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H for the bar, but devoted his life to the study of archæology and the collection of works of art. His collections, which he kept at his house, 3 Montague Street, Bloomsbury, were extremely valuable, and were formed with learned discrimination. He was an excellent artist, and was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and other archæological societies, and a frequent attendant at their meetings and contributor to their ‘Proceedings.’ He died unmarried in 1878. By the codicil to his will, dated 1 Nov. 1877, Henderson bequeathed to the university of Oxford all his Greek and Roman vases and Egyptian antiquities; to the trustees of the British Museum his valuable collection of water-colour drawings by Canaletto, Turner, Girtin, Cozens, David Cox, and W. J. Müller (now in the print room), his collection of Russian silver and enamels, his Damascus, Persian, Rhodian, and majolica porcelain and pottery, his oriental and Venetian metal-work, his oriental arms, his Roman, Greek, and Venetian glass (all now in the department of general antiquities), and the correspondence of his grandfather, George Keate, with Voltaire and Dr. Edward Young (now in the department of manuscripts, Addit. MSS. 30991–2). To the trustees of the National Gallery he bequeathed his water-colour drawings by G. Cattermole and P. De Wint, two pictures by A. Canaletto, and any others of his old masters which they might select. Charles Cooper Henderson [q. v.] was his brother.

HENDERSON or HENRYSON, ROBERT (1430?–1506?), Scottish poet. [See .]

HENDERSON, THOMAS (1798–1844), astronomer, born at Dundee in Scotland on 28 Dec. 1798, was the youngest of five children of a respectable tradesman, who died early. He was educated at the local schools, and learnt mathematics from Mr. Duncan, principal of the Dundee Academy, who described him as ‘remarkable for everything that was good.’ At the age of fifteen he entered the office of Mr. Small, a writer in Dundee, with whom his brother was in partnership. He was employed partly in classifying the burgh records, and after six years placed himself under a writer to the signet in Edinburgh. His business capabilities there attracted the notice of Sir James Gibson Craig [q. v.], through whose influence he was appointed advocate's clerk to John Clerk, lord Eldin [q. v.], and he acted from 1819 to 1831 as secretary to the Earl of Lauderdale and Lord Jeffrey.

Henderson was of a weak constitution, and at times nearly blind, but seemed to acquire scientific knowledge by intuition (, University of Edinburgh, ii. 362). His familiarity with astronomical methods, acquired during his leisure at Dundee, introduced him to Professors Leslie and Wallace, and to Captain Basil Hall [q. v.] He joined the Astronomical Institution of Edinburgh, and was allowed the use of the instruments in their observatory on the Calton Hill. He showed special dexterity in the computing processes of practical astronomy, and he forwarded to Dr. Thomas Young [q. v.] in 1824 an amended method of calculating occultations, inserted in the ‘Nautical Almanac’ for 1827 and four subsequent years. He received the thanks of the board of longitude for this improvement, which was published in the ‘Quarterly Journal of Science’ (xviii. 344, 1825), and was followed by similar communications.

In a paper ‘On the Difference of Meridians of the Royal Observatories of Greenwich and Paris’ (Phil. Trans. cxvii. 286), sent by him to the Royal Society of London in 1827, he greatly added to the value of Sir John Herschel's result by rectifying an error in the data furnished to him; and his discussion of transit observations made on the Calton Hill in 1827 (Memoirs Royal Astr. Soc. iv. 189) showed his early adoption of the German method of deducing the probable errors of results. The thanks of the Royal Astronomical Society were voted to him in 1830 for various computations, including a list of moon-culminating stars for Sir James Ross's Arctic expedition. He declined all remuneration, although much of his small income was at this time devoted to the support of his mother and sisters.

Henderson's connection with the Earl of Lauderdale involved an annual visit to London, where he made many astronomical acquaintances, and was allowed to use Sir James South's fine instruments. He failed to succeed Dr. Robert Blair (d. 1828) [q. v.] as professor of practical astronomy at Edinburgh in December 1828, although Dr. Young had supported his claims, besides leaving a posthumous recommendation of him as his successor in the superintendence of the ‘Nautical Almanac.’ Pond was nominated; and Henderson, though invited to co-operate on advantageous terms, chose to continue his legal career. On the death of Fearon Fallows [q. v.] in 1831, he was persuaded to become royal astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope, where he arrived in April 1832. The instruments at his disposal were a ten-foot transit by Dollond, and a defective mural circle by Jones (ib[. viii. 141). With Lieutenant Meadows as his sole assis-


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H tant he made five or six thousand observations of declination to ascertain the places of southern stars, observed Encke's and Biela's comets (Phil. Trans. cxxiii. 549; Memoirs Royal Astr. Soc. vi. 159), the transit of Mercury of 5 May 1832 (ib. p. 195), occultations of stars, and eclipses of Jupiter's satellites, besides making special series of observations for parallax on Mars and the moon. He was nevertheless suffering from incipient heart disease, was depressed by many difficulties, and resigned his post in May 1833.

On his return he settled at Edinburgh, and devoted himself to the arduous task of reducing his Cape observations. His sole maintenance was a pension of 100l. a year, to which he had become entitled on the resignation of Lord Eldin. A discussion of the observations of Mars, made during the opposition of November 1832, at Greenwich, the Cape, Cambridge, and Altona, gave him for the solar parallax the improved value of 9″.028 (ib. viii. 103); and he deduced, from simultaneous observations at the three first-named observatories, a lunar parallax of 57° 1′ 8″ (Monthly Notices, iv. 92). His reduction of Captain Foster's observations of the comet of March 1830, and a catalogue of the declinations of 172 southern stars, were communicated by him to the Royal Astronomical Society in June 1834 and April 1837 respectively (Memoirs, viii. 191, x. 49). The right ascensions of the same stars were published later (ib. xv. 129). His most striking result was the discovery of the first authentic case of annual parallax in a fixed star, the brilliant double star α Centauri. On 3 Jan. 1839, the discovery having been partially confirmed by Meadows's observations, he announced to the Royal Astronomical Society his conclusion of a parallax of about 1″ (lately diminished to 0″.75), implying a real distance of nearly twenty billions of miles (ib. xi. 61). Its ratification by Maclear's subsequent observations was communicated by him on 8 April 1842 (ib. xii. 329). Symptoms of orbital movement in the components of α Centauri were first adverted to by Henderson in 1839. A parallax of 0″.25 for Sirius (ib. xi. 239) and a mean parallax of 0″.29 for twenty southern stars (Monthly Notices, v. 223) were most likely illusory.

Henderson was elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1832, of the Royal Societies of Edinburgh and London respectively in 1834 and 1840. He became the first astronomer-royal for Scotland on 1 Oct. 1834, when he was appointed to the professorship of practical astronomy in the university of Edinburgh, combined with the charge of the Calton Hill observatory, then resigned to the university by the Astronomical Institution. (For Carlyle's curious application for the post see, Thomas Carlyle, ii. 391.) His salary was 300l. a year. Although closely occupied with the Cape reductions, he made with his assistant during ten years upwards of sixty thousand observations, chiefly of planets and zodiacal stars, in themselves of high excellence, but vitiated (as was reported by the commission of 1876) by large errors, due to the expansiveness under heat of the sandstone piers of the transit instrument.

Henderson married in 1836 the eldest daughter of Alexander Adie, a well-known optician in Edinburgh; her death in 1842, shortly after the birth of their only child, was a shock from which he never fully recovered. He enjoyed, nevertheless, intensely a trip to the highlands with Bessel and Jacobi in the ensuing summer. He died at Edinburgh, of hypertrophy of the heart, on 23 Nov. 1844, having worked until a month before his death, when illness made it impossible for him to mount the Calton Hill. Five volumes of his Edinburgh observations were published by himself 1838–43, and five more 1843–52, under the editorship of his successor, Professor Piazzi Smyth. The mass of his Cape observations remains unpublished; their reduction wanted only a few months of completion when he died. His preface, too, to Lacaille's ‘Catalogue of Southern Stars,’ the reduction of which he had superintended for the British Association, had to be supplied by Sir John Herschel.

Henderson possessed considerable mathematical attainments, and unfailing discretion in the application of his powers. His memory was remarkable, and his acquaintance with modern astronomical history unusually extensive. He gave no lectures in his own official capacity, but read a course on mathematics for Professor Wallace in 1835–6, and one on natural philosophy for Professor Forbes in 1844. He computed the orbits of several comets, publishing his results in the ‘Astronomische Nachrichten.’ He was upright, benevolent, and enthusiastic; his disinterestedness left his orphan daughter with little provision, save the product of the sale of his fine library. Her uncle, Mr. John Adie, however, left her a fortune. [Memoirs of Royal Astronomical Society, xv. 368; Proceedings Royal Society, v. 530; Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh, ii. 35 (Kelland); Philosophical Magazine, xxvii. 60, 3rd ser.; Ann. Reg. 1845, p. 226; Athenæum, 1845, p. 365; Sir A. Grant's Story of the University of Edinburgh, i. 381, ii. 362; Grant's Hist. Physical Astronomy, pp. 212, 228, 551;

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H Clerke's Popular History of Astronomy, 2nd ed. p. 46; Encycl. Brit. 8th ed. i. 863 (Forbes); Mémoires couronnés par l'Acad. des Sciences, t. xxiii. p. 66, Brussels, 1873, 8vo; Chambers's Biog. Dict. of Eminent Scotsmen; André et Rayet's L'Astronomie Pratique, ii. 8.]

HENDERSON, WILLIAM, M.D. (1810–1872), homœopathist, born at Thurso on 17 Jan. 1810, was the fourth son of William Henderson, sheriff-substitute of Caithness. After attending the high school of Edinburgh, he studied medicine at the university there. In 1831 he graduated M.D. at Edinburgh, and continued his studies for two years longer in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. In 1832 he was appointed physician to the Fever Hospital in Edinburgh, and subsequently pathologist to the Royal Infirmary. His acuteness of observation very soon attracted attention. To the ‘Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal’ he contributed, between 1835 and 1837, a series of clinical studies on the heart and larger blood-vessels, in which occurs the first notice of the murmur of efflux in a case of sacculated aortic aneurism, while he was also the first to demonstrate as a diagnostic sign of aortic regurgitation that ‘the radial pulse followed that of the heart by a longer interval than usual.’ In 1838 he was elected fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, being already a member of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of that city. As early as 1841 he employed the microscope in the anatomy of the lung in pneumonia, in molluscum contagiosum, and other pathological studies. In 1842 he was appointed to the chair of general pathology in the university of Edinburgh, and in the following year, during the epidemic of typhus and relapsing fever, he was the first to show, on irrefutable grounds, that these two fevers, usually confounded, were in reality distinct, and due to different causes.

In 1845 he disappointed his friends, who anticipated for him a career as distinguished as Abercrombie's, by adopting homœopathy. He resigned his appointment at the Royal Infirmary, and lost most of his practice. His colleagues withdrew from association with him, and, led by Professor Syme, endeavoured to oust him from his chair of pathology, but failing in this, they next tried, also unsuccessfully, to exclude pathology from the obligatory curriculum of study. Henderson's first publication on homœopathy, entitled ‘An Inquiry into the Homœopathic Practice of Medicine,’ 8vo, London, Edinburgh (printed), 1845, drew from Dr. (afterwards Sir) John Forbes (1787–1861) [q. v.] a plain-spoken article in the ‘British and Foreign Medical Review’ for January 1846, called ‘Homœopathy, Allopathy, and Young Physic,’ which ultimately led to Forbes's resigning the editorship of that periodical. Henderson's ‘Letter’ to Forbes, which appeared in the ‘British Journal of Homœopathy’ for 1846, and also separately, raised him in public estimation, though it did not mitigate the opposition of his former colleagues. In 1851 the College of Physicians intimated to him that he was expected either to resign his fellowship or submit to expulsion, but the intimation was not followed up by any action. In December of the same year he was expelled from the Medico-Chirurgical Society, to the president of which he addressed a ‘Letter … on the recent speeches of Professors Syme and Simpson,’ published in the ‘Homœopathic Times,’ in a volume called ‘Homœopathy,’ 1851, and separately. He further replied to his antagonists in a ‘Letter to the Patrons of the University on the Late Resolutions of the Medical Faculty,’ 8vo, Edinburgh, 1851 (Brit. Journ. of Homœopathy, xxx. 450–9). In reply to Sir J. J. Simpson's attacks on homœopathy, Henderson wrote a ‘Reply to Dr. Simpson's pamphlet on Homœopathy, and Second Edition of the Letter to the President of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, with a Postscript,’ 8vo, Edinburgh, 1852, and ‘Homœopathy fairly represented, in reply to Dr. Simpson's “Homœopathy misrepresented,”’ 8vo, Edinburgh, 1853 (2nd edit. same year). Throughout this lengthened controversy Henderson showed tact and temper, finally winning back the esteem of the more generous of his opponents. His pamphlets are models of acute reasoning, playful irony, and good-natured banter.

In 1869 symptoms of that disease in which he had made his first researches declared themselves, and Henderson resigned his chair, and all but a little consulting practice at his own house. He died of aneurism in Edinburgh on 1 April 1872 (Scotsman, 2 April 1872, p. 4). In private life his wit and accomplishments made him a delightful companion. He was also author of: 1. ‘Letter to the Lord Provost in reference to certain charges against Queen's College by Mr. Syme,’ 8vo (Edinburgh, 1840). 2. ‘A Dictionary and Concordance of the Names of Persons and Places, and of some of the more Remarkable Terms which occur in the … Old and New Testament,’ 8vo, Edinburgh, 1869.


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. By his judgment, however, in the Bankers’ case, decided in 1700, Holt showed that he was not disposed to take very narrow view of the royal prerogative. Charles II had in 1677, by letters patent, granted annuities out of the hereditary excise to some of the principal London bankers who were in the habit of accommodating him. Payment on these annuities had been suspended since 1683, and the bankers in 1700 sought to recover the arrears due to them by petition in the court of exchequer. It was urged against them that the grant was bad because it was by letters patent merely, and not by act of parliament. The barons, however, decided in favour of the bankers; and on appeal to the exchequer chamber, Holt affirmed their decision on the broad ground that, under the statute for the abolition of old tenures (12 Charles II, c. 24), the excise duties out of which annuities were payable became the property of the king, who could therefore dispose of them without the concurrence of parliament.

A judgement give by Holt in 1694 on the indictment of Charles Knollys, who claimed to be Earl of Banbury, for murder, involved him in a contest with the House of Lords. Knollys had presented a petition to the house, claimed to be tried by his peers. This the house dismissed. On the case coming before Holt, Knollys put in evidence a patent of Charles I, under which he claimed to be entitled to the peerage, and Holt, being of opinion that he had made out a primâ facie case, which nothing but a regular investigation by the committee of privileges could rebut, discharged him. The House of Lords, summoned Holt to their bar, and required him to give an account of his judgment. This he resolutely refused to do. There was some vague talk of committing him for contempt, but the matter dropped.

In 1701 Holt also showed himself a stout supporter of the political rights of voters against the corrupt tyranny of the House of Commons in the celebrated action Ashby v. White, in which one Ashby proceeded against the returning officer of Aylesbury for having failed to record his vote, and the House of Commons interfered to protect the returning officer. A mythical story was current in the last century to the effect that while this case was pending the speaker of the House of Commons, in full state and with a numerous train of attendants, presented himself in court while Holt was sitting, and threatened him with committal; and that Holt in reply bade him begone, or he would forthwith commit him, had he all the House of Commons in his belly (Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. App. 759;, Cases in Parliament, p. 111; , Rep. i. 11 et seq.)

On the dismissal of [q. v.], 17 April 1700, Holt was offered the great seal, but declined it, alleging by way of excuse his almost total lack of experience of chancery business. He acted, however, as chief commissioner of the seal until the appointment of Sir Nathan Wright, 31 May 1700 (, Memoirs of Affairs of State, p. 128;, Cont. of Granger’s Biog. Hist. of England, i. 164; , Cat. Of Lords Chanc. &c.) Ill-health compelled him to withdraw from the court of king’s bench in February 1709-10. He died on 5 March following at his house in Bedford Row and was buried in the parish church of Redgrave, Suffolk, the manor of which he had purchased from Sir Robert Bacon, a descendant of Sir [q. v.] Having no children he devised the manor to his nephews, subject to a life estate in their father Roland, who placed in the church a marble monument to his memory, representing him seated in a chair, and wearing his judicial robes. Holt married by license, date 28 June 1675, Anne, daughter of Sir John Cropley of Clerkenwell, bart., who survived him. She is said to have been a shrew (, Rep. 1309;, Baronetage, i. 14). Holt provided for her by a rent-charge of 700l. per annum.

Holt sat to Steele for the portrait of Verus (Tatler, xiv.), the magistrate who ‘always sat in triumph over and contempt of vice,’ who ‘never searched for it or spared it when it came before him,’ yet ‘could see through the hypocrisy and disguise of those who have no pretence to virtue but their severity to the vicious.’ As an administrator of criminal law, Holt shone by contrast to his immediate predecessors, such as Scroggs and Jeffreys, at once cruel and corrupt. He was scrupulously fair to the accused as Sir Matthew Hale. He discontinued the brutal practice of bringing the prisoner into court in irons. In cases where the law did not permit the accused person the assistance of counsel, Holt aided him personally, refused to admit evidence tending merely to blacken his character, and, while adhering to the bad practice of interrogating him, never sought to browbeat him, was tolerant of interruption on his part, during his summing-up, and in one case (that of Lord Preston tried for high treason in 1691) even permitted him to have the last word with the jury [see, Viscount Preston, 1648-1695]. With regard to witchcraft, he was as sceptical as Hale was credulous, not one case of that kind which he tried resulting in a conviction; and ultimately too to treating the prosecutors in such


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 cases as common impostors, which greatly reduced their number. He had the strong whig prejudice against standing armies and the use of the military in cases of riot, and would himself ride to the scene of disturbance accompanied by his tipstaves, and endeavour to induce the rioters to disperse. On one such occasion, when the guards had been called out, he is said to have peremptorily forbidden the officer in command to fire on the people, assuring him that if he did so, and any life was lost in consequence, he and all his men would hang for it. According to a very doubtful story, he committed to prison on a charge of sedition John Atkins, one of the religious fanatics known as the ‘French Prophets,’ whereupon [q. v.], a friend of the prisoner, also a ‘prophet,’ called at Holt’s house, and told him that the Lord had sent him to obtain a nolle prosequi for Atkins. Holt is stated to have replied: ‘Thou art a false prophet and a lying knave. If the Lord had sent thee, it would have been to the attorney-general, for the Lord knows it is not in my power to grant a nolle prosequi; but I can grant a warrant to commit thee to bear him company, which I certainly will.’ He took a high view of the law of treason and seditious libel, holding that mere conspiracy might amount to the one offence, and mere censure of the government as corrupt to the other. He gave a liberal construction to the statute 1 Eliz. c. 2, requiring every one to attend his parish church on Sunday, holding that it did not apply so long as any other place of worship was regularly attended. He also took advantage of an error in pleading by which, in an action for the price of a negro sold in Virginia the sale was alleged to have taken place ‘in the parish of the Blessed Mary of the Arches in the ward of Cheap,’ to dismiss the action on the ground that as soon as a negro comes into England he becomes free, a point afterwards expressly decided in Sommersett’s case in 1772 (, State Trials, xii-xiv;, Hist. of the Criminal Law, ii. 262, 435; , Lives of the Chief Justices, ii 142-7, 170-4; Westminster Hall, ii. 49; Cases tempore Holt, 141, 495).

Holt’s judgement in the case of Coggs v. Bernard was the first attempt ever made by an English judge to define and distinguish into rights and liabilities arising out of the several sorts of bailment. It probably suggested to Sir William Jones his essay on that branch of the law, which indeed is largely made up of comment and criticism upon it. Story (Commentaries on the Law of Bailments, pref. p. viii) calls Holt’s judgment a prodigious effort, and it is universally regarded as the leading authority on the topic. Holt also drafted, or at any rate suggested, the act of parliament (3 & 4 Anne c. 9) which first placed promissory notes upon the same footing as bills of exchange in point of negotiability, and by his decision did much to settle the law relating to those securities, then in a chaotic condition. He edited in 1708 ‘A Report of Divers Cases in the Pleas of the Crown Adjudged and Determined in the Reign of the late King Charles II. With Directions for Justices of the Peace and others. Collected by, knt.’ (d. 1671) [q. v.]

 HOLT, JOHN (1743–1801), author, was born at Hattersley, near Mottram-in-Longdendale, Cheshire, in 1743. About 1757 he settled at Walton-on-the-Hill, near Liverpool, where for many years he acted as parish clerk, highway surveyor, and master of the free grammar school, besides at one time keeping a ladies’ school. He published in 1786-8 ‘Characters of Kings and Queens of England,’ 3 vols. A few years later, at the invitation of the board of agriculture, he made the agricultural survey of Lancashire, and published in 1794 his results in a ‘General View of the Agriculture of the County of Lancaster, with Observations on the Means of its Improvement.’ It was reprinted with additions in 1795. A paper ‘On the Curle in Potatoes’ procured him the medal of the Society of Arts. He compiled a few books for the use of schools, wrote one or two novels, and collected materials for a history of Liverpool, which he bequeathed to [q. v.] He contributed many papers to the ‘Gentleman’s Magazine,’ and for a long period communicated the monthly ‘Meteorological Diary’ to that periodical. He married, in 1767, Elizabeth France of Walton, but had no issue. He died at Walton on


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 21 March 1801. There is an interesting etched portrait of Holt by his pupil, W. Rogers, of which there are small reproductions in the ‘Gentleman’s Magazine’ and the ‘Transactions of the Historic Society.’

 HOLT, JOSEPH (1756–1826), Irish rebel, born in 1756, was son of John Holt, a well-to-do farmer of Ballydaniel, in the parish of Castlemacadam, co. Wicklow. In 1782 he married Hester Long the daughter of a neighbouring farmer, at Roundwood, and became a small farmer on his own account. His farm prospered, and to the profits arising from it he added considerably as chief barony constable, overseer of public works in the parish of Dirrelossery, deputy billet-master, and deputy alnager for the counties of Wicklow and Wexford under Sir John Blaquiere. His position shortly before the outbreak of the rebellion was one of comfort. He was a protestant, and he had no thought of rebellion. Unfortunately he had incurred the hatred of his landlord, who, in order to revenge himself, denounced Holt in 1798 as a United Irishman and a rebel. A troop of yeomanry soon visited Holt’s cottage with the intention of arresting him. Holt himself happened to be absent, but a few letters addressed to him were found, and these being construed into treason, his cottage was fired. Exasperated by this treatment, Holt became a rebel, gathered round him a number of men similarly circumstanced, and with them retired to the neighbourhood of Glendalough. The numbers of his followers increased daily, but with the exception of some Shelmaliere marksmen the majority of them only possessed pikes. Constant drill, however, did much to counterbalance this defect, and Holt’s little army soon presented a formidable appearance. His want of ammunition compelled him to manufacture his own gunpowder, but in this respect he relied chiefly upon the good services of a woman attached to his camp, who, moving freely among the British troops, seldom returned to him without two or three hundred cartridges concealed about her person.

It was the middle of June 1798 before Holt was ready to take the field. On the 20th he moved in the direction of Wexford, and at Ballymanus he fell in with a body of the Wexford rebels under [q. v.], who were escaping from the rout at Vinegar Hill. A joint attack on Hacketstown and Carnew followed, but a considerable force of cavalry having been despatched from Gorey, the rebels were compelled to act on the defensive. At Ballyellis they obtained a complete victory over the troops, which was entirely due to the tactical arrangements adopted by Holt. It was the first affair of any importance in which he had been engaged, and it gave him a considerable military reputation. But he was dissatisfied with the conduct of Roche, and withdrawing with his contingent, he retired to his old quarters in co. Wicklow. Crowds of starving rebels flocked to his standard, and before long he estimated that he had more than thirteen thousand men under his command. His intention was to march on Newton Mount Kennedy, to seize the guns there, and then to attack Wicklow. Seeing that the rebellion was practically at an end, he intended, after accomplishing this, to make terms with the government. His plans, however, was overruled by the influence of [q. v.], and it was determined to march through Kildare and Meath in order to gather fresh recruits and spread the flame of rebellion elsewhere. The scheme, as Holt foresaw, failed. Desertion thinned their ranks, drunkenness and disorder did the rest, and at Castle Carberry they were utterly routed. Holt himself managed to escape, and, choosing with characteristic boldness the road that lay directly through Dublin, he succeeded with difficulty in reaching his old quarters. He was soon joined by a number of his old followers, but his position was one of difficulty and danger. It was the end of August, the cold weather was setting in, provisions were growing scarce, the rebellion elsewhere had come to an end, and the troops were closing in upon him from all sides. The government had offered a reward for his capture, his protestantism exposed him to suspicion among his followers, several of whom were ready, if the occasion offered, to sell their leader. Holt’s knowledge of the country, however, and his resourcefulness enabled him to elude capture for more than two months, but after many miraculous escapes he surrendered on 10 Nov. to Lord Powerscourt. On the following day he was sent to Dublin and confined in the Castle. He was sentenced to transportation to Botany Bay. On 1 Jan. 1799 he was conveyed by sea to Cork, and transferred to the convict ship Minerva. Great inducements were offered him to turn informer, but this he honourably refused to do. Nevertheless, during his detention in the Cove of Cork he thought it his duty to convey to government certain information that had come to his knowledge of a projected rising in the neighbourhood of Cork (Castlereagh Correspond-


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 , ii. 186). The Minerva sailed on 24 Aug., and on 14 Jan. 1800 Holt, accompanied by his wife and family, landed at Sydney. He was allowed to remove to Parramatta, and on 1 Feb. he settled down at Brush farm as farm bailiff to Captain Cox. The prominent part he had played in the Irish rebellion necessarily rendered him an object of suspicion to the government of New South Wales, and though nothing seems to have been further from his thoughts, he was more than once arrested on a charge of attempting to overthrow the government. Among those who knew him, however, his character was excellent. His farming operations prospered, and he was soon in a position to acquire land on his own account. In March 1804 the peace of the colony was seriously disturbed by an Irish insurrection. Suspicion fell on Holt. He was arrested, and though his innocence was past all reasonable doubt, he was banished to Norfolk Island. The island was shortly afterwards abandoned as a convict settlement, and Holt was allowed to return to New South Wales. Shortly after his return he was convicted of illicit distilling, but the offence was considered a venial one, and he was admitted to bail on promising, in accordance with the law, not to distil for a year. During the political revolution of 1809 Holt obtained his pardon and a grant of land from Governor Paterson. On the restoration of order both were confirmed to him by Governor Macquarie, and on 1 Jan. 1811 he received a free pardon. He was now in easy circumstances. His farm prospered. His eldest son, Joshua, had married and settled down on his own farm. But Holt resolved to revisit Ireland, and, having sold his land and stock, embarked with his wife and youngest son for England on 1 Dec. 1812.

Misfortune still dogged his path. On 8 Feb. 1813 the ship in which he sailed was totally wrecked on Eagle Island, one of the Falkland group. The calamity called forth all Holt’s best qualities. He built cabins for the shelter of the shipwrecked passengers; he instituted hunting and fishing parties, and provided provisions for the future. In April the Nannina, an American vessel, arrived at Eagle Island. The commander, a United Irishman, and well acquainted with the exploits of ‘General Holt,’ showed much kindness to the castaways, offering, notwithstanding the war between England and America, to convey them to a port of safety. Meanwhile, however, an English cruiser appeared on the scene, and, having captured the Nannina, sent her as a prize to Rio Janeiro. At Rio Janeiro Holt exerted himself successfully to obtain the liberation of the Americans belonging to the Nannina. On 23 Oct. 1813 he embarked on the Venerable brig, and landed at Liverpool on 22 Feb. 1814. On 5 April he arrived in Dublin, and having presented his letters of freedom to Major Sirr, he set up business in the metropolis as a publican. After losing considerably in the business, he disposed of it and retired to Kingstown. There he lived for the remainder of his days upon the rent of a few houses he built there, never ceasing to regret his folly in leaving New South Wales. He died on 16 May 1826. After his death his youngest son joined his brother in Australia.

An engraved portrait of Holt, taken from a picture painted in 1798, and some time in the possession of Sir William Betham, is prefixed to his autobiography (edited by Crofton Croker). He was five feet ten inches in height, well built, of a dark complexion, and of great physical strength. He possessed great natural ability, and considerable aptitude for military affairs, and was probably the most skilful, as he was certainly one of the bravest and most humane, leaders on the rebel side during the rebellion of 1798. He was moved by resentment for private wrongs, and he showed no interest in the political questions at issue. His history was long afterwards kept alive in the memory of the peasants of Wicklow by various popular songs, especially one entitled ‘The Victim of Tyranny.’

 HOLT, THOMAS (1578?–1624), architect, a native of York, born about 1578, is noteworthy for the important works in Renaissance architecture executed by him at Oxford. In 1613 and the following years he designed the great quadrangle of the examination schools there, now part of the Bodleian Library, introducing some new architectural features. He also designed the whole structure of Wadham College, which was built between 1610 and 1613. Other buildings at Oxford are ascribed to him with less certainty, though he probably prepared designs for many of them. Holt is registered as a privileged person in the university, aged 40, on 30 Oct. 1618; he is described as ‘Faberlignarius Coll. Novi.’ He died on 9 Sept. 1624, and was buried in the churchyard of Holywell Church, Oxford, where a monument was erected in his memory. His daughter married Dr. Samuel Radcliffe, principal of Brasenose College.


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  for Germany, Oliver Manareus and Don Juan Battista de Tassis. Holt’s friends procured signatures to two memorials in his favour. He was not removed from his office, but was admonished to be more conciliatory. It was, however, clear that he was unfit for his position at Brussels, and was replaced in 1598. He went to Rome, and thence was sent to Spain where he died early in 1599, immediately after his landing at Barcelona.

The only writing of Holt which is preserved is a memoir ‘Quibus modis ac mediis religio Catholica continuata est in Anglia,’ published by Knox, ‘Douay Diaries,’ pp. 376-384. Letters from him are in ‘State Papers’ Dom. Eliz. cxxvii. 79; Lansdowne MSS. xcvi. 85. A letter to him from Mary Queen of Scots is in Labanoff’s ‘Lettres de Marie Stuart,’ vi. 333, &c.

 HOLTBY, RICHARD (1553–1640), jesuit, born at Fryton, Yorkshire, in 1553, was the second son of Lancelot Holtby of that place by Ellen [Butler] of Nunnington, in Ryedale, Yorkshire. After spending two years at Christ's College, Cambridge, and migrating to Caius College 19 Aug. 1573, aged 20, he removed to Oxford, where in 1574 he joined Hart Hall, the principal of which, Philip Rondell, was a papist, ‘but durst not show it.’ Wood adds that Holtby was a fellow-pupil with and tutor to [q. v.], who suffered death for the catholic faith. Leaving Oxford without a degree, Holtby proceeded to the English College at Douay, where he arrived in August 1577, and was received into the Roman catholic church. He was ordained priest at Cambrai 29 March 1578. A year later he was sent to English mission, and he laboured with great zeal in the northern counties. In 1581 Father [q. v.] paid him a visit, and while staying in his house composed the famous ‘Decem Rationes,’ and urged him to join the Society of Jesus. Holtby accordingly went in the following spring to Paris, where he was admitted into the society in 1583, and he passed his novitiate at Verdun. After spending four years in the study of theology in the university of Pont-à-Mousson, he was appointed about 1587 superior of the Scotch College there. The father-general, Aquaviva, sent him back to England in 1589. In 1603 he was professed of the four vows. After the execution of Father [q. v.] he was appointed superior or vice-prefect of the English mission, and during his three years’ tenure of that office he appears to have resided in London. When the question of the new oath of allegiance to James I was proposed, and the archpriest [q. v.] declared that it might be conscientiously taken by catholics, Holtby at first forbade the jesuits to write or preach against the oath, while leaving them free to give private advice on the subject; but after the condemnation of the oath by Pope Paul V he firmly denounced it.

On vacating his office he returned to the north of England, where he exercised much influence among the catholics. A government spy in a report to the privy council in 1593 describes him as ‘a little man, with a reddish bearde,’ and adds that he chiefly resided at Mr. Trollope’s house at Thornley, co. Durham. In order to evade arrest he assumed the aliases of Andrew Ducket, Robert North, and Richard Fetherston. He was a skilful mechanic, and constructed many cleverly contrived hiding-places for the persecuted priests. He could also ply the needle to make vestments and altar-cloths. In 1602-3 hew was at Heborne, the residence of Mr. Hodgson, three miles from Newcastle; and in 1605-6 he was at Halton, Northumberland, the seat of Lancelot Carnaby. He died in the Durham district on 14 May (O.S.) 1640. ‘Of no other English jesuit,’ remarks Dr. Jessopp, ‘can it be said that he exercised his vocation in England for upwards of fifty years, and that, too, with extraordinary effect and ceaseless activity, without once being thrown into gaol or once falling into the hands of pursuivants; and quietly died in is bed in extreme old age.’

His works are: [Addit. MS. 5871, f. 172; Butler's Hist. Memoirs (1822), ii. 456; Dodd’s Church Hist. ii. 413, and Tierney’s edit. iv. pp. 73 seq. cxxxix, cxl, cxcii; Douay Diaries, p. 427; Foley’s Records, iii. 3-17, vi. 769, vii. 369; Gillow’s Bibl. Dict.;
 * 1) ‘On the Persecution in the North,’ 1594 manuscript at Stonyhurst College, printed by Morris in ‘Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers,’ iii. 103-219, and partially printed in Dodd’s 'Church History,’ ed. Tierney, iii. 75-148.
 * 2) ‘Account of Three Martyrs’ (namely Page, Lambton, and Waterson, priests), manuscript at Stonyhurst College; printed by Morris in ‘Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers,’ iii. 220-30.


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 Jessopp’s One Generation of a Norfolk House pp. 218, 222, 237, 251, 253; Life of Mrs. Dorothy Lawson (1855); More’s Hist. Missionsis Anglicanæ Soc. Jesu, pp. 349-52; Morris’s Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers, iii. 105-230, 307; Oliver’s Jesuit Collections, p. 118; Wood’s Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), i. 480.]

 HOLTE, JOHN (fl. 1495), grammarian, was a native of Sussex. He graduated B.A., was elected probationer of Magdalen College, Oxford, on 27 July 1490, and on 26 July 1491 was admitted perpetual fellow. About 1494 he was appointed usher of Magdalen College School, proceeded M.A., and became famous for his teaching. He resigned the ushership in 1495. Holte was author of the first Latin grammar printed in England, entitled ‘Lac puerorum. M. holti Mylke for Chyldren,’ 4to, Wynkyn de Worde, London (1510?), and Richard Pynson, London (1520), which was honoured with two commendatory epigrams by Sir Thomas More.

One John Holt was vicar of Piddletrenthide, Dorsetshire, from 1498 until his death in August 1506 (, Dorsetshire, 2nd edit. ii. 484). In his will (P.C.C. 10, Adeane) he does not refer to his university.

Another John Holte succeeded Thomas Bele as suffragan to Fitzjames, bishop of London (1506-22), under the title of Bishop of Lydda. He lived mostly at Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. He was employed to lay the first stone of Cardinal Wolsey’s college at Ipswich on 15 June 1528. He died at Bury in August 1540. In his will (P.C.C. 10, Alenger) he desired to be buried in St, Mary’s Church, Bury, ‘in our Ladys. Ile, next to vnto the hedde of John holt, gent,’ and he possessed property at Barton, near Bury. He seems to have been a native of Suffolk, and cannot, therefore, be identical with the grammarian.

 HOLTE, THOMAS (1571–1654), royalist, the eldest son of Edward Holte of the Manor House, Duddeston, Warwickshire, by his wife Dorothy, daughter of John Ferrers of Tamworth Castle, Staffordshire, was born in 1571. In 1599 he served as sheriff of Warwickshire, and on 18 April 1603 was knighted by James I. In July 1608 Holte obtained damages against one William Astgrigg for the slanderous statement made by him that ‘Sir Thomas Holte tooke a cleever, and hytt hys cooke with the same cleever uppon the heade, and clave his heade, that one side thereof fell uppone one of his shoulders, and the other side on the other shoulder, and this I will veryfie to be trewe.’ On appeal, however, it was ingeniously argued that although it had been stated that the halves of the cook’s head had fallen on either shoulder, there was no averment that the cook was killed, and the judgment of the king’s bench was consequently given in favour of the appellant (, Reports, 1791, ii. 184). This slander gave rise to the curious local tradition that Holte murdered his cook in a cellar at Duddeston, ‘by running him through with a spit,’ and was subsequently compelled by way of punishment, to adopt the red hand (i.e. the Ulster badge) on his arms. Holte was created a baronet on 25 Nov. 1612, and in April 1618 began the erection of Aston Hall, which was not completed until April 1633, though he took up residence there in May 1631. He was nominated by Charles I ambassador to Spain, but was excused by reason of his age. On the breaking out of civil war he assisted the king with his purse, though he was unable to take active service in the field. In October 1642, shortly before the battle of Edgehill, he entertained the king at Aston Hall for two nights. In December of the following year the hall was attacked by a party of parliamentarians from Birmingham. After a gallant defence Holte was compelled on the third day of the siege to surrender (Life, Diary, and Correspondence of Sir W. Dugdale, 1827, p. 57). Besides being imprisoned, Holte suffered severely for his loyalty, as his monument in Aston Church records. He died in December 1654, aged 83, and was buried at Aston on 14 Dec.

He married first, Grace, daughter and co-heiress of William Bradbourne of Hough, Derbyshire, by whom he had fifteen children. His second wife was Anne, the youngest daughter of Sir Edward Littleton of Pillaton Hall, Staffordshire, by whom he had no issue. His widow survive him, and subsequently married the Hon. Charles Leigh, the third son of Thomas, first lord Leigh, and died on 2 Nov. 1697. Holte outlived all his children with the exception of his daughter Grace, who was the wife first of Sir Richard Shuckburgh of Shuckburgh, Warwickshire, knight, and secondly of John Keatinge, lord chief justice of the common pleas in Ireland, and died at Dublin on 12 April 1677. Holte’s second son Edward, who incurred his father’s resentment by marrying Elizabeth, the elder daughter of Dr. King, bishop of London, was groom of the bedchamber to Charles I. He was wounded at the battle of Edgehill, and died of fever during the siege of Oxford in August 1643. On the death of Sir Charles Holte, the sixth baronet, in March 1782, the


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 baronetcy became extinct. In 1858 Aston Park Company bought the Hall which Dugdale says ‘for beauty and state much exceedeth any in these parts’ (Antiquities of Warwickshire, 1656 p. 639), and some forty-three acres of the park, as a place of public recreation. As the company did not prove a success, the corporation of Birmingham became the purchasers in 1864. Holte left money for the erection of an almshouse in Aston, which was built by his grandson, Sir Robert Holte, in 1655-6. A full-length portrait of Holte by Van Somer was lent by Mr. J. G. Robins to the Loan Collection of National Portraits of South Kensington in 1866 (Catalogue, No. 389). A lithograph of this portrait forms the frontispiece to Davidson's 'A History of the Holtes of Aston.' A half-length duplicate portrait by Van Somer was (1854) in the possession of Mr. Charles Holte Bracebridge of Atherstone Hall, Warwickshire, a grandson of the last baronet.

 HOLTZAPFFEL, CHARLES (1806–1847), mechanician, was the son of a German who in 1787 settled in London as a worker in tools and lathes. In addition to careful training in the workshop, Holtzapffel received a good English education, and by assiduous study and practice became a skilled mechanician. In 1838 he published his ‘New System of Scales of Equal Parts applicable to various purposes of Engineering, Architecture and General Sciences,’ followed by ‘List of Scales of Equal Parts’ suitable to his new method. His principal work, ‘Turning and Mechanical Manipulation, intended as a work of general reference and practical instruction on the Lathe,’ was designed to fill five volumes; but only three, published in 1843, were completed. The first of these treated of ‘Materials, their different Choice and Preparation;’ the second of ‘The Principles of Construction, Action, and Application of Cutting Tools;’ the third of ‘Abrasive and Miscellaneous Processes which cannot be accomplished with Cutting Tools.’ The two concluding volumes, which were completed by his son, set forth in order the ‘principles and practice of hand or simple turning, and those of ornamental or complex turning.’ Holtzapffel throughout displays a masterly knowledge of technical art and of the scientific principles underlying it.

Holtzapffel was a member of council of the Institute of Civil Engineers, and was chairman of the mechanics’ committee of the Society of Arts. He died on 11 April 1847, aged 41, leaving a widow and family.

 HOLWELL, JOHN (1649–1686?), astrologer and mathematician, born on 24 Nov. 1649 (Ashmole MS. 240, f. 237 b), was probably the John Holwell, son of Thomas and Catherine Holwell, who was baptised at St. James’s, Clerkenwell, on 28 Nov, 1649 (Harl. Soc. Registers, ix. 173). According to a biography in the ‘Asiatic Annual Register,’ vol. i., he was descended from the Holwells of Holwell House, near Tavistock, Devonshire, and his father and grandfather were engaged in Penruddock’s plot in 1655, fell in the royalist cause, and as a consequence forfeited the family estates. We know that a John Holwell of Sampford was actually sequestered in 1655 (Royalist Composition Papers, 1st ser. vol. lxxx. F. 159), but in 1652 a Captain John Holwell, probably the same person, appears as giving information against alleged papists to the officers of the Commonwealth (ib. lv. ff. 361, 383), and there is no proof of his connection with Penruddock’s plot. The same account states that after the Restoration Holwell was made royal astronomer and surveyor of the crown lands, while his wife obtained a place at court, which is possible, and that he was preceptor to the Duke of Monmouth, which his age makes unlikely. He is further alleged to have written anonymously in support of the Exclusion Bill, and to have given such offence by his ‘Catastrophe Mundi’ that he was brought before the privy council, but to have defended himself so skilfully that no charge could be established against him. He usually describes himself on the title-pages of his books as ‘philomath,’ and once as ‘teacher of the mathematicks and astrology.’ In his advertisements (e.g. Catastrophe Mundi, p. 40) he announces that ‘Arts and Sciences are mathematically professed and taught by the author … at his house on the east side of Spittle Fields, over against Dorset Street … He also measureth buildings and surveyeth land for any man, having the most experience in surveying of any man in England.’ His writings show that he was a firm protestant. The biography already referred to gives an unauthenticated story in 1685 the government, fearing his pen, sent him to America to survey the town of New York,


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 giving orders that he was not to be allowed to return; where, after completing, his work he died suddenly, and as it was suspected of poison. Holwell left a widow, by whom he had a son and a daughter. His son Zephaniah (d. 1729) was a timber merchant in London, father of [q. v.]

Holwell wrote:
 * 1) ’A sure Guide to the Practical Svrveyor, in two parts. The first showing how to Plot all manners of Grounds … as also how to Find the Area thereof … The second … how to take the Ground Plot of any City or Corporation; as also the Mensuration of Roads … with the manner of making a Map of any County or Kingdom,’ London, 1678, 8vo, illustrated by diagrams, and with an ‘Appendix of Mathematical Tables.’
 * 2) ‘A New Prophecy … of the Blazing Star that appeared April the 23rd. Being a full Account of the Events and Sad Effects thereof,’ London, 1679, 4to, pp. 4; written, according to the title, two years before, ‘as will be attested by several persons on oath.’
 * 3) ‘Catastrophe Mundi: or Evrope’s many Mutations until the year 1701 … Whereunto is annexed, The Hieroglyphicks of Nostradamus … Rightly placed, and in order … with the addition of many more,’ London, 1682, 4to, pp. 40; with astrological tables and many illustrations; the preface is dated 12 Oct. 1682.
 * 4) ‘An Appendix to … Catastrophe Mundi, being an Astrological Discourse of the Rise … of the Othoman Family. With the Nativities of the present French King, Emperors of Germany and Turky … Whereunto is added a Suppliment of the Judgment of Comets,’ London, 1683, 4to, pp. 40. The preface is dated 9 May 1683. These two works which foretold the speedy fall of the pope, called forth from a rival astrologer, John Merrifield, ‘Catastasis Mundi: Proving that the Turks will be defeated notwithstanding Mr. Holwel’s menaces to the contrary … Also the said Holwel’s monstrous falshoods and errours discovered, &c.,’ London, 1684.
 * 5) ‘Trigonometry made Easy,’ London, 1685, 8vo.
 * 6) Clavis Horologiæ, or a Key to the whole Art of Arithmetical Dyalling,’ London, 1686, 4to. To this there was added as an appendix a reprint of Guillaume Streel’s ‘Explication of the pyramidical dyal set up in his Majesty’s Garden at Whitehall, anno 1669’ (, British Topography, i. 776). In an advertisement in the ‘Catastrophe’ (p. 40), Holwell says that he has ready for the press a ‘Clavis Horologie,’ and also a ‘Table of the Altitude of the Sun for any Hour of the Day,’ which is probably a part of the same work.
 * 7) ‘Strange and wonderful Prophecies. Foretelling what shall happen … in the years 1697, 1698, 1699, and 1700,’ London, 1696, 8vo; a reprint from the ‘Catastrophe.’

 HOLWELL, JOHN ZEPHANIAH (1711–1798), governor of Bengal, son of Zephaniah Holwell (d. 1729), a timber merchant, of London, and Sarah, his wife, and grandson of [q. v.], was born in Dublin 17 Sept. 1711, and baptised 23 Sept. at St. Werburgh's Church. Holwell was educated partly at a school at Richmond in Surrey, and partly at Iselmond, near Rotterdam, where he acquired some knowledge of book-keeping and of modern languages. Afterwards he was for a time in a mercantile house at Rotterdam, but trade proving distasteful, he returned home and decided to become a surgeon. He studied under Andrew Cooper, senior surgeon of Guy's Hospital, and went to Calcutta as surgeon's mate to an Indiaman in February 1732. Here he settled, occasionally making voyages as medical officer on board of country ships, and interposing a sojourn at Mocha and Jedda, where he acquired a colloquial knowledge of Arabic; at the same time he also made himself acquainted with other oriental languages. After serving for a short time as surgeon to the company's factory at Dacca, Holwell returned in 1736 to Calcutta, where he lived for over eleven years, practising his profession and taking part in the municipal administration of the young settlement. In September 1749 he went to England for his health; during the voyage he drew up a scheme for reforming the zemindar's court at Calcutta, which on his arrival he submitted to the court of directors, who thereon appointed him 'zemindar' of the Twenty-four Parganas. Holwell returned to Calcutta in August 1751. In his new post he gave so much satisfaction that his salary was increased from two to six thousand rupees a year, and he rose to be seventh in the council by which the company's affairs were managed. On 18 June 1756 the settlement was attacked by Suráj ud Dowlah, the nawáb of Bengal; and, after a brief attempt of defence, which Holwell afterwards stigmatised as a 'tragedy of errors,' the governor and many of the senior officers went on board ship and escaped down the river, leaving the rest of the white people to their fate. Thus deserted, they called on


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 Holwell to take charge, and under his guidance they fought for two days. According to the native historian, 'they were impressed with such a sense of honour that they fought till their ammunition failed.' When they were at length forced to surrender, the nawáb assured Holwell that they should be protected, but the survivors, 156 in number, were confined during the night in a small chamber called the 'Black Hole.' Holwell probably owed his preservation entirely to the unselfish services of his fellow-captives, who sustained him at the window. When morning came all but twenty-three of the number had perished. Holwell, who was so broken that he had to be carried out, was taken as a prisoner to the viceroy's capital, but on 31 July was released, at the intercession of the begum, the nawáb's grandmother, who recalled his upright treatment of the natives who had come before his court. Holwell was shortly after sent to England with despatches in the Syren, ninety-ton sloop. On his arrival in February 1757 he was offered the provisional governorship of his presidency, but declined in favour of a friend who was his senior. Holwell was then nominated second in the council, but before he could sail an election took place to the board of directors, and the new body reversed his appointment. Thus he returned to Bengal in his former capacity, but soon rose to be second, and on Clive's departure in February 1760 became temporary governor, which position he held till Henry Vansittart arrived from Madras on 27 July. Before Clive left, Holwell had drafted a remonstrance against Vansittart's appointment to the court of directors (dated 29 Dec. 1759), which was duly signed by almost all the council. The court, in a reply dated 21 Jan. 1761, directed the dismissal of the signatories. Holwell had already sent his resignation to the new governor, Vansittart, and now returned to England, where he devoted himself to literary pursuits. His contribution to Eastern knowledge called forth the warm acknowledgements of Voltaire, who said that he gratefully embraced the opportunity of thanking a man 'qui n'a voyagé que pour nous instruire.'

Holwell died at Pinner, near Harrow, 5 Nov. 1798, leaving the reputation of one 'in whom brilliancy of talents, benignity of spirit, social vivacity, and suavity of manners were so united as to render him the most amiable of men' (Gent. Mag.) He was a capable administrator, and during his tenure of office increased the revenue of the zemindary by 12,000l., and also checked a number of frauds. He was the first European to make a study of Hindoo antiquities. He erected at his own expense a monument in memory of his deceased fellow-sufferers of 1756. This, which was placed over the common grave of sufferers, has disappeared. His portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds. He was twice married; three of his children survived him, James, a lieutenant-colonel in the army, and two daughters.

Holwell write:
 * 1) 'A Genuine Narrative of the Deaths … in the Black Hole,' &c., London, 1758; translated into German, 1799.
 * 2) 'India Tracts,' London, 1758; 2nd edit. 1764; 3rd edit. 1774; this collection was edited and partly written by Holwell, it includes No. 1.
 * 3) 'An Address to the Proprietors of the East India Stock, setting forth the necessity and real motives of the Revolution in Bengal in 1760,' London, 1764.
 * 4) 'Refutation of a Letter … to the Secret Committee,' London, 1764.
 * 5) 'Historical Events relative to the Provinces of Bengal and the Empire of Indostan; also the Mythology of the Gentoos, and a Dissertation on the Metempsychosis,' pt. i. London, 1765; pt. ii. 1766; pt. iii. 1771; translated into German 1767.
 * 6) 'The East India Observer-Extraordinary,' London, 1766.
 * 7) 'An Account of the Method of Inoculating for the Small-pox in the East Indies,' London, 1767.
 * 8) 'An Address to Luke Scrafton, Esq., in Reply to his … Observations on Mr, Vansittart's Narrative,' London, 1767. 9. 'On a new species of Oak,' 1772; 'Philosophical Transactions,' abridged, xiii. 306. 10. 'Dissertation on the Origin … of Intelligent Beings, and on Divine Providence … To which is added … a Plan for the Relief of the Present Exigencies of the State, the Burdens of the People, and a more Honourable Mode of Supporting the Clergy. Also an Essential Sketch for a New Liturgy,' Bath, 1786. 11. 'A new Experiment for the Prevention of Crimes,' London, 1786.

 HOLWELL, WILLIAM, M.D. (1726–1798), divine, eldest son of William Holwell, esq., of Exeter, and Ann Blackall, daughter of [q. v.], was born in 1726, matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, in December 1741, and graduated B.A. in 1745, M.A. in 1748, and B.D. in 1760. He was tutor to Lord Beauchamp (afterwards second Marquis of Hertford), and was elected proctor for 1758. He was presented to the vicarage


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 of Thornbury in Gloucestershire by Christ Church in January 1762, was appointed prebendary of Exeter in 1776, and was at one time chaplain to George III. He died 13 Feb. 1798.

He wrote:
 * 1) 'Selecti Dionysii Halicarnensis de priscis scriptoribus Tractatus græcè et latinè,' 1766.
 * 2) 'The Beauties of Homer, selected from the Iliad,' 1775.
 * 3) 'Extracts from Mr. Pope's translation, corresponding with the Beauties of Homer,' 1776.
 * 4) 'A Mythological, Etymological, and Historical Dictionary, extracted from the Analysis of Ancient Mythology' (by  [q. v.]), 1793.

HOLWORTHY, JAMES (d. 1841), water-colour painter, exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1803 and 1804. In the latter year he was one of the foundation members of the (now Royal) Society of Painters in Water-colours, and he contributed constantly to their exhibitions till 1813, his subjects being drawn from Wales, the Lake district, and Yorkshire. He practised in London till 1822. In 1824 he married a niece of Joseph Wright of Derby, and retired to the Brookfield estate, near Hathersage in that county, which he had purchased. He died in London in 1841, was buried at Kensal Green. He was a friend of J. M. W. Turner, R.A. There are two drawings by him at the South Kensington Museum.

HOLYDAY or HOLIDAY, BARTEN (1593–1661), dramatist, translator, and divine, son of Thomas Holiday, a tailor, was born in All Saints’ parish, Oxford, in 1593. He matriculated at Christ Church, 13 Dec. 1605, and was admitted B.A. 14 May 1612 and M.A. 15 June 1615 (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., II. iii. 311). Taking orders, he was esteemed a ‘most eloquent and quaint preacher,’ and two benefices in the diocese of Oxford were conferred upon him. In 1618 he went to Spain as chaplain to Sir Francis Steuart, who was in attendance on Gondomar. His ‘facete and pleasant way,’ says Wood, won Gondomar’s favour. Afterwards he was chaplain to Charles I, before 1626 became archdeacon of Oxford, and in 1642 was created D.D. by the king’s letters. At the time of the Commonwealth he submitted to ‘the examination of the triers or rather Spanish inquisitors’, and was inducted into the rectory of Chilton, Berkshire. He gave up this living at the Restoration and returned to Iffley, near Oxford, where he lived on his archdeaconry. Wood, who knew him well, says that ‘had he not acted the vain man’ he might have had a bishopric, or at least a rich deanery. He died 2 Nov. 1661, and was buried in Christ Church Cathedral.

Holiday published in 1616, 8vo, a verse translation of Persius’s ‘Satires;’ it was republished in 1617, 1635, and 1673. The posthumous edition of 1673, fol., was accompanied by a new translation of Juvenal, line for line, and contains voluminous notes ( Works, ed. Scott and Saintsbury, xii. 96). ‘Τεχνογαμία, or the Marriages of the Arts. A Comedie,’ London, 1618, 4to (2nd edit. 1630), was acted in Christ Church Hall on 13 Feb. 1617-18. It was afterwards acted at Woodstock, 26 Aug. 1621, before James I, who found the performance very tedious. Whether the actors had taken too much wine before they began, or whether the subject of the play was distasteful, his majesty made several attempts to leave after sitting out the first two acts, but was finally induced to stay till the end. Some epigrams on the Woodstock performance were circulated by Cambridge wits, and Holiday’s Oxford friends (among them Henry King, afterwards bishop of Chichester) retorted. In 1653 he published: ‘All Horace his Lyrics, or His Four Books of Odes and his Book of Epodes Englished,’ 8vo. Wood remarks: ‘This translation is so near that of Sir Thomas Hawkins, or that of Hawkins so near this, that whether of the two is the author remains to be discovered.’ Holiday’s last work was ‘A Survey of the World in Ten Books,’ Oxford, 1661, 8vo, each of the ten books containing a hundred couplets. He published a Latin tractate, ‘Philisophiæ Polito-Barbaræ Specimen,’ 1633, 4to, and several sermons. Commendatory verses by Holyday are prefixed to the 1640 collection of Ben Jonson’s poems. A satirical epigram on him is printed in Huth’s ‘Inedited Poetical Miscellanies.’

 HOLYMAN, JOHN, D.D. (1495–1558), bishop of Bristol, was a native of Codding-


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 , near Haddenham in Buckinghamshire. He was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, and in 1512 became a fellow of New College. He graduated B.C.L. 1514, M.A. 1518, and B.D. 1526. He left his college about 1526, and became rector of Colerne, but for the sake of books and literary society settled in Exeter College, Oxford. Where he remained until he became a monk in St. Mary’s Abbey, Reading. There he soon acquired a great reputation for learning and sanctity. In 1530, by desire of, the abbot [q. v.], he applied to be excused from preaching at Oxford on taking his D.D. degree, in order that he might preach against the Lutheran heresy at St. Paul’s Cross (, University of Oxford, ed. Gutch, ii. 32). In 1531 he proceeded D.D. He opposed the divorce of Henry VIII from Queen Catherine, advocating the validity of their marriage by writing and preaching (cf. Letters &c. of Henry VIII, vii. 38). He was obliged in consequence to remove to Handborough, near Woodstock, of which he appears to have been rector, In 1535 his abbey was dissolved, and for several years he lived in retirement, partly at Handborough and partly in Exeter College. He became vicar of Wing, Buckinghamshire, 3 May 1546.

On Mary’s accession Holyman was promoted to the bishopric of Bristol, and was consecrated in London on 18 Nov. 1554. In the Bristol Museum and Library are official manuscript copies (made in April 1823) of the original papal letters appointing Holyman to the bishopric ( and, Bristol, Past and Present, 68). Though a zealous Romanist, Holyman gave general satisfaction as a bishop. He was included in a commission to try Ridley and Latimer for heresy, and took part at Oxford in the disputation with Cranmer (1554) and in the trial of Bishop Hooper, but was never active in persecution. He refused to be present when Dalby, his chancellor, sent three men to the stake at Bristol for their religious profession.

In 1558 Holyman died and was buried in the chancel of Handborough Church. By his will, dated 4 June 1558, and proved 16 Feb. following, he bequeathed to Winchester College the works of St. Augustine, St. Jerome, and St. Cyprian, and others, which were afterwards chained in the library. He wrote, among other works, ‘Tract. Contra doctrinam M. Lutheri;’ and ‘Defensio matrimonii Reginæ Catharinæ cum Rege Henrico octavo.’

 HOLYOAKE, FRANCIS (1567–1653), lexicographer, was born at Nether Whitacre, Warwickshire, in 1567. About 1582 he studied as a commoner at Queen’s College, Oxford, though it does not appear that he took a degree. Afterwards he taught a school, first at Oxford, and then in Warwickshire. In February 1604 he was instituted to the rectory of Southam, Warwickshire, (, Warwickshire, ed. Thomas, i. 340). In 1625 he was elected a member of convocation. In 1642 he was forced from his house by the parliamentarians, his wife was so ill-used as to hasten her death, his servant was killed, and his estate of 300l. a year was sequestered, so that he and his family were obliged to subsist on charity (Cal. State Paper, Dom. 1660–1, pp. 133, 350). He died on 13 Nov. 1653, aged 86, and was buried in the church of St. Mary at Warwick.

Francis Holyoake compiled a ‘Dictionarie Etymologicall,’ which was annexed to ‘Riders Dictionarie corrected,’ 2 pts., 8vo, London, 1617. The work was reissued in 1626, 4to, with additions by N. Gray, and in 1640, 4to. But Holyoake had meanwhile contributed so much to the work that a fourth edition was published as almost wholly his own, with the title ‘Dictionarium Etymologicum Latinum,’ &c., 3 pts., 4to, London, 1633. The sixth edition is stated to be ‘compositum et absolutum a Francisco de Sacra Quercu,’ 4to, 1648. His son Thomas (see below) made great additions to the work, but, dying before he could complete the edition, it was published by Thomas’s son Charles, as ‘A large Dictionary in three parts,’ fol., London 1677–1676 [sic].

Francis Holyoake presented a manuscript to Queen’s College library, entitled ‘Huguccionis, seu Huguitionis, Pisani, ep. Ferrariensis, Lexicon alphabeticum,’ &c. (, Cat. of Oxford MSS., pt. i. pp. 76–7).

By his wife Judith Holyoake had an only son, (1616?–1675) born at Stoneythorpe, Warwickshire, who attended Coventry grammar school; entered Queen’s College, Oxford, in Michaelmas term 1632 (B.A. 1636; M.A. 1639) (, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 487, 508); and became chaplain to his college. He was chosen captain of a foot company, consisting chiefly of undergraduates at Oxford at the beginning of the civil war, in which capacity, doing good service to the royal cause, he was created D.D. by Charles’s express desire (, Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 1040–1). After the surrender of


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 Oxford, Holyoake obtained (in 1647) a license from the university to practise medicine (, Fasti, ii. 104). He practised successfully in Warwickshire until the Restoration, when Thomas, lord Leigh, preferred him to the rectory of Whitnash, near Warwick. He was installed in addition a prebendary of the collegiate church of Wolverhampton. In 1674 Robert, lord Brooke, presented him to the donative of Breamore in Hampshire, where he died on 10 June 1675. He was buried near his father in the church of St. Mary at Warwick. By his wife Anne he had twelve children, one of whom, Henry, is separately noticed.

 HOLYOAKE, HENRY (1657–1731), head-master of Rugby School, born probably in Warwickshire in 1657, was the son of Thomas Holyoake [see under ] and Anne his wife. He was elected to a choristership at Magdalen College, Oxford, which he resigned in 1676, having matriculated from that college on 12 March 1674. He became clerk and sub-librarian in 1676, appointments which he held until 1681. On 22 Oct. 1678 he graduated B.A., proceeded M.A. on 4 July 1681, and was chaplain of his college from 1681 until 1690. (, Reg. of Magd. Coll. i. 95-6). In 1687 he was elected head-master of Rugby School. Despite the smallness of his salary and other disadvantages, he raised the school from insignificance, and was the first to engage an assistant-master. He seems, however, to have unfortunately misunderstood the character of one of his best-known pupils, [q. v.], whom he treated with undeserved severity, and eventually drove from the school (, Lit. Anecd. v.2). Cave, however, inserted in the ‘Gentleman’s Magazine’ (i. 124) a sympathetic notice of his death. Holyoake was instituted to the rectory of Bourton-upon-Dunsmore on 30 June 1698, to that of Bilton on 31 Aug. 1705 (, ii. 77), and to that of Harborough Magna, all in Warwickshire, on 9 Nov. 1712. In 1700 he gave 20l. for the use of Magdalen College Library. He died unmarried at Rugby on 10 March 1730–1731, and was buried in St. Mary’s Church, Warwick, where may be seen a quaint Latin inscription written by himself, which he directed to be engraved to his own memory as well as to that of his father and grandfather.

Holyoake’s establishment at Rugby was under the domestic management of his cousin Judith Holyoake, to whom he left a legacy on the express ground of her having been ‘very serviceable and seemingly kind’ to the boys. He bequeathed 30l. to the daughter of Widow Harris, ‘his tripe-woman;’ the interest of 200l. to the poor of Rugby after the death of his cousin, Elizabeth Holyoake; and all his books (since sold), together with the portraits of his father and grandfather (since lost), to Rugby School.

 HOLYWOOD, CHRISTOPHER (1562–1616), jesuit, was born in 1562 at Artane, near Dublin, where his family were landowners. In 1582 he became a member of the Society of Jesuits at Dôle in France, and was subsequently professor of divinity and philosophy there and at Padua. Holywood was in 1599 appointed to the mission of the jesuits in Ireland. Disguised as a merchant, he sailed for England, but was arrested on landing at Dover. He declined to take the oath of supremacy; was examined before, Cecil, secretary of state; and was detained in custody at London, and afterwards at Wisbech and Framlingham, where he occupied himself with literary work. On his liberation Holywood returned to the continent. After some time passed at Douay, Amiens, Rouen, and St. Malo, he returned to Ireland on 16 March 1604. As a superior of the jesuits’ mission in Ireland, he laboured zealously amidst difficulties and perils, some of which he describes in letters, still extant, addressed to the general of jesuits. James I, in his speech to the agents from Ireland at Whitehall in April 1614, denounced Holywood for his efforts to induce the Irish catholics to send their children to the continent for education. Holywood died on 4 Sept. 1616. His name has been latinised Holiuudius, but he appears himself to have used the equivalent ‘a sacro bosco.’

His works—replies to Dr. William Whitaker and other protestant controversialists—are entitled:
 * 1) ‘Defensio decreti Tridentini et sententiæ Roberti Bellarmini, S. R. E. cardinalis, de authoritate Vulgatæ editionis Latinæ, adversus sectarios, maxime Whitakerum. In qua etiam fuse admodum refutatur error sectariorum de Scripturæ interprete et judice controversiarum. Authore Christophoro a Sacrobosco, Dubliniensi Societatis Jesu, olim sacræ theologiæ in alma academia Dolana professore.’
 * 2) ‘De investiganda vera ac visibili Christi ecclesia libellus.’ Both works were published in 8vo at Antwerp in 1604, and the first was reissued in 1619 with additions by the author.


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 for life from John Halyburton, 3 Jan. 1447-8. In 1449 he was one of the guarantors of a treaty with England, and warden of the marches (, Fœdera, xi. 253). On 9 Nov. 1450 he had a safe-conduct abroad with, eighth earl of Douglas [q. v.], when the latter paid a visit to Rome (Cal. Documents relating to Scotl. iv. Entry 1229), and on 23 April of the following year he had another safe-conduct for a year with the earl (ib. 1232). On 20 June of this latter year Home founded the collegiate church of Dunglass, for a provost and several prebendaries, and endowed it with lands in Chirnside, the charter being confirmed by the king on 22 Aug. (Reg. Mag. Sig. Scotl. i. entry 389). He was one of the envoys sent by the Scottish king, 27 July of the same year, to treat for a truce with England (Cal. Documents relating to Scotl. iv. 1235), and on 14 Aug. concluded a truce for three years (ib. 1239). On the threatened invasion of Scotland in 1453 by Percy, earl of Northumberland, accompanied by James, ninth earl of Douglas, Home was provided with victuals and shafts of lances for the defence of the house of Home at a cost of 20l. (Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, iv. 607). He died in 1456. By his wife Mariota, daughter of Sir Robert Lauder of Bass, he had five sons, of whom the eldest, (d. 1491) [q. v.], succeeded him.

 HOME or HUME, ALEXANDER, first  (d. 1491), was the eldest son of Sir  of Home (d. 1456) [q. v.] On 20 Dec. 1451 the king (James III) conceded to him the lands of Dunglass, Home, Susterpeth, and Kello in Berwickshire, which his father resigned, and which were united into the free barony of Home (Reg. Mag. Sig. Scotl. i. 512). On 4 Feb. 1451–2 the lands of Chirnside were annexed to the barony (ib. 525), and on 28 Feb. 1452–3 various other lands (ib. 596). He had a charter of the office of baillie of the monastery of Coldingham to him and his heirs confirmed 12 Jan. 1465-6 (ib. 859), and again on 25 Nov. 1472 (ib. 1093). In 1466 he sat in the estates among the barons, and he was created a lord of parliament by the title Lord Home, 2 Aug. 1473. As warden of the marches he was commanded, 16 Feb. 1475–6, to meet the master of Bolton, envoy of Edward IV, at the Tweed, and escort him to the Scottish king’s presence (Cal. Documents relating to Scotl. iv. 1438); on 2 Feb. 1476–7 was sent to conduct the bearer of the third instalment of the Princess Cecilia’s dower to Edinburgh (ib. 1445); and on 19 Feb. 1477-8 was ordered to bring almoner of Edward IV from the march to the presence of the king (ib. 1451). Jealous of the authority and rights exercised by the Duke of Albany, brother of the king, as captain of Berwick, and keeper of the castle of Dunbar, Lord Home banded with the Hepburns to sow discord between Albany and the king, and was so successful that Albany only escaped imprisonment by flight to England. The increasing favour shown by the king to, earl of Mar [q. v.], on whom he had bestowed the principal revenues of the earldom of Mar, caused a revulsion of opinion against the king. When, in 1482, the king had assembled the baronial forces to withstand a threatened invasion by Albany and the English, the chief nobles, including Home, determined to seize Cochrane in the king’s presence at Lauder. They subsequently hanged him over the bridge, and carried James III captive to Edinburgh. The king now came to terms with Albany, and, on Albany’s arrival with the English force, received his liberty, while Home and the other chiefs of the conspiracy were imprisoned in the castle of Edinburgh. At the instance of the Earl of Angus, they were, however, ultimately set free upon giving caution of 1,000l. to enter into ward again when called upon by the king. A new cause of quarrel between the nobility and the king arose in 1484. The Homes and Hepburns then resisted the king’s scheme, to which the pope had given his consent, to annex the revenues of the priory of Coldingham to the chapel royal of Stirling. Representing that the king was seriously trespassing on the rights of the nobles, they induced several lords to join them in seizing the young prince, and making him their nominal leader in a revolt against his father. The followers of Home formed part of the vanguard at the battle of Sauchieburn (18 June 1488), from which the king fled, almost before a blow had been struck, and was straightway slain by an assassin. On the nominal accession of James IV, Lord Home occupied a position of great influence, and received several important grants of land. He died probably about the beginning of 1491. He married first Mariota, daughter and heiress of Landals of Landals, by whom he had, with one daughter, three sons: Alexander, who predeceased him, and was father of, second baron Home [q. v.], and of John Home of Whiterigs and Ersilton, ancestor of the Homes of Coldingknows; George, ancestor of the Homes of Ayton; and Patrick, ancestor of the Homes of Fast Castle.


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 Westminster under Busby, and obtained a king’s scholarship there. Busby said of him while at Westminster, ‘This boy is the least favoured in feature of any in the school, but he will become more extraordinary than any of them;’ and at a subsequent period, but before there was any thought of his being raised to the bench, 'He was the best scholar, the finest gentleman, and will make the completest bishop that ever was educated at Westminster School.’ Hooper as elected to a Westminster studentship at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1657; he graduated B.A. 16 Jan. 1660, M.A. 1 Dec. 1663, B.D. 9 July 1673, and D.D. 3 July 1677. He remained at Oxford as college tutor until 1672, and made the acquaintance of [q. v.] He had an insatiable thirst for knowledge of all sorts; he was a good classical scholar, a mathematician of quite the first rank of his day, and a proficient in philosophy and in Greek and Latin antiquities. Under [q. v.] he became not only a good Hebrew and Syriac scholar, but also ‘a compleat master of the Arabic tongue, the knowledge of which he made great use of to expound several obscure passages of the Old Testament’. In 1672 Bishop Morley persuaded Hooper to come and reside with him as his chaplain at Winchester. Ken was the bishop’s chaplain at the same time. In the same year Morley presented Hooper to the living of Havant, where he seems to have gone into residence at once, and contracted an ague from the dampness of the place. Ken, then incumbent at East Woodhay in Hampshire, at once resigned that living to make way for his friend. Hooper was instituted at Woodhay in 1672. Isaac Milles, the model parish priest of the neighbouring village of High Clere, frequently mentioned Hooper as ‘the one of all clergymen whom he had ever known in whom the three characters of perfect gentleman, thorough scholar, and venerable divine met in the most complete accordance.’

Archbishop Sheldon heard of Hooper’s fame, and after much importunity induced Morley to permit Hooper to remove to Lambeth to become his own chaplain in 1673. In 1675 he was collated by Sheldon to the rectory of Lambeth, and soon afterwards to the precentorship of Exeter. Morley sent for Hooper to attend him in his last sickness in 1684. On the marriage of the Princess Mary with the Prince of Orange, Hooper went with her (1677) to Holland as her almoner at the Hague. Here he had a difficult post to fill. The prince inclined to a religion of the Dutch Presbyterian type, and strove to impress his views upon the princess. Her former chaplain, Dr. William Lloyd, had allowed her to leave the services of the church of England for those of the Dutch. Hooper, to the annoyance of the prince, persuaded her to read Hooker and Eusebius instead of the dissenting books which had been put in her hands. Hooper also ventured to argue with the prince himself on church matters in a way which led William to say to him, ‘Well, Dr. Hooper, you will never be a bishop.’ His daughter Mrs. Prowse, however, says that ‘in this station he was directed to regulate the Performance of Divine Chappel in Her Highness’s Chappel, according to the usage of the Church of England, which he did in so prudent and decent a manner as to give no offence.’ After about a year at the Hague, he obtained, with some difficulty, leave to go home to marry, in 1678, a lady, Abigail Guildford, to whom he had been engaged before he left England. According to his promise, he afterwards returned to the Hague for eight months, when he was succeeded by his old friend Ken. In 1680 he was made chaplain to Charles II, and in the same year the regius professorship of divinity at Oxford, vacant by the death of Dr. Allestree, was offered to but declined by him. In 1685 he was desired by James II to attend the Duke of Monmouth the evening before his execution, and on the following morning was on the scaffold in conjunction with the Bishops of Ely and Bath and Wells and Dr. Tenison. At the revolution he was one of the few decidedly high churchmen who took the oaths, and he all but persuaded his friend Ken (as the latter himself owns) to do the same. In 1691, on the promotion of Dean Sharp to the archbishopric of York, Queen Mary offered him the deanery of Canterbury, taking advantage of the king’s absence in Holland to promote her favourite. William, on his return, expressed displeasure at her conduct. In 1698 the Princess Anne and her husband Prince George of Denmark were anxious that Hooper should be appointed tutor to the young Duke of Gloucester, but the king succeeded in substituting Burnet. In 1701 Hooper was elected prolocutor to the lower house of the convocation of Canterbury. His extensive knowledge of law and history and his courteous demeanour qualified him for this post; and at a time when the relations between the upper and lower houses were strained it was important to have a strong man at the helm. Hooper was an able defender of the privileges of the lower house. Ken wrote that he ‘had more hopes now that Hooper was taking the lead in church affairs.’ About the same time Hooper declined an offer of the primacy of Ireland made by the Earl of Rochester, lord-lieutenant. Towards the close of 1702 he accepted the bishopric of St.


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 Asaph. In 1703 the see of Bath and Wells fell vacant through the death of Dr. Kidder. Queen Anne pressed it upon Hooper, but he felt that his friend Ken was the canonical bishop of Bath and Wells, and at his entreaty the queen offered to reinstate Ken. But Ken was unwilling to return, and ‘never ceased’ writes Mrs. Prowse, ‘importuning and adjuring’ Hooper to fill the vacancy. Hooper assented and Ken ceased henceforth to sign himself ‘T. Bath and Wells.’ He dedicated his ‘Hymnarium’ to Hooper in lines comparing himself to the obscure Valerius and his successor to the great St. Augustine.

In order to make some provision for his friend, Hooper begged the queen to allow him to retain the precentorship of Exeter in commendam with a dispensation for non-residence, for the sole benefit of Ken. The queen consented, but the Bishop of Exeter (Sir John Trelawney) objected to the arrangement, and the matter was settled by the queen ordering a pension of 200l. a year (the value of the precentorship) to be paid to Ken for life.

Hooper held the see of Bath and Wells for nearly a quarter of a century, and was a most successful and popular prelate. He took particular care of the poor clergy, who, owing to the smallness of many of the livings, were numerous. His extensive knowledge of the laws relating to the church made him a valuable advisor to the clergy. He won the hearts of the gentry ‘by his steady, wise, and courteous conduct,’ and was liberal to the poor. He was most happy in his post, and ‘no offer could make think of a translation from it. He often refused a seat in the privy council, and could not be persuaded to accept the bishopric of London on the death of Bishop Compton, nor the archbishopric of York on the death of Archbishop Sharp’ (ib.) He was a frequent preacher before royalty, and never condescended to flattery. In the famous ‘church in danger’ debate in the House of Lords in 1705 he maintained that the danger was not, as some supposed, imaginary, though he was too well informed and temperate to exaggerate it. In 1706 he spoke against the union between England and Scotland; and on the same occasion he strongly, but in vain, advocated in the cause of the Scottish Episcopal church. In 1709-10 he defended Sacheverell, and entered his protest against the vote in favour of his impeachment. He died, aged nearly eighty-seven, on 6 Sept. 1727, at Barkley, near Frome, a secluded spot in his diocese to which he was wont to retire at intervals to recruit his strength. He survived his wife one year; and out of a family of nine children only one was living at the time of his death, the wife of John Prowse of Axbridge, who was author of an unpublished life of her father. Hooper was buried in Wells Cathedral, and a marble monument was erected to his memory.

Burnet, who had personal differences with Hooper in convocation, describes him in 1701 in his ‘History of His Own Time’ as ‘a man of learning and good conduct hitherto. But’ (Burnet continues) ‘he was reserved, crafty, and ambitious; his deanery had not softened him, for he thought he deserved to be raised higher’ (bk. vi.) Other detractors of Hooper were those extreme Jacobites and nonjurors who were angry with Ken for resigning his canonical claims to his bishopric in favour of his friend. Bishop Atterbury probably on this account calls him ambitious; Whiston, on the contrary, in spite of Hooper’s having rejected him from holy communion, expresses, with characteristic generosity, a high opinion of his character. Hooper’s personal character seems, indeed, to have been almost as lovable as Ken’s, while the range and depth of his knowledge was far greater.

Hooper’s chief writings, which with the exception of his sermons, were all published anonymously, include:  ‘The Church of England free from the imputation of Popery.’ This was a discourse written and published at the request of Dr. Compton, bishop of London, about 1682. Another edition was printed in ‘The London Cases’ in 1694. It was also reprinted by the author at his own expense in 1716, and given to his clergy at his triennial visitation the year following.  ‘A Fair and Methodical Discussion of the First and great Controversy between the Church of England and the Church of Rome concerning the Infallible Guide,’ 1689.  ‘A Discourse concerning Lent, in 2 Parts,’ 1695. This is a long and very learned inquiry into the meaning and origin of the Lenten fast.  ‘A Calculation of the Credibility of Human Testimony,’ first printed in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ October 1699; this is the only printed work in which Hooper’s mathematical attainments are conspicuous.  ‘The Narrative Vindicated,’ i. e. the ‘Narrative of the Proceedings of the Lower House of Convocation,’ 1700-1, by Dr. Aldrich. This was answered by Dr. White Kennett.  ‘De Valentiniarnorum Hæresi, quibus illius origo ex Ægyptiacâ Theologiâ deducitur,’ 1711. This was dedicated to [q. v.] It is written in excellent Latin. After Hooper’s death there was added to this in the edition of 1757 ‘Emendationes et Observationes ad Tertulliani adversus Valentinianos Tractatum.’ Both were intended to accompany a new edition of Tertullian ‘Adversus Valentinianos’ which Hooper was preparing for the press. Hearing,


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50
 * 44 Geo. 3. c. 77.
 * An Act the title of which begins with the words "An Act to render valid," and ends with the words ." better preventing of clandestine Marriages."
 * 44 Geo. 3. c. 94.
 * An Act to explain an Act of the present Session of Parliament for consolidating and amending the Provisions of the several Acts relating to Corps of Yeomanry and Volunteers in Great Britain, so far as respects the accounting for Monies received by Volunteer Officers.
 * 44 Geo. 3. c. 98.
 * An Act to repeal the several duties under the Commissioners for managing the duties upon stamped vellum, parchment, and paper in Great Britain, and to grant new and additional duties in lieu thereof.
 * 44 Geo. 3. c. 102.
 * An Act for the more effectual Administration of Justice in those Parts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain called England and Ireland by issuing of Writs of Habeas Corpus ad testificandum in certain cases.
 * 44 Geo. 3. c. 28.
 * An Act for granting to his Majesty additional Stamp Duties in Great Britain on certain Legacies.
 * 44 Geo. 3. c. 77.
 * An Act to amend and render more effectual an Act passed in the Forty-second Year of His present Majesty's Reign, for consolidating the provisions of the several Acts passed for the Redemption and Sale of the Land Tax into one Act.
 * 44 Geo. 3. c. 84.
 * An Act for making more effectual the gracious Intentions of her late Majesty Queen Anne, for the Augmentation of the Maintenance of the Poor Clergy, so far as relates to the Returns of Certificates into the Exchequer and Gifts of Personal Property.
 * }
 * 44 Geo. 3. c. 28.
 * An Act for granting to his Majesty additional Stamp Duties in Great Britain on certain Legacies.
 * 44 Geo. 3. c. 77.
 * An Act to amend and render more effectual an Act passed in the Forty-second Year of His present Majesty's Reign, for consolidating the provisions of the several Acts passed for the Redemption and Sale of the Land Tax into one Act.
 * 44 Geo. 3. c. 84.
 * An Act for making more effectual the gracious Intentions of her late Majesty Queen Anne, for the Augmentation of the Maintenance of the Poor Clergy, so far as relates to the Returns of Certificates into the Exchequer and Gifts of Personal Property.
 * }
 * An Act to amend and render more effectual an Act passed in the Forty-second Year of His present Majesty's Reign, for consolidating the provisions of the several Acts passed for the Redemption and Sale of the Land Tax into one Act.
 * 44 Geo. 3. c. 84.
 * An Act for making more effectual the gracious Intentions of her late Majesty Queen Anne, for the Augmentation of the Maintenance of the Poor Clergy, so far as relates to the Returns of Certificates into the Exchequer and Gifts of Personal Property.
 * }
 * An Act for making more effectual the gracious Intentions of her late Majesty Queen Anne, for the Augmentation of the Maintenance of the Poor Clergy, so far as relates to the Returns of Certificates into the Exchequer and Gifts of Personal Property.
 * }
 * }


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Helmore, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Helps, Arthur


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Helsham, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Helwys, Gervase


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Helwys, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hely-Hutchinson, Christopher


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hely-Hutchinson, John (1724-1794)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hely-Hutchinson, John (1757-1832)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hely-Hutchinson, John (1787-1851)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Helyar, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heming, Edmund


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heming, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heming, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hemming


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hemphill, Barbara


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hemphill, Samuel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henchman, Humphrey (1592-1675)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henchman, Humphrey (1669-1739)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, Alexander (1583?-1646)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, Alexander (1780-1863)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, Andrew (fl.1734-1775)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, Andrew (1783-1835)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, Charles Cooper


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, Ebenezer (1784-1858)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, Ebenezer (1809-1879)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, John (1747-1785)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, John (1757-1788)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, John (1804-1862)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, John (1780-1867)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, John (1797-1878)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henderson, William


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CANTO I. Or dost thou dread the billows' rage,

Or tremble at the gale?

But dash the tear-drop from thine eye;

Our ship is swift and strong:

Our fleetest falcon scarce can fly

More merrily along."

4.

"Let winds be shrill, let waves roll high,

I fear not wave nor wind:

Yet marvel not, Sir Childe, that I

Am sorrowful in mind;

For I have from my father gone,

A mother whom I love,

And have no friend, save these alone,

But thee—and One above.


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28 5.

'My father blessed me fervently,

Yet did not much complain;

But sorely will my mother sigh

Till I come back again.'—

"Enough, enough, my little lad!

Such tears become thine eye;

If I thy guileless bosom had,

Mine own would not be dry.

6.

"Come hither, hither, my staunch yeoman,

Why dost thou look so pale?

Or dost thou dread a French foeman?

Or shiver at the gale?"—

'Deem'st thou I tremble for my life?

Sir Childe, I'm not so weak;

But thinking on an absent wife

Will blanch a faithful cheek.

7.

'My spouse and boys dwell near thy hall,

Along the bordering Lake,


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CANTO I.] And when they on their father call,

What answer shall she make?'—

"Enough, enough, my yeoman good,

Thy grief let none gainsay;

But I, who am of lighter mood,

Will laugh to flee away.

8.

"For who would trust the seeming sighs

Of wife or paramour?

Fresh feeres will dry the bright blue eyes

We late saw streaming o'er.

For pleasures past I do not grieve,

Nor perils gathering near;

My greatest grief is that I leave

No thing that claims a tear.


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30 9.

"And now I'm in the world alone,

Upon the wide, wide sea:

But why should I for others groan,

When none will sigh for me?

Perchance my Dog will whine in vain,

Till fed by stranger hands;

But long ere I come back again,

He'd tear me where he stands.


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 are exposed to the full strength of the morning and evening sun. But no small share of the comfort of a house depends upon its being freely pervaded by the wind, and as the north-east and south-west winds are the prevading ones, I am of opinion that the front should be towards the north-east.

Every one who has lived in the royal barracks of Fort William must be aware of their disadvantages,their northern and southern facades not admitting of a current of air through the quarter.

2. SUBTERRANEAN CHAMBERS. or Tai-khanahs are excavated beneath the ground floor, on the same principle as a cellar, and in hot weather these are occasionally resorted to for relief, more especially by natives. They are, no doubt, considerably cooler than rooms above ground,but they are damp, unpleasant, and unhealthy; no effectual means are taken to ventilate them, the air soon becomes deteriorated by the consumption of its oxygen in respiration, and the accumulation of deleterious carbonic acid gas. I cannot help thinking that much might still be done to improve them, the chief object to be kept in view is to ventilate them. If the principles scientifically practised in ventilating the holds of ships were applied to them, viz., by placing a winnowing machine at the bottom, and blowing the foul air up by a tube, allowing it to be replaced by cool pure air passing