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20 within their reach,—to prevent the fatal consequences that might ensue from longer delay, it was deemed expedient to defer these necessary operations till our arrival at Half-way Island. All on board were therefore ordered to come into the boats instantly; but the order, although we showed the example, not being obeyed with so much alacrity as it was last evening, we threatened to depart without them, and had actually shoved off; they then quitted the ship with reluctant speed, without having obtained either their apparent or real object. To the general credit of the crew, however, I ought to mention that only a very few acted in this manner—by far the greater number conducting themselves with becoming steadiness—yet it was not deemed prudent to trust too much to their self-denial in this respect.

Although many disheartening circumstances conspired to render the issue of our enterprise a matter of great uncertainty, yet being aware that despondency could only make bad worse, we commenced with confidence our perilous voyage, invoking the aid of Divine Providence, by whose protecting influence we might be shielded from the numerous and varied dangers that were and would be continually hovering around us. Our course was directed to Half-way Island; and the breeze being fresh, our ruined ship soon receded through the growing waters—all of us casting many a "lingering look behind,"—until her loftiest sails, yet fluttering in the wind, were hid from view by the

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Rh, now beautifully adorned by the rays of the rising sun.

After having passed a reef of some extent, which was left on the larboard hand, we experienced a south-easterly swell, and as we had to haul more up, the spray dashed incessantly over us, rendering us not only very uncomfortable, but doing much injury, particularly to the biscuit.

About eleven o'clock, A.M., we reached the island, and our first care was to spread out the biscuit to dry; those who were in the other boats followed our example, although some thoughtless youngsters, being about to amuse themselves, as if on a party of pleasure, had to be reminded of their duty. As our mast, the top-gallant studding-sail boom, had already been sprung, it was fished with an oar; and our boat was fitted, in a temporary way, with a tarpawling bulwark.

In the meantime, the cook was busy in the exercise of his vocation; a fire was kindled, and a pig (two having found their way into the boat) was killed, and dressed for dinner; to which we assembled with keen appetites, in a romantic spot, shaded from the sun by the luxuriant foliage of a natural grove. The resemblance, in some respects, to a pic-nic party, tended to exhilarate our spirits; and the sailors, who in general have much repugnance to alloy present enjoyment by any cares about the future, were quite happy and jocose.

Dinner being finished, we prepared to renew our

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[ 13 ] ☞ 1. The King receives from the borough of Wilton 50 pounds. When Herveus had the cutody of the town, it paid no more than 22 pounds.

2. The King receives from the county 10 pounds for a hawk, and 20 hillings for a baggage hore, and 100 hillings and 5 ounces of ilver for quitrent.

3. The King receives 20 hillings, by weight, for half of the mill at Sariberie.

4. The King receives from the third penny of Sariberie 6 pounds. From the third penny of Merlebergh 4 pounds. From the third penny of Crichelade 5 pounds. From the third penny of Bade 11 pounds. From the third penny of Malmeberie 6 pounds.

5. The King receives from the improved rents of the county 60 pounds, by weight, and this is paid to him by Edward the Sheriff. 6 Wal-


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was fortunate that the tribe of Aborigines occupying the site of Adelaide and its neighbourhood was neither numerous, powerful, nor disposed to be unfriendly to the early colonists of South Australia. There was a sincere desire, on the part of the settlers in general, to ameliorate the moral and physical condition of those degraded specimens of humanity; and that feeling, coupled with a natural curiosity to search into the mysteries of their origin, and their present status, induced many persons to make them the subject of careful study. In my own case, official duty was an additional motive to an earnest wish to prosecute a course of inquiry so interesting in an ethnological and philological point of view. The sanguine expectations entertained by many persons, in regard to the civilization of the natives, have been doomed to disappointment; and the almost entire disappearance, from the face of the earth, of the Adelaide and adjacent tribes, the probable precursor of complete annihilation of the race, increases the interest of establishing a record, however imperfect, of their existence and its modes. A diversity of customs and superstitions; a complexity of dialects, sometimes showing not the slightest indications of a common origin, in use over a comparatively small tract of country unbroken by physical obstructions, such as lofty mountain ranges and large rivers, make the study of the Australian Aborigines as great a puzzle as probably that of any original races in the world.


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 the encroachments of the builders from Hampstead. But the agent, who had the building scheme in hand, when he found that the purchase money was likely to be raised, succeeded in throwing such difficulties in the way, that the scheme was defeated; and Fitzjohn's Avenue rose upon the ruins of the memories and hopes, which I have described.

About the same time Octavia's attention was called to the attempt of some members of the Society of Friends to build over the Bunhill Fields burial ground; an attempt obviously dangerous to health, and shocking to the feelings of many whose friends and relations were buried in the ground. Again, after a struggle, Octavia was defeated in her attempt to save the whole of the ground.

These defeats convinced her of the desirability of rousing public opinion to the need of open space and fresh air for the poor; and it was while she was considering this matter that her sister Miranda read, to the pupils at Nottingham Place, a paper on the need of bringing beauty home to the people. This was a scheme, first, for decorating clubs and hospitals and other institutions used by the poor; secondly, for bringing first-class music within their reach; and, lastly, for preserving disused burial grounds and other open spaces. Octavia was so much impressed with her sister's suggestions that she persuaded Miranda to read her paper again before a meeting of the National Health Society. How much the movement was in advance of the public opinion of that time was shown by more than one incident.

Even on the very occasion when Miranda read her paper to the National Health Society a pause followed the reading; and then a lady started up, and tried to turn away discussion from the subject of the paper by introducing a reference to some new invention, which she considered much more important to health than the securing of open spaces could be. Octavia at once rose, and recalled the audience to the subject of the paper; and some sympathy was roused in the audience.

But, outside that circle, a chorus of scorn came from comic and Society papers; and, if mockery could have stifled a movement, this one would have been nipped in the bud. But cold water sometimes makes such things grow. Several notable and


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160 It is principally my purpose to give a brief account of the Adelaide tribe, obtained either by personal observation or direct information derived from the natives themselves. With a view, however, of showing the extraordinary difference of language that prevails, within a space of not more than fifty miles in extent many words of the Encounter Bay tribe, and a few also of that of Rapid Bay, have been interspersed among those of the Adelaide natives, and are distinguished by the initials e and r. There is manifestly a considerable difference among the natives in regard to degree of knowledge and capability of using their language. Here and there are to be met with a few possessing remarkable intelligence, and showing a real desire to afford general information, and to acquire the language of the colonists. On the other hand, one of the greatest impediments to becoming acquainted with an aboriginal dialect is the general indifference of the natives, and their slovenly habit of clipping, or contracting the words in ordinary use, and of substituting different vowels, and hard for soft consonants, or vice versâ. Though the dialects of Adelaide and Encounter Bay are so distinct as scarcely to have been derived from a common source, there are many words, used only by intermediate groups, but intelligible to those on either side of them. Hence it is very probable that the vocabulary of the Adelaide tribe may contain words that properly belong to the various groups which occupy the localities of Onkaparinga, Willunga and Aldinga inclusive; these groups being all friendly and frequently visiting Adelaide. Again, from the country to the east of Encounter Bay, many words have evidently been introduced into the Encounter Bay dialect, and others altered in construction by the natives about the Goolwa and Lower Murray. The natives evince great facility in compounding words, in forming new ones to represent objects previously unknown to them, and, also, in inventing figurative expressions. Numerous examples of compound words will be found in the vocabulary, as, for instance, moolayappa (nose-hole) nostrils; ngooroowerpo, backbone; of constructed words, as cherle (forearm), cherlinyerangge, shirt-sleeves; koole (head), koolinyĕre, hat; and of


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 helpful people came to its support; and I well remember that one gentleman was stirred, by the attacks of Punch, to send a subscription to the new Society.

The name of the Man of Ross was chosen as the most fitting, badge of the new movement, and Her Royal Highness Princess Louise consented to become the President. Thus the Society which began with a small knot of friends, meeting at Nottingham Place, became widely useful, and Kyrle Societies were formed in other parts of the country, while the London Decorative branch was assisted by such artists as Leighton and William Morris, and the Musical branch was helped for many years by Malcolm Lawson.

When a sub-committee was formed for dealing with open spaces, a very zealous and energetic lady was chosen as Honorary Secretary. She was full of the wrongs suffered by the poor, in the destruction of their rights over commons. Octavia was no less impressed with these grievances; and she took an active share in the work of the Commons Preservation Society; but she felt that the Kyrle Society had a different function from that of the larger and more combative body; and that to secure open spaces, and lay out disused burial grounds, was a work which could not be joined on to the struggles for legal rights undertaken by the Commons Preservation Society. As the Honorary Secretary of the Open Spaces Committee was unable to recognise the desirability of the separation between these two kinds of work, she resigned, and I took her place for a time. Like all good work, this movement led to unexpected consequences; and while much of the preservation of Metropolitan Open Spaces was afterwards undertaken by the Metropolitan Boulevards Association, Octavia, as will be shown later on, took an active part in still wider developments of this and similar undertakings.

Thus it will be seen that the Open Spaces movement had a great many branches. . . and its growth was well summarised by Octavia in a remark to her sister Miranda.

"When I first began the work, people would say, "I will give money for necessaries for the poor; but I do not see what they want with recreation." Then after a few years, they said, "I can


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Rh expressions, as mayookōmbo, the man rainbow; ummaiche kōmbo, the woman rainbow: for the outer and inner arcs of the rainbow; yure (an ear); yure ilia (two ears), the native name for Mount Lofty. Nouns have three numbers distinguished by termination, as mayoo, mayoola, mayoona, a man, two men, several men; meena, meenoola, meenoona—an eye, two eyes, several eyes. Terminations, common to many words, have evidently similar meaning or power. Thus: inga, oongga, ungga, imply locality; as perre, a river; perringga, the ground about the river; tando, a bag; tandoongga, the contents of a bag; werle, a hut; werlingga, persons or things in a hut. In the words of which two or more forms are given, these are mostly different inflections corresponding to cases or tenses, but not accurately determined. To the proper names of men and women, usually given soon after birth, are frequently attached others that are distinctive, as well as nicknames, taken from those of animals or inanimate objects, or indicative of physical peculiarities; and derisive terms are occasionally met with, as paiche bōlte, for a disagreeable old woman. Words are often used generically with specific adjuncts, as Paicha, the general term for serpents and various stinging and poisonous animals and plants: toonoo paicha, the common drab-coloured snake; kerlto paicha, large black ant; köinta paicha, mosquito: also paicha mooroo, a kind of dust or powder used for the purpose of poisoning water and food. The natives, also, applied the term to a Grecian tortoise belonging to me, which they thought to be venomous, and were afraid to touch.

The perceptive faculties of the natives are well developed, and their senses of hearing and seeing acute, which enables them to note even the minute characteristics of natural and artificial objects, and to distinguish and imitate the sounds and movements of living beings. Many of them possess a correct musical ear, and have learned to play tunes on the violin, and to sing simple melodies. In the common operations of labour, and the use of tools and implements, they are often but little behind the ordinary European workman. They have, however, seldom any stability of character, and hence it is no uncommon thing for a


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[ 14 ] 6. Walterius Hoed de 2 partibus burgi Malmeberie reddit 8 libras Regi, tantundem reddebat ipum Burgum T. R. E. et in hac firma erant placita bundredi de Cicem̄tone et Suteleberg'' quæ regi pertinebant. De moneta reddit ipum burgum 100 olidos. In eodem burgo habuit Heraldus Comes unam agram terræ in qua unt 4 mauræ et 6 alia vatæ, et unus molinus reddit 10 olidos. Hoc totum reddebat 100 olidos T. R. E. quando rex ibat in expeditionem aut terrâ aut mari, habebat de hoc burgo aut 20 olidos ad pacendos uos buzecarlos, aut unum hominem ducebat ecum pro honore 5 hidarum.'' I. Terra


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 understand poor people needing amusement; but what good will open spaces do them? And now everybody recognises the importance of open spaces."

This change of public opinion was, no doubt, produced by the joint action of many people; and amongst Octavia's fellow-workers in this matter none was more sympathetic and efficient than Mr. (now Sir Robert) Hunter. He had taken an active part in the formation of the Open Spaces Committee of the Kyrle Society; as Solicitor of the Commons Preservation Society, he had been able to further, by timely advice, many of the movements for securing the legal rights of the public over various commons and greens; and, while residing in Lincoln's Inn Fields, he had been the soul of an attempt (then indeed a failure, but the prelude to a more successful effort) to persuade the municipal authorities to throw open the garden of Lincoln's Inn Fields to the general public. Indeed, with the possible exception of Lord Eversley, the open spaces movement owes more to him than to any other man.

But it will be easily understood that this important movement, even if it had been always successful, must have added a considerable strain to that sense of growing responsibility which was produced by the supervision of the tenants; and when accompanied with the kind of failures which I have mentioned, it often brought much vexation. And this period was also marked by the deaths of two of Octavia's most valued fellow-workers, Mrs. Nassau Senior (that most lovable and charming sister of Mr. Hughes) and Mr. Cockerell, a most able and sympathetic member of the Committee of the Workmen's Club, in which Octavia took so deep an interest.

While these and other troubles were already breaking down her strength, there came the additional trial of that misunderstanding with Ruskin, to which so much attention has unfortunately been called. As the correspondence has been published, I do not propose to refer at length to that painful incident. But I feel bound a little to anticipate events by saying that we have ample evidence that Ruskin regretted his hasty words; that he showed his renewed confidence in Octavia


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 by the manner in which he finally made over to her the possession of his houses; and that, on the other hand, her old affection and admiration for him never wavered in spite of that passing cloud. I may bring the allusion to this episode to an end by quoting the words which she used in her Letter to her Fellow Workers in 1899 on Ruskin's death:

"The earth seems indeed sadder and poorer that such a man lives on it no more.

"That penetrating sympathy, that marvellous imagination, that wonderful power of expression, that high ideal of life have not only blessed his friends, but have left their mark on England.

"To me personally the loss is irreparable. I have cared to think of the master and friend of my youth, in his lovely home, and to feel that he was among us still.

"He has passed to the great beyond. All his noblest aspirations are opening before him, the incompletenesses passed away, the companionship of the mighty dead around him; the work accomplished, the love fulfilled, the peace complete, the blessings of thousands upon him."

But I have only introduced the subject in this place in order to emphasise the circumstances of the break-down in Octavia's health, and the interruption to her work, which, as will be seen in the next chapter, produced so remarkable a change in her life.

February 14th, 1875.

. . . . Hast thou seen that Mr. Cross has brought in his Bill? Thou mayest think how intensely eager we are over it. I dined at Mr. Kay Shuttleworth's on Wednesday to discuss its clauses with him and a few experienced people, that he might know what to press on the House; and on Friday Mr. K. S. called together another small company at the Ch. Org. Soc. to rediscuss matters. They think the bill may be made to


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[ 97 ]

1. The church of St. Mary at Glatonbury holds Dohreham, and it was aeed T.R.E. at 52 hides. Here are 30 ploughlands. Sixteen of thee hides are in demene, where are 4 ploughlands and 6 ervants, and 38 fihermen. Fourteen villagers and 17 borderers occupy 19 ploughlands. Four mills pay 20 hillings, and here are 26 acres of meadow. The pature is 4 miles and a half in length, and a mile and a half in breadth. The wood is 5 furlongs in length and 4 broad. Serlo holds of this manor 5 hides. The wife of Hugo 3 hides. Roger 1 hide and 8 acres. Thoe who held them T.R.E. could not be eparated from the church. The whole manor T.R.E. was valued at 36 pounds. It now pays 61 pounds. But it is not reckoned by the urveyors at more than 45 pounds, on account of the confufion of the lands, and becaue the demene is rated Rh


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 work. They say the omissions are from ignorance, and will be willingly corrected when pointed out, as everyone wants to work it. I dare hardly hope; it seems so very near the realisation of much one has wanted so long. Stansfeld was there, and was so kind, and Mr. Shaw Lefevre. I am a great deal in B. Court just now, and right down among the people there, which is very nice. I am sensible how much I lack swiftly turning perception, and unfailing gentleness, and a certain cautious reservation of speech. My only chance among the people is trying to be all right, so that it mayn't matter their seeing right thro' me. I have no powers of diplomacy; these I don't regret, but the power of non-expression might be an advantage. However, I don't get into great messes somehow; and I suppose one was made like this, to do some particular work in the world. The people are delightful down there, so responsive, so trustful. … Dost thou know if ever I write again I shall make a point of dwelling on Ruskin's beginning the work? I fancy he feels sadly his schemes have not succeeded; and they only want the admixture of humdrum elements to make them into bodies; the soul is all there. His share is the soul, and this ought to come prominently out.

I enclose the report of Stanley's sermon, and of Mr. Kay Shuttleworth's speech. …

I daresay I may feel more courageous after to-morrow, when the public-house trial comes on. We quite expect to be defeated here, but hope to win on the appeal. It will be very horrid to-morrow; there is such strong personal feeling. …

Miss Martin, the lady from Leeds who is staying here, is so very nice. She has great power, and will do the work admirably. She has great perception of character,


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Parker, Edwin Wallace

PARKER, Edwin Wallace, American Methodist Episcopal missionary bishop: b. Saint Johnsbury Vt., 21 Jan. 1833; d. Nainital, India, 4 June 1901. He was graduated at the General Biblical Institute, Concord, N. H., in 1857, and joined the Vermont Conference in that year. After two years' work as a pastor

he was ordained deacon and elder under the missionary rule of the New England Conference and sailed for India, where he was stationed first in the district of Bijnor and afterward at Moradabad. On the organization of the India Conference in 1864 he became presiding elder, and in 1900 he was elected bishop of Southern Asia. Consult Messmore, J. H., ‘Life of Edwin Wallace Parker’ (1903).


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[ 61 ]

4. The ame bihop holds Awltone and it was aeed at 20 hides in the time of the Confeor. Here are 14 ploughlands. Six of thee hides, and a yardland, are in demene, where are 4 ploughlands and 8 ervants. Twenty-even villagers and 15 cottagers occupy 8 ploughlands. Here are two mills of the value of 12 hillings and ixpence, and 100 acres of meadow. The pature is 3 quarters of a mile long, and half a mile broad, William Scudet holds 3 hides of this land under the bihop, and he has 2 ploughlands. What the Monks poes, is worth 24 pounds, and what William has, 100 hillings.

5. The ame bihop holds Hame. It was aeed T.R.E. at 10 hides and a half, and half a yardland. Here are 7 ploughlands. Five hides and a half are in demene, where are 3 plough-


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 and is so much interested in all our people, poor and rich. It is a real pleasure to see her with the people. …

Mr. Cross has accepted nearly all we submitted to him. So far all is very satisfactory; but on the other hand there is likely to be considerable delay; also Mr. Fawcett, representing extreme political economy, and a Mr. Cawley representing vestrydom, are hatching a great opposition. We are much afraid of clogging amendments being carried; and no one knows what the Lords will do. I have secured an able and earnest young supporter for the Bill, in the person of Lord Monteagle, who will really master the details, and may secure more powerful allies in the world's opinion; though I believe in the careful whole-hearted work of young men really in earnest, much more than in the chance of a few words from a man of influence. Dost not thou?

I have been much engrossed about Mr. Cross's Bill this week. I was in the House on Monday when it was read a second time. Mr. Kay Shuttleworth and Mr. Lefevre came up and had a long talk with me, and it was very interesting. I did not learn very much; and tho' they and Mr. Stansfeld and Mr. Plunkett and Mr. Rathbone are talking over amendments with me, I feel as if, now that the matter was well before the House, they and others were far better judges of what amendments would work, what there was a hope of carrying, than I am. It was very solemn, tho'; and a thing I never shall forget. I was sitting quite alone in the gallery belonging to the Speaker's wife; it was very late, and she and her friends had all gone home. The gallery is high up above the House, but one sees and hears beautifully. I had been listening intently, but,


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 when Mr. Kay Shuttleworth began to speak, I thought I knew all that he was going to say, and was leaning back thinking, when suddenly my own name caught my ear. Mr. S. was speaking of the Macmillan article; and, instead of quoting dry facts and figures, he read aloud from it the description of the wonderful delight it gave me to see the courts laid open to the light and air. And then he read the bit about the Chairman of the Trust going over the old plans and photographs, and remarking on the changes, and the longing that arose that someone, someday, in London might be able to note similar purification. The words recalled vividly the intensity of the longing, and the wonderfully swift realisation of the prayer; and a great gush of joy rushed over me. But, besides that, somehow it seemed a blessed thing to have half suggested, and wholly anticipated the feeling on the part of that bright, promising young man, and thro' him to the whole House. One felt so small, so alone and out of sight; and there were thoughts bearing fruit in ways of which one had never dreamed. I can't tell how tiny it made me feel. Mr. Kay Shuttleworth happened to have told me that he had been spending Sunday in the country, and could not get the subject out of his head, and that he had re-read the article. I did not hear Mr. Rathbone's mention of my work, as I had gone to get some tea; my head was so very bad.

A Miss Martin, a friend of Mr. Estlin Carpenter's, is coming to stay with us till Easter, to learn our work, that she may help in the houses that they are purchasing in Leeds.

InI [sic] am heartily enjoying my work in B. Court.


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60 teems with it; the woods are vocal—the groves are filled with it; while around our doors, within our homes, and even at our social hearth, the unfailing welcome, the transient glimpses of intelligence, the instinct, the love of these creatures, are interwoven with the vast chain of sympathy, which, through the whole of what may be a wandering and uncertain life, binds us to that spot of earth where we first awoke to a feeling of companionship with this portion of the creatures of our heavenly Father's care.

Nor must we forget the wonderful and mysterious affection which some animals are capable of feeling for man. Often as we may have failed to inspire the love we have sought for among our fellow-creatures, we are all capable of inspiring attachment here; nor does the fact of our being unattractive, or comparatively worthless, amongst mankind, operate in the slightest degree to our disadvantage with this class of beings. Witness the outcast from society—the wanderer on the public roads—the poor and houseless mendicant; he still has his dog—yes, and he bears the cold repulse he meets with when he asks for bread, better than he could bear the desertion of that faithful animal: but he fears it not. The proud may pass him by unheeded, the rich may spurn him from their doors, the vulgar and the unfeeling may make a mockery of his rags and wretchedness; but when the stormy night comes on, and he seeks the almost roofless shed to rest his weary limbs, he is followed even there by one friend, who creeps beside him with a love as watchful and as true as if he shared the silken couch of luxury and ease.

There are little motherless children, too, and others not unacquainted with a feeling of almost orphan solitude, who have felt, at times, how the affection of a dumb animal could supply the disappointed yearnings of a young warm heart. In after life, we may learn to look upon these

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Parker, Foxhall Alexander

PARKER, Foxhall Alexander, American naval officer: b. New York, 5 Aug. 1821; d. Annapolis, Md., 11 June 1879. He entered the navy as midshipman in 1839, was attached to the West Indian squadron, and later transferred to the Philadelphia naval school, where he was graduated in 1843. He served on the Great Lakes, the Mediterranean, the Pacific, and on various coast surveys until 1861, when he was appointed executive officer of the navy yard at Washington, D. C. His capable manipulation of the forces at his command after the battle of Ball Run in 1861 went far toward restoring order and confidence at Washington. He performed excellent service throughout the War, receiving the rank of captain in 1866. He subsequently served on various commands, was raised to the rank of commodore in 1872, and was one of the founders of the Naval Institute at Annapolis in 1873. In 1877-78 he was in charge of the Boston navy yard, and in 1878, until his death, was superintendent of the Naval Academy at Annapolis. He published ‘Fleet Tactics under Steam’ (1863); ‘Squadron Tactics under Steam’ (1863); ‘The Naval Howitzer Afloat’ (1865); ‘The Fleets of the World: the Galley Period’ (1876); ‘The Battle of Mobile Bay’ (1878).


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Rh creatures with respect, because our heavenly Father has thought them worthy of his care; but youth is the season when we love them for their own sakes; and because we then discover that they can be made, by kindness, to love us. In youth alone can we feel to unite them with ourselves in that bond of sympathy, which will never afterwards allow us to treat their sufferings with indifference, or to regard their happiness as beyond the sphere of our duty to promote.

Here, then, the law of love is made to operate through innumerable channels of sweet and natural feeling, extending over a wide field of creation, and reaping its reward of satisfaction wherever a poor animal is rescued from oppression, hunger, or pain.

The study of natural history is, perhaps, the most congenial pursuit to which the mind of youth can be introduced; and it never can begin with this too soon. The history and nature of plants is the next most pleasing study, though far inferior to the first, for this important reason—our acquaintance with animals involves a moral feeling; and not one feeling only, but a vast chain of sympathies and affections, which, if not touched in early life, are seldom afterwards called forth with any degree of earnestness or warmth; and for a woman to be insensible or indifferent to the happiness of the brute creation, is an idea too repulsive to be dwelt upon for a moment.

There is, however, a sickly sensibility indulged in by some young ladies, which I should be the last to recommend. Many, for instance, will nurse and fondle animals, without ever taking the trouble to feed them. Others shrink away with loathing at the sight of pain, which, if they would but exert themselves to remove, might easily be remedied. I remember a young girl with whom I was well acquainted, having watched a cat torment a mouse until

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62 she could bear it no longer, when at last, with a feeling of the utmost repugnance to the act, she snatched up the poor lacerated mouse, and killed it in a moment. On seeing her do this, two very delicate and estimable young ladies gave themselves up to shrieks and hysterics, although they had known for the previous half hour that the little helpless animal had been enduring the most cruel torture in the claws of the cat, and they had borne this knowledge with the greatest composure.

It is not, then, a delicate shrinking from the mere sight of pain, which constitutes that kindly feeling towards the animal creation, that forms so estimable a part of the female character; but that expansive sentiment of benevolence towards all the creatures of God's formation, which is founded on the principle of love, and which operates as a principle in prompting us to promote the good of all creatures that have life, and to promote it on the widest possible scale.

But to return to the subject of botany. A woman who does not love flowers, suffers a great want in her supplies of healthy and natural enjoyment. How could the poet Milton, when he pictured woman in her highest state of excellence, have employed our mother Eve, had he made her indifferent to the beauty of the plants of paradise, or negligent of the flowers which bloomed around her? Still, I must acknowledge that there is to many minds, something the reverse of attractive in the first aspect of the study of botany, as it is generally presented to our attention. In this I am supported by one of the most gifted of modern authors, when he speaks of the "ponderous nomenclature" of botany having frightened many a youthful student back from the portals of this study. There are many persons now advanced in life, who deeply regret their want of what is called a taste for botany, when the

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Rh fault has not been in their natural taste, so much as in the form under which this study was introduced to their notice in youth; and thus they have been shut out through the whole of life, from the pleasure of expatiating in a field, as boundless in its extent, as inexhaustible in its attractions.

These difficulties, however, are not insurmountable to all; and youth is unquestionably the season for forming an intimate acquaintance with this, the loveliest aspect of nature, so that in after life, when duties are more imperative, and occupations more serious, and there is consequently less time for minute investigation, every flower and every plant may be met as a member of a well-known family, and, as such, bear somewhat of the character of a familiar friend.

It is the same with every part of the creation, whether natural history, or botany, or geology, have occupied our attention, or chemistry, or electricity, that great mystery of the visible world, whose all-powerful agency, the most sublime as well as the most insignificant phenomena of nature, are daily, and hourly, tending to develope—an early and intimate acquaintance with each and all of these, must so far enlighten, and enlarge the mind, as to lead our thoughts beyond the narrow limits of material existence, up to that higher region of wonder and of love, where to behold is to admire—to feel is to adore.

From the consideration of the different advantages arising from such studies as it is important should be pursued at an early period of life, we are necessarily led to ask, 'What is the use of in general?'

Nothing can well be more vague than the notions popularly entertained of the meaning of knowledge. Dr. Johnson has called it "general illumination of mind." But, if I might be allowed to do so, I should prefer restricting my use of the word knowledge, to that acquaintance with facts,

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64 which, in connexion with the proper exercise of a healthy mind, will necessarily lead to general illumination. A knowledge of the world, therefore, as I propose to use the expression, must consequently mean, a knowledge of such facts as the general habits of society develope.

This is universally allowed to be a dangerous knowledge, because it cannot be acquired without the risk of being frequently deceived by the false aspect which society assumes, and the still greater risk of having our moral being too deeply absorbed in the interest and excitement which the study itself affords. No one can obtain a knowledge of the world, by being a mere spectator. It is, therefore, safer and happier to leave this study until the judgment is more matured, and the habits and principles more formed—or rather I should say, to leave it as a study altogether. Time and experience teach us all it is necessary to know on this subject; and even duty urges us forward on the theatre of life, when little enough prepared for the temptations and the conflicts we must there encounter. By absolute necessity, then, we acquire as much knowledge of the world as any rational being needs desire, and that is just sufficient to enable us to judge of the consequences of certain principles, or modes of action, as they operate upon the well-being of individuals, and of society at large. Destitute of this degree of worldly knowledge, we must ever be liable to make the most serious mistakes in applying the principle of benevolence, in forming our estimate of the moral condition of mankind, as well as in regulating our scale of social and relative duty.

A general knowledge of the political and social state of the country in which we live, and indeed of all countries, is of great importance, not only to men, but to women. Nor let my fair readers be startled when I speak of the political state of countries. You have been accustomed to

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Rh make history your study. An acquaintance with the most important eras in history is considered an essential part of female education. And can it be less essential to know what events are taking place in your own times, than what transpired in past ages? Do not, however, misunderstand me on this important subject. Do not suppose it would add any embellishment to your conversation, for you to discuss what are called politics, simply as such, especially when, as in nine cases out of ten, you do not really understand what you are talking about. Do not take up any question as belonging to your side, or your party, while ignorant what the principles of that party are. Above all, do not allow yourself to grow warm in your advocacy of any particular candidate for a seat in parliament, because he is a handsome man, or has made a fine speech. All this may supply an opposite party with food for scandal, or for jest; but has nothing at all to do with that patriotic and deep feeling of interest in the happiness and prosperity of her own country, which a benevolent and enlightened woman must naturally entertain.

Destitute as some women are of every spark of this feeling, it is but natural that their conversation should at times be both trifling and vapid; and that when subjects of general importance are discussed, they should be too much occupied with a pattern of worsted work, even to listen.

I one day heard a very accomplished and amiable young lady lamenting that she had nothing to talk about, except a subject which had been playfully forbidden. "Talk about the probability of a war," said I. "Why should I talk about that?" she replied. "It is nothing to me whether there is war or not." Now, this was said in perfect sincerity, and yet the lady was a Christian woman, and one who would have been very sorry to be suspected of not knowing the dates of most of the great battles recorded in history.

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66 I am perfectly aware that there are intricate questions, brought before our senate, which it may require a masculine order of intellect folly to understand. But there are others which may, and ought to engage the attention of every female mind, such as the extinction of slavery, the abolition of war in general, cruelty to animals, the punishment of death, temperance, and many more, on which, neither to know, nor to feel, is almost equally disgraceful.

I must again observe, it is by no means necessary that we should talk much on these subjects, even if we do understand them; but to listen attentively, and with real interest when they are discussed by able and liberal-minded men, is an easy and agreeable method of enlarging our stock of valuable knowledge; and, by doing this when we are young, we shall go on with the tide of public events, so as to render ourselves intelligent companions in old age; and when the bloom of youth is gone, and even animal spirits decline, we shall have our conversation left, for the entertainment and the benefit of our friends.

For my own part, I know of no interest more absorbing, than that with which we listen to a venerable narrator of by-gone facts—facts which have transpired under the actual observation of the speaker, in which he took a part, or which stirred the lives, and influenced the conduct, of those by whom he was surrounded. When such a person has been a lover of sterling truth, and a close observer of things as they really were in early youth, his conversation is such as sages, listen to, and historians make the theme of their imperishable pages. Yet, such a companion every woman is capable of becoming; and since old age is not rich in its attractions, is it not well worthy the attention of youth, to endeavour to lay up, as a provision for the future, such sterling materials for rational and lasting interest?

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Parker, Francis Wayland

PARKER, Francis Wayland, American educator: b. Bedford. N. H., 9 Oct. 1837; d. 1902. He was educated in the public schools and taught until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he enlisted and served until its conclusion, rising to the rank of colonel of volunteers. He was again engaged in teaching until 1872, when he went to the University of Berlin for special study in pedagogy, philosophy and psychology. He was later superintendent of schools at Quincy, Mass., and at Boston, and was principal of the Normal School, Cook County, Ill. He wrote a number of textbooks, some of which ran into many editions. Among them are ‘Talks on Teaching’ (1883); ‘The Practical Teacher’ (1884); ‘Course in Arithmetic’ (1884); ‘How to Teach Geography’ (1885); ‘How to Study Geography’ (1889), etc.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarkson, Thomas


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Rh It is worthy of observation, however, that such information can never be of half the value when collected in a vague and indefinite form. The lover of sterling truth alone is able to render the relation of facts of any real value. The mere story-teller, who paints the truth in his own colours, may amuse for an evening; but unless we choose truth—absolute truth as our companion in early life, the foundation of our opinions, as well as of our principles, will be ever liable to give way. We must, therefore, cultivate a willingness to see things as they really are. Not as our friends do, or as our enemies do not see them; but simply as they are, and, as such, to speak of them, without the bias of party feeling, or the colouring of our own selfishness.

The local customs of the place in which we live, and the habits of thinking of the persons with whom we associate, will naturally, in the course of time, produce considerable effect upon our own views. But in youth, the mind is free to choose, open to conviction, uninfluenced by prejudice, and comparatively unoccupied by previous impressions. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance, in this early stage of life, to cultivate that love of truth which will enable us to see every object as it really is, and to see it clearly; for there are vague impressions, and indefinite perceptions, which create in the mind a succession of shapeless images, as perplexing in their variety, as they are uncertain in their form.

Of persons whose minds are thus occupied, it can scarcely be said that they love the truth, because they seldom endeavour to ascertain what the truth is; and their consequent deviations from the exact line of rectitude in thought and action, brings upon them, not unfrequently, the charge of falsehood, when they have all the while been true to the image floating before them, but which assumed a different

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68 character as often as interest or inclination clothed it in fresh colours.

Vague and uncertain habits of thinking and talking in early life, almost necessarily lead to false conclusions; nor is it the least part of the evil, that those who indulge them are extremely difficult to correct when wrong, or rather when not exactly right; because conviction cannot be proved upon uncertainty. All we can say of such persons is, that they are as little wrong, as right. We cannot help them. They are perpetually falling into difficulties, and, so long as they live, will be liable to incur the suspicion of falsehood.

That a little knowledge is a dangerous thing, may be proved by the observation of every day. A little knowledge is generally more talked about than a great deal—more dragged forward into notice, and, in short, more gloried in by its possessor. We will take, as an instance, the subject of phrenology. Dabblers in this study, who like the eclat of pronouncing upon the characters of their neighbours, as discovered through that opaque medium, the skull, are not a little pleased to entertain themselves and others with the phraseology of Gall and Spurzheim; while, with an air of oracular wisdom, they tell how this person is covetous, another prone to kill, a third fond of music, and a fourth in the habit of making comparisons. Now, although a correct knowledge of the exact situation of these different organs in the head, is more difficult to attain than most young persons are aware of; yet, even this part of the study is mere play, when compared with that exercise of mind, which alone would justify any one, even the profoundest philosopher, in pronouncing upon individual character, according to the principles of phrenology. Would any of these fair oracles, for instance, be kind enough to tell us what would be the result, in summing

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 Marshals, October 19th, 1855.

Will you tell your Mama that I shall have great pleasure in writing to Maggie … How many days we have spent together! She remembers them, I find, with as much pleasure as I do. I do wonder whether we shall ever know each other better! Has she many friends of her own age? I have not very much time. Still there are some things (and this certainly one of them) which are well worth devoting time to.

I am very happy here. The country is very beautiful. The gold and red and purple leaves are very precious—partly because of their rarity. There are, as yet, no masses of colour,—no leaves of autumn foliage,—only single boughs, and sprays and leaves, standing out from among the green. The sunlight comes and goes, like one who knows the innermost soul of those around him, and loves to pierce into their mystery. The purple distance is, however, so far, so lovely, that it seems as if the sun even could not penetrate it;—like those sad, solitary beings whom one sometimes meets, who have no fellowship with those around;—still, in the darkness of night, there is union between them and the world that is nearer; and, as the sun is leaving the earth, and the twilight gathers in the East, the whole earth will be lighted by a wonderful mist of light—lighted and wrapped in it.

I must thank you again for the "Modern Painters." It has been a very great pleasure to me to have it. I grow to value it more and more every day.

As I daresay you would have heard from Charlton, we acted the "Bondmaid" yesterday. All the children came to see it. It was the only play that they had


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Rh up the elements of human character, where there was an extraordinary development of combativeness, connected with half as much benevolence, nine-tenths of the same amount of hope, one-third of self-esteem, three-fourths of causality, and one-third of constructiveness. And yet, calculations as intricate, as minute, and far more extensive than this, must be entered into, before the science of phrenology, however true, can enable any individual to pronounce upon the character of another.

And thus it is throughout. A little knowledge makes people talk, a little more induces them to think; and women, from the careless and superficial manner in which their studies are frequently carried on, are but too apt to be found amongst the class of talkers. But let us pause a moment, to inquire whether the smallness of their stock of knowledge is really the cause why it is sometimes so unnecessarily brought forward. Is not the evil of a deeper nature? and may it not arise from false notions popularly entertained respecting the real use of knowledge? I will not say there are any women who absolutely believe that the use of knowledge is to supply them with something to talk about; but are we not warranted in suspecting that this is the rule, by which the value of knowledge is too frequently estimated?

Now, one simple view of this subject might settle the question at once, as to the desirableness, or even utility, of women bringing forward their knowledge for the purpose of display. It so happens, that few of our sex, under ordinary circumstances, have an opportunity of acquiring as much general knowledge as a man of common attainments, or even as a mere boy. If we mix in country circles, the village schoolmaster has stores of knowledge far beyond our own; and in the society of towns, the man of business, nay, even the mechanic, knows more than we do. The

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coleman, Edward (d.1669)


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MediaWiki:Gadget-WSexport

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 The circling hills, with foreheads fair, Await with joy the crowning rays; All nature bows in grateful prayer, The templed groves respond with praise.

Ye trembling shafts of glorious light, Dart from the east with arrowy gleam; Cleave the dark shield of fleeing Night, And slay her with your golden beam.

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coles, John


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Cities and hamlets, up and down This level highway to the sea, Along the banks sit gray and brown, Dim shadows musing dreamily.

Adown the river sloops and ships Float slowly with the lazy tide; And round the bluff a paddle dips, Where once the storm-ship used to ride.

The vision widens as the morn Sweeps through the portals of the day; Purple and rosy mists adorn Mountain and hill-top far away.

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Collins, John (d.1634)


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The Catskills to the northward rise, With massive swell and towering crest,— The old-time "mountains of the skies," The threshold of eternal rest:

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 Where Manitou once lived and reigned, Great Spirit of a race gone by; And Ontiora lies enchained, With face uplifted to the sky.

The dream-land, too, of later days, Where Rip Van Winkle slept in peace, Wrapped up in deep poetic haze, A twenty years of sweet release. Ay, burning years! a nation's forge! To wake to freedom grown to more; To find another painted "George" Above the old familiar door.

Through summer heat and winter snow, Beside that rushing mountain stream, Just how he slept we cannot know; Perhaps 't was all a pleasant dream.

Mayhap in many a wintry squall, Or howling blast, or blinding storm, He thought he heard Dame Gretchen's call, And that sufficed to keep him warm;

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 Or else that flagon's wondrous draught, Distilled in some weird elfin-land, Drawn from the keg old Hendrick quaffed, And shared by all his silent band.

O legends full of life and health, That live when records fail and die, Ye are the Hudson's richest wealth, The frondage of her history!

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Translation:Shulchan Aruch/Orach Chaim/509

Some Individual Holiday Laws

כמה דינים פרטיים להלכות יום טוב

Paragraph 1 - A bent skewer, even if it can be straightened by hand, should not be fixed. Rem"a: This is only true if it is possible to roast with it without fixing it, but when one can't roast on it such and it broke on the holiday, it is permitted to fix it, but we do not teach this to the masses (Rabbeinu Yerucham part 1) lest they fix ones that broke before the holiday. This is the law for all preparatory acts that were impossible to do before the holiday.

סעיף א - שפוד (שנרצף), אף על פי שהוא יכול לפשטו בידו, אין מתקנין אותו. הגה: ''ודוקא שיוכל לצלות בו בלא תקון, אבל אם אינו יכול לצלות בו כך ונשבר ביום טוב, מתר לתקנו, ואין מורים כן לרבים (רבינו ירוחם חלק א') שלא יבאו לתקן גם כן בנשבר מערב יום טוב. והוא הדין לכל מכשירין שאי אפשר לעשותן מערב יום טוב.''

Paragraph 2 - If there is a skewer that we want to use to roast and it is too long, it is forbidden to cut it or to burn it. We do not sharpen the knife in its sharpener, but we sharpen it on a tree or clay or a rock. We do not teach this to the masses lest they sharpen it in its sharpener. This is restricted to cases where one can use it to cut with difficulty or it was nicked. However, if one cannot cut with it at all, we do not sharpen it even on a tree, lest one come to sharpen it in its sharpener.

סעיף ב - שפוד שרוצים לצלות בו והיה ארוך יותר מדאי, אסור לחתכו ולא לשרפו. אין משחיזין את הסכין במשחזת שלה, אבל מחדדה על גבי העץ או חרס או אבן, ואין מורים דבר זה לרבים כדי שלא יבאו לחדדה במשחזת. במה דברים אמורים כשיכולה לחתך בדחק או שנפגמה, אבל אם אינה יכולה לחתך כלל אין משחיזין אותה אפלו על העץ, שמא יבא להשחיזה במשחזת.

Paragraph 3 - Regarding chickens stuffed with meat and eggs, it is permitted to sew them on a holiday, as long as the thread was prepared before the holiday and put in the needle. One should be careful not to cut the thread on the holiday. Rem"a: ''Similarly, it is the practice to burn the thread remaining in the chicken after sewing it.

סעיף ג - עופות שממלאים אותם בשר וביצים, מתר לתפרם ביום טוב, והוא שיתקן מערב יום טוב החוט וישמנו במחט. ויזהר שלא יחתך החוט ביום טוב. הגה: וכן נהגו לשרף החוט הנשאר בעוף לאחר שתפרו בו.

Paragraph 4 - On a holiday, it is permitted to cut knotted goats, helmeted chickens, and knit threads. Similarly, one can burn a wick or a rag used to tie a chicken.

סעיף ד - מתר לחתך ביום טוב אגד גדיים ועופות מקלסים וחוטים תפורים, וכן יכולים לשרף פתילה או סמרטוט שקושרים בו העוף.

Paragraph 5 - It is permitted on a holiday to make white-hot an iron pot in which cheese "pladins" were baked and after the white-hot [which kashers the pot] to bake meat pies, assuming that after it gets white-hot, one puts it on the [meat] food immediately. However, if it is has absorbed an impure animal or similar thing, it is forbidden to make it white-hot even to bake something permitted in it. Rem"a: It is forbidden to immerse a pot in boiling water on a holiday [in order to kasher it] (Mordechai at the end of Avodah Zarah and Or Zarua and Hagahot Maimoni chapter 1). It is permitted to make white-hot a skewer on which non-salted meat was roasted when one wants to use it again for roasting meat on the holiday (Mahar"a from Prague).

סעיף ה - מתר ללבן ביום טוב כלי ברזל שאפו בו פלאדי"ו של גבינה, ואחר הלבון יאפו בו פשטיד"א של בשר, והוא שכשיתלבן יתנו אותו על המאכל מיד. אבל אם הוא בלוע מנבלה וכיוצא בה, אסור ללבנו אפלו לאפות בו דבר התר. הגה: ''והוא הדין דאסור להגעיל כלי ביום טוב (מרדכי סוף עבודה זרה ואור זרוע והגהות מיימוני פרק א'). ומתר ללבן שפוד שצלו בו בשר שאינו מלוח ורוצה לחזר ולצלות בו ביום טוב (מהר"א מפראג).''

Paragraph 6 - We do not make a new hole in a barrel on a holiday.

סעיף ו - אין נוקבין נקב חדש בחבית ביום טוב.

Paragraph 7 - Regarding immersing a new object on a holiday, the rules are the same as for Shabbat, as is described in ../323 paragraph 7. Rem"a: The rule for washing off and wiping objects on a holiday is the same as for Shabbat, as described in ../323. It is permitted to carry muktzah for the sake of food and the enjoyment of the holiday (Mordechai chapter "Bechol Me'arvin" and Beit Yosef in the name of the Tosafot chapter 1 of Beitzah).

סעיף ז - להטביל כלי חדש ביום טוב דינו כמו בשבת, כדאיתא בסימן שכ"ג סעיף ז'. הגה: ''ודין הדחה ושפשוף כלים ביום טוב דינו כמו בשבת, כדאיתא סימן שכ"ג. ומתר לטלטל מקצה לצרך אכל נפש ושמחת יום טוב (מרדכי פרק בכל מערבין, ובית יוסף בשם התוספות פרק קמא דביצה).''

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Author talk:Julia Boynton Green

Biographical sources

 * Find a Grave - AdamBMorgan (talk) 23:24, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

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 house is full of the most wonderful pictures that I ever dreamed of. Not fifty Royal Academies could be worth one rough sketch in that house; and he is so inexpressibly kind, so earnest to help everyone, and so generous that one comes home inclined to say to everything, "Hush while I think about it"; and then to continue, "Whirl on! for I have a quietness, which has another Source than you, and which is given to influence you."

I go to-day to see the Sunday School, which most of my children attend; they press me very much to teach in it. Would to God that I could show them the deeper, mightier foundation than that they are standing on! I believe I am doing so in a way. I believe that, when I first came to them, I took the right ground. I was bound to assume, and I have assumed, that justice, truth, and self-sacrifice, are the principles that hold Society together; that its existence testifies to their strength; that what is true of Society at large is true of our Society; that it does not and cannot stand, except in proportion to their strength. I believe that this is the great Christian principle that there is no might nor greatness in Christ's life, no saving power in His death, no triumph in His resurrection, unless it is the eternal witness that obedience and self-sacrifice give to victory over lawlessness and selfishness.

I believe that, in so far as I am acting as if this were true, I am teaching them to be followers of Christ. What I wish I could teach them is to have a more personal religion. This I believe to be the great work that Sunday schools have done; they have little scope for teaching the other truths, even if they recognise them. Daily life must teach that. We are teaching it to one another here. They are making it a much more living faith for me than it has ever been before.


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Author:William Port Ayres

Letters

 * Ayres, W. P. to Darwin — Letter 8939, 8 June 1873, Newark-upon-Trent

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1871
Name: 	William P Ayres Age: 	55 Estimated Birth Year: 	abt 1816 Relation: 	Head Spouse's Name: 	Elizabeth Ayres Gender: 	Male Occupation:    Horticultural architect Where born: 	Shipley, Derbyshire, England Civil parish: 	St Mary Ecclesiastical parish: 	All Saints Town: 	Nottingham County/Island: 	Nottinghamshire Country: 	England Registration district: 	Nottingham Sub-registration district: 	Sherwood ED, institution, or vessel: 	13 Household schedule number: 	279 Piece: 	3510 Folio: 	31 Page Number: 	55 Household Members: Name 	Age William P Ayres 	55 Elizabeth Ayres 	54 Clara A Ayres 	12

1861
Name: 	William P Ayres Age: 	45 Estimated Birth Year: 	abt 1816 Relation: 	Head Spouse's Name: 	Elizabeth Ayres Gender: 	Male Where born: 	Shipley, Derbyshire, England Civil Parish or Township: 	Dwygyfylchi and Pen Isa County/Island: 	Caernarvonshire Country: 	Wales Occupation: 	Land agent Registration district: 	Conway Sub-registration district: 	Conway ED, institution, or vessel: 	6 Household schedule number: 	33 Piece: 	4357 Folio: 	121 Page Number: 	7 Household Members: Name 	Age William P Ayres 	45 Elizabeth Ayres 	44 Phillip P Ayres 	17 Mich M Ayres 	15 William W Ayres 	12 Elizth M Ayres 	10 Richard H Ayres 	8 Clara A Ayres 	2 Ellinor Franks 	15 William Biggs 	27

1851
Name: 	William Ayres Age: 	36 Estimated Birth Year: 	abt 1815 Relation: 	Head Spouse's Name: 	Elizabeth Ayres Gender: 	M (Male) Where born: 	Shipley, Derbyshire, England Civil parish: 	Kidbrooke County/Island: 	Kent Country: 	England Occupation:    Nurseryman, editor of Gardener

Registration district: 	Lewisham Sub-registration district: 	Lee ED, institution, or vessel: 	2 Neighbors: 	View others on page Household schedule number: 	53 Piece: 	1591 Folio: 	135 Page Number: 	18 Household Members: Name 	Age William Ayres 	36 Elizabeth Ayres 	34 Philip N Ayres 	7 Mica Mary Ayres 	5 William W Ayres 	2 George M Ayres 	11 Mo Emma Furrans 	18

Bankruptcy

 * Manchester Times (Manchester, England), Wednesday, March 23, 1853; Issue 458.

Bankruptcy AYRESWilliam, commonly known as William Port Ayres, Blackheath, Kent, nurseryman; April 1, 29, Court of Bankruptcy, Basinghall-street. Sole Bistrow and Tarrant, Bond Court, Walbrook. Peters James Fairbairn and Joseph Fairbairn, Clapham, Surrey, nurserymen and seedsmen, Dated March 12.

title: Author talk:William Port Ayres


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Page:Wiltshire, Extracted from Domesday Book.djvu/103

[ 55 ] borderers, and a mill of the value of 6 hillings. It is worth 25 hillings.

30. William de Belfou has 1 hide, with a church in Marleberge, which is worth 30 hillings.

31. Britoardus, a priet, holds the church of Bedvinde; his father held it T. R. E. One hide and a half belongs to it. Here is 1 ploughland. It was worth, and is worth 60 hillings.

II.

1. The Bihop of Wincheter holds Duntone. It was aeed T.R.E. at 97 hides. Two of thee do not now belong to the Bihop, as they were taken away, with 3 others, from the Rh


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[ 17 ] I.

1. The King holds Cauna. King Edward held it, and it was never aeed, and therefore it is unknown how many hides it may be worth. But there are 29 ploughlands; 8 of which and 8 ervants are in demene. Thirty-even villagers, 78 borderers, and 10 coliberts occupy the other 21 ploughlands. Forty-five burgees and 7 mills pay 4 pounds, 12 hillings, and ixpence. There are 50 acres of meadow, and the pature is 3 miles in length, and a mile and a half in breadth. This town provides one night's entertainment for the King's houhold, with it's uual cutoms. Nigellus holds the church of this manor with 6 hides of land under the King, where are 5 ploughlands, 2 of which and 6 ervants are in demene. Seven villagers, 2 borderers, and 11 cottagers occupy the other three. Here are 2 mills of the value of 20 illings, and 25 burgees pay 20 hillings. Rh


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[ 15 ] 6. Walter Hoed pays the King 8 pounds from 2 parts of the borough of Malmeberie, and the borough itelf paid as much T.R.E. and the pleas of the hundreds of Cicem̄tone and Suteleberg were holden in this manor which belonged to the King. The borough pays 100 hillings in money. The Earl Harold had an acre of land in this borough in which are 4 meuages, and 6 others ruinous, and a mill pays 10 hillings. All this paid T.R.E. 100 hillings, and when the King undertook any expedition, either by ea or land, he accepted either 20 hillings towards the maintenance of his ailors, or took with him 1 man for the honour of 5 hides. 1.


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Rh He gestured toward the galley. "It looks quite life-like, don't you think so?"

"Life-like?" Cliff spoke between his teeth as he again faced the black ship. "It looks dead to me!"

The galley had almost reached them now, veering sharply to draw up beside the Ariel. The drum quieted, and the oars trailed in the water, motionless except for the swaying imparted by the waves. A musty, age-old odor filtered through the air like a breath from a grave. The music and dancing had stopped. A fear-filled hush shrouded the yacht.

Vilma drew Cliff's arm about her shoulder. He glanced back at the motionless captain.

"Do something, Corio!" he rasped. "Don't stand there like a dummy!"

Corio nodded with his same queer smile. His hand darted to an inside pocket, came out bearing a curious instrument like four twisted cones of silver bound together with silver thongs. As he raised this to his mouth, his eyelids were slits behind which burned the embers of his eyes.

Out over the sea crept a single note, deep, hollow, laden with eery minor wailings—a sound that summoned imperatively, yet a sound that repelled. It was a moan, hideous as the moan of a dying demon. It raked the heart with fear-tipped claws. It rose, and fell, and rose again, and as it died, it awakened the crew of the ancient galley to motion, sweeping them in a horde to the rail of the yacht.

Cliff swung toward Corio in bursting fury, fury mingled with dread. His fist lashed out at that glittering silver instrument and the face behind it, but Corio avoided him like a wraith, still smiling fixedly, the horn again at his lips. Cliff cursed, and hurled himself through the air. One hand caught a bony shoulder; he felt fingers like hooks close on his own throat. He wrenched free, landing a stunning blow on Corio's face—saw him reel and crash to the deck—and then he heard Vilma scream!

He whirled. She was struggling between two of the flabby-faced things from the galley! In an instant he was upon them, his fist thudding against icy flesh, burying itself in something horribly soft and yielding. Startled, Cliff swung a second blow; and an arm, tomb-cold and strong as the tentacle of an octopus, wrapped itself around him—a vise of thin-covered bone! A dead, drowned face peered over his shoulder, staring blankly. Other arms seized his legs, and though he struggled and writhed with the strength of a mounting fear, he was borne to the rail. Over they went, and dropped to the rotting deck of the galley.

A numbness was creeping through him like a contagion, spreading from those crushing hands of ice. His struggles ceased. With eyes that turned stiffly in their sockets he looked for Vilma, saw her raised high above the heads of two other pallid creatures, saw them climb over the rail. Then the blackness of a dank and musty cabin enveloped him; and he was dropped with jarring force. His captors bulked black against the moonlit doorway, treading soundlessly, and were gone.

Cliff lay in rigid paralysis, every sense keenly alive, his mind striving to clutch a single spar of reason in this chaotic whirlpool of the incredible. This couldn't be! Soon he'd awaken to laugh at his absurd nightmare.... Yet it seemed horribly real.... It was real!

From the Ariel boiled a fearful bedlam. Screams of terror. Curses. Then other shadows loomed in the doorway, and Vilma, motionless and rigid, was dropped brutally beside him on the spongy floor.


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262 Furiously Cliff strugged against the maddening restraint of paralysis. He couldn't lie here helpless! Vilma needed him! He'd—he'd have to do something. WihtWith [sic] an effort that studded his forehead with rounded drops of sweat and sent the blood throbbing through the distended veins of his neck, he sought to move. And like a cord snapping, his invisible bonds fell from him.

He was crouching over Vilma, rubbing her wrists, calling to her, when again he heard the silver horn of Corio. A low droning utterly unlike the note that had awakened the galley's crew, it drifted languidly along a channel of endless sleep. It seeped through the ear-drums, touching every nerve-tip with resistless lassitude. Doggedly Cliff fought against the sound, pressing his hands over his ears, gritting his teeth, holding his eyelids wide. Yet he felt his muscles weaken, began to relax, knew dimly that his mind, sodden with drowsiness, was creeping toward the pits of slumber—and the vibrant drone ended!

head cleared rapidly, and he bent over Vilma. As he touched a limp arm, he knew she had passed from paralysis into a deep, quiet sleep. He shook her. It was useless. He listened, heard her steady breathing; and at that instant realized that the noises from the yacht had ceased.

Rising, he strode toward the square of chalky moonlight. A foot away he halted, fell back. He had heard a faint footfall, had seen an armor-clad figure climbing over the rail! With silent haste he flung himself down beside Vilma.

And there he lay while the crew of the galley carried his friends from the Ariel, all slumped in that unnatural sleep, and stretched them out on the floor of the black cabin. Unmoving, he watched through narrow lids till all save Corio had been carried aboard, and the drowned things had gone back to their places in the rowers' pits. Again the hollow voice of the drum began throbbing through the silence, and the oars creaked a faint accompaniment. He could feel the galley cleaving the oily sea.

On his feet, he peered through the doorway. The backs of the rowers rose and fell with stiff, mechanical rhythm. Beyond the galley's stern came the yacht, slinking along like a thief, only one dim light showing, her Diesel engines purring almost soundlessly.

He turned and bent over Vilma, still in thrall to that strange deep slumber. As he traced the delicate outlines of her lovely face, now so lifeless and pale, bitter wrath flared within him, wrath and hatred for Leon Corio. But as he thought of the ghastly undead things out there in the galley pit, thought of this water-soaked anachronism which had no right to be afloat, his skin crisped with a sense of foreboding, a fear of what was yet to come. He must do something!

Stepping over the still forms of his friends, he moved to the forward wall where a beam of radiance crept fearfully through a gap between two boards. His hands touched the hull—and he jerked them away. Rotten, clammy, like a decayed corpse, partly frozen. Crouching, he peered through.

Far ahead, a blotch of evil blackness squatted on the horizon, an island crouching low like a black beast ready to spring. Around it the moonlight seemed to dim, as though it were striving to hide some nameless horror. Interminably Cliff watched while the shadowed mass drew closer ... closer....

They were headed for a towering wall of black basalt; and as the galley neared it, Cliff saw that it bore striking resemblance to a gigantic human skull, its rounded surface broken by caves that the


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[ 16 ] I.

1. Rex tenet Cauna.'' Rex Edwardus tenuit et nunquam geldavit: ideo necitur quot hidæ unt ibi. Terra et 29 carucatæ. In dominio unt 8 carucatæ et 8 ervi. Ibi 37 villani et 78 bordarii et 10 coliberti habentes 21 carucatas. Ibi 45 burgenes et 7 molini reddentes 4 libras et 12 olidos et ex denarioS, et 50 acræ prati, et patura 2 leucæ longæ et una leuca lata. Hæc villa reddit firmam unius noctis cum omnibus conuetudinibus. Hujus manerii æccleiam tenet Nigellus de Rege cum 6 hidis terræ. Terra et 5 carucatæ, in dominio unt 2 et 6 ervi. Ibi 7 villani et 2 bordarii et 11 cozets cum 3 carucatis. Ibi 2 molini de 20 olidis, et 25 burgenes reddunt 20 olidos. Silva 2 quarentenæ longæ et una quarentena et 24 acræ latæ. Patura 4 quarentena longæ et 2 quarentenæ latæ. Totum valet 8 libræ. Aluredus de Hipania tenet 5 hidas terræ, quas Nigellus calumniatur.'' Hæc


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[ 18 ] Hæc terra tetimonio Sciræ pertinuit ad æccleiam T. R. E.

2. Rex tenet Bedvinde.'' Rex Edwardus tenuit. Nunquam geldavit, nec hidata uit. Terra et quatuor viginti carucatæ, una minus. In dominio unt 12 carucatæ et 18 ervi. Ibi quatuor viginti ervi, et 60 cozets et 14 coliberti cum 67 carucatis. Ibi 8 Molni reddunt 100 olidos. Duæ ilvæ habentes 1 leucas longas et unam leucam latam. Ibi 200 acræ prati, et 12 quarantenæ paturæ longæ et 6 quarantenæ latæ. Huic manerio pertinentur 25 burgenes. Hæc villa reddit irmam unius noctis cum omnibus conuetudinibus. In hoc manerio uit T. R. E. lucus habens dimidium leucæ longum et 3 quarantenas latas, et erat in dominio regis. Modo tenet eum Henricus de Ferreres.'' 3. Rex


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[ 19 ] The wood is 2 furlongs in length, and 1 furlong and 24 acres broad. The whole is worth 8 pounds. Alured of Spain holds 5 hides, which Nigellus claims. By the tetimony of the hire this land belonged T.R.E. to the church.

2. The King holds Bedvinde. King Edward held it. It was never aeed nor hided. Here are 79 ploughlands; 12 of which, with 18 ervants, are in demene; and 80 villagers, 60 cottagers, and 14 coliberts, occupy the other 67 ploughlands. Eight mills pay 100 hillings. Here are 2 woods, 3 miles long, and a mile and a half broad: 200 acres of meadow; and the pature is a mile and a half in length, and 3 quarters of a mile in breadth. Twenty-five burgees belong to this manor. This town provides one night's entertainment for the King's houhold, with all uual cutoms. There was a grove T.R.E. in this manor, 3 quarters of a mile long and 3 Rh


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Page:EB1911 - Volume 01.djvu/42

 Istria, 56 m. S.E. of Trieste by rail. Pop. (1900) 2343. It is situated on the Gulf of Quarnero in a sheltered position at the foot of the Monte Maggiore (4580 ft.), and is surrounded by beautiful woods of laurel. The average temperature is 50° Fahr. in winter, and 77° Fahr. in summer. The old abbey, San Giacomo della Priluca, from which the place derives its name, has been converted into a villa. Abbazia is frequented annually by about 16,000 visitors. The whole sea-coast to the north and south of Abbazia is rocky and picturesque, and contains several smaller winter-resorts. The largest of them is Lovrana (pop. 513), situated 5 m. to the south. ABBESS (Lat. abbatissa, fem. form of abbas, abbot), the female superior of an abbey or convent of nuns. The mode of election, position, rights and authority of an abbess correspond generally with those of an (q.v.). The office is elective, the choice being by the secret votes of the sisters from their own body. The abbess is solemnly admitted to her office by episcopal benediction, together with the conferring of a staff and pectoral cross, and holds for life, though liable to be deprived for misconduct. The council of Trent fixed the qualifying age at forty, with eight years of profession. Abbesses have a right to demand absolute obedience of their nuns, over whom they exercise discipline, extending even to the power of expulsion, subject, however, to the bishop. As a female an abbess is incapable of performing the spiritual functions of the priesthood belonging to an abbot. She cannot ordain, confer the veil, nor excommunicate. In England abbesses attended ecclesiastical councils, e.g. that of Becanfield in 694, where they signed before the presbyters.

By Celtic usage abbesses presided over joint-houses of monks and nuns. This custom accompanied Celtic monastic missions to France and Spain, and even to Rome itself. At a later period, 1115, Robert, the founder of Fontevraud, committed the government of the whole order, men as well as women, to a female superior.

In the German Evangelical church the title of abbess (Aebtissin) has in some cases—e.g. Itzehoe—survived to designate the heads of abbeys which since the Reformation have continued as Stifte, i.e. collegiate foundations, which provide a home and an income for unmarried ladies, generally of noble birth, called canonesses (Kanonissinen) or more usually Stiftsdamen. This office of abbess is of considerable social dignity, and is sometimes filled by princesses of the reigning houses. ABBEVILLE, a town of northern France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Somme, on the Somme, 12 m. from its mouth in the English Channel, and 28 m. N.W. of Amiens on the Northern railway. Pop. (1901) 18,519; (1906) 18,971. It lies in a pleasant and fertile valley, and is built partly on an island and partly on both sides of the river, which is canalized from this point to the estuary. The streets are narrow, and the houses are mostly picturesque old structures, built of wood, with many quaint gables and dark archways. The most remarkable building is the church of St Vulfran, erected in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. The original design was not completed. The nave has only two bays and the choir is insignificant. The façade is a magnificent specimen of the flamboyant Gothic style, flanked by two Gothic towers. Abbeville has several other old churches and an hôtel-de-ville, with a belfry of the 13th century. Among the numerous old houses, that known as the Maison de François Iᵉʳ, which is the most remarkable, dates from the 16th century. There is a statue of Admiral Courbet (d. 1885) in the chief square. The public institutions include tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a board of trade-arbitrators, and a communal college. Abbeville is an important industrial centre; in addition to its old-established manufacture of cloth, hemp-spinning, sugar-making, ship-building and locksmiths’ work are carried on; there is active commerce in grain, but the port has little trade.

Abbeville, the chief town of the district of Ponthieu, first appears in history during the 9th century. At that time belonging to the abbey of St Riquier, it was afterwards governed by the counts of Ponthieu. Together with that county, it came into the possession of the Alençon and other French families, and afterwards into that of the house of Castille, from whom by marriage it fell in 1272 to Edward I., king of England. French and English were its masters by turns till 1435 when, by the treaty of Arras, it was ceded to the duke of Burgundy. In 1477 it was annexed by Louis XI., king of France, and was held by two illegitimate branches of the royal family in the 16th and 17th centuries, being in 1696 reunited to the crown. ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852–  ), American painter, was born at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on the 1st of April 1852. He left the schools of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts at the age of nineteen to enter the art department of the publishing house of Harper & Brothers in New York, where, in company with such men as Howard Pyle, Charles Stanley Reinhart, Joseph Pennell and Alfred Parsons, he became very successful as an illustrator. In 1878 he was sent by the Harpers to England to gather material for illustrations of the poems of Robert Herrick. These, published in 1882, attracted much attention, and were followed by illustrations for Goldsmith’s She Stoops to Conquer (1887), for a volume of Old Songs (1889), and for the comedies (and a few of the tragedies) of Shakespeare. His water-colours and pastels were no less successful than the earlier illustrations in pen and ink. Abbey now became closely identified with the art life of England, and was elected to the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours in 1883. Among his water-colours are “The Evil Eye” (1877); “The Rose in October” (1879); “An Old Song” (1886); “The Visitors” (1890), and “The Jongleur” (1892). Possibly his best known pastels are “Beatrice,” “Phyllis,” and “Two Noble Kinsmen.” In 1890 he made his first appearance with an oil painting, “A May Day Morn,” at the Royal Academy in London. He exhibited “Richard duke of Gloucester and the Lady Anne” at the Royal Academy in 1896, and in that year was elected A.R.A., becoming a full R.A. in 1898. Apart from his other paintings, special mention must be made of the large frescoes entitled “The Quest of the Holy Grail,” in the Boston Public Library, on which he was occupied for some years; and in 1901 he was commissioned by King Edward VII. to paint a picture of the coronation, containing many portraits elaborately grouped. The dramatic subjects, and the brilliant colouring of his oil pictures, gave them pronounced individuality among the works of contemporary painters. Abbey became a member not only of the Royal Academy, but also of the National Academy of Design of New York, and honorary member of the Royal Bavarian Society, the Société Nationale des Beaux Arts (Paris), the American Water-Colour Society, etc. He received first class gold medals at the International Art Exhibition of Vienna in 1898, at Philadelphia in 1898, at the Paris Exhibitions of 1889 and 1900, and at Berlin in 1903; and was made a chevalier of the French Legion of Honour. ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father), a monastery, or conventual establishment, under the government of an or an. A priory only differed from an abbey in that the superior bore the name of prior instead of abbot. This was the case in all the English conventual cathedrals, e.g. Canterbury, Ely, Norwich, &c., where the archbishop or bishop occupied the abbot’s place, the superior of the monastery being termed prior. Other priories were originally offshoots from the larger abbeys, to the abbots of which they continued subordinate; but in later times the actual distinction between abbeys and priories was lost.

The earliest Christian monastic communities (see ) with which we are acquainted consisted of groups of cells or huts collected about a common centre, which was usually the abode of some anchorite celebrated for superior holiness or singular asceticism, but without any attempt at orderly arrangement. The formation of such communities in the East does not date from the introduction of Christianity. The example had been already set by the Essenes in Judea and the Therapeutae in Egypt.

In the earliest age of Christian monasticism the ascetics were accustomed to live singly, independent of one another, at no great distance from some village, supporting themselves by the labour of their own hands, and distributing the surplus after the supply of their own scanty wants to the poor. Increasing religious

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 01.djvu/42


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Craigie, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Harriott, John


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 27.djvu/435

 the compiled than in the original part of his work, Roger is a sober and careful narrator. He gives much attention to legal and constitutional details, and supplies many accurate notices of foreign affairs. His readiness to accept miraculous stories has suggested to Bishop Stubbs an interesting discussion of the question how far such credulity in an author affects his credibility (, iv. pref. xiv–xxiv). Several manuscripts of Hoveden's ‘Cronica’ are extant; the most important is that in the British Museum, MS. Reg. 14. C. 2, reaching to 1180; though not the author's draught it is a very fine manuscript of probably the end of the twelfth century, with annotations perhaps by the author himself. The companion volume, Bodleian MSS. Laud. 582, from 1181 to 1201, is ‘primarily a fair copy, but gradually running into the form of an original draught’ (cf. also Brit. Mus. Arundel MS. 69). The work was first printed by Sir Henry Savile in his ‘Scriptores post Bedam,’ 1596, reprinted at Frankfort in 1601, and has been edited with a new text, prefaces, and other apparatus by Bishop Stubbs in four vols. for the Rolls Series, 1868–71. Extracts were made from manuscript by Leland in his ‘Collectanea,’ and from Savile's edition by Leibnitz in his ‘Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium.’ A large portion, also from Savile's edition, is in the ‘Recueil des Historiens.’

 HOVENDEN or HOVEDEN, ROBERT (1544–1614), warden of All Souls' College, Oxford, born in 1544, was the eldest son of William Hoveden or Hovenden of Canterbury. He was educated at Oxford, was elected a fellow of All Souls' College in 1565, and graduated B.A. in the following year, and M.A. in 1570. He became chaplain to Archbishop Parker, and in 1570 or 1571 held the prebend of Clifton in Lincoln Cathedral (, ii. 133). On 12 Nov. 1571 he succeeded Richard Barber as warden of the college. In 1575 he supplicated for the degree of B.D., but proceeded no further until 1580, when he performed all the exercises for the degrees of B.D. and D.D., making the pretensions of the pope the subject of his disputations. He was licensed as D.D. in 1581. In 1582 he filled the office of vice-chancellor of the university. In 1581 he was holding, with his wardenship, the prebend of Henstridge in the cathedral of Bath and Wells, and in 1589 the third prebend in Canterbury Cathedral.

Hovenden entered on his duties as warden of All Souls while the college was striving to preserve the ‘monuments of superstition’ in the chapel from demolition, but in December 1573 the orders of the commissioners in the matter were too stringent to be any longer disobeyed. Hovenden exerted himself, however, to secure the profitable management of the college estates. He caused to be made a series of maps of the collegiate property which are still in existence. He successfully resisted the request of Queen Elizabeth that the college would grant a lease of certain lands to Lady Stafford on terms which would have been disadvantageous to the college, although the lady herself offered the warden 100l. for the accommodation (cf. the correspondence on the subject between Hovenden and Elizabeth's ministers and others in Collectanea, Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 180 seq.). Hovenden succeeded in recovering for the college the rectory of Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, which had been granted to it by Cardinal Pole, but resumed by the crown on the accession of Elizabeth. He completed the warden's lodgings, which had been commenced about fifteen years before; enlarged the grounds of the college by adding the site of a house known as ‘The Rose,’ where there was a famous well; rearranged the old library, now disused, and converted into rooms; introduced a better system of keeping the college books and accounts; and put in order and catalogued the archives. An oaken cabinet in the record room still bears his name, written with his own hand.

Hovenden rigorously upheld his authority within the college. With the aid of the visitor, Archbishop Grindal, he compelled fellows who desired to practise law or medicine in London to vacate their fellowships (cf. his contest with Henry Wood, one of the fellows, as related in, Parker, ii. 105). He carefully scrutinised claims to fellowships on the plea of founder's kin.

The principal alteration which he made in the constitution of the college was the admission of poor scholars (servientes), who in 1612 numbered thirty-one, but they were discontinued during the Commonwealth, and are now represented only by four bible clerks. Hovenden died on 25 March 1614, and was buried in the college chapel, where is his monument with an inscription (cf., Colleges and Halls). Hovenden married Katherine, eldest daughter of Thomas Powys of Abingdon, and is doubtfully said to have had a daughter, Elizabeth, wife of


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 Edward Chaloner, second son of Sir Thomas Chaloner of Steeple Claydon, Buckinghamshire. There is a bust of Hovenden in the Codrington library at All Souls, executed by Sir Henry Cheere.

He had two younger brothers. Christopher (1559–1610) was a fellow of All Souls College (1575–81), member of the Middle Temple, and rector of Stanton Harcourt (by presentation of All Souls). He was buried at Stanton Harcourt in 1610, having married Margery Powys, sister of the warden's wife. The warden erected a monument over his grave. The second brother, George (1562–1625), was rector of Harrietsham, Kent, a living also in the gift of All Souls, and held the tenth prebend in Canterbury Cathedral from 15 Dec. 1609 till his death at Oxford 24 Oct. 1625 (, i. 58). Both brothers secured beneficial leases of college property.

Hovenden wrote a life of Archbishop Chichele, the founder of All Souls' College, which was used by Sir Arthur Duck [q. v.] in his life of the archbishop (1617), and a catalogue of the wardens and fellows of the college.

[Professor Burrows's Worthies of All Souls, pp. 93–120; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ii. 144, 373; Wood's Antiquities of the Colleges and Halls at Oxford, ed. Gutch, p. 291; Hasted's Kent, iv. 449; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 49, 190, ii. 133, iii. 476, 560; Archives of All Souls' College; Collectanea (Oxf. Hist. Soc.), i. 180–247, and especially p. 188.]


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hovenden, Robert


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Again, welcome! Beeswaxcandle (talk) 07:58, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:PnakoticInquisitor


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lambart, Richard Ford William


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/7

 DICTIONARY NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

LEIGHTON, ALEXANDER (1568–1649), physician and divine, was descended from an ancient family which possessed the estate of Ulyshaven, near Montrose. He graduated M.A. at St. Andrews. Settling in London he practised medicine in defiance of the College of Physicians. He is apparently the ‘Alexander Lichton Anglus Londinensis’ who was admitted a student of Leyden University on 9 Sept. 1617, and subsequently graduated M.D. there (, Reg. Leyden Students, p. 61). In 1624 he published ‘Speculum Belli Sacri, or the Looking Glass of the Holy War,’ a book against Romanism which involved him in much trouble. Some years later he prepared a petition to parliament against episcopacy, to which he obtained many influential signatures. He took this to the continent and expanded it into a book—‘An Appeal to the Parliament, or Sion's Plea against the Prelacie,’ which was published in Holland in 1628. The frontispiece represented the bishops in an odious light, and the work itself is lavish in abusive epithets. The book was not only a virulent attack on prelacy, but ‘an appeal to political presbyterianism to take the sword in hand.’ During his residence abroad Leighton was ordained (March 1629) and inducted to the charge of an English church in Utrecht, but he refused to keep the Christian festivals as observed there, and after six months resigned and returned to London. Besides his strictures on episcopacy, his violent abuse of the queen made Leighton a marked man. Copies of ‘Sion's Plea’ having fallen into the hands of the authorities, he was seized, 17 Feb. 1630, while leaving Blackfriars Church, on a warrant from the high commission court, and dragged to Newgate, where he was ‘clapt in irons’ and cast into ‘a loathsome and ruinous doghole full of rats and mice.’ In June he was tried by the Star-chamber court, in his absence from illness, and was sentenced to pay 10,000l., to be degraded from holy orders, to be then brought to the pillory at Westminster and whipped, to have one of his ears cut off, one side of his nose slit, and his face branded with S.S., for sower of sedition, to be then carried back to prison, and after a few days to be pilloried in Cheapside and whipped, to have his other ear cut off and other nostril slit, and then to be imprisoned for life. In the ‘Epitome’ of his sufferings (1646) Leighton states that when Laud heard the sentence he ‘off with his cap, and holding up his hands gave thanks to God, who had given him the victory over his enemies.’ On 4 Nov. 1630 he was brought before the high commission court, when he declined its jurisdiction and refused to take off his hat. He was then degraded from orders and sent back to prison to await the rest of his sentence, but on the night before it was to have been executed he made his escape by the help of two of his countrymen, Livingstone and Anderson. A hue and cry was sent out, in which he was described as a man of low stature, fair complexion, yellowish beard, high forehead, and between forty and fifty years of age. He was cap-