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 existing law, and in a series of articles in the former publication he led in 1882-3 the agitation for the amendment of the Education Act of 1870 in the interest of voluntary schools (cf. Miscellanies, vol. iii., and a separate reprint of the articles on the Education Act, with other of his miscellanea, entitled 'National Education,' London, 1889, 8vo). In October 1886 he published in the 'Dublin Review' a direct appeal to Roman catholics to make the amendment of the Education Act a test question at the ensuing general election.

Manning sat on the royal commission of 1884-6 on the housing of the working classes, and signed, besides the principal report, which did little more than indicate the urgency and difficulty of the problem, a supplementary report in favour of the enfranchisement of leaseholds. He was also a member of the royal commission of 1886-7 on the Elementary Education Acts. In the proceedings of both commissions he took an active part, and in the signing of the reports was accorded precedence next after the chairman. The compromise embodied in the Education Act of 1891 was largely due to his skilful and patient advocacy of the claims of voluntary schools.

So far as consisted with his firm and uncompromising adhesion to ultramontane principles, Manning was a patriotic Englishman, full of pride in his country and loyalty to his queen. His sympathy with the needy and suffering was profound, and sometimes for the better of his political economy. In January 1888 he boldly maintained in the 'Nineteenth Century' the right of the sufferers by the prevalent industrial stagnation to 'work or Dread,' and, as a member of a deputation received by Lord Salisbury on 1 Feb. following, urged the advisability of instituting relief works. On occasion of the strike of the London dock labourers in August 1889 he warmly espoused their cause, and materially contributed to bring about an adjustment of the dispute. In December 1890 he published in the 'Nineteenth Century' an article on 'Irresponsible Wealth,' in which he advocated wholesale almsgiving as the social panacea.

Other causes in which Manning interested himself were the suppression of the East African slave-trade and of the Indian custom of 'child-marriage,' state-directed colonisation, and the raising of the minimum age for child-labour (cf. Times, 21 May 1886 and II Feb. 1887). He paid an eloquent tribute to Newman's memory at his requiem mass in the Brompton Oratory on 20 Aug. 1890. His own strength was now failing, but his energy remained unabated, and in the winter of 1891-2 he was hard at work on a scheme for providing maintenance for superannuated teachers, when an attack of bronchitis terminated his life at 8 on 14 Jan. As the end approached, he was clothed, by his own desire, in the full dress which he wore on state occasions, 'glad,' as he said after making his last profession of faith, 'to have been able to do everything in order,' His remains, after lying in state for some days, were removed to the Brompton Oratory, and were interred in St. Mary 8 cemetery, Kensal Green, on 22 Jan. His obsequies were attended by immense crowds. By his will he appointed three of the oblates of St. Charles and Canon Keens his executors; his property was sworn under 3,000l., and the net value did not exceed 760l.

By his distinguished appearance, fine manners, and exquisite tact, Manning was eminently qualified to make proselytes in the fashionable world. His portrait as he appeared in and to society has been painted by Lord Beaconsfield in the Cardinal Grandison of 'Lothair' and the Nigel Penruddock of 'Endymion.' His saintliness was of the most exalted type, deeply tinged with mysticism and entirely free from spiritual pride and moroseness. His work on 'The Eternal Priesthood' (London, 1883, 8vo) shows how lofty was his conception of priestly dignity and duty.

Manning was above the middle height, spare and agile in frame, with extremely regular and refined features, clear and penetrating grey eyes, and a high and expansive forehead. By the rigour of his asceticism he became in later life attenuated almost to emaciation. A miniature of him (done in 1812) as a child holding a seashell to his ear was the property of his elder brother, Charles John Manning, on whose decease in 1880 it passed to his widow. His portrait in oils, by George Richmond, R.A., painted in 1844, is in the possession of his sister, Mrs. Austen. His bust in marble, by Mr. J. Harvard Thomas, is at Archbishop's House; another in terra-cotta, by Mr. F. F. Stone, for which he gave several sittings shortly before his death, has since been completed.

A great ecclesiastical statesman and diplomatist, an eloquent and impressive preacher, a dogmatic theologian of considerable learning and rare power of logical and luminous exposition, an acute, subtle, and trenchant controversialist, Manning was disqualified for the part of mediator between Christianity and modern thought by the unspeculative and uncritical cast of his mind. At the outset of his career he set his face as a flint


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", boys, tumble up lively now, unless you want to spend the next week in sail-sewing!" cried Cal Vincent, the boatswain of the Columbia. "There's a storm a-brewing, and the old man reckons as how it will be best to take in a little sail to onct!"

While listening to the interesting talk of the missionary, Larry had noticed the sky growing darker, and he leaped up with alacrity, for he remembered that it was the neglect to shorten sail in time on board of the Rescue which had caused the bark to strain and open some of her seams. Besides, if there was one thing he detested on shipboard, it was to sit down with a heavy sailor's needle and assist at sail-mending.

"I don't reckon it's going to be much, but still one can't allers tell," remarked Luke Striker, as he came tumbling out of his berth, where he had been

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Rh dozing upon that hot afternoon and dreaming of his far-away down-east home. He had spent many years on the ocean, yet that spot of his boyhood was as dear to him as ever.

Captain Ponsberry himself was on deck, giving orders at the top of his voice, and everybody was scurrying here and there, for orders to shorten sail are always obeyed quicker than any others on shipboard, the reason for which is obvious.

"Lay aloft there now, men, and don't stop to think about it," cried the captain. "Come now, Hobson, show your heels up those ratlines, and, Oleson, don't move as though you had chunks of lead in your boots. See, Russell is ahead of all of you, and he's but a boy. Now then, all ready?"

"All ready, sir," came from various quarters.

And then came a rapid succession of orders, each followed by a creaking of halyard blocks, as the topsails came down, followed by the jib and flying-jib. The fore-course, main-course, and mizzen-course were left standing, but the men were kept on deck, to reef or take in entirely, should it become necessary to do so.

Oleson had followed Larry up to the foretop, with an extra sour look upon his swarthy face, for he

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94 did not like the remark the captain had cast at him, nor the compliment paid to the boy. "Get ofer dare!" he growled, pushing up against Larry. "You want all de room to yourself. How I tak in sail if you under my feet?"

"You've got as much room as I have," answered Larry, firmly. "Keep your distance," he added, as Oleson continued to crowd him. "Mind now what I say!"

To this the Norwegian made, some uncomplimentary answer, which was, however, swallowed up in the noise of the flapping sail as it came down on the run.

The Columbia was rolling and pitching upon the heavy swells under her, and Larry found it no easy task to keep his balance as he helped furl and fasten. It was blowing lively, too, and the wind whistled almost a gale into his ears.

Again Olan Oleson crowded him, until there was but little left to stand upon. The boy shouted another warning, but the Norwegian paid no attention.

Suddenly a fearful dread took possession of the lad. Olan Oleson meant to shove him over into the sea.

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Rh "Keep your distance!" he cried, at the top of his lungs. "Keep your distance. Below there! help!"

"You be still!" growled the Norwegian. "I no hurt you. You go—"

A gust of wind swallowed up the words which followed. Again the Columbia went over, caught short in the swell under her. The topmast dipped thirty feet or more to leeward, and Larry made a tight clutch on the cross-tree, only to find himself shoved rudely off.

His right hand held the gasket he had been tying up, and that was all. Over rolled the ship again, and now his body swung clear into the air, supported only by that slender, plaited rope, which was old and not above snapping without warning. Beneath him was the churning sea, above him the slender topmast and the dark and angry sky. He shuddered and was tempted to close his eyes, but could not.

"You let go!" came from Olan Oleson, and he caught hold of the gasket as if to shake Larry from it.

"Don't!" gasped the boy. "Oh, you villain! don't!"

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96 He continued to cling fast despite the fact that Olan Oleson's hand was over his own, pressing the knuckles to make the fingers relax and slip. But now the Columbia swung over to the other side, and he felt his feet touch the rigging below. The gasket slipped; but legs and arms were on the alert, and in a second more he found himself safe, on a level with Olan Oleson's feet. Fearing a kick, he lost no time in descending still further, until, finding himself at Luke Striker's side, he deemed himself comparatively safe.

The storm had evidently reached its height, and as the Columbia carried her lower sails well, there was nothing for the sailors to do but to stand around and wait until the wind should either increase or decrease. The spray was flying everywhere, and Larry followed Striker into the forecastle for his oilskin coat.

"'Pears to me I heard somebody cry for help when I was aloft," remarked the Yankee sailor. "Must have been the wind, but it did sound very much like a human voice."

"It was a human voice," answered Larry. "I yelled just as loud as I could."

"And what for? Were you afraid of falling?"

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Rh "I was afraid of being pushed off."

"Gee shoo!" Striker stared at the lad a second. "Say, that furiner was up there with ye? Did he try—"

"Yes, he did. If I hadn't clung fast for all I was worth, and dropped to the lower cross-tree when I got the chance, I would at this minute be out on the ocean a mile astern," and Larry shuddered.

"The Norwegian ought to be put into irons! Why don't you go to the old man and report?"

"What good would it do? It would only be another case of my word against Oleson's, for of course the fellow would deny everything."

"Yes, but have you got to stand this a-havin' a chap around as is achin' to do sech a dirty trick as that? I don't think you have, not by a jugful!"

"I certainly wish Oleson hadn't shipped on the Columbia. If it wasn't for him, this trip would just suit me, for every one of the others is a good messmate," responded Larry.

He had procured his oilskin and was putting it on, when there was a heavy tramping near the doorway, and Olan Oleson came in. He was about to withdraw upon seeing the boy and his companion,

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 1741 to a fellowship which carried with it the living of St. Botolph, Cambridge. He retained both these preferments until he married in 1755. He was chaplain to Dr. Thomas, bishop of Lincoln, who collated him to the prebend of South Scarle in the church of Lincoln, 5 Aug. 1757, and on 15 March 1760 to that of Milton Ecclesia, in the same church, consisting of the impropriation and advowson of the church of Milton, Oxfordshire (, Fasti, ed. Hardy, ii. 188, 207). In 1763 he was presented by Dr. Green, dean of Salisbury, to the vicarage of Godalming, Surrey, where he resided till his death. In 1769 he was presented by Viscount Midleton to the rectory of Pepper Harrow, an adjoining parish. He was elected F.R.S. 10 Dec. 1767, and F.S.A. in 1770. He died at Godalming on 9 Sept. 1801. His parishioners placed a handsome marble tablet to his memory in the church, and some private friends put an inscription on a headstone in the churchyard (Hist. of Surrey, i. 640).

By Catherine, his wife, daughter of Mr. Reade Peacock, a quaker, mercer, of Huntingdon, he had three sons and five daughters, all of whom survived him except George Owen Manning, his eldest son (B.A. of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1778), and one of the daughters, who died young.

From his first settlement in Surrey he employed himself in amassing materials for a history of that county, but he did not regard his collections as sufficiently complete for publication, and a total loss of sight prevented him from having them printed under his own inspection. The manuscripts were eventually entrusted to the care of [q. v.] the antiquary, who published them, with large additions and a continuation by himself, for the benefit of Manning's widow, under the title of 'The History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey, with a facsimile Copy of Domesday, engraved on thirteen Plates,' three magnificent volumes, London, 1804–9–14, fol. It is one of the best of our county histories. In the British Museum there is a sumptuous copy, 'illustrated by upwards of six thousand drawings, prints, maps, and plans; portraits, architectural and other delineations of the churches, monastic edifices, and old manor-houses, pedigrees, and heraldic insignia of families,' &c., 30 vols. London, 1847, fol. (a collection formed by Richard Percival). There appeared at London in 1819, fol., 'The Ecclesiastical Topography of the County of Surrey, containing Views of Churches in that County (to illustrate Manning and Bray's History of Surrey), drawn by Hill and engraved by Peak.'

Manning completed the Saxon dictionary of his friend the Rev. Edward Lye, and published it under the title of 'Dictionarium Saxonico et Gothico-Latinum. Accedunt Fragmenta Versionis Ulphilanaa, necnon Opuscula qusedam Anglo-Saxonica. Edidit, nonnullis Vocabulis auxit, plurimis Exemplis illustravit, et Grammaticam utri usque Linguæ praamisit Owen Manning,' 2 vols. London, 1772, fol. He also translated and annotated 'The Will of King Alfred,' from the original in Thomas Astle's library; this was printed in 1788, under the editorship of Sir Herbert Croft [see ].

MANNING, ROBERT (d. 1731), catholic controversialist, was educated in the English College at Douay, and he was for some time professor of humanity and philosophy there. Afterwards he was sent to the English mission, and composed various controversial treatises, which, says Dodd, were 'much esteemed by the learned on account of their easy flowing style.' He appears to have been chaplain to Lord Petre, baron of Writtle, to whose family, as he remarks, he was indebted for all he possessed in this world. He died in Essex on 4 March (O.S.) 1730–1.

His works are:
 * 1) 'The shortest Way to end disputes about Religion. The Answer to all Objections against Infallibility contained in a book entitled The Case Stated' (between the Church of Rome and the Church of England. By C. Leslie). Two parts, Brussels, Antwerp, 1716, 8vo; another edition, Brussels, 1716, 8vo. In the latter edition the errata are corrected and part ii. is without title-page; reprinted, Dublin, 1827, 12mo. A reply appeared under the title of 'A Treatise of infallibility … By a Presbyter of the suffering Church of Scotland,' Edinburgh, 1762, 8vo.
 * 2) 'Modern Controversy; or, a plain and rational Account of the Catholick Faith: in three parts,' 1720, 8vo.
 * 3) 'The Case Stated between the Church of Rome and the Church of England, in a second Conversation betwixt a Roman Catholick Lord and a Gentleman of the Church of England,' sine loco, 1721, 8vo (anon.); reprinted, with an address by Richard Coyne, under the title of 'The celebrated Answer to the Rev. C. Lesley's Case … printed word for word, and refuted sentence after sentence,' Dublin, 1839 and 1842, 12mo.
 * 4) 'England's Conversion and Reformation compared, or the Young Gentleman directed in the Choice of his Religion' (anon.), Antwerp, 1725, 8vo;


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98 but with a quick leap, Luke Striker caught him by the arm and pulled him inside.

"You good-fer-nuthin' rascal!" he cried, catching the Norwegian by the collar and running him up against a back berth. "What right have you to attack this boy up in the top, eh? You jess let that lad alone or I'll—I'll wipe up the deck with ye, by the jumpin' Christopher I will!"

And he shook the burly sailor until the man's teeth fairly rattled. Striker was not as tall as Oleson by several inches, and his weight was considerably less, but his muscles were tough and his bravery unequalled, and there was nothing he would not tackle when aroused. In vain the Norwegian struggled; that grip could not be broken.

"You let go me!" spluttered the swarthy fellow. "You let go! I no mak quarrel with you. Let go, or I tell captain."

"Tell the captain, and that's all the good it will do you. He won't allow sech a rascal as you aboard one minit longer nor he can help, and I know it. Tell him, and take that! and that! and that!"

Each "that" was followed by a bump of Oleson's head upon the edge of the berth, blows hard enough

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Rh to crack an ordinary man's skull. After the last bump Striker threw the man to one side, motioned to Larry, and both walked outside.

"Maybe that will teach him a lesson," muttered the Yankee sailor. "Hang those furiners, anyhow!"

"You have made an enemy of him for life, Luke," returned the boy. "Hereafter he'll try to do as bad by you as he has tried to do by me."

"Let him; we'll both be on our guard. But don't you go aloft with him again."

"I won't."

"And on second thought I don't know but what it will be jest as well not to speak to Captain Ponsberry about it. Let Oleson see that we can take care of ourselves, and he'll have more respect for us."

They were now called upon to shorten sail still more, and consequently the conversation had to come to an end. While taking in the fore-course and the mizzen-course Oleson came out to assist, but did not look at either of them.

Although it blew strongly all night, the storm was but an ordinary one, and by sunrise the next day the wind had fallen sufficiently to allow the

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 , Belfast, 1817, 8vo; first American edition, Lancaster, 1818, 12mo. A reply by Joseph Trapp, D.D., appeared under the title of 'The Church of England defended against the Calumnies and False Reasonings of the Church of Rome,' London, 1727, 8vo. This elicited from Manning A posthumous publication. A treatise 'Of Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary,' extracted from this work, was published at London, 1787, 12mo.
 * 1) 'A Single Combat, or personal dispute between Mr. Trapp and his anonymous antagonist … Whether Mr. Trapp or the Author [of 'England's Conversion and Reformation compared'] has writ nonsense?' Antwerp, 1728, 8vo.
 * 2) 'The Rise and Fall of the Heresy of Iconoclasts, or Image-Breakers. Being a brief Relation of the Lives and Deaths of those Emperors of the East, who first set it up … or … oppos'd it. From the year 717 to 867. Collected by R. M.,' London, 1731, 8vo (cf. Notes and Queries, 4th ser. i. 32).
 * 3) 'Moral Entertainments on the most important Practical Truths of the Christian Religion,' 3 vols. London, 1742, 12mo. Dedicated to Lord Petre.

MANNING, SAMUEL (d. 1847) sculptor, is perhaps identical with S. Manning, jun., who in 1806 exhibited at the Royal Academy a model of a young lady. He was possibly the son of Charles Manning, sculptor, who exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1801 to 1812, and appears to have died in that year or the next, as in 1813 an engraving of the monument to Captain Hardinge in St. Paul's Cathedral, executed by Manning, was published by Sarah Manning, probably his widow. Samuel Manning was a pupil and assistant of John Bacon the younger, and assisted in or carried out many of his works. Among these may be noted the monument of Warren Hastings in Westminster Abbey, for which Manning did the bust, and some memorial slabs to the Metcalfe family in Hawstead Church, Suffolk. In 1819 Manning sent a bust to the Royal Academy, in 1820 a statue of the Princess Charlotte, and in 1822 a model of a statue of John Wesley. There are three monumental slabs by him in St. Paul's Cathedral. Manning died in 1847, leaving a son, Samuel Manning the younger (d. 1846), who began to practise modelling in 1829. In 1830 he received a premium from the Society of Arts for a model of a bust from the antique, in 1831 a premium for a bust from the life, and in 1833 the gold medal for a model of a statue of Prometheus. This statue he subsequently executed in marble, and exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1845. It was engraved by B. Holl in the 'Art Union' for 1846. On 13 Aug. 1846 he married Honoria, daughter of Captain James Williams.

MANNING, SAMUEL (1822–1881), baptist minister, was born at Leicester in 1822. His father, who was several times mayor of Leicester, acted for many years as churchwarden of St. Martin's in that town, but subsequently left the church of England, and with his family attended the ministry of Mr. Mursell, a well-known baptist preacher. After a short business career in Liverpool, Manning entered in 1840 the Baptist College at Bristol. In 1846, having completed his education at Glasgow University, he became a baptist minister at Sheppard's Barton, Frome, Somerset, where he remained until 1861. During his pastorate he contributed largely to denominational as well as to general literature, and was for some years editor of the 'Baptist Magazine.' In 1863 he became the general book editor of the Religious Tract Society, and when, in 1876, it was resolved that in future there should be two secretaries of the society, Manning was unanimously chosen one of them. He died at 35 Ladbroke Grove, London, on 13 Sept. 1881. He had frequently refused an offer of the degree of D.D., but a few years before his death he accepted the diploma of LL.D. from the university of Chicago.

Manning contributed to 'The Church' a series of papers called 'Infidelity tested by Fact,' reissued in book form in 1850; edited selections from the 'Prose Writings' of John Milton (1862); and projected the well-known series of illustrated books of travel published by the Religious Tract Society.

MANNING, THOMAS (1772–1840), traveller and friend of Charles Lamb, born at Broome, Norfolk, 8 Nov. 1772, was the second son of the Rev. William Manning, successively rector of Broome and Diss, who died at Diss on 29 Nov. 1810, aged 77, by his wife Elizabeth, only child of the Rev. William Adams, rector of Rollesby in the same county, who died at Diss on 28 Jan. 1782, aged 34. His elder brother, William,


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Rh Larry had expected Wake Island to be a spot where a fine run ashore might be indulged in, and was somewhat surprised and disappointed to find the place so barren. However, there was a good spring close at hand, and as they wanted fresh water more than anything else there was little over which to grumble. A whole day was spent in filling the Columbia's water-casks, and then off they sailed again, bound as before, due west.

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days and the weeks passed, and the gallant Columbia kept steadily upon her course. They had now passed longitude 150° east of Greenwich, and were but a short distance north of the Ladrones, while the Farallon de Pajaros, Captain Ponsberry calculated, would be sighted within the next forty-eight hours, providing the wind did not fall.

The Columbia, up to this time, had been making a quick passage, but now, with the going down of that heavy and hot sun, the wind died out utterly, and on the following day the sails flapped idly against the masts, and everything came to a standstill.

"We are in for a calm now," remarked Striker. "I knowed we was bound to come next to it sooner or later."

"Never mind," replied Larry, ever ready to look upon the cheerful side. "When it does blow, it will come so much the stronger."

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Manning was educated at the grammar school, Bury St. Edmunds; but Thomas, through ill-health, was trained for the university in his father's rectory. He matriculated at Caius College, Cambridge, in 1790, where his brother, afterwards a fellow and tutor, had preceded him (Gent. Mag. 1857, pt. i. p. 364), and remained a scholar on the foundation from Michaelmas 1790 to Lady-day 1795, applying himself eagerly to the study of mathematics. But he objected to oaths and tests, and didnot take his degree. He remained at Cambridge as a private tutor for some years, was friendly with Porson, and in the autumn of 1799 made the acquaintance of Charles Lamb, through the introduction of Charles Lloyd [q. v.] Manning is mentioned in the 'Essays of Elia' (in the 'Old and New Schoolmaster ') as 'my friend M., who with great painstaking got me to think I understood the first proposition in Euclid, but gave me over in despair at the second,' While at Cambridge he grew interested in the structure of the Chinese language, and he ardently desired to study the moral and social characteristics of the Chinese. He proceeded to Paris in 1800, and for more than three years studied Chinese under Dr. Hagan and in the National Library. There he became friendly with several scientific inquirers, and especially with Carnot, to whom he communicated many ideas afterwards incorporated by Carnot in his treatises (Biog. Univ. xxvi. 862-4). After the breaking out of war between France and England in 1803, the respect which Carnot and Talleyrand had for anning's plans induced them to solicit Napoleon to grant him leave to return to England, and his passport was the only one which was signed by the emperor, he intended to have proceeded from his own country to Russia, and thence to China if possible by the north, but soon found that ne could not perfect himself in Chinese while in England, and determined, in spite of the appeal of Charles Lamb, to dwell at Canton for that purpose. The theory of medicine had long been familiar to him, and for six months before May 1806 he attended its practice, mainly at the Westminster Hospital. On 31 May 1806 Sir Joseph Bants, as president of the Royal Society, addressed a letter to the court of directors of the East India Company, supporting Manning's application to be allowed to proceed to Canton as a doctor. The court thereupon gave him a free passage, and ordered that he should live in the English factory. Next month he quitted England, when, writes Mary Lamb, 'the loss of Manning made Charles very dull' (, Memoirs, i. 138), and in 1807 he arrived at Canton. He made several unsuccessful attempts to penetrate into the interior of China, and with the single exception of a visit to Cochin China, in February 1808, he remained at Canton until 1810. Early in that year he went to Calcutta, with a recommendation from the select committee at Canton to Lord Minto, the governor-general, and after a few months' lionising in a society which was attracted by his flowing beard, his eccentricity of dress and manner, and by his love of banter and paradox, proceeded, without any aid from the government, and with a single Chinese servant, to Rangpur on a journey to Lhasa. He entered Bhutan by the Lakhi Duar in September 1811, and reached Parijong, on the frontier of Tibet, on 20 Oct. where he found a Chinese general with troops, some of whom he cured of illness, and in their company he travelled, as a medical man, to Lhasa (December 1811), being the first, and for many years the sole, Englishman to enter the holy city. He remained in it for some months, but under peremptory orders from Peking was sent back to India, leaving' Lhasa on 19 April 1812, and arriving at Calcutta in the ensuing summer. In this enterprise he displayed great courage and energy, but he was at times 'quick tempered and imprudent.' Manning wrote from India to Dr. Marshman a 'long and interesting narrative' of this journey, which is now lost; but the incidents of the expedition were jotted down by him day by day in a rough notebook, which was copied out fair by his sister and printed by Mr. C. R. Markham, C.B., F.R.S., with an introductory memoir, in 1876. To the officials at Calcutta he declined to give any particulars of the travel, and he proceeded once more to Canton to dwell in the factory. In 1816 Manning consented to accompany Lord Amherst's embassy to Peking as junior secretary and interpreter, but when he joined the party Lord Amherst objected to his flowing as 'incongruous' in a British embassy, though the objection was abandoned on the refusal of Sir George Staunton to go without him. On the termination of the embassy he started homeward in the Alceste, but the ship was wrecked near Sunda on 17 Feb. 1817, and the passengers were taken to St. Helena in the following July, when in very happy language he reminded the fallen emperor of the passport which he had granted him. He returned to England a disappointed man, quitted its shores in August 1827 for a visit of two years to Italy, and then returned to live in strict retirement, first at Bexley in Kent, and afterwards at a cottage called


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Rh "Yes, and then we'll run the risk of having a mast taken out," grumbled Hobson, who could endure almost anything but standing still. "Give me a good steady breeze every trip."

The men hung around here and there, or lay in the coolest spots they could find, dozing or sleeping. The only sound that broke the stillness was the voice of Jeff, as he prepared meals and sang his plantation melodies. He had one song in particular, relating the mishaps of "My Gal Susannah!" which he seemed to be never weary of repeating. The darky was the only one satisfied to let the calm take care of itself.

Olan Oleson had kept his distance, and it really began to look as though the lesson Striker had given the fellow had done some good. But the burly Norwegian had not forgotten, for such was not his nature. Secretly he was plotting to strike both Larry and his Yankee friend a most dastardly blow.

Striker sat in front of the forecastle, his legs under him, in the fashion of a tailor. He had a score of bits of wood about him, and was engaged in whittling out the model of a boat with his jack-knife. Not far away rested Larry, a big book on

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104 his lap, which the boy was reading with great eagerness. The book was entitled "Naval Heroes of History," and contained accounts of the stirring battles fought by Nelson, Perry, Jones, and other celebrities. The Rev. Martin Wells had loaned him the volume, and he was reading aloud to Striker.

"My, but I wish I had been there!" he cried, as he finished the account of the famous fight between the Serapis and the Bonhomme Richard. "How proud Paul Jones must have felt at that victory. And at such close quarters!"

"We'll have no such fighting any more," answered Luke Striker. " The old wooden vessels are gone, and with ships built of steel, and armed with guns that can hit the enemy six or seven miles off, it's not likely there will be any hand-to-hand, rough and tumble work. It's reduced to a science, as the parson would call it."

"Nelson's victory at Trafalgar was the greatest victory known to naval history," put in Hobson, who had come up in time to hear the talk. "No, I don't say it because I'm an Englishman, but because it's a fact. He had a splendid fleet of ships, it is true, but he had the combined fleets of France and

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Manny to guard the frontiers. He was rewarded with grants of land, the governorship of Merioneth (1332), and the custody of Harlech Castle (1334) (, Baronage, ii. 148-149). He was probably chiefly employed in Scotland until his appointment on 11 Aug. 1337 as admiral of the fleet north of the Thames (Fœdera, ii. 988), for there can hardly be any truth in the story that he took part in the embassy which went to Flanders in April (, ii. 526;, p. 60; cf. Fœdera, ii. 747-8). Some months after his appointment he took prisoner Guy de Rickenburg, bastard brother of Count Louis of Flanders, in a sharp skirmish with the garrison of the island of Cadzand, at the mouth of the Scheldt. The English authorities describe it as an accidental conflict (, Hist. Angl. i. 222 ;, p. 80). Froissart (ii. 430) represents it as an organised expedition, dates the attack on the night of St. Martin, and gives the chief command to the Earl of Derby, whose life Manny saves. He may be here anticipating the earl's later association with Manny. To Sir Walter the king, after releasing Guy of Flanders on 26 Jan. 1340, granted the 8,000l. paid for his and the other prisoners' ransom (Fœdera, ii. 1107, 1 123). Two of the ambassadors accredited by Edward to Philip of France and Louis of Flanders on 3 Oct., the Bishop of Lincoln and the Earl of Suffolk, are said by some writers to have been on Manny's fleet when Cadzand was attacked (ib. pp. 811-813; Froissart, ed. Luce, i. 1348; Chronicles of Edward I and Edward II, ii. 133). On 24 Nov. 1337 Manny was sent to sea with orders to attack the king's enemies, if he thought it advisable, but to return within three weeks (Fœdera, ii. 1005). On 24 Feb. 1388 he was ordered to provide ships by a fortnight after Easter for the passage of the king to the continent, but was not able to do so in time (ib. pp. 1015, 1027). In April he had to convoy Brabant merchants to and from Ipswich and Orwell (ib. pp. 1031, 1041). The king gave him about this time the manors of Oveston in Northamptonshire and Aber in North Wales' (Abbrev. Rotul. Original. ii. l26). He probably conveyed Edward to Antwerp in July.

Before leaving England Manny, with many other knights, is said to have taken the 'Vow of the Heron,' at the instance of the fugitive Robert of Artois, undertaking to burn a town held by Godemar de Fay (, Political Songs, i. 13). Froissart's version is that he bound himself to be the first to enter France and take a town or castle. Immediately after the defiance of the French king in 1339 he rode hastily, says Froissart, with only forty lances, through Brabant and Hainault, and entering France took a castle called Thun l'Evéque, in which he left a garrison under his brother, Gilles Grignart, who was slain next year before Cambray. After which he returned to Edward at Malines (, ed. Lettenhove, ii. 487-93, iii. 83). He took part in all the operations of the campaign and returned to England with the king in February 1340 (ib. iii. 8, 9, 12, 27, 53, 71). In June he is said by Froissart to have eclipsed all his companions in valour at Sluys; he was present at the siege of Tournay in August, and joined in wasting the surrounding country (ib. iii. 197, 235 ; Beltz, p. 113 n.) Manny accompanied the king when he 'stole home' to surprise his ministers on 30 Nov. (, p. 116). He is said to have taken part in the Scottish campaign of (, iii. 428, 464).

Early in 1 342 Edward sent him to Brittany to help the heroic Countess of Montfort against Charles of Blois, empowering him to receive and keep towns and castles belonging to the Duke of Brittany (, p. 125; Fœdera, ii. 1181, 1189). Froissart gives a glowing description of his valour and deeds of chivalrous daring, in the relief of the countess at Hennebon, in a naval victory over Louis of Spain at Quimperlé, and in the siege and defence of several Breton towns and castles (iv. 38,44-50, 54-6, 70-96, 102-9, 147-79). Murimuth says that after making a truce with Charles of Blois early in July, subject to the king's consent, he returned to England, and that Edward, not approving of the truce, sent the Earl of Northampton to Brittany (cf. Fœdera, ii. 1205). Froissart speaks of Manny as present with Edward in Brittany in the later months of the year (iv. 192-7, 447). In June 1345 he was sent to Gascony with the Earl of Derby, as one of the two marshals who had command of the vanguard, according to Froissart, who largely ascribes to Manny the success of the two brilliant campaigns in which fifty or sixty towns and castles were captured (, pp. 189, 248 ;, p. 356 ; , p. 77 ; , iv. 214-372, v. 89-96). Froissart (v. 97-108) has a circumstantial story relating how, on hearing of the victory at Crecy, Manny obtained from the Duke of Normandy, son of King Philip, then besieging Aiguillon, a safe-conduct to go to the English king by land, but was arrested at Orleans, taken to Paris and thrown into the Chatelet, whence he was only released on the indignant remonstrance of the Duke of Normandy with his father. But the siege of Aiguillon was raised six days before Crecy, and Derby in a despatch preserved by Avesbury (p. 372)


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Rh Spain against him, and the way he went at them and smashed them up from the very start of the fight is something for every sailor to remember as long as the world goes round. The only bad thing about it was that he was shot down in the very thick of it and killed."

"Yes, this book tells about that, and how England has honored Nelson, too," said Larry. "And such a man deserves to be honored."

"There ain't no telling how our modern battleships are going to pull through in a fight," said Striker. "Although England and America and France and Germany and Spain and some of the other countries have 'em, they ain't been put into active use. I've been told the Chinese and Japanese used some of 'em during their late war, but them heathens don't count—not alongside o' Anglo-Saxon blood; eh, Hobson?"

"I grant you that, every time. Striker,—Anglo-Saxon blood every trip,—against the world," cried the Englishman, heartily. "Now you take it among ourselves," he went on, after a pause. "The Americans and English and Germans, and even the French, can get along together; but put a Spaniard or a Portuguese or an Italian, or one of that

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Manny simply says that on 12 Sept. Sir Walter, in spite of a safe-conduct, was attacked near St. Jean d'Angely in Saintonge, that while his escort was captured and thrown into prison in that town, he himself escaped with difficulty. Derby, who was on his march to Poictiers, at once took St. Jean and released Manny's men. If we could credit Froissart (v. 143, 195-6), Edward entrusted the siege of Calais to him, placing the Earl of Warwick and Sir Ralph Stafford under his orders, and he induced the king to limit his vengeance, though he failed to save Eustache de St. Pierre and his companions (ib. pp. 198-210, 213-15). Avesbury (pp. 392, 396) only tells us that he was one of the five English representatives in the negotiations with the king of France during the last week of July, and that after Calais had fallen he with seven others concluded the truce of 28 Sept.

On 13 Nov. Manny was summoned to parliament as a baron, and received writs to parliament and council until January 1371 (App. to Report on Dignity of a Peer, pp. 574, 617, 622, 625, 627, 630, 647). He frequently appears as a trier of petitions, and is once mentioned as giving judgment in parliament on a traitor (Rot. Pari, it 164, 222, 268, 275, 283, 289, 294, 303, iii. 12). On 14 March 1348 Manny was once more appointed admiral of the fleet from the Thames to Berwick (Fœdera, iii. 156), and on 25 Sept. of the same year was commissioned, with the Earls of Lancaster and Suffolk and two others, to treat for peace with France (ib. p. l73). When the attempt to recover Calais by treachery on the night of 31 Dec. 1349 was frustrated, King Edward and the Black Prince, according to Froissart (v. 232-8, 248-9), honoured Manny by fighting under his banner, but of this the English authorities know nothing (, p. 408;, p. 103; , i. 273-4). He may have taken part in the sea-fight with the Spaniards off Winchelsea on 29 Aug. 1350 (, p. 120;, v. 258). During 1349-50 he received grants in Aquitaine, Berwick, and Oxfordshire, and is mentioned as marshal of the Marshalsey (Abbreviatio Rotul. Origin. ii. 199 ;, Baronage, ii. 149). In the summer of 1350 he held an inquest in Hertfordshire (Gesta Abbatum St. Albani, iii. 200), and in the autumn of that year and the spring of 1351 he was chosen, as a Hainaulter, to conduct negotiations respecting the affairs of the Low Countries with Margaret of Hainault and Holland, widow of the Emperor Louis of Bavaria (Fœdera, iii. 206, 220). Manny is said to have taken part in the Breton campaign of 1352 (, ii. 149).

Accompanying Edward to Artois in October 1355, he returned with him in order to save Berwick. After laying the king's wishes before a parliament at Westminster on 18 Nov., he was sent forward to relieve the castle of Berwick and begin the recovery of the town, whose walls he undermined with the help of men from the Forest of Dean (, pp. 429, 450; Rot. Parl. ii. 264 ; note to, p. 291). He Was staying at Westminster when the news of Poictiers reached England (, Issues, p. 166). On 17 Jan. 1359 he was sent to France and negotiated an extension of the truce, which expired on 13 April (Fœdera, iii. 417). When Edward invaded France in October 1359, Manny was on his staff; he was given the Garter vacated by the death of John, lord Grey of Rotherfield, on 1 Sept., and was presented by the Black Prince with 'a grisell palfrey' (, p. 120). He accompanied Edward in his march into Burgundy in January 1860, and on their return skirmished with some new-made knights at the very gates of Paris (, vi. 209, 213, 221, 224, 266-7). His name is among the guarantors of the treaty of Bretigni in May ; he was one of the guardians of King John at Calais until the payment of John's ransom on 25 Oct. (ib. pp. 277, 295-7;, p. 120), and on 20 Sept. he was appointed with others to decide upon the claims of Charles of Blois and John of Montfort (Fœdera, iii. 508). On 7 July 1362 he was appointed a commissioner to prorogue the truce with Charles of Blois for one year (tb. p. 662). At Quesnoy on 12 May in that year he had acknowledged receipt of nineteen thousand golden florins from Margaret, countess of Hainault, to whom he had lent considerable sums, and at the same time released her from all claims against her and her son Duke Albert, but the latter was still in Manny's debt at his death (, p. 121). He attended the king of Cyprus when he visited London to solicit English aid against the Turks (ib., vi. 884). In the autumn of 1364 he was with the king at Dover arranging with Louis of Flanders for the marriage of his daughter to Edmund of Cambridge, when the news of the victory of Auray arrived (ib. vii. 65). He was present in the council in 1366 which promised help to Pedro the Cruel (ib. p. 110). In 1368 he was ordered to Ireland (, xxii. 182). In August 1369 he was sent with John of Gaunt in his invasion of France as second in command, and Froissart relates an instance in which neglect of his advice robbed the army of an advantage (ib. vii. 423, 429). On 10 Nov. 1870 he was ordered, as lord of Merioneth, to fortify his castle, and on the 15th he was one


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106 kind of fellows aboard and there's trouble right away—I've seen it a hundred times."

"You might add the Norwegians to the off crowd," put in Larry, glancing to where Olan Oleson sat sullenly chewing his quid of plug-cut.

Hobson laughed and tossed his head. "I would willingly if they were all like yonder chap. But they are not—I've known Norwegians as fair and square as any of us."

"We'll let him alone, so long as he lets us alone," rejoined Striker. "What's up, Cal?" he added, as the boatswain approached.

"The captain says as how if any of you want to take a swim now is your chance," said the boatswain of the Columbia. "We'll put the jollyboat out and lower the sails, and them as wants to can stay out till sundown."

"Hurrah! " cried Larry, closing his book and springing up. "A swim will just suit me. Come on, Striker, and let's get at the sails at once."

The majority of the crew were willing to do anything to break the monotony, and soon the sails were furled and the yawl swung over and allowed to drift astern, with a couple of pairs of oars placed athwart the seats, in case it should prove necessary

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Rh to row out to anybody seized with a cramp. There were a number of old bathing-suits aboard, and soon Larry had donned one of these.

"Here goes!" he cried, rushing to the rail. For a moment he stood erect, his hands over his head. Then with a graceful curve he went down, cutting the water like a knife, and disappearing with hardly a splash beneath the bluish-green surface. A few seconds later Luke Striker followed, and then came half a dozen others in a bunch, shrieking, laughing and sporting like so many overgrown boys; for when your true sailor is out for a lark, he never thinks of his age, no matter how old he may be.

The water was warm and refreshing, and never had Larry enjoyed a swim more. He dived half a dozen times, from the yawl, and then challenged Striker to a race around the Columbia, which lay nearly stationary in the swells of the ocean.

"All right, I'll beat ye out of your butes!" cried the Yankee, and splash! splash! both left the yawl at the same instant, and the race began. Captain Ponsberry, standing at the stern, saw what was going on and shouted in approval.

"Go on, both of ye!" he cried. "A prize to the fellow as wins! Striker, the boy will beat ye unless

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Manny of the witnesses to the letters patent issued by the king respecting the complaints of the people of Aquitaine against the government of the Black Prince (Fœdera, iii. 901;, vii. 462).

The king by letters patent of 6 Feb. 1371 licensed Manny to found a house of Carthusian monks to be called La Salutation Mere Dieu (, Historical Account of Thomas Sutton and of his Foundation in Charterhouse, 1737, pp. 167-73). But this foundation, known as the London Charterhouse, appears to have been created ten years before. When the black death was raging in 1349, Manny had purchased from the hospital of St. Bartholomew thirteen acres of land outside the ' bar of West Smithfield,' and had it consecrated for a burial-ground. According to Manny's own statement no fewer than fifty thousand persons were buried there during that year (ib.) He built on it a handsome chapel of the Annunciation, which gave it the name of 'Newchurchhaw,' and obtained a bull from Pope Clement VI to allow him to endow a college with a superior and twelve chaplains (ib. ;, Calendar of Wills in Court of Husting, ii. 26, 107}. But this plan seems to have been dropped. Michael de Northburgh, bishop of London, purchased the place and the patronage of the chapel from Manny, and, dying on 9 Sept. 1361, left by his will 2,000l., with certain leases, rents, and tenements, to found a convent of the Carthusian order in 'Newchurchhaw' (''Hist. MSS. Comm''. 9th Rep. App. pt. i. p. 47 ; Shabpe, ii. 62). Yet in the letters patent of February 1871 and Manny's charter, dated 28 March 1371, Manny appears as the founder, and the only mention of Northburgh is that the monks are to pray for his soul and those of his successors, as well as for Manny and his family. A papal bull 'in favour of 'the new house of the Mother of God,' usually attributed to Urban V, but proved by Bearcroft (pp. 176-80) to have been granted by Urban VI in 1878, recites that Northburgh and Manny founded 'conventum duplicem ordinis Cartusiensis.' This probably points to the solution of the enigma.

Manny died in London on or about 15 Jan. 1372 (, ed. Lettenhove, viii. 482, xxii. 184 ; cf., p. 121). He left directions that he should be buried without any pomp in the choir of the church of the Carthusian monastery which he had founded ; the king and his sons with numerous prelates and barons followed him to the grave. John of Gaunt had five hundred masses said for his ; soul (ib.) His will, dated 30 Nov. 1371, and proved at Lambeth 13 April 1372, instructed his executors to pay a penny to every poor person coming to his funeral, to pray for him and the remission of his sins (, Baronage, ii. 150;, Testamenta Vetusta, i. 85-6). The tomb of alabaster with his effigy, which he ordered to be made 'like unto that of Sir John Beauchamp in Paul's in London,' remained until the dissolution in the church of the Charterhouse, where also his wife and his brother, Sir William Manny, were buried (ib.; Collectanea Topographica et Heraldica, iv. 309).

Manny married Margaret, daughter and heir of Thomas 'of Brotherton,' second son of Edward I, and widow of John, lord Segrave, who died in 1352. She succeeded her father as countess-marshal and Countess of Norfolk, and many years after Manny's death was created Duchess of Norfolk. By her Manny is said to have had one son, Thomas, who was drowned in a well at Deptford during his father's lifetime. His only surviving child, Anne, who was seventeen years of age at his death, and had been married since 1368 to John Hastings, earl of Pembroke, became his heir, and outliving her husband, who called himself 'Lord de Manny,' by nineteen years, she died in 1384. The 'Escheats Roll' enumerates estates of Manny and his wife in sixteen English counties, besides his properties in Calais and Hainault. Pembroke sold the latter, including the ancestral estate of Mauny, to his wife's cousin, Henry de Mauny, youngest son of Sir Walter's brother Thierri, who married Anne, daughter of the Earl of Suffolk. Henry's granddaughter, who took the veil, was the last of the name in the direct line, and Mauny passed by inheritance to the Sires de Renesse, who still held it at the end of the eighteenth century (, xxii. 178). In his will Manny leaves small legacies to two illegitimate daughters, called Mailosel and Malplesant, who had taken the veil.

Manny was clearly one of the ablest and boldest of Edward III's soldiers of fortune, but his merits certainly lost nothing in the hands of his countrymen, Jean le Bel, Jean de Kleerk, and Froissart. He was a fellow-townsman and patron of Froissart, who visited Valenciennes in his company in 1364 (i. 125), and gave expression to his gratitude directly in his poems (ed. Schiller, ii. 9), and indirectly in the prominence he assigns to his benefactor in his 'Chronicles.' 'Mon livre,' he says (viii. 114) himself, 'est moult renluminé de ses prouesses.' He is represented, especially in the Breton scenes, as the mirror of the chivalrous daring of the time, as 'sagement emparlé et enlangagé' (v. 200). Yet his vengeance on Mirepoix, as


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108 you use your long arms better than that. Now then, both do your level best, and remember to swim clear o' the bow!"

"It's Striker's race," cried the boatswain, who was also in the water. "It stands to reason the man will win."

"I'll wager you a plug of tobacco the boy comes out ahead," answered Hobson. "See what a splendid stroke he's making—I never saw a better, even on the Thames!"

"Let us follow!" cried another, and this all did, but keeping at a safe distance, so as not to interfere with the racers. Mr. Wells had come upon deck and was as much interested as anybody. He shouted loudly to Larry, and the boy heard him, looked up a brief instant, and smiled.

For the first quarter of the distance Larry took the lead and kept it. His stroke was not so long as that of Striker, but it was quicker, and he was, moreover, using his feet to the best possible advantage. But now, as the pair neared the bow of the Columbia, the Yankee sailor began to pull up.

"I'm a-comin', lad!" he puffed. "It's a pity I've got to beat ye, but it can't be helped—I can't afford to lose my reputation as a swimmer among the boys."

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Mansel forming ‘quite a large library of the English poets.’ He was already a strong tory, as became a member of an old family of soldiers and clergymen. He wrote in the ‘School Magazine’ in 1832–3, and in 1838 published a volume of youthful verses, ‘The Demons of the Wind and other Poems.’ After his father's death in 1835 his mother left Cosgrove, and from 1838 to 1842 lived in London, where her two sons (the younger, Robert Stanley, being also at Merchant Taylors') lived in her house. In 1842 she returned to Cosgrove. In 1838 Mansel won the prize for English verse and a Hebrew medal given by Sir Moses Montefiore. In 1839 he won two of the four chief classical prizes, and on 11 June 1839 was matriculated as a scholar of St. John's College, Oxford. He was a model undergraduate, never missing the morning service at chapel, rising at six, and, until his health manifestly suffered, at four, and working hard at classics and mathematics, while at the same time he was sociable and popular. His private tutor for his last years was Archdeacon Hessey, who was much impressed by his thoroughness in attacking difficulties and his skill in humorous application of parallels to Aristotle, drawn from Shakespeare or ‘Pickwick.’ In the Easter term of 1843 he took a ‘double first.’ His vivâ voce examination is said to have been disappointing, because he insisted upon arguing against a false assumption involved in his examiner's first question.

He began to take pupils directly after his degree, and soon became one of the leading private tutors at Oxford. He was ordained deacon at Christmas 1844, and priest at Christmas 1845 by the Bishop of Oxford. He found time to study French, German, and Hebrew, the English divines, and early ecclesiastical history. He became also popular in the common-room, where his brilliant wit and memory, stored with anecdotes and literary knowledge, made him a leader of conversation. His strong tory and high church principles made him a typical Oxford don of the older type. He soon published (see below) some logical treatises, showing great command of the subject, and in 1850 published his witty ‘Phrontisterion,’ an imitation of Aristophanes—spontaneous and never malevolent—suggested by the commission appointed to examine into university organisation and studies.

In 1849 he stood unsuccessfully for the chair of logic against Professor Wall. In October 1854 he was elected as one of the members of convocation upon the hebdomadal council under the new regulations. On 16 Aug. 1855 he married Charlotte Augusta, third daughter of Daniel Taylor of Clapham Common. He gave up taking pupils, though he retained his tutorship at St. John's. He was afterwards(8 April 1864) elected ‘professor fellow’ of St. John's. He had been enabled to marry by his election to the readership in moral and metaphysical philosophy at Magdalen College. His inaugural lecture and another upon Kant were published in 1855 and 1856, and he wrote the article upon metaphysics for the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica’ (eighth edition) in 1857. He was in the same year appointed Bampton lecturer for 1858. Although far from easy to follow, his lectures were heard by large audiences. They made a great impression when published, and led to a sharp controversy. Mansel's theory was a development of that first stated by Sir William Hamilton in his article upon ‘The Philosophy of the Unconditioned.’ He aimed at proving that the ‘unconditioned’ is ‘incognisable and inconceivable,’ in order to meet the criticisms of deists upon the conceptions of divine morality embodied in some Jewish and Christian doctrines. His antagonists urged that the argument thus directed against ‘deism’ really told against all theism, or was virtually ‘agnostic.’ Mr. Herbert Spencer, in the ‘prospectus’ of his philosophical writings (issued March 1860), said that he was ‘carrying a step further the doctrine put into shape by Hamilton and Mansel.’ F. D. Maurice (whom Mansel had already criticised in 1854, in a pamphlet called ‘Man's Conception of Eternity’) attacked Mansel from this point of view in ‘What is Revelation?’ Mansel called this book ‘a tissue of misrepresentations without a parallel in recent literature,’ and replied in an ‘Examination.’ Maurice answered, and was again answered by Mansel. Professor Goldwin Smith in 1861 renewed the controversy from the same side in a postscript to his ‘Lecture on the Study of History,’ to which Mansel also replied in a ‘Letter to Professor Goldwin Smith.’ Whatever the legitimate conclusion from Mansel's arguments, he was undeniably sincere in repudiating the interpretation of his opponents. He argued that belief in God was reasonable, although our conceptions of the deity were inadequate; that our religious beliefs are ‘regulative,’ not ‘speculative,’ or founded rather upon the conscience than the understanding, and that a revelation was not only possible, but actual.

While carrying on this controversy Mansel was actively employed in other ways. In 1859 he edited (with Professor Veitch) Sir William Hamilton's lectures. He was select preacher from October 1860 to June 1862


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Rh "I'm not beaten yet, and I don't mean to be," laughed Larry, "and I'm not going to lose my wind talking," he added, and became silent.

On and on they went, each riding lightly over swell after swell, until the bow was gained. Heeding the captain's warning, Larry gave it a berth of several feet, and Striker did the same. But the man was now close at hand, and a few additional strokes put him several feet in advance.

"Striker's ahead!"

"Go it, Larry; don't let him beat you!"

"The best man wins, and it's a new pair of pants he gets as a reward!" cried Captain Ponsberry, and held up the garment mentioned—a pair picked up on the ship many months before with no owner coming forward to claim them. "I think they'll most fit ye, Larry, so put in your best licks for 'em!"

"Stretch 'em out to fit me, cap'n!" cried Striker, "for they'll be mine when this race is over; stretch 'em out!"

And a laugh went up at the Yankee's words. The lank sailor was now two yards ahead, and the yawl was less than thirty yards off. In vain Larry tried to increase his stroke, the distance between him and his opponent remained the same.

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110 "Go it, Larry, go!" cried Hobson. "Give me your foot, and I'll give you a shove!"

"Hi! hi! no foul play back there!" roared Striker. "This race is to be won on its merits. Now, then, for the wind up!" and he renewed his efforts.

But he was almost winded, for the race had been a stiff one from the start, and he was not used to exerting himself in the water. On the other hand, Larry was still fresh, and had taken part in several swimming matches before. The boy renewed his efforts to overtake his opponent, and now, as the yawl drew closer, he slowly but surely crept up.

"See, see! Russell is gaining!" cried Tom Grandon, from the taffrail.

"He'll win out, after all!" echoed the Rev. Martin Wells, who was quite excited. The race made him think of his college days, ten years gone by.

On and on the pair in the water continued to go, until the yawl, rising and falling with the swells was less than fifteen feet away. Striker was still a yard ahead and pushing forward like a blown porpoise. Larry continued to diminish the distance between them.

"Hurry up, Larry, and you'll make it yet!" cried Grandon.

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Mansel (he held the same position afterwards from October 1869 till June 1871), and contributed to ‘Aids to Faith’ (1861), besides writing various sermons and articles. In 1865 his health suffered from his labours, and he took a holiday abroad, visiting Rome with his wife. On returning, he answered Mill's ‘Examination of Sir W. Hamilton's Philosophy’ in some articles in the ‘Contemporary Review,’ afterwards republished. He criticised Mill's ignorance of the doctrines of Kant, but breaks off with an impatient expression of contempt without completing his answer. In 1865 he was a prominent member of the committee in support of Mr. Gathorne Hardy against Mr. Gladstone. From 1864 to 1868 he was examining chaplain to the Bishop of Peterborough (Dr. Jeune). At the end of 1866 he was appointed by Lord Derby to the professorship of ecclesiastical history, vacant by the death of Dr. Shirley on 30 Nov. He delivered in the Lent term of 1868 a course of lectures upon ‘The Gnostic Heresies,’ published after his death. In the same year he was appointed to the deanery of St. Paul's by Mr. Disraeli. His health was weakened by the pressure of business at Oxford, and he had been much distressed by the direction in which the university had been developing. He hoped to find more leisure for literary projects in his new position. There was, however, much to be done in arranging a final settlement with the ecclesiastical commissioners, and he was much occupied in finishing his share of the ‘Speaker's Commentary’ (the first two gospels) which he had undertaken in 1863. He also took the lead in promoting the new scheme for the decoration of the cathedral. He paid visits with his wife to his brother-in-law at Cosgrove Hall during his tenure of the deanery, and while staying there in 1871 he died suddenly in his sleep (30 July), from the rupture of a blood-vessel in the brain. A memorial window, representing the incredulity of St. Thomas, was erected to his memory in the north chapel of St. Paul's Cathedral, and unveiled on St. Paul's day 1879.

Many of Mansel's epigrams are remembered, and Dean Burgon has collected some good specimens of his sayings. If a rather large proportion consists of puns, some of them ‘atrocious,’ there are some really good sayings, and they show unforced playfulness. He was invariably cheerful, fond of joining in the amusements of children, and a simple and affectionate companion. The ‘loveliest feature of his character,’ says Burgon, was his ‘profound humility,’ which is illustrated by his readiness to ‘prostrate his reason’ before revelation, having once satisfied himself that the Bible was the word of God. It must be admitted that this amiable quality scarcely shows itself in his controversial writings. He was profoundly convinced that the teaching of Mill and his school was ‘utterly mischievous,’ as tending to materialism and the denial of the freedom of the will. His metaphysical position was that of a follower of Sir William Hamilton, and upon some points the disciple was in advance of his master. Later developments of thought, however, have proceeded upon different lines.

Mansel's works are: 1. ‘The Demons of the Wind and other Poems,’ 1838. 2. ‘On the Heads of Predicables,’ 1847. 3. ‘Artis Logicæ Rudimenta’ (a revised edition of Aldrich's ‘Logic’). 4. ‘Scenes from an unfinished Drama entitled Phrontisterion, or Oxford in the Nineteenth Century,’ 1850, 4th edit. 1852. 5. ‘Prolegomena Logica,’ a series of Psychological Essays introductory to the Science, 1851. 6. ‘The Limits of Demonstrative Science considered’ (in a Letter to Dr. Whewell), 1853. 7. ‘Man's Conception of Eternity,’ 1854 (in answer to Maurice). 8. ‘Psychology the Test of Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy’ (inaugural lecture), 1855. 9. ‘On the Philosophy of Kant’ (lecture), 1856. 10. Article on ‘Metaphysics’ in eighth edition of ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ 1857. Republished in 1860 as ‘Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal and Real.’ 11. ‘Bampton Lectures,’ 1858 (two editions), 1859 (two editions), and 1867. A preface in answer to critics is added to the fourth edition. 12. ‘Examination of the Rev. F. D. Maurice's Strictures on the Bampton Lectures of 1858,’ 1859 (in answer to Maurice's ‘What is Revelation?’). 13. ‘Letter to Professor Goldwin Smith concerning the Postscript to his Lectures on the Study of History,’ 1861. A second letter replied to Professor Smith's ‘Rational Religion and the Rationalistic Objections of the Bampton Lectures for 1858,’ 1861. 14. ‘Lenten Sermons,’ 1863. 15. ‘The Philosophy of the Conditioned: Remarks on Sir W. Hamilton's Philosophy, and on J. S. Mill's Examination of that Philosophy,’ 1866. 16. ‘Letters, Lectures, and Reviews’ (edited by Chandler in 1873). 17. ‘The Gnostic Heresies of the First and Second Centuries,’ with Sketch by Lord Carnarvon. Edited by J. B. Lightfoot, D.D., 1875. Mansel edited Hamilton's Lectures with Professor Veitch in 1859; contributed a ‘critical dissertation’ to ‘The Miracles,’ by the Right Hon. Joseph Napier, and wrote part of ‘The Speaker's Commentary.’ (see above).


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Rh And Larry did hurry, putting forth every ounce of muscle that remained. His head was now up to Striker's knees, and now he made a last desperate plunge and drew up alongside of the Yankee. A yell arose on every side.

"They are even!"

"Go it, both of you!"

And go it they did; but Striker was doing his best, and Larry also, and neither could increase his speed. Up they shot to the yawl, and two hands went up to the gunwale simultaneously.

"It's a tie!"

"Both have won!"

"That's the best race I've seen in a good—"

Bang! crash! the words of the last speaker were drowned in a noise as unexpected as it was dismaying. The yawl was seen to rise in the air, which was instantly filled with flying splinters, and Larry and Striker disappeared like a flash from view.

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Mansel MANSEL or MAUNSELL, JOHN (d. 1265), keeper of the seal and counsellor of Henry III, was the son of a country priest (, v., v. 129), a circumstance which probably explains the allegation that he was of illegitimate birth (Placita de quo warranto, p. 749). Weever, however, says that he had seen a pedigree showing his descent from Philip de Mansel, who came over with the Conqueror (Funerall Monuments, p. 273), and Burke makes him a descendant of Henry Mansel, eldest son of Philip (Dormant and Extinct Peerage, p. 354), but these statements are opposed to the known facts. Mansel was brought up from early youth at court (Fœdera, i. 414), but the first mention of him is on 5 July 1234, when he was appointed to reside at the exchequer of receipt and to have one roll of the said receipt (, Exchequer, ii. 51). The office thus created seems to have been a new one, and was probably that of chancellor of the exchequer, which is first spoken of by name a few years later. Soon after Easter 1238 Henry III despatched a force under Henry de Trubleville to aid the Emperor Frederick in his warfare with the cities of northern Italy. Mansel accompanied the expedition, and distinguished himself at the capture of various cities during the summer and in the warfare with the Milanese. After his return to England Mansel was in 1241 presented to the prebend of Thame by a papal provision, and in despite of the bishop, Robert Grosseteste. Grosseteste was highly indignant at the infringement of his rights, and Mansel rather than create trouble withdrew his claim, and obtained in recompense the benefices of Maidstone and Howden. Next year Mansel accompanied the king on his expedition to France, and distinguished himself in the fight at Saintes, on 22 July, when he unhorsed Peter Orige, seneschal of the Count of Boulogne. In the spring of 1243 Mansel was present at the siege of the monastery of Vérines, in the department of Charente-Inférieure; he again distinguished himself by his vigour and courage, and was severely wounded by a stone hurled from the wall. On his recovery after a long illness he rose yet higher in the royal favour, and in 1244 the king made him his chief counsellor. He had returned to England with the king in September 1243.

On 8 Nov. 1246 Mansel received custody of the great seal, which office he held till 28 Aug. 1247, when he surrendered it to go on an embassy for the king (Rot. Pat. 31 Hen. III, m. 2). He does not appear to have held the title of chancellor, for Matthew Paris speaks of him simply as ‘having custody of the seal to fill the office and duty of chancellor’ (iv. 601). The object of Mansel's foreign mission was to treat for a marriage between the king's son Edward and the daughter of the Duke of Brabant; the negotiations proved futile, and in 1248 Mansel returned to England. On 17 Aug. 1248 he again received custody of the great seal, and held it till 8 Sept. 1249. In October of the latter year he was taken ill, it was said from poison, at Maidstone. On 7 March 1250 he took the cross along with the king and many nobles. In June he was one of the entertainers of the general chapter of the Dominicans then being held in London.

As the foremost of the royal counsellors Mansel was employed by Henry to obtain the bishopric of Winchester for his half-brother Aymer [q. v.] in September 1250. His influence with the king enabled him to intercede successfully in behalf of Henry de Bathe [q. v.] and of Philip Lovel [q. v.], though in both cases his application was at first refused. He also interceded for Richard of Croxley, abbot of Westminster, and was appointed, together with Earl Richard of Cornwall, to arbitrate between the abbot and his convent. In these cases Mansel was acting on behalf of men who had been his colleagues in public life; more questionable was his support of his brother-in-law, Sir Geoffrey Childewike, in his quarrel with the abbey of St. Albans, which dispute was through his influence decided against the abbey (, v. 129, 234; Gesta Abbatum, i. 315–20). Mansel himself was at this time (1251–2) engaged in a dispute with the abbey of Tewkesbury as to the tithes of Kingston Manor, he being then rector of Ferring, Sussex. The quarrel was decided by the arbitration of the bishop of Chichester (Ann. Mon. i. 147–9). In the autumn of 1251 he was employed on a mission to treat for peace with Scotland and arrange a marriage between Alexander III and Henry's daughter Margaret. In 1253 he accompanied the king to Gascony, and on 15 May was sent with William de Bitton, bishop of Bath and Wells, to treat with Alfonso of Castile; in this commission he is described as the king's secretary (Fœdera, i. 290). The object of the mission was to arrange for a marriage between the king's son Edward and Alfonso's sister; the mission was unsuccessful, but a second one in February 1254, in which Mansel also took part, fared better, and the treaty was signed on 1 April. In the following October Mansel was present at Burgos, on the occasion of Edward's marriage to Eleanor of Castile. During these negotiations he had obtained from Alfonso a charter renouncing any rights that he had in Gascony, and also the grant


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", sure as you're born!"

It was Tom Grandon who uttered the cry, and as the words left his lips, he pointed excitedly to the rear of the yawl, through which was thrust a dark, bony substance very much resembling the blade of a double whip-saw. Back of the yawl a big fish was floundering,—the sawfish itself,—churning the water into a white foam.

"Russell! Striker! where are they? " shouted Captain Ponsberry, and then turning, he darted towards his cabin, to bring up a harpoon hanging upon the hooks below.

"A sawfish! A shark!" yelled those who had been following the racers; and at once there was a wild scramble to gain the side of the Columbia. Ropes were thrown over by Tom Grandon and several others, and the men lost no time in clambering up to the deck. Then came a rush to the taffrail.

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great discovery of M. Oersted, which has so much extended the limits of physical science, promises to open a new career to practical mechanics. The motive powers which have hitherto served for the movement of machines are not, properly speaking, forces; they are only masses animated by forces. These masses are made to act upon the point of application of a machine, and they consequently can only give it a velocity conformable to their own moving principle. But magnetism enables us to employ immediately a force; the point of application is the force itself. We thus perceive a considerable active force produced without any external influence. The interest of such a phænomenon is increased extremely by the simplicity of the apparatus and by the facility of conceiving its mode of action. But on examining it more closely, we find that the forces which are active in producing the movement present a great complication of circumstances. The study of the phænomena of electricity and magnetism is still in its infancy; and we are not surprised that every day makes us acquainted with new phænomena at once striking and unsuspected. The views which I had conceived of these forces have in part been confirmed during the course of my researches, and they have in part been shaken and even completely changed; as soon, however, as I was obliged to abandon one view, another presented itself which led to the disclosure of fruitful results. For example, the remarkable reaction which prevents the movement from becoming accelerated to infinity has become a new source of power; the exact knowledge of the galvanic action leads to a minimum of the expense attending its maintenance. I have restricted myself in my researches to such experiments as touch immediately upon the object itself; and from the number of these, I shall only publish those which have given results, or at least lead us to hope for them: I have suppressed as much as possible all purely theoretical considerations. As to the practical application, it appears to me decided by my experiments; to go further will be only to augment an effect, with which, laying aside sanguine expectations, we may already be content. It is no unusual thing to have electro-magnets which lift 2000lbs.; mine carried


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504 only from 30 to 40 at most: ''nevertheless, these feeble magnets furnished me with a mechanical action equal to half the force of a man. To maintain this action, during eight hours, scarcely half a pound of zinc is required, everything being properly arranged.''

I have not yet been able to construct a larger apparatus, and I therefore wished to make as much use as I could of the one I possessed, since it was capable of showing completely the nature of the active forces. My experiments may be easily repeated; all depending upon carefully attending to the construction of the commutator, and likewise that of the galvanic apparatus. Those who are acquainted with electro-magnetic phænomena will easily be able to make the necessary arrangements, and to give the accurate proportion to the several parts. The object of this memoir will be attained if it inspire an interest for a subject which merits it.

Königsberg, August 21, 1835.

In November 1834 I had the honour to lay before the Academy of Sciences of Paris a note upon a new electro-magnetic apparatus. That note was read at the meeting of December 1st; and an abstract of it was printed in the Institute, No. 82, of December 3rd, to which I refer. Since that time MM. Botto and dal Negro have claimed the priority of the invention, the former in the Institute (No. 110) of June 17th. The competition in which I find myself engaged with such distinguished men serves only to confirm my conviction of the importance of this new motive power. A discussion as to priority is only of historical interest. It is not astonishing that persons, who had scarcely any communication with each other, should have devoted themselves almost at the same time to the study of the same object. But we ought not to conceal from ourselves that, after the grand discovery of M. Oersted and the experiments of Mr. Sturgeon, who, it seems to me, first gave a great magnetic intensity to soft iron by means of an electric current, and viewing the instantaneous manner in which this magnetism may be destroyed or reversed, by merely changing the direction of the current,—it was not difficult to conceive the possibility that some motion or some mechanical operation might be produced by the electro-magnetic excitation of soft iron. In short we must award the palm to M. Oersted; whilst we who follow him shall have the merit of having known how to apply this new power to practical purposes and the wants of life: and this will be reserved for him who shall best have understood the mechanical and physical principles of this motive power.


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Rh All this while the sawfish was doing its best to extricate its saw from the wreck of the boat. This was not easy, and the splinters continued to fly in all directions, while the flying spray reached even to those who watched the struggle. The fish was at least eight feet long, while the saw was a yard more, and it looked as if the yawl would be pounded and cut into bits before the conflict came to an end.

"Where in the world are Larry and Striker?" cried Hobson. "They can't be tangled up under that fish, can they?"

"God forbid!" murmured the Rev. Martin Wells. "Yet I see nothing of them," he added sorrowfully.

Captain Ponsberry now reappeared, harpoon in hand. In years gone by the captain had been a whaler, and the harpoon was one with which he had struck many a monster of the deep. A light line was attached to it, which he rapidly uncoiled.

"Now, then, make room, and I'll give the rascal a taste of this!" cried the master of the Columbia; and standing on the taffrail, he took careful aim and let drive. There was a short whiz; the harpoon was seen to pierce the sawfish's side, and

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Mansel of certain liberties for pilgrims going to Compostella. In September 1255, Mansel and Richard de Clare, earl of Gloucester, were sent to Edinburgh to inquire into the treatment of the young queen Margaret. This delicate mission was successfully performed, and Margaret and her husband were released from the tutelage of Robert de Ros and John de Baliol (Cat. Docs. Scotl, i. 381-8). As a consequence of his negotiations with the pope, Henry III had agreed to go to Apulia and prosecute his son Edmund's claims in person. For this purpose he desired a free passage through France, and on 24 Jan. 1256 Mansel was sent to treat with Louis IX (Fœdera, i. 335). On 30 Jan. Henry wrote a long letter to Mansel with reference to the affairs of Gascony and Castile, giving him full authority to decide the matter on account of his great knowledge of the subject (, ii. 110-11). In June Mansel was sent with the Earl of Gloucester to Germany, to negotiate with the electors as to the choice of Richard of Cornwall to be king of the Romans. After much bargaining and bribery their object was accomplished by the election of Richard on 13 Jan. 1257 (Ann. Mon. iv. 112). Mansel was back in England in time for the Lent parliament on 25 March. In June he was appointed, with Simon de Montfort and others, to treat with the pope as to Sicily, but does not appear to have left England (Fœdera, i. 359-60). During the summer both of this and the following year he was engaged in the north of England and in Scotland on missions to arrange the dispute between Alexander III and his rebellious subject' (ib. i. 347, 376; Cal. Docs. Scotl. i. 2131, 2133; Chron. de Mailros, p. 184). In January 1258 he held an examination of the civic officers of London at the Guildhall, and deposed several aldermen (Lib. de Ant. Legibus, pp. 30-7, Camden Soc.; Ann. Lond. in Chron. Edw. I and II, i. 50).

When at the parliament of Oxford in June 1258 Henry had to assent to a new scheme of government, 'the provisions of Oxford,' Mansel was named one of the royal representatives on the committee of twenty-four, and was likewise a member of the council of fifteen, having previously been one of the two royal electors appointed for its choice. In March he was associated with the Earls of Leicester and Gloucester and others in the mission to France, which led to the abandonment of the English king's claims on Normandy. In May he was employed with the Earl of Gloucester to arrange the marriage between Henry's daughter Beatrice and John of Brittany (Fœdera, i. 382, 386). In October he was with the queen at St. Albans, and in the following month accompanied the king to France (cf., ii. 152, 155). When Edward quarrelled with his father in 1260, Mansel and Richard, earl of Gloucester, were the only royal counsellors who were admitted freely to the kind's presence. In August 1260 the temporalities of Durham were entrusted to Mansel during the vacancy of the see, and while in charge of the bishopric he entertained the king and queen of Scotland in October (Flores Hist. ii. 455; Cal. Docs. Scotl. i. 2204).

Mansel is said to have advised Henry to withdraw from 'the provisions' (Ann. Mon. iv. 128), and in March 1261 Henry was compelled to dismiss him from his council. Mansel took refuge in the Tower, but when in May he learnt of the removal of the baronial justiciar and chancellor by the king, he left London by stealth and joined Henry at Winchester. Mansel was apparently alarmed for the consequences of Henry's action, and by his advice the king then came to London; no doubt he was Henry's adviser in his subsequent vigorous action with regard to the appointment of the sheriffs.

On 5 July he was one of the arbitrators to decide all grounds of dispute between the king and the Earl and Countess of Leicester (, ii. 175). In November he was one of the arbitrators appointed to decide the dispute as to the appointment of the sheriffs (Ann. Mon. iv. 129). On 1 Jan. 1262 the council charged Mansel with having stirred up strife between the king and his nobles, but Henry on the same day addressed a warm letter of defence to the Roman curia (Fœdera, i. 414). It was through Mansel's exertions that in the following month a papal bull was obtained, securing for Henry the fullest release from all his obligations (, ii. 206). In July he went over with the king to France as keeper of the great seal, but resigned the office on 10 Oct., and after that date is again called the king's secretary. He returned to England with the king on 20 Dec. When open war broke out in the following spring, Mansel was one of the chief objects of the barons' wrath. After sheltering for some time in the Tower, he proceeded stealthily with the king's son Edmund to Dover, and thence on 29 June crossed over to Boulogne, Henry of Almaine, then a supporter of De Montfort, pursuing him in hot haste. All his lands in England were bestowed on De Montfort's son Simon. Mansel never returned to England; he was present at the Mise of Amiens on 23 Jan. 1264, and in February was acting for Henry in his negotiations with Louis IX. After the battle of Lewes he was one of the royalists who


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Rh

In May 1834 I constructed the first magnetic apparatus with a primitive continuous circular motion. It is true that, like M. dal Negro, (with whose labours I regret that I am not better acquainted,) I had several years ago conceived the idea of applying this power to mechanics: but I could not at first divest myself of the idea of making this application by means of an advancing and receding motion, produced by the attractive and repulsive power of magnetic bars,—a motion which, by known means, might have been changed into a continuous circular one. It seemed to me that an apparatus of this kind would have only the merit of an amusing toy, which might find a place in the cabinets of men of science, but would be entirely inapplicable on a large scale with any advantage.

For considering the general equation of active forces applied to the movement of machines the magnetic action, during the amplitude $$a$$, and represented by $$ \int_0^a M\, ds$$, could not be perfectly exhausted by the action $$ \Sigma \int_0^{a'} P\, ds'$$, unless the active force gained during the movement becomes zero, or $$\Sigma mv_'^2 - \Sigma m v_0^2 = 0$$. Now the magnetic attraction is a function of the space, the form of which we do not sufficiently know, this function being affected by the nature of the distribution of the magnetism in the body, of whatever form. The law of this distribution is scarcely established with regard to bars of steel of a regular form, magnetized to saturation and deprived of consecutive points. With regard to bars of soft iron of considerable dimensions, magnetized by an electro-conductive helix, we have analogies only, but no experiments. But however this may be, we know well that this function must be expressed by a very convergent series, so that the magnetic attraction will be in an inverse proportion to the square or to the cube of the distance, or, stopping at the three first members, will perhaps be composed of them. The magnetic points then approach each other with an accelerated motion; the active forces increase, and reach their maximum at the instant when the contact is completed: but this force ought then to be destroyed. It will destroy itself by the fixed points of the machine, and by the vibration of the system: but this will be in an unprofitable manner. There will be a complete loss of the active force obtained $$ \Sigma mv_'^2 - \Sigma m v_0^2$$. We know the ill effects of shocks in the movement of machines, but there is here another inconvenience which is not simply mechanical. The soft iron, by these repeated shocks and vibrations, gradually acquires at the


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506 surface of contact the nature of steel; there will be a considerable permanent magnetism, and the transient magnetic force, which alone produces the movement, will be weakened in proportion. A number of experiments which I have made upon the magnetic force of a bar of soft iron bent into a horseshoe (of which I shall speak hereafter) has shown me the great disadvantages of oft-repeated shocks, proceeding from the sudden contact of the armature. But, if we stop at the mechanical principles of magnetism, it may be objected that the active force gained will not be absolutely lost for the purposes of utility; that in part the elasticity of the iron will itself reproduce it; that another portion may be regained by springs properly applied, or by other mechanical methods which may be invented. We leave the appreciation of all these factitious means and of these superadditions to those who are in the habit of constructing machines; they well know their insufficiency, the great loss of working power, and how rapidly all the systems are destroyed, unless the greatest care be paid to the preservation of the active forces. But we must seek the means of this preservation in the nature of the forces themselves. The history of the steam-engine teaches us that its improvement commences with Watt's ingenious idea of stopping the escape of the steam before the piston had accomplished its stroke, and of causing the steam afterwards to act by its own expansion. Watt understood the subject: all he did was to give to the function $$P = \phi(s)$$, which expresses the action of the steam, such a form as $$\int_0^q P\, ds = \int_0^{a'} P' ds'$$, and thus the active force gained becomes zero, all the prejudicial and destructive vibrations in the machines previously constructed cease, and the power of the motive force is converted for the most part into useful action. I must here cite the valuable researches of M. Poncélet on the construction of hydraulic wheels,—a work founded upon a profound comprehension of the same principles.

These considerations, at once clear and simple, have induced me to reject entirely every apparatus in which magnetism is applied to produce immediately an oscillating motion; these constructions being, as we have seen, as inadmissible as they are impracticable of execution on a large scale.

In the note which I had the honour of laying before the Academy of Sciences of Paris I stated that, in accordance with all experiments, magnetism is a power acting like universal gravitation, solely in some function of space. The integral $$\frac$$ comparable with the known number $$g$$, represents the mean action furnished by the attraction of two


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444 Manners-Sutt >n, Thomas, first Baron Manners (1756-1842) CO Mannin, James (d. 1779) .... 62 Manning, Henrv Edward (1808-1892). . 62 Manning James (1781-1866). . . . GS Manning, Marie (1821-1849). ... 00 Manning, 0*en (1721-1801). . . .69 Manning Robert (d. 1731). . . .70 Manning, Samuel (d. 1847). . . .71 Manning Samuel, the younger (ft. 1846). See under Manning, Samuel (rf. 1847). Manning Samuel ( 1822-1881) ... 71 Manning, Thomas (1772-1840) ... 71 Manning, William (1630 ?-1711) ... 73 Manning. William Oke ( 1809-1878). . 74 Manningham, John (d. 1622). . . .74 Manningham, Sir Richard, M.D. (1690-1759) 74 Manninirham, Thomas ( 1651 F-1722). . 75 Mannock, John (1677-1764). . . .76 Manny or Mauny, Sir Walter de, afterwards Lord de Manny (rf. 1372). . . .76 Mannvng, Robert, or Hubert de Brunne {ft. -1838) 80 Mansel, Charles Grenville ( 1806-1886) . . 81 Mansel, Henry Longueville (1820-1871) . 81 Mans*-I or Maunsell, John (d. 1265) . . 84 Mansel, William Lort (1753-1820) ... 86 Mansell, Kranci-, D.D. ' 1579-1665). . 87 Mansell, Sir Robert (1573-1656) ... 88 Mansell, Sir Thomas (1777-1858) ... 89 Mansfield, EarU of. See Murray, William (1705-1793), first Earl; Murrav, David (1727-1796^, second Earl. Mansfield, Charles Blachford (1819-1855) . 90 Mansfield, Henry de {d. 1328 >. See Maun*field. Mansfield {originally Manfield), Sir James (1733-1821). .*..... 91 Mansfield, Sir William Rose, first Lord Sand- hurst (1819-1876) 92 Manahip, Henry (/. 15^2) .... 94 Manship, Henry (d, lt>25). See under Man- ship, Henrv (/. 1562*. Manson, David (1726-1792) . . . .95 Manson, George (1850-1876) . . . .96 Mant, Richard (1776-1848) .... 96 Mant, Walter Bishop (1807-1869) . . . 98 Mante, Thomas (tf. 1772) . . . .98 Mantell, Gideon Algernon (1790-1852) . . 99 Mantell, Jo>hua (1795-1865) . . . .100 Mantell, Sir Thomas (1751-1831) . . .100 Manton, John (d. 1884). See under Man ton, Joseph. Manton, Joseph (1766 ?-1835) . . .100 Manton, Thomas, D.D. (1620-1677) . . 101 Manwaring or Mavnwaring, Roger (1590- ) ..*;... . 104 Manwood, Ji.hn (rf. 1610) .... 105 Man wood, Sir Peter (d. 1625) .... 105 Manwood, Sir Roger (1525-1592) . . . 106 Map or Mapes, Walter {fi, 1200 > . . .109 Maplet,J«hn(rf. 1592) . . ' . . .112 Maplet, John (1612 ?-1670) . . . .113 Mapletoft, John (1631-1721) .... 113 Mapletoft, Robert (1609-1677) . . .115 Mar, Earls of. See Cochrane, Robert, Earl of Mar (d. 1482); Erskine, John, first or six*h Earl of the Erskine line (d, 1572) ; Kr*kine, John, second or seventh Earl (1558-1634); Erskine, John, sixth or eleventh Earl (1675-1732); Srewart, John, Earl of Mar (d. 1479). See Gabriel, Mary PAdK Mar, Donald, tenth Earl of (d. 1297) . . 1 16 Mar, Donald, twelfth Earl of (1293 ?-1332) . 117 Mar, Thomas, thirteenth Earl of (d, 1377) . 117 Mar, W r illiam, ninth E*rl i.f (0) . . . .119 Marbeck or Merbeck, John (d. 1585 ?) . .120 Marheck, Markbeeke, or Merbeck, Roger( 1536- ) 121 Marcet, Alexander John Gaspard, M.D. ( 1 770- 1822) ........ 122 Mareet, Mrs. Jane (1769-1858) . . .122 March, Earls of. See Mortimer, Rojrer, first Earl (1286-1330) ; Mortimer, Edmund, third Earl (1351-1381); Mortimer, Roger, fourth Earl (1374-1398); Mortimer, Ed- mund, fifth Earl (1391-1425); Stuart, Esnie (1579 ?-1624) ; Douglas, William, after- wards fourth Duke of Queensberrv (1724- 1810). March, Mre.(l825-1877) Ann Virginia. March, John (1612-1657) . . . . 12S March, John (1640-1692) . . . .125 March, Patrick Dunbar, tenth Earl of (1285- ). See under Dunbar, Agnes. March. De la Ma re be, or De March ia, William (d, 1302) . 125 Marchant, Nathaniel (1739-1816) . . .127 Marchi, Giuseppe Filippo Liberati (1735?- 1808) . . . . . . . .127 Marchiley, John (d. 1386 ?). See Mardisley. Marvhmonr, Earls of. See Hume, Sir Patrick, first Earl (1641-1724); Campbell, Alex- ander, second Earl (1675-1740); Hume. Hugh, third Eatl (1708-1794). Marckant, John (JL 1562) . . . .128 Marcuard, Room Samuel (1751-1792 ?) . 128 M.-trdelev, John (A 1548) . . . . 12S MardialeV, John (d. 1386?) . . . .128 Mare, Sir Peter de la (/. 1370). See De la Mare. Mare, Thomas de la(lS0$-1396) . . .129 Maredudd ab Owain {d. 999 ?) 130 Maredudd ap BMdvn (d. 1132). . .130 Marett or Mare», Philip (1568 P-1637). .131 Marett, Sir Robert Pipon (1820-1884). See under Marett or Mare', Philip. Marfcld, John (Ji. 1393). See Mirfeld. Margaret, St. {d. 1093) 132 Margaret (1240-1275) ..... 134 Margaret (1282 ?-1318) 136 Margaretof Scotland (1425 ?-1 445) . . 136 Margaret of Anjou (1430-1482) . . .138 Margaret of Denmark (1457 ?-1486) . . 148 Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy (1446-15ai) 148 Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, ' Lady Margaret' (1441-1509). See Beaufort. Margaret Tudor (1489-1541 ) . . . .150 Margary, Augustus Raymon 1 (1846-1875) . 157 Margetson, James (I6i>6-1678). . . .157 Margoliouth, Moses (1820-1881) . . .159 Marhain, Ralph (/. 13*0) . . . .159 Marianus Scot us (1028-1082?) . . .160 Marianus Scot us (rf. 10^8). See under Marianus Scotus (102&-1082 ?). Marischal, Earls of. See Keith, William, fourth K»rl {d. 1581); Keith, Gwrge, fifth Earl (1^53 ?-i623); Keith, William, sixth Earl (d, 1636); Keiih, William, seventh


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Rh points, and is not at all affected by their relative velocity. The inversion of the poles being effected instantaneously, we should thus have a velocity infinitely accelerated. Now a system moving round an axis, and capable of a continuous circular motion, is that which is alone susceptible of such a velocity. It cannot become uniform, unless some resisting element, or some other action depending on the velocity, is introduced into the system. Putting aside the application to practical use which has to be made of such an apparatus, the obstacles to be overcome, inseparable from the system, consist only in the friction of the pivots in the sockets, and in the resistance of the air. As to the former, repeated experiments have proved that the friction is independent of the rapidity of rotation, at least within the limits of experiment; this resistance, therefore, can in no way contribute to render the accelerated motion uniform. It is in fact the resistance of the air which will act to produce this effect. Although it might be reduced at pleasure, principally by giving a suitable form to the rotatory system, it would not be entirely annihilated. But it will be allowed, that we should have reason to be well satisfied with the mechanical effect of magnetism, if this were the only cause which tended to reduce the accelerated movement to a uniform movement. The limits of such a uniform velocity must be very distant. I do not speak, of the great simplicity of a magnetic machine with a continuous circular motion, of the advantages of construction which are gained by being able to transform with ease this motion to any other which the working machine may require. These considerations had strongly impressed my mind, even whilst the means of execution were still unknown to me, but I always kept in sight the practical application, and the object appeared too important for me to exhaust my powers in the construction of see-saw toys, which might claim the honour of being placed in the rank with the electric chime relatively to their effect, and still more relatively to the tinkling with which they are accompanied.

Fig. 1. of the annexed plate represents the magnetic apparatus of eight bars, arranged symmetrically upon a disc moveable round the axis $$A$$, and of eight fixed bars similarly arranged upon a fixed platform. The arrangement of the bars admits of the greatest variety, provided it be exactly symmetrical, and that it allow the poles to approach each other as nearly as possible. To prevent the action being too oblique,—since the centre of magnetic gravity is probably at some distance from the extremity, as in the ordinary magnetic bars,—it is preferable to make this arrangement so that the axes of the cylindrical bars shall be situated rectangularly, and not parallel, as in the figure. It must be further observed, that there will be some difficulty in forging bars of considerable dimensions into the horseshoe form, so that the axes of the branches be situated exactly