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Rh skins, sat down for a moment near me growling his usual tale.

"'Make an entrada—a hole. If make a hole, bueno. If not make a hole, then vamos—we must go away.'

"After sunset I observed with surprise the Indians making preparations as if for another assault. Their lines stood ranged in the shadows of the mountains. On the plain in front of the fort gate I saw a group of men swaying about in the same place.

"I walked down the ridge disregarded. The moonlight in the clear air of the uplands was bright as day, but the intense shadows confused my sight, and I could not make out what they were doing. I heard the voice of Jorge, the artillerist, say in a queer, doubtful tone, 'It is loaded, señor.'

"Then another voice in that group pronounced firmly the words, 'Bring the riata here.' It was the voice of Gaspar Ruiz.

"A silence fell, in which the popping shots of the besieged garrison rang out sharply. They, too, had observed the group. But the distance was too great and in the spatter of spent musket-balls cutting up the ground, the group opened, closed, swayed, giving me a glimpse of busy stooping figures in its midst. I drew nearer, doubting whether this was a weird vision, a suggestive and insensate dream.

"A strangely stifled voice commanded, 'Haul the hitches tighter.'

"'Si, señor,' several other voices answered in tones of awed alacrity.

"Then the stifled voice said: 'Like this. I must be free to breathe.'

"Then there was a concerned noise of many men together. 'Help him up, hombres. Steady! Under the other arm.'

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62 "That deadened voice ordered: ' Bueno! Stand away from me, men.'

"I pushed my way through the recoiling circle, and heard once more that same oppressed voice saying earnestly: 'Forget that I am a living man, Jorge. Forget me altogether, and think of what you have to do.'

"'Be without fear, señor. You are nothing to me but a gun-carriage, and I shall not waste a shot.'

"I heard the spluttering of a port-fire, and smelt the saltpetre of the match. I saw suddenly before me a nondescript shape on all fours like a beast, but with a man's head drooping below a tubular projection over the nape of the neck, and the gleam of a rounded mass of bronze on its back.

"In front of a silent semicircle of men it squatted alone, with Jorge behind it and a trumpeter motionless, his trumpet in his hand, by its side.

"Jorge, bent double, muttered, port-fire in hand: 'An inch to the left, señor. Too much. So. Now, if you let yourself down a little by letting your elbows bend, I will . . .'

"He leaped aside, lowering his port-fire, and a burst of flame darted out of the muzzle of the gun lashed on the man's back.

"Then Gaspar Ruiz lowered himself slowly. 'Good shot?' he asked.

"'Full on, señor.'

"'Then load again.'

"He lay there before me on his breast under the darkly glittering bronze of his monstrous burden, such as no love or strength of man had ever had to bear in the lamentable history of the world. His arms were spread out, and he resembled a prostrate penitent on the moonlit ground.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Rh "Again I saw him raised to his hands and knees and the men stand away from him, and old Jorge stoop glancing along the gun.

"'Left a little. Right an inch. Por Dios, señor, stop this trembling. Where is your strength?'

"The old gunner's voice was cracked with emotion. He stepped aside, and quick as lightning brought the spark to the touch-hole.

"'Excellent!' he cried, tearfully; but Gaspar Ruiz lay for a long time silent, flattened on the ground.

"'I am tired,' he murmured at last. 'Will another shot do it?'

"'Without doubt,' said Jorge, bending down to his ear.

"'Then—load,' I heard him utter distinctly. 'Trumpeter!'

"'I am here, señor, ready for your word.'

"'Blow a blast at this word that shall be heard from one end of Chile to the other,' he said, in an extraordinarily strong voice. 'And you others stand ready to cut this accursed riata, for then will be the time for me to lead you in your rush. Now raise me up, and you, Jorge—be quick with your aim.'

"The rattle of musketry from the fort nearly drowned his voice. The palisade was wreathed in smoke and flame.

"'Exert your force forward against the recoil, mi amo,' said the old gunner, shakily. 'Dig your fingers into the ground. So. Now!'

"A cry of exultation escaped him after the shot. The trumpeter raised his trumpet nearly to his lips and waited. But no word came from the prostrate man, I fell on one knee, and heard all he had to say then.

"'Something broken,' he whispered, lifting his head

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64 a little, and turning his eyes towards me in his hopelessly crushed attitude.

"'The gate hangs only by the splinters,' yelled Jorge.

"Gaspar Ruiz tried to speak, but his voice died out in his throat, and I helped to roll the gun off his broken back. He was insensible.

"I kept my lips shut, of course. The signal for the Indians to attack was never given. Instead, the bugle-calls of the relieving force for which my ears had thirsted so long, burst out, terrifying like the call of the Last Day to our surprised enemies.

"A tornado, señores, a real hurricane of stampeded men, wild horses, mounted Indians, swept over me as I cowered on the ground by the side of Gaspar Ruiz, still stretched out on his face in the shape of a cross. Peneleo, galloping for life, jabbed at me with his long chuso in passing—for the sake of old acquaintance, I suppose. How I escaped the flying lead is more difficult to explain. Venturing to rise on my knees too soon some soldiers of the 17th Taltal regiment, in their hurry to get at something alive, nearly bayoneted me on the spot. They looked very disappointed, too, when, some officers galloping up drove them away with the flat of their swords.

"It was General Robles with his staff. He wanted badly to make some prisoners. He, too, seemed disappointed for a moment. 'What! Is it you?' he cried. But he dismounted at once to embrace me, for he was an old friend of my family. I pointed to the body at our feet, and said only these two words:

"'Gaspar Ruiz.'

"He threw his arms up in astonishment.

"'Aha! Your strong man! Always to the last with your strong man. No matter. He saved our lives when the earth trembled enough to make the bravest

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Rh faint with fear. I was frightened out of my wits. But he—no! Que guape! Where's the hero who got the best of him? ha! ha! ha! What killed him, chico? '

"'His own strength, General,' I answered.

  XII

" Gaspar Ruiz breathed yet. I had him carried in his poncho under the shelter of some bushes on the very ridge from which he had been gazing so fixedly at the fort while unseen death was hovering already over his head.

"Our troops had bivouacked round the fort. Towards daybreak I was not surprised to hear that I was designated to command the escort of a prisoner who was to be sent down at once to Santiago. Of course the prisoner was Gaspar Ruiz' wife.

"'I have named you out of regard for your feelings,' General Robles remarked. 'Though the woman really ought to be shot for all the harm she has done to the Republic.'

"And as I made a movement of shocked protest, he continued:

"'Now he is as well as dead, she is of no importance. Nobody will know what to do with her. However, the Government wants her.' He shrugged his shoulders. 'I suppose he must have buried large quantities of his loot in places that she alone knows of.'

"At dawn I saw her coming up the ridge, guarded by two soldiers, and carrying her child on her arm.

"I walked to meet her.

"'Is he living yet?' she asked, confronting me with that white, impassive face he used to look at in an adoring way.

"I bent my head, and led her round a clump of

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66 bushes without a word. His eyes were open. He breathed with difficulty, and uttered her name with a great effort.

"'Erminia!'

"She knelt at his head. The little girl, unconscious of him, and with her big eyes looking about, began to chatter suddenly, in a joyous, thin voice. She pointed a tiny finger at the rosy glow of sunrise behind the black shapes of the peaks. And while that child-talk, incomprehensible and sweet to the ear, lasted, those two, the dying man and the kneeling woman, remained silent, looking into each other's eyes, listening to the frail sound. Then the prattle stopped. The child laid its head against its mother's breast and was still.

"'It was for you,' he began. 'Forgive.' His voice failed him. Presently I heard a mutter and caught the pitiful words: 'Not strong enough.'

"She looked at him with an extraordinary intensity. He tried to smile, and in a humble tone, 'Forgive me,' he repeated. 'Leaving you . . .'

"She bent down, dry-eyed and in a steady voice: 'On all the earth I have loved nothing but you, Gaspar,' she said.

"His head made a movement. His eyes revived. 'At last!' he sighed out. Then, anxiously, 'But is this true . . . is this true?'

"'As true as that there is no mercy and justice in this world,' she answered him, passionately. She stooped over his face. He tried to raise his head, but it fell back, and when she kissed his lips he was already dead. His glazed eyes stared at the sky, on which pink clouds floated very high. But I noticed the eyelids of the child, pressed to its mother's breast, droop and close slowly. She had gone to sleep.

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Rh "The widow of Gaspar Ruiz, the strong man, allowed me to lead her away without shedding a tear.

"For travelling we had arranged for her a side-saddle very much like a chair, with a board swung beneath to rest her feet on. And the first day she rode without uttering a word, and hardly for one moment turning her eyes away from the little girl, whom she held on her knees. At our first camp I saw her during the night walking about, rocking the child in her arms and gazing down at it by the light of the moon. After we had started on our second day's march she asked me how soon we should come to the first village of the inhabited country.

"I said we should be there about noon.

"'And will there be women there?' she inquired.

"I told her that it was a large village. 'There will be men and women there, señora,' I said, 'whose hearts shall be made glad by the news that all the unrest and war is over now.'

"'Yes, it is all over now,' she repeated. Then, after a time: 'Señor officer, what will your Government do with me?'

"'I do not know, señora,' I said. 'They will treat you well, no doubt. We republicans are not savages and take no vengeance on women.'

"She gave me a look at the word 'republicans' which I imagined full of undying hate. But an hour or so afterwards, as we drew up to let the baggage mules go first along a narrow path skirting a precipice, she looked at me with such a white, troubled face that I felt a great pity for her.

"'Señor officer,' she said, 'I am weak, I tremble. It is an insensate fear.' And indeed her lips did tremble while she tried to smile, glancing at the beginning of the narrow path which was not so dangerous after all. 'I am

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68 afraid I shall drop the child. Gaspar saved your life, you remember. . . . Take her from me.'

"I took the child out of her extended arms. "Shut your eyes, señora, and trust to your mule,' I recommended.

"She did so, and with her pallor and her wasted, thin face she looked deathlike. At a turn of the path where a great crag of purple porphyry closes the view of the lowlands, I saw her open her eyes. I rode just behind her holding the little girl with my right arm. 'The child is all right,' I cried encouragingly.

"'Yes,' she answered, faintly; and then, to my intense terror, I saw her stand up on the foot-rest, staring horribly, and throw herself forward into the chasm on our right.

"I cannot describe to you the sudden and abject fear that came over me at that dreadful sight. It was a dread of the abyss, the dread of the crags which seemed to nod upon me. My head swam. I pressed the child to my side and sat my horse as still as a statue. I was speechless and cold all over. Her mule staggered, sidling close to the rock, and then went on. My horse only pricked up his ears with a slight snort. My heart stood still, and from the depths of the precipice the stones rattling in the bed of the furious stream made me almost insane with their sound.

"Next moment we were round the turn and on a broad and grassy slope. And then I yelled. My men came running back to me in great alarm. It seems that at first I did nothing but shout, 'She has given the child into my hands! She has given the child into my hands!' The escort thought I had gone mad."

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Rh General Santierra ceased and got up from the table. "And that is all, señores," he concluded, with a courteous glance at his rising guests.

"But what became of the child, General?" we asked.

"Ah, the child, the child."

He walked to one of the windows opening on his beautiful garden, the refuge of his old days. Its fame was great in the land. Keeping us back with a raised arm, he called out, "Erminia, Erminia!" and waited. Then his cautioning arm dropped, and we crowded to the windows.

From a clump of trees a woman had come upon the broad walk bordered with flowers. We could hear the rustle of her starched petticoats and observed the ample spread of her old-fashioned black silk skirt. She looked up, and seeing all these eyes staring at her stopped, frowned, smiled, shook her finger at the General, who was laughing boisterously, and drawing the black lace on her head so as to partly conceal her haughty profile, passed out of our sight, walking with stiff dignity.

"You have beheld the guardian angel of the old man—and her to whom you owe all that is seemly and comfortable in my hospitality. Somehow, señores, though the flame of love has been kindled early in my breast, I have never married. And because of that perhaps the sparks of the sacred fire are not yet extinct here." He struck his broad chest. "Still alive, still alive," he said, with serio-comic emphasis. "But I shall not marry now. She is General Santierra's adopted daughter and heiress."

One of our fellow-guests, a young naval officer, described her afterwards as a "short, stout, old girl of forty or thereabouts." We had all noticed that her hair was turning grey, and that she had very fine black eyes.

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text:
Author:Asger Jorn

Internationale Situationniste (1957-1961)

 * Originality and Magnitude (on Isou's System) (1960), article in Internationale Situationiste No. 4.
 * Open Creation and its Enemies (1960), article in Internationale Situationiste No. 5.
 * Pataphysics, A Religion in the Making (1961), article in Internationale Situationiste No. 6.

title: Author:Asger Jorn


text:
Category:Situationists

This lists people involved with the Situationist movement

title: Category:Situationists


text:
Page:A Life of Matthew Fontaine Maury.pdf/115

Rh source, of a prize to the company through whose telegraphic wire the first messages shall be sent across the Atlantic.

I have the honour to be, &c.,, Lt. U.S.N. 2em

Maury's labours are noticed in the annual report of the Secretary of the Navy 1856, who dwells upon questions relating to ocean telegraphy in the following extracts:—

"The indefatigable Superintendent of the Naval Observatory, not content with aiding commerce and the untaught mariner by pointing out the safest and shortest tracks on the ocean where friendly winds and currents may be found, nor yet with the contributions to the intelligence of the country resulting from observing the stars of the heavens, has, for some time past, thought it not visionary to urge upon the public attention a new study, denominated by Baron Humboldt the 'Physical Geography of the Sea. He had also been so bold as to insist that, whenever a survey could be made of the bottom of the ocean between Newfoundland and Ireland, it would be ascertained that such were the moderate depths, such the perfect repose there, and absence of abrading or disturbing currents, that telegraphic wires could be laid as safely and successfully as upon land.

"Lieutenant Brooke, of the Navy, had invented a most ingenious yet simple contrivance, in connection with the shot used, by which the moment it touched the bed of the ocean it became detached, and carefully took up specimens of whatever it came in contact with, and brought them up safely to the operator. Many of our enterprising countrymen, very naturally desirous of seeing accomplished so grand an undertaking, were anxious that all doubts of practicability should, if possible, be removed by actual observation and examination.


text: Talk:National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius


text:
Page:A Life of Matthew Fontaine Maury.pdf/116

102 "An Act was passed in 1849 giving authority to the Secretary of the Navy to use national vessels for testing new routes and perfecting the discoveries made by Lieutenant Maury. I confess I felt some pride in having the science and naval genius of our own country to continue foremost these great ocean surveys, and in illustrating the practicability of so grand a conception as harnessing the lightning and making it obedient beneath the profound depths of the great sea which Providence has placed between the Old and the New World. There was no difficulty in finding a competent officer to make these soundings, directed by Lieutenant Maury. Lieutenant Berryman, of large experience and established reputation in deep sea soundings, full of that enterprising spirit so characteristic of American officers, was not only ready, but earnestly solicitous and eager to be permitted to execute the task. The small steamer 'Arctic' was lying idle at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, and was pronounced suitable. The order was issued, and Lieutenant Berryman, accompanied by Lieutenant Strain, passed Midshipmen Mitchell and Thomas, Midshipman Barnes, and a few men, left New York on the 18th of July, crossed the ocean, and returned on the 14th of October, bringing with him abundant supplies of curious and interesting specimens from the bed of the ocean. In order to make his soundings approximate accuracy as nearly as possible, Lieutenant Berryman returned in the same latitude, and re-examined points where he had doubts. The length of the route surveyed is about 1600 miles; the greatest depth found was 2070 fathoms (about 2½ miles), the average, however, being much less. These soundings and specimens have been turned over to the Naval Observatory. The Superintendent has already caused the specimens to be analysed, and in the hands of a learned professor whose


text:
Wikisource:Scriptorium/Archives/2012-06

= Announcements =

= Proposals =

Add WSexport to sidebar
Are there any objections to adding the WSexport tool to the sidebar so we can download in EPUB format? According to Oldwikisource:Wikisource:WSexport, we just need to add this to MediaWiki:Common.js: //link "Download as EPUB" if (wgNamespaceNumber == 0) { $(document).ready( function {     mw.util.addPortletLink( 'p-coll-print_export', '//toolserver.org/~tpt/wsexport/book.php?lang=en&format=epub&page=' + mw.config.get('wgPageName'), 'Download as EPUB', 'n-epubExport', 'Download an EPUB version of this page', '',      '#t-print');    }); } I've used it a few times directly from the toolserver and once from my personal javascript; it seems to work. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 20:21, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Can we try it as a gadget? All working well, then we can have it as a default YES, and then later we can look at all our links and see how it fits within the kit of links. — billinghurst  sDrewth  12:30, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Please please add this. Linnea (talk) 19:33, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I had to figure out how gadgets work but I've done that and the tool is now gadgetised. I've tested the new gadget a few times since going live and each test succeeded. The EPUBs are not perfect but I believe that's due to the tool itself and the difficulty in automatically generating files. Not that the EPUBs are bad; the worst I've noticed so far is that different text sizes do not seem to be supported.  Anyway, it is currently the last gadget in the list, under "Development", in preferences. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 22:22, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Yay thanks! Different text sizes are no-no in ebooks because you want to change the font setting on the reader depending of the screen size and screen orientation and so on. There are some work left to do still. Left and right settings don't work on epub. I mean, it is not good when the image is forced to have text on it's side. All images should be "hanging free" because there is no page breaks. But it is ok. At least now we can read wikisource easily on ebook readers. :) Linnea (talk) 18:55, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Relative text sizes work fine in ebooks, and seem to be more or less a necessity--Prosfilaes (talk) 19:49, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

Flood option that administrators can apply
I would like to put before the community an extra right that I believe would be beneficial to the community's toolkit. The right is the flood flag, and it would be used by any of our administrators and to be applied for a temporary period on themself or another user where there is the need for a series of edits to be obscured from the standard setting of RecentChanges; and instead to have them visible through the same filter for displaying bot edits; specifically this is to stop the flood of the standard RC setting so that patrolling of edits is not adversely affected. The sort of times that I would see that this option would be used would be situations similar to where I recently added authority control template to a few hundred author pages, or Hesperian's work on disambiguations. The former a situation where a standard bot could not be applied, the latter one where bot like actions required with some administrator guidance, both unnecessary for applying formal bot-type operations.

I would suggest that the management of the rights should be similar to how we are currently self-managing the options for Abuse Filter and Autopatrol in that a reasoned explanation in the summary line will suffice. All application of rights are logged at Special:Log/rights and visible via Special:ListUsers and if we look at the example at meta, through Special:Listusers/flood. The holding of the right would and should be applied for a short term period. If the community is in favour of requesting the right (done via bugzilla:), I would suggest that we look to review the application of the self-management of rights three and twelve months after adoption of the tool, to review the allocation of the right. — billinghurst  sDrewth  13:23, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

 * No Objections. Jeepday (talk) 13:56, 4 May 2012 (UTC)
 * 36863 — billinghurst  sDrewth  14:18, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

= BOT approval requests =

=Help=

= Other discussions =

Extemporaneous speech
Flight 93 Transcript with CARTC, September 11th FDNY Radio Transcripts, and 9/11 Dispatcher transcript is currently marked as no license. Flight 93 Cockpit Transcript is marked with the obviously wrong PD-USGov. I'm sure there are more similar transcripts around. Extemporaneous speech does not gather a copyright normally, but if we want to make that assertion, can someone whose comfortable with the law here make an appropriate license tag for these?--Prosfilaes (talk) 01:46, 2 April 2012 (UTC)
 * The last I checked, these were all part of the evidence collected, examined & released by the 9/11 Commission in their Final Report (which is PD-USGov by nature). I recall (fairly well) both Flight 93 related transcripts among others as being part of the Notes to Chapter 1 (ref 160 something by the FAA/NTSB) and pretty sure the other 2 were also entered as evidence & cited as such in one of the other Notes sections (but its been a couple of years since I read the report so don't hold me to those other two for sure). Anyone still have a copy lying around? The abbreviated version only cites these whereas the bundle had the full text. -- George Orwell III (talk) 21:10, 4 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually, just to clarify, PD-USGov does wash clean works that are incorporated. In other words, a copyrighted work may become evidence or otherwise incorporated into a report and would not lose its copyright.  I'm not taking any position on the question itself, I haven't looked into it.--Doug.(talk • contribs) 08:34, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Flight voice/data recorders are FAA property; not the airline's. I've dealt with the FAA memos (the transcripts) previously in smacking down various wingnuts and their double-remote-controlled-Boeing-737-reouted-to-covert-airstrip-and-blah-blah 9/11 truther conspiracies more times than I care to remember, so I'm as close to positive as possible that PD-USGov applies to 2 if not 3 of the transcripts involving the FAA without being a lawyer. The FDNY stuff may be a different story but I doubt it - if the 9/11 Commission cites it, then I'd bet its been cleared of all names, etc. and released into PD via evidence or similar legal avenue during their investigation. -- George Orwell III (talk) 09:49, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't have any experience with cockpit voice/data recorders and will take your word for it. I only meant to clarify that simply putting it in a transcript that was a Gov't document wouldn't make an otherwise copyrightable work PD-Gov.  I have no issues with your conclusion.--Doug.(talk • contribs) 20:03, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Tagged the articles Flight 93 Transcript with CARTC, September 11th FDNY Radio Transcripts, and 9/11 Dispatcher transcript with copyvio and copied above to Possible_copyright_violations. Scriptorium discusions are archived for inactivity, WS:CV are only archived on closure of copyright question. Jeepday (talk) 12:14, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

Proofread page related
The "source" tab has disappeared from the top of mainspace pages that have transcluded pages from the Page namespace. For example, Great Expectations/Chapter XXVIII is fully transcluded and has the coloured bar to indicate progress, but where 24 hours ago there was a tab button in between "page" and "discussion" with the word "source" on it, it's not there anymore. I can find no alternative way to jump straight to the Index. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 10:11, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * New Interface problem ✅
 * Have you tried purging your css & js files? — billinghurst  sDrewth  10:51, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Double refresh got it for me. — billinghurst  sDrewth  11:53, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

I have found that despite the header/footer gadget saying OPEN, that the header/footer flashes as open then displays as closed. — billinghurst  sDrewth  11:24, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Header/Footer ✅
 * It may be a problem with a script that use the self.proofreadpage_show_headers var. We solve this problem on fr by removing this var from scripts. Tpt (talk)
 * Disable the gadget in your preferences and enable the option also in your preferences, editing tab. -- George Orwell III (talk) 13:34, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Amazing that we had that embedded into the pages. I have (re)customised the text to what was with the gadget.  And I have addressed the issue of the default status of the headers. — billinghurst  sDrewth  14:58, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

On it.wikisource we got a problem with labeled sections. Go to it:Myricae/Finestra illuminata/III Dopo?. All ok. Now click edit and then preview. The text that appears is the result of the trasclusion switching "fromsection" with "tosection" and viceversa. Candalua (talk) 13:06, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * sections ✅
 * Sorry. I have make a mistake with the implementation of "include", "exclude" and "step". I have submit a commit in order to solve this problem. We have only to wait for the next deployment (15 days). Tpt (talk) 13:21, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I have open a bug here : https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/show_bug.cgi?id=36093. Tpt (talk) 14:16, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Looks like the code was patched in response to the bugzilla a couple of hours ago. A cache-purge/hard-refresh may be needed on pages previously observed to have been affected by this. -- George Orwell III (talk) 00:45, 20 April 2012 (UTC)
 * When I read 15 days I thought: What?!? :-) But then it was solved very quickly. Thank you very very much. Candalua (talk) 18:09, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

I have a problem when trying to use the "Horizontal layout when editing in Page: namespace" option in Gadgets, as the image of the source does not appear (reappears when I take this option off, but I find that makes editing harder)--George Burgess (talk) 13:36, 22 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Horizontal Layout

Other issues
From the previous MediaWiki update, every link to a Page used to have a css class associated with pagequality level. There had been some debate here on en.ws whether this was right or not, but anyway the class in itself didn't do any harm: the subdomains who liked it could use it, the subdomains who didn't like it could simply set their css rules to ignore it. But now it has disappeared. Did someone ask for its removal? It's really sad that useful features are added just to be dropped some months later. Candalua (talk) 13:06, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * pagequality class

 * Edit: I see from the end of this discussion that the change was unintentional and it was reverted?!? But WHY, for God's sake???? Just because it's unintentional doesn't mean it's bad, on the contrary, I've shown in the above discussion that there was no need to revert, only to fix css styles! Candalua (talk) 13:18, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Gatgetize it locally if need be. Normal proofreading should be taking place in the Page: & Index namespaces anyway. -- George Orwell III (talk) 13:38, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * You can't gadgetise it without the class information being present in the page. The server can easily give you this information, but it is almost impossible to get it after page serving, without some horribly slow and inefficient hack like AJAXing in all the linked Page: NS pages. Inductiveload— talk/contribs  15:50, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Oh well. Normal proofreading should be taking place in the Page: & Index namespaces anyway. -- George Orwell III (talk) 16:24, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * The colours are useful in contexts other than the proofreading in these namespaces, as shown by the presence of the status bar in the mainspace. Other Wikisources also found them useful for labelling individual page number links. If it were to be a documented effect, every Wikisource can respond as they please, including ignoring them. Inductiveload— talk/contribs  16:38, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Other wikisources, such as it., have also opted for no dynamic layouts - why not here? (rehtorical). Look I get what you're saying but you obviously don't gey what I'm saying - the problem, as it is in most of these cases, was the process here . No proposal, no authorization, no test-run & no consensus formed to make the change; end of story, Bugzilla or otherwise.
 * I don't want this "on" just to have to turn it off thru CSS because I don't see it being useful nor in the spirit of standing practices & policies; others might see it as you do. We won't know until en.WS established regulars are put the option in a formal proposal process. -- George Orwell III (talk) 17:11, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Process wasn't followed because it was a mistake. Inductiveload— talk/contribs  17:16, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * And mistakes are typically corrected. Why this section appears as part of the issues with the wmf1.20 upgrade when it was really a correction is the question. Should I consider it part of an effort to make a "happy" mistake, now corrected, reverted once again as if it were really a bug in wmf1.20. and easier than going through normal channels by some in spite of the community? Probably not but at least I've made that point clear and unmistakable. -- George Orwell III (talk) 17:33, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * It has been corrected, and the people who had built a useful system on the mistake without realising that it wasn't supposed to happen saw a regression in the 1.20 upgrade from their perspective. Hence the comment here. There is no conspiracy, honest. Inductiveload— talk/contribs  20:47, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Candalua: the code actually was defective, as it was a programming mistake caused by an accidental commented line and didn't do what it said it would, though as you say that doesn't mean the effect wasn't useful (mutations are not always harmful, it's not only Peppered moth evolution and E. coli that demonstrate that principle!). It does, however, make the code hard to maintain as the code isn't then documented correctly. If some sort of consensus could be reached, one could remove the code that aborts link-colouring if not in the Index: NS (i.e. remove lines 443 and 444 here) and use local gadgets and CSS to define when and where link-colouring is used. This would then be, as Zaran said above, a matter of a Bugzilla ticket. Inductiveload— talk/contribs  16:38, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

Inductiveload, if I get it right, you're saying: if the comment does not match with the code, let's change the code... I would say: if the code is good, let's keep the code and change the comment! So the situation is: just because you don't want to do a simple fix on your common.css (I really don't understand why), you've made us lose a useful feature. Anyway. My next proposal is: re-add the class, but with some prefix, something like "linkcolor-qualityX", so that it doesn't interfere with your css rules and you still see everything like before without doing any change on your side. Please, can we reach consensus at least on this? Candalua (talk) 18:30, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, yes, but functional changes should be discussed, and the code was still not quite right, even for the new effect (there was at least one extra line that should have been removed in that case). I support the idea, but I am sick of fighting the paranoia that derails nearly every discussion that involves the words "layouts", "CSS", "JS" or "extension" into a rear-guard defence. All I'm doing is saying what happened to cause this and how you'd progress if you wanted to change it back. Start a proposal at here or at oldWS and I'll chime in, but I'm not doing more than that in this hostile climate . Inductiveload— talk/contribs  20:47, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Edit, sorry that was out of order. I'm willing to help on this if we can reach an agreement. Inductiveload— talk/contribs  02:14, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

Proposal

 * Moved to established Proposals section above. See Proposal concerning pagequality class. -- George Orwell III (talk) 22:57, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

User defined .js toolbar problem revisited
I reported this issue after the 1.19wmf1 update and posted about it on several occasions, once here, and with Inductiveload on his talk page. Unfortunately we found no working solution.

Now, it's carried over to v1.20wmf1 as well with a variation - that on rare occasion, the toolbar appears properly. I was able to catch this earlier today and uploaded a snapshot of how it is now, and how it should be. My problem is that the split confuses and slows me down, causing editing errors.

I understand that no one here can fix this and I am asking how to go about reporting this to the developers. From my understanding of the editing Source Document, this is not a bug but a design change after v1.18wmf1 which causes this issue. Thanks in advance — Ineuw talk 23:14, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

Selecting new eras
It has been pointed out, in Scriptorium/Help, that the eras as used on Wikisource are incorrect. Currently they are: According to Wikipedia, the Early modern period is roughly from the end of the Medieval period up to the Industrial Revolution; a time span that covers the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the Age of Discovery. The Late modern era roughly begins with the Industrial revolution and ends with the beginning of the cold war/end of World War 2. This is followed by the contemporary era (1945-present). (The ends of the ancient and medieval periods are also debatable).

These eras do not have strict dates but Wikisource needs them for categorisation. Authors are automatically categorised into these eras based on their birth and death years. We also need some central point of reference for a large group of disparate volunteers to co-ordinate in categorising works.

So, we need to decide if we are going to stick with our current eras or redefine them.

One easy approach would be to conflate the Renaissance and Early Modern eras into the Modern era. That would, however, have a lot of works and authors crowded into one period (Joan of Arc sharing the era with Steve Jobs). We could merge Renaissance and Early Modern. We can also a new era, Contemporary, adjusting the others to fit, although "contemporary" may not long mean post-WW2.

Thoughts? - AdamBMorgan (talk) 18:45, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I think we need to ask ourselves, "what are we trying to do with these categories? What is our purpose in dividing authors and works by eras and how are users served?"  I don't think the current system does anything of value.  In fact, it's a net detriment as it places authors in works in the wrong periods altogether, so anyone familiar with such terms would not look for them in the categories they are in.  The major historical eras have arbitrary but useable start and end points.  The Renaissance does not and there is some argument that it never even occurred in England.  If we're going to make a different era at that time, "Elizabethan" would make more sense (and benefits from being clearly defined).  On the whole, though, it seems that simply making things available by year, decade, and century, is more useful - you don't have to know what arbitrary era something has been placed in.  Is there an easy way to search by a date range?--Doug.(talk • contribs) 18:26, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I think the eras are a useful tool for finding an author. Birth and death categories are very specific and do not allow a reader to find an author in "roughly period X" or near contemporaries.  I can't think of an easy way to search a variety of categories at once.  We could make the era categories a two-layer system, with parent eras (Ancient/Medieval/Modern) and child eras (they all have about three sub-divisions).  The Renaissance is apparently a sub-division of the Early Modern era, which is itself a sub-divison of the Modern era; so we could skip it in favour of Early Modern.  On the other hand, the US Library of Congress appears to date the Renaissance as 1500-1700, if we need an external point of reference for a specific date range.  The Renaissance is a recognised period and it would still apply to period translations, even if not to the works originally in English.  If we keep it, it can either overlap with Early Modern (authors of the time being categorised into both) or be a child of it—making it a grandchild category of the Modern era. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 17:54, 1 May 2012 (UTC)
 * For reference, that would something like the following. It gets a bit vague in the older periods. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 20:17, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

 * The problem I have with the Renaissance is that it is a recognized (though only in Continental Europe and even there disputed by some) period with no agreed beginning and end. The period 1500-1700 used by the LoC doesn't agree with any time period I find anywhere else and we haven't modeled on the LoC for other eras.  And it varies widely by country.  Also, using a period that has questionable relevance to English just because it has relevance to, say, Italian, would argue for using non-European periods as well.  Part of the problem with the period "Renaissance" is the same problem with the cusp of late antiquity/early medieval once being called the "Dark Ages".  Hardly anyone would refer to it as that now, yet that's exactly why there's a 200 year gray area around the end of late antiquity.  The problem is clear in the version above, where the Early Iron Age begins after the beginning of Classical Antiquity which started in the 8th C. BCE according to the Wikipedia article linked for the latter, the former article indicates that the Iron Age ran from around 1200 BCE to 400 CE in Europe but was over by 600 BCE in the Near East.
 * Contemporary is a moving target, 1946 is just its current point of reference accepted by some, others would say the 1930s, 1960s or even 1980s.
 * Again, I ask "what are we trying to do?" finding a rough contemporaries only works if you are away from the cusps.  If I want to find an author or a list of rough contemporaries of an author from AD 500, I'm never going to know which period to search.  The same for knowing whether a 1930s or 1940s author is late modern or contemporary, though in about 20 years both will be clearly in the former category.
 * On the other hand, anything that clarifies that the 1890s were not early modern is an improvement over what we have now.--Doug.(talk • contribs) 14:13, 2 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Certainly if I'm looking for a 19th-century author I'm never going to look under "Early Modern authors". Probably not even if I'm looking for an 18th-century author, but that may be because I'm a linguist rather than a literature person and I would only look under "Early Modern authors" if the person wrote in Early Modern English, which is generally held to have ended about 1700. (For example, some people may consider Jonathan Swift Early Modern, but judging by linguistic criteria he isn't, he's Modern.) Angr 19:06, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

 * It seems like there is a lot of variation in periods (years) that fit the "labels" what if you use the periods (i.e. 1301 - 1500) instead of the labels, there is less room for confusion that way, and it will never become outdated. Jeepday (talk) 19:55, 3 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I think the labels help newer or casual readers. Words like "ancient", "medieval" and "modern" help there but the precise subdivisions is a problem.  One approach would be to ignore the Ancient Era for now, remove Renaissance altogether (or, at least, not have it as an automatic addition; only applying it manually where appropriate) and use something other than "Contemporary" for the rolling Current Era.  (For that: "Post-War" is correct but could be confusing, "Atomic" would also be accurate, and "Post-modern" is apparently used sometimes although I don't like it.) - AdamBMorgan (talk) 23:32, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

Periodization is never neat, and words like "Renaissance" and "Medieval" are more than just imprecise; they are also culturally relative. I always thought it was weird that our system makes 15th-century Indian mystics into "Renaissance authors" and 14th-century Chinese writers into "Medieval authors". These are terms based entirely on European historical trends and, if they are ever applied to other cultures, they are often used for different time spans (A "Chinese Renaissance" might very well refer to the Song Dynasty, centuries before the European sense of the word—but the dynasties already provide a good enough periodization of Chinese history in most cases). Even in Europe, these are largely cultural—rather than chronological—categories; much ink has been spilled about the "spread" of the Renaissance from Italy outward. Petrarch is considered to be a Renaissance author but most of his contemporaries are not, and our categories for him reflect that confusion. The same is true of "modernity" or "antiquity". In the ideal world, I think we would have categories based only by century, or other arbitrary time spans, and treat periods like "Renaissance" or "Early modern" as literary and artistic movements which are added by editors like other topical categories, rather than based on the years entered into the template. Dominic (talk) 14:57, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

Any set of eras and any set of labels is arbitrary and disputable. Unlike Angr, I wouldn't look for Swift under modern authors and Shakespeare under early modern authors, and I'd be surprised if there were any consensus among any large enough group what early modern and modern means. In my personal cataloging, I have Medieval literature, 16th century lit ... 21st century literature, and an overlapping category Elizabethan (II) literature for post-1954 writings with no standardization on pre-medieval works. It may be overfine, but it works. In any case, I'd prefer a finely divided system with reasonably mnemonic labels even if it takes some learning to figure out what their Wikisource-specific meanings were.--Prosfilaes (talk) 19:58, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

Request
List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly - Shouldn't this be a Portal?

In any case isn't NI legislation now covered by the standard UK Crown Waiver or Open Government License? Sfan00 IMG (talk) 09:29, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

 * In this case, I have deleted it as it had no meaningful content and would never be expanded in its present form. I have to say that I do not understand the Open Government License.  Its wording is not clear on whether it covers all legislation and I'm not sure how it works with Wikimedia (see also the Open Parliament License).  A new portal can be started for the Northern Ireland Assembly if this is cleared up. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 17:07, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell, the problem with all this stems from the previous Crown Copyright Waiver. Instead of making a generalized disclaimer covering all the agencies, bodies, etc. of the UK government (something akin to the Federal level) and listing any excluded works or bodies afterwards, it seems the waiver had a companion listing of all the bodies / works it theoretically covered only. Of course that guidance eventually became dated and the lines of responsibility blured over time - making every unlisted entity's (or sub-division of) works a question that had to be put to OPSI officials to be sure of copyright status. There is no includes all works by caveat with the waiver and now the OGL; just an includes [works] with no indication for the limitations that carried over or are newly created.
 * The OGL merely extended coverage over the same spotty listings as the Crown Waiver did with little to no additional clarification on what waiver conditions meant inclusion & what conditions resulted in exclusion. . At least thats the way it reads for me. -- George Orwell III (talk) 18:35, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

A categorization question
If one category is the child category of another, should an article be categorized in the parent category as well? — Ineuw talk 15:45, 14 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Going by Wikipedia standards: No. In fact, the opposite is the case, the article should only appear in the child category.  I've kept to the same policy here (and Commons etc) but I can see a case for occasional exceptions where categorisation into both would be useful (if it would help a reader, for example; if they would normally expect it to be in both). - AdamBMorgan (talk) 16:18, 14 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the clarification. Another issue is the organization of medicine and health categories. For example, in my opinion, Category:Dentistry ought to be a child category of medicine (and not health). Using Wikipedia as a guide, it is a child category of Category:Health sciences. This may be a solution in the future as medicine related categories are being added. — Ineuw talk 17:16, 14 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Medicine and health categorisation is part of my RL paradigm. Please feel free to touch base with me as issues arise. Dentistry real fits under both Medicine and Health depending on the aspect under focus (restoration or prevention). I'll give it some more thought and get back to you. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 07:08, 15 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your kind offer. I completely agree that it fits under both. This is what makes decisions so difficult. :-). — Ineuw talk 16:25, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

Authors missing Wikipedia links
Hi. I had MZMcBride query the database for pages in the author namespace with exact matching titles (including redirects) on Wikipedia but lacking links to the that article in the author page. These require human checking to resolve, of course. I've been intending to go through it, but it looks like it will be a lot more laborious than I thought, and I've only done a few so far—some are obviously right or wrong, but a lot of the matches are disambiguation pages for common names (meaning you have to find the right one), and some matches are ambiguous due to lack of identifying information (mostly birth/death dates) in the author page or Wikipedia article that would allow corroboration. I could use some help! The list is at User:Dominic/Missing Wikipedia links if anyone is interested. You're welcome to move that page out of my userspace and make a regular project out of it, and to organize it better than a simple table. Dominic (talk) 16:01, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

Schools of Charles the Great (1911)
Could someone upload this book? http://archive.org/details/schoolsofcharles00mulliala

I've been trying to upload it to Commons all day and it is not working.

- Lucyrocks=) (talk) 21:23, 25 May 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ at Commons:File:Schools of Charles the Great.djvu. I'll leave you to add appropriate categories and change it over to the Book template on Commons before creating the Index here. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 21:39, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

Sorry to busy you more, but I don't know how to do that or put it on here, either. I have just proofread stuff only. - Lucyrocks=) (talk) 21:48, 25 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Responded on your talk page. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 22:21, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

Wikilivres
Hello,

Wikilivres has been taken over by Eclecticology, has a new domain (http://wikilivres.ca/), and is now hosted by Wikimedia Canada. Regards, Yann (talk) 19:49, 27 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Wikisource:Scriptorium/Archives/2012-06


text:
Page:A Life of Matthew Fontaine Maury.pdf/117

Rh report is before me, they are made to tell much of the character and mysteries of that ocean covered region. He thinks the appearance of the minerals indicate that they have been quietly deposited from gentle currents, and not subsequently disturbed.

"Lieutenant Maury affirmed now 'that the development of this survey established the practicability of laying wires successfully on the bed of the sea.'

"I will leave it to others, sir, to lift the veil of the future, and to picture to the mind of the curious and speculative the influence to be exerted by such an event upon commerce and trade, upon peace and war, and the relationship of nations.

"These deep sea soundings, this study of the wind and currents and temperature of the ocean, these gradual approaches to greater familiarity with the wonders of the great deep, are pregnant with incalculable usefulness to those who conduct mighty navies, as well as to all who go down to the sea in ships."

Again, in a letter to Hon. William A. Graham (Secretary of the Navy), as early as November 8th, 1850, Maury said:—

"You may therefore consider it a settled principle in submarine telegraphy, that the true character of a cable for the deep sea is not that of an iron rope as large as a man's arm, but of a single copper wire, or fascicle of wires, coated with gutta-percha, pliant and supple, and not larger than a lady's finger."

To Cyrus W. Field he wrote on the same subject, "that the iron wrappings for deep sea lines of telegraph, instead of being advantageous in any aspect, are not only a hindrance, but an encumbrance also and a waste. The weight of the cord may be adjusted to sinking by the size of the conducting wire within as well as by the character of the


text:
Page:A Life of Matthew Fontaine Maury.pdf/118

104 non-metallic wrapping without. Whether the insulating material be gutta-percha, india-rubber, or other matter, it requires to be protected from chafes and bruises while on board, and when it is being payed out."

All of his suggestions were finally, after two disastrous failures, carried into effect. He was consulted by Cyrus W. Field and others as to the kind of cable to be used, the manner of laying it, and the best time of the year in which to lay it.

At a dinner given in New York in 1858, to celebrate the arrival of the first message across the Atlantic, when called upon to give an account of the work, Mr. Field rose and said,—"I am a man of few words: Maury furnished the brains, England gave the money, and I did the work." And yet these important services were not only unrequited, but are to this day to a large extent unknown.

As Admiral FitzRoy, an eminent savant of the British Navy, said of Maury, "one of his most distinguished traits was personal disinterestedness." It was frequently remarked of him through life, that he never sought to benefit himself by his arduous labours, or to make pecuniary profit out of his researches. His sole object was to benefit mankind at large.

His nephew (General D. H. Maury), in speaking of this marked trait says:—"I recall an illustration in point. When placed in charge of the Observatory his pay was small, and he had no other means than his salary. He was then fairly launched upon his career as a writer on subjects of national utility. Some papers of his, upon the advantages of a route to the East, by way of the Isthmus, attracted much attention. I was with him one morning when he opened his mail. He handed me to read a letter from a Northern firm, enclosing a cheque for $500, in token of approbation of his views, which were strongly promotive of the interests of their business.


text:
Page:Panama-past-present-Bishop.djvu/119

 Rh trail, to Panama City. So rough was the road that the mules could scarcely scramble over it, and many passengers preferred to be carried in chairs on the backs of negro or Indian porters. Four nights were usually spent on the journey across the Isthmus, nights of

crowded discomfort in native huts, where hammocks were rented for two dollars, and eggs cost twenty-five cents apiece. Panama was crammed with red-shirted Americans, who often waited months for a ship to take them to San Francisco, where ships were rotting three-deep at the wharves, while their crews went gold-hunting. To pass the time, the Yankees scratched their names on the ramparts of the sea-wall, and started two


text:
Page:Panama-past-present-Bishop.djvu/120

100 papers, the Star and the Herald, which, after a brief rivalry, combined in the present Panama Star and Herald, a daily, printed in both Spanish and English. Trade boomed, brigandage flourished, and there was more hiring of mules, renting of lodgings, raising of prices, and fleecing of strangers, than the Isthmus had seen since the roaring days of the Galleon Fair.

As soon as California and Oregon had been taken into the Union, Congress had authorized a line of steamers to be run down either coast to the Isthmus, and had appropriated money to pay them for carrying the United States mail. Mr. William H. Aspinwall, who had secured the line on the Pacific side, and Mr. George Law, who had that on the Atlantic, combined with a third New York capitalist, Mr. Henry Chauncey, to build a railroad across the Isthmus. Chauncey and John L. Stephens, an experienced Central American traveler, had already obtained from the government of the Republic of New Granada, of which Panama was now a state, the exclusive right to build such a road; and Stephens had explored the route with a skilled engineer, Mr. J. L. Baldwin, and reported that it could be built at a profitable cost.

The Panama Railroad Company was accordingly incorporated, with a New York charter and a capital of a million dollars, and the construction of the road entrusted to two experienced contractors, Colonel Totten and Mr. Trautwine. But no sooner had they reached the Isthmus than they found that the "gold-rush," now fairly begun, had so raised the local prices of labor and materials that they begged the company to release them


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/21

 dicotyledonous plants. The advent in 1851 of Hofmeister’s brilliant discovery of the changes proceeding in the embryo-sac of flowering plants, and his determination of the correct relationships of these with the Cryptogamia, fixed the true position of Gymnosperms as a class distinct from Dicotyledons, and the term Angiosperm then gradually came to be accepted as the suitable designation for the whole of the flowering plants other than Gymnosperms, and as including therefore the classes of Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. This is the sense in which the term is nowadays received and in which it is used here.

The trend of the evolution of the plant kingdom has been in the direction of the establishment of a vegetation of fixed habit and adapted to the vicissitudes of a life on land, and the Angiosperms are the highest expression of this evolution and constitute the dominant vegetation of the earth’s surface at the present epoch. There is no land-area from the poles to the equator, where plant-life is possible, upon which Angiosperms are not found. They occur also abundantly in the shallows of rivers and fresh-water lakes, and in less number in salt lakes and in the sea; such aquatic Angiosperms are not, however, primitive forms, but are derived from immediate land-ancestors. Associated with this diversity of habitat is great variety in general form and manner of growth. The familiar duckweed which covers the surface of a pond consists of a tiny green “thalloid” shoot, one, that is, which shows no distinction of parts—stem and leaf, and a simple root growing vertically downwards into the water. The great forest-tree has a shoot, which in the course perhaps of hundreds of years, has developed a wide-spreading system of trunk and branches, bearing on the ultimate twigs or branchlets innumerable leaves, while beneath the soil a widely-branching root-system covers an area of corresponding extent. Between these two extremes is every conceivable gradation, embracing aquatic and terrestrial herbs, creeping, erect or climbing in habit, shrubs and trees, and representing a much greater variety than is to be found in the other subdivision of seed-plants, the Gymnosperms.

In internal structure also the variety of tissue-formation far exceeds that found in Gymnosperms (see : Anatomy). The vascular bundles of the stem belong to the collateral type, that is to say, the elements of the wood or xylem and the bast or phloem stand side by side on the same radius. In the larger of the two great groups into which the Angiosperms are divided, the Dicotyledons, the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring, separating a central pith from an outer cortex. In each bundle, separating the xylem and phloem, is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue, known as cambium; by the formation of a layer of cambium between the bundles (interfascicular cambium) a complete ring is formed, and a regular periodical increase in thickness results from it by the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside. The soft phloem soon becomes crushed, but the hard wood persists, and forms the great bulk of the stem and branches of the woody perennial. Owing to differences in the character of the elements produced at the beginning and end of the season, the wood is marked out in transverse section into concentric rings, one for each season of growth—the so-called annual rings. In the smaller group, the Monocotyledons, the bundles are more numerous in the young stem and scattered through the ground tissue. Moreover they contain no cambium and the stem once formed increases in diameter only in exceptional cases.

As in Gymnosperms, branching is monopodial; dichotomy or the forking of the growing point into two equivalent branches which replace the main stem, is absent both in the case of the stem and the root. The leaves show a remarkable variety in form (see ), but are generally small in comparison with the size of the plant; exceptions occur in some Monocotyledons, e.g. in the Aroid family, where in some genera the plant produces one huge, much-branched leaf each season.

In rare cases the main axis is unbranched and ends in a flower, as, for instance, in the tulip, where scale-leaves, forming the underground bulb, green foliage-leaves and coloured floral leaves are borne on one and the same axis. Generally, flowers are formed only on shoots of a higher order, often only on the ultimate branches of a much branched system. A potential branch or bud, either foliage or flower, is formed in the axil of each leaf; sometimes more than one bud arises, as for instance in the walnut, where two or three stand in vertical series above each leaf. Many of the buds remain dormant, or are called to development under exceptional circumstances, such as the destruction of existing branches. For instance, the clipping of a hedge or the lopping of a tree will cause to develop numerous buds which may have been dormant for years. Leaf-buds occasionally arise from the roots, when they are called adventitious; this occurs in many fruit trees, poplars, elms and others. For instance, the young shoots seen springing from the ground around an elm are not seedlings but root-shoots. Frequently, as in many Dicotyledons, the primary root, the original root of the seedling, persists throughout the life of the plant, forming, as often in biennials, a thickened tap-root, as in carrot, or in perennials, a much-branched root system. In many Dicotyledons and most Monocotyledons, the primary root soon perishes, and its place is taken by adventitious roots developed from the stem.

The most characteristic feature of the Angiosperm is the flower, which shows remarkable variety in form and elaboration, and supplies the most trustworthy characters for the distinction of the series and families or natural orders, into which the group is divided. The flower is a shoot (stem bearing leaves) which has a special form associated with the special function of ensuring the fertilization of the egg and the development of fruit containing seed. Except where it is terminal it arises, like the leaf-shoot, in the axil of a leaf, which is then known as a bract. Occasionally, as in violet, a flower arises singly in the axil of an ordinary foliage-leaf; it is then termed axillary. Generally, however, the flower-bearing portion of the plant is sharply distinguished from the foliage leaf-bearing or vegetative portion, and forms a more or less elaborate branch-system in which the bracts are small and scale-like. Such a branch-system is called an inflorescence. The primary function of the flower is to bear the spores. These, as in Gymnosperms, are of two kinds, microspores or pollen-grains, borne in the stamens (or microsporophylls) and megaspores, in which the egg-cell is developed, contained in the ovule, which is borne enclosed in the carpel (or megasporophyll). The flower may consist only of spore-bearing leaves, as in willow, where each flower comprises only a few stamens or two carpels. Usually, however, other leaves are present which are only indirectly concerned with the reproductive process, acting as protective organs for the sporophylls or forming an attractive envelope. These form the perianth and are in one series, when the flower is termed monochlamydeous, or in two series (dichlamydeous). In the second case the outer series (calyx of sepals) is generally green and leaf-like, its function being to protect the rest of the flower, especially in the bud; while the inner series (corolla of petals) is generally white or brightly coloured, and more delicate in structure, its function being to attract the particular insect or bird by agency of which pollination is effected. The insect, &c., is attracted by the colour and scent of the flower, and frequently also by honey which is secreted in some part of the flower. (For further details on the form and arrangement of the flower and its parts, see .)

Each stamen generally bears four pollen-sacs (microsporangia) which are associated to form the anther, and carried up on a stalk or filament. The development of the microsporangia and the contained spores (pollen-grains) is closely comparable with that of the microsporangia in Gymnosperms or heterosporous ferns. The pollen is set free by the opening (dehiscence) of the anther, generally by means of longitudinal slits, but sometimes by pores, as in the heath family (Ericaceae), or by valves, as in the barberry. It is then dropped or carried by some external agent, wind, water or some member of the animal kingdom, on to the receptive surface of

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from the contract. This was done, and they were retained as engineers of the company, which proceeded to build the road itself.

A later survey by Baldwin and Colonel Hughes, who had been detailed from the United States Topographical Corps, had located the Pacific terminus at Panama City, and the Atlantic end at Navy or Limon Bay, between the mouth of the Chagres and Porto Bello. On Manzanillo Island in this bay, some time in the month of May, 1850, Trautwine and Baldwin struck the first blow.


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Rh in a single night. About this time Mr. John L. Stephens died, and his successor tried the experiment of having the great bridge and the remainder of the line built by contract. But after a valuable year had been wasted, not a tenth had been completed, and the contractors were bankrupt. Releasing them, the company, under a third and stronger president, set out to finish the work itself.

Every effort was made to assemble a strong working force, and recruits were brought from the four corners of the earth. But northern whitemen are not made for pick and shovel labor in the tropics, and the hundreds of sturdy Irish and European peasants did little but die of heat and malaria. Much was expected from a thousand Chinese coolies, but they became so demoralized by the death of some of their number from fever, in this strange and terrible land, that they were seized with a passion for suicide, and scarcely two hundred left the Isthmus alive. Some work was done by coolies from India, but the best workmen were found to be negroes from Jamaica and other islands in the West Indies.

There is a popular fable, that will be told and believed as long as the Chagres runs to the sea, that the building of the Panama Railroad cost a life for every tie. But there were about a hundred and fifty thousand ties in the fifty miles of single track, and there have never been that many inhabitants on the Isthmus since Pedrarias the Cruel killed off the Indians. As a matter of fact and record, the total number employed, from the beginning of the work to the end, was about six thousand; and the number of deaths eight hundred and thirty-five. Doubtless many others sickened on the Isthmus, and died soon


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 FINAL REPORT OSD Vietnam Task Force & Index

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 the carpel of the same or another flower. The carpel, or aggregate of carpels forming the pistil or gynaeceum, comprises an ovary containing one or more ovules and a receptive surface or stigma; the stigma is sometimes carried up on a style. The mature pollen-grain is, like other spores, a single cell; except in the case of some submerged aquatic plants, it has a double wall, a thin delicate wall of unaltered cellulose, the endospore or intine, and a tough outer cuticularized exospore or extine. The exospore often bears spines or warts, or is variously sculptured, and the character of the markings is often of value for the distinction of genera or higher groups. Germination of the microspore begins before it leaves the pollen-sac. In very few cases has anything representing prothallial development been observed; generally a small cell (the antheridial or generative cell) is cut off, leaving a larger tube-cell. When placed on the stigma, under favourable circumstances, the pollen-grain puts forth a pollen-tube which grows down the tissue of the style to the ovary, and makes its way along the placenta, guided by projections or hairs, to the mouth of an ovule. The nucleus of the tube-cell has meanwhile passed into the tube, as does also the generative nucleus which divides to form two male- or sperm-cells. The male-cells are carried to their destination in the tip of the pollen-tube.

The ovary contains one or more ovules borne on a placenta, which is generally some part of the ovary-wall. The development of the ovule, which represents the macrosporangium, is very similar to the process in Gymnosperms; when mature it consists of one or two coats surrounding the central nucellus, except at the apex where an opening, the micropyle, is left. The nucellus is a cellular tissue enveloping one large cell, the embryo-sac or macrospore. The germination of the macrospore consists in the repeated division of its nucleus to form two groups of four, one group at each end of the embryo-sac. One nucleus from each group, the polar nucleus, passes to the centre of the sac, where the two fuse to form the so-called definitive nucleus. Of the three cells at the micropylar end of the sac, all naked cells (the so-called egg-apparatus), one is the egg-cell or oosphere, the other two, which may be regarded as representing abortive egg-cells (in rare cases capable of fertilization), are known as synergidae. The three cells at the opposite end are known as antipodal cells and become invested with a cell-wall. The gametophyte or prothallial generation is thus extremely reduced, consisting of but little more than the male and female sexual cells—the two sperm-cells in the pollen-tube and the egg-cell (with the synergidae) in the embryo-sac. At the period of fertilization the embryo-sac lies in close proximity to the opening of the micropyle, into which the pollen-tube has penetrated, the separating cell-wall becomes absorbed, and the male or sperm-cells are ejected into the embryo-sac. Guided by the synergidae one male-cell passes into the oosphere with which it fuses, the two nuclei uniting, while the other fuses with the definitive nucleus, or, as it is also called, the endosperm nucleus. This remarkable double fertilization as it has been called, although only recently discovered, has been proved to take place in widely-separated families, and both in Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons, and there is every probability that, perhaps with variations, it is the normal process in Angiosperms. After impregnation the fertilized oosphere immediately surrounds itself with a cell-wall and becomes the oospore which by a process of growth forms the embryo of the new plant. The endosperm-nucleus divides rapidly to produce a cellular tissue which fills up the interior of the rapidly-growing embryo-sac, and forms a tissue, known as endosperm, in which is stored a supply of nourishment for the use later on of the embryo. It has long been known that after fertilization of the egg has taken place, the formation of endosperm begins from the endosperm nucleus, and this had come to be regarded as the recommencement of the development of a prothallium after a pause following the reinvigorating union of the polar nuclei. This view is still maintained by those who differentiate two acts of fertilization within the embryo-sac, and regard that of the egg by the first male-cell, as the true or generative fertilization, and that of the polar nuclei by the second male gamete as a vegetative fertilization which gives a stimulus to development in correlation with the other. If, on the other hand, the endosperm is the product of an act of fertilization as definite as that giving rise to the embryo itself, we have to recognize that twin-plants are produced within the embryo-sac—one, the embryo, which becomes the angiospermous plant, the other, the endosperm, a short-lived, undifferentiated nurse to assist in the nutrition of the former, even as the subsidiary embryos in a pluri-embryonic Gymnosperm may facilitate the nutrition of the dominant one. If this is so, and the endosperm like the embryo is normally the product of a sexual act, hybridization will give a hybrid endosperm as it does a hybrid embryo, and herein (it is suggested) we may have the explanation of the phenomenon of xenia observed in the mixed endosperms of hybrid races of maize and other plants, regarding which it has only been possible hitherto to assert that they were indications of the extension of the influence of the pollen beyond the egg and its product. This would not, however, explain the formation of fruits intermediate in size and colour between those of crossed parents. The signification of the coalescence of the polar nuclei is not explained by these new facts, but it is noteworthy that the second male-cell is said to unite sometimes with the apical polar nucleus, the sister of the egg, before the union of this with the basal polar one. The idea of the endosperm as a second subsidiary plant is no new one; it was suggested long ago in explanation of the coalescence of the polar nuclei, but it was then based on the assumption that these represented male and female cells, an assumption for which there was no evidence and which was inherently improbable. The proof of a coalescence of the second male nucleus with the definitive nucleus gives the conception a more stable basis. The antipodal cells aid more or less in the process of nutrition of the developing embryo, and may undergo multiplication, though they ultimately disintegrate, as do also the synergidae. As in Gymnosperms and other groups an interesting qualitative change is associated with the process of fertilization. The number of chromosomes (see : Cytology) in the nucleus of the two spores, pollen-grain and embryo-sac, is only half the number found in an ordinary vegetative nucleus; and this reduced number persists in the cells derived from them. The full number is restored in the fusion of the male and female nuclei in the process of fertilization, and remains until the formation of the cells from which the spores are derived in the new generation.

In several natural orders and genera departures from the course of development just described have been noted. In the natural order Rosaceae, the series Querciflorae, and the very anomalous genus Casuarina and others, instead of a single macrospore a more or less extensive sporogenous tissue is formed, but only one cell proceeds to the formation of a functional female cell. In Casuarina, Juglans and the order Corylaceae, the pollen-tube does not enter by means of the micropyle, but passing down the ovary wall and through the placenta, enters at the chalazal end of the ovule. Such a method of entrance is styled chalazogamic, in contrast to the porogamic or ordinary method of approach by means of the micropyle.

The result of fertilization is the development of the ovule into the seed. By the segmentation of the fertilized egg, now invested by cell-membrane, the embryo-plant arises. A varying number of transverse segment-walls transform it into a pro-embryo—a cellular row of which the cell nearest the micropyle becomes attached to the apex of the embryo-sac, and thus fixes the position of the developing embryo, while the terminal cell is projected into its cavity. In Dicotyledons the shoot of the embryo is wholly derived from the terminal cell of the pro-embryo, from the next cell the root arises, and the remaining ones form the suspensor. In many Monocotyledons the terminal cell forms the cotyledonary portion alone of the shoot of the embryo, its axial part and the root being derived from the adjacent cell; the cotyledon is thus a terminal structure and the apex of the primary stem a lateral one—a condition in marked contrast with that of the Dicotyledons. In some Monocotyledons,

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011

REMARKS

RTC

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 SecDef/CCS Regrading Action #35-71 {| style="width:100%" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
 * colspan="2" style="text-align: center"| OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE REGRADING ACTION
 * colspan="2"|  23 June 1971
 * colspan="4"|  Top Secret Control Officer, SecDef/Classified Control Section, Room 31948, The Pentagon, Washington, D. C. 20301
 * colspan="4"|  State Department, ATTENTION: Document Control/Security Officer, Washington, D. C. 20520
 * -align="center"
 * -valign="top"
 * Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, Thru: ASD/ISA and DASD(Policy Planning and Arms Control), OASD(ISA), From Chairman, OSD Task Force /s/ Leslie H. Gelb, dated 15 January 1969, Subject: Final Report, OSD Vietnam Task Force (U) w/1 Inclosure:::::::::
 * SecDefControl#X-0295/69
 * CONFIDENTIAL
 * UNCLASSIFIED WHEN SEPARATED FROM INCLOSURE
 * Document, Subject: OSD Vietnam Task Force Outline of Studies (U), dtd 10 January 1969---
 * CONFIDENTIAL
 * REMAINS CONFIDENTIAL
 * colspan="4"|////////NOTHING FOLLOWS////////////  Document was forwarded to both Mr. Bundy and Mr. Katzenback in 1969 If you have any questions concerning this regrading action please contact SFC William C. Holzer, US Army, Chief Clerk, SecDef/Classified Control Section, Rm3A948, The Pentagon, Phone: OX-76131   Done 7/19/71 Copy in EA/Bundy file Copy in 8/1-file 7512  H. Brock signature.png
 * colspan="4"|
 * colspan="2" style="border-right: 0px;"|
 * colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-left: 0px;"|T. B. Edwards signature.png
 * } Rh
 * colspan="4"|////////NOTHING FOLLOWS////////////  Document was forwarded to both Mr. Bundy and Mr. Katzenback in 1969 If you have any questions concerning this regrading action please contact SFC William C. Holzer, US Army, Chief Clerk, SecDef/Classified Control Section, Rm3A948, The Pentagon, Phone: OX-76131   Done 7/19/71 Copy in EA/Bundy file Copy in 8/1-file 7512  H. Brock signature.png
 * colspan="4"|
 * colspan="2" style="border-right: 0px;"|
 * colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-left: 0px;"|T. B. Edwards signature.png
 * } Rh
 * colspan="2" style="border-right: 0px;"|
 * colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-left: 0px;"|T. B. Edwards signature.png
 * } Rh

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 {| Align=center
 * TOP SECRET – SENSITIVE
 * }

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

SET #13

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 FINAL REPORT – OSD Task Force, Vietnam

&

INDEX

title: Page:Pentagon-Papers-Index.djvu/5


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Page:Commencement of section 7 of the Copyright Amendment Act 1984.djvu/1

Vol 241.

To:
 * MR FRANS JACBOUS DAVIN
 * MR RAYMOND DAVID ACKERMAN
 * MR WILLIAM WALLACE ANDERSON
 * MR PIETER WILLEM BESTER
 * MR CHARL DANIËL CILLIE
 * MR JOHANNES CRONJE
 * DR JOHANN BASSON DE SWARDT
 * MR HERMANUS JOHANNES KLEYNHANS
 * MR ROELF PETRUS GERHARDUS KOTZE
 * MR ELDRIDGE BOYOYO MATHEBULA
 * MR ISAAC JACOB RUTOWITZ

Greetings!

Whereas I deem it expedient to appoint a Commission to inquire into and report on the matters hereinafter and by reason of the great trust I repose in your knowledge and ability, I do hereby authorise and appoint you—
 * RAYMOND DAVID ACKERMAN
 * WILLIAM WALLACE ANDERSON
 * PIETER WILLEM BESTER
 * CHARL DANIËL CILLIE
 * JOHANNES CRONJE
 * JOHANN BASSON DE SWART
 * HERMANUS JOHANNES KLEYNHANS
 * ROELF PETRUS GERHARDUS KOTZE
 * ELDRIDGE BOYOYO MATHEBULA
 * ISAAC JACOB RUTOWITZ

to be members and you—
 * FRANS JACOBUS DAVIN

to be Chairman of a commission, with the following terms of reference:

To inquire into, report on and make recommendations with regard to the basis of of the Government's bread subsidy scheme with specific reference to—

(a) the justification or otherwise of the scheme; and if the continuation thereof is deemed justified—

(b) what the nature and extent of the Subsidy should be; 491—1


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 N8 '77 J-f y-are _ .,_,_ __ .5  s » S S" 51 4     f‘»- _ _ `    f= M  QQ ...,  , A     i  I O 0 5  ‘ '   REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA  1 ‘ | g REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA ` , > PRYS (Ava ingesium 30c PRICE (GST inciuaea)    As ’n Nuusblad by die Poskantoor Geregiszreer BUITELANDS 40c ABROAD Registered at the Past 0Mce as a Newspaper _  POSVRY - Posr FREE V ver. 220 PRETORIA, 14 g§;g§§§ 1983 N0_ 8928 PROKLAMASIES PROCLAMATIONS van die by the . Staatsp%ie§¢t van iii? Republiek van Said-Afrika State President in"tl2e;Re121.Hl>lie ot`SoutI1 A1‘ifi1,.1 NO- 150, 196 No. 150, 1983 _ VERKLARING VAN ’N NASIONALE PAD.- DECLARATION OF A NATIONAL ROAD.- PROVINSIE NATAL PROVINCE OF NATAL Kragtens artikel 4 (1) (a) van die Wet op N asionale Paaie, 1971 (Wet 54 van 1971), soos gewysig, verklaar ek hierby dat die roete wat in die Bylae hiervan beskryf word, ’n nasionale pad is. Gegee onder my Hand en die Seél van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika te Pretoria, op hede die Sewe-en-twintigste dag van September Eenduisend N egehonderd Drie-en-tagtig. M. VILJOEN, Staatspresident. Op las van die Staatspresident-in-rade: l-1. S. I. SCHOEMAN. BYLAE PROVINSIE N ATAL Beskrywing van roete ’n Roete, soos getoon op bygaande Plan P319/81, wat begin op Onderverdeling 3 (van 1) van die plaas Belle Vue 7201 en daarvandaan loop oor genoemde Onderverdeling en oor Persele 1892 (publieke plek), 1891, 1621 tot 1627, 2004, 2005, 1604 tot 1607, gedeeltes van paaie, Persele 2008, 2009, 1536, 1523 tot 1526, 2007, 1555 (publieke 'p1ek), 2006 en 1568 tot 1571, almal van die dorp Ramsgate- uitbreiding 3, Perseel 2012 van die dorp Ramsgateuitbrei- dinge27Perseel 1165, Restant van Perseel 1164 en Perseel 1167, almal van die dorp Ramsgate; Restant (paaie) van Perseel 2010 van die dorp Ramsgate-uitbreiding 1; Persele 1170, 1172 en 1176, Restant (paaie) van Perseel 937, Per- sele 1182, 1181, 1180, 1179, 1178, 1141, 1140, 1139, 1138, 1137, 1136, 1135, 1134, 1133, 1132, 1131, 1118, _1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1060, 1057, 1054, 1052, 1050, 1010, 1009, 1036, 1035, 1031, 1030, 915 en 916, Restant (paaie) van Perseel 860, Persele 878, 877, 876, 880, 879, 874, 872, 870, 869, 868, 866, 864, 922 en 923, Qlmal van die dorp Ramsgate; Onderverdeling 27 (van 1), Restant van Onderverdeling 1, Restant van Onderverdeling 42~en Onderverdeling 43 (’n onderverdeling van 42), almal V311 die plaas Waldheim`6922" Résféiif 9a1i`OiideTVe1'dElinQ` 1_éii7Onderverdeling_5 (’n onderverdeling van 1), albei van ~ ~¢~,»==a», _-1 die plaas The Breezie 6921 en Restant van die plaas The  rreezie 6921, waar dit eindig (’n totale afstand van onge- Yeer 4,5 km), (Nasionale Roete: Imbezana-Waldheim, distrik Alfred.) _ ,,__ ,,____., 49-M »1=<_f 726-1 ~   6   "ee In terms of section 4 (1) (a) of the National Roads Act, 1971 (Act 54 of 1971), as amended, I hereby declare that the route described in the Schedule hereto shall be a national road. Given under my Hand and the Seai of the Republic of South Africa at Pretoria this Twenty-seventh day of Sep- tember, One thousand Nine hundred and Eighty-three. M. VILJOEN, State President. By Order of the State President-in-Council: H. S. J. SCHOEMAN. SCHEDULE PROVINCE OF N ATAL Description of route A route, as indicated on the attached Plan P319/81, com- mencing on Subdivision 3 (of 1) of the farm Belle Vue 7201 and thence proceeding over the said Subdivision and over Lots 1892 (public place), 1891, 1621 to 1627, 2004, 2005, 1604 to 1607, portions of roads, Lots 2008, 2009, 1536, 1523 to 1526, 2007, 1555 (public place), 2006 and 1568 to 1571, all of Ramsgate Township Extension 3; Lot 2012 of Ramsgate Township Extension 2; Lot 1165, Remainder of Lot 1164 and Lot 1167, all of Ramsgate Township; Re- mainder (roads) of Lot 2010 of Ramsgate Township 1,xten- sion 1; Lots 1170, 1172 and 1176, Remainder (roads) of Lot 973, Lots 1182, 1181, 1180, 1179, 1178, 1141, 1140, 1139, 1138, 1137, 1136, 1135, 1134, 1133, 1132, 1131, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1060, 1057, 1054, 1052, 1050, 1010, 1009, 1036, 1035, 1031, 1030, 915 and 916, Remainder (roads) of Lot 860, Lots 878, 877, 876, 880, 879, 874, 872, 870, 869, 868, 866, 864, 922 and 923, ' all of Ramsgate Township; Subdivision 27 (of 1), Remain- der of Subdivision 1, Remainder of Subdivision 42 and Subdivision 43 (a subdivision of 42), all of the farm Wald- fl1einT6922;Rernainder.Qf,Subdivision l and Subdivision 5 (a subdivision of 1), both of the farm The Breezie 6921 and Remainder of the farm The Breezie 6921, where it termi~ mates @7f6tal`dE 5”@)T"`" ` (National Route: Inibezana--Waldheim, District of A1- fred.) 8928-1 it


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011

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 __. __,,,`_  _..n_ _ "WM 1 1 _      1 1 1 ,r i 3 efraara a aarr ,r ” rare are aaariaararr VAN §?U§E.%~A§f§%A  1 I REWJBLQQC 0? SUUTH AFRECA      "'”           V r * 5 Q VE N EN? QA ZE§"'§"E "%` rays 4% Farce _ 1   /is “rn Nuusbiad by die Peskanloor Geregirrreer BUYTELANDS 5c ABROAD Regiwered at the Pos! Gffice as a Newspaper 1 \/i   . roswar ~ Posrmee  ver. zzs raeroiara, 22 §`é§,I_éE 1984 N@_ 6253 PRGKLAMAS`§ES ` 1 PRGfCLAMATiGNS 1 van die 1 by the Siaarspresiderrt van die Republieir var: Said-Afrika 1 State President of the Reepublie ot'Sout}r Afzéea Na. 96, rear 1 No.96,1§84 WYSXGENG VAN ?R.0i 1 r 1 1 1 E 11 1 »-»---.»-,.. »~.» `.,mm-- ser? 1, VERKLARENG VAN ’N GRGEPSGEBIED ENGEVOLGE DIE WET CP GRQEPSGEBTEDE, 1966, Ei*-E DIE TCE- ?ASSiNG VAN SEKERE BEPAHNGS VAN SIE WET QP GEMEENSKAPSGNTWEKKELING, 1966, EN ’N GE- BXED TE KAREEDO‘L‘/, DESTRIK HUIVEANSDQRP, 1 1 1 THE DECLARATECPN QF A GROUP AREA IN TERMS QF THE GROUP AREAS ACT, 1966, AND THE A?PL`i- CATIGN OF CERTAIN PRC‘v'ISI‘0NS 0? THE CGM- MUNITY DEVELOPMENT ACT, i966, IN AN AREA AT KAREEDCSUW, DISTRICT OF HUM%SDORP, ?RC“~/KNSIE DIE KAAP DIE GOEXE HOOP  PRGVINCE OF THE CAPE CF GGUD HOPE 1 `(1nd@y___ Kragteris- A. ararer 33 van are ‘wer op oraepggebreae, was (Wer 36 van 1366), wysig ek hierby ?rok1amasie 344 van 1968 dear die uitsiuiting uit die gebieci orrrskryf in 1 1 1 A. section 33 of the Group Areas Act, i266 (Aer 36 1966), I hereby amend ?roclamation 344 of 1966 by the exclusion from the area deined in paragraph ia) paragraaf ia) van die Bylae daarvari van die gebied 1 of the Schedule thereto of the area derirred in para- omskfyf in paragraaf (1) van die Byiae hier*/aa; é graph (1) of the Schedule hereto; B. araikei 23 van die We; op Groepsgebiede, 1966, ver- 1 B, section Z3 of the Group Areas Act, 1966, E hereby iiiaar ek hrerbv dar die gebied omskryf in paragraaf 1 declare thai: the area defined in paragraph (2) of rhe (2) van die Byiae hier/an, vanaf die daram van publi- kasie van hierdie Prokiamasie, ’n gebied is \/ir okku- 1 SCheduie hereto shall, as from the date of pubiicarion of this Prociamarion, be an area for oecupaiiorr pasie en rgronabesit dear iede van die Gerrleurde  and ownership by members of the Coioared group; groegxen L and C ariiicel 51 Qi) van die Wet op Genieeaskapsoatwiidce- img, i966 (Wet 3 van 1966), verkiaar ek hierby dat die bepaiings van artikeis i6 for err mer 23 en 29 rot en met 3? van genoemoe Wet, varraf die datum van pu- blikasie van hierdie Proklamasie, van toepassing is in die gebied omskryf in paragraaf (2) van die Byiae hiervan. Gegee onder my Hand en die Seei van die Repubiiek van Suid-Afrika re Preroria, op hede die Eeri-err-twintigste dag van Mei Eenduisend Negehonderci Vier-en-tagtig. M.`\/iL3i)EN,SfLaatspresiderit. ‘ "  ` ` 1 1 1 1 1 C. section ji Qi) of the Community Deveiopmem Aer, 1966 (Aoi 3 of 1966), Ihereby declare that time provi- sions of secrions 16 to 23 inclusive and 29 to 37 iri- ciusive of the said Act shall, as from the dare oi’ pubir cation of rhis Prociamaiiori, apply in the area riefined in paragraph (2) of the Seheduie hereto. Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Repvrblif of Seurh Africa at Pretoria this 'i`wenty»first day of May, Uae thousand Nine hundred and Eighty-four. 1 A1   ¥}i;JQEN;,i§taLeAEresiGent. Op ias var; die Staarspresécieat-irr-raeie1 1 By Qrder of the Srate Presidem-in-Councii: S.   i<_o”rza_ 1 S. F. aorze.   rrrr   are 32.1 9263-3 ~
 * Plus Ava/osr ~


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 however, the cotyledon is not really terminal. The primary root of the embryo in all Angiosperms points towards the micropyle. The developing embryo at the end of the suspensor grows out to a varying extent into the forming endosperm, from which by surface absorption it derives good material for growth; at the same time the suspensor plays a direct part as a carrier of nutrition, and may even develop, where perhaps no endosperm is formed, special absorptive “suspensor roots” which invest the developing embryo, or pass out into the body and coats of the ovule, or even into the placenta. In some cases the embryo or the embryo-sac sends out suckers into the nucellus and ovular integument. As the embryo develops it may absorb all the food material available, and store, either in its cotyledons or in its hypocotyl, what is not immediately required for growth, as reserve-food for use in germination, and by so doing it increases in size until it may fill entirely the embryo-sac; or its absorptive power at this stage may be limited to what is necessary for growth and it remains of relatively small size, occupying but a small area of the embryo-sac, which is otherwise filled with endosperm in which the reserve-food is stored. There are also intermediate states. The position of the embryo in relation to the endosperm varies, sometimes it is internal, sometimes external, but the significance of this has not yet been established.

The formation of endosperm starts, as has been stated, from the endosperm nucleus. Its segmentation always begins before that of the egg, and thus there is timely preparation for the nursing of the young embryo. If in its extension to contain the new formations within it the embryo-sac remains narrow, endosperm formation proceeds upon the lines of a cell-division, but in wide embryo-sacs the endosperm is first of all formed as a layer of naked cells around the wall of the sac, and only gradually acquires a pluricellular character, forming a tissue filling the sac. The function of the endosperm is primarily that of nourishing the embryo, and its basal position in the embryo-sac places it favourably for the absorption of food material entering the ovule. Its duration varies with the precocity of the embryo. It may be wholly absorbed by the progressive growth of the embryo within the embryo-sac, or it may persist as a definite and more or less conspicuous constituent of the seed. When it persists as a massive element of the seed its nutritive function is usually apparent, for there is accumulated within its cells reserve-food, and according to the dominant substance it is starchy, oily, or rich in cellulose, mucilage or proteid. In cases where the embryo has stored reserve food within itself and thus provided for self-nutrition, such endosperm as remains in the seed may take on other functions, for instance, that of water-absorption.

Some deviations from the usual course of development may be noted. Parthenogenesis, or the development of an embryo from an egg-cell without the latter having been fertilized has been described in species of Thalictrum, Antennaria and Alchemilla. Polyembryony is generally associated with the development of cells other than the egg-cell. Thus in Erythronium and Limnocharis the fertilized egg may form a mass of tissue on which several embryos are produced. Isolated cases show that any of the cells within the embryo-sac may exceptionally form an embryo, e.g. the synergidae in species of Mimosa, Iris and Allium, and in the last-mentioned the antipodal cells also. In Coelebogyne (Euphorbiaceae) and in Funkia (Liliaceae) polyembryony results from an adventitious production of embryos from the cells of the nucellus around the top of the embryo-sac. In a species of Allium, embryos have been found developing in the same individual from the egg-cell, synergids, antipodal cells and cells of the nucellus. In two Malayan species of Balanophora, the embryo is developed from a cell of the endosperm, which is formed from the upper polar nucleus only, the egg apparatus becoming disorganized. The last-mentioned case has been regarded as representing an apogamous development of the sporophyte from the gametophyte comparable to the cases of apogamy described in Ferns. But the great diversity of these abnormal cases as shown in the examples cited above suggests the use of great caution in formulating definite morphological theories upon them.

As the development of embryo and endosperm proceeds within the embryo-sac, its wall enlarges and commonly absorbs the substance of the nucellus (which is likewise enlarging) to near its outer limit, and combines with it and the integument to form the seed-coat; or the whole nucellus and even the integument may be absorbed. In some plants the nucellus is not thus absorbed, but itself becomes a seat of deposit of reserve-food constituting the perisperm which may coexist with endosperm, as in the water-lily order, or may alone form a food-reserve for the embryo, as in Canna. Endospermic food-reserve has evident advantages over perispermic, and the latter is comparatively rarely found and only in non-progressive series. Seeds in which endosperm or perisperm or both exist are commonly called albuminous or endospermic, those in which neither is found are termed exalbuminous or exendospermic. These terms, extensively used by systematists, only refer, however, to the grosser features of the seed, and indicate the more or less evident occurrence of a food-reserve; many so-called exalbuminous seeds show to microscopic examination a distinct endosperm which may have other than a nutritive function. The presence or absence of endosperm, its relative amount when present, and the position of the embryo within it, are valuable characters for the distinction of orders and groups of orders. Meanwhile the ovary wall has developed to form the fruit or pericarp, the structure of which is closely associated with the manner of distribution of the seed. Frequently the influence of fertilization is felt beyond the ovary, and other parts of the flower take part in the formation of the fruit, as the floral receptacle in the apple, strawberry and others. The character of the seed-coat bears a definite relation to that of the fruit. Their function is the twofold one of protecting the embryo and of aiding in dissemination; they may also directly promote germination. If the fruit is a dehiscent one and the seed is therefore soon exposed, the seed-coat has to provide for the protection of the embryo and may also have to secure dissemination. On the other hand, indehiscent fruits discharge these functions for the embryo, and the seed-coat is only slightly developed. Dissemination is effected by the agency of water, of air, of animals—and fruits and seeds are therefore grouped in respect of this as hydrophilous, anemophilous and zooidiophilous. The needs for these are obvious—buoyancy in water and resistance to wetting for the first, some form of parachute for the second, and some attaching mechanism or attractive structure for the third. The methods in which these are provided are of infinite variety, and any and every part of the flower and of the inflorescence may be called into requisition to supply the adaptation (see ). Special outgrowths, arils, of the seed-coat are of frequent occurrence. In the feature of fruit and seed, by which the distribution of Angiosperms is effected, we have a distinctive character of the class. In Gymnosperms we have seeds, and the carpels may become modified and close around these, as in Pinus, during the process of ripening to form an imitation of a box-like fruit which subsequently opening allows the seeds to escape; but there is never in them the closed ovary investing from the outset the ovules, and ultimately forming the ground-work of the fruit.

Their fortuitous dissemination does not always bring seeds upon a suitable nidus for germination, the primary essential of which is a sufficiency of moisture, and the duration of vitality of the embryo is a point of interest. Some seeds retain vitality for a period of many years, though there is no warrant for the popular notion that genuine “mummy wheat” will germinate; on the other hand some seeds lose vitality in little more than a year. Further, the older the seed the more slow as a general rule will germination be in starting, but there are notable exceptions. This pause, often of so long duration, in the growth of the embryo between the time of its perfect development within the seed and the moment of germination, is one of the remarkable and distinctive features of the life of Spermatophytes. The aim of germination is the fixing of the embryo in the soil, effected usually by means of the root, which is the first part of the embryo to appear, in preparation for the elongation of the epicotyledonary portion of the shoot, and there is infinite variety in the details of the process. In

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