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Mackenzie coming. He was employed in addressing the convention, 'pathetically lamenting the hard conditions of the estates at once commanded by the guns of a fortress and menaced by a fanatical rabble' (, History of England), when worn was brought that Graham of Claverhouse was marching out of Edinburgh by the Stirling road; and Mackenzie and other prominent Jacobite members were detained in custody until it was seen that Claverhouse had left the city. He spoke against the resolution depriving James II of the crown, holding that his acts were protected by the declaration of parliament that he was an absolute monarch. With four others he also remained to vote against the resolution (, Memoirs, p. 35). Shortly afterwards he went to England, and in May wrote a letter to , first earl Melville [q. v.], from Knaresborough, in which he stated that 'hearing surmises of what was designed against us I left the place, but openly;' and affirmed that all he sought was 'a pass for my health, and a delay till matters settle' (Leven and Melville Papers, p. 32). Some attempt was made to secure punishment for absenting himself (ib. pp. 63, 58), but by definitely withdrawing from Scotland and from public life he partly disarmed his enemies, and no proceedings were taken against him. By a grace passed in June 1690 he was admitted a student of Oxford University. He died at Westminster 8 May 1691, and was buried in Old Greyfriars churchyard, Edinburgh. A portrait of Mackenzie, by Kneller, is in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh. It has been engraved by Bengo, Vanderbanck, and Richardson. There are two copies, one by Bengo, in the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh.

Mackenzie's career as public prosecutor can only be defended on the supposition that in law, as well as in love and war, 'all things are fair,' His eager interest in constitutional history, and his overbearing temper, are partly accountable for his misuse of legal forms to obtain convictions; and his hatred of religious fanaticism seems also to have itself verged on fanaticism. The one redeeming feature of his character was his devotion to literature and learning. He was practically the founder of the library of the Faculty of Advocates. In 1680 he drew attention to the heavy arrears of entry money due by advocates; and he proposed to recover and spend the money in the purchase of books on law. The proposal, however, remained in abeyance until 1682, when he was chosen dean of the Faculty of Advocates. At his suggestion the judges passed an act of sederunt by which any advocate failing to pay the arrears of his entry-money might be expelled from the profession. A house was then taken on lease, and the treasurer of the faculty was directed to buy 'all the Scottish Practicks as also the Scottish historians,' One of Mackenzie's last acts before he left Edinburgh; was on 15 March 1689 to deliver an inaugural Latin oration at the opening of the library. The poet Dryden, who had several conversations with Mackenzie, refers to him, in his 'Discourse on the Origin and Progress of Satire,'as the 'noble wit of Scotland, Sir George Mackenzie' (Works, ed. Scott, xiii. 111). He was celebrated for his social gifts at the parties at Holyrood House; and in the catalogue of the ghastly revellers in Redgauntlet Castle he is described as the 'Bloody Advocate Mackenzie, who for his worldly wit and wisdom had been to the rest as a god, Burnet, admitting that he was 'a man of much life and wit,' affirms that he was neither 'equal nor correct in' Nisbet's place as lord advocate (Own Time, ed. 1838, p. 275). 'He has,' he adds, 'published many books, some of law, and all full of faults; for he was a slight and superficial man.' Burnet's criticism leans towards severity, but undoubtedly Mackenzie's gifts were more specious than solid. His reflections are commonplace, and his style, though ornate and rhetorical, is cold and tame. His intellectual outlook was narrow, and in dealing with historical facts he was the slave of prejudice.

Mackenzie's works are: 1. 'Aretina, or the Serious Romance,' London, 1661; an Egyptian story, laborious and stilted in style and destitute of personal interest. 2. 'Religio Stoici; the Virtuoso or Stoick with a friendly Address to the Fanatics of all Sects and Sorts ' [anon.], Edinburgh, 1663. 3. 'A Moral Essay; preferring Solitude to Public Employment,' Edinburgh, 1665; London, 1685; answered by (1620-1706) [q. v.] in 'Public Employment and an Active Life preferred to Solitude and all its Appanages,' 1667. 4. 'Moral Gallantry; a Discourse proving that the Point of Honour obliges a Man to be Virtuous,' Edinburgh, 1667, London, 1821. 5. 'A Moral Paradox proving that it is much easier to be Virtuous than Vicious, and a Consolation against Calumnies,' Edinburgh, 1667, 1669; London, 1685. 6. 'Pleadings on some Remarkable Cases before the Supreme Courts of Scotland since the Year 1661. To which the Decisions are subjoined,' Edinburgh, 1672. 7. 'A Discourse upon the Laws and Customs of Scotland in Matters Criminal,' Edinburgh, 1674, 1678, 1699. 8. 'Observations upon the XXVIII Act, 23rd Parliament of King James VI against Bankrupts,' &c, Edin-


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Mackenzie burgh, 1675. 9. 'Observations upon the Laws and Customs of Nations as to Precedency. With the Science of Heraldry treated as part of the Civil Law of Nations,' Edinburgh, 1680. 10. 'Idea eloquentiæ forensis hodiernæ una cum actione forensi ex unaquaque juris parte,' Edinburgh, 1681; translated into English by R. Hepburn, under the title 'An Idea of the Modern Eloquence of the Bar,' Edinburgh, 1711. 11. 'Vindication of His Majesty's Government and Judicature in Scotland' [anon.], Edinburgh, n.d.; reprinted London, 1683. 12. 'Jus Regium, or the First and Solid Foundation of Monarchy in General and more particularly of the Monarchy of Scotland; against Buchanan, Naphtali, Dolman, Milton,' &c., London, 1684 and 1685. 13. 'Institutions of the Laws of Scotland,' Edinburgh, 1684; London, 1694; Edinburgh, 1706; with notes by John Spottiswoode, 1723; revised by Alexander Bayne, 1730, 8th edit. 1758. 14. 'On the Discovery of the Fanatick Plot,' Edinburgh, 1684. 15. 'A Defence of the Antiquity of the Royal Line of Scotland, in answer to William Lloyd, Bishop of St. Asaph, with a True Account when the Scots were governed by the Kings in the Isle of Britain,' London, 1685. The work defends the mythical line of Scottish monarchs, in which Mackenzie's belief was so devout, that he declared that if its attempted refutation had been perpetrated in Scotland, it would have been his duty as lord advocate to prosecute the offender. 16. 'The Antiquity of the Royal Line of Scotland further cleared and defended against the exceptions lately offered by Dr. Stillingfleet in his "Vindication of the Bishop of St. Asaph",' London, 1686. Translated into Latin under the title ' Defensio Antiquitatis Regum Scotorum prosafiæ, contra Episcopum Asaphensem et Stilingfletum, Lat. versa a P. Sinclaro,' Utrecht, 1689. 17. 'Observations on the Acts of Parliament made by King James I and his Successors to the end of the Reign of Charles II,' Edinburgh, 1686. 18. 'A Memorial to the Parliament by two Persons of Quality' (the Earl of Seaforth and Mackenzie), London, 1689. 19. 'Oratio Inauguralis habita Edinburghi, de Structure Bibliothecæ Juridicæ,' &c, London, 1689. 20. 'Reason; an Essay,' London, 1690 and 1695; translated into Latin under the title, 'De Humanæ Rationis Imbecillitate, ea unde proveniat et illi quomodo possimus mederi, liber singularis editus & Geo. Graevio,' Utrecht, 1690; Leipzig, 1700. 21. 'The Moral History of Frugality and its Opposite Vices,' London, 1691. 22. 'A Vindication of the Government of Scotland during the Reign of King Charles II; with several other Treatises referring to the Affairs of Scotland,' London, 1691. 23. 'Method of Proceeding against Criminals and Fanatical Covenanters,' 1691. 24. 'Vindication of the Presbyterians of Scotland from the Malicious Aspersions cast against them,' 1692. 25. 'Essays upon Moral Subjects,' London, 1713. 26. 'Consolations against Calumny,' n. p., n. d. 27. 'Cælia's Country-house, and Closet, a Poem,' first published in his 'Collected Works,' 28. 'Paraphrase of the 104th Psalm,' first published (ib.) To the Royal Society of London he communicated two papers, 'On a Storm and some Lakes in Scotland' (Phil. Trans. Abridgment, 1679, ii. 210), and 'Some Observations made in Scotland' (ib. p. 226 His 'Collected Works,' edited with 'Life,' by Ruddiman, appeared at Edinburgh, in 2 vols., in 1716-22. 'Aretina' and the 'Fanatick Plot' are omitted in the 'Collected Works.' His 'Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland' appeared in 1822. They were submitted to the Duke of Lauderdale for his revision (Lauderdale Papers, iii. 219-20). A 'Collection about Families in Scotland from their own Charters, by Sir George Mackenzie,' is among the manuscripts in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh; and in the catholic college of Blair is a 'Genealogy of Families of Scotland,' collected by him (''Hist MSS. Comm.'' 2nd Rep. App. p. 201).  MACKENZIE, GEORGE,, first (1630–1714), statesman, born at Innerteil, near Kinghorn, Fifeshire, in 1630, was eldest son of Sir John Mackenzie of Tarbat — grandson of Colin Mackenzie of Kintail, and nephew of the first Lord Mackenzie of Kintail, Rossshire, the progenitor of the Mackenzies, earls of Seaforth. His mother was Margaret, daughter of Sir George Erskine of Innerteil, lord Innerteil, a lord of the court of session. He was educated at the university of St. Andrews and King's College, Aberdeen, where he graduated in 1646 (Fasti Aberd., Spalding Club, 1854, p. 468). He became an excellent classical scholar, and cultivated both literature and science, but politics absorbed his chief interests. In 1663 he joined Glencairn's expedition on behalf of Charles II, and on the defeat of Middleton [see , first ], 26 July 1654, fled

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Mackenzie to the castle of Island Donan. He succeeded to the family estates on his father's death, 10 Sept. 1654, but after escaping to the continent remained in exile till the Restoration, occupying much of his leisure in the study of law.

At the Restoration Middleton, Mackenzie's old commander, had the management of Scottish affairs, and Mackenzie was his chief confidant and tool. His relative, Sir George Mackenzie [q. v.], describes him as at this time 'a passionate cavalier' (Memoirs, p. ,27); but a keen ambition influenced his political conduct as much as passion or prejudice. On 14 Feb. 1661 he was nominated a lord of session with the judicial title of Lord Tarbat, and was elected the same year a member of the estates for the county of Ross. He is credited by Sir George Mackenzie with being the chief originator of the act passed in 1661 rescinding all statutes passed in the parliament of 1640 and subsequently; but the chief aim of the act being to prepare for the establishment of episcopacy, it was not improbably suggested to Tarbat by Archbishop Sharp. In their policy on behalf of episcopacy, Middleton and Tarbat found themselves at this time opposed by Lauderdale, the minister for Scottish affairs. They resolved therefore to compass his ruin, the design being that Tarbat, who 'was then much considered at court, as one of the most extraordinary men that Scotland had produced' (Buknbt, Own Time, ed. 1838, p. 97), should succeed to Lauderdale's place as secretary of state. With this view they in 1662 devised the famous 'act of billeting,' the credit of which probably belongs to Tarbat. The proposal was by a secret vote of the estates to declare certain persons incapable of holding any office of public trust; but when the result of the vote-— which dis- qualified Lauderdale among others — was sent up to the king he ' threw the act of billeting into his cabinet, declaring that he would not follow their advice nor would he disclose their secret' (, Memoirs, p. 77). Further inquiry, instigated by Lauderdale, led to the discovery that Middleton had been misleading both the king and the parliament, and he was dismissed from office, while Tarbat, for his connection with the intrigue, was on 16 Feb. 1664 deprived of his seat on the bench. He remained in disgrace till 1678, when, through the offices of Sharp with the Duke and Duchess of Lauderdale, he was on 16 Oct. appointed lord justice general of Scotland. On the following day he received a pension of 200l. from Charles H, and on Nov. was admitted a privy councillor of Scotland. The day after his admission he presented a letter from the king, to be recorded in the books of sederunt, intimating the king's Eardon for his connection with the act of billeting. On 1 Oct. 1681 he was appointed lord clerk register, and on 11 Nov. following was again admitted one of the ordinary lords of session.

On the fall of Lauderdale in 1682 Tarbat succeeded to the position of chief minister of the king in Scotland, and retained this position till the revolution. Shortly after the accession of James II he was on 15 Feb. 1685 created Viscount of Tarbat and Lord Macleod and Castlehaven in the peerage of Scotland to him and heirs male of his body.

At the revolution Tarbat, so soon as he discerned that the cause of James was lost, resolved if possible to secure his own safety and his continuance in power. By advising in council the disbanding of the militia he greatly facilitated the peaceful establishment of the new government. In the 'Leven and Melville Papers' (p. 14) there is printed, under date 25 April 1689, an exoneration and discharge to him of his office of register, securing him — on account of his faithful service both in putting 'in order and method' the various documents under his charge and recovering many that were missing — 'from all danger in his person or estate, notwithstanding of any acts, writings, councils, speeches, or any crimes committed by him,' It would appear, however, that he was not finally exonerated until after 17 Jan. 1690 (ib. p. 373). In 1689 he sent a memorial to the government, proposing a joint recognition of presbytery and episcopacy (ib. p. 125). After feilHecrankie he was employed by the government to treat with the highland clans (Warrant of 25 March 1690, ib. p. 423). He thoroughly understood highland politics, and his prudent counsel was of considerable advantage in bringing about a settlement (see, History, 1883, ii. 44). If, says Macaulay, his plan (of distributing a few thousands sterling among the highland chiefs) had been tried when he recommended it, instead of two years later, 'it would probably have prevented much bloodshed and confusion' (ib. p. 881). On 5 March 1692 he was restored to the office of clerk register, but resigned it towards the close of 1695. According to Secretary Johnstone, he had been caught 'grossly malversizing in his office of clerk both in public and in private business' (Carstares State Papers, p. 172).

On the accession of Queen Anne, Tarbat was on 21 Nov. 1702 appointed one of the secretaries of state, and on 1 Jan. 1703 was created Earl of Cromarty. Subsequently he was chosen a representative peer of Scotland.


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 In 1704 he resigned the office of secretary, and on 26 June 1705 was made lord justice general, retaining office till 1710. Lockhart states that though ' he pretended to favour the Royal Family [the family in exile] and the episcopal clergy, yet he never did one act in favour of any of them, excepting that when he was secretary to Queen Anne he procured an Act of Indemnity and a letter from her recommending the episcopal clergy to the Privy Council's protection; hut whether this proceeded from a desire and design of serving them is easy to determine when we consider that no sooner did Queen Anne desert the Tory party and maxims, but his Lordship turn'd as great a whig as the best of them, joined with Tweedale's party to advance the Hanoverian succession in the Parliament 1704, and was at last a zealous stickler and writer in favour of the Union' (Papers, L 74). Cromarty's able and judicious advocacy of the union is, however, his chief title to honour as a statesman, and atones for much that was foolish and inconsistent in his career. He died at New Tarbat 17 Aug. 1714, and was buried, not as he had directed beside his second wife at Wemyss, but beside his ancestors at Dingwall. Dean Swift states that 'my lord of Cromarty, after four score went to his country house in Scotland with a resolution to stay six years, and lived thriftily in order to save up money that he might spend it in London' ('Thoughts on Various Subjects,' Works, iv. 242). By his first wife, Anna, daughter of Sir James Sinclair of Mey, baronet, he had four sons: Roderick, who died young; John, who succeeded his father; Kenneth, and James. 'By his second wife, Margaret, countess of Wemyss, he had no issue.

The political career of Cromarty was, perhaps, more variable and inconsistent than that of any other Scottish statesman of his time. He began as a passionate partisan, and developed into a cautious and uncertain opportunist. Lockhart describes him as 'extremely maggotty and unsettled ' (Memoirs, p. 75), and Burnet says that he had 'great notions of virtue and religion, but they were only notions' (Own Time, p. 97). He was personally popular, had 'an extraordinary gift of pleasing and diverting conversation' (Lockhart Papers, ii. 75), and was the 'pleasantest companion in the world' (Macky, Memoirs of his Secret Services, p. 188). A portrait of Cromarty, after Sir J. Baptist Medina, 'ætatis 60, anno 1692,' is in the National Portrait Gallery of Scotland at Edinburgh. Medina's portrait has been engraved by Vanderbanck.

Cromarty retained through life varied interests outside politics. He was consulted by Sir Robert Moray [q. v.] in regard to the formation of the Royal Society of London, and contributed to its 'Transactions' the following papers: 'Remarks on the Transactions of April 1675' ('Transactions,' x. 305); 'Account of Severe Wind and Frost' (ib. x. 807); 'Observations on Natural History made in Scotland' (ib. x. 396); 'Mosses in Scotland,' in a letter to Dr. Hans Sloane, 15 Nov. 1670 (ib; xxvir. 296) An 'Account of Hirta and Rona' (islands of the Hebrides) was published in 'Miscellanea Scotica,' 1818, ii. 79. He published a large number of political pamphlets, some of which are now rare. They include His other works are:
 * 1) 'Memorial for his Highness the Prince of Orange in relation to the Affairs of Scotland, together with the Address of the Presbyterian party in that Kingdom to his Highness, and some Observations on that Address by two Persons of Quality,' published anonymously, London, 1689.
 * 2) 'Parainesis Pacinca. or a Persuasive to the Union of Britain,' Edinburgh, 1702, in which he exhaustively demonstrates that ' there remains but one mode of union, viz. that of being united in one body, under one and the same head, by a perpetual identifying oneness.'
 * 3) 'A Few Brief and Modest Reflections persuading a Just Indulgence to be granted to the Episcopal Clergy and People of Scotland,' 1703.
 * 4) 'Continuation of a Few Brief and Modest Reflections. Together with a Postscript vindicating the Episcopal Doctrine of Passive Obedience,' 1703.
 * 5) 'Speech to the Parliament of Scotland, 11 July 1704' (on the reading of the queen's speech).
 * 6) 'A Letter from E. C. [Earl of Cromarty] to E. W. [Earl of Wemyss] concerning the Union, and a Second Letter on the British Union,' 1706.
 * 7) 'Letter to M. of P.'
 * 8) 'Trialogues: A Conference between Mr. Con, Mr. Pro, &c, concerning the Union,' 1706 (anonymous).
 * 9) 'Friendly Response to a Letter concerning Sir George Mackenzie's and Sir John Nisbet's Observations and Response on the Matter of the Union,' 1706.
 * 10) 'Several Proposals conducing to a Further Union of Britain,' 1711.
 * 1) 'A Vindication of King Robert III from the Imputation of Bastardy, by the clear Proof of Elizabeth Mure (daughter to Sir Adam Mure of Rowallan), her being the First Lawful "Wife of Robert the II, then Steward of Scotland and Earl of Strathern,' Edinburgh, 1695.
 * 2) 'Several Proposals conducing to a Further Union of Britain,' 1711.
 * 3) 'Historical Account of the Conspiracy of the Earl of Gowrie and of Robert Logan of Restalrig against James VI,' 1713.
 * 4) 'A Vindication of the Same


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 :: from the Mistakes of Mr. John Anderson, preacher of Dumbarton, in his Defence of Presbytery,' 1714. He also published: His 'Vindication of the Reformation of the Church of Scotland, with some Account of the Records,' was printed in the 'Scots Magazine' for 1802 from a manuscript in the possession of Constable, the publisher. A 'History of the Family of Mackenzie,' by Sir George Mackenzie, first earl of Cromarty, is printed in Fraser's 'Earls of Cromartie,' ii. 462-573.
 * 1) 'Synopsis Apocalyptica, or a Short and Plain Explication of Daniel's Prophecy and of St. John's Revelation in concert with it,' 1707 (an attempt to apply the prophecies to events and to calculate by years when the events predicted will happen).

 MACKENZIE, GEORGE, M.D. (1669–1725), Scottish biographer, born in Ross-shire 10 Dec. 1669, was son of the Hon. Colin Mackenzie, who was second son of, second earl of Seaforth [q. v.] His mother was Jean Laurie. He studied at Aberdeen University, whence he graduated together with his brother Kenneth in 1682 (Fasti Aberd. p. 530) and at Oxford, completing his medical curriculum at Paris. Returning, he graduated M.D. at Aberdeen, and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. For a number of years he practised his profession in Edinburgh, giving his leisure to literature, and securing general esteem for his loyalty as a churchman. A victim of overwork, he died at Fortrose, Ross-shire, 28 Nov. 1725.

Mackenzie's chief work, entitled 'Lives and Characters of the most Eminent Writers of the Scots Nation,' published in 3 vols, folio, in 1703, 1711, and 1722 respectively, is elaborate and ambitious, but occasionally fanciful, and frequently inaccurate. The last volume was dedicated to of Lauriston [q. v.] He also wrote the life prefixed to the 'Works of Sir (1636-1692) [q. v.], and prepared a genealogical history of the families of Seaforth and name of Mackenzie. A paper by him on the Coatimundi of Brazil is in 'Phil. Trans. Abr.' vi. 653.

 MACKENZIE, GEORGE, third (d. 1766), was the eldest son of John, second earl, by his second wife, Mary, eldest daughter of Patrick Murray, third lord Elibank. His father, in August 1691, was tried in the high court of justiciary for the murder of Ettas Poiret, sieur de la Roche, at Leith, but was acquitted. The son succeeded to the earldom in 1781. On 8 Aug. 1745 he received a letter from Prince Charles Edward, but he did not immediately join the rising in the prince's favour, being possibly somewhat influenced by the attitude of, lord Lovat [q. v.], with whom he was in correspondence. With four hundred of his clan he, however, with his son John Mackenzie, lord Macleod, joined the second army which assembled at Keith, after the prince had begun his march southwards into England. Thence he was sent to Fife to collect moneys on behalf of the prince, but on 31 Dec. received orders to join the main army. He superintended the transportation of the French artillery across the Forth for the siege of Stirling; and along with his son, Lord Macleod, he was present at the battle of Falkirk on 17 Jan. 1746. On the retreat of the Jacobite forces from Stirling, the brigade under Cromarty accompanied the division consisting chiefly of lowland troops, which under Lord George Murray followed the coast route to Inverness by Montrose and Aberdeen. Subsequently, Cromarty took over the command of the Earl of Kilmarnock's troops [see, fourth ], and he for some time held the chief command north of the Beauly. The command was again transferred to, third titular duke of Perth [q. v.], but after the duke's departure Cromarty remained in command in Sutherland. On 15 April 1746 he was surprised and defeated at Dunrobin by the Earl of Sutherland's militia, and shortly afterwards was taken prisoner by stratagem in Dunrobin Castle. He was sent south to London and committed to the Tower. Along with the Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmerino [see, sixth Lord Balmerino] he was brought for trial before the House of Lords on 28 July, and when called up for judgment on the 80th pleaded that he had been 'seduced from his loyalty in an unguarded moment by the acts of desperate and designing men.' On 1 Aug. he was sentenced to death and his estates forfeited, but owing to the exertions of his wife, supported by the representations of several influential Scottish nobles, he on 9 Aug. received a respite. On 18 Feb. 1748 he was permitted to leave the Tower and lodge at the house of a messenger, and in August


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Index talk:The Story of Doctor Dolittle.djvu

Illustrations for this book are in commons:Category:Illustrations for The Story of Doctor Dolittle Beeswaxcandle (talk) 05:35, 26 January 2013 (UTC)


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Author talk:John Bourne

Author name is wrong, it is in fact John Bourne. The error has come about through misinterpretation of the title page of publications edited by the author, who is named as John Bourne, C.E. (i.e., civil engineer)Stringybark (talk) 05:40, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

census
Name: 	John Bourne Age: 	70 Estimated birth year: 	abt 1811 Relationship to Head: 	Head Gender: 	Male Where born: 	B'ham, Warwickshire, England Street address: 	288 Monument Rd Marital Status: 	Married Occupation: 	Civil Engineer Registration district: 	Birmingham Sub registration district: 	Lady Wood ED, institution, or vessel: 	40 Neighbors: 	View others on page Piece: 	2971 Folio: 	76 Page Number: 	41 Household Members: Name 	Age John Bourne 	70 Henry Bourne 	46 Jane Savage 	33 Susan Tarpey 	16 Lydia Harrison 	23
 * 1881 England

Son also shown as being born in Birmingham c.1835

<Name: 	Henry Bourne Gender: 	Male Birth Date: 	11 Jul 1834 Baptism Date: 	4 Aug 1834 Baptism Place: 	Saint Martin,Birmingham,Warwick,England Father: 	John Bourne Mother: 	Mary Ann FHL Film Number: 	919771, 919772, 919773

Death
FreeBMD only shows one death in Warwickshire post 1881 for someone born b/w 1805-1815 as a death in 1884.

title: Author talk:John Bourne


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 TABLE OF NOMINAL HORSES POWER OF STEAM ENGINES


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 TABLE OF NOMINAL HORSES POWER OF STEAM ENGINES


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 It will be observed that the greater the difference between the lengths of the radius bar and beam, the greater is the amount of the correction to be made. As an example of the use of the table, suppose we have the length of the beam C G = 38 inches, and that the radius bar has been found by proportion (A) to be 15½ inches; 15½ ÷ 38 is nearly 0.4: we shall therefore get for the corrected length of the radius bar 15½ + 0.0817 x 38 = 16.76 inches. The application of this correction to the length of the radius bar, will in all cases diminish the amount of the deviation from the perpendicular by one half; but it should be borne in mind that the parallel motion will work most accurately when the radius bar and beam C G are of the same length; and they should therefore be kept as nearly equal as circumstances will permit.

The simple arrangement of two levers connected by a link, which we have now described, is sometimes used as a parallel motion; but additional rods and connecting links are generally superadded, which render the application of the principle more convenient in practice. Fig. 3 represents the parallel motion in most general use for land engines; and fig. 4 a similar one adapted for marine side-lever engines. The general arrangement in both of these is the same, except that the marine engine motion has the reverse side uppermost. We have marked all the corresponding parts in the two figures with the same letters, so that what we have to say of the one will refer equally to the other. In land engines, the radius bar H F is generally either equal to or longer than G C, the part of the beam which works it; while, in the marine engine motion, the radius bar is usually shorter than the part of the beam that gives it motion. This difference is shown in the figures. Referring now to figs. 3 and 4., we shall explain the method of applying the principles we have already described to the calculation of the proportions of the several parts. D C is the beam or side lever moving on the centre C ; H F, the radius bar moving on the centre H, and connected with the beam by the rod F G. D P is another rod equal in length to G F; and P F is a rod equal in length to D G. The three rods, therefore, D P, P F, and F G, with the part D G of the beam, form a parallelogram; and the piston-rod is attached to the point P, which, at half stroke, is in the perpendicular line R S, bisecting the versed sine D K. When the engine is put in motion, this point P will move nearly in the perpendicular line R S. For, suppose the beam to be moved upwards into the position D’ C, the point will then be in the position P’, and the positions of the various other points are denoted by corresponding accented letters. Join C P and C P’, and also E E’, and we will have, by similar triangles, PE: EC :: DG : GC :: D’G’ : G’ C, and P’E’: E’ C :: D’ G. G C; hence, PE : EC :: P’E’ : E’ C.

Therefore (Euclid vi. 2.) P P’ is parallel to E E’. Let the length of F H be made such, that $$HF=\tfrac{GC+EG}{FE}$$, and by equation A, the point E will move in a perpendicular line; but P P’ having been proved to be parallel to the line E E’ in which E moves, the point P must also move in a perpendicular line. Again, referring to equation (A), we have

E F : EG :: G C: H F, but by similar triangles

E F : E G :: F P : G C :: D G : G C

hence, D G : G C :: G C : H F = $$\tfrac{GC^2}{DG}$$ ... (B).

This equation will give us the length of the radius bar H F, when the length of C G is determined. In land engines the air pump is generally wrought from the point E, and the centre G is fixed so as to be most convenient for that purpose. Formula (B), is therefore very useful for determining the proper length of the radius rod in such cases. In marine engines, however, the position of the centre H of the radius bar is generally fixed from other considerations, and it becomes necessary to find at what point the centre G should be placed, so as to make P move in a perpendicular line.

To enable us to determine this,

Let H F + G C = a = the horizontal distance of the centre H, from the main centre, plus half the versed sine of the arc, described by the extremity D of the beam

$$DG + GC$$, or $$DC = b $$

then, $$GC=a-HF \therefore DG=b+HF-a$$

hence, (B) ... $$H F = \tfrac{(a-HF)^2}{b+HF-a} = \tfrac{a^2 + HF^2-2a \cdot HF}{b^2 + HF - a}$$

$$\therefore HF^2+HF(b-a)=a^2+HF^2-2a \cdot HF$$

$$\therefore HF = \tfrac{a^2}{b+a}$$

or, $$HF=\tfrac{(GF+GC)^2}{GF+GC+DC}$$ .... (C)

This equation will give us the length of H F ; and to get G C, we have $$GC=a-HF$$ ... (C’)

These three equations therefore, (B), (C), and (C’) enable us to calculate the proportions of this form of parallel motion in all circumstances.

In figs. 5 and 6, two other forms of parallel motion in common use for marine engines are represented. In fig. 5 the radius bar, instead of being connected as formerly to the crosshead, is connected by the rod F Q to the side rod by a pin at Q. F Q is made equal, and parallel to G D ; and F G equal, and parallel to Q D. In fig. 6 the centre H of the radius bar is placed much farther from the main centre. It may be on either side of the piston rod, as is found most convenient. In this motion, too, the end F of the radius bar is connected by a pin to the upright rod G V. The rod G V is made equal and parallel to the side rod D P, and the rod P V is made equal and parallel to D G.

To enable us to investigate the method of calculating the lengths of the parts in these motions, join as before C P, and C P’, and from the point T where C P cuts F Q in fig. 5 or H F in fig. 6 draw T T’ parallel to DP. These lines being drawn in both figures, the following investigation will apply to either: —

Let $$D C = b = C G + G T' + T' D $$

$$PQ = e $$

$$FH = r $$

$$PD = s $$

$$G C + F H = a = \mathrm{the\ horizontal\ distance\ of\ H\ from\ the\ main\ centre}\ + \tfrac{1}{2} \mathrm{versine\ arc}\ D' D D'' \times \tfrac{s-c}{s}$$

It may be proved in the same way, as for fig. 4 that the point P moves in a line parallel to that described by the point E, so that the inquiry resolves itself as before into an investigation of the relative lengths of C G, and F H, that will cause the point E to move in a perpendicular line. Let us suppose, first, that the height of the centre H of the radius bar, and consequently the height also of the pin Q, is fixed, and that the point G, or the length of C G, is also determined. It is required to find from these data the proper length of H F. By equation (A) we have

C G : F H :: F E : E G, but by similar triangles F T : G C :: F E : EG;

hence, TF : GC :: CG : FH = $$\tfrac{GC^2}{TF}=\tfrac{GC^2}{T'G}$$

but, $$T'G=CT'-CG$$, and by similar triangles

DP : QD :: DC : CT' = $$\tfrac{DC \cdot QD}{DP} = \tfrac {b(s-c)}{s}$$

hence, $$T'G= \tfrac{b(s-c)}{s}-CG= \tfrac{b(s-c)-s \cdot CG}{s}$$

and, $$FH=\tfrac{GC^2 \cdot s}{b(s-c)-s \cdot CG}$$ .... (D)

Again, if the length G C is not given, but the positions of the centre H, and the pin Q are fixed, let it be required to find the lengths of H F and G C. We shall have the same as above

$$FH=\tfrac{GC^2}{T'G}=\tfrac{(a-r)^2}{T'C-a+r}$$

or $$r=\tfrac{(a-r)^2}{T'C-a+r}$$

$$\therefore r(T'C-a+r)=a^2+r^2-2a^2$$

$$\therefore r(T'C+a)=a^2$$

$$\therefore r=\tfrac{a^2}{T'C+a}=$$

But it was shown above that $$T' C = \tfrac{b(s-c)}{s}$$ hence

$$r=\tfrac{a^2 s}{as+b(s-c)}$$ .... (E)

This equation will give the length of H F, and to get G C we have

$$G C = a - r$$ ... (E’)

Again, suppose that the lengths of the levers H F and C G, and consequently the horizontal distance of the centre H from the main centre are given. Let it be required to find the height of the centre H and point Q

From equation E we get

$$asr+b(s-c)r=a^2s$$

$$\therefore asr+brs-brc=a^2s$$

$$\therefore brc=asr+brs-a^2s$$


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 $$\therefore c=\tfrac{asr+brs-a^2s}{br}=\tfrac{(ar+br-a^2)s}{br}$$

or, $$c=\tfrac{(a+b)r-a^2}{br} ds$$ ....(F)

It may be observed that, if c in formulas (D) and (E), is taken equal to nothing they become the same as formulas (B) and (C).

Having now investigated formulas for calculating the proportions of all the parallel motions we proposed to examine, we shall conclude by collecting these formulas together for the greater convenience of reference, and subjoin practical rules deduced from them for the use of those who prefer rules to algebraic formulas.

The sum of the lengths of the radius bar, and the part of the beam (C G) which works it = a = Horizontal distance of the centre of the radius bar (H) from the main centre, plus half the versed sine of the arc described by extremity of the beam (D).

Radius of side lever or engine beam, (D C) = b Length of radius bar (H F) = r Length of side rod (P D) = s Part of side rod above the centre of radius bar (P Q) = c Part of connecting link intercepted between the beam and the point E (G E) = p The remaining part of the connecting link (F E) = p’  Length of that part of the beam that works the radius bar (G C) = r’

$$r=\tfrac{r' \cdot p}{p'}$$

$$p'=\tfrac{r'(p+p')}{(r+r')}$$ ... Figs. 1 and 2 ... (A)


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 EQUATIONS

RULE I.— In such a combination of two levers at it represented in Figs. 1 and 2, to find the length of radius bar required for any given length of lever C G, and proportion of parts of the link, G E and F E, so as to make the point E move in a perpendicular line.

Multiply the length of G C by the length of the segment G E, and divide the product by the length of the segment F E. The quotient is the length of the radius bar.

RULE II.—(Fig. 2.) The length of the radius bar and of C G being given, to find the length of the segment (F E) of the link next the radius bar.

Multiply the length of C G by the length of the link G F, and divide the product by the sum of the lengths of the radius bar and of C G. The quotient is the length required.

Rule III.— (Figs. 3 and 4.) To find the length of the radius bar (F B), the length of C G being given.

Square the length of C G, and divide it by the length of D G. The quotient is the length required.

Rule IV.—(Figs. 3 and 4.) To find the length of the radius bar, the horizontal distance of its centre (H) from the main centre being given.

To this given horizontal distance, add half the versed sine (D N), of the arc described by the end of beam (D). Square this sum. Take the same sum, and add it to the length of the beam (C D). Divide the square previously found by this last sum, and the quotient is the length sought.

RULE V. – (Figs. 5. and 6.) To find the length of the radius bar, C G and P Q being given.

Square C G, and multiply the square by the length of the side rod (P D): call this product A. Multiply Q D by the length of the side lever (C D). From this product subtract the product of D P into C G, and divide A by the remainder. The quotient is the length required.


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 RULE VI. — (Figs. 5 and 6.) To find the length of the radius bar; P Q, and the horizontal distance of the centre H of the radius bar from the main centre being given.

To the given horizontal distance, add half the versed sine (D N) of the arc described by the extremity (D) of the side lever. Square this sum and multiply the square by the length of the side rod (P D). Call this product A. Take the same horizontal distance as before added to the same half versed sine (D N), and multiply the sum by the length of the side rod (P D): to the product add the product of the length of the side lever C D into the length of Q D, and divide A by the sum. The quotient will be the length required.

When the centre H of the radius has its position determined, rules 4 and 6 will always give the length of the radius bar F H. To get the length of C G, it will only be necessary to draw through the point F a line parallel to the side rod D P, and the point where that line cuts D C will be the position of the pin G.

In using these formulas and rules, the dimensions must all be taken in the same measure; that is, either all in feet, or all in inches; and when great accuracy is required the corrections given in Table (A) must be added to or subtracted from the calculated length of the radius bar, according as it is less or greater than the length of C G, the part of the beam that works it.

Examples.

1. Rule 4.—Let the Horizontal distance (M C) of the centre (H) of the radius bar from the main centre be equal to 51 inches ; the half versed sine D N=3 inches, and DC = 126 inches. Then by the rule we will have

EQUATION = 16.2 inches

which is the required length of the radius bar (F H).

2. Rule 5.— The following dimensions are those of the Red Rover Steamer: CG=32 DP=94 QD=74 CD=65 PQ=20

By the rule we have, A = equation = 96256 and

EQUATION = 53.4,

which is the required length of the radius bar.

3. Rule 6.—Take the same data as in the last example, only supposing that C G is not given, and that the centre H is fixed at a horizontal distance from the main centre, equal to 83.5 inches. Then the half versed sine of the arc D’ D D" will be about 2 inches, and we will have by the rule

A= EQUATION =54.8 inches,

the required length of the radius bar in this case.

In both of the last two examples, CG/HF = 0.6 nearly. The correction found by Table (A), therefore, would be 54 x 0.027 = 1.458 inches, which must be subtracted from the lengths already found for the radius bar, because it is longer than C G. The corrected lengths will therefore be

in example 2 ... F H = 51.94 inches.

in example 3 ... F H = 53.34 inches.

PROPORTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF A STEAM ENGINE. In constructing the different parts of a steam engine, and indeed of any other machine, it is desirable that they should be as light as is consistent with a due provision for safety, and with a due provision against the risk of acddents. The heaviness of the different parts brings along with it a correspondtng amount of friction, and a corresponding amount of inertia, both of which must be overcome by the motive power before the machinery can be set in motion, and consequently before any useful effect can be derived from it. It is obvious, therefore, that the weight of the different parts of the engine is, to a certain extent, an evil, which can only be tolerated because it is the necessary concomitant of their strength, and consequently of a due provision against the risk of accidents. It is therefore desirable to reduce this evil as far as is consistent with that due provision which we have mentioned. We would not be understood to infer from these remarks, that the different parts of the steam engine should be constructed just of sufficient strength to resist the strains to which they are subjected. If this were to be the constant aim of an engineer who is conversant with the laws which govern the resistances of beams, we hare no doubt but that the sarcastic remark, "the stability of the engine is inversely proportional to the theoretical skill of the engineer," would often be made. What we would be understood to infer is, that the strength of the different parts of the engine ought to be proportioned to the strains to which they are subjected. If one part of the engine be occasionally exposed to a strain double that of some other part, then it ought to have double the strength; if triple, triple ; if quadruple, quadruple; &c. If we suppose the former part to have only 3/2 the strength of the latter, then, on the supposition that it is subjected to a double force, 1/4 of the strength of the latter is useless, at least in so far as regards exposure to accidents; on the supposition that it is subjected to a triple force, 1/2 of the strength of the latter is useless; on the supposition that it is subjected to a quadruple force, 5/8 of the strength of the latter is useless; and generally, on the supposition that it is subjected to a force m times as great, (2m-3)/2m of the strength of tbe latter is useless.

These are obvious; for, on the first supposition, the former would break when only 3/4 of the strength of the latter was required, leaving the remaining 1/4th useless; on the second supposition, the former would break when only 3/6 or 1/2 of the strength was exerted, leaving 1 - 1/2 or 1/2 useless; on the third supposition, the former would break when only 3/8 of the strength of the latter was exerted, leaving 1 — 3/8 or 5/8 useless ; and on the general supposition, the former would break when only 3/2m of the strength of the latter was exerted; leaving 1 - 3/2m or (2m-3)/2m which would never be called into exercise. This superabundant strength is not merely useless; it is positively prejudicial, inasmuch as it brings along with it additional expense, and, what is more serious, as unnecessary and prejudicial weight. We therefore proceed to investigate the proper strength for some of the principal parts of the engine. The investigation will depend upon those laws which regulate the resistances of beams to fracture, to compression, to tension, to torsion, &c. These laws, we may observe, are derived from theory, and abundantly confirmed by experiment, so that we have no doubt with respect to them. In their application, however, a difficulty occurs in determining the proper values of the constants, which vary for different materials or even for different qualities of the same material, and which can only be determined by numerous experiments. It is obvious, also, that the proper strength of the different parts depends principally upon the pressure exerted in the cylinder upon the piston ; and this depends upon the diameter of the cylinder and the pressure of the steam in the boiler, or rather the greatest power which it may acquire before escaping at the safety valve. The proper strength of some of the parts also depends upon the length of the stroke; as, for example, in a marine engine, the diameter of the paddle shaft journal, and the exterior diameter of the large eye of the crank, &c. We may remark, that the parts of marine engines ought in general to possess a greater strength, since accidents with them are more serious and more difficult to repair.

Before proceeding farther, it may be necessary to give a few general propositions upon the resistances of solid materials to different sorts of strains.

A piece of solid matter may be exposed to four different kinds of strains, which are different in the manner of their operation.

I. It may be acted upon by a tensile force, which tends to pull it asunder; as, for example, in the case of ropes, stretchers, king-posts, tie-beams. &c.; or, in a steam engine, the piston rod of a single-acting engine, the connecting rod, &c.

II. It may be acted upon by a force which tends to break it across; as in the case of a joist or lever of any kind; and, in a steam engine, the crank, the main beam, &c.

III. It may be acted upon by a force which lends to wrench or twist it; as in the case of the axis of some wheels. &c.; or, in a land engine, the shaft of the fly wheel ; or. in a marine engine, the paddle shaft.

IV. It may be crushed, as in the case of pillars, posts, and truss beams; and, in a steam engine, the piston rod when it is a double-acting engine, parallel motion rods, air pump and force pump rods, and the like.

Each of these forces is resisted by the cohesion of the material, differently modified for the particular species of force. When they are increased to a certain extent the force of cohesion is so far overcome as to allow the material to take a new shape; for example, when a beam is subjected to a considerable transverse force it is often observed to take a curvilinear form. If the applied force be not increased above a certain limit, then, immediately upon its removal, the beam resumes its former shape ; but if the applied force be greater than a certain limit, then, although it be removed, the beam does not resume its former shape, but takes permanently a shape different from its original one. The beam is then said to have taken a "set," and it is remarkable that after a beam has once taken a set it cannot resist so great a force as previously without undergoing permanent derangement. These remarks are not confined to those materials of which beams are usually constructed — they are applicable to all sorts of material. If we take a quantity of clay, and form it into a rod, and apply to the rod a tensile force, then the tensile force will stretch the rod; but if it be not greater than a certain limit, upon its removal the rod will resume its former length ; if, however, it be greater than a certain limit, the rod will take a length different from its original one. The same process may be renewed, and the rod will take up a series of sets, each set requiring a smaller force to cause permanent change than the previous one. The force of cohesion varies for different materials, and is constant for the same material; or, we should rather say, it is constant for the same quality of the same material. Its efficacy in resisting an applied


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 [column 1] Third Series, No. 17, VOL. V. [column 2] JANUARY, 1914.

THE LIBRARY. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND TEXTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE ENGLISH MIRACLE CYCLES. 1 I._INTRODUCTION : BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LITERATURE. [image of a T]HE importance of bibliography for the study of literature is sometimes for- gotten alike by the bibliographer and the critic. The former immerses him- self in subjects which, however interest- ing in themselves, lead to few developments beyond their own horizon : the latter is habitually shy of investigations in a region in which he feels he is not at home. It is well therefore, occasionally, to insist on the connexion between the two provinces, and to show how intimate it is by attending to some of the problems that lie along the border.

1 The four lectures, of which this is the first, formed a course delivered as Sandars Reader in Bibliography at Cambridge, on 21, 24, 28, and 31 October, 1913. They are here printed as origin- ally written, but references and notes have been added in the hope that these may prove of use to students. V B


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 2 PROBLEMS OF THE ENGLISH

This must be my excuse if I appear to have chosen as the subject of these lectures one which has little to do with bibliography in the narrower sense. It may be that I allow the term a some- what generous extension, it is certain that I shall have occasionally to deal with matters that cannot by any stretch be called bibliographical, but I hope before I have done to show how impossible it is to treat at all adequately the literary problems of the early drama without at every turn having recourse to what a friend of mine has recently styled 'the higher bibliography.' Thus my second lecture will be devoted to the strictly bibliographical problem of the relationship among a group of manuscripts, those of the Chester plays, and I shall endeavour to explain what light their divergence throws on the history of the cycle. Next I shall consider, in a single remarkable instance, that textual interdependence which characterizes several of our great cycles ; a more literary investi- gation this, yet one in which bibliographical con- siderations are constantly coming into play. Lastly, dealing with the 'Ludus Couentriae,' I shall point out that it is only by following two parallel paths of bibliographical and literary criticism that we can hope to solve the problem of that mysterious compilation. In to-day's introductory lecture I propose to consider some more general aspects of my subject, and will endeavour to make clear how the peculiar conditions under which the miracle drama arose came to leave their mark on the extant manuscripts, how therefore a biblio- graphical investigation of the latter may throw


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 MIRACLE CYCLES. 3

light on the literary evolution of the cycles, and how a study of documents and records may eluci- date both. Neither time nor occasion will allow of anything like a detailed account of the origins of the medieval drama, but I must remind you as briefly as I can of the strange manner in which that drama sprang from a germ that lies, it has been said, even beyond the bounds of articulate speech, and was nourished in the bosom of that Church which had shown itself the bitterest enemy of every form of theatrical activity. In tracing rapidly the outline of this development I shall do little more than summarize certain chapters in Mr. Chambers' admirable work on the ' Mediaeval Stage,' and I shall not scruple at times to borrow his very words. 1 Literary students have long since recognized the theatrical possibilities in the offices of the Church. How essentially dramatic was the central mystery of the Mass itself must at all times have been apparent, and many other rituals were from an early date instinct with mimetic significance. The liturgical drama, however, whatever incidental influence such rites may have had upon its deve- lopment, took its rise at a different and unex- pected point. About the year 800, some two centuries after the choral portions of the Mass had been fixed in the Gregorian Antiphoner, a general tendency to

1 Chiefly chapters xviii and xix in the second volume ; but the following three chapters have also been freely used. I have Mr. Chambers' courteous permission for the extensive use I have made of his work, but I need hardly say that he is in no degree responsible for any shortcomings of my summary.


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 even her father by her arrangements, which outstripped his projects, led me to discover the entire confidence that existed between the father and daughter, and the active part Emily had taken in directing the order which reigned in that day’s festivities.

“Night arrived; the company in the gardens dispersed; but my amiable companions never quitted my side. The two young boys skipped gaily before us, chasing the may-bug, and shaking the shrubs to make them come out. The dew arose, and aided by the light of the moon formed silver spangles on the flowers and grass. Emily hung on my arm; and an affectionate sister conducted me, as if to take leave, to all the groves and places I had been accustomed to visit with her, or with the family. On arriving at the door of the château, I was obliged to repeat the promise I had made to her father, of passing some weeks in the autumn with him. ‘That season,’ said she, ‘is equally beautiful with the spring!’ With what pleasure did I promise to decline all other engagements for this. Emily retired to her apartment, and, according to custom, I went up to mine, accompanied by my two little boys: they ran gaily up the stairs; and in crossing the range of apartments but faintly lighted, to my no small surprise their boisterous mirth was not interrupted by the terrible portrait. Rh

title: Page:Tales of the Dead.djvu/35


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 A

TREATISE

ON THE

STEAM ENGINE

IN ITS APPLICATION TO

MINES, MILLS, STEAM NAVIGATION, AND RAILWAYS.

By the Artizan Club.

EDITED BY

JOHN BOURNE, C.E.

ILLUSTRATED BY

THIRTY PLATES, AND THREE HUNDRED AND FORTY-NINE ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD.

SECOND EDITION.

LONDON:

LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS,

PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1847.


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 “For my own part, my head and heart were full of the intended journey, and of the agreeable manner in which my time had passed at the count’s château. The images of those happy days crowded on my recollection; my imagination, at that time possessing all the vivacity of youth, was so much agitated, that I could not enjoy the sleep which already overpowered my friend. Emily’s image, so interesting by her sprightly grace, by her pure affection for me, was present to my mind like an amiable phantom shining in beauty. I placed myself at the window, to take another look at the country I had so frequently ranged with her, and traced our steps again probably for the last time. I remembered each spot illumined by the pale light the moon afforded. The nightingale was singing in the groves where we had delighted to repose; the little river on which while gaily singing we often sailed, rolled murmuringly her silver waves.

“Absorbed in a profound reverie, I mentally exclaimed: With the flowers of spring, this soft pure peaceful affection will probably fade; and as frequently the after seasons blight the blossoms and destroy the promised fruit, so possibly may the approaching autumn envelop in cold reserve that heart which, at the present moment, appears only to expand with mine!

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 “Saddened by these reflections, I withdrew from the window, and overcome by a painful agitation I traversed the adjoining rooms; and on a sudden found myself before the portrait of my friend’s ancestor. The moon’s beams darted on it in the most singular manner possible, insomuch as to give the appearance of a horrible moving spectre; and the reflexion of the light gave to it the appearance of a real substance about to quit the darkness by which it was surrounded. The inanimation of its features appeared to give place to the most profound melancholy; the sad and glazed look of the eyes appeared the only hinderance to its uttering its grief.

“My knees tremblingly knocked against each other, and with an unsteady step I regained my chamber: the window still remained open; I reseated myself at it, in order that the freshness of the night air, and the aspect of the beautiful surrounding country, might dissipate the terror I had experienced. My wandering eyes fixed on a long vista of ancient linden trees, which extended from my window to the ruins of an old tower, which had often been the scene of our pleasures and rural fêtes. The remembrance of the hideous portrait had vanished; when on a sudden there appeared to me a thick fog issuing from the ruined

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 tower, which advancing through the vista of lindens came towards me.

“I regarded this cloud with an anxious curiosity: it approached; but again it was concealed by the thickly-spreading branches of the trees.

“On a sudden I perceived, in a spot of the avenue less dark than the rest, the same figure represented in the formidable picture, enveloped in the grey mantle I so well knew. It advanced towards the château, as if hesitating: no noise was heard of its footsteps on the pavement; it passed before my window without looking up, and gained a back door which led to the apartments in the colonnade of the château.

“Seized with trembling apprehension, I darted towards my bed, and saw with pleasure that the two children were fast asleep on either side. The noise I made awoke them; they started, but in an instant were asleep again. The agitation I had endured took from me the power of sleep, and I turned to awake one of the children to talk with me: but no powers can depict the horrors I endured when I saw the frightful figure at the side of the child’s bed.

“I was petrified with horror, and dared neither move nor shut my eyes. I beheld the spectre stoop towards the child and softly kiss his forehead: he

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Rh notice, and in the following year (1150?) Madog enlisted the aid of Ralph, earl of Chester, in an attack upon the prince of Gwynedd. The battle was fought at Consillt, near Flint (Brut y Saeson in Myvyrian Archaiology, 2nd ed. p. 677), and proved a signal victory for Owain. Foiled in this first enterprise, Madog nevertheless adhered to his policy. In 1157, when Henry II made his first expedition into Wales, Madog took no part in the national resistance organised by Owain Gwynedd, but watched the conflict as a spectator, probably in virtue of a secret understanding with the king. The chronicle known as ‘Brut y Saeson’ (followed by Powel and others) says that Madog was commander of the fleet which attacked Anglesey in the course of the campaign (Myv. Arch. 2nd ed. p. 678), but this statement, in itself improbable, is made by no other authority, and probably arose through the confusion of two consecutive sentences in ‘Brut y Tywysogion.’ What the latter (and better) authority says of Madog is that ‘he chose a place for encampment between the king's host and Owain's, that he might receive the first onset the king should make’—a sarcastic description, probably, of Madog's real attitude of armed neutrality. It is not without significance that one result of the campaign was that Iorwerth the Red, Madog's brother, was enabled to destroy the obnoxious castle in Ial.

Madog died in 1160, and was buried in the church of St. Tysilio at Meifod. His son Llywelyn died almost immediately afterwards; other children who survived him longer were: Gruffydd Maelor (d. 1191), Owain Fychan (d. 1186), Elise, Owain Brogyntyn, Marred, who married Iorwerth Drwyndwn, and Gwenllian, who married the Lord Rhys (, Itinerarium Kambriæ, i. 1). The genealogists add Cynwrig Efaill and Einion Efaill. The ‘Myvyrian Archaiology’ contains two contemporary poems in honour of Madog by Gwalchmai (2nd ed. pp. 147–9), and four by Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr (pp. 154–6).

 MADOG OWAIN GWYNEDD (1150–1180?), supposed discoverer of America, is not mentioned in ‘Annales Cambriæ,’ in ‘Brut y Tywysogion,’ or in any poem of the time, and there is no contemporary evidence of the existence of any son of Owain Gwynedd (d. 1170) bearing this name. Two passages in the poetry of Llywarch ap Llywelyn [q. v.] have, indeed, been quoted in support of the theory that Madog made a mysterious voyage to the west and discovered the New World, but neither will bear the significance attached to it. The first, appearing in an ode in praise of Rhodri ab Owain (Myvyrian Archaiology, 2nd ed. p. 202, ‘Ker aber congwy,’ &c.), manifestly refers, not to any expedition over sea, but to the battle of the Conway estuary, fought by Llywelyn ab Iorwerth at some point in the course of his struggle (1188–1195) with his uncles David and Rhodri. The second (ib. p. 205) certainly contains the name Madog, but there is nothing to show who is meant among the many Madogs of the time; moreover, the person of whose blood the poet has to prove himself innocent by the ordeal of hot iron clearly was murdered, though by an unknown hand, and cannot have sailed off publicly on an adventurous voyage, as it is assumed Madog did.

The earliest mention of Madog at present known to exist in Welsh literature is in a poem by Maredudd ap Rhys, a bard of the middle of the fifteenth century. Having previously begged (after the bardic manner) a fishing-net of one Ifan ap Tudur and succeeded in his petition, Maredudd returns thanks for the gift, and, speaking of his delight in fishing, compares himself to Madog, ‘right whelp of Owain Gwynedd,’ who would have no lands or goods save only the broad sea (Iolo MSS., Liverpool reprint, pp. 323–4). The reference to Madog in the third series of triads (Myvyrian Archaiology, 2nd ed. p. 401) may very well belong to the same period, though the manuscript is only of the sixteenth century. Madog's, we are told, was the third of three disappearances; he went to sea in ten ships with three hundred men, and none knew whither they went. It is to be observed that the first two disappearances are obviously mythical, the second being that of Merlin and nine other bards who went to sea in a house of glass; nor is any attempt made to connect that of Madog with discoveries in the west. Thus the triad, taken in conjunction with the allusion of Maredudd ap Rhys, appears to show that already, before the voyage of Columbus, a legend had sprung up as to mysterious seafaring on the part of a son of Owain Gwynedd. Such legends have, of course, been known in every age and country.

The first to set up a public claim on behalf of Madog as the discoverer of America was Dr. David Powel, who in 1584 gave to the world Humphrey Llwyd's translation and continuation of ‘Brut y Tywysogion,’ with additions of his own, as ‘The Historie


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Madog ap Maredudd


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 then went round the bed, and kissed the forehead of the other boy.

“I lost all recollection at that moment; and the following morning, when the children awoke me with their caresses, I was willing to consider the whole as a dream.

“Meanwhile, the moment for our departure was at hand. We once again breakfasted all together in a grove of lilacs and flowers. ‘I advise you to take a little more care of yourself,’ said the old count in the midst of other conversation; ‘for I last night saw you walking rather late in the garden, in a dress ill suited to the damp air; and I was fearful such imprudence would expose you to cold and fever. Young people are apt to fancy they are invulnerable; but I repeat to you, Take advice from a friend.’

In truth,’ I answered, ‘I believe readily that I have been attacked by a violent fever, for never before was I so harassed by terrifying visions: I can now conceive how dreams afford to a heated imagination subjects for the most extraordinary stories of apparitions.’

What would you tell me?’ demanded the count in a manner not wholly devoid of agitation. I related to him all that I had seen the preceding night; and to my great surprise he appeared to me in no way astonished, but extremely affected.

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