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54 What he and his chum had been talking of that very morning was still fresh in his mind. How he would like to discover one of those unusual nests where half a dozen or more gun crews lurked, ready to hold up that entire sector of the advancing line, so the American troops would be unable to reach their objective for that day at least.

So it was in the hope of attaining this end that he now flew to another section of the forest which he had been desirous all morning of visiting, under the impression that it might yield the bag to which he aspired in his search for game.

As they circled over the tree tops Morgan was turning his glasses to the best advantage. Jack kept trying to cover the ground systematically, and yet making numerous quick jumps so as to disconcert the enemy should a sudden fierce burst of firing announce that a nest had been located.

All at once Morgan gave a loud cry. It seemed to spell victory, and Jack instantly called out:

"Struck oil, have you, Felix? Where away does it lie?"

"Look down to the left and you'll just glimpse what seems to be the stone base of an old abandoned windmill, I think, Jack. All overgrown with weeds and brush, it is too. I saw a number


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Rh of men moving about, and some of them were crouching back of their biggest machine-guns. This is one of those jumbo forts we've heard of; no mistake about it either."

"Grab off the location to a dot then, Felix, and we'll see what can be done for those waiting Yankee batteries!" snapped Jack, greatly excited, as well as pleased, by their important discovery. "Let me know when you have your landmarks, and I'll elevate, so we can get in touch with the battery observer."

"It's the king-pin of all their nests. Jack, a regular bouncer, I tell you!" cried the other, using his glasses again to advantage.

"All right then," the pilot assured him, "we'll see that their name is mud before much longer. Ready, Felix?"

Instead of giving Jack the reply which the other expected the oberverobserver [sic] gave a sudden startled yell.

"They've got us trapped, Jack! Sure they have! Look up!" came his warning shout, and as the pilot craned his neck to obey he discovered no less than three big German Gotha battleplanes hovering over them, waiting to engage them in a most unequal combat.

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222 and soul, to the north, and all longing for those countries utterly extinct among them, that I resolved to undertake the long, solitary journey, and to seek that centre toward which I was attracted by an irresistible impulse. Indeed, for the few last years it had become with me a kind of disease, which could only be cured by the sight and presence of the absent object. Now, at length, I may venture to confess the truth. It reached at last such a height that I durst not look at a Latin book, or even an engraving of Italian scenery. The craving to see this country was over-ripe. Now it is satisfied. Friends and country have once more become right dear to me, and the return to them is a wished-for object; nay, the more ardently desired, the more firmly I feel convinced that I bring with me too many treasures for personal enjoyment or private use, but such as through life may serve others, as well as myself, for edification and guidance.

, Nov. 1, 1786.

Well, at last I am arrived in this great capital of the world. If, fifteen years ago, I could have seen it in good company, with a well-informed guide, I should have thought myself very fortunate. But as it was to be that I should thus see it alone, and with my own eyes, it is well that this joy has fallen to my lot so late in life.

Over the mountains of the Tyrol I have as good as flown. Verona, Vicenza, Padua, and Venice I have carefully looked at; hastily glanced at Ferrara, Cento, Bologna; and scarcely seen Florence at all. My anxiety to reach Rome was so great, and it so grew with me every moment, that to think of stopping anywhere was quite out of the question. Even in Florence, I only stayed three hours. Now I am here at my ease, and, as it would seem, shall be tranquillised for my whole life; for we may almost say that a new life


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 of the temple of Dendera are said to be nutru. "Qu'est ce qu'une salle divine?" very pertinently asks M. Mariette. Sat nutrit is a "potent talisman." Seti I. in his titles is the "potent image," seχem nutra, of Chepera. Nutra is constantly brought into parallelism with words implying "might." "Great (ura) is the Eye of Horus, Mighty (āa) is the Eye of Horus, Strong (nutra) is the Eye of Horus, the Giver of Strength (senutra) is the Eye of Horus." "A mighty wall to Egypt, protecting their limbs; his force (pehti) is like Ptah in prostrating the barbarians, a child of might (sif nutra) in his coming forth like Harmachis." "He is strong (ten-re) in performing his duties to Amon-Rā, he is vigorous (nutra) in performing his duties to the sovereign, his lord." In the Demotic text of the tablet of Canopus, nutra is translated by χu, which signifies, "strengthen, fortify, protect, invigorate." It has constantly this meaning in the hieroglyphic texts. "Thy body is fortified (nutri-ta), protected (χu-ta), restored (seput-ta)." "Thy limbs are fortified (nutri-ta) by the Power (seχem) which is in heaven." Nutra men ma pet, "strong and durable as heaven." Nutra-f nut-ek er neken, "He fortifies thy city against destruction." Nutra-f Nutrit er nefu, "He strengthens


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Rh begins when a man once sees with his own eyes all that before he has but partially heard or read of. All the dreams of my youth I now behold realised before me. The subjects of the first engravings I ever remember seeing (several views of Rome were hung up in an anteroom of my father's house) stand bodily before my sight, and all that I had long been acquainted with through paintings or drawings, engravings or woodcuts, plaster casts and cork models, are here collectively presented to my eye. Wherever I go I find some old acquaintance in this new world. It is all just as I had thought it, and yet all is new. And just the same might I remark of my own observations and my own ideas. I have not gained any new thoughts; but the older ones have become so defined, so vivid, and so coherent, that they may almost pass for new ones.

When Pygmalion's Elisa, which he had shaped entirely in accordance with his wishes, and to which he had given as much of truth and nature as an artist can, moved at last toward him, and said, "It is I!"—how different was the living form from the chiselled stone!

In a moral sense, too, how salutary it is for me to live awhile among a wholly sensual people, of whom so much has been said and written, and of whom every stranger judges according to the standard he brings with him. I can excuse every one who blames and reproaches them. They stand too far apart from us, and for a stranger to associate with them is difficult and expensive.

Nov. 3, 1786.

One of the chief motives with which I had deluded myself for hurrying to Rome was the Festival of All Saints; for I thought within myself, if Rome pays so much honour to a single saint, what will she not show to them all! But I was under a mistake. The


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 Nutrit against harm." Nutrit, the name of a town (in this place equivalent to Dendera), has exactly the same meaning as Samaria, Ashdod, Gaza, Valentia, and many other names significant of strength. Religious purifications were supposed to give strength, and the verb nutra is therefore often found in parallelism with āb and tur, both of which have the sense of religious purification.

I will add one more illustration, which by itself might not be of much weight, but is really important when taken in conjunction with other evidence. The goddess Isis is distinguished among other divinities by the frequent epithet nutrit. When the inscriptions in her honour are written in Greek, she is most frequently called or.

There is yet another Egyptian word cognate to those we have been studying. Nutrit signifies "eye-ball." The notion here is of something fortified, protected, guarded. "Custodi me ut pupillam oculi:" "Keep me as the apple of the eye." The Arabic word hadaqat, which means the same thing, has an exactly similar etymology. And several other parallel instances might be cited.

The Egyptian nutar, I argue therefore, means Power, which is also the meaning of the Hebrew El. The


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224 Roman Church has never been very fond of celebrating with remarkable pomp any common festival: and so she leaves every order to celebrate in silence the especial memory of its own patron; for the name "festival," and the day especially set apart to each saint, is properly the occasion when each receives his highest commemoration.

Yesterday, however, which was the Festival of All Souls, things went better with me. This commemoration is kept by the Pope in his private chapel on the Quirinal. I hastened with Tischbein to the Monte Cavallo. The piazza before the palace has something altogether singular, so irregular is it, and yet so grand and so beautiful! I now cast eyes upon the Colossuses! Neither eye nor mind was large enough to take them in. Ascending a broad flight of steps, we followed the crowd through a splendid and spacious hall. In this antechamber, directly opposite to the chapel, and in sight of the numerous apartments, one feels somewhat strange to find one's self beneath the same roof with the vicar of Christ.

The office had begun. Pope and cardinals were already in the church,—the Holy Father, of a highly handsome and dignified form; the cardinals, of different ages and figures. I was seized with a strange, longing desire that the head of the Church might open his golden mouth, and, speaking with rapture of the ineffable bliss of the happy soul, set us all, too, in a rapture. But as I only saw him moving backward and forward before the altar, and turning, now to this side, and now to that, and only muttering to himself, and conducting himself just like a common parish priest, the original sin of Protestantism revived within me, and the well-known and ordinary mass for the dead had no charms for me. For most assuredly Christ himself—he who, in his youthful days and even as a child, excited men's wonder by his oral


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Rh exposition of Scripture—did never thus teach and work in silence; but, as we learn from the Gospels, he was ever ready to utter his wise and spiritual words. What, I asked myself, would he say, were he to come in among us, and see his image on earth thus mumbling, and sailing backward and forward ? The "Venio iterum crucifigi" again crossed my mind, and I nudged my companion to come out into the freer air of the vaulted and painted hall.

Here we found a crowd of persons attentively observing the rich paintings; for the Festival of All Souls is also the holiday of all the artists in Rome. Not only the chapel, but the whole palace also, with all its rooms, is for many hours on this day open and free to every one; no fees being required, and the visitors not being liable to be hurried on by the chamberlain.

The paintings on the walls engaged my attention, and I now formed a new acquaintance with some excellent artists whose very names had hitherto been almost unknown to me. For instance, I now, for the first time, learned to appreciate and to love the cheerful Carlo Maratti.

But chiefly welcome to me were the masterpieces of the artists of whose style and manner I already had some impression. I saw with amazement the wonderful Petronilla of Guercino, which was formerly in St. Peter's, where a mosaic copy now stands in the place of the original. The body of the saint is lifted out of the grave; and the same person, just reanimated, is being received into the heights of heaven by a celestial youth. Whatever may be alleged against this double action, the picture is invaluable.

Still more struck was I with a picture of Titian's. It throws into the shade all I have hitherto seen. Whether my eye is more practised, or whether it is really the most excellent, I cannot determine. An immense mass-robe, stiff with embroidery and gold-embossed figures,


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 inherent in C D, then it is evident that B is also inherent in C, and in D, according to something else common, and that also according to something else, so that between two terms, infinite terms may be inserted, but this is impossible. It is not then necessary that the same thing should always be inherent in many, according to something common, since indeed there will be immediate propositions; it is moreover requisite that the terms should be in the same genus, and from the same individuals, since that which is common will be of those which are essentially inherent, for it is impossible to transfer things which are demonstrated from one genus to another.

But it is also manifest that when A is with B, if there is a certain middle, we may show that B is with A, and the elements of this are these and whatever are media, for immediate propositions, either all of them, or those which are universal, are elements. Yet if there is not (a medium) there is no longer demonstration, but this is the way to principles. In like manner, if A is not with B, if there is either a middle, or something prior to which it is not present, there is a demonstration, but if not, there is no demonstration, but a principle, and there are as many elements as terms, for the propositions of these are the principles of demonstration. As also there are certain indemonstrable principles, that this is that, and that this is present with that, so there are also that this is not that, and that this is not


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Presidential Decision Directive 70

THE WHITE HOUSE December 17,  1999 PRESIDENTIAL DECISION  DIRECTIVE/NSC-70. MEMORANDl~ FOR 	 THE VICE  PRESIDENT THE SECRETARY  OF  STATE THE SECRETARY  OF  THE  TREASURY THE SECRETARY  OF  DEFENSE THE SECRETARY  OF  COMMERCE THE SECRETARY  OF  ENERGY THE ATTORNEY  GENERAL THE DIRECTOR,  OFFICE  OF  MANAGEMENT  & BUDGET THE ASSISTANT  TO  THE  PRESIDENT  FOR  NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS THE DIRECTOR  OF  CENTRAL  INTELLIGENCE THE CHAIRMAN,  JOINT  CHIEFS  OF  STAFF SUBJECT: 	 National Implementation  of  the  Chemical  Weapons Convention The Convention  on  the  Prohibition  of  the  Development,  Production, Stockpiling and  Use  of  Chemical  Weapons  and  on  Their  Destruction (·CWC" or  ·Convention");  which  entered  into  rce  r  the  United States on  April  29,  1997;  imposes  a  number  of  obligations  on  the United States. The Chemical  Weapons  Convention  Implementation Act of  1998  (·the  Act"),  enacted  on  Octob~r  21,  1998,  Executive Order  13128,  and  associated  Chemical  Weapons  Convention Implementation  Policy  Guidance  elaborate  many  of  these obligations  and  assign  some  specific  responsibilities  within  the Executive  Branch.  Among  the  specific  responsibilities  is  the designation  of  the  Department  of  State  as  United  States National  Authority  for  the  purposes  of  the  Convention  and  the Act.  This  document  specifi~s  agency  and  departmental responsibilities. PART  I  -- THE  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  AUTHORITY Section  1.1.  Purposes.  The  United  States  National  Authority (·USNN')  shall  have  the  following  purposes: (a)  To  serve  as  the  national  focal  point  for  effective liaison  with  the  Organization  for  the  Prohibition  of  Chemical Weapons  (OPCW)  and  with  other  States  Parties  to  the  Convention; 2
 * WASHINGTON

(b) To  implement  the  provisions  of  the  CWC  and  the  Act  in coordination  with  an  interagency  group  consisting  of  the Secretary of  State,  Secretary  of  Defense,  Secretary  of  the Treasury, the  Attorney  General,  Secretary  of  Commerce,  Secretary of Energy,  the  Director  of  Central  Intelligence,  the  Assistant  to the  President  for  National  Security  Affairs,  the  Chairman  of  the Joint Chiefs  of  Staff  and  the  heads  of  such  other  agencies, departments or  entities,  or  their  designees  I  consider  necessary or advisable;  and (c) To  coordinate ,through  the  CWC  Interagency  Working  Group (CWC/IWG) established  in  Sec  2.1,  decisions  pertaining  to  CWC implementation issues. Section 1.2. Director. The Secretary  of  State  shall  serve  as  the Director of  the  USNA. Section 1.3. Powers. The Director  of  the  USNA  may  utilize  the administrative authorities  otherwise  available  to  the  Secretary of State  in  carrying  out  the  responsibilities  of  the  Director. Section 1.4. Regulations. In coordination  with  the  CWC/IWG,  the Director of  the  USNA  shall  report  to  Congress  on  regulations  that have been  issued,  implemented  or  revised,  to  implement  the Convention and  the  Act.,  The  Departments  of  State,  Commerce,  the Treasury, and  other  agencies  as  appropriate,  including  the Departments of  Defense  and  Energy,  shall  issue,  amend  or  revise regulations, orders  or  directives,  as  necessary  to  implement  the Act or  U.S.  obligations  under  the  Convention. Sectio-n 1.5. Responsibilities. The USNA  shall: (a) Aggreg~te,  as  nec~ssary,  declaration  data,  notifications of exports,  imports,  and  changes  to  facility  activities,  and other information  required  by  the  Convention  and  received  from Lead Agencies,  following  interagency  coordination,  and  submit such information  to  the  OPCW  as  requested  by  the  CWC/IWG; (b) Ensure  that  the  appropriate  Lead  Agency  (as  defined  in Section  4.1  below)  notifies  the  owner,  operator,  occupant  or agent  in  charge  of  a  facility  prior  to  the  development  of  an agreement  between  the  U.S.  Governmen~  and  the  OPCW  relating  to inspection  of  that  facility  (~facility  agreement"),  and,  if  the person  notified so  requests,  that  such  person  is  allowed  to participate  in  the  preparations  for  the  negotiation  of  the agreement,  and  to  observe  negotiation  of  the  agreement  to  the maximum  extent  practicable  and  consistent  with  the  Convention  and the -Act; 3

(c) En~ure  that  facility  agreements  are  concluded  where appropri ei (d)  Receive  lists  of  inspectors  from  the  OPCW  and,  through the CWC/IWG,  c09rdinate  approval  of  inspectors  with  appropriate agencies and  departments; (e) Receive  notificat  of ,inspections  from  the  OPCW,  and 1) ensure  in  coordination  with  the  Lead  Agency,  that,  reach inspection,  the  selection  of  the  site was  made  in  accordance  with procedures  established  under  the  Convention;  2)  issue  actual written noti  cation  of  the  inspection  to  the  owner  and  operator, occupant, or  agent  in  charge  of  the  premises  to  be  inspected within six  hours  of  receiving  the  notification  of  ion  from the Technical  Secretariat  or  as  soon  as  possible  therea  er  (for Lead  Agency  owned  and  operated  lities,  this  noti  ion shall  be  made  directly  to  the  Lead  Agency);  3)  in  coordination with  the  CWC/IWG,  provide  authorization  for  inspections  where appropriate;  and  4)  notify  the  appropriate  Lead  Agency  of  each authorized inspection; (f) Rece  from  the  OPCW,  through  designated  channels, requests information  and  assistance  under  Articles  IX,  X,  or XI  of  the  CWC,  and  transmit  CWC/IWG-coordinated  u.S.  responses and requests  r  challenge  inspections  to  the  OPCW; (g) Receive  information  on  CWC-related  activities  from  the OPCW, to  include  draft  inspection  reports,  provide  this information to  appropriate  departments  and  agencies,  and coordinate the  USG'response  to  OPCW  proposals,  documents  and inquiries; (h) Coordinate  with  the  Lead  Agency  the  designation  of employees  of  Federal  Government  to  accompany  members  of  an inspection  team  of  the  Technical  Secret  at  during  inspect of U.S.  facilities  in  the  United  States,  and  in  doing  so  ensure that an  FBI  speci  agent  accompanies  each  inspection  team,  that no Environmental  Protection  Agency  or  Occupational  Safety,and Health Agency  employee  accompanies  the  inspection  team,  and  that the number  of  Uni  States  Government  representatives  is  kept  to the  minimum  necessary,  consistent  with  the  requirements  of  the Act; (i) Receive  requests  for  information  from  the  United  states Delegation to  the  OPCW  and  other  States  ies,  and  transmit CWC/IWG coordinated  information  to  them; (j) Compile  and  retain  historical  records,  in  support  of  the CWC/IWG, on  U.S.  communications  with  the  OPCW; 4

(k) In  coordination  with  the  CWC/IWG,  draft  the  report  on inspect  required  by  Section  309  of  the  Act  with  input  from the Departments  of  Defense,  Commerce,  State,  Energy,  Justice,  and other agencies  as  required;  and (1) Rece  notification  from  any  person  intending  to  bring a civil  action  against  the  United  States  based  on  an  alleged taking of  property  without  just  compensation  by  an  0  cer  or employee  of  the  OPCW,  and  pursue  all  remedies  it  considers necessary and  appropriate  to  seek  redress  r  the  claim, including, but  not  limited  to,  the  remedies  provided  for  in  the Convention and  Act. PART II  -- CHEMICAL  WEAPONS  CONVENTION  INTERAGENCY  WORKING  GROUP Section 2.1. .E shment. A Chemical  Weapons  Convention .--;:-:--'-:=--- Interagency Wor Group  (eWC/IWG)  is  hereby  est  ished. Section 2.2. Purpose and  Function. The eWe/IWG  1  serve  as the  senior  interagency  forum  for  consideration  of  policy  issues concerning the  United  States  Government's  obligat  under  the ewe. It shall coordinate  cwe  implementation  issues  that  have diplomatic, economic,  or  national  security  implicat  ,and monitor U.S.  ewe  implementation. The head  of  each  department  or agency  shall  be  responsib  to  me  for  ensuring  that  1  of  the activities of  his  or  her  respective  department  or  agency  are fully compliant  with  legal  obligations  of  the  United  States Government. The CWC/IWG  may  establish  subordinate  groups  as required. Section 2.3. ition. The eWC/IWG  shall  include  a ":;: (a) 	 The  Department  of  State,  which  shall  provide Chairman; (b) 	 The  Department  of  the  Treasury; (c) 	 The  Department  of  Defense; (d) 	 The  Department  of  Justice; (e) 	 The  Department  of  Commerce; (f) 	 The  Department  of  Energy; (g) 	 The  Intelligence  Community; (h) 	 The  National  Security  Council  Staff; 5

(i) The  Joint  ffi  and (j) Such  other  departments  or  agencies  as invited  by  the  Chairman  of  the  CWC/IWG. needed and Sec. di 2.4. ion st of Me of a etings. The CWC/IWG  ·shall be,conven~d at the  Chairman  or  the  Chairman's  designee  or member  department  or  agency. the upon PART III  -- GENERAL  DUTIES  AND  RESPONSIBILITIES  OF  EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND  AGENCIES Se ion  3.1. General Responsibilities. Executive departments  and agencies involved  in  United  states  implementation  of  the  CWC  and shall: (a) Be  responsible  for  impl  on  of,  and  compliance with, the  CWC  and  the. Act by  their  principal  and  subordinate organizations, programs,  operations,  and  facilitiesi (b) Ensure  that  all  principal  and.subordinate  staff  and organi ions  fully  implement  the  provisions  of  the  CWC  and  the Acti (c) Fund  and  execute  their  responsibilities  for implementation of  the  CWC  and  the  Act  as  specified  below  in accordance  with  their  statutory ~uthorities;  and (d) Safeguard  national  security,  idential  business information, and  other  sensitive  commercial  and  proprietary information to  the  fullest  extent  permitted  by  law. Sec 3.2. Policy-related Responsibilities. Executive departments and agencies  involved  in  United  States  implementation  of  the  CWC and the  1: (a) Share  appropriate  information  with  the  members  of  the CWC/IWG about  agency  policies,  plans  and  activities  releyant  to the  CWC  and  ; (b) Remain  current  on  developments  in  the  OPCW,  and  on policy  and  gui  coordinated  by  the  CWC/IWGi  and (c) Through  agency  representatives,  provide  agency  views  to the  CWC/IWG  on  the  formulation  of  policy  and  guidance national CWC  implementation. 6

PART IV  -- LEAD  AGENCY  DEFINITION  AND  DESIGNATION

Sec. 4.1. Definition  of  Lead  Agenty. For the  purpose  of  this directive, -Lead Agen6~ means  the  executive  department  or  agency responsible for  imple~entation of  the  CWCdeclaration  and inspection requirements  for  specified  facilities. Sec. 4.2. DeSignationlof  Lead  Agencies. The Lead  Agencies  are: the Department  of  Def$nse  (DOD)  for  facilities  owned  by  or  leased to DOD,  including  facilities  that  are  contractor-operated  and I. . overseas facilities  utilized by, DOD  under  agreement  with  foreign governments; the  Department  of  Energy  (DOE)  for  facilities  owned by or  leased  to  DOE,  .including  facilities  that  are  contractor operated; and  the  Dep~rtment of  Commerce  for  all  facilities  that I are not  owned  by  or  leased  to  DOD  or  DOE,  or  that  are  not  owned by or  leased  to  otherjU.S.  Government  agencies,  including facilities that  are  contractor":'operated,  that  notify  the  USNA  of their  decisiori  to  be  excluded  from  the  cwe  Regul  ions. I ' Sec.  4.3.  Responsibilities.  Lead  Agencies  are  responsible,  inter alia,  for:  .  I . (a)  Implementation  issues  on  the  ground  during  inspections, consistent  with  previbusly  approved  interagency  guidance.  Each Lead  Agency  will  coordinate  with  other  affected  Departments and/or  Agencies  that  have  national  security  or  proprietary equities  or  assets  at l its facilities; (b)  Deciding  thel composition  of  the  Host  Team,  consistent with  Section  1.5(h}  a~ove.  Other  agencies  may  request  to participate  in  specific  inspections.  As  a  general  rule,  the  Lead Agencies  will  accommodate  such  requests,  consistent  with  the statutory  obligation  ~o  minimize  the  size  of  the  Host  Team.' . I Represent  ives.from  the  .National  Authority  and  other  agenc  s have  the  ght  to  proyide  advice  on  substantive.issues  on  which they have  expertise  to  the  Host  Team  leader  during  an  inspection. The Host  Team  leaderi can  accept  or  r'eject  the  advice  except  that disputes over  sampling  in  the  United  States  should  be  resolved  in accordance  with  Sectipn  304(f) (1)  of  the  Act  and  regUlations issued by  the  Department  of  State;  and (c) Promptly  referring  to  the  CWC/IWG  issues  that  se between  the  Host  Teami  and  the  Inspection  Team  that  the  Lead Agency determines  to  be  new  and  substantial  and  that  cannot  be resolved  on-si~e durihg  the  inspection. 7

PART V  -- SPECIFIC  DUT[ES  AND  RESPONSIBILITIES  OF  EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND  AGENCIES Section 5.1. Purpose. I The purpose  of  this  part  is  to  assign specific, responsibilities implementing  the  CWC  and  the  to Federal  departments  and  agencies. These assignments  take  into account the  general  mibsions  of  the  departments  and  agencies  and their constituencies. Section 5.2. The Depar~ment of  De  e  (DOD)  shall: (a) Serve  as  Leadl  Agency  collection  of  data  declarations and other  information  ~equired by  the  CWC  and  the  Act  from  its lit s  specified  in  section  4.2  and  forward  the  information and data,  which  will  b:e  aggregated  where  appropriate,  to  the  USNA r transmission  to  the  OPCW; (b) Serve  as  Lead  Agency  for  inspections  of  its  facilities fied in  section  4.2,  as  follows: (1) Upon receiving  nCltifi  ion  of  each  inspection  from the USNA'I'  inform  the  lity to  be  inspected  in  a timely manner; I (2)Act as  l~ad,  host  and  escort  for  each  inspection team, consistent  with  the  applicable  Host  Country Agreement! or Host  Nation  negotiated  arrangements for overdeas  facilit  ; (3)COnsisteJt with  Section  1.5(b)  and  (c),  negotiate facility !agreements between  the  United  States Governme~t and  the  OPCW  as  provided  for  by  the  CWC and the  Rct; (4) Take apPrillopriate  measures  to  protect  employees,  the security of  activities,  data,  and  property  to  the fullest extent  of  the  law;  and I (5) Help prepare  facilities  ions,  including planning,I programming,  budgeting,  training,  and' assessing the  extent  of  national  security, proprietdry or  other  sensit  information possessed by  the  facility; I ' (c) Oversee  and  conduct  the  destruction  of  chemical  weapons (CW) and  of  CW  production  facilities  as  required  under  the CWC; 8

(d) Manage  DOD  aClti vities  including  programming,  budgeting, (e) In  consultatibn  with  the  Department  of  state  and  other appropri agencies,  ~eveloP'  negotiate,  and  conclude  agreements or formalized  understandings  with  gn  governments  that  host DOD or  other  relevant  ~acili  es  or  assets  by  agreement  with  the United S s  that  could  be  subject  to  CWC  inspections; (f) Provide  mater!ial  resources,  on  a  cost  reimbursable basis, as  coordinated  land  agreed  upon  wi thin  the  CWC/IWG,  for  CW protective  assistance  to  other  S  es  Parties  under  Article  X  of the  CWC; (g) Fund  and  conduct  research,  development,  testing,  and evaluation in  support ~f DOD  CW  protective  activities  and  of  DOD CWC implementation  requirements; (h) e,  conJistent  with  U.s.  laws,  regulations, ,policy and guidel ,  the  Single  Small  S e  Facility  (SSSF)  and 10kg facility  pro~ective purposes  permitted  by  the  CWC; (i) Respond  to  rJquests  for  assistance  from  other  CWC/IWG departments and  agenci1es  for  CWC  implementation  on  a  not-to interfere and  cost-rei!mbursable  basis; , I (j)  Coordinate  with  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  other agencies as  appropriabe  so  that  the  United  States  production  of Schedule  1  chemicals  ~nd the  amount  of  Schedule  1  chemicals inventory the  Unit~d states  are  within  the  CWC-prescribed limits to  the  ent  ~uthorized by  law; I (k) Prevent  disclosure  during  CWC  cation activities of  sensitiv11e  nuclear  information,  consistent  with  the Atomic Energy  Act  of  1954  (PL  83-703),  as  amended; (1) Provide,  Jccordance  with  the  NSDD-38  process,  the Deputy Permanent  U.S.  IRepresentative  to  the  OPCW,  who  will  be resident  in  The  Hague1 (m) Prevent  unauthorized  disclosure  of  sensitive  CW  defense technology; I I (n)  Provide  technical  advice  to  the  Departments  of  State  and I Commerce regarding  CWer-related  export  control  matters; (0) Fund  and  proJide  the  following  in-kind  ces ass06iated with  multilateral  verification  at  U.S.  lities under Article  IV  and  V I the  CWC:  domestic  transportation  of I. 9 inspectors and  equipment;  inspector  lodging  and  equipment storage; workspace:  ihstallation,  service,  and  maintenance  of continuous  monitoringl  equipment;  medical  and  health  care  directly related to  inspections;  and  0  ial  communications: (p) Through  the  lappropri  DOD  component  responsible  for on-site inspection  support: (1) 	For all  CWC  inspections  in  the  United  st  es,  meet and assist  Treasury  and  Justice  officials  to I litate  customs  and  immigration  of  CWC inspect~on teams at  the  point  of  entry  or  exit (POE). Con'firm that  the  verification  equipment brought by  a  CWC  inspection  team  meets  with  agreed fications, and  impound  equipment  that  does  not meet th~se  specificat  until  the  final  departure of the  ~nspection team; (2) For  all Icwc  inspections  of  DOD  facilities  owned  by or  leased  to  DOD,  including  facilities  that  are contractor operated  (consistent  with  the  Host Country IAgreement  or  Ho  Nation  negotiated arrangement,  for  overseas  facilities)~  make arrangedents for  food,  lodging,  communications,  and transporltation to  and  from  the  perimeter  of inspect~d site,  and  provide  on-site  escorts; I (3)At the  direction  of  Secretary  of  Defense  and  at I the  request  of  the  owners,  as  conveyed  through  the Lead Ag~ncy for  inspections  of  facilities  not  owned , I or operated  by  the  U.S.  Government  or  contracted, for Uselby  or  for  the  U.S.  Government,  assist  the facility to  prepare  for  possible  inspections pursuant to  the  Convention  and  Section  310  of  the Act on  J  not-to-interfe~e and  cost  reimbursable basis; Jnd (4)Assist 	lnd support  CWC  inspection  regime prepara~ and  execution  on  a  not-to-interfere  and cost reimbursable  bas'is,  if so  requested  by  other I Lead Ag,enc  ,and as  approved  by  DOD;  and (q) Maintain  aJ  OPCW-designated  laboratory  for  off-site analysis of  samples  taken  during  CWC  inspections. , I 	. Section 5.3. The Department  of  State  shall: . ( a ) Carry  out  t Je  f unctlons . 11 of  the  USNA  as  ed  ln  the and in  Section  lJ5  aboyei 10
 * s~wc; ion,  and  operrtion  r  protective  purposes  permitted  by

(b) Provide  the  administrative  staff  .support  for  the. USNA, and prepare  and  serve  as  executive  secretary  for  meetings  of  the CWC/IWG as  directed  by  that  body; (c) Coordinate  and  monitor  CW  arms  control  policy  in  a manner  consistent  with  United  states  foreign  policy  objectives and law; (d) Coordinate  diplomatic  activities  in  support  of  the  CWC, including bilateral  and  multilateral  efforts  to  promote  universal adherence; (e) In  consultation  with  the  Department  of  Defense  and  other appropriate agencies,  develop,  negotiate,  and  conclude  agreements or formalized  understandings  with  foreign  governments  that  host DOD or  other  relevant  facilities  or  assets  by  agreement  with  the United states  that  could  be  subject  to  CWC  inspections; (f) Prepare  for,  staff,  and  coordinate  interagency participation in  international  bodies  related  to  the  CWC, including representation  on  the  OPCW  Executive  Council  and  the Conference of  the  state  Parties; (g) Provide,  in  accordance  with  the  NSDD-38  process,  the United states  Representative  to  the  OPCW; (h) Provide  the  United  states  Permanent  Representative  to the  OPCW,  who  will  be  resident  in  The  Hague; (i) Receive  requests  for  guidance  from  the  United  states Delegation to  the  OPCW,  coordinate  the  interagency  backstopping effort, and  transmit  interagency  approved  guidance  to  posts  as appropriate; (j) Fund  the  United  states'  share  of  the  OPCW  budget  as  a line  item  in  the  Department's  annual  appropriation; (k) Fund  agreed  reimbursable  costs  associated  with verification at  U.s.  facilities  under  Article  IV  and  V  of  the CWC, to  include:  international  transportation  of  inspectors  and inspection equipment;  inspector  salaries;  consumable  items  of equipment,  protection  and  safety  equipment,  and  medical  supplies and equipment  used  during  the  inspection;  and  daily  inspector sUbsistence allowance  costs,  less  lodging,  (and  less  meals  at Johnston  Island),  to  the  extent  provided  by  law; (1) Administer  and  enforce  the  export  licensing  provisions of the  CWC  and  the  Act  with  respect  to  United  states Munitions List items  that  are  governed  by  the  International  Traffic  in  Arms 11

Regulations (22  CFR  Parts  120-130)  and  the  Arms  Export  Control Act (PL  90-629  (as  amended)); (m) Coordinate  the  CW  nonproliferation  policy  of  the ,United states in  a  manner  consist  with  the  CWC; (n) Operate  for  the  United  states  Government  through Nuclear Risk  Reduction  Center  (NRRC),  the  end-user  station  of  the CWC communications  network  ished  by  the  OPCW; (0) Through  the  NRRC,  transmit  interagency-cleared, formatted notifications,  accordance  with  NSDD-301  and subsequent NSC  directives; (p) Co-chair,  with  the  Intelligence  Community,  the Verification and  Compliance  Analysis  Working  Group; (q) In  support  of  the  IWG,  information  from  (1)  Lead Agencies regarding  U.s.  CWC  impl  ation~  (2)  the  OPCW,  and (3) others  as  appropriate  with  ct  to  international CWC-related activities,  and  provide  s  information  to  al'l appropriate  departments  and  agencies; (r) Forward  interagency-cleared  department  and  agency comments on  draft  inspection  reports  to  the  OPCWi (s) In  coordination  with  the  CWC/IWG"  issue  agreed rpretations  of  CWC  provisions  as  needed  without  prejudice  to the  responsibilities  of  lead  agencies  as  outlined  in  section  4.3 above; (t)  Maintain  negotiating  and  other  rds  relevant  to  the CWC; (u)  Report,  in  accordance  with  Section  306  of  the  Arms Control  and  Disarmament  Act,  as  amended  (22  U.S.C.  2577),  as coordinated  and  cleared  by  the  CWC/IWG,  to  the  United  states Congress  in  a  timely  manner,  or  at  the  t  of  an  appropriate Congressional  committee,  Ori  any  significant  degradation  or alteration  in  the  capacity  of  the  United  s  to  verify compliance  with  the  CWC; out  the  ,following  enforcement  responsibilities with  re  to  the  imposition  of  civil  pena  ies  under  Section 501  (a)  Act: (1)  Issue  notices  of  violation  and  assessment.  state will implement  Commerce's  recommendations  concerning notices of  violation  and  assessment  if they  are  in ,accordance  with  applicable  law. Once st  has 12 determined that  a  not  of  violation  and  assessment will be  issued,  it will  have  Commerce  perform  the function of  serving  the  notice  for  state; (2) Issue  final  orders  accordance  with  the  notice  of violation  and  assessment  if there  has  been  no  timely request for  a  hearing; (3) Issue  final  orders  pursuant  to  settlements. state will accept  Commerce's  recommendations  with  respect  to settlements  if they  are  accordance  with  applicable law; , (4) Decide  whether  to  modi  or  vacate  an Administrative  Law  Judge  (ALJ)  decision  and  order;  and (5) Provide  for  the  services  of  an  ALJ  to  conduct hearings and  adjudicate  cl  ; (w) Except  as  otherwise  provided  PDD,  prepare  the reports specified  in  the  Senate  resolution  of  advice  and  consent to ratification of  the  CWC,  including  the  report  on compliance  specified  in  the  resolution,  coordination  with  the CWC/IWG; and (x) Disseminate  general  public  information  concerning  the CWC consistent  with  Lead  Agency  respons  lities. S ion  5.4. The Department  of  Energy  ("DOE")  shall: (a) Serve  as  Lead  Agency  for  collection  of  data  declarations and other  information  required  by  the  CWC  and  Act  from  its ilities specified in  section  4.2,  including  National Laboratories and  components  of  the  nuclear  weapons  complex,  and rward the  formation  and  data,  which  will  be  aggregat~d where appropriate, to  the  USNA  for  transmiss  to  the  OPCW; (b) Serve  as  Lead  Agency  for  inspections  of  its  lities fied in  section  4.2  as  follows: (1) Upon receiving  notification  of  each  inspection  from the USNA,  inform  the  facility  to  be  ed  in  a timely  manner; (2)Act 	as lead,  host  and  escort  for  each  inspection team; (3)'Consistent with  Section  1.5(b)  and  (c),  negotiate facility agreements  between  the  United  st  es 13

Government and  the  opew  as  provided  for  by  the  ewe and the  Act; n (4) 	Take appropriate  measures  to  protect  employees,  the security of  activities,  data,  and  property  to  the fullest extent  of  the  law;  and (5)Help 	prepare facilities  inspections,  including planning, programming,  budgeting,  training,  and assessing the  extent  of  ional  security, proprietary or  other  sensit  information possessed by  the  facility: (c) Prevent  the  disclosure  during  ewe  verification activities of  sensitive  information,  consistent  with  the  Atomic Energy of  1954  (PL  83-703),  as  amended:  and (d) Conduct  research  and  development,  as  needed,  in coordi  ion  with  the  Departments  of  De  and  state,  to support  ewe  policy  and  implementation  needs  of  the  United states. " section 5.5.  04:23, 17 November 2012 (UTC)04:23, 17 November 2012 (UTC)04:23, 17 November 2012 (UTC)04:23, 17 November 2012 (UTC) The 	 of  Commerce  shall: (a)  Issue,  amend,  or  revise  regulations,  orders,  or directives  as  necessary  to  implement  the  data  declaration, reporting  and  inspection  requirements  of  ewe  and  the  Act  for J facilities  ed  in  section  4.2; (b)  Serve  as  Lead  Agency  for  collection  of  data  declarations and  other  information  required  by  the  ewe  and  Act  from facilities  edin section  4.2  and  forward  information and  data,  which  will  be  aggregated  where  appropriate,  to  the  USNA for  transmission  to  the  opew; (c)  Serve  as  Agency  for  inspections  of  ilities specified  in  s  ion  4.2  as  follows: (1) Upon  receiving  notification  of  each  inspection  from the  USNA,  provide  Host  Team  noti  cation  in  a timely  manner  to  the  facility  to.be  cted,  if appropriate,  and  obtain  consent  from  cilIty, or i)  routine  inspection~,  a~  necess  ·and  in conjunction  with  the  Department  of  Justice,  obtain an  administrative  warrant,  and  ii)  for  challenge inspections, as  necessary,  assist  the  Department  of Justice  obtaining  criminal  warrants; (2)Act 	as lead,  host  and  escort  for  each  inspection team; 14

(3) Consistent with  Section  1.5(b)  and  (c),  negotiate facility s  between  the  United  States Government and  the  OPCW,  as  provided  for  by  the  CWC and the  , . (4) 	Take appropri  e  actions  to  protect  confidential business rmation  and  national  security information to  the  maximum  extent  possible, minimize inspe  ion  burdens  and  costs  to facilities,  and  limit  the  scope  of  on-site act ties  to  the  relevant  inspection  aims  of  the Convention; and (5)Help 	prepare facili  es  inspections,  including planning, programming,  budgeting,  training,  and assessing the  extent  of  ional  security, proprietary, or  other  sensinformation possessed by  the  facility; (d) Carry  out  the  following,enforcement  responsibilities with respect  to  the  imposition  of  c 1  penalties  under Section 501  (a)  of  the  Act: (1) Consistent  with  Section  9  of  Executive  Order  13128, conduct investigations  to'determine  whether  there  have been violations; (2) Draft  letters  of  intent  to  charge  and  notices  of violation  and  assessment; (3) Issue  letters  of  intent  to  charge. These letters advise a  person  that  Commerce  has  conducted  an investigation,  concluded  that  the  person  has  committed a violation  and  intends  to  recommend  that  State  issue  a notice  of  violation  and  assessment; (4) Make  recommendations  to  State  concerning  the notices of  violation  and  assessment,  which recommendations State  will  accept  if  in  accordance  with applicable law. Once State  has. deter~ined that a notice  of  violation  and  assessment  will  be  issued, Commerce will  perform  the  function  of  serving  this notice for  State; (5) Conduct  settlement  negotiations; (6) Dra  orders  and  decisions,  including  proposed final orders  and  proposed  decisions  and  orders  for  ALJ proceedings; 15

(7) Introduce  evidence  and  testify  at  hearings; (8) Represent  the  United  states  Government  at  hearings; (9) Advise  state  on  obtaining  the  services  of  ALJs  who will conduct  the  hearings; (10) Advise  state  and  Justice  if  an  individual  or entity  fails  to  comply  with  a  final  order. If Justice initiates action,  Commerce  will  support  Justice  in pursuing  that  action;  and (11) Make  recommendations  to  state  for  settlement  of cases  and  the  entry  of  orders  pursuant  to  settlement, which recommendations'State  will  accept  if  they  are  in accordance  with  applicable  law; (e) Conduct  outreach  programs  as  necessary  to  inform il ies  specified  in  section  4.2  of  rights  and obligations under  the  Convention; (f) Issue,  amend,  or  revise  regulations,  orders,  or. di i ves  as  necessary  to -administer  and  the  traderestriction  provisions  of  the  CWC  with  respect  to  Scheduled chemicals that  are  not  listed  on  the  U.s.  Munitions  List; (g) In  coordination  with  the  CWC/IWG,  dra  the  President's annual  report  to  the  Congress  certifying  that  legitimate commerci act  ties  and  interests  of  chemical,  biotechnology, and pharmaceutical  firms  in  the  United  States  are  not  being signifi ly  harmed  by  the  limitations  of  the  Convention; (h) Coordinate  with  DOD  and  other  agencies  as  appropriate  so that  the  ted  states  production  of  Schedule  1  chemicals  and  the amount of  Schedule  1  chemicals  in  inventory  in  the  United  st  es are  within  CWC-prescribed  limits  to  the  extent  autho  zed  by law; (i) Provide  members  of  the  U.s.  Delegation  to  the  OPCW, including an  rnate  Permanent  U.s.  Representative  to  the  OPCW, who will  be  resident  in  The  Hague; (j) To  the  ext  authorized  by  law,  and  subject  to section  9  of  Executive  Order  13128,  perform  investigat functions relating  to  violations  of  section  404(d)  or  section 501(b) of  the  Act  or  to  violations  of  any  regulations  or  orders implementing CWC  responsibilities  delegated  to  Commerce,  and,  as appropriate,  re  r  cases  to  the  Department  of  Justice  for initiation of  criminal  proceedings;  and 16

(k) Coordinate  the  disseminat  of  public  information  and public relations  relating  to  CWC  compliance  by  facilities c6nsistent with  section  4.2. Section 5.6. 04:23, 17 November 2012 (UTC)04:23, 17 November 2012 (UTC)04:23, 17 November 2012 (UTC) The 	 of Justice  shall: (a) Ensure  that  implementation  of  the  CWC  and  the  Act  is consistent  with  the  individual  ghts  guaranteed  by  the  United States Constitution; (b) Advise  executive  departments  and  agencies  on  domestic legal issues  arising  from  CWC  implementation; (c) Represent  the  United  States  Government  legal challenges 	to implementation  of  the  CWC  and  the  Act  by  affected s in  the  United  States; (d) Coordinate  with  the  Lead  Agency  obtaining admini at  warrants  and  obtain  criminal  warrants  for  CWC ions, as  necessary; (e) In  coordination  with  other  execut  departments  and Sf enforce  criminal  sanctions  for  olations  of  the  Act; and (f) Provide  a  special  agent  of  the  1  Bureau  of Investigation  to  accompany  each  CWC  inspection  of  U.S.  facilities in United  States  as  required  by  Section  303 (b)  (2)  of  the  Act. Section 5.7. 04:23, 17 November 2012 (UTC)04:23, 17 November 2012 (UTC)04:23, 17 November 2012 (UTC)04:23, 17 November 2012 (UTC) The of  the 	 11: Assist administering  and  enforcing  the  export  and  import requirements of  the  CWC  and  the  Act  on  behalf  of  Department of S  and  Department  of  Commerce  consistent  with  agreements between relevant  agencies  and  Executive  Order  13128. Section 5.8. The Director  of  Central  Intelligence,  representing the agenc  s  of  the  Intelligence  Community  (IC),  shall: (a) Co-chair  with  State  the  Verification.and  Compliance Analysis Working  Group; (b) intelligence  support  to  the  CWC/IWG; (c) Prepare  the  annual  reports  on  intelligence  specified  in the  Senate  resolution  of  advice  and  consent  to  ratification  of the  Convention; 17

(d) Perform  or  contract  for'research,  development,  and procurement of  technical  systems  and  devices  for  monitoring  ewe compliance by  other  states  Parties;  and (e) Identify  potential  noncompliance  concerns  outside  of  the. United Stat~s,  includ{ng  su~pect  sit~s  6n,the  territory ,of  other states Parties,  and  su'spect  sites' of  states  Parties  on  the territory of  non-stat~s  Parties. This d.ocument  is  effective  upon  signature 0, , I &.1  t.  ....«  I' 11. ' • ' 'LN~(j;~ PHOTOCOPY

WJC HANDWRITING

title: Presidential Decision Directive 70


text:
Page:O. F. Owen's Organon of Aristotle Vol. 1 (1853).djvu/273

 cut should die, and through the wound, because he will die in consequence of his throat being cut, but it did not accidentally happen that he whose throat was cut died. Those therefore which are predicated in things which are simply objects of science per se, so as to be inherent in the things predicated, or which are themselves inherent in subjects, are on account of themselves, and from necessity, for it does not happen that they are not inherent either simply or as opposites, as the straight and the curved in a line, and the even or odd in number. For a contrary is either privation or contradiction in the same genus, as that is even which is not odd in numbers, so far as it follows: hence if it is requisite to affirm or deny, it is also necessary that those which are per se should be inherent.

Let then the expressions "of every" and "per se" be thus defined: I call that universal, however, which is both predicated "of every" and "per se," and so far as the thing is. Now it is evident that whatever are universal are inherent in things necessarily, but the expressions "per se," "and so far as it is," are the same; as a point and straightness are per se present in a line, for they are in it, in as far as it is a line, and two right angles in a triangle, so far as it is a triangle, for a triangle is per se equal to two right angles. But universal is then present, when it is demonstrated of any casual and primary thing, as to possess two right angles is not universally inherent in figure, yet it is possible to demonstrate of a figure that it has two right angles, but not of any casual figure, nor does a demonstrator use any casual figure, for a square is indeed a figure, yet it has not angles equal to two right. But


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Rh of his anatomical and physiological knowledge should have overlooked the fact that secondary sexual characters are developed in fishes as in any other class of animals, and that fishes undergo great changes during growth; and, consequently, that he described almost all such sexual forms and different stages of growth under distinct specific and even generic names.

The system finally adopted by Cuvier is the following:—

We have to compare this system with that of Linnæus if we wish to measure the gigantic stride Ichthyology has made during the intervening period of seventy years. The various characters employed for classification have been


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 any isosceles has angles equal to two right, yet not primarily, for triangle is prior. Whatever therefore is casually first demonstrated to possess two right angles, or any thing else, in this first is the universal inherent, and the demonstration per se of this is universal, but of other things after a certain manner not per se, neither is it universally present in an isosceles, but extends farther.

Chapter 5
ought not to be ignorant that frequently error arises, and that what is demonstrated is not primarily universal, in so far as the primarily universal appears to be demonstrated. Now we are deceived by this mistake, when either nothing higher can be assumed, except the singular or singulars, or when something else can be assumed, but it wants a name in things differing in species, or when it happens to be as a whole in a part, of which the demonstration is made, for demonstration will happen to particulars, and will be of every individual, yet nevertheless it will not be the demonstration of this first universal. Still I say the demonstration of this first, so far as it is this, when it is of the first universal. If then any one should show that right lines do not meet, it may appear to be (a proper) demonstration of this, because it is in all right lines, yet this is not so, since this does not arise from the lines being thus equal, but so far as they are in some way or other equal. Also if a triangle should be no other than isosceles, so far as isosceles it may appear to be inherent:


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20 throughout the whole class, and their relative importance has been duly weighed and understood. Though Linnæus had formed a category of "Amphibia nantes" for fishes with a cartilaginous skeleton, which should coincide with Cuvier's "Poissons Cartilagineux," he had failed to understand the very nature of cartilage, apparently comprising by this term any skeletal framework of less firmity than ordinary bone. Hence he considered Lophius, Cyclopterus, Syngnathus to be cartilaginous fishes. Adopting the position and development of the ventral fins as a highly important character, he was obliged to associate fishes with rudimentary and inconspicuous ventral fins, like Trichiurus, Xiphias, etc., with the true Eels. The important category of a "family" appears now in Cuvier's system fully established as that intermediate between genus and order. Important changes in Cuvier's system have been made and proposed by his successors, but in the main it is still that of the present day.

Cuvier had extended his researches beyond the living forms, into the field of palæontology; he was the first to observe the close resemblance of the scales of the fossil Palæoniscus to those of the living Polypterus and Lepidosteus, the prolongation and identity of structure of the upper caudal lobe in Palæoniscus and the Sturgeons, the presence of peculiar "fulcra" on the anterior margin of the dorsal fin in Palæoniscus and Lepidosteus: inferring from these facts that that fossil genus was allied either to the Sturgeons or to Lepidosteus. But it did not occur to him that there was a close relationship between those recent fishes. Lepidosteus and, with it, the fossil genus remained in his system a member of the order of Malacopterygii abdominales.

It was left to (born 1807, died 1873) to point out the importance of the character of the structure of the scales, and to open a path towards the knowledge of a whole new sub-class of fishes, the Ganoidei.


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 house built? that furniture may be preserved; the one is for the sake of health, but the other for the sake of preservation. Still there is no difference between why is it necessary to walk after supper, and for the sake of what is it necessary? but let walking after supper be C, the food not to rise B, to be well A. Let then walking after supper be the cause why the food does not rise to the mouth of the stomach, and let this be healthy; for B, that is, for the food not to rise, appears to be present with walking, C, and with this A, salubrious. What then is the cause that A, which is that for the sake of which (the final cause), is present with C? B (is the cause), that is, the food not rising, this however is as it were, the definition of it, for A will be thus explained. Why is B present with C? because to be thus affected is to be well: we must nevertheless change the sentences, and thus the several points will be more clear. The generations here indeed, and in causes respecting motion, subsist vice versâ, for there it is necessary that the middle should be first generated, but here C, which is the last, and that for the sake of which is generated the last.

Possibly indeed the same thing; may be for the sake of something, and from necessity; for instance, why does light pass through a lantern? for necessarily that which consists of smaller particles passes through larger pores, if light is produced by transit, also (it does so) on account of something, that we may not fall. If then it possibly may be, is it also possible to be generated?


text: An Introduction to the Study of Fishes/Chapter 1


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 peculiar principles, and that these alone indicate its substance, and that the whole is its peculiarity? for this is its essence. Or again, has a person assumed the very nature of a thing in this also? for we must necessarily demonstrate through a middle term. Moreover, as in a syllogism, we do not assume what is to have been syllogisticaliy concluded, (for the proposition is either a whole or a part, from which the syllogism consists,) thus neither ought the very nature of a thing to be in a syllogism, but this should be separate from the things which are laid down, and in reply to him who questions whether this has been syllogistically concluded or not, we must answer that it is, for this was the syllogism. And to him who asserts that the very nature of the thing was not concluded, we must reply that it was, for the very nature of the thing was laid down by us, so that it is necessary that without the definition of syllogism, or of the definition itself, something should be syllogistically inferred.

Also, if a person should demonstrate from hypothesis, for instance, if to be divisible is the essence of evil; but of a contrary, the essence is contrary of as many things as possess a contrary; but good is contrary to evil, and the indivisible to the divisible, then the essence of good is to be indivisible. For here he proves assuming the very nature of a thing, and he assumes it in order to demonstrate what is its very nature: let however something be different, since in


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Page:Sons and Lovers, 1913, Lawrence.djvu/70

would be built like his mother, slightly and rather small. His fair hair went reddish, and then dark brown; his eyes were grey. He was a pale, quiet child, with eyes that seemed to listen, and with a full, dropping underlip.

As a rule he seemed old for his years. He was so conscious of what other people felt, particularly his mother. When she fretted he understood, and could have no peace. His soul seemed always attentive to her.

As he grew older he became stronger. William was too far removed from him to accept him as a companion. So the smaller boy belonged at first almost entirely to Annie. She was a tom-boy and a “flybie-skybie,” as her mother called her. But she was intensely fond of her second brother. So Paul was towed round at the heels of Annie, sharing her game. She raced wildly at lerky with the other young wild-cats of the Bottoms. An always Paul flew beside her, living her share of the game, having as yet no part of his own. He was quiet and not noticeable. But his sister adored him. He always seemed to care for things if she wanted him to.

She had a big doll of which she was fearfully proud, though not so fond. So she laid the doll on the sofa, and covered it with an antimacassar, to sleep. Then she forgot it. Meantime Paul must practise jumping off the sofa arm. So he jumped crash into the face of the hidden doll. Annie rushed up, uttered a loud wail, and sat down to weep a dirge. Paul remained quite still.

“You couldn’t tell it was there, mother; you couldn’t tell it was there,” he repeated over and over. So long as Annie wept for the doll he sat helpless with misery. Her grief wore itself out. She forgave her brother—he was so much upset. But a day or two afterwards she was shocked.

“Let’s make a sacrifice of Arabella,” he said. “Let’s burn her.”


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Page:Cassell's Illustrated History of England vol 1.djvu/22

 arrest of his ambassador; and lamented the blood that had been shed.

To this harangue the Britons artfully replied that they had imprisoned Comius in order to preserve him from the fury of the people, and with this excuse Cæsar either was or affected to be content. He granted the peace they came to solicit, and demanded hostages, which were promised, for the futurefuture. [sic]

It is not to be supposed that an all-powerful, and, in this instance, a patriotic priesthood like the Druids would patiently permit their influence to be annihilated, and the institutions they had established with so much care destroyed by a mere handful of invaders, who had barely obtained a landing-place on the coast of the island. In the deepest recesses of the gloomy forests which they inhabited, fearful rites were doubtless celebrated. Human victims poured forth their blood on Odin's altar; oracles were delivered, and omens seen, calculated to rouse the courage of the vanquished Britons, and excite them once more to take arms against the enemy, whose position became anything but a secure one.

A storm dispersed the eighteen galleys which were to transport the cavalry of Cæsar, and drove them back upon the coast of Gaul. This was not the only misfortune the Romans endured. That same night the moon was at its full; it was the season of the equinox, and the tide rose to an unusual height, filling the vessels which Cæsar had drawn out of the reach of danger, as he imagined, on the sands. The larger ships, which had served him as a means of transport, were driven from their anchors, and many of them wrecked.

Although perfectly aware of the perils which menaced their invaders, the Britons appear to have proceeded with the utmost caution. Whilst a league was secretly being formed to crush them, their chiefs appeared, daily in their camp, professing unbroken friendship.

The Britons, who had secretly collected their forces, fell suddenly upon the seventh legion, which had been sent to a distance to forage. The plan was well contrived to defeat the enemy in detail. Many of their leaders remained in the neighbourhood of the camp, in order to lull suspicion, whilst their confederates surprised the Romans, who—having laid aside their arms—were soon surrounded, and must have been cut off but for the timely arrival of Cæsar, who, warned by his outposts that a cloud of dust thicker than usual had been seen at a distance, guessed immediately what had occurred. With a portion of his army he fell upon the assailants, and, after a desperate struggle, disengaged the threatened legion, and returned with it to the camp in safety. The lesson was a sharp one, and the rains soon afterwards setting in, the invader did not attempt to renew the battle.

The islanders, meanwhile, had not been idle: messengers had been dispatched in every direction, calling on the various nations to take arms; the Druids preached war to the death; and a sufficient force was soon assembled to attack the Romans in their camp. Discipline, however, again prevailed against the courage of the barbarians, as Tacitus contemptuously calls them; although he admits at the same time their bravery, and adds that it was a fortunate thing for Cæsar that the country was so divided into petty states, and that the jealousies of their respective rulers prevented the unity of action which alone could ensure success. Had the Britons been united, they might have bid defiance to the legions of Rome.

Once more the islanders demanded peace, which Cæsar granted them; in fact, he was scarcely in a position to do otherwise, for he already meditated a retreat. He embarked his army suddenly in the night, and retired to Gaul, taking the hostages he had received with him.

Although the senate at Rome ordered a thanksgiving of twenty days for the triumph of the Roman arms, the first expedition against the island cannot be regarded in any other light than a failure. For the second invasion preparations were made commensurate with the importance of the task proposed.

Cæsar having assembled 800 vessels, on board of which were five legions, and 2,000 horsemen of the noblest families in Gaul, set sail, and landed without opposition once more at Ryde. This time there was no enemy to oppose him; for the Britons, terrified at the appearance of this immense armament, had retreated to their natural fastnesses, the forests.

Leaving ten cohorts and 300 horsemen to guard the camp and fleet, under the orders of Quintus Atrius, Cæsar set forward in search of the enemy, whom he discovered, after a march of twelve miles, on the banks of a river, where they had drawn up their chariots and horsemen. Profiting by their elevated position, they accepted, or rather engaged, the combat.

The shock must have been terrible, for we find that it was near night when the battle ended. The Britons, as usual after a defeat, retreated once more to their woods, where it was impossible for the legions of Rome to follow, or the cavalry to act against them.

On the following morning, just as the victorious leader was about to re-commence his march, news arrived from the camp that a violent tempest had seriously damaged the fleet. Many of his vessels were wrecked, and others rendered unfit for service.

Like a prudent general, Cæsar at once returned to the camp, to assure himself of the extent of the injury done to his fleet, and found it more considerable than he imagined. Forty vessels were lost; the rest could be repaired, though not without great labour and time. Every artificer in his army was set to work; others were sent for from the continent; and instructions written to Labienus in Gaul to construct new galleys to replace those which were lost.

The next step was worthy of the genius and reputation of Cæsar. After having repaired his ships, he caused his legions to draw them out of reach of the tide, high up on the shore, and enclosed the whole of them in a fortified camp;—an immense work, when we consider that it was executed in an enemy's country, and the scanty means at his command for such an undertaking.

The gigantic task performed, he set forth once more in search of the confederate Britons.

It would fill a volume to detail, step by step, the progress of the Romans; to describe battle after battle, and treaties which were no sooner made than broken. The success of the invaders increased.

The kingdom of Cassibelan was overrun, and that heroic monarch compelled to submit and sue for peace, through the Comius who had formerly been his captive.

Cæsar, wishing to pass the winter in Gaul, where he feared a rebellion against his authority, granted the request, and


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Rh She was horrified, yet rather fascinated. She wanted to see what the boy would do. He made an altar of bricks, pulled some of the shavings out of Arabella’s body, put the waxen fragments into the hollow face, poured on a little paraffin, and set the whole thing alight. He watched with wicked satisfaction the drops of wax melt off the broken forehead of Arabella, and drop-like sweat into the flame. So long as the stupid big doll burned he rejoiced in silence. At the end he poked among the embers with a stick, fished out the arms and legs, all blackened, and smashed them under stones.

“That’s the sacrifice of Missis Arabella,” he said. “An’ I’m glad there’s nothing left of her.”

Which disturbed Annie inwardly, although she could say nothing. He seemed to hate the doll so intensely, because he had broken it.

All the children, but particularly Paul, were peculiarly against their father, along with their mother. Morel continued to bully and to drink. He had periods, months at a time, when he made the whole life of the family a misery. Paul never forgot coming home from the Band of Hope one Monday evening and finding his mother with her eye swollen and discoloured, his father standing on the hearthrug, feet astride, his head down, and William, just home from work, glaring at his father. There was a silence as the young children entered, but none of the elders looked round.

William was white to the lips, and his fists were clenched. He waited until the children were silent, watching with children’s rage and hate; then he said:

“You coward, you daren’t do it when I was in.”

But Morel’s blood was up. He swung round on his son. William was bigger, but Morel was hard-muscled, and mad with fury.

“Dossn’t I?” he shouted. “Dossn’t I? Ha’e much more o’ thy chelp, my young jockey, an’ I’ll rattle my fist about thee. Ay, an’ I sholl that, dost see.”

Morel crouched at the knees and showed his fist in an ugly, almost beast-like fashion. William was white with rage.

“Will yer?” he said, quiet and intense. “It ’ud be the last time, though.”

Morel danced a little nearer, crouching, drawing back his fist to strike. William put his fists ready. A light came into his blue eyes, almost like a laugh. He watched his father. Another word, and the men would have begun to fight. Paul hoped they would. The three children sat pale on the sofa.


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 * PLAN OF A FLOATING BREAKWATER FOR MADRAS. BY J. McCosh P1.jpgPLAN OF A FLOATING BREAKWATER FOR MADRAS. BY J. McCosh P2.jpg
 * PLAN OF A FLOATING BREAKWATER FOR MADRAS. BY J. Cosh.
 * }
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Page:Sons and Lovers, 1913, Lawrence.djvu/72

60 “Stop it, both of you,” cried Mrs. Morel in a hard voice. “We’ve had enough for one night. And you,” she said, turning on to her husband, “look at your children!”

Morel glanced at the sofa.

“Look at the children, you nasty little bitch!” he sneered. “Why, what have I done to the children, I should like to know? But they’re like yourself; you’ve put ’em up to your own tricks and nasty ways—you’ve learned ’em in it, you ’ave.”

She refused to answer him. No one spoke. After a while he threw his boots under the table and went to bed.

“Why didn’t you let me have a go at him?” said William, when his father was upstairs. “I could easily have beaten him.”

“A nice thing—your own father,” she replied.

“” repeated William. “Call him my father!”

“Well, he is—and so——”

“But why don’t you let me settle him? I could do, easily.”

“The idea!” she cried. “It hasn’t come to that yet.”

“No,” he said, “it’s come to worse. Look at yourself. Why didn’t you let me give it him?”

“Because I couldn’t bear it, so never think of it,” she cried quickly.

And the children went to bed, miserably.

When William was growing up, the family moved from the Bottoms to a house on the brow of the hill, commanding a view of the valley, which spread out like a convex cockle-shell, or a clamp-shell, before it. In front of the house was a huge old ash-tree. The west wind, sweeping from Derbyshire, caught the houses with full force, and the tree shrieked again. Morel liked it.

“It’s music,” he said. “It sends me to sleep.”

But Paul and Arthur and Annie hated it. To Paul it became almost a demoniacal noise. The winter of their first year in the new house their father was very bad. The children played in the street, on the brim of the wide, dark valley, until eight o’clock. Then they went to bed. Their mother sat sewing below. Having such a great space in front of the house gave the children a feeling of night, of vastness, and of terror. This terror came in from the shrieking of the tree and the anguish of the home discord. Often Paul would wake up, after he had been asleep a long time, aware of thuds downstairs. Instantly he was wide awake. Then he heard the booming shouts of his father, come home nearly drunk, then the


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Page:The European Concert in the Eastern Question.djvu/380

 Hatti-Humayoun of 1856, the,,. Hatti-Scheriff of Galhané,.

Herzegovina, see Bosnia.

Holy Alliance, the,,.

Holy Places, the,.

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Indemnity, payable by Greece to Porte,, ,.

— — by Porte to Russia,, , ,.

Independence and Integrity of the Ottoman Empire, the,, ,.

Ionian Islands, cession of to Greece,, , , ,.

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Kossovo, battle of,.

Kuci-Kraina,  n.

Laws for European provinces of Turkey,,.

Lebanon, the,.

— Règlements for,,.

Leopold, Prince,,.

Lighthouses for Danube,, , ,.

Light vessels of war in the Black Sea,,.

— in the Danube,, ,.

— in the Straits,.

Liquidation, the Law of, in Egypt,,.

Loans, see Debt.

Mangalia,,.

Maronites,.

Mediation,, , n.

Mehemet Ali,, , , ,.

Milosch Obrenovitch,.

Moldavia, see Wallachia.

— Bessarabia added to,.

Montenegro,, ,.

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— share of Ottoman debt of,.

Moukabalah, Law of,, , ,.

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Neutralisation, of Black Sea,,.

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— of Ionian Islands,,.

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— — of lower Danube,.

— — of Egypt, n.

— — of Greece,.

— — of the Suez Canal, n.

Northbrook, Lord,. Novi-Bazar,, n,.

Nubar Pasha,,.

Organic law for Bulgaria,.

— for Crete,, ,.

— for Eastern Roumelia, 390 [sic].

— for European Provinces,.

— for Samos,.

Otho, King,, ,. Ottoman Codes, n,.


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Cordova

CORDOVA,, or CÓRDOBA, (Lat. Corduba, from Phœnician Kartatuba, Great City). A city of Spain, and capital of the Province of Cordova, situated on the Guadalquivir, 120 miles by rail north of Malaga (Map:, C 4). It lies at an altitude exceeding 390 feet at the base of the Sierra de Cordova. In appearance the city is less characteristically Moorish than might be supposed, its aspect being one rather of heterogeneity arising from the conglomerate architecture of various periods; it retains but few marks of the Saracen period, and but faintly recalls the grandeur of the former metropolis of Mohammedan Spain. The streets are with few exceptions narrow and crooked, and the houses gloomy. The finest edifice is the cathedral, once the chief mosque of the ‘Infidels,’ and one of the most splendid examples of Moorish architecture. Together with the court, it occupies a site 570 feet by 425 feet, with a bell-tower 300 feet in height. It is surrounded by a wall with strong buttresses, and was originally both mosque and fortress. The interior is almost a labyrinth of pillars, for they number some 850, in various styles and mostly of marble, porphyry, and jasper. The building has suffered considerably through the changes of different epochs, made in the endeavor to convert the mosque into a Christian cathedral. A short distance from the cathedral, to the south, stands the marble triumphal column, erected 1705, of San Rafael, the patron saint of Cordova. Among the Moorish remains are the ruined city walls, part of the Alcázar, and the old bridge of 16 arches, 730 feet long, connecting Cordova with its suburb. Campo de la Verda. The bridge, originally built by the Romans, was reconstructed on the same foundations by the Saracens. Cordova contains a large

of churches and convents, a bishop's palace, a theatre, and a bull-ring. The educational institutions include a lyceum, a theological seminary, a veterinary school, and a library.

Once a great centre of commerce, Cordova is in a state of decline, her local industries suffering in the general stagnation of the country. The railroad connection with Seville, Malaga, and Madrid brought in a little new life, but Cordova is still a city of the Middle Ages. There are manufactures of leather, liquors, hats, cloth, silk, and paper, besides the ancient silver-filigree industry for which Cordova has long been famous. Iron is mined in the vicinity. Population, in 1900, 56,097.

Cordova is said to have been founded by the Phœnicians, but was acquired B.C. 152 by the Romans. It rose to be the second city of Spain, the seat of a prætor and a supreme tribunal, and a centre of industry. Taken by the Goths in the sixth century, it fell in 711 into the hands of the Saracens. In 756 the city became the capital of an Ommiad realm, which existed till 1031 and embraced all Mohammedan Spain. This State, whose rulers at first were content with the title of Emir and finally assumed that of Caliph, rivaled in splendor the Eastern Caliphate of Bagdad, From the ninth century to the twelfth Cordova was one of the greatest centres of commerce in the world. According to Arabian historians the city at the height of its splendor contained 200,000 houses, a million inhabitants, 600 mosques, 80 institutions of learning, and a public library with 600,000 volumes. Such accounts are doubtless exaggerations, but certainly when all was dark over the rest of the Occidental World, Cordova held aloft the light of civilization. After the fall of the caliphate the decline was rapid: the city was taken by Ferdinand III. of Castile in 1236 and never afterwards regained its prosperity. Cordova was plundered by the French under Dupont iu 1808. It is noted as being the birthplace of the two Senecas, the poet Lucan, and the philosopher Averroës.


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Page:The European Concert in the Eastern Question.djvu/381

 Ottoman Constitution,.

— Debt, see Debt.

Pasturage,.

Paxo,,. Persian frontier,,.

Preference debt, see Debt.

Prévéza,,.

Principalities, the, provisions of the Treaty of Berlin as to,.

Property of Turks in ceded territory,, , , , , , , , , ,. Protocols, as to Greece,, , , , , ,.

— as to Egypt,, ,.

— as to Syria, -,.

— see Self-denying clause.

Punta,,.

Quarantine,,.

Railways, in Bulgaria,.

— in Eastern Roumelia,.

— in Egypt,, , ,.

— in Montenegro,.

— in Roumania,.

— in Servia, n,.

Recognition of Principalities as independent,. Religion of the King of Greece,,. Religious equality,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,.

Riverain Commission, see Danube.

Rivers, principles applicable to navigation of,, ,. Roumania,, , ,.

— boundary of,.

— Jews in,.

— landholding in,. Roumelia, see Eastern Roumelia.

Russia, cedes, and recovers, Bessarabia,,.

Russia, expenses of, in Eastern Roumelia,.

— provisional administration of Bulgaria by,.

— and the Porte, treaties between, (1856),.

— — (1871),.

— — (1878),.

— — (1879),.

— — (1882),.

Samos,, , ,.

Sanitary Council for Danube,.

San Stefano, Treaty of,,.

Self-denying clause (or protocol),, , ,.

Serpents, Isle of, n,, ,. Servia,, , n, ,.

— boundaries of,.

— railways in,.

— share of Ottoman debt of,.

— Treaties of,.

Ships of war, limitation of Egyptian,.

— Montenegro not to have,.

— excluded from Montenegrin waters,.

— — the Danube,.

— — the Straits, see Straits.

Silistria,,.

Spizza,.

State property, Ottoman,, , , , ,. Straits, the,, , , , , , , , , ,.

Suez Canal, the,.

— Khedive's shares in,.

— proposed Act as to freedom of,.

— proposed neutralisation of, n. Sulina,,.

Sutorina,.

Suzerainty of the Porte in Bulgaria,.

— in Greece,,.

— in Servia,.

— in Wallachia and Moldavia,.

Syria,, ,.

Tanzimat, the,.


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Talk:Against Apion/Book I

Hi. On the wikisource hebrew site we currently also have this work in hebrew. I would add the link myself but don't know how...The page is here (both books on one page). If someone knows how to add the small sister links on the side of the wikipages, please do. thanks! --DMOKHTAR

 * done.-- DMOKHTAR

I see you have a nifty little comparison tool next to the alternate language versions, displaying the text of the two sites in two columns alongside each other. only problem is on the hebrew site there's a large "table of contents" that throws the whole juxtaposition off kilter.... Is there anything that can be done on the hebrew site (like addition of editing tags or something) to correct for the gap when viewing the two in comparison?--DMOKHTAR

title: Talk:Against Apion/Book I


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Page:Myth, Ritual, and Religion (Volume 2).djvu/183

Rh arranged. Probably many tribal gods, who had originally no connection with gods of other tribes, had, by Homer's age, thus accepted places and relationships in the Olympic family. Even rude low-born Pelasgian deities may have been adopted into the highest circles, and fitted out with a divine pedigree in perfect order.

To return to Zeus, his birth (whether as the eldest or the youngest of the children of Cronus) has already been studied; now we have to deal with his exploits and his character.

About the meaning of the name of Zeus the philologists seem more than commonly harmonious. They regard the Greek Zeus as the equivalent of the Sanskrit Dyaus, "the bright one," a term for the sky. He was especially worshipped on hill-tops (like the Aztec rain-god); for example, on Ithome, Parnes, Cithæron, and the Lycæan hill of Arcadia. On the Arcadian mountain, a centre of the strangest and oldest rites, the priest of Zeus acted as what the African races call a "rainmaker." There was on the hill the sacred well of the nymph Hagno, one of the nurses of the child Zeus. In time of drought the priest of Zeus offered sacrifice and prayer to the water, according to ritual law, and it would be interesting to know what it was that he sacrificed. He then gently stirred the well with a bough from the oak, the holy tree of the god, and when the water was stirred, a cloud arose like mist, which attracted other clouds and caused rain. As the priest on a mountain practically


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Page:Cassell's Illustrated History of England vol 1.djvu/23

 after imposing an annual tribute upon Britain, and exacting hostages from the inhabitants, took his departure for the continent.

Cæsar cannot be said to have conquered the island. It is true that, wherever he encountered the natives in battle his armies were victorious; but he made no permanent settlement: and when the state of Britain is considered, the desperate courage of the people, the absence of roads and means of communication, the reasons will appear plain.

In Rome the progress of the invasion was watched with intense anxiety, and more than one classic writer has borne witness to the bravery of the ancient Britons. Cicero, in his letter to his friend Trebatius, then serving in the army, warns him against being surprised by the chariots of the Britons; and, in another portion of his correspondence, the illustrious orator says:—

"I learn there is neither gold nor silver in Britain; try, therefore, to take some chariot of war, and return quickly amongst us."

To Atticus he writes:—

"We are expecting the termination of the war in Britain. We know that there is neither gold nor silver in the island, nor any hope of bringing back plunder, unless it be slaves."

Rome, in fact, gained nothing by the enterprise, Cæsar everything; it enhanced his military reputation, increased his popularity with the people, and earned him the love of his soldiers.

For nearly a century after the invasion of Cæsar, Britain remained in a state of independence. Some of its princes, there is every reason to believe, paid tribute to Rome, but the number must have been few. Augustus several times declared his intention of reducing the island to obedience, but never made any attempt to do so; the empire, he said, was already too large, and he found it convenient to forget Britain.

Caligula afforded the world a pitiful spectacle of madness of power. He assembled an army on the coast of Gaul, and embarked on board the imperial galley, from whence he issued orders to commence the attack against an imaginary enemy. Afterwards he informed his astonished legions that they had conquered the sea, and commanded them to gather up the shells upon the shore, the spoils of their bloodless victory, for which he afterwards decreed himself the honours of a triumph in Rome.

Claudius, his successor, resolved on a regular invasion of the island, and in the forty-third year of the Christian era he dispatched four legions, with their auxiliaries, under the command of Aulus Plautius, an excellent general, who surprised the Britons by the rapidity of his movements. They rallied, however, under their leaders, Togodumnus and Caractacus, two brothers: the latter, by his heroic resistance and dignity in misfortune, acquired a fame imperishable.

The Britons, having drawn the invaders into a marshy part of the country, fell upon them with great fury, and many were destroyed. This news induced Plautius to retreat as far as the right bank of the Thames, and to write to Claudius, inviting him to pass over to the island and conclude the war himself. The emperor accepted the invitation, and took the command of his legions in Britain. He crossed the Thames, and seized upon the fortress of Camalodunum—Colchester or Malden, authorities are divided as to which—receiving in his progress the submission of a number of petty kings and chiefs.

Having reduced a part of the country to the condition of a Roman province, Claudius returned to enjoy the honours of a triumph in Rome. It was celebrated with a degree of unusual magnificence, splendid games, and rejoicings. The emperor mounted the steps of the Capitol on his knees, and decorated his palace with a naval crown, in token of his victory over the sea.

The provinces voted him wreaths; the senate, annual games, a triumphal arch, and the glorious surname of Britannicus. This last honour was accorded to his infant son, whom he was in the habit of bearing in his arms in view of the people, and who was predestined to so tragical a death.

Vespasian, while yet the lieutenant of Aulus Plautius, acquired great glory against the Belges. He conquered the Isle of Wight and the southern portion of the island.

After passing four years on the island, Plautius was recalled to Rome, where the jealousy of the emperor limited the honours decreed to the victorious general to a simple ovation. He was succeeded by Ostorius Scapula, who found, on his arrival, the affairs of his countrymen in the greatest disorder.

The Britons, trusting that a general newly arrived in the island would not enter on a campaign in the beginning of winter, had divided their forces, to plunder and lay waste the territories of such persons as were in alliance with Rome. Ostorius, however, contrary to their expectations, pursued the war with vigour, gave the dispersed bands no time to unite or rally, and commanded the people whom he suspected of disaffection to give up their arms.

As a further precaution, he erected forts on the banks of the Avon and the Severn. The Iceni and the Brigantes finally submitted to the yoke.

The moment appeared favourable to the victorious general to subdue the Silures, a fierce and warlike nation, who, under the guidance of their king, Caractacus, still held out against the Roman arms. Hitherto clemency and force had alike proved unavailing to reduce them to submission, and Ostorius prepared his expedition with a prudence and foresight worthy of the struggle on which the establishment of the supremacy of Rome on the island, in a great measure, depended. He first settled a strong colony of his veteran soldiers at Camalodunum, on the conquered lands, to keep in check the neighbouring tribes, and spread by their example a knowledge of the useful arts. He then set forth at the head of his bravest legions in search of Caractacus, who had retreated from his own states, and transported the war into the country of the Ordovices.

The warlike Briton had assembled under his command all who had vowed an eternal resistance to the invaders, and fortified his position by entrenchments of earth, in imitation of the Roman military works.

In Shropshire, where the great struggle is supposed to have taken place, there is a hill which the inhabitants still call Caer Caradoc. It corresponds exactly with the description which Tacitus has given of the fortifications erected by Caractacus, and answers to the Latin words Castra Caractaci.

This warrior, whose devotion to the liberties of his country merited a better fate, did all that a patriot and a soldier could do to excite the spirit of his countrymen. He


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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 3.djvu/37

Rh 10. Though mightiest in the lists of fame,

That glorious city still shall be;

On me 'twill hold a dearer claim,

As spot of thy nativity:

11. And though I bid thee now farewell,

When I behold that wondrous scene—

Since where thou art I may not dwell—

'Twill soothe to be where thou hast been. September, 1809. [First published, Childe Harold, 1812(4to).]

STANZAS COMPOSED DURING A THUNDERSTORM.

1. and mirk is the nightly blast,

Where Pindus' mountains rise, Variants Notes


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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 3.djvu/38

8 And angry clouds are pouring fast

The vengeance of the skies.

2. Our guides are gone, our hope is lost,

And lightnings, as they play,

But show where rocks our path have crost,

Or gild the torrent's spray.

3. Is yon a cot I saw, though low?

When lightning broke the gloom—

How welcome were its shade!—ah, no!

'Tis but a Turkish tomb.

4. Through sounds of foaming waterfalls,

I hear a voice exclaim—

My way-worn countryman, who calls

On distant England's name.

5. A shot is fired—by foe or friend?

Another—'tis to tell

The mountain-peasants to descend,

And lead us where they dwell.

6. Oh! who in such a night will dare

To tempt the wilderness? Notes


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Page:Myth, Ritual, and Religion (Volume 2).djvu/184

170 occupied a meteorological observatory, he probably did not perform these rites till he knew that a "depression" might be expected from one quarter or another. As soon as we meet Zeus in Homer, we find that he is looked on, not as the sky, but as the deity who "dwells in the heights of air," and who exercises supreme sway over all things, including storm and wind and cloud. He casts the lightning forth, he thunders on high , he has dark clouds for his covering. Under all these imposing aspects he is religiously regarded by people who approach him in prayer. These aspects may be readily explained by the theory that Zeus, after having been the personal sky, came to be thought a powerful being who dwelt in the sky. Much in the same way, as M. Maspero points out, in Egypt the animals were worshipped first, and then later the gods supposed to be present in the animals. So the sky, a personal sky, was first adored, later a god dwelling in the sky. But it is less easy to show how this important change in opinion took place. A philological theory of the causes which produced the change is set forth by Mr. Keary in his book Primitive Belief. In his opinion the sky was first worshipped as a vast non-personal phenomenon, "the bright thing" (Dyaus). But, to adopt the language of Mr. Max Müller, who appears to hold the same views, "Dyaus ceased to be an expressive predicate; it became


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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 3.djvu/39

Rh And who 'mid thunder-peals can hear

Our signal of distress?

7. And who that heard our shouts would rise

To try the dubious road?

Nor rather deem from nightly cries

That outlaws were abroad.

8. Clouds burst, skies flash, oh, dreadful hour!

More fiercely pours the storm!

Yet here one thought has still the power

To keep my bosom warm.

9. While wandering through each broken path

O'er brake and craggy brow;

While elements exhaust their wrath,

Sweet Florence, where art thou?

10. Not on the sea, not on the sea—

Thy bark hath long been gone:

Oh, may the storm that pours on me,

Bow down my head alone!

11. Full swiftly blew the swift Siroc,

When last I pressed thy lip;

And long ere now, with foaming shock,

Impelled thy gallant ship.


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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 3.djvu/40

10 12. Now thou art safe; nay, long ere now

Hast trod the shore of Spain;

'Twere hard if aught so fair as thou

Should linger on the main.

13. And since I now remember thee

In darkness and in dread,

As in those hours of revelry

Which Mirth and Music sped;

14. Do thou, amid the fair white walls,

If Cadiz yet be free,

At times from out her latticed halls

Look o'er the dark blue sea;

15. Then think upon Calypso's isles,

Endeared by days gone by;

To others give a thousand smiles,

To me a single sigh.

16. And when the admiring circle mark

The paleness of thy face,

A half-formed tear, a transient spark

Of melancholy grace,

17. Again thou'lt smile, and blushing shun

Some coxcomb's raillery;

Nor own for once thou thought'st on one,

Who ever thinks on thee.


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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 3.djvu/41

Rh 18. Though smile and sigh alike are vain,

When severed hearts repine,

My spirit flies o'er Mount and Main,

And mourns in search of thine. October 1, 1809. [MS. M. First published, Childe Harold, 1812 (4to).]

STANZAS WRITTEN IN PASSING THE AMBRACIAN GULF

1. Through cloudless skies, in silvery sheen,

Full beams the moon on Actium's coast:

And on these waves, for Egypt's queen,

The ancient world was won and lost.

2. And now upon the scene I look,

The azure grave of many a Roman;

Where stern Ambition once forsook

His wavering crown to follow Woman.

3. Florence! whom I will love as well

(As ever yet was said or sung.

Since Orpheus sang his spouse from Hell)

Whilst thou art fair and I am young;

4. Sweet Florence! those were pleasant times,

When worlds were staked for Ladies' eyes: Variants