text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pearse, Patrick Henry

PEARSE, PATRICK HENRY (1870-1916), Irish educationist, author, and Sinn Fein leader, was born in Dublin on Nov. 10 1879. His father was an Englishman, a sculptor and worker in stone, who was himself the author of a pamphlet on England's Duty to Ireland as it appears to an Englishman. It is likely that it was from his father Pearse derived his love of liberty; and from his mother, whose people came from county Meath, he drank in memories of '98 and of the Fenians. He was educated at the Christian Brothers schools and graduated before he was 24 at the Royal University of Ireland as a B.A. and B.L. His first serious work was when he became editor of the Claidheamh Soluis, the weekly organ of the Gaelic League. When engaged on this work he made a tour through Belgium to study bilingual methods, and edited several Fiona tales from Irish manuscripts. He was a hard worker on the Coisde Gnotha or Executive of the League, and secretary to its publication committee. He was more interested in education than in any other subject, and it is remarkable that he was in favour of accepting Mr. Birrell's Irish Council bill (see ) in 1907, because it gave the Irish control over their own education. In this attitude he stood almost alone. His first book was a slender volume containing Three Lectures on

Gaelic Topics, published when he was only 19, dedicated to the New Ireland Literary Society (an ephemeral body which he himself had founded) by its President. This little book contained the germs of much later and better work, including a plea for enthusiasm, and a prophecy that the Gael would “become the saviour of idealism in modern intellectual and social life.” In order to carry out his educational schemes he founded a school at Cullenswood, in Dublin, which prospered. The idea was to give an Irish education such as he assumed would be given in a free Ireland. Much stress was laid on the Irish language and on religion. In 1910 he removed this school to the Hermitage, Rathfarnham, a few miles out of Dublin, and continued to run it until his death. He travelled in America collecting money for his schemes, and on his return threw himself into the Irish Volunteer movement. He was high up in its councils, and led in the revolution of 1916, of which he was commander-in-chief. At the same time he proclaimed an Irish Republic. After a week's fighting in Dublin he saw that further resistance was useless, and ordered the Volunteers to lay down their arms. He and Thomas MacDonagh, who had formerly been one of his assistant masters at the Hermitage, and other leaders were tried by court-martial and shot soon after their surrender. Pearse was an excellent orator, with a fine resonant voice. He was a pious Catholic, of irreproachable life, a great lover of children and of nature.

(Author:Douglas Hyde)


text:
Page:Index To Short Stories 1923.djvu/523

Rh

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Index To Short Stories 1923.djvu/524

508


text:
Page:Whymper - Scrambles amongst the Alps.djvu/221

we arrived upon the highest summit of Mont Pelvoux, in Dauphiné, in 1861, we saw, to our surprise and disappointment, that it was not the culminating point of the district; and that another mountain—distant about a couple of miles, and separated from us by an impassable gulf—claimed that distinction. I was troubled in spirit about this mountain, and my thoughts often reverted to the great wall-sided peak, second in apparent inaccessibility only to the Matterhorn. It had, moreover, another claim to attention—it was the highest mountain in France.

The year 1862 passed away without a chance of getting to it, and my holiday was too brief in 1863 even to think about it; but in the following year it was possible, and I resolved to set my mind at rest by completing the task which had been left unfinished in 1861.

In the meantime others had turned their attention to Dauphiné. First of all (in 1862) came Mr. F. Tuckett—that mighty mountaineer, whose name is known throughout the length and breadth of the Alps—with the guides Michel Croz, Peter Perm, and Bartolommeo Peyrotte, and great success attended his arms. But Mr. Tuckett halted before the Pointe des Ecrins, and, dismayed by its appearance, withdrew his forces to gather less dangerous laurels elsewhere.

His expedition, however, threw some light upon the Ecrins.


text:
Wikisource:WikiProject Social media/Tumblr

Tumblr is a microblogging platform and social networking website, owned and operated by Tumblr, Inc. The service allows users to post multimedia and other content to a short-form blog. Users can follow other users' blogs, as well as make their blogs private.

Status
The intent of this blog is for outreach and announcements for English Wikisource. The English Wikisource tumblr is currently a trial of using online social networks for Wikisource outreach.

This blog has been added to Planet Wikimedia (an aggregator for Wikimedia-related blogs). All posts made on the tumblr blog will be visible on the Planet Wikimedia blog.

Technical
The English Wikisource tumblr is a secondary blog. Multiple "members" can either post to the blog or be made administrators. Members must have separate tumblr accounts.

Details about an administrator account can be found here. (Only those with deletion/undeletion powers will be able to read this page).

Standard Operating Procedure
Guidelines for posting on tumblr. This will be developed over time.

Posts
The current posts are related to main page material. This includes:
 * Featured texts
 * Proofread of the month
 * Headline from Wikisource News

Tagging

 * Featured text posts should use the tags "featured-text" and the month.
 * Proofread of the month posts should use the tags "proofread-of-the-month" and the month.
 * All posts should use the tag "wikisource" (tentative & subject to change).
 * Other potential tags: author names, subject, genre, medium, theme etc.


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pius X.

PIUS X. [] (1835-1914), Pope (see ), died Aug. 20 1914. Although the pontificate of Pius X. lasted only 11 years (Aug. 4 1903—Aug. 20 1914), it has been said that his work for the Church, reconstructive and reformative, surpassed that of any of his predecessors since the days of Sixtus V., who died in 1590. In the defence of the Faith, his condemnation of the 65 propositions of Modernism in 1907 will rank in Catholic theology as a parallel to the condemnation of the 68 propositions of Molinism by Innocent XI. in 1637 or the 101 propositions of Jansenism condemned by Clement XI. in 1713. The activity of the pontificate may be judged by the fact that its output of papal Bulls and greater official papal documents (counting only those published) exceeded 3,322. These bear upon undertakings and reforms of the first importance—the codification of canon law; the protection of the liberty of the Conclave by the abolition of the Exclusiva; the simplification and security of the conditions of marriage by the Ne Temere legislation; the restoration of the Rota as the supreme Court of Appeal; the regulation of the triennial or quinquennial visits of bishops to Rome; the legislation as to Church music; and the decree as to First Communion, and the encouragement of international eucharistic congresses; the reform of the Roman breviary; the founding of the biblical institute for the work of Scriptural research; the regulation of studies in the seminaries; the creation of the commission for the great work of editing the true text of the Vulgate; the reconstruction of the official machinery of the Roman Curia; the transfer of the English-speaking countries from the propaganda or missionary régime to the normal government of the Church. To these may be added in the domain of discipline the unflinching vindication by Pius X. of the Church's right to depose delinquent bishops, carried out even at the cost of rupture of diplomatic relations with France; an apostolic visitation rigorously carried out through the dioceses of Italy, resulting in four bishops being caused to resign on account of neglect or inefficiency; a further regulation by which no one can be proposed for a bishopric unless his promotion receives the visa of the Holy Office, which means that his past life has been free from ecclesiastical censure or reproach.

The well-known personal characteristics of Pius X. were his piety, charity, deep humility, simplicity, pastoral zeal, combined with great charm of manner to all who approached him. For war he had nothing but horror and it was the shock of the outbreak of the World War that hastened his death. It is said that one of his last acts was to refuse the request of the Austrian Emperor to bless his soldiers, saying, “I do not bless war: I bless peace.” (J. Mo.*)

title: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pius X.


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pius XI.

PIUS XI. [], elected Pope on Feb. 6 1922 at the Conclave following the death of Benedict XV., was born May 30 1857, at Desio, near Milan. He came of a middle-class Italian family, his father, Francesco Ratti, being manager of a textile factory. Achille was the third of six children, and was educated for the priesthood at the seminary of Milan and the Lombard College in Rome, becoming deacon in 1877 and priest in 1879. Devoting himself to study, he took doctorates in philosophy, theology and canon law in Rome, and in 1882 became a teacher in the major seminary at Milan. In 1888 he was chosen one of the college of doctors of the Ambrosiana Library in Milan, where he worked assiduously, becoming librarian in 1907, and attaining so high a reputation as a scholar that in 1910 he was also appointed by Pius X. vice-prefect of the Vatican Library. He was prefect of the Vatican Library from 1913 to 1918, and in this capacity was made a monsignor. During the war years his exceptional gifts as a diplomatist impressed themselves on Benedict XV., who, in the spring of 1918, sent him as Papal Nuncio to Poland, where his success led to still further distinctions. In June 1919 he was created Archbishop of Lepanto, in April 1921 Archbishop of Milan, and in June 1921 cardinal.

title: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pius XI.


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Mosher, Jacob Simmons


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Mosler, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cavendish, William (1640-1707)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cavendish, William (1720-1764)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cavendish, William George Spencer


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Caverhill, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Caw, John Young


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cawdell, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cawdry, Zachary


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cawley, William


text: Index to Short Stories/Appendix B

title: Index to Short Stories/Appendix B


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cawood, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cawston, Michael de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cawthorn, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Caxton, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cay, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cayley, Arthur


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cayley, Charles Bagot


text: Index to Short Stories/Index to Short Stories/W


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ceadda


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ceallachan


text: Index to Short Stories/Index to Short Stories/X


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cearbhall


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ceawlin


text: Index to Short Stories/Index to Short Stories/Y


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cecil, James (d.1683)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cecil, James (d.1693)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cecil, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cecil, Robert


text: Index to Short Stories/Index to Short Stories/Z


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cecil, Thomas (1542-1622)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cecil, Thomas (fl.1630)


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Mosquera, Ruy Garcia


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Moss, John Calvin


text:
Page:President Jackson's Proclamation against Nullification.djvu/6

4 States, and will forthwith proceed to organize a separate Government, and do all other acts and things which sovereign and independent States may of right do:

And whereas, the said ordinance prescribes to the people of South Carolina a course of conduct, in direct violation of their duty as citizens of the United States, contrary to the laws of their country, subversive of its Constitution, and having for its object the destruction of the Union—that Union which, coeval with our political existence, led our fathers, without any other ties to unite them than those of patriotism and a common cause, through a sanguinary struggle to a glorious independence—that sacred Union, hitherto inviolate, which, perfected by our happy Constitution, has brought us, by the favor of Heaven, to a state of prosperity at home, and high consideration abroad, rarely if ever, equaled in the history of nations: To preserve this bond of our political existence from destruction, to maintain inviolate this state of national honor and prosperity, and to justify the confidence my fellow-citizens have reposed in me, I, Andrew Jackson, President of the United States, have thought proper to issue this my proclamation, stating my views of the Constitution and laws applicable to the measures adopted by the Convention of South Carolina, and to the reasons they have put forth to sustain them, declaring the course which duty will require me to pursue, and, appealing to the understanding and patriotism of the people, warn them of the consequences that must inevitably result from an observance of the dictates of the Convention.

Strict duty would require of me nothing more than the exercise of those powers with which I am now, or may hereafter be invested, for preserving the peace of the Union and for the execution of the laws. But the imposing aspect which opposition has assumed in this case, by clothing itself with State authority, and the deep interest which the people of the United States must all feel in preventing a resort to stronger measures, while there is a hope that anything will be yielded to reasoning and remonstration, perhaps demand, and will certainly justify, a full exposition, to South Carolina and the nation, of the views I entertain of this important question, as well as a distinct enunciation of the course which my sense of duty will require me to pursue.

The ordinance is founded, not on the indefeasible right of resisting acts which are plainly unconstitutional and too oppressive to be endured; but on the strange position that any one State may not only declare an act of Congress void, but prohibit its execution; that they may do this consistently with the Constitution; that the true construction of that instrument permits a State to retain its place in the Union, and yet be bound by no other of its laws than those it may choose to consider as constitutional. It is true, they add that, to justify this abrogation of a law, it must be palpably


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/377

 WHEN THE WORLD WAS WIDE, AND OTHER VERSES.

"These ballads (for such they mostly are) abound in spirit and manhood, in the colour and smell of Australian soil. They deserve the popularity which they have won in Australia, and which, we trust, this edition will now give them in England."

"There are poems in 'In the Days When the World was Wide' which are of a higher mood than any yet heard in distinctively Australian poetry."

VERSES, POPULAR AND HUMOROUS.

"Such pride as a man feels when he has true greatness as his guest, this newspaper feels in introducing to a million readers a man of ability hitherto unknown to them. Henry Lawson is his name."

WHEN I WAS KING, AND OTHER VERSES.

(London): "A good deal of humour, a great deal of spirit, and a robust philosophy are the main characteristics of these Australian poets. Because they write of a world they know, and of feelings they have themselves shared in, they are far nearer the heart of poetry than the most accomplished devotees of a literary tradition."


text:
Page:President Jackson's Proclamation against Nullification.djvu/7

Rh contrary to the Constitution; but it is evident, that to give the right of resisting laws of that description, coupled with the uncontrolled right to decide what laws deserve that character, is to give the power of resisting all laws. For, as by the theory, there is no appeal, the reasons alleged by the State, good or bad, must prevail. If it should be said that public opinion is a sufficient check against the abuse of this power, it may be asked why it is not deemed a sufficient guard against the passage of an unconstitutional act by Congress. There is, however, a restraint in this last case, which makes the assumed power of a State more indefensible, and which does not exist in the other. There are two appeals from an unconstitutional act passed by Congress—one to the judiciary, the other to the people and the States. There is no appeal from the State decision in theory, and the practical illustration shows that the Courts are closed against an application to review it, both judges and jurors being sworn to decide in its favor. But reasoning on this subject is superfluous when our social compact in express terms declares, that the laws of the United States, its Constitution and treaties made under it, are the Supreme law of the land—and for greater caution adds, "that the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding." And it may be asserted, without fear of refutation, that no federative government could exist without a similar provision. Look for a moment to the consequences. If South Carolina considers the revenue laws unconstitutional, and has a right to prevent their execution in the port of Charleston, there would be a clear constitutional objection to their collection in every other port, and no revenue could be collected anywhere, for all imposts must be equal. It is no answer to repeat, that an unconstitutional law is no law, so long as the question of its legality is to be decided by the State itself; for every law operating injuriously upon any local interest will be, perhaps, thought, and certainly represented, as unconstitutional, and has been shown, there is no appeal.

If this doctrine had been establish at an earlier day, the Union would have been dissolved in its infancy. The excise law in Pennsylvania, the embargo and non-intercourse law in the Eastern States, the carriage tax in Virginia, were all deemed unconstitutional, and were more unequal in their operation than any of the laws now complained of; but fortunately none of those States discovered that they had the right now claimed by South Carolina. The war into which we were forced, to support the dignity of the nation and the rights of our citizens, might have ended in defeat and disgrace, instead of victory and honor, if the States who supposed it a ruinous and unconstitutional measure, had thought they possessed the right of nullifying the act by which it was declared, and denying supplies for its prosecution. Hardly and unequally


text:
Page:President Jackson's Proclamation against Nullification.djvu/8

6 as those measures bore upon several members of the Union, to the Legislatures, of none did this efficient and peaceable remedy, as it is called, suggest itself. The discovery of this important feature in our Constitution was reserved for the present day. To the statesmen of South Carolina belongs the invention, and upon the citizens of that State will unfortunately fall the evils of reducing it to practice.

If the doctrine of a State veto upon the laws of the Union carries with it internal evidence of its impracticable absurdity, our constitutional history will also afford abundant proof that it would have been repudiated with indignation had it been proposed to form a feature in our government.

In our colonial state, although dependent on another power, we very early considered ourselves as connected by common interest with each other. Leagues were formed for common defence, and before the Declaration of Independence, we were known, in our aggregate character, as the United Colonies of America. That decisive and important step was taken jointly. We declared ourselves a nation by a joint, not by several acts, and when the terms of our confederation were reduced to form, it was in that of a solemn league of several States, by which they agreed that they would, collectively form one nation, for the purpose of conducting some certain domestic concerns and all foreign relations. In the instrument forming that Union, is found an article which declares that "every State shall abide by the determination of Congress, on all questions which by that confederation shall be submitted to them."

Under the Confederation then, no State could legally annul a decison of the Congress, or refuse to submit to its execution; but no provision was made to enforce these decisions. Congress made requisitions, but they were not complied with. The government could not operate on individuals. They had no judiciary, no means of collecting revenue.

But the defects of the Confederation need not be detailed. Under its operation we could scarcely be called a nation. We had neither prosperity at home nor consideration abroad. This state of things could not be endured, and our present happy Constitution was formed, but formed in vain, if this fatal doctrine prevails. It was formed for important objects that are announced in the preamble, made in the name and by the authority of the people of the United States, whose delegates framed, and whose conventions approved it. The most important among these objects, that which is placed first in rank, on which all the others rest, is "to form a more perfect Union." Now, is it possible that even if there were no express provisions giving supremacy to the Constitution and laws of the United States over those of the States—can it be conceived that an instrument made for the purpose of "forming a


text:
Author:Nivedita

Works

 * Kali the Mother (1900)
 * The Web of Indian Life (1904)
 * The Complete Works of Sister Nivedita - 5 Volumes [note: scan lacks vol 1; published 1955, not to be added here]
 * Footfalls of Indian History (1915)
 * Cradle Tales of Hinduism (1917 reprint)
 * Select Essays of Sister Nivedita (1911)
 * Studies from an Eastern Home (1913)
 * The Master as I Saw Him, being pages from the life of the Swami Vivekanada (1910)
 * Myths of the Hindus & Buddhists (1914)
 * An Indian Study of Love and Death (1908)

title: Author:Nivedita


text: Kali the Mother (Nivedita)

title: Kali the Mother (Nivedita)


text:
Page:President Jackson's Proclamation against Nullification.djvu/9

Rh more perfect Union" than that of the Confederation, could be so constructed by the assembled wisdom of our country as to substitute for that confederation a form of government dependent for its existence on the local interest, the party spirit of a State, or of a prevailing faction in a State? Every man of plain unsophisticated understanding, who hears the question, will give such an answer as will preserve the Union. Metaphysical subtlety, in pursuit of an impracticable theory could, alone, have devised one that is calculated to destroy it.

I consider, then, the power to annul a law of the United States, assumed by one State, incompatible with the existence of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed.

After this general view of the leading principle, we must examine the particular application of it which is made in the ordinance.

The preamble rests its justification on these grounds; it assumes as a fact, that the obnoxious laws, although they purport to be laws for raising revenue, were in reality intended for the protection of manufactures, which purpose it asserts to be unconstitutional; that the operation of these laws is unequal; that the amount raised by them is greater than is required by the wants of the government; and finally, that the proceeds are to be applied to objects unauthorized by the Constitution. These are the only causes alleged to justify an open opposition to the laws of the country, and a threat of seceding from the Union, if any attempt should be made to enforce them. The first virtually acknowledges that the law in question was passed under a power expressly given by the Constitution, to lay and collect imposts; but its constitutionality is drawn in question from the motives of those who passed it. However apparent this purpose may be in the present case, nothing can be more dangerous than to admit the position that an unconstitutional purpose, entertained by the members who assent to a law enacted under a constitutional power, shall make that law void; for how is that purpose to be ascertained? Who is to make the scrutiny? How often may bad purposes be falsely imputed? In how many cases are they concealed by false professions? In how many is no declaration of motive made? Admit this doctrine, and you give to the States an uncontrolled right to decide, and every law may be annulled under this pretext. If, therefore, the absurd and dangerous doctrine should be admitted, that a State may annul an unconstitutional law, or one that it deems such, it will not apply to the present case.

The next objection is, that the laws in question operate unequally. This objection may be made with truth to every law that


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/378

WHILE THE BILLY BOILS.

 * "A book of honest, direct, sympathetic, humorous writing about Australia from within is worth a library of travellers' tales…The result is a real book―a book in a hundred. His language is terse, supple, and richly idiomatic. He can tell a yarn with the best."

ON THE TRACK AND OVER THE SLIPRAILS.

 * "Will well sustain the reputation its author has already won as the best writer of Australian short stories and sketches the literary world knows."

 * "The volume now received will do much to enhance the author's reputation. There is all the quiet irresistible humour of Dickens in the description of 'The Darling River,' and the creator of 'Truthful James' never did anything better in the way of character sketches than Steelman and Mitchell."

 CHILDREN OF THE BUSH.

 * "These stories are for the most part episodes which appear to have been taken direct from life.…and Mr. Lawson contrives to make them wonderfully vivid…Mr. Lawson's new stories are as good as his old ones, and higher praise they could not get."

 * "These stories are the real Australia, written by the foremost living Australian author…Lawson's genius remains as vivid and human as when he first boiled his literary billy."


text: Kali the Mother (Nivedita)/Concerning Symbols


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/270

moon rose away out on the edge of a smoky plain, seen through a sort of tunnel or arch in the fringe of mulga behind which we were camped―Jack Mitchell and I. The 'timber' proper was just behind us, very thick and very dark. The moon looked like a big new copper boiler set on edge on the horizon of the plain, with the top turned towards us and a lot of old rags and straw burning inside.

We had tramped twenty-five miles on a dry stretch on a hot day―swagmen know what that means. We reached the water about two hours 'after dark'―swagmen know what that means. We didn't sit down at once and rest―we hadn't rested for the last ten miles. We knew that if we sat down we wouldn't want to get up again in a hurry―that, if we did, our leg-sinews, especially those of our calves, would 'draw' like red-hot wires. You see, we hadn't been long on the track this time―it was only our third day out. Swagmen will understand.

We got the billy boiled first, and some leaves laid down for our beds and the swags rolled out. We thanked the Lord that we had some cooked meat and a few johnny-cakes left, for we didn't feel equal to 240


text: Kali the Mother (Nivedita)/The Vision of Siva


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/271

 cooking. We put the billy of tea and our tucker-bags between the heads of our beds, and the pipes and tobacco in the crown of an old hat, where we could reach them without having to get up. Then we lay down on our stomachs and had a feed. We didn't eat much―we were too tired for that―but we drank a lot of tea. We gave our calves time to tone down a bit; then we lit up and began to answer each other. It got to be pretty comfortable, so long as we kept those unfortunate legs of ours straight, and didn't move round much.

We cursed society because we weren't rich men, and then we felt better and conversation drifted lazily round various subjects and ended in that of smoking.

'How I came to start smoking?' said Mitchell. 'Let's see.' He reflected. 'I started smoking first when I was about fourteen or fifteen. I smoked some sort of weed―I forget the name of it―but it wasn't tobacco; and then I smoked cigarettes―not the ones we get now, for those cost a penny each. Then I reckoned that, if I could smoke those, I could smoke a pipe.'

He reflected.

'We lived in Sydney then―Surry Hills. Those were different times; the place was nearly all sand. The old folks were alive then, and we were all at home, except Tom.'

He reflected.

'Ah, well!.…Well, one evening I was playing marbles out in front of our house when a chap we knew gave me his pipe to mind while he went into


text:
Page:President Jackson's Proclamation against Nullification.djvu/21

Rh be fearful for you, distressing to your fellow-citizens here, and to the friends of good government throughout the world. Its enemies have beheld our prosperity with a vexation they could not conceal. It was a standing refutation of their slavish doctrines, and they will point to our discord with the triumph of malignant joy. It is yet in your power to disappoint them. There is yet time to show that the descendants of the Pinckneys, the Sumpters, the Rutledges, and of the thousand other names which adorn the pages of your revolutionary history, will not abandon that Union, to support which so many of them fought and bled and died. I adjure you, as you honor their memory—as you love the cause of freedom, to which they dedicated their lives—as you prize the peace of your country, the lives of its best citizens, and your own fair fame, to retrace your steps. Snatch from the archives of your State the disorganizing edict of its Convention—bid its members to reassemble and promulgate the decided expressions of your will to remain in the path which alone can conduct you to safety, prosperity, and honor—tell them that, compared to disunion, all other evils are light, because that brings with it an accumulation of all—declare that you will never take the field unless the star-spangled banner of your country shall float over you—that you will not be stigmatized when dead, and dishonored and scorned while you live, as the authors of the first attack on the Constitution of your country! Its destroyers you cannot be. You may disturb its peace—you may interrupt the course of its prosperity—you may cloud its reputation for stability—but its tranquillity will be restored, its prosperity will return, and the stain upon its national character will be transferred and remain an eternal blot on the memory of those who caused the disorder.

Fellow-citizens of the United States! The threat of unhallowed disunion, the names of those (once respected) by whom it was uttered, the array of military force to support it, denote the approach of a crisis in our affairs, on which the continuance of our unexampled prosperity, our political existence, and perhaps that of all free governments, may depend. The conjuncture demanded a free, a full, and explicit enunciation, not only of my intentions, but of my principles of action; and as the claim was asserted of a right by a State to annul the laws of the Union, and even to secede from it at pleasure, a frank exposition of my opinions, in relation to the origin and form of our government, and the construction I give to the instrument by which it was created, seemed to be proper. Having the fullest confidence in the justness of the legal and constitutional opinion of my duties which has been expressed, I rely with equal confidence on your undivided support in my determination to execute the laws—to preserve the Union by all constitutional means—to arrest, if possible, by moderate, but firm measures, the necessity of a recourse to force: and if it be the will of


text: Page:Studies in Letters and Life (Woodberry, 1890).djvu/316


text: Page:Studies in Letters and Life (Woodberry, 1890).djvu/315


text: Page:Studies in Letters and Life (Woodberry, 1890).djvu/314


text: Page:Studies in Letters and Life (Woodberry, 1890).djvu/313


text: Page:Studies in Letters and Life (Woodberry, 1890).djvu/312


text: Page:Studies in Letters and Life (Woodberry, 1890).djvu/311


text: Page:Studies in Letters and Life (Woodberry, 1890).djvu/308


text: Page:Studies in Letters and Life (Woodberry, 1890).djvu/307


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/272

 a church-meeting. The little church was opposite―a 'chapel' they called it.'

He reflected.

'The pipe was alight. It was a clay pipe and nigger-head tobacco. Mother was at work out in the kitchen at the back, washing up the tea-things, and, when I went in, she said; 'You've been smoking!'

'Well, I couldn't deny it―I was too sick to do so, or care much, anyway.'

'Give me that pipe!' she said.

'I said I hadn't got it.''

Give―me―that―pipe! she said.

'I said I hadn't got it.''

'Where is it?' she said.

'Jim Brown's got it.' I said, 'it's his.'

'Then I'll give it to Jim Brown,' she said; and she did; though it wasn't Jim's fault, for he only gave it to me to mind. I didn't smoke the pipe so much because I wanted to smoke a pipe just then, as because I had such a great admiration for Jim.'

Mitchell reflected, and took a look at the moon. It had risen clear and had got small and cold and pure-looking, and had floated away back out amongst the stars.

'I felt better towards morning, but it didn't cure me―being sick and nearly dead all night, I mean. I got a clay pipe and tobacco, and the old lady found it and put it in the stove. Then I got another pipe and tobacco, and she laid for it, and found it out at last; but she didn't put the tobacco in the stove this time―she'd got experience. I don't know what she did with it. I tried to find it, but couldn't. I fancy the


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/273

 old man got hold of it, for I saw him with a plug that looked very much like mine.'

He reflected.

'But I wouldn't be done. I got a cherry pipe. I thought it wouldn't be so easy to break if she found it. I used to plant the bowl in one place and the stem in another because I reckoned that if she found one she mightn't find the other. It doesn't look much of an idea now, but it seemed like an inspiration then. Kids get rum ideas.

He reflected.

'Well, one day I was having a smoke out at the back, when I heard her coming, and I pulled out the stem in a hurry and put the bowl behind the water-butt and the stem under the house. Mother was coming round for a dipper of water. I got out of her way quick, for I hadn't time to look innocent; but the bowl of the pipe was hot and she got a whiff of it. She went sniffing round, first on one side of the cask and then on the other, until she got on the scent and followed it up and found the bowl. Then I had only the stem left. She looked for that, but she couldn't scent it. But I couldn't get much comfort out of that. Have you got the matches?'

'Then I gave it best for a time and smoked cigars. They were the safest and most satisfactory under the circumstances, but they cost me two shillings a week, and I couldn't stand it, so I started a pipe again and then mother gave in at last. God bless her, and God forgive me, and us all―we deserve it. She's been at rest these seventeen long years.'

Mitchell reflected.


text:
Page:President Jackson's Proclamation against Nullification.djvu/10

8 has been or can be passed. The wisdom of man never yet contrived a system of taxation that would operate with perfect equality. If the unequal operation of a law makes it unconstitutional, and if all laws of that description may be abrogated by any State for that cause, then indeed is the Federal Constitution unworthy of the slightest effort for its preservation. We have hitherto relied on it as the perpetual bond of our Union. We have received it as the work of the assembled wisdom of the nation. We have trusted to it as to the sheet-anchor of our safety in the stormy times of conflict with a foreign or domestic foe. We have looked on it with sacred awe as the paladium of our liberties, and with all the solemnities of religion, have pledged to each other our lives and fortunes here, and our hopes of happiness hereafter, in its defence and support. Were we mistaken, my countrymen, in attaching this importance to the Constitution of our country? Was our devotion paid to the wretched, inefficient, clumsy contrivance which this new doctrine would make it? Did we pledge ourselves to the support of an airy nothing, a bubble that must be blown away by the first breath of disaffection? Was this self-destroying, visionary theory, the work of the profound statesmen, the exalted patriots, to whom the task of constitutional reform was intrusted? Did the name of Washington sanction, did the States deliberately ratify such an anomaly in the history of fundamental legislation? No. We were not mistaken. The letter of this great instrument is free from this radical fault; its language directly contradicts the imputation; its spirit—its evident intent contradicts it. No, we do not err! Our Constitution does not contain the absurdity of giving power to make laws, and another power to resist them. The sages, whose memory will always be reverenced, have given us a practical, and, as they hoped, a permanent constitutional compact. The father of his country did not affix his revered name to so palpable an absurdity. Nor did the States, when they severally ratified it, do so under the impression that a veto on the laws of the United States was reserved to them, or that they could exercise it by implication. Search the debates in all their conventions—examine the speeches of the most zealous opposers of federal authority—look at the amendments that were proposed; they are all silent—not a syllable uttered, not a vote given, not a motion made to correct the explicit supremacy given to the laws of the Union over those of the States, or to show that implication, as is now contended, could defeat it. No, we have not erred! The Constitution is still the object of our reverence, the bond of our Union, our defence in danger, the source of our prosperity in peace. It shall descend, as we have received it, uncorrupted by sophistical construction, to our posterity; and the sacrifices of local interest, of State prejudices, of personal animosities, that were made to bring it into existence, will again be patriotically offered for its support.


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/274

 'And what did your old man do when he found out that you were smoking?' I asked.

'The old man?'

He reflected.

Well, he seemed to brighten up at first. You see, he was sort of pensioned off by mother and she kept him pretty well inside his income.…Well, he seemed to sort of brighten up―liven up―when he found out that I was smoking.'

'Did he? So did my old man, and he livened me up, too. But what did your old man do―what did he say?'

'Well,' said Mitchell, very slowly, 'about the first thing he did was to ask me for a fill.'

He reflected.

'Ah! many a solemn, thoughtful old smoke we had together on the quiet―the old man and me.'

He reflected.

'Is your old man dead, Mitchell?' I asked softly.

'Long ago―these twelve years,' said Mitchell.


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/293

was very tall, very thin, and very round- shouldered, and the sandiness of his hair also cried aloud for an adjective. All the boys considered Malachi the greatest ass on the station, and there was no doubt that he was a dreadful fool. He had never been out of his native bush in all his life, excepting once, when he paid a short visit to Sydney, and when he returned it was evident that his nerves had received a shaking. We failed to draw one word out of Malachi regarding his views on the city―to describe it was not in his power, for it had evidently been something far beyond his comprehension. Even after his visit had become a matter of history, if you were to ask him what he thought of Sydney the dazed expression would come back into his face, and he would scratch his head and say in a slow and deliberate manner, 'Well, there's no mistake, it's a caution.' And as such the city remained so far as Malachi's opinion of it was concerned.

Malachi was always shabbily dressed, in spite of his pound a week and board, and 'When Malachi gets a new suit of clothes' was the expression invariably used by the boys to fix a date for some R


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Mosquera, Tomás Cipriano de


text:
Page:President Jackson's Proclamation against Nullification.djvu/11

Rh The two remaining objections made by the ordinance to these laws are, that the sums intended to be raised by them are greater than are required, and that the proceeds will be unconstitutionally employed.

The Constitution has given expressly to Congress the right of raising revenue and of determining the sum the public exigencies will require. The States have no control over the exercise of this right, other than that which results from the power of changing the representatives who abuse it, and thus procure redress. Congress may undoubtedly abuse this discretionary power, but the same may be said of others with which they are vested. Yet the discretion must exist somewhere. The Constitution has given it to the representatives of all the people, checked by the representatives of the States and by the executive power. The South Carolina construction gives it to the Legislature or the Convention of a single State, where neither the people of the different States, nor the States in their separate capacity, nor the chief magistrate elected by the people, have any representation. Which is the most discreet disposition of the power? I do not ask you, fellow-citizens, which is the constitutional disposition—that instrument speaks a language not to be misunderstood. But if you were assembled in general convention, which would you think the safest depository of this discretionary power in the last resort? Would you add a clause giving it to each of the States, or would you sanction the wise provisions already made by your Constitution? If this should be the result of your deliberations, when providing for the future, are you—can you be—ready to risk all that we hold dear, to establish, for a temporary and local purpose, that which you must acknowledge to be destructive, and even absurd, as a general provision? Carry out the consequences of this right vested in the different States, and you must perceive that the crisis your conduct presents at this day would recur whenever any law of the United States displeased any of the States, and that we should soon cease to be a nation.

The ordinance, with the same knowledge of the future that characterizes a former objection, tells you that the proceeds of the tax will be unconstitutionally applied. If this could be ascertained with certainty, the objection would, with more propriety, be reserved for the laws so applying the proceeds, but surely cannot be urged against the laws levying the duty.

These are the allegations contained in the ordinance. Examine them seriously, my fellow-citizens—judge for yourselves. I appeal to you to determine whether they are so clear, so convincing, as to leave no doubt of their correctness: and even if you should come to this conclusion, how far they justify the reckless, destructive course which you are directed to pursue. Review these objections, and the conclusions drawn from them once more. What are they?


text:
Page:President Jackson's Proclamation against Nullification.djvu/12

10 Every law, then, for raising revenue, according to the South Carolina Ordinance, may be rightfully annulled, unless it be so framed as no law ever will or can be framed. Congress have a right to pass laws for raising revenue, and each State has a right to oppose their execution—two rights directly opposed to each other; and yet is this absurdity supposed to be contained in an instrument drawn for the express purpose of avoiding collisions between the States and the General Government, by an assembly of the most enlightened statemen and purest patriots ever embodied for a similar purpose.

In vain have these sages declared that Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises—in vain have they provided that they shall have power to pass laws which shall be necessary and proper to carry those powers into execution; that those laws and that Constitution shall be the "supreme law of the land; and that the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding." In vain have the people of the several States solemnly sanctioned these provisions, made them their paramount law, and individually sworn to support them whenever they were called on to execute any office. Vain provisions! ineffectual restrictions! vile profanation of oaths! miserable mockery of legislation! if a bare majority of the voters in any one State may, on a real or supposed knowledge of the intent with which a law has been passed, declare themselves free from its operation—say here it gives too little, there too much, and operates unequally—here it suffers articles to be free that ought to be taxed, there it taxes those that ought to be free—in this case the proceeds are intended to be applied to purposes which we do not approve; in that the amount raised is more than is wanted. Congress, it is true, are invested by the Constitution with the right of deciding these questions according to their sound discretion. Congress is composed of the representatives of all the States and of all the people of all the States; but, part of the people of one State, to whom the Constitution has given no power on the subject, from whom it has expressly taken it away—we, who have solemnly agreed that this Constitution shall be our law—we, most of whom have sworn to support it—we, now abrogate this law, and swear, and force others to swear, that it shall not be obeyed—and we do this, not because Congress have no right to pass such laws; this we do not allege; but because they have passed them with improper views. They are unconstitutional from the motives of those who passed them, which we can never with certainty know, from their unequal operation; although it is impossible from the nature of things that they should be equal—and from the disposition which we presume may be made of their proceeds, although that disposition has been declared. This is the plain meaning of the


text: Category:Mycology

title: Category:Mycology


text: Category:Cell biology

title: Category:Cell biology


text: Category:Paleobotany

title: Category:Paleobotany


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/294

 altogether improbable event. We were always having larks with Malachi, for we looked upon him as our legitimate butt. He seldom complained, and when he did his remonstrance hardly ever went beyond repeating the words, 'Now, none of your pranktical jokes!' If this had not the desired effect, and we put up some too outrageous trick on him he would content himself by muttering with sorrowful conviction, 'Well, there's no mistake it's a caution.'

We were not content with common jokes, such as sewing up the legs of Malachi's trousers while he slept, 'fixing' his bunk, or putting explosives in his pipe―we aspired to some of the higher branches of the practical joker's art. It was well known that Malachi had an undying hatred for words of four syllables and over, and the use of them was always sufficient to forfeit any good opinions he might have previously entertained concerning the user. 'I hate them high-flown words,' he would say―'I got a book at home that I could get them all out of if I wanted them; but I don't.' [sic] The book referred to was a very dilapidated dictionary. Malachi's hatred for high-flown words was only equalled by his aversion to the opposite sex; and, this being known, we used to write letters to him in a feminine hand, threatening divers breach of promise actions, and composed in the high-flown language above alluded to. We used to think this very funny, and by these means we made his life a burden to him. Malachi put the most implicit faith in everything we told him; he would take in the most improbable yarn provided we preserved a grave demeanour and used no high-flown


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/295

 expressions. He would indeed sometimes remark that our yarns were a caution, but that was all.

We played upon him the most gigantic joke of all during the visit of a certain bricklayer, who came to do some work at the homestead. 'Bricky' was a bit of a phrenologist, and knew enough of physiognomy and human nature to give a pretty fair delineation of character. He also went in for spirit-rapping, greatly to the disgust of the two ancient housekeepers, who declared that they'd have 'no dalins wid him and his divil's worruk.'

The bricklayer was from the first an object of awe to Malachi, who carefully avoided him; but one night we got the butt into a room where the artisan was entertaining the boys with a séance. After the table-rapping, during which Malachi sat with uncovered head and awe-struck expression, we proposed that he should have his 'bumps' told, and before he could make his escape Malachi was seated in a chair in the middle of the room and the bricklayer was running his fingers over his head. I really believe that Malachi's hair bristled between the phrenologist's fingers. Whenever he made a hit his staunch admirer, the 'Donegal,' would exclaim: 'Look at that now!' while the girls tittered and said, 'Just fancy!' and from time to time Malachi would be heard to mutter to himself in a tone of the most intense conviction that, 'without the least mistake it was a caution.' Several times at his work the next day Malachi was observed to rest on his spade while he tilted his hat forward with one hand and felt the back of his head as though he had not been previously aware of its existence.


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/296

 We 'ran' Malachi to believe that the bricklayer was mad on the subject of phrenology and was suspected of having killed several persons in order to obtain their skulls for experimental purposes. We further said that he had been heard to say that Malachi's skull was a most extraordinary one, and so we advised him to be careful.

Malachi occupied a hut some distance from the station, and one night, the last night of the brick-layer's stay, as Malachi sat smoking over the fire the door opened quietly and the phrenologist entered. He carried a bag with a pumpkin in the bottom of it, and, sitting down on a stool, he let the bag down with a bump on the floor between his feet. Malachi was badly scared, but he managed to stammer out―

''Ello!'

''Ello!' said the phrenologist.

There was an embarrassing silence, which was at last broken by 'Bricky' saying:―'How are you gettin' on, Malachi?'

'Oh, jist right,' replied Malachi.

Nothing was said for a while, until Malachi, after fidgetting a good deal on his stool, asked the bricklayer when he was leaving the station.

'Oh, I'm going away in the morning early,' said he. 'I've jist been over to Jimmy Nowlett's camp, and as I was passing I thought I'd call and get your head.'

'What?'

'I come for your skull.'

'Yes,' the phrenologist continued, while Malachi sat horror-stricken; I've got Jimmy Nowlett's skull here, and he lifted the bag and lovingly felt the


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/297

 pumpkin―it must have weighed forty pounds. 'I spoilt one of his best bumps with the tomahawk. I had to hit him twice, but it's no use crying over spilt milk.' Here he drew a heavy shingling-hammer out of the bag and wiped off with his sleeve something that looked like blood. Malachi had been edging round for the door, and now he made a rush for it. But the skull-fancier was there before him.

'Gor-sake you don't want to murder me!' gasped Malachi.

'Not if I can get your skull any other way,' said Bricky.

'Oh!' gasped poor Malachi―and then, with a vague idea that it was best to humour a lunatic, he continued, in a tone meant to be off-hand and careless―'Now, look here, if yer only waits till I die you can have my whole skelington and welcome.'

'Now, Malachi,' said the phrenologist sternly, 'd'ye think I'm a fool? I ain't going to stand any humbug. If yer acts sensible you'll be quiet, and it'll soon be over, but if yer'

Malachi did not wait to hear the rest. He made a spring for the back of the hut and through it, taking down a large new sheet of stringy-bark in his flight. Then he could be heard loudly ejaculating 'It's a caution!' as he went through the bush like a startled kangaroo, and he didn't stop till he reached the station.

Jimmy Nowlett and I had been peeping through a crack in the same sheet of bark that Malachi dislodged; it fell on us and bruised us somewhat, but it wasn't enough to knock the fun out of the thing.


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/353

Rh continental area where they occupy marginal positions. In South America there is some confusion arising from the interspersion of many stocks in the Amazon Basin, but again we seem to have the smaller stocks on the Pacific side, though their marginal positions are not so prominent. One curious fact is that in the regions of higher culture we find great linguistic diversity while the very large, widely extended stocks are met with chiefly in the regions of lower culture, though not exclusively. It does not follow, however, that the populations speaking the stock languages of the latter were much larger, because they were, in the main, hunting peoples and would require a large range for the support of each family. Whatever else these facts may signify, they indicate that the development of higher culture was not a linguistic phenomenon.

Another observable tendency of the large stocks is to spread over a single geographical area. Thus, while the Siouan stock has a few straggling remnants on the coast, the great main body is found in the open plains west of the Mississippi. The Athapascan, Algonquian, Salishan, and Shoshonean stocks show similar tendencies. In South America this is not quite so clear, but still seems to be the prevailing tendency. This suggests that the ancestors of these stocks took up their abodes in these respective areas and that their later distribution is the result of normal expansion, a common cultural bond tending to hold them to the same area. The detached groups appear to have modified their culture in response to their change of habitat. This does not signify that these detached tribes were always the migrants for it may sometimes have been otherwise. Thus, we have some very important problems in these larger stocks, for example the Athapascan. Here we have a right to expect that future linguistic research will reveal the oldest language group and its relations to the others and that from this their relative movements can be deduced. As it now stands, we can form no positive idea as to their original home, whether it was in Arizona, Oregon, or Canada. The most worthy suggestion comes from Sapir who states that the

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/353


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/346

288

along with it, in the main, a few fortis consonants. These suggest that a study of phonetic distribution will not only reveal some definite New World characters, but show localized geographical types as well. From a much broader point of view,

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/346


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/298

 When Jimmy Nowlett crawled out from under the bark he had to lie down on Malachi' s bunk to laugh, and even for some time afterwards it was not unusual for Jimmy to wake up in the night and laugh till we wished him dead.

I should like to finish here, but there remains something more to be said about Malachi.

One of the best cows at the homestead had a calf, about which she made a great deal of fuss. She was ordinarily a quiet, docile creature, and although somewhat fussy after calving no one ever dreamed that she would injure anyone. It happened one day that the squatter's daughter and her intended husband, a Sydney exquisite, were strolling in a paddock where the cow was. Whether the cow objected to the masher or his lady love's red parasol, or whether she suspected designs upon her progeny, is not certain; anyhow, she went for them. The young man saw the cow coming first, and he gallantly struck a bee-line for the fence, leaving the girl to manage for herself. She wouldn't have managed very well if Malachi hadn't been passing just then. He saw the girl's danger and ran to intercept the cow with no weapon but his hands.

It didn't last long. There was a roar, a rush, and a cloud of dust, out of which the cow presently emerged, and went scampering back to the bush in which her calf was hidden.

We carried Malachi home and laid him on a bed. He had a terrible wound in the groin, and the blood soaked through the bandages like water. We did all that was possible for him, the boys killed the squatter's


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/299

 best horse and spoilt two others riding for a doctor, but it was of no use. In the last half-hour of his life we all gathered round Malachi's bed; he was only twenty-two. Once he said:

'I wonder how mother'll manage now?'

'Why, where's your mother?' some one asked gently; we had never dreamt that Malachi might have some one to love him and be proud of him.

'In Bathurst,' he answered wearily―'she'll take on awful, I 'spect, she was awful fond of me―we've been pulling together this last ten years―mother and me―we wanted to make it all right for my little brother Jim―poor Jim!'

'What's wrong with Jim?' someone asked.

'Oh, he's blind,' said Malachi―'always was―we wanted to make it all right for him agin time he grows up―I―I managed to send home about―about forty pounds a year―we bought a bit of ground, and―and―I think―I'm―going now. Tell 'em, Harry―tell 'em how it was.'

I had to go outside then. I couldn't stand it any more. There was a lump in my throat and I'd have given anything to wipe out my share in the practical jokes, but it was too late now.

Malachi was dead when I went in again, and that night the hat went round with the squatter's cheque in the bottom of it and we made it 'all right' for Malachi's blind brother Jim.


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/347

Rh it appears that in phonetics, we have, perhaps more than anywhere else, an instinctive formative culture factor and an organic basis for the unconscious modification of a trait, all of which leads into psychological problems of the very greatest importance to anthropology.

While, as stated above, the structure or morphology of languages has received the most attention, yet when we consider the speech of the New World as a whole, even this

1. Alikulufan 2. Allentiacan 3. Andaquian 4. Apolistan 5. Araucanian 6. Arawakan 7. Ardan 8. Atacameñan 9. Aymaran 10. Barbacoan 11. Betoyan 12. Bororan 13. Calchaquian 14. Cañarian 15. Canichanan 16. Carayan 17. Cariban 18. Caririan 19. Cayubaban 20. Changoan 21. Chapacuran 22. Charruan 23. Chavantean 24. Chibchan 25. Chiquitan 26. Chocoan 27. Cholonan 28. Chonoan

29. Coconucan 30. Corabecan 31. Cunan 32. Curucanecan 33. Enimagan 34. Esmeraldan 35. Goyatecan 36. Guahiban 37. Guaraunan 38. Guatoan 39. Guaycuruan 40. Itonaman 41. Itucalean 42. Jivaran 43. Jurian 44. Lecan 45. Lorenzan 46. Lulean 47. Mainan 48. Makuan 49. Matacan 50. Miranhan 51. Mocoan 52. Mosatenan 53. Moviman 54. Muran 55. Ocoronan 56. Onan

57. Otomacan 58. Otuquian 59. Paniquitan 60. Panoan 61. Peban 62. Piaroan 63. Puelchean 64. Puinavian 65. Puquinan 66. Quechuan 67. Salivan 68. Samucan 69. Sanavironan 70. Tacanan 71. Tapuyan 72. Ticunan 73. Timotean 74. Trumaian 75. Tsonekan 76. Tupian 77. Uitotan 78. Uran 79. Yahganan 70. Yaruran 81. Ypurinan 82. Yuncan 83. Yurucarean 84. Zaparan

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/347


text: Page:Life of William Hickling Prescott.djvu/9


text: Page:Life of William Hickling Prescott.djvu/10


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/348

290 subject is quite undeveloped. In the main, the time of investigators has been taken up with the necessary recording of texts and the working out of translations, and though their published papers often close with summaries of the structural systems employed, this has in no case gone far enough to admit of extensive comparative studies for the continents at large. However, the reader will sometimes find in the older literature certain characterizations of New World languages, cited as distinguishing them from languages in other parts of the world. These should be ignored, for the different tongues of the New World show very wide divergence in their structure, in fact, presenting about all the known varieties.

Yet there is one aspect of morphology in which the New World shows some distinction. While, in general, the morphological classification of all languages is rather difficult, yet from the point of view of the internal coherence of the word they can be comprehended under three heads: isolating, agglutinative, and inflective. Other bases of classification have been proposed, but are found less satisfactory; hence, they may be ignored here. Applying the above criterion to the speech of the New World, we find it chiefly agglutinative, in fact, as far as we know, exclusively so. On the other hand, agglutinative speech occurs in the Old World so that this character can not be taken as peculiar, we can only say that perhaps in this respect greater morphological unity exists among New World languages. Further, there seem to be some indications that certain processes, as the incorporation of the object in the verbal phrase, the polysynthetic formation of terms, etc., are of more frequent occurrence here than in the Old World, but it remains for future students to definitely establish the facts. In fact, as the case stands at present, there are no known morphological characters strictly peculiar to New World speech as a whole.

If we attempt a review of comparative studies in morphology, we must again turn to California and the Pacific Coast, for as we shall see presently, this portion of the continent is the home of a large number of small linguistic families. The most important single contribution to the subject is by Dixon

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/348


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/453

Anales de Cuauhtitlan.

See Wilson, N. L., and Atkinson, Alfred.

, and

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/453


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/477

Rh

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/477


text:
Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/47

several hundred years after the great Saracen invasion in the beginning of the eighth century, Spain was broken up into a number of small, but independent states, divided in their interests, and often in deadly hostility with one another. It was inhabited by races, the most dissimilar in their origin, religion, and government, the least important of which has exerted a sensible influence on the character and institutions of its present inhabitants. At the close of the fifteenth century, these various races were blended into one great nation, under one common rule. Its territorial limits were widely extended by discovery and conquest. Its domestic institutions, and even its literature, were moulded into the form, which, to a considerable


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/1


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/2


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/3


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/4


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/5


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/6


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/7


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/8


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/9


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/10


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/11


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/14


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/43


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/46


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/143


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/462


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/558


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/559


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/560


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/561


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/562


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/563


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/564


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/565


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/566


text:
Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/44

 Fac similes of Autographs for the History of the reign of Ferdinand & Isabella.


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/45


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/461


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/12


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/13


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/144


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/28


text:
Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/29

the publication of the First Edition of this work, it has undergone a careful revision; and this, aided by the communications of several intelligent friends, who have taken an interest in its success, has enabled me to correct several verbal inaccuracies, and a few typographical errors, which had been previously overlooked. While the Second Edition was passing through the press, I received, also, copies of two valuable Spanish works, having relation to the reign of the Catholic sovereigns, but which, as they appeared during the recent troubles of the Peninsula, had not before come to my knowledge. For these I am indebted to the politeness of Don Angel Calderon de la Barca, late Spanish Minister at Washington; a gentleman, whose frank and liberal manners, personal accomplishments, and independent conduct in public life, have secured for him deservedly high consideration in the United States, as well as in his own country.

I must still farther acknowledge my obligation to Don Pascual de Gayangos, the learned author of the "Mahommedan Dynasties in Spain," recently published in London,—a work, which, from its thorough investigation of original sources, and fine spirit of criticism, must supply, what has been so long felt as an important desideratum with the student,—the means of forming a perfect


text:
Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/30

xvi acquaintance with the Arabian portion of the Peninsular annals. There fell into the hands of this gentleman, on the breaking up of the convents of Saragossa in 1835, a rich collection of original documents, comprehending, among other things, the autograph correspondence of Ferdinand and Isabella, and of the principal persons of their court. It formed, probably, part of the library of Geromimo Zurita,—historiographer of Aragon, under Philip the Second,—who, by virtue of his office, was intrusted with whatever documents could illustrate the history of the country. This rare collection was left at his death to a monastery in his native city. Although Zurita is one of the principal authorities for the present work, there are many details of interest in this correspondence, which have passed unnoticed by him, although forming the basis of his conclusions; and I have gladly availed myself of the liberality and great kindness of Señor de Gayangos, who has placed these manuscripts at my disposal, transcribing such as I have selected, for the corroboration and further illustration of my work. The difficulties attending this labor of love will be better appreciated, when it is understood, that the original writing is in an antiquated character, which few Spanish scholars of the present day could comprehend, and often in cypher, which requires much patience and ingenuity to explain. With these various emendations, it is hoped that the present Edition may be found more deserving of that favor from the public, which has been so courteously accorded to the preceding.

March, 1841.


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/349

Rh and Kroeber who showed that, as a whole, the languages of California differ in the non-use of reduplication of the noun to indicate plurality, the method of incorporating the pronoun and even the noun into the verb, and in contrast to these, the employment of syntactical cases, a method almost unknown in other parts of the continent. These of themselves suggest that we have here a close parallel to the grouping of political units according to culture, for these linguistically independent stocks still show sufficient traits in common to form a geographical area.

In like manner, the languages of the North Pacific Coast form another area. Though no convenient summary is available for this group of stocks, Sapir has proposed the term Na-dene for the Tlingit, Haida, and Athapascan on the assumption that they have a genetic relation. However this may be, this author shows that they do form a group with some distinctive characters, as the absence of reduplication, the very frequent use of freely compounded stems, modes, and tenses indicated by internal phonetic changes in the verb stem, the somewhat general tendency to loose synthetic structure in forming words, etc. Of the other languages, Tsimshian on the one hand and Wakashan (Kwakiutl-Nootka) and Salish on the other, have some characters in common, as initial reduplication in both nominal and verbal forms, and the use of suffixes in numerals as classifiers of the objects designated. Again, all the above languages have certain phonetic similarities. Thus, while we can not group these languages so readily as those of California, yet we are able to distinguish them with respect to certain characters. Further, they fall into contiguous geographical positions.

In an analogous manner Speck shows that Muskhogean of the lower Mississippi has affinities with its neighbors and recently Swanton reports evidences of grouping among the several small stocks of the Gulf Coast. There is, therefore, a presumption that Caddoan, Iroquoian, Muskhogean, Uchean, etc., all possess certain characters that may be taken as linguistic indices of the region, or culture area 8 (p. 205).

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/349


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/350

292 Thus, in general, we seem to have a grouping of stocks around geographical nuclei and this raises the question as to the nature of this larger group. Is this somewhat vague, but still definite, group of stocks to be considered as of the same sort as the strictly genetic cluster within a single stock? If the answer proves to be negative, then we must seek for some external causes contributing to this result; but, if positive, then the stocks forming such a group are themselves of common origin or descent. Between these two positions, the anthropologists of the United States are about equally divided. If we examine the case upon its gross merits, there appears no discernible difference between the kinds of similarities by which stock affiliations are determined and those making these geographical groups. It is merely a matter of degree. That being the case, the probabilities favor the genetic interpretation. On the other hand, very vague similarities may be possible as the result of mere social contact, in which case the genetic relation could only apply to one or two elements of the language. However, speculation upon these points is futile, and we may conclude by noting that along this line the greatest advances in future linguistic researches are to be expected.

The best illustration of the above is found in the investigations of Californian languages by Kroeber and Dixon, to which we several times referred. In Fig. 88 we see the positions of the original twenty-two stocks identified by Powell. Later, Kroeber and Dixon discovered three large morphological groups for these stocks as indicated by the shadings on the map. Recently, these investigators have become convinced that these larger groups represent single stocks, two of which are not found elsewhere (Hokan and Penutian), while the third is a member of the Algonquian stock. While other linguists have not yet accepted this genetic interpretation of the observed grouping, the facts of similarity are not in dispute. In our discussion of the Californian culture area we noted a central group of tribes possessing the most typical culture (p. 212), and we now see that these are almost exclusively members of the Hokan group. Thus, if the genetic relationship of these Powell stocks is denied, we must assume

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/350


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/16


text:
User talk:Histrio~enwikisource

Welcome
Welcome

Hello, Histrio, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * Help pages
 * Style guide
 * Inclusion policy
 * For Wikipedians

You may be interested in participating in Add the code active projects, PotM or CotW to your page for current wikisource projects.
 * Proofread of the Month
 * Community collaboration
 * Requested texts

You can put a brief description of your interests on your user page and contributions to another Wikimedia project, such as Wikipedia and Commons.

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikisource, the library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please "sign" your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question.

Again, welcome! Beeswaxcandle (talk) 04:54, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Histrio. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Histrio~enwikisource that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:26, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:45, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Histrio~enwikisource


text:
User talk:Krisa3

Welcome
Welcome

Hello, Krisa3, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * Help pages
 * Style guide
 * Inclusion policy
 * For Wikipedians

You may be interested in participating in Add the code active projects, PotM or CotW to your page for current wikisource projects.
 * Proofread of the Month
 * Community collaboration
 * Requested texts

You can put a brief description of your interests on your user page and contributions to another Wikimedia project, such as Wikipedia and Commons.

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikisource, the library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please "sign" your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question.

Again, welcome! Beeswaxcandle (talk) 04:55, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Krisa3


text: User talk:199.255.186.32

title: User talk:199.255.186.32


text: Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/15


text: User talk:14.136.184.179

title: User talk:14.136.184.179


text:
Page:Annotated Edition of the Authorised Daily Prayer Book.djvu/318

8 What shall we say before thee, O Lord our God and God of our fathers? Are not all the mighty men as nought before thee, the men of renown as though they had not been, the wise as if without knowledge, and the men of understanding as if without discernment? For most of their works are void, and the days of their lives are vanity before thee, and the pre-eminence of man over the beast is nought, for all is vanity.

Nevertheless we are thy people, the children of thy covenant, the children of Abraham, thy friend, to whom thou didst swear on Mount Moriah; the seed of Isaac, his only son, who was bound upon the altar; the congregation of Jacob, thy first born son, whose name thou didst call Israel and Jeshurun by reason of the love wherewith thou didst love him, and the joy wherewith thou didst rejoice in him.

It is, therefore, our duty to thank, praise and glorify thee, to bless, to sanctify and to offer praise and thanksgiving unto thy name. Happy are we! how goodly is our portion, and how pleasant is our lot, and how beautiful our heritage! Happy are we who, early and late, morning and evening, twice every day, declare:

Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is One. Blessed be His name, whose glorious kingdom is for ever and ever.

Thou wast the same ere the world was created; thou hast been the same since the world hath been created; thou art the same in this world, and thou wilt be the


text:
Talk:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Metcalfe, Theophilus John

Theophilus Metcalfe was a hardened criminal and racist of rare pedigree donning police uniform and was responsible for abusing his authority and sending to gallows hundred's of innocents just on the basis of his prejudices. - Refer the celebrated account of 1857 Indian uprising by William Dalrymple.


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/351

Rh a correlation of some kind between language and culture. On the other hand, if the genetic interpretation is valid, what shall be said of the similarities between Muskhogean, Uchean and Iroquoian, previously cited?

Finally, irrespective of these puzzling questions, there is a problem in mere word distribution. For example, the term for dog is approximately the same in many California stocks; the root term for hoofed animals is the same for several Algonquian, Siouan, and Caddoan languages and there seems to be a continental tendency to use n and m as the roots of pronouns. Some of these observations may have historical value since the word for dog must have traveled along with the animal. The probabilities are that such studies will lead to historical discoveries and establish time relations in culture.

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/351


text:
Page:Annotated Edition of the Authorised Daily Prayer Book.djvu/28

VIII and also to the Spanish Jewish poet Solomon Ibn Gabirol (1021-1070). With regard to both Yigdal and Adon Olam the texts vary considerably in the different editions and MSS. Moreover the Sephardim have one extra line in Yigdal and two or more extra lines in Adon Olam.

The charm of Adon Olam consists in the subtle manner in which Jewish dogmatics are associated with the simplest spiritual thoughts. In the first four lines we have a picture of God, the eternal Lord, existing before the creation of the world, existing still when the world shall cease to be. Between the eternal past and the eternal future comes the world of time. This is purely Jewish dogmatics. Aristotle held that the world was eternal, Judaism that it was created. It is God alone who is eternal. Further, Judaism conceives of God as Something apart from, outside of, his world. He transcends man and the universe. Yet God is also immanent; he dwells within the human soul as well as within the world. God is not one with man but akin to man; he is high above the world, yet nigh unto them that call upon him. The God who exists for ever is proclaimed King when men acknowledge his Kingship and show him the allegiance of worship and obedience. The God who stands high above creation is the One into whose hand man commits himself without fear. The Majestic King is also the Redeemer. The transcendent God is a Refuge in man's distress. He does not merely raise a banner, he is the Banner; he does not only hold out the cup of salvation, he is the consummate Cup.

The concluding section of the hymn, Into his hand I commend my spirit, has led to the suggestion that Adon Olam is a night prayer, and it is very probable that this is the case. In some liturgies, the only occasions on which Adon Olam is sung are certain solemn evenings, such as the Eve of the Day of Atonement. Many Jews recite Adon Olam every night, just before retiring to rest, and the habit is a very good one. So, too, Adon Olam is the hymn used at the death-bed. The soul falls asleep cheered by these words of simple


text:
User talk:Darolar

Welcome
Welcome

Hello, Darolar, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * Help pages
 * Style guide
 * Inclusion policy
 * For Wikipedians

You may be interested in participating in Add the code active projects, PotM or CotW to your page for current wikisource projects.
 * Proofread of the Month
 * Community collaboration
 * Requested texts

You can put a brief description of your interests on your user page and contributions to another Wikimedia project, such as Wikipedia and Commons.

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikisource, the library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please "sign" your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question.

Again, welcome! Beeswaxcandle (talk) 05:04, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Darolar


text:
Page:The American Indian.djvu/352

294

We may summarize the previous discussion by the statement that the chief general result of linguistic investigation in the New World has been the identification and location of the several stocks. Yet, the perfecting of this classification is no mean achievement and is destined to play an increasingly larger rôle in the development of our subject. The important point is that such a classification is based upon the idea of genetic relationship, and so stands in much the same relation to our subject as does evolution to zoology. Thus, there can not be the least doubt that all the Algonquian languages had a common ancestor and the further study of the several divisions of that stock promises to reveal the general outline of this initial type. Further, we have a right to expect that when the comparative studies we have noted are more advanced, definite genetic relations will appear between many of the now recognized independent stocks. For it is apparent that the cultural and somatic unity of the New World necessitates some kind of genetic relationship between the surprisingly large numbers of stocks now enumerated in its linguistic classifications. The pursuit of these important problems will be, in the main, empirical, and as such offers one of the most enticing fields for the scientifically inclined. Yet, this is for the future, our chief consideration here being the distribution of linguistic stocks.

This is shown upon the maps. We see that the most widely distributed stocks in the northern continent are the Athapascan, Algonquian, Iroquoian, Muskhogean, Caddoan, Siouan, Salishan, and Shoshonean-Nahuatlan. The Arawakan, Tupian, Tapuyan, Cariban, Puelchean, and Tsonekan are the largest of the southern continent. In North America, the eight large stocks enumerated occupy practically all of the United States and Canada save the Arctic and Pacific Coast belt and a small part of the Gulf Coast. The lower part of Mexico and southward to the Isthmus is also the home of many small stocks. Thus of the entire eighty-five stocks in North America, all but eight are crowded into less than one-eighth of the

title: Page:The American Indian.djvu/352


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/461

1536.] importance to his judgment which it would not otherwise have obtained. Repeated efforts were made to gain him. His brother, Lord Montague, the Duke of Norfolk, even Henry himself, exerted all their powers of persuasion. On the death of Wolsey the archbishopric of York was held out to him as the reward of compliance. Once only he wavered. He had discovered, as he imagined, a means of making a compromise with his conscience, and he went down to Whitehall to communicate his change. But, as he rather theatrically relates, when he found himself in the presence-chamber he could not utter the words which he had intended to use; either he was restrained by a Higher Power, or the sight of that Henry whom he loved so tenderly paralyzed his tongue; he burst into tears, and the King left him in displeasure. On retiring from the palace he wrote a letter of apology; accompanying it, perhaps, with the formal statement of the grounds of his opposition, which about this time he submitted to the Government. His defence was received kindly; but though clever, it was little to the purpose. The arguments were chiefly political; and Henry, who listened patiently to any objection on the ground of principle, paid no very high respect to the opinion of a university student in matters of state. Pole, finding his position increasingly uneasy, in 1532 applied for and obtained permission to


text:
Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/17

writers have done more for the illustration of Spanish history, than for that of any other except their own. To say nothing of the recent general compendium, executed for the "Cabinet Cyclopædia," a work of singular acuteness and information, we have particular narratives of the several reigns, in an unbroken series, from the emperor Charles the Fifth (the First of Spain) to Charles the Third, at the close of the last century, by authors whose names are a sufficient guaranty for the excellence of their productions. It is singular, that, with this attention to the modern history of the Peninsula, there should be no particular account of the period, which may be considered as the proper basis of it,—the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella.

In this reign, the several States, into which the country had been broken up for ages, were brought


text:
Author:Lionel Arthur Lindsay

Works

 * The Rising of the Court, and Other Sketches in Prose and Verse. (1910 - cover illustration; text by Henry Lawson)

title: Author:Lionel Arthur Lindsay


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/462

442 reside for a time at Avignon. In his absence the divorce was completed; and England becoming more than ever distasteful to him, he removed to the monastery of Carpentras, and thence to his old quarters at Padua. Meantime Henry's personal kindness towards him remained undiminished. His leave of absence was indefinitely extended. His pension was continued to him; the revenues of the deanery of Exeter were regularly paid to his account; and he was exempted specially from the general condition required of all holders of ecclesiastical benefices, the swearing allegiance to the children of Queen Anne. He could himself neither have desired nor expected a larger measure of forbearance.

This was his position in the year 1535, when, in common with all other English noblemen and gentlemen, he was requested to send in his opinion on the authority in foreign countries claimed by the See of Rome, and at the same time to state whether his sentiments on the previous question remained unchanged. The application was not formally made through the council. A civilian, a Mr Starkey, a personal acquaintance, was entrusted with the commission of sending it; and Starkey took the opportunity of advising his friend to avoid the errors into which he had previously fallen. Pole's opinion on political perils, foreign invasions, internal commotions, was not wanted. 'As touching the policy of the separation from Rome, and the divorce, and of the bringing them to effect, whether it were done well


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/463

1536.] or ill,' Starkey ironically wrote, 'his Grace requireth no judgment of you, as of one that of such things hath no great experience as yet. Whether it should be convenient that there should be one head in the Church, and that the Bishop of Rome … set this aside … and in the matrimony, whether the policy he hath used therein be profitable to the realm or no … leave that aside … only show you whether the supremacy which the Bishop of Rome has for many ages claimed be of Divine right or no … and if the first matrimony were to make, you would approve it then or no … and the cause why you would not.'

Finally, as Pole once before had been tempted to give an opinion against his conscience, Starkey warned him to reply sincerely and honestly; to think first of God and the truth; and only when his conscience would permit him, to consider how he could satisfy the King. 'His Grace said to me,' the letter concluded, 'that he would rather you were buried there than you should, for any worldly promotion or profit to yourself, dissemble with him in these great and weighty causes.'

The tone of this concluding passage teaches us not to rely too absolutely on Pole's own version of the attempts which had before been made upon his constancy. Perhaps the admonition, perhaps the irony, of his correspondent galled him. At any rate, the King desired the truth, and the truth he should have. Other things had been in rapid development since Pole left England. He,


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/464

444 too, had chosen his course, and his mind had not stood still. It was now the winter of 1535, when the scheme of the crusade was first taking shape. At this juncture he sat down to comply with the King's demands. Instead of brief answers to brief questions, he composed a considerable volume; and as the several parts were completed, they were submitted to the inspection of Cardinal Contarini. Had the project of war gone forward, and had other matters remained unchanged, it is possible that Contarini would have found no fault with a composition which afterwards was regarded in the Catholic world with so much complacency. Under the actual circumstances, his language alarmed by its violence. The Cardinal protested against an invective which could only irritate, and entreated Pole to reconsider what he had written.

If Pole had been honest—if he had desired only the interests of the Catholic Church—he would have listened to advice; but he replied that he well knew the King's character, and that the evil had risen to its present height because no one had ventured to speak the truth to him. Henry was not a man who could be moved by gentleness. Long ago the heaviest censures of the Church ought to have been launched upon him, and by that time he would have returned to his obedience. He said also (and this is especially to be noticed), that he was not so much addressing the King as addressing the English nation, who were impassive and hard to move. He was determined to open their eyes to the delusion into which they were betrayed, and he must


text:
Page:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic Vol. I.djvu/18

iv under a common rule; the kingdom of Naples was conquered; America discovered and colonized; the ancient empire of the Spanish Arabs subverted; the dread tribunal of the Modern Inquisition established; the Jews, who contributed so sensibly to the wealth and civilization of the country, were banished; and, in fine, such changes were introduced into the interior administration of the monarchy, as have left a permanent impression on the character and condition of the nation.

The actors in these events, were every way suited to their importance. Besides the reigning sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella, the latter certainly one of the most interesting personages in history, we have, in political affairs, that consummate statesman, Cardinal Ximenes, in military, the "Great Captain," Gonsalvo de Cordova, and in maritime, the most successful navigator of any age, Christopher Columbus; whose entire biographies fall within the limits of this period. Even such portions of it as have been incidentally touched by English writers, as the Italian wars, for example, have been drawn so exclusively from French and Italian sources, that they may be said to be untrodden ground for the historian of Spain.


text: Author talk:Lionel Arthur Lindsay

title: Author talk:Lionel Arthur Lindsay


text:
Page:While the Billy Boils, 1913.djvu/379

 JOE WILSON AND HIS MATES.

(London): "This is a long way the best work Mr. Lawson has yet given us. These stories are so good that (from the literary point of view of course) one hopes they are not autobiographical. As autobiography they would be good, as pure fiction they are more of an attainment."

THE RISING OF THE COURT, AND OTHER SKETCHES IN PROSE AND VERSE.

 * "These stories show Lawson at his best, and Lawson at his best is not to be beaten by short story writers in current literature."

(Christchurch): "No one else could have written these sketches. Lawson has so much feeling and so much humour."

AN OUTBACK MARRIAGE: A Story of Australian Life.

 * "The chief virtue of the book lies in its fresh and vivid presentment of the wild life and the picturesque manners of the Australian bush, while in form and style it claims recognition as a work of considerable literary distinction."

 * "The whole tone of the book is fresh and breezy…Altogether, this is a distinctly interesting story."

 * "…will stand comparison with works of fiction produced in any part of the English-speaking world."


text:
Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 2.djvu/465

1536.] go beyond the matter and beside it, and insinuate when he was unable to assert.

In this mood, and while the book was still unsent, he learnt with utter mortification of the relinquishment of the Emperor's intended enterprise and the possible peaceful close of the quarrel. He had proposed to himself a far different solution. It may be that he was convinced that no such peaceful close could lead to good. It may have been, that the white rose was twining pure before his imagination, with no red blossoms intermixed, round the pillars of a regenerated Church. Or, perhaps, many motives, distinct and indistinct, were working upon him. Only the fact is certain, that he might have mediated, but that he was determined rather to make mediation impossible; the broken limb should not be set in its existing posture.

In March he heard that the Pope was softening. He wrote, urgently entreating that