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 Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886, iii. 1044). In 1811 he purchased an estate at Chorlton, in the parish of Backford, Cheshire. He afterwards became proprietor of Sedbury Park, Gloucestershire, an estate situated on the beautiful peninsula of Beachley, between the Severn and the Wye. Offa's Dyke ran across the park, and that great earthwork Ormerod personally traced through its whole course. At Sedbury he dwelt for the rest of his long life, making, however, occasional excursions to London or the provinces to add to his antiquarian collections or to lay papers before learned societies.

Ormerod was elected F.S.A. on 16 Feb. 1809 and F.R.S. on 25 Feb. 1819. He was also fellow of the Geological Society. He gradually became blind in his later years and died at Sedbury Park on 9 Oct. 1873. His library was sold in 1875. By his marriage on 2 Aug. 1808 to Sarah (1784–1860), eldest daughter of, M.D., F.R.S. [q. v.], of Bradwall Hall, Cheshire, he had seven sons and three daughters. (his second son), (his fifth son), and  (his sixth son), are noticed separately.

His eldest son, Thomas Johnson Ormerod, a pupil of Dr. Arnold at Laleham, graduated from Brasenose College, Oxford, of which college he was a fellow from 1831 to 1838; was appointed Hebrew lecturer at Brasenose in 1832, was created archdeacon of Suffolk in 1846, and held the rectory of Redenhall, Norfolk, from 1847 until his resignation on moving to Sedbury Park shortly before his death on 2 Dec. 1874. He was an authority on Semitic languages, and contributed to Smith's ‘Biblical Dictionary.’ Ormerod's youngest daughter, Eleanor Anne Ormerod, is a distinguished entomologist.

Early in life Ormerod showed a taste for heraldry and topography. About 1808 he began to make large collections for the history of Cheshire. In Chester Castle he discovered an immense number of original documents, and he subsequently examined in the British Museum the Randle Holmes' copious collections [see ], which proved to be no very accurate abstracts of the Chester Castle records. A valuable loan of books and documents was also made to him by Hugh Cholmondeley, dean of Chester, whose sympathy and aid Ormerod warmly acknowledged. From 1813 to 1819 he was almost exclusively occupied in writing his ‘History’ and seeing it through the press. This generally admirable work is entitled ‘The History of the County Palatinate and City of Chester … incorporated with a republication of King's Vale Royal and Leycester's Cheshire Antiquities,’ 3 vols. fol. London, 1819. He left notes and papers for a revised edition of the ‘History,’ but these are still in possession of a member of the family, who has not permitted any public use to be made of them. A second edition, revised and enlarged by Thomas Helsby, wholly independently of Ormerod's family, was published in parts during 1875–82, and forms three volumes. In January 1890 the historian's fourth son, Henry M. Ormerod of Broughton Park, Cheetham Hill, Manchester, presented to the Bodleian Library the author's copy of the ‘History of Cheshire’ (3 vols. 1819), bound in ten folio volumes, with numerous extra illustrations, many original drawings, water-colours by De Wint, and some additions to the text.

Ormerod made six contributions to ‘Archæologia,’ and wrote also:
 * 1) ‘The Stanley Legend,’ in Nichols's ‘Collectanea,’ vol. vii. 1839.
 * 2) ‘A Memoir of the Connection of Arderne, or Arden, of Cheshire with the Ardens of Warwickshire,’ in Nichols's ‘Topographer,’ 1843.
 * 3) ‘A Memoir on the Lancashire House of Les Noreis, or Norres, and its Speke Branch in particular,’ in the ‘Proceedings’ of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1850.
 * 4) ‘Miscellanea Palatina: consisting of Genealogical Essays illustrative of Cheshire and Lancashire Families, and of a Memoir on the Cheshire Domesday Roll,’ with additions and index, 8vo, London 1851 [—56]; privately printed.
 * 5) ‘Parentalia: Genealogical Memoirs’ (additions and index), 4 pts. 8vo, London; Liverpool, 1851, 50–56; privately printed.
 * 6) ‘Calendars of the Names of Families which entered … pedigrees in the successive Heraldic Visitations of Lancashire,’ in the Chetham Society's ‘Remains,’ vol. i. 1851.
 * 7) ‘A Memoir on British and Roman Remains, illustrative of communications with Venta Silurum, Antient Passages of the Bristol Channel and Antonine's Iter XIV,’ communicated to the Bristol Meeting of the Archæological Institute July 1851, 4to, London, 1852; private reimpression, with many additional engravings.
 * 8) ‘Remarks on a Line of Earth-works in Tidenham, known as Offa's Dyke,’ 4to, London, 1859; privately printed.
 * 9) ‘Observations on Recent Discoveries of Roman Remains in Sedbury,’ 8vo, Gloucester [1860]; privately printed.
 * 10) ‘Observations on Discoveries of Roman Remains and the Site of a Roman Military Position in Sedbury, and on the Identity of the Chapelry of St. Briavel's with the Ledenei of Domesday,’ communicated to the annual meeting of the Archæological In-


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Rh The air service boys rejoiced that the victory was won.

The roar of guns from below had ceased, and as the Yankees above could not find any enemy plane against which to pit their strength, they, too, no longer scurried this way and that, each one like an avenging Nemesis.

Looking down Jack was appalled at what he saw. It seemed almost as though the end of the world had come. Huge volumes of acrid smoke slowly swept along on the night air, with here and there a lurid tongue of angry flame, looking like a serpent's tongue, stabbing the gloomy curtain.

He had seen vivid pictures in colors of an eruption of Vesuvius, and to his mind this presented just such an appalling spectacle. There could never be any doubt regarding the awful power of those latest of Yankee bombs. The German stronghold that an hour before had stood in arrogant pride, meant to be a stumbling block in the path of Pershing's victorious army, had been so shattered that it would hardly be noticed in the general advance of the oncoming host of boys in khaki.

But there was the signal to gather once more in formation of twos for the homeward journey. There would always be a chance that the furious Huns might gather a fresh force of aerial

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156 to make one last assault on the columns before admitting defeat; and it was to be ready for this that every possible precaution must be taken.

Then the fact became apparent that the return was not to be made with an undimished [sic] force. There were no longer exactly twenty planes to fill out the double column. Some were missing, having fallen in the last desperate attack of the foe, when a perfect whirlwind of fighting had taken place.

Tom noticed this almost immediately. At least one battleplane was absent, if not more, and the companion bomber that had occupied with them the place of honor at the tail of the procession also failed to come to its place. Perhaps the very plane he had watched drop and wondered about was one of these missing ones.

Jack, too, looked down upon that vast smudge of smoke and shooting flames with a new feeling gripping his heart. It no longer represented merely the disappointed hopes of a Hindenburg and a Ludendorff; it was not to be considered only a fortress annihilated by American pluck and ingenuity; there was a sadness in Jack's parting look now, and for a reason. Down there brave American boys had gone to their fate, after battling to their last breath for the right. In that blanket of smoke and amidst scattered stone and timbers they had found their tomb, nor


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  in 1860, 4to, London, 1860; private reimpression.
 * 1) ‘Strigulensia: Archæological Memoirs relating to the District adjacent to the Confluence of the Severn and the Wye,’ 8vo, London, 1861.

He also edited ‘Tracts relating to Military Proceedings in Lancashire during the Great Civil War’ (Chetham Society's Remains, vol. ii. 1844), and contributed to ‘Vetusta Monumenta’ (vol. v. 1828) some observations on the ‘Swords of the Earldom of Chester.’

A portrait of Ormerod, engraved after John Jackson, R.A., by H. Meyer, is prefixed to both editions of his ‘History of Cheshire;’ there is also another engraving of the same portrait by ‘W. D.’

 ORMEROD, GEORGE WAREING (1810–1891), geologist, second son of [q. v.], the historian of Cheshire, and brother of [q. v.], was born at Tyldesley, Lancashire, on 12 Oct. 1810. He was educated at private schools, and matriculated on 31 Jan. 1829 at Brasenose College, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1833, and M.A. in 1836. Admitted a solicitor in the latter year, he practised at Manchester till 1855; then at Chagford in Devonshire, and finally at Teignmouth, whither he removed about 1869. Ormerod, who was unmarried, died on 6 Jan. 1891, highly esteemed for his many sterling qualities. His leisure was devoted to the study of geology, on which subject he published some twenty-three papers, nine of them appearing in the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society.’ These deal with the granite of Dartmoor, the carboniferous, and the new red sandstone rocks of Devonshire, and the Cheshire saltfield. Others were published in the ‘Transactions’ of the Devonshire Association, of which he was an original member. But he will be more gratefully remembered by geologists for his exhaustive index to the ‘Transactions,’ ‘Proceedings,’ and ‘Quarterly Journal’ of the Geological Society. The second edition of the original work brought the index to the close of the session of 1867–8, and since this three supplements have appeared, carrying it on to the corresponding dates in 1875, 1882, and 1889 respectively.

 ORMEROD, OLIVER (1580?–1626), controversialist, born about 1580, was descended paternally from a family which assumed the name of their estate at Ormerod in Lancashire in the reign of Henry III. He was the second son of Oliver Ormerod of Haslingden, Lancashire, by Sibylla Hargrave (, Hist. of Whalley, 4th edit. ii. 220). He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he was admitted a sizar on 6 June 1596 (Addit. MS. 5851, p. 36). He graduated B.A. in 1599, but took no other degree. His polemical works brought him to the notice of William Bourchier, third earl of Bath, on whose presentation he was instituted first to the rectory of Norton-Fitzwarren, Somerset, on 20 March 1609–10, and afterwards, on 31 March 1617, to the rectory of Huntspill in the same county, where he died in 1626. His will, dated 17 Jan. 1625–6, was proved at the Prerogative Office, London, on 28 June 1626.

By his wife Johanna, daughter of Richard Hinckson of Soham, Cambridgeshire (she died in 1638), he left issue one son, Richard, born in 1619, and three daughters.

His works are: [Information from J. W. Clark, esq.; Addit. MS. 5877, f. 110; Chalmers's Biog. Dict. xxiii. 389; Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge, ii. 367; Ormerod's Parentalia, p. 5; Visitation of
 * 1) ‘The Pictvre of a Puritane; or a Relation of the Opinions, Qualities, and Practises of the Anabaptists in Germanie, and of the Puritanes in England. Wherein is firmely prooued that the Puritanes doe resemble the Anabaptists in aboue fourescore seuerall Thinges,’ London, 1605, 4to (without pagination); another edition, newly corrected and enlarged, London, 1605, 8vo, pp. 81 and 32.
 * 2) ‘Puritano-papismus: or a Discouerie of Puritan-papisme: made by way of Dialogue or Conference betweene a Protestant and a Puritane,’ London (two editions), 1605, 4to and 8vo.
 * 3) ‘The Pictvre of a Papist; or a Relation of the damnable Heresies, detestable Qualities, and diabolicall Practises of sundry Hereticks in former Ages, and of the Papists in this Age,’ London, 1606, 8vo, pp. 272; dedicated to Robert, earl of Salisbury. Ormerod takes occasion to deny that he was the author of a book entitled ‘The Double PP., or the Picture of a traiterous Jesuit,’ and of some other works which the papists had fathered upon him.
 * 4) ‘Pagano-Papismus; or a Discouery of Popish Paganisme: wherein is plainlie shewed that the Papistes doo resemble the idolatrous Heathen in aboue sixscore Particulars,’ London, 1606, 8vo, pp. 62.


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Rh would those loved ones far across the sea ever know where to look for their last resting place.

On the roll they would be marked simply as "lost when on perilous duty," and that brief inscription must ever be their epitaph. None more glorious was ever inscribed on monument of granite in a city's beautiful cemetery; and the Nation would always do honor to their memories.

But the air armada was off once more.

Jack put these thoughts from his mind. They had not expected to carry out their ambitious plans without incurring losses. The price had been paid, and those who cam.e through in safety might congratulate themselves on their good fortune.

Headed for the home camp they left that shambles behind them, for it seemed certain that many Huns must have perished when the fortress was destroyed so completely.

Then all at once Jack remembered something. Tom had almost as much as promised that if half a chance arose while on the way home he meant somehow or other to get "lost" from the main column.

It might not be very hard, seeing that they came at the tail of the procession, and those just ahead would hardly notice the fact if at some time or other they should lag, and vanish from


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 Somerset, 1623; Weaver's Somerset Incumbents, pp. 108, 409; Cat. Early Printed Books, ii. 1168–9.]

ORMEROD, WILLIAM PIERS (1818–1860), anatomist and surgeon, born in London 14 May 1818, was the fifth son of George Ormerod [q. v.] of Sedbury Park, Gloucestershire. He was sent to school first at Laleham under the Rev. John Buckland, together with his younger brother, Edward Latham [q. v.], and afterwards (1832) to Rugby, under Arnold, by whom three of his elder brothers had been educated. In 1835 he went to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, where, by the advice of his uncle, Dr. Latham, he was articled as a private pupil to Mr. Stanley, and where he had the advantage of the guiding friendship of Mr. James (afterwards Sir James) Paget. He was a quiet and diligent student, and highly distinguished himself in the school examinations in 1839. In 1840–1 he was house-surgeon to Mr. (afterwards Sir William) Lawrence [q. v.], and in 1842 gained the Jacksonian prize of the College of Surgeons for an ‘Essay on the Comparative Merits of Mercury and Iodine in the Treatment of Syphilis.’ In 1843 he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy, and in the following year he printed, for the use of the students of the hospital, a collection of ‘Questions in Practical Anatomy,’ 1844. He became a member of the London College of Surgeons in 1843, and afterwards a fellow; he belonged also to the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. But he had been working too hard, and his health began to fail, so that in 1844 he was obliged to leave London and retire for a time to his father's house at Sedbury Park. Here, as soon as his health recovered, he employed himself in arranging the surgical materials that he had collected in the hospital during the nine years 1835–44, and published them, together with the substance of his Jacksonian prize essay, in 1846, with the title, ‘Clinical Collections and Observations in Surgery, made during an Attendance on the Surgical Practice of St. Bartholomew's Hospital.’ The volume is put together with characteristic carefulness and accuracy.

In the summer of 1846 Ormerod resumed his professional work at Oxford. He was elected one of the surgeons to the Radcliffe Infirmary, and in 1848 published, under the auspices of the Ashmolean Society, an essay ‘On the Sanatory [sic] condition of Oxford,’ based on the annual reports of the registrar-general for 1844–6, and especially directing attention to the sanitary condition of the different localities in which the deaths from zymotic diseases had occurred. But in December 1848, ‘after a period of great hurry and anxiety,’ he suffered from epileptic fits, and retired from practice altogether. Ill-health was the cause of his ceasing to practise and leaving Oxford in 1849, and eventually (1850) he settled at Canterbury. He died there on 10 June 1860, having fractured the base of his skull from a fall during an epileptic seizure. He was buried in the churchyard of St. Martin's, Canterbury.

ORMESBY or ORMSBY, WILLIAM (d. 1317), judge, derived his name from the village of Ormsby in East Norfolk, about three miles from Caistor, in which he had property and kinsfolk, and where he was very likely born. He first appears in the records as acting as justice itinerant in the northern counties. On 10 April 1292 he was appointed, with Hugh Cressingham [q. v.] and others, justice in eyre in the counties of Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, with special injunctions to hear and determine complaints against the king's bailiffs and ministers (Cal. Patent Rolls, 1281–92, p. 485), a commission which, on 28 Aug., was also extended over Northumberland (ib. p. 507). On 3 Nov. of the same year Ormesby and his associates were holding their court at Carlisle (Chron. Lanercost, p. 147; cf. Hist. Doc. Scotl. i. 365), while in January 1293 they were holding the Northumberland inquests at Newcastle (ib. i. 390). In 1296 he became a justice in the court of king's bench. He was still serving the king in the north when, on 22 Aug. 1296, he was ordered with others to accompany the chancellor, John Langton, and to meet Edward I at Berwick on the king's return from his triumphant progress through Scotland (Hist. Doc. Scotl. ii. 78). He was now appointed justice of Scotland when Earl Warenne was made warden and his old associate Cressingham treasurer of the conquered land (, p. 165). Edward especially enjoined upon Ormesby to exact homage and fealty from the Scottish tenants in chief (ib.;, p. 351). Ormesby carried out Edward's orders with unflinching severity and with no politic respect to persons, driving into exile all those who refused the oaths to Edward (ib. p. 356;, ii. 123; , p. 170). The absence of Earl Warenne and Cressingham in England threw upon Ormesby the chief weight of responsibility for Edward's


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158 sight. It might be taken for granted that they had simply fallen a little behind, and by putting on a spurt of speed could at any time easily catch up.

At any rate the expedition would not delay, waiting for those who tarried. In an affair of this kind the rule was "every tub on its own bottom," and if accidents occurred the unfortunate plane must drop out, and take its individual chance of getting through in safety.

Jack was wondering just how his chum would act in order to bring about this separation. Hence he was not greatly surprised when Tom called out aloud, so that he could make his voice heard above the incessant whirr of motors added to the buzz of many propellers that filled the air with noise:

"Jack, something seems to be wrong with our engine."

"You don't say!" ejaculated Jack, accompanying the remark with a wide grin; for he suspected that this was only the ruse he had been anticipating.

"I don't seem to be able to get along as smoothly as I did before," continued the pilot.

"Why, it's a fact that we are letting the others outrun us some, Tom. Wouldn't it be just too bad if they went off and left us in the lurch?"

"No joke about it, Jack. Something is really


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Rh going wrong, and I imagine I'm getting a poor supply of gas. Take a look at the tank, will you, and see if it's all right!"

At that Jack ceased to chuckle. He realized from what the other said that he meant it seriously. Accordingly Jack bestirred himself to carry out the instructions of the pilot, which he was best able to do from his position aft.

A brief interval of silence followed, save for the constant hum of the machinery and the whirling propellers. Then Jack uttered a loud cry that expressed both astonishment and alarm.

"Tom, you guessed it!" he called. "The blooming tank is empty, and we're feeding on the scant reserve in the smaller tank!"

"Try to find out if a bullet cut a hole in the tank, and let our juice run out!" Tom now ordered.

Jack had already started an examination on his own account, and he almost immediately announced a finding.

"Just what happened, Tom!" came his cry, in a tone of dismay mingled with disgust. "Why, there are two holes, one far above the other! I reckon it came from below, after all. But the tank is empty, and only for that automatic feed change, meant for such an emergency, we'd have been running on hot air before now."

"There's not enough petrol in the small tank


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Rh C. Matteuci, P. Pacini, T. Bilharz, and Max Schultze. The development and metamorphosis of the Lamperus was made the subject of research by H. Müller, M. Schultze, and P. Owsjannikow; Müller's examination of Branchiostoma was continued by J. Marcusen, A. Kovalevsky, L. Sticda, W. Müller, C. Hasse, T. Huxley, and F. M. Balfour. The most comprehensive accounts of the anatomy of fishes are contained in the following works:—

1. H. Stannius, "Zootomic der Fische," 2d edit. (Berl. 1854, 8vo.)

2. R. Owen, "Anatomy of Vertebrates," vol. i. (Lond. 1866, 8vo.)

3. R. Owen, "Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Vertebrate Animals." Part I. Fishes. (Lond. 1846, 8vo.)

4. T. Huxley, "A Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals." (Loud. 1871, 16mo.)

It has been mentioned above that the great work of Cuvier and Valenciennes had been left incomplete. Several authors, therefore, supplied detailed accounts of the orders omitted in that work. Müller and Henle published an account of the Plagiostomes, and Kaup of the Murænidæ and Lophobranchii. A. Duméril, finally, commenced an "Histoire naturelle des Poissons ou Ichthyologie générale," of which, however, two volumes only appeared, containing a complete account of the "Plagiostomes" (Paris, 1865, 8vo), and of the "Ganoids and Lophobranchs." (Paris, 1870, 8vo.)

So great an activity had prevailed in Ichthyology since the publication of the "Histoire naturelle" by Cuvier and Valenciennes, and the results of the manifold enquiries were scattered over such a multitude of publications, that it became imperative to collect again all these materials in one comprehensive work. This was done in the "Catalogue of Fishes,"


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160 to take us home, Jack, I'm afraid," Tom called next.

"Then what?" demanded the other eagerly.

"Only one thing left to us, I'm thinking."

"What's that? You're the skipper of this craft, and I take my orders from you. Whatever you say goes."

"We'll have to pick out a nice even spot and land," said the pilot, in the most natural tone imaginable; for he had by now shut off some of his power, and the noise accordingly diminished.

"And try to get enough gas, some way or other, to see us safely on our way—is that the programme, Tom?" queried the observer.

"There's really no other way. If we keep straight on we're likely to be forced to drop right back of the Hun lines, where we'd be gobbled up as quick as a flash."

"Too bad, isn't it?" cried Jack, in mock tones of chagrin. "And, Tom, wouldn't it be queer now, if after we did drop down we should find that we'd actually landed close to a half ruined chateau that's perched on a hilltop, and occupied by a Hun general as headquarters?"

"That would be a strange coincidence, I should call it. Jack."

"But you say we've just got to land somewhere," urged the other.

"No other way out of the mess. It's either


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34 published by the Trustees of the British Museum, in eight volumes (Lond. 1859-70). Beside the species previously de- scribed many new forms were added, the number total of species referred to in those volumes amounting to 8525. As regards the systematic arrangement—Müller's system was adopted in the main, but the definition of the families is much modified. This, however, need not be further entered into here, and will become sufiiciently apparent in the subsequent parts of the present work.


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 harsh rule over the Scots. When Wallace's revolt broke out in May 1297, Ormesby was the first to be signalled out for attack. Wallace fell upon him suddenly at Scone, and it was with considerable difficulty that Ormesby, who had been warned at the last moment, succeeded in escaping, leaving all his property as the spoil of the enemy (, p. 171;, p. 356). After the English defeat at Stirling Bridge in September, in which Cressingham was slain, Ormesby was appointed on 23 Oct. to raise foot soldiers for the further campaign against the Scots in Northumberland, Yorkshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire (Hist. Doc. Scotl. 1286–1306, ii. 237). In March 1298 he was summoned to a council in London (, Scotland in 1298, p. 81). For the rest of Edward I's reign Ormesby was constantly occupied with his duties at the king's bench (Liber Albus, i. 298). In 1305 he was also chief of the justices of trailbaston assigned for the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk.

Ormesby continued to act as a judge under Edward II, though Foss has suggested doubts as to his continuance at the king's bench, on the grounds that no writ exists such as was addressed to the other justices to take the oaths to the new king, and that his name does not appear judicially in the ‘Abbreviatio Placitorum’ after Edward I's death. He continued, however, to be summoned with the judges to parliament until his death, and was very active for the next ten years as justice of assize in the eastern counties, and especially in his own county of Norfolk as also in Suffolk (Cal. Close Rolls, 1307–13 pp. 4, 78, 93, 202, 242, 336, 1313–18 pp. 24, 55, 195). The last date at which he was thus occupied seems to be February 1316 (ib. p. 323). In April 1311 Ormesby was also appointed with three others to act as justices of common pleas in the liberties of the bishopric of Durham, then vacant and in the king's hands.

Ormesby died before 12 June 1317, on which date his executors were ordered to send to the crown the rolls, writs, and other records in his possession as justice itinerant in the eastern counties at the time of his death (ib. p. 481). This shows that he was at work until the end. The names of his five executors are given. One of them was his son John. He was buried in the Benedictine monastery of St. Benet's, Hulme, situated not far from his Norfolk home, to which house he had been a benefactor.

In 1308 Ormesby's wife is mentioned. She was Sybilla, widow of Roger Loveday, a justice itinerant under Edward I (Abbrev. Placit. p. 307). However, in 1315 there is mention of the death of Ellen, wife of William de Ormesby, and the king's escheator is ordered to allow her son, Roger de Ormesby, who had done homage and fealty to the king, to enter into possession of the lands which Ellen had held in chief of the crown (Cal. Close Rolls, 1313–18, p. 142). These lands included the township and manor of Ormesby in Norfolk (Cal. Inq. post mortem, i. 254). There seems no means of determining whether this this William de Ormesby; but it is, perhaps, more probable that he was not identical with him. The name was a common one. A William of Ormesby represented Yarmouth in Edward I's Carlisle parliament, to which the judge was summoned officially.

 ORMIDALE,. [See, 1802–l880.]

ORMIN (fl. 1200), author of the ‘Ormulum.' [See .]

ORMOND,. [See, 1530?–1591.]

ORMONDE, and. [See , second, 1331–1382; , fourth, d. 1452;, fifth , 1420–1461; , twelfth and first, 1610–1688; , second , 1665–1745;, sixth , d. 1478;, eighth , d. 1539; tenth , 1532–1614;, eleventh , 1569–1633.]

ORMONDE,. [See, 1609–1655.]

ORMONDE, JAMES (d. 1497), lord-treasurer of Ireland, the illegitimate son of James Butler, fifth earl of Ormonde is said to have been bronght up at the Englsh court by his uncle. Thomas Butler, seventh earl of Ormonde (, Annals of Ireland, ed. 1703, p. 17), and to have been early noted for his expertness in feats of arms; throughout his career he was commonly known as ‘Black James.' He followed the traditions of his family in supporting the Lancastrian house, and received knighthood for useful services rendered in Ireland during the


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Rh that or else take big risks of being captured just back of the Boche lines. Of the two, our chances are better here than there."

"Well, I bow to your judgment, Tom. You know best. But we'd better drop to a much lower level right away, hadn't we?"

"That goes without saying," replied the pilot, setting about taking a dip, at which he was very expert, "As it is now we can't see much of where we are; and the rest of the gang seem to have cleared out entirely. You can hear the stir of their passage getting fainter and fainter all the while."

"Well have to go pretty far down if we hope to glimpse anything of the character of the country in this poor light," Jack continued, "and, of course, it'll be necessary for you to pick out a clear place for a landing."

"Unless we can we stand to have a smash that'll just ruin everything," Tom cheerfully assured him.

They had begun to fall rapidly. Tom managed it so that this maneuver was carried out in the best possible way calculated to conserve their very limited stock of petrol.

Gradually they began to get a clearer view of the ground, which until then had only appeared in vague outlines to their eyes. Jack soon announced a discovery.


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162 "I can begin to make out the trees in patches, Tom. And see there! That must be the river winding along like a snake over yonder. Didn't we decide that the chateau stood within sight of this very stream, Tom?"

"According to what that Lorrainer told me, it did; and on the left bank in the bargain," admitted Tom.

"Good! And unless I've lost my reckoning entirely I should say we're on the left bank of the river right now."

"Just what we are," came the reassuring answer. "I'm going to drop down another peg or two, so we can pick up some landmark and get our bearings settled. No use in groping about as if we were in a fog. I'll shut off most of our speed and just loaf along. We've got to make that gas see us through, you know, Jack."

"I hope it will, I certainly do!"

Presently the air service boys found themselves passing slowly along over the small ridge that seemed to run parallel with the winding Meuse, though at some little distance from it.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Are We in Danger from the Plague?


text: Air Service Boys Flying for Victory/Chapter 18


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Tuskegee Institute and its President


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Recent Legislation Against the Drink Evil II


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Hawk Lures


text: Category:PSM uncategorized articles

title: Category:PSM uncategorized articles


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/The Milk Supply of Cities


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Teachers' School of Science II


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Influence of the Weather Upon Crime


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/The Survival of African Music in America


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Remedies for the Depopulation of France


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/West Indian Poisonous Fishes


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/The Colors of Northern Flowers


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Sketch of Oscar Schmidt


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Correspondence


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Editor's Table


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Scientific Literature


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/General Notices


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Publications Received


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Fragments of Science


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Minor Paragraphs


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/The Help That Harms


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Knight-Bruce, George Wyndham Hamilton


text:
Author:Stephen Fovargue

Works

 * A New Catalogue of Vulgar Errors (1767)

title: Author:Stephen Fovargue


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Knox, Robert Bent


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/September 1899/Notes


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Lacaita, James Philip


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/The Hopi Indians of Arizona


text:
Page:Democratic Ideals and Reality (1919).djvu/39

Rh past three generations. Maps are the essential apparatus of Kultur, and every educated German is a geographer in a sense that is true of very few Englishmen or Americans. He has been taught to see in maps not merely the conventional boundaries established by scraps of paper, but permanent physical opportunities—'ways and means' in the literal sense of the words. His Real-Politik lives in his mind upon a mental map. The serious teaching of geography in German High Schools and Universities dates from the very beginning of Kultur. It was organised in the generation after Jena, mainly by the labours of four men—Alexander von Humboldt, Berghaus, Carl Ritter, and Stieler—who were attached to the new University of Berlin and to the since famous map-house of Perthes of Gotha. To this day, notwithstanding all that has been done by two or three exceptional map-houses in this country, if you want a good map, conveying accurately and yet graphically the fundamental contrasts, you must have resort as often as not to one of German origin. The reason is that in Germany there are many cartographers who are scholarly geographers and not merely surveyors or draftsmen. They can exist, because there is a wide public educated to


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Lacy, Edmund


text:
Author:Adolf Stieler

Works

 * Hand-Atlas über alle Theile der Erde und über das Weltgebäude (Handy atlas of all parts of the world and of the universe) or Stielers Handatlas, main German atlas of the late 19th, early 20th century.

title: Author:Adolf Stieler


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Lacy, Walter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Lafontaine, Louis Hypolite


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Laing, Samuel (1812-1897)


text:
Author:Carl Ritter

Works

 * Die Erdkunde im Verhältniss zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen ("Geography in Relation to Nature and the History of Mankind", 1816–1859)
 * Translated in part as The Comparative Geography of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula by William Leonard Gage
 * "Begründung und Gegenwärtige Zustände der Neger-Republik Liberia an der Westküste Afrika's" ("Establishment and Current Conditions of the Negro Republic of Liberia on the West Coast of Africa"), Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Erdkunde, Vol. I (1853), pp. 5 ff.
 * Allegemeine Erkunde ("General Geography", 1862)
 * Translated as Comparative Geography by William Leonard Gage

Works about Ritter

 * The life of Carl Ritter, late professor of geography in the University of Berlin (1867) by William Leonard Gage

title: Author:Carl Ritter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Lake, William Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Lambert, John (1772-1847)


text:
Author:Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus

Works

 * Allgemeine Länder- und Völkerkunde (Stuttgart 1837–40, 5 volumes)
 * Grundriß der Geographie in fünf Büchern (Berlin 1842) online
 * Die Völker des Erdballs (Leipzig 1845–47, 2 volumes; new edition 1862)
 * Die Grundlinien der Ethnographie (Stuttgart 1850, 2nd ed., 1856)
 * Landbuch der Mark Brandenburg und des Markgraftums Niederlausitz (Brandenburg 1853–56, 3 volumes)
 * Vol. 1, VI + 684 pages, 1854, online,
 * Vol. 2, IX + 650 pages, 1855, online,
 * Vol. 3, VI + 783 pages, 1856, online + CVIII pages Register + Corrigenda.

 * Was man von der Erde weiß (Berlin 1856–1860, 4 volumes)
 * Deutschland seit hundert Jahren - Geschichte der Gebiets-Einteilung und der politischen Verfassung des Vaterlandes (Leipzig 1859–62, 5 volumes)
 * Part I: Deutschland vor hundert Jahren
 * Vol. 1: Leipzig 1859, 448 pages, online.
 * Vol 2: Leipzig 1860, 440 pages, online.
 * Part II: Deutschland vor fünfzig Jahren
 * Vol. 1: Zustände vom baierschen Erbfolge-Streit, 1778, bis zum Reichsdeputations-Receß, 1803. Leipzig 1861, VI + 406 pages. online
 * Vol. 2: (Entwicklungen von 1803 bis 1809). Leipzig 1861, IV + 412 pages, online
 * Vol. 3: (Entwicklungen von 1809 bis 1813). Leipzig 1862, IV + 426 pages, online.

 * Wallfahrt durch's Leben ... (Berghaus' autobiografische Erinnerungen) Leipzig, 1862 (vol. 1 + 2) online, (Vol. 3 - 289 pages) online, (Vol. 4 -236 pages) online, (Vol. 5 - 269 pages) online, (Vol. 6 - 228 pages) online, (Vol. 7 - 245 pages) online, (Vol. 8 - 230 pages) online, (Vol. 9 -256 pages) online.
 * Briefwechsel mit Alexander von Humboldt, 3 volumes (Leipzig 1863)
 * Blücher als Mitglied der Pommerschen Ritterschaft 1777-1817 und beim Preußischen Heere am Rhein 1794. Anklam 1863, online
 * Landbuch des Herzogtums Pommern - Schilderung der Zustände dieser Lande in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts (Anklam 1862–1868, 13 volumes), including:
 * Part II: Landbuch des Herzogtums Stettin, von Kammin und Hinterpommern; oder des Verwaltungsbezirks der Königlichen Regierung zu Stettin.
 * Vol. 1: Kreise Demmin, Anklam, Usedom-Wollin und Ueckermünde. Anklam 1865, 1094 pages, online.
 * Vol. 2: Randowscher Kreis und Allgemeines über die Kreise auf dem linken Oder-Ufer, Anklam 1865, online.
 * Vol. 3: Kreise Greifenhagen und Pyritz, Anklam 1868, online.
 * Vol. 4: Saatziger Kreis, insbesondere Stadt Stargard, Anklam 1867, online.
 * Part III: Landbuch des Herzogtums Kaschubien und der einverleibten Kreise der Neumark; oder des Verwaltungs-Bezirks der Königlichen Regierung zu Köslin westlicher Teil.
 * Vol. 1: Kreise Fürstentum Kammin und Belgard. Anklam 1867, online
 * Part IV: Landbuch von Neu-Vorpommern und der Insel Rügen, oder des Verwaltungs-Bezirks der Königlichen Regierung zu Stralsund.
 * Vol. 2 Greifswalder Kreis, Anklam 1868, 1232 pages, online.

 * Geschichte der Stadt Stettin, der Hauptstadt von Pommern - Topographisch-statistisch beschrieben nach allen Richtungen ihres politischen, bürgerlichen, merkantilischen und kirchlichen Lebens (Berlin/Wriezen 1875–76, 2 volumes)
 * Vol. 1, 1102 pages
 * Vol, 2, 1115 pages

title: Author:Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus


text:
Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/114

 BLANCHEWATER TO THE DEPOT, LAKE BUCHANAN.

expedition now quits the furthest of the pastoral stations, Mr. Baker's, called Blanchewater. The travellers do not immediately enter upon uninhabited wilds, for after two days' march and twenty-seven miles of progress, they are only at one of Mr. Baker's out-stations, thus giving us some idea of the extent occasionally necessary to an Australian squattage in parts where the country is poor, and subject for most of the summer to those excessive droughts that altogether suspend the growth of pasture. From Blanchewater, for about fifty miles to Pando or Lake Hope, the country was so sterile and water so scarce, that all the animals suffered more or less, and ten days were spent at the lake in recruiting.


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text: Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/116


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 PANDO OR 'LAKE HOPE'.


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 About Lake Hope commences a country of a different and rather remarkable kind. We may call it the lake district. The soil is generally clayey, hard and baked in hot dry weather, but only requiring rain to cover it with grass, which in many parts is most luxuriant. This is particularly the case with hollow parts of the surface, natural indentations apparently, which, with adequate rains, are converted into temporary lakes, and at other times are so many natural meadows luxuriant with long grass. Occasionally the soil is impregnated with saline or bitter particles, which are not tasted when the lakes are fresh filled by the rain, but which after a large evaporation render the diminished waters quite undrinkable. The rate of evaporation in these open plains, under a hot sun, and in the strong winds that often sweep the surface, is almost incredible. The party go on to Lake Buchanan, where a depôt is formed for some time, until some additional provisions are brought up by a detachment sent back for that purpose, and Mr. McKinlay has made his proposed search for Burke's missing expedition. Here he is already in the latitude of Cooper's Creek, and about sixty miles to the westward of it.

They are now in a region that seems full of the aboriginal natives, and in fact full of life of every kind, where water, that great and


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 supplied requisite of Australia, is abundant. The lakes seem full of fish, even when from their shallow appearance they can hardly be supposed to have water permanently. Mr. McKinlay subsequently alludes to the natives catching in these lakes or the creeks connected with them, the cat-fish of the Murray and the nombre of the Darling, as well as the brown perch, and what he thought a small cod. The natives were generally friendly, excepting on the occasion of Mr. McKinlay's search excursion to Lake Massacre, which we shall come to in another chapter. We leave Mr. Davis to tell of the everlasting troubles with the quadrupeds of the expedition's diversified menagerie.

Sept. 24th, 1861. Left Blanchewater this morning, and proceeded to a small creek some few miles further on. And now we are fairly off; no more haunts of civilized man! Let the gentle and I trust patient reader take his parallel ruler, scale, and protractor, and accompany us to the Leichhardt River. Down it also for 100 miles if he pleases, then through or over—or by any other means he chooses to adopt—the Burdekin ranges, including a swim through waters where alligators most do congregate, and on to Port Denison; thence in that terrible smack, "Ben Bolt," twenty-five days to Rockhampton, 300 miles only, with


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 nothing to eat but bottled porter. Those gentlemen from "Heligo's Isle," had a cheerful trip, in point of fact a yachting excursion, in comparison, Hyperion to a satyr; but as Sairey Gamp justly observes, "I never likes to protigipate," so I will now my round unvarnished tale deliver.

25th. Our stock consists of twenty-four horses, twelve bullocks, one hundred sheep, and last, though not least, four camels: had we taken the sage advice of our clerical friend who left us for the Burra, our stock would also have been added to, in the shape of fowls, which he told Mr. McKinlay would add greatly to our comfort, as we should then be able to obtain new laid eggs for breakfast. Of course we must wait in the desert while the said fowls were nidifying, horses and camels already packed. Fancy explorers who expect to meet with no end of difficulties, bothering themselves with fowls!

Accompanied now by Mr. Elder and Mr. Stuckey, who was the first to explore beyond this as far as Lake Hope, to which lake we are now bound. Cracks of the stock whip, and clouds of dust denote a mob of cattle for the station; no doubt some of the men who were driving them looked on us as for the last time. It was a dreary walk for the men with the camels, a great part of the way through sand. Mr. McKinlay, with camels and sheep, arrived at a small creek with some


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Toledo (Ohio)


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 large water-holes in it at 5·30 The horses were nowhere to be seen, which is very annoying. They had mistaken the creek that Mr. McKinlay intended camping at, and continued travelling until nightfall, when they came to a halt, and had some difficulty in unpacking one or two of the horses, and the night dark. Start and arrive at Mr. Baker's out-station, Toonkitchen. Mr. McKinlay with the camels, arrived also about 4, the cart at nightfall.

26th. On the following morning two horses got into a deep creek and hobbled they were at the time; got them out however, and packed and proceeded to the last hut in the settled districts, Manawankanina, distance about sixteen miles.

27th. Made an early start across the Fifty Miles' Desert, and there certainly could not have been found a more appropriate name. We travelled twenty-five miles the first day. Each man one quart of water, which we had in leather bags and tin canteens on the camels and horses, the remainder we buried for the bullocks when they came up next morning. Our leader remained behind with the bullocks, their driver, and two blacks. Had to watch the horses all night, or they would certainly have rambled in search of water. When at length they did see it, in they went, packs and all, and we were all parched with thirst travelling over nothing but hot sand. The


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 sheep came in the morning early, and shortly after Mr. McKinlay came in with the bullocks, minus one, who went mad and rushed at Peter, a native, and had it not been for the canteen on his back, his doom was sealed. We were obliged to leave the bullock in the desert, but whether he ever returned to the settled districts or no, remains in obscurity. After the bullocks had refreshed themselves with a good long drink and plenty to eat, they, with Bell and Peter, returned to join the cart, which they came up with early the following morning.

28th. We had filled the mussocks ready for a start at daylight, and the four camels laden with water started at 5, Middleton and Hodgkinson in charge. They delivered their loads, and intended returning again, but unfortunately lost the tracks; and, after wandering about for two days, became so much exhausted, and the weather so frightfully hot, not having had a taste of water during that time, that death seemed inevitable. They took some loads off the camels which they had taken from the cart to lighten the beasts, and lashed themselves on their backs, which eventually turned out to be the means of saving their lives; for when these animals found themselves free, they immediately turned their tails southward, and after travelling all night our two companions' eyes were greeted with the sight


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 of a beautiful sheet of water. They unlashed themselves, and when the camels arrived at the lake they jumped off and rolled into the water. After they had quenched their thirst, some natives came and brought them some fish, and treated them very kindly, and one accompanied them to our camp, about six or seven miles, and very happy indeed we were to see them return, for great doubts were entertained of ever seeing them again. Very weak and ill they looked; McKinlay out all the morning in search of them, and rejoiced he was to find them stretched out in the tent, and gradually improving.

We had meanwhile safely found our way to this water, Lake Hope, where we halted some time to recruit. Hodgkinson found himself so much improved that he and Davis started after the stores that had been left behind, and returned in the evening, having succeeded in finding the camel tracks. Had these stores been lost, we should have missed them very much—some 200 lb. of bacon, etc., which came in very handy afterwards. The natives who showed our missing comrades the way to the camp were rewarded—tomahawk, blanket, etc. Middleton slowly recovering.

Oct. 8th. Lake Hope abounds in fish, and any quantity of wild fowl. Took the shoes off the horses, and stuffed pack-saddles afresh, started from Pando Lake Camp, at 9·20, and found another


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 LAKE CAMEL.


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pontiac (chief)

PONTIAC (c. 1720-1769), Indian chief of the Ottawa and leader in the “Conspiracy of Pontiac” in 1763-64, was born between 1712 and 1720 probably on the Maumee river, near the mouth of the Auglaize. His father was an Ottawa, and his mother an Ojibwa. By 1755 he had become a chief of the Ottawa and a leader of the loose confederacy of the Ottawa, Potawatomi and Ojibwa. He was an ally of France and possibly commanded the Ottawa in the defeat (July 9, 1755) of General Edward Braddock. In November 1760 he met Major Robert Rogers, then on his way to occupy Michilimackinac and other forts surrendered by the French, and agreed to let the English troops pass unmolested on condition that he should be treated with respect by the British. Like other Indians he soon realized the difference between French and English rule—that the Indians were no longer welcomed at the forts and that they would ultimately be deprived of their hunting grounds by encroaching English settlements. French hunters and traders encouraged Indian disaffection with vague promises of help from France; in 1762 an Indian “prophet” among the Delawares on the Muskingum preached a union of the Indians to expel the

English; and in that year (as in 1761) there were abortive conspiracies to massacre the English garrisons of Detroit, Fort Niagara and Fort Pitt (now Pittsburg). Pontiac seems to have been chief of a magic association (the Metai), and he took advantage of the religious fervour and the general unrest among the Indians to organize in the winter of 1762-63 a simultaneous attack on the English forts to be made in May 1763 at a certain phase of the moon. On the 27th of April 1763, before a meeting near Detroit of delegates from most of the Algonquian tribes, he outlined his plans. On the 7th of May, with 60 warriors, he attempted unsuccessfully to gain admission to Detroit, which then had a garrison of about 160 under Major Henry Gladwin (1730-1791); and then besieged the fort from the 9th of May to the end of October. On the 28th of May reinforcements from Fort Niagara were ambuscaded near the mouth of the Detroit. In June the Wyandot and Potawatomi withdrew from the siege, but on the 29th of July they attacked reinforcements (280 men, including 20 of Rogers's rangers) from Fort Niagara under Captain James Dalyell (or Dalzell), who, however, gained the fort, and in spite of Gladwin's opposition on the 31st of July attacked Pontiac's camp, but was ambuscaded on Bloody Run and was killed, nearly 60 others being killed or wounded. On the 12th of October the Potawatomi, Ojibwa and Wyandot made peace with the English; with the Ottawa Pontiac continued the siege until the 30th of October, when he learned from Neyon de la Vallière, commandant of Fort Chartres (among the Illinois) that he would not be aided by the French. Pontiac then withdrew to the Maumee.

Fort Pitt with a garrison of 330 men under Captain Simeon Ecuyer was attacked on the 22nd of June and was besieged from the 27th of July to the 1st of August, when the Indians withdrew to meet a relief expedition of 500 men, mostly Highlanders, under Colonel Henry Bouquet (1719-1766), who had set out from Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on the 18th of July, and relieved Fort Ligonier (on the site of the borough of Ligonier, Westmoreland county, Penn.) on the 2nd of August, but was surprised on the 5th, and fought (5th and 6th) the battle of Bushy Run (25 m. S.E. of Fort Pitt), finally flanking and routing the Indians after tricking them by a feinted retreat of a part of his force. Bouquet reached Fort Pitt on the 10th of August. At Michilimackinac (Mackinac), Michigan, on the 4th of June, the Indians gained admission to the fort by a trick, killed nearly a score of the garrison and captured the remainder, including Captain George Etherington, the commander, besides several English traders, including Alexander Henry (1739-1824). Some of the captives were seized by the Ottawa, who had taken no part in the attack; a part of these were released, and reached Montreal on the 13th of August. Seven of the prisoners kept by the Ojibwa were killed in cold blood by one of their chiefs. Fort Sandusky (on the site of Sandusky, Ohio) was taken on the 16th of May by Wyandot; and Fort St Joseph (on the site of the present Niles, Mich.) was captured on the 25th of May and 11 men (out of its garrison of 14) were massacred, the others with the commandant, Ensign Schlosser, being taken to Detroit and exchanged for Indian prisoners. On the 27th of May Fort Miami (on the site of Fort Wayne, Indiana) surrendered to the Indians after its commander, Ensign Holmes, had been treacherously killed. Fort Ouiatanon (about 5 m. south-west of the present Lafayette, Indiana) and Fort Presque Isle (on the site of Erie, Penn.) were taken by the Indians on the 1st and 16th of June respectively; and Fort Le Boeuf (on the site of Waterford,

Penn.) was surprised on the 18th, but its garrison escaped, and seven (out of 13) got safely to Fort Pitt. Fort Venango (near the site of the present Venango, Penn.) was taken and burnt about the same time by some Senecas (the only Iroquois in the conspiracy), who massacred the garrison and later burned the commander, Lieut. Gordon. About 500 Senecas on the 14th of September surprised a wagon train, escorted by 24 soldiers, from Fort Schlosser (2 m. above Niagara Falls), drove most of them over the brink of the Devil's Hole (below the cataract), and then nearly annihilated a party from Fort Niagara sent to the rescue.

In 1763, although the main attacks on Detroit and Fort Pitt had failed, nearly every minor fort attacked was captured, about 200 settlers and traders were killed, and in property destroyed or plundered the English lost about £100,000, the greatest loss in men and property being in western Pennsylvania.

In June 1764 Colonel John Bradstreet (1711-1774) led about 1200 men from Albany to Fort Niagara, where at a great gathering of the Indians several treaties were made in July; in August he made at Presque Isle a treaty (afterwards annulled by General Thomas Gage) with some Delaware and Shawnee chiefs; and in September made treaties (both unsatisfactory) with the Wyandot, Ottawa and Miami at Sandusky, and with various chiefs at Detroit. He sent Captain Howard to occupy the forts at Michilimackinac, Green Bay and Sault Ste Marie, and Captain Morris up the Maumee river, where he conferred with Pontiac, and then to Fort Miami, where he narrowly escaped death at the hands of the Miami; and with his men Bradstreet returned to Oswego in November, having accomplished little of value. An expedition of 1500 men under Colonel Bouquet left Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in August, and near the site of the present Tuscarawas, Ohio, induced the Indians to release their prisoners and to stop fighting—the practical end of the conspiracy. Pontiac himself made submission to Sir William Johnson on the 25th of July 1766 at Oswego, New York. In April 1769 he was murdered, when drunk, at Cahokia (nearly opposite St Louis) by a Kaskaskia Indian bribed by an English trader; and he was buried near the St Louis Fort. His death occasioned a bitter war in which a remnant of the Illinois was practically annihilated in 1770 at Starved Rock (between the present Ottawa and La Salle), Illinois, by the Potawatomi, who had been followers of Pontiac. Pontiac was one of the most remarkable men of the Indian race in American history, and was notable in particular for his power (rare among the Indians) of organization.


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 beautiful lake (Camel, see illustration), named by Mr. McKinlay.

9th. Went round the western side of the lake. Peter and Sambo absconded after getting shirts, etc.; had to retrace our steps, having mistaken the dry top of a creek for a lake. Started about 7 and crossed creek.

11th. Mr. McKinlay started on the 11th with two camels, Mr. Middleton, and a native, with provisions and water, for whites said to be in the interior; they saw about 200 natives, apparently friendly. Horses rambled away about ten miles but were brought back again in the afternoon. Short hobbled them and went to roost. Shifted camp in the morning to better water, which the leader has named Poole's Pond, after Bobby Poole, one of the party. Plenty of natives about, but quite friendly. Wild ducks in numbers. Sewed a couple of sheepskins on the packs to prevent them from chafing. The skins, as we killed the sheep, came in very useful.

12th. Two of the bullocks missing; the driver went after them, and did not return till late the following day; they had gone back as far as Lake Hope. The water at the lake Mr. McKinlay found while he was out scouring the country is very bad indeed, in fact almost undrinkable; fortunately we had some other in our canteens. Water the horses from a canvas trough, as the sides of


text: Portal:Chicago Field Museum of Natural History


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 the lake were too boggy for them to go in. We did not finish till 9

13th. Bullocks having again strayed we spelled on the 13th. Mr. McKinlay and Mr. Hodgkinson went out scouting, and returned about 4

14th. Lake "Siva," named after the fierce camel, or "Perigundi" Lake, the native name. In the afternoon natives, both men and women, came to our camp, and were curious to see anything there; but on their departure we discovered that an axe was missing.

15th. This evening the watch (which was regularly kept) was surprised by a native coming to the camp alone; and what, reader, would you imagine was the cause of his midnight trip? Only to bring back the axe that one of his tribe had stolen. The old man then quietly took leave, saying he would return in the morning. His name was Mooticlina, esto perpetua! Henceforth we must not say that there is no honour among the aborigines.

16th. In the morning some natives came near the camp, and presently the old man arrived. Mr. McKinlay gave the women some beads and fishhooks, which pleased them much; to the old man for his honesty a tomahawk, a thing more prized by these children of the desert than any other. Started, passing north-west of lake. Cleared the


text:
Author:Eugene Stanley Richardson

Works

 * A Middle Devonian Octactinellid Sponge from New York. (1950)
 * Pennsylvanian Invertebrates of the Mazon Creek Area, Illinois: Marine Fauna. (1956)
 * Pennsylvanian Invertebrates of the Mazon Creek Area, Illinois: Trilobitomorpha, Arthropleurida. (1956)

title: Author:Eugene Stanley Richardson


text:
Page:Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia.djvu/129

 timber that surrounds it and commenced ascending sand hills very soft, high, and steep, then through flooded flats with box and polygonum. Distance travelled about eight and a half miles to Kierie Creek, and camped at water-hole. (Name "Wantula Depôt.")

17th. Remained here to-day, preparing for Mr. McKinlay's start for Cooper's Creek, where, as the black fellows say, "white man sit down" (die). They take with them stores, and some little creature comforts, in case they find the poor fellow alive, such as arrowroot, coffee, chocolate, etc. Mr. McKinlay takes the four camels with him, also two men and a native, who seems to know all about the "white fellow." Here we opened the store of recuperated sausages, 200 lb., and found them, to our sorrow, nearly all bad, one tin quite rotten and had to be thrown away there and then. We missed them much, as the sequel will show. The remainder we have hung on lines, hoping they might improve by the process. Thermometer to-day 122°.

18th. Mr. McKinlay and party before-mentioned off this morning, to find the truth of the report of the native, and whether the white man was still alive; and they take with them our best wishes for their success of course.

We must take from McKinlay's journal as the writer was not personally with him (be it known


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 that it is with his permission), but the book would not be complete were we to omit any incident that occurred during the journey. We will now leave the detachment under McKinlay and proceed with a short detail of what took place in the interim.

After the party left us, we remained at Kierie Creek, expecting to remain there as a depôt camp till Mr. McKinlay's return. Lots of natives camped here on our arrival, but left with the detachment, and we saw no more of them till the following afternoon, when a "lubra" (English, a wife) arrived with a letter from the leader, ordering us to go to a lake about nine or ten miles further on. She was accompanied by three or four lubras and several men, and appeared as friendly as possible.

Being too late to proceed there to-night, got everything ready for an early start in the morning; and glad we were of it, for McKinlay had ordered us to clear all the bushes away round the camp for the space of two or three hundred yards, and with the thermometer at 124°, I think, dear reader, you will coincide with me, when I say we were delighted to have to move camp to a fine lake, as the next intended depôt was represented to be.

A magnificent night, the moon shining as if she were idle, or had nothing else to do, and the clear blue of the Australian sky; all Nature


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 VIEW OF KIERI.


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 seemed to be at rest except ourselves. We woke the echoes of the night with many a song of home, and love, and blighted hopes.

20th. Strike camp, with the natives for our guides, at 5, thermometer 59° in the tent. We started at 7.30 ; we crossed a succession of sand hills, afterwards well-grassed, flooded flats, and arrived at Cudgeecudgeena, about 10, passing a dry lake in our way. Mr. McKinlay has called this Lake Cudgeecudgeena, "Lake Buchanan," after Mr. Buchanan, of Anlaby, the gentleman who showed us such kindness on the way out, and a small hill, on the south-west side of it, he has named "Anlaby," after Mr. Buchanan's station.

The day was fearfully hot, the dry, hot sand piercing the boots of those who were obliged to walk; it was fearful, and made one and all of us unfit for work: nevertheless we were obliged to build a sheep-yard, and, the timber not being very close, it proved a much longer job than we approved of. Quite knocked up, and too tired to put the tents up, slept with mother earth for our bed, and the canopy of heaven for our tent. We kept watch, however, but each man was right glad when his two hours' guard was over.

Lake Cudgeecudgeena is very pretty from our camp, the water beautifully clear, with belts of timber all round; the pelican, ducks, geese, and other water-fowls, are here in thousands on its


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 bosom. Rising above the timber, opposite our tents, are seen sand hills covered with salt-bushes. On the south-west rises Anlaby Hill; it is a pretty spot. Perhaps, reader, it appears pretty to us after so much desert, and only a little pool or so. Here is an immense sheet of water, ten to fifteen miles round; place yourself in our position, and perhaps then you would appreciate it as we did.

This is to be our depôt camp, and we shall remain here some time, how long we cannot say, till Mr. McKinlay comes back from his trip to find the "White fellow what sit down along water." This word the natives use almost indiscriminately.


text: Author:Robert Howland Denison

title: Author:Robert Howland Denison


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 CAMP LIFE AT THE DEPOT.

had been on the look-out for a site suitable for a camp or depôt, with the view of the expedition making a halt for a considerable time, while he went in search of the missing party of Burke and Wills. The banks of Perigundi or Lake Siva, which they had passed were not suitable, owing to their boggy character. "One of the camels got bogged, and narrowly escaped." Cudgeecudgeena, or Lake Buchanan, was more promising, and in the prospect of a long stay, presented abundance of grass and clover. The water, however, was all but dried up, a few inches only being around the margin. After some search


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/McNeill, Major-General Sir John Carstairs


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Macpherson, Hon. John Alexander


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Macrossan, Hon. John Murtagh


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Madden, Hon. John


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Madden, Richard Robert


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Madden, Hon. Walter


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Mair, Major William Gilbert


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Mais, Henry Coathupe


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 THE SEARCH FOR BURKE AND WILLS.

settled the camp at Lake Buchanan, Mr. McKinlay the following day, 18th October, sets off with a section of his party, with the view of prosecuting a search for the missing expedition. Various reports had been heard on the route from the settled parts, and a native of this neighbourhood, called Bullenjani, who seemed to know a great deal of the matter, accompanies the party. The reports point chiefly in a north-easterly direction, where it is said there was a fight between the whites and the blacks, and where one or more


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Reform of Public Charity


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Christian Science from a Physician's Point of View


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/The Wheat Lands of Canada


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Best Methods of Taxation: Part III


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Bacon's Idols: A Commentary


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Mathematics for Children


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Present Position of Sociology


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/A Feathered Parasite


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/The Columbus Meeting of the American Association


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Sketch of Dr. William Pepper


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Correspondence


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Editor's Table


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Scientific Literature


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/General Notices


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Publications Received


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Fragments of Science


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Minor Paragraphs


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/October 1899/Notes


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/Index

title: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 55/Index


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wayland the Smith


text:
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the body of a fish four parts are distinguished: the head, trunk, tail, and the fins; the boundary between the first and second being generally indicated by the gill-opening, and that between the second and third by the vent. The form of the body and the relative proportions of those principal parts are subject to much variation, such as is not found in any other class of Vertebrates. In fishes which are endowed with the power of steady and more or less rapid locomotion, a deviation from that form of body, which we observe in a perch, carp, or mackerel, is never excessive. The body forms a simple, equally-formed wedge, compressed or slightly rounded, well fitted for cleaving the water. In fishes which are in the habit of moving on the bottom, the whole body, or at least the head, is vertically depressed and flattened; the head may be so enormously enlarged that the trunk and tail appear merely as an appendage. In one family of fishes, the Pleuronectidæ or Flat-fishes, the body is compressed into a thin disk; they swim and move on one side only, which remains constantly directed towards the bottom, a peculiarity by which the symmetry of all parts of the body has been affected. A lateral compression of the body, in conjunction with a lengthening of the vertical and a shortening of the longitudinal axis, we find in fishes moving comparatively slowly through


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36 the water, and able to remain (as it were) suspended in it. This deviation from the typical form may proceed so far that the vertical axis greatly exceeds the longitudinal in length; generally all the parts of the body participate in this form, but in one kind of fish (the Sun-fish or Orthagoriscus) it is chiefly the tail which has been shortened, and reduced so much as to present the appearance of being cut off. An excessive lengthening of the longitudinal axis, with a shortening of the vertical, occurs in Eels and eel-like fishes, and in the so-called Band-fishes. They are bottom-fish, capable of insinuating themselves into narrow crevices and holes. The form of the body of these long fish is either cylindrical, snake-like, as in the Eels and many Codfishes, or strongly compressed as in the Band-fishes (Trichiurus, Regalecus, etc.) It is chiefly the tail which is lengthened, but frequently the head and trunk participate more or less in this form. Every possible variation occurs between these and other principal types of form. The old ichthyologists, even down to Linneeus, depended in great measure on them for classification; but although often the same form of body obtains in the same group of fishes, similarity of form by no means indicates natural affinity; it only indicates similitude of habits and mode of life.

The external parts of the Head.—The Eye divides the head into the ante-orbital and post-orbital portion. In most fishes, especially in those with a compressed head, it is situated on the side and in the anterior half of the length of the head; in many, chiefly those with a depressed head, it is directed upwards, and sometimes situated quite at the upper side; in very few, the eyes look obliquely downwards. In the Flat-fishes both eyes are on the same side of the head, either the right or the left, always on that which is directed towards the light, and coloured.

Fishes in general, compared with other Vertebrata, have large eyes. Sometimes these organs are enormously enlarged,


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Rh their great size indicating that the fish is either nocturnal, or lives at a depth to which only a part of the sun's rays penetrate. On the other hand, small eyes occur in fishes inhabiting muddy places, or great depths to which scarcely any light descends, or in fishes in which the want of an organ of sight is compensated by the development of other organs of sense. In a few fishes, more particularly in those inhabiting caves or the greatest depths of the ocean, the eyes have become quite rudimentary and hidden under the skin.

In the ante-orbital portion of the head, or the Snout, are situated the mouth and the nostrils.

The Mouth is formed by the intermaxillary and maxillary bones, or by the intermaxillary only in the upper jaw, and by the mandibulary bone in the lower. These bones are either bare or covered by integument, to which frequently labial folds or lips are added. As regards form, the mouth offers as many variations as the body itself, in accordance with the nature of the food, and the mode of feeding. It may be narrow, or extremely wide and cleft to nearly the hind margin of the head; it may be semi-elliptical, semicircular, or straight in a transverse line; it may be quite in front of the snout (anterior), or at its upper surface (superior), or at its lower (inferior), or extending along each side (lateral); sometimes it is sub-circular, organised for sucking. The jaws of some fishes are modified into a special weapon of attack (Sword-fish, Saw-fish); in fact, throughout the whole class of fishes the jaws are the only organ specialised for the purpose of attacking; weapons on other parts of the body are purely defensive.

Both jaws may be provided with skinny appendages, barbels, which, if developed and movable, are sensitive organs of touch.

In the majority of fishes the Nostrils are a double opening on each side of the upper surface of the snout; the openings


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38 of each side being more or less close together. They lead into a shallow groove; and only in one family (the Myxinoids) perforate the palate. In this family, as well as in the Lampreys, the nasal aperture is single. In many Eels the openings are lateral, the lower perforating the upper lip. In the Sharks and Rays (Fig. 1, p. 34) they are at the lower surface of the snout, and more or less confluent; and, finally, in the Dipnoi and other Ganoids, one at least is within the labial boundary of the mouth.

The space across the forehead, between the orbits, is called the inter-orbital space; that below the orbit, the infra-orbital or sub-orbital region.

In the post-orbital part of the head there are distinguished, at least in most Teleosteous Fishes and many Ganoids, (Fig. 24) the præoperculum, a sub-semicircular bone, generally with a free and often serrated or variously-armed margin; the operculum, forming the posterior margin of the gill-opening, and the suboperculum and inter-operculum along its inferior margin. All these bones, collectively called opercles, form the gill-cover, a thin bony lamella covering the cavity containing the gills. Sometimes they are covered with so thin a membrane that the single bones may be readily distinguished; sometimes they are hidden under a thick integument. In some cases the inter-operculum is rudimentary or entirely absent (Siluroids).

The Gill-opening is a foramen, or a slit behind or below the head, by which the water which has been taken up through the mouth for the purpose of breathing is again expelled. This slit may extend from the upper end of the operculum all round the side of the head to the symphysis of the lower jaw; or it may be shortened and finally reduced to a small opening on any part of the margin of the gill-cover. Sometimes (Symbranchus) the two openings, thus reduced, coalesce, and form what externally appears as a single opening only. The margin of the gill-cover is provided with a cutaneous fringe,


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" anything yet, Jack?" asked Tom, after the air service boys had been moving along for a brief time, often so close to the top of the ridge that they could make out the character of the trees growing there.

"Not a thing, Tom. I hope now we haven't made a wrong play, and all this while kept running away from the place."

"No danger of that," and Tom's confident way of saying this gave Jack considerable peace of mind. "There's the river, and we can easily see which way it runs, and this is the left bank all right. We ought to strike that break any minute now. The Lorrainer told me it lay just on the other side of the gap."

"And it seems that some small stream comes through the ridge by way of that valley and joins the Meuse there, you said. But if we don't make a rise pretty soon I'm afraid our goose will be cooked. That little amount of petrol left isn't going to last much longer."


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164 "Hold your horses, and don't cross a bridge before you come to it. Right now I believe I can see something ahead that looks like a dip in the ridge. The chances are it's going to be that gap the man told about."

On hearing this news Jack strained his eyesight more than ever, and soon gave tongue again. No need of using his novel little wireless outfit when the engine was purring so softly and the propellers were revolving just fast enough to keep the plane moving slowly.

"As usual, you're right about that dip. It's there sure enough; and already I more than half believe I can make out something perched on the ridge beyond that's likely to be our chateau."

"Then we've got to be on the lookout for a landing-place," announced the pilot. "It would hardly do to run smack up close to the place. Some of them might happen to be awake, and the sound of our machine would bring them out to investigate. We're taking enough chances as it is, without that."

So he went still lower, just creeping along as it were, and both of them eagerly watched for an open spot.

Tom even circled so as to come down near the low ground at the foot of the ridge. No doubt they would have a far better chance to run across a landing-place there than where the ground was


text: An Introduction to the Study of Fishes/Chapter 2


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Rh rocky and more precipitous. They had also to bear in mind that it would be necessary to make an ascent later on, if all went well; which must require a certain amount of ground level enough to make the preliminary run.

After all it was Jack who made the discovery, Tom's attention being in part taken up with the requirements necessary to his function as pilot

"There, I saw what looked like a decent spot, Tom—we just passed it by on the right. Try to turn around, and we'll look it over again as we go. Seemed plenty big enough, I thought, though I'd like to have a second peep before we decide to try to land."

This time Tom, too, used his eyes to good advantage, and hardly had they swung past before Jack was asking, in rather subdued tones now:

"How about it, Tom? Think we can make the riffle all right, in this poor light?"

Tom did not hesitate to answer this important question.

"I'm willing to try, Jack. If we're carrying our usual luck we'll land so easy we could hardly break an egg between us. Be ready for your part of the game now."

Jack waited, with his nerves all a-tremble. He knew that everything must depend on Tom's success in effecting a safe landing. Any breakage might upset all their plans, and possibly result in


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166 their ultimate capture by the Huns; for when morning came they would have to expose themselves in seeking food, and once they were identified as Americans they would soon be run down.

If ever Tom had reason to exert himself to the utmost in order to make a safe landing, it was then. He came up in the face of what little breeze was stirring, just as a bird invariably alights against the wind, and not with it.

Jack held his breath. Nearer and still nearer they dropped. Now he felt the rubber-tired wheels under the plane strike the ground lightly. They were actually rolling along, jolting more or less, it was true, but nothing so very unusual after all.

With a slight jar the plane came to a sudden stop. Jack, who had freed himself from his safety belt in preparation for this moment, was over like a flash; but although there was a slight slant to the ground the plane displayed no inclination to run backwards.

"Beautifully done," Jack hastened to say.

"Not so loud!" cautioned the other. "We don't know where we are yet, you see. Here's green grass around us, and trees close by. It may be some back dooryard to a house, for all we can tell."

"You just grazed the top of that last tree, Tom—the weeping willowy kind of one over


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Rh it had to be done to make the landing. Where do we go from here?"

Perhaps that phrase fell naturally from Jack's lips, for he had been singing a song with those identical words earlier on that very evening, with some of his rollicking companions at the Y. M. C. A. hut.

"As soon as we can get our bearings we want to find a road," his chum explained.

"Sure thing. And there ought to be one around, else how would folks get up to that chateau?" Jack demanded. "I suppose we'll have to see after the supply of gas the first thing."

"That was settled beforehand," came the reply. "Now we ought to get our bearings down pat before leaving the old bus here."

"It would be a bad joke on us for a fact, Tom, if we wandered off, and then after picking up a few gallons of petrol—even one, if it came down to that quantity, would serve—and then couldn't for the life of us find where we left the plane. Yes, let's skirmish around, and locate things in our minds."

Accordingly they started to move to the right, gradually widening the circle they made around the plane resting on the open grassy stretch of ground.

"Now we've got to the trees, you notice," said Tom. Once we pass them by, I think well come


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168 out on a road which will lead away from here."

Jack clutched his companion by the arm just then, and in an agitated whisper hurriedly said:

"What can those queer white things be over there, Tom? I can see many of them. They're squatting close down to the ground mostly; but there's one or two that stand up higher. Ugh! they look like ghosts to me in this half darkness. Can you make out whether or not they move?"

The other chuckled almost immediately.

"This is certainly a queer stunt for us, Jack," he said. "I've managed to make a landing in a good many outlandish places in times gone by, but this is the first time I ever dropped plump down in a graveyard!"

"What's that? And, say! are those white things gravestones? Well, I believe you're right. I can see now they're perfectly motionless. The joke's on me, I reckon. But I'm glad they are harmless old stones, and not anything to make the creeps go over a fellow."

Tom could hear Jack draw a long breath as he said this, from which he judged that his chum had had something of a shock. Closer inspection proved the truth of Tom's assertion. They were gravestones, mostly of a very modest type, and resting close to the ground. Here and there, however, one more pretentious raised its head some five or six feet high.


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Rh Better still, they came upon what seemed to be a road running through the country cemetery that, if followed, would undoubtedly take them to the one leading up to the chateau perched on the ridge above.

"Must be some sort of old French village around this neighborhood," observed Jack. "Many of these stones are partly covered with moss, as if they were terribly old. But then this may be a private burial place for the family that once lived for years and years in that big castle."

"That's nothing to us just now," Tom reminded him. "What we're interested in is whether this road will lead us up there, and if we can make sure of finding our plane again when we come back. Remember that everything will be just the opposite; what's right to us now will be on the left then."

"Oh, I learned that dodge long ago when I took up the study of woodcraft," Jack announced confidently. "Can't fool me on a little wrinkle like that, if I know it."

"Come along, and we'll make a start," Tom urged.

"Feels to me just as if we were two of those old-time crusaders, starting out to rescue a Christian maiden from the Saracens. Only in our case the girl is a mite of six, with a twin sister just breaking her baby heart over her loss."


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170 "Stop firing," said Tom, with a vein of authority in his voice; causing the talkative Jack to remember that there were times when silence could be called "golden."

"I'm dumb as a clam, Tom," he announced; and probably really meant it, so far as a limited time went. But if anything at all out of the ordinary happened Jack could no more help whispering than he could give up eating and expect to live.

But even Tom felt that there was considerable truth in that assertion made by his chum. They were engaged in a most peculiar errand, though actuated by motives that did them both credit. And as they stole carefully along the country road heading toward the foot of the ridge upon which the old partly wrecked French chateau stood, both boys realized more than ever what chances they were accepting in making this bold move.


text: Air Service Boys Flying for Victory/Chapter 19


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Rh in order to more effectually close the gill-opening; and this fringe is supported by one or several or many bony rays, the branchiostegals. The space on the chest between the two rami of the lower jaw and between the gill-openings is called the isthmus.

The Sharks and Rays differ from the Teleosteous and Ganoid fishes in having five branchial slits (six or seven in Hexanchus and Heptanchus), which are lateral in the Sharks, and at the lower surface of the head in the Rays (Fig. 1, p. 34). In Myxine only the gill-opening is at a great distance from the head; it is either single in this family (Cyclostomi), or there are six and more on each side (Fig. 2).

In the Trunk are distinguished the back, the sides, and the abdomen. It gradually passes in all fishes into the Tail; the termination of the abdominal cavity and the commencement of the tail being generally indicated by the position of the vent. The exceptions are numerous: not only certain abdominal organs, like the sexual, may extend to between the muscles of the tail, but the intestinal tract itself may pass far backwards, or, singularly, it may be reflected forwards, so that the position of the vent may be either close to the extremity of the tail or to the foremost part of the trunk.

In many fishes the greater part of the tail is surrounded by the fins, leaving only a small portion (between dorsal, caudal, and anal fins) finless; this part is called the free portion or the peduncle of the tail.


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did Jack pluck at the sleeve of his companion. Remembering his recently given promise, however, he waited to have Torn say the first word before breaking the silence.

"What is it?" asked Tom softly.

"Just made a discovery."

"Let's hear it."

"The old chateau is inhabited, all right," came Jack's assertion. "Tell you how I know. If you take a peep from here, between these trees, you'll notice that one wing is all lighted up."

"It certainly looks that way for a fact, Jack. The general must be having company, I should say."

"Maybe other officers have come back here to consult with Von Berthold about how to hold the Americans tight." chuckled Jack, as if according to his way of thinking they would have all their trouble for their pains, as there was nothing that the Hun army could attempt capable of effecting that end.


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172 "Just as like as not," his chum assented. "And as it's a serious subject, they're staying late to-night."

"Good reason," chortled the other; "because in three more days old Von will have to be vacating his comfy quarters here, and moving back in the direction of Sedan. Pershing wants this ridge, and means to take it in double-quick time, once we're out of the Argonne Forest. But do you think the fact that there's company around will upset our plans, Tom?"

"I'd rather believe it will help us in one way," replied his chum.

"How?"

"In the first place, it's apt to keep the general busy, and we'll know just where he is. That'll be worth something to us. Then again, we've got to consider how these generals got over here from the fighting front."

"Oh, they happen to have motor cars they can use," said Jack quickly. Any shortage of gasoline doesn't stop German officers from speeding across country, especially when on war business.

"Exactly," Tom said drilydryly [sic]. "And it's some of their precious petrol that we're wanting so badly right now, and to get which you're carrying that little bucket."

At that the other chuckled as if highly amused.

"Well, what a gump I was not to think of that


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Rh myself," he observed. "Why of course we may find a chance to borrow a gallon or two from the reservoir of their car, if only the soldier chauffeur happens to stray away to get a cold snack in the kitchen of the general's headquarters, or something like that. Tom, it's a peach of a scheme, and so simple!"

"All right, well go ahead then. And close up again, please, unless you hit on another important discovery, when I give you leave to whisper it in my ear."

The advance was resumed. The air service boys now started to climb quite an incline, proving that the road which they had been following latterly must pass close to the chateau.

Now and then they caught fresh glimpses of the building that stood out in bold relief against the heavens. They also noted that the lights still continued to shine in the right wing of the building. This must be the uninjured part. Jack imagined, if indeed the chateau had been partly wrecked by the Germans before the general took it as his headquarters.

In this fashion they gradually cut down the space separating them from the object of their concern. Tom it was this time who made a discovery. He came to a stop, and putting his head close to that of his chum whispered in his ear:

"We're in great luck, Jack. I can make out


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40 The Fins are divided into vertical or unpaired, and into horizontal or paired fins. Any of them may be present or absent; and their position, number, and form are most important guides in determining the affinities of fishes.

The vertical fins are situated in the median dorsal line, from the head to the extremity of the tail, and in the ventral line of the tail. In fishes in which they are least developed or most embryonic, the vertical fin appears as a simple fold of the skin surrounding the extremity of the tail. In its further progress of development in the series of fishes, it gradually extends more forwards, and may reach even the head and vent. Even in this embryonic condition the fin is generally supported by fine rays, which are the continuations of, or articulated to, other stronger rays supported by the processes or apophyses of the vertebral column.

This form of the vertical fin is very common, for instance in the Eels, many Gadoid, Blennioid and Ganoid fishes in which, besides, the rays have ceased to be simple rods, showing more or less numerous joints (simple articulated rays; Fig. 3). Branched rays are dichotomically split, the joints increasing in number towards the extremity.

The continuity of the vertical fin, however, is interrupted in the majority of fishes; and three fins then are distinguished: one in the dorsal line—the dorsal fin; one in the ventral line behind the anus—the anal fin; and one confined to the extremity of the tail—the caudal fin.

The caudal fin is rarely symmetrical, so that its upper half would be equal to its lower; the greatest degree of asymmetry obtains in fishes with heterocercal termination of the vertebral column (see subsequently, Figs. 31, 41). In fishes in


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174 two cars standing in the road before the chateau. The general must be holding a regular council of war up here, to settle some big matters."

"He'll settle them, all right, believe me," muttered Jack. "But it'll have to be a scuttle policy. Those Huns are licked, yes, licked good and hard. They're just beginning to know it, too. We're proving too much for their backbone to stand. Well, two cars means we're going to have a double chance to get our little bucket filled with the juice, Tom."

"Seems like it," was all the other allowed to pass his lips, as he once more commenced to advance.

They kept to the side of the road. Here trees were growing, and while the leaves were coming down fast after a frost, at the same time plenty still remained capable of affording shade in the daytime and making shadows at night.

Under the trees they could glide along without much danger of detection in case a sentry had been posted in front of the chateau. Both boys looked sharply again, striving to find out whether either of the military cars had an occupant.

So far as they could see, this did not happen to be the case, although cautious Tom would not wholly believe it until he had looked further. Wearied by the long wait, the drivers might have gone to sleep inside the closed cars.


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Rh Like a couple of creeping ghosts the air service boys now advanced. The cars stood close together, facing the same way, which Jack considered a lucky thing for their designs.

Tom pressed him back as if to bid him wait, pail in hand, while he took upon himself the task of learning what they might expect. Making his way to the nearest car he peeped in. To his satisfaction there was no occupant. Repeating his action he ascertained that the second car also was empty.

So he gave a low chirp. Jack recognized an old signal, often used between them in days past. It meant he could come on without fear of trouble. And Jack, eager, as he was, to secure some of the petrol, did not linger a second longer than was absolutely necessary.

"Let's get busy, Jack," his chum told him, as he came up behind the nearest car. "Ill keep watch, and you try your hand at cribbing some of their gas juice."

While Jack did not claim to be an expert at the business of transferring petrol from one tank to another, or into a gaping vessel, he believed he would be able to manage. They must get what they needed, if not one way, then through other means. Necessity knows no law, and their very lives, certainly their liberty, was placed in peril by this impotence on the part of their plane.


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176 Jack kept mumbling softly to himself as he worked. He seemed at first to meet with considerable difficulty, judging from the tone of his muttering. In fact, Tom had even turned to offer his assistance when he plainly caught the gurgle of running fluid and immediately sniffed the air strongly impregnated with the odor of petrol.

That told the story. While Jack continued to grumble he was actually acquitting himself with credit. So Tom chose not to interfere, but allowed his comrade to finish the work.

Once he thought he heard a gruff voice from somewhere over the wall of the chateau. He even feared they would be interrupted by the coming of the chauffeurs, who may have received word from their masters that a start was about to be made.

This, however, greatly to Tom's relief, proved to be a false alarm, for no one appeared. But there was Jack muttering again.

"Got every drop of juice this tank holds, Tom, and still not as much as I'd like to carry back. Shall I tackle the other car? I'd like to clean both of 'em out while about it, even if I have to waste some. Might save us heaps of trouble later on, if they were stalled here."

"Please yourself, but hurry above all things," Tom begged him.


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Rh "Just getting the hang of things now, and the second one will go a lot better than the first," Jack assured him.

Finally the work was accomplished. Jack seemed proud of his ability to purloin the badly needed stock of petrol. He chuckled as he turned to Tom to announce that he was through.

"Oh, me! Oh, my! But won't there be a hopping mad crowd around here when they find out that their gas tanks are both empty? By then I hope we'll be merrily on our way to camp, able to snap our fingers at the raging Boche, and with a little passenger aboard our plane. Back to the graves for us it is, Tom. Time for all spooks to climb into their holes again and disappear."

"Keep quiet, can't you, Jack!" whispered Tom. "You'll queer the whole business yet if you don't watch out. Come on, and don't leave a trail of gasoline to help them follow us."

The air service boys turned their backs on the chateau, but Jack hoped it would be only a temporary absence for them. He was already beginning to worry about something else, and of course could not keep his troubles to himself very long. Consequently when they were about half way back he again broke out.

"Just happened to think of a thing that's going to bother us some, I'm afraid, Tom," he suggested.