text:
User talk:Djr13

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Welcome

Hello, Djr13, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Again, welcome! Beeswaxcandle (talk) 04:59, 2 October 2012 (UTC)

ext scan link
Hi. For linking to external works we have created Template:ext scan link. This allows a standard formatting, and an ability to watch backlinks to find out where we have works listed. It would great if for future additions that you could use the template. Thx. — billinghurst  sDrewth  13:26, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you, I wasn't aware of this template. I think the only place I had added external links here is on Author:Richard Anthony Proctor, and I have gone back and replaced most of the links with the template. However, I've simulated a couple of them that have multiple versions of the same work, since the template seems only made to handle multiple volumes. I suppose I could create a versions disambiguation page for any redlink that I find multiple scans for, but that would have to wait for another time. djr13 (talk) 22:23, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
 * The multiples is for multiple volumes of the one work, not trying to cover multiple versions of the same work. One link to the best available scan is sufficient. — billinghurst  sDrewth  00:38, 13 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Right, I realize that for the template's available options it covers volumes rather than versions. IMO it is more of a benefit than a problem to have multiple versions listed in the context these links are in. However, I do understand this is a bit unsightly and perhaps distracting, and that a better place in the long term would be a dedicated versions page for each title if practical, or on a relevant talk page otherwise. If you insist, I'll happily reduce it to the earliest versions of each and move the rest of the links onto the author's talk page. djr13 (talk) 01:27, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

by preference
Gday. Generally we would look to tag a page with rather than pipe the category with a sort factor. It is less usual for our pages to be sorted differently, so the use of a default sort is often most adequate. Also, some of the bot tools suffer an element of added difficulty with piped categories, so default sort works better in that scope to. Thanks. — billinghurst  sDrewth  00:24, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

PSM Category list
Hi. Thanks for adding THIS NEW PSM CATEGORY. When adding a category to any article in the PSM project, would you also kindly add it TO THIS LIST. Many thanks. — Ineuw talk 05:28, 22 December 2013 (UTC)

Woodruff
Do you have any detail at all for the author Woodruff? My looking through family history records for an Abner Woodruff doesn't show much, and nothing as Abner E.. Closest that I can find is an Abner (R.?) Woodruff in Ohio recorded as a rubber worker. Born c.1875. — billinghurst  sDrewth  03:57, 23 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Addendum, so I am presuming that it is a pseudonym, especially when taking into the context and anti-establishment nature of the work. — billinghurst  sDrewth  04:06, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I did a cursory search prior and unfortunately didn't find anything obvious. An Ohioan rubber worker seems vaguely plausible. There's probably subtle hints hidden in old publications and government records, but I can't find anything conclusive at the moment. Below are some trivial results from a mildly exhaustive search. He wrote at least three books/long pamphlets and a couple articles in the One Big Union Monthly and maybe Solidarity (haven't read these yet). A pseudonym is definitely possible.
 * Mostly trivial mentions I discovered while trudging through Google Books:
 * Woodruff mentioned in Seeing Reds: Federal Surveillance of Radicals in the Pittsburgh Mill District, 1917-1921 as alongside Harrison George (another death-year missing person) arriving in Pittsburgh, (1917?) "intended to organize Ohio farm workers, but then turned his attention to coke-producing areas" and later (still 1917?) reported a failure at this.
 * A conservative publication, The New York Times Current History (Volume 16) refers to him as "one of the organization's official writers."
 * Wallace M. Short, Iowa rebel places Woodruff as a "Chicago organizer" who was the featured speaker at a picnic at Zoo Park, Sioux City, Iowa in mid-July 1919.
 * OBU Monthly (misc preview clips) mentions expenses compensated for a trip to Milwaukee. Also mentions Woodruff apparently receiving the bulk of votes in a section titled "Secretary-Treasurer" in 1920, although I'm not sure of what specific body, as he is not listed as having been an IWW General Secratary-Treasurer. Maybe the Chicago branch?
 * The Public (Volume 17) mentions in a section titled "Pamphlets Received": "The Advancing Proletariat. By Abner E. Woodruff. Published by the I. W. W. Publishing Bureau, Cleveland, O. 1914. Price, 10 cents." City and year different from the copy I uploaded.
 * The Industrial Pioneer (Volume 1) mentions Woodruff as a "civil engineer," likely what is referred to by the "C. E." title he uses.
 * The Evolution of Industrial Democracy was translated and republished by the Stockholm, Sweden Marine Transport branch of the IWW in 1926 (translated by Viktor Hallberg, edited by C. G. Andersson). Den Industriella demokratiens utveckling. In it Woodruff is titled "civilingenjör".
 * A couple of these were apparently also translated into Hungarian: Az ipari demokrácia fejlődése and A haladó proletáriátus.
 * djr13 (talk) 07:42, 23 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I had the C.E. bit from UK works, though I am unsure whether that was an indication of MICE or not. Whichever it tends to obviate the rubber worker, especially as the census records show that bloke as only having year 8. I will see what other sources I can poke for a response. The vote would tend to indicate a real person.

Please do add the work to Template:New texts, that just needs to be proofread to appear there (though it is now validated anyway). — billinghurst  sDrewth  13:14, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Alright, I'll toss it onto the list, although I'll have another one by the author in just a few days. Should I also (perhaps at a gradual pace) add in the other works I've completed (mostly of the same genre) in the past few months even though many are a month or two old by now?

 * Also, I found another hint while proofing Woodruff's last work, a part which talks about his Polish immigrant father and seeing the last of the westward US expansion while living in Illinois in his youth. Page:Evolution of American Agriculture (Woodruff).djvu/41 djr13 (talk) 04:32, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

Re: Page:Evolution of American Agriculture (Woodruff).djvu/86
Sigh. You are quite right. The two logos are different. Well spotted. I have lifted and sharpened the image off the page as best I am able (i.e please do better if you can!), but to tell the truth it is so small I wonder if anybody else will ever know? AuFCL (talk) 11:37, 1 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Ah, yeah, I'm sorry I did a partial revert there, I had actually intended on trying to produce a replacement myself. This way was a bit rude, seeming like an annoying, "You did it wrong, fix it!" :-) I was looking at it and the SVG version to discern what I'd need to adjust, maybe a quick invert of a couple details, but I guess it also used a slightly different text and globe design. Although that may well have just been because it's such a tiny little thing the ink couldn't have taken any finer details! I've been going through this same archive a while and developing an eye for such similarities vs trivial variations, sometimes in graphics, sometimes in whole pages that carried over from one work to another. djr13 (talk) 21:17, 1 March 2014 (UTC)
 * No insult taken, and you of course were quite right at every stage. I was in fact wondering if you had access to a better quality image (or perhaps a copy of the physical pamphlet?) and were going to produce a clearer image, but in the meantime I'd already grabbed the jp2 zipfile from IA for the other images and did my best with the little IWW logo. The result is still as blurry but, as I stated above, is so small most people will never know it isn't the other logo anyway... Unrelated: how did you find plainlist? That was quite a new one to me, and seems to have a few undocumented "quirks" which I hope I have used in the intended fashion. AuFCL (talk) 22:43, 1 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I only have the jp2 zip as well. I'm not sure, but I think the original zip (the one prior to IA rotating and cropping) may be ever-so-slightly cleaner for editing.
 * I found plainlist the same way I find most templates...hoping, guessing and searching. I wasn't aware of that undocumented feature you found though! The tag (or rather, the "plainlist" CSS class it uses) has a bug that I documented that breaks (or at least, prevents) plainlist sub-items working as one might expect. djr13 (talk) 00:16, 2 March 2014 (UTC)

Re: Page:Evolution of American Agriculture (Woodruff).djvu/15
I saw your rather sad comment on the change above, and re-jigged (and validated) the page to remove those transparents I previously used to "force" justification (oh, and of course added the drop-cap-simulating one.) Probably a bad idea in any case. However, to replace the effect I've resorted to using which was originally written and tested (not by me!) to work with Internet Explorer, and uses CSS which only recently seems to be working with Firefox (my browser.) If you should happen to be using any other than these two, please double check the page "works" for you. It passes the "cut-and-paste-to-text" (a few extra blank lines which I hope do not matter) test for me, now, which I believe was your intent all along? AuFCL (talk) 04:44, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

 * The extra blank lines are undesirable and if I were to law down the lawr [sic] these broken paragraphs would carry the harshest retribution possible. But eh. It's probably a pipe dream to think there is some chance in hell in designing a contraption able to intuitively reflow text between independent text boxes. And that that contraption would possibly shoehorn into wikitext. It could probably be done only subtractively, by positioning divs in areas where the text shouldn't be, rather than actually positioning two divs where the text should be as might appear the most intuitive option. In any case I'd hate to be the one to try to put that together. :-) It looks pretty good here anyway. djr13 (talk) 05:24, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

 * As the old joke goes, if the broken pieces offend then you are welcome to keep them. As always if you can do better please knock yourself out (I certainly don't mean that literally.) Cheers, AuFCL (talk) 06:27, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

Template:Floating quotation mark
Hello. I happened to notice your pair of edits here and thought I'd better point out (assuming this is what you want to do, of course) that: might be closer to the syntax you were looking for. There is some relevant technical documentation here in case it helps. Regards, AuFCL (talk) 20:56, 15 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Um forget it. I see whilst writing the above you've already figured it out. Sorry to have intruded. AuFCL (talk) 20:57, 15 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Hah, no problem, and thank you nonetheless. Folks on IRC beat you to the punch. djr13 (talk) 21:03, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

New fqm template
Hi, I see you're methodically working through the uses of shift left and changing them to fqm. Given that there's ca. another 1000 to go, could this be done by a bot? If so, drop a request a WS:BOTR and one of the bot operators can have a look at it. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 06:29, 16 March 2014 (UTC)
 * And I was having so much fun. :) After the first hundred or so I started wondering if maybe I should get a stat on how widely shift left is used.... I'm not sure if this could be done via bot, as it requires interpreting the intention of the shift left, checking the scan for reference, and sometimes correcting the odd transcription mistake. djr13 (talk) 06:37, 16 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I might as well add this. As far as I know based the original fqm on overfloat left, so no doubt at least some uses of the last may be also eligible for substitution as well if you are feeling keen (adds maybe another 400 cases?) Want a hand? AuFCL (talk) 07:37, 16 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Could definitely use a hand if you find it interesting. I've just been chipping away at it...it's not really the most pressing thing of course. I simply had run across a couple years old scriptorium thread that inspired me to dig into it. I haven't yet looked at how widely overfloat left is used for hanging quotation marks. djr13 (talk) 07:51, 16 March 2014 (UTC)
 * O.K. I intend working [//en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AWhatLinksHere&target=Template%3AOverfloat+left&namespace=104Special%3AWhatLinksHere&target=Template%3AOverfloat+left&namespace=104 through this list], which I believe (hope?) won't interfere with your edits, before (maybe) moving on to the rest. Unless there are any other pressing reasons for changing the tag, I intend marking everything "fqm campaign." (e.g.) I hope this fits in neatly with your intentions? AuFCL (talk) 00:09, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm taking a break from it to do some works uploading that I had transcribed while away from the internet recently. Will probably be done with these and resume chipping away at it in a week or so. Your linked diff looks good, although I don't know what to think of the di interaction, hadn't yet run across that one. djr13 (talk) 06:27, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Just letting you know I have completed one full pass through the overfloat left cases above. I do not believe the remaining occurrences at least for the present are reducible to fqm but please check (better yet after a delay in case any new ones turn up?) if you feel so inclined. AuFCL (talk) 06:37, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

Re: : It is only my opinion that padding between quotation marks and text is unnecessary (even between quotation marks and apostrophes). It looks more like the text, but it was more a typesetting issue than place-setting in the original (if I am explaining myself correctly). I used to leave a space between text and colons/semi-colons for the same reason (because it looked more like the original), but was convinced to cease from doing so for the same (typesetting) reason. I like to keep things tidy for the most part. Again, just my opinion. I noticed BWC chime in above; if he feels fqm is a reasonable replacement for shift left, then I will use it; I know that he has used shift left in the past, and I have confidence in his opinion. Quick question: With shift left, you can wrap more than one line of text in the template if need be (see example below). Is that possible with fqm? or do you need to treat each line separately? And if a bot makes changes, how will it change instances of multiple wrapped lines correctly (being myself ignorant of how bots work)? I think shift left was used in some instances of plays where multiple lines are wrapped in shift left. BWC might remember. Thanks, Londonjackbooks (talk) 20:36, 16 March 2014 (UTC)

... But you see fairer in your dreams!

...

 * Thanks for feedback on my edits there, it's good to have some thoughts on my use of padding before going overboard. I agree that it's pretty clearly just a typesetting matter, be it typesetting in the work itself or for displaying as intended on the web, EG as my primary reason for adding the padding was for reasons similar to " '. IMO, since we use straight quotes, we remove some context that we then must represent in other ways, such as visually emphasizing the difference between "',  and '" (IE,,  and ) My reason for applying this across the rest of the work where there was no apostrophe to speak of is purely for visual consistency.
 * As far as comparison to shift left, these are very different templates. fqm is used as a direct replacement for quotation marks that are desired to hang over the left margin, making shift left unnecessary and a bit roundabout for reproducing the effect. I'm not entirely sure what you mean by multiple lines in the context of fqm, as the template is not meant to encapsulate lines of text. djr13 (talk) 21:25, 16 March 2014 (UTC)

... "But you see fairer in your dreams!" WITHOUT FQM What voices are these on the clear night air? WITH FQM What lights in the court, what steps on the stair?" ...

...

"But you see fairer in your dreams!" WITHOUT FQM

What voices are these on the clear night air? WITH FQM

What lights in the court, what steps on the stair?"

...

 * I am overthinking things... I guess a better question would be to ask how a bot would "treat" instances of shift left, since some uses of the shift left template (like my example above) do not involve the use of quotation marks. How would a bot distinguish between the two uses as it runs its course?  Londonjackbooks (talk) 23:50, 16 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I think this is what Beeswaxcandle was asking me, and I don't really know, for exactly the problem you point out. I think it requires some relatively high level interpretation including using a page scan image as reference. My impression is there's not much a bot could do to process these automatically, that it requires a patient and attentive human eye. (By the way, there were also a couple shift left quotation mark instances I passed up because I'm not sure how to properly format even with fqm, usually because they were implementing floated marks on indented lines, which fqm seems to need help with.) djr13 (talk) 06:27, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * The only a bot could tell would be to look at the value in the third field of the shift left template. If the value is 0.4em, then use the " version. If the value is 0.2em, then use the ' version. Ignore all other uses. Whatever way is used (bot or manual), we then need to look at what's left and see what needs to be done–if anything–to those. The Coates' example that LJB gives above (with the padding) doesn't work for me because the purpose of hanging punctuation is to align the first letters of the lines. This allows the eye to travel down the page of text more easily. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 06:53, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * After reading the 2011 archived discussion linked above, I'm starting to feel a bit like the fool who rushed in. As (thanks for catching all my uses of equivalent templates that I missed by the way) surmised, I used a streamlined version of the overfloat left code, not being aware of shift left (though by using , it bypasses the need to guess the character width), and made it more as a shortcut in my own editing for something which annoyed me: I wasn't expecting the template to take off or cause discussion to this extent.
 * As for the bots mentioned above—if it hasn't already been done—it would be simple enough to catch all (and only) the relevant uses of similar templates with AutoWikiBrowser, using the right regex. The only thing I'm not sure of is if it's possible to work from a list of uses of a template (like that generated by "What links here"); if not a temporary tracking category could possibly be added to the relevant templates. Is AWB enabled on en.WS? -- xensyria T 17:37, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

"Little Red Songbook" editions
The "Little Red Songbook" is a series of songbooks which have become iconic among folk music and the global labor movement since its first publication ca 1910. Spanning 100 years of publication, with over 30 official editions (and probably many more beyond). That's the salespitch, here's the problem: There's many quirks thrown into the series including publications in other localities, other languages, by subgroups, occasionally in the midst of political feuds and splits. Even just among the decidedly pre-1923 editions there are a couple dozen, and they have some tendencies which confuse me: unclear definitive titles, quirky content organization, and each edition tends to contain many songs overlapping other editions and other works, requiring much redundancy just to grab a few additional songs.

There are three existing copies which probably need some work as it is:
 * Songs of the workers (15th edition)
 * Little Red Songbook 9th Edition (Joe Hill Memorial Edition) 1916
 * Index:Songs of the IWW 4th Australian Edition.pdf

More can be seen on EG Worldcat (under a few different titles). I've been hoping to pick up a copy of the Big Red Songbook which is not simply a larger songbook but apparently particularly a history book on the series, published by a third party. It could answer some of my questions, but just as likely have me asking more. djr13 (talk) 12:07, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

Onward Sweep of the Machine Process (ca 1917).pdf
Thank you so much for adding this (and similar) work(s). (To tell the truth I am not quite sure why I really want to read these sorts of things; as they reveal just how little a century or more has changed the very situation(s) the I.W.W. was supposedly established to address.) [Most certainly bad for (my, at least) blood-pressure!] AuFCL (talk) 05:32, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I know what you mean, after getting into this stuff I find myself frequently bearing the slogan "nothing has changed" or to recall the Talking Heads, "same as it ever was." :P ...Especially with old history literature, like Historical Catechism of American Unionism or The Indian Dispossessed, which in their time attempted to reflect tragedies caused by prior centuries' cyclical political themes in accessible terms...to read them after yet another century gone by and consider how these themes have continued to play out through today is chilling. It does at least provide perspective on roads taken and untaken. In fact as depressing and cynical as the sense of political stagnation it infects you with is, it paradoxically carries with it a sense of undying rebellion, and the very against-the-grain philosophy and history described in the works has lent to a century of powerful music, poetry, art and stories. Hunter S. Thompson described it as "the last human concept in American politics." Like Ralph Chaplin's poem "Red November, Black November" (hmm, not on here yet) and the famous Joe Hill quote, "Don't waste time mourning—Organize!" the literature tends to foist a fiery reflection of the past into a fiery agitation towards the future. djr13 (talk) 07:39, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

 * To the above I had better now add a fresh thanks for managing to put (at least some kind of) positive spin upon the matter! ("If there is one thing we learn from a study of History it is this; that no-one seems to learn a single damn thing from History."…I hope this does not undermine your good efforts!) AuFCL (talk) 10:59, 14 May 2014 (UTC)

Category:Advertisements
Hi, just picking up on part of your conversation with about Advertisements. The category that you've been using is a mainspace category and as such is intended to only be for works (preferably transcluded). We need a separate category for the Page: namespace. I suggest that a sub-category in Category:Tracking categories might be the best place. It could be called Category:Pages containing advertisements. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 08:33, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

 * You're right. Would you mind creating the tracking category for it? I wouldn't know where to start. I'd be happy to switch over all the relevant cases I can find. djr13 (talk) 19:39, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

Poem on two pages
Hi,

sorry, I didn't check carefully enough. I reverted my edits. I'll leave it two the folks that are more "technical" - like you - to fix this. Good luck with it.

Apart from that I'm interested in the history of the labour movement. So I was happy to find this.

Greetings, Dick Bos (talk) 08:13, 7 November 2014 (UTC)

 * No problem. And I'm hardly "technical" at least as far as this goes, my fix is about equivalent to kicking it when it didn't work! djr13 (talk) 22:04, 7 November 2014 (UTC)

New Proposal Notification - Replacement of common main-space header template
Announcing the listing of a new formal proposal recently added to the Scriptorium community-discussion page, Proposals section, titled:

 * • Switch header template foundation from table-based to division-based

The proposal entails the replacement of the current Header template familiar to most with a structurally redesigned new Header template. Replacement is a needed first step in series of steps needed to properly address the long time deficiencies behind several issues as well as enhance our mobile device presence.

There should be no significant operational or visual differences between the existing and proposed Header templates under normal usage (i.e. Desktop view). The change is entirely structural -- moving away from the existing HTML all Table make-up to an all Div[ision] based one.

Please examine the testcases where the current template is compared to the proposed replacement. Don't forget to also check Mobile Mode from the testcases page -- which is where the differences between current header template & proposed header template will be hard to miss.

For those who are concerned over the possible impact replacement might have on specific works, you can test the replacement on your own by entering edit mode, substituting the header tag   with   and then previewing the work with the change in place. Saving the page with the change in place should not be needed but if you opt to save the page instead of just previewing it, please remember to revert the change soon after your done inspecting the results.

Your questions or comments are welcomed. At the same time I personally urge participants to support this proposed change. -- George Orwell III (talk) 02:04, 13 January 2015 (UTC)

missing pages FOUND for Our Sister Republic: Mexico (1870) [487-490] -> http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067351977;view=1up;seq=509
Pages 487-490 appear to be missing from the scans.

These pages can be found on HaitiTrust. How would one insert them into what is here on wikisource? I can get them and upload them and remove any watermarks. Here is the link starting with: p.487

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067351977;view=1up;seq=509

—Maury (talk) 23:55, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks for letting me know, though all I contributed to that was nodding my head at the error and flipping an option at the index to visibly indicate the problem... From memory, I've marked some but never fixed any missing pages problems myself. I do know though that since this work is already fully proofread (besides those few pages obviously), with existing pages, we'd probably need to get a bot to help move the appropriate pages out of the way. Then you can create those last few page, and when finished, make sure to visit mainspace and adjust any <pages> tags. ...I'm not sure if you overwrite the old file before or after moving the pages. Oh yeah, and about overwriting the file, I'm not certain but.... Make absolutely sure first that the copy on Hathitrust and the copy here are the same edition and everything. Then when you've gone through enough pages to make sure everything matches (obviously pay close attention to front and back matter and page numbering) you can do one of two things. The most optimal, and easiest, way to fix it is to just get the whole file from Hathitrust, and convert it, if necessary, to the same format as the one we have already. Alternatively, you can download the file from here and try splicing in those few pages where they go. Then go and upload them by the exact same name as the old file. Hope this helps at all! djr13 (talk) 02:48, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

Page:Ballot (Smith).djvu/7
To answer your question, printer's marks are optional. (That A2 is there to remind the printer which sections go where since books were printed in small sections.) Since the rest of the book didn't have the printer's marks transcribed, I removed the only one that was left for consistency rather than add other marks that don't mean anything in terms of the book. The Haz talk 00:01, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

Index formatting
Hi, I'm finishing proofreading Jean Jaurès, socialist and humanitarian and have come across a page of the index you have worked on. You've used plainlist. I'm "just" a proofreader who suffers agonies grappling with wiki-ing and templates in particular, and have settled on doing Indexes as per p 153 with colons and hibecause it is simplest and I think looks as good as any. Do you have any criticism (constructive preferably)? Plainlist would need a style parameter to get the hanging indent and seem awfully complicated for what seems to me the same result. Cheers, — Zoeannl (talk) 11:11, 11 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Hello, thanks for asking about this!
 * First and most importantly, never use colons or semicolons for visual formatting, such as indentation (except in poem tags...and on talk pages, where all rules are apparently out the window)! These wikimarkup symbols are actually special semantic formatting shortcuts for definition lists. It might seem expedient and produce the visual result you're looking for, but it breaks accessibility, and might visually break too if the formatting of these elements ever changes. Instead, always use formatting templates for this purpose, which have a well defined specific formatting purpose.
 * As far as the plainlist, it's pretty ugly. However, it produces the correct markup (an unordered list without bullets), which is the main important thing when transcribing. I really think Mediawiki/Wikimedia should enable hanging indent on plainlists by default (the template relies on a CSS class defined in site-wide stylesheets), as this would greatly improve readability for all kinds of unbulleted lists. Coding it correctly means that at some point the appearance of all plainlists can be changed at once, either via the sitewide CSS file or tweaks to the plainlist template.
 * Semantics matter! Maybe I'm especially hardline about this, often going so far as to use emphasis tags  instead of  italic tags  when it is clear that the difference is not purely visual/typographical. But, it matters for accessibility and future format-shifting.
 * I hope this detailed answer is not overwhelming. :) djr13 (talk) 16:02, 11 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Your explanation is not overwhelming but not welcome either. I asked the question because I suspected what you have confirmed. I’ve decided to do what I can to encourage proofreaders who lack wiki skills and this sort off thing bothers me: it is discouraging. I get that if I use the template then it is specific and will remain "fit for purpose" but what does it take to make it fit for people (i.e. non-wiki-ers)? Seriously, I’m not (just) whining, how do we go about "fixing" a template? I would like to see a plainlist that produced the "right" results from items separated by hard returns, no *. That would be more intuitive, fits with how Project Gutenberg proofreaders are trained and is much easier to produce from scans. WS suffers a lack of proofreaders and peculiar templates don't help. And don't get me started about italics! Cheers, Zoeannl (talk) 10:16, 12 March 2016 (UTC)
 * So then the main peculiarity you're concerned about is that users will find using asterisks to indicate list items to be unintuitive? For better or worse there are many ways to produce similar formatting and/or semantic results.  is the standard Mediawiki code for a bulleted list item, and  is a wrapper around these lists for removing the visual bullet. To me that's pretty intuitive, but we could avoid using asterisks with a template that takes each list item as a parameter, essentially replacing   with  . Wikipedia has one, w:Template:Unbulleted list, but Wikisource currently does not. It exists on Wikipedia mainly because of the common need to embed lists within things like infoboxes where the hard code generated by   tends to break things. As far as a template which allows one big parameter and interprets newlines as list items, I'm not sure if that's possible or not, it might require a Mediawiki extension to accomplish, like   does but not focused purely on visual formatting.
 * In general, it is critical that an editor is able to know when a feature they are transcribing is semantic, when it is artistic, and when it is merely a limitation of the format on which it was created, and consider how and even whether they should represent this in the transcription. It's a bit subjective and can get complicated and probably can't be avoided unless you simply take away tools and limit what formats you care your transcriptions to be useful and attractive for. For example, the index of the work you're transcribing is neither a poem, nor a series of line wraps, nor a series of paragraphs, nor a table, but is a long list. With the right CSS, a web browser can easily display all of these identically and you'd never know the difference. A screen reader, however, would have no reason to discern between a bulleted or unbulleted list (or line wraps), but would have reason to discern between these and poems, paragraphs and tables. But even just for web browsers I do wish they'd change the plainlist CSS to be more attractive and readable.
 * But as far as just making it look good, you can easily wrap a plainlist in a hanging indent template. Hopefully if they ever do change the CSS to something sensible, it won't conflict with the use of that template on lists, but if it did that would certainly be a bug. add a parameter to to enable hanging indents, which can then be easily changed sitewide if things are ever properly fixed in CSS. Not directly related to this discussion but worth mentioning, I've poked at the CSS a bit on my Wikipedia sandbox. djr13 (talk) 14:01, 12 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your thoughtful response. I'm looking to help people to pick up wiki-skills from zero, so doing it right from the start and not learning bad habits is the goal. Most of basic proofreading (in the PG sense) is easily achieved, it's the formatting of things like the Index and TOC where things get complicated. With helpful Help, it's possible to explain the whys of what we do and we can be honest about the shortfalls of what we do, but it helps to be consistent to promote familiarity and "friendliness". A | would be good as we are using this for TOCstyle and tables. I’ve added a parameter for hi which works well; I had to look at your example to see how to span pages, that wasn't in the documentation. With other templates we use /s and /e. Is that another 6 of one, ½ dozen of another scenario?
 * Any suggestions on how to indent within plainlist? e.g. Page:Jean Jaurès socialist and humanitarian 1917.djvu/159. I haven't marked it up yet since converting to plainlist; my favourite is but I'm getting feedback that it might not always be appropriate, and have started using & nbsp; (I don't know how to nowiki that) without really knowing why. Cheers,Zoeannl (talk) 02:23, 13 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Yeah one problem with Wikisource (though I'm sure you could find plenty of dissent on this) is the lack of practical rules beyond the very basic ones necessary to prevent the entire site from imploding. Rules that, for example, clearly state how complicated things like lists and tables of contents should be formatted rather than making each and every one an exercise in reinvention. Or maybe more than the lack of rules is the lack of good templates (er...I mean by this definition) to always refer to. On Wikipedia you can often pick any popular subject and you'll find many style and syntax scenarios to replicate and adapt from. Guessing at template names, category names is a tedious art and it's the only reason I've gotten anywhere editing these many wikis. Just look above in my talk page, and one of the wiki's biggest editors was surprised to discover via my editing that even exists.
 * The more I think about the syntax, the more I agree on at least the issues with difficulty. So much of the syntax is very finicky and requires a fine touch to work around strange issues and syntax/formatting conflicts. Regarding indenting within a list (other than the hanging indents for when a list item is very long), there's currently only one good way to do it, but the problem is, it doesn't work ...this is why I keep referring back to the CSS. See my Wikipedia sandbox where I experimented with this bug. I might have filed a bug report, but I can't remember now. The proper way to do it with asterisks is just like regular bulleted lists, a double asterisk to denote a subitem, a triple asterisk to nest again, etc. This actually works in most cases, as far as generated the final HTML code, as it outputs sub-items as embedded lists, as it is supposed to. The problem is that the CSS should be coded to handle plainlists embedded within plainlists (and other lists, though embedding a bulleted list inside an unbulleted list may be complicated?).
 * Aside from relying on asterisks, if we created a template similar to w:Template:Unbulleted list, sub-item functionality would be replicated by simply embedding another list, like . Since we're already going out of our way to call a template rather than relying on a raw syntax-generated list, we can also handle common formatting questions via this same template, such as indentation. This sounds like the way to go unless you feel like complaining to any developers/admins about the CSS. But make sure editors know to use.
 * When I mention adding a hanging indent parameter to plainlist I guess I mean standardize it beyond simply relying on a custom style markup, which is always rather complicated to figure out properly. I'll probably end up doing this myself eventually, it's something that's bothered me a bit for a very long time. And I've discussed before that hidden feature of making it span across pages but it needs to be documented. Right now I'm working on fixing Wikipedia's awful inflation calculation templates though... djr13 (talk) 09:22, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

Typically ...
Hi. In works, it has been our practice to not disambiguate if there is not a reason to do so. It also then makes the headers a little easier in building relative links for title to display actively. Also with headers, we would normally only display the publication year on the root page, and similarly leave the copyright template to the root page only too. There may be occasions that we do apply some of these components to pages, however, they would be considered the exception, not the rule. — billinghurst  sDrewth  05:32, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

 * It's been some years since I've made substantial transcribing contributions, and there's much to content organization and syntax that this site requires committing to memory which makes it easy to forget. Also, I was trying to at least complete some part of the task, temporarily compromising on the less substantial elements of the effort, as there's still much to do with the work, most significantly fixing footnotes. Admittedly perhaps I should've remembered to use Template:Under construction. Thank you for the reminder, still. djr13 (talk) 06:11, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Djr13


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:72.172.114.74


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Page:Annotated Edition of the Authorised Daily Prayer Book.djvu/962

Happy is the man that walketh not in the counsel of the wicked, nor standeth in the way of sinners, nor sitteth in the seat of the scornful. But his delight is in the law of the Lord; and in his law doth he meditate day and night. And he shall be like a tree planted by the streams of water, that bringeth forth its fruit in its season, whose leaf also doth not wither; and whatsoever he doeth shall prosper. The wicked are not so; but are like the chaff which the wind driveth away. Therefore the wicked shall not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the congregation of the righteous. For the Lord knoweth the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked shall perish.

As for man, his days are as grass; as the flower of the field, so he flourisheth. For the wind passeth over it, and it is gone; and the place thereof shall know it no more. But the loving-kindness of the Lord is from everlasting to everlasting upon them that fear him, and his righteousness unto children's children. Oh that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their latter end. For at his death he shall carry nothing away; his glory shall not descend after him. Mark the innocent man, and behold the upright; for the latter end of that man is peace. The Lord setteth free the soul of his servants; and none that take refuge in him shall be condemned. How precious is thy lovingkindness, O God! and the children of men take refuge under the shadow of thy wings. They sate themselves with the fatness of thy house; and thou givest them to drink of the river of thy pleasures. He shall enter into peace; they shall rest on their beds each—one that walketh in his uprightness.

Psalm xci. p. 23; "O Lord and King, who art full of compassion," etc., p.323; Mourner's Kaddish, p. 77.


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lay in camp in the fringe of the mulga, and watched the big, red, smoky, rising moon out on the edge of the misty plain, and smoked and thought together sociably. Our nose-bags were nice and heavy, and we still had about a pound of nail-rod between us.

The moon reminded my mate, Jack Mitchell, of something―anything reminded him of something, in fact.

'Did you ever notice,' said Jack, in a lazy tone, just as if he didn't want to tell a yarn―'Did you ever notice that people always shoot the moon when there's no moon? Have you got the matches?'

He lit up; he was always lighting up when he was reminded of something.

'This reminds me―Have you got the knife? My pipe's stuffed up.'

He dug it out, loaded afresh, and lit up again.

'I remember once, at a pub I was staying at, I had to leave without saying good-bye to the landlord. I didn't know him very well at that time.

'My room was upstairs at the back, with the window opening onto the backyard. I always carried a bit 130


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 of clothes-line in my swag or portmanteau those times. I travelled along with a portmanteau those times. I carried the rope in case of accident, or in case of fire, to lower my things out of the window―or hang myself, maybe, if things got too bad. No, now I come to think of it, I carried a revolver for that, and it was the only thing I never pawned.'

"To hang yourself with?" asked the mate.

'Yes―you're very smart,' snapped Mitchell; 'never mind. This reminds me that I got a chap at a pub to pawn my last suit, while I stopped inside and waited for an old mate to send me a pound; but I kept the shooter, and if he hadn't sent it I'd have been the late John Mitchell long ago.'

"And sometimes you lower'd out when there was'nt a fire."

'Yes, that will pass; you're improving in the funny business. But about the yarn. There was two beds in my room at the pub, where I had to go away without shouting for the boss, and, as it happened, there was a strange chap sleeping in the other bed that night, and, just as I raised the window and was going to lower my bag out, he woke up.

'Now, look here,' I said, shaking my fist at him, like that, 'if you say a word, I'll stoush yer!'

"Well," he said, "well, you needn't be in such a sweat to jump down a man's throat. I've got my swag under the bed, and I was just going to ask you for the loan of the rope when you're done with it."

'Well, we chummed. His name was Tom―Tom―something, I forget the other name, but it doesn't matter. Have you got the matches?'


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 He wasted three matches, and continued―

'There was a lot of old galvanised iron lying about under the window, and I was frightened the swag would make a noise; anyway, I'd have to drop the rope, and that was sure to make a noise. So we agreed for one of us to go down and land the swag. If we were seen going down without the swags it didn't matter, for we could say we wanted to go out in the yard for something.'

"If you had the swag you might pretend you were walking in your sleep," I suggested, for the want of something funnier to say.

'Bosh,' said Jack, 'and get woke up with a black eye. Bushies don't generally carry their swags out of pubs in their sleep, or walk neither; it's only city swells who do that. Where's the blessed matches?

'Well, Tom agreed to go, and presently I saw a shadow under the window, and lowered away.

'All right?' I asked in a whisper.

"All right!" whispered the shadow.

'I lowered the other swag.

'All right?'

"All right!" said the shadow, and just then the moon came out.

"All right !" says the shadow.

'But it wasn't all right. It was the landlord himself!

'It seems he got up and went out to the back in the night, and just happened to be coming in when my mate Tom was sneaking out of the back door. He saw Tom, and Tom saw him, and smoked through a hole in the palings into the scrub. The boss looked


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 up at the window, and dropped to it. I went down, funky enough, I can tell you, and faced him. He said:

"Look here, mate, why didn't you come straight to me, and tell me how you was fixed, instead of sneaking round the trouble in that fashion? There's no occasion for it."

'I felt mean at once, but I said: 'Well, you see, we didn't know you, boss.'

"So it seems. Well, I didn't think of that. Anyway, call up your mate and come and have a drink; we'll talk over it afterwards." So I called Tom. 'Come on,' I shouted. 'It's all right.'

'And the boss kept us a couple of days, and then gave us as much tucker as we could carry, and a drop of stuff and a few bob to go on the track again with.'

"Well, he was white, any road."

'Yes. I knew him well after that, and only heard one man say a word against him.'

"And did you stoush him?"

'No; I was going to, but Tom wouldn't let me. He said he was frightened I might make a mess of it, and he did it himself.'

"Did what? Make a mess of it?"

'He made a mess of the other man that slandered that publican. I'd be funny if I was you, Where's the matches?'

"And could Tom fight?"

'Yes. Tom could fight.'

"Did you travel long with him after that?"

'Ten years.'

"And where is he now?"

'Dead.―Give us the matches.'


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8

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most tangible and objective of human traits are those having to do with food. It is obvious that the fundamental necessity for man’s existence is a sufficient quantity of some kind of edible organic substance. Moreover, a retrospect of the world, as we find it today, suggests that one of the eternal problems confronting the several groups of mankind has been the discovery of practical methods for adapting living forms to dietary requirements. For this reason, if for no other, it seems advisable to begin our study of man in the New World with a general discussion of food complexes.

The almost universal tendency among the several groups of mankind is to specialize in some one kind of food which thereby becomes the staple, or main support, to be supplemented by secondary foods when opportunity permits. Even our own very complex culture has not fully overcome this disposition, as shown in our great dependence upon bread and beef. Another characteristic is that this specialization is uniformly distributed over a considerable area. Because of these two conditions our task of classification is far less difficult than if it were otherwise.

Guided by these considerations the New World may be comprehended under eight large food areas, the general boundaries of which are indicated on the map. Thus, beginning with North America, we have in the north a large extent of territory presenting Arctic and sub-Arctic characteristics. This region is the natural range of the caribou, or American reindeer, whose flesh was the main support of the aboriginal populations. On the Pacific slope, centering in the drainage of the Columbia River, we have the salmon area. To the south, in California and a portion of the interior, is the area of wild nuts and seeds. In the heart of the continent is the bison area.

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domestication of animals and methods of transportation may be treated as a single division of our subject, because from the standpoint of Old World culture, one of these concepts calls the other promptly to mind, and even in aboriginal America there is found some relation between the two. The most common domesticated animals were the dog, the llama, and the related alpaca. There were no others. It is true that we have on record instances of individual animals of other species being tamed, but in no case were they propagated.

Of birds, we have the turkey of Mexico and of the Pueblo tribes of the United States. Lawson is responsible for the statement that in Carolina cranes were bred in captivity, while, according to Roger Williams, the Narragansett trained hawks to guard their fields. But all these are exceptional cases. Also, eagles and serpents were sometimes confined for ceremonial reasons, but not truly domesticated. The bee was domesticated in Mexico by the Aztec and the Maya, as is still the case among some groups of natives in Central America and northwest Brazil.

The dog appears in Paleolithic Europe in close association with the remains of man and was practically universal in aboriginal America. The history of its development and dispersion over the earth would in a large measure be the history of man’s cultural achievements. It is thus quite natural that we have a large body of literature on the dog. Unfortunately, this is largely speculative, whereas what we need for our discussion is actual investigation.

The available data indicate that in the New World dogs served at least four purposes: transportation, hunting, guarding and companionship, or food, according to locality. They

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subject now before us is far less intelligible to the layman than any of the preceding, chiefly because it deals with definite processes or crafts which must be mastered to be thoroughly understood. This cannot be expected even of professional anthropologists, who must necessarily be guided by the statements of textile experts. With such guidance we may, however, safely proceed to a general view of the subject.

There seem to be but four classes of textile fiber in general use: wool, bast, cotton, and silk. Of these, aboriginal America used all but the last. The sheep was not found here, but the hair of the Rocky Mountain goat was used in western Canada and also that of a dog bred for that purpose. In the bison area, particularly on the lower Mississippi, buffalo hair was spun. Mexico and Central America seem not to have used wool of any kind, no doubt because it was not available. The same may be said of Colombia and parts of Ecuador. As soon, however, as the range of the llama, vicuña and alpaca is reached, their respective wools come into use. Some archæological data indicate that at one time their use extended far down into Chile and out into Argentina.

Of bast fibers we have a respectable list. Even as far north as the caribou area willow bark was used. On the Pacific coast of Canada cedarbark fiber, and inland in the salmon area sagebrush bark were used, extending far down among the Shoshonean tribes of the United States. In California the plants Iris, AsolepiasAsclepias [sic] and ApocyrumApocynum [sic] were used for string twisting. In the bison area practically no bark fiber was used, but about the Great Lakes and eastward, basswood or linn bark was largely employed. Occasionally, cornhusk fiber was utilized. In southeastern United States, particularly on the lower Mississippi, the fibers of Indian hemp and

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46 grass were extensively used. In Arizona and New Mexico we find the maguey, extending down into Peru. In the remaining parts of South America there are a number of bast fibers in use. Thus, we may conclude that the use of bast fibers was general except among the highly specialized hunting peoples of the extreme North and South.

Cotton, though a vegetable fiber, is a wool rather than a bast. Fiber experts claim that it is only the cultivated varieties that can be successfully spun. Proceeding from north to south we first encounter cotton in the Pueblo area of the United States. That it was grown in what is now the great cotton belt of the United States is improbable, but from the Pueblo country down through Mexico to Peru, cotton was the great textile fiber. The known varieties were white and brown. In other parts of South America and the Antilles a little cotton was grown, chiefly to be used in making hammocks.

Taking a general view of the preceding facts, we note that the distribution of cotton culture is in the main coincident with the regions of higher culture; at least, it is not found among non-agricultural peoples. Wool fibers appear in three disconnected regions: around Peru, British Columbia, and the lower Mississippi. Bast fiber, on the other hand, is practically universal, but shows decided specialization in the several food areas.

One other class of fiber not generally recognized by us is sinew, or tendon. Among the Eskimo and the Indians of Canada it is of the greatest importance and also holds a high place in the bison area, the salmon area, and the northern part of the eastern maize area. In fact, when skin clothing is made, we find it in use, even in the guanaco area of South America.

The twisting of fiber into thread is the pre-requisite of the whole textile art. Its distribution over the world is as universal as the use of fire and its origin probably fully as remote. Though there is but one way to do it, twist the fibers one upon the other, the appliances vary considerably. The primitive way, and no doubt the first historically, is solely by hand.

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2 so large a place in our own culture that it may be doubted if there is anywhere in all the land a normal individual who has not acquired some interest in the Indian's history. On every hand we hear: How came the Indian here? Who were his ancestors? What knowledge and habits did he bring with him? What has he accomplished of his own initiative and how did he achieve it? And it is right and proper that every one of us should be interested in these questions, because we have not only displaced the Indian in this land but we have absorbed a great deal of his culture. For instance, what a void we should create if, by some magical power, we could strike from our history, geography and literature all that pertains to his race! Again, what havoc would be wrought by his withdrawal from painting, sculpture and decorative art! But these losses, incalculably great as they are, would be lost in the overwhelming economic vacuity that would result from the obliteration of maize, cacao, manioc, the potato, the squash, coca, quinine, tobacco and all the other numerous and nameless contributions the Indian has made to our culture. From that eventful day in 1492 when Columbus first laid eyes upon the Indian, down to this very hour, he has been the most studied of peoples. No other race of the world can so stir the imagination of the European. It is thus plain that we have before us one of our greatest cultural assets, the source of the most original traits of our present-day culture and a heritage upon which we may realize more and more. Just the other day a student of Indian life in Dakota conceived the idea of training our farmers to raise maize in the great Northwest, in spite of the short season, by using the methods developed by the Indians of the same locality long before the white man's foot intruded. Again, the fashionable lady who goes shopping tomorrow will select new and striking designs on ribbons and silks that are the advance products of a great revival in American decorative art, the foundation for which was laid by our museum collectors and scientific students of Indian life. It behooves us, therefore, to systematize and extend our knowledge of this vanishing race whose life has been trampled under foot in the ruthless march of culture's evolution, but

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Rh whose own cultural achievements were too virile and too finely adjusted to local geographical conditions to be obliterated.

Further, the chief concern of scientific anthropology is to solve the very questions of origin that actuate the popular mind. As applied to the New World, the sole objective of anthropology is to discover the origin and conditions which have produced the Indian and his culture. Such questions of origin look simple and innocent enough but, my dear Reader, here are problems whose final solution shall surely put the intellect of man and his scientific methods to a supreme test. Positive and complete answers can not now be given to any of these questions, yet anthropology has something definite to offer on every point, though so far this information lies hidden from the uninitiated reader in the accumulated mass of published data and special literature for the reason that no formal attempt has as yet been made to summarize or to present a general review of New World anthropology as a whole. It is to make up in some measure for this deficiency that the following handbook of the subject is projected.

At the outset, we shall introduce the reader to what appear to be the most important facts in the culture of the native peoples. Such facts are conveniently comprehended under three main headings: Material Traits of Culture (Chapters I to VIII), the Fine Arts (Chapter IX), and Social Traits (Chapters X to XIII). The thirteen chapters devoted to these topics are offered as a review of the data necessary to a more searching and constructive view of our subject. Turning from this descriptive task, we shall first consider the classifications under which all these data may be assembled. The historical development of anthropology as a whole, commits us to a historical and geographical point of view, consequently the basic principle of classification in every case will be geographical distribution. Hence, we take up in turn the problems of the grouping of the living tribes according to culture; the evidences for the distribution of the extinct tribes, if such there be; the distribution of languages; and finally, the problem of somatic types. The completion of this task should leave us with a systematic view of the New World as a whole.

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Author:Sydney George Ure Smith

Works

 * Old Sydney (1911)
 * Old Colonial By-Ways (1928)

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4 We may, then, profitably consider such synthetic problems as suggest themselves. Among these, by far the most popular, are those dealing with the origins of New World peoples and their culture, their relation to the races of the Old World, and the antiquity of their arrival in the New. These subjects have been many times discussed, but they are here considered as interpretations based upon empirical classifications of scientific data.

As we proceed, the reader will become conscious of a certain asymmetry in the descriptive chapters, but this is unavoidable, for it so happens that we have much more complete data for the United States and Canada than for other parts of the New World. For South America, in particular, the data are quite unsatisfactory. Consequently, most of the illustrative examples and the inductive interpretations in this book are drawn from the best known parts of North America. On the other hand, the data at large are sufficient to reveal the main characteristics of the whole New World and to make clear the fundamental unity that exists throughout. In addition, the limitations of space have necessitated passing over many topics in silence. For example, we have omitted all discussions of warfare and fighting customs, chiefly because these are the most familiar to general readers. Moreover, these subjects are rather fully treated in historical books and tales of adventure, but the reader who wishes to go deeper into the problem may, with profit, consult the writings of Bandelier and Friederici. Another very important point that might be considered is the density of native populations in pre-Columbian times, a subject we should have gladly made room for if there were available reliable estimates. Recently this problem has been taken up by Mr. James Mooney, who is now preparing a publication on the subject. However, when we take into account the modes of life followed in the different areas, it appears a fair assumption that in 1492 the native population was about at its maximum; that is, the hunting areas contained as many people as the fauna would support and the agricultural areas about all that could be provided for under the existing systems. Yet, this may prove an error

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Rh when more data are available. Again, the choice of topics has been governed by the importance of the problems involved. Thus, so far, no very important problems have been found in war customs, population, etc., but in forms of social organization, certain industries, art, etc., we do find problems that bear upon the very fundamentals of anthropology. In the preparation of this volume our ideal has been to treat these fundamental problems rather than to present a digest of all possible phases of New World native life.

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Rh Eastern United States is embraced in the eastern maize area. Beginning at the Colorado River and extending down through the Isthmus and the Andean regions to the lower part of Chile, is the area of intensive agriculture in which maize is also the leading food. The interior of the southern continent, centering around the Amazon drainage, is, in the main, a dense tropical forest about whose native inhabitants we have the least knowledge of any. In fact, we cannot certainly characterize the food of the whole area, but inferring the whole from the known parts, we should say that small game and cultivated manioc are the important foods. Finally, the lower part of the continent has certain similarities to the North American caribou area, the chief food animal being the guanaco.

It will be observed that these eight areas can be grouped: three of them being the homes of hunting peoples, three of agriculturists, one of fishers, and one of gatherers of wild seeds.

In the caribou area live two groups of tribes generally recognized as having little in common, the Eskimo and the Canadian Indians. As we shall see later, this view as to their diversity is in a large measure justifiable, but with respect to food they have close similarities. It is customary to characterize the Eskimo as a people living upon sea mammals, particularly the seal; but we must not overlook the fact that their winter clothing is of caribou skin and that the flesh of that animal is an important part of their diet. However, the severe winters of their extreme northern range drive the caribou southward and leave the seal the only recourse during the period of prolonged darkness. Yet whenever the caribou are in reach the Eskimo places his chief dependence upon them. Thus, while our classification should not be permitted to obscure the large part that sea mammals play in the domestic economy of the Eskimo, the caribou is absolutely indispensable to his existence, not so much for food as for winter clothing. Hence, we see that Eskimo culture must be considered as a modified form of caribou culture.

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THE MONT CENIS ROAD AND THE FELL RAILWAY, NEAR THE SUMMIT OF THE PASS, ON THE ITALIAN SIDE.
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Author:Charles Henry Bertie

Works

 * Stories of Old Sydney (1911)
 * The Early History of the Sydney Municipal Council (1911)
 * Story of Old George Street (1920)
 * Old Colonial By-Ways (1928)

title: Author:Charles Henry Bertie


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography, Second Supplement, volume 1.djvu/669

 Des Vœux, Sir (George) William (1834–1909) 490 Detmold, Charles Maurice (1883–1908). . 491 De Vere, Aubrey Thomas (1814–1902). . 492 De Vere, Sir Stephen Edward, fourth Baronet (1812–1904) .494 Devonshire, eighth Duke of. See Cavendish, Spencer Compton (1833–1908). De Winton, Sir Francis Walter (1836–1901). 494 De Worms, Henry, first Baron Pirbright (1840–1903) 495 Dibbs, Sir George Richard (1834–1904). . 496 Dicey, Edward James Stephen (1832–1911). 497 Dickinson, Hercules Henry (1827–1905) 498 Dickinson, Lowes [Cato] (1819–1908). 499 Dickson, Sir Collingwood (1817–1904). 499 Dickson, William Purdie (1823–1901). 501 Digby, William (1849–1904) 501 Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, second Baronet (1843–1911) 502 Dilke, Emilia Francis Strong, Lady Dilke (1840–1904) 507 Dillon, Frank (1823–1909). . . .508 Dimock, Nathaniel (1825–1909). . .609 Dixie, Lady Florence Caroline (1857–1905). 510 Dods, Marcus (1834–1909). . . .510 Dolling, Robert William Radclyffe, ‘Father Dolling’ (1851–1902). . . .512 Donkin, Bryan (1835–1902). . .513 Donnelly, Sir John Fretcheville Dykes (1834-1902) 514 Donnet, Sir James John Louis (1816–1905). 516 Douglas, Sir Adye (1815–1906). . .516 Douglas, George (1869–1902). See Brown, George Douglas. Douglas, George Cunninghame Monteath (1826–1904) 517 Douglas-Pennant, George Sholto Gordon, second Baron Penrhyn (1836–1907). . 517 Dowden, John (1840–1910). . . .518 Dowie, John Alexander (1847–1907). . 520 Doyle, John Andrew (1844–1907). . 521 Dredge, James (1840–1906). . . .522 Dreschfeld, Julius (1846–1907). . .523 Drew, Sir Thomas (1838–1910). . .524 Drummond, Sir George Alexander (1829–1910) ....... 525 Drummond, William Henry (1864–1907). 525 Drury-Lowe, Sir Drury Curzon (1830–1908). 526 Drysdale, Learmont (1866–1909). . .527 Du Cane, Sir Edmund Frederick (1830–1903) 528 Duckett, Sir George Floyd, third Baronet (1811–1902) 529 Dudgeon, Robert Ellis (1820–1904). . 530 Duff, Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant (1829–1906). See Grant-Duff. Dufferin and Ava, first Marquis of. See Blackwood, Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple (1826–1902). Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan (1816–1903). . 531 Duffy, Patrick Vincent (1836–1909). . 534 Dunmore, seventh Earl of. See Murray, Charles Adolphus (1841–1907). Dunphie, Charles James (1820–1908). . 536 Dupré, August (1835–1907). . . .535 Dutt, Romesh Chunder (1848–1909). . 536 Dutton, Joseph Everett (1874–1905). . 538 Duveen, Sir Joseph Joel (1843–1908). . 539

Earle, John (1824–1903). . . 540 East, Sir Cecil James (1837–1908). . 541 Eastlake, Charles Locke (1836–1906). . 541 Eaton, William Meriton, second Baron Cheylesmore (1843–1902) 542 Ebsworth, Joseph Woodfall (1824–1908). 543 Eddis, Eden Upton (1812–1901). . .544 Edouin, Willie, whose real name was William Frederick Bryer (1846–1908). . .546 Edward VII (1841–1910). . . 546 Edward of Saxe-Weimar, Prince (1823–1902) 610 Edwards, Sir Fleetwood Isham (1842–1910) 611 Edwards, Henry Sutherland (1828–1906) 611 Edwards, John Passmore (1823–1911). 612 Elgar, Francis (1845–1909). 614 Eliot, Sir John (1839–1908) 616 Ellery, Robert Lewis John (1827–1908) 617 Ellicott, Charles John (1819–1905) 618 Elliot, Sir George Augustus (1813–1901) 619 Elliot, Sir Henry George (1817–1907). 620 Elliott, Sir Charles Alfred (1835–1911). 623 Ellis, Frederick Startridge (1830–1901). 625 Ellis, John Devonshire (1824–1906). 626 Elsmie, George Robert (1838–1909) 627 Elworthy, Frederick Thomas (1830–1907) 628 Emery, William (1825–1910) 629 Etheridge, Robert (1819–1903). 629 Euan-Smith, Sir Charles Bean (1842–1910) 630 Evans, Daniel Silvan (1818–1903) 631 Evans, Edmund (1826–1905) 632 Evans, George Essex (1863–1909) 634 Evans, Sir John (1823–1908) 634 Evans, Sebastian (1830–1909) 637 Everard, Harry Stirling Crawfurd (1848–1909) 638 Everett, Joseph David (1831–1904) 638 Everett, Sir William (1844–1908) 639 Ewart, Charles Brisbane (1827–1903). 640 Ewart, Sir John Alexander (1821–1904) 640 Eyre, Edward John (1816–1901). 641


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Rh is disagreeable rather than pleasant. It is not so; the train is steady enough, and the carriages have remarkably little motion. outside they resemble the cars on the Swiss and American lines; they are entered at the end, and the seats are arranged omnibus-fashion, down the length of the carriage. Each carriage has a guard and two breaks,—an ordinary one, and a centre rail break; the handles of these come close together to the platform at one end, and are easily worked by one man. The steadiness of the train is chiefly due to these centre rail breaks. The flat face A, and the corresponding one on the opposite side, are brought together against the two sides of the centre rail by the shaft B being turned, and they hold it as in a vice. This greatly diminishes the up-and-down motion, and renders oscillation almost impossible. The steadiness of the train is still further maintained by pairs of flanged guide-wheels under each of the carriages, which, on a straight piece of line, barely touch the centre rail, but press upon it directly there is the least deviation towards either side. There is no occasion to use the other breaks when the centre rail breaks are on; the wheels of the carriages are not stopped, but revolve freely, and consequently do not suffer the deterioration which would otherwise result.

The steam is shut off, and the breaks are applied, a very few minutes after beginning the descent to Susa. The train might then run down for the entire distance by its own weight. In practice, it is difficult to apply the proper amount of retardation; the breaks have frequently to be whistled off, and sometimes it is necessary to


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography, Second Supplement, volume 3.djvu/28

Nightingale London, and, although she lived the retired life of an invalid, she was always busy with her pen or was offering verbally encouragement and direction. In 1857, after publishing a full report of the voluntary contributions which had passed through her hands in the Crimea, she issued an exhaustive and confidential report on the workings of the army medical departments in the Crimea. Next year she printed ‘Notes on Matters affecting the Health, Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army.’ The commission appointed in 1857 to inquire into the sanitary condition of the army set a high value on her interesting evidence. With her approval an army medical college was opened in 1859 at Chatham; a first military hospital was established in Woolwich in 1861; and an army sanitary commission was established in permanence in 1862. Everywhere her expert reputation was paramount. During the American civil war of 1862–4 and the Franco-German war of 1870–1 her advice was sought by the foreign governments concerned.

In regard to civil hospitals, home nursing, care of poor women in childbirth, and sanitation, Miss Nightingale’s authority stood equally high. In 1862, in Liverpool Infirmary, a nursing home was founded with special reference to district nursing, and was placed under the care of Agnes Elizabeth Jones (1832–1868), who had been trained at Kaiserswerth. In 1867, at the request of the poor law board, she wrote a paper of ‘Suggestions for the improvement of the nursing service in hospitals and on the methods of training nurses for the sick poor.’ Miss Nightingale had a hand in establishing in 1868 the East London Nursing Society, in 1874 the Workhouse Nursing Association and the National Society for providing Trained Nurses for the Poor, and in 1890 the Queen’s Jubilee Nursing Institute.

In 1857, on the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny, Miss Nightingale had written from Malvern to her friend Lady Canning, wife of the governor-general, offering in spite of her bad health ‘to come out at twenty-four hours’ notice, if there were anything for her to do in her line of business’ (, op. cit.). She never went to India. But the sanitary condition of the army and people there became one of the chief interests of her later life. The government submitted to her the report of the royal commission on the sanitary state of the army in India in 1863, and she embodied her comments in a paper entitled ‘How People may live and not die in India,’ in which she urged the initiation of sanitary reform. She corresponded actively with Sir Bartle Frere, governor of Bombay, and in August 1867 was in constant communication with Sir Stafford Northcote, then secretary of state for India, as to the establishment of a sanitary department of the Indian government. With every side of Indian social life she made herself thoroughly familiar, exchanging views personally or by correspondence with natives, viceroys, and secretaries of state, and constantly writing on native education and village sanitation. She wrote to the ‘Poona Sarvajanik Sabha’ in 1889: ‘There must be as it were missionaries and preachers of health and cleansing, if any real progress is to be made.’ In other published papers and pamphlets she discussed the causes of famine, the need of irrigation, the poverty of the peasantry, and the domination of the money-lender. She urged native Indians to take part in the seventh international congress of hygiene and demography held in London in 1887, and to the eighth congress at Buda-Pesth in 1890 she contributed a paper on village sanitation in India, a subject which, as she wrote in a memorandum addressed to Lord Cross, secretary of state for India, in 1892, she regarded as especially her own.

Miss Nightingale wrote well, in a direct and intimate way, and her papers and pamphlets, which covered all the subjects of her activity, greatly extended her influence. Her most famous book, ‘Notes on Nursing,’ which first appeared in 1860, went through many editions in her lifetime.

Miss Nightingale, in spite of her withdrawal from society, was honoured until her death. Among the latest distinctions which she received was the Order of Merit in 1907, which was then for the first time bestowed on a woman, and in 1908 she was awarded the freedom of the City of London, which had hitherto only been bestowed on one woman, the [q. v. Suppl. II]. She had already received, among many similar honours, the German order of the Cross of Merit and the French gold medal of Secours aux blessés militaires. On 10 May 1910 she was presented with the badge of honour of the Norwegian Red Cross Society.

She died at her house in South Street, Park Lane, London, on 13 Aug. 1910, at the age of ninety. An offer of burial in Westminster Abbey was in accordance with her wishes refused by her relatives. She was buried in the burial place of her family at


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 labour market, or propping up the portals of the lowest class of public-houses. Perhaps the explanation is to be found in the fact that any change from the impoverished and degraded condition of the Irish peasant on his native soil must necessarily have been one for the better, and that therefore, on arrival, he was only too glad to embrace the first opportunity that presented itself. However, whatever the reason, all impartial observers will agree, and statistics will bear me out in the assertion, that Irishmen constituted a very small proportion of the loafing population, or of the criminal crowd that filled the gaols and asylums; while I may affirm, without fear of contradiction, that the proverbial chastity of the Irish female was nobly sustained by those poor girls who found themselves standing alone, without parents or protectors, in the midst of the staring contaminations of the Victorian metropolis."

A few hundred yards to the east of St. Francis' is a magnificent block of buildings comprising the Public Library, the Museum, and the National Gallery, all founded by a distinguished, philanthropic, and scholarly Irish-Australian, Sir Redmond Barry, a native of Cork, and a fellow-graduate of Isaac Butt, with whom he was called to the Irish bar in 1838. According to one of his biographers, "Barry had scarcely been called to the bar when he formed the determination of emigrating to some less overcrowded field; for the Irish bar then presented no immediate prospects, but a very long and dreary expectation of the demise of a sufficient number of judges and leading barristers to raise the juniors to an amount of business sufficient for their support." In 1839 he arrived in Sydney, but only remained there for a few weeks, preferring to make the southern city his home. Even as early as 1841 he was the recognised leader of the

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 bar in Melbourne. He took a prominent part in the agitation for separation from the parent colony, and very soon after the successful issue of that contest, when the settlement became an independent colony, he was elevated to the bench of the Supreme Court, and creditably filled that high position for the long period of twenty-nine years. One of Sir Redmond's ardent admirers has recorded that one of his first actions on arriving in Melbourne was the "founding of a reading club for working men. There were few books in the settlement, and no place where a poor man could have easy access to books or magazines. Barry set aside a room in his house as a little lending library, on the shelves of which stood Frazer's Magazine, Blackwood, Cornhill, &c., and a small selection of standard works. Here the working man of the neighbourhood could look in and select his book, no doubt having at times to listen patiently to one of those elaborate little addresses, in which Mr. Barry was fond of pouring out floods of inconceivably out-of-the-way erudition; but those who came in contact with him, all had the same impression of him, as a man who took a pleasure in seeing folks around him happy, even though it should be at the expense of some little discomfort to himself. This little institution is interesting as having been the means of suggesting the great library which he afterwards proposed and helped to found." The Melbourne Public Library now ranks among the great libraries of the world. It has a collection of 150,000 volumes and 20,000 pamphlets. All the year round it is open from ten in the morning until ten at night, and the average attendance of visitors is 1,000 per day. The present librarian is Thomas Francis Bride, LL.D., a distinguished young Irish-Australian, who passed from St. Patrick's College through the Melbourne University to the

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Page:Dictionary of National Biography, Second Supplement, volume 1.djvu/665

Abbey, Edwin Austin (1852–1911). . 1 Abbott, Evelyn (1843–1901) ... 3 À Beckett, Arthur William (1844–1909). 4 Abel, Sir Frederick Augustus, first Baronet (1827–1902) 5 Abraham, Charles John (1814–1903). . 6 Aoton, John Adams (1830–1910). See Adams-Acton, John. Acton, Sir John Emerich Edward Dalberg, first Baron Acton of Aldenham and eighth Baronet (1834–1902) .... 8 Adam, James (1860–1907). . . .12 Adams, James Williams (1839–1903). . 14 Adams, William Davenport (1851–1904). 15 Adams-Acton, John (1830–1910) ... 15 Adamson, Robert (1852–1902). .16 Adderley, Sir Charles Bowyer, first Baron Norton (1814–1905) 17 Adler, Hermann (1839–1911). . .20 Agnew, Sir James Willson (1815–1901). 21 Agnew, Sir William, first Baronet (1825–1910) 22 Aide, Charles Hamilton (1826–1906). . 24 Aikman, George (1830–1905). . .25 Ainger, Alfred (1837–1904). . . .25 Aird, Sir John, first Baronet (1833–1911). 27 Airedale, first Baron. See Kitson, James (1835–1911). Aitchison, George (1825–1910) ... 28 Aldenham, first Baron. See Gibbs, Henry Hucks (1819–1907). Alderson, Henry James (1834–1909). . 29 Alexander, Mrs. (1825–1902). See Hector, Mrs. Annie French. Alexander, Boyd (1873–1910) ... 30 Alexander, William (1824–1911) ... 31 Alger, John Goldworth (1836–1907). . 32 Alington, first Baron. See Sturt, Henry Gerard (1825–1904). Alison, Sir Archibald, second Baronet (1826–1907) 33 Allan, Sir William (1837–1903). . 34 Allen, George (1832–1907) ... 35 Allen, John Romilly (1847–1907). . 36 Allen, Robert Calder (1812–1903). 37 Allies, Thomas William (1813–1903). 37 Allman, George Johnston (1824–1904). 38 Almond, Hely Hutchinson (1832–1903) 39 Amherst, William Amhurst Tyssen-, first Baron Amherst of Hackney (1835–1909) 40 Anderson, Alexander (1845–1909). . 41 Anderson, George (1826–1902). . 42 Anderson, Sir Thomas McCall (1836–1908) 42 Andrews, Thomas (1847–1907). . 43 Angus, Joseph (1816–1902) ... 44 Annandale, Thomas (1838–1907). . .45 Arbuthnot, Sir Alexander John (1822–1907). 46 Arbuthnot, Forster Fitzgerald (1833–1901). 47 Archer, James (1823–1904) .... 48 Archer-Hind, formerly Hodgson, Richard Dacre (1849–1910) 49 Ardagh, Sir John Charles (1840–1907). . 50 Arditi, Luigi (1822–1903). . . .53 Ardwall, Lord. See Jameson, Andrew (1845–1911). Armes, Philip (1836–1908). . . .53 Armour, John Douglas (1830–1903). . 54 Armstead, Henry Hugh (1828–1905). . 54 Armstrong, Sir George Carlyon Hughes, first Baronet (1836–1907) .... 55 Armstrong, Thomas (1832–1911). . .56 Arnold, Sir Arthur (1833–1902) ... 57 Arnold, Sir Edwin (1832–1904) ... 58 Arnold, George Benjamin (1832–1902). . 60 Arnold, William Thomas (1852–1904). . 60 Arnold-Forster, Hugh Oakeley (1855–1909). 61 Arthur, William (1819–1901) ... 64 Ashby, Henry (1846–1908) .... 64 Asher, Alexander (1835–1906). . .65 Ashley, Evelyn (1836–1907) ... 66 Ashmead Bartlett, Sir Ellis (1849–1902). See Bartlett, Sir Ellis Ashmead. Aston, William George (1841–1911). . 67 Atkinson, Robert (1839–1908) ... 68 Atthill, Lombe (1827–1910) ... 70 Aumonier, James (1832–1911). . 71 Austen, Sir William Chandler Roberta- (1843–1902). See Roberts-Austen. Austen Leigh, Augustus (1840–1905). . 71 Ayerst, William (1830–1904). . 72 Ayrton, William Edward (1847–1908). . 72

Bacon, John Mackenzie (1846–1904). . 75 Badcock, Sir Alexander Robert (1844–1907). 76 Baddeley, Mountford John Byrde (1843–1906) 77 Bailey, Philip James (1816–1902). . 78 Bain, Alexander (1818–1903) ... 79 Bain, Robert Nisbet (1864–1909). . 81 Baines, Frederick Ebenezer (1832–1911). 82 Baird, Andrew Wilson (1842–1906). . 83 Baker, Sir Benjamin (1840–1907). . 85 Baker, Shirley Waldemar (1836–1903). . 87 Balfour, George William (1823–1903). . 88 Balfour, John Blair, first Baron Kinross of Glasclune (1837–1906). . . .89 Banks, Sir John Thomas (1815?–1908). . 90 Banks, Sir William Mitchell (1842–1904). 91 Bannerman, Sir Henry Campbell- (1836–1908). See Campbell-Bannerman.


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Author:Eirene Mort

Works

 * A Popular Guide to the Wild Flowers of New South Wales (1913, 1914)

title: Author:Eirene Mort


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Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/44

 highest academic honours that were obtainable. Since his appointment, Dr. Bride has introduced an improved system of classification that has proved highly serviceable to students, who form a large proportion of the habitual readers. The department bearing the distinctive name "Ireland" is a fairly representative collection of some 2,500 volumes, comprising all the standard histories, the best-known biographies, complete sets of Swift, Burke, Goldsmith, Moore, Carleton, Griffin, Banim, Lady Morgan, and Miss Cusack, the publications of the Celtic and Archaeological Societies, and complete files of the Dublin Review and the Dublin University Magazine. The latter was always a great favourite with Sir Redmond Barry, for he was associated with Isaac Butt in its establishment, and contributed regularly to the early numbers. In 1858 Sir Redmond commenced the formation of a Technological Museum at the rear of the Public Library, and here the industrial resources of the colony are now displayed in the most complete and interesting manner. A National Gallery of Painting and Sculpture was subsequently added, and this institution has given to the colony a number of promising young artists. There are at the present time 200 students in regular attendance. A statue of Sir Redmond Barry, raised by public subscription, now stands in front of the principal entrance to the Melbourne Public Library.

But there is one other Melbourne institution of noble proportions and beneficent scope, that owes its existence to the wise philanthropy of Sir Redmond Barry, viz., the University. It is modelled on the Oxford and Cambridge system, and governed by a council of twenty members, originally nominated by the Crown, but now elected by the Senate, or general body of the graduates. The University

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 as such it is a success. It has reduced the time that was formerly occupied in passing from St. Michel to Susa by nearly one-half; it has lessened the cost and increased the comfort to the passengers. The gauge (3 feet 7⅜ inches) is a mistake, inasmuch as it loses time and causes trouble by the transference of the passengers, limits the power of the engines, and renders the rolling stock unfit for general use, should the line be pulled up,—which, according to the terms of the concession which was granted to the promoters, is to be done when the great tunnel of the Alps is open for traffic.

The covered ways have been made too low, and the steam and smoke are driven down by the roof in an unpleasant manner. If, however, the doors of the carriages are shut, but little inconvenience is experienced on this account.

The engines are not anchored as firmly to the line as the carriages, and their motions are very violent. There is, too, a certain vibration in the working parts of their machinery, which indicates that they are not perfect. In ordinary locomotives the oscillatory movements which are acquired (even at moderate speeds) from the inequalities of the road, are less likely to cause injury to the machinery than the same motion is to the locomotives on the Fell railway. With the former a certain amount of lateral play is possible over the base of the engine, but in the latter case it is impossible when the horizontal wheels and breaks are gripping the centre rail. Many of the working parts of these locomotives must be subjected to sudden and violent strains, which do not occur to others on ordinary lines.

The engines are admitted to be imperfect, and new ones are in course of construction. It is to be regretted there is a probability that the line will be pulled up at no very distant date,' as improvements are thus prevented from being carried out; otherwise there


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Author:Florence Sulman

Works

 * A Popular Guide to the Wild Flowers of New South Wales (1913, second volume: 1914)

title: Author:Florence Sulman


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Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/45

 has power to confer degrees in arts, laws, medicine, and music. And here it may be appropriately remarked that the first student on whom the honour of LL.D. was conferred, was John Madden, a native of Cork, and son of John Madden, solicitor, of that city. He was until recently the representative of Port Melbourne in the Legislative Assembly of Victoria, and has twice held office as Minister of Justice. Another young Irishman, Patrick Moloney, was the first to receive a medical degree. Dr. Moloney is now not only one of the best-known and most highly-respected medical practitioners in Melbourne, but also a graceful speaker and accomplished writer. In the Melbourne University, it is gratifying to record that no religious test has ever been applied to students. Mr. Childers, now a member of the Imperial Parliament and a holder of high office under Mr. Gladstone for several years, was, when a young man, a member of the Victorian Legislature, and he succeeded in passing the Act of Incorporation, by which the University was brought into being. But all the hard work of organising the University fell on the shoulders of Sir Redmond Barry, He was appointed Chancellor at the first meeting of the council in April, 1853, and he held that distinguished office uninterruptedly to the day of his death, a period of more than a quarter of a century. He always presided in person at the annual conferring of degrees, and nothing could have been more appropriate than his handsome and dignified presence on such occasions. Both these eminently useful institutions—the Public Library and the University—that will perpetuate the fame of their founder to future generations of Australians, were ushered into existence on precisely the same day—July 3rd, 1854. "This," remarks Mr. Alexander Sutherland in his excellent biographical sketch of Sir

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 Redmond Barry, "was a memorable day in the history of the colony, for on it were laid the foundations of these two institutions of which we have reason to be most truly proud—the Public Library and the University. At twelve o'clock on that morning, the newly-appointed Governor, Sir Charles Hotham, who was then in the full tide of popularity, formed his procession and led the way to the forty acres which had been reserved at Carlton for the University. Here he was met by Redmond Barry in all the splendour of the Chancellor's robes. We can imagine the effect as the judge, then forty-one years old and considered the handsomest man in Melbourne, read his long and classically garnishee address, and bowed with his stately gallantry to Lady Hotham, who occupied a chair at her husband's side. Sir Charles replied, and the stone was well and truly laid. Then the cortège wound its way to the corner of Swanston and Latrobe Streets, where two acres had been set apart for the magnificent pile which will eventually cover its site. There Dr. Palmer, afterwards Sir James Palmer, read the address, and Sir Charles laid another stone; after which he and the notabilities accepted Judge Barry's invitation to a magnificent repast, which had been prepared at his private residence. In 1859 Barry was able to inform the then Governor Sir Henry Barkly, that there were thirteen thousand volumes on the shelves. Year after year, under his careful guidance, the institution prospered; additions were steadily made to the building, and by degrees the collection of books was converted from a merely respectable set of standard works into a most valuable and complete library, ranking amongst the finest that the world contains."

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 East Wellow, Hampshire, on 20 August. Memorial services took place in St. Paul’s Cathedral, where the government was officially represented, at Liverpool Cathedral, and many other places of worship.

Miss Nightingale raised the art of nursing in this country from a menial employment to an honoured vocation; she taught nurses to be ladies, and she brought ladies out of the bondage of idleness to be nurses. This, which was the aim of her life, was no fruit of her Crimean experience, although that experience enabled her to give effect to her purpose more readily than were otherwise possible. Long before she went to the Crimea she felt deeply the ‘disgraceful antithesis’ between Mrs. Gamp and a sister of mercy. The picture of her at Scutari is of a strong-willed, strong-nerved energetic woman, gentle and pitiful to the wounded, but always masterful among those with whom she worked. After the war she worked with no less zeal or resolution, and realised many of her early dreams. She was not only the reformer of nursing but a leader of women.

After her death a memorial fund was instituted for the purpose of providing pensions for disabled or aged nurses and for erecting a statue in Waterloo Place. Memorial tablets have been fixed on her birthplace at Florence as well as in the cloisters of Santa Croce there.

A marble bust executed by Sir John Steell in 1862 and presented to Miss Nightingale by the non-commissioned officers and men of the British army was bequeathed by her to the Royal United Service Museum, together with her various presentation jewels and orders. A plaster statuette by Miss J. H. Bonham-Carter (c. 1856) (standing figure with lamp in right hand) is at Lea Hurst; of five replicas, one is at St. Thomas’s Hospital, another is at the Johns Hopkins Hospital School for Nurses, Baltimore, and the others belong to members of the family. Of two portraits in oils, one by Augustus Leopold Egg, R.A., executed about 1836, is in the National Portrait Gallery; another, by Sir William B. Richmond, R.A., dated about 1886, is at Claydon House. A chalk drawing by Countess Feodora Gleichen, made in 1908, is at Windsor Castle among portraits of members of the Order of Merit. Several water-colour and chalk drawings are either at Lea Hurst or at Claydon House: one (with Miss Nightingale’s mother and sister) by A. E. Chalon is dated about 1835; another is by Lady Eastlake; a third, dated about 1850, by her sister, Lady Verney, was lithographed. Others were executed by Miss F. A. de B. Footner in 1907. A picture of Miss Nightingale receiving the wounded at Scutari hospital in 1856 is by Jerry Barrett.

NODAL, JOHN HOWARD (1831–1909), journalist and writer on dialect, was son of Aaron Nodal (1798–1855), of the Society of Friends, a grocer and member of the Manchester town council. Born in Downing Street, Ardwick, Manchester, on 19 Sept. 1831, he was educated at the Quaker school at Ackworth, Yorkshire (1841–5). At seventeen he became a clerk of the old Electric Telegraph Company, and rose to be manager of the news department in Manchester. From the age of nineteen he also acted as secretary of the Manchester Working Men’s College, which, formed on the lines of the similar institution in London, was subsequently absorbed in Owens College.

Nodal began early to contribute to the local press. During the volunteer movement of 1860–2 he edited the ‘Volunteer Journal,’ and in January 1864 he gave himself up to journalism on being appointed sub-editor of the ‘Manchester Courier’ on its first appearance as a daily paper. From 1867 to 1870 he was engaged on the ‘Manchester Examiner and Times.’ Meanwhile he edited the ‘Free Lance,’ an able literary and humorous weekly (1866–8), and a similar paper called the ‘Sphinx’ (1868–71). For thirty-three years (1871–1904) he was editor of the ‘Manchester City News.’ Under his control the ‘City News’ besides chronicling all local topics was the recognised organ of the literary and scientific societies of Lancashire. Many notable series of articles were reprinted from it in volume form. Two of these, ‘Manchester Notes and Queries’ (1878–89, 8 vols.) and ‘Country Notes: a Journal of Natural History and Out-Door Observation’ (1882–3, 2 vols.), developed into independent periodicals. Nodal was also a frequent contributor to ‘Notes and Queries,’ and from 1875 to 1885 was on the staff of the ‘Saturday Review.’

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 One of the most imposing of the public buildings of Melbourne is the Town Hall, situated at the corner of Collins and Swanston Streets, a little below the Public Library. It was erected about sixteen years ago at a cost of £100,000, and more recently a grand organ has been procured at an expenditure of £5,000. That Melbourne is a music-loving city is evidenced by the large audiences that are drawn together in the Town Hall by attractive concert programmes. It is the largest hall in Melbourne, and can give seating accommodation to four thousand. Its holding capacity is taxed to the utmost on each recurring St. Patrick's Night, when a programme of Irish national music is presented for popular acceptance. Lectures on Irish and Catholic subjects are occasionally delivered here with success, but for obvious reasons smaller halls are usually chosen for that purpose. The ruling spirit of the Town Hall is Mr. Edmond Gerald Fitzgibbon, for thirty years Town Clerk of Melbourne, and one of the most familiar figures within its corporate bounds. Mr. Fitzgibbon is a native of Cork, and, like many other ardent young Irishmen, was attracted to Victoria by the exciting accounts of the gold discoveries. After seeing a little of the rough digger's life at Mount Alexander, he returned to Melbourne, and very soon obtained more congenial employment. He is in point of fact, and has been for years, the municipal governor of Melbourne. The members of the City Corporation are invariably swayed by his recommendations. He is universally recognised as the best and most reliable authority in all matters relating to local government. The generally well-ordered condition of Melbourne, and its comparative freedom from most of the glaring evils of old-world crowded cities, are traceable in the main to Mr.

title: Page:The Irish in Australia.djvu/47