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Author:George Gordon Byron/Index of Titles

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Address, spoken at the Opening of Drury-Lane Theatre, Saturday, October 10, 1812 The Adieu Adieu to the Muse (same as "Farewell to the Muse") Address intended to be recited at the Caledonian Meeting Adrian's Address to his Soul when Dying The Age of Bronze "All is Vanity, saith the Preacher" And thou art dead, as young and fair And wilt Thou weep when I am low? Another Simple Ballat Answer to ——'s Professions of Affection Answer to a Beautiful Poem Answer to some Elegant Verses sent by a Friend to the Author, & etc. Answer to the Foregoing, Addressed to Miss —— Aristomenes Away, away, ye Notes of Woe!

Ballad Beppo, a Venetian story The Blues, a Literary Eclogue Bowles and Campbell The Bride of Abydos, a Turkish tale Bright be the place of thy soul! (see "Stanzas for Music") By the Rivers of Babylon we sat down and wept "By the Waters of Babylon"

Cain, a mystery The Chain I gave (same as "From the Turkish") The Charity Ball Childe Harold's Good Night (from Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Canto I.) Childe Harold's Pilgrimage Childish Recollections Churchill's Grave The Conquest The Cornelian The Corsair: A Tale The Curse of Minerva

Damætas Darkness The Death of Calmar and Orla The Deformed Transformed, a drama The Destruction of Sennacherib The Devil's Drive Don Juan A Dream (same as "Darkness") The Dream The Duel

E Nihilo Nihil; or, An Epigram Bewitched Egotism. A Letter to J. T. Becher Elegiac Stanzas on the Death of Sir Peter Parker, Bart. Elegy Elegy on Newstead Abbey Elegy on the Death of Sir Peter Parker (same as "Elegiac Stanzas on the Death of Sir Peter Parker, Bart.") Endorsement to the Deed of Separation, in the April of 1816 English Bards, and Scotch Reviewers, a satire Epigram (If for silver, or for gold) Epigram (In digging up your bones, Tom Paine) Epigram (It seems that the Braziers propose soon to pass) Epigram (The world is a bundle of hay) Epigram on an Old Lady who had some Curious Notions respecting the Soul (In Nottingham county there lives at Swan Green) Epigrams (Oh, Castlereagh! thou art a patriot now) Epilogue The Episode of Nisus and Euryalus (A paraphrase from the Æneid, Lib. 9.) Epistle from Mr. Murray to Dr. Polidori Epistle to a Friend Epistle to Augusta Epistle to Mr. Murray Epitaph Epitaph for Joseph Blacket, late Poet and Shoemaker Epitaph for William Pitt Epitaph on a Beloved Friend Epitaph on a Friend (same as "Epitaph on a Beloved Friend") Epitaph on John Adams, of Southwell Epitaph to a Dog Euthanasia

Fame, wisdom, love, and power were mine (same as "All is Vanity, saith the Preacher") Fare Thee Well Farewell (same as "Farewell! if ever Fondest Prayer") Farewell! if ever Fondest Prayer (same as "Farewell") Farewell Petition to J. C. H., Esqre. Farewell to Malta Farewell to the Muse Fill the Goblet Again The First Kiss of Love A Fragment (Could I remount the river of my years) Fragment (Hills of Annesley, Bleak and Barren) A Fragment (When, to their airy hall, my Fathers' voice) Fragment from the "Monk of Athos" Fragment of a Translation from the 9th Book of Virgil's Æneid (compare "The Episode of Nisus and Euryalus") Fragment of an Epistle to Thomas Moore Fragments of School Exercises: From the "Prometheus Vinctus" of Æschylus Francesca of Rimini Francisca From Anacreon Ode 3. ( ' Twas now the hour when Night had driven) From Job (same as "A Spirit passed before me") From the French (Ægle, beauty and poet, has two little crimes) From the French (Must thou go, my glorious Chief) From the last hill that looks on thy once holy dome (same as "On the Day of the Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus") From the Portuguese From the Turkish (same as "The Chain I gave")

G. G. B. to E. P. (same as "To M. S. G.") (When I dream that you love me, you'll surely forgive) The Giaour The Girl of Cadiz Granta. A Medley

The Harp the Monarch Minstrel swept Heaven and Earth, a mystery Hebrew Melodies Herod's Lament for Mariamne Hints from Horace Hours of Idleness

I speak not, I trace not, I breathe not thy name (see "Stanzas for Music") I saw thee weep I would I were a Careless Child Ich Dien If sometimes in the haunts of men If that High World Imitated from Catullus Imitation of Tibullus Impromptu Impromptu, in Reply to a Friend In the valley of waters (same as "By the Waters of Babylon") Inscription on the Monument of a Newfoundland Dog The Island, or Christian and His Comrades The Irish Avatar It is the hour (compare with first stanza of Parisina)

Jeptha's Daughter John Keats Journal in Cephalonia Julian [a Fragment]

La Revanche Lachin y Gair L'Amitié est L'Amour sans Ailes The Lament of Tasso Lara: A Tale Last Words on Greece Lines addressed by Lord Byron to Mr. Hobhouse on his Election for Westminster Lines Addressed to a Young Lady Lines addressed to the Rev. J. T. Becher Lines Inscribed upon a Cup Formed from a Skull Lines in the Travellers' Book at Orchomenus Lines on hearing that Lady Byron was Ill Lines on Sir Peter Parker (same as "Elegiac Stanzas on the Death of Sir Peter Parker, Bart.") Lines to a Lady weeping (same as "To a Lady Weeping") Lines to Mr. Hodgson Lines written beneath a Picture Lines Written beneath an Elm in the Churchyard of Harrow Lines written in an Album, At Malta Lines written in "Letters of an Italian Nun and an English Gentleman Lines written on a Blank Leaf of The Pleasures of Memory Lord Byron's Verses on Sam Rogers Love and Death Love and Gold A Love Song. To —— (same as "Remind me not, Remind me not") Love's Last Adieu Lucietta. A Fragment

Maid of Athens, ere we part Manfred, a dramatic poem Marino Faliero, Doge of Venice, an historical tragedy (1821) Martial, Lib. I. Epig. I. Mazeppa Monody on the Death of the Right Hon. R. B. Sheridan The Morgante Maggiore My Boy Hobbie O My Epitaph My Soul is Dark

Napoleon's Farewell Napoleon's Snuff-box The New Vicar of Bray Newstead Abbey

An Occasional Prologue Ode (same as "Ode on Venice") Ode from the French Ode on Venice Ode to a Lady whose Lover was killed by a Ball, which at the same time shivered a portrait next his heart Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte An Ode to the Framers of the Frame Bill Oh! snatched away in Beauty's Bloom Oh! weep for those On a Change of Masters at a Great Public School On a Cornelian Heart which was broken On a Distant View of the Village and School of Harrow on the Hill, 1806 On a Royal Visit to the Vaults (Windsor Poetics) On being asked what was the "Origin of Love" On Finding a Fan On Jordan's Banks On Leaving Newstead Abbey On Lord Thurlow's Poems On Moore's Last Operatic Farce, or Farcical Opera On my Thirty-third Birthday On my Wedding-Day On Napoleon's Escape from Elba On Parting On Revisiting Harrow On Sam Rogers (same as "Lord Byron's Verses on Sam Rogers") On the Birth of John William Rizzo Hoppner On the Bust of Helen by Canova On the Day of the Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus On the death of —— Thyrza (same as "To Thyrza") On the Death of a Young Lady On the Death of Mr. Fox On the Death of the Duke of Dorset On the Eyes of Miss A—— H—— On the Quotation On the Star of "the Legion of Honour" On this Day I complete my Thirty-sixth Year One struggle more, and I am free Oscar of Alva Ossian's Address to the Sun in "Carthon"

Parenthetical Address Parisina Pignus Amoris The Prayer of Nature The Prisoner of Chillon The Prophecy of Dante, a poem

Quem Deus vult perdere prius dementat Queries to Casuists

R. C. Dallas Remember him, whom Passion's Power Remember thee! Remember thee! Remembrance Remind me not, Remind me not Reply to some Verses of J. M. B. Pigot, Esq., on the Cruelty of his Mistress

Sardanapalus, a tragedy Saul Saul She walks in Beauty The Siege of Corinth A Sketch A Sketch from Life (same as "A Sketch") So we'll go no more a-roving Soliloquy of a Bard in the Country Sonetto di Vittorelli Song (Breeze of the night in gentler sighs) Song (Fill the goblet again! for I never before) (same as "Fill the Goblet Again") Song (Maid of Athens, ere we part) (same as "Maid of Athens, ere we part") Song (Thou art not false, but thou art fickle) same as "Thou art not false, but thou art fickle") Song (When I roved a young Highlander) (same as "When I Roved a Young Highlander") Song for the Luddites Song of Saul before his Last Battle Song to the Suliotes Sonnet on Chillon Sonnet on the Nuptials of the Marquis Antonio Cavalli with the Countess Clelia Rasponi of Ravenna Sonnet, to Genevra (Thine eyes' blue tenderness, thy long fair hair) Sonnet, to Generva (Thy cheek is pale with thought, but not from woe). aka "Sonnet, to the Same" Sonnet to Lake Leman Sonnet to the Prince Regent The Spell is broke, the Charm is flown! A Spirit passed before me Stanzas (And thou art dead, as young and fair) Stanzas (And wilt thou weep when I am low?) (same as "And wilt Thou weep when I am low?") Stanzas (Away, away, ye Notes of Woe) Stanzas (Chill and mirk is the nightly blast) (same as "Stanzas composed during a Thunderstorm") Stanzas (Could Love for ever) Stanzas (I would I were a careless child) (same as "I would I were a Careless Child") Stanzas (If sometimes in the Haunts of Men) Stanzas (One struggle more, and I am free) Stanzas (Remember him, whom Passion's Power) Stanzas (Thou art not false, but thou art fickle) Stanzas (Through cloudless skies, in silvery sheen) (same as "Stanzas written in passing the Ambracian Gulf") Stanzas (When a man hath no freedom to fight for at home) Stanzas composed during a Thunderstorm Stanzas for Music (Bright be the place of thy soul!) Stanzas for Music (I speak not, I trace not, I breathe not thy name) Stanzas for Music (There be none of Beauty's daughters) Stanzas for Music (There's not a joy the world can give like that it takes away) Stanzas for Music (They say that Hope is happiness) Stanzas To —— (same as "Stanzas to Augusta": Though the day of my Destiny's over) Stanzas to a Hindoo Air Stanzas to a Lady, on Leaving England Stanzas to a Lady, with the Poems of Camoëns Stanzas to Augusta (When all around grew drear and dark) Stanzas to Augusta (Though the day of my Destiny's over) Stanzas to Jessy Stanzas to the Po Stanzas to the Same (same as "There was a Time, I need not name") Stanzas written in passing the Ambracian Gulf Stanzas written on the Road between Florence and Pisa Substitute for an Epitaph Sun of the Sleepless! Sympathetic Address to a Young Lady (same as "Lines to a Lady weeping")

The Tear There be none of Beauty's daughters (see "Stanzas for Music") There was a Time, I need not name There's not a joy the world can give like that it takes away (see "Stanzas for Music") They say that Hope is happiness (see "Stanzas for Music") Thou art not false, but thou art fickle Thou whose spell can raise the dead (same as "Saul") Thoughts Suggested by a College Examination Thy Days are done To —— (But once I dared to lift my eyes) To —— (Oh! well I know your subtle Sex) To A—— (same as "To M——") To a Beautiful Quaker To a Knot of Ungenerous Critics To a Lady (Oh! had my Fate been join'd with thine) To a Lady (This Band, which bound thy yellow hair) To a Lady (When Man, expell'd from Eden's bowers) To a Lady Weeping (same as "Lines to a Lady weeping") To a Lady who Presented to the Author a Lock of Hair Braided with his own, and appointed a Night in December to meet him in the Garden To a Vain Lady To a Youthful Friend To an Oak at Newstead To Anne (Oh, Anne, your offences to me have been grievous) To Anne (Oh say not, sweet Anne, that the Fates have decreed) To Belshazzar To Caroline (Oh! when shall the grave hide for ever my sorrow?) To Caroline (Think'st thou I saw thy beauteous eyes) To Caroline (When I hear you express an affection so warm) To Caroline (You say you love, and yet your eye) To D— To Dives. A Fragment To E— To Edward Noel Long, Esq. To Eliza To Emma To E. N. L. Esq. (same as "To Edward Noel Long, Esq.") To Florence To George Anson Byron (?) To George, Earl Delawarr To Harriet To Ianthe (The "Origin of Love!"—Ah, why) (same as "On being asked what was the 'Origin of Love'") To Ianthe (from Canto I of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage) (Not in those climes where I have late been straying) To Inez (from Canto I of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage) (Nay, smile not at my sullen brow) To Julia (same as "To Lesbia!") To Lesbia! To Lord Thurlow To M—— To Maria —— (same as "To Emma") To Mrs. —— (same as "Well! Thou art Happy") To Mrs. Musters (same as "Stanzas to a Lady, on Leaving England") To M. S. G. (When I dream that you love me, you'll surely forgive) To M. S. G. (Whene'er I view those lips of thine) To Marion To Mary, on Receiving Her Picture To Miss E. P. (same as "To Eliza") To Mr. Murray (For Orford and for Waldegrave) To Mr. Murray (Strahan, Tonson, Lintot of the times) To Mr. Murray (To hook the Reader, you, John Murray) To my Son To Penelope To Romance To Samuel Rogers, Esq. (same as "Lines written on a Blank Leaf of The Pleasures of Memory") To Sir W. D. (same as "To a Youthful Friend") To the Author of a Sonnet To the Countess of Blessington To the Duke of D—— (same as "To the Duke of Dorset") To the Duke of Dorset To the Earl of —— (same as "To the Earl of Clare") To the Earl of Clare To the Hon$ble.$ M$rs.$ George Lamb To the Prince Regent on the repeal of the bill of attainder against Lord E. Fitzgerald, June, 1819. (same as "Sonnet to the Prince Regent") To the Rev. J. T. Becher (same as "Lines: addressed to the Rev. J. T. Becher") To the Same (same as "And wilt Thou weep when I am low?") To the Sighing Strephon To Thomas Moore (My boat is on the shore) To Thomas Moore (Oh you, who in all names can tickle the town) To Thomas Moore (What are you doing now) To Thyrza (Without a stone to mark the spot) To Thyrza (One struggle more, and I am free) (same as "One struggle more, and I am free") To Time To Woman Translation from Anacreon Ode 1. (I wish to tune my quivering lyre) Translation from Anacreon Ode 5. (Mingle with the genial bowl) Translation from Catullus: Ad Lesbiam Translation from Catullus: Lugete Veneres Cupidinesque Translation from Horace Translation from the "Medea" of Euripides [Ll. 627–660] Translation from Vittorelli Translation of a Romaic Love Song Translation of the Epitaph on Virgil and Tibullus, by Domitius Marsus Translation of the famous Greek War Song Translation of the Nurse's Dole in the Medea of Euripides Translation of the Romaic Song The Two Foscari, a tragedy

Venice. A Fragment Verses found in a Summer-house at Hales-Owen Versicles A Version of Ossian's Address to the Sun A very Mournful Ballad on the Siege and Conquest of Alhama Vision of Belshazzar The Vision of Judgment A Volume of Nonsense

The Waltz, an apostrophic hymn Warriors and Chiefs! (same as "Song of Saul before his Last Battle") We sate down and wept by the waters of Babel (same as "By the Rivers of Babylon we sat down and wept") Well! Thou art Happy Were my Bosom as False as thou deem'st it to be Werner, or The Inheritance, a tragedy When a man hath no freedom to fight for at home (see "Stanzas") When Coldness wraps this Suffering Clay When I Roved a Young Highlander When we Two parted The Wild Gazelle Windsor Poetics A Woman's Hair Written after swimming from Sestos to Abydos Written at Athens (same as "The Spell is broke, the Charm is flown!") Written at the request of a lady in her memorandum book (same as "Lines written in an Album, At Malta") Written in an Album (same as "Lines written in an Album, At Malta") Written in Mrs. Spencer S.'s—— (same as "Lines written in an Album, At Malta") }}

fr:Auteur:George Gordon Byron/Index des œuvres


text: Author:George Gordon Byron/Index of First Lines

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)


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264 alone, without considering how it was accomplished. Whilst, when men fail, we inquire why they have not succeeded. So failures are oftentimes more instructive than successes, and the disappointments of some become profitable to others.

Up to a certain point, the programme was completely and happily carried out. Nothing but success attended our efforts so long as the excursions were executed as they had been planned. Most of them were made upon the very days which had been fixed for them months beforehand; and all were accomplished, comparatively speaking, so easily, that their descriptions must be, in the absence of difficulty and danger, less interesting to the general reader than they would have been if our course had been marked by blunders and want of judgment. Before proceeding to speak of these excursions, it will not be entirely useless to explain the reasons which influenced the selection of the routes which were adopted upon them.

In the course of the past five seasons my early practices were revolutionised. My antipathy to snow was overcome, and my predilection for rocks was modified. Like all those who are not mountaineers born, I was, at the first, extremely nervous upon steep snow. The snow seemed bound to slip, and all those who were upon it to go along with it. Snow of a certain quality is undoubtedly liable to slip when it is at a certain inclination. The exact states which are dangerous, or safe, it is not possible to describe in writing. That is only learnt by experience, and confidence upon snow is not really felt until one has gained experience. Confidence gradually came to me, and as it came so did my partiality for rocks diminish. For it was evident, to use a common expression, that it paid better to travel upon snow than upon rocks. This applies to snow-beds pure and simple, or to snow which is lying over glacier; and in the selection of routes it has, latterly, always been my practice to look for the places where snow slopes, or snow-covered glaciers, reach highest into mountains.


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266 face one can move to the right or to the left with more facility than upon the crest of a ridge; and when a difficulty is arrived at, it is, consequently, less troublesome to circumvent.

In selecting the routes which were taken in 1865, I looked, first, for places where glaciers and snow extended highest up into the mountains which were to be ascended, or the ridges which were to be crossed. Next, for gullies filled with snow leading still higher; and finally, from the heads of the gullies we completed the ascents, whenever it was practicable, by faces instead of by arêtes. The ascent of the Grand Cornier (13,022), of the Dent Blanche (14,318), Grandes Jorasses (13,700), Aiguille Verte (13,540), Ruinette (12,727), and the Matterhorn (14,780), were all accomplished in this way; besides the other excursions which will be referred to by and by. The route selected, before the start was made, was in every case strictly followed out.

We inspected all of these mountains from neighbouring heights before entering upon their ascents. I explained to the guides the routes I proposed to be taken, and (when the courses were at all complicated) sketched them out on paper to prevent misunderstanding. In some few cases they suggested variations, and in every case the route was well discussed. The execution of the work was done by the guides, and I seldom interfered with, or attempted to assist in it.

The 13th of June 1865 I spent in the valley of Lauterbrunnen with the Rev. W. H. Hawker and the guides Christian and Ulrich Lauener; and on the 14th crossed the Petersgrat with Christian Almer and Johann Tännler to Turtman (Tourtemagne) in the Valais. Tännler was then paid off, as Michel Croz and Franz Biener were awaiting me.

It was not possible to find two leading guides who worked together more harmoniously than Croz and Almer. Biener's part was subordinate to theirs, and he was added as a convenience rather than as a necessity. Croz spoke French alone; Almer little else than German. Biener spoke both languages, and was useful on


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268 On June 15 we went from Turtman to Z'meiden, and thence over the Forcletta pass to Zinal. We diverged from the summit of the pass up some neighbouring heights to inspect the Grand Cornier, and I decided to have nothing to do with its northern side. The mountain was more than seven miles away, but it was quite safe to pronounce it inaccessible from our direction.

On the 16th we left Zinal at 2.5, having been for a moment greatly surprised by an entry in the hotel-book, and ascending by the Zinal glacier, and giving the base of our mountain a wide berth in order that it might the better be examined, passed gradually right round to its south, before a way up it was seen. At 8.30 we arrived upon the plateau of the glacier that descends towards the east, between the Grand Cornier and the Dent Blanche, and from this place a route was readily traced. We steered to the north (as shown upon the map) over the glacier, towards the ridge that descends to the east; gained it by mounting snow-slopes, and followed it to the summit, which was arrived at before half-past twelve. From first to last the route was almost entirely over snow.

The ridges leading to the north and to the south from the summit of the Grand Cornier, exhibited in a most striking manner the extraordinary effects that may be produced by violent alternations of heat and cold. The southern one was hacked and split into the wildest forms; and the northern one was not less cleft and impracticable, and offered the droll piece of rock-carving which is represented upon. Some small blocks actually


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270 great peak in the Alps amongst those I have seen has been shattered in this way; and that every summit, amongst the rock-summits upon which I have stood, has been nothing but a piled-up heap of fragments.

The minor ridges do not usually present such extraordinary forms as the principal ones. They are less exposed, and they are less broken up; and it is reasonable to assume that their annual degradation is less than that of the summit-ridges.

The wear and tear does not cease even in winter, for these great ridges are never completely covered up by snow, and the sun has still power. The destruction is incessant, and increases as time goes on; for the greater the surfaces which are exposed to the practically inexhaustible powers of sun and frost, the greater ruin will be effected.

The rock-falls which are continually occurring upon all rock


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272 If the Alps were granted a perfectly invariable temperature, if they were no longer subjected, alternately, to freezing blasts and to scorching heat, they might more correctly be termed 'eternal.' They might still continue to decay, but their abasement would be much less rapid.

When rocks are covered up by a sheet of glacier they do enjoy an almost invariable temperature. The extremes of summer and winter are unknown to rocks which are so covered up,—a range of a very few degrees is the most that is possible underneath the ice. There is, then, little or no disintegration from unequal expansion and contraction. Frost, then, does not penetrate into the heart of the rock, and cleave off vast masses. The rocks, then, sustain grinding instead of cleaving. Atoms, then, come away instead of masses. Fissures and overhanging surfaces are bridged, for the ice cannot get at them; and after many centuries of grinding have been sustained, we still find numberless angular surfaces (in the lee-sides) which were fashioned before the ice began to work.

The points of difference which are so evident between the operations of heat, cold, and water, and the action of glaciers upon rocks, are as follow. The former take advantage of cracks, fissures, joints, and soft places; the latter does not. The former can work underneath overhanging masses; the latter cannot. The effects produced by the former continually increase, because they continually expose fresh surfaces by forming new cracks, fissures, and holes. The effects which the latter produces constantly diminish, because the area of the surfaces operated upon becomes less and less, as they become smoother and natter.

What can one conclude, then, but that sun, frost, and water, have


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Rh It is comparatively seldom, however, that an ascent of a great mountain can be executed exclusively upon snow and glacier. Ridges peep through which have to be surmounted. In my earlier scramblings I usually took to, or was taken upon, the summits (or arêtes) of the ridges, and a good many mountaineers habitually take to them on principle, as the natural and proper way. According to my experience, it is seldom well to do so when any other course is open. As I have already said, and presently shall repeat more particularly, the crests of all the main ridges of the great peaks of the Alps are shattered and cleft by frost; and it not unfrequently happens that a notch in a ridge, which appears perfectly insignificant from a distance, is found to be an insuperable barrier to further progress; and a great detour, or a long descent, has to be made to avoid the obstacle. When committed to an arête one is tied, almost always, to a particular course, from which it is difficult to deviate. Much loss of time must result if any serious obstruction occurs; and total defeat is not at all improbable.

But it seldom happens that a great alpine peak is seen that is cut off abruptly, in all directions, from the snows and glaciers which surround it. In its gullies snow will cling, although its faces may be too steep for the formation of permanent snow-beds. The merits of these snow-gullies (or couloirs) have been already pointed out, and it is hardly necessary to observe, after that which was just now said about snow, that ascents of snow-gullies (with proper precautions) are very much to be preferred to ascents of rocky arêtes.

By following the glaciers, the snow-slopes above, and the couloirs rising out of them, it is usually possible to get very close to the summits of the great peaks in the Alps. The final climb will, perhaps, necessarily be by an arête. The less of it the better.

It occasionally occurs that considerable mountain slopes, or faces, are destitute of snow-gullies. In that case it will, very likely, be best to adhere to the faces (or to the gullies or minor ridges upon them) rather than take to the great ridges. Upon a


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Rh that account; but he seldom went to the front, excepting during the early part of the day, when the work was easy, and he acted throughout more as a porter than as a guide.

The importance of having a reserve of power on mountain expeditions cannot be too strongly insisted upon. We always had some in hand, and were never pressed, or overworked, so long as we were together. Come what might, we were ready for it. But by a series of chances, which I shall never cease to regret, I was first obliged to part with Croz, and then to dismiss the others; and so, deviating from the course that I had deliberately adopted, which was successful in practice because it was sound in principle, became fortuitously a member of an expedition that ended with the catastrophe which brings this book, and brought my scrambles amongst the Alps, to a close.


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Rh tottered and fell before our eyes, and, starting others in their downward course, grew into a perfect avalanche, which descended with a solemn roar on to the glaciers beneath.

It is natural that the great ridges should present the wildest forms—not on account of their dimensions, but by reason of their positions. They are exposed to the fiercest heat of the sun, and are seldom in shadow as long as it is above the horizon. They are entirely unprotected, and are attacked by the strongest blasts and by the most intense cold. The most durable rocks are not proof against such assaults. These grand, apparently solid—eternal—mountains, seeming so firm, so immutable, are yet ever changing and crumbling into dust. These shattered ridges are evidence of their sufferings. Let me repeat that every principal ridge of every


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Rh mountains (such as are referred to upon pp., ) are, of course, caused by these powers. No one doubts it; but one never believes it so thoroughly as when the quarries are seen from which their materials have been hewn; and when the germs, so to speak, of these avalanches have been seen actually starting from above.

These falls of rock take place from two causes. First, from the heat of the sun detaching small stones or rocks which have been arrested on ledges or slopes and bound together by snow or ice. I have seen such released many times when the sun has risen high; fall gently at first, gather strength, grow in volume, and at last rush down with a cloud trailing behind, like the dust after an express train. Secondly, from the freezing of the water which trickles, during the day, into the clefts, fissures, and crannies. This agency is naturally most active in the night, and then, or during very cold weather, the greatest falls take place.

When one has continually seen and heard these falls, it is easily understood why the glaciers are laden with moraines. The wonder is, not that they are sometimes so great, but that they are not always greater. Irrespective of lithological considerations, one knows that this débris cannot have been excavated by the glaciers. The moraines are borne by glaciers, but they are born from the ridges. They are generated by the sun, and delivered by the frost. "Fire," it is well said in Plutarch's life of Camillus, "is the most active thing in nature, and all generation is motion, or at least, with motion; all other parts of matter without warmth lie sluggish and dead, and crave the influence of heat as their life, and when that comes upon them, they immediately acquire some active or passive qualities."


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Letters and Journals


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Mamelukes

MAM'ELUKES (from Fr. mameluk, mamaluc, from Ar. mamlūk, purchased slave, from malaka, to possess). A dynasty of Egyptian sultans who ruled from 1250 to 1517. The name was originally applied to the Turkish slaves who were brought in large numbers into Egypt and came to constitute the main strength of the army, filling at the same time the highest posts in the State. In time the Mamelukes were recruited by large numbers of Circassian slaves. In 1250 the last Ayubite ruler died and the power fell into the hands of the Emir Eybek, who married Sheger-ed-Durr, the mother of the dead monarch. The dynasty founded by Eybek is known as that of the Bahrite Mamelukes. Eybek was killed in 1257 and the government was assumed by the Viceroy Kutuz, who in 1260 gained a notable victory over the Mongols, and

established his power over Syria. The celebrated Bibars ruled from 1200 to 1277. He waged war against the Christians in Syria, and in 1268 put an end to the principality of Antioch. His armies overran Armenia and penetrated far into Asia Minor. His power toward the south extended as far as Nubia. Al-Mansur (1279-90) carried on successful wars against the Mongols and Christians. He took Damascus and made himself master of Tripolis, which for two centuries had been held by the Christians. Al-Mansur's two sons ruled in succession and increased the power of the sultanate, while at the same time the condition of the people was improved by the construction of important public works. Cairo was greatly beautified and rose in importance as one of the capitals of the East. There followed a period of steady decline during which the real power passed from the hands of the Sultans to the commanders of the troops, which were now largely composed of Circassians. In 1389 the last Bahrite ruler was deposed and Barkuk, first of the Circassian or Burgite Mamelukes, ascended the throne. During the reign of Barkuk Egypt was threatened by the power of Timur, who wrested from Barkuk's son, Faraj, a great part of Syria. Barsa Bey (1422-37) reduced Cyprus to the position of a vassal State, and exercised considerable influence in the Eastern Mediterranean. Kait Bey (1467-96) carried on war against Sultan Bajazet II. in support, partly, of the claims of the latter's brother, Jem. After Kait Bey's death, five sultans ruled within as many years, most of them perishing by assassination. In 1501 Kansuh El-Ghuri was raised to the throne. After reigning for fifteen years, he engaged in war with the Turkish Sultan, Selim I., and was overthrown and slain in a sanguinary battle at Marj Dabik, near Aleppo (1516). The Mamelukes under Tuman Bey II. resisted the invasion of Egypt by Selim and fell in large numbers on the field or during their desperate defense of the capital. Their dynasty disappeared from the throne, and Egypt became a Turkish province (1517). To conciliate the surviving Mamelukes, Selim divided Egypt into twenty-four military provinces and placed Mameluke beys over them subject to the supreme authority of a Turkish pasha. With the decay of the Turkish Empire, the Mameluke beys arrogated to themselves greater powers and finally ruled in almost virtual independence. Napoleon encountered the Mamelukes under Murad Bey in the battle of the Pyramids, July 21, 1798, and utterly defeated them. After the expulsion of the French from Egypt the Mamelukes contended with the Turks for dominion. The ambitious ../Mehemet Ali/ (q.v.) determined to crush and exterminate this military aristocracy. On August 17, 1805, more than one hundred of the Mamelukes were enticed into Cairo and slaughtered. On March 1, 1811, treachery was again resorted to and nearly 470 Mamelukes were shot down in the citadel at Cairo. This was followed by a general slaughter of Mamelukes all over Egypt. A remnant of them fled to Nubia, where they were followed by ../Ibrahim Pasha/ (q.v.), who put to death some and dispersed the rest. With their disappearance, Egypt was rescued from the conditions of anarchy into which the struggle of the beys had plunged it for so many years. Consult Makrizi's history of the Mameluke sultans, translated by Quatremère (3 vols., Paris, 1837-41).


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THE ASCENT OF THE GRAND CORNIER.

career in 1864 had been one of unbroken success, but the great ascent upon which I had set my heart was not attempted, and, until it was accomplished, I was unsatisfied. Other things, too, influenced me to visit the Alps once more. I wished to travel elsewhere, in places where the responsibility of direction would rest with myself alone. It was well to know how far my judgment in the choice of routes could be relied upon.

The journey of 1865 was chiefly undertaken, then, to find out to what extent I was capable to select paths over mountainous country. The programme which was drawn up for this journey was rather ambitious, since it included almost all of the great peaks which had not then been ascended; but it was neither lightly undertaken nor hastily executed. All pains were taken to secure success. Information was sought from those who could give it, and the defeats of others were studied, that their errors might be avoided. The results which followed came not so much, perhaps, from luck, as from forethought and careful calculation.

For success does not, as a rule, come by chance, and when one fails there is a reason for it. But when any notable, or so-called brilliant thing is done, we are too apt to look upon the success


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 No. 207, a–f. A seventh volume, entitled ‘Trusbut,’ and dated 1642, was presented to the British Museum in 1812 by Sir Joseph Banks; it is Additional MS. 6118. A volume of Lincolnshire pedigrees is Additional MS. 5531, and a list of Lincolnshire royalists is contained in Egerton MS. 2541, ff. 362–76. His registers of petitions while master of requests (1660–74) are Additional MSS. 5759 and 15632 (cf. Addit. MSS. 15632 f. 41, 23120 f. 87).

HOLLES, GILBERT, third. [See under, second .]

HOLLES, JOHN, first (1564?–1637), son of Denzil Holles and Eleanor, daughter of Edmund, lord Sheffield, was born at Haughton in Nottinghamshire about 1564 (, Historical Collections). He was educated at Cambridge and at Gray's Inn, and spent some time at the court of Queen Elizabeth as one of her gentleman pensioners (ib. p. 81). Fond of adventure, Holles seized very opportunity of military service. In 1588 he served as a volunteer against the Spanish Armada, and took part in the expedition to the Azores in 1597. He fought also in Ireland under Lord-deputy Fitzwilliam, by whom he was knighted (1590), and took part in the war against the Turks in Hungary (ib. p. 83;, Official Baronage, i. 393). In 1590 Holles succeeded to his family estates in Nottinghamshire, and in the following year married Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Stanhope of Shelford, Nottinghamshire (, p. 80). On the death of Queen Elizabeth he retired to the country, jealous of the Scottish courtiers favoured by the new king, and complaining that James had come ‘to govern a people he knew he was not worthy of, and then was ruled himself by two beggars and a base fellow’ (ib. p. 86). When Prince Henry was created Prince of Wales, Holles was appointed comptroller of his household (December 1610), but with the death of the prince two years later ‘all his favour at court vanished, and he lay open and exposed to the malice of his enemies.’ His ambitious and quarrelsome disposition had involved him in numerous feuds and lawsuits. In Nottinghamshire Holles had a deadly feud with his neighbour Gervase Markham, in which Markham was backed by the Earl of Shrewsbury and Holles by Lord Sheffield (ib. p. 82; cf. Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1603–1610, p. 538). He intervened in the quarrel between Sir Edward Coke and his wife, acting as ‘prime privy councillor’ to Lady Coke, and was in June 1619 committed for disrespectful conduct before the council in a controversy with Coke (, p. 86; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1619–23, pp. 53, 275, 316; Court and Times of James I, ii. 53, 171, 192). Holles was attached to Somerset, who praised him as his only faithful friend in adversity. This friendship led Holles to question the justice of Weston's execution for Overbury's murder, and for declaring his suspicions he was brought before the Star-chamber and fined 1,000l. (, Life of Bacon, v. 211;, History of England, ii. 342). On 9 July 1616 Holles was created Baron Holles of Haughton, paying 10,000l. for his new dignity (, p. 87; Court and Times of James I, i. 413, 420). For a further payment of 5,000l. he was, on 2 Nov. 1624, created Earl of Clare (, p. 88). He aimed at office as well as rank, is mentioned in 1617 as a candidate for the secretaryship, and, on the fall of Cranfield in 1624, had hopes of becoming lord treasurer (ib. p. 90; Court and Times of James I, i. 455, ii. 53, 61). But Buckingham was not in favour of the arrangement, nor was Holles the kind of man James was likely to favour. ‘Two sorts of men,’ explained one of his friends, ‘King James never had a kindness for: those whose hawks and dogs ran as well as his own, and those who were able to speak as much reason as himself’ (, p. 90).

At the beginning of the reign of Charles I Clare showed signs of hostility to Buckingham. He refused the forced loan levied in 1626, and supported the claims of the Earl of Oxford to the office of high chamberlain in opposition to Buckingham's candidate, Lord Willoughby (ib. p. 91;, vi. 150). But he was careful to avoid going to extremes, and recommended caution and silence to his son-in-law, Sir Thomas Wentworth (Strafford Letters, i. 31). In the debate on the Petition of Right, Clare acted with the middle party in the House of Lords, and endeavoured to suggest a compromise between the demands of the king and the commons (, vi. 287). In 1629 Clare was implicated in the circulation of Sir Robert Dudley's paper of advice for the establishment of absolute monarchy in England,


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Rh had infinitely more to do than glaciers with the fashioning of mountain-forms and valley-slopes? Who can refuse to believe that powers which are at work everywhere, which have been at work always, which are so incomparably active, capable, and enduring, must have produced greater effects than a solitary power which is always local in its influence, which has worked, comparatively, but for a short time, which is always slow and feeble in its operations, and which constantly diminishes in intensity?

Yet there are some who refuse to believe that sun, frost, and water have played an important part in modelling the Alps, and hold it as an article of their faith that the Alpine region "owes its present conformation mainly to the action of its ancient glaciers"!

My reverie was interrupted by Croz observing that it was time to be off. Less than two hours sufficed to take us to the glacier plateau below (where we had left our baggage); three quarters of an hour more placed us upon the depression between the Grand Cornier and the Dent Blanche (Col du Grand Cornier ), and at 6 we arrived at Abricolla. Croz and Biener hankered after milk, and descended to a village lower down the valley; but Almer and I stayed where we were, and passed a chilly night on some planks in a half-burnt chalet.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Mehemet Ali

MEHEMET ALI, (1769-1849). Viceroy of Egypt. He was born in 1769 at Kavala, a little town in Macedonia. Left an orphan, he was taken into the service of a captain of the Janizaries. He learned much of military matters and of intrigue, made a rich marriage in 1787, and was thus able to obtain a commission as an officer in the irregular troops of the Sultan. Through relations which he formed with a Marseilles merchant he amassed wealth in trade. He received a command in Egypt to coöperate with the British against the French invaders, and at length became commander of the Albanian or Arnaut Corps. In 1805 he was recognized by the Porte as Viceroy of Egypt and Pasha of Three Tails, but was soon involved in disputes with the (q.v.), who had long practically ruled Egypt. The struggle was finally terminated in 1811 by the massacre of the greater number of these at Cairo. The rest fled to Upper Egypt, but were expelled by Mehemet in the following year. They then took refuge in Nubia, but in 1820 he followed them there and completely vanquished them. From 1811 to 1818 he carried on war against the Wahabis in Arabia, who were subjugated by his adopted son, Ibrahim Pasha. Shortly after he conquered Kordofan, added it to his dominions, and opened a great trade in slaves from the interior of Africa. About this time he began to reorganize his army on something like

European principles, built a fleet, and erected fortresses, military shop-works, and arsenals. He sent a strong force to assist the Sultan in suppressing the Greek revolt in 1824, but his new fleet was destroyed at Navarino in 1827. In 1830 the Porte conferred on him the Government of Crete, but this did not satisfy his ambition. He determined to annex Syria to his dominions, and in 1831 despatched an army under Ibrahim Pasha, who overran the country, defeating the Turks at Horas, July, 1832, and by his victory at Konieh (December 20, 1832) brought the Turkish Government to the brink of ruin. Russia now stepped in, and a treaty was concluded (May 4, 1833) by which Syria was handed over to Mehemet. Neither of the belligerents was satisfied, and Mehemet continued to plot till Sultan Mahmud II. declared war in 1839 against his dangerous subject. At Nisib, June 24, 1839, the Turkish army was crushed by the forces of Mehemet Ali, but the European powers again interfered, and Mehemet was compelled to give up Syria and Crete and to content himself with the hereditary vice-royalty of Egypt (1841). Mehemet was at once a remorseless tyrant and an able, progressive administrator, and did much to develop Egypt. He cleared his dominions of robbers, executed great public works, and may be said almost to have introduced the cultivation of cotton, indigo, and sugar into the country. He also established a system of national education in Egypt. He died August 2, 1849. See.


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 and was accordingly prosecuted in the Star-chamber (ib. vii. 139; cf. arts., and ). But the king seized the opportunity of the birth of Prince Charles to put a stop to the proceedings, and Clare was dismissed with a reprimand (, i. App. 12, ii. 51; Court and Times of Charles I, ii. 38). As he refused to own himself in fault, he was put out of the commission of the peace for Nottinghamshire. Subsequently, during the king's progress in the north of England, Clare came to him at Rufford, kissed his hand, and begged his pardon, but, though promised forgiveness, was not restored to favour (, p. 94). He died at Nottingham on 4 Oct. 1637, and was interred in the Clare aisle in St. Mary's Church there (ib. p. 95).

A description of Clare's person is given by Gervase Holles (ib. p. 95). Holles also adds some specimens of his verses, ‘though his poetry was his worst part,’ and states that he left a manuscript answer to Bacon's ‘Essay of Empire.’ His letter-book, from 1598 to 1617, is in the British Museum (Add. MS. 32,464). Park's edition of Walpole's ‘Royal and Noble Authors’ contains a remonstrance addressed by Holles to Lord Burghley (25 June 1597) in defence of his ancestors, on whom Burghley had made reflections (ii. 283–7).

Clare left three surviving children: John, who succeeded him [q. v.]; Denzil, afterwards created Baron Holles of Isfield [q. v.]; and Eleanor, married to Oliver Fitzwilliam, earl of Tyrconnel. Another son, Francis, served with distinction in the Netherlands, died in 1622, and is buried in Westminster Abbey (, Westmonasterium, i. 111). An elder daughter, Arabella, married in 1625 Sir Thomas Wentworth, afterwards Earl of Strafford, and died in 1631.

HOLLES, JOHN, second (1595–1666), son of John Holles, first earl of Clare [q. v.], was born at Haughton, Nottinghamshire, 13 June 1595. In the parliament of 1624, and the first two parliaments of Charles I, Holles, styled after 1624 Lord Haughton, represented East Retford (Lists of Members of Parliament, 1878, i. 459, 465, 470). On 24 Sept. 1626 he married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Horace, lord Vere of Tilbury (, The Fighting Veres, p. 434). At the siege of Bois-le-Duc in 1629 Haughton served as a volunteer under the command of his father-in-law (ib. p. 436). He succeeded to the title of Earl of Clare in October 1637, but appears to have found his inheritance considerably encumbered. When the king summoned him to fulfil his feudal service in the war against Scotland, he professed his willingness, but complained that he was impoverished by nine children and a debt of 9,000l. (21 Feb. 1638; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1638–9, p. 491). Clare was one of the six peers charged by the great council in September 1640 to raise a loan, but was excused on the plea of illness, and took part instead in the negotiations with the Scots (, iii. 1302;, State Papers, ii. 215, 222, 283). In early life he had been intimate with Strafford, his brother-in-law, and was one of the party in the lords which desired some compromise by which the earl's life might be saved. He endeavoured in the course of the trial to put forward an innocent interpretation of Strafford's words as reported by Vane (, Trial of Strafford, p. 545). On the other hand, when the lords and commons quarrelled about ecclesiastical affairs in August 1641, he sided with the five popular peers who protested against the vote of the lords (, History of England, x. 16). During the civil war ‘he was very often of both parties, and never advantaged either’ (Life of Colonel Hutchinson, ed. 1885, i. 165). Clare was so far trusted by the popular party that the commons nominated him for lord-lieutenant of the county of Nottingham (Commons' Journals, ii. 459). Nevertheless, he followed the king to York, signed the engagement of 13 June 1642 promising to defend the king's person and prerogative, and the declaration of 15 June protesting that Charles had no intention of making war on the parliament (, Rebellion, v. 342, 346). Clare then obtained the king's leave to go to London to look after his private affairs, and took his seat in the House of Lords again. During his stay with the parliament, says Clarendon, he ‘never concurred in any malicious counsel against the king, but was looked upon as a man not only firm to the principles of monarchy, but of duty to the person of the king. He was a man of honour and of courage, and would have been an excellent person if his heart had not been set too much upon the keeping and improving his estate’ (ib. vii. 187). When the peace propositions brought forward by the lords in August 1643 were rejected by the commons, and the king's successes seemed to prognosticate his speedy triumph, Clare deserted the parliament, and made his way to Oxford (Lords' Journals, vi. 178;, vii. 174). The


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 king received him with great favour; he took part in the siege of Gloucester, charged at Newbury, and was permitted to take his seat with other peers at councils of war (ib. vii. 242). In March 1644 Clare again changed sides, protesting to the House of Lords that ‘the cause only and no other particular by-respects had brought him back,’ and that what he had observed at Oxford had ‘opened his eyes to understand the goodness of the cause’ (Letter of 2 April 1644, Lords' Journals, vi. 495). During his absence Clare's estates had naturally been sequestered by the parliament, but he was discharged from his delinquency by orders dated 13 and 17 July 1644 (Cal. of Committee for Advance of Money, p. 627). In spite of the repeated efforts of his friends, he was not, however, readmitted to his seat in the House of Lords (Sydney Papers, ed. Blencowe, pp. 7, 10, 19; Lords' Journals, vi. 718). Henceforth he played no part in public affairs. At the Restoration he was appointed one of the council established for the supervision of the colonies (, Official Baronage, i. 393). He succeeded in retaining his recordership of Nottingham, and also procured the grant of a free market to be held three times a week in Clement's Inn Fields, Middlesex (3 Aug. 1661; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1661–1662, p. 58; cf., Londinopolis, 1657, p. 344).

Clare died on 2 Jan. 1665–6, and was buried in St. Mary's Church, Nottingham. He left one son, Gilbert, who succeeded him, and several daughters (, p. 168).

, third (1633–1689), born 24 April 1633, was an active member of the country party during the reigns of Charles II and James II. Clare bailed Monmouth when he was arrested in 1682. He was also one of those peers who petitioned for the continuance of the parliament of 1679 and against the calling of a parliament at Oxford in 1681. In 1685 he protested against the bill reversing Lord Stafford's attainder, and his last public action was to subscribe the petition for the immediate calling of a parliament which was presented to James II on 17 Nov. 1688. He died 16 Jan. 1688–9. He married Grace, daughter of William Pierrepont of Thoresby, Nottinghamshire, second son of Robert, earl of Kingston. His son John (1662–1711) is separately noticed.

HOLLES, JOHN, (1662–1711), born on 9 Jan. 1661–2, was the eldest son of Gilbert Holles, third earl of Clare [see under, second ]. Like his father, he was a staunch protestant and whig. To him, when Lord Haughton, Dryden dedicated his play, ‘The Spanish Friar’ (1681), saying that he recommended ‘a Protestant play to a Protestant patron’ (Poetical Works, ed. Christie, p. xliv). On 14 Jan. 1688–9 he was returned to the Convention parliament as member for Nottinghamshire, but on his father's death, two days later, he was called to the upper house as Earl of Clare. He took an active part in promoting the accession of William and Mary (, Hist. of England, iii. 543–4), was made gentleman of the bedchamber to the king on 14 Feb. 1688–9, and acted as bearer of the queen's sceptre with the cross at the coronation on 11 April following. In March of the same year he became lord-lieutenant of Middlesex, and in June gave orders for a strict search to be made for the arms and horses of papists (, Brief Relation, 1857, i. 542, 561). In February 1689–90 he married Lady Margaret Cavendish, third daughter and coheiress of Henry, second duke of Newcastle (ib. ii. 13). The duke, at his death in July 1691, left him the bulk of his estate (ib. ii. 270). His brothers-in-law, the Earls of Thanet and Montague, disputed the will, but Holles eventually triumphed in the law courts (ib. iii. 208, 272). With Lord Thanet he fought a duel on the night of 13 May 1692, in which both were wounded (ib. ii. 451). In October 1691 Holles asked the king to create him Duke of Newcastle. The king merely promised to consider the request, whereupon Holles immediately resigned his offices, and retired to his seat at Welbeck in Nottinghamshire (ib. ii. 301). In January 1693–4 he succeeded to the estates of his kinsman, Denzil, third lord Holles of Ifield (ib. iii. 259).

Holles was now one of the richest and most powerful men in the kingdom. The king promised to make him Duke of Clarence (ib. iii. 300). It was, however, pointed out that the title of Clarence had always been appropriated to princes of the blood, and that of Newcastle-upon-Tyne was therefore substituted, 14 May 1694. To compensate him for the disappointment, he was promised the next Garter that should fall vacant. He was also made high steward of East Retford, lord-lieutenant of Nottinghamshire (4 June 1694), and a commissioner of Greenwich Hospital (20 Feb. 1695). In the latter year, when William III made his progress after his return from the Netherlands, Holles met


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The New International Encyclopædia/Mehemet Ali Pasha

MEHEMET ALI PASHA, pȧ-shä' (1827-78). A Turkish soldier. He was born in Prussia, and his name originally was Karl Detroit. In 1843 he ran away to sea and embarked for Turkey. Aali Pasha, later Grand Vizier, took an interest in him, and in 1846 sent him to a military school. He received a commission in the Ottoman army in 1853, and fought against Russia. In 1865 he was made a brigadier-general and pasha; in 1875-76 he commanded in Bosnia, and in the war of 1877-78 against Russia he was at the head of the Turkish army in Bulgaria. He was successful in his operations on the River Lom (August-September, 1877), but was afterward forced back by the enemy. He failed to effect a junction with Suleiman Pasha and was superseded by the latter. He was second plenipotentiary at the Berlin Congress, and on his return was sent to Albania, where he was mobbed and killed by insurgents at Diakova, September 7, 1878.


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 him on 30 Oct. at Dunham Ferry, seven miles from Welbeck, and sumptuously entertained him at Welbeck for two days. He became colonel of the Nottinghamshire regiment of militia in 1697, K.G. on 30 May 1698, lord-lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire on 11 Aug. following, steward of Sherwood Forest on 23 March 1699, and on 1 Aug. in the same year governor of Hull. On 26 March 1705 he was appointed lord privy seal, an office which he discharged with ‘great caution and exactness’ (, Own Time, Oxf. edit., vi. 41). He was placed on the privy council three days later. He was also lord-lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire (14 April 1705), a commissioner for the union with Scotland (10 April 1706), warden and chief justice in eyre of the royal forests north of Trent (9 May 1711), high steward of Dorchester, and lord-lieutenant of Middlesex (5 July 1711). Holles was present when De Guiscard made his murderous attack on Harley, 8 March 1710–11 (, Works, ed. Scott, 1824, v. 343, 346). He died on 15 July 1711, from the effects of a fall from his horse while hunting at Welbeck, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 9 Aug., where, in 1723, his daughter erected an enormous monument to his memory (, Westminster Abbey Registers, p. 272). His wife died on 24 Dec. 1715, leaving an only daughter, Henrietta-Cavendish (1693–1755), who was married, on 31 Oct. 1713, to Edward Harley, afterwards second earl of Oxford and Mortimer [q. v.] (ib. p. 389). The daughter would have been the ‘richest heiress in Europe’ had not Holles endowed his nephew, Thomas Pelham-Holles, afterwards Duke of Newcastle (1693–1768) [q. v.], with the greater part of his vast possessions (, i. 192, ii. 315, 411, xii. 236).

In person Holles is described as a ‘black, ruddy-complexioned man’ (, Memoirs, p. 35). Though avaricious and very tenacious of what he considered to be his rights, he was not incapable of generous actions. Letters of Holles will be found in British Museum Additional MSS. 29564 and 33084.

His portrait by Kneller has been engraved by R. White.

HOLLES, THOMAS PELHAM-, (1693–1768). [See .]

HOLLES or HOLLIS, WILLIAM (1471?–1542), lord mayor of London, was a son of William Holles, citizen and baker of London. He was admitted to the freedom of the Mercers' Company on 17 Sept. 1499, and became master of the company in 1538. He was elected sheriff of London in 1527, being chosen by the commonalty of the city, his colleague having been nominated by the lord mayor. On 31 March 1528 he was elected alderman of Aldgate ward, from which he was translated to Broad Street on 27 Aug. 1534. He was knighted by Henry VIII in 1533, and became lord mayor on St. Edward's day, 13 Oct. 1539. During his mayoralty he caused the moor ditch to be cleansed (, Survey of London, 1598, p. 18). On 3 Jan. 1539–40 he received in great state Anne of Cleves, on her way through the city, before her marriage with Henry VIII (, Chronicle, 1643, Henry VIII, p. 50). On 4 Feb. Holles and the aldermen accompanied the king and queen by water to Westminster (cf., Chronicle, 1809, p. 837). Holles was a wealthy merchant, and besides his house in Bishopsgate Street, somewhat west of Sir Thomas Gresham's dwelling, where he kept his mayoralty, and another in the parish of St. Mary-le-Bow, was possessed of several manors in Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, and other counties (Brit. Mus. Add. 6118, pp. 486–488, Inq. p. m.) He also was the owner of Clement's Inn in the Strand (, New View of London, 1708, p. 646). He died at his house in London on 13 Oct. 1542, and was buried in St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, where a monument formerly stood to his memory in the middle of the north aisle. By his will, dated 25 Dec. 1541, and proved in P. C. C. 18 Dec. 1542 (Spert, 14), he bequeathed 200l. to the mayor and aldermen of Coventry to make a new cross for that city, and other bequests to the Company of Mercers and the church of St. Helen's.

Holles married Elizabeth, daughter of John Scopeham, by whom he had three sons, Thomas, William, and Francis, and two daughters, Anna and Joanna. By his second son, William, he became the ancestor of the earls of Clare and the dukes of Newcastle. Lady Holles died on 13 March 1543, and was buried in St. Helen's. By her will she endowed six almshouses for that parish, leaving the care of their erection to her executor, Sir Andrew Judd.

HOLLIDAY, JOHN (1730?–1801), author, was admitted a student of Lincoln's Inn on 5 May 1759 and was called to the bar on 23 April 1771. He had an extensive practice as a conveyancer, was a fellow of the Royal Society, and an active member of the Society of Arts. Holliday died at his house in Great Ormonde Street, London, on


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 1/On a Distant View of the Village and School of Harrow on the Hill, 1806


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On a Distant View of the Village and School of Harrow on the Hill, 1806

 * "On a distant view of the Village and School of Harrow on the Hill", in Hours of Idleness (1803)
 * "On a Distant View of the Village and School of Harrow on the Hill, 1806" in The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero), Volume 1 (1904)


text: The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 1/Thoughts Suggested by a College Examination


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To Mary

 * To Mary, a poem by George Gordon Byron
 * To Mary, a poem by John Clare
 * To Mary, a poem by William Cowper
 * To Mary, a poem by Eliza Gabriella Lewis
 * To Mary, a poem by Clara A. Merrill

title: To Mary


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 until 18 April 1672, when he became vicar of West Ham, Essex (, Repertorium, ii. 205). At West Ham he wrote four tracts in defence of the church, of which one is entitled ‘A Modest Plea for the Church of England,’ 8vo, London, 1676, together with ‘A full and true Account of the Penitence of John Marketman during his imprisonment in Chelmsford Gaol for murthering his wife … to which is prefixed a Sermon preached before him … immediately before his execution,’ 4to, London, 1680. Hollingworth resigned West Ham in 1682 to become curate to James Adern, incumbent of St. Botolph, Aldgate, and, on the latter's ‘private resignation,’ obtained the great seal for the incumbency and enjoyed it several years until ejected (after January 1693) by course of law at the suit of Samuel Brewster, the impropriator (ib. i. 917). On 22 Jan. 1690 he was admitted to the vicarage of Chigwell, Essex (ib. ii. 143).

When the controversy upon the authorship of the ‘Εἰκὼν Βασιλική,’ occasioned by Anthony Walker's assertion that the book was not written by Charles I but by John Gauden [q. v.], broke out in 1691, Hollingworth loudly proclaimed his intention of defending the king's claim and character with his last breath. Accordingly he made a savage attack upon Walker in ‘A Defence of King Charles I …’ 4to, London, 1692, of which two other editions, with slightly different title-pages, appeared during the same year. Walker, who was dying, answered Hollingworth in ‘A True Account of the Author of a Book entituled Εἰκὼν Βασιλική,’ but by May 1692 the latter was ready with another attack called ‘Dr. Hollingworth's Defence of King Charles the First's Holy and Divine Book …’ 4to, London, 1692. In his first pamphlet he took also to task a republican pamphleteer who, under the name of General Ludlow, had compared the tyranny of Charles I with that of James II in ‘A Letter … to Sir E[dward] S[eymour] …’ 4to, Amsterdam, 1691. ‘Ludlow,’ however, proved more than a match for Hollingworth in the quantity and quality of his abuse. In his ‘Letter to Dr. Hollingworth defending his former Letter to Sir E. S.,’ 4to, Amsterdam, 1692, he taunted Hollingworth with being ‘an hungry Levite,’ who, in the hope of being rewarded with high preferment, was defending a cause which he had formerly reviled. Hollingworth, greatly exasperated, replied in ‘A Second Defence of King Charles I,’ 4to, London, 1692. This called forth another rejoinder from ‘Ludlow,’ entitled ‘Ludlow no Lyar, or a Detection of Dr. Hollingworth's Disingenuity in his Second Defence,’ &c., 4to, Amsterdam, 1692, to which is prefixed a letter purporting to be written by one Joseph Wilson of Great Yarmouth to the notorious Luke Milbourne, who is roundly charged with acting as ‘assistant to Dr. Hollingworth in his mighty undertakings.’ Hollingworth retorted in ‘The Character of King Charles I, from the Declaration of Mr. A. Henderson … upon his Death-bed; with a further Defence of the King's Holy Book … with a Defence of the King from the Irish Rebellion,’ 4to, London, 1692. On the anniversary of Charles I's execution in the following year he preached a violent sermon at St. Botolph, published as ‘The Death of King Charles I proved a down-right Murder, with the aggravations of it. … To which are added some just Reflections upon some late Papers concerning that King's Book,’ 4to, London, 1693, and, in dedicating it to his parishioners, again assails ‘Ludlow.’ His antagonist replied for the last time in ‘Truth brought to Light; or the Gross Forgeries of Dr. Hollingworth … detected,’ 4to, Amsterdam, 1693. In fulfilment of a promise made in the postscript to his ‘Second Defence,’ Hollingworth shortly afterwards ‘republished for the publick good’ Edward Symmons's ‘Vindication of King Charles I,’ 8vo, London, 1693. Thus ended a not unprofitable controversy, as much fresh and curious evidence had been produced on both sides.

Another anonymous writer replied to Hollingworth in ‘The Plain Dealer. An Essay,’ &c., 4to, London, 1692, and as late as 1723 Benjamin Bennet [q. v.] revived the controversy by his ‘Defence of the Memorial of the Reformation … and a Detection of the Forgeries publish'd by Dr. Hollingworth concerning Mr. Henderson's Recantation,’ &c., 8vo, London.

Hollingworth died at Chigwell in the autumn of 1701, his estate being administered to on 28 Oct. of that year by his widow Margaret (Administration Act Book, P. C. C. 1701, f. 177 b). From an anecdote related in ‘Reliquiæ Baxterianæ’ (1696), pt. iii. p. 180, it would seem that his character was far from estimable.

HOLLINS, JOHN (1798–1855), painter and associate of the Royal Academy, born in Birmingham, 1 June 1798, was the son of a painter in that town. He showed an early devotion to art, and in 1819 sent two portraits to the exhibition of the Royal Academy, and three more in 1821. In 1822 he removed to London. From 1825 to 1827 he was in Italy. On his return he resumed practice


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 in London, and became a frequent exhibitor at the Royal Academy and the British Institution. Besides portraits he painted numerous historical subjects from the works of Shakespeare, Goethe, and other writers. Later in life he applied himself to landscapes and figure subjects. He was successful in his colour and grouping, and his portraits were considered good likenesses. In 1842 he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy. Hollins painted a picture (engraved by J. H. Robinson) called ‘A Consultation previous to an Aerial Voyage from London to Weilburg in Nassau on November 7th, 1836,’ in which he introduced portraits of Messrs. W. Prideaux, W. M. James, T. Monck Mason, Charles Green, the aeronaut, Robert Hollond, M.P. for Hastings from 1837 to 1852, and himself. In 1854 he painted and exhibited (in conjunction with F. R. Lee, R.A.) a picture called ‘Salmon Fishing on the Awe,’ in which he introduced portraits of several noted persons at the time. In the National Portrait Gallery there is a portrait of Lord Tenterden, copied by Hollins from a portrait by W. Owen. Hollins died unmarried in Berners Street, 7 March 1855. William and Peter Hollins [see under ] were his cousins.

HOLLINS, WILLIAM (1754–1843), architect and sculptor, born in 1754, settled early in life at Birmingham. He was self-educated, and his own instructor in art. A close study of Vitruvius led him to practise architecture. He had a strong predilection for the simple classical style. As an architect he obtained much employment in Birmingham, and designed the older portion of the library, the public offices, and the prison. He also restored Handsworth parish church, and executed considerable alterations and additions to the Earl of Shrewsbury's house at Alton Towers. He declined an offer to enter the service of the empress of Russia at St. Petersburg, but made the plans for the royal mint in that city. Hollins was also distinguished as a sculptor, and exhibited some busts and other works at the Royal Academy. He executed many mural monuments. He devoted several years' study to a code of systematic rules for the formation of the capital letters in the Roman alphabet, based on mathematical rules. These he embodied in a work entitled ‘The British Standard of the Capital Letters contained in the Roman Alphabet.’ Hollins died at his house in Great Hampton Street, Birmingham, in 1843, in his ninetieth year. He left a daughter, Mrs. Bown, who died in January 1891.

(1800–1886), sculptor, elder son of the above, born in 1800 in his father's house in Birmingham, received his education as a sculptor from his father, and took lessons in drawing from John Vincent Barber [see under ]. He assisted his father in many of his works, including those at Alton Towers. He worked for a short time in Chantrey's studio. About 1828 Hollins removed to London, and settled in Old Bond Street. He obtained many commissions, and his work was much admired. At the Royal Academy he frequently exhibited busts, allegorical groups, and historical subjects. On the death of his father he returned to Birmingham, and restored the tower front of St. Philip's Church there in his father's memory. He executed many important works for the town, including the statues of Sir Robert Peel and Sir Rowland Hill, and the busts of David Cox, Recorder Hill, and William Scholefield in the Art Gallery. There are fine monuments executed by him in Malvern Priory Church, Lichfield Cathedral, and Weston Church, Shropshire. Hollins was a devoted friend and member of the Society of Artists in Birmingham through all its vicissitudes, and was one of its vice-presidents. He died in Great Hampton Street, Birmingham, on 16 Aug. 1886. Hollins was well known and universally popular in Birmingham. A portrait of him by W. T. Roden was purchased by subscription and placed in the Art Gallery.

HOLLINWORTH or HOLLINGWORTH, RICHARD (1607–1656), divine, son of Francis Hollinworth and Margaret Wharmby his wife, born at Manchester in 1607, was baptised on 15 Nov. that year. He was educated at the Manchester grammar school and Magdalene College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1626–7, and M.A. in 1630. On his ordination about the latter date he became curate of Middleton, near Manchester, under the learned Abdias Assheton, and while there, in 1631, wrote on original sin, in answer to a catholic priest who had interfered in a dispute between two of the fellows of the collegiate church at Manchester (, Mancuniensis, p. 114). At the consecration of Sacred Trinity Chapel in Salford, on 20 May 1635, he preached the sermon, and after the resignation of Thomas Case [q. v.], who held the living for a short time, he was appointed minister of the chapel. He was in that position in 1636, and until a short time before 1649, holding the preferment along with offices at


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MEHER'RIN. A small tribe of Iroquoian stock, formerly living on the lower course of the river of the same name, on the Virginia-Carolina border. For a long time they were a subject of contention between the two colonies, each claiming them as within her own jurisdiction. They were said to have been a remnant of the Susquehanna or Conestoga, who fled southward after their expulsion from the head of Chesapeake Bay by the Iroquois about the year 1676. They made some trouble during the Tuscarora War of 1711-12, but soon afterward disappear from notice, having apparently been absorbed by that tribe or by the Tutelo.


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 the Manchester Collegiate Church. In 1643 he is styled chaplain of the collegiate church, and in the same year succeeded Mr. Bourn in the fellowship of the same establishment. During the suspension of the corporate body by the parliament he officiated, along with Richard Heyrick, the warden [q. v.], as a ‘minister,’ and dropped his title of ‘fellow,’ although the college was not actually dissolved until 1650. The ‘protestation’ of the people of Salford in 1642 was taken before him as minister of the town. In 1644 he is named in an ordinance of parliament for ordaining ministers in Lancashire. During the pestilence which visited Manchester in 1645 he laboured most assiduously among the people, his duties being increased through Heyrick's absence in London at the assembly of divines.

He was at this time an unbending presbyterian, strongly opposed to the congregational system, which had some able advocates in and about Manchester. He instituted a weekly lecture against the congregationalists, and became involved in a severe literary controversy with them. In 1645 he published ‘An Examination of Sundry Scriptures alleadged by our Brethren in defence of some particulars of their Church-way.’ To this S. Eaton [q. v.] and T. Taylor replied, and Hollinworth answered them in ‘Certain Queres modestly though plainly propounded to such as affect the Congregational-way, and specially to Master Samuel Eaton and Master Timothy Taylor,’ 1646. The two latter replied again, and Hollinworth put forth a ‘Rejoynder,’ 1647. Some interesting particulars of this controversy are contained in Edwards's ‘Gangræna,’ 1646, pt. iii. 67, 166. By the exertions of Heyrick and Hollinworth and their friends the presbyterian discipline was established in Lancashire by an ordinance of parliament dated 2 Oct. 1646, and the first meeting was held in the following month at Preston. The party had to stand on their defence against continued attacks, and Hollinworth readily took up his position as a leader, ever ‘acute and prudent,’ as Newcome called him. His name is the second of those appended to the ‘Harmonious Consent’ of the Lancashire ministers with the ministers of London, in 1648, in which toleration is strongly condemned. He evidently assisted in preparing the Lancashire answer to the ‘Agreement of the People,’ 1649. In 1649, also, he wrote a popular work in favour of the presbyterian system, entitled ‘The Main Points of Church Government and Discipline plainly and modestly handled by way of question and answer,’ 12mo, pp. 58. The short introductory epistle was signed by Christopher Love [q. v.] After the battle of Worcester (September 1651) Hollinworth was one of the Lancashire ministers who were arrested on a charge of being engaged in Love's plot against the government. He was released after a short imprisonment and returned to Manchester, where he resumed his labours, still denouncing all opponents of presbyterian rule. Martindale credits him with writing ‘An Exercitation concerning Usurped Powers,’ 1650, which has also been assigned to Charles Herle [q. v.], but there can be little doubt that Edward Gee (1613–1660) [q. v.] was the author. Hollinworth was a prominent figure at a meeting held at Warrington to consider the question of taking the oath called the Engagement, requiring the people to be faithful to the Commonwealth (, Diary, p. 93). In the Manchester classis he generally acted as moderator during Heyrick's absence. He was named in the parliamentary ordinance of 29 Aug. 1654 as a commissioner for ejecting scandalous and ignorant ministers and schoolmasters in Lancashire. When Humphrey Chetham drew up his will for the foundation of the public library known by his name, he nominated Hollinworth one of his feoffees. In 1653 Hollinworth published ‘The Catechist Catechised, or an Examination of an Anabaptisticall Catechism. … Also some observations … concerning the … present Roman Church and Religion.’ In 1656 appeared another little book from his pen, ‘The Holy Ghost on the Bench, other Spirits at the Barre; or the Judgement of the Holy Spirit of God upon the Spirit of the Times,’ 12mo. A second edition is dated 1657.

He was interested in the history of his native parish, and left in manuscript a volume of historical notes entitled ‘Mancuniensis,’ which still exists in the Chetham Library. It was printed in 1839 by W. Willis. The Chetham Society have long had in contemplation the preparation of a more correct edition.

He died suddenly on 3 Nov. 1656, aged 49, and was buried in Manchester Collegiate Church, where his wife, Margaret, had been interred two years before. At a meeting of the Manchester classis held on the same day it was agreed that a fast should be observed at Manchester ‘upon the occasion,’ and Edward Gee and John Tilsley were asked to preach. [Hibbert Ware's Manchester Foundations; Raines's Manuscripts in Chetham Library; Newcome's Autobiography (Chetham Soc.); Earwaker's Manchester Court Leet Records, iii. 189; Earwaker's East Cheshire, ii. 29; Palatine Notebook, i. 83, 105, iv. 107; Local Gleanings; Christie's Old Lancashire Libraries (Cheth. Soc.), p. 71; Lancashire Church Surveys, 1650 (Record Soc.), p. 5; extract from Magd. Coll. Reg. kindly


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 sent by Professor J. E. B. Mayor; Bibliography in Trans. Lanc. and Chesh. Antiq. Soc. vii. 138.]  HOLLIS, AISKEW PAFFARD (1764–1844), vice-admiral, entered the navy in 1774, and in 1778 was present on board the Vigilant in Keppel's action off Ushant. In January 1781 he was promoted to be lieutenant, and, continuing in active service during the peace, was appointed in July 1793 to the Queen, bearing the flag of Rear-admiral Gardner. In her he took part in the battle of 1 June 1794, where he was seriously wounded, and the encounter off L'Orient on 23 July 1795. In November 1796 he was promoted to the command of the Chichester, a 44-gun ship, employed as a storeship. On 10 Nov. 1797, being at the Cape of Good Hope, he was ordered to take temporary command of the Jupiter and bring in the Crescent frigate, then in a state of mutiny at Robin Island. This delicate service was well and happily performed, and the Crescent towed into Table Bay, under the batteries. Six days afterwards he was given an acting commission as captain of the flagship Tremendous, from which he was shortly moved to the Vindictive frigate, and sent home in charge of an East Indian convoy. On his arrival his commission was confirmed by the admiralty. In June 1801 he was appointed to the Thames frigate, and commanded her in the action in the Gut of Gibraltar on 12 July [see ], and in the operations on the coast of Egypt. The Thames was paid off in January 1803, and in the following autumn Hollis was appointed to the Mermaid, in which he served in the West Indies under the flag of Sir John Duckworth. He returned to England in 1807, and in March 1809 joined the Standard of 64 guns, forming one of the fleet up the Baltic under Sir James Saumarez, and in which he was detached in command of the squadron which in May occupied the Isle of Anholt (, Nav. Hist. edit. 1860, iv. 431). Early in 1811 the Standard went out to Lisbon in charge of a large convoy, and for a short time assisted in the defence of Cadiz. In April Hollis was moved into the Achilles of 80 guns, attached to the fleet before Toulon, and later on employed in the Adriatic, returning to England in the summer of 1813. After the peace Hollis commanded the Rivoli (1816–17) and the Ramillies (1818–21) as guardships at Portsmouth. He had no further service, though he became in due course of seniority rear-admiral in 1825 and vice-admiral in 1837. He died at Southampton on 23 June 1844.

 HOLLIS, GEORGE (1793–1842), engraver, born at Oxford in 1793, was a pupil of George Cooke [q. v.], the engraver. He engraved in a similar style to his master, and was mainly employed on topographical works, such as Sir R. C. Hoare's ‘History of Wiltshire,’ Ormerod's ‘History of Cheshire,’ &c. He also engraved views of the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, some from his own drawings. In 1818 he published six views of Chudleigh from drawings by Henry Francis de Cort [q. v.] Hollis engraved a large plate of ‘St. Mark's Place at Venice,’ after J. M. W. Turner, R.A., and other Italian views after Turner for Hakewill's ‘Tour in Italy,’ and other works. In 1839 he commenced a work on ‘Sepulchral Effigies,’ the first part of which appeared in 1840, but he died before its completion at Walworth, on 2 Jan. 1842.

Author:Thomas Hollis (1818–1843), only son of the above, born in 1818, became a student of the Royal Academy in 1839, and a pupil of H. W. Pickersgill, R.A. He assisted his father in drawing and etching the plates for his ‘Sepulchral Effigies,’ but died of consumption on 4 Oct. 1843, aged 25.

 HOLLIS, THOMAS (1720–1774), ‘republican,’ the only son of another Thomas Hollis, and great-grandson of a third Thomas Hollis, whitesmith, of Rotherham, and owner of Pinners Hall, was born in London, 14 April 1720. In childhood he lived in the house of his maternal grandfather, Mr. Scott, of Wolverhampton, and was sent to school at Newport, Shropshire, and afterwards at St. Albans. In 1732 he spent about a year at Amsterdam, with the object of learning Dutch and French for commercial purposes. Returning to England he lived for some time with his father, who died in 1735. As he inherited both his father's property and that of his great uncle, Thomas Hollis, the benefactor of Harvard College, it was thought unsuitable to train him to mercantile pursuits, and accordingly he studied under Dr. John Ward [q. v.] In 1740 he entered at Lincoln's Inn, where he lived in chambers till 1748. He then went abroad and travelled in the Low Countries, Switzerland, the north of Italy, and France. In 1750 he set out on a second tour, visiting Holland, Germany, Austria, and Italy, and remained on the continent three or four years. He had been from childhood strongly opposed to tory principles, and declined to enter parliament if it were


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 necessary to depend on either favour or bribery. Finding this impossible, he formed the design of propagating his principles by literature. He constantly spent several hundred pounds a year on the production and purchase of books and medals, large numbers of which he gave to various libraries, those of Harvard, Berne, and Zurich being especially favoured. He presented a portrait of Sir Isaac Newton to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1761, and the well-known portrait of Oliver Cromwell by Cooper to Sidney Sussex College in 1764. His fondness for seventeenth-century republican literature, and his habit of having engravings and the covers of books decorated with daggers and caps of liberty, led to his being called a republican, but he only considered himself ‘a true whig,’ and adopted as his ‘faith’ Lord Molesworth's preface to Hotomanus's ‘Francogallia.’ He attended no church, and was consequently suspected of atheism, but his ‘Memoirs’ show him to have been a man of unusual piety. He led the life of a recluse, and he abstained not only from intoxicating liquors, but also from butter, milk, sugar, spices, and salt. In 1770 he left London, and retired to the seclusion of an old farmhouse on his property at Corscombe in Dorsetshire, where he died on 1 Jan. 1774. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society in 1757, and was also fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He left his property to Thomas Brand, who took the name of Hollis. Visiting Lord Chatham at Lyme Regis in June 1773, he formed a high opinion of the ability of the boy William Pitt, and conversed with him so earnestly that Lord Chatham observed: ‘Between these two friends of liberty and virtue, not only the constitution of the state but the universal frame of nature was, I dare say, thoroughly discussed’ (Chatham Correspondence, iv. 269).

Hollis edited the following: 1. ‘Toland's Life of Milton,’ 1761. 2. ‘Sidney's Discourse concerning Government, with his Letters,’ &c., 1763. 3. ‘Neville's Plato Redivivus,’ 1763. 4. ‘Locke's Two Treatises on Government,’ 1764. 5. ‘Wallis's Grammatica Linguæ Anglicanæ,’ 6th ed., 1765. 6. ‘Locke's Letters concerning Toleration,’ 1765. 7. ‘Neville's Ladies' Parliament,’ 1768. 8. ‘Neville's Isle of Pines,’ 1768. 9. ‘Staveley's Romish Horse-leech,’ 1769. 10. ‘Sidney's Works,’ 1772. A letter, dated 21 Dec. 1762, from Hollis to Mr. Pitt, in the ‘Chatham Correspondence,’ ii. 200–3, and two letters from Hollis to Dr. Ward appear in ‘Letters of Eminent Literary Men’ (Camden Soc.)

HOLLIS, THOMAS (1818–1843). [See, 1793–1842.]

HOLLOND, ELLEN JULIA (1822–1884), authoress and philanthropist, was born at Madras in 1822, her father being Thomas Teed, and her mother's maiden name Jordan. She was sent to England in her infancy, and her parents afterwards settled at Stanmore, Middlesex. In 1840 she was married to Robert Hollond, M.P. for Hastings from 1837 to 1852. Until his death in 1877 her salon in Paris, where she spent part of the year, attracted the leading liberals. Nowhere in Europe, according to M. de Pressensé, was there a more distinguished circle. It included Odilon Barrot, Montalembert, Rémusat, Mignet, Henri Martin, Laboulaye, Haussonville, Lanfrey, and Prévost-Paradol. Mrs. Hollond herself was a listener rather than a talker. Antipathy to the empire and to ultramontanism united royalists and republicans, liberal catholics and theists. Nassau Senior met Dufaure there in 1862 (, Conversations). In 1857 Mrs. Hollond published ‘Channing, sa vie et ses œuvres,’ Rémusat writing the introduction, and in 1862 ‘La vie de village en Angleterre.’ These appeared anonymously, but in 1870 she published under her own name ‘Les Quakers, études sur les premiers Amis et leur société.’ In 1846 she sat for the head of Monica in Ary Scheffer's picture of St. Augustine and his mother, and in 1852 he painted her portrait, now in the National Gallery. About 1844 Mrs. Hollond started the first crèche in London. She also founded an English nurses' home in Paris, with a branch at Nice; the latter is still in existence. She died at Stanmore Hall, 29 Nov. 1884.

HOLLOWAY, BENJAMIN (1691?–1759), divine, born at Stony Stratford, Buckinghamshire, about 1691, was the son of Joseph Holloway, ‘brasiator’ (maltster), of that town. After passing through Westminster School, he was admitted a pensioner of St. John's College, Cambridge, on 4 Feb. 1707–8, under Dr. Anstey (College Admission Book), and went out LL.B. in 1713. He took holy orders. In July 1723, being then located at Bedford, he sent a letter to Dr. John Wood-


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 ward giving an ‘Account of the Pits for Fullers-Earth’ at Wavendon, near Woburn, printed in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ (xxxii. 419–21). On 30 Nov. of that year Holloway was elected F.R.S. on the recommendation of Sir Hans Sloane. In 1726 he published a translation of Woodward's ‘Naturalis Historia Telluris,’ 8vo, London, 1726, with a long introductory account of Woodward's works. It was translated into French by Jean Pierre Niceron in 1735, and into Italian in 1739. Woodward introduced him to John Hutchinson [q. v.], many of whose views he adopted. Between 1724 and 1730 he was presented by Reynolds, bishop of Lincoln, to the rectory of Middleton-Stoney, Oxfordshire, a preferment which he retained until his death. From Middleton he addressed some interesting letters to Sloane, which are preserved in the British Museum, Additional MS. 4048, ff. 66–77. Sloane helped him in some ‘Critical Annotations on the Book of Ecclesiastes,’ which were ready for the press in 1732, but never appeared. On 17 March 1726 Holloway was presented by the crown to the second portion of Waddesdon rectory, Buckinghamshire (, Buckinghamshire, i. 502), which he resigned on his preferment by the Duke of Marlborough (26 March 1736) to the rectory of Bladon, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire (, Woodstock Manor and its Environs, pp. 309–11). On 8 Oct. in the same year he preached a visitation sermon at Woodstock, afterwards published as ‘The Commemorative Sacrifice,’ 8vo, Oxford, 1737. It was extracted from two other works, an ‘Answer at large’ to Hoadly's book on the Sacrament, and ‘A Summary of Ninety-two Errors, Inconsistencies, Misrepresentations, &c.,’ in the same book, both of which he hoped to publish. In December 1739 he was allowed to hand over the rectory of Bladon to his son. During the same year he published three sermons on ‘The Nullity of Repentance without Faith.’ In 1740 he had prepared a supplement entitled ‘The true Doctrine of Repentance vindicated from certain false Glosses [by Matthew Tindal] on the Parable of the Prodigal Son. Addressed to the Gentlemen of the University of Oxford.’ The vice-chancellor, Theophilus Leigh, objecting to his doctrine that Melchisedec was a manifestation of Christ before his incarnation, refused to allow it to be printed at the university press, and obliged Holloway to withdraw from Oxford. Holloway thereupon printed it in London (Gent. Mag. x. 264). Towards the close of 1744 he was acting as private tutor to the future Lord Spencer at the house of his father, the Hon. John Spencer. William Jones in his ‘Memoirs of Bishop Horne,’ 1795 (pp. 40–3), gives a pleasing account of the esteem in which Holloway was held by the family. Horne was advised by Holloway when reading for ordination, and based one of his most effective sermons on Holloway's manuscript animadversions upon the ‘Divine Legation.’ Holloway died at Middleton-Stoney on 10 April 1759, and was buried there on the 13th (parish register). He has been confused with his son, Benjamin Holloway, M.A., of Lincoln College, Oxford, afterwards rector of Bladon, and of Ardley, Oxfordshire, in 1753.

Holloway wrote, in addition to the books already noticed: 1. ‘Remarks on Dr. Sharp's Pieces on the Words Elohim and Berith, showing, among other things, that the Chaldee, Syriac, Samaritan, and Arabic Dialects were all anciently one Language,’ 8vo, Oxford, 1751. A ‘Short Reply,’ 8vo, London, 1751, was forthwith written by George Kalmar to this ‘puzzled Piece.’ 2. ‘Originals physical and theological, sacred and profane. Or an Essay towards a Discovery of the first descriptive Ideas in Things, by Discovery of the simple or primary Roots in Words; as the same were, from the Beginning rightly applied by Believers, and afterwards perverted by Infidels, …’ 2 vols. 8vo, Oxford, 1751. 3. ‘Letter and Spirit, or Annotations upon the Holy Scriptures according to both,’ 8vo, Oxford, 1753 (only the first volume published). 4. ‘The Primævity and Pre-eminence of the Sacred Hebrew above all other Languages, vindicated from the repeated attempts of the Reverend Dr. Hunt to level it with the Arabic and other Oriental Dialects,’ &c., 8vo, Oxford, 1754. Sharp in his ‘Discourses touching the Antiquity of the Hebrew Tongue and Character,’ 8vo, London, 1755, criticised this work, and accused Holloway of unfairly adapting some correspondence with Bishop Chandler of Durham. Whenever Holloway found himself out of practice in writing Latin, he used to read over the ‘Moriæ Encomium’ of Erasmus, which he declared never failed to restore his facility (, Memoirs, loc. cit.)

HOLLOWAY, JAMES (d. 1684), conspirator, a citizen of Bristol, probably imbibed strong protestant opinions from the master to whom he was apprenticed, Walter Stephens, a linendraper of Bristol, who is said to have had the chief hand in the destruction of the chapel dedicated to the Virgin on Bristol Bridge. Holloway set up


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 in trade for himself, and carried on business with the West Indies; he was a clever man, though restless and excitable. When the importation of French linens was forbidden, he formed a scheme for the improvement of the English linen manufacture, hoping to supply the home market with linens as good as those brought from France, and so to give employment to the poor. He established a manufactory in Warwickshire, and employed some hundreds of workpeople; but, in spite of the prohibition, French cambrics were still largely imported, and Holloway, having lost money, gave up his undertaking. In 1679 he pressed the Bristol chamber to help him to carry out his scheme in the city, offering to employ Bristol people only, and to find constant work for five hundred of them. On 8 May the chamber agreed to his proposals, and decided to erect a workhouse for the purpose at the east end of the Bridewell. A letter, however, was sent to them on the 25th by Sir John Knight, alderman, and one of the members for the city, pointing out that the prohibition of French linens would terminate in March 1681, and that they had better drop the scheme, which they accordingly did. Holloway went up to London to advocate his plan, which, he declared, would employ eighty thousand poor and forty thousand acres of land, and would be worth 200,000l. to the crown. In 1680 he became acquainted with the Earl of Essex, who introduced him to Laurence Hyde [q. v.], afterwards Earl of Rochester, and then head of the treasury. Hyde encouraged him to come up to London during the next session of parliament, and he exhibited his wares to several members. He also went to Oxford when the parliament was there, and was desired by Lord Clarendon to draw up a bill on the linen manufacture. While at London and Oxford he was strongly excited about the struggle between the court and the whigs, and heard much about ‘laying sham plots upon protestants.’ In the summer of 1682 he was actively engaged in a plot against the government, being chiefly moved by the election of the tory sheriffs at London. A rising was to be arranged for November in London and other principal towns, the Roman catholic councillors were to be removed from the court, and offenders punished. He was to be chief mover in Bristol, and thought that he could secure the city with 350 men, of whom 150 were to come from Taunton. To his annoyance the outbreak was put off until the spring. He was in London 3–6 March 1683, making arrangements with William Wade [q. v.], and went thither again on 5 April, when he was informed of the plot against the persons of the king and the Duke of York. He disapproved of such schemes, and afterwards declared that not more than three of the other conspirators held with Rumsey and West, who talked much of the ‘lopping-off business;’ nevertheless he still consorted with these men. On the 6th he had an interview with Robert Ferguson (d. 1714) [q. v.], who was then at the house of Zachary Bourn, a lawyer, and he appears to exonerate Ferguson from participation in Rumsey's bloodthirsty projects. Bourn says that Holloway told him that not more than eight persons in Bristol were in the plot, and that he had a store of cannon, powder, and ball, and two ships fit to carry forty guns each, but some, at least, of this appears doubtful. He intended to secure Bristol at 4 A.M., and divided the city into fourteen districts, twenty rebels being assigned to each of thirteen posts, and the rest of the 350 to the main guard at the Tolzey. He expected that his attempt would be successful without bloodshed. Early in May he was again in London. By this time he had naturally fallen into business difficulties. As soon as he heard of the discovery of 12 June he fled from Bristol, ‘got an ordinary habit and a little horse about 40s. price,’ and travelled about as a wool-dealer in Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, and Somerset. He was summoned to answer a charge of high treason, and not appearing was outlawed, and on 12 July the grand jury found a true bill against him on the evidence of three witnesses. In the middle of August he returned secretly to Bristol, and with his wife's help, arranged with a man who had a boat of about ten tons to carry him first to France, and then to the West Indies. He sailed on the 23rd, and on the 25th was forced by rough weather to put in at St. Ives, and here remained until 4 Sept., when he again set sail, and reached Rochelle on the 17th. There he bought a cargo of brandy and other goods, and on 4 Oct. sailed for the West Indies, wishing to see his business connections there. At Barbadoes, where he arrived on 11 Nov., he stayed two days, and then visited other islands, remaining at St. Christopher about three weeks. His factor in Nevis betrayed him; he was arrested in St. Eustatius, sent home in irons, and lodged in Newgate. About 11 April 1684 he wrote and delivered to Secretary Jenkins a ‘confession and narrative,’ which the advisers of the crown thought, or affected to think, insincere. He was brought before the king's bench on the 21st on his outlawry, and in the hope of a pardon refused a trial which was offered him by the attorney-general. As


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50 The lips may beguile,

With a dimple or smile,

But the test of affection's a Tear.

2.

Too oft is a smile

But the hypocrite's wile,

To mask detestation, or fear;

Give me the soft sigh,

Whilst the soul-telling eye

Is dimm'd, for a time, with a Tear.

3.

Mild Charity's glow,

To us mortals below,

Shows the soul from barbarity clear;

Compassion will melt,

Where this virtue is felt,

And its dew is diffused in a Tear.

4.

The man, doom'd to sail

With the blast of the gale,

Through billows Atlantic to steer,

As he bends o'er the wave

Which may soon be his grave,

The green sparkles bright with a Tear.


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Rh 5.

The Soldier braves death

For a fanciful wreath

In Glory's romantic career;

But he raises the foe

When in battle laid low,

And bathes every wound with a Tear.

6.

If, with high-bounding pride,

He return to his bride!

Renouncing the gore-crimson'd spear;

All his toils are repaid

When, embracing the maid,

From her eyelid he kisses the Tear.

7.

Sweet scene of my youth!

Seat of Friendship and Truth,

Where Love chas'd each fast-fleeting year;

to leave thee, I mourn'd,

For a last look I turn'd,

But thy spire was scarce seen through a Tear.


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52 8.

Though my vows I can pour,

To my Mary no more,

My Mary, to Love once so dear,

In the shade of her bow'r,

I remember the hour,

She rewarded those vows with a Tear.

9.

By another possest,

May she live ever blest!

Her name still my heart must revere:

With a sigh I resign,

What I once thought was mine,

And forgive her deceit with a Tear.

10.

Ye friends of my heart,

Ere from you I depart,

This hope to my breast is most near:

If again we shall meet,

In this rural retreat,

May we meet, as we part, with a Tear.

11.

When my soul wings her flight

To the regions of night,

And my corse shall recline on its bier;