxon, folk or people, and the name of Leodgate, there- fore, with all due submission to King Lud, was given to this great public passage, as the folk's gate or entrance, the port am populi in that quarter of the city." ¬" You quite overpower me with your learn- ing," said Morven; " our great city, like Lon- don, has also changed its names and termina- tions, but as to the reason of those changes, I cannot even hazard a conjecture. — In very ancient times it was styled only Swalo, after- wards Swalomor, and in succeeding periods Swaloup, and Swalodun, or Swalodown; but, for a century at least, it has been univer- sally known by the name of Swaloal." — I asked here with some impatience, whether those ¬o 4 idem ¬

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 ¬idem sonans terminations bad the significations as in our language, and on bis answering in the negative, I was still more puzzled. — " None of those terminations," he added, " whether taken by themselves, or used only as adjuncts, have the most distant approach to the meaning which, even adopting your English orthography, M r e should annex to them, nor indeed any meanings at all; but the monosyllables Out and In, and more so when used in the plural, as in Armata, are two of the most significant words in its whole language, and Outs and Ins are therefore as opposite as the two poles which distinguish the hemispheres of both our planets." This un- expected conclusion threw me still more wide of all application to our language or to our- selves. ¬Morven now said he had dispatched a mes- senger for his son, that we might settle the plan of our journey, and in a few hours he arrived in a very handsome carriage, which I shall not describe at present, as it rather belongs ¬to ¬

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 tice in London, working steadily at Guy's Hospital, where in 1825, after becoming a licentiate of the College of Physicians, he was appointed curator of the museum and pathologist. He improved the museum and gave pathological lectures. In 1828 he published ‘An Essay on Medical Education,’ in 1829 a ‘Catalogue of the Preparations in the Anatomical Museum of Guy's Hospital,’ and in 1832 ‘Hints relative to the Cholera in London.’ In the ‘Transactions’ of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society for 1832 he published a number of cases of contemporaneous enlargement of the spleen and lymphatic glands. In his examples he did not clearly distinguish several morbid conditions from one another. Dr. Samuel Wilks in 1865 pointed out (Guy's Hospital Reports, 1865) that four of them belonged to a species of disease which he had himself independently discovered (ib. 1862), and the precise definition of the condition is due to him; but with the generous desire of perpetuating the fame of his predecessor in office as teacher of pathology at Guy's Hospital, he gave this morbid state the name of ‘Hodgkin's Disease.’ It is an enlargement of the lymphatic glands distinguished from struma by the absence of tendency to suppurate in the glands and from leucocythæmia by the absence of changes in the blood. In 1836 Hodgkin's ‘Lectures on the Morbid Anatomy of the Serous and Mucous Membranes’ was published in two volumes, and it established his reputation as a member of the distinguished school of morbid anatomists connected with Guy's Hospital. Hodgkin was a member of the senate of the university of London from its foundation in 1837 till his death. He was a candidate but was never elected physician to Guy's Hospital, nor did he attain a large private practice. He was famed for his generosity to his patients, and was careless of fees. Sir James Clark [q. v.] and other friends in 1857 wished to present him with a valuable testimonial, but he insisted that the money subscribed should be paid over to a charity.

Hodgkin gradually fell out of practice, and gave his time to philanthropic agitation. He had been one of the founders of the Aborigines' Protection Society in 1838, and through it and other agencies worked hard for oppressed savages, persecuted Jews, and ill-housed poor. In 1850 he married a widow, Mrs. Sarah Frances Scaife, and their house in Bedford Square, London, was the scene of much simple hospitality to philanthropists, ethnologists, and geographers. He had no children. In 1866 he visited Palestine with Sir Moses Montefiore, and while there died at Jaffa, 5 April 1866, of an aggravated dysenteric attack. He was buried at Jaffa, and a monument was erected over his grave by Sir Moses Montefiore. He was throughout life a zealous member of the Society of Friends, and always wore their distinctive dress. He translated with Dr. Fisher from the French ‘Edwards on the Influence of Physical Agents on Life’ (London, 1832), and also published ‘The Means of Promoting and Preserving Health’ (London, 1840), of which a second edition appeared in 1841, an ‘Address on Medical Reform’ (1847), ‘A Biographical Sketch of Dr. James Cowles Prichard’ (1849), ‘A Biographical Sketch of Dr. W. Stroud’ (1858), and pamphlets in defence of the Negro Emancipation and the British African Colonization Societies (1833–1834).

[Works; Dr. S. Wilks's Account of some Unpublished Papers of the late Dr. Hodgkin; Guy's Hospital Reports, 3rd ser. v. xxiii; information from Dr. S. Wilks; information from family; Morning Star, 15 April 1866; Lancet, 21 April 1866; Medical Times and Gazette, 14 April 1866; Smith's Cat. of Friends' Books.]  HODGKINSON, EATON (1789–1861), writer on the strength of materials, the son of a farmer, was born at Anderton in the parish of Great Budworth, Cheshire, on 26 Feb. 1789. He was left fatherless when six years old, but his mother carried on the farm, and was able to send him to Northwich grammar school, where he received the rudiments of a classical education, and afterwards to Mr. Shaw's private school in the same town, where his natural bias for mathematics was allowed full scope. His mother's difficulties compelled her to abandon an intention of educating him for the church, and he devoted himself to the farm. For that vocation he was unsuited, and he persuaded his mother to embark her little capital in a pawnbroking business at Salford, Manchester. Removing thither in 1811, when he was twenty-two years old, he soon took up the line of scientific inquiry which was suited to his genius, and became acquainted with John Dalton and other gifted men then living at Manchester. In March 1822 he read a paper ‘On the Transverse Strain and Strength of Materials’ before the Literary and Philosophical Society (printed in their Memoirs, vol. iv. 2nd ser.). In this contribution is recorded an element which became an important object in all his subsequent experiments, namely ‘set,’ or the difference between the original position of a strained body and the position it assumes when the strain is removed. He fixed the exact position of the ‘neutral line’ in the


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 ¬to my description of the capital hereafter. He was a very handsome young man, highly accomplished, as I understood, according to the fashions of his day, and so full of spirits and life, that he had not been two minutes in the room, nor made any inquiries concerning me, when he seemed most impatient that we should go some where else, saying that the great ships were paying off, and that he would drive me down to the town near which I had been wrecked. I endeavoured to excuse myself, not being yet provided with the dress of the country, nor indeed with any other than that in which I had buffeted the waves and thumped against the rocks; but he would not hear of such an objec- tion.— " Sailors," he said, " went round and round the world, and saw people by turns in all dresses, and whole nations without any dresses at all, — that the admiral was his friend, and would be happy to see us." — He said all this in perfectly good English, which he had learned from his father and grandfather, and seemed so amiable and good naturcd that I thought it best ¬not ¬

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 not to refuse him, and we drove off immediately, but not until he had acquainted Morven that we should return to supper, when he hoped we should have music, and that he should set out with me for Swaloal next morning as soon as it was light.

On approaching the port, I observed a great alteration—the stately ships I had seen in full equipment, being now ranged as a kind of hulks for miles together; so that I could not help asking why so grand a fleet had been dismantled, and the answer was a proud one for Armata:

"Because the fleets of our world," he said, "are lying dismantled by their sides—the ocean, which re-echoed through all its caves with the thunder of foreign navies, is now silent as the grave—their cannon are all spiked or upon our battlements, and their flags are the ornaments of our halls:—yonder, (pointing to an immense number at a distance,) yonder are their brave crews, delivered from all their toils."

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 ¬When we got into the town, I was surprized to see that by far the greater part of them were hale, robust men, in the highest state of comeli- ness and health, though most of them had been ten or twelve years at sea, without ever setting foot upon the land, and many of them much longer. — Every one of them had his lass, decked out with a profusion of ribbons of the same colour as in her sailor's hat. — They were full of glee, and full of money, the whole of which, I was told, must, according to an immemorial and inexorable custom, be spent among the ladies in one day, and indeed they seemed most alert in ob- serving it, as they were parading the streets with music, and shops and places of entertainment of every description gaped wide open to receive them. — I was invited to dine with their officers, where I met the most pleasant men I had ever conversed with. — The table was not quite large enough for us all, but they would hear of no difficulties, and as some of them had left an arm or a leg behind them, we were able (to use a seaman's phrase) to stow the closer. — They had ¬all ¬ /n

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 all of them the same frank, gentleman-like manners, which distinguish our most accomplished countrymen; but there was something, at the same time, in their aspect, which gave me an idea of how unmoved they must have stood amidst unexampled difficulties and dangers. — Wishing that nothing in such noble beings should be imperfect, I said to their commander, "Why don't you some how or other contrive to improve the manners and conduct of your seamen, who are now filling your streets with noise and confusion amidst their women?" "You might as well ask me," answered this great officer, "why God has not made an elephant like an ape; or why he has fashioned all things to fill their allotted stations. — Our sailor of Armata is an animal non-descript, and must in nothing be changed or touched. — I am no politician. — You may reform parliament for any thing I care, but don't attempt to reform our sailor. — The love of woman is his distinguishing feature, he lavishes every thing upon her, and returns to sea when his money is spent; out

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 this passion, even in its excess, our ships would be receptacles of abomination and horror. — The sexes are the elements of the world; there is male and female in every tree and plant down to the grass we tread upon; and you might as well complain, that their farinas mixed with one another in the upland country, as condemn the transient amours of our seamen upon the shore. I respect as much as any man the sanctities of marriage, and acknowledge its usefulness in the social world; but you must not think of contending too roughly with the ancient characteristics of mankind. — You may scour an old coin to make it legible; but if you go on scouring, it will be no coin at all."

"I could only say in reply to all this, that I was the last man in the world to object to the admiration of women, and that what he had said of its usefulness to the inhabitants of ships was quite unanswerable; but that no human beings could go beyond our English sailors, who nevertheless were most sedate and considerate,

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 generally married, and remarkable for the parsimonious care of their money, most of them keeping regular accounts with some banker or slop-seller whilst they were at sea." — "If that be so," said Morven, "Your sailors could never fight like ours." — I took fire at this, (the only excuse perhaps for what follows) — "A British sailor," I replied, (trembling with indignation,) " a British sailor, Sir, would fight with the devil, and in the service of his country would enter hell itself to seek him out." — The admiral, whose jealous feelings did not extend to another world, shook hands with me most heartily, and after a few more bottles, I took my leave.

My young companion at the same time called for his carriage, and we set out by moon-light on our return. As we went along, he asked me, "how I had —

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 I cannot describe, my mortification at being here obliged to acquaint my readers that the printer has this moment returned to me all the remaining part of my narrative, immediately following what is above printed, being about four hundred pages in my closest manner of writing, saying it was so obliterated by the sea-water in my shipwreck homewards, as not to be at all legible. I must now therefore abruptly, and most unwillingly, close my publication, at least for the present; earnestly entreating the indulgence of the public to refer to the Postscript for a fuller explanation of my situation, and of the extreme difficulty I cannot but feel in submitting to them what is now published in so unsatisfactory and mutilated a state.

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 ¬ POSTSCRIPT. ¬I have felt great difficulty in consenting to publish, at present, what is now offered to the world. — I was aware that, after having described in all its details so extraordinary a passage to an unknown world, it could not but give an air of fable to the whole of it, to be seen sallying forth from Mr. Murray's in Albemarle-street, without a single word having been said of the means by which I got back again to the earth. The scale was however turned in favour of immediate publication. — The loss of my manu- script, when I was shipwrecked in Ireland on my homeward voyage, was irretrievable, and I had no choice left after my return to England, but to publish at once what remained of it, or to let curiosity languish, or perhaps be considered as an impostor. — There was another inducement to pursue this course. — If the public shall take no interest in the part now before it, the other ¬had ¬ /n

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 {{c|( 209 ; ¬had far better be suppressed ; and, on the other hand, if it should be called for by those who have read the first, it will give fresh spirit to a composition which must now be extremely dif- ficult. ¬If I could have saved the rest of my manu- script amongst the breakers, which I should have done, if, like the part preserved, it had been inclosed in leather, I should have trusted without fear to my materials, and to the interest they could not but have created when viewed altogether; and even amidst all the obstacles I have to contend with, from the part published being only a dull narrative, interspersed with no amusing incidents, I feel some confidence that my work will derive sufficient support from what may be expected in its sequel. — An ac- count of the great city of Swaloal cannot but excite the curiosity of Loxdon. ¬FINIS. ¬ {{float right|}}/n

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 {| align=center
 * | London: Printed by C. Roworth, Bell-yard, Temple-bar.
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 London : Printed by C. Roworth, Bell-yard, Temple-bar. ¬ PREFACE ¬ /n

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 TO THE ¬ SECOND PART. ¬ 1 he history of this Second Volume is a very short one — The F/;\^, as my readers must remem- ber, was suddenly interrupted by sea damage to the manuscript, and all that was left of it re- mained, until about a fortnight ago, in a seem- ingly irrecoverable state; when it happened that a poor man, of a most squalid appearance, came into my apartment to ask for a morsel of bread. He was worn to a shadow, and held in his trembling emaciated hand a small blue bottle. — " My father,' 1 he said, "lived for many years in a garret at Knightsbridge, where he was always to be found amongst his phials and crucibles, mixing together many offensive ingredients, but what they were I know not. — When he was at ¬a the ¬ /n

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 ¬cumstancc, I should have been saved the great trouble of copying, tor printing, what I had written, and the public the still greater one of reading it. ¬I am sensible, indeed, that my remarks are much too short and general, when their objects are considered, and that many of a more interest- ing nature are omitted ; but the truth is, that though I saw enough in Armata to have filled many volumes, I could take no interest in any thing except the very little that had some kind of bearing upon the condition of my country; nor did I write a line but from a desire to make us feel more deeply the value of our admirable insti- tutions, to warn us against the abuses to which the wisest are subject, and to correct a very few mistakes which prevent our manners from being perfect. ¬In what relates to the last, I might have given a. powerful interest to my foreign adventures, by ill-natured allusions at home; but as it was my ¬wish ¬ /n

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 ¬wish to reform our manners, it would have been strangely inconsistent to excite an appetite for slander. — The reader will not therefore iind a single sentence that can be tortured into a defa- matory application ; and I publish this even in the Preface, though it may ruin the sale of my book. ¬General remarks upon laws and government cannot be thought to be within the scope of this forbearance ; national councils may be mis- taken and even disastrous, though their authors may be intelligent and upright. — Neither should the public interests be compromised by silence when the publication of truth may be useful ; but there is not a word even upon such subjects, that can be construed into personal reproach ! ¬Although I have to thank the public for a more favourable reception of what has been already published than it was at all entitled to command, yet I cannot but be severely mor- tified to find that it is generally thought to be ¬a ro- ¬ /n

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 ¬a romance, and that I am set down as a writer who, for some reason or other, had adopted the fiction of another world, to convey some opi- nions regarding his own; a notion which has naturally enough gained ground by the consi- deration that many things may be put together under a mask of this description, which in a real and grave history it would not be so easy to -write. ¬This is all I have to say, since I cannot be duly sworn as a witness for myself; but I fre- quently smile when I think of the figure that many people will make very shortly, when the Admiralty shall have sanctioned my applica- tions, and when taxes have been raised for my next voyage, which unbelievers as well as be- lievers must pay. — These are the ways and means which can alone give credit to my work. ¬I am not a candidate for literary reputation, and shall bow with submission to our established critics, because their judgments have, for along ¬time, ¬ /n

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 ¬time, been sanctioned l)y general consent, evinced by the reception of their works. — They arc, for the most part, men of talents and learning, and seem never to forget, that an en- lightened people are critics over themselves. — This is the only shape in which the press ought to submit to censorship, and it has greatly contributed to the advancement of literature in Great Britain; it prevents us from mispending our time and our money upon useless or mis- chievous publications, and serves as a sample before we buy. Authors, whatever may be their genius or acquirements, are the xroi y st possible judges of their own works t and the great masters of criticism, aware that for the same reason they are subject to error, are remarkable for the can- dour with which they examine publications at all entitled to respect. There are some minor critics, however, who cannot be taught this reserve; but as in the first instance it would neither be just nor prudent for an author to defend him- self against criticism, so in the last it would be inhuman. — An insect upon the most polished ¬marble, ¬ /n

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 marble, not seeing the structure, but feeling through the minuteness of his organs, that the surface is not even, most naturally magnifies defects; but would a statuary kill him on that account, or a humane naturalist impale him for the discovery of his tribe?

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 A R M A T A ¬(continued.) ¬ By referring to the part already published, it will be seen that, from damage to ,the remaining manuscript by sea-water, when I was ship- wrecked on the coast of Ireland, in my voyage homeward, it ended abruptly thus — ¬My young companion at the same time called for his carriage, and we set out by moonlight, on our return. As we went along, he asked me how I had ****** ¬ It may be proper, therefore, to reprint this unfinished sentence, and the Continuation will ¬ then begin as follows ¬ /n

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y young companion at the same time called for his carriage, and we set out by moon-light, on our return. As we went along, he asked me how I had been amused—a question I declined answering, until I could find words to express all the delightful recollections and sympathies of my earliest days—Indeed when I looked down on the ocean which now smiled upon us with the pale lustre of reflected light, the thoughts of home rushed upon my mind so in- tensely, that without thinking any more of my companion, nor even recollecting his existence, though he was close by my side, I could not help exclaiming, “Oh, England, England!—if ever I might but behold your white cliffs again, I could sit upon the highest of them, and gaze upon your world of waters for ever. Dully uniform to the eye is its vast expanse, but, to

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 ¬the mind, infinitely various — How profound are its caverns winch no line can reach, nor the deepest knowledge account for — unfathomable to the philosopher in his closet, as to the sailor upon its sin face! Has it always, as now, so curiously indented the land, or have its boun- daries been abridged ? If its empire has been contracted, did it retire spontaneously, or did subterranean fire invade it, and plant earth within its domains? From whence is the salt that has for ages preserved it ? If the moon raises its floods by attraction on the side nearest her, how do they rise up on the opposite, and why on the equator are they at rest ? When its tides are thus lifted up, whatever exalts them, and when furious under the lash of the tempest they threaten our shores with destruction, what is it that commands them to return to their beds and to sleep? When smoothed again for the. impatient navigator, what is it which directs his course ? Whence is it that rude, inanimate mat- ter, even the unshapen stone we tread upon, de- rives an intelligence beyond Newton's mind, even ¬to ¬ /n

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 ¬to guess at :? Does it point steadily to the poles when in the bowels of the earth, and does it only begin to shift and vary when it comes into contact with unsettled and restless man? The Great First Cause is manifest: but what are the principles which govern such marvellous effects? When the philosopher is thus lost, and driven back within the limits of his faculties, the ocean is not less an object of sublime contem- plation; we see it then with all its roaring multi- tude of waves obsequious to the command of God for the happiness of man — Without it, though propitiation for sin might, by divine mercy, have been accomplished in Palestine, yet all the hu- manizing light of the Gospel would have been eclipsed, and its benign influence upon our fallen condition must have been lost; the weary foot of the pilgrim or missionary could never have traversed such remote regions; India could not now be hearing the sacred voice of divine truth, and America, instead of starting up, as it were, at once throughout her United States, into ci- vilized and moral existence, might, for acres to ¬B J come. ¬ /n

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 ¬come, have been a trackless desert, the forlorn abode of uncultivated life ! May the East, then, and the West, from the rising to the setting of the sun, remember, with eternal gratitude, the blessings that have flowed to them from my be- loved country ; may they always work upon the pattern she has set them, whatever forms of government may distinguish them; may they bury in oblivion the occasional imperfections which are inseparable from human dominion; and may the Christian standard she has planted amongst the nations be still carried forward to all tongues and people, until they are ga- thered together at last as a flock under one shepherd, when sin and sorrow shall be at an end! ¬" If we examine the aids derived from the sea in the progress of society, and the universal ¬comforts which * * # * *" but here my ¬youthful companion (tired enough, no doubt, of my soliloquy) recalled me to myself, and ha- ving no wish or thought but to please me, he ¬shook ¬ /n

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 ¬shook me gently, as you would awaken an in- fant, and said to me, with infinite good humour and kindness — " Child of another world, we are just at home, and I must take your plaything from you; but since I see you so bewitched, and carried out of yourself by your fust love, we will not leave her so soon as we intended, but pursue the margin, or at least the district of the sea, until we approach nearer to the Capital, which is yet far distant." Here my musings ended as the carriage now drove up to his fa- ther's house. ¬ B4 CHAP- ¬ /n

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 ¬ CHAPTER II. ¬The Author is provided "with the Dress of the Country. — With Reflections thereupon. ¬Morven soon advanced with his accustomed kindness to receive me, but my gay companion vehemently objected to alighting; saying, he could breathe no longer out of Swaloal, and from what I saw afterwards it was his proper ele- ment, as without being altogether what we should call a Dandy, he was a young man of the most decided fashion in all her higher circles. — It was indeed with the greatest difficulty I could resist being carried on by him in the night, without rest or refreshment, towards this renowned city, but I expressed so strong a desire to appear only in the dress of the country, that he reluctantly agreed to wait till the morning, and good-na- turedly underwent, as a kind of penance, what to me was the highest enjoyment — a quiet sup- per in a most delightful apartment, opening, on each side, to conservatories, fronting a rapid ¬stream ¬ /n

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 ¬stream running through a fragrant garden, with beautiful women, delicious music, and now and then some excellent old wine, resembling our claret, which, let water-drinkers think as they please, gives a varnish to such a picture, which as they never looked through it they cannot at all comprehend. ¬As I observed that my young companion took but little share in the conversation, and seemed only to speak as if it were to interrupt the singing, I expressed my surprise to him, when humming a tune at intervals to himself, he said to me apart — " I can enjoy all this, my dear absurd friend, as much as any body, in its due season ; but in summer, nay in its very solstice, which I think is to-morrow, I would much rather be in town in the dirtiest lodging, al- most invisible from the dust and rubbish of old buildings pulling down on every side of me, than be seen here amidst the colours and per- fumes of all the trees and shrubs which ever blossomed in our world or in yours, or in that ¬one ¬ /n

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 ¬one there," (pointing up with his cane to the moon,) " that really looks redder than common, as if she were blushing to see us loitering where we are/' ¬When morning came, his impatient genius suggested to him a most rapid but seemingly indelicate escape from the further delay of my equipment, as he informed me, with the highest glee, that the barber, who had been setting his razors, overhearing our difficulties, had offered a suit of his own never put on, and which, looking at our two persons, he said would fit me to a hair. — He now directed the young man in his own language to fetch them, saying to me in English, " this I can assure you is a most fortu- nate incident, as I could not have supplied you myself, having nothing here but this coarse wrapper, my only covering in thezvilderness" '(for so I found afterwards he styled the whole country, or rather the whole universe, out of the sound of a celebrated bell in Swaloal, the name of which I have forgotten :) " here," he said, " I ¬fol- ¬ /n

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 ¬follow the custom of nature, the beasts of the field know where they are, and have but one suit." ¬I was too much disconcerted by this appa- rently strange behaviour to attempt any inter- ruption of this mortifying dispatch, but when it was quite out of reach I could not help saying, that I hoped I should be pardoned for wishing, if the expense would not be an objection, that I might be furnished with what we called, in England, the dress of a gentleman, instead of this young ba?, ber , s apparel, as I had no doubt there were different degrees in a country which his father had described to me as so highly civilized. ¬" Undoubtedly," said Cathmor, (for this was the name of my companion,) " there are many degrees among us, more numerous, perhaps, than in any other nation, but there are no distinctions in our ordinary dresses; we have gentlemen, as you say you have in England, and, ¬as ¬ /n

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 ¬as you have just seen, we have barbers also ; but which is the gentleman and which is the barber when you meet them in the streets, it has been long" impossible for the nicest eye to discover, as our highest nobility and our lowest tradesmen dress exactly like one another : there is perhaps something now and then in air and manner, by which people fancy they may be distinguished, but in no other way whatsoever. — I expressed great surprise at this, and said that in my country such a system w r ould be most unpopular; not from any pride in the higher orders, as the principles of equality, where they could practi- cally or usefully exist, were liberally cherished in England, but because the lower classes, who might seem to be exalted, would, with one voice, exclaim against it, as injurious to trade, as de- structive to manufactures, and a cruel oppression of the immense multitudes who only lived by hourly changing fashions, which circulate super- fluities amongst the industrious poor; and though sumptuary laws were inconsistent with our free government, yet an English nobleman would ¬be ¬ /n

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 ¬be the subject of very unpleasant remarks, who did not maintain his pre-eminence even in his most ordinary appearance, for the circulation of wealth, and the encouragement of ingenious arts. " I could almost swear," he replied, " that you were describing this very country even less than fifty years ago ; as I have heard from my father that, even in his time, persons of rank were stupid enough to wear lace and embroidery, and other expensive fabrics, in their daily habits, but we have a damned deal more taste now, and they are never beheld except in the palaces of princes, and when you see them there hereafter, you will think that, notwithstanding their absurd unwieldiness, the whole court was engaged in some distant military expedition, as every one of them wears a sword, and carries a kind of knap- sack upon his back. — I am happy, however, the subject has been started, as I should have been much distressed if you had been left for a mo- ment to imagine I had not intended to give you the full benefit of every distinction which a stranger of rank and honour ought to command." ¬He ¬ /n

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 ¬lie then left me, but first taking nie kindly by the hand, and saying he would return as soon as he had got rid of some vulgar people who were waiting to see him. — He had not been gone a moment when the barber re-appeared, but without the clothes : he walked about the room, without taking the smallest notice of me, until upon my friend's return, whom I had apprized of my disappointment, they came up to me together, laughing immoderately and most obviously at my expense, Cathmor holding his sides from the convulsion of his mirth, whilst he said, or rather attempted indistinctly to say to me, " My good friend, this is not the barber, as you imagined, but one of the highest of our grandees, who is come down to visit a relation on board the fleet. " — What rendered this suffi- ciently absurd scene more completely ridiculous, was the return at the same moment of the actual barber himself; and when he had laid down his bundle, the nobleman and the shaver were like brothers; no more to be distinguished than twins arc even by midwives at their births. ¬Handy ¬ /n

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I mean no kind of disrespect to the grandee of Armata or to his, by this classical quotation.

At the conclusion of this laughable adventure, Morven, the father, joined us, and resumed the subject of costume, but upon a very different principle, saying to me gravely, and as if he was not quite pleased—"I sent for this young man as an agreeable companion, to shew you the face of the country and its fashions, to which I am now quite unequal; but you must think for yourself on many subjects where his youth and inexperience would lead you far astray: the matter which he has been treating as a mere jest, is of great moment, so much so, that I am anxious to hear how it is considered with you, where wisdom seems to station every thing in its appointed place."

Flattered not a little by this just remark, and

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 ¬wishing, from a national vanity, to keep up the contrast between our countries, I asked him whether they had any robes of magistracy, which in England were found to be so highly useful in impressing the multitude with respect for the administration of government and justice. ¬" We have them,"' answered Morven, " even in the lowest of our courts ; and not only our judges, but all their inferior officers and atten- dants, have grave and suitable habits of distinc- tion, but which arc cast off the moment the business of our councils and courts are over, when the highest of them are to be seen shoul- dered and jostled in the crowd with the pick- pockets whose imprisonments have just expired, and with the culprits they have just amerced. — This is by no means an ancient custom amongst us, but one of late years most ignorantly and thoughtlessly introduced : the robes of justice would undoubtedly be uncouth and out of sea- son if worn as ordinary dresses, but supreme judges, and indeed magistrates of every descrip- tion, ¬ /n

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 ¬tion, above all, when coming immediately and publicly from their tribunals, should have some suitable distinctions to point out their stations, and to continue, by habits of association, the reverence inspired by their dignified appearance when administering the government or the laws. If the robes of justice inspire the multitude with no additional respect for magistrates, why are they worn at all? and if they have that effect, why should the illusion be so abruptly overthrown, by exhibiting to the populace the very same men looking perhaps, from careless habits, more meanly than thousands who had but a moment before beheld them with salutary fear? This cannot be politic : but the true touch- stone to be applied to it is, to ask hoxv Engla?ul considers it ? n ¬I was so much struck with this strange med- ley of wise policy, and the total disregard of it, and so set a-thinking on the strange differences between our worlds and nations, that I was un- able, in the instant, to answer him, but I could ¬c not ¬ /n

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 ¬not help smiling to myself at the ludicrous idea of all Palace-yard in an uproar at the astonishing sight of our judges coming out of Westminster Mall in such shabby fiocks and brown scratches, as would infallibly subject them to be rejected as bail, in their own courts, even for ten pounds, though they were to swear themselves black in the face. ¬" In England," I said, (recovering from my reverie,) — "in England, we view this whole sub- ject in a very different light; we do not regard it as lit to be governed by the idle fashions of the day, but upon principles from which our government may receive substantial support. Distinctions amongst mankind are inevitable, and when left, as in ruder ages, to an unbridled course, arc degrading and destructive; but when adjusted by a wise and liberal policy, each order stands (as you have yourself so well expressed it) in its appointed place, society then forms a dig- nified, harmonious phalanx, and, instead of slavish subjection, or contention in the ranks of ¬ /n

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 freedom, becomes firm and indissoluble, like substances which are held together by an immutable union in their parts; but it should never be forgotten that adhesions of human contrivance cannot, like those which are natural, be maintained by silent and invisible attractions; the social union can neither be produced nor continued without well considered management constantly kept in view and in action: the multitude are more governed by visible and permanent distinctions, than by reflections on what is wise or just; and as God does not always ratify by merit, or by mental superiority, the ranks and honours which we wisely nevertheless bestow upon one another, they should be carefully kept up by a kind of ingenious artifice, like that which is so successful at a masquerade or upon the stage. External symbols of superiority, which have been found by experience to be imposing and effectual, cannot be safely let down even in the most apparently insignificant relaxations, because, though not easily shaken if neither abused nor abandoned, they cannot be resumed at plea-

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 ¬sure when cast off. When a person has once un- masked, his character, however well it may have been supported, is irretrievably at an end ; and nothing so suddenly beats down the effect of the best theatrical representation, as to go, though but for a moment, behind the scenes. I disap- prove, therefore, of your higher orders casting off their distinctions and dressing like their grooms; it is what we should in England call felo de se, because the levelling consequence is certain ; and I have heard, indeed, that at this very moment you are enacting the most severe laws to keep down your lower orders from advancing upon their superiors, when, from changes in ancient manners, and by throwing away the most popular distinctions, their supe- riors have been descending to them. ¬" Governments must be supported upon diffe- rent principles when their forms are different. — The social union of a republic is different from that of a monarchy. — Each may be equally ex- cellent, and equally consistent with national inde- pendence ¬ /n

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 pendence and freedom; but must be of a piece with their institutions.—Where the laws equalise all the inhabitants of a state, the laws, and not the makers of them, are the habitual objects of popular respect; but where privileged orders exist, as in free monarchies they must, the makers of the laws are from habit the objects of reverence, and the laws are reverenced with them. In a Republic, therefore, the external distinctions we have been discussing would be useless, because there are no distinct orders to be maintained; but in a Monarchy they are important, because the whole frame of such a state being supported by personal privileges and gradations, if that system were disturbed the authority of the laws would be disturbed also.

"This is, perhaps, exemplified in the magistracy of our City of London, where the elections are popular in the extreme; but being in the very focus of a monarchy, and the monarchical feeling predominating in the pomp and ceremonies which peculiarly distinguish its government, the

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 magistrates, though chosen annually from the ordinary classes of her citizens, are held in the highest reverence, and their laws are most punctually observed: but if her Lord Mayor, her Sheriffs, and her Aldermen, on their great public days of festival and magistracy, were to appear in their bob wigs and pantaloons instead of in their ancient magnificent robes of office, and if the splendid hospitalities of her Guildhall and Mansion-house were to be reduced to the common fare (and set out, as it is called) of an ordinary or a chop-house, it would soon be like Bartholomew Fair—the dishes would run the hazard of being carried off by the mob, and the guests, however noble, in their surtouts and overalls, would probably be hustled in the streets. On the same principle it is not, perhaps, a prudent retrenchment, and in point of value most contemptible, to abolish offices which from the most ancient times have been established, except when the very objects of them have become obsolete; it is like picking up the pavement and pulling down the palisades which keep

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 ¬off the crowd from a great house. — If they af- fect public freedom, the most efficacious laws should be made to prevent it; but let a monarchi- cal government, when made a free one by popu- lar balances, have all its ancient trappings. — To say they are useless, because they have no useful duties, may be a false conclusion. — A critic of this description might reason in the same manner with nature, and accuse her of the most senseless profusion for dressing out a cock pheasant or a peacock quite differently from a jackdaw or a crow. — How unmercifully those poor birds would be plucked! not a feather would be left in their sinecure tails. It is not, therefore, in the choice of the high men of my country to depart from those dignities which long custom has establish- ed, nor to relax in the visible distinctions which support them, because, since the laws would be degraded by the degradation of their authors, it would be a kind of treason against the state. ¬" England is much too enlightened to be ¬seduced by a false notion of equality into a ¬c 4 system ¬ /n

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 ¬system (mite alien to the form and character of her government; she knows that whatever gives the greatest stability to her free constitution is the best security the few can have for their privi- leges, or the many for their freedom ; and as there has been no instance (in ourzvorldat least) of a dis- contented people to a just and prudent govern- ment, it would be discreet in the rulers of all countries, before they have recourse to measures of restraint and coercion, to examine well the causes of disobedience and discontent. " If they look into their own conduct they will find the cause — if they amend it they will find the remedy."* ¬That I may not have occasion to return here- after to the singular costumes amongst the men of Armata, I have only to add that my clothes perfectly fitted me, and I was not a little amused with my new and double character of a gentle- ¬ /n
 * See Lord Chesterfield's speech against the Play-house Bill. ¬man ¬

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 ¬man to those who knew me, or of a barber, per- haps, to those who might not; the ordinary dresses which I afterwards saw in Swaloal amongst all ranks and conditions, were just like my own, and of course so precisely the same that I could not for a long time know one person from another, even after some acquaintance; and when I knew them at last it was only as shepherds know their sheep, by the variety of their faces notwithstanding the similarity of ¬THEIR FLEECES I I Saw HO cloth WOITI but of tWO ¬colours only, though their fabrics are beauti- fully various, and, indeed, the whole male popu- lation of Armata seemed to be beaten black and blue by that champion of bruisers, Custom. ¬ CHAP- /n

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 ¬ CHAPTER III. ¬The Author begins his Journey towards the Capital of Armata. — One of the Horses dies from being over driven. — Reflections on, Cruelty to Animals. ¬Being now prepared for our journey, there drew up to the door a light commodious equipage for our conveyance, with animals not very different from our best horses, but apparently more fitted for the course than for the road, and accordingly we set off at a pace which terrified me not a little, and made me so giddy that I could scarcely speak or listen to what was said ; and as we continued above two hours in this furious career, the poor creatures that carried us along became so exceedingly distressed, that I asked Cathmor to check the drivers in their speed ; but devoted to all my wishes as I have already described him, he gently put me aside, saying " it would be absurd in the extreme to interfere." " Are we then pushed," I asked, " to any particular ¬hour ¬ /n

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 ¬hour in our clay's progress? the country seems delightful, and we must see it to great disad- vantage by passing so rapidly through it." " I feel the force of what you say," answered my youthful friend, " and we certainly are by no means tasked to anj- time; on the contrary, we shall reach our destination long before night; but it is far better we should linger in an inn, however irksome it may be, than not travel in the style and fashion of gentlemen — If we went slower we should be taken to be low people of some description or other, and we should lose all the respect with which it is my desire you should be everywhere received." ¬" You must certainly be the best judge," I replied, " of the manners and customs of your own country ; but I cannot possibly comprehend how, when we are masters of our time, it could at all detract from our consequence, that we should appear to consider the health and comfort of those poor animals, without whose strength and willingness to serve us we could not travel at all — ¬you ¬ /n

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 ¬you must surely see how very much they suffer; andean we answer for this abuse to a benevolent Creator, who gave them only for our use ? have they not the same feelings and the same sense of injuries with ourselves, and could you be happy upon this tour of pleasure and satisfaction if you were enjoying yourself through the pain and affliction of any of your own kind V ¬" Certainly not," he answered, " because I should be invading human privileges; but ani- mals have none that the law recognises, and why should individuals run before the law, which defines all duties and protects all rights ?" " Is it possible then," / hastily replied, " that such a country as your father described to me can be so shockingly misgoverned?" " To that again," re-plied. Cathmor, " I can only repeat, that it is not for a subject to be wiser, nor more humane, than the legislature which prescribes his rules of action; and if, whenever the laws were silent, or appeared to us to be defective, we were to con- sider such supposed defects to be national mis- government, ¬ /n

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 ¬government, and not errors in ourselves, there would be an*end at once of all government and law — If the subject, indeed, had never been presented to the notice of our councils, there might be matter to pause upon, as your opinions might, perhaps, have been adopted if duly con- sidered ; but the whole subject was brought very lately under their most serious consideration, when all your fanciful notions were rejected and put down. ¬" Our government is divided into two delibera- tive assemblies, which must agree upon any law before it can be submitted for adoption to the third estate, which may annul their united deci- sions — The highest of these assemblies frst voted on this very subjects if you yourself had given the rule to them; — they voted unani- mously that animals had rights — They declared that it had pleased Almighty God to endue them with many valuable faculties for the use of man, and they enacted punishments for the abuse ; — but the other branch of our councils refused to ¬concur ¬ /n

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 ¬concur in the new law thus proposed to them, when it fell of course to the ground — Soon afterwards, however, ,upon further consideration, this very assembly, which had so refused to con- cur with the other, did of their own mere motion originate the very same law which they had before rejected, and sent it up to its original authors for their undoubted approbation ; but its original authors having been inspired in the mean time (as I ought, at least, to believe) with some new and sudden light upon the subject, did then in their turns reject it ; or in other words, denied that it had so pleased Almighty God as they had before with one voice voted, and wholly refusing to acknowledge any rights in animals such as they had themselves enacted, left them to be driven to death in the manner which so much affects you; but let it not there- fore be imagined, that our councils denied or discountenanced the just claims of humanity, because, though they refused to enact protection to animals, they admitted in argument that it was a duty of imperfect obligation." — " Imperfect ¬obliga- ¬ /n

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 ¬obligations" I indignantly answered, " are sure to be imperfectly obeyed — human laws ought to come in positive aid of all moral duties which they can practically deal with, and it is impossi- ble to deny that those for the protection of the lower world are of that description, since both the branches of your most enlightened legislature (as you yourself have related) did solemnly pro- nounce that they were. Nevertheless I highly respect your deference as a subject to their united opinions, though they differed at first/row each other, and afterwards from themselves ; but such absurd inconsistency mustnotthink of travelling into another world for approbation or assent. In England, be assured, it would excite the disgust of an enlightened people, as it now provokes mine." ¬The account of this strange proceeding ac- corded so little with what I had before heard from Morven in praise of the councils of Armata, and being forewarned by him not to rely too im- plicitly on my excellent young companion in matters which demanded the experience of age, ¬I after- ¬ /n

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 ¬I afterwards asked him to account for it, which he did as follows : — ¬" Our great Assembly, which suffers so much in your opinion, has, I believe, no equal in any nation, and like every thing else in Armata, has acquired its value by time and events improved on by the wisdom of our people ; so far from being open to any general censure for versatility of opinions, the union of the judicial and legis- lative jurisdictions has given it a high character for independence and justice; a succession of great and learned men have flourished there for ages, and when I shall have made you acquainted with many of its members, I am sure you will be reconciled to the rest. ¬" The history of this national misfortune (for so I must consider it) is a very short one. The right of all animals to protection, but more especially of those without whose aids the con- dition of mankind would be helpless, is a claim so irresistible, that when faithfully stated, it was ¬sure ¬ /n

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 ¬sure to carry every thing before it; and when unanswerable in the abstract, it became more affecting by many notorious instances of the most savage cruelties, it is no wonder that there should have been an universal impulse to support it, and that any difficulties in the way of useful legislation, should have been completely overshadowed by the lustre of hu- manity. ¬" In this manner, the projected law you have heard of, went down almost by accla- mation, to the other council for its assent, where its success would have been equally cer- tain, if the resolutions of public assemblies were invariably the results of general conviction; but as the bravest armies have been put to flight by the panic of a single soldier, so the wisest coun- cils, by the influence of individual error, may be turned out of the course of wisdom. — It hap- pened at that time, by an accident which can occur but seldom, because the union of so many high and valuable qualifications is a rare occur- ¬d rence, ¬ /n

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 ¬rence, that a member of this lower assembly had unaccountably connected in his large and comprehensive mind, the brave and manly cha- racter of the Armatan people, with sports and exhibitions of the most barbarous description. Impressed with so mistaken an opinion, this extraordinary and amiable person seemed to con- sider it as a kind of public duty for the encou- ragement of generous courage and popular free- dom, to protect, by his countenance and pre- sence, the too frequent resorts where animals were excited to more than instinctive ferocity, or where his fellow men, without quarrel, were matched almost to murder one another ; and on those principles, if they deserve that name or character, he became the vehement opposer of the measure that had been adopted. ¬" Against an honest feeling of this morbid de- scription, all reasoning was useless ; and remem- bering, as I do, the force of his eloquence, and the influence of that personal friendship which he had acquired with many so justly, and with ¬none ¬ /n

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 ¬none more sincerely than myself, I do not at all wonder that his unprepared hearers were for a season at least surprized : and though, as you have heard,. they came to themselves afterwards, yet the recovery was too late : a strong sensa- tion had been created, which, extending to the other branch of our government, this high improvement of our national character was defeated; — but the good seed has been sown, and, as often happens in the natural world, lies dormant for a future and perhaps not a distant harvest. ¬" However extraordinary the observation may appear when applied to a person so justly re- spected for his talents, yet I can in no way ac- count for such unconquerable pertinacity in so wrong an opinion against all the dictates of his own general good-nature, and the common feelings of mankind, but by resorting to a doc- trine confirmed by much experience, that every man in the world (myself of course amongst the rest) is so strangely particular in some ¬d 2 point ¬ /n

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 ¬point or other, that it may well be considered as an insanity quoad hoc — it being, like other insanities, invulnerable to all argument — If the circle in which this absurdity revolves is so very small as to touch nobody, a man is then only what is called singular in that respect, but if its orbit is extended so as to run foul of other people, he is then called a madman, and is confined." ¬Another set of the unhappy victims of imper- fect obligations being now yoked to our carriage, we drove on precisely at the same furious rate, to the great delight of my gay companion, who seemed to sit more erect upon his seat, to pre- serve I suppose our united consequence, whilst the wretched animals were almost expiring under the lash. — As for myself, I said not a single word during the whole stage, and only ofTered up my silent thanks to Almighty God that Armata was not my country. ¬On arriving at our evening's destination, we ¬saw ¬ /n

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 ¬saw sitting at the door two poor labouring men, seemingly in the greatest pain from over fatigue; they made no complaint of their employer, who had not tasked them beyond their contract, but they were obviously unable, from extreme weak- ness, to reach their homes, though not far dis- tant. — Soon afterwards I missed Cathmor; and as he did not return at the hour our supper was pro- vided, I waited for him with impatience, fearing that some accident had befallen him. — It was night when he appeared, and although he put aside all my inquiries as to his absence, yet I saw from his countenance he had been much affected; and soon afterwards the cause of his distress could no longer be concealed, as he was surrounded at the door of our apartment by two large families, who with their poor mothers were embracing his knees, and though I could not understand what they said, were obviously invoking bless- ings upon his head : — they were the wives and children of the poor labourers whom I found he had carried home, and given them money to sup- port them until they were able to work with ¬d 3 comfort. ¬ /n

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 ¬comfort. — Thinking this a most favourable oc- casion for trying the effect of human laws in seconding divine precepts, I carried him into the stable, where I had been told one of the poor animals that had brought us was at the point of death : when he saw him in that con- dition, and was told that the master was just set up in business and had a large family, he said he was truly sorry for him, and desiring the driver to follow us into our apartment, he im- mediately gave him an order for the value as he called it of his master's property ; but I could not perceive that the cold sweat and excruciating pangs of the unhappy dying animal had made the least impression upon him. I cannot, how- ever, conclude this interesting subject, without acquainting my readers with the victory of na- ture and virtue — whilst his feelings were thus so strongly excited by human sufferings, and so striking an analogy was within my view to ex- tend them, I opened my whole battery upon his ingenuous mind — the breach was soon practi- cable, and humanity entered in triumph — my ¬companion ¬

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 ¬companion laid down his arms at her feet, lament- ing that the siege had been so long protracted from the false idea that the lower world was be- yond the boundaries of her dominion. ¬I was deeply impressed with this interesting conversion, and have often since reflected upon it with delight. — Nothing indeed in the human character is so extraordinary, or, I might rather say, mysterious, as the manner in which the consciences of the most enlightened and virtu- ous men lie prostrate and dormant under the influence of some ruling passion, or where, from the neglect of public law or domestic education, some particular objects of humanity or justice have not been sufficiently implanted and en- forced. — Of the former, the divine eloquence of our sacred Scripture casts into the deepest shade every possible illustration : we there see a highly gifted Sovereign living in such general purity as to have been said to walk after God's own heart, yet sleeping in peace amidst the complicated crimes of cruelty, adultery, and ¬d 4 murder, ¬

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 ¬murder, till recalled to himself by the sublime simplicity of the Prophet : of the second, the evidence is now before the reader, in a kind hearted ingenuous being of our own species, though of another world — you have seen him shedding the tears of pity over human suf- ferings, though they were almost at rhe same moment before him in the most heart-rending shapes, without his feeling them at all. — The ani- mal he had doomed to be destroyed for the gra- tification of an imaginary consequence, was a creature also of God ; his docility and strength were given him as supports to man in his fallen and feeble condition ; he was endued with all the faculties, though suited to his inferior sta- tion, which were bestowed upon himself; and he felt all the bodily pains, perhaps all the pangs of a wounded spirit, which the proudest of man- kind can feel : but public law having been silent which should have proclaimed those truths and have drawn the moral conclusion, he had been left as dead to their. impressions as the savage in the desert — but his soul being now laid suddenly ¬open ¬

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 ¬open to the light of nature and of truth, he ad- mitted at once all my principles, deplored their imperfect laws which had blindfolded and bru- talized their people, adding, that since the period of rejecting their proposed amendment, the most harmless animals had not only been wan- tonly destroyed, whose mangled carcasses were to be seen daily in the streets, but that savage cruelties to the human species, and even the most atrocious murders, had filled the calendars of their tribunals beyond the example of any former times. I was not surprized at this me- lancholy communication ; the truth is, that laws and laws alo?ie, are capable of forming and fashioning a people — Divine commands are nothing except as they are engrafted upon our system, and we ourselves should be just as little protected against violence from each other, but by the most penal consequences, enforced too by parental warnings to avoid them. — From not extending corrections for the protection of ani- mals, in cases at least of gross and malignant oppression, children are almost universally cruel, ¬and ¬

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 ¬and when they grow up, it is too late to correct them but by criminal justice. Some difficulties might perhaps attend such jurisdiction in the outset, but they could hardly reach another generation ; the moral voice of the law would be heard even by infants, when principles, good or evil, are easiest implanted, and which generally endure for ever. ¬Soon after sunrise we proceeded on our journey with only pleasant and rational speed, and I can now therefore take some notice of the face of this fine island, which I could see no more of during the former day than if I had soared over it in a balloon. — The air was serene — the roads were smooth, and the hourly shifting landscapes beautifully various — delightful undu- lations of hill and valley enlivened throughout by smooth or rapid waters, and enriched with picturesque villages, through the light smoke of which the distant spires of churches were every where to be seen. — To crown the prospect* the sides of almost all the eminences sloping ¬southward, ¬

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 ¬southward, were adorned with the seats of some of the greatest and most ancient families in Armata. I am not sure that a traveller, with- out being tedious, can say much more of the newest country which he is only quickly passing through. — Remarkable scenery should be viewed distinctly, and worked up into pictures by those who know how to paint them, which I certainly do not. ¬As we approached very near to one of those noble possessions, many of which we had passed, Cathmor said, he would ask permission to view it, which was immediately granted. ¬As we drove through the plantations on the road to the house, or rather the palace, which stood upon nearly the highest ground in the midst of them, I was quite overpowered with the enchanting scene, and, as my eye glided along immense and diversified masses of magni- ficent trees, (a collection seemingly from all ¬climates,) ¬

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 ¬climates,) rising in an ascending scale to the lofty summit of what un wooded would have been a precipice, the whole prospect was on a sudden reflected back again, as if by a thou- sand mirrors, from the transparent surface of a splendid lake, which stretched itself out beneath our feet to a vast extent, until it was lost in the distant woods. I stood for a while motionless, and exclaimed aloud to my amazed companion, in a voice of admiration and transport, — " Where am I? What is it I see? Was Milton brought here in vision, or actually like myself, when he described the primaeval paradise of our world ?" I shall insert my whole soliloquy, though it makes me appear myself in the character of the Devil: — ¬" So on he fared, and to the border came Of Eden, whose delicious paradise, Now nearer, crowns with her enclosure green, As with a rural mound, the champain head Of a steep wilderness, whose hairy sides With thicket overgrown, grotesque and wild, Access denied ; and overhead up-grew Insuperable height of loftiest shade, -Cedar, ¬

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 ¬Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm, A silvan scene : and as the ranks ascend, Shade, above shade, a woody theatre Of stateliest view." ¬To fill up the smaller parts of this fine picture, I would rather refer to Horace Walpole, or Ma- son, or De Lisle, or still more to the delightful realities of England, than attempt any descrip- tion of my own; I am not in the hahits of writing, and always fall short in expressing what I feel. ¬We were now placed under a guide to con- duct us through this grand residence, (if rest- dence indeed I ought to call it,) because, though we met with labourers at every step, in great numbers, pruning the shrubs, sweeping the lawns, and supporting the flowers that were bending to the earth in luxuriant beauty, and rilling the air with inexpressible fragrance, I did not see one human being of any description to enjoy this heavenly retreat. I asked my young friend most earnestly how this strange solitude was to be accounted for; but before he ¬ srave

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 ¬gave me any answer, I thought I could observe a look not indeed of contempt, but of that good-natured complacency and surprize which is frequently raised by the questions of children on what they see ; regarding me then with a smile, he answered — " Oh yes ! it is completely enjoyed in proper times for its enjoyment ; but not at this season : you are probably thrown out by counting months on your voyage, for- getting that the poles of our planets point in op- posite directions, and that though it is now mid- winter in England, this very day, as I told you yesterday, would be our summer solstice. — What need I say more ? — This is not the cell or hut of a hermit, but a mansion for a social being at a very differed period of the year; so much so, that if it were not for your satisfaction, or, to speak the honest truth, that my father has put me about you as his deputy, I would not be found here longer than our cattle can be re- freshed, for any money you could lay down." ¬I was so much perplexed with what I heard, ¬that ¬

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 ¬that I scarcely knew how to deal with it, being perfectly aware, from every thing around me, that it must be Midsummer in Armata : I could therefore only say, that I was unac- quainted with the natural history of her produc- tions, but that all creation seemed to be in the highest perfection ; " and do those fine trees, then," I asked, " preserve their beauty through- out the year, or are they leafless in winter which, as I have learned from your father, is often most severe?" He here laughed, and muttered some- thing in his own language, which when I afterwards understood, I could not help laugh- ing also — translated literally into English, it sig- nified, Damn all trees, shrubs, and flowers! and then, resuming our English language, which he always spoke to me, he said, " The trees and shrubs are of course without leaves or flowers in winter, and are in their prime now ; — but what then ? Can they converse ? Can they dance? Can they sing? If you poured wine upon them instead of water would they live ? — or can they move from their places and hunt ? ¬Would ¬

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 ¬Would you, in short, have a man be like a bird, and sit whistling amongst those branches in the summer, instead of being in Swaloal — divine Swaloal ! where, would to Heaven ! we could be to-morrow ! — and here let me entreat you to re- member, if you speak of this place at all, (which I 'very much wish you would not,) that I only came here under my father's orders to shew it to you ; if you forget this I shall be com- pletely laughed at, as there are seven balls, four concerts, and thirteen private parties, all of which I have missed to-night by this damned stupid adventure : I ordered my servants to say I was in town, but ill of a sore throat; and though I wish our beds might be prepared for us, yet I am ashamed to put my letter into the post at such a distance from town, because the rascally country mark might dodge us ; let me beg of you therefore not to expose me." — Which I the more readily promised not to do, as he had sufficiently exposed himself. ¬Seeing at this moment an immense tree, resem- bling ¬

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 ¬blingour English oak, in all the glories of the year, I quitted the path and ran towards it, to sit under its shade ; but my companion, in great seeming agitation, called out loudly to me, " Come back ! come back ! or you will be certainly caught ; there are t7*aps every where." " Traps /" I replied hastily. — "What! traps for men? I wonder no longer at this solitude. — Are you cannibals then, and do you snare your fellow- creatures as if they were larks ?" " No, no," he replied, laughing, " we don't eat one ano- ther, but we like to be to ourselves when we eat our mutton ; and there would be no end of wanderers if we did not catch them by the leg." It was now my turn to laugh, and I could not help telling him, " that if this were done in England, the owner perhaps would be caught himself, and by the neck too, as Jack Catch might retaliate.''* ¬* Since my arrival in England, I have learned that law- yers differ upon this subject; — but humanity surely dictates the greatest caution in the use of such dangerous protec- tions. ¬e We ¬

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 ¬We now reached the house, where we were received, at a magnificent entrance, by a person who seemed to me to be a lady of the most affable and pleasing manners ; her gown was like one of our rich flowered silks, but rather of an old pattern, and it had been some time worn ; but I was particularly struck with the singular appearance of a very large bunch of keys where our women wear their watches. — I bowed to her with great respect, and asked my friend to present me to her. — " You need not," he said, " bow so profoundly ; it would please her far better if you were to look in your pocket for the largest piece of money in it. How could you imagine she was a lady ; did not I tell you there were none here at this season ? We are not in an enchanted castle ; the woman is not made of wood or marble, nor fastened, as you may see, to the floor ; and, if she were her own mistress, would soon be far enough off. She is only the housekeeper to shew the apart- ments, and pray let us make haste through them ; they smell damnably after having been -so ¬

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 ¬so long- shut up, and besides we have a long way to go before night." We now passed through a noble suite of rooms, which were rich, and well proportioned, ornamented with the finest tapestry and the richest brocades; the lustres also were most splendid, and the pictures, which were in magnificent frames, seemed to be finely painted; but the portraits of another world were, of course, uninteresting. She pointed, however, with a very long stick, to many great statesmen, philosophers, orators, warriors, judges, and learned men, and with that appropriate cadence which we hear at Exeter 'Change, when we visit the wild beasts. Throughout the whole of this immense round which, without forgetting my friend's injunc- tion, occupied at least two hours, we did not see one man, or woman, or child, nor any one living creature of any kind whatsoever, except several bats, who seemed, by their ilutterings, to have been but seldom disturbed, and now and then a coterie of moths, but who were so busy at luncheon on the velvet cushions and e 2 curtains, ¬

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 ¬curtains, that they did not even seem to ob- serve us. ¬When we arrived at the port of exit, I now took Cathmor's advice as to the most agreeable mode or" parting salutation, giving our con- ductress one of the largest coins that circulate in Armata, which she received with a most gracious smile, curtseying to me at the same time till the key of the great hall was stretched motionless on the ground. ¬We now returned through the plantations by a different road. — I had a fowling-piece with me, the gift of Morven on my first landing, and, seeing an animal run by, with a smell as it passed me that almost produced suffocation, and carrying in his jaws a most beautiful bird, which he was bringing from a field where se- veral bleturs and their young lay torn and man- gled, I almost instinctively raised my gun to my shoulder to shoot him : but my companion, holding my arm, cried out with the utmost ¬emotion, ¬

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 ¬emotion, rt What can you possibly mean ? — How could we answer for such a dreadful breach of hospitality ? It is a great favour, I assure you, to see the place, and would you return it by such an outrage as this?" I was almost pe- trified with surprise ; and, holding fast my nose till the horrid effluvia had evaporated, I asked him how it could possibly be considered as an ungrateful trespass upon the lord of this do- main to kill a most offensive wild beast, de- tected in the murderous act of destroying his property. ¬" His killing the bleturs," said Cathmor, " was perhaps incorrect; but it is impossible below the Heavens to have unmixed blessings, and we must be contented to take every good with some alloy of evil. — Those animals, though they formerly infested the country, and still do a vast deal of mischief, are nevertheless bred and preserved at a very great expense for our sport, and you may guess how impossible it would be to live without them, when I inform ¬e 3 you ¬

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 ¬you that we desert all those natural beauties you have been admiring, though we exhaust Our fortunes to create and keep them up, — that we prefer the frosts and fogs of our rigorous climate to its most delicious sunshine, — and abandon even our public councils in the most arduous and critical conjunctures rather than not follow up the closest scent of what so much revolts your ultra mundane nostrils.' — Do you wonder now," he said, as if he had just finished the demonstration of the plainest problem in Euclid, " do you wonder now, my good friend, that the absent proprietor of this mansion would have started back with horror, when told of the outrage which I so fortunately averted ?" I lis- tened to all this with silent composure, and taking out my leathern snuff-box, which had fortunately defied sea-water, and in which there still remained some most excellent rappee for the refreshment of my ultra mundane nostrils, I put out my hand, under the pretence of thank ing him, but in fact to take the chance of coming in contact with his pulse, as I was now ¬quite ¬

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 quite convinced he was mad. Another organ now came in for a full share of delight ; as my ears were saluted on a sudden with a harsh, frightful, and continued yell, such as I had sometimes heard in the woods of America, when fires were lighted to keep back the wolves — so that if I had not known we were in a reclaimed district, I should have expected to be instantly devoured ; and the more so as there was not a soul within a mile who could help us. — The cause soon became manifest in the persons of near a hundred large animals, more resembling our dog than any other creature, but, instead of being of some one hue, or shades of one, their skins appeared as if they were clouted with patches of different colours, which de- formed them not a little. — My young compa- nion seemed now quite enchanted, saying, " that as it was a natural propensity always to imagine something beyond realities, he had no doubt that what we were then hearing had given rise to the idea of the Music of the Spheres." — I made no answer, heartily wishing myself among ¬e 4 them. ¬

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 ¬them, without any apprehension of that kind of concert. ¬The senses, however, might be said, to have been in full harmony ; as the sight of the motley beasts, with the noise and smell, in such an equal and happy combination, could not but pre- vent their being jealous of one another. ¬We now retired to the inn for the night, and in the morning pursued our journey. — Nothing remarkable occurred till the day following, when, soon after sunrise, there suddenly burst upon us, from the summit of a commanding eminence, so sublime a spectacle in the distant view of the Capital, that I thought a second time our immortal poet must have been here be- fore me and described it : — ¬" When, by break of cheerful dawn, ¬He gain'd the height of a high climbing hill, Which to his eye discovers, unawares, The goodly prospect of a foreign land Just seen, and its renown'd metropolis, With glittering spires and pinnacles adorn'd, Which now the rising sun gilds with his beams." ¬On ¬

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 ¬On our nearer approach, the country still pre- served the same variety and beauty, if country it could any longer be called ; as it was rather a countless cluster of towns almost touching each other, in none of which I could discover any laborious arts or manufactures, but only im- mense numbers of decorated villas or cheerful village habitations, interspersed with shops of every useful description.— Reflecting here upon the public burthens, which the reader must well remember the account of in the former volume, I could not but be surprised to see an univer- sal face OF GAIETY, HAPPINESS, AND PLENTY. ¬We now came in sight of a fine river, and passed it by a bridge of incomparable structure, from which, on both sides, we discovered others of great magnitude and beauty, connecting the capital at various parts with other populous districts. ¬At last wc entered Swaloal; and after being wheeled along many noble streets, thronged ¬with ¬

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 ¬with carriages of every description and with multitudes on foot, as business or pleasure might direct them, we arrived at Morven's house, instead of that of my young companion, where we found every thing so well prepared for us, that I was happy he had avoided the disgrace of being traced into the wilderness by the odious marks of a country post, when it was intended that I should be his guest. ¬In the evening we had an excellent supper, and I went early to bed, though with very little inclination to sleep, every nerve having been electrified by his promise to attend me next day through the haunts of fashion and delight, which, having never been very distinctly de- scribed, the enchantment of novelty was un- dispelled. ¬ CHAP-

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 ¬ CHAPTER IV. ¬The Author is introduced to the Amusements and Gaieties of Swaloal. ¬The sun next clay, though there was certainly nothing new for him to see, had finished never- theless full twelve hours of his diurnal course, be- fore, as I was told, there was any thing wider the sun to be seen ; and it was not, therefore, till four in the evening, that our horses were at the door for our mornings ride ; — we then proceeded towards the royal park, in the favourite environ of the town, and I must say, that the most partial re- membrance of England, as we entered it, raised up in my mind no rival to its beauties. ¬It is several miles in circumference, and at one end of it there is a royal palace, surrounded with a delightful garden, — to both which splen- did demesnes of Royalty the whole people of ¬that ¬

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