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learn that 6,000 barrels of flour, may be shortly expected to arrive from the United States of America, and cargoes of wheat from other quarters may also be looked for. The price to which this article has risen, viz., 10s per bushel, will induce our Southern neighbours to scrape a few thousand bushels together for our use, altho' it is known that their own supply is scanty. Our settlers must be wise in time however, and bear in mind that without foreign importation or great economy there will not be sufficient wheat in the Colony to last till the 1st October.—Australian, April 28.

of 25 weeks has elapsed since the date of our last intelligence from Europe, and it is much to be feared that the cause will prove to be a long-continuance of south-westerly gales in the channel, during the months of November and December last. Should this be the case, we must expect to hear the usual calamitous account of shipwrecks on the coast of Great Britain and Ireland.—Ibid.

.-It was some time since stated in the Calcutta Courier, that a party of gentlemen were about to proceed to King George's Sound, to establish a Colony. We find that they have now completed their arrangements, and depart on Sunday. The following are the names, as reported in the 'Bankshall Circular' of last night, in addition to which we learn that there are no less than fifty native emigrants:—List of pasengers per barque Mercury, bound to King George's Sound—James Calder, Esq., Captain C. Cowies, William Raynor, Esq., George Battle, Esq., Samuel Beadle, Esq, Thomas Nisbett, Esq., and Mr Austin—Madras Gazette.

VAN DIEMEN'S LAND NEWS.

was up yesterday to 12s. a bushel. The bakers who have difficulty in procuring flour meeting the boats of small settlers as they come up from Pittwater and the other settlements down the river, anxiously give almost any price, in order to procure a quantity to enable them not to disappoint their regular customers.—Hobart Town Courier.

.—Wheat has somewhat increased in price during the week, 8s., 9s., and 10., having been paid for it; however, the last quotation can not be considered the average price, it having been sold at that price only in particular cases, and in small quantities; flour from 19s. to 25s. per 100lbs.; barley, from 5s. to 5s. 6d. per bushel; oats, 3s 6d. to 4s. per bushel; hay, 7l. to 8l. per ton; bread, (Brickerton and Tibbs) 8d. per 4lb. loaf; other bakers, 9d. and 10d. per 41b. loaf; butchers' meat, 4d. to 6d. per lb.; pork, 8d.; fresh butter, 2s. to 2s. 3d. per lb.; candles, 9d. per lb.; sugar per ton, 34l.; per lb, 4d; tea per chest, 8l.; per lb., 3s. to 9s. 6d.; Cape wine per pipe, 15l.; per gallon, 4s.; rum in bond, 3s. per gallon; gin ditto, 5s. 6d.; brandy, 5s.; porter per hogshead, 5l. 15s.—Independent.

"A salutary regulation was in existence on my arrival at King. George's Sound forbidding the Natives taking their spears into the Settlement, yet this, although still enforced, did not prevent occasional squabbles and some skirmishing among themselves, and trivial irritations and misunderstandings with us. The origin of their own quarrels was difficult to be ascertained, but it was clearly seen they were quick and violent in resenting conceived insults from one another, and sufficiently sensible of maltreatment from us. Nor was the full appreciation of the value of our friendship enough to make them cover their temporary umbrage at supposed affronts, although it powerfully and soon operated to dispel the ill humour that had been engendered.

All ages and sexes were among our visitors, or perhaps with more propriety our posts, as we certainly had come into their country and set ourselves down at, if not in, their homes and upon their territories. The male part of the Natives extended their stay in the Settlement often till after dark, especially if biscuit and tea were held out to them to join in the native dance (Toortunggur), or, as it is more frequently called, Korroboré, from the Sydney name. The women almost invariably left before night-fall, and, with the old men and young children, chiefly occupied the more distant bivouac; whilst the young men and those who had left their families at a distance, betook themselves only to the adjoining grove.

The moral principle and christian injunction of honesty is rarely found to predominate in the savage breast, and the Aborigines of New Holland have never been quoted as an exception. It will only then be surprising that so few and trifling thefts should have been committed by the tribe when articles of food and other things highly useful to them were often improperly left open to their temptation. The grown-up natives took credit to themselves for never stealing, and certainly they were only young boys and lads who were detected; but they in laying the blame on the fuller grown for advising to the act, implicated them without clearing themselves, and shewed what credit was due to the former for their boasted honesty. The penalty for theft was expulsion from the Settlement.

One robbery more daring then the rest took place at the farm, and was perpetrated by one arrived at the years of discretion. The opportunity of two men who lived there being at work in the Settlement was seized, to attempt a buglary in their hut, but the actor was unskilled in his profession that he had wasted much time and trouble in removing the brass plate of the keyhole, and neglected to force the lock, which was very insecurely fastened. He had, however, succeeded in reaching and carrying off some peas without obtaining admission for more than his hand and arm. He visited and left the impression of his footsteps in the garden where he had pulled up some vegetables, but looked in vain for bulbous or tuberous roots, most probably the objects of his search, as at that time there were few or none in the ground. Mokkaré, whom I sent next day to examine the traces which remained, attributed the damage and the trespass to a man at the time in disgrace with the tribe, who was named Winnawar, or Erawarré. The suspicion was grounded on the very small footsteps corresponding to his very small foot, and that he lived in the neighbourhood of the farm. I desired Mokkaré to impress the natives with the manner in which we viewed such acts, and the punishment that awaited them in case of detection. This, however, did not prevent a similar attempt to procure food by pulling up vegetables in July by some other natives who were supposed to have committed the depredation in the night time by moonlight, when the gardeners were at home. My suspicion fell on Toolunggurtwallé, from the foot mark and from his being a companion of Winnawar. A musket was supplied to the head gardener, and I gave it out that he would in future shoot any black whom he should see in the garden, and this seemed to have the desired effect, as no more attempts at similar depredations were made for some time. In the fine weather of May one of the settlers, employed, for several days, a number of the natives bringing in spars from Mount Melville at the cheap rate of the value of a meal or two of rice and sugar and tea. They were perfectly satisfied with their hire, and originated the hope that they might be made constantly available for such labour; but a very few days undeceived us; for, on the 24th of May, after some rain had fallen, and in the commencement of Mokkar, (winter, or the rainy season,) and after holding, of their own free will and pleasure, without reward, emolument or countenance, a very grand korrobaré in the Settlement, they took their departure from the coast, and even to a boy proceeded inland for the purpose of spearing kangaroo—the season for that species of hunting commencing at that time. Mokkaré asked and obtained leave to accompany his fellow countrymen for two or three days, but did not return for twelve or fourteen, and excused his breach of promise which I shewed him was improper, by adducing the entreaties of the other natives to remain with them—entreaties which, in every probability, were strongly backed by his success in killing kangaroo, and consequent abundance of a favourite food; for, although the stated meals of biscuit, beef, (salt,) cabbage and rice with tea may be very acceptable to the uncultivated palates of the savage, still there can be no marvel excited by the wish to gratify their old habits by gorging on fresh kangaroo.

One of the most usual plans of catching kangaroo in the winter, is, for a few to search the grassy and rushy hollows, proceeding along them in a direction contrary to the wind, (and a high wind is the most favourable,) approaching under cover of the bushes, carefully avoiding the smallest noise, and when near their prey, keeping behind it, stooping in their advance, and remaining fixed in their position immediately the animal betrays any symptom of alarm, and resuming their advance as soon as it renews its feeding or other motions indicative of its suspicion being removed, till either quite close or very near it, when it is the only motion to throw or thrust the spear, and if close, grasp the head, which is instantly beaten with a quoit (or tomahawk) until the animal is the assured victim of the spearsman. Or, if less fortunate in the close approach, throwing the spear with as unerring aim as the huntsman is master of, and pursuing the wounded animal with his utmost speed, in which he is joined or altogether superseded by others who have hitherto remained at some distance, anxious spectators of the good or bad fortune of the lethal weapon. When thus employed, they disentangle themselves of their cloaks, heedless, as would seem, of the spot where they drop them. Their practised acuteness in tracing the chase when far out of sight and in retracing their steps to the point of departure, often assure the obtaining of their prey that would otherwise be lost, and guarantee them against the loss of any deposits, cloaks &c for example. There are, probably, many reasons why they select the winter, the rainy and windy season for hunting the kangaroo. It is likely that in stormy weather the animals lie closer than in fine. They are less likely amidst the howling of the tempest to hear any inferior noise; in the pursuit the wet grass and moist surface present so slippery a footing that they cannot bound in running with the same effect were the ground dry and firm. Their tracts too can be more easily perceived by the grass and shrubs shaken of their watery drops. Kangaroos are also obtained by the Natives in great numbers by enclosing or encircling a tract of ground frequented by these animals, and gradually contracting the enclosure or circle, driving all before them until so closely beset that they make a rush to escape between the enclosures, and are speared as they approach. Snares and traps are also employed perhaps at different seasons. The first, that of digging deep oblong holes in the form of a grave but much narrower, and which by some explorers have been taken for places of internment, in the tracts frequented by kangaroos, wallabés, and such like animals, covering this over with sticks, bushes and grass, so as to make it resemble the other pans of the surface, and preventing the animals suspecting any injury until treading upon them, they fall in, and from the depth and lateral confinement being unable to extricate themselves, are found either dead or alive by the hunter on his revisiting his Narrungékurr (the native name of these pits.) The making the kangaroo jump upon pointed stakes is another method of capture. In the banks of a stream at the customary crossing place of kangaroos there is a fixed row of stakes, a little stronger than spears, very finely pointed and smeared with a very thin coating of the resin of the glass tree, their sharpened ends directed at an angle of about 50. with the horizon to the opposite bank, where there is a similar row of the same offensive weapons opposing the former in their inclination. The native name for this trap is Moglye. Where the meeting of streams forms grassy isthmuses these traps are numerous as upon the Napice at Kooianip. Here the stakes were five on one side, and three on the other, at an angle of 55.; the points opposite rows of 18 inches apart: their length 4½ feet, nine inches or a foot being stuck in the ground. But whether the kangaroos impale themselves from time to time through ignorance without being driven to it by their pursuers, or whether it is only in the heat and hurry of escape when closely pursued, or at any particular season, I have not yet learned.

,—As a subject commanding the interests of the communities of Eastern and Western Australia, I solicit the publication, in your columns, of the underwritten copies of a communication with this Government, and the subsequently written Remarks:—


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112 XVII

This poem in the original manuscript is entitled 'Song by Julius Angora.'

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh XVIII

not so far away!

O love, forgive this selfish tear;

It may be sad for thee to stay,

But how can I live lonely here?

The still May morn is warm and bright,

Young flowers are fresh, and grass is green,

And in the haze of glorious light

Our long low hills are scarcely seen.

Our woods—e'en now their young leaves hide

Where blackbird and the throstle dwell;

And high in heaven so blue and wide

A thousand strains of Music swell.

He looks on all with eyes that speak

So deep, so drear a woe to me!

There is a faint red on his cheek

Unlike the bloom I like to see.

Call Death—yes Death he is mine own,

The grave must close those limbs around,

And hush, for ever hush the tone,

I loved above all earthly sound.

Well! pass away with the other flowers;

Too dark for them, too dark for thee

Are the hours to come, the joyless hours,

That time is treasuring up for me.


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 that unmusical, since that Coriscus is, will be the same sentence with that this Coriscus is unmusical or musical, which he at one and the same time affirms and denies. Yet perhaps they do not signify the same thing, for neither does the name there, so that there is some difference, if, however, he assigns to the one to mean simply Coriscus, but adds to the other a certain one or this one, it is absurd, for it will not be more in one than in the other, as it is of no consequence to which it is attributed.

Nevertheless, since it is dubious whether he who does not distinguish the ambiguity, is confuted by an elenchus or not, but is allowed in disputations to make a distinction, it is evident that he who does not distinguish, but simply grants the interrogation, errs, wherefore, if not the man himself, yet his argument, resembles a confuted elenchus. It frequently happens, however, that they who see the ambiguity, are unwilling to distinguish from the frequency of those who propose things of this kind, that they may not seem to be morose in every thing, and next, not thinking that the argument depends on this, a person frequently meets with a paradox, wherefore since distinction is allowable, it must not be delayed as we said before.

Unless, indeed, a person makes two interrogations be one, there will not be a paralogism from equivocation and ambiguity, but either an elenchus or not. For what difference is there in asking whether Callias and Themistocles are musicians, or whether to both, being different men, there is one common name? for if that signify more than one, he (who uses it) will ask many things. If, then, it is not right to require that we assume simply, one answer to two questions, it is evidently not becoming to answer simply, any thing equivocal, not even if, as some require, it be true in all; for this is just the same as if it were asked, whether Coriscus and Callias are at home or not? whether both are present or not present? since in both ways the propositions are many. For it does not follow if the assertion is true, that there is on this account


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 our question, since there may be ten thousand different questions asked, to all of which it may be true to answer yes or no, yet nevertheless, one answer must not be given, for disputation would be subverted, and this is the same as if the same name, should be assigned to different things. If, then, it is not right to give one answer to two questions, it is evident that we must not answer yes or no in things equivocal, since neither does he who says this, answer, but speak, (merely,) and this is claimed in a certain respect amongst those who dispute, because the result is concealed.

As, therefore, we said since neither are certain things, elenchi really, which seem to be so, in the same manner also, certain will seem to be solutions which are not, but which we say that sometimes it is necessary to adduce rather than the true, in contentious arguments and in opposition to (a paralogism from) duplicity. Likewise, we must answer things which seem to be (true) by saying, "be it so," for thus, least of all, would there be a parexelenchus, but if a person should be compelled to assert some paradox, there "to seem," must especially be added, for thus, there will appear to be neither an elenchus nor a paradox. Since, however, it is clear how the original proposition is made a postulate, and men think altogether (that it is made so), if it be near (the question) we must subvert and not grant certain things, as if the interrogator made a petitio principii, and when any one requires such a thing to be granted which necessarily, indeed, results from the thesis, but is false or contrary to opinion, it must be said to be the same (as the question), for things consequent from necessity appear to be parts of the thesis itself. Moreover, when universal is assumed not in name but by comparison, it must be said that he (the opponent) assumes it, not as it was


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Colburn, Henry


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 given, nor as he proposed it, for from this an elenchus frequently arises.

He however who is excluded from these, must have recourse to (asserting) that the thing is not well demonstrated, objecting according to the definition stated.

In names then, which are properly so called, it is necessary to answer either simply or by distinction. As to, however, those things which we admit, secretly perceiving them, for instance, whatever are not clearly interrogated, but with diminution, from this an elenchus happens, as, for instance, "Is what belongs to the Athenians, the possession of the Athenians?" "Yes." In like manner, as to other things, "Does not man also belong to animals?" "Yes." Man therefore is the possession of animals. For we say that man is of animals, because he is an animal, and Lysander is of the Lacedæmonians, because he is a Lacedaeæmonian; wherefore it is clear that where the proposition is obscure, we must not make a simple concession.

But when of two existents, the one existing, the other also appears of necessity to exist, but this existing, that does not from necessity; he who is asked which of the two (he thinks exists) ought to give that which is less (widely extended), for it is harder to syllogize from many things. Yet if some one should argue that there is something contrary to the one, but not to the other, even if the assertion be true, we must say that the contrary (of the other, is), but that the name of the other, is not laid down.

Nevertheless, since some of the things which the multitude assert, are such that he who does not admit them, they would say, answered falsely, but others are not such; as those of which there are contrary opinions, (for whether the soul of animals, is corruptible or incorruptible, is not determined by the multitude,) in which then it is doubtful how it is usual to enunciate what is proposed, (so that it may be asked) whether (it appears to the respondent) as sentences, for they call both true opinions and universal


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 enunciations sentences, as that the diameter of a square is incommensurate with its side. Besides, of which there is a two-fold opinion as to truth, in these, by transferring the names, a person would especially escape detection, for from its being doubtful in what way the truth subsists, he will not appear sophistically to cavil, and from there, being opinions on both sides, he will not seem to answer falsely, for the transition will render his answer incapable of confutation by an elenchus.

Further, those interrogations which a person foresees, must be previously objected to and declared, for thus especially he will impede the inquirer.

Chapter 18
however a right solution is the detection of a false syllogism, (showing) by what interrogation the falsity occurs; but a syllogism is called false in two ways, (either if it is falsely concluded, or if not being a syllogism, it seems to be one,) what is now said to be a solution will be a correction of an apparent syllogism, (showing) from what interrogation it is apparent. Hence, it happens that those arguments which conclude by syllogism, are solved by negation, but apparent ones by distinction. Again, since some of the arguments syllogistically concluded are true, but others have a false conclusion; those which are false, according to the conclusion, we may solve in two ways, by taking away some one of the interrogations, and by showing that the conclusion does not thus subsist; but those (which are false), according to the propositions, by taking away some


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78 we may, if our upper class were to become extravagant, improvident, and showy, it would be aped by those below it, even though as surely it would be despised. And if we desire to be the leaders of our poor into the ways of happy prosperity, we must order our homes in exactly the same spirit as theirs must be ordered, in simplicity, industry, and providence. I have, etc.. To the Right Honorable James Stansfeld, M. P.

title: Page:Homes of the London Poor.djvu/80


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Colby, Thomas Frederick


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 (interrogation) only, for the conclusion is true. So that they who desire to solve an argument, should first consider if it is conclusive or inconclusive; next, whether the conclusion is true or false, that we may solve it either by division or subversion, and subverting it either in this or that way, as was observed before. Still, it makes a great difference whether a person, being interrogated or not, solves the argument, since to foresee is difficult, but to consider at leisure is easy.

Chapter 19
elenchi which are from equivocation and ambiguity, some have an interrogation signifying many things, but others a conclusion multifariously stated; for instance in the case, that he who is silent speaks, the conclusion is two-fold, but in this, that he who knows, at the same time does not know, one interrogation is ambiguous, and what is two-fold is at one time (true), and at another not, for the two-fold signifies that which is, and that which is not.

In those assertions, therefore, in the conclusion of which there is the multifarious, except (the opponent) assumes contradiction, there is not an elenchus, as in this, that the blind man sees, for without contradiction there was not an elenchus; but in those in the interrogations, of which (there is the multifarious), it is not necessary previously to deny what is two-fold, for the argument does not subsist with reference to this, but on account of this. In the beginning, then, since both the name and the


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Colchu


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"Norfolk Island, 25th April, 1835.

"Affectionate Parents,

"An unfortunate Son, now embraces the afforded opportunity, of imparting to you, in the strongest terms, his fervent desires for your welfare, &c. Since the receipt of your last letter, I have, through the want of a friend, and which I shall long feel the need of, become convicted to Norfolk Island. * * * My present situation here however, unfortunately, for me, dear Parents, [is such] that nothing but pure conduct, and the help of God alone, can afford me again the opportunity of meeting with you in this world. * * Dear Father and Mother, mine is a bitter lot in life ; but I, myself, am alone to blame. Bid my brothers and sisters ever to bear my situation in mind, ever to refrain from drinking and loose company; and bid my sister M. to be careful over her son, lest he meet with my present unfortunate situation. * * * And may every blessing that God can impart, attend you all through life, is the prayer of your unfortunate, though affectionate Son," * *

"Norfolk Island, 26th April, 1835.

"My dear Father,

" It is the heart-felt duty of me, to write to you at all opportunities. * * * What will be your surprise, when I inform you, that


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 sentence are two-fold, we must answer thus, that it partly is, and partly is not, as that the silent speaks is partly true, and partly not. And that should be done, is true of some things, but not of others, for  are predicated multifariously. Still if it be latent, at the end we must correct the interrogation by an addition; "Is it then true, ?" "No, but ." In those, also, which have the multifarious in the propositions, (we must act) in like manner; "Do they not at the same time then, know what they know?" Yes, but not those who thus know, for it is not the same thing that (those who know), at one and the same time know, and that those who thus know, cannot (at one and the same time know). In short, (the respondent) must contend even if the adversary simply concludes, and (he must assert) that he denied not the thing affirmed by him, but the name, so that it is not an elenchus.

Chapter 20
is evident how these arguments which are from division and composition must be solved, for if a divided and a composite sentence have a different signification, that must be stated which is contrary to the conclusion. Now all such arguments are from composition or division. "Did he strike him with that,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Colclough, John Henry


text:
Calvary

 * "Calvary", by Frank Oliver Call
 * "Calvary" (1895), by William Dean Howells
 * Calvary (1886), by Octave Mirbeau (tr. Louis Rich)
 * Calvary, by Edwin Arlington Robinson
 * "Calvary", by Richard Cumberland

title: Calvary


title: Index:Narrativeavoyag01wilsgoog.djvu


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following narrative, written shortly after the occurrence of the events therein described, was intended for immediate publication; but, on my arrival in England, being again appointed Surgeon-Superintendent of a convict-ship, my sojourn at home was so limited—not exceeding ten days—that I could not carry my intention into effect; and having been, since that period, unremittingly employed in the same service, I have not had leisure to superintend the work through the Press until the present time.—Moreover, concluding that the interest in the subjects treated of, had greatly subsided, I abandoned all idea of giving publicity to the manuscript.

The great desire, however, still manifested by the Public, to obtain information relative to New Holland, has induced me to alter my opinion; and I now

title: Page:Narrativeavoyag01wilsgoog.djvu/15


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Colden, Cadwallader


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 тысячу метров. He set a new record for the thousand-meter run. • to organize. Он у нас превосходно поставил работу. He organized the work here excellently. • to assign. Раз его поставили на такую важную работу, значит он кое-что понимает. If he's assigned to this important work, he must know something about it. □ У него прекрасно поставленный голос. He has a well-trained voice. • Поставьте больному термометр. Take the patient's temperature. • Ему поставили памятник. They erected a monument to him. • Ему поставили двойку и поделом. He got a low mark and deserved it.

поставка delivery. Этот завод взял на себя поставку нужного нам материала. This factory took over the delivery of the necessary material to us. □ поставка хлеба grain due the government. See also хлебопоставка.

постанавливать (dur of постановить).

постановить (-становлю, -становит; pct постанавливать and постановлять) to decide. Собрание постановило послать экспонаты на сельско-хозяйственную выставку. They decided at the meeting to send the exhibits to the agricultural show.

постановка setup. Мне не нравится вся постановка дела здесь. I don't like the whole setup here. • production. Новая постановка обещает быть гвоздём сезона. The new production promises to be the hit of the season. • show. Это была лучшая постановка в сезоне. That was the best show of the season. □ Я считаю эту постановку вопроса неправильной. I don't think you're putting the question right.

постановление decision. Это было сделано по постановлению общего собрания. This has been done in compliance with the decision of the general meeting. □ правительственное постановление governmental decree.

постановлять (dur of постановить) to decide. Это постановляли уже несколько раз. This has been decided several times.

постараться (pct of стараться) to try. Постарайтесь прийти во-время. Try to come on time.

постареть (pct of стареть) to age. Он очень постарел за последний год. He's aged considerably in the last year.

постелить (-стелю, -стелит; pct of постилать) to make (up) a bed. Постелите ему у меня в кабинете на диване. Make up a bed for him on the couch in my study.

постель (F) bed. Я уже постлали постели. I've already made the beds. — Он ещё не встаёт с постели. He still isn't out of bed.

постельный bed. Перемените мне постельное бельё. Change my bed linen for me.

постепенный. □ постепенно gradually. Постепенно гул самолётов затих. Gradually the noise of the planes subsided. — Сначала он нас чуждался, но постепенно стал привыкать. At first he was aloof, but gradually he got used to us.

постерегу See постеречь.

постеречь (-стерегу, -стережёт; p -стерёг, -стерегла, -о, -и; pct) to guard, to watch. Постерегите наши велосипеды, мы сейчас придём. Watch our bicycles; we'll be back in a minute.

постесняться (pct of стесняться).

постилать (dur of постелить and постлать).

постирать (pct) to wash.

постлать ([-sl-], -стелю, -стелет; p -стлала; pct of стлать and постилать) to make (up) a bed. Где вам постлать? Where do you want me to make up your bed?

постольку (/cf столько/) then. Поскольку нашего мнения не спрашивали, постольку мы за это не отвечаем. Inasmuch as they didn't consult us, then we can't be held responsible for it.

посторонний foreign. Рентгеновский снимок обнаружил у него в лёгких постороннее тело. The X ray showed that a foreign particle was lodged in his chest. • outsider. Посторонние этого не поймут. Outsiders won't understand it. • stranger. Вход посторонним воспрещается. Strangers not admitted. — Не говорите об этом при посторонних. Don't speak of this in front of strangers. □ На работе нельзя заниматься посторонними делами. You've got to stick to business while you're working.

постоянный steady. Я ваш постоянный покупатель. I'm your steady customer. • constant. Как мне надоели ваши постоянные ссоры! I'm sick of your constant quarreling. • permanent. Это ваш постоянный адрес? Is this your permanent address? — Я приехал сюда на постоянное жительство. I came to stay here permanently. • perpetual. Как вы выносите этот постоянный шум? How can you stand this perpetual noise? □ постоянный житель resident. Вы постоянный житель Нью Иорка? Are you a resident of New York? постоянно always. Почему ваш ребёнок постоянно плачет? Why is your child always crying? □ Вы, как видно, очень постоянны в ваших вкусах. It's evident your tastes don't change much.

постоять (-стою, -стоит; pct) to stand. Я постоял у ворот минут десять и пошёл домой. I stood at the gate for about ten minutes and then went home. • to wait. Постой, я сейчас вспомню. Wait a minute, it'll come to me. □ постоять за себя to take care of oneself. Будьте спокойны, он за себя постоит. Don't worry about it; he'll take care of himself. □ Постойте, откуда вы это знаете? Hold on now, how do you know that? • Постойте, что это вы сказали? Just a minute, what did you say?

пострадать (pct of страдать) to suffer. Город сильно пострадал от прошлогоднего наводнения. The city suffered a great deal from last year's flood. — Уж она-то пострадала совершенно невинно. Of all people, she was the one that suffered, and through no fault of her own.

построить (pct of строить) to build. Мы построили этот город в рекордный срок. We've built this city in record time. — Дом для общежития ещё не построен. The dormitory hasn't been built yet. • to organize. Его доклад очень удачно построен. His report is very well organized. □ Учитель гимнастики построил мальчиков в шеренгу. The gym teacher lined the boys up.

постройка building. У нас хватит лесу для этой постройки? Will we have enough lumber for the building? □ Вы его можете увидеть на постройке. You can see him where they're building.

поступать (dur of поступить) to act. Он глупо поступает, скрывая свою ошибку. He's acting foolishly to hide his mistake. • to come in. Членские взносы поступают регулярно. The membership dues come in on time.

поступить (-ступлю, -ступит; pct of поступать) to act. Он поступил совершенно правильно. He acted absolutely


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The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Rutledge, John

'''RUTLEDGE. I. John,''' an American statesman, of Irish parentage, born in Charleston, S. C., in 1739, died there, July 23, 1800. He studied law in London, returned to Charleston in 1761, and attained the foremost rank as an advocate. He was a member of the stamp act congress at New York in 1765, of the South

Carolina convention in 1774, and in the same year a delegate to the continental congress at Philadelphia. He was reappointed to the congress of 1775; and in 1776, in the convention of South Carolina, he was chairman of the committee which prepared the constitution, and was elected president of the new government. When Fort Moultrie was attacked by the British in June, he sent to it 500 lbs. of powder, against the advice of Gen. Lee, and directed Col. Moultrie not to evacuate it without an order from him. In 1779 he was chosen governor, and when Charleston was threatened with a siege he was clothed by the legislature with dictatorial power. In May, 1780, when Charleston fell, Rutledge retired to North Carolina, and for nearly two years accompanied the southern army. In 1782 he was elected to congress, and in 1784 chosen chancellor of the state; and he was a member of the convention for framing the federal constitution, the ratification of which he supported in the state convention. In 1789 he was appointed an associate judge of the United States supreme court, and in 1791 elected chief justice of South Carolina. He was appointed chief justice of the United States in July, 1795, and presided at the succeeding term of the supreme court; but the senate, for political reasons, refused to confirm the appointment. '''II. Edward,''' a signer of the Declaration of Independence, brother of the preceding, born in Charleston, Nov. 23, 1749, died Jan. 28, 1800. He studied law in London, practised in Charleston, and in l774-'7 was a member of the continentul congress. In June, 1776, he was a member of the first board of war, and in September was associated with Dr. Franklin and John Adams as a committee to confer with Lord Howe on Staten island as to terms of accommodation. In 1779 he was again appointed to congress, but was prevented by illness from taking his seat. During the siege of Charleston in 1780 he was taken prisoner and detained for 11 months at St. Augustine. In the legislature of 1791 he drew up the act for the abolition of the rights of primogeniture. From 1798 till his death he was governor of the state.


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ship "Governor Ready," 512 tons, was, shortly after her arrival from Van Dieman's Land in 1828, chartered by the Commissioners of the Navy, to convey 200 male prisoners from Ireland to New South Wales; and being again appointed surgeon-superintendent, I joined her on the 22d of July in that year.

On the 17th of August the guards consisting of 50 men of the 63d regiment having embarked, and all being ready for sea, we sailed from Deptford, and on the 27th arrived at the Cove of Cork.

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Rh the navy, who are settlers in New South Wales, with that of those who remain at home, wasting their time in listless idleness; and, to me, the contrast is the more striking, being one day in London, where I seldom fail to meet a nautical acquaintance, solitarily perambulating the crowded streets—and another day, in Australia, where I meet the same class of officers, actively and profitably employed in the pleasing task of superintending their flocks and herds, and bringing their land under cultivation; and, instead of dining sparingly at an economical chop-house, or even at a club, sitting down, with the healthy olive branches smiling around, at a well-spread table, which, in turns, "abundat porco, hædo, agno gallinâ, lacte, caseo, copiaque omnium rerum quæ ad victum hominum pertinent," the produce of their own farms.

Although, as I have previously stated, a settler must, in the first instance, expect to struggle with numerous difficulties, and suffer various privations, yet, in a short time, by prudence and perseverance, he will be able, in the words of Cobbett, "to live well, keep generous hospitality, take his pleasure, enjoy a good deal of leisure, and possess his farm unincumbered."

To conclude.—During the number of years I have been connected with the colonies, I have never known an instance of a settler, either master or servant, possessing a moderate share of prudence and industry, who has ever had occasion to regret leaving his native land.

In the foregoing remarks, I have abstained from indulging in any theoretical views—imagining, that the relation of a few facts, derived from experience and observation, might be more acceptable to those who purpose emigrating to New South Wales, or Van Dieman's Land.

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 right. • to do. Она не знала, как ей поступить. She didn't know what to do. • to start. Когда он поступил на работу? When did he start on the job? • to enroll. Мой сын поступил в технологический институт. My son enrolled in the technological institute.

поступок (-пка) action. Этот поступок говорит в его пользу. This action speaks well for him. □ Это нечестный поступок. It's a dishonest thing to do.

постучать (-чу, -чит; pct) to knock. Постучать ещё раз? Shall I knock again?

посуда dishes. У вас тут довольно посуды? Do you have enough dishes here? • set of china. Мне не нравится рисунок на этой посуде. I don't like the design on this set of china. □ кухонная посуда kitchen utensils. Вот это шкаф для кухонной посуды. This is the closet for kitchen utensils.

посылать (dur of послать) to send. Он посылает жене половину своего заработка. He sends half of his pay to his wife. — Мы три раза посылали лошадей на станцию вас встречать. We've sent a carriage to the station for you three times. □ В душе я его посылал к чорту. Inwardly I was wishing he'd go to hell.

посылка parcel. Вы хотите застраховать эту посылку? Do you want to insure the parcel? • package. Напишите на посылке: — обращаться с осторожностью. Write "handle with care" on the package.

посыльный (AM) messenger.

пот (P -ы; /g -у; в поту/) perspiration, sweat. Его от страха в холодный пот ударило. He broke out into a cold sweat from fear. — Погоди, дай только вытру пот со лба. Wait, just let me wipe the sweat off my brow. — Ну и задача! Прямо в пот вогнало. That was a job! I really sweated over it. □ в поту perspiring. Он прибежал к нам весь в поту, задыхаясь. He came running, all out of breath and perspiring.

потанцовать (pct) to dance. Пойдёмте, потанцуем. Let's dance!

потемнеть (pct of темнеть) to darken. Краски на картине потемнели от времени. The colors of the painting darkened with age. • to go black. У меня от боли в глазах потемнело. I felt a pain and everything went black.

потеплеть (pct of теплеть) to get warm. К вечеру наверно потеплеет. It'll probably get warm towards evening.

потерпеть (-терплю, -терпит; pct) to be patient. Потерпите ещё немного — доктор кончает перевязку. Be patient a little while longer; the doctor is almost through bandaging. □ потерпеть неудачу to fail. Все наши попытки потерпели неудачу. All our tries failed. □ Наш поезд потерпел крушение у самой станции. Our train was wrecked right near the station.

потеря loss. Сообщите в милицию о своей потере. Notify the police about your loss. — Мы обещали убрать урожай без потерь. We promised to take in the crops without loss. — Он тяжело перенёс потерю жены. He took the loss of his wife hard. • waste. Это напрасная потеря времени. It's an unnecessary waste of time. □ Ему грозит потеря трудоспособности. He might become permanently incapacitated.

потерять (pct of тереть) to lose. Я потерял бумажник по дороге из театра в гостиницу. I lost my wallet on my way from the theater to the hotel. — Я уже и счёт потерял тем фабрикам, которые я здесь видел. I've already lost count of the factories I've seen here. — Вы потеряете очередь, если уйдёте надолго. You'll lose your turn if you go away for long. — Мы потеряли друг друга из виду. We lost touch with one another. — После этого случая он много потерял в моих глазах. After that he lost much of my respect. — Вы ничего не потеряете, если спросите ещё раз. You won't lose anything by asking again.

потихоньку quietly. Войдите потихоньку, чтоб никого не разбудить. Go in quietly so you won't wake anyone. • slowly. Нам незачем спешить, пойдём потихоньку. We don't have to hurry; let's walk slowly. • on the sly. Он взял эту книжку потихоньку, никто не заметил. He took this book on the sly, and no one noticed it.

поток stream. Переходите осторожно: горные потоки очень быстрые. Be careful going across; these mountain streams are very rapid. • flow. Народ валил с митинга густым потоком. A heavy flow of people streamed out of the meeting. • conveyer belt. На заводе ввели поток и работа пошла быстрее. A conveyer belt was installed at the plant and the work began to go faster.

потолковать (pct) to talk over. Давайте потолкуем об этом всерьёз. Let's talk this over seriously. • to talk. Зайдите ко мне сегодня, нам надо потолковать. Drop in today, I have to talk to you.

потолок (-лка) ceiling. Эта комната небольшая, но с высоким потолком. It's not a large room, but it has a high ceiling. □ *Что ж мне тут делать? Лежать да в потолок плевать, что ли? What do you want me to do? Twiddle my thumbs?

потом (/cf тот/) later. Мы это потом сделаем. We'll do this later. • afterwards. А потом что было? What happened afterwards? • then. Они пробыли здесь два дня, а потом поехали дальше. They stayed here for two days and then went on.

потому (/cf тот/) therefore. Я его не знаю и потому не могу его рекомендовать. I don't know him and therefore can't recommend him. • because. Я только потому вам не ответил, что не знал вашего адреса. I didn't answer you simply because I didn't have your address. □ потому-то that's why. Он долго жил в Америке, потому-то он и говорит с американским акцентом. He lived in America for a long time; that's why he speaks with an American accent. потому что because. Мы не попали в театр, потому что не смогли достать билетов. We didn't get into the theater because we couldn't get tickets. — Он продал свою машину, потому что ему до зарезу нужны были деньги. He sold his car because he was badly in need of money.

потонуть (-тону, -тонет; pct of тонуть) to go under. Лодка потонула у нас на глазах. The boat went under before our very eyes. • to drown. Не заплывайте так далеко — потонете. Don't go so far out; you'll drown.

потопить (-топлю, -топит; pct of топить$2$) to sink. Наш флот потопил неприятельский крейсер. Our Navy sank the enemy cruiser. • to drown. Что, вы нас потопить хотите? Do you want to drown us?

поторопить (-тороплю, -торопит; pct of торопить) to hurry up. Поторопите его, а то мы опоздаем. Hurry him up,


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iv. 25- or three of SPP's mss., reads samidām (for çímidām) in his text in b, but explains samidhām (by saṁdīpāṁ kṛtyāṁ ca); itás in a he takes from root i, and paraphrases by gamayathas! Emendation in a to duṣkṛ́tam, 'evil-doer,' would be acceptable; the comm. takes it as accented (= asmadīyam pāpam).

5. Let Savitar and Vāyu engender (ā-sū) in my body (tanū́) wealth, prosperity, very propitious dexterity; do ye put here freedom from yákṣma, greatness; do ye free us from distress.

6. O Savitar, Vāyu, [give] forth favor in order to aid; ye cause to revel in the intoxicating jovial [soma]; hitherward from the height (pravát) confirm ye of what is pleasant (vāmá); do ye free us from distress.

7. The best blessings (āçís) have come unto us in the domain (dhā́man) of the two gods; I praise god Savitar and Vāyu: do ye free us from distress.

1. I reverence you, O heaven-and-earth, ye well-nourishing ones (subhójas), who, like-minded (sácetas) did spread out unmeasured intervals (yójana); since ye became foundations (pratiṣṭhā́) of good things, do ye free us from distress.

Ppp. omits the intrusive and meter-disturbing sácetasāu (which, on account of its

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60 she can permanently support herself. Yet she cannot see it at present in this light, it comes to her too suddenly. In spite of the gentle considerateness of the members of the committee, it must be hard for her to face her fate, receive as it were the verdict, "No more home," from a company of people she never saw before. The decision must seem stern. But that night a letter will be dispatched to the lady who has charge of the district where she lives, telling her the committee's decision; the visitor will gently talk to her, advise her, perhaps find a situation for her; when she has resolved to take one, the visitor will herself write to the committee asking for a grant for an advertisement, or for clothes.

Others apply to whom the committee recommend a course which seems hard. A little sick child must be sent away into the country. The father of a family must go to a Convalescent Hospital. The large and expensive room must be given up by the old couple whose wages are falling lower and lower. The kitchen, the dampness of which is sapping the children's strength, must be left; the idle son must be made to work. The advice of the committee is generally refused, but they need not despair. They know that in a day or two the visitor will call—she will tell the mother how kind are those who care for sick children, and will gradually persuade her to send her little one out of the hot, close air which is killing it. She will tell the man how much better it would be to get thoroughly strong than to work on in his weak state; she will stir him up by thoughts of the bright grounds which surround the Convalescent Hospital: and soon she will come to the committee for the offered letter. Going day by day she will break down the apathy and carelessness which has allowed a high rent or an unhealthy situation so long to cripple the strength of the family. She will tell of better and cheaper rooms, she will appeal to both love and prudence, and by kind words to-day and by stern refusals to-morrow give help till they so far help themselves as to move. She will

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an early breakfast, on Monday, the 19th, Mr. Roe and myself walked to a government farm, situated a little above "Heirrison's Isles," where we met the boat, which the crew were obliged to drag over the flats, on account of the shallowness of the water.

The view to the southward was exceedingly picturesque,—equally so as the far-famed scenery of the lakes of Killarney. This spot is intended for suburban villas, and appears well adapted for such a purpose.

We entered the boat, and proceeded up the river; the banks of which, at a short distance above Perth, assumed a most fertile and verdant aspect. While Mr. Roe stopped, at stated distances, to mark the trees, I walked smartly, at right angles from the course of the river, to learn how far the rich alluvial land

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Rh go to visit those who are bitterly resenting the decision of the committee not to help so long as the strong son remains idle or children are kept away from school. She will speak gently and simply of the blessedness of duties; she will tell of the kindness which has seen so far that it would make the idle industrious, the careless careful, the ignorant wise. Perhaps she will find and talk to the idler or the truants, and them she will induce to go with some of their playmates to school, him she will stir up to apply for the work of which the committee told him. Thus the visitor in her visits will persuade and rouse the people to the action that the committee saw to be good, but were powerless to enforce.

Then there are those who suffer poverty quietly and shrink from making any appeal. These the visitor finds out and sends to the committee for their advice and help. Spirited and hard-working women, high-class working men whose illness has been so long that the club money has ceased, will thus be brought to the notice of the committee, who will go patiently into each case. The woman will probably be offered some work; and though she has a hard life at home, children to care for, and occasional mangling to do, she will make an effort to accept the offer; some means of cure or some quiet work will be proposed to the sick man, or it may be thought well to grant him a regular sum weekly for a time. In all the cases the knowledge of the committee will be brought to bear on the poverty of the striving family that the visitor has discovered.

The visitor, however, may not always appear to advocate assistance; sometimes she comes to discourage it. People will apply whose tale seems good. A man wants work; a girl wants clothes to go to a place. At first it appears as if they would make good use of help. The visitor's report soon gives another aspect to the case. She will tell how on such a date the man had lost his work through drink, or how the help so often received had been misused; it is clear to the committee now that such a man

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 landlord, was locked up; thus the inhabitants had to wash clothes, as well as to cook, eat, and sleep, in their small rooms. The dust-bin, standing in the front of the houses, was accessible to the whole neighborhood, and boys often dragged from it quantities of unseemly objects, and spread them over the court. The state of the drainage was in keeping with everything else. The pavement of the back-yard was all broken up, and great puddles stood in it, so that the damp crept up the outer walls. One large but dirty water-butt received the water laid on for the houses: it leaked, and for such as did not fill their jugs when the water came in, or who had no jugs to fill, there was no water. The former landlord's reply to one of the tenants who asked him to have an iron hoop put round the butt to prevent leakage, was, that "if he didn't like it" (i. e. things as they were) "he might leave." The man to whom this was spoken—by far the best tenant in the place—is now with us, and often gives his spare time to making his room more comfortable, knowing that he will be retained if he behaves well.

This landlord was a tradesman in a small way of business—not a cruel man, except in so far as variableness of dealing is cruelty; but he was a man without capital to spend on improvements, and lost an immense percentage of his rent by bad debts. I went over the houses with him the last day he collected his rents there, that he might introduce me to the people as the owner of the property. He took a man with him, whom, as he confided to me, he wished to pass off upon the people as a broker. It was evident that, whether they saw through this deceit or not, they had no experience which led them to believe he intended to carry into effect the threats he uttered. The arrears of rent were enormous. I had been informed that the honest habitually pay for the dishonest, the owner relying upon their payments to compensate for all losses;

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195 accent, is reckoned to b in the translation, as it is also by the pada-text); and, against rule, it combines in b ye ‘prath-. The comm., with one of SPP's mss., reads aprathetām; and TS.MS. have the same, followed by ámitebhir ójobhir yé pratiṣṭhé ábhavatāṁ vásūnām: they have of the verse only these two pādas, used as part of a closing verse. The first half-verse is found also in the Nāigeya-kāṇḍa of SV. (i. 623 a, b): this reads mánye for manvé, accents subhójasāu, omits (like Ppp.) sácetasāu, and ends with ámitam abhi yójanam; its second half-verse is our 2 c, d.

2. Since ye became foundations of good things, ye much increased, divine, fortunate, wide-extended ones, O heaven-and-earth, be pleasant to me: do ye free us from distress.

3. I call upon the not-distressing, of excellent penance, wide, profound, to be reverenced by poets: O heaven- etc. etc.

4. Ye who bear the immortal (amṛ́ta), who the oblations; who bear the streams (srotyā́), who human beings (manuṣyà): O heaven- etc. etc.

5. Ye who bear the ruddy [kine], who the forest-trees; ye within whom [are] all beings: O heaven- etc. etc.

6. Ye who gratify with sweet drink (kīlā́la), who with ghee; without whom [men] can [do] nothing whatever: O heaven- etc. etc.

7. This that scorches (abhi-çuc) me, or by whomsoever done, from what is human, not divine—I praise heaven-and-earth, [as] a suppliant I call loudly on [them]: do ye free us from distress.

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 or we'll be late. • to hurry. Надо их поторопить с вашей визой. You should hurry them about your visa.

-ся to hurry up. Нельзя ли малость поторопиться? Can't you hurry up a little?

поточный. □ поточная система conveyor system. У нас на заводе введенй, поточная система. The conveyor system has been introduced in our factory.

потратить (pct of тратить) to spend. На что вы потратили эти деньги? What did you spend this money on?

потрачу See потратить.

потребитель (M) consumer.

потребительница consumer.

потребовать (pct of требовать) to demand. Он потребовал, чтоб мы немедленно к нему явились. He demanded that we appear before him immediately.

-ся to be required. Если потребуется, я могу представить свой диплом. I can present my diploma if it's required. • to need. Позвоните, если вам что-нибудь потребуется. Ring if you need something.

потрудиться (-тружусь, -трудится; pct) to work. Он немало потрудился на своём веку. He's worked hard in his day. □ Потрудитесь встать и закрыть дверь! Get up out of there and close the door!

потружусь See потрудиться.

потух See потухнуть.

потухать (dur of потухнуть).

потухнуть (p -тух, -тухла; pct of тухнуть and потухать) to go out. Смотрите, чтобы костёр не потух. See that the bonfire doesn't go out. □ Он как-то весь потух, осунулся. Somehow, he's lost all his pep and has grown thin.

потушить (-тушу -тушит; pct of тушить) to put out. Не забудьте перед уходом потушить электричество. Don't forget to put the light out before you leave.

потянуть (-тяпу, -тянет; pct) to pull. Потяните скатерть немного в вашу сторону. Pull the tablecloth a bit toward you. □ После его рассказа меня ещё больше потянуло домой. After listening to his story I felt more eager to get home. • С реки потянуло прохладой. A cool breeze came from the river.

поужинать (pct of ужинать).

поутюжить (pct of утюжить).

похвала praise. Его похвала для меня дороже всего. His praise is worth more than anything to me. • compliment. Ваш начальник рассыпался в похвалах вам. Your boss was throwing compliments about you all over the place. □ с похвалой favorably. Он отзывался о вас с большой похвалой. He spoke very favorably of you.

похвалить (-хвалю, -хвалит; pct of хвалить) to praise. Его можно только похвалить за такой поступок. He deserves nothing but praise for such action.

похлопать (pct of хлопать).

похлопотать (-хлопочу, -хлопочет; pct of хлопотать) to put in a good word. Похлопочите за него у директора. Put in a good word with the director for him. • to use one's influence. Похлопочите, чтоб нам дали поскорее поесть. Use your influence and have them hurry with our food.

похлопочи See похлопотать.

поход march. В походе удобная обувь всего важнее. Proper shoes are most important on a march. • campaign. Мы пошли походом против лени, небрежности, разгильдяйства. We started a campaign against laziness, carelessness, and sloppiness. □ Я отвесил вам два кило масла с походом. I weighed off two kilos of butter plus a little extra for you.

походить (-хожу, -ходит; dur) to walk. Врач разрешил мне сегодня немного по комнате походить. The doctor allowed me to walk around the room a bit today.

походный field. Она была сестрой в походном лазарете. She was a nurse in a field hospital. □ У меня с собой походная кровать. I have a folding cot with me.

похожий like. Вы очень похожи на брата! You're a lot like your brother. □ быть похожим to resemble. В этой семье все дети очень похожи друг на друга. All the children in this family resemble each other.

похоже like. Неужели он это сделал? Это на него не похоже. Did he really do that? It's not like him. • it looks as if. Похоже на то, что я тут остаюсь. It looks as if I'll be staying here. □ Слушайте, это ни на что не похоже! Look here, that's a downright shame!

похожу See походить.

похоронить (-хорошо, -хоронит;/ ppp -хороненный/; pct of хоронить) to bury. Где его похоронили? Where is he buried?

похороны (-рон, -ронам P) funeral.

похудеть (pct of худеть) to get thinner. После болезни он ужасно похудел. He got a lot thinner after his illness.

поцарапать (pct) to scratch. Где это вы так поцарапали себе руку? Where did you scratch your hand like that?

-ся to get scratched. Осторожно, вы поцарапаетесь! Be careful! You'll get scratched.

поцеловать ([-c"l-]; pct of целовать) to kiss. Дайте, я вас за это поцелую! Let me kiss you for that!

-ся to kiss. Ну, давайте поцелуемся на прощанье. Come on, let's kiss one another good-by!

поцелуй ([-cal-]) kiss.

почва soil. В этих местах почва очень плодородна. The soil around here is very fertile. • ground. Я почувствовал, что теряю почву под ногами и прекратил спор. I felt I was losing ground and stopped arguing. □ Это обвинение не имеет под собой никакой почвы. This accusation is groundless.

почём (/cf что/) how much. Почём яблоки. How much are the apples? • how. Почём я знаю? How should I know? □ почём знать who knows. Почём знать, может быть он и прав. Who knows, maybe he's right.

почему (/cf что/) why. Почему вы не хотите пойти к доктору? Why don't you want to go to the doctor? — Непонятно, почему ему дали такое поручение. It's hard to understand why they gave him such an assignment. — Почему вы так думаете? Why do you think so? □ вот почему that's why. Вот почему я это сделал. That's why I did it. почему бы не why not. Почему бы вам не записывать ваши впечатления? Why don't you write down your impressions? почему-то for some reason or other. Он почему-то не пришёл. He didn't come for some reason or other.

почерк handwriting. Какой, однако, у вас неразборчивый почерк! Your handwriting is certainly hard to make out.


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110

How more than strange, how marvellous a sight To the new comers was this multitude! Something like fear was mingled with affright When they the busy scene of turmoil view'd. Wonder itself the sense of joy subdued And with its all-unwonted weight opprest These children of the quiet solitude; And now and then a sigh that heaved the breast Unconsciously bewray'd their feeling of unrest.

Not more prodigious than that little town Seem'd to these comers, were the pomp and power To us, of ancient Rome in her renown; Nor the elder Babylon, or e'er that hour When her high gardens, and her cloud-capt tower, And her broad walls before the Persian fell; Nor those dread fanes on Nile's forsaken shore Whose ruins yet their pristine grandeur tell. Wherein the demon gods themselves might deign to dwell.


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Rh

But if, all humble as it was, that scene Possess'd a poor and uninstructed mind With awe, the thoughtful spirit, well I ween, Something to move its wonder there might find, Something of consolation for its kind, Some hope and earnest of a happier age, When vain pursuits no more the heart shall blind, But Faith the evils of this earth assuage, And to all souls assure their heavenly heritage.

Yes; for in history's mournful map, the eye On Paraguay, as on a sunny spot, May rest complacent: to humanity, There, and there only, hath a peaceful lot Been granted, by Ambition troubled not, By Avarice undebased, exempt from care, By perilous passions undisturb'd. And what If Glory never rear'd her standard there, Nor with her clarion's blast awoke the slumbering air?


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112

Content, and cheerful Piety were found Within those humble walls. From youth to age The simple dwellers paced their even round Of duty, not desiring to engage Upon the busy world's contentious stage, Whose ways they wisely had been trained to dread: Their inoffensive lives in pupilage Perpetually, but peacefully they led, From all temptation saved, and sure of daily bread.

They on the Jesuit, who was nothing loth, Reposed alike their conscience and their cares; And he, with equal faith, the trust of both Accepted and discharged. The bliss is theirs Of that entire dependence that prepares Entire submission, let what may befall: And his whole careful course of life declares That for their good he holds them thus in thrall, Their Father and their Friend, Priest, Ruler, all in all.


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Rh

Food, raiment, shelter, safety, he provides; No forecast, no anxieties have they; The Jesuit governs, and instructs and guides; Their part it is to honour and obey, Like children under wise parental sway. All thoughts and wishes are to him confest; And when at length in life's last weary day In sure and certain hope they sink to rest, By him their eyes are closed, by him their burial blest.

Deem not their lives of happiness devoid, Tho' thus the years their course obscurely fill; In rural and in household arts employ'd, And many a pleasing task of pliant skill, For emulation here unmix'd with ill, Sufficient scope was given. Each had assign'd His proper part, which yet left free the will; So well they knew to mould the ductile mind By whom the scheme of that wise order was combined.


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114

It was a land of priestcraft, but the priest Believed himself the fables that he taught: Corrupt their forms, and yet those forms at least Preserved a salutary faith that wrought, Maugre the alloy, the saving end it sought. Benevolence had gain'd such empire there, That even superstition had been brought An aspect of humanity to wear, And make the weal of man its first and only care.

Nor lack'd they store of innocent delight, Music and song and dance and proud array, Whate'er might win the ear, or charm the sight; Banners and pageantry in rich display Brought forth upon some Saint's high holyday, The altar drest, the church with garlands hung, Arches and floral bowers beside the way, And festal tables spread for old and young, Gladness in every heart, and mirth on every tongue.


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Rh

Thou who despisest so debased a fate, As in the pride of wisdom thou may'st call These meek submissive Indians' low estate, Look round the world, and see where over all Injurious passions hold mankind in thrall! How barbarous Force asserts a ruthless reign, Or Mammon, o'er his portion of the ball, Hath learn'd a baser empire to maintain, Mammon, the god of all who give their rouls to gain.

Behold the fraudful arts, the covert strife, The jarring interests that engross mankind; The low pursuits, the selfish aims of life; Studies that weary and contract the mind, That bring no joy, and leave no peace behind; And Death approaching to dissolve the spell! The immortal soul, which hath so long been blind, Recovers then clear sight, and sees too well The error of its ways, when irretrievable.


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116

Far happier the Guaranies humble race, With whom in dutiful contentment wise, The gentle virtues had their dwelling place. With them the dear domestic charities Sustain'd no blight from fortune; natural ties There suffer'd no divorcement, save alone That which in course of nature might arise; No artificial wants and ills were known; But there they dwelt as if the world were all their own.

Obedience in its laws that takes delight Was theirs; simplicity that knows no art; Love, friendship, grateful duty in its height; Meekness and truth, that keep all strife apart, And faith and hope which elevate the heart Upon its heavenly heritage intent. Poor, erring, self-tormentor that thou art; O Man! and on thine own undoing bent, Wherewith canst thou be blest, if not with these content?


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Rh backwards. It varied from two hundred to twelve hundred yards. Beyond this, however, the land was, in many places, a rich red loam, capable of bearing excellent crops.

We stopped at a government farm (where we left our food until our return, under the charge of Mr. Drummond, the superintendent), situated opposite to the embouchure of the Helena river. Having rested, and partaken of some refreshment, we resumed our course up the river, and I could not avoid noticing, that the French account of it was exceedingly correct.

Having advanced within a few miles of the spot where the river becomes navigable, Mr. Roe finished his professional duty; and the day drawing to a close, the master's mate in charge of the boat, who had long been hinting about its being time to return, on account of the men's dinner (perhaps, also, feeling the stings of hunger himself), now insisted on doing so, and we accordingly turned back, and arrived, late in the evening, at the place where we intended to pass the night.

A convenient shelter was soon erected, to defend us from the rain; and a large half-burned tree being rekindled opposite the entrance, soon diffused a genial warmth, and an air of comfort, well known to those fond of a bush-life. We sat down, with hearty appetites, to an excellent meal, and enjoyed ourselves much, laughing heartily at the misfortune that befel the Governor and his party, who, Mr. Drummond informed us, had lost themselves (or rather their way) last

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192, in endeavouring to reach this place, and were consequently compelled to remain in the bush all night, suffering from hunger, and exposed to cold, and heavy rain.

Next morning, we proceeded down the river, and reached Perth early in the afternoon. On my arrival there, I was told that Captain Barker had gone down to Freemantle in the morning; and although Mr. Roe invited me to remain a day or two, I thought it more prudent to follow, as speedily as possible, lest I might be left behind,—not knowing what arrangements Captain Barker might have entered into.

I therefore started next morning, Wednesday, the 21st,—having got a passage in H. M. S. Sulphur's boat; and, after two hours' sail, I landed at the military cantonment, and walked into Freemantle, where I learned that nothing had been done on board the Governor Phillips; there having been no communication between the shipping and the shore, in consequence of the blowing weather, and heavy sea.

I sat down on the brow of Arthur's Head, and reperused the article in the Quarterly Review, and regretted that I could not agree with the account, that "between the roadstead and the shore the communication is convenient, and the access easy, as well by night as by day." While musing on the ways and means to get something to eat, I observed the Governor coming along, at a brisk pace, with the intention of going over to Buache, or, as he has named it, Grarden Island; of course he was wind-bound also.

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Rh In a short time, the news having spread that the Governor was in the camp, he was surrounded by many individuals; and, as I had never before seen a levee held in the open air, I took up a favourable position, in order to observe the ceremony. I thought I could discern, in the Governor's countenance, some annoyance that he had been thus caught; but being so, he assumed an air of determination to be as civil and condescending as possible.

Many passengers had arrived by the Atwick, who, it appeared, were now to be presented. The first was a gigantic, fierce-looking gentleman, dressed, I suppose, in the newest London fashion, who had been at some pains with his toilette; and it was very evident that he considered himself of no small importance. I thought at first, that he was ill adapted for the line of life into which he was about to enter; but on further consideration, I concluded, that if he took as much pains to cultivate the land, as he appeared to have successfully bestowed on the culture of his whiskers, he might surpass those less careful in their attire; especially as his martial frown might tend to keep his servants in due obedience.

Next came a pert-looking, smartly-dressed gentleman, who seemed to plume himself on his white kid gloves, neatly-tied cravat, well-polished boots, and scented white handkerchief. I thought he would have been more at home, behind the counter of a fashionable London repository, distributing ribbons and lace to the fair damsels, than wandering about the wilds of Australia,

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194 in fruitless search of land, abounding in ready-made houses, and growing corn.

Next came a stout-looking personage, having all the appearance of a substantial English yeoman, whose jolly features, albeit a little shrunk from his sea fare, indicated a long acquaintance with beef and ale. He had not half told his story, when he was interrupted (contrary to all the rules of etiquette) by the dapper-looking gentleman, who, doubtless, thought his conversation more interesting, and agreeable to his Excellency; but he was, in turn, interrupted by the yeoman, who appeared determined to have his "say" out.

Then came a modest-looking young man, who presented two letters to his Excellency, and looked round the surrounding throng, with an expression of face that seemed to say, "My fortune is made." He appeared confirmed in this opinion, by a few civil words from His Excellency, who put the letters in his pocket, perhaps never to be opened; or, if so, not attended to,—the common fate of letters of introduction.

Many more had an interview; the greater part of whom did not at all appear adapted to undergo the privations and fatigues necessarily attendant on settling in a new country, even under the most favourable circumstances.

His Excellency was evidently tired long before the conclusion of the levee; but, as he could not bow his clients out of the drawing-room, he was obliged to back astern, which he did, with much dexterity, until he

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Rh came to a spot of swampy ground, where he could not be surrounded, which he jumped over, bowed courteously to the assembled throng, and walked away, as fast as decorum would permit, fearful that he might be overtaken before he reached the boat; which, as soon as he entered, was pulled with all speed towards Perth.

The Governor's situation was certainly not much to be envied. All the land on the banks of the Swan, of which these emigrants had heard such flattering accounts, and of which they naturally expected to obtain a slice, after having come so far for that purpose, was already, and, perhaps, improvidently given away.

There is no doubt, therefore, that, although their own foolishly sanguine expectations might have contributed to blind them, yet there existed some legitimate cause for grumbling, which, it is well known, John Bull has a wonderful propensity to indulge in, frequently ex causis non æquis;—It may not, therefore, be wondered at, if it were rather unrestrainedly indulged in, as I have every reason to believe it was, on the present occasion.

Among the number, I observed several faces not unknown to me, and I was also recognized by them. I went into the tent of Mr. Lord, formerly a merchant in Calcutta, now supercargo of the Ephemina, where I received some refreshment, of which I stood in much need; and shortly afterwards I met another acquaintance, a respectable settler, from the Derwent, who had brought, amongst other things, several horses for sale, and he politely accommodated me with the loan of one.

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The New International Encyclopædia/Rutledge, John

RUTLEDGE, (1739-1800). An American statesman, born at Charleston, S. C. He studied law in London, and began to practice at Charleston in 1761. He sat in the Stamp Act Congress at New York in 1765, in the South Carolina convention in 1774, and the Continental Congress of 1774; was chairman of the committee which framed the new Constitution for South Carolina in 1776, and was first President (1776-98) under that Constitution. In 1779 he was Governor of the State, and during the siege of Charleston was given almost absolute power by the Legislature. On the surrender of the city in 1780 be joined the Army of the South, with which he remained till the end of the war. He was a member of Congress in 1782, and again in 1783, was Chancellor of his State in 1784, member of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution (1787) and of the State convention which adopted it. He was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1789-91), was Chief Justice of South Carolina from 1791 to 1795, and in July, 1795, was appointed Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, but, owing to the loss of his reason, the appointment was not confirmed.


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196 I rode about twelve miles to the southward, over very uneven ground, and obtained a good view of Cockburn Sound. The land did not bear a blade of grass, but was studded with a variety of beautiful plants.

I returned by the beach, and a few miles from the river, I observed a long boat on the shore, with several things in her, which, as it afterwards appeared, belonged to the Atwick, having been blown a-drift from her, by the strength of the wind.

On my return, I received an invitation to the tent of a settler, where I met several others, who had assembled to spend the evening. The general topic of conversation was, of course, relative to land. I ventured to deprecate the idea of giving such large grants, but was cut short by one of Colonel Latour's agents, who clearly proved that it was exceedingly advantageous. I then hinted, that I thought the colony could not get on well without the aid of convict labour; but here I met with still greater opposition, as it was universally allowed, that if the soil were to be polluted with those sort of people, no gentleman of respectability would have anything to do with it. This was, of course, an argument not to be controverted; so I thought it more

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Rh prudent to be a listener for the remainder of the evening. At length, I retired, leaving a portion of the company busily engaged in endeavouring to overreach each other in petty barter.

Next morning, although it was blowing strongly, I was enabled, (being favoured with a passage in the Ephemina's long-boat,) to reach the Governor Phillips, after four hours' hard beating.

I was informed by Captain Barker, that all the stores were to be re-embarked, which, as nothing had yet been done, on account of the blowing weather, would occupy some time. I also learned, that he had obtained the Governor's sanction to leave behind one of the prisoners, the period of whose sentence had expired a few weeks ago. This man was a sawyer, and, therefore, a very useful person.

On Friday, the weather having moderated, the brig's crew were busily employed in getting off the stores. Captain Barker went on shore, to superintend operations, and I took a walk of observation round the nascent seaport town of Freemantle. As all ceremony is soon waved, I fell into conversation with a gentleman, busily employed in building a punt; he was not long in giving me to understand, that he had been a captain in the army,—that he had sold out,—and, as he had, thereby, lost seven shillings a day, he was now employed in making it up, as he thought his work equal to that amount. He told me he was a good musician, and passionately fond of music; and that he was

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198 out of his element here. So thought I; yet the building of a flat-bottomed boat shewed both talent, ingenuity, and a determination to do some good,—whereas, the generality of the others chiefly employed themselves, in smoking cigars, drinking brandy-and-water, and abusing Mr. Fraser.

I observed the greater part of the servants—sturdy, idle-looking fellows—either walking vacantly about, or standing in groups, apparently hatching mischief.

Before going on board, I assisted Captain Barker to take some observations, in order to ascertain the variation of the compass.

Having learned from the master of the Admiral Gifford, who arrived here yesterday from Coupang, that he had not found less than three-and-a-half fathoms water in his passage over the reef, I was anxious to determine the point; and the master of the Ephemina, seeming to take some interest in the affair, he, and Mr. Lord the supercargo, agreed to go with me. Accordingly, on the twenty-fifth, at eight A.M., we left Grage's-roads in the Ephemina's long boat. I found a very agreeable addition to the party, in Captain Bannister; and, as I had the pleasure of the acquaintance of his brother, the late Attorney-general of New South Wales, and other members of his family, we soon became on friendly terms.

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Rh We stood out towards the passage where we had observed the schooner to enter, sounding constantly and carefully; and as we never got less than five, ten, seven, and four fathoms, we were pleased with the idea of discovering a new passage, but just as we thought it was all right, we had only two fathoms; we tried twice or thrice, but got no more; in a short time, in passing over the ledge, we deepened to five fathoms; the ledge did not seem more than thirty yards wide; it therefore appeared to us, that the schooner, which only drew six feet water, passed over this, which she might easily do unknowingly, between the different times of heaving the lead.

Although we were not successful in finding the New Channel we expected, yet we did some good, by showing that a passage did not exist, as might have been supposed by the safe passage of the schooner.

We then bore away for Rottenest, where we arrived about three P.M. in a fine sandy bay, four fathoms deep, within a few fathoms of the shore, protected from all winds excepting the south, which seldom blows strong. It was universally allowed to be a very fit place for a fishing establishment.

Having landed, we left the boat's crew to kindle a fire, and make preparations for cooking dinner, which we went in search of, intending, at the same time, to view the island.

We struck to the westward, and having seen (from an eminence) what was alleged to be a vessel, stranded

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 but I was amazed to find to what an extent this was the case. Six, seven, or eight weeks' rent were due from most tenants, and in some cases very much more; whereas, since I took possession of the houses (of which I collect the rents each week myself) I have never allowed a second week's rent to become due.

I think no one who has not experienced it can fully realize the almost awed sense of joy with which one enters upon such a possession as that above described, conscious of having the power to set it, even partially, in order. Hopes, indeed, there are which one dare scarcely hope; but at once one has power to say, "Break out a window there in that dark corner; let God's light and air in;" or, "Trap that foul drain, and shut the poisonous miasma, out;" and one has moral power to say, by deeds which speak louder than words, "Where God gives me authority, this, which you in your own hearts know to be wrong, shall not go on. I would not set my conviction, however strong it might be, against your judgment of right; but when you are doing what I know your own conscience condemns, I, now that I have the power, will enforce right; but first I will try whether I cannot lead you, yourselves, to arise and cast out the sin—helping your wavering and sorely tried will by mine, which is untempted."

As soon as I entered into possession, each family had an opportunity offered of doing better: those who would not pay, or who led clearly immoral lives, were ejected. The rooms they vacated were cleansed; the tenants who showed signs of improvement moved into them, and thus, in turn, an opportunity was obtained for having each room distempered and painted. The drains were put in order, a large slate cistern was fixed, the wash-house was cleared of its lumber, and thrown open on stated days to each tenant in turn. The roof, the plaster, the woodwork were repaired; the staircase-walls were distempered; new grates were fixed; the layers of paper and rag (black with age) were torn from the windows, and glass was put in;

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200 on the beach, with her masts gone, we directed our steps thither, highly pleased with the discovery: there was a little difference of opinion as to who saw her first; but, that was not allowed to weigh in the balance, as, it was supposed, there would be enough for us all.

In going along, however, a question arose how far we might be justified in taking any thing from her; or indeed whether we could lay claim even to salvage. These questions and surmises, as to what vessel it could be, occupied our attention as we went along,—a nearer view still confirming us in the truth of our conjectures.

The vessel appeared to be lying aground at a little distance from, and with her stern towards, the shore. It was now evident to us, that she must have parted from her ground tackle, in a gale of wind, and thus driven on the shore. Captain Bannister and myself, having left the others far behind, agreed to swim off and take joint possession of her; and as in doing so we should have to run some risk from sharks, which are here very numerous and of great size, we justly considered that we need not be very particular in taking an exact inventory of her small stores.

It was further agreed, that Captain Bannister should take up his abode for some time in the vessel, which would afford better accommodation, and be more secure than his tent at Freemantle, where he was obliged to walk sentry, in turn with a trusty servant, every night to guard his property;—a precaution absolutely

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 out of 192 panes, only 8 were found unbroken. The yard and footpath were paved.

The rooms, as a rule, were re-let at the same prices at which they had been let before; but tenants with large families were counseled to take two rooms, and for these much less was charged than if let singly: this plan I continue to pursue. In-coming tenants are not allowed to take a decidedly insufficient quantity of room, and no sub-letting is permitted. The elder girls are employed three times a week in scrubbing the passages in the houses, for the cleaning of which the landlady is responsible. For this work they are paid, and by it they learn habits of cleanliness. It is, of course, within the authority of the landlady also to insist on cleanliness of wash-houses, yards, staircases, and staircase-windows; and even to remonstrate concerning the rooms themselves if they are habitually dirty.

The pecuniary result has been very satisfactory. Five per cent. interest has been paid on all the capital invested. A fund for the repayment of capital is accumulating. A liberal allowance has been made for repairs; and here I may speak of the means adopted for making the tenants careful about breakage and waste. The sum allowed yearly for repairs is fixed for each house, and if it has not all been spent in restoring and replacing, the surplus is used for providing such additional appliances as the tenants themselves desire. It is therefore to their interest to keep the expenditure for repairs as low as possible; and instead of committing the wanton damage common among tenants of their class, they are careful to avoid injury, and very helpful in finding economical methods of restoring what is broken or worn out, often doing little repairs of their own accord.

From the proceeds of the rent, also, interest has been paid on the capital spent in building a large room where the tenants can assemble. Classes are held there—for boys, twice weekly; for girls, once; a singing class has just been

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Rh, for, notwithstanding the absence of convicts, the camp was little better than a den of thieves.

By this time we had approached within about half a mile of our imagined prize, which now began to assume an appearance that rather staggered us; and by walking a little farther, we were sufficiently satisfied that the supposed ship was a small detached rock, which even now, bore much resemblance to a dismasted vessel.

Laughing at our disappointment, we bent our way north-east, until we came to about the centre of the island, where we observed a salt-water lagoon; and then a south course brought us to our rendezvous, where we arrived long before our companions.

The dogs having caught two wallabi we had them dressed against their return, which did not take place till the evening was far spent.

They found much difficulty in getting back, and were evidently greatly fatigued, and would have preferred their usual bed; although the sand was soft, the night serene, and the sapphire canopy beautifully bespangled with glittering stars.

In the morning, as soon as day broke, we went to take another view of the island, and, at the same time, to procure kangaroos for our friends; we had not proceeded far from the shore, when Mr. Lord shot—not a kangaroo—but a snake, about five feet long. He and the others, not seeming to relish this kind of game, which it was imagined the island abounded in, thought it advisable to return to the boat immediately;

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202 nor could they be convinced that, with a little caution, there was no danger to be dreaded.

The foundation of the island Rottenest is of coral, and the superstructure almost entirely sand; and there is no doubt that the lagoon is supplied from the salt water percolating through.

The island is about seven miles long, and from one to two broad. The hummocks are sand hills, many of which are entirely destitute of any kind of herbage; in the valleys are some stunted trees and shrubs, and a very little grass. It appeared astonishing to us, that Vlaming could speak in raptures of this island, which we found so miserably barren.

We had much difficulty in getting the boat launched, which the receding tide had left dry. We then beat out of the bay, and made the best of our way to Gage's Roads, through a fine opening in the reef, about four fathoms and a half deep.

Although we had been disappointed, in not finding a good passage by the way the schooner came in, yet we presumed that our little cruize had not been unattended with the acquisition of some useful knowledge, as we had discovered a good anchorage on the S.E. side of Rottenest, fit for the reception of small vessels, and altogether a place well adapted for a whaling establishment; besides, we had shown that a very practicable passage exists between it and Gage's Roads.

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 established. A large work-class for married women and elder girls meets once a week. A glad sight it is—the large room filled with the eager, merry faces of the girls, from which those of the older, careworn women catch a reflected light. It is a good time for quiet talk with them as we work, and many a neighborly feeling is called out among the women as they sit together on the same bench, lend one another cotton or needles, are served by the same hand, and look to the same person for direction. The babies are a great bond of union; I have known the very women who not long before had been literally fighting, sit at the work-class busily and earnestly comparing notes of their babies' respective history. That a consciousness of corporate life is developed in them is shown by the not infrequent use of the expression "One of us."

Among the arrangements conducive to comfort and health I may mention, that instead of the clothes being hung as formerly out of front windows down against the wall, where they could not be properly purified, the piece of ground in front of the houses is used as a drying-ground during school hours. The same place is appropriated as a playground, not only for my younger tenants, but for the children from the neighboring courts. It is a space walled round, where they can play in safety. Hitherto, games at trap, bat and ball, swinging, skipping, and singing a few Kinder-Garten songs with movements in unison, have been the main diversions. But I have just established drill for the boys, and a drum and fife band. Unhappily, the mere business connected with the working of the houses has occupied so much time, that the playground has been somewhat neglected; yet it is a most important part of the work. The evils of the streets and courts are too evident to need explanation. In the playground are gathered together children habitually dirty, quarrelsome, and violent. They come wholly ignorant of games, and have hardly self-control enough to play at any which have an object or require effort. Mere senseless, endless repetition is at best their

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, under the most favourable circumstances, the stores could not be re-embarked in less than a week, Captain Barker and myself projected a cruise up the river Canning, which had not, as yet, been particularly examined.

On Tuesday, the 27th of October, every thing being arranged for our departure. Captain Barker, Captain Bannister, myself, and several others, started in the whale-boat, with all the instruments we could muster, that we might be able to ascertain the exact position of any remarkable places which we might fall in with.

In the evening, instead of proceeding to Perth, we bivouacked at the foot of Mount Eliza, as we were

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cole, Abdiah


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cole, Charles Nalson


text: Homes of the London Poor/Cottage Property


text: Homes of the London Poor/Organized Work

title: Homes of the London Poor/Organized Work


text: Homes of the London Poor/Blank Court

title: Homes of the London Poor/Blank Court


text: Homes of the London Poor/Volunteers

title: Homes of the London Poor/Volunteers


text: Homes of the London Poor/Relief

title: Homes of the London Poor/Relief


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cole, Galbraith Lowry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cole, George


text: Homes of the London Poor

title: Homes of the London Poor


text:
Page:Homes of the London Poor.djvu/12

10 "there were many things she could get for the children to eat which would do them more good than another room." I was perfectly silent. A half-pleading, half-asserting voice said: "Don't you see I'm right, miss?" "No," I said; "indeed I do not. I have been brought up to know the value of abundant good air, but of course you must do as you think best—only I am sorry." Not a word more passed; but in a few weeks a second room was again to let, and the woman volunteered: "She thought she'd better strive to get the rent; good air was very important, wasn't it?" Again: a man wouldn't send his children to school. Dirty, neglected, and unhappy, they destroyed many things in the house. I urged, to no purpose, that they should be sent. At last I gave him notice to leave because he refused to send them, and because he had taken three children to sleep in the room I had let for his own family only. The man was both angry and obstinate. I quietly went on with proceedings for getting rid of him. He knew I meant what I said, and he requested an interview. He owed no rent, he urged. "No," I replied, "you know what a point I make of that; but it isn't quite the only thing I insist on. I cannot allow anything so wrong as this neglect of the children and overcrowding to continue where I have the power to prevent it." He "knew what it was just this year to fuss about the cholera, and then nobody 'd care how many slep in a room; but he wasn't a coward to be frightened at the cholera, not he! And as to being bound, he wouldn't be bound—no, not to his own master that paid him wage; and it wasn't likely he would to me, when he paid rent reg'lar. The room was his; he took it, and if he paid rent he could do as he liked in it." "Very well," I said; "and the house is mine; I take it, and I must do what I think right in it; and I say that most landladies won't take in children at all, and we all know it is a good deal of loss and trouble; but I'll risk these gladly if you will do what you can to teach the children to be good, and careful, and industrious; and if not, you know the rule, and you must go.

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text:
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Rh If you prefer liberty, and dirt, and mess, take them; but if you choose to agree to live under as good a rule as I can make it, you can stay. You have your choice." Put in the light of a bargain, the man was willing enough. Well, he'd not "do anything contrairy, without telling me, about lodgers; and as to the children, he thought he could turn himself, and send them a bit, now his work was better."

With the great want of rooms there is in this neighborhood it did not seem right to expel families, however large, inhabiting one room. Whenever from any cause a room was vacant, and a large family occupied an adjoining one, I have endeavored to induce them to rent the two. To incoming tenants I do not let what seems decidedly insufficient accommodation. We have been able to let two rooms for four shillings and sixpence, whereas the tenants were in many cases paying four shillings for one. At first they considered it quite an unnecessary expenditure to pay more rent for a second room, however small the additional sum might be. They have gradually learnt to feel the comfort of having two rooms, and pay willingly for them.

The pecuniary success of the plan has been due to two causes. First, to the absence of middlemen; and secondly, to great strictness about punctual payment of rent. At this moment not one tenant in any of the houses owes any rent, and during the whole time, as I have said, the bad debts have been exceedingly small. The law respecting such tenancies seems very simple, and when once the method of proceeding is understood, the whole business is easily managed; and I must say most seriously that I believe it to be better to pay legal expenses for getting rid of tenants than to lose by arrears of rent,—better for the whole tone of the households, kinder to the tenants. The

title: Page:Homes of the London Poor.djvu/13


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cole, Henry (1500?-1580)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cole, John


text: User:Laverock/Participation archive

title: User:Laverock/Participation archive


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cole, Ralph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cole, Thomas (d.1571)