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 vertically above the bud—i.e., the sixth leaf up the stem. Knowing this, we of course know how the branch is joined to the stem. Several other small strands also are formed, as at z, to complete the filling up the gap, and these may be called completing bundles. These connecting and completing bundles enable the young shoot as it develops from the bud to inclose its own pith in a cylinder of vascular tissue continuous with that of the parent shoot.

We thus see that the vascular bundles form a connected system in the leaves, buds (i.e., young branches), and stem, and it only remains to add that they are joined below to those of the root-system, with which, in fact, they took origin in the very young embryo. Hence, if we were to remove the whole of the softer tissues of the oak-plant, we should have a model of it left in the form of a more or less open basket-work of vascular bundles. It is necessary to bear this in mind, as some important conclusions follow from it subsequently.

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 placed cylindrical cells, standing end to end; it is because the adjacent ends become resorbed and disappear that the rows of cells at length form long, continuous tubes—vessels, or tracheæ.

Turning once more to the transverse section, as the eye follows the bundle radially outward the lumina of the vessels in the radial rows are found to become wider and wider, until we meet with vessels with diameters many times greater than that of the pith-cells. The walls of these wider vessels, however, are not strengthened with spiral thickenings, but are thickened and furnished with bordered pits, the shape and characters of which are best seen from the illustrations (Figs. 14-16). These larger vessels are not always associated with the radial rows of spiral vessels, but may be scattered between them.

The vessels intermediate between the spiral and the pitted ones are thickened sometimes with reticulations. All these larger vessels have septa inclined towards the medullary rays, and perforated with several long, oval, parallel, horizontal holes: hence the segments are easily macerated and distinguished, and their lengths are found to be variable (Fig. 16, pv).

The large pitted vessels form groups with parenchyma and wood-cells scattered between, and are confined chiefly to the inner parts, forming radiating series side by side; in the outer parts of the bundle are various groups of smaller vessels—the groups being rounded, or in radial rows, or curved or oblique rows.

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 about six to ten fibers end in a single parenchyma cell, and thus are formed short, tangential rows of wood-parenchyma cells, intercalated, as it were, between the radial rows of other elements (Fig. 12, p). It often happens, moreover, that reticulated and pitted vessels are closely surrounded by wood-parenchyma.

The secondary medullary rays exist as single radial rows of cells, agreeing in form, etc., with the cells of the primary medullary rays. In contact with one another or with wood-parenchyma their walls have simple pits, but they have bordered pits where they abut on tracheids or vessels. In winter these cells are filled with starch. On tangential sections (Fig. 15) it is easy to see how the vertical groups of cells have the same origin as the groups of wood-parenchyma cells—the difference being that the cambial cells which are going to be transformed by horizontal divisions, etc., into vertical rows of ray parenchyma, undergo repeated tangential longitudinal divisions, and so continued radial rows are formed. The cells of these rays are often much shorter than those of the wood-parenchyma, yet all gradations occur. The mother-cells may be very long, evidently corresponding to two, and they may also divide in the radial longitudinal plane, and the ray become biseriate.

These secondary rays start (on the transverse section) from the first large vessels, or from younger ones, or they may start from other points. The ray may sometimes cease within the first year's bundle: but the difficulty

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 comes in of deciding whether a continuation occurs at a higher or lower level.

The cells of the cambium, seen in transverse section, are rectangular in shape and arranged in regular radial rows, owing to the regular tangential divisions (Fig. 12, n, m). In longitudinal sections they are found to be like the tracheids in shape and size, so that they stand one behind the other at the same level. Regarding the tangential series in rings, however, they are less regular, because the tangential longitudinal divisions of two cells side by side do not lie in the same tangential plane. This regular radial arrangement would be found in the xylem also, and is so to a certain extent, but it is disturbed by the differences in diameter which the various elements attain later. The fibers are most apt to preserve the regularity, but in many cases growth in length, and the intercalation of oblique septa, disturb it.

In later years the length of the cambial cells increases, and hence the length of the elements in the wood.

The phloëm or bast of the individual bundle is separated from its neighbors by large rays of parenchyma, the cells of which agree with the secondary bast-parenchyma rays. As these pass into the cortex they widen, as they do at the pith (Fig. 12).

The oldest portion of the phloëm—that next the cortex—consists of a group of thick-walled bast fibers with their lumina nearly obliterated; these are long, spindle-shaped fibers much like the fibers of the wood.

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 As a rule, the outer and inner side of these bast groups are in contact with vertical rows of nearly cubical parenchyma cells, strongly thickened on the side next the bast, and each nearly filled with a crystalline clump or with an imperfectly formed crystal of oxalate of lime. Similar vertical rows of crystal cells may also occur within the groups of bast fibers, the walls of the cubical cells being more or less thickened and simply pitted. Occasionally a cell here and there retains thin walls. The vertical rows result from cross-divisions of prosenchymatous mother-cells, the conical ends being found in macerations.

Within the groups of bast fibers are yet other rows, similarly formed, of parenchyma (Fig. 17, bp), the cells of which are longer, however, attaining the length of the wood-parenchyma; like the latter also their walls are lignified and rather thick, and they contain starch in the winter. Thus we have parenchyma in the bast. Transitions between these two forms of parenchyma cells are also found.

The cells of the rays between the bast fibers are thickened and pitted; they are rounded, and not in vertical series as in the rest of the rays, but are scattered in no particular order. Sometimes they are few, and one or all with very thick walls perforated by pit-canals (Fig. 17, bs).

The remaining younger part of the bast consists chiefly of delicate, apparently irregular parenchyma cells with cellulose walls; this is easily traced to the

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 cambium. The radial rows of the latter can be followed for some distance, the radial diameter of the cells increasing, the walls thickening, and the rectangular shape changing. Displacements from the radial arrangement then occur. A few cells assume a nearly circular form (i. e., in transverse section), and the larger ones are effective in causing displacements. The bast cells developed earlier, and therefore more distant from the cambium zone, now lie in the perceptibly large periphery, and thus undergo tangential extension or radial compression, and so undergo changes of form. Besides these alterations in form and position, the more delicate bast elements increase in numbers by the development of perpendicular division walls; this is quite clear in those parts nearest the cambium, but farther out, where great irregularity occurs, it is impossible to say which cells have arisen direct from the cambium and which by these later divisions. Still, certain thin septa betray their late origin.

On tangential sections we see elongated, pointed, interpectinating cells, with secondary rays of parenchyma between, showing that these are formed and continued by the cambium. Each pointed cell has proceeded from a cambium cell, and indeed only differs in its thicker walls and pits. These cells are still simple, or here and there have a transverse septum obliquely across. If the tangential section is in a slightly older portion, most of the above cells are found to be septate and cut up into parenchyma-like cells—irregular bast-parenchyma. The

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 walls, especially the longitudinal walls, are marked either with crowded small pits giving a reticulate appearance, or have sieve-plates; all intermediate stages occur also. The transverse walls are also pitted with sieve-plates.

All the cells of the soft bast contain tannin, and small grains which turn brown in iodine (leucoplasts?). Very little starch is found in them except in winter. Crystals occur in pitted cells here and there (Fig. 18, d and e).

Even in the first year the cambium may produce small groups of thick-walled bast fibers of exactly the same character as those of the primordial groups.

It is obvious that while the wood elements remain fixed in the cylindrical surface where they are developed, the bast elements formed outside the cambium, being driven outward in consequence of growth in thickness, come to lie in a layer of continually increasing radius. If these last elements were unyielding and lignified there would be a solid sheath of elements which refused to extend by mechanical distention, cell division, or growth of cell-walls; this would finally rupture under the pressure from within. This is prevented by the division and growth of the chief phloëm-elements.

In the vascular-bundle system of the stem there are no essential differences in structure as we pass from one region to another; the only variations are in the thickness or breadth of the bundles at different points, such as where other bundles join or leave them. As the leaf-trace passes into the venation of the leaf the ends

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 vessels only. As the trace passes through the cortex to the leaf the actual number of both xylem- and phloëm- elements diminishes; hence it comes about that the bundles in the leaves consist to a relatively large extent of spiral vessels in the xylem and of sieve-tubes in the phloëm. As the bundles leave the midrib and larger veins the true continuous vessels disappear altogether, and only spindle-shaped tracheids with reticulated or spiral thickenings occur, fitting obliquely at their pointed ends, and which are shorter and shorter as we approach the ends of the bundles.

The phloëm also is at length reduced to little more than one or two sieve-tubes, the segments of which are shorter and shorter as we near the end. The shortening of the elements is in evident correlation with the early cessation of growth in length of the parts of the leaf, and the diminution of the number of elements with the decreased supply of fluids, etc., on the one hand, and the smaller weight and strains to be supported on the other.

We may sum up the changes in structure towards the ends of the vascular bundles thus: The thickening of the walls is less, and the elements become narrower and shorter; the xylem becomes simplified by the loss of fibers and vessels, until finally only delicate tracheids are left (Fig. 21), the thickenings of which are at length not spirals or nets for the most part, but irregular pittings. Moreover, they are nearly isolated. Nevertheless, the inner elements can be distinguished as primary

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 tracheal elements, because, being earlier formed, they partook more in what elongation occurred, and their spirals, for instance, are wider apart.

In the midrib, in proportion as the structural changes go on, the bundles approach one another, the separating parenchyma becoming narrower and narrower. The pith consists of parenchyma, chiefly unlignified and with simple pits, but as the bundles are approached the cells become longer and lignified; the rays between the xylem groups are also lignified.

Towards autumn the cells of the pith and rays fill with starch; this is nearly, but not quite, all resorbed before the leaf falls.

The termination of the bundles in the leaf consists only of a few narrow spiral and reticulated cells, which at last become very short and variable in shape, and of a few small sieve elements and cells (see Chapter VI).

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Page:First Voyage Round the World.djvu/40

 Contract and Agreement made by the King of Castile with Fernan Magellan for the discovery which he was to make, a copy of which he carried with him, signed by the Officers of the King of Castile, and made by his Secretary Fernan de los Cobos, and copied word for word. Gav. 18, Maço 10, No. 4.

Certificate given in Seville that the commendador Fernan de Magallanes, and the bachelor Ruy Faleiro, Portuguese, presented themselves at the Audiencia on the fourth of May, of 1518, before Dr. Sancho de Matienzo, the contador Juan Lopez de Ricalde, and the factor Juan de Aranda, judges and fiscals of their Highnesses, of the India House, residing in this city, in the presence of Juan Gutierrez Calderon, clerk of their H.H., and his Notary public, on behalf of Diego de Porras, chief clerk in civil and criminal causes of the said India House; and they presented to the judges two capitulations written on paper and signed by his Highness, and one sealed with a seal of coloured wax at the back and other necessary signatures, and two royal orders (cedulas) of H.H. signed with his royal name, all written by the secretary Fernan de los Cobos, the tenour of all which, one after another, is as follows.

The King:

"Since you, Fernando de Magallanes, a knight, native of the Kingdom of Portugal, and the bachelor Ruy Faleiro, also a native of that kingdom, wish to render us a great service in the limits which belong to us in the ocean within the bounds of our demarcation, we order the following capitulation to be established with you for that purpose."


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User talk:182.178.114.198

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title: User talk:182.178.114.198


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Page:Tracts for the Times Vol 1.djvu/465

, called also Theophorus, to Polycarp, of the Church at Smyrna, Bishop and Superintendant: yea, rather himself superintended by the, and the , All hail!

I. thy disposition which is to God ward, founded as upon an immoveable rock, I glorify Him, in that I have been honoured by thy holy presence, and praying that I may rejoice in it through. I beseech thee, by the grace of God, wherewith thou art invested, to press onwards in thy course, and to exhort all unto salvation. Maintain thy station in all diligence, both of body and soul; study to preserve that unity, than which nothing is better. Endure all men, as the has also endured thee; continue, as thou dost, to bear with all men in love; devote thyself to prayer without ceasing; seek for more understanding than thou hast; watch with an unwearied spirit; speak unto every one as  shall enable thee: as a practised combatant, endure the weaknesses of all; for where labour abounds, there also abounds gain.

II. For in that thou lovest the good disciples, what thank hast thou? yea, rather with mildness bring into subjection the more mischievous. For every wound is not treated with the same


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 ; but violent paroxysms are to be assuaged by emollient medicines. Be in all things "wise as the serpent, and harmless as the dove." For this end art thou formed of flesh and spirit, that thou mayest soften the things which are in thy sight: but pray that the things which are invisible may be revealed unto thee, that thou mayest want in nothing, but abound in every gift of. The present season demands thee, as pilots the wind, as the storm-tost mariner his desired haven, that thou attain unto. Be temperate, as Champion; the reward is incorruption, and eternal life: in which also thy faith is firm. In all things, my soul is as thine, and so are my bonds which thou hast loved.

III. Be not dismayed at those who seem worthy of trust, and yet teach new doctrines: stand firm, as the anvil under the stroke, for he is a mighty champion, who though buffetted, yet overcometh. But above all, for the sake of God, we must endure all, that He also may endure us. Become more and more zealous: study the times; await Him who is above all time, the Eternal, the Invisible, (who yet for us men became visible,) the Impalpable, the Impassible: who yet for our salvation became subject unto suffering, and endured all things.

IV. Let not the widows be neglected, for thou under the Lord art their guardian; let nothing be done without thy sanction, neither thyself do any thing without the sanction of ; which thing indeed thy constancy suffers thee not to do. Let your assemblies be held more frequently. Seek out and address all by name. Slight not the slaves; yet suffer them not to be puffed up, but let them rather serve the more diligently unto the glory of God, that from Him they may obtain a more perfect freedom. Let them not seek to be emancipated at the public cost, lest they be found to be the slaves of their own desires.

V. Avoid evil arts; nay, rather mention them not at all. Speak unto my sisters, that they love the, and be content, in will as in deed, with their husbands. Exhort also my brethren in the name of, that they love their wives, even as the loveth the Church. If any one can remain in chastity, to the honour of the flesh of our, let him do so in all humility. If he boast, he is already lost; yea, if he reveal it to any one, save


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 the Bishop, he is corrupted. It is fitting for those who purpose matrimony, to accomplish their union with the sanction of the Bishop; that their marriage may be godly, and not according to lust. Let all things be done to the honour of.

VI. Hearken unto your Bishop, that may also hearken unto you. My soul is as the soul of them who are in subjection to their Bishop, their Presbyters, their Deacons; and may my portion be with them in the ! Labour together, strive together, run together, suffer together, lie down together, rise up together, as the stewards, the ministers, and the servants of God. Seek to please Him, whose soldiers ye are, and whose wages ye receive. Let none of you be a deserter: let your baptism remain, for it is your armour; your faith, a helmet; your love, a spear; your long-suffering, a coat of mail. Let your deposits be your good works, that ye may finally receive the portion earned by your service. Be patient with one another in mildness, as is with you. May I rejoice in you alway!

VII. But as it has been disclosed to me that the Church of Antioch in Syria, through your prayers, is at peace, I have rather been of good cheer in secure reliance on God, (if through suffering I shall attain unto Him,) that by your prayers also I may be found in the resurrection a true disciple. It is meet, O most blessed Polycarp, that thou shouldst call together a holy council, and choose some one, well-beloved and zealous, that he may be called Messenger; and to appoint him to go into Syria, that he may make manifest your zealous love, to the glory of. A Christian is not master of himself, but is devoted to service. This work is, and your's, when you have accomplished it. For I trust in the Grace which is in you, that ye are ready to every good work which appertaineth unto ; and therefore, as I know your zeal for the truth, my exhortation has been brief.

VIII. Since I have not been able to write to all the Churches, because I have been suddenly called upon to sail from Troas to Neapolis, do thou write to those which are nearest to thee, knowing that will is that they shall do the same onwards, sending, if possible, messengers; if not, entrusting their Epistles to those whom thou shalt send, that ye may all be glorified for ever, as ye


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 are worthy. I salute all by name; and especially the wife of Epitropus, with her household and family. I salute Attalus my beloved. I salute him who shall be chosen to go into Syria; that the grace of may be with him alway in my prayer, through our ; in whom may you continue in the unity of, and under His protection. Salute Alce, my well-beloved. Farewell in the !


text: Tracts for the Times/Record IV

title: Tracts for the Times/Record IV


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, which is also Theophorus, to the Holy Church that is in Tralles in Asia, beloved of, the Father of , chosen, godlike, having peace through the flesh and blood and passion of , (who is our hope in the following of His resurrection,) which I salute in the plenitude of my Apostolic character, and pray that it may have all joy.

I. I know the reproachless spirit, and unfailing unanimity, that not by occasion, but habitually belong to you; which also were set forth to me by Polybius your Bishop, who, by will and the will of, was present in Smyrna, and so rejoiced with me in my bonds for , that in his person you were all before my eyes. So that meeting with this godly kindness in him, I reckon on finding you, (as I have also known you,) the followers of.

II. For in that you are subject to your Bishop as to, you seem to me to be living not after the way of men, but according to ; who died for your sakes, that by believing in His death ye may from death escape. It is therefore your bounden duty, as it also is your practice, to do nothing apart from the Bishop. Be subject moreover to the Presbytery, as to the Apostles of our hope: may we be found to have had our conversation in Him! It is requisite too, that they who are Deacons [ministers] of the mysteries of, should be obliging to all men in every manner; for they are not ministers


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 [deacons] of meat and drink, but servants of Church: they must therefore guard against reproach as against fire.

III. Likewise let all men give heed to the Deacons, as to an institution of ; and to the Bishop, as to the image of ; and to the Presbyters as to the Council of and the Company of Apostles. Without these the name of Church is not. On which points I am persuaded that you hold with me; for I found and retain with me a specimen of your love in the person of your Bishop; whose whole constitution of mind is an instructive lesson, and his meekness full of power. I suppose that even Atheists respect him. Though able to write on this point, thus far only I mean to do so, lest a convict such as I should be giving laws to you like an Apostle.

IV. has granted to me the knowledge of many things; but I controul myself, lest I perish in my boasting: for now I must be especially fearful, and hold off from them that puff me up. For they who make me their talk, inflict a persecution upon me. I am well contented to suffer, yet I know not that I am worthy to do so. My zeal, known but to few, is the more excited in myself. I have need therefore of that moderation, whereby the Prince of this world is brought to nought.

V. Am I unable to write to you of spiritual things? I am not unable, but fear lest I should bring an injury on infants such as you. Excuse therefore my doing so; lest from inability to receive my words, you be choked of them. For even I, prisoner as I am, am not enabled to behold the things that are in Heaven, the marshalling of the Angels, the stations of the celestial Powers, visible things and things invisible, but herein I am but a learner. For many things are placed beyond our capacity, lest we cease to have dependence on.

VI. I exhort you, therefore, (yet not I, but the love of ,) to use only the Christian nourishment, and to abstain from the strange herb, which is heresy. For the heretics receiving credit on the score of worldly reputation, invest Christianity with poison; offering as it were their fatal drug in a sop; and he who knows it not, accepteth death with a ready and fatal welcome.

VII. From such men keep yourselves guarded. And guarded ye will be, if ye are not puffed up, nor separated from our, and from the Bishop, and from the rules laid down by


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 the Apostles. He that is within the altar is pure: he that is without, whoever, namely, acts independently of the Bishop, the Presbytery, and the Deacons, is a man of unclean conscience.

VIII. I am not aware that there is aught of this kind in you, but, for the love I bear you, I put you on your guard, foreseeing as I do the snares of the Devil. Do you therefore, gathering a spirit of meekness, stablish yourselves in Faith, which is the flesh of the, and in Love, which is the blood of. Let none of you find a fault in his neighbour. Give no occasion to the heathen; lest, on the score of a foolish, the godly many be evil spoken of; for "woe unto him, because of whose levity My name is evil spoken of by any."

IX. Turn then a deaf ear to any man who departs in what he says from, who was of the seed of David, and born of Mary; who verily was born, did eat and did drink; verily was persecuted, under Pontius Pilate; verily was crucified and died, being seen of them that are in Heaven, of them that are on earth, and of them that are under the earth; who verily also was raised from the dead, His raising ; in the likeness whereto, us also who believe in  shall His  raise up through , without whom the real life belongs not to us.

X. But if, (as some godless men, which are unbelievers, assert,) it was only His shade that suffered, (whereas they are but a shade,) how came I to be in bonds? and why do I rejoice in the prospect of "fighting with beasts?" In such case I perish to no purpose, and belie my.

XI. Avoid then those mischievous offshoots, fruitful of death, the which if a man taste he shall die thereby; for these were not planted of the. For if they were, we should see them growing from the Cross, and their fruit would be unto eternal life; in accordance whereto He in His passion inviteth you under the title of His own Members. The Head and the limbs cannot therefore have a separate existence, for hath promised their union, and Himself existeth therein.

XII. I send you my salutation from Smyrna, together with the: salutation of the Churches that are here with me, which have "every way refreshed me, both in body and spirit. My bonds supply you with a lesson; for I bear them for sake, praying that I may go to . Continue in one mind, and


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 assemble together for prayer; for it is right for every one of you, and for the Presbyters particularly, to refresh your Bishop's spirit, that so you may show honour to the, to , and to the Apostles. I pray that you may hear me in love; and that I may not, by writing this, be made a testimony against you. Likewise do you for my sake pray, (for I desire your love in the mercy of ,) that I may be held worthy of that destiny which I press on to gain, and may not become a castaway.

XIII. The love of the Smyrneans and Ephesians saluteth you. Remember in your prayers the Church that is in Syria, whereby I am not worthy to be called, being last among them. Be strong in ; subject to your Bishop as to the commandment, and to the Presbytery likewise. Love one another, every one of you, with an undivided heart. My spirit saluteth you; not now only, but when I shall have gone to. I have yet to fear for myself; but the Father is faithful in, to fulfil my prayer and yours. In Him may you be found blameless!


text: Tracts for the Times/Record V

title: Tracts for the Times/Record V


text:
Jerusalem. The Emanation of the Giant Albion/Plate 18

From every-one of the Four Regions of Human Majesty, There is an Outside spread Without, & an Outside spread Within Beyond the Outline of Identity both ways, which meet in One: An orbed Void of doubt, despair, hunger, & thirst & sorrow. Here the Twelve Sons of Albion, join'd in dark Assembly, Jealous of Jerusalems children, asham'd of her little-ones (For Vala produc'd the Bodies. Jerusalem gave the Souls) Became as Three Immense Wheels, turning upon one-another Into Non-Entity, and their thunders hoarse appall the Dead To murder their own Souls, to build a Kingdom among the Dead

Cast! Cast ye Jerusalem forth! The Shadow of delusions! The Harlot daughter! Mother of pity and dishonourable forgiveness Our Father Albions sin and shame! But father now no more! Nor sons! nor hateful peace & love, nor soft complacencies With transgressors meeting in brotherhood around the table, Or in the porch or garden. No more the sinful delights Of age and youth and boy and girl and animal and herb, And river and mountain, and city & village, and house & family. Beneath the Oak & Palm, beneath the Vine and Fig-tree. In self-denial!—But War and deadly contention, Between Father and Son, and light and love! All bold asperities Of Haters met in deadly strife, rending the house & garden The unforgiving porches, the tables of enmity, and beds And chambers of trembling & suspition, hatreds of age & youth And boy & girl, & animal & herb, & river & mountain And city & village, and house & family. That the Perfect, May live in glory, redeem'd by Sacrifice of the Lamb And of his children, before sinful Jerusalem. To build Babylon the City of Vala, the Goddess Virgin-Mother. She is our Mother! Nature! Jerusalem is our Harlot-Sister Return'd with Children of pollution, to defile our House, With Sin and Shame. Cast! Cast her into the Potters field. Her little-ones, She must slay upon our Altars: and her aged Parents must be carried into captivity, to redeem her Soul To be for a Shame & a Curse, and to be our Slaves for ever

So cry Hand & Hyle the eldest of the fathers of Albions Little-ones; to destroy the Divine Saviour; the Friend of Sinners, Building Castles in desolated places, and strong Fortifications. Soon Hand mightily devour'd & absorb'd Albions Twelve Sons. Out from his bosom a mighty Polypus, vegetating in darkness, And Hyle & Coban were his two chosen ones, for Emissaries In War: forth from his bosom they went and return'd. Like Wheels from a great Wheel reflected in the Deep. Hoarse turn'd the Starry Wheels, rending a way in Albions Loins Beyond the Night of Beulah. In a dark & unknown Night, Outstretch'd his Giant beauty on the ground in pain & tears:


text: History of England (Froude)/Chapter 5

title: History of England (Froude)/Chapter 5


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Sam said was true. There, gathered around a fire on the opposite side of the pond, were Dan Baxter, Jasper Grinder, and a tall, powerfully built fellow whom they easily guessed was Bill Harney, the guide. They had two sleds with them, and one of these had been unloaded and the camping outfit lay scattered around.

"Well, this is a surprise and no mistake!" was Tom's comment, in a low voice. "If I know anything about it, they must have done some quick traveling."

"I believe they followed the river, at least part of the way," returned the youngest Rover. "I see a pair of skates lying by one of the sleds."

"Do you suppose Dick and Mr. Barrow met them?"

"I don't believe they did. See, they have some rabbits they are going to cook. That accounts for the shots we heard."

Crouching down behind the bushes, the two Rovers watched the other party with interest. A


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140 lively conversation was going on between Dan Baxter and the former teacher of Putnam Hall, but they were too far off to catch anything of what was said.

"What do you propose doing next?" asked Sam, after a pause of several minutes. "It's mighty cold here."

"We may as well retreat, Sam. We don't want to expose ourselves, do we?"

"I don't suppose it would do any good—although I'm not afraid of Baxter, or Grinder either."

"It isn't that. If they know we have arrived here, they will do all they can to locate that treasure first. We want to keep dark and get ahead of them."

"But how shall we turn?"

"We'll have to go back to where we found the two trails crossed and then try the other one. I don't know of anything else to do."

"Wouldn't Dan Baxter be surprised, if he knew we were so close?"

"Well, we won't let him know."

"Why not?" demanded an unexpected voice from the rear.

Both boys started and turned around, to find themselves confronted by Lemuel Husty, the man Dick had seen in company with Baxter at Cedarville.


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Rh "Hullo, who are you?" asked Tom, as quickly as he could recover from his surprise.

"If you want to know real bad, youngster, my name is Lemuel Husty."

"I don't know you."

"But I know you—leas'wise I know of you," went on Husty, with a frown. "You're down on my friend Baxter, aint you?"

"If we are, we have a good reason to be," came from Sam.

"Perhaps you have, and then again, perhaps you haven't. It aint no nice thing to be cotched spying, though."

"We weren't spying. We came up quite by accident."

"You can tell that to the monkeys, but you can't tell it to me," growled Lemuel Husty. Then he raised his voice: "I say, Baxter! I say, you fellows! Come over here!"

The three around the camp-fire looked up in surprise, and were even more surprised when Husty waved his hand for them to come to him.

"What's wanted?" demanded Dan Baxter.

"I've found two of your very intimate friends spying on you," answered Husty.

"I guess we had better get out," whispered Sam to Tom, not liking the turn affairs had taken.

"I'm with you," returned Tom.


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142 "No, you don't!" cried Husty, and caught hold of the sled. "You just stay here until we talk this thing over."

Tom's hands were on his gun, and for the moment he felt like pointing the weapon at the man. But then he concluded that this would do small good, and the weapon remained where it was.

In a minute Dan Baxter came running across the pond, with Jasper Grinder and Bill Harney at his heels. Each of the advancing party carried some sort of firearms.

"Tom and Sam Rover!" ejaculated Baxter, and it was easy to see that he was completely surprised. "How did you get here?"

"Walked and skated," returned Tom, as coolly as he could.

"You've got a nerve to follow me and my party," went on Baxter, with an ugly scowl.

"As I just said to this man, Baxter, we haven't been following you," put in Sam. "We struck your trail by accident. We thought we were following"

"Never mind about that, Sam," interrupted Tom quickly.

"Who did you think you were following?" demanded Dan Baxter.

"It's none of your business, Baxter. We have as much right to be here as you have."


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Rh "Humph! Don't you suppose I know why you came?"

"More than likely you do, and we know why you came."

"Have you got another map?" demanded Baxter, in curiosity.

"It's none of your affair what we have. We stumbled upon you by accident, and if you haven't anything in particular to say to us we'll be going."

"You needn't leave so quickly. Where is Dick?"

"He isn't so very far off."

"You hired John Barrow for a guide, I heard," put in Bill Harney.

"If we did, we had a right to do it," said Sam.

"He don't know these parts as well as he might. If you don't look out he'll lose you in the mountains, and you'll never get home alive."

"Let him lose them," put in Baxter quickly. "It's what they deserve. But, come, it's cold over here. Let's move back to the fire. And I want you two to come along," he added, to the Rovers.

"We don't propose to come along," replied Tom.

"And I say you shall come, Tom Rover. We are four to two, and you had better submit."

"Yes, make them come," put in Jasper Grinder.


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144 "I want to have a talk with them." And he glared wickedly, first at Tom and then at Sam.

It must be confessed that Tom and Sam felt in anything but an enviable position. They knew Dan Baxter thoroughly, and knew he would stop at nothing to accomplish his purpose.

"The best thing you can do is to leave us alone," said Tom steadily. "You have always got the worst of the bargain, Dan Baxter, and if you try any game on now, you'll miss it again."

"I'll risk it, Tom Rover. Come now, and no more fooling. If you behave yourself, there won't be any trouble."

There was, then, nothing to do but to follow, for neither of the Rovers wished to lose this portion of the outfit. Soon the whole party were gathered around the fire, which Husty heaped high with brushwood. Back of the fire was a high cliff, topped with cedars, which kept off the wind and made the situation a fairly comfortable one.

"Now we had better come to an understanding," said Dan Baxter, as he warmed his hands. "We all know what we are out here for, so there is no use in mincing matters."

"I understand all I want to know," answered Tom briefly.

"So do I," put in Sam.

"Baxter shall settle with you, and then I'll


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Rh settle," growled Jasper Grinder. "I have not forgotten how I was treated at Putnam Hall because of you."

"It served you right that you were kicked out," said Sam, without stopping to think twice.

"Ha! you dare to talk to me in this fashion!" roared the former teacher. "I'll teach you a lesson! Just wait till I find a good switch!"

"Hold on, Grinder! one at a time," put in Dan Baxter. "I'll settle with them first, if you please."

"They deserve a thorough thrashing," grumbled the irate man.

"Now I want you to tell me the truth," went on Dan Baxter, addressing Tom and Sam. "Where did you get a map of that treasure? In the cave on that island?"

"We haven't said we had a map," returned Tom.

"But you must have a map—or something like it."

"Whatever we have, it's none of your business, Dan Baxter," broke in Sam.

"Shut up, you little imp! Don't you know you are in my power!" stormed Baxter, in a rage. "I can do as I please out here, and these three men will help me."

As he finished he caught Sam by the collar and began to shake him.


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146 "Let my brother alone!" ejaculated Tom. "Let up, I say!"

"I won't, Tom Rover. He's got to learn that I'm the master here," howled Baxter.

"If you don't let go, I'll hit you," went on Tom, and raised his right fist. But ere he could deliver the blow Bill Harney rushed behind him, caught him by the waist and threw him flat.

"That's right!" shouted Dan Baxter. "Make them both prisoners! I've got a big score to settle with them!"

And then all four fell upon Sam and Tom, and a fierce struggle ensued, the outcome of which was for some time hard to predict.


text: The Rover Boys in the Mountains/Chapter 18


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", it's mighty funny Tom and Sam don't come up."

It was Dick who spoke. He stood in the shelter of a number of walnut trees, and close at hand was John Barrow.

The pair had missed the others ten minutes before, and were now waiting impatiently for their reappearance.

"It can't be as how they missed the trail in this snow," said John Barrow soberly. "Let us shout for 'em."

They set up a shout, and waited impatiently for an answer. But none came, and they called again.

"We had better go back for them," said Dick, his face full of a troubled look. "I wouldn't have them get lost in this snowstorm for the world."

It was decided to leave the sled where it was, and soon they were hurrying along the back trail. But the snow and wind were against them, and they made slow progress.

"It will not be necessary to relate all the


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148 of the next three hours. In vain they looked for Tom and Sam. Not a trace of the missing lads could be discovered.

"This the worst yet!" groaned Dick, as he came to a halt, all out of breath. "I thought, all along, that they were keeping close behind us!"

"I told them to do so," returned the guide.

They had fired several shots, but the reports had failed, as we know, to reach the ears of the missing Rovers. They were now at their wits' end regarding what to do next.

"I'd give a hundred dollars rather than have this happen," went on Dick. "Why, they'll starve to death if they really get lost!"

"Oh, aint you mistaken there, Dick? They have the other sled, remember; and each o' 'em has a gun for to bring down any game as is wanted."

"That's true, and it's one comfort. But there is no telling when they reach civilization again. Why, this forest is about as bad as some places in the far West."

"I believe you there, lad. Well, they've got to make the best o' it. I reckon they'll strike out for the river and come up that to Bear Pond, over the rocks an' rapids an' all."

Supper time found the pair on the river again, four miles below Bear Pond. It was decided that they should camp at that spot for the night.


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Rh "We'll build a big camp-fire and keep it a-going," said Dick. "Perhaps they will see it."

"That's an idee," returned John Barrow, and before doing anything else the camp-fire was started, in an open spot along the river bank. Dick saw to it that it blazed up merrily, and kept piling on all the dry brushwood he could find, until the flames shot up fully twenty feet into the air, making the surroundings as bright as day.

For supper they cooked another of the wild turkeys, but it must be confessed that Dick had little appetite for eating. John Barrow noticed it, and he did his best to cheer up the youth.

"Don't worry too much, lad," he said. "Take my word on it, they'll turn up by morning, sure. You've said yourself they've been through putty tryin' times, in Africa and out West."

On the way to the river John Barrow had brought down several rabbits and some birds, and these were hung up on the low branches of a nearby tree. They proceeded to make themselves comfortable under this tree, cutting down some cedar branches for a flooring, and banking up some other branches and some snow to keep off the wind.

"I don't think I'll go to sleep," said Dick. "I'm going to keep the fire piled high, so that it will light up as it's doing now."

"Then I'll turn in right away," answered the


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150 guide. "It's eight o'clock. You call me at two, and that will be givin' you a fair nap afore daybreak." And so it was agreed.

It did not take John Barrow long to settle himself, and soon he was snoring as peacefully as though lying in his bed at home. Sitting down close to the fire, Dick gave himself up to his thoughts.

And what numerous thoughts they were—of home and of school, of his brothers, and of the Baxters and their other enemies, and of all that had happened since they had first started to go to Putnam Hall. And then he thought of the Lanings and of the Stanhopes, and lingered long over the mental picture of sweet Dora and of what she had last said to him.

"She's just an all-right girl," he said to himself. "Heaven bless her and keep her from any further trouble!"

When the fire showed signs of burning low he arose and piled on more brushwood. There was hardly enough at hand to suit him, and, ax in hand, he started back from the river, to cut more.

He was within fifteen feet of some dense bushes when of a sudden he came to a halt, as he saw a pair of gleaming eyes glaring at him. As soon as he noticed the eyes they disappeared.

"A wild animal," he thought. "Can it be a wolf?"


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Rh Retracing his steps to the fire, he caught up his gun and waited. But the animal did not appear, nor did Dick hear any sound save the murmur of the wind through the snow-clad trees.

The youth wondered if he ought to awaken the guide, but finally resolved to let John Barrow sleep. "I ought to be able to take care of one wolf," he reasoned. "I've taken care of worse than that in my time."

Gun in hand, he advanced upon the bushes once more. He expected to see a wolf slink away at any moment, but no beast came to view, and, after walking completely around the growth, he laid down the gun and went to work vigorously with the ax.

Bush after bush was brought down in rapid succession, until in ten minutes Dick calculated he had cut sufficient to last the camp-fire for the rest of the night. Then he lowered the ax and caught up a large bush, to drag it close to the blaze.

As he turned around he met a sight that, for the instant, chilled him to the backbone. There, between the blaze and the tree under which John Barrow was sleeping, crouched a wildcat, a large, fierce-looking creature, with fire-shot eyes and a stubby tail which was moving noiselessly from side by side, as the creature prepared itself to make a leap.

"Gracious! he's going to attack Mr. Barrow!"


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152 thought Dick, but even as this flashed over his mind the wildcat made a leap into the tree, close to where hung the game the guide had brought down some hours before.

"Thank goodness, he's only after the meat," thought Dick, and the chill he had experienced passed away. Then, struck with a new idea, he leaped for his gun.

Several twigs of the tree were in the way of getting a good aim, and he had to circle around to the other side before he could get another good view of the wildcat. In the meantime the beast had grabbed up the wild turkey that was left, and clutching it tight in its mouth, started to drop to the snow-covered ground.

Bang! went the gun and the charge of heavy shot took the wildcat in the left flank, making a bad, but not a fatal, wound. The beast dropped the wild turkey and let out a fearful snarl of rage. Then it saw Dick, gave another snarl, and leaped toward the youth.

The gun was double-barreled, and once more Dick let drive. But he was not overly cool, and the charge merely nipped the beast in its left front leg. It continued to come on, and as it did so Dick commenced to retreat.

"Hi! what's up?" came from John Barrow, and throwing aside his blanket, he leaped to his feet.


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Rh "A wildcat!" ejaculated Dick. "Quick! Shoot him!"

"By gosh!" muttered the guide, and blinking in the bright light of the fire, he reached for his rifle, which he had brought along in addition to his shotgun.

By this time the wildcat was close to Dick, and now, watching its opportunity, it leaped upon the youth, trying to bury its claws in Dick's shoulder.

Hardly knowing what to do, Dick brought around the gun barrel and poked it into the open mouth of the wildcat. With a gurgle of pain the beast fell back, but quickly gathered itself for another leap.

"Back!" shouted John Barrow. "Back, and let me git a shot at the critter!"

Dick was perfectly willing to retreat, and started to do so. But the wildcat was too quick for him, and in a twinkle youth and beast were down on the ground together, and the wildcat was trying to reach the boy's throat with its cruel fangs!


text: The Rover Boys in the Mountains/Chapter 19


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was indeed a moment of supreme peril, and Dick felt very much as if his last moment on earth had come. He put out his hands mechanically and grabbed the wildcat by the throat, but his grip was poor and the beast shook itself clear with ease.

It was now that John Barrow showed himself to be a master of quick resources. To fire his rifle at the wildcat would have meant taking the risk of hitting Dick, and this the guide thought too perilous. Leaping to the fire, he caught up a long, burning brand and rushed at the beast with this.

To have a part of the fire thrust directly into its eyes was more than the beast had bargained for, and as soon as it felt the flame it gave a cry of alarm and fell back. As it did this Dick leaped to his feet and sprang several feet away.

John Barrow was now free to shoot, and hurling the firebrand at the wildcat, he caught up his rifle and blazed away in short order. The wild cat had turned to retreat, but the guide was too


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Rh quick for it, and down went the beast with a shot through its head. It gave a shudder or two, and then stretched out, dead.

"Is he—he dead?" panted Dick, when he felt able to speak.

"Reckon so," responded John Barrow. "But I'll make sure." And catching up a club, he aimed a blow which crushed the animal's skull.

"That was a narrow escape," went on Dick. "If you hadn't come to my aid, I'm afraid he would have done me up." And he shivered from head to foot.

"You want to be careful how you attack wildcats around here, lad. It aint likely they'll tech you, if you don't tech them. But if you do, why, look out, that's all."

"Do you think he would have sneaked off with the turkey? I was thinking first he would attack you."

"Reckon he was after the game, and nuthin' more, Dick. He must have been powerful hungry, or he wouldn't have come so close to us. He's a putty big fellow," went on the guide, as he dragged the carcass closer to the firelight.

The fire was burning low, and Dick lost no time in heaping on some of the newly cut brushwood, and then he reloaded and the guide did the same.

"Might have a mate around," suggested John


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156 Barrow. "We had better keep our eyes peeled, or we may be surprised. Wonder what time it is?"

By consulting a watch they found it was just midnight. After the excitement Dick felt quite sleepy, and inside of half an hour he followed the guide's advice and laid down to rest—not under the tree, however, but as close to the camp-fire as safety permitted.

Dick had requested John Barrow to call him in three hours, so that the guide might get a little more sleep, but the youth was allowed to slumber until he aroused of his own accord, just as day was breaking.

"Hullo, I've slept all night!" he exclaimed, leaping up with something of a hurt look. "Why didn't you call me?"

"I thought as how you needed the rest," was the answer from the guide.

"Aren't you sleepy?"

"Not very. A sleep early in the night generally does me more good nor hours o' it later on."

"You haven't seen or heard anything of Tom or Sam?"

"Nary sight or sound, lad. It's too bad, but don't worry too much."

"They couldn't have seen the firelight," returned Dick, with a sorry shake of his head. "It beats all where they went to, doesn't it?"


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Rh "I've been a-thinking that maybe they went on ahead, Dick."

"Ahead? That they somehow passed us?"

"Yes; while we were lookin' for 'em. They may be up at B'ar Pond now, waitin' for us."

"Do you advise going up there?"

"We might as well. We can put up a post here, with a message for 'em—in case they do come this way."

"That's an idea, and we can put up other posts, too. Then, if they strike our trail, they'll be sure to go straight in following us." And Dick's face brightened a bit.

John Barrow was already preparing breakfast, and he agreed with Dick to leave some cooked meat in a cloth tied to the top of the pole the youth erected not far from the fire. On the cloth they pinned a note, telling of the direction to Bear Pond, and asking Tom and Sam to follow and fire: two shots, a minute apart, as a signal.

It was a clear day and the sun, shining over the mountain tops, made the snow and ice glitter like pearls and diamonds. There was no wind, so the journey toward Bear Pond was far from un pleasant. They moved slowly, dragging the sled behind them, and searching to the right and the left for some trace of the missing Rovers.

"I don't believe they came up here," said Dick, after half the distance to the pond had been


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158 covered. "I don't see the least trace of any human being, although I've seen the footprints of several wild animals."

"The wind might have covered the tracks during the night," was John Barrow's hopeful response.

"I'd rather lose the treasure, even if it is worth thousands, than have anything happen to Sam and Tom."

Just before noon they came to a point in the river where it divided into several branches.

"We'll stop here and put up another sign pole," said the guide. "Remember what I said? All these streams run into the pond and into Perch River. Now, which one you want, at tudder end, I don't know."

"Which is the largest branch?"

"Can't say, exactly. This one an' the one yonder are about the same size, and that one aint much smaller."

"Well, which do you suppose was the largest years ago?"

"Can't say that neither, although that one yon der might have been, by the looks o' the banks,"

"Then let us start on that one. And if that fails us, we can then try the others."

They skated to the stream in question and erected a pole in the middle of the ice, upon which a second note was posted. Having gone to the


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Rh trouble of chopping a hole for the pole, John Barrow suggested they might try their hand at fishing.

"Might as well stay here a while," he said. "If they are behind us, they may catch up."

Dick was willing, and soon a line was baited and let down into the hole. It was in the water only a few seconds when the guide felt a bite and drew up a fine fish, weighing at least half a pound.

Dick was anxious to try it, and took the line from John Barrow's hands. He was equally successful, and in a short while they had seven fish to their credit, weighing from a quarter to three-quarters of a pound apiece.

"I'm going to tie a fish to the top of the pole," said Dick. "They may be hungry when they get here, especially if they miss the pole at our last camping place."

"They won't want to eat raw fish, lad."

"No, and I'm going to put a few matches in a paper and tie it to the fish, so they can cook it, if they wish."

Dick's idea was followed out, and once more they went on, up a narrow stream which had many a turn among the cedar brakes and hemlocks which lined either side. Rocks were likewise numerous, and the lad came to the conclusion that locating the treasure was going to be no easy task.


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160 "It's rather desolate," he remarked. "I wonder what ever possessed that old Goupert to come here?"

"It's not so desolate in the summer time, Dick. But I reckon Goupert was a mighty odd stick, as it was."

At last they rounded a turn in the stream and came in sight of Bear Pond, a long and wide stretch of water located in the very midst of two tall mountains. The pond was covered with thick ice, and the snow lay upon it in long drifts and ridges. The ice was blackish and almost as hard as flint.

"We may as well go into camp near the mouth of this stream," said Dick. "For from this spot we'll make our first hunt for the treasure."

"I hope with all my heart that you find it, lad. But if you don't, don't be too disappointed."

"I want to find Sam and Tom first. I shan't hunt for the treasure until I know of them."

"That's right. We'll go on a hunt this afternoon, jest as soon as we've had some of these fish broiled for dinner."

If there was one thing which John Barrow could do to perfection, it was to broil fish, and the meal he set before Dick half an hour later was so appetizing the lad could not help enjoy it, in spite of his anxiety over his brothers' prolonged absence. The fish was as sweet as a nut, and both


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Rh lingered some time over the meal, until all that had been broiled were gone.

"And now to find Tom and Sam," said Dick, at last, as he leaped up from the log upon which he had been sitting. "What shall we do with our things?"

"Here is a hole in the rocks," answered the guide. "We'll hide them there and cover them with stones. I don't think anything will disturb the things between now and nightfall."

The stores were placed in the cache and carefully covered, so that the wild animals might not get at them, and then they saw to it that their firearms were ready for use. A minute later they were off, on the hunt for Tom and Sam.


text: The Rover Boys in the Mountains/Chapter 20


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Rh men. "Well, then? what did Don Cónsolo say? Will they send out only the silver arm? Would not the whole bust do better? When would Pallura come back with the candles? Was it one hundred pounds of wax? Only one hundred? And when would the bells begin to ring? Well, then? Well, then?"

The clamor increased around Giacobbe. Those on the outskirts of the crowd pushed toward the church. From all the streets people poured into the square till they filled it. And Giacobbe kept answering his questions, whispering, as if revealing dreadful secrets and bringing prophecies from far. He had seen aloft in the bloody sky a threatening hand, and then a black veil, and then a sword and a trumpet.

"Go ahead! Go ahead!" they urged him, looking in each other's faces, and seized with a strange desire to hear of marvels, while the wonder grew from mouth to mouth in the crowd.

vast crimson zone rose slowly from the horizon to the zenith and bade fair to cover the whole vault of heaven. An undulating vapor of molten metal seemed pouring down on the roofs of the town; and in the descending crepuscule yellow and violet rays flashed through a trembling and iridescent glow. One long streak


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 A series of volumes containing the notable lectures delivered on the occasion of the Sesquicentennial celebration of Princeton University.


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 Copyright, 1897,


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 THE SWINGING SMOKING SEAS


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 ON THE LINELESS LEVEL FLOORS


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 THE COASTWISE LIGHTS OF ENGLAND


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CAME THE WHISPER CAME THE VISION


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 ON THE SAND DRIFT THE VELDT SIDE


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 The family group to which Miss Herschel's autobiography introduces us consisted of— (4) 3. Frederic William, born 15th November, 1738. (6) 4. John Alexander, born 13th November, 1745. (8) 5. Carolina Lucretia, born 16th March, 1750; and (10) 6. The little Dietrich, born 13th September, 1755.
 * 1) Sophia Elizabeth, born in 1733. [Afterwards Mrs. Griesbach.]
 * 2) Henry Anton Jacob, born 20th November, 1734.

With the exception of frequent absences from home which attendance on a regiment made inevitable, the family life went on smoothly enough for some years, the father taking every opportunity, when at home, to cultivate the musical talents of his sons, who depended for the ordinary routine of education on the garrison school, to which all the children went from the age of two to fourteen. Here the splendid talents of William early displayed themselves, and the master confessed that the pupil had soon got beyond his teacher. Although four years younger than Jacob, when the two brothers had lessons in French, the younger had mastered the language in half the time needed by the elder, and he in some measure satisfied his eager desire for


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 FOLLOW AFTER


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 WHEN DRAKE WENT DOWN TO THE HORN


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 AND SHE CALLS US STILL UNFED


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 LORD GOD, WE HA' PAID IN FULL


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 BUT DROPS OUT DEAD ON THE SAND


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 IN THE WOMB OF THE WORLD


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Rh that time ceased to elongate to any considerable extent farther—they may be seen as small, green, hairy bodies. During the remainder of the summer the chief changes going on in these buds is a slow swelling, due to the

19.—A. End of a branch of oak showing the characteristic winter buds. B. A group of buds (slightly magnified): a, bud-scales; d, leaf-scars. C. The same, in longitudinal section: a, bud-scales (stipules); b, young leaves; c, vascular bundles; d, leaf-scars. (Prantl and Hartig.)

gradual storing up of nutritive materials in the pith and growing-point and to the slow division of the cells.

A vertical section through the bud at the end of the autumn shows the following structures (Fig. 19, C): A conical growing-point, consisting of embryonic tissue,

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 WE THAT WERE BRED OVERSEAS


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 SINGAPORE


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Rh into an irregular network, but so arranged that they leave between them nearly equal small areas not traversed by bundles.

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 HALIFAX


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 MELBOURNE


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Wikisource talk:Maintenance of the Month/Main page mockup

Comments on the draft

 * 1) I like the introduction of an automatic list of newly proofed works, but is it possible to list the page/author titles instead of the index pages? These are sometimes not very informative.
 * 2) The list of Works/Authors/Portals needs more emphasis, maybe with a heading such as "Explore". Possibly a box to balance the welcome box? Also I do think we should use "Subjects" as a synonym for Portals - it's too technical a term. I've removed the brackets round categories because when I read it I assumed that everything was categories, which it isn't.
 * 3) I'm not sure about Works. Is anyone really maintaining it now? Though I like the galleries, it's too close to "Portals". What would make more sense is an A-Z of titles, which can be browsed. Is it possible?
 * 4) Do we need both "newly proofread" and "newly validated" (assuming it arrives)? I'd prefer to see as the second box a set of carefully crafted pointers to some of the highlights of Wikisource. I realise that's somewhat subjective but it doesn't have to totally static and it would certainly provide plenty of room for discussion! Chris55 (talk) 13:25, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Displaying the title and the author automatically is not possible. The list will probably be manual, like the current one.
 * Ok, what about title alone?
 * ✅: I used "Explore Wikisource" to give emphasis and "Subjects" instead of "Portals".
 * Works is in the suggestions list for MotM. We could create categories like "Works-A", one for each letter, and let header add them automatically, but not to sub-pages. Hiding the categories would avoid any visual impact to the works. Then we could use these categories to generate an index. However, a preliminary discussion is needed.
 * What it says is it should be reformed. I suggest the subject index is removed but we don't have to keep it on the front page.
 * Having both "Newly proofread" and "Newly validated" makes sense. Highlights would maybe create disagreement.--Erasmo Barresi (talk) 14:28, 4 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Ok, but is it worth that much real estate in a very limited area? You could show them on alternate days:) Chris55 (talk) 15:28, 4 August 2012 (UTC)
 * 1. Dynamic page lists just show the latest additions to a category (or combinations thereof). They come from Wikinews where they show the most recent stories by subject.  The software does not follow the link or pick up any extra information.  I'm pretty sure that would be technically possible, and both headers and Index pages are machine readable, but new software would need to be written, tested, approved and installed to do so.  You would need to either create it yourself or contact a developer to create it for you. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 20:41, 4 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm considering it, but am still learning the basics, so maybe not yet. Chris55 (talk) 21:31, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

1. A lot of things are technically possible, but having a human control before things appear is better. Suppose that yesterday someone proofread seven one-page index files (for example seven US-government-related documents), so today the list shows them all and them only. It is not a beautiful view, is it? 3. Removing the link to Works until its improvement is feasible, but... how will the nook look like? Do all tests you want. 4. Chris, please show me how a highlight would be graphically organized. I really like displaying things according to the day of the week.--Erasmo Barresi (talk) 19:52, 5 August 2012 (UTC)
 * 1. I don't understand your problem. I was suggesting putting e.g. "Ameen Rihani (1920) The Descent of Bolshevism" instead of "Index:The Descent of Bolshevism.djvu". The information is all there in the header in the majority of cases.
 * 4. The graphics are certainly the challenge and not my strongest point. But I need help from more experienced WSers on highlights. I'll start an extra subpage: we need things (e.g. US law reports) on which WS is noteworthy as well as more attractive options. They are probably all names of portal pages. Chris55 (talk) 14:42, 7 August 2012 (UTC)
 * 1. I think Erasmo means that, without human oversight, either "new text" selection is vulnerable to being swamped with very similar texts. To take his example, if a batch of short US government reports were to be validated together, they would be displayed on a computer generated list, pushing out any other recent texts.  The current new text system has a rule to prevent two works by the same author being displayed at the same time (and I try not to add two works from the same publication even where thay have different authors).  An automatic system would not necessarily be able to identify and prevent such list flooding.
 * 4. Do you mean something like a physical library's Librarians' Picks/Selection/Favourites display? Just a manual list of works wikisourcers happen think are best?  If so, they would have to be chosen by vote; it would be very similar to Featured Text in many ways.  In fact, you could just use the last X featured texts (or a random selection thereof) to achieve this. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 18:21, 7 August 2012 (UTC)
 * 1. Right. Computers are not intelligent.
 * 4. I added some "tips" in the "new texts" sections (I center-aligned them, but they might be left-aligned as well), and they seem to be a good thing. However I wait to see what Chris will do.--Erasmo Barresi (talk) 13:50, 8 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Huh, I thought you were responding to what I'd written. Yes, Erasmo's point is a fair comment on Adam's subpage, but remember there is a "notcategory" argument to DynamicPagelist which could be used if that sudden rush of similar titles appeared (a small work category?). Adam is pretty good with hotcat. My grasp of templates is not enough to be able to reformat the items as I suggested.
 * No, Adam, I wasn't suggesting single titles, but portals pointing to strong areas. I'd be happy with a vote as I'm not at all sure what should be included. Chris55 (talk) 08:14, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Highlights
Erasmo, I've finally added the highlights section to the draft front page. It's obviously a personal selection but I tried honestly to see where WS's strengths were and was surprised by the result. It has quite a different flavour to Gutenberg for instance, and that really is good - there's no point in 2 organizations trying to do the same thing. It's mostly links to portals with a few exceptions (e.g. translations). There's not a lot of room for illustrations but I could scratch around for one or two. And we could have a list of other portals ready to slot in to give some variety. Chris55 (talk) 15:34, 5 October 2012 (UTC)


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78

When young, the leaves are red, gradually becoming a bright apple-green, and finally—in the autumn—becoming russet-brown in color. Young oaks retain their dead leaves till far into the winter, and even old trees usually have some leaves attached till January. The young leaves secrete small quantities of sweet liquid on the superior face of the lamina, and are much visited by bees and wasps; this honey must come through the membrane. As the leaves approach maturity the lamina becomes bright and hard.

The arrangement of the leaves is expressed by the fraction two fifths, as already described, each node giving off one leaf at an open angle, the points of insertion being so arranged that a line drawn from the insertion of a given lower leaf, and joining it to the points of insertion of those above, passes twice round the twig before we arrive at the leaf situated vertically above the one started from, and this upper leaf is the sixth above. Although this is the commonest and normal

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Rh, however, other dispositions are occasionally met with on the same plant. The young leaves are folded in the bud in such a manner that the two halves of the lamina lie one on the other, the upper surfaces being in contact (conduplicate vernation), the margins being therefore turned upward.

In order to understand the structure of the leaf, let us look at a section cut neatly across the midrib and lamina, and examined with the microscope. It is found to consist of three principal parts—an epidermis above and below, and all round the margins, and therefore over the whole of the leaf; this epidermis is, in fact, a continuation of that of the young shoot-axis, and envelops the whole of the remaining leaf-tissues. Inside this we have the main mass of the leaf substance—called the mesophyll—consisting of thin-walled cells arranged in a peculiar manner, and containing (in addition to less obvious structures) large numbers of green chlorophyll corpuscles; it is the predominance of these corpuscles which causes the leaves to appear uniformly green. Here and there we see vascular bundles, imbedded, as it were, in the mesophyll, cut across in various directions; and when it is remembered that these vascular bundles constitute the venation of the leaf, this phenomenon is easily explained.

As we have already seen, the vascular bundles of the venation (Fig. 20) are simply the much-branched and thinned-off upper ends of the vascular bundles from the shoot-axis, the lower ends of which join the vascular

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80 of the latter lower down. Now the next point to be clearly apprehended is that these vascular bundles of the leaves have the double duty of supporting the flattened

22.—Sections across the leaf of oak. A. Slightly magnified and semi-diagrammatic, to show the general arrangement of the principal vascular bundles as seen cut across: m, midrib: e, marginal veins; s, lateral branches of midrib. Other smaller veins scattered between. B. A highly magnified vertical section of part of the above at a place free from vascular bundles: u, upper epidermis, with cuticle, c; p, palisade cells; ch, chlorophyll corpuscles, only drawn in a few cells; m, spongy tissue of mesophyll; i.s, intercellular passages communicating with the stoma, st, in the lower epidermis, l.

mass of leaf-tissue, and of carrying to and from its cells the water from the roots and the organic substances

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Rh and phosphates of lime, magnesia, and potash—just as there are in ordinary well-water. This extremely dilute solution passes into the root-fibers and up through the

23.—A. A small piece of the lower epidermis removed (and highly magnified) to show the stomata, g; h, minute hairs. The guard-cells contain chlorophyll corpuscles, whereas the ordinary epidermal cells do not. B. A stoma in vertical median section, cut across its longer axis: a, intercellular space: g, guard-cell with chlorophyll corpuscles; s, orifice of stoma.

vessels, etc., of the vascular bundles of the roots, collecting into the larger and larger channels until it reaches

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94 Then, inside this periderm we shall find the phloëm forming an almost continuous ring (Fig. 24, se.ph), and

24.—Transverse sections (semi-diagrammatic) of roots of oak, to be compared with Fig. 7. The smaller figure, above, shows the cambium ring, cam, now developed as a continuous layer running inside the primary phloëm, pr.ph, and outside the primary xylem, pr.x; and the larger figure shows the results of its activity in the formation of secondary phloëm, se.ph, inside the primary, and secondary xylem, se.x, between the primary xylem groups. In both cases, ep., piliferous layer; c, cortex; P, pith; sh, endodermis. Within the latter lies the pericycle, in which the cork cambium, c.cam, is now developed.

consisting chiefly of the sieve-tubes and cells developed from the cambium cylinder, the small primary phloëm

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 Landing at Woo-Sung.


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Hotham St. Mary, afterwards Trinity Church, at Ely, and, the central tower of the cathedral church having fallen in 1322, raised the present octagon, with its dome and lantern, while the bishop at his own expense rebuilt three bays of the presbytery, joining it on to the work of Bishop Hugh Northwold (d. 1254), at a cost of 2,034l. 12s. 8d. He gave various rich ornaments to the church, left his house and lands at Holborn to the see, and was also a benefactor to Welbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire.

HOTHAM, JOHN (d. 1645), parliamentarian, was son of John Hotham of Scorborough, sheriff of Yorkshire in 1584, by his third wife, Jane Legard (, Yorkshire Pedigrees, ‘North and East Riding,’ Hotham of South Dalton, Garth). Hotham served some time as a soldier on the continent, was present at the battle of Prague in 1619, and for two years fought under Mansfeld. The story runs that ‘at his first going out as a soldier’ his father sought to dissuade him. ‘Son,’ said he prophetically, ‘when the crown of England lies at stake you will have fighting enough’ (Strafford Letters, ii. 288;, v. 804).

Hotham was knighted 11 April 1617, and created a baronet 14 Jan. 1621–2 (, Book of Knights, p. 170; Forty-seventh Report of the Deputy-Keeper of Public Records, p. 129). He represented Beverley in all the five parliaments of Charles I. During the contests between Wentworth and Savile for the representation of Yorkshire, Hotham supported the former, and Wentworth in return obtained the withdrawal of a bill brought against Hotham in the Star-chamber (Strafford Letters, i. 476, 495). In 1635 Hotham was sheriff of Yorkshire, and showed great zeal in levying ship-money (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1635, pp. 479, 507). When the Scotch troubles began he was esteemed well affected to the king's service, though quarrelsome and difficult to manage. Strafford strove to compose his differences with the vice-president of the council of the north and others, and though obliged to own that there was ‘somewhat more will and party’ in Hotham than he wished, added, ‘he is very honest, faithful, and hearty, and to be framed as you please with good usage’ (Strafford Letters, ii. 94, 193, 288). In 1639 it was proposed to take from Hotham the government of Hull, which he held by deputation from Strafford, and to give it to Captain Legge. Strafford was loud in his support of Hotham. ‘I know his faithfulness to be such as I durst answer for him with my life; nor am I ignorant that in party he is very eager, and in truth over-earnest, yet it were very easy to have him as forward on the king's party, and more than in any other private animosity. Believe me, he is as considerable a person as any other gentleman in the north of England, and therefore it were well in my opinion not utterly to cast him off, as by taking the government of that town you shall infallibly do’ (27 March 1639, ib. ii. 307, 310). Strafford's advice was unheeded, and the slight had the effects which he predicted. Hotham went into opposition, refused to pay ship-money, and was put out of all commissions which he held (Memoirs of Sir Hugh Cholmley, p. 61). After the Short parliament, in which he represented Beverley, he and Henry Bellasis were summoned before the privy council, and making very undutiful answers to the questions put to them were committed to the Fleet (8 May 1640,, iii. 1167). In the summer Hotham signed the two petitions of the Yorkshire gentry to the king, of which he and his cousin, Sir Hugh Cholmley, were the chief contrivers. Charles told them that if ever they meddled or had a hand in any more he would hang them. Hotham was one of the witnesses against Strafford on the article relating to the Yorkshire petition (ib. iii. 1214, 1231, 1265; Trial of Strafford, p. 604;, Memoirs, pp. 61–64).

In January 1642 the king attempted to possess himself of Hull, the arsenal in which the arms and munitions collected for the Scottish war had been deposited, and the port where Charles intended to land Dutch or Danish troops. Parliament at once gave orders to Hotham to secure Hull by means of the Yorkshire trained bands, and not to deliver it up till he was ordered to do so by ‘the king's authority signified unto him by the lords and commons now assembled in parliament’ (, History of England, x. 153, 184; Commons' Journals, ii. 371). His son, Captain John Hotham [q. v.], successfully secured Hull, and Sir John himself shortly afterwards assumed his command. On 23 April 1642 the king in person appeared before the town and demanded admittance.


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96 as a thin sheet of closely-woven hyphæ continuous over the whole of the tip, and sending processes in between the cells of the dermatogen, but not into the cavities of the cells nor deeper into the tissues. Loose hyphæ also

25.—Longitudinal section of the tip of one of the roots marked m in Fig. 7, the outer layers of which are infested with fungus hyphæ, f (mycorhiza); r.c, root-cap; m, embryonic tissue from which all originates; P, pith; sp, spiral vessels of the primary xylem; c, cortex.

radiate into the soil around, and often simulate the root-hairs of other plants, which, in fact, they are said to replace (Fig. 25, f). These hyphæ are extremely fine

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Rh pith as before, and it is the cambium cylinder which has moved outwards, as it were, putting in all that solid-looking timber as it did so. The epidermis and

26.—Photograph of the transverse section of a log of oak. about one sixth natural size. The cortex and bark are removed, and the outline is bounded by the cambium. The pith appears as a mere dot in the center; the medullary rays radiate from this, and the annual rings (about forty in number) are arranged concentrically around it. A large crack has formed along the plane of a medullary ray as the section dried. (Müller.)

the cortex of our young stem have disappeared, however, their place being taken by cork and bark. Closer inspection will show that a series of layers of phloëm

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Rh is very thin from side to side, and therefore stands out like a knife, with an upper and a lower edge (Fig. 27).

Now imagine the primary vascular bundles replaced.

27.—Tangential longitudinal section of oak wood, magnified fifty diameters, and showing the transverse sections of the medullary rays, cut as they project towards the observer. (Müller.)

The first change is that the cambium in the vascular bundles becomes continuous across through the

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Rh

28.—The various chief elements of the wood of the oak, isolated by maceration, and highly magnified: f, a fiber, distinguished by its thick walls, simple slit-like pits, and no contents; w.p, part of a row of wood-parenchyma cells, with simple pits, and containing starch in winter; tr, a tracheid, distinguished from the fiber especially by its bordered pits; p.v, part of a rather large pitted vessel, made up of communicating segments, each of which corresponds to a tracheid, and has bordered pits on its walls; sp, part of a spiral vessel.

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Page:The Oak.djvu/92

 occupies the center; around this, arranged in a close spiral, are several young rudiments of foliage leaves, each consisting of meristem, the cells of which are undergoing divisions. The youngest leaf is next the apex of the cone—i.e., the order of development is acropetal—and each is folded with the upper surfaces of each half in contact; two extremely minute stipules accompany each leaf. Lower down on the cone come the numerous (about thirty) overlapping scales, and between several pairs of the upper of these the male inflorescences develop. The female inflorescences are developed in the axils of two or three of the above-described true leaves in a terminal bud; they are not normally formed in the lateral buds of the shoot (see Chapter IX).

All the leaves of the shoot may have such buds formed in their axils during the summer, but only some of them develop in the following spring; it is the buds in the axils of the lower leaves of the shoot which usually come to nothing.

The normal course of events is that the bud-scales (stipules) become dry, and the protected growing-point, with its rudimentary leaves and flowers, passes into a dormant condition lasting through the winter; but it is a very common event, especially in a wet autumn following a dry, hot summer, to find the winter buds beginning to shoot out in August, and not passing into the prolonged state of dormancy. Such shoots are known as Lammas shoots. In some districts the oak

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 forms numbers of these Lammas shoots every year, and the tendency to produce them seems to be capable of being inherited.

The process of sprouting, or putting forth the shoot from the bud, is the same in all the cases. As the temperature and other conditions improve in the spring, for instance, the process of cell-division in the growing-point (and its derivatives, the young leaves, etc.) goes on rapidly, and the stores of nourishment already there and in the pith and other tissues close at hand are used up. This originates a series of currents of food materials setting slowly towards these centers of consumption from other parts of the tree, and very soon the numerous cells developed begin to absorb water with relatively enormous rapidity and vigor. This brings about two chief changes—the rapid elongation of the parts of the cone situated between the points of insertion of successive leaves (i.e., the internodes), and the almost simultaneous expansion of the hitherto small and folded leaves. Thus the rapid extension of the shoot is due almost entirely to the energetic absorption of water into cells for the most part already in existence. The chief changes which follow consist in the perfection of the structures—the development and thickening of vascular tissues, cell-walls, etc.

This process of rapid extension does not occur in the internodes between the bud-scales, or, at any rate, to a slight degree only, just sufficient to enable the shoot to throw the scales off; hence the base of the outgrown

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 shoot shows a number of small scars in a close spiral. These scars of the stipular bud-scales, like those of fallen leaves, exhibit the points of rupture of the vascular bundles which ran across from the bundles of the bud-axis. It only remains to point out that the buds vary in size and vigor according to the age and condition of the tree; the buds on oaks less than fifty years old very rarely have inflorescences developed in them, and I shall defer the consideration of these till we come to the flower.

The mature leaf of the oak (Fig. 20) is obovate in general outline, with rather deep sinuses cutting the margin on each side into about six or eight rounded lobes; the apex is rounded or blunt, and some variation occurs in the degree of incision between the lobes. The base either tapers slightly into an evident petiole, or it is prolonged on either side of a very short petiole so as to form small auricles. In the commonest variety the margins and surfaces of the leaf are quite smooth, but the raceform known as Quercus sessiliflora has the young leaves pubescent beneath.

The venation consists of a midrib running from base to apex, and pinnate lateral ribs running from the mid-rib at an angle of about forty-five degrees to the tip of each lobe, the points of origin being alternate or nearly opposite, and the angle referred to subtending forward. These principal ribs are prominent below, but not at all so above. The leaf-tissue (mesophyll) between these is permeated by numerous smaller vascular bundles united

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 formed in the cells of the leaves. The water, with salts in solution, coming from the soil after it has been absorbed by the root-hairs, passes up the wood (xylem) of the roots and stem, through the vessels of the petioles and leaf-venation, and is finally distributed to the cells of the mesophyll; the substances formed in these cells then pass down by the phloëm (sieve-tubes, etc.) of the venation and leaf-stalk, and thence are distributed to other parts of the plant.

Now let us look at the mesophyll which these vascular bundles support and serve as conduits for. It consists of two distinct parts (Fig. 22). Beneath the upper epidermis, the cells of which are fitted closely together without intercellular spaces and are devoid of chlorophyll corpuscles, there are one or two rows of vertical sausage-shaped cells, closely arranged like the wooden railings of a complete palisade—consequently they are termed the palisade cells. The lower moiety of the mesophyll, on the other hand, is composed of irregular cells with large intercellular spaces between them, and this loose, spongy tissue, as it is aptly called, abuts below on the lower epidermis. Both the palisade cells and those of the spongy tissue contain numerous chlorophyll corpuscles, as said.

This lower epidermis is worth a few minutes' consideration. It, like the upper epidermis, is also composed chiefly of closely fitting cells devoid of chlorophyll corpuscles, excepting that here and there we notice pairs of smaller cells containing chlorophyll—each pair with

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Rh During the whole time of the activity of the cambium ring and the formation of wood on its interior, it must not be forgotten that the outer rows of cambial cells are passing over into the tissue known as bast or secondary phloëm (also called secondary cortex); the chief differences in the process being (1) that much

29.—A small piece of one annual ring of old oak wood (magnified twenty diameters): a, boundary of the autumn wood of the preceding (older) ring; b, that between the zone shown and the next youngest ring. In the annual ring shown the spring wood begins with large vessels, c and d, some with tyloses, d, in them, and passes gradually into autumn wood, with smaller vessels, e, e, and more tracheids and fibers, g. Only small medullary rays, i, are shown. (Hartig.)

less phloëm than xylem is formed; (2) that the elements do not become lignified; and (3) that the disturbances in the arrangement of the elements are more profound from the continued pressure exerted upon them between the resistant wood and the elastic periderm and bark, on the one hand, and the increased extension tangentially which it undergoes as the

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