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496 captivity. For the which deliverance and victory I beseech our only Mediator, Jesus Christ, to make such mean with us unto his heavenly Father, that we may never be unthankful unto Him nor unto his Grace, but increase in fear of God, in obedience to the King's Highness, in love unfeigned to our neighbours, and in all virtue that cometh of God, to whom, for the defending of his blessed Word, be honour and thanks, glory and dominion, world without end.'

Equally remarkable, and even more emphatic in the recognition of the share in the work borne by the King, was the frontispiece of a subsequent edition, published five years later.

This was divided into four compartments.

In the first, the Almighty was seen in the clouds with outstretched arms. Two scrolls proceeded out of his mouth, to the right and the left. On the former was the verse, 'The word which goeth forth from me shall not return to me empty, but shall accomplish whatsoever I will have done.' The other was addressed to Henry, who was kneeling at a distance bare-headed, with his crown lying at his feet. The scroll said, 'I have found me a man after my own heart, who shall fulfil all my will.' Henry answered, 'Thy word is a lantern unto my feet.'

Immediately below, the King was seated on his throne, holding in each hand a book, on which was written 'the Word of God.' One of these he was


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Rh Page

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Königslutter


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1536.] to Cranmer and another bishop, who with a group of priests were on the right of the picture, saying, 'Take this and teach;' the other on the opposite side he held to Cromwell and the lay peers, and the words were, 'I make a decree that, in all my kingdom, men shall tremble and fear before the living God.' A third scroll, falling downwards over his feet, said alike to peer and prelate, 'Judge righteous judgment. Turn not away your ear from the prayer of the poor man.' The King's face was directed sternly towards the bishops, with a look which said, 'Obey at last, or worse will befall you.'

In the third compartment, Cranmer and Cromwell were distributing the Bible to kneeling priests and laymen; and, at the bottom, a preacher with a benevolent beautiful face was addressing a crowd from a pulpit in the open air. He was apparently commencing a sermon with the text, 'I exhort therefore that, first of all, supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks be made for all men—for kings'—and at the word 'kings' the people were shouting 'Vivat Rex!—Vivat Rex!' children who knew no Latin lisping 'God save the King! ' and, at the extreme left, at a gaol window, a prisoner was joining in the cry of delight, as if he, too, were delivered from a worse bondage.

This was the introduction of the English Bible—this the seeming acknowledgment of Henry's services. Of the translation itself, though since that time it has been many times revised and altered, we may say that it is substantially the Bible with which we are all familiar.


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336 An Act to facilitate the Construction of Railways and the Establishment of other means of Communication in Ireland, and for other purposes incidental thereto. [14th August 1896.]

E it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows; that is to say:—

1.—(1.) Where it is certified to the by the Lord lieutenant that the making of a railway under this Act is necessary for the development of the resources of any district, but that owing to the exceptional circumstances of the district the railway could not be constructed without special assistance from the State, and the Treasury are satisfied that a railway company existing at the time will, if an advance is made by the Treasury under this section, construct, work, and maintain the railway, or work and maintain the railway when constructed, the Treasury may make such agreement with the railway company as is authorised, by sub-section one of section four of the, and may, subject to the limitation of this Act as to the amount to be expended for the purposes of advances, agree that the railway be aided out of public money by an advance under this section.

Provided that—

(a) the Treasury shall not make any such advance unless they are satisfied that landowners, local authorities, and other persons locally interested have, by the free grant of land or otherwise, given all reasonable assistance and facilities in their power for the construction of the railway; and

(b) save in the case of a railway which will be situated wholly or mainly within a congested districts county, as defined by the, an advance shall not exceed one half of the total amount required for the construction of the railway.

(2.) An advance under this section may be a free grant or a loan, or partly a free grant and partly a loan.

(3.) Any loan for an advance under this section shall be made on such conditions and at such rate of interest as the Treasury direct

(4.) The Board of Works may examine any surveys, maps, plans, and estimates for the construction of the railway submitted to them, and if they consider that those submitted cannot be made satisfactory, or if any alterations which they may suggest therein are not accepted, the Board of Works, if authorised by the Treasury, may themselves make or procure the same.

(5.) In the case of a railway which will be situated wholly or mainly within such congested districts county as aforesaid, if the railway company do not agree to construct the railway, the Board of Works may, with the sanction of the Treasury, construct or contract for the construction of the railway.


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498 The peculiar genius—if such a word may be permitted—which breathes through it—the mingled tenderness and majesty—the Saxon simplicity—the preternatural grandeur—unequalled, unapproached, in the attempted improvements of modern scholars—all are here, and bear the impress of the mind of one man—William Tyndal. Lying, while engaged in that great office, under the shadow of death, the sword above his head and ready at any moment to fall, he worked, under circumstances alone perhaps truly worthy of the task which was laid upon him—his spirit, as it were divorced from the world, moved in a purer element than common air.

His work was done. He lived to see the Bible no longer carried by stealth into his country, where the possession of it was a crime, but borne in by the solemn will of the King—solemnly recognized as the word of the Most High God. And then his occupation in this earth was gone. His eyes saw the salvation for which he had longed, and he might depart to his place. He was denounced to the Regent of Flanders; he was enticed by the suborned treachery of a miserable English fanatic beyond the town under whose liberties he had been secure; and with the reward which, at other times as well as those, has been held fitting by human justice for the earth's great ones, he passed away in smoke and flame to his rest.


text: History of England (Froude)/Chapter 12

title: History of England (Froude)/Chapter 12


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HE Nun of Kent's conspiracy, the recent humour of Convocation, the menaces of Reginald Pole, alike revealed a dangerous feeling in the country. A religious revolution in the midst of an armed population intensely interested in the event, could not be accomplished without an appeal being made at some period of its course to force; and religion was at this time but one out of many elements of confusion. Society, within and without, from the heart of its creed to its outward organization, was passing through a transition, and the records of the Pilgrimage of Grace cast their light far down into the structure and inmost constitution of English life.

The organic changes introduced by the Parliament of 1529 had been the work of the King and the second house in the legislature; and the Peers had not only seen measures pass into law which they would gladly have rejected had they dared, but their supremacy was slipping away from them; the Commons, who in times past had confined themselves to voting supplies and


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1896. (6.) For the purposes of this section the Board of Works shall have all the powers conferred by the Lands Clauses Acts on the promoters of an undertaking.

(7.) All costs and expenses necessarily incurred by any Government department or officer under this Act shall be paid out of the money provided by this Act.

2. Where such agreement as aforesaid has been made by the Treasury with a railway company section five of the shall apply with the following modifications:—

(a.) The Order in Council mentioned in the said section five may authorise the construction or reconstruction and maintainance as part of the railway of any pier, quay, or jetty, and may empower the railway company or the Board of Works to enter into all contracts and agreements necessary for carrying the Order into effect:

(b.) The Order shall set forth the tolls and charges for passengers, animals and things conveyed on the railway:

(c.) When the Treasury have agreed to make an advance as a free grant, the Order may make provision as regards any district that during a period not exceeding ten years, to be fixed by the Order, so much of the railway as is in that district shall not be assessed to any local rate at a higher value than that at which the land occupied by the railway would have been assessed if it had remained in the condition in which it was immediately before it was acquired for the purposes of the railway. The Order may authorise the Lord Lieutenant to extend any such period: (d) The Order may upon the application of the Treasury be altered or added to by an amending Order made in like manner and subject to the like provisions as the original Order.

3.—(1.) Where an agreement under this Act has been entered, the following provisions of the principal Acts shall not apply to the projected railway; (that is to say,)—

The provisions relating to the procedure for obtaining the approval of the undertaking by any grand jury, municipal corporation, town, or other commissioners, and for obtaining a guarantee, and relating to all proceedings preliminary thereto:

The provisions relating to tolls and rates of charge:

The provisions relating to deposits or other security for the completion of the undertaking:

The provisions conferring powers and imposing duties on the county surveyor.

(2.) For the purposes of this Act there shall be substituted for the provisions aforesaid such regulations as may be made by the Lord Lieutenant in Council under this Act.

4.—(1.) The total amount advanced by the Treasury under this Act shall not at any one time exceed five hundred thousand pounds.

(2.) The National Debt Commissioners may, out of any money for the time being in their hands on account of savings banks, lend to


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500 passing without inquiry such measures as were sent down to them, had started suddenly into new proportions, and had taken upon themselves to discuss questions sacred hitherto to Convocation. The Upper House had been treated in the disputes which had arisen with significant disrespect; ancient and honoured customs had been discontinued among them against their desire; and, constitutionally averse to change, they were hurried powerless along by a force which was bearing them they knew not where. Hating heretics with true English conservatism, they found men who but a few years before would have been in the dungeons of Lollards' Tower, now high in Court favour, high in office, and with seats in their own body. They had learnt to endure the presence of self-raised men when as ecclesiastics such men represented the respectable dignity of the Church; but the proud English nobles had now for the


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338 the Treasury, and the Treasury may borrow from the National Debt Commissioners, such money as may be required for the purpose of advances by the Treasury under this Act, on such terms as to interest, sinking fund, and period of repayment (not exceeding thirty years from the date of the loan) as may be agreed on between the National Debt Commissioners and the Treasury.

(3.) The sums so lent by the National Debt Commissioners shall be repaid out of money provided by Parliament for the purpose, and if and so far as that money is insufficient shall be charged on, and payable out of, the Consolidated Fund, or the growing produce thereof.

5.—(1.) Where any person has power, either by statute or owner to grant otherwise, to sell and convey any land for the purpose of any works of a railway under this Act, he may, with the sanction of for a light the Board of Works given under this section, convey the land for that purpose either without payment of any purchase money or compensation, or at a price less than the real value, and may so convey it free from all incumbrances thereon.

(2.) Whenever any person who is a landowner within the meaning of the, contributes any money for the purpose of any works of a railway under this Act, the amount so contributed may, with the sanction of the Board of Works given under this section, be charged on the land of the landowner improved by the works in the same manner, and with the like effect, as in the case of a charge under that Act.

(3.) The Board of Works shall not give their sanction under this section unless they are satisfied that the works for which the land is conveyed or the money is contributed will effect a permanent increase in the value of the land held by the same title or of other land of the same landowner exceeding, in the case of a conveyance of land, that which is, in the opinion of the Board of Works, the real value of the land conveyed, or the difference between that value and the price, as the case may be, and in the case of a contribution of money the amount contributed: Provided also, that if the land proposed to be conveyed is subject to incumbrances, the Board of Works, before giving their sanction under this section, shall cause notice to be given to the incumbrancers, and shall consider the objections, if any, raised by them.

6.—(1.) The Board of Works or any company authorised to construct a railway under this Act, with the consent of that Board, may, before the arbitrator has framed his draft award, enter upon any land, which they are by any Order in Council made under this Act authorised to take, without making any deposit in the bank.

(2.) Where any such entry is made the Board of Works shall pay to the persons entitled thereto the purchase money or compensation agreed upon or awarded to such persons pursuant to the Lands Clauses Acts in respect of the lands so entered upon, and those Acts as amended by this section shall apply accordingly.

(3.) Where any Order in Council under this Act incorporates the Lands Clauses Acts the award of the arbitrator under those Acts


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{{rh|1896.||Railways {Ireland) Act, 1896.|{{sc|Ch.}} 34|339}} shall be final, and the provisions of those Acts with respect to traverses shall not apply.

7.—(1.) Where any railway constructed under the principal Acts Provision in this Act has been aided out of moneys provided by Parliament,the Board of Works may at any time (whether the undertaking has become the property of a grand jury or not) appoint an engineer or other fit person to inspect and report upon the condition of the undertaking, and the working, maintenance, and development of the same.

(2.) If such engineer or person reports that the undertaking is not efficiently worked, maintained, and developed, the Board of Works shall make a report to the Lord Lieutenant, and the Lord Lieutenant in Council, after giving all persons interested an opportunity of being heard, may, if satisfied that the undertaking has not been efficiently worked,maintained, or developed, make an order appointing a manager or receiver of the undertaking for such time and with such powers as may be specified in the order.

8. The enactments mentioned in the schedule to this Act shall not apply to a railway authorised under this Act, except so far as they are required by the Board of Trade to be incorporated, or applied by the Order in Council confirming an agreement under this Act.

9. Where it is certified to the Treasury by the Lord Lieutenant Provision for that the establishment of any of the means of communication mentioned in this section is necessary for the development of the steam-boats, resources of any district, but that owing to the exceptional circumstances of the district such means of communication could not be established without special assistance from the State, the Treasury may authorise the Board of Works to enter into an agreement with any person for the establishment and maintenance of any line of steam- boats, coaches, cars, carts, or other vehicles moved by mechanical power or otherwise, and to construct or reconstruct and maintain or contract for the construction or reconstruction and maintenance of any pier, quay, or jetty, or the immediate approaches thereto, or any structure necessary for the proper use thereof; and the Treasury may, out of the money provided by this Act, make free grants in aid of any of the above purposes.

10. Any grand jury may, subject to rules and regulations under Presentment in this Act, present any sum of money in aid of any railway or other grand means of communication, or any accommodation work constructed or established under this Act; and section twenty-three of the, and section one of the , shall apply to such presentment, with this modification that the half-yearly instalments for repayment of any sum to be expended may be at a rate of not less than four pounds per cent, per annum on such sum.

11.—(1.) The Lord Lieutenant in Council may make rules and Power to make regulations for the purpose of carrying this Act into effect and for regulating the procedure thereunder: Provided that the assent of


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Königsmark, Philipp Christoph, Count of


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340 the Treasury shall be necessary in the case of any rule or regulation affecting the expenditure of money provided by this Act

(2.) All rules and regulations under this section shall be laid before Parliament.

12. In this Act,unless the context otherwise requires, the expression "railway" includes light railway or tramway, and where provided by an Order in Council any pier, quay, or jetty used in connexion therewith.

13. This Act may be cited as the Railways (Ireland) Act, 1896, and, save where the context otherwise requires, shall be construed as one with the principal Acts, that is to say, the Transfer of Railways (Ireland) Act, 1890, and the Tramways (Ireland) Acts as therein defined, and the Tramways (Ireland) Act, 1895, and those Acts and this Act may be cited collectively as the Tramways (Ireland) Acts, 1860 to 1896.

An Act to provide for the Appointment of Judicial Trustees and otherwise to amend the Law respecting the Administration of Trusts and the Liability of Trustees. [14th August 1896.]

E it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:

1.—(1.) Where application is made of the court by or on behalf of the person creating or intending to create a trust, or by or on behalf of a trustee or beneficiary, the court may, in its discretion, appoint a person (in this Act called a judicial trustee) to be a trustee of that trust, either jointly with any other person or as


text: Author talk:Sidney Stevens Walcott

title: Author talk:Sidney Stevens Walcott


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Works

 * A Geologist's Paradise (1911, photographs; text by Charles Doolittle Walcott)

title: Author:Sidney Stevens Walcott


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1896. sole trustee, and, if sufficient cause is shown, in. place of all or any existing trustees.

(2.) The administration of the property of a deceased person, whether a testator or intestate, shall be a trust, and the executor or administrator a trustee, within the meaning of this Act.

(3.) Any fit and proper person nominated for the purpose in the application may be appointed a judicial trustee, and, in the absence of such nomination, or if the court is not satisfied of the fitness of a person so nominated, an official of the court may be appointed, and in any case a judicial trustee shall be subject to the control and supervision of the court as an officer thereof.

(4.) The court may, either on request or without request, give to a judicial trustee any general or special directions in regard to the trust or the administration thereof.

(5.) There may be paid to a judicial trustee out of the trust property such remuneration, not exceeding the prescribed limits, as the court may assign in each case, subject to any rules under this Act respecting the application of such remuneration where the judicial trustee is an official of the court, and the remuneration so assigned to any judicial trustee shall, save as the court may for special reasons otherwise order, cover all his work and personal outlay

(6.) Once in every year the accounts of every trust of which a judicial trustee has been appointed shall be audited, and a report thereon made to the court by the prescribed persons, and, in any case where the court shall so direct, an inquiry into the administration by a judicial trustee of any trust, or into any dealing or transaction of a judicial trustee, shall be made in the prescribed manner.

2. The jurisdiction of the court under this Act may be exercised Court to by the High Court, and as respects trusts within its jurisdiction by a palatine court, and (subject to the prescribed definition of the jurisdiction) by any county court judge to whom such jurisdiction may be assigned under this Act.

3.—(1.) If it appears to the court that a trustee, whether appointed under this Act or not, is or may be personally liable for any breach of trust, whether the transaction alleged to be a breach of trust of trust occurred before or after the passing of this Act, but has acted honestly and reasonably, and ought fairly to be excused for the breach of trust and for omitting to obtain the directions of the court in the matter in which he committed such breach, then the court may relieve the trustee either wholly or partly from personal liability for the same.

(2.) This section shall come into operation at the passing of this Act.

4.—(1.) Rules may be made for carrying into effect this Act, and especially—

(1) for requiring judicial trustees, who are not officials of the court, to give security for the due application of any trust property under their control:


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 CHAPTER XIX.

is in the Australian colonies, alas! another branch of national industry, more ancient and honourable even than that of mining, and which is even more in need of the wise help of well-wishers, and the sympathy of friendly counsellors. We read and hear of much being done for the mining interest, and no one grudges all that is being done to elevate this most important industry to a position commensurate with its deserts. But what about the patient farmer and toiling husbandman? What is being done by our universities, our governments, our politicians, to help forward the grand old primal industry, and to accentuate the homely old aspiration of "Speed the plough"? Trades unions and guilds exist in plenty, by the laudable efforts of which the position of the artisan has been much ameliorated. Organizations exist, by which the class interests of special sections of the community are jealously guarded, and their rights and privileges conserved. But why is it we hear so

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 much in New South Wales, at least, of the poverty of the farmer; of the disabilities and drawbacks under which tillage labours; of the disinclination which undoubtedly exists among young Australians to take to the plough and become cultivators of the soil?

Is it that farmers are more divided, less intelligent, more indifferent and less energetic than the artisan and the miner? Surely, for the very honour's sake of the sower and reaper, we cannot say that.

Is it that the climate is too rigorous, our soil too poor, and our returns too scanty, our expenses too excessive, our fiscal policy too unaccommodating, our markets too limited, or our rulers too antagonistic and unsympathetic, that agricultural pursuits seem to languish? Some of all of these causes are assigned by various authorities; but whatever be the reason, it seems to be the common opinion that farming in Australia, as it is understood in the old country, does not pay. It is an undoubted fact that among the masses in general, much apathy and ignorance does exist on this most vital subject, the progress of our agricultural industry.

Now surely it will not be denied that farming is of equal importance to mining. It is certainly capable of more widespread application. It gives employment to more inhabitants in the State. It is, in fact, the industry par excellence which forms the basis and foundation of all others. All other implements, where usefulness is concerned, must

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 yield the place of honour to the ploughshare. And yet is it not a notorious fact that the practice and science of tillage is sadly neglected in Australia generally? Instances of wasteful and ignorant farming are not confined to New South Wales. They are common enough even in New Zealand. Surely if a school of mines is a necessity, a school of agriculture is not less so. (I merely select mining for the purpose of a comparison, and not with the intention of undervaluing its great importance). Yet certainly if lectures on metallurgy and mineralogy are valuable, instruction by practical experts in the chemistry of soils, the laws and phenomena of growth, the relations of climatic influences to varieties of products, and the experimental introduction of new plants, new processes, and new adaptations of natural and mechanical forces to the art and practice of cultivation, whether in field or garden, are of equal importance and desirability.

The plain fact is, I take it, that from a broad national point of view, the vast importance of farming, whether pastoral or agricultural, has been much under-estimated, if not altogether overlooked. Mining speculations, commercial undertakings, engineering works, explorations, politics and polemics have all loomed largely in the public eye; but the work of the silent ploughshare, of the meditative, unobtrusive husbandman, has attracted little notice, either from the honest patriot or the scheming self-seeker. Farmers have been too widely scattered (one of the direct results, in New

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 South Wales, at least, of indiscriminate selection before survey), and have been too disunited, to make them attractive-enough material for the blandishments of the professional demagogue; but the inevitable Nemesis which follows a disregard of Nature's laws is now forcing the question of agriculture to the front. Farmers' unions, too, have been established of late years; and the farmer is now becoming an object of more interest to certain classes, who see in him a convenient peg on which to hang a pet nostrum, or a handy hack on which to ride some cherished hobby.

For myself personally, I can claim to have been a persistent and consistent advocate of the importance of our agricultural interests ever since I cast in my lot for good in this the land of my adoption. By writings, by lectures, by experiments, by distributing seeds and plants, by every influence I could command, I have never lost an opportunity of trying to rouse public attention to the vital importance of this much-neglected branch of our national industries. I have been a humble co-worker with some of the brightest and noblest spirits in the colonies; but the most brilliant individual efforts are, after all, apt to get lost in the immensity of conflicting interests which agitate young and expanding communities such as these. The time has come when a Department of Agriculture should form part of our administrative machinery. A Minister of Agriculture is a necessity for New South Wales no less than for New Zealand. If Victoria, South Australia, India,

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342 (2) respecting the safety of the trust property and the custody thereof:

(3) respecting the remuneration of judicial trustees and for fixing and regulating the fees to taken under this Act so as to cover the expenses of the administration of this Act, and respecting the payment of such remuneration and fees out of the trust property, and, where the judicial trustee is an official of the court, respecting the application, of the remuneration and fees payable to him :

(4) for dispensing with formal proof of facts in proper cases:

(5) for facilitating the discharge by the court of administrative duties under this Act without judicial proceedings and otherwise regulating procedure under this Act and making it simple and inexpensive ;

(6) for assigning jurisdiction under this Act to county court judges and defining such jurisdiction ;

(7) respecting the suspension or removal of any judicial trustee, and the succession of another person to the office of any judicial trustee who may cease to hold office, and the vesting in such person of any trust property :

(8) respecting the classes of trusts in which officials of the court are not to be judicial trustees, or are to be so temporarily or conditionally:

(9) respecting the procedure to be followed where the judicial trustee is executor or administrator :

(10) for preventing the employment by judicial trustees of other persons at the expense of the trust, except in cases of strict necessity :

(11) for the filing and auditing of the accounts of any trust of which a judicial trustee has been appointed.

(2.) The rules under this Act may be made by the Lord Chancellor, subject to the consent of the Treasury in matters relating to fees and to salaries and numbers of officers, and to the consent of the authority for making orders under the in matters relating to the remuneration of solicitors. The rules shall be laid before Parliament and have the same force as if enacted in this Act, provided that if, within thirty days after such rules have been laid before either House of Parliament during which that House has sat, the House presents to Her Majesty an address against such rules or any of them, such rules or the rule specified in the address shall thenceforward be of no effect.

5. In this Act— The expression "official of the court " means the holder of such paid office in or connected with the court as may be prescribed. The expression " prescribed " means prescribed by rules under this Act.

6.—}(1.) This may be cited as the Judicial Trustees Act,1896 (2.) This Act shall not extend to any charity, whether subject to or exempted from the Charitable Trusts Acts, 1853 to 1894


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 Canada, to say nothing of such countries as France, Germany, and other continental states, including even little Denmark, have found it a wise provision, surely the necessity is even greater for an imperfectly developed country like New South Wales? Experimental farms and schools of farming are badly wanted, and must be founded, if we are to keep pace with the achievements of other communities, utilize to the full our splendid possibilities, and hold our own in the march of material and mental progress.

I have already spoken of the wasteful methods in vogue with the New Zealand farmer; as, for instance, in the disposition of straw, neglect of manure, disregard of draining, and so on; but a much more serious matter is the exhaustion of the land in many of the earlier settled districts. Continuous cropping without rotation or rest has worked its usual result in Otago, Canterbury, and Southland, as in County Cumberland in New South Wales, and in other parts of Australia. The rotation of crops is part of the alphabet of agriculture; but it would seem as if Australian farmers were really, in some respects, ignorant of their first letters. Or is it that they are too lazy, or too greedy? "Soft words butter no parsnips!" Anyway, I believe soft soap is a poor salve. "Faithful are the wounds of a friend, but the kisses of an enemy are deceitful." It is the veriest folly to imagine that any soil, even the richest, can be cropped year after year with the same crop, and not become impoverished. Wheat,

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 for instance, takes a certain set of constituents from the soil. These must be given back in the form of manure, or the land inevitably becomes less able to grow wheat. Disease is at once a consequence and an evidence of insufficient nourishment. Hence many common crop diseases are Nature's protest against a direct infringement of her laws. It is probable that if lands round Camden, we will say, had been well-manured, or if farming by rotation had been practised, rust might never have put in an appearance in County Cumberland. Now, in the earlier times, wheat seemed to be the ultimate limit beyond which the mind of the farmer never rose. Even now the bucolic mind is desperately conservative, and it seems hard to make the ordinary farmer understand that if wheat will not pay, something else might. Instead of resolutely tackling the problem of experimenting, of availing himself of all the modern discoveries and improvements in the

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 art and practice of agriculture, he too often gets led away by some irresponsible will-o'-the-wisp, in the shape of some glib-tongued theorist, who seeks a remedy for short crops and poor prices in such cabala as reciprocity, free-trade, protection, reduction of railway rates, and so on.

There is a certain text in an old-fashioned book which will persist in forcing itself on my memory when I hear the plausible specifics of such Sangrados. It is one of those proverbs which the scribes of Hezekiah copied out, and it is well worthy the attention of every farmer. It is a promise and a warning, which is peculiarly applicable to Australian farmers in the present juncture. It is this: "He that tilleth his land shall have plenty of bread; but he that followeth after vain persons shall have poverty enough."

When coffee in Ceylon was blasted by the blight which ruined more than half the planters, and nearly wrecked the prosperity of the island, what has been the result? It was seen how dangerous it was to rely on any one staple; how important not to have all the eggs of national prosperity in one basket. Now Ceylon is entering on a new and extended lease of renewed vigour and prosperity. Tea, cinchona, india-rubber, cocoa, and other products are yielding splendid returns, and much of this resuscitated life and reawakened enterprise is due to the experimental gardens, and the work which has been done by planters and others in acclimatizing new plants and trying new products.

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 So, too, with Mauritius. The over-production of sugar, with the consequent collapse of the sugar market, brought the staple industry of Mauritius to the verge of extinction; but now it is found that coffee, the aloe, china-grass, fibres, and other products can be successfully grown; and it is certain that good, and not evil, will be the ultimate issue of present perplexities.

Surely such lessons are plain enough for us to learn them here.

All the schools and lectures and experiments in the world will not furnish the farmer with moral attributes. They will not provide him with thrift, energy, intelligence, industry; but if in the possession of these, they will help him to use them to the best advantage, and I think it is in this way we can secure the most practical protection to the pristine profession, and give the most living impetus to the great agricultural industry.

Doubtless there are many drawbacks attendant on farming in Australia and New Zealand, such as want of capital, dearness and scarcity of labour, which act as a handicap on the struggling husbandman at the antipodes, but there are none the less grave grounds for reproach, and plenty of opportunities for candid self-examination and reform. Both in New Zealand and Australia, I have frequently observed with pain and regret the slovenliness and wastefulness of the methods employed by farmers in the ordinary work of the farm. There is frequently, too, the smug self-satisfaction of the incurably self-conceited egotist. Many

title: Page:Our New Zealand Cousins.djvu/283


text:
Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/363

1896. (3.) This Act shall not extend to Scotland or Ireland. (4.) This Act, except as by this Act otherwise provided, shall come into operation on the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven.

  An Act to amend the Law with respect to the Use of Locomotives on Highways. [14th August 1896.]

E it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:

1.—(1.) The enactments mentioned in the schedule to this Act, and any other enactment restricting the use of locomotives on highways and contained in any public general or local and personal Act in force at the passing of this Act, shall not apply to any vehicle propelled by mechanical power if it is under three tons in provisions, weight unladen, and is not used for the purpose of drawing more than one vehicle (such vehicle with its locomotive not to exceed in weight unladen four tons), and is so constructed that no smoke or visible vapour is emitted therefrom except from any temporary or accidental cause; and vehicles so exempted, whether locomotives or drawn by locomotives, are in this Act referred to as light locomotives.

Provided that—

(a) the council of any county or county borough shall have power to make byelaws preventing or restricting the use of such locomotives upon any bridge within their area, where such council are satisfied that such use would be attended with damage to the bridge or danger to the public:

(b) a light locomotive shall be deemed to be a carriage within the meaning of any Act of Parliament, whether public general or local, and of any rule, regulation, or bye law, made under any Act of Parliament, and, if used as a carriage of any particular class, shall be deemed to be a carriage of that class, and the law relating to carriages of that class shall apply accordingly.

(2.) In calculating for the purposes of this Act the weight of a vehicle unladen, the weight of any water, fuel, or accumulators, used for the purpose of propulsion, shall not be included.

2. During the period between one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise, the person in charge of a light locomotive shall carry attached thereto a lamp so constructed and placed as to exhibit a light in accordance with the regulations made by the Local Government Board.

3. Every light locomotive shall carry a bell or other instrument capable of giving audible and sufficient warning of the approach or position of the carriage.


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Page:Our New Zealand Cousins.djvu/284

 ignorant dunderheads are too self-complacent to "take a wrinkle;" too hopelessly obtuse to act on a hint; too slavishly wedded to antiquated custom to profit by the experience of others.

To give an instance: I once remonstrated with one man for burning the stalks of his maize crop. I informed him they were nutritive, contained much saccharine matter, could be chopped up and mixed with chaff and straw, and when moistened, and a little salt added, made an excellent fodder, and were so used by the Germans and by the cultivators of India. The old farmer only insulted me for my well-meaning bit of information; but a young neighbour of his took the hint, and it has resulted in a very considerable addition to his income.

Wherever any farmer has resolutely set himself to discard old, antiquated notions, and gone in for modern farming, availing himself of the use of modern labour-saving machinery, and growing such crops as were most readily saleable, growing them, too, on a scale large enough to enable him to concentrate work and expenditure, the result has, in every case I have observed, been a triumphant vindication of science over rule of thumb, and such men, though they may grumble at lots of things, do not blame either the soil, the climate, or the country.

If we in New South Wales can buy potatoes, wheat—nay, even cabbages, cheaper from Victorian, New Zealand, and South Australian farmers, the natural course is to buy them, and let our own

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 farmers turn their attention to something that will pay better. And so it is I advocate the establishment of experimental farms, and a department of agriculture as an imperative necessity, to say nothing of the beneficence of such a policy. There are drugs, dyes, fibres, fruits, oil-seeds, vegetables, timbers, barks, piths, nuts, roots, even mosses, weeds and fungi, with multitudes of valuable fodder plants, which are eminently suitable to our soil, adapted to our climate, and congenial in every way to all our conditions. It is in introducing these, in making these known that our experimental farms would be so beneficial. In no other way that I can see would so much national good be done at so little cost. Methinks that in this direction even the most bigoted protectionist, and the most utilitarian free-trader might work hand in hand.

Another feature of New Zealand rural life which struck me was the frequency of villages—the nearness of neighbours—in a word, settlement in communities, as contrasted with the isolated, detached way in which habitations are found set down at wide, weary intervals, in most of the country districts of New South Wales. Indeed, village life, such as we know it in the old country, or as it is found in many parts of New Zealand, is scarcely known in our older colony. The evils of indiscriminate, unrestricted selection—the Ishmaelitish, nomadic proclivities of the roving land-grabber of the old régime are, alas! "twice-told tales" in New South Wales;

title: Page:Our New Zealand Cousins.djvu/285


text:
Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/40

xxvi Page


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 but in New Zealand, especially in Otago, a more human and humane system had evidently been followed from the first. As a consequence, farms and fields were neatly fenced and divided. Village churches were numerous; common centres round which clustered the neat homes of village tradesmen and traders. Farm-houses were trim and neat, and adorned with gardens and orchards much more than is common in Australia. Waste places were fewer, roads were more numerous and better kept, and, in fact, rural settlement was more forward; and notwithstanding a widespread depression commercially, consequent on continued bad seasons and low prices for produce, the people looked healthy, happy, and contented, and I saw nothing to indicate any absence of the material comforts, and even the common luxuries of life.

For many years I have advocated that a trial should be given in Australia to oil crops. Some time ago I contributed articles to various journals on the subject, and made special reference to it in my last published volume, and it was gratifying to find instances during my tour that proved my ideas were not chimerical. I found, for example, a few progressive farmers turning their attention to linseed as a crop. I have on record the results of several of these trials. I find that even with a yield of half the number of bushels of linseed to the acre as compared with wheat, the oil seed crop

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Page:Our New Zealand Cousins.djvu/287

 pays better than the cereal. An average price of 5s. 6d. per bushel is procurable in Dunedin all the year round for linseed, and I am convinced that rape seed, mustard seed, sesamum, gingelly, castor and other such crops would be more suitable to our climate and pay our farmers better.

Much might be written on this subject, but the space at my disposal is limited. New Zealand is so bountifully endowed with that merciful gift of heaven—water—that she has an undeniable superiority over us in this drought-infested colony of New South Wales; but this is only another argument to strengthen my contention that we do not utilize our gifts to the full as we might.

Water conservation might well go hand in hand with the experimental work of an agricultural department. As an instance of what private enterprise can accomplish, I may mention that in the far west now, I am privileged to be a co-worker with a public-spirited and wealthy land owner, and on rich soil, such as we have for countless leagues on our great western plains, he is now irrigating and preparing land for sowing with tropical crops, and the result may be the introduction of several new and remunerative industries.

With irrigation, a plentiful supply of agricultural labour, intelligent experiment and collation of facts and dissemination of information under a well-organized and active agricultural department, a liberal land system, which will seek to minimize harassing restrictions and exactions, and give

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 fixity of tenure with compensation for all improvements by which the value of the land would be permanently enhanced, such as dams, tanks, wells, &c.—the lot of the farmer in New South Wales might be enormously advantaged, and it is in this direction that the friends of the farmer must work, and the hare-brained twaddle we hear about a protective policy for the farmer, which would tax him heavily on every implement of husbandry for the benefit of an insignificant section of weak-kneed manufacturers, which would seek to force him into a continuance of his present unequal fight with Nature, in which he vainly tries to grow products for which his soil and climate are not so well adapted as those of his competitors in more favoured neighbourhoods, and which, in a word, seeks to sap his energies, rouse his worst passions, inflame his discontent, and make him less self-reliant and enterprising, instead of encouraging him to patient investigation and intelligent experiment. All this irresponsible chatter, I repeat, by impracticable theorists and hobbyists, all the protection conventions, vain-glorious challenges to public debate, and organized stumping of the country by fluent farmers' friends, who perhaps don't know the difference between a plough and a pickaxe, would not do one tithe the good that one experimental farm would do. In fact, by distracting men's attention from practical measures, and raising clouds of dust on theoretical issues for purely personal political ends, these self-dubbed saviours of the farming interest do irremediable harm.

title: Page:Our New Zealand Cousins.djvu/288


text: Our New Zealand Cousins/Chapter 19

title: Our New Zealand Cousins/Chapter 19


text:
Page:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, 1846).djvu/106

Rh TO IMAGINATION.

weary with the long day's care,

And earthly change from pain to pain,

And lost and ready to despair,

Thy kind voice calls me back again:

Oh, my true friend! I am not lone,

While thou canst speak with such a tone!

So hopeless is the world without;

The world within I doubly prize;

Thy world, where guile, and hate, and doubt,

And cold suspicion never rise;

Where thou, and I, and Liberty,

Have undisputed sovereignty.

What matters it, that, all around,

Danger, and guilt, and darkness lie,

If but within our bosom's bound

We hold a bright, untroubled sky,

Warm with ten thousand mingled rays

Of suns that know no winter days?

Reason, indeed, may oft complain

For Nature's sad reality,

And tell the suffering heart, how vain

Its cherished dreams must always be;

And Truth may rudely trample down

The flowers of Fancy, newly-blown:


text:
Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/364

344 4. No light locomotive shall travel along a public highway at a greater speed than fourteen miles an hour, or than any less speed that may be prescribed by regulations of the Local Government Board.

5. The keeping and use of petroleum or of any other inflammable liquid or fuel for the purpose of light locomotives shall be subject to regulations made by a Secretary of State, and regulations so made shall have effect notwithstanding anything in the Petroleum Acts, 1871 to 1881.

6.—(1.) The Local Government Board may make regulations with respect to the use of light locomotives on highways, and their construction, and the conditions under which they may be used.

(2.) Regulations under this section may, if the Local Government Board deem it necessary, be of a local nature and limited in their application to a particular area, and may, on the application of any local authority, prohibit or restrict the use of locomotives for purposes of traction in crowded streets, or in other places where such use may be attended with danger to the public.

All regulations under this section shall have full effect notwithstanding anything in any other Act, whether general or local, or any byelaws or regulations made thereunder.

Every regulation purporting to be made in pursuance of this section shall be forthwith laid before both Houses of Parliament

7. A breach of any byelaw or regulation made under this Act, or of any provision of this Act, may, on summary conviction, he punished by a fine not exceeding ten pounds.

8.—(1.) On and after the first day of January next after the passing of this Act there shall be granted, charged, and paid in Great Britain for every light locomotive, which is liable to duty either as a carriage or as a hackney carriage under section four of the an additional duty of excise at the following rate; namely,—

(2.) Every such duty shall be paid together with the duty on the licence for the locomotive as a carriage or a hackney carriage, and shall in England be dealt with in manner directed with respect to duties on local taxation licences within the meaning of the ; and in Scotland be paid into the Local Taxation (Scotland) Account, and be dealt with as part of the residue within the meaning of section two, sub-section (3), of the

9. The requirements of sub-section (4) of section twenty-eight of the, may be from time to time varied by order of the Local Government Board.


text:
Page:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, 1846).djvu/107

Rh But, thou art ever there, to bring

The hovering vision back, and breathe

New glories o'er the blighted spring,

And call a lovelier Life from Death,

And whisper, with a voice divine,

Of real worlds, as bright as thine.

I trust not to thy phantom bliss,

Yet, still, in evening's quiet hour,

With never-failing thankfulness,

I welcome thee, Benignant Power;

Sure solacer of human cares,

And sweeter hope, when hope despairs!

.

THE DOUBTER'S PRAYER.

Power, of earth and air!

Unseen, yet seen in all around,

Remote, but dwelling everywhere,

Though silent, heard in every sound.

If e'er thine ear in mercy bent,

When wretched mortals cried to Thee,

And if, indeed, Thy Son was sent,

To save lost sinners such as me:


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/To Imagination


text:
Page:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, 1846).djvu/113

Rh HOW CLEAR SHE SHINES.

clear she shines! How quietly

I lie beneath her guardian light;

While heaven and earth are whispering me,

"To morrow, wake, but, dream to-night."

Yes, Fancy, come, my Fairy love!

These throbbing temples softly kiss;

And bend my lonely couch above

And bring me rest, and bring me bliss.

The world is going; dark world, adieu!

Grim world, conceal thee till the day;

The heart, thou canst not all subdue,

Must still resist, if thou delay!

Thy love I will not, will not share;

Thy hatred only wakes a smile;

Thy griefs may wound—thy wrongs may tear,

But, oh, thy lies shall ne'er beguile!

While gazing on the stars that glow

Above me, in that stormless sea,

I long to hope that all the woe

Creation knows, is held in thee!

And this shall be my dream to-night;

I'll think the heaven of glorious spheres


text:
Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/365

1896.  10. In the application of this Act to Scotland a reference to Application the Secretary for Scotland shall be substituted for a reference to the Local Government Board, a reference to the road authority of any county or burgh for a reference to the council of a county or county borough, and a reference to sub-section (4) of section three of the, for a reference to sub-section (4) of section twenty-eight of the

11. In the application of this Act to Ireland a reference to Application the Local Government Board for Ireland shall be substituted for a reference to the Local Government Board, and a reference to the council of a county shall be construed in an urban sanitary district under the, as a reference to the urban sanitary authority, and elsewhere as a reference to the grand jury.

12. This Act may be cited as the Locomotives on Highways Act, 1896, and shall come into operation on the expiration of three months from the passing thereof.

The Locomotives Act, 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 70.) except so much of section one as relates to tolls on locomotives, and sections seven and thirteen.

Section forty one of the Thames Embankment Act, 1862 (25 & 26 Vict. c. 93.)

The Locomotives Act, 1865 (28 & 29 Vict. c. 83.)

The Locomotives Amendment (Scotland) Act, 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 58.)

Part II. of the Highways and Locomotives (Amendment) Act, 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 77.)

Section six of the Public Health (Ireland) Amendment Act, 1879 (42 & 43 Vict. c. 57.)

An Act to amend the Law with respect to the Classification of Lands and Heritages for purposes of Rating in Scotland, for the Relief of the Occupiers of Agricultural Funds and Heritages, for the creation of a Fund for the Improvement of Congested Districts in the Highlands and Islands, and for Relief from the Payment of the Land Tax in Burghs in Scotland. [14th August 1896.]

E it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:


text:
Author talk:Beverly Tucker Lacy

Biography
Source: http://archive.org/details/historyoffirstpr00aver

Author: Averill, William H

Subject: First Presbyterian Church (Frankfort, Ky.)

Digitizing sponsor: Princeton Theological Seminary Library

Excerpt:

"Rev. Beverly Tucker Lacy was born in Prince Edward County, Virginia, February 21st, 1819. His father, Rev. William Sterling Lacy, removed to Missouri in 1821, where he remained a few years, and went to Tennessee, where he reared his family. After receiving his preparatory education from his father, Beverly entered upon the study of law, designing to make that his profession. About this time he united with the church of which his father was pastor, and at once determined to change his profession and study for the Gospel ministry. With this end in view he entered Washington College, Virginia, from which he graduated in the class of 1843. He studied theology at Princeton Seminary under Drs. Archibald Alexander, Charles Hodge and Samuel Miller, graduating in the class of '46.

"Mr. Lacy's first charge was Kent Street Church, Winchester, Virginia, where he was ordained pastor in 1847, which he served for five years.

"In 1847 Lacy was married to Miss Agnes Alexander, his second cousin, and niece of Dr. Archibald Alexander. She died in 1852, and was a lady remarkable for her loveliness of disposition and lofty Christian character. She left a son, John Alexander Lacy, who was spared to minister to and comfort the father in his declining years, and is yet living, an honored member of the bar in Washington City.

"After Winchester, Mr. Lacy's next charge was in Salem, Virginia, from 1853 until 1858. In 1858 he came to the Frankfort Church (Ky), and was installed pastor in July, and remained until July, 1861, when the happy and very useful relation he sustained was interrupted by the breaking out of the Civil War. Mr. Lacy then returned to Virginia, and shortly afterward entered the Confederate army as chaplain at the headquarters of General "Stonewall" Jackson's Corps, of the Army of Northern Virginia.

"After the close of the war, Mr. Lacy served the church at Wytheville, Virginia, until 1865, when he removed to St. Louis, to take pastoral charge of the Pine Street Church of that city, which he served four years.

"In 1871 Dr. Lacy accepted the position of Superintendent of Missions for the Synod of Missouri, in which work he was eminently successful in building up and strengthening the Church throughout the bounds of the Synod.

In 1874 Dr. Lacy took pastoral charge of the church of Mexico, Missouri, where he remained about five years, when on account of impaired health he was led to resign. His health not permitting regular pastoral work, he took up his residence with his son in Sedalia, Missouri, from which place he supplied with great success a group of smaller churches, building them up into strong and flourishing congregations.

"In 1887 Dr. Lacy, having become a confirmed invalid, accompanied his son, who removed to Washington City, where he resided until his death, in November, 1900. Although confined to his bed and chair, unable to help himself in any way for these thirteen years, yet in this helpless condition he was wonderfully sustained and comforted by the Master, whom he had served so long and faithfully. His mind and memory through all these years of bodily weakness and suffering remained as bright and strong as in his best days, and it was a great privilege to hear from his lips his experiences of the goodness and mercy of God in all His dealings with him. As indicative of his wonderful memory of persons and events, the writer of this sketch, in a conversation with him a short time before his death, was asked many questions concerning the people of the Frankfort pastorate, and although forty years had elapsed, Dr. Lacy called the names of all the members of the families, including the children, large and small, of whose subsequent career he was desirous to know. Many incidents, some of minor importance, connected with the Frankfort pastorate and Dr. Lacy's life here, were vividly recalled by him, although they had long since passed from the memory of his auditor. For the people of this church, in which he had enjoyed such a pleasant and useful pastorate, he entertained to the last a lively interest and affectionate regard.

Research by — William Maury Morris II  Talk 03:24, 14 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Author talk:Beverly Tucker Lacy


text:
Page:Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë, 1846).djvu/114

104 Is rolling on its course of light

In endless bliss, through endless years;

I'll think, there's not one world above,

Far as these straining eyes can see,

Where Wisdom ever laughed at Love,

Or Virtue crouched to Infamy;

Where, writhing 'neath the strokes of Fate,

The mangled wretch was forced to smile;

To match his patience 'gainst her hate,

His heart rebellious all the while.

Where Pleasure still will lead to wrong,

And helpless Reason warn in vain;

And Truth is weak, and Treachery strong;

And Joy the surest path to Pain;

And Peace, the lethargy of Grief;

And Hope, a phantom of the soul;

And Life, a labour, void and brief;

And Death, the despot of the whole!

.

A WORD TO THE "ELECT."

may rejoice to think yourselves secure;

You may be grateful for the gift divine—

That grace unsought, which made your black hearts pure,

And fits your earth-born souls in Heaven to shine.


text: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell/How clear she shines


text: History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic (10th ed.)/Volume 1


text:
Page:Sacred Books of the East - Volume 15.djvu/61

1., desirous (of heavenly rewards), surrendered (at a sacrifice) all that he possessed. He had a son of the name of Nakiketas. 2. When the (promised) presents were being given (to the priests), faith entered into the heart of Nakiketas, who was still a boy, and he thought: 3. "Unblessed, surely, are the worlds to which a man goes by giving (as his promised present at a sacrifice) cows which have drunk water, eaten hay, given their milk , and are barren." 4. He (knowing that his father had promised to give up all that he possessed, and therefore his son also) said to his father: "Dear father, to whom wilt thou give me?"


text:
Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/41

Rh Page


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/42


text:
Page:Historical Essays and Studies.djvu/235

Rh King rejected the new demand, and when the Frenchman asked for another audience, he was told that the King's answer was final, and that he desired to hold no further parley on that subject. This is the famous insult of which so much was made in France, and which was the delight of Treitschke and of every Teutonic schoolboy. There was a very popular picture of the French ambassador, in gold lace and bareheaded, with the Prussian lackey shutting the door in his face. In reality the refusal was conveyed in courteous terms by Prince Radzivill, as who should say, the Duke of Northumberland. The schoolboy of to-day knows pretty well who invented the imaginary insult, and knows the extraordinary scene.

The withdrawal of Leopold, which had been suggested by the King himself, struck at the policy and prestige of Bismarck. He had carried the candidature through with all his energy, in spite of indifference in Spain, of reluctance in the house of Hohenzollern, of the universal disapproval of Europe. What he had prepared with such an expenditure of force and skill was now abandoned without a word, and without his assent. He had already forwarded Eulenburg to Ems to stiffen the back of the King; he now followed, intending to resign, or to try resignation. When he got to Berlin he had some friends to dinner; and although they were the two strongest men on earth, when they heard of the surrender of Ems they hung their heads, like Heine's grenadiers. Then came the second despatch, with the audience refused, and the situation was saved. The journey to Ems became unnecessary. He drew his long pencil and altered the text, showing only that Benedetti had presented an offensive demand, and the King had refused to see him. That there might be no mistake, he made this official by sending it to all the embassies and legations. Moltke exclaimed: "You have converted surrender into defiance." All three knew that war must follow. Bismarck asked how it would be. The Marshal answered, "Only let me command in France, and the devil may fetch this old carcase as soon as he likes." Roon was equally confident. Two days


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Page:Historical Essays and Studies.djvu/236

224 later, when the King arrived at the Potsdam terminus, he held the deciding council on the platform, surrounded by a throng of expectant officers. They saw the Chancellor put the telegram into his hands, saw him turn to his War Minister, and heard a grave voice say, "There is no difficulty. Everything is ready." So much so that he had only to sign an order lying on his desk before he went to bed, and he says in his Memoirs, that the ensuing fortnight, when the incessant battalions were springing into line, was the idlest of his life.

When the King at Ems read the despatch in the morning, he gave it to Eulenburg, saying, with emotion, "This is war," and he hurried to Berlin. At Paris it produced the same impression. Nevertheless, the peace party continued to prevail in the Government. They met at ten o'clock at night on the 14th, and still resolved not to call out the reserves. But at eleven a message was brought in which at once determined the declaration of war. They had borne the recall of Werther, the scene at Ems, the despatch recounting it, the communication to the Powers. Lebœuf could not remember what the decisive paper contained. Gramont declined to compromise the persons who sent it from Berlin to Vienna, or from Vienna to Paris. But he says that it proved Bismarck's resolution to fight, and so made a peace policy untenable.

On the 13th Loftus congratulated the Chancellor on the preservation of peace by the retirement of Prince Leopold. Bismarck replied that he was mistaken, that he meant to demand satisfaction for the language of Gramont—implying that it must be made clear that they yielded to the unanimous feeling of Europe, not to the threats of France. He said: "We must require some guarantee that we may not be subjected to a sudden attack, like a flash of lightning in perfect darkness, which suddenly reveals to sight a band of robbers." The despatch was printed in the Blue Book without these words. Gramont tells us that his text was fuller than that which Lord Granville published. Consequently he knew that Bismarck intended to provoke a conflict, and


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Page:Historical Essays and Studies.djvu/237

Rh called the Emperor and his Ministers a band of robbers. Discussion after that was silenced. Beust, who declared that he regarded French interests as his own, and would help as far as possible, transmitted this report from Vienna, and he sent his confidant, Count Vitzthum, from Brussels to Paris, to establish an understanding for purposes of war. Gramont stated afterwards that the visit of Vitzthum, which coincided with the calling out of the reserves, restored the friendly feeling towards Austria which her protest against the casus belli in the Hohenzollern affair had disturbed. Hohenzollern was out of the way, and Bismarck's action on the 13th constituted a challenge. It was a war against the union of Germany, and on that basis Austria stood by France. So that the responsibility rests not only with Bismarck, with Napoleon, the Empress, and Gramont, but with Count Beust and Francis Joseph. But whereas Napoleon depended on alliances, and satisfied questioning Ministers by opening a drawer and producing the letters from the Emperor of Austria and the King of Italy, the Duke de Gramont felt quite secure without them.


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Greville, Hon. Edward


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Greville, John Roger


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Grey, Sir George


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Griffith, Charles James


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Griffith, Hon. Sir Samuel Walker


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Griffiths, George Samuel


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Grimes, Right Rev. John Joseph


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Groom, William Henry


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Gudgeon, Lieutenant Thomas Wayth


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Guenett, Thomas Harbottle


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Guérard, Jean Eugene von


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Guilfoyle, William Robert


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Gullett, Henry


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Gunn, Robert Campbell


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Günst, Johannes Werner


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Gurner, Henry Field


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Gwynne, Edward Castres


text:
User:Harsh4101991

My name is Harsh Kothari.. For more info go to my native wikipedia .. Gujarati Wikipedia

title: User:Harsh4101991


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 the great Shepherd, who carried on his shoulders the sheep which he had lost and found. Many usages and institutions will be unintelligible, if we do not bear in mind their spiritual interpretation. Why, for example, was a church to be consecrated afresh, if the altar had been moved; but only its walls washed with salt, if the other parts of the building had been repaired, after having fallen? Ives de Chartres explains this by showing, that as the altar signified faith, its removal signified a loss of faith, which could only be repaired by a fresh reception of sacred mysteries; but the rest of the edifice when injured, and repaired, was only to be washed with salt, to show that by tears and penance, other sins were to be purged away. Thus, as he says, whatever was done in the temple made with hands, signified what ought to be done spiritually within us, that by the observance of visible sacraments, we might be led to the knowledge, and love of the invisible building. It may be remarked generally, that the church had nothing for mere ornament, but, like nature, all her rites had regard to use, as well as beauty. She loved symbols that were beautiful, but no unmeaning decorations. It is observable, also, that a vast number of loving harmonies, and sweet incidents, fruitful in sublime, poetical, and religious emotions, were produced by keeping this in mind, and doing things in consequence, simply and naturally; without attending to the part of mere formality or fancied decorum, but just as the bare need of the occasion required.”

It is, therefore, not unreasonable to believe, that the Church which “pressed into her service everything that could bring unity into a visible form,” did not neglect so important, and accessible a medium of instruction, as her material fabrics—and we know by the testimonies of Catholic writers, that she did not. We are not aware of any satisfactory reason, why that symbolism which it appears was once universally intelligible, should not be again understood. 'Tis is true, the materialism of our age militates against it; but we are not always, we hope, to labour under such debasing influence—and when we are removed from its trammels, we shall view the beauties of nature and art with new eyes. Nature and art will not then be looked upon merely to gratify the senses, but they will be books of spiritual meaning. “If thy heart were right, then every creature would be to thee a looking-glass of life, and a book of holy doctrine.”

We have seen that, in a general point of view, eccesiastical art is a symbolical language. It now becomes our duty to point out some examples in which this language is intelligible; and in doing so, it will be easy to show that fitness and expression are intimately connected with symbolism. By fitness, we understand propriety of arrangement, appropriate construction, and due proportion. By expression is understood the characteristic effect produced by the foregoing elements, and the appropriate treatment of detail and decorations, so that the character and destination of the edifice may be unmistakeable. And having made this examination, we shall find that in all these respects the works of the ancients were far superior to those of the moderns; that in the simplest and smallest church the principles of symbolism, fitness, and expression are as perfectly set forth as in the most magnificent cathedral, in proportion to its nature and extent.

From the earliest ages of the Christian church, it was deemed necessary, for the due solemnity of religious worship, that there should be a marked distinction between the place of the celebration of the sacred mysteries, and the place for the congregation of the worshippers. This feeling gradually produced the chancel for the former, which was so called from the cancelli, or railing, which divided it from the nave or place for the laity. Thus the chancel and the nave became the two essential parts of a church, without which the idea of a church cannot be maintained. To show the peculiar sanctity of the chancel, and its exclusive appropriation to the solemn services of religion and the ministers of the altar, the following admonitory text, or some other of the same meaning, was frequently written over the chancel arch or upon cancelli or screen:

“Intra cancellos laicus ne quisque moretur.”

In the cathedral and large conventual churches, the chancel received the name of choir, from the circumstance of the chorus cantorum, who sang the divine office, being placed there.

The position of the chancel or choir appears to have been almost invariably towards the east. There are, however, some exceptions to this general rule as a deviation from due east towards the north or south is often observable, which has been attempted to be explained by the supposition, that the chancel was turned towards that part of the east in which the sun rose on the festival of the saint under whose invocation the church was dedicated. The plan of the ancient church of St. Gallus, given in the Ecclesiologist, shows choirs at both the east and west ends. The most ancient churches in Ireland preserve the distinction of parts and orientation faithfully. Some of our very small churches indeed consist of a simple parallelogram, but they can be considered only as oratories or places of private devotion. That these arrangements of separation and orientation in the ancient churches conveyed symbolical meaning, we have the testimony of many liturgical writers of antiquity, by whom we are informed that the distinction of chancel and nave, besides the self-evident and natural symbolism of the distinction between the sacrifice, priests, and people, was also typical of the two states of the church spiritual—the triumphant and militant; that the chancel arch, with the representation of the Last Judgement over it, commonly called “the doom,” typified death, by which the triumphant was entered from the militant state; thus, in the well-regulated Christian mind, disarming “the King of Terrors” of his awful attributes.

The reasons for the orientation of churches, with some remarks upon the beautiful natural effects produced by this position, are thus given by Mr. A. W. Pugin :—

“A church should be so placed that the faithful face the east while at prayer. Such has been the practice of the church from the earliest period, and very few are the examples of any deviation from this rule. The chancel should consequently be turned towards the east; and all the altars in the church should be so placed, that the celebrant, while officiating, looks towards the same quarter.”

Independent of all Christians turing towards the same point, being a beautiful figure of the unity of the church, those learned writers, Durandus,


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Rh the taking of prisoners, and even of scalps. They maintained a series of graded war honors in the form of paint, styles of hair-cut, and finally, eagle feathers. Such ideals and customs were also prominent in all the outlying regions of lower culture, but particularly close parallels are observable in the Indians of our western plains.

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 in person at his first interview in 1782. After nearly three years of struggle for bread, Herschel was engaged by the Earl of Darlington to train the band of the Durham militia; and his playing of a violin solo by Giardini at Pontefract in 1760 so delighted Dr. Edward Miller (1731–1807) [q. v.] that he invited him to live with him at Doncaster, and procured for him pupils and conductorships in Wakefield and Halifax (, History of Doncaster, p. 162). Herschel paid a short visit to Hanover in April 1764, and in 1765 was appointed organist at Halifax, defeating competitors by the curious device of weighting the keys to increase the volume of sound. The anecdote is related on Dr. Miller's authority by Southey in the ‘Doctor.’ In 1766 he accepted the ‘agreeable and lucrative situation’ of organist to the Octagon Chapel at Bath, where for many years he directed concerts and oratorios, composed anthems, chants, and whole services, and gave music lessons. Of his compositions the ‘Echo’ catch alone was printed; those preserved in manuscript show no marked individuality.

Herschel, as he told Lichtenberg, had already ‘resolved to place all his future enjoyment’ in the pursuit of knowledge (Göttingische Magazin der Wissenschaften, iii. 4). The study of harmony had led him to mathematics, and he studied Latin, Italian, French, English, and Greek. After fourteen to sixteen hours' teaching he was wont to ‘unbend his mind’ with Maclaurin's ‘Fluxions;’ Smith's ‘Optics’ and Ferguson's ‘Astronomy’ were the companions of his pillow, and inspired his resolution ‘to take nothing upon trust.’ He hired a small reflector, being unable to afford a larger one, bought the tools and patterns of a quaker optician, and with his brother Alexander's help set himself, in 1773, to construct his own instruments. By ‘unremitted endeavours,’ and after two hundred partial failures, the 5½-foot Gregorian was produced, with which, on 4 March 1774, he observed the Orion nebula. The record is preserved at the Royal Society (Journal, No. 1). His twofold ambition was ‘to carry improvements in telescopes to their utmost extent,’ and ‘to leave no spot of the heavens unexamined.’ In 1775 the first of his large reflectors was erected on a grass plot behind his house near Walcot turnpike, and a review of the heavens executed with a Newtonian of 4½ inches aperture. These attempts prompted further exertions; during the intervals of a concert he might be seen running, still in lace ruffles and powder, from the theatre to the workshop. On one occasion, to avoid impairing its form, he polished a speculum without intermission during sixteen hours. In 1780 he removed to a larger house at 19 King Street, and here, on 13 March 1781, in the course of a second review of the heavens, the planet Uranus was discovered. He was then in his forty-third year. Its detection as an object with a small disc was due to the perfection of the seven-foot Newtonian reflector employed. Herschel at first took it for a comet (Phil. Trans. lxxi. 492), but when its true character became known, designated it, in honour of George III (, Hist. Roy. Soc. ii. 146 n.), the ‘Georgium Sidus.’

His first printed paper was an answer in the ‘Ladies' Diary’ for 1780 (p. 46) to a prize question on the vibration of strings; in December 1780, on the invitation of Sir William Watson [q. v.], he joined the Philosophical Society of Bath, contributing several papers to its unpublished ‘Transactions;’ he communicated to the Royal Society on 11 May 1780 ‘Astronomical Observations on the Periodical Star in Collo Ceti’ (Phil. Trans. lxx. 338), and on 11 Jan. 1781 a striking paper on ‘The Rotation of the Planets’ (ib. lxxi. 115). The discovery (then without a parallel) of a new planet was acknowledged by the bestowal of the Copley medal a few days previous to his election into the Royal Society on 6 Dec. 1781. In the spring of 1782 he received a royal summons to bring his instruments to London, when their superiority over those at Greenwich was shown by direct comparison. On 25 May 1782 he had an audience with George III at Buckingham House; on 2 July he exhibited his telescope before the royal family, to the great delight of the king, who was finally induced by Sir Joseph Banks to confer upon him a private appointment as court astronomer, with a salary of 200l. a year.

On 1 Aug. 1782 he removed with his sister Caroline [q. v.] to a large, dilapidated house at Datchet, exchanged in June 1785 for Clay Hall, near Windsor, and that again, on 3 April 1786, for the house and garden at Slough, afterwards known as ‘The Herschels’—‘le lieu du monde,’ Arago wrote, ‘où il a été fait le plus de découvertes.’ Relieved from the ‘intolerable waste of time’ of teaching music, Herschel displayed to the full his prodigious activity. His ‘sweeping’ operations were commonly pursued, regardless of temperature, from dark till dawn. In the course of his third ‘review of the heavens’ in 1783, he often observed four hundred objects, some of them with great care, in a single night. He is stated to have once worked and observed without rest during three days and nights, sleeping at the end


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 twenty-six hours at a stretch. One mirror was never removed from the tube for repolishing until another was ready to take its place, and Miss Herschel relates that ‘the last night at Clay Hall was spent in sweeping till daylight, and by the next evening the telescope stood ready for observation at Slough.’ Many evenings were occupied in transporting telescopes to and from the Queen's Lodge for the purpose of gratifying royal curiosity with views of the heavenly bodies; meetings of the Royal Society were attended when the moon was in the way; funds were supplied by the sale of telescopes. Herschel's polishing machine was perfected in 1788. Before 1795 he had made 200 seven-foot, 150 ten-foot, and 80 twenty-foot, besides a multitude of smaller mirrors. The king paid him six hundred guineas apiece for four ten-foot telescopes, one of them a present for the university of Göttingen, which Herschel delivered personally in July 1786, when he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Göttingen, and spent three weeks with his family at Hanover. For a twenty-five-foot telescope, ordered in 1796 for the Madrid observatory, he eventually received 3,150l.; from the Prince of Canino in 1814 2,310l. for a ten-foot and a seven-foot. Innumerable minor commissions were executed. (For the prices of his telescopes see, Jahrbuch, 1788, p. 254; , Monatliche Correspondenz, 1802, p. 56; and manuscript Letter Book, pp. 135, 167.)

Herschel pursued meantime with incredible ardour his great object of enlarging telescopic powers. Untoward accidents marred in 1781 his attempts to obtain a thirty-foot mirror; one of forty feet was, however, with the aid of a royal grant of 2,000l., begun at Clay Hall in 1785. His felicity was now complete. He seemed to Miss Burney ‘a man without a wish that has its object in the terrestrial globe.’ She describes him as ‘perfectly unassuming’ yet ‘openly happy’ in his success (, Diary, August 1786).

The discovery, on 11 Jan. 1787, of two Uranian satellites (‘Oberon’ and ‘Titania’), consequent upon the economy of light effected by discarding the small mirror of his twenty-foot (Phil. Trans. lxxvii. 125), determined Herschel to construct his new instrument on the Herschelian or front-view plan. The first great speculum was put into the tube at Slough on 19 Feb. 1787, but proved too thin. A second, cast on 26 Jan. 1788, cracked in cooling. A third was figured by 24 Oct., but not to the satisfaction of its maker, who continued working at it for ten months longer. At the first instant of turning it upon Saturn, on 28 Aug. 1789, a sixth satellite (‘Enceladus’) was detected, and a seventh (‘Mimas’) on 17 Sept. following (ib. lxxx. 10).

A second sum of 2,000l. was in August 1787 granted by George III for the completion of the giant reflector, besides an allowance of 200l. a year for repairs. The tube was 39 feet 4 inches long; the mirror, of 49½ inches diameter, weighed 2,118 pounds. An inclination of about three degrees caused it to throw the image slightly to one side of the tube, where the eye-piece was fixed, the observer standing with his back to the sky. Ladders fifty feet high led to a platform, whence he communicated by means of speaking-tubes with his assistants. Before the optical parts were finished, Miss Herschel narrates, many visitors walked through the tube. Among them was George III, who helped on the Archbishop of Canterbury, saying, ‘Come, my lord bishop, I will show you the way to heaven.’ The definition of this instrument, at first superb, probably fell off later. Since, with a magnifying power of 1,000, it could be made available in England only during about one hundred hours in the year, Herschel estimated that eight hundred years would be needed for a review with it of the whole heavens. The last object upon which it was turned, on 19 Jan. 1811, was the Orion nebula. For thirty-nine years longer it stood with its scaffolding, as represented on the seal of the Royal Astronomical Society, and continued to be designated as a landmark on the Ordnance Survey map of England. But on New-year's eve 1839 a ‘Requiem’ composed by Sir John Herschel was sung by his assembled family within the tube, which was then rivetted up, and laid horizontally on three piers in the garden at Slough, where it still remains, the great speculum adorning the hall of ‘The Herschels.’

Before the completion of the great reflector Slough had become a place of scientific pilgrimage. Piazzi, Lalande, Cassini, Méchain, Legendre, besides princes and grand dukes without number, paid their personal respects to the great astronomer. Von Magellan wrote an interesting account of his methods of observation (Berliner Astr. Jahrbuch, 1788, p. 162); the king of Poland sent him his portrait; the empress of Russia desired specifications of his telescopes; academic distinctions came from all quarters. The university of Edinburgh in 1786, and that of Glasgow many years later, conferred upon him honorary degrees of LL.D.; the American Philosophical Society, the Société Hollandaise, the Academies of Paris, Dijon, Berlin, St. Petersburg, and Stockholm opened


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 their doors to him; he was elected in 1802 a foreign member of the French Institute. He was created in 1816 a knight of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic order, received the freedom of the city of Glasgow, and his name stands first on the list of presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Herschel married, on 8 May 1788, Mary, only daughter of Mr. James Baldwin, a London merchant, and widow of Mr. John Pitt, by whom she had one son, who died early. She was of a most amiable character, and her jointure relieved Herschel from all pecuniary care. Their only child, John Frederick William Herschel [q. v.], was born on 7 March 1792.

Herschel was a witness for James Watt [q. v.] in the case of Watt v. Bull in 1793, and paid him a visit at Heathfield in 1810. At Paris, in July 1802, he made acquaintance with Laplace, and had an interview with the First Consul. A severe illness in the spring of 1807 permanently impaired his strength, and he was thenceforth obliged to take frequent intervals of rest at Bath, Dawlish (as the guest of Sir William Watson), London, Yorkshire, and Scotland. At Brighton, in September 1813, he met the poet Campbell, who was charmed with his simplicity, kindness, and readiness to explain. ‘He is seventy-six,’ says Campbell, ‘but fresh and stout. … Speaking of himself, he said, with a modesty of manner which quite overcame me …, “I have looked further into space than ever human being did before me. I have observed stars, of which the light it can be proved must take two millions of years to reach this earth”’ (, Life of Campbell, ii. 234).

Herschel vainly attempted to repolish the four-foot speculum in 1814. As his physical weakness increased his sunny spirits became overcast, his intellect remaining, however, clear to the end. The long series of his communications to the Royal Society closed in his eightieth year, on 11 June 1818, with a paper on the telescopic sounding of space-depths (Phil. Trans. cviii. 429); but he sent to the Astronomical Society, three years subsequently, the places of 145 additional double stars (Memoirs Royal Astron. Soc. i. 166). The latest of his extant autographs is a note, in tremulous character, to his sister, announcing, on 4 July 1819, the appearance of a great comet. He died of bilious fever, on 25 Aug. 1822, in his eighty-fourth year, and was buried in the church of St. Laurence at Upton, near Slough. A mural tablet is inscribed with an epitaph composed by Dr. Goodall, provost of Eton. Lady Herschel died on 6 Jan. 1832, aged 81.

Dr. Charles Burney (1726–1814) [q. v.] speaks strongly of Herschel's social charm and fidelity to his friendships. One of the few hints to be found as to his religious sentiments occurs in an unpublished letter of 27 Feb. 1794, where he says that ‘it is certainly a very laudable thing to receive instruction from the great workmaster of nature, and for that reason all experimental philosophy is instituted’ (Letter Book, p. 201). Music was his favourite recreation; and the vivid enjoyment with which he presided over the gatherings of performers at his house is still traditionally remembered.

The animated expression of Herschel's countenance is well rendered in Abbott's portrait of him at the age of fifty, now in the National Portrait Gallery. A drawing from it by his granddaughter, Lady Gordon, was published in Mrs. John Herschel's ‘Memoir of Caroline Herschel.’ His bust was taken by Lockie in 1787 for Sir William Watson, and a likeness of him, painted by Artaud in 1819, is in the possession of Herschel's grandson, the present baronet.

Herschel's family affections were unusually strong. He threw aside absorbing pursuits at Bath to seek for a younger brother, who had run away from home. He provided for his sister Caroline, and paid her mother for the loss of her services. He supported, for some years previous to his death, Alexander Herschel, his skilful mechanical assistant. Dr. Burney read aloud to Herschel, in 1797–1799, the whole of his ‘Poetical History of Astronomy,’ which, his ‘aversion to poetry’ notwithstanding, obtained his approval. His literary preference was for the prose of Swift. The prolonged succession of Herschel's discoveries and speculations were laid before the Royal Society in sixty-nine memoirs, forming an aggregate unmatched for originality, inventiveness, and power. In nearly every branch of modern physical astronomy he was a pioneer. He was the virtual founder of sidereal science. As an explorer of the heavens he had but one rival, his son. His ‘reviews of the heavens’ afforded him a harvest of 2,500 nebulæ, where 103 had been previously known. He initiated the classification, and indicated a law of distribution of these objects relative to the Milky Way, distinguished the peculiarities of ‘planetary’ and ‘ring-nebulæ’ and ‘nebulous stars,’ and described the occurrence, with an ‘abundance exceeding all imagination,’ of ‘diffused nebulosities’ covering some 152 square degrees of the heavens (Phil. Trans. ci. 275). His views as to the nature of nebulæ underwent a remarkable change. From the ‘resolving’ effects upon many of them of his great telescopes, he at first concluded all to be ‘com-


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 posed of stars more or less remote’ (ib. lxxix. 212). But the consideration of the ‘typical nebulous star’ in Taurus (Gen. Cat. No. 810) convinced him in 1791 ‘that the nebulosity about the star is not of a starry nature’ (Phil. Trans. lxxxi. 73), but due to the presence of a ‘shining fluid,’ the material likewise of nebulæ of the planetary and diffused kinds, including the Orion nebula. The truth of this inference was demonstrated spectroscopically seventy-three years later. It formed the starting-point for the still dominant theory of stellar development elaborated by him in two memorable papers read before the Royal Society on 20 June 1811 and 24 Feb. 1814 respectively (ib. ci. 269, civ. 248).

‘A knowledge of the construction of the heavens,’ Herschel wrote in 1811, ‘has always been the ultimate object of my observations’ (ib. ci. 269). Its pursuit led him, in Professor Holden's words, to ‘perhaps the grandest scientific conception that has entered the mind of man’ (Life of Herschel, p. 212). The idea of penetrating to the limits of star-filled space, of staking down its boundaries, mapping and surveying it, was of astounding boldness; it was carried out with the patient ardour characteristic of his genius. The method of ‘star-gauging,’ described in 1784 (ib. lxxiv. 445), consisted in counting the number of stars visible in the same telescopic field in different directions, and thence estimating the comparative extent in those directions of the system they form. Its application over 3,400 fields, embracing nearly fifty thousand stars, ‘merely as an example to illustrate the method,’ led him to conclude our sun to belong to a ‘compound nebula’ of a branching form, represented in section by the ‘cloven disc’ sketch (ib. lxxv. 266), since rendered familiar by reproduction. But the principle of star-gauging depended for its validity upon an assumed equable distribution of the stars in space, which, as Herschel was foremost to perceive, did not exist. In 1802 he dwelt on the clustering tendency of Milky Way stars (ib. xcii. 496), twelve years later the hypothesis of ‘equal scattering’ was finally abandoned, and the ‘breaking up of the Milky Way’ under gravitational influences declared to be already far advanced (ib. civ. 282). He did not, however, attempt to replace his superseded ground-plan of the universe, which indeed he seems to have regarded as approximating to its primitive condition. In the memoirs of 1817 and 1818 (ib. cvii. 302, cviii. 429) he dealt with the problem of the ‘universal arrangement in space’ of stars and clusters, introducing, for the purpose of determining relative distances, the ‘equalisation of starlight’ by means of ‘limiting apertures;’ but his arguments involve the inadmissible postulate of a general equality of real stellar lustre.

His discovery of mutually revolving stars was closely connected with his researches into sidereal structure. As a preliminary to attacking by the ‘differential’ method the problem of stellar parallax, and so obtaining a unit of absolute measurement for the stellar system, he early began to collect suitable pairs, and presented to the Royal Society on 10 Jan. 1782 his first catalogue of 269 double stars (ib. lxxii. 112). A quarter of a century's observation enabled him, on 9 June 1803, to define many of them as ‘real binary combinations’ (ib. xciii. 340). In all the six pairs instanced, orbital motion has been confirmed. The occultation of one of the stars of ζ Herculis was observed by him in 1802; he detected the ‘double-double’ character of ε Lyræ (ib. xciv. 373), and noted the contrasted colours of certain pairs. The study of stellar chromatics may indeed be said to have begun with him. He discovered altogether over eight hundred double stars, measuring their ‘angles of position’ by means of the ‘revolving wire micrometer’ invented for the purpose (ib. lxxi. 500), and their angular distances apart with his ‘lamp micrometer.’

Herschel never possessed a transit instrument or ‘equatoreal.’ His telescopes were slung on a scaffolding which rolled on circular rails. They gave consequently only approximate places of the objects he discovered. ‘Designed,’ as Bessel wrote in 1843, ‘to aid vision to the utmost, they were of little use for purposes of measurement. He aimed at acquiring knowledge, not of the motions, but of the constitution of the heavenly bodies, and of the structure of the sidereal edifice’ (Abhandlungen, iii. 470). His discovery in 1783 of the translation of the solar system towards a point in the constellation Hercules (Phil. Trans. lxxiii. 268) was an exception. No more brilliant feat of divinatory genius is on record than his assignment, from the scanty materials at his disposal, of an ‘apex’ for the sun's path within a few degrees of that arrived at by the most refined modern investigations. He returned to the subject in 1805 (ib. xcv. 233) in an essay which, ‘for sustained reflection and high philosophic thought,’ is, in Professor Holden's opinion, ‘to be ranked with the researches of Newton in the “Principia.”’

Stellar photometry took its rise from Herschel's invention of the ‘method of sequences.’ His four ‘Catalogues of comparative brightness for ascertaining the Permanence of the Lustre of Stars’ (1796–9) were rendered