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 tain Roads leading from Chippenham, and for repairing several Roads leading from Chippenham Bridge ; and to repeal so much of an Act made in the twenty-ninth Year of his present Majesty, as relates to the Road between the said Bridge and Lower Stanton in the County of Wilts.

N Act to amend and render more effectual two Acts passed in the eleventh and seventeenth Years of the Reign of his present Majesty, for repairing several Roads leading to and from the Town of Derby, in the County of Derby. An Act for making more effectual, and continuing the Term, and enlarging and altering the Powers of an Act made in the twentieth Year of his present Majesty's Reign, for repairing and widening the Road leading from the City of Gloucester, towards the City of Hereford; and for repairing other Roads in the County of Gloucester, in the said Act mentioned. An Act for erecting Piers, and other Works, for the Security and Improvement of the Harbour of New Shoreham, in the County of Sussex, and for keeping the same in Repair. An Act for repairing several Roads leading to the Town of Oakhampton, in the County of Devon. An Act for enlarging the Term and Powers of two acts made in the fifth Year of his late Majesty, and in the ninth Year of his present Majesty's Reign, for repairing the Road from Beaconsfield in the County of Bucks, to Stoken Church, in the County of Oxon. An Act for enlarging the Term and Powers granted by an Act made in the twenty-fifth Year of the Reign of his present Majesty, for repairing and widening the Road leading from Market Harborough, in the County of Leicester, to the Pound in the Parish of Brampton, in the County of Huntingdon; and by one other Act made in the twenty-seventh Year of the Reign of his present Majesty, for explaining, amending and rendering more effectual the said former Act. An Act for repairing and widening the Road from the Turnpike Road near the West End of the Town of Chesterfield, to Matlock Bridge ; and. also the Road leading out of the said Road over Darley Bridge, to Cross Green; and also the Road leading out of the last-mentioned Road, to the Turnpike Road near Rowesly Bridge, in the County of Derby. An Act for extending the Powers granted by an Act passed in the twenty-fifth Year of the Reign of his present Majesty, for repairing the Road leading from the Royal Oak, on Wrotham Heath, to the Town of Wrotham, in the County of Kent, and from thence to the Village of Foots-Cray, in the said County, to the Road leading from the Royal Oak, on Wrotham Heath, to the Town of Maidstone

An Act for amending, widening and keeping in Repair, the High Road from the Borough of Tamworth, to Ashby de la Zouch, in the County of Leicester ; and from Sawley Ferry in the said County, to a Turnpike Gate, at or near the End of Swarcliff Lane, leading to Ashby de la Zouch aforesaid.

An Act for repairing and widening the Roads from Haleworthy, in the Parish of Davidstow, in the County of Cornwall, to the East End of Wadebridge in the said County; and from the West End of Wadebridge aforesaid, into and through the Borough of Mitchell, in the said County.

An Act for enlarging the Term and Powers granted by several Acts of Parliament of the eighth Year of her late Majesty Queen, the ninth Year of his late Majesty King the First, and the fifteenth, Year of his present Majesty's Reign, for repairing the Highways between the House commonly called The Horseshoe House, in the Parish of Stoke Goldington, in the County of Bucks, and the Town of Northampton, and the Road from the North Bridge of Newport Pagnel, in the County of Bucks, to the Horseshoe House.

An Act for enlarging the Term and Powers contained in two several Acts of Parliament, made in the twelfth and sixteenth Years of the Reign of his present Majesty, for repairing the Road from the Duncow in the Town of Dunchurch, to the Town of Hillmorton, in the County of Warwick; and from thence to

Saint


text: The Statutes at Large (Ruffhead)/Volume 9/The Editor to the Reader

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Huitzilihuitl


text: The Statutes at Large (Ruffhead)/Volume 9/List of Subscribers


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J.Mull.
I can't find a botanical author J.Mull. Some sources give: J.F.Muell. But I can't find info on this author either. - Dick Bos (talk) 18:11, 20 April 2012 (UTC)


text: The Statutes at Large (Ruffhead)/Volume 9/Table of the Publick and Private Statutes


text: Bible (King James Version, 1611)/Prouerbs


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, James Lewis Knight-


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, John (1745-1826)


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 CANTO III.

"Come vedi—ancor non m'abbandona"

.

sinks, more lovely ere his race be run,

Along Morea's hills the setting sun;

Not as in Northern climes obscurely bright,

But one unclouded blaze of living light!

O'er the hush'd deep the yellow beam he throws,

Gilds the green wave, that trembles as it glows.

On old Ægina'a rock, and Idra's isle,

The god of gladness sheds his parting smile;

O'er his own regions lingering loves to shine,

Though there his altars are no more divine.

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, John (1802-1869)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, John Hope


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Huitzilihuitzin


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, Michael (1635-1693)


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Huitziton


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 land until 1129, and then pardoned and received into favour. Two rebels who had forsworn themselves were condemned to lose their eyes. A like doom was pronounced against the warrior poet, Luke de Barré, for he had mortally offended the king by his satirical verses, as well as by his repeated attacks upon him. Charles, count of Flanders, who chanced to be at the court, and many nobles remonstrated at this, for, as they pleaded, Luke was not one of Henry's men, and was taken while fighting for his own lord. Henry acknowledged this, but would not remit his sentence, for he said that Luke had made his enemies laugh at him. Luke escaped his doom by dashing out his own brains (, pp. 880, 881). The king's success was crowned by the publication of a papal decree, obtained by his persuasion, annulling the marriage contract between William Clito and the daughter of the Count of Anjou, on account of consanguinity (ib. p. 838;, Spicilegium, iii. 497). The war cost much money, and Englishmen moaned over the burdens which were laid upon them; ‘those who had goods,’ the chronicler writes, ‘were bereft of them by strong gelds and strong motes; he who had none starved with hunger.’ The law was enforced vigorously, and sometimes probably unjustly; at Huncote in Leicestershire the king's justices at one time hanged forty-four men as thieves, and mutilated six others, some of whom, it was generally believed, were innocent. At the end of the year Henry sent from Normandy, commanding that severe measures should be taken against debasers of the coin, which had deteriorated so much that it was said that a pound was not worth a penny in the market. The offenders were punished with mutilation.

On the death of his son-in-law the emperor in 1125, Henry sent for his daughter Matilda, who went back to him, and in September 1126 he returned to England with his queen, his daughter, and his prisoners. Finding that it was unlikely that his queen would have children, he determined to secure the succession for his daughter, and at the following Christmas assembly at Westminster caused the prelates and barons to swear that if he died without a male heir they would receive Matilda as Lady both of England and Normandy. Among those who took this oath were David, king of Scots, who had come to the English court at Michaelmas, and Stephen, count of Boulogne, the king's nephew, and the brother of Count Theobald (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, sub an. 1127;, Historia Novella, i. 2, 3; , ii. 281; Cont. , viii. 25). It was afterwards asserted by Bishop Roger of Salisbury that this oath was taken on the king's promise that he would not give his daughter in marriage to any one out of the kingdom without the advice of his chief men; this assertion was probably untrue. Henry's move must have seemed strange to the men of his time, for no woman had hitherto reigned in her own right either over England or Normandy; it was meant to put an end to the hopes of the party which supported William Clito, and so to give stability to Henry's position during the rest of his reign, as well as to secure the succession after his death. By way of answer to this oath of succession, Louis again took up the cause of William, who, since the papal decree against his marriage had been finally enforced, had been forsaken by his friends, gave him to wife Jane of Montferrat, the half-sister of his queen, and invested him with the grant of the French Vexin. Moreover, when Charles, count of Flanders, died on 1 March 1127, he gave the county to William as the heir of Baldwin V. Henry was himself one of the claimants, and sent his nephew Stephen, whose county of Boulogne was a Flemish fief, to press his claim. Stephen was unsuccessful, and the favour shown to William by the French king and the rapid rise in his nephew's fortunes forced him to take measures to prevent another combination being formed against him. Accordingly he made alliance with Fulk of Anjou, and at Whitsuntide sent his daughter and heiress to Normandy, under the charge of her half-brother, Robert, earl of Gloucester, to become the wife of Fulk's son Geoffrey. He also made alliance with Theodoric of Alsace, who claimed to succeed to the county, and with a strong party among the Flemings against William and the French king. In August he crossed over to Normandy, and in order to prevent Louis from giving help to William upheld Amaury of Montfort in a quarrel with the French king (, p. 56); invaded France, though probably without any idea of making conquests; encamped for a week at Epernon, one of Amaury's chief possessions, without being attacked (, p. 247), and by this means kept Louis from marching into Flanders. At Whitsuntide 1128 he knighted Geoffrey with much ceremony at Rouen, and then proceeded with him and Matilda to Le Mans, where on the octave of the feast Geoffrey and Matilda were married in his presence in the cathedral (Historia Gaufredi ap. Recueil, xii. 520, 521; for date see Angevin Kings, i. 258). The marriage was unpopular in England, Normandy, and Maine; the English were not pleased at the heiress to the crown marrying out of the


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hulett, Alta M.


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 Harvey published: 1. ‘An astrologicall addition or supplement to be annexed to the late discourse [by his brother Richard Harvey [q. v.] ] upon the Great Conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter, together with the Learned Worke of Hermes Trismegistus intituled Iatromathematica, that is his Physical Mathematiques. … Lately englished by Iohn Harvey at the request of M. Charles P.,’ London, 1583 (by Richard Watkins), 8vo. The last portion of the book, the ‘Learned Worke,’ is alone in the British Museum Library. 2. ‘A Discoursive Probleme concerning Prophesies, how far they are to be valued or credited,’ London (J. Jackson for Richard Watkins), 1588, 4to (Brit. Mus.) 3. ‘An Almanacke or annuall Calendar, with a Compendious Prognostication for … 1589,’ London, 1588, 8vo (Lambeth).

 HARVEY, JOHN (1740–1794), captain in the navy, third son of Richard Harvey of Eastry in Kent, and younger brother of Admiral Sir Henry Harvey [q. v.], was born on 9 July 1740. In 1755 he joined the Falmouth with Captain William Brett, and from her was promoted to be lieutenant on 30 Jan. 1759. After the peace he commanded the Alarm cutter, on the coast of Scotland, from 1766 to 1768, when he was promoted to the rank of commander and placed on half-pay. In January 1776 he was appointed to the Speedwell sloop; and in September 1777 was posted from her to the Panther of 60 guns, as flag-captain to Rear-admiral Robert Duff [q. v.] in the Mediterranean. The Panther was employed in the defence of Gibraltar during the early part of the siege in 1779–1780; but in July 1780 she sailed for England; and in November was sent out to the West Indies in the squadron under Sir Samuel Hood [q. v.]; but being found barely seaworthy returned to England in the following summer. Early in 1782 Harvey was appointed to the Sampson of 64 guns, which formed part of the Channel fleet, and was present at the relief of Gibraltar and the rencounter off Cape Spartel. In 1787 he was registering captain at Deal; from 1788 to 1792 he commanded the Arrogant guardship at Sheerness; and in February 1793 was appointed to the Brunswick of 74 guns, one of the Channel fleet under Lord Howe. On 1 June 1794 she was the Queen Charlotte's second astern, but was separated from her by the close order of the French line astern of the Jacobin [see ]. Harvey attempted to force an opening ahead of the Vengeur, when the Brunswick's starboard anchor hooked in the Vengeur's forechains and dragged the Vengeur along with her. The master proposed to cut her free. ‘No,’ said Harvey, ‘as we've got her we'll keep her.’ The two ships remained firmly grappled through a great part of the battle. Towards the close other English ships came to the Brunswick's help; and the Ramillies poured two tremendous raking broadsides into the Vengeur. The grappling had been cut away, but after a short time the Vengeur, dismasted and with the water pouring in through her smashed side, showed English colours in token of surrender. The Brunswick, not having a boat that could swim, was unable to take possession, and the Vengeur dropping astern was endeavouring to make off when she was brought to by the Culloden and Alfred. Every effort was made to remove her men, but she sank with more than half her crew still on board. The Brunswick, severely damaged, had fallen far to leeward, and being unable to rejoin the fleet bore up, and reached Spithead on the 12th. She had lost 44 men killed and 114 wounded. Early in the action Harvey's right hand was shattered by a musket-ball; afterwards he was stunned by a heavy splinter striking him in the small of the back; and a round shot afterwards smashed his right elbow. He was landed at Portsmouth, where he died on 30 June. He was buried at Eastry, but a monument, jointly to his memory and that of Captain Hutt of the Queen, who also died of his wounds, was erected, at the national expense, in Westminster Abbey.

Harvey married, in 1763, Judith, daughter of Henry Wise of Sandwich, by whom he had a large family, including Vice-admiral Sir John Harvey [q. v.], Admiral Sir Edward Harvey [q. v.], and Sarah, who married her first cousin, Vice-admiral Sir Thomas Harvey [q. v.] His eldest son, Henry Wise, the only one that did not serve in the navy, was afterwards represented in it by two sons: John, born 1793, died, a retired captain, in 1882, and Henry Wise, died, a retired lieutenant, in 1861.

 HARVEY, JOHN (1772–1837), admiral, second son of Captain John Harvey [q. v.], after serving as midshipman of the Rose with his uncle, Sir Henry Harvey [q. v.],


text:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Siam and the United States, 1833

His Majesty the Sovereign and Magnificent King in the City of Sia-Yut'hia, has appointed the Chau Phaya-Phraklang, one of the first Ministers of State, to treat with Edmund Roberts, Minister of the United States of America, who has been sent by the Government thereof, on its behalf, to form a treaty of sincere friendship and entire good faith between the two nations. For this purpose the Siamese and the citizens of the United States of America shall, with sincerity, hold commercial intercourse in the Ports of their respective nations as long as heaven and earth shall endure.

This Treaty is concluded on Wednesday, the last of the fourth month of the year 1194, called Pi-marong-chat-tavasok, or the year of the Dragon, corresponding to the 20th day of March, in the year of our Lord 1833. One original is written in Siamese, the other in English; but as the Siamese are ignorant of English, and the Americans of Siamese, a Portuguese and a Chinese translation are annexed, to serve as testimony to the contents of the Treaty. The writing is of the same tenor and date in all the languages aforesaid. It is signed on the one part, with the name of the Chau Phaya-Phraklang, and sealed with the seal of the lotus flower, of glass. On the other part, it is signed with the name of Edmund Roberts, and sealed with a seal containing an eagle and stars.

One copy will be kept in Siam, and another will be taken by Edmund Roberts to the United States. If the Government of the United States shall ratify the said Treaty, and attach the Seal of the Government, then Siam will also ratify it on its part, and attach the Seal of its Government.

Article I

There shall be a perpetual Peace between the Magnificent King of Siam and the United States of America.

Article II

The Citizens of the United States shall have free liberty to enter all the Ports of the Kingdom of Siam, with their cargoes, of whatever kind the said cargoes may consist; and they shall have liberty to sell the same to any of the subjects of the King, or others who may wish to purchase the same, or to barter the same for any produce or manufacture of the Kingdom, or other articles that may be found there. No prices shall be fixed by the officers of the King on the articles to be sold by the merchants of the United States, or the merchandise they may wish to buy, but the Trade shall be free on both sides to sell, or buy, or exchange, on the terms and for the prices the owners may think fit. Whenever the said citizens of the United States shall be ready to depart, they shall be at liberty so to do, and the proper officers shall furnish them with Passports: Provided always, there be no legal impediment to the contrary. Nothing contained in this Article shall be understood as granting permission to import and sell munitions of war to any person excepting to the King, who, if he does not require, will not be bound to purchase them; neither is permission granted to import opium, which is contraband; or to export rice, which cannot be embarked as an article of commerce. These only are prohibited.

Article III

Vessels of the United States entering any Port within His Majesty's dominions, and selling or purchasing cargoes of merchandise, shall pay in lieu of import and export duties, tonnage, licence to trade, or any other charge whatever, a measurement duty only, as follows: The measurement shall be made from side to side, in the middle of the vessel's length; and, if a single-decked vessel, on such single deck; if otherwise, on the lower deck. On every vessel selling merchandise, the sum of 1700 Ticals, or Bats, shall be paid for every Siamese fathom in breadth, so measured, the said fathom being computed to contain 78 English or American inches, corresponding to 96 Siamese inches; but if the said vessel should come without merchandise, and purchase a cargo with specie only, she shall then pay the sum of 1,500 ticals, or bats, for each and every fathom before described. Furthermore, neither the aforesaid measurement duty, nor any other charge whatever, shall be paid by any vessel of the United States that enters a Siamese port for the purpose of refitting, or for refreshments, or to inquire the state of the market.

Article IV

If hereafter the Duties payable by foreign vessels be diminished in favour of any other nation, the same diminution shall be made in favour of the vessels of the United States.

Article V

If any vessel of the United States shall suffer shipwreck on any part of the Magnificent King's dominions, the persons escaping from the wreck shall be taken care of and hospitably entertained at the expense of the King, until they shall find an opportunity to be returned to their country; and the property saved from such wreck shall be carefully preserved and restored to its owners; and the United States will repay all expenses incurred by His Majesty on account of such wreck.

Article VI

If any citizen of the United States, coming to Siam for the purpose of trade, shall contract debts to any individual of Siam, or if any individual of Siam shall contract debts to any citizen of the United States, the debtor shall be obliged to bring forward and sell all his goods to pay his debts therewith. When the product of such bona fide sale shall not suffice, he shall no longer be liable for the remainder, nor shall the creditor be able to retain him as a slave, imprison, flog, or otherwise punish him, to compel the payment of any balance remaining due, but shall leave him at perfect liberty.

Article VII

Merchants of the United States coming to trade in the Kingdom of Siam and wishing to rent houses therein, shall rent the King's Factories, and pay the customary rent of the country. If the said merchants bring their goods on shore, the King's officers shall take account thereof, but shall not levy any duty thereupon.

Article VIII

If any citizens of the United States, or their vessels, or other property, shall be taken by pirates and brought within the dominions of the Magnificent King, the persons shall be set at liberty, and the property restored to its owners.

Article IX

Merchants of the United States, trading in the Kingdom of Siam, shall respect and follow the laws and customs of the country in all points.

Article X

If thereafter any foreign nation other than the Portuguese shall request and obtain His Majesty's consent to the appointment of Consuls to reside in Siam, the United States shall be at liberty to appoint Consuls to reside in Siam, equally with such other foreign nation.

Whereas, the undersigned, Edmund Roberts, a citizen of Portsmouth, in the State of New Hampshire, in the United States of America, being duly appointed as Envoy, by Letters Patent, under the Signature of the President and Seal of the United States of America, bearing date at the City of Washington, the 26th day of January, in the year of our Lord 1832, for negotiating and concluding a Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States of America and His Majesty, the King of Siam.

Now know ye, that I, Edmund Roberts, Envoy as aforesaid, do conclude the foregoing Treaty of Amity and Commerce, and every Article and Clause therein contained; reserving the same, nevertheless, for the final Ratification of the President of the United States of America, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the said United States.

Done at the Royal City of Sia-Yut'hia (commonly called Bangkok), on the 20th day of March, in the year of our Lord 1833, and of the Independence of the United States of America the 57th.

Edmund Roberts


text: Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 25.djvu/466


text: Talk:Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Siam and the United States, 1833


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  Saint James's End, in the Parish of Duston, in the County of Northampton ; and for making the fame Acts more effectual. An Act for extending and continuing the Navigation of the River Wey, otherwise Wye, in the County of Surry, to the Town of Godalming, in the said County. An Act for repairing and widening the High Roads from Hinckley, to Woefull Bridge, and also from Hooash-Lane, through Old Lane, and from Swannington to Lee Gutter ; and from thence to Melbourn Common, and from lbstock to Measham, in the Counties of Leicester and Derby. An Act for amending, widening and keeping in Repair, several Roads therein mentioned, lying in the Counties of Derby, Leicester and Warwick. An Act for diverting, altering, widening, repairing and amending the Roads from the Town of Halifax, and from Sowerby Bridge, in the County of York, by Todmorden, to Burnley and Littleborougb, in the County of Lancaster. An Act to amend an Aft passed in the seventh Year of the Reign of his late Majesty King the First, for making the River Weaver navigable, from Frodsham Bridge to Winsford Bridge, in the County of Chesster; and for the more effectual preserving and improving the Navigation of the said River. An Act for amending, widening and keeping in Repair, several Roads leading from the Market House in the Town of Kidderminsster, in the County of Worcester. An Act for repairing and widening the Road from the Bars at Boughton, within the Liberties of the City of Chester, to Whitchurch ; and from thence to Newport, in the County of Salop, to Ivetsey Bank, in the County of Stafford; and from thence to Castle Bromwich, and Stone Bridge, in the Parish of Hampton on Arden, in the County of Warwick; and from Castle Bromwich, to Birmingham in the same County.

An Act for rebuilding, widening and enlarging the Bridge over the River Avon, in the City of Bristol, and erecting a temporary Bridge adjoining; and for widening the Streets, Lanes, Ways and Passages, leading thereto, and for building another Bridge, over some other Part of the said River, within the said City, if necessary ; and for opening proper Ways and Passages thereto.

An Act for laying a Duty of two Pennies Scots, or one sixth Part of a Penny Sterling, upon every Scots Pint of Ale, Porter or Beer, brewed for Sale, or vended, within the Town and Parish of Dalkeith.

An Act for raising Money for finishing and compleating the Repair of Leeds Bridge, in the County of York, and for the purchasing and taking down the Houses and Buildings, which straiten and obstruct the Passage to and over the said Bridge.

An Act for amending and widening the Road from Bawtry to Sheffield, and from Sheffield to the South Side of Wortley, in the County of York, where it joins the Turnpike Road, leading from Rotherham to Manchester.
An Act for the amending, widening and keeping in Repair, the Road leading from the thirty-nine Mile Stone, at the upper End of Stone Street, in the Town of Maidstone, in the County of Kent, to a certain Place called Tubb's Lake, in the Parish of Cranbrooke, in the said County.

An Act for repairing the Roads from the Town of Brecon, to the Parish of Brobury, and to Whitney Passage, in the County of Hereford and for building a Bridge over the River Wye, at Bredwardine Passage, in the same County.

An Act for amending, widening and keeping in Repair, several Roads, leading to the Borough of Launceston, in the County of Cornwall.

 * An Act for repairing and widening the Roads from Deanburn Bridge, through Greenlaw, and Part of the Jedburgh Road, by Lauder, in the Shire of Beriwick, to Cornhill, in the County of Durham; and for building a Bridge over the Tweed, near Coldstream.

An Act for repairing and widening several Roads leading to and through the Towns of Weymouth and Melcombe Regis, and Dorchester, in the County of Dorset.

An Act for repairing and widening the Road from the East End of West Taphouse Lane, to the Borough of Liskeard, and from thence to Coomb Row House ; and also the Road from the said Borough of Liskeard, to Crasthole, and from thence to Crimble Passage and Tar Point, and from Crafthole aforesaid, to Saint German's Beacon, in the Counties of Cornwall and Devon.

An Act for making, widening and repairing a Road from the North East Side of the Goswell Street Road, next Islington, in the County of Middlesex, and near to the Road called the New Road, over the Fields and Grounds to Old Street Road, oppofite to the Doghousebar, and at and from the Doghousebar, to the End of Chiswell Street, by the Artillery Ground.

An Act for repairing and widening the Road leading from the Eastern End of the Borough of Grampound, in the County of Cornwall, through the Towns of Saint Austell and Lostiwithiel, and from thence to the East End of the Western Taphouse Lane, in the said County.

An Act for enlightening the Streets within the City of Exeter, and Suburbs thereof.

An Act for repairing and widening, the Roads from Dyed Way, to Somerton ; and from Gawbridge, to Tintinhull Fords ; and from a Stream of Water called Ford, to Cargate, in Martock, in the County of Somerset.

An Act for continuing and amending an Act made in the sixteenth Year of his late Majesty's Reign, for repairing the Highways from the City of Gloucester, to the Top of Birdlip Hill; and from the Foot of the said. Hill, to the Top of Crickley Hill.

An Act to explain and amend so much of an Act passed in the thirty-fecond Year of the Reign of his late Majesty, intituled, An Act to explain, amend and render more effectual, the Powers grants by several Acts of Parliament for repairing several Roads leading to the City of Bath ; and for amending several other Roads near the said City; as directs the laying out a new Road from the Bridge at Bath to Rush Hill.

An Act for amending and widening the Road leading from the Town of Falmouth, in the County of Cornwall, through the Towns of Penryn, Helston, and Marazion, and from thence to and over Marazion River and Bridge, and two hundred Feet to the Westward of; the said River and Bridge.

An Act to amend and render more effectual an Act passed in the thirty-first Year of the Reign of his late Majesty King the Second, intituled, An Act for repairing the Road from Leeds to Sheffield, in the County of  York.

An Act for repairing and widening the Road from Traveller's Rest, in the Parish of Ashburton, to Newton Bushel, and from thence to Forches otherwise Forgers Cross, in the Parish of Highweek, in the County of Devon.

An Act for amending the Road from Sacred Gate, in the Parish of Thorngumbald, to Pattrington Creek, or Haven; and from the Guide Post in Winestead, to Frodingham Gate, in or near Widow Brauton's Farm, in

the


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70 constitution of the commonwealth of Kentucky an make me an' offah; the man is really a great bargain. In the first place, he would cos' his ownah little or nothin', because, as you see, he keeps himself in cigahs an' clo'es; then, his main article of diet is whiskey—a supply of which he always has on han'. He don't even need a bed, foh you know he sleeps jus' as well on any doohstep; noh a chair, foh he prefers to sit roun' on the curb-stones. Remembah, too, gentlemen, that ole King Sol'mon is a Virginian—from the same neighbohhood as Mr. Clay. Remembah that he is well educated, that he is an awful Whig, an' that he has smoked mo' of the stumps of Mr. Clay's cigahs than any other man in existence. If you don't b'lieve me, gentlemen, yondah goes Mr. Clay now; call him ovah an ask 'im foh yo'se'ves."

He paused, and pointed with his right forefinger towards Main street, along which the spectators, with a sudden craning of necks, beheld the familiar figure of the passing statesman.

"But you don't need anybody to tell you these fac's, gentlemen," he continued. "You merely need to be reminded that ole King Sol'mon is no ohdinary man. Mo'-ovah he has a kine heaht, he nevah spoke a rough wohd to anybody in this worl,' an' he is as proud as Tecumseh of his good name an' charactah. An', gentlemen," he added, bridling with an air of mock gallantry and laying a hand on his heart, "if anythin fu thah is required in the way of a puffect encomium, we all know that there isn't anothah man among us who cuts as wide a swath among the ladies. The foh, if you have any appreciation of virtue, any magnanimity of heaht; if you set a propah valuation upon the descendants of Virginia, that mothah of Presidents; if you believe in the pure laws


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Rh of Kentucky as the pioneer bride of the Union; if you love America an' love the worl'—make me a gen'rous, high-toned offah foh ole King Sol'mon!"

He ended his peroration amid a shout of laughter and applause, and, feeling satisfied that it was a good time for returning to a more practical treatment of his subject, proceeded in a sincere tone:

"He can easily earn from one to two dollahs a day, an' from three to six hundred a yeah. There's not anothah white man in town capable of doin' as much work. There's not a niggah han' in the hemp factories with such muscles an such a chest. Look at 'em! An, if you don't b'lieve me, step fo'wahd and feel 'em. How much, then, is bid foh 'im?"

"One dollah!" said the owner of a hemp factory, who had walked forward and felt the vagrant's arm, laughing, but coloring up also as the eyes of all were quickly turned upon him. In those days it was not an unheard-of thing for the muscles of a human being to be thus examined when being sold into servitude to a new master.

"Thank you!" cried the sheriff, cheerily. "One precinc' heard from! One dollah! I am offahed one dollah foh ole King Sol'mon. One dollah foh the king! Make it a half. One dollah an a half. Make it a half. One dol-dol-dol-dollah!"

Two medical students, returning from lectures at the old Medical Hall, now joined the group, and the sheriff explained:

"One dollah is bid foh the vagrant ole King Sol'mon, who is to be sole into labah foh a twelvemonth. Is there any othah bid? Are you all done? One dollah, once—"


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Warbler

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Warbler


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 "Dollah and a half," said one of the students, and remarked half jestingly under his breath to his companion, "I'll buy him on the chance of his dying. We'll dissect him."

"Would you own his body if he should die?"

"If he dies while bound to me, I'll arrange that."

"One dollah an' a half," resumed the sheriff; and falling into the tone of a facile auctioneer he rattled on:

"One dollah an' a half foh ole Sol'mon—sol, sol, sol,—do, re, mi, fa, sol—do, re, mi, fa, sol! Why, gentle men, you can set the king to music!

All this time the vagrant had stood in the centre of that close ring of jeering and humorous by-standers—a baffling text from which to have preached a sermon on the infirmities of our imperfect humanity. Some years before, perhaps as a master-stroke of derision, there had been given to him that title which could but heighten the contrast of his personality and estate with every suggestion of the ancient sacred magnificence; and never had the mockery seemed so fine as at this moment, when he was led forth into the streets to receive the lowest sentence of the law upon his poverty and dissolute idleness. He was apparently in the very prime of life—a striking figure, for nature at least had truly done some royal work on him. Over six feet in height, erect, with limbs well shaped and sinewy, with chest and neck full of the lines of great power, a large head thickly covered with long reddish hair, eyes blue, face beardless, complexion fair but discolored by low passions and excesses—such was old King Solomon. He wore a stiff, high, black Castor hat of the period, with the crown smashed in and the torn rim hanging down over one ear; a black cloth coat in the old style,


text: Page:The Corsair (Byron).djvu/1

title: Page:The Corsair (Byron).djvu/1


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Rh on that memorable day of the year 1833—a day that passed so briskly. For whoever met and spoke together asked the one question: Will the cholera come to Lexington? And the answer always gave a nervous haste to business—a keener thrill to pleasure. It was of the cholera that the negro woman heard two sweet passing ladies speak as she spread her wares on the sidewalk. They were on their way to a little picture-gallery just opened opposite M. Giron's ball-room, and in one breath she heard them discussing their toilets for the evening and in the next several portraits by Jouett.

So the day passed, the night came on, and M. Xaupi gave his brilliant ball. Poor old Xaupi—poor little Frenchman! whirled as a gamin of Paris through the mazes of the Revolution, and lately come all the way to Lexington to teach the people how to dance. Hop about blithely on thy dry legs, basking this night in the waxen radiance of manners and melodies and graces! Where will be thy tunes and airs to-morrow? Ay, smile and prompt away! On and on! Swing corners, ladies and gentlemen! Form the basket! Hands all around!

While the bows were still darting across the strings, out of the low, red east there shot a long, tremulous bow of light up towards the zenith. And then, could human sight have beheld the invisible, it might have seen hovering over the town, over the ball-room, over M. Xaupi, the awful presence of the plague.

But knowing nothing of this, the heated revellers went merrily home in the chill air of the red and saffron dawn. And knowing nothing of it also, a man awakened on the door-step of a house opposite the ball-room, where he had long since fallen asleep. His limbs were


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CANTO III. Nor seems this homage foreign to its strain,

His Corsair's isle was once thine own domain—

Would that with freedom it were thine again!

III.

The Sun hath sunk—and, darker than the night,

Sinks with its beam upon the beacon height

Medora's heart—the third day's come and gone—

With it he comes not—sends not—faithless one!

The wind was fair though light! and storms were none.

Last eve Anselmo's bark returned, and yet

His only tidings that they had not met!

Though wild, as now, far different were the tale

Had Conrad waited for that single sail.

The night-breeze freshens—she that day had passed

In watching all that Hope proclaimed a mast;

Sadly she sate on high—Impatience bore

At last her footsteps to the midnight shore,

And there she wandered, heedless of the spray

That dashed her garments oft, and warned away:

She saw not, felt not this—nor dared depart,

Nor deemed it cold—her chill was at her heart;

Till grew such certainty from that suspense—

His very Sight had shocked from life or sense!

It came at last—a sad and shattered boat,

Whose inmates first beheld whom first they sought;

Some bleeding—all most wretched—these the few—

Scarce knew they how escaped—this all they knew.

In silence, darkling, each appeared to wait

His fellow's mournful guess at Conrad's fate:


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Rh ragged and buttonless; a white cotton shirt, with the broad collar crumpled, wide open at the neck and down his sunburnt bosom; blue jeans pantaloons, patched at the seat and the knees; and ragged cotton socks that fell down over the tops of his dusty shoes, which were open at the heels.

In one corner of his sensual mouth rested the stump of a cigar. Once during the proceedings he had produced another, lighted it, and continued quietly smoking. If he took to himself any shame as the central figure of this ignoble performance, no one knew it. There was something almost royal in his unconcern. The humor, the badinage, the open contempt, of which he was the public target, fell thick and fast upon him, but as harmlessly as would balls of pith upon a coat of mail. In truth, there was that in his great, lazy, gentle, good-humored bulk and bearing which made the gibes seem all but despicable. He shuffled from one foot to the other as though he found it a trial to stand up so long, but all the while looking the spectators full in the eyes without the least impatience. He suffered the man of the factory to walk round him and push and pinch his muscles as calmly as though he had been the show bull at a country fair. Once only, when the sheriff had pointed across the street at the figure of Mr. Clay, he had looked quickly in that direction with a kindling light in his eye and a passing flush on his face. For the rest, he seemed like a man who has drained his cup of human life and has nothing left him but to fill again and drink without the least surprise or eagerness.

The bidding between the man of the factory and the student had gone slowly on. The price had reached ten dollars. The heat was intense, the sheriff tired.


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74 Then something occurred to revivify the scene. Across the market-place and towards the steps of the court house there suddenly came trundling along in breathless haste a huge old negress, carrying on one arm a large shallow basket containing apple crab-lanterns and fresh gingerbread. With a series of half-articulate grunts and snorts she approached the edge of the crowd and tried to force her way through. She coaxed, she begged, she elbowed and pushed and scolded, now laughing, and now with the passion of tears in her thick, excited voice. All at once, catching sight of the sheriff, she lifted one ponderous brown arm, naked to the elbow, and waved her hand to him above the heads of those in front.

"Hole on, marseter! Hole on!" she cried, in a tone of humorous entreaty. "Don knock 'im off till I come! Gim me a bid at 'im!"

The sheriff paused and smiled. The crowd made way tumultuously, with broad laughter and comment.

"Stan' aside theah an' let Aun' Charlotte in!"

"Now you'll see biddin'!"

"Get out of the way foh Aun' Charlotte!"

"Up, my free niggah! Hurrah foh Kentucky!"

A moment more and she stood inside the ring of spectators, her basket on the pavement at her feet, her hands plumped akimbo into her fathomless sides, her head up, and her soft, motherly eyes turned eagerly upon the sheriff. Of the crowd she seemed unconscious, and on the vagrant before her she had not cast a single glance.

She was dressed with perfect neatness. A red and yellow Madras kerchief was bound about her head in a high coil, and another was crossed over the bosom of


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  the County of York; and for scouring and cleansing the said Creek or Haven. An Act for discontinuing the Use of a Road, in the Parish of Great Partington, in the County of Warwick; and for preventing the Trustees, appointed to put in Execution an Act passed in the thirty-third Year of his late Majesty's Reign, for repairing. the Road from Stone Bridge, to Castle Bromwich, from erecting a Gate or Turnpike between Stone Bridge and the Place where the Road turns off to Coleshill, in the County of Warwick. An Act for amending, widening and keeping in Repair, the Road leading from Fisherton Bridge, to the Turnpike Road at Willougbby Hedge in West Knoyle, and from Wilton Bridge to the Turnpike Road at the West End of Heytesbury; and also the Road from the Turnpike Road at the Top of Red Hone Hill, in the Parish of Urshfont, to the Mile-stone at the Western End of Fisherton Street, in the County of Wilts. An Act for repairing the Parish Church of Croydon, in the County of Surry. An Act for amending and widening the Road from the Town of Stone to Wordsley Green Gate; and from, the West End of Bilston Street, in Wolverhampton, to the High Street opposite the Old Bush in Dudley; and from a Place called Burnt-Tree, near Dudley, to Birmingham; and from the Market Crofs in Wolverhampton, to Cannock, in the Counties of Stafford, Worcester and Warwick. An Act for rendering for effectual several Acts passed in the tenth Year of her late Majesty Queen, in the eleventh Year of his late Majesty King the First, and in the eleventh Year of his late Majesty King  the Second, for enlarging, amending and maintaining the Road from Dartford to Northfleet and Gravesend, and from Gravesend to Chalk, and from Northfleet to Chalk, and from thence to the Stones End near the Parish Church of Strood, in the County of Kent. An Act for amending and widening the Roads from the Turnpike upon Gatherly Moor, in the County of York, to Staindrop, in the County of Durham; and from the said Turnpike Road, near Smallways, across the River Tees, to Winston, 'in the said County of Durham; and for building a Bridge over the said River, at or near Winston Ford. An Act for repairing and amending the Road leading from Whitecross, in the Parish of Leven in Holderness, in the East Riding of the County of York, to the Town of Beverley, in the said County.
An Act for repairing and widening the Road from the Borough of Appleby, in the County of Westmorland, through the Township of Orton, to Kirby Kendal; and from Orton, to the Turnpike Road near Shapp, and from Highgate near Tebay, in a Part of the Highway between Appleby and Kirby Kendal, through the Town of Kirby Steven, to the Town of Market Brough, in the said County.

N Act for repairing and widening the Roads from Mullen's Pond in the County of Southampton to the Eighteen Mile Stone from the City of Salisbury near Willougbby Hedge; and from West Amesbury to Anstlow Hill; and from Amesbury to Fiddleton; and from the New Inn in Amesbury to the End of the Parish leading to Durrington; and from Wily to Cook's House and Landford; and from Beacon Hill to the Nag's Head; and from thence be Mile of the Road leading to Shrewton in the County of Wilts.

An Act for supplying the Town of Halifax with Water.

An Act for rendering more effectual several Acts parted in the fifth Year of his late Majesty King the First, and the thirteenth Year of his late Majesty King George the Second, for repairing the Roads from the Top of Stokenchurch Hill to Enslow Bridge, through the City of Oxford, by Begbrooke, to New Woodstock in the County of Oxon; and for repairing the Road from the Crown Alehouse, to the Turnpike on Stoktnchurch Hill aforesaid; and for repairing the Mile-ways on each Side the said City, as therein mentioned.

An Act for repairing, widening, and altering, the Road from Sandon in the County of Stafford, to Budlock-Smithy in the County of Chester; and from Hilderstone, to Draycott in the Moors; and from Wetly Rocks, to Tean in the said County of Stafford.

An Act for repairing and widening several Roads in the Counties of Cornwall and Devon, leading to the Borough of Saltash in the County of Cornwall.

An Act for repairing and widening the Roads from a certain Place near Bolton in the Moors, to Leigh; and thence to the Guide Post near Golbourne Dale, and to the South End of Newton Bridge; and from the said Guide Post to Winwick; and from Newton, by Parr Stocks, to the Guide Post in Parr in the County Palatine of Lancaster.

An Act for better regulating the Poor; maintaining a Nightly Watch; lighting, paving, and cleansing the Streets, Rows, and Partages; providing Fire Engines and Firemen; and regulating the Hackney Coachmen, Chairmen, Carmen, and Porters; within the City of Chester.

An Act for repairing and widening the Road from the Lostwithiel Turnpike Road, in the Parish of Creed in the County of Cornwall, through Tregony, to Ruan Lanehorne; and from Dennis Water, to Three hundred Yards on the South Side of Trethim Mill, in the Parish of Saint Just in the said County.

An Act for the Enlightening the Streets, Lanes, and Partages, within the Town and County of the Town of Nottingham.

 An Act for enlarging the Term and Powers granted by two several Acts, parted in the sixth and sixteenth Years of his late Majesty, for the more effectual repairing the Roads leading from Wadesmill in the County of Hertford, to Barley and Royston; and for making the said Acts more effectual.

An Act for amending and widening the Road from the Turnpike Road at or near the Town of Swindon, to the North End or Side of the Town of Marlborough, and from the said Town of Marlborough to the Village of Everley in the County of Wilts.

An Act for repairing, widening, and altering, several Roads leading from Tavistock to Plymouth, and other Places in the County of Devon.

 An Act to amend and render more effectual an Act passed in the last Session of Parliament, intituled, An Act for amending, widening, and keeping in Repair, the

Road


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 cramped and a shiver ran through his frame. Staggering to his feet, he made his way down to the house of Free Charlotte, mounted to his room by means of a stair-way opening on the street, threw off his outer garments, kicked off his shoes, and taking a bottle from a closet pressed it several times to his lips with long outward breaths of satisfaction. Then, casting his great white bulk upon the bed, in a minute more he had sunk into a heavy sleep—the usual drunken sleep of old King Solomon.

He, too, had attended M. Xaupi's ball, in his own way and in his proper character, being drawn to the place for the pleasure of seeing the fine ladies arrive and float in, like large white moths of the summer night, of looking in through the open windows at the many-colored waxen lights and the snowy arms and shoulders, of having blown out to him the perfume and the music; not worthy to go in, being the lowest of the low, but attending from a door-step of the street opposite—with a certain rich passion in his nature for splendor and revelry and sensuous beauty.

About 10 o'clock the sunlight entered through the shutters and awoke him. He threw one arm up over his eyes to intercept the burning rays. As he lay outstretched and stripped of grotesque rags, it could be better seen in what a mould nature had cast his figure. His breast, bare and tanned, was barred by full, arching ribs and knotted by crossing muscles; and his shirt-sleeve, falling away to the shoulder from his bent


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76 untied a knot in a corner of it, and counted out the money to the sheriff. Only she and the vagrant were now left on the spot.

"You have bought me. What do you want me to do?" he asked quietly.

"Lohd, honey!" she answered, in a low tone of affectionate chiding, "I don' wan' you to do nothin'! I wuzn' gwine t' 'low dem white folks to buy you. Dey'd wuk you till you dropped dead. You go long en do ez you please."

She gave a cunning chuckle of triumph in thus setting at naught the ends of justice, and, in a voice rich and musical with affection, she said, as she gave him a little push:

"You bettah be gittin' out o' dis blazin' sun. G' on home! I be 'long by-en-by."

He turned and moved slowly away in the direction of Water Street, where she lived; and she, taking up her basket, shuffled across the market-place towards Cheapside, muttering to herself the while:

"I come mighty nigh gittin' dah too late, foolin' 'long wid dese pies. Sellin' him ca'se he don' wuk! Umph! If all de men in dis town dat don' wuk wuz to be tuk up en sole, d' wouldn' be 'nough money in de town to buy 'em! Don' I see 'em settin' 'roun' dese taverns f'om mohnin' till night?"

She snorted out her indignation and disgust, and sitting down on the sidewalk, under a Lombardy poplar, uncovered her wares and kept the flies away with a locust bough, not discovering, in her alternating good and ill humor, that half of them had been filched by her old tormentors.

This was the memorable scene enacted in Lexington


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Rh arm, revealed its crowded muscles in the high relief of heroic bronze. For, although he had been sold as a vagrant, old King Solomon had in earlier years followed the trade of a digger of cellars, and the strenuous use of mattock and spade had developed every sinew to the utmost. His whole person, now half naked and in repose, was full of the suggestions of unspent power. Only his face, swollen and red, only his eyes, bloodshot and dull, bore the impress of wasted vitality. There, all too plainly stamped, were the passions long since raging and still on fire.

The sunlight had stirred him to but a low degree of consciousness, and some minutes passed before he realized that a stifling, resinous fume impregnated the air. He sniffed it quickly; through the window seemed to come the smell of burning tar. He sat up on the edge of the bed and vainly tried to clear his thoughts.

The room was a clean but poor habitation—uncarpeted, whitewashed, with a piece or two of the cheapest furniture, and a row of pegs on one wall, where usually hung those tattered coats and pantaloons, miscellaneously collected, that were his purple and fine linen. He turned his eyes in this direction now and noticed that his clothes were missing. The old shoes had disappeared from their corner; the cigar stumps, picked up here and there in the streets according to his wont, were gone from the mantel-piece. Near the door was a large bundle tied up in a sheet. In a state of bewilderment, he asked himself what it all meant. Then a sense of the silence in the street below possessed him. At this hour he was used to hear noises enough—from Hugh Lonney's new bath-house on one side, from Harry Sikes's barber-shop on the other.


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Rh her stiffly starched and smoothly ironed blue cottonade dress. Rivulets of perspiration ran down over her nose, her temples, and around her ears, and disappeared mysteriously in the creases of her brown neck. A single drop accidentally hung glistening like a diamond on the circlet of one of her large brass ear-rings.

The sheriff looked at her a moment, smiling, but a little disconcerted. The spectacle was unprecedented.

"What do you want heah, Aun' Charlotte?" he asked, kindly. "You can't sell yo' pies an' gingerbread heah."

"I don' wan' sell no pies en gingerbread," she replied, contemptuously. "I wan' bid on him" and she nodded sidewise at the vagrant.

"White folks allers sellin' niggahs to wuk fuh dem; I gwine buy a white man to wuk fuh me. En he gwine t' git a mighty hard mistiss, you heah me!"

The eyes of the sheriff twinkled with delight.

"Ten dollahs is offahed foh ole King Sol'mon. Is theah any othah bid? Are you all done?"

"Leben," she said.

Two young ragamuffins crawled among the legs of the crowd up to her basket and filched pies and cake beneath her very nose.

"Twelve!" cried the student, laughing.

"Thirteen!" she laughed too, but her eyes flashed.

"You are bidding against a niggah" whispered the student's companion in his ear.

"So I am; let's be off," answered the other, with a hot flush on his proud face.

Thus the sale was ended, and the crowd variously dispersed. In a distant corner of the court-yard the ragged urchins were devouring their unexpected booty. The old negress drew a red handkerchief out of her bosom,


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  Road leading from Fisherton Bridge, to the Turnpike Road at Willoughby Hedge in West Knoyle, and from Wilton Bridge, to the Turnpike Road at the West End of Heytesbury; and also the Road from the Turnpike Road at the Top of Red Hone Hill, in the Parish of Urshfont, to the Mile-stone at the Western-End of Fisherton Street, in the County of Wilts.  An Act for building a Bridge cross the River Teese, at or near the Ferry in the Parish of Stockton, in the County of Durham.  An Act for repairing and widening the Roads leading from Kelsall, in the County of Salop, to Whiston Cross, and from thence over Burnhill Green Rudge Heath, by the Two New Inns, and to a Place called High Gate Warren in the County of Stafford.  An Act for amending, widening, and keeping in Repair, the Road, from Castle-Street, at the End of the Town of Hinckley, to Lutterworth Towns End, and from, or near, the Guide Post, at Walcot Town's End in the County of Leicester, to the Eighty Mile Stone in Welford Field in the County of Northampton.  An Act; for continuing and rendering more effectual an Act passed in the tenth Year of his late Majesty King the Second, intituled, An Act for continuing an Act passed in the third Year of the Reign of his Majesty King  the First, for laying a Duty of Two Pennies Scots, or one sixth Part of a Penny Sterling, on every Pint of Ale or Beer, that shall be vended or sold within the Town of Dumfries, and Privileges thereof, for paying the Debts of the said Town, and for building a Church, and making a Harbour there; and for laying a Duty on the Tonnage of Shipping, and a Duty on Goods imported and exported, into and out of the Port of the said Town, for the better repairing of the said Harbour. An Act to amend and render more effectual an Act made in the twenty-eighth Year of the Reign of his late Majesty King the Second, for making navigable Sankey Brook in the County of Lancaster, and for the extending and improving the said Navigation. An Act to amend an Aft made in the thirty-second Year of the Reign of his late Majesty, for repairing and widening several Roads therein mentioned, in the Counties of Southampton and Dorset; and for amending and widening the Road between Ringwood Gate, in the County of Southampton to Woolfbridge;. and from thence to the Great Weftern Road, between a Place called Thick Thorn and Cashmore Inn. An Act for the better Relief and Employment of the Poor, and for cleansing the Streets, Lanes, and other Passages and Places, in the Parish of Saint James, within the Liberty of Westminster, and for enlarging the Church Yard belonging to the said Parish.

An Act for repairing, widening, turning, and shortening the Road leading from the Turnpike Road on Farrad's Common in the Parish of Bradford, through Holt and Melksham to Homans Stile, in the Parish of Laycock in the County of Wilts.

An Act for repairing and widening, the Road from the Turnpike Road at Weyhill in the County of Southampton, to the Turnpike Road at Lyde Way in the County of Wilts.

An Act for altering, widening, and amending, the Road from the North Gate of the City of Winchester, over Worthy Cow Down, through Whitchurch, and other Places, to Newtown River, and also the Road from Worthy Cow Down aforesaid, through Wherwell, to the present Turnpike Road at Andover in the County of Southampton.

An Act for repairing and widening the High Road, leading from Ashborne in the County of Derby, to the Town of Leek in the County of Stafford, and from Ryecroft Gate upon Rushton Common, to Congleton in the County of Chester; and also the Road leading from Blyth Marsh in the County of Stafford, through Cheadl, Oakamoor, and Blore, to the Turnpike Road, from Ashborne to Buxton near Thorp in the County of Derby.

An Act for amending, widening, altering, and keeping in Repair, the Road from the South End of Sparrows Heme on Bushey Heath, through the Market Towns of Watford, Berkhamstead Saint Peters, and Tring, in the County of Hertford, by Pettiphers Elms, to the Turnpike Road at Walton, near Alesbury in the County of Bucks.

 An Act for amending, widening and keeping in Repair, several Roads leading from Bridge Town Pomeroy, and from Teing Bridge in the County of Devon.

An Act for repairing and widening the Roads from the White Post, on Haselden's Wood, in the Parish of Cranbrooke, to Appledore Heath; and from Milk House Street, in the same Parish, to Castledens Oak, in the Parish of Biddenden; and from Golford Green, in the said Parish of Cranbrooke, to Tanner's Vent, in the Parish of Benenden, all in the County of Kent.

An Act for repairing the Road from the Turnpike Road on the Top of Whitefheet Hill, to a Place called the Hare Warren; and from thence to the Index Post, standing near the Blandford Turnpike Road, on the Side of Harnham Hill; and also for repairing and widening the Road, from the said Index Post, to a House called Master Baker's Farm House in the County of Wilts.

An Act for continuing, enlarging, and rendering more effectual, so much of an Act made in the fourteenth Year of the Reign of his late Majesty King the Second, intituled, An Act for enlarging the Terms and Powers granted by two Acts of Parliament for repairing the Roads leading from Seven Oaks to Woodsgate and Tonbridge Wells; and from Woodsgate to Kipping's Cross, in the County of Kent; and also for repairing the Roads from Kippings Cross aforesaid, to Lamberhurst Pound and Pullen's Hill, in the said County; and to Flimwell Vent, in the County of Sussex; as relates to the amending, repairing, and keeping in Repair, the said Roads, leading, from Kipping's Cross aforesaid, to Lamberhurst Pound, Pullens Hill, and Flimwell Vent aforesaid.

An Act for building two new Churches, and providing Burial Places, within the Town of Liverpool, in the County Palatine of Lancaster; and for the better preserving the Pavements of the Streets in the said Town; and for ascertaining the Fares and Prices to be paid Carters, Carmen, Hackney Coachmen, and Chairmen, and for regulating their Behaviour within the said Town.

An Act for explaining and amending so much of two Acts of the twenty-seventh and twenty-ninth Years of his late Majesty, for repairing feveral Roads therein mentioned,, in the Counties of Leicester and Warwick, as relates to the Road between Hinckley and Coventry.

An Act to amend and render more effectual several Acts made for cleansing and enlightening the Streets of the Town of Kingston upon Hull-, and for preventing Annoyances therein.

71. An


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274 Something they would have said; but seemed to fear

To trust their accents to Medora's ear.

She saw at once, yet sunk not—trembled not—

Beneath that grief, that loneliness of lot,

Within that meek fair form, were feelings high,

That deemed not till they found their energy.

While yet was Hope they softened, fluttered, wept—

All lost—that Softness died not—but it slept;

And o'er its slumber rose that Strength which said,

"With nothing left to love, there's nought to dread."

'Tis more than Nature's—like the burning might

Delirium gathers from the fever's height.

"Silent you stand—nor would I hear you tell

What—speak not—breathe not—for I know it well—

Yet would I ask—almost my lip denies

The—quick your answer—tell me where he lies."

"Lady! we know not—scarce with life we fled;

But here is one denies that he is dead:

He saw him bound; and bleeding—but alive."

She heard no further—'twas in vain to strive—

So throbbed each vein—each thought—till then withstood;

Her own dark soul—these words at once subdued:

She totters—falls—and senseless had the wave

Perchance but snatched her from another grave;

But that with hands though rude, yet weeping eyes,

They yield such aid as Pity's haste supplies:

Dash o'er her deathlike cheek the ocean dew,

Raise, fan, sustain—till life returns anew;

Awake her handmaids, with the matrons leave

That fainting form o'er which they gaze and grieve;


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80 country when the woods were gold and scarlet, and the way through them was carpeted with leaves hiding rich stores of nuts for the seeker after treasure.

But no Philadelphia child in the shelter of her own house could know the meaning of the Philadelphia winter as I knew it in the Convent, half frozen in that airy dormitory of the Sacred Heart, shivering in shawl and hood through early Mass in the icy Chapel, still huddled in my shawl at my desk or scurrying as fast as discipline would wink at through the windy passages. The heating arrangements, somehow, never succeeded in coping with the extreme cold of a severe winter in the large rooms and halls of the new wings, and I must confess that we were often most miserably uncomfortable. I cannot but wonder what the pampered school girls of the present generation in the same Convent would say to such discomfort. But it did us no harm. Indeed, though I shiver at the memory, I am sure it did us good. We came out the healthier and hardier for it, much as the Englishman does from his cold house, the coldest in the world. The old conditions of a hardier life, that either killed or cured, did far more to make a vigorous people than all the new-fangled eugenics ever can.

If I had little of the comfort of the Philadelphia child in the Philadelphia house, I shared with him the outdoor pleasures which winter provided by way of compensation—the country white under snow for weeks and weeks, snowballs to be made and snow houses built, sliding to be


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 amendment as the Uitlander franchise would involve, the Boer answer was an offer of arbitration, a course which Great Britain could not accept without admitting the South African Republic to the position of an equal. Here was material enough for an explosion, even if personal misunderstandings and aggravations, adding fuel to the fire, had not naturally occurred (or even been deliberately plotted) during the negotiations. But the truth was that the Boers thought they stood to gain by fighting, while the British, though not expecting war, and acting up till the last month or so on the assumption that serious military preparations were either unnecessary or sufficiently unlikely to be necessary to make them politically inexpedient, had with no less confidence committed themselves to a policy which was impracticable on peaceful terms.

After July the tactics of the Boer executive were simply directed towards putting off a crisis till the beginning of October, when the grass would be growing on the veld, and meanwhile towards doing all they could in their dispatches to put the blame on Great Britain. At last they drafted, on the 27th of September, an ultimatum to the British government. But, although ready drafted, many circumstances conspired to delay its presentation. Meanwhile, the British war office began to act. Certain departmental details were dispatched to South Africa to form a working nucleus for military bases, and early in September the cabinet sanctioned the despatch to Natal from India of a mixed force, 5600 strong, while two battalions were ordered to South Africa from the Mediterranean. Sir George White was nominated to the chief command of the forces in Natal, and sailed on the 16th of September, while active preparations were set on foot in England to prepare against the necessity of dispatching an army corps to Cape Town, in which case the chief command was to be vested in Sir Redvers Buller. Fortunately, although the draft of an ultimatum was lying in the state secretary’s office in Pretoria, the Boers, unprepared in departmental arrangements which are necessary in large military operations, were unable to take the field with the promptitude that the situation demanded. They consequently forfeited many of the advantages of the initiative.

The military strength of the two republics was practically an unknown quantity. It was certain that, since the troublous times of 1896, the Transvaal had greatly increased its armaments; but at their best, except by a very few, the Boers were looked upon by British military experts as a disorganized rabble, which, while containing many individual first-class marksmen, would be incapable of maintaining a prolonged resistance against a disciplined army. As was to be subsequently shown, the hostilities were not confined to opposition from the fighting strength of the two little republics alone; the British had to face Dutch opposition in their own colonies. The total fighting strength of the Boer republics is difficult to ascertain exactly. General Botha stated that there were 83,000 burghers from 15 to 65 years of age on the commando lists. Lord Kitchener put the total number of combatants on the Boer side at 95,000 (Cd. 1790, p. 13). The British official History of the War gave the number as 87,000; another calculation, based on the number killed, taken prisoner and surrendered, made the total 90,000. In the second (1901) rebellion of the Cape Dutch about 8000 joined the burgher forces. The number of Boers in the field at any one period was probably little more than 40,000. But the fact that it was to a large extent a struggle with a nation in arms doubled the numbers of the force that the Transvaal executive was able to draw upon. The bulk of the Dutch levies were organized on the burgher system—that is, each district was furnished with a commandant, who had under him field-cornets and assistant field-cornets, who administered the fighting capacity of the district. Each field-cornet, who, with the commandant, was a paid official of the state, was responsible for the arms, equipment and attendance of his commando.

The plan of campaign which found favour with the Boers, when they determined to put their differences with Great Britain to the test by the ordeal of the sword, was to attack all the principal British towns adjacent to their own borders; at the same time to despatch a field army of the necessary dimensions to invade and reduce Natal, where the largest British garrison existed. It is not too much to suppose that the executive in Pretoria had calculated that the occupation of Durban would inspire the entire Dutch nation with a spirit of unanimity which would eventually wrest South Africa from the British. On paper the scheme had everything to recommend it as the expedient most likely to bring about the desired end. But the departmental executive could not launch the Natal invading force as early as had been anticipated, and it was not until the 9th of October that the ultimatum was presented to Sir (then Mr) Conyngham Greene, the British agent at Pretoria. The scheduled demands were as follow:—

“a. That all points of mutual difference shall be regulated by the friendly course of arbitration, or by whatever amicable way may be agreed upon by the government with Her Majesty’s Government.

“b. That the troops on the borders of this republic shall be instantly withdrawn.

“c. That all reinforcements of troops which have arrived in South Africa since the 1st of June 1899 shall be removed from South Africa within a reasonable time, to be agreed upon with this government, and with a mutual assurance and guarantee on the part of this government that no attack upon or hostilities against any portion of the possessions of the British Government shall be made by the republic during further negotiations within a period of time to be subsequently agreed upon between the governments, and this government will, on compliance therewith, be prepared to withdraw the armed burghers of this republic from the borders.

“d. That Her Majesty’s troops now on the high seas shall not be landed in any part of South Africa.”

To these demands the Transvaal government required an answer within 48 hours.

There could be only one reply, and on Wednesday, the 11th of October 1899, at five o’clock p.m., a state of war existed between the British government and the two Boer republics. On the following day the Boer attack on an armoured train at Kraaipan, a railway station in Cape Colony south of Mafeking and close to the western frontier of the Transvaal, witnessed the first hostile shot of a bloody war, destined to plunge South Africa into strife for two years and a half.

E. The War of 1899–1902.—For the purposes of history the South African War may be conveniently divided into five distinct periods. The first comprises the Boer invasion, terminating with the relief of Ladysmith on the 28th of February. The second, the period of Boer organized resistance, may be said to have finished with the occupation of Komati Poort in October 1900 (a month after Lord Roberts’s formal annexation of the Transvaal) and the flight of President Kruger. The third may be characterized as a period of transition; it marks the adoption in earnest of a guerrilla policy on the part of the enemy, and an uncertain casting about on the part of the British for a definite system with which to grapple with an unforeseen development. This phase endured up to the failure of the Middelburg negotiations in March 1901. The next stage was that which saw the slow building up of the blockhouse system and the institution of small punitive columns, and may be considered to have extended until the close of 1901. The fifth, and last period—which, after all other expedients had failed, finally brought the residue of uncaptured and unsurrendered burghers to submission—was the final development of the blockhouse system, wedded to the institution of systematic “driving” of given areas, which operations were in force until the 31st of May 1902, when peace was ratified at Pretoria.

The first of these periods saw the severest fighting of the

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Rh had on the frozen lake, and coasting down the long hill just beyond the gate into the woods, when there were sleds to coast on. And what excitement in the marvellous snowstorms that have vanished with other marvels of my youth—the storms that put the new blizzard to shame, when the snow drifts were mountains high, and it took all the men on the farm, with Big John at their head, to clear a way through the near paths and roads. I recall one storm in particular when my Father, who had been making his periodical visit to my Sister and myself, left the Convent at six, was snowed up in his train, and never reached the dingy Depot in Frankford until three the next morning, and when for days we got out of the house only for a solemn ten minutes' walk each noon on the wide front porch, where it was a shocking breach of discipline to be seen at all other times except on Thursday and Sunday, the Convent visiting days. Of the inspiriting rigours of a Philadelphia winter I was never in ignorance.

In the snow drifts and storms of winter Big John and his men were not more helpless than in the floods and slush that began with the first soft breath of the Philadelphia spring. Wearing our big shapeless overshoes, we waded through the puddles and jumped over the streams in the Convent paths and roads as, in town, Philadelphia children, with their "gums" on, jumped over the streams and waded through the puddles in the abominably paved streets. But then hope too began when the first spaces of green were uncovered by the melting snow. The first


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iv. 14- vs. 5 (8. 17), in the parvan sacrifices, with transfer of the fires, and again, in the agniṣṭoma (15. 9), when the fire is brought to the uttaravedi; and the comm. regards vs. 3 as quoted at 27. 6, in the vājapeya rite.

Translated: Griffith, i. 149; Weber, xviii. 51 (elaborate comment).

1. Since the goat has been born from the heat of Agni (the fire), it saw [its] generator in the beginning; by it the gods in the beginnings attained (i) [their] godhead; by (with?) it the sacrificial ones (médhya) ascended the ascents (róha).

2. Stride ye with the fire to the firmament (nā́ka), bearing in your hands vessel-[fires] (úkhya); having gone to the back of the sky, to the heaven (svàr), sit ye mingled with the gods.

3. From the back of earth I have ascended to the atmosphere; from the atmosphere I have ascended to the sky; from the back of the sky, of the firmament (nā́ka), I have gone to heaven (svàr), to light.

4. Going to heaven (svàr) they look not away; they ascend to the sky, the two firmaments (ródasī)—they who, well-knowing, have extended the everywhere-streaming sacrifice.

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82 spring-beauty in the sunny spaces of the woods, the first flowery frost in the orchard, the first blooming of the tulip trees, were among the great events of the year. And what joy now in the new hunt!—what treasure of spring-beauties everywhere in the woods as the sun grew warmer, of shyer, retired hepaticas, of white violets running wild in the swampy fields beyond the lake, of sweet trailing arbutus, of Jacks-in-the-pulpit flourishing best in the damp thickets of the Poisonous Valley into which I never wandered without a tremor not merely because it was a forbidden adventure, but because, though I passed through it unscathed, I had seen so often the horrible and unsightly red rash one whiff from over its bushes and trees could bring out on the faces and hands of my schoolmates with a skin more sensitive than mine. Games lost their charm in the spring sunshine and our one pleasure was in the hunt, no longer for chestnuts and walnuts and hickory nuts, but solely for flowers, bringing back great bunches wilting in our hot little hands, to place before the shrine that aroused the warmest fervours of our devotion or was tended by the nun of our special adoration.

And before we knew it, the spring-beauties and hepaticas and white violets and Jacks-in-the-pulpit disappeared from the woods, and the flowery frost from the orchard, and the great blossoms from the tulip trees, and summer was upon us—blazing summer when we lay perspiring on our little beds up there in Gothic Hall where a few months before we shivered and shook, perspiration streamed from


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 campaign. It opened with the investment of Mafeking by a Transvaal force under P. A. Cronje and the envelopment of Kimberley by Free State commandos under General Wessels. But these were minor operations. The main Boer effort was made in Natal, where their forces were commanded by P. J. Joubert, while Lieut.-General Sir George White was the British commander-in-chief. The northern part of Natal presented two faces of a triangle to the two enemies, the short base being formed by the Tugela river. Close to the head of the triangle at Dundee and Glencoe was posted a small British force under Major-General Sir W. Penn Symons. Against this force there advanced a Boer force under Lukas Meyer from the east, and, more slowly, the foremost portion of the main Boer army from the north, while at the same time other Transvaalers descended upon the railway between Glencoe and Ladysmith, and the Free Staters from the passes of the Drakensberg advanced towards Ladysmith, the British centre of operations at which the reinforcements sent from India gathered. On the 20th of October the Dundee brigade vigorously and successfully attacked Talana Hill, and drove back Lukas Meyer, but this success was dearly bought. Symons was mortally wounded, and 226 officers and men were killed and wounded. Half the mounted men lost their way in attempting to pass the enemy’s flank and were taken, and the brigade, threatened to its left rear by Joubert’s advance and by the force that had seized the railway, only escaped being enveloped by retreating upon Ladysmith, where it arrived in an exhausted state on the 26th of October. Meanwhile Sir George White had discovered the Boer force on the railway, and, though anxious on account of the advance of the Free Staters, on the 21st, stimulated by the news of Talana, he sent out a force of all arms under General (Sir John) French to drive the Boers from Elandslaagte and so to clear Symons’s line of retreat. This was accomplished by French and his subordinate, Colonel (Sir) Ian Hamilton, in the action of Elandslaagte on the 21st of October (British losses, 258 all ranks). But on the 22nd the Free Staters’ advance caused the victorious force to be recalled to Ladysmith, and the third action north of that town, Rietfontein (24th), was only a demonstration to cover the retirement of the Dundee force. By the 29th of October all the British forces at the front and their reinforcements had fallen in on Ladysmith, which the Transvaalers on the north and east and the Free Staters on the west side began to invest. Before the junction of the two allied wings was complete Sir George White attempted by a general attack to break up their line. The result of this decision was the battle of Lombard’s Kop, outside Ladysmith, in which the whole of the available British force was engaged. The engagement was disastrous to the British, who had undertaken far too comprehensive an attack, and the Natal Field Force was obliged to fall back upon Ladysmith with the loss of 1500 men, including a large number of prisoners belonging to the left column under Lieut.-Colonel F.R.C. Carleton, who were cut off at Nicholson’s Nek and forced to surrender by a mixed force of Transvaalers and Free Staters under Christian de Wet. From that day the rôle of the Natal Field Force was changed from that of a mobile field army into that of a garrison, and two days later it was completely isolated, but not before General French had succeeded in escaping south by train, and the naval authorities had been induced by Sir George White’s urgent appeals to send into the town a naval brigade with a few guns of sufficient range and calibre to cope with the heavy position artillery which Joubert was now able to bring into action against the town.

General Sir Redvers Buller, who had been appointed to the supreme command in South Africa as soon as it was perceived that war was imminent—his force being one army corps in three divisions, the divisional generals being Lord Methuen, Sir W. Gatacre and Sir C. F. Clery—arrived in Cape Town, ahead of his troops, on the day following Lombard’s Kop. The situation which presented itself was delicate in the extreme. In Natal practically the whole of the available defence force was swallowed up by the steady success of the invasion; on the western frontier two British towns were isolated and besieged; and Boer commandos were on the point of invading Cape Colony, where the Dutch population seemed on the verge of rebellion. The army corps was about to arrive, practically as a whole unit, in South Africa; but it was evident that the exigencies of the situation, and the widely divided areas of invasion, would at least defer the execution of the plan which had been formed for an invasion of the Orange Free State from Cape Colony. The first duty was to effect the relief of the British forces which had been rendered immobile, and another duty imposed by political circumstances was to relieve Kimberley (where Cecil Rhodes was), while the prospect of rebellion forbade the complete denudation of the central part of the colony. Thus Sir Redvers Buller had no choice but to disintegrate the army corps. Clery and some brigades were sent to Natal; Gatacre with less than a brigade, instead of a division, was dispatched to Queenstown, Cape Colony; while Lord Methuen, with a division, was sent off to relieve Kimberley. As November wore on, the situation did not improve. Cape Colony was invaded; while in Natal a flying column of Boers, pushing down from the Tugela, for a short time isolated the newly-arrived force under General (Sir) H. J. T. Hildyard, which opposed Joubert’s advance on Pietermaritzburg at Estcourt. The situation in Natal seemed so serious that on the 22nd of November Sir Redvers Buller left Cape Town and sailed for Durban. In the meantime Lord Methuen had commenced his march to the relief of Kimberley. He encountered resistance at Belmont on the 23rd, but attacking resolutely he drove the Boers out of their strong positions. Two days later he won another action at Enslin. Still persevering he moved on to the Modder, where he was seriously opposed by De la Rey and P. A. Cronje, the latter having posted down from Mafeking with 2000 men and arrived on the previous night. The Boers, who held a river line, kept the British attack at bay all day, but eventually fell back, relinquishing the position after dark, as their right had been turned by General Pole-Carew’s brigade. It was a long and wearing fight, in which the British lost 485 killed and wounded, and what was more serious, Lord Methuen (himself wounded) found that his force had exhausted its forward momentum, and that he would have to collect supplies and reinforcements on the Modder before lighting his next battle. The extent of the operations and the gravity of the situation now began to be felt in England; every available man was called up from the reserves, and the war office made what at the time appeared to be adequate provision for the waste which it was seen would occur. On the 30th of November the mobilization of a sixth division was ordered, offers of colonial aid were accepted, and every facility provided for local recruiting in the South African ports. Thus in the early days of December confidence was considerably restored. Buller was arranging for the relief of Ladysmith, which had already shown its spirit by two successful sorties against the besiegers’ batteries. In every theatre the British strength was consolidating. But the full significance of the situation presented by these two small nations in arms had not yet been appreciated. The confidence restored by the lull during the early part of December was destined to be roughly shattered. On the 10th of December Gatacre essayed a night march and attack upon the enemy’s position at Stormberg, and, misled by his guides in unknown ground, was himself surprised and forced to return with a loss of 719. On the following day Lord Methuen delivered an attack upon Cronje’s position between the Upper Modder river and the Kimberley road, a line of kopjes called Spytfontein and Magersfontein. In a night attack on Magersfontein hill the Highland brigade came under heavy fire while still in assembly formation, and lost its general, A.G. Wauchope, and 750 men, and in the battle by day which followed the other brigades were unable to retrieve the failure, the total losses amounting to about 950. But even this could be suffered with equanimity, since Buller was about to bring his own force into play, and Buller, it was confidently supposed, would not fail. He had collected at Chieveley in Natal a brigade of mounted men, four brigades of infantry and six batteries of artillery, and he carried with him the trust alike of the army and the nation.

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171 5. O Agni, go forth first of the divinities, eye of gods and of human beings (mā́nuṣa)—pressing on (? íyakṣa-) in unison with the Bhṛgus, let the sacrificers go to heaven (svàr), to well-being.

6. With milk, with ghee, I anoint the goat, the heavenly eagle, milky, great; by it may we go to the world of the well-done, ascending the heaven (svàr), unto the highest firmament (nā́ka).

7. Accompanied by five rice-messes (-odaná), by the five fingers, with the spoon, take thou up five-fold that rice-mess. In the eastern quarter set thou the head of the goat; in the southern (dákṣiṇa) quarter set his right (dákṣiṇa) side.

8. In the western quarter set his rump (bhasád); in the northern (úttara) quarter set his other (úttara) side; in the upward quarter set the goat's back-bone; in the fixed quarter set his belly (? pājasyà); midway in the atmosphere his middle.

9. Do thou envelop with cooked skin the cooked goat, brought

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 On the 15th of December Buller made his effort and failed. Behind the Tugela at Colenso were Louis Botha’s forces covering the siege of Ladysmith, and, imperfectly acquainted with the topography, Buller sent a force to turn Botha’s left, in conjunction with a frontal attack. But the flank attack became entangled in mass in a loop of the river and suffered heavily, and two batteries that formed part of the frontal attack came into action within a few hundred yards of unsuspected Boer trenches, with the result that ten guns were lost, as well as in all some 1100 men. Buller then gave up the fight. The full nature of the failure was not realized by the British public, nor the spirit in which the general had received the finding of fortune. He lost heart, and actually suggested to White the surrender of Ladysmith, believing this to be inevitable and desiring to cover White’s responsibility in that event with his own authority; but White replied that he did not propose to surrender, and the cabinet at home, aware of Buller’s despondency, appointed Field Marshal Lord Roberts to the supreme command, with Major-General Lord Kitchener as his chief of staff. A wave of military enthusiasm arose throughout the empire, and as the formation of a seventh division practically drained the mother-country of trained men, a scheme for the employment of amateur soldiers was formulated, resulting in the despatch of Imperial Yeomanry and Volunteer contingents, which proved one of the most striking features of the South African campaign. Pending the arrival of Lord Roberts and reinforcements, the situation in South Africa remained at a deadlock: the three besieged towns—Mafeking, Kimberley and Ladysmith—still held their own, but no headway was made by the relief columns; all they could do was to stand on the defensive. The only bright spot, as far as the British were concerned, was to be found in northern Cape Colony, where General French, with two cavalry brigades and details, by his skilful tactics and wonderful activity kept at arm’s length a superior force of the enemy in the vicinity of Colesberg, an achievement the more noteworthy since he had pitted against him both De la Rey and De Wet, two of the three men of military genius produced by the war on the Boer side. On the 6th of January the Boers in Natal made a desperate attempt to storm Ladysmith. The garrison, though already weakened by privation and sickness, made a stubborn resistance, and after one of the fiercest engagements of the war, repulsed the attack at Caesar’s Camp and Wagon Hill with severe loss to the enemy, itself having 500 casualties.

When Lord Roberts arrived in Cape Town on the 10th of January 1900 the three garrisons were still invested, and the relieving forces were still maintaining their rôle of passive resistance, while at the same time restraining the Dutch in Cape Colony. The commander-in-chief’s first duty was to create a field army out of the tangle of units in Cape Colony. In the meantime, Sir Redvers Buller, who had been reinforced by Sir Charles Warren and the 5th division, essayed a second attempt to cross the Tugela, by turning the Boer left. But much time was consumed and the plan underwent several modifications before its execution began in earnest on the 16th of January. Warren was placed in command of the main body, which crossed the Tugela at Trichardt’s Drift on the 17th and 18th. The mounted troops engaged a Boer force north-west of the point of passage, but were brought back to take part in a general right wheel of the forces of the Tugela, pivoting on Trichardt’s Drift. But meantime the mobile enemy, whose original flank had been turned, had gathered at the new centre of gravity, and the upshot of several days’ fighting was the retreat of the British. They had penetrated the enemy’s right centre by the seizure of Spion Kop, but the force there became the target for the concentrated attacks of the Boers, and, after suffering heavily, was withdrawn (Jan. 24, 1900), with a loss of 1700 men.

By the 1st of February Lord Roberts had matured his plans and begun to prepare for their execution. On the 3rd of February he ordered a demonstration against the right of the Boer position at Spyffontein-Magersfontein to cover the withdrawal of General French and the cavalry from before Colesberg, and the concentration of his army at Modder River, disregarding another set-back in Natal to Sir Redvers Buller, who had against his advice made a third attempt to relieve Ladysmith on the 5th of February, and failed to make good the purchase which he secured across the Tugela. (Vaal Krantz).

Lord Roberts’s plan was first to concentrate to his left, taking every measure to induce the Boers to believe that the original scheme of invasion by the centre would now be resumed, and in this purpose he succeeded so well that his field army with the necessary transport for a cross-country march was assembled between the Orange and the Modder without serious mishap. Cronje at the new centre of gravity was not reinforced, all available Boers drawing down towards Colesberg. The concentration effected, Cronje still believed that the relief of Kimberley was the object of the gathering behind Modder River, and therefore held on to his Magersfontein kopje. The relief of Kimberley was indeed urgent, for dissensions between Rhodes and the military authorities had become acute. But to this part of the task only the cavalry division assembled under French was assigned. The army itself was to force Cronje into the open and then advance on Bloemfontein from the west. Roberts began his operations on the 11th of February. French started from Ramdam (near Graspan) eastward on that day, intending to make a wide sweep round Cronje’s immobile army. Skirmishing with De Wet in the first stages of their ride, the cavalry brigades crossed the Modder at Klip Drift on the 13th. Cronje sent only detachments to oppose them, but these detachments were broken through by a sword-in-hand charge of the whole division, and Kimberley was relieved on the 15th. The infantry, meeting with great difficulties in its crossing of the Riet at Waterval owing to the country and its own unwieldy transport, followed 1½ to 2 days later. But Cronje had now realized his danger, and slipped away westward behind French and in front of the leading infantry at Klip Drift. This was deflected by Kitchener westward to follow up the Boer rearguard, and after some delay the remainder of the infantry, at first fronting northwards, swerved westward likewise, while French from Kimberley, with such of his men as he could mount on serviceable horses, headed off Cronje in the north-west. The result, after one premature and costly assault on Cronje’s lines had been made by Kitchener, was the surrender of 4000 Boers at Paardeberg with their leader on the 29th of February, the anniversary of Majuba. At the same moment came in news at last of the relief of Ladysmith.

It was part of Roberts’s purpose to relieve the pressure in Natal by his own operations. Buller began his fourth advance on the 14th of February, and though this was checked the foothold gained was not abandoned, and a fifth and last attempt (Pieter’s Hill) was successful. Ladysmith was relieved on the 28th of February. It had fared worst of all the beleaguered garrisons, and its 22,000 inhabitants were almost at their last gasp when relief came. The casualties from shell-fire had been few, but those from sickness were very heavy. Buller’s operations, too, had cost at Colenso 1100 men, at Spion Kop 1700, at Vaalkrantz 400, and now in the last long-drawn effort 1600 more—over 5000 in all. But the tide of war had changed. The Natal invaders fell back to the mountains which enclose the north of the colony; Oliver and Schoeman retired from Cape Colony before the small forces of Gatacre and Clements; and the presidents of the republics, realizing that the British Empire was capable of more resistance than they had calculated upon, put forward feelers aiming at the restoration of the status quo before the war. These proposals were rejected by Lord Salisbury: there could be no end now but a complete destruction of the Boer power.

The surrender of Cronje and the relief of Ladysmith for the time being paralysed the Boer resistance. Two half-hearted attempts were made on the 7th and 10th of March, at Poplar Grove and Driefontein, to stem Lord Roberts’s advance upon

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text: The Hundred Best Poems (lyrical) in the English language - second series