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 Constans, and its dream, which later on exercised so much influence, that after ruling over the whole world he would go to Jerusalem and lay down his crown upon Golgotha. To the 4th century also perhaps belongs a series of apocalyptic pieces and homilies which have been handed down under the name of Ephraem. At the beginning of the Mahommedan period, then, we meet with the most influential and the most curious of these prophetic books, the Pseudo-Methodius, which prophesied of the emperor who would awake from his sleep and conquer Islam. From the Pseudo-Methodius are derived innumerable Byzantine prophecies (cf. especially Vassiliev, Anecdota Graeco-Byzantina) which follow the fortunes of the Byzantine emperors and their governments. A prophecy in verse, adorned with pictures, which is ascribed to Leo VI. the Philosopher (Migne, Patr. Gracca, cvii. p. 1121 &c.), tells of the downfall of the house of the Comneni and sings of the emperor of the future who would one day awake from death and go forth from the cave in which he had lain. Thus the prophecy of the sleeping emperor of the future is very closely connected with the Antichrist tradition. There is extant a Daniel prophecy which, in the time of the Latin empire, foretells the restoration of the Greek rule. In the East, too, Antichrist prophecies were extraordinarily flourishing during the period of the rise of Islam and of the Crusades. To these belong the apocalypses in Arabic, Ethiopian and perhaps also in Syrian, preserved in the so-called Liber Clementis discipuli S. Petri (Petri apostoli apocalypsis per Clementem), the late Syrian apocalypse of Ezra (Bousset, Antichrist, 45 &c.), the Coptic (14th) vision of Daniel (in the appendix to Woide’s edition of the Codex Alexandrinus; Oxford, 1799), the Ethiopian Wisdom of the Sibyl, which is closely related to the Tiburtine Sibyl (see Basset, Apocryphes éthiopiennes, x.); in the last mentioned of these sources long series of Islamic rulers are foretold before the final time of Antichrist. Jewish apocalypse also awakes to fresh developments in the Mahommedan period, and shows a close relationship with the Christian Antichrist literature. One of the most interesting apocalypses is the Jewish History of Daniel, handed down in Persian.

This whole type of prophecy reached the West above all through the Pseudo-Methodius, which was soon translated into Latin. Especially influential, too, in this respect was the letter which the monk Adso in 954 wrote to Queen Gerberga, De ortu et tempore Antichristi. The old Tiburtine Sibylla went through edition after edition, in each case being altered so as to apply to the government of the monarch who happened to be ruling at the time. Then in the West the period arrived in which eschatology, and above all the expectation of the coming of Antichrist, exercised a great influence on the world’s history. This period, as is well known, was inaugurated, at the end of the 12th century, by the apocalyptic writings of the abbot Joachim of Floris. Soon the word Antichrist re-echoed from all sides in the embittered controversies of the West. The pope bestowed this title upon the emperor, the emperor upon the pope, the Guelphs on the Ghibellines and the Ghibellines on the Guelphs. In the contests between the rival powers and courts of the period, the prophecy of Antichrist played a political part. It gave motives to art, to lyrical, epic and dramatic poetry. Among the visionary Franciscans, enthusiastic adherents of Joachim’s prophecies, arose above all the conviction that the pope was Antichrist, or at least his precursor. From the Franciscans, influenced by Abbot Joachim, the lines of connexion are clearly traceable with Milič of Kremsier (Libellus de Antichristo) and Matthias of Janow. For Wycliffe and his adherent John Purvey (probably the author of the Commentarius in Apocalypsin ante centum annos editus, edited in 1528 by Luther), as on the other hand for Hus, the conviction that the papacy is essentially Antichrist is absolute. Finally, if Luther advanced in his contest with the papacy with greater and greater energy, he did so because he was borne on by the conviction that the pope in Rome was Antichrist. And if in the Augustana. the expression of this conviction was suppressed for political reasons, in the Articles of Schmalkalden, drawn up by him, Luther propounded it in the most uncompromising fashion. This sentence was for him an articulus stantis et cadentis ecclesiae. To write the history of the idea of Antichrist in the last centuries of the middle ages, would be almost to write that of the middle ages themselves.

ANTICLIMAX (i.e. the opposite to “climax”), in rhetoric, an abrupt declension (either deliberate or unintended) on the part of a speaker or writer from the dignity of idea which he appeared to be aiming at; as in the following well-known distich:—

An anticlimax can be intentionally employed only for a jocular or satiric purpose. It frequently partakes of the nature of antithesis, as—

It is often difficult to distinguish between “anticlimax” and “bathos”; but the former is more decidedly a relative term. A whole speech may never rise above the level of bathos; but a climax of greater or less elevation is the necessary antecedent of an anticlimax. ANTICOSTI, an island of the province of Quebec, Canada, situated in the Gulf of St Lawrence, between 49° and 50° N., and between 61° 40′ and 64° 30′ W., with a length of 135 m. and a breadth of 30 m. Population 250, consisting chiefly of the keepers of the numerous lighthouses erected by the Canadian government. The coast is dangerous, and the only two harbours, Ellis Bay and Fox Bay, are very indifferent. Anticosti was sighted by Jacques Cartier in 1534, and named Assomption. In 1763 it was ceded by France to Britain, and in 1774 became part of Canada. Wild animals, especially bears, are numerous, but prior to 1896 the fish and game had been almost exterminated by indiscriminate slaughter. In that year Anticosti and the shore fisheries were leased to M. Menier, the French chocolate manufacturer, who converted the island into a game preserve, and attempted to develop its resources of lumber, peat and minerals.

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/135


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162 "Now one can breathe more easily," said the Knight, putting back his shaggy hair with both hands, and turning his gentle face and large mild eyes to Alice. She thought she had never seen such a strange-looking soldier in all her life.

He was dressed in tin armour, which seemed to fit him very badly, and he had a queer-shaped little deal box fastened across his shoulders, upside-down, and with the lid hanging open. Alice looked at it with great curiosity.

"I see you're admiring my little box," the Knight said in a friendly tone. "It's my own inventionto keep clothes and sandwiches in. You see I carry it upside-down, so that the rain can't get in."

"But the things can get out," Alice gently remarked. "Do you know the lid's open?"

"I didn't know it," the Knight said, a shade of vexation passing over his face. "Then all the things must have fallen out! And the box is no use without them." He unfastened it as he spoke, and was just going to throw it into the bushes,

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Antichrist

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Antichrist


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Casey, Hon. James Joseph


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anticlimax

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anticlimax


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Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/183

Rh when a sudden thought seemed to strike him, and he hung it carefully on a tree. "Can you guess why I did that?" he said to Alice.

Alice shook her head.

"In hopes some bees may make a nest in itthen I should get the honey."

"But you've got a bee-hiveor something like onefastened to the saddle," said Alice.

"Yes, it's a very good bee-hive," the Knight said in a discontented tone, "one of the best kind. But not a single bee has come near it yet. And the other thing is a mouse-trap. I suppose the mice keep the bees outor the bees keep the mice out, I don't know which."

"I was wondering what the mouse-trap was for," said Alice. "It isn't very likely there would be any mice on the horse's back."

"Not very likely, perhaps," said the Knight; "but if they do come, I don't choose to have them running all about."

"You see," he went on after a pause, "it's as well to be provided for everything. That's the


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anticosti

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anticosti


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Castella, Hubert de


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Castella, Paul de


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Clarke, Hon. Fielding


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Clarke, Rev. George


text:
Author:Alfred Cox

Works

 * Recollections (1884)
 * Men of Mark of New Zealand (1886)

title: Author:Alfred Cox


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Chubb, Hon. Charles Edward


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Catt, Hon. Alfred


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Chute, General Sir Trevor


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Clark, Hon. Andrew Inglis


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Clark, Rev. Charles


text:
Author:Jessie Catherine Couvreur

Works

 * Barren Love (1877)
 * Uncle Piper of Piper's Hill (1888)
 * A Sydney Sovereign (1890)
 * In her Earliest Youth (1890)
 * The Penance of Portia James (1891)
 * A Knight of the White Feather (1892)
 * An Old Time Episode in Tasmania, a story in Mrs. Patchett Martin's "Cooëe."
 * Not Counting the Cost (1895)
 * A Fiery Ordeal (1897)
 * cowrote The Fate of Fenella (1892)

Works about Couvreur

 * COUVREUR, JESSIE CATHERINE (1848-1897) at the Dictionary of Australian Biography
 * COUVREUR, JESSIE CATHERINE (1848-1897) at the Dictionary of Australian Biography
 * COUVREUR, JESSIE CATHERINE (1848-1897) at the Dictionary of Australian Biography

title: Author:Jessie Catherine Couvreur


text:
Author:William Garden Cowie

Works

 * Notes on the Temples of Cashmere
 * A Visit to Norfolk Island
 * Our Last Year in New Zealand (1888)

Contributions to Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

 * Lecture on Afghanistan and Central Asia (1880)
 * The University of New Zealand; its History, Constitution, and Objects (1882)
 * Anniversary Address by the President of the Auckland Institute (1883)
 * Anniversary Address by the President of the Auckland Institute (1884)
 * On the British Empire in India (1893)
 * The Recent Chitral Difficulty, and the Future of the Country between Western Afghanistan and the Indus (1895)

title: Author:William Garden Cowie


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Cavenagh-Mainwaring, Hon. Wentworth


text: Page:In the Lena Delta - 1885.djvu/2

title: Page:In the Lena Delta - 1885.djvu/2


text: Page:VCH Norfolk 1.djvu/417

title: Page:VCH Norfolk 1.djvu/417


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Chaffey, George and William Benjamin


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Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/184

164 reason the horse has all those anklets round his feet."

"But what are they for?" Alice asked in a tone of great curiosity.

"To guard against the bites of sharks," the Knight replied. "It's an invention of my own. And now help me on. I'll go with you to the end of the woodWhat's that dish for?"

"It's meant for plum-cake," said Alice.

"We'd better take it with us," the Knight said. " It'll come in handy if we find any plum-cake. Help me to get it into this bag."

This took a long time to manage, though Alice held the bag open very carefully, because the Knight was so very awkward in putting in the dish: the first two or three times that he tried he fell in himself instead. "It's rather a tight fit, you see," he said, as they got it in at last; "there are so many candlesticks in the bag." And he hung it to the saddle, which was already loaded with bunches of carrots, and fire-irons, and many other things.


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Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/185

Rh "I hope you've got your hair well fastened on?" he continued, as they set off.

"Only in the usual way," Alice said, smiling.

"That's hardly enough," he said, anxiously. "You see the wind is so very strong here. It's as strong as soup."

"Have you invented a plan for keeping the hair from being blown off?" Alice enquired.

"Not yet," said the Knight. "But I've got a plan for keeping it from falling off."

"I should like to hear it, very much."

"First you take an upright stick," said the Knight. "Then you make your hair creep up it, like a fruit-tree. Now the reason hair falls off is because it hangs downthings never fall upwards, you know. It's a plan of my own invention. You may try it if you like."

It didn't sound a comfortable plan, Alice thought, and for a few minutes she walked on in silence, puzzling over the idea, and every now and then stopping to help the poor Knight, who certainly was not a good rider.


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166

Whenever the horse stopped (which it did very often), he fell off in front; and whenever it went on again (which it generally did rather suddenly), he fell off behind. Otherwise he kept on pretty well, except that he had a habit of now and then falling off sideways; and as he generally did this on the side on which


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Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/187

Rh Alice was walking, she soon found that it was the best plan not to walk quite close to the horse.

"I'm afraid you've not had much practice in riding," she ventured to say, as she was helping him up from his fifth tumble.

The Knight looked very much surprised, and a little offended at the remark. "What makes you say that?" he asked, as he scrambled back into the saddle, keeping hold of Alice's hair with one hand, to save himself from falling over on the other side.

"Because people don't fall off quite so often, when they've had much practice."

"I've had plenty of practice," the Knight said very gravely: "plenty of practice!"

Alice could think of nothing better to say than "Indeed?" but she said it as heartily as she could. They went on a little way in silence after this, the Knight with his eyes shut, muttering to himself, and Alice watching anxiously for the next tumble.

"The great art of riding," the Knight suddenly began in a loud voice, waving his right arm as he


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Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/188

168 spoke, "is to keep" Here the sentence ended as suddenly as it had begun, as the Knight fell heavily on the top of his head exactly in the path where Alice was walking. She was quite frightened this time, and said in an anxious tone, as she picked him up, "I hope no bones are broken?"

"None to speak of," the Knight said, as if he didn't mind breaking two or three of them. "The great art of riding, as I was saying, is—to keep your balance properly. Like this, you know"

He let go the bridle, and stretched out both his arms to show Alice what he meant, and this time he fell flat on his back, right under the horse's feet.

"Plenty of practice!" he went on repeating, all the time that Alice was getting him on his feet again. "Plenty of practice!"

"It's too ridiculous!" cried Alice, losing all her patience this time. "You ought to have a wooden horse on wheels, that you ought!"

"Does that kind go smoothly?" the Knight


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Rh asked in a tone of great interest, clasping his arms round the horse's neck as he spoke, just in time to save himself from tumbling off again.

"Much more smoothly than a live horse," Alice said, with a little scream of laughter, in spite of all she could do to prevent it.

"I'll get one," the Knight said thoughtfully to himself. "One or twoseveral."

There was a short silence after this, and then the Knight went on again. "I'm a great hand at inventing things. Now, I daresay you noticed, the last time you picked me up, that I was looking rather thoughtful?"

"You were a little grave," said Alice.

"Well, just then I was inventing a new way of getting over a gatewould you like to hear it? "

"Very much indeed," Alice said politely.

"I'll tell you how I came to think of it," said the Knight. "You see, I said to myself, 'The only difficulty is with the feet: the head is high enough already.' Now, first I put my head on


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170 the top of the gatethen the head's high enoughthen I stand on my headthen the feet are high enough you seethen I'm over, you see."

"Yes, I suppose you'd be over when that was done," Alice said thoughtfully: "but don't you think it would be rather hard?"

"I haven't tried it yet," the Knight said, gravely: "so I can't tell for certainbut I'm afraid it would be a little hard."

He looked so vexed at the idea, that Alice changed the subject hastily. "What a curious helmet you've got!" she said cheerfully. "Is that your invention too?"

The Knight looked down proudly at his helmet, which hung from the saddle. "Yes," he said, "but I've invented a better one than thatlike a sugar-loaf. When I used to wear it, if I fell off the horse, it always touched the ground directly. So I had a very little way to fall, you seeBut there was the danger of falling into it, to be sure. That happened to me onceand the worst of


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Challis, John Henry


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Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/191

Rh it was, before I could get out again, the other White Knight came and put it on. He thought it was his own helmet."

The Knight looked so solemn about it that Alice did not dare to laugh. "I'm afraid you must have hurt him," she said in a trembling voice, "being on the top of his head."

"I had to kick him, of course," the Knight said, very seriously. "And then he took the helmet off againbut it took hours and hours to get me out. I was as fast asas lightning, you know."

"But that's a different kind of fastness," Alice objected.

The Knight shook his head. "It was all kinds of fastness with me, I can assure you!" he said. He raised his hands in some excitement as he said this, and instantly rolled out of the saddle, and fell headlong into a deep ditch.

Alice ran to the side of the ditch to look for him. She was rather startled by the fall, as for some time he had kept on very well, and she was


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Chalmers, Rev. James


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Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/192

172 afraid that he really was hurt this time. However, though she could see nothing but the soles of his feet, she was much relieved to hear that he was talking on in his usual tone. "All kinds of fastness," he repeated: "but it was careless of him to put another man's helmet onwith the man in it, too."

"How can you go on talking so quietly, head downwards?" Alice asked, as she dragged him out by the feet, and laid him in a heap on the bank.


text:
Author:James Chalmers

Works

 * Work and Adventures in New Guinea
 * Pioneering in New Guinea

title: Author:James Chalmers


text:
Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/193

Rh The Knight looked surprised at the question. "What does it matter where my body happens to be?" he said. "My mind goes on working all the same. In fact, the more head downwards I am, the more I keep inventing new things."

"Now the cleverest thing of the sort that I ever did," he went on after a pause, "was inventing a new pudding during the meat-course."

"In time to have it cooked for the next course?" said Alice. "Well, that was quick work, certainly!"

"Well, not the next course," the Knight said in a slow thoughtful tone: "no, certainly not the next course."

"Then it would have to be the next day. I suppose you wouldn't have two pudding-courses in one dinner?"

"Well, not the next day," the Knight repeated as before: "not the next day. In fact," he went on, holding his head down, and his voice getting lower and lower, "I don't believe that pudding ever was cooked! In fact, I don't believe that


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174 pudding ever will be cooked! And yet it was a very clever pudding to invent."

"What did you mean it to be made of?" Alice asked, hoping to cheer him up, for the poor Knight seemed quite low-spirited about it.

"It began with blotting-paper," the Knight answered with a groan.

"That wouldn't be very nice, I'm afraid"

"Not very nice alone," he interrupted, quite eagerly: "but you've no idea what a difference it makes, mixing it with other thingssuch as gunpowder and sealing-wax. And here I must leave you." They had just come to the end of the wood.

Alice could only look puzzled: she was thinking of the pudding.

"You are sad," the Knight said in an anxious tone: "let me sing you a song to comfort you."

"Is it very long?" Alice asked, for she had heard a good deal of poetry that day.

"It's long," said the Knight, "but it's very, very beautiful. Everybody that hears me sing


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Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/195

Rh iteither it brings the tears into their eyes, or else"

"Or else what?" said Alice, for the Knight had made a sudden pause.

"Or else it doesn't, you know. The name of the song is called 'Haddocks' Eyes.'"

"Oh, that's the name of the song, is it?" Alice said, trying to feel interested.

"No, you don't understand," the Knight said, looking a little vexed. "That's what the name is called. The name really is 'The Aged Aged Man.'"

"Then I ought to have said 'That's what the song is called'?" Alice corrected herself.

"No, you oughtn't: that's quite another thing! The song is called Ways And Means: but that's only what it's called, you know!"

"Well, what is the song, then? " said Alice, who was by this time completely bewildered.

"I was coming to that," the Knight said. "The song really is A-sitting On A Gate: and the tune's my own invention."


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176 So saying, he stopped his horse and let the reins fall on its neck: then, slowly beating time with one hand, and with a faint smile lighting up his gentle foolish face, as if he enjoyed the music of his song, he began.

Of all the strange things that Alice saw in her journey Through The Looking-Glass, this was the one that she always remembered most clearly. Years afterwards she could bring the whole scene back again, as if it had been only yesterdaythe mild blue eyes and kindly smile of the Knightthe setting sun gleaming through his hair, and shining on his armour in a blaze of light that quite dazzled herthe horse quietly moving about, with the reins hanging loose on his neck, cropping the grass at her feetand the black shadows of the forest behindall this she took in like a picture, as, with one hand shading her eyes, she leant against a tree, watching the strange pair, and listening, in a half dream, to the melancholy music of the song.


text:
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Rh "But the tune isn't his own invention," she said to herself: "it's 'I give thee all, I can no more.'" She stood and listened very attentively, but no tears came into her eyes.

"I'll tell thee everything I can;

There's little to relate.

I saw an aged aged man,

A-sitting on a gate.

'Who are you, aged man?' I said.

And how is it you live?

And his answer trickled through my head

Like water through a sieve.

He said 'I look for butterflies

That sleep among the wheat:

I make them into mutton-pies,

And sell them in the street.

I sell them unto men,' he said,

'Who sail on stormy seas;

And that's the way I get my bread—

A trifle, if you please.'


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178 But I was thinking of a plan

To dye one's whiskers green,

And always use so large a fan

That they could not be seen.

So, having no reply to give

To what the old man said,

I cried 'Come, tell me how you live!'

And thumped him on the head.

His accents mild took up the tale:

He said 'I go my ways,

And when I find a mountain-rill,

I set it in a blaze;

And thence they make a stuff they call

Rowlands' Macassar Oil—

Yet twopence-halfpenny is all

They give me for my toil.'

But I was thinking of a way

To feed oneself on batter,

And so go on from day to day

Getting a little fatter.


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Chalmers, Right Rev. William


text:
Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/199

Rh I shook him well from side to side,

Until his face was blue:

'Come, tell me how you live,' I cried,

And what it is you do!

He said 'I hunt for haddocks' eyes

Among the heather bright,

And work them into waistcoat-buttons

In the silent night.


text:
Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/491

321 Āp. omit nas, TA. reads instead me; in d, for antás tiṣṭhāti, TA. and Āp. have áva bādhatām, MS. ápa b-. Ppp. agrees nearly with MS. by reading in a punar manaḩ punar āyur na mā ”gaṅ; in c it has adbhutas for adabáhas; its d is antas tiṣṭhāsi duritād avadyāt; and it combines tanūpāntas.⌋ ⌊Cf. also MGS. 1. 3. 2 and p. 152, s.v. punar me; and MB. i. 6. 34.⌋

3. We have become united with splendor, with fatness (páyas), with bodies (tanū́), with propitious mind; let Tvashṭar make for us here wider room; let him smooth down what of our body is torn apart.

1. Now do I adorn this man as superior to his fellow, for attainment of Indra; do thou increase his authority, his great fortune, as the rain the grass.

2. For him, O Agni-and-Soma, maintain ye dominion, for him wealth; in the sphere of royalty make ye him superior to his fellow.

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/491


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180 And these I do not sell for gold

Or coin of silvery shine,

But for a copper halfpenny,

And that will purchase nine.

'I sometimes dig for buttered rolls,

Or set limed twigs for crabs;

I sometimes search the grassy knolls

For wheels of Hansom-cabs.

And that's the way' (he gave a wink)

'By which I get my wealth—

And very gladly will I drink

Your Honour's noble health.'

I heard him then, for I had just

Completed my design

To keep the Menai bridge from rust

By boiling it in wine.

I thanked him much for telling me

The way he got his wealth,

But chiefly for his wish that he

Might drink my noble health.


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Chambers, Charles Haddon


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Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/201

Rh And now, if e'er by chance I put

My fingers into glue,

Or madly squeeze a right-hand foot

Into a left-hand shoe,

Or if I drop upon my toe

A very heavy weight,

I weep, for it reminds me so

Of that old man I used to know—

Whose look was mild, whose speech was slow,

Whose hair was whiter than the snow,

Whose face was very like a crow,

With eyes, like cinders, all aglow,

Who seemed distracted with his woe,

Who rocked his body to and fro,

And muttered mumblingly and low,

As if his mouth were full of dough,

Who snorted like a buffalo

That summer evening, long ago,

A-sitting on a gate."

As the Knight sang the last words of the ballad, he gathered up the reins, and turned


text:
Author:Charles Haddon Chambers

Works

 * In Cold Blood
 * The Pipe of Peace

Plays

 * The Open Gate
 * Devil Caresfoot dramatisation of Henry Rider Haggard's Dawn
 * Captain Swift
 * The Idler
 * The Honourable Herbert

title: Author:Charles Haddon Chambers


text:
Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/202

182 his horse's head along the road by which they had come. "You've only a few yards to go," he said, "down the hill and over that little brook, and then you'll be a QueenBut you'll stay and see me off first?" he added as Alice turned with an eager look in the direction to which he pointed. "I shan't be long. You'll wait and wave your handkerchief when I get to that turn in the road? I think it'll encourage me, you see."

"Of course I'll wait," said Alice: "and thank you very much for coming so farand for the songI liked it very much."

"I hope so," the Knight said doubtfully: "but you didn't cry so much as I thought you would."

So they shook hands, and then the Knight rode slowly away into the forest. "It won't take long to see him off, I expect," Alice said to herself, as she stood watching him. "There he goes! Right on his head as usual! However, he gets on again pretty easilythat


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Champ, Colonel Hon. William Thomas Napier


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Chandler, Alfred Thomas


text:
Author:Alfred Thomas Chandler

Works

 * Bush Idyll and other Poems (1887)
 * Songs of the Sunland (1889)

title: Author:Alfred Thomas Chandler


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Daly, Sir Dominic


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Daly, Dominick Daniel


text:
Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/492

vi. 54- 3. Whoever, both related and unrelated, assails us—every such one mayest thou make subject to me, the sacrificer, the soma-presser.

1. The many paths, traveled by the gods, that go between heaven-and-earth—whichever of them shall carry [one] to unscathedness, to that one, O gods, do ye all here give me over.

2. Hot season, winter, cool season, spring, autumn, rains—do ye set us in welfare (svitá); portion ye us in kine, in progeny; may we verily be in your windless shelter.

3. Unto the idā-year, the pari-year, the sam-year, pay ye great homage; may we be in the favor of these worshipful ones, likewise in their auspicious well-willing.

title: Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/492


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Dampier, Alfred


text: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 53

title: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 53


text: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 54

title: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 54


text: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 55

title: Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VI/Hymn 55


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Dangar, Hon. Henry Cary


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Darley, Hon. Sir Frederick Matthew


text:
User talk:Intimalai

— billinghurst  sDrewth  06:41, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Intimalai


text:
Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/203

Rh comes of having so many things hung round the horse" So she went on talking to herself, as she watched the horse walking leisurely along the road, and the Knight tumbling off, first on one side and then on the other. After the fourth or fifth tumble he reached the turn, and then she waved her handkerchief to him, and waited till he was out of sight.

"I hope it encouraged him," she said, as she turned to run down the hill: "and now for the last brook, and to be a Queen! How grand it sounds!" A very few steps brought her to the edge of the brook. "The Eighth Square at last!" she cried as she bounded across,

and threw herself down to rest on a lawn as soft as moss, with little flower-beds dotted about it here and there. "Oh, how glad I am to get here! And what is this on my head?" she


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Darling, Sir Charles Henry


text:
Page:Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There.djvu/204

184 exclaimed in a tone of dismay, as she put her hands up to something very heavy, that fitted tight all round her head.

"But how can it have got there without my knowing it?" she said to herself, as she lifted it off, and set it on her lap to make out what it could possibly be.

It was a golden crown.


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Darling, Hon. John


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Darling, Lieut.-General Sir Ralph


text:
Page:Scientific American - Series 1 - Volume 001 - Issue 02.pdf/2

Whereas, Mr. has commenced the publication of a scientific weekly paper, entitled the "Scientific American," and under apparently favourable circumstances; and whereas, the confidence of the public in new papers has become in some measure impaired, by the discontinuance of certain newspapers before the subscribers therefor had received the full value of the money advanced: now, therefore,

Be it known to all whom it may concern, that we, the undersigned, do hereby guaranty the continuance of the publication of the "Scientific American" for the term of at least one year from its commencement.

Certificate.—We are personally acquainted with the persons whose signatures are affixed to the foregoing guarantee, and believe them to be gentlemen of respectable standing and responsibility.

In our last number we introduced a pendant ball by way of illustrating the action, reaction, and counteraction of gravity and inertia. And in consideration of the vast importance of a thorough knowledge of these principles we have procured for this number a cut representation of the pendant ball, which we have introduced, and shall endeavour to be more explicit in our theoretic explanation.

If the ball is suspended by a cord or wire from the hook A, the ball will in consequence of the force of gravity, assume a position directly under the hook, and hold the cord by which it is suspended, in a position at right angles with the horizon.

The reason of this is that the ball by its weight, or the force of gravity, tends towards the centre of the earth, and the present position is precisely in a direct line between the hook and the earth's centre; and at the point nearest to the centre, that the ball can possibly approach while thus suspended. Now if this ball is moved horizontally or rather curvilinearly to C, and then let go, being restrained by the cord from descending according to its inclination, directly towards the earth, it naturally seeks the lowest possible point, and thus returns rapidly to its first position. In this instance, gravity in moving the ball from C to L, has overpowered inertia, and in consequence of this motion, inertia has become momentum; and now that the ball has approached the lowest point, and the influence of gravity with regard to the motion of the ball, being diminished in consequence of its direction being at this point nearly horizontal, the momentum, which the ball has acquired in its descent thus far, now carries it past this point L, and before the increasing resistance of gravity shall have been sufficient to stop the ball by reversing this momentum, the ball will have approached to D. Then again gravity predominates and returns the ball to L., and again momentum drives it forward to E, a little short of its starting point.—Again gravity returns the ball to L, and momentum pushes it forward to F. In this manner gravity and momentum continue the strife of alternate ascendancy, till the ball has vibrated to the points G, H, I, J, and K, and finally rests at L. In the vibration of the ball, as above described, the alternate influence of gravity and momentum, are so uniform and equally balanced, that were it not for the resistance of the atmospheric air, and some little friction in the play of the cord, the motion would be perpetual. It is the uniformity of action which gives regularity to the movement of the pendulum of a clock, by which the other movements of a clock are also regulated. But the velocity of the ball, in its vibrations, depends much on the length of the cord or wire by which it is suspended. If this cord be but one foot in length, the ball will perform twice as many vibrations in a given time, as it will with a rope two feet long. The reason of this difference is, that when the cord is longer, the inclination of the curve at the extremity of the vibrations is less, and consequently the force of gravity in the direction of the motion is less; and of course requires more force to overcome the inertia of the ball, in putting it in motion and momentum in stopping it. If the distance from the hook, or point of suspension to the centre of the ball, be 39 1-7 inches, the vibration will be 60 per minute. The time required for each vibration of the ball does not much depend on the extent of its motion—the space over which it passes in either direction—whether it be one foot or two feet, more or less; for if the extent of its motion be greater, the inclination of its direction at the extremities of its vibration, is also greater, and consequently the direct force of gravity being greater, the velocity of the ball from point to point is also greater, and nearly if not precisely in proportion to the distance over which it moves. Hence may be seen the peculiar adaptability of the pendulum for measuring time.

 * supposed to be situated about 95 degrees East of the North Pole. The streets of this City are so arranged that it is difficult for a stranger to find his way from one part of the city to another, especially from the front gate to the Capitol, near the centre. This plan will be found exceedingly useful in illustrating the danger of trusting to appearances, and those who may attempt to trace this principal route, will not fail of finding an interesting amusement, or of being subject to sundry pleasant jokes, in the course of their progress, by frequent references to the following

—A, Capitol. B B, Banks. C C, Gardens. D D, Churches. E E, Post Offices. F F Hotels. G G, State Prisons. H H, Watch Houses. I I, Livery Stables. J J, Markets. K K, Theatres. L L, Batteries. M M, Parks. N N, Public Baths. O O, Circusses. P P, Refectories. Q Q, Colleges. R R, Soda Rooms. S S, Oyster Rooms. T T T T, Wells.

No man can create, nor anihilate any particle of matter; but can decompose compound bodies, and by some combinations of their ingredients form other bodies or substances, entirely different in their natures, properties, and appearances. All bodies are either simple, or are composed of simple substances; and no simple substances can be decomposed, nor materially changed but by combination with other bodies. Thus iron, in its pure and natural state, is hard, brilliant and very adhesive; but by its combination with caloric, it becomes fluid; combined with sulphur and oxygen, it becomes a transparent crystal; combined with oxygen alone, but in different proportions, it appears in the form of red or yellow ochre; combined with the prussic acid, it becomes deep blue, known as prussian blue; combined with sulphur, oxygen and hydrogen, it becomes transparent liquid; and the addition of a little gallic acid again changes it to black ink. Plumbago, or black lead, is a combination of iron and carbon. Iron also enters into the composition of glass;—gives the red colour to the blood of animals; and has been known to assume all the colours of the rainbow in regular order, by its combination with different proportions of oxygen and carbon, in a single piece of slate stone.

While on this subject, we shall give a few simple experiments, which may be readily performed by any person—will afford amusement as well as instruction to the scientific youth, and will further illustrate the importance of the science of chemistry.

To any small quantity of sulphuric acid, in a phial, add double the quantity of water, and as much of iron filings as the mixture will dissolve. When the iron is added, and ebulition will occur, in consequence of the liberation of hydrogen gas from the water. When the boiling has subsided, the liquid is supposed to be saturated with the iron, and may be poured or strained off from the sediment. With this solution, which is neutral and harmless, wet a piece of paper, and it will remain colourless when dry; but afterward wet the paper with a little solution of pearlash or saleratus, and it will change instantly to a deep and permanent buff yellow. Wet another part of the paper with a dilute solution of prussiate of potash, and it will be changed to blue. Again wet other parts with colourless infusion of out galls, and it will be changed to black or ink colour. Put a small quantity of each of the three last mentioned liquids in three drinking glasses: then drop but a single drop of the solution of iron into each of them, and the liquids will be instantly changed to blue, yellow and black.

.—We have often observed in sectarian papers, a general request that all clergyman of the same denomination, should act as agents for the paper; and by such means, some papers have attained to an immense circulation. Not having and similar available advantage, we would solicit the favour of every honest mechanic who may receive this paper, to use his influence in our favour, and induce as many more as possible to subscribe for it. All favours of this kind will be duly appreciated.

.—Being desirous of embodying in this paper, a great variety of interesting statistical and other items of intelligence, we trust our readers will not be surprised to find in this number, some items, the substance of which they may have seen in other papers some days earlier. Each reader will please to consider, that although he may have read some of these items, yet perhaps his neighbour has not, and they will therefore be new to him. We shall soon fetch up the arrearage of news, and then all will be fresh and fair.

—We should have given a particular description of Davenport & Bridge's improvement in rail-road cars this week; but the engravings not being ready, we have substituted the labyrinthian curiosity, the City of Jungo, the bewilderology of which has no parallel. Our amusement-loving readers will not regret this variation of arrangement.

There has not probably within the memory of man, been a season in which excessive heat has so long prevailed, not in which so many instances of the terrific effects of lightning has occurred, as within a few weeks past. Of the latter we shall record in a brief manner, a few instances which have come to our knowledge. Of buildings which have been struck, and more or less shattered, are the houses of the late J. B. Titcomb, Newburyport; the south church in Andover, Mass.; the house of Mr. William Manning of Ipswich; the house of Mrs. Field in Manchester, Mass.; the barn of Wm. Barker, in Chatham, N. H. and another barn in the same town; a barn in Greenland, N. H.; a dwelling house and two barns in Abiagton; Dr. Beecher's church in Salem St. Boston; also several houses in Fayette St. the house of Capt. H. Taylor in Yarmouth, Mass.; the house of Ezra Hall in North Dennis; the house of Mr. Whildon in South Dennis; also a barn owned by Mr. Kelby Chase; a barn belonging to L. Howes in East Dennis; the house of Capt. I. Lewis at Centreville:—of S. G. Sears at Hyannis Port:—of Eben Scudder at Maston Mills;—a salt mill at Brewster (also two schooners lying at Bass River.) [sic] Six locust trees were struck at about the same time at East Haverhill. Several houses in N. Haven have been struck and several vessels at sea. Several of the buildings above mentioned were burned. We also hear of the loss of several lives. The electric fluid has also been unusually fatal in Europe; a person and his horse were struck dead near Hornfleuer; the town of Weleschien in Bohemia, was struck at five different places at the same moment. Forty-five houses and twenty-five barns had been struck and consumed. Twelve or more persons in various places have been killed.

P.S. Since writing the above, the following additional instances have come in hand. In Hingham, Mass., two dwelling houses were struck by lightning last week: also the print works at Bristol; a barn in Fitchburg, and another in Hubbardston were struck and consumed;—a house in Gardner, and a chair shop;—A barn in Templeton, consumed; a meeting house and several houses in Templeton were struck; a barn at Lunenburg consumed. At Fort Richmond, two dwelling houses, a barn, a store and schooner were struck; also two houses near Norristown, and a barn in Easton: the latter was consumed. Several persons in different places were injured, and one was killed by the electric fluid. The Tremont House at Littleton, Mass., was struck and consumed on Saturday week.

.—An Indiana editor has been made to believe, that a Mr. Warren has made an improvement in the art of stereotyping, which puts it in the power of every printer to stereotype whatever he chooses in an almost incredibly short space of time, at little or no expense, and with the utmost precision and accuracy. The composition of which the plate is made is nearly as hard as iron, which it resembles a great deal, and can be melted on a common fire as easily as lead. The gullibles are copying the article extensively.

.—Mr. Bevongen says, in his report to the French government, that the punishment of death has been abolished in Tuscany for twenty-five years; and that it has so improved the character of the people, that the prisons were empty; only five murders had been committed in the kingdom for twenty years after the abolishment of that punishment.

.—A correspondent of the Tribune, writing from Boston, says on this subject, that established prices of fares from the hotels to the several depots, is in all cases 25 cents. We can inform him, however, that the "established price" of fares in the coaches of Cheney, Averill & Co., No. 9 and 11 Elm-street, is only twelve and a half cents, for any distance not exceeding one mile.

will contain the commencement of a series of instructions in the art of Painting: also, a piece of Music, which is excluded this week by press of other matter.

The following extract from a work published in Philadelphia twenty-four years ago, by Oliver Evans, is furnished to us by a paper of that city.

It appears that Mr. Evans, who contributed largely to the present advanced state of improvement in mechanic arts, conceived or entertained the idea of steam waggons and railroads anterior to the year 1773: for shortly after this period we find him applying to the Legislature of Pennsylvania and Maryland for aid to carry into effect his views on these subjects. The first rejected his memorial, or paid no attention to it, deeming its author INSANE! The last granted him a patent for fourteen years; but from the want of public confidence in the practicability of his schemes, and his own want of means, this patent was of no use to him. The Pennsylvanian says he lived and died comparatively poor and neglected, and was compelled to leave all his vast conceptions and designs to be executed by smaller minds and later days, as almost all the benefactors of our race have had to do before him.

"The time will come when people will travel in stages moved by steam engines, from one city to another, almost as fast as birds fly, fifteen or twenty miles an hour.

"Passing through the air with such velocity, changing the scene in such rapid succession, will be the most exhilarating, delightful exercise. A carriage will set out from Washington in the morning, the passengers will breakfast at Baltimore, dine at Philadelphia, and sup at New-York the same day.

"To accomplish this, two sets of railways will be laid, so nearly level as not in any place to deviate more than two degrees from a horizontal line, made of wood or iron, or smooth paths of broken stone or glass, with a rail to guide the carriages, so that they may pass each other in different directions, and travel by night as well as by day; and the passengers will sleep in these stages as comfortable as they now do in steamboats."

"A steam engine that will consume from a quarter to half a cord of wood, will drive a carriage on hundred and eighty miles in twelve hours, with twenty or thirty passengers, and will not consume sixty gallons of water. The carriage will not be over-loaded with fuel or water.

"These engines will drive boats ten or twelve miles an hour, and there will be many hundred steamboats running on the Mississippi, and other western waters as prophesied thirty years ago, by one who could predict them better than the poet can now. But the velocity of boats through the water, can never be made to equal the velocity of carriage through the air, because the resistance of water is eight hundred times the resistance of air.

"And it shall come to pass that the memory of these sordid and wicked wretches who oppose such improvements, will be execrated by every good man as they ought to be now."

"Posterity will not be able to discover why the legislature, or congress, did not grant the inventor such protection as might have enabled him to put in operation these great improvements sooner, he having asked neither money, nor a monopoly of any existing thing. The clouds of darkness will be dissipated by time. It will be clearly discovered, that to protect inventors for sufficient terms, is the only way to get the discoveries sooner."

.—Our subscribers who receive their papers by mail, are expected to remit one dollar each, by mail, on the receipt of this number. The money may be sent by mail at our own risk and postage, or may be paid to the Postmaster, (who will receipt for the same,) at the option of subscribers. No money should be paid in advance to any agents but those who have written authority from the publisher to collect or receive the same.

.—The aggregate loss by large fires on this continent the present year is estimated at $21,000,000, as follows: Barbadoes, $2,000,000; Pittsburgh, $3,500,000; London, Canada, $500,000; Fayetteville, $500,000; Quebec, $7,500,000; Matanzas, $1,000,000; New-York, $6,000,000.

The printing apparatus of Cassius M. Clay, who had commenced the publication of an anti-slavery paper in Louisville, Ky., has been packed up by the citizens and sent to Cincinnati.

The Roman Citizen, of Rome, N. Y., speaking of money, says, "It is dew (due) in the morning and mist (miss'd) at night." Very bright.

Somebody,—Green we believe,—once said that he had never learned to sing but two tunes, one of which was Old Hundred and the other wasn't.

Peaches are very abundant. They have been sold in Philadelphia as low as 25 cents a basket, and in Baltimore, for six cents a peck.

The various lines of travel leading to New-York have been much crowded since the arrival of the Great Britain, and the city appears quite lively.

Seventeen steamboats with an aggregate tonage of 3,215 tons, and cost of $243,000, have been built at Cincinnati within the present year.

The population of Washington, D. C. has increased from 23,000 to 40,000 since 1840. Nearly 400 buildings have been erected within the past year.

One of the pipes of the new organ which is being built for the Trinity Church, is large enough to contain thirty men. Mr. Henry Erben is the builder.

The Merrimack Company at Lowell have commenced building a new mill, which is to be the largest ever built at that place, or perhaps in the United States.

A new glass factory is about to go into operation in Buffalo, N. Y. Window and other varieties will be manufactured on a large scale.

During the prevalence of the recent excessive warm weather, the price of fans at Woodworth's (late Bonfanti's) in Broadway, was up to $75 each.

A new musket has been invented at Potsdam, Eng. which is said to carry point blank 1,200 paces, and can be fired 17 times a minute.

The allowance for the French navy for the present year has been raised to the enormous sum of 120,000,000 of francs.

Messrs. Livingston and Wells are about to establish an express line to run from New York to Cincinnati, Ohio.

The cost of transporting a barrel of flour from Cleveland, O., to Boston, is estimated at only 72 cents, via Ogdensburg and Northern Railroad.

A sugar beet has been raised near SavanaSavannah [sic], Geo. which measured 24 inches in circumferancecircumference [sic], 14 in length and weighed 11 lbs. This beet is hard to beat.

The College Libraries of this county number about 600,000 volumes. We think this would be sufficient for any one man to read.

J. H. Overton travelled one hundred and fifty miles in an open skiff, from Landry to Baton Rouge, to represent his parish in the Democratic Convention of Louisiana.

The Essex steam-mill in Newburyport, Mass., has made a dividend of forty-two and a half per cent. from the earnings of the mill the last year.

The fire is still burning in Pittsburg, although near five months have elapsed since the great conflagration.

A duel was lately fought in New Orleans, in which both parties fell. They fought with pistols, at five paces, and obtained mutual satisfaction.

A writer from the White Sulphur Springs, says that the keeper of the Hotel at that place, keeps 129 dogs. He must be fond of music.

A company has been formed at Zanesville, Ohio, with a capital of $50,000, for the purpose of establishing a cotton manufactory at that place.

A man was recently sentenced to imprisonment in Missouri, for being drunk. On his way to prison the sheriff got drunk, and the man escaped.

About a dozen persons have been recently indicted at Albany for vending lottery tickets. We hope the traffic will be suppressed.

A company of traders from Santa Fe, arrived at St. Louis on the 13th ult., on a trading expedition. They have brought $50,000 in specie.

Mr. Andrew Marcey will, it is said, cast $28,000 worth of bells—most of them large—within the present year, at his foundry at West Troy.

The increase of the value of real estate in England and Scotland, within the last thirty years, is stated at £35,146,104.

The receipts on the Long Island rail-road during the first sixteen days of August, were $24,140. This looks encouraging.

There is now on exhibition, in this city, the skeleton of an enormous serpent, which measures 114 feet in length, and ten or twelve feet in circumference. More particulars in our next.

A fish has been taken at New London, in which was found a Prussian coin, about the size and value of a cent. Where the fish found the money, report does not say.

Great music is anticipated from an electro-magnetic instrument, which is being constructed in Philadelphia. We may hear something more about it.

The news by the Cambria reached New Orleans in twenty-two days from Liverpool, via Halifax and Boston. This despatch is unprecedented.


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Chanter, John Moore


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Chapman, Hon. Henry Samuel


text:
Author:Henry Samuel Chapman

Works

 * The New Zealand Portfolio (1843)
 * Parliamentary Government or Responsible Ministries of the Australian Colonies (1854)

Contributions to Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

 * On the Political Economy of Railways (1870)
 * Anniversary Address of the President to the Otago Institute

title: Author:Henry Samuel Chapman


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Chapman, Hon. Thomas Daniel


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Cheeke, Hon. Alfred


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Chester, Henry Majoribanks


text:
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Eugenius of Carthage

Eugenius of Carthage,, unanimously elected Bishop of Carthage in 480 to succeed Deogratias (d. 456); d. July 13, 505. The election was deferred owing to the opposition of the Arian Vandal kings and was only permitted by Huneric at the instance of Zeno and Placidia, into whose family the Vandals had married. The bishop's wise government, charity to the poor, austerity of life, and courage under persecution, won the admiration of the Arians. In his uncompromising defense of the Divinity of the Word he was imitated by the members of his flock, many of whom were exiled with him, after he had admitted Vandals into the Catholic Church, contrary to royal edict, and had worsted in argument Arian theologians, whom the king pitted against the Catholics. Both sides claimed the name "Catholic", the Arians calling their opponents "Homoousians". The conference was held some time between 481 and February, 484, and ended by the withdrawal of the chief Arian bishop on the plea that he could not speak Latin. The Arians being enraged, Huneric persecuted the Catholics, exiling forty-six bishops to Corsica, and three hundred and two to the African deserts. Among the latter was Eugenius, who under the custody of a ruffian named Antonius dwelt in the desert of Tripoli. On setting out he wrote a letter of consolation and exhortation to the faithful of Carthage which is still extant in the works of Gregory of Tours (P.L., LVII, 769-71). Gunthamund, who succeeded Huneric allowed Eugenius to return to Carthage and permitted him to reopen the churches. After eight years of peace Thrasamund succeeded to the throne, revived the persecution, arrested Eugenius, and condemned him to death, but commuted the sentence into exile at Vienne, near Albi (Languedoc), where the Arian Alaric was king. Eugenius built here a monastery over the tomb of St. Amaranthus, the martyr, and led a penitential life till his death. He is said to have miraculously cured a man who was blind.

He wrote: "Expositio Fidei Catholicae", demanded of him by Huneric, probably the one submitted by the Catholic bishops at the conference. It proves the consubstantiality of the Word and Divinity of the Holy Ghost. He wrote also an "Apologeticus pro Fide"; "Altercatio cum Arianis", fragments of which are quoted by Victor de Vita; also pleas for the Catholics, addressed to Huneric or his successors. His letter to the faithful of Carthage has been mentioned above.

MARK J. MCNEAL


text:
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Eulalia of Barcelona

Eulalia of Barcelona,, a Spanish martyr in the persecution of Diocletian (February 12, 304), patron of the cathedral and city of Barcelona, also of sailors. The Acts of her life and martyrdom were copied early in the twelfth century, and with elegant conciseness, by the learned ecclesiastic Renallus Grammaticus (Bol. acad. hist., Madrid, 1902, XLI, 253-55). Their chief historical source is a Latin hymn of the middle of the seventh century by Quiricus, Bishop of Barcelona, friend and correspondent of St. Ildephonsus of Toledo and of Tajo, Bishop of Saragossa. This hymn, identical with that of Prudentius (Peristephanon, III) for the feast of St. Eulalia of Merida (December 10, 304), was preserved in the Visigothic Church and has reached us through the Mozarabic Liturgy.

There is no reason to doubt the existence of two distinct saints of this name, despite the over-hasty and hypercritical doubts of some. The aforesaid Quiricus of Barcelona and Oroncius of Merida were present at the tenth council of Toledo (656). The latter had already founded (651) a convent of nuns close by the basilica of the celebrated martyr of his episcopal city, had written a rule for its guidance, and given it for abbess the noble lady Eugenia. Quiricus now did as much for the basilica and sepulchre of the martyr of Barcelona, close to whom he wished to be buried, as we read in the last lines of the hymn. The inscriptions on many Visigothic altars show that they contained relics of St. Eulalia; except in the context, however, they do not distinguish between the martyr of Barcelona and the one of Merida. On an altar in the village of Morera, Province of Badajoz, we find enumerated consecutively Sts. Fructuosus and Augurius (Tarragona), St. Eulalia (Barcelona), St. Baudilius (Nimes), and St. Paulus (Narbonne). The Visigothic archaeology of Eastern Spain has been hitherto poor in hagiological remains; nevertheless, a trans-Pyrenean inscription found at Montady near Beziers mentions a basilica dedicated to the martyrs Sts. Vincentius, Ines, and Eulalia (of Barcelona). Until November 23, 874, the body of the Barcelona martyr reposed outside the walls of the city in the church of Santa Maria del March On that date both the body and the tomb were transferred to his cathedral by Bishop Frodoinus. In memory of this act he set up an inscription yet preserved in the Muséo Provincial of Barcelona (no. 864); see also volume XX of Florez, "España Sagrada", for a reproduction of the same. Not long before this the martyr, St. Eulogius, having occasion to defend the martyrs of Cordova for their spontaneous confession of the Christian Faith before the Mussulman magistrates, quoted the example of St. Eulalia of Barcelona, and referred to the ancient Acts of her martyrdom. Her distinct personality is also confirmed by the existence of an ancient church and monastery in Cordova that bear the name of the Barcelona martyr; this important evidence is borne out by the Mozarabic calendars examined by the learned Dom Ferotin (below).

F. FITA


text: Author:Fidel Fita y Colomé

title: Author:Fidel Fita y Colomé


text:
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Eulogia

Eulogia (Greek eulogia, "a blessing").—The term has been applied in ecclesiastical usage to the object blessed. It was occasionally used in early times to signify the Holy Eucharist, and in this sense is especially frequent in the writings of St. Cyril of Alexandria. The origin of this use is doubtless to be found in the words of St. Paul (I Cor., x, 16): to poterion tes eulogias ho eulogoumen. But the more general use is for such objects as bread, wine, etc., which it was customary to distribute after the celebration of the Divine Mysteries. Bread so blessed, we learn from St. Augustine (De peccat. merit., ii, 26), was customarily distributed in his time to catechumens, and he even gives it the name of sacramentum, as having received the formal blessing of the Church: "Quod acceperunt catechumeni, quamvis non sit corpus Christi, sanctum tamen est, et sanctius quam cibi quibus alimur, quoniam sacramentum est" (What the catechumens receive, though it is not the Body of Christ, is holy—holier, indeed, than our ordinary food, since it is a sacramentum). For the extension of this custom in later ages, see Antidoron; Liturgical Use of Bread.

The word eulogia has a special use in connection with monastic life. In the Benedictine Rule monks are forbidden to receive "litteras, eulogias, vel quaelibet munuscula" without the abbot's leave. Here the word may be used in the sense of blessed bread only, but it seems to have a wider signification, and to designate any kind of present. There was a custom in monasteries of distributing in the refectories, after Mass, the eulogiae of bread blessed at the Mass.

ARTHUR S. BARNES

title: Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Eulogia


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Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Eulogius of Alexandria

Eulogius of Alexandria,, patriarch of that see from 580 to 607. He was a successful combatant of the heretical errors then current in Egypt, notably the various phases of Monophysitism. He was a warm friend of St. Gregory the Great, corresponded with him, and received from that pope many flattering expressions of esteem and admiration. Among other merits the pope makes special mention of his defense of the primacy of the Roman See (Baronius, Ann. Eccl., ad an. 597, no. 9) Eulogius refuted the Novatians, some communities of which ancient sect still existed in his diocese, and vindicated the hypostatic union of the two natures in Christ, against both Nestorius and Eutyches. Baronius (ad ann. 600, no. 5) says that Gregory wished Eulogius to survive him, recognizing in him the voice of truth. It has been rightly said that he restored for a brief period to the church of Alexandria that life and youthful vigor characteristic of those churches only which remain closely united to Rome. Besides the above works and a commentary against the various sects of the Monophysites (Severians, Theodosians, Cainites, Acephali) he left eleven discourses in defense of Leo I and the council of Chalcedon, also a work against the Agnoeti, submitted by him before publication to Gregory I, who after some observations authorized it unchanged. With exception of one sermon and a few fragments all the writings of Eulogius have perished.

M. J. MCNEAL


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Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Eulogius of Cordova

Eulogius of Cordova,, Spanish martyr and writer who flourished during the reigns of the Cordovan Caliphs, Abd-er-Rahman II and Mohammed I (822-886). It is not certain on what date or in what year of the ninth century he was born; it must have been previous to 819, because in 848 he was a priest highly esteemed among the Christians of Catalonia and Navarre, and priesthood was then conferred only on men thirty years of age. The family of the saint was of the nobility and held land in Cordova from Roman times. The Mussulman rulers of Spain, at the beginning of the eighth century, tolerated the creed of the Christians and left them, with some restrictions, their civil rule, ecclesiastical hierarchy, monasteries, and property, but made them feel the burden of subjection in the shape of pecuniary exactions and military service. In the large cities like Toledo and Cordova, the civil rule of the Christians did not differ from that of the Visigothic epoch. The government was exercised by the comes (count), resident of the council of senators, among whom we meet a similarly named ancestor of Eulogius. The saint, like his five brothers, received an excellent education in accord with his good birth and under the guardianship of his mother Isabel. The youngest of the brothers, Joseph, held a high office in the palace of Abd-er-Rahman II; two other brothers, Alvarus and Isidore, were merchants and traded on a large scale as far as Central Europe. Of his sisters, Niola and Anulona, the first remained with her mother; the second was educated from infancy in a monastery where she later became a nun.

After completing his studies in the monastery of St. Zoilus, Eulogius continued to live with his family the better to care for his mother; also, perhaps, to study with famous masters, one of whom was Abbot Speraindeo, an illustrious writer of that time. In the meantime he found a friend in the celebrated Alvarus Paulus, a fellow-student, and they cultivated together all branches of science, sacred and profane, within their reach. Their correspondence in prose and verse filled volumes; later they agreed to destroy it as too exuberant and lacking in polish. Alvarus married, but Eulogius preferred the ecclesiastical career, and was finally ordained a priest by Bishop Recared of Cordova. Alvarus has left us a portrait of his friend: "Devoted", he says, "from his infancy to the Scriptures, and growing daily in the practice of virtue, he quickly reached perfection, surpassed in knowledge all his contemporaries, and became the teacher even of his masters. Mature in intelligence, though in body a child, he excelled them all in science even more than they surpassed him in years. Fair in feature [clarus vultu], honest and honorable, he shone by his eloquence, and yet more by his works. What books escaped his avidity for reading? What works of Catholic writers, of heretics and Gentiles, chiefly philosophers? Poets, historians, rare writings, all kinds of books, especially sacred hymns, in the composition of which he was a master, were read and digested by him; his humility was none the less remarkable and he readily yielded to the judgment of others less learned than himself." This humility shone particularly on two occasions. In his youth he had decided to make a foot pilgrimage to Rome; notwithstanding his great fervor and his devotion to the sepulchre of the Prince of the Apostles (a notable proof of the union of the Mozarabic Church with the Holy See), he gave up his project, yielding to the advice of prudent friends. Again, during the Saracenic persecution in 850, after reading a passage of the works of St. Epiphanius he decided to refrain for a time from saying Mass that he might better defend the cause of the martyrs; however, at the request of his bishop, Saul of Cordova, he put aside his scruples. His extant writings are proof that Alvarus did not exaggerate. They give an account of what is most important from 848 to 859 in Spanish Christianity, both without and within the Mussulman dominions, especially of the lives of the martyrs who suffered during the Saracenic persecution, quorum pars ipse magna fuit. He was elected Archbishop of Toledo shortly before he was beheaded (March 11, 859). He left a perfect account of the orthodox doctrine which he defended, the intellectual culture which he propagated, the imprisonment and sufferings which he endured; in a word, his writings show that he followed to the letter the exhortation of St. Paul: Imitatores mei estote sicut et ego Christi. He is buried in the cathedral of Oviedo.

F. FITA


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Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Eumenia

Eumenia, a titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana in Asia Minor, and suffragan to Hierapolis. It was founded by Attalus II Philadelphus (159-138 B.C.) at the sources of the Cludrus and near the Glaucus, on the site of the modern Ishekli, the center of a nahic in the vilayet of Brusa (1000 inhabitants). The new city was named by its founder after his brother Eumenes. Numerous inscriptions and many coins remain to show that Eumenia was an important and prosperous city under Roman rule. On its coins it boasts of its Achnean origin. The spread of Christianity is, however, the most interesting fact in its history. As early as the third century its population was in great part Christian, and it seems to have suffered much during the persecution of Diocletian. Its bishop and martyr, St. Thraseas (Euseb., H. E., V, xxiv), must belong to this period. Another bishop, Metrodorus, known by an inscription, lived probably soon after Emperor Constantine. Four other bishops are known by their subscriptions to proceedings of councils—Theodore in 361, Leo in 787, Paul and Epiphanius in 879 (Lequien, Oriens christ., I, 807). The see is mentioned in the "Notitiae episcopatuum" as late as the twelfth or thirteenth centuries.

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title: Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Eumenia


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Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Euphemius of Constantinople

Euphemius of Constantinople (490-496) succeeded as patriarch Flavitas (or Fravitas, 489-490), who succeeded Acacius (471-489). The great Acacian schism (484-519), therefore, lasted during his reign. The Emperor Zeno (474-491) had published a decree called the "Henotikon" (482) that forbade in the current theological discussions any other criterion but that of Nicaea-Constantinople (ignoring the decrees of Chalcedon), carefully avoided speaking of Christ's two natures, and used ambiguous formulae that were meant to conciliate the Monophysites. The "Henotikon" really satisfied no one. Consistent Monophysites disliked it as much as Catholics. But Acacius at the capital, Peter Mongus of Alexandria, and Peter Fullo (Gnapheus) of Antioch, signed it. Pope Felix III (or II, 483-492) in a Roman synod of sixty-seven bishops (484) condemned the emperor's decree, deposed and excommunicated Acacius, Peter Mongus, and Peter Fullo. Acacius retorted by striking the pope's name from his diptychs and persecuted Catholics at Constantinople. When he died, Flavitas, his successor, applied for recognition at Rome, but in vain, since he would not give up communion with Peter Mongus. Euphemius recognized the Council of Chalcedon, restored the pope's name to his diptychs, and broke with Peter Mongus, who died in the year of Euphemius's accession (490). He was therefore a well-meaning person who wanted to restore the union with the Holy See. Unfortunately he still refused to erase the names of his two predecessors (Acacius and Flavitas) from the diptychs, where they occurred among the faithful departed. The pope insisted that heretics and favorers of heresy should not be prayed for publicly in the Liturgy; so during the reign of Euphemius the union he desired was not brought about. But Euphemius was always a Catholic at heart. Before the accession of the Emperor Anastasius I (491-518) he had made him sign a Catholic profession of faith (Evagrius, H. E., III, xxxii). After the death of Pope Felix, Euphemius wrote to his successor, Gelasius I (492-496), again asking for intercommunion on any terms but the condemnation of Acacius. This time, too, the pope refused to modify his condition (Gelasii Epist. et Decret.; P.L., LIX, 13). The patriarch had already summoned a synod at Constantinople in which he confirmed the decrees of Chalcedon (Mansi, VII, 1180). Eventually he fell foul of the emperor. A war against the Bulgars and Slays was then going on, and Euphemius was accused of treason by revealing the emperor's plans to his enemies. A soldier tried, unsuccessfully, to murder the patriarch, apparently by order of Anastasius. The emperor further wanted to have back his written profession of faith, which Euphemius refused to give up. So he was deposed (496) in spite of the resistance of the people, and Macedonius II (496-511) was appointed successor. Macedonius seems to have been unwilling to take his place and refused to wear patriarchal vestments in his presence. Euphemius was exiled to Asia Minor and died in 515 at Ancyra. He was recognized to the end as lawful patriarch by Catholics in the East (Elias of Jerusalem, Flavian of Antioch, etc.).

ADRIAN FORTESCUE


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Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Euphrasia

Euphrasia, or, , , b. in 380; d. after 410. She was the daughter of Antigonus, a senator of Constantinople, and a relation of Emperor Theodosius. Her father died shortly after her birth, and her mother, also Euphrasia, devoted her life thenceforth exclusively to the service of God. To carry out this ideal she abandoned the capital, and, with her seven-year-old daughter, repaired to Egypt, where she dwelt on one of her estates, near a convent, and adopted the nuns' austere mode of life. This example aroused in her daughter the desire to enter the convent, and her mother gave her into the care of the superior, that she might be trained in the ascetic life. After her mother's death she declined an offer of marriage made, by the Emperor Theodosius, on behalf of a senator's son, transferred to the emperor her entire fortune, to be used for charitable purposes, and took up, with a holy ardor, the rigorous practices of Christian perfection. She was about thirty when she died. Her feast is celebrated in the Greek Church on July 25, and in the Latin Church on March 13. She is mentioned by St. John Damascene, in his third "Oratio de imaginibus".


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Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Euphrosyne

Euphrosyne,, d. about 470. Her story belongs to that group of legends which relate how Christian virgins, in order the more successfully to lead the life of celibacy and asceticism to which they had dedicated themselves, put on male attire and passed for men. According to the narrative of her life in the "Vitae Patrum", Euphrosyne was the only daughter of Paphnutius, a rich man of Alexandria, who desired to marry her to a wealthy youth. But having consecrated her life to God and apparently seeing no other means of keeping this vow, she clothed herself as a man and under the name of Smaragdus gained admittance into a monastery of men near Alexandria, where she lived for thirty-eight years after. She soon attracted the attention of the abbot by the rapid strides which she made toward a perfect ascetic life, and when Paphnutius appealed to him for comfort in his sorrow, the abbot committed the latter to the care of the alleged young man Smaragdus. The father received from his own daughter, whom he failed to recognize, helpful advice and comforting exhortation. Not until she was dying did she reveal herself to him as his lost daughter Euphrosyne. After her death Paphnutius also entered the monastery. Her feast is celebrated in the Greek Church on September 25, in the Roman Church on January 16 (by the Carmelites on February 11).

J. P. KIRSCH


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Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Eurœa

Eurœa, a titular see of Epirus Vetus in Greece, suffragan of Nicopolis. Euroea is mentioned by Hierocles (Synecdemus, 651, 6). Justinian transferred its inhabitants to an islet in a neighboring lake and built there a strong city (Procop., De aedif., IV, 1). We know five bishops of Euroea; the first, St. Donatus, lived under Theodosius I, the last is mentioned in a letter of Pope St. Gregory the Great about 603 (Lequien, Or. christ., II, 143). The site of the city is unknown; Lequien identifies it with Paramythia, which is called Aï Donat (St. Donatus) by the Turks, in the vilayet of Janina. Others have placed it at Limboni, now proved to be Photice, others at Janina itself.

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title: Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Eurœa


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Author:Francis Rawdon Chesney Hopkins

Works

 * Good for Evil (1876)
 * All for Gold (1877)
 * Only a Fool (1880)
 * £ S D (1882)
 * Russia As It Is (1882)

title: Author:Francis Rawdon Chesney Hopkins