text:
User:Hesperian/common.js

$(function {	$("#wpQuality-container").find(".quality0 input").click(function { var $textbox=$("#wpTextbox1");

var wipe=true; var proceed=true;

var stoppers = ["{{missing", "{{raw image"]; // if these are present then more than likely I misclicked for (var i=0; i<stoppers.length; i++) { if (-1 != $textbox.val.indexOf(stoppers[i])) return; }

var immune = ["{{iwpage", "{{elsewhere"]; // proceed without wiping this text for (var i=0; i<immune.length; i++) { if (-1 != $textbox.val.indexOf(immune[i])) wipe=false; }		$("#wpHeaderTextbox, #wpFooterTextbox").val(""); $("#wpHeaderTextbox, #wpFooterTextbox").val("");

if (wipe) { $textbox.val(""); } else { $("#wpSummary").val("/* Without text */ " + $textbox.val.trim); }

$("#wpSave").click; }); });

// $(function {	var qualityContainer = document.getElementById('wpQuality-container');	if (qualityContainer === null) return;

var quality2 = $(qualityContainer).find('.quality2').get; var problematic = quality2[0].childNodes[0];

problematic.addEventListener('click', function {		if (document.getElementsByName('wpTextbox1')[0].value == "{{missing image}}") {			document.getElementsByName('wpSummary')[0].value = "/* Problematic */ {{missing image}}";			document.getElementsByName('wpHeaderTextbox')[0].value = "";			document.getElementsByName('wpFooterTextbox')[0].value = "";			document.getElementsByName('wpSave')[0].click;		}		else if (document.getElementsByName('wpTextbox1')[0].value == "{{raw image|{{sub"+"st:PAGENAME}}}}") {			document.getElementsByName('wpSummary')[0].value = "/* Problematic */ {{raw image}}";			document.getElementsByName('wpHeaderTextbox')[0].value = "";			document.getElementsByName('wpFooterTextbox')[0].value = "";			document.getElementsByName('wpSave')[0].click;		}		else if (document.getElementsByName('wpTextbox1')[0].value == "{{bad page scan}}") {			document.getElementsByName('wpSummary')[0].value = "/* Problematic */ {{bad page scan}}"; document.getElementsByName('wpHeaderTextbox')[0].value = ""; document.getElementsByName('wpFooterTextbox')[0].value = ""; document.getElementsByName('wpSave')[0].click; }		else if (document.getElementsByName('wpTextbox1')[0].value == "{{bad image scan}}") { document.getElementsByName('wpSummary')[0].value = "/* Problematic */ {{bad image scan}}"; document.getElementsByName('wpHeaderTextbox')[0].value = ""; document.getElementsByName('wpFooterTextbox')[0].value = ""; document.getElementsByName('wpSave')[0].click; }		else if (document.getElementsByName('wpTextbox1')[0].value == "{{missing table}}") { document.getElementsByName('wpSummary')[0].value = "/* Problematic */ {{missing table}}"; document.getElementsByName('wpHeaderTextbox')[0].value = ""; document.getElementsByName('wpFooterTextbox')[0].value = ""; document.getElementsByName('wpSave')[0].click; }	}); }); //

// == IMPORT WORK-SPECIFIC INFORMATION ABOUT HEADERS, FOOTERS, REFS, ETC == //get specialFormats variable from work.js mw.loader.load('//en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Hesperian/works.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

mw.loader.load('//en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Hesperian/Promotable.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

/** * TemplateScript adds configurable templates and scripts to the sidebar, and adds an example regex editor. * @see https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/TemplateScript * @update-token */ // $.ajax('//tools-static.wmflabs.org/meta/scripts/pathoschild.templatescript.js', { dataType:'script', cache:true }).then(function {	/*********	** Register scripts	*********/	// stuff I routinely do at the start	pathoschild.TemplateScript.add( [			{ name: 'header', script: header }, { name: 'blockcenter', script: blockcenter }, { name: 'clean up', script: function(editor) { cleanup(editor, false); } }, { name: 'clean up (poem)', script: function(editor) { cleanup(editor, true); } }, { name: 'uc', script: uc }, { name: 'hwe', script: hwe } ],		{ forNamespaces: 'page' } // common fields );

// stuff I can do any time pathoschild.TemplateScript.add([		{ name: 'title', script: maketitle, accessKey: 't' },		{ name: 'author', script: author, accessKey: 'a' },		{ name: 'author (surname first)', script: surnameFirst, accessKey: ',' },		{ name: 'small-caps', script: smallcaps, accessKey: 'c' },		{ name: 'upper', script: upper, accessKey: 'u' }	]);

// stuff I do at the end pathoschild.TemplateScript.add(		[			{ name: 'hws', script: hws },			{ name: 'makeref', script: makeref },			{ name: 'footer', script: footer }		],		{ forNamespaces: 'page' } // common fields	);

// stuff I only do via shortcuts; if I could create these shortcuts without adding them to the sidebar, I would. pathoschild.TemplateScript.add([		{ name: 'diaresis', script: diareses, accessKey: ':' },		{ name: 'acute', script: acute, accessKey: '\'' },		{ name: 'grave', script: grave, accessKey: '`' },		{ name: 'circumflex', script: circumflex, accessKey: '^' },		{ name: 'macron', script: macron, accessKey: '_' },		{ name: 'others', script: catchall, accessKey: '-' },		{ name: 'pagename', script: putpagename, accessKey: 'n' },		{ name: 'reload', script: reload_page_image }	]);

/*********	** Define scripts *********/	// === EXTRACT INFORMATION ABOUT PAGE === // These variables can be used to customize operations depending on whether you are working with unproofed OCR or already proofed text. var quality = (function getQuality {		var q = document.getElementById('pagequality');			if (q===null)				return "Nonexistent";		else {			var c = q.getAttribute("class");			switch(c) {				case "quality0": return "Without text";				case "quality1": return "Not proofread";				case "quality2": return "Problematic";				case "quality3": return "Proofread";				case "quality4": return "Validated";			}		}		return null;	}); var proofed = (quality != "Nonexistent" && quality != "Not proofread");

// === FOR CONVERSIONS === // Convenience function: converts some text into title case function titlecase(text) { // split text into individual words and examine them one by one var textArray = text.toLowerCase.split(" "); for (var i in textArray) { switch(textArray[i]) {				case "a": case "an": case "and": case "as": case "at": case "but": case "by": case "etcetera": case "etc.": case "for": case "from": case "in": case "nor": case "of": case "o'": case "on": case "or": case "the": case "to": case "with": case "versus": case "vs.": case "v.": case "yet": break; // don't capitalise articles, "to" as part of an infinitive, prepositions or short conjunctions default: // capitalise everything else textArray[i] = textArray[i].substring(0,1).toUpperCase + textArray[i].substring(1,textArray[i].length); break; }		}

// capitalise first word regardless textArray[0] = textArray[0].substring(0,1).toUpperCase + textArray[0].substring(1,textArray[0].length);

// capitalise last word regardless var last = textArray.length-1; textArray[last] = textArray[last].substring(0,1).toUpperCase + textArray[last].substring(1,textArray[last].length);

// reconstruct title var titleCase=""; for (i in textArray) { titleCase += textArray[i]; if (i < last) titleCase += " "; }

return titleCase; }

// == SIDEBAR TOOLS == function cleanup(editor, poem) { var headerbox = editor.forField('#wpHeaderTextbox'); var footerbox = editor.forField('#wpFooterTextbox');

headerbox.set(''); // can't stand the way index pages insert stuff here header(editor, false); // insert header only if there's a non-generic header defined

footerbox.set(''); // can't stand the way index pages insert stuff here footer(editor, false); // insert footer only if there's a non-generic header defined

// anything noincluded at the start or end of the edit box should be pushed into the header and footer respectively. if (editor.get.match(/^/)) { var e = editor.get.indexOf(" ");

// append to header a trimmed version of whatever is inside the leading noinclude editor.append('\n' + editor.get.substr(11, e-11).replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, ''));

// remove leading noinclude from editbox editor.set(editor.get.substr(e+12)); }

if (editor.get.match(/<\/noinclude\>$/)) { var s = editor.get.lastIndexOf(" ");

// prepend to footer a trimmed version of whatever is inside the trailing noinclude footerbox.prepend(editor.get.substr(s+11, editor.get.length-s-11-12).replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, '') + '\n');

// remove trailing noinclude from editbox editor.set(editor.get.substr(0, s)); }

editor // remove trailing spaces at the end of each line .replace(/ +\n/g, '\n')

// remove trailing whitespace preceding a hard line break .replace(/ +/g, ' ')

// remove trailing whitespace and numerals at the end of page text // (numerals are nearly always page numbers in the footer) .replace(/[\s\d]+$/g, '')

// remove trailing spaces at the end of refs .replace(/ +<\/ref>/g, ' ')

// remove trailing spaces at the end of template calls .replace(/ +}}/g, '}}')

// convert double-hyphen to mdash (avoiding breaking HTML comment syntax) .replace(/([^\!])--([^>])/g, '$1—$2')

// remove spacing around mdash, but only if it has spaces on both sides // (we don't want to remove the trailing space from "...as follows:— ",			// bearing in mind that the space will already be gone if at end of line). .replace(/ +— +/g, '—')

// join words that are hyphenated across a line break // (but leave "|-" table syntax alone) .replace(/([^\|])-\n/g, '$1');

// stuff to do only if the page doesn't contain a tag: if (editor.get.indexOf(' ') === -1) { editor // lines that start with " should probably be new lines,				// if the previous line ends in punctuation,				// other than a comma or semicolon				// and let's get rid of trailing space while we're at it				.replace(/([^\n\w,;])\n\" */g, '$1\n\n"')

// lines that end with " should probably precede a new line,				// unless preceded by a comma,				// or unless the new line starts with a lower-case letter;				// and let's get rid of preceding space while we're at it				.replace(/([^,])\ *\"\n([^a-z\n])/g, '$1"\n\n$2')

// if the final line ends in a ", then affix a trailing {{nop}}				.replace(/([^,])\"$/g, '$1"\n{{nop}}');

if (poem) { // for poems I want to preserve line breaks // by inserting hard breaks editor .replace(/([^>}\|\n])\n([^:#\*<{\|\n])/g, '$1 \n$2') .append(' '); }			else { // remove single line breaks; preserve multiple. // but not if there's a tag, template or table syntax either side of the line break editor.replace(/([^>}\|\n])\n([^:#\*<{\|\n])/g, '$1 $2'); }

// collapse sequences of spaces into a single space editor.replace(/ +/g, ' '); }

editor // dump spurious hard breaks at the end of paragraphs .replace(/\n\n/g, '\n\n')

// remove unwanted spaces around punctuation marks .replace(/ ([;:\?!,])/g, '$1')

// unicodify .replace(/—/g, '—') .replace(/–/g, '–') .replace(/"/g, '"')

// double quotes .replace(/''/g, '"')

//OCR fixes // convert i9 to 19, etc.			.replace(/[il]([0-9])/g, '1$1')

// "that", the", "them", "their", etcetera			.replace(/\btli/g, 'th')

// "which", "enough", "wish", "with", etcetera .replace(/([cgst])li\b/g, '$1h')

// "what", "when", "where", "who", etcetera .replace(/\bwli/g, 'wh')

// "him", "his", etcetera .replace(/\blii/g, 'hi')

// "her", "hers" .replace(/\blier(s?)\b/g, 'her$1')

// "would", "with", "wh..." .replace(/\bAV/g, 'W') .replace(/\bAv([^aeiou])/g, 'w$1')

.replace(/\bAvay/g, 'way') .replace(/\bAvas\b/g, 'was') .replace(/\bAvith/g, 'with') .replace(/\bAvould/g, 'would')

// "U" -> "ll" when preceded by a lowercase letter. .replace(/([a-z])U/g, '$1ll')

// many works have apostrophes missing from OCR .replace(/([a-z]) s\b/g, '$1\'s') // it's he's etc .replace(/n t\b/g, 'n\'t') //can't isn't didn't etc .replace(/([a-zI]) ll\b/g, '$1\'ll') // I'll we'll etc .replace(/\bI m\b/g, 'I\'m') // I'm			.replace(/\b([Yy])ou re\b/g, '$1ou\'re') // you're			.replace(/\b([Ww])e re\b/g, '$1e\'re') // we're			.replace(/\b([Tt])hey re\b/g, '$1hey\'re') // they're			.replace(/([a-zI]) ve\b/g, '$1\'ve') // I've we've etc .replace(/([a-zI]) d\b/g, '$1\'d') // I'd he'd etc

// '11 -> 'll (constant OCR error in What Maisie Knew) .replace (/\'11\b/g, '\'ll')

// replace "float center" with "block center"; original template name was misleading enough be warrant routinely fixing .replace(/\{\{float center\|/g, '{{block center|') .replace(/\{\{hws\|/g, '{{hyphenated word start|') .replace(/\{\{hwe\|/g, '{{hyphenated word end|') .replace(/\{\{c\|/g, '{{center|') .replace(/\{\{sc\|/g, '{{small-caps|') .replace(/\{\{bar\|2\}\}/g, '{{longdash}}')

.replace(/ \s*([.\n]*?)\s*<\/center>/g, '{{center|$1}}')

// common weird scanno .replace(/&[gl]t;/g, "'")

// common scanno .replace(/\b[FT]m\b/g, "I'm") .replace(/\b[FT]ve\b/g, "I've") .replace(/\b[FT]ll\b/g, "I'll")

// common quote mark scannos in The Awkward Age .replace(/['^*]['^*] ?/g, '"');

}

// get page number from URL var pagenum = (function {		var m = /\.djvu\/([0-9]+)&action=edit/g.exec(location.href);		if (m===null) return null;		return parseInt(m[1], 10);	});

// automatically insert running header into header box function header(editor, doGeneric) { doGeneric = doGeneric !== false; // default to true

if (pagenum===null) return;

var isEven = pagenum % 2 === 0;

var headerbox = editor.forField('#wpHeaderTextbox');

var generic = true; var headertext = '';

for (var f in specialFormats) { var format = specialFormats[f]; if (location.href.indexOf(encodeURI(format[0].replace(/ /g,"_")).replace(/\'/g,"%27")) !== -1) { if (isEven) headertext=format[1]; else headertext=format[2]; generic = false; break; }		}

// no special header matched, use a generic running header if (generic && doGeneric) { if (isEven) headertext = '{{running header|left=|center=}}'; // assume verso, with page number at left else headertext = '{{running header|center=|right=}}'; }

if (headerbox.get === "") headerbox.set(headertext); else headerbox.append('\n' + headertext);

// if this is unproofed text, then delete the first line of the OCR text, which presumably is raw OCR of the header we've just inserted if (!proofed) editor.set(editor.get.slice(editor.get.indexOf('\n') + 1)); }

// insert formatted references into footer box, if needed. function footer(editor, doGeneric) { doGeneric = doGeneric !== false; // default to true

var footerbox = editor.forField('#wpFooterTextbox'); var generic; var format; var f;

if (editor.get.indexOf(" ") === -1 && editor.get.indexOf("{{#tag:ref") === -1) { // page contains no refs generic = true; for (f in specialFormats) { format = specialFormats[f]; if (location.href.indexOf(encodeURI(format[0].replace(/ /g,"_")).replace(/\'/g,"%27")) !== -1) { footerbox.set(format[3]); generic = false; break; }			}

// no special footer matched, use just strip out the references tag if (generic && doGeneric) footerbox.set(''); }		else { generic = true; for (f in specialFormats) { format = specialFormats[f]; if (location.href.indexOf(encodeURI(format[0].replace(/ /g,"_")).replace(/\'/g,"%27")) !== -1) { footerbox.set(format[4]); generic = false; break; }			}

// no special footer matched, so use a generic ref tag if (generic && doGeneric) footerbox.set('{{block center|{{smallrefs}}}}'); }	}

// automatically insert block center wrapping into header box function blockcenter(editor) { editor.forField('#wpHeaderTextbox').append('\n{{block center/s}}'); editor.forField('#wpFooterTextbox').prepend('{{block center/e}}\n'); }

//Make selected text into appropriately capitalised title link // e.g. "THE MAN FROM SNOWY RIVER" —> "THE MAN FROM SNOWY RIVER" function maketitle(editor) { editor.replaceSelection(function(text) {			var target = titlecase(text);			return target == text				? +text+				: +text+;		}); }

//Make selected text into author link function author(editor) { editor.replaceSelection(function(name) {			// if name contains a comma, switch around when linking           var openPos = name.indexOf('('); var closePos = name.indexOf(')');           var target;            if (openPos === -1) {                target = name;            } else if (closePos === -1) {                target = name;            } else {                target = name.substr(openPos+1, closePos-openPos-1).trim + ' ' + name.substr(0, openPos).trim;            }			var commaPos = target.indexOf(',');			if (commaPos !== -1) {				target = target.substr(commaPos+1).trim + ' ' + target.substr(0, commaPos).trim;			}			// if name is all in capitals, convert target to title case			if (target == target.toUpperCase) {				target = titlecase(target);			}			return +name+;		}); }

function surnameFirst(editor) { editor.replaceSelection(function(name) {			// if name is all in capitals, convert target to title case			var target = name == name.toUpperCase				? titlecase(name)				: name;

// split text into individual words var nameArray = name.split(" ");

// put last first, followed by a comma, then all the rest preceded by spaces name = nameArray[nameArray.length-1] + ","; for (var i = 0; i < nameArray.length - 1; i++) name = name + " " + nameArray[i];

return +name+; });	}

//Mark selected text up with small-caps function smallcaps(editor) { editor.replaceSelection(function(pre) {			// Applying small-caps to all-caps text is pointless...			// ... unless the all-caps is OCR of text that is actually small-caps.			// Check if text is all-caps, and if it is, convert it to title case before applying small-caps.			if (pre == pre.toUpperCase)				pre = titlecase(pre);

return '{{small-caps|'+pre+'}}'; });	}

// As you work your way through the page, when you encounter a reference, just mark it with tags and continue. // Once you've got to the end of the page and proofed the references, simply highlight each reference in turn, // and use this function to move it to its proper position. function makeref { var editbox = $('#wpTextbox1').get(0); editbox.focus; var refStart = editbox.selectionStart; var refEnd = editbox.selectionEnd;

var firstref = editbox.value.indexOf(' '); if (-1 != firstref) { editbox.value = editbox.value.slice(0,firstref+5) + editbox.value.slice(refStart, refEnd) + editbox.value.slice(firstref+5, refStart) + editbox.value.slice(refEnd); }	}

//wrap first word in hwe template function hwe(editor) { var to = editor.get.search(/\W/); if (to == -1) to = editor.get.length;

var pre = editor.get.substring(0, to);

var post = '{{hyphenated word end|'+pre+'|…'+pre+'}}'; editor.set(post + editor.get.substring(to)); }

//wrap last word in hws template function hws(editor) { var from = editor.get.lastIndexOf(" "); if (from == -1) from = 0; else from = from + 1;

var pre = editor.get.substring(from); if (pre.slice(-1) == "-") pre = pre.slice(0, -1);

var post = '{{hyphenated word start|'+pre+'|'+pre+'…}}'; editor.set(editor.get.substring(0, from) + post); }

function putpagename(editor) { var pageName = mw.config.get('wgPageName').replace('_', ' '); editor.replaceSelection(pageName); }

function catchall(editor) { var editbox = $('#wpTextbox1').get(0); var selEnd = editbox.selectionEnd; var selStart;

var found=false; var pre; var post; if (selEnd >= 1) { // let's look for fixes that are one character long selStart = selEnd-1; pre = editbox.value.substring(selStart, selEnd);

switch (pre) { case 'c': post = 'ç'; found=true; break; case 'C': post = 'Ç'; found=true; break; case 'ç': // so that if I wanted an mdash I can simply invoke it again post = 'c—'; found=true; break; case 'Ç': // so that if I wanted an mdash I can simply invoke it again post = 'C—'; found=true; break; }		}

if (!found && selEnd >= 2) { // now lets look for fixes that are two characters long selStart = selEnd-2; pre = editbox.value.substring(selStart, selEnd);

switch (pre) { case 'ae': post = 'æ'; found=true; break; case 'AE': post = 'Æ'; found=true; break; case 'oe': post = 'œ'; found=true; break; case 'OE': post = 'Œ'; found=true; break; }		}

if (!found) { // final catchall: insert mdash; selStart = selEnd; post = '—'; //leave selStart as selEnd so it's an insertion found = true; }

if (found) { editbox.value = editbox.value.substring(0, selStart) + post + editbox.value.substring(selEnd); editbox.setSelectionRange(selStart+post.length, selStart+post.length); }	}

function diareses(editor) { var editbox = $('#wpTextbox1').get(0); var selStart = editbox.selectionStart; var selEnd = editbox.selectionEnd;

if (selStart == selEnd && selEnd !== 0) { selStart = selEnd-1; }

var pre = editbox.value.substring(selStart, selEnd);

switch(pre) {	       case 'a': post = 'ä'; break; case 'A': post = 'Ä'; break; case 'e': post = 'ë'; break; case 'E': post = 'Ë'; break; case 'i': post = 'ï'; break; case 'I': post = 'Ï'; break; case 'o': post = 'ö'; break; case 'O': post = 'Ö'; break; case 'u': post = 'ü'; break; case 'U': post = 'Ü'; break; case 'y': post = 'ÿ'; break; default: post = pre; break; }

editbox.value = editbox.value.substring(0, selStart) + post + editbox.value.substring(selEnd); editbox.setSelectionRange(selStart+post.length, selStart+post.length); }

function acute(editor) { var editbox = $('#wpTextbox1').get(0); var selStart = editbox.selectionStart; var selEnd = editbox.selectionEnd;

if (selStart == selEnd && selEnd !== 0) { selStart = selEnd-1; }

var pre = editbox.value.substring(selStart, selEnd);

switch(pre) {	       case 'a': post = 'á'; break; case 'A': post = 'Á'; break; case 'c': post = 'ć'; break; case 'C': post = 'Ć'; break; case 'e': post = 'é'; break; case 'E': post = 'É'; break; case 'g': post = 'ģ'; break; case 'i': post = 'í'; break; case 'I': post = 'Í'; break; case 'o': post = 'ó'; break; case 'O': post = 'Ó'; break; case 'l': post = 'ĺ'; break; case 'L': post = 'Ĺ'; break; case 'n': post = 'ń'; break; case 'N': post = 'Ń'; break; case 'r': post = 'ŕ'; break; case 'R': post = 'Ŕ'; break; case 's': post = 'ś'; break; case 'S': post = 'Ś'; break; case 'u': post = 'ú'; break; case 'U': post = 'Ú'; break; case 'y': post = 'ý'; break; case 'Y': post = 'Ý'; break; case 'z': post = 'ź'; break; case 'Z': post = 'Ź'; break; default: post = pre; break; }

editbox.value = editbox.value.substring(0, selStart) + post + editbox.value.substring(selEnd); editbox.setSelectionRange(selStart+post.length, selStart+post.length); }

function grave(editor) { var editbox = $('#wpTextbox1').get(0); var selStart = editbox.selectionStart; var selEnd = editbox.selectionEnd;

if (selStart == selEnd && selEnd !== 0) { selStart = selEnd-1; }

var pre = editbox.value.substring(selStart, selEnd);

switch(pre) {	       case 'a': post = 'à'; break; case 'A': post = 'À'; break; case 'e': post = 'è'; break; case 'E': post = 'È'; break; case 'i': post = 'ì'; break; case 'I': post = 'Ì'; break; case 'o': post = 'ò'; break; case 'O': post = 'Ò'; break; case 'u': post = 'ù'; break; case 'U': post = 'Ù'; break; default: post = pre; break; }

editbox.value = editbox.value.substring(0, selStart) + post + editbox.value.substring(selEnd); editbox.setSelectionRange(selStart+post.length, selStart+post.length); }

function macron(editor) { var editbox = $('#wpTextbox1').get(0); var selStart = editbox.selectionStart; var selEnd = editbox.selectionEnd;

if (selStart == selEnd && selEnd !== 0) { selStart = selEnd-1; }

var pre = editbox.value.substring(selStart, selEnd);

switch(pre) {	       case 'a': post = 'ā'; break; case 'A': post = 'Ā'; break; case 'e': post = 'ē'; break; case 'E': post = 'Ē'; break; case 'i': post = 'ī'; break; case 'I': post = 'Ī'; break; case 'o': post = 'ō'; break; case 'O': post = 'Ō'; break; case 'u': post = 'ū'; break; case 'U': post = 'Ū'; break; default: post = pre; break; }

editbox.value = editbox.value.substring(0, selStart) + post + editbox.value.substring(selEnd); editbox.setSelectionRange(selStart+post.length, selStart+post.length); }

function circumflex(editor) { var editbox = $('#wpTextbox1').get(0); var selStart = editbox.selectionStart; var selEnd = editbox.selectionEnd;

if (selStart == selEnd && selEnd !== 0) { selStart = selEnd-1; }

var pre = editbox.value.substring(selStart, selEnd);

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 were washed or worn by the rain and weather into some diversity of shape. Again we are with Mr, Davis.

April 22nd. (Camp xl.) Started early this morning. Very cold. Wind from the south. The journey was through a varied country, after crossing a good-sized creek and several smaller ones. The larger one had a fine sand and gravelly bed, with large trees on its banks of quite a new description. Mr. McKinlay, who has been in the colony thirty years or more, has never seen them. They had a short, broad, dark leaf, and saplings growing all round the bottom. We passed a creek to the right. The country here is splendidly grassed up to the ranges, which are some distance off, though we are approaching them fast. Several more well-wooded creeks, sandy bottoms, the last we came to we went down some short distance, and camped at the junction of two creeks, in one of which Palmer found a piece of copper ore. No end of quartz and mica to be seen. Gathered some seeds. Cold roast beef for dinner, hot sirloin, if you please, for supper.

23rd. This morning the horses were not to be found, and when they were, only a part were brought in, the others had gone back on the old tracks, the sheep and bullocks sent ahead, and two men after the horses. The fellows who brought in part of the horses got McKinlay's

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 blessings. It is very vexing, here we are all ready for a start, camels laden, etc., but Mr. McKinlay says we must wait for the horses, and so we did till 12 o'clock, when we unpacked, unsaddled, and turned them out to feed. I don't suppose we shall get away to-day. Dinner over and no horses, one man sent after sheep and bullocks to bring them into camp again; it was a fine day for travelling, but, alas! here is another delay of a day or more. They all came in about sunset. Mr. McKinlay went out on a voyage of discovery, and thus reports the results:—

"'I took a horse and went to the nearest hill, about seven miles distant, to observe the course of the main creek, but the day proving warm and misty I did not get so distinct a view as I anticipated; it was extensive enough but indistinct, although the elevation I was on must have been more than three thousand feet from level of the creek, and much higher ranges on to west of it; from top of it portions of the main range appear in the far distance at 347½°; no other eminence round the horizon to 95°; the whole intervening space filled with creeks running in all directions towards the main creek that must be distant from the hill I was on easterly, nearly twenty miles, with an apparent northerly course; this hill is detached from the main mass of range and distant from four to five miles. It and the most of the intervening space between the camp and it is literally one mass of quartz and quartz reefs, mica, etc., and on top of range is a sort of flaggy slate, all apparently having undergone the action of fire—this range I have called Sarah's Range; it bears from camp 320° seven miles; a great deal of spinifex and abrupt creeks between camp and it, not a speck of gold visible, but it appears to have undergone the action of fire; this is another day lost. Such detention makes me quite irritable and fidgetty.'"


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 24th. (Camp xli.) We made but a short stage to-day, the bullocks having taken it into their heads to have a ramble; we did not wait for them though, but left Palmer to bring them in. Distance travelled about ten miles, and Mr. McKinlay being doubtful of finding water farther on, and there being some very good here, we camped.

Country passed through to-day very auriferous, plenty of large quartz reefs, and Mr. McKinlay says there is any amount of pipe-clay under the quartz on the hills where he was yesterday; all these are also found in the creeks.

The natives are busy burning away on the ranges some distance west of this, and have been doing so daily ever since we came on the creek. I suppose they are still unaware of our presence, or they would have paid us a visit.

For the last 150 miles at least there have been on the slopes, and on the tops of all the ranges, decaying red-ant hills, not tenanted, but gradually decaying; many of them appearing like sharp spires, and washed in all kinds of shapes by the rain and weather. Perhaps the inhabitants were nomad tribes, and wander about like the other natives. Some of the ant-hills formed quite townships, and were rather curious.

25th. (Camp xlii.) The country passed through to-day was undulating and stony, the quartz-reefs extending all the way on our left, or west of us, as


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 far as the eye could reach. Distance to-day, twenty-one miles, and camped, without water, at the foot of a small stony hill some twenty feet high. Mr. McKinlay went on by himself to look for some, which, on his return, he told us he had found in a fine large creek three miles ahead. We had unpacked and pitched camp, so we had dinner, and then re-packed off for the creek, called "Marchant" by Mr. McKinlay, after W. Marchant, Esq., a friend of his, who has a run called "Mananarie," north of Adelaide. This fine creek, on which we are now camped, is still running, and comes in through the ranges from the west and south. It is heavily timbered with white gum. We lost the marking-chisel to-day from off the camel, by some means, so there will be no more tree-marking. Passed several small creeks on our way, and we also found a good deal of spinifex.

26th. The fine ranges still on our left. Crossed Marchant's Creek, and in ten miles came to a very fine one about 400 yards broad, and water as far as you can see south and west. This creek is called "Williams," after Edward Williams, Esq., North Adelaide. A quantity of small fish in the water-holes, and some very pretty, with fine black stripes, something like a tiger's.

Sunday, 27th. Passed through good and bad country to-day; some magnificent pastoral land. Crossed this creek only three times, and then


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 lowed it for some distance till it went off to the east. At thirteen miles we came to a splendid creek. Lots of water coming from the hills to the west, and running east. This creek is named after Thomas Elder, Esq., of Adelaide, who joined us at Lake Hope.

28th. We had a fine bed of sand last night, which is rather more comfortable, as you can make your nest à la turtle, and curl yourself up snug. There must have been some fearful floods here at times, as, forty feet above us, in the fine gum-trees that edge the creek, is to be seen bush and débris lodged up in the boughs; some trees broken off short thirty feet above their roots. I dare say, from the quantity of stuff lodged in the branches, and the force of the current, some of the large trees are even torn up by the roots. Rather milder than it was yesterday as regards heat. There is another creek joins this just about where we struck it, with plenty of water coming apparently from south-west. Fine pastoral country today on the whole, lightly timbered, and some of it flooded. Crossed several small creeks, and one large one, which Mr. McKinlay called after Mr. Poole, of Willaston, the father of one of my comrades. The governor took horse after getting his dinner (no fear of his going before) to a detached hill two miles away. Mr. McKinlay shall speak for himself:—


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 "'After getting into camp, myself and Middleton went on to the hill in front, and at two and a-quarter miles arrived at it. It is perfectly detached, and stands in the open plain—is very stony, or rather rocky. Open plains to the north and west, as far as yon can discern; to the north-north-east appears dark timber, which I hope to be the main creek, and appears to be bearing to north and west. A couple of isolated hills from fifteen to twenty miles off, bearing respectively, the southern one 251½°, the northern one 254°. The southern one I have called Mount Elephant; the one to the north, Mount McPherson; and the one I am on, Margaret. Another in the distance, bearing 258°.'"

Sheep and bullocks not in till very late. Had the satisfaction of some emu soup for supper, Mr. McKinlay having shot a very fine one. Distance twenty-five miles.

29th. Left Poole's Creek about 8 Over some fine undulating and well grassed plains, with small belts of bushes here and there. Some emus were shot to-day, and were left on the plains with a stick stuck up, and a piece of paper with the order in pencil from the governor, "Davis, bring on the emus on the camel."

We do not much like the flesh of the emu; it is so rich, it made some of the crew sick. We camped at a watercourse, to let the sheep and bullocks have something to eat, as they were so late in last night.

30th. More fine country to travel over to-day; nothing but one immense plain. The natives are burning grass to the east-south-east. This is the


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Page:TheHorselessAge Vol15 No2.pdf/28

 Cooling Oil Experience.

Editor Horseless Age:

I have read with interest the articles for and against the use of oil for cooling automobile engines in winter, and perhaps my experience with this oil may be of interest to some of your readers.

When I ﬁrst applied for an oil for cooling gas engines the local representatives of the Standard Oil Company did not seem to know of just such an oil, but said they had an oil which was used for oiling windmills and other apparatus used in the open, and which would not freeze at the lowest of temperatures. I purchased 5 gallons to try this oil (it is known as Polar Ice), and it has proven satisfactory in every way. So far this winter the temperature has been as low as 7° below zero, and with one exception the oil has never failed to cool the engine. This one instance was when the supply of cylinder lubricating oil gave out, and under such circumstances the engine would have overheated with water in the circulating system.

The machine in which this oil was used stands in a cold, unheated barn (not in a warm garage), and the oil has never failed to give good service.

It is known that oil attacks rubber hose, but when a person knows that his engine will be cooled and that his cooling medium will not freeze or evaporate. he feels that he can afford to replace leaky hose at the end of the winter months.

Gear Design Problem.

Editor :

I have read with interest the recent articles on change gear design, but ﬁnd some variation in the results of the formula of Mr. Heldt and Mr. Fay. I enclose sketch of a gear, which, we will say, necessitates the use (for constructional reasons) of a ﬁner pitch on the “countershaft gears" which are at the drive end. The faces of these gears have been deduced from a number of formula with varying results. Would like to hear Mr. Heldt's and Mr. Fay's solution of this construction, giving an equal stress per square inch on the low speed pinion when driving through low gear. That is, so that the teeth of each pinion shall be equally loaded in proportion to its face and pitch. It will be seen that the angular velocity of the countershaft pinion when driving on the intermediate speed is the same as that of the driving shaft, and when driving on low gear is just half the speed of the drive shaft. The ineffective portion of the face is to be omitted from the calculation, as the full face of the tooth can be made effective, if the teeth are beveled only on one face, leaving the driving face intact.

The engine will develop 594,000 foot pounds per minute at 950 revolutions per minute. Normal piston speed, 633 feet per minute.

[No formulae for this type of gears were given in our article on gear design, as only two of the cars the gear data of which was gathered had their gears arranged in this manner. It will be noticed, by referring back to this article, that the stress in the metal for the ﬁrst speed pinions is in each case about 28,000 pounds, while the stress for the countershaft pinions is in one case 37,000 and in the other 49-000, or an average therefore of 43,000 pounds. If you wish to use the same stress in the first speed pinion and in the countershaft pinion you will get a countershaft pinion proportionately wider and a ﬁrst speed pinion proportionately narrower than used on the two cars with this type of gear referred to in the article on gear design. An average stress of 35,000 pounds per square inch might be allowed. This would give a width of eleven-six-teenths inch for the ﬁrst speed pinion and 1 3.16 inches for the countershaft pinion. The intermediate speed pinion transmits a tangential pressure only two-thirds as great as that transmitted by the low speed pinion, but as it runs at a proportionately greater peripheral speed, the width can hardly be made less than that of the low speed pinion, viz., eleven-sixteenths inch.—.]

Wants a Side Door Body.

Editor :

Will you kindly inform me through your valuable paper, or ask some of your kind readers, whether it would be possible to convert my 1904 autocar with rear entrance tonneau body to a side entrance tonneau vehicle, without reducing the speed or otherwise injuring the car? Also about what the cost would be?

A. J. S.

[We do not believe that it is possible to ﬁt a side entrance tonneau body, as this requires at least a foot more room back of the front seat than the ordinary tonneau, and the frame is not long enough for that.—.]

Expense of Operating a Steam Runabout.

Editor :

Having read with much interest the expense accounts of different car owners in your recent issues, I thought perhaps my experiences in the expense line might interest others; here they are:

In April, 1903, I purchased a second hand steam runabout. During the summer I used it as a touring car, myself and wife making a trip to Monterey over the Santa Cruz and San Juan mountains, and side trips, 430 miles the round trip. In the late autumn we made a tour through Lake County, one of the many “Switzerlands of America," over some rough mountain roads, running in all 2,058 miles for the season.

Early this spring we toured to the "Giant Forest" in the Sequoia National Park, and return, 625 miles, and were the ﬁrst to negotiate that mountain road with an automobile. Some idea of the climb can be obtained from Geological Survey mark of 6,400 feet elevation at Camp Sierra—enough to convey the idea that we are not patrons of the park boulevards. Being a machinist by trade and occupation has reduced my expense account, I believe, very much. I have run the car 1,551 miles this year, or 3,609 miles in two seasons.

Depreciation, 15 per cent. of cost. per season, $56.25 .. $112.50 Gasoline, 420 gallons, average price $21.94. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 92.15 Repairs, spring, burner, chain, balls, etc. .. . . . . . - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62.90 Tires, vulcanizing, inner tube, re- pair outﬁt, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50.50 Miscellaneous supplies, lamps, horn, robe, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16.90 Transportation, by boat, ferry. etc. 14.05 Stabling on road, alterations in stable, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.80 Insurance, ﬁrst season, $300, 2 per cent. . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.00 A total cost of. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $373.80

Or 10.35 cents per mile. Ignoring the all important factor, depreciation, the bill would be $261.30, or 7¼ cents per mile. The average mileage per gallon of gasoline was 8.35.

The following list shows a percentage of cost of the different expenses Without Depreciation Depreciation. . . . . . . . . . .30 .. . Gasoline. - - . . . . . . . . . .. .25 .35 Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .17 .24 Tires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 .19 5tabling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .05 .07 Miscellaneous supplies. .04 .07 Transportation .. . . . .. . ,q4 .06 Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . .01 .02 1.00 1.00

As to present condition of car, it is A1, ready to run on ten minutes' notice.

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 within two hundred yards of the camp, apparently struck by the sun, though it was not very hot today. It looks for rain this afternoon; I hope we shall not get any, for we have had enough, at least for the present. Native smoke seen about five miles to west of north of the opening in the hills. Blew fresh to-night, and sent all the rain away. This bullock must be left also, as he cannot get up.

13th. (Camp x.) We start up the range about four miles, over some very stony country. The main range of hills Mr. McKinlay has named "Wills' Range," after the unfortunate gentleman who lost his life with Burke.

After passing this range we went over sand hills and rich pasture, with swamps full of water to east end of sand hills. Thousands of pigeons, ducks, and teal. They have commenced laying, and we found several pigeons' nests with eggs in, and also some ducks' nests; the latter had as many as eight or ten eggs each. Of course we gather up all the contents of the several nidifications for a glorious "feed" this evening. There are also quail, and numerous other smaller birds.

To the north-east of the camp is a very peculiar hill, with an immense stone on the top, which has been called by the leader "Elliott's Knob." The country was very pretty to-day, the ground covered


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Rh with the steamship Oneida homeward bound, and the Illustrated London News, again mentioning the James Baines, said: "When met by the Oneida, on the 17th of August, on her way to Calcutta with troops, she presented a most magnificent appearance, having in addition to her ordinary canvas, studdingsails, skysails, and moonsail, set and drawing, in all thirty-four sails, a perfect cloud of canvas: the troops all well, and cheering lustily as the vessels passed each other. The sister ship, the Champion of the Seas, was not far astern, both vessels making great headway."

These two ships arrived off the mouth of the Hooghly together, each 101 days from Portsmouth, and the finish of this race was talked about by the Calcutta pilots for a good many years: how these splendid clippers raced in from sea almost side by side, with a fresh three-skysail, scupper breeze, the regimental bands on board of both ships playing national airs, while the soldiers were cheering and wild with the joy and excitement of seeing land once more.

The Lightning sailed at a more favorable season, and made the passage from Portsmouth to the Hooghly in 87 days, beating the entire fleet of sailing transports, including those fitted with auxiliary screw propellers.

Of the large number of ships bought or chartered in the United States for the Australian trade by British ship-owners at this period, those mentioned, with the Red Rover, Comet, Tornado, Sierra Nevada, and Invincible, each with a record of less than 75 days from Liverpool or London to

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 with flowers of all colours and tints. One native was seen to-day on the top of one of the hills, but we could not get within speaking distance. We found to-day a quantity of the vegetable before alluded to: the native name is "adley."

Several ducks' and pigeons' eggs found to-day. Bell and Hodgkinson left camp directly after they came in for the purpose of shooting, and they brought home some ducks and pigeons. One or two new birds were seen to-day; flies very bad.

14th. Started early this morning on eastern course, to avoid the flood, and went some miles along stony ridges, then through swamp and water. On our left a small but pretty lake, and a long sandy range on our right; in the distance there is a well-watered creek, which seems to supply this small lake. We came to camp on a sand hill close to a claypan, with shallow water. The flood is seen some four miles off to the west of north. There seem to be interminable sand hills ahead. Country to-day was pretty, with much fine feed for the animals, and the "adley" in abundance, with its elegant little yellow blossom. The sand hills were covered with various flowers of all colours. The smell of the flowers is delicious, so no one must tell me any more that the flowers of this country have no smell.

15th. (Camp xii.) Off again, but detained a little, as one of the camels' saddles was wrong; it


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 had become broken, and was galling the poor beast; it was soon righted, and we started afresh; passed through some fine country, also some stony and sandy rises, and came to camp in good time, on a fine creek, running nearly north and south. We shall again enjoy the luxury of a bathe here, as we shall stop some days, as we are going to kill a bullock, which will delay us. A splendid range of hills in the distance, east and north. This is a very pretty camp, but the mosquitoes are beginning to sing already. Lots of ducks killed to-day, and some eggs found. Old "Ranger" killed this evening, and will be cut up and jerked to-morrow, and some trouble they had with the old brute; he would not stand to be shot, but took to the water, and had a swim for it, but we got him at last.

16th. Oh, goodness! talk of mosquitoes, they were in swarms—if I may use the expression, in herds on this creek; every man of us was obliged to have his own fire to keep them away, but it was all of no use, they cared for nothing; they bit you through blankets, sheets, trousers, in fact, anything you had on; they could not have had such a chance before, I should think, and they made the most of it; very little sleep we got. I never saw them so bad except at a place called Maturne, up the Orinoco river, where we had gone to procure bullocks for the Government contractor for beef, and there we had to get into our mosquito-nets at 4, or


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 we should have been eaten alive; here we had no such luxuries; what little we had was just enough to cover the face, and no more. No end of ducks' eggs found about the creek and swamps around. All hands jerking old "Ranger," except Poole, who is out with McKinlay on a scout to see the country towards the ranges to the east, some twenty miles from here.

Leaving Mr. Davis for a moment, we refer to Mr. McKinlay' s journal, where he reports upon this excursion in a way rather perplexing, if we are to understand he is passing through the famous "Stony Desert." And yet the characteristic features of the desert ever recur in stone and sand, cropping out amidst all the verdure called up as by enchantment after the late rains. He says:—

"'Sunday, March 16th. Went to have a view from the principal range eastward, the first and greater part of the road over magnificent pasture, nearer the hills very stony; found the hills distant twenty-one miles; from top of a large table-topped one I had a splendid view; the tier of ranges I am now on bear to east of north and west of south, but are very irregular, many spurs running off from main range, and forming a vast number of crown-shaped tops and peaked hills with innumerable creeks draining the country from east and south to west and north, and joining the main creek. Twenty-one miles travelled to-day, bearing 62½°; from this hill another tier of similar hills is seen in the distance with a very large creek, draining the country between this and that, flowing northward, and then west round the north end of the tier I am now upon. The south-west end of distant range bears 125° about twenty-five to thirty miles off,"


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 "and the north-east end, dimly seen in the distance, bears 65°, which tier of ranges and creek I have called Browne Creek, after J. H. Browne, Esq., of Booboorowie, South Australia. The range I am on, and the tier northwards to where the Creek (Browne's) passes round the end of them, I have called Ellar's tier of Tabletops; the tier south of where I now am I have called Warren's tier of Tabletops, after my respected friend, Geo. Warren, Esq., of Gawler, for whose kindness I am much indebted; the plain or downs east and north of those ranges, I have called 'The Downs of Plenty,' as here there is everything one could wish in travelling over a new country. I would have gone over to the distant ranges, but unfortunately, my horse threw one of her shoes, and I was obliged to camp at a creek under the hills for the night. The creek I have now camped on I have named Ranger's Creek, after our bullock killed here.'"

We all took it out pretty well this morning, having had so little sleep last night, and the governor did not return last night, so "when the cat is away the mice always will play." All hands still at the beef; we have a fine sun, and it will be well jerked. Mr. McKinlay and Poole returned this afternoon, tired and hungry, having had very little to eat, and having travelled sixty miles. They brought some curiosities, found in a native whirlie, and saw plenty of emus; they saw also part of a European greatcoat, lined with red flannel, in the whirlie. To whom could that coat have once belonged? They also saw a head ornament, made of goats' hair, which must surely have been taken from one of the goats that Leichhardt had with him on his last trip; mosquitoes still very bad, and the


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User talk:72.154.28.178

Welcome

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Talk:Proclamation 7491

What does the "" mean? --Hartz (talk) 13:51, 1 December 2012 (UTC)
 * No idea. It looks like it was part of the original text dump. Now removed. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 00:44, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Proclamation 7491


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Page:The Clipper Ship Era.djvu/358

284, the Belle of the Sea, 64 days from London to Melbourne, and North Wind, 67 days from London to Sydney, N. S. W., were the most celebrated.

There were also many American ships that made the voyage from New York to Melbourne, and among the fast passages may be mentioned those of: the Mandarin, in 71 days; Flying Scud and Nightingale, 75 days; Whirlwind, 80 days; Flying Dutchman and Panama, 81 days; Snow Squall, 79 days, and Ringleader, 78 days. Most if not all these ships loaded in R. W. Cameron's line, and it is worth noting that, of all the great shipping firms that flourished in New York half a century ago, this is the only one which now survives.

It was only natural that ship-owners of Great Britain should feel keenly the invasion of their trade by the American clippers, and in 1855, James Baines & Co. placed an order with Alexander Hall & Co., of Aberdeen, then the leading clipper shipbuilders in Great Britain, for a large clipper ship for the Australian trade, to "outdo the Americans." This vessel was the Schomberg, 2600 tons; length 262 feet, breadth 45 feet, depth 29 feet. She was very sharp forward and had a long, clean run, with considerable dead-rise at her midship section. She was built of wood and heavily sparred, with single topsail yards and three skysails.

When this ship came around from Aberdeen to load at Liverpool for Melbourne, she was greatly admired and it was generally believed that she would prove faster than her American rivals, especially as Captain Forbes, late of the Marco Polo

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Rh and Lightning, had been appointed to command her. She sailed from Liverpool on October 6, 1855. Captain Forbes was a proud man that day, for the pierheads of the port were thronged with a patriotic, cheering crowd to see the Schomberg off, and as she towed down the Mersey, the signals reading, "Sixty days to Melbourne," fluttered gayly from her mizen truck.

She had moderate winds to the equator, which she crossed 28 days from the Mersey, and then drifted into calms and light airs which continued for ten days and from which she did not possess the nimble speed to extricate herself. Her best day's work, while running her easting down, was 368 miles. When 81 days out she was wrecked and became a total loss on an uncharted reef about 150 miles to the westward of Melbourne, the passengers, crew, and mails being saved. This was by no means a record passage, and it is to be regretted that her career was so short, as it would be interesting to know what she might have done under more favorable conditions. She certainly possessed the qualities of a fast ship, and was ably commanded.

There were also many fine ships of English build sailing out of London in the Australian trade; the Norfolk and Lincolnshire, built and owned by Money, Wigram & Sons; the Kent, Trafalgar, and Renown, built and owned by R. & H. Green; and many others. These ships were built of teak, oak, and elm; were copper-fastened and sheathed with red copper. They resembled smart frigates more than merchantmen, and were about the perfection

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 sooner we are out of this the better. Mr. McKinlay has called this creek after the old bullock "Ranger," killed here. Mr. McKinlay saw three natives yesterday, but could not get near to them; they were busy gathering various seeds.

18th. Still at "Ranger" Creek; two of our fellows went out after eggs, and brought in seventy-six ducks', not a bad find; I should have gone, but I had something else to do; they were made into custards, without milk, boiled, roasted, just as it suited the fancy of the consumer—not that it much signified, as we could eat in those days. We were not in bed quite so late this morning, but were roused by Mr. McKinlay just before daylight, and we pack everything for an early start to-morrow. The beast gave us 162 lb. dried meat, and well jerked it is too, and glad I am that we are off first thing.

19th. Up early as usual, just before daylight, and breakfast by the first dawn, and off after the animals saddled up, after about two hours' detention, and started on north of east course, about 14 miles through a magnificent country, the plain alone extending for miles and miles, level as a billiard table, and beautifully grassed. High ranges in the distance, the scent of the flowers as we passed over them was delightful. Sure it is that


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286 of that type—splendid ships to be at sea in, though not so fast as the sharper American clippers. None of these vessels was over 1500 tons, and it was thought by shipping men in London and Liverpool that much of the speed of the American ships was due to their greater tonnage. There may have been some truth in this, but it should be remembered that with these large wooden vessels an increase in size made the difficulties in building greater, as well as in getting their wooden masts to stand with hemp rigging, to say nothing of handling their enormous single topsails in heavy weather.

Meanwhile attempts were being made by various companies to introduce steam in place of the clipper ships that had carried the passengers, mails, and specie after the discovery of gold in Australia, but these efforts were beset with many difficulties and heavy financial losses.

The Australian, an iron screw steamer of 2000 tons, was the first steamship to carry the mails from England to Melbourne. She sailed from Plymouth, June 5, 1852, and called at St. Vincent, St. Helena, Table Bay, and St. George's Sound for coal, which had been sent out by ship from England to meet her. She arrived at Melbourne in 89 days from Plymouth, and returned by the Cape of Good Hope in 76 days. She arrived at London, January 11, 1853, having been 7 months and 6 days upon the voyage, a creditable but not a very brilliant performance. The Australian was soon followed by the Great Britain, Adelaide, Queen of the South, Sydney, Cleopatra, Antelope, and other iron screw steamers; but these vessels nearly ruined

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 20th. Started this morning at 10, our course a little north of east, and travelled till we struck a large creek, and then over sand hills and flats, covered with magnificent grasses of every description, many creepers, and the blue convolvulus, also another beautiful small blue flower, with a dark purple eye. It seems quite tropical, and everything has changed these last few days, flowers, shrubs, and weather too. Only about six pods of the blue flowers could be obtained. Plenty of pigeons to-day, and a few nests were found also with eggs in. A native brought into camp, and decorated with necklaces; he also got a good feed to console him. Mosquitoes worse than at "Ranger" Creek I really believe.

21st. Our journey to-day was over red sand hills nearly all the way, our course north-north-east. We had to cross an immense sheet of water. We found eighty ducks' eggs. The grass nearly up to the horses' knees. Bullocks and sheep not in to-night. Not one of us could sleep to-night; the air was perfectly alive with mosquitoes. Every day we meet with fresh flowers. Distance to-day sixteen miles, and camped on a plain by the side of a claypan with a little water, and not very good.

22nd. Bullocks not up, so had to spell here, and a fine place too certainly. Two or three of us went out to look after them. The sheep arrived about 8 Thunder, with a little rain; then


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ogilvy, George (d.1663)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ogilvy, George (fl.1634-1679)


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Rh their owners and did not greatly interfere with the clippers.

In 1854 the Argo, a full-rigged iron ship of 1850 tons register, with plenty of canvas and fitted with an auxiliary engine and screw, made the passage from London to Melbourne in 64 days and home round Cape Horn in 63 days; and though she sailed during the greater portion of the voyage, using her engines only in calms and light winds, she was the first merchant vessel using steam-power to circumnavigate the globe. This voyage is peculiarly adapted to auxiliary steam vessels, as, by following the sailing-ship track, very few strong head winds are met, and of course the screw is of great assistance in light winds and calms.

The Argo was followed (1855–1856) by the Royal Charter, Istamboul, and Khersonese and other iron auxiliary "steam clippers," as they were called. These vessels carried as much canvas as the clipper ships, and were more expensive to handle and not much faster; the rivalry was therefore keen. The clippers still secured their full share of the cabin and steerage passengers, the mails and gold, and were by no means vanquished; indeed, the auxiliaries proved no more successful than the steamships, and brought much the same result to their owners.

It was not till after the close of the Crimean War in 1856, when the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company extended their line to the Australian colonies, that the clipper ships began seriously to feel the competition of steam. From that time iron sailing vessels for this trade were

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 the bullocks came up; they had strayed a long way from where they camped the night before; the men were hungry, as they had nothing to eat since yesterday morning. Mr. McKinlay took a ride to-day, to see what sort of country was ahead of us, leaving orders that if the bullocks came in before 12 o'clock, we were to follow his tracks, but as they did not arrive in time, we shall have to stay here another night. Kirby was much knocked up on his arrival; he had been up all night with the sheep, so I relieved him, and he took his sleep out. Looking much for rain, so preparing for it; covering things up with tarpaulin. Mr. McKinlay returned in the afternoon. Ned, the bullock-driver, reports that when he was after the bullocks this morning, he was stuck up by a lot of niggers; he fired over their heads, and they soon scampered off, leaving him to go his way in peace. Perhaps they thought to have a good breakfast of him, but they were scared by the fire-arms.

23rd. (Claypan Camp.) No tree marked here, as there was not one large enough. We travelled seventeen miles to-day, the first part over sand hills and flooded stony and sandy flats, then crossed a myall creek, afterwards a box and myall one, some ten miles from our starting place, with plenty of water on both sides of the creek; stony flats and undulating ground, well grassed. We camped on a myall creek, after following it down


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ogilvy, James (d.1605)


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Rh authorities, the evidence of which has been received at this Office since my last annual report, and consequently was not included therein. During the previous year the reports show a constructed length of one thousand seven hundred sud forty-three miles of road, a difference in favor of the latter year of five hundred and thirty-five miles. The policy of extending aid to railroad enterprise by national legislation having been restricted by the caution of Congress during the last few years, the aggregate of definite location of new roads is not as great as in former years. The reports show the definite location of three hundred and twenty-three miles during the fiscal year, of which two hundred miles are of the Northern Pacific Railroad, in the Territory of Dakota

In their appropriate place in this report will he found carefully prepared tables, showing the condition of the adjustment for the various land-grunt roads up to the close of the decal year.

Since the date of my last report the fifth section of the mining act, of May 10, 1872, has been amended, and the following circular issued: "The following is an act of Congress approved March 1, 1873, (17 Stat., 483:)

"'AN ACT to amend an act entitled "An act to promote the development of the mining resources of the United states."

"'Be it enacted by the Senate and and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the provisions of the fifth section of the act entitled "An act to promote the development of the mining resources of the United States." passed May tenth, eighteen hundred seventy-two, which requires expenditures of labor an improvements on claims located prior to the the passage of said act, are hereby so amended that the time for the first annual expenditure on claims located prior to the passage of said act shall be extended to the tenth day of June,eighteen hundred and seventy-four'

"By this legislation the requirements of the fifth section of the act of May 10, 1872, are changed by extending the time for the first annual expenditure upon claims located prior to May 10, 1872, to June 10 1874.

"The requirements in regard to expenditures upon claims located since May 10, 1872, are in no way changed."

The following act of Congress was approved February 18, 1373, (17 Stat., 465:)

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That within the Sums hereinafter named deposits or mines of iron and coal be, and they ore hereby, excluded from the operations of an act entitled "An act to promote the development of the mining resources of the United States," approved May tenth, eighteen hundred and seventy-two, and said act shall not apply to the mineral lands situate and being within the States of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and that said lands are hereby declared free and open to exploration and purchase according to the legal subdivisions thereof as before the passage of said act; and that any bona-fide entries of such lands, within said States, since the passage thereof, may be patented without reference to the provisions of said act.

Previous to the date of said mining act of 1872, lands containing deposits of iron ore were disposed of for cash at private entry the some as agricultural lands. The language of the mining act, however, is so comprehensive as to justify the belief that it was the intention of Congress to include iron ore among the mineral deposits to be disposed of under its provisions. Congress by subsequent legislation appears to have placed this construction upon the act.


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732 By the act approved February 18, 1873, it is provided that "deposits or mines of iron in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota shall be excluded from the operations of the act of May 10, 1872." This is in effect saying that prior to that time deposits or mines of iron had been subject to the operations of said act in these States, and that they remain subject to its operations in the States not specifically named. Lands, therefore, more valuable on account of veins or deposits of iron than for agriculture can be entered only under the mining acts of Congress.

Much difficulty has been experienced by this Office in determining questions of fact connected with the location of private land-claims in California, for the reason that under former practice and regulations testimony was taken and submitted in the form of ex-parte affidavits, which often served rather to confuse than explain the matters in con~ troversy.

Among the rulings which have been made during the past year, and which affect a number of claims not adjudicated, are the following: Rancho Guadalupe, Diego Olivera and T. Arellanee, confirmees.—In this case it was decided by this Office:

1st. That a newspaper dated and first distributed in the town of Santa Barbara, in Santa Barbara County, Cal., was published in Santa Barbara, although said paper was printed in San Francisco, Cal.

2d. Where a survey had become final by publication under the not of June 14, 1860, and a. patent in accordance with such survey had been duly signed, sealed, recorded, sent to the United States surveyor-general for delivery, subsequently recalled, a new survey made, published in accordance with the provision of the act of July 1, 1864, (13 Stat., p. 332,) approved by the Commissioner of the General Land-Office, and a patent for such resurvey signed, sealed, recorded, transmitted to the United States surveyor-general for delivery, and recalled without the consent of the parties claiming possession thereof, that in such a case the first patent having been legally executed, was the patent to be delivered to the parties in interest, and that said first patent having been legally executed, there was no authority of law for the issue of the subsequent patent, which was void ab initio and might properly be recalled by the Commissioner of the General Land-0ffice.

Affirmed on appeal March 26, 1873.

''Rancho La. Brea, oonfirmed to Antonio Jose Rocha. et al.''—In this case this Office held that it had jurisdiction to examine the validity of the couveyances of a rancho, so far as to be enabled to decide who, under such conveyances, was entitled to select the quantity of land confirmed within larger exterior boundaries to the claimant or claimants by the board of land commissioners for California, or United' States courts. Aiiirmed on appeal March 21, 1873.

Rancho La Carbonera, William Bocle, confirmee.—In this case a portion of the rancho as granted, conflicted with the boundaries of the Rancho Canada del Rincon, which had been confirmed and patented by the United States. Both ranchos were for quantity within larger exterior limits, and prior to confirmation the title in each case was equitable only,


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 for two miles to where there was plenty of water and good feed; the flood was close on our left for some time after starting. Mr. McKinlay called me into his tent at 3 ; he could not sleep, and was very anxious to be on the move.

After a sorry breakfast of jerked beef soup we started, and glad enough to get out of this. We are allowed only 12 lb. of this meat per diem for the party of ten, with 4½ lb. flour per week. What shall we do when the flour is all gone, and nothing but this jerked stuff? it is very like thick mahogany shavings. We feel almost as hungry after having had our allowances as before, and it is no use "asking for more;" for, like Oliver Twist, we should not get it. The feed all along our route to-day was magnificent. We found a wild cucumber, but it was so bitter that it could not be eaten.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ogilvy, James (1593?-1666)


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 CENTRAL DISTRICT.

chapter comprises the journey and its incidents between the dates of 24th March and 21st April. The part traversed we have named the Central District, and we have marked out the somewhat distinctive features of its southern limits where it meets the region of desert. There is more difficulty in finding any distinctive boundary to the north—any features separating the central from the tropical region. In this paucity of such signs we are glad to seize upon Mr. Davis's account of large trees of a new description growing on the banks of a fine creek; and, as the party came upon this scene on the 22nd April, so we


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 close the central region on the 21st, and open the tropical in the succeeding chapter on the 22nd April. The position is in south latitude about 21° 45', and it is where the party have just crossed the dividing range and are descending its northern slopes to find the waters henceforward taking a northerly course like their own.

We are now in the autumn of the antipodes and in latitudes bordering on either side of the tropical line, so that, but for the moisture with which the late rains have covered the country all around them, the travellers would have found the weather much hotter and less comfortable than it actually was. The cold at night was sometimes intense, although the days were hot under a bright sun. For example, McKinlay says, on 6th April, "Beautiful cold morning," and on 7th, "Exceedingly cold during the night," and again on the 13th, "Evenings, nights, and mornings beautifully cool; the days hot enough."

The country was often exceedingly beautiful in its luxuriance of vegetation; for instance, on 3rd April we find the party "camped on a magnificent lagoon, about one mile long and about two hundred yards wide—a perfect flower-garden." But the cause of all these beauties—the late abundant rains, had brought also its disagreeables to the travellers in the generally wet and boggy state of the country; there were many running creeks—a


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 rare and pleasant spectacle of Australian scenery; The country passed through may be described as consisting of valleys and great plains bounded by hill ranges. "On some of these vast plains," remarks McKinlay, "the traveller, if overtaken by such heavy rains as his party experienced, would be certainly washed helplessly away, for there is not a knoll six feet in height within range of the eye." Notwithstanding this luxuriance of the hour throughout this country caused by the fitful rains, the prevailing spinifex grass guides us to the poverty generally of the country. It is a country similar to that described in much less glowing language by Waterhouse while passing in the same latitudes at some distance further to the westward. The spinifex is the only permanent vegetation of the smaller kind that can face the sun and climate upon the open country; a month or two of the winds and droughts of summer and autumn sweep off everything else, and the country returns to its customary bareness and aridity, as if awaking from a casual dream.

Bright and pleasant, however, are these its dreaming intervals; as the party traverse the grass and inhale the fresh perfume of the flowers, the whole scene teems with life, animal as well as vegetable. The Emu Plains are so named from a troop of these remarkable wingless birds, the ostriches of Australia, having been seen there, and


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734 of such claims have been patented during the year ending June 30, 1873, and it is believed that before the close of the year ending June 30, 1874, the arrears of work on this class of claims in the General Land-Office will have been brought up to date.

I am, sir, very respectfully your obedient servant, WILLIS DRUMMOND, Commissioner. The Hon.

,, November 1, 1873.

I have the honor, in accordance with law, to forward herewith the annual report of Indian affairs of the country.

In respect to the general question of civilization of Indians, the record of the year is a good one. In many of the agencies gratifying progrcss has been made, as shown in increased interest in the education of children, a disposition to labor, the desire for allotment of lands, and in the increase of stock and ordinary farm products, and other personal property. At other agencies serious efforts in the same direction have developed more decidedly the difficulties which lie in the way of progress. Among these hindrances six are specially noticeable.

First. A radical hinderance is in the anomalous relation of many of the Indian tribes to the Government, which requires them to be treated as sovereign powers and wards at one and the same time. The comparative weakness of the whites made it expedient, in our early history, to deal with the wild Indian tribes as with powers capable of self-protection and fulfilling treaty obligations, and so a kind of fiction and absurdity has come into all our Indian relations. We have in theory over sixty-five independent nations within our borders, with whom we have entered into treaty relations as being sovereign peoples; and at the same time the white agent is sent to control and supervise these foreign powers, and care for them as wards of the Government. This double condition of sovereignty and wardship involves increasing difficulties and absurdities, as the traditional chieftain, losing his hold upon his tribe, ceases to be distinguished for anything except for the lion's share of goods and moneys which the Government endeavors to send, through him, to his nominal subjects, and as the necessities of the Indians, pressed on every side by civilization, require more help and greater discrimination in the manner of distributing the tribal funds. So far, and as rapidly as possible, all recognition of Indians in any other relation than strictly as subjects of the Government should cease. To provide for this, radical legislation will be required.

The second hinderance, growing directly out of the first, is found in the form in which the benefactions of the Government reach the Indian. In treaties heretofore made with many of the tribes, large sums


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Rh are stipulated to be paid in cash annuities. Facts show that ordinarily the Indians who have received the most money in this form are in the most unfavorable condition for civilization. The bounty of the Government has pauperized them, and in some cases has tended to brutalize more than to civilize. There are instances where for many years tribes have been receiving from $300 to $500 cash annually to each family of four or five persons, and in all such cases the Indians have made no use of the soil which they possess, and are annually reduced to extreme want within a short time after receiving annuities. These Indians would probably have been far better off to have had only their lands, out of which they might have dug a living, if compelled by hunger, than to have received this bounty in a form that tends to perpetuate idleness and poverty. I recommend that hereafter the appropriations to fulfill these promises for annuities of cash in hand be made for the same amounts to be expended, in each case, under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, for purposes of civilization of the tribe, reserving to the discretion of the Secretary the power to pay cash annuities whenever, in his judgment, it is found expedient.

If the objection should be made that this is a violation of a treaty stipulation, the answer is, that the Government is bound to consider the best interests of its wards. And if, in previous years, wrong methods have been adopted, or if the present condition and exigencies require a different method of dealing with the Indians in order to secure their improvement and greatest good, then both justice and humanity require that the change he made.

A satisfactory experiment of this method has been made under a treaty with the Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux, in accordance with which the moneys paid to these tribes, in payment for tbeir lands sold to the Government, have been expended in goods and provisions, which have been issued to Indians only in return for labor on their part, the labor being, in most cases, for themselves; and thus a threefold benefit has been procured. They have actually received the value of the money; they have received the products of their own labor, and, best of all, they have learned to labor. If a similar use can he made of sums of money now paid to vagrant Indians, and practically squandered by them within a few days, a large incentive to industry will be gained.

The third hinderance is found in the want of individual property-rights among Indians. A fundamental difference between barbarians and a civilized people is the difference between a. herd and an individual. All barbarous customs tend to destroy individuality. Where everything is held in common, thrift and enterprise have no stimulus of reward, and thus individual progress is rendered very improbable, if not impossible. The starting-point of individualism for an Indian is the personal possession of his portion of the reservation. Give him a house within a tract of land, whose corner-stakes are plainly recognized by himself and his neighbors, and let whatever can be produced out of this lauded estate be considered property in his own name, and the first principle of industry and thrift is recognized. In order to this first step, the survey and allotment in severalty of the land belonging to the Indians must be provided for by congressional legislation.

The fourth hinderance is the absence of law for Indians. The first condition of civilization is protection of life and property through the


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736 administration of law. As the Indians are taken out of their wild life they leave behind them the force attaching to the distinctive tribal condition. The chiefs inevitably lose their power over Indians in proportion as the latter come in contact with the Government or with white settlers, until their government becomes, in most cases, u mere form, without power of coercion and restraint. Their authority is founded only on "the consent of the governed," and only as they pander to the whims or vices of the young men of the tribe can they gain such consent. As a police restraint upon lawlessness they are of no avail, being themselves subject to the control of the worst element in the tribe. An Indian murdering another Indian is accountable only to the law of retaliation. The State authorities do not concern themselves in punishing the murders among Indians, even when such murder is committed under the shadow of their criminal courts.

I submit, for the consideration of the honorable Secretary, whether it is not necessary that crimes among Indians shall be defined by United States law, and made punishable before United States courts. or whether it may not be practicable to, invest magisterial powers in agents and superintendents, by which they may summon a jury among the Indians or other persons residing at the agencies by authority of law, before whom any serious offense against law and order may be tried. Such a court would he the beginning of administration of justice, out of the workings of which would gradually grow a code of laws, which would cover these cases arising in the Indian country, and come to be enforced by a police among themselves.

At the same time, ample provision should be made for the prosecution of citizens who attempt to encroach upon the rights of Indians, or to debauch them by the sale of intoxicating liquors. The employment of detectives, through the Department of Justice, has worked satisfactorily, so far as the limited appropriation of last year has allowed. The difficulty of securing conviction of parties who are known to be engaged in selling whisky to Indians, makes the prosecution, when attempted by the agent alone, expensive and more frequently unsuccessful. In order to induce information and secure efficiency in these prosecutions, I recommend that such legislation be procured as will insure to the informant all fines arising from conviction under the law.

The fifth hinderance, the persistent refusal of a portion of some of the tribes to remain upon their reservation according to treaty has been mainly experienced with five tribes, viz, the Sioux, Arapahoes, Cheyennes, Kiowas, and Comanches. A portion of the Arapahoes and Cheyennes are identified with the Sioux in their depredations. The remainder are living on a reservation in the Indian Territory.

The actual depredation committed by the Sioux have been comparatively few, but a portion of the tribe have assumed a hostile attitude toward the Government by attacking the surveying expedition on the Northern Pacific Railroad. According to the best information of this. office, the greater number of Indians engaged in these hostilities were a band of Northern Sioux, who have hitherto declined to treat with the Government and with them a large re-enforcement from different agencies along the Missouri River, as also from Spotted Tail's and Red


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Rh Cloud's camps. There is no doubt that the majority of the Indians whom General Stanley encountered in Dakota have been at different times in the year on reservations, and have drawn rations from the Government, some occasionally and some regularly. It is to be regretted that these hostiles could not have been met and defeated by military force. Their actual punishment, in the loss of four or five warriors, was so slight that they seem to regard it at least a drawn fight, if not a victory on their side. The Sioux at Red Cloud and Spotted Tail agencies have also assumed impudent manners and made hostile threats, which have prevented the proper administration of agency atfairs. It has been impossible for the agents to issue rations upon actual count of lodges, the Indians refusing to have a count made, and demanding the issue of rations upon the returns brought in by themselves. The agents, not having a force at hand to restrain the demands of the Indians, have been obliged to yield, and, as a, consequence, there has often been over-issue, and the Indians have grown bold by successful resistance to authority. Such a course of treatment is unwise and unsafe.

Hitherto the military have refrained from going on this reservation because of the express terms of the treaty with the Sioux, in which it is agreed that no military force shall be brought over the line. I respectfully recommend that provision be made at once tor placing at each of the Sioux reservations a military force sufficient to enable the agents to enforce respect for their authority, and to conduct agency affairs in an orderly manner. Also, that all Sioux Indians be required to remain on the Sioux reservation, and that any found of, or refusing to come in and treat with the Government, be forced in and brought to obedience by the military. I am confident that steady progress towards civilization is being made at the different agencies among the Sioux, and, if the turbulent element of this nation can he subdued, the question whether they can be induced to live quietly and to adopt habits of civilization, so as to become self-supporting, will be one only of time and patience.

If it should become necessary to reduce the hostile portion of these Sioux to submission by military force, the Government will find faithful and efficient allies in the several Indian tribes around, the Crows, Black Feet, Gros Venues, and Arickarees. From these Indians a sufficient number of scouts can be enlisted to break the power of the Sioux Nation.

The attempt is being made to induce the Northern Arapahoes and Cheyennes to join their respective tribes in the Indian Territory. Those now in the Territory are affiliated to such a degree as to be in one agency, and to occupy together the same reservation. They number 3,500. The union of the northern tribes with them would swell the number to 4,500. There is also a portion of the Cheyennes living upon the staked plains which have never yet come in. They subsist entirely on buffalo, and plunder in Colorado, Mexico, and Texas. Not a little of the raiding in Texas which has been charged upon the Kiowas and Comanches during the past year has been done by these Cheyennes. A company of surveyors, four in number, were murdered by them upon their reservation in June last. The demand made upon the tribe to surrender the murderers has not been complied with, and it is not impossible that, if the Government proceeds to enforce com pliance, war will result.


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738

The Kiowas and Comanches are affiliated in like manner as the Arapahoes and Cheyennes, occupying a common reservation with the same agency. The conduct of the Kiowns during the past year has been comparatively exemplary, under promise of receiving their chiefs Setanta and Big Tree. These prisoners were in the executive control of the governor of Texas, and, on account of the peculiar atrocity of the crimes of which they were convicted, there was strung opposition on the part of the citizens of Texas to their release. But the pledge of the Government having been given to the Kiowas, and the Kiowas having reason to expect its fulfillment because of their own good conduct for the year past, an appeal was made to the courtesy of the governor of Texas to relieve the Government from its embarrassment by the release of the prisoners; and a pledge was made that the Government would use every means to protect the border of Texas, and would require the Comanches to surrender a certain number of raiders from their tribe who have been depredating in Texas during the past summer. Governor Davis accepted the pledge of the Government, in lieu of the further retention of the chiefs as a means of procuring safety for the citizens of Texas, and Setanta and Big Tree were sent to their tribe. The following day the Comanches were brought into council and required to surrender five (5) of their raiders. The chiefs did not deny that some of their young men had been raiding in Texas, nor that they had been committing theft and murder, but they declared it to be impossible for them to arrest and surrender the marauders, and desired to have one more trial in the way of peace. This I declined to give, except on the conditions already made with the governor of Texas, that the raiders should be surrendered. Some of the Comanches then volunteered to accompany the cavalry into Texas to arrest some of their own tribe whom they knew to be engaged at that time in plunder. A cavalry force was at once sent out, with these Indians enlisted as scouts. But they were unable to find the raiders, and returned without any prisoners to surrender in compliance with the requirement made upon them. The conduct of the Comanches is especially flagrant because of their solemn pledge, made one year ago and renewed in July, not to raid any more, on which their captive women and children were surrendered to them.

But it is a serious problem how to punish the guilty ones without striking the innocent. It is also certain that, on the opening of hostilities, a large portion of the tribe would leave the agency and take to the plains, when the difficulty of reaching and controlling them by military force becomes greatly increased. It is believed, however, that there is no alternative. The reservation cannot be made a refuge for thieves and murderers. No policy can assume the name of peace and kindness that expressly provides or immunity of crime. If the military force cannot be made strong enough to follow these Indians whenever they leave the reservation, and strike them while in the act of depredating. then the whole tribe, on refusal to surrender guilty parties, must be held responsible. And while there will be a loss of results already reached in gathering around the agencies these Indians from the plains, and many innocent ones will perhaps suffer with the guilty, yet I am persuaded that vigorous treatment will be kindness in the end. An attempt to restrain and punish the turbulent element in these three different tribes, to be successful, will require a larger military force than merely to strike their camps, destroying them in part, and scattering the


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 Rh, and during the last week in May the picturesque Pagoda Anchorage presented a scene of unusual activity. The Ada, Black Prince, Chinaman, Fiery Cross, Flying Spur, Serica, Ariel, Taeping, and Taitsing were all hurrying to finish loading and get to sea. Cargo junks and lorchers were being warped alongside at all hours of the day and night; double gangs of good-natured, chattering coolies were on board each ship ready to handle and stow the matted chests of tea as they came alongside; comfortable sampans worked by merry barefooted Chinese women sailed or rowed in haste between the ships and the shore; slender six-oared gigs with crews of stalwart Chinamen in white duck uniforms darted about the harbor; while dignified master mariners, dressed in white linen or straw-colored pongee silk, with pipe-clayed shoes and broad pith hats, impatiently handled the yoke lines.

On shore the tyepans and their clerks hurried about in sedan chairs carried on the shoulders of perspiring coolies, with quick, firm step to the rhythm of their mild but energetic "woo ho—woo-ho—woo ho." The broad, cool veranda of the clubhouse was almost deserted; in the great hongs of Adamson, Bell; Gilman & Co.; Jardine, Matheson; Gibb, Livingston; and Sassoon, the gentry of Foochow toiled by candle-light over manifests and bills of lading and exchange, sustained far into the night by slowly swinging punkahs, iced tea, and the fragrant Manila cheroot.

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Rh on the plains; but the Government can better afford to use a larger force than to undertake a warfare after the savage method of indiscriminate slaughter of women and children.

Intertribal warfare presents a sixth hinderance in the way of civilization. In view of the hostilities among the different tribes of Indians, and the frequent attacks by some of the tribes, requiring a constant state of defense on the part of others, an order has been issued that no Indians be allowed to leave their reservation without permit from the agent, and the Secretary of War has been requested to direct the commanders of military posts to prevent Indians from passing from one agency to another without such permit; and if they find Indians marauding, or engaged in any hostile expedition against any other tribe, to Strike them without parley. A satisfactory execution of this arrangement will probably require either an increased enlistment of scouts from friendly Indians, or an increased military force in the different portions of the Indian country.

On amount of their massacre of the Pawnees during the last buffalo hunt in Nebraska, the Sioux have been forbidden to leave their reservation for such hunting. This prohibition is likely to cause complaint and dissatisfaction among the Indians, but the increasing annoyance and peril from wandering Indians in Nebraska seem to justify the office in making the violation of their treaty by the Sioux the occasion of prohibiting their hunting in Nebraska hereafter; and I recommend that this matter be laid before Congress, in order that this prohibition may he enforced, by declaring that that portion of the treaty of 1868, allowing them to hunt within a certain range of country where buffalo are found, be rendered null and void by the act of the Sioux in attacking the Pawnees, and also by their refusal to surrender the members of their tribe who are guilty, while marauding of their reservation, of the wanton murder of the Hall family.

In several instances tribes entirely friendly to Government and well disposed to civilization have been kept in terror by their marauding neighbors, and prevented from attempting civilized life during the year. In such instances, if the friendly Indians could have been armed they would have defended themselves without assistance from the United States, and I recommend that steps be taken to procure legislation authorizing the Secretary of War to issue arms and ammunition for the self-protection of friendly tribes, on the request of this office, such arms to be accounted for by the agent to whom they are delivered.

Upon no other subject or branch of the Indian service is there such entire agreement of opinion from all agents and persons, connected directly and indirectly with Indian civilization, as upon the necessity of labor schools for Indian children. It is manifest that burbarism can be cured only by education. Instruction in the day-school merely, except among Indians who are already far along in civilization, is attempted at great disadvantage on every hand. Indian children cannot come from the Wigwam suitably clad for the school-room. If clothes are provided