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Hoyle's Games Modernized/Bridge

BRIDGE.

This is a recent development of the grand old game of Whist. Though differing widely in many particulars from its prototype, it is still essentially Whist, the innovations, while introducing a new speculative element, affording even larger opportunities for the exercise of the judgment and skill which Whist proper demands; and the best proof of its merit lies in the fact that even by the "old stagers" of the London clubs it is now generally played in preference to the classic game.

The main elements of novelty in Bridge, as distinguished from Whist, may be classed under the following heads:—

1. The manner of deciding the trump suit.

2. Different values of tricks and honours according to the suit made trumps.

3. Licence to each party in turn to double and re-double the normal value of tricks.

4. The dealer playing two hands, his partner becoming a "dummy."

Before proceeding to the Laws in detail, it should be premised that Bridge, like ordinary Whist, is played by four persons, two against two, with the full pack of fifty-two cards (two such packs being used alternately). The players cut for partners and for deal; the cards are shuffled, cut, and dealt in the usual way, thirteen to each player; but no card is turned up, the trump suit being named by the dealer, or by his partner, as hereafter explained.

Before perusing the following general remarks, the reader should study the Club code of Laws, which will be found at the end of this chapter, and which contains full particulars as to naming the trump suit, doubling and re-doubling, revoke penalty, mode of reckoning up points, &c.

This is usually kept upon a scoring block, ruled as shown upon the following page. Each column is intended to receive the score of one rubber. It will be observed that the column is divided midway by a horizontal line. The portion below this is for recording the value of the tricks won; the portion above for the scoring of honours and the other subsidiary elements affecting the ultimate value of the rubber.

A practical example will best illustrate the working of the plan. A and B, we will suppose, are playing against C and D. Diamonds have been declared to be trumps, and A and B have won in the first deal nine tricks. The value of each trick, when diamonds are trumps, being 6 points, A and B score in their own column, immediately below the central line, 18. They have also together held four honours, value in diamonds, 24. They accordingly mark 24 above the line.

 * —Scoring Blocks of this pattern, but usually of larger size, are issued by all card-making stationers at low prices.

The next deal is played sans atout. C and D are the winners by two tricks, and between them hold three aces. The value of the two tricks is 24, which is scored below the line, and the value of the three aces 30, which is scored above the line.

In the third deal, hearts are trumps. A and B win two tricks, value 16 points. This, added to their previous 18, makes them 32, and therefore gives them the game. But C and D hold three honours, value in hearts 16: these they score above their previous 30. The points are not yet added up, but a pencil line is drawn above and below the scores of both parties, to indicate that they represent a completed game.

In the next deal, clubs are trumps. A and B win the odd trick, value 4 points. They have also four honours (divided), value in clubs 16.

The next hand is played sans atout. A and B win two tricks, value 24, but D holds four aces, value 100.

In the next hand, spades are trumps, and A and B make the odd trick, value 2 points. This makes them game, giving them the rubber as well, but C and D hold between them four honours, value in spades 8, which number is accordingly placed to their credit.

We are now in a position to assess the value of the rubber. Each column is added up. The total of A and B's score is 104, while that of C and D is 178. But the 100 points for the rubber have yet to be taken into consideration. These are accordingly added to the score of A and B, bringing it up to 204. From this total is deducted the 178 standing to the credit of C and D, and the difference, 26, is the number of points by which A and B are the gainers.

As the points at Bridge frequently run into high figures, it is as well to keep their individual value small, or a loser may find himself let in for an amount which he had not intended risking.

So far as the science of the game is concerned, the main point, in so far as it differs from Whist, is to be able to judge correctly what suit should be made trumps; whether to play without trumps; or, lastly, whether to pass the option to one's partner. Hands are, of course, capable of almost infinite variety, and it is difficult to lay down rules which shall govern all cases. The novice may, however, safely take to heart the following maxims:—

1. Holding four aces, the dealer plays sans atout, inasmuch as he thereby secures four certain tricks, besides one hundred for his aces.

2. Holding three aces, he should do likewise, unless he has a strong red suit, giving assurance of a high score without risk, while the No-trump call involves dangerous weakness in one suit. In this case, the strong red suit should be declared.

3. Early in the game, if he cannot safely declare No-trumps or a red suit, and is not exceptionally strong in clubs, he should pass the option to his partner.

4. When the score of the dealer and his partner is approaching game, if the dealer can make game a certainty by declaring a black suit trumps, he should usually do so.

For more detailed advice as to Bridge tactics, the reader may be referred to two handy little works by W. Dalton, entitled Bridge at a Glance and Bridge Abridged, published by Messrs. De la Rue & Co. By the courtesy of these gentlemen, we are enabled to reprint the authoritative Laws of the game, as revised by a joint committee of the Portland and Turf Clubs. It will be observed that they follow very closely the Laws of Whist; but the special features of Bridge have been minutely considered and provided for, and a careful study of the Laws will form the best possible introduction to a knowledge of the game.

THE LAWS OF BRIDGE (1904).

1. The Rubber is the best of three games. If the first two games be won by the same players, the third game is not played.

2. A game consists of thirty points obtained by tricks alone, exclusive of any points counted for Honours, Chicane, Or Slam.

3. Every hand is played out, and any points in excess of the thirty points necessary for the game are counted.

4. Each trick above six counts two points when spades are trumps, four points when clubs are trumps, six points when diamonds are trumps, eight points when hearts are trumps, and twelve points when there are no trumps.

5. Honours consist of ace, king, queen, knave, and ten of the trump suit. When there are no trumps they consist of the four aces.

6. Honours in trumps are thus reckoned:

If a player and his partner conjointly hold—

 * I. The five honours of the trump suit, they score for honours five times the value of the trump suit trick.

 * II. Any four honours of the trump suit, they score for honours four times the value of the trump suit trick.

 * III. Any three honours of the trump suit, they score for honours twice the value of the trump suit trick.

If a player in his own hand holds—

 * I. The five honours of the trump suit, he and his partner score for honours ten times the value of the trump suit trick.

 * II. Any four honours of the trump suit, they score for honours eight times the value of the trump suit trick. In this last case, if the player's partner holds the fifth honour, they also score for honours the single value of the trump suit trick.

The value of the trump suit trick referred to in this Law is its original value, e.g. two points in spades and six points in diamonds; and the value of honours is in no way affected by any doubling or re-doubling that may take place under Laws 53 to 56.

7., when there are no trumps, are thus reckoned:

If a player and his partner conjointly hold—

 * I. The four aces, they score for honours forty points.

 * II. Any three aces, they score for honours thirty points.

If a player in his own hand holds—

 * The four aces, he and his partner score for honours one hundred points.

8. is thus reckoned:

 * If a player holds no trump, he and his partner score for Chicane twice the value of the trump suit trick. The value of Chicane is in no way affected by any doubling or re-doubling that may take place under Laws 53 to 56.

9. is thus reckoned:

If a player and his partner make, independently of any tricks taken for the revoke penalty—

 * I. All thirteen tricks, they score for Grand Slam forty points.

 * II. Twelve tricks, they score for Little Slam twenty points.

10. Honours, Chicane, and Slam are reckoned in the score at the end of the rubber.

11. At the end of the rubber, the total scores for tricks, honours, Chicane and Slam obtained by each player and his partner are added up; one hundred points are added to the score of the winners of the rubber, and the difference between the two scores is the number of points won, or lost, by the winners of the rubber.

12. If an erroneous score affecting tricks be proved, such mistake may be corrected prior to the conclusion of the game in which it occurred, and such game is not concluded until the last card of the following deal has been dealt, or, in the case of the last game of the rubber, until the score has been made up and agreed.

13. If an erroneous score affecting honours, Chicane, or Slam be proved, such mistake may be corrected at any time before the score of the rubber has been made up and agreed.

14. The ace is the lowest card.

15. In all cases, every player must cut from the same pack.

16. Should a player expose more than one card, he must cut again.

17. If there are more than four candidates, the players are selected by cutting, those first in the room having the preference. The four who cut the lowest cards play first, and again cut to decide on partners; the two lowest play against the two highest; the lowest is the dealer, who has choice of cards and seats, and, having once made his selection, must abide by it.

18. When there are more than six candidates, those who cut the two next lowest cards belong to the table, which is complete with six players; on the retirement of one of those six players, the candidate who cut the next lowest card has a prior right to any after-comer to enter the table.

19. Two players cutting cards of equal value, unless such cards are the two highest, cut again; should they be the two lowest, a fresh cut is necessary to decide which of those two deals.

20. Three players cutting cards of equal value cut again; should the fourth (or remaining) card be the highest, the two lowest of the new cut are partners, the lower of those two the dealer; should the fourth card be the lowest, the two highest are partners, the original lowest the dealer.

21. At the end of a rubber, should admission be claimed by any one, or by two candidates, he who has, or they who have, placed a greater number of consecutive rubbers than the others is, or are, out; but when all have played the same number, they must cut to decide upon the out-goers; the highest are out.

22. A candidate, whether he has played or not, can join a table which is not complete by declaring in at any time prior to any of the players having cut a card, either for the purpose of commencing a fresh rubber or of cutting out.

23. In the formation of fresh tables, those candidates who have neither belonged to nor played at any other table have the prior right of entry; the others decide their right of admission by cutting.

24. Any one quitting a table prior to the conclusion of a rubber may, with consent of the other three players, appoint a substitute in his absence during that rubber.

25. A player joining one table, whilst belonging to another, loses his right of re-entry into the latter, and takes his chance of cutting in, as if he were a fresh candidate.

26. If any one break up a table, the remaining players have the prior right to him of entry into any other; and should there not be sufficient vacancies at such other table to admit all those candidates, they settle their precedence by cutting.

27. The pack must neither be shuffled below the table, nor so that the face of any card be seen.

28. The pack must not be shuffled during the play of the hand.

29. A pack, having been played with, must neither be shuffled by dealing it into packets, nor across the table.

30. Each player has a right to shuffle once only (except as provided by Law 33) prior to a deal, after a false cut, or when a new deal has occurred.

31. The dealer's partner must collect the cards for the ensuing deal, and has the first right to shuffle that pack.

32. Each player, after shuffling, must place the cards, properly collected and face downwards, to the left of the player about to deal.

33. The dealer has always the right to shuffle last; but should a card or cards be seen during his shuffling, or whilst giving the pack to be cut, he may be compelled to re-shuffle.

34. Each player deals in his turn; the order of dealing goes to the left.

35. The player on the dealer's right cuts the pack, and, in dividing it, must not leave fewer than four cards in either packet; if in cutting, or in replacing one of the two packets on the other, a card be exposed, or if there be any confusion of the cards, or a doubt as to the exact place in which the pack was divided, there must be a fresh cut.

36. When a player, whose duty it is to cut, has once separated the pack, he cannot alter his intention; he can neither re-shuffle nor re-cut the cards.

37. When the pack is cut, should the dealer shuffle the cards, the pack must be cut again.

38. The fifty-two cards shall be dealt face downwards. The deal is not completed until the last card has been dealt face downwards. There is no misdeal.

39. There must be a new deal—

 * I. If, during a deal, or during the play of a hand, the pack be proved to be incorrect or imperfect.

 * II. If any card be faced in the pack.

 * III. Unless the cards are dealt into four packets, one at a time and in regular rotation, beginning at the player to the dealer's left.

 * IV. Should the last card not come in its regular order to the dealer.

 * V. Should a player have more than thirteen cards, and any one or more of the others less than thirteen cards.

 * VI. Should the dealer deal two cards at once, or two cards to the same hand, and then deal a third; but if, prior to dealing that card, the dealer can, by altering the position of one card only, rectify such error, he may do so.

 * VII. Should the dealer omit to have the pack cut to him, and the adversaries discover the error prior to the last card being dealt, and before looking at their cards; but not after having done so.

40. If, whilst dealing, a card be exposed by either of the dealer's adversaries, the dealer or his partner may claim a new deal. A card similarly exposed by the dealer or his partner gives the same claim to each adversary. The claim may not be made by a player who has looked at any of his cards. If a new deal does not take place, the exposed card cannot be called.

41. If, in dealing, one of the last cards be exposed, and the dealer completes the deal before there is reasonable time to decide as to a fresh deal, the privilege is not thereby lost.

42. If the dealer, before he has dealt fifty-one cards, look at any card, his adversaries have a right to see it, and may exact a new deal.

43. Should three players have their right number of cards—the fourth have less than thirteen, and not discover such deficiency until he has played any of his cards, the deal stands good; should he have played, he is as answerable for any revoke he may have made as if the missing card or cards had been in his hand; he may search the other pack for it, or them.

44. If a pack, during or after a rubber, be proved incorrect or imperfect, such proof does not alter any past score, game, or rubber; that hand in which the imperfection was detected is null and void; the dealer deals again.

45. Any one dealing out of turn, or with the adversary's cards, may be stopped before the last card is dealt, otherwise the deal stands good, and the game must proceed as if no mistake had been made.

46 A player can neither shuffle, cut, nor deal for his partner without the permission of his opponents.

47. The dealer, having examined his hand, has the option of declaring what suit shall be trumps, or whether the hand shall be played without trumps. If he exercise that option, he shall do so by naming the suit, or by saying "No trumps."

48. If the dealer does not wish to exercise his option, he may pass it to his partner by saying "I leave it to you, Partner," and his partner must thereupon make the necessary declaration, in the manner provided in the preceding Law.

49. If the dealer's partner make the trump declaration without receiving permission from the dealer, the eldest hand may demand:

 * I. That the declaration so made shall stand.

 * II. That there shall be a new deal.

But if any declaration as to doubling or not doubling shall have been made, or if a new deal is not claimed, the declaration wrongly made shall stand. The eldest hand is the player on the left of the dealer.

50. If the dealer's partner pass the declaration to the dealer, the eldest hand may demand:

 * I. That there shall be a new deal.

 * II. That the dealer's partner shall himself make the declaration.

51. If either of the dealer's adversaries makes the declaration, the dealer may, after looking at his hand, either claim a fresh deal or proceed as if no such declaration had been made.

52. A declaration once made cannot be altered, save as provided above.

53. The effect of doubling and re-doubling, and so on, is that the value of each trick above six is doubled, quadrupled, and so on.

54. After the trump declaration has been made by the dealer or his partner, their adversaries have the right to double. The eldest hand has the first right. If he does not wish to double, he shall say to his partner, "May I lead?" His partner shall answer, "Yes," or "I double."

55. If either of their adversaries elect to double, the dealer and his partner have the right to re-double. The player who has declared the trump shall have the first right. He may say, "I re-double," or "Satisfied." Should he say the latter, his partner may re-double.

56. If the dealer or his partner elect to re-double, their adversaries have the right to again double. The original doubler has the first right.

57. If the right-hand adversary of the dealer double before his partner has asked "May I lead?" the declarer of the trump shall have the right to say whether or not the double shall stand. If he decide that the double shall stand, the process of re-doubling may continue as described in Laws 55, 56, 58.

58. The process of re-doubling may be continued until the limit of 100 points is reached—the first right to continue the re-doubling on behalf of a partnership belonging to that player who has last re-doubled. Should he, however, express himself satisfied, the right to continue the re-doubling passes to his partner. Should any player re-double out of turn, the adversary who last doubled shall decide whether or not such double shall stand. If it is decided that the re-double shall stand, the process of re-doubling may continue as described in this and foregoing Laws (55 and 56). If any double or re-double out of turn be not accepted, there shall be no further doubling in that hand. Any consultation between partners as to doubling or re-doubling will entitle the maker of the trump or the eldest hand, without consultation, to a new deal.

59. If the eldest hand lead before the doubling be completed, his partner may re-double only with the consent of the adversary who last doubled; but such lead shall not affect the right of either adversary to double.

60. When the question, "May I lead?" has been answered in the affirmative, or when the player who has the last right to continue the doubling expresses himself satisfied, the play shall begin.

61. A declaration once made cannot be altered.

62. As soon as a card is led, whether in or out of turn, the dealer's partner shall place his cards face upwards on the table, and the duty of playing the cards from that hand, which is called Dummy, and of claiming and enforcing any penalties arising during the hand, shall devolve upon the dealer, unassisted by his partner.

63. After exposing Dummy, the dealer's partner has no part whatever in the game, except that he has the right to ask the dealer if he has none of the suit in which he may have renounced. If he call attention to any other incident in the play of the hand, in respect of which any penalty might be exacted, the fact that he has done so shall deprive the dealer of the right of exacting such penalty against his adversaries.

64. If the dealer's partner, by touching a card, or otherwise, suggest the play of a card from Dummy, either of the adversaries may, but without consulting with his partner, call upon the dealer to play or not to play the card suggested.

65. When the dealer draws a card, either from his own hand or from Dummy, such card is not considered as played until actually quitted.

66. A card once played, or named by the dealer as to be played from his own hand or from Dummy, cannot be taken back, except to save a revoke.

67. The dealer's partner may not look over his adversaries' hands, nor leave his seat for the purpose of watching his partner's play.

68. Dummy is not liable to any penalty for a revoke, as his adversaries see his cards. Should he revoke, and the error not be discovered until the trick is turned and quitted, the trick stands good.

69. Dummy being blind and deaf, his partner is not liable to any penalty for an error whence he can gain no advantage. Thus, he may expose some, or all of his cards, without incurring any penalty.

70. If after the deal has been completed, and before the trump declaration has been made, either the dealer or his partner expose a card from his hand, the eldest hand may claim a new deal.

71. If after the deal has been completed, and before a card is led, any player shall expose a card, his partner shall forfeit any right to double or re-double which he would otherwise have been entitled to exercise; and in the case of a card being so exposed by the leader's partner, the dealer may, instead of calling the card, require the leader not to lead the suit of the exposed card.

72. All cards exposed by the dealer's adversaries are liable to be called, and must be left face upwards on the table; but a card is not an exposed card when dropped on the floor, or elsewhere below the table.

73. The following are exposed cards:—

 * I. Two or more cards played at once.

 * II. Any card dropped with its face upwards, or in any way exposed on or above the table, even though snatched up so quickly that no one can name it.

74. If either of the dealer's adversaries play to an imperfect trick the best card on the table, or lead one which is a winning card as against the dealer and his partner, and then lead again, without waiting for his partner to play, or play several such winning cards, one after the other, without waiting for his partner to play, the latter may be called on to win, if he can, the first or any other of those tricks, and the other cards thus improperly played are exposed cards.

75. Should the dealer indicate that all or any of the remaining tricks are his, he may be required to place his cards face upwards on the table; but they are not liable to be called.

76. If either of the dealer's adversaries throws his cards on the table face upwards, such cards are exposed, and liable to be called by the dealer.

77. If all the players throw their cards on the table face upwards, the hands are abandoned, and the score must be left as claimed and admitted. The hands may be examined for the purpose of establishing a revoke, but for no other purpose.

78. A card detached from the rest of the hand of either of the dealer's adversaries, so as to be named, is liable to be called; but should the dealer name a wrong card, he is liable to have a suit called when first he or his partner have the lead.

79. If a player, who has rendered himself liable to have the highest or lowest of a suit called, or to win or not to win a trick, fail to play as desired, though able to do so, or if when called on to lead one suit, lead another, having in his hand one or more cards of that suit demanded, he incurs the penalty of a revoke.

80. If either of the dealer's adversaries lead out of turn, the dealer may call a suit from him or his partner when it is next the turn of either of them to lead, or may call the card erroneously led.

81. If the dealer lead out of turn, either from his own hand or from Dummy, he incurs no penalty; but he may not rectify the error after the second hand has played.

82. If any player lead out of turn, and the other three have followed him, the trick is complete, and the error cannot be rectified; but if only the second, or the second and third, have played to the false lead, their cards, on discovery of the mistake, are taken back; and there is no penalty against any one, excepting the original offender, and then only when he is one of the dealer's adversaries.

83. In no case can a player be compelled to play a card which would oblige him to revoke.

84. The call of a card may be repeated until such card has been played.

85. If a player called on to lead a suit have none of it, the penalty is paid.

86. Should the third hand not have played, and the fourth play before his partner, the latter (not being Dummy or his partner) may be called on to win, or not to win, the trick.

87. If any one (not being Dummy) omit playing to a former trick, and such error be not discovered until he has played to the next, the adversaries may claim a new deal; should they decide that the deal stand good, or should Dummy have omitted to play to a former trick, and such error be not discovered till he shall have played to the next, the surplus card at the end of the hand is considered to have been played to the imperfect trick, but does not constitute a revoke therein.

88. If any one play two cards to the same trick, or mix a card with a trick to which it does not properly belong, and the mistake be not discovered until the hand is played out, he (not being Dummy) is answerable for all consequent revokes he may have made. If, during the play of the hand, the error be detected, the tricks may be counted face downwards, in order to ascertain whether there be among them a card too many: should this be the case they may be searched, and the card restored; the player (not being Dummy) is, however, liable for all revokes which he may have meanwhile made.

89. Is when a player (other than Dummy), holding one or more cards of the suit led, plays a card of a different suit.

90. The penalty for a revoke—

 * I. Is at the option of the adversaries, who, at the end of the hand, may, after consultation, either take three tricks from the revoking player and add them to their own—or deduct the value of three tricks from his existing score—or add the value of three tricks to their own score;

 * II. Can be claimed for as many revokes as occur during the hand;

 * III. Is applicable only to the score of the game in which it occurs;

 * IV. Cannot be divided—i.e. a player cannot add the value of one or two tricks to his own score and deduct the value of one or two from the revoking player.

 * V. In whatever way the penalty may be enforced, under no circumstances can the suit revoking score Game, Grand Slam or Little Slam, that hand. Whatever their previous score may be, the side revoking cannot attain a higher score towards the game than twenty-eight.

91. A revoke is established, if the trick in which it occurs be turned and quitted—i.e. the hand removed from that trick after it has been turned face downwards on the table—or if either the revoking player or his partner, whether in his right turn or otherwise, lead or play to the following trick.

92. A player may ask his partner whether he has not a card of the suit which he has renounced; should the question be asked before the trick is turned and quitted, subsequent turning and quitting does not establish the revoke, and the error may be corrected, unless the question be answered in the negative, or unless the revoking player or his partner have led or played to the following trick.

 * [—A negative answer to the question does not in itself establish the revoke, apart from turning and quitting the trick, or some subsequent act of play.—]

93. At the end of the hand, the claimants of a revoke may search all the tricks.

94. If a player discover his mistake in time to save a revoke, any player or players who have played after him may withdraw their cards and substitute others, and their cards withdrawn are not liable to be called. If the player in fault be one of the dealer's adversaries, the dealer may call the card thus played in error, or may require him to play his highest or lowest card to that trick in which he has renounced.

95. If the player in fault be the dealer, the eldest hand may require him to play the highest or lowest card of the suit in which he has renounced, provided both of the dealer's adversaries have played to the current trick; but this penalty cannot be exacted from the dealer when he is fourth in hand, nor can it be enforced at all from Dummy.

96. If a revoke be claimed, and the accused player or his partner mix the cards before they have been sufficiently examined by the adversaries, the revoke is established. The mixing of the cards only renders the proof of a revoke difficult, but does not prevent the claim, and possible establishment, of the penalty.

97. A revoke cannot be claimed after the cards have been cut for the following deal.

98. If a revoke occur, be claimed and proved, bets on the odd trick, or on amount of score, must be decided by the actual state of the score after the penalty is paid.

99. Should the players on both sides subject themselves to the penalty of one or more revokes, neither can win the game by that hand; each is punished at the discretion of his adversary.

100. Any player (on paying for them) before, but not after, the pack be cut for the deal, may call for fresh cards. He must call for two new packs, of which the dealer takes his choice.

101. Any one during the play of a trick, or after the four cards are played, and before, but not after, they are touched for the purpose of gathering them together, may demand that the cards be placed before their respective players.

102. If either of the dealer's adversaries, prior to his partner playing, should call attention to the trick—either by saying that it is his, or by naming his card, or, without being required so to do, by drawing it towards him—the dealer may require that opponent's partner to play his highest or lowest of the suit then led, or to win or lose the trick.

103. Should the partner of the player solely entitled to exact a penalty, suggest or demand the enforcement of it, no penalty can be enforced.

104. In all cases where a penalty has been incurred, the offender is bound to give reasonable time for the decision of his adversaries.

105. If a bystander make any remark which calls the attention of a player or players to an oversight affecting the score, he is liable to be called on, by the players only, to pay the stakes and all bets on that game or rubber.

106. A bystander, by agreement among the players, may decide any question.

107. A card or cards torn or marked must be either replaced by agreement, or new cards called at the expense of the table.

108. Once a trick is complete, turned, and quitted, it must not be looked at (except under Law 88) until the end of the hand.

The greater number of these have come into existence quite unnecessarily. All that the student need know will be found in the following:—

 * —The Laws and Principles of Bridge, with Cases and Decisions reviewed and explained. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)

 * —Double Dummy Bridge: [an exhaustive collection of card-problems by living composers]. (Thos. De la Rue & Co., Ld.)

 * —Bridge at a Glance: an Alphabetical Synopsis. (Thos. De la Rue & Co., Ld.)

 * —— Bridge Abridged; or, Practical Bridge. (Do.)

 * —— "Saturday" Bridge. (The West Strand Publishing Co., Ld.)

 * —The Bridge Manual. (Frederick Warne and Co.)

 * , Professor.—Bridge. (Chas. Goodall & Son, Ld.)

 * For American Views on the Game.

 * —Bridge.—Advanced Bridge.—Practical Bridge. (Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York; and George Newnes, Ld., London.)

 * —Bridge Up to Date. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York.

 * For Anglo-Indian Views.

 * —The Laws and Principles of Bridge. (De la Rue, London)

 * —The Theory and Practice of Bridge. (Times of India Press, Bombay.)

 * —Bridge Topics. (W. Newman & Co., Calcutta.)

 * and .—The Robertson Rule and other Bridge Axioms. (Calcutta.)

title: Hoyle's Games Modernized/Bridge


text:
Hoyle's Games Modernized/Auction Bridge

AUCTION BRIDGE.

A lively offshoot from the preceding game, which has recently become very popular in some of the London Clubs. So highly is it ranked in many quarters, that a well-known player has given it as his opinion that "in a year or two we shall only remember Bridge as the son of Whist and the father of Auction." Having in view the strong element of gambling which the latter game contains, and the expectedly heavy losses which may be incurred by the unwary player, the writer opines that a good many impecunious folk are likely to remember it only as being connected with their "uncle."

It is, in fact, a combination of Bridge and Poker. In all that takes place after the declaration has been finally determined, it is pure Bridge, with an extra infusion of "double dummy," due to inferences from the course of the bidding. In the bidding itself, which leads up to the final declaration, the qualities of the Poker-player are pre-eminent—cool but rapid judgment, shrewd reading of character, a happy instinct when to "lie low" and when to "bluff"; when to make a spurt forward for game, and when to egg the opponents on beyond the limits of discretion, and to leave them in the lurch!

By the adherents of the new game—who are head over ears in love with it, and are consequently blind to all its weak points—it is contended that the "gambling" argument brought against it is as fallacious as it was when urged against Bridge proper, and that, to redress the balance, it is only necessary to readjust the value of the points. This is not true. Poker is an excellent game, but no readjustment of values will ever place it on the same plane as games of science, because the qualities of brain and temperament upon which it is based are essentially distinct from the qualities of analysis and combination such as go to the making of (say) a first-class Chess-player. There is, undoubtedly, a greater difference in kind between Auction Bridge and Bridge than there is between Bridge and Whist; whether that difference renders Auction "inferior" or "superior," however, is a moot question which every card-player must decide for himself. There are many who regard the additional spice of hazard, not as a defect, but as a merit.

The Laws of the game, which for some time were in a state of flux, have now been settled as authoritatively as those of Bridge or Whist. It will only be necessary to set out verbatim those Laws which differ from the Laws of Bridge. As regards the remainder, the reader is referred to the preceding Bridge Code.

THE LAWS OF AUCTION BRIDGE.

1. As in Bridge.

2. A game consists of thirty points obtained by tricks alone, when the declarer fulfils his contract, which are scored below the line, exclusive of any points counted for Honours, Chicane, Slam, or under-tricks, which are scored above the line.

3. As in Bridge.

4. When the declarer fulfils his contract, each trick above six counts, &c. (as in Bridge).

5 to 10. As in Bridge.

11. At the end of the rubber, the total scores for tricks, Honours, Chicane, and Slam obtained by each player and his partner are added up, 250 points are added to the score of the winners of the rubber, and the difference between the two scores is the number of points won, or lost, by the winners of the rubber.

12 to 46. As in Bridge.

47. The dealer, having examined his hand, must declare to win at least one odd trick, either with a trump suit, or at "no trumps."

48. After the dealer has made his declaration, each player in turn, commencing with the player on the dealer's left, has the right to pass the previous declaration, or to double, or re-double, or to overcall the previous declaration by making a call of higher value. A call of a greater number of tricks in a suit of lower value, which equals the previous call in value of points, shall be considered a call of higher value—e.g. a call of two tricks in Spades overcalls one trick in Clubs, or "Two Diamonds" overcalls "One No Trump."

49. A player may overbid the previous call any number of times, and may also overbid his partner. The play of the two combined hands shall rest with the partners who make the final call. Where two partners have both made calls in the same suit, the one who made the first such call shall play the hand, his partner becoming Dummy.

50. When the player of the two hands (hereafter termed the declarer) wins the number of tricks which were declared, or a greater number, he scores below the line the full value of the tricks won (see Laws 2 and 4). When he fails, his adversaries score, above the line, 50 points for each under-trick, i.e. each trick short of the number declared; or, if the declaration was doubled or re-doubled, 100 or 200 points respectively for each such trick. Neither the declarer nor the adversaries score anything below the line for that hand.

51. The loss on the declaration of "One Spade" shall be limited to 100 points in respect of tricks, whether doubled or not.

52. If a player makes a trump declaration out of turn, the adversary on his left may demand a new deal, or may allow the declaration so made to stand, when the bidding shall continue as if the declaration had been in order.

53. If a player, in bidding, fails to call a sufficient number of tricks to overbid the previous declaration, he shall be considered to have declared the requisite number of tricks in the call which he has made, and his partner shall be debarred from making any further declaration, unless either of his adversaries overcall, or double.

54. After the final declaration has been accepted, a player is not entitled to give his partner any information as to a previous call, whether made by himself or by either adversary; but a player is entitled to inquire, at any time during the play of the hand, what was the value of the final declaration.

55. Doubling and re-doubling affect the score only, and not the value in declaring—e.g. "Two Diamonds" will still overcall "One No Trump," although the "no trump" declaration has been doubled.

56. Any declaration can be doubled, and re-doubled once, but not more. A player cannot double his partner's call, or re-double his partner's double, but he may re-double a call of his partner's which has been doubled by an adversary.

57. The act of doubling re-opens the bidding. When a declaration has been doubled, any player, including the declarer or his partner, can in his proper turn make a further declaration of higher value.

58. When a player, whose declaration has been doubled, fulfils his contract by winning the declared number of tricks, he scores a bonus of 50 points above the line, and a further 50 points for every additional trick which he may make. If he, or his partner, have re-doubled, the bonus is doubled.

59. If a player doubles out of turn, the adversary on his left may demand a new deal.

60. When all the players have expressed themselves satisfied, the play shall begin, and the player on the left of the declarer shall lead.

61. A declaration once made cannot be altered, unless it has been overcalled or doubled.

62. As soon as a card is led, whether in or out of turn, the declarer's partner shall place his cards face upwards on the table, &c. (as in Bridge).

63 to 69. As in Bridge.

70. If, after the cards have been dealt, and before the trump declaration has been finally determined, any player exposes a card from his hand, the adversary on his left may demand a new deal. If the deal is allowed to stand, the exposed card may be picked up, and cannot be called.

71. If, after the final declaration has been accepted, and before a card is led, the partner of the player who has to lead to the first trick exposes a card from his hand, the declarer may, instead of calling the card, require the leader not to lead the suit of the exposed card.

72 to 89. As in Bridge.

90. The penalty for each revoke shall be—

 * (a) When the declarer revokes, his adversaries add 150 points to their score above the line, in addition to any liability which the revoking player may have incurred for failure to fulfil his contract.

 * (b) When either of the adversaries revoke[s], the declarer may add 150 points to his score above the line, or may take three tricks from his opponents and add them to his own. Such tricks, taken as penalty, may assist the declarer to fulfil his contract, but they shall not entitle him to score any bonus above the line, in the case of the declaration having been doubled or re-doubled.

Under no circumstances can a side score anything, either above or below the line, except for Honours or Chicane, on a hand in which one of them has revoked.

91 to 108. As in Bridge.

The "One-Spade" Convention.

In certain club circles where the game has been somewhat extensively played, a fixed idea has arisen that to be the first to make an effectual declaration is a positive disadvantage. Hence the "convention" has been established that (except in certain cases defined below) the dealer must begin with a nominal or fictitious call of One Spade, in order to obtain information from the opponents' calls as to the contents of their hands, or to induce them to undertake a contract which they are unable to carry out.

As it would never do for the dealer, under such a convention, to be left to play the hand at One Spade—which may be the very last thing that he desires—it is a further understanding that the dealer's partner must never fail to overcall. If he has nothing better to say, he must call "Two Spades," thus re-opening the bidding for the dealer to make a fresh start, in case the opponents also "lie low."

The effect of this convention, plainly, is as follows:—

The second player (by which is meant the player on the dealer's left) is quite certain that the bidding will come round to him again; therefore he never opens his mouth unless he is sure that it is to his advantage to do so. All that the dealer has done, therefore, is to shift on to his partner's shoulders the onus of opening, which is disadvantageous for the double reason that the new opener is debarred from One Spade, and that the second player has been given an unnecessary option.

The exceptional cases in which, under the convention, it is agreed that the dealer shall make a genuine call are (1) when he has a moderate or "guarded" No-trumper, when he is to declare One No-trumps; (2) when he has a strong suit to the ace, king, of Spades or Clubs, when he is to declare two in the strong suit as an invitation to partner to make a No-trumper.

Now, as it is conceded that to call first under such circumstances is an advantage, why give second player the option of enjoying the same advantage, which he might not otherwise have had?

By this convention, if it be adopted, the limitation of loss, under Law 51, is voluntarily annulled.

It will be noticed that, if the player of Dummy fulfils his contract, his reward increases as in ordinary Bridge with the value of the declaration. If he fails, however, by the same number of tricks, he loses no more on a declaration of No-trumps than on a declaration of Spades, the penalty for failure being always 100 or 50 per trick, according as the opponents have, or have not, doubled. Assuming that your chance of winning tricks is the same, it is always better to play a high call than a low one. Conversely, it is very frequently wiser to leave the opponents to play out a black call, which you think you can defeat, than to incur risk of failure yourself by overbidding.

Do not forget that to double a call is to warn the opponents of their danger and to drive them to make another call which may not suit you so well. If dealer declares One No-trumps, and you, being second player, have eight clubs to tierce major, and you keep your mouth shut, and let No-trumps be played, you may be pretty sure of 100 above for two tricks "under." If you double, and they make it Two Hearts and win the odd trick, you are 50 points to the bad. A high declaration (Four, or even Three, in a red suit), which the opponents cannot get out of, may be doubled more freely, though the penalty under Law 58 must be borne in mind. Such doubles are often advisable on high-card strength in the plain suits, even when weak in trumps. Still more politic is what is known as a "free" double, that is, the double of a call which in any case will give the opponents game if they fulfil their contract. Conversely, a double which gives the opponents a game that they would not otherwise have secured is the worst double of all.

The most important point of all in the game is to remember that, in the majority of cases, it is more profitable to let your opponents fail than to score below the line yourself. The efforts of the skilled player are being always directed to driving the other side into a contract which they cannot bring off, and then leaving them to play it. It is in this kind of strategy that the Poker-player is pre-eminent: to know when to "bluff" the enemy into an indiscretion, and when to avoid a similar snare set for oneself, are gifts of nature not to be acquired from a book.

Suppose you have a strong hand, and call Two No-trumps, and win the first game from love with four by cards, and score 30 Aces, you have won 66 points, and have improved your chance of winning the 250 points for the rubber. If we reckon your chance of the rubber as 5 to 3 on (it certainly is not more), it is worth about 63 points more—say 130 in all.

This you may think a great success. But if you can get the opponents to overbid your Two No-trumps with Three Hearts, and you see that they can only get the odd trick, you will be better off if you double and let them play, even if they score 16 for honours. For 200 less 16 leaves you 184 points—and you are still 54 to the good.

As player of Dummy, aim first at fulfilling your contract. When this is accomplished, you may try for game.

As player against Dummy, aim first at saving the game. When there is no risk of that being lost, devote yourself to defeating the dealer's contract.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hoyle's Games Modernized/Auction Bridge


text: The American Carbon Manual/The Sensitive Collodio-Gelatine Tissue


text: The American Carbon Manual/Carbon Printing in the Solar Camera


text:
Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/308

iii. 30-

1. Like-heartedness, like-mindedness, non-hostility do I make for you; do ye show affection (hary) the one toward the other, as the inviolable [cow] toward her calf when born.

2. Be the son submissive to the father, like-minded with the mother; let the wife to the husband speak words (vā́c) full of honey, wealful.

3. Let not brother hate brother, nor sister sister; becoming accordant (samyáñc), of like courses, speak ye words auspiciously (bhadráyā).

4. That incantation in virtue of which the gods do not go apart, nor hate one another mutually, we perform in your house, concord for [your] men (púruṣa).

5. Having superiors (jyā́yasvant), intentful, be ye not divided, accomplishing together, moving on with joint labor (sádhura); come hither speaking what is agreeable one to another; I make you united (sadhrīcī́na), like-minded.

6. Your drinking (prapā́) [be] the same, in common your share of

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/308


text: The American Carbon Manual/Swan's Actinometer


text: The American Carbon Manual/Vogel's New Photometer


text: The American Carbon Manual/The Chromic Salts


text: The American Carbon Manual/Physiological Effects of Chromic Salts


text: The American Carbon Manual/The Pigments Employed


text:
Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/309

139 food; in the same harness (yóktra) do I join ⌊yuj⌋ you together; worship ye Agni united, like spokes about a nave.

7. United, like-minded I make you, of one bunch, all of you, by [my] conciliation; [be] like the gods defending immortality (amṛ́ta); late and early be well-willing yours.

1. The gods have turned away from old age; thou, O Agni; away from the niggard; I away from all evil [have turned], away from yákṣma, to union (sám) with life-time.

2. The cleansing one [has turned] away from mishap (ā́rti), the mighty one (çakrá) away from evil-doing; I away from etc. etc.

3. The animals (paçú) of the village [have turned] away from those

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/309


text: The American Carbon Manual/The Gelatine

title: The American Carbon Manual/The Gelatine


text: The American Carbon Manual/A Hint on the Preparation of Solution of India-rubber in Benzole


text: The American Carbon Manual/Coloring Carbon Prints


text: The American Carbon Manual/Practical Notes on the Carbon Process


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Canek (cacique)


text: The Statutes at Large (Ruffhead)/Volume 1/Distress Act 1275 (c.16)


text: The American Carbon Manual/Failures, Faults, and Remedies


text: The American Carbon Manual/Many Mites from Many Minds


text: The American Carbon Manual/Historical Notes on Carbon Printing, 1814 to 1868


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Canek (prince)


text: The Statutes at Large (Ruffhead)/Volume 1/Distress Act 1275 (c.17)


text: User:Gebars

title: User:Gebars


text: User talk:Gebars

title: User talk:Gebars


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordau, Max Simon

NORDAU,, Max Simon, German physician and author: b. Budapest, Hungary, 29 July 1849. He studied at the University of Budapest, receiving his degree in 1872; he then traveled for six years, visiting the principal countries of Europe, and in 1878 began the practice of medicine in Budapest. In 1880 he went to Paris, and after two years of study resumed the practice of his profession there. He began his literary career at Budapest before entering the university as contributor and dramatic critic for Der Zwischenact; he subsequently was an editorial writer and correspondent for several other newspapers. His

writings were collected and furnished the material for his earlier books, including ‘Pariser Studien und Bilder’ (1878); ‘Seifenblasen’ (1879); ‘Vom Kreml zur Alhambra’ (1880); ‘Paris unter der dritten Republik’ (1881), which are mostly criticisms of political and social conditions. In 1883 he published ‘Die konventionelle Lügen der Kulturmenschheit’ (English translation, ‘Conventional Lies of Society’), in which he shows what he believes to be the essential falsity of some of the social, ethical and religious standards of modern civilization; and in 1892 published ‘Entartung,’ translated into English under the title ‘Degeneration:’ This is his best-known work and provoked much criticism; in it he maintains that the civilization of the present, the new inventions and the growth of great cities have resulted in the degeneration of man, especially of the higher classes; that this degeneration is seen particularly in the lowered, and often depraved, standard of literature, art and music; and that the authors and artists of the day whose work is in accordance with these standards are themselves mental and moral degenerates. He is a disciple of Lombroso. His other works include ‘Paradoxe’ (1885; in English, ‘Paradoxes’); ‘Die Krankheit des Jahrhunderts’ (1887; in English, ‘The Malady of the Century’) ‘Seelen Analysen’ (1892); ‘Die Drohnenschlacht’ (1897); the novel, ‘Gefühlskomödie’ (1891; in English, ‘A Comedy of Sentiment’); and the dramas, ‘Der Krieg der Millionen ’ (1882); ‘Das Recht zu lieben’ (1893); ‘Die Kugel’ (1894); and ‘Dr. Kuhn’ (1898); ‘The Drones Must Die’ (1899); ‘Zeitgenossiche Franzosen’ (1901); ‘Morganatic’ (1904); ‘On Art and Artists’ (1907); ‘Die Sinn der Geschichte’ (1909); ‘Zionistische Schriften’ (1909); ‘Mörchen’ (1910); ‘Der Lebenssport’ (1912). After the outbreak of the Great War he was, being a native of Hungary, accused of German sympathies; but he repudiated the charge, and afterward went to reside in Madrid. Dr. Nordau is a Jew and has been one of the prominent leaders of the Zionist movement. An attempt to assassinate him was made in the latter part of 1903.


text:
Translation:Mikraot Gedolot/Psalms/3:3

Text
Many say of my soul, "There is no salvation for him in God." Selah.

Rashi
Say of my soul [literally, to my soul]

On my soul.

''There is no salvation for him in God. Selah''

Because he came on the wife of a man.

Ibn Ezra
Of my soul [literally, to my soul]

About my soul; as the way of (Shemot 14:3): And Pharaoh will say of the children of Israel; (Bereishit 20:13): say of me: He is my brother.

Salvation

[This word has] two signs [of] feminine language; a way of lucidity as (Shemot 15:16): Terror; (Psalm 120:1): In distress. ...

מ"ג תהלים ג ג

title: Translation:Mikraot Gedolot/Psalms/3:3


text:
Author:Paul H. Lovering

Works

 * When the Earth Grew Cold Published Fall 1929, in Amazing Stories Quarterly
 * The Inevitable Conflict Published December 1930, January 1931, in Amazing Stories

title: Author:Paul H. Lovering


text:
Author talk:Paul H. Lovering

There is a minority view that the publications in the Amazing Stories, at least the Inevitable Conflict, are by Author:Howard Phillips Lovecraft; given the styles of the stories and the existence of this person, most people consider that improbable.--Prosfilaes (talk) 23:23, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Here is an article looking at that idea - and rejecting it - https://www.gordonswebsite.net/hp-lovecraft/Did%20Lovecraft%20write%20The%20Inevitable%20Conflict%20by%20W_%20E_%20Johns.htm -- Beardo (talk) 02:16, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Author talk:Paul H. Lovering


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordenberg, Bengt

NORDENBERG, nôr'dĕn-bärj, Bengt, Swedish artist: b. Kompikalla, Sweden, 22 April 1822; d. Düsseldorf, 14 Dec. 1902. In his early years he was a house-painter. In 1843 he went to Stockholm and studied in the Academy while still following his trade. In 1851 he went to Düsseldorf and studied under Theodor Hilderbrandt. In 1857-58 he studied in Paris under Couture, after which he visited Italy. He finally settled in Düsseldorf. Nordenberg was much influenced by Tidemand. His subjects were drawn chiefly from Swedish peasant life. They include ‘Communion in a Village Church’ (National Gallery, Christiania); ‘The Organist’ (Leipzig Museum); ‘Levying the Tithe in Skåne’ and ‘Wedding Procession in Varend’ (both in the Stockholm Museum); ‘A Golden Wedding’ and ‘A Forest Fire.’ Nordenberg was given a medal at Lyons in 1866, at Stockholm in 1845, 1847 and 1848 and London in 1879. He had honorable mention at the Paris Salon of 1864 and at the Vienna Exhibition in 1873.


text: The Statutes at Large (Ruffhead)/Volume 1/Fines on the County Act


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordenfelt, Torsten Vilhelm

NORDENFELT, nôr'dĕn-fĕlt, Torsten Vilhelm, Swedish inventor: b. 1842. After a thorough technical training, from 1862 to 1866

he was engaged in promoting the sale of Swedish iron in London; and early in the eighties established in Sweden, England and France factories for the production of ammunition, machine guns, torpedoes and submarine torpedo boats. Soon afterward with Hiram S. Maxim (q.v.) he formed the Maxim-Nordenfelt Company. Oscar II of Sweden named him royal chamberlain in 1885. Nordenfelt's best-known invention is a machine gun, intended as a defense against torpedo boats, made with from 2 to 12 barrels, from any one of which the supply of ammunition can be shut off without interfering with the other barrels. See .


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik

NORDENSKIÖLD, nôr'dĕn-shėld, Adolf Erik,, Swedish Arctic explorer: b. Helsingfors, 18 Nov. 1832; d. Dalbyo, Sweden, 12 Aug. 1901. He was educated in Finland at the University of Helsingfors by his father, Nils Gustav Nordenskiöld (1792-1865), a mineralogist, with whom he explored parts of the Urals. He was graduated in 1857, and in 1858 became superintendent of the mineralogical department of the Swedish Royal Museum in Stockholm, having been forced to leave Finland by the Russian authorities, who took umbrage at his political views. In all subsequent Arctic expeditions sent out by the Swedish government he took part, accompanying Torrell to Spitzbergen in 1858 and 1861, and being leader himself in 1864 and in 1868, when he attained 81° 42' the farthest north at that time reached on board ship. Oscar Dickson, a wealthy gentleman of Gothenburg, who had contributed to previous exploration funds, made it possible for Nordenskiöld to explore Greenland in 1870, a preliminary expedition, which, however, made important discoveries of algæ and meteorites and penetrated the island farther than had ever been done before. In 1872, after serving two years in the Swedish lower house of Parliament, where he allied himself with the Liberal party, Nordenskiöld set out on the fifth Swedish expedition, which wintered in Mossel Bay, whence with a few comrades he pushed north in the spring of 1873 on sledges. In 1875 and 1876 he led the expeditions sent out by Dickson across the Kara Sea and up the Yenesei River. These were mere preparations for his great exploit in 1878-80 when he accomplished the Northeast Passage, the dream of explorers for over three centuries. He left Karlskrona 22 June 1878; wintered in the ice near Bering Strait, and reached Yokohama 2 Sept. 1879, and returned to Europe by the Suez Canal. He was created a baron in 1880. In 1883 he again explored Greenland from the west coast, beating his previous record of the farthest inland. The remaining years of his life were spent in the study of early cartography, his publications in this field being ‘Periplus, an Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing Directions’ (1897); an edition of Marco Polo, in French with facsimile (1882); ‘Bidrag til Nordens äldsta historia’ (1892), in honor of the American Columbian celebration, and accompanied by the earliest maps of North America. Most of his important explorations were also described by his pen. Consult Leslie, ‘Arctic Voyages of Nordenskjöld’ (1880); and the ‘Life’ in Swedish, by Andersson (1901).


text: The Statutes at Large (Ruffhead)/Volume 1/Crown Debts Act 1275


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordenskiöld, Gustav

NORDENSKIÖLD, Gustav, Swedish explorer, son of A. E. Nordenskiöld (q.v.): b. Stockholm, 1868; d. Mörsill, 6 June 1895. He explored Spitzbergen in 1890 and the Colorado cañons in 1891, and described the latter in a work translated by Morgan under the title ‘The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde’ (1893).


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Elgin

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Elgin


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordenskiöld, Nils Erland Herbert

NORDENSKIÖLD, Nils Erland Herbert, , Swedish ethnologist: b. Stockholm, 19 July 1877. He is the son of A. E. Nordenskiold (q.v.); after an education at Upsala, in 1906-08 he became connected with the Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. In 1913 he was made director of the ethnographic division of the Goteborg Museum. Between those years he traveled and made collections for the museums in Stockholm. He visited Patagonia in 1899; Argentina and Bolivia in 1901-02; Peru and Bolivia in 1904-05; Bolivia in 1908-09; and in the interior of South America in 1913. In 1912 he received the Loubat prize and the Wahlberg gold medal. In addition to numerous articles in scientific periodicals, he has published ‘Från högfjäll och urskogar’ (1902); ‘Indianlif i el gran chaco’ (1910); ‘Indianer och hoita’ (1911); and ‘Sydamerikas indianer’ (1912).


text: The Statutes at Large (Ruffhead)/Volume 1/Trespassers in Parks and Ponds Act 1275


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordenskiöld, Nils Otto

NORDENSKIÖLD, Nils Otto, Swedish explorer and geologist, nephew of A. E. Nordenskiold (q.v.): b. Smaland, 6 Dec. 1869. He was educated at Upsala, where he was graduated with a doctor's degree in 1894. In 1895-97 he accompanied the scientific expedition to Patagonia under Ohlin; in 1898 traveled through the Klondike and Alaska; in 1900 was a member of the Danish expedition under Amdrup to the eastern coast of Greenland; and in October 1901 left Gottenburg on the Antarctic to explore the south polar regions. His ship was sunk in Erebus and Terror Gulf in the early part of 1902, and he and his men encamped on Paulet Island, whence they were rescued by the Uruguay, a gunboat sent out by the government of Argentina. In 1909 he explored the southwest of Greenland. He was appointed professor of geography at Gottenburg in 1905. He is the author of ‘Antarctica’ (1901-04), and ‘Geology and Physical Geography of East Greenland’ (1909).


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Norderney

NORDERNEY,, Germany, one of the East Friesian Islands, three miles from the coast of Germany and belonging to the province of Hanover. It is about eight miles long and a little over one mile wide, and is accessible from the mainland at low tide. It is treeless, covered with dunes which are from 50 to 75 feet in height. At the southwest extremity is a village which is protected from the sea by a wall, and the lighthouse in the centre of the island may be seen many miles. The island is the most important of the group on account of being a favorite sea-bathing place. Pop. about 4,300.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordhausen

NORDHAUSEN, nôrd'how-zĕn, Germany, city in the province of Saxony, on the Zorge, 40 miles north-northwest, of Erfurt. It is at the base of the Hartz Mountains and the west end of the fertile “Goldene Aue,” that is, “golden plain.” It has 70 large distilleries of corn brandy (“Nordhauser schnaps”), breweries, tanneries, chemical works and tobacco factories and a great export trade in ham and other hog

products. A quaint town-hall, a Gothic cathedral and the church of Saint Blasius, which has two paintings by Lucas Cranach, are all of interest. It became a free imperial city in 1253. Pop. 32,564.


text:
Portal talk:Acts of the Parliament of England/Henry III

There appear to be some additional Statutes that are not mentioned in the HMSO List ( because they had ceased to be in effect when the Short titles were conffered).

The additonal Statutes are :

 * 9 Hen3. - Magna Charta - or the Great Chater (37 Chapters)
 * 9 Hen3. - Charta Forestae, Charter of the Forest (16 Chapter)
 * 14 Hen3. - The Statute of Ireland
 * 21 Hen3. - The Statute of the Leap Year.
 * 38 Hen3. - Sententia lata super Chartas  - ( On la.wikisource?)
 * 51 Hen3. - The Statute of Bread and Ale.
 * 51 Hen3. - The Statute of common Days in Bank
 * 51 Hen3. - The Statute concening common days in a Writ of Dower
 * 51 Hen3. - The Statute of the Distresses in the Exchequer.
 * 51 Hen3. - The Statute of the Exchequer
 * 51 Hen3. - The Statute of the Pillory an Tumbrel.

Sfan00 IMG (talk) 01:11, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 52 Hen3. The Award made between the King and his Commons at Knewlworth.
 * 52 Hen3. - The Sentence of Curse Given by the Bishops, against the breakers of the Great Charter.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Forres

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Forres


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordheimer, Isaac

NORDHEIMER, nôrd'hīm-ėr, Isaac, American Orientalist: b. Memelsdorf, Germany, 1809; d. New York, 30 Nov. 1842. He was graduated from Munich in 1834; in 1835 he came to New York and was instructor in sacred literature in Union Seminary (1838-42), and professor of Hebrew at the New York University (1836-42). His ‘Hebrew Grammar,’ an elaborate work in two volumes, appeared in its second edition in 1842. His other works include ‘A Grammatical Analysis of Scripture or a Chrestomathy’ (1838); ‘A Philosophy of Ecclesiastes’ (Biblical Repository July 1838). He left in manuscripts valuable grammars of Syriac and Arabic.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Forfar

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Forfar


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordhoff, Charles

NORDHOFF, nôrd'hŏf, Charles, American journalist and author: b. Erwitte, Westphalia, Prussia, 31 Aug. 1830; d. San Francisco, Cal., 15 July 1901. He came to the United States with his parents in 1835, and in 1843 was apprenticed to a printer in Cincinnati. In 1844 he joined the United States navy and served three years, in which time he made a voyage round the world. He continued to go to sea in merchant, whaling and fishing vessels until 1853, and from that time to 1871 (with the exception of four years spent in editorial work in a New York publishing house) was engaged in newspaper work. From 1871 to 1873 he traveled in California and Hawaii, and in 1874 became Washington correspondent for the New York Herald, retiring from journalism in 1890. He has described his experiences as a sailor in his ‘Man-of-War Life’ (1855); ‘The Merchant Vessel’ (1855); ‘Whaling and Fishing’ (1856; new ed., 1903), and ‘Nine Years a Sailor’ (1857). His sociological and political writings include ‘Secession is Rebellion’ (1860); ‘The Freedmen of the South Carolina Sea Islands’ (1863); ‘Politics for Young Americans’ (1875), which was adopted as a school textbook, and ‘The Communistic Societies of the United States’ (1874); this last is a description and history of different communistic colonies, and is a valuable contribution to descriptive sociology. His other works include ‘Stories of the Island World’ (1857); ‘California for Health, Pleasure and Residence ’ (1872); ‘Northern California, Oregon and the Sandwich Islands’ (1874); ‘God and the Future Life’ (1881), and ‘Peninsular California’ (1888).


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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Montrose

MONTROSE, a royal, municipal, and police burgh and seaport of Forfarshire, Scotland. It is situated 304 m. N.E. of Dundee by the North British railway and is also connected with the Caledonian railway company's system by a branch to Dubton. Pop. (1901), 12,427. The town occupies a considerable area on a sandy peninsula, and is bounded on the E. by the North Sea, on the N. by the North Esk, on the S. by the South Esk, and on the W. by Montrose Basin, a large depression, about 7 m. in circuit. The reclamation of the Basin has been attempted, but an embankment constructed by Dutch dikers for this purpose was demolished in a few hours by a storm. In the mouth of the channel of the South Esk lies the island of Rossie, or Inchbrayock (pop. 160), which in 1829 was connected with the burgh by means of a suspension bridge 432 ft. long and by a drawbridge with the south bank near the fishing village of Ferryden (pop. 1330). The harbour lies between the suspension bridge and the sea, and is provided with a wet dock. The links form one of the best golf-courses in Scotland and are played over by several clubs. Besides the staple industry of flax-spinning, there are manufactures of linen, canvas, sheetings, starch, soap, chemicals, rope and manures, while iron-founding, tanning and brewing are also carried on. The fisheries are of very considerable importance and the shipping is usually brisk. There is a large trade, especially in timber (the chief import), mainly with Baltic ports and Canada. The parish church is a plain structure, but has a handsome steeple 200 ft. high. The principal buildings include the town-hall, the academy on the links, dating from 1820, though its predecessor belonged to the 16th century; the museum, Dorward's house of refuge, erected in 1839; the infirmary and the royal asylum at Sunnyside on the outskirts to the north-west. Panmure barracks are not far from the wet dock. In High Street are statues to Sir Robert Peel and Joseph Hume. Montrose is governed by a provost, bailies and council, and unites with Arbroath, Brechin, Forfar and Inverbervie (the Montrose burghs) in returning one member to parliament, a district group that was represented for many years by John Morley. Montrose received its charter from David I., and was made a royal burgh in 1352. It was destroyed by fire in 1244. Here Edward I. accepted John Baliol's surrender of the kingdom on the 10th of July 1296. Sir James Douglas sailed from the port in 1330 bound for the Holy Land with the heart of Robert Bruce; and here, too, the Old Pretender embarked in 1716 for France after the failure of his cause. In 1745 the town threw in its lot with the Hanoverians, a fact which lent zest to the daring capture of the "Hazard" sloop of war off Ferryden, by Captain David Ferrier of Brechin, a thorough-going Jacobite.

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Montrose


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordica, Lillian

NORDICA, nôr'dĭ-kạ, Lillian, American opera singer: b. Farmington, Me., 1859; d. Batavia, Java, 10 May 1914. She studied in the Boston Conservatory and under O'Neill made her first appearance in 1876 as a concert artist; in 1878 went to Europe with Gilmore's Band, studied at Milan under Sangiovanni and made her operatic debut at Brescia in ‘Traviata.’ Her success was great; she was immediately engaged for the Imperial opera at Saint Petersburg, and after two years there appeared in Pans in 1882. In the same year she retired from the stage to marry Frederick A. Gower, whom she sued for divorce in 1885, but who disappeared at about the time of the suit; probably having been killed in a balloon

accident. She first appeared in London in 1887, and in New York in 1895. In 1894 she played Elsa in ‘Lohengrin’ at the Wagner Theatre in Baireuth, and in 1896 married the Hungarian tenor Doeme, who took the title rôle in ‘Parsifal’ at Baireuth in 1894. She obtained a divorce from him in 1904 and in 1909 was married to an American banker, George W. Young. Her repertoire was large and she was especially successful in Wagnerian opera and in ‘Les Huguenots’ and ‘Aida.’ In 1907-08 she was a member of Oscar Hammerstein's Manhattan Opera Company. In 1912 she appeared with the Boston Opera Company, and thereafter appeared only on the concert stage. In 1913 she set out on a concert tour of the world. She died as the result of exposure after the wreck of the steamer Tasman on the island of Java.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nordica, Lilian


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San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez/Dissent Brennan

Mr. Justice Brennan, dissenting.

Although I agree with my Brother White that the Texas statutory scheme is devoid of any rational basis, and for that reason is violative of the Equal Protection Clause, I also record my disagreement with the Court's rather distressing assertion that a right may be deemed "fundamental" for the purposes of equal protection analysis only if it is "explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the Constitution." Ante, at 33-34. As my Brother Marshall convincingly demonstrates, our prior cases stand for the proposition that "fundamentality" is, in large measure, a function of the right's importance in terms of the effectuation of those rights which are in fact constitutionally guaranteed. Thus, "[a]s the nexus between the specific constitutional guarantee and the nonconstitutional [p. 63] interest draws closer, the nonconstitutional interest becomes more fundamental and the degree of judicial scrutiny applied when the interest is infringed on a discriminatory basis must be adjusted accordingly." Post, at 102-103.

Here, there can be no doubt that education is inextricably linked to the right to participate in the electoral process and to the rights of free speech and association guaranteed by the First Amendment. See post, at 111-115. This being so, any classification affecting education must be subjected to strict judicial scrutiny, and since even the State concedes that the statutory scheme now before us cannot pass constitutional muster under this stricter standard of review, I can only conclude that the Texas school-financing scheme is constitutionally invalid.


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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perth (Scotland)

PERTH, a city, and royal, municipal and police burgh, and county town of Perthshire, Scotland, 32 m. N. by W. of Edinburgh direct, and 474 m. by the North British railway, via the Forth Bridge and Kinross Junction. Pop. (1901), 33,566. It is situated on the right bank of the Tay, between the meadows of the North Inch (98 acres) and those of the South Inch (72 acres), both laid out as public parks. The river is crossed by St John's Bridge of nine arches, completed in 1772 from the designs of John Smeaton and widened a century later; by Victoria Bridge, a modern structure connecting South Street with Dundee Road; and farther south (at the end of Tay Street) by a footway alongside of the viaduct belonging to the Caledonian railway. Of earlier bridges one, which crossed at High Street, was swept away by the flood of 1621, and another, constructed by General Wade in 1723-1733, was apparently the predecessor of Smeaton's bridge. On the left bank of the river lie the suburb of Bridgend and Kinnoull Hill (729 ft.). To the south are the wood-clad heights of Moncrieffe Hill (725 ft.), Magdalenes Hill (596 ft.), Kirkton Hill (540 ft.) and Craigie Wood (407) ft. In the river are Friarton or Moncrieffe Island and the Stanners. Notwithstanding the importance of Perth in former times, almost the sole relic of the past is the church of St John the Baptist, a large Decorated cruciform building surmounted by a massive square central tower 155 ft. high. The original edifice is believed to have been erected in the time of Columba, but the transept and nave of the existing structure date from the early part of the 13th century, the choir from the 15th. The church was restored in 1891, and is now divided into the East, Middle and West churches. The silver-gilt communion cup used in the Middle Church is said to have been presented by Queen Mary. In May 1559 John Knox preached in St John's his famous sermon in denunciation of idolatry. The Dominican or Blackfriars' monastery, founded by Alexander II. in 1231, occupied a site near the west end of St John's Bridge; in what is now King Street stood the Carthusian monastery, founded by James I. in 1425; the Franciscan or Greyfriars' monastery, founded in 1460 by Laurance, first Lord Oliphant, stood on the present Greyfriars' cemetery; the Carmelite or Whitefriars' monastery, founded in 1260, stood west of the town. The tombstone of James I. and his queen, who were buried in the Charterhouse, was afterwards removed to St John's East Church. During the period between the beginning of the 12th century and the assassination of James I. in 1437, many of the Scottish parliaments were held in Perth. The building in which they met stood off High Street and was only cleared away in. 1818, its site being occupied by the Freemasons' Hall. The earl of Gowrie's palace, built in 1520, stood in spacious grounds near the river and was removed in 1805 to provide room for the county buildings. The castle of Perth stood on the north of High Street, not far from St John's. It was probably built about 860 and demolished about 1400. The Spey or Spy tower, the most important fortress on the city wall, guarded the south gate close to the river, but it was taken down early in the 19th century. The market cross, erected in High Street in 1669 to replace the older cross which Cromwell destroyed, was removed in 1765 as an obstruction. The huge fortress, 466 ft. square, which Cromwell erected in 1651 on the South Inch, close to the river and the Greyfriars' burying-ground, was demolished in 1663. The house of Catherine Glover, the "Fair Maid of Perth," still stands in Curfew Row. James VI.'s Hospital, founded in 1569, occupies the site of the Carthusian monastery, the original structure having been pulled down by Cromwell's orders. The pensioners now live out and the hospital has been converted into artisans' dwellings. Among modern public buildings the principal are St Ninian's Episcopal Cathedral, in the Early Middle Pointed style, an important example (completed 1890) of the work of William Butterfield (1814-1900); the municipal buildings (1881); the city-hall; the Marshall Memorial Hall (1823), housing the public library and the museum of the Perth Literary and Antiquarian Society; the Perthshire natural history museum; the Sandeman public library (1898), founded by a bequest of Professor Sandeman of Owens College, Manchester. The general prison for Scotland, south of the South Inch, was originally erected in 1812 as a depat for French prisoners, but was remodelled as a convict prison in 1840 and afterwards enlarged. North-west of the city are the military barracks built in 1 7931 794. Besides the regular elementary schools there are the Perth Academy (1807) with which was subsequently amalgamated the Burgh Grammar. School, an institution supposed to date from, the 12th century; Sharp's institute (1860); the Stewart's free school, an industrial school for girls, and the Fechney industrial school. The charitable institutions comprise the royal infirmary,, in the Italian style, considerably enlarged since its foundation in 1836; the Murray royal lunatic asylum in Bridgend; the Hillside House in Kinnoull and the small-pox hospital. From the south the city is entered by the North British railway and the Caledonian railway (which also runs west to St Fillans, east to Dundee and north-west to Aberdeen); and from the north by the Highland railway, the three systems utilizing a general station in the south-west of the town. During the season there is communication with Dundee and other river ports by steamer. The navigation of the stream is considerably obstructed by sandbanks, but vessels of 200 tons can unload at the quays, which, with the town and Friarton harbours, lie below the South Inch. The greatest tidal rise is 13 ft. The chief imports are Baltic timber, coal, salt and manure; and the exports, manufactured goods, grain, potatoes and slates. Perth has long been famous for its dyeing and bleaching, the bleach-fields being mostly situated outside of the city, in convenient proximity to the Tay and Almond. The other leading industries include manufactures of gauge-glasses, ink, muslins, India shawls, jute goods, woollens and winceys, floorcloth, and boots and shoes. There are iron foundries, breweries, distilleries, rope and sail works, coachbuilding yards, steam joinery works, and brick and tile works. The salmon fisheries of the Tay yield a substantial revenue. Perth is under the jurisdiction of a town council, with a lord provost and bailies, and returns one member to parliament. History- During the time that it was occupied by the Romans, a period estimated at 320 years, the city was called Victoria; but shortly after their withdrawal it seems to have borne the Celtic appellation of Aber-tha ("at the mouth of the Tay"). The transition to the latinized form Bertha and later to Perth (the Gaelic name being Pearl) appears obvious. On the conversion of the original Pictish inhabitants and the dedication of the first church to St John the Baptist, the town was designated St Johnstoun, and it continued to be known indifferently by this name and that of Perth down to the 17th century. Roman remains have often been found in excavations carried out within the existing boundaries, which suggests that the Roman settlement was at least twenty feet below the present surface. The obscurity of the early annals of the town is explained by the circumstance that Edward I. caused the records to be removed. Perth is stated to have been a burgh in 1106 and was made a royal burgh by William the Lion in 1210. During the Scottish wars of the Independence its fortifications were strengthened by Edward I. (1298). Robert Bruce several times ineffectually attempted to seize it, but in 1311 he succeeded in scaling the walls during a night attack. This was the fourth and most brilliant of the seven sieges which the city has sustained. Taken by Edward III. in 1335, it was recaptured in 1339. In 1396 the combat between the Clan Chattan and the Clan Quhele, described in Scott's Fair Maid of Perth, took place on the North Inch in presence of Robert III. and his queen, Annabella Drummond. The Blackfriars' monastery was the scene of the murder of James I. by Walter, earl of Atholl, in 1437. In consequence Perth lost its status as capital, in which it had succeeded to Scone, and the Parliament Courts were transferred to Edinburgh in 1482. Gowrie Palace was the scene of the mysterious "Gowrie" conspiracy against James VI. in 1600. The town was taken by Montrose in 1644, by Cromwell in 1651, and was occupied by Viscount Dundee in 1689. In 1715 the Old Pretender was proclaimed king at the Mercat Cross (Sept. 16), and the chevalier himself appeared in the city in the following January, only to leave it precipitately on the approach of the earl of Argyll. Prince Charles Edward spent a few days in Perth from the 3rd of September 1745. In both rebellions the magistrates took the side of the Crown and were supported by the townsfolk generally, the Jacobites drawing their strength mainly from the county noblemen and gentry with their retainers. Since then the city has devoted itself to the pursuits of trade and commerce. Perth was visited by plague in 1512, 1585-1587, 1608 and 1645; by cholera in 1832; and the floods of 1210, 1621, 1740, 1 773 and 1814 were exceptionally severe.

Authorities - Maidment, The Chronicle of Perth from 1210 to 1668 (1831); Penney, Traditions of Perth (1836); Lawson, The Book of Perth (1847); Peacock, Perth, its Annals and Archives (1849); Samuel Cowen, The Ancient Capital of Scotland (1904).


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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perth (Australia)

PERTH, the capital of Western Australia, situated on the Swan River, 12 m. by rail from the sea at Fremantle, and about 1700 m. W.N.W. of Melbourne. It is the seat of both Anglican and Roman Catholic bishops, and has two cathedrals. The fashionable street is St George's Terrace; in it are situated the public library, the government boys' school, the stock exchange, the town-hall, the government offices and the parliament buildhags. Between it and the broad reach of the river known as Perth Water lie the governor's residence and domain. The town-hall, built entirely by convict labour, stands on an eminence in the very heart of the city; opposite to it are the government offices, housed in a four-storeyed structure in the style of the French Renaissance. The mint, opened in 1899, is a massive freestone building. There are a public library, built as a memorial of Queen Victoria's Jubilee in 1887, a Scots college, two good theatres, a mechanics' institute, a museum, and a fine Wesleyan church-house, known as Queen's Hall. The Perth Park, containing about 1200 acres, is connected by tram with the city, and in it is a well-equipped observatory. There are several smaller parks and squares in the city, while the esplanade gardens are a feature of the place, being thrown out like a pier into Perth Water. There is a good cricket ground, and three race-courses are in easy reach. South Perth, on the other side of the river, is connected by bridges and steam ferry; and adjoining the city on the north-west are the suburban municipalities of Leederville and Subiaco. Outlying suburbs are Belmont, Victoria Park, Burswood, Claremont, Cottesloe, Peppermint Grove and Bayswater. The city is lighted by electricity, and has a good service of electric trams. Perth has an agreeable climate, the mean temperature is 64.9° F., and the average rainfall 33 in. Perth was founded in 1829, received its municipal charter in 1856, and was created a city in 1880. Between 1891 and 1901 the growth of the city was remarkedly rapid; in 1891 the population was only 8447, but in 1901 it had grown to 27,471 in the city proper, and to 36,199 including the suburbs.


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User:Isarra

Chickens.

title: User:Isarra


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nördlingen

NÖRDLINGEN, nėrd'lĭng-ĕn, Germany, town in the northwestern part of Bavaria, on the Eger River, 75 miles northwest of Munich. Its history dates back to the year 900, and some of the buildings still remaining bear evidence of an even earlier date. It became an Imperial city in 1215. Two of the decisive battles of the Thirty Years' War were fought in Nördlingen; one 16 Sept. 1634, where Ferdinand, the king of the Romans, was successful and South Germany was freed from foreign rule, and the other 13 Aug. 1645 between the Imperial forces and the French, — the French were victorious. Nördlingen has considerable manufacturing interests in linen and woolen goods, carpets, leather, agricultural implements, furniture and toys, and there are large nurseries. It has schools of note and a large library. Pop. 8,705.


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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peebles

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peebles


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordraak, Rikard

NORDRAAK, nôr'dräk, Rikard, Norwegian composer: b. Christiania, 12 June 1842; d. Berlin, 20 March 1866. He was a piano pupil of Kiel and Kullak in Berlin. At a very early period in his life he turned his attention to the study of Norwegian folksongs and composed music to the national hymn, “Ja, vi elsker dette landet,” written by his cousin, Björnstjerne Björnson (1832-1910). In 1864 he met Grieg and inspired him with the idea of devoting his genius to Norwegian melody and the cultivation of a specifically national art. He wrote incidental music to Björnson's dramas of ‘Mary Stuart’ and ‘Sigurd Slembe,’ piano pieces and songs.


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Oregon

title: The New Student's Reference Work/Oregon


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Haddington

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Haddington


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordstrand

NORDSTRAND, nôrd'stränt, Germany, an island belonging to the North Friesian group, in the North Sea; area, about 21 square miles. Prior to 1634 the area was about 210 square miles, but that year a flood swept over the island, destroying the greater part of the land and drowning over 6,000 people. Many people on the islands of the vicinity were drowned. Pop. about 3,000.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nore

NORE, nōr, a river in Ireland which has its rise in the mountains in the northeastern part of Tipperary, flows northeast into Queen's County, then southeast through Kilkenny, and after a course of about 70 miles, joins the Barrow River about two miles above New Ross. Kilkenny is the largest city on its banks.

title: The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nore


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Norfolk, Charles Howard, 11th Duke of

NORFOLK, nôr'fȯk, Charles Howard, , English politician: b. 5 March 1746; d. London, 1815. Breaking with the traditions of his family, notably his father, a Roman Catholic and author of pamphlets on penal laws

against the Catholics, the son became a Protestant and a Whig; opposed the war with America; sat in Parliament 1780-84; became a lord of the treasury in the Portland Cabinet in 1783, and was dismissed in 1798 from the lord-lieutenancy of the West Riding for toasting the “sovereign English people” in terms displeasing to the Crown. He was noted for his convivial habits and his dislike of soap and water. At his death the title passed to Bernard Edward Howard, the first Roman Catholic peer to sit in the House after the Act of Emancipation in 1829.


text: Four Little Blossoms at Brookside Farm

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EG!"

The little girl curled up in the window-seat did not move.

"Meg, you know Mother said we were to go before four o'clock, and it's half-past three now. You'll wait till the twins come in, and then they'll want to go, too." Bobby Blossom looked anxiously at his sister.

Meg put down her book and untangled her feet from the window cushions.

"I'm coming," she promised. "I never do get a chapter all read, Bobby. Where's my hat? I see it. I'll get it!"

Meg's hat was on the lawn outside where she had dropped it, and now she raised the screen and tumbled through the window to the ground.


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8 It wasn't far to tumble, and Meg had done it so often she was sure of landing safely.

"Norah says no lady goes out of the house through a window," giggled Bobby, tumbling after Meg and closing the screen carefully. Bobby was always careful to leave everything as he found it.

Meg giggled, too.

"I don't care, long as I grow up to be a lady like Mother," she asserted. "Let's hurry, Bobby, and perhaps we can stop at the library."

The children had reached the two stone posts at the foot of the lawn when a loud shriek halted them.

"Meg Blossom, you said I could go! Wait for me!"

Down the slightly sloping lawn hurried a short, thick-set little girl with dark eyes and hair and the reddest cheeks you ever saw. She carried a doll whose blue eyes opened and shut snappily with every jump her small mother took. This was Dot, Meg's little sister.

"You said I could go," panted Dot, when she caught up with Meg and Bobby. "Wait for


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Rh Twaddles, he's coming. He wants to take the kiddie car."

"I told you so," scolded Bobby. "I never went uptown in my life all you children didn't want to tag along. You've got grease on your dress, Dot."

"Sam was cleaning the car," said Dot serenely. "I guess I brushed against the grease can. It won't show when I'm sitting down. There's Twaddles."

Bumping its way over the green grass came a kiddie car with a small boy astride it.

"I'm all ready," he beamed. "Come on, Bobby."

"You can't take that kiddie car," announced Bobby firmly. "Mother said this letter was to go in the four o'clock mail and we've got to hurry. If you and Dot want to go, you'll have to walk fast."

Twaddles usually minded Bobby. He promptly surrendered the kiddie car and continued to smile pleasantly.

The four Blossoms trudged briskly along. If you had ever lived in Oak Hill you would have


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10 known them. The whole town knew Meg and Bobby and Dot and Twaddles, and the children knew nearly every one, having lived in that one place all their short lives.

Bobby was the oldest. He was seven, and was remarkably like his sister Meg in looks. Both had fair hair and blue eyes. Meg's real name was Margaret Alice Blossom, and she was named for her mother. Bobby's full name was Robert Hayward Blossom. He was just a year older than Meg.

The twins were the funniest and dearest little couple, four years old and as roly-poly, happy-go-lucky a pair of youngsters as ever tumbled into one scrape after another and out again. They were known as Dot and Twaddles to all their friends, but, of course, they had "real" names like other children. Dot was named for an aunt, Dorothy Anna Blossom, and Twaddles was Arthur Gifford Blossom, if you please. Only no one ever called him that.

The Blossom children lived at the very tip end of the long straggling street that divided Oak Hill into two sections; in fact the Blossoms'


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Rh rambling, comfortable old house was almost outside the town limits. Father Blossom owned the big foundry on the other side of the railroad.

"I'll go in," said Bobby, when they reached the post-office. "You wait here."

He disappeared into the yellow wooden building that was the Oak Hill post-office, and the other Blossoms, seeing a stalled car, stopped to watch the troubles of the interurban motorman whose trolley-car was blocked by a dog that apparently wanted to be run over.

The motorman clanged his bell and a boy on the curbstone whistled shrilly, but the dog refused to budge. He only rolled over on his side.

"He's hurt," said Meg. "See, his foot drags. I'll get him off."

She dashed out into the street and bent over the poor animal. Meg was "just crazy," her brothers said, about animals, and she was never afraid of any four-footed creature. Now, as she leaned over the little dog, he began to lick her hand with his rough tongue.

"His leg's broken," Meg said pityingly to the


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12 conductor and the motorman who had joined her. "Oh, the poor doggie! But Doctor Maynard will fix it."

There was a crowd now gathered on the car tracks, and Bobby, who had come out of the post-office and heard from the twins what was going on, pushed his way through to his sister.

"You hold your dress," he directed. "I'll lift him. There!"

The little dog was a heavy armful for Meg, but she held him bravely.

"I'm afraid of strange dogs myself," declared the conductor, plainly relieved that some one else had tended to the dog. "What are you going to do with him, little girl?"

"Take him to the doctor's," announced Meg. "Aren't we, Bobby?"

"Of course," affirmed Bobby.

He and Meg, carrying the dog, went back to where Twaddles and Dot were waiting. The twins were used to waiting patiently while the older children investigated sudden alarms and excitements.

"Let me pat him," begged Dot. "He's pretty,


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Rh isn't he? Is he hurt, Meg? What are you going to do with him?"

"Take him to Doctor Maynard's," said Meg briefly. "I guess he's in, 'cause it's after four o'clock."

Kind, jolly Doctor Maynard was in. He was the Blossoms' family doctor, and knew the children very well. He didn't seem a bit surprised to have the four of them walk into his consulting room.

"Now, who's sick?" he demanded, pretending to be anxious. "Don't tell me Dot needs gingerbread pills? Or has Twaddles been eating too much layer cake? Dear, dear, you can't all have the whooping cough!"

Meg smiled, a little watery smile. Tears stood in her blue eyes.

"It's this," she said, spreading out her dress on the couch so that the doctor could see the dog. "I think his leg is broken."

Doctor Maynard sat down on the couch and the children crowded around him. The brown eyes of the dog watched him intently as though he knew that help was at hand.


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Page:Four Little Blossoms at Brookside Farm.djvu/22

14 "Yes, it's broken," said the doctor gently, after feeling of the slim little hind leg that dragged so uselessly. "But we can mend it, Meg. I have splints right here."

While the others watched, Doctor Maynard tore off long white strips of cloth and selected two wooden splints. These he placed one on each side of the broken leg and then directed Meg to wind the strips firmly around while he held the splints in place. This was to make the leg grow strong and straight again.

"Doesn't it hurt?" demanded Twaddles curiously.

"Yes, it hurts him," admitted Doctor Maynard, stroking the head of the little dog. "But animals are splendid patients, and they seldom complain. Now, then, our little friend is about as good as new, except that he will have to go on three legs for a bit."

The telephone rang just then and it proved to be a call for the doctor.

"I'll have to run along, chicks," he said hurriedly. "Going to keep the dog, Meg?"

"If Mother doesn't care," answered Meg.


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Rh "Mother won't care," said Bobby, as the children were walking home. He was very fond of his sister and tried to help her get whatever she wanted. "Sam will let him sleep in the garage and perhaps he will be a ratter. Sam likes a dog that is a ratter." Sam Layton was the man of all work employed by Mr. Blossom.

Meg and Bobby took turns carrying the dog home, and Twaddles mourned the fact that the kiddie car had not been brought along.

"I could have given him a ride," he explained. "What makes his tongue hang out like that, Meg?"

"He's hot," said Meg. "And I think he wants a drink. Let's take him around to the kitchen and give him some water."

As they neared the kitchen door some one spoke to them through the screen.

"Meg! Meg! What's this you do be bringing home with ye? A dog? Most likely it has the mange now, or seme disease ye will all be catching. Why can't ye ever take up with a nice, quiet cat? 'Tis no dog I'll be having in me clean kitchen, mind that!"