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Rh Ceratodon purpureus, Brid. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Wing, Heath, Naphill, etc. Dicranella heteromalla, Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Window, Brill varia, Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Dicranoweissia cirrhata, Lindb. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Dicranum Bonjeani, De Not. Buckingham (E.M.H.) majus, Turn. Wycombe, Henley, etc., (Fl. Oxf.} scoparium, Hedw. Buckingham (E.M..H.) ; Brickhill, Lane End  montanum, Hedw. Tilehouse Woods, Alderbourne, and all woods in the Burnham Beeches district (J. Benbow) Leucobryum glaucum, Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; very common about Burnham, Dropmore, near Lane End, Brickhill, and fruiting near Burnham Beeches Campylopus brevipilus, Bruch. & Schimp. Fulmer and Stoke Common (J. Benbow) Fissidens bryoides, Hedw. Tingewick (E.M.H.) taxifolius, Hedw. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Lane End  collinus, Mitt. Tring Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. Buckingham (E.M.H.)  pulvinata, Sm. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Castlethorpe, Brickhill, Moulse  orbicularis, Bruch. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Phascum cuspidatum, Schreb. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Thame (Dr. Ayres) Pottia recta, Mitt. Buckingham (E.M.H.) truncatula, Lindb. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Thame  intermedia, Turn. Buckingham (E.M.H.)  minutula, Turn. "" lanceolata, C. M. Tingewick (E.M.H.) ; near Stokenchurch Tortula pusilla, Mitt. Buckingham  lamellata, Lindb. Buckingham (E.M.H.)  rigida, Schrad. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Borstall  ambigua, Angstr. Buckingham (E.M.H.)  aloides, De Not.""  marginata, Spruce.""  muralis, Hedw. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Wavendon, etc. Common  angustata, Wils. Margin of Tilehouse Wood (J. Benbow) mutica, Lindb. Fruiting on willows at Thornborough (E.M.H.) ; Frogs Meadows, Uxbridge (J.B.)  laevipila, Schwgr. Buckingham (E.M.H.)  intermedia, Berk."  ruralis, Ehrh. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Linslade Tortula papillosa, Wils. Abundant by the Ouse near Buckingham (H. Boswell) ; Frogs Meadows, Uxbridge (J.B.) Barbula lurida, Lindb. Buckingham (E.M.H.) rubella, Mitt."" tophacea, Mitt.""  fallax, Hedw.""  rigidula, Mitt.""  vinealis, Brid.""   sinuosa, Braith. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Wycombe, Henley (Fl. Oxf.) revoluta, Brid. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Castlethorpe convoluta, Hedw. unguiculata, Hedw. Buckingham (E.M.H.); Brickhill, etc. Common Weisia crispa, Mitt. Buckingham (E.M.H.) squarrosa, C. Mull.""   viridula, Hedw. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Bledlow Trichostomum mutabile, Bruch. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Pleurochaete squarrosa, Lindb. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Encalypta vulgaris, Hedw. Buckingham (E.M.H.); Wicken streptocarpa, Hedw. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Zygodon viridissimus, Braun. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Orthotrichum anomalum, Hrd. var. saxatile, Milde. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Thame (Dr. Ayres) leiocarpum, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Lyellii, Hook. & Tayl. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Stokenchurch (Dr. Ayres) affine, Schrad. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Thame (Dr. Ayres) ; Henley, Lane End stramineum, Hornsch. Buckingham (E.M.H.) tenellum, Bruch. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Ephemerum recurvi folium, Lindb. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Physcomitrella patens, Bruch. & Schimp. Near Verney (E.M.H.) Physcomitrium pyriforme, Brid. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Thame (Dr. Ayres), Brickhill Funaria ericetorum, Dixon. College and Brockhurst Woods (J. Benbow) hygrometrica, Hedw. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Common and generally distributed Aulacomnium palustre, Schwgr. Buckingham (E.M.H.); Brickhill, Burnham, Lane End, Fulmer Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw. Iver Heath, Alderbourne, Bottom Heath, Tilehouse, etc. (J. Benbow) Philonotis fontana, Brid. Bog Farnham Common (J. Benbow)

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Rh Fontinalis antipyretica, Dill. Thames, etc. Webera carnea, Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Bryum inclinatum, Bland. Buckingham (E.M.H.)

nutans, Schreb. Thame, abundant (Dr. Ayres) caespiticium, L. Buckingham (E.M.H.) murale, Wild. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Castlethorpe (H. N. Dixon) argenteum, L. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Brickhill, Denham Common roseum, Schreb. Iver Heath, Dromina (J. Benbow) Mnium rostratum, Schrad. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Soulsbury, Lane End undulatum, L. Buckingham, Brickhill, Lane End hornum, L. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Lane End, etc. punctatum, L. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Neckera complanata, Huebn. Buckingham (E.M.H.); Moulsoe crispa, L. Kimble, Bledlow, Medmenham Homalia trichomanoides, Brid. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Bledlow Leucodon sciuroides, Schwgr. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Wavendon, etc. Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Halton, etc. Anomodon viticulosus, Hook. & Tayl. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Castlethorpe, Bledlow, etc. Thuidium tamariscinum, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Castlethorpe, Great Brickhill, etc. recognitum, Lindb. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Cylindrothecium concinnum, Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Porotrichum alopecurum, Mitt. Near Thame Isothecium myurum, Brid. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Wavendon, Lane End, etc. Pleuropus sericeus, Dixon. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Princes Risborough, etc. Camptothecium lutescens, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.), Halton, Princes Rhborough, etc. Brachythecium albicans, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; The Warren (Wm. Milne) rutabulum, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) velutinum, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham(E.M.H.) purum, Dixon. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Common Eurhynchium piliferum, Bruch. and Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.); Brickhill, Princes Risborough Eurhynchium crassinervium, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) praelongum, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham(E.M.H.) ; Salcey, Moulsoe Swartzii, Hobkirk. Buckingham (E.M.H.) pumilum, Schimp."" tenellum, Milde. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; near Princes Risborough myosuroides, Scliimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Wavendon, Halton, etc. striatum, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Hambledon, etc. rusciforme, Milde. Buckingham (E.M.H.); Thame (Dr. Ayres) murale, Milde. Buckingham (E.M.H.) confertum, Milde."" megapolitanum, Milde. "" Plagiothecium denticulatum, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Winslow sylvaticum, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) undulatum, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Black Park (J. Benbow) latebricola, Bruch. & Schimp. College and Brockhurst Woods in fruit (J. Benbow) Amblystegium serpens, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Brickhill, etc. Common filicinum, De Not. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Winslow Hypnum riparium, L. Buckingham (E.M.H.) falcatum, Brid. Winslow, very rare chrysophyllum, Brid. 'Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Princes Risborough stellatum, Schreb. Winslow Sommerfeltii, Myr. Buckingham (E.M.H.); woods between Stoke and 'Burnham Beeches (J. Benbow) cupressiforme, L. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Wavendon, etc. Patientiae, Lindb. Buckingham (E.M.H.) molluscum, Hedw. "" brevirostre, Ehrh. Wycombe, Henley and Marlow Woods (H. Boswell) cuspidatum, L. Buckingham (E.M.H.) Schreberi, Willd. Buckingham (E.M.H.); Brickhill, Princes Risborough, etc. Hylocomium splendens, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Princes Risborough squarrosum, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.), Brickhill, Halton, etc. triquetrum, Bruch. & Schimp. Buckingham (E.M.H.) ; Halton, Princes Risborough, Medmenham, etc.

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Rh

The knowledge possessed at the present time of the liverworts or scale mosses of Buckinghamshire is even more fragmentary than that of the mosses; like them, but to even a greater extent, they show a preference for moist situations and a humid atmosphere. The damp woods of the Colne and such places as the boggy parts of Brickhill, Black Park, Alderbourne Bottom and Dropmore are places where several species are found, but a systematic search in other parts of the county would certainly result in adding fresh species to the county. Among the more interesting species which have been found are Riccia glauca, Madotheca platyphylla and Radula complanata gathered by Mr. Holmes near Buckingham; and Mr. Benbow records Lejeunea minutissima from Tilehouse and Stoke Wood, L. serpyllifolia from Brockhurst Wood, Lepidozia reptans from the Denham and Chalfont Woods and at Burnham Beeches, Blepharostoma trichophylla, Cphalozia multiflora and C. sphagnei, C. divaricata, Jungermannia venfricosa, Mylia Taylori, M. anomala and Gynocolea inflata from Stoke Common, C. sphagnei, M. Taylori and M. anomala also occurring on Farnham Common. Plagiochila asplenioides occurs near Lane End, Jungermannia ventricosa above Princes Risborough, Cepbalozia divaricata, Brickhill, C. bicuspidata, at Lane End, and Madotheca platyphylla at Brickhill.

The lichen flora of Buckinghamshire is practically an unworked field, and although the county is not likely to be so rich as some of those in the west of England, yet a large number of species are certainly found in it. But the absence of the primitive rocks and the scarcity of rock surfaces, and the fact that so much of the woodlands consist of beech whose smooth trunks and almost complete shade which they cast are inimical to the growth of these organisms, necessarily tend to limit the total number of the species, but some of the low-lying woods in the Colne and Chess drainage as well as the older woods in the Ouse district are happy hunting grounds. Nor must we omit to mention what a charm is given so frequently to rural scenes by the abundance of the golden lichen (Physcia parietina) on the brick-tiled roofs of many a farm homestead or village barn.

The following list has been given by Mr. E. M. Holmes all from Buckingham except when otherwise stated. Collema pulposum, Ach. Tingewick glaucescens, Hoffm. Bulstrode Leptogium minutissimum, Koerb. Butlers Holt, Buckingham Cladonia sylvatica, Nyl. Farnham Royal Ramalina calicaris, Nyl farinacea, Ach. f. phalerata, Ach. Stowe Park fraxinea, Ach. Ramalina fastigiata, Ach. pollinaria, Ach. evernioides, Nyl. f. monophylla, Cromb. Evernia prunastri, Ach. Platysma diffusum, Nyl. Maidenhead, Stoke Park Parmelia perlata, Ach. exasperata, Ach.

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Rh Parmelia saxatilis, Ach. Borreri, Turn. caperata, Ach. physodes, Ach. Lobaria pulmonaria, Hoffm. Peltigera canina, Hoffm. spuria, Leight. Physcia parietina, De Not. lychnea, Nyl. ciliaris, DC. pulverulenta, Nyl. pityrea, Nyl. stellaris, Nyl., sub-sp. tenella, Nyl. obscura, Leight. var. virella, Leight. Lecanora murorum, Ach. callopisma, Ach. laciniosa, Nyl. vitellina, Ach. citrina, Ach. aurantiaca, Nyl. ferruginea, Ach. cerina, Ach. pygmaea, Nyl. luteoalba, Nyl. calva, Nyl. variabilis, Ach. exigua, Nyl. galactina, Ach. subfusca, Nyl. Parisiensis, Nyl. chlorina, Nyl. sulphurea, Nyl. varia, Ach. expallens, Ach. var smaragdocarpa, Nyl. Summit of Chiltern Hills Lecanora atra, Ach. parella, Ach.,f. Turneri, Nyl. calcarea, L. pruinosa, Nyl. Pertusaria globulifera, Nyl. amara, Nyl. communis, DC. Wulfenii, DC. coccodes, Nyl. Burnham Beeches Phlyctis agelasa, Kcerb. argena, Kœrb. Urceolaria scruposa, Ach. Lecidea ostreata, Hoffm. vernalis, Ach. quernea, Dicks. parasema, Ach. canescens, Dicks. stellulata, Tayl. myriocarpa, DC. casrulea-nigricans, Hoffm. tricolor, Leight. albo-atra, Hoffm. aromatica, Ach. sphaeroides, Nyl. sabuletorum, Leight. effusa, Leight., var. caesiopruinosa, Mudd. concentrica, Leight. truncigena, Ach. Opegrapha herpetica, Ach. Verrucaria nigrescens, Leight. glaucina, Mudd. fuscella, Turn. viridula, Ach. chlorococca, Leight. Stokcnchurch (Lar- balestier)

Two of the foregoing, Verrucaria chlorococca Leight., found by Mr. Larbalestier in Stokenchurch Woods, and Ramalina farinacea Ach. f. phalerata found at Stowe Park by Mr. Holmes, are only known in Britain for these localities. The curious variety of Lecanora expallens characterized by the bright emerald green apothecia, is found nowhere else in Great Britain (Grevillea, xviii. 69).

The knowledge of these organisms, so far as the county is concerned, is almost a blank; the boggy portions of Burnham Beeches, the ponds on the Chiltern Commons, the anastomosing ditches by the Thames, and the sphagnum bogs of the Brickhill district are places which will well reward the searcher.

The county has very favourable localities for fungi, and in some of the woods on the Chilterns, as well as those at Black Park and the

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Rh English nation was almost uniquely simple in its structure. It is that which makes English history the epic story that it is until the histories of Scotland and Ireland come to confuse their currents with it. One fertile plain between the Mountains of the west and north and the Narrow Seas to the east and south, a people of farmers, a single king, a single parliament, a tidal river, a single great city for central market and port—those are the elements on which the England was built whose warning beacons blazed on the hill-tops from Plymouth to Berwick-on-Tweed, in that night of Elizabeth's reign when the Spanish Armada had entered the Channel. On a smaller scale, Latium, the Tiber, the City, the Senate, and the People of Rome once presented a similar unity and a similar executive strength. The real base historically of British sea-power was our English plain—fertile and detached; coal and iron from round the borders of the plain have been added in later times. The white ensign of the Royal Navy is with some historic justice the flag of St. George, with a 'difference' for the minor partners.

Every characteristic of sea-power may be studied in British history during the last three centuries, but the home-base,


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Rh neighbourhood of Brickhill and Burnham, an extremely large number of species are to be found. They are necessarily very uncertain in appearance, depending as they do so much upon climatal influences, so that a long period is required before a district, even of limited dimen- sions, can be said to be exhaustively explored. Their occurrence depends to so great an extent upon the higher forms of life, for instance upon the proper quantity of dead wood, decaying vegetable matter or the like, and in few, if any, instances is food obtained directly from the soil.

Space will not allow of anything like a complete list, even of the species known to grow in the county, being given here, but in passing we may mention that the genera Amanita, Russula, Agaricus and Boletus are well represented. The poisonous A. muscarius is often very common in Black Park, at Wilton Park and Dropmore, and the even more poi- sonous A. phalloides occurs near Princes Risborough, where Tricboloma spermatica is also found ; Lepiota vittadini has been found near Bledlow ; Clitocybe dealbatus and C. laccatus at Burnham ; Collybia esculenta at Lane End ; Clitopilus prunulus near Halton ; Hebeloma crystallina, H. geophila and H. concentrica at Brickhill ; Coprinus micaceus and C. atramentarius on the rubbish heaps near Iver ; Lactarius piperatus, L. deliciosus, L.fuliginosus near Halton ; Russula nigricans, Brickhill ; R. emetica, R. ocbroleuca, R. alutacea, and R. rubra about Black Park ; Cantharellus cibarius near Farnham ; Boletus luteus, B. luridus, B. edulis, B. flavus, at Brickhill, etc. ; Fistulina hepatica, Wilton Park ; Hydnum auriscalpium, Marlow woods ; Hirneola Auricula-Judæ, near Wycombe ; Phallus impudicus, very common in the Chiltern woods, and in 1902 especially frequent in a wood near Amersham, also in the Brickhill pine woods ; the puff ball Lycoperdon giganteum, and the smaller members of the genus, as L.gemmatum, saccatum and pyriforme, have been noticed about Brickhill. The pretty Cyathus vernicosus was found near Buckingham. The ' rusts, smuts, mildews and moulds,' which in some instances are such deadly foes to the agriculturists, market garden- ers, or horticulturists, are too well represented. As an instance of leaf- fungi one may draw attention to a common example in the sycamore, where the unsightly black patches on the leaves in the autumn are caused by the fungus Rhytisma acerinum ; another is the well known wheat rust (Puccinia graminis), one of the pests which it is said is referred to in the Old Testament. For many ages it was supposed to be connected with the occurrence of the barberry (Berberis vulgaris), and edicts were promulgated to destroy the plant in certain countries, but the botanists of the early part of the nineteenth century proved to their own satisfaction that the barberry could not have this malevolent influence, since the fungus which grew upon it was a different species from that which was found upon the wheat, the former being Æcidium Berberidis, the latter Puccinia graminis, in fact belonging to two different genera. It was however reserved for De Bary to prove that these two widely differing fungi were really only two different stages in the life history of a single individual species, and demonstrated it by sowing the aecidiospores of the barberry upon the

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72 and secure, is the one thing essential to which all things else have been added. We are told that we should thank God daily for Democratic Ideals and Reality, 1919 Fig 11 p72.jpg 11.—The English Plain, a fertile sea-base. our Channel, but as I looked out over the glorious harvest of this English plain in this critical year 1918, it seemed to me that our thanksgiving as a seafaring people should be


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Rh leaf of the wheat and thus infecting it with the fungus which eventually produced the well known wheat rust (Puccinia graminis), a startling dis- covery, with far-reaching results, but which has its prototype in the larval and imago stages of the insect world.

In compiling the foregoing notes I have to acknowledge assistance of many friends who have sent me notes on the county plants, among whom I may mention the Rev. F. H. Woods, Rev. W. H. Summers, Rev. E. F. Linton, Rev. W. Moyle Rogers, Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell, Miss Johnson, Messrs. J. G. Everett, Garry, C. E. Britton, J. Britten, E. M. Holmes, Bolton King and J. Saunders.

Although not far removed from the great botanical centres of London and Oxford, there are comparatively few references to Buckinghamshire localities in the works of the botanists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It is true a few may be found in the pages of Gerard's Herbal of 1597, four or five in Parkinson's Herbal of 1640; others are to be picked out of the Phytologia of William How published in 1650, from Culpeper's Physician Enlarged of 1653, from the Botanologia of Robert Turner of 1664, and the Pinax of Christopher Merrett, which was issued in the year of the great fire of London, namely 1666.

The great Cambridge botanist, John Ray, was indebted to Leonard Plukenet for one or two records which he inserted in the Catalogus of 1670, but the county received little or no attention from Ray himself, and even in the enlarged third edition of the Synopsis which was published by Dillenius, afterwards professor of botany at Oxford, only a solitary addition to the county flora is made.

John Blackstone, who lived just outside the county boundary near Chalfont, published in 1737 a Fasciculus Plantarum circa Harefield sponte nascentium, which contains several Buckinghamshire localities, and there are still more in his Specimen Botanicum of 1746. In the voluminous works of the prolific writer John Hill, who lived at Denham, there are but few notices of his county plants, but about a score may be found either scattered through pages of his Flora Britannica of 1760, or the Herbarium Britannicum of 176970, or in his enormous Vegetable System and a few specimens collected by him from the county are contained in the herbarium of the British Museum, which also contains others gathered by the great scientist Sir Joseph Banks, probably while he was at Eton College, for they are chiefly from that classic neighbourhood. We have only a small number from Dr. Lightfoot, who was librarian and chaplain to that well known botanist and patroness of natural science, the Dowager Duchess of Portland, then living at Bulstrode. In the pages of English botany we learn that he introduced the small winter green (Pyrola minor) to the woods of Bulstrode, and three plants, the milk parsley (Peucedanum palustre), the water soldier (Stratiotes Aloides), and the yellow loosestrife (Lysimachia thyrsijlora), which still grow by or in the ornamental water there, were also probably planted either by Dr. Lightfoot or the Duchess of Portland. He was for a long time resident at Uxbridge, and was the author of the impor- tant Flora Scotica issued in 1777. I have also a few MS. notes by Lady Mary Markham, a sister of the well known botanist, the Countess of Aylesford, made while visiting the Duchess of Portland at Bulstrode, and a few others by Professor Sibthorpe of Oxford, a friend and correspondent of Dr. Lightfoot. There are a few isolated references to Buckingham- shire plants in the pages of the first edition of English Botany, others in the first edition of the Botanist's Guide of 1805. Joseph Woods, the author of the Tourist's Flora has left records of a small number of plants from the south of the county, where a nephew of his is rector of Chalfont St. Peter's and inherits the love of the science from his uncle. There are also a few local notes in the New Botanist's Guide edited by Mr. H. C. Watson in 1835, and a few additions are to be found in the London Flora by Alexander Irvine in 1838. The latter botanist was the editor of the Phytologist a botanical magazine in which first appeared anything like a comprehensive list of Buckinghamshire plants. The list, which was published in 1843, was by Mr. G. G. Mill, son of James Mill, the author of The History of British India and the brother of John Stuart Mill It

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Rh no less for our fruitful soil. Insular Crete had to yield to the Dorians from the greater peninsula.

Four times in the past three centuries was it attempted to overthrow British sea-power from frontages on the peninsular coast opposite—from Spain, from Holland, and twice from France. At last, after Trafalgar, British sea-power definitively enveloped the Latin Peninsula, having subsidiary bases at Gibraltar, Malta, and Heligoland. The continental coastline became the effective British boundary, notwithstanding the enemy privateers, and Britain could prepare war at her ease upon the sea. So she undertook the 'Peninsular' campaigns in Spain, and landed armies in the Netherlands in aid of her military allies. She even anticipated Gallipoli by bringing away her armies from Walcheren and Corunna.

When the Napoleonic War was over, British sea-power encompassed, almost without competition, that great world-promontory which stands forward to the Cape of Good Hope from between Britain and Japan. British merchant ships on the sea were a part of the British Empire; British capital ventured abroad in foreign countries was a part of British resources, controlled from the city of


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Rh enumerates about 380 plants seen growing in the neighbourhood of Great Marlow. This indeed forms the basis of the county flora, but it must be borne in mind that a considerable number are from Berkshire localities. Shortly afterwards Dr. Ayres of Thame issued Exsiccati of plants found growing in the neighbourhood of Thame in north Buckinghamshire, and in these Oxfordshire localities are also represented. Notes on the flora of the neighbourhood of Stoke Poges were contributed to the Phytologist by Mr. (now Sir) W. Thiselton Dyer; Messrs. W. Pamplin, C. J. Ashfield and S. Beisley also added some county references in the same journal. Buckinghamshire specimens collected by Edward Forster, jun., Mrs. Robinson, Mr. T. Cox, J. Forbes Young and Samuel Rudge are in the British Museum herbarium, and others obtained by Mr. W. Wilson Saunders and by Mrs. Lightfoot of Wootton in Northamptonshire are in the Fielding herbarium at Oxford. Elizabeth Chandler of High Wycombe prepared a herbarium about 1864-5 of plants from that vicinity, which is now in the British Museum, and it filled up many gaps in the records of common species; and she also published notes in the Botanical Chronicle for 1864. In the pages of The Quarterly Magazine of the High Wycombe Natural History Society Mr. James Britten contributed the result of such records as had been already made by other writers, as well as his own discoveries.

Of the numerous organisms that form connecting links between the animal and the vegetable kingdoms, those that are known as Mycetozoa are remarkable alike for their variety and beauty, and also for the strange metamorphoses through which they pass, in completing their life cycle. It has been customary in scientific classification to place the Mycetozoa with the Fungi, but as the former differ from the latter in several essential features, particularly in the power of locomotion which they exhibit in certain stages of their existence, it has been proposed by a German systematist to rank them as a separate kingdom.

The investigations that have been carried on in Buckinghamshire, although over a somewhat limited area, are sufficient to show that the county is rich in these organisms. In this respect it agrees with the adjoining counties of Herts and Beds, the district under consideration containing either an unusual abundance of Mycetozoa, or else that the neighbourhood has been carefully searched for them. Taking the three counties just mentioned, there have been recorded ninety-nine species out of the one hundred and forty catalogued for Great Britain, the number of species for the whole world being two hundred and two.

Nearly all the Bucks records are founded on gatherings made in the eastern portion of the county, chiefly in the parishes of Dagnall, Ivinghoe and Little Brickhill. The most prolific locality is Ward's Coombe Wood, where the conditions are particularly favourable to the growth of these organisms. The wood has a northerly aspect, is cool and moist, and the trees are allowed to grow naturally. Those that fall, through age or by storms, are left to gradual decay, and these, especially the beeches, when in an advanced stage of disintegration, sustain great numbers of the Mycetozoa, often several genera being present on one

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 In the Roman Catholic Church the powers of the archbishop are considerably less extensive than they were in the middle ages. According to the medieval canon law, based on the decretals, and codified in the 13th century in the Corpus juris canonici, by which the earlier powers of metropolitans had been greatly curtailed, the powers of the archbishop consisted in the right (1) to confirm and consecrate suffragan bishops; (2) to summon and preside over provincial synods; (3) to superintend the suffragans and visit their dioceses, as well as to censure and punish bishops in the interests of discipline, the right of deprivation, however, being reserved to the pope; (4) to act as a court of appeal from the diocesan courts; (5) to exercise the jus devolutionis, i.e. present to benefices in the gift of bishops, if these neglect their duty in this respect. These rights were greatly curtailed by the council of Trent. The confirmation and consecration of s (q.v.) is now reserved to the Holy See. The summoning of provincial synods, which was made obligatory every three years by the council, was long neglected, but is now more common wherever the political conditions, e.g. in the United States, Great Britain and France, are favourable. The disciplinary powers of the archbishop, on the other hand, can scarcely be said to survive. The right to hold a visitation of a suffragan’s diocese or to issue censures against him was, by Sess. xxiv. c. 3 de ref., of the council of Trent, made dependent upon the consent of the provincial synod after cause shown (causa cognita et probata); and the only two powers left to the archbishop in this respect are to watch over the diocesan seminaries and to compel the residence of the bishop in his diocese. The right of the archbishop to exercise a certain disciplinary power over the regular orders is possessed by him, not as archbishop, but as the delegate ad hoc of the pope. Finally, the function of the archbishop as judge in a court of appeal, though it still subsists, is of little practical importance now that the clergy, in civil matters, are universally subject to the secular courts.

Besides archbishops who are metropolitans there are in the Roman Catholic Church others who have no metropolitan jurisdiction. Such are the titular archbishops in partibus, and certain archbishops of Italian sees who have no bishops under them. Archbishops rank immediately after patriarchs and have the same precedence as primates. The right to wear the pallium is confined to those archbishops who are not merely titular. It must be applied for, either in person or by proxy, at Rome by the archbishop within three months of his consecration or enthronement, and, before receiving it, he must take the oaths of fidelity and obedience to the Holy See. Until the pallium is granted, the archbishop is known only as archbishop-elect, and is not empowered to exercise his potestas ordinis in the archdiocese nor to summon the provincial synod and exercise the jurisdiction dependent upon this. He may, however, exercise his purely episcopal functions. The special ensign of his office is the cross, crux erecta or gestatoria, carried before him on solemn occasions (see ).

In the Orthodox and other churches of the East the title of archbishop is of far more common occurrence than in the West, and is less consistently associated with metropolitan functions. Thus in Greece there are eleven archbishops to thirteen bishops, the archbishop of Athens alone being metropolitan; in Cyprus, where there are four bishops and only one archbishop, all five are of metropolitan rank.

In the Protestant churches of continental Europe the title of archbishop has fallen into almost complete disuse. It is, however, still borne by the Lutheran bishop of Upsala, who is metropolitan of Sweden, and by the Lutheran bishop of Åbo in Finland. In Prussia the title has occasionally been bestowed by the king on general superintendents of the Lutheran church, as in 1829, when Frederick William III. gave it to his friend and spiritual adviser, the celebrated preacher, Ludwig Ernst Borowski (1740–1831), general superintendent of Prussia (1812) and bishop (1816).

In the Church of England and its sister and daughter churches the position of the archbishop is defined by the medieval canon law as confirmed or modified by statute since the Reformation. It is, therefore, as regards both the potestas ordinis and jurisdiction, substantially the same as in the Roman Catholic Church, save as modified on the one hand by the substitution of the supremacy of the crown for that of the Holy See, and on the other by the restrictions imposed by the council of Trent.

The ecclesiastical government of the Church of England is divided between two archbishops—the archbishop of Canterbury, who is “primate of all England” and metropolitan of the province of Canterbury, and the archbishop of York, who is “primate of England” and metropolitan of the province of York. The jurisdiction of the archbishop of Canterbury as primate of all England extends in certain matters into the province of York. He exercised the jurisdiction of legatus natus of the pope throughout all England before the Reformation, and since that event he has been empowered, by 25 Hen. VIII. c. 21, to exercise certain powers of dispensation in cases formerly sued for in the court of Rome. Under this statute the archbishop continues to grant special licences to marry, which are valid in both provinces; he appoints notaries public, who may practise in both provinces; and he grants dispensations to clerks to hold more than one benefice, subject to certain restrictions which have been imposed by later statutes. The archbishop also continues to grant degrees in the faculties of theology, music and law, which are known as Lambeth degrees. His power to grant degrees in medicine, qualifying the recipients to practise, was practically restrained by the Medical Act 1858.

The archbishop of Canterbury exercises the twofold jurisdiction of a metropolitan and a diocesan bishop. As metropolitan he is the guardian of the spiritualities of every vacant see within the province, he presents to all benefices which fall vacant during the vacancy of the see, and through his special commissary exercises the ordinary jurisdiction of a bishop within the vacant diocese. He exercises also an appellate jurisdiction over each bishop, which, in cases of licensed curates, he exercises personally under the Pluralities Act 1838; but his ordinary appellate jurisdiction is exercised by the judge of the Arches court (see ). The archbishop had formerly exclusive jurisdiction in all causes of wills and intestacies, where parties died having personal property in more than one diocese of the province of Canterbury, and he had concurrent jurisdiction in other cases. This jurisdiction, which he exercised through the judge of the Prerogative court, was transferred to the crown by the Court of Probate Act 1857. The Arches court was also the court of appeal from the consistory courts of the bishops of the province in all testamentary and matrimonial causes. The matrimonial jurisdiction was transferred to the crown by the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857. The court of Audience, in which the archbishop presided personally, attended by his vicar-general, and sometimes by episcopal assessors, has fallen into desuetude. The vicar-general, however, exercises jurisdiction in matters of ordinary marriage licences and of institutions to benefices. The master of the faculties regulates the appointment of notaries public, and all dispensations which fall under 25 Hen. VIII. c. 21.

A right very rarely exercised by the archbishop of Canterbury, but one of great importance, is that of the visitation and deprivation of inferior bishops. Since there is no example of the archbishop of York exercising or being reputed to have such disciplinary jurisdiction over his suffragans, and this right could, according to the canon law cited above, in the middle ages only be exercised normally in concert with the provincial synod, it would seem to be a survival of the special jurisdiction enjoyed by the pre-Reformation archbishop as legatus natus of the pope. It was somewhat freely exercised by Cranmer and his successors immediately after the Reformation; but the main precedent now relied upon is that of Dr Watson, bishop of St Davids, who was deprived in 1695 by Archbishop Tennison for simony and

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Rh trunk. Amongst the county records the finding of Cribraria violacea deserves special mention. It was first noticed in Ward's Coombe Wood near Ivinghoe, on the inside of the bark of a decayed beech log. Specimens were submitted to Mr. A. Lister for determination, who notified that it was the first record of this species for Europe, the previous locality being Philadelphia. The evidence of its existence in this county does not rest upon a solitary instance, as on several subsequent visits it was found in various parts of the same wood. The only other records known for Europe are those of a few sporangia which developed at the British Museum on a stick sent from Lyme Regis, found in Devon, which had been forwarded, because it bore on its surface another species, and a single gathering from Aberdeenshire, by Mr. Cran in 1898.

Fuligo ellipsospora, first found in Beds, is now recorded also for Bucks and Herts, and Badhamia ovispora, also first observed in Beds by Mr. E. Saunders, is now known as well for Bucks and Herts, the counties being mentioned according to the priority of the records. The latter species is not at present known in Great Britain outside the area included in the South Midlands.

The arrangement and nomenclature of the following list are those of the Monograph of the Mycetozoa by Mr. A. Lister. To that gentleman as well as to Miss G. Lister the writer is indebted for the critical examination of every specimen upon which a record is based. Ceratiomyxa mucida, Schroet. Badhamia hyalina, Berk. utricularis, Berk. panicea, Rost. ovispora, Racib. Physarum leucopus, Link. psittacinum, Ditm. Rare. viride, Pers. nutans, Pers. and var. leucophaeum. calidris, Lister. compressum, Alb. and Schw. didermoides, Rost. and var. lividum. bivalve, Pers. Fuligo septica, Gmel. ellipsospora, Lister. Craterium pedunculatum, Trentep. leucocephalum, Ditm. Leocarpus vernicosus, Link. Chondrioderma radiatum, Rost. Didymium difforme, Duby. nigripes, Fries. effusum, Link. Trochus, Lister. Serpula, Fries. Clavus, Rost. Spumaria alba, DC. Stemonitis fusca, Roth. ferruginea, Elirenb. Stemonitis flavogenita, Jahn. Comatricha obtusata, Preuss. typhoides, Rost. Persoonii, Rost. Enerthenema elegans, Bowen. Lamproderma irideum, Massee. Linbladia Tubulina, Fries. Cribraria argillacea, Pers. violacea, Rex. E. Saunders. First European record. Dictydium umbilicatum, Schrad. Tubulina fragiformis, Pers. Dictydsethalium plumbeum, Rost. Reticularia Lycoperdon, Bull. Trichia affinis, de Bary. persimilis, Karst. scabra, Rost. varia, Pers. contorta, Rost. and var. inconspicua. fallax, Pers. Botrytis, Pers. Hemitrichia rubiformis, Lister. clavata, Rost. Arcyria albida Pers. punicea, Pers. incarnata, Pers. flava, Pers. Perichasna populina, Fries. Lycogala miniatum, Pers.

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Less appears known concerning the molluscan fauna of Buckinghamshire than of almost any other southern county.

Only one list seems ever to have been published (W. D. Roebuck: Science Gossip, 1883, p. 173), and through this and information supplied by Mr. A. Leicester we are made acquainted with the occurrence of 65 species out of the 139 known to inhabit the British Islands. The soil and physical features of the county however are such that many more forms of mollusca must abound there, and need only to be sought for. Under these circumstances the names of 30 other species, marked with an *, have been added, since they are common and widely distributed forms, and are present in adjacent counties.

Of those that have been met with the most interesting are the Roman snail (Helix pomatia) and the pretty little Acanthinula lamellata. The former is a very local species in England, having its headquarters on the chalk downs of Surrey, where it existed before the Romans came over. The other, which is an essentially northern form, had not until quite lately been found living further south than mid-Staffordshire, though in pleistocene times its range extended to the shores of the North Sea and the Channel.

In the exploration of a pile-dwelling of Romano-British date at Hedow, in 1895, the following species were found: Helix aspersa, H. nemoralis, Succinea putris, Limnæa palustris (?), Planorbis corneus, P. marginatus and Cyclas sp.? (Records of Bucks, vii. 547).

I. PULMONATA

a.

Limax maximumus, Linn. flavus, Linn. arborum, Bouch. -Chant.* Agriolimax agrestis (Linn.) lævis (Müll.)* Amalia strwerbii (Fr.)* gagates (Drap.)* Vitrina pellucida (Müll.) Vitrea crystallina (Müll.)* alllaria (Miler)* glabra (Brit. Auct.)* cellarla (Müll.) Two shells were found within a stone coffin under the floor of Turville Church (Records of Bucks, viii. 288) Vitrea nitidula (Drap.) pura (Aid.)* radiatula (Aid.)* nitida (Mull.)* fulva (Mttll.) Arion ater (Linn.) hortensis, Fér. circumscriptus, John. subfuscus (Drap.)* Punctum pymæum (Drap.) Pyramidula rotundata (Müll.) Hellicella virgata (Da C.)* itala (Linn.)* caperata (Mont.) cantiana (Mont.)* Hygromta fusca (Mont.) Fawley Woods granulata (Aid.)* hispida (Linn.)

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74 London and available for the maintenance of power on and over the seas. It was a proud and lucrative position, and seemed so secure that the mid-Victorian folk thought it almost in the natural order of things that insular Britain should rule the seas. We were, perhaps, not quite a popular people in the rest of the world; our position behind a Channel seemed an unfair advantage. But warships cannot navigate the mountains, and since the French wars of the Plantagenets we have not sought to make permanent European conquests, so that, on the whole, we may hope that the verdict of foreign historians on our Britain of the nineteenth century may resemble that of the famous schoolboy who described his headmaster as 'a beast, but a just beast.'

Perhaps the most remarkable outcome of British sea-power was the position in the Indian Ocean during the generation before the War. The British 'Raj' in India depended on support from the sea, yet on all the waters between the Cape of Good Hope, India, and Australia, there was habitually no British battle-ship or even first-class cruiser. In effect, the Indian Ocean was a 'closed sea.' Britain owned or 'protected' most of the coast lines, and the remaining frontages were


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Rh either on islands, as the Dutch East Indies, or on territories such as Portuguese Mozambique and German East Africa, which, although continental, were inaccessible under existing conditions by land-way from Europe. Save in the Persian Gulf, there could be no rival base for sea-power which combined security with the needful resources, and Britain made it a declared principle of her policy that no sea-base should be established on either the Persian or Turkish shores of the Persian Gulf. Superficially there is a striking similarity between the closed Mediterranean of the Romans, with the legions along the Rhine frontier, and the closed Indian Ocean, with the British Army on the North-West Frontier of India. The difference lay in the fact that, whereas the closing of the Mediterranean depended on the Legions, the closing of the Indian Seas was maintained by the long arm of sea-power itself from the Home base.

Dingbat 001.jpg Dingbat 001.jpg Dingbat 001.jpg Dingbat 001.jpg Dingbat 001.jpg

In the foregoing rapid survey of the vicissitudes of sea-power, we have not stayed to consider that well-worn theme of the single mastery of the seas. Every one now realises that owing to the continuity of the ocean and the mobility of ships, a decisive battle


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Rh Hygromia rufescens (Penn.) Acanthinula aculeata (Müll.) lamellata (Jeff.) Ashton Clinton Vallonia pulchella (Mull.) Helicigona lapicida (Linn.) arbustorum (Linn.) Helix aspersa, Müll. pomatia, Linn. Great Marlow ; Hambledon nemoralis, Linn. hortensis, Müll.* Buliminus obscurus (Müll.) Cochicopa lubrica (Müll.) Azeca tridens (Pult.) Amersham ; Fawley Woods Cæcilianella acicula (Müll.)* Pupa secale, Drap. cylindracea (Da C.)* muscorum (Linn.) Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.)* Vertigo pygnuea (Drap.) Balea perversa (Linn.)* Clausilia laminata (Mont.)* bidentata (Ström.) Succinea putris (Linn.) elegans, Risso.*

Carycbium minimum. Müll. Ancylus fluviatilis, Müll. Velletia lacustris (Linn.)* Limncea auricularia (Linn.) pereger (Müll.) palustris (Müll.)* truncatula (Müll.) stagnalis (Linn.) Amphipeplea glutinosa (Müll.) Buckingham Taplow Planorbis corneus (Linn.) albus, Müll. nautileus (Linn.) carinatus, Müll. marginatus, Drap. vortex (Linn.) spirorbis, Müll.* contortus (Linn.) fontanus (Lightf.) lineatus (Walker) Physa fontinalis (Linn.) hypnorum (Linn.)*

Bitbynia tentaculata (Linn.) leachii (Shepp.)* Vivipara contecta (Millett) Valvata piscinalis (Müll.) cristata, Müll. Pematias elegans (Müll.) Halton Aclcula lineata (Drap.) Fawley Woods Neritina fluviatilis (Linn.)

Dreissensia polymorpha (Pall.)* Unio pictorum (Linn.) tumidus, Retz. Anodonta cygnæa (Linn.) Sphærium rivicola (Leach) corneum (Linn.) Sphærium lacustre (Müll.) Pisidium amnicum (Müull.) pusillum (Gmel.) nitidum, Jenyns * fontinale (Drap.) The variety P. henslowianum occurs in the Thames

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 The county of Bucks does not present any features, such as an exten- sive coast line, any especially fenny district, or very large old woods, which might be expected to render it a favoured region for the collecting of insects ; yet very large and interesting catalogues have been formed for those orders to which attention has been given. The Coleoptera, for instance, are well represented, as will be seen by the extensive list furnished by the Rev. Canon Fowler well known as the author of the greatest recent work upon the subject in these islands. He has also supplied a list of Hemiptera, representing the work which has been done in this order.

For the catalogue of Lepidoptera I am under obligation to many indefatigable workers, to whom I have referred in due course, and whose records seem to be thoroughly trustworthy.

Very little has been known until comparatively recently with regard to the Coleoptera of Buckinghamshire : at first sight it would hardly be regarded as a county productive of beetle life. There is of course no coast line, nor is there any forest land as in Nottinghamshire, and the Chiltern Hills which run across the county do not appear to be very productive. The stretch of the Thames, which bounds the county on the south for some 20 or 25 miles, has not yet been properly worked and may produce more species. It must however be allowed that the list which we give below is a very satisfactory one, and it proves that all counties are productive of good Coleoptera if only they are diligently worked. The chief share in the list belongs to Mr. E. G. Elliman of Chesham, and I am also much indebted fto Mr. Philip Harwood and Mr. W. E. Sharp. It will be noticed that many of the rarer species in certain groups and genera are wanting, but the list will in time be largely added to. Among the Carabidæ Badister peltaus, Lebia cyanocephala and Dromius nigrvventris are perhaps worthy of notice, while Hydroporus marginatus and Helophorus dorsalis deserve mention among the Dytiscidæ and Hydrophilidæ, but it is among the Staphylinidæa that we find the best work has been done. The long list of Aleocharinæ, including nearly 100 species of Homalota, is due to the indefatigable work of Mr. Elliman, who has added two new species, Homalota pruinosa and H. clavigera to the British list, and has discovered several of our scarcest species in numbers. The following are among the chief rarities in the family :

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Rh Ilyobates propinquus and I. glabriventris, Euryporus picipes, Stapbylinus fulvipes and S. latebricola, Medon obsoletus, Oxytelus fairmairei, Compsocbilus palpalis, Homalium salicis and Pseudopsis sulcata. Among the Clavicornia again Mr. Elliman has done good work, having taken such species as Anisotoma oblonga, Agaricopbagus cepbalotes, Euthia schaumi, Trichonyx märkeli and T. sulcicollis,etc.; 21 species of Meligetbes have been recorded from the county, 26 species of Longitarsus, and no less than 54 species of Apion. In the days of the early collectors, Black Park was a well known locality; in 1857 Megapenthes tibialis was captured here, and other good species were, I believe, also found. Little Brickhill near Stony Stratford used to be the chief locality for the very rare weevil, Acalyptus carpini, which does not appear to have been taken for many years; it was taken in some numbers in this place on sallows in April 1852 by Mr. S. Stevens. Several good Heteromera have occurred, among them Tetratoma desmaresti and T. ancora, Hallomenus humeralis and Conopalpus testaceus, while among the Rhynchophora may further be noticed Choragus sheppardi, Apion annulipes, Brachysomus hirtus, Gymnetron melanarius and G. rostellum, 'Poophagus nasturtii, Ceuthorrhyncbus euphorbiæ, Rhinoncus denticollis, Cissophagus hederæ and Cryphalus fagi. Considering the small number of workers who have paid attention to the Coleoptera of the county, the list given below is an eminently satisfactory one.

Cicindela campestris, L.

Cychrus rostratus, L. Carabus granulatus, L. monilis, F. catenulatus, Scop. nemoralis, Mull. violaceus, L. Leistus spinibarbis, F. fulvibarbis, Dej. ferrugineus, L. Nebria brevicollis, F. Elaphrus riparius, L. Loricera pilicornis, F. Clivina fossor, L. collaris, Herbst Dyschirius aeneus, Dej. Badister bipustulatus, F. sodalis, Duft. Chesham peltatus, Panz. Near Drayton Beauchamp Licinus depressus, Payk. Drayton Beauchamp Chlænius vestitus, Payk. Acupalpus dorsalis, F. Halton near Tring exiguus, Dej. Burnham " var. luridus, Dej. Burnham meridianus, L. consputus, Duft. Halton Bradycellus placidus, Gyll. Halton Bradycellus distinctus, Dej. verbasci, Duft. harpalinus, Dej. similis, Dej. Harpalus rotundicollis, Fairm. punctatulus, Duft. azureus, F. "var. similis, Dej. rupicola, Sturm. Drayton Beauchamp puncticollis, Payk. ruficornis, F. æneus, F. rubripes, Duft. latus, L. ignavus, Duft. Stomis pumicatus, Panz. Pterostichus cupreus, L. versicolor, Sturm madidus, F. niger, Schall. vulgaris, L. anthracinus, Ill. Halton nigrita, F. gracilis, Dej. Halton minor, Gyll. strenuus, Panz. diligens, Sturm striola, F. Amara apricaria, Sturm aulica, Panz. livida, F. (bifrons, Gyll.)

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Rh (continued) Amara ovata, F. similata, Gyll. acuminata, Payk. lunicollis, Schiodte. Tring familiaris, Duft. lucida, Duft. communis, Panz. plebeia, Gyll. Calathus cisteloides, Panz. flavipes, Fourc. melanocephalus, L. Pristonychus terricola, Herbst Anchomenus angusticollis, F. dorsalis, Müll. albipes, F. oblongus, Sturm marginatus, L. parumpunctatus, F. viduus, Panz. micans, Nic. fuliginosus, Panz. piceus, L. Olisthopus rotundatus, Payk. Tachys bistriatus, Duft. Chesham Bembidium obtusum, Sturm guttula, F. mannerheimi, Sahl. fumigatum, Duft. Halton assimile, Gyll. clarki, Daws. Chesham articulatum, Panz. doris, Panz. gilvipes, Sturm lampros, Herbst decorum, Panz. nitidulum, Marsh, (brunnipes, Sturm.) quadriguttatum, F. quadrimaculatum, Gyll. femoratum, Sturm littorale, Ol. flammulatum, Ol. Tachypus flavipes, L. Trechus discus, F. Drayton Beauchamp minutus, F. Patrobus excavatus, Payk. Lebia cyanocephala, L. Burnham (Harwood) chlorocephala, Hoff. Chesham (Elliman) Demetrius atricapillus, L. Dromius linearis, Ol. meridionalis, Dej. quadrimaculatus, L. quadrinotatus, Panz. melanocephalus, Dej. nigriventris, Thorns, (oblitus, Boield.) Drayton Beauchamp Blechrus maurus, Sturm Metabletus foveola, Gyll. Brachinus crepitans, L.

Haliplus obliquus, F. flavicollis, Sturm fulvus, F. variegatus, Sturm. Drayton Beauchamp cinereus, Aubé. ruficollis, DeG. fluviatilis, Aub6 lineatocollis, Marsh.

Noterus clavicornis, DeG. Laccophilus interruptus, Panz. obscurus, Panz. Hyphydrus ovatus, L. Ccelambus inaequalis, F. parallelogrammus, Ahr. Deronectes depressus, F. duodecimpustulatus, F. Hydroporus lepidus, Ol. dorsalis, F. lineatus, F.  neglectus, Schaum. Swept from reeds near Burnham Beeches (W. E. Sharp) angustatus, Sturm gyllenhalii, Schiodte palustris, L. erythrocephalus, L.  memnonius, Nic. nigrita, F. discretus, Fairm. Chesham pubescens, Gyll. lituratus, F. Chesham marginatus, Duft. Drayton Beauchamp Agabus guttatus, Payk. didymus, Ol. nebulosus, Forst sturmii, Gyll. chalconotus, Panz. bipustulatus, L. Platambus maculatus, L. Ilybius fuliginosus, F. ater, DeG. obscurus, Marsh. Rhantus bistriatus, Berg. Colymbetes fuscus, L. Dytiscus marginalis, L. Acilius sulcatus, L. Gyrinus natator, Scop. Hydrobius fuscipes, L. Philhydrus testaceus, F. suturalis, Sharp Anacaena globulus, Payk. limbata, F. Helochares lividus, Forst Laccobius sinuatus, Mots. bipunctatus, F. (?) Limnebius truncatellus, Thorns. papposus, Muls.

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Rh Hydrophilidæ(continued) Limnebius nitidus, Marsh. Helophorus rugosus, Ol. nubilus, F. aquaticus, L. dorsalis, Muls. Chesham æneipennis, Thorns. Hydrochus angustatus, Germ. Octhebius pygmaeus, F. rufimarginatus, Steph. Hydrasna testacea, Curt. riparia, Kug. nigrita, Germ. Cyclonotum orbiculare, F. Sphzridium scarabsoides, F. bipustulatum, F. Cercyon haemorrhous, Gyll. hæmorrhoidalis, Herbst obsoletus, Gyll. aquaticus, Muls. flavipes, F. lateralis, Marsh. melanocephalus, L. unipunctatus, L. quisquilius, L. pygmasus, Ill. analis, Payk. lugubris, Payk. granarius, Thorns. minutus, Muls. Megasternum boletophagum, Marsh. Cryptopleurum atomarium, Muls. Homoeusa acuminata, Kr. Chesham Aleochara fuscipes, Grav. tristis, Grav. Drayton Beauchamp bipunctata, Ol. cuniculorum, Kr. Chesham lanuginosa, Grav. lygaea, Kr. Chesham succicola, Thorns. nitida, Grav. morion, Grav. Microglossa suturalis, Mann. nidicola, Fairm. Oxypoda spectabilis, Mark. Chesham lividipennis, Mann. opaca, Grav. alternans, Grav. lentula, Er. umbrata, Gyll. nigrina, Lat. longiuscula, Grav. hæmorrhoa, Sahib. amœna, Fairm. Chesham annularis, Sahib., v. pallidula, Sahib. Chesham brachyptera, Steph. Chesham Thiasophila inquilina, Mark. Burnham Beeches Ischnoglossa prolixa, Grav. corticina, Er. Ocyusa incrassata, Kr. Chesham maura, Er. picina, Aubé Phloeopora reptans, Grav. corticalis, Grav. Burnham (Harwood) Ocalea castanea, Er. badia, Er. Ilyobates nigricollis, Payk. Drayton Beauchamp propinquus, Aube. Very rare. Chesham glabriventris, Rye. Very rare. Drayton Beauchamp. By sweeping in a moist wood near the Chiltern Hills (Elli- man) Calodera riparia, Er. Ha/ton æthiops, Grav. " umbrosa, Er. Chesham, Tring Atemeles emarginatus, Payk. Myrmedonia limbata, Payk. Burnham Beeches Astilbus canaliculatus, F. Callicerus obscurus, Grav. rigidicornis, Er. Chesham Alianta incana, Er. Homalota languida, Er. Chesham, Drayton Beauchamp var. longicollis, Sharp. Chesham pavens, Er. Chalfont St. Giles  planifrons, Wat. Chesham  gregaria, Er.  fallax, Kr. Drayton Beauchamp  pruinosa, Kr. Added to the British list by Mr. Champion on specimens taken by Mr. Elliman running upon the chalk in bright sunshine near Chesham ; Mr. Champion has since taken the species under the same conditions on the downs near Guilford  luridipennis, Mann.  gyllenhali, Thorns.  hygrotopora, Kr.  elongatula, Grav.  volans, Scriba.  nitidula, Kr. Chesham  oblongiuscula, Sharp. " vicina, Steph. pagana, Er. Chesham graminicola, Gyll. occulta, Er. Langley, etc. monticola, Thorns. Chesham nigella, Er. angustula, Gyll. linearis, Grav. debilis, Er. fallaciosa, Sharp. Burnham Beeches

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 other offences, the legality of the sentence being finally confirmed by the House of Lords on the 25th of January 1705. It was proved in the course of the long argument in this case that the archbishop of Canterbury had undoubtedly exercised such independent power of visitation both before and after the Reformation; and it was on this precedent that in 1888 the judicial committee of the privy council mainly relied in deciding that the archbishop had the right to cite before him the bishop of Lincoln (Dr Edward King), who was accused of certain irregular ritual practices. The trial began on the 12th of February 1889 before the archbishop and certain assessors, the protest of Dr King, based on the claim that he could only be tried in a provincial synod, being overruled by Archbishop Benson on the grounds above stated. The main importance of the “Lincoln Judgment,” delivered on the 21st of November 1890, is that it set a new precedent for the effective jurisdiction of the archbishop, based on the ancient canon law, and so did something towards the establishment of a purely “spiritual” court, the absence of which had been one of the main grievances of a large body of the clergy.

It is the privilege of the archbishop of Canterbury to crown the kings and queens of England. He is entitled to consecrate all the bishops within his province and was formerly entitled, upon consecrating a bishop, to select a benefice within his diocese at his option for one of his chaplains, but this practice was indirectly abolished by 3 and 4 Vict. c. III, § 42. He is entitled to nominate eight chaplains, who had formerly certain statutory privileges, which are now abolished. He is ex officio an ecclesiastical commissioner for England, and has by statute the right of nominating one of the salaried ecclesiastical commissioners.

The archbishop exercises the ordinary jurisdiction of a bishop over his diocese through his consistory court at Canterbury, the judge of which court is styled the commissary-general of the city and diocese of Canterbury. The archbishop holds a visitation of his diocese personally every three years, and he is the only diocesan who has kept up the triennial visitation of the dean and chapter of his cathedral. The archbishop of Canterbury takes precedence immediately after princes of the blood royal and over every peer of parliament, including the lord chancellor.

The archbishop of York has immediate spiritual jurisdiction as metropolitan in the case of all vacant sees within the province of York, analogous to that which is exercised by the archbishop of Canterbury within the province of Canterbury. He has also an appellate jurisdiction of an analogous character, which he exercises through his provincial court, whilst his diocesan jurisdiction is exercised through his consistorial court, the judges of both courts being nominated by the archbishop. His ancient testamentary and matrimonial jurisdiction was transferred to the crown by the same statutes which divested the see of Canterbury of its jurisdiction in similar matters. It is the privilege of the archbishop of York to crown the queen consort and to be her perpetual chaplain. The archbishop of York takes precedence over all subjects of the crown not of royal blood, but after the lord high chancellor of England. He is ex officio an ecclesiastical commissioner for England (see further ).

The Church of Ireland had at the time of the Act of Union four archbishops, who took their titles from Armagh, Dublin, Cashel and Tuam. By acts of 1833 and 1834, the metropolitans of Cashel and of Tuam were reduced to the status of diocesan bishops. The two archbishoprics of Armagh and Dublin are maintained in the disestablished Church of Ireland.

The title archbishop has been used in certain of the colonial churches, e.g. Australia, South Africa, Canada, and the West Indies, since 1893, when it was assumed by the metropolitans of Canada and Rupert’s Land (see ). Archbishops have the title of His (or Your) Grace and Most Reverend Father in God.

See Hinschius, System des katholischen Kirchenrechts (Berlin, 1869), also article “Erzbischof,” in Hauck, Realencyklopädie (1898); Phillimore, The Ecclesiastical Law of the Church of England, and authorities there cited.

ARCHCHANCELLOR (Lat. Archicancellarius; Ger. Erzkanzler), or chief chancellor, a title given to the highest dignitary of the Holy Roman Empire, and also used occasionally during the middle ages to denote an official who supervised the work of chancellors or notaries.

In the 9th century Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, in his work, De ordine palatii et regni, speaks of a summus cancellarius, evidently an official at the court of the Carolingian emperors and kings. A charter of the emperor Lothair I. dated 844 refers to Agilmar, archbishop of Vienne, as archchancellor, and there are several other references to archchancellors in various chronicles. This office existed in the German kingdom of Otto the Great, and about this time it appears to have become an appanage of the archbishopric of Mainz. When the Empire was restored by Otto in 962, a separate chancery seems to have been organized for Italian affairs, and early in the 11th century the office of archchancellor for the kingdom of Italy was in the hands of the archbishop of Cologne. The theory was that all the imperial business in Germany was supervised by the elector of Mainz, and for Italy by the elector of Cologne. However, the duties of archchancellor for Italy were generally discharged by deputy, and after the virtual separation of Italy and Germany, the title alone was retained by the elector. When the kingdom of Burgundy or Arles was acquired by the emperor Conrad II. in 1032 it is possible that a separate chancery was established for this kingdom. However this may be, during the 12th century the elector of Trier took the title of archchancellor for the kingdom of Arles, although it is doubtful if he ever performed any duties in connexion with this office. This threefold division of the office of imperial archchancellor was acknowledged in 1356 by the Golden Bull of the emperor Charles IV., but the duties of the office were performed by the elector of Mainz. The office in this form was part of the constitution of the Empire until 1803 when the archbishopric of Mainz was secularized. The last elector, Karl Theodor von Dalberg, however, retained the title of archchancellor until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806. H. Reincke in Der alte Reichstag und der neue Bundesrat (Tübingen, 1906) points out a marked resemblance between the medieval archchancellor and the German imperial chancellor of the present day.

ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr.  ), a high official of the Christian Church. The office of archdeacon is of great antiquity. So early as the 4th century it is mentioned as an established office, and it is probable that it was in existence in the 3rd. Originally the archdeacon was, as the name implies, the chief of the deacons attached to the bishop’s cathedral, his duty being, besides preaching, to supervise the deacons and their work, i.e. more especially the care of the sick and the arrangement of the externals of divine worship. Even thus early their close relation to the bishop and their employment in matters of episcopal administration gave them, though only in deacons’ orders, great importance, which continually developed. In the East, in the 5th century, the archdeacons were already charged with the proof of the qualifications of candidates for ordination; they attended the bishops at ecclesiastical synods, and sometimes acted as their representatives; they shared in the administration of sees during a vacancy. In the West, in the 6th and 7th centuries, besides the original functions of their office, archdeacons had certain well-defined rights of visitation and supervision, being responsible for the good order of the lower clergy, the upkeep of ecclesiastical buildings and the safe-guarding of the church furniture—functions which involved a considerable disciplinary power. During the 8th and 9th centuries the office tended to become more and more exclusively purely administrative,

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Rh  (continued) Homalota deformis, Kr. Chesham circellaris, Grav. splendens, Kr. Chesham ægra, Heer. Chesham, Drayton Beauchamp immersa, Er. Chesham cuspidata, Er. Burnham, etc. gemina, Er. Halton vilis, Er. Chesham analis, Grav. decipiens, Sharp. Halton soror, Kr. Halton exilis, Er. Chesham, Halton validiuscula, Kr. Chesham, Drayton Beauchamp depressa, Gyll. hepatica, Er. Chesham exarata, Sharp. aquatica, Thorns. xanthoptera, Steph. euryptera, Steph. trinotata, Kr. xanthopus, Thorns. triangulum, Kr. fungicola, Thorns. ignobilis, Sharp. Chesham boletobia, Thorns. nigritula, Gyll. Chesham coriaria, Kr." sodalis, Er.  humeralis, Kr. Chesham  clancula, Er.(atrata,Kr.). Near Chesham in rotting leaves  gagatina, Baudi  divisa, Mark.  nigricornis, Thorns.  ravilla, Er.  palustris, Kies.  corvina, Thorns. Chesham  puberula, Sharp. Chesham, Drayton Beauchamp  atomaria, Kr. Chesham  perexigua, Sharp.  scapularis, Sahib. Chesham, Drayton Beauchamp  testaceipes, Heer. Chesham, Drayton Beauchamp  clavigera, Scriba. Drayton Beauchamp. Added to the British list by Mr. Elliman  oblita, Er.  autumnalis, Er.Chesham sericea, Muls.  atricolor, Sharp  inquinula, Grav.  nigra, Kr.  hodierna, Sharp. Drayton Beauchamp  celata, Er. Chesham  sordidula, Er. Homalota canescens, Sharp. Chesham cauta, Er. (parva, Brit. Coll.) villosula. Chesham setigera, Sharp cinnamoptera, Thorns. Chesham atramentaria, Gyll. marcida, Er. intermedia, Thorns. Drayton Beauchamp longicornis, Grav. sordida, Marsh. testudinea, Er. aterrima, Grav. muscorum, Bris. pilosiventris, Thorns. Chesham laticollis, Steph. montivagans, Woll. fungi, Grav. clientula, Er. orphana, Er. Chesham Gnypeta labilis, Er. Tachyusa atra, Grav. concolor, Er. Drayton Beauchamp Falagria sulcata, Payk. sulcatula, Grav. thoracica, Curt. obscura, Grav. Autalia impressa, Ol. rivularis, Grav. Encephalus complicans, Westw. Chesham Gyrophaena affinis, Mann. poweri, Crotch (puncticollis, Thorns.) Chesham gentilis, Er. nana, Payk. fasciata, Marsh. minima, Er. lævipennis, Kr. lucidula, Er. Drayton Beauchamp manca, Er."" strictula, Er. Latimer Agaricochara laevicollis. Burnham Beeches, etc. Placusa infima, Er. Epipeda plana, Gyll. Leptusa analis, Gyll. Sipalia ruficollis, Er. Bolitochara lucida, Grav. bella, Mark. Hygronoma dimidiata, Grav. Bourne End, etc. Oligota inflata, Mann. pusillima, Grav. atomaria, Er. punctulata, Heer flavicornis, Lac. Drayton Beauchamp apicata, Er. Chesham Myllaena dubia, Grav. intermedia, Er.

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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archbishop

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archbishop


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Rh  (continued) Myllaena kratzii, Sharp gracilis, Matth. infuscata, Matth. brevicornis, Matth. Deinopsis erosa, Steph. Hypocyptus longicornis, Payk. seminulum, Er. Chesham discoideus, Er. Drayton Beauchamp Conosoma littoreum, L. pubescens, Grav. lividum, Er. Tachyporus obtusus, L. formosus, Matth. Drayton Beauchamp solutus, Er. chrysomelinus, L. pallidus, Sharp. Drayton Beauchamp humerosus, Er. hypnorum, F. transversalis, Grav. Burnham pusillus, Grav. brunneus, F. Cilea silphoides, L. Tachinus flavipes, F. Drayton Beauchamp humeralis, Grav. rufipes, L. subterraneus, L. marginellus, F. Megacronus cingulatus, Mann. analis, F. inclinans, Grav. Chesham Bolitobius lunulatus, L. trinotatus, Er. exoletus, Er. pygmaeus, F. Mycetoporus lucidus, Er. splendens, Marsh. punctus, Gyll. Drayton Beauchamp lepidus, Grav. longulus, Mann. clavicornis, Steph. splendidus, Grav. Habrocerus capillaricornis, Grav. Trichophya pilicornis, Gyll. Chesham Euryporus picipes, Payk. Heterothops praevia, Er. dissimilis, Grav. quadripunctula, Grav. Drayton Beauchamp Quedius lateralis, Grav. mesomelinus, Marsh. cinctus, Payk. (impressus, Panz.) brevis, Er. Burnham Beeches, under bark of tree near nest of Formica rufa (W. E. Sharp) fuliginosus, Grav. tristis, Grav. molochinus, Grav. picipes, Mann. nigriceps, Kr. Staphylindæ (continued) Quedius fumatus, Steph. (peltatus, Er.) maurorufus, Grav. umbrinus, Er. suturalis, Kies. rufipes, Grav. attenuatus, Gyll. semiaeneus, Steph. boops, Grav. Creophilus maxillosus, L. Leistotrophus nebulosus, F. murinus, L. Staphylinus pubescens, DeG. fulvipes, Scop. Drayton Beauchamp stercorarius, Ol. latebricola, Grav. Drayton Beauchamp caesareus, Ceder. Ocypus olens, Mull. similis, F. Chesham brunnipes, F. cupreus, Rossi morio, Grav. compressus, Marsh. Philonthus splendens, F. intermedius, Boisd. laminatus, Creutz. aeneus, Rossi proximus, Kr. carbonarius, Gyll. decorus, Grav. politus, F. varius, Gyll. marginatus, F. albipes, Grav. cephalotes, Grav. fimetarius, Grav. sordidus, Grav. ebeninus, Grav. fumigatus, Er. Chesham sanguinolentus, Grav. cruentatus, Gmel. (bipustulatus, Panz.) longicornis, Steph. (scybalarius, Nord.) varians, Payk. agilis, Grav. ventralis, Grav. discoideus, Grav. quisquiliarius, Gyll. fumarius, Grav. Halton trossulus, Nord. Xantholinus glabratus, Grav. punctulatus, Payk. ochraceus, Gyll. tricolor, F. linearis, Ol. longiventris, Heer Leptacinus parumpunctatus, Gyll. batychrus, Gyll. linearis, Grav. Baptolinus alternans, Grav. Stoke Pages, Bumbom, etc.

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Rh  (continued) Othius fulvipennis, F. laeviusculus, Steph. melanocephalus, Grav. myrmecophilus, Kies. Lathrobium elongatum, L. boreale, Hoch. fulvipenne, Grav. brunnipes, F. longulum, Grav. punctatum, Zett. Chesham filiforme, Grav. Halton quadratum, Payk. terminatum, Grav. multipunctum, Grav. Achenium depressum, Grav. Cryptobium glaberrimum, Herbst Stilicus rufipes, Germ. orbiculatus, Payk. subtilis, Er. Chesham affinis, Er. Scopaeus sulcicollis, Steph. Chesham Medon fusculus, Mann. brunneus, Er. propinquus, Bris. melanocephalus, F. obsoletus, Nord. Chesham Lithocharis ochracea, Grav. Sunius angustatus Payk. Pæderus littoralis, Grav. riparius, L. Evæaesthetus scaber, Thorns. ruficapillus, Lac. læaviusculus, Mann. Dianous ccerulescens, Gyll. Latimer Stenus biguttatus, L. guttula, Müll. bimaculatus, Gyll. asphaltinus, F. Chesham juno, F. ater, Mann. speculator, Er. providus var. rogeri, Kr. buphthalmus, Grav. canaliculatus, Gyll. pusillus, Steph. fuscipes, Grav. Chesham circularis, Grav. Halton declaratus, Er. carbonarius, Gyll. Drayton Beauchamp nigritulus, Gyll. brunnipes, Steph. subasneus, Er. (gonymelas, Steph.) ossium, Steph. (impressipennis, Duv.) fuscicornis, Er. Chesham impressus, Germ. æaerosus, Er. (annulatus, Crotch) erichsoni, Rye pallipes, Grav. Chesham flavipes, Steph. (continued) Stenus pubescens, Steph. binotatus, Ljungh. pallitarsis, Steph. bifoveolatus, Gyll. (nitidus, Steph.) nitidiusculus, Steph. (tempestivus, Er.) picipes, Steph. (rusticus, Er.) cicindeloides, Grav. similis, Herbst solutus, Er. Drayton Beauchamp tarsalis, Ljungh. paganus, Er. latifrons, Er. Oxyporus rufus, F. Burnham, etc. Platystethus arenarius, Fourc. cornutus, Gyll. capito, Heer. Chesham nitens, Sahib. Drayton Beauchamp Oxytelus rugosus, Grav. insecatus, Grav. Chesham sculptus, Grav. laqueatus, Marsh. inustus, Grav. sculpturatus, Grav. nitidulus, Grav. complanatus, Er. tetracarinatus, Block fairmairei, Pand. Chesham Haploderus ccelatus, Grav. Trogophlaeus arcuatus, Steph. Halton bilineatus, Steph. elongatulus, Er. fuliginosus, Grav. corticinus, Grav. pusillus, Grav. tenellus, Er. Syntomium æneum, Müll. Coprophilus striatulus, F. Compsochilus palpalis, Er. Chesham Deleaster dichrous, Grav. Halton Lesteva longelytrata, Goeze sicula, Er. Olophrum piceum, Gyll. Lathrimæum atrocephalum, Gyll. unicolor, Steph. Philorhinum sordidum, Steph. Coryphium angusticolle, Steph. Chesham Homalium rivulare, Payk. allardi, Fairm. exiguum, Gyll. Chesham oxyacanthae, Grav. excavatum, Steph. (fossulatum, Er.) caesum, Grav. nigriceps, Kies. pusillum, Grav. punctipenne, Thorns. rufipes, Fourc. (florale, Payk.) salicis, Gyll. Drayton Beauchamp vvile, Er. iopterum, Steph.

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Rh  (continued Homalium planum, Payk. Chesham concinnum, Marsh. striatum, Grav. Hapalarasa pygmæa, Gyll. Chesham Eusphalerum primulæa, Steph. Anthobium ophthalmicum, Payk. torquatum, Marsh. sorbi, Gyll. Proteinus ovalis, Steph. (brevicollis, Er.) brachypterus, F. macropterus, Gyll. atomarius, Er. Chesham Megarthrus denticollis, Beck affinis, Mill. depressus, Lac. sinuatocollis, Lac. hemipterus, Ill. Chesham Phlceobium clypeatum, Müll. Burnham, etc. Pseudopsis sulcata, Newm. Chesham Prognatha quadricornis, Kirby

Leptinus testaceus, Müll. Chesham, Burnham Beeches ; near Tring, found in mouse-traps set in hedges (Jordan) Calyptomerus dubius, Marsh. Clambus pubescens, Redt. armadillo, DeG. minutus, Sturm Agathidium nigripenne, Kug. Drayton Beauchamp atrum, Payk. seminulum, L. laevigatum, Er. marginatum, Sturm varians, Beck convexum, Sharp. Chesham, Drayton Beauchamp nigrinum, Sturm Liodes humeralis, Kug. orbicularis, Herbst. Chesham Cyrtusa pauxilla, Schmidt Anisotoma cinnamomea, Panz. Near Tring oblonga, Er. (grandis, Fairm.) Chesham dubia, Kug. badia. Sturm ovalis, Schmidt punctulata, Gyll. (litura, Steph.) calcarata, Er. parvula, Sahib. Colenis dentipes, Gyll. Agaricophagus cephalotes, Schmidt. Chesham Hydnobius strigosus, Schmidt Necrophorus humator, Goeze mortuorum, F. ruspator, Er. interruptus, Steph. Chesham

(continued) Necrophorus vespillo, L. Necrodes littoralis, L. Silpha thoracica, L. rugosa, L. sinuata, F. laevigata, F. atrata, L. Choleva angustata, F. cisteloides, Fröl. spadicea, Sturm. Chesham agilis, Ill. velox, Spence wilkini, Spence anisotomoides, Spence. Chesham, Taplow fusca, Panz. morio, F. Drayton Beauchamp, Burnham Beeches grandicollis, Er. Burnham Beeches nigrita, Er. tristis, Panz. kirbyi, Spence chrysomeloides, Panz. fumata, Spence watsoni, Spence Colon serripes, Sahib. Chesham dentipes, Sahib. brunneum, Latr. latum, Kr. Chesham Bathyscia wollastoni, Jans. Chesham

Neuraphes elongatulus, Müll. angulatus, Müll. sparshalli, Denny. Chesham longicollis, Mots. (praeteritus, Rye) Chesham Scydmaenus scutellaris, Müll. collaris, Müll. pusillus, Müll. exilis, Er. Chesham Euconnus hirticollis, Ill. Drayton Beauchamp fimetarius, Chaud. Eumicrus tarsatus, Müll. Euthia scydmaenoides, Steph. Chesham schaumi, Kies. Cephennium thoracicum, Müll."

Claviger foveolatus, Müll.

Pselaphus heisei, Herbst Tychus niger, Payk. Bythinus puncticollis, Denny validus, Aub. Chesham bulbifer, Reich curtisii, Denny. Chesham securiger, Reich." burrellii, Denny." Rybaxis sanguinea, L.

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Rh  (continued) Bryaxis fossulata, Reich juncorum, Leach Trichonyx markeli, Reich. Chesham, in the vicinity of nests of Lasius flavus and Formica fusca sulcicollis, Reich. Chesham. Three specimens in the wet rotting wood of an old elm stump Euplectus punctatus, Muls. sanguineus, Denny piceus, Mots, (nigricans, Chaud.) ambiguus, Reich. Chesham

Pteryx suturalis, Heer Ptinella testacea, Heer. Drayton Beauchamp Trichopteryx atomaria, DeG. grandicollis, Mann. lata, Mots. cantiana, Matth. (?) Chesham fascicularis, Herbst seminitens, Matth. Chesham sericans, Heer (?)" bovina, Mots. brevipennis, Er. Drayton Beauchamp picicornis, Mann. (?) Chesham fuscula, Matth. (?)" chevrolatii, All. Nephanes titan, Newm. Ptilium kunzei, Heer spencei, All. exaratum, All. foveolatum, All. Millidium trisulcatum, Aube' Ptenidium fuscicorne, Er. Drayton Beauchamp nitidum, Heer evanescens, Marsh. kraatzii, Matth. Drayton Beauchamp formicetorum, Kr. "" Corylophus cassidioides, Marsh. sublasvipennis, Duv. Chesham Sericoderus lateralis, Gyll. Phalacrus coruscus, Payk. caricis, Sturm Olibrus corticalis, Panz. æneus, F. liquidus, Er. flavicornis, Sturm, (helveticus, Brit. Cat.). Chesham. In flowers, moss, and once in an old bone Stilbus testaceus, Panz. (consimilis, Marsh.)

Subcoccinella 24-punctata, L. Hippodamia variegata, Goeze (mutabilis, Scriba) (continued) Anisosticta 19-punctata. Burnham Beeches Adalia obliterata, L. bipunctata, L. Mysia oblongoguttata, L. Coccinella lo-punctata, L. (variabilis, Ill.) hieroglyphica, L. 11-punctata, L. 7-punctata, L. Halyzia 16-guttata, L. 14-guttata, L. conglobata, L. (14-punctata, L.) punctata, L. Micraspis i6-punctata, L. Scymnus pygmasus, Fourc. frontalis, F. suturalis, Thunb. (discoideus, 111.) testaceus, Mots, (mulsanti, Wat.) haemorrhoidalis, Herbst capitatus, F. minimus, Rossi Platynaspis luteorubra, Goeze. Burnham Beeches Chilocorus similis, Rossi bipustulatus, L. Exochomus 4-pustulatus, L. Rhizobius litura, F. Coccidula rufa, Herbst Mycetaea hirta, Marsh. Alexia pilifera, Müll. Lycoperdina bovistae, Chesham Endomychus coccineus, L. Drayton Beauchamp

Dacne humeralis, F. Marlow, Farnham Royal rufifrons, F. Langley

Ditoma crenata, Herbst. Burnham Beeches Cicones variegatus, Hellw."" Cerylon histeroides, F. fagi, Bris. Drayton Beauchamp

Hister unicolor, L. cadaverinus, Hoff. purpurascens, Herbst carbonarius, 111. 12-striatus, Sch. bimaculatus, L. Gnathoncus nannetensis, Mars. Burnham Beeches Saprinus nitidulus, Payk. æaneus, F. Abræsus globosus, Hoff. Acritus minutus, Herbst Onthophilus striatus, F. Burnham

Micropeplus porcatus, Payk.

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Rh  (continued) Micropeplus staphylinoides, Marsh. margaritae, Duv.

Brachypterus gravidus, Ill. Burnham Beeches, etc. pubescens, Er. urticae, F. Cercus pedicular! us, L. bipustulatus, Payk. rufilabris, Latr. Epuraea aestiva, L. melina, Er. florea, Er. deleta, Er. Burnham Beeches obsoleta, F. pusilla, Er. - angustula, Er. Drayton Beauchamp Omosiphora limbata, F. Micrurula melanocephala, Marsh. Nitidula bipustulata, L. rufipes, L. Chesham Soronia grisea, L. Omosita colon, L. discoidea, F. Thalycra sericea, Sturm. Chesham Pocadius ferrugineus, F. Pria dulcamarae, Scop. Burnham Beeches, etc. Meligethes rufipes, Gyll. lumbaris, Sturm coracinus, Sturm. Drayton Beauchamp æneus, F. viridescens, F. difficilis, Heer memnonius, Er. ochropus, Sturm. Chesham brunnicornis, Sturm viduatus, Sturm pedicularius, Gyll. bidens, Bris. On Scabiosa arvensis, Chesham umbrosus, Sturm. Chesham ovatus, Sturm flavipes, Sturm picipes, Sturm symphyti, Heer. Chesham. On flowers of Lamium album, Taraxacum, and Stellaria holostea serripes, Gyll. Chesham lugubris, Sturm. Chesham, Halton erythropus, Gyll. solidus, Sturm. Burnham Beeches, etc. Cychramus fungicola, Heer Ips quadriguttata, F. Burnham Beeches Rhizophagus depressus, F. perforatus, Er. parallelocollis, Gyll. ferrugineus, Payk. bipustulatus, F.

Tenebrioides mauritanica, L.

Monotoma spinicollis, Aubé brevicollis, Aubé. Burnham Beeches picipes, Herbst quadricollis, Aub rufa, Redt. longicollis, Gyll.

Anommatus 1 2-striatus, Wesm. Chesham, in rotten sacking Lathridius lardarius, DeG. angulatus, Humm. Coninomus nodifer, Westw. constrictus, Humm. Chesham carinatus, Gyll." Enicmus minutus, L. transversus, Ol. Cartodere ruficollis, Marsh. Corticaria pubescens, Gyll.  crenulata, Gyll.  denticulata, Gyll. Burnham Beeches. etc.  elongata, Humm.  fenestralis, L. Melanophthalma gibbosa, Herbst  fuscula, Humm.

Laemophloeus ferrugineus, Steph. Psammschus bipunctatus, F. Bourne End. etc. Silvanus surinamensis, L.

Byturus sambuci, Scop. tomentosus, F.*

Diphyllus lunatus, F. Latimer Telmatophilus caricis, Ol. schönherri, Gyll. Halton Antherophagus nigricornis, F. Burnham. etc. pallens, Ol. Burnham Beeches Cryptophagus lycoperdi, Herbst setulosus, Sturm pilosus, Gyll. saginatus, Sturm scanicus, L. badius, Sturm dentatus, Herbst distinguendus, Sturm acutangulus, Gyll. cellaris, Scop. affinis, Sturm pubescens, Sturm bicolor, Sturm. Chesham Micrambe vini, Panz. Caenoscelis pallida, Woll. Atomaria fumata, Er. Chesham barani, Bris."

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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive accepted these arguments and was willing to give France a hand in disbursing aid to the Associated States. The U.S. chose not to interpret the agreement this way. The State Department said the U.S. merely indicated willingness to consult on such matters. On 29 October, Dulles told Mendes-France that the U.S. alone would dispersedisburse [sic] aid; by late November Mendes-France finally tired of arguing an obviously lost cause and dropped the matter.

 * b.

Despite apparent agreement at Washington to back Diem, Secretary Dulles met with Mendes-France three weeks later in Paris about the same subject. "For...ready reference" Acting Secretary of State Herbert Hoover quoted for Dulles part of the 29 September Minute of Understanding in which the

"...representatives of France and the United States agree that their respective governments support Ngo Dinh Diem in the establishment and maintenance of a strong, anti-Communist and nationalist government. To this end France and the United States will urge all anti-Communist elements in Vietnam to cooperate fully with the Government of Ngo Dinh Diem in order to counter vigorously the Viet Minh and build a strong free Vietnam....While Ely seems to have attempted honestly to carry out this agreement, the fact that many French elements have never accepted Diem solution must have weakened Ely's efforts and encouraged Hinh camarilla in its recalcitrance.... Unless Diem receives unreserved US and French support, his chances of success appear slight. With such support, his chances are probably better than even, repeat even."

 * c.

Apart from the quiet backing given Diem's opponents by French officers and officials in Saigon and persistent Paris proposals for a change in government (Prince Buu Hoi, whose "political ideologies" were repugnant to Dulles, was a French favorite at this time), the U.S. found in French accommodative gestures toward Hanoi ample proof that French backing for Diem was reserved at best. Ambassador Dillon felt Mendes-France found in Vietnam a "situation ideally designed to test (the) bases of his fundamental political philosophy of 'peaceful coexistence'" and that his government grew more and more "disposed to explore and consider a policy looking toward an eventual peaceful North–South rapprochement." French insistence on strict legal interpretation of the Geneva Accords was one example of accommodation thinking. France objected to anything which could possibly delay or destroy elections in 1956; Dillon predicted Paris would accept the results of elections "however academic that exercise may eventually prove to be." Rh


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 the archdeacon by his visitations relieving the bishop of the minutiae of government and keeping him informed in detail of the condition of his diocese. The archdeacon had thus become, on the one hand, the oculus episcopi, but on the other hand, armed as he was with powers of imposing penance and, in case of stubborn disobedience, of excommunicating offenders, his power tended more and more to grow at the bishop’s expense. This process received a great impulse from the erection in the 11th and 12th centuries of defined territorial jurisdictions for the archdeacons, who had hitherto been itinerant representatives of the central power of the diocese. The dioceses were now mapped out into several archdeaconries (archidiaconatus), which corresponded with the political divisions of the countries; and these defined spheres, in accordance with the prevailing feudal tendencies of the age, gradually came to be regarded as independent centres of jurisdiction. The bishops, now increasingly absorbed in secular affairs, were content with a somewhat theoretical power of control, while the archdeacons rigorously asserted an independent position which implied great power and possibilities of wealth. The custom, moreover, had grown up of bestowing the coveted office of archdeacon on the provosts, deans and canons of the cathedral churches, and the archdeacons were thus involved in the struggle of the chapters against the episcopal authority. By the 12th century the archdeacon had become practically independent of the bishop, whose consent was only required in certain specified cases.

The power of the archdeacon reached its zenith at the outset of the 13th century. Innocent III. describes him as judex ordinarius, and he possesses in his own right the powers of visitation, of holding courts and imposing penalties, of deciding in matrimonial causes and cases of disputed jurisdiction, of testing candidates for orders, of inducting into benefices. He has the right to certain procurations, and to appoint and depose archpriests and rural deans. And these powers he may exercise through delegated officiales. His jurisdiction has become, in fact, not subordinate to, but co-ordinate with that of the bishop. Yet, so far as orders were concerned, he remained a deacon; and if archdeacons were often priests, this was because priests who were members of chapters were appointed to the office.

From the 13th century onward a reaction set in. The power of the archdeacons rested upon custom and prescription, not upon the canon law; and though the bishops could not break, they could circumvent it. This they did by appointing new officials to exercise in their name the rights still reserved to them, or to which they laid claim. These were the officiales: the officiales foranei, whose jurisdiction was parallel with that of the archdeacons, and the officiales principales and vicars-general, who presided over the courts of appeal. The clergy having thus another authority, and one moreover more canonical, to appeal to, the power of the archdeacons gradually declined; and, so far as the Roman Catholic Church is concerned, it received its death-blow from the council of Trent (1564), which withdrew all matrimonial and criminal causes from the competence of the archdeacons, forbade them to pronounce excommunications, and allowed them only to hold visitations in connexion with those of the bishop and with his consent. These decrees were not, indeed, at once universally enforced; but the convulsions of the Revolutionary epoch and the religious reorganization that followed completed the work. In the Roman Church to-day the office of archdeacon is merely titular, his sole function being to present the candidates for ordination to the bishop. The title, indeed, hardly exists save in Italy, where the archdeacon is no more than a dignified member of a chapter, who takes rank after the bishop. The ancient functions of the archdeacon are exercised by the vicar-general. In the Lutheran church the title Archidiakonus is given in some places to the senior assistant pastor of a church.

In the Church of England, on the other hand, the office of archdeacon, which was first introduced at the Norman conquest, survives, with many of its ancient duties and prerogatives. Since 1836 there have been at least two archdeaconries in each diocese, and in some dioceses there are four archdeacons. The archdeacons are appointed by their respective bishops, and they are, by an act of 1840, required to have been six full years in priest’s orders. The functions of the archdeacon are in the present day ancillary in a general way to those of the bishop of the diocese. It is his especial duty to inspect the churches within his archdeaconry, to see that the fabrics are kept in repair, and to hold annual visitations of the clergy and churchwardens of each parish, for the purpose of ascertaining that the clergy are in residence, of admitting the newly elected churchwardens into office, and of receiving the presentments of the outgoing churchwardens. It is his privilege to present all candidates for ordination to the bishop of the diocese. It is his duty also to induct the clergy of his archdeaconry into the temporalities of their benefices after they have been instituted into the spiritualities by the bishop or his vicar-general. Every archdeacon is entitled to appoint an official to preside over his archidiaconal court, from which there is an appeal to the consistory court of the bishop. The archdeacons are ex officio members of the convocations of their respective provinces.

It is the privilege of the archdeacon of Canterbury to induct the archbishop and all the bishops of the province of Canterbury into their respective bishoprics, and this he does in the case of a bishop under a mandate from the archbishop of Canterbury, directing him to induct the bishop into the real, actual, and corporal possession of the bishopric, and to install and to enthrone him; and in the case of the archbishop, under an analogous mandate from the dean and chapter of Canterbury, as being guardians of the spiritualities during the vacancy of the archiepiscopal see. In the colonies there are two or more archdeacons in each diocese, and their functions correspond to those of English archdeacons. In the Episcopal church of America the office of archdeacon exists in only one or two dioceses.

ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog,) a title peculiar now to the Austrian royal family. According to Selden it denotes “an excellency or pre-eminence only, not a superiority or power over other dukes, as in archbishop it doth over other bishops.” Yet in this latter sense it would seem to have been assumed by Bruno of Saxony, archbishop of Cologne, and duke of Lorraine (953–965), when he divided his duchy into the dukedoms of Upper and Lower Lorraine. The designation was, however, exceedingly rare during the middle ages. The title of archduke of Lorraine ceased with the circumstances which had produced it. The later dynasties of Brabant and Lorraine, when these fiefs became hereditary, bore only the title of duke. The house of Habsburg, therefore, did not acquire this title with the inheritance of the dukes of Lorraine. Nor does it occur in any of the charters granted to the dukes of Austria by the emperors; though in that creating the first duke of Austria the archiduces palatii, i.e. the principal dukes of the court, are mentioned. The “Archidux Austriae, seu Austriae inferioris” is spoken of by Abbot Rudolph (d. 1138) in his chronicles of the abbey of St Trond (Gesta Abbatum Trudonensium) but this is no more than a rhetorical flourish, and the title of “archduke palatine” (Pfalz-Erzherzog) was, in fact, assumed first by Duke Rudolph IV. (d. 1365), and was one of the rights and privileges included in his famous forgery of the year 1358, the privilegium maius, which purported to have been bestowed by the emperor Frederick I. on the dukes of Austria in extension of the genuine privilegium minus of 1156, granted to the margrave Henry II. Rudolph IV. used the title on his seals and charters till he was compelled to desist by the emperor Charles IV. The title was also assumed for a time, probably on the strength of the privilegium maius, by Duke Ernest of Styria (d. 1424); but it

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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archdeacon

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archdeacon


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Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive But the most worrisome example to those at the State Department who lined up against any kind of accommodation was the Sainteny Mission to Hanoi.

 * d.

Jean Sainteny, credited with reaching short-lived independence accords with Ho Chi Minh in March 1946, was sent back to Hanoi in August 1954 to find ways to protect French business and cultural interests in Tonkin. Sainteny's past success at rapprochement gave the mission definite political overtones. General Ely wished Paris had sent a "stupid type of consular official" not a man of Sainteny's "active stripe"; he was disturbed enough to fly to Paris to tell Mendes-France he would resign if French policy was to play a "double game" in North and South Vietnam aimed at backing whichever side ultimately won. Mendes-France assured Ely that French policy was to give maximum support to the anti-Communist elements in South Vietnam and do everything possible to assure their victory in 1956. Ely was placated and returned to Saigon. But Sainteny remained in Hanoi and maximum support for Diem did not materialize.

From another source came word that Ely was not "au courant" with French policy. French Union Counsellor Jacque Raphael-Leygues, reportedly a member of the Mendes-France "brain trust" on Indochina, told Ambassador Dillon that Sainteny had convinced Paris that South Vietnam was doomed and the "only possible means of salvaging anything was to play the Viet Minh game and woo the Viet Minh away from Communist ties in the hope of creating a Titoist Vietnam which would cooperate with France and might even adhere to the French Union." Raphael-Leygues said France deferred to U.S. wishes over which government to support in Saigon to get money for the French Expeditionary Corps and to fix responsibility for the eventual loss of South Vietnam on the U.S.

In December 1954, Sainteny won Ho Chi Minh's agreement to permit French enterprises to carry on without discrimination. But if the contract pleased Paris it did not assure French businessmen in Tonkin. Viet Minh legislation would regulate their operations; profits could not be transferred outside the Communist orbit. Most French concerns decided potential benefit was not worth the risk of doing business with the DRV and despite Sainteny's efforts to establish mixed government-private corporations, most withdrew from the North. Sainteny remained as a "general delegate" to the DRV.

 * e.

A final spur to U.S. action was the Mansfield Report. After a fact-finding trip to South Vietnam, Senator Mansfield concluded Rh


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Rh  (continued)  Atomaria nigriventris, Steph. (nana, Er.) umbrina, Er. linearis, Steph. fuscipes, Gyll. fuscata, Steph. pusilla, Payk. atricapilla, Steph. berolinensis, Kr. mesomelas, Herbst gutta, Steph. apicalis, Er. analis, Er. ruficornis, Marsh. Ephistemus globosus, Waltl

Scaphisoma agaricinum, L. boleti, Panz.

Typhaea fumata, L. Triphyllus suturalis, F. punctatus, F. Litargus bifasciatus, F. Drayton Beauchamp, Halton, Burnham Beeches Mycetophagus quadripustulatus, L. piceus, F. Chesham atomarius, F. Burnham Beeches multipunctatus, Hellw. Halton

Dermestes vulpinus, F. lardarius, L. Megatoma undata. Near Tring, under bark of trees (Jordan) Attagenus pellio, L. Tiresias serra, F. Chesham Anthrenus claviger, Er.

Syncalypta spinosa, Rossi Byrrhus pllula, L. fasciatus, F. Cytilus varius, F. Simplocaria semistriata, F. Aspidiphorus orbiculatus, Gyll. Chesham

Elmis aeneus, Mall. volkmari, Panz. subviolaceus, Mull. Limnius tuberculatus, Mull. Parnus prolifericornis, F. auriculatus, Panz.

Heterocerus lasvigatus, Panz.

Lucanus cervus, L. Dorcus parallelopipedus, L. Burnham Beeches Sinodendron cylindricum, L. Burnham Beeches

Onthophagus ovatus, L.  (continued) Aphodius erraticus, L. subterraneus, L.  fossor, L.  haemorrhoidalis, L.  fœtens, F.  fimetarius, L.  scybalarius, F.  ater, DeG. granarius, L. sordidus, F.  rufescens, F.  lividus, OL  pusillus, Herbst merdarius, F. inquinatus, F.  sticticus, Panz. punctato-sulcatus, Sturm prodromus, Brahm. contaminatus, Herbst obliteratus, Panz. luridus, F. rufipes, L. Plagiogonus arenarius, Ol. Near Drayton Beauchamp Odontaeus mobilicornis, F. Chesham Geotrupes spiniger, Marsh. sylvaticus, Panz. vernalis, L. Trox scaber, L. Hoplia philanthus, Füss. Homalophia ruricola, F. Drayton Beauchamp Serica brunnea, L. Rhizotrogus solstitialis, L. Melolontha vulgaris, F. Phyllopertha horticola, L. Cetonia aurata, L. Agrilus laticornis, 111. angustulus, 111.

Throscus dermestoides, L. Burnham Beeches (Sharp) carinifrons, Bonv. Burnham Beeches (Harwood) Melasis buprestoides, L. Burnham Beeches (Sharp) Lacon murinus, L. Cryptohypnus riparius, F. Megapenthes tibialis, Lac. Black Park, May, 1887 (Wallace) Melanotus rufipes, Herbst Athous niger, L. longicollis, Ol. haemorrhoidalis, F. Limonius minutus, L. Adrastus limbatus, F. Agriotes sputator, L. obscurus, L.

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Rh  (continued) Agriotes lineatus, L. sobrinus, Kies. pallidulus, Ill. Dolopius marginatus, Ill. Corymbites tessellatus, F. Burnham Beeches quercus, Gyll. holosericeus, F. bipustulatus, L. Chesham Campylus linearis, L.

Dascillus cervinus, L. Helodes minuta, L. Microcara livida, F. Cyphon coarctatus, Payk. nitidulus, Thorns. padi, L. Stoke Common variabilis, Thun. Scirtes hemisphaericus, 111.

Platycis minutus, F. Chesham and Burnham Lampyris noctiluca, L.

Telephorus rusticus, Fall. lividus, L. pellucidus, F.  nigricans, Mull. lituratus, Fall. bicolor, F. haemorrhoidalis, F.  flavilabris, Fall. thoracicus, Ol. Rhagonycha fuscicornis, Ol. fulva, Scop. testacea, L. pallida, F. Malthinus punctatus, Fourc. fasciatus, Ol. balteatus, Suffr. Malthodes marginatus, Latr. fibulatus, Kies. atomus, Thorns.

Malachius bipustulatus, L. viridis, F. Taplow, Stoke Pages, etc. Anthocomus fasciatus, L. Dasytes aerosus, Kies. Burnham Beeches Phlceophilus Edwardsi, Steph. Drayton Beauchamp

Corynetes coeruleus, DeG. Necrobia ruficollis, F. violacea, L.

Ptinus lichenum, Marsh. Chesham fur, L. Niptus hololeucus, Fald. Hedobia imperialis, L.

Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll. Priobium castaneum, F. Anobium domesticum, Fourc. fulvicorne, Sturm paniceum, L. Xestobium tessellatum, F. Ernobius mollis, L. Ptilinus pectinicornis, L. Ochina hederae, Mall.

Lyctus canaliculatus, F. Sphindus dubius, Gyll. Burnham Beeches, in black powdery fungus on beech stump (W. E. Sharp)

Cis boleti, Scop. villosulus, Marsh. Burnham micans, F. hispidus, Payk. bidentatus, Ol. alni, Gyll. nitidus, Herbst festivus, Panz. Ennearthron affine, Gyll. cornutum, Gyll. Octotemnus glabriculus, Gyll.

Aromia moschata, L. Callidium violaceum, L. variabile, L. Chesham Clytus arietis, L. mysticus, L. Burnham Beeches Gracilia pygmaea, F. Rhagium inquisitor, L. bifasciatum, F. Toxotus meridianus, L. Near Tring (Jordan), etc. Leptura livida, F. Strangalia armata, Herbst melanura, L. Grammoptera tabacicolor, DeG. ruficornis, F.

Leiopus nebulosus, L. Pogonochaerus bidentatus, Thorns, (hispidus, Laich.) dentatus, Fourc. (pilosus, F.) Tetrops prasusta, L.

Bruchus cisti, F. Stoke Pages canus, Germ. Drayton Beauchamp, Chesham on Onobrychis sativa pisi, L. rufimanus, Boh. loti, Payk. villosus, F. (ater, Marsh.)

Donacia versicolorea, Brahm. (bidens, Ol.)

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