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Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part IV. A. 1.djvu/10

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive IV. A. 1.

 * 1.

 * a.

In 1946, Winston Churchill perceived a postwar threat in a wartime ally:

 * "Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its communist international organization intends to do...what are the limits, if any, to their expansive and proselytizing tactics...From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent..."

And he also depicted a counter:

 * "Neither the sure prevention of war, nor the continuous rise of world, organization will be gained, without... a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States..."

These insights were reinforced in early 1947 by influential analyses of George Kennan and others of Soviet motives and capabilities, which pointed out that occasional and sporadic efforts to foil Soviet policy were severely disadvantaged. These analysts held that the West should seek to oppose Soviet expansionism by what the "X" article of January, 1947, called "the adroit and vigilant application of counter-force." Such a strategy, it was held, would force the Soviet to reassess and adjust its policies, and the U.S. could expect eventually the "break-up or the gradual mellowing of Soviet power." Out of these, and similar appreciations of Soviet intent emerged the concept of a U.S. strategy of involvement.

Theory was swiftly abetted by event. The British notified the U.S. that it would be unable to extend its economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey beyond March, 1947. The U.S., rather than accept the distinct possibility of a Soviet intrusion following British withdrawal, chose to take up the burden the British were laying down in the eastern Mediterranean. Congress authorized in May, 1947, some $400 million for direct aid to those countries, acting upon the recommendation of President Truman in the March, 1947, message known since as the "Truman Doctrine":

 * "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way..."

The President went on to underscore the U.S. determination to commit its resources to contain communism, clearly subordinating military aid to Rh


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Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part IV. A. 1.djvu/11

Declassified per Executive Order 13526, Section 3.3 NND Project Number: NND 63316. By: NWD Date: 2011 TOP SECRET – Sensitive economic and political means. Finally:

 * "To insure the peaceful development of nations, free from coercion, the United States has taken a leading part in establishing the United Nations. The United Nations is designed to make possible freedom and independence for all its members. We shall not realize our objectives, however, unless we are willing to help free peoples to maintain their free institution and their national integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes."

 * b.

The U.S. Secretary of State on June 5, 1947, proposed the cooperative international economic aid subsequently entitled the European Recovery Program (ERP), but known widely as the Marshall Plan. ERP was at first explicitly designed to permit and even attract Soviet cooperation:

 * "Our policy is directed, not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desparation and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist."

But the Soviet rebuffed the Marshall Plan, turned Bloc propaganda against it as an adjunct of the Truman Doctrine, and by so doing, bifurcated Europe. Moreover, among three top-level U.S. committees examining ways of bringing U.S. resources to bear on European recovery, the Committee on Foreign Aid (Harriman Committee) found that:

 * "The interest of the United States in Europe...cannot be measured simply in economic terms. It is also strategic and political. We all know that we are faced in the world today with two conflicting ideologies...Our position in the world has been based for at least a century on the existence in Europe of a number of strong states committed by tradition and inclination to the democratic concept..."

The bipolar world had begun to emerge. In January, 1948, the British Foreign Secretary, following talks with the U.S. Secretary of State, proposed an alliance among the U.K., France, and the Benelux nations, referring to "the conception of the unity of Europe and the preservation of Europe as the heart of western civilization." At the end of February, 1948, western Europe was shocked by the fall of the Czechoslovakian government to a communist coup d'etat. In March, the British-proposed alliance was contracted as the Brussels Pact, a fifty-year treaty of collective defense and economic collaboration. U.S. approval was immediate; the President told Congress that:

 * "Its significance goes far beyond the actual terms of the agreement itself. It is a notable step in the direction of

Rh

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:125.163.104.227

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User talk:FrauSma

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text:
Translation:Organic Act on Criminal Procedure for Holders of Political Offices, BE 2542 (1999)

พระราชบัญญัติประกอบรัฐธรรมนูญว่าด้วยวิธีพิจารณาคดีอาญาฯ พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๒


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/524

504 will, their younger children would be left portionless.

Small grievances are readily magnified in seasons of general disruption. A wicked spirit in the person of Cromwell was said to rule the King, and everything which he did was evil, and every evil of the commonwealth was due to his malignant influence.

The discontent of the noblemen and gentlemen would in itself have been formidable. Their armed retinues were considerable. The constitutional power of the counties was in their hands. But the commons, again, had their own grounds of complaint, for the most part just, though arising from causes over which the Government had no control, from social changes deeper than the Reformation itself. In early times each petty district in England had been self-supporting, raising its own corn, feeding its own cattle, producing by women's hands in the cottages and farmhouses its own manufactures. There were few or no large roads, no canals, small means of transport of any kind, and from this condition of things had arisen the laws which we call


text:
Translation:Organic Act on Criminal Procedure for Holders of Political Offices, BE 2542 (1999)/2007.08.03

Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paraminthra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej is graciously pleased to proclaim that: Whereas it is desirable to bring into existence an organic law on criminal procedure for holders of political offices; Be it enacted by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the National Assembly, as follows:

This Organic Act shall be cited as the "Organic Act on Criminal Procedure for Holders of Political Offices, BE 2542 (1999)".

This Organic Act shall come into force as from the day following the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.

In this Organic Act, save where the contexts otherwise indicate:

"Court" means the Supreme Court of Justice's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices;

"NACC" means the National Anti-Corruption Commission;

"NACC President" means the President of the National Anti-Corruption Commission;

"NACC Member" means either the President of the National Anti-Corruption Commission or a National Anti-Corruption Commissioner.

From and after the coming into force of this Organic Act, no other court may accept to try and adjudicate the cases falling within jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Justice's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices.

In conducting a trial, the Court shall adhere to the reports of the NACC and may hold the examinations for the purpose of obtaining additional facts and evidence as it finds expedient.

In discharging its duties, the Court shall be competent to demand the relevant documents or evidence from any person, direct any person to appear and give statement, and direct other courts, judicial police officers, government agencies, state agencies, state enterprises or local government agencies to carry out certain activities for the sake of the trial.

The Court shall be competent to appoint the persons or set up the groups of persons and charge them with certain duties.

For the purpose of the expeditious and fair trial, the persons, groups of persons or agencies under paragraphs 1 and 2 shall cooperate with the Court by fulfilling the requirements or directions given by the Court.

The Court shall be competent to issue the criminal warrants and any writs pursuant to the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Code of Civil Procedure.

The President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall be in charge of this Organic Act.

There shall be in the Supreme Court of Justice a Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices.

For the purpose of conducting the judicial proceedings under this Organic Act, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall appoint an appropriate number of judges or senior judges of the Supreme Court of Justice as the regular judges of the Supreme Court of Justice's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices who are to carry out the necessary activities pending the formation of a chamber in charge of any specific case according to section 13.

The Court shall be competent to address the followings:

(1)	 A case the cause of action of which involves an accusation that the Prime Minister, Minister, Member of the House of Representatives, Senator or other political officer possesses unusual wealth, commits an offence against public office under the Criminal Code or commits an offence against office or corruption in office under other laws;

(2)	 A case the cause of action of which involves an accusation that the person under (1) or other person is a principal, abettor or aider in the commission of the offence mentioned in (1);

(3)	 A case involving a petition forwarded by the President of the Senate, requesting the Court to address an accusation that a NACC Member possesses unusual wealth, commits an offence of corruption or commits an offence against public office;

(4)	 A confiscatory action against the unusually increased property of the Prime Minister, Minister, Member of the House of Representatives, Senator, other political officer, local administrator or local councillors according to the laws.

In cases the NACC resolves that it is well grounded to bring a case under section 9 (1), (2) or (3), the NACC President shall submit the reports, documents and evidence as well as his opinion to the Attorney General within fourteen days, so that the Attorney General may further institute the case before the Court.

The Attorney General shall enter a charge within thirty days from his receipt of the submission under paragraph 1, save where, during such time limit, he finds that the matters submitted are imperfect and informs the NACC of such imperfection.

Within fourteen days from its receipt of the information of imperfection under section 10, the NACC shall partake with the Attorney General in setting up a working team consisting of the representatives of both agencies in the equal number. The Office of the NACC shall serve as a secretariat. The working team shall be invested with the authority to consider the imperfection, perfect the imperfect evidence and forward such evidence to the Attorney General for further institution of case.

If the working team is unable to reach a conclusion as to the institution of case within fourteen days from its setting up, the NACC may instutute the case by itself or appoint a counsel to institute the case on its behalf; prescribed that the institution must be done within fourteen days from the passage of the time limit.

Despite the passage of the time limit under sections 10 and 11, a case may still be instituted if limitation is not yet effective.

Upon institution of a case before the Court, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall convoke the Grand Senate of the Supreme Court of Justice and hold an election of the judges in the Supreme Court of Justice ranking not lower than judges or senior judges of the Supreme Court of Justice to form a chamber in charge of such case. The election in this respect must be conducted within fourteen days from the entry of charge.

Any judge desiring not to be elected shall declare his desire to the Grand Senate prior to the polling and the Grand Senate shall decide as to whether his desire be granted. The decision of the Grand Senate shall be final.

The election of judges forming a chamber in charge of each case shall be conducted through secret ballot. The nine judges respectively obtaining the most scores shall form the chamber, but they may not include more than three senior judges of the Supreme Court of Justice. In case of equal scores in any order which cause a surplus in the said number, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall conduct sortition to decide which of the persons in question is to be elected.

The judges elected to form a chamber shall have the authority to try and adjudicate the case until they are ordained by this Organic Act to discontinue their functions. In the course of the trial and adjudicate of such case, the judges may not be ordered to carry out work outside the Supreme Court of Justice.

The fact that a judge in the Supreme Court of Justice having been elected to form a chamber has his status changed to a senior judge of the Supreme Court of Justice shall not affect his functions in the chamber and the provisions of paragraph 3 shall not apply.

A judge forming a chamber shall discontinue his functions in the chamber when:

(1)	 He ceases to be a judicial officer;

(2)	 He receives a proclamation appointing him to an office in another court;

(3)	 He recuses himself following a challenge in favour of which the chamber rules according to section 16.

Upon any event under paragraph 1, a new judge shall be elected in compliance with the procedure under section 13.

Where the full chamber cannot sit due to force majeure or other inevitable necessity and the chamber finds that the adjournment of an examination of evidence would bring about delay and injustice, the new judges shall be elected in conformity to the procedure under section 13 to replace the judges in question. In this respect, the judges replaced shall discontinue his functions in the chamber.

In the event that any part wishes to challenge a judge elected to form the chamber on account of certain challengeable grounds, the party shall tender a motion to the Court prior to the examination of evidence. In this respect, the chamber shall examine the motion as it finds expedient and, by ruling, grant or deny the motion. Such ruling shall be final and the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure concerning challenge of judges shall apply mutatis mutandis.

The motion shall be excluded if the examination of evidence has been commenced, save where the moving party could demonstrate to the court the grounds for his inability to tender the motion before that.

The chamber shall elect one of the nine judges to serve as a rapporteur.

The rapporteur shall be competent to execute the resolutions of the chamber and, upon approval of two other judges, deliver any orders not giving rise to the adjudication of the case.

The President of the Supreme Court of Justice, with the approval of the Grand Senate of the Supreme Court of Justice, shall be empowered to lay down the ordinances governing the conduct of proceedings and to be applied to the activities of the Court; prescribed that the ordinances may not be contrary to or inconsistent with this Organic Act. These ordinances shall enter into operation upon their publication in the Government Gazette.

In addition to the provisions of this Organic Act, the proceedings before the Court shall be subject to the ordinances under paragraph 1. Where nothing in the said ordinances is applicable, the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure shall apply mutatis mutandis to the criminal proceedings, and the Code of Civil Procedure, the cases involving the accusations of unusual wealth or unusual increase of property.

The Court shall continuously hold the proceedings and examinations of evidence on every working day until their conclusion, save where this is debarred by force majeure or other inevitable necessity.

In order to prepare an adjudicative order or judgment, every judge in the chamber shall draw up his personal opinion in writing and orally state it amongst a meeting prior to the passage of resolutions. A resolution shall be reached by a majority of votes. In this respect, the chamber may authorise one of its judges to prepare the order or judgment in accordance with the resolutions.

An adjudicative order or judgment of the Court shall be disclosed by publication in the Government Gazette. The personal opinions of every judge in the chamber shall be published according to the procedure determined by the President of the Supreme Court of Justice.

A personal opinion shall at least consist of:

(1)	 The names of all parties;

(2)	 The subject the accusations;

(3)	 The accusations and the answers;

(4)	 The facts obtained from the examinations;

(5)	 The grounds for decision of both the questions of fact and the questions of law;

(6)	 The legal provisions cited

(7)	 The operative clauses, including the administration of the relevant property, if any.

Where it is necessary to arrest or detain an accused or defendant, since there is sufficient evidence indicating that he is likely to have committed a criminal offence and there is a reasonable belief that he is likely to abscond, tamper with evidence or otherwise cause a danger, the NACC, investigation panel or Attorney General may apply to the Court for a warrant of arrest or detention.

Where a case is instituted, whether or not the defendant has previously been detained, the chamber shall consider the grounds for his detention and render any appropriate order or grant him a provisional release.

The followings shall be competent to institute the criminal cases under this Organic Act:

(1)	 The Attorney General;

(2)	 The NACC by virtue of section 11.

If a criminal case is instituted on account of one act violating several laws and one of them falls within jurisdiction of the Court, the Court shall also accept to deal with the others.

No preliminary hearing is required for a criminal case instituted under this Organic Act.

On the day of entry of charge, the prosecutor shall submit the investigation file of the NACC to the Court to be produced as evidence and placed in the archives. The Court may hold the examinations for the purpose of obtaining additional facts and evidence as it finds expedient.

The trials and the examinations of evidence shall be conducted in open court. But in case of need to protect significant public interest, the Court may order the proceedings be held in curia.

Upon admission of a case, the Court shall serve a copied charge upon the defendant and require the parties to appear before the Court on the day of the first trial.

From and after his receipt of a copied charge, the defendant shall be entitled to inspect and copy the documents in the investigation file of the NACC.

On the day of the first trial, when the defendant appears before the Court and the Court believes that the person appearing before it is truly the defendant, the Court shall read and explain the charge to him and ask him whether he has actually committed the offences charged and how he would assert a defence. The statements he gives shall be recorded. If he remains silent, the circumstances shall be recorded. The Court shall then appoint a day for an inspection of evidence and inform the prosecutor and the defendant thereof for not less than fourteen days.

The prosecutor and the defendant shall submit the lists of evidence their copies in sufficient number to the Court for a period of not less than seven days prior to the day of inspection of evidence.

A list of evidence may be submitted after the period of time under paragraph 1 if it is permitted by the chamber; prescribed that such permission may only be granted when the submitting party could demonstrate his unawareness of the evidence in question, when the submission is necessary for the sake of justice or when the defendant should enjoy an opportunity to defend his case.

On the day of inspection of evidence, the prosecutor and the defendant shall deliver their documentary evidence and material evidence to the Court to be inspected by each other, save where the chamber otherwise directs on account of the nature and necessity of the evidence in question. Following that, the prosecutor and the defendant shall demonstrate their means of evidence production to the chamber.

In cases any evidence does not meet an objection, the chamber may admit such evidence without examination. But the chamber may examine any evidence upon an objection thereto or on the chamber's own impulse.

Where an examination is needed, the chamber shall appoint a day therefor and inform the prosecutor and the defendant thereof for not less than seven days.

In an examination, the chamber shall interrogate the witnesses by itself. In this respect, the chamber shall inform a witness of the issues and facts to be examined and direct him to give testimony concerning therewith by relating his own accounts or answering the questions of the Court. Following that, the chamber shall allow the prosecutor and the defendant to additionally examine the witness.

Upon completion of the examination of evidence, the prosecutor and the defendant shall be entitled to submit their closing arguments within a time limit determined by the Court. The chamber shall then render a judgment and pronounce it in open court within seven days after the trial is over. The pronouncement may be adjourned on a reasonable basis. The adjournment may not be more than fourteen days and the grounds therefor must also be recorded, save where the defendant will not be brought before the Court on the day of pronouncement.

In cases the Court appoints a day for the pronouncement of a judgment or order according to paragraph 1 and the defendant is not present at or fails to attend the pronouncement, the Court shall adjourn the pronouncement and direct a warrant of arrest for the defendant so as to seize him and compel him to attend the pronouncement. If the defendant cannot be seized within one month from the issuance of the warrant of arrest, the Court shall pronounce the judgment or order in his absence and the defendant shall be deemed to have learnt of such judgment or order.

With respect to the trial and adjudication of a confiscatory action on account of unusual wealth or unusual increase of property, the provisions of Chapter 2, save section 24, section 27, paragraph 3, and section 32, shall apply mutatis mutandis.

Upon receipt of a petition for confiscation, the Court shall publish it at an open place according to the procedure set forth in an ordinance under section 18.

A thirty party may contend against the petition; prescribed that the contention must be done before the Court renders a judgment.

Any person asserts that the property against which a confiscatory action is entered is not part of unusual wealth or is not unusually increased, such person bears the burden to prove his assertion before Court.

If the person with whom the burden of proof lies according to paragraph 1 cannot prove that the property in question is not part of unusual wealth or is not unusually increased, the Court shall, by order, confiscate such property.

If the accused is unfit to fulfill the burden of proof before the Court due to insanity or the contender is an heir or inheritance administrator, the Court shall, taking into account such person's ability of to prove, pass a judgment as it deems fair.

In the event that the President of the Senate forwards a petition for instituting a case against a NCCC Member pursuant to section 300 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, the judges shall be elected to form a chamber according to section 13.

The chamber shall appoint not less than five persons to form an investigation panel bearing the duty to investigate the facts and make an opinion with respect to the case instituted by the petition.

In discharging its functions, the investigation panel shall, mutatis mutandis, enjoy the same authority as the NACC under the organic law on anti-corruption.

The members of the investigation panel shall at least be one judicial officer of class 6 or higher and one prosecution officer of class 6 or higher class. The remaining members shall be the Thai nationals who are appropriate for the case, have attained the forty fifth year of age on the date of appointment and must possess any of the following qualifications:

(1)	 Being or having been a government officer of class 10 or of an equivalent or higher class;

(2)	 Being or having been a university's law lecturer for not less than ten years;

(3)	 Having knowledge and expertise in the field of finance, accountancy or other professional in connection with the matters in issue, and having carried out work in such field for not less than ten years.

No member of the investigation panel may be attacked by the following disqualifications:

(1)	 Failure of good behaviour or good morals;;

(2)	 Having been sentenced to imprisonment by a final judgment, save where the sentence is in consequence of a negligent offence or misdemeanour

(3)	 Being an incompetent or quasi-incompetent person or sustaining a mental infirmity;

(4)	 Being detained by virtue of a judicial warrant or lawful order;

(5)	 Being disfranchised;

(6)	 Being a bankrupt and not yet released from such status by a judicial order;

(7)	 Having been dismissed, discharged or removed from an office in a government agency, state enterprise or state agency by cause of corruption in office or being considered to have committed corruption and misconduct in public sector;

(8)	 Having been subjected to a confiscatory judgment or order of a court due to unusual wealth or unusual increase of property.

A member of an investigation panel shall be entitled to allowances, travel expenses, residence expenses and other remunerations pursuant to a royal decree.

An investigation panel shall, for investigation purpose, be empowered to order the accused NACC Member to disclose his own interests and the interests of his spouse and children non sui iuris, subject to the requirements, procedure and time limit determined by the panel.

The time limit under paragraph 1 shall not be less than thirty days but not longer than sixty days.

An investigation panel must complete the investigation and making of opinion within ninety days from its appointment. But the chamber may grant an extension to the extent necessary.

In cases the investigation panel resolves that a criminal accusation against a NACC Member is well grounded or that a NACC Member is reasonably suspected to have possessed unusual wealth, the panel shall submit all existing reports and documents to the Attorney General for further institution of proceedings in Court.

The Attorney General shall institute the proceedings according to an opinion of the investigation panel within thirty days from his receipt of the case under paragraph 1.

Despite the passage of the time limit under paragraph 3, the proceedings may still be instituted if limitation is not yet effective.

The provisions of Chapters 2 and 3 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the conduct of the proceedings under this Chapter.

Finding that the accusation is ill grounded, the investigation panel shall submit all existing reports and documents to the chamber for further proceedings.

Finding that evidence collected by the investigation panel does not suffice to render an order in the case, the chamber may direct the panel to collect additional evidence within a reasonable time before giving any order.

Finding that the accusation is ill grounded, the chamber shall, by judgment, dismiss the petition. Otherwise, it shall forward the case to the Attorney General for further institution of proceedings in Court, and section 42, paragraphs 3 to 5, shall apply mutatis mutandis.

In its trial and adjudication, the chamber shall conduct the examinations for the purpose of obtaining additional facts and evidence as it thinks fit. For the sake of proving the truth in the case, the chamber shall not be bound by the reasons or evidence appearing from the petition instituting the case, from the investigations or opinions of the investigation panel or from the proceedings instituted by the Attorney General.

The execution of the judgments or orders in a case shall be governed by section 18.

The judgments and orders under paragraph 1 shall be final.

The cases falling within jurisdiction of the Court and being pending before other courts on the date of coming into force of this Organic Act shall continue to be dealt with by those courts until their conclusion and shall not be deemed to be subject to jurisdiction of the Court.

 * Prime Minister.
 * Prime Minister.

The grounds for promulgation of this Organic Act are as follows: Pursuant to the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, a Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices is required to be established in the Supreme Court of Justice and to be given the competence to deal with the cases against the holders of political offices and other offices as set forth in the Constitution, when they are accused of gaining property unusually increased, possessing unusual wealth, committing an offence against public office under the Criminal Code or committing an offence against office or corruption in office under other laws, including the cases against the principals, abettors or aiders in the commission of the said offences. So as to implement the provisions of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, there must be set up a Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices in the Supreme Court of Justice, as well as the criteria and procedure for the conduct of the said proceedings and the civil execution. It is therefore necessary to enact this Organic Act.


text:
Category:Organic Act on Criminal Procedure for Holders of Political Offices, BE 2542 (1999)

th:หมวดหมู่:พระราชบัญญัติประกอบรัฐธรรมนูญว่าด้วยวิธีพิจารณาคดีอาญาฯ พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๒


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Dobson, Edward


text:
Translation:Organic Act on Criminal Procedure for Holders of Political Offices, BE 2542 (1999)/1999.09.14

Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paraminthra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej is graciously pleased to proclaim that: Whereas it is desirable to bring into existence an organic law on criminal procedure for holders of political offices; Be it enacted by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the National Assembly, as follows:

This Organic Act shall be cited as the "Organic Act on Criminal Procedure for Holders of Political Offices, BE 2542 (1999)".

This Organic Act shall come into force as from the day following the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.

In this Organic Act, save where the contexts otherwise indicate:

"Court" means the Supreme Court of Justice's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices;

"NACC" means the National Anti-Corruption Commission;

"NACC President" means the President of the National Anti-Corruption Commission;

"NACC Member" means either the President of the National Anti-Corruption Commission or a National Anti-Corruption Commissioner.

From and after the coming into force of this Organic Act, no other court may accept to try and adjudicate the cases falling within jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Justice's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices.

In conducting a trial, the Court shall adhere to the reports of the NACC and may hold the examinations for the purpose of obtaining additional facts and evidence as it finds expedient.

In discharging its duties, the Court shall be competent to demand the relevant documents or evidence from any person, direct any person to appear and give statement, and direct other courts, judicial police officers, government agencies, state agencies, state enterprises or local government agencies to carry out certain activities for the sake of the trial.

The Court shall be competent to appoint the persons or set up the groups of persons and charge them with certain duties.

For the purpose of the expeditious and fair trial, the persons, groups of persons or agencies under paragraphs 1 and 2 shall cooperate with the Court by fulfilling the requirements or directions given by the Court.

The Court shall be competent to issue the criminal warrants and any writs pursuant to the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Code of Civil Procedure.

The President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall be in charge of this Organic Act.

There shall be in the Supreme Court of Justice a Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices.

For the purpose of conducting the judicial proceedings under this Organic Act, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall appoint an appropriate number of judges of the Supreme Court of Justice as the regular judges of the Supreme Court of Justice's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices who are to carry out the necessary activities pending the formation of a chamber in charge of any specific case according to section 13.

The Court shall be competent to address the followings:

(1)	 A case the cause of action of which involves an accusation that the Prime Minister, Minister, Member of the House of Representatives, Senator or other political officer possesses unusual wealth, commits an offence against public office under the Criminal Code or commits an offence against office or corruption in office under other laws;

(2)	 A case the cause of action of which involves an accusation that the person under (1) or other person is a principal, abettor or aider in the commission of the offence mentioned in (1);

(3)	 A case involving a petition forwarded by the President of the Senate, requesting the Court to address an accusation that a NACC Member possesses unusual wealth, commits an offence of corruption or commits an offence against public office;

(4)	 A confiscatory action against the unusually increased property of the Prime Minister, Minister, Member of the House of Representatives, Senator, other political officer, local administrator or local councillors according to the laws.

In cases the NACC resolves that it is well grounded to bring a case under section 9 (1), (2) or (3), the NACC President shall submit the reports, documents and evidence as well as his opinion to the Attorney General within fourteen days, so that the Attorney General may further institute the case before the Court.

The Attorney General shall enter a charge within thirty days from his receipt of the submission under paragraph 1, save where, during such time limit, he finds that the matters submitted are imperfect and informs the NACC of such imperfection.

Within fourteen days from its receipt of the information of imperfection under section 10, the NACC shall partake with the Attorney General in setting up a working team consisting of the representatives of both agencies in the equal number. The Office of the NACC shall serve as a secretariat. The working team shall be invested with the authority to consider the imperfection, perfect the imperfect evidence and forward such evidence to the Attorney General for further institution of case.

If the working team is unable to reach a conclusion as to the institution of case within fourteen days from its setting up, the NACC may instutute the case by itself or appoint a counsel to institute the case on its behalf; prescribed that the institution must be done within fourteen days from the passage of the time limit.

Despite the passage of the time limit under sections 10 and 11, a case may still be instituted if limitation is not yet effective.

Upon institution of a case before the Court, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall without delay convoke the Grand Senate of the Supreme Court of Justice and hold an election of the judges in the Supreme Court of Justice ranking not lower than judges of the Supreme Court of Justice to form a chamber in charge of such case. The election in this respect must be conducted within fourteen days from the entry of charge.

Any judge desiring not to be elected shall declare his desire to the Grand Senate prior to the polling and the Grand Senate shall decide as to whether his desire be granted. The decision of the Grand Senate shall be final.

The election of judges forming a chamber in charge of each case shall be conducted through secret ballot. The nine judges respectively obtaining the most scores shall form the chamber, but they may not include more than three senior judges of the Supreme Court of Justice. In case of equal scores in any order which cause a surplus in the said number, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall conduct sortition to decide which of the persons in question is to be elected.

The judges elected to form a chamber shall have the authority to try and adjudicate the case until they are ordained by this Organic Act to discontinue their functions. In the course of the trial and adjudicate of such case, the judges may not be ordered to carry out work outside the Supreme Court of Justice.

A judge forming a chamber shall discontinue his functions in the chamber when:

(1)	 He ceases to be a judicial officer;

(2)	 He receives a proclamation appointing him to an office in another court;

(3)	 He recuses himself following a challenge in favour of which the chamber rules according to section 16.

Upon any event under paragraph 1, a new judge shall be elected in compliance with the procedure under section 13.

Where the full chamber cannot sit due to force majeure or other inevitable necessity and the chamber finds that the adjournment of an examination of evidence would bring about delay and injustice, the new judges shall be elected in conformity to the procedure under section 13 to replace the judges in question. In this respect, the judges replaced shall discontinue his functions in the chamber.

In the event that any part wishes to challenge a judge elected to form the chamber on account of certain challengeable grounds, the party shall tender a motion to the Court prior to the examination of evidence. In this respect, the chamber shall examine the motion as it finds expedient and, by ruling, grant or deny the motion. Such ruling shall be final and the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure concerning challenge of judges shall apply mutatis mutandis.

The motion shall be excluded if the examination of evidence has been commenced, save where the moving party could demonstrate to the court the grounds for his inability to tender the motion before that.

The chamber shall elect one of the nine judges to serve as a rapporteur.

The rapporteur shall be competent to execute the resolutions of the chamber and, upon approval of two other judges, deliver any orders not giving rise to the adjudication of the case.

The President of the Supreme Court of Justice, with the approval of the Grand Senate of the Supreme Court of Justice, shall be empowered to lay down the ordinances governing the conduct of proceedings and to be applied to the activities of the Court; prescribed that the ordinances may not be contrary to or inconsistent with this Organic Act. These ordinances shall enter into operation upon their publication in the Government Gazette.

In addition to the provisions of this Organic Act, the proceedings before the Court shall be subject to the ordinances under paragraph 1. Where nothing in the said ordinances is applicable, the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure shall apply mutatis mutandis to the criminal proceedings, and the Code of Civil Procedure, the cases involving the accusations of unusual wealth or unusual increase of property.

The Court shall continuously hold the proceedings and examinations of evidence on every working day until their conclusion, save where this is debarred by force majeure or other inevitable necessity.

In order to prepare an adjudicative order or judgment, every judge in the chamber shall draw up his personal opinion in writing and orally state it amongst a meeting prior to the passage of resolutions. A resolution shall be reached by a majority of votes. In this respect, the chamber may authorise one of its judges to prepare the order or judgment in accordance with the resolutions.

An adjudicative order or judgment of the Court shall be disclosed by publication in the Government Gazette. The personal opinions of every judge in the chamber shall be published according to the procedure determined by the President of the Supreme Court of Justice.

A personal opinion shall at least consist of:

(1)	 The names of all parties;

(2)	 The subject the accusations;

(3)	 The accusations and the answers;

(4)	 The facts obtained from the examinations;

(5)	 The grounds for decision of both the questions of fact and the questions of law;

(6)	 The legal provisions cited

(7)	 The operative clauses, including the administration of the relevant property, if any.

Where it is necessary to arrest or detain an accused or defendant, since there is sufficient evidence indicating that he is likely to have committed a criminal offence and there is a reasonable belief that he is likely to abscond, tamper with evidence or otherwise cause a danger, the NACC, investigation panel or Attorney General may apply to the Court for a warrant of arrest or detention.

Where a case is instituted, whether or not the defendant has previously been detained, the chamber shall consider the grounds for his detention and render any appropriate order or grant him a provisional release.

The followings shall be competent to institute the criminal cases under this Organic Act:

(1)	 The Attorney General;

(2)	 The NACC by virtue of section 11.

If a criminal case is instituted on account of one act violating several laws and one of them falls within jurisdiction of the Court, the Court shall also accept to deal with the others.

No preliminary hearing is required for a criminal case instituted under this Organic Act.

On the day of entry of charge, the prosecutor shall submit the investigation file of the NACC to the Court to be produced as evidence and placed in the archives. The Court may hold the examinations for the purpose of obtaining additional facts and evidence as it finds expedient.

The trials and the examinations of evidence shall be conducted in open court. But in case of need to protect significant public interest, the Court may order the proceedings be held in curia.

Upon admission of a case, the Court shall serve a copied charge upon the defendant and require the parties to appear before the Court on the day of the first trial.

From and after his receipt of a copied charge, the defendant shall be entitled to inspect and copy the documents in the investigation file of the NACC.

On the day of the first trial, when the defendant appears before the Court and the Court believes that the person appearing before it is truly the defendant, the Court shall read and explain the charge to him and ask him whether he has actually committed the offences charged and how he would assert a defence. The statements he gives shall be recorded. If he remains silent, the circumstances shall be recorded. The Court shall then appoint a day for an inspection of evidence and inform the prosecutor and the defendant thereof for not less than fourteen days.

The prosecutor and the defendant shall submit the lists of evidence their copies in sufficient number to the Court for a period of not less than seven days prior to the day of inspection of evidence.

A list of evidence may be submitted after the period of time under paragraph 1 if it is permitted by the chamber; prescribed that such permission may only be granted when the submitting party could demonstrate his unawareness of the evidence in question, when the submission is necessary for the sake of justice or when the defendant should enjoy an opportunity to defend his case.

On the day of inspection of evidence, the prosecutor and the defendant shall deliver their documentary evidence and material evidence to the Court to be inspected by each other, save where the chamber otherwise directs on account of the nature and necessity of the evidence in question. Following that, the prosecutor and the defendant shall demonstrate their means of evidence production to the chamber.

In cases any evidence does not meet an objection, the chamber may admit such evidence without examination. But the chamber may examine any evidence upon an objection thereto or on the chamber's own impulse.

Where an examination is needed, the chamber shall appoint a day therefor and inform the prosecutor and the defendant thereof for not less than seven days.

In an examination, the chamber shall interrogate the witnesses by itself. In this respect, the chamber shall inform a witness of the issues and facts to be examined and direct him to give testimony concerning therewith by relating his own accounts or answering the questions of the Court. Following that, the chamber shall allow the prosecutor and the defendant to additionally examine the witness.

Upon completion of the examination of evidence, the prosecutor and the defendant shall be entitled to submit their closing arguments within a time limit determined by the Court. The chamber shall then render a judgment and pronounce it in open court within seven days after the trial is over. The pronouncement may be adjourned on a reasonable basis. The adjournment may not be more than fourteen days and the grounds therefor must also be recorded, save where the defendant will not be brought before the Court on the day of pronouncement.

In cases the Court appoints a day for the pronouncement of a judgment or order according to paragraph 1 and the defendant is not present at or fails to attend the pronouncement, the Court shall adjourn the pronouncement and direct a warrant of arrest for the defendant so as to seize him and compel him to attend the pronouncement. If the defendant cannot be seized within one month from the issuance of the warrant of arrest, the Court shall pronounce the judgment or order in his absence and the defendant shall be deemed to have learnt of such judgment or order.

With respect to the trial and adjudication of a confiscatory action on account of unusual wealth or unusual increase of property, the provisions of Chapter 2, save section 24, section 27, paragraph 3, and section 32, shall apply mutatis mutandis.

Upon receipt of a petition for confiscation, the Court shall publish it at an open place according to the procedure set forth in an ordinance under section 18.

A thirty party may contend against the petition; prescribed that the contention must be done before the Court renders a judgment.

Any person asserts that the property against which a confiscatory action is entered is not part of unusual wealth or is not unusually increased, such person bears the burden to prove his assertion before Court.

If the person with whom the burden of proof lies according to paragraph 1 cannot prove that the property in question is not part of unusual wealth or is not unusually increased, the Court shall, by order, confiscate such property.

If the accused is unfit to fulfill the burden of proof before the Court due to insanity or the contender is an heir or inheritance administrator, the Court shall, taking into account such person's ability of to prove, pass a judgment as it deems fair.

In the event that the President of the Senate forwards a petition for instituting a case against a NCCC Member pursuant to section 300 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, the judges shall be elected to form a chamber according to section 13.

The chamber shall appoint not less than five persons to form an investigation panel bearing the duty to investigate the facts and make an opinion with respect to the case instituted by the petition.

In discharging its functions, the investigation panel shall, mutatis mutandis, enjoy the same authority as the NACC under the organic law on anti-corruption.

The members of the investigation panel shall at least be one judicial officer of class 6 or higher and one prosecution officer of class 6 or higher class. The remaining members shall be the Thai nationals who are appropriate for the case, have attained the forty fifth year of age on the date of appointment and must possess any of the following qualifications:

(1)	 Being or having been a government officer of class 10 or of an equivalent or higher class;

(2)	 Being or having been a university's law lecturer for not less than ten years;

(3)	 Having knowledge and expertise in the field of finance, accountancy or other professional in connection with the matters in issue, and having carried out work in such field for not less than ten years.

No member of the investigation panel may be attacked by the following disqualifications:

(1)	 Failure of good behaviour or good morals;;

(2)	 Having been sentenced to imprisonment by a final judgment, save where the sentence is in consequence of a negligent offence or misdemeanour

(3)	 Being an incompetent or quasi-incompetent person or sustaining a mental infirmity;

(4)	 Being detained by virtue of a judicial warrant or lawful order;

(5)	 Being disfranchised;

(6)	 Being a bankrupt and not yet released from such status by a judicial order;

(7)	 Having been dismissed, discharged or removed from an office in a government agency, state enterprise or state agency by cause of corruption in office or being considered to have committed corruption and misconduct in public sector;

(8)	 Having been subjected to a confiscatory judgment or order of a court due to unusual wealth or unusual increase of property.

A member of an investigation panel shall be entitled to allowances, travel expenses, residence expenses and other remunerations pursuant to a royal decree.

An investigation panel shall, for investigation purpose, be empowered to order the accused NACC Member to disclose his own interests and the interests of his spouse and children non sui iuris, subject to the requirements, procedure and time limit determined by the panel.

The time limit under paragraph 1 shall not be less than thirty days but not longer than sixty days.

An investigation panel must complete the investigation and making of opinion within ninety days from its appointment. But the chamber may grant an extension to the extent necessary.

In cases the investigation panel resolves that a criminal accusation against a NACC Member is well grounded or that a NACC Member is reasonably suspected to have possessed unusual wealth, the panel shall submit all existing reports and documents to the Attorney General for further institution of proceedings in Court.

The Attorney General shall institute the proceedings according to an opinion of the investigation panel within thirty days from his receipt of the case under paragraph 1.

Despite the passage of the time limit under paragraph 3, the proceedings may still be instituted if limitation is not yet effective.

The provisions of Chapters 2 and 3 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the conduct of the proceedings under this Chapter.

Finding that the accusation is ill grounded, the investigation panel shall submit all existing reports and documents to the chamber for further proceedings.

Finding that evidence collected by the investigation panel does not suffice to render an order in the case, the chamber may direct the panel to collect additional evidence within a reasonable time before giving any order.

Finding that the accusation is ill grounded, the chamber shall, by judgment, dismiss the petition. Otherwise, it shall forward the case to the Attorney General for further institution of proceedings in Court, and section 42, paragraphs 3 to 5, shall apply mutatis mutandis.

In its trial and adjudication, the chamber shall conduct the examinations for the purpose of obtaining additional facts and evidence as it thinks fit. For the sake of proving the truth in the case, the chamber shall not be bound by the reasons or evidence appearing from the petition instituting the case, from the investigations or opinions of the investigation panel or from the proceedings instituted by the Attorney General.

The execution of the judgments or orders in a case shall be governed by section 18.

The judgments and orders under paragraph 1 shall be final.

The cases falling within jurisdiction of the Court and being pending before other courts on the date of coming into force of this Organic Act shall continue to be dealt with by those courts until their conclusion and shall not be deemed to be subject to jurisdiction of the Court.

 * Prime Minister.
 * Prime Minister.

The grounds for promulgation of this Organic Act are as follows: Pursuant to the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, a Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices is required to be established in the Supreme Court of Justice and to be given the competence to deal with the cases against the holders of political offices and other offices as set forth in the Constitution, when they are accused of gaining property unusually increased, possessing unusual wealth, committing an offence against public office under the Criminal Code or committing an offence against office or corruption in office under other laws, including the cases against the principals, abettors or aiders in the commission of the said offences. So as to implement the provisions of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, there must be set up a Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices in the Supreme Court of Justice, as well as the criteria and procedure for the conduct of the said proceedings and the civil execution. It is therefore necessary to enact this Organic Act.


text:
Translation:Act Amending the Organic Act on Criminal Procedure for Holders of Political Offices, BE 2542 (1999), BE 2550 (2007)

Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paraminthra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej is graciously pleased to proclaim that: Whereas it is desirable to amend the organic law on criminal procedure for holders of political offices; Be it enacted by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the National Legislative Assembly, as follows:

This Act shall be cited as the "Act Amending the Organic Act on Criminal Procedure for Holders of Political Offices, BE 2542 (1999), BE 2550 (2007)".

This Organic Act shall come into force as from the day following the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.

The provisions of section 8 of the Organic Act on Criminal Procedure for Holders of Political Offices, BE 2542 (1999), shall be repealed and replaced by the following:

There shall be in the Supreme Court of Justice a Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices.

For the purpose of conducting the judicial proceedings under this Organic Act, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall appoint an appropriate number of judges or senior judges of the Supreme Court of Justice as the regular judges of the Supreme Court of Justice's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Offices who are to carry out the necessary activities pending the formation of a chamber in charge of any specific case according to section 13."

The provisions of section 13 of the Organic Act on Criminal Procedure for Holders of Political Offices, BE 2542 (1999), shall be repealed and replaced by the following:

Upon institution of a case before the Court, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall convoke the Grand Senate of the Supreme Court of Justice and hold an election of the judges in the Supreme Court of Justice ranking not lower than judges or senior judges of the Supreme Court of Justice to form a chamber in charge of such case. The election in this respect must be conducted within fourteen days from the entry of charge.

Any judge desiring not to be elected shall declare his desire to the Grand Senate prior to the polling and the Grand Senate shall decide as to whether his desire be granted. The decision of the Grand Senate shall be final.

The election of judges forming a chamber in charge of each case shall be conducted through secret ballot. The nine judges respectively obtaining the most scores shall form the chamber, but they may not include more than three senior judges of the Supreme Court of Justice. In case of equal scores in any order which cause a surplus in the said number, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice shall conduct sortition to decide which of the persons in question is to be elected.

The judges elected to form a chamber shall have the authority to try and adjudicate the case until they are ordained by this Organic Act to discontinue their functions. In the course of the trial and adjudicate of such case, the judges may not be ordered to carry out work outside the Supreme Court of Justice.

The fact that a judge in the Supreme Court of Justice having been elected to form a chamber has his status changed to a senior judge of the Supreme Court of Justice shall not affect his functions in the chamber and the provisions of paragraph 3 shall not apply."

 * Prime Minister.
 * Prime Minister.

The grounds for promulgation of this Act are as follows: Pursuant to the Organic Act on Criminal Procedure for Holders of Political Offices, BE 2542 (1999), a chamber to deal with each criminal case against political office holders consists of nine judges in the Supreme Court of Justice ranking not lower than judges of the Supreme Court of Justice. But due to the currently increasing number of the cases before the Supreme Court of Justice, the Court considerably lacks judicial personnel to constitute the chambers. It is appropriate to allow the senior judges of the Supreme Court of Justice under the law on criteria for appointment and tenure of senior judges to participate in forming the chambers in charge of the criminal cases against political office holders. It is therefore necessary to enact this Act.


text:
Author:Paulus Diaconus

Works

 * Historia Langobardorum. (787-796; date uncertain, limits shown.)
 * History of the Langobards (1907) translated by William Dudley Foulke

title: Author:Paulus Diaconus


text:
Wikisource:Books/Treaty of Versailles

Versailles

 * Treaty of Versailles
 * Treaty of Versailles/Preamble
 * Covenant of the League of Nations
 * Treaty of Versailles/Part II
 * Treaty of Versailles/Part III
 * Treaty of Versailles/Part IV
 * Treaty of Versailles/Part V
 * Treaty of Versailles/Part VI
 * Treaty of Versailles/Part VII
 * Treaty of Versailles/Part VIII
 * Treaty of Versailles/Part IX
 * Treaty of Versailles/Part X
 * Treaty of Versailles/Part XI
 * Treaty of Versailles/Part XII
 * Constitution of the International Labour Office

title: Wikisource:Books/Treaty of Versailles


text:
Talk:Slavery in Massachusetts

It's missing the italics that were in the original. Leucosticte (talk) 09:21, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slavery in Massachusetts


text:
Author:John Milner (1822-1897)

Works

 * (attribution uncertain)
 * The Cruise of H.M.S. Galatea, Captain H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G., in 1867-1868, Allen and Co. 1868
 * The Antigone of Sophocles, Lockwood and Co, 1868
 * The Alcestis of Euripides, with Notes (Weale's Series), Lockwood and Co, 1875
 * The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul done into Modern nautical English; with Notes on Seamanship, etc. Masters and Co. 1880

title: Author:John Milner (1822-1897)


text:
Author talk:John Milner (1822-1897)

Crockford's Clerical Directories (885)
MILNER, John, Rectory, Middleton-in-Teesdale, Darlington,—Late Scho. of Qu. Coll. Ox. 1841, B.A. 1845, M.A. 1878, 𝔡 1845 𝔭 1846 by Bp of Carl. Chap. R.N. 1855. (Medal.) N.I. 1861; Ret. List 1873. R. of Middleton-in-Teesdale, Dio. Dur. 1875. (𝔓, The Crown; Gross Inc. 640l.; net. 500l. and Ho; Pop. 2908) Chap. in Ord. to H.R.H. Duke of Edin. 1875. Served in H.M.S. Havannah, 1848-51 (first flagship on the Australian station); Orion, 1855-58 (Baltic and West Indies); Wellington, Hogue, 1859 (Greenock); Edgar, 1860-2 (Channel and West Indies); St. George, 1863 (Mediterranean); Hector, 1864-66 (Channel); Galtea, 1867-71 (cruise round the worl with H.R.H. the Duke of Edin.); Excellent (Gunnery Ship, Portsmouth), St. Vincent (Training ship, Portsmouth), and with Brigade of Marines at Deal, 1871-73. Formerly V. of Alston w Garrigal near Carlisle, 1873-75. Author, The Alcestis of Euripides, with Notes (Weale's Series), Lockwood and Co; The Antigone of Sophocles, Lockwood and Co, 1868; Cruise of H.M.S. Galtea, Allen and Co. 1868; The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul done into Modern nautical English; with Notes on Seamanship, etc. Masters and Co. 1880
 * p.828

England census
Name: 	John Milner Birth: 	abt 1823 - Orton, Westmorland, England Residence: 1891 - Middleton, Durham
 * 1891 England Census

Death
Milner 	John 	Teesdale 	10a 	139 —
 * Deaths Sep 1897

...
 * The Hampshire Advertiser (Southampton, England), Saturday, July 24, 1897; Issue 5334 — Church News

The Rev. John Milner, M.A., Rector of Middleton-on-Teesdale, in his 75th year. In 1875 he was appointed Chaplain-in-Ordinary to the Duke of Edinburgh. He was author of a brochure on the subject of tithes, and an account of the voyage and shipwreck of St. Paul, "done into modern nautical English, with notes on seamanship," &c.

...

title: Author talk:John Milner (1822-1897)


text:
Page:Alumni Oxoniensis (1715-1886) volume 3.djvu/15

 Lakin, John Marsh, y.s. John, of Birmingham, arm. , matric. 26 Feb., 1835, aged 18; B.A. 1839, M.A. 1843, perp. curate Berrow, co. Worcester, 1849-52, rector of Gilmorton, 1851-81.  Lakin, Thomas Cooper, 1s. John, of Birmingham, arm. , matric. 21 March, 1833, aged 18.  Lally, Meyrick, 2s. William Michael, of Drayton, co. Stafford, cler. , matric. 19 Nov., 1829, aged 20.

Lally, William Michael (LL.B. from, 1803), 1s. Edmund, of Whitegate, Cheshire, cler. , incorp. 14 Nov., 1829, aged 54; D.C.L. 26 Nov., 1829, vicar of Little Missenden, Bucks, until 1809, rector of Drayton Bassett, 1799, until his death 15 June, 1857. See Manchester School Reg., ii. 50.

Lamb, Alexander, s. Alexander, of Dartmouth, Devon, arm. , matric. 5 June, 1817, aged 17; B.A. 1821. [5]

Lamb, Davies, fellow of, Cambridge (B.A. 1737, M.A. 1741); incorp. 14 June, 1748.

Lamb, Edmund George, s. Richard Westbrook, of Dublin, arm. , matric. 17 Oct., 1882, aged 19; B.A. 1886.

Lamb, George, s. Edward, of Sandford, Westmoreland, pleb. , matric. 17 Dec., 1762, aged 20; B.A. 1766, M.A. 1777, rector of Hethe, Oxon, and of Eydon, Northants, 1777, until his death 10 Feb., 1801.

Lamb, George Augustus, s. Thomas Philips, of Rye, Sussex, arm. , matric. 8 July, 1799, aged 17; fellow 1800-6, B.A. 1803, M.A. 1806, B.D. 1813, D.D. 1817, rector of Iden, Sussex, and of East Guildford with Playden 1807, until his death 31 Oct., 1864. See Bloxam, vii. 142.

Lamb, George Fleming, 3s. George Fleming, of Chunah, East Indies, cler. , matric. 21 Feb., 1861, aged 18; B.A. 1864, M.A. 1871, held various curacies 1865-73. rector of Broseley since 1873.
[10]

Lamb, Rev. Henry William, 1s. George Warren, of Kettering, Northants, gent. , matric. 23 Jan., 1874, aged 18; B.A. 1878, M.A. 1883.

Lamb, Hubert, 3s. John, of Pocklington, Yorks, gent. , matric. 5 Feb., 1877, aged 20; B.Mus. 1881.

Lamb, James, s. John, of Hartley, Westmoreland, pleb. , matric. 31 March, 1773, aged 18; B.A. 1776, M.A. 1780, curate of Yoxall, Stafford, 1801, fellow, until he died at Kirkby Stephen, Oct., 1827.

Lamb, Sir James, Bart., s. George Burges, of Gibraltar, arm. , matric. 7 Jan., 1770, aged 17 (as ); created a baronet 31 Oct., 1795, assumed by royal licence the surname of in lieu of, etc., M.P. Helston 1787-96. etc., died 13 Oct., 1834. See Foster's Baronetage.

Lamb, John, s. Thomas, of Warcop, Westmoreland, gent. , matric. 17 April, 1776, aged 17; B.A. 1780, fellow, M.A. 1783, B. & D.D. 1797, curate and vicar of Banbury, Oxon, rector of Charwelton, Northants, 1805, and of Chipping Warden 1815, until his death 27 Dec., 1831.
[15]

Lamb, John James Goodeve, o.s. John, of London, gent. , matric. 24 Oct., 1874, aged 19; scholar 1874-8, B.A. 1880, M.A. 1881, and master Great Yarmouth Grammar School. See St. Paul's School Reg.

Lamb, John Thomas, 1s. John, of Pocklington, Yorks, gent. , matric. 5 Feb., 1877, aged 24.

Lamb, John White, s. Robert, of Hatfeild, co. York, pleb. , matric. 10 April, 1731, aged 21.

Lamb, Joseph, 'manciple of Lincoln College;' privilegiatus 15 March, 1724-5.

Lamb, Matthew, s. Edward, of Sandford, Westmoreland, pleb. , matric. 24 Oct, 1751, aged 19; B.A. 1755, M.A. 1758, & D.D. 1773, principal 1786-88, chancellor of the diocese of Oxford, rector of Harvington, co. Worcester, and of Chipping Warden, Northants, preb. of Lichfield 1772, and of Worcester 1775, until his death 16 April, 1797.
[20]

Lamb, Matthew, s. George, of Hethe, Oxon, cler. , matric. 6 July, 1793, aged 19; B.A. from 1797, M.A. 1800, rector of Eydon, Northants, 1801, until his death in 1825.

Lamb, Percy Stewart, 2s. Francis William, of Aldridge. co. Stafford, cler. , matric. 18 Oct., 1883, aged 18.

Lamb, Richard, s. Michael, of Southwark, Surrey, arm. , matric. 30 Jan., 1810, aged 21.

Lamb, Robert, 8s. Thomas, of Cockerham, Lancashire, gent. , matric. 13 May, 1831, aged 19; B.A. 1835, M.A. 1841, perp. curate St. Mary's, Preston, 1844-49, rector of St. Paul's, Manchester, 1849-71, died 24 Dec., 1872.

Lamb, Thomas Davis, s. Thomas Phillips, of Rye, Sussex, arm. , matric. 11 Dec., 1793. aged 18; rector of Windlesham and Bagshot, Surrey, 1843-6, of West Hackney, 1846-68, vicar of All Saints, Bishopsgate Within 1868-72, etc.
[25]

Lamb, Thomas Davis, 3s. George Augustus, of Marylebone, London, doctor. , matric. 11 Oct., 1834, aged 18.

Lamb, William, s. Edward, of Kidderminster, co. Worcester, pleb. , matric. 20 May, 1715, aged 18; B.A. 16 Jan., 1718-19.

Lamb, William, s. Edward, of Sandford, Westmoreland, pleb. , matric. 10 Oct., 1752, aged 16; brother of George 1762.

Lamb, William Pitt, 1s. George Augustus, of Iden, Sussex, doctor. , matric. 18 Jan., 1828, aged 18.

Lambard, Multon, s. Thomas, of Sevenoaks, Kent, arm. , matric. 1 June, 1774, aged 17; B.A. 1779, M.A. 1781, lieut.-colonel West Kent militia 1798, died 19 March, 1836. See Alumni West., 399.
 [30]

Lambard, Thomas, s. Thomas, of Sevenoaks, Kent, arm. , matric. 5 June, 1724, aged 19; B.A. 1728, M.A. 1731, created D.C.L. 3 July, 1759, of Sevenoaks, Kent, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1730, bencher 1761, died in 1769. See Alumni West., 288.

Lambard, Thomas, s. Thomas, of Sevenoaks, Kent, arm. , matric. 5 June, 1776, aged 17; B.A. 1780, M.A. 1783, rector of Ashe and of Ridley, Kent, 1783, and also of Horsted, Sussex, died 19 April, 1811. See Alumni West., 405.

Lambard, Thomas, s. Multon, of Sevenoaks, Kent, arm. , matric. 25 May, 1816, aged 18; student 1816-23, B.A. 1820, M.A. 1822, rector of Ridley 1821-40, and of Ashe, Kent, 1822-40. See Alumni West., 480.

Lambard, William, s. Multon, of Sevenoaks, Kent, arm. , matric. 27 Oct., 1814, aged 17; of Beechmount, Sevenoaks, J.P., D.L., Kent, died 1 June, 1866.

Lambart, William Hugh, M.A., Dublin, 1859 (B.A. 1850); adm. 'ad eundem' 10 Nov., 1859.
 [35]

Lambe, Henry, s. Henry, of Bucknell, co. Hereford, gent. , matric. 17 May, 1716, aged 19.

Lambe, John Percival George, s. John, of London, arm. , matric. 17 May, 1815, aged 16; B.A. 1820.

Lambe, Lacon, s. William, of Dilling, co. Hereford, gent. , matric. 6 June, 1717, aged 16; B.A. 1721, rector of Newton, co. Montgomery, 1733.

Lambe, Robert, s. Robert, of Addington, Northants, gent. , matric. 14 April, 1743, aged 17; B.A. 25 Feb., 1746-7.
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 Lucas, Richard Burroughs, o.s. Richard, of Hitchin, Herts, cler. , matric. 17 June, 1841, aged 18; created M.A. from, 14 Feb., 1850.  Lucas, Richard Gay, 5s. Gibson, of Yarmouth, Norfolk, cler. , matric. 14 Nov., 1833, aged 18; B.A. 1837, M.A. 1867, rector of Mulbarton, Norfolk, 1842.  Lucas, Richard Hurd, s. Robert, of Ripple, co. Worcester, cler. , matric. 27 May, 1808, aged 18; B.A. 1812, M.A. 1814.  Lucas, Robert, s. Richard, of Durverton, Somerset, gent. , matric. 11 Nov., 1731, aged 19.  Lucas, Robert, s. Robert, of Llangattock, co. Monmouth, arm. , matric. 13 Dec., 1758, aged 17; B.A. 1762.  [5] Lucas, Samuel, 1s. Thomas, of Bristol, gent. , matric. 13 Oct., 1838, aged 20: B.A. 1842, M.A. 1846, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1846, died 27 Nov., 1868.  Lucas, Samuel Francis, 4s. Joseph, of Upper Tooting, Surrey, genL. , matric. 29 May, 1866, aged 18; B.A. 1870, M.A. 1873, a student of Inner Temple 1868, died in 1875.  Lucas, Thomas, s. Sim., of Coventry, co. Warwick, gent. , matric. 26 June, 1733, aged 16; B.A. 1737.

Lucas, Thomas Francis, o.s. Thomas, of Kinsale, arm. , matric. 20 June, 1834, aged 26.

Lucas, (Rev.) Vincent William, o.s. (subs, 'primus') William, of Oxford, gent. , matric. 18 Oct., 1869, aged 19; exhibitioner 1869-72, B.A. 1874, M.A. 1878.
 [10]
Lucas, William, s. Robert, of Langattock, co. Monmouth, gent. , matric. 29 May, 1754, aged 19.

Lucas, Rev. William, s. Thomas, of Ashton, Lancashire, gent. , matric. 30 Oct, 1767, aged 18; B.A. 1771, died 3 Feb., 1820, aged 70, late of Knightrider Street, London.

Lucas, William, s. William Reynolds, of Chelmsford, Essex, arm. , matric. 18 March, 1780, aged 17; B.A. 1783, M.A. 1815, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1789, assumed the name of in lieu of Reynolds. See St. Paul's School Reg., 156.

Lucas, William Henry, 1s. Henry, of Newport Pagnell, Northants, arm. , matric. 21 Nov., 1839, aged 18; postmaster, 1840-3. B.A. 1843; fellow 1844-52, M.A. 1846, held various curacies 1848-66, vicar of Sopley, Hants, 1866.

Lucas, William Henry, 3s. Arthur, of Darlington, co. Durham, gent. , matric. 15 Oct., 1886, aged 19; of the Indian Civil Service 1886.
 [15]
Lucas, William Nelson, 1s. L., of Yarmouth, Norfolk, cler. , matric. 8 March, 1838, aged 18; B.A. 1841, rector of Burgh St. Margaret's, Norfolk, died 21 Dec., 1861.

Lucas, Rev. William Orton, 1s. Orton, of London, arm. , matric. 17 Oct., 1863, aged 19; B.A. 1867, M.A. 1870, died 23 Sep., 1874.

Lucas, William Robert, 2s. Charles, of Abury, Wilts, cler. , matric. 27 Oct, 1831, aged 18.

Lucas, William Tindall, 1s. Francis, of Hatcham, Surrey, arm. , matric. 20 April, 1866, aged 18; B.A. 1869.

Luce, Edward, 3s. Francis Edward, of St. Laurence, Isle of Jersey, gent. , matric. 16 Oct, 1869, aged 18; scholar 1870-4, B.A. 1874, M.A. 1876, perp. curate St. Gouray, Jersey, 1875-7, rector of St. John's, Jersey, 1877-80, and of St. Mary's, Jersey, since 1880.
 [20]
Luce, Francis, s. Thomas, of Whitleigh, Devon, gent. , matric. 2 May, 1754, aged 17; B.A. 1758, vicar of Harpford and Fen Ottery, Devon, died in 1810.

Lucena, John Charles, s. John Charles, of London, arm. , matric. 10 Oct., 1817, aged 18; B.A. 1822, M.A. 1823, vicar of Anstey, co. Warwick, 1835, until his death 15 Feb., 1868.

Lucena, Lorenzo, created M.A. 5 June, 1877, hon. canon of Gibraltar 1842-60, Taylorian teacher of Spanish at Oxford 1858, died 24 Aug., 1881. See Crockford.

Lucena, Stephen Lancaster, 1s. Stephen Lancaster, of Enfield, Middlesex, arm. Christ Church, matric. 30 May, 1885, aged 19.

Lucey, Rev. Algernon Charles, o.s. Ebenezer Curling, of Biddenden, Kent, cler. , matric. 16 Oct, 1880, aged 18; B.A. 1883, M.A. 1887.

Lucey, Ebenezer Curling, 5s. Charles, of Bermondsey, near Southwark, London, arm. , matric. 2i June, 1854, aged 19; B.A. 1858, M.A. 1861, vicar of St. Margaret-at-Cliffe 1866-85, rector of Mersham, Kent, 1885.
 [26]
Luck, Charles Thomas, 1s. Charles, of Brooklyn, near New York, America, cler. , matric. 13 May, 1856, aged 20; B.A. 1861, M.A. 1864, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1864, died 31 July, 1879. See Eton School Lists.

Luck, James, s. James, of Tunbridge, Kent, gent. , matric. 30 June, 1720, aged 18; B.A. 1724, M.A. 1728, B.D. 1733, D.D. 1738.

Luckie, Edgar George Fraser, 1s. David Fraser, of London, arm. , matric. 18 Oct 1881, aged 19; of the Indian Civil Service 1881.

Luckman, Arthur Weston, 1s. Samuel, of Mortlake, Surrey, gent. Charsley Hall, matric. 2 Nov 1886, aged 16.
 [30]
Luckman, Rev. William Arthur Grant, 1s. William Grant, of Bathwick, Somerset, cler. , matric. 19 Oct, 1876, aged 19; B.A. 1881, M.A. 1888.

Lucook, Joshua, s. Raisbeck, of Egremonte, Cumberland, arm. , matric. 19 Oct, 1790, aged 18.

Lucook, Raisbeck, s. Joshua, of Cockermouth, Cumberland, arm. , matric. 12 Oct, 1764, aged 16.

Lucy, Rev. Edward, s. William, of London, gent. , matric. 29 March, 1745, aged 19; B.A. 1749, of Barley End, Bucks, died 14 Jan., 1778.

Lucy, George, s. Foulke, of Charlcote, co. Warwick, arm. , matric. 17 March, 1732-3, aged 18; created D.C.L. 14 April, 1749, of Charlcote, died s.p.
 [35]
Lucy, George, s. John (formerly Hammond), of Charlcote, co. Warwick, cler. , matric. 22 Oct., 1807, aged 18; of Charlcote, high sheriff co. Warwick 1831, M.P. Fowey 1818-19 & 1820-30, died 7 July, 1845.

Lucy, Henry Spencer, 1s. George, of Compton Verney, near Stratford-upon-Avon, arm. Christ Church, matric. 23 May, 1850, aged 19; of Charlcote Park, co. Warwick, D.L., high sheriff 1857.

Lucy, Reginald Aymer, 2s. George, of Charlcote, co. Warwick, arm. , matric. 8 June, 1854. aged 17.

Lucy, William Charles, 1s. William Charles, of Stratford-upon-Avon, co. Warwick, arm. , matric. 29 April, 1867, aged 19; B.A. 1871, M.A. 1873. See Rugby School Reg.

Luders, Alexander, s. Alexander, of St. George's, Bloomsbury, London, arm. , matric. 27 June, 1806, aged 17; B.A. 1810, M.A. 1815, rector of Woolstone, co. Gloucester, 1829, until his death 24 March, 1851.
 [40]
Ludford, Edward (Taylor), s. Thomas, of London, arm. , matric. 16 June, 1756, aged 18; B.A. from 1760 (? rector of Berkswell, co. Warwick, 1762). See Alumni West., 364.
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 Milne, Rev. William Somerville, 4s. James, of Dundee, gent. , matric. 22 Nov., 1879, aged 29; B.A. 1884, M.A. 1886.

Milner, Alfred, o.s. Charles, of Giessen, Germany, D.Med. , matric. 1 Feb., 1873, aged 18, scholar 1872-6, Jenkyns exhibitioner 1875-7, fellow 1876, B.A. 1877, M.A. 1879, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1881. See Foster's Men at the Bar.

Milner, Charles, 1s. Charles, of Farningham, Kent, arm. , matric. 22 Jan., 1820, aged 18; B.A. 1834, of Preston Hall, Kent. See Eton School Lists.

Milner, Rev. Charles James, 1s. James, of Stockton-on-Tees, co. Durham, cler. , matric. 20 Oct., 1876, aged 19; B.A. & M.A. from 1883.

Milner, Dudley Francis, 4s. William, of Nun Appleton, Yorks, baronet. , matric. 19 March, 1872, aged 18; died 1881. See Rugby School Reg.[5]

Milner, Edmund Taylor, 3s. Ralph, of Salford, Lancashire, gent. , matric. 15 Oct., 1877, aged 18; scholar 1877-83, B.A. 1881, B.Med. & M.A. 1886.

Milner, Edward, 1s. Henry Beilby William, of Aldwark, Yorks, arm. , matric. 24 May, 1877, aged 19; See Foster's Baronetage & Eton School Lists.

Milner, (Sir) Frederick George (Bart.), 2s. William Mordaunt Edward, of Nun Appleton, near Tadcastle, Yorks, baronet. , matric. 30 May, 1868, aged 18; B.A. 1873, 7th baronet, M.P. Yorks 1883-4. See Foster's Baronetage & Eton School Lists.

Milner, Gamaliel, o.s. John Crosland, of Thurleston, Yorks, gent. , matric. 14 Oct., 1870, aged 18; B.A. 1873, M.A. 1880, held various curacies 1877-86, vicar of Hoyland Swaine, Yorks, 1886. See Foster's Yorkshire Collection.

Milner, George, s. William, of St. George's, Hanover Square, London, baronet. , matric. 17 Oct., 1811, aged 18; rector of Downham, and of Larling, Norfolk, died at Sandgate Dec., 1824. See Foster's Baronetage & Eton School Lists.
[10]

Milner, George Ernest John, 1s. John, of Frating, Essex, cler. , matric. 14 Oct., 1882, aged 19; B.A. from 1885.

Milner, Henry, s. William, of Askham, Westmoreland, cler. , matric. 6 June, 1744, aged 18; B.A. 1748, brother of William 1742.

Milner, Henry Beilby (William), 2s. William M., of Bolton Percy, Yorks, baronet. , matric. 9 Feb., 1843, aged 18, B.A. 1845; fellow 1845-54, M.A. 1850, died 7 June, 1876. See Foster's Baronetage & Eton School Lists.

Milner, Henry Stephen, s. William, of London, baronet. , matric. 13 July, 1781, aged 17, B.A. 1785; B.C.L. from 1788, D.C.L. 1793, rector of Thribergh and Adwick-le-Street, Yorks, 1811, until his death 6 May, 1843. See Foster's Baronetage.

Milner, James Walker, 2s. Thomas, of Sheffield, Yorks, gent. , matric. 18 March, 1842, aged 19; B.A. 1846, M.A. 1850, vicar of St. James's, Birkenhead, 1870.
[15]

Milner, John, 1s. John, of Orton, Westmoreland, gent. , matric. 17 June, 1841, aged 19; scholar 1841-4, B.A. 1845, M.A. 1878, chaplain R.N. 1855, retired list 1873, F.R.G.S., vicar of Alston, Cumberland, 1873-5, chaplain in ordinary to H.R.H. Duke of Edinburgh 1875, rector of Middleton-in-Teesdale 1875.

Milner, Raper, s. George, of Hauxwell, Yorks, pleb. , matric. 8 April, 1813, aged 21; scholar 1813-16.

Milner, Richard John, 2s. Edward, of Liverpool, gent. , matric. 2 June, 1868, aged 18; exhibitioner 1869-73, B.A. 1872, M.A. 1875, vicar of St Michael's and All Angel's, Lower Sydenham, 1879-83, rector of Stock-Gaylard, Dorset, 1883. See ''Coll. Reg.'', 164.

Milner, Robert Kennion, s. David, of Isle of Jamaica, arm. , matric. 16 Jan., 1786, aged 17; B.A. 1790, M.A. 1794.

Milner, Thomas, 1s. James Walker, of Liverpool, cler. , matric. 24 Oct., 1885, aged 20.
[20]

Milner, Thomas Wheeler, s. David, of Kingston, Isle of Jamaica, gent. , matric. 22 Feb., 1780, aged 19.

Milner, Walter Hebden, 2s. Charles, of Clapham, Surrey, gent. , matric. 19 Jan., 1861, aged 19; chaplain to the forces, Aldershot 1875-6, Malta 1876-83, Woolwich 1883.

Milner, Rev. Walter Metcalfe Holmes, 2s. John, of Greenock, cler. , matric. 22 Oct., 1878, aged 19; scholar 1878-83, B.A. 1883.

Milner, William, s. William, of Askham, Westmoreland, cler. , matric. 31 March, 1743, aged 17; B.A. 1745, M.A. 1753, vicar of Startforth, Yorks, nearly 50 years, and of Brigham, Cumberland, died 13 March, 1797.

Milner, (Sir) William Mordaunt (Bart.), s. William, of Appleton, Yorks, baronet. , matric. 19 Feb., 1798, aged 18; 4th baronet, died 25 March, 1855. See Foster's Baronetage & Eton School Lists.
[25]
Milner, (Sir) William Mordaunt (Bart.), 1s. William Mordaunt Edward, of London, baronet, matric. 23 May, 1866, aged 18; 6th baronet, died 14 April, 1880. See Foster's Baronetage & Eton School Lists.

Milner, (Sir) William Mordaunt Edward (Bart.), 1s. William, of Bolton Percy, Yorks, baronet. , matric. 30 May, 1838, aged 17; B.A. 1841, M.A. 1844, 5th baronet, M.P. York 1848-57, died 13 Feb., 1867. See Foster's Baronetage & Eton School Lists.

Milnes, Alfred, 2s. Benjamin, of Bolton, Lancashire, arm. , matric. 18 Oct, 1871, aged 22; scholar 1871-5.

Milnes, Christopher, 2s. John, of Stixwold, co. Lincoln, arm. , matric. 4 March, 1819, aged 18; B.A. 1822, M.A. 1825, B.D. 1833, rector of Scampton, co. Lincoln, 1828, and of Aisthorpe 1833, until his death 7 Feb., 1850.

Milnes, Edward, s. Thomas, of Henley, Oxon, cler. . matric. 16 July, 1807, aged 19; B.A. 1811, vicar of Watlington, Oxon, 1814, until his death 11 July, 1841.
[30]
Milnes, Edward, 1s. Edward, of Watlington, Oxon, cler. , matric. 14 June, 1838, aged 18.

Milnes, Henry Walthall. , 1848. See .

Milnes, James, s. James, of Ingestre, co. Stafford, cler. , matric. 10 May, 1733, aged 20; B.A. 14 Feb., 1736-7.

Milnes, John, s. John, of Wakefield, co. Worcester (sic), arm. , matric. 6 July, 1818, aged 18; exhibitioner 1819-20.

Milnes, Nicholas Bourne, 2s. William, of Ashover, co. Derby, arm. , matric 5 July, 1845, aged 19; B.A. 1849, M.A. 1853, rector of Collyweston, co. Lincoln, 1854. See Rugby School Reg., 217.

Milnes, Richard Monckton, created D.C.L. 20 June, 1855 (son of Robert Pemberton Milnes, of Fryston Hall, and Bawtry Hall, Yorks), M.A. from, Cambridge, 1831, and hon. fellow 1875-85, F.R.S., poet, M.P. Pontefract 1837-63, created Baron Houghton 20 May, 1863, died 11 Aug., 1885. See Foster's Peerage.
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 peak, dashing cascade, and calm azure depths of unfathomable sea, heaving gently at the foot of beetling cliffs—the perils of mountain ascent, over glittering glacier and tumbled moraines—the blushing vintage and orchard bounty of the far north—the billowy prairies of rustling grain in the more robust south;—all these we might have witnessed, had time been at our disposal; but all these, and marvels many times multiplied, may be seen by any one possessed of leisure and means, who may, after reading these notes of mine, feel the impulse born within him to follow our example, and pay a visit to this glorious country. I once read a book on the marvels of India entitled, "Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque." There be many pilgrims now-a-days after the same quest; but India and all the magnificence and colouring of Oriental pomp and luxury—all the barbaric splendour of "the land of the peacock's throne"—cannot, I think, compare with the majestic prodigality, the lavish adornment with which Nature has so generously and richly attired the mountains, plains, lakes, forests, and coasts of New Zealand. For variety of natural scenery I do not think any country on our planet can vie with it. Little wonder, then, that any one having a soul in harmony with the beautiful in Nature, ever so little, and gifted, if even but sparingly, with the faculty of expression, should revel in description of these wonders. As a countryman of Burns and Scott, I confess I could not resist the impulse, and if I have given any of my readers only a tithe of the

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242 able conservatism of the natives which has preserved this culture in spite of two hundred years of contact with civilization, may be due to this culture being the only one that can successfully cope with the forests.

15. The Antilles. Finally, we have the Antillean insular area, properly discussed here because it has more affinities with the Amazon area than with any other. Unfortunately, the native life of the more important islands was so completely stamped out by the Spanish conquerors that a comprehensive view of native culture is impossible. Yet, from the narratives of the period, some significant data can be gleaned. So far as we know the pre-Columbian population was first pure Arawak, but later over-run by Carib. This at once connects the island culture with the canoe culture of the Amazon-Orinoco drainage. Among the distinctive traits are manioc culture, raising of cotton, use of the hammock, tobacco taken as snuiif and inhalation, ceremonial emetics, fish poisons, cigars instead of pipes, all of which remind one of the Amazon area.

Such a résumé as we have just made shows how the cultures of the various social units grade into each other. This intergradation has often been cited as an insurmountable obstacle to classification, but it is not necessarily so, for we see that this condition arises from the existence of culture centers, from which culture influences seem to radiate. While it is true that a culture area as marked off on the map is in the main an arbitrary division, it has within its borders a culture center whose geographical positon is coincident with the habitats of the most typical tribes. Between two contiguous culture centers will be found many other social units with intermediate cultures. These relations are so consistent that one can almost predict the culture of a given unit when its geographical position with respect to the established centers is known.

Hence, the culture areas we have designated serve to differentiate culture centers. This is why we have used straight and angular boundaries for our maps instead of more

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User:FrauSma

Notes to Self
Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians

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22 and addressed the pathetic language, "Daughters of Jerusalem, weep not for me, but weep for yourselves and your children." Ah! who sent unto the Roman Governor when he was set down on the judgment seat, saying unto him, "Have thou nothing to do with that just man, for I have suffered many things this day in a dream because of him?" It was a woman! the wife of Pilate. Although "he knew that for envy the Jews had delivered Christ," yet he consented to surrender the Son of God into the hands of a brutal soldiery, after having himself scourged his naked body. Had the wife of Pilate sat upon that judgment seat, what would have been the result of the trial of this "just person?"

And who last hung round the cross of Jesus on the mountain of Golgotha? Who first visited the sepulchre early in the morning on the first day of the week, carrying sweet spices to embalm his precious body, not knowing that it was incorruptible and could not be holden by the bands of death? These were women! To whom did he first appear after his resurrection? It was to a woman! Mary Magdalene; Mark xvi, 9. Who gathered with the apostles to wait at Jerusalem, in prayer and supplication, for "the promise of the Father;" the spiritual blessing of the Great High Priest of his Church, who had entered, not into the splendid temple of Solomon, there to offer the blood of bulls, and of goats, and the smoking censer upon the golden altar, but into Heaven itself, there to present his intercessions, after having "given himself for us, an offering and a sacrifice to God for a sweet smelling savor?" Women were among that holy company; Acts i, 14. And did women wait in vain? Did those who had ministered to his necessities, followed in his train, and wept at his crucifixion, wait in vain? No! No! Did the cloven tongues of fire descend upon the heads of women as well as men? Yes, my friends, "it sat upon each one of them;" Acts ii, 3. Women as well as men were to be living stones in the temple of grace, and therefore their heads were consecrated by the descent of the Holy Ghost as well as those of men. Were women recognized as fellow laborers in the gospel field? They were! Paul says in his epistle to the Philippians, "help those women who labored with me, in the gospel;" Phil. iv, 3.

But this is not all. Roman women were burnt at the stake, their delicate limbs were torn joint from joint by the ferocious beasts of the Amphitheatre, and tossed by the wild bull in his fury, for the diversion of that idolatrous, warlike, and slaveholding people. Yes, women suffered under the ten persecutions of heathen Rome, with the most unshrinking constancy and fortitude; not all the entreaties of friends, nor the claims of new born infancy, nor the cruel threats of enemies could make them sprinkle one grain of incense upon the altars of Roman idols. Come now with me to the beautiful valleys of Piedmont. Whose blood stains the green sward, and decks the wild flowers with colors not their own, and smokes on the sword of persecuting France? It is woman's, as well as man's? Yes, women were accounted as sheep for the slaughter, and were cut down as the tender saplings of the wood


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190 In literature the term shamanism specifically applies to the religious culture of Siberia. There we find a complicated conception of seventeen or more worlds in one of which human beings reside. Communication between these worlds can be made only through shamans conversing with the spirits of the dead. The typical shamanistic feats in Siberia are states of ecstasy, trembling, sweating, contortions, ravings, fits, etc. The shaman of the New World also manifests many of these reactions, particularly in those regions where there are no separate priests. The trances and ravings of the Eskimo angakok and the Tlingit doctor have an intensity comparable to those of the Siberian shaman, apparently much more so than have the methods of the page in the Amazon country. Yet, these abnormal psychic activities are to some degree the stock in trade of all shamans, only that when ritualism rises, they become relatively less important.

Turning now to the priesthood, we find it most characteristic of the Inca, Chibcha, and Maya-Nahua centers. The priestcraft of the Maya, for example, illustrates the maximum development of ritualism where each day and night in the yearly cycle had its required rituals. Of the intermediate tribes, we may cite the Pueblo of the north with their far less elaborate, but yet complete, yearly round of ceremony and on the south the Araucans of Chile who make sacrificial offerings at every turn. The tribes of the lower Mississippi had also a ceremonial cycle and maintained rude temples as did also the natives of the West Indies. But as we move outward in both continents from these centers, the rituals quickly shrink to a small residue, with the exception that on the North Pacific Coast they are to a degree recurrent. In view of all this, one cannot escape the conviction that the existence of the great Inca and Maya centers of priestcraft is responsible for many specific features of New World ritualism. In these centers, one of the chief functions of the priests was the making of sacrifices. Innumerable birds, rabbits, fruits, and even leaves of plants were offered up from day to day in one ceaseless round. The occasional human sacrifice was but an

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Rh in an otherwise steady flow of sacrificial blood. This, like other aspects of ritualism, rapidly shrinks as we move outward but, far up among the Pawnee, we find offerings of animal and human blood and likewise among the Araucan and other Chaco tribes of the South. The Maya and Nahua priests offered their own blood upon blades of grass and also far up in the bison area devotees cut off bits of flesh or even fingers to offer the sun, and again the extinct Charrua of the Chaco are said to have offered up fingers in much the same way.

What we have then is a great center of rank growth in priestcraft with a ponderous system of blood sacrifice, the influence of which wanes as we move outward. The fact that the shaman lagged behind and shared but little in this elaboration would seem further basis for the assumption that the chief formative factors in priestcraft and ritualism are not found in shamanism. The shaman gets his power by an extraordinary experience. He usually seeks it in fasting and prayer; whence, if his tortured nervous system bring the desired illusion, he goes out among his fellows with the faith and confidence that convinces. While he has a great deal to learn from his fellow shamans, such learning is quite secondary and dispensable. The priest, on the other hand, may also fast and be fired with faith and zeal, but this is secondary to him, for he must master with infinite detail the arbitrary forms of rituals. In last analysis, the priest must be a man of intellect; the shaman may be a veritable idiot.

While many anthropologists object to the view that all New World religion springs from the conceived relation between the shaman and the source of his power, it may be conceded that an analogous relation does hold for the masses. Thus, among many tribes, it is not merely the shaman who goes out to fast and pray, but practically every individual, at least once in his life, such a procedure being one of the essential

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192 of youth for the duties of life, as noted under our discussion of the individual guardian. This trait is prominent among the more warlike tribes of the bison area, the eastern maize area, and the guanaco area of South America, in all of which one of the primary equipments of the would-be warrior is to secure a personal guardian spirit, or power. Under the tutelage of a shaman he fasts, prays, or tortures himself as his tribal convention may demand, until he either has a visitation or gives up in despair. The attending shaman usually assists in formalizing a kind of personal rite which remains a more or less secret individual formula. In most cases, it is in animal form that the visitation comes, a speaking and otherwise human animal, which belief is no doubt intimately related to the great prevalence of animal tales in New World mythology. In this meeting, some specific protection is promised the penitent for the remainder of his life. A man may repeat these fasts and ultimately secure a great variety of such guardians and eventually be recognized as a shaman, though one usually becomes a shaman by virtue of some one remarkable experience. This personal relation of an individual to his mentor is the fundamental concept in New World religion and ritualistic procedure. In fact, where rituals have been carefully studied, we find their reported origins to have been in the unusual experience of a single individual; hence, we can safely say that a typical New World ceremony is the performing of a ritual demonstrating this initial experience and that the concept of the individual guardian underlies the whole. While the ideal thing would be to close this discussion with the presentation of a type ritual, the limitations of space forbid. The reader may, however, be referred to Dorsey's "Arapaho Sun Dance," Hoffman's "Mide'wiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa", or the author's "Ceremonial Bundles of the Blackfoot Indians." These will give examples typical of the United States and Canada and when sufficiently generalized, will be representative of the whole of the New World, tentatively, however, since our data from the southern continent are meager.

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text:
Henry V (Coates)

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), as "Ode on the Coronation of King George V" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Henry V" in Poems II.

title: Henry V (Coates)


text:
Yesterday (Coates)

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1910), "Yesterday" in Harper's Monthly Magazine (December 1910).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Yesterday" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Yesterday" in Poems II.

title: Yesterday (Coates)


text:
Cupid and the Muses

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1912), "Cupid and the Muses" in The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Cupid and the Muses" in Poems II.

title: Cupid and the Muses