text:
Jerusalem. The Emanation of the Giant Albion/Plate 21

O Vala! O Jerusalem! do you delight in my groans You O lovely forms, you have prepared my death-cup: The disease of Shame covers me from bead to feet: I have no hope Every boil upon my body is a separate & deadly Sin. Doubt first assaild me, then Shame took possession of me Shame divides Families. Shame hath divided Albion in sunder! First fled my Sons, & then my Daughters, then my Wild Animations My Cattle next, last ev'n the Dog of my Gate. the Forests fled The Corn-fields, & the breathing Gardens outside separated The Sea; the Stars: the Sun: the Moon: drivn forth by my disease All is Eternal Death unless you can weave a chaste Body over an unchaste Mind! Vala! O that thou wert pure! That the deep wound of Sin might be clos'd up with the Needle, And with the Loom: to cover Gwendolen & Ragan with costly Robes Of Natural Virtue, for their Spiritual forms without a Veil Wither in Luvahs Sepulcher. I thrust him from my presence And all my Children followd his loud howlings into the Deep. Jerusalem! dissembler Jerusalem! I look into thy bosom: I discover thy secret places: Cordella! I behold Thee whom I thought pure as the heavens in innocence & fear: Thy Tabernacle taken down, thy secret Cherubim disclosed Art thou broken? Ah me Sabrina, running by my side: In childhood what wert thou? unutterable anguish! Conwenna Thy cradled infancy is most piteous. O hide, O hide! Their secret gardens were made paths to the traveller: I knew not of their secret loves with those I hated most, Nor that their every thought was Sin & secret appetite Hyle sees in fear, he howls in fury over them, Hand sees In jealous fear: in stern accusation with cruel stripes He drives them thro' the Streets of Babylon before my face: Because they taught Luvah to rise into my clouded heavens Battersea and Chelsea mourn for Cambel & Gwendolen! Hackney and Holloway sicken for Estrild & Ignoge! Because the Peak, Malvern & Cheviot Reason in Cruelty Penmaenmawr & Dhinas-bran Demonstrate in Unbelief Manchester & Liverpool are in tortures of Doubt & Despair Malden & Colchester Demonstrate: I hear my Childrens voices I see their piteous faces gleam out upon the cruel winds From Lincoln & Norwich, from Edinburgh & Monmouth: I see them distant from my bosom scoured along the roads Then lost in clouds; I hear their tender voices! clouds divide I see them die beneath the whips of the Captains! they are taken In solemn pomp into Chaldea across the bredths of Europe Six months they lie embalmd in Silent death: warshipped Carried in Arks of Oak before the armies in the spring Bursting their Arks they rise again to life: they play before The Armies: I hear their loud cymbals & their deadly cries Are the Dead cruel? are those who are infolded in moral Law Revengeful? O that Death & Annihilation were the same!

Then Vala answerd spreading her scarlet Veil over Albion

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Jerusalem. The Emanation of the Giant Albion/Plate 22

Albion thy fear has made me tremble; thy terrors have surrounded me Thy Sons have naild me on the Gates piercing my hands & feet: Till Skofields Nimrod the mighty Huntsman Jehovah came, With Cush his Son & took me down. He in a golden Ark, Bears me before his Armies tho my shadow hovers here The flesh of multitudes fed & nouris[h]d me in my childhood My morn & evening food were prepard in Battles of Men Great is the cry of the Hounds of Nimrod along the Valley Of Vision, they scent the odor of War in the Valley of Vision. All Love is lost! terror succeeds & Hatred instead of Love And stern demands of Right & Duty instead of Liberty Once thou wast to me the loveliest Son of heaven; but now Where shall I hide from thy dread countenance & searching eyes I have looked into the secret Soul of him I loved And in the dark recesses found Sin & can never return. Albion again utterd his voice beneath the silent Moon

I brought Love into light of day to pride in chaste beauty I brought Love into light & fancied Innocence is no more

Then spoke Jerusalem O Albion! my Father Albion Why wilt thou number every little fibre of my Soul Spreading them out before the Sun like stalks of flax to dry? The Infant Joy is beautiful, but its anatomy Horrible ghast & deadly! nought shalt thou find in it But dark despair & everlasting brooding melancholy!

Then Albion turnd his face toward Jerusalem & spoke

Hide thou Jerusalem in impalpable voidness, not to be Touchd by the hand nor seen with the eye: O Jerusalem Would thou wert not & that thy place might never be found But come O Vala with knife & cup: drain my blood To the last drop! then hide me in thy Scarlet Tabernacle For I see Luvah whom I slew. I behold him in my Spectre As I behold Jerusalem in thee O Vala dark and cold

Jerusalem then stretchd her hand toward the Moon & spoke Why should Punishment Weave the Veil with Iron Wheels of War When Forgiveness might it Weave with Wings of Cherubim Loud groand Albion from mountain to mountain & replied


text:
Jerusalem. The Emanation of the Giant Albion/Plate 23

Jerusalem! Jerusalem! deluding shadow of Albion! Daughter of my phantasy! unlawful pleasure! Albions curse! I came here with intention to annihilate thee! But My soul is melted away, inwoven within the Veil Hast thou again knitted the Veil of Vala, which I for thee Pitying rent in ancient times. I see it whole and more Perfect, and shining with beauty! But thou! O wretched Father! Jerusalem reply'd, like a voice heard from a sepulcher: Father! once piteous! Is Pity. a Sin? Embalm'd in Vala's bosom In an Eternal Death for. Albions sake, our best beloved. Thou art my Father & my Brother: Why hast thou hidden me,

Remote from the divine Vision: my Lord and Saviour.

Trembling stood Albion at her words in jealous dark despair:

He felt that Love and Pity are the same; a soft repose! Inward complacency of Soul: a Self-annihilation!

I have erred! I am ashamed! and will never return more: I have taught my children sacrifices of cruelty: what shall I answer? I will hide it from Eternals! I will give myself for my Children! Which way soever I turn, I behold Humanity and Pity!

He recoil'd: he rush'd outwards; he bore the Veil whole away His fires redound from his Dragon Altars in Errors returning. He drew the Veil of Moral Virtue, woven for Cruel Laws, And cast it into the Atlantic Deep, to catch the Souls of the Dead. He stood between the Palm tree & the Oak of weeping Which stand upon the edge of Beulah; and there Albion sunk Down in sick pallid languor! These were his last words, relapsing! Hoarse from his rocks, from caverns of Derbyshire & Wales And Scotland, utter'd from the Circumference into Eternity.

Blasphemous Sons of Feminine delusion! God in the dreary Void Dwells from Eternity, wide separated from the Human Soul But thou deluding Image by whom imbu'd the Veil I rent Lo here is Valas Veil whole, for a Law, a Terror & a Curse! And therefore God takes vengeance on me: from my clay-cold bosom My children wander trembling victims of his Moral justice. His snows fall on me and cover me, while in the Veil I fold My dying limbs. Therefore O Manhood, if thou art aught But a meer Phantasy, hear dying Albions Curse! May God who dwells in this dark Ulro & voidness, vengeance take, And draw thee down into this Abyss of sorrow and torture, Like me thy Victim. O that Death & Annihilation were the same!


text:
Jerusalem. The Emanation of the Giant Albion/Plate 24

What have I said? What have I done? O all-powerful Human Words! You recoil back upon me in the blood of the Lamb slain in his Children. Two bleeding Contraries equally true, are his Witnesses against me We reared mighty Stones: we danced naked around them: Thinking to bring Love into light of day, to Jerusalems shame: Displaying our Giant limbs to all the winds of heaven! Sudden Shame siezd us, we could not look on one-another for abhorrence: the Blue Of our immortal Veins & all their Hosts fled from our Limbs, And wanderd distant in a dismal Night clouded & dark: The Sun fled from the Britons forehead: the Moon from his mighty loins: Scandinavia fled with all his mountains filld with groans,

O what is Life & what is Man. O what is Death? Wherefore Are you my Children, natives in the Grave to where I go Or are you born to feed the hungry ravenings of Destruction To be the sport of Accident! to waste in Wrath & Love, a weary Life, in brooding cares & anxious labours, that prove but chaff. O Jerusalem Jerusalem I have forsaken thy Courts Thy Pillars of ivory & gold: thy Curtains of silk & fine Linen: thy Pavements of precious stones: thy Walls of pearl And gold, thy Gates of Thanksgiving thy Windows of Praise: Thy Clouds of Blessing; thy Cherubims of Tender-mercy Stretching their Wings sublime over the Little-ones of Albion O Human Imagination O Divine Body I have Crucified I have turned my back upon thee into the Wastes of Moral Law: There Babylon is builded in the Waste, founded in Human desolation. O Babylon thy Watchman stands over thee in the night Thy severe judge all the day long proves thee O Babylon With provings of destruction, with giving thee thy hearts desire. But Albion is cast forth to the Potter his Children to the Builders To build Babylon because they have forsaken Jerusalem The Walls of Babylon are Souls of Men: her Gates the Groans Of Nations: her Towers are the Miseries of once happy Families. Her Streets are paved with Destruction, her Houses built with Death Her Palaces with Hell & the Grave; her Synagogues with Torments Of ever-hardening Despair squard & polishd with cruel skill Yet thou wast lovely as the summer cloud upon my hills When Jerusalem was thy hearts desire in times of youth & love. Thy Sons came to Jerusalem with gifts, she sent them away With blessings on their hands & on their feet, blessings of gold, And pearl & diamond: thy Daughters sang in her Courts: They came up to Jerusalem; they walked before Albion In the Exchanges of London every Nation walkd And London walkd in every Nation mutual in love & harmony Albion coverd the whole Earth, England encompassd the Nations, Mutual each within others bosom in Visions of Regeneration; Jerusalem coverd the Atlantic Mountains & the Erythrean, From bright Japan & China to Hesperia France & England. Mount Zion lifted his head in every Nation under heaven: And the Mount of Olives was beheld over the whole Earth: The footsteps of the Lamb of God were there: but now no more No more shall I behold him, he is closd in Luvahs Sepulcher. Yet why these smitings of Luvah, the gentlest mildest Zoa? If God was Merciful this could not be: O Lamb of God Thou art a delusion and Jerusalem is my Sin! O my Children I have educated you in the crucifying cruelties of Demonstration Till you have assum'd the Providence of God & slain your Father Dost thou appear before me who liest dead in Luvahs Sepulcher Dost thou forgive me! thou who wast Dead & art Alive? Look not so Merciful upon me O thou Slain Lamb of God I die! I die in thy arms tho Hope is banishd from me.

Thundring the Veil rushes from his hand Vegetating Knot by Knot, Day by Day, Night by Night; loud roll the indignant Atlantic Waves & the Erythrean, turning up the bottoms of the Deeps


text:
Jerusalem. The Emanation of the Giant Albion/Plate 25

And there was heard a great lamenting in Beulah: all the Regions Of Beulah were moved as the tender bowels are moved: & they said: Why did you take Vengeance O ye Sons of the mighty Albion? Planting these Oaken Groves: Erecting these Dragon Temples Injury the Lord heals but Vengeance cannot be healed: As the Sons of Albion have done to Luvah: so they have in him Done to the Divine Lord & Saviour, who suffers with those that suffer: For not one sparrow can suffer, & the whole Universe not suffer also, In all its Regions, & its Father & Saviour not pity and weep. But Vengeance is the destroyer of Grace & Repentance in the bosom Of the Injurer: in which the Divine Lamb is cruelly slain: Descend O Lamb of God & take away the imputation of Sin By the Creation of States & the deliverance of Individuals Evermore Amen

Thus wept they in Beulah over the Four Regions of Albion But many doubted & despaird & imputed Sin & Righteousness To Individuals & not to States, and these Slept in Ulro.


text:
Jerusalem. The Emanation of the Giant Albion/Plate 17

His Spectre divides & Los in fury compells it to divide: To labour in the fire, in the water, in the earth, in the air, To follow the Daughters of Albion as the hound follows the scent Of the wild inhabitant of the forest, to drive them from his own: To make a way for the Children of Los to come from the Furnaces But Los himself against Albions Sons his fury bends, for he Dare not approach the Daughters openly lest he be consumed In the fires of their beauty & perfection & be Vegetated beneath Their Looms, in a Generation of death & resurrection to forgetfulness They wooe Los continually to subdue his strength: he continually Shews them his Spectre: sending him abroad over the four points of heaven In the fierce desires of beauty & in the tortures of repulse! He is The Spectre of the Living pursuing the Emanations of the Dead. Shuddring they flee: they hide in the Druid Temples in cold chastity: Subdued by the Spectre of the Living & terrified by undisguisd desire. For Los said: Tho my Spectre is divided: as I am a Living Man I must compell him to obey me wholly: that Enitharmon may not Be lost: & lest he should devour Enitharmon: Ah me! Piteous image of my soft desires & loves: O Enitharmon! I will compell my Spectre to obey: I will restore to thee thy Children. No one bruises or starves himself to make himself fit for labour!

Tormented with sweet desire for these beauties of Albion They would never love my power if they did not seek to destroy Enitharmon: Vala would never have sought & loved Albion If she had not sought to destroy Jerusalem; such is that false And Generating Love: a pretence of love to destroy love: Cruel hipocrisy unlike the lovely delusions of Beulah: And cruel forms, unlike the merciful forms of Beulahs Night

They know not why they love nor wherefore they sicken & die Calling that Holy Love: which is Envy Revenge & Cruelty Which separated the stars from the mountains: the mountains from Man And left Man, a little grovelling Root, outside of Himself. Negations are not Contraries: Contraries mutually Exist: But Negations Exist Not: Exceptions & Objections & Unbeliefs Exist not: nor shall they ever be Organized for ever & ever: If thou separate from me, thou art a Negation: a meer Reasoning & Derogation from Me, an Objecting & cruel Spite And Malice & Envy: but my Emanation, Alas! will become My Contrary: O thou Negation, I will continually compell Thee to be invisible to any but whom I please, & when And where & how I please, and never! never! shalt thou be Organized But as a distorted & reversed Reflexion in the Darkness And in the Non Entity: nor shall that which is above Ever descend into thee: but thou shalt be a Non Entity for ever And if any enter into thee, thou shalt be an Unquenchable Fire And he shall be a never dying Worm, mutually tormented by Those that thou tormentest, a Hell & Despair for ever & ever. So Los in secret with himself communed & Enitharmon heard In her darkness & was comforted: yet still she divided away In gnawing pain from Los's bosom in the deadly Night; First as a red Globe of blood trembling beneath his bosom[.] Suspended over her he hung: he infolded her in his garments Of wool: he hid her from the Spectre, in shame & confusion of Face; in terrors & pains of Hell & Eternal Death, the Trembling Globe shot forth Self-living & Los howld over it: Feeding it with his groans & tears day & night without ceasing: And the Spectrous Darkness from his back divided in temptations, And in grinding agonies in threats! stiflings! & direful strugglings.

Go thou to Skofield: ask him if he is Bath or if he is Canterbury Tell him to be no more dubious: demand explicit words Tell him: I will dash him into shivers, where & at what time I please: tell Hand & Skofield they are my ministers of evil To those I hate: for I can hate also as well as they!


text:
Page:Bunny Brown at Camp Rest-a-While.djvu/20

" you want to have supper first?" asked Mrs. Brown, as she saw her husband sit down in the easy chair, with Bunny and Sue.

"Oh, I'm in no hurry," he said. "I came home early to-night, because there were only a few boats out, on account of the storm. I might just as well tell the children about the surprise before we eat."

"Oh, then it's a surprise!" cried Sue, clapping her hands.

"Why, yes, I rather think you'll be surprised when you hear about it," answered Daddy Brown.

"And is it a secret, too?" Bunny wanted to know.

"Well, you don't know what it is yet; do you?" inquired his father.

Bunny shook his head.


text: Author:Cyprian Alston

title: Author:Cyprian Alston


text:
Page:Bunny Brown at Camp Rest-a-While.djvu/21

Bunny Brown and His Sister Sue at Camp Rest-a-While "Well, then," went on Daddy Brown with a smile, "if there is something nice you don't know, and someone is going to tell you, I guess that's a surprise; isn't it?"

"Oh, yes!" cried Sue. "And now, Daddy, don't tease us any more. Just tell us what it is? Will we like it?"

"Can we play with it?" Bunny wanted to know.

Mr. Brown laughed so hard that Sue nearly fell off one knee, and Bunny off the other.

"What is it, Daddy?" asked the little boy. What's so funny?"

"Oh, just you—and Sue," said Mr. Brown, still shaking up and down and sideways with laughter. "You are in a great hurry to have me tell you the surprise, and yet you keep on asking questions, so I have to answer them before I tell you."

"You asted the most questions. Bunny," said Sue, shaking her finger at him.

"No, I didn't. You did!"

"Well, we'll each just ask one question," went on Sue, "and then you can tell us. Daddy. I want to try and guess what it is—I mean


text:
Page:Bunny Brown at Camp Rest-a-While.djvu/22

14 what the tent is for. Shall we each take one guess, Bunny?"

"Yep. You guess first, Sue. What do you say the tent is for?"

Sue thought for half a minute, shutting her brown eyes and wrinkling up her little nose. She was thinking very hard.

"I—I guess the tent is for a house for our dog Splash," she said, after a bit. "Is it, Daddy?"

"No," and Mr. Brown shook his head. "It's your turn. Bunny."

Bunny looked up at the ceiling. Then he said:

"I guess grandpa's tent is going to be for us to play in when it rains. Is it, Daddy?"

"Well, that's pretty nearly right," Mr. Brown answered. "And now sit quiet and I'll tell you the surprise."

But before I let Mr. Brown tell the children the secret, I just want to say a few words to the boys and girls who are reading this as their first book of the Bunny and Sue series. There are four other books that come ahead of this, and I'll tell you their names so you


text:
Page:Bunny Brown at Camp Rest-a-While.djvu/23

Bunny Brown and His Sister Sue at Camp Rest-a-While may read them, and find out all about Bunny and Sue.

Of course those of you who have read the first, and all the other books in the series, do not need to stop to read this. You have already been introduced to the Brown children. But to those who have not, I would say that Bunny Brown and his sister Sue lived with their father and mother, Mr. and Mrs. Walter Brown, in the town of Bellemere, which was on Sandport Bay, near the ocean.

Mr. Brown was in the boat business—that is, he hired out boats to fishermen and others who wanted to go on the ocean or bay, sailing, rowing or in motor boats. Mr. Brown had men to help him, and also several big boys, almost as large as men. One of these last was Bunker Blue, a red-haired, good-natured lad, who was very fond of the two children.

In the first book of the series, named "Bunny Brown and His Sister Sue," I told you the story of the little boy and girl, and what fun they had getting up a Punch and Judy show, and finding Aunt Lu's diamond ring in the queerest way. In the second book,


text:
Page:Bunny Brown at Camp Rest-a-While.djvu/24

16 I told you how they went off to the country, in a great big moving van automobile, fitted up like a little house, in which they could eat and sleep.

Bunker Blue went with them to steer the automobile, and they also took along the children's dog, Splash, who was named that because he once splashed in the water and pulled out Sue. On Grandpa's farm Bunny and Sue had lots of fun. They got up a little show, which they held in the barn.

After the little show had been given, Bunker Blue, and some larger boys, thought they could get up a sort of circus. They did, holding it in two tents, a big one and a smaller one. The smaller tent belonged to Grandpa Brown, when he was in the army. And it was this tent that had just come by express to the Brown home in Bellemere.

"Bunny Brown and His Sister Sue Playing Circus" is the name of the third book, and in that you may read all about the show that Bunny and Sue took part in—how the tents were washed away, how Ben Hall did his


text:
Page:Bunny Brown at Camp Rest-a-While.djvu/25

Bunny Brown and His Sister Sue at Camp Rest-a-While queer tricks, and what happened to him after that.

When the two Brown children came back from grandpa's farm they received an invitation from Aunt Lu, to spend the fall and winter at her city home in New York.

"Bunny Brown and His Sister Sue at Aunt Lu's City Home" is the name of the book telling all that happened when the two children went to New York. They met a little colored girl, named Wopsie, they were lost in a monkey store, Bunny flew his kite from the roof of Aunt Lu's house, and toward the end Bunny and Sue were run away with when in a pony cart in Central Park.

At first they did not like being run away with, but after they were spilled out, and Aunt Sallie picked them up, and she and Wopsie found out that they—but there! I mustn't put so much of that book in this book. You would much rather read it yourself, I am sure.

So I'll just say that at Aunt Lu's city home Bunny and Sue had many good times, and enjoyed themselves very much. They were almost sorry when it was time to come home, but


text:
Page:Bunny Brown at Camp Rest-a-While.djvu/26

18 of course they could not always stay in New York.

But now it was spring, and Bunny and Sue were once more back in Bellemere. They had met all their old friends again, and had played with them, until this day, when, as I have told you, it was raining too hard to go out.

Before I go on with this story, I might say that Bunny was about six years old, and Sue a year younger. The two children were always together, and whatever Bunny did Sue thought was just right. It was not always, though, for often Bunny did things that got him and Sue into trouble.

Bunny did not mean this, but he was a brave, smart little chap, always wanting to do something to have fun, or to find out something new. He would often take chances in doing something new, when he did not know what would happen, or what the ending would be. And Sue liked fun so much, also, that she always followed Bunny.

The children knew everyone in the village of Bellemere, and everyone knew them, from Old Miss Hollyhock (a poor woman to whom


text:
Page:Bunny Brown at Camp Rest-a-While.djvu/27

Bunny Brown and His Sister Sue at Camp Rest-a-While Bunny and Sue were often kind) to Wango, the queer little monkey, owned by Jed Winkler, the old sailor. Wango did many funny tricks, and he, too, got into mischief. Sometimes it was hard to say who got oftener into trouble—Bunny Brown and his sister Sue, or Wango, the queer little monkey.

Now that I have told you all this, so my newest little children-reader-friends will feel that they know Bunny and Sue as well as everyone else, I will go back to the story. Bunny and Sue were still sitting on their father's knee.

"Well, tell us the surprise!" begged Sue, reaching over and kissing her daddy.

"And make it like a story," begged Bunny.

"I haven't time to make it like a story now, my dears," said Mr. Brown. "But the bundle you saw the expressman bring to the barn this afternoon was the tent from grandpa's farm."

"The same one we played circus in?" Bunny wanted to know.

"The same one," answered his father. "I asked grandpa to send it to me."

"What are we going to do with it, Daddy?"


text:
Page:Bunny Brown at Camp Rest-a-While.djvu/28

20 Sue asked. "I've tried and tried, but I can't guess."

"Well, this is the surprise," replied Daddy Brown, "and I hope you'll like it. We are going off into the woods camping—that means living in a tent. We'll cook in a tent—that is when it rains so we can't have a campfire out of doors—we'll eat in the tent and we'll sleep in it."

"Oh, Daddy! Shall we—really?" cried Bunny, almost falling off his father's knee he was so excited.

"Yes, that's what we're going to do," said Mr. Brown. "We are going to spend the summer in camp, under a tent instead of in a cottage, as we sometimes do. Will you like that?"

"Oh, I just guess we will!" cried Bunny Brown.

"And can I take my dolls along—will there be room for 'em?" asked Sue.

"Oh, yes, plenty of room," answered Daddy Brown.

"And will Splash come?" Bunny wanted to know.


text:
Page:Bunny Brown at Camp Rest-a-While.djvu/29

Bunny Brown and His Sister Sue at Camp Rest-a-While "Oh, yes, we'll take your dog along, of course. It wouldn't be like a real camp without Splash. So now you know what the tent is for."

"May we go out and look at it?" asked Bunny.

"Oh, no, son. Not to-night. It's still raining, and the tent is all wet. It will dry out in a few days. Besides, you've seen the tent up."

"It's just like when we had it for the circus," explained Sue. "I don't want to go out to the barn and see it. Bunny. I'm hungry, and I want my supper."

"It's almost ready," said Mother Brown. "Then we really are going camping?" She looked at her husband as she asked the question.

"Yes, I thought that would be a nice way to spend the summer vacation," said Mr. Brown. "Grandpa's tent is very large. We can sleep in that one. I also have a smaller tent, in which we can set a table, and next to that will be one, still smaller, where we can cook on an oil stove in wet weather. We'll have a real camp!"


text:
Page:Bunny Brown at Camp Rest-a-While.djvu/30

22 "Oh, fine!" cried Bunny.

"How nice!" exclaimed Sue.

"And where are we going to camp?" Mother Brown questioned.

"Up in the woods, about ten miles from here, near Lake Wanda," answered Mr. Brown. "And, now that I've told you all about the surprise, I think we'll have supper."


text: Bunny Brown and His Sister Sue at Camp Rest-a-While/Chapter 2


text:
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Abbey of Fontfroide

Fontfroide, (B. MARIA DE FONTE FRIGIDO), a Cistercian monastery in the department of Aude, six miles northwest of Narbonne, formerly in the diocese of Narbonne, now in that of Carcassone. It was founded at Narbonne some time before 1097 by Aimery, Count of Narbonne, and was originally a filiation of the Benedictine abbey of Grandselve. In 1118 the monks settled at Fontfroide, so-called from a spring in the place where the new monastery was built, and in 1146 the Cistercian reform was adopted. The abbey held a position of considerable importance in the Middle Ages and many of its abbots and monks were drawn from the nobility and highest families of France. One, Jacques Fournier, was elevated to the papacy as Benedict XII in 1334; some became cardinals, amongst whom were Arnaud Novelli (1310), Augustin Trivulce (d. 1548), and Hippolyte d'Este (d. 1572); and several others became Bishops of Narbonne or neighboring churches. In the seventeenth century three successive abbots were members of the de La Rochefoucauld family. Fontfroide was the burial place of the Counts of Narbonne, its chief patrons, and it had also many royal benefactors.

In 1401 the use of abbatial pontificalia was granted by Benedict XIII, and other papal privileges were conceded at different times. The abbots also exercised civil jurisdiction over their dependents. The abbey escaped the intrusion of commendatory abbots, so common in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and flourished under the rule of monastic superiors right up to the time of the Revolution, when it was suppressed. The buildings then became private property and, dismantled and untenanted, were gradually falling into decay, when, in 1858, they were purchased for a sum of eighty thousand francs by Pere Marie-Bernard (Louis Barnouin), the founder of the "Cistercians of the Immaculate Conception" and restorer of the abbey of Senanque, which had been incorporated into the Order of Citeaux a year previously. A colony of about a dozen monks, under Pere Marie-Jean, as first abbot of the restored Fontfroide, was sent there from Senanque. In 1905 the "Association Laws" obliged them to leave, and the community is now domiciled at Tarrega, in the province of Lerida, Spain, in the diocese of Solsona. It numbers about thirty-one members, of whom fourteen are priests. They belong to the "Cistercians of the Common Observance", who were separated from the Trappists or "Stricter Observance" in 1834. The monasteries of Fontfroide and Hautcombe (in Savoy) now form the "Congregation of Senanque", formerly that "of the Immaculate Conception", of which the present Abbot of Fontfroide is the vicar-general. Its constitutions were approved in 1892. The buildings at Fontfroide are chiefly of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and include the church, cloisters, chapter-house, etc.. comprising two quadrangles, all practically complete.

G. CYPRIAN ALSTON


text:
Page:The Oak.djvu/132

114 are traversed by very numerous pit-canals; cells containing crystals also accompany these groups.

In consequence of the above arrangements the secondary cortex presents a more or less stratified appearance on the transverse section, the strata consisting chiefly of alternate tangential layers of hard bast and soft bast (Fig. 17); the elements of the latter also showing a decided tendency to be arranged in layers.

After the first year the young stem or branches covered with thin periderm are seen to be dotted with lenticels or cortical pores. Structures similar in every respect and subserving the same function—viz., the exchange of gases with the environment—are formed on the roots as soon as the periderm is developed.

The lenticel is a local interruption of the periderm, where the cells are loosened so as to allow air to pass between the loosened cells into the intercellular spaces between the cortical cells. Each lenticel may be described as a biconvex projecting swelling of the periderm, the swelling being caused by the increased radial diameter of the loosened cells. This is the condition during the spring and summer, but in the winter the cork-cambium is continuous across beneath the lenticel, and forms periderm in an uninterrupted sheet, to be ruptured again at the lenticel during the formation and swelling of the looser cells (complementary or packing cells) in the following spring. These loose packing-cells are at first quite similar to young cork-cells, and are developed as such, but they loosen and round off, and their

title: Page:The Oak.djvu/132


text:
Page:The Oak.djvu/133

Rh cell-walls do not become completely suberized for a long time, but are capable of swelling; in fact, the rounding off depends on the absorption of water by the cellulose walls and contents. The outer parts of the older lenticel openings are thrown off with the bark-scales, but the inner parts remain, and can be found between the scales in older branches, in the fissures.

The first points of origin of lenticels are usually beneath the stomata, and the lenticels may be regarded as devices for prolonging the passages of the stomata through the thickening periderm year by year. The cortical cells beneath the stoma become meristematic—in effect they continue the phellogen below the stoma, only they divide less regularly and in all directions. The daughter-cells thrown off externally swell up and protrude, driving the stomatic cells outwards and apart, and emerging between the ruptured guard-cells as the first packing-tissue. The phellogen or cambium of the lenticel forms phelloderm on its interior in continuation of that formed by the rest of the cork-cambium. The protruding packing-cells dry up eventually, and form the powdery substance seen between the gaping lips of older lenticels. In the autumn the cells formed by the meristem below the packing-cells do not separate, but are suberized and closely and radially arranged like the rest of the cork: in fact, they continue the cork layer as a closing layer beneath the lenticel, thus protecting the tissues beneath through the winter. In the following spring new layers of loose, swelling packing-cells

title: Page:The Oak.djvu/133


text:
User talk:Raminetwork

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource. We appreciate your contribution, but it unfortunately does not seem to be appropriate for Wikisource. Wikisource is a collection of previously published texts. If the page you contributed does not meet these requirements, it will be deleted shortly. Thank you. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 08:08, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Raminetwork


text: Index:The Return of Sherlock Holmes, edition published in 1905 by McClure, Phillips & Co., New York..djvu


text:
Page:London Journal of Botany, Volume 2 (1843).djvu/188

 Pages 185 to 188 omitted in pagination.


text:
Page:Best Russian Short Stories.djvu/400

116 of the sort. At least the movements of those three resembled dancing."

He remembers distinctly, when he was shot through the chest and fell, his legs twitched for some time until he lost consciousness, as if he were dancing to music. And at the present moment, when he thinks of that attack, a strange feeling comes over him: partly fear and partly the desire to experience it all over again.

"And get another ball in your chest?" asked I.

"There now, why should I get a ball each time? But it would not be half so bad, old boy, to get a medal for bravery."

He was lying on his back with a waxen face, sharp nose, prominent cheek-bones and sunken eyes. He was lying looking like a corpse and dreaming of a medal! Mortification had already set in; he had a high temperature, and in three days' time he was to be thrown into the grave to join the dead; nevertheless he lay smiling dreamingly and talking about a medal.

"Have you telegraphed to your mother?" I asked.

He glanced at me with terror, animosity and anger, and did not answer. I was silent, and then the groans and ravings of the wounded became audible. But when I rose to go, he caught my hand in his hot, but still strong one, and fixed his sunken burning eyes upon me in a lost and distressed way.

"What does it all mean, ay? What does it all mean?" asked he in a frightened and persistent manner, pulling at my hand.

"What?"


text:
Remarks by Admiral Togo at dispersal ceremony for the combined fleet

The war of twenty months' duration is now a thing of the past, and our United Squadron, having completed its function, is to be herewith dispersed. But our duties as naval men are not at all lightened for that reason. To preserve in perpetuity the fruits of this war; to promote to an ever greater height of prosperity the fortunes of the country, the navy, which, irrespective of peace or war, has to stand between the Empire and shocks from abroad, must always maintain its strength at sea and must be prepared to meet emergency.

This strength does not consist solely in ships and armament; it consist also in immaterial ability to utilize such agents. When we understand that one gun which scores a hundred per cent. of hits is a match for a hundred of the enemy's guns each of which scores only one per cent. it becomes evident that we sailors must have recourse before everything to the strength which is over and above externals.

The triumphs recently won by our Navy are largely to be attributed to the training which enabled us to garner the fruits of the fighting. If then we infer the future from the past, we recognize that though war may ceases we can not abandon ourselves to ease and rest.

A soldier's whole life is one continuous and unceasing battle, and there is no reason why his responsibilities should vary with the state of the times. In days of crisis he has to display his strength; in days of peace to accumulate it, thus perpetually and uniquely discharging his duties to the full. It was no light task that during the past year and a half we fought with wind and waves, encountered heat and cold, and kept the sea while frequently engaging a stubborn enemy in a death or life struggle; yet, when we reflect, this is seen to have been only one in a long series of general maneuvers, wherein we had the happiness to make some discoveries; happiness which throws into comparative insignificance the hardships of war. If men calling themselves sailors grasp at the pleasure of peace, they will learn the lesson that however fine in appearance their engines of war, these, like a house built on the sand, will fall at the first approach of the storm.

From the day when in ancient times we conquered Korea, that country remained for over 400 years under our control, only to be lost immediately as soon as our navy declined. Again when under the sway of the Tokugawa in modern days our armaments were neglected, the coming of a few American ships threw us into distress, and we were unable to offer any resistance to attempts against the Kuriles and Saghalien. On the other hand, if we turn to the annals of the Occident, we see that at the beginning of the 19th century the British Navy which won the battles of the Nile and of Trafalgar, not only made England as secure as a great mountain but also by thenceforth carefully maintaining its strength and keeping it on a level with the world's progress, has throughout the long interval between that era and the present day safe-guarded the country's interests and promoted its fortunes.

For such lessons, whether ancient or modern, Occidental or Oriental, though to some extent they are the outcome of political happenings, must be regarded as in the main the natural result of whether the soldier remembers war in the day of peace.

We naval men who have survived the war must take these examples deeply to heart, and adding to the training which we have already received our actual experiences in the war, must plan future developments and seek not to fall behind the progress of the time. If, keeping the instructions of our Sovereign ever graven on our hearts, we serve earnestly and diligently, and putting forth our full strength, await what the hour may bring forth, we shall then have discharged our great duty of perpetually guarding our country.

Heaven gives the crown of victory to those only who by habitual preparation win without fighting, and at the same time forthwith deprives of that crown those who, content with one success, give themselves up to the ease of peace.

The ancients well said:
 * "Tighten your helmet strings in the hour of victory."

(Dated) 21st December, 1905.

TOGO HEIHACHIRO

聯合艦隊解散之辞


text: A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Austin, Alfred


text: A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Avebury, John Lubbock


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/104


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/106


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/110


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/114


text: A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Bagot, Richard


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/118


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/122


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/124


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/127


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/130


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/134


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/136


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/144


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/150


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/164


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/174


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/184


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/190


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/196


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/200


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/206


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/216


text: A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Balfour, Right Hon. Arthur James


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/222


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/226


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/228


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/232


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/234


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/238


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/262


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/276


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/278


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/281


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/284


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/292


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/296


text: A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Ball, Sir Robert Stawell


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/298


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/302


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/304


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/306


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/310


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/312


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/314


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/318


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/320


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/324


text: A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Baring-Gould, Sabine


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/326


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/332


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/338


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/340


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/343


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/346


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/354


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/356


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/360


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/362


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/366


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/368


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/372


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/374


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/382


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/384


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/418


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/442


text: A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Barrie, James Matthew


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/448


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/450


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/464


text: Page:Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx.djvu/486


text: A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Barry, Rev. William (Francis)


text: Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/56


text: Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/86


text: Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/92


text: Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/102


text: Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/128


text: Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/131


text: Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/138


text: Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/142


text: Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/174


text: Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/186


text: Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/210


text:
Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/225

 Lamps - Plate13.jpg

S.L.A.]


text: Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/226


text:
Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/231

 Lamps - Plate14.jpg

S.L.A.]


text: Page:Ruskin - The Seven Lamps of Architecture.djvu/232


text: A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Battersby, Harry Francis Prevost


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/1


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/5


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/4


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/3


text:
Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/6

 HOW THEY APPARELLED GARGANTUA.


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/16


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/18


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/203


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/204


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/217


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/230


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/234


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/323


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/324


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/366


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/372


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/382


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/436


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/601


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/602


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/630


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/636


text:
Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/657

Rab., v. ii., Bk iv., Ch. 2


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/658


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/684


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/694


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/832


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/840


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/895


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/913


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/914


text:
Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/915

 distance between them, and you would have thought they two had been going to fight; but they only strike sideways.

Their comrades, whether silvered or golden, followed 'em in an intercalary figure, and seemed to skirmish a while, till the golden nymph who had first entered the lists, striking a silvered nymph in the hand on the right, put her out of the field, and set herself in her place. But soon the music playing a new measure, she was struck by a silvered archer, who after that was obliged himself to retire. A silvered knight then sallied out, and the golden queen posted herself before her king.

Then the silvered king, dreading the golden queen's fury, removed to the right, to the place where his warden stood, which seemed to him strong and well guarded.

The two knights on the left, whether golden or silvered, marched up, and on either side took up many nymphs who could not retreat; principally the golden knight, who made this his whole business; but the silvered knight had greater designs, dissembling all along, and even sometimes not taking a nymph when he could have done it, still moving on till he was come up to the main body of the enemies in such a manner that he saluted their king with a God save you, sir!

The whole golden brigade quaked for fear and anger, those words giving notice of their king's danger; not but that they could soon relieve him, but because their king being thus saluted they were to lose their warden on the right wing without any hopes of a recovery. Then the golden king retired to the left, and the silvered knight took the golden warden, which was a mighty loss to that party. However, they resolved to be revenged, and surrounded the knight that he might not escape. He tried to get off, behaving himself with a great deal of gallantry, and his friends did what they could to save him; but at last he fell into the golden queen's hands, and was carried off.

Her forces, not yet satisfied, having lost one of her best men, with more fury than conduct moved about, and did much mischief among their enemies. The silvered party warily dissembled, watching their


text:
Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/916

 to be even with them, and presented one of their nymphs to the golden queen, having laid an ambuscado; so that the nymph being taken, a golden archer had like to have seized the silvered queen. Then the golden knight undertakes to take the silvered king and queen, and says, Good-morrow! Then the silvered archer salutes them, and was taken by a golden nymph, and she herself by a silvered one.

The fight was obstinate and sharp. The wardens left their posts, and advanced to relieve their friends. The battle was doubtful, and victory hovered over both armies. Now the silvered host charge and break through their enemy's ranks as far as the golden king's tent, and now they are beaten back. The golden queen distinguishes herself from the rest by her mighty achievements still more than by her garb and dignity; for at once she takes an archer, and, going sideways, seizes a silvered warden. Which thing the silvered queen perceiving, she came forwards, and, rushing on with equal bravery, takes the last golden warden and some nymphs. The two queens fought a long while hand to hand; now striving to take each other by surprise, then to save themselves, and sometimes to guard their kings. Finally, the golden queen took the silvered queen; but presently after she herself was taken by the silvered archer.

Then the silvered king had only three nymphs, an archer, and a warden left, and the golden only three nymphs and the right knight, which made them fight more slowly and warily than before. The two kings seemed to mourn for the loss of their loving queens, and only studied and endeavoured to get new ones out of all their nymphs to be raised to that dignity, and thus be married to them. This made them excite those brave nymphs to strive to reach the farthest rank, where stood the king of the contrary party, promising them certainly to have them crowned if they could do this. The golden nymphs were beforehand with the others, and out of their number was created a queen, who was dressed in royal robes, and had a crown set on her head. You need not doubt the silvered nymphs made also what haste they could to be queens. One of


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/983


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/985


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/986


text: Page:Rabelais - Gargantua Pantagruel, translation Urquhart Motteux.djvu/988


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/3


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/4


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/5


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/6


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/7


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/8


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/9


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/12


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/74


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/80


text:
Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/131

 FROBISHER BAY—META INCOGNITA AND GEINNELL GLACIER.


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/132


text:
Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/153

 WRECK OF THE "RESCUE" AND OF THE EXPEDITION BOAT.


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/154


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/161


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/224


text:
Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/281

 IG-LOOS OR SNOW VILLAGE AT GO-PUNG-NE-WING.


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/282


text:
Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/331

 INNUIT STRATEGY TO CAPTURE A SEAL.


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/332


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/368


text:
Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/391

 VIEW AT CAPE STEVENS—ENTRANCE OF WARD'S INLET.


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/392


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/402


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/478


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/508


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/514


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/515


text:
Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/516

 HALL ON HIS EXPLORING EXPEDITION.


text:
Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/529

 ARM OF THE GRINNELL GLACIER, BY MOUNT "PRESIDENT'S SEAT."


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/530


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/549


text:
Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/550

 HALL AND HIS EXPEDITION CROSSING FROBISHER BAY.


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/611


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/617


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/618


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/619


text: Page:Arctic Researches, And Life Amongst the Esquimaux - 1865.djvu/620


text:
Page:The Oak.djvu/134

 are developed again, and these absorb water and bulge, bursting the closing layer and reopening the lenticel for the season. As the branch ages and its surface increases new lenticels are developed between the earlier ones, and, of course, with no reference to stomata.

The exterior of the very young stem or branch is smooth or slightly pubescent, the green color gradually passing into a silver-gray as the periderm develops, and in a few years (when the shoot is from five to twenty years old, or thereabout) the gradually thickening bark is shining and turning browner, flecked with lenticels and lichens. Later still the bark is rugged, brown, and fissured, and usually covered with small lichens and fungi. Bark begins to exfoliate at about the thirtieth year.

The epidermis cracks and peels off when the twigs are a year old, and shreds of the dead membrane may be detected on the outside of the young cork, which begins to form very early during the first year. It is, in fact, owing to the impervious nature of this cork that the epidermis dies, and to the stretching of the cortex as the stem grows in thickness that the dead membrane cracks and peels off (see Figs. 17 and 18).

The first indication of the development of the cork is the conversion of the sub-epidermal layer of cortex-cells into a meristem—i. e., the cells become capable of active growth and division.

Each cell of the layer referred to may be termed an initial cell of the cork-cambium (or phellogen), and the

title: Page:The Oak.djvu/134


text: Page:Federal Cases, Volume 19.djvu/1392

title: Page:Federal Cases, Volume 19.djvu/1392


text:
Page:The Oak.djvu/135

 layer may be called the initial layer. This layer behaves essentially like the cambium of a fibro-vascular bundle, except that its daughter-cells become cork and phelloderm instead of phlöem and xylem.

The first event to notice is that each of the initial cells grows radially, and divides by a tangential wall into an inner cell nearest the axis of the branch and an outer cell nearer the epidermis; the outer cell becomes forthwith a cork-cell—i. e., its contents die and mostly disappear, and the cellulose cell-wall becomes suberized—the inner cell remains capable of repeating the process. But this is not the only case. After the division, as before, of the initial cell, it may happen that the inner cell becomes transformed into a collenchymatous cortical cell containing chlorophyll, and it is the outer of the daughter-cells which retains the meristem character and acts again as a phellogen cell, cutting off daughter-cells sometimes on one side and at others on the other. Thus, in the oak, the phellogen gives rise to permanent tissue on both side, of the initial layer: those cells which lie on the inside become phelloderm (cortical cells), those on the outside become transformed into phellem (cork). The three tissues, phelloderm, phellogen, and phellem, are called the periderm.

It is obvious that the cork-cambium, by thus adding to the cortical parenchyma, is gradually driven radially outwards from the center of the stem. This means that it obtains room to extend tangentially, and it does this by its cells occasionally dividing by walls perpendicular

title: Page:The Oak.djvu/135


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/2


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/3


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/4


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/5


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/24


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/67


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/72


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/76


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/80


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/84


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/88


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/92


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/96


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/100


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/104


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/108


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/112


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/116


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/120


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/124


text:
Page:The Oak.djvu/136

 to the far more numerous tangential walls. It is also easy to see that the cork-cells must be arranged in radial rows, and this arrangement is very conspicuous (Fig. 18). The earlier cork-cells have very thin walls, later ones have the walls thicker.

After the development of the first layer of cork the stretched epidermis dies, and forms simply a dead membrane outside the thin cork. In succeeding years layers of phellogen are formed annually beneath the older ones, and thus the cork layers increase. Moreover, since the successive layers cut out thin, scale-like areas of cortex, trapping them, as it were, between the present and the preceding cork, the thickening corky covering is stratified—consists of successive and obliquely overlying thin sheets of dead cortex and cork proper (Fig. 30). Again, since the increase in thickness of the stem or branch is continually driving these corky and dead structures outwards, they at length crack, and form the fissured bark found on older parts. Bark is thus seen to be something more than cork, or even periderm, and it is defined to be all the dead tissues cut out by the phellogen.

It is also to be noticed that the successive phellogen layers of different years are not concentric, but the new ones cut the old ones at acute angles (Fig. 30), thus cutting out scale-like areas of cortex; the consequence of this is the formation of the very irregular scales of bark thrown off from the older stems and branches of the oak. It follows from what has been said that in older

title: Page:The Oak.djvu/136


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/128


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/132


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/136


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/140


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/68


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/144


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/148


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/152


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/156


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/160


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/164


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/168


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/176


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/172


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/180


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/184


text:
Page:The Oak.djvu/175

 which germinate on the bark, but can not infect the tree unless there is a wound in the neighborhood. However, owing to the numerous small cracks and ruptures due to the injuries caused by insects, hail, frost, etc., the mycelium easily gains access to the cortex and cambium, and feeds on the contents of the cambium-cells, which it destroys. The consequence of the irritations set up is the formation of canker-like knots on the branches, and the injury may be great enough to destroy smaller ones, and occasionally even a large one.

Unquestionably the most important of the diseases to which the older oak-trees are subject are those which result in the destruction of the timber.

There are about six or eight of the fungi known popularly as toadstools—technically as Hymenomycetes—which are able to injure and even destroy the timber of standing oaks, and while each of these pests does the damage in its own peculiar way, they show considerable similarity in general behavior. In the first place, these fungi are unable to penetrate the bark of sound trees, and their hyphæ always gain access to the timber by means of actual wounds and exposed surfaces of wood, such as the cracks caused by frost or by the bending down of heavy branches under the weight of a load of snow, or the ruptured ends of broken branches blown off by strong gales or struck by falling trees, or places where animals have removed the bark, where cart-wheels have abraded the larger roots, and so on. Once inside, the hyphæ of these fungi pierce the vessels, cells, etc., of the

title: Page:The Oak.djvu/175


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/188


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/192


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/196


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/200


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/204


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/208


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/212


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/216


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/220


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/222


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/226


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/230


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/234


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/238


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/242


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/246


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/250


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/254


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/258


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/262


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/266


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/272


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/276


title: Page:Britishwildflowe00sowe.djvu/280


text: Talk:Protest against the Attack of a New-Type Bomb by American Airplane


text:
Page:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire vol 1 (1897).djvu/159

Rh tumult of civil discord the laws of society lose their force, and their place is seldom supplied by those of humanity. The ardour of contention, the pride of victory, the despair of success, the memory of past injuries, and the fear of future dangers, all contribute to inflame the mind, and to silence the voice of pity. From such motives almost every page of history has been stained with civil blood; but these motives will not account for the unprovoked cruelties of Commodus, who had nothing to wish, and everything to enjoy. The beloved son of Marcus succeeded to his father, amidst the acclamations of the senate and armies; and when he ascended the throne, the happy youth saw round him neither competitor to remove, nor enemies to punish. In this calm elevated station it was surely natural that he should prefer the love of mankind to their detestation, the mild glories of his five predecessors to the ignominious fate of Nero and Domitian.

Yet Commodus was not, as he has been represented, a tiger born with an insatiate thirst of human blood, and capable, from his infancy, of the most inhuman actions. Nature had formed him of a weak, rather than a wicked, disposition. His simplicity and timidity rendered him the slave of his attendants, who gradually corrupted his mind. His cruelty, which at first obeyed the dictates of others, degenerated into habit, and at length became the ruling passion of his soul.

Upon the death of his father Commodus found himself embarrassed with the command of a great army, and the conduct of a difficult war against the Quadi and Marcomanni. The servile and profligate youths whom Marcus had banished soon regained their station and influence about the new emperor. They exaggerated the hardships and dangers of a campaign in the wild countries beyond the Danube; and they assured the


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 22.djvu/846

AMERICAN LEGISLATION] transported to these frontier sections only to become dependent upon the railways for their very existence. To the unusual temptations thus offered for favouritism and discriminations in rates, the railways generally yielded. This preferential and discriminating policy, combined with other causes which cannot here be discussed, resulted in the Granger legislation of the ’seventies. In the first instance laws were enacted prescribing schedules of maximum freight and passenger rates with stringent penalties against rebates and discriminations. These measures proving unsatisfactory, they were soon superseded by statutes creating railway commissions with varied powers of regulation. The commission method of control was not a new one. Such bodies, established to appraise land for railway purposes, to apportion receipts and expenditures of interstate traffic, and in a general way to supervise railway transportation, had been in existence in New England before 1860, one of the earliest being that of Rhode Island in 1839. In 1869 Massachusetts had instituted a commission of more modern type, which was given only powers of investigation and recommendation, the force of public opinion being relied upon to make its orders effective. Western commissions, the offspring of the Granger movement, were of a more vigorous type. Most of them, had power to impose schedules of maximum rates; practically all of them had authority to prescribe rates upon complaint of shippers; and they could all seek the aid of the courts to enforce their decrees. Their power to initiate rates, conferred upon them by their legislatures, was sustained by the Supreme Court of the United States, the Court reserving to itself only the power to decide whether the prescribed rates were reasonable.

But the jurisdiction of the state commissions was, by judicial interpretation, limited to commerce beginning and ending within the limits of the single state. The most important part of railway transportation, that which was interstate in character, was left untouched. It was this impotence of the state commission that furnished the strongest incentive to Congressional action. The result was the passage, in 1887, of the Interstate Commerce Act, which was directed towards the extirpation of illegal and unjust practices in commerce among the states. Its primary purpose was to embody in statutory form the common law principle of equal treatment under like circumstances, and to provide machinery for enforcement. It aimed at the prohibition of discrimination between persons, places and commodities. It made provision for publicity of rates and for due notice of any change in rates; it forbade pooling of freight or earnings, and required annual reports from the carriers. For its enforcement, it created an Interstate Commerce Commission of five members, with powers of investigation, and with authority to issue remedial orders upon complaint and after hearing. Findings of the Commission were to be prima facie evidence in any court proceeding for the enforcement of its orders.

In this connexion, reference should be made to the Anti-Trust Act of 1890, which, by its judicial interpretation, has been held to include railways and to forbid rate agreements between competing carriers.

The act of 1887 remained in force without substantial amendment until 1996, although with constantly diminishing prestige, a result largely due to adverse decisions concerning the powers of the Commission. Ten years after the passage of the law, the court decided that the Commission had no power to prescribe a rate, and that its jurisdiction over rates was confined to a determination of the question whether the rate complained of was unreasonable. The Commission had much difficulty at the beginning in securing the testimony of witnesses, who invoked the Constitution of the United States as a bar against self incrimination, and the immunity clause of the act had to be amended before testimony could be obtained. The so-called “long-and-short-haul clause,” which forbade a greater charge for a long than for a short haul over the same line, if circumstances were substantially similar, was also robbed of all its vitality by court decision. The section requiring annual reports, while it led to the creation of a Bureau of Statistics, did not give the Commission power to compel complete or satisfactory answers to its requests for information. The only element of real strength that the statute acquired during the first twenty years of its history came from the Elkins Act of 1903, which stipulated that the published rate should be the legal rate, and declared any departure from the published rate to be a misdemeanour. It held shipper as well as carrier, and corporation as well as its officer or agent, liable for violations of the act, and conferred upon United States courts power to employ equity processes in putting an end to discrimination. Conviction for granting rebates was by this law made easier and more effective.

Since 1900.—The movement in favour of more vigorous railway regulation be came pronounced after 1900. Twenty years of experience and observation had revealed the defects of the earlier legislation, and had concentrated public attention more intelligently than ever before upon the problem of strengthening the weak spots. The state commissions, since their establishment in the ’seventies and the ’eighties, had increased their functions and influence. Many of them, beginning only with powers of recommendation, had obtained large extension of authority. By 1908, thirty-five of the forty state commissions were of the mandatory type, and thirteen of these had been created since 1904. They had been given power to require complete annual reports from carriers, with a consequent great increase in public knowledge concerning railway operation and practice. The most recent type of state commission is the so-called Public Utility Commission, of which the best examples are those of New York and Wisconsin, established in 1907. In both states, the Commissions have power over electric railways and local public utilities furnishing heat, light and power, as well as over steam railway transportation, and the Wisconsin Commission also has control over telephone companies. In both states the consent of the Commission is necessary for the issue of corporate securities.

Mention should be made of the mass of general legislation passed, principally by western states, since 1905, in response to a popular demand for lower rates. This demand has in many instances led to ill-considered legislation, has frequently ignored the prerogatives and even the existence of the state commissions, and has brought about the passage by state legislatures of maximum freight and passenger rate laws, with rates so low in many cases that they have been set aside by the courts as unconstitutional. The numerous laws limiting the fare for passengers to two cents per mile are an illustration of this tendency.

In the field of federal legislation, no significant change took place until the passage of the Hepburn Act of 1996, which was an amendment of the act of 1887. While failing to correct all the defects in the original statute, the amended law was a decided step in the direction of efficient regulation. It increased the jurisdiction of the Commission by placing under the act express companies, sleeping-car companies and pipe lines for the transportation of oil. It extended the meaning of the term “railroad” to include switches, spurs and terminal facilities, and the term “transportation” to include private cars, and all collateral services, such as refrigeration, elevation and storage. The Elkins Act of 1903 was incorporated in the statute, and an imprisonment penalty was added to the existing fine. It forbade the granting of passes except to certain specified classes,—a provision entirely absent from the original measure. It expressly conferred upon the Commission the power to prescribe maximum rates, upon complaint and after hearing, as well as to make joint rates, and to establish through rates when the carriers had themselves refused to do so. It enacted that published rates should not be changed except on thirty days notice, whether the change involved an increase or a decrease, and it required annual reports to be made under oath, penalties being prescribed for failure to comply with the Commission’s requests for information. Power was also given to prescribe uniform systems of accounts for all classes of carriers, and to employ special examiners to inspect the books and accounts. Carriers were forbidden to keep any accounts, records or memoranda other than those approved by the Commission.

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 22.djvu/846


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Choke, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cholmley, Hugh (1574?-1641)


text:
Page:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire vol 1 (1897).djvu/160

86 indolent prince that the terror of his name and the arms of his lieutenants would be sufficient to complete the conquest of the dismayed barbarians, or to impose such conditions as were more advantageous than any conquest. By a dexterous application to his sensual appetites, they compared the tranquillity, the splendour, the refined pleasures of Rome with the tumult of a Pannonian camp, which afforded neither leisure nor materials for luxury. Commodus listened to the pleasing advice; but whilst he hesitated between his own inclination and the awe which he still retained for his father's counsellors, the summer insensibly elapsed, and his triumphal entry into the capital was deferred till the autumn. His graceful person, popular address, and imagined virtues attracted the public favour; the honourable peace which he had recently granted to the barbarians diffused an universal joy; his impatience to revisit Rome was fondly ascribed to the love of his country; and his dissolute course of amusements was faintly condemned in a prince of nineteen years of age.

During the three first years of his reign, the forms, and even the spirit, of the old administration were maintained by those faithful counsellors, to whom Marcus had recomended his son, and for whose wisdom and integrity Commodus still entertained a reluctant esteem. The young prince and his profligate favourites reveled in all the license of sovereign power; but his hands were yet unstained with blood; and he had even displayed a generosity of sentiment, which might perhaps have ripened into solid virtue. A fatal incident decided his fluctuating character.

One evening, as the emperor was returning to the palace through a dark and narrow portico in the amphitheatre, an


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cholmley, Hugh (1600-1657)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cholmley, Roger


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 22.djvu/847

Rh Orders of the Commission became effective within such time, not less than thirty days, as the Commission should prescribe, and penalties began to take effect from the date fixed by the Commission, unless the carrier secured an injunction from the Court suspending the order. Such injunction might not issue except after hearing, of which five days’ notice must be given. Decisions of the Commission were not reviewable by the Court unless the Commission had exceeded its authority, or had issued an unconstitutional order.

A new and important act was signed by the President on the 18th of June 1910. It created a Commerce Court (composed of five judges nominated by the president of the United States from the Federal circuit judges), transferred to it jurisdiction in cases instituted to enforce or set aside orders of the Inter-State Commerce Commission, and made the United States instead of the Commission a party in all such actions. The law forbids a railway or any other common carrier to charge more for a short haul than for a long haul over the same line, unless, in special cases, it is authorized to do so by the Commission. It forbids a railway which has reduced its rates while in competition with a water route to raise them again when the competition has ceased, unless the Commission permits it to do so because of other changed conditions. It extends the initiative of the Commission from the investigation of complaints to the investigation of rates on its own motion; authorizes it to suspend rates in advance of their going into effect, pending an investigation which may be continued for ten months, and to establish through routes; and provides for a special commission, appointed by the President, to investigate questions pertaining to the issuance of railway securities.

Statistics of railway accidents may be divided into three classes: casualties (a) to passengers, (b) to servants or employés and (c) to other persons; and again into (1) train accidents, (2) accidents to persons doing work on or about trains and (3) other accidents.

Such statistics are studied mainly with the object of learning the lessons which they may afford as to preventive measures for the future; and from this point of view the most important element is the single item of passengers killed in train accidents (a 1). The number injured is, indeed, a fact of interest, no less than the number killed, but comparisons under this head are unsatisfactory because it is impracticable or unprofitable to go into sufficient detail to determine the relative seriousness of the injuries. The statistics of the killed usually afford all necessary stimulus to improvement. Accidents to passengers other than those caused by collisions or derailments of trains are very largely due to causes which it is fair to class either as unavoidable or as due mainly to the fault or carelessness of the victim himself That this is so is indicated by the fact that, although the railways—always made to suffer severely in pecuniary damages for injuries for which their officers or servants are held responsible by the courts—have for years taken almost every conceivable precaution, the number of accidents, in proportion to the number of persons travelling, diminishes but slowly—so slowly that, in view of the variety of conditions to be considered, it would hardly be safe to conclude that the diminution is due to any definite improvement in the safeguards provided. Collisions, on the other hand, are preventable, and derailments nearly so, and the records of deaths and injuries in this class in successive years are therefore justly taken as an index to the efficiencv with which the railways are managed.

The number of servants killed in train accidents is the next in importance. The safety of passengers is, indeed, the first care of the railway manager; but the employés, exposed to many risks from which the passengers are protected, must be looked after. On the British railways the men who run the trains are safeguarded very efficiently, and the collisions and derailments which are serious enough to do injury to the trainmen or the engine men are really rare. The roadway, tracks and rolling stock are so well maintained that those causes which lead to the worst derailments have been eliminated almost completely, and the record of serious collisions has been reduced nearly to zero by the universal use of the block system and by systematic precaution sat junctions. In America the record is far less satisfactory. The best railways of the United States and Canada have, indeed, been greatly improved, and their main lines approach the high standards of safety which prevail in Great Britain, both as regards maintenance and care of roadway and vehicles (as a preventive of derailments) and the use of the block system (as a preventive of collisions); but when the inquirer looks at America as a whole—the total length of lines in the United States being over 230,000 m., ten times the total of the United Kingdom—he is considering a figure which includes an enormous mileage of railway lying in thinly settled regions where the high standards of safety maintained on the best railways have scarcely been thought of. The duty of a railway with deficient plant or facilities would seem to be to make up for their absence by moderating the speeds of its trains, but public sentiment in America appears so far to have approved, at least tacitly, the combination of imperfect railways and high speeds.

Apart from collisions and derailments, a large proportion of all accidents is found to be due primarily to want of care on the part of the victims. Accidents to workmen in marshalling, shunting, distributing and running trains, engines and cars, may be taken as the most important class, after train accidents, because this work is necessary and important and yet involves considerable hazard. On British railways the duty of the companies to provide all practicable safeguards and to educate and caution the servants may he said to have been faithfully performed, and the accident totals must be taken as being somewhat near the “irreducible minimum”—unless some of the infirmities of the human mind can be cured. In America the number of men killed and injured in handling freight trains has been very large. In the year ending June 30, 1909, exclusive of casualties due to collisions, derailments and other accidents to trains, the number killed was 811 and of injured 28,156 (Accident Bulletin, No. 32, p. 14). The number killed (811) is equal to about three in every thousand trainmen employed. From this and all other causes, the number of trainmen killed in the year ending June 30, 1909, was about 8 in 1000.

The use of automatic couplers for freight cars throughout the United States, introduced in 1893–1900, greatly reduced the number of deaths and injuries in coupling, and the use of air brakes on freight cars, now universal, has reduced the risk to the men by making it less necessary for them to ride on the roofs of high box-cars, while at the same time it has made it possible to run long trains with fewer men; but except in these two features the freight service in America continues to be a dangerous occupation. The high and heavy cars, the high speeds, the severe weather in the northern states in winter, the fluctuating nature of the business, resulting often in the employment of poorly qualified men and in other irregularities, are among the causes of this state of things.

Being struck or run over by a train while standing or walking on the track is the largest single cause of “railway accidents.” Workmen are killed and injured in this way, both while on duty and when going to and from their work; passengers, with or without right, go in front of trains at stations and at highway crossings at grade level; and trespassers are killed and injured in large numbers on railways everywhere, at and near stations, at crossings, and out on the open road, where they have no shadow of right. Of trespassers the number killed per mile of

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 22.djvu/847


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cholmley, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cholmondeley, George


text:
Page:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire vol 1 (1897).djvu/161

Rh assassin, who waited his passage, rushed upon him with a drawn sword, loudly exclaiming, The senate sends you this. The menace prevented the deed; the assassin was seized by the guards, and immediately revealed the authors of the conspiracy. It had been formed, not in the state, but within the walls of the palace. Lucilla, the emperor's sister, and widow of Lucius Verus, impatient of the second rank, and jealous of the reigning empress, had armed the murderer against her brother's life. She had not ventured to communicate the black design to her second husband, Claudius Pompeianus, a senator of distinguished merit and unshaken loyalty; but among the crowd of her lovers (for she imitated the manners of Faustina) she found men of desperate fortunes and wild ambition, who were prepared to serve her more violent as well as her tender passions. The conspirators experienced the rigour of justice, and the abandoned princess was punished, first with exile, and afterwards with death.

But the words of the assassin sunk deep into the mind of Commodus, and left an indelible impression of fear and hatred against the whole body of the senate. Those whom he had dreaded as importunate ministers, he now suspected as secret enemies. The Delators, a race of men discouraged, and almost extinguished, under the former reigns, again became formidable as soon as they discovered that the emperor was desirous of finding disaffection and treason in the senate. That assembly, whom Marcus had ever considered as the great council of the nation, was composed of the most distinguished of the Romans; and distinction of every kind soon became criminal. The possession of wealth stimulated the diligence of the informers; rigid virtue implied a tacit censure of the irregularities of Commodus; important services implied a dangerous superiority of merit, and the friendship of the father always insured the aversion of the son. Suspicion was equivalent to proof; trial to condemnation. The execution of a considerable senator was attended with the death of all who might lament or revenge his fate; and when Commodus had once tasted human blood, he became incapable of pity or remorse.

Of these innocent victims of tyranny, none died more lamented than the two brothers of the Quintilian family, Maximus and Condianus, whose fraternal love has saved their names from oblivion, and endeared their memory to posterity. Their studies and their occupations, their pursuits and their pleasures, were


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cholmondeley, Hugh (1513-1596)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cholmondeley, Hugh (d.1724)


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter I


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter II


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cholmondeley, Mary


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter III


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cholmondeley, Robert


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter IV


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter V


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter VI


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chorley, Henry Fothergill


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter VII


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chorley, John Rutter


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter VIII


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chorley, Josiah


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter IX


text:
Page:EB1922 - Volume 30.djvu/11

Rh In the present writer’s judgment it is very remarkably the fact that, however carefully the contents of the Eleventh Edition are tested, as representing the highest standards of international research and criticism, whether in Science or in Art or in historical information, up to 1911, nothing substantial has occurred since to diminish its value or alter its perspective. The reason is that it was fortunately produced at a quiet period, when there was every opportunity for obtaining sure, authoritative and orderly surveys, in a world-society which was evolving along known lines of “normalcy”—to use President Harding’s favourite expression—fairly calculable in advance in accordance with well-informed expectations, and permitting of a reasonably final judgment on the sequence of contemporary progress in relation to the past. To-day, on the other hand, the whole atmosphere of scholarship and thought has temporarily been vitiated by the world upheaval, and the coöperation enlisted for the Eleventh Edition is unattainable under present conditions. It is not too much to say that the service done by the Encyclopædia Britannica for the public, by bringing together in the Eleventh Edition its unique combination of the world’s ripest judgments on every sort of subject, could not have been rendered to this generation at all if that Edition had not been completed before the war. As the composition of the present New Volumes shows, it has still been possible for the Editor to enlist the most highly qualified experts, and writers officially connected with Government Departments or Services, for dealing with matters familiar to them (and often known only to them) in the course of the past decade. But the writing of contemporary history by persons who have been chief agents or eye-witnesses is one thing; it is quite another to recreate the whole drama of the far-reaching past. To do that, as it was done in the Eleventh Edition, needs a type of mind and will which for the present has largely ceased to function along the pre-war ways.

Irrespectively, indeed, of the question whether as good a complete edition as the Eleventh could have been produced de novo now, it would cost in any case at least twice as much to make as it did in 1911, and it would have to be sold at a far higher price. But, from the editorial point of view, the important fact is that it could not be made to-day so as to have anything like the scholarly value of the work produced before the war by the contributors to the Eleventh Edition. Neither the minds nor the wills that are required for such an undertaking are any longer obtainable in any corresponding degree, nor probably can they be again for years to come. This is partly due to sheer “war-weariness,” which has taken many forms. A shifting of interest has taken place among writers of the academic type, so that there is a disinclination to make the exertion needed for entering anew into their old subjects a necessary condition for just that stimulating, vital presentation of old issues in the light of all the accumulated knowledge about them, which was so valuable a feature of the Eleventh Edition; the impulse has temporarily been stifled by the pressure of contemporary problems. Many of the pre-war authorities, moreover, have died without leaving any lineal successors, and others have aged disproportionately during the decade, while the younger generation has had its intellectual energies diverted by the war to work of a different order. Again (a most essential factor), it would have been impossible to attain the same full measure of international cooperation, among representatives of nations so recently in conflict, and in a world still divided in 1921 by the consequences of the war almost as seriously as while hostilities were actually raging.

title: Page:EB1922 - Volume 30.djvu/11


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christian, Edward


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter X


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christian, Fletcher


text:
Page:EB1922 - Volume 30.djvu/10

x acquisitions, in the shape of these New Volumes. They are designed as having behind or beside them the main body of the work—the earlier Volumes of the Eleventh Edition which were constructed in the closing years of the Pre-War World.

It may be pardonable for the present writer, at the end of the twenty-first year of his occupancy of the position of Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica, to emphasize in retrospect one specially valuable characteristic of the Eleventh Edition, in supplying to-day an authoritative digest of world history and the progress of knowledge up to the last few months before it was originally published in 1911. Its value does not merely depend on the benefit secured to the reader of these New Volumes by its having also been produced as a whole at one date, so that its accounts of every subject, organically distributed under appropriate headings, represent uniformly a single editorial policy (identical with that of to-day), a common terminus of time in the facts dealt with, and a common standard of criticism in the viewpoints of its contributors—so far as expert opinion at any one moment is ever in agreement. This in itself is, no doubt, a great convenience in the linking up of the later information provided in the New Volumes. But there is a still more important quality attaching to the Eleventh Edition, of which indeed its Editor was not himself fully aware during the critical years of its preparation. It required the experience obtained during the gestation of these New Volumes to teach the Editor how much simpler a matter it is to create such a "Library of Education" when the world is at peace and is progressing normally, as it was in the years preceding 1911, than when, as recently, it is everywhere in convulsion, nobody being able to tell from week to week what he would be doing next, or where some new complication or even revolution, political, economic, industrial or scientific, might break out, to the upsetting of any attempt at orderly statement of the progress of events and the crystallization of opinion. Though it was not so realized at the time, it is now evident that the maximum service which the Encyclopædia Britannica could have performed for the public of to-day was the production of the Eleventh Edition in 1911, before the war of 1914–9 cut a Grand Canyon gash in the whole intellectual structure of the world. For what would have happened if the complete new edition which would follow the Tenth Edition had not been undertaken until several years later—say, after the Armistice? In that case it would still have been necessary, in, some way, to keep what may roughly be divided as the Pre-War and Post-War Worlds distinct. The account of the Post-War World would then substantially be what appears in the present New Volumes; for this must, in any case, start at a convenient point before the war, in order to make the break intelligible, and it must differ in scope and perspective from the part devoted to the Pre-War World, in proportion as its new problems require a different sort of discussion according to their bearing on the future rather than as continuations of past history. But so far as the Pre-War World is concerned—everything, that is to say, except the contemporary developments of the decade preceding 1921—it may be asserted, without fear of contradiction from anyone who can appreciate the responsibilities of an Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica, that, if the task had not been undertaken till after 1914, it would have been absolutely impossible to produce to-day anything so comprehensively authoritative or critically complete as is actually available in the shape of the Eleventh Edition owing to its having been produced just before the war.

title: Page:EB1922 - Volume 30.djvu/10


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Impressionism


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter XI


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christian, Hugh Cloberry


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter XII


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christian, Thomas


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Monetary Conferences


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christian, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christie, Alexander


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christie, Hugh


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christie, James (1730-1803)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christie, James (1773-1831)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christie, Samuel Hunter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christie, Thomas (1761-1796)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christie, Thomas (1773-1829)


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter XIII


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter XIV


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christie, William Dougal


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter XV


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter XVI


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter XVII


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter XVIII


text: An Essay on the Principle of Population/Chapter XIX


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christina