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Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women XXII. RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED ON THE REPORTS OF THE THIRD COMMITTEE 2263. Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

The General Assembly, Considering that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women, Considering that the Universal Declaration on Human Rights asserts the principle of non-discrimination and proclaims that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, including any distinction as to sex, Taking into account the resolutions, declarations, conventions and recommendations of the United Nations and the specialized agencies designed to eliminate all forms of discrimination and to promote equal rights for men and women, Concerned that, despite the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenants on Human Rights and other instruments of the United Nations and the specialized agencies and despite the progress made in the matter of equality of rights, there continues to exist considerable discrimination against women, Considering that discrimination against women is incompatible with human dignity and with the welfare of the family and of society, prevents their participation, on equal terms with men, in the political, social, economic and cultural life of their countries and is an obstacle to the full development of the potentialities of women in the service of their countries and of humanity, Bearing in mind the great contribution made by women to social, political, economic and cultural life and the part they play in the family and particularly in the rearing of children, Convinced that the full and complete development of a country, the welfare of the world and the cause of peace require the maximum participation of women as well as men in all fields, Considering that it is necessary to ensure the universal recognition in law and in fact of the principle of equality of men and women, Solemnly proclaims this Declaration: Article 1 Discrimination against women, denying or limiting as it does their equality of rights with men, is fundamentally unjust and constitutes an offence against human dignity. Article 2 All appropriate measures shall be taken to abolish existing laws, customs, regulations and practices which are discriminatory against women, and to establish adequate legal protection for equal rights of men and women, in particular: (a) The principle of equality of rights shall be embodied in the constitution or otherwise guaranteed by law;

(b) The international instruments of the United Nations and the specialized agencies relating to the elimination of discrimination against women shall be ratified or acceded to and fully implemented as soon as practicable.

Article 3 All appropriate measures shall be taken to educate public opinion and to direct national aspirations towards the eradication of prejudice and the abolition of customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority of women. Article 4 All appropriate measures shall be taken to ensure to women on equal terms with men, without any discrimination: (a) The right to vote in all elections and be eligible for election to all publicly elected bodies;

(b) The right to vote in all public referenda;

(c) The right to hold public office and to exercise all public functions.

Such rights shall be guaranteed by legislation. Article 5 Women shall have the same rights as men to acquire, change or retain their nationality. Marriage to an alien shall not automatically affect the nationality of the wife either by rendering her stateless or by forcing upon her the nationality of her husband. Article 6 1. Without prejudice to the safeguarding of the unity and the harmony of the family, which remains the basic unit of any society, all appropriate measures, particularly legislative measures, shall be taken to ensure to women, married or unmarried, equal rights with men in the field of civil law, and in particular:

(a) The right to acquire, administer, enjoy, dispose of and inherit property, including property acquired during marriage;

(b) The right to equality in legal capacity and the exercise thereof;

(c) The same rights as men with regard to the law on the movement of persons.

2. All appropriate measures shall be taken to ensure the principle of equality of status of the husband and wife, and in particular:

(a) Women shall have the same right as men to free choice of a spouse and to enter into marriage only with their free and full consent;

(b) Women shall have equal rights with men during marriage and at its dissolution. In all cases the interest of the children shall be paramount;

(c) Parents shall have equal rights and duties in matters relating to their children. In all cases the interest of the children shall be paramount.

3. Child marriage and the betrothal of young girls before puberty shall be prohibited, and effective action, including legislation, shall be taken to specify a minimum age for marriage and to make the registration of marriages in an official registry compulsory.

Article 7 All provisions of penal codes which constitute discrimination against women shall be repealed. Article 8 All appropriate measures, including legislation, shall be taken to combat all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women. Article 9 All appropriate measures shall be taken to ensure to girls and women, married or unmarried, equal rights with men in education at all levels, and in particular: (a) Equal conditions of access to, and study in, educational institutions of all types, including universities and vocational, technical and professional schools;

(b) The same choice of curricula, the same examinations, teaching staff with qualifications of the same standard, and school premises and equipment of the same quality, whether the institutions are co-educational or not;

(c) Equal opportunities to benefit from scholarships and other study grants;

(d) Equal opportunities for access to programmes of continuing education, including adult literacy programmes;

(e) Access to educational information to help in ensuring the health and well-being of families.

Article 10 1. All appropriate measures shall be taken to ensure to women, married or unmarried, equal rights with men in the field of economic and social life, and in particular:

(a) The right, without discrimination on grounds of marital status or any other grounds, to receive vocational training, to work, to free choice of profession and employment, and to professional and vocational advancement;

(b) The right to equal remuneration with men and to equality of treatment in respect of work of equal value;

(c) The right to leave with pay, retirement privileges and provision for security in respect of unemployment, sickness, old age or other incapacity to work;

(d) The right to receive family allowances on equal terms with men.

2. In order to prevent discrimination against women on account of marriage or maternity and to ensure their effective right to work, measures shall be taken to prevent their dismissal in the event of marriage or maternity and to provide paid maternity leave, with the guarantee of returning to former employment, and to provide the necessary social services, including child-care facilities.

3. Measures taken to protect women in certain types of work, for reasons inherent in their physical nature, shall not be regarded as discriminatory.

Article 11 1. The principle of equality of rights of men and women demands implementation in all States in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations and of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

2. Governments, non-governmental organizations and individuals are urged, therefore, to do all in their power to promote the implementation of the principles contained in this Declaration.

1597th plenary meeting, 7 November 1967.

http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3b00f05938.html

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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lansquenet

LANSQUENET (lans'ke-), a German common soldier, originally one belonging to the infantry, raised by the Emperor Maximilian toward the end of the 15th century; afterward, a soldier of fortune; a soldier who gave his services to any one who paid highest. The name became corrupted into lance-knight. Also the name of a game at cards.


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lantern

LANTERN, or LANTHORN (lan'turn), a common contrivance used for carrying a lamp or candle in, consisting

of a case or vessel made of tin, with sashes of some transparent substance, such as horn or glass. Lanterns are first spoken of by Theopompus, a Greek comic poet, and Empedocles of Agrigentum. Lanterns were used by the ancients in augury. The only representation of an Egyptian lantern that has come down to us probably did not differ sensibly from those spoken of in St. John xviii: 3, where the party of men which went out of Jerusalem to apprehend Jesus in the garden of Gethsemane is described as being provided “with lanterns and torches.”

In architecture, a small structure on the top of a dome, or in other similar situations, for the purpose of admitting light, promoting ventilation, or for ornament, of which that on the top of the Capitol at Washington may be referred to as an example. In Gothic architecture the term is sometimes applied to louvres on the roofs of halls, etc., but it usually signifies a tower which has the whole height, or a considerable portion of the interior, open to view from the ground, and is lighted by an upper tier of windows.


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 Rh I was in the dumps and feeling badly,— lonely. But I have recovered of that and feel very well, and not lonely at all, especially now that I am writing to you all. I feel finely, in fact, and do not expect to feel otherwise again."

He was reproaching himself for that approach to a murmur!

The condition of the country during the war interrupted my father's life-long correspondence. His correspondence was very large for a private gentleman. His business letters were necessarily many, and his friends' letters occupied him during a part of every day. Unfortunately, scarcely any letters written by him previous to the war were preserved. It is especially unfortunate that his letters to his brother should have been destroyed. During nearly his whole life he wrote to him several times a week, at times he wrote to him every day, and even several times a day. He consulted Augustine on nearly all subjects, and wrote to him unreservedly of all that interested him, not only with regard to family matters, but his views and opinions on politics and all the questions of the day. These letters would give the best life of the two brothers that could be written.

At this time of his life he was often said to resemble General Lee in appearance. The Mississippi soldiers, coming home on furlough, often spoke of it. When General Lee reviewed the Eighteenth Mississippi Regiment, many of whom went from our part of the State, the men threw up their hats and shouted, "Three cheers for Colonel Dabney!"

In January, 1865, much to the regret of both households, the Raymond Dabneys left Burleigh. They moved to a house in the neighborhood, and almost daily intercourse was kept up during this year. Then they returned to the home in Raymond.

From this time the intercourse between the two families became less frequent. The ties seemed as binding as ever, but circumstances were changed. Many of the younger members of both households began to leave the home-nests.


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 228 The war ended in April. The news of Lincoln's assassination came a short time after this, and was received with deep regret by Thomas. "He was the best friend that we had," he said, "and his death was the greatest calamity that could have befallen the South."

It was no longer Thomas's duty to spend a part of his time in Montgomery, Alabama. He was at Burleigh when he heard of General Lee's surrender. On the day that the news reached him, he called his son Thomas to him, and they rode together to the field where the negroes were at work. He informed them of the news that had reached him, and that they were now free. His advice was that they should continue to work the crop as they had been doing. At the end of the year they should receive such compensation for their labor as he thought just.

From this time till January 1, 1866, no apparent change took place among the Burleigh negroes. Those who worked in the fields went out as usual, and cultivated and gathered in the crops. In the house, they went about their customary duties. We expected them to go away, or to demand wages, or at least to give some sign that they knew they were free. But, except that they were very quiet and serious, and more obedient and kind than they had ever been known to be for more than a few weeks, at a time of sickness or other affliction, we saw no change in them.

At Christmas such compensation was made them for their services as seemed just. Afterwards fixed wages were offered and accepted. Thomas called them up now and told them that as they no longer belonged to him they must discontinue calling him "master."

"Yes, marster," "yes, marster," was the answer to this.

"They seem to bring in 'master' and say it oftener than they ever did," was his comment, as he related the occurrence to his children. This was true. The name seemed to grow into a term of endearment. As time went on, and under the changed order of things, negroes whome he had never known became tenants on his plantation; these new people called him master also.


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 Rh This was unprecedented in the South, I think. They were proud of living on his place, on account of the good name that he had won for himself as a master. Not infrequently they were heard to express a regret that they had not belonged to him when they saw the feeling that existed between himself and his former slaves. Sometimes he came to us with a puzzled look to ask who those negroes were who had just called him old master and shaken hands with him.

"I cannot recall their faces," he would say; "surely, I never owned them?"

Finally the negroes on the neighboring plantations, and wherever he went, came to call him old master. They seemed to take pride in thus claiming a relationship with him, as it were; and he grew accustomed to the voluntary homage.

He had come home to a house denuded of nearly every article of furniture, and to a plantation stripped of the means of cultivating any but a small proportion of it. A few mules and one cow comprised the stock. We had brought a few pieces of common furniture from Georgia, and a very few necessary articles were bought. In the course of time some home-made contrivances and comforts relieved the desolate appearance of the rooms, but no attempt was ever made to refurnish the house.

He owned nothing that could be turned into money without great sacrifice but five bales of cotton. There were yet two sons and two daughters to be educated. He decided to get a tutor for them, and to receive several other pupils in his house in order to make up the salary. The household was put on an economical footing. The plantation negroes were hired to work in the fields, and things seemed to promise more prosperous days. So the first year was passed.

Of this time Mammy Harriet says, "When he come from Georgia he say, 'Harriet, I cannot do as I used to do. You know I used to send whiskey to you all the time. But I cannot do that now.'

"'Yes, marster, I understan'. I don't expec' it.'

"Ah, you don't know de good dat did me! We was


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Laodicea

LAODICEA (-sē'ä), in ancient geography, the name of several towns of Asia, the most important of which was a city of ancient Phrygia, near the river Lycos, so called after Laodice, Queen of Antiochus Theos, its founder, built on the site of an older town named Diospolis. It was destroyed by an earthquake during the reign of Tiberius, but rebuilt by the inhabitants, who were very wealthy. A severe rebuke is addressed to its inhabitants in the Apocalypse. It fell into the hands of the Turks in 1255, was again destroyed in 1402, and is now a heap of ruins, known by the name of Eski-Hissar. Art and science flourished

among the ancient Laodiceans, and it was the seat of a famous medical school. The number of Jews who were settled here at the rise of Christianity will account for its importance. An important ecclesiastical council, the First Council of Laodicea, was held here in 363, which adopted resolutions concerning the canon of the Old and New Testaments and referring to ecclesiastical discipline. A second council, 476, condemned the Eutychians.


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Laon

LAON (lä-ong), the chief town of the French department of Aisne; 87 miles N. E. of Paris. Occupying a naturally

strong position, it has been a fortress since the 5th century; its citadel is surrounded with ruinous walls. From 515 to 1790 it was the seat of a bishop. The cathedral, a Gothic edifice of the 12th century, and the bishop's palace, now a law-court, still remain. The inhabitants are noted market-gardeners. In the 10th century the city was the place of residence of the Carlovingian kings, and capital of Francia. At Laon, March 9 and 10, 1814, Napoleon I. was repulsed by the allies under Blücher and Bülow; and it surrendered to a German force, Sept. 9, 1870. In the fall of 1914, German forces captured the town and held

it until the Allied offensive in the summer of 1918. Pop. about 15,000.

title: Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Laon


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 230 down do cellar, an' he had call me to ask ef I didn't want a piece o' de veal dat was hangin' up dyar. An' he cut it for me himself."

Here mammy's thoughts went back to the war-times, and she went on:

"Dat big man Edmund come to me an' he say, 'Ole 'oman, do you want me to box up your things? I have packed up a heap o' things for de udder people.' He had he saw an' hammer in he hand. I said, 'No, I don't want anything boxed up. I am not goin' anywhere.' He said I was foolish,— that all de people were goin' because dere was a ship-load o' money at Grand Gulf for 'em. I tole him dat it could stay there then. I would not leave. He was very mad and say, 'Yes, you an' ole sis Kitty are jes' alike. You are 'feared o' losin' some o' your plunder here.' I tole him to go out o' my door, an' he went out, an' I hab never seen him since. He come to a bad end after all. He was shot.

"After marster come from Georgia, he come to me one day an' say,—

"'Harriet, what made Becky leave me?'

"I tole him that Becky was forced off.

"He say, 'Why did Major leave me?'

" I say, 'Marster, I will tell you de truth. You yourself did wrong. You leff your people. Two white men, Mr.—— and Mr.——, tole us dat j'ou leff dem to take us to Leaf River. We would have died before we would have followed dem!' Marster hadn't nebber tole dem! He was 'stonished. 'Yes,' I said, 'an' dey went in de field an' shot guns at our people to skeer 'em.' They wanted to force 'em to go wid 'em.

"Dey shot at my gal Mary as she was comin' home to her baby at night, an' she run an' fall in a gully,


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 [q. v.] as solicitor-general in Pitt's administration (London Gazettes, No. 12534). He received the honour of knighthood on 27 June 1788, and on the following day was appointed attorney-general (ib. 1788, p. 313). In December 1789 Macdonald prosecuted John Stockdale for a libel on the House of Commons (, State Trials, xxii. 237–308), and in December 1792 Thomas Paine for publishing the ‘Rights of Man’ (ib. pp. 357–472).

Meantime, at a by-election in February 1777, he was returned to the House of Commons for the borough of Hindon in Wiltshire. His first reported speech in the house was delivered on 4 Dec. 1778 in defence of the manifesto issued by the American commissioners (Parl. Hist. xix. 1391–3). During the debate on the Earl of Upper Ossory's motion respecting the state of Ireland, on 6 Dec. 1779, Macdonald ‘made one of the severest attacks upon the minister [Lord North], in his personal character, that was ever known in a House of Parliament,’ accusing him ‘of being a poor, pitiful, sneaking, snivelling, abject creature, fraught with deceit, and one whom no man of honour could support or trust as a minister or an individual’ (ib. xx. 1228); he subsequently apologised for these ‘hasty expressions’ (ib. p. 1241).

At the general election in September 1780 Macdonald was returned for Newcastle-under-Lyme, and continued to represent that borough until his elevation to the judicial bench. In February 1781 he opposed Burke's bill for the regulation of the civil list establishments (ib. xxi. 1269–70), and, in May 1782, Pitt's motion for parliamentary reform (ib. xxii. 1429). During the debate on Coke's motion for the appointment of an administration entitled to the confidence of the people in March 1783, Macdonald made a violent attack upon the newly formed coalition, which elicited a spirited reply from Fox (ib. xxiii. 672–6). In the following November Macdonald opposed the second reading of Fox's East India Bill (ib. pp. 1297–1301). On 23 June 1785 he moved for leave to bring in a bill for the better securing the peace of the cities of London and Westminster and the borough of Southwark, by which he proposed that ‘a total reformation should be made in the regulation of the police’ (ib. xxv. 888–94), but owing to the opposition of the corporation he was unable to carry it through the house. He appears to have spoken for the last time in parliament on 17 Dec. 1792 (ib. xxx. 131–2). In February 1793 he was appointed lord chief baron of the exchequer in the place of Sir James Eyre [q. v.], and on the 12th of that month took his seat on the bench for the first time, having previously been sworn in as a serjeant-at-law. On the 15th he was admitted a member of the privy council (London Gazettes, 1793, pp. 126, 127, and, Reports, 1796, i. 172). Macdonald was one of the judges who took part in the trial of Thomas Hardy in 1794 (, State Trials, xxiv. 199–1408), and he presided at the trial of Governor Wall at the Old Bailey in January 1802 (ib. xxviii. 51–178). After serving twenty years on the bench, Macdonald retired with a pension in November 1813, and was created a baronet on the 27th of that month. He died at his house in Duke Street, Westminster, on 18 May 1826, aged 79, and was buried in Kensington Parish Church.

Macdonald was a lineal descendant of the old Lords of the Isles. His ancestor Donald Macdonald of Sleat was created a baronet of Nova Scotia on 14 July 1625, with a special clause of precedency, which placed him second of that order in the kingdom of Scotland. Macdonald's eldest brother, James, who succeeded as the eighth baronet, was known as ‘the Scottish Marcellus.’ He was one of the most accomplished scholars of the day, and died at Rome on 26 July 1766, aged 24 (London Gazettes, 1766, No. 10653). His other brother, Alexander, succeeded James as the ninth baronet, and on 17 July 1776 was created Baron Macdonald in the peerage of Ireland.

Macdonald was distinguished neither as a lawyer nor as a parliamentary speaker, and owed his successful career mainly to a fortunate marriage. Though possessing a hasty temper he made a careful and impartial judge. He was for many years a well-known figure in society, where his conversational talents and agreeable manners made him a great favourite. According to Sir Gilbert Eliot, afterwards Lord Minto, Jekyll gave Macdonald ‘the nickname of the Arabian knight for having a thousand and one tales’ (Life and Letters of the first Earl of Minto, 1874, ii. 413). Macdonald became a bencher of Lincoln's Inn in Hilary term 1778, and acted as treasurer of that society in 1789.

He married, on 26 Dec. 1777, Lady Louisa Leveson-Gower, the eldest daughter of Granville, second earl Gower, afterwards first marquis of Stafford, by his second wife, Lady Louisa Egerton, daughter of Scroope, first duke of Bridgewater. There were seven children of the marriage, viz.: (1) James, who succeeded to the baronetcy; (2) Francis, who entered the royal navy, and died on 28 June 1804; (3) Caroline Margaret, who, born on 26 Nov. 1778, died young; (4) Susan, who, born in 1780, died unmarried at Lisbon


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 on 14 March 1803 (a set of thirteen drawings by her form the illustrations of Mrs. John Hunter's ‘Sports of the Genii,’ London, 1804, 4to); (5) Louisa, who, born on 23 Aug. 1781, died unmarried on 15 April 1862; (6) Leveson, who died in September 1792, and (7) Caroline Diana, who, born on 7 July 1790, married, on 28 May 1813, the Rev. Thomas Randolph, rector of Much and Little Hadham, Hertfordshire, and prebendary of St. Paul's, and died on 13 Dec. 1867. Lady Macdonald died in Duke Street, Westminster, on 29 Jan. 1827, aged 77. Macdonald's portrait by George Romney hangs in the hall of Christ Church, Oxford. His charge to the grand jury of Leicester in 1794 on the state of the times is said to have been published at their request (, viii. 331), but there is no copy of it in the British Museum. Macdonald's judgments will be found in the reports of Anstruther, Forrest, and Wightwick.  MACDONALD, DONALD, second and ninth  (d. 1420?), was the eldest son of John Macdonald, first lord of the Isles [q. v.], by his second wife, Margaret, daughter of Robert II of Scotland. Being a minor at the time of his father's death, about 1386, he was brought up under the guardianship of Ranald, younger son of John, first lord, by his first wife. When Donald attained his majority, Ranald, who according to the sennachies was ‘old in the government of the Isles at his father's death’ (, History of the Western Highlands, 2nd edit. p. 31), delivered over to him the lordship, ‘contrary to the opinion of the men of the Isles’ (ib.) On the death of Ranald not long afterwards, his children were dispossessed by his elder brother Godfrey, who assumed the title of Lord of Uist and Garmoran, but made no attempt to dispossess Donald of the lordship of the Isles. Resolved to maintain his independence of the Scottish crown, Donald entered into close alliance with England, whose interest it was to encourage him in his pretensions. On 16 Sept. 1405 Henry IV sent commissioners to treat for an alliance with him and his brother John (Cal. Documents relating to Scotland, vol. iv. entry 704), and the alliance became permanent.

Donald married Mary Leslie, only daughter of Euphemia, countess of Ross in her own right and wife of Sir Walter Leslie of Lesley, Aberdeenshire. Alexander, the brother of Donald's wife, became Earl of Ross on the death of his mother, the countess, and by Isabella Stewart, daughter of the regent, Robert, duke of Albany, he had an only child, Euphemia, who succeeded her father in the title on his death in 1406. But the new countess became a nun, and committed the government of the earldom to Albany. This was resented by Donald of the Isles, who claimed that by the fact that the Countess Euphemia had taken the veil, the earldom devolved on him by right of her aunt, his wife. He also feared that if Albany once obtained possession of the earldom of Ross, he and his heirs would be debarred from it for ever. In this he was justified; for it was the interest of the Scottish crown to prevent the menace to its authority which would be caused by the union of such a powerful earldom with the lordship of the Isles. To make good his claims Donald invaded the earldom with a powerful force, and obtained the willing subjection of the people without striking a blow. At Dingwall he was, however, met by Angus Dubh Mackay, who attacked him with great determination, but was overpowered and captured. Donald then ordered a general rendezvous of his forces at Inverness, and proceeded to ravage and plunder Moray and Aberdeenshire. The gentry of Angus and Mearns thereupon joined their forces to those of the Earl of Mar, and marched northwards to bar his progress to Aberdeen. The two armies met on the moor of Harlaw, below the slopes of Benochie on 25 July 1411 (for minute description of the site of the battle, see quotation from manuscript in Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, printed in Appendix to, Hist. of Scotland). Donald's highlanders, who were much the superior in numbers, charged down from the hill on the serried ranks of the lowlanders, but their successive furious onsets were met with such steady and stubborn resistance, that, notwithstanding the extraordinary slaughter on both sides, the battle at nightfall remained undecided, and Donald, despairing of his purpose to burn and ravage Aberdeen, drew off during the night towards the north. The battle, one of the fiercest and bloodiest ever fought on Scottish soil, powerfully affected the imagination of the time, and


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Laos

LAOS (lä'ōs), a territory in the Indo-China peninsula, surrounded by the Shan states Annam, Tonking, and the Chinese province of Yunnan; area, estimated, 91,000 square miles; pop. est. 1,500,000; the soil is fertile, producing rice, cotton, tobacco, and fruits, and bearing teak forests; gold, tin, lead, and precious stones are found. Has been under French protectorate since 1892. Laos was the subject of four political agreements, the last in 1907 when the territory on the W. side of Nuking was partly restored to Siam.

title: Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Laos


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lâo-tsze

LÂO-TSZE, a celebrated philosopher of China; generally reputed to have been the founder of Tâoism; which at the present day shares the allegiance of the Chinese with Confucianism and Buddhism under the appellation of San Chiào, born probably in 604 B. C. He was curator of the royal library in the capital city of Loh, not far from the present city of Loh-yang in Ho-nan. The designation Lâo-tsze means the “old philosopher.” Nothing certain can be said of the length of Lao's life. Szema-Ch'ien, the historian of ancient China, tells us that he cultivated “the Tâo and its characteristics,” his chief aim being to keep himself unknown; that he resided long at the capital, and then seeing the decay of the dynasty of Châu went away to the gate which led out of the royal domain toward the regions of the N. W.; that there he was recognized by Yin Hsi, the keeper of the gate, the place of which is shown in the present Shan Châu of Ho-nan, and was prevailed on to write out for him the treatise called the “Tâo Teh King,” which has come down to us as the only record of his teaching. It is not easy, however, to say what he meant by his Tâo. “It was the originator of heaven and earth: it is the mother of all things.” At the same time it is not a personal being. “It might appear,” he says, “to have been before God.” “It gave,” says Chwang-tsze, the ablest of all Lâo's followers, “their mysterious existence to spirits and to God (or to gods).” The character Tâo properly means “path,” “course,” or “way”; and it is in this sense that Lâo uses it. His “great way” is but a metaphorical expression for the way in which things came at first into being out of the primal nothingness. Of the same kind should be the influence of the Tâo in the conduct of individuals and of government. The secret of good government is to let men alone. The appeal to arms is hateful. All learning is injurious. The

of men defeats its own ends. Tâo works by contraries, and the secret of its strength is its weakness. In many of these teachings Lao-tsze may seem to be only a visionary dreamer, but he enunciates many lessons of a very high morality. Its fundamental quality is humility. He even rises to the greatest of all moral principles, the returning of good for evil, and enunciates “recompensing injury with kindness.” He nowhere speaks clearly of the state of man after death.


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 Rh manner of ways and fattening apace. Her recovery may be set down among the marvels. God bless you, my dear child."

, 29th August, 1875.

..."We are having lively times in the political way. I have seen nothing like it since 1840,—those days of 'hard cider,' 'log cabins,' 'coon skins,' and what-not, by means of which the Whigs gave Van Buren and the Democrats so signal an overthrow. I believe the impulse under which the outraged white race of the South are now being urged on will be equally irresistible. At a mass-meeting held in Raymond on the 18th instant, falling in with T. J. Wharton, I remarked to him that such an uprising was wonderful! 'Uprising?' replied he. 'It is no uprising. It is an insurrection!' To give you some notion of the enthusiasm of the people, I only have to say that they do not straggle in to such meetings, but go in clubs, each club with its band of music, flags, and regalia, and a cannon in many instances, and these cannon they make roar from every hill-top on the road. The procession of cavalry from Edwards Depot (some other clubs having joined the Edwards Club) reached from the court-house far beyond John Shelton's house,—the length of the column being two miles, as one of the number told me. That from Utica, taking in my club and one other, was a great deal longer. The thing to be appreciated had to be seen. The 'carpet-baggers' and negroes are evidently staggered. We have been carrying on this thing for a month without their having moved a peg. They do not know where to begin. I suppose something will be hatched up in Washington after a while, and the cue


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 July full of health and vigour, and shortly, by an able paper on the grievances of the East India Company's officers, their scanty pay and slow promotion, attracted the attention of Dundas, president of the board of control. He became acquainted with Sir Alured Clarke [q. v.], then about to proceed to Madras as commander-in-chief, was appointed a member of his staff, and after spending the winter with his parents at Burnfoot, and attending classes at Edinburgh, he sailed for India in May 1795. He never saw his parents again.

In the beginning of September the Cape was reached, and Clarke's opportune arrival with a force of troops turned the scale in the contest then pending between the English and the Dutch. Two months were spent there, and early in 1796 Malcolm was again in Madras, a lieutenant still, but secretary to the commander-in-chief, and in March 1797 he was reappointed to that post by Clarke's successor, General George, lord Harris [q. v.] For a short time he held the profitable appointment of town-major of Fort St. George. But he had long been preparing himself, by reading, inquiry, and correspondence, for the diplomatic employment he desired. He laid before Lord Wellesley (then Lord Mornington), on his landing in India in April 1798, papers which he had drawn up on the native states of India, and when a vacancy occurred in the post of assistant to the resident of Hyderabad, he applied for and obtained the appointment, 10 Sept. 1798. His first service was one of peril. The nizam, under strong pressure from a British force, proclaimed the disbandment of the ‘French corps’ of troops in his service, officered and disciplined by French officers. This was on 21 Oct. The men mutinied; they seized their officers; they assailed Malcolm, whose life was only saved by deserters from his old regiment, the 29th, who formed part of the corps. He returned to the residency, took command of fifteen hundred horse, and with the other British troops so overawed the mutineers that they laid down their arms. He was despatched with the colours of the corps to Calcutta, placed his information before the governor-general and secured his goodwill, and sailed with him in the winter for southern India, to the scene of the coming war with the sultan of Mysore. He joined the nizam's contingent on 19 Jan. 1799, and acted at once as the controlling political officer of the force, and as the channel of communication with the governor-general. Eventually he took command of the infantry, co-operated with Colonel Wellesley and the king's 33rd, and marched upon Seringapatam. The services of Malcolm were expressly commended by the commander-in-chief to the governor-general. He was appointed first secretary to the commission for the settlement of the Mysore government, and took a large part in its arrangements.

Lord Wellesley was then meditating the despatch of an envoy to Persia, the first since Elizabeth's reign, and he selected Malcolm for the mission. The objects were to induce Persia to divert the attention of the Afghans, who constantly menaced an invasion of north-western India, to check French influence, and to promote British trade. He left Madras in the middle of September, passing three weeks at Hyderabad to wind up various matters connected with prize-money and other affairs, and, travelling thence to Poonah and Bombay, he sailed for the Persian Gulf on 29 Dec. 1799. After arranging with the imaum of Muscat for the reception of a regular British agent he proceeded to Bushire, but he was detained there from 1 Feb. 1800 to 22 May by difficulties connected with the forms and ceremonials of the Persian court. He met the prince regent at Shiraz on 15 June, and wisely refused to bate a jot of the utmost state, however trivial, which Persian etiquette prescribed for the reception of the highest envoys. This, however, caused long delay and much ceremonial stickling, and it was not until 23 Sept. that the mission reached Ispahan, where it was received with more pomp and procrastination, and remained upwards of a month. It then proceeded to Teheran, and on 16 Nov. Malcolm was presented to the shah. He opened his negotiations by offering presents on a scale so profuse that his extravagance has been repeatedly and severely commented on, but he found the Persian court childishly open to such influences, and believed himself able by these means not merely to advance the negotiations, but materially to abbreviate the stay and consequent expense of the mission in the country. The chief minister, Hadjee Ibrahim Khan, was appointed to represent the shah, and with him two treaties were arranged, which were signed on 28 Jan. 1801. The first was a commercial treaty providing for unrestricted trade and the cession to the East India Company of the islands of Kishm, Anjam, and Khargh in the Persian Gulf, with liberty to establish factories on the coast or in the interior of Persia. The political treaty engaged the shah to assist in curbing the anticipated aggressions of the ameer, Zemaun Shah, and bound him to exclude the French from Persia, the company guaranteeing him ships, troops, and stores in the event of a French invasion. The


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 stipulation in the former treaty for the cession of the islands so alarmed the Persians that neither Malcolm's tact and good humour nor his lavish presents and somewhat supple diplomacy could overcome their reluctance, and the point was not insisted on. The treaties, though signed by Malcolm and Hadjee Ibrahim, were not formally executed by their respective governments, and some doubt remained as to their binding effect. The treaties themselves were never actively put in force, but the impression produced on the Persian court and policy by Malcolm's first mission was undoubtedly salutary. He returned by way of Baghdad, in order to impress an anti-Gallic policy upon its Turkish governor. He quitted Baghdad on 31 March, and after a dangerous voyage through the Persian Gulf arrived at Bombay on 13 May. The mission, though disapproved by the court of directors, had been conducted to Lord Wellesley's highest satisfaction. Malcolm was at once summoned to Calcutta to undertake temporarily the private secretaryship to the governor-general, and, after encountering an almost fatal storm on his passage, reached Calcutta early in July, and proceeded in August up the Ganges with Lord Wellesley on his tour of investigation into the affairs of Oudh. In the winter he was hastily despatched to Madras on a confidential mission to induce Edward Clive [q. v.], lord Clive, afterwards earl of Powis, the governor, and other officials not to return home, but to hold various posts in the presidency for a further term, and so to secure, what their expected successors would oppose or mismanage, the application to Madras of the new revenue and judicial regulations. Although this arrangement obliged Malcolm to forego his own appointment to the Mysore residency, which had been promised and all but formally given to him, he executed his task with fidelity and address, and returned without complaint to his post of acting private secretary in March 1802. His influence with Lord Wellesley was great; he was spoken of as ‘Lord Wellesley's factotum and the greatest man in Calcutta,’ and in August 1802 he was again chosen to go on a special mission to Bombay. He travelled by way of Hyderabad and Poonah in order to confer with the residents at those courts in view of coming changes affecting the nizam and the peishwah. Between Poonah and Bombay he was detained for a couple of days a prisoner by a local chief, who had seized and fortified the Bhore Ghaut, in anticipation of an immediate conflict between Holkar and Scindiah. He reached Bombay on 10 Oct. There he had to deal with a grave difficulty arising out of the recent murder of Hadjee Khalil Khan, the Persian ambassador, by some British sepoys who had quarrelled with the ambassador's attendants. Malcolm satisfactorily settled the disastrous business, and despatched Lieutenant Charles William Pasley [q. v.], acting-resident at Bushire, with conciliatory missives to the Persian government. His letters produced the desired effect, and the shah was easily appeased for the murder of his ambassador on the receipt of a substantial indemnity. Malcolm returned to Calcutta in December, and expected immediately to proceed to take up his appointment as resident at Hyderabad.

But at this juncture the expected Mahratta war broke out. While Malcolm was still at Bombay, Holkar had defeated Scindiah and Badjee Rao near Poonah. On 31 Dec. 1802 the company allied itself with the peishwah by the treaty of Bassein, and operations began for the restoration of Badjee Rao to his capital. Malcolm left Calcutta in February 1803 and joined General Wellesley's camp at Hoobly on 19 March. He found himself able to work cordially and effectually as political agent to his old friend Wellesley, but he was much harassed by severe and repeated attacks of dysentery and fever all through the summer, and was further embarrassed, in face of the ambiguous and menacing attitude of the Mahratta chiefs, by the undefined character of his own powers. He was officially only resident at Mysore, but actually representative of the governor-general himself at the headquarters of General Wellesley. On the outbreak of war with Scindiah in August 1803 he was so ill that he was reluctantly obliged to proceed to Bombay, leaving Mountstuart Elphinstone as Wellesley's political assistant, and did not return to camp till the middle of December. He thus, to his great regret, missed being present at Assaye and Argaum. Though his health had again broken down, he at once plunged into the negotiations for peace, and the treaty of peace, which was signed on 30 Dec. by the representatives of the company and of Scindiah, was drawn up in conformity with his recommendations. He then was despatched to Scindiah's camp at Boorhanpore to conclude a supplemental treaty, and was presented to the maharajah on 12 Jan. 1804. The negotiations proceeded very slowly, and the treaty was not concluded until 27 Feb. After the conclusion of the treaty he remained some time longer in the camp of Scindiah, engaged in negotiations for the delimitation of the several possessions to be held under it, by Scindiah, by the lesser feudatory chiefs, and by the com-


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 description of it was handed down by tradition in what is probably the oldest extant specimen of the Scottish historical ballad.

No attempt was made to molest the Lord of the Isles in his retreat, but the Duke of Albany immediately collected a strong force, and marching in person into Ross seized the castle of Dingwall, and compelled Donald to retreat to the Isles, where he took up his winter quarters. The contest was renewed by Albany in the following summer; and ultimately Donald, by a treaty signed at Polgilbe (now Lochgilp) in Knapdale, Argyllshire, agreed to surrender his claims to the earldom of Ross and acknowledge himself a vassal of the Scottish crown. In June 1415 the nun-countess of Ross resigned the earldom to the regent, who reconveyed it to her, with surrender to her maternal uncle John, earl of Buchan, Albany's second son. Donald was, however, still recognised as independent Lord of the Isles by the king of England, and is mentioned as one of his allies in a truce which he concluded with the king of France and his allies, 13 Oct. 1416 (Cal. Documents relating to Scotland, iv. 876). Donald died about 1420, according to the sennachie, John Macdonald, at ‘Ardtornish in Morvern, in the forty-fifth year of his age, and was buried at Icolmkill [Iona]’ (quoted in, Hist. of the Macdonalds, p. 72). He had two sons and one daughter: Alexander, third lord of the Isles [q. v.]; Angus, bishop of the Isles; and Mariot, married to Alexander Sutherland, to whom her father in 1429 gave the lands of Duchall.

 MACDONALD, DUNCAN GEORGE FORBES (1823?–1884), agricultural engineer and miscellaneous writer, was the youngest son of John Macdonald (1779–1849) [q. v.], by his second wife, Janet, eldest daughter of Kenneth Mackenzie, esq., of Millbank. He early devoted himself to the study and practice of agriculture on his father's extensive glebe, and in 1848 started business on his own account as an agricultural engineer in London and Dingwall. He also practised as a civil engineer, and became conversant with every department of farming. In 1852 he wrote a pamphlet, ‘What the Farmers may do with the Land,’ and in 1858 was presented with a testimonial ‘by a few friends and masonic brethren’ for his services. About this time he visited British Columbia, where he became a member of the government survey staff and one of the commissioners appointed to adjust the boundary line of British North America. On his return he wrote a book on British Columbia, in which he earnestly deprecated emigration thither under the delusion that its soil was rich and fertile; he also delivered lectures on the subject. After the deposition of Napoleon III Macdonald wrote a pamphlet on ‘Napoleon III, the Empress Eugénie, and the Prince Imperial,’ with all of whom he seems to have had some acquaintance. In this he is said to ‘have successfully proved his majesty the foremost statesman and most sagacious monarch of the world.’ The rest of Macdonald's life was devoted to agricultural and similar interests. He became drainage engineer of improvements under the control of the Enclosure Commissioners for England and Wales, engineer-in-chief to the inspector-general of highland destitution, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., J.P., and LL.D. He died on 6 Jan. 1884. There is a portrait of him prefixed to his ‘Farming and Estate Management,’ engraved by Vincent Brooks.

His works are: 1. ‘What the Farmers may do with the Land,’ 1852. 2. ‘British Columbia and Vancouver's Island,’ 1862. 3. ‘A Lecture on British Columbia and Vancouver's Island,’ 1863. 4. ‘Hints on Farming and Estate Management,’ 3rd edit. 1865. 5. ‘Napoleon III, the Empress Eugénie,’ &c., 1871. 6. ‘Cattle, Sheep, and Deer,’ 1875; this work was patronised by almost every sovereign in Europe. 7. ‘The Highland Crofters: twelve Letters inscribed to the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone,’ 1878. 8. ‘The Grouse Disease, its Causes and Remedies,’ 1883. He also published several pamphlets on various economic and other questions.

 MACDONALD, FLORA (1722–1790), Jacobite heroine, born in 1722, was daughter of Ranald Macdonald, tacksman, or farmer, of Milton in South Uist, an island of the Hebrides, by Marion, daughter of the Rev. Angus Macdonald, minister first of the island of Gigha, and afterwards of South Uist. She lost her father in early infancy, and when only six years old she was deprived of the care of her mother, who was abducted and married by Hugh Macdonald of Armadale, Skye. The child remained at Milton with her brother Angus till her thirteenth year, when, in order to receive some instruction from the family governess, she was taken into the mansion of the Clanranalds, of


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 whom her own family were cadets not very distantly related. She manifested special muaical tastes, becoming an accomplished player on the spinet, and delighting in singing Gaelic Bongs. In 1739 she wbb invited by Margaret, wife of Sir Alexander Macdonald of the Isles, to Monkstadt in Skye, and shortly afterwards it was arranged that she should accompany the family to Edinburgh to finish her education there. She spent some time at a boarding-school in the Old Stamp office, close to High Street, and on completing her studies she continued chiefly to reside until 1746 with Sir Alexander and Lady Macdonald in Edinburgh. In the summer of 1745 they returned to Skye.

While Flora was on a visit to the Clanranalds in Benbecula, the Hebridean island, Captain O'Niel, his companion, proposed to Flora to help in enabling the prince to escape to Skre, and she consented with some reluctance on learning that the prince would disguise himself in woman's dress (Letter of the Duke of Argyll in Hist. MSS. Commission, 11th Rep. pt. iv. p. 362). She afterwards informed Argyll that her sole motive was to succour one in distress, and told Frederick, prince of Wales, that she would have similarly befriended him had he been in the same plight, but it cannot be doubted that her political sympathies were with the Pretender. No one was permitted to leave the island except by especial permission. Flora, therefore, on pretence of going to visit her mother, obtained from her stepfather. Captain Hugh Macdonald, who was in charge of the militia, a passport for herself, her man-servant, 'an Irish spinning maid, Betty Burke,' and a crew of six men. Betty Burke was the Pretender, and it is clear that Captain Macdonald was aware of the fact (, Life of Flora Macdonald; p. 77). At ten o'clock on the evening of 27 June the party set sail across the Minch to Skye. The presence of a large party of the Macleod militia on the beach near Waternish prevented their landing there, and amid a shower of bullets they held at to sea, disembarking early in the forenoon at Kilbride, near Monkstadt. Leaving the prince and her servant to take shelter in a small cave, she proceeded to Monkstadt. Sir Alexander Macdonald was with the Duke of Cumberland at Fort Augustus, but Lady Macdonald was at home, and among her guesys was Captain John Macleod, in command of the militia. Macleod closely questioned Flora regarding the cause of her visit to Skye, and her knowledge of the prince's movements, but her self-possession completely diverted his suspicions. To Lady Macdonald, whom she knew to sympathise with the Jacobite cause, she confided her secret. Lady Macdonald agreed to aid is the prince's escape. He was sent for the night to the factor's house at Kingaburgh, Flora and her man-servant accompanying him. Next day they set out for Portree, whence a boat conveyed him to Raasay. On parting with her at Portree, the prince presented her with his portrait in a golden locket.

Unluckily the boatmen were permitted to return to Benbecula, and being arrested there, they divulged the secret of the prince's escape. As soon as she returned to her brother's house at Milton, Flora consequently received a summons to appenr before Captain Macleod, and obeyed it. She declined the advice of friends to disregard the message, and take refuge tn the mountain fastnesses. After being permitted to pay a parting visit to her mother in Skye, she was conveyed to London, where after a short imprisonment in the Tower she was handed over to the custody of a messenger. At the time she was thus described: 'She is a young lady about twenty, a graceful person, agood complexion, and regular features. She has a peculiar sweetness mixed with majesty in her countenance ; her deportment is rather graver than is becoming her years; even under her confinement she betrays nothing of sullenness or discontent, and all her actions bespeak a mind full of conscious innocence, and incapable of being ruffled by the common accidents of life' (Some Partculars of the Life, Family, and Character of Miss Florence M'Donald, now in Custody of one of his Majesty's Messengers in London, 1747). On receiving her liberty by the Act of Indemnity in 1747, she stayed for some time in the house of Lady Primrose, where she was visited by many persons of distinction. Before leaving London she was also presented with 1,500l. (printed copies of letters and receipts in a volume of phamphlets in the library of the British Museum), in her return to Scotland she was entertained at Monkstadt at a banquet, to which the principal families in Skye were invited. On 6 Nov. 1750 Flora married Allan Macdonald the younger of Kingsburgh. At first they resided at the farm of Flodigarry ; but on the death of her father-in-law they went in 1772 to Kingsburgh. Here she was visited in 1773 by Dr. Johnson, who describes her as 'a woman of soft features, gentle manners, and elegant presence.' In August of the following year she and her family emigrated to North


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lansing, Robert

LANSING, ROBERT (1864-), American diplomatist, was born at Watertown, N.Y., Oct. 17 1864. He graduated from Amherst in 1886, was admitted to the bar in 1889, and for the next 18 years was associated with his father in legal practice at Watertown. In 1892 he was appointed associate counsel for the United States on the Bering Sea Commission, and later was American counsel or agent before several important arbitral tribunals or mixed commissions, including the Alaskan Boundary Tribunal (1903), the Hague Tribunal for Arbitration of the North Atlantic Fisheries (1910), and the Anglo-American Commission (1911) for settling outstanding claims between Great Britain and the United States. He was technical delegate at several international conferences, including the fur-seal conference (1911) at Washington between the United States, Great Britain, Russia and Japan. In 1914 he was appointed counsellor of the Department of State. When Mr. W. J. Bryan resigned (June 8 1915) because of unwillingness to sign the second “Lusitania” note, Mr. Lansing was appointed Secretary

of State ad interim, and his first official action was to sign that note. He was definitely appointed Secretary of State on June 23 1915. In Aug. he was attacked by the Friends of Peace, representing several societies, mostly German-American, who declared that he was liable to plunge America into war. In his attempts to uphold American rights he was called upon to direct notes to all the warring countries. On Oct. 18 1915, defining safety for crews in a note to Germany after the sinking of the “William P. Frye,” he pointed out that it was not sufficient that Americans be given an opportunity to embark in life-boats; it must be under circumstances that assured landing in safety. A little later he sent a protest to England against the commercial blockade and the detention of cargoes bound for neutral ports. On Jan. 18 1916 he addressed a note to all the European belligerents, asking, for the sake of safety of those on board, that all guns be removed from merchantmen. He pointed out the disadvantage of a submarine in attempting to stop such an armed vessel for search, and emphasized that armament on a merchantman had every appearance of being offensive. In March this proposal was rejected by all the Allies. On Aug. 4 1916 he signed a treaty for the purchase by America of the Danish West Indies for $25,000,000. In reply to a note addressed by England to neutrals, asking that all belligerent submarines be excluded from neutral waters, he said that the nature of each submarine must govern the decision. He thus drew an important distinction between the “Deutschland,” which had peacefully brought a cargo to America, and the U53, which had raided several ships off the New England coast Oct. 7 1916. In March 1917 he refused Government support to the proposed reorganization of the so-called “Six Power” loan for China. He declared that American bankers should not enter into agreement with foreign institutions which had more or less a Government connexion and might therefore have political as well as financial interest in the matter. The same year he notified President Carranza, of Mexico, that the United States would not adopt his proposed Pan-American plan of stopping the shipment of food and munitions to all the European belligerents. In Nov. 1917 he signed an agreement with Japan (the Lansing-Ishii agreement) which, while recognizing Japan's special interests in China, provided for a continuance of the “open door” policy for commerce.

He was a member of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace at Paris 1918-9, and, together with Lord Robert Cecil and Col. House, prepared a draft of the League of Nations in Jan. 1919. In a book issued in 1921 in justification of his own actions, Mr. Lansing explained that he disagreed with Mr. Wilson on various points, including that of incorporation of the League of Nations in the Peace Treaty; but he was overtly responsible with him for signing the Treaty, and on his return to Washington he urged that the Treaty as formulated be adopted by the Senate. On Feb. 13 1920 he resigned as Secretary of State on being reprimanded by the President for having called together the heads of the executive departments of the Government. Such meetings of the Cabinet had, however, frequently been called before during the President's illness, naturally by the Secretary of State as ranking member. Lansing's conduct at this juncture showed dignity and self-possession, and the action of the President was generally regarded as that of a sick and worried man. In Aug. 1920 he opened a law office in Washington. He was the author of The Peace Negotiations (1921) and The Big Four and Others (1921).


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RIT of Dower Unde nihil habet, where abateable, 3 Ed. 1. c. 49.

2. Where an Appeal shall abate for not being brought in time, 6 Ed. 1. st. 1. c. 9.

3. Writs abated during the Circuit of Justices in Eyre, may be amended, 13 Ed. 1. c. 10.

4. Writ of Ravishment of Ward not to abate by the Death of the Party, 13 Ed. 1. c. 35.

5. View not to be granted after Abatement of the first Writ, where there was a View upon the first Writ, 13 Ed' 1. st. 1. c. 48.

6. Nontenure, or misnaming of a Town, is a dilatory Abatement of Assize, ibid.

7. Where a Writ shall abate for Jointenancy, 34 Ed. 1. st. 1. Where, by Exception of Nontenure, the Writ shall only abate for the Parcel, 25 Ed. 3. st. 5. c. 16.

8. Where a Writ shall not abate for Villenage, 37 Ed. 3. c. 17.

9. If the Declaration allege the Contract to be made in another County than that in which the Writ was brought, the Writ shall abate, 6 R. 2. c. 2.

10. There may be Execution upon a Statute Merchant once shewn in C. B. though the Process be discontinued, 5 H. 4. c. 12.

11. Writs of Assife in Franchises where abateable, 9 H. 4, c. 5. 8 H. 6. c. 26.

12. Where Writs, Indictments, &c. shall abate for want of an Addition, 1 H. 5. c. 5.

13. Writs purchased by or against the Wardens of Rochester Bridge, shall not abate by the Death of some of them, 9 H. 5. st. 1 H. 5. c. 5.

14. Certain Suits not to be abated for Acceptance of Knighthood, 4 H. 6. c. 4.

15. Where a Sheriff is named one of the Dsseissors in an Assise, and it is found he is not, it shall abate, 11 H. 6. c. 2. ib.

16.Attaint shall not abate, though one of the Plaintiffs die, or be nonsuit ; nor for the Death of any of the Petty Jury, so that two of them be living, 11 H. 7. c. 21.

17. Actions shall not abate by the Execution of the Possession to the Use, 27 st. 8. c. 10. § 15.

18. Writs shall not abate by reason of a new Commission, &c. or the Plaintiffs or Commis sioners taking a new Name of Dignity, 1 Ed. 6. c. 7. § 2, 3, 4, 6.

19. The Heir may pursue a Writ of Error to reverse a Fine, notwithstanding the Death of the Ancestor, 27 El. c. 9. § 4.

20. Suits in the Name of the Clerk of the Peace against the Inhabitants of a Hundred not abated by his Death, 27 El. c. 1 3. § 3.

21. Commissioners shall proceed to Execution, though Bankrupt die, 1 Jac. 1. c. 15. § 17.

22. Writs not abated for using the Stiles of the Usurpation, 2 Car. 2. c. 3. § 3.

23. Death of a Party between Verdict and Judgment, not to be Error, provided Judgment be entered within two Terms, 17 Car. 2. c. 8.

24. Plea to an Information not to abate by Death of the King, 4 & 5 W. & M. c.18. §7.

25. Death of the Party after Interlocutory Judgment not taabate, 8 & 9 W. 3 c. 11. §6.

26. Death of one Plaintiff or Defendant, where there is another surviving, not to abate, 8 & 9 W. 3. c. 11. § 7.

27. No Plea of Abatement in Suits for Partition, &c. 8 & 9 W. 3. c. 3I. § 3.

28. Certain Processes not to abate by the Death of the King, 1 Ann. St. 1. c. 8. § 5.

29. No dilatory Plea without Affidavit, 4 Ann. c. 16. § 11.

30. Commission of Bankrupt does not abate by Death of the King, 5 Geo. 2. c. 30. § 45.

For other Matters, see Addition,Attaint 14. Bankrupt 3, 23. Discontinuance of Process, Dower 5. Error 9, 14, 15. Feofaits,Justices of peace 13. Indictment 8. Information 13. Judgment 4, 5. partition 3. Trespass 3.

}} Abbdication of King James 1 W. & M. sess 2. c. 2. § 7.

A Duty of Excise granted to the Town, 11 Geo. 2. c. 4.}}

1. The Records of the Court destroyed by Fire to be supplied, Geo. 1. c. 28. 9 Geo. l. c. 25.

2. A Duty of Excise continued to the Town, 4 Geo. 2. c. 13,

 Deerstealers that cannot find Sureties, shall abjure the Realm, H. 3. st. 2. c. 10. 3. Ed. 1. c. 20. Persons abjured not bailable, 3 Ed. 1. c. 15. 3. Ancient Provisions concerning the Abjuration of Felons, 9. Ed 2. st. 1. c. 10& 15. 21 H. 8. c. 2. 22 H. 8. c. 14. § 1, 2. 28 H. 8. c. 1. Popish Recusants, how to abjure the Realm, 35 El. c. 1 & 2, § 8, 9, 10. 5. Sanctuaries abolished, 1 Ja. 1. c. 25. § 34. 21 Ja. 1. c. 28. § 7. 6. Where Nonconformists to abjure the Realm, 13 & 14 Car. 2. c. 1. § 2.  Abjuration


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 252 servants when be owned them, but he bad small patience for the shiftless, lazy ways of the negro race after they were set free. Very few of his own remained on the plantation. Many had gone off when he was absent with his family in Mobile and Macon, and a large number had been left in Montgomery when the war ended. Tenants were brought in from other plantations, but they were more fond of barbecues and big meetings and hunting and fishing than of keeping the grass out of the fields. It became so onerous to Thomas to look after plantation affairs conducted in such a manner, that he decided to turn over the management to his son Edward.

He longed to visit a tide-water country, and it was arranged that he should spend a part of nearly every summer at Pass Christian with his kind friends down there. He was now too old to hunt. Some of the following letters show his keen enjoyment of fishing.

, 4th August, 1870.

. . . "Mr.——enacted a droll scene, or one that would have been droll had it not been so discreditable. He was very drunk, but he managed to get into his little wagon and started for home. Meeting two ladies on the way to whom he wished to pay distinguished attention, he uncovered with the 'grand flourish,' and bowed so profoundly that be bowed himself clean out of the wagon, head down, and had it not been for the prompt seizure of the horse by the head by one of the ladies, whilst the other was engaged in disentangling and disengaging; Mr.——'s leggs from the reins, Mr.—— would probably have been gathered to his fathers!

"I do not allow plantation affairs to obtrude themselves upon my thoughts. This I intend as a period of rest, mentally as well as physically. I expect to hear from Tom to-morrow, and bope to hear that Sophy and Fify and Lelia reached home on the 28th, as expected.

"This is no very good place to write letters at, as I cannot very well do it in the morning, on account of fishing and getting back from fishing, and then bathing,


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 Carolina. On the outbreak of the civil war her husband was appointed brigadier-general by the governor, and she accompanied him in his campaigns till his capture at Morres Creek. He was retained a prisoner in Halifax, Virginia, and by his advice she in 1779 returned to Scotland. The ship was unsuccessfully attacked by a French privateer. During the encounter she bravely remained on deck, and had an arm broken. For some time she resided at Milton, where her brother built her a cottage; but on the return of her husband they again settled at Kingsburgh, where she died on 5 March 1790. She was wrapped in the sheet in which the prince and Dr. Johnson had slept at Kingsburgh, and was buried in the churchyard of Kilmuir. The original marble slab erected on her grave was chipped to pieces and carried off, but subsequently an obelisk was erected by subscription to her memory. She had five sons; Charles, captain of the queen's rangers; Alexander and Ranald, naval officers, who went down with the Ville de Paris, De Grasse's flagship, which foundered on its way home to England on 12 April 1782; James of Flodigarry, and (1759–1831) [q.v.] Of her daughters, Anne married Alexander Macleod of Lochbay, Skye, and Frances, Lord Donald Macleod. Two children died young.

A portrait of Flora Macdonald by Allan Ramsay is in the Bodleian Library of Oxford, and was engraved by MacArdell; another painting by W. Robertson is in the possession of Lord Donington; a third is in the town-hall at Inverness.

 MACDONALD, HUGH (1701–1773), Scottish catholic prelate, son of the laird of Morar, Inverness-shire, born in 1701, after completing his studies in the seminary of Scalan, was ordained priest in 1726 by Bishop (1664–1746) [q.v.] When in 1727 Bishop Gordon, with Pope Benedict XIII's assent, divided Scotland, hitherto one episcopate, into two districts or vicariates [see, 1664–1746], Macdonald was nominated to the vicariate of the highland district, and to the see of Diana in Numidia, in partibus infidelium (12 Feb. 1730–1), and he was consecrated in Edinburgh, 18 Oct. 1731, by Bishop Gordon, assisted by Bishop Wallace and a priest. In the briefs Clement XII caused a clause to be inserted empowering Macdonald and Gordon to define the limits of their respective jurisdictions. The partition was accordingly arranged in October 1731, and it was approved by Propaganda in a congregation held 7 Jan. 1731-2.

When Prince Charles Stuart arrived on the western coast of Scotland, near Borrodale, in July 1745, the bishop hastened to him, and vainly urged him to return to France. On 19 Aug. the prince's royal standard was blessed by the bishop, and displayed in Glenfinnan, a part of Moidart belonging to Macdonald of Glenaladale. After the rebellion the bishop escaped to Paris, and obtained from the crown of France a pension, which he enjoyed until his death, under the name of Marolle. He returned to Scotland in 1749, and being betrayed by a namesake, he was apprehended at Edinburgh in July 1755. On his trial in March 1756 he was found guilty of being a popish priest, and condemned to perpetual banishment, but by connivance of the authorities this sentence was not enforced. He died in Glengarry on 12 March 1773.

 MACDONALD, HUGH (1817–1860), Scottish poet, born in Bridgeton, Glasgow, on 4 April 1817, was apprenticed, after a scanty education at a night-school, to a block-printer. He subsequently kept a provision shop in Bridgeton, and ultimately returned to his trade in Paisley. He began to write verse in the 'Glasgow Citizen,' to which he also contributed a series of letters defending Burns from an attack by [q. v.] In 1846 he had a meeting in Edinburgh with Professor Wilson ('Christopher North'), and wrote a graphic and interesting account of it. In 1849 he gave up his trade and joined the staff of the 'Glasgow Citizen,' for which, and for the 'Glasgow Times,' he wrote the series of descriptive papers subsequently collected under the titles of 'Rambles round Glasgow' and 'Days at the Coast.' In 1855 he joined the 'Glasgow Sentinel,'


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 pany respectively. Malcolm, supported to some extent by General Wellesley, was strongly of opinion that Scindiah was morally, if not technically, entitled to the possession of Gwalior, and he went far towards committing the company to Scindiah in this direction. He thus incurred the severe displeasure of Lord Wellesley, who considered him insufficiently firm in resisting the demands and the pretensions of the Mahratta chiefs, and communicated his censure 22 April 1804. Taking the matter in too high strung a strain, Malcolm declared himself ‘perfectly heart-broken from these communications,’ and gladly handed over the negotiations to the newly appointed resident. He proceeded to the coast to recruit, and remained unoccupied at Vizagapatam till November, when he rejoined General Wellesley, and proceeded with him to Mysore. During the whole time of his negotiations with Scindiah he had still been nominally resident at Mysore, discharging his duties by deputy. It was at the beginning of 1805 that he resumed charge of the residency, but in March Lord Wellesley again summoned him to Calcutta, and despatched him at the beginning of May upon another mission to Scindiah, who had permitted insults and outrages to the acting-resident to pass unpunished. He proceeded to Lord Lake's camp, and remained in summer quarters at Muttra during the hot season. He was with Lord Lake until the end of the year, advocating in his correspondence with the governor-general, and enforcing to the best of his ability, that policy of vigorous and prompt measures against Scindiah and Holkar which he believed to be the best guarantee of ultimate peace. While still remaining with the army in its pursuit of Holkar he negotiated the treaty by which Gohud and Gwalior were ceded to Scindiah, and at the same time he arranged for the reduction of the large and costly bodies of irregular troops which had been taken over by the company from various native chiefs, and were now found to be an intolerable burden upon the exchequer. He treated with the agents of the Sikh chiefs, who were to be detached from the cause of Holkar, and when Holkar, driven for refuge into the Punjab, sent envoys to solicit peace, it was Malcolm who received them and negotiated the treaty of 7 Jan. 1806. He remained at headquarters till June following, occupied with the principal direction of the grants of pensions, gratuities, and lands for services rendered in the war and with other administrative business, minute but onerous and important, resulting from three campaigns; nor was it until April 1807, and after a stay of almost six months in Calcutta, that he returned to Mysore.

Malcolm had never been thrifty, and his numerous costly missions had, in spite of extra allowances, considerably impoverished him. His health was shaken by overwork and exposure, and he was in need of repose. On 4 July 1807 he married Charlotte, younger daughter of Colonel Alexander Campbell of the king's 74th regiment, afterwards created a baronet and K.C.B., and appointed commander-in-chief of the Madras army. But Malcolm soon grew weary of the settled and peaceful administration of Mysore and became ambitious of the command of an expedition to Bussorah. As a lieutenant-colonel of three years' standing he was of sufficient rank to command the force, some fifteen hundred men, the despatch of which he suggested, and thus he could unite the military and diplomatic functions in one hand. No expedition, however, was sent, but at this juncture Lord Minto, anxious after the peace of Tilsit to establish whatever barriers diplomacy could set up against a French and Russian advance from the west towards India, decided to send missions to Lahore, Cabul, and Teheran, and for the last he selected Malcolm. There was, however, difficulty in obtaining the sanction of the court of directors to this appointment. Malcolm had the reputation at the India House of having been extravagant on his former missions, and of being, however able and energetic, too bold and too much committed to the policy of the Wellesley school. Eventually Sir Harford Jones [see ] was named ambassador, and Malcolm, pending his arrival in the East, was despatched to the Persian Gulf with a somewhat general commission of observation. He sailed for Bombay in the Culloden on 17 Feb. 1808, and proceeded thence for the Gulf on 17 April. His force, nominally an escort but really available for operations, consisted of three frigates and about five hundred marines and sepoys. From 10 May to 11 June he remained at Bushire, and despatched a mission to Teheran, but found himself entirely unable to overcome the French influence which predominated there. His messengers were forbidden to advance beyond Shiraz, and he was himself referred to the provincial viceroy of Fars. He accordingly quitted Persia, worsted and indignant, and reached Calcutta on 22 Aug. On his advice Lord Minto now resolved to occupy the island of Karrack as a warning to Persia and a check to French influence. Malcolm, now a brigadier-general, was appointed to carry out the occupation, and again


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200 support was necessary to Carloman's government; and military conditions rendered the restoration of Church lands impracticable. Yet the word was spoken, and something was done.

The next year in Neustria Pippin instituted like reforms. He was aided by Boniface, although the latter held no ecclesiastical office there. In 747 Carloman abdicated and retired to a monastery; and Pippin became sole ruler, and at last formally king, anointed by Boniface under the direction of the Pope in 752. After this, Boniface, withdrawing from the direction of the Church, turned once more to satisfy his heart's desire by going on a mission among the heathen Frisians, where he crowned a great life with a martyr's death.

Thus authoritatively, supported by Rome and the Frankish monarchy, Christianity was presented to the Germans. It carried suggestions of a better order and some knowledge of Latin letters. The extension of Roman Catholic Christianity was the aim of Boniface first and last and always. But a Latin education was needed by the clergy to enable them to understand and set forth this somewhat elaborated and learned scheme of salvation. Boniface and his coadjutors had no aversion to the literary means by which a serviceable Latin knowledge was to be obtained,

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The night her silent sable wore, An' gloomin' was the skies; O' glittrin' stars appeared no more Than those in Nelly's eyes: When at her father's gate I knocked, Where I had often been; Shrouded only in her smock, She rose and loot me in. Fast lock'd within my fond embrace, She tremblin' stood asham'd; Her glowin' lips an' heaving breasts, At every touch enflam'd; My eager passion I obeyed, Resolved the fort to win; An' she, at last, gave her consent To yield an' let me in.

O then! what bliss beyond compare, I knew no greater joy; Enroll'd in heavenly happiness, So bless't a man was I; An' she, all ravished with delight, Bad me aft come again, An' kindly vow'd, that ev'ry night She'd rise and let me in.

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(　89　)  But ah! at last she prov'd wi' bairn, An' sat baith sad and dull, An' I wha was as much concerned Looked e'en just like a fool; Her lovely eyes wi' tears ran o'er, Repentin' her rash sin; An' ay she cursed the fatal hour That e'er she loot me in. But who could from such beauty go, Or yet from Nelly part; I lov'd her dear, an' cou'dna leave The charmer of my heart, We wedded and conceal'd our crime, Then all was weel again, An' she doth bless the happy night She rose an' loot me in

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When princes and prelates, And hot-headed zealots A' Europe had set in a lowe, lowe, lowe, The poor man lies down, Nor envies a crown, But contents himself wi' a mow, mow, mow. And why shouldna poor bodies mow, mow, mow? And why shouldna poor bodies mow? The rich they hae siller, and houses, and land, Poor bodies hae naething but mow.

When Brunswick's great Prince Gaed a crushing to France, Republican billies to cow, cow, cow, Great Brunswick's strange Prince Would have shown better sense, At hame wi' his Princess to mow, mow, mow.

And why shouldna, &c.

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(　91　) The Emperor swore, By sea and by shore, At Paris to kick up a row, row, row, But Paris aye ready, Just laughed at the laddie, And bid him gae hame, and gae mow, mow, mow. And why shouldna, &c.

When the brave Duke of York The Rhine first did pass, Republican armies to cow, cow, cow, They bid him gae hame To his Prussian dame, And gie her a kiss and a mow, mow, mow.

And why shouldna, &c.

Out over the Rhine Proud Prussia did shine, To spend his last blade he did vow, vow, vow, But Frederick had better Ne'er forded the water, But spent as he ought at a mow, mow, mow. And why shouldna, &c.

The black-headed eagle, As keen as a beagle, He hunted o'er height, and o'er howe, howe, howe. In the braes of Gemappe, He fell into a trap, E'en let him get out as he dow, dow, dow. And why shouldna, &c.

When Kate laid her claws On poor Stanislaus, And his p—t—e was bent like a bow, bow, bow, May the deil in her a——e Ram a huge p——k of brass, And send her to hell wi' a mow, mow, mow. And why shouldna, &c.

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(　92　) Then fill up your glasses, Ye sons of Parnassus, This toast I'm sure you'll allow, allow, Here's to Geordie our King, And Charlotte his Queen, And lang may they live for to mow, mow, mow. And why shouldna, &c.

But truce with commotions, and new fangled notions, A bumper I trust you'll allow, allow; Here's George our good King, and long may he ring, And Charlotte and he tak' a mow, mow, mow.

And why shouldna, &c.

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(　97　) My Jockey is a bonny lad, A dainty lad, a merry lad, A neat, sweet, pretty little lad, An' just the lad for me. For when we o'er the meadows stray, He's ay sae lively, ay sae gae, An' aft right canty does he say, There's nane he lo'es like me.

An' he's ay huggin', ay dawtin', Ay clappin', ay pressin', Ay squeezin', ay kissin', An' winna let me be.

I met my lad the ither day, Friskin' thro' a field o' hay; Says he, dear Jenny, will ye stay, An' crack a while wi' me. No, Jockey lad, I darena stay, My mither she'd miss me away; Syne she'll flyte an' scauld a' day, An' play the deil wi' me. But Jockey still continued Ay huggin', &c.

Hoot! Jockey, see my hair is down, An' look ye've torn a' my gown, An' how will I gae thro' the town, Dear laddie tell to me. He never minded what I said, But wi' my neck an' bosom play'd; Tho' I entreated, begg'd, an' pray'd Him no to touzle me.

But Jockey still continued Huggin', dawtin', clappin', squeezin', An' aye kissin', kissin', kissin'. Till down cam we.

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(　98　)  As breathless an' fatigued I lay, In his arms among the hay, My blood fast thro' my veins did play As he lay huggin' me; I thought my breath would never last, For Jockey danc'd sae devilish fast; But what cam o'er, I trow, at last, There's deil ane kens but me. But soon he wearied o' his dance, O' a' his jumpin' an' his prance, An' confess'd without romance, He was fain to let me be.

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Talk:The Merry Muses of Caledonia/Introductory

fine block vs. blockquote
In this chapters there are various block quotations. Some pages are marked up with the "fine block" template (which is closer to the original), others use HTML "blockquote" (which, in my opinion, serves better the purpose, especially in flow mode).

Whatever is chosen, the most important is that all pages should be marked consistently.

WDYT?

--Anathaniel (talk) 04:50, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

's as well to the mix along with fine block and ... My suggestion: Keep asking questions, edit how you feel comfortable (the fact that you care about whether formatting is "closer to the original" is a good sign here!), and watch whatever "magic" happens during the final stages of proofreading/validation. You learn a lot of "tricks of the trade" that way... I often find a lot of new formatting techniques that I never knew existed before when working on the PotM. Most importantly, have fun! Londonjackbooks (talk) 12:08, 15 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I know what Billinghust would say, and after many attempts on my part to try to implement 'standardization' of the PotM before it has been fully proofread can be somewhat frustrating (but only on the part of the editor who seeks implementation). You can add the tag v. using gap &

 * Re: these edits: Best thing to do is ask each user for their opinion on their Talk pages; i.e., why they chose to format the way they did... You can see that Billinghurst preferred to use, then Dick Bos came around—who preferred fsx (85%) until he settled on fine block... Then you "reverted" (although not technically) back to ... My suggestion:  Wait till all's said and done, or catch each editor on their Talk pages with your question(s)! :) Londonjackbooks (talk) 12:20, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Uniformity is the goal. Re "the look" as we all use different fonts, browsers, etc., there may be no "closest look".  I usually keep it simpler rather than more complex in the first time through, as so many people will do 'their' thing. My reason for blockquote is that I find that firefox doesn't handle %fonts well, so I have now just formatted to show difference, and not size unless necessary. Feel free to go through and standardise to one of the formats, no one will get cranky. — billinghurst  sDrewth  15:06, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

 * When using blockquote the text is not smaller (see page XXIV). So better use fine block, what is was. Looks more like the original book. And uh......why are there two different talk pages on one book. Doesnt make it very helpfull for editors. The discussion had been in the beginning of april on that other page. WeeJeeVee (talk) 20:30, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry for splitting the discussion on this subject. I wasn't aware of the discussion on the index page.
 * Although now all pages of the Intro chapter are converted to blockquote, I don't think anymore to be the ideal solution. The problem with fine block is that is is only marginally smaller than normal (at least on my browsers) and gives too little a visual cue in include more.  Blockquote gives a substantial cue but the indentation is not part of the original.  We should use instead smaller block whose size ratio to normal is closer to the original.  That is then enough cue already without blockquote.  Furthermore, the comments on the lyrics pages use the same font size, and there all proofreaders unanimously opted for smaller font. --Anathaniel (talk) 22:31, 18 April 2012 (UTC)


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SAY, old thing!"

Archie spoke plaintively. Already he was looking back ruefully to the time when he had supposed that an artist's model had a soft job. In the first five minutes muscles which he had not been aware that he possessed had started to ache like neglected teeth. His respect for the toughness and durability of artists' models was now solid. How they acquired the stamina to go through this sort of thing all day and then bound off to Bohemian revels at night was more than he could understand.

"Don't wobble, confound you!" snorted Mr. Wheeler.

"Yes, but, my dear old artist," said Archie, "what you don't seem to grasp—what you appear not to realise—is that I'm getting a crick in the back."

"You weakling! You miserable, invertebrate worm. Move an inch and I'll murder you, and come and dance on your grave every Wednesday and Saturday. I'm just getting it."

"It's in the spine that it seems to catch me principally."

"Be a man, you faint-hearted string-bean!" urged J. B. Wheeler. "You ought to be ashamed of yourself. Why, a girl who was posing for me last week stood for a solid hour on one leg, holding a tennis racket over her head and smiling brightly withal."

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Rh "The female of the species is more india-rubbery than the male," argued Archie.

"Well, I'll be through in a few minutes. Don't weaken. Think how proud you'll be when you see yourself on all the bookstalls."

Archie sighed, and braced himself to the task once more. He wished he had never taken on this binge. In addition to his physical discomfort, he was feeling a most awful chump. The cover on which Mr. Wheeler was engaged was for the August number of the magazine, and it had been necessary for Archie to drape his reluctant form in a two-piece bathing suit of a vivid lemon colour; for he was supposed to be representing one of those jolly dogs belonging to the best families who dive off floats at exclusive seashore resorts. J. B. Wheeler, a stickler for accuracy, had wanted him to remove his socks and shoes; but there Archie had stood firm. He was willing to make an ass of himself, but not a silly ass.

"All right," said J. B. Wheeler, laying down his brush. "That will do for to-day. Though, speaking without prejudice and with no wish to be offensive, if I had had a model who wasn't a weak-kneed, jelly-backboned son of Belial, I could have got the darned thing finished without having to have another sitting."

"I wonder why you chappies call this sort of thing 'sitting,'" said Archie, pensively, as he conducted tentative experiments in osteopathy on his aching back. "I say, old thing, I could do with a restorative, if you have one handy. But, of course, you haven't, I suppose," he added, resignedly. Abstemious as a rule, there were moments when Archie found the Eighteenth Amendment somewhat trying.

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34 J. B. Wheeler shook his head.

"You're a little previous," he said. "But come round in another day or so, and I may be able to do something for you." He moved with a certain conspirator-like caution to a corner of the room, and, lifting to one side a pile of canvases, revealed a stout barrel, which he regarded with a fatherly and benignant eye. "I don't mind telling you that, in the fullness of time, I believe this is going to spread a good deal of sweetness and light."

"Oh, ah," said Archie, interested. "Home-brew, what?"

"Made with these hands. I added a few more raisins yesterday, to speed things up a bit. There is much virtue in your raisin. And, talking of speeding things up, for goodness' sake try to be a bit more punctual to-morrow. We lost an hour of good daylight to-day."

"I like that! I was here on the absolute minute. I had to hang about on the landing waiting for you."

"Well, well, that doesn't matter," said J. B. Wheeler, impatiently, for the artist soul is always annoyed by petty details. "The point is that we were an hour late in getting to work. Mind you're here to-morrow at eleven sharp."

It was, therefore, with a feeling of guilt and trepidation that Archie mounted the stairs on the following morning; for in spite of his good resolutions he was half an hour behind time. He was relieved to find that his friend had also lagged by the wayside. The door of the studio was ajar, and he went in, to discover the place occupied by a lady of mature years, who was scrubbing the floor with a mop. He went into the bedroom and donned his bathing suit. When he emerged, ten minutes later, the charwoman

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Rh had gone, but J. B. Wheeler was still absent. Rather glad of the respite, he sat down to kill time by reading the morning paper, whose sporting page alone he had managed to master at the breakfast table.

There was not a great deal in the paper to interest him. The usual bond-robbery had taken place on the previous day, and the police were reported hot on the trail of the Master-Mind who was alleged to be at the back of these financial operations. A messenger named Henry Babcock had been arrested and was expected to become confidential. To one who, like Archie, had never owned a bond, the story made little appeal. He turned with more interest to a cheery half-column on the activities of a gentleman in Minnesota who, with what seemed to Archie, as he thought of Mr. Daniel Brewster, a good deal of resource and public spirit, had recently beaned his father-in-law with the family meat-axe. It was only after he had read this through twice in a spirit of gentle approval that it occurred to him that J. B. Wheeler was uncommonly late at the tryst. He looked at his watch, and found that he had been in the studio three-quarters of an hour.

Archie became restless. Long-suffering old bean though he was, he considered this a bit thick. He got up and went out on to the landing, to see if there were any signs of the blighter. There were none. He began to understand now what had happened. For some reason or other the bally artist was not coming to the studio at all that day. Probably he had called up the hotel and left a message to this effect, and Archie had just missed it. Another man might have waited to make certain that his message had reached its destination, but not woollen-headed Wheeler, the most casual individual in New York.

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36 Thoroughly aggrieved, Archie turned back to the studio to dress and go away.

His progress was stayed by a solid, forbidding slab of oak. Somehow or other, since he had left the room, the door had managed to get itself shut.

"Oh, dash it!" said Archie.

The mildness of the expletive was proof that the full horror of the situation had not immediately come home to him. His mind in the first few moments was occupied with the problem of how the door had got that way. He could not remember shutting it. Probably he had done it unconsciously. As a child, he had been taught by sedulous elders that the little gentleman always closed doors behind him, and presumably his subconscious self was still under the influence. And then, suddenly, he realised that this infernal, officious ass of a subconscious self had deposited him right in the gumbo. Behind that closed door, unattainable as youthful ambition, lay his gent's heather-mixture with the green twill, and here he was, out in the world, alone, in a lemon-coloured bathing suit

In all crises of human affairs there are two broad courses open to a man. He can stay where he is or he can go elsewhere. Archie, leaning on the banisters, examined these alternatives narrowly. If he stayed where he was he would have to spend the night on this dashed landing. If he legged it, in this kit, he would be gathered up by the constabulary before he had gone a hundred yards. He was no pessimist, but he was reluctantly forced to the conclusion that he was up against it.

It was while he was musing with a certain tenseness on these things that the sound of footsteps came to him from below. But almost in the first instant the hope that,

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Rh this might be J. B. Wheeler, the curse of the human race, died away. Whoever was coming up the stairs was running, and J. B. Wheeler never ran upstairs. He was not one of your lean, haggard, spiritual-looking geniuses. He made a large income with his brush and pencil, and spent most of it in creature comforts. This couldn't be J. B. Wheeler.

It was not. It was a tall, thin man whom he had never seen before. He appeared to be in a considerable hurry. He let himself into the studio on the floor below, and vanished without even waiting to shut the door.

He had come and disappeared in almost record time, but, brief though his passing had been, it had been long enough to bring consolation to Archie. A sudden bright light had been vouchsafed to Archie, and he now saw an admirably ripe and fruity scheme for ending his troubles. What could be simpler than to toddle down one flight of stairs and in an easy and debonair manner ask the chappie's permission to use his telephone? And what could be simpler, once he was at the 'phone, than to get in touch with somebody at the Cosmopolis who would send down a few trousers and what not in a kit bag. It was a priceless solution, thought Archie, as he made his way downstairs. Not even embarrassing, he meant to say. This chappie, living in a place like this, wouldn't bat an eyelid at the spectacle of a fellow trickling about the place in a bathing suit. They would have a good laugh about the whole thing.

"I say, I hate to bother you—dare say you're busy and all that sort of thing—but would you mind if I popped in for half a second and used your 'phone?"

That was the speech, the extremely gentlemanly and

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 well-phrased speech, which Archie had prepared to deliver the moment the man appeared. The reason he did not deliver it was that the man did not appear. He knocked, but nothing stirred.

"I say!"

Archie now perceived that the door was ajar, and that on an envelope attached with a tack to one of the panels was the name "Elmer M. Moon," He pushed the door a little farther open and tried again.

"Oh, Mr. Moon! Mr. Moon!" He waited a moment. "Oh, Mr. Moon! Mr. Moon! Are you there, Mr. Moon?"

He blushed hotly. To his sensitive ear the words had sounded exactly like the opening line of the refrain of a vaudeville song-hit. He decided to waste no further speech on a man with such an unfortunate surname until he could see him face to face and get a chance of lowering his voice a bit. Absolutely absurd to stand outside a chappie's door singing song-hits in a lemon-coloured bathing suit. He pushed the door open and walked in; and his subconscious self, always the gentleman, closed it gently behind him.

"Up!" said a low, sinister, harsh, unfriendly, and unpleasant voice.

"Eh?" said Archie, revolving sharply on his axis.

He found himself confronting the hurried gentleman who had run upstairs. This sprinter had produced an automatic pistol, and was pointing it in a truculent manner at his head. Archie stared at his host, and his host stared at him.

"Put your hands up," he said.

"Oh, right-o! Absolutely!" said Archie. "But I mean to say"

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 The other was drinking him in with considerable astonishment. Archie's costume seemed to have made a powerful impression upon him.

"Who the devil are you?" he enquired.

"Me? Oh, my name's"

"Never mind your name. What are you doing here?"

"Well, as a matter of fact, I popped in to ask if I might use your 'phone. You see"

A certain relief seemed to temper the austerity of the other's gaze. As a visitor, Archie, though surprising, seemed to be better than he had expected.

"I don't know what to do with you," he said, meditatively.

"If you'd just let me toddle to the 'phone"

"Likely!" said the man. He appeared to reach a decision. "Here, go into that room."

He indicated with a jerk of his head the open door of what was apparently a bedroom at the farther end of the studio.

"I take it," said Archie, chattily, "that all this may seem to you not a little rummy."

"Get on!"

"I was only saying"

"Well, I haven't time to listen. Get a move on!"

The bedroom was in a state of untidiness which eclipsed anything which Archie had ever witnessed. The other appeared to be moving house. Bed, furniture, and floor were covered with articles of clothing. A silk shirt wreathed itself about Archie's ankles as he stood gaping, and, as he moved farther into the room, his path was paved with ties and collars.

"Sit down!" said Elmer M. Moon, abruptly.

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