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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hadley, Arthur Twining

HADLEY, Arthur Twining, American college president: b. New Haven, Conn., 23 April 1856. A son of James Hadley (q.v.), he was graduated from Yale in 1876, and took graduate studies in political science at Yale and the University of Berlin. In 1879-83 he was a tutor at Yale, and during that time wrote for several journals, including the Railway Gazette and the Financial Chronicle. He was commissioner of labor statistics for Connecticut {1885-87), and was in 1885 a witness before the Cullom State committee which prepared the Interstate Commerce Law. In 1886 he became professor of political science at Yale, and in 1899 was made president of the university. He was president of the American Economic Association for two years. In 1885 he published ‘Railroad Transportation: Its History and Laws,’ which is everywhere recognized as one of the chief authorities on the subject and has been translated into French and Russian; his other works include ‘Report on the Labor Question’ (1885); ‘Economics, an Account of the Relations between Private Property and Public Welfare’ (1896), presenting the theories of political economy in accordance with the most modern, research and thought; ‘The Education of the American Citizen’ (1901); ‘Freedom and Responsibility’ (1903); ‘Baccalaureate Addresses’ (1907); ‘Standards of Public Morality’ (1907); ‘Some Influences in Modern Philosophic Thought’ (1913); ‘Undercurrents in American Politics’ (1915). He also acted as chairman of the Railroad Securities Commission, which was appointed under the Act of Congress of June 1910 and published its ‘Report’ in 1911. In all his books he has endeavored to utilize the results of economic and political history as a basis for a working system of ethics

for a democracy like that of the United States. His writings show him to be not only a scholar, but also a man of affairs well acquainted with the business world, and in this regard he is one of the best representatives of the modern type of university presidents.


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112 Southward a canyon in the hollow hills,

Deep-sunken, o'er whose pink and yellow crags

Rose spires of tree-tops, rooted far below;

Sea-like, with heavenly straits, the distance shone

Far off, and melted into phantom lands,

Desert depressions, lost in filmy air.

"Yon is the gate, and narrow is the way,"

The old man, hastening, spoke; and from his lips

Dropped but few words, or none, as time were scant;

Till at the cleft arrived, "Descend," he bade,

"Only the desert hath reality.

Now on the border long I range denied.

So heavy-laden am I with the weight

Of earthly thought; the wisdom of the poor

Shall light thee onward to thy journey's end.

Blessèd art thou!" Dumbly he bowed his head;

As one abandoned, on the light he loomed;

And something in the old man's attitude

And gesture made the Roamer to refrain

His farewell word; he down the dark defile

Sank silent and his silence courtesy was.

On the steep slope of an immense ravine

Profound, dividing upon either hand

Green ehasms of the valley canyon-walled,

He found himself; a moment yet he saw

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Rh The aspiring forests island the great gulf,

Primeval growths; soon in dark solitudes

He entered 'mid impenetrable shades,

By trunk and arch of nature's majesty,

The haunts of primal awe, man's earliest dread.

Ah, never had he felt such loneliness

Assail him, nor his soul so isolate

And lost in nature's vast, as in the hush

And shadow of that many-centuried wood!

It seemed coeval with creation's morn.

Monarchs of time stood there, like stem and limb

From Lebanon or Himalaya brought,

Hoar cedar, tall pines, dim sequoias huge

That still on earth salute the stars and winds

As equals, mixing with the heavenly roof;

So stood this forest grove majestical,

O'erblown with leafy flora of the vale,

In immemorial secular growth obscure.

The abode of unimaginable peace

Life seemed within the valley, and the soul

An alien in that natural paradise.

Sounding remote as reefs on unseen seas

He heard the long-drawn soughing of the pine

Begin, and die away down the dark trail

In the dense wild; there, brooding what should be,

He rounded pillared rocks, and found a shelf


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x again, the German translators (and some of the English) prefer to render the tetragrammaton (the four-lettered name of God יהוה) by Eternal instead of Lord. The tetragrammaton is clearly connected with the verb הָיָה (or הָוָה) to be. Some explain it in a causative sense (hiphil) "the One who brings into existence," the "Life-giver," "Creator"; others take it intransitively (kal) and render "The One who is," the "Eternal." The latter has been the favourite Jewish rendering since Moses Mendelssohn. In our P.B. Lord is the translation of adonai (אֲדֹנָי), which has been the verbal reading of the tetragrammaton since very ancient times.

Page 4. The washing of the hands (עַל נְטִילַת יָדָיִם). From the Talmud (Berachoth 60 b).

Who hast formed man in wisdom (אֲשֶׁר יָצַר). This formula is cited in the Talmud in the name of Abaye, chief of the school at Pumbeditha in Babylon circa 300 C.E. (Berachoth 60 b). Two variants of the conclusion were united (on the authority of R. Papa) into the form used in our P.B. This benediction refers to the complexity of the human body.

The words of the Law (לַעֲסוֺק בְּדִבְרֵי תוֺרָה). The study of the Law was regarded as the foremost duty, see note on P.B. p. 5. The formula, cited in the name of Samuel (d. about 250), occurs in the Talmud (Berachoth 11 b). In the same source (Berachoth 11 a) various formulæ are given for the benediction on studying the Torah. These are collated on the page of the P.B. before us.

Make pleasant the words of the Law (וְהַעֲרֶב). (Loc. cit.) in name of R. Joḥanan bar Nappaḥa (d. 279).

Who hast chosen us from all nations (אֲשֶׁר בָּחַר). Blessing for the gift of the Law. This formula is cited (loc. cit.) in the name of R. Hamnuna (4th century).

On a further benediction concerning the Law see notes on P.B. pages 68, 149.

In this benediction we have a notable reference to the choice of Israel. Israel is the Chosen People, called to a special service, commissioned to receive and propagate the Law, to testify to God's truth by its own example and by its


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The Curse of the Fires and of the Shadows

One summer night, when there was peace, a score of Puritan troopers under the pious Sir Frederick Hamilton, broke through the door of the Abbey of the White Friars which stood over the Gara Lough at Sligo. As the door fell with a crash they saw a little knot of friars, gathered about the altar, their white habits glimmering in the steady light of the holy candles. All the monks were kneeling except the abbot, who stood upon the altar steps with a great brazen crucifix in his hand. 'Shoot them!' cried Sir Frederick Hamilton, but none stirred, for all were new converts, and feared the crucifix and the holy candles. The white lights from the altar threw the shadows of the troopers up on to roof and wall. As the troopers moved about, the shadows began a fantastic dance among the corbels and the memorial tablets. For a little while all was silent, and then five troopers who were the body-guard of Sir Frederick Hamilton lifted their muskets, and shot down five of the friars. The noise and the smoke drove away the mystery of the pale altar lights, and the other troopers took courage and began to strike. In a moment the friars lay about the altar steps, their white habits stained with blood. 'Set fire to the house!' cried Sir Frederick Hamilton, and at his word one went out, and came in again carrying a heap of dry straw, and piled it against the western wall, and, having done this, fell back, for the fear of the crucifix and of the holy candles was still in his heart. Seeing this, the five troopers who were Sir Frederick Hamilton's body-guard darted forward, and taking each a holy candle set the straw in a blaze. The red tongues of fire rushed up and flickered from corbel to corbel and from tablet to tablet, and crept along the floor, setting in a blaze the seats and benches. The dance of the shadows passed away, and the dance of the fires began. The troopers fell back towards the door in the southern wall, and watched those yellow dancers springing hither and thither.

For a time the altar stood safe and apart in the midst of its white light; the eyes of the troopers turned upon it. The abbot whom they had thought dead had risen to his feet and now stood before it with the crucifix lifted in both hands high above his head. Suddenly he cried with a loud voice, 'Woe unto all who smite those who dwell within the Light of the Lord, for they shall wander among the ungovernable shadows, and follow the ungovernable fires!' And having so cried he fell on his face dead, and the brazen crucifix rolled down the steps of the altar. The smoke had now grown very thick, so that it drove the troopers out into the open air. Before them were burning houses. Behind them shone the painted windows of the Abbey filled with saints and martyrs, awakened, as from a sacred trance, into an angry and animated life. The eyes of the troopers were dazzled, and for a while could see nothing but the flaming faces of saints and martyrs. Presently, however, they saw a man covered with dust who came running towards them. 'Two messengers,' he cried, 'have been sent by the defeated Irish to raise against you the whole country about Manor Hamilton, and if you do not stop them you will be overpowered in the woods before you reach home again! They ride north-east between Ben Bulben and Cashel-na-Gael.'

Sir Frederick Hamilton called to him the five troopers who had first fired upon the monks and said, 'Mount quickly, and ride through the woods towards the mountain, and get before these men, and kill them.'

In a moment the troopers were gone, and before many moments they had splashed across the river at what is now called Buckley's Ford, and plunged into the woods. They followed a beaten track that wound along the northern bank of the river. The boughs of the birch and quicken trees mingled above, and hid the cloudy moonlight, leaving the pathway in almost complete darkness. They rode at a rapid trot, now chatting together, now watching some stray weasel or rabbit scuttling away in the darkness. Gradually, as the gloom and silence of the woods oppressed them, they drew closer together, and began to talk rapidly; they were old comrades and knew each other's lives. One was married, and told how glad his wife would be to see him return safe from this harebrained expedition against the White Friars, and to hear how fortune had made amends for rashness. The oldest of the five, whose wife was dead, spoke of a flagon of wine which awaited him upon an upper shelf; while a third, who was the youngest, had a sweetheart watching for his return, and he rode a little way before the others, not talking at all. Suddenly the young man stopped, and they saw that his horse was trembling. 'I saw something,' he said, 'and yet I do not know but it may have been one of the shadows. It looked like a great worm with a silver crown upon his head.' One of the five put his hand up to his forehead as if about to cross himself, but remembering that he had changed his religion he put it down, and said: 'I am certain it was but a shadow, for there are a great many about us, and of very strange kinds.' Then they rode on in silence. It had been raining in the earlier part of the day, and the drops fell from the branches, wetting their hair and their shoulders. In a little they began to talk again. They had been in many battles against many a rebel together, and now told each other over again the story of their wounds, and so awakened in their hearts the strongest of all fellowships, the fellowship of the sword, and half forgot the terrible solitude of the woods.

Suddenly the first two horses neighed, and then stood still, and would go no further. Before them was a glint of water, and they knew by the rushing sound that it was a river. They dismounted, and after much tugging and coaxing brought the horses to the river-side. In the midst of the water stood a tall old woman with grey hair flowing over a grey dress. She stood up to her knees in the water, and stooped from time to time as though washing. Presently they could see that she was washing something that half floated. The moon cast a flickering light upon it, and they saw that it was the dead body of a man, and, while they were looking at it, an eddy of the river turned the face towards them, and each of the five troopers recognised at the same moment his own face. While they stood dumb and motionless with horror, the woman began to speak, saying slowly and loudly: 'Did you see my son? He has a crown of silver on his head, and there are rubies in the crown.' Then the oldest of the troopers, he who had been most often wounded, drew his sword and cried: 'I have fought for the truth of my God, and need not fear the shadows of Satan,' and with that rushed into the water. In a moment he returned. The woman had vanished, and though he had thrust his sword into air and water he had found nothing.

The five troopers remounted, and set their horses at the ford, but all to no purpose. They tried again and again, and went plunging hither and thither, the horses foaming and rearing. 'Let us,' said the old trooper, 'ride back a little into the wood, and strike the river higher up.' They rode in under the boughs, the ground-ivy crackling under the hoofs, and the branches striking against their steel caps. After about twenty minutes' riding they came out again upon the river, and after another ten minutes found a place where it was possible to cross without sinking below the stirrups. The wood upon the other side was very thin, and broke the moonlight into long streams. The wind had arisen, and had begun to drive the clouds rapidly across the face of the moon, so that thin streams of light seemed to be dancing a grotesque dance among the scattered bushes and small fir-trees. The tops of the trees began also to moan, and the sound of it was like the voice of the dead in the wind; and the troopers remembered the belief that tells how the dead in purgatory are spitted upon the points of the trees and upon the points of the rocks. They turned a little to the south, in the hope that they might strike the beaten path again, but they could find no trace of it.

Meanwhile, the moaning grew louder and louder, and the dance of the white moon-fires more and more rapid. Gradually they began to be aware of a sound of distant music. It was the sound of a bagpipe, and they rode towards it with great joy. It came from the bottom of a deep, cup-like hollow. In the midst of the hollow was an old man with a red cap and withered face. He sat beside a fire of sticks, and had a burning torch thrust into the earth at his feet, and played an old bagpipe furiously. His red hair dripped over his face like the iron rust upon a rock. 'Did you see my wife?' he cried, looking up a moment; 'she was washing! she was washing!' 'I am afraid of him,' said the young trooper, 'I fear he is one of the Sidhe.' 'No,' said the old trooper, 'he is a man, for I can see the sun-freckles upon his face. We will compel him to be our guide'; and at that he drew his sword, and the others did the same. They stood in a ring round the piper, and pointed their swords at him, and the old trooper then told him that they must kill two rebels, who had taken the road between Ben Bulben and the great mountain spur that is called Cashel- na-Gael, and that he must get up before one of them and be their guide, for they had lost their way. The piper turned, and pointed to a neighbouring tree, and they saw an old white horse ready bitted, bridled, and saddled. He slung the pipe across his back, and, taking the torch in his hand, got upon the horse, and started off before them, as hard as he could go.

The wood grew thinner and thinner, and the ground began to slope up toward the mountain. The moon had already set, and the little white flames of the stars had come out everywhere. The ground sloped more and more until at last they rode far above the woods upon the wide top of the mountain. The woods lay spread out mile after mile below, and away to the south shot up the red glare of the burning town. But before and above them were the little white flames. The guide drew rein suddenly, and pointing upwards with the hand that did not hold the torch, shrieked out, 'Look; look at the holy candles!' and then plunged forward at a gallop, waving the torch hither and thither. 'Do you hear the hoofs of the messengers?' cried the guide. 'Quick, quick! or they will be gone out of your hands!' and he laughed as with delight of the chase. The troopers thought they could hear far off, and as if below them, rattle of hoofs; but now the ground began to slope more and more, and the speed grew more headlong moment by moment. They tried to pull up, but in vain, for the horses seemed to have gone mad. The guide had thrown the reins on to the neck of the old white horse, and was waving his arms and singing a wild Gaelic song. Suddenly they saw the thin gleam of a river, at an immense distance below, and knew that they were upon the brink of the abyss that is now called Lug-na-Gael, or in English the Stranger's Leap. The six horses sprang forward, and five screams went up into the air, a moment later five men and horses fell with a dull crash upon the green slopes at the foot of the rocks.


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 dipping beds of Tertiary sands and clays, beneath which the Cretaceous strata dipped. At some period subsequent to this deposition there was a movement of elevation, which appears to have thrown the whole mass of rocks into a fold along an anticlinal axis running west and east, which was flanked to north and south by synclinal hollows. In these hollows the Tertiary rocks were protected from erosion, and remain to form the London and the Hampshire Basins respectively, while on the anticlinal axis the whole of the Tertiary and the upper Cretaceous strata have been dissected away, and a complex and beautiful configuration has been impressed on the district of the Weald. The general character of the landscape in the Eastern Division is a succession of steep escarpments formed by the edges of the outcropping beds of harder rock, and long gentle slopes or plains on the dip-slopes, or on the softer layers; clay and hard rock alternating throughout the series.

The contrast between the lower grounds of the Western and the Eastern Divisions is masked in many places by the general covering of the surface with glacial drift, which is usually a stiff clay composed on the whole of the detritus of the rocks upon which it rests, though containing fragments of rocks which have been transported from a considerable distance. This boulder clay covers almost all the low ground north of the Thames Basin, its southern margin fading away into washed sands and gravels.

The history of the origin of the land-forms of England, as far as they have been deduced from geological studies, is exceedingly complicated. The fact that every known geological formation (except the Miocene) is represented, proves of itself how long the history has been, and how multifarious the changes. It must suffice to say that the separation of Ireland from England was a comparatively recent episode, while the severance of the land-connexion between England and the continent by the formation of the Strait of Dover is still more recent and probably occurred with the human period.

Natural Divisions.—The four prominent groups of high land rising from the plain of the Red Rocks are: (1) the Lake District, bounded by the Solway Firth, Morecambe Bay and the valleys of the Eden and the Lune; (2) the Pennine Region, which stretches from the Scottish border to the centre of England, running south; (3) Wales, occupying the peninsula between the Mersey and the Bristol Channel, and extending beyond the political boundaries of the principality to include Shropshire and Hereford; and (4) the peninsula of Cornwall and Devon. They are all similar in the great features of their land-forms, which have been impressed upon them by the prolonged action of atmospheric denudation rather than by the original order and arrangement of the rocks; but each group has its own geological character, which has imparted something of a distinctive individuality to the scenery. Taken as a whole, the Western Division depends for its prosperity on mineral products and manufactures rather than on farming; and the staple of the farmers is live-stock rather than agriculture. The people of the more rugged and remoter groups of this division are by race survivors of the early Celtic stock, which, being driven by successive invaders from the open and fertile country of the Eastern Division, found refuges in the less inviting but more easily defended lands of the west. Even where, as in the Pennine region and the Lake District, the people have been completely assimilated with the Teutonic stock, they retain a typical character, marked by independence of opinion approaching stubbornness, and by great determination and enterprise.

Lake District.—The Lake District occupies the counties of Cumberland, Westmorland and North Lancashire. It forms a roughly circular highland area, the drainage lines of which radiate outward from the centre in a series of narrow valleys, the upper parts of which cut deeply into the mountains, and the lower widen into the surrounding plain. Sheets of standing water are still numerous, and formerly almost every valley contained a single long narrow lake-basin; but some of these have been subdivided, drained or filled up by natural processes. The existing lakes include Windermere and Coniston, draining south; Wastwater, draining south-west, Ennerdale water, Buttermere and Crummock water (the two latter, originally one lake, are now divided by a lateral delta), draining north-west; Derwent water and Bassenthwaite water (which were probably originally one lake), and Thirlmere, draining north; Ullswater and Haweswater, draining north-east. There are, besides, numerous mountain tarns of small size, most of them in hollows barred by the glacial drift which covers a great part of the district. The central and most picturesque part of the district is formed of great masses of volcanic ashes and tuffs, with intrusions of basalts and granite, all of Ordovician (Lower Silurian) age. Scafell and Scafell Pike (3162 and 3210 ft.), at the head of Wastwater, and Helvellyn (3118), at the head of Ullswater, are the loftiest amongst many summits the grandeur of whose outlines is not to be estimated by their moderate height. Sedimentary rocks of the same age form a belt to the north, and include Skiddaw (3054 ft.); while to the south a belt of Silurian rocks, thickly covered with boulder clay, forms the finely wooded valleys of Coniston and Windermere. Round these central masses of early Palaeozoic rocks there is a broken ring of Carboniferous Limestone, and several patches of Coal Measures, while the New Red Sandstone appears as a boundary belt outside the greater part of the district. Where the Coal Measures reach the sea at Whitehaven, there are coal-mines, and the hematite of the Carboniferous Limestones has given rise to the active ironworks of Barrow-in-Furness, now the largest town in the district. Except in the towns of the outer border, the Lake District is very thinly peopled; and from the economic point of view, the remarkable beauty of its scenery, attracting numerous residents and tourists, is the most valuable of its resources. The very heavy rainfall of the district, which is the wettest in England, has led to the utilization of Thirlmere as a reservoir for the water supply of Manchester, over 80 m. distant.

Pennine Region.—The Pennine Region, the centre of which forms the so-called Pennine Chain, occupies the country from the Eden valley to the North Sea in the north, and from the lower Tees, Yorkshire Ouse and Trent, nearly to the Irish Sea, in the south. It includes the whole of Northumberland and Durham, the West Riding of Yorkshire, most of Lancashire and Derbyshire, the north of Staffordshire and the west of Nottinghamshire. The region is entirely composed of Carboniferous rocks, the system which transcends all others in the value of its economic minerals. The coal and iron have made parts of the region the busiest manufacturing districts, and the centres of densest population, in the country, or even in the world. The whole region may be looked upon as formed by an arch or anticline of Carboniferous strata, the axis of which runs north and south; the centre has been worn away by erosion, so that the Coal Measures have been removed, and the underlying Millstone Grit and Carboniferous Limestone exposed to the influences which form scenery. On both sides of the arch, east and west, the Coal Measures remain intact, forming outcrops which disappear towards the sea under the more recent strata of Permian or Triassic age. The northern part of the western side of the anticline is broken off by a great fault in the valley of the Eden, and the scarp thus formed is rendered more abrupt by the presence of a sheet of intrusive basalt. Seen from the valley, this straight line of lofty heights, culminating in Crossfell, presents the nearest approach in England to the appearance of a mountain range. In the north the Pennine region is joined to the Southern Uplands of Scotland by the Cheviot Hills, a mass of granite and Old Red Sandstone; and the northern part is largely traversed by dykes of contemporary volcanic or intrusive rock. The most striking of these dykes is the Great Whin Sill, which crosses the country from a short distance south of Durham almost to the source of the Tees, near Crossfell. The elevated land is divided into three masses by depressions, which furnish ready means of communication between east and west. The South Tyne and Irthing valleys cut off the Cheviots on the north from the Crossfell section, which is also marked off on the south by the valleys of the Aire and Ribble from the Kinder Scout or Peak section. The numerous streams of the region carry off the rainfall down long valleys or dales to the east and the south, and by shorter and steeper valleys to the west. The dales are separated from each other by high uplands, which for the most part are heathery moorland or, at best, hill pastures. The agriculture of the region is confined to the bottoms of the dales, and is of small importance. Crossfell and the neighbouring hills are formed from masses of Carboniferous Limestone, which received its popular name of Mountain Limestone from this fact. Farther south, such summits as High Seat, Whernside, Bow Fell, Penyghent and many others, all over 2000 ft. in height, are capped by portions of the grits and sandstones, which rest upon the limestone. The belt of Millstone Grit south of the Aire, lying between the great coal-fields of the West Riding and Lancashire, has a lower elevation, and forms grassy uplands and dales; but farther south, the finest scenery of the whole region occurs in the limestones of Derbyshire, in which the range terminates. The rugged beauty of the south-running valleys, and especially of Dovedale, is enhanced by the rich woods which still clothe the slopes. There are remarkable features underground as well as on the surface, the caverns and subterranean streams of Yorkshire and Derbyshire being amongst the deepest that have yet been explored. Compared with the rugged and picturesque scenery of the Lower Carboniferous rocks, that of the Coal Measures is, as a rule, featureless and monotonous. The coal-fields on the eastern side, from the Tyne nearly to the Trent, are sharply marked off on the east by the outcrop of Permian dolomite or Magnesian limestone, which forms a low terrace dipping towards the east under more recent rocks, and in many places giving rise to an escarpment facing westward towards the gentle slope of the Pennine dales. To the west and south the Coal Measures dip gently under the New Red Sandstone, to reappear at several points through the Triassic plain. The clear water of the upland becks and the plentiful supply of water-power led to the founding of small paper-mills in remote valleys before the days of steam, and some of these primitive establishments still

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CONTENTS XI ART. . 139. 140. 141. 142. . 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. . 153. 154. 155. . PAGE Solution of the problem of the pressure between two bodies in contact. 193 Hertz\'s theory of impact jgg Impact of spheres jgg Effects of nuclei of strain referred to polar coordinates .... 199 Problems relating to the equilibrium of cones 201

Chapter IX. Two-dimensional elastic systems
Introductory. ... ..... 202 Displacement corresponding with plane strain 202 Displacement corresponding with plane stress ... . 204 Generalized plane stress 206 Introduction of nuclei of strain 206 Force operative at a point 207 Force operative at a point of a boundary 208 Case of a straight boundary 209 Additional results : (i) the stress function, (ii) normal tension on a segment of a straight edge, (iii) force at an angle, (iv) pressure on faces of wedge 209 Typical nuclei of strain in two dimensions 211 Transformation of plane strain 213 Inversion 213 Equilibrium of a circular disk under forces in its plane, (i) Two opposed forces at points on the rim. (ii) Any forces applied to the rim. (iii) Heavy disk resting on horizontal plane. . 215 Examples of transformation 217

Appendix to Chapters VIII and IX. Volterra\'s Theory of Dislocations
Appendix to Chapters VIII and IX. Volterea\'s Theory of Dislocations a. Introductory, (a) Displacement answering to given strain. (6) Discon- tinuity at a barrier, (c) Hollow cylinder deformed by removal of a slice of uniform thickness, {d) Hollow cylinder with radial fissure

   ==== Chapter X. Theory of the integration op the equations of equilibrium of an isotropic elastic solid body ==== Chapter X. Theory of the integration op the equations of equilibrium of an isotropic elastic solid body . Nature of the problem . R&ume of the theory of Potential. . Description of Betti\'s method of integration. . Formula for the dilatation .... . Calculation of the dilatation from surface data . Formulse for the components of rotation. . Calculation of the rotation from surface data. . Body bounded by plane — Formulae for the dilatation . Body bounded by plane — Given surface displacements . Body bounded by plane — Given surface tractions . Historical Note . Body bounded by plane — Additional results. . Formulse for the displacement and strain . Outlines of various methods of integration 228 230 231 233 234 235 235 237 239 241 242 243 24

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hadley, Henry K.

HADLEY, Henry K., American composer: b. Somerville, Mass., 1871. He was a pupil of S. A. Emery and G. W. Chadwick in Boston, studied also in Vienna, and in 1895 returned to the United States and was appointed instructor in music at Saint Paul's School, Garden City, L. I. His symphony, ‘The Four Seasons,’ received the priies given by the Paderewski Fund and the New England Conservatory of Boston. His works further include a rhapsody for orchestra, ‘The Culprit Fay,’ which won the prize offered by the National Federation of Musical Clubs; two symphonic poems, ‘Salome’ and ‘Lucifer’; three symphonies; three overtures; a cantata; two senous operas, ‘Safie,’ produced in Mayence, and ‘Izora, Daughter of Montezuma’; four comic operettas, a string quartette and 150 songs and piano compositions and church music complete the list. From 1907 to 1909 he was Kapellmeister in the opera house in Mayence. During these years he conducted his works in the principal cities of Europe. In 1909 he accepted the position of conductor of the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, and in 1911 became conductor of the San Francisco Symphony, which position he held for four seasons. During the years since his return to America he has conducted his own works in Chicago, Boston, New York, London and Philadelphia. In 1912 he wrote the music for ‘The Atonement of Pan.’


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Rh exist. The prosperity and great population of the Pennine region date from the discovery that pit-coal could smelt iron as well as charcoal; and this source of power once discovered, the people bred in the dales developed a remarkable genius for mechanical invention and commercial enterprise, which revolutionized the economic life of the world and changed England from an agricultural to an industrial country. The staple industry of the district in ancient times was sheep-rearing, and the villages in nearly all the dales carried on a small manufacture of woollen cloth. The introduction of cotton caused the woollen manufactures on the western side to be superseded by the working up of the imported raw material; but woollen manufactures, themselves carried on now almost entirely with imported raw material, have continued to employ the energies of the inhabitants of the east. Some quiet market-towns, such as Skipton and Keighley, remain, but most of them have developed by manufactures into great centres of population, lying, as a rule, at the junction of thickly peopled valleys, and separated from one another by the empty uplands. Such are Leeds, Bradford, Sheffield, Huddersfield and Halifax on the great and densely peopled West Riding coal-field, which lies on the eastern slope of the Pennines. The iron ores of the Coal Measures have given rise to great manufactures of steel, from cutlery to machinery and armour-plates. High on the barren crest of the Pennines, where the rocks yield no mineral wealth, except it be medicinal waters, Harrogate, Buxton and Matlock are types of health resorts, prosperous from their pure air and fine scenery. Across the moors, on the western side of the anticline, the vast and dense population of the Lancashire coal-field is crowded in the manufacturing towns surrounding the great commercial centre, Manchester, which itself stands on the edge of the Triassic plain. Ashton, Oldham, Rochdale, Bury, Bolton and Wigan form a nearly confluent semicircle of great towns, their prosperity founded on the underlying coal and iron, maintained by imported cotton. The Lancashire coal-field, and the portion of the bounding plain between it and the seaport of Liverpool, contain a population greater than that borne by any equal area in the country, the county of London and its surroundings not excepted. In the south-west of the Pennine region the coal-field of North Staffordshire supports the group of small but active towns known collectively from the staple of their trade as “The Potteries.” On the north-east the great coal-field of Northumberland and Durham, traversed midway by the Tyne, supports the manufactures of Newcastle and its satellite towns, and leaves a great surplus for export from the Tyne ports.

Wales.—The low island of Anglesey, which is built up of the fundamental Archaean rocks, is important as a link in the main line of communication with Ireland, because it is separated from the mainland by a channel narrow enough to be bridged, and lies not far out of the straight line joining London and Dublin. The mainland of Wales rises into three main highlands, the mountain groups of North, Mid and South Wales, connected together by land over 1000 ft. in elevation in most places, but separated by valleys affording easy highways. The streams of the southern and western slopes are short and many, flowing directly to the Bristol Channel and the Irish Sea; but the no less numerous streams of the eastern slopes gather themselves into three river systems, and reach the sea as the Dee, the Severn and the Wye. The mountain group of North Wales is the largest and loftiest; its scenery resembles that of the Scottish Highlands because of the juxtaposition of ancient Palaeozoic rocks—Cambrian and Ordovician, often altered into slate—and contemporaneous volcanic outbursts and igneous intrusions. Here rises the peak of Snowdon (3560 ft.), the culminating point of South Britain, and near it half a dozen summits exceed 3000 ft., while Cader Idris, farther south, though slightly lower, presents a singularly imposing outline. The mild winter climate has fringed the coast with seaside resorts, the rugged heights attract tourists in summer, and the vast masses of slate have given rise to the largest slate quarries in the world. The heavy rainfall of the upper valleys unfits them for agriculture, and the farms are poor. There are several lakes: that of Bala being the largest, except the old lake of Vyrnwy, reconstituted artificially to store the rainfall for the water-supply of Liverpool, 68 m. distant. The Vyrnwy is tributary to the Severn; but north of it the streams gather into the Dee, and flow eventually northward. Mid Wales is built up, for the most part, of Silurian or Ordovician rocks, practically free from igneous intrusions except in the south-west. There the resistance of a series of igneous dykes gives prominence to the Pembroke peninsula, in which the fine fjord-like harbour of Milford Haven lies far out towards the Atlantic. The coast north of Pembroke and Merioneth has been worked into the grand sweep of Cardigan Bay, its surface carved into gently rounded hills, green with rich grass, which sweep downward into wide rounded valleys. Plinlimmon (2468 ft.) is the highest of the hills, and forms a sort of hydrographic centre for the group, as from its eastern base the Severn and the Wye take their rise—the former describing a wide curve to east and south, the latter forming a chord to the arc in its southward course. Mid Wales is mainly a pastoral country, and very thinly peopled. A group of artificial lakes, one of them exceeded in area only by Windermere, has been formed in the valley of the Elan, a tributary of the Wye, for the supply of water to Birmingham. The group of heights of South Wales, running on the whole from west to east, marks the outcrops of the Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous strata which lie within a vast syncline of the Silurian rocks. The Brecon Beacons of Old Red Sandstone are the highest (2907 ft.), but the Black Mountain bears a number of picturesque summits carved out of Millstone Grit and Carboniferous Limestone, which rise frequently over 2000 ft. Throughout Hereford, and in part of Monmouthshire, the Old Red Sandstone sinks to a great undulating plain, traversed by the exquisite windings of the Wye, and forming some of the richest pasture and fruit lands of England. This plain formed an easy passage from south to north, and since the time of the Romans was a strategical line of the greatest importance, a fact which has left its traces on the present distribution of towns. Around the western and northern edge of the Old Red Sandstone plain the underlying Silurian rocks (and even the Cambrian and Archaean in places) have been bent up so that their edges form hills of singular abruptness and beauty. Of these are the Malvern Hills, east of Hereford, and in particular the hills of Shropshire. Wenlock Edge, running from south-west to north-east, is an escarpment of Silurian limestone, while the broad upland of Long Mynd, nearly parallel to it on the north, is a mass of Archaean rock. The Wrekin, the Caradoc and Cardington Hills are isolated outbursts of pre-Cambrian volcanic rocks. The outer rim of the Welsh area contains a broken series of coal-fields, where patches of Carboniferous strata come to the surface on the edge of the New Red Sandstone plain. Such are the coal-fields of Flint in the north, the Forest of Wyre and the Forest of Dean, close to the Severn, on the east. The great coal-field on the south is a perfect example of a synclinal basin, the Millstone Grit and Carboniferous Limestone which underlie the Coal Measures appearing all round the margin. This coal-field occupies practically the whole of Glamorgan and part of Monmouth, and its surface slopes from the Black Mountain and Brecon Beacons to the sea as a gently inclined plateau, scored by deep valleys draining south. Each chief valley has a railway connecting a string of mining villages, and converging seaward to the busy ports of Newport, Cardiff and Barry (a town created on a sandy island by the excavation of a great dock to form an outlet for the mines). In the north of the field, where the limestone crops out and supplies the necessary flux, Merthyr Tydfil has become great through iron-smelting; and in the west Swansea is the chief centre in the world for copper and tin smelting. The unity and ruggedness of the highlands of Wales have proved sufficient to isolate the people from those of the rest of South Britain, and to preserve a purely Celtic race, still very largely of Celtic speech.

Cornwall and Devon.—The peninsula of Cornwall and Devon may be looked upon as formed from a synclinal trough of Devonian rocks, which appear as plateaus on the north and south, while the centre is occupied by Lower Carboniferous strata at a lower level. The northern coast, bordering the Bristol Channel, is steep, with picturesque cliffs and deep bays or short valleys running into the high land, each occupied by a little seaside town or village. The plateau culminates in the barren heathy upland of Exmoor, which slopes gently southward from a general elevation of 1600 ft., and is almost without inhabitants. The Carboniferous rocks of the centre form a soil which produces rich pasture under the heavy rainfall and remarkably mild and equable temperature, forming a great cattle-raising district. The Devonian strata on the south do not form such lofty elevations as those on the north, and are in consequence, like the plain of Hereford, very fertile and peculiarly adapted for fruit-growing and cider-making. The remarkable features of the scenery of South Devon and Cornwall are due to a narrow band of Archaean rock which appears in the south of the peninsulas terminating in Lizard Head and Start Point, and to huge masses of granite and other eruptive rocks which form a series of great bosses and dykes. The largest granite boss gives relief to the wild upland of Dartmoor, culminating in High Willhays and Yes Tor. The clay resulting from the weathering of the Dartmoor granite has formed marshes and peat bogs, and the desolation of the district has been emphasized by the establishment in its midst of a great convict prison, and in its northern portion of a range for artillery practice. The Tamar flows from north to south on the Devonian plain, which lies between Dartmoor on the east and the similar granitic boss of Bodmin Moor (where Brown Willy rises to 1345 ft.) on the west. There are several smaller granite bosses, of which the mass of Land’s End is the most important. Most of the Lizard peninsula, the only part of England stretching south of 50° N., is a mass of serpentine. The great variety of the rocks which meet the sea along the south of Cornwall and Devon has led to the formation of a singularly picturesque coast—the headlands being carved from the hardest igneous rocks, the bays cut back in the softer Devonian strata. The fjord-like inlets of Falmouth, Plymouth and Dartmouth are splendid natural harbours, which would have developed great commercial ports but for their remoteness from the centres of commerce and manufactures. China clay from the decomposing granites; tin and copper ore, once abounding at the contacts between the granite and the rocks it pierced, were the former staples of wealth, and the mining largely accounts for the exceptional density of population in Cornwall. Fishing has always been important, the numerous good harbours giving security to fishing-boats; and the fact that this coast is the mildest and almost the sunniest, though by no means the driest, part of Great Britain has led to the establishment of many health

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hadley, James

HADLEY, James, American philologist: b. Fairfield, N. Y., 30 March 1821; d. New Haven, Conn., 14 Nov. 1872. When a boy he suffered an injury to his knee, which developed seriously and crippled him for life. He was graduated from Yale in 1842, took graduate studies in mathematics and also a theological course. In 1844 he was tutor at Middlebury College, Vermont, and in 1845 became a tutor at Yale. In 1848 he became assistant professor of Greek there, and in 1851 professor of Greek. He was familiar not only with Greek, Latin and the chief modern languages, but also with Hebrew, Arabic, Armenian, Gaelic, Irish, Sanskrit, Gothic and Old English, and won a high breadth of view; he also was successful and influential as a teacher. He published a ‘Greek Grammar’ (1861), based on Curtius, and wrote the “Brief History of the English Language” in the 1864 edition of Webster's ‘Dictionary’; after his death, his ‘Introduction to Roman Law’ (1873) and ‘Philological and Critical Essays’ (1873) were published.


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The Going

 * "Going", a poem by Emily Dickinson
 * "The Going", a poem by Wilfrid Wilson Gibson in memory of Rupert Brooke
 * "The Going", a poem by Thomas Hardy

title: The Going


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hadley, John

HADLEY, John, English mathematician and astronomer: b. 1682; d. 14 Feb. 1743. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1717, and was the inventor of Hadley's quadrant (see ) and of a reflecting telescope (1723). The credit of having invented the sextant is claimed for Hadley, Godfrey and Newton, but each seems, nevertheless, to have made his own discovery independently. Hadley described his instrument, which he called an “octant,” to the Royal Society in May 1731.


text: The Going (Gibson)

title: The Going (Gibson)


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hadley

HADLEY, Mass., town, which includes several villages, in Hampshire County, on the Connecticut River and on the Boston and Maine Railroad, three miles northeast of Northampton and four miles southwest of Amherst. It was settled in 1659, and was first called Norwottack; but in 1661, when it was incorporated, it was given the name Hadley, from Hadley in England. William Goffe and his father-in-law, Whalley, who fled from England to America in 1660, and who lived for a time near New Haven, sought concealment in Hadley, in 1664, where Goffe died in 1679. According to tradition, when Hadley was at one time attacked by Indians and the people were called from the meeting-house, they stood helpless until Goffe, appearing, took the lead and repelled the enemy. Hadley is an agricultural region, and its industries are chiefly connected with farm products. Brooms and broom tools are manufactured and there are two public libraries. The town is governed by annual meetings of the citizens. Pop. 1,999. Consult Judd, ‘History of Hadley’ (Northampton 1905).


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Category:Ministerial appointment proclamations

th:หมวดหมู่:ประกาศแต่งตั้งรัฐมนตรี


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Category:Yingluck Shinawatra

th:หมวดหมู่:ยิ่งลักษณ์ ชินวัตร

title: Category:Yingluck Shinawatra


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114 Open and broad, the highway of the gorge.

So solitary was the solemn road,

So dark with loftiness of tree and rock,

Savage, austere, sublime, he scarcely saw

A form that passed, until it turned and looked

With unremembering eyes and face that seemed

The carven impress of a thousand years,

So was it typical and motionless.

Such brows upon the silent traveler gaze

From reaches of Egyptian colonnades,

Sphinxlike, unindividual, but man,

The immemorial creature of the earth;

Doubtful there shot a momentary gleam

Of recognition through him, as it passed;

And others, singly, up the gorge emerged

Out of the fire-scrawled rock and towering herb

In rare procession,—faces of mankind

That pass through generations, race-renewed;

Life piled on life had stamped their mortal mask;

Each gave him one long look, and disappeared;

And once a name had leapt unto his lips

And died in the vast silence, as in tombs;

But none accosted him out of that dark

Epitome of life, till all were gone;

And, weird of heart, he urged his counter-way

Unto the valley's outlet, and a land


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Rh That seemed an incantation in the morn,—

So instant broke the vast expanded scene

Of a far country, stretching to the West,

Into the infinite of sky and plain,

With black oases spotted, drifted gold,

A place of marvel; long he stood at gaze,

Before it silenced, and his heart was hushed.

Slowly he woke from that undreamt disclose

Of power, of vision, and of mystery.

Larger of soul, and drawing ampler breath,

And even with a silent joy inspired,

He sought the sheer descent, and winding down

By knife-edge ridges and dry torrent beds

Debouched below upon a fair demesne,

A tropic spot; an aged terebinth

Hung, half-reclined, above a sunken slab

Of marble, and a rose-bush blossomed nigh,

And in the shade two pilgrim forms reposed.

Eastern their garb, and dark their hue; they seemed

Companions, met by chance after long time,

Far travel, and in memories immersed;

He, unobserved, beside them drew, and sat.

"That day at Broussa whence our wanderings were,

When, boys, we left the mosque's bare, upper room,

The cradle of our youth," one of them said,

His face half-hid, "where life and prayer were all,—


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Page:The American Indian.djvu/385

Rh it is not at all improbable that future research in Asia will give grounds for assuming the Crô-Magnon and contemporaneous New World peoples to be collateral branches from a central Asiatic type. More than once, attention has been called to certain vague similarities between certain Paleolithic races and the Eskimo, and in the New World certain older skulls from the remoter parts of South America are not far removed from this same Eskimo type. Incidentally, we may note that the Chancelade skeleton in western Europe belonging to Magdalenian time, is quite similar to the modern Eskimo. The earlier races appearing in Europe tend to be long-headed, and we have noted a less marked, but still noticeable tendency for the long heads in the New World to cluster on the extreme margins. That this is rather fundamental appears when we regard mammals as a whole, for we read that "when the parallel series in Europe and North America are sufficiently complete, they are seen to be not parallel phyla of independent local evolution, but periodically recruited by more progressive new stages, apparently from a common center of dispersal. The relations are like those of one side and the other of a branching tree whose trunk region is unknown to us." The human phenomena we have been considering appear, therefore, as but an integral part of mammalian expansion, and, for that reason, become more evident.

In conclusion, then, we seem to have a large mass of hominidæ occupying the greater part of Asia and America, the tendency of which was toward round-headedness and straight hair; hanging on the outskirts of these were many variants. This interpretation is not antagonistic to those who regard the modern Indo-European as distinct from the Asiatic-American branch, for the suggestive parallels between earlier types of western Europe and America arise in a much earlier period of man's history. That the New World native is a direct descendant of the Asiatic Mongolian is not to be inferred, for the differentiation is evidently remote; what is implied, is that somewhere in the distant past the Asiatic wing of the generalized type diverged into strains, one of which we now know as Mongolian, and another as American.

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116 The small, bloom-windowed, sweet, ascetic cell,—

And took the staff of the world's pilgrimage,

Farewelled the stork's tower and the green-domed hill,

And by the poet's grave unclasped our hearts,—

How hast thou fared, brother, since then? we sought

The light divine." The other, smooth of brow,

High-featured, pale, large-eyed, answered, "I prayed

Among the mulberries at the road's steep end,

And with the staff of prayer journeyed thenceforth

In this life's wilderness; cities and schools

I threaded, unappeased, and fied, still young,

Into the desert of the boundless sands,

Eve's scarlet deep, and still night's hollow vault

Star-swarmed, where most the Omnipotent is nigh.

The heavens declare His glory, infinite power,

The wandering life His will, implacable fate.

There the Heaven-dweller, sole supreme, became

My habitation, and His works my world,—

Symbols of Him through whom alone they beam,

Best-known where shepherds watch their flocks by night

And see the upper deep, with angels thronged,

Hosannas sing,—so light from Him derived

Radiates through nature, which, His mirror, shines.


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320

After these necessary digressions we may turn to our initial task, the classification of New World peoples according to somatic characters. In the first place, our previous discussions have revealed the primary somatic units to be the in-breeding local social groups. The resemblances of individuals within these are comparable to family resemblances among our own people. If, for example, we take the Navajo, Apache, Pawnee, Teton-Dakota, Patagonian, and Eskimo, there is often no difficulty in placing an individual by his portrait alone. On the other hand, to reduce the characters of identity to exact statement, is extremely difficult, just as is the case when one attempts to write a facial description of an acquaintance that would clearly identify him. Our problem, then, is quite the same as in the preceding chapters, viz., to find some empirical grouping for these small somatic groups.

Those who are reasonably familiar with anthropological literature can understand the sexual conditions that readily contribute to the leveling down of family differences to the group type. When we take up the question of group resemblances, we may, upon a priori grounds, assume that contiguous groups will often mix to an extent sufficient to bring them very near to each other. The data for tribal social practices give every justification for this assumption. Then when one plots out a series of anatomical measurements on a map he finds that high values often tend to cluster in one geographical area and low in another. Thus, in case of stature, we rarely find a single tall social group surrounded by groups of low stature. For example, the Cheyenne are rated as tall (1,748 cm.), near them were the Crow (1,732), Arapaho (1,728), and the Dakota (1,726). In fact, all the tribes of the bison area which cluster around the above group show high stature, but receding to the south, west, and north. This is comparable to what we find to be true of culture traits, viz., a tendency to radiate around a geographical center. Another good example is around the mouth of the Colorado River, where the Mohave are rated at 1,740, the Maricopa at 1,722, the Yuma at 1,700, and the Pima at 1,703, while surrounding them are groups of lower

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Rh Fain would I that such unity with Him,

Through awe and prayer, may at the last be mine,

As glorifies His humblest instruments!

Humblest is best. As lilies by the well

Drink of His loveliness, and fragrant blow,

Would that my mortal might put on His grace,

My raiment of the dust show gleams of Him,

My thoughts be incense burning in the flame

Of beauty that His omnipresence is,

My mind a spark of His omniscience!

So might my being—how blest!—transmit His rays,

And as the raindrop hangs the bow in heaven,

My finite manifest infinity!

Eternity informs this body of time,

The cosmic universe, in star and worm

The sacred hieroglyphic of His name:

All sight a means of seeing the Unseen,

All sense divine Transfiguration

Of Him, the Incommunicable." "Thought

Is but the shell of knowledge, as this world

Is but the shell of being," darkly said,

And low, his comrade, answering: "I have lived.

Though nature be the parable of Him,

He spoke not to me by the burning bush

Of beauty, nor the host that leads the morn.

I never found Him. Even from youth's first flower


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Page:The American Indian.djvu/387

Rh statures. A similar grouping appears in head measurements, a fine illustration of which is seen in Hrdlicka's data on the Indians of northeastern United States, where we find certain agreements between tribal groups that are contiguous. In short, it appears that as we pass from one social group to another, there is a gradation of somatic characters and that these gradations radiate from centers in much the same way as we noted for culture characters.

Now, if we generalize, it appears that the same leveling causes that unify the internal somatologies of the several social groups also operate to reduce group differences. On logical grounds this leveling will be most marked where the opportunities for sexual contact are greatest, and it follows that these opportunities will be greatest where cultural diffusion is accelerated. It appears, then, that our best lead in the development of a somatic classification is to seek for correlated distinguishing characters in each recognized culture area.

Before proceeding, it may be well to try grouping a few measurements according to these areas. The most accessible are stature and cephalic index, for which we present the

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Page:The American Indian.djvu/480

414 Antilles,, , , , , , , , , , , , ; archæological characterization of, –; cultural characterization of,

Antiquity, of archæological deposits in the Arctic, not established, ; of archæological remains in California, ; of cultures in Peru, ; of remains, in Patagonia, ; of skeletal remains, ,

Antler, process of working, –

Apu Ollantay, Inca drama,

Aqueduct systems, Peru and Mexico,

Araucanians,, , , ,

Arawak,, , , , , ; distribution of,

Arawakan stock,, ; tribal groups, –

Arch, absence of in New World architecture,

Archæological areas, ; areas, agreement with historic culture areas, ; centers, –

Archæological characterization of culture areas, Antilles, ; Arctic area, ; Atlantic Highlands, –; California, –; Canadian area, ; Central Mexico, ; Chile, –; Colombia, –; Columbia Basin, –; Ecuador, ; Great Lakes area, –; Iroquoian area, –; Mississippi-Ohio area, –; North Atlantic area, ; Northern Mexico, –; North Pacific Coast, ; Panama, –; Patagonia, ; Peru, –; Plains area, –; Pueblo, –; South Atlantic area, –; State of Oaxaca, ; Yucatan,

Archæological classification, –; correlated with cultural classification, –; close correspondence with historic classification,

Archæological specimens, manner of classification,

Archæology, Eskimo, ; European, –; Iroquoian, ; North America, –; South America, –.

Architecture, –; centers of development, ; Inca area, ; Pueblo, ,

Armor, defensive, –; Northern California, ; North Pacific Coast area, ; Plateau area,

Arrow-head, common types of, ; distribution and form, ; North Pacific Coast area,

Art, center, Pueblo, ; characteristics of New World, ; decorative, Eastern Woodland area,, ; decorative, modern revival in, ; decorative, Northern California, ; decorative, North Pacific Coast area, ; decorative, Plateau area, ; double-curve, ; geometric, ; geometric, Plains, ; geometric and realistic, ; individualities in, –; of intense culture area, –; localization of, ; Maya, high development of, , ; Plains, , ; realistic, ; symbolic,

Artifacts, archæological, Northern Mexico, ; California area, –; Columbia Basin, ; most common in Antilles,, ; stone, geographical segregation of, North Pacific area, ; stone, types, and distribution, –

Arts, fine, –; mechanical, Pueblo area, ; textile, –

Astronomical knowledge, New World peoples,

Athapascan stock,, , –, ; distribution, ; immigrants from the North, ; linguistic and tribal groups, ,

Atlantic Highlands, archæological characterization of, –

Australians,, ; bodily proportions,

Ax, copper, ; grooved, distribution, –

Axes, perforated, in Neolithic Europe,

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118 Passion of life I knew, the quick fierce joys

Of action, and dull vintages of pain.

Ah, many a breast to me has night unsealed,

Scarred with dark writings of God's secrecy,

But most my own: dyed in the blood of man

Is all my knowledge; in the human flood

Deep was I dipped, and took the mortal stain.

Though sin be on my soul, woe in my heart,

So was I darkly mixed with all my race,—

One flame of life, one swift aspiring joy,

One body of delight, one weight of pain,

One spirit of man, One human, One divine."

"Whence hadst thou this?" The Roamer, venturing near,

Made him a third in that close company,

And drew upon himself a face of dream,

So spiritualized was the dark flesh,

With sorrows ploughed, and intimate with pain.

"Brother," the voice replied with courtesy,

"Such knowledge came not at the first,—I knew

The bittter [sic] taste of life, the solitude

Of evil, and the desert of myself.

Ah, long I lay in that abandonment,

Till one, a stranger youth, beside me crept

And bared his bosom; therein I beheld

The wingèd soul mired in its own sweet clay,—


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Rh Wild heart, wild head, and, in the tragic act

Itself revealed, high heaven beyond all reach,—

Body and soul, the image of myself,

As in a glass reflected and deformed,

Though in another birth: such had I been,

Such was, the mould and feature of despair;

And swift desire sprang flaming from my breast

To be his helper unto beauty lost.

I drew him to me, cherished him, and loved.

There God found me, even in the touch of hands

And hearts, that doubled the great universe,

Making us one; nor one with him alone

I had become, but wheresoe'er I went

And spoke unto the hearts of fellow-men

Though fallen and in desolate misery sunk,

There life in all made answer, ' 'T is thyself!'

It may be that God lives in star and flower

And others find Him there; but me He found

In my own heart, which is the heart of man."

"Allah il Allah! wonderful his works!"

Intoned the Moslem; but the Roamer hid

The words within his heart, and well he marked

The soft light dwelling in the other's eyes,

The ray of love, bright beaming, as he spoke.

"Life is the only comment on the heart

That speaks within us, eloquent of love,"


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120 The Roamer said; "God grant us so to live,

With others' lives commingling and involved

Until the larger self takes form in us

Whereby we rise to perfect charity,

One with mankind." "And dost thou live?"

Broke the low whisper hesitant from him

Who bore life's stigma; "more than mortal light

Clothes thy bright limbs, and even as one of us

Thou seemest discarnate, though to eye and ear

Thou art all human, as a mortal dream

Is figured thought." "Love held me in his grace

And from my birth I sleep upon his breast;

To learn of him is life"; the Roamer said:

"I go to learn, treading the pilgrim's way

Through lands I know not of. His will be done!"

And on the instant risen, he turned, and bade

God's peace be with them, and they heard amazed.

By flower and shrub the rough way wended on

Pathless, by rise and gully, brush, stone and sand,

And lost itself upon a stretch rock-pronged,

As 't were a place of graves, a bandit-hold.

The black stones in the brilliant sunlight stared,

Mysterious and forbidding, as by each

Some dark-browed danger lay, silent, concealed,

But none appeared; only the rank reed sighed,

And melancholy cast a shadow there


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Rh To ruins known, that crumble in the sun,

Shadowless, noiseless, lifeless, left of man

Unto the footing of forgotten years

And years to be forgotten; rubble and stone

Made difficult the way; but soon o'ercrost,

The dismal tract upon the level plain

Showed like a wave, black-crested, on the sea,

Horizon-high; now straight before rose up

What seemed a natural stone of antique rite,

A boulder rude; and, thither drawing close,

The Roamer heard one cry who stood erect

Beneath it, like a guardian of a gate,

And like a leveled spear his challenge was:

"What dost thou in this haunt of memory

Where I abide, alone of all my race,

Exiled from man?" The Roamer touched at heart,

Made answer, "Exile too am I;

A stranger from new lands and seas far off,

I seek the fair companions of my soul

Whom life to me denied, nor could I know

Their light and leading, nor their burden share.

I pray thee to receive me as a friend."

"A friend!" The sigh he drew echoed a woe

From long-past years beyond the reach of time,

And more the lover than the warrior showed

In his remembering eyes and wistful tones;


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122 "One such I knew, and from my childhood's hour

He drew me with him, set my heart aflame

In boyhood, and unfolded my soul's flower,—

The passion for my race that in me grew,

And swelled my breast, and, full in youth, burst forth

The glory of my country's chivalry,

Rose of her garden, spearhead of her wars,—

O why recall? Why mourn? Why chronicle

The tears of time that every people knows,

Fulfilling destiny on fatal heights

Of high achievement to its last dismay?

I was the incarnation of the land;

I drank its life, I treasured up its soul;

I was made one with it, its voice, its deed,

Its hope, its triumph, its catastrophe.

Now blown about the desert world is all

My empire; and its breath, a memory,

Dies from the lips of time; and here I bide

'Mid scenes that are as ghosts of vanished years;

For, as at times men look on earth and sky,

And see lost recollections of a world

Once theirs, so fair, so dear, so intimate

They shine upon the eye and reach the heart,

Thus in the waste dominion round me strown

The immortal shadow of my own sweet land


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Rh Smiles from its ruins; on the rocky verge

The past gleams visionary; in the noon I see

Prone columns and huge capitals o'erthrown,

A tract of marble desolation piled,

Edged by the bright sea where I tasted death."

Even to the Roamer's self the landscape round,

As when the wind breathes on a field of wheat

And lifts the poppies, laughter of the spring,

Seemed by the dying gleam of time o'erswept;

An instant—such illusion is in words—

He saw the symbol of the mighty world

Fading away, lost, recordless, annulled;

Then, waking from the momentary trance

And shadowy seizure dim, he knew himself;

Bright o'er him soared the sweet, eternal sky,

The home and eyrie of the bird of time

Forever,—"O calm, ageless blue," he cried,

Our house of life and temple of our faith,

What destinies unroll in thee agelong!"

He turned unto the desert prince, inspired:

"Fortunate is he born who lifts his land

Up to the heights of greatness, his bright death

Immortal, in its glory who expires!

He has advanced the world, whate'er his day,

And on his shoulders borne the orb of fate

Up the steep slopes of time unto God's feet.


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124 Nation to nation calls, race unto race,

Englobing and dissolving, bodied o'er

In larger units, nearer to our goal,

The incarnation of humanity.

I cannot cease from belief in the To-Come,

The top and crown of worship of the past;

For I was bred in reverence of the great

Fathers of men, who gave their names to tribes,

Cities and lands, and are their memory,—

Founders of states, though state and land be lost,

Sires of mankind, and saviours, though they die."

"Where are my soldier-mates?" the chieftain cried,

"Brothers-in-arms, my children in the fight,

My battle-brood,—young, golden eagle-brood—

That drank the morning as the wine-cup, flung

The rose of youth into the face of death,

And rang the laughter of the sword above

The waves of onset, as they sank to night

Down the dark depths of the To-Come?" He paused,—

"The sun shall come again, the spring return;

Cities shall rise and fall, dominions fade;

And death be swallowed up in victory.

Time is the victor, and he mindeth not

The sacrifice. Both king and kingdom die."

"Kingdom and king are interlocked by fate,


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 aux moyens les plus prompts de reformer les abus existants aujourd'hui dans la perception des impôts et notamment des dimes. Le système de la perception directe de I'impot sera successivement, et autant que possible, substitue au regime d'affermage des revenus de l'État. Tant que le système actuel demeurera en vigueur, il sera interdit, sous des peines sévères, aux agents de la Porte, ainsi qu'aux membres de medjlis, de se rendre adjudicataires des fermes, dont les enchères, d'ailleurs, seront faites publiquement, ou de prendre aucune part dans leur exploitation.

XXX. Les impositions locales seront, autant que possible, établies et fixées de manière à ne pas nuire aux productions territoriales, et à ne pas entraver le commerce intérieur.

XXXI. Aux allocations convenables, qui seront déterminées et affectées aux travaux d'utilité publique, viendront se joindre les impositions spéciales, qui seront prelevées sur les provinces appelées à jouir de l'établissement des voies de communication par terre et par eau.

XXXII. Un règlement special ayant été fait dernièrement sur la rédaction et la presentation du budget de l'État, on s'attachera à l'appliquer dans toute son exactitude.

XXXIII. On procedéra à la juste revision des traitements affectés à chaque emploi.

XXXIV. Les chefs de communautés, assistes d'un delegué de chacune d'elles, désigné par nous, seront convoques spécialement par notre grand vizir, pour prendre part aux deliberations du grand conseil, dans les circonstances qui interesseront la generality de nos sujets ; les délegués seront nommés pour une année ; ils prêteront serment à leur entrée en fonctions.

XXXV. Les membres du grand conseil, dans les reunions ordinaires ou extraordinaires, emettront librement leur avis et leur vote ; ils ne seront aucunement inquiètes à cet égard.

XXXVI. Les dispositions de la loi sur la corruption, la concussion et la malversation seront appliquees, d'après les formes légales, à tons nos sujets, à quelque classe qu'ils appartiennent, et quelles que soient leurs fonctions.

XXXVII. II sera créé des banques et d'autres institutions du même genre, pour donner du crédit aux finances du pays et pour réformer le système monetaire; on affectera les capitaux nécessaires aux objets qui constituent la source de la richesse materielle de notre empire ; on s'appliquera enfin à donner de véritables facilites, en ouvrant les routes et les canaux necessaires au transport des produits du sol, et en écartant tout ce qui opposerait au développement de l'agriculture et du commerce.


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Rh And no hand breaks that bond through endless time,"

Returned the Roamer: "Thou hast proved it well,

Prompted within by the undying spark.

The individual and the mass are one.

In my own youth I caught the sacred lore,

In a far country that thou knowest not of;

There lies my land, a seat of growing good,

A seedplace of the nations, storing time,

A harvest of the universal earth,

A power whereof the armament is peace,

A state proceeding from all wills made one,

A realm where all men reign, a commonwealth,

A stronghold of mankind; there all men toil,

And wisdom labors on the shield of truth,

And on the stammering lips of knowledge shapes

New ages rising, and prophetic hears

The pæan of the final victory."

As signal fire to signal fire is flashed

Across dividing seas, the young prince heard

And kindled, and as light revisits late

A sunset peak with the sweet rose of eve

After the sun is gone, and soon dies off,—

Touched with that message of the dawn, he flushed

And faded, to his own dark self withdrawn

And silent mystery; reverence he made


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 XXXVIII. Dans ce but, on devra s'attacher sans cesse à aviser scrupuleusement aux moyens de mettre à profit les sciences, les connaissances et les capitaux de l'Europe.

Vous ferez done publier, noble vizir, cet auguste firman dans les formes usitées, taut à Constantinople que dans les provinces de l'empire; vous veillerez à l'exécution de sa teneur, et vous prendrez les mesures nécessaires pour que ces dispositions soient à jamais exécutées. Sachez-le ainsi; ayez confiance dans ce noble signe.

(3)

Extracts from the Ottoman Constitution,'promulgated on 23rd December, 1876.

VIII. Tous les sujets de l'Empire sont indistinctement appelés ottomans, quelle que soit la religion qu'ils professent. La qualité d'ottoman s'acquiert et se perd suivant les cas spécifiés par la loi.

XI. L'Islamisme est la religion de l'État. Tout en sauve-gardant ce principe, l´État protège le libre exercice de tous les cultes reconnus dans l'Empire, et maintient les priviléges religieux accordés aux diverses communautés, à la condition qu'il ne soit pas porté atteinte à l'ordre public ou aux bonnes mœurs.

XVII. Tous les ottomans sont égaux devant la loi. Ils ont les mêmes droits et les mêmes devoirs envers le pays, sans préjudice de ce qui concerne la religion.

XVIII. L'admission aux fonctions publiques a pour condition la connaissance du Turc, qui est la langue officielle de l'État.

XIX. Tous les ottomans sont admis aux fonctions publiques suivant leurs aptitudes, leur mérite et leur capacité.

II

(1)

The Preliminary Treaty of Peace, signed at San Stefano, 17th March, 1878.

Majesty the Emperor of Russia and His Majesty the Emperor of the Ottomans, inspired with the wish of restoring and


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126 To the rude altar. "Peace go with you, friend,"

He said, "who bringest gentle tidings here

Of unknown scriptures in the book of time!

Fair be your journey, sweet your last repose!"

And, as if fascinated, saw him go

O'er the bright sand, as at the spirit's call.

Wonderful was the scene through which then moved

The Roamer, compassed by horizons free,

By high clouds hung, and swept by sunburst lights

That traveled the vast round—a virgin world,

Still shining from the great Creator's hand,

Fresh from the infinite that yet abode

In all its features; sky and wind and sun

The impress of the eternal presence bore

Wherefrom it issued, clothed in light and life,

From the foundation of the world prepared

The soul's wide mansion; awe illimitable

Of power, unsensed but felt, upon him stole

From the great scene, dune rolling beyond dune;

And like a solitary bark at sea

Far out from land, he seemed unto himself;

And, imaged in his breast, the solemn sight

Filled his lone thought, and fashioned forth his words.

"What signify," he said, "cerulean walls,


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Rh happy notion; for, if the alternatives which are involved in the question are kept duly apart, one may go on debating for centuries. The academicians have gallantly availed themselves of the occasion, and have produced all sorts of things in prose and verse, some very good.

Then there is the liveliest public. The audience cry Bravo, and clap their hands, and laugh. What a thing it is to stand thus before one's nation, and amuse them in person! We must set down our best productions in black and white. Every one squats down with them in a corner, and scribbles at them as he can.

It may be imagined, that, even on this occasion, Palladio would be continually appealed to, whether the discourse was in favour of invention or imitation. At the end, which is always the right place for a joke, one of the speakers hit on a happy thought, and said that the others had already taken Palladio away from him; so that he, for his part, would praise Franceschini, the great silk manufacturer. He then began to show the advantages which this enterprising man, and, through him, the city of Vicenza, had derived from imitating the Lyonnese and Florentine stuffs, and thence came to the conclusion that imitation stands far above invention. This was done with so much humour, that uninterrupted laughter was excited. Generally those who spoke in favour of imitation obtained the most applause; for they said nothing but what was adapted to the thoughts and capacities of the multitude. Once the public, by a violent clapping of hands, gave its hearty approval to a most clumsy sophism, when it had not felt many good, nay, excellent things that had been said in honour of invention. I am very glad I have witnessed this scene; for it is highly gratifying to see Palladio, after the lapse of so long a time, still honoured by his fellow citizens as their polar star and model.


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Rh The towering clouds, the long-drawn mountain-lines,

The painted plains, the luxury of light,

The expense of power and beauty's ornament,

The glow and sculpture of the dædal earth

Along the roadside, where by nations crawls

The caravan of time? O traitor world!

Thou art the inn of poverty and crime,

The warren of the poor wherein they breed

Hunger and cold, passion and woe, and death

In perpetuity. Kingdoms and states

Are but the shining surface of the flood,

Time's phosphorescence; deep below dips down

The unrecorded misery of the mass,

Creation's underworld. What is 't to men,—

The glamour of great ages yet to be

Wherein they shall not share? or glory gone,

A nameless epitaph?" On the last rise

The landscape sank beneath him, desert-wild,

White valleys of the chotts,—a far-strown world

Of endless desolation, chequered tracts,

Spotted with salty crusts, dim palms and wastes,

Interminable dearth; and in the way

Two, robed in white and worn with travel stains,

Girt with the knotted cord, scanned the strange sight;


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128 Them soon he overtook with noiseless steps.

"Of such a land the holy father told,

Who bade me follow him," the younger said,

"A place of ruin and old chaos stilled,

As on the moon an earthly visitant

Might gaze on planetary death around,—

The ribbed sea bottom from its base uptorn,

Volcanic holocausts of shattered hills

And sandy oceans blown by warring storms,"

And, startled, he beheld the Roamer nigh,

And blessed him coming: "Peace abide with thee,

Who enterest these dead lands inhospitable!"

He said, upon the Roamer's face intent.

"How is thy countenance fair!" abrupt he spoke,

As to himself. "Welcome I seek," replied

The Roamer, "who have nought to give in turn;"

And humble stood, as one who begs a boon.

"True poverty is all our riches here,"

The elder answered: "love is all our wealth

For many a league foregone, love all our alms

Given or received,—God's love." "Tell me of love,"

Struck by a sudden radiance divine,

The Roamer said, devout,—and, on bright sands

As on the threshold of a world to come

Reposing, harkened, as to one in dreams,

The wisdom of the desert, golden-mouthed.


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142 22.

This morning I was at Tiene, which lies north, toward the mountains, where a new building has been erected after an old plan, of which there may be a little to say. Thus do they here honour everything that belongs to the good period, and have sense enough to raise a new building on a plan which they have inherited. The château is excellently situated in a large plain, having behind it the calcareous Alps, without any mountains intervening. A stream of living water flows along the level causeway from each side of the building, toward those who approach it, and waters the broad fields of rice through which one passes.

I have now seen but two Italian cities, and for the first time, and have spoken with but few persons; and yet I know my Italians pretty well. They are like courtiers, who consider themselves the first people in the world, and who, on the strength of certain advantages, which cannot be denied them, can indulge with impunity in so comfortable a thought. The Italians appear to me a right good people. Only one must see the children and the common people as I see them now, and can see them, while I am always open to them, nay, always lay myself open to them. What figures and faces there are!

It is especially to be commended in the Vicentians, that with them one enjoys the privileges of a large city. Whatever a person does, they do not stare at him; but, if he addresses them, they are conversable and pleasant, especially the women, who please me much. I do not mean to find fault with the Veronese women: they are well made, and have decided profiles; but they are, for the most part, pale, and the Zendal is to their disadvantage, because one looks for something charming under the beautiful costume. I have found here some very pretty creatures, especially some with black locks, who inspire me with peculiar


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Rh "Love drew my youth from the sweet soil of France,"

Sorrows of exile toned the mellow voice

That first had spoken; "tender yet my age,

Called by strange gospels of the silent heart

That beats in all men—so the Master said—

And ever hears a spiritual voice

Amid the worldly strife; that voice I heard,

Brooding above the Master's sacred charge,

Who, laying his thin hands upon my youth,

Thus vowed my life to lowliest ministries:

'To have no name; to touch no gold; to own

City nor country where to lay thy head;

To wander through the world, the friend of him

Who has no friend, easing the daily weight

Of this so bitter life; to brother all,

But bind no dear companion to thy side

Save to divide his burden; not to think

Of earthly recompense nor heaven's reward;

To hope no gain; to fear no loss; but live,

Free from the mortal tangle of the self,

For others only, humbly so to serve

Among the humble; nor make state nor race

A barrier to the soul; but give thy love

No bound, no limit; so the mighty heart

Of the whole world shall beat against thy side,


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130 Great with the flooding passion of mankind

To make one kindred of all human bloods,

One living soul.'" He paused, as if o'erawed

By his own mounting thoughts and visioned sight,

Conscious anew of the evangel winged

Of his great Order: then impassioned rose

The Faith Triumphant, breathing upon lips

That sang its martyrs: "Orphan though he be,

He liveth best who giveth up his life

To live incorporate in other men.

Blessèd is he who hath forsaken all

To lose himself within the larger world

Of indivisible humanity.

A million hearts shall be his earthly home,

And silent bosoms store his virtue up,

Unknown and unsuspected; it shall grow,

Ripen, and multiply the good of God,

And bring the slow millennial harvests on

To clothe the world." How salt the desert gleamed

In the bright sun resplendent, whereon fell

The Roamer's gaze! The other, in quick turn,

As if antiphonal to that high strain,

Took up the Word: "Abandoned and deprived,

He is most rich who, vowed to poverty,

Hath nothing to receive and all to give;

And who beholds him learns the works of love.


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 transmitted; besides such general principles of grammar and eloquence, often of poetry and history, as the elders themselves may be able to impart. To this family schooling too are due the good manners, politeness, and self-restraint that early distinguish Arab children. In the very few instances where a public school of a higher class exists, writing, grammar and rhetoric sum up its teachings. Law and theology, in the narrow sense that both these words have in the Islamitic system, are explained in afternoon lectures given in most mosques; and some verses of the Koran, with one of the accepted commentaries, that of Baidāwī for example, form the basis of the instruction. Great attention is paid to accuracy of grammar and purity of diction throughout Arabia; yet something of a dialectic difference may be observed in the various districts. The purest Arabic, that which is as nearly as possible identical in the choice of words and in its inflections with the language of the Koran, is spoken in Nejd, and the best again of that in the province of Sudēr. Next in purity comes the Arabic of Shammar. Throughout the Hejaz in general, the language, though extremely elegant, is not equally correct; in el-Hasa, Bahrein and Oman it is decidedly influenced by the foreign element called Nabataean. In Yemen, as in other southern districts of the peninsula, Arabic merges insensibly into the Himyaritic or African dialect of Hadramut and Mahra. (See .)

.—Lieutenant Wellsted, Travels in Arabia (Lond., 1838); “Narrative of a Journey to the Ruins of Nakeb el Hajar” (Jour. R. Geog. Soc. vii. 20); Carsten Niebuhr. Travels through Arabia (transl. into English by Robert Heron, 2 vols., Edin., 1792); John Lewis Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia (2 vols., Lond., 1829); Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabis, (2 vols., Lond., 1830; in German, Weimar, 1831); C. J. Cruttenden, Journal of an Excursion to Sana’a, the Capital of Yemen (Bombay, 1838); A. Sprenger, Die alte Geographie Arabiens als Grundlage der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Semitismus (Berne, 1875); Sir Richard F. Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El Medinah and Meccah (Lond., 1855); W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (Cambridge); E. Reclus, Les Arabes (Brussels, 1898); Lady Anne Blunt, A Pilgrimage to Nejd (2 vols., Lond., 1881); C. M. Doughty, Arabia Deserta (2 vols., 1888); Rev. S. M. Zwemer, Arabia: the Cradle of Islam (1900); Albrecht Zehme, Arabien und die Araber, seit hundert Jahren (1875).

ARACAJÚ, a city and seaport of Brazil, capital of the state of Sergipe, 170 m. N.N.E. of Bahia, on the river Cotinguiba, or Cotindiba, 6 m. from the coast. The municipality, of which it forms a part, had a population in 1890 of 16,336, about two-thirds of whom lived in the city itself. Aracajú is a badly built town on the right bank of the river at the base of a ridge of low sand-hills and has the usual features of an unprogressive provincial capital. Good limestone is quarried in its vicinity, and the country tributary to this port produces large quantities of sugar. Cotton is also grown, and the back country sends down hides and skins for shipment. The anchorage is good, but a dangerous bar at the mouth of the river prevents the entrance of vessels drawing more than 12 ft. The port is visited, therefore, only by the smaller steamers of the coastwise lines. The river is navigable as far as the town of Maroim, about 10 m. beyond Aracajú. The city was founded in 1855. ARACATY, or, a city and port of Brazil, in the state of Ceará, 75 m. S.E. of Fortaleza, on the river Jaguaribe, 8 m. from the sea. Pop. of the municipality (1890) 20,182, of whom about 12,000 belonged to the city. A dangerous bar at the mouth of the river permits the entrance only of the smaller coasting steamers, but the port is an important commercial centre, and exports considerable quantities of cotton, hides, maniçoba, rubber, fruit, and palm wax. ARACHNE, in Greek mythology, the daughter of Idmon of Colophon in Lydia, a dyer in purple. She had acquired such skill in the art of weaving that she ventured to challenge Athena. While the goddess took as subjects her quarrel with Poseidon as to the naming and possession of Attica, and the warning examples of those who ventured to pit themselves against the immortals, Arachne depicted the metamorphoses of the gods and their amorous adventures. Her work was so perfect that Athena, enraged at being unable to find any blemish in it, tore it to pieces. Arachne hanged herself in despair; but the goddess out of pity loosened the rope, which became a cobweb, while Arachne herself was changed into a spider (Ovid, Metam. vi. 5-145). The story probably indicates the superiority of Asia over Greece in the textile arts. ARACHNIDA, the zoological name given in 1815 by Lamarck (Gr. , a spider) to a class which he instituted for the reception of the spiders, scorpions and mites, previously classified by Linnaeus in the order Aptera of his great group Insecta. Lamarck at the same time founded the class Crustacea for the lobsters, crabs and water-fleas, also until then included in the order Aptera of Linnaeus. Lamarck included the Thysanura and the Myriapoda in his class Arachnida. The Insecta of Linnaeus was a group exactly equivalent to the Arthropoda founded a hundred years later by Siebold and Stannius. It was thus reduced by Lamarck in area, and made to comprise only the six-legged, wing-bearing “Insecta.” For these Lamarck proposed the name Hexapoda; but that name has been little used, and they have retained to this day the title of the much larger Linnaean group, viz. Insecta. The position of the Arachnida in the great sub-phylum Arthropoda, according to recent anatomical and embryological researches, is explained in the article. The Arachnida form a distinct class or line of descent in the grade Euarthropoda, diverging (perhaps in common at the start with the Crustacea) from primitive Euarthropods, which gave rise also to the separate lines of descent known as the classes Diplopoda, Crustacea, Chilopoda and Hexapoda.

Limulus an Arachnid.—Modern views as to the classification and affinities of the Arachnida have been determined by the demonstration that Limulus and the extinct Eurypterines (Pterygotus, &c.) are Arachnida; that is to say, are identical in the structure and relation of so many important parts with Scorpio, whilst differing in those respects from other Arthropoda, that it is impossible to suppose that the identity is due to homoplasy or convergence, and the conclusion must be accepted that the resemblances arise from close genetic relationship. The view that Limulus, the king-crab, is an Arachnid was maintained as long ago as 1829 by Strauss-Dürckheim (1), on the ground of its possession of an internal cartilaginous sternum—also possessed by the Arachnida (see figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6)—and of the similarity of the disposition of the six leg-like appendages around the mouth in the two cases (see figs. 45 and 63). The evidence of the exact equivalence of the segmentation and appendages of Limulus and Scorpio, and of a number of remarkable points of agreement in structure, was furnished by Ray Lankester in an article published in 1881 (“Limulus an Arachnid,” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. xxi. N.S.), and in a series of subsequent memoirs, in which the structure of the entosternum, of the coxal glands, of the eyes, of the veno-pericardiac muscles, of the

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Rh interest. There are also fairer beauties, who, however, do not please me so well.

, Sept. 26.

Evening.

In four hours I have this day come here from Vicenza, crammed, luggage and all, into a little one-seated chaise called a Sediola. Generally the journey is performed with ease in three hours and a half; but, as I wished to pass the delightful daytime in the open air, I was glad that the Vetturino fell short of his duty. The route goes constantly southwards, over the most fertile plains, and between hedges and trees, without further prospect, until at last the beautiful mountains, extending from the east toward the south, are seen on the right hand. The abundance of the festoons of plants and fruit, which hang over walls and hedges, and down the trees, is indescribable. The roofs are loaded with gourds, and the strangest sort of cucumbers are hanging from poles and trellises.

From the observatory I could take the clearest survey possible of the fine situation of the town. Toward the north are the Tyrolese mountains, covered with snow and half-hidden by clouds, and joined by the Vicentian mountains on the northwest. Then toward the west are the nearer mountains of Este, the shapes and recesses of which are plainly to be seen. Toward the southeast is a verdant sea of plants, without a trace of elevation, tree after tree, bush after bush, plantation after plantation, while houses, villas, and churches, dazzling with whiteness, peer out from among the green. Against the horizon I plainly saw the tower of St. Mark's at Venice, with other smaller towers.

, Sept. 27.

I have at last obtained the works of Palladio, not indeed the original edition, which I saw at Vicenza, where the cuts are in wood, but a fac-simile in copper,


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Rh Love is the bread that feeds the multitudes;

Love is the healing of the hospitals;

Love is the light that breaks through prison doors;

Love knows not rich nor poor, nor good nor bad,

But only the beloved, in every heart

One and the same, the incorruptible

Spirit divine, whose tabernacle is life.

Love, more than hunger, feeds the soul's desire;

Love more the spirit than the body heals;

Love is a star unto the darkened mind;

And they who truly are Love's servants leal,

And follow him, undoubting, to the end,

Beyond the bounds of human righteousness,

Past Justice and past Mercy, find at last,

Past Charity, past Pardon, Love enthroned,

Lord of all hearts, incarnate in man's soul."

Like silence after music fell the close

Of the Word singing in the wilderness

That lay so brightly calm, so weirdly still.

The landscape, glittering like a serpent's eye,

Hypnotic glared, and dumb the Roamer's heart

With all his life went echoing, like a shell

That holds, within, its melodies concealed.

"All these things have I heard from my youth up,"

He broke the spell, "taught by the bards divine.

I do remember my dear Master said,


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132 'To him who knows what love is, love is all';

And on my ring I bear the blessèd words,

'Love is but one thing with the gentle heart.'

Lo! on my hand the golden circle bound!

Sweet is the gospel of the gentle heart,

Wherewith I travel." On the little ring

Centred their eyes. "What talisman hast thou,

That holds thee safe 'gainst disarraying death,

Where most his empire rules? The living word

Is yet the burden of thy breath!" they cried,

Together risen, awe-struck. "Love is my lord,

And in his charge I go," the Roamer said;

"Pray for my peace!" "Thy faith companion thee!"

He heard behind him; and the burning sands

Received him, the deep silence, and the sky.

Far on one hand he left the blanchèd lands

Of the death valley, hollow and malign,

That rolled its lost horizons to the South.

Westward he trailed the rock-bound desert route,

Where narrowest, like a gulf, the great chott ran,

And crossed it, and on level reaches came,

Steeped in the sun, lapped by the bathing blue,

The kingdom of the sands; no life was there,

But shadowless, majestic, nature's power

Moulded her image of the earth and sky,


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144 published at the expense of an excellent man, named Smith, who was formerly the English consul at Venice. We must give the English this credit, that they have long known how to prize what is good, and have a magnificent way of diffusing it.

On the occasion of this purchase I entered a bookshop, which in Italy presents quite a peculiar appearance. Around it are arranged the books all stitched; and during the whole day good society may be found in the shop, which is a lounge for all the secular clergy, nobility, and artists who are in any way connected with literature. One asks for a book, opens it, and amuses himself as one can. Thus I found a knot of half a dozen, all of whom became attentive to me when I asked for the works of Palladio. While the master of the shop looked for the book, they commended it, and gave me information respecting the original and the copy: they were well acquainted with the work itself, and with, the merits of the author. Taking me for an architect, they praised me for having recourse to this master in preference to all the rest; saying that he was of more practical utility than Vitruvius himself, since he had thoroughly studied the ancients and antiquity, and had sought to adapt the latter to the wants of our own times. I conversed for a long time with these friendly men, learned something about the remarkable objects in the city, and took my leave.

Where men have built churches to saints, a place may sometimes be found in them where monuments to intellectual men may be set up. The bust of Cardinal Bembo stands between Ionic columns. It is a handsome face, strongly drawn in, if I may use the expression, and with a copious beard. The inscription runs thus: "Petri Bembi Card, imaginem Hier. Guerinus Ismeni f. in publico ponendam curavit ut cujus ingenii monumenta æterna sint, ejus corporis quoque memoria ne a posteritate desideretur."


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Rh Where man was not; only the white sand-sea

Lifted its crests, and rolled its arrowy drifts

Frozen in the act of motion, and clomb up

Rare buried palm-clumps, islanding the waste.

How still it was! the elemental world

In its own universe! as from the first,

Before man was, it filled creation's dawn!

The Roamer felt himself a stranger there

As in another world, an older star,

'Mid heavens bright, unknown; and, as he moved

Across that panorama without end,

Sterile and clear, the soft, transparent air

Evoked far objects, the blue glow intense

O'ercanopied the sands, and imprecise

The lines of all things wavered; and, behold!

As when a sailor, cast up by the sea,

Upon an alien coast, in a far land,

Wanders 'mid rocks and hills, and from some cliff

Sees a green valley smile, at half a league,

He saw, nor far, a quiet water set

By scattered palm trees, like a silver streak,

And o'er the placid bank their tall stems leaned.

How firm they cut the insubstantial air,

Like some fair island, seen by barren seas,

Aloof, indifferent to human life,

Still as a vision in a charmèd dream,