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10 You would not learn through facts of thought or action, but express through them the certainties of wisdom. In quietness yield thy soul to the causal soul. Do not disturb thy apprenticeship by premature effort; neither check the tide of instruction by methods of thy own. Be still, seek not, but wait in obedience. Thy commission will be given.

Could we indeed say what we want, could we give a description of the child that is lost, he would be found. As soon as the soul can affirm clearly that a certain demonstration is wanted, it is at hand. When the Jewish prophet described the Lamb, as the expression of what was required by the coming era, the time drew nigh. But we say not, see not as yet, clearly, what we would. Those who call for a more triumphant expression of love, a love that cannot be crucified, show not a perfect sense of what has already been given. Love has already been expressed, that made all things new, that gave the worm its place and ministry as well as the eagle; a love to which it was alike to descend into the depths of hell, or to sit at the right hand of the Father.

Yet, no doubt, a new manifestation is at hand, a new hour in the day of man. We cannot expect to see any one sample of completed being, when the mass of men still lie engaged in the sod, or use the freedom of their limbs only with wolfish energy. The tree cannot come to flower till its root be free from the cankering worm, and its whole growth open to air and light. While any one is base, none can be entirely free and noble. Yet something new shall presently be shown of the life of man, for hearts crave, if minds do not know how to ask it.


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MacGregor At Sinho he charged the Tartar cavalry, thereby saving Sterling's battery, was very severely wounded, and specially recommended for his gallantry. Still suffering from his wounds, he took part in the fighting near Tungchow and at the capture of Pekin.

On returning to India in 1861 MacGregor was made second in command of Hodson's horse (10th Bengal cavalry), with which he stayed until 1864. In 1864 he served with General Dunsford's column of the Bhutan field force as brigade-major, and was severely wounded at the assault of Dalingkot and again at Chamorchi, Bala (another dangerous wound), and Nagoh. He conducted a daring reconnaissance from Datmah to Chirang, and was mentioned in despatches. He was appointed deputy assisant quartermaster-general of the eastern frontier, on the conclusion of the campaign.

In 1867-8 MacGregor was employed with the advanced guard reconnoitring with the Abyssinian expedition under Sir Robert Napier, and took an active part in the fight at Arogi and at the capture of Magdala. In 1868 MacGregor was engaged in compiling the 'Gazetteer of Central Asia' for the Indian government. The work occupied him five years, after which he was employed as director-general of transport during the famine in North Behar. He was member of the ordnance commission in 1874, and assistant quarterma8ter-generalof the Rawalpindi division in February 1875.

In April 1875 MacGregor made an adventurous ride by an unknown route from the Persian Gulf to Sarakhs, within a few miles of Herat, in order to obtain information concerning the Afghan frontier. Proceeding to England, he was gazetted a companion of the Star of India, and at Lord Salisbury's request undertook a yet more hazardous exploration through Baluchistan in company with Captain Lockwood. The results of these travels were published in two works, viz. 'Narrative of a Journey through the Province of Khorassan,' 1879, and 'Wanderings in Baluchistan,' 1882. At the commencement of the second Afghan war, in 1878, MacGregor was entrusted with special duty, in charge of the Khaibar line of communications, and he was with General Maude's expedition against the Zakha Khels in the Bazar Valley as chief of the staff. Later he was appointed chief of the staff to Sir Samuel Browne, with whom he made the advance from Jalalabad to Gandamak ; and after the conclusion of the treaty he conducted the arrangements for the retirement of the Peshawar Valley field force until it was broken up. He received the order of the Indian Empire in 1878, and was made a C.B. for the Afghan campaign. When the second phase of the war broke out, MacGregor was appointed chief of the staff to Sir Frederick Roberts, accompanied the advance from Ali Khel in Kuram, across the Shutargardan, and took an active share in the action of Charasia, capture of Cabul, and occupation of the Sherpur cantonment. On 11 Dec. 1879 Macgregor recaptured from the enemy the four abandoned guns of Smith-Windham's battery at Kala-i-Aoshar outside Cabul, and took a leading part in the defence of Sherpur and the subsequent fighting in Maidan and Wardak. When Sir Donald Stewart arrived from Kandahar, MacGregor became his chief of the staff until the defeat at Maiwand. He afterwards commanded the 3rd infantry brigade of Sir F. Roberts's Kabul-Kandahar field force during the trying march to Kandahar, and at the final victory over Ayub Khan's army on the banks of the Argandab.

At the close of the campaign MacGregor (now brigadier-general) marched a column through the Mari country, and on returning to Simla received the knighthood of the Bath and was made quartermaster-general in India. Proceeding to England he super-intended the compilation of the 'History of the Second Afghan War' (6 vols. 1885-6), which was, however, suppressed by the Indian government. He returned to India in 1884. During his tenure of office the intelligence department was brought to a high pitch of perfection, and means for the speedy mobilisation of army corps in case of emergency were first organised. MacGregor's work, 'The Defence of India,' privately printed in 1884, was acknowledged to be the most perfect work of its kind, but was rigorously suppressed by the government. In 1885 MacGregor was appointed general officer commanding the Punjab frontier force, but his health soon broke down, and he died at Cairo, a few days after his promotion to the rank of major-general, on 5 Feb. 1887. His body was brought to Scotland and interred at Glengyle, on the shores of Loch Katrine, in his ancestral burying-ground. Lord Dufferin, a personal friend, said of General MacGregor: 'Not among the many distinguished captains I have known could I mention one who came nearer — in martial bearing, love of his profession, devotion to duty, and knowledge of the art of war — to the ideal of a powerful, chivalrous warrior.'

MacGregor married first in 1869 Frances Mary, youngest daughter of Sir Henry Durand ; she died on passage to England, 9 May 1873, leaving one daughter. MacGregors second wife, whom he married in February


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Macgregor 1883, and who survived him, was Charlotte Mary, second daughter of Frederick W. Jardine.  MACGREGOR, GREGOR (fl. 1817), calling himself his Highness Gregor, Cacique of Poyais, South American adventurer, was grandson of Gregor Macgregor. The latter enlisted in the Black Watch, then Semphill's highlanders, and was called in Gaelic by his comrades' Gregor the Beautiful.' When the regiment was first ordered to England in 1743, Gregor's grandfather and two others were sent on in advance to London, so that George II, who was on the point of starting for the continent, might see some soldiers of the regiment before leaving. One of the men died on the road, at Aberfeldy. Macgregor and the other were paraded before the king at St. James's, and exercised with the broadsword and Lochaber axe. Both afterwards rose to commissions ; Macgregor, who subsequently joined another regiment, finally sold out of the army, and became laird of Inverardine in Breadalbane (, Scottish Highlanders, i. 232 n.)

The grandson is said to have been at one time in the British army. According to his own account (Exposition Documentada, &c), he went out to Caraccas in 1811, to settle and aid in the struggle for South American independence. He married a South American lady, the Senora Josefa Lovera, who accompanied him in his subsequent adventures. He lost most of his property in the terrible earthquake at Caraccas in March 1812. Soon after he became colonel and adjutant-general to General Miranda, and subsequently commandant general of the cavalry and general of brigade in the Venezuelan army. In the renewed struggle for independence under Simon Bolivar, commencing in 1813, he repeatedlv distinguished himself, particularly by his skilful retreat from Ocumare to Barcelona, with a handful of men before an overwhelming force of royalists, in 1816; and subsequently in the battles of Onoto, Chaguarames, Quebrada-honde, Alacran, and especially in the memorable battle of Juncal. In 1817 he was promoted to the rank of general of division in the Venezuelan army, and received the special thanks of Bolivar and the insignia of the order of Liberatadores (ib.) Macgregor was subsequently engaged in sundry filibustering enterprises. In 1817 he took possession of Amelia Island, on the Florida coast, which belonged to Spain ; and in 1819, eluding the vigilance of the British authorities at Jamaica, he made a descent on Puerto Bello, which he captured, but was subsequently surprised and had to fly. In 1821 he appears to have quitted the service of Venezuela — by that time a part of the republic of Colombia — and settled among the Poyais Indians, a warlike tribe on the Mosquito shore, where he obtained a tract of fertile country and adopted the title of Cacique. He encouraged trade, established schools, projected a bank (the notes for which were engraved by William Home Lizars [q. v.] the engraver), established a small army, and on 13 April 1821 started for Europe, as he stated in a proclamation to his subjects, 'for the purpose of procuring religious and moral instructors, the implements of husbandry, and persons to guide and assist in the cultivation of the soil.' The proclamation also declared that no person but the honest and industrious should find an asylum in the Poyais territory. The latter is really one of the healthiest and most productive parts of Central America, but the attempt to introduce Scottish immigrants proved a most miserable failure (see Scots Mag. 1823, pp. 324-31), and a loan obtained by Macgregor from London houses was never paid, either interest or principal. Much and not undeserved obliquy fell on Macgregor, but he probably honestly believed in the feasibility of his schemes. Fifteen years later he published in London a 'Plan of Constitution for the Mosauito Territory' (1836). In a memorial to the Venezuelan government, dated from Caraccas in 1839, Macgregor refers to the misfortunes which have befallen him, and appealed for naturalisation in the republic, and restoration to his former military rank. The Venezuelan government granted his requests, and directed that, in view of the very eminent services rendered by him to the cause of South American independence during the wars of 1812-21, he be restored to the rank of general of division with his former seniority, and that a sum of money be granted to him. He is believed to have died at Caraccas a few years later.


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 MACGREGOR, JAMES (d. 1551), dean of Lismore, was the son of Dougall Johnson (the son of John) MacGregor by his wife, a daughter of Donald McClawe, alias Grant. This branch of the MacGregors lived at Tullichnullin, a house at Fortingall, Perthshire, and owned in perpetuity the vicarage of Fortingall with a lease of the church lands. The father was a notary public, and died after 1529. James was in all probability only in minor orders. He was a notary public in 1511, was dean of Lismore in 1514, and succeeded his father in the vicarage of Fortingall. He died in 1561, and was buried in the church at Inchordin. He was married, and had a son Gregor MacGregor. Two natural sons, Gregor and Dougall, were naturalised in 1557, Dougall being at that time chancellor of Lismore.

James MacGregor collected Gaelic poetry, and with the help of his brother Duncan transcribed what he gathered into a commonplace book, which forms a quarto of about 311 pages, written in a Roman hand. This volume, most of which was transcribed as early as 1512, came during the eighteenth century into the possession of the Highland Society of London, from which it passed to the Highland Society of Scotland, and is now in the Advocates' Library at Edinburgh. A volume of selections from it was edited, with introduction, notes, and translation, by Thomas McClauchlan and William F. Skene (Edinburgh, 1862, 8vo). It is of great philological value, and illustrates the relations between Western Scotland and Ireland from an early date.

MACGREGOR, JOHN (1797–1867), statistician and historian, eldest son of David MacGregor of Drynie, near Stornoway, Rossshire, born at Drynie. in 1797, emigrated as a young man to Canada and settled in Prince Edward Island, where he became a member of the House of Assembly, and in 1823 served the office of high sheriff. He also travelled through great part of British North America and the United States, collecting statistics. On his return to Europe about 1825 he published 'Historical and Descriptive Sketches of the Maritime Colonies of British America,' London, 1828, 8 vo and 12mo; and 'Observations' on Emigration to British America,' London, 1829, 8vo. In 1830 he made a tour on the continent of Europe, a narrative of which he published, under the title 'My Note-book,' in 1835, London, 3 vols. 8vo. In concert with his friend [q. v.] he projected in 1832 a vast work on the commercial statistics of all nations, the compilation of which occupied him during the next seven years, in the course of which he visited most of the countries of Europe. In 1839 he represented the British government in the negotiations with the kingdom of Naples for a revision of the commercial treaty of 1816. In 1840 he succeeded James Deacon Hume as one of the joint secretaries of the board of trade. A strong free-trader, he prompted Joseph Hume's motion for a select committee on import duties, and gave evidence before the committee (July 1840), which was felt as a severe blow to protection. During his tenure of office he embodied the results of his statistical researches in twenty-two parliamentary reports on 'Commercial Tariffs and Regulations of the several States of Europe and America, together with the Commercial Treaties between England and - Foreign Countries,' published, with appendix, in 8 vols. 8vo, London, 1841-60; and in 'A Digest of the Productive Resources, Commercial Legislation, Customs Tariffs, Navigation, Port and Quarantine Laws and Charges, Shipping, Imports and Exports,' and the Monies, Weights, and Measures of all Nations, including all British Commercial Treaties with Foreign States, collected from Authentic Records, and consolidated with especial reference to British and Foreign Products, Trade, and Navigation,' London, 1844-8, 3 vols. 8vo.

On the repeal of the corn laws MacGregor threw up his post at the board of trade, and entered parliament (July 1847) as member for Glasgow, which constituency he represented until shortly before his death. He spoke frequently on commercial, financial, and colonial questions, dreamed of a place in the cabinet, and established the reputation of a bore.' He was the principal promoter and sometime chairman of the Royal British Bank, incorporated by royal charter in 1849, which, though far from prosperous, he egregiously puffed in a chapter on 'Banking' contributed to Freedley's 'Money' in 1853. He was also a party to the publication of accounts which concealed. the true position of the bank. It stopped payment in September 1856, and MacGregor, who had absconded shortly before, died at Boulogne on 23 April 1857, indebted to the bank in the sum of 7,362l.

Besides the works mentioned above, MacGregor published:
 * 1) 'British America,' Edinburgh, 1832, 2 vols. 8vo.
 * 2) 'The Resources and Statistics of Nations, exhibiting


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 :: the Geographical Position and Natural Resources, the Political Statistics, including the Government, Revenue, Expenditure, the Civil, Military, and Naval Affairs, the Moral Statistics, including Religion and Education the Medical Statistics, including Comparative Mortality, &c.; and the Economical Statistics, including Agriculture, Manufactures, Navigation and Trade, &c, of all Countries,' London, 1886, 8vo. MacGregor also edited, for Bonn's 'Standard Library, De Lolme's 'Constitution of England,' with a life of the author, and notes, London, 1853, 8vo.
 * 1) 'The Commercial and Financial Legislation of Europe and America, with a Pro-forma Revision of the Taxation and the Customs Tariff of the United Kingdom,' London, 1841, 8vo.
 * 2) 'The Preference Interests, or the Miscalled Protective Duties shown to be Public Oppression, addressed to all classes and parties,' London, 1841, 8vo.
 * 3) 'The Commercial Treaties and Tariffs of Prussia and other States of the Germanic Union of Customs,' London, 1842, 8vo.
 * 4) 'The Progress of America from the Discovery by Columbus to the year 1846,' London, 1847, 2 vols. 8vo.
 * 5) 'Sketches of the Progress of Civilisation and Public Liberty, with a view of the Political Condition of Europe and America in 1848,' London, 1848, 8vo.
 * 6) 'Germany, her Resources, Government, Union of Customs, and Power, under Frederick William IV, with a Preliminary View of the Political Condition of Europe in 1848,' London, 1848, 8vo.
 * 7) 'Holland and the Dutch Colonies,' London, 1848, 8vo.
 * 8) 'Financial Reform, a Letter to the Citizens of Glasgow, with an Introduction and Supplementary Notes,' London, 1849, 8vo.
 * 9) 'Sketches, Historical and Descriptive, of the Austrian and Ottoman Empires, including a Concise View of the Rise and Power of Prussia, and Remarks on Russia, France, and the remaining States of Europe,' London, 1861, 8vo.
 * 10) 'The History of the British Empire from the Accession of James I, to which is prefixed a Review of the Progress of England from the Saxon Period to the last year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth,' London, 1862, 2 vols. 8vo.
 * 11) 'A Synthetical View of the Results of Recent Commercial and Financial Legislation,' London, 1863, 8vo.
 * 12) 'The Madrai Case,' London, 1853, 8vo.
 * 13) 'The Nunnery Question,' London, 1863, 8vo.

MacGregor was an able and industrious compiler of statistics, a vigorous writer and a clear thinker. On the other hand, he was a utilitarian of the most extreme type, and, identifying civilisation with material prosperity, was as unfit to write history as to make it. He was a member of the Académie de l'Industrie Agricole.

 MACGREGOR, JOHN, commonly known as (1825–1892), philanthropist and traveller, horn on 24 Jan. 1825, was son of General Sir Duncan MacGregor, K.C.B. His mother was the youngest daughter of Sir William Dick, bart., of Prestonfield, near Edinburgh. Adventures came to him early: as a baby he was outward bound on the Kent, East Indiaman, which took fire in the Bay of Biscay. An account of the disaster was published by his father in 1825, and repubished by him in 1880. As a boy he was apt at mechanics, read hard, was a good climber, boxer, and horseman, and passionately fond of boating. His mind early took a strong religious bent, and he was with some difficulty dissuaded from becoming a missionary.

His schooling was interrupted by his father's constant changes of station, and he is said to have been at seven schools in all, among them at King's School, Canterbury. In 1839 he entered Trinity College, Dublin, where he remained a year, taking a high position in mathematics. Thence he went to a tutor's, and in 1844 proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating as thirty-fourth wrangler in 1847 (M.A. in 1850). He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1851, and devoted himself for a time to 'patent' law; but, being possessed of ample means, threw aside the chances of a good practice and devoted the rest of his life chiefly to foreign travel or to active philanthropic work at home, with occasional diversions into literary and mechanical investigations.

MacGregor was in Paris during the revolution of 1848. In July 1849 he started overland across Europe to the Levant, and on to Egypt and to Palestine: his tour occupied


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MacGregor nine months. In 1851 he went to Russia, and worked southward to Algeria and Tunis ; afterwards crossing to Canada and the United States. Between 1853 and 1868 he largely occupied himself with a study of modes of marine propulsion, which his mathematical attainments fitted him to pursue. In order to determine the alleged validity of the claim made on behalf of Blasco de Garay to have employed steam for purposes of marine propulsion in 1543, he, in the autumn of 1857, journeyed to Simancas and examined the Spanish archives. He found the usual difficulty of obtaining full information from this source, but his journal shows that he was fairly satisfied that. De Garay made no such pretension. During the summer of 1865 MacGregor launched his canoe the Rob Roy, and started on the first of those solitary cruises by which he is best known. This first Rob Roy was built of oak and covered fore and aft with cedar; she was 15 feet in length by 2 feet 4 inches ; 9 inches deep, drew 3 inches of water, and weighed 80 lbs. The paddle was 7 feet long ; she carried a bamboo mast, lugsail and jib, and took baggage for three months. Starting down the Thames, and round the coast to Dover, MacGregor crossed the Channel by steamer and navigated a network of rivers, canals, and lakes, the chief of which were the Sambre, Meuse, Rhine, Main, Danube, Aar, Moselle, and Seine ; besides the lakes Constance, Zurich, and Lucerne. Lord Aberdeen, in another canoe, joined MacGregor for some part of the distance. The vovage was practically 'one of discovery.' The log was published in 1866 in the little book 'A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe,' which was perhaps the most popular work of the year. Up to that time the canoe had hardly been known in England, and MacGregor may be considered the patron saint of canoeing and canoe clubs. In 1866 he made a second summer holiday trip in a new and smaller canoe through part of Norway and Sweden ; then by the Baltic to Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein, and so to the North Sea and Heligoland. In 1867 he varied his craft and took his holiday in a small yawl, built to his own design, also christened Rob Roy. He started down the Thames and crossed the Channel to France ; thence, after some sailing on the rivers, he came back to the Isle of Wight and eastward along the south coast to London. In November 1868 he once more took to the canoe, and, travelling by steamer to Alexandria, started on the most adventurous and perilous of his voyages, through the Suez Canal and down the Red Sea, and thence to Palestine, navigating the Jordan and Lake Gennesareth.

Meanwhile MacGregor had actively promoted many philanthropic schemes in London. In 1851 he helped to found the Shoeblack Brigade, and supported Lord Shaftesbury's efforts in behalf of destitute children, becoming vice-president of the Ragged School Union. In 1853 he took an active part in the work of the Open-Air Mission, and of that undertaking, as well as of the Pure Literature Society and of the Protestant Alliance, he was for several years an honorary secretary. He was also an active member of the British and Foreign Bible Society and of the Reformatory and Refuge Union. The entire profits of all his works were devoted to these and other charities, and with the same object, after his return from his last trip in 1869, he frequently lectured about his travels, illustrating his lectures with diagrams and sketches of his own. He was twice elected member for Greenwich on the London School Board (in 1870 and 1873), and was for some time the chairman of the industrial schools committee of the board.

MacGregor was an enthusiastic volunteer, and on 15 May 1861, in the early days of the movement, read a paper before the Society of Arts (Journal, p. 474) on the 'Hythe School of Musketry.

During the latter years of his life, owing to failing health, he resided at Boscombe, near Bournemouth, where he died at his residence, 'Lochiel,' on 16 July 1892.

He married in 18/3 the daughter of Admiral Sir C. Caffin, who survives him, with two daughters.

MacGregor had much literary facility, and was a good draughtsman, always illustrating his own books. While at Cambridge as an undergraduate he contributed to the 'Mechanics' Magazine/ 1844, and sent sketches to 'Punch,' His records of his travels are very brightly written. Their titles are: 1. 'Three Days in the East,' 1850. 2. 'Our Brothers and Cousins, a Tour in Canada,' 1859. 3. 'A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe, 1866. 4. 'A Voyage alone in the Yawl Rob Roy,' 1867. 5. 'The Rob Roy on the Baltic,' 1867. 6. 'The Rob Roy on the Jordan, Red Sea, and Gennesareth,' 1869. He also wrote paners on a variety of mechanical questions in the 'Mechanics' Magazine,' beginning in 1844 (xli. 96, xliii. 426, xliv. 170, 222, 348, 418, xlv. 500, and others); 'Eastern Music, a Collection of Egyptian and Syrian Tunes,' 1851; 'An Abridgment of Specifications relating to Marine Propulsion,' 1858.


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McGregor McGREGOR, JOHN JAMES (1775–1834), historian and topographer, born at Limerick on 24 Feb. 1775, was brought up among the methodists, and became an ardent supporter of their religious principles. At an early age he became editor of the 'Munster Telegraph,' published at Waterford. Subsequently he removed to Dublin, where he became editor of the 'Church Methodist Magazine,' a quarterly publication, and in 1829 he was appointed literary assistant to the Kildare Place Education Society. He died in Dublin on 24 Aug. 1834.

His principal works are: 1. 'History of the French Revolution, and of the Wars resulting from that event,' 11 vols, in 12, Waterford and Dublin, 1816-27, 8vo. 2. 'Narrative of the Loss of the Sea Horse Transport, Captain Gibbs, in the Bay of Tramore. . . Also some Account of the Wreck of the Lord Melville and Boadicea Transports,' Waterford, 1816, 8vo. 3. 'New Picture of Dublin,' with map and views, Dublin, 1821, 12mo. 4. 'The History, Topography, and Antiquities of the County and City of Limerick, with a View of the History and Antiquities of Ireland,' 2 vols. Dublin, 1826-7, 8vo (conjointly with the Rev. P. Fitzgerald, vicar of Cahercornev). 5. 'True Stories from the History of Ireland,' Dublin, 1829-33, 3 vols. 12mo, in the manner of Sir Walter Scott's ' Tales of a Grandfather.' His portrait has been engraved by S. Freeman from a miniature by Purcell.

 MACGREGOR or, ROBERT, commonly called Rob Roy (1671–1734), highland freebooter, the younger son of Donald MacGregor, by his wife Margaret, daughter of Campbell of Gleneaves, and sister possibly to Robert Campbell, who commanded at the massacre of Glencoe, was born in 1671 (register of baptism, 7 March 1671, in Buchanan parish, quoted in Scottish Antiquary, vii. 37). One consequence of the ill-fortune that overtook the Argyll family at the Restoration was the repeal in 1661 of the penal acts against the MacGregors, but as they were not restored to their territories possibly the only result of the clemency was to encourage their old freebooting propensities. The father was younger brother of the chief of the clan, Gregor MacGregor, and a member of the Gregor Dhu branch to which the chiefship had fallen on the extinction of the direct male line. The father's name figures as Lieutenant-colonel MacGregor in the bond of association signed at the castle of Blair, 24 Aug. 1689, the number of the men whom he brought to support King James being one hundred (Acts of the Scottish Parliament, ix. App. p. 60). He probably owed his rank to James's nomination after the revolution. He is no doubt identical with ‘the great robber Lieutenant-colonel MacGregor’ who on 11 Jan. 1690 was brought a prisoner to Edinburgh by a party of Lord Kenmure's men (Leven and Melville Papers, p. 369), and shortly afterwards obtained his liberty on promising to induce Macdonald of Keppoch and Macdonald of Glengarry [see ] to come to terms with the government (ib. p. 394). The freebooting instincts of Rob Roy were thus strengthened by paternal instruction. The family held in Rob's youth a farm ‘in Balquhidder in feu of the Duke of Atholl’ (Appendix to, Letters, ii. 348); but although nominally a grazier Rob's principal income was derived from the self-appointed duty of protecting those who purchased his goodwill, he himself being perhaps the most formidable robber against whom he afforded protection. In 1691 he or his father was the leader of an exceptionally daring raid called the ‘Her'ship [herryship or robbery] of Kippen,’ in which the cattle were lifted from the byres of Kippen because the villagers had attempted to prevent the capture of the drove of Lord Livingstone. But MacGregor had some tincture of modern civilisation; his letters show that he had received a good education, and he possessed many of the best characteristics of the highland gentleman. His personal appearance is best described by Sir Walter Scott: ‘His stature was not of the tallest, but his person was uncommonly strong and compact. The greatest peculiarities of his frame were the breadth of his shoulders and the great and almost disproportioned length of his arms, so remarkable, indeed, that it was said he could, without stooping, tie the garters of his highland hose, which are placed two inches below the knee. … His hair was dark red, thick, and frizzled, and curled short around the face. His fashion of dress showed of course the knees and upper part of the leg, which was described to me as resembling that of a highland bull, hirsute, with red hair, and evincing muscular strength similar to that animal.’

The part taken by the MacGregors at the revolution, and possibly their ‘activity in scenes of plunder,’ led to the renewal in 1693 of the penal acts against the clan. Rob therefore adopted Campbell as his surname, and during his most active freebooting period contented himself with the signature ‘Rob


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title: Talk:Instrument of Government, 1653


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Category:Commonwealth of England

The defacto republic which ruled first England from 1649 to 1660 (including Ireland and Scotland later in this period) between the reigns of Charles I and Charles II. It is also known as the English Interregnum and includes the period known as The Proctectorate (under the reigns of Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell and his heir Richard).

title: Category:Commonwealth of England


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text: Category:History of Syria

title: Category:History of Syria


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MacGregor Roy’ (Red Rob). He continued to occupy Balquhidder, and on the death of Gregor MacGregor in 1693 became for a time the nominal head of the clan, as tutor to his nephew, James Graham of Glengyle. In the marriage contract of his nephew he is denominated ‘of Inversnail’ (Inversnaid); and he had ‘acquired an interest, by purchase, wadset, or otherwise, to the property of Craigroyston,’ a ‘domain of rock and forest lying on the east side of Loch Lomond’. His territory lay between possessions of the rival houses of Montrose and Argyll, and he seems to have made it his aim to use that rivalry to his own advantage. For some time after the revolution he would appear to have been in special favour with Montrose, who had by advances of money greatly assisted him in extending his business as a cattle-dealer.

According to a ‘Memorandum of Rob Roy's Dealings in Cattle’ among the ‘Montrose Papers,’ he had for several years traded in bringing black cattle from the highlands to the lowlands in May or June for persons who had advanced the price in money the winter before; but ‘finding his affairs backward’ in 1711, he absconded with the money to the Western Isles, ‘with the intention of leaving the country’ (Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. p. 381). On obtaining promise of protection from James Graham, first duke of Montrose [q. v.], to come to Glasgow, he returned home, but declined to take further advantage of the duke's offer (ib.) In 1712 his case came before the court of session at Edinburgh, when it was declared that he ‘did most fraudulently withdraw and fled, without performing anything on his part, and therefore became unquestionably a notour and fraudulent bankrupt’ (, Criminal Trials, i. 55). In a warrant granted for his apprehension in October 1712 by the lord advocate, Sir James Stewart, he is described as ‘a notour bankrupt,’ who ‘by open fraud and violence hath embezzled considerable sums of money,’ and ‘refusing to come to any account’ keeps himself ‘with a guard or company of armed men in defiance of the law’ (Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. p. 381). But the charge of fraudulent bankruptcy was ill-supported. Rob's principal creditor was the Duke of Montrose, and his aim in avoiding his creditors was to keep out of the clutches of the law, which as a representative of a proscribed clan he had good reason to dread. Moreover, an edictal citation was on 27 Nov. granted against him before his case came on for trial (, Decisions of the Court of Session, p. 635). According to his own plausible version of the dispute, as narrated in a letter to John Murray, first duke of Atholl [q. v.], 27 Jan. 1713, he had offered Montrose, who was endeavouring to ‘ruin’ him ‘upon the accompt of cautionrie, … the whole principal soum with a year's annual rent, which he positively’ refused. ‘The reasone why he did refuse it was he sent me a protectione, and in the meantime that I had the protectione his grace thought fitt to procure me order from the Queen's advocate to Funab [Campbell of Finab] to secure me.’ ‘This,’ adds Rob, ‘was a most ridiculous way to any nobleman to treat any man after this manner’ (Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep. App. pt. viii. p. 65); and he ingenuously suggests to Atholl to ‘speake to the advocate to countermand his order, since it's contrary to law.’

During Rob's enforced absence to avoid arrest his wife and family were evicted in mid-winter at the instance of Montrose, and it was on leaving her homestead that his wife is said to have composed the pathetic piece of pipe music known as ‘Rob Roy's Lament.’ Rob now placed himself under the protection of John Campbell, first earl of Breadalbane [q. v.], and gathering a powerful band of followers declared ‘that the estate of Montrose should in future supply him with cattle, and that he would make the duke rue the day he had quarrelled with him.’ A fort erected by the government at Inversnaid was seized by him just as it was completed, and utilised for his own safety. For a time he was able to make good his footing in his native territory, and the unsettled state of the country following the death of Queen Anne enabled him to defy the law with impunity. It is affirmed that he signed his name to a bond in favour of the Pretender, and that the bond came into the hands of Campbell of Glenlyon, who was ordered to carry it to the privy council, and that Campbell and his party were stopped while on the road by a strong force under Rob Roy, and compelled to surrender the incriminating document (, History of Rob Roy, pp. 86–8). Haldane of Gleneagles, writing from Glasgow on 1 Nov. 1714, reported that Rob a few evenings before appeared at the Cross of Crieff, and after drinking to the Pretender's health departed unscathed (Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. p. 378), and on 5 Feb. 1715 he wrote that Rob at his last appearance at Crieff had drunk ‘to those honest and brave fellows that cut out the gaudger's ear’ (ib.), an outrage committed in the previous December. After the arrival in Scotland of John Erskine (1675–1732), earl of Mar [q. v.], Rob Roy went north to Aberdeen to collect a part of the clan Gregor settled in that county, and while there was


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Author:Richard Dybeck

Works

 * Du gamla, du fria (1844)

title: Author:Richard Dybeck


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MacGregor entertained by his clansman Dr. James Gregory, professor of medicine in King's College, Aberdeen. On his return south he collected a large force of clansmen, and seizing the ferry-boats and other vessels on Loch Lomond brought them to Rowardennan. On 27 or 28 Sept. he marched in the direction of the forces of Mar (Appendix to Loch Lomond Expedition, p. 18; Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. p. 380). During his absence the men of Paisley and Dumbarton, to the number of one hundred, sailed up Loch Lomond in four men-of-war boats, and succeeded in recapturing the boats that Rob Roy had seized. The narrative of the expedition gives the Paisley and Dumbarton volunteers the credit of having frightened the MacGregors by a vigorous discharge of firearms, but in all probability before they undertook the expedition they were well aware that the MacGregors had left the district (The Loch Lomond Expedition of 1715, reprinted and illustrated from Original Documents, Glasgow, 1834). Although Rob Roy followed in the wake of the rebel army, he did not actually join it. Robert Patten [q. v.] relates that at Sheriffmuir he ‘was with his men and followers within a very little distance from the Earl of Mar's army, and when he was desired by a gentleman of his own to go and assist his friends, he answered, “If they could not do it without me they should not do it with me”’ (Hist. of the Rebellion, ed. 1740, p. 171). Friendship for Argyll seems chiefly to have actuated him in holding aloof. When Mar retreated to Perth, Rob made a foraging tour in the south on his own account. On 9 Dec. he appeared at Drymen, where he proclaimed the Pretender and rifled the gauger's house and tore up his books (Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. p. 375; Appendix to Loch Lomond Expedition, p. 30). Afterwards he appeared at Luss (ib. p. 31). Graham of Killearn came up with him at the inn of Crianlarich, and made an attempt to seize him, when Rob, it is affirmed, taking up a position inside the inn door, ‘felled each intruder to the ground as he entered,’ until his followers, rushing to his assistance, compelled the Grahams to retreat (, p. 157). He now passed eastwards into Fife, and on 4 Jan. 1716 seized Falkland Palace (Loch Lomond Expedition, p. 34). On the 21st, at the head of two hundred men, he attacked and captured a party of Hanoverians sent by General William, first earl Cadogan [q. v.], to occupy the Tower of Balgonie (Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. p. 375). After various raids in Fife and Stirling he returned with his followers in April to Craigroyston.

While he was stationed with a small band at Strathfillan, his house at Auchinchisallan in Breadalbane was burned by the enemy. He partly revenged himself by firing from the rocks and passes on the troops as they were retreating with their booty (Letter of Graham of Killearn, 11 April 1716, ib. p. 381). Shortly afterwards the homesteads of Glengyle and Craigroyston were also destroyed; and growing desperate, he by a bold coup de main seized Graham of Killearn while he was in the inn at Menteith collecting rents for Montrose, took the factor's money, and refused to set him free until he paid 3,400 merks for loss and damage done to his property, and obtained a promise from Montrose not ‘to trouble or prosecute’ Rob afterwards (Letter of the Duke of Montrose, 21 Nov. 1716, ib. p. 381). On the 27th he, however, set Graham free, with his books, papers, and bonds, but kept the money (Letter of Montrose, November, ib. p. 382). Not long afterwards Montrose, at the head of a body of his tenants, surprised and captured Rob at Balquhidder, but the outlaw escaped while crossing a river at nightfall. Thereupon the Duke of Atholl, who up till this time had been on friendly terms with Rob, offered to effect his capture, and on 4 June 1717, according to the duke's own account, Rob surrendered to him (Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep. App. pt. viii. p. 71). Rob gave another version of his capture. According to him the duke arranged a friendly meeting with him on 3 June at Blair Castle, on a promise of security, and broke that promise (Declaration of Rob Roy, 25 June 1717, ib. 3rd Rep. p. 384). On 6 June Rob broke out of prison at Logierait. Probably through the protection of Argyll, and no doubt by the connivance of the clansmen, he contrived, by lurking in caves or in the woods, to carry on his depredations against Montrose for several years more. Various other instances, no doubt somewhat embellished by tradition, are given of his hair-breadth escapes (see, History of Rob Roy). In appendix to Millar's ‘History’ is also an authentic account of the clever escape of Henderson, the laird of Westerton, from his clutches. He was present with a number of his followers at the battle of Glenshiels, 10 June 1719. In 1719 he amused himself by penning a challenge to Montrose to settle their disputes by single combat, which he said would save him and the troops ‘any further trouble of searching’. Ultimately, however, through the intervention of the Duke of Argyll, a reconciliation was effected with Montrose, and on their advice Rob in 1722 sent a letter of submission to General Wade, in which he de-


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MacGregor clared that while circumstances had forced him 'to take part with the adherents of the Pretender,' he had 'sent his Grace the Duke of Argyll all the intelligence' he could 'from time to time of the strength and situation of the rebels' (ib.) He was, however, apprehended, and was for some time confined in Newgate. In January 1727 he was carried, handcuffed with James, lord Ogilvie (d. 1735), to Gravesend to be transported to Barbados, but before the ship sailed they were pardoned (Weekly Journal, 24 Jan. 1727, quoted in, London in Jacobite Times, li. 18-19). For the remainder of his life he lived peacefully at Balquhidder, his most eventful experience being a duel with Stewart of Invernahyle, to settle a dispute between the Maclarens and MacGregors regarding the possession of the farm of Invernenty. His opponent had the advantage of youth and wounded Rob in the arm. In his later years Rob was converted to Catholicism. He died on Saturday, 28 Dec. 1734 (Caledonian Mercury, quoted in, Domestic Annals, iii. 624), and was buried in the churchyard of Balquhidder. His testament dative, given up by his widow, Mary MacGregor of Campbell, and confirmed 6 Feb. 1735, is printed in Fraser's 'Red Book of Monteith,' ii. 449-50.

By his wife Helen Mary, daughter of MacGregor of Oomar, he had five sons : Coll, Ronald, James, Duncan, and Robert. Not long after his father's death Robert shot Maclaren of Invernenty when at the plough. He absconded, and his two brothers, James and Ronald, were brought to trial for the murder, but escaped on a verdict of not proven. Robert enlisted in the 42nd regiment, and after obtaining his discharge lived in the MacGregor country without molestation. James distinguished himself on the side of the Pretender in the '46, and was attainted of high treason, but succeeded by some secret means in making his peace with the government. James, Duncan, and Robert were accused of forcibly abducting Jean Key or Wright, a young widow (who had inherited some property by the death of her husband), from her house at Edinbellie, Balfron, Stirlingshire, 3 Dec. 1750, and compelling her to marry Robert. James was tried for his share in the crime on 13 July 1752. The jury brought in a special verdict of guilty under extenuating circumstances, but while the import of the verdict was under discussion he made his escape, and being outlawed went to France, where he died in great poverty in October 1754. Duncan, who was tried on 15 Jan. 1753, was found not guilty. Robert, who was apprehended in May 1753, and tried on 24 Dec. following, was condemned to death, and executed on 14 Feb. (Trials of James, Duncan, and Robert MacGregor, three sons of the celebrated Rob Roy, before the High Court of Justiciary in the years 1752, 1758, and 1754).

There is an engraving of Rob Roy in K. Macleay's 'Memoirs,' from a painting at one time in the possession of Mr. Buchanan of Arden. An engraving from a picture by J. B. Macdonald, R.S.A., in the possession of R. P. Greff of Coles Park, Hertfordshire, is prefixed to Millar's ' History.' A notice of various relics is given in Appendix to Millar's 'History.'  McGRIGOR, JAMES, M.D. (1771–1858), army surgeon, born at Cromdale, Inverness-shire, 9 April 1771, was eldest of the three sons of Colquhoun McGrigor, merchant, of Aberdeen, and his wife Anne, daughter of Lewis Grant of Lathendrey in Strathspey, Inverness-shire. He was educated at the grammar school at Aberdeen, and afterwards entered the Marischal College, where he graduated M.A.in 1788. He studied medicine at Aberdeen and at Edinburgh, and after his return to Aberdeen in 1789, while an apprentice to Dr. French, physician to the county infirmary, he was one of the founders of a local medico-chirurgical society among the students, which survives as the'ehief medical society in the north of Scotland. Desiring to become an army surgeon, he went to London, where he attended Mr. Wilson's lectures on anatomy, and after the outbreak of war with France obtained, by purchase through the regimental agent, the post of surgeon to De Burgh's regiment, an Irish corps then being raised,


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CHAPTER VIII

AND ALL THINGS SHALL BE ADDED

The kingdom of God is within, and manifests through man as the spiritual life. His righteousness is the right use of all that is contained in the elements of the spiritual life. The spiritual life being the complete life, the full expression of life in body, mind and soul, it is evident that the right use of the spiritual life will produce and bring everything that man may need or desire. The source of everything has the power to produce everything, providing the power within that source is used according to exact spiritual law.

The spiritual life being the source of all that is necessary to a full and perfect life, and the kingdom of God within being the source of the spiritual life, we can readily understand why the kingdom should be sought first; and also, why everything that we may require will be added when the first thought is given to spiritual living and righteous action. Righteous action, however, is not simply


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McGrigor and since famous as the 88th or Connaught rangers. His appointment was dated 13 Sept. 1793, and his name was at first spelt in the army list MacGregor. He served with the regiment in Flanders, and in the winter retreat to Bremen in 1794-5, in which his health suffered severely. When the 88th was at Southampton soon after its return, Lieutenant-colonel William Carr Beresford, afterwards Marshal Beresford [q. v.], was appointed to the command of the regiment. Beresford quarrelled with McGrigor, laying on him the hlame of the highly insanitary condition of the regiment, although the regimental infirmary was admitted to be in excellent order, and, among other arbitrary acts, insisted on his attending all parades. McGrigor protested against this treatment, and applied, without success, for exchange to another regiment, but a better understanding prevailed after Beresford voluntarily made a very favourable report of McGrigor's services. Later in the year (1795) the regiment was ordered to the West Indies. Mistaking a sailing-signal, the transport in which McGrigor had embarked started off and reached Barbados alone, long in advance of the other troops. She was supposed to be lost, and McGrigor's place in the regiment was filled up. McGrigor accompanied a detachment of the 25th regiment to Grenada, where the negroes were in revolt (see Higgins, Hist. Bee. 25th Begt. chap, xii.), but was shipwrecked on the way. Meanwhile the 88th had embarked with Admiral Sir Hugh Cloberry Christian [q. v.], but the transports were shattered and dispersed in the great storm of November 1795. Only two companies of the 88th reached 'the West Indies, with which, after serving in Grenada and St. Vincent, McGrigor came home in the autumn of 1 796. In May 1799 he landed with the 88th at Bombay, proceeding with it afterwards to Ceylon, and in 1801 was appointed superintending surgeon of the force of eight thousand European and Indian troops sent up the Red Sea to join the army in Egypt, under Major-general David Baird [see Baird, Sir David]. McGrigor received a commission from the East India Company, so that he might take control of the Indian details. Baird's force landed at Kosseir in May-June 1801, and after crossing the desert to Kenneh, descended the Nile to Rosetta. There McGrigor had to deal with a fatal outbreak of the plague among the troops. When the army evacuated Egypt, McGrigor crossed the desert to Suez, and returned to Bombay with two companies of his regiment. The rest of the regiment returned to England, whither McGrigor followed, narrowly escaping capture by French privateers on the renewal of the war with France. McGrigor was transferred to the royal horse guards (blues), and did duty with them at Canterbury and Windsor, where he was noticed by George HI and Queen Charlotte. Lord Melville [see Dundas, Hbnky, first Viscotot Melville], when at the board of control, had made a fruitless proposal to create a fourth presidency, which should include the eastern islands, and to place McGrigor at the head of the medical board. He proceeded M.D. at Marischal College 20 Feb. 1804, and on 27 June 1805 was made one of the new deputy inspectors-general of hospitals, and placed in charge of the northern district (headquarters York), where he introduced many improvements, and, as in after years, stimulated the zeal of the officers under him by his unfailing courtesy, friendly criticism, and advice. His talents attracted the notice of the Duke of York, who transferred him to the south-western district (headquarters Winchester), subsequently placing tne Portsmouth district and Isle of Wight and a part of the Sussex district under him as well. At this time McGrigor had in medical charge the counties of Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Wilts, Somerset, Gloucester, and Worcester, and South Wales ; the medical organisation of numerous expeditions despatched from Portsmouth at this period was also entrusted to him. Once on the return of the troops from Corunna, carrying fever with them wherever they went, he declared the difficulties of the situation to be 'unsurmountable.' Nevertheless, he surmounted them.

McGrigor's reputation now stood very high. His old chief, Beresford, applied for his services as principal medical officer of the Portuguese army, but before the arrangement could be maae McGrigor was ordered to Walcheren, where the British camping-grounds were underwater and three thousand men down with malarial fever. He. was wrecked in H.M.S. Venerable, 74 guns, at the mouth of the Scheldt, and after long delay was rescued with others, in a state of great exhaustion, by the boats of the fleet from Flushing. Sir Eyre Coote the younger [q. v.], who had succeeded to the command, testified to the important services rendered by McGrigor, who was himself stricken with the fever. McGrigor was promoted to the rank of inspector-general of hospitals 25 Aug. 1809. After his return he resumed his duties at Portsmouth, and married. On 13 June 1811 he received the sinecure post of physician of Portsmouth garrison, and soon afterwards was appointed chief of the medical


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78 moral action, but the right use of the elements of life in all action.

To seek His kingdom first, it is not necessary to withdraw from the world, nor to deny oneself the good things that exist in the world; to seek the kingdom first, is to give one's strongest thought to the spiritual life, and to make spiritual thought the predominating thought in everything that one may do in life. In other words, go to God first for everything, place your greatest dependence upon His power to carry you through everything, and live so close to His kingdom within that you are fully conscious of that kingdom every moment.

To seek the kingdom first, the heart must be in the spirit; that is, to live the spiritual life must be the predominating desire; but the mental conception of the spiritual life must not be narrow; in brief, that conception must contain the perfection of everything that can possibly appear in life. To think of the spiritual life as being distinct from mind and body is to deter the spiritual life from being expressed in mind and body; but what is not expressed is not lived. To think about the spiritual, or to feel the emotional power of the spiritual is not sufficient; but that is as far as the spiritual life has been taken by the average person; that the other things were not added is therefore no fault of the law.

The spiritual life must be thoroughly lived in mind and body; the power of the spirit


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Rh must be made the soul of all power, and the law of spiritual action must be made the rule and guide in all action. When the spiritual is lived in all life, the richness, the quality and the worth of the spiritual will be produced in all life, and spiritual worth is the sum-total of all worth.

To enter the kingdom within is to enter health, harmony and happiness, because these three great principles reign supremely in the spiritual life of man. Therefore, by seeking the kingdom, health will be added, harmony will be added, happiness will be added. It is impossible to be sick in the spiritual life; and discord and unhappiness can no more exist in such a life than darkness can exist in the most brilliant light. But to seek the kingdom is not sufficient; we must also seek his righteousness. If we misuse any organ, faculty, function or power anywhere in body, mind or soul, we cannot remain in health no matter how spiritual we may try to be.

To seek his righteousness is to use everything in our world as God uses everything in His world; which means, in harmony with its own nature, in harmony with its sphere of action and in harmony with the law that tends upward and onward forever. Righteous action is that action that is always harmonious, and that always works for better things, greater things, higher things.

To enter the kingdom within is to enter more power, because there is no limit to the


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80 power of the spirit; and the more power we enter into or become conscious of, the more power we will give to mind and body. In consequence, the more spiritual we become the stronger we become, the more able we become, the more competent we become, and the more we can accomplish whatever our work may be. And he who can do good work in the world invariably receives the good things in the world. To his life will be added all those things that can make personal existence rich and beautiful.

To enter the kingdom is to enter the life of freedom. There is no bondage in the spirit, and as we grow in the spirit we grow out of all bondage; one adverse condition after another disappears until absolute freedom is gained. All bondage comes from incompleteness in living, and misuse of life in doing. But the spiritual life is full and complete, and it follows the law of righteous action in all doing; therefore, when we seek first His kingdom and His righteousness, perfect freedom in all things and at all times will invariably be added.

When we seek first the kingdom, all other things are not added in some mysterious manner; nor do they come of themselves regardless of our conscious effort to work in harmony with the law of life; that is, the law of being and doing all that lies within the power of life. We receive from the kingdom only what we are prepared to use in the living of a great life, and in the doing of great


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Rh and noble things in the world. We receive only in proportion to what we give; and it is only as we work well that we produce results; but by entering the spiritual life we receive as much as we may require in order to give as much as we desire; and we gain the power to do everything that is necessary to give worth and superiority to our present state of existence.

When we enter the spiritual life we gain every quality that is required in making life full and complete in our own state of being; and we gain the power to produce and create in the external world whatever we may need or desire. In other words, we receive everything we want from the within, and we gain the power to produce everything we want in the without. We therefore need never take anxious thought about these "other things." By seeking first His kingdom and His righteousness, we shall positively receive them. The way will be opened, and we shall be abundantly supplied with the best that life can give.

Depend upon me. I will provide. This is the Word, eternally spoken from on high; and every awakened soul has learned the message, but the few alone have discerned its real interpretation.

God is rich, and nothing is too good for the children of God. The Spirit of the Infinite will provide; not bare necessities, but everything. Ask what thou wilt and I will answer thee.


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82 It is the will of God that we should seek everything that is good, worthy and beautiful. The life of man should be full and complete; human existence should be rich in body, mind and soul, for this is the great divine purpose.

To think that we must live on bare necessities in order to be spiritual, is to limit our faith in the goodness and the power of God. The kingdom of God is at hand now; we are expected to enter now, and this kingdom is abundantly supplied with everything that can enrich, perfect and beautify human life.

Seek ye first the kingdom, and all other things shall be added; not simply enough to live on, but all things. The love of God is infinite, and we cannot think of infinite love as wanting to give less than all. God has the power to give all. He also has the desire to give all, and therefore every soul may, at any time, receive all that present development can take possession of.

The more we ask of God the more we please God. To give is the highest pleasure of true love, and God is true love. To ask Him for everything, the most of everything and the best of everything is to enter into the life of the highest joy of heaven; and to live in such a life is to live indeed.

When we do not have what we want or what we need, we should remember that Spirit can provide, and that Spirit will provide if we only so desire. Depend upon me.


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Rh I will not forsake thee nor leave thee. I am thy Redeemer, I will care for thee.

Take God at His word. Have faith in the message that comes from on high. Believe with all the power of mind and soul that God will do what love will do, because God is love. Open the heart to the influx of infinite love, and all that God can give will come with His love.

Do not hesitate to ask God for material things. God owns the universe. Everything is the product of His creative power; therefore it is all good, and what is good is good for man. What you can use to promote the welfare of everybody, including yourself, you may receive. Only remember this, that things spiritual must come first in your thought. You may have abundances of things material; there is more than enough to provide everybody with all the luxuries of life. You will not deprive anybody of anything by accepting from God all that His love can give. Others may receive as much from the same source; but seek first the things of the spirit, for this is the law.

Consider the lilies of the field. Why should not you be arrayed like one of these? It is the will of God that you should be, and you will give Him great pleasure by asking Him to clothe you even more gorgeously than they. But we must remember that we are not to take these things from others; we are to receive them from God. There is a great


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84 difference between the two methods, and there are few in the world that can see it.

To receive from God we must love the spiritual the best, though we must neither despise nor ignore the material. All is from God, and all will minister to the joy and beauty of life when used in harmony with a life that is lived in God. When we live in God, all things will be turned to good account, and when we work with God, all things will work together for greater good.

The world tries to get from man; the perfect way is to receive from God; and the moment we adopt the latter method, the way will be opened. Spirit will lead; we will know at each step what we are to do, and what step to take next will always be clear. Live close to God and have faith; no matter what may come or not, depend upon the spirit to lead and provide, and you will always do what is best.

However, we must never think that it is best for anyone to live in poverty, trouble and pain; no, this is never best, not even for a moment. The Infinite can provide something better here and now, and it is His will and good pleasure to do so.

When days of darkness are at hand, cling to the great truth, spirit will provide. Think of it constantly; live in the very soul of its presence; believe in it from the very depths of the heart. Things will take a turn. The door of opportunity will open. The desired change will come. There is nothing in the


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Rh world that the Spirit cannot change for the better; therefore we may with perfect faith ask for any change desired. The best is intended for all of us. God is ever ready to give everything. Ask what thou wilt and I will answer thee.


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McGrigor staff of Wellington's army in the Peninsula. He arrived at Lisbon 10 Jan. 1812, and was present with the army throughout the subsequent campaigns from Ciudad Rodrigo to Toulouse, including the siege of Badajoz, the terrible Burgos retreat, and the battles of Vittoria, the Pyrenees, and Toulouse. On his representations, the services of the medical officers in action at Badajoz were for the first time publicly acknowledged in the despatches. Napier adduces the following striking proof of the success with which the medical concerns of the army were carried out under McGrigor's direction : 'During the ten months from the siege of Burgos to the battle of Vittoria the total number of sick and wounded which passed through the hospitals was 95,348. By the unremitting attention of Sir James McGrigor and the medical staff under his orders, the army took the field preparatory to the battle with a sick list under five thousand. For twenty successive days it marched towards the enemy, and, in less than one month after it had defeated him, mustered, within thirty men, as strong as before; and this, too, without reinforcements from England, the ranks having been recruited by convalescents ' (Peninsular War, revised ed. vol. iv.) McGrigor's administrative ability, and the courage and self-reliance which enabled him to accept jyrave responsibility at critical moments, speedily won the confidence of Wellington, who repeatedly expressed approval of his arrangements (cf., v. 582,701, vi. 95). At the end of the war Wellington again declared his perfect satisfaction with McGrigor and the department under his direction — 'He is one of the most industrious, able, and successful public servants I have ever met with' (ib. vii. 648).

After the peace of 1814 McGrigor returned home, was knighted, and retired on an allowance of 3l. a day. The medical officers who had served under him presented him with a' service of plate valued at a thousand guineas. He applied himself anew to his favourite subjects, anatomy and chemistry ; but 13 June 1815 was appointed director-general of the army medical department, and held the post until 1851. The salary was 2,000l. a year, with the relative rank of major-general. McGrigor founded the Museum of Natural History and Pathological Anatomy, and the library at Fort Pitt, Chatham, since removed to Netley Hospital. He inaugurated a system of medical reports and returns from all military stations, which, twenty years later, formed the basis of the 'Statistical Returns of the Health of the Army,' now perpetuated in the annual blue-books of the army medical department. While thus endeavouring to further the ends of science through the medium of his department, he was not unmindful of the personal interests of the officers composing it. In 1816 he started the Army Medical Friendly Society, for the relief of widows of army medical officers, and in 1820 the Army Medical Benevolent Society, for assisting the orphans of medical officers, both of which have proved most successful. The thirty-five years that he was at the head of the department were a period of peace and rigid retrenchment ; but the issue of revised regulations for the medical service, some improvements in the position of medical officers, and greater attention to the selection of men for foreign service, and in preventing overwork in the case of young and immature soldiers, were among the useful measures carried into effect. He retired on a pension at the beginning of 1851. He died at his residence in London, 2 April 1858, aged 87. McGrigor was elected F.R.S. on 14 March 1816. He received the freedom of the cities of Edinburgh and Aberdeen. The university of Edinburgh made him an honorary LL.D. ; Marischal College and University, now part of the university of Aberdeen, chose him rector in 1826, 1827, and 1841. He was created a baronet of the United Kingdom in September 1830. He was a fellow of the Colleges of Physicians of London and Edinburgh, honorary physician to the queen, a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, a member of the council of the university of London, and of many learned societies at home and abroad. He was made a K.C.B. 17 Aug. 1850. He had also the Turkish order of the Crescent, the commander's cross of the Portuguese Tower and Sword, and the war medal with five clasps.

McGrigor was author of a 'Memoir on the Health of the 88th and other Regiments, from June 1800 to May 1801,' presented to the Bombay Medical Society in 1801 ; 'Medical Sketches of the Expedition to Egypt from India,' London, 1804; 'A Letter to the Commissioners of Military Enquiry,' London, 1805 — this was a reply to animadversions on the '5th Report of the Commissioners of Military Enquiry,' which had been published by Edward Nathaniel Bancroft, M.I), [q. v.]; a memoir on the fever that appearea in the British army after the return from Corunna, in 'Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal,' vol. vi. 1810; a 'Memoir on the Health of the Army in the Peninsula,' in 'Transactions i of the Medico-Chirurgical Society,' London, vol. vi. ; also ' Report of Sickness, Mortality, and Invaliding in the Army in the West Indies,' 1838, and a like report for the United


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The Moths of the British Isles Second Series/Chapter 7

Caterpillars of this family of moths, with very few exceptions, have only two pairs of claspers or prolegs; when there are more than four claspers, the extra ones are only rudimentary and therefore useless. In moving from place to place the caterpillar stretches out to its full length, first to one side and then to the other, as though measuring the distance. When a hold is secured with the true legs the body is arched and the claspers are brought up almost to the point held by the true legs; the latter are then thrust forward and the measuring business proceeds as before. Some kinds perform the looping manœuvre very deliberately, but others at a quick rate. In common parlance among British entomologists the caterpillars are called "geometers" or "loopers," but to our American confrères they are known as "measuring-worms" or "span-worms."

Most of the caterpillars feed openly on the foliage of trees, shrubs, or low-growing herbs, and the majority remain upon their respective plants during the day.

A large proportion of the moths may be obtained in the daytime, either by beating or otherwise disturbing the foliage or herbage among which they hide; several kinds rest on tree trunks, palings, rocks, walls, etc., where they are sometimes conspicuous, but more frequently not easy to distinguish from their surroundings. On the whole, members of this family are more available to the day collector than are those of the Noctuidæ. Although several species occasionally visit the sugar patch, such species are, as a rule, obtained more readily and in larger numbers by other methods. Brilliant light has a great attraction for many of the moths, some are more often captured at gas or electric lamps than in any other way, and among these are the migratory species.

Staudinger divides the family into the following subfamilies:—

 * Geometrinæ (= Geometridæ, Meyrick).
 * Acidaliinæ (= Sterrhidæ, Meyrick).
 * Larentiinæ (= Hydriomenidæ, Meyrick).
 * Orthostixinæ (not represented in Britain).
 * Boarmiinæ (= Selidosemidæ, Meyrick).

Except as regards the Larentiinæ, I have largely adhered to Staudinger's arrangement of genera in each of the above subfamilies.

The typical genus of Larentiinæ would be Larentia, Treit, to which something over two hundred species are referred by Staudinger, among which are upwards of sixty that occur in the British Isles. Following some of the later generic changes, I find that none of our species are left in Larentia, but a few fall into Hydriomena, Hübner, and therefore Hydriomeninæ has been adopted for this subfamily.

This greyish-brown moth has two darker, sometimes reddish, cross lines on the fore wings, and one such line on the hind wings. It is presumably only to be regarded as an accidental visitor to England. The first record was of a specimen captured in the Warren at Folkestone in July, 1866, and since that year others were obtained in the same locality, but apparently not more than about half a dozen altogether. None seems to have been recorded for over thirty-five years. The specimen, whose portrait is shown on Plate 38, Fig. 3, was obtained from Dresden.

Abroad, the range includes Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, Syria, and Armenia.

When freshly emerged from the chrysalis, the species represented by Figs. 6 to 8 on Plate 38 is of a beautiful blue-green colour, but in course of time a greyish shade creeps over the wings. The dark cross lines vary in intensity; in some specimens well defined and blackish, in others very faint, and hardly discernible; occasionally, the space between the lines on the fore wings is dark shaded; the whitish submarginal line is not always present. This species is the cythisaria of Schiffermiller, and the cytisaria of other authors.

The caterpillar (figured on Plate 41, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich) is green, with three lines along the back, the central one dark green, the others whitish; a pinkish stripe low down along the sides, the points on the head and the first and last rings of the body are often pink also. It feeds on pettywhin (Genista anglica), also on broom (Cytisus scoparius) and gorse (Ulex); in captivity it seems to thrive on laburnum. Most frequently obtained in the springtime after hibernation.

The moth is to be found in June and July on moorlands and commons pretty well throughout the British Isles, but it seems not to have been noted north of Perthshire, in Scotland.

Odd specimens have been known to occur in late August or early September, but this is quite exceptional.

This charming green species (Plate 40, Figs. 1 and 4) varies in tint and in the distinctness of the whitish wavy cross lines. In some examples, one or other of the lines is absent, and far more rarely there is but little trace of any of these markings. Occasionally, the discal mark is preceded by a whitish wedge-shaped spot on the fore wings (ab. cuneata, Burrows).

When newly laid the eggs are whitish, but soon change to greenish yellow, and finally to pinkish.

The caterpillar hatches in late summer, and feeds on birch, hazel, and beech, until the leaves begin to fall in the autumn; it then constructs a carpet of silk on a twig, and near a bud, upon which it takes up its position for the winter. When thus seen, its reddish brown colour, variegated more or less with green, assimilates so closely with its surroundings that the creature is not easy to detect. In the spring, when it awakens, the green colour increases in extent as the buds open and the leaves unfold; when they are fully expanded, the caterpillar sits among the foliage towards the tip of a twig, and is then almost entirely green, the reddish brown only showing on the head, slightly on the warts, and more distinctly on the hinder parts which are in touch with the twig. The chrysalis, enclosed in a flimsy silken web among the dead leaves, usually on the ground, is of a delicate green colour, dotted with buff on the back, and shaded with buff on the wing cases. The early stages are figured on Plate 42.

The moth is out in June and July, and may occasionally be beaten out of a hedge or bush, but is most frequently obtained late at night, when it is active on the wing, and is attracted by a brilliant light.

The species occurs in woods, on heaths and moors, and in fens, throughout the British Isles, except the most northern parts of Scotland and the isles.

Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and Japan.

This species (Plate 40, Figs. 2 and 3) is smaller than the last mentioned, the green colour is of a softer tint, and the lines crossing the wings, two on the fore wings and one on the hind wings, are whitish, and not waved.

The caterpillar hatches from the egg in August, and after hibernation is to be found in May and June on Traveller's Joy or Old Man's Beard (Clematis vitalba). It is then green, with white dots arranged in lines along the back and sides; the head is deep reddish brown, and this, and also the first and last rings of the body, have raised points. Transformation to the greenish chrysalis is effected among the leaves, drawn together with silk. (Plate 44, Figs. 3 and 3a.)

The moth flies in the evening in July and August, and in the daytime may be disturbed, by the application of the beating stick, from its retreats in hedges, etc., where the food plant flourishes. Found in most of the southern and eastern counties of England, most frequently on the chalk; its range extends to Worcestershire. Except that it has been recorded as a doubtful inhabitant of Ireland, the species does not appear to occur elsewhere in the British Isles. The distribution abroad extends to Amurland.

When quite fresh, this moth (Plate 43, Fig. 1) is exceedingly pretty; the pale blotches vary a little in size, as also do the reddish marks upon them.

The caterpillar adorns itself with particles of its food as soon as it leaves the egg in July; after hibernation it uses the scales or husks of the oak buds for the same purpose. When stripped of its trappings it is found to be reddish brown in colour, with three slightly darker lines along the back; hooded bristles arising from raised brownish spots afford means for the attachment of the masquerading outfit, each moiety of which is covered with silk on one side before being placed in the required position. When beating oaks for larvæ in May and June, the contents of the umbrella or beating tray should not be too hastily thrown away, but allowed to remain therein for awhile, and closely watched for any movement among the litter. The spectacle of a cluster of oak bracts suddenly becoming active will certainly arouse curiosity, and on examination the cause of the commotion will frequently be found to be the caterpillar of this species. (Plate 41, Fig. 2; after Auld.)

The moth is out in June and July, and flies at dusk in and around oak woods. In the daytime it may be jarred from its perch in oak trees, and once I found a specimen on a fence in the Esher district. It has been known to visit light, and examples of a September emergence have been recorded.

As a British species it only inhabits England, and it has been noted from Staffordshire and Leicester, but seems to be rare in the midland counties generally. It is more frequently found in the southern and eastern counties.

Abroad, the range extends through Central Europe to Southern Sweden, S. Russia, N. Asia Minor, and Andalusia.

In some examples of this species (Plate 43, Figs. 2, 3) the green colour is brighter than in others, and very occasionally it is tinged with bluish; typically, there are white cross lines on the fore wings, but the inner one is not infrequently absent, and more rarely both are missing. The white central spot is very rarely absent, and the edges of the fore wings are yellowish.

The caterpillar feeds on the sea wormwood (Artemisia maritima), and adorns itself with fragments of its food plant in much the same manner as that of the species last referred to. Although obtained in the autumn in some numbers from its food plant, it seems to have been rarely met with in the spring after hibernation. It is, therefore, advisable to collect the caterpillars about September, and transfer them to plants of the garden Artemisia abrotanum, locally known as "Southernwood," "Old man," or "Lad's love," or, where available, wormwood (A. absinthium) will suit it admirably. Upon either of these plants the larvæ will hibernate, feed up in the spring, and become full grown about May. The early stages are figured on Plate 42, larva and pupa from photos by Mr. H. Main.

The moth is out in June and early July, but it is rarely seen in the open, although over sixty years ago a few specimens were put up from among grass and netted at St. Osyth; in later years an example or two have been taken at Sheerness in Kent. Possibly, others may also have been captured in one or other of the insect's haunts, but records are silent on the matter. Barrett mentions a specimen emerging in September, and the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows notes that part of a brood of caterpillars reared from eggs, and fed on A. absinthium, attained the moth state during the autumn. So far as concerns the British Isles it seems to be almost exclusively an inhabitant of the salterns, or sea marshes of Essex.

Abroad, the species occurs inland, and is not confined to the coast; its range extends eastwards to Siberia and Amurland.

This species, represented on Plate 43, Figs. 5 and 6, is readily distinguished by its small size and the well-defined white cross line on each wing. In most examples there is a more or less distinct whitish inner line on the fore wings. Ab. mathewi, Bankes, has all the wings dusted with orange scales, more especially on the outer marginal areas. A few examples of this form were reared in 1905, with a number of normal specimens, from eggs laid by a female captured in South Devonshire.

The caterpillar (figured from a skin on Plate 44, Fig. 1) is green, roughened with whitish points; a dusky line along the middle of the back, marked on the front and end rings, also between the rings, with purplish red. Head, and first ring of the body, notched, the points reddish; last ring of the body pointed. When at rest on a twig it assumes a rigid posture, and the legs are tightly drawn together. It feeds on heather, sallow, and birch, but the general experience appears to be that in captivity it thrives best on a diet of hawthorn, and is especially partial to the young shoots. It may be obtained in July and August, and the moth comes out in the following May or June. In 1905, Mr. A. J. Scollick reared some caterpillars from eggs laid June 2nd, and hatched June 16th; all duly pupated, and a moth came up on December 20th of that year. Four others appeared in January and February, 1906.

The Rev. F. E. Lowe states that in Guernsey the species occurs exclusively among furze on cliffs by the sea, and chiefly where the plant is cut down from time to time. In Britain it inhabits heaths and mosses, but is very local. It is found in the English counties of Hants (New Forest, etc.), Dorset (Poole Heath, etc.), Devon (Woodbury, Exeter district, etc.), Norfolk (Horning), Worcester (Malvern district, rare); also at Methop, Witherslack, and other localities in Westmoreland and Cumberland. Only doubtfully recorded from Scotland and Ireland.

Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, Corea, and China.

The green tint in this species (Plate 43, Figs. 4 and 7) is even more unstable than in others of the group. When quite fresh the wings can often only be described as whitish with a delicate green tinge, but even when the greatest care is taken to preserve it, the colour is apt to fade.

The caterpillar (Plate 44, Fig. 2, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich) is long and thin, with two points on the edge of the first ring, and one on the last ring, of a bright green colour, paler between the rings; the spots along the back are reddish, as also is the whitish-fronted deeply notched head. It feeds on the leaves of various trees and bushes, such as birch, oak, hawthorn, sallow, etc. It may be obtained by beating or searching from August to September.

The moth is out in May and June, in some seasons later, and may be beaten out of hedges, as well as from trees in woods. Generally distributed, and often common, throughout England, Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland it is locally common in Clydesdale, and occurs in other southern parts of that country.

Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, Corea, China, and Japan.

When freshly emerged from the chrysalis, this species (Plate 43, Figs. 8 and 9) is darkish green, but it soon fades to a greyish tint. Easily distinguished by its shape, and by the chequered fringes. It is the æstivaria of Hübner, and thymiaria of Guenée. The long, thin, green caterpillar is ornamented with reddish brown, the V-shaped marks on rings 5 to 8 are sometimes whitish; head, deeply notched, brown; the first ring of the body is also notched. It hatches from the egg in August, when it is said to feed on mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), and other low plants; after hibernation it feeds on the foliage of oak, birch, hawthorn, rose, etc., and attains full growth in May or June. In late June and in July the moth may be put up from the undergrowth in woods, or from bushes in well-timbered hedgerows bordering lanes and fields. Specimens so obtained are poor in colour as a rule, and it is well, therefore, to rear the species from the caterpillar. (Plate 41, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) This remark applies to all "Emeralds."

The species is often common in the south and east of England, and along the western side, including Wales, up to Cheshire and Lancashire, but it becomes local in Worcestershire and northwards. There are few records of it from Yorkshire, and its occurrence in Durham, Northumberland, and Scotland is doubtful. In Ireland it appears to be widely distributed, but scarce.

The range abroad extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan.

[Thalera fimbrialis. A specimen of this Central European species (identified by the late Mr. C. G. Barrett) was taken on August 7, 1902, by Mr. C. Capper, from a blade of grass growing on a slope under Beachy Head, Sussex. The species is somewhat similar in appearance to H. strigata, but is larger; the hind wings are notched above the angle on the outer margin; the fringes of all the wings are chequered with red, and the antennæ of the male are bipectinated.]


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Author:Jeffrey Kripal

Works

 * Authors of the Impossible: The Paranormal and the Sacred. Chicago, London: UChicago, 2010.Print.

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198.] them, Maid Maleen said, "We must try our last chance, and see if we can break through the wall." She took the bread-knife, and picked and bored at the mortar of a stone, and when she was tired, the waiting-maid took her turn. With great labour they succeeded in getting out one stone, and then a second, and third, and when three days were over the first ray of light fell on their darkness, and at last the opening was so large that they could look out. The sky was blue, and a fresh breeze played on their faces; but how melancholy everything looked all around! Her father's castle lay in ruins, the town and the villages were, so far as could be seen, destroyed by fire, the fields far and wide laid to waste, and no human being was visible. When the opening in the wall was large enough for them to slip through, the waiting-maid sprang down first, and then Maid Maleen followed. But where were they to go? The enemy had ravaged the whole kingdom, driven away the King, and slain all the inhabitants. They wandered forth to seek another country, but nowhere did they find a shelter, or a human being to give them a mouthful of bread, and their need was so great that they were forced to appease their hunger with nettles. When, after long journeying, they came into another country, they tried to get work everywhere; but wherever they knocked they were turned away, and no one would have pity on them. At last they arrived in a large city and went to the royal palace. There also they were ordered to go away, but at last the cook said that they might stay in the kitchen and be scullions.

The son of the King in whose kingdom they were, was, however, the very man who had been betrothed to Maid Maleen. His father had chosen another bride for him, whose face was as ugly as her heart was wicked. The wedding was fixed, and the maiden had already arrived: because of her great ugliness, however, she shut herself in her room, and allowed no one to see her, and Maid Maleen had to take her her meals from the kitchen. When the day came for the bride and the bridegroom to go to church, she was ashamed of her ugliness, and afraid that if she showed herself in the streets, she would be mocked and laughed at by the people. Then said she to Maid


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352 Maleen, "A great piece of luck has befallen thee. I have sprained my foot, and cannot well walk through the streets; thou shalt put on my wedding-clothes and take my place; a greater honour than that thou canst not have!" Maid Maleen, however, refused it, and said, "I wish for no honour which is not suitable for me." It was in vain, too, that the bride offered her gold. At last she said angrily, "If thou dost not obey me, it shall cost thee thy life. I have but to speak the word, and thy head will lie at thy feet." Then she was forced to obey, and put on the bride's magnificent clothes and all her jewels. When she entered the royal hall, every one was amazed at her great beauty, and the King said to his son, "This is the bride whom I have chosen for thee, and whom thou must lead to church." The bridegroom was astonished, and thought, "She is like my Maid Maleen, and I should believe that it was she herself, but she has long been shut up in the tower, or dead." He took her by the hand and led her to church. On the way was a nettle-plant, and she said

"What art thou saying?" asked the King's son. "Nothing," she replied, "I was only thinking of Maid Maleen." He was surprised that she knew about her, but kept silence. When they came to the foot-plank into the churchyard, she said,

"What art thou saying there?" asked the King's son. "Nothing," she replied, "I was only thinking of Maid Maleen." "Dost thou know Maid Maleen?" "No," she answered, "how should I know her; I have only heard of her." When they came to the church-door, she said once more,


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198.] "What art thou saying there?" asked he. "Ah," she answered, "I was only thinking of Maid Maleen." Then he took out a precious chain, put it round her neck, and fastened the clasp. Thereupon they entered the church, and the priest joined their hands together before the altar, and married them. He led her home, but she did not speak a single word the whole way. When they got back to the royal palace, she hurried into the bride's chamber, put off the magnificent clothes and the jewels, dressed herself in her grey gown, and kept nothing but the jewel on her neck, which she had received from the bridegroom.

When the night came, and the bride was to be led into the prince's apartment, she let her veil fall over her face, that he might not observe the deception. As soon as every one had gone away, he said to her, "What didst thou say to the nettle-plant which was growing by the wayside?"

"To which nettle-plant?" asked she; "I don't talk to nettle-plants." "If thou didst not do it, then thou art not the true bride," said he. So she bethought herself, and said,

She went out and sought Maid Maleen. "Girl, what hast thou been saying to the nettle?" "I said nothing but,

The bride ran back into the chamber, and said, "I know now what I said to the nettle," and she repeated the words which she had just heard. "But what didst thou say to the foot-bridge when we went over it?" asked the King's son. "To the foot-bridge?" she answered. "I don't talk to foot-bridges." "Then thou art not the true bride."

She again said,


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354 and ran out and found Maid Maleen, "Girl, what didst thou say to the foot-bridge?"

"I said nothing but,

"That costs thee thy life!" cried the bride, but she hurried into the room, and said, "I know now what I said to the foot-bridge," and she repeated the words. "But what didst thou say to the church-door?" "To the church-door?" she replied; "I don't talk to church-doors." "Then thou art not the true bride."

She went out and found Maid Maleen, and said, "Girl, what didst thou say to the church-door?" "I said nothing but,

"That will break thy neck for thee!" cried the bride, and flew into a terrible passion, but she hastened back into the room, and said, "I know now what I said to the church-door," and she repeated the words. "But where hast, thou the jewel which I gave thee at the church-door?" "What jewel?" she answered; "thou didst not give me any jewel." "I myself put it round thy neck, and I myself fastened it; if thou dost not know that, thou art not the true bride." He drew the veil from her face, and when he saw her immeasureable ugliness, he sprang back terrified, and said, "How comest thou here? Who art thou?" "I am thy betrothed bride, but because I feared lest the people should mock me when they saw me out of doors, I commanded the scullery-maid to dress herself in my clothes, and to go to church instead of me." "Where is the girl?" said he; "I want to see her, go and bring her here." She went out and told the servants that the scullery-maid was an impostor, and that they must take her out into the court-yard and strike off her head. The servants laid hold of Maid Maleen and wanted to drag her out, but she screamed so loudly for help, that the King's son heard her voice, hurried out of his chamber and ordered them to set the maiden free instantly. Lights were brought, and then he saw on


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199.] her neck the gold chain which he had given her at the church-door. "Thou art the true bride," said he, "who went with me to church; come with me now to my room." When they were both alone, he said, "On the way to the church thou didst name Maid Maleen, who was my betrothed bride; if I could believe it possible, I should think she was standing before me—thou art like her in every respect." She answered, "I am Maid Maleen, who for thy sake was imprisoned seven years in the darkness, who suffered hunger and thirst, and has lived so long in want and poverty. To-day, however, the sun is shining on me once more. I was married to thee in the church, and I am thy lawful wife." Then they kissed each other, and were happy all the days of their lives. The false bride was rewarded for what she had done by having her head cut off.

The tower in which Maid Maleen had been imprisoned remained standing for a long time, and when the children passed by it they sang,

A who is afraid of nothing, troubles himself about nothing. One of this kind had received his discharge, and as he had learnt no trade and could earn nothing, he travelled about and begged alms of kind people. He had an old waterproof on his back, and a pair of riding-boots of buffalo-leather which were still left to him. One day he was walking he knew not where, straight out into the open country, and at length came to a forest. He did not