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 □ мрачно sullenly. Он мрачно взглянул на нас и ничего не ответил. He glanced at us sullenly and didn't say a word. □ Почему у вас такое мрачное настроение? Why are you in such a blue mood today?

мстить (pct: ото-) to get even. Он поклялся, что будет мстить всю жизнь. He swore that he would spend his whole life getting even.

МТС ([em-te-es] indecl M) (машинно-тракторная станция) Machine Tractor Station.

мудрёный (sh -на, -о, -ы) difficult, hard. Это дело не мудрёное. It's not a difficult thing to do. □ мудрено hard, difficult. На эти деньги мудрено прожить с семьёй. It's hard to support a family on this money. □ Он мудрёный человек. He's a hard man to figure out. • *Утро вечера мудренее. You can think better after a night's sleep. • Не мудрено, что вы его не узнали, он очень сильно изменился. It's no wonder you didn't recognize him; he's changed a lot. • Мудрено ли простудиться в такой холод? It's easy to catch cold in such cold weather.

мудрость (F) wisdom.

мудрый (sh мудр, -дра) wise. Это очень мудрое решение. That's a very wise decision. □ мудро wisely. Это вы мудро рассудили. You judged that wisely.

муж (P мужья, -жёй, -жьям) husband.

мужество courage. У меня не хватило мужества сказать ей всю правду. I didn't have the courage to tell her the whole truth.

мужик (-а) muzhik, peasant.

мужской men's. Здесь отдел мужского платья. This is the men's clothing department. — Мужская уборная направо. The men's room is to the right.

мужчина (M) man. Нам нужны двое мужчин и одна женщина для этой работы. We need two men and a woman for this job. — Будьте мужчиной! Be a man! □ Для мужчин Men's Room.

музей museum.

музыка music. Вы любите музыку? Do you like music? □ *Вы мне всю музыку испортили. You upset the apple cart. • *Теперь пошла совсем другая музыка. It's a different story now.

музыкальный musical.

музыкант musician.

мука flour. Возьмите пшеничной муки тонкого размола. Take some finely ground wheat flour. □ *Ничего, перемелется — мука будет. Never mind; it'll come out all right.

мука suffering. Зачем мне переносить все эти муки? Why should I go through all this suffering? • Мука мне с ним! I have so much trouble with him!

мундштук (-а) cigarette holder. Подарите ему серебряный мундштук. Give him a silver cigarette holder as a gift. • bit. Поправьте мундштук у вашей лошади. Fix the bit in the horse's mouth.

муравей (-вья) ant.

мускул muscle.

мусор garbage. А куда мусор выбрасывать? Where should I put the garbage? • rubbish. Что это за мусор у меня под столом? What is all this rubbish under my desk?

мутный (sh -тна/-тны/) cloudy. Вода в этом пруде мутная. The water in the pond is cloudy. • dull. Отчего у вас сегодня такие мутные глаза? Why is there such a dull look in your eyes today? □ *Он любит в мутной воде рыбу ловить. He's always ready to take unfair advantage of a situation. • У меня как-то мутно на душе. I feel blue.

муха fly. У вас тут очень много мух. You certainly have a lot of flies around here. — Он такой человек, что и мухи не обидит. He's the sort of person that wouldn't hurt a fly. □ *Ну что это вы из мухи слона делаете? Now why do you make a mountain out of a molehill? • *Ваш приятель сегодня, кажется, под мухой. It looks as if your friend had one drink too many today.

мучить (/мучаю, мучает/) to torture. Ну чего вы меня мучаете ! Why do you torture me? □ Меня мучит жажда. I'm terribly thirsty.

-ся to suffer. Она всю жизнь мучилась. She suffered all her life. • to wrestle. Охота вам мучиться над этим вопросом! Why do you want to wrestle with this problem? □ Он мучился угрызениями совести. His conscience bothered him.

мучное (AN) starchy foods. Вам нельзя мучного. You mustn't eat starchy foods.

мучной of flour. □ мучной мешок flour bag.

мха See мох.

мчать (мчу, мчит)

-ся to race. Поезд мчался с большой быстротой, нагоняя опоздание. The train raced at great speed to make up for the delay. • to rush. Куда вы мчитесь? Where are you rushing to? • to shoot. Машина мчалась по шоссе. The car shot up the road. □ Как быстро мчится время! How time flies! -

мщу See мстить.

мы (gal нас, d нам, i нами, §21) we. Мы приехали сюда сегодня. We arrived here today. — Всё это будет исполнено нами в точности. We'll do all this exactly the way it's wanted. — Нас там было трое. There were three of us there. — Нас просили быть в конторе в четыре часа. They asked us to be in the office at four o'clock. — Он хочет пойти с нами в театр. He wants to go to the theater with us. — Будете когда-нибудь вспоминать о нас? Will you ever think of us? □ Мы с братом очень похожи. My brother and I look very much alike. • Мы с товарищем хотели бы у вас остановиться. My friend and I would like to stay at your place. • Приходите к нам завтра. Come to our house tomorrow. • Расскажите подробно, нам всё интересно. Tell us all the details; we'd like to hear all about it.

мылить (pct: на-) to soap. Она долго мылила руки. She soaped her hands for a long time.

мыло (P мыла) soap. Вам простого мыла, или туалетного? What do you want, kitchen soap or toilet soap? — Вам надо мыться дегтярным мылом. You have to use tar soap. • lather. Дайте лошади отдохнуть, она вся в мыле. Let the horse rest; he's all covered with lather. □ мыло для бритья shaving soap.

мыльный soapy. Здесь есть мыльная вода, — вам нужно? Here's some soapy water. Do you need it?

мыс cape. Сейчас мы завернём за мыс и выйдем в открытое


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206 Grateful s, 160; Queen accused of bearing s, 707; Ungrateful s, *290.

Snake, See serpent.

Snake-girdle, 403.2*.

Snake-leaves, 612.

Snakes, Greedy woman must mother s, 751 B.

Snares of the Evil One, 810.

Snipe thinks its own children are prettiest, 247.

Snipe's bill frightens hawk, 229*.

Snow child, 1362; Hare lies on s and feigns warmth, 71; White, 709.

Soldier, Girl disguised as soldier, 514; King and s, 952; receives alms from lawyer, *819.

Soldiers buried by fool, 1536 B.

Soliloquy recalls forgotten bride, 313.

Solomon chains Devil in Hell, 803.

Son begins to eat father, *980 C; Father and s quarrel, *980 B; King's s and smith's s exchanged, 920; Where did you leave the S?, *1842 A.

Son-in-law, Fated to be king's s, 461, 930.

Sons-in-law, Animal s, 552 B.

Songs of minstrel sung by shoemaker, 1695 *A.

Soot, Fox covers himself with s, 36.

Soul as bird, 720; as rabbit, *773 *A; External s destroyed, 302, 311 *A, 332, 708 *A; Man sells s to Devil, 313, 330, 360, 508 *A, 510, 812, 1170—1199; Quieting s in torment, 760; won at cards, *345.

Soup mouth and meat mouth, *1803; stone, 1548.

Sowing salt, 1200.

Spanking in moonlight, 940.

Sparrow avenges dog's death, 248.

Speaking, Disenchantment by not s, 451; horse, 531; horsehead, 533.

Speaking, See talking.

Spears grow in garden, 302, 303.

Speech, Neck bite causes loss of s, 621; of birds, 517, 670, 671.

Speechless princess, 451, 705, 710, 945.

Speed slippers, 302 *A.

Spider, Man saved by s web, 967*.

Spin, Lazy girl must s, 501 *A.

Spindle brings lover, 585.

Spinning women, 500—501; by spring, 480.

Spirit in blue light, 562; in bottle, 331.

Spitting in guard's eye, 73.

Splinter in lion's paw, 516.

Split, Claw in s tree, 38, 151; She bear caught in s tree, 36.

Squeezing stone, 1060.

Squirrel, Helpful s, 327 *F; needle, and glove, 90.

Stab, Pretending to s self to run faster, *1075.

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FFC 90 Stable, Putting horse into s, 1415 *A; Sitting on ass in s, 1696; Wolves in s dance, 1652.

Stag admires antlers in spring, 77; discovered by master, 162**.

Stairs to which Devil sticks, 330.

Stakes, Head of unsuccessful suitors on s, 329, 507 A.

Stars, Visit to s, 425, *445 B, 451.

Statue demands fair price for bread, *769 C; Husband behind s says good food will make him blind, 1380; Husband behind s urges wife to work, *1375; Invited s of Christ, 750 B; Lover behind s punishes husband, 1364 *A; Moustache of pretended saint's s, *1787 B; offered bread, *767; Sacristan as s of Christ, *1787 C; Wasps under pretended saint's s, *1787 A; yields money for goats sold to it, 1643.

Steal, Novises or sacristan s pears, 1840 *A.

Stealing corpse's entrails, 366; giant's treasure, 328; jewels from corpse, *1654; judge's oxen, 1525.

Steals, Confessor s rope with mare on it, *1800 A; Mouse s cheese (Cumulative), 2030 *C.

Stepmother buries girl alive, 780 *B; causes birth of monster child, 708; jealous of stepdaughter's beauty, 709; murders boy, 720; throws girl and her child into water, 403; turns boy into roe, 450; wounds bird lover, 432.

Stepmother's corpse, 1535; dream, 4031 *.

Stew, Mouse falls into s (Cumulative), *2023.

Stick from body, 1181, that beats, 330, 563.

Sticking to goose, 571; to poker, 593; to tree or bench, 330.

Sticks in princess' mouth, *435.

Stinging, Race won by s opponents, 275 *B.

Stingy dead woman revives to correct account, *1482; parson and slaughtered pig, 1792.

Stolen mirror, 434.

Stomach of hanged man stolen, 366; of sheep stolen, *1800 D.

Stomach, See belly.

Stone becomes red as sign of disobedience, 311; Biting s, 1061; Black s breaks enchantment, 400 *B; count revived, 707; Farmer feeds serpent hot s, 285 *A; Flower from s table, 755; house, 124; indicates chastity, 870 A; Magic s in fire, 593; of grief, *445 B, 706 *B; Rump taken for s, 1363 *A; servant revived, 516; Squeezing s, 1060; Throwing s, 1062.

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208 Stones, Coins for s, 1725; combat, 471 *A; for gold in chest, *980 A; in basket on fisher wolf's tail, 2.

Stooping backward to enter, 875.

Storm, Man thrown overboard to placate s, 973*.

Straightening curly hair, 1175.

Straw house, 124; threshed a second time, 206.

Strawberries in winter, 403 B.

Stream, Toad tries to jump across s, *288 B.

Strength, Mother discovers secret of hero's s, 590; takes precedence over age, *80.

Stretching the beam, 1244.

String picked up by dog (Cumulative), 2030 *D.

Strokes shared, 1610.

Strong John, 650; woman as bride, 519.

Strongest person in world, 461.

Stubborn goats, 202*.

Stubborn, See obstinate.

Stubborness punished, 836 *A.

Student, 1846—1854; as healer, 1845; as transformed ass, *1852; borrows cape, 1642; from Paradise, 1540; Shoemaker's wife abducted by s, *1850.

Students trick innkeeper's wife, *1848.

Stupid, Inappropriate or s use of church ritual, 1840—1844; man, 1675—1709; ogre, 1000—1199.

Substitute, Suitor tests by s, 519.

Substitute, See bride.

Substitutes, Race with s in line, 275 *A, 1074.

Substitution of animal or object for newborn child, 707; of corpse, 953.

Succession of old men, 726.

Such a one, 1138.

Sucks blood to revive girl, 516; Ogre s girl's finger, 327 *D.

Suicide of elder sisters, 361; of separated lovers, *445 A; Unsuccessful attempts at s, 910 D.

Suit, King's invisibles, 1620; that might be put into a nutshell, 707.

Suitor and solicitous servant, *1707; asks for girl and dowry (Repetition), *2228; Poor s and page, 1688 *A.

Suitors deceived, 425, 890, 1730; of widowed fox, 65; placed in embarrassing positions, 313; Princess will marry all three s, 653.

Suitors' revenge, 940.

Sultan rescues children, 707.

Sun brings all to light, 960; Distance from earth to s, 922; thaw frost, 2031; Visit to s, 302 *A, 400, *445 B; 451; 551.

Sunbeam, Shepherd hangs sack on s, *1805.

Sunlight carried into windowless house, 1245.

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FFC 90 Sunrise, First to see s, 120.

Superhuman task, 460—499.

Supernatural adversary, 300—399; helpers, 500—559, power or knowledge, 650—699; relative, 400—459.

Supporter of Devil rewarded, 821 *C.

Swallow created, *243.

Swan maiden, 313, 400, 465 A.

Swats, Fool s fly or bee and kills man, 1586; Fool s louse and kills baby, 1685.

Sweat, Bathing in horse's s beautifies, 531.

Swim, Goose teaches fox to s, 226.

Swimming in flax field, 1290; match and carrying food, 1612; match of fish, 250, 252.

Sword between couple in bed, 303; Conquering s, 566, 611; whose touch produces death, 508 *A.

Swords grow in dungheap, 303.

Swordsman, Skilful s, 654.

Table provides food, 511, 563.

Tablecloth provides food, 563, 853.

Tail, Cat raises t in war, 104; Cork under wolf's t, *64; Dragon hauled in on horse's t, 300; fisher, 2; Fox raises t in war, 222; Hanging by teeth on horse's t, 47 A; Kissing under t, 570; of ass pulled out, 1535 *A; of fox cannot cut, 57 *A; of fox taken for bush, 5; Pot tied to ass's t, 1696; Toad trades mole t for eyes, *287.

Tails, Hairs from magic horse's t, 301 A; in mud, 1004.

Tailor, 1710—1719; and ogre at sewing, 1096; boasts of valor, *1710; Brave t, 1640; eggs and sausage, *1715; in Heaven, 800; pretends to die, *1716; Skilful t, 653; sleeps in shepherd's cabin, *1719.

Tailors' banquet, *1718.

Talk, Making princess t, *860, 945.

Talkative wife, 1381.

Talking beans, *1374 A; objects, 313.

Talking, See speaking.

Tales rewarded, 953.

Tamborine of louseskin, 621.

Tame bird and wild bird, 245.

Taming of the shrew, 901.

Tar, Covering wagon with t, 1017.

Tarbaby and rabbit, 175; and strong man, 650.

Tarred, Crow sticks to t bridge, 2017.

Task, Superhuman t, 460—499.

Tasks, Impossible t, 313; King's t, 577.

Tax exempter, 1605*; Triple t, 1661.

Teaching animals to fly, 225, or swim, 226; horse to live without food, 1682.

Tear falls on dragonslayer, 300.

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Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large - vol 9.djvu/284

Accessary

Persons wilfully absolved, &c. guilty of Treason, 23 El. c. 1. § 2. See Rome.

2. Shall be kept till the Principal is attainted, 4 Ed. l. st. 2. ''De Offic. Coron.''
 * 1) Shall not be outlawed in Appeal till the Principal is attainted, St Westm. 1. 3 Ed. 1. c. 14.
 * 1) On false Appeal, if Appellor be not able, Abettors shall pay Damages, and be imprisoned a Year, 13 Ed. 1 c. 12.
 * 2) Accessaries to the taking away Women against their Will to be deemed Principals, 3 H. 7. c. 2.
 * 3) Indictment of an Accessary in one County, to a Felony committed in another, 2 & 3 Ed. 6. c. 24. § 3 & 4.
 * 4) Act against Egyptians does not extend to Accessaries, 1 & 2 P. & M. c. 4. § 8.
 * 5) Receivers of stolen Goods shall be deemed Accessaries after the Fact, 3 W. & M. c. 9 § 4. and may be punished as for a Misdemeanor, though the Principal is not convicted, 1 Ann. st. 2. c. 9. § 2. 5 Ann. c. 31. § 5&6. may be transported for 14 Years, 4 Geo. 1. c. 11.
 * 6) Where the Principal Felon has his Clergy, &c., the Accessary may be proceeded against, 1 Ann. st. 2. c. 9.
 * 7) Accessaries in dealing Black Lead, and Receivers, guilty of Felony, 25 Geo. 2. c. 10. § 1, 3.
 * 8) Receivers of stolen Lead, Iron, &c. may be convicted without the Principal, 25 Geo. 2. c. 30. § 1. and Felon convicting the Receiver pardoned, § 8.

For other Matters, see Felonies without Clergy, Title Accesarics, Habeas Corpus 12.

 * 1) The King's Accountants to be imprisoned for Default, St. Scacc. 51 H. 3. st. 5.
 * 2) Guardian in Soccage to account, 52 H. 3. c. 17.
 * 3) Bailiffs Accountant, not having Lands, to be attached by their Bodies to render Account. St. Marleb. 52 H. 3. c. 23.
 * 4) Accountants to be committed in Execution for their Arrears, St. Westm. 2. 13 Ed.1 c. 11.
 * 5) Process of Outlawry granted against Accountants, St. Westm. 2. 13 Ed. 1 . c. 11.
 * 6) Executors shall have a Writ of Account, St. Westm. 2. 13 Ed. 1. c. 23.
 * 7) Where Plaintiff suggests an Account, Justices shall examine Attorney, &c. ; H. 4. c. 8.
 * 8) Commissions mall go to enquire into Accounts passed in the Exchequer, 6 H. 4. c. 3.
 * 9) Accountants for Dismes, not chargeable to : other Men's Suits in the Exchequer, 1 R. 3. c. 14.
 * 10) Penalty on Auditors, &c. not accounting for Debts to the King, or concealing Rent, &c. 33 H. 8. c. 39. § 23, 24.
 * 11) Actions of Account to be brought within fix Years. 21 Jac. 1. c. 16. §3.
 * 12) Action of Account given against Executors, and to Jointenants, and Tenants in Common, 4 Ann. c. 16. § 27.

For other Matters, see Administration, &c. 7, 12. Exchequer 3, 7, 18, 19, 20. Debt to and from the King 6,15,26,29. Recivers 5, 7, 11, 12, &c.

 * 1) Appointed, 12 G.  1. c. 32. § 3,
 * 2) To stand in the Place of the Masters and Usher,. 12 Geo. 1. c. 32. § 4.
 * 3) Securities in the Names of the Masters and Usher, transferred to him, 12 Geo. 1. c. 32. § 5 & 7.
 * 4) He is not to meddle withh the Suitors Money, 12 Geo. 1. c. 32. § 8.
 * 5) Charges of his Office to be paid out of the Interest of the Suitors Money, 12 Geo. 2. c. 24.
 * 6) Salary of the Accountant General and his Clerk, ibid.

For other Matters, see Chancery,Felonies without clergy. Title Forgeries }}

 * 1) To be taken of prize Goods, 13 & 14 Car. 2. c. 14. 16 & 17  Car. 2. c. 6.
 * 2) Of Public Monies, 19 Car. 2. c. 8.  2 W. & M. st. 2. c. 11.  4 W. & M. c. 11.  5 W. & M. c. 23.  6 & 7 W. 3. c. 9. 7 & 8 W. 3. c. 8. 1 Ann. st. 1. c. 10. 1 Ann. st. 2. c. 19.  9 Ann. c. 13.
 * 3) Of Money given for Relief of indigent Officers, 22 & 23 Car. 2. c. 21.
 * 4) Of the Debts of the Army, 1 Ann. stat. 2. c. 20.  6 Geo. I. c. 17.
 * 5) How Accounts are to be kept of Money due to the Army, 33 Geo. 2. c. 6. § 48. Paymasters to account with Executors of every Officer and Soldier, § 60.

 * 1) Suggesstions made to the King may be referred to the Chancellor and Treasurer to be proved, and then Process of Law made out. 37 Ed. 3. c. 18,,
 * 2) False Suggestions to be punished by Imprisonment, 38 Ed. 3. st. 1. c. 9.
 * 3) No Man shall be put to answer without Presentment or lawful Process, 42 Ed. 3. c. 3.
 * 4) No Appeals shall be pursued in Parliament, 1 H. 4. c. 14.
 * 5) Anonymous Accusations of High Treason made Felony, 37 H. 8. c. 10. Repealed 1 Ed. 6. c. 12. § 4.

For other Matters, see Informations, Habeas Corpus 13, Liberties.

 * 1) The Plaintiff may by Replication allege Covin in a former Action pleaded, 4 H. 7. c. 20.
 * 2) A release of a common Person pending the Suit, not available, 4 H. 7. c. 20.
 * 3) Shall be commenced within three Years for the King, and within one Year for another Person, 1 H. 8. c. 4.
 * 4) Other Limitations of Prescriptions, 7 H. 8. c. 3. 18 El. c. 5.
 * 5) The Informer mail not compound without Consent of the Court, 18 El. c. 5. § 3.
 * 6) An Informer misbehaving to stand on the Pillory, &c. 18 El. c. 5. §4. 27 El. c. 10.
 * 7) Defendants in Suits on penal Statutes may appear by Attorney, 29 El. c. 5. § 21. Restrained by 31 El. c. 10. § 20.
 * 8) None res}trained by Order of Court, shall pursue a popular Action, 31 El. c. 5. § 1.
 * 9) Actions on penal Statutes shall be laid in the proper County, 31 El. c. 5. § 2. Cases excepted, § 4.
 * 10) Common Informers shall bring their Action within one Year, and the Crown within two Years after, 31 El. c. 5. § 5.
 * 11) Certain penal Statutes on which the Suit shall be at the Quarter-Sessions or Assies, or Leet, 31 El. c. 5. § 7.
 * 12) Informations that may be prosecuted in the County, shall be prosecuted there, 21 Ja. 1. c. 4.
 * 13) All Offences against penal Statutes shall be laid in the proper County, 21 Ja. 1. c. 4. § 2. Not extended to Informations, &c. for defrauding Customs, ibid. § 5.

For other Matters, see Code, Costs, 18. Information Action


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210 Tears, Disenchantment by t, 425; of birds restore sight, 425 *D; of wife restore sight, 310; River of t, 471 *A.

Tearing up orchard, 1011.

Teeth, Hanging by t to horse's tail, 47 A; Horse kicks wolf's t, 47 B.

Temper punished, 836 *D.

Teresa eats chicken, *769 B.

Tests of sex, 884.

Thank God they were not peaches, 1689.

Theft by playing godfather, 15; causes soul's torment, 760; Fox's t of his mother's berries, 39; of lamb, 15; of young, 56; through substitution of ass, *1852, or horse, 1529.

Thief, 950—974; applies priest's words to himself, *1800 D; bridegroom, 955; descends on moonbeam, 852 *A; Girl outwits t, 700, 956 B; in oil barrel, 954 *A; King and t, 951 A; Master t, 1525; Princess rescued from t husband, *959; relates 3 adventures, 953; Religious t, 1525 *G; revealed by priest singing mass, 1831 *C; Skilful t, 653.

Thieves adopt girl, 709; Bear chases t, 957; Clever maiden kills t, 956 B; Disguised boy avenges self of t, 1538; Forty t, 954; frightened leave loot, 700; Killing t one by one, 956 B; Shepherd escapes from t, 958; under tree, 1653.

Thieves', Boy in t den, 327 *E; Cutting off t heads one by one, 302 *A, 956 A; Girls in t den, *970; house, 956 A; loot shared by pretended dead and creditor, *1716.

Thieving pot, 591.

Think carefully before you begin a task, 910 C; thrice before you speak, 1562.

Thistleflower reveals murderer, 960.

Thorn in head, *449; Rose, 410.

Thorns in hazelnuts, *860; Jew in t, 592.

Thread, Travel till t is unwound, 425.

Threat to haul away warehouse, 1046.

Three brothers, 654; brothers bargain with Devil, 360; brothers doctors, 660; brothers, golden sons, 707; counsels of fox, 150; green twigs, 756; hunchbacks, 1536 B; joint depositors, 1591; languages, 671; lost children taken by giant, 327**; lucky brothers, 1650; magic objects and wonderful fruit, 566; old women helpers, 501; oranges, 408; persons as stupid as wife, 1384; sins of hermit, 839; snake leaves, 612; wishes, 750 A.

Thresh, Christ and Peter must t for lodgings, 752 A.

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FFC 90 Threshing contest, 1089*; Granary roof as t flail, 1031; Second t of straw, 206.

Thrifty girl, 1451.

Throwing golden club, 1063; stone, 1062.

Thrush teaches dove nest building, 236.

Thrushbeard, King T, 900.

Thumbling, 700.

Thunder, Ogre afraid of t, 1148; rolling brother's wagon, 1147.

Tied, Wolf tied to cow's horns, 47 *C.

Tiger, Grateful t, 160; helper, *535.

Time, Rapid passage of t in other world, 470, 471 *A.

Titeliture, 500.

Titmouse tries to be as big as bear, 228.

Toad asks magpie for chestnut (Cumulative), 2032 *A; Crop division of fox and t, *278 A; has extreme patience, *288 C; Race of fox or mouse and t, 275; trades mole tail for eyes, *287; tries to jump across stream, *288 B; tries to upset cart, *288 A; violates frog, *288 A.

Toad, See frog.

Toads drop from girl's mouth, 403.

Toasts reveal identity, 706 *C.

Tobacco, Spitting t juice into guard's eye, 73.

Toilet neglected, 361, *1516.

Tokens, See recognition, and sign.

Tom Thumb, 700.

Tom Tit Tot, 500.

Tongue and eyes removed by stepmother, 510; of thief caught by falling door, 1653 A; of thief cut off by barber, 1653 B.

Tongues of dragon as proof, 300.

Torment, Soul in t is quieted, 760.

Tortoise has extreme patience, *288 C.

Touch of wand recalls forgotten bride, 313.

Tournament, Bride won in t, 508; won with magic horse's help, 314.

Towel, Rag becomes fine t, *557.

Tower, Ass hoisted up t, 1210; Maiden in t, 310, 575; measured, *1703; Riding up t, 530.

Track, Life token: t fills with blood, 303.

Trade of three brothers with Devil, 360.

Trading for things of less value, 1415.

Trained horse rolls in field, 1892.

Transformation flight, 313, 327.

Trap, Animals eat man in t, 20 B; Birds discuss t, 245*; Falling through t door, 303, 709; Fox jeers at t, 68*; Oath on iron (t), 44.

Travel till iron shoes wear out, 400, 425, *445 B; till thread is unwound, 425.

Travelers, Two t, 613.

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212 Traveling animals, 130, 210; carpet or chest, 653; quilt, 566.

Treacherous brothers, 550, 551; companions, 301; mother, 590.

Treasure and talkative wife, 1381; at home, 1645; Descending on rope for t, 400 *B; finders murder one another, 763; of giant stolen, 328; of hanging man, 910 D; of poor brother, 834*; Sacristan's buried t, 1791.

Treatment of young during months of year, 2012 *C.

Tree bending, 1051; Choosing t on which to hang, 875; felled to give it water to drink, 1241; felling, 1050; hauling, 1052; Man comes out of t stump, 1900; Prince as t, 442; Singing t, 707; Sticking to t, 330; taken for snake, 1315; twister, 301, 513, 650.

Treetrunk, Bear pretends to be t, 154.

Trees, Naming t, 7.

Trespasser's defense, 1590.

Trick, Cat's only t, 105; exchange of magic objects, 518; race, 30.

Triple tax, 1661.

Troll and christening, 1165.

Troublemaker, Old woman as t, 1353.

Truth and Falsehood, 613; Bird of t 707; comes to light, 780—789; Justice, and Avarice, *848.

Truths, Sack of t, 570.

Tube, Farseeing t, 653.

Turbid, Water becomes t as danger sign, 303.

Turkey tender, 511; Wedding of t and peacock, 224.

Turns, Marry suitor to whom she t, *572; 621, 850.

Twelve brothers turned into ravens, 451; The t words, *2045.

Twigs, Three green t, 756.

Twin, Beautiful and ugly t, 711.

Twining branches, 966**.

Two faced man, 327 *F; girls, bear, and dwarf, 426; travellers, 613.

Unclassified tales, 2400—2499.

Ugly, Girl made u, 403; princess, *865.

Unborn horse and bird's wine, 927 *B.

Unequal crop division, 9 B, 1030.

Unfaithful wife, 612, 870 *B, *1358, 1360, 1364, 1380, *1424, 1725, *1850.

Unfamiliar, Wild animals hide from u animal, 103.

Ungrateful princess, 870 *B; serpent, 155, *290.

Unhappy with wealth, 754.

Unheard-of bird, 1092; riding horse, 1091.

Unjust partner, 9.

Unknown animal, 1281; King discovers his u son, 873; Quest for the u, 465 A.

Unlucky courtship, 1688.

Unquiet grave, 760.

Unreliable friends, 893.

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FFC 90 Upstream, Man searches u for obstinate wife, 1365 A.

Urinates, Cat u in safety, 122 A.

Urine, Substitution of parson's u, 1739; White u for goatsmilk, *166.

Vampire, 307, 363.

Vegetable transforms its cater into ass, 567.

Vengeance of magpie on fox, 56.

Vice, One v carries others with it, 839.

Vindication of God's justice, 759.

Vineyard, Tearing up v, 1011.

Vineyards cursed, *846.

Violin, Bears taught to play v, 151; encountered by fleeing fox, *135 A; makes everyone dance, 592, 853.

Virgin, Birds (children) carry flowers to V, 471 *A; Christ delights in benefactions which pass through V, *849 A; gives girl bird or rod of virtue, 707, or magic nuts, 511; releases girl, 709; replaces nun who sees world, 770; rewards charitable girl, *806; Seamstress V, *849 B.

Voice, Parson with fine v, 1834.

Vultures, Mares become v, 1004 *d.

Wager of merry wives, 1406; on first to see sunrise, 120; on wife's chastity, 882; which can name 3 trees first, 7; who will speak first, 1351.

Wages as much as he can carry, 1153.

Waiting for horse's lips (scrotum) to fall, 115.

Waits, Cat, fox, wolf w and loses prey, 122.

Wand obtains dresses, 510; recalls forgotten bride, 313; restores tongue and eyes, 510.

Wandering Jew, 754***.

War among sons of Cain, 840 *A; between domestic and wild animals, 104; of animals and quadrupeds, 222.

Wardrobe, Lover in w, 1725.

Warehouse, Threat to haul away w, 1046; Where is w?, 2018.

Warned, Farmer w by nut, 285 *B; Shepherd w by eagle, *229.

Wash, Must not w not comb, 361, 475.

Washbasin, Chickenpan becomes fine w, *557.

Washing all the clothes in a day, 425 *D.

Wasp, Bear in nest of w, 49; forces monster to give up devoured victims, 333.

Wasps set under pretended saint's statue, *1787 A.

Watcher found dead each morning, 306 *A; 307.

Water becomes blood or turbid as danger sign, 303; Bringing w from well, 1250; Bringing w more quickly than witch, 513; causes pregnancy, 303; for blindness, 301, 590;

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214 w, 708, *A; in sieve, 1180; of life, 707; of youth, 550, 551; Rescue by wife from v nix, 316; restores feet, 519; sweat by fox, 15; Wolf's w washes away beans, *64.

Waters, Glass of all w, *860.

We three, -for gold, -that was right, 360; three, -for money, 1697.

Weak, Help of w, 75.

Wealth causes soul's torment, 760 *B; makes man unhappy, 754.

Wearing out iron shoes, *445 B.

Weather controlled, 752 B.

Wedding, Big w, 1961; interrupted, 300, 301; journey of prince, 516—518; of turkey and peacock, 224; presents reveal true bride, *445 B.

Wee Wee woman, 2016.

Week, Days of w added to underworld people's song, 503, or counted by man, 2012, or used to tell life story, 2012 *A.

Weeping bitch, 1515.

Weighed cat, 1373.

Well, Moon's reflection in w, 34; Trick escape from w, 32.

Wet, Salt in w bag, 1696.

Whale helper, 554.

What says David?, 1833 A; should I have said?, 1696.

Wheat, Fool feeds w to frogs, *1693.

Wheel formed by rabbit herd, *438.

Where did you leave the Son?, *1842 A.

Whetting knife, 1015.

Whiskers, Cock's w, 2032.

Whistle calls doves, 300, or fish, *515, or rabbits, *572; furnishes soldiers, 566.

Whistle, See pipe, and flute.

Whistling contest, 1084.

White serpent's flesh, 673.

Whitlington's cat, 1651.

Who ate lamb's heart?, 785; is more devout than I?, 756 *D and *E; will speak first?, 1351.

Wicked knight repents, 750 *C; lord is punished, 837; The crippled are the w, *758 A.

Widow, Devout w shelters murderer of her son, 756 *D; falsely accuses cobbler, *1516; mourns in equivocal terms, 1940 *E.

Widowed fox's suitors, 65.

Widower tells life story in days of week, 2012 *A.

Wife abandoned, *896; and husband quarrel over hair in soup, 1365 *E; banished, 705—709; calumniated, 706, *891; carried by husband to lover, *1424; converses with dying husband in equivocal terms, 1940 *F; curious, 670; dancing sings cooking instructions to husband, 1831 *B; Devil afraid of his w, 332, 400 *A; faithhil, 888; faithless, 612, 870 *B; *1358, 1360, 1364, *1424, 1725, *1850; gluttonous,

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FFC 90 *1374; Good w for bad husband and bad w for good husband, 822; lazy, 901, 1370*, *1375; Looking for a w, 1450—1464; Loving w, 1350; Never sleeps at inn of old man with young w, 910 B; obstinate, 1365; of judge seduced, 1525; Plank between husband and w, *1355; pretends not to eat, *1374; pretends to die, 1365 *D; pushed into water instead of boy, 1120; Quest for lost w, 400; rescued from mermaid, 316; Riddle of w, daughter, and sister, *983; Shrewish w reformed, 900—904; Sleepy w throws cornbread out window, *1389; Speechless w, 705 *A; Supernatural or enchanted w, 400—424; Talkative w, 1381; who always obeys, 1415 *A.

Wild and tame birds, 245; man, 502; Shooting w boars, 1053.

Wind forgotten, 752 B; Inquiring direction of w, 6; Pregnant by w, 301, Visit to w, 400, 425, 551; Wife loves husband like w in hot sun, 923 A.

Window, Breaking magic w, 329; Wound on w ledge, 432.

Wine, Bird's w and unborn horse, 927 *B; Fool spills w, *1703.

Wineskins, Devil stabs w, 313.

Wing of dove broken, 400 *A.

Wings of prince, 575.

Winner at cards, 313, *345.

Winning princess' hand, 850—869.

Wise brothers, 655; through experience, 910 A.

Wishes granted, 403 A; granted to fisher's wife, 555; of one must be double those of other, 1331; Power to make w come true, 652, 675; Three w, 330, 592, 750 A.

Wishing contests, 1925.

Wishing, See ring.

Wit contest of princess and hero, 853.

Witch, 746—749; Bringing water more quickly than w, 513; killed by helpful lion, 303; kills own daughter, 327 *D; replaces bride, 408; turns blood-brother into stone, 303.

With whole heart, 1186.

Wolf beaten for washing away beans, *64; Carries derisive fox, *64, or shamsick fox, 4; cut open and kids rescued, 123; deceives old woman, *166; devours goat, *127; dies on prongs of prey's house, 124; disguises as man, *166; disputes over beehive, *80; drinks in well for cheese, 34, *64; eats girls, 333; eats kids, 123; Enchanted w as helper, 428; fishes

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216 with basket on tail, 2; flees from wolfhead, 125; Girl as w, 409; harnessed, 1910; laments his bad reputation, *129; loses breakfast; 122; persuaded to sing, 122 C; Prince as w, 428; Race of w and bee, 275 *B; revealed by eagle, *229; runs away from his skin, 1896; sings despite host's objection, 100; skinned, 1, 2, 47 *C; steals old maid, 1477; taken for colt, 1311; tricked by rabbit's antics, 72 *A; tricked into chimney and burned, 124; waits and loses prey, 122 A.

Wolf's, Boy on w tail, 1875; Crane removes bone from w throat, 76; Dog as w shoemaker, 102; greatest punishment is marriage, *165; tail lost in ice, 2.

Wolves in stable, 1652; kept off by army, 516; on top of one another frightened by lizard, 121.

Woman, 1440—1524; causes pure shepherd's downfall, *1805 A; Disguised as w lover carries off princess, 516; has two mouths, *1803; in chest, 1536 A; Old w deceived by wolf, *166; Spinning w, 500—501; too evil for anyone, 1164, 1170; Unkind w turned into cow, 473.

Women after squirrel and pot, 1227; Beloved of w, 580; Mute driver and deaf w, *1587.

Wonder child, 708.

Wood and ice houses, 43; Bear pretends to be w, 154; carried down hill, 1243; cutting, 1001; House in w, 431; loaded, 1242; Old man in w, 442; Pregnant from burning piece [of ?w, 301; spirit's forster son 667*.

Woodpecker, Greedy woman turned into w, 751 A.

Words, The twelve w, *2045.

World, Fear of w coming to end, 20 C; Journey to other w, 465 C, 466**, 470, 471.

Wounded bird, 400 *A.

Wren, Clever w becomes irdking, 221.

Wrestling contest, 1070, 1071.

Young, Fox as nursemaid eats y, 37; Treatment of y during months of year, 2012 *C.

Youth and pretty shoes, 1731; Clever y, 920—929; Water of y, 550.

Youths appear from carnations, 425 *D.

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 море. We're rounding the cape now and heading for the open sea.

мыслимый (prpp of мыслить) possible. Мыслимо ли это? Could that be possible?

мыслить to think.

мысль (F) idea. Это хорошая мысль. That's a good idea. — Я уже давно ношусь с мыслью поехать в деревню. For a long time I've been mulling over the idea of going to the country. — Что подало вам эту мысль? What gave you that idea? • thought. Помолчите немного, мне надо собраться с мыслями. Keep quiet a minute; I've got to gather my thoughts. • notion. У меня внезапно мелькнула мысль, что он это сделал. I suddenly got the notion that he did it. □ задняя мысль ulterior motive. У него при этом не было никаких задних мыслей. He had no ulterior motive when he did it. □ Его образ мыслей мне очень близок. He thinks along the same lines as I do. • Что вы, я и мысли об этом не допускаю! What do you mean? I wouldn't even think of it. • У меня и в мыслях не было его обидеть. I didn't have the slightest intention of insulting him.

мыть (мою, моет) to wash. У него руки такие, словно он их никогда не моет. His hands look as if they've never been washed. — Не входите в комнату, там моют пол. Don't go into the room. They're washing the floor there. □ *Рука Руку моет. Crooks always cover up for each other.

-ся to wash oneself. Я всегда моюсь холодной водой. I always wash myself with cold water.

мытьё washing. На мытьё, стряпню и штопку уходит масса времени. There's a lot of time spent washing, cooking, and darning. □ Какое тут мытьё, мы и так опаздываем! How can you think of washing now when we're so late? • *Я от него этого добьюсь не мытьём, так катаньем. I'll get it from him by hook or by crook.

мышеловка mousetrap. Нужно купать мышеловку. We'll have to get a mousetrap.

мышь (P -ши, -шёй F) mouse. У нас целую ночь бегали мыши. We heard mice running around all night long. □ летучая мышь bat. Я боюсь летучих мышей. I'm afraid of bats.

мышьяк (-а) arsenic.

мягкий ([-хк-]; sh -гка; cp мягче [-xč-]; мягчайший [-xč-]) soft. *Постели у нас очень мягкие. The beds here are very soft. • mild. Вам надо жить в более мягком климате. You should live in a milder climate. □ мягко softly. Она говорила мягко, но решительно. She spoke softly but decisively. • mildly. Это был, мягко выражаясь, очень неумный поступок. To put it mildly, it wasn't a very intelligent thing to do. □ В мягком вагоне мест больше нет. We don't have any more seats in the first-class car. • Он очень мягкий человек. He's a very soft-hearted person. • *Мягко стелет, да жёстко спать. He pats you on the back and then kicks you in the shin.

мягче See мягкий.

мясное (AN) meat. Она не ест мясного. She doesn't eat meat.

мясной meat. Мясная лавка здесь поблизости. The meat market is near by.

Мясо meat. Я зажарил большой кусок мяса. I roasted a large piece of meat. — Мясо пережарено. The meat is overdone. □ *Все пуговицы у вас вырваны с мясом. Some material came off with your buttons. • *Это ни рыба, ни мясо. It's neither fish nor fowl.

мятель See метель.

мятный mint. Мятные капли помогают от тошноты. Mint drops are good for nausea. □ мятная лепёшка mint. Дайте мне мятных лепёшек. Give me some mints.

мять (мну, мнёт; ppp мятый) to wrinkle. Не мните скатерти. Don't wrinkle the tablecloth. □ Он долго мял глину, прежде чем приступить к лепке. He softened the clay for a long time before getting down to work. • Траву мять воспрещается. Keep off the grass.

-ся to wrinkle. Этот костюм ужасно мнётся. This suit wrinkles a lot. □ Ну, чего вы мнётесь? Well, what are you hesitating about?

мяч (-а M) ball. Где можно купить теннисные мячи? Where can you buy tennis balls?

Н
на (/with a and l/) on. Не садитесь на этот стул. Don't sit on that chair. — Старик опирался на палку. The old man leaned on his cane. — Он хромает на левую ногу. He limps on his left leg. — На голодный желудок такой работы не сделаешь. Such work can't be done on an empty stomach. — Самовар на столе — идём чай пить. The samovar is on the table. Let's have some tea. — На этой улице большое движение. There's a lot of traffic on this street. — Мы живём на Тверской. We live on Tverskaya Street. — Он теперь ходит на костылях. He walks on crutches now. — Вся ответственность лежала на мне. The entire responsibility lay on my shoulders. — На ней было замечательное платье. She had a beautiful dress on. • in. Он теперь живёт на Кавказе. He lives in the Caucasus now. — Я его знал, когда я был на военной службе. I knew him when I was in the service. — Все ребята теперь на её попечении. All the children are now left in her care. — На людях она обычно очень сдержана. She's usually very reserved in public. — Он слеп на один глаз. He's blind in one eye. • by. Мы туда поедем на автомобиле. We'll drive there by car. — Некоторые фрукты продаются у нас на вес, другие поштучно. Some fruit is sold by weight, some by the piece. — Для этой комнаты нужен ковёр размером девять на двенадцать. This room ought to have a nine-by-twelve rug. — Помножьте это число на двадцать пять. Multiply this number by twenty-five.


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NOTES then Secretary of the Directorate. It was at this time that he composed a poem in execration of Louis XVI, whom he had formerly praised. After the fall of the Cisalpine Republic he went to Genoa and thence to Paris, where he became the flatterer of Napoleon. In 1802 he was elected professor of Poetry at Pavia, and, in 1804, poeta del governo italiano and assessore consulente of fine arts. After the Congress of Vienna in 1814 he had leave to remain at Milan, and wrote poems on the Austrian governor of the Lombardo-Veneto. Died at Milan. Chief works:—Shakespearian tragedies: Aristodemo (1787); Galeotto Manfredi (1788); Caio Graccho (1802); poems: the Bassvilliana; the Mascheroniana, celebrating Napoleon and cursing England; La Bellezza dell'Universo, influenced by Milton; I Pensieri d'Amore, Il Bardo della Selva Nera, Il Beneficio, etc. [Poesie liriche, Carducci, Firenze, 1858; Canti e Poemi, ed. Carducci, Firenze, 1862; Tragedie, etc., ed. Carducci, Firenze, 1865.]

 (page 398). Born at Zante. Educated at Spalato; went to Venice about 1793; after the fall of the Republic joined a cavalry regiment at Bologna. Returned to Venice, and went to Milan when the treaty of Campoformio ceded Venetian territory to Austria. Wrote in the Monitore italiano; went to Bologna and Florence; fought against the Austrians and Russians; was imprisoned at Modena; fought at Trebbia and Novi; was at Genoa during the siege. Joined the Italian legion of the French army, 1804; returned to Milan, 1806, and was made professor of Italian Eloquence at Pavia, but the Chair was abolished almost immediately after his appointment. Had to leave Milan because his tragedy Aiace, produced at La Scala in 1811, contained satirical references to Napoleon. Returned in 1813, served the Austrians for a short time, then (1815) fled to Switzerland, and came to London in 1816. He met most of the interesting people in England, but lived in 561


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 • to. Что он вам на это ответил? What did he answer to this? — Я иду на работу. I'm on my way to work. — Мы сегодня идём на вечеринку. We're going to a party tonight. • at. Вы можете купить это на рынке. You can get this at the market. — Он сейчас на работе и вернётся только вечером. He's at work now, and will return only toward evening. — Вы напрасно на него рассердились. You got mad at him for no good reason. — Пообедаем на станции. Let's have dinner at the station. — Мы провели всё лето на взморье. We spent the whole summer at the seashore. — Он работает на заводе. He's working at the factory. — Мы долго смотрели на эту картину. We looked at the picture a long time. • into. Разрежьте пирог на восемь частей. Cut the pie into eight pieces. — Это надо перевести на английский (язык). It has to be translated into English. • upon. Я беру это на себя. I take this upon myself. • with. Тут готовят на сливочном масле. They cook with butter here. • for. Спасибо на добром слове! Thanks for the kind word. — Вот вам работа на завтра. Here's your work for tomorrow. — На когда назначено заседание? What time is the meeting set for? — Она приехала на неделю. She came to stay for a week. — У нас тут запасов на целый месяц хватит. We have enough supplies for a whole month. — Что у вас сегодня на обед? What do you have for dinner today? — Сохраните это на чёрный день. Save it for a rainy day. — Эта комната на двоих. This room is for two. — Сегодня мне придётся готовить на восемь человек. I'll have to cook for eight people today. — Вам материю на пальто или на костюм? Do you need the cloth for a coat or for a suit? — Сколько ассигновано на постройку завода? How much money has been allotted for building the factory? • here, there. Ha! There! — На, возьми это яблоко! Here, take this apple. □ на что what … for. На что вам эта коробка? What do you need this box for? □ На следующий день мы с ним встретились в музее. Next day, we met him in the museum. • Всё это произошло на моих глазах. All this happened in my presence. • На прошлой неделе всё время шёл дождь. It rained all last week. • У меня тяжело на душе. I have a heavy heart. • Что это вы? На солнышке греетесь? What are you doing there? Taking in the sun? • У неё шубка на беличьем меху. She's got a squirrel-lined coat. • Вы играете на скрипке? Do you play the violin? • Вы умеете играть на бильярде? Can you play billiards? • Мы с тобой сядем на вёсла, а она на руль. You and I will handle the oars and she'll take the rudder. • Он может быть у вас пока на посылках. In the meantime, you can use him as an errand boy. • Ну, это я оставляю на вашей совести. Well, let your conscience be your guide. • *У них там дурак на дураке сидит. They're all a pack of fools there. • Мы сели на пароход в Ленинграде. We boarded the ship at Leningrad. • Они двигались всё дальше на восток. They were going farther and farther east. • Отвечайте на мой вопрос. Answer my question. • Я спешу на поезд. I'm hurrying to catch the train. • На него наклеветали. They slandered him. • *Подожди, голубчик, и на тебя управа найдётся! Just wait, buddy, they'll catch up with you one of these days. • Подписка на заём протекает очень успешно. The sale of bonds is moving along very successfully. • Я получил отпуск на месяц. I got a month's leave. • Этим изобретением он прославился на весь мир. This invention made him famous all over the world. • На этот раз всё сошло благополучно. This time everything went off smoothly. • Вы шумите на весь дом! You're making so much noise you can be heard all over the house. • Дайте мне семечек на гривенник. Give me a dime's worth of sunflower seeds. • Вы опоздали на два часа. You're two hours late. • Билет стоил на два рубля больше, чем я думал. The ticket cost me two rubles more than I expected. • Брат моложе меня на пять лет. My brother is five years younger than I am. • Почему вы не сказали об этом на неделю раньше? Why didn't you mention it a week sooner? • На всякий сличай запишите мой адрес. Take down my address in case you need it. • Мы взяли на воспитание двух сирот. We took two orphans into our home. • Возьмите это на память. Take this as a remembrance. • На беду мы не застали его дома. Unfortunately we didn't find him at home. • На ваше счастье, я не злопамятен. It's a good thing for you that I'm not the sort of man to bear a grudge. • Я вам верю на слово. I take your word for it. • Я вызубрил свою роль на зубок. I memorized my part so that I had it down pat. • Он на всё способен. He's liable to do anything. • Вы знаете, что мне пришло на ум? Do you know what I just thought of? • *Вот тебе и на! Well, that's a fine how-do-you-do!

набело (/cf белый/) clean. Перепишите эту рукопись набело. Make a clean copy of this manuscript.

набережная (AF) waterfront. Как попасть на набережную? How do I get to the waterfront?

набивать (dur of набить) to stuff. А пух я спрячу — подушки набивать. I'll save the down to stuff pillows. — Не набивайте так чемодана — он не закроется. Don't stuff the suitcase so full. It won't close.

набирать (dur of набрать) to take on. Паровоз набирает воду. The locomotive is taking on water. — В вашем учреждении набирают новых работников? Are they hiring new workers in your office? • to gain. Однако, наш самолёт быстро набирают высоту. Our plane is certainly gaining altitude rapidly.

набить (-бью, -бьёт; imv -бёй; ppp -битый; pct of набивать) to fill. Погодите, пока я набью трубку. Wait a minute while I fill my pipe. • to pack. У нас погреб набит льдом — это и есть наш ледник. Our cellar is packed with ice; it's really our icebox. • to shoot. Мы сегодня набили массу уток. We shot a lot of ducks today. • to trounce. Наши футболисты набили приезжей команде! Our soccer team trounced the visitors. □ Где это он набил себе такую шишку? Where did he get that bump? • *Он себе на этом руку набил. He became an expert in that. • *Мне эти разговоры давно оскомину набили. I've been sick and tired of these discussions for a long time.

-ся to pack. Сколько народу набилось в комнату! The room is packed to the rafters!

наблюдать (dur) to watch. Дети наблюдали за каждым его движением. The children watched his every move. • to observe. Мне этого наблюдать не приходилось. I've never had occasion to observe it. □ Кто тут наблюдает за порядком? Who keeps order here?

набор set. Дайте мне набор карандашей для раскрашивания. Give me a set of crayons.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/New Testament Criticism

NEW TESTAMENT CRITICISM. Triple Evidence. — Logicians distinguish between metaphysical, physical and moral evidence for the things we know. Metaphysical evidence is based on the unchangeable essences of objects or on the analysis of our concepts; for example, the whole is greater than its parts. Physical evidence is based on the conditional stability of the laws of nature; for example, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Moral evidence is based on the testimony of a witness; it implies that we have the genuine words of the witness, and that the witness is endowed with the necessary knowledge and veracity. The New Testament does not furnish us either metaphysical or physical evidence; we have to be content with moral evidence. And even this is not of the highest order. We do not listen to the words of eyewitnesses, but we have only a number of historical and doctrinal writings to consult. Again, we do not possess a single autograph of these writings; our New Testament text has been copied and copied again, edited and edited again, so that at present not a single verse reads exactly alike in all copies and editions. The very words of our witnesses seem to have become uncertain. Moreover, doubt has been raised as to the knowledge and the veracity of our New Testament writers; their evidence has been pronounced unreliable even in those passages in which their words are practically certain.

Criticism. — For these reasons the principles of criticism must be applied to the books of the New Testament. Lower or textual criticism

will inquire into the genuineness of each verse and of every word of the New Testament. Higher criticism will investigate the authenticity of the entire New Testament books, and will test their reliability. Meanwhile, let not the metaphysician and the scientist underrate the evidence furnished by the New Testament writings. It is the evidence on which history is built; even the abstract thinker is content with this kind of evidence as soon as he leaves the region of speculation and enters into practical life.

Lower or Textual Criticism. — Lower or textual criticism strives to restore the original text of the New Testament Its method consists generally in a reversal of the process by which false readings have penetrated into the text. The original readings are suggested partly by the ingenuity of the critic, partly by the text of early manuscripts or of patristic quotations or again of early versions.

Original Manuscripts. — The original copies of our New Testament books must have been lost very early. No early Father appeals to the original manuscript in defense of his own peculiar reading of the text. Tertullian (de præscript. 36) and Peter of Alexandria (de pasch. vii; Migne, P. G., xviii, 517, 520) are no exceptions. Tertullian's words concerning the Pauline Epistles do not necessarily imply the existence of the original copies; and Peter's testimony is based on late authority. Neither can it be said that a fragment of Mark's original Gospel is still kept in Venice (Baron., Annal. ad ann. 485), and that the copy of Matthew's Gospel written by Barnabas is still extant in Constantinople (Assem., Biblioth. orient., ii, pp. 81 ff); for both relics are spurious.

Early Variations.— Some of the early ecclesiastical writers are of opinion that the New Testament text was corrupted intentionally by the heretics. This view is expressed by Irenæus (c. hær. i, 27; Migne, P. G., vii, 638), Dionysius of Corinth (Eus., H. E., iv, 23; Migne, P. G., xx, 388 ff.), Tertullian (c. Marc, v, passim), Eusebius (H. E., v, 28 Migne, P. G., xx, 516), and Epiphanius (hær., xlii, 9 ff.; Migne, P. G., xli, 708). We do not deny that heretical writers may have introduced one or another variant, but they cannot be held responsible for the great bulk of different readings. Nor are we at a loss to account for the early appearance of variations. (1) Oral tradition was prized higher in the earliest time of the Church than the written word. (2) The dogma of inspiration was not sufficiently well developed to demand a special amount of accuracy on the part of the copyists. (3) Most copyists did not work as official scribes of the Church, but transcribed the text for the use of private persons. (4) It must also be kept in mind that the scientific accuracy of later days was not a characteristic feature of the first centuries. (5) Finally, the copyists were fallible men, and as such they were not exempt from the various sources of accidental error to which all scribes are subject.

Earliest Witnesses for Variations. — Among the earliest witnesses for the existence of variants in the New Testament text must be reckoned Polycarp, Hegesippus, Papias, the Elders of Irenæus, Justin, Theodotus, the churches of Vienne and of Lyons, Marcion,

Ptolemæus, Heracleon and Tatian. Nor can the variants, for the existence of which they testify, be regarded as mere accidental slips of memory. Polycarp's quotation of Acts ii, 24 (ad Philipp. 1, 2) disagrees with nearly all Greek codices and early visions, but it agrees with cod. D, the Vulgate, and several other versions. The double reading of this passage must then have existed even in his day. Irenæus (adv. hær. 30, 1; Migne, P. G., vii, 1203) appeals to ancient and accurate manuscripts in defense of a certain reading. Clement of Alexandria, too (Strom. iv, 6; Migne, P. G. vii, 1252), cites variants of certain passages. Various readings must therefore have been quite common in the 2d century. In the 3d century Origen complains of the great diversity in the codices (in Matt, xv, 14; Migne, P. G. xiii, 1293), and during the course of the 3d century Jerome attests that the evil grew rather than diminished (ad Dam., præf. in evang.). After the 4th century the occurrence of variants is attested by existing manuscripts, patristic quotations and faithful translations.

Incipient Stability. — It has been believed that Origen was the author of a revised text of the New Testament. But this opinion can hardly be reconciled with Origen's own words (in Matt, xv, 14; Migne, P. G. xiii, 1293). On the other hand, many learned men did not consider it below their dignity to aid in the transcription of the sacred text. Eusebius and Jerome (H. E VI xxxii, 3; de vir. ill. 75) testify that Pamphilus had transcribed certain texts. Jerome again (ep. 34; al. 141) tells us that the priests Acacius and Euzoius had been engaged in transcribing the sacred text in the library of Cæsarea. In other passages Jerome shows his esteem for the manuscripts written by Adamantius and Pierius (in Matt, xxiv, 26; in Gal. iii, 1; Migne, P. G., xxvi, 181, 348), the latter of whom was one of Origen's successors in the presidency of the Alexandrian school; but neither Jerome nor Eusebius can be cited as a witness for a text revision by either of Jerome's favorites (cf. Eus. H. E., vii, 32; Migne, P. G., xx, 732). True text revisions appear to have been edited by the Egyptian bishop Hesychius and the Antiochian priest Lucian. It is true that Jerome's words (ad Dam., præf. in evang.; de vir. ill. 77) are not as clear and definite as one might desire. Still they show that Hesychius and Lucian had paid considerable attention to the problem of the New Testament text. Hug, Eichhorn and W. Bousset have ventured to suggest that the work of Hesychius has been preserved in the so-called Alexandrian group of New Testament variants, while that of Lucian is variously connected with the Byzantine or the neutral group. But no proof for either view has thus far been advanced. It cannot be denied, however, that from the 4th or 5th century onward the variants in the New Testament crystallize into several types or forms, differing according to the country in which the respective manuscripts were written, the versions were made and the citations were employed.

Causes Which Effected the Stable Text Groups. — We have said that the different groups of variants were more or less attached to their place of origin. But loyalty to the customs of particular places was not the only cause of the incipient text stability. The following considerations will suggest additional reasons:

(1) The local ecclesiastical authorities naturally insisted on having the transcriber copy the text current in each particular Church. (2) After the Church began to enjoy the blessings of peace under the reign of Constantine, the bishops had better opportunities to regulate the interior affairs of their respective dioceses (cf Sozom., H. E. i, 11; Migne, P. G. lxvii, 889). (3) Owing to Diocletian's decree concerning the destruction of sacred books, many copies of the New Testament had been destroyed during the late persecution, so that the number of the model texts was greatly reduced (Eus., H. E. viii, 2; Migne, P. G. xx, 745). (4) Finally, the Emperor Constantine charged Eusebius with the transcription of 50 new codices which were donated to the various imperial foundations and thus became the model text for innumerable other copies (cf. Eus., Vit. Constant., iv, 34, 36, 37; Migne, P. G. xx, 1181 ff.). Here we have an explanation of the fact that the so-called Syrian or Byzantine group of texts attained such an overwhelming popularity.

The Written Text from the 4th to the 16th Century. — Though from the 4th century onward the particular churches had their own peculiar groups of variants which they propagated in preference to other readings, it must not be imagined that the lines of demarkation between these text-families are mathematically accurate. Suppose we denote by 1 the text peculiar to the Church A, by 2 that current in the Church B, by 3 that peculiar to the Church C, etc., then the text peculiar to the Church Z will not be entirely new, but in all likelihood it will be a mixture of 1, 2, 3; and the text of the Church Y will be a mixture expressed by 3, 2, 1, and similarly the text of the Church X will be the mixture of 2, 1, 3. And while the codices were thus propagated, fairly faithful reproductions of parts of the text were kept for us by Eusebius, Athanasius, Epiphanius, the two Cyrils, Basil, the two Gregorys, Chrysostom, Theodoret and Ephræm. To these illustrious men must be added Andrew of Cappadocia for the 5th century. Venerable Bede, John Damascene and Alcuin for the 8th, Photius for the 9th, Suidas and Arethas for the 10th, Theophylactus, Œcumenius and Euthemius for the 11th and 12th, the Correctoria for the 13th and Laurentius Valla for the 15th. And this is by no means an exhaustive list of men and works important for textual or lower criticism.

New Testament Codices. — Greek manuscripts are divided into uncials and cursives or minusc u les. In uncial writing all the letters are large and divided. The other class of manuscripts is called minuscule, because its letters are small; it is called cursive, because its letters are linked together in a running hand. Broadly speaking, the manuscripts written before the 10th century are uncial; those written between the 10th and the invention of printing (1454 A.D.) are minuscule or cursive. Not counting eight manuscript psalters containing the text of the hymns found in the third Gospel, the New Testament uncials number 114; two of these belong to the 4th century, 15 to the 5th, 24 to the 6th, 17 to the 7th, 19 to the 8th, 31 to the 9th, 6 to the 10th. But only one of all these contains the complete text of the New Testament; four others contain the greatest part of it. Besides these five, there are 81 gospel

(12 complete or nearly so, 14 partial ones and 55 fragmentary), 13 of the Book of Acts (five complete or nearly so, eight more or less fragmentary), five of the Catholic Epistles (four more or less complete, one fragment), 20 of the Pauline Epistles (seven more or less complete, 13 fragmentary). There are four complete manuscripts of the Apocalypse, and one defective one. Of the cursive manuscripts more than 1,200 contain the Gospels, more than 400 the Book of Acts, more than 500 the Pauline Epistles, more than 180 the Apocalypse. Besides, textual criticism knows more than 260 lectionaries with fragments of the Book of Acts and of the Epistles, and more than 950 evangelistaria, about 100 of which are uncial manuscripts. The investigation into the origin and the relationship of the various cursive manuscripts is far from being complete. To facilitate reference, the uncial manuscripts were denoted by capital letters, either Latin or Greek or even Hebrew, while the cursives were indicated by Arabic figures. H. Fr. von Soden has changed this notation considerably. On the list arranged according to this improved plan, not merely the identity of Soden's 2,328 manuscripts is indicated, but also their age and contents (‘Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer altesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte’; Bd. i.).

The Printed Text. — It was in 1516 that Erasmus published the first printed edition of the Greek New Testament text. He based his work on six manuscripts at most; of these none was complete and only one valuable. New and improved editions of the Erasmian text were issued in 1519, 1522, 1527 and 1535. Meanwhile, the polygot edition of Cardinal Ximenes, which had been prepared with much greater care and had left the press on 10 Jan. 1514, was published in 1522 (perhaps in 1520); but being limited to 600 copies, it never reached a large circulation. Not to mention other reissues of these two main editions, Robert Estienne or Stephanus repeated in his third and fourth editions (1550, 1551) almost the pure Erasmian text, adding in the margin variants based on 15 manuscripts and the polygot of Ximenes. The English Authorized Version and the so-called Received Text current in England follow the third edition of Stephanus. His fourth edition is the first Greek text divided up into verses. Among its numerous re-editors, Th. Beza and the Elzevir Brothers deserve the first rank. The preface of the second Elzevir edition, which appeared in 1633, contains the words “textum habes nunc ab omnibus receptum.” Hence the reprints of this text, and there are more than 170, are simply called the Received Text. In brief, then, the Received Text is the text of the second Elzevir edition, which appears to be a repetition of the Bezan text. This latter is the fourth edition of Stephanus corrected according to several notes of Henry Stephanus, some ancient versions and the Codex Claramontanus. In its turn, the Stephanus edition is a repetition of the fifth Erasmian edition, and the latter is based on cod. 1 and 2 for the text of the Gospels, on code. 4 for the text of Acts, on cod. 7 for the Pauline Epistles, on cod. 1 for the text of the Apocalypse, in such a way, however, that the successive reprints of this highly composite text were slightly emended according to a few other text sources.

Critical Apparatus.— Robert Estienne (c. 1546) and Th. Beza (c. 1565) are rightly considered as the pioneer collectors of an apparatus for the textual criticism of the New Testament. Br. Walton (c. 1657) and John Fell also cooperated at the building up of such an apparatus, but they were far surpassed by Mill (c. 1707), who collected about 30,000 variants out of more than 100 sources. Bengel (1687-1752) first divided the various readings into groups. He distinguished between an African and an Asiatic or Byzantine type of variants. Semler (c. 1740) and Griesbach (1745-1812) distinguished three text groups: the former called his divisions the Alexandrian, the Occidental and the Oriental or Byzantine family; the latter named his groups the Alexandrian, the Occidental and the Constantinopolitan. Eichhorn (c. 1820) and Hug (c. 1840) agreed with Griesbach, but Scholz (c. 1850) returned to the double division into Alexandrian and Byzantine readings. Tischendorf (1815-74) acknowledged four different types of text, an Alexandrian, a Latin, an Asiatic and a Byzantine; Tregelles (1813-75) favored again a dual division of texts, naming them the Constantinopolitan and the Alexandrian group. Finally, Westcott and Hort introduced four text families: the Syrian, the Occidental, the Alexandrian and the Neutral. The Syrian text is the vulgate text in the Greek Church since the middle of the 4th century. It is supposed to be a revised edition of a pre-Syrian vulgate text. This latter exhibits three peculiarities: one group of its variants is remarkable for paraphrases, interpolations, amplifications and omissions; this text constitutes the Occidental group. Another group of variants is peculiar for its grammatical and scholastic emendations, and this is called the Alexandrian. A third set of variants, though pre-Syrian, shows neither the diffusiveness of the Occidental text, nor the nicety of the Alexandrian; it is, therefore, called the Neutral group. Now, since the Syrian text figures as the vulgate of the Greek Church after the middle of the 4th century, and since about a century must be allowed for the rise and passing away of the Occidental and the Alexandrian families, the Neutral type of variants must have been the common text during the course of the 2d century. But it cannot be maintained that these premises and conclusions are admitted by all textual critics.

Critical Editions of the New Testament. — After the Received Text had become the current Greek text, it began to be regarded as quite sacred. Mill, Bengel and Wetstein collected various readings differing from the Received Text, but they did not dare to introduce them into the body of the New Testament. It was Griesbach who first changed the Received Text according to the authority of various manuscripts; but not even Griesbach had the full courage of his conviction. Besides, he was not acquainted with some of the oldest manuscripts discovered after his time (c. 1777). We need not delay over some of the less important editions published by Mace, Harwood, Matthæi, Alter, Scholz, Schott, Knapp, Tittmann, Hahn, Theile and others.

Lachmann (1793-1851) was the first who endeavored to construct a new text out of the oldest manuscripts known to him. Believing it to restore the original text, he tried

to reconstruct the readings that had been current in the Church during the course of the 4th century. For this purpose he confined his study to a few of the oldest manuscripts, together with a few of the Fathers, and the best codices of the Latin Vulgate. He simply counted the authorities in favor of each reading and then followed the majority. Though the text thus prepared is far better than the Received Text, it is based on too small a number of witnesses, on too slight a knowledge of the few manuscripts actually used and on too mechanical a method of using them.

Tischendorf's services in the publication of manuscripts have probably done more to establish textual criticism on a sound basis than anything else. Besides, he published at least eight (according to another method of reckoning, 21) editions of the New Testament. It is to be regretted that he did not use his material more consistently and scientifically. Between 1841 and 1849 he differs considerably from the Received Text; between 1849 and 1869 he approaches quite closely to it; but after 1869 he again diverges from it. His last, or eighth edition (1864-72), still remains the standard collection of evidence for the Greek text. The prolegomena (1884-94) to this edition are the work of Gregory; they give an account of the manuscripts, the versions and the patristic quotations.

Tregelles (1831-75) published two manuscripts and collated many others with great accuracy, thus preparing his material for a revised Greek text. He based his edition exclusively on the most ancient authorities, but he used a larger number of them than Lachmann had done. Like his predecessors, he did not follow the principle of grouping in his new edition, so that the choice of his readings depends somewhat on personal preferences. Alford, Lightfoot, Weiss and others also have devoted a good deal of study to the New Testament text, but more with a view to its proper interpretation than its emendation.

Finally, Westcott and Hort have given us a new edition of the New Testament text based on the principle of grouping as explained under the preceding number. By adhering to the Neutral readings, they believe they reproduce the text current in the Church during the course of the 2d century. This edition has met with determined opposition, especially on the part of Scrivener and Burgon. These two scholars maintain that in the reconstruction of the Greek text all available authorities must be considered, and the most ancient must not be given the sole right of being heard. J. B. McClellan, too, based his English version of the Gospels (1875) on a revision of the Greek text, in which internal probability is taken as the most trustworthy guide in the selection between variants. Other good editions of the Greek text have been published by Weymouth, Gebhardt, Nestle, Bandscheid and Hetzenauer.

Recent Discoveries. — In recent years quite a number of discoveries have been made which have an important bearing on the textual criticism of the New Testament. The Arabic text of Tatian's ‘Diatessaron’ has come to light and was edited by Ciasca in 1888. The so-called second Epistle of Clement was discovered by Bryennios in 1875. In the last-named manuscript was also contained the Teaching of the

Apostles, but it was not made known till 1883. A fragment of the Gospel of Peter was discovered in 1886 by members of the French Archæological Mission, who conducted excavations in the cemetery of Akhmim, in Upper Egypt. The Sinaitic Syriac manuscript was discovered by Mrs. Lewis and Mrs. Gibson in 1892, during their visit to the monastery of Saint Catharine, on Mount Sinai. Part of the Codex Purpureus was brought to light in 1896 in the neighborhood of Cæsarea. Finally, some Sayings of our Lord were discovered by Messrs. Grenfell and Hunt in 1896 and 1903 on the site of the ancient Oxyrhynchus, in Egypt.

Results. — Confining ourselves to general statements, we may derive the following conclusions from what has been said: (1) The material for the textual criticism of the New Testament is constantly growing. (2) In Mill's time the number of variants in the New Testament was estimated at 30,000; in 1874 Scrivener counted at least 120,000; Schaff stated in 1892 that they did not fall much short of 150,000. (3) There are more variants than words in the New Testament; in fact, there are about 20 variants to each single verse and they increase with each new discovery. (4) Lower criticism shows that we need not be alarmed at the number of these variants and that the substance of the New Testament is absolutely certain. (5) Dr. Hort, who is surely good authority in this question, tells us that “the amount of what can in any sense be called substantial variation. . . can hardly form more than a thousandth part of the entire text.” (6) Kaulen enumerates only four passages in which the variants touch matters of faith: Mk. i, 1; Acts xx, 28; 1 Cor. xv, 51; and 1 Tim. iii, 16. But our faith is not affected by these variants; the revealed truth contained in these four passages is sufficiently certain from other texts of the New Testament. (7) Our classical scholars are satisfied that we possess the true text of those classical works of antiquity that have come down to us, though our knowledge of these works depends on a mere handful of manuscripts, while the manuscripts of the New Testament are counted by hundreds and even thousands. (8) The fact that our New Testament variants differ only in form, not in substance, excludes the hypothesis that it is the result of syncretism. The very defenders of this hypothesis seem to feel the difficulty; hence they declare that the New Testament presents “a syncretism without parallel in literature, unless in the Old Testament.” (9) The number of manuscripts, of ancient versions, and of patristic quotations, is so great that it is practically certain that the original text of the New Testament is preserved in some one or another of these ancient authorities. This cannot be said of any other book of antiquity.

Higher Criticism. — The name ../Higher Criticism/ (q.v.) implies that it deals with problems more important than those of the textual or lower criticism. These problems are the questions concerning the integrity, the authenticity, the literary form and the trustworthiness of the various books. In the case of profane writings, these topics have been considered by a science called Literary Criticism. The higher critic ought to employ in his work not only the evidence of the literary work itself, but also external evidence that may be at his command.

The internal evidence comprises the style of the book, the views of its authors, allusions to past or contemporary events, geographical and chronological data, religious, moral and political principles, grammatical forms, lexicographical peculiarities; in fact, all the details that offer a solid basis for comparing the work under consideration with other literary products of the same period of time or by the same author. After all these elements have been considered, the actual work of comparison can safely be undertaken.

Faults of Higher Criticism. — We do not say that all higher critics are sophists, nor do we imply that sophistry occurs more frequently in higher criticism than in any other branch of human science; we wish only to point out some faults that higher critics have actually committed in their process of reasoning. (1) Many higher critics begin their work with a prejudiced or biased mind. While the orthodox inquirer cares very little whether he has to admit a supernatural fact more or less, and is therefore free to follow objective evidence, the unbeliever is pledged a priori not to admit any supernatural fact, seeing that a single fact of this kind would upset all his theories. If Christianity, they say, originated from Jesus, then he must have been superhuman. But nothing superhuman must be admitted at any cost. Hence Christianity must be considered as the syncretism of its age, the last efflorescence of the Judæo-Greco-Roman spirit. And all this vague terminology blinds them to the fact that this hypothesis involves a greater miracle than they have sought to avoid. (2) The higher critics often infer a passe ad esse; they imagine that a certain fact can be explained according to a given hypothesis, and forthwith that hypothesis is upheld as the only explanation. History and common sense may go against their inference, but all this cannot make them change their point of view; stet pro ratione voluntas. (3) The higher critics often change the degree of certainty of their contentions as they go along. First, something may be true; next, it is probably true; again, it is certainly true; finally, they actually refer back to their preceding statement with the words, “we have proved this to be so.” (4) The argument of silence, too, has been highly favored by certain higher critics, though no regard was paid to the conditions under which alone this argument is of any value. (5) Again, higher critics are apt to pronounce judgment on topics outside their sphere of study. They claim to give an opinion on matters theological, philosophical, historical, scientific without the least hesitation; they even feel aggrieved if their criticism is criticised.

First Beginning of Higher Criticism. — The name higher criticism is of comparatively recent origin, but its principles are very old. In the last century before Christ, Dionysius of Halicarnassus won great renown by his critical acumen. In the early days of the Church, too, the books of Scripture were defended against the attacks of a Porphyry and a Celsus by men like Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Eusebius and Jerome by an appeal to the principles that are employed by our present-day higher critics. It is true that during the course of the succeeding ages our great Christian scholars were imbued with too great a reverence for the inspired books to subject them to

the critical process applied in the case of profane literature. Still, there were notable exceptions even to this rule. The introductory treatises to the Bible as a whole or to its several books were applications of critical principles. Richard Simon (1638-1712) applied the same in a pre-eminently masterful way in his famous work, ‘Histoires Critiques du Vieux Testament, du Texte et des Versions du Nouveau Testament.’ The erudite works of Dom Calmet, too, give evidence of skilled critical inquiry.

The Age of Scoffers. — Though raillery is no longer the equivalent of argument, it is instructive to review the attempts made to undermine the authority of the Scriptures by means of this weapon. Among the scoffers Voltaire holds a pre-eminent place. The tradition that he copied his difficulties against the credibility of the Bible out of Dom Calmet's works without either adding their solution or indicating his sources is too well known to need repetition. In his wake followed the French encyclopædists. A panegyrist calls Voltaire the king who succeeded Louis XIV, and who handed the royal sceptre over to Napoleon. Among his ministers figure such celebrated men as Diderot, D'Alembert, Buffon, Helvétius, D'Holbach, D'Argens, Lamettrie, Turgot, Condorcet, and in a way also Rousseau and Montesquieu. The king himself had learned his trade among the Deists of England, whither he was forced to withdraw in 1726, and where he remained for about two years. Cherbury, Toland, Tindal, Woolston, Collins, Bolingbroke, Chubb, Whiston, Shaftesbury, Whittey, Somers, Wharton, Shrewsbury and Buckingham figure among the principal apostles of English Deism.

Rationalism.— In Germany three forces had been at work to prepare the minds of the people for disbelief in the New Testament: First, the Wolfian philosophy had freed the mind from the strict letter of the Bible; secondly, the New Testament editions of Westein and Griesbach had shaken the readers' confidence in the inspired text; thirdly, Bengel and Crusius had modified the current notion of inspiration, insisting more on the active part of the inspired instruments than on their passive condition. The public was thus ready to appreciate Lessing's publication of the ‘Fragments of Wolfenbüttel,’ the work of his deceased friend Samuel Reimarus (d. 1768). The first part of this work published in 1774 inculcated tolerance for the Deists; the second part appearing in 1777 was a general attack on revelation; the third part published in 1778 was directed against Jesus and his apostles, practically representing them as so many deceivers.

But this attack on the reliability of the New Testament was too brutal to become popular. Hence Paulus (1761-1851) proposed a hypothesis which removed the supernatural element from the New Testament as effectively as Reimarus had done, and at the same time saved the veracity of the inspired writers. In his ‘Leben Jesu’ (1828) he distinguishes two kinds of supernatural elements in the Gospels; one kind is carried into the Gospels by the interpreters against the intention of the inspired writers; another kind is really intended by the sacred text. The former is removed by a proper method of interpreting the Bible; the latter must be regarded as the result of the subjective impression of the evangelists. They were rude,

uncultured fishermen and judged of the extraordinary phenomena in the life of their Master in a way that was neither scientific nor rational. In brief, according to Paulus, the writers of the New Testament are no longer deceivers, but they were incompetents.

The reliability of the New Testament fared still worse in the ‘Leben Jesu’ published (1835, 1864, 1874) by Strauss (1808-71). He apparently saves both the veracity and the competency of the sacred writers, but he declares their work to be a mere collection of myths. The storm raised in Germany by this work is too well known to need further description.

Strauss had studied only the contents of the Gospels without paying due attention to the Gospels themselves. Ferdinand Christian Baur (1809-82) perceived this weak point in the work of his pupil, and endeavored to strengthen it. He believed that he had discovered the key to the history of early Christianity in the romance of the so-called Clementine Homilies. The opposition between Peter and Paul and their respective parties he traced back from these homilies into the books of the New Testament, in which the opposition between Petrinism and Paulinism was said to be either reflected or harmonized or again considered as past. Only the Apocalypse of John, the Epistles to the Galatians, to the Romans and to the Corinthians were admitted as genuine; all the rest of the New Testament was pronounced pseudonymous, and relegated into the 2d century. Here we have the tenets of the Tübingen school.

Anti-Tübingen Movement. — Baur made several vital mistakes in his assumptions: (1) His fundamental thesis concerning the great opposition between Paul and the other apostles cannot be proved (cf. Weber, ‘Katholik,’ 1898, pp. 193 ff.; 1899, pp. 45 ff.). (2) Baur's preference for the four great Pauline Epistles was merely personal; subsequent negative criticism has not spared their genuineness (cf. Bruno Baur, ‘Kritik der paul. Briefe,’ 1850-52; Steck, ‘Der Galaterbrief nach seiner Echthcit untersucht,’ 1888; Pierson, ‘Der Bergrede,’ 1878). (3) Baur was wrong in his utter neglect of early Christian tradition. The testimony of a Clement of Rome, an Ignatius, a Justin, a Marcion, an Irenæus and a Tertullian should not be set aside at the bidding of merely subjective considerations. Hilgenfeld, in his ‘Historischkritische Einleitung in das Neue Testament’ (1875), acknowledged the genuineness of several New Testament books rejected by Baur; Reuss, in his ‘Geschichte der heil. Schriften d. N. T.’ (1842), restores the origin of the whole New Testament, excepting 1 Pet. to the 1st century. Similar conclusions were reached by Ewald, B. Weiss, Hofmann, Schulze, Godet, Zabn, Harnack and other writers. On the whole, our most recent critics admit that early Christian tradition ought to be respected, and though the defenders of the general genuineness of the New Testament books encounter still strenuous opposition, as has been seen on the occasion of the publication of Zahn's ‘Einleitung,’ they are no longer charged with lack of scientific method.

Syncretism. — There are critics who maintain that the striving to understand Jesus as the originating source of Christianity must prove abortive. They believe that “the most enlightened scholarship of Europe and America

has no standing before the bar of logic.” The genesis of Christianity, we are told, “must be sought in the collective consciousness of the first Christian and immediately pre-Christian centuries; in the amalgamation of faiths when all the currents of philosophic and theosophic thought dashed together their waters in the vast basin of the Roman circum-mediterranean empire.” But how can organic unity develop out of heterogeneity? How can concord develop out of discord and opposition? The material elements which compose the plant or the brute beast exist before either plant or beast begin to live; but who will imagine that a horse or a cow will be the result of the dashing together of their respective material elements? Moreover, Monsignor Batiffol (Revue biblique, January 1903) has shown that between 120 and 140 A.D. Marcion wrote a treatise proving that an opposition exists between the Law and the Gospel; at that early period, therefore, the Gospel was considered as possessing paramount authority. Again, Marcion appealed to Saint Paul in proof for the absolute newness and independence of Christianity. At Marcion's time, therefore, there existed a Canon of the New Testament books. And why should the faithful have esteemed the Gospels and the Pauline Epistles higher than the Epistles of an Ignatius, unless they were convinced that these canonical writings contained the exact teaching of the Master? The authority of Christ's word had preceded the authority of the canonical books.

What is Christ? — Higher critics distinguish between the Christ of history and the Christ of Christianity. Harnack, Wrede and Staerk may be said to simply rob Christianity of its Christ. Schmiedel, O. Holtzmann, Bousset and Schürer endeavor to link the Christ of history together with the Christ of Christianity, but their explanations are unsatisfactory. The Abbé Loisy, too, distinguishes a triple Christ: first, the views of Christ concerning himself; secondly, the faith of the early Christian community concerning Christ; thirdly, the Christology of the New Testament. And if you ask on what the faith of Christianity is based, if not on the facts of history, there will be as many different answers as there are writers. So that we rightly urge against our present-day higher critics the dilemma: Christ is either God, or what is He?

Bibliography. — A fairly complete list of the older literature belonging to this subject may be found in Reuss, ‘History of the New Testament’ (Vol. II, p. 367 f.); O. von Gebhardt adds to the preceding a fairly complete list of the pertinent literature down to about 1896 in his ‘Ürtext und Ubersetzungen de Bibel,’ which is a reprint of his articles on ‘Bibeltext und Bibelübersetzungen,’ contributed to the ‘Realencyclopædie,’ pp. 16, 54 ff. A reference to the contemporary literature may be found in the numbers of the Ecclesiastical Review under the heading “Recent Bible Study.” Besides, the reader may consult Rose, ‘Studies on the Gospels’ (authorized English translation by Mgr. Robert Fraser, 1904); Lagrange, ‘La Methode Historique’ (Paris 1904); Lagrange, ‘Etudes sur les Religions Sémitiques’ (Paris 1905); Chauvin, ‘La Bible depuis ses Origines jusqu'à nos jours’ (Paris 1903); Chauvin, ‘L'Enfance du Christ d'après les Traditions Juives et Chretiennes’ (Paris 1904);

Chauvin, ‘Le Procès de Jésus-Christ’ (Paris 1904); Calmes, ‘Comment se sont formés les Evangiles’ (Paris 1904); Fonsegrive, ‘L'Attitude du Catholique devant la Science’ (Paris 1903); ‘Jésus-Christ, Est-il resucité’ (Paris 1901); Chauvin, ‘Histoire de l'Antéchrist’ (Paris 1901); Chauvin, ‘Au Golgotha’ (Paris 1905); Méchineau, ‘L'origine apostolique du Nouveau Testament’ (Paris 1903); Méchineau, ‘L'Autorité humaine des Livres Saints’ (Paris 1903); Colomer, ‘La Bible et les Théeories Scientifiques’ (Paris 1904); Saubin, ‘La Synagogue Moderne’ (Paris 1903); Vallot, ‘Les Miracles de l'Evangile’ (Paris 1905); Saubin, ‘La Dogme Chrétien dans la Religion Juive’ (Paris 1900); Saubin, ‘Le Talmud et la Synagogue Moderne’ (Paris 1900); Paulus, ‘Les Juifs et le Messie’ (Paris 1904).


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NOTES poverty. Died at Turnham Green and was buried at Chiswick. His remains were transferred to Santa Croce in 1871. Wrote, in addition to his lyric poetry, two tragedies; critical essays; Ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis, a melancholy work, partly biographical; translated Sterne's Sentimental Journey. [Opere, Firenze, Le Monnier, 1835; Poesie, ed. crit. di G. Chiarini, Livorno, 1882.]

 (page 410). Born at Vasto. Secretary of Instruction and Fine Arts at Naples under Murat. Fled to England when Ferdmand Bourbon returned, and lectured at King's College, London. Father of Dante Gabriel Rossetti; wrote critical works on Dante and much verse. Became blind in 1845. Died in London.

303. La Costituzione di Napoli... In 1820 Ferdinand I swore to it on the Gospels, but a year later the Bourbon tyranny was re-established after a hideous succession of massacres. [Poesia di Gabriele Rossetti, ed. Carducci, Firenze, 1861.]

 (page 414). Born at Milan. Took refuge from Austrian tyranny in London, then in Belgium and France. Returned to Italy in 1847; after the Cinque Giornate was Director of Public Instruction at Milan; after the defeat of the Italians was in Tuscany and Piedmont. Died at Turin. A gallant patriot.

304. Viandante... . 4. Silvio is Silvio Pellico.

 (page 419). Born at Milan. Educated there and at Lugano. Went to Paris for two years in 1805. Spent nearly all his life in his native city,—a very tranquil life, even in 1848, though his intense patriotism is unquestionable. The publication of I Promessi Sposi brought him European celebrity. Chief works: Odi, Inni; two tragedies, the Adelchi and the Conte di Carmagnola; I Promessi Sposi; critical letters, and essays. [Opere, Milano, 1870.] 562


text: User:Christophermluna

title: User:Christophermluna


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cornell, Ezra


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text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Corning, Erastus


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cornplanter


text:
Treaty of Edinburgh

Articles I and II: [The treaty of Cambray is confirmed].

III, It is appointed, agreed, and concluded, That all the military forces pertaining to either party by sea or land, shall depart out of Scotland, after the manner, and upon the terms, as mail be agreed by particular articles, signed and sealed by the respective commissioners; such a certain number of French soldiers excepted, as shall be condescended upon by the commissioners of France, and the lords of Scotland, to remain in the castle of Dunbar, and fort of Inch-keith.

IV, It is appointed, agreed, and concluded, That all manner of warlike preparations in England and Ireland against the French or Scots; and in France against the English, Irish, or Scots, shall hereafter cease: So that no ships having on board any soldiers or warlike instruments, or preparations for war, shall be allowed to pass from England or Ireland, or from any other part, into France or Scotland, by and with the consent of Elizabeth queen of England; nor from France, nor any other part, to England, Ireland, or Scotland, by and with the consent of Francis and Mary king and queen of France and Scotland.

V, Seeing in the forementioned treaty of Cambray, it was agreed and concluded, That the fort built at Aymouth in the kingdom of Scotland, should have been demolished within three months after the date of the said treaty, razed to the ground, and nothing ever thereafter to have been built there: And although the said fort be in some sort demolished, yet not so as was agreed upon; therefore it is now appointed, agreed, and concluded, That the said fort of Aymouth shall be utterly demolished and razed before the end of four days, after the demolition of Leith shall begin. And in the demolishing of the said fort, such Scottish men as shall be deputed thereunto by the commissioners, shall be at freedom to make use of the labour of English pioneers.

VI, Seeing the kingdoms of England and Ireland do, by right, pertain to the most serene lady and princess Elizabeth; upon which account it is not lawful for any other persons to call, write, name, or entitle themselves, nor yet to order themselves to be called, written, named, or entitled king and queen of England or Ireland, nor to use or take to themselves the ensign's armorial, or arms of the kingdom of England or Ireland: Therefore it is appointed, agreed, and concluded, That the said most Christian king and Queen Mary, and both of them, shall in all times coming, abstain from using and bearing the said title and arms of the kingdom of England or Ireland, and shall strictly prohibit and forbid their subjects in France and Scotland, and the provinces thereof, from using the said title and arms any manner of way; and shall likewise prohibit and take care, so far as in them lies, that no person quarter the said ensigns armorial with the arms of the kingdoms of France or Scotland. And if there be any public letters or writings which carry in them the title of the kingdoms of England or Ireland, or be sealed with the seal of the said kingdoms, or either of them; the fame shall be renewed, without the abjection of the title and arms of England and Ireland; and all letters and writings containing the said title, or sealed with the seals of the said arms, which shall not be renewed within six months after the publication of this present treaty, shall be void, and of no avail. Finally, they shall take care, so far as they can, that in the said kingdoms of France and Scotland, the said arms be no where extant, seen, or found mixed with the arms of the said king or Queen Mary; and that the said title be no where extant, seen or found ascribed to the said king or Queen Mary.

VII, Whereas the commissioners of the most serene Queen Elizabeth did require, that the foregoing caution and provision contained in the close of the article immediately proceeding, should be published by open proclamation; and did likewise insist on a further compensation and reparation for the injuries which they alleged were done to the said most serene Queen Elizabeth, by the said most serene king and Queen Mary: And whereas the commissioners of France, after having replied sundry things in answer thereunto, did farther add, that they had no authority to treat or conclude any thing concerning these particulars; and if they should wait until a return shall come from France, not only would there arise from thence a great loss of time; but moreover strong impediments may come in the way of completing the present treaty of peace and amity: therefore it is appointed, agreed and concluded, that the disceptation concerning the above demands, namely, concerning the publication of the foresaid caution, and concerning a farther reparation, shall be remitted to another meeting at London between the said commissioners of both parties, to be assembled as quickly as conveniently may be. And if nothing can be got concluded, concerning the said disceptation, before the end of three months, to be reckoned from the date of the present treaty 5 in that case, the said disceptation shall, by consent of both parties, be referred to the arbitration of the most mighty prince Philip the Catholic King of Spain, to whose sentence and award both parties shall stand. And if the said Catholic King shall not find it convenient for him to pronounce a final decree in writing, concerning these matters, within a year after the aforesaid three months are elapsed, excepting still if the term shall not chance to be prolonged by consent of both parties; whether there be no such prolongation of the time, or the said Catholic King do not put an end to the said disceptation within the time so prolonged: in either of these cases, the said most serene Queen Elizabeth's right of suing for these things shall be reserved entire to her, in the same state and condition it was in before the commencement of this treaty.

VIII, Seeing it hath pleased Almighty God, in whose hands are the hearts of kings, so to incline the minds of the said most Christian king and Queen Mary, that they have largely manifested their clemency and benignity towards their nobility and people of their kingdom of Scotland, and that reciprocally the said nobility and people have willingly, and of their own accord, acknowledged, professed, and promised all duty and obedience to the said most Christian king and queen their sovereigns: For the better preservation, cherishing, and continuance whereof, the said most Christian king and queen have, by their said commissioners, granted their assent to certain supplicatory petitions presented by the said nobility and people to the said king and queen, tending to the honour of the said king and queen, to the public benefit of the said kingdom, and to the continuation of their obedience. And the said most Christian king and queen being desirous to have their said benignity towards their said subjects attributed to the good offices of the (aid. most serene Queen Elizabeth, their most dear sister and confederate, at whose intercession and request the said king and queen have been more propensity moved hereunto; therefore it is agreed between the foresaid commissioners of both parties, That the said most Christian king and Queen Mary shall fulfil all those things which, by their said commissioners, they have granted to the said nobility and people of Scotland at Edinburgh the sixth Day of July, in this present year 1560, provided the said nobility and people of Scotland shall fulfil and observe all those things that are contained in the said articles and conventions to tie performed on their part.

IX, In this treaty of peace and amity is comprehended, on the part of the said most serene princes Francis the most Christian king of France and Queen Mary, as likewise on the part of the most serene Elizabeth queen of England, the most potent prince Philip the Catholic king of Spain, conformable to the force and effect of treaties subsisting between the said kings and queens, their kingdoms, territories, countries, and dominions.

X, It is appointed, agreed, and concluded, That this present treaty, with all, and several, the conventions and contents thereof, shall be ratified and confirmed by the said most mighty and illustrious Francis and Mary, and Elizabeth, and each of them, within the space of sixty days after the date of this treaty, and shall be turned by them into letters patents, with their great seals appended, and their proper manual subscriptions adjoined: And the said princes, and each of them shall deliver the said confirmatory authentic letters, so subscribed and sealed, to the commissioner or commissioners of the other prince, having authority to this effect.

XI, It is appointed, agreed, and concluded, That the said most illustrious and most mighty princes, Francis and Mary, and Elizabeth, and every of them, shall in the presence of the commissioner or commissioners of the other prince, having sufficient authority for this effect, if required by him or them, promise on their royal word, and swear upon God's holy gospel; and every of them shall so swear, that they shall truly, inviolably, and in good faith, observe, for their part, all, and every, the articles, conventions, provisions, and facts, comprehended in this present league and treaty.

Here follows the tenon of the commissions

In faith and testimony of all which and singular the premisses, we the aforesaid commissioners and ambassadors have caused these letters patents subscribed with our hands, to be fortified and corroborated by our seals.

These things were done at Edinburgh within the said kingdom of Scotland, the 6th day of July, 1560.

 * J. Monlucius Epìscopus Valentinus.
 * J. Randan.
 * W. Cecil.
 * N. Wotton.

title: Treaty of Edinburgh


text: Category:Treaties of 1560

title: Category:Treaties of 1560


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Corwin, Thomas