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Mackay the Enemy upon the day of Battell, written by Lieutenant-General Mackay, and Recommended to All (as well officers as soldiers) of the Scots and English army. In xxiii articles. Published by his Excellencies Secretary.' Reprinted at Edinburgh by John Reid in 1693. A volume printed by the Bannatyne Club in 1833 contains his 'Memoirs touching the Scots Wars,' 'Memoires écrites à sa Majestie Britannique touchant la dernière Campaigne d'Irlande,' 'Lettres ou Dépêches écrites, lorsqu'il commandoit en chef les troupes de sa Majêstie en Écosse,' and an Appendix of 'Letters relative to Military Affairs in Scotland in the years 1689 and 1690,' Many of his letters are printed in 'Leven and Melville Papers' (Bannatyne Club), in Macpherson's 'Original Papers,' and in 'Hist. MSS. Comm.' 12th Rep. App. pt. viii.

 MACKAY, JAMES TOWNSEND (1775?–1862), botanist, was born in Kirkcaldy, Fifeshire, about 1775. After being educated at the parish school he was trained as a gardener, and having filled several posts in Scotland went to Ireland in 1803. He visited the west of the island in 1804 and 1805, and as a result published a 'Catalogue of the Rarer Plants of Ireland' in the 'Transactions' of the Royal Dublin Society for the following year. This catalogue he enlarged into the 'Catalogue of the Indigenous Plants of Ireland,' published in 1825 in the 'Transactions' of the Royal Irish Academy, which was again the basis of his 'Flora Hibernica,' published in 1836, the cryptogamic portion of which was by Drs. Harvey and Taylor. The governors of Trinity College, Dublin, having determined to establish a botanical garden, Mackay was recommended to them as a curator, and he held the post from 1806 until his death. Soon after his appointment he was elected an associate of the Linnean Society, and in 1850 the university of Dublin bestowed upon him the degree of LL.D. He was attacked by paralysis about 1860, and died of bronchitis in Dublin 25 Feb. 1862.

Mackay discovered several species of plants new to the British Isles, and contributed largely to Sir J. E. Smith's 'English Botany' (1790–1814). His herbarium is preserved at Dublin. Several unsuccessful attempts were made to perpetuate his name, which is now borne by a genus of seaweeds, Mackaya, so named by Dr. Harvey, and by a species of heath, Erica Mackaiana. Nine papers by him upon Irish plants, several from the reports of the British Association, are enumerated in the 'Royal Society's Catalogue,' iv. 161; but his only independent work was the 'Flora Hibernica.'

 MACKAY, MACKINTOSH (1800–1873), Gaelic scholar, born in 1800, son of Captain Alexander Mackay of Duard Beg in Sutherland, was educated for the ministry, and was presented to the parish of Laggan, Inverness-shire, in 1825. He superintended the printing in 1828 of the Gaelic dictionary of the Highland and Agricultural Society, which is still the standard dictionary of that language. In the following year he published at Inverness the first edition of the 'Poems' of Robert Mackay, Rob Donn [q. v.] In recognition of these services the university of Glasgow gave him the degree of LL.D. In 1832 he was translated to the parish of Dunoon. He left the established church at the disruption, but retained the free church charge of the same parish. He was elected moderator of the free church assembly in 1849. Five years after he emigrated to Australia, became minister of the Gaelic church at Melbourne in 1864 and at Sydney in 1866. Returning to Scotland he became minister of the free church at Tarbert, Harris, and died in 1873. He had the honour of the friendship of Sir Walter Scott, who describes him as 'a simple, learned man and a Highlander, who weighs his own nation justly, a modest and estimable person.' On visiting Abbotsford in May 1831, Mackay drew the attention of Scott and Lockhart to the poems of Rob Donn, and thus led to the review of them by Lockhart in the 'Quarterly,' July 1831, for which he supplied several prose translations. Scott recommended the manse at Laggan as a suitable place, and Mackay as a suitable tutor to his friend, Mr. Skene of Rubislaw, for his son, William Forbes Skene, the historian of Celtic Scotland, then a youth of nineteen, who went to Laggan and studied Gaelic. Mackay thus acted as foster-father to the Gaelic poet of the last and the Celtic historian of tue present century.

 MACKAY, ROBERT, commonly called (the Brown) (1714–1778), Gaelic poet, was born at Allt-na-Caillich,


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 curiosity! and its having happened to yourself will afford double pleasure, as we cannot entertain any doubt of the fact.”

“It did not happen personally to me,” answered Ferdinand, who reflected that he had gone too far, “but to one of my friends, on whose word I have as firm a reliance as if I had been myself a witness to it.”

They reiterated their entreaties; and Ferdinand began in these words:—“One day, when I was arguing with the friend of whom I am about to make mention, on apparitions and omens, he told me the following story:—

“I had been invited,’invited,” [sic] said he, ‘by“by [sic] one of my college companions, to pass my vacations with him at an estate of his father’s. The spring was that year unusually late, owing to a long and severe winter, and appeared in consequence more gay and agreeable, which gave additional charms to our projected pleasures. We arrived at his father’s in the pleasant month of April, animated by all the gaiety the season inspired.

“As my companion and I were accustomed to live together at the university, he had recommended to his family, in his letters, so to arrange matters that we might live together at his father’s also: we in consequence occupied two adjoining rooms, from whence we enjoyed a view of the garden and

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Mackay, Sutherlandshire. His father, Donald, also called Donn, was a crofter in the district called Duthaich Mhic Aoidh, or Lord Reay's Country, after the chief of the clan, who was still its proprietor. Roderik Morrison, who knew the poet, described him as 'brown-haired, brown-eyed, rather pale-complexioned, clear-skinned, and, I would say, good-looking. When he entered a room his eye caught the whole at a glance, and his countenance indicated animation and energy.' The brown colour, whence his by-name, marked the family as belonging to the branch of Celts common in the west, which was distinct from the red-haired and bigger-built highlander of the east. His mother sang fragments of the old Ossianic poems, but neither his father nor any of his three brothers had the poetic gift. He first showed his talents in infancy, and is said, on apparently good authority, to have replied, when only three years old, in a Gaelic rhyme, still preserved, to his mother's reproaches for being out without his frock. Mackay seems never to have gone to school, and never learnt to read or write. When only seven he became a herd on the farm of Musal, held by John Mackay of Skerray. He was a kind master, but Rob never hesitated to try his wit on friends or superiors. As a herd he occasionally drove cattle to the tryst at Falkirk, and even to the fair at Kendal. On one of these journeys, when at Crieff, he wrote a poem on his first love, Annie Morrison, two verses of which Lockhart quoted in Dr. Mackintosh Mackay's translation in an article in the 'Quarterly' of 1831, and they first made Rob Donn known beyond his native glens. Annie Morrison preferred a carpenter to the herd, and he sought relief in pathetic lines, which will be found in the same article. He married a few years later Janet Mackay, daughter of a tenant in Durness, and secured from Mackay of Skerray a small croft at Balnaheglish. There he lived till the death of his master,on whom he composed one of his best elegies. His talents had attracted the liberal-hearted Donald, fourth lord Reay, who now gave him a better holding on the east shore of Loch Eribol, one of the wildest parts of Sutherland, where he discharged the double duty of herd and gamekeeper, for Rob was an ardent sportsman. He lost the latter part of his office when the ground was turned into a deer forest, with regular keepers, but retained his liking for a shot, and was occasionally charged with poaching. When on his way to the sheriff to answer such a charge he shot two deer, and told his wife to send for them, as he would be back to share them, and if not she would have more need of them. Nothing came of the prosecution, and, whether as a proof of generosity or to remove him from temptation, Lord Reay promoted him to be boman, or principal herd, at his own residence, Bal-na-Ceile, near Durness. This was an office several degrees above a common herd, for the boman had charge of a considerable stock, with servants under him, and the responsibility of accounting for the produce. Perhaps Rob Donn found the cares of office irksome, for he enlisted in the Sutherland highlanders, or Reay fencibles, when first raised, in 1759. Army discipline did not suit him more than the excise rules did Burns. When challenged for absence from drill, and asked to which company he belonged, he replied, with the pride of a highlander and a poet: 'Rob Donn belongs to every company.' He remained in this corps till it was reduced, in 1767, when he returned home.

Owing either to his refusal to thresh with a flail, or to the preparation of a satire on a favourite servant-maid of Lady Reay, he lost his place as boman, and he retired for a time to Ashmore, near Cape Wrath, but after a little was allowed to return to Bal-na-Ceile, where he remained till Lord Reay's death. He then obtained employment from Colonel Hugh Mackay of Skerray, a son of his earliest master, and continued in his service till shortly before his death. He died in 1778. A plain flat slab, with his name, Robert Mackay, Rob Donn, and the dates of his birth and death, was laid over his grave in the kirkyard of Bal-na-Ceile, and in 1829 a quadrangular monument of granite was erected there, 'by a few of his countrymen, admirers of native talent and extraordinary genius.' His wife died in the same year as himself. By her he had thirteen children. A son died in August 1778. Two of his daughters, but none of his sons, are said to have inherited some of his poetic talents.

Rob's poems are written in the Sutherland dialect, and from their terseness, as well as the use of peculiar words, are difficult to translate. By the natives of Sutherland he is deemed the best poet of the western highlands, but others reckon him inferior to Duncan Ban MacIntyre [q. v.] and Dugald Buchanan [q. v.] Only a few have been translated. They have been classed as humorous, satirical, solemn, and descriptive, but the last class is not largely represented. His chief works are elegies and satires. Among those translated are: Two love-songs to Annie Morrison; elegies on Mr. Pelham, the English statesman, Hugh Mackay, son of the laird of Bighouse, and Mr. Murdoch Macdonald, minister of Durness; 'The


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 For a short time be was a midshipman on board H.M.S. Wolfe, carrying the broad pennant of Commodore Sir James Lucas Yeo, and was present in the attack on Sacketts Harbour and other points on the southern shore "of Lake Ontario. Leaving the navy, he served as a volunteer with the 100th foot (afterwards disbanded as the 99th), and for his conduct at Fort Niagara in December 1813 received an ensigncy in the 49th foot in March 1814. After serving in the engagements at Fort Erie, Buffalo, and Black Rock, he joined his regiment at Montreal, and was in charge of the advance-guard at Saranac bridge in the Plattsburg fiasco.

At the peace he left the army, and became an articled clerk in the office of the attorney-general, and a government copyist. In 1821 he married, and in 1826 was called to the Canadian bar, and removed to Hamilton to practise there.' In 1829 he was first introduced to public life. The 'Hamilton outrage,' as a parade through the streets of an effigy of the lieutenant-governor, Sir [q. v.], was called, became the subject of parliamentary inquiry. MacNab refused to testify on certain points, as tending to incriminate himself. He was taken into custody by the serjeant-at-arms, on the motion of James Lyon Mackenzie [q. v.], the leader of the rebellion in Upper Canada eight years later, and was committed to the common gaol. His confinement was brief, but the conservatives regarded him as a political martyr, and chose him for their candidate at the general election of 1830. He was returned to the House of Assembly as member for Wentworth county, and one of his first acts as a legislator was to second a motion for the commitment of Mackenzie for breach of privilege in the publication of a newspaper article reflecting on the policy of the government. Party feeling at that time ran very high. In 1837 MacNab was elected speaker of the House of Assembly, which post he held until the union of the provinces in 1841. He sat for Wentworth county for three terms, and afterwards for Hamilton. On the outbreak of the rebellion of 1837-8 MacNab turned out with his militia battalion—known by the rebels as 'the men of Gore'—defeated the rebels at Montgomery's tavern, cleared the neighbouring districts, and cut adrift the schooner Caroline, belonging to a body of American 'sympathisers,' who had taken possession of Navy Island, a little above Niagara, and sent her in flames over the falls (cf., Hist. of Europe, vi. 87-90). For his active and spirited conduct he was knighted 21 March 1838. He received the thanks of the colonial legislature, and was retained as a queen's counsel.

Soon after the union of 1841 MacNab became leader of the conservatives, then in opposition. On the defeat of the Baldwin-Lafontaine ministry he was elected, for a second time, in 1844, to the speaker's chair. He served four years as speaker, and in 1848 again led the conservatives, then once more in opposition. He vehemently opposed the Lafontaine rebellion losses bill, and went to England to invoke imperial interference, in which he failed, although he was supported by Mr. Gladstone. On the defeat of the Hincks-Morin ministry in 1854, MacNab, at the invitation of the governor-general, Lord Elgin [see, eighth and twelfth ], formed a coalition ministry with Mr. Morin, of which MacNab's lieutenant, Sir  [q. v.], was the active spirit. MacNab was a martyr to the gout, and when he went to England in 1867, in search of rest and change of air, Macdonald succeeded him, contrary to MacNab's wish. MacNab settled near Brighton, Sussex, where his health improved. An old-fashioned tory in English politics, he contested unsuccessfully the representation of Brighton in the English House of Commons, and was created a baronet by Lord Derby 5 Feb. 1858. In 1860 he returned to Hamilton, was elected member by a majority of twenty-six votes, and became partly reconciled with Macdonald. While in England he had been consulted by the government on colonial defences, and was made honorary colonel in the British army and one of the militia aides-de-camp to the queen, and was appointed to command a Canadian military district. He accompanied the Prince of Wales during his visit to Canada in 1861. At the opening of the parliamentary session of 1862 MacNab was chosen speaker for a third time. His old complaint had returned, and at the close of the session he was scarcely able to reach his home at Toronto, where he died six weeks after, 8 Aug. 1862, when the baronetcy became extinct. All his life MacNab had been a member of the church of England, but on his death his sister-in-law, wno had been attending him, announced that he died in the Roman catholic faith, and he was buried as a Roman catholic. Public opinion was greatly excited on the subject. Many of MacNab's old friends and colleagues refused to attend his funeral, and a violent controversy followed in the colonial press.

MacNab married, first, 6 May 1821, Elizabeth, daughter of Lieutenant Daniel Brooke of Toronto (she died in 1825); se-


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 a fine country, bounded in the distance by forests and vineyards. In a few days I found myself so completely at home in the house, and so familiarised with its inhabitants, that nobody, whether of the family or among the domesticks, made any difference between my friend and myself. His younger brothers, who were absent from me in the day, often passed the night in my room, or in that of their elder brother. Their sister, a charming girl about twelve years of age, lovely and blooming as a newly blown rose, gave me the appellation of brother, and fancied that under this title she was privileged to shew me all her favourite haunts in the garden, to gratify my wishes at table, and to furnish my apartment with all that was requisite. Her cares and attention will never be effaced from my recollection; they will long outlive the scenes of horror that château never ceases to recall to my recollection. From the first of my arrival, I had remarked a huge portrait affixed to the wall of an antechamber through which I was obliged to pass to go to my room; but, too much occupied by the new objects which on all sides attracted my attention, I had not particularly examined it. Meanwhile I could not avoid observing that, though the two younger brothers of my friend were so much attached to me, that they would never permit me to go at night into my room

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MacNaghten dresses to Knox's only daughter. Mary Anne, a girl of fifteen, who was entitled to a fortune of 6,000l. Miss Knox favoured his suit, but her father opposed it. Macnaughton, however, told Miss Knox that her father had secretly consented to their marriage; then persuaded her to read over the marriage service with him in the presence of a youth named Hamilton, and finally claimed Miss Knox as his wife by law in virtue of the supposed contract between them. He followed her to Sligo, but was there challenged by a friend of the Knox family, and being wounded was obliged to take refuge in his uncle's house at Londonderry. Meanwhile, the prerogative court of Armagh set aside the pretended contract, and 600l. damages were awarded to Knox.

Macnaughton, to avoid a writ sued out against him for these damages, withdrew to England. But in August 1761 he returned to Ireland, visited Enniskillen, and learning that Miss Knox with her mother and aunt were drinking the waters at Swanlinbar, a village ten miles from Enniskillen, he hired a lodging there, disguised as a common sailor. His movements excited suspicion, and Miss Knox and her friends were placed under the protection of Lord Mountflorence at Florence Court, co. Fermanagh. Macnaughton, after vainly soliciting an interview there with Miss Knox, planned an attack on Knox and his family on their way to Dublin for the parliamentary session. On 10 Nov. he, with accomplices, attacked Knox's coach at a sequestered spot by Cloughhean, and, meeting with a determined resistance, shot Miss Knox with fatal effect. Macnaughton, who was himself badly wounded, rode off, but was captured in a hayloft by two of Sir James Caldwell's light hone, and lodged in Lifford gaol. At his trial on 11 Dec. he was brought into court on a bed dressed in a 'white flannel waistcoat with black buttons, a parti-coloured woollen nightcap, and a crape about his shoulders.' He declared he had no intention Of killing anybody, but that, feeling himself wounded, he no longer knew what he did. He strove to save the life of an accomplice Dunlap, who was tried with him, alleging that the man was his own tenant and has acted under his influence. His eloquence and resigned bearing are said to have 'drawn tears from the eyes of many,' but he was sentenced to be hanged at Strabane on 16 Dec. 1761. The populace imagined that Macnaughton had only tried to seize a wife wrongfully detained from him, and in consequence of a general refusal to take part in the work, the gallows was built by an uncle and some friends of Miss Knox. Macnaughton behaved with the utmost coolness at his execution. The rope broke three times — an accident that entitled him to his liberty, but he bade the sheriff proceed. He and Dunlap were buried in the same grave behind the church of Strabane, co. Tyrone.

 MACNAGHTEN, WILLIAM HAY (1793–1841), diplomatist, born in August 1793, was second son of Sir Francis Macnaghten (1763–1843) of Dundarave, Bushmills, co. Antrim, by his wife Letitia, eldest daughter of Sir William Dunkin of Clogher. The father was knighted on becoming a judge of the supreme court of Judicature at Madras in 1809, and was transferred to the supreme court of Bengal in 1816. He assumed the additional surname of Workman in 1823, retired from the bench in 1825, and was created a baronet 16 July 1886. In 1832 he succeeded to the chieftainship of the Clan Macnaghten and the patrimonial estate of Beardiville, on the death of his brother, Edmund Alexander Macnaghten. After being educated at Charterhouse, William received a cadetship in the East India Company's service, and came to India in September 1809. For some time he served in the bodyguard of the governor of Madras, and was a member of his household. He devoted himself zealously to the study of Hindustani, for which he gained a prize of five hundred pagodas in May 1811, and of Persian, the language then most in request in the political department, for which he gained a similar prize two years later. He also acquired the Tamil, Telugu, Canarese, and Marathi tongues. From June 1811 to the summer of 1812 he served as a cornet in the 4th cavalry at Hyderabad, and was initiated by Henry Russell, the resident, into the diplomacy of the nizam's court. In 1812 he joined Lord William Bentinck's institution, and pursued the study of mathematics. He was also employed on survey duty, and in 1813 he joined the escort of Mr. Cole, resident of Mysore, and acted as Cole's political assistant.

Macnaghten was appointed to the civil service of Bengal in 1814, and arrived at Calcutta in October, bearing the highest commendations from Madras. There he continued his oriental studies for some time at the college of Fort William, and gained the highest attainable distinction in every eastern language taught there. He was appointed in May I8I0 assistant to the registrar in the Sudder Dewanny Adawlut, the court of appeal for the presidency of Bengal. Next he officiated as joint magistrate of Majda


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 without them, yet they always evinced an unaccountable dread in crossing the hall where this picture hung. They clung to me, and embraced me that I might take them in my arms; and whichever I was compelled to take by the hand, invariably covered his face, in order that he might not see the least trace of the portrait.

“Being aware that the generality of children are afraid of colossal figures, or even of those of a natural height, I endeavoured to give my two young friends courage. However, on more attentively considering the portrait which caused them so much dread, I could not avoid feeling a degree of fear myself. The picture represented a knight in the costume of a very remote period; a full grey mantle descended from his shoulders to his knees; one of his feet placed in the foreground, appeared as if it was starting from the canvass; his countenance had an expression which petrified me with fear. I had never before seen any thing at all like it in nature. It was a frightful mixture of the stillness of death, with the remains of a violent and baneful passion, which not even death itself was able to overcome. One would have thought the artist had copied the terrible features of one risen from the grave, in order to paint this terrific portrait. I was seized with a terror little less than the children, whenever I wished to con- Rh

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forms of parallel motion which have been used are so various, that we shall not attempt to enumerate the whole. In what follows, however, we shall treat of those varieties that have been most commonly adopted in land or marine engines; and in doing so, it will be our object both to explain their principles of action, and give practical rules for calculating the lengths of the various parts in every assignable case.

The forms of parallel motion that we shall discuss are four in number; one adapted to land engines, and represented in fig. 3; the others used for marine engines, and represented in figs. 4, 5, 6. It will be found that all these different arrangements act on the same fundamental principle; and therefore, before going farther, we shall proceed to explain it. Let G C and H F be two levers moving round centres at C and H, and connected together by the rod or link G F. We shall suppose that G C represents the beam of an engine standing in a horizontal position at half stroke. The rod H F represents the radius bar of the parallel motion, and at half stroke it must be horizontal, or parallel to G C. In the present case we shall suppose it to be equal to G C in length. If the beam be made to turn on its centre, so as to cause G to move towards G′, the point E in the middle of the link G F will move upwards nearly in a perpendicular line R′ S′, bisecting the versine D K. This will be evident from the following considerations:—As the point G revolves in the circle G G′, the point F revolves with nearly equal rapidity in the equal circle F F′. Both points, it is evident, will, when the motion commences, approach nearer the line R′ S′; and since the circles F F′ and G G′ are of equal radius, and the arcs described are nearly equal, the point F will move towards the line R′ S′ at the same rate at the point G. Both points will cross that line at the same time, and both will respectively reach F′ and G′ simultaneously. F′ L will evidently be equal to G′ K. Now, if the points F and G are always on opposite sides of the line R′ S′, and at the same distance from it, it is clear that the centre of the link E must always be in it; and, accordingly, this would be mathematically true, if G F, by changing its inclination to the perpendicular, did not alter the perpendicular distance between the points F and G. This, however, it does; and as the points G and F ascend the link, G F gets more nearly perpendicular; thus increasing the perpendicular distance between G and F; in consequence of which, at the point where F crosses the perpendicular R′ S′, it has not described quite so large an arc as the point G; or, when F is crossing R′ S′, the point G is still at a small distance from it. This renders the motion of the point E not perfectly coincident with the perpendicular line; but the shortening of the perpendicular distance between G and F, by the vibration of the link G F, when the length of the link is considerable, and the stroke of the beam not greater, in proportion to its length, than usually obtains in steam engines, is so exceedingly small as to be unworthy of the slightest consideration in practice. At either end of the stroke the link G F will have the same inclination as at half stroke, and the point E will therefore be exactly in the perpendicular line R′ S′, at both these points. Its motion will be represented by the curved line R′ O S', fig 7, cutting the perpendicular at R′, O, and S′, and deviating from it by an almost imperceptible quantity at X and W. From the fact, however, of a deviation being caused by the vibration of the link G F, we may infer the propriety of making that vibration as small as possible: and one very obvious precaution to be taken on this ground is, so to place the levers H F and G C at half stroke that the line R′ S′ shall bisect both their versines F L and D K. By this means the link G F vibrates equally on both sides of the perpendicular, and, consequently, never deviates from it so much as if it were to vibrate in one direction during the motion of G to G′. It is not always convenient to have the radius bar H F of the same length as the beam G C: it is sometimes longer, and sometimes shorter. In fig. 2 it is represented one half the length of G C. In this case, H F being shorter in proportion to the arc F″ F F′, which it describes, the versine F L is of course greater than in the former case. The lever should still be so placed, however, that the line R′ S′ bisects its versine L F. Owing to the inequality of the versines L F and G K, the middle point of the length G F can no longer move in the line R′ S′; but there is a point E, nearer the end of the link G, that does move nearly in this line. This point is so situated, that G E : E F :: F H : G C. For, within the limits usually assigned to the arcs described by engine-beams, the versines are nearly in the inverse ratio of the radii; that is to say, vers. L F : vers. D K :: G C : H F. Now the vibrations of the points F and G on each side of the line R′ S′ are equal to half the versed sines of the arcs described by these points respectively; that is, to F f and G g. Hence, F f : G g :: G C : H F, and by similar triangles F f : G g :: F E : G E; hence, F E : G E :: G C : H F.

As this proportion holds true at any part of the stroke, it proves that the point E, which divides the link in this proportion, moves in the perpendicular line R S′. When, therefore, the lengths of the levers are given, it is easy to find the point E; but in practice it generally happens (as will be shown subsequently) that the point E is fixed: and we have to find H F. This will be done from this proportion, F E : E G :: G C : H F = $$\tfrac{GC \cdot EG}{FE}$$ … (A). This proportion is founded on the assumption that the versed sines of the beam and radius bar are inversely as the radii. This, though nearly true, is not exactly so. The versed sines of the smaller radii increase in a greater proportion than the inverse ratio of the radii. The consequence of this is, that the point E in the link G F will be moved too much toward H, and will deviate from the perpendicular in that direction at each end of the stroke. In small engines, and when H F is nearly equal to G C, this deviation will be so small as scarcely to be worthy of notice; but in large engines, and when there is a considerable difference between the lengths of the radius rod and beam, it will be of some consequence. From what has already been said, it will be observed that the deviation is all on one side of the perpendicular; so that the curve described by the point E will be of the shape shown in fig. 8. By making a small addition to the length of the radius bar, we can make the deviation take place equally on each side of the perpendicular. We can add so much to its length as to make the point E move towards H too slowly at half stroke; or, in other words, deviate towards C till the beam has got about quarter stroke from the horizontal position, when the point E will cross the perpendicular, and deviate to an equal amount towards H. The curve described by E will then be of the shape shown in fig. 9, where the deviations at m, n, o, p, are all equal, and only half the deviation at r and s in the last figure. To facilitate the making of this correction in the length of the radius bar, we give the following table of the amounts to be added to its length for the various proportions that may obtain between it and the beam C G. It is to be observed too, that when the radius bar H F is longer than the beam G C, these amounts are to be subtracted from its length.


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 template this picture. Its aspect was disagreeable to my friend, but did not cause him any terror: his sister was the only one who could look at this hideous figure with a smiling countenance; and said to me with a compassionate air, when I discovered my aversion to it, ‘That man is not wicked, but he is certainly very unhappy.’ My friend told me that the picture represented the founder of his race, and that his father attached uncommon value to it; it had, in all probability, hung there from time immemorial, and it would not be possible to remove it from this chamber without destroying the regularity of its appearance.

“Meanwhile, the term of our vacation was speedily drawing to its close, and time insensibly wore away in the pleasures of the country. The old count, who remarked our reluctance to quit him, his amiable family, his château, and the fine country that surrounded it, applied himself with kind and unremitting care, to make the day preceding our departure a continual succession of rustic diversions: each succeeded the other without the slightest appearance of art; they seemed of necessity to follow each other. The delight that illumined the eyes of my friend’s sister when she perceived her father’s satisfaction; the joy that was painted in Emily’s countenance (which was the name of this charming girl) when she surprised

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Macken the union. He was appointed moderator of the synod of 1866, received the degree of D.D. from the college of Hamilton, Ohio, U.S.A.., and died in December 1868. In 1835 Mackelvie originated the Dick Club, before which he read an account of the poet Michael Bruce, whose birth and burial places were in the vicinity of Balgedie. This paper was extended and published in 1887 as 'The Life and Poems of Bruce,' It contains a biographv of the poet and an elaborate vindication of Brace's right to the authorship of certain of the 'paraphases' and 'odes' claimed by John Logan [q. v.] the divine. Mackelvie in 1850 edited the works of Dr. Hay of Kinross, with a memoir.

But the work for which Mackelvie is best known is the 'Annals and Statistics of the United Presbyterian Church. 'On this denominational encyclopaedia Mackelvie spent, from 1838 almost to his death, much time, money, and labour. It contains lists of students and sketches of congregations and of their ministers. When Mackelvie died the large mass of manuscripts was given to the synod by his widow and sons, and the synod appointed a large committee to arrange for the completion and publication of the volume. Dr. William Blair of Dunblane was appointed editor, and the work was published in 1873, under the synod's sanction. Mackelvie also wrote numerous articles for the 'United Secession Magazine,' the 'Voluntary Church Magazine,' and other periodicals.  MACKEN, JOHN (1784?–1823), poet, born about 1784, was eldest son of Richard Macken, merchant, of Brookeborough, near Enniskillen, co. Fermanagh. In early life he carried on business at Ballyconnell, co. Cavan. He then came to Enniskillen, where he helped to establish, and was fellow-editor with his brother-in-law, Edward Duffy, of the 'Erne Packet' or 'Enniskillen Chronicle.' The first number was published on 10 Aug. 1808, and to it Macken contributed both prose and verse. In 1818 he went to London, and published at his own cost a volume of poetry, which proved a failure. After visiting Paris, Macken assisted in the compilation in London of the 'Huntingdon Peerage' (1821), published with the name of Henry Nugent Bell [q. v.] as the author. William Jordan [q. v.] wards issued several of his poems in the 'Literary Gazette,' and procured the publication of his third volume of poems, the 'Lays on Land.' Macken returned in bad health in 1821 to Ireland, where he resumed his position as joint-editor of the 'Enniskillen Chronicle.' He died on 7 May 1823, aged 39, and was buried in Aughaveagh parish church, where there is a memorial to him. Letitia Elizabeth Landon [q. v.] wrote a fanciful monody on his death in the 'Literary Gazette.'

Macken published: 1. 'Minstrel Stolen Moments, or Shreds of Fancy,' Dublin, 1814, 8vo (anon.) 2. 'The Harp of the Desert, containing the Battle of Algiers, with other Pieces in Verse. By Ismael Fitzadam, formerly able seaman on board the frigate,' 8vo, London, 1818; the pseudonym is wholly fanciful, and seems to have been resented by Lord Exmouth, the hero of Algiers, to whom, with the officers under his command, the book was dedicated. 3. 'Lays on Land,' 8vo, London, 1821, under the same pseudonym. Alaric Watts published several of Macken's poems in his 'Poetical Album' (1828-9), together with a long autobiographical letter from him, which is mostly apocryphal. At his best Macken is a very feeble imitator of Byron. A poem of some merit, entitled 'Napoleon Moribundus,' was long attributed to him; it was, however, written by Thomas McCarthy (d. 1820).  MACKENNA, JOHN or JUAN (1771–1814), Chilian general, son of William Mackenna of Willville, co. Monaghan, by Eleanor, daughter of Philip O'Reilly of Ballymorris, was born at Clogher, co. Tyrone, on 26 Oct. 1771. He was fourth in lineal descent from Major John Mackenna, Jacobite high sheriff of co. Monaghan, who was killed by William's troops in an affair at Drumbanagher on 13 March 1689 (, Life of William III). His education was entrusted to his kinsman, Alexander O'Reilly (1730-1794), a general in the Spanish service, who had been governor of Louisiana, 1767-9, commanded against Algiers in 1775, and was at the time of his death commander of the army of the Eastern Pyrenees. By O'Reilly's directions he left Ireland in 1784, entered the Royal Academy of Mathematics at Barcelona, and in 1787 was appointed cadet in the Irish corps of military engineers in the Spanish army. He served under O'Reilly


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Mackenna during 1787–8 in the garrison at Ceuta, and during 1794 in the campaign of Rousillon against the French republic. His service was distinguished, but his promotion being delayed he determined to seek his fortune in the New World, and, in opposition to the wishes of his family, he sailed for Peru in October 1796. He carried with him recommendations to the Spanish viceroy, Ambrosio O'Higgins [q. v.], won his spurs as an engineer by reconstructing the important bridge of Rimac, and was on 11 Aug. 1797 appointed governor of Osorno. There, during a governorship which lasted until 1808, he strengthened the defences and built a road, in the face of great natural obstacles, from Osorno to Chiloé. In 1808 he was recalled and commissioned, as the most efficient military engineer in the country, to erect fortifications along the coast and take other measures of defence in view of the threatened French invasion. Though possessing the confidence of the Spanish government, Mackenna decided in 1810 to join the party of revolution, and was in the following year appointed provisional governor of Valparaiso. Shortly afterwards, as an adherent of José Miguel Carrera, the republican dictator, he became a member of the junta of Santiago, which held the supreme control of the revolutionary movement. He was also appointed commander-in-chief of artillery and engineers. This post he retained after his lack of docility had led to his expulsion from the junta by the Carreras; but failing to conceal his indignation at the slights put upon him he was arrested on 27 Nov. 1811, and banished to Rioja for three years from 27 Feb. 1812, on a charge of conspiring against the dominant faction. He appears, however, to have been indispensable, and was recalled early in 1813. He now rendered important service to the revolutionists. He made a valuable strategical map of the country and was appointed chief of the staff of the army of the south, destined to resist Pareja, who was advancing at the head of a powerful Spanish force to put down the insurrection. He took a prominent part in the campaign of April 1813, was promoted brigadier-general, and, on his return, military commander of Santiago. In the meantime he had entered into relations with Carrera's rival, Bernardo O'Higgins; and when, after the republican defeat on the banks of the Roble in October 1813, O'Higgins supplanted Carrera as commander-in-chief, Mackenna was appointed second in command. The care of the capital was entrusted to him, while O'Higgins guarded the frontiers. He succeeded in repelling the attacks of General Elorriaga, and even achieved some successes; but his chief, O'Higgins, though a brave soldier, manifested little strategic ability, and a military revolution restored Carrera to power on 23 July 1814. The dictator, who resented both Mackenna's ability and his co-operation with O'Higgins, arrested him in his bed on the night of his restoration and banished him to Mendoza. In the following November, while in Buenos Ayres, the exile encountered Luis Carrera, the dictator's brother; the result was a quarrel, followed by a duel, in which he was killed (21 Nov. 1814). He was buried in the cloister of the convent of Santo Domingo at Buenos Ayres, where an inscription was placed to his memory in 1855.

Mackenna married in 1809 Josefa Vicuña Larrain, by whom he had a daughter, Carmen; she married a cousin, Pedro Felix Vicuña, and had a son, Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna (1831–1886), a very distinguished Chilian publicist and historian (see a Life of him by, Talca, 1885, and the same writer's Apuntes históricos sobre la Vida y las Obras de Don Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna, Santiago, 1886).

 MACKENNA, NIAL (fl. 1700), Irish poet and harper, was born in the Fews, co. Armagh. He afterwards settled at Mullaghcrew, co. Louth, and was the author of the words of a song known all over the northern half of Ireland from Louth to Mayo, 'Little Celia Connellan.' He also wrote 'Mo mhile slan duitse sios a Thriucha' ('A thousand healths to thee down at Triucha'), a well-known song to an ancient tune, as well as 'Ainnir dear ciuin' ('Pretty, gentle damsel'), and, among other pieces, 'Ni measamsa fein' ('I do not think myself).

 MACKENNA, THEOBALD (d. 1808), Irish catholic writer, was secretary to the catholic committee in Ireland previous to 1791, but upon the secession of the moderate and anti-democratic party under Valentine Browne, fifth viscount Kenmare, in the December of that year he became the mouthpiece of the seceders, whose fears were aroused by the French revolution. Though a catholic in


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Mackenzie faith, MacKenna was conservative in his political views, and from 1793 was frequently employed to write on behalf of the government. Eager for catholic emancipation and parliamentary reform, he displayed great repugnance to the republican and separatist policy advocated by Wolfe Tone, and he strongly combated Wolfe Tone's views in a pamphlet of 1793, entitled ‘An Essay on Parliamentary Reform, and the Evils likely to ensue from a Republican Constitution in Ireland.’ MacKenna favoured the idea of a union with England, and was recommended by Thomas Lewis O'Beirne [q. v.], bishop of Meath, to Lord Castlereagh to write in its favour. A memoir of his on the project, published in 1799, bases its expected advantages on the necessity under which England, once the union was achieved, would be placed of fostering the prosperity of all her dominions as a counterpoise to France. Like the vast majority of Irishmen, MacKenna was bitterly disappointed when the union was followed by neither religious concessions nor political reforms. His later pamphlets therefore were devoted to calling the attention of the government to their broken pledges. In 1805 he published a very long tract, entitled ‘Thoughts on the Civil Condition and Relations of the Romish Clergy, Religion, and People in Ireland.’ In this he suggested to the government the advisability of raising the Irish catholic church to the dignity of an establishment by assuming the nomination of its bishops, and providing stipends for its clergy. His last pamphlet, ‘Views of the Catholic Question submitted to the good will of the People of England,’ denounced the continued refusal of justice to the Irish catholics, and commented upon the practice of maintaining exceptional legislation for Ireland, in distinction to other parts of the British Empire. MacKenna died in Dublin on 31 Dec. 1808.

 MACKENZIE,. [See, 1754–1816, .]

 MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1755?–1820), North American explorer, is believed to have been born at Inverness about 1765. According to his own account he entered in 1779 the counting-house of Messrs. Gregory & Co., Toronto, one of the partners in the North-west Fur Company, started in 1783 to oppose the Hudson's Bay Company's monopoly. In 1784 he was sent by his employers to Detroit with a small venture of goods, on condition that he penetrated into the back settlements, or Indian territory, in the ensuing spring. He set out with some companions on this half trading, half exploring enterprise, but the European traders already established in those ports treated them as intruders, and stirred up the Indiana against them. After 'the severest struggle ever known in this part of the world,' during which one partner was murdered and several wounded, the intruders were admitted to a share in the trade in 1787.

Local knowledge and experience, gained by several years' residence at Fort Chippewayan, a trading post with the Chippewas, at the head of Lake Athabasca, in the Hudson's Bay territory, pointed Mackenzie out to his employers as a fit person to explore the then unknown region of the north-west, supposed to be bounded by the Frozen Sea. He set out from Fort Chippewayan with a small party of Canadians and Indians in birchbark canoes on 3 June 1789. The voyage, full of perils and difficulties, surmounted with indomitable pluck, skill, and perseverance, occupied 102 days. A week after leaving, the party reached the Great Slave Lake, which they found covered with insecure ice. Skirting the lake on 29 June, they discovered the outlet of the river, flowing from the lake to the north-westward, and since named the Mackenzie Elver. This they descended to the point where it enters the Arctic Sea, in lat. 69° N., which they reached on 15 July. Setting up a post with his name and date of visit, Mackenzie retraced his steps, arriving with his party at Fort Chippewayan on 12 Sept. 1789. After a period of hometrading, during which he improved his knowledge of surveying and nautical astronomy, he started again from Fort Chippewayan on 10 July 1792, with the object of reaching the Pacific coast, an enterprise never before attempted by any European. The journey proved yet more perilous and difficult than the preceding. After nine months of persevering travel, Mackenzie, the first white man who crossed the Rocky (or Chippewayan) Mountains, reached the Pacific coast near Cape Menzies, in lat. 62° 21' N., and long. 128° 12' W. Greenwich, on 22 June 1793. He inscribed on the face of a rock the date of his visit, a not unnecessary precaution, as he was nearly murdered by the natives when starting on his return journey the next day. He arrived at Fort Chippewayan on 23 Aug. 1793. Subsequently he appears to have devoted himself to the profitable pursuit of the fur trade, and to have amassed considerable means. He published in England in 1801 a


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Mackenzie narrative of his explorations in the northwest, entitled 'Voyages on the River St. Lawrence and through the Continent of North America to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in the years 1780 and 1793. With a Preliminary Account of the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the Fur Trade of that Country,' London, 4to. The work, which contains some excellent maps, was dedicated to George III. On 10 Feb. 1802 Mackenzie was knighted. Although retaining a partnership in the North-west Company, he set up a rival fur company, under the style of 'Sir Alexander Mackenzie & Co.,' which in 1804 was amalgamated with the older North-west Company. The latter (long after Mackenzie's death) was absorbed into the original Hudson's Bay Company. Mackenzie appears to have afterwards resided some time in Canada. He represented Huntingdon County in the provincial parliament, and was involved in litigation with Lord Selkirk, arising out of that nobleman's unfortunate attempts at colonisation. In 1812 he married a Miss Mackenzie, and appears to have bought an estate at Avoch, Ross-shire. When journeying to Edinburgh with his wife and young children he was taken suddenly ill at Mulnain, near Dunkeld, and there died on 11 March 1820.

A portrait was painted by Lawrence and engraved by Westermayer.  MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822–1892), first liberal premier of the Canadian Dominion, born on 28 Jan. 1822 at Logierait, near Dunkeld in Perthshire, was third son of Alexander Mackenzie (d. 1836), a builder and contractor, by a daughter of Donald Fleming. After attending schools at Perth, Moulin, and Dunkeld he was set at fourteen to learn the trade of a stonemason. In 1842 he emigrated to Canada, and settled at Kingston, Ontario, where he worked for a time as a journeyman builder. In the following year his brother, Hope F. Mackenzie, and about 1848 the rest of the family, joined him. At the latter date Alexander removed to Sarnia, and set up there as a builder and contractor. Mackenzie from an early period interested himself in politics, inheriting strong whig traditions. In 1852 he became editor of the newly founded 'Lambton Shield' at Sarnia, and sought, with the aid of his brother Hope, to educate the Canadians in liberalism. The brother for some time sat in the provincial parliament, but his health failed, and in 1861 Alexander took his place as member for Lambton. For this constituency he sat till the formation of the Dominion. He at once came to the front in the assembly ; his knowledge of history and statistics was wide, his memory almost infallible, and his habit of speech terse and sarcastic. In 1865, on the resignation of George Brown, the liberal premier, he was offered but declined a place in the coalition cabinet of the Canadas, which was committed to carry out the policy of Canadian federation. As a private member he paid special attention to the acts relating to the assessment of property (1863 and 1866), framed the greater portion of the Municipal Corporation Act of 1866 for Upper Canada, and promoted the act for providing means of egress from public buildings. To the first Dominion House of Commons Mackenzie was elected for Lambton (August 1867). His friend George Brown lost his seat, whereupon Mackenzie was chosen by the liberal members from Ontario to fill his place, and soon became the leader of the whole opposition. In this capacity he confined himself to his parliamentary duties, and took no pror minent part in outside agitation or party organisation. In 1871 he was elected member for West Middlesex in the Ontario provincial assembly, and for a few months sat both in the provincial and the federal houses. On 20 Dec. 1871 Mr. Edward Blake formed a liberal ministry in the province, and Mackenzie joined him as secretary and registrar, afterwards becoming treasurer as well. But on the passage of the act preventing any person from sitting at once in the federal and in any provincial house, both Mackenzie and his chief resigned (25 Oct. 1872). About the same date he had again been elected to represent Lambton in the second parliament of the Dominion.

The Pacific railway scandal gave Mackenzie his opportunity. The government met parliament in 1873 with apparently undiminished strength. On 27 Oct. Mackenzie moved an amendment to the speech from the throne to the effect that the conduct of Sir John Macdonald's ministry towards the Pacific railway charter had deprived it of the confidence of the country [see ]. The debate was continued for seven days, and before a vote was taken the ministry resigned. Mackenzie formed a new ministry (7 Nov.), becoming himself minister of public works. A general election at the


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8 could attend me every night at a separate hour from the Miss Parkynses, and I am astonished you do not acquiesce in this Scheme which would keep me in Mind of what I have almost entirely forgot. I recommend this to you because, if some plan of this kind is not adopted, I shall be called, or rather branded with the name of a dunce, which you know I could never bear. I beg you will consider this plan seriously and I will lend it all the assistance in my power. I shall be very glad to see the Letter you talk of, and I have time just to say I hope every body is well at Newstead,

And remain, your affectionate Son,.

P.S.—Pray let me know when you are to send in the Horses to go to Newstead. May desires her Duty and I also expect an answer by the miller.

3.—To John Hanson.

,—I am not a little disappointed at your Stay, for this last week I expected you every hour; but, however,


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Mackenzie end of January gave Mackenzie's government a majority of nearly three to one. On 26 March 1874 the new parliament met. The acts relating to elections were among its chief measures. Acts were also passed providing for the construction of the Pacific railway and the completion of the intercolonial railway to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, under the superintendence of the minister of public works. Mackenzie had while in opposition spoken against the bill for the former railway, and though he now loyally accepted that policy, British Columbia viewed his control of the enterprise with a suspicion which caused his government a good deal of uneasiness. This was, however, allayed by the governor-general, Lord Dufferin, who visited the province in 1878. In 1875 Mackenzie's ministry advised an amnesty to those concerned in the troubles in the north-western territories in 1869-70 (which led to the Red River expedition); took important steps towards consolidating those territories, and established a supreme court of the Dominion. Later in the year Mackenzie revisited Scotland; he was presented with the freedom of Irvine, Dundee, and Perth, and was entertained by the queen at Windsor, but he declined the honour of knighthood. During the sessions of 1876 and 1877 several measures of a liberal character and permanent utility became law, and public works, including sections of the Pacific railway, were vigorously prosecuted. The premier was also successful in obtaining from the home government permission for Canada to nominate a delegate to the International Fishery Commission, which met at Halifax on 15 June 1877. Depression of trade, however, bred difficulties. During the session of 1878 the government successfully repelled the vigorous attacks of Sir John Macdonald, who pressed for 'a judicious readjustment of the tariff' on behalf of 'the agricultural, the mining, the manufacturing, and other interests,' But at the general election, on 17 Sept. 1878, the conservative party were generally victorious, and Mackenzie resigned. His five years' ministry, which was practically contemporaneous with Lord Dufferin's tenure of government at Ottawa, is said to have been 'the purest administration which Canada has experienced.'

During 1879 Mackenzie led the opposition, and challenged unequivocally the protective policy of his opponents, which he regarded as jeopardising the connection with England. In April he had a slight attack of paralysis, and later in the year removed his residence to Toronto. In 1880 he resigned the leadership of his party, but remained in parliament as a private member. In 1881 he made a second journey to Scotland, and was presented with the freedom of Inverness. In July 1882 he was elected for East York, which he represented till his death. Despite failing health, he took an active part in the stirring debates on the Jesuit estates in 1889. He died on 17 April 1892 at St. Albans Street, Toronto. The funeral service was conducted in the Jarvis Street Baptist Church, Toronto, and he was buried in Lake View cemetery, near Sarnia, his old home. The Dominion House of Commons and the Manitoba legislature adjourned over the date of the funeral. Mackenzie in appearance was a typical hard-headed, middle-class Scotsman. He adhered through life to his political principles with unflinching integrity, and earnestly upheld the connection between Canada and the old country (see Canadian Parliamentary Companion, 1891). Although director of the North American Assurance Company, and of other companies, he died poor. He belonged to the baptist connexion. In earlier days he was an enthusiastic volunteer, and a major in the 27th (Lambton) battalion of volunteer infantry till October 1874.

He published in 1882 a well-written biography of his friend and leader, George Brown.

He married twice: first, Helen, daughter of William Neil of Irvine, Scotland, who died in January 1862; secondly, on 17 June 1853, Jane, eldest daughter of Robert Sym of Perth. By his first wife he had an only daughter, who married John Thomson, presbyterian minister at Sarnia.

 MACKENZIE, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825–1862), bishop of Central Africa, born at Portmore on 10 April 1825, was youngest child of Colin Mackenzie of Portmore, Peeblesshire, a clerk of session, and one of Scott's friends and colleagues. His mother was a daughter of Sir William Forbes [q. v.] of Pitsligo. William Forbes Mackenzie [q. v.] was his brother. After his fathers death in 1830 he was brought up by his eldest sister, Elizabeth, going first to a private school and then to the Edinburgh Academy, until in 1840 he was sent to the Grange school, near Sunderland, where he showed himself possessed of a talent for mathematics. He went into residence as a pensioner of St. John's College, Cambridge, in October 1844, but, finding that he would as a Scotsman be disqualified for a fellowship


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Author:Horatio Gilbert George Parker

Works

 * The Chief Factor: a tale of the Hudson's Bay Company, being the history of Master Andrew Venlaw, chief factor, Mistress Jean Fordie, and others, 1892
 * Round the Compass in Australia, 1892
 * Pierre and His People, 1893
 * Mrs. Falchion: a novel, 1893
 * The Trespasser, 1893
 * The Translation of a Savage, 1893
 * The Patrol of the Cypress Hills, 1893
 * A Lover's Diary, 1894
 * An Adventurer of the North. Being a continuation of the histories of "Pierre and his people," and the latest existing records of Pretty Pierre, 1895 (UK)
 * US: A Romany of the Snows, 1898 (1896 first publication?) (short stories)
 * Across the Jumping Sandhills
 * A Lovely Bully
 * The Filibuster
 * The Gift of the Simple King • (1895)
 * Malachi • (1895)
 * The Lake of the Great Slave • (1895)
 * The Red Patrol • (1895)
 * The Going of the White Swan
 * At Bamber's Boom
 * The Bridge House
 * The Epaulettes
 * The Finding Of Fingall
 * Three Commandments in the Vulgar Tongue
 * Little Babiche
 * At Point o' Bugles • (1895)
 * The Spoil of the Puma
 * The Trail of the Sun Dogs
 * The Pilot of Belle Amour
 * The Cruise of the "Ninety-Nine"
 * A Romany of the Snows
 * The Plunderer
 * When Valmond Came to Pontiac, 1895
 * The Seats of the Mighty: being the memoirs of Captain Robert Moray, 1896
 * The Pomp of the Lavilettes, 1896
 * The Battle of the Strong, 1898
 * The Trail of the Sword, 1898
 * Born with a Golden Spoon, 1899
 * The Liar, 1899
 * The Hill of Pains, 1899
 * Donovan Pasha and Some People of Egypt, 1900
 * The Lane that had No Turning: and other tales concerning the people of Pontiac., 1900 (short stories)
 * The Lane that Had No Turning
 * The Absurd Romance of P'tite Louison
 * The Little Bell Of Honour
 * A Son of the Wilderness
 * A Worker in Stone
 * The Tragic Comedy of Annette
 * The Marriage of the Miller
 * Mathurin
 * The Story of the Lime-Burner
 * The Woodsman's Story of the Great White Chief
 * Uncle Jim
 * The House with the Tall Porch
 * Parpon the Dwarf
 * Times Were Hard in Pontiac
 * Medallion's Whim
 * The Prisoner
 * An Upset Price
 * A Fragment of Lives
 * The Man that Died at Alma
 * The Baron of Beaugard
 * Parables of a Province
 * The Golden Pipes
 * The Guardian of the Fire
 * By That Place Called Peradventure
 * The Singing of the Bees
 * There Was a Little City
 * The Forge in the Valley
 * Michel and Angèle: A Ladder of Swords, 1904 (first published as a 2-part serial in Harper's Magazine, 1900)
 * The Right of Way: being the story of Charley Steele and another, 1901
 * The March of the White Guard, 1901
 * Old Quebec: the fortress of New France, 1903
 * A Ladder of Swords: a tale of love, laughter and tears, 1904
 * The Weavers: a tale of England and Egypt of fifty years ago, 1907
 * Northern Lights, 1909
 * Cumner's Son, and Other South Sea Folk, 1910
 * The Going of the White Swan, 1912
 * The Weavers: A Tale Of England And Egypt Of Fifty Years Ago, 1913
 * The Judgement House, 1913
 * Michel and Angèle; John Enderby; There is sorrow on the sea, 1913
 * You Never Know Your Luck: being the story of a matrimonial deserter, 1914
 * The United States and This War, 1915
 * Is England Apathetic?, 1915
 * The Money Master: being the curious history of Jean Jacques Barbille, his labours, his loves and his ladies, 1915
 * The World in the Crucible: an account of the origins & conduct of the great war, 1915
 * What is the Matter With England?: Criticism and a reply, 1915
 * Two years of War: interview with the Associated Press of the United States of America, 1916
 * The World for Sale, 1916
 * Wild Youth, 1919
 * Wild youth and Another, 1919
 * No Defence, 1920
 * The Promised Land: a story of David in Israel, 1920
 * Carnac's Folly, 1922
 * Carnac, 1922
 * Tarboe Tarboe: the story of a life, 1927
 * The Right of Way: Being the Story of Charley Steele and Another

Individual short stories

 * "Pretty Pierre" in English Illustrated, Vol 9, 1891-92
 * "A Castaway of the South" in English Illustrated, Vol 9, 1891-92
 * "Père Champagne" in Short Stories, vol 10, 1892
 * "The Flood," in Short Stories, vol 11, 1892
 * "The Cipher," in Short Stories, vol 13, 1893
 * "An Unpardonable Liar" in English Illustrated, Oct & Nov 1893
 * "Old Roses," in Short Stories, vol 15, 1894
 * "Barbara Golding," in Short Stories, vol 15, 1894
 * "The House With the Broken Shutter" in English Illustrated, Vol 12, 1894-95 (also included in A Romany of the Snows)
 * "The Baron of Beauguard," in The Idler, vol 6, 1894-95 (also included in The Lane that Had No Turning, 1900)
 * "The Gift of the Simple King," in The Idler, vol 6, 1894-95 (also included in A Romany of the Snows)
 * "The Lake of the Great Slave," in The Idler, Vol 6, 1894-95
 * "At Point o' Bugles," in The Idler, Vol 6, 1894-95 (included in A Romany of the Snows)
 * "Malachi" in English Illustrated, Vol 12, 1894-95
 * "The Red Patrol" in English Illustrated, Vol 12, 1894-95 (also included in A Romany of the Snows)
 * "At the Mercy of Tiberius," in Pall Mall Magazine, 1900
 * "The Flower of the Flock," in Pall Mall magazine, vol 22, 1900
 * '"The Light of Other Days",' in Pall Mall, vol 22, 1900
 * "Michel and Angèle," 2-part serial in Harper's Magazine, 1900 (book form 1904)* "A Man, a Famine, and a Heathen Boy" (1901-02, Windsor)
 * "The Error of the Day" (1906 July, Everybody's) (ss) (incl in Northern Lights, 1909)
 * "Watching the Rise of Orion" (1906-07, Windsor) (ss)
 * "As Deep As the Sea," in Windsor Magazine, Vol 26, 1907
 * "Norah," in Collier's, Dec 25, 1909
 * "The Stake and the Plumb-Line" (1906 Feb, Everybody's) (ss) (incl in Northern Lights, 1909)
 * "The Girl and the Anarch" (1910 Dec, Cosmopolitan) (ss)
 * "The Youngest of the McMahons," in The Blue Book, Aug 1916
 * "After the Ball," in Scribner's Magazine, May 1922

Also see: The Project Gutenberg Complete Works of Gilbert Parker

title: Author:Horatio Gilbert George Parker


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Mackenzie there, migrated the next Easter to Caius College. He read diligently, showing great aptitude for mathematics, and no turn for any other intellectual pursuit, and in January 1848 was placed second wrangler in the mathematical tripos, Isaac Todhunter [q. v.] being senior. He graduated B.A., proceeding M.A. in 1851, was elected fellow of his college, and became a tutor there. Tall, well made, and with much muscular power of endurance, he delighted in athletic exercise, was an oarsman and cricketer, rowed and played cricket with the undergraduates of the college after his election as fellow, and gained a beneficial influence over them. In May 1848 he was appointed one of the secretaries to the Cambridge board of education, and held that office until 1855. He was ordained deacon on Trinity Sunday 1851, and in the following October accepted the curacy of Haslingfield, Cambridgeshire, which he served without discontinuing his college work. In 1852 he was an examiner for mathematical honours, and was moderator in 1853-4, issuing in 1854 with Mr. Walton 'Cambridge Senate-house Problems and Riders with Solutions.'

Although anxious to become a missionary, he yielded to the advice of his friends, and in 1853 refused an invitation to join the Delhi mission, but in December 1854 accepted the offer of John William Colenso [q. v.], bishop of Natal, to take him to Natal as his archdeacon. Accompanied by one of his sisters, he embarked with the bishop on 7 March 1855. For about a year and a naif he acted as parish priest to the English settlers at Durban, meeting with strong opposition from his congregation, who disapproved of his use of the surplice in preaching, and some other changes made in accordance with the bishop's wish. An opposition service was started, and was conducted by a layman. Another sister joined him in 1857, and after taking some part in the Umlazi mission, he was established at a post on the Umhlali river about forty miles north of Durban, where he worked hard ministering to the scattered English settlers, the soldiers quartered in the neighbourhood, over whom he gained much influence, and the Kafirs. He was appointed salaried chaplain to the troops in I808. In the church conference held at Maritzburg in April he advocated the right of the native congregations to an equal voice with the white congregations in the proposed church synod, and being defeated retired from the conference. After a severe attack of illness he returned to England in the summer of 1859. In November he accepted the invitation of the delegates of the new Universities' Mission to Central Africa to take the headship of their mission ; and the upper house of convocation having in June 1860 expressed its approval of the scheme for the appointment of missionary bishops, and its desire that Mackenzie should be ordained bishop by the Bishop of Cape Town and his comprovincials, he sailed from England 6 Oct., arriving at the Cape 12 Nov., and was consecrated bishop of Central Africa in the cathedral of Cape Town on 1 Jan. 1861.

After a visit to Natal he met David Livingstone [q. v.] at Kongone, and was persuaded by him to ascend the Rovuma, in order to reach the Shire district (, Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi, p. 348). The attempt failed, and he finally ascended the Shire river, and after marching with Livingstone, who forced some slave merchants to lioerate their slaves, settled at Magomero, in the Manganja country, with the liberated people, whom he began to teach and train in habits of order and discipline. Although he disliked the idea of making good his position by violence, he was persuaded by the friendly Manganja tribe to help them against the Ajawa, believing that the Manganja were simply distressed by a raid of the Ajawa, who were carrying off large numbers as slaves, whereas the war was in reality the result of a tribal movement, and the Ajawa were engaged in displacing their weaker neighbours (ib. pp. 860-3;, Memoir of Bishop Mackenzie, pp. 320-2, 338). After binding the Manganja not to enslave any captives they might mate, and to discourage slavery, Mackenzie and his party joined in the war. Their help enabled their allies to win a victory, which raised the number of blacks at the mission settlement to 150. Frequent appeals were made to Mackenzie by the Manganja for further help, and he again enabled them to rout their enemies, and gained fresh additions to his settlement. In October some new missionaries from England arrived, and Mackenzie had an interview with Livingstone, who was passing down the Shire, at a place called Chibisa's. The bishop was then in good health, and 'thought that the future promised fair for peace and usefulness' (, Narrative, p. 400) Mackenzie was greatly concerned at an attack made upon three of his party by some natives belonging to Muanaeomba's people, who carried off two men and some spoil in December. He engaged the help of the Makololo people, and set out on the 23rd to punish the aggressors, burnt a village belonging to Muanasomba, and recovered the missing men. He then had to hasten to an island called Malo, at the confluence of the Ruc, and the


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1799.] I beg it as a favour that you will come up soon from Newstead as the Holidays commence in three weeks Time. I congratulate you on Capt. Hanson's being appointed commander of The Brazen Sloop of War, and I congratulate myself on Lord Portsmouth's Marriage, hoping


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§ 1. the course of the last chapter the nature of a particular kind of series, that namely, which must be considered to constitute the basis of the science of Probability, has received a sufficiently general explanation for the preliminary purpose of introduction. One might indeed say more than this; for the characteristics which were there pointed out are really sufficient in themselves to give a fair general idea of the nature of Probability, and of the sort of problems with which it deals. But in the concluding paragraphs an indication was given that the series of this kind, as they actually occur in nature or as the results of more or less artificial production, are seldom or never found to occur in such a simple form as might possibly be expected from what had previously been said; but that they are almost always seen to be associated together in groups after a somewhat complicated fashion. A fuller discussion of this topic must now be undertaken.

We will take for examination an instance of a kind with which the investigations of Quetelet will have served to familiarize some readers. Suppose that we measure the heights of a great many adult men in any town or country. These heights will of course lie between certain extremes in

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26 they depart from that mean, we shall find that this diminution of frequency takes place according to one invariable law, whatever may be the nature of these magnitudes, and whatever the process by which they may have been obtained.

That such a uniformity as this should prevail amongst many and various classes of phenomena would probably seem surprising in any case. But the full significance of such a fact as this (if indeed it were a fact) only becomes apparent when attention is directed to the profound distinctions in the nature and origin of the phenomena which are thus supposed to be harmonized by being brought under one comprehensive principle. This will be better appreciated if we take a brief glance at some of the principal classes into which the things with which Probability is chiefly concerned may be divided. These are of a three-fold kind.

§4. In the first place there are the various combinations, and runs of luck, afforded by games of chance. Suppose a handful, consisting of ten coins, were tossed up a great many times in succession, and the results were tabulated. What we should obtain would be something of the following kind. In a certain proportion of cases, and these the most numerous of all, we should find that we got five heads and five tails; in a somewhat less proportion of cases we should have, as equally frequent results, four heads six tails, and four tails six heads; and so on in a continually diminishing proportion until at length we came down, in a very small relative number of cases, to nine heads one tail, and nine tails one head; whilst the least frequent results possible would be those which gave all heads or all tails.

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. 4] Here the statistical elements under consideration are, as regards their origin at any rate, optional or brought about by human choice. They would, therefore, be commonly described as being mainly artificial, but their results ultimately altogether a matter of chance.

Again, in the second place, we might take the accurate measurements—i.e. the actual magnitudes themselves,—of a great many natural objects, belonging to the same genus or class; such as the cases, already referred to, of the heights, or other characteristics of the inhabitants of any district. Here human volition or intervention of any kind seem to have little or nothing to do with the matter. It is optional with us to collect the measures, but the things measured are quite outside our control. They would therefore be commonly described as being altogether the production of nature, and it would not be supposed that in strictness chance had anything whatever to do with the matter.

In the third place, the result at which we are aiming may be some fixed magnitude, one and the same in each of our successive attempts, so that if our measurements were rigidly accurate we should merely obtain the same result repeated over and over again. But since all our methods of attaining our aims are practically subject to innumerable imperfections, the results actually obtained will depart more or less, in almost every case, from the real and fixed value which we are trying to secure. They will be sometimes more wide of the mark, sometimes less so, the worse attempts being of course the less frequent. If a man aims at a target he will seldom or never hit it precisely in the centre, but his good shots will be more

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28 numerous than his bad ones. Here again, then, we have a series of magnitudes (i.e. the deflections of the shots from the point aimed at) clustering about a mean, but produced in a very different way from those of the last two cases. In this instance the elements would be commonly regarded as only partially the results of human volition, and chance therefore as being only a co-agent in the effects produced. With these must be classed what may be called estimates, as distinguished from measurements. By the latter are generally understood the results of a certain amount of mechanism or manipulation; by the former we may understand those cases in which the magnitude in question is determined by direct observation or introspection. The interest and importance of this class, so far as scientific principles are concerned, dates mainly from the investigations of Fechner. Its chief field is naturally to be found amongst psychological data.

Other classes of things, besides those alluded to above, might readily be given. These however are the classes about which the most extensive statistics are obtainable, or to which the most practical importance and interest are attached. The profound distinctions which separate their origin and character are obvious. If they all really did display precisely the same law of variation it would be a most remarkable fact, pointing doubtless to some deep-seated identity underlying the various ways, apparently so widely distinct, in which they had been brought about. The questions now to be discussed are; Is it the case, with any considerable degree of rigour, that only one law of distribution does really prevail? and, in so far as this is so, how does it come to pass?

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5.] § 5. In support of an affirmative answer to the former of these two questions, several different kinds of proof are, or might be, offered.

(I.) For one plan we may make a direct appeal to experience, by collecting sets of statistics and observing what is their law of distribution. As remarked above, this has been done in a great variety of cases, and in some instances to a very considerable extent, by Quetelet and others. His researches have made it abundantly convincing that many classes of things and processes, differing widely in their nature and origin, do nevertheless appear to conform with a considerable degree of accuracy to one and the same law. At least this is made plain for the more

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 central values, for those that is which are situated most nearly about the mean. With regard to the extreme values there is, on the other hand, some difficulty. For instance in the arrangements of the heights of a number of men, these extremes are rather a stumbling-block; indeed it has been proposed to reject them from both ends of the scale on the plea that they are monstrosities, the fact being that their relative numbers do not seem to be by any means those which theory would assign. Such a plan of rejection is however quite unauthorized, for these dwarfs and giants are born into the world like their more normally sized brethren, and have precisely as much right as any others to be included in the formulæ we draw up.

Besides the instance of the heights of men, other classes

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Mackenzie His works are : 1. 'An Historical, Topographical, and Descriptive View of the United States of America, and of Upper and Lower Canada,' Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1820 (?), 8vo. 2. 'An Historical, Topographical, and Descriptive View of the County of Northumberland, and of those parts of the County of Durham north of the River Tyne, with Berwick-upon-Tweed, and brief Notices of celebrated places on the Scottish Border,' 2nd edit, enlarged, 2 vols. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1825, 4to. 3. 'A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Town and County of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, including the Borough of Gateshead,' 2 vols. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1827, 4to. 4. ' An Historical, Topographical, and Descriptive View of the County Palatine of Durham,' 2 vols. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1834, 4to. This work, left unfinished at Mackenzie's death, was completed by M. Ross. His portrait has been engraved.

 MACKENZIE, FREDERICK (1788?–1854), water-colour painter and architectural draughtsman, born in 1787 or 1788, was the son of Thomas Mackenzie, linendraper, and a pupil of John Adey Repton the architect. He was early employed in making architectural and topographical drawings for the works of John Britton [q. v.] and others, and his life was mainly devoted to this class of art. In 1804 he began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, and contributed eleven drawings between that year and 1828. He contributed to the (now Royal) Society of Painters in Water-colours from 1813, becoming an associate in 1822, and a full member the following year. From 30 Nov. 1831 till his death he was treasurer to the society, and took great interest in its proceedings. In 1842 he designed the slab which was placed over the grave of George Barret the younger [q. v.] He married in 1843 Mrs. Hine, a widow, the daughter of Mr. John Carpenter, a farmer; but his married life was troubled with pecuniary difficulties. Though still able and industrious, employment failed. The photographer had supplanted the architectural draughtsman, and his beautiful art was no longer needed to illustrate the books upon which he had throughout life depended for a living.

Mackenzie drew very little except architecture, but he drew this beautifully, was a rich colourist, and used his brush with singular accuracy and delicacy. Of the eighty-eight drawings which formed the sum total of his contributions to the exhibitions of the Water-colour Society during his membership, nearly all were English in subject. In 1812 he published ‘Etchings of Landscapes for the Use of Students,’ in 1844 ‘Architectural Antiquities of St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster,’ and in 1846 ‘Observations on the Construction of the Roof of King's College Chapel, Cambridge.’ But the bulk of his work will be found in the following books: Britton's ‘Beauties of England and Wales;’ ‘Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain’ (1807 and 1809—twenty-five drawings engraved); ‘History of the Abbey Church at Westminster’ (Ackerman, 1812—thirty-two coloured aquatints); Britton's ‘Cathedral Antiquities’ (Salisbury Cathedral—fifty-eight plates); Havell's ‘Noblemen's and Gentlemen's Seats’ (drawings dated 1816 and 1819); ‘Histories of Oxford and Cambridge’ (Ackerman, 1814 and 1815—thirty-nine plates); ‘Colleges of Winchester, Eton, &c.,’ 1816 (thirteen plates); ‘Abbeys and Castles in Yorkshire’ (in conjunction with William Westall); Pugin's ‘Specimens of Gothic Architecture,’ 1821; ‘Principal Antiquities of Oxfordshire,’ Oxford, 1823; ‘Memorials of Oxford,’ by James Ingram, 1837 (one hundred plates); Heath's ‘Picturesque Annual,’ 1839 (six plates); ‘Memorials of Cambridge,’ by Wright and Jones, 1841; ‘The Churches of London,’ published by Tilt (drawings dated 1837–9).

Among his more interesting drawings were ‘The King's Coronation’ (1822) and ‘The Principal Room of the Original National Gallery, formerly the Residence of John Julius Angerstein, Esq., lately pulled down.’ The latter was contributed to the society's exhibition in 1836, and is now in the South Kensington Museum, together with two drawings of Lincoln Cathedral and one of Thornton Abbey, Lincolnshire. A beautiful sepia drawing of Antwerp Cathedral is in the British Museum.

He died, 25 April 1854, of disease of the heart, leaving his wife and invalid daughter dependent on charity. The Water-colour Society, which he had so long served, presented them with 110l., and a subscription was raised among his friends to purchase an annuity for their benefit. He was buried at Highgate cemetery, and his remaining works were sold at Christie's in March 1855.

 MACKENZIE, GEORGE, second (d. 1651), originally third Lord Mackenzie of Kintail, Ross-shire, was


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Mackenzie the second son of Kenneth, first lord Mackenzie of Kintail, by his second wife, Isabel, daughter of Sir Gilbert Ogilvie of Powrie, Forfarshire. The family represents the original branch of the clan Mackenzie, which traces its descent from Colin of Kintail (d. 1278), whose son Kenneth was succeeded in 1804 by a second Kenneth, called therefore MacKenneth, a name gradually changed to Mackenzie, and adopted by the clan. The territories of the Mackenzies were greatly increased by Kenneth, their twelfth chief, who was created a peer, under the title of Lord Mackenzie of Kintail, 19 Nov. 1609, and on the abandonment of the scheme for the colonisation of Lewis, obtained possession of that island. George, third lord Mackenzie, succeeded to the earldom of Seaforth on the death of his half-brother, Colin, first earl, without male issue, 15 April 1683. Originally he adhered to the covenanting party, but his royalist feelings modified greatly his presbyterian leanings, and a strong regard to his own interests introduced additional inconsistency into his political conduct. Seaforth was one of those who on 13 Feb. 1639 assembled to prevent George Gordon, second marquis of Huntly [q. v.], from garrisoning the castle of Inverness (, Memorialls, i. 135). He also on 9 April came to Aberdeen to offer his services to the covenanting general, Alexander Leslie (ib. p. 175). In May, at the head of four thousand men of various clans beyond the Spey, he attempted tojoin the army of Montrose at Aberdeen [see, fifth and first ], but was withstood by the Gordons and others, it being finally agreed that both parties should withdraw to their homes (ib p. 194). He attended the general assembly which met at Aberdeen on 20 July 1640; and he was one of the committee appointed to try certain doctors and ministers for not subscribing the covenant (ib. p. 311). On 5 Aug. he headed a party of barons and gentlemen who destroyed various images and crucifixes in the churches of Aberdeen (ib. p. 313). Nevertheless he shortly afterwards signed, along with Montrose, the band of Cumbernauld (band in, Letters and Journals, ii. 468). In July 1641 he came under suspicion of having communication with the king's army (, ii. 46), and one of his servants, who was bringing letters to him from Edinburgh, was apprehended. Seaforth on learning this went south to Edinburgh, but after trial nothing was found against him (ib. ii. 56). He attended the meeting of the estates in October following, and was nominated by the king to be of the privy council (Balfour, Annals, iii. 67), and on 13 Nov. the nomination was approved by the estates (ib. p. 150).

General Alaster Macdonald [q. v.], on his arrival from Ireland, carried with him letters to Seaforth (, Abridgment of Britanes Distemper, p. 64). Seaforth refused to join in the rising on behalf of the king, but agreed not to bar Macdonald's passage south (ib. p. 68). The king nominated him ' chief justice general of the Isles,' but he excused himself from accepting the honour on account of the ' malignancy of the times' (ib.) After Montrose's victory at Aberdeen in September 1644, Seaforth prevented him from crossing the Spey, whereupon to escape Archibald Campbell, first marquis of Argyll [q. v.], who was advancing with a superior force, Montrose retreated into Badenoch. After ravaging Argyll's country, Montrose came in January 1645 to Lochness, intending to give battle to Seaforth (, Hist. Collections, v. 931), but learning of Argyll's preparations in the south, returned instead to Inverlochy. On the march of Montrose northwards, after the defeat of Argyll at Inverlochv on 2 Feb., Seaforth with the committee of estates, who were then sitting at Elgin, took to flight (, ii. 447), and shortly afterwards he and others made their submission to Montrose. They accompanied Montrose on his march from Elgin to the Spey, where he exacted from them a solemn oath never to draw arms against the king; and on their parole to return as soon as possible with all their forces, they were permitted to leave for their estates (ib. ii. 450;, p. 109). Instead, however, of fulfilling his promise, Seaforth almost immediately wrote to the Earl Marischal at Aberdeen that he had yielded to Montrose only through fear, and intended to remain ' by the good cause till his death' (, ii. 450). He joined Hurry shortly before the battle of Auldearn, on 9 May (ib. ii. 473; Patrick Gordon, p. 120), but notwithstanding the rout of his troops, made his escape, 'being well mounted' (tb. p. 127). He afterwards entered into communication with Montrose, whom he joined at Inverness; and in June 1646 was excommunicated by the general assembly for lending him his countenance. After Charles I delivered himself up to the Scots at Newark, Seaforth came to General Middleton [see Middlbton, John, first Earl of Middlbton]; made terms with the committee of the estates, and did public penance for his apostasy in the High Church of Edinburgh. On the execution of Charles I in 1649, Seaforth joined Charles II in Holland, and was nominated by him principal secre-


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Mackenzie tary of state for Scotland. He was included in the act of 19 May 1650, excluding 'persons from entering within the kingdom from beyond sea with his Majesty, until they give satisfaction to the church and state' (, Annals, iv. 14). On 27 Dec. the Act of Banishment against him was recalled (ib. p. 221). He, however, remained abroad, and died at Schiedam in Holland about 14 Oct. 1651. By his wife Barbara, daughter of Arthur, ninth lord Forbes, he had four sons — Kenneth, third earl (d. 1678), who was excepted from Cromwell's Act of Grace in 1654, was imprisoned till the Restoration, and was, on 23 April 1662, made sheriff of Ross; George, Colin, and Roderick — and three daughters: Jean married, first, to John, earl of Mar, and secondly, to Lord Fraser; Margaret, to Sir William Sinclair of Mey, and Barbara, to Sir John Urquhart of Cromarty. He had also a natural son, John, first of the family of Gruiard.  MACKENZIE, GEORGE (1636–1691), of Rosehaugh, king's advocate during the period of the covenanting persecution, and known in Scottish covenanting tradition as the 'Bloody Mackenzie,' eldest son of Simon Mackenzie of Lochslin, Ross-shire, brother of, second earl of Seaforth [q. v.], by Elizabeth, daughter of Peter Bruce, D.D., principal of St. Leonard's College, St. Andrews, was born at Dundee in 1636. Having completed his studies in Greek and philosophy at the universities of St. Andrews and Aberdeen, he went abroad before reaching his sixteenth year, and studied civil law at the university of Bourges in France. Returning to Scotland he was called to the bar at Edinburgh in January 1659, and after the Restoration he was readmitted in April 1661. All through life he manifested a continuous devotion to literary pursuits, but these were not permitted to interfere with his professional duties. His rise to eminence at the bar was exceptionally rapid. If in solid legal accomplishments he had several superiors, few excelled him in ready eloquence, or the adroit use of legal technicalities. In the earlier part of his career his sympathies were with the popular party rather than with the government; and in his 'Religious Stoic,' 1663, he declared that in contemplating the history of Christianity his heart bled when he considered 'how scaffolds were dyed with Christian blood, and the fields covered with the carcases of mutilated Christians.' In 1661 Mackenzie distinguished himself by the boldness of his defence of the Marquis of Argyll in his trial before the commission of the estates. Shortly afterwards he was appointed a justice-depute, or judge of the criminal court. Entering parliament in 1669, as member for the county of Ross, he made himself conspicuous by his persistent opposition to the policy of Lauderdale. When, in reply to the letter of the king at the opening of parliament, a proposal was brought forward for an incorporating union with England, Mackenzie moved the adjournment of the debate, and he afterwards moved that the house agree to a commission on union 'under such reservations as the Parliament should think necessary.' He denied, however, that his object was to defeat the union: what he wished to defeat was a too hasty decision. But his politic attitude irritated rather than mollified Lauderdale, who carried bis resentment so far as to meditate unseating him on the plea of his not being a freeholder. Lauderdale was only restrained from carrying out his purpose by the urgent persuasion of Sir Archibald Primrose (, Memoirs, p. 173). Mackenzie's principal rival at the bar was [q. v.], and their personal relations gradually became very bitter. Originally Mackenzie — probably from ternart when he and others were in 1674 debarred from pleading, on account of their appealing from the court of law to parliament; but he gradually changed his attitude towards the dispute, and it was chiefly through his influence and persuasion that the members of the bar were ultimately induced to give in their submission to the government (ib. pp. 267-810). His opinion was that they had stood out long enough to save their self-respect; but the terms of the surrender entirely dispose of such a plea. The incident is, however, chiefly notable as marking a turning-point in the career of Mackenzie. The service he had rendered to the government met with special appreciation; he received the honour of knighthood; and henceforth he became the strenuous supporter of Lauderdale and the king. On 23 Aug. 1677 he was, on the dismissal of [q. v.], appointed king's advocate, and on 4 Sept. he was admitted a privy councillor.

On his accession to office Mackenzie found the gaols full of prisoners who had been left untried by Nisbet, chiefly because he had' not been bribed either to prosecute or release


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Mackenzie them. These he set at liberty; and while under his direction the prosecution of the covenanters was more ruthlessly pursued, strict legal formalities were much more scrupulously observed, one of his first cares being to frame certain rules by which greater precision was required both as to time and place in drawing indictments. Still his acts did not differ materially from those of his predecessor in office; and when in 1679 , third duke of Hamilton [q. v.], headed a deputation to complain of the illegal character of Lauderdale's administration, Mackenzie defended it, if not successfully, at least to the satisfaction of the king.

With the battle of Bothwell Bridge, in June 1679, the covenanters were treated with a great increase of severity, and Mackenzie soon earned among them the epithet of 'Bloody.' He was perhaps primarily responsible for the policy pursued. It was to him the government looked both for the legislative enactments appropriate to the special circumstances and for the relentless and ingenious application of the law to the cases of individual offenders. While Graham of Claverhouse was the main agent in the discovery and apprehension of suspected 'malignants,' Mackenzie made sure that none whom there was good reason to believe guilty should escape the prescribed penalties. 'No king's advocate,' he himself declared, 'has ever screwed the prerogative higher than I have. I deserve to have my statue placed riding behind Charles II in the parliament close.' In February 1680 he also boasted to the Duke of Lauderdale that he had 'never lost a case for the king' (Lauderdale Papers, iii. 192). As he had the principal charge of the government prosecutions, he must be held chiefly responsible for the introduction of torture to extort the truth from suspected persons, and in his 'Vindication' he specially defended its use, while he displayed an almost savage gusto in wielding its terrors. His overmastering temper could not brook opposition, and frequently tempted him to unseemly violence. On one occasion he threatened a specially taciturn prisoner that if he did not speak he would 'tear out his tongue with a pair of pincers.' Nor was the high rank of a prisoner any guarantee of the observance of the outward forms of civility. Even at the death of, first earl of Loudoun (1598-1663) [q. v.], his wrath led him to exclaim, 'Has the villain played me this trick ' (to die before being forfeited); and when Lady Loudoun presented a petition praying for mercy for herself and children, he snatched it out of her hands, tore it to pieces, and threw it out of the window (Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. p. 682). In the persecution of 'fanatics' he strained every legal device to secure a conviction. One of the most scandalous cases connected with his name was that of [q. v.], at his second trial for an attempt on the life of Archbishop Sharp; and it was the more indefensible, because Mackenzie, having been his counsel at the first trial, was fully aware of the circumstances which had induced him to make confession. But a still more flagrant instance of straining the law to secure conviction was the prosecution of the Earl of Argyll in December 1681 for lease making, on account of a reservation he had made in taking the test [see, ninth ]. On this charge Argyll was sentenced to death and forfeited; and when afterwards he was apprehended in 1685, after an abortive attempt to promote a rising in Scotland, Mackenzie advised that he should not be tried for rebellion, but that, 'to do him a favour,' the sentence of 1681 should be enforced.

In September 1680 [q. v.] the covenanter took it upon him to pronounce solemn sentence of excommunication against the king, Mackenzie, and others; and as a consequence a large reward was offered for his apprehension, with the result that he was executed on 25 July 1681. In 1682-8 Mackenzie assisted Claverhouse in bringing about the legal overthrow of the Dalrymples. In 1684 the covenanting prosecution underwent a new phase owing to the published threat of Renwick and others to retaliate on their prosecutors 'according to our power and the degree of their offence.' Mackenzie replied with the enactment 'that any person who owns, or will not disown the late treasonable declaration on oath, whether they have arms or not, be immediately put to death, this being done in the presence of two witnesses, and the person or persons having commission to this effect.' The enactment inaugurated the period known as the 'killing time.' After the passing of the act, 17 Aug. 1686, abrogating the penal laws against the catholics, Mackenzie resigned his office of king's advocate, and for a short time acted as counsel for covenanting prisoners, whom his own enactments had helped to bring within the grasp of the law. In February 1688 he was, however, again restored to his office, and he held it till the revolution.

Mackenzie attended the meetings of the Convention parliament at Edinburgh in March 1689. Along with Claverhouse he made a special complaint to the convention that a plot had been made to assassinate him, but no definite proof of this was forth-