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AVING hurried through Puebla as rapidly as possible, giving ourselves but half the time we should have taken earlier in the trip to inspect that old, historic city, its churches and its ruins, and the interesting country surrounding it, we left on the 23d of December for Orizaba. Mr. Fitch was placed under the care of Col. Geo. M. Green as a military and moral precaution, and sent off in advance by the regular diligence which left at 2, and the rest of the party, accompanied by Señor Bossero, the commissioner sent out to Guadalajara by the Mexican Government to escort Mr. Seward through the entire Republic, left at sunrise in a special coach. Miss Parkman, daughter of an American thirty-two years resident in Guanajuato and married to a Mexican lady, had joined the party at the City of Mexico to go home with Mr. Seward, to remain a year and learn the English language, of which she was, up to the time of our arrival, entirely ignorant.

The morning air was chilly and raw when we left Puebla, and for the first time since leaving Manzanillo, we saw a fog hanging over the landscape. This fog came from the Gulf of Mexico, and was, we were told, the effect of a Norther blowing down the coast.

After a time it lifted, and rolled up the mountains in thin wreaths of snowy vapor, which softened the


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 After the flight crew made an initial sighting of Guam, Korean Air flight 801 encountered instrument meteorological conditions as the flight continued on its approach to Guam International Airport. Although flight 801 likely exited a heavy rain shower shortly before the accident, the flight crew was still not able to see the airport because of the presence of another rain shower located between Nimitz Hill and the airport. By not fully briefing the instrument approach, the captain missed an opportunity to prepare himself, the first officer, and the flight engineer for the relatively complex localizer-only approach and failed to provide the first officer and flight engineer with adequate guidance about monitoring the approach; therefore, the captain's approach briefing was inadequate. The captain's expectation of a visual approach was a factor in his incomplete briefing of the localizer approach. For flights conducted at night or when there is any possibility that instrument meteorological conditions may be encountered, the failure to fully brief an available backup instrument approach compromises safety. The Korean Air airport familiarization video for Guam, by emphasizing the visual aspects of the approach, fostered the expectation by company flight crews of a visual approach and, by not emphasizing the terrain hazards and offset DME factors, did not adequately prepare flight crews for the range of potential challenges associated with operations into Guam. The challenges associated with operations to Guam International Airport support its immediate consideration as a special airport requiring special pilot qualifications.
Although the captain apparently became confused about the glideslope's status, the flight crew had sufficient information to be aware that the glideslope was unusable for vertical guidance and should have ignored any glideslope indications while executing the nonprecision localizer-only approach.

Navigation receivers, including glideslope receivers, may be susceptible to spurious radio signals.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 The captain may have mistakenly believed that the airplane was closer to the airport than its actual position; however, if the captain conducted the flight's descent on this basis, he did so in disregard of the DME fix definitions shown on the approach chart. As a result of his confusion and preoccupation with the status of the glideslope, failure to properly cross-check the airplane's position and altitude with the information on the approach chart, and continuing expectation of a visual approach, the captain lost awareness of flight 801's position on the instrument landing system localizer-only approach to runway 6L at Guam International Airport and improperly descended below the intermediate approach altitudes of 2,000 and 1,440 feet, which was causal to the accident. The first officer and flight engineer noted the ground proximity warning system (GPWS) callouts and the first officer properly called for a missed approach, but the captain's failure to react properly to the GPWS minimums callout and the direct challenge from the first officer precluded action that might have prevented the accident. The first officer and flight engineer failed to properly monitor and/or challenge the captain's performance, which was causal to the accident. Monitored approaches decrease the workload of the flying pilot and increase flight crew interaction, especially when experienced captains monitor and prompt first officers during the execution of approaches. The captain was fatigued, which degraded his performance and contributed to his failure to properly execute the approach. Korean Air's training in the execution of nonprecision approaches was ineffective, which contributed to the deficient performance of the flight crew. U.S. air carrier pilots would benefit from additional training and practice in nonprecision approaches during line operations (in daytime visual conditions in which such a practice would not add a risk factor).
The Combined Center/Radar Approach Control controller's performance was substandard in that he failed to provide the flight crew with a position advisory when he cleared the flight for the approach, inform the flight crew or the Agana tower controller that he had observed a rain shower on the final approach path, and monitor the flight after the frequency change to the tower controller.

Strict adherence to air traffic control procedures by the Combined Center/Radar Approach Control controller may have prevented the accident or reduced its severity.

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 If the ARTS IIA minimum safe altitude warning system had been operating as initially intended, a visual and aural warning would have activated about 64 seconds before flight 801 impacted terrain, and this warning would have likely alerted the Combined Center/Radar Approach Control controller that the airplane was descending below the minimum safe altitude for that portion of the approach. Sixty-four seconds would have been sufficient time for the Combined Center/Radar Approach Control controller to notify the Agana tower controller of the low-altitude alert, the tower controller to convey the alert to the crew of flight 801, and the crew to take appropriate action to avoid the accident. The Federal Aviation Administration's quality assurance for the minimum safe altitude warning system was inadequate, and the agency's intentional inhibition of that system contributed to the flight 801 accident. A substantial portion of the delayed emergency response was caused by preventable factors. The delayed emergency response hampered the timely evacuation of injured persons, and at least one passenger who survived the initial impact and fire might not have died if emergency medical responders had reached the accident site sooner. Improved formal coordination among Guam's emergency response agencies has not been implemented, and off-airport drills to identify and correct deficiencies in disaster response planning before an accident occurs have still not been conducted in the more than 2 years since the flight 801 accident. Actions taken by Guam's emergency response agencies after the accident have been inadequate because they failed to ensure that emergency notifications and responses would be timely and coordinated. Controlled flight into terrain accident awareness and avoidance training is an important accident reduction strategy and should be mandatory for all pilots operating under 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 121.

By providing vertical guidance along a constant descent gradient to the runway, the use of on-board flight management system- and/or global positioning system-based equipment can provide most of the safety advantages of a precision approach during a nonprecision approach.

The safety of executing a nonprecision approach using the constant angle of descent, or stabilized descent technique, would be enhanced by adding to approach charts the cross-referenced altitudes versus distance from the airport.

Terrain depiction on the profile view of approach charts could result in increased flight crew awareness of significant terrain on the approach path.

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 Valuable user group reviews of proposed new instrument procedures are hampered by the format in which the information is disseminated; thus, user groups may not be able to effectively evaluate whether a procedure is safe, accurate, and intelligible. At the time of the flight 801 accident, there were underlying systemic problems within Korean Air's operations and pilot training programs that indicated the need for a broad safety assessment of these programs.|The Korean Civil Aviation Bureau was ineffective in its oversight of Korean Air's operations and pilot training program. The Federal Aviation Administration's International Aviation Safety Assessment program (which evaluates a foreign civil aviation authority's ability to provide adequate oversight for its air carriers) is not adequate to determine whether foreign air carriers operating into the United States are maintaining an adequate level of safety.|An independent accident investigation authority, charged with making objective conclusions and recommendations, is a benefit to transportation safety.It is critical that thorough documentation of the information recorded by a flight data recorder be available for foreign- or U.S.-registered air transport airplanes that fly into or out of the United States.

The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the captain's failure to adequately brief and execute the nonprecision approach and the first officer's and flight engineer's failure to effectively monitor and cross-check the captain's execution of the approach. Contributing to these failures were the captain's fatigue and Korean Air's inadequate flight crew training.

Contributing to the accident was the Federal Aviation Administration's intentional inhibition of the minimum safe altitude warning system at Guam and the agency's failure to adequately manage the system.

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As a result of the investigation of the Korean Air flight 801 accident, the National Transportation Safety Board makes recommendations to the Federal Aviation Administration, the Governor of the Territory of Guam, and the Korean Civil Aviation Bureau.

To the Federal Aviation Administration:

Require principal operations inspectors assigned to U.S. air carriers to ensure that air carrier pilots conduct a full briefing for the instrument approach (if available) intended to back up a visual approach conducted at night or when instrument meteorological conditions may be encountered. (A-00-7)

Consider designating Guam International Airport as a special airport requiring special pilot qualifications. (A-00-8)

Disseminate information to pilots, through the Aeronautical Information Manual, about the possibility of momentary erroneous indications on cockpit displays when the primary signal generator for a ground-based navigational transmitter (for example, a glideslope, VOR, or nondirectional beacon transmitter) is inoperative. Further, this information should reiterate to pilots that they should disregard any navigation indication, regardless of its apparent validity, if the particular transmitter was identified as unusable or inoperative. (A-00-9)

Conduct or sponsor research to determine the most effective use of the monitored approach method and the maximum degree to which it can be safely used and then require air carriers to modify their procedures accordingly. (A-00-10)

Issue guidance to air carriers to ensure that pilots periodically perform nonprecision approaches during line operations in daytime visual conditions in which such practice would not add a risk factor. (A-00-11)

Develop a mandatory briefing item for all air traffic controllers and air traffic control (ATC) managers, describing the circumstances surrounding the performance of the Combined Center/Radar Approach Control controller in this accident to reinforce the importance of following ATC procedures. (A-00-12)

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 Require that all air carrier airplanes that have been equipped with on-board navigational systems capable of providing vertical flightpath guidance make use of these systems for flying nonprecision approaches whenever terrain factors allow a constant angle of descent with a safe gradient. (A-00-13)

Require, within 10 years, that all nonprecision approaches approved for air carrier use incorporate a constant angle of descent with vertical guidance from on-board navigation systems. (A-00-14)

Include, in nonprecision approach procedures, tabular information that allows pilots to fly a constant angle of descent by cross-referencing the distance from the airport and the barometric altitude. (A-00-15)

Evaluate the benefits of depicting terrain and other obstacles along a specific approach path on the profile view of approach charts and require such depiction if the evaluation demonstrates the benefits. (A-00-16)

Provide user groups, along with Federal Aviation Administration Form 8260, draft plan and profile views of instrument procedures to assist the groups in effectively evaluating proposed new procedures. (A-00-17)

Consider the accident and incident history of foreign air carriers as a factor when evaluating the adequacy of a foreign civil aviation authority's oversight and whether a reassessment may be warranted. (A-00-18)

To the Governor of the Territory of Guam:

Form, within 90 days, a task force comprising representatives from all emergency response agencies on the island, including the appropriate departments within the government of Guam, Federal Aviation Administration, Guam International Airport Authority, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Coast Guard, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and all other affected agencies, to define and coordinate emergency notification and response procedures to ensure that timely emergency notifications are made to all local and Federal agencies according to need, location, and response time capability. (A-00-19)

Require periodic and regularly scheduled interagency disaster response exercises, including an off-airport aircraft accident scenario, in addition to those response drills already required at Guam International Airport in accordance with 14 Code of Federal Regulations Section 139.325. (A-00-20)

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To the Korean Civil Aviation Bureau:

Require Korean Air to revise its video presentation for Guam to emphasize that instrument approaches should also be expected and describe the complexity of such approaches and the significant terrain along the approach courses and in the vicinity of the airport.(A-00-21)

BY THE NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD

JAMES E. HALL Chairman

ROBERT T. FRANCIS II

JOHN A. HAMMERSCHMIDT Member

JOHN J. GOGLIA Member

GEORGE W. BLACK, JR. Member

January 13, 2000

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Investigation

The Safety Board was initially notified of this accident about 1200 eastern standard time on August 5, 1997 (about 0300 Guam local time on August 6). A full go-team was assembled and departed that evening from Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland for Fairchild Air Force Base in Washington. At Fairchild, the team boarded another airplane and arrived in Guam about 0830 Guam local time on August 7, 1997. Accompanying the team to Guam was Board Member George Black.

The following investigative teams were formed: Operations, Human Performance, Aircraft Structures, Aircraft Systems, Powerplants, Maintenance Records, Air Traffic Control, Survival Factors, Aircraft Performance, Meteorology, and Search/Fire/Rescue. Specialists were also assigned to conduct the readout of the flight data recorder (FDR) and transcribe the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) in the Safety Board's laboratory in Washington, D.C. The initial CVR transcript was produced in English. However, the CVR group subsequently produced a more detailed transcript in both the English and Korean languages.

Parties to the investigation were the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA); Korean Air Company, Ltd.; Boeing Commercial Airplanes Group; Pratt & Whitney; the National Air Traffic Controllers Association; and Serco Aviation Services, Inc. Assistance was also provided by the U.S. Navy and emergency response personnel in Guam.

In addition, an official from the Korean Civil Aviation Bureau (KCAB) was designated as the Korean Accredited Representative in accordance with the provisions of Annex 13 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Further, two air safety investigators from Australia's Bureau of Air Safety Investigations participated in the investigation as technical observers.

Hearing

A public hearing was conducted for this accident on March 24 through 26, 1998, in Honolulu, Hawaii. Presiding over the hearing was Vice Chairman Robert Francis. Parties to the public hearing were the FAA; Serco Aviation Services; Korean Air; Guam Civil Defense, Fire Department, and Police Department; U.S. Navy; International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Controlled Flight Into Terrain Steering Committee; AlliedSignal; Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.; and the Air Line Pilots Association.

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The following is a transcript of the Fairchild model A-100A CVR installed on Korean Air flight 801 (a Boeing 747-300, HL7468), which crashed while approaching Guam International Airport on August 6, 1997.

The CVR transcript reflects the final 31 minutes 1 second of the accident flight. Times are expressed in coordinated universal time (UTC time), which is 10 hours behind Guam local time. Only radio transmissions to and from the accident airplane were transcribed. Items that were stated either partially or completely in the Korean language are shown as two entries. The first, in bold type, is translated into the English language. The second is typed as if it were spoken in Korean and/or English. Items with only one entry were spoken entirely in English.

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 * colspan=4|START of RECORDING
 * colspan=4|START of TRANSCRIPT
 * 1511:42
 * colspan=4|START of TRANSCRIPT
 * 1511:42
 * 1511:42

 * }

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 * colspan=4|1542:32.53 END of RECORDING
 * colspan=4|END of TRANSCRIPT
 * }
 * colspan=4|END of TRANSCRIPT
 * }
 * }

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text:
Page:Our Philadelphia (Pennell, 1914).djvu/565

Rh Colonial houses, 6, 36, 73, 158, 282, 297, 298, 382, 443, 445, 460, 496, 518, 526, 529 Colonial life and society, 6, 443 Colonists, 495 Colonnade (hotel), 148 Columbia (College), 364 Comegys, Mrs., school, 258 Complete Cookery (Miss Leslie), 423-430 Concord (Mass.), 347-348 Coney Island, 213 Conflans (convent), 175 Congress Hall, 522 Connor, Mrs., social leader, 147 Contemporary Club, 352 Continent, Our, 252, 293 Continental (hotel), 148 Convent, 27, 31, 34, 36, 47, 55, 59, 63, 67, 68, 72 sq., 104, 117, 126, 133-137, 175 sq., 205, 238, 241, 258, 368, 372, 373, 374, 451 Convent at Paris, 222 Cooper, Colin Campbell, 396 Cope, Walter, architect, 407 Copley, John Singleton, 389 Country Clubs, 152, 162, 447, 494-496 Courts (of law), 468, 500 Cox, Kenyon (painting), 246 Cramp's shipyard, 228, 477 "Crazy Norah," 27, 35, 375 Crowe, Joseph Archer, 402 Cruikshank drawings, 375 Curtis Publishing Co. Building, 355 Cushman, Charlotte, 68

Dana, William P. W., artist, 393 Dancing Class, 138, 139, 143-145, 147, 148, 157, 182, 184, 203, 254, 260, 304, 316, 503 Darlington butter, 440 Darlington, J. G. & Co., 125, 456 Darwin, Charles, 242 Daughters of Pennsylvania, 219, 221 Davenports, the (actors), 64 Davis, Clarke, 246 Davis, Mrs. Rebecca Harding, 336 Davis, Richard Harding, 336 Day, Frank Miles, architect, 407 Declaration of Independence, 158, 214, 227, 253, 267, 418, 419 Decorative Art Club, 399 Delaware River, 278, 294, 308, 455 Dexter's, 35, 88, 126, 456 Dickens, Charles, 6, 59, 375, 427 Dickinson, Jonathan, 15, 313 Dillaye, Blanche, 396 Domestic Economy (Miss Leslie), 428 Drama-Reforming Societies, 352 Dreka Co. (engraver), 125, 148, 151, 456 Drew, Mrs. John (actress), 68 Drexel, Anthony J., 342 Drexel Institute, 405 Duclaux, Mme (Mary Robinson), 260 Duke of Westminster's collection (art), 406 Dundas house, 42, 108, 459 Dutch descent, 219 Dutch in New York, 16 Dutch Jew, 467

Earle's, 125 Eastern Shore, Maryland, 219, 245, 246 Eberlein, Harold Donaldson, 6, 361 Education, Board of, 257 Eleventh Street, 34, 48 Eleventh and Spruce (streets), 44, 47, 48 sq., 94, 102, 104, 314, 427, 430 Eliot, George, 401 Eliphas, Levi, 242 Elkins art collection, 406 Ellwanger, G. H., 424 Elwood, Thomas, 15, 308 Episcopal Academy, 143, 162, 181, 258, 455 Head Master of, 181 Episcopalians, 176, 177, 183, 187 Evening Telegraph, 246, 341 Ewing, Miss Julia, 341 Exposition, Centennial, 205-232 Eyre, Wilson, 407

Fabiola, 59 Fairmount Park, 64, 129, 173, 210, 213, 281, 299, 444, 486, 496, 521, 533, 534, 538 Fairmount Water-Works, 299, 533 Faith Gartney's Girlhood, 59, 335 Ferris, Stephen, 394 Fildes, Luke, 231


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The Flight Safety Foundation Approach and Landing Accident (ALA) Reduction Task Force made several recommendations to support each of its study's nine conclusions (see section 1.18.3.1 for more information). The conclusions and recommendations are as follows:

Conclusion 1: Establishing and adhering to adequate standard operating procedures (SOP) and crew resource management (CRM) processes will improve approach and landing safety.

Recommendations:
 * States should mandate, and operators should develop and implement, SOPs for approach and landing operations.
 * Operators should develop SOPs that permit their practical application in a normal operating environment. The involvement of flight crews is essential in the development and evaluation of SOPs. Crews will adhere to SOPs that they help develop and understand.
 * Operators should implement routine and critical evaluation of SOPs to determine the need for change.
 * Operators should provide education and training that enhance flight crew decision-making and risk (error) management.
 * Operators should develop SOPs regarding the use of automation in approach and landing operations and train flight crews accordingly.

 * There should be a clear policy in all operators' manuals regarding the role of the pilot-in-command (PIC) in complex and demanding flight situations. Training should address the practice of transferring pilot-flying duties during operationally complex situations.

Conclusion 2: Improving communication and mutual understanding between air traffic control (ATC) services and flight crews of each other's operational environment will improve approach and landing safety.

ATC recommendations:
 * Introduce joint training programs that involve both ATC personnel and flight crews to promote mutual understanding of such issues as procedures, instructions, operational requirements, and limitations; improve controllers' knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of advanced-technology flight decks; and foster improved communications and task management by pilots and controllers during emergency situations.
 * Ensure that controllers are aware of the importance of unambiguous information exchange, particularly during in-flight emergencies. The use of standard ICAO phraseology should be emphasized.

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 *Implement procedures that require immediate clarification or verification of transmissions from flight crews that indicate a possible emergency situation.
 * Implement procedures for ATC handling of aircraft in emergency situations to minimize flight crew distraction.
 * Implement, in cooperation with airport authorities and rescue services, unambiguous emergency procedures and common phraseology to eliminate confusion. *Develop, jointly with airport authorities and local rescue services, emergency training programs that are conducted on a regular basis.

Flight crew recommendations:
 * Verify understanding of each ATC communication and request clarification when necessary.
 * Report accurately, using standard ICAO phraseology, the status of abnormal situations and the need for emergency assistance.

Conclusion 3: Unstabilized and rushed approaches contribute to ALAs.

Recommendations:
 * Operators should define the parameters of a stabilized approach in their flight operations manuals, including at least the following: intended flightpath, speed, power setting, attitude, sink rate, configuration, and crew readiness.
 * Company policy should state that a go-around is required if the aircraft becomes destabilized during the approach.
 * The implementation of certified constant angle, stabilized approach procedures for nonprecision approaches should be expedited globally.
 * Flight crews should be trained on the proper use of constant angle, stabilized approach procedures. Flight crews should also be educated on approach design criteria and obstacle clearance requirements.

 * Flight crews should "take time to make time" when the cockpit situation becomes confusing or ambiguous, which means climbing, holding, requesting vectors for delaying purposes, or performing a missed approach early.

Conclusion 4: Failure to recognize the need for and to execute a missed approach, when appropriate, is a major cause of ALAs.

Recommendations:
 * Company policy should specify well-defined go-around gates for approach and landing operations. Parameters should include visibility minima required before proceeding past the final approach fix or the outer marker, assessment at the final approach fix or the outer marker of crew and aircraft readiness for the approach, and minimum altitude at which the aircraft must be stabilized.

 * Companies should declare and support no-fault go-around and missed approach policies.

title: Page:KAL801Finalreport.pdf/224


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 Conclusion 5: The risk of ALAs is higher in operations conducted during low light and poor visibility, on wet or otherwise contaminated runways, and with the presence of optical physiological illusions.

Recommendations:
 * Flight crews should be trained in operations involving these conditions before being assigned line duties.
 * Flight crews should make operational use of a risk assessment tool or checklist to identify approach and landing hazards. Appropriate procedures should be implemented to mitigate the risks.
 * Operators should develop and implement constant angle, stabilized approach procedures to assist crews during approach operations.
 * Operators should develop and implement a policy for the use of appropriate levels of automation of navigation and approach aids for the approach being flown.

Conclusion 6: Using the radio altimeter as an effective tool will help prevent ALAs.

Recommendations:
 * Education is needed to improve crew awareness of radio altimeter operation and benefits.
 * Operators should install radio altimeters and activate "smart callouts" at 2,500, 1,000, and 500 feet; the altitude set in the decision height window; and 50, 40, 30, 20, and 10 feet for better crew terrain awareness.
 * Operators should state that the radio altimeter is to be used during approach operations and specify procedures for its use.

Conclusion 7: When the PIC is the pilot flying and the operational environment is complex, the task profile and workload reduce the flying pilot's flight management efficiency and decision-making capability in approach and landing operations.

Recommendations:
 * Operators should develop a clear policy in their manuals defining the role of the PIC in complex and demanding flight situations.
 * Training should address the practice of transferring pilot flying duties during operationally complex situations.

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 Conclusion 8: Collection and analysis of in-flight parameters (for example, flight operations quality assurance programs) can identify performance trends that can be used to improve the quality of approach and landing operations.

Recommendations:

 * Flight operations quality assurance should be implemented worldwide along with information-sharing partnerships, such as the Global Analysis and Information Network, British Airways Safety Information System, and FAA Aviation Safety Action Programs. Examples of flight operations quality assurance benefits (safety improvements and cost reductions) should be widely publicized.
 * A process should be developed to bring flight operations quality assurance and information-sharing partnerships to regional airlines and business aviation.

Conclusion 9: Global sharing of aviation information decreases the risk of ALAs.

Recommendations:

 * Deidentification of aviation information data sources should be a "cardinal rule" in flight operations quality assurance and information-sharing processes. Public awareness of the importance of information sharing must be increased through a coordinated, professional, and responsible process.

The Flight Safety Foundation ALA task force said that its conclusions and recommendations "must be translated into industry action" according to the following principles:

 * cohesiveness across all aviation sectors and regions to participate jointly in the implementation process and
 * commitment to a significant awareness campaign that will ensure availability of this information to participants in approach and landing operations worldwide so that they can play a part in improving safety within their "spheres of influence."

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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pézenas

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pézenas


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pewter

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pewter


text:
Author:Malcolm Bell (1850-1925)

Works

 * Pewter plate
 * Old pewter
 * The Drawings of Sir E. J. Poynter, Bart., P.R.A. (1905)
 *  Sir Edward Burne-Jones in series Miniature Series of Painters (1901)

title: Author:Malcolm Bell (1850-1925)


text:
Page:Old Melbourne Memories.djvu/52

 Messrs. Aplin were there, having taken it up a year before. The stock-yard was more substantial, as became a cattle station. Our hosts were cultured and refined people, not long from England; like myself, enthusiastic about pastoral pleasures and profits. All our work lay ahead. How bright was the outlook! how dim and distant the shoals and quicksands of life's sea! We sat long into the night, talking a good deal of shop, not wholly unmingled with higher topics. I remember we decided that cattle stations were to improve in value, and ultimately lead to a competence. How little could we foresee that the elder brother was to die as resident magistrate at Somerset—an unborn town in an unknown colony—and the younger, after nearly thirty years' unsuccessful gold-mining, from Suttor's Mill to Hokitiki, was to make a fortune in tin at Stanthorpe! That the writer—bah! "Fate's dark web unfolded, lying," did not keep him from the soundest sleep that night; and we again made a successful morning start.

The start was good, but the day was discouraging. The cattle were safe enough in the new yard, though rather bedraggled after twelve hours of mud up to their knees. However, there was water enough where they were going to wash them up to the horns, and the grass was magnificent. The rain came down in a way that was oppressive to our spirits. The sky was murky; the air chilling. Our whips soon became sodden and ineffective. My companion had a bad cold, which deprived him of all of his voice and most of his temper. The dog Dora would hardly bark. Worse than all, the track

title: Page:Old Melbourne Memories.djvu/52


title: Template:ItSS1923


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Inglis, James


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Hart End, and of St. George's Church, Beckenham. He died at 148 Bond Street, London, on 29 March 1859. Hart published: 1. 'Twenty-six Hymns,' oblong 4to, for the use of the congregation of Essex Street Chapel, 1820 (?) 2. 'Anthems,' dedicated to Crotch, 1830. 3. A' Jubilate' by him, with a 'Te Deum,' 1832, which gained the first of the yearly Gresham prizes (a gold medal) in December 1831. 4. An oratorio, 'Omnipotence'—first performed under his own direction at the Hanover Square Rooms on 2 April 1839, the composer conducting—published in pianoforte score; Mendelssohn was among the subscribers. 5. 'Sacred Harmony,' a collection of hymns set to the music of various composers, including some of his own, 1841 (?) 6. 'Congregational Singing,' with chants, 1843.

 HART, GEORGE VAUGHAN (1752–1832), general, born in 1752, was fifth in descent from General Henry Hart, military governor of Londonderry and Culmore forts in the seventeenth century. He became in 1775 an ensign in the 46th foot, and was engaged in the American war. In 1776 he joined the forces at Cape Fear, North Carolina, and served as aide-de-camp to Major-general Vaughan in the unsuccessful attack on Charlestown. He was engaged under Sir William Howe in the battles on Long Island, and at the attack and capture of several of the adjacent forts. His regiment passed the winter at Amboy, and was employed in escort service. In the next year he sailed in Lord Howe's fleet to Chesapeake Bay, and was present at the battles of Brandywine Creek (11 Sept. 1777) and Germantown (4 Oct. 1777). He was promoted lieutenant in 1777, and during the following winter while stationed at Philadelphia was employed in the fortification of the town. He was present at the battle of Monmouth, and afterwards joined in the expedition under General Grey which destroyed the stores and fortifications of New Haven, Connecticut. Between 1778 and 1779 Hart was engaged in active service in the West Indies. In 1779 he was made a captain. The rest of his military life was devoted to service in India, where he was present at the taking of Bangalore, at the three sieges of Seringapatam, as well as many other minor affairs, including the battle before Seringapatam on 15 May 1791, when his horse was killed under him, and that of Mullavelly in 1798. On the acquisition of the province of Canara in 1799 he was appointed to command it. The year before he had been made a colonel, and after his return home he was placed on the staff in Ireland, and made major-general 1 Jan. 1805, and lieutenant-general in 1811. He was also commander of the northern district and governor of Londonderry and Culmore. He represented Donegal county in parliament from 23 Oct. 1812 till the dissolution of 1831. Hart died at his seat at Kilderry, Donegal, 14 June 1832. He married Charlotte, daughter of John Ellerker of Ellerker, in 1792, and by her had five sons and three daughters.

 HART, HENRY (fl. 1549), was author of 1. 'A Godly New short treatyse instructyng every parson howe they shulde trade theyr lyves in the Imytacyon of Vertu, and the shewing of vyce, and declaryng also what benefyte man hath receaved by christe, through the effusyon of hys most precyous bloude' (Robert Stoughton), 1548, 16 mo, (Brit. Mus.); and 2.' A Godly exhortation to all such as professe the Gospell, wherein they are by the swete promises therof provoked and styrred up to followe the same in living, and by the terrible threats feared from the contrary,' London (John Day and William Seres), 1549, 8vo.

 HART, HENRY GEORGE (1808–1878), lieutenant-general, author, editor, and proprietor of 'Hart's Army List,' belonged to the old Dorsetshire family of Hart of Netherbury. His father, Lieutenant-colonel William Hart (who served in the royal navy, Dorsetshire militia, 111th foot, &c.), went out to the Cape in 1819, and died there in 1848. Henry George, the third son, born on 7 Sept. 1808, accompanied his father to the Cape, and was on 1 April 1829 appointed ensign in the 49th foot, then stationed in the colony. His regimental service was passed in the 49th. His subsequent commissions were: lieutenant, 19 July 1832; captain, 1 Dec. 1842; major, 15 Dec. 1848; lieutenant-colonel, 30 May 1856; colonel, 27 Dec. 1860; major-general, 6 March 1868, and lieutenant-general, 4 Dec. 1877. On joining the service Hart was remarkable for the assiduity with which he applied himself to his profession and his thirst for military information. At that period, except in the volumes of Philippart's 'Royal Military Calendar' of 1820, then some time out of print, there was no collective account, official or otherwise, of the war services of distinguished


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The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Scolithus

SCOLITHUS, a supposed fossil burrowing worm of the arenicola family, whose long vertical holes are very common in the Potsdam sandstones, of the lower Silurian period. These holes, now filled with rocky material, were for a long time believed to be the

of a fucoid plant, and afterward until recently to indicate the existence of a long marine worm, which inhabited the sanda not far below tide level. The most common form has been named S. linearis, and, whatever it be, is one of the earliest fossils. Since attention has been paid to the habits of sponges, especially to those of cliona and its allies, which mine and perforate shells, some palæontologists are disposed to attribute the scolithus marks to these rather than to marine worms. Sponges are known to have existed at the period of the Trenton limestone, next above the Potsdam sandstone, and it is highly probable that most if not all of those burrows are due to ancient mining sponges.


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 Madencilik San've Tic As (Ber-Ober), was granted a 30-year concession to operate Albania's copper industry on a build-operate-transfer basis. The concession included mines and processing facilities in the Lezhe, Midrite, and Puke Districts. Ber-Ober planned to invest about $24.5 million in Albania's copper industry (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001a, p. 17).

Between 1994 and 1996, there was a hiatus of steel production at the Elbasan steelworks, which virtually had been abandoned during the 1990s. Some production resumed in 1997, 1998, and 1999, which amounted to 20,533 t, 19,527 t, and 4,813 t, respectively. In 1999, operations and management at Elbasan came under control of Kurum Steel Co. of Turkey under a 20-year lease agreement with the Government of Albania. By the beginning of 2000, production at Elbasan had risen to more than 10,000 metric tons per month from less than 10,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001, p. 18). In 2000, Kurum's operations at Elbasan were based on two 15-t electric arc furnaces, a third electric arc furnace being converted to a ladle furnace, and one ladle furnace. In addition, Kurum operated a 250,000-t/yr billet caster, a 20,000-t/yr medium sections mill, a 180,000-t/yr bar and 30,000-t/yr wire rod mill, and a 10,000-t/yr merchant bar mill. Total finished carbon steel capacity at Elbasan in 2000 was 240,000 t/yr. Scrap steel raw materials were imported from Turkey and Ukraine. Target markets included Kosovo (Ayers, 2000).

The privatization and sale of the Fushe-Kruje cement plant for $12.5 million in April was among the major events in the industrial minerals sector during the year (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001a, p. 12, 15). The plant reportedly had production capacity of 150,000 t/yr of cement. The new owner RMC-ECF (a United Kingdom-Lebanese consortium) instituted an investment program to raise the capacity to meet 45% of domestic needs, thereby reducing imports. Recent cement output has not exceeded the 243,000 t produced in 1995, and imports have ranged from 500,000 to 600,000 t/yr. Facility expansion was expected to be completed in 2001. In 1997, the Lebanon-based cement trading and producing concern Seament Holding S.A.L. acquired a 70% stake in the Elbasan Cement Factory and 70% in United Quarries, which operated an adjacent limestone quarry. Facility expansion also was planned at the Elbasan plant, which would include the installation of a new 500,000-t/yr dry process clinker kiln. The project would include the possible participation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; financing could range between $15 million and $18 million (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001a, p. 12, 15).

Albania's energy production was based on coal, hydropower, natural gas, and petroleum production. The output of such mineral fuels as natural gas and petroleum, however, was central to the country's future developmental plans. The country's reported recoverable reserves of petroleum amounted to about 550 million metric tons. The state petroleum- and natural-gas-producing company Albpetrol Ltd. was reorganized in 1999 into three commercial companies—APC (the new official designation of Albpetrol), which was in charge of petroleum production; Servcom Sh.A., which was in charge of handling services; and Armo, which was in charge of refining and marketing (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001a, p. 17). With the participation of the World Bank and the Government of Italy, Armo was the first to be privatized in 2001. Most of the Albania's petroleum was extracted at Berat and Fier in the south-central and southwestern parts of the country, respectively. The major refineries were at Ballsh, which had capacity of 1 Mt/yr, and at Fier, which had capacity of about one-half that of Ballsh. The Ballsh refinery indicated plans to start the production of lead-free refined gasoline in 2001. Three other refineries with a cumulative capacity of 1 Mt/yr were capable only of primary processing.

Another major activity in the petroleum sector involved a memorandum of understanding that was signed during the year relative to the construction of a trans-Balkan pipeline that would extend from Burgas on the coast of Bulgaria through the city of Skopje in Macedonia to the port of Vlore in Albania. The Burgas Vlore Pipeline was projected to be about 913 kilometers long and have a total cost of $1.13 billion. The pipeline would be built and operated by the U.S.-based consortium Albanian, Macedonian, and Bulgarian Oil Corp. Financing would be based on bank credits from international financial institutions (about $60 million), and the balance, from the sale of company shares. Construction was scheduled to start in 2001 and to be completed in 2005. The pipeline was intended to carry 750,000 barrels per day of petroleum from Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union from the Black Sea to western European markets.

Bosnia and Herzegovina's mineral resources with associated mining and processing facilities remained divided within the country's two administrative zones—the Federation of Bosnian Moslems and Croatians (FBC), which formed one entity (about 51% of Bosnia and Herzegovina), and the Republika Srpska (RS) with a predominantly Serbian population, which formed the other entity (49%). In 2000, the process of reintegrating the two zones continued to show little progress.

The economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina continued to be difficult to gauge owing to the lack of uniform reporting by each side to the Agency for Statistics in Sarajevo. The growth rate of the country's GDP for 1999, which continued to be driven by transfers from abroad and by capital inflows, was revised to 7% from the 10% reported earlier (Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2000, p. 36). A similar GDP growth rate in 2000 was expected but would be contingent on continued financial assistance from the international community, which continued to focus its efforts on the development of a market economy and the reconstruction of Bosnia and Herzegovina's postwar industry and infrastructure (U.S. Agency for International Development, 2000a).

Industrial production in the FBC rose by 8.8% in 2000 compared with that of 1999. The energy sector, which represented about 35% of the value of industrial output (coal production and electric power), accounted for most of this increase. Overall, mining output, which accounted for more than 10% of total industrial production, rose by about 10.4% in 2000 compared with that of 1999. In the FBC, coal was produced in the Tuzla and the Zenica regions with most of the output earmarked for the Kakanj and the Tuzla powerplants. The FBC accounted for about 80% of total resources of brown coal and for about 60% of the lignite in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bauxite and alumina were produced in the southern and western areas of the FBC, and aluminum was 2.2


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 smelted in Mostar. Lead and zinc ore has been produced at Olovo and Vares, but the mining status of these operations was uncertain in 2000. Iron ore production was centered at Jablanica and Vares, and that of manganese ore, at Bosanska Krupa.

The FBC was the only producer of steel in Bosnia and Herzegovina. BH Steel Co. Zenica produced pig iron and carbon steel; additional cold-rolled steel and pipe was produced at Unis in Sarajevo. In 2000, major activities in the steel sector included a contract awarded to Danieli SpA of Italy by BH Steel to supply a new 100-t electric arc furnace and to modernize an existing light section mill.

The FBC also had exploitable resources of barite, gypsum, magnesite, and rock salt. The levels of output of these as well as other mineral commodities, however, were not fully clear in 2000.

In the RS, industrial production increased by 5.6% in 2000 compared with that of 1999. The increase was buoyed largely by an 8.6% increase in the output of raw materials, of which nonferrous metals and base chemicals reportedly recorded the largest increase in production (Köhl, 2001). All branches of the minerals industry (mining to semimanufactures), however, represented about 20% of total industrial output.

Bauxite deposits of regional importance were worked at Vlasenica and Zvornik in the eastern RS and near Banja Luka in the northwestern RS. Although the RS was not a producer of aluminum, alumina was refined at Zvornik for export. Lead and zinc were mined at Srebrenica. Substantial deposits of nickel also had been worked at the Vardiste Mines near Visegrad. Although complete data on mineral production have been scarce, the latest data (1998) on capacity utilization suggest a low level of production within the minerals industry sector of the RS. In ferrous metals mining and beneficiation, nonferrous metals mining, and nonferrous metals production, capacity utilization amounted to about 20%, 5%, and 8%, respectively. Capacity utilization for total downstream metalworking amounted to about 61%. Capacity utilization in industrial minerals mining and processing had fallen to about 14% and 3%, respectively. In the cement, concrete, and sand production branches, capacity utilization amounted to 24%. Coal production and petroleum-refining branches reported having attained capacity utilization levels of 59% and 26%, respectively (U.S. Agency for International Development, 2000b, p. 48–54).

The modernization and privatization of the mineral industries in both halves of Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as the establishment of reliable markets continue to be essential for their long-term viability.

Petroleum production and refining remained the chief components of Croatia's minerals industry. Small quantities of ferrous and nonferrous metals and industrial minerals were produced, mainly for domestic needs.

In 2000, following a year of economic stagnation, Croatia's GDP grew by 3.5%, and industrial production, by about 1.7%. The total value of output of the mining and quarrying sector increased by 1.8%, of which the value of petroleum output increased by 2%. The output of petroleum refinery products, base metals, and processed industrial minerals rose by 5.4%, 4.4%, and 4.1%, respectively.

Major activities in the oil and gas sector included the Government's plan to privatize Croatia's state-owned oil company Industrija Nafte d.d. Zagreb (INA) in 2002. INA operated domestic oilfields and gasfields southeast of Zagreb near the Hungarian border and along the Adriatic coast. The country's primary source of petroleum came from imports via the Adria pipeline that runs from Omisalj on the Adriatic coast toward Sisak (refinery) to the east and then northward towards Hungary. About two-thirds of the crude oil consumed by Croatia was imported from oilfields that INA operated under contract in Angola, Egypt, and Russia. New offshore Adriatic deposits were under development and exploitation through a joint venture with ENI of Italy (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001, p. 13). Also, INA's Sisak refinery began to ship petroleum refinery products to Serbia and Montenegro in October shortly after the cancellation of the international embargo. Other developments involved Jadranski Naftovod, d.d. Zagreb (JANAF), in which INA held a 38% stake. In October, JANAF and Russia concluded an agreement that called for Yukos of Russia to participate in the modernization of the Adria pipeline and its linkage with Yukos's Druzhba pipeline, which supplies Central Europe with petroleum. The project would allow Yukos to transport crude petroleum to the port of Omisajl in Croatia for loading onto tankers (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001b, p. 13).

Croatia's production of metals was based mainly on domestic and imported secondary raw materials. With the exception of crude steel, the output of which fell by nearly 8%, the production of aluminum semimanufactures (output of primary aluminum declined slightly) and ferroalloys registered recovery in 2000. Ferroalloy (ferrochromium) production resumed following a break in output in 1999.

Jadranska Zelejzara Split on the Adriatic coast and SP MK Zeljezare Sisak d.d. in Sisak composed the country's steel industry. Major activities in the iron and steel industry in 2000 included a contract Jadranska awarded to Voest Alpine Industrieanlagenbau of Austria to modernize Jadranska's operations. The renovation of Jadranska would cost about $10 million and include the installation of a new electric arc furnace, a two-stand Concast billet caster, and a rolling mill. The new electric arc furnace, which would replace two older furnaces, was scheduled for startup in September 2001 and would have a design capacity of 81,000 t/yr. Total steel production capacity at Jadranska was to be about 170,000 t/yr (Metal Bulletin, 2000a). Other issues in the steel industry involved the European Union's (EU) imposition of a definitive 23% duty on imports of Croatian seamless pipe and tube in response to findings of dumping by the European Commission. This measure replaced the imposition of a provisional 31.2% duty by the EU in 1999 (Burgert, 2000).

There was a rise in output in the industrial minerals sector. The cement industry, which helped drive the quarrying of industrial minerals used in construction saw production increase by more than 3% compared with that of 1999. Foreign investment by a United Kingdom-based consortium in Dalmacija Cement, which amounted to $48.01 million, mainly was earmarked to convert operations from fuel oil to coal and petroleum-based coke.

The outlook for Croatia's economy and minerals industry, as well as for that of the other republics of the former Yugoslavia, is captive to political and social stabilization in the region. THE MINERAL INDUSTRIES OF THE ADRIATIC BALKANS-2000


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The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Macedonia) showed strong recovery from the economic downturn that followed the Kosovo conflict of 1999. The GDP increased by 5.1% compared with that of 1999. The industrial minerals and construction material branches of industry were major contributors to this rebound, which mainly was caused by demand generated by reconstruction efforts in neighboring Kosovo. Freer access to markets in the EU also helped improve the country's economic performance in 2000 (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001, p. 2-5). In 2000, industry and mining accounted for 21.1% of Macedonia's GDP. Compared with that of 1999, the increase in the total value of industrial production exceeded 5%, of which the output of coal, iron and steel, nonferrous ores and metals, and construction materials accounted for 2.1%, 4.3%, 4.8%, and 5.1% respectively (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001, p. 12).

The Government of Macedonia remained committed to developing the country's market economy system as well as promoting foreign investment. In 2000, foreign investment was represented almost in all branches of the minerals industry.

Macedonia produced a range of metals that included copper, ferroalloys, lead, silver, steel products, and zinc. The country's secondary aluminum industry centered on Alumina A.D. in Skopje, which had the capacity to produce 20,000 t/yr of billets and 12,000 t/yr of semimanufactures. The denationalization of major enterprises in the metals branch had important results during the year. The Skopje-based Feni-Rudnici i Industrija za Nikel, Celik i Antimon (FENI), which produced mainly ferronickel, was acquired by Societe Commerciale de Metaux et Mineraux (SCMM) of France for $2.25 million. FENI was 1 of 12 loss-making Macedonian enterprises that were determined to be suitable for closure or sale by the International Monetary Fund. Earlier in the year, Glencore International AG of Switzerland and other commercial enterprises had conducted negotiations with the Government to purchase FENI, which did not prove successful. The terms of SCMM's acquisition of FENI included a purchase price of $2.25 million and a commitment to invest a further $36 million in FENI's operation (Cahners Business Information, 2000; Hope, 2000). The Government of Macedonia also sold 82% of shares of the country's principal mine producer of copper Bucim, Rabotna Organiziacija za Rudarstvo i Metalurgija za Baker's (Bucim) (246,270 shares at $6.06 per share) through the Macedonian Stock Exchange. Bucim operated a mine and mill near Radovis. Other enterprises that were slated for sale or closure included ferroalloy producer Jugohrom, Hemijsko-Elektrometalurski Kombinat and the lead and zinc mining, beneficiation, and smelting complex Prepobotuvacki, Kombinat Zletovo-Sasa (Hope, 2000). Steel was produced at AD Makstil (a subsidiary of Duferco). Duferco had made investments that included upgrading the steel plant's continuous casters and electric arc furnaces and the installation of a ladle furnace. In 2000, Makstil reported that the production of heavy plate exceeded 240,000 t.

Macedonia also produced such industrial minerals as bentonite, feldspar, gypsum, sand and gravel, and stone (carbonate and silicate), as well as cement and other construction materials that were based on domestic quarried products. About 20% of mine output of industrial minerals was consumed domestically; the balance was exported mainly to other Balkan countries, the EU, and Russia. In 2000, important activities in this branch, including its downstream construction materials group, included a planned sale of Mermeren Kombinat Prilep, which was the country's largest producer of marble, to I. Kiriakidis S.A. of Drama, Greece. The Cyprus-based consortium Balkcem Ltd. (comprising Titan Cement S.A. of Greece and Holderbank Group of Switzerland) invested $30.7 million in A.D. Cementarnica USJE (USJE) for facility modernization to reduce costs and to increase environmental protection. To help achieve the latter, Balkcem, which had acquired 86.4% of USJE's shares in 1998, planned to discontinue USJE's production of asbestos and asbestos cement in 2001 (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, 2000).

Coal and petroleum constituted about 52% and 15%, respectively, of total fuel sources at electric power generators. Most coal (lignite) was from domestic mining; however, all natural gas and petroleum had to be imported. Major foreign investment in the energy sector was accomplished in late 1999 with the purchase of OKTA A.D., Macedonia's sole petroleum refinery. In addition to the $32 million purchase price, Hellenic Petroleum S.A. indicated that it would allocate an additional $40 million for the modernization of the refinery. In December, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development indicated approval of a $50 million loan to help finance the Thessaloniki-Skopje crude petroleum pipeline. The proposed pipeline, which would carry 2.5 Mt/yr of petroleum, was expected to reduce transportation costs of petroleum to Macedonia. Additionally, the proposed pipeline, which would extend from the Greek port of Thessaloniki to its OKTA terminus, was considered to be a better environmental alternative to the existing rail and trucking petroleum delivery route that follows the Vardar River, which also is a wildlife habitat (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001, p. 17).

Serbia and Montenegro began the year facing a major effort to rebuild roads, electric power stations, steel mills, and other industrial plants and infrastructure that had been heavily damaged during the Kosovo conflict of 1999. Additionally, bridges that had been destroyed by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) air campaign remained effective obstacles to normal international freight traffic, which included a significant amount of mineral raw materials, on the Danube River.

Despite continuing economic sanctions imposed by the international community and the loss of effective political and economic control of Kosovo (with resources of nickel, lead, and zinc ores, coal, and production facilities for lead and zinc, ferronickel, and tin-plate, as well as a substantial portion of lignite-producing mines), the economy of Serbia and Montenegro rebounded from the sharp decline of 18% in the GDP in 1999. In 2000, the country's GDP rose by 7%, and industrial production, by 12% compared with those of 1999 (Serbia and Montenegro Federal Statistical Office, 2001, p. 4).

The yearend results of the minerals industry generally showed improvement in performance compared with those of 1999. The value of output levels attained in 2000 in the mineral fuels branch showed increases of 8%, 11%, and 6% for coal, oil and gas, and oil derivatives, respectively; iron and steel, industrial 2.4


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 (nonmetallic) minerals, and nonferrous metals branches recorded 152%, 38%, and 7% increases in output, respectively, compared with 1999 production levels (Serbia and Montenegro Federal Statistical Office, 2001, p. 4). A comparison of output with prewar mineral production levels achieved in 1998, however, underscores a far less than full recovery.

The gross weight of mine output of lead and zinc and copper ores was 52% and 35%, respectively, below respective output levels achieved in 1998; the production of refined lead, silver, copper, and zinc, fell short by 95%, 78%, 52%, and 42%, respectively. In the nonferrous metals branch, only alumina, aluminum, and bauxite operations, which are in Montenegro, registered substantial gains compared with 1998 in terms of physical production levels, largely because of favorable treatment that was accorded to Montenegro's economy by the European Commission. Aluminum, alumina, and aluminum hydroxide were the only products that would be allowed entry into the EU from Serbia and Montenegro duty free (Metal Bulletin, 2000c). To meet prospective export opportunities, Montenegro's Podgorica smelter (managed by Glencore) announced plans to decrease idle capacity at the plant and to lower production costs (Reuters Ltd., 2000a). Such subsidiary semimanufacturing operations as rolling mills, casting plants, and other similar facilities were to be offered for sale during the year (Metal Bulletin, 2000b).

Exports of most nonferrous metals and nonferrous metal semimanufactures registered increases in 2000, albeit not at the levels of aluminum and its alloys. Major issues in the nonferrous metals industry remained centered on the Bor and the Trepca mining, beneficiation, smelting, and refining complexes for copper and lead and zinc, respectively. Rudarsko Topionicki Bazen's Bor mining, beneficiation, and smelting complex, which accounted for all of Serbia and Montenegro's mine, smelter, and refinery output of copper production, was the subject of domestic and international scrutiny and concern about the alleged smuggling of gold recovered from copper mining to foreign metals markets (Smith, 2001). Kosovo-based Rudarsko-Metalursko-Hemijski Kombinat za Olovo i Cink Trepca (Trepca), which had operated only the lead plant fed by stockpiled concentrates since resuming operation in July 1999, was seized by NATO forces. According to NATO spokespersons, the objective of the seizure was to bring the smelter into compliance with environmental regulations (Mining Journal, 2000; Reuter Ltd., 2000b). NATO authorities, however, promised to keep and pay the Trepca workforce at their current (2000) salary levels despite a modernization program that could take several years (Maguire, 2000). Trepca also had been a producer of such associated metals as antimony, bismuth, cadmium, gold, and silver.

The gross weight production, in order of processing, of crude steel, pig iron, and steel semimanufactures fell short of their 1998 production levels by 28%, 32%, and 58%, respectively. In 2000, the Yugoslav Iron and Steel Federation commissioned Usinor Consultants of France to study ways to raise the competitiveness of Serbia and Montenegro's steel industry. As part of an overall rationalization strategy, Usinor urged a rapid privatization of the Sartid AD Smederevo integrated steel mill in Serbia and Zeljezra Niksic AD in Montenegro. Near-term plans for facility expansion at Sartid also included the installation of a 150,000-t/yr galvanizing line and a new continuous caster, as well as a pulverized coal injection system in the No. 2 blast furnace. Plans at Zeljezara Niksic included the installation of a new electric arc furnace, a new continuous casting unit, and a new ladle furnace.

The situation for industrial and mineral fuels was not dissimilar to that of the metals; most commodities in 2000 were substantially below their 1998 output levels, with the exception of bentonite, brown coal, gypsum, lime, quartz sand, and salt, which showed increases. A negotiated lease by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo of the Sharr cement plant (near the Macedonian border) to Holderbank Financière Glaris Ltd. was one of the salient events in the industrial minerals branch. Under the terms of the lease, Holderbank would invest about $16.4 million in the Sharr cement plant to modernize production and to institute environmental protection and health and safety standards. The full operation of the 600,000-t/yr Sharr cement plant and attendant quarries, whose production included clay, limestone, and marl, also would help stabilize employment in the region.

At yearend, striking coal miners in Serbia helped bring about a recognition of election results by the Government. Political and economic stability in the region, however, appears to be a long-term prospect.

Slovenia's minerals industry produced a modest range and minor quantities of mineral commodities that included coal, natural gas, petroleum, and a variety of industrial minerals. The country relied heavily on imports of fossil fuels, ferrous and nonferrous ores and metals, and other mining and quarrying products.

With well-developed systems of transportation and modern telecommunications, Slovenia had one of the more technically advanced industrial bases of the republics of the former Yugoslavia. Chemicals, electronics and telecommunications, and retail were the sectors with highest rates of growth (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001, p. 3). In 2000, the performance of the country's economy remained positive, given the increase in the GDP of 4.25% compared with that of 1999; the total value of industrial production rose by 6.2%. The output and fabrication of metals showed combined gains in excess of 12%. The mining and quarrying share of industrial output, however, declined by 2.7%, as did that of industrial mineral products, which declined by 3.6%. Also, a substantial decline of production of processed mineral fuels (primarily coke and petroleum refinery products) was noted.

With the exception of nonferrous metals, whose value of imports continued to match that of exports, Slovenia depended heavily on imports for almost all mineral commodities. According to the latest available trade data (1999), this dependency, valued in U.S. dollars, increased for most commodity groups in 1999 compared with that of 1998. In 1999, the net value of imports of gold (nonmonetary), metal ores and scrap, and iron and steel increased by 70%, 11.5%, and 1.2%, respectively. Net imports of industrial mineral goods rose by about 5.7%. With respect to mineral fuels, the combined net import value of coal, coal briquettes, and coke increased by about 63%, but that of crude and refined petroleum declined by about 17% compared with those of 1998 (Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2000, p. 390-391).

The Government continued to promote the country's transition process to a market economy system. The Energy Act THE MINERAL INDUSTRIES OF THE ADRIATIC BALKANS-2000


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 was adopted in 1999 to promote privatization and stimulate foreign investment in the energy sector. Major activities in the energy sector included a program of modernization at the Krsko nuclear powerplant, which Slovenia jointly owns and operates with neighboring Croatia (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001, p. 14).

In 2000, salient activities in the steel industry included the addition of a new automated quality inspection line at INEXA Store Ltd., which was valued at $1.2 million. INEXA also planned to modernize the plant's rolling mills. SZ Jeklo Store d.o.o. was privatized in 1999 and acquired by INEXA Group of Sweden. Additionally, a new forging line was added at the SZ Ravne d.o.o. steel mill; the new line replaced an older unit to produce bar sections, flat sections, and other products from all grades of steel.

Important activities in the nonferrous metals industry included the planned facility expansion at Slovenia's aluminum smelter Kidricevo Talum d.o.o. that would increase production capacity to about 155,000 t of primary and secondary aluminum by 2002 from about 100,000 t in 2000. Talum obtained outside financing for the project (a new pot room) that amounted to $76 million in addition to its own capital. Talum also planned to produce 117,000 t of aluminum in 2001 (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001, p. 14).

Cement, clays, dimension stone, and silica products were among the industrial minerals produced in Slovenia. Consumption of cement and other construction materials continued to increase, which, in turn, would further increase demand for other industrial minerals as well as for steel and other base metals. If Slovenia should join the EU, then this trend may well accelerate with developmental emphasis being placed on rail and road infrastructure.

2.6
 * Ayers, Joanne, 2000, A light at the end of the tunnel: Metal Bulletin Monthly, August, no. 356, p. 70–71.
 * Burgert, Philip, 2000, EU imposes duties on pipe and tube: New York, Cahners Business Information press release, 1 p.
 * Cahners Business Information, 2000, Macedonia makes 2 metal sales deals: Cahners Business Information, November 13, 1 p.
 * Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2000, Annual report 1999: Sarajevo, Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 54 p.
 * European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2001a, Albania--Investment profile: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, March, 32 p.
 * 2001b, FYR Croatia--Investment profile 2001: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, April, 25 p.
 * 2001c, FYR Macedonia--Investment profile 2001: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, April, 27 p.
 * 2001d, Slovenia--Investment profile 2001: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, April, 28 p.
 * Hope, Kerin, 2000, Macedonia's mines under threat: Financial Times [London], August 11, no. 34293, p. 26.
 * Köhl, Christian, 2001, Danieli to build Bosnia and Herzegovina sites: Cahners Business Information, April 6, 1 p.
 * Maguire, Sean, 2000, NATO troops take control of Kosovo Serb smelter: Reuters Ltd., August 14, 2 p.
 * Metal Bulletin, 2000a, Croatia's Split steelworks awards contract for overhaul: Metal Bulletin, no. 8498, August 7, p. 19.
 * 2000b, Europe seeks to protect Montenegrin Al industry: Metal Bulletin, July 3, no. 8489, p. 4.
 * 2000c, Podgorica downstream plants are put up for sale: Metal Bulletin, no. 8491, July 10, p. 10.
 * Mining Journal, 2000, Trepca smelter seized by NATO: Mining Journal, v. 335, no. 8596, August 18, p. 134.
 * Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, 2000, Proposed guarantee to Balkan Cement Ltd. for investment in A.D. Cementarnica USJE: Multilateral *Investment Guarantee Agency, March 2, MIGA/R2000-7, 10 p.
 * Reuters Ltd., 2000a, Montenegro smelter to raise output 17%: Reuters Ltd., February 15, 1 p.
 * 2000b, Repair of Trepca could take years--UN: Reuters Ltd., August 14, 2 p.
 * Serbia and Montenegro Federal Statistical Office, 2001, INDEX--Monthly review of economic statistics of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Serbia and *Montenegro Federal Statistical Office, February, no. 2, 73 p.
 * Smith, J.R., 2001, The hunt for Yugoslav riches: Washington Post, March 11, p. A1, A20. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2000, *Statistical yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia--Mining and manufacturing: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 680 p.
 * U.S. Agency for International Development, 2000a, Country profile--Bosnia and Herzegovina: U.S. Agency for International Development, August, 4 p.
 * 2000b, BIH economic update: U.S. Agency for International Development, February 25, 67 p.


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 tender, but still she stood there pleading, entreating, begging me, though what it was she wanted I could not divine. I threw my aim across my eyes to shut the vision out, but when I took it down she was still there, and still the water dripped from her entreating hands, ran in little courses from her dankly-hanging hair, fell drop by drop from the sopping cords that ringed her ankles.

blindly from the house and walked the streets for hours. Presently I bought a paper, and the headlines told me Donald Atkins had been found, a suicide, in his apartment.

"When I reached my house again the incense still hung in the air, but the vision of Marescha was not there. I drank almost a pint of brandy, neat, and fell across my bed. When I recovered from my alcoholic stupor Marescha stood beside me, her great eyes luminous with tears, her hands outstretched in mute entreaty.

"She's been with me almost every waking instant since that night. I drank myself into oblivion, but every time I sobered she was standing by me. I'd walk the streets for hours, but every time I halted she would be there, always silent, always with her hands held out, always with that look of supplication in her tear-filled eyes. I'd rush at her and try to drive her off with blows and kicks. She seemed to float away, staying just outside my reach, however savagely I ran at her, and though I cursed her, using every foul word I knew, she never changed expression, never showed resentment; just stood and looked at me with sad, imploring eyes, always seeming to be begging me for something.

"I can't endure it any longer, gentlemen. Tonight she stood beside me when I halted on North Bridge, and I'd have been at peace by now if you'd not come along"

"Non, there you are mistaken, mon ami," de Grandin contradicted. "Had you carried your intention out and leaped into the river you would have sealed your doom irrevocably. Instead of leaving her you would have joined her for eternity."

"All right," Balderson asked raspingly, "I suppose you have a better plan?"

"I think I have," the little Frenchman answered. "First, I would suggest you let us give you sedatives. You will not be troubled while you sleep, and while you rest we shall be active."

was right," I said as we left our patient sleeping from a dose of chloral hydrate. "Conscience does make cowards of us all. The memory of that early indiscretion has haunted that quartet of worthless youngsters twenty years. No wonder they kept seeing that poor girl after they'd thrown her so callously into the Shrewsbury. Of all the heartless, despicable things"

He emerged from a brown study long enough to interrupt: "And is your conscience clean, my friend?"

"What has my conscience to do with it? I didn't throw a dead girl in the river; I didn't"

"Précisément, neither did the good Costello, yet both of you described the odor of that Devil's incense: Costello when he went to view the bodies of the suicides, you when we halted Monsieur Balderson's attempt at self-destruction. Were you also haunted by that scent, or were you not?"

"I smelled it," I responded frigidly, "but I wasn't haunted by it. Just what is it you're driving at?"

"That the odor of that incense, or even the perception of the dead Marescha's revenant, is no optical illusion caused by guilty conscience. It is my firm conviction that the apparition which appeared to these unfortunate young men was the


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Rh O Kâpeya, mortals see him not, O Abhipratârin, though he dwells in many places. He to whom this food belongs, to him it has not been given .'

7. Saunaka Kâpeya, pondering on that speech, went to the student and said: 'He is the self of the Devas, the creator of all beings, with golden tusks, the eater, not without intelligence. His greatness is said to be great indeed, because, without being eaten, he eats even what is not food. Thus do we, O Brahmakârin, meditate on that Being.' Then he said: 'Give him food.'

8. They gave him food. Now these five (the eater Vâyu (air), and his food, Agni (fire), Âditya (sun), Kandramas (moon), Ap (water)) and the other five (the eater Prâna (breath), and his food, speech, sight, hearing, mind) make ten, and that is the Krita. (the highest ) cast (representing the ten, the eaters and the food). Therefore in all quarters those ten are food (and) Krita. (the highest cast). These are again the Virâg (of ten syllables)


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 earthbound spirit of a girl who begged a boon from them."

"Then you don't think that she haunted them because they'd thrown her body in the river?"

"Entirely no. I think she came to ask their help, and in their fear and horror at beholding her they could not understand her plea. First one and then another, lashed with the scorpion-whip of an accusing conscience, destroyed himself because he dared not look into her pleading eyes, thinking they accused him of mistreating her poor body, when all the pauvre belle créature asked was that they help her to secure release from her earthbound condition."

"Why should she have appealed to them?"

"In all that congregation of benighted worshippers of evil, she knew them best. They saw her die, they gave her body sepulture; one of them, at least, had been her lover, and was, presumably, bound to her by ties of mutual passion. She was most strongly in their minds and memories. It was but natural that she should appeal to them for succor. Did not you notice one outstanding fact in all the testimony—the poor Marescha appeared to them in turn, looking not reproachfully, but pleadingly? Her lips were held, she might not put her plea in words. She could but come to them as they had last beheld her, entreat them by dumb show, and hope that they would understand. One by one they failed her; one by one they failed to understand"

"Well, is there anything that we can do about it?"

"I think there is. Come, let us be upon our way."

"Where the deuce"

"To the rectory of St. Chrysostom. I would interview the Reverend Doctor Bentley."

"At this time of night?"

"Mais certainement, clergymen and doctors, they have no privacy, my friend. Surely, you need not be told that."

freshly lighted fire burned brightly in the Reverend Peter Bentley's study, the blue smoke spiraled upward from the tips of our cigars, the gray steam curled in fragrant clouds from the glasses of hot Scotch which stood upon the coffee-table. Looking anything but clerical in red-flannel bathrobe, black pajamas and red Turkish slippers, Doctor Bentley listened with surprizing tolerance to de Grandin's argument.

"But it seems the poor girl died in mortal sin," he murmured, obviously more in sorrow than in righteous indignation. "According to your statement, her last frantic words called on the Devil to fulfill his bargain: 'O Lord, be pitiful

"Précisément, mon père, but who can say her prayer was made to Satan? True, those so bewildered, misled followers of evil were wont to call the Devil Lord and Master, but is it not entirely possible that she repented and addressed her dying prayer to the real Lord of the heaven and earth? Somewhere an English poet says of the last-minute prayer of a not-wholly-righteous fox-hunter who was unhorsed and broke his sinful neck:

"Me, I believe in all sincerity that her repentance was as true as that the thief upon the cross expressed; that in the last dread moment she perceived the grievous error of her ways and made at once confession of sin and prayer for pity with her dying breath.

"But she had bent the knee at Satan's shrine. With her fair body—that body which was given her to wear as if it were a garment to the greater glory of the Lord—she parodied the sacred faircloth of the


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pfäfers

PFÄFERS, pfā'fĕrs, or PFEFFERS, pfĕf-fĕrs, Switzerland, a small health-resort in the canton of Saint Gall and 31 miles east of the village of that name. It is famous for its warm baths, situated in the vale of the Tamina, in one of the most extraordinary gorges in Switzerland. Its permanent population is about 600. The baths are built on a narrow ledge of rock a few feet above a rushing mountain torrent, the buildings which form them consisting of two structures connected by a chapel so deeply sunk between the rocks that the sun in the longest summer day is visible above them only from 10 to 4 o'clock. The spring is heavily impregnated with chlorides, and has a temperature of neariy 100° F. Since 1840 the water has been conveyed by pipes to the village of ../Ragatz/ (q.v.) below the gorge, a distance of about two and one-half miles, without losing its warmth. Near the village is situated the

ancient Benedictine abbey of Pfeffers, a vast edifice, built in 1665, and now used as a lunatic asylum under the name of Saint Pirminsberg. The abbot of this institution in the 10th century enjoyed independence of the civil government of the duchy. Up to 1838 the baths were controlled by the abbey.


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60 which eats the food. Through this all this becomes seen. He who knows this sees all this and becomes an eater of food, d.

.

1. Satyakâma, the son of Gabâlâ, addressed his mother and said: 'I wish to become a Brahmakârin (religious student), mother. Of what family am I?'

2. She said to him: 'I do not know, my child, of what family thou art. In my youth when I had to move about much as a servant (waiting on the guests in my father's house), I conceived thee. I do not know of what family thou art. I am Gabâlâ by name, thou art Satyakâma (Philalethes). Say that thou art Satyakâma Gabâlâ.'

3. He going to Gautama Hâridrumata said to him, 'I wish to become a Brahmakârin with you, Sir. May I come to you, Sir?'

4. He said to him: 'Of what family are you, my friend?' He replied: 'I do not know, Sir, of what family I am. I asked my mother, and she answered: "In my youth when I had to move about much as a servant, I conceived thee. I do not know of what family thou art. I am Gabâlâ by name, thou art Satyakâma,' I am therefore Satyakâma Gabâlâ, Sir."

5. He said to him: 'No one but a true Brâhmana would thus speak out. Go and fetch fuel, friend, I shall initiate you. You have not swerved from the truth.

Having initiated him, he chose four hundred lean and weak cows, and said: 'Tend these, friend.'


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 He drove them out and said to himself, "I shall not return unless I bring back a thousand." He dwelt a number of years (in the forest), and when the cows had become a thousand,

1. The bull of the herd (meant for Vâyu) said to him: "Satyakâma!" He replied: "Sir!" The bull said: "We have become a thousand, lead us to the house of the teacher;

2. "And I will declare to you one foot of Brahman."

 "Declare it, Sir," he replied.

 He said to him; "The eastern region is one quarter, the western region is one quarter, the southern region is one quarter, the northern region is one quarter. This is a foot of Brahman, consisting of the four quarters, and called Prakâsavat (endowed with splendour)."

3. "He who knows this and meditates on the foot of Brahman, consisting of four quarters, by the name of Prakâsavat, becomes endowed with splendour in this world. He conquers the resplendent worlds, whoever knows this and meditates on the foot of Brahman, consisting of the four quarters, by the name of Prakâsavat."

1. "Agni will declare to you another foot of Brahman."

(After these words of the bull), Satyakâma, on the morrow, drove the cows (toward the house of the teacher). And when they came towards the evening, he lighted a fire, penned the cows, laid wood on the fire, and sat down behind the fire, looking to the east.


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 altar. By such things she had cut herself adrift, she had put herself beyond communion with the righteous which is the blessed company of all the faithful. There was no priest to shrive her sin-encumbered soul, no one to read words of forgiveness and redemption above her lifeless clay. Until some one of her companions in iniquity will perform the service of contrition for her, until the office for the burial of Christian dead is read above her grave, she lies excommunicate and earthbound. She cannot even expiate her faults in Purgatory till forgiveness of sins has been formally pronounced. Sincerely repentant, hell is not for her; unshrived, and with no formal statement of conditional forgiveness, she cannot quit the earth, but must wander here among the scenes of her brief and sadly misspent life. Do we dare withhold our hands to save her from a fate like that?"

Doctor Bentley sipped thoughtfully at his hot Scotch. "There may be something in your theory," he admitted. "I'm not especially strong on doctrine, but I can't believe the fathers of the early church were the crude nincompoops some of our modern theologians call them. They preached posthumous absolution, and there are instances recorded where excommunicated persons who had hovered round the scenes they'd known in life were given rest and peace when absolution was pronounced above their graves. Tell me, is this Balderson sincerely sorry for his misdeeds?"

"I could swear it, mon père."

"Then bring him to the chapel in the morning. If he will make confession and declare sincere repentance, then submit himself to holy baptism, I'll do what you request. It's rather mediæval, but—I'd hate to think that I'm so modern that I would not take a chance to save two souls."

penitential service in the Chapel of the Intercession was a brief but most impressive one. Only Balderson, I and de Grandin occupied the pews, with Doctor Bentley in his stole and cassock, but without his surplice, at the little altar:

" we have followed too much the devices and desires of our own hearts, we have offended against Thy holy laws remember not, Lord, our offenses nor the offenses of our forefathers, neither take Thou vengeance of our sins  we acknowledge and bewail our manifold sins and wickednesses; the memory of them is grievous unto us, the burden of them is intolerable "

After absolution followed the short service ordered for the baptism of adults; then we set out for Shadow Lawns.

Now Doctor Bentley wore his full canonicals, and his surplice glinted almost whiter than the snow that wrapped the mounded graves as he paused beside an unmarked hillock in the Nurmi family plot.

Slowly he began in that low, full voice with which he fills a great church to its farthest corner: "I am the resurrection and the life, saith the Lord; he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live. "

It was one of those still winter days, quieter than an afternoon in August, for no chirp of bird or whir of insect sounded. no breath of breeze disturbed the evergreens; yet as he read the opening sentence of the office for the burial of the dead a low wail sounded in the copse of yew and hemlock on the hill, as though a sudden wind moaned in the branches, and I stiffened as a scent was borne across the snow-capped grave mounds. Incense! Yet not exactly incense, either. There was an undertone of fetor in it, a faint, distinctly charnel smell. Balderson was trembling, and despite myself I flinched,


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pfaff, Christian Heinrich

PFAFF, pfäf, Christian Heinrich, German phyiscian and physicist: b. Stuttgart, 2 March 1772; d. Kiel, Holstein, 24 April 1852. His interest in electricity was first awakened by the celebrated experimenter Gross. He was graduated as a physician at Stuttgart in 1793 and then went to Göttingen, where he published the results of his galvanic inquiries in ‘Ueber thierische Electricität und Reizbarkeit.’ In 1797 he became an extraordinary professor at Kiel and in 1801 was made professor of chemistry, physics and medicine there with rank at the same time as a member of the medical faculty. He then directed his attention particularly to pharmaceutical chemistry, and was thus led to the composition of his most important work, ‘System der Materia Medica nach chemischen Principien’ (1808-24). Among other writings of his are ‘Handbuch der analytischen Chemie’ (1824-25); ‘Ueber und gegen den thierichen Magnetismus’ (1807); ‘Der Electromagnetismus’ (1824); ‘Parallele der chemischen Theorie und der voltaischen Contacttheorie der galvanischen Kette’ (1845).


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Page:U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK THE MINERAL INDUSTRIES OF THE BALKANS 9401000.pdf/7

 {|class="__tabular"
 * +TABLE 1 ALBANIA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, CROATIA, MACEDONIA, SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO, AND SLOVENIA: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES 1/ 2/

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified) |} See footnotes at end of table.
 * colspan=2|Country and commodity
 * 1996
 * 1997
 * 1998
 * 1999
 * 2000
 * colspan=2 |ALBANIA 3/
 * colspan=2|Metals:
 * colspan=2|Bauxite
 * 4,454
 * 4,128
 * 4,624
 * 5,000
 * e/
 * colspan=2|Chromium:
 * Chromite, gross weight
 * thousand tons
 * 236,358
 * 157,203
 * 150,285
 * 79,445
 * 80,000
 * e/
 * Marketable ore
 * do.
 * 113,361
 * 84,423
 * 81,994
 * 64,597
 * 65,000
 * e/
 * Concentrate
 * do.
 * 30,402
 * 21,881
 * 20,195
 * 6,837
 * 5,000
 * e/
 * Ferrochromium
 * do.
 * 31,189
 * 31,144
 * 30,252
 * 28,120
 * 25,000
 * e/
 * colspan=2|Copper:
 * Ore:
 * Gross weight
 * do.
 * 187,765
 * 24,895
 * 53,477
 * 33,945
 * 35,000
 * e/
 * colspan=2|Concentrate
 * 10,807
 * 869
 * 2,294
 * 8,691
 * 9,000
 * e/
 * colspan=2|Cu content e/
 * 2,500
 * 220
 * 3,200
 * 900
 * r/
 * 900
 * colspan=2|Metal, primary:
 * colspan=2|Smelter (blister)
 * 1,424
 * 1,632
 * 1,281
 * 13,00
 * e/
 * colspan=2|Refined
 * 1,544
 * 1,150
 * 3,42
 * 350
 * e/
 * colspan=2|Iron and steel, metal:
 * colspan=2|Pig iron e/
 * 10,000
 * 10,000
 * 10,000
 * 10,000
 * 10,000
 * colspan=2|Crude steel
 * r/
 * 20,533
 * r/
 * 19,537
 * 4,913
 * r/
 * 180,000
 * e/
 * Rolled steel
 * 43,000
 * 42,000
 * 8700
 * 17,000
 * e/
 * colspan=2|Industrial minerals:
 * Cement, hydraulic e/
 * thousand tons
 * 200
 * 150
 * 150
 * 150
 * 200;
 * colspan=2|Clay, kaolin e/
 * 500
 * 500
 * 500
 * 500
 * 500
 * colspan=2|Dolomite e/
 * 50,000
 * 50,000
 * 50,000
 * 50,000
 * 50,000
 * colspan=2|Fertilizer, manufactured:
 * colspan=2|Phosphatic
 * 26,604
 * 12,284
 * 8,600
 * 9,000
 * e/
 * colspan=2|Urea e/
 * 3,000
 * 3,000
 * 3,000
 * 3,000
 * 3,000
 * colspan=2|Nitrogen, N content of ammonia e/
 * 15,000
 * 10,000
 * r/
 * 10,000
 * r/
 * 10,000
 * r/
 * 10,000
 * colspan=2|Olivinite e/
 * 3,00
 * 3,00
 * 3,00
 * 3,00
 * 2,00
 * colspan=2|Phosphate rock (12%-15% ) e/
 * 1,000
 * 1,000
 * 1,000
 * 1,000
 * 1,000
 * colspan=2|Salt e/
 * 10,000
 * 10,000
 * 10,000
 * 10,000
 * 10,000
 * colspan=2|Sodium compounds, n.e.s., soda ash, calcined e/
 * 1,00
 * 1,00
 * colspan=2|Sulfuric acid e/
 * 1,000
 * 500
 * r/
 * 500
 * r/
 * 500
 * r/
 * 500
 * colspan=2|Mineral fuels and related materials:
 * Asphalt and bitumen, natural 4/
 * thousand tons
 * 19,597
 * 16,900
 * 15,782
 * 16,625
 * 17,000
 * e/
 * Coal, lignite
 * do.
 * 68,936
 * 38,900
 * 33,000
 * 30,000
 * 30,000
 * e/
 * Gas, natural, gross production 5/
 * million cubic meters
 * 22,698
 * 18,271
 * 16,551
 * 14,167
 * 14,000
 * e/
 * colspan=2|Petroleum:
 * colspan=2|Coke
 * 63,472
 * 33,678
 * 57,842
 * 47,543
 * 50,000
 * e/
 * colspan=2|Crude:
 * Gross weight
 * thousand tons
 * 448,214
 * 359,666
 * 364,627
 * 323,009
 * 320,000
 * e/
 * Converted e/
 * thousand 42-gallon barrels
 * 3,300
 * 2,400
 * 2,000
 * 2,400
 * r/;
 * 2,400
 * Refinery products
 * do.
 * 503,995
 * 315,072
 * 379,131
 * 328,875
 * 324,000
 * e/
 * colspan=2|BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA e/ 6/
 * colspan=2|Metals:
 * colspan=2|Aluminum:
 * colspan=2|Bauxite
 * 75,000
 * 75,000
 * 75,000
 * 75,000
 * 75,000
 * colspan=2|Alumina
 * 50,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * colspan=2|Metal ingot, primary and secondary
 * 15,000
 * 15,000
 * 15,000
 * 15,000
 * 15,000
 * colspan=2|Iron and steel:
 * colspan=2|Ore and concentrate:
 * colspan=2|Ore, gross weight
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * colspan=2|Ore, Fe content
 * 35,000
 * 35,000
 * 35,000
 * 35,000
 * 36,000
 * colspan=2|Agglomerate
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * colspan=2|Metal:
 * colspan=2|Ferroalloys:
 * colspan=2|Ferrosilicon
 * 1000
 * 1000
 * 1000
 * 500
 * r/
 * 500
 * colspan=2|Silicon
 * 100
 * 100
 * 100
 * 100
 * 100
 * colspan=2|Pig iron
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * colspan=2|Crude steel
 * 115,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * colspan=2|Semimanufactures
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 90,000
 * 90,000
 * 95,000
 * colspan=2|Sulfuric acid e/
 * 1,000
 * 500
 * r/
 * 500
 * r/
 * 500
 * r/
 * 500
 * colspan=2|Mineral fuels and related materials:
 * Asphalt and bitumen, natural 4/
 * thousand tons
 * 19,597
 * 16,900
 * 15,782
 * 16,625
 * 17,000
 * e/
 * Coal, lignite
 * do.
 * 68,936
 * 38,900
 * 33,000
 * 30,000
 * 30,000
 * e/
 * Gas, natural, gross production 5/
 * million cubic meters
 * 22,698
 * 18,271
 * 16,551
 * 14,167
 * 14,000
 * e/
 * colspan=2|Petroleum:
 * colspan=2|Coke
 * 63,472
 * 33,678
 * 57,842
 * 47,543
 * 50,000
 * e/
 * colspan=2|Crude:
 * Gross weight
 * thousand tons
 * 448,214
 * 359,666
 * 364,627
 * 323,009
 * 320,000
 * e/
 * Converted e/
 * thousand 42-gallon barrels
 * 3,300
 * 2,400
 * 2,000
 * 2,400
 * r/;
 * 2,400
 * Refinery products
 * do.
 * 503,995
 * 315,072
 * 379,131
 * 328,875
 * 324,000
 * e/
 * colspan=2|BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA e/ 6/
 * colspan=2|Metals:
 * colspan=2|Aluminum:
 * colspan=2|Bauxite
 * 75,000
 * 75,000
 * 75,000
 * 75,000
 * 75,000
 * colspan=2|Alumina
 * 50,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * colspan=2|Metal ingot, primary and secondary
 * 15,000
 * 15,000
 * 15,000
 * 15,000
 * 15,000
 * colspan=2|Iron and steel:
 * colspan=2|Ore and concentrate:
 * colspan=2|Ore, gross weight
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * colspan=2|Ore, Fe content
 * 35,000
 * 35,000
 * 35,000
 * 35,000
 * 36,000
 * colspan=2|Agglomerate
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * colspan=2|Metal:
 * colspan=2|Ferroalloys:
 * colspan=2|Ferrosilicon
 * 1000
 * 1000
 * 1000
 * 500
 * r/
 * 500
 * colspan=2|Silicon
 * 100
 * 100
 * 100
 * 100
 * 100
 * colspan=2|Pig iron
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * colspan=2|Crude steel
 * 115,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * colspan=2|Semimanufactures
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 90,000
 * 90,000
 * 95,000
 * 15,000
 * 15,000
 * 15,000
 * 15,000
 * 15,000
 * colspan=2|Iron and steel:
 * colspan=2|Ore and concentrate:
 * colspan=2|Ore, gross weight
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * colspan=2|Ore, Fe content
 * 35,000
 * 35,000
 * 35,000
 * 35,000
 * 36,000
 * colspan=2|Agglomerate
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * 40,000
 * colspan=2|Metal:
 * colspan=2|Ferroalloys:
 * colspan=2|Ferrosilicon
 * 1000
 * 1000
 * 1000
 * 500
 * r/
 * 500
 * colspan=2|Silicon
 * 100
 * 100
 * 100
 * 100
 * 100
 * colspan=2|Pig iron
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * colspan=2|Crude steel
 * 115,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * colspan=2|Semimanufactures
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 90,000
 * 90,000
 * 95,000
 * 1000
 * 500
 * r/
 * 500
 * colspan=2|Silicon
 * 100
 * 100
 * 100
 * 100
 * 100
 * colspan=2|Pig iron
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * colspan=2|Crude steel
 * 115,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * colspan=2|Semimanufactures
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 90,000
 * 90,000
 * 95,000
 * 100,000
 * colspan=2|Crude steel
 * 115,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * 110,000
 * colspan=2|Semimanufactures
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 90,000
 * 90,000
 * 95,000
 * 110,000
 * colspan=2|Semimanufactures
 * 100,000
 * 100,000
 * 90,000
 * 90,000
 * 95,000
 * 90,000
 * 90,000
 * 95,000
 * 90,000
 * 95,000
 * 95,000