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Rh and 3 to 3½ at the front, taking care to adjust all the seams to agree with those to which they are intended to join, making all the parts slightly round at bottom. As will be seen, the back is continued to the full length, about 1 inch being left on either side, as illustrated on diagram, for the formation of side pleats and opening in back; the style of finish most usual for these being the same as for gent's body coats, though sometimes box pleats are placed at the centre of back; when it will be necessary to allow 3½, 7 or 10½ inches according a single, double or treble box pleats are desired, at present, however, these are the exception for this style of jacket. We now pass on to deal with

Draw lines O G, O 23 at right angles, making O 23 half the nett size of seat; measure down from O to 7 7 inches always, and square line across to 7 in the front. Now come in from to 1, 1 inch, and draw line A, G from 1 through 7: come back from 23 to 22¼ ¾ of an inch, and draw line from 22¼ through F and 7 to get the run of the front. Next measure the depth of the body part below waist line at back, sides, and front, and whatever that is, come down from line O, 1, 23 to find the run of the waist seam of the skirt. Now measure the width of the sidebody at bottom, and make A to B of the skirt the same; take out 1 to 1½ inches in a V from B to C, and make C to D the same width as the bottom of the sidepiece. Now measure the width of the forepart after the seams are sewn, or allow for the seams in measuring, and make F to E what it measures. The distance from E to D is taken out in a V, when the skirt will only need plain sewing to the body part. Many ladies at present, however, prefer having the extra quantity fulled on over the hips, after the style usual for gents' body coats, only of course there is very much more fulness. If this latter method is desired, it will of course be necessary to omit the V's B C and D E.

Add half an inch of round at 7, and mark off the length from A to G in accordance with the customer's wishes, making due allowance for the seams. As fashion goes at present, it is customary to arrange the skirt so that it appears level all round, when I G and 22¼, H would be the same, but of course this may be varied at will, as also may the run of skirt in the front, many ladies having them cut away so as to show a much wider opening than our illustration shows.

Flaps are arranged to go on the hips about 3½ inches deep, and generally wide enough to cover the V's, the flap being cut without V's as illustrated on diagram 20. When the skirt is closed at top, the hollow of the waist seam is taken as a guide for the top of the flaps, the loose part being arranged to taste.

With the D.B. Newmarket we introduce the subject of lapels. The easiest way to cut a lapel is to use the front edge as a guide to cut the sewing-to-edge by, and to shape the outside to taste. It will be found very beneficial if the bottom of forepart is sprung out a little below waist line, from the original straight front edge as drawn for S.B., in which case the lapel would overlap at the bottom as per dot and dash line below T. It is very difficult to lay down any definite guide in the matter of lapel, they are of course made narrower at the waist. Both character and style may be infused into a jacket by the outline of these lapels. Seeing then that the outside edge of the lapel is so much a matter of taste, we will only further remark that it is a forepart in minature, all parts intending to be used to fit being cut exactly the same as the forepart it is to go over.

In making up garments with a lapel, it is an advantage to put hooks and eyes at the lapel seam; it steadies the garment in wear, though of course it has the disadvantage of only allowing the garment to be worn buttoned on one side. We will now proceed to give

Draw line O, G, O, C; come down from to 6, 6 inches; go out 1 inch and draw line from through 1; add ½ an inch of round as illustrated, and the back is complete. Now come up from line 0, C, at A whatever the waist seam is followed, drawing a line from bottom of sidebody and bottom of front: in this case the waist seam is hollowed 1 inch. Make from to A the same width as the bottom of the sidebody; take out 1½ or 2 inches in a V, terminating it about 3½ inches down. Make the space from A to B about the same as the width of sidepiece, and take out another 1½ inches; make space from B to 2 the same width as the forepart after the seams are sewn; come up from C to 2, 2 inches, more or less according to the amount of drapery desired at sides. If this is made much more than 2 inches, the amount to be taken out in V's at A B may be reduced. Now finish the waist seam by drawing from A, B to 2 To get the run of the front, mark up from 2 to 4 the same amount as previously come up from C to 2; then take the square, and use point O, 4 as the base by which to draw the run of front at right angles. Arrange the relative length of back and front of skirt to taste and the skirt is complete, with the exception of leaving on down the back a due provision for the style of pleat desired; if the ordinary side pleat is desired, 1 inch will be sufficient. In cutting


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14 Take the skirt pattern and close the V's of waist-seam, and mark round just that part the flap is desired to cover. Flaps are of course usually arranged on the hips so as to cover the V's taken out there. The dotted line A B represents A B of diagram 19. This is really all the fitting part there is, for the marking of the outline is purely a matter of taste, and as such it is very varied. The outline of diagram 20 illustrates the general style of outline used by tailors, but we have also seen a large number made pointed at either end and one point in the centre. This enables extra deep darts being hid without the flaps being made exceptionally heavy, if the points are carefully adjusted to the V's.

Pockets are sometimes placed under these flaps, but they are more frequently made sham.

There is one other very important class we have not yet treated of, viz., the

Style, or Jacket with Vest fronts added to the side-seams. These are very popular, and as they allow ample scope for the introduction of ornamental trimming, either braid or contrasting material there is little doubt they will continue to be so, for they have a style so distinctly their own, and have such a careful graceful appearance that whether it is summer or winter, this class of jacket hold their own, for in winter the vest may be made of fur whilst in summer there are plenty of makers of fancy yestingsvestings [sic] suitable, so that it is distinctly an all the year round style, but inasmuch as we are giving a full description of all kinds of Vests in another chapter, we have omitted special diagrams and description to explain the system purposely, as the Jackets are cut in exactly the same way as others, the fronts being more generally loose-fronted aud often cut away; sometimes arranged to merely hook and eye at the neck, and at others arranged with a collar and turn, but in any case the outline of diagram 3 may be followed, the fronts being merely cutaway in accordance with taste, and the Vest front sewn in with the side, scye, and shoulder seams. A reference to the chapter on vests will doubtless make this matter quite clear.

This concludes our section on Jackets. "We have treated of tight-fitting, loose-fitting, single-breasted, double-breasted, and skirted styles of Jackets, and although doubtless there are many we have not illustrated, yet our aim has been to take representatives of each class, and so lay the foundation for our readers to develop any outline they may think fit.

As the Dress Bodice is probably one of the most important garments ladies' tailors have to deal with, we will treat of it as fully as possible, and as there are many points of difference to the Jacket System, we will describe it in detail, although our readers will at once recognise the same principle involved in both. The measures we take for these are as follows: depth of scye, natural waist, full length of back, side length from the bottom of armpit to natural waist over the hips, width across baok; continue to elbow and on to full length of cuff with the arm bent; width across chest, width across bust, half neck from nape to front, front shoulder from nape to bottom of scye in front. Nape to prominence of breast, nape to hollow of waist in front, over shoulder from depth of scye on back over shoulder from depth of scye on back over the shoulder and down in the front of scye to the bottom of armpit; size of chest, size of waist and size of hips. These measures would robably run as follows, 8¼ depth of scye, 15½ natural waist, 21½ full length, 7¼ side length, 5½ width across back, 19 continue to elbow, 27½ to full length of sleeve, 7¼ width across chest, 8¾ width across bust, 7½ neck, 12 front shoulder, 13 nape to prominence, 19 nape to hollow of waist, 16 over shoulder, 36 chest, 26 waist, 44 hips.

The application of these measures are as follows, see

Draw line O 21½, and proceed to mark off to 2 ⅛ natural waist; to 8¼ the depth of scye as taken on the customer, to 5½ the natural waist length, and to 21½ the full length desired, plus seams (½ inch); draw line at right angles to these various points, and proceed by coming in one inch at natural waist, and draw line from to 1, and continue back seam by springing it out below 1, till it meets line at 21½. From O to 22½ is ⅓ neck, from which come up ¾ inches; measure across from 2 to 6 the width of back, plus 2 seams ½ inch), and from ½ to 20 the half chest, plus 1½ or 2 inches for making up, ease, &c. This allowance must be varied according to judgment, allowing more of the material is thick and unyielding; and less if the material is thin and elastic. If the garment is desired easy fitting, allow the larger quantity. From 20 measure back to 12 the average between the across chest and across bust, thus: 7¼ + 8¾ = 16, half this =8 which is the amount to come back from point 20 to find the front of scye. We next proceed to get

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80 being so difficult to decide upon, owing to the immense variety of circumstance and disposition which has to be taken into account, it is a false foundation for any human being to build upon, beyond stipulated remuneration for actual service done. It is justice, if we knew how to exercise it, which bears immediately upon real merit; while generosity refers rather to what we need, than to what we are. If I might be allowed such an illustration of the subject, I should say, that by justice we all, as transgressors, stand condemned in the sight of God; while by generosity we are made partakers of the hope of salvation. And shall we not seek to exercise toward each other, and to inculcate into the minds whose training is committed to our care, a principle of action so peculiarly adapted to our situation, both as regards this life, and the life which is to come? To be acquitted of all blame, is much; but to be forgiven where there is blame, is infinitely more, to creatures frail, erring, and dependant, such as we are. This is the benefit we derive from the exercise of generosity; and which of us in our earthly relations, even the tenderest and closest which it is possible to form, does not feel that forgiveness is all we dare to ask? while, in relation to our Heavenly Father, it is infinitely more than we deserve!

True generosity of feeling is the noblest characteristic by which any human being can be distinguished. We all acknowledge this, but do we all cherish the feeling by every means within our power? If, as regards ourselves, we feel acquitted of all mean, selfish or sinister motives in what we say or do, let us be the more careful that nothing in our conversation or conduct shall be found to damp the free spirit of generosity in the young characters around us. Let us endeavor to rise above those little envyings and jealousies, which so often beset with thorns the path of woman; and when tempted to imbitter our kind services by a grudging or reproachful manner, let us remember that beautiful description of the Supreme Dispenser of all benefits, where he is spoken of as "Him, who giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not."

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Rh As generosity then has no direct reference to the merit of the object upon which it is bestowed, so neither has the affection of a parent, or indeed any true affection; for though it is impossible to love what is repulsive to us, and consequently opposed alike to nature and to reason that the good should attach themselves to the bad; yet that our affections are but little proportioned to the merit of the objects upon whom they are fixed, the evidence of every day sufficiently proves. And happy indeed is it for some of us, that we can be loved even as we are. Happy is it, especially, for the plain, the dull, the froward child, that, as one of the most unfortunate of mothers has beautifully said—"the loved are lovely." Happy is it, indeed, that a provision has been made in the parent's affection, against all personal defects; so that the very fact of being less attractive to others, sometimes seems to endear the little uncomplaining subject of neglect, so as to bring it home with a welcome of tenfold tenderness, whenever it seeks the shelter of the maternal bosom.

There is not, in fact, among the deep mysteries of our being, one circumstance more illustrative of Divine goodness than this—that the mother, whose quick eye is ever open to perceive the beauty of her child, whose vanity is ever ready to hail the applause it may meet with from others, and whose ambition is ever building the most exalted schemes upon its future course, should see that beauty wanting, and yet feel no repulse; should watch for that applause, but find it not; and instead of the proud hopes so fondly cherished, should behold a low, obscure, and humble path marked out for the beloved one—that the mother should be able to bear all this, and yet experience an increase rather than a diminution of her tenderness, might indeed supply us with convincing proof, had such been needed, that the humblest and most insignificant being in the universe is provided for by a merciful and gracious Father, as kindly as the most exalted.

The mother must not forget, however, that even in the outpouring of her own affection, there may be something which operates against that of her children's affection in

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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Precentor

PRECENTOR (Late Lat. praecentor, from praecinere, to sing before, lead in singing), the title of the principal director of the singing or musical portions of the service in a cathedral or cathedral church. In the English Church in cathedrals of the “Old Foundation” the precentor is a member of the cathedral chapter and officially ranks next to the dean. His musical duties are usually performed by the “succentor,” one of the vicars choral. In cathedrals of the “New Foundation” the “precentor” is not a member of the chapter, but is one of the minor canons.

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Precentor


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Rh Deducting 0, ¾ from the front shoulder measure 12, and by the remainder sweep to find point F, using point 12 as the pivot; now add ¾ inch to this quantity, and sweep again from 20 as illustrated by dotted line 12¾, and where these two segments cross each other locates the neck point F; now measure the distance from to W of the back, deduct this from the over shoulder measure, and by the remainder sweep from point 12 to find D, so that this sweep finds the shoulder slope. The width of front shoulder as from F to D is ¼ inch less than width of back from ¾ in the direction of W. Come forward from F to V ⅓ neck, make V a pivot, and sweep gorge from F, then draw the centre line of breast from V + through 20; now draft the scye, keeping it as hollow as possible above point 12, and well up at A B. We next turn our attention to

Come back from 12 one inch, and find point 11: divide the distance from 11 to h, into 4 equal parts as illustrated at 3¼, 6, 8½, 11; make the width of back from 1 to 2½, half the distance from ½ to 3¼, and draw sideseam from A through 3¼, 2½ continuing below 2½ at right angles to 15½, 2½. Now, before we proceed further, we think it will be well to apply side length from bottom of scye to find the run of the waist line, allowing ¼ inch for seams; next apply the length of front as from F to 21½, as illustrated by 19 + 1, the 1 inch being allowed to compensate for the seams. Having found these points, draw the waist line from 2½ to 11, and on to 21½; having got this, we proceed with locating the seams; next sweeping from point 3¼ as at A to find the top of sidebody, then use point A and sweep from point 2½, and then we draw the waist line forsidebody as illustrated. But before we go any further, we must consider the importance of

Which we generally arrange by fixed quantities, varying it according to judgment by increasing it for prominent blades, and reducing it for flat. The amount we usually take out between back and sidebody is ¾of an inch as at 2½, 3¼, and draw the sidebody as shown, taking out a little at A. Make the width of sidebody from 3¼to 5½, ½ an inch less than from 3¼ to 6; come from 5½ to 6¼ ¾ of an inch: and make the width of first sidepiece an inch less than 6, 8½; take out ¾ of an inch from 8¼ to 9, and make the width of the second sidepiece ½an inch less than 8¼, 11, and take out 1 inch from 11 to 12. Now measure up the various parts at the waist, as from 1 to 2½; 3¼ to 5½: 6¼ to 8¼; and 9 to 11; and then apply it from 12 to 21½, and then reduce the waist to measure by means of

Allowing about 1½ inches for making up. This may appear a small quantity to allow for no less than 14 seams, but experience tells us it is more often too much than too little, the elasticity of the material, and the desire to get a tight-fitting waist being factors not to be overlooked. Suppose there is 3¼ inches to come out in darts, we take 1½ out of the first one, placing it about 1½ inches from the breast line, leave 1½ inches between the two darts, and take out the remainder in the back dart; always get the darts to run rather towards the front at bottom than the reverse. For this purpose, draw the dotted line as represented in the centre of the darts, parallel to the breast line, terminating them by letting them meet about 10 inches below the waist line as shown on diagram. It only remains now to adjust

By measuring up the various parts at the bottom, and letting them overlap each other, so that 3 inches of surplus size is left for ease and making up, distributing the extra amount required about equally at the various seams. Add on ¾ of an inch for the button-stand on the hole side, and 1½ on the button side, if it is desired to fasten the bodice in the ordinary S.B. style, or arrange a lapel after the manner described for the D.B. Newmarket if it is wished to be D.B., while if it is desired to fasten with hooks and eyes a seam left beyond breast line will be all that is needed. Having arranged the fronts in accordance with the style of fastening desired the bodice is complete. We will

On no account sew the lining and the outside together at the same time, as the dressmakers do, because the linings require to be wider and longer in the hollow, and shorter over the curves, just as the inner edge of a circle is shorter than the outer edge, so must the outside be to the lining. It is the tailor's aim to make the outside fit; the lining is merely an accessory; it is the dressmaker's aim to make the lining fit. Have your bone casings put in very long over the waist; let them be made from material on the bias; do not let them come higher than the top of the darts, or nearer the bottom than ½ an inch; let the bones be carefully prepared and firmly secured. In sewing the seams, full on the round ones a trifle, especially when they are


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Miss E. Z. S., writes: " Accept thanks for Diploma, I am very pleased with it and have greatly benefitted from the instructions given in your institution."

From Miss E. A. J., Brighton: "Thanks to the excellent teaching received at your Academy, I am appointed teacher of Svenoaks as well as at Tunbridge Wells."

Miss B. P. writes : " 1 am pleased to say that I have benefitted from your judicious care in teaching me, and I thank you very much for your patience, and should I have an opportunity of recommending the Tailor and Cutter Cutting Academy I shall not fail to do so."

Mrs. H. writes : " I have attended with great interest and pleasure the Tailor and Cutter Classes, and consider that I have gained very much useful information, and wish to thank you for the particularly patient and painstaking way in which you have explained it. I have made a garment for a child from measurements during the time I have attended the class, and it was in every way a success."

Miss M. P. B. writes : " Having finished my present course of tuition at your Academy, I wish, before leaving, to express my warm thanks to you for the careful and patient way in which I have been instructed. I consider your system a most thorough one, and shall only be too glad to resume my lessons again in a higher branch as soon as time and circumstances will permit "

Mr. A. C. G. writes : " In leaving your Academy, and taking with me a Diploma, I beg to express my sincere thanks for the courtesy, patience and excellence of tuition I have received from the teachers during my term of study. Your system of cutting gives me every satisfaction, and especially as regards cutting for abnormalities, Ac. One of the Special features of your course of tuition are the lectures to which I attach the highest value, because of the interesting and instructive matter they contain, the excellent business principles they impart, and of their high moral tone. Should an opportunity occur, I shall not fail to recommend your Academy with every confidence as a first-class institution for a young man to learn the Art of Cutting."

From G. S., Cambridge : " I consider it to be a matter of duty that I should write to let you know how I have been getting on since I left the Academy. The systems taught are almost perfection ; I have used them for 3 years and they fit splendid. I can safely recommend any young man who wants to learn cutting to go at once to the Tailor and Cutter School of Art, 93 & 94, Drury Lane, London, W.C.

Mr. G. W. W., Plymouth, writes : " Gentlemen,—I cannot leave this Academy without expressing my hearty thanks to the teachers for the attention and kindness that has been shown me during my stay. Also my entire satisfaction with the method of teaching, and the very instructive daily lectures. Everything has been done that could perfect me in the Art of Cutting, and it would have been my own fault if I had not got on well."

Mr. A. P., writes : " I thank you for the Diploma which I received quite safe ; and I wish to say that I feel quite satisfied with the instruction I received during my six weeks stay at your Academy."

Mr. R. K., writes : " I am almost three months in the situation I now hold, and I have not had a misfit, and never more alteration at a time than a button, or some trivial thing of that sort, since the start.—Your old student.

Mr. T. W. S. writes : " My Diploma duly to hand, for which accept my best thanks. I may also say I am finding the system to work first-class. The first coat I cut was for a man that could not get one to fit him about the shoulders, the one cut fits splendid. I have cut for stooping and disproportionate too, I find it to work first-class."

F. W. writes : "lam pleased to say we are full of orders, and since my return home—thanks to the valuable instruction received at the Academy—business has almost doubled."

F. E. W writes : "lam perfectly satisfied with the course of tuition I received at the Tailor and Cutter Office, and cannot sufficiently express my thanks for the great pains taken with me."

I have got on well since I was under your teachers. I am in the first situation over three years.—S. P.

W. C, Northampton, writes : " I must say the lessons I had at your office have been of immense service. It has reduced coat cutting to a pleasure. "

Mr. J. B. writes: "To day my course of study at your academy comes to a close, but before leaving, I desire to bear testimony to the kindness, patience, and ability of the teachers, and it is with a feeling of deep sincerity that I offer the teachers my best thanks.

I desire also to say how highly I appreciate the weekly lectures for the useful information they contain. And if I ever meet with anyone desirous of learning the cutting I shall certainly recommend them to the Tailor and Cutter office, 93 and 94, Dury Lane."

, The Citadel, Cairo, writes : " Sir,—I expect that your surprise will be great in hearing from me again through the hand of a friend, but an opportunity presented itself to me to send that friend to you as a pupil of our art, and being thoroughly satisfied after a large practice of two years with what you taught me, I have much pleasure in recommending him to you, as a man likely to do credit to whatever you might teach him, feeling sure that he will be as much satisfied with your systems and teachings as I have been myself. I especially commend him to you as a friend of mine, and as one in whom I take a great interest. Mr. Phillips (that is his name) is unfortunately not a practical tailor, but your long experience of teaching non-practical men will, I do not doubt, make as good a cutter of him as most practical men that Ihave come across.

Mr. G. C. writes : " I cannot leave without thanking you for the manner which you have attended to me during my stay here at th6 academy, and don't hesitate in recommending any intending to become cutters."

J. M. writes : " Gentlemen,—As what is usually termed a non-practical man, I am pleased to testify to the value of the instruction imparted at the School of Cutting at the Tailor and Cutter Office. I am in business for myself as a General Outfitter, and ten years since had some small practice as a cutter, but since that time have been in business where no bespoke work was done, until two years ago I took a business where a fair bespoke trade was done, and then determined to do my own cutting and save the expense of a cutter. Three weeks only at the Tailor and Cutter Academy was sufficient to enable me to do this with satisfaction to my customers and myself. I would also like to bear witness to the painstaking and courteous manner iu which the instruction is imparted.

Mr. T. T. T. writes : " Gentlemen,—To-day my course of tuition at your Academy comes to a close, but before leaving, I think it my earnest desire to bear testimony to the kindness patience, and ability of the teachers, and it is with a feeling of sincerity that I offer my beit thanks, I desire also to say that anyone having the ambition of learning the art of cutting I strongly recommend them to the Tailor and Cutter's offices, 93 and 94, Drury Lane."

F. H. P., Leicestershire, writes : " I have been here at your Academy six weeks, and many thanks to all concerned in the art of teaching cutting, I have found everything very pleasant and nice during my stay, and referring more especially to the lectures and debates I have heard which have been very interesting and instructive. The teachers I must say are ever ready and willing to tell and explain to the students anything they wish to know. As I always take the Tailor and Cutter journal in weekly and read the contents, I generally know how things are going on, and shall now ever think of the six weeks of learning the art of cutting, and the kind way towards me."

F. W. P. writes : " I have been four weeks a student at the Cutting School, and I am highly pleased with the attention paid to me ; and beg to thank the teachers for the instructions which have been so satisfactory to me."

S. A. and H. S. write : " We have been at your Cutting Academy for four weeks, and we are highly satisfied with the attention paid to us by the teachers. We have made excellent progress, and consider the arrangements first-class."


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82 return. There may be a want of sympathy, a want of generosity, or a want of adaptation to their peculiarities of character, which sets them in some measure apart from intimacy with her, and consequently makes her to some extent a stranger to their feelings. To be separated in this manner from a father, is an evil great enough; but for children not to make a bosom friend of their mother, is a calamity of such magnitude as to demand the most careful examination as regards its cause.

Perhaps the warm gush of the child's affection has not been met by equal warmth in return. Perhaps the germes of feeling, as they unfolded themselves in infant beauty, have been withered by sarcasm, or blighted by contempt. Perhaps the mother has never thought how important it is, that children should be encouraged to speak freely what they think and feel, in order that their erroneous notions may be corrected. Or, perhaps, the peal of laughter allowed to echo round the social board whenever a mistake has been committed, has closed the expanding heart, and left it in a manner companionless and unknown. Now, it is the mother who ought to stand by her children in all these little instances of individual exposure; and it is the office of affection not only to make reparation where injury has been done, but so to shield from danger and from pain, as to inspire a feeling of trust and safety under the protection of maternal love.

And the father too—how beautiful it is sometimes to see his stronger powers of protection brought into action, to defend the little helpless one from heedlessly inflicted pain! How beautiful it is to see—and happy is it for families where this can be done with safety—the reference of the mother to his authority, as the highest and the best, on all disputed points; with the treasuring up for him those select and appropriate enjoyments which are most adapted to the situation of a weary man coming home to his well-earned reward—the enjoyment of his own fireside! How pleasant then to tell over the little incidents of the day—little to all the world, but great to them—how happy to watch the expression of the father's face, as he listens

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Rh sometimes with grave attention, or approves with cordial smiles; while he strokes the head of one, as another climbs his knee, and thus dispenses the familiar tokens of his affection, so that none can feel either slighted or forgotten!

But these are among the sunny spots of life, which it is not permitted that either tongue or pen should describe. As the glow of the winter's hearth, all bright and cheering as it is, has an influence more felt than seen; so there is a life-giving warmth to those who form the charmed circle, in these simple but yet touching scenes, of which nothing in after-life can destroy the vitality, and still less efface the remembrance. It is from such fountains as these, gushing forth in the secret of domestic life, that those streams of affection are supplied, from which we have to draw, in our intercourse with society, and with the world. There will be much in this intercourse calculated to divert the streams from their true course, to diminish or retard their healthy flow; but let us ask the Divine blessing, upon our efforts to keep the fountain fresh and pure, for without that they can give neither beauty nor fertility to the path of life.

I have sometimes thought that those simple sunny spots of human life I have here alluded to, were like the green knolls in a lovely landscape, left out by the painter as insignificant in comparison with the rocky heights, the falling torrents, and the precipitous ravines; yet chosen by the husbandman, and cultivated with peculiar care, because they alone are capable of yielding the harvest upon which his happiness depends. It is thus with what is great and wonderful in the picture of human life, upon which we sometimes gaze with an ill-directed ambition to tread its dizzy heights, or penetrate its mysterious depths, forgetful of the danger and the weariness inevitably attending such an adventurous career. Nor is it sometimes until experience has taught us, that the heights above are cold and barren, and the depths beset with perils profitless and dreary, that we come back, perhaps too late, when the autumn tints are upon the landscape, to seek

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84 again for the green knolls, and to wish we had been contented with the freshness, the verdure, and fertility, which might still have smiled around us there.

It is an ungrateful part of the duty of those who write upon the moral tendency of human actions, and who consequently presume to examine motives, to cry beware! when others see no danger, and thus to bring upon themselves the odium of being cynical and gloomy in their general views of human life; when in reality their love of what is estimable in human character is too intense to permit them to rest satisfied under the apprehension of its being obscured by some advancing cloud. More especially is this the case, when childhood with its fresh uncalculating energies becomes the subject of consideration—when we sit down to make cool comments upon its outbursts of ungoverned feeling, and its thrilling voice of joy which echoes upon the weary ear like the summer song of birds, startling the tired spirit into hope that some new spring of gladness has been found, when it is but nature at her joyous revelry, making pastime of common and familiar things, and exulting in the fulness of her own delight.

With this ringing shout of joy, the father of a family is sometimes welcomed home, when, "Let me be first," is the undisguised and general wish;—"Let me be first to meet him at the door," "Let me be first to claim his promised kiss." The father and the mother too partake in their full measure of the general exultation, and the strife of little arms to meet a parent's fond embrace, sends warmth and gladness to his heart. But—and here lies the ungraciousness of those who cry beware! at such a time—there is sometimes hidden a dark secret in that very language, "Let me be first." Yes, looking on the shaded side of this sweet picture, we behold, not always, certainly, but far too often, strife, envy, and passion, among the little anxious group, because they can not all be first; and we find then that to be distinguished from the many, to enjoy what could not be enjoyed by others, and to obtain the credit of being the most eager and affectionate, has

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 In July 1868, after being for a few months out of power, McCulloch became premier for a second time, holding the posts of treasurer and chief secretary. He resigned in September 1869, after receiving the honour of knighthood on the occasion of the Duke of Edinburgh's visit. In April 1870 he again became premier, holding the same posts as before; but in the following year he was defeated because he declined to increase the protective duties any further.

McCulloch acted as agent-general for the colony in London during 1872 and 1873, and in 1874 he was made a K.C.M.G. For a time he returned to the colony, and became premier on 20 Oct. 1875; but his fourth tenure of office was obstructed by the ‘stonewalling’ tactics of Sir Graham Berry, who maintained that the government majority did not really reflect the people's will. McCulloch introduced the ‘closure’ rule with a view to meeting his opponents, but his party was utterly defeated at the general election in May 1877. On the assembling of the new house McCulloch, who had been elected for Warrnambool, found himself practically without followers, and shortly after retired from parliamentary life, settling in England.

He was twice president of the Melbourne Chamber of Commerce as well as director of several banks and public companies. He took especial interest in the National Gallery of Victoria, and a considerable part in the selection of pictures for it.

McCulloch died on 31 Jan. 1893 at his residence, Garband Hall, Ewell, Surrey. He was twice married: first, in 1841, to Susan, daughter of the Rev. James Renwick of Muirton; secondly, in 1867, to Margaret, daughter of William Inglis of Walflat, Dumbarton, who survived him.

 MACCULLOCH, JOHN, M.D. (1773–1835), geologist, was born in Guernsey, 6 Oct. 1773, his mother, Elizabeth, being a daughter of Thomas de Lisle, a jurat of that island, but his father, James, who was engaged in business in Brittany, was descended from the Maccullochs of Nether Ardwell in Galloway. John, the third son, a precocious, thoughtful child, was sent to school, first at Plympton, then at Penzance, and lastly at Lostwithiel, where he remained three years. Thence he went to Edinburgh to study medicine, and graduated M.D. 12 Sept. 1793, with a thesis on electricity. He remained for some time longer at the university, and, as he afterwards stated, those systematic journeys in Scotland which supplied the material for the main work of his life grew out of the ‘boyish wanderings of his college holidays,’ when he visited such places as Dunkeld and Dunsinane. At this time he formed a close friendship with Walter (afterwards Sir Walter) Scott and with Thomas Douglas, fifth earl of Selkirk [q. v.] James Macculloch, the father, lost his business in France in consequence of the revolution; was imprisoned during the reign of terror; and after his release quitted the country and settled in Cornwall. John obtained the position of assistant surgeon to the royal regiment of artillery; but his scientific acquirements became known, and in 1803 he was appointed chemist to the board of ordnance. In 1807 he established himself at Blackheath, where for a time he followed his profession, and was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians, 30 Sept. 1808, but gave up practice in 1811, when he was sent by the board of ordnance to Scotland, to determine what kinds of rock could be most safely employed in powder-mills. A commission followed to ascertain on which of the Scotch mountains the experiments which had been undertaken by Maskelyne in 1774, in regard to the deflection of the plumb-line, might be repeated with most advantage. From 1811 to 1821 he travelled yearly in Scotland, accumulating a vast store of scientific observations. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society on 21 April 1801, and a member of the Geological Society of London on 5 Feb. 1808. His name appears among the council in the first volume of the Geological Society's ‘Transactions,’ to which he contributed a paper on Guernsey and the other Channel islands, his first important contribution to geology, and he was president in 1816–17. Macculloch was also appointed about 1814 geologist to the trigonometrical survey, and was lecturer on chemistry and mineralogy at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Later in life he held a similar appointment at the East India Company's College at Addiscombe, and he was nominated in 1820 physician to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in the same year. In 1826 he was commissioned to prepare a geological map of Scotland. The idea had occurred to him at an early period, and on his previous visits to Scotland he had used ‘his own time and spent his own money,’ in the intervals of work for the government in making investigations in the matter. From 1826 to 1832 he was busily engaged, travelling in Scotland during the summer, and arranging his materials in the winter. In 1835, to the surprise of his ac-


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 THREE MONTHS AT THE

PREPARED SPECIALLY FOR INTENDING STUDENTS.

BY AN EX-STUDENT.

An ex-Student of ours began writing an article on his Course of Tuition at our Academy. We considered it so realistic, that we induced him to proceed, and embrace in it his whole course of tuition, which extended to 3 months. This we now publish for the special benefit of intending Students. The following Syllabus will show its scope:

First thoughts of becoming a cutter How he proceeded to put thought into action Negotiates for a course of lessons at the Tailor and Cutter Academy First day at the Academy — the Academy and his fellow students fully described Social life at the Academy — a banquet and magic lantern entertainment Special garments for the deformed, illustrated by a number of engraved figures and diagrams Prize competitions — measuring, cutting and fitting a cutter for one of the students— fully described Hints on trying on— a lecture delivered while fitting on the coat, given in detail Alterations, and how to make them — notes of another lecture Defects in Trousers Cutting from block patterns — notes of Lecture, with diagram Block Cutting, illustrated by a number of disproportionate figures including the erect, the stooping, the corpulent, the hunch back and the proportionate Treatment of workmen — notes of lecture Punctuality the soul of business Students discuss trade topics The greatest evil in the trade ; Sweating ; the best paying branch of the trade Diagrams, Drawing Books and Diplomas Seeking a situation — the heckling process ; my own experience ; conclusion

This treatise is got up in good style, and is printed on good paper, and being prepared specially as a Guide to Intending Students to our Academy, it is supplied at the nominal charge of

The Sixth Edition includes interesting and instructive Lectures, with practical Illustrations as given before the Students at " The Tailor and Cutter " office, by eminent members of the profession


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Rh had more than due share in the motives of some, if not of all.

The parents, however, are too tender, too grateful, and too full of joy, to note this down at such a moment; and they forget, or persuade themselves that such a blot upon their pleasant picture has never found a place; until the evil grows, and then they find, to their surprise, that the brothers and the sisters of their family are not united in their interests, nor so zealous for each other's, as for their own individual good.

The fact is, that while affection arises imperceptibly, and as a natural consequence of their care and kindness, in the hearts of children toward their parents, it does not, unless cultivated by the parents, arise in the same manner, or with equal certainty, in the heart of one child toward another. It is true they are talked into a kind of nursery affection for what is called "the baby," while it is such; and they may also be taught to say "dear," and speak sweetly to each other—sometimes; but the greedy grasp, the scowling brow, the sly pretence to obtain advantage, and the pleasure secretly enjoyed, too plainly indicate, in some families, that the fruits of true affection need not be looked for there.

Now, in proportion as mothers sincerely desire the future welfare of their children, as they believe that in union there is strength, and in family concord real happiness, surely they will endeavor to turn the springs of early affection into such a channel, as that the fair garden over which they watch with such untiring solicitude, may still be watered, even if the mother's care should be withdrawn. Beyond a certain period, it is scarcely to be expected that the bond between a parent and a child should be kept unbroken. In the common course of human affairs families are separated, and parents removed by death; but so long as brothers and sisters live, they might, if bound by true affection, remain to be a blessing and a help to each other; and should their parents be spared to them beyond the usual period of family union, what richer harvest could

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 The Tailor and Cutter Business Notices. Autumn and Winter 1892-93.

" I have been a regular reader of the Tailor and Cutter for Thirty years," writes one of our friends from the provinces. This, though scarcely a literally accurate statement, seeing that the Tailor and Cutter is only in its twenty-seventh year, is a sample of the kind testimony we are all the time receiving, and which is constantly and continually proving that - in finding out the wants and requirements of the trade with the view of supplying them in the very best and most trustworthy manner, we are carrying on a work which is receiving on every hand the most hearty appreciation. To those of our clients who, like the one just mentioned, are of old standing, it will not be necessary for us to say anything concerning those business methods which have secured their confidence in the past. We have only to thank them for favours already received, and to assure them that our best endeavours will, as formerly, be continually at their disposal. Who, in increasing numbers, are being added to our ever-extending clientele, it may be advantageous that we should give a few notes, outlining, as it were, the general arrangements of our business, and indicating in some measure our methods and resources. Chiefly, then, for those who have only recently commenced doing business with us, or indeed may be only anticipating a first order, the following particulars have been prepared, and will, we have no doubt, be serviceable in fulfilling the object aimed at. Perhaps the most important branch of our business is Which has grown and developed to such a vast extent that we have been compelled by the immense demand to keep large stocks of these patterns even in such far-away places as Melbourne (Australia) and Wellington (New Zealand).

It would be impossible for us, at any time to publish the whole of our pattern testimonies—they would fill the entire Chart in small type ; but we have made a selection from the pile, so that the success which has invariably attended their use in practice may be seen. As usual at the beginning of each season, our Patterns have undergone thorough inspection and revision, and have been carefully adapted to the changes in style necessitated by the requirements of changing fashion, and we think we may say, without hesitation, that the Model Patterns we are now offering through this Chart are, both as regards fit, comfort, and style, as perfect as Patterns can possibly be. Of Coats, Vests, Ladies', Youths' and Juvenile body garments, the breast measure alone is all that is necessary and it will prevent the possibility of the wrong style of garment being sent if the figure illustrating it upon our chart be cut out and sent with the order. Our pink chart is prepared specially, at considerable cost, to guide our patrons in selecting the style of Patterns they require.

For Model Patterns of Trousers, the number and the system cut by is all that is necessary.

The full measures of the customer, so far as practicable, must be sent, and any peculiarity of the form of customer de- scribed. While our model patterns invariably fit fairly proportionate figures, the success of our special cut patterns must depend on correct measures, and a fairly accurate description of the figure. Measure forms, with instructions for measuring, can be had at our office.

The style of garment, and specially in ladies, should be correctly sent with orders for special pattern, and, whenever possible, a figure illustrating the style should be sent, which can always be returned. Prices : Gents' Coats, Trousers, Ladies' Jackets, 1/2 each ; Overgarments, 1/8 each.

It will, in some cases, save unnecessary trouble and delay if we state that, while a model pattern is cut proportionate to a given breast measure, a special cut pattern is cut to the measures of the customer forwarded to us. The breast measure is all that is necessary for a model pattern, but the full measures of the customers are required for a special pattern. If these are sent with some degree of accuracy, and any peculiarity in the customer's figure correctly described, then we guarantee to send a good fitting pattern. Further particulars in regard to specials will be found on next page.

Make sure that name and full Postal address is either printed or written distinctly on the order form. In ordering Model Patterns the number and size should be always quoted ; it is also advisable to state whether for Lady or Gentleman.

In ordering, full measures and description of any abnormality are imperative. Sketch or illustration of style required should also accompany the order.

should whenever possible, be made by cheque or postal order or note ; but where this is inconvenient, stamps will be accepted. Coin should in no case be sent by post unless the letter containing it is registered. Cheques, postal notes, &c., should be made payable to the John Williamson Company, Limited.

All communications in any way relating to the business must be addressed to the Company and not to individuals.


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 glasses of high refractive index, and achromatic systems from such crown glasses, with flint glasses of lower refractive index, are called the “new achromats,” and were employed by P. Rudolph in the first “anastigmats” (photographic objectives).

Instead of making d vanish, a certain value can be assigned to it which will produce, by the addition of the two lenses, any desired chromatic deviation, e.g. sufficient to eliminate one present in other parts of the system. If the lenses I. and II. be cemented and have the same refractive index for one colour, then its effect for that one colour is that of a lens of one piece; by such decomposition of a lens it can be made chromatic or achromatic at will, without altering its spherical effect. If its chromatic effect (d) be greater than that of the same lens, this being made of the more dispersive of the two glasses employed, it is termed “hyper-chromatic.”

For two thin lenses separated by a distance D the condition for achromatism is D＝(v1f1+v2f2) (v1+v2); if v1＝v2 (e.g. if the lenses be made of the same glass), this reduces to D＝ (f1+f2), known as the “condition for oculars.”

If a constant of reproduction, for instance the focal length, be made equal for two colours, then it is not the same for other colours, if two different glasses are employed. For example, the condition for achromatism (4) for two thin lenses in contact is fulfilled in only one part of the spectrum, since dn2/dn1 varies within the spectrum. This fact was first ascertained by J. Fraunhofer, who defined the colours by means of the dark lines in the solar spectrum; and showed that the ratio of the dispersion of two glasses varied about 20% from the red to the violet (the variation for glass and water is about 50%). If, therefore, for two colours, a and b, fa＝fb＝f, then for a third colour, c, the focal length is different, viz. if c lie between a and b, then fc < f, and vice versa; these algebraic results follow from the fact that towards the red the dispersion of the positive crown glass preponderates, towards the violet that of the negative flint. These chromatic errors of systems, which are achromatic for two colours, are called the “secondary spectrum,” and depend upon the aperture and focal length in the same manner as the primary chromatic errors do.

In fig. 11, taken from M. von Rohr’s Theorie und Geschichte des photographischen Objectivs, the abscissae are focal lengths, and the ordinates wave-lengths; of the latter the Fraunhofer lines used are—

and the focal lengths are made equal for the lines C and F. In the neighbourhood of 550 the tangent to the curve is parallel to the axis of wave-lengths; and the focal length varies least over a fairly large range of colour, therefore in this neighbourhood the colour union is at its best. Moreover, this region of the spectrum is that which appears brightest to the human eye, and consequently this curve of the secondary spectrum, obtained by making fundefined＝fundefined, is, according to the experiments of Sir G. G. Stokes (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1878), the most suitable for visual instruments (“optical achromatism”). In a similar manner, for systems used in photography, the vertex of the colour curve must be placed in the position of the maximum sensibility of the plates; this is generally supposed to be at G′; and to accomplish this the F and violet mercury lines are united. This artifice is specially adopted in objectives for astronomical photography (“pure actinic achromatism”). For ordinary photography, however, there is this disadvantage: the image on the focussing-screen and the correct adjustment of the photographic sensitive plate are not in register; in astronomical photography this difference is constant, but in other kinds it depends on the distance of the objects. On this account the lines D and G′ are united for ordinary photographic objectives; the optical as well as the actinic image is chromatically inferior, but both lie in the same place; and consequently the best correction lies in F (this is known as the “actinic correction” or “freedom from chemical focus”).

Should there be in two lenses in contact the same focal lengths for three colours a, b, and c, i.e. fa＝fb＝fc＝f, then the relative partial dispersion (nc−nb) (na−nb) must be equal for the two kinds of glass employed. This follows by considering equation (4) for the two pairs of colours ac and bc. Until recently no glasses were known with a proportional degree of absorption; but R. Blair (Trans. Edin. Soc., 1791, 3, p. 3), P. Barlow, and F. S. Archer overcame the difficulty by constructing fluid lenses between glass walls. Fraunhofer prepared glasses which reduced the secondary spectrum; but permanent success was only assured on the introduction of the Jena glasses by E. Abbe and O. Schott. In using glasses not having proportional dispersion, the deviation of a third colour can be eliminated by two lenses, if an interval be allowed between them; or by three lenses in contact, which may not all consist of the old glasses. In uniting three colours an “achromatism of a higher order” is derived; there is yet a residual “tertiary spectrum,” but it can always be neglected.

The Gaussian theory is only an approximation; monochromatic or spherical aberrations still occur, which will be different for different colours; and should they be compensated for one colour, the image of another colour would prove disturbing. The most important is the chromatic difference of aberration of the axis point, which is still present to disturb the image, after par-axial rays of different colours are united by an appropriate combination of glasses. If a collective system be corrected for the axis point for a definite wave-length, then, on account of the greater dispersion in the negative components—the flint glasses,—over-correction will arise for the shorter wavelengths (this being the error of the negative components), and under-correction for the longer wave-lengths (the error of crown glass lenses preponderating in the red). This error was treated by Jean le Rond d’Alembert, and, in special detail, by C. F. Gauss. It increases rapidly with the aperture, and is more important with medium apertures than the secondary spectrum of par-axial rays; consequently, spherical aberration must be eliminated for two colours, and if this be impossible, then it must be eliminated for those particular wave-lengths which are most effectual for the instrument in question (a graphical representation of this error is given in M. von Rohr, Theorie und Geschichte des photographischen Objectivs).

The condition for the reproduction of a surface element in the place of a sharply reproduced point—the constant of the sine relation—must also be fulfilled with large apertures for several colours. E. Abbe succeeded in computing microscope objectives free from error of the axis point and satisfying the sine condition for several colours, which therefore, according to his definition, were “aplanatic for several colours”; such systems he termed “apochromatic”. While, however, the magnification of the individual zones is the same, it is not the same for red as for blue; and there is a chromatic difference of magnification. This is produced in the same amount, but in the opposite sense, by the oculars, which are used with these objectives (“compensating oculars”), so that it is eliminated in the image of the whole microscope. The best telescope objectives, and photographic objectives intended for three-colour work, are also apochromatic, even if they do not possess quite the same quality of correction as microscope objectives do. The chromatic differences of other errors of reproduction have seldom practical importances.

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 .—The standard treatise in English is H. D. Taylor, A System of Applied Optics (1906); reference may also be made to R. S. Heath, A Treatise on Geometrical Optics (2nd ed., 1895); and L. A. Herman, A Treatise on Geometrical Optics (1900). The ideas of Abbe were first dealt with in S. Czapski, Theorie der optischen Instrumente nach Abbe, published separately at Breslau in 1893, and as vol. ii. of Winkelmann’s Handbuch der Physik in 1894; a second edition, by Czapski and O. Eppenstein, was published at Leipzig in 1903 with the title, Grundzüge der Theorie der optischen Instrumente nach Abbe, and in vol. ii. of the 2nd ed. of Winkelmann’s Handbuch der Physik. The collection of the scientific staff of Carl Zeiss at Jena, edited by M. von Rohr, Die bilderzeugung in optischen Instrumenten vom Standpunkte der geometrischen Optik (Berlin, 1904), contains articles by A. König and M. von Rohr specially dealing with aberrations.

ABERSYCHAN, an urban district in the northern parliamentary division of Monmouthshire, England, 11 m. N. by W. of Newport, on the Great Western, London and North-Western, and Rhymney railways. Pop. (1901) 17,768. It lies in the narrow upper valley of the Afon Lwyd on the eastern edge of the great coal and iron mining district of Glamorganshire and Monmouthshire, and its large industrial population is occupied in the mines and ironworks. The neighbourhood is wild and mountainous.

 ABERTILLERY, an urban district in the western parliamentary division of Monmouthshire, England, 16 m. N.W. of Newport, on the Great Western railway. Pop. (1891) 10,846; (1901) 21,945. It lies in the mountainous mining district of Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire, in the valley of the Ebbw Fach, and the large industrial population is mainly employed in the numerous coal-mines, ironworks and tinplate works. Farther up the valley are the mining townships of and, forming an urban district with a population (1901) of 13,489.

 ABERYSTWYTH, a municipal borough, market-town and seaport of Cardiganshire, Wales, near the confluence of the rivers Ystwyth and Rheidol, about the middle of Cardigan Bay. Pop. (1901) 8013. It is the terminal station of the Cambrian railway, and also of the Manchester and Milford line. It is the most popular watering-place on the west coast of Wales, and possesses a pier, and a fine sea-front which stretches from Constitution Hill at the north end of the Marine Terrace to the mouth of the harbour. The town is of modern appearance, and contains many public buildings, of which the most remarkable is the imposing but fantastic structure of the University College of Wales near the Castle Hill. Much of the finest scenery in mid-Wales lies within easy reach of Aberystwyth.

The history of Aberystwyth may be said to date from the time of Gilbert Strongbow, who in 1109 erected a fortress on the present Castle Hill. Edward I. rebuilt Strongbow’s castle in 1277, after its destruction by the Welsh. Between the years 1404 and 1408 Aberystwyth Castle was in the hands of Owen Glendower, but finally surrendered to Prince Harry of Monmouth, and shortly after this the town was incorporated under the title of Ville de Lampadarn, the ancient name of the place being Llanbadarn Gaerog, or the fortified Llanbadarn, to distinguish it from Llanbadarn Fawr, the village one mile inland. It is thus styled in a charter granted by Henry VIII., but by Elizabeth’s time the town was invariably termed Aberystwyth in all documents. In 1647 the parliamentarian troops razed the castle to the ground, so that its remains are now inconsiderable, though portions of three towers still exist. Aberystwyth was a contributory parliamentary borough until 1885, when its representation was merged in that of the county. In modern times Aberystwyth has become a Welsh educational centre, owing to the erection here of one of the three colleges of the university of Wales (1872), and of a hostel for women in connexion with it. In 1905 it was decided to fix here the site of the proposed Welsh National Library.

 ABETTOR (from “to abet,” O. Fr. abeter, à and beter, to bait, urge dogs upon any one; this word is probably of Scandinavian origin, meaning to cause to bite), a law term implying one who instigates, encourages or assists another to commit an offence. An abettor differs from an (q.v.) in that he must be present at the commission of the crime; all abettors (with certain exceptions) are principals, and, in the absence of specific statutory provision to the contrary, are punishable to the same extent as the actual perpetrator of the offence. A person may in certain cases be convicted as an abettor in the commission of an offence in which he or she could not be a principal, e.g. a woman or boy under fourteen years of age in aiding rape, or a solvent person in aiding and abetting a bankrupt to commit offences against the bankruptcy laws.

 ABEYANCE (O. Fr. abeance, “gaping”), a state of expectancy in respect of property, titles or office, when the right to them is not vested in any one person, but awaits the appearance or determination of the true owner. In law, the term abeyance can only be applied to such future estates as have not yet vested or possibly may not vest. For example, an estate is granted to A for life, with remainder to the heir of B, the latter being alive; the remainder is then said to be in abeyance, for until the death of B it is uncertain who his heir is. Similarly the freehold of a benefice, on the death of the incumbent, is said to be in abeyance until the next incumbent takes possession. The most common use of the term is in the case of peerage dignities. If a peerage which passes to heirs-general, like the ancient baronies by writ, is held by a man whose heir-at-law is neither a male, nor a woman who is an only child, it goes into abeyance on his death between two or more sisters or their heirs, and is held by no one till the abeyance is terminated; if eventually only one person represents the claims of all the sisters, he or she can claim the termination of the abeyance as a matter of right. The crown can also call the peerage out of abeyance at any moment, on petition, in favour of any one of the sisters or their heirs between whom it is in abeyance. The question whether ancient earldoms created in favour of a man and his “heirs” go into abeyance like baronies by writ has been raised by the claim to the earldom of Norfolk created in 1312, discussed before the Committee for Privileges in 1906. It is common, but incorrect, to speak of peerage dignities which are dormant (i.e. unclaimed) as being in abeyance.

 ABGAR, a name or title borne by a line of kings or toparchs, apparently twenty-nine in number, who reigned in Osrhoene and had their capital at Edessa about the time of the Christian era. According to an old tradition, one of these princes, perhaps Abgar V. (Ukkāmā or Uchomo, “the black”), being afflicted with leprosy, sent a letter to Jesus, acknowledging his divinity, craving his help and offering him an asylum in his own residence, but Jesus wrote a letter declining to go, promising, however, that after his ascension he would send one of his disciples. These letters are given by Eusebius (Eccl. Hist. i. 13), who declares that the Syriac document from which he translates them had been preserved in the archives at Edessa from the time of Abgar. Eusebius also states that in due course Judas, son of Thaddaeus, was sent (in 340＝ 29). In another form of the story, derived from Moses of Chorene, it is said further that Jesus sent his portrait to Abgar, and that this existed in Edessa (Hist. Armen., ed. W. Whiston, ii. 29-32). Yet another version is found in the Syriac Doctrina Addaei (Addaeus＝Thaddaeus), edited by G. Phillips (1876). Here it is said that the reply of Jesus was given not in writing, but verbally, and that the event took place in 343 ( 32). Greek forms of the legend are found in the Acta Thaddaei (C. Tischendorf, Acta apostolorum apocr. 261 ff.).

These stories have given rise to much discussion. The testimony of Augustine and Jerome is to the effect that Jesus wrote nothing. The correspondence was rejected as apocryphal by Pope Gelasius and a Roman Synod (c. 495), though, it is true, this view has not been shared universally by the Roman church (Tillemont, Mémoires, i. 3, pp. 990 ff.). Amongst Evangelicals the spuriousness of the letters is almost generally admitted. Lipsius (Die Edessenische Abgarsage, 1880) has pointed out anachronisms which seem to indicate that the story is quite unhistorical. The first king of Edessa of whom we have any trustworthy information is Abgar VIII., bar Maʽnu ( 176–213). It is suggested that the legend arose from a desire to trace the christianizing of his kingdom to an apostolic source.

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86 they reap, what more entire fulfilment of their hopes, what reward more precious for "all their sorrows, all their cares," than to see their children happy in them, and in each other? so living in harmony and love on earth, as to sustain the hope of their again becoming a united family in heaven?

All this, however, and it is not too much for maternal love with the divine blessing to accomplish, is chiefly to be learned in early life, and at home, where that great lesson should be studiously taught, that individual gratification ought never to be sought in opposition to general good. This is the grand secret of social happiness; and we should begin well, by making it an habitual lesson at home, in order that it may be carried out into all the relations formed in after life.

It is a part of the mother's duly, then, and one to which especial attention should be paid, to see that a spirit of exclusiveness does not find place among her children; and this can only be done effectually by inspiring them with comprehensive, generous, and affectionate feelings toward each other, so that no single member of the family shall esteem any happiness as complete, in which the others do not partake.

Human nature is deeply charged with selfishness. There is no complaint more frequently made than that of selfishness being the ruling motive of mankind in general. But granting this to be true, I believe much of the evil is chargeable upon the carelessness of mothers in the early training of their children; for sure I am, that no one ever yet was made to experience the value of disinterested kindness, who did not find in its exercise, a higher, purer happiness, than in the mere gratification of selfish inclination. If, then, a family of children are so trained by their mother, as to seek their truest enjoyment in making each other happy, they will not be likely, after having tasted this purer satisfaction, ever to descend again to those lower aims which centre all in self as the supreme object of regard.

One great means of promoting this union of interest in

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 more turbulent nobles. Next year William Wallace surprised the English garrison in Aberdeen, but failed to capture the castle. In 1303 Edward again visited the county, halting at the Castle of Kildrummy, then in the possession of Robert Bruce, who shortly afterwards became the acknowledged leader of the Scots and made Aberdeen his headquarters for several months. Despite the seizure of Kildrummy Castle by the English in 1306, Bruce’s prospects brightened from 1308, when he defeated John Comyn, earl of Buchan (d. 1313?), at Inverurie. For a hundred years after Robert Bruce’s death (1329) there was intermittent anarchy in the shire. Aberdeen itself was burned by the English in 1336, and the re-settlement of the districts of Buchan and Strathbogie occasioned constant quarrels on the part of the dispossessed. Moreover, the crown had embroiled itself with some of the Highland chieftains, whose independence it sought to abolish. This policy culminated in the invasion of Aberdeenshire by Donald, lord of the Isles, who was, however, defeated at Harlaw, near Inverurie, by the earl of Mar in 1411. In the 15th century two other leading county families appeared, Sir Alexander Forbes being created Lord Forbes about 1442, and Sir Alexander Seton Lord Gordon in 1437 and earl of Huntly in 1445. Bitter feuds raged between these families for a long period, but the Gordons reached the height of their power in the first half of the 16th century, when their domains, already vast, were enhanced by the acquisition, through marriage, of the earldom of Sutherland (1514). Meanwhile commerce with the Low Countries, Poland and the Baltic had grown apace, Campvere, near Flushing in Holland, becoming the emporium of the Scottish traders, while education was fostered by the foundation of King’s College at Aberdeen in 1497 (Marischal College followed a century later). At the Reformation so little intuition had the clergy of the drift of opinion that at the very time that religious structures were being despoiled in the south, the building and decoration of churches went on in the shire. The change was acquiesced in without much tumult, though rioting took place in Aberdeen and St Machar’s cathedral in the city suffered damage. The 4th earl of Huntly offered some resistance, on behalf of the Catholics, to the influence of Lord James Stuart, afterwards the Regent Murray, but was defeated and killed at Corrichie on the hill of Fare in 1562. As years passed it was apparent that Presbyterianism was less generally acceptable than Episcopacy, of which system Aberdeenshire remained for generations the stronghold in Scotland. Another crisis in ecclesiastical affairs arose in 1638, when the National Covenant was ordered to be subscribed, a demand so grudgingly responded to that the marquis of Montrose visited the shire in the following year to enforce acceptance. The Cavaliers, not being disposed to yield, dispersed an armed gathering of Covenanters in the affair called the Trot of Turriff (1639), in which the first blood of the civil war was shed. The Covenanters obtained the upper hand in a few weeks, when Montrose appeared at the bridge of Dee and compelled the surrender of Aberdeen, which had no choice but to cast in its lot with the victors. Montrose, however, soon changed sides, and after defeating the Covenanters under Lord Balfour of Burleigh (1644), delivered the city to rapine. He worsted the Covenanters again after a stiff fight on the 2nd of July 1645, at Alford, a village in the beautiful Howe of Alford. Peace was temporarily restored on the “engagement” of the Scots commissioners to assist Charles I. On his return from Holland in 1650 Charles II. was welcomed in Aberdeen, but in little more than a year General Monk entered the city at the head of the Cromwellian regiments. The English garrison remained till 1659, and next year the Restoration was effusively hailed, and prelacy was once more in the ascendant. Most of the Presbyterians conformed, but the Quakers, more numerous in the shire and the adjoining county of Kincardine than anywhere else in Scotland, were systematically persecuted. After the Revolution (1688) episcopacy passed under a cloud, but the clergy, yielding to force majeure, gradually accepted the inevitable, hoping, as long as Queen Anne lived, that prelacy might yet be recognized as the national form of Church government. Her death dissipated these dreams, and as George I., her successor, was antipathetic to the clergy, it happened that Jacobitism and episcopalianism came to be regarded in the shire as identical, though in point of fact the non-jurors as a body never countenanced rebellion. The earl of Mar raised the standard of revolt in Braemar (6th of September 1715); a fortnight later James was proclaimed at Aberdeen cross; the Pretender landed at Peterhead on the 22nd of December, and in February 1716 he was back again in France. The collapse of the first rising ruined many of the lairds, and when the second rebellion occurred thirty years afterwards the county in the main was apathetic, though the insurgents held Aberdeen for five months, and Lord Lewis Gordon won a trifling victory for Prince Charles Edward at Inverurie (23rd of December 1745). The duke of Cumberland relieved Aberdeen at the end of February 1746, and in April the Young Pretender was a fugitive. Thereafter the people devoted themselves to agriculture, industry and commerce, which developed by leaps and bounds, and, along with equally remarkable progress in education, transformed the aspect of the shire and made the community as a whole one of the most prosperous in Scotland.

 ABERDOUR, a village of Fifeshire, Scotland. Pleasantly situated on the shore of the Firth of Forth, 17 m. N.W. of Edinburgh by the North British railway and 7 m. N.W. of Leith by steamer, it is much resorted to for its excellent sea-bathing. There are ruins of a castle and an old decayed church, which contains some fine Norman work. About 3 m. S.W. is Donibristle House, the seat of the earl of Murray (Moray), and the scene of the murder (Feb. 7, 1592) of James, 2nd (Stuart) earl of Murray. The island of Inchcolm, or Island of Columba, m. from the shore, is in the parish of Aberdour. As its name implies, its associations date back to the time of Columba. The primitive stone-roofed oratory is supposed to have been a hermit’s cell. The Augustinian monastery was founded in 1123 by Alexander I. The buildings are well preserved, consisting of a low square tower, church, cloisters, refectory and small chapter-house. The island of Columba was occasionally plundered by English and other rovers, but in the 16th century it became the property of Sir James Stuart, whose grandson became 2nd earl of Murray by virtue of his marriage to the elder daughter of the 1st earl. From it comes the earl’s title of Lord St Colme (1611). ABERDOVEY (Aberdyfi: the Dyfi is the county frontier), a seaside village of Merionethshire, North Wales, on the Cambrian railway. Pop. (1901) 1466. It lies in the midst of beautiful scenery, 4 m. from Towyn, on the N. bank of the Dyfi estuary, commanding views of Snowdon, Cader Idris, Arran Mawddy and Plynlimmon. The Dyfi, here a mile broad, is crossed by a ferry to Borth sands, whence a road leads to Aberystwyth. The submerged “bells of Aberdovey” (since Seithennin “the drunkard” caused the formation of Cardigan Bay) are famous in a Welsh song. Aberdovey is a health and bathing resort. ABERFOYLE, a village and parish of Perthshire, Scotland, 34 m. N. by W. of Glasgow by the North British railway. Pop. of parish (1901) 1052. The village is situated at the base of Craigmore (1271 ft. high) and on the Laggan, a head-water of the Forth. Since 1885, when the duke of Montrose constructed a road over the eastern shoulder of Craigmore to join the older road at the entrance of the Trossachs pass, Aberfoyle has become the alternative route to the Trossachs and Loch Katrine. Loch Ard, about 2 m. W. of Aberfoyle, lies 105 ft. above the sea. It is 3 m. long (including the narrows at the east end) and 1 m. broad. Towards the west end is Eilean Gorm (the green isle), and near the north-western shore are the falls of Ledard. Two m. N.W. is Loch Chon, 290 ft. above the sea, 1 m. long, and about m. broad. It drains by the Avon Dhu to Loch Ard, which is drained in turn by the Laggan. The slate quarries on Craigmore are the only industry in Aberfoyle.

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 been due almost exclusively to the introduction of steam trawlers. The total value of the annual catch, of which between a half and a third consists of herrings, amounts to £1,000,000. Haddocks are salted and rock-dried (speldings) or smoked (finnans). The ports and creeks are divided into the fishery districts of Peterhead, Fraserburgh and Aberdeen, the last of which includes also three Kincardineshire ports. The herring season for Aberdeen, Peterhead and Fraserburgh is from June to September, at which time the ports are crowded with boats from other Scottish districts. There are valuable salmon-fishings—rod, net and stake-net—on the Dee, Don, Ythan and Ugie. The average annual despatch of salmon from Aberdeenshire is about 400 tons.

Other Industries.—Manufactures are mainly prosecuted in or near the city of Aberdeen, but throughout the rural districts there is much milling of corn, brick and tile making, smith-work, brewing and distilling, cart and farm-implement making, casting and drying of peat, and timber-felling, especially on Deeside and Donside, for pit-props, railway sleepers, laths and barrel-staves. There are a number of paper-making establishments, most of them on the Don near Aberdeen.

The chief source of mineral wealth is the noted durable granite, which is quarried at Aberdeen, Kemnay, Peterhead and elsewhere. An acre of land on being reclaimed has yielded £40 to £50 worth of causewaying stones. Sandstone and other rocks are also quarried at different parts. The imports are mostly coal, lime, timber, iron, slate, raw materials for the textile manufactures, wheat, cattle-feeding stuffs, bones, guano, sugar, alcoholic liquors, fruits. The exports are granite (rough-dressed and polished), flax, woollen and cotton goods, paper, combs, preserved provisions, oats, barley, live and dead cattle.

Communications.—From the south Aberdeen city is approached by the Caledonian (via Perth, Forfar and Stonehaven), and the North British (via Dundee, Montrose and Stonehaven) railways, and the shire is also served by the Great North of Scotland railway, whose main line runs via Kintore and Huntly to Keith and Elgin. There are branch lines from various points opening up the more populous districts, as from Aberdeen to Ballater by Deeside, from Aberdeen to Fraserburgh (with a branch at Maud for Peterhead and at Ellon for Cruden Bay and Boddam), from Kintore to Alford, and from Inverurie to Old Meldrum and also to Macduff. By sea there is regular communication with London, Leith, Inverness, Wick, the Orkneys and Shetlands, Iceland and the continent. The highest of the macadamized roads crossing the eastern Grampians rises to a point 2200 ft. above sea-level.

Population and Government.—In 1891 the population numbered 284,036 and in 1901 it was 304,439 (of whom 159,603 were females), or 154 persons to the sq. m. In 1901 there were 8 persons who spoke Gaelic only, and 1333 who spoke Gaelic and English. The chief towns are Aberdeen (pop. in 1901, 153,503), Bucksburn (2231), Fraserburgh (9105), Huntly (4136), Inverurie (3624), Peterhead (11,794), Turriff (2273). The Supreme Court of Justiciary sits in Aberdeen to try cases from the counties of Aberdeen, Banff and Kincardine. The three counties are under a sheriff, and there are two sheriffs-substitute resident in Aberdeen, who sit also at Fraserburgh, Huntly, Peterhead and Turriff. The sheriff courts are held in Aberdeen and Peterhead. The county sends two members to parliament—one for East Aberdeenshire and the other for West Aberdeenshire. The county town, (q.v.), returns two members. Peterhead, Inverurie and Kintore belong to the Elgin group of parliamentary burghs, the other constituents being Banff, Cullen and Elgin. The county is under school-board jurisdiction, and there are also several voluntary schools. There are higher-class schools in Aberdeen, and secondary schools at Huntly, Peterhead and Fraserburgh, and many of the other schools in the county earn grants for secondary education. The County Secondary Education Committee dispense a large sum, partly granted by the education department and partly contributed by local authorities from the “residue” grant, and support, besides the schools mentioned, local classes and lectures in agriculture, fishery and other technical subjects, in addition to subsidizing the agricultural department of the university of Aberdeen. The higher branches of education have always been thoroughly taught in the schools throughout the shire, and pupils have long been in the habit of going directly from the schools to the university.

The native Scots are long-headed, shrewd, careful, canny, active, persistent, but reserved and blunt, and without demonstrative enthusiasm. They have a physiognomy distinct from the rest of the Scottish people, and have a quick, sharp, rather angry accent. The local Scots dialect is broad, and rich in diminutives, and is noted for the use of e for o or u, f for wh, d for th, &c. So recently as 1830 Gaelic was the fireside language of almost every family in Braemar, but now it is little used.

History.—The country now forming the shires of Aberdeen and Banff was originally peopled by northern Picts, whom Ptolemy called Taixali, the territory being named Taixalon. Their town of Devana, once supposed to be the modern Aberdeen, has been identified by Prof. John Stuart with a site in the parish of Peterculter, where there are remains of an ancient camp at Normandykes, and by Dr W. F. Skene with a station on Loch Davan, west of Aboyne. So-called Roman camps have also been discovered on the upper Ythan and Deveron, but evidence of effective Roman occupation is still to seek. Traces of the native inhabitants, however, are much less equivocal. Weems or earth-houses are fairly common in the west. Relics of crannogs or lake-dwellings exist at Loch Ceander, or Kinnord, 5 m. north-east of Ballater, at Loch Goul in the parish of New Machar and elsewhere. Duns or forts occur on hills at Dunecht, where the dun encloses an area of two acres, Barra near Old Meldrum, Tap o’ Noth, Dunnideer near Insch and other places. Monoliths, standing stones and “Druidical” circles of the pagan period abound, and there are many examples of the sculptured stones of the early Christian epoch. Efforts to convert the Picts were begun by Ternan in the 5th century, and continued by Columba (who founded a monastery at Old Deer), Drostan, Maluog and Machar, but it was long before they showed lasting results. Indeed, dissensions within the Columban church and the expulsion of the clergy from Pictland by the Pictish king Nectan in the 8th century undid most of the progress that had been made. The Vikings and Danes periodically raided the coast, but when (1040) Macbeth ascended the throne of Scotland the Northmen, under the guidance of Thorfinn, refrained from further trouble in the north-east. Macbeth was afterwards slain at Lumphanan (1057), a cairn on Perkhill marking the spot. The influence of the Norman conquest of England was felt even in Aberdeenshire. Along with numerous Anglo-Saxon exiles, there also settled in the country Flemings who introduced various industries, Saxons who brought farming, and Scandinavians who taught nautical skill. The Celts revolted more than once, but Malcolm Canmore and his successors crushed them and confiscated their lands. In the reign of Alexander I. (d. 1124) mention is first made of Aberdeen (originally called Aberdôn and, in the Norse sagas, Apardion), which received its charter from William the Lion in 1179, by which date its burgesses had already combined with those of Banff, Elgin, Inverness and other trans-Grampian communities to form a free Hanse, under which they enjoyed exceptional trading privileges. By this time, too, the Church had been organized, the bishopric of Aberdeen having been established in 1150. In the 12th and 13th centuries some of the great Aberdeenshire families arose, including the earl of Mar (c. 1122), the Leslies, Freskins (ancestors of the dukes of Sutherland), Durwards, Bysets, Comyns and Cheynes, and it is significant that in most cases their founders were immigrants. The Celtic thanes and their retainers slowly fused with the settlers. They declined to take advantage of the disturbed condition of the country during the wars of the Scots independence, and made common cause with the bulk of the nation. Though John Comyn (d. 1300?), one of the competitors for the throne, had considerable interests in the shire, his claim received locally little support. In 1296 Edward I. made a triumphal march to the north to terrorize the

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 district, Garioch, in the centre of the shire, is a beautiful, undulating, loamy, fertile valley, formerly called the granary of Aberdeen. Strathbogie, the fifth district, occupying a considerable area south of the Deveron, mostly consists of hills, moors and mosses. The mountains are the most striking of the physical features of the county. Ben Macdhui (4296 ft.), a magnificent mass, the second highest mountain in Great Britain, Braeriach (4248), Cairntoul (4241), Ben-na-bhuaird (3924), Ben Avon (3843), “dark” Lochnagar (3786), the subject of a well-known song by Byron, Cairn Eas (3556), Sgarsoch (3402), Culardoch (2953), are the principal heights in the division of Mar. Farther north rise the Buck of Cabrach (2368) on the Banffshire border, Tap o’ Noth (1830), Bennachie (1698), a beautiful peak which from its central position is a landmark visible from many different parts of the county, and which is celebrated in John Imlah’s song, “O gin I were where Gadie rins,” and Foudland (1529). The chief rivers are the Dee, 90 m. long; the Don, 82 m.; the Ythan, 37 m., with mussel-beds at its mouth; the Ugie, 20 m., and the Deveron, 62 m., partly on the boundary of Banffshire. The rivers abound with salmon and trout, and the pearl mussel occurs in the Ythan and Don. A valuable pearl in the Scottish crown is said to be from the Ythan. Loch Muick, the largest of the few lakes in the county, 1310 ft. above the sea, 2 m. long and to  m. broad, lies some 8 m. S.W. of Ballater, and has Altnagiuthasach, a royal shooting-box, near its south-western end. Loch Strathbeg, 6 m. S.E. of Fraserburgh, is only separated from the sea by a narrow strip of land. There are noted chalybeate springs at Peterhead, Fraserburgh, and Pannanich near Ballater.

Geology.—The greater part of the county is composed of crystalline schists belonging to the metamorphic rocks of the Eastern Highlands. In the upper parts of the valleys of the Dee and the Don they form well-marked groups, of which the most characteristic are (1) the black schists and phyllites, with calc-flintas, and a thin band of tremolite limestone, (2) the main or Blair Atholl limestone, (3) the quartzite. These divisions are folded on highly inclined or vertical axes trending north-east and south-west, and hence the same zones are repeated over a considerable area. The quartzite is generally regarded as the highest member of the series. Excellent sections showing the component strata occur in Glen Clunie and its tributary valleys above Braemar. Eastwards down the Dee and the Don and northwards across the plain of Buchan towards Rattray Head and Fraserburgh there is a development of biotite gneiss, partly of sedimentary and perhaps partly of igneous origin. A belt of slate which has been quarried for roofing purposes runs along the west border of the county from Turriff by Auchterless and the Foudland Hills towards the Tap o’ Noth near Gartly. The metamorphic rocks have been invaded by igneous materials, some before, and by far the larger series after the folding of the strata. The basic types of the former are represented by the sills of epidiorite and hornblende gneiss in Glen Muick and Glen Callater, which have been permeated by granite and pegmatite in veins and lenticles, often foliated. The later granites subsequent to the plication of the schists have a wide distribution on the Ben Macdhui and Ben Avon range, and on Lochnagar; they stretch eastwards from Ballater by Tarland to Aberdeen and north to Bennachie. Isolated masses appear at Peterhead and at Strichen. Though consisting mainly of biotite granite, these later intrusions pass by intermediate stages into diorite, as in the area between Balmoral and the head-waters of the Gairn. The granites have been extensively quarried at Rubislaw, Peterhead and Kemnay. Serpentine and troctolite, the precise age of which is uncertain, occur at the Black Dog rock north of Aberdeen, at Belhelvie and near Old Meldrum. Where the schists of sedimentary origin have been pierced by these igneous intrusions, they are charged with contact minerals such as sillimanite, cordierite, kyanite and andalusite. Cordierite-bearing rocks occur near Ellon, at the foot of Bennachie, and on the top of the Buck of Cabrach. A banded and mottled calc-silicate hornfels occurring with the limestone at Derry Falls, W.N.W. of Braemar, has yielded malacolite, wollastonite, brown idocrase, garnet, sphene and hornblende. A larger list of minerals has been obtained from an exposure of limestone and associated beds in Glen Gairn, about four miles above the point where that river joins the Dee. Narrow belts of Old Red Sandstone, resting unconformably on the old platform of slates and schists, have been traced from the north coast at Peterhead by Turriff to Fyvie, and also from Huntly by Gartly to Kildrummy Castle. The strata consist mainly of conglomerates and sandstones, which, at Gartly and at Rhynie, are associated with lenticular bands of andesite indicating contemporaneous volcanic action. Small outliers of conglomerate and sandstone of this age have recently been found in the course of excavations in Aberdeen. The glacial deposits, especially in the belt bordering the coast between Aberdeen and Peterhead, furnish important evidence. The ice moved eastwards off the high ground at the head of the Dee and the Don, while the mass spreading outwards from the Moray Firth invaded the low plateau of Buchan; but at a certain stage there was a marked defection northwards parallel with the coast, as proved by the deposit of red clay north of Aberdeen. At a later date the local glaciers laid down materials on top of the red clay. The committee appointed by the British Association (Report for 1897, p. 333) proved that the Greensand, which has yielded a large suite of Cretaceous fossils at Moreseat, in the parish of Cruden, occurs in glacial drift, resting probably on granite. The strata from which the Moreseat fossils were derived are not now found in place in that part of Scotland, but Mr Jukes Brown considers that the horizon of the fossils is that of the lower Greensand of the Isle of Wight or the Aptien stage of France. Chalk flints are widely distributed in the drift between Fyvie and the east coast of Buchan. At Plaidy a patch of clay with Liassic fossils occurs. At several localities between Logie Coldstone and Dinnet a deposit of diatomite (Kieselguhr) occurs beneath the peat.

Flora and Fauna.—The tops of the highest mountains have an arctic flora. At the royal lodge on Loch Muick, 1350 ft. above the sea, grow larches, vegetables, currants, laurels, roses, &c. Some ash-trees, four or five feet in girth, are growing at 1300 ft. above the sea. Trees, especially Scotch fir and larch, grow well, and Braemar is rich in natural timber, said to surpass any in the north of Europe. Stumps of Scotch fir and oak found in peat are sometimes far larger than any now growing. The mole is found at 1800 ft. above the sea, and the squirrel at 1400. Grouse, partridges and hares are plentiful, and rabbits are often too numerous. Red deer abound in Braemar, the deer forest being the most extensive in Scotland.

Climate and Agriculture.—The climate, except in the mountainous districts, is comparatively mild, owing to the proximity of much of the shire to the sea. The mean annual temperature at Braemar is 43·6° F., and at Aberdeen 45·8°. The mean yearly rainfall varies from about 30 to 37 in. The summer climate of the upper Dee and Don valleys is the driest and most bracing in the British Isles, and grain is cultivated up to 1600 ft. above the sea, or 400 to 500 ft. higher than elsewhere in North Britain. Poor, gravelly, clayey and peaty soils prevail, but tile-draining, bones and guano, and the best methods of modern tillage, have greatly increased the produce. Indeed, in no part of Scotland has a more productive soil been made out of such unpromising material. Farm-houses and steadings have much improved, and the best agricultural implements and machines are in general use. About two-thirds of the population depend entirely on agriculture. Farms are small compared with those in the south-eastern counties. Oats are the predominant crop, wheat has practically gone out of cultivation, but barley has largely increased. The most distinctive industry is cattle-feeding. A great number of the home-bred crosses are fattened for the London and local markets, and Irish animals are imported on an extensive scale for the same purpose, while an exceedingly heavy business in dead meat for London and the south is done all over the county. Sheep, horses and pigs are also raised in large numbers.

Fisheries.—A large fishing population in villages along the coast engage in the white and herring fishery, which is the next most important industry to agriculture, its development having

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Rh a family, is for the mother frequently to point out to her children the manner in which they may oppose, or carry forward, little plans for the general good. The fireside circle should not be considered well arranged, when only one or two are made comfortable; but when all are brought within the influence of light, and warmth, and social feeling. The winter's evening story should not be told until all the listeners are gathered in. The walk to the pleasant wood should not be taken, when it is not possible for all to go. And when such objections are habitually brought forward by the mother, and the absent ones are remembered as being worthy of having a treat put off on their account; when children, too, are often reminded how incomplete their pleasures must be if enjoyed alone, they naturally imbibe the social feeling of their mother, and in lime assimulate so much to the tone of her mind, that they would be both ashamed and grieved to be found wanting in affection toward a sister or a brother.

When illness falls upon one member of a family, we often see the fond mother devoting herself to the duties of the sick-room with unremitting assiduity, while her healthy careless children run off to their accustomed play, more pleased than sorry to have a greater share of liberty than usual, let the cause be what it may. I would not be supposed to mean, in what I am about to say, that such children could with any propriety be converted into nurses; more especially as it often happens that the atmosphere of a sick-room is such as they can not breathe with safety. But still there are many cases in which the invalid is in a state to receive occasionally the kind attentions of the younger members of the family ; and where this is the case, much may be done to alleviate the trials of indisposition, by making it a favor and a privilege to wait upon the sick or helpless one.

Among the many pitiful spectacles we are accustomed to behold, I have often thought that of a lame boy, watching his happier schoolfellows start off in the merry race from the little mound of earth where he has propped his crutch's, is one of the most affecting which the aspect of

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