text:
Executive Order 1652

Mr. George H. Hamilton may be appointed to the vacancy existing in the position of assistant postmaster at Newark, Ohio, without reference to the civil-service rules.

. ,
 * November 29, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1652


text: Talk:Executive Order 1652

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Executive Order 1652


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montagu, William (1720?-1757)


text:
Executive Order 1654

Mr. Louis H. Eberlein may be reinstated to an appropriate classified position in the Customs Service at New York without regard to the length of time he has been separated from the service.

. ,
 * December 3, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1654


text: Talk:Executive Order 1654

title: Talk:Executive Order 1654


text:
Executive Order 1653

Mr. W. B. Johnson may be reinstated to an appropriate position in the service of the General Land Office without reference to the fact that he has been separated for more than a year.

. ,
 * December 3, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1653


text: Talk:Executive Order 1653

title: Talk:Executive Order 1653


text:
Executive Order 1657

Executive order No. 1566, of July 19, 1912, is hereby amended to read as follows:

 * Mr. Dorsey E. Phillips of Missouri may be appointed to a clerical position or as immigrant inspector in the competitive classified service without reference to the civil-service rules.

. ,
 * December 7, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1657


text: Talk:Executive Order 1657

title: Talk:Executive Order 1657


text:
Page:Confederate Veteran volume 18.djvu/586

536 she made, to cause Northerners and Southerners to think better of each other. Tender and true always to the memory of the gray-clad youth who was her husband and who gave his life to the Southern cause, she delighted in acts of kindly consideration for all who had been Confederate soldiers. Many distinguished Confederate survivors knew and admired her. In his last years she was an intimate friend of Mr. Jefferson Davis. After his death, she engaged George B. Matthews, a distinguished artist of Virginia, to paint two life-size portraits of the President of the Confederate States. She presented one of them to the Confederate Soldiers' Home at Beauvoir, Miss., and the other to William and Mary College, at Williamsburg, Va.

Mrs. Darling died while on a visit in New York to her brother, John Quincy Adams, and just as she was about to return to her home, in Washington.

In the national capital Mrs. Darling was one of its most distinguished women, well known and beloved for her singularly refined virtues and her inspiring work in many fields of charitable and patriotic endeavor. Here her remains were buried in the Congressional Cemetery, and a beautiful and appropriate monument marks her grave.

Mrs. Darling was perhaps the foremost spirit in the founding of the Daughters of the American Revolution. In 1890, at the initial meeting of the organization, a resolution unanimously adopted read:

"Resolved, That we hereby elect Mrs. Flora Adams Darling a lifelong member of this society in recognition of her loving interest and labors, which have resulted in the founding of this society of the Daughters of the American Revolution."

In 1897 in New York City the "Daughters of the Revolution" organized as "Darling Chapter," and resolved that Mrs. Darling should be "known and recognized as Founder and Director General of the National Society." She received from time to time many other honors from similar organizations. Upon her death the Flora Adams Memorial Association was organized with the following officers: President, William B. Matthews, of Washington, D. C.; Vice Presidents, former Senator James B. McCreary, of Kentucky, Hon. George G. Battle, of New York, Senator Moses E. Clapp, of Minnesota. Representative Charles L. Bartlett, of Georgia, Hon. Theodore Sutro, of New York, and Mrs. Adeline F. Fitz, President General of the Daughters of the Revolution; Secretary, Miss Matilda Smedley, founder of the American National Institute Prix de Paris; Treasurer, Dr. Lyon Tyler, President of William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va.

Notwithstanding her unremitted attention to everyday duties and to the patriotic organizations with which she was conspicuously connected, Mrs. Darling wrote many books of much merit and interest. Among her best-known sketches and stories may be mentioned: "Memories of the Civil War," "A Winning, Wayward Woman" (1890), "Was It a Just Verdict" (1890)? "The Bourbon Lily" and "A Social Diplomat" (1898), "The Senator's Daughter," and "Senator Athens, C. S. A." She was a member of the Society of American Authors. This early culture abided with her to the end in a grace and symmetry of character which brought her throughout her life unstinted admiration and the unconstrained devotion of countless friends. All of the life of her richly endowed womanhood was gladly devoted to doing good in the broadest and deepest way and in an effective manner.

[The foregoing sketch "by a friend" is not an exaggeration of Mrs. Darling's extraordinary qualities. Though of New England ancestry and rearing, she was ever ardent for right recognition of the Southern people in the qualities that make them great. The Editor of the knew well personally of her devotion to the South for fully a quarter of a century.]

Dr. W. F. McDowell died at Banks, Ala., September 27, 1910. He was born in Alabama on the 23d of September, 1834, and spent his life in that State except when in the Confederate army. He enlisted as second Lieutenant in Company B, 51st Alabama Cavalry, and served in Hogan's Brigade, Allen's Division, Wheeler's Corps. After the war he lived at Tuskegee and Montgomery until a few years since, when he removed to his country home near Banks. He was married to Miss Sue Davis, of Alabama, in December, 1859, and she survives him with four daughters and two sons to mourn the loss of a devoted husband and father.

Comrade McDowell was a chemist by profession, and was preparing himself to be a physician when the war came on and changed his plans. He was a true friend and an honorable, upright citizen, and a loyal Church member for fifty years. His twelve months of illness were borne with the same heroic patience that characterized his conduct during the war.

John Staley Rowe, son of William Jefferson and Caroline Ruth Rowe, was born at Rowesville, S. C, in February, 1842; and died on the 11th of September, 1910, at his home, near Orangeburg, S. C. He was educated at Pine Ridge Academy and at Natchez, Miss., and was a member of the Lake Providence Cadets, Company B, 4th Louisiana Regiment, under R. J. Barrow as colonel and Dr. Francis Witcher as captain. Comrade Rowe took part in the battles of Shiloh, Vicksburg, Port Hudson, Jackson, Miss., in all the engagements of Johnston's army from Dalton to Atlanta, in Hood's army on the Tennessee campaign, and in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, Tenn. He was then assistant brigade commissary of Quarles's Brigade, and was paroled at the mouth of White River, Ark., on the ist of June, 1865, having been for four years and two months in the army. He returned to South Carolina, and was happily married to his cousin. Miss Mary Augusta Kumff, in February, 1867. He was engaged in planting and the lumber business in Orangeburg County since the war.

D. J. Hyneman, of Corinth, Miss., reports the death of R. J. Thompson, of Tallahatchie County, Miss., of whom he writes: "I knew him for three years, not only as a member of the same company but of the same mess, and can truthfully say a better soldier never entered the Confederate service. At the commencement of the war he enlisted in the 15th Mississippi, General Featherston's old regiment, and at the end of his term of enlistment he joined Baxter's company of Van Dorn's Scouts, afterwards a part of the 12th Mississippi Cavalry, and served with it as a true and faithful soldier until the close of the war, surrendering with his regiment near Washington, Ga. after the capture of Jefferson Davis."

F—Report comes from Lakeland Camp of Confederate Veterans, Socrum, Fla., of the death of O. P. Foster, who served in Company I, 63d Georgia Regiment. He fought under Johnston and Hood, participating in the battle of Franklin and many others. He was paroled in North Carolina in May, 1865. He was sixty-five years old, and was a fine musician and a high-toned gentleman.


text:
Executive Order 1662

Miss Alice Engle may be appointed to a clerical position in the Department of Agriculture without regard to the civil-service rules.

. ,
 * December 14, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1662


text: Talk:Executive Order 1662

title: Talk:Executive Order 1662


text:
Executive Order 1665

Mr. Charles R. Pickard may be appointed to an appropriate position in the competitive classified service without compliance with the provisions of the civil-service rules.

. ,
 * December 17, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1665


text: Talk:Executive Order 1665

title: Talk:Executive Order 1665


text:
Executive Order 1666

Mr. William C. Boutelle may be reinstated in an appropriate position in or under the Post Office Department without regard to the length of his separation from the service.

. ,
 * December 19, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1666


text: Talk:Executive Order 1666

title: Talk:Executive Order 1666


text:
Executive Order 1668

Mr. Horace P. De Hart may be transferred from the excepted position of confidential clerk to the Assistant Secretary of the Interior to an appropriate competitive position in that department.

. ,
 * December 19, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1668


text: Talk:Executive Order 1668

title: Talk:Executive Order 1668


text:
Executive Order 1667

Mr. Thomas E. Price may be promoted from the position of messenger to that of clerk in the Post Office Department without examination.

. ,
 * December 19, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1667


text: Talk:Executive Order 1667

title: Talk:Executive Order 1667


text:
Executive Order 1670

Mr. Samuel E. Fouts may be reinstated as an assistant examiner in the Patent Office, Department of the Interior, without reference to the period of his separation from the service.

. ,
 * December 30, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1670


text: Talk:Executive Order 1670

title: Talk:Executive Order 1670


text:
Executive Order 1671

Mr. W. D. Lundy may be appointed to a clerical position without regard to the length of his separation from the service.

. ,
 * December 31, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1671


text: Talk:Executive Order 1671

title: Talk:Executive Order 1671


text:
Executive Order 1644

Schedule A of classified positions excepted from examination under Rule II, clause 3, is hereby amended by adding to Subdivision VIII, Department of the Interior, the following paragraph:

All employees of the Neopit lumber mills on the Menominee Indian Reservation in Wisconsin.

. ,
 * November 15, 1912.

title: Executive Order 1644


text: Talk:Executive Order 1644

title: Talk:Executive Order 1644


text:
Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/29

Rh willing to learn, is eager to listen and to look, and gather up the knowledge that the teacher is so able to impart. In school hours there is no listlessness, no weariness, no heavy task, nor are there any lessons to carry home. There is no spelling to learn, no tables to commit to memory, and all school work is done in school hours.

They go to school once a day, and spend four hours in school work. After an hour and a half of study the class goes through several of the exercises learned in Hildreth'a class, and some new ones, all set to music, and many of them accompanied with song. In this way half-an-hour is spent, and they study another hour and a half. That done, they go into the playfield with the whole school, and play as they like with entire freedom for half-an-hour. The last hour is spent in reading, writing from dictation, and if any child is puzzled or in doubt about a lesson Gaston will answer questions at his desk during this hour.

Five hours at school and nothing to eat! Poor children. Our diarist says little about food so far, but a little later on he says the people in general have only one meal daily, but that children have a little food early in the day, and their next meal with their elders early in the afternoon when all work ceases.

One accident happens which is worth recording, since it might easily have proved fatal and stopped the records of this very real dreamland:—

"I had been in Gaston's class for about three months (earth time) when one afternoon early we all went for a journey in our flying fish. We had all got used to it now, and I frequently looked over the sides at the houses and beautiful gardens below us. The land beneath us was a perfect paradise of beauty. The houses nestled amongst their trees, nearly all of which were fruit-bearing, and the interspersed flower gardens glowed radient with all the colors of the sunrise, the sunset, and the rainbow. There was nothing trim and chessboard-like in the appearance of the ground, and at the same time there were no roads and no disorderly open spaces. Every inch of the land was utilised. Oh the delight of floating through that perfumed summer air free from dust, smoke, noise, and all the disagreeables we would have if floating at about three hundred feet above an earth town, or even village, No jarring, grating sounds, only the sound of musical voices now and then, with snatches of song. We were approaching a clear lake, smooth as a mirror, reflecting some trees that grew on its further side so clearly that every leaf and twig that grew upward in the air appeared to grow downward in the water. We crossed the lake, flying slowly and enjoying the scene. When about halfway over I looked down over the side, and saw the reflection of our air boat with its fins or wings sweeping to and fro slowly and silently. I had no idea before how graceful the machine looked when in motion. I leaned over a little and called mother to see how pretty the reflection. She moved towards me, not to look, but to seize my clothing.

title: Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/29


text:
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28 The slight oscillation caused by her movement brought about what she feared, for over I went. For a little while I remember feeling the air rush past me, and seeing the tops of the trees coming to meet me. And then something touched my back; an instant more and I was firmly clenched by my clothing. My father had followed me down in the machine and caught me. But he was too late to get up into the air again. Our wings were tangled in the tree top, and one of them in its final stroke knocked me out of father's hand. 'Clutch the branches,' said he, as I dropped into the foliage. I tried to do so, and broke my fall materially. I do not remember getting to the ground.

I next remember waking out of a pleasant sleep and finding myself in mother's oval chamber. Two voices were speaking gently, one was my mother's and the other was strange to me. I was the subject of their remarks. Perhaps I ought to have uttered some sound, but I just lay there dreamily trying to find out how I had got there, and listening to bits of the conversation now and then.

"You think, then, that what my little boy has said in his wanderings really proves him an earth-born?"

"Yes, and more than that. They prove him to be living a dual life. On earth he must be a man of middle age, for he speaks to his children as if upgrown and his peers."

"How strange to have a child like that. He is old enough to be his mother's father. Is my experience unique, or are there many such?"

"My studies in medical psychology have taught me that there are three kinds of earth-borns on our planet. First, those who have lived on earth and become fit for introduction, to our higher life, which is to them a kind of heaven and reward for virtuous and religious living; second, those who, while still living on earth, put out a new life and live here also quite unconscious of the old life; third, those who live on both planets, and are conscious of the two lives. Your boy belongs to the second class at present, but can at any time begin to belong to the third. In his earth life he is conscious of this life, but in this he is unconscious of the other."

"Perhaps not quite so. He was asking me about money not long ago. He cannot have heard of money here. From whence came the money question?"

"It came like many other questions asked by children out of the past and out of the deep. Before we know whence such questions spring we shall have to know from where the life of the questioner springs."

"To return to this question of dual identity. How does the soul animate two bodies, and get from one to the other? My boy is never absent-minded. I have had no reason to suspect him of being anywhere else but here.

"There are thousands of mysteries of the soul of which we know nothing,

title: Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/30


text:
Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/31

Rh but if we were to question your son some day we might get an answer to your question. In similar cases people have been sent into a magnetic trance, and have said that, for the soul there are no such limitations as time and space, that it can be: where it will when it will, that the Author of the soul's being can alone regulate or limit its movements."

"Then my son can fly from one body to the other, the two bodies being on different planets at enormous and ever-varying distances apart, without much loss of time?"

"Without any loss. It would take you a thousand times as long to walk through that open door into this room as it will take him to come from the other side of the solar system."

"Thank you, doctor. I fear I have taken up too much of your valuable time with my questionings. After all, I am so much the mother that I am glad to hear that, but for a little stiffness and pain my boy will be well when he wakes."

"At this moment I made some movement and hurt my side, and cried out with the pain. I had never felt pain before. My cry brought mother and her companion to my side. Mother bade me be still and keep quiet, and Doctor Hildreth, the physician for our district, class-mother Hildreth's sister, looked into my eyes, and felt my pulse, and said to mother, 'He is quite out of danger; he needs no farther aid from me.'"

When the doctor had gone mother told me that in falling through the tree I had broken two ribs and got much bruised, and had been unconscious for several days, owing to having fallen upon my head. She told me that if I did not wish my wounds to hurt me I must keep still and they would soon heal.

In the next few days I found that father's hands had been cut with the last stroke of the wing of our air boat while trying to hold me up, and that if he had not let me fall into the tree I should probably have been killed by the same blow. Mother had clutched Emma, and held on until rescued by another air boat, and our flying fish had suffered serious damage and gone to be repaired."

From this it appears that accidents may happen even in the grand world of our diarist's dreams. A day or two later he resumes his narrative:—"I am back in Gaston's class. All my classmates have congratulated me on my fortunate escape. I begin to feel that I am of some importance in the world. Gaston notices the state of things and wisely puts me right, and makes my case a lesson at the same time. This, too, without hurting my feelings.

He says:—"You are very properly glad to see Charlie Frankston amongst you after his narrow escape from death, and he doubtless rejoiced to find himself with you again. Do not, however, make too much of a hero of Charlie. There was nothing heroic about the transaction except the bravery

title: Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/31


text:
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30 and skill exhibited by his father in saving his life, which he undoubtedly did, although he could not prevent the final little fall through the tree. Charlie's part was just that of a careless and curious little boy, and what he did perilled the life of all his family. Let us hope that the lesson he has received may last him for life.

Had Charlie's father been going in any other direction he would have caught Charlie before he got to the tree tops. For the air boat can be made to descend faster than a falling body. If there had been more room and time the boat would have gone under Charlie, and still descending, would have caught him without stopping his fall too rapidly. Some of you know the air boat rules of flight. To the north three hundred feet, to the south six hundred feet, to the east, nine hundred feet, and to the west twelve hundred feet.

When the accident happened Charlie's family were going north, and so could not fly at a height of more than three hundred feet. The manometer in the air boat, or flying fish, as it is frequently called, always indicates the height, and the compass the direction. Before these rules were made and strictly enforced accidents were frequent. They are now rare. A swift moving boat may give a slower one a push in the back, but the overtaking boat has to pass to the right, and is held as in fault if it damaged the slower one. Special boats may travel in any direction and at any rate in the upper air. Below the twelve hundred feet the boats travel at right angles, and changing direction change height. They are also limited as to speed, not being allowed to go more than a mile a minute.'"

For some months now, nearly a year, our diarist's days are much alike. To record them as they are mentioned would be tiresome to writer and reader. They are the days of a schoolboy who is fond of his studies, his teacher and his classmates, and whose whole life is harmonious, happy and healthy.

The air boat is repaired, and the family takes afternoon trips as before, Charley being more careful now. The summer is passed, and preparations are being made for the coming winter. Incidently we find that the school week is only four days, and that the fifth is a rest day from all work, and is regarded as a Sabbath. The temporary consciousness of earth-life in the new life that he manifested when injured has not been repeated, so that he can only set down the experiences that come in the ordinary way, and can be remembered.

But now comes winter, an important event for the quickening faculties

title: Page:Melbourne and Mars.djvu/32


text:
Executive Order 1663

 * The following is the Civil Service Commission description of the order, not the actual order text.

On the 28th day of October, 1912, the President issued an Executive order authorizing the appointment of Mr. Guy Emerson as a special agent of the Treasury Department without compliance with the civil-service rules, for the reasons therein stated. Since that time conditions have arisen which make it advisable for the Secretary of the Treasury to have a broader discretion in the matter of Mr. Emerson's appointment in the interest of a better accomplishment of the purposes had in view in that order than the order gives him. The order is therefore hereby amended so as to authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to appoint Mr. Guy Emerson, without compliance with the civil-service rules, to any competitive classified position in the Treasury service which may be available for the purpose, and to transfer him as the interest of the service may require.

title: Executive Order 1663


text: Talk:Executive Order 1663

title: Talk:Executive Order 1663


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DIDUS CUCULLATUS (—from drawings)

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DIDUS SOLITARIUS (—from a Dutch picture taken from living bird in Amsterdam, beak and wing restored)

title: Page:Rothschild Extinct Birds.djvu/337


text: Index:Wright brothers papers - wrightmay301899.djvu


text: Index:Wright brothers papers - wrightoct201902.djvu


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 (21,982 ft.) are the highest peaks of the central Argentine-Chilean Andes. These three peaks are formed of eruptive rocks, surrounded by Jurassic beds which have undergone a thorough metamorphosis. While in the west of the Andes, from the latitude of Aconcagua, the central valley of Chile runs without any notable interruption to the south end of the continent, a valley which almost disappears to the north, leaving only some rare inflexions which are considered by Chilean geographers and geologists to be a continuation of the same valley; to the east in Argentina a longitudinal valley, perfectly characterized, runs along the eastern foot of the Cordillera, separating this from the pre-Cordillera, which is parallel to the Cordillera de la Costa of Chile. Between Aconcagua and Mercedario are the passes of Espinacito (14,803 ft.) and Los Patos or Valle Hermoso (11,736 ft.), chosen by the Argentine General San Martin, when he made his memorable passage across the chain during the War of Independence. North of Valle Hermoso the Andean ridges, while very high, are not abrupt, and the passes are more numerous than in the south; some of them descending 10,000 ft., but most of them between 13,000 and 14,000 ft. The pass of Quebrada Grande is 12,468 ft. in altitude; Cencerro, 12,944 ft.; Mercedario, 13,206 ft.; Ojota, 14,304 ft.; Pachon, 14,485 ft.; while Gordito is 10,318 ft. Farther north the passes are higher. Barahona Pass is 15,092 ft.; Ternera, 15,912 ft.; San Lorenzo, 16,420 ft., while the peak of the volcano reaches 18,143 ft.; Mount Olivares, 20,472 ft.; Porongos, 19,488 ft.; Tortolas, 20,121 ft.; and Potro, 19,357 ft. As far as 28° S. lat. the Cordillera de los Andes has been principally formed by two well-defined ridges, but to the north, recent volcanic action has greatly modified its orography. Only a single line of passes characterizes the main ridge, and amongst them are the passes of Ollita (15,026 ft.), Peñas Negras (14,435 ft.), Pircas Negras (13,615 ft.), La Gallina (16,240 ft.), Tres Quebradas (15,535 ft.), and Aguita (15,485 ft.). To the north of Mount Potro the peaks in the Cordillera are not very prominent as far as the great mass of Tres Quebradas, but here are to be met with some that may be considered as amongst the highest of the whole range. Mount Aguita is 20,600 ft., and the culminating peak of those of Tres Cruces reaches 22,658 ft. To the east of the eastern longitudinal valley, at 27° S. lat., begins a high volcanic plateau between the Cordillera and the southern prolongation of the Bolivian Cordillera Real, which contains lofty summits, such as Mount Veladero (20,998 ft.), Mount Bonete (21,980), Mount Reclus (20,670), Mount Pissis (22,146), Mount Ojo del Salado (21,653), and Incahuasi (21,719). To the north of Tres Cruces is a transversal depression in the Cordillera, which is considered to be the southern termination of the high plateau of the Puna de Atacama. The Cordillera of the Andes borders the Puna to the west, while the Bolivian Cordillera Real bounds it to the east. In that region the Cordillera of the Andes is of comparatively recent origin, being principally constituted by a line of high volcanoes, the chief summits being those of Juncal, Panteon de Aliste, Azufre or Listarrìa (18,636 ft.), Llullaillaco (21,720), Miñiques (19,357), Socompa (19,948), Licancaur (19,685), Viscachuelas (20,605), Tapaquilcha (19,520), Oyahua (19,242), Ancaquilcha (20,275), Olca (19,159), Miño (20,112), Sillilica (21,100), Perinacota (20,918), Sagama (22,339), Tacona (19,740), Misti (19,029); to the east closes in the intermediary high plateau which begins at 28° S. lat. in Argentina. The principal peaks of the Bolivian Andes and its prolongation from south to north, are Famatina, in the centre of Argentina, (20,340 ft.), Languna Blanca (18,307), Diamante (18,045), Cachi (20,000), Granadas, Lipez (19,680), Guadalupe (18,910), Chorolque (18,480), Cuzco (17,930), Enriaca (18,716), Junari (16,200), Michiga (17,410), Quimza-Cruz (18,280), Illimani (21,190) and Sorata (21,490).

While the western range of the Cordillera is principally formed by volcanic rocks, the eastern (to the east of the range is Cerro Potosi, 15,400 ft.) Andes of Bolivia are chiefly composed of old crystalline rocks. Between the ranges in the high plateau north to 27° are numerous isolated volcanoes which have been in activity in recent times, such as Peinado (18,898 ft.), San Pedro (18,701), Antuco (19,029), Antofalla (20,014), Rincon (17,881), Pastos Grandes (17,553), Zapalegui (17,553), Suniguira (19,258), Tahue (17,458); volcanoes which have been elevated from a lacustrine basin, which very recently occupied the whole extension, and the remains of which are, in the south, the Laguna Verde, at 28°, and in the north Lake Titicaca. The discovery of great Pampean mammals in the Pleistocene beds of that region shows that this upheaval of the latter is very recent, for in the heart of the Cordillera, as well as on the west coast of Bolivia and Peru, there have been discovered, in very recent deposits, the remains of some mammals which cannot have crossed the high range as it now exists.

The two Cordilleras that formed the Andes to the north of 28° S. lat. are continued in Peru. The western, which reaches an altitude of about 10,000 ft., then ceases to exist as a continuous chain, there remaining only a short, high ridge, called by Edward Whymper the “Pacific range of the equator,” and between this ridge and the crystalline Andean axis, the “avenue of volcanoes,” to use his words, arises amidst majestic scenery. Chimborazo, which is not in the main chain, reaches 20,517 ft.; Cotopaxi (19,580), Antisana (19,260), Coyambo (19,200) are in the eastern range, with many other peaks over 16,000 ft. which still contain glaciers. Sangay (17,380 ft.), under the equator, according to Wolff, appears to be the most active volcano in the world. Pichincha (15,804 ft.) and Cotocachi (16,297 ft.) are the loftiest volcanoes of the western range. In Colombia the three principal chains are continuations of those under the equator, and show very slight traces of volcanic action,

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Rh which were intended to do for the Irish what Scott had done for the Scottish in his Waverley Novels. But this is all conjecture. On the other hand, we know that Charlotte Brontë, the most truthful of women, says that the materials for Wuthering Heights were gathered in Yorkshire. Her words must be quoted: 'Though her feeling for the people round was benevolent, intercourse with them she never sought; nor, with very few exceptions, ever experienced. And yet she knew them: knew their ways, their language, their family histories; she could hear of them with interest, and talk of them with detail, minute, graphic, and accurate; but with them she rarely exchanged a word. Hence it ensued that what her mind had gathered of the real concerning them was too exclusively confined to those tragic and terrible traits of which, in listening to the secret annals of every rude vicinage, the memory is sometimes compelled to receive the impress. Her imagination, which was a spirit more sombre than sunny, more powerful than sportive, found in such traits materials whence it wrought creations like Heathcliff, like Earnshaw, like Catherine.' It is worthy of note that the contemporary critics objected to the book, not so much because it was improbable, as because


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xl it was disagreeable. In fact the Athenæum admitted 'its truth to life in the remote nooks and corners of England.' The reviewer goes on to complain of the painful and exceptional subject, and especially of the descriptions of physical acts of cruelty. 'The brutal master of the lonely house on Wuthering Heights—a prison which might be pictured from life—has doubtless had his prototype in those ungenial and remote districts where human beings, like the trees, grow gnarled and dwarfed and distorted by the inclement climate; but he might have been indicated with far fewer touches, in place of so entirely filling the canvas that there is hardly a scene untainted by his presence.' The authors are warned against what is eccentric and unpleasant. 'Never was there a period in the history of Society when we English could so ill afford to dispense with sunshine.' The period of Wuthering Heights was in the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth, the same as some of the stories in Mr. Hardy's Wessex Tales and A Group of Noble Dames. Mr. Swinburne's words are decisive: 'The book is what it is because the author was what she was; this is the main and central fact to be remembered. Circumstances have modified the details; they have not implanted


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Rh the conception.' But every writer on the Brontës is brought up against the repellent figure of the miserable brother, Patrick Branwell Brontë. Most readers of Madame Duclaux's book have felt with Mr. Swinburne, that 'of that lamentable and contemptible caitiff—contemptible not so much for his commonplace debauchery as for his abject selfishness, his lying pretension, and his nerveless cowardice—there is far too much in this memoir.' But on close study it has to be admitted that this wretched creature had but too much influence on the minds of his sisters. Of their gifts he had not a particle. I have read many of his compositions, and there is scarcely a line in them that deserves to be printed. He comes into prominence because, unlike his sisters, he mingled but too freely with his neighbours, and with all who would make acquaintance with him. He was garrulous, boastful, coarse, and thankless. He spared his sisters nothing. He gave them in full detail the story of his debaucheries evidently with gross exaggeration so far as his own victories were concerned. They had to hear him, however reluctantly the listening might be, and it is plain that they believed the very worst. Of the monstrous theory that Branwell Brontë had anything to


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xlii do with the books of his sisters, I can scarcely trust myself to speak. Those who hold it outrage all decency in bringing, as they virtually do, a charge of the basest untruthfulness against Charlotte Brontë. Can any one read what she has written about her sisters and believe for a moment that the honours of their achievement can be divided? Happily we have the explicit statement of Charlotte Brontë, in her letter to W. S. Williams, announcing Branwell's death: 'My unhappy brother never knew what his sisters had done in literature—he was not aware that they had ever published a line. We could not tell him of our efforts for fear of causing him too deep a pang of remorse for his own time misspent, and talents misapplied.' It is not only possible, but likely, that much of Branwell's foul talk was put into the mouths of certain among his sisters' characters. In Wuthering Heights we read: 'Two words would comprehend my future—death and hell; existence after losing her would be hell. Yet I was a fool to fancy for a moment that she valued Edgar Linton's attachment more than mine. If he loved with all the force of his puny being, he would never love in eighty years as much as I could do in a day.' In one of Branwell's letters we find these words: 'My own life


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Rh without her would be hell. What can the so-called love of her wretched, sickly husband be to her compared with mine?'

IV

But those who read with care the works of the three sisters will perceive that Branwell did not affect them in the same way. Charlotte Brontë, in one of her letters, contrasts Huntingdon (in Wildfell Hall), Rochester, and Heathcliff. She says that 'Heathcliff exemplifies the effects which a life of continual injustice and hard usage may produce on a natural, perverse, vindictive, and inexorable disposition, while Huntingdon is a sensual man, who never profits by experience, and Rochester lives for a time as too many other men live, but he does not like the degraded life, and is not happy in it.' The truth is that the more earthly side of passion is ignored by Emily. Anne Brontë takes facts as they are, and in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall gives a nearer rendering of Branwell and his associates as she conceived them than either of her sisters. Mr. Swinburne unerringly puts his finger on the place, and says that The Tenant of Wildfell Hall 'as a study of utterly flaccid and invertebrate immorality bears signs of more faithful transcription from life than anything in Jane


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xliv Eyre or Wuthering Heights.' It is not easy to state the contrast without doing injustice to Charlotte and Anne Brontë, but it is a very real difference. Emily Brontë's mind was as virginal as that of Di Vernon.  ' Os virginis habitumque gerens et virginis arma.' To quote Mr. Swinburne again, the unique quality of Wuthering Heights is the special and distinctive character of its passion. 'The love which devours life itself, which devastates the present and desolates the future with unquenchable and raging fire, has nothing less pure in it than flame or sunlight. And this passionate and ardent chastity is utterly and unmistakably spontaneous and unconscious. Not till the story is ended, not till the effect of it has been thoroughly absorbed and digested, does the reader even perceive the simple and natural absence of any grosser element, any hint or suggestion of a baser alloy in the ingredients of its human emotion than in the splendour of lightning or the roll of a gathered wave. Then, as on issuing sometimes from the tumult of charging waters, he finds, with something of wonder, how absolutely pure and sweet was the element of living storm with which his own nature has been for a while made one; not a grain in it of soiling sand, not a waif of clogging weed.'


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 In the western chain, which is remarkable for its regularity, the highest peak is 11,150 ft., and the lowest pass 6725 ft. The central chain, separated from the western chain by the valley of the Cauca and from the eastern by the valley of the Magdalena, is unbroken; it is the more important owing to its greater altitudes and is of volcanic character. To the south, near the equator, are Mounts Arapul (13,360 ft.) and Chumbul (15,720 ft.). The volcanoes Campainero (12,470 ft.) and Pasto (14,000 ft.) are also in that zone. Farther north is the volcano Purace, which presents a height of 16,000 ft.; then come Huila (18,000), Santa Catalina (16,170), and Tolima (18,400), Santa Isabel (16,760), Ruiz (17,390) and Hervas (18,340). The eastern chain begins north of the equator at 6000 ft., gradually rises to the height of Nevado (14,146 ft.), Pan de Azucar (12,140 ft.), and in the Sierra Nevada de Cochi attains to peaks of 16,700 ft.

The snow-line of the Andes is highest in parts of Peru where it lies at about 16,500 ft. Its general range from the extreme north to Patagonia is 14,000 to 15,500 ft., but along the Patagonian frontier it sinks rapidly, until in Tierra del Fuego it lies at about 4900 ft.

Structure.—The structure of the Andes is least complex in the southern portion of the range. Between 33° and 36° S. the chain consists broadly of a series of simple folds of Jurassic and Cretaceous beds. It is probably separated on the east from the recent deposits of the pampas by a great fault, which, however, is always concealed by an enormous mass of scree material. The Cretaceous beds lie in a broad synclinal upon the eastern flank, but the greater part of the chain is formed of Jurassic beds, through which, on the western margin, rise the numerous andesitic volcanic centres. There is no continuous band of ancient gneiss, nor indeed of any beds older than the Jurassic. There is very little over-folding or faulting, and the structure is that of the Jura mountains rather than of the Alps. The inner or eastern ridge farther north of Argentina consists of crystalline rocks with infolded Ordovician and Cambrian beds, often overlaid unconformably by a sandstone with plant-remains (chiefly Rhaetic). In Bolivia this eastern ridge, separated from the western Cordillera by the longitudinal valley in which Lake Titicaca lies, is formed chiefly of Archaean and Palaeozoic rocks. All the geological systems, from the Cambrian to the Carboniferous, are represented and they are all strongly folded, the folds leaning over towards the west. West of the great valley the range is composed of Mesozoic beds, together with Tertiary volcanic rocks. (The Cordillera of Argentina and Chile is clearly the continuation of the western chain alone.) In Ecuador there is still an inner chain of ancient gneisses and schists and an outer chain composed of Mesozoic beds. The longitudinal valley which separates them is occupied mainly by volcanic deposits. North of Ecuador the structure becomes more complex. Of the three main chains into which the mountains are now divided, the western branch is formed mostly of Cretaceous beds; but the inner chains no longer consist exclusively of the older rocks, and Cretaceous beds take a considerable share in their formation.

The great volcanoes, active and extinct, are not confined to any one zone. Sometimes they rise from the Mesozoic zone of the western Cordillera, sometimes from the ancient rocks of the eastern zone. But they all lie within the range itself and do not, as in the Carpathians and the Apennines, form a fringe upon the inner border of the chain.

The curvature of the range around the Brazilian massif, and the position of the zone of older rocks upon the eastern flank, led Suess to the conclusion that the Andes owe their origin to an overthrust from east to west, and that the Vorland lies beneath the Pacific. In the south Wehrli and Burckhardt maintain that the thrust came from the west, and they look upon the ancient rocks of Argentina as the Vorland. In this part of the chain, however, there is but little evidence of overthrusting of any kind.

ANDESINE, a member of the group of minerals known as plagioclase felspars, occupying a position in the isomorphous series about midway between albite (NaAlSi3O8) and anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8); its chemical composition and physical characters are therefore intermediate between those of the two extremes of the series. Distinctly developed crystals or crystallized specimens are rarely met with, the mineral usually occurring as embedded crystals and grains in the igneous and gneissic rocks, of which it forms a component part. It occurs, for example, in the andesite of the Andes, from whence it derives its name. ANDESITE, a name first applied by C. L. von Buch to a series of lavas investigated by him from the Andes, which has passed into general acceptance as the designation of a great family of rocks playing an important part in the geology of most of the volcanic areas of the globe. Not only the Andes but most of the Cordillera of Central and North America consist very largely of andesites; they occur also in great numbers in Japan, the Philippines, Java and New Zealand. They belong to all geological epochs, and are frequent among the Silurian and Devonian rocks of Britain, forming the ranges of the Cheviots, Ochils, Breidden Hills, and part of the Lake district. The well-known volcanoes, Montagne Pelée, the Soufrière of St Vincent, Krakatoa, Tarawera and Bandaisan have within recent years emitted great quantities of andesitic rocks with disastrous violence. No group of lavas is more widespread and more important from a geographical standpoint than the andesites.

They are typical intermediate rocks, containing on an average about 60% of silica, but showing a considerable range of composition. Most of them correspond to the plutonic diorites, but others more nearly represent the gabbros. Their essential distinguishing features are mineralogical and consist in the presence of much soda-lime felspar (ranging from oligoclase to bytownite and even anorthite), along with one or more of the ferro-magnesian minerals, biotite, hornblende, augite and hypersthene. Both olivine and quartz are typically absent, though in some varieties they occur in small quantity. Orthoclase is more common than these two, but is never very abundant. The andesites have mostly a porphyritic structure, and the larger felspars and ferro-magnesian minerals are often visible to the naked eye, lying in a finer groundmass, usually crystalline, but sometimes to a large extent vitreous. When very fresh they are dark-coloured if they contain much glass, but paler in colour, red, grey or pinkish when more thoroughly crystallized. They weather to various shades of dark brown, reddish-brown, green, grey and yellow. Many of them are highly vesicular or amygdaloidal.

The older (pre-Tertiary) andesites are grouped together by many German, and formerly by British petrologists, under the term porphyrites, but are distinguished only by being, as a rule, in a less fresh condition. Apart from this there are three great subdivisions of this family of rocks, the quartz-andesites or dacites, the hornblende- and biotite-andesites, and the augite and hypersthene-andesites (or pyroxene-andesites). The dacites, a term first applied by Karl Heinrich Hektor Guido Stache (b. 1833) to quartz-bearing andesite of Transylvania or Dacia, contain

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Rh It is the author's 'passionate and ardent chastity' that marks most deeply the character and the work of Emily Brontë.

V

For unquestionably her novel and the best of her poems are more unmistakably works of genius than even the books of Charlotte Brontë. Wuthering Heights is, from beginning to end, a pure and purifying tragedy. It excels in its pictures of dreamland and delirium. The writer is most secure when she is treading the path of a single hair. With the ordinary things that make up the personality of an author she has nothing to do. The only quotation I remember in her writings is very characteristic:—

It is very hard to extract any lessons from the book, and the preferences expressed in it are simple and enduring. Above all are the passion for liberty and the belief that death makes peace. It is dangerous to conclude that a writer is ignorant of certain facts and relations of life. She is not ignorant; she could hardly be ignorant, but she rises above such things.

As to her personal faith or unfaith, many


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 The Works

OF


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. . . January, 1901 Reprinted. . . . . June, 1904


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 From a Sketch by Count D'Orsay taken in May 1823


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 The Works

OF

LORD BYRON.

A NEW, REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.

Letters and Journals. Vol. V.

EDITED BY

ROWLAND E. PROTHERO, M.A., M.V.O.,

FORMERLY FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD.

LONDON :

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS.

1904.


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 March 25, 1834.]

word Transubstantiation is so far from being found either in the Sacred Records, or in the Monuments of the Ancient Fathers, that the maintainers of it do themselves acknowledge that it was not so much as heard of before the twelfth century. For though one Stephanus, Bishop of Autun, be said to have once used it, yet it is without proof that some modern writers make him one of the tenth century; nor yet doth he say, that the Bread is transubstantiated, but as it were transubstantiated, which well understood might be admitted.

Nay, that the thing itself without the word, that the doctrine without the expression, cannot be found in Scripture, is ingeniously acknowledged by the most learned Schoolmen, Scotus, Durandus, Biel, Cameracensis, Cajetan, and many more, who finding it not brought in by the Pope's authority, and received in the Roman Church, till 1200 years after, yet endeavoured to defend it by other arguments.

And indeed, the words of institution would plainly make it appear to any man that would prefer truth to wrangling, that it is with the Bread that the Body is given, (as His Blood with the Wine,) for, having taken, blessed, and broken the Bread, said, "This is My Body;" and St. Paul, than whom none could better understand the meaning of Christ, explains it thus; "The Bread which we break is the , Communion or communication of the Body of ," that whereby His Body is given, and the faithful are made partakers of it. That it was Bread which He reached to them, there was no need of any proof, the receiver's senses sufficiently convinced them of it; but that therewith His Body was given, none could have known, had it not


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xlvi questions have been asked, and will continue to be asked. The mere fact that she was apparently unconscious of any jarring between the very feeble and conventional Agnes Grey and her own grand and daring work shows, I think, that she had no disposition to take up arms against the prevailing faith. She was apparently quite satisfied in her round of duties and conformities, though she would suffer no one to impose upon her fresh yokes. It is amazing that the critics of the time could have believed that the little tale of the mild affection of a curate for a governess, or rather of a governess for a curate, and their safe establishment in a parsonage, with three hundred pounds a year, could have come from the same hand as that which drew Heathcliff and Catherine. In her poems she speaks at times the language of her surroundings. But now that her life is closed by death and rounded by the past, it is evident that her strong vivid personality found rest in a form of stoicism. She wrote nothing after Wuthering Heights, save the fine lines, 'No coward soul in mine.' This has been interpreted by good critics as signifying that life and sin and punishment end with death, and with every soul being absorbed in the infinite. But Mr. Swinburne is of another mind. He says:


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Rh 'Belief in the personal or positive immortality of the individual and indivisible spirit was not apparently, in her case, swallowed up or nullified or made nebulous by any doctrine or dream of simple reabsorption into some indefinite infinity of eternal life. So at least it seems to me that her last ardent confession of dauntless and triumphant faith should properly be read, however capable certain phrases in it may seem of the vaguer and more impersonal interpretation.' It is obvious that she was attracted neither by the rude fervours of the Yorkshire chapels nor by the bigotry of the clergy, and there we must leave it. Mr. R. B. Haldane says, 'It contains the teaching of Aristotle transferred from the abstract to the concrete.'

Of the verses which follow a few are entitled to rank with the finest of English lyrics. The best are bursts of irrepressible feeling, the expression of a single overruling mood. Many of those printed for the first time were written in connection with that unmapped country the Gondaland, about which the sisters wrote and talked so much. Among the noblest lyrics are 'Remembrance,' 'Death,' 'The Visionary,' and 'A Little While.' The last stands alone for its vehement nostalgia. Mrs. Humphry Ward calls attention more than once to the


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 been declared by Him who is the Truth itself. And though, by the divine institution and the explication of the Apostle, every faithful communicant may be as certainly assured that he receives the Body, as if he knew that the Bread is substantially turned into it; yet it doth not therefore follow, that the Bread is so changed, that its substance is quite done away, so that there remains nothing present, but the very natural Body of, made of Bread; for certain it is, that the Bread is not the Body of  any otherwise than as the Cup is the New Testament, and two different consequences cannot be drawn from those two not different expressions. Therefore as the Cup cannot be the New Testament but by a Sacramental figure, no more can the Bread be the Body of, but in the same sense.

As to what Bellarmine and others say, that it is not possible the words of can be true, but by that conversion, which the Church of Rome calls Transubstantiation, that is so far from being so, that if it were admitted, it would first deny the Divine Omnipotency, as though  were not able to make the Body of  present, and truly to give it in the Sacrament, whilst the substance of the Bread remains. 2. It would be inconsistent with the Divine Benediction which preserves things in their proper being. 3. In [sic] would be contrary to the true nature of the Sacrament, which always consisteth of two parts. And lastly, it would in some manner destroy the true substance of the Body and Blood of, which cannot be said to be made of Bread and Wine by a Priest, without a most high presumption. But the truth of the words of remains constant, and can be defended, without overthrowing so many other great truths. Suppose a testator puts deeds and titles in the hand of his heir, with these words, 'Take the house which I bequeath thee;' there is no man will think that those writings and parchments are that very house which is made of wood or stones, and yet no man will say that the testator spake falsely or obscurely. Likewise our blessed, having sanctified the Elements by His words and prayers, gave them to His Disciples as seals of the New Testament, whereby they were as certainly secured of those rich and precious legacies which He left to them, as children are of their father's lands and inheritance, by deeds and instruments signed and delivered for that purpose.

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 Primitive Church. For those orthodox and holy Doctors of our holier religion, those great lights of the Catholic Church, do all clearly, constantly, and unanimously conspire in this, that the presence of the Body of in the Sacrament is only mystic and spiritual. As for the entire annihilation of the substance of the Bread and the Wine, or that new and strange tenet of Transubstantiation, they did not so much as hear or speak any thing of it; nay, the constant stream of their doctrine doth clearly run against it, how great soever are the brags and pretences of the Papists to the contrary. And if you will hear them one by one, I shall bring some of their most noted passages only, that our labour may not be endless by rehearsing all that they have said to our purpose on this subject.

I shall begin with that holy and ancient Doctor, Justin Martyr, who is one of the first after the Apostles' times, whose undoubted writings are come to us. (A.D. 144.) What was believed at Rome and elsewhere in his time, concerning this holy mystery, may well be understood out of these his words: "After that the Bishop hath prayed and blessed, and the people said Amen, those whom we call Deacons or Ministers give to every one of them that are present a portion of the Bread and Wine; and that food we call the Eucharist, for we do not receive it as ordinary bread and wine." They received it as bread, yet not as common bread. And a little after; "By this food digested, our flesh and blood are fed, and we are taught that it is the Body and Blood of Jesus ." Therefore the substance of the bread remains, and remains corruptible food, even after the Consecration, which can in no wise be said of the immortal Body of ; for the Flesh of is not turned into our flesh, neither doth it nourish it, as doth that food which is sacramentally called the Flesh of. But the Flesh of feeds our souls unto eternal life.

After the same manner, it is written by that holy Martyr Irenæus, Bishop much about the same time. (A.D. 160.) "The bread which is from the earth is no more common bread, after the invocation of upon it, but is become the Eucharist, consisting of two parts, the one earthly, and the other heavenly." There would be nothing earthly if the substance of the bread were removed. Again: "As the grain of wheat falling in the ground, and dying, riseth again much increased, and then receiving the word of becomes the Eucharist; (which is the Body and Blood of


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 ;) so likewise our bodies, nourished by it, laid in the ground and dissolved, shall rise again in their time." Again; "We are fed by the creature, but it is He Himself that gives it. He hath ordained and appointed that Cup which is a creature, and His Blood also, and that Bread which is a creature, and also His Body. And so when the Bread and the Cup are blessed by word, they become the Eucharist of the Body and Blood of, and from them our bodies receive nourishment and increase." Now that our flesh is fed and encreased by the natural Body of , cannot be said without great impiety by themselves that hold Transubstantiation. For naturally nothing nourisheth our bodies but what is made flesh and blood by the last digestion, which it would be blasphemous to say of the incorruptible Body of . Yet the sacred Elements, which in some manner are, and are said to be the Body and Blood of , yield nourishment and encrease to our bodies by their earthly nature, in such sort, that by virtue also of the heavenly and spiritual food which the faithful receive by means of the material, our bodies are fitted for a blessed Resurrection to immortal glory.

Tertullian, who flourished about the two hundreth year after, when as yet he was Catholic, and acted by a pious zeal, wrote against Marcion the Heretic, who, amongst his other impious opinions, taught that had not taken of the Virgin Mary the very nature and substance of a human body, but only the outward forms and appearances; out of which fountain the Romish Transubstantiators seem to have drawn their doctrine of accidents abstracted from their subject hanging in the air, that is, subsisting on nothing. Tertullian, disputing against this wicked heresy, draws an argument from the Sacrament of the Eucharist, to prove that had not a phantastic and imaginary, but a true and natural body, thus: the figure of the Body of  proves it to be natural, for there can be no figure of a ghost or a phantasm. "But," saith he, " having taken the Bread, and given it to his Disciples, made it His Body by saying, 'This is my Body, that is, the figure of my Body.' Now, it could not have been a figure except the Body was real, for a mere appearance, an imaginary phantasm is not capable of a figure." Each part of this argument is true, and contains a necessary conclusion. For, 1. The bread must remain bread, otherwise Marcion would have returned the argument against Tertullian, saying as the


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 Painted at Rome in 1819 by Miss Amelia Curran


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 ; it was not bread, but merely the accidents of bread, which seemed to be bread. 2. The Body of is proved to be true by the figure of it, which is said to be bread, for the bread is fit to represent that Divine Body, because of its nourishing virtue, which in the bread is earthly, but in the Body is heavenly. Lastly, the reality of the Body is proved by that of its figure; and so if you deny the substance of the Bread, (as the Papists do,) you thereby destroy the truth and reality of the Body of in the Sacrament.

Origen also, about the same time with Tertullian, speaks much after the same manner. "If ," saith he, "as these men (the Marcionites) falsely hold, had neither Flesh nor Blood, of what manner of Flesh, of what Body, of what Blood did He give the signs and images when He gave the Bread and Wine?" If they be the signs and representations of the Body and Blood of, though they prove the truth of His Body and Blood, yet they being signs, cannot be what they signify; and they not being what they represent, the groundless contrivance of Transubstantiation is overthrown. Also upon Leviticus he doth expressly oppose it thus: "Acknowledge ye that they are figures, and therefore spiritual, not carnal; examine and understand what is said, otherwise if you receive as things carnal, they will hurt, but not nourish you. For in the Gospel there is the Letter, which kills him that understands not spiritually what is said; for if you understand this saying according to the Letter, 'Except you eat My Flesh and drink My Blood,' the Letter will kill you." Therefore as much as these words belong to the eating and drinking of Body and Blood, they are to be understood mystically and spiritually.

St. Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, a glorious Martyr of, (A.D. 250.) wrote a famous Epistle to Coecilius concerning the sacred Chalice in the Supper, whereof this is the sum; "Let that cup which is offered to the people in commemoration of  be mixt with wine," (against the opinion of the Aquarii, who were for water only,) "for it cannot represent the Blood of  when there is no wine in the cup, because the Blood of  is exprest by the Wine, as the faithful are understood by the Water." But the patrons of Transubstantiation have neither Wine nor Water in the Chalice they offer; and yet without them (especially


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 the Wine appointed by our Blessed, and whereof Cyprian chiefly speaks,) the Blood of is not so much as sacramentally present. So far was the Primitive Church from any thing of believing a corporal presence of the Blood, the Wine being reduced to nothing, (that is, to a mere accident without the substance,) for then they must have said, that the Water was changed into the people, as well as the Wine into the Blood. But there is no need that I should bring many testimonies of that Father, when all his writings do plainly declare that the true substance of the Bread and Wine is given in the Eucharist; that that spiritual and quickening food which the faithful get from the Body and Blood of , and the mutual union of the whole people joined into one body may answer their type, the Sacrament which represents them.

Those words of the Council of Nice, (A.D. 325.) are well known, whereby the faithful are called from the consideration of the outward visible Elements of Bread and Wine, to attend the inward and spiritual act of the mind, whereby is seen and apprehended. "Let not our thoughts dwell low, on that Bread and that Cup which are set before us, but lifting up our minds by faith, let us consider, that on this sacred Table is laid the Lamb of which taketh away the sins of the world. And receiving truly His precious Body and Blood, let us believe these things to be the pledges and emblems of our resurrection; for we do not take much, but only a little, (of the Elements,) that we may be mindful, we do it not for satiety, but for sanctification." Now, who is there, even among the maintainers of Transubstantiation, that will understand this, not much, but a little, of the Body of ; or who can believe that the Nicene Fathers would call His Body and Blood symbols in a proper sense? when nothing can be an image or a sign of itself. And therefore, though we are not to rest in the Elements, minding nothing else, (for we should consider what is chieftest in the Sacrament, that we have our hearts lifted unto the, who is given together with the signs,) yet Elements they are, and the earthly part of the Sacrament, both the Bread and the Wine, which destroys Transubstantiation.

St. Athanasius, famous in the time, and present in the Assembly of the Nicene Council, a stout Champion of the Catholic faith, acknowledgeth none other but a spiritual manducation of the Body of in the Sacrament. "Our ," saith he, "made a


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 from a drawing by O. F. M. Ward


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 difference betwixt the Flesh and the Spirit, that we might understand that what He said, was not carnal, but spiritual. For how many men could His Body have fed, that the whole world should be nourished by it? But therefore He mentioned His ascension into heaven, that they might not take what He said in a corporal sense, but might understand that His Flesh whereof He spake is a spiritual and heavenly food given by Himself from on high; for the words that I spake unto you they are spirit, and they are life, as if He should say, My Body which is shown and given for the world, shall be given in food, that it may be distributed Spiritually to every one, and preserve them all to the resurrection to eternal life." Cardinal Perron having nothing to answer to these words of this holy Father, in a kind of despair, rejects the whole Tractate, and denies it to be Athanasius's, which nobody ever did before him, there being no reason for it.

Likewise St. Ambrose, (A.D. 380.) explaining what manner of alteration is in the Bread, when in the Eucharist it becomes the Body of, saith, "Thou hadst indeed a being, but wert an old creature, but being now baptized or consecrated, thou art become a new creature." The same change that happens to man in baptism, happens to the Bread in the Sacrament: if the nature of man is not substantially altered by the new birth, no more is the Bread by consecration. Man becomes by baptism, not what nature made him, but what grace new-makes him; and the Bread becomes by consecration, not what it was by nature, but what the blessing consecrates it to be. For nature made only a mere man, and made only common bread; but Regeneration, of a mere man, makes a holy man, in whom dwells spiritually; and likewise the Consecration of common Bread makes Mystic and Sacramental Bread. Yet this change doth not destroy nature, but to nature adds grace; as is yet more plainly exprest by that holy Father in the fore-cited place. "Perhaps thou wilt say," saith he, "this my bread is common bread; it is bread indeed before the blessing of the Sacrament, but when it is consecrated it becomes the Body of . This we are therefore to declare, how can that which is Bread be also the Body of ? By Consecration. And Consecration is made by the words of our, that the venerable Sacrament may be perfected. You see how efficacious is the Word of . If there be then so great a power in the


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{{centre|LORD BYRON,

AS HE APPEARED AFTER HIS DAILY RIDE AT PISA AND GENOA.

{From a Silhouette cut in paper by Mrs. Leigh Hunt.) }}

[To face p. 494.


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 Word of to make the Bread and Wine to be what they were not, how much greater is that power which still preserves them to be what they were, and yet makes them to be what they were not? Therefore, that I may answer thee, it was not the Body of before the Consecration, but now after the Consecration, it is the Body of ; He said the word and it was done. Thou thyself went before, but wert an old creature; after thou hast been consecrated in Baptism thou art become a new creature." By these words St. Ambrose teacheth how we are to understand that the Bread is the Body of, to wit, by such a change that the Bread and Wine do not cease to be what they were as to their substance, (for then they should not be what they were,) and yet by the blessing become what before they were not. For so they are said to remain, (as indeed they do,) what they were by nature, that yet they are changed by grace; that is, they become assured Sacraments of the Body and Blood of , and by that means certain pledges of our Justification and Redemption. What is there, can refute more expressly the dream of Transubstantiation?

St. Chrysostom (A.D. 390.) doth also clearly discard and reject this carnal Transubstantiation and eating of Body, without eating the Bread. "Sacraments," saith he, "ought not to be contemplated and considered carnally, but with the eyes of our souls, that is, spiritually; for such is the nature of mysteries;" where observe the opposition betwixt carnally and spiritually, which admits of no plea or reply again. "As in Baptism the spiritual power of Regeneration is given to the material water; so also the immaterial gift of the Body and Blood of is not received by any sensible corporal action, but by the spiritual discernment of our faith, and of our hearts and minds." Which is no more than this, that sensible things are called by the name of those spiritual things which they seal and signify. But he speaks more plainly in his Epistle to Cæsarius; where he teacheth, that in this mystery there is not in the bread a substantial, but a Sacramental change, according to the which, the outward Elements take the name of what they represent, and are changed in such a sort, that they still retain their former natural substance. "The Bread," saith he, "is made worthy to be honoured with the name of the Flesh of, by the consecration of the Priest, yet the Flesh retains the proprieties of its incorruptible nature, as the Bread doth its


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 The Works

OF


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. . . July, 1900 Reprinted. . . . . March, 1904


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 The Works

OF

LORD BYRON.

A NEW, REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.

Letters and Journals. Vol. IV.

EDITED BY

ROWLAND E. PROTHERO, M.V.O.,

FORMERLY FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD.

42799

LONDON:

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS.

1904.


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 * /2009 /
 * /2010 /
 * /2011 /
 * /2012 /

 __NOINDEX__


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Needs Further Investigation
Oddities, inconsistencies, and similar unanswered questions concerning specific Executive Orders.

Executive Order 980

 * expert/customization − ✅
 * 1) Rather than applying standard table to content of Article II hoping to mirror the one found in the below source. Table might not be the original & may be different in other versions. Verification would be nice using other sources (if any).
 * Manual for Courts-Martial, United States Army, 1908 (Revised Edition), pp.52-60 via GoogleBooks

 * There are copies of many different editions of the Manual for Courts-Martial here. I looked at a couple from that era; they all seem to use about the same table format.  Carl Lindberg (talk) 21:04, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Geriatric font sizes be damned !!! - that looks better than the original Article II table. George Orwell III (talk) 13:41, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

Executive Order 1-A
ARCHIVED

Hmm... most sources I see say the EO #1 was on February 14, 1862. I have also seen the date of October 20, 1862, per snippets in this book and elsewhere. There is supposedly an Executive Order 1-A in 1863 somewhere, and an Executive Order 2 in 1864. Not sure about the March 10 thing, though supposedly the Statutes at Large listed it that way. this PDF seems to indicate Lincoln had three (numbered) orders, based on the Congressional book I listed above. Not sure what the official #1 is, but... doesn't seem to be March 10, according to more modern research. Carl Lindberg (talk) 06:23, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
 * It matches the list from Presidential Executive Orders: Index, Historical Records Survey (New York, N.Y.), 1944, which I've been told mirrors the CIS index numbering. The next 4 match the Statute at Large as well (though #2 may in fact be the General Order mentioned) George Orwell III (talk) 06:31, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

 * most sources I see say the EO #1 was on February 14, 1862.
 * doesn't jibe - Secretary of War issuing a order per President (3rd Party) would eventually get numbred as one attributed to Lincoln? Looks like a General Order no? EDIT: Besides-its Roman Numeral I (capital " i ")- not number 'one'.
 * I have also seen the date of October 20, 1862,
 * Oh-oh... that says Number 1 (10-20-1862) in the same book that lists No. 1 as 03-10-1863 (dang snippet view!!!)
 * The Volume 13 Statutes at Large listed Exec. Order of March 10, 1863 is archived as THIS Proclamation over on the Presidency Project. George Orwell III (talk) 07:58, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Heh. Yeah, I think the Feb 14 was labeled "No. 1" *at the time* -- so may have been a War Department thing, and is unrelated to the numbered series.    But, the Oct 20 date is in several places -- here and here.  I don't know what to make of that 1944 book having two "No. 1"s.   Ah... the asterisk on the March 10 order has this footnote: "This order appears as No. 1 in 12 Stat. L. 731, although it does not appear in the official Numbered Series."  So... seems like the Oct 20 is the one the State Department started numbering at.   Since I guess some people consider proclamations a type of executive order, the numbering can get confused -- I think the 1944 book has one EO listing which is also numbered as a proclamation.  That will be fun.  Carl Lindberg (talk) 08:00, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

I can go with Oct. 20, 1862 being the first EO as of the 1907 numbering but after that it gets too convoluted.
 * Volume 13 is the only one that I can find that has Proclamations AND Exec. Ords listed.
 * Volume 12 page 731 is a March 3 1863 Act Calling Out Forces --. not a proc or an EO (though Sec. 26 outlines the same text as found in 3/10/1863)
 * Numbered Procs. always seem to have the part about the seal [L.s.] or [L.S.] or [SEAL.]
 * I'm guessing 3/10/1863 is technically an un-numbered Proc. not an EO, but what is EO 1-A in 1863 then?  George Orwell III (talk) 08:41, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Not sure... I haven't found much on that one yet. Will try to search more.  There is going to be a lot of messy stuff with pre-1907 EOs and proclamations, as the numbering will be completely hit-or-miss, and things like the accepted form for executive orders really wasn't nailed down until a lot later.  The L.S.  (locus sigilli, or place for the seal) should be there on most/all old proclamations, as those were typically sealed, until I think in the 1960s or 1970s sometime.  But, I have run across some (numbered) executive orders which were sealed, so that is not impossible.  That 1944 book has one somewhere which got both an EO number and a proc number, as mentioned.  The EO numbers were not always in strict order of the dates, too -- I have found some out of chronological order (EO #54 and a couple others).  Determining what was an "executive order" can be rather difficult... some (like procs) were signed by department heads and not the president, etc.  The Feb 14 one probably does count as an executive order (it has "by the president" on it), but the forms will probably vary widely, and it may be hard to distinguish what is an EO and what is a departmental order.  (If the UCSB site or donnelly collection has them as EOs, go with that, though we haven't gotten to the un-numbered ones yet).  Carl Lindberg (talk) 14:53, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Ah... the book which calls it 1A (linked above) says "Does not appear in Numbered Series but appears as no 1 (12 stat. 731)". So... 1-A would be the March 10 one, if we consider it an EO as these two books did (and I guess the statutes at large did).  Or, treat it as a proclamation, and just skip it and have just EO 2 (April 4, 1865 according to the 1944 book) be Lincoln's other (numbered) one.  No idea what the CIS ordering has, but if it is not officially part of the Numbered Series, then not sure.  The slightly incorrect Stat. L. citations are interesting -- maybe that other book just copied the info from the 1944 book, which cited the law asking for the EO/proclamation rather than the EO text itself.  So, those "numberings" predated the official State Department numbering it looks like, but it does seems as though #2, #3, etc. listed there do follow the official Numbered Series (#2 is listed in the 1944 book as being signed by the Secretary of State, and I see it was sealed as well).  The March 10 one certainly has the form of a proclamation, which may be why the State Department in 1907 didn't give it a number (or maybe they just didn't have it).  And in one sense, proclamations are a type of executive order, so it may just be a terminology thing with that original numbering.   On the other hand, proclamations usually deal with subjects outside of government, and that one has elements of both -- a direct order to soldiers, which would seem to be executive order-ish, and also a plea to citizens, which would be a proclamation.  It does seems as though UCSB deemed it a proclamation.  Well, we could always link it as both -- Executive Order 1-A, and a proclamation (numbered or not).   Or, just skip it for now and go to Executive Order 2. Carl Lindberg (talk) 15:24, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Oh, and this source, and this one, this one, and others, have an additional sentence at the end and indicates that the 1862 order was sealed with the Great Seal as well, and also had Seward's name on it. (And the Secretary of War did certify a copy three days later, apparently.)  Carl Lindberg (talk) 15:39, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

Alright I finished strightening out Executive Order 1 but I held off on adding the likeness of the seal until you tell me which is the best one for the year(s) 1862 thru about 1866.

Also- are you saying EO's No. 2 thru 5 match the ones given in Volume 13 (that 12 Stat. 731 must be a typo) of the Statutes at Large or not?

Oh - and your final thought on including the "proclamation" of March 10, 1863 as EO 1-A or not. I cross referenced the Proclamation database and it does mention the subject as un-numbered Proc by Lincoln on that date (no other mentions either way as a numbered proc or (re)numbered EO anywhere else as far as I can tell). George Orwell III (talk) 05:41, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

 * There does not seem to be a drawing-style image of the 1841-1877 seal. File:1841 US Great Seal die.jpg, File:1841USGreatSealDie.jpg, and File:1841USGreatSealDieImpression.jpg are the images we have of it to this point.  However, the 1877-1885 seal was a virtual copy of the same design, and we do have File:US Great Seal 1877 drawing.png of that, which will look the same unless you are looking really, really closely, so I think that would be best if you want that style.  Easy enough to fix if we ever get a similar style image of the 1841 die.

 * I don't think 12 Stat. 731 was a typo, precisely, more of a mistake -- I think they just had the citation for the law which prodded the EO/proclamation instead of the text of the EO itself. And it would seem the second 1970s book simply copied the reference ;-)   The 1944 book has EO 2, 3, and 4 matching that Volume 13 link, yes.   EO 5 is apparently sometime in 1866, regarding closing of public offices on April 14, the first anniversary of Lincoln's assassination. Ah, April 13, 1866, and also signed by Seward.

 * I'm torn on that supposed 1-A. There seems to be a single book giving it that number; the 1944 book also just says "1", but a secondary one.  It was not officially given that number, so presumably the CIS index doesn't have it either.  I don't think the number in the Stat. L. text is all that relevant -- they were probably just numbering the five orders they were printing at the time.  In its form it is part executive order (giving orders to military personnel in the first half), and part proclamation (message to the people).  It would, I'd guess, be considered an unnumbered executive order -- though UCSB deemed it a proclamation instead.  There will be at least one situation where a numbered executive order was also given a proclamation number, so that will end up listed in two places with a redirect, so it may make sense to list this one in both places as well eventually.  And, I don't think anything else could be named "Executive Order 1-A", so given that there is at least one reference, we could at least make that name a redirect.  Seems like, for now, maybe best to skip it until we get a better handle on unnumbered EOs and proclamations.  I don't feel strongly about it at all though, so if you have a different idea, go for it.  Carl Lindberg (talk) 06:41, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I get that the Stat numbering isn't official - just curiously lines up with that 1944 listing. I don't (or can't) "see" any other EO after that 1862 No. 1 listed in the 1944 Google book until the repeated No. 1 of 1863 (both page 9) comes up. Do you?

 * There are plenty of numbered and un-numbered EOs that eventually (post 1976 re-numbering) have become officially numbered proclamations (Proc 278 1/2 comes to mind though I can't find it right now).

 * EO 1-A would be the only instance that I know of where a seemingly un-numbered Proc (Official) has an Official EO numbering that I know of (if the 1944 list was the template for the CIS listing holds true). Creating it would give us the 3 Lincoln EOs mentioned elsewhere this way too. George Orwell III (talk) 06:58, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, I can see them:     It is odd that they match up (well, #5 doesn't), but probably just a coincidence. Probably the reason why the March 10 was mentioned as an alternate #1 though.  According to the Donnelly listing, the Proc 278 1/2 you mention was also Executive Order 25.  Same is mentioned here.  But yes, the three Lincoln EOs I put on the reference page I pulled from the cato.org PDF linked higher up the page, and they deem the March 10 one to be 1-A and to be one of the three (they took it right from the 1970s Congressional book also linked, which calls it 1A). Carl Lindberg (talk) 07:19, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Whoa - back up. I see what you linked as well but do you see anything before those but after Number 1 of 10-20-1862? George Orwell III (talk) 07:43, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Nothing between them. They have the 1862 #1 (they give a cite of "VI R 122" whatever that is), then the 1863 alternate #1, then the 1865 #2 on April 4.  The full text of the 1* entry is, from doing text searches:
 * 1863
 * 1 : Mar 10 * Deserters from the armed forces ordered to return to duty ; clemency promised; faithful citizens urged to oppose treasonable crimes committed by disloyal persons who enticed soldiers to desert, thereby weakening the army and prolonging the war, and to support the proper authorities in prosecuting and punishing such persons.
 * This order appears as No. 1 in 12 Stat. L. 731, although it does not appear in the official Numbered Series.
 * The very next thing is the "1865" header and EO #2. There is also nothing between the two #1s. Carl Lindberg (talk) 08:04, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Executive Order 8802
ARCHIVED

 * Sourcing? −
 * 1) Somebody queried elsewhere about this EO and the NARA scans of the original 2 pages (.JPGs and/or PDFs). Wondering if his suggestion is really worth an uploading and if so what the best format/layout/index for something so short might be? Thoughts?
 * OurDocuments.gov

 * Seems like that would be interesting. Executive Order 9981 is a related EO with the two page images uploaded, which you reformatted a while back, and looks OK. en-wiki has some vertical image stack templates which may look better.  Carl Lindberg (talk) 17:33, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I never liked that 'floating' thumbnail approach first applied by some folks in the later military service medal related EOs. The pages (or the medal replicas) should have been created on commons and indexed (or whatever they call it) so that the source tab appears and links to them between the page and discussion tabs normally created by default imo. I'm just concerned that doing somrhing like that would set an 'uneven bar' for some EOs already properly sourced/cited via edition/textinfo templates. George Orwell III (talk) 23:21, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Eh, they are just illustrations, and seem to be squarely within WS:IMAGE guidelines that way. I don't know much about the source tab, but that seems slightly different, and definitely inappropriate for the medals ones.   I guess because so few images are really relevant, they don't turn up much, but something like this I think is fine.  I would gnerally prefer the "thumbnail" type of images though to make clear they are not actually part of the source text, even though that would be obvious in this case.  (the table-with-border works too I guess). And, such a thing probably wouldn't work for long EOs :-)  Carl Lindberg (talk) 01:01, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Well if I'm correct in assuming bullet 2 of Criteria for inclusion at WS:IMAGE is the one in play here, then I still don't see how including the scanned pages, regardless of type (.jpg, .tiff, .pdf, etc.), on the front & along or within the text is in fact satisfied. It is not illustrative or an illustration of subject matter (such as a map of a reserved national forest may be off the top of my head for example) and it is not "the norm" (or the "consensus generally prefered" might be better here) in trying to enhance proofreading or transcription - which is the thing I was refering to above with index → source tab method(s). An example of indexing the image or file with validated transcription of the content ultimately all automatically linked back to in the margin for page by page comparisons if need be and/or the addition of the source tab linking the index of pages themselves as a whole. Also - it's the opposite of long EOs (too short) that concerned me at first George Orwell III (talk) 02:05, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

 * It's an illustration of the actual source document -- fairly interesting. That one even has a handwritten word inserted.  It wouldn't apply to most texts, but items with unique source documents like this may well be interesting, as would (say) editing versions of a speech.  Maybe the novelty would wear off if we suddenly got scans of all EOs, at which point the source tab idea may be better (especially once more developed) or maybe subpages with a link from the main page, but for a few it seems fine.  Not a big deal though.  Carl Lindberg (talk) 02:45, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

 * It's an illustration of the actual source document ←
 * I can live with one or two instances such as these just fine too (though I'm not a reetardd and know the thumbnails aren't part of the original). Hopefully time will just dis-intrest him enough to make 'this' go away. I keep saying "... well get involved", but they never seem to.
 * Thanks, as always, for the feedback CL. George Orwell III (talk) 03:07, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Executive Order 6668

 * (re)verification − ✅
 * Subject: Veterans' Regulation No. 1(e): Veterans' Regulation No. 1(d); Entitlement to Pensions Cancelled (06 April 1934)
 * This order is apparently missing in the related bulk index file
 * Content found in Donnelly Collection
 * Seems to be in several volumes at HathiTrust, including here. Carl Lindberg (talk) 04:25, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Executive Order 6669

 * (re)verification − ✅
 * Subject: Veterans' Regulation No. 12(b): Veterans' Regulation No. 12(a); Presumption of Entitlement to Pensions for Spanish-War Veterans and Certain Widows, Children and Dependent Parents of Deceased World War Veterans Cancelled (06 April 1934)
 * This order is apparently missing in the related bulk index file
 * Content found in Donnelly Collection
 * Seems to be in several volumes at HathiTrust, including here.

Executive Order 6670

 * (re)verification − ✅
 * Subject: Transfering Functions of the Veterans' Administration Pertaining to Retirement of Government Civil Employees to the Civil Service Commission (07 April 1934)
 * This order is apparently missing in the related bulk index file
 * [taken from] Seems to be a copy here. Carl Lindberg (talk) 04:50, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Executive Order 9683

 * (re)verification − ✅ found and added entire missing content.
 * 1) Seems like the current online archived versions are incomplete (cut-off mid-sentence in preamble - little meaningful content).
 * Truman Library
 * The American Presidency Project

Executive Order 10214

 * (re)verification − ✅
 * 1) Table showing the Key to References missing at source.
 * Copied the one found at EO 11430's cited source.
 * 1) Nearly certain that huge amount of content missing after 76. SENTENCE.
 * ''1951 Manual found HERE, (PDF). Too large & of quality suitable for normal 'copy & paste'. Considered better to delete and point to PDF instead. Better to index using .djvu files at some point down the road.
 * EO 10214 from Truman Library
 * Minimal entry with no(?) content in .sgml file at Archive.org

__NOINDEX__