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Macintosh but entertaining 'Memoirs of John Abernethy,' 2 vols. 8vo, London, a second edition being called for during the same year. In this compilation he was assisted by Abernethy's family. The third edition (1 vol. 8vo, 1866) contains important additions.

Macilwain's chief medical writings are: 1. 'A Treatise on Stricture of the Urethra,' 8vo, London, 1824; 2nd edition, entitled 'Surgical Observations on. . . Diseases of the Mucous Canals of the Body,' 1830. 2. 'Clinical Observations on the Constitutional Origin of the various Forms of Porrigo,' 8vo, London, 1833. 3. 'Remarks on the Unity of the Body,' 8vo, London, 1836. 4. 'Medicine and Surgery one Inductive Science,' 8vo, London, 1838. 5. 'The General Nature and Treatment of Tumours,' 8vo, London, 1845. 6. 'Remarks on Vivisection,' 8vo, London, 1847. 7. 'A Clinical Memoir on Strangulated Hernia,' 8vo, London, 1858. 8. 'On the Inutility of Cruel Experiments on Living Animals in the Prosecution of Physiological Researches,' 8vo, London, 1860, a reply to the report of the Paris commission on vivisection. 9. 'Remarks on Ovariotomy,' 8vo, London, 1863. 10. 'Surgical Commentaries, first series,' 8vo, London, 1868 ; no more was published. 11. 'Vivisection : being Short Comments on. . . the Evidence given before the Royal Commission,' 8vo, London, 1877.

He also published in the American 'Transylvanian Journal' and the London 'Medical Times' an 'Analysis of Fever, in Lectures.'  MACINTOSH. [See also .]  MACINTOSH, CHARLES (1766–1843), chemist and inventor of waterproof fabrics, son of George Macintosh of Glasgow, merchant, and of Mary Moore, was born at Glasgow on 29 Dec. 1766. His maternal uncle was Dr. John Moore [q. v.], the father of General Sir John Moore [q. v.] He was educated at the grammar school at Glasgow, and afterwards at a school at Catterick Bridge, Yorkshire. As a youth he was placed in the counting-house of Mr. Glasford, a Glasgow merchant, but all his spare hours were devoted to science, especially to chemistry, and he attended the lectures of Dr. William Irvine [q. v.] at Glasgow, and later those of Dr. Joseph Black at Edinburgh. Tired of the life of a clerk, he embarked before he was twenty years of age in the manufacture of sal ammoniac. In 1786 he introduced from Holland the manufacture of sugar of lead, and about the same time he commenced making acetate of alumina. He also made important improvements in the manufacture of Prussian blue, and invented various processes for dyeing fabrics. In 1797 he started the first alum works in Scotland, the material employed being the aluminous schists of the exhausted coal mines at Hurlet, near Paisley. He subsequently became connected with Charles Tennant of St. Rollox chemical works, near Glasgow, and it seems that he was the actual inventor of the method of making chloride of lime, or bleaching powder, patented in Tennant's name in 1799, the manufacture of which was the source of great wealth to the proprietors of the St. Rollox works. Macintosh retired from the concern in 1814. He established in 1809 a yeast manufactory in the Borough, but it failed in consequence of the opposition of the London brewers.

In 1825 Macintosh obtained a patent (No, 5173) for converting malleable iron into steel, by exposing it at a white heat to the action of gases charged with carbon, such, for instance, as common coal gas. The conversion was completed in a few hours, while the process of 'cementation,' as it is called, requires several days, but the method did not answer commercially, on account of the practical difficulty of keeping the furnace gas-tight at the high temperature required. The specification of the patent was drawn up with the assistance of Dr. Wollaston, and the theory of the process was the subject of an exhaustive paper by Dr. Hugh Colquhoun (Annals of Philosophy, 1826, xii. 2), who carried out the early experiments in connection with the invention. The method was not altogether new when Macintosh took out his patent, for Professor Vismara had presented a paper on the subject to the Royal Institute of Milan in 1824, which was published in 'Giornale di Fisica,' 1825, viii. 190. Macintosh took great interest in the manufacture of iron, and he rendered much assistance to James Beaumont Neilson [q. v.] in 1828 in bringing his ' hot-blast 'process into use. Neilson assigned to him a share in the patent, and Macintosh thus became a party to the tedious and costly litigation which ensued, and which was only brought to a close in May 1843, a few months before his death.

Among the operations carried on by Macintosh was the treatment of the refuse of gas-works for obtaining various useful products, and it was his endeavour to utilise the coal naphtha obtained as a by-product in the distillation of tar that led to the invention of the waterproof fabrics with which his name is associated. Taking advantage of the known


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Kippses sat at their midday dinner-table and amidst the vestiges of rhubarb pie, and discussed two postcards the one o'clock post had brought. It was a rare bright moment of sunshine in a wet and windy day in the March that followed their marriage. Kipps was attired in a suit of brown, with a tie of fashionable green, while Ann wore one of those picturesque loose robes that are usually associated with sandals and advanced ideas. But there weren't any sandals on Ann or any advanced ideas, and the robe had come quite recently through the counsels of Mrs. Sid Pornick. "It's Artlike," said Kipps, giving way. "It's more comfortable," said Ann. The room looked out by French windows upon a little patch of green and the Hythe parade. The parade was all shiny wet with rain, and the green-grey sea tumbled and tumbled between parade and sky.

The Kipps' furniture, except for certain chrome lithographs of Kipps' incidental choice that struck a

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CH. II quiet note amidst the wall paper, had been tactfully forced by an expert salesman, and it was in a style of mediocre elegance. There was a sideboard of carved oak that had only one fault, it reminded Kipps at times of wood-carving, and its panel of bevelled glass now reflected the back of his head. On its shelf were two books from Parsons' Library, each with a "place" marked by a slip of paper; neither of the Kippses could have told you the title of either book they read, much less the author's name. There was an ebonised overmantel set with phials and pots of brilliant colour, each duplicated by looking-glass, and bearing also a pair of Chinese jars made in Birmingham, a wedding present from Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Pornick, and several sumptuous Japanese fans. And there was a Turkey carpet of great richness. In addition to these modern exploits of Messrs. Bunt and Bubble, there were two inactive tall clocks, whose extreme dilapidation appealed to the connoisseur; a terrestrial and a celestial globe, the latter deeply indented; a number of good old iron moulded and dusty books, and a stuffed owl wanting one (easily replaceable) glass eye, obtained by the exertions of Uncle Kipps. The table equipage was as much as possible like Mrs. Bindon Botting's, only more costly, and in addition there were green and crimson wine glasses—though the Kippses never drank wine.

Kipps turned to the more legible of his two postcards again.

"Unavoidably prevented from seein' me to-day,"

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Macintosh solvent action of naphtha on india-rubber, he took out a patent in 1823 (No. 4804) for making waterproof fabrics by cementing two thicknesses together with india-rubber dissolved in naphtha. Works were started in Manchester for carrying out the invention, Messrs. Birley supplying a portion of the requisite capital, and in 1825 Thomas Hancock took out a license under the patent, which eventually led to a partnership with the Manchester firm [see ]. Many practical difficulties had to be overcome, but the material soon came into use, and as early as April 1824 Macintosh was in correspondence with Sir John Franklin on the subject of a supply of waterproof canvas bags, air-beds, and pillows for use on an arctic expedition. The early difficulties in introducing 'macintoshes,' owing to the ignorance of the tailors and their unreadiness to follow Macintosh's advice in making up waterproof garments, are amusingly described by Hancock (Narrative, p. 52, &c.) Eventually the manufacturers took the work of making the garments into their own hands. The trade fell off considerably upon the introduction of railways, when travellers were not so much exposed to the weather as in stage-coaches. In 1836 Macintosh won an action for an infringement of the patent by Everington & Son, a firm of silk mercers, in Ludgate Street, of which Wynne Ellis [q. v.] was a member. Several of the most eminent scientific men of the day gave evidence at the trial, which excited much interest. The proceedings, reported in full in the 'Mechanics' Magazine,' xxiv. 529, &c., comprise a complete history of the invention. The works at Manchester were gradually enlarged, and the manufacture of all kinds of india-rubber articles was undertaken. The concern is still carried on.

Macintosh's connection with the manufacture of india-rubber was almost accidental, and has somewhat obscured his fame as a chemist. His discoveries in that branch of science led to his election in 1823 as a fellow of the Royal Society. He died at Dunchattan, near Glasgow, on 25 July 1843. He married in 1790 Mary Fisher, daughter of Alexander Fisher of Glasgow, merchant.

 MACINTOSH, DONALD (1743–1808), Scottish nonjuring bishop, born in 1743 at Orchilmore, near Killiecrankie, Perthshire, was son of a cooper and crofter. After attending the parish school, and acting for some time as a teacher, he went to Edinburgh in the hope of bettering his fortune. In 1774 he was acting as one of Peter Williamson's penny postmen; he next found employment as a copying clerk, and was subsequently tutor in the family of Stewart of Gairntully. For some years from 1785 he was employed in the office of Mr. Davidson, deputy-keeper of the signet and crown agent. On 30 Nov. 1786 he was elected to the honorary office of clerk for the Gaelic language to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and held it until 1789. In 1789 Bishop Brown of Doune, the sole representative of the nonjuring episcopal clergy of Scotland, fixed on Macintosh as his successor, ordaining him deacon in June 1789, and thereafter priest. He appears to have had no fixed residence, but moved from place to place, as a missionary or untitled bishop of Jacobite episcopacy, till he finally settled in Edinburgh. He made an annual tour through the Perthshire highlands as far north as Banff, administering the sacraments and religious instruction among the scattered remnant who owned his pastoral authority. In 1794 Macintosh unsuccessfully raised an action in the court of session against the managers of the fund for the relief of poor Scottish episcopal clergymen, who had deprived him of his salary (9l. a year). In 1801 he was chosen Gaelic translator and keeper of Gaelic records to the Highland Society of Scotland, with a salary of 10l. The catalogues of Gaelic MSS. belonging to the Highland Society, and others given in vol. iii. of the London Highland Society's 'Ossian,' pp. 666-73, were compiled by Macintosh, who also transcribed some of the manuscripts. He died unmarried at Edinburgh on 22 Nov. 1808 (Scots Mag. lxx. 968), the last representative of the nonjuring Scotch episcopal church, and was buried in the Greytriars churchyard. His library of books and manuscripts, numbering about two thousand volumes, he bequeathed to the town of Dunkeld. The bequest was accepted, and the library is still maintained in Dunkeld under the name of The Macintosh Library, to which numerous additions have from time to time been made. None of Macintosh's manuscripts, however, appear to have found their way to Dunkeld, and their fate is unknown.

Macintosh was compiler of a modest little volume entitled 'A Collection of Gaelic Proverbs and Familiar Phrases;. . . with an English Translation. . . illustrated with Notes. To which is added The Way to Wealth, by Dr. Franklin, translated into Gaelic,' 12mo, Edinburgh, 1785, which, though in several respects defective, was a valuable contribution to Celtic literature,


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426 'e says. I like 'is cheek. After I give 'im 'is start and everything."

He blew.

"'E certainly treats you a bit orf'and," said Ann.

Kipps gave vent to his dislike of young Walshingham. "He's getting too big for 'is britches," he said. "I'm beginning to wish she ad brought an action for breach. Ever since e said she wouldn't, 'e's seemed to think I've got no right to spend my own money."

"'E's never liked your building the 'ouse," said Ann.

Kipps displayed wrath. "What the goodness 'as it got to do wiv' 'im?"

"Overman indeed!" he added. "Overmantel! … 'E trys that on with me, I'll tell 'im something 'e won't like."

He took up the second card. "Dashed if I can read a word of it. I can jest make out Chit-low at the end and that's all."

He scrutinised it. "It's like someone in a fit writing. This here might be W H A T—what. P R I C E—I got it! What price Harry now? It was a sort of saying of 'is. I expect 'e's either done something or not done something towards starting that play, Ann."

"I expect that's about it," said Ann.

Kipps grunted with effort. "I can't read the rest," he said at last, "nohow."

A thoroughly annoying post. He pitched the card on the table, stood up and went to the window, where

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CH. II Ann, after a momentary reconnaisance at Chitterlow's hieroglyphics, came to join him.

"Wonder what I shall do this afternoon," said Kipps, with his hands deep in his pockets.

He produced and lit a cigarette.

"Go for a walk, I s'pose," said Ann.

"I been for a walk this morning.

"S'pose I must go for another," he added, after an interval.

They regarded the windy waste of sea for a space.

"Wonder why it is 'e won't see me," said Kipps, returning to the problem of young Walshingham. "It's all lies about 'is being too busy."

Ann offered no solution.

"Rain again!" said Kipps, as the lash of the little drops stung the window.

"Oo, bother!" said Kipps, "you got to do something. Look 'ere, Ann! I'll go orf for a reg'lar tramp through the rain, up by Saltwood, 'round by Newington, over the camp, and so 'round and back, and see 'ow they're getting on about the 'ouse. See? And look 'ere! you get Gwendolen to go out a bit before I come back. If it's still rainy, she can easy go 'round and see 'er sister. Then we'll 'ave a bit of tea, with tea cake—all buttery, see? Toce it ourselves, p'raps. Eh?"

"I dessay I can find something to do in the 'ouse," said Ann, considering. "You'll take your mackintosh and leggin's, I s'pose. You'll get wet without your mackintosh over those roads."

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428 "Righ-O," said Kipps, and went to ask Gwendolen for his brown leggings and his other pair of boots.

Things conspired to demoralise Kipps that afternoon.

When he got outside the house everything looked so wet under the drive of the southwester that he abandoned the prospect of the clay lanes towards Newington altogether, and turned east to Folkestone along the Seabrook digue. His mackintosh flapped about him, the rain stung his cheek; for a time he felt a hardy man. And then as abruptly the rain ceased and the wind fell, and before he was through Sandgate High Street it was a bright spring day. And there was Kipps in his mackintosh and squeaky leggings, looking like a fool!

Inertia carried him another mile to the Leas, and there the whole world was pretending there had never been such a thing as rain—ever. There wasn't a cloud in the sky; except for an occasional puddle the asphalt paths looked as dry as a bone. A smartly dressed man in one of those overcoats that look like ordinary cloth and are really most deceitfully and unfairly waterproof, passed him and glanced at the stiff folds of his mackintosh. "Demn!" said Kipps. His mackintosh swished against his leggings, his leggings piped and whistled over his boot-tops.

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CH. II "Why do I never get anything right?" Kipps asked of a bright implacable universe.

Nice old ladies passed him, refined people with tidy umbrellas, bright, beautiful, supercilious-looking children. Of course! the right thing for such a day as this was a light overcoat and an umbrella. A child might have known that. He had them at home, but how could one explain that? He decided to turn down by the Harvey monument and escape through Clifton Gardens towards the hills. And thereby he came upon Coote.

He already felt the most abject and propitiatory of social outcasts when he came upon Coote, and Coote finished him. He passed within a yard of Coote. Coote was coming along towards the Leas, and when Kipps saw him his legs hesitated about their office and he seemed to himself to stagger about all over the footpath. At the sight of him Coote started visibly. Then a sort of rigor vitae passed through his frame, his jaw protruded and errant bubbles of air seemed to escape and run about beneath his loose skin. (Seemed I say—I am perfectly well aware that there is really connective tissue in Coote as in all of us to prevent anything of the sort.) His eyes fixed themselves on the horizon and glazed. As he went by Kipps could hear his even, resolute breathing. He went by, and Kipps staggered on into a universe of dead cats and dust heaps, rind and ashes—cut! Cut!

It was part of the inexorable decrees of

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MacIntyre being the first collection of Celtic proverbs ever made. The translation of Franklin's 'Way to Wealth' was done by Robert Macfarlane, an Edinburgh schoolmaster, by desire of the Earl of Buchan, to whom the book is dedicated. Macintosh contemplated a new edition some time before his death. The so-called 'second edition,' by Alexander Campbell (1819), is very discreditable. Another collection based on Macintosh's was published under the editorship of Br. Alexander Nicolson in 1881, and again in 1882. Macintosh did something, too, in the way of collecting old poetry. One piece secured by him in Lochaber in 1784, 'Ceardach Mhic Luin,' appears in Gillies's 'Sean Dana,' p. 233.

 MACINTYRE, DUNCAN BAN (1724–1812), Gaelic poet, 'Donnacha ban nan Oran, fair-haired Duncan of the songs,' was born of humble parents at Druimliaghart of Glenorchy, Argyllshire, on 20 March 1724. He belonged to the numerous race of 'the Carpenters,' the 'Clann an t'saoir,' prevalent in that district of the western highlands, and like others fell under the predominating influence of the Campbells, who had gradually made themselves lords of the soil in those regions. Duncan spent his youth in the sports of the moor and the river until 1745, when the Young Chevalier ('Tearlach MacSheumais ) arrived in the highlands. Whatever his private predilections, Maclntyre, under the pressure of the chief of the district, John Campbell, second earl of Breadalbane, undertook, for the sum of three hundred marks Scots (16l. 17s. 6d.), to join the forces of the Hanoverian government as substitute for one Fletcher, a neighbour. Fletcher equipped him with his own sword for the muster made by Colonel Campbell of Carwhin, and the poet took part in the battle of Falkirk, 17 Jan. 1746. But he returned from it without his sword, and Fletcher declined to pay him his bounty. Maclntyre embodied his feelings in a poem on the battle ('Blar na h'Eaglaise-Brice'), in which, besides giving an animated account of the fray, he bewailed his mishap with 'the sword of the chief of Clan-an-Leisdeir, the jagged sword of misfortune, without point or edge.' A second poem on the same subject was so Jacobite in its feeling that it was suppressed in three of the early editions of his works. Fletcher resorted to personal violence in his anger at the poet's strictures, but was compelled by the Earl of Breadalbane to pay Maclntyre his fee. The earl also made MacIntyre his forester on Ben Ddran and Coille-Cheathaich. To this act of bounty, and to similar congenial employment under Archibald Campbell, third duke of Argyll [q. v.] in Buachaill-Eite, we owe some of MacIntyre's happiest inspirations. His poems on 'Beinn-adrain' and 'Coirecheathaich,' of which spirited English versions have been composed by Professor Blackie and Mr. Robert Buchanan, stand almost alone in their vivid descriptions of highland scenery. The former is instinct, to use the words of, with 'the clear mountain gladness that sounds in his strain,' and is framed in a spirited and varied measure, corresponding, like the 'Moladh Moraig' of Aksdair Macdonald [see , 1700?-1780?], with the customary changes of the 'piobaireachd,' in slow and quick time. For the habits and haunts of the deer and the blackcock the poet had the eye of a painter and the feeling of a sportsman. In 'Coire-cheathaich' his command of mellifluous assonance is associated with the same insight into nature. The picture of the redbreast, for instance, rejoicing 'le mdran uinich,' 'with bustling self-importance,' is admirable.

During his life as a forester MacIntyre travelled through the highlands seeking subscribers to the first edition of his poems, published in 1768. He afterwards served (1793-1799) in the Earl of Breadalbane's fencibles, in which he attained the rank of sergeant. When the regiment was disbanded, in 1799, he joined the city guard of Edinburgh, and acted apparently in the capacity of cook. His wife, the 'Mairi ban og' of one of his happiest love-poems, had charge of the canteen. From 1806 until his death the bard was able to live, upon the produce of his verses, which then, as now, were highly prized by the Gael. He died at Edinburgh in October 1812. He was buried in Greyfriars churchyard. In 1859 a monument was erected to him, under Celtic and masonic auspices, on the Beacon Hill of Breadalbane, near Dalmally.

Besides the works mentioned Maclntyre was the author of numerous love-songs, lyrical and satirical pieces, and a succession of annual prize poems for the Highland Society, 1781-9. The 'Lament for Colin of Glenure,' a gentleman of the Campbell family, who, being receiver on the forfeited Lochiel estate, fell a victim to an unseen assassin, is a fine elegy. His onslaught on John Wilkes, whom he calls 'Faochag,' or 'whelk,' shows plenty of loyalty and vituperative power, and his 'Last Farewell to the Hills, composed at the age of seventy-eight, indicates his ardent love of his highland home and the tenacity of his genius.


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430 that almost immediately afterwards the residuum of Kipps had to pass a very, very long and observant-looking girls' school.

Kipps recovered consciousness again on the road between Shorncliffe Station and Cheriton, though he cannot remember, indeed to this day he has never attempted to remember, how he got there. And he was back at certain thoughts suggested by his last night's novel reading, that linked up directly with the pariah-like emotions of these last encounters. The novel lay at home upon the cheffonier; it was one of society and politics—there is no need whatever to give the title or name the author—written with a heavy-handed thoroughness that overrode any possibility of resistance on the part of the Kipps mind. It had crushed all his poor little edifice of ideals, his dreams of a sensible, unassuming existence, of snugness, of not caring what people said and all the rest of it, to dust; it had reinstated, squarely and strongly again, the only proper conception of English social life. There was a character in the book who trifled with Art, who was addicted to reading French novels, who dressed in a loose, careless way, who was a sorrow to his dignified, silvery-haired, politico-religious mother, and met the admonitions of bishops with a front of brass. He treated a "nice girl," to whom they had got him engaged, badly; he married beneath him—some low thing or other. And sank…

Kipps could not escape the application of the case. He was enabled to see how this sort of thing looked

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Rh day the Marquis of Argyll and the Earls of Lothian and Lanark, by order of the parliament, induced him by adroit flattery to undertake the command of the forces for the suppression of the rebellion of Montrose. The clerk-register was ordered to draw up his commission in general terms, and without derogation from the commission granted to the Earl of Leven as lord general of all the forces within and without the kingdom. But Callander declined to accept the qualification, and the commission was finally handed to Middleton (, Annals, iii. 348, 354, 367, 370). Middleton, however, fell ill after setting out on the expedition, and Callander raised the hopes of his friends by temporarily taking his place as lieutenant-general. But he declined to retain it, and the expedition came to nothing. ‘Callander,’ Baillie writes (6 March), ‘after all could be done to him, hes refuissed that all pressed him to. He would be at a greater sovereignty than could be granted, thinking he could not miss it in any termes he pleased’ (Letters, &c. ii. 345, 357, 417).

Later in the same year (1646) Callander visited Charles in the Scottish camp at Newcastle, and obtained from him a patent, dated 22 July, empowering him, in the event of his having no heirs male, to nominate some other successor in his lands and dignities. He returned to Scotland with a letter, in which the king informed the committee of estates of his intention to comply with the desires of the Scottish parliament. On the withdrawal of the Scottish army from England Callander received sixty thousand merks out of the 200,000l. paid by the English parliament for the brotherly assistance. An act of approbation and exoneration acknowledged at the same time his services as lieutenant-general in the two expeditions in which he had been engaged.

Callander was in England when the ‘Engagement’ between the king and the Scots was first suggested, and he entered into communication with Charles, and actively promoted the movement. On 24 Dec. 1647 Charles signed a commission making Callander sheriff of Stirling and keeper of Stirling Castle. A few months later the parliament confirmed his custody of the castle. Of the army, raised in pursuance of the engagement to proceed into England and attempt the liberation of the king, Callander became lieutenant-general. His superior in command was the Duke of Hamilton, with whom he was on bad terms. Baillie says that his supporters in parliament were powerful enough to have made him general, ‘but his inflexibility to serve against Montrose upon the sense of private injuries, whereby indelible marks of disgrace were printed on the face of Scotland, and his very ambiguous proceedings in England, at Hereford, and elsewhere, make us that we dare not put our lives and religion in his hand’ (Letters, &c. iii. 40).

In carrying out the ‘Engagement’ Callander was soon involved in misfortune. He had difficulty in obtaining his levies, owing to the opposition of the church. An armed demonstration made against him at Mauchline in Ayrshire he suppressed after a severe struggle, and at a later date those whom he injured there sought and obtained damages against his estate. When his army had taken Carlisle, he was (9 July 1648) appointed governor of the city, but he accompanied the troops southwards until their progress was arrested by Cromwell at Preston. Sir James Turner, who was with the expedition, attributes that defeat chiefly to a want of harmony between Hamilton and Callander. After the battle high words passed between the two commanders. ‘Callander,’ says Turner, ‘was doubly to be blamed, first for his conduct, for that was inexcusable, and next for reproaching the duke for that whereof himself was guilty.’ To add to their difficulties a mutiny broke out in the camp, and the troopers made prisoners of both Hamilton and Callander. Turner himself persuaded the mutineers to withdraw their guards, whereupon Callander, disregarding the entreaties of the duke and his brother officers that they should stand together, sought his own safety in flight. He reached London in disguise, and succeeded in escaping to Holland. Hamilton and the rest of the officers surrendered to the governor of Stafford, and Hamilton was executed at London, 9 March 1648 (, Memoirs, pp. 56–72).

The overthrow of the ‘Engagement’ brought about a revolution in the government in Scotland, and Callander was forbidden to return. He accompanied Charles II, however, from Holland to Scotland in June 1650, but was immediately ordered to leave, and not to return without express permission of the parliament, under a penalty of 100,000l. Scots (, Memorials, p. 458). After the defeat of the Scots at Dunbar in September 1650, Callander wrote from Rotterdam to the Earl of Lothian, requesting him to procure the king's permission for him to go to some more remote place. He could be of no use, he said, to king or country, and was ashamed to be seen in Holland while such actions were taking place at home (Correspondence of the Earls of Ancrum and Lothian, p. 308).

After offering to submit to the parliament and to the church, he received permission


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CH. II to decent people; he was enabled to gauge the measure of the penalties due. His mind went from that to the frozen marble of Coote's visage.

He deserved it! …

That day of remorse! Later it found him coming upon the site of his building operations and surveying it in a mood near to despair, his mackintosh over his arm.

Hardly anyone was at work that day—no doubt the builders were having him in some obscure manner—and the whole place seemed a dismal and depressing litter. The builder's shed, black-lettered, looked like a stranded thing amidst a cast-up disorder of wheelbarrows and wheeling planks, and earth and sand and bricks. The foundations of the walls were trenches full of damp concrete, drying in patches; the rooms—it was incredible they could ever be rooms—were shaped out as squares and oblongs of coarse, wet grass and sorrel. They looked absurdly small—dishonestly small. What could you expect? Of course the builders were having him, building too small, building all wrong, using bad materials! Old Kipps had told him a wrinkle or two. The builders were having him, young Walshingham was having him, everybody was having him! They were having him and laughing at him because they didn't respect him. They didn't respect him because he couldn't do things right. Who could respect him? …

He was an outcast, he had no place in the world.

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Mr. Punch's Book of Sports "LE FOOTE-BALLE" Offices of the Athletic Convention, Paris.

,— Having already expressed my views as to the capabilities possessed by "Le Cricquette" for becoming a national game worthy the attention of the young sporting gentlemen of our modern France, I now turn me to the consideration of your "Foote-Balle."

I have examined the apparatus for the play you have so kindly sent over, —the great leathern bag of wind which is kicked, "les Goalpoles," and the regulations for the playing of the game, and have seen your fifteen professional County "kicksmen" engage, —I shudder as I recall the terrible sight, —in a contest, horrible, murderous, and demoniacal, with an equal number of my unhappy compatriots, alas! in their enthusiasm and élan, ignorant of the deadly struggle that awaited them in the game in which they were about innocently to join. To witness the savage rush of your professional kicksmen was terrifying, and when, in displaying "le


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432 He had had his chance in the world and turned his back on it. He had "behaved badly"—that was the phrase.…

Here a great house was presently to arise, a house to be paid for, a house neither he nor Ann could manage—with eleven bedrooms, and four disrespectful servants having them all the time!

How had it all happened exactly?

This was the end of his great fortune! What a chance he had had! If he had really carried out his first intentions and stuck to things, how much better everything might have been! If he had got a tutor—that had been in his mind originally—a special sort of tutor to show him everything right; a tutor for gentlemen of neglected education. If he had read more and attended better to what Coote had said!

Coote, who had just cut him! …

Eleven bedrooms! What had possessed him? No one would ever come to see them, no one would ever have anything to do with them. Even his aunt cut him! His uncle treated him with a half-contemptuous sufferance. He had not a friend worth counting in the world! Buggins, Carshot, Pierce; shop assistants! The Pornicks—a low socialist lot! He stood among his foundations like a lonely figure among ruins; he stood among the ruins of his future, and owned himself a foolish and mistaken man. He saw himself and Ann living out their shameful lives in this great crazy place—as it would be—with everybody laughing secretly at them and their eleven

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CH. II rooms, and nobody approaching them—nobody nice and right that is, for ever. And Ann!

What was the matter with Ann? She'd given up going for walks lately, got touchy and tearful, been fitful with her food. Just when she didn't ought to. It was all a part of the judgment upon wrongdoing, it was all part of the social penalties that Juggernaut of a novel had brought home to his mind.

He let himself in with his latchkey. He went moodily into the dining-room and got out the plans to look at them. He had a vague hope that there would prove to be only ten bedrooms. But he found there were still eleven. He became aware of Ann standing over him. "Look 'ere, Artie!" said Ann.

He looked up and found her holding a number of white oblongs. His eyebrows rose.

"It's Callers," said Ann.

He put his plans aside slowly and took and read the cards in silence, with a sort of solemnity. Callers after all! Then perhaps he wasn't to be left out of the world after all. Mrs. G. Porrett Smith, Miss Porrett Smith, Miss Mabel Porrett Smith, and two smaller cards of the Rev. G. Porrett Smith. "Lor'!" he said, "Clergy!"

"There was a lady," said Ann, "and two growed-up gals—all dressed up!"

"And 'im?"

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Mackail Education in the sense of instruction MacIntyre had none. He could not write nor could he speak English, but it is said he could repeat all his poems, to the amount of some seven thousand verses. Three editions of his works were published in his lifetime, in 1768, 1790, and 1804, all at Edinburgh. A tenth edition, in 1887, was published in the same city.

 MACKAIL, HUGH (1640?–1666), Scottish martyr, was born about 1640 at Liberton, near Edinburgh. At an early age he went to reside with an uncle, Hugh Mackail, one of the ministers of Edinburgh, and entered the university, where he distinguished himself, graduating, as the records show, in 1658 'sub M. Thoma Crafordio.' Shortly afterwards he became chaplain and tutor in the family of Sir James Stuart of Coltness and Goodtrees, then lord provost of Edinburgh. In 1661, being then in his twenty-first year, he was licensed by the presbytery of Edinburgh, and afterwards preached several times with much success. A sermon which he delivered in the High Church, Edinburgh, in September 1662, in which he declared that 'the church of Scotland had been persecuted by an Ahab on the throne, a Haman in the state, and a Judas in the church,' gave such offence that a party of horse was sent to apprehend him. He escaped, however, and, after lying concealed in his father's house for some time, retired into Holland, where he improved his time by studying for several years at a Dutch university. Then, returning to Scotland, he lived chiefly at his father's house, until in November 1666 he joined a rising of the covenanters. After nine days' marching, however, his weak health obliged him to leave the insurgents, and on his way back to Liberton he was arrested, carried to Edinburgh, and committed to the Tolbooth. He was several times brought before the council and tortured with the boot. Burnet erroneously states that he died under this treatment, and the assertion has been copied by the biographer of Lord William Russell (i. 169). Finally, after trial, despite the efforts of his cousin, Matthew Mackail [q. v.], who interceded with James Sharp, archbishop of St. Andrews, on his behalf, Hugh was hanged at the market-cross of Edinburgh on 22 Dec. 1666, amid 'such a lamentation,' says Kirkton, 'as was never known in Scotland before, not one dry cheek upon all the street, or in all the numberless windows in the market-place.' According to MS. Jac. V. 7. 22, in the Advocates' Library (quoted in the 'Memoirs of William Veitch,' p. 87 n.), 'immediately after the execution of the forementioned four men there came a letter from the king, discharging the executing of moe; but the Bishop of St. Andrews kept it up till Mr. Hew was executed,' Mackail behaved with great fortitude on the scaffold, addressing the crowd with singular impressiveness. He was buried in Greyfriars churchyard. Wodrow describes him as 'universally beloved, singularly pious, and of very considerable learning.'

 MACKAIL or MACKAILLE, MATTHEW (fl. 1657–1696), medical writer, was son of Hew or Hugh Mackail. The father, who was appointed minister of Percietown in 1633, of Irvine in 1642, and in 1649 of Trinity College Church, Edinburgh, where he died in March 1660, was member of the commissions of assemblies in 1645, 1647, and 1649. Matthew's mother was Sibilla Stevenson, who died in 1665 or 1666 (, Fasti Eccl. Scot. pt. i. p. 31, pt. iii. pp. 153, 165). Matthew became an apothecary and burgess of Edinburgh. In 1657 he was employed in London by James Sharp, afterwards archbishop of St. Andrews, to write papers on church matters in Scotland. When his cousin, Hugh Mackail [q. v.], was imprisoned as a covenanter in Edinburgh Tolbooth in 1666, he made persistent appeals to Archbishop Sharp in behalf of the prisoner, and afterwards repeated them to Archbishop Burnet of Glasgow. Mackail subsequently practised medicine at Aberdeen. He received the degree of M.D. from the university and King's College there on 14 July 1696. A note in the register states 'hic chirurgus Aberdonensis scriptis innotescit.'

Mackail was author of the following works : 1. 'Descriptio topographico-spagyrica Fontium mineralium Moffatensium in Annandia Scotiæ,' 8vo, Edinburgh, 1659. 2. 'Moffet-Well. . . translated ... as also the Oyly-Well ... at St. Catharines Chappel ... To these is subjoined a Character of Mr. Culpepper and his Writings,' 8vo, Edinburgh, 1664. 3. 'Noli me tangere tactum, seu tractatulus de Cancri curatione,' 8vo, Rotterdam, 1675. 4. 'Macis macerata; or a short Treatise concerning the use of Mace,' 12mo, Aberdeen, 1677. 5. 'The Diversitie of Salts and Spirits maintained ... by way of Animadversions upon Dr. D. Coxe his 3 Papers. . . insert in the 9 vol. of the "Philosophical Transactions," as also Scurvie Alchymie discovered,' 12mo, Aberdeen, 1683. 6. 'Terræ


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Rh to return to Scotland in December 1650, and arrived there in February following. A proposal made at a meeting of the committee of estates at Stirling in May to appoint him field-marshal of the army fell through (, Annals, iv. 297), but in the following month he became a member of the committee of estates, and was present at Alyth in August, when the committee was surprised by English troopers from Dundee. Callander had the good fortune to escape capture, and met the committee later at Aberdeen. In October he was summoned to attend a meeting of the committee in the Isle of Bute, but wrote from Ruthven (probably in Badenoch) excusing his absence (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. App. p. 645;, Memorials of the Family of Wemyss of Wemyss, iii. 57).

During Cromwell's campaign in Scotland Callander's house was made a royal garrison, and in July 1651 it was stormed and burned, and sixty persons who were within at the time were put to the sword (Hist. MSS. Comm. 6th Rep. App. p. 435). The earl did not accompany the king and his army into England. Popular rumour attributed his absence to his jealousy of David Leslie [q. v.] But Callander asserted that his sole desire was to remain in quiet and peace. In November of 1651 he submitted himself to General Monck, and received his formal protection. But he was exempted from Cromwell's act of grace in 1654, and had his estates confiscated. For refusing bond and parole for his peaceable behaviour, he was moreover imprisoned first in the castle of Burntisland, and afterwards at Edinburgh. Many of his fellow-prisoners made their escape from Edinburgh Castle by tying together sheets and blankets, and descending the wall and castle rock. Callander refused to run the risk, remained behind, and was after six months' detention allowed by Monck to proceed to London and plead his own cause with the Protector and his council. He succeeded in his efforts, and obtained his release and also the discharge of his estates, which were now, however, hopelessly burdened with debt (Lothian and Ancrum Correspondence, p. 391).

Callander welcomed the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and re-entering political life, took an active part in the parliament of 1661. After making formal resignation of his earldom he received a regrant of it to himself, with succession to his brother's son, Alexander Livingstone. He was confirmed in the hereditary sheriffship of Stirling, and was allowed precedence of the Earl of Leven, son of the first bearer of that title. Some recompense for the losses he had incurred in the service of the king was made him, and he was one of the fourteen earls who carried the body of Montrose on the occasion of its state interment in the church of St. Giles, Edinburgh (, Life of Montrose, p. 834). He attended parliament until 1672, and died in March 1674 at Callander House, whence his body was borne and interred at Falkirk on the 25th of that month (, Stirlings of Keir, p. 507).

About 1633 he married Lady Margaret Hay, only daughter of James, seventh lord Yester, and widow of Alexander, first earl of Dunfermline. She was permitted to retain the rank and precedency due to her as Countess of Dunfermline (, Register of Royal Letters, p. 845). She died in 1660, and was buried at Dalgety in Fifeshire beside her first husband. Callander had no issue.

Callander founded a hospital in Falkirk in 1640 for the support of four aged and infirm persons, the foundation of which he ratified by charter in 1668 (Old Statistical Account, xix. 79). During an epidemic in that town in 1644 he wrote to his factor there to see that meal and coal and four-tailed coats were supplied to the suffering families (Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. App. pt. ii. p. 734).

LIVINGSTONE, JOHN (1603–1672), Scottish divine, was born at Kilsyth, Stirlingshire, on 21 Jan. 1603. His father was William Livingstone, minister of that parish and afterwards of Lanark, who was descended from the fifth Lord Livingstone, and his mother was Agnes Livingstone, of the house of Dunipace. He was educated at the grammar school of Stirling, and afterwards at the university of Glasgow, where he graduated in 1621. His father wished him to marry and to settle down on an estate which he had purchased, but he resolved to study for the church, and having completed his theological course, received license to preach in 1625. He had been devout from his early years and did not remember, as he tells us in his ‘Autobiography,’ any particular time of conversion. He acted as assistant for a time in the parish of Torphichen, and afterwards as chaplain to the Countess of Wigton. He was in great request as a preacher and was still unordained, when, on the Monday after a communion in June 1630, he preached in the kirk of Shotts, Lanarkshire, a sermon which is said to have produced a serious change in five hundred of his hearers. Patrons


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Rh and parishes were anxious to secure his services, but his refusal to give the promise then required of obedience to the articles of Perth stood in the way of his receiving ordination.

As there was no prospect of a settlement at home, Livingstone went over to Ireland in 1630 on the invitation of Lord Clandeboye, and soon afterwards became minister of Killinshie or Killinchy in the diocese of Down. He was ordained by some Scottish ministers under the presidency of Andrew Knox [q. v.], bishop of Raphoe, who, to accommodate his countrymen, omitted those portions of the English ordinal to which they objected. In 1631 Livingstone was suspended for nonconformity by the Bishop of Down, but was restored on the intervention of Archbishop Ussher. A few years later he was deposed and excommunicated for the same cause. In September 1636 he and other Scots and English puritans to the number of 140 sailed for New England in a ship called the Eagle Wing, which they had built for the purpose. They were chiefly presbyterians, but some of them inclined to independency and others to Brownism. Meeting with a great storm halfway across the Atlantic, they were obliged to put back, and returned to Lochfergus, where they had embarked nearly two months before. Livingstone soon afterwards went over to Scotland, and when the national covenant was signed in March 1638 he was sent up to London with copies for friends at court. In July of that year he was inducted to the parish of Stranraer, where his ministry produced a great impression, and his communions were attended by crowds from Ireland. He was a member of the Glasgow assembly of 1638, and of all subsequent assemblies till 1650, except that of 1640. In that year he went as chaplain of the Earl of Cassilis's regiment to Newcastle, and was present at the skirmish of Newburn, of which he wrote an account. He and other Scots who returned from Ireland formed the nucleus of an extreme party, which introduced innovations previously unknown in Scotland, such as the omission of the Lord's Prayer, creed, and ‘Gloria Patri’ in public worship. These novelties were condemned by the early covenanting assemblies, but soon spread and gradually leavened the whole lump. During his ministry at Stranraer Livingstone frequently spent some months of the summer in Ulster, supplying vacant charges or officiating to the Scottish troops quartered there. In 1648 the commission of the assembly sent him to dissuade these troops from obeying the order of the Scottish estates to join the army then being raised in support of the ‘Engagement,’ but in this mission he was not successful. In August of that year he was translated to the parish of Ancrum, Roxburghshire, on the presentation of the Earl of Lothian. He was one of the commissioners appointed by the church to treat with Charles II at Breda in 1650, and while the ships conveying the royal party were lying at anchor off Speymouth, on their return to Scotland, Livingstone received the king's oath of fidelity to the covenants. He did all this most reluctantly, not believing in the king's sincerity, and he afterwards joined the ultra-rigid party who opposed Charles's coronation and administration of the government. His party soon protested against the resolutions of the church that those who had taken part in the ‘Engagement’ might, on making professions of penitence, be allowed to serve in defence of the country. With his friends, Livingstone subsequently disowned the authority of the general assembly, and formed the first schism in the reformed church. He was elected moderator of the meeting of protesters held in October 1651, but he was among the less resolute of the party, and withdrew from their councils when he recognised their dangerous tendency. After Cromwell had put an end to the meetings of the general assembly, Livingstone resolved to introduce a system for managing Scottish ecclesiastical affairs similar to that of the ‘tryers’ in England, and sent for Livingstone and two other protesters to secure their co-operation. ‘Being at London,’ he says, ‘I found no great satisfaction, and therefore I left the other two there and came home.’ After the Restoration he was called before the privy council, and on refusing to take the oath of allegiance because of its Erastian terms, was banished. He chose Rotterdam as his place of exile, and spent the remainder of his life there, often preaching in the Scottish church and devoting himself to theological study. He died 9 Aug. 1672, in the seventieth year of his age, and is widely remembered as a preacher of extraordinary popular gifts. His own estimate of his sermons was, however, a very modest one, and he describes himself generally as ‘timorous, averse from debates, rather given to laziness than rashness, too easy to be wrought upon.’ In his later years he expressed a great abhorrence of sectarianism. He had a good knowledge of Latin, Hebrew, and Chaldee, and could read French, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, and German.

Livingstone married, 23 June 1635, the eldest daughter of Bartholomew Fleming, merchant, Edinburgh, and had a large family. One of his sons emigrated to America, and has left distinguished descendants. There


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Mr. Punch's Book of Sports scrimmage, they scattered, with the kicks of their legs, my fainting compatriots, who fell lamed and wounded in all directions, I said to myself, this "Foote-Balle" is not a pastime, it is an encounter of wild beasts, "un vrai carnage" fit to be played, not by civilised sporting gentlemen, but by cannibals.

But let me explain that it is not the kick to which I object, for is not le coup de pied the national defence of France? Indeed, in your own fist contest in "Le Boxe-Match," is not to deliver a kick in the jaw of your antagonist considered a meritorious coup, showing great skill in the boxeman? And do not our own garçons de college kick a confrère when he is "down," and point to the circumstance with a legitimate pride and satisfaction? No, it is not le coup de pied which makes horrible "Le Foote-Balle," but the conspiracy organised of the kicksmen —Les Demidos (the 'alfbacks), Les En Avants (the Forwards), and the "Goal-keepers" —all to kick the leathern bag of wind at once, and so produce a murderous mêlée in which arms, legs, ribs, thighs, necks, and spines are all broken together, and may be heard


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434 "There wasn't no 'im."

"Not?" He held out the little card.

"No; there was a lady and two young ladies."

"But—these cards! Wad they go and leave these two little cards with the Rev. G. Smith on for? Not if 'e wasn't with 'em."

"'E wasn't with 'em."

"Not a little chap—dodgin' about be'ind the others? And didn't come in?"

"I didn't see no gentleman with them at all," said Ann.

"Rum!" said Kipps. A half-forgotten experience came back to him. "I know," he said, waving the reverend gentleman's card; "'e give 'em the slip, that's what he'd done. Gone off while they was rapping before you let 'em in. It's a fair call, any'ow." He felt a momentary base satisfaction at his absence. "What did they talk about, Ann?"

There was a pause. "I didn't let 'em in," said Ann.

He looked up suddenly and perceived that something unusual was the matter with Ann. Her face was flushed, her eyes were red and hard.

"Didn't let 'em in?"

"No! They didn't come in at all."

He was too astonished for words.

"I answered the door," said Ann; "I'd been upstairs 'namelling the floor. 'Ow was I to think about Callers, Artie? We ain't never 'ad Callers all the time we been 'ere. I'd sent Gwendolen out for a

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Rh are original portraits of Livingstone and his wife at Gosford, East Lothian, the seat of the Earl of Wemyss.

His works are: 1. ‘Letters from Leith to his Parishioners,’ 1633, 4to, 1673. 2. His ‘Life,’ first published at Glasgow in 1754, together with 3. ‘Remarkable Observations upon the Lives of the most eminent Ministers and Professors in the Church of Scotland.’ The last work was edited in 1845–6 for the Wodrow Society by W. K. Tweedie. An edition of the ‘Life’ by T. Houston was published at Edinburgh in 1848. Livingstone also wrote during his exile a new Latin translation of the Old Testament, which was approved by eminent Dutch divines but was not published.  LIVINGSTONE, THOMAS,  (1652?–1711), lieutenant-general, born in Holland about 1652, was elder of the two sons of Sir Thomas Livingstone, who was created a baronet by Charles I, and was colonel of a regiment of foot in the Dutch service. His mother was the daughter of Colonel Edmond of Stirling. He succeeded his father as second baronet of Newbigging, and acquired military reputation as an officer in the Scots brigade in the pay of Holland. Swift states (, Memoirs) that he was well known in Scotland, as in the course of his Dutch service he was repeatedly sent over to recruit for the brigade. He came to England with William of Orange in 1688, as colonel of a regiment of foot, and on 31 Dec. 1688 was appointed colonel of the royal regiment of Scots dragoons, now the Royal Scots Greys. The regiment (which Dalrymple and other historians have confused with the royal regiment of Scots horse, afterwards disbanded) was in England at the time, and its colonel, Charles Murray, first earl of Dunmore [q. v.], had refused to serve against King James. Livingstone served in Scotland under General Hugh Mackay [q. v.], and when in command at Inverness, by forced marches with a body of horse and dragoons, surprised and completely routed the Jacobite forces under General Thomas Buchan [q. v.] at Cromdale, on 1 May 1690. The engagement put an end to the resistance of the clans. Livingstone succeeded General Mackay as commander-in-chief in Scotland, and was sworn of the privy council. On 1 Jan. 1696 he became major-general on the English establishment, and on 4 Dec. 1696 was created Viscount of Teviot in the peerage of Scotland, by patent to him and his heirs male.

Livingstone married Macktellina Walrave de Nimmeguen, from whom he appears to have separated. She ‘pursued’ him in the Scottish courts in November 1703 for the sum of 500l., to pay her debts contracted since he left her, and alimony at the rate of 400l. a year. The lords of session ‘recommended, under the circumstances of the case, to cause pay her bygone debts, and to settle somewhat upon the lady yearly with the time coming, and to treat with the viscount to that effect’ (see, Decisions, ii. 200). As a result probably of this litigation, Teviot sold the colonelcy of the Scots Greys on 7 April 1704 to Lord John Hay [see, d. 1706]. In the ‘Great Seal Registers’ are charters of resignation by him of the lands of Lethington on 23 June 1702, and of the lands of Waughton on 26 July 1709. Teviot became a lieutenant-general on 1 Jan. 1704. He died in London, aged 60, on 14 Jan. 1711, when having no heirs male the viscountcy became extinct, and the family baronetcy devolved on his brother, Sir Alexander Livingstone, third baronet. Teviot was buried in Westminster Abbey, where his brother is said to have erected to his memory a sumptuous monument which no longer exists. By his will, dated 27 Sept. 1710, he left his house and estate, known as Livingstone House, Wimbledon, Surrey, with furniture, plate, &c., to Lady Elizabeth Gordon, daughter of Charles Gordon, second earl of Aboyne. The lady, at this time a child, died unmarried in 1770. The remainder of his property went to his brother, Sir Alexander, except a legacy of 1,000l. to his cousin-german, John Cornelius Edmond, then residing in Holland.

 LIVINGSTONE, WILLIAM, sixth (d. 1592), partisan of Queen Mary, was the second son of Alexander, fifth lord Livingstone, by Lady Agnes Douglas, daughter of John, second earl of Morton. He succeeded to the peerage on the death of his father in 1553. Although a protestant he became a strong supporter of the queen, probably through the influence of his sister, Mary Livingstone, one of her ladies. Mary frequently stayed at his house at Callendar, and shortly before her marriage to Darnley rode thence from Perth, to be present at the


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CH. II bref of fresh air, and there I was upstairs 'namelling that floor she done so bad, so's to get it done before she came back. I thought I'd 'namel that floor and then get tea and 'ave it quiet with you, toce and all, before she came back. 'Ow was I to think about Callers?"

She paused. "Well," said Kipps, "what themthen (?) [sic]?"

"They came and rapped. 'Ow was I to know? I thought it was a tradesman or something. Never took my apron off, never wiped the 'namel off my 'ands—nothing. There they was!"

She paused again. She was getting to the disagreeable part.

"Wad they say?" said Kipps.

"She says, 'Is Mrs. Kipps at home?' See? To me."

"Yes."

"And me all painty and no cap on and nothing, neither missis nor servant like. There, Artie, I could 'a sunk through the floor with shame, I really could. I could 'ardly get my voice. I couldn't think of nothing to say but just 'Not at 'Ome,' and out of 'abit like I 'eld the tray. And they give me the cards and went, and 'ow I shall ever look that lady in the face again I don't know.… And that's all about it, Artie! They looked me up and down, they did, and then I shut the door on 'em."

"Goo!" said Kipps.

Ann went and poked the fire needlessly with a passion quivering hand.

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Mackarness prodromus theoricus' [a criticism of Burnet's 'Theory of the Earth'], 4to, Aberdeen, 1691.

A son, also (d. 1734), was admitted a student at Leyden on 9 Dec. 1712 (, Leyden Students, Index Soc, p. 63). On 8 Oct. 1717 he was admitted second 'mediciner' or professor of medicine in the Marischal College and University, Aberdeen, in place of Dr. Patrick Chalmers, expelled for participation in the rebellion of '15. On 25 Nov. 1729 he was admitted 'regent' or professor of philosophy in the same college. Some objection seems to have been raised to his holding the two offices conjointly. His inaugural discourse, as professor of philosophy, delivered on 4 Dec. 1729, was ' on the connection and difference betwixt the Atomick or Copernican and the Newtonian Philosophy.'

 MACKARNESS, JOHN FIELDER (1820–1889), bishop of Oxford, eldest son of John Mackarness, a West India merchant (d. 2 Jan. 1870), who married on 8 June 1819 Catherine, daughter of George Smith Coxhead, M.D., was born at Islington, 8 Dec. 1820. He was educated at Eton (being at the election of 1832 in the fourth form, and afterwards king's scholar) and at Merton College, Oxford, where he matriculated on 22 Oct. 1840, and was postmaster from that year until 1844. Active amusements delighted him. At Eton he was captain of the football club, he rowed in the Merton boat, and was president of the Oxford Union. In 1843 he was in the second class in classics, and in the next year he graduated B.A. and was ordained in the English church. His subsequent degrees were M.A. 1847, and D.D. 1869. On 30 June 1844 Mackarness was elected to a fellowship at Exeter College, which he vacated a year after receiving preferment in the church (11 Aug. 1846). From 11 Aug. 1846 to 1855 he held the vicarage of Tardebigge in Worcestershire, and from 1854 to 1868 he was an honorary canon of Worcester Cathedral. On the nomination of William Courtenay, eleventh earl Devon, he was appointed to the rectory of Honiton, Devonshire, in 1855, and as such was responsible for the management of Honiton grammar school. This preferment he retained until his appointment to the episcopal bench, holding with it from 1858 a prebendal stall in Exeter Cathedral, and from 1867 the adjoining vicarage of Monkton. In 1866 he was elected as proctor in convocation for that diocese, but lost his seat in 1869 through declining to oppose the disestablishment of the Irish church. By the recommendation of Mr. Gladstone he was appointed to the see of Oxford, being consecrated bishop on 25 Jan. 1870, and invested as chancellor of the Garter on 5 Feb. 1870, and he discharged the duties of the see until 1888, when failing health compelled him to retire, his resignation taking legal effect on 17 Nov. 1888 (Lond. Gazette, 20 Nov. 1888, p. 6279). He died at Angus House, Eastbourne, on 16 Sept. 1889, and was buried on 21 Sept. in Sandhurst churchyard, Berkshire. He married, at Ottery St. Mary, Devonshire, on 7 Aug. 1849, Alethea Buchanan, youngest daughter of Sir John Taylor Coleridge [q. v.] She still survives. Their issue was three sons and four daughters. His portrait by W. Ouless hangs in the dining-room at Cuddesdon Palace. As a bishop Mackarness was fearless and independent, without any trace of affectation, and the sermon which Professor Ince preached at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, on 22 Sept. 1889, and afterwards published, bore public witness to the regard which the clergy of his diocese had for him. When an attempt was made to force him to take proceedings against the rector of Clewer, he argued the case in person before the judges of the queen's bench division. Judgment went against him, but on carrying the case to the court of appeal it was given in his favour, and this decision was confirmed by the House of Lords. A liberal in politics, he voted in the lords against the Afghan war and the Public Worship Regulation Act, while he supported the bill for allowing dissenters to be buried in churchyards with services from their, own ministers, and the measure for the removal of religious tests in the universities. On surrendering to the ecclesiastical commissioners the management of the Oxford bishopric estates, Mackarness, with singular honesty, paid to them the sum of 1,729l., being the estimated amount which he had received therefrom in excess of his statutory income during the previous nine years. Mackarness was the author of numerous sermons and charges, and until his elevation to the see of Oxford he regularly contributed to the 'Guardian.' His chief publications were: 1. 'A few Words to the Country Parsons on the Election for Oxford University. By One of Themselves,' 1847. 2. 'A Plea for 'toleration, in Answer to the No Popery Cry,' 1850. 3. 'May or Must,' a letter to Archdeacon Pott, 1879. With the Rev. Richard Seymour he edited in 1862 a volume called 'Eighteen Years of a Clerical Meeting, being the Minutes of the Alcester


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436 "I wouldn't 'ave 'ad that 'appen for five pounds," said Kipps. "A clergyman and all!"

Ann dropped the poker into the fender with some éclat and stood up and looked at her hot face in the glass. Kipps' disappointment grew. "You did ought to 'ave known better than that, Ann! You reely did."

He sat forward, cards in hand, with a deepening sense of social disaster. The things were laid upon the table, toast sheltered under a cover, at mid fender, the teapot warmed beside it, and the kettle just lifted from the hob, sang amidst the coals. Ann glanced at him for a moment, then stooped with the kettle-holder to wet the tea.

"Tcha!" said Kipps, with his mental state developing.

"I don't see it's any use getting in a state about it now," said Ann.

"Don't you? I do. See? 'Ere's these people, good people, want to 'sociate with us, and 'ere you go and slap 'em in the face!"

"I didn't slap 'em in the face."

"You do—practically. You slams the door in their face, and that's all we see of 'em ever. I wouldn't 'ave 'ad this 'appen not for a ten-pound note."

He rounded his regrets with a grunt. For a while there was silence, save for the little stir of Ann's movements preparing the tea.

"Tea, Artie," said Ann, handing him a cup.

Kipps took it.

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CH. II "I put sugar once," said Ann.

"Oo, dash it! Oo cares?" said Kipps, taking an extraordinarily large additional lump with fury quivering fingers, and putting his cup with a slight excess of force on the recess cupboard. "Oo cares?

"I wouldn't 'ave 'ad that 'appen," he said, bidding steadily against accomplished things, "for twenty pounds."

He gloomed in silence through a long minute or so.

Then Ann said the fatal thing that exploded him. "Artie!" she said.

"What?"

"There's Buttud Toce down there! By your foot!"

There was a pause, husband and wife regarded one another.

"Buttud Toce!" he said. "You go and mess up them callers and then you try and stuff me up with Buttud Toce! Buttud Toce indeed! 'Ere's our first chance of knowing anyone that's at all fit to 'sociate with. Look 'ere, Ann! Tell you what it is—you got to return that call."

"Return that call!"

"Yes, you got to return that call. That's what you got to do! I know He waved his arm vaguely towards the miscellany of books in the recess. "It's in Manners and Rools of Good S'ity. You got to find jest 'ow many cards to leave and you got to go and leave 'em. See?"

Ann's face expressed terror. "But, Artie, 'ow can I?"

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438 "'Ow can you? 'Ow could you? You got to do it, any'ow. They won't know you—not in your Bond Street 'at! If they do, they won't say nothing."

His voice assumed a note of entreaty. "You mus', Ann."

"I can't."

"You mus'."

"I can't and I won't. Anything in reason I'll do, but face those people again I can't—after what 'as 'appened."

"You won't?"

"No!" …

"So there they go—orf! And we never see them again! And so it goes on! So it goes on! We don't know nobody and we shan't know anybody! And you won't put yourself out not a little bit, or take the trouble to find out anything 'ow it ought to be done."

Terrible pause.

"I never ought to 'ave merried you, Artie, that's the troof."

"Oh! don't go into that."

"I never ought to 'ave merried you, Artie. I'm not equal to the position. If you 'adn't said you'd drown yourself" She choked.

"I don' see why you shouldn't try, Ann. I've improved. Why don't you? 'Stead of which you go sending out the servant and 'namelling floors, and then when visitors come"

"'Ow was I to know about y'r old visitors?" cried

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126

army-surgeons who thought they knew their art perfectly, were travelling about the world, and they came to an inn where they wanted to pass the night. The host asked whence they came, and whither they were going? "We are roaming about the world and practising our art." "Just show me for once in a way what you can do," said the host. Then the first said he would cut off his hand, and put it on again early next morning; the second said he would tear out his heart, and replace it next morning; the third said he would cut out his eyes and heal them again next morning. "If you can do that," said the innkeeper, "you have learnt everything." They, however, had a salve, with which they rubbed themselves, which joined parts together, and they carried the little bottle in which it was, constantly with them. Then they cut the hand, heart and eyes from their bodies as they had said they would, and laid them all together on a plate, and gave it to the innkeeper. The innkeeper gave it to a servant who was to set it in the cupboard, and take good care of it. The girl, however, had a lover in secret, who was a soldier. When therefore the innkeeper, the three army-surgeons, and every one else in the house were asleep, the soldier came and wanted something to eat. The girl opened the cupboard and brought him some food, and in her love forgot to shut the cupboard-door again; she seated herself at the table by her lover, and they chattered away together. While she sat so contentedly there thinking of no ill luck, the cat came creeping in, found the cupboard open, took the hand and heart and eyes of the three army-surgeons, and ran off with them. When the soldier had done eating, and the girl was taking away the things and going to shut the cupboard she saw that the plate which the innkeeper had given her to take care of, was empty. Then she said in a fright to her lover, "Ah, miserable girl, what shall I do? The hand is gone, the heart and the eyes are gone too, what will become of me in the morning?" "Be easy," said he, "I will help thee out of thy trouble—there is a thief


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CH. II Ann in a wail, and suddenly got up and fled from amidst their ruined tea, the tea of which "toce, all buttery," was to be the crown and glory.

Kipps watched her with a momentary consternation. Then he hardened his heart. "Ought to 'ave known better," he said, "goin' on like that!" He remained for a space rubbing his knees and muttering. He emitted scornfully: "I carn't an' I won't." He saw her as the source of all his shames.

Presently, quite mechanically, he stooped down and lifted the flowery china cover. "Ter dash 'er Buttud Toce!" he shouted at the sight of it, and clapped the cover down again hard.…

When Gwendolen came back she perceived things were in a slightly unusual poise, Kipps sat by the fire in a rigid attitude reading a casually selected volume of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and Ann was upstairs and inaccessible—to reappear at a later stage with reddened eyes. Before the fire and still in a perfectly assimilable condition was what was evidently an untouched supply of richly buttered toast under a cracked cover.

"They've 'ad a bit of a tiff," said Gwendolen, attending to her duties in the kitchen, with her outdoor hat still on and her mouth full. "They're rummuns—if ever! My eye!"

And she took another piece of Ann's generously buttered toast.

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118.] hanging outside on the gallows, I will cut off his hand. Which hand was it!" "The right one." Then the girl gave him a sharp knife, and he went and cut the poor sinner's right hand off, and brought it to her. After this he caught the cat and cut its eyes out, and now nothing but the heart was wanting. "Have you not been killing, and are not the dead pigs in the cellar?" said he, "Yes," said the girl. "That's well," said the soldier, and he went down and fetched a pig's heart. The girl placed all together on the plate, and put it in the cupboard, and when after this her lover took leave of her, she went quietly to bed.

In the morning when the three army-surgeons got up, they told the girl she was to bring them the plate on which the hand, heart, and eyes were lying. Then she brought it out of the cupboard, and the first fixed the thief's hand on and smeared it with his salve, and it grew to his arm directly. The second took the cat's eyes and put them in his own head. The third fixed the pig's heart firm in the place where his own had been, and the innkeeper stood by, admired their skill, and said he had never yet seen such a thing as that done, and would sing their praises and recommend them to every one. Then they paid their bill, and travelled farther.

As they were on their way, the one with the pig's heart did not stay with them at all, but wherever there was a corner he ran to it, and rooted about in it with his nose as pigs do. The others wanted to hold him back by the tail of his coat, but that did no good; he tore himself loose, and ran wherever the dirt was thickest. The second also behaved very strangely; he rubbed his eyes, and said to the others, "Comrades, what is the matter? I don't see at all. Will one of you lead me, so that I do not fall." Then with difficulty they travelled on till evening, when they reached another inn. They went into the bar together, and there at a table in the corner sat a rich man counting money. The one with the thief's hand walked round about him, made a sudden movement twice with his arm, and at last when the stranger turned away, he snatched at the pile of money, and took a handful from it. One of them saw this and said, "Comrade, what art thou about? Thou must not


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128 steal—shame on thee!" "Eh," said he, "but how can I stop myself? My hand twitches, and I am forced to snatch things whether I will or not."

After this, they lay down to sleep, and while they were lying there it was so dark that no one could see his own hand. All at once the one with the cat's eyes awoke, aroused the others, and said, "Brothers, just look up, do you see the white mice running about there?" The two sat up, but could see nothing. Then said he, "Things are not right with us, we have not got back again what is ours. We must return to the inn-keeper, he has deceived us." They went back, therefore, the next morning, and told the host they had not got what was their own again; that the first had a thief's hand, the second cat's eyes, and the third a pig's heart. The innkeeper said that the girl must be to blame for that, and was going to call her, but when she had seen the three coming, she had run out by the backdoor, and not come back. Then the three said he must give them a great deal of money, or they would set his house on fire. He gave them what he had, and whatever he could get together, and the three went away with it. It was enough for the rest of their lives, but they would rather have had their own proper organs.


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119.]

Swabians were once together. The first was Master Schulz; the second, Jackli; the third, Marli; the fourth, Jergli; the fifth, Michal; the sixth, Hans; the seventh, Veitli: all seven had made up their minds to travel about the world to seek adventures, and perform great deeds. But in order that they might go in security and with arms in their hands, they thought it would be advisable that they should have one solitary, but very strong, and very long spear made for them. This spear all seven of them took in their hands at once; in front walked the boldest and bravest, and that was Master Schulz; all the others followed in a row, and Veitli was the last. Then it came to pass one day in the hay-making month (July), when they had walked a long distance, and still had a long way to go before they reached the village where they were to pass the night, that as they were in a meadow in the twilight a great beetle or hornet flew by them from behind a bush, and hummed in a menacing manner. Master Schulz was so terrified that he all but dropped the spear, and a cold perspiration broke out over his whole body. "Hark! hark!" cried he to his comrades, "Good heavens! I hear a drum." Jackli, who was behind him holding the spear, and who perceived some kind of a smell, said, "Something is most certainly going on, for I taste powder and matches." At these words Master Schulz began to take to flight, and in a trice jumped over a hedge, but as he just happened to jump on to the teeth of a rake which had been left lying there after the hay-making, the handle of it struck against his face and gave him a tremendous blow. "Oh dear! Oh dear!" screamed Master Schulz. "Take me prisoner; I surrender! I surrender!" The other six all leapt over, one on the top of the other, crying, "If you surrender, I surrender too! If you surrender, I surrender too!" At length, as no enemy was there to bind and take them away, they saw that they had been mistaken, and in order that the story might not be known, and they be treated as fools and ridiculed, they


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440

The Kippses spoke no more that day to one another.

The squabble about cards and buttered toast was as serious to them as the most rational of differences. It was all rational to them. Their sense of wrong burnt within them; their sense of what was owing to themselves, the duty of implacability, the obstinacy of pride. In the small hours Kipps lay awake at the nadir of unhappiness and came near groaning. He saw life as an extraordinarily desolating muddle; his futile house, his social discredit, his bad behaviour to Helen, his low marriage to Ann.…

He became aware of something irregular in Ann's breathing.…

He listened. She was awake and quietly and privately sobbing!

He hardened his heart; resolutely he hardened his heart.

The stupid little tragedies of these clipped and limited lives!

What is the good of keeping up the idyllic sham and pretending that ill-educated, misdirected people "get along very well," and that all this is harmlessly funny and nothing more? You think I'm going to write fat, silly, grinning novels about half-educated, under-trained people and keep it up all the time, that the whole thing's nothing but funny!

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Mackarness Clerical Association, 1842-60,' and a sermon by him on the death of Lord Lyttelton, to whom he was for some time honorary chaplain, appeared in 'Brief Memorials of Lord Lyttelton,' 1876.

 MACKARNESS, . MATILDA ANNE (1826–1881), authoress, born in 1826, was younger daughter of James Robinson Planché [q. v.] and of Elizabeth St. George. From an early age Miss Planché wrote novels and moral tales for children. As a novelist she took Dickens for her model. In 1845 appeared ‘Old Joliffe,’ and in the next year ‘A Sequel to Old Joliffe.’ In 1849 she published ‘A Trap to Catch a Sunbeam,’ a brightly written little tale with a moral, and it is on this production that her reputation chiefly rests. It was composed some three years before the date of publication, and has gone through forty-two editions, the last appearing in 1882, and has been translated into many foreign languages, including Hindustani. On 21 Dec. 1852 Miss Planché married, at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton, the Rev. Henry S. Mackarness, brother of John Fielder Mackarness [q. v.], bishop of Oxford, and of George R. Mackarness, bishop of Argyll and the Isles, and she thereupon settled at Dymchurch, Hythe, the first parish of which her husband had charge. They afterwards went to Ash-next-Sandwich, Kent, where Mackarness was vicar, until his death on 26 Dec. 1868. He had left very slender provision for his widow and her seven children; four others had died in infancy. Mrs. Mackarness took up her residence with her father first at Chelsea, and afterwards at Clapham. In spite of ill-health she continued writing till her death on 6 May 1881 at Margate. She was buried beside her husband in Ash churchyard. She possessed considerable musical talent.

Besides the books already mentioned she wrote: 1. ‘Only,’ 1849. 2. ‘A Merry Christmas,’ 1850. 3. ‘Dream Chintz,’ 1851. 4. ‘Cloud with the Silver Lining,’ 1851. 5. ‘House on the Rock,’ 1852. 6. ‘Influence,’ 1853. 7. ‘Star in the Desert,’ 1853. 8. ‘Thrift, Hints for Cottage Housekeeping,’ 1855. 9. ‘Sibert's Wold,’ 1856. 10. ‘Ray of Light,’ 1857. 11. ‘Coming Home,’ 1858. 12. ‘Golden Rule,’ 1859. 13. ‘Amy's Kitchen,’ 1860. 14. ‘Minnie's Love,’ 1860. 15. ‘When we were Young and other Stories,’ 1860. 16. ‘Little Sunshine,’ 1861. 17. ‘Coraline, or After many Days,’ 1862. 18. ‘Guardian Angel,’ 1864. 19. ‘The Naughty Girl of the Family,’ 1865. 20. ‘Charades,’ 1866. 21. ‘A Village Idol,’ 1866. 22. ‘Example better than Precept,’ 1867. 23. ‘Climbing the Hill,’ 1868. 24. ‘Granny's Spectacles,’ 1869. 25. ‘Married and Settled,’ 1870. 26. ‘Children's Sunday Album of Short Stories,’ 1870. 27. ‘Old Saws new Set,’ 1871. 28. ‘A Peerless Wife,’ a novel, 1871. 29. ‘A Mingled Yarn,’ a novel, 1872. 30. ‘Marion Lee's Good Work,’ 1873. 31. ‘Sweet Flowers,’ 1873. 32. ‘Children of the Olden Time,’ 1874. 33. ‘Tell Mamma,’ 1874. 34. ‘Wild Rose and other Tales,’ 1874. 35. ‘Snowdrop and other Tales,’ 1874. 36. ‘Only a Little Primrose,’ 1874. 37. ‘Rosebud Tales,’ 1874. 38. ‘Pearls restrung, stories from the Apocrypha,’ 1878. 39. ‘Only a Penny; a Moral Tale for Children,’ 1878. 40. ‘Dawn of the Morning,’ 1879. 41. ‘Only a Dog,’ 1879. 42. ‘A Woman without a Head,’ 1892, published from a manuscript which had been lost for twelve years. She also contributed to the ‘Magnet Stories’ (1860–2), wrote a collection of ‘Ballad Stories’ for the ‘Girl's Own Paper,’ edited ‘The Young Lady's Book’ (1876), and edited and contributed several stories to a publication called ‘Lights and Shadows’ (1879). Some of her tales were collected and published as the ‘Sunbeam Series.’

 MACKAY, ALEXANDER (1808–1852), journalist, born in Scotland in 1808, was in early life conductor of a newspaper in Toronto, Canada. After residing in Canada for several years and travelling over a great portion of the provinces and the States, he returned home, and accepted an engagement on the staff of the London 'Morning Chronicle.' In the interest of that journal he revisited the United States in 1846 to report the debates in Congress on the Oregon question, and to ascertain public opinion on the subject. His letters were admirably written. Mackay was called to the bar from the Middle Temple on 7 May 1847. He severed his connection with the 'Morning Chronicle' in 1849, on account of its opposition to the Rebellion Losses Bill of Canada. In 1851 the chambers of commerce of Manchester, Liverpool, Blackburn, and Glasgow sent him to inquire into the cultivation of cotton in India and the condition of the cultivators of the soil, more especially within the presidencies of Bombay and Madras.


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130 all swore to each, other to hold their peace about it until one of them accidentally spoke of it.

Then they journeyed onwards. The second danger which they survived cannot be compared with the first. Some days afterwards, their path led them through a fallow-field where a hare was sitting sleeping in the sun. Her ears were standing straight up, and her great glassy eyes were wide open. All of them were alarmed at the sight of the horrible wild beast, and they consulted together as to what it would be the least dangerous to do. For if they were to run away, they knew that the monster would pursue and swallow them whole. So they said, "We must go through a great and dangerous struggle. Boldly ventured, is half won," and all seven grasped the spear, Master Schulz in front, and Veitli behind. Master Schulz was always trying to keep the spear back, but Veitli had become quite brave while behind, and wanted to dash forward and cried,

But Hans knew how to meet this, and said,

Michal cried,

Then it was Jergli's turn to speak,

And now Marli had a bright thought, and said to Veitli,

Veitli, however, did not attend to that, and Jackli said,


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119.] Then Master Schulz plucked up his courage, and said, gravely,

Hereupon they all together set on the dragon. Master Schulz crossed himself and prayed for God's assistance, but as all this was of no avail, and he was getting nearer and nearer to the enemy, he screamed "Oho! Oho! ho! ho! ho!" in the greatest anguish. This awakened the hare, which in great alarm darted swiftly away. When Master Schulz saw her thus flying from the field of battle, he cried in his joy.

But the Swabian allies went in search of further adventures, and came to the Moselle, a mossy, quiet, deep river, over which there are few bridges, and which in many places people have to cross in boats. As the seven Swabians did not know this, they called to a man who was working on the opposite side of the river, to know how people contrived to get across. The distance and their way of speaking made the man unable to understand what they wanted, and he said "What? what?" in the way people speak in the neighbourhood of Treves. Master Schulz thought he was saying, "Wade, wade through the water," and as he was the first, began to set out and went into the Moselle. It was not long before he sank in the mud and the deep waves which drove against him, but his hat was blown on the opposite shore by the wind, and a frog sat down beside it, and croaked "Wat, wat, wat." The other six on the opposite side heard that, and said, "Oho, comrades, Master Schulz is calling us; if he can wade across, why cannot we?" So they all jumped into the water together in a great hurry, and were drowned, and thus one frog took the lives of all six of them, and not one of the Swabian allies ever reached home again.


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CH. II As I think of them lying unhappily there in the darkness, my vision pierces the night. See what I can see! Above them, brooding over them, I tell you there is a monster, a lumpish monster, like some great, clumsy griffin thing, like the Crystal Palace labyrinthodon, like Coote, like the leaden goddess Dulness Pope Abhorred, like some fat, proud flunkey, like pride, like indolence, like all that is darkening and heavy and obstructive in life. It is matter and darkness, it is the anti-soul, Stupidity. My Kippses live in its shadow. Shalford and his apprenticeship system, the Hastings Academy, the ideas of Coote, the ideas of the old Kippses, all the ideas that have made Kipps what he is, all these are its shadow. But for that monster they might not be groping among false ideas and hurt one another so sorely and so stupidly; but for that, the glowing promise of childhood and youth might have had a happier fruition, thought might have awakened in them to meet the thought of the world, the quickening sunshine of literature pierced to the substance of their souls, their lives might not have been divorced, as now they are divorced for ever, from the apprehension of beauty that we favoured ones are given—the vision of the Grail that makes life fine for ever. I have laughed, and I laugh at these two people; I have sought to make you laugh.…

But I see through the darkness the souls of my Kippses, as they are, as little pink strips of living stuff, like the bodies of little, ill-nourished, ailing,

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442 ignorant children, children who feel pain, who are naughty and muddled and suffer and do not understand why. And the claw of this Beast rests upon them!

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132

were once three apprentices, who had agreed to keep always together while travelling, and always to work in the same town. At one time, however, their masters had no more work to give them, so that at last they were in rags, and had nothing to live on. Then one of them said, "What shall we do? We cannot stay here any longer, we will travel once more, and if we do not find any work in the town we go to, we will arrange with the innkeeper there, that we are to write and tell him where we are staying, so that we can always have news of each other, and then we will separate." And that seemed best to the others also. They went forth, and met on the way a richly-dressed man who asked who they were, "We are apprentices looking for work; up to this time we have kept together, but if we cannot find anything to do we are going to separate." "There is no need for that," said the man, "if you will do what I tell you, you shall not want for gold or for work;—nay, you shall become great lords, and drive in your carriages!" One of them said, "If our souls and salvation be not endangered, we will certainly do it." "They will not," replied the man, "I have no claim on you." One of the others had, however, looked at his feet, and when he saw a horse's foot and a man's foot, he did not want to have anything to do with him. The Devil, however, said, "Be easy, I have no designs on you, but on another soul, which is half my own already, and whose measure shall but run full." As they were now secure, they consented, and the Devil told them what he wanted. The first was to answer, "All three of us," to every question; the second was to say, "For money," and the third, "And quite right too!" They were always to say this, one after the other, but they were not to say one word more, and if they disobeyed this order, all their money would disappear at once, but so long as they observed it, their pockets would always be full. As a beginning, he at once gave them as much as they could carry, and told them to go to such and such an inn when they got to the town. They went to it, and the


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120.] came to meet them, and asked if they wished for anything to eat? The first replied, "All three of us." "Yes," said the host, "that is what I mean." The second said, "For money." "Of course," said the host. The third said, "And quite right too!" "Certainly it is right," said the host.

Good meat and drink were now brought to them, and they were well waited on. After the dinner came the payment, and the innkeeper gave the bill to the one who said, "All three of us," the second said, "For money," and the third, "And quite right too!" "Indeed it is right," said the host, "all three pay, and without money I can give nothing." They, however, paid still more than he had asked. The lodgers, who were looking on, said, "These people must be mad." "Yes, indeed they are," said the host, "they are not very wise." So they stayed some time in the inn, and said nothing else but "All three of us," "For money," and "And quite right too!" But they saw and knew all that was going on. It so happened that a great merchant came with a large sum of money, and said, "Sir host, take care of my money for me, here are three crazy apprentices who might steal it from me." The host did as he was asked. As he was carrying the trunk into his room, he felt that it was heavy with gold. Thereupon he gave the three apprentices a lodging below, but the merchant came up-stairs into a separate apartment. When it was midnight, and the host thought that all were asleep, he came with his wife, and they had an axe and struck the rich merchant dead; and after they had murdered him they went to bed again. When it was day there was a great outcry; the merchant lay dead in bed bathed in blood. All the guests ran at once, but the host said, "The three crazy apprentices have done this;" the lodgers confirmed it, and said, "It can have been no one else." The innkeeper, however, had them called, and said to them, "Have you killed the merchant!" "All three of us," said the first, "For money," said the second; and the third added, "And quite right too!" "There now, you hear," said the host, "they confess it themselves." They were taken to prison, therefore, and were to be tried. When they saw that things were going so seriously, they were


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134 after all afraid, but at night the Devil came and said, "Bear it just one day longer, and do not play away your luck, not one hair of your head shall be hurt."

The next morning they were led to the bar, and the judge said, "Are you the murderers!" "All three of us." "Why did you kill the merchant!" "For money." "You wicked wretches, you have no horror of your sins?" "And quite right too!" "They have confessed, and are still stubborn," said the judge, "lead them to death instantly." So they were taken out, and the host had to go with them into the circle. When they were taken hold of by the executioner's men, and were just going to be led up to the scaffold where the headsman was standing with naked sword, a coach drawn by four blood-red chestnut horses came up suddenly, driving so fast that fire flashed from the stones, and some one made signs from the window with a white handkerchief. Then said the headsman, "It is a pardon coming," and "Pardon! pardon!" was called from the carriage also. Then the Devil stepped out as a very noble gentleman, beautifully dressed and said, "You three are innocent; you may now speak, make known what you have seen and heard." Then said the eldest, "We did not kill the merchant, the murderer is standing there in the circle," and he pointed to the innkeeper. "In proof of this, go into his cellar, where many others whom he has killed are still hanging." Then the judge sent the executioner's men thither, and they found it was as the apprentices said, and when they had informed the judge of this, he caused the innkeeper to be led up, and his head was cut off. Then said the Devil to the three, "Now I have got the soul which I wanted to have, and you are free, and have money for the rest of your lives."

There was once a king's son, who was no longer content to stay at home in his father's house, and as he had no fear of anything, he thought, "I will go forth into the wide


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Mackay After a sojourn of about a year in India, ill-health obliged Mackay to embark for home. He died at sea on 15 April 1852.

Mackay wrote: 1. 'Electoral Districts; ... an Inquiry into the working of the Reform Bill,' 8vo, London, 1848. 2. 'The Western World, or Travels in the United States in 1846-7/ 3 vols. 8vo, London, 1849, dedicated to Richard Cobden. This was for long the most complete work published on the United States. 3. 'The Crisis in Canada, or Vindication of Lord Elgin and his Cabinet ... in reference to the Rebellion Losses Bill,' 8vo, London, 1849. 4. 'Analysis of the Australian Colonies' Government Bill,' 8vo, London, 1850. 5. 'Western India: Reports addressed to the Chambers of Commerce of Manchester, Liverpool, Blackburn, and Glasgow,' 8vo, London, 1853, a posthumous work edited by James Robertson, with a preface by Sir Thomas Bazley.

 MACKAY, ALEXANDER MURDOCH (1849–1890), missionary, son of Alexander Mackay, LL.D., free church minister of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, was born in the in a use there on 13 Oct. 1849. After receiving hi early education from his father he entered the Free Church Training College for Teachers in Edinburgh in the autumn of 1807, and distinguished himself during the two years' course. He had developed a taste for mechanics at an early age, and purposed becoming an engineer. For three years he studied the necessary subjects in Edinburgh University, and gained a practical knowledge of engineering by spending his afternoons at the works of Messrs. Miller & Herbert, Leith. His mornings he occupied in teaching at George Watson's College. In November 1873 he went to Germany to learn the language, and obtained a situation as draughtsman with an engineering firm in Berlin. In his leisure he translated Liibsen's 'Differential and Integral Calculus,' and constructed an agricultural machine of his own invention, which obtained the first prize at the Breslau Exhibition. His ability led to his promotion to the position of chief of the locomotive department in the firm.

Mackay resided at Berlin with the family of Hofprediger Baur, one of the ministers of the cathedral there. Under Baur's influence the fascination of missionary life, which he had felt in his youth, was revived in him, and determining to go as a missionary to Madagascar, he began to study the Malagasy language. In April 1875 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Church Missionary Society's post of lay-superintendent for a settlement of liberated slaves near Mombasa. The firm with which Mackay worked at Berlin was dissolved in September 1875, and he became draughtsman in a similar firm at Kottbus, sixty miles south-east from Berlin. When Mr. H. M. Stanley, the explorer, in a letter to the 'Daily Telegraph,' challenged Christendom to send missionaries to Uganda, Mackay offered his services to the Church Missionary Society in the proposed mission to Victoria Nyanza. The offer was accepted on 26 Jan. 1876, and he returned to England in March. On 27 April 1876 Mackay and four other missionaries set sail in the steamship Peshawur from Southampton. Arriving at Zanzibar on 30 May, he began his preparations for the march to the interior, and after long delay, caused principally through sickness, the remnant of the company that had escaped massacre reached Uganda in November 1878. There he remained till his death, making the district a centre for the evangelisation of Africa, and cultivating the friendship of its savage tribes. His knowledge of practical mechanics was of immense service to him. With King Mtesa he formed a useful intimacy; but after the death of that ruler, in October 1884, he had a severe and protracted struggle with the new king, Mwanga, who dreaded the progress of the Christian mission. Mwanga was driven from his throne by a revolt in the autumn of 1888, and his successor, Kiwewa, regarded the Christians with suspicion. Nevertheless Mackay held on, despite the bloodshed by which he was surrounded, and was always hopeful of establishing a permanent station. On 4 Feb. 1890 he caught malarial fever, and four days later he died at Usambiro, the last survivor of the little band that set out for Uganda in 1876. 'During the whole period of nearly fourteen years,' the minutes of the committee of the Church Missionary Society for 22 April 1890 record, Mackay 'never once left the shores of Africa, and for the greater part of that time he was in Uganda itself.

 MACKAY, ANDREW (1760–1809), mathematician, was born in 1760 and lived in Aberdeen. He was in October 1781 appointed keeper (without salary) of the observatory on the Castle hill (see Aberdeen Journal, 15 Oct. 1781), and here he made his calculations on the latitude and longitude of his native town (see infra). He was


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lister, Thomas (1597-1668)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lister, Thomas (1559-1626?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Liston, John