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 which account all men, even idiots, use after a certain manner, the dialectic and peirastic, for all up to a certain point endeavour to form a judgment of such as announce any thing. These however are common, for they know these no less, though they appear to speak very foreign from the purpose. All men therefore confute, for without art they partake of this with which dialectic is artistically conversant, and he is a dialectician who is peirastic in the syllogistic art. Nevertheless, since these are many, and are about all things, yet are not of such a kind as to be in a certain nature and genus, but as negations, other things again are not such, but are properties, it is possible from these to make a trial about all, and that there should be a certain art, and that it should not be such as those are which demonstrate. Wherefore, the contentious person is not one who in all respects thus subsists, as the maker of a false description, for the contentious person will not be paralogistic from a certain definite genus of principles, but will be about every genus.

Such then are the modes of sophistical elenchi, but it is not difficult to perceive that it is the province of the dialectician to investigate these, and to be able to effect them, for the method about propositions comprehends the whole of this theory.

Chapter 12
have treated of the apparent elenchi, but with regard to showing that something is falsely


text: The Statutes at Large (Ruffhead)/Volume 1/Judic. Pillorie (51 Hen3. Stat 6) (1266)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Dictionary of spoken Russian (1945).djvu/237

 rubles"; it is like the g when the noun is animate: вы встретили этих четырёх красивых дёвушек? "did you meet those four pretty young ladies?" However, when the numbers 2, 3, 4 are at the end of a longer number, the a is even with animates like the n: мы видели двадцать два мальчика "we saw 22 boys"; only a pronominal adjective before the number has the a like the g: мы видели ваших двадцать два ученика "we saw your 22 pupils."

The numbers пять "5," шесть "6," семь, "7," восемь "8," девять "9," десять "10," двадцать "20," тридцать "30" inflect like S nouns of the fourth declension, with stress on the endings; the е in восемь is an inserted vowel: g, d, l пяти, восьми, двадцати; i пятью, восьмью, двадцатью. In multiplication there are also i forms stressed on the stem: пятью "5 times," восемью (with inserted vowel) "8 times."

The numbers одиннадцать "11," двенадцать "12," тринадцать "13," четырнадцать "14," пятнадцать "15," шестнадцать [šisnatc'tj] "16," семнадцать "17," восемнадцать "18," девятнадцать "19" have the same inflection, but stress the stem: g, d, l двенадцати, i двенадцатью.

The numbers пятьдесят "50," шестьдесйт [š'zdjisjat] "60," семьдесят "70," восемьдесят "80" inflect both parts, with stress on the ending of the first part, but with hard final [t] in the n forms: g, d, l пятидесяти, i пятьюдесятью. The numbers сорок "40," девяносто "90," сто "100" have the ending [-a] in all forms except the n, stressed in сорок and сто: сорока, девяноста, ста. In noun-like use сто has also P forms of the third declension: n ста, g сот, d стам, i стами, l стах.

The numbers from 200 to 900 contain сто, inflected as a third declension noun; the stress is on the preceding number only when сто is in S form. In writing, the two words are usually run together. In the n двести "200" both parts are irregular in shape. Thus we have n триста, четыреста, пятьсот, шестьсот, семьсот, восемьсот, девятьсот; g двухсот, восьмисот; d двумстам, восьмистам; i двумястами, восьмьюстами; l двухстах, восьмистах.

In n expressions with the numbers from 5 to 900, nouns and adjectives are in gp form; only a pronominal adjective before the number is np: эти пять больших столов "these five big tables." In the other case forms all the words are in the same case: g от этих пяти больших столов "from these five big tables"; l на этих пяти больших столах "on these five big tables." The a of these expressions is like the n even with animates: я видел пять девушек "I saw five young women"; only a pronominal adjective before the number has a like g with animates: мы встретили этих пять девушек "we met those five young women."

Compound numbers inflect each part: n четыреста шестьдесят восемь рублей "468 rubles," i с четырьмястами шестьюдесятью восьмью рублями "with 468 rubles."

The number тысяча "1,000" is inflected like a F noun of declension one, except that the is is optionally тысячью. Nouns and adjectives that go with it are gp; less commonly, when тысяча is d, i, or l, they are in the same case: тысяча рублей "1,000 rubles"; i с тысячей (тысячью) рублей (less often рублями) "with 1,000 rubles"; две тысячи рублей "2,000 rubles"; пять тысяч рублей "5,000 rubles."

Higher units, like миллион "million," миллиард "thousand millions" (American "billion"), биллион "million millions" (British "billion") are treated as M nouns: миллион рублей "a million rubles," с пяью миллионами рублей "with 5 million rubles."

A number after its noun is approximate: года два "about two years."

Ordinal numbers, such as первый "first," втарой "second," четвёртый "fourth," пятый "fifth," шестой "sixth," сороковой "fortieth," пятидесятый "fiftieth," are regular adjectives; only третий "third" goes by §13. In compound numbers only the last part is ordinal: в тысяча девятсот сорок пятом году "in the year 1945."

There are collective numbers from 2 to 10: двое, трое, четверо, пятего, шестего, семеро, восьмеро, девятего, десятего. The n form are like N nouns; the other cases have P adjective endings, stressed. In n and a expressions accompanying words are in gp form; in the other cases they concord: двое братьев "two brothers," g двоих братьев, d двоим братьям. The a of animates is like the g: он встретил двоих товарищей "he met two comrades." There are a few special expressions such as втроём "three of them together." The collective numbers are used very largely with animate masculines: четверо сыновей "four sons," beside четыре сына. They are used with names of things that occur in pairs, meaning "so many pairs": у обезьян двое рук "monkeys have two pairs of hands." They are used with nouns that are P only: трое часов "three watches or clocks"; from 5 on, however, the ordinary numbers are here also used: пятеро ножниц "5 pairs of scissors" beside пять ножниц; in forms other than n (and a) the ordinary numbers are here more usual: с тремя часами "with three watches."

Fractions are половина "half," треть "third," четверть "quarter," F nouns: три четверти этих людей "three fourths of these people." The other fractions are the F forms of the ordinals (sometimes with част F part added): одна пятая километра "one fifth of a kilometer"; after 2 and higher numbers there are in gp form три пятых километра "three fifths of a kilometer." One often hears such expressions as два с половиной километра "two with a half (that is, two and one half) kilometers."

The number полтора "one and a half," F полторы, in the n (and a) form combines with a noun in gs form: полтора рубля "one and a half rubles," полторы недели "one and one half weeks." In the other cases it is полутора: с полутора рублями "with one and a half rubles"; около полтура тысяч "about one and a half thousand, about 1,500."

The number полтораста "150" has in the cases other than n (and a) optionally the form полутораста; nouns are in the gp form: полтораста рублей "150 rubles," с полутораста (or с полтораста) рублями "with 150 rubles."

For numbers after по, see §3l.

The interrogative pronouns кто, что (§20), interrogative adjectives, such as который "which," какой "what kind, which," and other question words, such as где "where," куда "whereto," откуда "wherefrom," когда "when," как "how," сколко "how much, how many," are compounded with various other words.

With ни before them they make negative; the words are run together in writing unless a preposition comes between: никто


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hoey, Josephine


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Page:Ludovico Guicciardini - Description of the Low Countries.djvu/20

 (having first made the little Isle of Bomlerwert,) joyne togither againe, and so joyntly taking the name of Merwe, they come to Dordrecht, where (having made the Ile of Iselmont) the Meuse resumeth his name, and with such a furie entereth the Sea, that it maintaineth his course & keepeth his water fresh a great space, not without great comoditie and profit to the country, for by that meanes it openeth the waie to divers fishes, especiallie to sturgeonq the which findinge in the Sea this sweete water, and being beyond measure desirous thereof, enter so farre there into, that in the ende conning into the shallowe waters, they become a pray to those that lie in waight for them. The like effect worke also the rivers, of Pau, Tibre, Rosne, Garonne, and every other River that entereth the Sea with a violent course. But the Seine, Hebre, and the Thamis, entering gentlie into the Sea, some lose both their course and their fresh water, and therefore worke no such effect as the Meuse and the other Rivers above mentioned do.

The Sturgeous of Meuse are so great, that some of them waigh foure hundred, and some foure hundred and twenty pound, & are twelve foote longe, of Antwerp measure which is as much as six brasses of Florence.

The time that the Sturgeon is in season, beginneth in Aprill, and endureth more than three monethes these sturgeons are sent into divers


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hoff, Henry Kuhn


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hoffman, Beekman Verplanck


text:
Page:The Oxford book of Italian verse.djvu/549

NOTES various missions, amongst others to Louis XII and Cesare Borgia. Served under Piero di Tommaso Soderini, who was elected Gonfaloniere for life in 1502; organized the Florentine militia. His work afforded him extraordinary opportunity for studying various types of princes and of realizing the folly of employing mercenaries. On the return of the Medici to Florence (1512) he lost office and was banished for a year; in 1513 he was involved in a conspiracy against them and was imprisoned, tortured, and then pronounced not guilty. He retired to San Casciano, and studied politics and history. He was reconciled with the Medici in 1519 and again went on various missions, but when in 1527 they were again driven out of Florence he lost his secretarial post, and died shortly afterwards in extreme poverty. He was buried in Santa Croce. Chief works: Il Principe, L'Arte della Guerra, Le Istorie Fiorentine, Discorso sopra la prima Deca di T. Livio, La Mandragola, comedy in five acts, La Clizia, another comedy, imitated from Plautus, I Decennali, in terza rima, a history of events from 1494 to 1509, a few Rime, and Capitoli. [Opere, 6 vols., Firenze, 1873-7.]

 (page 211). Born at Venice; studied Greek at Messina under Lascaris, 1492. Lived at Ferrara 1498-1500, where he became a friend of Ariosto; fell in love with Lucrezia Borgia. Went to Rome in 1505, and to Urbino (v. Castiglione, Cortegiano). Returned to Rome 1512, and was made papal secretary; fell in love again and lived with La Morosina, by whom he had three children; she died in 1535. Held many benefices from Leo X, and went on missions. Lived at Padua, 1521-4; returned to Rome; in 1530 was at Venice, and was ordered by the Council of Ten to continue the Venetian History which Andrea Navagero left unfinished at his death. Was nearly poisoned by a nephew, and was made a cardinal by Paul III. Bishop of Gubbio 1543, of Bergamo 1544, 549


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152

ings. It is more conservative than "Takamoku."

general methods of replying to "Moku hadzushi." 3. R 16. Black plays to secure the corner.

4. R 15.

5. S 16. The corner is now safe.

6. R 11. S 15 would be good also.

Even game.

1. R 15. "Moku hadzushi."

2. P 16.

3. P 15. Black plays to confine White.

4. O 15.

5. P 14. Necessary to prevent White breaking in.

6. Q 16. White plays to get the corner.

7. R 16.

8. N 16. Very important; if neglected, Black gets the corner, and also destroys White's adjacent territory.

9. R 10.

10. R 17.

11. S 17.

12. S 18.

13. R 18.

14. Q 17.

15. S 16.

16. K 17.

The corner is evenly divided, and neither side has an advantage.

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text:
Portal:English Statutes

Early Charters and Statutes
(This list is not definitive - and is compiled in part from a list at English Wikipedia)
 * Statutes of William the Conqueror

12 century

 * Charter of liberties (1200) - Made under Henry II
 * Constitutions of Clarendon
 * Assize of Clarendon (1166)
 * Assize of Northampton (1176)
 * Assize of Arms (1181)
 * Assize of the Forest (1184)
 * Ordinance of the Saladin Tithe (1188)

13th Century

 * Magna Carta 1215
 * Magna Carta 1216
 * Magna Carta 1217
 * Charter of the Forest 1217
 * Provisions of Oxford (1258)
 * Provisions of Westminster (1259)
 * Treaty of Paris (1259)
 * Mise of Amiens (1264)
 * Mise of Lewes (1264)
 * Peace of Canterbury (1265)
 * Dictum of Kenilworth

Statutes (and Acts) of the Parliament of England, Parliament of Great Britain and Parliament of the United Kingdom
see:
 * Portal:Acts of the Parliament of England  till 1707
 * Portal:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom - From 1707 covering:
 * the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707-1801),
 * the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801-1927)
 * the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927-present).

title: Portal:English Statutes


text: Index:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large, 1763.djvu


text:
Page:The Oxford book of Italian verse.djvu/550

NOTES but lived in Rome. Died there, and was buried in the choir of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, close to the monument of Leo X. Chief works: Gli Asolani, Le Prose della volgar lingua, dialogues; Rime (1530), Lettere, and in Latin the Return Venetarum Historia, Libri XII.

150. Sonetto II, per la venuta di Carlo VIII... Lodovico Sforza (il Moro) was menaced by Alfonso II, King of Naples, and invoked the aid of Charles, who crossed the Alps at the end of 1494. II Moro was theoretically regent for his young nephew Gian Galeazzo Maria, who had been married to Isabella, Alfonso's daughter. In reality he was a complete despot, and Isabella had appealed to her father for aid against him. Gian Galeazzo died (murdered?) 1495.

 (page 212). Born at Reggio, where his father was capitano della cittadella. Went to Ferrara when a boy and became a favourite at the court. His life is described in the satires; he studied the classics under Gregory of Spoleto, tutor to the son of the unfortunate Gian Galeazzo Sforza; in 1502 he was captain of Canossa; in 1503 he entered the service of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, who sent him on various missions,—to Venice, and to Julius II, who seems to have lost his temper with the ambassador. He hated travelling, and yearned for a quiet life, and lost favour with the cardinal because he refused to go with him to Buda-Pesth; afterwards he entered the service of Duke Alfonso, who made him judge of Garfagnana; he disliked the office, but fulfilled its duties faithfully. He returned at last to Ferrara in 1525. In 1532 he presented the Orlando Furioso to the Emperor Charles V in Mantua. He died at Fenara in 1533 and was buried in San Benedetto. Chief woiks:—Orlando Furioso, Elegie, Satire, four comedies: La Cassaria and I Suppositi; Raphael painted the scenery for the latter when it was acted before Leo X; Il Negromante and La Lena— 550


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Rh

1. P 17.

2. Q 15. "Takamoku kakari."

3. P 15.

4. P 16. This is an invention of Murase Shuho.

5. O 16. Black cannot play at Q 16 without getting a very bad position.

6. Q 16.

7. Q 17.

8. R 17.

9. R 18.

10. S 16.

11. S 18.

12. O 17.

13. N 17.

14. O 18.

15. P 18.

16. N 18. This and the two preceding stones are sacrificed; Black naturally expects White to cut at O 15. The text move is a brilliant invention of Murase Shuho.

17. M 17. Black cannot neglect this move.

18. O 15.

19. N 16.

20. P 14. Takes.

21. K 17. Defensive; Black loses the "Sente."

22. R 10.

White has much the better game.

1. P 3. "Moku hadzushi."

2. Q 5. "Takamoku kakari."

3. P 5.

4. P 4.

title: Page:Smith - The game of go.djvu/179


text: United States Statutes at Large/Volume 1/4th Congress/2nd Session/Chapter 8


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Apples of Sodom

APPLES OF SODOM, a fruit supposed to grow near the Dead sea, fair to the sight, but when plucked dissolving into smoke and ashes. A general opinion, supported by Hasselquist, is that the “apples of Sodom” are to be found in the fruit of the solanum melongena (nightshade), which he describes as filled with dust or ashes; or at least, when punctured by a certain insect, as it frequently is, the whole interior of the fruit is converted into a fine dust, leaving the rind entire in form and color. Robinson, in his “Biblical Researches,” identifies the apple of Sodom with the asclepias gigantea vel procera. The Arabs call it osher. It is found on the shores of the Dead sea, and

Robinson says that seeing the two (the osher and the nightshade) growing side by side, the former struck him at once from its agreement with the ancient story, while the latter did not. He describes the osher as from 10 to 15 feet high, having a grayish cork-like bark, oval leaves, flowers similar to the silkweed of the northern United States, and as discharging like that plant a milky fluid when broken. The fruit resembles an orange in size and color, but, when even very carefully touched, explodes like a bladder or puff-ball, leaving in the hands only a rind and a few filaments by which the interior was traversed.


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Page:Australian Emigrant 1854.djvu/98

 with murder, fire, and devastation?—Have you ever heard of such a being?"

Before there was time for an answer, which Hugh and Slinger, who were speechless, certainly did not give, he sprung to his feet, and casting his gun from him, said,—

"The man whom such lies are spoken of is before you and in your power; work your wills upon him—he is desperate and prepared for everything that can happen: "he folded his arms and leant against the tree; his chest heaving with violent emotion. Neither of the friends spoke a word, and the bushman returned to his old position, and said, in a subdued voice, "I am Bayley, the notorious bushranger."

His listeners felt anything but comfortable at the information, for his name was the terror of the whole country.

"That very paper which I put in my knapsack yesterday contained a Government notice that £200 was set upon my head, dead or alive; and £100 and a free pardon to any of my band who will be base enough to sell me; and I fear," said he, "there was one, if not more, of those who lately joined me, that would most gladly do so. I heard of the notice fortunately, and left them all about a month ago, since which time I have performed alone a dreary journey through the track-less forests, over mountain ranges where no white man has ever set foot before; and through scrubs, in which, any, not driven by necessity as dire as mine, will never penetrate again. Gentlemen, what do you think of your companion now?"

This was what would be called in law a "leading question;" and Slinger in his outspoken way replied, "Well, I don't feel proud of your acquaintance," and he would have proceeded further, but on looking in the bushranger's face he saw enough there to induce him to be silent: it did not display anger, but there was a shade of deep misery upon it,

title: Page:Australian Emigrant 1854.djvu/98


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 which appealed to Slinger's humanity rather than to his courage.

The bushman continued,—"I have only shed blood to save my own life, and never then if I could avoid it. I know that for some time I and my band have been falsely accused of every depredation which has been committed; but that I have done much to regret, is too true. Let me give you a short history of myself during the last few years, and you will then be the better able to judge for yourselves. I am the son of an Irish gentleman. When young and inexperienced I was induced to join in an election row in a county town in Ireland, which ended in a serious fight between the soldiers and the people, who were flying, when the officer in command ordered another volley to be fired upon them. I was disgusted with this cruelty, and by example and exclamations rallied the people, who faced the soldiers, and although several fell, they beat them out of the town, unfortunately killing, with two others, the officer in command. A warrant was obtained against me as ringleader, and being tried, I was transported. I was sent to Van Dieman's Land, where it fell to my lot to be assigned to a master who had five years before been a bricklayer's labourer, but who, by his good fortune, aided with a great proportion of rascality, had amassed some money, and had actually been made a magistrate. This was the man I had to call master, and to obey his behests however tyrannical, without a word. I submitted to my lot for a time with patience; but one day, for a trifling thing, which he construed into an insult to the dignity of a colonial magistrate, he ordered me to be tied up and to receive three dozen lashes. He was surrounded by men who were bound to obey him as much as I was, and I was seized. I appealed to him in vain to spare me the degradation—to pause and consider whether he was not overstepping the bounds of the law and of humanity.

title: Page:Australian Emigrant 1854.djvu/99


text: United States Statutes at Large/Volume 2/7th Congress


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Appleton

APPLETON, a city of Wisconsin, capital of Outagamie county, situated on an eminence overlooking Fox river, 30 m. from its mouth, and 5 m. N. of Lake Winnebago, and on the Wisconsin division of the Chicago and Northwestern railroad, 214 m. from Chicago; pop. in 1870, 4,518. The rapids known as the Grand Chute have here a descent of about 30 feet in a distance of 1½ m. The city is the seat of Lawrence university, a Methodist institution, established in 1847, which in 1871 had 9 instructors, 185 male and 87 female students, and a library of 6,000 volumes.

title: The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Appleton


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Appleton, Daniel

APPLETON, Daniel, the founder of the publishing house of D. Appleton and company, in New York, born in Haverhill, Mass., Dec. 10, 1785, died March 27, 1849. He commenced business as a retail trader in his native place. He afterward removed to a larger business field in Boston, and subsequently to New York. In the latter place he commenced the importation of English books, and in the course of years, by his energy of character, established one of the largest importing and publishing houses in the United States, which is now continued by his sons.


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Appleton, Jesse

APPLETON, Jesse, D. D., president of Bowdoin college, born in New Ipswich, N. H., Nov. 17, 1772, died in Brunswick, Me., Nov. 12, 1819. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1792, was licensed to preach in 1795, and in February, 1797, was ordained the pastor of a church in Hampton, N. H., where he remained 10 years. From 1807 till his death he was president of Bowdoin college. In addition to the duties appertaining to his office of president, he was often called upon to preach in the neighboring towns, besides which he preached before the Bible, missionary, and peace societies of Maine, the American board of foreign missions, the Massachusetts legislature, and numerous other public bodies. He was the father-in-law of the late president Franklin Pierce. Two volumes of his sermons, lectures, and addresses have been published.


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Appleton, Nathan

APPLETON, Nathan, an American merchant and political economist, born in New Ipswich, N. H., Oct. 6, 1779, died in Boston, July 14, 1861. In 1813 he was associated with Francis C. Lowell and Patrick T. Jackson in establishing at Waltham near Boston a cotton mill, in which was set up the first power loom ever

used in the United States. In 1821 he became one of the founders of the Merrimack manufacturing company, from which originated the city of Lowell; and he was the projector and chief proprietor of the Hamilton company. He was distinguished as a steady advocate of the protective system. In 1815 he entered the legislature, and was several times re-elected. In 1830 he was chosen a representative in congress from Boston, and during the first session opposed McDuffie's report on the tariff, in a speech characterized by Mr. Webster as “a model of close reasoning on an abstruse subject.” In 1842 he was again elected to congress, and aided in securing the passage of the protective tariff bill of that year; but after the close of a single session he resigned his seat. His little treatise entitled “Remarks on Currency and Banking” (enlarged edition, 1857), has been pronounced “almost worthy of being studied in the schools as an elementary manual.” He also published an account of the introduction of the power loom and the origin of the city of Lowell. He accumulated a large estate, and was noted for his integrity and philanthropy.


text:
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Appleton, Samuel

APPLETON, Samuel, an American merchant and philanthropist, brother and partner of the preceding, born in New Ipswich, N. H., June 22, 1766, died in Boston, July 12, 1853. His opportunities for study were confined to the district schools, and at the age of 17 he became himself a teacher. In 1794 he established himself in trade in Boston. He was for many years a heavy importer of English goods, and at a later period largely engaged in the cotton manufacture. At his death his fortune amounted to nearly $1,000,000, and he had given away nearly as much as that during his lifetime. He endowed the academy at New Ipswich with a fund which secured its permanence, and founded the professorship of natural philosophy of Dartmouth college, with a gift of $10,000. In his old age he became more and more absorbed with a desire to relieve the sufferings of the poor, and intrusted physicians and others with large sums for that purpose. By his will he placed property to the amount of $200,000 in the hands of his executors, “to be by them applied, disposed of, and distributed, for scientific, literary, religious, and charitable purposes.”


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 He told me to hold my jaw: 'it will be a satisfaction' he said, 'to see the dignity of a colonial officer righted; I shall remain and see the punishment, and if the scourger does not do his duty, he shall have three dozen himself.' Seeing he was inexorable, I broke from those who held me, dragged the scourge from the hands of the man who held it, and gave my unjust and cruel master the lashes he intended for me. None of the other convict servants would interfere, and I thrashed him until he was quite disfigured: his face was sliced with the thongs; and had I got him now here before me, I would repeat the punishment, or perhaps do more; for to this ill-bred hound, to his cruelty, his utter want of all consideration for others, his avarice and despicable hypocrisy, (for he pretended to be a Christian, and read prayers night and morning to his household, to which, by the bye, if any neglected attending, he would be ordered three dozen lashes), may I attribute all my sufferings and every crime I have committed since. Such was my master, better known as Black Robberson."

"Robberson! why what kind of a man was he?" said Hugh.

"Stout and coarse—he looked like what he is, a cowardly bully."

"The same who returned to the colony in our ship," said Slinger—"the very same."

"He had better have remained away," said the bush-ranger! "After I had treated him as I have told you, I was sent to Sydney to be worked in a chain-gang, from whence I escaped a short time ago, and have ever since been at large. In making this escape I should have been shot by a sentry, had I not struck him with my hand-cuffs: I fear he has since died of the blow. This is the only murder I ever committed, if it must be termed so; but I have saved the lives of

title: Page:Australian Emigrant 1854.djvu/100


text:
Page:Beowulf (Wyatt).djvu/35

Rh

þegn Hrōðgāres,þrymmum cwehte mægen-wudu mundum,meþel-wordum frægn: “Hwæt syndon gēsearo-hæbbendra byrnum werede,þe þus brontne cēol ofer lagu-strǣtelǣdan cwōmon, hider ofer holmas[hringed-stefnan]? Ic wæs ende-sǣta,ǣg-wearde hēold, þē on land Denalāðra nǣnig mid scip-hergesceðþan ne meahte. Nō hēr cūðlīcorcuman ongunnon lind-hæbbende;ne gē lēafnes-word gūð-fremmendragearwe ne wisson, māga gemēdu.Nǣfre ic māran geseah eorla ofer eorþan,ðonne is ēower sum, secg on searwum;nis þæt seld-guma wǣpnum geweorðad,næfne him his wlite lēoge, ǣnlīc an-sȳn.Nū ic ēower sceal frum-cyn witan,ǣr gē fyr *heonan, lēas[e] scēaweras,on land Dena furþur fēran.Nū gē feor-būend, mere-līðende,mīn[n]e gehȳrað ān-fealdne geþōht;ofost is sēlest tō gecȳðanne,hwanan ēowre cyme syndon.”

title: Page:Beowulf (Wyatt).djvu/35


text: Beowulf (Wyatt)/Beowulf 03

title: Beowulf (Wyatt)/Beowulf 03


text:
Page:Gummere (1909) The Oldest English Epic.djvu/48

32 The prince’s journey by prudent folk was little blamed, though they loved him dear; they whetted the hero, and hailed good omens. And now the bold one from bands of Geats comrades chose, the keenest of warriors e’er he could find; with fourteen men the sea-wood he sought, and, sailor proved, led them on to the land’s confines. Time had now flown; afloat was the ship, boat under bluff. On board they climbed, warriors ready; waves were churning sea with sand; the sailors bore on the breast of the bark their bright array, their mail and weapons: the men pushed off, on its willing way, the well-braced craft. Then moved o’er the waters by might of the wind that bark like a bird with breast of foam, till in season due, on the second day, the curved prow such course had run


text:
A Hardened Criminal

WORK IN PROGRESS

“My dear fellow,” said Mr. Convention to his friend, Mr. Law, you may talk about there being too many laws, and the science of individualism until you are tired. You know as well as I do, were it not for our laws, chaos would ensue. All this talk about pitying the poor criminal is bosh; the true remedy for the ills of society is a stricter enforcement of the laws we already have. If I were in control, I would soon show you a better state of things. I would clap everyone in jail who ventured to break the smallest law.”

“But, Con," said his friend, "in a very short time you would have the whole of society locked up. All men are criminals in some way, under the present laws. It is only by the disregard and non-enforcement of them that we are enabled to live in even comparative comfort.. If the laws were executed in all cases of breach, many very people would go to jail for the terms of their natural lives."

"Why, I have never broken any laws, and I am an average citizen. I do not pretend to be better, and I hope I am no worse, than my fellows. I try to live in peace with my neighbors, and to make people around me as happy as I can. It is true, I am not over strict in my views of life, but in that I am like most others. I do just what they do, but it is nonsense to talk about all people being criminals. You, as a lawyer, say that, I fear, as an excuse for your labors in the Court of Quarter Sessions.”

The two men were old friends, and, it being a holiday, Mr. Law had been asked by Mr. Convention to spend the day with him. The discussion had arisen over the breakfast table.

Presently the lawyer leaned over and asked his friend to let him look at the decoration which the latter wore in the buttonhole of his coat. He examined it a moment, and then passed it back.

Sorry. old fellow," he said. “It is very early in the day for a man with your views to get into trouble, you have already committed a crime. The law says that any man who wears a button or badge of the Grand Army without being a member of it commits a misdemeanor and is liable to a fine of $100.

"But this button was my father's, and I wear it as a keepsake. The poor old man was very proud of it".

"Can't help that. The law makes no exceptions".

"Oh, well, you can't call such an act as that a crime. It's nonsense to say so".

"I don't say so; it is the law".

"Well, come down the street with me, will you? I have several things I want to attend to this morning".

The two started out together. When on the street, Con threw down upon the pavement au envelope which he had crumpled up in his hands.

"Don't do that," said his friend, "that is against the laws of the city of Philadelphia. We will have to fine you $5 for that offence.”

“Oh, get out!" Con “I suppose you will tell me the next thing that I have no right to pull down this poster which some scoundrelly billboard fiend  has put up on that fence" and he tore from the fence surrounding the lot next to his house a picture of a hideous monster, advertised as being for exhibition.

"Do you own that lot or rent. it? No? Well, then it. will, under the law, cost you exactly $100 to tear down than bill. There is no statute against posting bills and one against tearing them down. You will come in under the latter, which says that any one tearing down any show-bill, placard, programme, poster, or other advertisement on any rail, fence, bill-board, or other structure located on any public highway is guilty of a misdemeanor.

"But it is an outrage to put up such disgusting, morbid pictures. It is enough to corrupt the taste and morals of the whole community.

"Sorry that the law does not distinguish. My dear fellow, you are getting on fast toay. Three laws broken already, and not yet nine o'clock. Where, oh where, will you be by bedtime?"

"Oh such laws! To thunder with the State that lays down such asinine rules."

"Dear, dear! There you have done it. Two at once. You have broken the laws by swearing, and you have made an attempt to disturb the tranquillity of the State, which is sedition. We will say a fine of $200 and two years in jail for that."

At this moment Mr. Convention's large bull dog jumped the fence surrounding his cottage and attacked a setter dog quietly walking beside a young girl who was passying by. She tried to prevent the fight which was imminent, but the dog bit at her savagely, holding her dress in its teeth. Mr. Convention grasped his heavy cane, and, taking the brute by the collar, administered to him a terrible beating. The poor animal howled with pain and finally, being freed, limped away. After the affray was over, Mr. Law laughed.

The sentence of the court,” he  is that on the first; indictment - that of su ferocious dog  - you puy zx tine of $100 and be imprisoned in the county jail for one year; on the second -that of ‘cruelly beating a domestic animal' puy zx fine of $200 and go down for zu further term of twelve months.”

“I am afraid,” said Con, that, when that lawsuit of mine comes up, the lawyer on the other side may introduce evidence to prove my bad character when I am called as a witness. By the way, there goes Jack Williams now; he is one of their principal witnesses, I understand. I am going to ask him about the case.”

He crossed over the street to speak to Jack. while his friend waited for him. Presently he returned.

guess I him. He is an old friend of mine, and he really knows nothing about the case. I told him he had better tell the other lawyer so. He said he would. We parted great friends, and I asked him to come over to dinner.”

“That lime talk muy cost you $500 line and one year in jail, my dear boy. That is the penalty for ‘dil- slmding a witness from testifying “But he don't know anything!

"That is for the court to decide, not the opposite pany in `the nuit."

Well, all I can my is, you and your laws make me tired.”

“I make them. I swore, when I was adxnìtted to the bnr, that I would enforce them, but then I was mld that law was a rule of action prescribed by a supe- rior power. Now, I think 1 am zx puwur superior to the rules of days of ignorance, or those suxtmes runde by men such as usually compose our legislatures nt the present day. As am indivîdunlist, my laws for myself are the unes I think my oath really referred no. You know there ure two kinds of Onu is the conmmn law, which consists of rules, established upon given by judges centuries ago, in un nge of tion und ignorance, many of thcm uctrrl _y  :md even criminal, fr.-:rules for the guidsmce of an enlightened people amid the conditions brought about by gigwntic inventions und the enormous business opemtinns of the present dany.

"While world gcxxvmlly  by  systmn of evolution und nu ndjustxneut to the  umuditîons, our common law requires the jmlgvs, also hy their sol- emn oaths, to decide, not wlmi. fuglxt, to bc the law nnw, but wlmt was the law years ngo. lt. is truc that once in 2. long while the old law  so vile :md rv- pugxmut to lnsxnkind tlmt even the judges feel t-hat something must be donc, They then  ovvrrule the old vicious ideas of years gone by. Thus  craft is no longer

“Thc second kind of bzw is culled statute Luv, und this might not be inappropriately ns inxcnln- mon law. It cnnsists of rules laid by  body called the cumposml in vvry large part nf men familiar with the science nf log-rolling and pm- fcssors of iudiviclualîsm, :md will make zr. crime so long als it seems likely to be :L good thing for them. If you have ever had any experience you will lauow what a very small minority give any careful attention to the question of the rights or wrongs of the subject.”

" Well, there does seem to be some sense in what you say. Now come into the post office with me; I want to get my mail. I sent to Boston some days ago for two copies of a photograph of "The Fall of Babylon" the celebrated picture which has created such a stir. You have heard of it, no doubt? I expect the photographs by today's mail.”

Mr. Convention took his mail from his box, and went to the desk at the side of the office with his :md opened quite a large package which proved to contain the he had spoken of. The friends together admired the beauty of the work, and then Con placed one of the photos in a new wrapper and mailed it to one of his friends. He also, at the same time, sent a postal card to one of his tenants, asking him to come down and pay his rent.

"You have now," said Mr. Law, " probably committed four of the moet serious offences you will be guilty of today. You have broken the laws of both the United States and this State. The United Status authorities have lately decided that that picture is obscene, and have refused to pass it through the cuswm house. Now, taking an obscene from the mail is punishable by a fine of $500 to $10,000 and imprisonment for one to ten years, and the same penalty is annexed to mailing a copy of it. The State law says that to  bit or show any obscene or indecent book, magazine, pamphlet, newspaper, awrypnper, writing, paper, pie- mre, cards, drawing, or photograph may be punished by n  of $500 and one year in jail. You are also liable for having mailed the poeta! omi containing 9. dun demand. We will say for these united offences you may be fined $12,000 and put in jail for twenty-two

title: A Hardened Criminal


text:
Page:Gummere (1909) The Oldest English Epic.djvu/49

Rh that sailors now could see the land, sea-cliffs shining, steep high hills, headlands broad. Their haven was found, their journey ended. Up then quickly the Weders’ clansmen climbed ashore, anchored their sea-wood, with armor clashing and gear of battle: God they thanked for passing in peace o’er the paths of the sea. Now saw from the cliff a Scylding clansman, a warden that watched the water-side, how they bore o’er the gangway glittering shields, war-gear in readiness; wonder seized him to know what manner of men they were. Straight to the strand his steed he rode, Hrothgar’s henchman; with hand of might he shook his spear, and spake in parley. “Who are ye, then, ye arméd men, mailéd folk, that yon mighty vessel have urged thus over the ocean ways, here o’er the waters? A warden I, sentinel set o’er the sea-march here, lest any foe to the folk of Danes with harrying fleet should harm the land. No aliens ever at ease thus bore them,


text:
Page:Gummere (1909) The Oldest English Epic.djvu/50

34 linden-wielders: yet word-of-leave clearly ye lack from clansmen here, my folk’s agreement.—A greater ne’er saw I of warriors in world than is one of you,— yon hero in harness! No henchman he worthied by weapons, if witness his features, his peerless presence! I pray you, though, tell your folk and home, lest hence ye fare suspect to wander your way as spies in Danish land. Now, dwellers afar, ocean-travellers, take from me simple advice: the sooner the better I hear of the country whence ye came.”

  To him the stateliest spake in answer; the warriors’ leader his word-hoard unlocked:— “We are by kin of the clan of Geats, and Hygelac’s own hearth-fellows we. To folk afar was my father known, noble atheling, Ecgtheow named. Full of winters, he fared away agéd from earth; he is honored still through width of the world by wise men all. To thy lord and liege in loyal mood we hasten hither, to Healfdene’s son, people-protector: be pleased to advise us! To that mighty-one come we on mickle errand,


text:
The Law's Delay

N view of the swiftness with which social forces now move it seems strange that the administration of the science of the law the stronghold of all government and society should in so many States not only retain the old evils of delay but fail to make provision for fresh hindrances arising from the changed conditions of the world. Yet the neglect is undeniable. The judges in some of our higher courts cling to their gowns but have lost their snowy wigs and in the lower tribunals they appear in the street dress of the average citizen but although they have shaken off the artificiality of days gone by delay still hangs closely to them. Does legal procedure keep pace in its improvement with the other sciences of the world? Do the courts do their work with the business promptness and efficiency which society exacts of private bodies?

It does not need a member of the profession to give the answer for the many who have served as jurors, witnesses or litigants have had abundant proof that the country and its people have far outgrown the methods provided for the administration of justice. They judge the system fairly by contrast with the other departments of social life. They see facilities in other matters everywhere the result of private enterprise but the perfecting of the laws and the enforcement of them retrograde or at the best stand still. The legal profession is the sufferer. The rules of the various trade associations throughout the country contain provisions that differences between members shall be settled by arbitration before an appropriate committee and the fact that any member appeals to the court for his rights is made the ground for his expulsion from the society.

The law's delay has been a reproach from time immemorial. In the Great Charter extorted from King John more than six hundred years ago a solemn promise was exacted from him that he would sell or deny or defer right or justice to no man and further provisions were made for the holding of assizes in every county four times a year and the disposition of every case ready to be tried. Kingly promises would seem to be as vain as those of American politicians for four hundred years afterwards Shakespeare makes the law's delay one of the ills of life which led Hamlet to think of suicide. The chief end of all human systems of government has been repeatedly asserted to be in the dispensation of justice certainly the adjustment of the rights of man against man the prompt acquittal of those wrongfully accused and the conviction of the guilty are matters of an interest so vast that to speak of them is to show their importance.

In some of the States of the Union the old common law procedure by which a suitor is entangled in a maze of forms the violation of any of which means certain defeat is still retained but in most of them reforms of various kinds have been made in the systems of pleading so that whatever may be the delays they are usually connected with some matter of substance It is to be regretted that no statistics are kept by any of the States on a subject of so much importance. As to most other affairs minute details are recorded by public officers, but concerning the laws which are to enforce the rights connected with them there is entire neglect to make any note of their workings. From the proceedings of the American Bar Association however, and statistics gathered by them, it is plain that the evils of delay in the disposition of legal work are widespread and are a serious menace to the development of business and the rights of the people.

In the frailty of human systems some delay it is true cannot be avoided and some is absolutely necessary. Controversies are heard for the purpose of ending them and therefore should be heard fully. There are subjects constantly arising concerning which no precedent is to be found, and these must be argued and re-argued in order that the fullest discussion may be had and a rule of action laid down which will not only be just in the particular case under discussion but will serve for all similar cases that may occur in the future. The enormous growth of railroad interests and the system of trusts arising from the competition of trade are instances of new conditions giving rise to novel and serious questions of law which need careful and mature reflection before a proper decision can be rendered.

Judicial procrastination is without doubt a great fault, but the public do not plead for haste in the matter of the adjustment of their rights they do not complain of slow work but of the long pauses when no work at all is done of the vast accumulation of untouched business.

In our own courts, one of the principal cause of delay is found in the fact that cases called for trial are continued or postponed because the counsel on one side leaves word that he is engaged in court elsewhere when he may be purposely absent in order to delay the cause. While an officer of the court is hunting him up another case is called for trial and occupies the time of the court until all chance of reaching the original case is gone for the term. In this way a defendant who has no real defense is free for three months longer in which time he may fail or remove or convey his property so that when a judgment is obtained it is worthless. The absence of witnesses without legal excuse is often ground for the same action. Strict rules on these points are in existence but their enforcement is always uncertain depending greatly upon the counsel interested and the condition of the calendar.

Contrary to the opinion of a large portion of the public, the profession of the law is not served by hard times and business difficulties nor is it by delay in the course of justice. Good times and prompt dispatch of business are to lawyers as to all others the conditions of true success. They have through their organizations spoken to this effect with no uncertain voice but so far without avail. Sir Matthew Hale many years ago said of the lawyers of his day. By long use and custom men especially that are aged and have been long educated to the profession and practice of law contract a kind of superstitious veneration for it beyond what is just and reasonable and perhaps this is the reason why our judges cling so fondly to the slow and laborious methods of olden times. The Bar of Philadelphia through its Association a year or two ago prepared a careful memorial to the judges of our Common Pleas Courts asking for relief from the delays in the conduct of business by them and set out a practical method of reform in entire accord with the wishes of the profession generally. Up to the present time no effort seems to have been made to give the suggestions effect and even such a wholesome provision as that when the judge of one room has finished the cases before him for the day he shall take up the cases entitled to be next called in the adjoining room has been neglected. Official stenographers, the appointment of whom by the judges is mandatory under the law, are never seen in our courts and the demand consequent expense to litigants and to the county cannot be estimated. If two such plain requirements are neglected the lack of advance in everything else can be imagined. Cases involving vast sums the delay in the decision of which may mean bankruptcy or misery to the litigants are allowed to stand over on frivolous excuses or after hearing are held under advisement for weeks or months and then decided without a line of opinion so that after appeals to the Supreme Court the cases have to be sent back for correction before they can be even properly reversed. The judges of the Orphans Court are an exception which proves how much can be done by the judiciary to correct the evils of delay. A vast amount of business passes through their hands in the number of cases and the Valuable interests involved far exceeding the Courts of Common Pleas, yet no case remains unheard upon the calendar without just cause for more than a few weeks and decisions are promptly written and filed concerning questions of even slight importance. There is an atmosphere of business in all the proceedings in the Orphans Court and the small number of appeals and reversals shows with what accuracy and efficiency litigation there is conducted.

The trial lists of our Common Pleas Courts for the Fall Term of the last year contained upwards of two hundred and fifty cases over four years old, some of them over ten, and countless cases over two years old. These are called for trial three times during the year and are subject to be tried during several days at each calling A case four years old may mean at least twenty five or thirty attendances of litigants and witnesses and if the parties are non residents as many trips from distant points It is not to be wondered at that citizens suffer outrage rather than go to the delay and expense of an action at law when the procedure is so slow that before the case can be tried; witnesses may die, and evidence be forgotten and vanish, and success in the end prove a worthless victory. The Charter from King John provided for as many terms of court as are held here now and further required that all cases ready for trial should have a hearing without delay. It would seem that we have less care for our rights than our ancestors for cases are now allowed to stand for many years and suitors call in vain for their trial. The profession and the public are urgent for redress and those who are in a position to give relief should see to it that a matter of such vast importance is no longer neglected. The laws should be fixed but their administration should keep pace with the necessities of society for upon their prompt and efficient enforcement depend the safety and welfare of the State.

title: The Law's Delay


text: The Oldest English Epic/Chapter 1/Beowulf 03


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Blackburne, Anna


text:
Hoyle's Games Modernized/Chess

CHESS.

The game of Chess is a battle between two armies, numerically equal, of which the two players are the generals. The battle-field upon which this mimic warfare takes place is called the chess-board. This is a square board divided into sixty-four equal alternate white and black squares, and should be so placed that each player shall have a white square at his right.

The forces consist of thirty-two "men," each side having eight Pieces and eight Pawns, of a light and dark colour (known as "white" and "black"), to distinguish the opposing forces from each other.

In print the pieces and pawns are pictorially represented as on p. 337.

At the commencement of the game, the pieces are placed as shown in Fig. 1. It is to be noticed that the white king occupies a black square, and the black king a white square.

The horizontal divisions are called "rows," and the vertical divisions are called "files."

A piece or pawn has the power to take any adverse piece or pawn, according to the laws which govern its movements. The King alone, as will presently be seen, is inviolable. If the King is attacked, the fact must be notified by the warning "Check," and if the King cannot by some means escape from the attack, the game is at an end.

The King, as the name denotes, is the most important piece on the board, inasmuch as the object of the game is to capture the King. It is, however, never actually "taken," the game ending whenever (the opposing player having the move) the King remains liable to capture. The King may move from any square upon which it stands to any adjoining square not occupied by any piece or pawn of its own colour. If one of such adjoining squares is occupied by an undefended piece or pawn of the opposite colour, it may take such piece or pawn.

An additional privilege of the King ("castling") will be explained in its proper place.

The Rook (or Castle) moves upon straight lines only, in a horizontal or vertical direction, to any square not occupied by any piece or pawn of its own colour. If the line on which it operates terminates in a piece or pawn of the opposite colour, it can take such piece or pawn.

The Bishops move and take upon diagonals only: the King's Bishop upon the diagonals of its own colour, the Queen's Bishop on those of the opposite colour; stopping short, however, when it reaches a square occupied by any piece or pawn of its own colour.

The Queen combines the power of Rook and Bishop—i.e., the Queen may move and take horizontally or vertically like a Rook, or upon diagonals like a Bishop. It is, therefore, the most powerful piece on the board, because not only has it the power of Rook and Bishop, but it has also the privilege to move like either of the two Bishops, according to the colour of the diagonal it may for the time being stand upon.

The movement of the Knight is more complicated than that of any other piece. One move of the Knight combines two King's moves: one square straight, and one square diagonally to any but the adjoining squares to its starting-point. Unlike any other piece, it may leap over any piece or pawn of its own or the opposite colour intervening between its starting-point and the square to which it moves. Thus, in Fig. 2, the white Knight may move to K B 2, K Kt 5, Q 6, Q B 5, or Q B 3, but not to Q 2, that square being occupied by a piece of its own colour. It may take the black pawn at K Kt 3, or the black Knight at K B 6. It will be noticed that with every move the Knight changes colour—viz., from a white to a black square, and vice versâ.

The pawn, in spite of its limited power of movement, plays a most important rôle amongst the forces. The pawns are the rank and file of the array. The pawn, is, so to speak, the tirailleur; it engages the enemy, advances into the opponent's camp, and clears the road for the officers who follow in its wake to the attack; the pawn is mostly the first victim, and in the large majority of cases the pawn decides the game. Like the private soldier, who is supposed "to carry the marshal's baton in his knapsack," the pawn may be promoted to the highest rank. If it reaches the "eight" square, it may be converted, according to the choice of the player, into a Bishop, Knight, Rook, or Queen. Even though the player has still his full complement of pieces, any pawn may be so converted. Thus a player may have at the end of a game as many new pieces as pawns reach the eight squares.

The pawn may only move one square at a time, straight forward on the file on which it is placed, with the option of moving two squares at first starting. Thus in Fig. 3, section a, the pawn at K 2 has the choice of moving either to K 3 or at once to K 4. But the pawn takes on diagonals only; thus, in section b of the same figure, the pawn at K 7, having the move, can take either the black Bishop at K B 8 or the black Queen at Q 8, and in either case it must be converted into some piece of its own colour (other than a King), according to the choice of the player, when the converted piece will act immediately in its new capacity. It is against the laws of the game to leave it still a pawn.

The pawn cannot move backwards nor sideways, but only forward along the "file" on which he stands. The pawn is also restricted in his power of taking. Thus any adverse piece or pawn standing on the adjacent squares to a pawn (other than forward diagonals) cannot be taken. Pawns placed as shown in section c or d of Fig. 3 could not take each other.

The pawn may also take "en passant," which means that if a pawn moves two squares at starting, thus "passing" an adverse pawn which could have taken it had it moved only one square, such adverse pawn has the option of taking it as if it had moved one square only; but the taking en passant must form the next move of the adversary. Thus in section c of the diagram, supposing the black pawn to have just moved from Q R 2 to Q R 4, it may be taken by the white pawn at Q Kt 5; the white pawn standing, after the move, at Q R 6. Such a move would be recorded thus: P takes P e.p.

It is necessary that the novice be thoroughly familiar with the original position of each piece, this being the foundation of what is called Chess Notation, or the system by which moves are recorded, and without which it would be impossible to convey written instruction in the game. Various systems are employed in different countries, but what is called the English notation is the only one with which our readers need trouble themselves.

Each square in the two outer rows is named (see Fig. 4) after the piece which occupies it, and the other squares by reference to these. For instance, the square upon which the King stands is called the

King's Square, or more shortly K sq., or K 1. The square in front of it is K 2; the next K 3, and so on throughout the file. In like manner with the other files. The pieces on the right side of the King are called the King's pieces—i.e., King's Bishop, K B; King's Knight, K Kt; King's Rook, K R; and the pieces on the left of the Queen are called Queen's pieces—i.e., Queen's Bishop, Q B; Queen's Knight, Q Kt; Queen's Rook, Q R. The same rule applies to the black pieces; so that each square has two names, as it may be necessary to describe it with reference to the one or the other player. Thus White's King's square would be Black's King's eight (K 8), whilst Black's King's square would be White's King's eight (K 8), and so on with all the other squares.

The following are the abbreviations in use in scoring with the aid of the English notation:

K = King; Q = Q; R = Rook; K R = King's Rook; Q R = Queen's Rook; B = Bishop; K B = King's Bishop; Q B = Queen's Bishop; Kt = Knight; K Kt = King's Knight; Q Kt = Queen's Knight; P = Pawn; ch. = check; dis. ch. = discovered check; e.p. = en passant; Castles, or o—o = Castles on the King's side; and Castles Q R, or o—o—o = Castles on the Queen's side. To take may be noted "takes," or shorter thus, ×; (!) indicates a good move; (?) a bad or indifferent move; + the better game; - the inferior game; = an even game. To familiarise himself with the system the reader is recommended to study, with the aid of the board, the following example, a "Ruy Lopez" game, recorded according to the English notation.

A variation of this is the "fractional" notation, in which White's move is recorded above the line, and Black's below the line—e.g.:

The moves may be recorded in columns or in lines, according to individual choice. "To" is frequently represented by a dash—e.g., instead of P to K 4, P—K 4. A single move of Black is recorded thus: 1. ... P to K 4 (or, P—K 4); 16. ... K B takes Kt (or, K B × Kt); the dots standing in lieu of White's preceding move.

Having mastered the notation, the student should next familiarise himself with—

The more important of these are as under:

—The whole object of the game is the capture of the opponent's King, though, as we have said, the King is never actually taken, the game coming to an end when the next move, if made, would result in his capture. If the King is attacked, the attack must be accompanied with the warning, "Check." A check may be met in three different ways. The player may either interpose one of his own pieces (or pawns) between the King and the attacking piece; he may move it out of the range of the attacking piece; or he may take the attacking piece with the King or any other of his forces which may be available for that purpose. If he cannot resort to either of these three defences, he is checkmated, or more shortly, "mated," and the game is lost.

"Discovered" check is given when, by moving a piece, another piece is unmasked which attacks the adversary's King.

—Beside the more decided issue of checkmate, there is another possible termination of a game—viz., the "drawn game," or "draw."

A draw ensues: 1. If neither side can give checkmate.

2. If both sides remain with King only, or with a single Bishop, or single Knight only in addition.

3. If both players repeat the same series of moves three times, thereby tacitly admitting that they are not strong enough to give checkmate, or that they do not intend to venture upon another line of play.

4. If a player under certain specified conditions is unable to give mate in fifty moves.

5. Through "perpetual check"; for instance, if a player, having otherwise a lost game, can save it by constantly forcing the opponent to move his King by repeated checks. In Fig. 5 Black is threatened with checkmate by Q to R 8, or Q to Kt 7. But, it being Black's move, he would play Kt to Kt 6: ch.; White must play K to R 2; Black returns to his old position again, checking, and as there is nothing to prevent his repeating these two moves ad infinitum, the game is drawn.

6. In case of a "stalemate"—i.e., when the player whose turn it is to move cannot make a move without violating the laws of the game. For instance, in Fig. 6, Black (having the move) would be "stalemate," as his King (his only piece) cannot move without placing itself in check, the white pawn guarding the squares Q B 8 and Q R 8, and the King guarding the squares Q B 7 and Q R 7.

—Once in the game the King has the privilege of making a double move in conjunction with either Rook. This move is called "Castling." In castling on the King's side, the King is moved to K Kt square, and the Rook is placed next to it on K B square; in castling on the Queen's side, the King is moved to Q B square, and the Queen's Rook placed next to it upon Q square.

The right to castle is subject to the following conditions:

1. That no piece of its own or the opponent's colour be between the King and the Rook with which the King is to be castled.

2. That neither the King nor the Rook with which it is to castle has yet moved.

3. The King cannot castle if in check, or into check; neither can he cross a square which is commanded by any of the opponent's pieces.

—A piece is said to "command" a given square if it can take any adverse piece placed on such square.

—To move a piece from its original position is to develop it or bring it into play. The quicker the development of the pieces the better. If a player can concentrate upon a given point a greater number of pieces than his opponent is enabled to develop for its defence, he must obtain an advantage.

—Two pawns on the same file. A "double pawn" is weaker than two pawns in the same row, because in the former case they must be independently defended, whilst in the latter case either can be made to defend the other.

—A piece or pawn is en prise if so placed as to be liable to be taken by any other. Sometimes the same phrase is applied to a piece or pawn insufficiently defended.

—Is to give up a piece or pawn for another of equal value.

—A player gaining a Rook for a minor piece (Bishop or Knight) is said to "win the exchange." His opponent loses the exchange.

—Is where the player has only one move at his disposal; for instance, in case of a check with a Knight, where the Knight cannot be taken, and the King has only one square to which he can move.

—This term is chiefly used where, by advancing a pawn, two pieces are attacked. (In Fig. 3, b, the white pawn forks K & B.) But it may also be used to express that any one piece attacks two others simultaneously.

—Is a single pawn, the pawns of same colour on the right and left being off the board. A pawn is said to be "passed" when there is no pawn of the opposite colour which can bar its progress.

—Any opening in which a pawn is sacrificed by the first player in order to obtain a quicker development of his pieces is called a gambit. The pawn so sacrificed is called the "gambit-pawn." A counter-gambit is where the second player sacrifices a pawn with a similar object.

—("I adjust") is said by a player, to inform his opponent, before touching a piece or pawn of his own or his adversary's, that such piece or pawn is only to be adjusted, but not played.

—A piece is said to be "pinned" if it is attacked by an adverse piece in such manner that, by moving the attacked piece, a more valuable piece would be "unmasked," and left en prise; but chiefly if it is unable to move because it guards the King from being in check.

The approximate value of the pieces, as they stand on their respective squares at the beginning of a game, is estimated to be as follows: Taking the pawn as unit, the value of the Knight is 3.05; of the Bishop, 3.05; of the Rook, 5.48; and of the Queen, 9.94. German authorities estimate (taking also the pawn as unit), Bishop = 3; Knight = 3; Rook = 4½; and Queen = 9. The King in the End game is worth 4. Obviously the value of piece or pawn changes as the game advances, according to the position it occupies for the time being. There are, however, general principles which hold good in a large majority of cases. For instance, two Bishops are more serviceable than two Knights in the End game. Bishop and Knight are also preferable to two Knights, but a single Knight is more serviceable, in most cases, in the End game than a single Bishop.

title: Hoyle's Games Modernized/Chess


text:
Hoyle's Games Modernized/Chess Open

A game of Chess consists of three phases: the Opening; the Middle game; and the End game. It need not, however, pass through all three stages, but may come to a conclusion at either of them.

is the development of the pieces. A quick and judicious development of the forces is half the battle won. From a mistake in the beginning of a game—assuming both players to be of equal strength—it is difficult to recover. The Openings, therefore, should be studied carefully.

is entirely a matter of practice, and its proper management can only be acquired by experience. Both players are here thrown upon their own resources, as the analysis does not reach beyond the opening.

is a study in itself, and one which will repay the most careful attention. There are certain positions which occur frequently at the end of a game; these have been systematically arranged by eminent specialists, and may be committed to memory; but the larger number (like the Middle game) depend upon ingenuity and individual skill.

The Openings are divided into Open Games—i.e., where White plays 1. P to K 4, and Black replies 1. ... P to K 4; and Close Games—i.e., where White's first move is any other than 1. P to K 4. The Open Games will be first dealt with.

The first opening which we shall describe is the Giuoco Piano, "the slow, or steady, opening," so called because it is a quiet strategical development of the forces.

The game is presented to the reader just as if it were played over, and explained by the professor over the board. The reasons for each move are given in language adapted to the perception of the student who plays a game of chess for the first time.

This move allows most scope for the development of two pieces. P to Q 4 also allows this, but it gives less scope to the Queen.

The same observations apply to Black's first move.

The aim of the player being a quick development of his forces, it is advisable to bring each piece into play by attacking an adverse piece or Pawn immediately, if possible. The Kt here attacks Black's K P.

This move not only defends the attacked Pawn, but at the same time brings a piece into play, and thus establishes an equilibrium in the development. 2. ... Q or K 2, or 2. ... Q to B 3, would be unfavourable defences, because the former move would prevent the development of the K B, and the latter the sortie of the Knight, besides exposing the Queen to attack. It may be taken as a general rule that it should be avoided as much as possible to defend pieces of less value with pieces of greater value. Black could also play here 2. ... P to Q 3, which is called Philidor's Defence, or reply, by 2. ... Kt to K B 3, with an attack upon White's K P, which is called Petroff's Defence. These will be treated later on.

Clearing the King's side for castling, and posting the Bishop ready for attacking the present weakest point in Black's position—viz., the K B P; weakest because defended by the King only.

No immediate danger being apprehended, Black brings a piece into play. These three moves on either side constitute the opening called the Giuoco Piano, whatever be the moves that may follow.

Better than 5. ... B takes B, because in that case White would obtain an "open Bishop's file," and double his Rooks upon it after castling; and the "double pawn," which is in the majority of positions a weakness, is strong in the centre.

The object being to play this Knight to K B sq., and then to Kt 3. This could also be done if White had played 6. Kt to B 3, then Kt to K 2, and Kt to Kt 3. The manœuvre in the text is generally adopted, because if 6. Kt to B 3, Black could "pin" it with 6. ... B to R 4.

Intending to advance the Q P, and thus prepare the formation of a strong centre.

Threatening to attack and exchange White's Bishop, by playing upon his next move, if feasible, 8. ... Kt to Q R 4. He could not have done so before, because of White's reply, 8. B to Kt 5: ch., forcing the Knight back to B 3, or leaving it at R 4 out of play.

White, who does not want to exchange his Bishop for Knight, retires it, so that he may play, should Black attack it (with 8. ... Kt to R 4), 9. B to B 2.

In the Giuoco Piano it is not advisable for either player to castle early, and Black wisely makes a waiting move. He is now able to castle on either side, according to circumstances.

This move is strictly defensive. Black might also have played 9. ... Q Kt to Q sq., and then from Q sq. to K 3, which would have been a better manœuvre.

Black's defence is somewhat timid. At a previous stage he intended to exchange his Q Kt against White's B, and now when White "pins" the Knight with 11. B to R 4, he retires the Bishop, so as to avoid a double pawn. Now he has to prevent White's Knight from moving to B 5, attacking the Queen, but in doing so he weakens his King's position for the purpose of castling on the King's side. The student should bear in mind that these pawns are strongest in their original position.

The Bishop is better placed now at B 2. At R 4 it was, owing to the changed position, less useful. At its new post it strengthens the centre.

Black anticipates White's possible P to Q 4 by himself advancing.

Black now executes the manœuvre which was suggested at his ninth move. But it is not so good at this stage. The position is now as shown in Fig. 7.

It is always good to occupy an open file with a Rook.

Black cannot play 16. Kt to K 3, because he would thereby leave his K P en prise; he cannot castle, because then his K R P would be en prise; and if he were to return with the Kt to B 3, he would have lost a move. Therefore he has nothing better than to move his King into safety to B sq., and then to Kt 2.

To prevent Black from playing 18. ... B takes B; Q takes B, Kt to Kt 5, attacking the Queen.

Occupying the "open file" and defending the Bishop, so as to free his K Kt, which was before fixed, as it had to defend the Bishop.

It is, in the majority of these cases, better to take with the R P, because it gives an additional "open file" for the entry of the Rook.

White has now lost the attack, and is virtually on the defensive. He is obliged to move his Queen, because Black threatens 21. ... B takes P, discovering an attack upon the Queen with his Rook.

A good move, because White threatens, in case Black should exchange Bishops, to win the Queen with either Kt to B 5: ch., P takes Kt; Kt takes P: ch., K moves; Kt takes Q.

White, having failed in his attack, exchanges pieces, so as to simplify the position, hoping thus to be able to draw the game.

Doubly occupying the "open file," and so preventing White from moving 26. R to Q sq., and forcing his Rook off the "file," or an exchange of Rooks. But he would have done better to play 25. ... Q to Q 2, as White's next move will show.

Black has lost a move by not playing 25. ... Q to Q 2, for now he cannot move his Queen away from the protection of the Knight, and the Knight he cannot move, because his K B P would then remain en prise. If he moved 26 ... K to Kt 2, defending Kt and P, White would win his Queen by playing either Kt to B 5: ch., &c., as pointed out after Black's 23rd move; he is consequently forced to move as in the text.

To prevent Black from playing 27.... R to Q 7, which would be a powerful move, as it would attack White's pawns on the Queen's side.

(The position being highly instructive, it is illustrated in Fig. 8. White sacrifices a piece on the chance of Black not seeing the right defence. In which case the subtle threat is as follows—

 * Defending the threatened R P.

 * And wins, as the mate with Q to Kt 7 cannot be prevented.)

Black would have done better not to take the Knight, but to play 28. ... Kt to Kt sq.

 * (As pointed out above, if Black had made what seems to be the obvious move, viz., to defend the R P with 29.... Kt to Kt sq., White would win with 30. Q to Kt 3 and mate to follow at Kt 7 with the Queen.)

And the game is drawn by White giving "Perpetual check." That is the utmost he can hope, being a piece minus.

{| First three moves as before.
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="2" |

{|
 * | 4.
 * | 4.

 * | 5.
 * | 5.

 * | 6.
 * | 7.
 * | 8.
 * }
 * | 7.
 * | 8.
 * }
 * | 8.
 * }
 * }

 * }

And wins, for Black can only play 12. ... Kt to K 2, to which White replies 13. R takes B, or R to K sq., or Kt to K 5, &c. This variation should be carefully studied, for Black will frequently fall into the trap thus laid for him.

From considerations of space, it is only possible to give two or three variations of each opening, and these in a very condensed form. For further examples the reader is referred to Hoffer's Chess (see note on first page of this article).

The Evans Gambit is in reality only a sub-variation of the Giuoco Piano, but might aptly be called, in contradistinction to it, Giuoco Presto, the former being slow, the latter lively.

The first three moves are those of the Giuoco Piano. The last move constitutes the Evans Gambit. The object of sacrificing the Kt P is to establish a centre through the advance of the Q B P and Q P; to open an outlet for the Q and Q B, and so obtain a quick development of the pieces, and consequently a powerful attack.

 * If 4. ... Kt takes P, White replies with 5. P to B 3, and after 5. ... Kt to Q B 3 the position is the same.

 * The Bishop may also retire to R 4, to Q 3, or to K 2. The two last mentioned moves cannot be recommended, and may be dismissed; but it is desirable to know the variations arising from 5. ... B to R 4, which is preferred by many eminent players.

 * White may also play here 7. P takes P, to which Black's best reply is 7. ... B to Kt 3, and not 7. ... B to Kt 5; ch.

This is the only safe move in this variation. 7. ... P takes P, would be bad unless, on the fifth move, Black had played B to R 4, when the so-called "compromised" defence would have ensued.

 * 7. ... Kt to B 3, which seems a plausible move here, would involve the probable loss of the game—e.g.:

The best move. It is the Normal Defence to the previous move, which constitutes the Normal Attack.

 * 9. ... Kt to K 4 would be unfavourable, because of 10. Kt takes Kt, P takes Kt; 11. B to R 3, B to Q 5 (?); 12. Kt to Q 2, B takes R; 13. Q takes B, P to K B 3; 14. P to B 4, and should win. The alternative Knight's move—viz., 9. ... Q Kt to K 2, is also inferior, because of 10. P to K 5, Kt to R 3 (!); 11. Kt to B 3, Castles; 12. Kt to K 4, with a good attack.

One of the chief points of the Evans Gambit is that Black's Q Kt is driven to Q R 4, and has to remain there for some time inactive, so that Black is, for the time being, practically a piece minus for the defence. White must, therefore prevent as long as possible this Knight from coming into play. It will be seen that Black could not have played 10. ... Kt takes B, because in such case 11. B takes K Kt P, winning the exchange.

 * If White had here played 11. B takes P instead of the text move, the continuation might probably have been—

White concentrates his forces for an attack on the King's side, whilst Black, being stronger on the Queen's side, must try to create a diversion on that side.

The King's move is necessary, else Black could play 15.... Kt to K 4; 16. Kt takes Kt, B P takes Kt, and White could not reply 17. P to B 4 (an essential move for the attack), because Black would then win a piece with 17.... P to B 5; discovering check, and attacking the Bishop at the same time.

This Bishop being now comparatively useless at Kt 3, since the White King has quitted the black diagonal, retires, in order to make room for the advance of the pawns.

To support the advance of the Kt P.

 * It is an essential point in the defense to prevent White's Knight from being posted at K 6. If White is able to accomplish this, his attack becomes so powerful that it cannot be withstood. It would, therefore, be bad for Black to play, instead of the move given in the text, 18.... B takes Kt, because of 19. P takes B, Kt to K 4; 20. B takes Kt, B P takes B; 21. Kt to Kt 5, followed by 22. Kt to K 6 (the dangerous move just pointed out).

Not 19. B to Kt sq. White wants to keep a pressure upon Black's pawns. The position is now as shown in Fig 9. Neither side has as yet gained any marked advantage.

{| First three moves as before.
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="2" |

{|
 * | 16.
 * | 17.
 * | 18.
 * | 19.
 * | 17.
 * | 18.
 * | 19.
 * | 18.
 * | 19.
 * | 19.
 * | 19.

Even game.
 * | 20.
 * | 21.
 * }
 * | 21.
 * }
 * }
 * }

 * }

And White draws by perpetual check.

By retiring the Bishop to R 4, instead of to B 4 as in the previous variations, Black reserves the option of adopting either the "Compromised" or the "Normal" Defence.

The capture of this, the third Pawn, constitutes the "Compromised" Defence, so called because it was formerly considered that this capture compromised Black's game.

 * If 9. ... Kt takes P, White would win with 10. R to K sq., P to Q 3. 11. Kt takes Kt, P takes Kt. 12. Q to R 4, or Kt 5: ch., winning a piece.

 * If White were to capture the Rook, the course of the game would probably be as follows—

 * And White must lose one of the two attacked Bishops.

Threatening to win a piece with 17. B takes Kt.

The only defence, for Queen and Rook are attacked, and he cannot play 20. ... R takes R, because of 21. Q to K 8 mate.

Threatening 22. R takes R: ch., R takes R: 23. R takes R: ch., B takes R; 24. Q to K 8: mate.

The position being perfectly even, the game should result in a draw. There is no danger now for Black to lose a piece, because after 22. R takes R: ch., R takes R: 23. R takes R: ch., B takes R; 24. Q to K 8: ch., K to R 2, White cannot play 25. Q takes B, because of 25. ... Q to Kt 8: mate.

From the foregoing illustrations of the Evans Gambit, it will be seen that this opening is exceedingly complicated both for the attack and the defence. It is safer for Black to decline accepting the gambit, which is done by playing 4. ... B to Kt 3. The opening is then reduced to a Giuoco Piano, White having (theoretically speaking) compromised his pawns on the Queen's side by having advanced them prematurely, which advance may prove a weakness in the ending.

 * The best move. 5. P to Kt 5 is inferior, as shown exhaustively in the following variations:—

 * Not 8. ... P takes Kt, because of 9. B takes P, R to K Kt sq.; 10. B takes P: ch., K takes B; 11. B takes P, Q to Kt 4; 12. P to Kt 3, B to Kt 5; 13. P to B 3, with four pawns for a piece, which is more than an equivalent.

 * Not 9. B takes P: ch., because of 9. ... K to K 2; 10. Q to B 3, R to B sq. (!); 11. Kt to Q B 3, B to K 3; 12. Q to B 5, B takes B (if 12. ... B takes Q; 13. Kt to Q 5, mate), and wins; or 12. Q to R 5, then P takes Kt, and wins.

 * Not 10. Kt takes R, became of 10. ... B takes P; 11. Q to R 5: ch., K to K 2; 12. Q to B 7: ch., Q takes Q; 13. B takes Q, B takes R, and wins. Equally bad would be 10. P to K 5, P takes P; 11. Kt takes P, Kt takes B; 12. Kt takes Kt, B takes P, and wins.

Not 5. ... Kt takes P, which would be met by 6. P to R 5, with a winning attack. And not 5. ... P to Q R 4, which is inferior to the text move, and weakens the pawns on the Queen's side for the End game.

The position is now equivalent to the Giuoco Piano, except that White has advanced his Queen's side pawns, which is a slight disadvantage.

Reverting to the opening moves of the Giuoco Piano, in answer to 3. B to B 4, Black may play (instead of 3. ... B to B 4), 3. ... Kt to B 3. This constitutes the Two Knights' Defence. White may continue with 4. P to Q 3, or Kt to B 3, or adopt a more spirited line of play with 4. Kt to Kt 5. Black's defences being 4. ... P to Q 4. or 4. ... Kt takes P. We append one or two leading variations:

In the Giuoco Piano, where Black's Knight would be still at Kt sq., this advance would be bad, because Black could reply 4. ... Kt to R 3, defending the K B P. Here, however, it is the best move. Black's best defence is

Not to be recommended. The best move is 5. ... Kt to Q R 4.

In order to defend the Knight, which is twice attacked. 7. ... Q to B 3 would be bad policy, for in such case White would play 8. B takes Kt: ch., B to K 3; 9. B takes Kt, P takes B; 10. Q takes P, with three Pawns ahead.

White attacking the Knight once more, and Black defending it again.

And we have the position depicted in Fig. 10. Black could not play 9. ... P takes P, for fear of 10. Q to K 4: ch., winning back the piece.

Pinning the Knight, so as to take off one of the defences of the Kt at Q 4.

Repeat as far as White's 8th move inclusive.

Should Black play, instead of 8. ... Kt to K 2, 8. ... Kt to Kt 5, the following variations may ensue:

White threatens now a formidable attack with 15. P to K B 4, to be followed by attacking the Knight with the Q B P, and so to win back the piece.

 * If 15. ... Kt to R 3, White would win with 16. P to K B 4.

For the immediate threat, 22. Q to K 6: ch., or Kt takes B, is fatal.

title: Hoyle's Games Modernized/Chess Open