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 MacOubrey, William, a student of the Middle Temple 30 April, 1836, called to the bar 7 June, 1839 (eldest son of John MacOubrey, of Downpatrick, co. Down); born,.

Macpherson, Alan, B.A., Exeter Coll., Oxon, 1881, a student of Lincoln's Inn 24 May, 1878 (then aged 21), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1881 (2nd son of Allan Macpherson, Esq., of Blairgowrie, Perthshire); born, 1857.
 * Blairgowrie House, Blairgowrie, N.B.

Macpherson, Arthur George, judicial and public secretary correspondence department India Office since 1882, legal adviser to secretary of state for India 1879-82, puisne judge Calcutta 1864-77, author of The Law of Mortgage in Bengal, a student of the Inner Temple 21 April, 1849 (then aged 20), called to the bar 7 June, 1852 (7th son of Hugh Macpherson, of Aberdeen, M.D.); born 26 Sept., 1828.
 * 51, Gloucester Place, Hyde Park, W.; India Office, S.W.

Macpherson, George Morison, M.A. Univ. of Aberdeen, judge and sessions judge Surat, a student of Lincoln's Inn 26 Jan., 1870 (then aged 29), called to the bar 7 June, 1873 (2nd son of Rev. Robert Macpherson, late professor of systematic theology in Aberdeen Univ., dec.); born, 1841.
 * Surat, Bombay.

Macpherson, Hugh Martin Charters, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1883, a student of the Inner Temple 2 Nov., 1878 (then aged 20), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1883 (2nd son of John Macpherson, of London, M.D.); born 27 Nov., 1858.
 * 3, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

Macpherson, John, B.A. St. John's Coll., Oxon, practises before the High Court of Bombay, a student of the Inner Temple 4 Nov., 1862 (then aged 21), called to the bar 9 June, 1865 (eldest son of late Rev. Robert Macpherson, of Inverness); born, 1841; married 2 Dec., 1874, Emily Christian Malcolm, eldest dau. of W. C. Maclean, C.B., M.D., surgeon-general in the army, etc.
 * Bombay.

Macpherson, John Molesworth, deputy secretary to government of India legislative department, practises before the High Court at Calcutta, a student of the Inner Temple 31 Oct., 1873 (then aged 20), called to the bar 28 June, 1876 (eldest son of John Macpherson, of London, M.D.); born 8 Aug., 1853; married, 1881, Edith, dau. of Genl. Hutchinson, R.E. (see Foster's Baronetage, ).
 * Calcutta; 35, Curzon Street, Mayfair, W.

Macpherson, William, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1838, puisne judge of the High Court at Calcutta 1885, late legal adviser to secretary of state for India, author of New Civil Procedure Code for British India and of Indian Penal Code, a student of the Inner Temple 3 June, 1831 (then aged 18), called to the bar 27 Jan., 1837 (2nd son of Hugh Macpherson, of Aberdeen, M.D.); born, 1813.
 * 3, Kensington Gardens Square, W.

Macrae, Charles Colin, B.A. Univ. Coll., Oxon, a member of the South-eastern circuit, practised before the High Court at Calcutta, author of The Indian Contract Act of 1872, a student of Lincoln's Inn 13 Jan., 1864 (then aged 20), called to the bar 30 April, 1868 (only son of Alexander Macrae, of Calcutta, M.D.); born, 1844.
 * 7, Lancaster Street, Bayswater, W.; 3, King's Bench Walk, Temple. E.C.

Macrae, David Cato, a student of the Middle Temple 10 Nov., 1843, called to the bar 20 Nov., 1846 (son of Ivie Macrae, Esq., of Ayr, N.B.); born,.
 * 4, Woodlands Road, Isleworth.

Macrory, Edmund, M.A. Trin. Coll., Dublin, a member of the Northern circuit, author of Reports of Cases relating to Letters Patent for Inventions, joint editor of Hindmarsh on Law of Patents, a member of joint Board of Examiners Inns of Court since 1881, a student of the Middle Temple 17 Nov., 1849, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1853, bencher 11 May, 1878 (2nd son of Adam John Macrory, of Duncairn, Belfast, advocate); born, ; married 13 May, 1862, Elizabeth Stevenson, 2nd dau. of Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Manisty, a justice of the High Court.
 * 2, Ilchester Gardens, W.; 7, Fig Tree Court, Temple, E.C.; Athenæum Club, S.W.

MacSwinney, Robert Forster, M.A., LL.B. Queen's Univ., Ireland, author of Law of Mines, Quarries, and Minerals, a student of the Inner Temple 10 May, 1867 (then aged 19), certificate of honour 1st class Mich., 1871, studentship Trin., 1872, called to the bar 6 June, 1872 (eldest son of James Foley MacSwinney, of Galway, Ireland); born 3 April, 1848; married 12 Aug., 1876, Agnes, youngest dau. oi Hugh McCall, of Lisburn, co. Antrim.
 * 15, Carleton Road, N.; 1, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.; Reform Club.

Mactaggart, William Charles, B.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1883, a student of the Inner Temple 8 Jan., 1880 (then aged 18), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1883 (eldest son of William Mactaggart, of Eltham, Kent, merchant); born, 1862.
 * Eltham, Kent.

Mactier, Alexander Waller, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1845, J.P., D.L. co. Kincardine, a student of the Inner Temple 15 Jan., 1839 (then aged 19), called to the bar 7 May, 1847 (eldest son of Anthony Mactier, Esq., of Durris, Aberdeen, N.B.); born, 1820.
 * Durris, Aberdeen, N.B.

McWatters, George, B.A. Queen's Univ., Ireland, collector and magistrate Salem, Madras, a student of the Inner Temple 29 Oct., 1872 (then aged 31), called to the bar 6 June, 1874 (3rd son of James McWatters, late of Newry. co. Armagh, dec.); born, 1841.
 * Salem, Madras.

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 Mansfield, Hon. John William, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1883, from Wellington Coll., a member of the Northern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 31 Dec, 1878, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1882 (2nd son of William, Lord Sandhurst, G.C.B., G.C.S.I., dec.); born 10 July, 1857, heir presumptive to the peerage.
 * 3, Garden Court, or 5, Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C.; Junior Oxford and Cambridge Club.

Mansfield, Robert Blachford, B.A. Univ. Coll., Oxon, a student of Lincoln's Inn 28 March, 1845 (then aged 21), went to the Inner Temple 11 Dec, 1848, where he was called to the bar 26 Jan., 1849 (2nd son of late Rev. John Mansfield, rector of Rowner, Hants, and Patrington, Yorks); born, 1824; married 29 July, 1858, Sophia, dau. of late Lt.-Col. L'Estrange, of Moystown, Ireland.
 * 74, Warwick Square, S.W.

Manson, Edward William Donoghue, B.A. (honours) Brasenose Coll., Oxon, from St. Paul's School, editor of Notanda, a student of the Middle Temple 27 April, 1876, called to the bar 18 Nov., 1878 (eldest son of late Frederick Robert Manson, of London, physician); born 1 Aug., 1849; married 29 Jan., 1880, Eliza Charlotte, widow of Rev. W. P. Manson, dau. of J. Percy, Esq., of Trinidad.
 * Roselea, West Hill, Sydenham, S.E.; 1, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

Mantell, Sir John Iles, stipendiary justice of the Manchester division co. palatine Lancaster since 1869, J. P. Lancashire, chief justice and judge of vice-admiralty court of the Gambia 1847-66, Queen's advocate Gambia 1841-7, knighted 9 Aug., 1867, a student of the Middle Temple 1 Nov., 1841, called to the bar 18 June, 1847 (eldest son of George Mantell, M.D., of Farringdon, Berks); born 1 Dec, 1813; married Jan., 1867, Elinor Knight, dau. of Charles Hitchcock, Esq., M. D., of Fiddington House, Devizes.
 * Swinton Park, Manchester; Windham Club, S.W.

Le Marchant, Sir Henry Denis, Bart., M.A., Christ Church, Oxon, 1863, an Etonian, J. P. Surrey, went the Home circuit, a student of Lincoln's Inn 30 April, 1862 (then aged 23), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1865 (eldest son of Sir Denis Le Marchant, Bart.); born 15 Feb., 1839; married 7 Sept., 1869, Hon. Sophia Strutt, eldest dau. of Edward, Baron Belper, and has issue (see Foster's Baronetage).
 * Chobham Place, Bagshot, Surrey; West Leake House, Loughborough; 18, Pont Street, Belgrave Square, S.W.; 1, Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C.; Brooks' and City of London Clubs.

Marchant, James Robert Vernam, M.A. Wadham Coll., Oxon (B.A. 1876), a student of Gray's Inn 2 May, 1881, studentship Hilary, 1883, called to the bar 25 June, 1884 (2nd surviving son of Rev. Job Marchant, of London); born,.
 * 128, Upper Kennington Lane, S.W.

Marcy, George Nichols, Incorporated Law Society's prizeman Jan., 1866, author of An Epitome of Conveyancing Statutes, a student of Lincoln's Inn 7 Jan., 1867 (then aged 22), exhibition July, 1868, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1869 (eldest son of George Marcy, of Wellington, Salop, solicitor); born 27 Jan., 1844; married 8 Aug., 1871, Jane Helen Hutton, dau. of late Lt.-Col. John Wilson Coats, 6th Madras N.I.
 * 114, Holland Road, Kensington, W.; 7, New Square, W.C.

Marett, Charles, F.R.G.S., M.A. (scholar), Trin. Coll., Camb., 1842, from Rugby, a member of the Council of Law Reporting since 1865, a student of the Inner Temple 3 June, 1839 (then aged 22), called to the bar 27 Jan., 1843 (eldest son of Charles Marett, Esq., of Southampton); born, 1817.
 * 55, Chancery Lane, W.C.

Marjoribanks, Hon. Edward, M.P. co. Berwick since 1880, J.P. cos. Berwick and Inverness, matric. Christ Church, Oxon, from Harrow, a student of the Inner Temple 9 Jan., 1872 (then aged 22), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1874 (eldest son of Dudley, 1st Lord Tweedmouth, bar.-at-law, of the Middle Temple); born 8 July, 1849; married 9 June, 1873, Lady Fanny Octavia Louisa Spencer-Churchill, 3rd dau. of John Winston, 7th duke of Marlborough, and has issue (see Foster's Peerage).
 * 134, Piccadilly, W.; Turf, White's, Marlborough, New, and National Liberal Clubs.

Markby, William, M.A. Merton Coll., Oxon, D.C.L. 1879, fellow All Souls 1882, of Balliol Coll. 1883, reader on Indian law Oxford Univ. since 1878, member of Hebdomadal Council since 1882, puisne judge Calcutta 1866-78, author of Lectures on Indian Law and of Elements of Law, a student of the Inner Temple 9 Nov., 1853 (then aged 24), called to the bar 5 June, 1856 (4th son of Rev. William Henry Markby, rector of Duxford, co. Camb.); born 3 May, 1829; married 22 March, 1866, Lucy, eldest dau. of late J. E. Taylor, Esq., of Weybridge.
 * Athenæum and Northbrook Indian Clubs.

Markwick, Edward, "political leader writer," has abandoned his patronymic Johnson a student of the Middle Temple 23 June, 1879, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1883 (only son of Edward Markwick Johnson, late of the royal navy, dec.); born,.
 * 8, Serjeants' Inn, Fleet Street.

Marples, Benjamin Livingston, formerly a solicitor, a student of the Middle Temple 20 Jan., 1883, called to the bar 26 Jan. 1884 (2nd son of George Marples, Esq., of Brinkcliffe Tower, near Sheffield, Yorks, dec.) born,.
 * Brinkcliffe Tower, Ecclesall, near Sheffield

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 Maule, George Norman, M.A. St. John's Coll., Oxon, from Eton, a member of the Western circuit, J. P. Devon, a student of Lincoln's Inn 18 May, 1849 (then aged 21), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1853 (only son of John Maule, late of Bath, solicitor, dec.); born, 1828.
 * 1, Hillsbro Terrace, Ilfracombe; United University Club.

Maule, Sir John Blossett, Q.C., knighted 7 Dec, 1882, director of public prosecutions 1880, member of the Council of Legal Education, member of the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting, recorder of Leeds 1861-80, revising barrister, M.A., Christ Church, Oxon, 1846, from Westminster School, superintendent editor of Burn's Justice of the Peace, 30th edition, a student of the Inner Temple 13 Jan., 1844 (then aged 26), called to the bar 29 Jan., 1847, Q-C. 26 June, 1866, bencher 16 Nov., 1855, treasurer 1882-3 (2nd son of George Maule, Esq., of London); born, 1818.
 * 47, Ennisniore Gardens, S..W; 5, Crown Office Row, Temple, E.G.; 20, Great George Street, Westminster, S.W.

Maurice, Charles Edmund, B.A. Christ Church, Oxon, a student of the Inner Temple 3 Jan., 1866 (then aged 22), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1871 (youngest son of late Rev. Frederick Denison Maurice, D.D.); born, 1843.
 * Rosslyn Hill, Hampstead.

Maxwell, Frederick David, M.A Christ Church, Oxon, B.A. 1876, a student of Lincoln's Inn 31 Oct., 1874 (then aged 23) called to the bar 25 June, 1879 (eldest son of James William Maxwell, late of St. Petersburgh, merchant); born, 1851; married 8 July, 1844, Effie Constance, 3rd dau. of James Pattison Currie, Esq., of Sandown House, Esher, Surrey (see Foster's Baronetage).
 * 9, Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

Maxwell, Frederick Mackenzie, matric. London Univ. 1882, a student of Lincoln's Inn 25 April, 1 881 (then aged 21), first senior studentship Hilary, 1882, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1884 (2nd son of Rev. Joseph Maxwell, late of Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas, rector of St. Matthew, dec.); born, 1860.

Maxwell, Joseph Renner, B.C.L., M.A., Merton Coll., Oxon, 1879, practises before the supreme court of Gold Coast Colony and Lagos, a student of Lincoln's Inn 23 Jan., 1878 (then aged 21), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1880 (eldest son of Rev. Thomas Maxwell, of Cape Coast Castle, Gold Coast, colonial and garrison chaplain); born, 1857.
 * Cape Coast Castle, Gold Coast Colony.

Maxwell, Sir Peter Benson, chief justice Straits settlements 1867-71, recorder Prince of Wales' Island 1856-66, of Singapore 1866-71, knighted 30 Jan., 1856, author of The Interpretation of Statutes, a student of the Inner Temple 14 Nov., 1838, went to the Middle Temple 16 Nov., 1840, where he was called to the bar 19 Nov., 1841 (4th son of Rev. Peter Benson Maxwell, of Birdstown, co. Donegal); born Jan., 1817; married July, 1842, Frances Dorothea, dau. of late Francis Synge, Esq., of Glanmore, co. Wicklow, and has issue (see Foster's Baronetage).
 * Cairo; Athenæum Club.

Heron-Maxwell, Robert Charles, a student of the Middle Temple 13 Jan., 1875, called to the bar 25 June, 1884 (2nd son of Sir John Heron - Maxwell, Bart., of Springkell, Dumfries); born 7 Aug., 1848 (see Foster's Baronetage).
 * 64, Warwick Square, S.W.

Maxwell, Walter, a member of the Northern circuit, a student of the Middle Temple II Jan., 1881, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1883 (youngest son of Laurence Maxwell, late of Haslingden aforesaid, dec.); born,.
 * 78, Cross Street, Manchester.

May, Bowen, jun., M.A., S.C.L. Worcester Coll., Oxon, a member of the South-eastern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 2 Jan., 1868 (then aged 21), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1872 (2nd son of James Bowen May, Esq., of London); born, 1847.
 * 18, Blomefield Terrace, Harrow Road, W.; Goldsmith Buildings, Temple, E.G.

May, Thomas Baker, author of Questions Founded on Lord St. Leonards' Treatise on the Laws of Vendors and Purchasers, a student of the Inner Temple 3 Nov., 1826, called to the bar 18 Nov., 1831 (3rd son of John May, of Clifford's Inn, London, gent.); born, ; married 10 Aug., 1844, Nancy Eliza Ann, eldest dau. of late John Banks, Esq., of Hailing, Kent, and grandson of Sir Edward Banks.
 * 89, Chancery Lane, W.C.

May, Rt. Hon. Sir Thomas Erskine, K.C.B., D.C.L., clerk of the House of Commons since 1871, knighted 6 July, 1866, D.C.L. (hon.) Oxon 1874, assistant librarian House of Commons in 1831, taxing master in parliament 1847-56, clerk assistant 1856-71, president of the Statute Law Committee, formerly examiner of standing orders to both houses of parliament and a member of the Law Digest Commission, author of The Law, Privileges Proceedings, and Usage of Parliament, Constitutional History of England 1760-1870, Democracy in Europe, a History, and other works, a student of the Middle Temple 20 Jan 1834 called to the bar 4 May, 1838, bencher 21 May, 1S73, born 8 Feb., 1815; married 27 Aug., 1839, Louisa Johanna, only dau. of George Laughton, Esq., of Fareham, Hants.
 * Speakers Court, Westminster Palace, S.W.; Athenæum Club

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text: Men-at-the-Bar/Maurice, Charles Edmund

title: Men-at-the-Bar/Maurice, Charles Edmund


text:
Author:Roy Floyd Dibble

Works

 * Albion W. Tourgee (1921}
 * Mohammed (1926)
 * John L. Sullivan (Dibble). An intimate narrative ... With illustrations (1925) (with John Lawrence Sullivan)
 * Strenuous Americans. Seven biographies. With portraits (1925)

title: Author:Roy Floyd Dibble


text:
Page:Dictionary of spoken Russian (1945).djvu/453

 pct of приобретать) to acquire. Наша библиотека старается приобрести эти книги. Our library is trying to acquire these books.

приобретать (dur of приобрести) to acquire. Мы постепенно приобретаем оборудование для нашей лаборатории. We're gradually acquiring equipment for our laboratory. • to take on. Это приобретает всё большее значение. This takes on greater and greater importance. • to assume. Болезнь приобретает характер эпидемии. The disease is assuming the proportions of an epidemic.

приобрету See приобрести.

приостанавливать (dur of приостановить) to interrupt. Мы постараемся не приостанавливать работы на время ремонта. We'll try not to interrupt the work during repairs.

приостановить (-становлю, -становит; pct of приостанавливать) to stop. Им пришлось на время приостановить постройку. They had to stop work on the construction temporarily.

припадок (-дка) attack. Сегодня ночью с ним случился сердечный припадок. He had a heart attack last night. • fit. Это он мог сказать только в припадке раздражения. He only could have said it in a fit of irritation.

припасы (-сов P) supplies. Мы храним съестные припасы в погребе. We keep food supplies in the cellar. □ боевые припасы ammunition.

припев refrain. Я буду запевать, а вы подхватывайте припев. I'm going to start singing and you join me in the refrain.

природа nature. В этих местах масса сил уходит на борьбу с природой. In these parts a great deal of energy must be spent in overcoming nature. — Ничего не поделаешь — закон природы! You can't help it; it's a law of nature. □ По природе он человек не злой. He's not mean at heart. • Я люблю северную природу. I like northern country.

природный natural. Школа помогла развить его природные способности. The school helped develop his natural abilities.

присаживаться (dur of присесть) to sit down. Присаживайтесь, поговорим. Let's sit down and have a talk.

присесть (-сяду, -дет; p -сёл; pct of присаживаться) to sit down. Попросите его присесть и подождать. Ask him to sit down and wait.

прислать (-шлю, -шлёт; ppp присланный, sh F -слана; pct of присылать ) to send (over). Мы пришлём за вами машину. We'll send a car (over) for you. • to send (up). Пришлите мне, пожалуйста, завтрак наверх. Send me up my breakfast, please.

прислушаться (pct of прислушиваться) to listen. Прислушайтесь и вы услышите шум поезда. Listen and you'll hear the rumble of the train.

прислушиваться (dur of прислушаться) to listen. Зачем прислушиваться к этим разговорам? Why bother listening to such talk?

присниться (pct of сниться) to dream. Вы кричали во сне, вам приснилось что-нибудь страшное? Why did you cry out in your sleep? Did you dream of something terrible? — Это вам, должно быть, приснилось. You must have dreamed about it.

присоединить (pct of присоединить).

-ся to join. Хотите присоединиться к нашей экскурсии? Do you want to join our excursion?

присоединять (dur of присоединить).

-ся to join. Он не хочет к нам присоединяться. He doesn't want to join us. □ Я всецело присоединяюсь к вашему мнению. I fully agree with your opinion.

приспосабливать (dur of приспособить).

-ся to adapt oneself. Он быстро приспосабливается к новой обстановке. He quickly adapts himself to new surroundings.

приспособить (pct of приспосабливать and приспособлять) to fit out. Этот чердак можно приспособить для жилья. This attic can be fitted out as living quarters.

-ся to adjust oneself. Вы уже приспособились к здешним условиям? Did you adjust yourself to the local conditions?

приспособлять (dur of приспособить).

-ся to adjust oneself. Он плохо приспособляется к новой работе. He doesn't adjust himself readily to new work.

приставать (-стаю, -стаёт; imv -ставай; prger -ставая; dur of пристать) to dock. Пароход пристаёт к берегу. The ship is already docking. • to stick to, to stay on. К этому холсту краски не пристают. Paint won't stay on this canvas. • to bother. Не приставайте к нему! Don't bother him.

пристально intently. Он пристально поглядел на меня. He stared at me intently. □ Я бы вам советовал последить за ним пристальнее. I'd advise you to watch him more carefully.

пристану See пристать.

пристань (P -ни, -ней F) dock. Пойдём встречать их на пристань. Let's go meet them at the dock.

пристать (-стану, -нет; pct of приставать) to stick. Колючки пристали к платью, не отдерёшь! Thorns are stuck to my dress and I can't get them off. • to join up. К концу путешествия он пристал к экскурсии. He joined up with the excursion toward the end. • to bother. К ней сегодня на улице какой-то нахал пристал. Some fresh guy bothered her on the street today. • to put in. Давайте пристанем к берегу. Let's put in to shore. • to be becoming. (no dur) Вам уж никак не пристало так выражаться! Such talk isn't becoming to you. — *Ей это пристало как корове седло. It's as becoming to her as a straw hat is to a horse. □ Лихорадка ко мне пристала и никак не могу от неё отделаться. I caught some kind of a fever and just can't get rid of it.

приступать (dur of приступить) to begin, to start. Пока ещё не приступайте к работе. Don't start working yet.

приступить (-ступлю, -ступит; pct of приступать) to begin, to start. Мы скоро приступим к постройке элеватора. We'll soon begin building a grain elevator. — У соседей уже приступили к ремонту. They've already started renovating our neighbor's place.

присудить (-сужу, -судит; ppp присуждённый; pct of присуждать) to sentence. Его присудили к пяти годам тюрьмы. He was sentenced to five years in jail. • to award, to give. Кому присуждена первая премия? To whom was the first prize given? □ Вас, вероятно, присудят к небольшому штрафу. You'll probably get fined a little.

присуждать (dur of присудить).

присужу See присудить.


text:
John L. Sullivan

 * John L. Sullivan (Howard) (1925) a poem by Robert Ervin Howard
 * John L. Sullivan (Dibble). An intimate narrative ... With illustrations (1925) a book by R. F. Dibble with John Lawrence Sullivan

title: John L. Sullivan


text:
Page:Dictionary of spoken Russian (1945).djvu/454

 присутствие presence. Мне неловко говорить об этом в его присутствии. I feel awkward speaking about it in his presence. — Ваше присутствие необходимо. Your presence is absolutely necessary. — Он никогда не теряет присутствия духа. He never loses his presence of mind.

присутствовать (dur) to be present. Он присутствовал при вашем разговоре? Was he present during your conversation?

присылать (dur of прислать) to send. Ему очень часто присылают из дому посылки. They send him packages from home very often.

присяга oath.

присяду See присесть.

притвориться (pct of притвориться) to pretend. Он притворился спящим. He pretended to be asleep. □ притвориться мёртвым to play dead. Он притворился мёртвым, и это его спасло. He played dead, and that saved him.

притворяться (dur of притвориться) to pretend. Я ему не верю: он притворяется больным. I don't believe him. He's only protending to be sick.

приток tributary. У этой реки много притоков. This river has many tributaries. □ Нам тут необходим приток новых сил. We need some new blood around here.

притом (/compare тот/) besides. Уже поздно идти туда, да и притом ещё дождь идёт. It's already too late to go there, and besides it's raining. • into the bargain. Она неумна и притом болтлива. She's not clever and she talks too much into the bargain.

притрагиваться ([-g*v-]; dur of притронуться) to touch. Он так плох, что уж несколько дней не притрагивается к еде. He's been feeling so bad for several days now that he won't touch any food.

притронуться (pct of притрагиваться) to touch. Так больно, что притронуться нельзя. It hurts so badly you can't even touch it.

приучать (dur of приучить) to teach. Я приучаю его не опаздывать. I'm teaching him not to be late.

приучить (/-учу -учит; ppp ученный/) to get used to. Я давно приучил себя к этой мысли. I got myself used to the idea a long time ago. □ Вам нужно приучить его к дисциплине. You've got to discipline him.

приход arrival. Я решил непременно дождаться прихода поезда. I decided to wait for the arrival of the train at all costs. • parish. Он уже больше десяти лет священником в этом приходе. He's been a priest in this parish for more than ten years now. □ приход и расход debit and credit. Ну, как у вас в книгах приход с расходом сходится? How are your books? Do the debit and credit sides balance? □ После прихода фашистов к власти война стала неминуемой. War was unavoidable after the Fascists came to power. • *Каков поп, таков и приход. Like teacher like pupil.

приходить (-хожу, -ходит; dur of прийти) to come. Он приходит сюда каждый день. He comes here every day. — Приходите завтра вечером. Come over tomorrow evening. □ приходить в голову to occur. Мне и в голову не приходит жаловаться. It doesn't even occur to me to complain. □ Нечего приходить в отчаяние: письмо, может быть, затерялось. There's no sense giving up; maybe the letter was lost.

-ся (S3 only) to have to. Как видно, приходится ехать. It seems that I'll have to go. □ Им там нелегко приходилось. They didn't have an easy time there. • (no pct) Кем он вам приходится? What's he to you?

прихожу See приходить.

прихожусь See приходиться.

причём (/cf что/) and. Он приедет только на будущей неделе, причём неизвестно, сможет ли он вас повидать. He'll arrive next week, and it's not all sure that he'll have time to see you. □ А я-то тут причём? And what have I to do with it?

причесать (-чешу, -чешет; ppp чёсанный; pct of причёсывать) to comb (someone else's) hair. Я сейчас приду, только дочку причешу. I'll come in a minute; I only have to comb my daughter's hair first.

-ся to comb one's hair. Погодите, побреюсь, причешусь, и вы меня не узнаете. Just wait till I get a shave and comb my hair. You won't even recognize me.

причёска hair-do. Вам очень идёт эта причёска. This hair-do is very becoming to you.

причёсывать (dur of причесать).

-ся to have one's hair done. Она всегда причёсывается у парикмахера. She always has her hair done at the beauty parlor. □ Вы всегда причёсываетесь на косой пробор? Do you always part your hair on the side?

причешусь See причесаться.

причина cause. Причины пожара так и не удалось установить. It was impossible to discover the cause of the fire, • reason. Он не пришёл по уважительной причине. His reason for not coming was satisfactory. — Я не сделал этого по той простой причине, что у меня нехватило времени. I didn't do it simply for the reason that I didn't have enough time.

причинить (pct of причинять) to cause. Это может причинить нам большие неприятности. This can cause a lot of trouble for us. — Наводнение причинило нам в этом году огромные убытки. The flood caused great damage this year.

причинять (dur of причинить) to cause. Я не хотел бы причинять вам беспокойства. I don't want to cause you any trouble.

причитаться (dur) to be due. □ Сколько с меня причитается? How much do I owe?

пришёл See прийти.

пришёлся See прийтись.

пришивать (dur of пришить) to sew on. Жена пришивает мне пуговицы, я сам не умею. My wife sews on my buttons for me; I don't know how myself.

пришить (-шью, -шьёт; imv -шёй; ppp -шитый; pct of пришивать) to sew. Пиджак почти готов, осталось только подкладку пришить. The coat's almost ready; all that's left is to sew the lining. □ Он за ней, как пришитый, ходит. He dogs her footsteps.

пришло See прислать.


text: Index:The Native Tribes of South Australia (1879).djvu


text: The Native Tribes of South Australia

title: The Native Tribes of South Australia


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User:SankarVaiyapuri

Sankar Vaiyapuri

title: User:SankarVaiyapuri


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Author:Peter Benson Maxwell

Works

 * Whom shall we hang?: the Sebastopol inquiry, 1855 external source
 * The Interpretation of Statutes, 1875 external source
 * A Commentary on the Interpretation of Statutes by Gustav Adolf Endlich, 1888 external source

title: Author:Peter Benson Maxwell


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iv


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Author:Thomas Baker May

Works

 * Questions Founded on Lord St. Leonards' Treatise on the Laws of Vendors and Purchasers

title: Author:Thomas Baker May


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Author talk:Thomas Baker May

FreeBMD
Marriages Sep 1844  (>99%) MAY	 Thomas Baker	 	 Eastry	 5	193	 Scan available - click to view

Deaths Mar 1894  (>99%) May	 Thomas Baker	 88	 Birkenhead	 8a	364

title: Author talk:Thomas Baker May


text: Men-at-the-Bar/Maule, Sir John Blossett

title: Men-at-the-Bar/Maule, Sir John Blossett


text: Men-at-the-Bar/Maule, George Norman

title: Men-at-the-Bar/Maule, George Norman


text: Men-at-the-Bar/Maxwell, Frederick David

title: Men-at-the-Bar/Maxwell, Frederick David


text: Men-at-the-Bar/Maxwell, Frederick Mackenzie


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Rh was popular among the students, who would gather round him after his lectures and listen eagerly to his strange theories. Often he would call for volunteers from among them in order to conduct some experiment, so that eventually there was hardly a lad in the class who had not, at one time or another, been thrown into a mesmeric trance by his professor.

Of all these young devotees of science there was none who equaled in enthusiasm Fritz von Hartmann. It had often seemed strange to his fellow students that wild, reckless Fritz, as dashing a young fellow as ever hailed from the Rhinelands, should devote the time and trouble which he did in reading up abstruse works and in assisting the professor in his strange experiments. The fact was, however, that Fritz was a knowing and long-headed fellow. Months before, he had lost his heart to young Elise, the blue-eyed, yellow-haired daughter of the lecturer. Although he had succeeded in learning from her lips that she was not indifferent to his suit, he had never dared to announce himself to her family as a formal suitor. Hence he would have found it a difficult matter to see his young lady had he not adopted the expedient of making himself useful to the professor. By this means he frequently was asked to the old man's house, where he willingly submitted to be experimented upon in any way as long as there was a chance of his receiving one bright glance from the eyes of Elise or one touch of her little hand.

Young Fritz von Hartmann was a handsome lad enough. There were broad acres, too, which would descend to him when his father died. To many he would have seemed an eligible suitor; but Madam frowned upon his presence in the house, and lectured the professor at times on his allowing such a wolf to prowl around their lamb. To tell the truth, Fritz had an evil name in Keinplatz. Never was there a riot or duel, or any other mischief afoot, but the young Rhinelander figured as a ringleader in it. No one used more free and violent language, no one drank more, no one played cards more habitually, no one was more idle, save in the one solitary subject. No wonder, then, that the good Frau Professorin gathered her fräulein under her wing, and resented the attentions of such a mauvais sujet. As to the worthy lecturer, he was too much engrossed by his strange studies to form an opinion upon the subject one way or the other.

many years there was one question which had continually obtruded itself upon his thoughts. All his experiments and his theories turned upon a single point. A hundred times a day the professor asked himself whether it was possible for the human spirit to exist apart from the body for a time and then to return to it once again. When the possibility first suggested itself to him his scientific mind had revolted from it. It clashed too violently with preconceived ideas and the prejudices of his early training. Gradually, however, as he proceeded farther and farther along the pathway of original research, his mind shook off its old fetters and became ready to face any conclusion which could reconcile the facts. There were many things which made him believe that it was possible for mind to exist apart from matter. At last it occurred to him that by a daring and original experiment the question might be definitely decided.

"It is evident," he remarked in his celebrated article upon invisible entities, which appeared in the Keinplatz Wochenliche Medicalschrift about this time, and which surprized the whole


text: Men-at-the-Bar/Maxwell, Joseph Renner

title: Men-at-the-Bar/Maxwell, Joseph Renner


text: Men-at-the-Bar/Maxwell, Sir Peter Benson


text: Men-at-the-Bar/Heron-Maxwell, Robert Charles


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Page:Homes of the London Poor.djvu/56

 ; but the subjoined sketch of a plan now in operation is given because it is always easier to see how a scheme will work when it comes before us as an actual fact, with a definite place and history, than when its bare principles only are laid down.

The working of the plan is not yet by any means perfect. There are many flaws still to be remedied, many breaks still to be filled up. It might, perhaps, have been better to delay writing about it till the working was made more complete, had it not been that the plan has been successful so far, and that it promises to be increasingly so. Besides, this seems the time when an account of a practical scheme for using individual work in conjunction with that of committees may be of real value. The need of some such scheme is felt with regard to the Poor Law. The Poor Law authorities have lately called the attention of Boards of Guardians to the success of the Elberfield system, which depends on the careful and systematic inquiries of a large number of volunteer visitors. The Macclesfield Board of Guardians has already invited volunteers to aid it under the name of Assistant Guardians. The same want is felt with regard to charity. On all sides we hear of people willing to give their time if only they could be sure of doing good. They are dissatisfied, they say, with district visiting, which creates so much discontent and poverty, and does so little lasting good; they want to know of some way in which their efforts may fit in with more organized work.

In the district in which the following plan has been tried the poorer inhabitants have for years been accustomed to make their applications for relief daily, between nine and ten o'clock, at a house situated in the center of the parish. The mode of administering relief has been changed, but the house is still used for the reception of applications. The names are taken down, and one of the blank forms used by the Charity Organization Society is filled up with the account given

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text: Men-at-the-Bar/Maxwell, Walter

title: Men-at-the-Bar/Maxwell, Walter


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368 scientific world—"it is evident that under certain conditions the soul or mind does separate itself from the body. In the case of a mesmerized person, the body lies in a cataleptic condition, but the spirit has left it. Perhaps you reply that the soul is there, but in a dormant condition. I answer that this is not so, otherwise how can one account for the condition of clairvoyance, which has fallen into disrepute through the knavery of certain scoundrels, but which can easily be shown to be an undoubted fact?

"I have been able myself, with a sensitive subject, to obtain an accurate description of what was going on in another room or another house. How can such knowledge be accounted for on any hypothesis save that the soul of the subject has left the body and is wandering through space? For a moment it is recalled by the voice of the operator and says what it has seen, and then wings its way once more through the air. Since the spirit is by its very nature invisible, we cannot see these comings and goings, but we see their effect in the body of the subject, now rigid and inert, now struggling to narrate impressions which could never have come to it by natural means.

"There is only one way which I can see by which the fact can be demonstrated. Although we in the flesh are unable to see these spirits, yet our own spirits, could we separate them from the body, would be conscious of the presence of others. It is my intention, therefore, shortly to mesmerize one of my pupils. I shall then mesmerize myself in a manner which has become easy to me. After that, if my theory holds good, my spirit will have no difficulty in meeting and communing with the spirit of my pupil, both being separated from the body. I hope to be able to communicate the result of this interesting experiment in an early number of the Keinplatz Wochenliche Medicalschrift."

When the good professor finally fulfilled his promise, and published an account of what occurred, the narrative was so extraordinary that it was received with general incredulity. The tone of some of the papers was so offensive in their comments upon the matter that the angry savant declared that he would never open his mouth again or refer to the subject in any way—a promise which he has faithfully kept. This narrative has been compiled, however, from the most authentic sources, and the events cited in it may be relied upon as substantially correct.

, then, that shortly after the time when Professor von Baumgarten conceived the idea of the above-mentioned experiment, he was walking thoughtfully homeward after a long day in the laboratory, when he met a crowd of roystering students who had just streamed out from a beer-house. At the head of them, half intoxicated and very noisy, was young Fritz von Hartmann. The professor would have passed them, but his pupil ran across and intercepted him.

"Heh! my worthy master," he said, taking the old man by the sleeve, and leading him down the road with him. "There is something that I have to say to you, and it is easier for me to say it now, when the good beer is humming in my head, than at another time."

"What is it, then, Fritz?" the physiologist asked, looking at him in mild surprize.

"I hear, mein Herr, that you are about to do some wondrous experiment in which you hope to take a man's soul out of his body, and then to put it back again. Is it not so?"

"It is true, Fritz." W.T.—7


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Rh I saw it all; not, of course, every intricacy of the elaborate system my father had evolved, but at least a glimmer of the truth. And I marveled at the character of a man who had taken children out of the world to make his own world and then had the patience to wait for them to grow up; to form his court—the court he planned for me. Yes, in my egotism I thought it was for me! Two weeks were to pass before I learned what his real reason had been.

Into my reflections, Wrexler broke abruptly, "She is not here. Ask de Lacy about her; her beauty haunts me. Already I am in love with her."

I was not surprized, Nothing, I felt, could at this point surprize me, so much had happened in the last few hours. If my father had arisen from the floor like Hamlet's ghost, I would have greeted him quite casually.

"Is there a young girl here with bronze curls and blue eyes?" I asked obediently.

A shadow crossed de Lacy's handsome face. For the first time he hesitated. "There is no one here that answers that description. May I ask why you——"

"My friend saw her on the stairway."

I caught a murmur from de Lacy's lips, "So soon!" it sounded like, but before I could question further, he said aloud, "I have leave to depart and join my lady?" And before I could answer, he bowed himself away to take a seat at one of the tables below.

Wrexler looked over his wine goblet. "The man lied. I saw recognition of the description in his eyes."

"We'll get the truth out of him later," I countered. "Isn't it fine to actually eat chicken with your fingers, and not feel you are committing a social error!"

not get any information out of de Lacy later. To Wrexler's insistent questionings he was at first non-committal, and after a bit, downright curt. I poured oil on the troubled waters by suggesting that as it was late, we would wait until morning to see the library and the left wing of the chateau.

With a smile of relief, de Lacy ushered us to our chambers. My retiring was a kind of ceremony. It amused me, but I had a nagging little thought in the back of my mind that all this etiquette would become boring after a while.

As the last man bowed himself out of my room, de Lacy bent low. "My lord, there are guards at your door. You have only to call if you require anything."

I thanked him once more. Greatly to my embarrassment, he again kissed my hand. "Your servant to the death!" he cried, and drew the curtains about my high-canopied bed.

I knew that outside the red damask, two huge candles were burning, but the curtain shut out their light and I was smothered in darkness. I made a mental note that I must arrange somehow for air in my room. The French idea of banishing night air did not coincide with my American habits. Tonight I was too weary to get up and attend to it. My thoughts were racing back and forth among the strange events of the day, but before I could focus them into any kind of order, sleep descended upon me.

I had a strange dream. In it, the most beautiful woman I had ever seen came and parted the red damask curtains. Framed against the dark oak panels of my room, she stood looking down upon me. Her hair was red gold, and her eyes had all the sapphire tints of the world stored in their depths. Her pale, white face was oval in shape and balanced perfectly upon a slender neck. Her


text: Men-at-the-Bar/May, Bowen

title: Men-at-the-Bar/May, Bowen


text: Men-at-the-Bar/May, Thomas Baker

title: Men-at-the-Bar/May, Thomas Baker


text: Men-at-the-Bar/May, Rt. Hon. Sir Thomas Erskine


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Rh he bore with him over the beaker-of-waves, sovran strong: under shield he died. Fell the corpse of the king into keeping of Franks, gear of the breast, and that gorgeous ring; weaker warriors won the spoil, after gripe of battle, from Geatland’s lord, and held the death-field. Din rose in hall. Wealhtheow spake amid warriors, and said:— “This jewel enjoy in thy jocund youth, Beowulf lov’d, these battle-weeds wear, a royal treasure, and richly thrive! Preserve thy strength, and these striplings here counsel in kindness: requital be mine. Hast done such deeds, that for days to come thou art famed among folk both far and near, so wide as washeth the wave of Ocean his windy walls. Through the ways of life prosper, O prince! I pray for thee rich possessions. To son of mine


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140 Square, having learned to dance together, gone to children's parties together, studied at Miss Irwin's school together, spent the summer by the sea and in the mountains together, in a word, from their having done everything together until they were united by close bonds, the closer for being undefinable, that I, Convent bred, with not an idea, not a habit, not a point of view, in common with them, could not break through. I never have got quite over the feeling, though time has modified it. There is no loneliness like the loneliness in a crowd, doubly so if all the others in the crowd know each other. In the dressing-room that first evening it was so overwhelming to discover myself entirely out of it where I should have been entirely in, that, without the stay and support of my friend, of old the Prince of Denmark to my Ghost of Hamlet's Father, and her sister, who had come out under more favourable conditions, I do not think I could have gone a step further in the great social adventure.

As it was, with my heart in my boots, my hand trembling on my Brother's arm, to the music of Hassler's band, I entered the big bare hall of the Natatorium, and was out with no more fuss and with nobody particularly excited about it save myself.

Things were a little better once away from the dressing-room. My Brother was gay, had been out for two or three years, knew everybody. If he could not introduce me to the women he could introduce the men to me, and the freemasonry existing among them from their all having


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Rh gone to the Episcopal Academy and the University of Pennsylvania together, from their all having played cricket and baseball and football, or gone hunting together, from their all belonging to the same clubs, was not the kind from which I need suffer. Besides, those were the days when it was easy for the Philadelphia girl to get to know men, to make friends of them, without the Philadelphia gossip pouncing upon her and the Philadelphia father asking them their intentions—they could call upon her as often as they liked and the Philadelphia father would retreat from the front and back parlours, she could go out alone with them and the Philadelphia father would not interfere, knowing they had been brought up to see in themselves her protectors, especially appointed to look out for her. Some signs of change I might have discerned had I been observant. More than the five o'clock tea affectation was to come of the new coquetting with English fashions. Enough had already come for me to know that if my Brother now and then asked me to go to the theatre, it was not for the pleasure of my company, but because a girl he wanted to take would not accept if he did not provide a companion for the sake of the proprieties. I am sure the old Philadelphia way was the most sensible. Certainly it was the most helpful if you happened to be a girl coming out with next to no friends among the women in what ought to have been your own set, with no chaperon to see that you made them, and, at the Dancing Class, with no hostess to keep a protecting eye on you but, instead,


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78 be helpful in deed and uphold his joys! Here every earl to the other is true, mild of mood, to the master loyal! Thanes are friendly, the throng obedient, liegemen are revelling: list and obey!” Went then to her place.—That was proudest of feasts; flowed wine for the warriors. Wyrd they knew not, destiny dire, and the doom to be seen by many an earl when eve should come, and Hrothgar homeward hasten away, royal, to rest. The room was guarded by an army of earls, as erst was done. They bared the bench-boards; abroad they spread beds and bolsters.—One beer-carouser in danger of doom lay down in the hall.— At their heads they set their shields of war, bucklers bright; on the bench were there over each atheling, easy to see, the high battle-helmet, the haughty spear, the corselet of rings. ’Twas their custom so ever to be for battle prepared, at home, or harrying, which it were, even as oft as evil threatened their sovran king.—They were clansmen good.


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144 patronesses too absorbed in their triumphs to notice the less fortunate straggling far behind.

Well, anyway, if honesty forbids me to call myself a success, it is a satisfaction to remember that I did not have to play the wall-flower, which I would have thought the most terrible disaster that could befall me. To have to sit out the German alone would have been to sink to such depths of shame that I never afterwards could have held up my head. It was astonishing what mountains of despair we made of these social molehills! I can still see the sad faces of the girls in a row against the wall, with their air of announcing to all whom it might concern: "Here we are, at your service, come and rescue us!" But there was another dreadful custom that did give me away only too often. When a man asked a girl beforehand to dance the German, Philadelphia expected him to send her a bunch of roses: always the same roses—Boston buds, weren't they called?—and from Pennock's on Chestnut Street if he knew what was what. To take your place roseless was to proclaim that you had not been asked until the eleventh hour. It was not pleasant. However, if I went sometimes without the roses, I always had the partner, I had even moments of triumph as when, one dizzy evening before the assembled Dancing Class, I danced with Willie White.

It is not indiscreet to mention so great a person by name and, in doing so, not presuming to use it so familiarly—he was the Dancing Class, as far as I know, he had no other occupation; and his name was Willie, not William,


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object of this publication is to preserve and to place before the public, in a collected form, some of the few accounts which have been written respecting the native tribes of South Australia. They are not numerous, nor are they sufficiently complete to furnish the materials for a full history of those races which once inhabited the immense territory known as the Province of South Australia. No attempt was ever made by, or at the instance of the Colonial Government, to investigate and record the manners and customs of the Aborigines, nor to preserve their language; so that now only a comparatively imperfect idea can be formed of the South Australian natives as a whole.

The province which formed their home extended at the period of its proclamation as a British dependency, from the 132nd to the 141st degree of east longitude, and was bounded on the south by the Southern Ocean, and on the north by the 26th parallel of south latitude. The area of the tract of country thus taken over by the white men was about 300, 000 square miles, or 192, 000, 000 of acres. A considerable portion of this region was extremely fertile, and for Australia, well watered. From the way in which the black inhabitants are known to have lived, it was capable of supporting a large native population. Grass was abundant and game plentiful; and, if they had been anything but savages of a very low type, they might have turned the natural products of the country to good account by making permanent dwellings, and by living in a kind of comfort equal at least to that enjoyed by savage races in other lands where nature has not been more bountiful. The Australian savages, however, are


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 viii INTRODUCTION. wandering savages, seldom staying long at one place, and dependent almost entirely upon the spoils of the chase or upon their success in fishing for subsistence. Such dwellings as they erect are of the most temporary character, consisting only of boughs piled together against the wind, so as to form a rude shelter, and thicker in the rainy season than in the summer, to keep out the wet. They do not cultivate the soil. At certain periods of the year, when roots of particular kinds are fit for use, or the seeds of indigenous plants are ripe, the women dig up the former and collect the latter for food; but they are dependent entirely upon the spontaneous operations of nature to supply this portion of their sustenance in abundance or scarcity, as the nature of the seasons may determine. The Aborigines who occupied the country in and around the site of the present City of Adelaide were neither numerous nor warlike. They offered no opposition either to the landing or to the settlement of the Europeans; indeed, their conduct was anything but unfriendly. A good understanding was readily established with them. Captain Hindmarsh, R.N., the first Governor of the new colony, in his first interview with them in 1836, gave them clothes and blankets, with which they were apparently well pleased, and they generally lived harmoniously with the white settlers. Lord Stanley, when Secretary of State for the Colonies, was most earnest and persistent in his instructions to the Governors of the different Australian colonies respecting the treatment of the Aborigines of New Holland. He was deeply sensible of their condition, and he fully recognised the obligations towards them which he considered attached to those who had occupied their territories. He constantly urged the adoption of some policy by which effectual protection should be secured for them, and he expressed the utmost readiness to co-operate with the local authorities in any arrangement which would offer any reasonable prospect of bringing them within the range of the influences of civilisation. His humane wishes remain unfulfilled, and all the exertions of the various Governors have signally failed to attain


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 INTRODUCTION. ix the end they all had in view. Between the years 1821 and 1842, in New South Wales alone, £80,000 was spent in maintaining protectorates of the natives, and in trying to redeem them from barbarism. This large expenditure was unfruitful, and resulted in complete failure. The Aborigines of that portion of Australia (at least the comparatively few who remain) are no better now than their forefathers were, and no farther advanced on the road to civilisation. Wherever they have come into contact with white men, they have contracted many of their vices, without acquiring in any profitable degree such habits as would assist in raising them from their degraded condition. They have disappeared almost entirely except in the interior. The extinction of the native races in the adjoining colony of Victoria and their general condition is much the same, and it is the same all through the settled districts of Eastern Australia.* The South Australian natives form no exception to the rule. In many parts of that portion of the continent to which these pages specially refer they have entirely disappeared. Not a vestige of the Port Adelaide tribe remains. The Adelaide tribe is extinct, and so are those which dwelt near Gawler, Kapunda, the Burra, the Rufus, &c. In none of these places can a single trace of them be found. † They have left no memorials behind them, and their language as a language exists no more. Some relics of it have been preserved in the glossaries of Teichelmann, Wyatt, Eyre, &c., whose love for science or whose curiosity led them to make notes of words, &c., as their intercourse with the natives permitted, but for the rest it is as if the Adelaide tribes had never existed. At one time there were native schools in Adelaide and other places, and a training institution near Port Lincoln for the blacks, which was subsidised by the Government. The native schools, like those who attended them, have passed away, and are males and 540 females. There is no return from New South Wales. † The extinction is so complete that it was with the greatest difficulty that Mr. Waterhouse, the curator of the Museum, could collect a set of their weapons for the Paris Exhibition in the present year (1878).
 * According to the last census there were only 1330 blacks in Victoria784


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 x INTRODUCTION. forgotten except by some of the earlier colonists. The Poonindie mission is now carried on without Government assistance. The mission at Point Macleay, established for the care of the natives who inhabit the country bordering upon Lakes Alexandrina and Albert and the Lower Murray, is also carried out without subsidy from the public purse. The general care of the Aborigines is entrusted to the mounted police, who periodically distribute blankets, flour, tea, sugar, &c., to the natives in those parts of the country where any of them survive, or from time to time may make their appearance. It is impossible, at the lapse of forty years after the first settlement of South Australia, to arrive at the exact measure of the extinction which has fallen upon the native races. In the early days, the Europeans were too busily engaged in locating themselves on their new possessions, and in the active task of rendering a wild country fit for the habitation of civilised men, to trouble themselves greatly about the native tribes, whose lands were confiscated for their use. No census of the Aborigines was attempted to be taken. Any estimate, therefore, of what their numbers then were, must now be to some extent conjectural. In 1842, Mr. Moorhouse, who was Chief Protector of Aborigines in South Australia, estimated that there were about 3000 scattered over the tract of country extending 160 miles north and 200 miles east of Adelaide. Mr. Eyre, the protector at Moorundi, on the Murray, who quotes this estimate, considers that they must have amounted to at least double that number. Captain (now Sir George Grey, K.C.B.), however, found the number of inhabitants to the square mile to vary so much from district to district, that he could not arrive at any computation which would even nearly approach the truth. Assuming Mr. Eyre’s estimate to be correct, as applied to the area given by Mr. Moorhouse, the rest of the colony would at least contain an equal number. This would give a total of about 12,000 souls, a number which cannot be considered to be excessive. The census of 1876, published by authority, gives the number of the Aborigines of all ages and of both sexes as 3953 for the whole of the province. Of these only 1000 are to be


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 INTRODUCTION. xi found scattered about the settled districts. The disproportion between the sexes is significant, there being 2203 males to 1750 females. Of the males, 217, or 0.11 per cent only of the adults (1862), were engaged in any kind of occupation with the settlers. These figures show that the whole of the native population of the province at the present time, is not much more than half of that which inhabited the settled districts in 1842; and where now a blackfellow is almost unknown, the black population at the foundation of the colony was, as has been seen, about 12,000a very small number for such an extensive territory. The black population now being 3953, it would seem that 67 per cent of them, with all that belonged to them, have gone from the face of the earth in forty-two years. In South Australia there have been no wars against the Aborigines. In the very early days of the colony, some tribes were attacked and chastised for wholesale murders, committed by them on shipwrecked people and parties travelling overland with stock. Some also were shot by settlers, sometimes in self-defence, and in many cases without adequate provocation. All the deaths, however, which can be ascribed to this cause, fail to establish such occurrences as forming one of the principal causes of their disappearance. All who have written upon the subject of the Australian native tribes acknowledge that they vanish before the white settler. Even in cases where they have been guarded from the habits and the maladies which are to some extent incidental to civilisation, the result has been the same, though not so speedily attained. A brief glance at the causes which have contributed to this end may be found interesting. There can be no doubt, from the testimony of those who had much intercourse with the natives, that before the Europeans came into the country, and before they could have had any influence over them, the Aborigines were decreasing in number. Habits and practices, religious or otherwise, helped to cut the races short; and infanticide, as well as cannibalism, played their horrible part in accelerating the catastrophe. The native women cannot be considered less fruitful than the women of other


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 xii INTRODUCTION. countries and races. Eyre* (quoting Dr. Moorhouse, Protector of Aborigines) states that each Aboriginal native woman has, on the average, five children, nine being the greatest number known, but that each mother rears, on the average, no more than two of her offspring. Such a fearful discrepancy can only be accounted for by the existence of some natural causes which affect infant life, or by the fact that they are put to death as soon as born. Eyre, in his account of the Aborigines, dwells at considerable length on the causes which operated principally in the diminution of tribes, or, as he expresses it, "from going on in an increasing ratio." He says, "First, there is polygamy and the illicit and almost unlimited intercourse between the sexes, habits which are well known to check the progress of population wherever they prevail. Secondly, infanticide, which is very general, and practised to a great extent, especially amongst the younger and favourite women. Thirdly, diseases to which in a savage state young children are peculiarly liable, such as dysentery, colds, and their consequences." † In this it is probable that Eyre has been to some extent mistaken. The effect of the ailment to which he refers, according to statements gathered from a variety of quarters, was never so widely disseminated as his note would indicate. It is of course impossible to assert that it has not had some influence over the Aborigines, but proof is wanting that it has been sufficiently wide-spread to justify its being regarded as one of the primary causes of the dying out of the tribes. It is not known whence it was derived, or whether it existed amongst them before the advent of the Europeans. He states, however, as a fact, that in 1841, when they assembled at Moorundi, there was but little sickness amongst them, but after visiting the town and some adjacent stations, they appeared to have contracted most horrible disorders. He describes certain appearances which are known to be produced from other causes. It is remarkable that if the case 1845. † He adds this note: "Huic accedit, ex quo illis sunt immisti Europaei, lues venerea. Morbum infantibus afflant et ingens multitudo quotannis inde perit." Vol. II., p. 239.
 * "Journals of Expeditions into Central Australia," by Ed. Jno. Eyre. Lond., Boone,


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 INTRODUCTION. xiii was as represented by Eyre, the Narrinyeri tribe must have been particularly exposed to its influence, and it must have left its traces amongst them. Mr. Taplin, however, makes no mention of it, and he would scarcely be likely to pass over such a circumstance if it existed. The natives of some tribes suffer from a sort of leprous or scrofulous disease, which exhibits many of the characteristics mentioned by Eyre, but this disorder seems to afflict individuals and not families. Gason, speaking of the Dieyerie tribe, describes a disease which produces large boils under the arms, in the groin, and on the breast and thighs, varying in size from that of a hen’s egg to that of an emu’s. It lasts for months and sometimes for years before it goes away. One complaint may thus have been, and not improbably was, mistaken for the other. A friend first called the attention of the writer to the existence of this malady. At the same time he mentioned what would seem to be a certain cure for it. He was present at Canowie when a flock of sheep was being dipped for scab. A number of blacks congregated to witness the performance, and to get tobacco or whatever else could be obtained from the station. One of them was in a deplorable condition of suffering from this disease. By way of a joke, it was suggested that the blackfellow should be dipped like the sheep. He seemed delighted at the proposal, at once agreed to it, and was dipped accordingly. The dipping mixture was composed of water, soft soap, tobacco, and arsenicthe last in the proportion of one ounce to the gallon of water. After his bath, the patient left with his companions. In a short time he became ill, then worse, and finally so bad that it was doubtful whether he could survive, He lost his hair and his finger and toenails. By-and-bye he grew better, and then his skin came off. He was described as presenting the appearance of a magpie during the time the process of decortication was going on. Eventually he got quite well, and when he revisited the station was in sound health. His hair had grown, and his skin was as smooth and as glossy as marble. He was completely cured. Other blacks who had heard of the circumstance came to Canowie and Mr. P. Marchant, formerly of Arkaba,


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 sister and so pulled her out. She was always overflowing with energy which showed itself in various ways. When about eight years old she was climbing on a high fence and fell on the back of her head; so that for some time she was forbidden to do any lessons; but her mother found that she was playing at keeping a school, and was learning long pieces of poetry, French grammar, and doing sums for the pretence children, so that she was working her brain more than she would have done in the school room.

Her love of learning and writing poetry was great; and it was about this time that she wrote the following elegy on a young pigeon:

As some of the letters given in this book will show. Octavia was somewhat inclined to exaggerate the practical as opposed to the imaginative part of her nature. As a fact the imaginative and even fanciful side of her was apparent at an early age; for on one occasion she was found to have left a party at her grandfather's and to have seated herself on the steps in the garden. When asked what she was doing, she answered, "I am looking for the fairies!" "Have you seen any?" asked her friend, "No," replied Octavia, and added with the cheery confidence which distinguished her, "but I am sure, I shall see them."

This imaginative side; of her must have been greatly stimulated by the only young companions with whom she and her sisters wore brought into contact. These were the younger son and daughter of William and Mary Howitt, the well-known writers. Miss Margaret Howitt writes, "The kind wish of my elder sister Anna Mary to afford pleasure to her small brother


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 xiv INTRODUCTION. begged to be dipped. The experiment, however, was too hazardous, and no one liked to risk a trial for murder or manslaughter, if, as was by no means unlikely, a patient should die from the effects of the treatment. Other diseases are mentioned by Eyre, such as gout, rheumatism, inflammation of the bronchia, lungs and pleura. Phthisis is common, and erysipelas sometimes is met with. Scrofula has been seen, but seldom. A disease not unlike smallpox, and leaving similar traces on the face, has been heard of, but it is not believed to be the true variola, and it has not been seen for years. Any reliable account of the maladies incidental to the South Australian Aborigines cannot now be obtained. With the cessation of the Protectorate of Aborigines as the function of a separate staff, all official interest in the native seems to have expired, and nothing now is done for them except periodically to give to them, through the mounted police, flour, tea, sugar, &c., and even this modicum of generosity is administered in a loose and perfunctory manner, owing to the pressure of more urgent duties on those who are in charge. Allusion has been made to customs, religious or otherwise, which have tended to destroy some of the tribes. One which is calculated, without actual homicide, to thin the race, exists amongst those who live to the westward throughout the Port Lincoln Peninsula, and as far at least as the head of the Great Australian Bight.* The details of this peculiar practice are appended in a note. They can scarcely be recorded in English. How this horrible custom originated can only be a matter of conjecture. Probably it was intended to guard against too rapid an increase in districts when water is very scarce, and therefore the means of subsistence precarious and difficult to obtain.† 79th Regiment. † Operationem hoc modo perficiunt, os Walabii (Halmaturus) attenuatum per urethram immittunt illudque ad scrotum protrudunt ita ut permeet carnem. Scindunt dein lapide acuto usque ad glandem penis. Patet propagationem exind e difficile omnino evadere, si non plane impossibilem. Videtur propagationem omnem, quaecumque inter aborigines hujus modi obtinet, ex illis commixtionibus proficisci quae ante supra dicta matrimonia contingant.
 * Now a port with a telegraph station. Discovered by Captain E. A. Delisser, late


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 INTRODUCTION. xv The prevalence of infanticide seems to have been due solely to the desire to avoid the trouble of rearing children, and to enable the woman to follow her husband about in his wanderings, which she could not do if encumbered with a child. The first three or four are often killed, and no distinction appears to have been made between males and females. Half-caste children are almost always destroyed.* The practice prevailed long before the Europeans came to South Australia, and in one tribe (the Narrinyeri) more than half of the children born were sacrificed in this way. One intelligent native woman is reported to have said, that if the Europeans had waited a few years more they would have found the country without inhabitants.† What became of these little unfortunates? In some cases the bodies were burned, in others they were eaten. One instance at least is known to the writer, where the mother admitted that her infant had been eaten. Other cases have been mentioned, but are not sufficiently authenticated to justify special notice. Amongst the Dieyerie tribe cannibalism is the universal practice, and all who die are indiscriminately devoured. Amongst this tribe there are distinct rules as to those who are entitled to partake of the loathsome banquet. For instance, the mother eats the flesh of her children, and the children that of their mother. Brothers and sisters in law eat of each other’s flesh, and the same privilege is allowed to uncles, aunts, nephews, nieces, grandfathers and mothers, as well as grandchildren, who eat of each other. The only restriction seems to be that fathers do not eat the flesh of their own children, nor that of their fathers’ children.‡ Eyre gives it as his opinion that cannibalism is not common, but only occasionally practised by some tribes. He states, however, that to enable them to become sorcerers amongst the tribes around Adelaide, they have at one period to eat the flesh of young children, and at another that of an old man; but it does not appear to him that they partake of each kind more than once in their lifetime. That it is not common now, or rather that it does
 * Eyre. † Taplin, page 13. ‡ Gason.


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 xvi INTRODUCTION. not exist now amongst the tribes which frequently have intercourse with white people, may be believed; but since the practice is, or at any rate was, common (whether arising from want or due to vengeance) to all the coast tribes, and to most of those which have been met in the interior, there seems nothing to exclude the South Australian natives from the suspicion of a custom which, except as above mentioned, has been found to be universal amongst them. Captain Barker, who was lost at the Murray mouth, is believed to have been eaten by the natives.* With facts such as these on record, two causes of the extinction of the races are clearly established. The Europeans have had no hand in this; indeed, it is to their influence alone that these customs may be said to have been abandoned. The mortality from diseases, both prior to and subsequent to the settlement of the country, has done much to thin them out. Their notions of medicine, as amongst all savages, were of the most absurd nature. Amongst the Adelaide tribe the sorcerers were the physicians. All internal pains were supposed to arise from witchcraft, and were variously treated. Sometimes the blood was sucked out from the part affected, and sometimes a bone was supposed to be extracted from it by suction. On other occasions the disease was taken away in an invisible form, and either burnt or thrown into water. In other diseases the sufferer was stretched on the ground and pressed on the diseased part by the hands or feet of the operator, and cold water then sprinkled over it and green leaves applied.† The natives are well acquainted with the use of bandages in cases of snake-bite. Bleeding is frequently resorted to to relieve headache. The operation is performed by opening a vein in the arm with a piece of sharp rock crystal or shell, in the same way London: Sampson, Low, and Marston, 1865) says on this subject, "He had been speared by two natives and took to the water to avoid them. Afterwards the murderers said they threw the body into the sea, but no one who knows the horrible habits of these natives will believe that part of the story. " (Vol. I., pp. 364-5. ) † Pro remedio, in pluribus morbis urina feminae externe applicata, in eximia estimatione habetur.
 * The Rev, J. E. Tenison Woods (Discovery and Exploration of Australia.


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 INTRODUCTION. xvii as bleeding is resorted to amongst Europeans. Fractures are treated with splints and bandages;* but amongst some tribes the injured limbs are straightened and then encased in a coating of clay, which hardens and thus preserves the fracture from disturbance. In an instance related to the writer, the splints and bandages which had been applied to the broken leg of a native were removed when he was taken to his camp and the clay casing substituted. The same was done to a boy whose jaw had been fractured in falling from a horse. His face was covered with a thick clay mask. Both cases resulted in a cure, without leaving traces of lameness or disfigurement. Ulcers are generally sprinkled with alkaline wood ashes and the astringent juices of the bark of trees and grasses. Cuts and wounds are generally left to cure themselves, or are covered with clay to keep the air out; this, it is said, succeeds well. With such medical treatment it can hardly be expected that many recoveries take place, when illness is serious. Whenever any native becomes a burthen to his tribe by reason of infirmity or chronic sickness, he is abandoned by his fellows, and left to die. It is difficult to estimate the ages which the older people attain. Captain Grey and Mr. Eyre consider that they frequently live to seventy and even eighty years of age. Others, again, think that they scarcely go beyond forty. Many old men and tolerably old women used to be seen in the streets of Adelaide some years back, probably over fifty, or perhaps more; but none of them were decrepit or physically incapable of such exertions as the blacks are accustomed to make in their ordinary course of life. The treatment which the women experience must be taken into account in considering the causes which lead to the extinction of the native tribes. Amongst them the woman is an absolute slave. She is treated with the greatest cruelty and indignity, has to do all laborious work, and to carry all the burthens. For the slightest offence or dereliction of duty, she is beaten with a waddy or a yam stick, and not unfrequently speared. The records of the Supreme Court in Adelaide furnish numberless instances of
 * Eyre.


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 xviii INTRODUCTION. blacks being tried for murdering their lubras. The woman’s life is of no account if her husband chooses to destroy it, and no one ever attempts to protect or take her part under any circumstances. In times of scarcity of food, she is the last to be fed, and the last considered in any way. That many of them die in consequence cannot be a matter of wonder, and as the natives generally do not marry the members of their own tribe, the loss of a child-bearing woman cannot be replaced. The condition of the women has no influence over their treatment, and a pregnant female is dealt with and is expected to do as much as if she were in perfect health. Within a very few hours after being delivered of a child, she moves about and goes to work as if nothing had happened to her. The condition of the native women is wretched and miserable in the extreme; in fact, in no savage nation of which there is any record can it be worse. The wars which the tribes waged against each other, often in times gone by, caused a certain amount of mortality, but not so great as might generally be supposed. The South Australian Aborigines are fearless, but neither bloodthirsty nor ferocious. "Custom or example may sometimes lead them on to bloodshed, but it is usually in accordance with their prejudices or to gratify the momentary excitement of passion. With many vices and but few virtues, I do not think the Australian savage is more vicious in his propensities or more virulent in his passions than are the larger number of the lower classes of what are called uncivilised communities." This is Eyre’s testimony, and his knowledge of the natives extended far beyond the limits of South Australia. The battles which take place between tribes usually occur about daybreak, or towards sunset in the evening. Whether it is on account of the light being more favourable than the intense glare of the day, or connected with some superstition, is unknown. The customary weapons are spears, waddies (clubs), boomerangs and wooden axes; and some of the tribes employ shields. The spears are often barbed, some of the barbs being fastened on artificially. These are made of sharp fragments of quartz and flints. The spear is propelled by a wommerah or throwing-stick, having


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Rh

Then sank they to sleep. With sorrow one bought his rest of the evening,—as ofttime had happened when Grendel guarded that golden hall, evil wrought, till his end drew nigh, slaughter for sins. ’Twas seen and told how an avenger survived the fiend, as was learned afar. The livelong time after that grim fight, Grendel’s mother, monster of women, mourned her woe. She was doomed to dwell in the dreary waters, cold sea-courses, since Cain cut down with edge of the sword his only brother, his father’s offspring: outlawed he fled, marked with murder, from men’s delights, warded the wilds.—There woke from him such fate-sent ghosts as Grendel, who, war-wolf horrid, at Heorot found a warrior watching and waiting the fray, with whom the grisly one grappled amain. But the man remembered his mighty power, the glorious gift that God had sent him.


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 INTRODUCTION. xix at one end a kangaroo’s tooth, fixed so as to fit into a notch at the end of the spear. This instrument gives an amount of leverage far beyond what could be exerted by unaided muscular strength. The fights are nearly always witnessed by the women and children of the tribe, and sometimes by other natives who are not concerned in the quarrel. They seldom last more than three or four hours. Few of those engaged are killed outright, but the wounded are often numerous, and death from the wounds inflicted frequently occurs. The rude surgery practised amongst them is scarcely equal to the treatment of such dreadful injuries as are inflicted by barbed or even smooth spears, or to fractures of the skull, &c. Eyre states that the most fatal affrays are those which suddenly spring up between tribes which have been encamped near each other on friendly terms about the women, or in consequence of some death, which is always attributed to sorcery on the one side or the other. The fight in such cases usually takes place at night, after the body of the deceased has been buried. Then, in addition to clubs and spears, resort is had to fire-brands, and the wounds inflicted are frightful.* The males are always obliged to side with their blood relations and their own tribes. The women excite the men to fight, and carry their weapons for them. It does not seem that the women and children are ever killed after the battle is over. Hostile camps are sometimes surprised just before dawn, and the males there are slaughtered in cold blood whilst sleeping or drowsy. In such cases the attack is usually made under the belief that some-individuals of the hostile tribe are great sorcerers, and have done much mischief to them. Their order of battle is commonly in line, or the warriors advance in the form of a crescent, biting their beards, spitting, throwing dust into the air, and shouting, and, sometimes, burning the grass, so as to destroy their adversaries. These wars are not frequent, and cannot be regarded as a chief cause of the dying out of the natives. Having said so much on the subject of the native wars, it is proper here to notice those attacks which were made by the
 * Eyre.


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 When that engagement had ended, Mr. Hill persuaded Miss Smith to undertake the teaching of his children. How heartily they responded to her care will be shown by two letters given later on: and when, in 1835, she became the wife of Mr. Hill, she received a welcome from her step-children such as few step-mothers can have experienced. The marriage took place at St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate.

She assisted her husband in every way, and entered most sympathetically into his patriotic efforts to reform public abuses. He had been most successful in reforming the corruption in the Wisbeach municipal government, and had succeeded in excluding any claim for church rates from his parish. The extraordinary physical energy which he threw into all his work is well illustrated by his riding fifty miles to secure the pardon of the last man who was condemned to death for sheep stealing. This excessive energy was facilitated by a life of great self-restraint and devotion to study. He read much and accumulated a very fine library. Nor even in this matter did he limit his aims to mere self-improvement. He wished to extend to others, as far as possible, his own advantages, and he founded in Wisbeach an Infant School, which should introduce sounder methods of education. It was one of the first Infant Schools built. With a characteristic audacity he chose for the motto of this school the words in which Wordsworth embodied the advice which he sarcastically suggests that Rob Roy would have given to Napoleon, had they been contemporaries:

He also started a penny paper to advocate various reforms, and at one time he bought the local theatre and invited celebrated actors to perform there. Later on he co-operated most earnestly with the advocates of Free Trade.

Into this energetic life at Wisbeach three daughters were born:


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 xx INTRODUCTION Europeans on certain tribes in the neighbourhood of the Murray River, to punish them for murders committed upon helpless and unoffending white people. The South Australian colonists happily cannot be accused of those dreadful crimes against the natives which disgrace the annals of the convict times in other colonies.* Such tales have found their records in other places and may well be discarded here. Although the native people lived generally in amity with the first settlers, there were occasional murders perpetrated by the blacks upon isolated white men. In one case, where a shepherd had been attacked and killed by natives because he would not give them sheep, the colonists became exasperated, and were with difficulty restrained from inflicting summary vengeance against their entire tribe. This murder occurred within four or five miles of Adelaide. The murderers were never brought to justice. The ringleader, it is believed, was put to death by his own tribe, who found him both troublesome and dangerous to themselves. In 1838, the brig Fanny, from Hobart Town, bound for Western Australia, went ashore, and was wrecked a short distance east of the mouth of the Murray. The passengers and crew got to land, and were well received and kindly treated by the natives. It does not appear that they received any reward for their humanity. About the middle of 1840 news arrived in Adelaide that a vessel (the brig Maria) had been wrecked on the south coast, about three days’ journey from the mouth of the Murray River, and that all the survivors from the wreck had been murdered by the natives. A party was sent out under Lieutenant Pullen, R.N. (now Admiral), to visit the spot, and investigate the matter. After a comparatively brief search, the party found the dead bodies of several men, women, and children. They were partially buried in the sand, and the flesh had been completely stripped off the bones of one of thema woman. No doubt it had been eaten, Natives were found in possession of the clothes and blankets of the murdered people, and bonnets and shawls which had belonged to
 * "Therry’s Reminiscences of New South Wales. " Lond. 1863, p. 271 et seq.


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 INTRODUCTION. xxi the women. On receipt of Lieutenant Pullen’s report, the Governor, Colonel Gawler, organised a strong party under Major O’Halloran, Commissioner of Police, to proceed to punish the offenders. Their country was in that part of the south coast known as Lacepede Bay. The tribe was but little known, but was described as being remarkable for ferocity. The party crossed the mouth of the Murray on the 21st August, 1840, and on the following day captured thirteen men, two lads, and about fifty women and children. The men were detained, but the others were at once set free. All of them had something of the shipwrecked party’s property, and some of the clothes recovered from them were saturated with blood. After some trouble, two more-blacks were taken, and on the following morning were tried by court martial for the murders, of which seventeen had been committed. Two of the blacks, Mongarawata and Pilgarie, were found guilty, and sentenced to death. They were hanged on the following day, in the presence of a large number of the tribe, who were considerably impressed with the proceedings. This politic act of summary vengeance was done under the authority of Colonel Gawler, then Governor, and it had an excellent effect upon the tribe. Yet the Governor was much blamed in England for his share in the transaction. As a matter of fact it was illegal, but it was far more merciful to the blacks themselves, and produced a far more lasting impression upon them, than if they had been brought to Adelaide and tried in due form of law. Savages cannot be made to understand the value of civilised legal procedure. What is wanted with regard to them is a means of bringing them speedily and summarily to justice; and when they seriously offend, whatever punishment may be awarded to them should be so inflicted as to come directly under the notice of the other blacks; for severity is not so much a requirement as certainty and example. Some years ago a law was passed which required that blacks convicted of murdering whites should be executed in the presence of their tribes, as near as possible to the scene of the crime. The operation of this law has been effectual, and now many years have elapsed since any murder of white


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 xxii INTRODUCTION. persons has been committed by the natives within the limits of South Australia. About nine months after the murders at Maria Creek, a party coming overland with sheep were attacked by the Rufus tribe of blacks, in the neighbourhood of the north-west bend of the River Murray. Mr. Inman, who was in charge, and two others, were dangerously wounded, the whites dispersed, and all the sheep, about 7000, captured by the blacks. An expedition, under the command of Major O’Halloran, was sent against them; but, after being absent for several days, it was recalled, and returned without having seen any of the tribes. The recall took place in consequence of the censures which had been passed upon the Governor on account of the execution of the two Milemnura natives for the Maria Creek murders. Immediately on their return, a volunteer party was formed under the command of Lieut. Field, R. N., to endeavour to recover some of the stolen property. After an arduous journey of nine days, they came upon a body of natives between 200 and 300 strong. The natives immediately attacked them, advancing on in a sort of half-moon, and trying to surround the small party. The white people got away with difficulty, but not until some of the blacks (eight it is stated) had been shot. Three of the horses were speared, and one was killed. A third expedition was then organised, consisting of mounted police, volunteers, &c. The new Governor, Captain Grey, only permitted the volunteers to go as special constables, and the leader of the party was instructed "not to levy war, nor to exercise any belligerent actions" against the offenders. After travelling three weeks, a white man met them. He was one of the survivors of a fresh party of travelers which had been attacked, and their cattle (700) stolen. Three of his companions had been killed, and the person in charge badly wounded. The bodies were afterwards found; one of them horribly mutilated. The head had been battered to pieces, the body had been opened, and all the viscera, with the kidney-fat, * purpose is not known.
 * The natives smear themselves over with this substance, though for what


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 INTRODUCTION. xxiii taken away, and little green branches had been placed in his hands. All attempts to capture the natives failed, though nearly all the cattle were recovered, and the party returned to Adelaide. From reports that reached Adelaide with regard to the attitude of the tribes which had done so much mischief, and which rendered it dangerous in the extreme for persons travelling with stock, another expedition was sent out under Sub-Inspector Shaw, with twentynine men, to meet some persons who were coming overland, and to protect them from the natives. They were met in the country of the hostile natives. They had been attacked, but had defeated their assailants with a loss of about fifteen. A few days afterwards the new expedition was attacked by the troublesome tribes. They had refused all overtures of friendship, and were determined, confident, no doubt, in their numbers, to possess themselves of all the white men’s effects. The engagement lasted about a quarter of an hour, and about thirty of the natives were killed, and some ten wounded. When the expedition returned to Adelaide an investigation was held, and the expeditionary party exonerated from all blame; and, according to the recommendation of the bench of magistrates, before whom the inquiry was conducted, Mr. Eyre was appointed Protector of Aborigines at Moorundi, and police magistrate for the protection of persons travelling with stock..* These affrays have been mentioned in some detail because they were the most important and most disastrous to the native tribes which have occurred in this colony. They will serve to show that active hostilities against the denizens of the soil have had but a small share in the circumstances which have helped to bring about the disappearance of the Aborigines. After the chastisement above mentioned had been inflicted upon them, the overland journey through the bush to the other colonies became safe, and no further outrages are recorded. The dying out of the tribes must, therefore, be ascribed to circumstances other than those which have been enumerated. That some of them in course of time would have brought the races to an end, is highly pro-
 * "Recollections of Colonial Life, " by J. W. Bull. Adelaide, 1878, passim.


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 xxiv INTRODUCTION. bable, but not in the time in which their disappearance has occurred. Opinions differ to some extent as to whether such institutions as those at Pooraindie and at Point Macleay might not, if established at the outset of the European occupation, have been successful in reducing the natives to a condition of civilisation. With great respect for the views of those who hold this theory, the writer deems that the attempt would have been futile. The whites for some years were not sufficient in number nor in influence to bring the bulk of the natives within the scope of their customs. There was, in fact, neither the means nor the machinery for it. The difficulties which are encountered, even now,* from the old men of such tribes as are under control, were paramount then, and they would have resisted, as a whole, what they sometimes now successfully resist in detail. The process of extermination, in fact, began as soon as the white men took possession of the soil. The fencing in and occupation of the territory deprived the natives of the wild animals which constituted the principal part of their daily food. Kangaroos, emus, &c., were killed and driven further back into places where they could remain undisturbed. The wild-fowl were scared away by the fire-arms of the settlers. The destruction of the trees consequent upon the clearing of the ground for tillage, drove away the opossums, and left little shelter for parrots and other winged creatures which resorted to them, and the people who had been disappointed were thrown back on the hunting grounds of their neighbours, or compelled to become dependent on the bounty of the white men. In the former case, wars and murders according to tribal customs were inevitable; in the latter, unaccustomed food, clothing, strong drinks, the use of tobacco, and other things wholly unsuited to the condition of savages, made a change in their mode of life which they could not survive. The authorities who were first called upon to administer the affairs of South Australia did not recognise the fact that distinct territorial rights existed amongst the native inhabitants. Each tribe had its own country distinct from that of any other tribe. Its boundaries
 * See Taplin.


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 INTRODUCTION. xxv were known, and could have been accurately defined. The right of occupying, parcelling out and disposing of the soil, was asserted as the first principle of the colonisation of the country, without the slightest regard to any rights, except those which were exercised by the Crown. Without the land the aboriginal native could not exist; the land was taken from him and he ceased to exist. In order to provide a substitute for the large territory which melted from him imperceptibly almost, and certainly without any power of prevention on his part, it would have been necessary to restrain his wandering habits, to make him industrious and sensible alike of the value as well as the advantage of accumulating something. This has not been done up to the present day, and in spite of all that has been attempted in the shape of christianising and teaching them, the best of the natives who are left are still savage, but only less savage than their forefathers, because their country no longer offers the scope for their pristine barbarism. It has been urged that if special tracts of country had been set apart for the occupation of the natives, the race might have been preserved. A little consideration will show this to rest on a slender foundation only. For an immense territory like that of South Australia, the native population was remarkably small, and, in their own estimation, not calculated to maintain any large increase in numbers, Their customs of mutilation, infanticide and cannibalism, lessened, and were no doubt intended to prevent, the growth of the tribes. The marriage customs operated in the same way. It seems, therefore, an inevitable conclusion, that if the tribes had been restricted to more circumscribed areas in which to live than had been the case before the white men came, the process of extinction would have been carried on faster amongst themselves, or else they must have become, as they did become, dependent on the whites, with the results which have already overtaken them. The Anglo-Saxon colonists of South Australia are perhaps not more to blame for the catastrophe than are other races of men who have supplanted savages in their birth-places. The process seems to be invariably the same everywhere. The land is the


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 xxvi INTRODUCTION. prize for which emigrants leave their homes, and in no cases that are known have aboriginal races been able to survive its loss. It must be borne in mind that the white settlers arrived here without any experience of the Aborigines. The settlement of New South Wales could have been no guide to them, and when experience of their habits and customs was gained, the cardinal mischief had so far advanced as to render all attempts at saving the remnant of the people a hopeless task. No process that the writer can imagine could have averted the fate which seems inevitably to hang over all uncivilised nations when they are brought into contact with Europeans. The process seems to go on everywhere, with such unvarying certainty as to bear strongly the impress of a fixed law. In those cases where a mixture of the races takes place (and in Australia this would be impossible), the characteristics of the dominant race prevail, and the inferior race becomes eventually lost. From the testimony of various writers who have described the Aborigines in different parts of Australia, there does not appear to be any very material difference in the manners and customs of the tribes, wherever they may be located. Their method of killing kangaroos and other wild animals is everywhere the same. The weapons they use in war and in hunting vary but little in character. The descriptions, therefore, that are given by the writers whose accounts of a few of the tribes constitute the present volume, will afford a tolerably accurate notion of what Australian savages are. As Mrs. Macarthur described them in 1792,* they remain to this day: "A singular race, utterly ignorant of the arts. . . . They are brave and warlike, and towards all but those who become their friends, vindictive, and even treacherous, using art where force is unavailing. All endeavours to train them to habits of social life are unavailing, for although by education their children readily learn to read and write, they invariably return to their original wild habits when old enough to provide for themselves." The general experience of those who have had much intercourse with them in this portion
 * Therry. See also Eyre and Grey.