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Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Host (Canonical and Liturgical)

Host —The name host in liturgy is given to the bread used in the celebration of the Holy Eucharist—Pans ad sacrificium Eucharisticum destinatus (Du Cange, "Glossarium"). Christ at the Last Supper consecrated bread and wine, and prescribed their use in the Eucharistic Sacrifice for all future times. Hence bread (of wheat) and wine (of the grape) have always been considered in the Church the sole legitimate matter for the celebration of Mass. The Scholastics, especially St. Thomas (Summa Theol—III, Q. lxxiv, art. 1) and Denys the Carthusian (IV, dist. xi, q. 3), point out the peculiar fitness of these elements which constitute the remote matter of the sacrament. Their use is universal, and hence they render the Eucharistic worship possible anywhere. Furthermore, there are reasons of analogy. As bread is the ordinary food of the body, so the Divine Victim is the nourishment of our souls; just as it is necessary that the wheat be ground, mixed with water, and subjected to fire in order to become bread, so the faithful, in order that they may be united to Christ and live by His spirit, must by mortification die to themselves. Bread is like-wise a figure of the Church. The many grains of wheat converted into one loaf symbolize the various members united in one body. Alluding to this symbolism, so natural and expressive, the "Teaching of the Twelve Apostles" (ch. ix) places on the lips of the faithful the following words of thanksgiving before partaking of the Holy Eucharist: "As this fragment (of bread) was scattered over the hills, and was gathered together, and became one, so let Thy Church be gathered together from the ends of the earth into Thy kingdom", and the "Constitutions of the Holy Apostles" (Book VII, n. 25) in the Eucharistic thanksgiving enjoins the faithful to say: "Do Thou, O Lord Almighty, everlasting God, so gather together Thy Church from the end of the earth into Thy kingdom, as this corn was once scattered, and is now become one loaf."

VALID MATTER—It is required that the matter used for the Consecration be not only valid and as far as possible genuine, but also that it be licit and as far as possible perfect, i.e. new, fresh, and pure. Hence the Eucharistic host must be bread, made of fine wheaten flour, mixed with natural water and baked. It must be bread, as it was the typical food used by Christ (Matt—xxvi, 26—cf. Acts, ii, 42; I Cor—x, 16). The Fathers of the Church with one accord teach that bread is changed into the Body of Christ by the words of Consecration; and all the councils that treat of this subject define the same (Fourth Lateran, ch. "Firmiter"; Florence, "Decr. Unionis"; Trent, Sess. XIII, XXI, and XXII). It must be made of wheaten flour, because, according to sacred tradition, such was used by Christ at the institution of this sacrament. History attests that the Jews used only wheaten bread at the Passover, and in Palestine the word bread, without a qualifying term, signifies wheaten bread. Hence both the Eastern and Western Churches have always used this kind of bread. Some sectaries introduced at times foreign matter in its composition; thus, St. Augustine (Lib. de Haeres—c. xxvi) tells us that the Cataphrygians mixed with the wheaten flour the blood of infants, extracted from them through minute punctures made in their bodies. The Council of Florence (Decr. pro Armenis) says that the third sacrament is that of the Eucharist, whose matter is wheaten bread and wine of the grape. Moreover, in the rubrics of the Missal (De Defectibus, III, 3) we read: "If the bread is not wheaten, or if it is wheaten yet mixed with flour of another kind in such quantity that it is no longer considered wheaten bread, the sacrament is not effected." Hence hosts made of the flour of barley, oats, rice, beans, millet, chestnuts, etc—are not permitted, because such flour differs specifically from wheaten flour. Authors differ in their opinion with regard to the use of siligo (St. Thomas, III, Q. lxxiv, art. 3, ad 2um) and spelt, which are inferior kinds of wheat. As a rule these are considered doubtful matter, and their use is unlawful when there is question of administering sacraments which are not hic et nunc necessary for salvation. Scavini (III, n. 227), depending on the authority of Gobat, Laymann, and others, says that spelt is not only valid but also licit matter for this sacrament. Lehmkuhl (pt. II, lib. I, tr. iv, c. ii,—§1, n. 3) holds that in this matter the opinion of experts and that of the diocese and region should be followed. For the validity of the sacrament it is, moreover, necessary that natural water be used to temper the wheat flour, and that the dough be baked. The baking is usually done between-heated irons which resemble a large forceps. If the flour is in a notable quantity mixed with eggs, butter, milk, honey, oil, or any liquor other than natural water, it becomes invalid matter, for it is then something really different from ordinary bread. Likewise flour fired in a pan, dried by the sun, stewed, or boiled, or a crude mass of dough, cannot be consecrated, because although physically it does not differ from ordinary bread, yet it is not such as is commonly used and as was consecrated by Christ at the Last Supper. The S. Congr. of the Holy Office (June 23, 1852) permitted the priests of the Diocese of Coimbatore, India, to make hosts out of broken grains of wheat, steeped in water, pressed so as to form a pulp, and then baked between two heated irons, but imposed upon the vicar Apostolic the obligation of introducing the custom of preparing the hosts in the customary manner.

LEAVENED AND UNLEAVENED BEEAD.—The question regarding the use of leavened and unleavened bread gave rise to much dispute among Catholics. From the very beginning both the Eastern and Western Churches looked upon this as a matter of discipline, and held that Consecration takes place under either kind. Michael Caerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople (1043), made it, however, a dogmatic issue. In a letter to John, Bishop of Trani, Apulia, he accused the Roman Church of holding doctrines and adopting practices condemned by the rest of Christianity; in it among other reproaches he imputes it to her as a crime that she uses at the Lord's Supper unleavened bread, which he held to be invalid matter, and consequently he maintained that the Church of Rome was heretical. Thus, after eleven centuries of undisputed tranquility on this point in both Churches, Crularius, to make the rupture between the two Churches as great as possible, first broached this accusation against the Church of Rome, despite the fact that many writers had before him searched traditional documents without finding even the slightest indication of a dogmatic error. Three different views prevail concerning the kind of bread used in the Western Church during the first ten centuries. Sirmond, S.J. (d. 1651, "Disq. de Azymo"), maintained that it consecrated exclusively leavened bead. Ma-billon, O.S.B. (d. 1707, "Diss. de Pane Eucharistico"), asserted that unleavened bread was used from the time of the Apostles, but that the Apostles sometimes used leavened bread. Cardinal Bona, O.Cist. (d. 1674, "Rerum Liturg—lib. I, c. xxiii), held it as probable that both kinds were used indiscriminately until late in the ninth century. The Council of Florence (1439) decided that either kind was sufficient for the validity of the sacrament, and that unleavened bread must, under grave precept, be used in the Western Church and leavened in the Eastern; but even at present in the East the Armenians, both Catholics and Eutychians, and the Maronites use unleavened bread. This precept is so strict that were a priest to consecrate in a rite not his own he would sin grievously. It would not be lawful to do so even if thereby sole opportunity were given to fulfil the precept of hearing Mass on Sunday or of administering Holy Viaticum to the dying. The only exception to this rule that could occur would be if after the consecration the Sacred Host were to disappear, or the celebrant adverted to the fact that it had a substantial defect, and only bread peculiar to the other rite were at hand, in order thereby to complete the sacrifice. Even in places in which there are churches of both rites, a Greek cannot consecrate in unleavened bread or a Latin priest in leavened bread (Pius V, Bull "Providentia", 1566; Benedict XIV, Const. "Etsi pastoralis"). If, whilst traveling, a priest should be in a place in which there is no church of his own rite, he may celebrate according to the rite of the church which exists there, or preferably according to his own rite (S. Lig—"Mor. Theol.", Lib. VI, n. 203; Lehmkuhl, vol. II, n. 121, 3). If a priest has a domicile in a place in which there is no church of his own rite, he may celebrate according to the rite of the church of his domicile, because he is then considered a member of said church (Hilarius a Sexten, pt. II, c. iii,—§28, n. 3).

KINDS OF HOST.—In the early Latin Church the host used by the priest at Mass was larger than it is at present. The custom then prevailed of giving Communion to the laity with Particles of the priest's Host. During the twelfth century small hosts for the laity were introduced and the priest's host assumed the size it has at present (Benedict XIV, "De SS. Missae Sacrif.", sect. I,—§xxxvii). When a large host is not at hand Mass may be celebrated in private with a small host. In cases of necessity a small host may be used in public also, but, as liturgists remark, the faithful should be advised thereof in order to avoid scandal (De Herdt, II, n. 137). From the earliest days the hosts in the Latin Church were of a circular form. Pope St. Zephyrinus calls the host "corona sive oblata sphericae figurae". This form was adopted both because the hosts could be more easily handled, and because the circle, being the most perfect figure and a symbol of infinity, most suitably represents the presence of Him who, by His eternity, immensity, love, and the merits of His sacrifice, is infinite. As a rule, since the middle of the twelfth century, the image of Christ Crucified is impressed on the large host, although the figure of the Sacred Heart or the monogram of the Holy Name may be used [see Altar (in Liturgy) ]

, subtitle, Altar-Breads]. The sacrificial host of the Greeks is a square loaf to express mystic-ally that by the Sacrifice of the Cross redemption is granted to the four quarters of the globe. Two lines divide the upper part of the loaf into four squares in which usually the following letters are impressed, reading from left to right in the upper portion: ICXC, and in the lower: NI-KA, i.e. "Jesus Christ conquers." Like the host used by the priest at Mass, that which is exposed in the ostensorium, which is customarily as large as the former, and the small particles, must be thin wafers, round, not broken, fresh, and clean. All hosts should be free from little particles, which may be removed before carrying them to the altar by passing them lightly between the thumb and index finger.

OBLATION.—For the valid Consecration of hosts it is necessary that they be morally and sensibly present to the consecrator and individually specified by him, so that the demonstrative pronoun hoc be verified at the Consecration. Ordinarily both the large host used for the Mass and the particles intended for distribution of Communion should be on the altar at the beginning of the Mass, or at least before the Offertory when they are placed on the corporal. If particles are brought to the altar after the Offertory, but before the beginning of the Preface, Mass is interrupted and the oblation of the particles is made either mentally or vocally, after which Mass is continued from the place at which it was interrupted. After the Preface has been begun, down to the Consecration, particles should not be brought to the altar to be consecrated unless there be special reasons, e.g. so as not to deprive of Communion a large number of people, or on special occasions, e.g. First Communion, general Communion at the end of a mission, during the paschal season to give persons a chance to fulfil their Easter duty (Benedict XIV, "De SS. Miss. Sacr.", sect. II,—§clviii; Bernard, "Cours de lit. rom.", I, 98). The sacrificial host is at present placed after its oblation on the corporal in front of the chalice, because it is the first element to be consecrated. Formerly it was placed at the left side of the chalice, as if the latter were to receive the blood which flowed from the right side of Christ hanging on the cross (Innocent III, "De Sacro Altaris Mysterio", lib. II, c. lviii). If the particles be few, they are offered with the sacrificial host on the paten, and then placed on the corporal near the sacrificial host towards the Gospel side. If they be many, they may be placed on the corporal at the beginning of Mass towards the Gospel side, where they remain during the Mass; or they may be put in a ciborium covered with its lid, but without its veil until after the Communion; or in a chalice covered with a pall. During Mass the ciborium or chalice containing the particles is placed behind, or, if space will not permit, on the left side of the sacrificial chalice. At the Offertory and Consecration it is uncovered. The large host used for Exposition may be offered on the paten and then placed on the corporal between the chalice and the sacrificial host, or near the latter towards the Gospel side, where it remains through-out the Mass. If it be prepared in the lunula the latter should be open at the Offertory and the Consecration.

CONSECRATION.—At the Consecration all the hosts, or the vessel which contains them, should be on the corporal and if possible on the altar-stone. If by chance the vessel containing the particles is not uncovered at the Consecration, they are nevertheless validly consecrated (Benedict XIV-, loc. Cit., §clv). If the ciborium is not on the corporal at the time of Consecration it is doubtful whether they were consecrated, unless the celebrant had distinctly the intention of consecrating the contents of the vessel before him, not adverting to the fact that it rests outside the corporal (D'Annibale, III, n. 388). Benedict XIV (loc. Cit., §clix) holds that they should be consecrated absolutely during another Mass, but St. Liguori (lib. VI, n. 217) is of opinion that they should be consumed after the first ablution. The celebrant holds and looks at the sacrificial host only whilst he utters the words of Consecration and makes over it the sign of the cross, but directs his intention of consecrating to all the hosts on the corporal. Only the sacrificial Host is elevated for the adoration of the faithful, the consecrated particles remaining on the corporal.

FRACTION OF THE HOST.—Shortly before Communion the Host is broken into parts, a ceremony found in all liturgies and which was introduced by Christ at the Last Supper. The object of the breaking of the Host is to indicate by this symbolical action the partaking of Communion by which the faithful are to become one body with Christ. The breaking of bread, symbolizing the Communion, is in reality the preparation of the sacrifice for the sacrificial feast: "The bread, which we break, is it not the partaking of the body of the Lord? For we, being many, are one bread, one body, all that partake of one bread" (I Cor—x, 16, 17). Hence, "to break the bread" is to prepare it for food and to distribute it for participation. In the Western Church the Host is divided into three parts. The celebrant holds the Host over the chalice and breaks it in half, one half of which he lays with his right hand on the paten, then breaks from the other half from below (Pars inferior praecidi debet—S.R.C., 4 Aug—1663) a particle which he afterwards drops into the chalice, and joins the other half in the left hand with that on the paten. Formerly one part was put into the chalice, another part was consumed by the celebrant, and the third part, which was the largest, was broken into particles for the Communion of the faithful who were present, and of the sick. Traces of this ancient usage are still found in the solemn Mass celebrated by the Roman pontiff, who divides the third part into two particles, with which he Communicates the deacon and subdeacon of his Mass. A similar practice is observed in the Mass of the consecration of a bishop, who receives in Communion the third part from the consecrator. The Greeks break the Host into four parts, one of which is received by the celebrant, another is distributed to the faithful, the third is reserved for the sick, and the fourth is put into the chalice. In the Mozarabic Liturgy the Host is broken into nine parts, each having its special designation corresponding to a mystery in the life of Christ: (I) Incarnation; (2) Nativity; (3) Circumcision; (4) Apparition; (5) Passion; (6) Death; (7) Resurrection; (8) Glorification; (9) Kingdom. The first seven parts are placed in circles formed on the paten in the shape of a cross, the remaining two portions are placed on the right side at the foot of the cross outside the circles (Duchesne, "Christian Worship", p. 219). The transverse beam is formed by nos. 2, 6, and 7, which represent the principal mysteries: Birth, Death, and Resurrection. In other Churches the Host was in former times divided in various ways. Thus in 627 Ireland it was divided in seven different manners, according to the rite of the Mass or the dignity of the festival: at ordinary Masses into five particles; on the feasts of confessors and virgins into seven; on the festivals of martyrs into eight; on Sundays into nine; on the festivals of Apostles into eleven; on the feast of the Circumcision and on Maundy Thursday into twelve; on Low Sunday and the feast of the Ascension into thirteen; on Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost into sixty-five. They were arranged in the form of a cross with certain additional complications when they were numerous, and at the Communion each of the parts of the cross, or of its additions, was distributed to a special group of persons, that is, priests, monks, etc. (Duchesne, ibid—p. 220). The breaking of the Host is not an essential or even an integral part of the Mass, and was in former times occasioned by natural reasons and considerations, but it has high symbolical meanings. It symbolizes Christ's violent death on the Cross, as it indicates the wounding and lacerating which caused the separation of His Soul from His Body. The breaking of the Bread over the chalice is to remind us that the Blood contained in the chalice proceeds from His wounded and mangled Body, although thereby also caution is taken that no loose particles be lost.

MINGLING OF THE EUCHARISTIC SPECIES—Probably down to the ninth century the Body and Blood of Christ were twice united in the chalice during Mass: the first time after the Pater Noster, when a previously consecrated Host, or a Host received from another place, was used; the second time at the Communion, for which a particle broken from the Host of the Mass that was being celebrated was used. When the custom of sending the Eucharist to other Churches as a sign of union ceased, the former was retained, except when the pope officiated, in which case the latter was used and the former omitted. This custom was retained down to the fifteenth century, when the rite of mingling only after the Pater Noster, even at the pope's Mass, came into use. The celebrant, having broken the large Host into two equal parts, breaks a small particle from the part which he holds in his left hand. With this particle he makes three signs of the cross over the chalice, saying, "Pax Domini sit semper vobiscum", and then drops it into the Precious Blood, saying: "Hac commixtio et consecratio Corporis et Sanguinis Domini nostri Jesu Christi fiat accipientibus nobis in vitam zeternam. Amen." Just as the fraction of the Host indicates the wounding which caused Christ's death, so this mingling of the Eucharistic species symbolically expresses that on the altar the living Body of Christ is present. The fraction represents His bloody sacrificial Death, and the mingling His glorious Resurrection, in which His Body and Blood were again united and vivified. The threefold sign of the cross with the Particle over the chalice and the salutation of peace made between the fraction and mingling signify that Christ by His redeeming Death and glorious Resurrection has become the author and source of true peace, which was purchased and negotiated for us by the holy Cross and the Blood shed thereon (Gihr, "The Holy Sacrifice of the Mass", II, 67, 2 and 3).

COMMUNION.—Although Communion is not an essential part of the Sacrifice, yet it belongs to its integrity, and for this reason the celebrant at least must partake in both species of the sacrifice which he is offering. An exception to this rule will be allowed if the celebrant should become so ill that he cannot consume the Species. In this case another priest must consume them, though he has already broken his fast, if no other, still fasting, be present. In the Latin Rite at present the three parts of the sacrificial Host are consumed by the celebrant, who takes first the two larger pieces and then, together with the Precious Blood, the smaller piece dropped into the chalice. He is not permitted to keep the sacrificial Host of the Mass for Exposition and to consume in its stead the large Host reserved in the tabernacle. The latter may be consumed either together with the sacrificial Host or after the partaking of the Precious Blood. It should not, without necessity, be given to the faithful Communicating. For the latter use there are to be smaller Hosts, round in form, one of which is to be given to each communicant. In case of necessity it is lawful to divide the particles (S.R.C—March 16, 1833). Newly consecrated particles may never be mixed with those consecrated previously, and the ciborium in which they are put should be thoroughly purified before the new particles are placed in it.

DEFECTS AND ACCIDENTS—Since the Host belongs to the essence of the Sacrifice of the Mass it is not surprising that the Church should have legislated for any defect or accident that may happen in regard to it. Hence at the beginning of the Roman Missal is found a chapter on the defects (De Defectibus) that may occur. If during the Mass the celebrant ascertains that the bread is defective, i.e. not of wheat, or not unleavened (in the Roman Rite), or corrupted, in order to complete the sacrifice the following is to be observed:

(I) Before the Consecration.—Mass is interrupted, the invalid or doubtful matter is put aside and replaced by matter certainly valid. If the oblation of the invalid matter has already taken place, the celebrant places a valid host on the corporal and, folding his hands on his breast, offers it by reciting vocally or mentally the prayer "Suscipe sancte Pater". He then continues the Mass from the point at which it was interrupted. The prayer "Qui pridie quam pateretur", though he may have already said it, is to be repeated over the new host. If the first host was defective because it was not of wheat, the celebrant consumes it after the ablutions; if it was corrupt, he throws it into the sacrarium.

(2) After the Consecration of the defective host.—Mass is interrupted, the defective host is placed on the corporal, and a new host is offered, as above. After the oblation the celebrant holds the new host between the thumb and index finger of both hands and begins the consecration at the words "Qui pridie quam pateretur". Then he places the Host on the corporal with-out genuflecting, or elevating it, and continues Mass from the point at which Mass was interrupted. But if the first host has already been broken, the new Host, immediately after its consecration, is broken in half and both parts are placed on the paten. The dropping of a small particle of the larger Host in this instance is not of obligation; it may be done, but without words or ceremonies. The defective host may be either (I) consumed by the celebrant before the ablutions, or (2) given to another who is still fasting and in the state of grace, to be consumed, or (3) put in a proper place until it is corrupt and then thrown into the sacrarium.

(3) After the consumption of the defective host.—Although the celebrant has already broken his fast, he offers and consecrates a new host, as above. Immediately after the Consecration he breaks it into two parts over the paten without pronouncing a word or performing any ceremony, and, having made the sign of the cross with it and said "Corpus Domini", etc—he reverently consumes it, and continues the Mass as usual.

(4) After the consumption of the Precious Blood.—Mass is interrupted and a new host offered, as above. Having placed the chalice on the corporal, the celebrant pours into it wine and a few drops of water, after having blessed the latter, unless it be in a requiem Mass. Joining his hands on his breast, he mentally or vocally recites the prayer "Offerimus tibi". He then consecrates the Host, as above, beginning with the words "Qui pridie". Having placed the Host on the corporal he consecrates the chalice in the customary manner, reciting the words "Simili modo" down to "Ile quotiescumque" inclusively, after which he places the chalice on the corporal without genuflecting, or elevating the chalice. He then breaks the Host into two parts, and reverently consumes it, as above. After a brief pause of meditation, the celebrant collects the fragments that may be on the corporal, drops them from the paten into the chalice, makes the sign of the cross with it, recites the prayer "Sanguis Domini", etc—and reverently consumes the Precious Blood. Mass is then continued as usual.

(5) If the consecrated Host should disappear, either mysteriously or by a natural cause, the celebrant offers, mentally or vocally, a new host, and then consecrates it, beginning with the words "Qui pridie".

(6) In case where an essential defect is discovered in the host, and valid matter cannot be easily procured, the following rules are to be observed.—If the error is ascertained (i) before the consecration, Mass is discontinued, or (ii) after the consecration, a delay of one hour or more may be made to procure, if possible, valid matter. If such be available, the order given above (2) is observed. If valid matter cannot be obtained Mass is continued, but the prayers and ceremonies that refer to the host are omitted.

(7) If by accident the Host falls into the chalice the dry part is broken off, the rest being left in the chalice, whilst the usual ceremonies are performed with the former. If the whole Host remains in the chalice, the signs and ceremonies usually performed with the Host are omitted, but all the prayers are recited, and at Communion the Host and Precious Blood are consumed at the same time after having made the sign of the cross with the chalice, saying: "Corpus et Sanguis Domini nostri Jesu Christi custodiant animam meam", etc.

(8) If any object that has not been sanctified for the purpose of coming in contact with the consecrated Host (altar, or communion-cloths, alb, etc.) touches it, this object must be washed three times with water, and the latter is afterwards poured into the sacrarium. If the Host falls to the floor, the celebrant lifts the sacred particle, covers the spot on which it fell with a pall or purificator, and after the service washes the spot with water, which he afterwards throws into the sacrarium. If the Host falls into the folds of a woman's dress, she herself is to take it up and consume it; if it falls outside, the priest communicates her with it, without requiring that the dress be specially purified.

(9) If it should happen that the celebrant, or communicant cannot retain the Host, it should be taken up and again consumed by himself, unless to do so would cause nausea. In the latter case it is put in a vase containing water and left therein, in a suitable place, until disintegration takes place, when the matter is thrown into the sacrarium. If the Host cannot be distinguished from the other matter, the whole mass is consumed by fire and the ashes are thrown into the sacrarium.

(10) If any poisonous substance should defile the consecrated Host another host is taken, and the order given above (2) is observed. The poisoned Host is then placed in the tabernacle and left there until it loses the species of bread, when it is thrown into the sacrarium.

(11) Before the oblation a broken host should be replaced by one that is whole and entire. If the break be noticed between the Oblation and Consecration, the broken host may be used for Mass, unless doing so would scandalize the people. In the latter case another host, whole and entire, is taken, Mass is interrupted, the host is offered mentally or vocally, and then Mass is continued from the point at which it was interrupted. The broken host is consumed at the same Mass after the ablution.

(12) If the celebrant becomes seriously ill after the Consecration another priest must supply his place and complete the sacrifice. In this case if the sick priest is able to receive Communion and there is no other consecrated particle beside the large Host of the Mass on the altar or in the tabernacle, one half of it is given to the sick priest at Communion.

A. J. SCHULTE


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Page:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero) - Volume 1.djvu/32

xvi addition of lines 97–102 and 528–539, and by more than thirty emendations of the text. Eighteen of these emendations were made by Byron in a copy of the fourth edition which belonged to Leigh Hunt. On another copy, in Mr. Murray’s possession, Byron made nine emendations, of which six are identical with those in the Hunt copy, and three appear for the first time. It was in the latter volume that he inscribed his after-thoughts, which are dated “B. 1816.”

For a complete collation of the five editions of English Bards, and Scotch Reviewers, and textual emendations in the two annotated volumes, and for a note on genuine and spurious copies of the first and other editions, see The Bibliography of the Poetical works of Lord Byron, vol. vii.


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Rh injury to the tree. Men and women all carry cutlasses, the one instrument needful for all work on the estate, serving not only for reaping

the lower pods, but for pruning and weeding, or "cutlassing," as the process of clearing away the weed and brush is called.

Gathering the pods is heavy work, always undertaken by men. The pods are collected from beneath the trees and taken to a convenient


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text of the present issue of Lord Byron's Poetical Works is based on that of The Works of Lord Byron, in six volumes, 12mo, which was published by John Murray in 1831. That edition followed the text of the successive issues of plays and poems which appeared in the author's lifetime, and were subject to his own revision, or that of Gifford and other accredited readers. A more or less thorough collation of the printed volumes with the MSS. which were at Moore's disposal, yielded a number of variæ lectiones which have appeared in subsequent editions published by John Murray. Fresh collations of the text of individual poems with the original MSS. have been made from time to time, with the result that the text of the latest edition (one-vol. 8vo, 1891) includes some emendations, and has been supplemented by additional variants. Textual errors of more or less importance, which had crept into the numerous editions which succeeded the seventeen-volume edition of 1832, were in some instances corrected,


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Rh lose their brightness for a duller brown, and expand the skin, giving the bean a fuller shape. When dry, a properly cured bean should crush between the finger and thumb.

Finally the beans are turned on to a tray to dry in the sun. They are still sticky, but of a brown, mahogany colour. Among them are pieces of fibre and other "trash" as well as small, undersized beans, or "balloons," as the nearly empty shell of an unformed bean is called. While a man shovels the beans into a heap, a group of women, with skirts kilted high, tread round the sides of the heap, separating the beans that still hold together. Then the beans are passed on to be spread in layers on trays in the full heat of the tropical sun, the temperature being upwards of 140° F. When thus spread, the women can readily pick out the foreign matter and undersized beans. Two or three days will suffice to dry them, after which they are put in bags for the markets of the world, and will keep with but very slight loss of weight or aroma for a year or more.


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1515.] against, and which was increased by the exertions which were made to oppose it. The healthy elements which were introduced to leaven the old became themselves infected, and swelled the mass of evil; and the clearest observers were those who were most disposed to despair. Popery has been the scapegoat which, for the last three centuries, has borne the reproach of Ireland; but before Popery had ceased to be the faith of the world, the problem had long presented itself in all its hopelessness. 'Some say' (this is the language of 1515), 'and for the most part every man, that to find the antidotum for this disease is impossible—for what remedy can be had now more than hath been had unto this time? And there was never remedy found in this two hundred year that could prosper; and no medicine can be had now for this infirmity but such as hath been had afore this time. And folk were as wise that time as they be now; and since they could never find remedy, how should remedy be found by us? And the Pander maketh answer and saith, that it is no marvel that our fathers that were of more wit and wisdom than we, could not find remedy in the premises, for the herbs did never grow. And also he saith that the wealth and prosperity of every land is the common wealth of the same, and not the private wealth; and all the English noble folk of this land passeth always their private weal; and in regard thereof setteth little or nought by the common weal; insomuch as there is no common folk in all this world so little set by, so greatly despised, so feeble, so poor, so greatly trodden under foot, as the king's poor


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40 Between crops the labourers are employed in "cutlassing," pruning, and cleaning the land and trees. Nearly all the work is in pleasant shade, and none of it harder than the duties of a market gardener in our own country; indeed, the work is less exacting, for daylight lasts at most but thirteen hours, limiting the time that a man can see in the forest: ten hours per day, with rests for meals, is the average time spent on the estate. Wages are paid once a month, and a whole holiday follows pay-day, when the stores in town are visited for needful supplies. Other holidays are not infrequent, and between crops the slacker days give ample time for the cultivation of private gardens.

Labourers from India are largely imported by the Government under contract with the planters, and the strictest regulations are observed in the matter of housing, medical aid, etc. At the expiration of the term of contract (about six years) a free pass is granted to return to India, if desired. Many, however, prefer to remain in their adopted home, and become planters themselves, or continue to


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132 common folk be of Ireland.' There was no true care for the common weal—that was the especial peculiarity by which the higher classes in Ireland were unfortunately distinguished. In England, the last consideration of a noble-minded man was his personal advantage; Ireland was a theatre for a universal scramble of selfishness, and the invaders caught the national contagion, and became, as the phrase went, ipsis Hibernis Hiberniores.

The explanation of this disastrous phenomenon lay partly in the circumstances in which they were placed, partly in the inherent tendencies of human nature itself. The Norman nobles entered Ireland as independent adventurers, who, each for himself, carved out his fortune with his sword; and, unsupported as they were from home, or supported only at precarious intervals, divided from one another by large tracts of country, and surrounded by Irish dependents, it was doubtless more convenient for them to govern by humouring the habits and traditions to which their vassals would most readily submit. The English Government, occupied with Scotland and France, had no leisure to maintain a powerful central authority; and a central disciplinarian rule enforced by the sword was contrary to the genius of the age. Under the feudal system, the kings governed only by the consent and with the support of the nobility; and the maintenance at Dublin of a standing military force would have been regarded with extreme suspicion in


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1515.] England, as well as in Ireland. Hence the affairs of both countries were, for the most part, administered under the same forms, forms which were as ill suited to the waywardness of the Celt, as they met exactly the stronger nature of the Saxon. At intervals, when the Government was exasperated by unusual outrages, some prince of the blood was sent across as viceroy; and half a century of acquiescence in disorder would be followed by a spasmodic severity, which irritated without subduing, and forfeited affection while it failed to terrify. At all other times, Ireland was governed by the Norman Irish, and these, as the years went on, were tempted by their convenience to strengthen themselves by Irish alliances, to identify their interests with those of the native chiefs, in order to conciliate their support; to prefer the position of wild and independent sovereigns, resting on the attachment of a people whose affections they had gained by learning to resemble them, to that of military lords over a hostile population, the representatives of a distant authority, on which they could not rely.

This is a partial account of the Irish difficulty. We must look deeper, however, for the full interpretation of it; and outward circumstances never alone suffice to explain a moral transformation. The Roman military colonists remained Roman alike on the Rhine and on the Euphrates. The Turkish conquerors caught no infection from Greece, or from the provinces on the Danube. The Celts in England were absorbed by the Saxon invaders; and the Mogul and the Anglo-Indian alike have shown


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Rh labour on the smaller estates, which are generally worked by free labour, as the preparations for contracted labour are expensive, and can only be undertaken on a large scale.

The natives of India work on very friendly terms with the coloured people of the islands, the descendants of the old African slaves, and

the cocoa estate provides a healthy life for all, with a home amid surroundings of the most congenial kind.

In other cocoa-growing countries processes vary somewhat. On the larger estates artificial drying is slowly superseding the natural method,


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134 no tendency to assimilate with, the Hindoo. When a marked type of human character yields before another, the change is owing to some element of power in that other, which coming in contact with elements weaker than itself, subdues and absorbs them. The Irish spirit, which exercised so fatal a fascination, was enabled to triumph over the Norman in virtue of representing certain perennial tendencies of humanity, which are latent in all mankind, and which opportunity may at any moment develope. It was not a national spirit—the clans were never united, except by some common hatred; and the normal relation of the chiefs towards each other was a relation of chronic war and hostility. It was rather an impatience of control, a deliberate preference for disorder, a determination in each individual man to go his own way, whether it was a good way or a bad, and a reckless hatred of industry. The result was the inevitable one—oppression, misery, and wrong. But in detail faults and graces were so interwoven, that the offensiveness of the evil was disguised by the charm of the good; and even the Irish vices were the counterfeit of virtues, contrived so cunningly that it was hard to distinguish their true texture. The fidelity of the clansmen to their leaders was faultlessly beautiful; extravagance appeared like generosity, and improvidence like unselfishness: anarchy disguised itself under the name of liberty; and war and plunder were decorated by poetry as the honourable occupation of heroic natures. Such were the Irish with whom the Norman conquerors found themselves in contact; and over them all was thrown a peculiar


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1515.] grace, a careless atmosphere of humour, sometimes gay, sometimes melancholy, always attractive, which at once disarmed the hand which was raised to strike or punish them. These spirits were dangerous neighbours. Men who first entered the country at mature age might be fortified by experience against their influence, but on the young they must have exerted a charm of fatal potency. The foster-nurse first chanted the spell over the cradle in wild passionate melodies. It was breathed in the ears of the growing boy by the minstrels who haunted the halls, and the lawless attractions of disorder proved too strong for the manhood which was trained among so perilous associations.

For such a country, therefore, but one form of government could succeed—an efficient military despotism. The people could be wholesomely controlled only by an English deputy, sustained by an English army, and armed with arbitrary power, till the inveterate turbulence of their tempers had died away under repression, and they had learnt in their improved condition the value of order and rule. This was the opinion of all statesmen who possessed any real knowledge of Ireland,


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136 from Lord Talbot under Henry VI. to the latest viceroy who attempted a milder method and found it fail. 'If the King were as wise as Solomon the Sage,' said the report of 1515, 'he shall never subdue the wild Irish to his obedience without dread of the sword and of the might and strength of his power. As long as they may resist and save their lives, they will not obey the King.' Unfortunately, although English statesmen were able to see the course which ought to be followed, it had been too inconvenient to pursue that course. They had put off the evil day, preferring to close their eyes against the mischief instead of grappling with it resolutely; and thus, at the opening of the sixteenth century, when the hitherto neglected barbarians were about to become a sword in the Pope's hands to fight the battle against the Reformation, the 'King's Irish enemies' had recovered all but absolute possession of the island, and nothing remained of Strongbow's conquests save the shadow of a titular sovereignty, and a country strengthened in hostility by the means which had been used to subdue it.

The events on which we are about to enter require for their understanding a sketch of the position of the various chiefs, as they were at this time scattered over the island. The English pale, originally comprising 'the four shires,' as they were called, of Dublin, Kildare, Meath, and Uriel, or Louth, had been shorn down to half its old dimensions. The line extended from


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1515.] Dundalk to Ardee; from Ardee by Castletown to Kells; thence through Athboy and Trim to the Castle of Maynooth; from Maynooth it crossed to Claine upon the Liffey, and then followed up the line of the river to Baltimore Eustace, from which place it skirted back at the rear of the Wicklow and Dublin mountains to the forts at Dalkey, seven miles south of Dublin. This narrow strip alone, some fifty miles long and twenty broad, was in any sense English. Beyond the borders the common law of England was of no authority; the King's writ was but a strip of parchment; and the country was parcelled among a multitude of independent chiefs, who acknowledged no sovereignty but that of strength, who levied tribute on the inhabitants of the pale as a reward for a nominal protection of their rights, and as a compensation for abstaining from the plunder of their farms. Their swords were their sceptres; their codes of right, the Brehon traditions—a convenient system, which was called law, but which in practice was a happy contrivance for the composition of felonies.


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''Reference in detail to the numerous authorities who have been laid under contribution for this brochure would be out of place in so popular a compilation, but the writer desires to express his special indebtedness to "Cocoa: All about It" by "Historicus" not only for facts, but also for some of his illustrations. To Messrs. Cadbury, too, he is indebted for permission to use several of the illustrations, as well as for much valuable information.''


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138 These chiefs, with their dependent clans, were distributed over the four provinces in the following order. The Geraldines, the most powerful of the remaining Normans, were divided into two branches. The Geraldines of the south, under the Earls of Desmond, held Limerick, Cork, and Kerry; the Geraldines of Leinster lay along the frontiers of the English pale; and the heads of the house, the Earls of Kildare, were the feudal superiors of the greater portion of the English counties. To the Butlers, Earls of Ormond and Ossory, belonged Kilkenny, Carlow, and Tipperary. The De Burghs, or Bourkes, as they called themselves, were scattered over Galway, Roscommon, and the south of Sligo, occupying the broad plains which lie between the Shannon and the mountains of Connemara and Mayo. This was the relative position into which these clans had settled at the Conquest, and it had been maintained with little variation.

The north, which had fallen to the Lacies and the


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No. 64, St. James's Street is the "Cocoa Tree Club." In the reign of Queen Anne there was a famous chocolate-house known as the "CocoaTree," a favourite sign to mark that new and fashionable beverage. Its frequenters were Tories of the strictest school. De Foe tells us in his "Journey through England," that "a Whig will no more go to the 'Cocoa Tree' . . . than a Tory will be seen at the coffee-house of St. James's." In course of time the "Cocoa Tree" developed into a gaming-house and a club.

As a club, the "Cocoa Tree" did not cease to keep up its reputation for high play. Although the present establishment bearing the name dates its existence only from the year 1853, the old chocolate-house was probably converted into a club as far back as the middle of the last century. Lord Byron was a member of this club, and so was Gibbon, the historian. —From "Old and New Loncfon," Cassell & Co.


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15.] De Courcies, had been wholly recovered by the Irish. The Lacies had become extinct. The De Courcies, once Earls of Ulster, had migrated to the south, and were reduced to the petty fief of Kinsale, which they held under the Desmonds. The Celtic chieftains had returned from the mountains to which they had been driven, bringing back with them, more intensely than ever, the Irish habits and traditions. Old men, who were alive in 1533, remembered a time when the Norman families attempted to live in something of an English manner, and when there were towns in the middle of Ireland with decent municipal institutions. The wars of the Roses had destroyed the remnants of English influence by calling away a number of leading nobles, such especially as were least infected by the Irish character; and the native chiefs had reoccupied the lands of their ancestors, unresisted, if not welcomed as allies. The O'Neils and O'Donnells had spread down over Ulster to the frontiers of the pale. The O'Connors and O'Carrolls had recrossed the Shannon, and pushed forwards into Kildare; the O'Connor Don was established in a castle near Portarlington, said to be one of the strongest in Ireland; and the O'Carroll had seized


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140 Leap, an ancient Danish, fortress, surrounded by bog and forest, a few miles from Parsonstown. O'Brien of Inchiquin, Prince—as he styled himself—of Thomond, no longer contented with his principality of Clare, had thrown a bridge across the Shannon five miles above Limerick, and was thus enabled to enter Munster at his pleasure and spread his authority towards the south; while the M'Carties and O'Sullivans, in Cork and Kerry, were only not dangerous to the Earls of Desmond, because the Desmonds were more Irish than themselves, and were accepted as their natural chiefs.

In Tipperary and Kilkenny only the Celtic reaction was held in check. The Earls of Ormond, although they were obliged themselves to live as Irish chieftains, and to govern by the Irish law, yet partly from an inherent nobility of nature, partly through family alliances and a more sustained intercourse with their English kindred, partly perhaps from the inveterate feud of their house with both branches of the Geraldines, remained true to their allegiance, and maintained the English authority so far as their power extended. That power, unfortunately, was incommensurate with their good will, and their situation prevented them from rendering the assistance to the Crown which they desired. Wexford, Wicklow, and the mountains of Dublin, were occupied by the highland tribes of O'Bryne and O'Toole, who, in their wild glens and dangerous gorges, defied attempts to conquer them, and who were able, at all times, issuing down out of the passes of the hills, to cut off communication with the pale. Thus the Butlers had no


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Rh .—One of £5; two of £2; eight of £1; fifteen of 10s.; thirty of 5s.

The following list will indicate on what lines suggestions may be made:

1. Comfort, safety, or health of employés.

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7. Suggestions affecting athletic and other clubs and societies, libraries, magazine, etc.

8. Any suggestion not included in the above list will be welcomed.

Everyone, including foremen and forewomen, is encouraged to make suggestions which, if of value, will be eligible for the prizes mentioned above (excepting those sent in by foremen and forewomen).

Suggestions should be written on or attached to the forms which will be found on each box, the boxes being fixed in the various departments, also in the entrance lodges, dining-rooms, and recreation grounds. Suggestions can be placed in any of these.


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OBJECTS. December, 1902. objects in view are:

1. To encourage our employés to make all the suggestions they can for the mutual welfare of the business and everyone connected with it. Even the smallest suggestion may be of value.

2. To enable those in our employ to share in the benefit of the suggestions they make, and to receive personal recognition for them.

3. To insure harmonious relations between all sections of the work.

Prizes of the undermentioned values will be given half-yearly for suggestions meriting reward:

.—One of £10; two of £5; two of £2 10s.; ten of £1; fifteen of 10s.; thirty of 5s.


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 Poetical Works

OF


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A slightly better scan of this page is available at. Does anyone know if there's an easy way to insert it here for proofreading, or does the DjVu file have to be modified? — Sam Wilson ( Talk • Contribs ) … 09:57, 31 August 2012 (UTC)


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 Lord Byron


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 (From a Woodcut published at Cremona in 1493.) To face p. 340.


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 The Horses of Saint Mark


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Wikisource:Community portal/Community pages

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Author:Robert Sidney Douglass

Works

 * History of Southeast Missouri

title: Author:Robert Sidney Douglass


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Author talk:Robert Sidney Douglass

Family history source
Birth: 12 Nov 1871 Marriage: 1 Aug 1894 - New Haven, Franklin, Missouri Death: 18 Sep 1940 - Edwardsville, Illinois Parents: Robert Henry Douglass, Mary E "Mollie" Lamb Spouse: Ottelie J Gase

title: Author talk:Robert Sidney Douglass


text:
User talk:AdamBMorgan/Archive 6

Authority Control
Hi. The NARA link needs to be amended so that it can determine if it should link to a person (ExternalPersonIdSearch?id) or a file (ExternalIdSearch?id). There is also an organisations search, although not sure if this wil be used. - Digipoke (talk) 13:33, 6 January 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ I've tried to add other options as well (organisations, subjects and locations) based on the approach NARA uses. It seems to work when I've experimented with the links.  (Author:Ronald Reagan links to the NARA catalogue, for example). - AdamBMorgan (talk) 13:15, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Yip, seems to work nicely. Thanks! - Digipoke (talk) 14:31, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Southern Historical Society Papers VOL. 2
Adam,

Are you going to "transclude", or do whatever you do to SHSP vol.2 as you did with SHSP vol.1? Volume two only needs a few complicated pages done (that I don't know how to do) to be finished. — William Maury Morris II Talk 18:30, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, sorry about that. I'll start it soon.  I'm afraid I was not able to much of anything on Wikisource for the last month.  This was mostly due to Christmas combined with some smaller things that came up.  I had originally planned to do this, and some other Wikisource things, over the period.  I hope to get on with all of it as soon as I can. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 19:25, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Adam, Thank you for the positive reply and don't be concerned about what you "didn't get done" as there are much more serious things in life. My precious wife had a stroke while asleep a couple of days ago and is in the hospital now. She is weakening and I don't know if I can handle losing her. When that sort of thing happens *everything* else is just "fluff" in the wind. -- Maury (— William Maury Morris II Talk 20:25, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry to hear that. I hope everything works out well. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 21:10, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Adam, you do an amazing amount of work! (And my wife is getting a lot stronger. She is recovering very fast. Thank you for your statement and caring). — William Maury Morris II Talk 08:19, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

Southern Historical Society Papers question & options
AdamBMorgan, what am I supposed to do with a spacing that breaks up a paragraph somewhere near or on the bottom of the page I am editing? I used the at the very bottom and that works well but is there something else I am supposed to use instead of < br  >? Kindest Regards, Maury (— William Maury Morris II Talk 02:07, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * As standard, the nop template tells the computer to insert a paragraph break. It isn't very different from using a break  in effect. Either stops the text flowing between pages and forming one big paragraph. (In theory, I imagine that if there was ever a need to change the way paragraph breaks behave, changing the template would change all the page breaks in one go.) - AdamBMorgan (talk) 12:32, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Converting these old works is a wonderful thing. Now people who are blind can hear them with a screen reader. My wife is blind. She went blind at age 17 so I do understand the value of what we do with these books. Her screen reader (JAWS) is excellent and reads the text almost perfectly and it doesn't sound so much like a computer voice. My wife is out of the hospital now from her stroke and is healing to where she will be back at work in a week. I thank you for all of your help, Adam. — William Maury Morris II Talk 18:38, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * That's great news about your wife's recovery. RE: Converting works, I agree. I do really like that we are making texts available to everyone. Lots of things could remain effectively locked away or somehow inaccessible without sites like Wikisource (and Project Gutenberg et al). - AdamBMorgan (talk) 02:30, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

 * 1. Thank you, Adam. She is very precious to me. 2. Making the texts available to the blind is the main reason I work on these projects. 3. At some point it would be good to convert these works to compressed speech files to download as with Libravox where people read texts. My wife uses "JAWS" as a screen reader but I expect not all people can but a $1,000 program screen reader. 4. At another point perhaps we can place the compressed speech files on cassettes. 5. The Department of the Blind would probably help with that. 6. My wife listens to audiobooks covering all topics. She has finished covering all of the U.S. presidents that the Dept of the Blind have so in the many years of hearing those I understand their value. The modern machines use a device like a "thumb drive" aka "flash card" and is compact and will hold a battery charge over 20 hours plus it is portable. That's great with headphones on a long plane flight. 7. Somehow wikiSource needs to be advertized more. There is great value here but when I mention wikiPedia to people they at least have heard of it if not contribute to it. But when I mention wikiSource people do not seem to know what I am talking about. I was able to get a bilingual to join wikiSource. We have lots of great opportunities to make this a better world for everyone and in many formats. The deaf can see and the blind can hear. It's wonderful! — William Maury Morris II Talk 07:37, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Since September 2011 no featured texts have been nominated...
Hello Adam,

can a text become featured with only two "support"s? I think it's so, according to guidelines. I'd like to have Picturesque New Guinea as featured for February. Soon, Erasmo Barresi (talk) 17:20, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I almost forgot it was nearly February; thanks for reminding me about this. There is normally more of a discussion about featured text candidates but two supports and no opposition is technically sufficient.  I have not done this directly before but I have started to set up Picturesque New Guinea for February's featured text.  I'll ask Billinghurst to have a look at it as well as he has more experience with featured texts. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 20:43, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

TWP Author page creations
Thanks for picking up some of my slack with these. They can be very tedious! Have a good one, Londonjackbooks (talk) 14:44, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Template:Img float center version
I see you did some work on this a year or so ago - is it stable, and if so would it be OK to document it? I'm interested in it as a way to confine the caption under an image to the same width as the image.--Laverock ( Talk ) 10:52, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's stable. I thought there was documentation but apparently I was wrong; I've added some now.  Note that text won't wrap around a centre-aligned image in the way it wraps around left/right-aligned images.  I'm not sure if that is a problem for you or not.  It will, however, limit the caption to the width of the image. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 13:24, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Excellent!
Adam, you do excellent work. Even with a complicated table of contents you excel to where a mess becomes something so neat that it becomes perfect. — William Maury Morris II Talk 01:11, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

SHSP 52 volumes in 2012
Adam, I checked moments ago and the 52 volumes (hardcover reprints) after many years are still selling for $2,200. So, whatever is done with those volumes (by whomever) that you placed on WS is of good value to WS — William Maury Morris II Talk 11:59, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

SHSP TOCs and index
Adam, in all that you have stated on my talk page under this topic was there anything you would prefer that I do or not do? I absolutely do agree with what you are doing. The both of us are alike in at least one thing and that is we make adventure out of what is already established history when we can. I too dislike mere initials and always have for many reasons. I applaud the concept of Author pages and like to enhance those as much as possible. There is no book that does this with these 52 volumes of history. The Authors pages with people like "Joseph Jacobs appears to have been one of the original shareholders in Coca-Cola and the first person to sell it to the public. Then there is Charles Browne Fleet, who is a bit confusing (and even the full name may not be correct, although I think I'm right), but may also have been the inventor of ChapStick" and Dr. Crawford W. Long, the discoverer of the use of ether as an anesthetic—one of the greatest boons ever conferred on humanity alr fasinating to find and learn about. Just think of all of what and who could-have been discoverers on both sides that were killed in that war. It boggles the imagination. Even now imagine no Colas nor anesthetics had those men been killed in the war. But back to the present, let me know if you want me to do something or not do something and I will gladly follow your lead in all of this. The 2,200 dollars value in hardcopy volumes is not anything I have ever really cared about. I was just a bit surprised when I learned Broadfoot was still selling them when searchable CDs and DVDs are now available. I think Broadfoot is a wise and great man because he took the old Official Records and then asked everyone who owned old articles that should be with the original Washington DC Official Records to please send them, or copies to him, and he added a lot of articles to the Offical Records that had been left out. It is history once omitted or lost or never included that were placed into volumes. I know the man somewhat and others in the printing business. I myself worked out a situation with N. Black of Guild Press of Indiana where volumes of ascii that I did were placed on searchable CD long ago and carries my "Note" with my name added to those soldiers of so long ago. It is wonderful seeing these people in the SHSP volumes come to life once again and the Author pages are all the more superb! They in themselves alone provide humanity with something that has never existed and greatly in part because the initials were sought out and the names, plus works by the people were found and organized on WikiSource. I feel ecstatic about it. WikiSource is the perfect creation that long ago I dreamed of when wanting books that were inaccessible and I could not get except for a few through inter-library loan and they were very few at a time. There was no Wiki area around in those old days. Wiki areas are a "God-send" to all humanity for all time. Respectfully, — William Maury Morris II Talk 00:20, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

 * It's just intended as information to keep you updated. There's nothing I'm doing that should directly affect what you are doing, or vice versa.  If you do spot an erroneous article title or author name, feel free to correct it.  Otherwise, everything continues as normal. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 18:16, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

Authors in the SHSPapers

 * Adam, would you please place this on WS, The author is on Dr. Hunter McGuire for whom McGuire Hospital in Richmond, Virginia is named. His full name and title is Rev. Holmes Hunter McGuire and he was Stonewall Jackson's top medical staff member at the time Jackson was mortally wounded. Then we can add him to our Author's list on WS. He has articles in the SHSP. It is only 200 pages in length. — William Maury Morris II Talk 21:41, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

 * WP article [] on Dr. McGuire — William Maury Morris II Talk 21:44, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

 * ✅ Index:Confederate Cause and Conduct.djvu and Author:Hunter Holmes McGuire - AdamBMorgan (talk) 01:53, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Adam, I have an image of Author:George Llewellyn Christian on his Author page that you created because he overlaps into the SHSP. However, I am not used to the (new for me) ((author: &c format so it needs a slight bit of change. Would you be so kind as to fix it? This image is the only one of the man on wiki areas (I feel sure) aside from also using in the book above. This image and no information about this soldier/author/Judge is on WP. — William Maury Morris II Talk 08:11, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Adam, nevermind re: above. I kept blundering until I blundered right.— William Maury Morris II Talk 09:00, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

SHSP missing volumes
Adam, have you any idea as to why companies like Google and MSN (MicroSoftNetworks), and others, have not placed the Southern Historical Society Papers volumes 5, 7, 9, 10, 11+ on archives.org? They certainly must be able to find those volumes. Many years ago my wife bought me the full hard-copy set of 52 volumes for $300. Certainly libraries must have copies companies can access. — William Maury Morris II Talk 13:15, 15 March 2012 (UTC)
 * No, I expected to find more somewhere on the internet but no luck so far. Most probably, the libraries these organisations used as sources were also missing those volumes.  Their age may make some rarer than others, although they must be on a shelf somewhere or the reprints would have been impossible.  Location might be another issue.  I don't know how it was distributed but the SHSP were printed in Virginia.  The Internet Archive and Google are in California while Microsoft is in Seattle; this might affect the libraries to which they have easiest access.  There are probably lots of books still not scanned; it might just take time for them to get to a Library with the right stock.  Alternatively, it's possible the Wikimedia DC chapter may be able to help do something about the missing volumes in the future (I think they have some scanning projects planned). - AdamBMorgan (talk) 13:59, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

 * INSERT: Adam, the SHSP missing volumes were reprinted for some reason. For example, I hold volume 5 in my hand and in looking at it I see the standard volumes we have have worked with. The bottom shows the familiar Southern Historical Society Papers &c., &c.. Jan - June/ Rich. V. Rev. J WM JONES/ Secretary Southern Historical Society/ 1878 —— Below that is this, KRAUS REPRINT CO. MILLWOOD, NEW YORK 1977. Therefore I am guessing the missing reprint volumes we don't have on WS were not uploaded to Archives.com because of the "1977 reprints." However, I know that any original material can still be used except the introduction of anything new such as a preface that is dated 1977, and I have seen none in the missing volumes. I know also we should be able to use these volumes as long as we leave anything out that mentions "Kraus Reprint.. 1977" These volumes at not like Microsoft and Google uploads where every page carries those company names. So, what do you think of all this? Below is something I think you should look at. It is about a prolific author, Rev. Horace Edwin Hayden, who is shown many times for many works I have not yet linked to on Archives.com. But below you can see where I was working and just listed SHSP volumes that we do not have on WS. There is one very good article by him that I have edited on WS but the other articles are among the WS:SHSP missing volumes which I do own.  Please leave feedback on your thoughts in all of this.

 * Author:Horace Edwin Hayden

 * Respectfully, Maury <— William Maury Morris II Talk 01:52, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, as long as there are no significant changes, the reprints would also be in the public domain (except, of course, things like the prefaces as you say). Any Kraus copyright statements or other credits won't matter if the contents of the pages themselves are not copyrightable.  If waiting and hoping for scans to appear is getting in the way of the project, you could scan your own copies of the Papers to fill the gap. (However, I found scanning more work than I expected and I was only tried it with magazines.)  Alternatively, you could transcribe the specific articles, or even all of the articles, directly from the volumes onto Wikisource (just remember the textinfo template on the talk page).  That might also be a lot of work but it is something you could do immediately.  If the scans are made available later, your version can be merged into them.
 * As a long shot, you could try to find someone else willing to scan them. I don't know how you would go about doing this but maybe one of the organisations mentioned here (the University of Virginia, a Historical Society and/or Wikimedia DC) could help. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 21:55, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

 * The University of Virginia has all of the volumes but they are reprints from Tom Broadfoot (S.C.) The binding is very flexible and the quality superb. I believe U.Va. also has the older volumes. I know the Albemarle County Historical Society has some old volumes because it was there I sought them out after learning of the Southern Historical Society from Maj Gen D H Maury's book, "Recollections..." The librarians did not know what I was asking but I showed them Dabney's book and I was allowed to search for the old volumes in a back room of the Albemarle County Historical Society courtesy of Margaret Bryant. This was the -start- of reprinting those volumes plus placing them on searchable CDs by myself and others working through Guild Press of Indiana. Many universities also have the searchable CDs. Years after my labors, I went into Alderman Library of U.Va. for something and I saw an area where several people were using computers and the SHSP-CDs. I pushed long and hard to make these volumes known and the people brought back to life again. Only part of that was due to family reasons. I was aware many people would benefit in searching for their ancestry that the uncivil war scattered as seeds to the 4 winds. There are also Indices. Tom Broadfoot Publishing (S.C.) took 2 volumes of these and printed three new volumes with additional material. I purchased Tom's 3 indices for $150. but the older 2 vols. still exist. I have worked with these materials for almost 20 years now although I never expected that! Worse comes to worse, I can scan the volumes I have but meantime I will work with the materials we already have. Hopefully some university will have a student scan the other volumes as part of a project as David Seaman of Oxford brought to U.Va. did with myself and others using different materials -- usually the "classics". — William Maury Morris II Talk 14:24, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

Dabney Herndon Maury obituary
In reference to who wrote Dabney's obituary I can only state that much of what I see stated comes from his memoirs, Recollection of a Virginian in the Mexican, Indian, and Civil Wars The author/s apparently looked at Dabney's memoirs for Dabney's obituary. Too, probably because they are all members of the Southern Historical Society they would have known much of these things about Dabney. Something apparently not known is the reason former Major General Dabney Herndon Maury died in Peoria, Illinois at his son's home. Dabney was and old man and knew he was dying. He did not want to have his daughters bothered with this close-to-death situation. Dabney Herndon Maury therefore left Richmond, Virginia and went to his son's home. His son lived in Peoria because of the job he had. So, I would guess that the old general wrote part of his own obituary through his book. All an editor had to do was look through Dabney's book. In reading what you showed me, I easily see those statements are the same as in his book. But also I have seen other obituaries and perhaps the editors gleaned some portion from several newspaper obituaries. Dabney was a fun-loving man when he was allowed to be and not having to be so serious minded. He was thus considered quite a diplomat. He had no hate towards anyone after the uncivil war. Many of those people were still his friends. My father was very much like this but to show something as an opposite, Matthew Fontaine Maury was far more serious-minded. On recall from readings &c, I can only remember that Matthew was playful with his children and even then his daughters were his secretaries when he wanted letters to people in writing. Matthew was a kind and natural teacher to his children and his kin. By his kin, I refer mostly to John Minor Maury (his brother's son who was a hero on the Darien Exploring Expedition whom most people don't know about in these modern times. Author Todd Balf came to me for material on that history and later produced a fine book. This was fairly recent. Ah! Okay, I just caught myself. Old people like myself meander worse than Panama's (Isthmus of Darien) rivers. My apologies. Respectfully, — William Maury Morris II  Talk 09:07, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

SHSP vol.18
Adam, I just finished editing a SHSP page that I think you may have been looking for because of dates things took place.[] There was a point when Dr. Wm. Jones stopped editing Southern Historical Society Papers and went elsewhere. He also did not want anyone else to continue onward with the SHSP volumes. — William Maury Morris II Talk 04:46, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

You seem to be in charge...
While searching the name on Google, I came across this project and the rest, as they say, is history. I copyed the format of your stories from the Papers and just changed the numbers and stuff. I created the following. Somehow I must have fouled up, they don't look quite right, especially at the tops - but help would be great. Such an amazing project, I may have to stick around! GallantPelhams (talk) 05:28, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The Gallant Pelham
 * The Visit of General Joseph Wheeler to Richmond, Va., Jan. 1 6, 1899, on the Occasion of the Presentation of a Portrait of Major John Pelham, to R. E. Lee Camp, C. V., by the Sons of Veterans.
 * The Gallant Pelham and His Gun at Fredericksburg
 * A Recollection of Pelham
 * Major John Pelham, Hero

 * Strictly, William Maury Morris II is the one most responsible for the Papers; I'm just helping, especially with the technical parts. Anyway, the problem in the headers appeared to be one too many "../" in the title. Problems with the text itself are, for the most part, probably due to unproofread pages.  Not all of the articles are complete at the moment.  There is an indicator, sometimes called a "ribbon", just under the words "Southern" at the top of the page; this shows how much is not proofread yet (red), proofread once (yellow), and both proofread and validated by another user (green).  Ideally it should all be green.  If you want to improve a page of text, you can get to the proofreading area by clicking one of the numbers to the left or the "Source" tag at the top of the page (which you have probably seen as you have already transcluded the pages into the main namespace).  It is a nice project, welcome aboard.  - AdamBMorgan (talk) 13:57, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

 * There exists no one person "in charge here" other than administrators on Wikisource who keep us all in check, including each other, and make corrections. Several people are working on the Southern Historical Society Papers. Some do a few pages and others like AdamBMorgan do a lot of work. All I did in the beginning was request that the volumes be loaded on Wikisource. Immediately thereafter, AdamBMorgan stated that he had been thinking of such a project and it is he that has set everything up so that people like myself can edit. User:Tannertsf is to also be given credit for immediately stepping with AdamBMorgan and myself and it was he that has edited finer than I ever have been able to edit. The project is like all WikiSource projects whereby anyone is welcome to edit pages on any project and especially a huge project with 52 volumes. If you happen to be a member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, as I was for almost a decade, please point out this area for them to come and edit. Since a SCV or MOSB member has to prove ancestry they should welcome this invitation because the Southern people who produced the 52 volumes of the Southern Historical Society Papers were telling their side of the uncivil war as a rebuttal to the North's statements and its publications of the "War of the Rebellion". If you are a Southerner, even at heart, according to the SCV creed in reference to General Stephen Dill Lee, "It is your duty....." but in my opinion it is more like just reproducing what the Southern people wanted to pass onward throughout Southern History as opposed to letting the Southern side of that conflict just pass away like Gray Ghosts. The several administrators here are the best I have seen on all of Internet. They work together and they all work with teaching themselves, others like myself on how do whatever it is that we users ask about. As an example, a person who uses an alias, called Inductiveload, created at my concern, his Javascript for Eye Strain so that the background can be whatever color I want when editing text as opposed to a snow-blindness start white screen for hours at a time. Those who really love history, poems, &c., &c., do work for hours at a time because what they choose to work on they like so much that they work for many hours. I do not know, but believe, that "Billinghurst", a long-time administrator, has earned more authority on all of Wikisource. That person has been here for many years and like our other administrators here is highly intelligent in this field of technology and kindness as well as well as well-mannered. Here on Wikisource we all become a family as Billinghurst himself declared and I agree with that statement of his. The SCV and MOSB members fight amongst themselves. "A House divided", and that is a Scripture, not just something that Lincoln correctly stated. We do not argue here and are not allowed to argue even if we wanted as a rule backed by a consensus of all administrators. So, welcome and please ask others to come and join a wonderful place of Peace on the SHSP Project or something else you may be interested in. Here we build together for those of today and of generations yet unborn. Kindest regards, — William Maury Morris II Talk 17:18, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

Men of Mark in America
Adam, there are two (2) volumes entitled Men of Mark in America on archive.org These volumes could assist us in finding images of men and biographical material. They show images of those who authored and what they authored. These two volumes could assist in the "Author" pages we work on. Moments ago I placed an entry for Marcus Joseph Wright who was very important in collecting Civil War reports for the "Official Records". He was a Confederate general and was president of a "Southern History Society. General Dabney Herndon Maury wrote about this man in his "Recollections of a Virginian in the Indian, Mexican, and Civil Wars. The North did not ant to exchange war materials for a long time but yet it wanted what the SHSP had collected. General D H Maury refused unless it could be an equal exchange, as stated in his memoirs which are on Wikisource. The North kept trying but they would not do an "exchange". Finally, an exchange was done and much of what the SHSP was exchanged for the reports in the "Official Records". In consideration, there should be some good pages within the SHSP volumes that I will seek out later today. You may wish or may not wish to consider placing those two volumes on Wikisource. You are the one with the knowledge for these situations. Source: [] Men of mark in America; (June 1905) volume II. Author: Gates, Merrill Edwards, 1848- [from old catalog] ed. Respectfully, — William Maury Morris II Talk 08:55, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I have noticed the title coming up when I have searched for author information; it would be useful. I'll upload and set up both volumes later today. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 12:21, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ Index:Men of Mark in America vol 1.djvu and Index:Men of Mark in America vol 2.djvu. There seems to be something wrong with the URL2Commons tool at the moment, so I did this the hard way which took a bit longer.  I've also started the download of the page images to get the portraits but that is going to take even longer (especially with everything from processing to upload added on top of the download time). - AdamBMorgan (talk) 15:41, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Excellent! But take your time Adam, we always have plenty to do. Too, I now expect that whenever we use the volumes for in creating and enhancing an "Author" page, that a destructive "Wolf" may come to take whatever we may create off to WP and delete what we produce on WS. We shall see in due time. Most Respectfully, Maury ((— William Maury Morris II Talk 17:45, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

Request
Adam,

 * []James Morris Morgan

would you be so kind as to place this book on wikisource? I would very much like to edit it. There are also illustrations within. Very Respectfully, — William Maury Morris II Talk 13:02, 28 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm still having problems with the upload tool. This might have to wait until April, when my download limit resets. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 22:01, 28 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't know all that entails, Adam, and I didn't know you have limits on downloads so I will respectfully withdraw this request and work the book like I used to years ago. I like that better anyhow. There's more freedom to it. It presents no problem to me to work with it the old way. I don't know what the "upload tool" is and I don't know how to find it and try to use it. Even Billinghurst had problebs setting up one of the djvu files. Something seems flakey in all of that, it should be simple with experts all around us. Still, I like the old way just as good where there is no image beside the text. It looks more like a book. Most Respectfully, Maury (( — William Maury Morris II  Talk 23:40, 28 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Don't worry about it, it's not a serious problem. I was referring to the URL2Commons tool, which just copies the file directly from the Internet Archive to Wikimedia Commons without having to pass through my computer in between.  My download limit only matters because the alternative is saving a copy to my computer then uploading it to Commons (the tool is both faster and doesn't touch my download limit).  Normally I never reach my monthly download limit but this month I tried to download a lot of data to try to determine the top 100 authors on Wikisource for January 2012.  The files were a little larger than I expected.  Anyway, the end of the month is this weekend, so it won't be long before I can do this the hard way (and maybe the tool problems will have been resolved by then too). - AdamBMorgan (talk) 23:55, 28 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I am not worrying and in looking at the way URL2Commons tool works one has to have a special account and password (Toolserver User Screening Control) aka "I have a TUSC account!" that I have seen some people announce or perhaps it was on their user page. My computer is very fast so downloading a .PDF file is nothing to me and as (I think) you've stated the .PDF file images look better. That would be due to compression in djvu files and I certainly have seen the differences in working with images. The .DJVU images show intense compression and there is no altering it. I have tried many times and I see the differences and I refer especially the photographs of people. I have no concerns about trying to upload a .PDF file to Commons but in that experiment, if I should make a mistake, the administrators on Commons will not like what I have done. I really wouldn't like for those fellows to throw stones at me and *that* is the only reason as to why I do not just upload the .PDF file to Commons -- I do not want to create problems for them. I would guess I would have to place a .PDF file in a specific Category created by myself. There is no leeway for experimentation to learn how to work with .PDF files -- or .DJVU for that matter. I don't need .djvu images. I believe I would prefer .pdf files which I work with a lot including stripping every image from a big, fat, .pdf file and creating .pdf files. You have stated that you don't know why .djvu is used over .pdf except as a habit and it was ongoing when you started here. The reason is speed and compression. I have no concerns over speed but I do over the quality of old photographs being overly compressed. The difference in many cases is quite obvious even when not cleaning the photographs. I already have the .PDF file on my computer and have run OCR on the book. It took very little time. The OCR takes longer than any download. Ah well, I am back working on SHSP articles for now. Kindest regards, Maury ((— William Maury Morris II Talk 00:46, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Adam, would you consider placing the following on Wikisource. It is only about 40 pages. *[] Subject: Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 ; Author: Christian, George Llewellyn. — William Maury Morris II  Talk 05:37, 3 April 2012 (UTC) — William Maury Morris II  Talk 15:34, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

Featured text for April
Hello Adam,

Shaving Made Easy seems the favorite choice for April. Here's a possible descriptive text for the main page. Soon, Erasmo Barresi (talk) 22:22, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Shaving Made Easy: What the Man Who Shaves Ought to Know is a 1905 illustrated textbook about shaving published by the 20th Century Correspondence School.

Shaving at home instead of going to the barber has recognised advantages in terms of time, money, and health; but it can also be more difficult. The work is particularly intended for those men who have difficulties in shaving himself. It examines all aspects of shaving and all necessary objects. The purpose of this textbook is to make each man «able to shave himself easily and even better than the babrer can do it for him».

First-class tools are necessary at the very outset. No matter how skillfully one may handle inferior tools, they will invariably produce poor results.

Probably as many failures have resulted from the use of poor razors, strops, or soap as from the lack of knowledge how to use them. In order that the best possible results may be attained, good tools and skill in using them should go hand in hand.

The shaving outfit should consist of one or two good razors, a first-class strop, a mirror, a cup, a brush, a cake of shaving soap, and a bottle of either bay rum, witch hazel, or some other good face lotion. These constitute what may be considered the necessary articles, and to these may be added a number of others, such as a good hone, magnesia or talcum powder, astringent or styptic pencils, antiseptic lotions, etc. which, while not absolutely requisite, will nevertheless add much to the convenience, comfort and luxury of the shave.
 * (Read on...)

 * Yes, that seems to work: Test. (I shrank the image, the template gives 80px as the standard for a portrait image.) I was wondering what to write for that one.  Cheers. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 23:25, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Thanks for your work on the Help documents
Hi, in trying to direct a new user to the Proofreading side of things I came across the work you've been doing on the Help documents. I particularly like your Help:Proofreading example. I wish I'd had this when I started on enWS. Cheers, Beeswaxcandle (talk) 09:19, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:AdamBMorgan/Archive 6