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406 his own; and borne up also, as perhaps his disposition was not, by a consciousness of the sacredness of their cause. He could break, but he could not bend; he could burn, but he could not melt. 'This is your hour,' a Glasgow friar cried at the stake; 'the powers of darkness sit as judges, and we are unrighteously accused; but the day comes which will show our innocency, and you, to your everlasting confusion, shall see your blindness. Go on, fill up the measure of your iniquity.' Forret, the Yicar of Dolor, was tied among the faggots waiting for the fire. 'Will ye say as we say,' exclaimed a learned abbot to him, 'and keep your mind to yourself and save yourself?' 'I thank your lordship,' he answered; ' you are a friend to my body, but not to my soul. Before I deny a word which I have spoken, you shall see this body of mine blow away with the wind in ashes.' To give Forret a last chance they 'wirried and burnt' another victim before him, that he might profit by the spectacle. The man died quickly. 'Yea, yea,' the vicar only said, 'he was a wylie fellow; he knew there were many hungry folks coming after him, and he went before to cause make ready the supper.'

Happy contrast to the Court, with its intrigues and harlotries, its idle and paltry schemings. We need not wonder at the regeneration of Scotland, when she had such men as these among her children. When the battle was begun and was fought in such a spirit, the issue was certain: the first death was an earnest of


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1535.] victory. But our story must now turn to another country, which contained no such leavening element, and which had longer to wait for the tide of misfortune to change.

The Irish difficulty, under the Plantagenets, the Tudors, the Stuarts, and the House of Hanover, has preserved one uniform characteristic. The country has exerted a magical power of transformation upon every one connected with it. The hardest English understanding has given way before a few years of residence there; the most solid good sense has melted under the influence of its atmosphere.

On the close of the rebellion of Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, Lord Leonard Grey, to whom he surrendered, repaired with his prisoner to London; and after receiving a handsome present as the reward of his services, returned to his post as marshal of the army. In his absence the deputy, Sir William Skeffington, and Lord James Butler extinguished the remains of disaffection which were still smouldering in the southern counties. They made an armed progress through Tipperary and Cork into Limerick, receiving the submission of the leading chiefs. Dungarvon, which had been fortified by the Earl of Desmond, and was intended as a place of landing for the Spaniards, attempted a resistance; but a few English fishing-vessels, accidentally on the coast, blockaded the harbour. Skeffington had cannon with him; and after six hours' bombardment the garrison


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 the side presented, represents the masculine, it can be put in a more conspicuous place than a flower or leaf which is feminine—with the exception of buds, which, though feminine, must in most cases be placed in the top of the arrangement, as that is the natural way the plant grows.

Follow the nature of your flower's growth, and if it buds at the top have a half-open flower for Heaven, with a tiny bud above it. This bud should be free from leaves, as a bud or flower behind a leaf is always in.

The Man branch should almost always be made of the full-blown flower, unless the flowers are very large. In such cases, as the peony, always put the fullest blown flower in the lowest or Earth position. The peony is so heavy that a long stem would droop into bad shape with a fully opened flower, whereas the short stem of Earth will hold it in position.

These rules are very flexible in application, and whenever you are uncertain, [197]


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408 yielded. Opposition had everywhere ceased. O'Brien, calling himself Prince of Thoinond, wrote a letter to the King, professing his obedience, and only entreating that the Duke of Richmond, or some English nobleman of rank, might be sent over to govern; and on the 3ist of December the Master of the Rolls and Mr Justice Aylmer were able to tell Cromwell that 'since the first conquest Irishmen were never in such fear.' Sessions had been held, and the royal writs respected in five additional shires; eighteen thieves had been hanged in Kildare. And 'there, as well as manywheres else,' they said, 'the poor earth tillers do peaceably occupy the earth, and fear not to complain upon them by whom they be hurted.'

Leaving the country in this improved condition, Skeffington, who had suffered long from ill-health, retired at once from his office and from life—he died on the last day of the year—and, according to O'Brien's desire, a person of higher birth was chosen to succeed him. Lord Leonard Grey, brother of the Marquis of Dorset, and brother-in-law of the Earl of Kildare, formed as it were a connecting link between the two kingdoms, and seemed fitted by rank and circumstances to be a successful administrator of Ireland. His personal character remained to be brought out by authority. In past years he had dabbled in dangerous arts, and had been connected with treasure-seekers; but he was then young: he had followed in his errors the respectable


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1536.] example of the Duke of Norfolk, and he had since distinguished himself as a hardy adventurous soldier, no slight qualification for so dangerous a command.

He found Ireland outwardly quiet; but his position, it soon appeared, would require a strong head as well as a strong hand. In June, 1536, the Earl of Desmond and O'Brien were again conspiring; and the English soldiers were in mutiny for want of pay. The King had been encouraged to believe that, when the insurrection was over, their numbers might be reduced, and that the Irish revenues would support as many as would remain. It was found that the revenue existed only in the imagination of the treasurer. Neither rent of crown lands, nor customs dues, nor taxes could be collected. The Irish Parliament could grant no money, for the people, exhausted by the war, had none to give; while not a man could be spared from the force at the command of the deputy. The Irish chiefs had but paused to take breath, or had been tranquil as a variation of amusement from the monotony of war; and, when Henry expected to hear that the country would be self-supporting, he was informed that 'the English blood was worn out, and the Irish blood ever more and more increased.' If peace was to be maintained permanently, three armies would be needed instead of one, to invade simultaneously north, south, and west, to build fortresses and garrison them,


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410 and to hold the people under military rule. Evil tongues whispered, also, that difficulties had brought disputes where there ought to have been only cordiality;, that the deputy was arbitrary, and his subordinates more anxious to prove him to be wrong than to teach him what was right. Whether this was calumny the future would show: for the present, all parties hurried to deny the existence of so early a disagreement. There were enemies by this time in the field, and Lord Leonard was at least a soldier. He composed the mutiny for a time with promises, and he resolved to escape the dissensions of Dublin, and distinguish, by some marked success, the first year of his command. Henry had sent him orders to break, if possible, the coalition in the west. In July he marched with a thousand men into Kilkenny, and thence turning towards Limerick, he took possession of a deserted castle belonging to Desmond, in an island on Lough Gryr. Carrigogonnell, a strong fortress on the Shannon, fell next into his hands. He placed it in the custody of an Irish chief who was supposed to be faithful; and, pausing for a day in the town of Limerick, he set himself to destroy the celebrated bridge at Castle Connell, a few miles distant, which O'Brien had thrown across the river to command the ingress from Clare into Munster. His way led up the southern bank of the Shannon. On reaching the spot he found four arches of the bridge broken down. On the portion of it which was left


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1536.] standing there were two castles, one of them 'very strong, builded all of hewn marble;' the other, on the Clare side, less formidable, but only to be approached through the first. 'The gunners,' wrote the council who accompanied the expedition, 'bent all their ordnance upon the castle, shooting at it all day; but it was of such force that the ordnance did in manner no hurt, for the wall was at the least twelve or thirteen feet thick, and both the castles were well warded with gunners, gallowglass, and horsemen, having made such fortifications of timber and hogsheads of earth as the like had not been seen in that land. They had one great piece of iron which shot bullets as great in manner as a man's head. They had also a ship piece, a Portugal piece, certain 'hagbushes,' and 'hand-guns.''

Lord Leonard, finding his cannon made no impression, fell back on the rough material of the English soldier. He gave his men the night to rest themselves. At daybreak every one was directed to prepare a faggot of wood a fathom long, 'to fill that part of the water between the land and the castle.' A party of volunteers were told off as a forlorn hope, who, with ladders in their hands, plunged across the chasm, and, 'with plain manhood and force,' scaled the bridge. The spectacle was sufficient: the garrison did not wait to make closer acquaintance with men who would venture such an enterprise. 'They scope out at the other end by footmanship,' leaving their guns and both castles in the


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412 hands of the English. The exploit passed as more than an ordinary success. 'O'Brene's Bridge' was so potent an instrument of mischief, that it was regarded in the neighbourhood with a kind of superstitious terror. The mayor and alderman of Limerick came out to witness the demolition, as the German burghers crowded about the body of the dragon; and remaining too long examining the castles the joists were suddenly loosened, the arches fell, and the city dignitaries were precipitated into the Shannon. Two lives were lost; there were boats at hand which rescued the remainder.

The victory thus closed in misfortune, and a worse followed. Henry had desired that, if the season allowed, the army should advance into Thomond, and bring O'Brien to his senses in his own country. Grey was ready to go forward; but the troops believed that they had done enough till they were paid with coin more substantial than words. The northern horse, the best men that he had, drew aside, and declared fiercely that, if their arrears were given them, they would go where the deputy would lead; if they were to be cheated of their right, though in the midst of an enemy's country, and in a moment of victory, they refused to stir another step. Payment on the spot was of course impossible; and Grey's triumph was snatched from him. Fortunately, the threats of the men exceeded slightly their intentions, or the expedition might have ended in a serious disaster. The warden of Carrigogonnell,


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1536.] of the mutiny, turned traitor, and declared for O'Brien. The castle was a formidable structure; but the soldiers were prevailed upon at least to maintain their conquests and revenge an act of treachery. They returned under the walls, and sent in a message that, if the Irish would surrender, they might depart with their lives; if they resisted, they should die, man, woman, and child. There were seventy of them—all men, it would seem; so that the latter part of the menace was needless. They believed themselves secure, and replied with a defiance. The place was assaulted instantly. Thirty English were killed; but the defence, though desperate, was useless. 'I suppose I kept promise with them,' wrote the deputy in his despatch to the King; 'and there was such an order taken as I trust all Irish rebels will take heed how they keep castles or holds? against your Grace's power.' The garrison had 'the pardon of Maynooth,' and were hanged to a man.

In this campaign Grey had done well. He had succeeded so far as success was in his power; and he was not to blame because the Irish treasury was bankrupt; or because the treasurer, with the national desire to say whatever was most immediately pleasing, had sent to the King such a splendid account of his expected revenue that no preparations had been made for the deficit. But the disappointment from his failures was greater than the enjoyment of his achievements. He returned to Dublin, irritated at the behaviour of the men, the mutilation of the enterprise which it had caused, and the neglect of those whose reports had been


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414 so unfaithful; and reproached, on the other side, by the council, with mistaking the character of the people, with trusting those whom he ought to suspect, and making 'skurrs of light matters.' Thus the expedition, brilliant as it had been, was followed by heartburnings and bickerings; and those whose reasonable faculties, at their highest strain, would have sufficed imperfectly for the work of governing Ireland, spent their time in quarrelling, thwarting, and calumniating each other. Grey, haughty and passionate, could control neither his temper nor his language. He would start on his feet in the council-chamber, lay his hand on his sword, and scatter carelessly invectives and opprobrious epithets. The council, who, amidst their many faults, understood Ireland better than the deputy, complained to Cromwell that he would never listen to their advice. The deputy retorted with stories against the council; he declared that he was haunted with detraction; that 'it was predestinate to that country to bring forth sedition, invention, and lies.' To add to the embarrassment, the Irish Parliament, then in their session, continued recalcitrant in money matters. The proctors who were returned to Convocation, not being more than seven or eight in number, claimed to be a part of the general legislature, with a right of veto on every measure which might be proposed; 'and certain ringleaders and


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1536.], presuming to have more excellent wit than those in England,' caused the rejection of the 'Act for of this session, hath been such that we can do no less than advertise your lordship thereof. After the assembly of the Parliament at this session, some bills were past the Common House, and by the speaker delivered to the High House to be debated there. The spiritual lords thereupon made a general answer that they would not commune nor debate upon any bill till they knew whether the proctors in the Convocation had a voice or not.… My lord, it were well done that some mean may be devised whereby they may be brought to remember their duties better. Except the mean may be found that these proctors may be put from voice in the Parliament, there shall but few things pass for the King's profit, for hitherto have they showed themselves in nothing conformable. We think that no reasonable man would judge them to have such a pre-eminence in a Parliament, that though the King, the Lords, and Commons assent to an Act, the proctors in the Convocation House (though they were but seven or eight in number, as sometimes they be here no more) shall stay the same at their pleasure, be the matter never so good, honest, and reasonable. It doth well appear that it is a crafty cast devised betwixt their masters the bishops and them. It is good that we have against the next session a declaration from them under the King's great seal of England of this question whether the proctors have a voice in the Parliament or not? and that every Act passed without their assents is nevertheless good and effectual.'—State Papers, vol. ii. pp 438–9.The reply of the Crown, as embodied in an Act of Parliament (Irish Statutes, 28 Henry VIII. cap. 12), is a good authority as to the constitutional, as distinct from the ecclesiastical, theory of the functions of Convocation. The Irish and English practice, however, before the Reformation, seems to have been curiously different. In England custom allowed the clergy to constitute themselves an independent legislative body. In Ireland the proctors seem to have regarded themselves as returned to the Parliament, like the bishops and abbots. 'Forasmuch,' says the Act, 'as at every Parliament begun and holden within this land, two proctors of every diocese within the same land have been used and accustomed to be summoned and warned to be at the same Parliament, which were never by the order of law, usage, custom, or otherwise, any member or parcel of the whole body of the Parliament, nor have had any voice or suffrage in the same, but only to be there as councillors and assistants to the same, and upon such things of learning as should happen in controversy,


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94 retaliation is one dangerous to admit without qualifications? I own I do not like the word. If my enemy commits an act of injustice, I am not therefore justified in committing the same, except so far as may be necessary, in consequence of his act, either to protect myself from injury, or prevent a recurrence to, or continuance in, such acts of injustice. All operations of war are justified only on the principle of defence. Retaliation seems to admit something of a vindictive spirit."

The Board of Trade was not usually scrupulous in dealing with American commerce; but in this instance Earl Bathurst let it be plainly seen that he wished to have no share of responsibility for Perceval's casuistry. The longer he studied the proposed order the less he liked it; and in the end he wrote an opinion contrary to his first. He withdrew his assent to the order altogether, and hinted some unpleasant truths in regard to it.

 * "Our ability to continue the war," he said, "depends on our commerce; for if our revenues fail from a diminution of our commerce, additional imports will only add to the evil. The enemy forms one great military empire.  The extent of country he covers does not render him so dependent on an export and import trade.  The whole of that trade might perish and he could still continue the war.  If one third of ours were to fail we should be soon reduced to peace."

The proposed order, Bathurst argued, not only restricted the neutral trade still further than had


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416 the Suppression of the Religious Houses,' although the discipline, it was said, was even more relaxed, the religious personages less continent or virtuous, than in England—keeping no hospitality saving to themselves, their concubines, and children.'

The King, who personally knew Grey, and liked him, believed at first that the fault was rather with the council than the deputy. Cromwell entreated the latter, if there was any truth in the accusations of the other party, to acknowledge it. 'I need not tell you,' he said, 'how much the King's Highness delighteth in plain-dealing; how much he abhorreth occult handling of things.' But Grey protested that he had written nothing but truth; and Henry, accepting his word, sent orders in his imperious style, that the discord of which he had heard should cease. The council should submit to the deputy; the deputy should take advice of the council; above all, those who were


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Author:Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius

Works

 * The Mechanical Theory of Heat: With Its Applications to the Steam-engine and to the Physical Properties of Bodies, (1867). Contains many of his papers.
 * "Ueber die Natur der jenigen Bestandtheile der Erdatmosphäre, durch welche die Lichtreflexion in derselben bewirkt wird." Poggend. Annal. LXXVI, 1849, pp. 161-1888
 * Translated in Taylor Scientific Memoirs 1853, pp. 303-325.
 * "Ueber die blaue Farbe des Himmels und die Morgen- und Abendröthe." Poggend. Annal. LXXVI., 1849, pp. 188-195
 * Translated in Taylor Scientific Memoirs 1853, pp. 326-331.
 * "Notiz über den Einfluss des Drucks aus das Gefrieren der Flüssigkeiten." Poggend. Annal. LXXXI., 1850, pp. 168-172.
 * Translated as "Mr. R. Clausius on the Influence of Pressure upon the Freezing of Fluids." Phil. Mag. II., pp. 548-550.
 * "Ueber doe bewegende Kraft der Wärme and die Gesetze welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbs ableiten lassen." Poggend. Annal. LXXXIX., 1850, pp. 368-397, 500-524.
 * Translated as "M. R. Clausius on the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom," Phil. Mag. II., 1851 pp. 1-21, 102-119.
 * "Reply to a note from Mr. W. Thomson on the effects of fluid friction, &c." Phil Mag. II, 1851, pp. 139-142.
 * "Ueber das Verhalten des Dampfen bei der Ausdehnung unter vershiedenen Umständen." Poggend. Annal. LXXXXII., 1851, pp. 263-273.
 * Translated as "M. R. Clausius on the Deportment of Vapour during its Expansion under different circumstances." Phil. Mag. I., pp. 398-405.
 * "Ueber den theoretischen Zussamenhang zweier empirisch aufgestellten Gestze über die Spannung und die latente Wärme verschiedener Dämpfer."
 * Translated as "Mr. R. Clausius on the Theoretic Connexion of two Empirical laws relating to the Tension and the Latent Heat of different Vapours," Phil. Mag. II., pp. 483-487.
 * "On the colours of a jet of steam and of the Atmosphere." Edin. New Phil. Journ. LIV., 1853, pp. 166-168.
 * "Ueber eine veränderete Form des zweiten Hauptsatzes der mechanischen Wärmetheorie." Poggend. Annal. XCIII., 1854, pp. 481-506
 * Translated as "Prof. Clausius on a modified Form of the second Fundamental Theorem in the Mechanical Theory of Heat," in Phil. Mag. XII., 1856, pp. 81-98.
 * "Ueber die Anwendung der mechanischen Wärmetheorie auf die Dampfmaschine." Poggend. Annal. XCVII., 1856, pp. 441-476.
 * Translated as "Prof. Clausius on the Application of the Mechanical Theory of Heat to the Steam Engine," in Phil. Mag. XII., 1856, pp. 241-265, 338-354,
 * "Ueber die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen." Poggend. Annal. C., 1857, pp. 353-380.
 * Translated as "Prof. Clausius on the Nature of the Motion which we call Heat," in Phil. Mag. XIV., 1857, pp. 108-127.
 * "Ueber die Elektricitätsleitung in Elektrolyten," Poggend. Annal. CI., 1857, pp. 338-360
 * Translated as "Prof. Clausius on the Conduction of Electricity in Electrolytes," in Phil. Mag. XV., 1858, pp. 94-109.
 * "Ueber die Natur des Ozons." Poggend. Annal. CIII., pp. 644-652.
 * Translated as "Prof. Clausius on the Nature of Ozone," in Phil. Mag. XVI., 1858, pp. 45-51.
 * "Ueber die mittlere Länge der Wege, welche bei der Molecularbewegung gasförmiger Körper von den einzelnen Molecülen zurückgelegt werden, nebst einigen anderen Bemerkungen über die machanische Wärmetheorie," Poggend. Annal. CV., 1858, pp. 239-258
 * Translated as "Prof. Clausius on the Mean Length of the Paths described by the separate Molecules of Gaseous Bodies on the occurrence of Molecular Motion; together with some other Remarks upon the Mechanical Theory of Heat," in Phil. Mag. XVII., 1859, pp. 81-91.
 * "On the dynamical theory of gases," Phil. Mag. XIX., 1860, pp. 434-436.
 * "Ueber die Wärmeleitung gasförmiger Körper." Poggend. Annal. CXV., 1862, pp. 1-56
 * Translated as "Prof. Clausius on the Conduction of Heat by Gases.," in Phil. Mag. XXIII., 1862, pp. 417-435, 512-524.
 * "Ueber die Anwendung des Satzes von der Aequivalenz der Verwandlungen auf die innere Arbeit." Poggend. Annal. CXVI., 1862, pp. 73-112
 * Translated as "Prof. Clausius on the Application of the Theorem of the Equivalence of Transformation to the Internal Work of a mass of Matter," in Phil. Mag. XXIV., 1862, pp. 81-97, 201-213.
 * "Ueber verschiedene für die Anwendung bequeme Formen der Hauptgleichungen der mechanischen Wärmetheorie." Poggend. Annal. CXXV., 1865, pp. 353-400
 * At least partially translated in William Francis Magie, A Source Book in Physics [New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935]

Works about Clausius

 * "Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius", Scientific Papers of Josiah Willard Gibbs, Volume 2 (1906)
 * "Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius", Scientific Papers of Josiah Willard Gibbs, Volume 2 (1906)
 * "Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius", Scientific Papers of Josiah Willard Gibbs, Volume 2 (1906)
 * "Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius", Scientific Papers of Josiah Willard Gibbs, Volume 2 (1906)

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1807. been done by Napoleon, but risked war with Russia and America, without materially hurting France; he added an argument which struck at the foundation of Perceval's policy:—
 * "The object of the proposed order, though general, is in fact nothing but the colonial trade carried on through America; and by making it general we unite Russia in defence of a trade with which she has no concern or any interest to defend. As far as America is concerned, it must be expected she will resist it; and an American war would be severely felt by our manufacturers, and even by the very class of merchants now so eager for some measure of relief.  We might therefore have to fight for a rule of war, new, the policy of which would be questionable, to support an interest which would be the first to suffer by the war,—against two countries, one of which the order unnecessarily mixes in the question, and with both of which we have great commercial relations."

Bathurst closed by expressing a preference for the Rule of 1756, or for a blockade of the West Indian Islands,—which, if the Admiralty thought it practicable, Bathurst considered as the best of all the measures proposed; but besides this radical change, he demanded certain alarming reforms. He complained to Perceval that already, even under the existing orders, such abuses prevailed that in order to prevent a public parliamentary inquiry he had been obliged by the general clamor of merchants to investigate their grievances: —


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Ikenobu was commenced by Ono-no-Imoko about thirteen hundred years ago. This is the oldest and, to my thinking, one of the most beautiful of all the schools.

The first Ikenobu was a pupil of Soami. Since then the teacher of this school is always a priest of the Rokkakudo Temple in Kyoto, where the lore has been handed down from generation to generation and is still being taught in exactly the same manner. The priest on whom the mantle of instruction falls is always called Ikenobu.

I never enjoyed my lessons more than at the Rokkakudo Temple. There at the temple you arrange your flowers under the guidance of other priests, but when the [214]


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 the golden fleece. Aeetes required of Jason that he should first yoke to a plough his bulls, given him by Hephaestus, which snorted fire and had hoofs of brass, and with them plough the field of Ares. That done, the field was to be sown with the dragons’ teeth brought by Phrixus, from which armed men were to spring. Successful so far by means of the mixture which Medea, daughter of Aeetes, had given him as proof against fire and sword, Jason was next allowed to approach the dragon which watched the fleece; Medea soothed the monster with another mixture, and Jason became master of the fleece. Then the voyage homeward began, Medea accompanying Jason, and Aeetes pursuing them. To delay him and obtain escape, Medea dismembered her young brother Absyrtus, whom she had taken with her, and cast his limbs about in the sea for his father to pick up. Her plan succeeded, and while Aeetes was burying the remains of his son at Tomi, Jason and Medea escaped. In another account Absyrtus had grown to manhood then, and met his death in an encounter with Jason, in pursuit of whom he had been sent. Of the homeward course various accounts are given. In the oldest (Pindar) the “Argo” sailed along the river Phasis into the eastern Oceanus, round Asia to the south coast of Libya, thence to the mythical lake Tritonis, after being carried twelve days over land through Libya, and thence again to Iolcus. Hecataeus of Miletus (Schol. Apollon. Rhod. iv. 259) suggested that from the Oceanus it may have sailed into the Nile, and so to the Mediterranean. Others, like Sophocles, described the return voyage as differing from the outward course only in taking the northern instead of the southern shore of the Euxine. Some (pseudo-Orpheus) supposed that the Argonauts had sailed up the river Tanaïs, passed into another river, and by it reached the North Sea, returning to the Mediterranean by the Pillars of Hercules. Again, others (Apollonius Rhodius) laid down the course as up the Danube (Ister), from it into the Adriatic by a supposed mouth of that river, and on to Corcyra, where a storm overtook them. Next they sailed up the Eridanus into the Rhodanus, passing through the country of the Celts and Ligurians to the Stoechades, then to the island of Aethalia (Elba), finally reaching the Tyrrhenian Sea and the island of Circe, who absolved them from the murder of Absyrtus. Then they passed safely through Scylla and Charybdis, past the Sirens, through the Planctae, over the island of the Sun, Trinacria and on to Corcyra again, the land of the Phaeacians, where Jason and Medea held their nuptials. They had sighted the coast of Peloponnesus when a storm overtook them and drove them to the coast of Libya, where they were saved from a quicksand by the local nymphs. The “Argo” was now carried twelve days and twelve nights to the Hesperides, and thence to lake Tritonis (where the seer Mopsus died), whence Triton conducted them to the Mediterranean. At Crete the brazen Talos, who would not permit them to land, was killed by the Dioscuri. At Anaphe, one of the Sporades, they were saved from a storm by Apollo. Finally, they reached Iolcus, and the “Argo” was placed in a groove sacred to Poseidon on the isthmus of Corinth. Jason’s death, it is said, was afterwards caused by part of the stern giving way and falling upon him.

The story of the expedition of the Argonauts is very old. Homer was acquainted with it and speaks of the “Argo” as well known to all men; the wanderings of Odysseus may have been partly founded on its voyage. Pindar, in the fourth Pythian ode, gives the oldest detailed account of it. In Greek, there are also extant the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius and the pseudo-Orpheus (4th century ), and the account in Apollodorus (i. 9), based on the best extant authorities; in Latin, the imitation of Apollonius (a free translation or adaptation of whose Argonautica was made by Terentius Varro Atacinus in the time of Cicero) by Valerius Flaccus. In ancient times the expedition was regarded as a historical fact, an incident in the opening up of the Euxine to Greek commerce and colonization. Its object was the acquisition of gold, which was caught by the inhabitants of Colchis in fleeces as it was washed down the rivers. Suidas says that the fleece was a book written on parchment, which taught how to make gold by chemical processes. The rationalists explained the ram on which Phrixus crossed the sea as the name or ornament of the ship on which he escaped. Several interpretations of the legend have been put forward by modern scholars. According to C. O. Müller, it had its origin in the worship of Zeus Laphystius; the fleece is the pledge of reconciliation; Jason is a propitiating god of health, Medea a goddess akin to Hera; Aeetes is connected with the Colchian sun-worship. Forchhammer saw in it an old nature symbolism; Jason, the god of healing and fruitfulness, brought the fleece—the fertilizing rain-cloud—to the western land that was parched by the heat of the sun. Others treat it as a solar myth; the ram is the light of the sun, the flight of Phrixus and the death of Helle signify its setting, the recovery of the fleece its rising again.

There are numerous treatises on the subject: F. Vater, Der Argonautenzug (1845); J. Stender, De Argonautarum Expeditione (1874); D. Kennerknecht, De Argonautarum Fabula (1886); M. Groeger, De Argonautarum Fabularum Historia (1889); see also Grote, History of Greece, part i. ch. 13; Preller, Griechische Mythologie; articles in Pauly-Wissowa’s Realencyclopädie, Roscher’s Lexikon der Mythologie, and Daremberg and Saglio’s Dictionnaire des Antiquités.

ARGONNE, a rocky forest-clad plateau in the north-east of France, extending along the borders of Lorraine and Champagne, and forming part of the departments of Ardennes, Meuse and Marne. The Argonne stretches from S.S.E. to N.N.W., a distance of 63 m. with an average breadth of 19 m., and an average height of 1150 ft. It forms the connecting-link between the plateaus of Haute Marne and the Ardennes, and is bounded E. by the Meuse and W. by the Ante and the Aisne, which rises in its southern plateau. The valleys of the Aire and other rivers traverse it longitudinally, a fact to which its importance as a bulwark of north-eastern France is largely due. Of the numerous forests which clothe both slopes of the plateau, the chief is that of Argonne, which extends for 25 m. between the Aire and the Aisne.

ARGOS, the name of several ancient Greek cities or districts, but specially appropriated in historic times to the chief town in eastern Peloponnese, whence the peninsula of Argolis derives its name. The Argeia, or territory of Argos proper, consisted of a shelving plain at the head of the Gulf of Argolis, enclosed between the eastern wall of the Arcadian plateau and the central highlands of Argolis. The waters of this valley (Inachus, Charadrus, Erasinus), when properly regulated, favoured the growth of excellent crops, and the capital standing only 3 m. from the sea was well placed for Levantine trade. Hence Argos was perhaps the earliest town of importance in Greece; the legends indicate its high antiquity and its early intercourse with foreign countries (Egypt, Lycia, &c.). Though eclipsed in the Homeric age, when it appears as the seat of Diomedes, by the later foundation of Mycenae, it regained its predominance after the invasion of the (q.v.), who seem to have occupied this site in considerable force. In accordance with the tradition which assigned the portion to the eldest-born of the Heracleid conquerors, Argos was for some centuries the leading power in Peloponnesus. There is good evidence that its sway extended originally over the entire Argolis peninsula, the land east of Parnon, Cythera, Aegina and Sicyon. Under King Pheidon the Argive empire embraced all eastern Peloponnesus, and its influence spread even to the western districts.

This supremacy was first challenged about the 8th century by Sparta. Though organized on similar lines, with a citizen population divided into three Dorian tribes (and one containing other elements), with a class of Perioeci (neighbouring dependents) and of serfs, the Argives had no more constant foe than their Lacedaemonian kinsmen. In a protracted struggle for the possession of the eastern seaboard of Laconia in spite of the victory at Hysiae (apparently in 669), they were gradually driven back, until by 550 they had lost the whole coast strip of Cynuria. A later attempt to retrieve this loss resulted in a crushing defeat near Tiryns at the hands of King Cleomenes I. (probably in 495), which so weakened the Argives that they had to open the franchise to their Perioeci. By this time they

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 compositions of the class are nearing completion, Ikenobu himself appears, to give the final verdict on every arrangement. After much bowing and drawing in of the breath, the entire class follows him about, stopping with him before each arrangement, in order to profit by the criticisms on the work of every pupil in the class. If you prefer, an instructor will be sent from the temple to your own residence, but he, of course, will be an understudy and no one so important as Ikenobu himself.

This school is a development of Rikkwa, and its branches include the schools of

II.

Originated by Myoye Shonin. 1171–1231.

III.

Originated by Ōun Hoshi or Matsune Ishiro. 1333–1402.

IV. [215]


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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Argonne

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Argonne


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 Originated by Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 1436–1492, who was called Higashiyama Dono or Jishoin. Branches of this school are

V.

Originated by the famous Sen-no-Rikyu. 1520.

VI.

Originated by Goto Daigakunokami or Bishokui Dokaku. 1545.

VII.

Originated by Kobori-Enshu. 1578–1647.

The branches of this school are numerous:

VIII.

Originated by Shin-tetsu-sai, who was the teacher of Hidetada, second Shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty. 1600–1624. [216]


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 IX.

Originated by Katagiri Iwaminokami Sadamasa. 1604–1673.

X.

Originated by Shōuken Jikei in the year 1699.

XI.

Commenced by Togensai Masayasu about 1716.

XII.

Commenced by Chiba Ryōboku in the year 1772.

XIII.

Originated by Mishosai Koho. 1804–1861.

XIV.

Commenced by Dōseiken Ittoku in 1818.

XV.

Commenced by Hakusuisai in the year 1896. [217]


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" you want to ship on board of the Columbia, lad? Well, I don't know. I've never had quite such a young hand as you, and the trip to Hong Kong is a long one, and, at this time of the year, it may be mighty rough."

"I am willing to take what comes," answered Larry. "I think I am nearly as strong as the average man."

Larry and Captain Ponsberry were standing near the, companion way of the schooner. Luke Striker had just spoken to the captain of Larry's desire, and Hobson had put in a good word, and the skipper had called the youth from his labors.

"He works as good as any of us, cap'n," said Striker. "He's a likely lad, an'—excuse me for a-sayin' of it—but I don't think you can do better."

At this instant the Rev. Martin Wells joined the

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64 group, having come aboard to see that proper care was taken of a box of books he desired shipped.

"Captain Ponsberry, this young man would like to ship with you, and I promised to say a good word in his favor. If you—"

"No use to say more, parson," was the good-natured interruption. "All seem to be in favor of it, and the lad can go if he's set on it. But, Russell, remember what I told you about its being a rough trip, and remember, too, you ship as a regular foremast hand, working as they work and living as they live."

"I understand it all, sir," answered Larry, with a happy smile, which was increased when he beheld a good-natured twinkle in Captain Ponsberry's eye. He knew he was making no mistake, and that the captain would prove as good a man to sail under as there was to be found. "I'll do my level best, and you won't find me skulking when I'm wanted."

"If I do, I'll rope-end you," was the answer, but the threat only made Striker and Hobson laugh. "I never seen the old man with a rope-end yet," whispered the Yankee into Larry's ear.

So it was all settled, and that noon Larry signed articles to sail under Captain Ponsberry in an

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Rh trip to Hong Kong, China, and back, said round trip to last not longer than seven months, barring accident, the lad to receive twelve dollars per month and found.

"And now I'm booked to visit the heathen Chinee, after all," murmured the youth, as he turned away to continue his work on the cargo; but never for an instant did he dream of all that was to happen before his eyes beheld the coast of China.

Larry had told his newly made friends all about Kuola and Wakari, and they, especially Striker and Hobson, had promised to keep a weather eye open for the two rascals. "I'll pitch into 'em fust sight, douse my toplight if I don't," was the manner in which the Yankee expressed himself. "Ain't nothin' so healthy fur these furiners as to teach 'em a wholesome lesson."

But keeping a "weather eye open" was quite useless; not but that Kuola and Wakari would have been only too glad to visit harm upon Larry's head. The fact of the matter was, after beating a retreat upon the appearance of the Rev. Martin Wells, the two rascals had sought consolation in drink, with the result that both had swallowed more than was good for them, engaged in a free fight with others in the

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text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/O'Halloran, Major Thomas Shuldham


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/O'Halloran, Captain William Littlejohn


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Okeden, William Edward Parry


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Oliver, Charles N. J.


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Oliver, Hon. Richard


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/O'Loghlen, Hon. Sir Bryan


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Onslow, Alexander Campbell


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30 {| align=center
 * colspan=3|—Glass (coloured). Common thickness 1mm·85.
 * ||Deviations of the galvanometer, || Rays transmitted.
 * Deep violet || 18·62 || 53
 * Yellowish red (flaked) || 18·58 || 53
 * Purple red (flaked) || 18·10 || 51
 * Vivid red || 16·54 || 47
 * Pale violet || 16·08 || 45
 * Orange red || 15·49 || 44
 * Clear blue || 15·00 || 42
 * Deep yellow || 14·12 || 40
 * Bright yellow || 12·08 || 34
 * Golden yellow || 11·75 || 33
 * Deep blue || 11·60 || 33
 * Apple green || 9·15 || 26
 * Mineral green || 8·20 || 23
 * Very deep blue || 6·88 || 19
 * }
 * Clear blue || 15·00 || 42
 * Deep yellow || 14·12 || 40
 * Bright yellow || 12·08 || 34
 * Golden yellow || 11·75 || 33
 * Deep blue || 11·60 || 33
 * Apple green || 9·15 || 26
 * Mineral green || 8·20 || 23
 * Very deep blue || 6·88 || 19
 * }
 * Deep blue || 11·60 || 33
 * Apple green || 9·15 || 26
 * Mineral green || 8·20 || 23
 * Very deep blue || 6·88 || 19
 * }
 * Very deep blue || 6·88 || 19
 * }
 * }

It is sufficient to cast the eye rapidly over the second and third tables to be fully sensible of the truth of the proposition, that "the capacity which bodies possess of transmitting radiant heat is totally independent of their degree of transparency."

In fact, the liquid chloride of sulphur of a tolerably deep red brown transmits a considerably greater number of caloric rays than the fat oils of nut, the olive, and colza having a clearer tint; while these oils, although of a very decided yellow colour, are more permeable to radiant heat than several other liquids which are perfectly limpid, such as concentrated sulphuric and nitric acid, æther, alcohol, and water. The case is the same with solid bodies, among which we see sulphate of lime, citric acid, and other very diaphanous substances allow a much smaller quantity of heat to pass than some other bodies coloured or translucid, such as emerald, agate, tourmaline, borax, adularia, and sulphate of barytes.

But nothing is better calculated to demonstrate that transparency has little or no effect in the transmission of heat than a comparison of the effects obtained by the crystal of alum with those obtained by means of the smoky rock crystal. The table shows that, in respect to these substances as well as the others which we have just mentioned, the capacity to transmit radiant heat is inversely as the capacity of transmitting the rays of light. I was anxious to try how far this inverse ratio of the calorific to the luminous transmissions might extend, by varying the degrees of thickness so as to give to the light all the advantage and the whole of the loss to the caloric. We submitted to the test a plate of well-polished and perfectly transparent alum only one millimetre and a half in thickness, and a smoky rock crystal the thickness of which in the direction of its polished faces was 86 millimetres.


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66 resort they visited, and Kuola was now laid up in bed with a broken head, while Wakari was in the local jail, serving out a sentence of sixty days.

Larry was looking out not merely for the natives. He had the Norwegian who had robbed him still in mind, and several idle hours in the evening were spent in trying to hunt this fellow down, but without result. He had told Striker, Hobson, and the others of the affair, and they were justly indignant.

"Such a fellow is no better nor them Kanakas," growled Luke Striker. "It's a pity they couldn't ship in some craft as was bound for Davy Jones' locker. Now the cap'n's took one furiner aboard as I don't like the looks of, but he's signed, an' that's an end on it, I reckon. Hobson, have you heard anything of this Oleson?"

"Tom Grandon said he wasn't coming aboard till the day we sailed," responded the English sailor. "No, I didn't like his looks either. Wish the captain had taken an Englishman or an American instead. I can't bear those Norwegians nor Poles nor Russians."

In another day the cargo was entirely removed, and then the Columbia lost no time in taking on her new load for Hong Kong,—a miscellaneous collection

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text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Onslow, Right Hon. William Hillier, Earl of


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Rh of articles, some of them rather heavy. This work was very laborious, and Larry and the other workers perspired freely under the tropical sun.

"Oh! but it's hot!" he said once, as he stopped to run the perspiration from his forehead with the side of his finger. "We don't catch anything like this in the States, at least not up North."

"This is nothing," answered Hobson. "Wait till we get down just to the north of the Philippine Islands, right in the China Sea; you'll find it hot enough to boil eggs in a dipper on deck, and you won't dare to go barefooted, for fear the hot tar will burn you up."

"I'll agree with Hobson on that," answered Luke Striker. "I once shipped to the Philippines, and we spent four weeks at Aparri, on the northeast coast of Luzon, the main island, and in Manila Bay, on the southwest coast, and, phew! but wasn't it a corker! We were in Manila Bay right in August, and a man didn't hardly dare to walk across the deck at midday for fear of getting sunstruck."

"If that's true, then I don't want much of Manila Bay," laughed Larry; and then they resumed their work with all the energy that was left in them, for Captain Ponsberry had promised them a holiday at

title: Page:Under Dewey at Manila.djvu/89


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Ord, Major-General Sir Harry St. George


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/O'Reilly, Hon. Christopher


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68 his expense if they finished up one day before the time set for sailing.

On a Tuesday night the work came to an end, and hatches were closed with a will. The Columbia was to sail at nine o'clock Thursday morning, so the crew would have all day Wednesday to themselves. What to do was solved by Captain Ponsberry, who hired a big stage and took all hands down to the dazzling white beach at Waikiki, but a few miles outside of Honolulu. Here there is the best of surf bathing, just inside of the reefs, with all the proper accommodations, and there is likewise a beautiful park, where the society of the seaport city takes its afternoon drives. Larry enjoyed a dip in the surf very much, having Striker with him, and the bath gave both a tremendous appetite for the seashore dinner, which Captain Ponsberry kind-heartedly provided at the casino nearby.

"Good-by to Honolulu," cried Larry, as the party started on its return. "Take it all in all, it's a pretty place, and one might do much worse than to settle here for the remainder of one's life. It won't be a bad job done if the United States annexes the islands."

"Just what I say," said Tom Grandon, who sat

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text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Ormond, Hon. Francis


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Rh beside the boy. "Folks talk about the place being half-civilized and all that sort of thing, but they seem to forget that it's more civilized than Texas and New Mexico were when we took hold of them, or Alaska."

That night was the first Larry spent on board of the Columbia, for he had removed his chest to the craft before starting on the day's outing. To be sure, the forecastle of the schooner was dark and dingy, as forecastles usually are, but the apartment was clean and in order, and did not smell half so strongly of tar and oakum, tobacco and bilge-water, as other places like it of which he knew. Moreover, his berth was near to the door, so he was likely to get the full benefit of all cool and fresh air which was stirring.

Hobson's berth was next to Larry's, with Luke Striker's just opposite. Then came the berths of Cal Vincent, Maurice Roddmann, and several other sailors, for the Columbia carried all the men she required. In the rear was the berth of the Norwegian, who was not to come on board until the last moment, on account of the sickness of one of his former messmates, so he had explained.

Thursday dawned clear and bright, with a stiff

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text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Ormond, Hon. John Davies


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70 breeze blowing from just the quarter Captain Ponsberry wanted it. The Rev. Martin Wells and two other passengers came aboard directly after breakfast, a score of friends with them to see them off. Larry had already informed Captain Morgan of the change he had made and bidden his former sailing-master good-by, and there was no one else to see.

At nine o'clock sharp the lines were unloosed and Larry flew with the rest to set first one sail and then another. Everything was, of course, strange to the boy, for ships are not built alike, and he paid strict attention to business, feeling that the eyes of Captain Ponsberry and Tom Grandon must be on him. He heard Grandon speak to a newcomer, and knew it must be the belated Norwegian sailor, but did not just then catch sight of the man. If he had, there might have been a row then and there, and Larry's future adventures would have had a vastly different cast.

Only the jib and mainsail were set as the Columbia crept down through the coral channel leading from Honolulu harbor to the mighty ocean beyond. The lighthouse was soon passed, and then the schooner pointed almost westward, passing Barber's

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text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/O'Rorke, Sir George Maurice


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/O'Shanassy, Hon. Sir John


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Rh Point on her starboard, the last point of land to be sighted for many days to come. Once clear of the reefs, top and foresail went up, along with every other available stitch of canvas, and the Columbia bowled along gayly, sending the spray flying in every direction.

Previous to sailing, every rope and every inch of canvas had been thoroughly overhauled, while the Columbia had been cleaned as neat as "my lady's parlor," to use Hobson's words, so now there was little to do but to arrange matters in the forecastle, and once the Point had faded away in the blue-gray haze, Larry turned to what was to be his "house" during the voyage.

Yet even here there was very little to occupy his mind. He had arranged his berth the night before. He pulled out his chest, unlocked it, and began to sort over and shake out his clothing, hanging on a nearby hook those for which he might have an early call.

He was thus engaged when a shadow fell beside him, and a bulky form in the doorway shut out much of the light entering the forecastle. He looked up, expecting to see Striker or some one of the other sailors with whom he had become acquainted. But

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72 the newcomer was a stranger, a sour-looking, clean-shaven man of foreign birth.

"Ah!" came in a rough voice, and Larry leaped to his feet. Then, as the newcomer came closer, the boy recognized him, in spite of the fact that he had shaved off his beard. It was Olan Oleson, the man who had robbed him.

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text: Under Dewey at Manila/Chapter 7

title: Under Dewey at Manila/Chapter 7


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Rh The brown colour of the crystal was so decided that when it was laid on a printed page in which the letters were very large, and placed in the fullest light, even the traces of the letters could not be distinguished. The paper and the printed characters became confounded together and presented the same dark hue. This crystal, however, transmitted 19°, while the thin plate of alum transmitted only 6°.

A body may then be very opake and afford a very easy passage to the rays of heat; or very transparent and intercept the greatest part of them. It is therefore necessary to distinguish those bodies which possess a capacity for calorific transmission from those which possess a capacity for luminous transmission, by giving them different denominations. The terms transcaloric and diathermanous (transcaloriques ou diathermanes) seem to me to be best suited to this purpose, as being most analogous in form to the epithets transparent and diaphanous, applied to bodies endowed with the property of transmitting light.

After the statement made in respect to the smoky rock crystal, one might be tempted to ask whether there are any transcaloric substances totally opake. To that question no answer can be given until the effect of calorific radiation upon all known bodies has been tried, and this I am far from having done. I can only go so far as to say that pyroligneous acid in the rough state, and Peruvian balsam, though almost completely opake, afford perceptible transmissions of radiant heat. But all the diathermanous substances that I have subjected to experiment are comprised within that class of bodies which possess some degree of transparency. Those kinds of metal, wood, and marble which totally obstruct the passage of light obstruct that of heat also. Some other bodies, such as carburet of sulphur, rock salt, and Iceland spar, allow both kinds of rays to pass at the same time. It is therefore probable that calorific transmission cannot take place without a certain degree of transparency ; but it cannot take place abundantly without the cooperation of another quality, which varies as the bodies happen to be crystallized or without crystallization. We find, in fact, that in the different sorts of glass and liquids it follows the order of the different degrees of refrangibility; for flint-glass possessing a greater refracting power than crown-glass affords an easier passage to the caloric radiation. Carburet of sulphur is at the same time more refracting and


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"!" gasped Larry. For the moment he could scarcely speak.

For reply Olan Oleson stared at him in what was meant to be total surprise. But the Norwegian had seen and recognized Larry before, and now he was merely acting a part previously determined upon.

"What are you doing here?" continued the youth, slamming the chest shut and shoving it out of sight.

"I am a sailor here," answered Oleson. "You sailor, too?" The last words with great innocence.

"You're a sailor here! Do you belong on the Columbia? I didn't see you here before."

"I just come before we sail. My name Olan Oleson. What your name?"

And the Norwegian held out his brown and dirty hand.

"Why, you—you rascal!" burst from Larry's lips. "You want me to shake hands? Don't you

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74 think I know you, even if you have cut off your beard? You're the man who robbed me. You think you got away from me mighty slick, the other night, don't you? Well, I guess we'll settle accounts now."

Olan Oleson drew a deep breath and stared hard at the boy. "What you talk about me robbin' you?" he said. "I know notank about you. You say I rob you, I knock you down!" and he doubled up his big fists.

His attitude was so fierce and menacing that he thought Larry would cower before him. But he was mistaken. The American lad was not thus easily daunted. Instead of taking a step backward, Larry took two forward.

"This buncombe won't work with me," he said as coolly as he could, although he was much excited. "You are the thief, and I intend to expose you and get my money back."

"I no thief—I honest man. You say me a thief, I—I throw you into the sea. Boy, you tak a care, you hear? tak a care!" and Oleson grabbed Larry by the shoulder.

At this juncture Luke Striker entered the forecastle, to stare in astonishment at the pair, for

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Rh continued to hold Larry, while the latter sought to push his antagonist away.

"Hullo, what's the row?" queried Striker. "'Pears to me you two are gettin' at it early-like."

"This man is the thief who robbed me at the Travellers' Rest in Honolulu."

"The boy lie—I nefer see him before," came from the Norwegian, and now he hurled Larry from him. "You speak lie of me again, I show you what I do!" and again his clenched fist came up.

"He has shaved off his beard, but he is the man; I can swear to it. Striker. I wish I had seen him before we left Honolulu. I could bring witnesses and have him arrested."

"Wish you had seen him in Honolulu, if your story is true," returned the Yankee, who had taken to Larry and felt bound to side with him. "Captain Ponsberry won't want no thief aboard this craft, not by a jugful!"

"We go to de captain," growled Olan Oleson. "The boy mak a mistak. I am honest man—maybe he a thief," and he shook his head to emphasize his words.

By this time Hobson and several others had entered behind Luke Striker, and a hubbub arose, as

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76 one and another began to question first Larry and then the Norwegian. Most of the sailors had heard the tale of the missing money before, and as between Larry's open, honest face and Oleson's sullen, crafty visage, it was plain to see whom they were inclined to believe.

The discussion waxed so warm that Tom Grandon's attention was attracted. He listened to both sides patiently, then brought the matter to a close by demanding that Larry and Oleson follow him to the captain's cabin.

Captain Ponsberry was found in conversation with Rev. Martin Wells and his other passengers. He looked up in surprise at seeing his mate enter with two of the foremast hands.

"This is a serious matter," he said, after Grandon had explained the situation, while the missionary shook his head sorrowfully. "Russell, how do you know this is the man who robbed you?"

"I know him by his voice and by his looks. He has shaved off his beard, but that doesn't count with me."

"You saw him before you retired that night—I mean you talked to him?"

"Yes, sir; for ten or fifteen minutes. He asked

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32 more diathermanous than the essence of turpentine; the same may be said of turpentine as compared with olive oil, and so on until we come to pure water; a liquid which, as it possesses the least power of refraction, possesses also the least power of transmitting heat. It is very true that, in the tables, glass appears almost as diathermanous as carburet of sulphur, although its refracting power is considerably less; but this equality is but in appearance; and to be convinced that it is so, we have only to recollect the manner in which the liquids have been subjected to the experiments. Before they can reach the liquid layer, the rays must have passed through the anterior face of the vessel containing it, and the glass gives but a transmission of from 21 to 22 for 35·3. Thus the radiation that will penetrate to the interior of the vessel will be of no greater force than this; so that even if the liquid transmitted all the rays that reached it, the quantity issuing from the recipient cannot exceed 22. This explanation is confirmed in a very striking manner by the transmissions of the chloride of sulphur and the protochloride of phosphorus. The indices of refraction of these two liquids, though not well known, are certainly higher than that of glass, and have different values; a fact from which it may be inferred with great probability that the quantities of transmitted heat are also different, though in the tables both these quantities appear equal to the transmission assigned to the carburet of sulphur.

There are, it is true, some real anomalies in the transmissions through balsam of copaiba and sulphuric æther. But the differences are very small, and may probably be referred to some slight error in the measure of the transmission or the refraction. The proportionality of these two elements is obvious, and so fully established in such a variety of cases, that it may hold as a general law for liquids, for the several kinds of glass, and probably for all those bodies which are without regular crystallization.

But this law totally fails with respect to crystallized bodies. We see, in fact, that carbonate of lead, a highly refractive and colourless substance, transmits less heat than Iceland spar and rock crystal, which are much inferior to it in refracting power; while rock salt, possessing the same transparency and the same index of refraction as citric acid and alum, gives six times their amount of calorific transmission.

The transparent and colourless bodies contained in the third table are nine in number, namely, rock salt, Iceland spar, rock crystal, topaz, carbonate of lead, sulphate of lime, citric acid, tartrate of potash and soda, and alum. These crystals transmit the following quantities of heat respectively:92, 62, 54, 52, 20, 15, 12.


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Rh me about the Rescue and Captain Morgan, and if I knew where he might get a chance to ship—and he asked me if I had got my pay, too."

"And he is the man that you met at the band concert in Honolulu?"

"Yes, sir, I am willing to take my affidavit on it."

"You had a quarrel there?"

"We did. He knocked me down and ran away."

Olan Oleson had listened patiently. Now he raised both hands in protestation. "The boy tell a lie. I no the man—I an honest man, captain." He touched his forelock. "If we no be on de ship, I knock him down for what he say. But I good sailor; I know sailor's place."

"Yes, I won't allow any fighting on board ship," responded Captain Ponsberry, firmly. Then he rubbed his chin in perplexity. "But I hardly know what to say to this. It's one man's word against another's, and there you are. Parson, what do you think in a case like this?"

"Let us pray there is some mistake," were the missionary's words, although he, too, was inclined to side with Larry. "You know," he added to the youth, "there are many cases on record of mistaken identity."

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78 "How much he say he lose?" questioned Oleson.

"I lost six dollars and a few cents," returned Larry. The big Norwegian shrugged his shoulders. "I no be thief for seex dollars," he murmured. "If de boy want money so much, hp can have out of my wages when trip is done," and he put on a look of disdain.

"I only want my own," cried Larry, the hot blood rushing into his face. "I'd not touch a cent of your dirty cash, you—you—" he broke off as the Rev. Martin Wells caught him gently by the arm. "I don't care—he has no right to talk to me in that fashion," he finished, in a lower tone.

"The only thing to do is to let the matter drop right where it is," said Captain Ponsberry, and spoke so decidedly that all felt he was laying down the law. "I am sorry that you lost your money, Russell, but you can see yourself you have no clear case against Oleson. Now, I won't have any quarrelling on the Columbia, mind that, both of you. You can each think as you please, but don't go for to put it into words. And remember, too, I expect each of you to do his full duty—not one to hold back, expecting the other to do

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Rh the work. I'm tremendously sorry that there is any ill-feeling on this craft, especially so early in a long voyage, but it can't be helped, and we'll have to make the best of it. Now forward, both of you, and hearken well to what I have told you. Tom, tell the other hands how matters stand, and warn 'em against siding one way or the other in this little unpleasantness."

And so Larry and Oleson were dismissed, while the mate went forward with them to do as the captain had ordered. What Grandon had to say was listened to silently and with great interest, for a sailor thinks theft one of the greatest crimes in the calendar, as it really is.

At first Larry was inclined to rebel at Captain Ponsberry's decision, especially as he had counted upon the captain's friendship. But when he cooled off and reviewed the situation carefully, he saw that the captain had done no more than what could be considered fair under the circumstances. "He is right; in the absence of other evidence, one man's word is as good as another's," thought the boy. "I may as well let the matter drop,—it was only six dollars, after all. But I shall keep my eyes open for Olan Oleson in the future!"

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80 At first the others of the crew heeded Grandon's warning not to take sides in the matter, but this rule was broken that night by Luke Striker as he and Larry were turning in, having been on the same watch together.

"It ain't for me to say much, Larry," said the Yankee sailor. "But I like your way,—took to you when fust I clapped eyes on you,—and I'll back your word up against that furiner every clip. If he tries any underhanded game on you, jest don't hesitate to let Luke Striker know, and we'll send him on the rocks in a jiffy. Now, promise me, will you?"

And Larry promised with all his heart. He felt he had a true friend in the whole-souled Yankee sailor, but how much of a friend time was still to show.

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text: Under Dewey at Manila/Chapter 8

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is due west from Honolulu, and the distance, in round figures, is five thousand miles, so it was quite true that Larry had a long voyage before him.

Captain Ponsberry did not calculate to make the entire trip without stopping. In his almost direct course westward were to be found Wake Island and the Faralon de Pajaros, dividing the trip into fairly equal thirds, and it was calculated that the Columbia would put into both places for fresh water, and possibly a bit of fresh meat and vegetables, for the kind-hearted captain saw no need of going without these comforts when they might be had with but little trouble.

For over a week the weather proved all that could be desired. It was true that it was hot, but the stiff breeze was comforting, while it made the gallant Columbia fully represent her name so far

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Rh Differences so striking in bodies of the same aspect seem to arise rather from the particular structure of each crystal than from the chemical composition of the molecules; for a block of common sea salt being divided into flakes instantly arrests calorific radiation; and we perceive besides, by means of the second and third tables, that the transmissive power of pure water is increased nearly in the same degree whether we dissolve in it alum or rock salt, two substances which, in their solid state, transmit very different quantities of heat. But we perceive no relation between the power of transmitting heat and the primitive or the secondary form of crystallization.

M. Mitscherlich has found that the dilatation of crystals, when they are submitted to the action of heat, is not equal on all sides. Although such an effect may not proceed from the radiant heat, yet it might be thought that a difference in the direction in which the plates are cut out of the crystal would produce a difference of transmission. I have had plates of equal thickness cut out of rock crystal in all the principal directions relatively to its axes. The transmission varied in no case. I obtained the same results from Iceland spar.

Radiant heat is capable of passing through crystallized bodies of very considerable thickness. It may be affirmed, also, that the rays do not lose so much in the interior of these bodies as they do in the masses of glasses and of liquids. For we have seen that the deviation changed only from 21°·6 to 19°, though the smoky rock crystal first employed was replaced by one of fifty-seven or fifty-eight times its thickness.

I have exposed to the action of radiant heat a piece of Iceland spar 92 millimetres in length. The deviation, which was 21°·8 through a flake of the same substance 2ᵐᵐ·6 in length, fell no lower than 18°·5; a


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82 as build was concerned, for she readily "scooned" over the long swells of the rolling Pacific.

There had been no occasion for Larry and Oleson to speak to one another, and thus far neither had uttered a word. As the days went by, Larry, naturally light-hearted, was inclined to forgive his enemy. But not so the burly Norwegian. Whenever the eyes of the two met, Oleson scowled ominously, and more than once Larry found himself shivering from some nameless dread, he could not tell what.

"I'd give half a month's salary if he wasn't on board," he said to Luke Striker, his one confidant. "If he keeps on looking at me like that, he'll give me the nightmare."

"You look out for yourself whenever you're on night watch with the furiner," answered the Yankee tar. "If you don't watch out—maybe an accident might happen, see?" and he closed one eye suggestively, and then Larry had another shiver.

The looks finally became so threatening that Striker spoke to Oleson about them. "The boy is treating you square enough," he said. "You just leave him alone, and we won't have no trouble."

"I no touch the boy—no spak to him," growled

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Rh the Norwegian. "You let me alone, like captain say you should."

There the talk ended, and instead of anything being gained by it, matters were made worse, for Oleson became an enemy of Striker as well as of Larry. He no longer looked at either when their eyes were turned in his direction, yet they felt intuitively that he had them constantly in his mind.

Taken at its best, life on a sailing-vessel on an extended trip is bound to grow more or less monotonous, and were it not for a number of reasons Larry would have found time growing dull on his hands, during the hours when there was absolutely nothing to do, and when he was too wide-awake to think of going to sleep, as many of his messmates did.

But besides Striker, he had made a good friend of the Rev. Martin Wells, and the missionary was not above coming forward to chat with Larry and the others, and in addition to this he loaned the youth several books, which Larry devoured with keen relish,—histories and biographies, books which were rather dry when compared with what the boy had read when at home, but which did him far more good.

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84 As we know, Larry had been very much interested in the blowing up of the Maine. Before leaving Honolulu he had heard a later report than the first from the United States, by which it was stated that the Spanish authorities denied any knowledge of the explosion, and that the United States naval authorities were going to take matters in hand immediately by appointing a Board of Inquiry to fix the responsibility.

"This Cuban matter is something of a mystery to me," he said to the missionary one day, after the blowing up of the battleship had been discussed. "What is the real trouble down there; can you tell me?"

"I can tell you something, Lawrence, if not everything," replied Mr. Wells; "but in order to get at a proper understanding of the case I'll have to go pretty well back into history."

"I won't mind that, sir, so long as I've got the time to listen."

The two were seated under the shadow of one of the small boats, and after a second of thought the missionary began:—

"The story of Cuba from the very start has been one of persecution and intense suffering—

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Rh so terrible that it can hardly be believed, and suffering in many cases beyond endurance.

"When Columbus discovered the New World, there were but two powers, Spain and Portugal, that disputed for the possession of the new territories, which embraced not only the West Indies, but also a large portion of the southern part of North America, and the northern and eastern portions of South America. The dispute was referred to the Pope, as head of the states, and he granted to Portugal that part of South America which is now Brazil and gave to Spain all the rest.

"Such a vast and valuable possession could not be left alone long, especially as it was known to be inhabited only by savages, and was suspected to be rich in minerals, and before long Spain sent out numerous colonies, commanded by her own noblemen, to conquer the whole of the West Indies, including Hayti, San Domingo, Jamaica, and Porto Rico, as well as Cuba, the largest of all the islands, and the richest.

"When the Spanish colonists arrived they found the islands settled by peaceful Indians and Caribs. Without delay they set about conquering these people, and this done, they made slaves of the Caribs

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86 and also of the Indians, when they could catch them, which was' not often, for the Indians would take to the water rather than risk capture. To the Caribs were added slaves from Africa, and all these poor people were treated so shamefully that the Caribs died off-like sheep, and even the Africans could not stand it. The one thought of the Spaniards was to make money, and they cared nothing for their slaves' bodies though professing a desire to save their souls."

"It's a wonder they didn't rebel?"

"They did rebel, but they had no arms and were unskilled in warfare, and each time they were put down with greater cruelty. Old writers have left us many accounts of those fearful times,—accounts the reading of which makes one's heart ache."

"But now Spain doesn't own all of the islands, nor any of North America?"

"She owns nothing now but Cuba and Porto Rico, and a few small places of no importance. Her cruelty and rapacity has had its reward. The gold and silver and other riches sent by noblemen from the islands to Spain lured the buccaneers of the world to that locality, and many were the ships which were taken and plundered. Then other nations heard of the wealth which was there, and of

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Rh the great cruelty, and took upon themselves the task of setting matters right. The least interference enraged the Spaniards, and numerous fights followed, and in the end, as I have stated, Spain was stripped of nearly everything. And she has lost more than I spoke of before, too, for she once controlled Mexico, Texas, and what is now New Mexico, California, and Nevada."

"But what has brought about this present trouble?"

"I am coming to that. As years went by, the colonists in Cuba and other islands increased, until the home government had a new element to deal with, for slavery was now a thing of the past. These colonists became tired of paying their heavy taxes to the mother country, especially as they derived no benefits, and so other rebellions broke out, until Cuba was in a state of perpetual war. The hand of Spain was an iron one, however, and could not be shaken off. The colonists were allowed nothing, not even to run their own internal affairs, for every office was filled from Spain, and the taxes became heavier and heavier.

"At last, about three years ago, the Cubans, or a large portion of them, resolved to stand it no longer.

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34 which shows that the diminution of effect was only about one seventh for an increase of thickness equal to thirty-five times that of the first piece. The experiment was still more interesting when I employed rock salt, in which I was unable to discover that thickness had any influence whatever on the amount of the transmission: for pieces of 2ᵐᵐ gave the same galvanometric deviation as pieces of 30ᵐᵐ and 40ᵐᵐ.

From these observations it follows that the numbers in the second column of the table of crystals, though they express the ratios of the calorific transmissions of those bodies reduced to the common thickness of 2ᵐᵐ·6, may be employed also to represent approximately the ratios of the transmissions, even when the common thickness is greater. I say approximately, because, in order to determine the true specific transmissions, it would be necessary to know the exact law of the loss at the several points of the media. If the losses, as compared with the quantities of heat which arrive at each of the thin laminæ into which we may imagine the medium to be divided, were constant, the intensity of the rays would decrease in a geometrical, while the layers increased in an arithmetical ratio; and in order to know how much one substance is more diathermanous than another, we should vary the relative degrees of thickness of the plates until we obtained the same transmission in the two cases. The ratio sought would be inversely as the degrees of thickness which produced an equality of action. Now we have seen that this constancy in the loss does not exist. But in the particular case of crystallized bodies, the differences are so very small when the thickness is increased beyond 3ᵐᵐ, that the ratios obtained by operating on thicker screens would not differ materially from those which we have found.

But even if we had succeeded in ascertaining the specific transmissive powers of the different substances, the question would not yet be solved in a general manner; for we shall see in the second Memoir, that if, while we vary the temperature of the calorific source, we do not change the order of the transmissions also, the relations of these quantities are no longer the same. To perceive this we have only to recollect what has been already stated as to the action of rays emitted from a source of low temperature on certain substances; that is, that the heat of the human body instantly passes through a certain crystal, and that crystal is rock salt.

It is known that the caloric rays of the hand are completely stopped by glass. Hence, although the ratio of transmission between glass and rock salt, when the source is an Argand lamp, be 62 : 92, it becomes


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88 They withdrew from Havana and some of the other large cities, and set about establishing a government of their own. They formed an army, the watchword of which was 'Cuba Libre!' meaning Free Cuba, and swore to hold no communication with the Spanish authorities until their freedom was acknowledged."

"Yes, I've heard of that, and how they have been fighting the Spanish soldiery ever since. But still I don't see where we come in," said Larry, earnestly.

"Don't be impatient, Lawrence, and you will see. Yes, the Cubans have been fighting for three years with varying success. They were poorly equipped and scarcely organized, and the most they could do was to stick to the forests and mountains, and wage a sort of guerilla warfare against the trained regiments from Spain sent over to annihilate them. As the situation now stands, the Spanish hold all of the large towns and the seacoast, while the insurgents, as they are called, hold the interior and many small villages.

"Of course such a condition of affairs so close to the United States could not help but arouse sympathy for those who had been so illy treated, and

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Rh expeditions were sent out secretly to help the rebels; but this was against international law, and Spain promptly called upon the United States government to put down the practice. Then the insurgents, through their Junta, or representatives in our country, asked for recognition before the world, so that they might be free to use the ports of the United States and do many other things they otherwise could not do, but recognition has not yet been obtained, although it is being considered by Congress.

"But now comes another view of the present situation, and this is worse than the fighting that is going on. Under the guise of wishing to protect the weak and helpless in the country and in villages, the Spanish authorities in Cuba have been driving all of the women, children, and old men into the big cities and holding them there. The young and middle-aged men, of course, cannot be thus driven, for they are in the ranks of the insurgents. But when the women and children and old men get into the cities there is nothing for them to do, and, as most of them are poor, they are actually compelled to starve, unless some kind-hearted soul will feed them."

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90 "If that's the case, we ought to help the poor people, war or no war!" cried Larry, heartily.

"That thought is exactly the thought of those who have lately taken hold, to send supplies to Cuba and to aid in every way possible the poor, sick, and dying. Up to date several hundreds of thousands of the poor people have died from exposure and the want of nourishment, and the whole Christian nation is crying out that such inhumanity must cease. But Spain wants no one to interfere, stating that to give succor to the rebels will only prolong the disturbance which she will soon end."

"Never mind; we ought to help, whether Spain likes it or not, that is my idea of it, Mr. Wells."

"The efforts of the Americans in Havana and elsewhere have stirred up much bad blood, and it was to protect those Americans that the Maine was sent into Havana harbor. Now that the Maine has met with such a sad fate I presume the feeling upon both sides is more bitter than ever. I should not be surprised to hear of a riot in Havana, in which many Americans might be slain."

"But if that court of inquiry finds that the Maine was blown up by some Spanish agents, won't that

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Rh mean war?" concluded Larry, as a shrill pipe from the boatswain's whistle caused him to arise.

"It will mean another step in the direction of war," was the grave response.

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text: Under Dewey at Manila/Chapter 9

title: Under Dewey at Manila/Chapter 9


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Cootes live in a little house in Bouverie Square with a tangle of Virginia creeper up the verandah.

Kipps had been troubled in his mind about knocking double or single—it is these things show what a man is made of—but happily there was a bell.

A queer little maid, with a big cap, admitted Kipps and took him through a bead curtain and a door into a little drawing-room, with a black and gold piano, a glazed bookcase, a Moorish cosy corner and a draped looking glass over-mantel bright with Regent Street ornaments and photographs of various intellectual lights. A number of cards of invitation to meetings and the match list of a Band of Hope cricket club were stuck into the looking glass frame with Coote's name as a Vice-President. There was a bust of Beethoven over the bookcase and the walls were thick with conscientiously executed but carelessly selected "views" in oil and water colours and gilt frames. At the end of the room facing the light was a portrait

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202 that struck Kipps at first as being Coote in spectacles and feminine costume and that he afterwards decided must be Coote's mother. Then the original appeared and he discovered that it was Coote's elder and only sister who kept house for him. She wore her hair in a knob behind, and the sight of the knob suggested to Kipps an explanation for a frequent gesture of Coote's, a patting exploratory movement to the back of his head. And then it occurred to him that this was quite an absurd idea altogether.

She said "Mr. Kipps, I believe," and Kipps laughed pleasantly and said, "That's it!" and then she told him that "Chester" had gone down to the art school to see about sending off some drawings or other and that he would be back soon. Then she asked Kipps if he painted, and showed him the pictures on the wall. Kipps asked her where each one was "of," and when she showed him some of the Leas slopes he said he never would have recognised them. He said it was funny how things looked in a picture very often. "But they're awfully good," he said. "Did you do them?" He would look at them with his neck arched like a swan's, his head back and on one side and then suddenly peer closely into them. "They are good. I wish I could paint." "That's what Chester says," she answered. "I tell him he has better things to do." Kipps seemed to get on very well with her.

Then Coote came in and they left her and went upstairs together and had a good talk about reading and the Rules of Life. Or rather Coote talked, and

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CH. II the praises of thought and reading were in his mouth.…

You must figure Coote's study, a little bedroom put to studious uses, and over the mantel an array of things he had been led to believe indicative of culture and refinement, an of Rossetti's "Annunciation," an autotype of Watt's "Minotaur," a Swiss carved pipe with many joints and a photograph of Amiens Cathedral (these two the spoils of travel), a phrenological bust and some broken fossils from the Warren. A rotating bookshelf carried the Encyclopædia Britannica (tenth edition), and on the top of it a large official looking, age grubby, envelope bearing the mystic words, "On His Majesty's Service," a number or so of the "Bookman," and a box of cigarettes were lying. A table under the window bore a little microscope, some dust in a saucer, some grimy glass slips and broken cover glasses, for Coote had "gone in for" biology a little. The longer side of the room was given over to bookshelves, neatly edged with pinked American cloth, and with an array of books—no worse an array of books than you find in any public library; an almost haphazard accumulation of obsolete classics, contemporary successes, the Hundred Best Books (including Samuel Warren's "Ten Thousand a Year") old school books, directories, the Times Atlas, Ruskin in bulk, Tennyson complete in one volume, Longfellow, Charles Kingsley, Smiles and Mrs. Humphry Ward, a guide book or so, several medical pamphlets, odd magazine

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204, and much indescribable rubbish—in fact a compendium of the contemporary British mind. And in front of this array stood Kipps, ill-taught and untrained, respectful, awestricken and, for a moment at any rate, willing to learn, while Coote, the exemplary Coote, talked to him like a bishop of reading and the virtue in books.

"Nothing enlarges the mind," said Coote, "like Travel and Books.… And they're both so easy nowadays, and so cheap!"

"I've often wanted to 'ave a good go in at reading," Kipps replied.

"You'd hardly believe," Coote said, "how much you can get out of books. Provided you avoid trashy reading, that is. You ought to make a rule, Kipps, and read one Serious Book a week. Of course, we can Learn even from Novels, Nace Novels that is, but it isn't the same thing as serious reading. I made a rule, One Serious Book and One Novel—no more. There's some of the serious books I've been reading lately—on that table; Sartor Resartus—Mrs. Twaddletome's Pond Life, the Scottish Chiefs, Life and Letters of Dean Farrar.…"

There came at last the sound of a gong and Kipps descended to tea in that state of nervous apprehension at the difficulties of eating and drinking that his Aunt's knuckle rappings had implanted in him

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CH. II ever. Over Coote's shoulder he became aware of a fourth person in the Moorish cosy corner, and he turned, leaving incomplete something incoherent he was saying to Miss Coote about his modest respect and desire for literature to discover this fourth person was Miss Helen Walshingham, hatless and looking very much at home.

She rose at once with an extended hand to meet his hesitation.

"You're stopping in Folkestone, Mr. Kipps?"

"'Ere on a bit of business," said Kipps. "I thought you was away in Bruges."

"That's later," said Miss Walshingham. "We're stopping until my brother's holiday begins and we're trying to let our house. Where are you staying in Folkestone?"

"I got a 'ouse of mine—on the Leas."

"I've heard all about your good fortune—this afternoon."

"Isn't it a Go!" said Kips. "I 'aven't nearly got to believe its reely 'appened yet. When that Mr. Bean told me of it you could 'ave knocked me down with a feather.… It's a tremenjous change for me."

He discovered Miss Coote was asking him whether he took milk and sugar. "I don't mind," said Kipps. "Just as you like."

Coote became active handing tea and bread and butter. It was thinly cut, and the bread was rather new, and the half of the slice that Kipps took fell

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206 upon the floor. He had been holding it by the edge, for he was not used to this migratory method of taking tea without plates or table. This little incident ruled him out of the conversation for a time, and when he came to attend to it again they were talking about something or other prodigious—a performer of some sort—that was coming, called, it seemed, "Padrooski." So Kipps, who had quietly dropped into a chair, ate his bread and butter, said "No, thenk you" to any more, and by this discreet restraint got more freedom with his cup and saucer.

Apart from the confusion natural to tea, he was in a state of tremulous excitement on account of the presence of Miss Walshingham. He glanced from Miss Coote to her brother and then at Helen. He regarded her over the top of his cup as he drank. Here she was, solid and real. It was wonderful. He remarked, as he had done at times before, the easy flow of the dark hair back from her brow over her ears, the shapeliness of the white hands that came out from her simple white cuffs, the delicate pencilling of her brow.

Presently she turned her face to him almost suddenly, and smiled with the easiest assurance of friendship.

"You will go, I suppose," she said, and added, "to the Recital."

"If I'm in Folkstone I shall," said Kipps, clearing away a little hoarseness. "I don't know much about music, but what I do know I like."

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CH. II "I'm sure you'll like Paderewski," she said.

"If you do," he said, "I dessay I shall."

He found Coote very kindly taking his cup.

"Do you think of living in Folkestone?" asked Miss Coote, in a tone of proprietorship, from the hearthrug.

"No," said Kipps, "that's jest it—I hardly know." He also said that he wanted to look around a bit before doing anything. "There's so much to consider," said Coote, smoothing the back of his head.

"I may go back to New Romney for a bit," said Kipps. "I got an Uncle and Aunt there. I reely don't know."

Helen regarded him thoughtfully for a moment.

"You must come and see us," she said, "before we go to Bruges."

"Oo, rather!" said Kipps. "If I may."

"Yes, do," she said, and suddenly stood up before Kipps could formulate an enquiry when he should call.

"You're sure you can spare that drawing board?" she said to Miss Coote, and the conversation passed out of range.

And when he had said "Good-bye" to Miss Walshingham and she had repeated her invitation to call, he went upstairs again with Coote to look out certain initiatory books they had had under discussion. And then Kipps, blowing very resolutely, went back to his own place, bearing in his arm (1) Sesame and Lilies, (2) Sir George Tressady, (3) an

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208 book on "Vitality" that Coote particularly esteemed. And, having got to his own sitting-room, he opened Sesame and Lilies and read it with ruthless determination for some time.

Presently he leant back and gave himself up to the business of trying to imagine just exactly what Miss Walshingham could have thought of him when she saw him. Doubts about the precise effect of the grey flannel suit began to trouble him. He turned to the mirror over the mantel, and then got into a chair to study the hang of the trousers. It looked all right. Luckily, she had not seen the Panama hat. He knew that he had the brim turned up wrong, but he could not find out which way the brim was right. However, that she had not seen. He might perhaps ask at the shop where he bought it.

He meditated for awhile on his reflected face—doubtful whether he liked it or not—and then got down again and flitted across to the sideboard where there lay two little books, one in a cheap, magnificent cover of red and gold, and the other in green canvas. The former was called, as its cover witnessed, "Manners and Rules of Good Society, by a Member of the Aristocracy," and after the cover had indulged in a band of gilded decoration, light-hearted but natural under the circumstances, it added "TWENTY-FIRST EDITION." The second was that

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