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 So, widdershins circling the bride-bed of death,

Each fleereth her neighbour and signeth and saith:—

"What see ye? Their signals, or levin afar?

"What hear ye? God's thunder, or guns of our war?

"What mark ye? Their smoke, or the cloud-rack outblown?

"What chase ye? Their lights, or the Daystar low down?"

So, times past all number deceived by false shows,

Deceiving we cumber the road of our foes,

For this is our virtue: to track and betray;

Preparing great battles a sea's width away.

Now peace is at end and our peoples take heart,

For the laws are clean gone that restrained our art;

Up and down the near headlands and against the far wind

We are loosed (O be swift!) to the work of our kind!

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 Bell, Henry, legal remembrancer to Government of Bengal, late member of Bengal Legislative Council, author of Landlord and Tenant in Bengal, a student of the Middle Temple 25 April, 1865, called to the bar 14 Jan., 1873 (son of John Bell, of Uppingham, Rutland, surgeon); born,.
 * Calcutta.

Bell, John, M.A., Caius Coll., Camb., 1835, clerk of the peace since 1838, and formerly commissioner of bankrupts Westmorland, also assistant enclosure commissioner and auditor of a district of unions, lieut. Westmorland militia, author of Treatise on the Game Laws, a student of Lincoln's Inn 25 April, 1832 (then aged 30), called to the bar 16 June, 1835 (eldest son of James Bell, Esq., of Ormside Lodge, Westmorland); born, 1801.
 * Appleby, Westmorland.

Bell, Walter Henry Lynden, B.A. Trin. Coll., Dublin, a member of the South-eastern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 12 Jan., 1880 (then aged 25), scholarship in common law Feb., 1883, called to the bar 18 April, 1883 (2nd son of late Robert Bell, of Dublin, bar.-at-law); born, 1855.
 * Lamb Buildings, Temple, E.C.; Palace Chambers, Westminster.

Bell, William James, B.A. Clare Coll., Camb., conveyancer and equity draftsman, a student of the Inner Temple 6 Oct., 1879 (then aged 20), called to the bar 21 June, 1882 (only son of Dr. James Bell, F.R.S., F.C.S., of Howell Hill House, Surrey, professor of chemistry); born 3 May, 1859; married 26 Sept., 1882, Bertha Diana, dau. of late George Torr, Esq., of Garbrand Hall, Surrey, and has issue.
 * Garbrand Hall, Ewell, Surrey; 1. Temple Gardens, E.C.

Bellasis, Edward, Lancaster herald since 13 July, 1882, educated at the Oratory School, Edgbaston, Birmingham, deputy registrar of College of Arms 4 June, 1879, to 2 March, 1880, secretary to Garter missions to Spain 30 Sept., 1881, and to Saxony 30 Jan., 1882, blue mantle pursuivant of arms 23 Dec., 1873-82, author of Cherubini, Memorials Illustrative of his Life, and of The Laws of Arms, a student of Lincoln's Inn 19 Nov., 1870 (then aged 18), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1873 (2nd son of Edward Bellasis, serjeant-at-law); born 28 Jan., 1852 (see Foster's Yorkshire Pedigrees).
 * 22, Prince of Wales Terrace, Kensington, W.; Heralds' College, E.C.; St. Stephen's and City Constitutional Clubs.

Bellasis, Richard Garnet, Roman Catholic priest, B.A. London Univ. 1870 from the Oratory, Edgbaston, admitted a student of Lincoln's Inn 15 Oct., 1869 (then aged 19), called to the bar 7 June, 1873 (eldest son of Edward Bellasis, late serjeant-at-law, dec.); born 24 Dec., 1849.
 * Birmingham.

Bellingham, Alan Henry, M.P. co. Louth since May, 1880, M.A., Exeter Coll., Oxon, 1872, from Harrow, captain 6th batt. royal Irish rifles, private chamberlain to Pope Leo XIII., a student of Lincoln's Inn 12 Nov., 1872 (then aged 26), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1875 (eldest son of Sir Alan Bellingham, Bart., of Castle Bellingham, co. Louth); born 23 Aug., 1846; married 13 Jan., 1874, Lady Constance Julia Eleanor Noel, dau. of 2nd Earl of Gainsborough, and has issue (see Foster's Peerage).
 * 61, Carey Street, W.G.; United University, St. George's, and Kildare Street Clubs.

Bellis, Rev. Richard, vicar of All Saints', Jersey, since 1870, etc., a student of the Inner Temple 1 June, 1836 (then aged 19), called to the bar 10 June, 1842 (4th son of late Lt.-Col. Francis William Bellis, H.E.I.C.S.); born, 1817; married 2 May, 1839, Matilda Rebecca, eldest dau. of T. J. Irvine, Esq., R.N.
 * St. Helier's, Jersey.

Belt, William Charles, practises before the supreme court at Adelaide, a student of the Middle Temple 16 April, 1835, called to the bar 16 April, 1841 (eldest son of William Belt, Esq., of London); born, married 18 Dec., 1844, Penelope Avice Annie, eldest dau. of Humphrey William Woolrych, Esq., of Croxley House, Herts.
 * Adelaide, South Australia.

Belt, William John, M.A., Tnn. Coll., Camb., 1855, F.S.A., equity draftsman and conveyancer, a student of Lincoln's Inn 29 April, 1858 (then aged 31), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1861 (5th son of Robert Belt, Esq., of Bossall, Yorkshire, and of the Inner Temple, bar.-at-law); born 12 June, 1827; married 28 Nov., 1865, Sibella Marianne, only dau. of late William Albin Garratt, of Lincoln's Inn, bar.-at-law.
 * 102, Gower Street, W.C.; Westcott Hill, Dorking Bossall Hall, Yorks; Oxford and Cambridge Club.

Bencke, Albert Henry, M.A. Brasenose Coll., Oxon, late lieut. of the royal Lancashire militia, author of Dantzick and other tales, a student of the Middle Temple 23 Jan., 1866, called to the bar 30 April, 1873 (only son of John Albert Bencke, Esq., of Liverpool); born 8 Dec., 1846; married 1 June, 1876, Beatrice Augusta Melicent Sharp, younger dau. of R. W. Waithman, Esq., D.L., of Moyne Park, co. Galway.
 * Bentham, West Derby, Liverpool.

Bendyshe, Thomas, M.A. (fellow), King's Coll., Camb., 1852, a student of the Inner Temple 26 April, 1848 (then aged 20), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1857 (4th son of John Bendyshe, Esq., late of Barrington Hall, co. Cambridge); born 7 July, 1827.
 * Barrington Hall, Cambridge.

Benemy, Peter, a student of the Middle Temple 25 Jan., 1868, called to the bar 30 April, 1870 (eldest son of Emanuel Benemy, of Vizagapatam, Madras, gentleman); born.
 * Rangoon, British Burmah.

Benn, James Edward Hamilton, a student of the Inner Temple 22 Nov., 1880 (then aged 20), Inns of Court, 1st class studentship in jurisprudence and Roman law May, 1882, equity scholarship Inner Temple Feb., 1883, Barstow law scholarship Trin., 1884, called to the bar 25 June, 1884 (2nd son of Rev. John Watkins Benn, M.A., late rector of Carrigaline and Douglas, co. Cork); born 29 Oct., 1860.
 * 13, Lee Terrace, Elackheath, S.E.; 9, Old Square Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 Birch, Charles Richard Amesbury, a member of the South-eastern circuit, a student of the Middle Temple 24 Jan., 1874, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1877 (only son of Captain Thomas Charles H. Birch, of Allahabad, N.W.P. India); born,.
 * 5, Pump Court, Temple, E.C.

Birch, James Nicholas Francis, a student of the Middle Temple 7 May, 1839, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1844 [eldest son of Birch (sic), of Colchester, Essex, officer].

Birch, Peregrine, clerk to House of Lords 1859-72, index clerk 1872-80, a student of the Middle Temple 1 Feb., 1838, called to the bar 25 Nov., 1842 (5th son of Wyrley Birch, Esq., of Wretham, Norfolk); born 1817; married 5 Sept., 1843, Anna Charlotte, 2nd dau. of Genl. James Grant, of Hayes Park, Middlesex.

Bircham, William, M.A., Caius Coll., Camb., 1853, a student of Lincoln's Inn 16 Nov., 1848 (then aged 23), called to the bar 30 April, 1853 (eldest son of William Bircham, of Reepham, Norfolk); born 22 Aug., 1825.
 * Reepham, Norwich.

Bird, Arthur Hatfield Sumner, B.A. Trin. Coll., Camb., practises before the High Court of Judicature N.W.P. India, a student of the Inner Temple 4 July, 1878 (then aged 21), called to the bar 11 May, 1881 (3rd son of Major Robert Wilberforce Bird, of Barton House, co. Warwick); born, 1857.
 * Allahabad; Barton House, Shipston-on-Stour.

Bird, Charles Henry, M.A. St. John's Coll., Oxon, B.A. Trin. Coll., Oxon, J.P. Lancashire, goes the Northern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 26 Jan., 1860 (then aged 20), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1863 (2nd son of William Smith Bird, Esq., of Aigburth, Liverpool, dec.); born, 1840.
 * 24, St. James' Street, S.W.

Bird, Charles Pavin, assistant commissioner Punjab, a student of the Middle Temple 19 Jan., 1867, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1869 (eldest son of Rev. Thomas Hugh Bird, M.A., of Yarkhill, co. Hereford); born.

Bird, Henry John, LL.B., Trin. Hall, Camb., 1859, a student of Lincoln's Inn 7 March, 1860 (then aged 23), called to the bar 30 April, 1864 (only son of John Lorence Bird, late of Lincoln's Inn, bar.-at-law, dec.); born 1837.

Bird, James Webster, a student of the Middle Temple 16 May, 1871, called to the bar 6 June, 1874 (2nd son of Charles James Bird, of Cheltenham, late Madras C.S.).
 * Little Hatherley, Leckhampton, Cheltenham.

Birkbeck, William Lloyd, M.A. (late fellow), Trin. Coll., Camb., 1833, Downing professor of the laws of England in Cambridge Univ. since 1860, examiner in civil law Camb. 1873-4, reader in equity to the Council of Legal Education London 1854-73, president of the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution, a student of the Inner Temple 19 Nov., 1830 (then aged 23), called to the bar 22 Nov., 1833 (eldest son of George Birkbeck, M.D., of London, founder of the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution); born 27 March, 1806.
 * 2, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

Birks, Arthur Rawson, B.A. (scholar), Corpus Christi Coll., Camb., 1873, deputy commissioner fourth grade British Burmah 1884, officiating civil and sessions judge Moulmein 1880-2, a student of Lincoln's Inn 9 June, 1871 (then aged 20), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1885 (2nd son of Rev. Thomas Rawson Birks, late vicar of Trinity, Camb., and prof. moral philosophy Camb.); born 28 Sept., 1850; married 28 Sept., 1876, Jane Kent, dau. of Rev. Isaac Durrant, of London.
 * 13, Denning Road, Hampstead, N.W.

Birley, Francis Hornby, B.A. Univ. Coll., Oxon, went the Northern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 27 Jan., 1873 (then aged 22), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1876 (only surviving son of Thomas Hornby Birley, late of Pendleton, Lancashire, dec.); born 14 March, 1850; married 1 Aug., 1876, Margaret, youngest dau. of Rev. Jarvis Kenrick, of Reigate, Surrey, and has issue.
 * Dorman's Land, East Grinstead.

Birley, William Hornby, M.A. Balliol Coll., Oxon, a member of the Northern circuit, practises in the Lancaster Chancery Court, author of Parliamentary Elections Act 1868, a student of Lincoln's Inn 4 March, 1856 (then aged 21), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1860 (4th son of Hugh Hornby Birley, Esq., of Manchester); born 22 Dec., 1834; married 14 Aug., 1861, Mary Louisa, dau. of Richard Yapp, Esq., of Cradley, Hereford, and has issue.
 * 13, Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

Birnie, Richard, M.A., Trin, Coll., Camb., 1837, practises before the supreme court at Melbourne, a student of the Inner Temple 9 Jan., 1828, called to the bar 7 May, 1833 (eldest son of Sir Richard Birnie, Knt., chief magistrate Bow Street, London); born.
 * Melbourne, Victoria.

Biron, Robert John, Q.C., B.A., Corpus Christi Coll., Camb., 1853, police magistrate at Lambeth police court since 1883, recorder of Hythe 1859-83 and of Sandwich & of Deal 1872-83, a commissioner to inquire into corrupt practices at Norwich 1869, a commissioner to try municipal election petitions 1869-83, leading counsel for the Post Office on South-eastern circuit 1883, contested Canterbury Feb., 1874, a student of Lincoln's Inn 22 Nov., 1849 (then aged 19), called to the bar 9 June, 1854, Q.C. 16 Dec., 1882 (eldest son of Rev. Edward Biron, of Hythe, Kent); born 25 March, 1830; married 10 Jan., 1861, Jane Eleanor, only dau. of late Andrew Inderwick, Esq., R.N., of Michael's Grove, Brompton.
 * 5, Cleveland Square, Hyde Park, W.; Reform, Devonshire, and Portland Clubs.

Birrell, Augustine, B.A., Trin. Hall, Camb., 1873, matric. London Univ. 1866 from Amersham Hall, practises in the chancery court of Lancaster, a student of the Inner Temple 17 Jan., 1873 (then aged 22), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1875 (youngest son of Rev. Charles Mitchell Birrell, of Liverpool); born, 1851; mar. 21 Aug., 1878, Margaret Louisa, dau. of late Archibald Merrielees, of Castle Hill, N.B.
 * 37, Addison Gardens, North Kensington, W; 3 New Square, W.C.

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text: Men-at-the-Bar/Birnie, Richard

title: Men-at-the-Bar/Birnie, Richard


text: The Five Nations/Cruisers

title: The Five Nations/Cruisers


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Rh obtained at restaurants or at their own homes. Here the inhabitant of Grenoble can obtain a dinner of a quart of soup, meat or fish, vegetables, dessert, bread, and a quarter of a litre of sound wine, for the sum of sixpence halfpenny. Membership is acquired by the payment of a small sum—I believe two francs; but dinner-tickets must be bought in advance, and no credit is given. The lower orders have not been slow in recognising the advantages to be derived from connection with the Association Alimentaire, which is said to have produced the happiest results among them. It is creditable to the management that this institution not only pays its expenses, but yields a small profit.

Although Grenoble may fairly be proud of this association, in other matters it has cause to be ashamed. Its streets are narrow, ill-paved, and tortuous; and its smells, and the improprieties to be seen in its houses, must be known to be appreciated.

I lost my way in the streets of this picturesque but noisesome town, and having but a half-hour left in which to get a dinner and take a place in the diligence, was not well pleased to hear that an Englishman wished to see me. It turned out to be my friend Macdonald, who confided to me that he was going to try to ascend a mountain called Pelvoux in the course of ten days; but, on hearing of my intentions, agreed to join us at La Bessée on the 3d of August. In a few moments more I was perched in the banquette en route for Bourg d'Oysans, in a miserable vehicle which took nearly eight hours to accomplish less than 30 miles.

At five on a lovely morning I shouldered my knapsack and started for Briançon. Gauzy mists clung to the mountains, but melted away when touched by the sun, and disappeared by jerks (in the manner of views when focussed in a magic lantern),


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. I

CHRISTIAN WOMEN OF THE SOUTH,

BY A. E. GRIMKÉ.

"Then Mordecai commanded to answer Esther, Think not within thyself that thou shalt escape in the king's house more than all the Jews. For if thou altogether holdest thy peace at this time, than shall there enlargement and deliverance arise to the Jews from another place: but thou and thy father's house shall he destroyed: and who knoweth whether thou art come to the kingdom for such a time as this. And Esther bade them return Mordecai this answer:—and so will I go in unto the king, which is not according to law, and if I perish, I perish." Esther IV. 13—16.

,

It is because I feel a deep and tender interest in your present and eternal welfare that I am willing thus publicly to address you. Some of you have loved me as a relative, and some have felt bound to me in Christian sympathy, and Gospel fellowship; and even when compelled by a strong sense of duty, to break those outward bonds of union which bound us together as members of the same community, and members of the same religious denomination, you were generous enough to give me credit, for sincerity as a Christian, though you believed I had been most strangely deceived. I thanked you then for your kindness, and I ask you now, for the sake of former confidence, and former friendship, to read the following pages in the spirit of calm investigation and fervent prayer. It is because you have known me, that I write thus unto you.

But there are other Christian women scattered over the Southern States, of whom a very large number have never seen me, and never heard my name, and feel no personal interest whatever in me. But I feel an interest in you, as branches of the same vine from whose root I daily draw the principle of spiritual vitality—Yes! Sisters in Christ I feel an interest in you, and often has the secret prayer arisen on your behalf, Lord "open thou their eyes that they may see wondrous things out of thy Law"—It is then, because I do feel and do pray for you, that I thus address you upon a subject about which of all others, perhaps you would rather not hear any thing; but, "would to God ye could bear with me a little in my folly, and indeed bear with me, for I am jealous over you with godly jealousy." Be not afraid then to read my appeal; it is not written in the heat of passion or prejudice, but in that solemn calmness which is the result of conviction and duty. It is true, I am going to tell you unwelcome truths, but I mean to speak those truths in love, and remember .—This periodical contains four and a half sheets. Postage under 100 miles, 6 3-4 cents; over 100 miles, 11 1-4 cents. Please read and circulate.


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2 Solomon says, "faithful are the wounds of a friend." I do not believe the time has yet come when Christian women "will not endure sound doctrine," even on the subject of Slavery, if it is spoken to them in tenderness and love, therefore I now address you.

To all of you then, known or unknown, relatives or strangers, (for you are all one in Christ,) I would speak. I have felt for you at this time, when unwelcome light is pouring in upon the world on the subject of slavery; light which even Christians would exclude, if they could, from our country, or at any rate from the southern portion of it, saying, as its rays strike the rock bound coasts of New England and scatter their warmth and radiance over her hills and valleys, and from thence travel onward over the Palisades of the Hudson, and down the soft flowing waters of the Delaware and gild the waves of the Potomac, "hitherto shalt thou come and no further;" I know that even professors of His name who has been emphatically called the "Light of the world" would, if they could, build a wall of adamant around the Southern States whose top might reach unto heaven, in order to shut out the light which is bounding from mountain to mountain and from the hills to the plains and valleys beneath, through the vast extent of our Northern States. But believe me, when I tell you, their attempts will be as utterly fruitless as were the efforts of the builders of Babel; and why? Because moral, like natural light, is so extremely subtle in its nature as to overleap all human barriers, and laugh at the puny efforts of man to control it. All the excuses and palliations of this system must inevitably be swept away, just as other "refuges of lies" have been, by the irresistible torrent of a rectified public opinion. "The supporters of the slave system," says Jonathan Dymond in his admirable work on the Principles of Morality, "will hereafter be regarded with the same public feeling, as he who was an advocate for the slave trade now is." It will be, and that very soon, clearly perceived and fully acknowledged by all the virtuous and the candid, that in principle it is as sinful to hold a human being in bondage who has been born in Carolina, as one who has been born in Africa. All that sophistry of argument which has been employed to prove, that although it is sinful to send to Africa to procure men and women as slaves, who have never been in slavery, that still, it is not sinful to keep those in bondage who have come down by inheritance, will be utterly overthrown. We must come back to the good old doctrine of our forefathers who declared to the world, "this self evident truth that all men are created equal, and that they have certain inalienable rights among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." It is even a greater absurdity to suppose a man can be legally born a slave under our free Republican Government, than under the petty despotisms of barbarian Africa. If then, we have no right to enslave an African, surely we can have none to enslave an American; if it is a self evident truth that all men, every where and of every color are born equal, and have an inalienable right to liberty, then it is equally true that no man can be born a slave, and no man can ever rightfully


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36 to your sympathies as women, to your sense of duty as Christian women. I have attempted to vindicate the Abolitionists, to prove the entire safety of immediate Emancipation, and to plead the cause of the poor and oppressed. I have done—I have sowed the seeds of truth, but I well know, that even if an Apollos were to follow in my steps to water them, "God only can give the increase." To Him then who is able to prosper the work of his servant's hand, I commend this Appeal in fervent prayer, that as he "hath chosen the weak things of the world, to confound the things which are mighty," so He may cause His blessing, to descend and carry conviction to the hearts of many Lydias through these speaking pages. Farewell—Count me not your "enemy because I have told you the truth," but believe me in unfeigned affection,

Your sympathizing Friend,

ANGELINA E. GRIMKÉ.

Published by the American Anti-Slavery Society, corner of Spruce and Nassau Streets.

Price 6 1-4 cents single. 62 1-2 cents per dozen. $4 per hundred.


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3 be reduced to involuntary bondage and held as a slave, however fair may be the claim of his master or mistress through wills and title-deeds.

But after all, it may be said, our fathers were certainly mistaken, for the Bible sanctions Slavery, and that is the highest autority. Now the Bible is my ultimate appeal in all matters of faith and practice, and it is to this test I am anxious to bring the subject at issue between us. Let us then begin with Adam and examine the charter of privileges which was given to him. "Have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth." In the eighth Psalm we have a still fuller description of this charter which through Adam was given to all mankind. "Thou madest him to have dominion over the works of thy hands; thou hast put all things under his feet. All sheep and oxen, yea, and the beasts of the field, the fowl of the air, the fish of the sea, and whatsoever passeth through the paths of the seas." And after the flood when this charter of human rights was renewed, we find no additional power vested in man. "And the fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth, and every fowl of the air, and upon all that moveth upon the earth, and upon all the fishes of the sea, into your hand are they "delivered." In this charter, although the different kinds of irrational beings are so particularly enumerated, and supreme dominion over all of them is granted, yet man is never vested with this dominion over his fellow man; he was never told that any of the human species were put under his feet; it was only all things, and man, who was created in the image of his Maker, never can properly be termed a thing, though the laws of Slave States do call him "a chattel personal;" Man then, I assert never was put under the feet of man, by that first charter of human rights which was given by God, to the Fathers of the Antediluvian and Postdiluvian worlds, therefore this doctrine of equality is based on the Bible.

But it may be argued, that in the very chapter of Genesis from which I have last quoted, will be found the curse pronounced upon Canaan, by which his posterity was consigned to servitude under his brothers Shem and Japheth. I know this prophecy was uttered, and was most fearfully and wonderfully fulfilled, through the immediate descendants of Canaan, i. e. the Canaanites, and I do not know but it has been through all the children of Ham, but I do know that prophecy does not tell us what ought to be, but what actually does take place, ages after it has been delivered, and that if we justify America for enslaving the children of Africa, we must also justify Egypt for reducing the children of Israel to bondage, for the latter was foretold as explicitly as the former. I am well aware that prophecy has often been urged as an excuse for Slavery, but be not deceived, the fulfilment of prophecy will not cover one sin in the awful day of account. Hear what our Saviour says on this subject; "it must needs be that offences come, but woe unto that man through whom they come—Witness some fulfilment of this declaration in the tremendous destruction of Jerusalem, occasioned by that most


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4 of all crimes the crucifixion of the Son of God. Did the fact of that event having been foretold, exculpate the Jews from sin in perpetrating it; No—for hear what the Apostle Peter says to them on this subject, "Him being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain." Other striking instances might be adduced, but these will suffice.

But it has been urged that the patriarchs held slaves, and therefore, slavery is right. Do you really believe that patriarchal servitude was like American slavery? Can you believe it? If so, read the history of these primitive fathers of the church and be undeceived. Look at Abraham, though so great a man, going to the herd himself and fetching a calf from thence and serving it up with his own hands, for the entertainment of his guests. Look at Sarah, that princess as her name signifies, baking cakes upon the hearth. If the servants they had were like Southern slaves, would they have performed such comparatively menial offices for themselves? Hear too the plaintive lamentation of Abraham when he feared he should have no son to bear his name down to posterity. "Behold thou hast given me no seed, &c, one born in my house is mine heir." From this it appears that one of his servants was to inherit his immense estate. Is this like Southern slavery? I leave it to your own good sense and candor to decide. Besides, such was the footing upon which Abraham was with his servants, that he trusted them with arms. Are slaveholders willing to put swords and pistols into the hands of their slaves? He was as a father among his servants; what are planters and masters generally among theirs? When the institution of circumcision was established, Abraham was commanded thus; "He that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you, every man-child in your generations; he that is born in the house, or bought with money of any stranger which is not of thy seed." And to render this command with regard to his servants still more impressive it is repeated in the very next verse; and herein we may perceive the great care which was taken by God to guard the rights of servants even under this "dark dispensation." What too was the testimony given to the faithfulness of this eminent patriarch, "For I know him that he will command his children and his household after him, and they shall keep the way of the Lord to do justice and judgment." Now my dear friends many of you believe that circumcision has been superseded by baptism in the Church; Are you careful to have all that are born in your house or bought with money of any stranger, baptized? Are you as faithful as Abraham to command your household to keep the way of the Lord? I leave it to your own consciences to decide. Was patriarchal servitude then like American Slavery?

But I shall be told, God sanctioned Slavery, yea commanded Slavery under the Jewish Dispensation. Let us examine this subject calmly and prayerfully. I admit that a species of servitude was permitted to the Jews, but in studying the subject I have been struck with wonder and admiration at perceiving how carefully the servant


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Mirror

 * "The Mirror" by Coates, Florence Earle
 * "The Mirror" by Gilder, Richard Watson
 * "The Mirror" in Canadian Weird Tales (1946) by Ingals, Theodore (1945, as Charles King)
 * The Mirror, a work by Eliza Leslie
 * "The Mirror", in The Strand Magazine, vol. 1, January 1891 by Leo Lespes
 * The Mirror, the yearbook of Bates College, published annually since 1900
 * "Mirror" (1926, "A young girl saw in a mirror-glass"), a poem by Genevieve Taggard
 * "Mirror" (1926, "A young girl saw in a mirror-glass"), a poem by Genevieve Taggard

title: Mirror


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The New International Encyclopædia/Förster, Wilhelm

FÖRSTER, (1832—). A German astronomer, born at Grünberg, Silesia. He studied at Berlin and Bonn, and became professor of astronomy at Berlin in 1863, and director of the observatory in 1865. In 1868 he was also appointed director of the commission established by the North German Confederation, and continued from 1871 by the German Empire, for the determination of standards of measurement. In this capacity he superintended the reorganization of the German system of weights and measures on the metric basis. He was elected president of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in 1891. In 1892 he assisted in founding the German Society for Ethical Culture. His publications include: Populäre Mitteilungen (2 vols., 1879 and 1884); Sammlung von Vorträgen und Abhandlungen (2 vols., 1887 and 1890); and Studien zur Astrometrie (1888).


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Beyond (Coates)

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1909), "Beyond" in Lyrics of Life (1909).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Beyond" in Poems II.

title: Beyond (Coates)


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To Henry Mills Alden

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1909), "To Henry Mills Alden" in Lyrics of Life (1909).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "To Henry Mills Alden" in Poems II.

title: To Henry Mills Alden


text: Index to Short Stories

title: Index to Short Stories


text: Index to Short Stories/Preface

title: Index to Short Stories/Preface


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title: Index to Short Stories/Explanations


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5 was guarded from violence, injustice and wrong. I will first inform you how these servants became servants, for I think this a very important part of our subject. From consulting Horne, Calmet and the Bible, I find there were six different ways by which the Hebrews became servants legally.

1. If reduced to extreme poverty, a Hebrew might sell himself, i. e. his services, for six years, in which case he received the purchase money himself. Lev. xxv, 39.

2. A father might sell his children as servants, i. e. his daughters, in which circumstance it was understood the daughter was to be the wife or daughter-in-law of the man who bought her, and the father received the price. In other words, Jewish women were sold as white women were in the first settlement of Virginia—as wives, not as slaves. Ex. xxi, 7.

3. Insolvent debtors might be delivered to their creditors as servants. 2 Kings iv, 1.

4. Thieves not able to make restitution for their thefts, were sold for the benefit of the injured person. Ex. xxii, 3.

5. They might be born in servitude. Ex. xxi, 4.

6. If a Hebrew had sold himself to a rich Gentile, he might be redeemed by one of his brethren at any time the money was offered; and he who redeemed him, was not to take advantage of the favor thus conferred, and rule over him with rigor. Lev. xxv, 47—55.

Before going into an examination of the laws by which these servants were protected, I would just ask whether American slaves have become slaves in any of the ways in which the Hebrews became servants. Did they sell themselves into slavery and receive the purchase money into their own hands? No! Did they become insolvent, and by their own imprudence subject themselves to be sold as slaves? No! Did they steal the property of another, and were they sold to make restitution for their crimes? No! Did their present masters, as an act of kindness, redeem them from some heathen tyrant to whom they had sold themselves in the dark hour of adversity? No! Were they born in slavery? No! No! not according to Jewish Law, for the servants who were born in servitude among them, were born of parents who had sold themselves for six years: Ex. xxi, 4. Were the female slaves of the South sold by their fathers? How shall I answer this question? Thousands and tens of thousands never were, their fathers never have received the poor compensation of silver or gold for the tears and toils, the suffering, and anguish, and hopeless bondage of their daughters. They labor day by day, and year by year, side by side, in the same field, if haply their daughters are permitted to remain on the same plantation with them, instead of being as they often are, separated from their parents and sold into distant states, never again to meet on earth. But do the fathers of the South ever sell their daughters? My heart beats, and my hand trembles, as I write the awful affirmative, Yes! The fathers of this Christian land often sell their daughters, not as Jewish parents did, to be the wives and daughters-in-law of the man who buys them, but to be the abject slaves of


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The New International Encyclopædia/Forster, William

FOR'STER, (1784-1854). An English philanthropist, born at Tottenham, near London. He became a preacher in the Society of Friends, labored as such in the United States, England, and France, and in 1846 went to Ireland to relieve the distress there caused by famine. In 1849 he was commissioned by the Quaker Yearly Meeting in London to present an address on slavery and the slave trade to rulers of the Christian nations, and within the next few years he had interviews with nearly all the monarchs of Europe, with the President of the United States, and with the Governors of a number of the Southern States. Consult Seebohm (editor), Memoirs of the Life of William Forster (2 vols., London, 1865).


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6 petty tyrants and irresponsible masters. Is it not so, my friends? I leave it to your own candor to corroborate my assertion. Southern slaves then have not become slaves in any of the six different ways in which Hebrews became servants, and I hesitate not to say that American masters cannot according to Jewish law substantiate their claim to the men, women, or children they now hold in bondage.

But there was one way in which a Jew might illegally be reduced to servitude; it was this, he might be stolen and afterwards sold as a slave, as was Joseph. To guard most effectually against this dreadful crime of manstealing, God enacted this severe law. "He that stealeth a man and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death." As I have tried American Slavery by legal Hebrew servitude, and found, (to your surprise, perhaps,) that Jewish law cannot justify the slaveholder's claim, let us now try it by illegal Hebrew bondage. Have the Southern slaves then been stolen? If they did not sell themselves into bondage; if they were not sold as insolvent debtors or as thieves; if they were not redeemed from a heathen master to whom they had sold themselves; if they were not born in servitude according to Hebrew law; and if the females were not sold by their fathers as wives and daughters-in-law to those who purchased them; then what shall we say of them? what can we say of them? but that according to Hebrew Law they have been stolen.

But I shall be told that the Jews had other servants who were absolute slaves. Let us look a little into this also. They had other servants who were procured in two different ways.

1. Captives taken in war were reduced to bondage instead of being killed; but we are not told that their children were enslaved. Deut. xx, 14.

2. Bondmen and bondmaids might be bought from the heathen round about them; these were left by fathers to their children after them, but it does not appear that the children of these servants ever were reduced to servitude. Lev. xxv, 44.

I will now try the right of the southern planter by the claims of Hebrew masters over their heathen slaves. Were the southern slaves taken captive in war? No! Were they bought from the heathen? No! for surely, no one will now vindicate the slave-trade so far as to assert that slaves were bought from the heathen who were obtained by that system of piracy. The only excuse for holding southern slaves is that they were born in slavery, but we have seen that they were not born in servitude as Jewish servants were, and that the children of heathen slaves were not legally subjected to bondage even under the Mosaic Law. How then have the slaves of the South been obtained?

I will next proceed to an examination of those laws which were enacted in order to protect the Hebrew and the Heathen servant; for I wish you to understand that both are protected by Him, of whom it is


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The New International Encyclopædia/Forster, William Edward

FORSTER, (1818-86). An English statesman, the only son of William Forster, the Quaker missionary. He was born at Bradpole, Dorsetshire, was educated in Friends' schools at Bristol and Tottenham, and entered

the woolen business at Bradford in 1841, where in the following year he formed a partnership with William Fison in that business, which continued to the end of his life. In 1861 he was elected from Bradford to the House of Commons, and continued to hold his seat by successive reëlections until his death. Forster at once took a prominent part in Parliamentary debates, and came to be looked upon as one of the principal leaders of the advanced Liberals. Ho took every opportunity of speaking on the question of the reform of the suffrage, and on the outbreak of the Civil War in America, with Cobden and Bright, earnestly opposed every attempt to recognize the Confederacy, and denounced the Government's action in permitting vessels of the Alabama type to be built and fitted out in English ports. In 1865 he became Under-Secretary for the Colonies in Lord Russell's Ministry, and in 1868 was appointed by Gladstone vice-president of the Council on Education and a Privy Councilor. In 1869, in spite of opposition from Radicals both in the Church of England and among Dissenters, he secured the passage of the Endowed Schools Bill, and in 1870 introduced the most famous legislative measure connected with his name, the Elementary Education Bill, which is the foundation of the existing national system of education in England. In 1872 he introduced and piloted through the House of Commons the Ballot Bill. In the Gladstone Ministry of 1880, against his own inclination, he accepted the position of Chief Secretary for Ireland. During the winter of 1881-82 several attempts were made on Forster's life by the ‘Invincibles,’ but he remained resolutely at his post. When, however, in May, 1882, a majority of the Cabinet determined upon the release of Parnell and the other imprisoned leaders, Forster and Lord Cowper, the Lord Lieutenant, who protested against such action, resigned. Although Forster continued to take part in the debates in Parliament, and was reëlected as a Liberal by his constituents in November, 1885, he acted on many questions independently of his party, and was opposed to the Gladstone Home Rule programme. Consult Reid, Life of the Right Hon. W. E. Forster (5th ed., London, 1889).


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morocco

MOROCCO (see ).—The year 1911 was rendered memorable in Morocco by the Agadir crisis. Mulai Hafid had become unpopular through his dependence on the French and the exactions of his grand vizir, El Glawi. There was a general rising of the tribes round Fez in Oct. 1910. Meknes (Mequinez) was captured, and Fez itself besieged in March-1911. French troops were sent in April, and again in May, to occupy the city and pacify the district. El Glawi was dismissed. This French occupation of Fez, though the need for it had been duly notified to the Powers, was resented by Spain and Germany. The former countered it by the sudden occupation (June) of El Qasr and Laraish (El ‘Araish). The German Government on July 1 1911 announced to the French Minister for Foreign Affairs its decision to send a gunboat to Agadir, and dispatched the “Panther” forthwith. The alleged motive was to safeguard German subjects and property against disturbances in the Sus; the real one was to challenge the extension of French influence in Morocco as contrary to the Agreements of 1906 and 1909. The situation became extremely critical, and for a time it seemed as if war were inevitable. The protests of France were unavailing until Great Britain declared her intention of standing by the Entente, and her formal objection to Germany's obtaining territorial influence in Morocco. A series of diplomatic “conversations” resulted in the Franco-German Treaty of Nov. 4 1911, by which France was to cede some of her Congo territory to Germany in return for the recognition by the latter of her political protectorate over Morocco, economic equality being reaffirmed. (The word “protectorate” was not used in the actual treaty, but it was in the letters accompanying it.) Spain at first objected, but, through the intervention of Great Britain, a Franco-Spanish treaty was

concluded on Nov. 27 1911. This arranged such debated points as customs, the management of the projected Tangier-Fez railway and the appointment of the Sultan's khalifa (deputy) at Tetuan. It slightly revised the Franco-Spanish boundaries determined by the Convention of Oct. 3 1904. The boundary of the northern Spanish zone follows the Muluya (Mulwiya) from its mouth to near Meshra el Klila, thence, turning W., it runs immediately N. of the Wad Waghra to Jebel Mulai bu Shta; thence it strikes N.W. to the Wad Lekkus, follows its course and, afterwards, lat. 35° N., to the Atlantic coast. Both banks of the Lekkus and El Qasr and Laraish fall within the Spanish zone. The treaty also recognized the rights of Spain in the S. over the enclave of Ifni, bounded to N. by the Wad bu Sedra, to S. by the Wad Nun, to E. by a line about 15 m. from the coast. The negotiations of 1911-2 between the Powers resulted in the internationalization of the Tangier zone, consisting of Tangier, its environs and the territory of the El Fahs tribe to S. and W. of it— about 100 sq. m. in all. By this understanding Tangier was “to be given a special regime to be agreed upon later.” In 1921 Spain maintained that the possession of Tangier was indispensable to her in order to round off her protectorate zone, both from an economic and a territorial point of view. France on her side put forward claims to the town based upon her general position in Morocco and the Mediterranean. Meanwhile the Sultan is sovereign and the town and the harbour are administered by an International Commission.

On March 30 1912 Mulai Hafid signed a treaty with France accepting the protectorate, which was subsequently recognized by the Powers, who withdrew their diplomatic representatives. General Lyautey was appointed resident-general. The protectorate has an office in Paris at 21, Rue des Pyramides.

There were continued risings in the Fez-Sifru district and in the Rif during the autumn of 1911, and Fez was again besieged in March-April 1912, when the Sherifian army mutinied and killed several of their French instructors. In August a new Pretender appeared in the Sus, Hamed el Hiba, son of the notorious religious agitator Ma el ‘Ainin, who had died at Tiznit (Oct. 1910). El Hiba occupied Marrakesh (Aug. 1912) but was driven thence in Sept. and fled south. Mulai Hafid abdicated on Aug. 12, appointing his brother, Mulai Yusef, as his successor. Hafid was pensioned by France and lived for a time at Tangier; after the outbreak of the World War both he and ‘Abd el ‘Aziz resided in Europe. In Oct. Gen. Lyautey occupied Agadir. Fighting in western Morocco continued for some months among the Shiadma, Haha, Zayan and Tadla, the most powerful chiefs being two rival kaids of the Haha and Moha u Said of the Tadla. But this district and that round Fez were pacified by the spring of 1913, and attention became increasingly centred on eastern Morocco, and the need for securing communications with Algeria by the occupation of the important strategic position of Taza. This was accomplished in May 1914, in the face of much hostility from the local tribes. The following month saw the capture of the scarcely less important fortress of Khenifra in the Zayan country. These two essential positions had barely been secured when the outbreak of the World War necessitated the withdrawal of French regular troops, whereupon ensued the immediate revolt of the powerful Branes, Ghiata, and Beni Waghrain round Taza, and the Zayan in the west. The diminished French forces, however, gallantly held their own, and the great kaids of the Atlas and the bashas of Tarudant and Tiznit in the S. remained loyal. The latter kept El Hiba's forces in check. With a view to maintaining confidence, public works were continued and exhibitions and fairs were held at Casablanca (1915, 1918), Fez (1916) and Rabat (1917); these were visited by thousands of natives, and created an immense effect.

All through the war German money, arms and military instruction were lavished on the anti-French tribes through German agents harboured in the northern Spanish zone, while arms were repeatedly smuggled through Ifni and Rio de Oro. The attempt of the submarine U$20$, however, to land 6,000 rifles at the mouth of the Wad Nun (Oct. 1916) was frustrated. Throughout 1915 and 1916 there was fighting along the Wad Waghra,

the chief native leaders being ‘Abd es Salam, ‘Abd el Malek (grandson of ‘Abd el Kader), and Raisuli, while El Hiba came N. to join them. In the Tadla, Moha u Said was simultaneously giving trouble. All these chiefs were in German pay. Military occupation was pushed forward by the French throughout 1916 and 1917, and many important posts established. The advance in the Gigu valley brought about the submission of practically the whole Tafilalt and, with the junction of several French columns on the Upper Muluya, isolated the Ghiata and Beni Waghrain in their mountain fastnesses. In May and June 1917, ‘Abd el Malek was driven from Taza and forced to take refuge in the north. On March 24, in the Sus, El Hiba's forces had met with a decisive defeat at Wijan, but he continued to receive encouragement from Germany until Oct. 1918. El Hiba died at Kerdus in the following spring, and his forces, under his brother, Merebbi Rebo, were finally dispersed by the basha of Tiznit. The Tafilalt was definitely occupied at the end of 1917, and a wireless station and aerodrome established. In Aug. 1918 the all-powerful Ait Atta of the district were stirred to revolt by a sherif, Si Moha Nifruten, but the rising was suppressed by April 1919, with the powerful aid of El Glawi, son of the deposed ex-vizir, basha of Marrakesh, who in Jan. brought 10,000 men across the High Atlas. (His brother, the Kaid el Glawi, also a loyal ally of France, had died in Aug. 1918.) In the N. intrigues and hostilities, still engineered by Germany, persisted through the early part of 1918.

In the autumn of 1919 the Beni Waghrain were stirred up by a new pretender, and the Seghrushen round Sifru by Sidi Raho. Two risings occurred in the Gharb, in the spring of 1918 and in Oct. 1920. This last was suppressed by the French occupation of the sacred city of Wazzan. Simultaneously the turbulent Ida u Tanan of the S.W. submitted. French rule was thus consolidated in all districts save the Middle Atlas, the Beni Waghrain stronghold.

In 1912 the territory occupied by the French was about 88,000 sq. km., in 1914 163,000 sq. km.; in 1921 France nominally occupied 235,000 sq. km., but exerted effective economic control over about 100,000 sq. km. only.

In the Spanish zone, the lack of roads and the insecurity resulting from the anarchy and brigandage prevalent among the Rif and Jebala tribes retarded development. Fighting continued in both the eastern and western districts. In March 1919 a rising occurred N.E. of Fez, the remains of ‘Abd el Malek's movement. In the W., Raisuli as protagonist, while affecting to serve the cause of Spain, and actually, in 1916, receiving arms and money from her, was really seeking to make himself quasi-sultan of N.W. Morocco. In 1916 he entrenched himself at Fonduk ‘Ain el Jedida near Tetuan, and was driven thence only in Oct. 1919. The Tangiern-Tetuan road, which he had held, was thus reopened and the Anjera and Wad Ras tribes made their submission. A year later, however, there was fresh fighting with the Beni Huzmer and others, probably directed by Raisuli; Spanish troops from Tetuan then made a somewhat precarious entry (Oct. 14 1920) into the “forbidden city” of Sheshawan, and surrounded it by a ring of military posts. Troops advancing to join them from El Qasr were unable to reach Sheshawan, and had to fall back on their base at Laraish, leaving Raisuli free to operate from his mountain stronghold. In Nov. several attacks were made by the tribes on Spanish patrols and posts in the Tetuan-Sheshawan district, and it seemed at the close of the autumn campaign as if the more remote posts might need to be evacuated.

 * (E. G. S.)

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Author:Emma Gurney Salter

Works

 * Franciscan Legends in Italian Art
 * Tudor England through Venetian Eyes
 * The Coming of the Friars Minor to England and Germany

title: Author:Emma Gurney Salter


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 HIS EARLY YEARS 3 The travel-worn family established a new home near Franklin, Tennessee, some eighteen miles north of Nash- ville. This section of the country was then on the outskirts of the western frontier, and it was in such an environment that young Maury spent the most forma- tive years of his life. As a lad, he had to take his share of the burdensome work on the farm ; and it appears from an incident long afterwards related by his brother that he had the distaste for farm work, which is common to boys. Their father had set them to work picking cotton, and Matthew showed his inventiveness by devising a way of shortening their labor. He suggested to his brother that they make short work of the cotton picking by pulling off the cotton balls bodily and cramming them into an old hollow hickory stump that was full of water. The scheme was a good one so long as it was undiscov- ered, but after a time the watchful eye of their father detected the boys in the act and a flogging was the result. The lives of the children on the frontier, how- ever, were by no means wholly filled with toil. There was ample opportunity to enjoy outdoor sports in all seasons of the year, and indoors the Maury family were not without resources for passing the time pleasantly and profitably. There were traditions of culture and even of scholarship in the family, and besides it should be remem- bered that the homes of the early settlers were rarely without at least a few good books. Maury's father, having observed that his own father had been too stern with his children, treated his large family with considerable indulgence; yet he was strict as to their religious training in the home and gathered the children together morning and night each day to read the Psalter antiphonally. In this way Matthew

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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morley of Blackburn, John Morley, Viscount

MORLEY, JOHN MORLEY, (1838–), English statesman and author (see ), continued to hold the seals of the India Office till Nov. 1910, when he resigned them, as he himself revealed subsequently, “partly because I was tired, partly from a feeling that a new viceroy would have fairer openings with a new secretary of state; partly, too, that I might have a farewell chance of literary self-collection.” One of his last important official acts had been to resist the appointment of Lord Kitchener to the viceroyalty, pressed strongly upon him by King Edward just before his death. He remained in the Ministry as Lord President, and was one of the four counsellors of state to administer the kingdom during King George’s visit to India for the Delhi Durbar in the winter

of 1911-2. In the critical period of domestic politics which began with the budget of 1909 he played a somewhat prominent part. He defended Mr. Lloyd George’s budget in the great debate of Nov. 1909, and, while admitting that the Lords had the legal right of rejection, said that to assert it was “a gambler’s throw.” He poured cold water on proposals like Lord Rosebery’s for House of Lords reform, and like Lord Lansdowne’s for a referendum; and gave warm support to the Parliament bill, which would repair the national machinery. Owing to the temporary failure of Lord Crewe’s health, Lord Morley led the House of Lords during most of the Session of 1911, in which that bill was passed; and it was he who read out to the House on the last night of debate the definite assurance from King George which finally secured the exiguous but adequate majority of 17: “His Majesty would assent to a creation of peers sufficient in number to guard against any possible combination of the different parties in opposition by which the Parliament bill might be exposed a second time to defeat.” He not only took charge of the India Office during Lord Crewe’s illness, and of the Foreign Office in Sir Edward Grey’s short holidays, but he was an outstanding figure in the Home Rule debates of 1913 and 1914. In moving the second reading of the Amending bill on July 1 1914, he said that the National Volunteers had dispelled the illusion that the masses of the South and West of Ireland had lost their care for Home Rule; the danger was lest the constitutional agitation for self-government might give place to older methods of violence and disloyalty.

The outbreak of, the World War brought Lord Morley’s official career to an abrupt termination. He made no public explanation of his reasons for resigning, but withdrew to the retirement of his Wimbledon villa, where he occupied himself with writing two most interesting volumes of Recollections, which were warmly welcomed on their publication in 1917. In the introduction he said: “The war and our action in it led to my retirement from public office. The world is travelling under formidable omens into a new era, very unlike the times in which my lot was cast The world’s black catastrophe in your new age is hardly a proved and shining victory over the principles and policies of the age before it.” In 1921 his publishers brought out a complete edition of his works in a handsome format.


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 * The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mishna -> The New International Encyclopædia/Mishna
 * The Folk-Lore Journal. Volume 1 -> The Folk-Lore Journal/Volume 1
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 * The Folk-Lore Journal. Volume 1/Some Marriage Customs -> The Folk-Lore Journal/Volume 1/Some Marriage Customs
 * The Folk-Lore Journal. Volume 1/Songs for the Rite of May -> The Folk-Lore Journal/Volume 1/Songs for the Rite of May
 * The Folk-Lore Journal. Volume 1/St. Swithin and Rainmakers -> The Folk-Lore Journal/Volume 1/St. Swithin and Rainmakers
 * The Folk-Lore Journal. Volume 1/Stories of Fairies from Scotland (pp. 25-7) -> The Folk-Lore Journal/Volume 1/Stories of Fairies from Scotland (pp. 25-7)
 * The Folk-Lore Journal. Volume 1/Stories of Fairies from Scotland (pp. 55-8) -> The Folk-Lore Journal/Volume 1/Stories of Fairies from Scotland (pp. 55-8)
 * The Folk-Lore Journal. Volume 1/The Hare in Folk-lore -> The Folk-Lore Journal/Volume 1/The Hare in Folk-lore
 * The Folk-Lore Journal. Volume 1/Yorkshire Local Rhymes and Sayings -> The Folk-Lore Journal/Volume 1/Yorkshire Local Rhymes and Sayings
 * The Folk-Lore Journal. Volume 2 -> The Folk-Lore Journal/Volume 2
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 * The Folk-Lore Journal. Volume 2/Folk-Lore Terminology (311–6) -> The Folk-Lore Journal/Volume 2/Folk-Lore Terminology (311–6)
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User:TalBot/soft redirect maintenance/July 2012/references

 * Index:Africa (Volume I).djvu
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 * Key to the Exercises in Adler's Grammar/Lesson 4
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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morgan, John Pierpont

MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837-1913), American financier and banker (see ), died in Rome March 31 1913. In Jan. 1913 he sailed from New York for Egypt, where he became seriously ill. He was carried to Italy but never recovered. His will provided that after the distribution of enumerated bequests

amounting to about $17,000,000, chiefly to his family, the residue of his estate should pass to his son, John Pierpont Morgan, Jun. (see below). In 1916 the estate was finally appraised at $69,499,732. He left only some $700,000 to charities; but while living he had been a generous giver, and in his will suggested that his son continue certain accustomed annual contributions. His works of art and books were left to his son without restrictions, although in his will he said, “It has been my desire and intention to make some suitable disposition of them or of such portion of them as I might determine, which would render them permanently available for the instruction and pleasure of the American people.” In the summer of 1913 most of the art collection was placed as a loan exhibit in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Later some items, mostly replaceable, were sold. The remainder, consisting of over 3,000 pieces, was presented to the museum by the son in Dec. 1917, and a new wing was added to the building to house them permanently (opened June 1918). This collection covers all periods and includes matchless bronzes, enamels, porcelains and tapestries. The library, retained by the son, was appraised at $7,500,000. It consisted of more than 20,000 volumes of illuminated manuscripts, early printed books, examples from famous presses and association copies.

His son, (1867-), American financier, was born at Irvington, N.Y., Sept. 7 1867. On graduating from Harvard in 1889 he entered the banking house of Morgan, Grenfell & Co. (the London branch of J. P. Morgan & Co.) and 12 years later joined his father in New York. When Congress in 1902 authorized the President to purchase the rights of the old Panama Canal Co. for $40,000,000 in gold, Mr. Morgan arranged for the payment (1904). On the death of his father in 1913 he inherited the greater part of his estate and became the head of the firm. On the outbreak of the World War he arranged the first credit, $12,000,000 for Russia. In 1915 his firm was appointed agent in the U.S. for the British Government; and until after America entered the war, was also purchasing agent, receiving a commission of 1% on all purchases. In April his firm provided a loan of $50,000,000 for the French Government; in Sept. it organized a syndicate for floating the Anglo-French loan of $500,000,000 and followed this with other large loans, especially for the British Government. In July he was shot, but not dangerously wounded, in his home by a crazed German sympathizer, who declared that he was trying to force Mr. Morgan to bring about an embargo on arms. From 1914 to 1919 he was a member of the Advisory Council for the Federal Reserve Bank in New York. In 1919 he was for a time chairman of the International Committee, composed of American, British and French bankers, for the protection of the holders of Mexican securities. In Nov. of the same year he was made a director of the Foreign Finance Corp., organized to engage in the investment of funds chiefly in foreign enterprises. In May 1920 President Wilson transmitted to Congress a letter written long before, in which Mr. Morgan offered to give his London home as headquarters of the American embassy there; but it was not until 1921 that Congress accepted the gift. He was a director in numerous corporations, including the U.S. Steel Corp., the Pullman Co., the Aetna Insurance Co., and the Northern Pacific Railway Co.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moret y Prendergast, Segismundo

MORET Y PRENDERGAST, SEGISMUNDO (1838-1913), Spanish politician, was born at Cadiz June 2 1838. He was educated at the Central University, Madrid, and became professor of political economy, continuing at the same time his studies in jurisprudence. In 1863 he was elected Liberal deputy for Almaden and took part in the revolution of 1868, afterwards representing Ciudad Real in the Constituent Assembly of 1869 and becoming noted for his eloquence. He took office under Gen. Prim in 1870 first as Colonial Secretary and later as Finance Minister. He was for a few months in 1872 Spanish ambassador to Great Britain, and after resigning this post accepted the directorship of a large London bank. A year later he returned to Spain. He was again elected deputy for Ciudad Real in 1879, rallied to the monarchy in 1882, represented Orgaz from 1886 to 1890, was Minister for Foreign Affairs under Sagasta in 1885 and again in 1893-4, Minister of the Interior 1885-8, and Minister of Colonies 1897. In this capacity he advocated the grant of autonomy to Cuba and Porto Rico, and he was opposed to the war with America of 1898. He rose to be head of the Liberal party and became Prime Minister in 1905, but fell in 1906, though he was called back to office for an ephemeral spell of three days in that year and again in 1909 for a few months. Failing to keep together his unruly hosts he took refuge in the post of president of the Chamber, in which office he died at Madrid Jan. 28 1913.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/McKenna, Reginald

McKENNA, REGINALD (1863-), British politician and financier, was born in London July 6 1863, and educated at King's College. He went up to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, as a scholar and graduated as a senior optime in 1885, being elected an hon. fellow of his college in 1916. He also gained distinction as an oar, rowing bow in the university eight in 1887. He was called to the bar in 1887, and practised till, after an unsuccessful attempt at Clapham in 1892, he was elected Liberal member for North Monmouthshire in 1895. He found his party in opposition, but during the following ten years he established a reputation as a vigilant and acute critic of ministerial proceedings, especially in matters of education and finance. When his party returned to power in Dec. 1905 he became Financial Secretary to the Treasury, and in 1907 was promoted to the presidency of the Board of Education, but he was no better able than his predecessor, Mr. Birrell, to draft a bill which would satisfy the Nonconformists and yet pass the House of Lords. His tenure of the office was brief, as, on Mr. Asquith's succeeding to the premiership in the spring of 1908, he was transferred to the Admiralty.

He entered on his new duties at a time when the country was profoundly stirred by the rapid increase of the German fleet, and was in doubt whether the preparations of the Admiralty were on a sufficiently extensive scale. At the same time a large portion of the Liberal party was disposed to belittle the danger and to call a halt to building-schemes in the interest of peace and economy. Mr. McKenna, relying upon the advice of his First Sea Lord, Lord Fisher, resisted the section of the Cabinet, represented by the powerful figures of Mr. Lloyd George and Mr. Churchill, who took this last view; and, supported by the Prime Minister and Sir Edward Grey, he persuaded his colleagues to begin the building of four battleships of the “Dreadnought” type in 1909, and to ask for power, if necessary, to prepare for the construction of four more a year later. This programme disgusted the Radical economists, but did not satisfy public opinion. The Unionists and other friends of a big navy carried on an agitation to the slogan, “We want eight, and we won't wait,” and eventually, on July 26, Mr. McKenna announced that the second four Dreadnoughts would definitely be ordered. The estimates of 1909 had shown an increase of nearly £3,000,000; those of 1910 showed a further increase of £5,500,000, mainly due to new construction. A still further increase of £3,750,000 in 1911 made it clear that Mr. McKenna and the Admiralty were in earnest in their determination to maintain “a fleet sufficient to hold the seas against any reasonably probable combination.” In June 1911 he was able to make satisfactory arrangements at

the Imperial Conference for complete unity of action in time of war between Dominion fleets and those of the mother country. He could feel, when in the autumn he passed from the Admiralty to the Home Office, that he left behind him a much stronger fleet than he had found. As Home Secretary he had charge of the Welsh Church Disestablishment bill.

When war broke out in Aug. 1914 he had the arduous duty of safeguarding the country against the machinations of spies— a task in which it was impossible to give entire satisfaction to a sensitive public. When Mr. Asquith's Coalition Ministry was formed in the summer of 1915 he was made Chancellor of the Exchequer, and a still more difficult task was imposed on him— to find the money to carry on the war. By the 4½% War Loan a subscription of nearly £600,000,000 was obtained. He also raised a loan of £100,000,000 in the United States on the joint credit of England and France. In the autumn he introduced a supplementary war budget for the year, providing over £100,000,000 by new taxation. Income-tax was raised 40%, and the abatement and exemption limits lowered; the rates of super-tax were seriously heightened; all the old duties on sugar, tea, tobacco, cacao, coffee, motor spirit and patent medicines were almost doubled; the import of luxuries such as motor-cars, cinema films, clocks and musical instruments was restrained by an ad valorem duty of 33$1/3$%; and an excess profits tax of 50% was imposed. Other methods of financing the war which he adopted were War Savings Certificates, which realized over £40,000,000 in their first year; 5% Exchequer bonds, replaced after a year for a short time by 6% Exchequer bonds; but for current expenses he relied mainly on the sale of Treasury bills, of which at the end of his period of office in Dec. 1916 there were over £1,000,000,000 outstanding. In his 1916 budget he raised taxation still further. Income-tax was increased to 5s. in the pound and excess profits tax to 60%; there were further increases on sugar, cacao and coffee; higher duties were imposed on motor vehicles; there were new taxes on amusements, railway tickets, matches and mineral waters. He calculated that the country was raising over £300,000,000 in the year by new taxation imposed since the war; and he budgeted for a net revenue of £502,000,000 to meet an estimated expenditure of £1,825,000,000. He enunciated the doctrine that Great Britain ought never again to be dependent for supplies or many essential commodities on a nation like Germany which in peace had plotted and prepared for war; and he said that Government was prepared to assist the development of British foreign trade.

Mr. McKenna went out of office with Mr. Asquith in Dec. 1916, and, along with other Liberal leaders who had refused to serve under Mr. Lloyd George, lost his seat at the General Election of Dec. 1918. He made no attempt to reënter the House, but accepted the position of chairman of the London City & Midland Bank in 1919. He speedily gained a position of financial authority in the City. He married in 1908 Pamela, daughter of Sir Herbert Jekyll, and had two sons. (G. E. B.)


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 constable of the fleet should be captain of one of the ships; he was named Gonzalo Vaz Despinosa.

Having done this they set sail, and ran about twenty-five leagues with three ships, which they still possessed; they then mustered, and found that they were altogether one hundred and eight men in all these three ships, and many of them were wounded and sick, on which account they did not venture to navigate the three ships, and thought it would be well to burn one of them—the one that should be most suitable for that purpose —and to take into the two ships those that remained: this they did out at sea, out of sight of any land. While they did this many paraos came to speak to them; and navigating amongst the islands, for in that neighbourhood there are a great many, they did not understand one another, for they had no interpreter, for he had been killed with Fernan de Magalhāes. Sailing further on amongst islets they came to anchor at an island which is named Carpyam, where there is gold enough, and this island is in fully eight degrees.

Whilst at anchor in this port of Capyam, they had speech with the inhabitants of the island, and made peace with them, and Carvalho, who was captain-major, gave them the boat of the ship which had been burnt: this island has three islets in the offing; here they took in some refreshments, and sailed further on to west south-west, and fell in with another island, which is named Caram, and is in eleven degrees; from this they went on further to west south-west,


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mackensen, August von

MACKENSEN, AUGUST VON (1849-), Prussian field-marshal, was born Dec. 6 1849 at Hausleipnitz in the Prussian province of Saxony. His career was in the cavalry, and he at one time commanded at Danzig the well-known regiment of Hussars who wore a silver skull and crossbones on their busbies. As the commander of the XVII. Army Corps he was brought into close touch with the German Crown Prince at a time when the heir to the imperial dignity had been sent to Danzig in order to withdraw him from the temptation of meddling with politics. In 1914, at the outbreak of the World War, Mackensen was appointed to the command of the IX. Army on the eastern front, and won victories over the Russians at Kutno, Lodz and Lowitz. After April 1915 he led the German troops in western Galicia and helped to break through the Russian line at Gorlice. On June 20 of the same year he was made a field-marshal. In the advance into Russia Mackensen took Litovsk on Aug. 26 and Pinsk on Sept. 15 1915. Later in the autumn of the same year he was in command of the army sent against Serbia, and in 1916 he commanded the expedition against Rumania. In Nov. 1918, after the conclusion of the Armistice, when the German troops

were being brought home from the Balkans, he was detained by the French and interned at Neusatz, where, in spite of many protests from the German Government, he remained until he was set at liberty at the beginning of Dec. 1919.


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Page:First Voyage Round the World.djvu/93

 and fell in with a large island, and ran along the coast of this island to the north-east, and reached as far as nine degrees and a half where they went ashore one day, with the boats equipped to seek for provisions, for in the ships there was now not more than for eight days. On reaching shore the inhabitants would not suffer them to land, and shot at them with arrows of cane hardened in the fire, so that they returned to the ships.

Seeing this they agreed to go to another island, where they had had some dealings, to see if they could get some provisions. Then they met with a contrary wind, and going about a league in the direction in which they wished to go, they anchored, and whilst at anchor they saw that people on shore were hailing them to go thither; they went there with the boats, and as they were speaking to those people by signs, for they did not understand each other otherwise, a man at arms, named Joam de Campos, told them to let him go on shore, since there were no provisions in the ships, and it might be that they would obtain some means of getting provisions; and that if the people killed him, they would not lose much with him, for God would take thought of his soul; and also if he found provisions, and if they did not kill him, he would find means for bringing them to the ships: and they thought well of this. So he went on shore, and as soon as he reached it, the inhabitants received him, and took him into the interior the distance of a league, and when he was in the village all the people came to see him, and they gave him food, and entertained him well, especially when


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 they saw that he ate pig's flesh; because in this island they had dealings with the Moors of Borneo, and because the country and people were greedy, they made them neither eat pigs nor bring them up in the country. This country is called Dyguasam, and is in nine degrees.

The said Christian seeing that he was favoured and well treated by the inhabitants, gave them to understand by his signs that they should carry provisions to the ships, which would be well paid for. In the country there was nothing except rice not pounded. Then the people set to pounding rice all the night, and when it was morning they took the rice and the said Christian, and came to the ships, where they did them great honour, and took in the rice and paid them, and they returned on shore. This man being already set on shore, inhabitants of another village, a little further on, came to the ships and told them to go to their village, and that they would give them much provisions for their money; and as soon as the said man whom they had sent arrived, they set sail and went to anchor at the village of those who had come to call them, which was named Vay Palay Cucara Caubam, where Carvalho made peace with the king of the country, and they settled the price of the rice, and they gave them two measures of rice which weighed one hundred and fourteen pounds for three fathoms of linen stuff of Britanny; they took there as much rice as they wanted, and goats and pigs, and whilst they were at this place there came a Moor, who had been in the village


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Page:First Voyage Round the World.djvu/95

 of Dyguaçam, which belongs to the Moors of Borneo; as has been said above, and after that he went to his country.

While they were at anchor near this village of Diguaçam, there came to them a parao in which there was a negro named Bastiam, who asked for a flag and a passport for the governor of Diguaçam, and they gave him all this and other things as a present. They asked the said Bastiam, who spoke Portuguese sufficiently well, since he had been in Maluco, where he became a Christian, if he would go with them and shew them Borneo; he said he would very willingly, and when the departure arrived he hid himself, and seeing that he did not come, they set sail from this port of Diguaçam on the 21st day of July to seek for Borneo. As they set sail there came to them a parao, which was coming to the port of Diguaçam, and they took it, and in it they took three Moors, who said they were pilots, and that they would take them to Borneo.

Having got these Moors, they steered along this island to the south-west, and fell in with two islands at its extremity, and passed between them; that on the north side is named Bolyna, and that on the south Bamdym. Sailing to the west south-west a matter of fourteen leagues, they fell in with a white bottom, which was a shoal below the water, and the black men they carried with them told them to draw near to the coast of the island, as it was deeper there, and that was more in the direction of Borneo, for from that neighbourhood the island of Borneo could already be sighted. This same day they reached and anchored at some islands, to which they gave the name of islets of St. Paul, which


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morley of Blackburn, John Morley, Viscount


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 was a matter of two and a half or three leagues from the great island of Borneo, and they were in about seven degrees at the south side of these islands. In the island of Borneo there is an exceedingly great mountain, to which they gave the name of Mount St. Paul; and from thence they navigated along the coast of Borneo to the south-west, beween an island and the island of Borneo itself; and they went forward on the same course and reached the neighbourhood of Borneo, and the Moors whom they had with them told them that there was Borneo, and the wind did not suffer them to arrive thither, as it was contrary. They anchored at an island which is there, and which may be eight leagues from Borneo.

Close to this island is another which has many myrobolans, and the next day they set sail for the other island, which is nearer to the port of Borneo; and going along thus they saw so many shoals that they anchored, and sent the boats ashore in Borneo, and they took the aforesaid Moorish pilots on shore, and there went a Christian with them; and the boats went to set them on land, from whence they had to go to the city of Borneo, which was three leagues off, and there they were taken before the Shahbender of Borneo, and he asked what people they were, and for what they came in the ships; and they were presented to the King of Borneo with the Christian. As soon as the boats had set the said men on shore, they sounded in order to see if the ships could come in closer: and during this they saw three junks which were coming from the port of Borneo from the said city out to sea, and as soon as they saw the ships they returned inshore: continuing to sound, they found the channel by which the port is entered; they then set sail, and entered this channel, and being within the channel they anchored, and would not go further in until they received a message from


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1536.] which she had small cause to thank for the entertainment which it had provided for her; and she died, as she had lived, resolute, haughty, and unbending. In the preceding October (1535), she was in bad health; her house, she imagined, disagreed with her, and at her own desire she was removed to Kimbolton. But there were no symptoms of immediate danger. She revived under the change, and was in better spirits than she had shown for many previous months, especially after she heard of the new Pope's resolution to maintain her cause. 'Much resort of people came daily to her.' The vexatious dispute upon her title had been dropped, from an inability to press it; and it seemed as if life had become at least endurable to her, if it never could be more. But the repose was but the stillness of evening as night is hastening down. The royal officers of the household were not admitted into her presence; the Queen lived wholly among her own friends and her own people; she sank unperceived; and so effectually had she withdrawn from the observation of those whom she desired to exclude, that the King was left to learn from the Spanish ambassador that she was at the point of death, before her chamberlain was aware that she was more than indisposed. In the last week of December Henry learnt that she was in danger. On the 2nd of January the ambassador went down from London to Kimbolton, and spent the day with her. On the 5th Sir Edmund Bedingfield wrote that she was very ill, and that the


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 the shore, which arrived next day with two paraos: these carried certain swivel guns of metal, and a hundred men in each parao, and they brought goats and fowls, and two cows, and figs, and other fruit, and told them to enter further in opposite the islands which were near there, which was the true berth; and from this position to the city there might be three or four leagues. Whilst thus at anchor they established peace, and settled that they should trade in what there was in the country, especially wax, to which they answered that they would willingly sell all that there was in the country for their money. This port of Borneo is in eight degrees.

For the answer thus received from the King they sent him a present by Gonzalo Mendes Despinosa, captain of the ship Victoria, and the King accepted the present, and gave to all of them China stuffs: and when there had passed twenty or twenty-three days that they were there trading with the people of the island, and had got five men on shore in the city itself, there came to anchor at the bar, close to them, five junks, at the hour of vespers, and they remained there that evening and the night until next day in the morning, when they saw coming from the city two hundred paraos, some under sail, others rowing. Seeing in this manner the five junks and the paraos, it seemed to them that there might be treachery, and they set sail for the junks, and as soon as the crews of the junks saw them under sail, they also set sail and made off where the wind best served them; and they overhauled one of the junks with the boats, and took it with twenty-seven men; and the ships went and anchored abreast of the island of the Myrololans, with the junk made fast to the poop of the flagship, and the paraos returned to shore, and when night came there came on a squall from the


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352 issue was doubtful. On the morning of the th she received the last sacrament, and at two o'clock on that day she died. On her deathbed she dictated the following letter of farewell to him whom she still called her most dear lord and husband.

'The hour of my death now approaching, I cannot choose but, out of the love I bear you, advise you of your soul's health, which you ought to prefer before all considerations of the world or flesh whatsoever; for which yet you have cast me into many calamities, and yourself into many troubles. But I forgive you all, and pray God to do so likewise. For the rest I commend unto you Mary our daughter, beseeching you to be a good father to her, as I have heretofore desired. I must entreat you also to respect my maids, and give them in marriage, which is not much, they being but three; and to all my other servants a year's pay besides their due, lest otherwise they should be unprovided for. Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes desire you above all things. Farewell.'

This letter reached Henry with the intimation that she was gone. He was much affected, and is said to have shed tears.


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 west in which the said junk went to the bottom alongside the flagship, without being able to receive any assistance from it.

Next day in the morning they saw a sail, and went to it and took it; this was a great junk in which the son of the King of Lucam came as captain, and had with him ninety men, and as soon as they took them they sent some of them to the King of Borneo; and they sent him word by these men to send the Christians whom they had got there, who were seven men, and they would give him all the people whom they had taken in the junk; on which account the King sent two men of the seven whom he had got there in a parao, and they again sent him word to send the five men who still remained, and they would send all the people whom they had got from the junk. They waited two days for the answer, and there came no message; then they took thirty men from the junk, and put them into a parao belonging to the junk, and sent them to the King of Borneo, and set sail with fourteen men of those they had taken and three women; and they steered along the coast of the said island to the north-east, returning backwards; and they again passed between the islands and the great island of Borneo, where the flagship grounded on a point of the island, and so remained more than four hours, and the tide turned and it got off, by which it was seen clearly that the tide was of twenty-four hours.

Whilst making the aforesaid course the wind shifted to north-east, and they stood out to sea, and they saw a sail coming, and the ships anchored, and the boats went to it and took it; it was a small junk and carried nothing but