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Class and Order.

Generic Character.

Cor. campanulata. Stamina receptaculo inserta. Caps. 2–5 locularis polysperma.

Specific Character and Synonyms.

AZALEA pontica foliis nitidis lanceolatis, utrinque glabris, racemis terminalibus. ''Linn. Sp. Pl. App. p.'' 1669. ''Pall. Fl. Ross. t.'' 69. p. 51.

CHAMÆRHODENDROS Pontica maxima Mespili folio flore luteo. ''Tourn. Cor. Hist. Rei. Herb.'' 42. ''Act. Paris'' 1704. p. 348. Buxb. Cent. 5. p. 36. t. 69.

Shrub from two to three feet or more in height, the thickest part of the stem not exceeding the size of the little finger, covered with a smooth brown bark, irregularly branched; Flowers appearing before the leaves are fully expanded, and produced in umbels at the extremities of the branches, from eight to twelve or more in an umbel, of a fine yellow colour and agreeable fragrance; each blossom is about the size of that of the horse-chesnut, and as some of them are produced much earlier than others, the plan of course continues a considerable time in bloom, standing on short peduncles; Calyx very short, viscous, and irregularly divided, most commonly into five ovate-lanceolate segments; Corolla, tube cylindrical, viscous, grooved, brim divided into five segments, undulated and somewhat wrinkled, ovate, pointed, three turning upwards, two downwards, of the three uppermost segments the middle one more intensely yellow than the others and inclining to orange, with which it is sometimes spotted; Stamina usually five, yellow, projecting beyond the corolla, and turning upwards near their extremities; Antheræ orange-coloured; Pollen whitish and somewhat angular; Style yellowish, filiform, projecting beyond the stamina, and turning upwards; Stigma forming a round green head.


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Manship member of the corporation until 1604, when he was dismissed for saying that Mr. Damett and Mr. Wheeler, two aldermen who then represented the borough, 'had behaved themselves in parliament like sheep, and were both dunces.' Thereafter he appears to have devoted himself to the compilation of a history of the borough. In 1612 he obtained leave to go to the Hutch and peruse and copy records for forty days. Finding that many of the documents were missing and the remainder uncared for, he persuaded the corporation to appoint a committee to inquire into the matter. Their labours are recorded in a book containing a repertory of the documents, which was engrossed by Manship and delivered to the corporation, in whose possession it still remains, though almost every document enumerated in it is now destroyed or lost. Manship appears to have regained the favour of the corporation, for he was appointed to ride to London about a license to 'transport herrings in stranger-bottoms,' and to endeavour to get the 'fishers of the town discharged from buoys and lights.' In 1614, when Sir Theophilus Finch and George Hardware were returned to parliament for the borough, Manship acted as their solicitor, with a salary of forty shillings per week, and in 1616 he was again sent to London to manage the town's business, but on this occasion he was accused of improperly 'borrowing money in the town's name, and fell into disgrace. His 'History of Great Yarmouth,' was completed in 1619, and the corporation voted him a gratuity of 60l., but his expectations of fame and profit were apparently not realised, for he circulated in 1620 a pamphlet wherein, say his enemies, he 'extolled himself and defamed the town,' He afterwards deemed it expedient to apologise. Manship died in 1625 at an advanced age and in great poverty. The corporation granted a small annuity to his widow Joan, daughter of Henry Hill of King's Lynn.

Manship was indebted in some part of his curious history to that compiled by his father. A contemporary copy, with an appendix containing a transcript of the charters made by him, was deposited in the Hutch, but is believed to have ultimately found its way into the library of Dawson Turner. Several other copies are extant, from one of which the book was first published, under the editorship of C. J. Palmer, in 1854. A catalogue of the charters of Great Yarmouth, compiled by Manship in 1612, is in the British Museum, Addit, MS. 23737.  MANSON, DAVID (1726–1792), school-master, son of John Manson and Agnes Jamieson, was probably born in the parish of Cairncastle, co. Antrim, in 1726. His parents being poor, he began life as a farmer's servantboy, but was allowed by his employer to attend a school kept by the Rev. Robert White in the neighbouring town of Lame. There he made such good progress that in a short time he himself opened a school in his native parish, tradition says in a cowhouse. By-and-by he became tutor to the Shaw family of Ballygally Castle, and later on taught a school in Ballycastle. In 1752 he removed to Belfast, where he started a brewery, and in 1765 announced in the 'Belfast Newsletter' that 'at the request of his customers' he had opened an evening school in his house in Clugston's Entry, where he would teach, 'by way of amusement,' English grammar, reading, and spelling. His school increased, so that in 1760 he removed to larger premises in High Street, and employed three assistants. In 1768 he built a still larger school-house in Donegall Street, where he had fuller scope for developing his system of instruction, 'without the discipline of the rod,' as he described it. For the amusement of his pupils he devised various machines, one a primitive kind of velocipede. To carry out his ideals of education he wrote and published a number of school-books, which long enjoyed a high reputation in the north of Ireland and elsewhere. These were 'Manson's Spelling Book;' an 'English Dictionary,' Belfast, 1762; a 'New Primer,' Belfast, 1762; a 'Pronouncing Dictionary,' Belfast, 1774. He also published a small treatise in which he urged hand-loom weavers, of whom there were then many in Ireland, to live in the country, where they could relieve their sedentary task by cultivating the soil, appending directions as to the most profitable methods of doing so. He invented an improved machine for spinning yarn. In 1775 he was among the seatholaers in the First Presbyterian Church, Belfast, and in 1779 he was admitted a freeman of the borough (Town Book of Belfast, p. 300). He died on 2 March 1792 at Lillyput, a house which he had built near Belfast, and was buried at night by torch-light, in the churchyard at the foot of High Street, the graves in which have all long since been levelled. Manson married a Miss Lynn of Ballycastle, but had no children. An oil-painting of him hangs in the board-room of the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast.

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 MANSON, GEORGE (1850–1876), Scottish artist, son of Magnus Manson, an Edinburgh merchant, was born at Edinburgh on 3 Dec. 1860. After he had left school he spent some months in the workshop of a punch-cutter, where he was engaged in cutting dies for printers' types. In May 1866 he entered the wood-engraving department of Messrs. W. & R. Chambers, publishers, and during an apprenticeship of five years with that firm produced a number of woodcuts, including some tailpieces for 'Chambers's Miscellany,' He found time to attend the School of Art, to copy in the Scottish National Gallery, and to contribute to a Sketching Club; and he spent his summer holiday of 1870 in London, making studies in the national collections. His indentures haying been cancelled by his request in August 1871, he devoted himself more assiduously to the work of the Edinburgh School of Art, and in the following year he gained a free studentship and a 'silver medal for a water-colour study. In 1873 he travelled in France, Belgium, and Holland, visiting Josef Israels at the Hague. Shortly after his return his health failed, and he was compelled, early in 1874, to go south to Sark, where he made some of his best sketches. He returned to Scotland for a short time, and in January 1875 went to Paris, to take lessons in etching in the studio of M. Cadart. He was back in England in April, and he settled for a few months at Shirley, near Croydon. In September he sought change at Lympstone in Devonshire, where he died on 27 Feb. 1876. He is buried in the neighbouring churchyard of Gulliford. He has left a small water-colour portrait of himself when an apprentice, and another executed in 1874, and hung in 1876 in the exhibition of the Royal Scottish Academy. A good photograph (1873) is reproduced in Mr. Gray's 'Memoir.' In his engraving Manson was an acknowledged disciple of Bewick, copying his simple and direct line effects, and preferring to work 'from the solid black into the white, instead of from the white into grey by means of a multiplicity of lines.' His paintings, which deal with homely and simple subjects, are realistic transcripts from nature, and are chiefly notable for their fine schemes of colour. Many of his works are reproduced in the 'Memoir.'

MANT, RICHARD (1776–1848), bishop of Down, Connor, and Dromore, eldest son and fifth child of Richard Mant, D.D., was born at Southampton on 12 Feb. 1776. His father, the master of King Edward's Grammar School, and afterwards rector of All Saints, Southampton, was the son of Thomas Mant of Havant, Hampshire, who had married a daughter of [q. v.] the ecclesiastical archæologist. Mant was educated by his father and at Winchester School, of which he was elected scholar in 1789. In April 1793 he was called on with other scholars to resign, in consequence of some breach of discipline. Not being (as was admitted) personally in fault, he refused, and was deprived of his scholarship. He entered as a commoner at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1793, and in 1794 obtained a scholarship. In 1797 he graduated B.A., and in 1798 was elected to a fellowship at Oriel, which he held to the end of 1804. His essay ‘On Commerce’ (included in ‘Oxford English Prize Essays,’ 1836, 12mo, vol. ii.) obtained the chancellor's prize in 1799. In 1800 he began his long series of poetical publications by verses in memory of his old master at Winchester, Joseph Warton, D.D. He graduated M.A. in 1801, was ordained deacon in 1802, and, after acting as curate to his father, took a travelling tutorship, and was detained in France in 1802–3 during the war. Having been ordained priest in 1803, he became curate in charge (1804) of Buriton, Hampshire. After acting as curate at Crawley, Hampshire (1808), and to his father at Southampton (December 1809), he became vicar of Coggeshall, Essex (1810), where he took pupils. In 1811 he was elected Bampton lecturer, and chose as his topic a vindication of the evangelical character of Anglican preaching against the allegations of methodists. The lectures attracted notice. Manners-Sutton, archbishop of Canterbury, made him his domestic chaplain in 1813, and on going to reside at Lambeth he resigned Coggeshall. In 1815 he was collated to the rectory of St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate, and commenced D.D. at Oxford. He was presented in 1818 to the rectory of East Horsley, Surrey, which he held with St. Botolph's.

In February 1820 Mant was nominated by Lord Liverpool for an Irish bishopric. He is said to have been first designed for Waterford and Lismore (though this was not vacant), but was ultimately appointed to Killaloe and Kilfenoragh, and was consecrated at Cashel on 30 April 1820. He at once took up his residence at Clarisford House, bringing English servants with him,


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 a proceeding so unpopular that he soon dismissed them. He voted against Roman catholic emancipation in 1821, and again in 1825. On 22 March 1823 he was translated to Down and Connor, succeeding Nathaniel Alexander, D.D. (d. 22 Oct. 1840), who had been translated to Meath. There was then, as now, no official residence connected with his diocese; Mant fixed his abode at Knocknagoney (Rabbit's Hill), in the parish of Holywood, co. Down, a few miles from Belfast. He had come from a diocese which was largely Roman catholic to a stronghold of protestantism, mainly in its presbyterian form, and he succeeded in doing much for the prosperity of the then established church. Mant was on the royal commission of inquiry into ecclesiastical unions (1830); the publication of its report in July 1831 was followed by considerable efforts of church extension in his diocese. He found Belfast with two episcopal churches, and left it with five. He took an active part in connection with the Down and Connor Church Accommodation Society, formed (19 Dec. 1838) at the suggestion of Thomas Drew, D.D. (d. 1859), which between 1839 and 1843 laid out 32,000l. in aid of sixteen new churches. In 1842, on the death of James Saurin, D.D., bishop of Dromore, that diocese was united to Down and Connor, in accordance with the provisions of the Church Temporalities Act of 1833. The united diocese is a large one, being ‘a sixteenth of all Ireland.’ The last prelate who had held the three sees conjointly was Jeremy Taylor, to whose memory a marble monument, projected by Mant, and with an inscription from his pen, had been placed in 1827 within the cathedral church at Lisburn, co. Antrim.

Mant was an indefatigable writer; the bibliography of his publications occupies over five pages in the British Museum Catalogue. His poetry is chiefly notable for its copiousness. Four of his hymns are included in Lord Selborne's ‘Book of Praise,’ 1863; about twenty others, some being metrical psalms, are found in many hymnals. Many of his hymns were adapted from the Roman breviary. The annotated Bible (1814) prepared by, D.D. [q. v.], and Mant, at the instance of Archbishop Manners-Sutton, and at the expense of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, was largely a compilation; it still retains considerable popularity. It was followed by an edition of the prayer-book (1820), on a somewhat similar plan, by Mant alone.

His best work is his ‘History of the Church of Ireland’ (1840), the fruit of much research into manuscript as well as printed sources. It was undertaken to meet a want, felt all the more from the conspicuous ability which marked the first two volumes (1833–1837) of Reid's ‘History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland.’ No one was so well equipped for the task as, D.D. [q. v.]; but on his failure, owing to ill-health, to fulfil the design, Mant came forward. His style is very readable, and if his comments are those of a partisan, his facts are usually well arranged and ascertained with care. The earlier church history of Ireland is ignored, and the period immediately preceding the Reformation is treated too much in the manner of a protestant-pamphlet; but the real topic of the book, the post-Reformation annals of the Irish establishment to the union, could hardly have enlisted a more judicious narrator. A copious index by Mant himself adds to the book's value.

Mant was taken ill on 27 Oct. 1848 while staying at the rectory-house, Ballymoney, co. Antrim, and died there on 2 Nov. 1848. He was buried on 7 Nov. in the churchyard of St. James's, Hillsborough, co. Down. He married, on 22 Dec. 1804, Elizabeth Wood (d. 2 April 1846), an orphan, of a Sussex family, and left [q. v.], another son, and a daughter.

His publications may be thus classified:

I..  ‘Verses to the Memory of Joseph Warton, D.D.,’ &c., Oxford, 1800, 8vo.  ‘The Country Curate,’ &c., Oxford, 1804, 8vo.  ‘A Collection of Miscellaneous Poems,’ &c., Oxford, 1806, 8vo (3 parts).  ‘The Slave,’ &c., Oxford, 1806, 8vo.  ‘The Book of Psalms … Metrical Version,’ &c., 1824, 8vo.  ‘The Holydays of the Church … with … Metrical Sketches,’ &c., 1828–31, 8vo, 2 vols.  ‘The Gospel Miracles; in a series of Poetical Sketches,’ &c., 1832, 12mo.  ‘Christmas Carols,’ &c., 1833, 12mo.  ‘The Happiness of the Blessed,’ &c., 1833, 12mo; 4th ed. 1837; 1870, 8vo.  ‘The British Months: a Poem, in twelve parts,’ &c., 1835, 8vo, 2 vols.  ‘Ancient Hymns from the Roman Breviary … added, Original Hymns,’ &c., 1837, 12mo.  ‘The Sundial of Armoy,’ &c., Dublin, 1847, 16mo. 13. ‘The Matin Bell,’ &c., Oxford, 1848, 16mo.  ‘The Youthful Christian Soldier … with … Hymns,’ &c., Dublin, 1848, 12mo.

II. : <li> ‘The Poetical Works of … Thomas Warton … with Memoirs,’ &c., 1802, 8vo. <li> ‘Biographical Notices of the Apostles, Evangelists, and other Saints,’ &c., Oxford, 1828, 8vo. <li> ‘History of the Church of Ireland,’ &c., 1840, 8vo, 2 vols.</ol>

III. : <li> ‘Puritanism Revived,’ &c., 1808, </ol>


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 8vo.  ‘A Step in the Temple … Guide to … Church Catechism,’ &c. [1808], 8vo; reprinted, 1840, 12mo.  ‘An Appeal to the Gospel,’ &c., Oxford, 1812, 8vo (Bampton lecture); 6th edit. 1816, 8vo. (Extracts from this were issued as ‘Two Tracts … of Regeneration and Conversion,’ &c., 1817, 12mo.).  ‘Sermons,’ &c., Oxford, 1813–15, 8vo, 3 vols.  ‘Sermons … before the University of Oxford,’ &c., 1816, 8vo (against Socinianism).  ‘The Truth and the Excellence of the Christian Religion,’ &c., 1819, 12mo.  ‘The Christian Sabbath,’ &c., 1830, 8vo.  ‘The Clergyman's Obligations,’ &c., Oxford, 1830, 12mo, 2 parts; 2nd edit. same year (referred to by Newman as ‘a twaddling—so to say—publication’).  ‘A Letter to … H. H. Milman … Author of a History of the Jews,’ &c., 1830, 8vo.  ‘A Second Letter,’ &c., 1830, 8vo.  ‘The Churches of Rome and England compared,’ &c., 1836, 12mo; 1884, 12mo.  ‘Does the Church of Rome agree with the Church of England in all the Fundamentals?’ &c., Dublin, 1836, 8vo.  ‘Extemporaneous Prayer,’ &c., Dublin, 1837, 8vo.  ‘The Church and her Ministers,’ &c., 1838, 8vo.  ‘Romanism and Holy Scripture,’ &c., new edit. 1839, 12mo; 1868, 16mo.
 ‘Primitive Christianity,’ &c., 1842, 8vo.
 ‘A Churchman's Apology,’ &c., Dublin, 1844, 8vo.
 ‘Horæ Ecclesiasticæ,’ &c., 1845, 16mo.
 ‘Horæ Liturgicæ,’ &c., 1845, 16mo.
 ‘Religio Quotidiana,’ &c., 1846, 8vo.
 ‘Feriæ Anniversariæ,’ &c., 1847, 16mo, 2 vols.
 ‘The Scotch Communion Office,’ &c., Oxford, 1857, 8vo.
 ‘A short Tract for Revivalists,’ &c., 1859, 8vo.
 IV. :
 ‘A Parsing … of some of the Colloquies of Cordery,’ &c., 1801, 12mo.
 ‘Reflections on … Cruelty to Animals,’ &c., 1807, 8vo.
 ‘Church Architecture considered,’ &c., Belfast, 1843, 8vo. Also single sermons, 1813–40, and charges, 1820–42.

MANT, WALTER BISHOP (1807–1869), divine, eldest son of [q. v.], was born on 25 June 1807 at Buriton, Hampshire. He matriculated at Oriel College, Oxford, on 6 Feb. 1824, and graduated B.A. 1827, M.A. 1830. In 1831 he took orders, and was appointed archdeacon of Connor by his father. In October 1834 he was preferred to the rectory of Hillsborough, co. Down, and was appointed archdeacon of Down. For many years he was provincial grand master, and afterwards provincial grand chaplain, of the freemasons of Down and Antrim. Like his father, whose biographer he became, he wrote verse. In antiquarian subjects he took considerable interest, and contributed to the 'Proceedings' of local societies, he preached on Sunday, 4 April 1869, and died of influenza two days later at the archdeaconry, Hillsborough; he was buried on 10 April at Hillsborough.

He published:
 * 1) 'Horas Apostolicæ,' &c, 1839, 8vo.
 * 2) 'The Man of Sorrows … five Discourses,' &c, Oxford, 1852, 8vo.
 * 3) 'Memoirs of … Richard Mant,' &c, Dublin, 1857, 8vo.
 * 4) 'Christophoros and other Poems,' &c, 1861, 8vo.
 * 5) 'Bible Quartetts,' &c.[1862],32mo (three numbers).
 * 6) 'Scientific Quartetts,' &c [1862-3], 32mo (six numbers).

MANTE, THOMAS (fl. 1772), military writer, describes himself as having served as an assistant engineer at the siege of Havana in 1762, and as major of brigade to Colonel Dudley Bradstreet in the campaigns against the Indians in 1764. His name does not appear in any British 'Army List,' nor in Porter's 'History of the Royal Engineers.' Mante wrote several military works, the most important being his 'History of the late War in America, including the Campaigns against His Majesty's Indian Enemies,' London, 1772, a handsome quarto, praised by the American historians Sparks and Bancroft, and now scarce (cf., Bibl. Manual, Bohn; , Hist. of America, v. 616, footnote). Mante obtained, but did not take out, a license to print and vend the work for a term of fourteen years (Home Office Warrant Book, vol. xxxiv. f. 195). The book was published in the ordinary way. Mante also wrote a 'Treatise on the Use of Defensive Arms, translated from the French of Joly de Maizeray, with Remarks,' London. 1771; 'System of Tactics, translated from the French of Joly de Maizeray,' and dedicated to Guy Carleton, lord Dorchester, London, 1781; and 'Naval and Military History of the Wars of England, including those of Scotland and Ireland,' London, 1795?-1807. The last two volumes are described as ' completed by an impartial hand,' presumably after the author's death. [Allibone's Dict. vol. ii.; Drake's American Biog.; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Mante's Works. The}}


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Mantell 2 vols., 1844; ‘Thoughts on Animalcules,’ 1846; ‘Geological Excursions round the Isle of Wight and along the adjacent Coast of Dorsetshire,’ 1847—all 8vo. Most of these went through more than one edition; of the ‘Wonders’ six were published in the first ten years.

Mantell was elected into the Linnean Society in 1813, and into the Geological Society in 1818; from the latter he received the Wollaston medal in 1835; he was one of its secretaries in 1841–2, and a vice-president in 1848–9. He was elected F.R.S. in 1825, and received a royal medal in 1849; he was enrolled an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1844, having become M.R.C.S. in 1841, and was granted, in the last year of his life, a pension from the crown.

Mantell was not only a popular lecturer and writer, but also the first to demonstrate the fresh-water origin of the Wealden strata, and by his researches among them to discover four out of the five genera of Dinosaurs known at the time of his death. But his chief service to science was ‘as a working geologist, as a discoverer, as a collector, and as one who, in the infancy of geological science, placed before the world the means by which others could write a thesis or found a system.’ The Royal Society possesses a portrait of Mantell by J. J. Masquerier.  MANTELL, JOSHUA (1795–1865), surgeon and writer on horticulture, born in 1795, was younger brother of Gideon Algernon Mantell [q. v.] He adopted the medical profession, was admitted a licentiate of the Apothecaries' Company, London, in 1828 (Med. Direct. 1845), and practised as a surgeon at Newick in Sussex.

He was devoted to floriculture, and founded the Newick Horticultural Society. About 1834 he was thrown from his horse, and received an injury to his brain which necessitated his removal to an asylum at Ticehurst, where he died in 1865.

Mantell was the author of an article on 'Floriculture,' issued both separately and in Baxter's ' Library of Agricultural and Horticultural Knowledge,' 2nd edit. 8vo, Lewes, 1832 (4th edit. 1846), of which work and 'The Farmer's Annual' he is said to have been the principal editor.

 MANTELL, THOMAS (1751–1831), antiquary, born in 1751, was the only son of Thomas Mantell, surgeon, of Chilham, Kent, by Catharine, daughter of John Nichols, rector of Fordwich. He belonged to the Kentish branch of the Mantells. Pegge the antiquary was his godfather. Early in life he settled at Dover in his father's profession, but retired on being appointed agent for prisoners of war and transports at Dover. In 1814 he was appointed agent for packets at Dover, a post at that time demanding unremitting attention. He was for many years a magistrate at Dover, and six times its mayor. He was knighted on 13 May 1820 during his mayoralty. He died at his house in Dover on 21 Dec. 1831, aged 80, and was buried in the family vault at Chilham. He married Anne, daughter of William Oakley, but left no family.

Mantell was elected fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1810. He investigated the tumuli in various parts of Kent, and was a collector of antiquities. His publications are: 1. 'Short Directions for the Management of Infants,' 1787. 2. 'Case of Imperforate Anus successfully treated' in 'Memoirs of Medicine,' vol. iii. 1792. 3. 'An Account of Cinque Ports Meetings, called Brotherhoods and Guestlings,' Dover, 1811, 4to.; reissued with additions as 'Cinque Ports, Brotherhoods, and Guestlings,' Dover, 1828, 4to. 4. 'Coronation Ceremonies. . . relative to the Barons of the Cinque Ports,' &c., Dover, 1820, 4to.

 MANTON, JOSEPH (1766?–1836), gunmaker, was, according to the specification of a patent granted to him in April 1792, then established in business in Davies Street, Berkeley Square, London; his name does not appear in the 'Directory' until two years afterwards. He remained in Davies Street until 1825, and his shop, No. 25, became widely known to shooters. Colonel Peter Hawker [q. v.] was a great friend and admirer of 'Joe Manton,' as he was almost universally called, and his 'Instructions to Young Sportsmen' abounds with references to Manton's skill. Blaine (Encyclopedia of Sports and Pastimes, 1840, p. 748) is more cautious, but admits that 'had he never done more than invent his breech and his elevated rib his name would have been associated with the fowling-piece as long as fowl remained to be killed.' The possession of one of his guns was an object of ambition to sportsmen.


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Manton tremely popular, and an acknowledged leader of the presbyterians in London.

He was one of the three scribes to the Westminster Assembly, and signed the preface to the 'Confession,' adding an 'Epistle to the Header' of his own (see ed. Edinb. 1827). On at least six occasions Manton was called to preach before the Long parliament, the first being 30 June 1647, a fast day (Commons' Journals). He strongly disapproved of the king's execution, but remained in favour with Cromwell and his parliament, and again preached before them on thanksgiving and fast days until 4 Feb. 1658. He attended Christopher Love [q. v.] on the scaffold (22 Aug. 1651), and afterwards, in spite of threats of shooting from the soldiers, preached a funeral sermon (printed 1651) in Love's church of St. Lawrence Jewry, though 'without pulpit-cloth or cushion,' Manton was incorporated B.D, on 20 April 1654 at Oxford, on the ground that 'he is a person of known worth, and a constant preacher in London,' In 1666 he was presented by William Russell, earl of Bedford, to the rectory of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, a new church built and endowed by Francis, fourth earl (, i. 707). Although he was not legally admitted until 10 Jan. 1660 (, Register), he attracted to the church, under the Commonwealth, crowds of the nobility, both Scottish and English. Evelyn was there (Diary, i. 327) on 23 May 1658, when Manton had collections made for the sequestrated ministers. On another occasion Baxter and Br. Wilkins, afterwards bishop of Chester, assisted him in a service for the Piedmontese protestants. He was nominated by the committee of parliament, with Baxter and others, to draw up the 'Fundamentals, of Religion' (, Reliquiæ, pt. ii. p. 197). He was also appointed one of the 'triers' or inquisitors of godly ministers. "Wood derisively calls him the 'prelate of the Protectorate,' On 26 June 1657 Manton was present in Westminster Hall, and 'recommended his Highness, the Parliament, the council, the forces by land and sea, and the whole government and people of the three nations to the blessing and protection of God' (, p. 662) Manton was anxious for the Restoration, and was one of the deputation to Breda, where Charles II promised to make subscription easier for the presbyterians. In June or July 1660 he was sworn one of the twelve chaplains to the king, but never preached before him, or received or expected any pay . He sat on the commission for the revision of the liturgy, which met in the first instance at Calamy's house 2 April 1660, and diligently attended the Savoy conference (convened 25 March 1661). He accompanied Baxter, Calamy, and others to an audience of the king, who desired them 'to set down what they would yield to,' The presbyterians met at Sion College for two or three weeks, and attended at Lord-chancellor Manchester's when their declaration was read before the king (22 Oct. 1660).

On 19 Nov. 1660 Manton was created D.D. at Oxford, and was offered the deanery of Rochester, but he declined to subscribe. He continued at St. Paul's, Covent Garden, not reading the liturgy nor having it read, until a petition was presented by his congregation at the end of 1661. On 24 Aug, (St. Bartholomew's day) 1662 he left his living, but disclaims having preached any farewell sermon (, p. 779). He attended the services of his successor, Dr. Patrick, afterwards bishop of Ely, until Patrick charged him with circulating a libel about him in the church (Bodl. MSS. Cod. Tann. xxxiii. fol. 38). Manton then held frequent services in his own house in King Street, Covent Garden, until the numbers grew too large, and the meetings were moved successively to White Hart Yard, Brydges (now Catherine) Street, and to Lord Wharton's in St. Giles's. It is a sign of his popularity that the Earl of Berkshire, 'a Jansenist papist,' who lived next door, offered egress 'over a low wall' if trouble arose. Among those who regularly came were the Countesses of Bedford and Manchester, Lady Clinton, Sir William Lockier, and Lady Seymour (Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. App. vi. p. 15). In September 1668 Manton, 'being next the court and of great name among the presbyterians,' drew up, at the suggestion of Sir John Baber [q. v.], an address to the king acknowledging the clemency of his majesty's government. Manton described his own and his companion's reception at Lord Arlington's, the secretary of state, in a letter to Baxter (Reliquiæ, iii. 37). His meetings were connived at until about 1670, when he was arrested on a Sunday afternoon just as he was finishing his sermon. He was committed to the Gatehouse, but was treated leniently, Lady Broughton being the keeper. Baxter 'judges him well at ease,' On being released, six months after, Manton began preaching in a room in White Hart Yard, and only escaped a second arrest by a timely warning, which enabled James Bedford, who had taken the Oxford oath, to occupy his place. In 1672 he was chosen one of the first six preachers for the merchants and citizens of London at the weekly lecture in Pinners' Hall, where he continued to preach 'occasionally until his death. Two years


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Manton later, Manton, with Baxter and Bates, met Tillotson and Stillingfleet, 'to consider of an accommodation.' A draft was agreed upon and laid before the bishops, who rejected it. About 1675 his health failed. A visit to Lord Wharton's country seat at Woburn did him little good. He fell into a lethargy painful to the many friends who visited him, and died 18 Oct. 1677, in the fifty-seventh year of his age. He was buried in the chancel of St. Mary's, Stoke Newington, on 22 Oct. His funeral sermon was preached by William Bates (printed London, 1678). John Collinges [q. v.] preached at the merchants' lecture, and Thomas Case [q. v.], then above eighty, also commemorated his death. 'Words of Peace,' Manton's dignified and spiritual utterances on his deathbed, was published as a broadside a month or two after.

Manton was the most popular of the presbyterians, and used his influence 'for the public tranquillity,' Bates says' his prudent, pacific spirit rendered him most useful in these divided times.' According to Neal, he was 'a good old puritan, who concerned not with the politics of the court,' only with its religion. He made no enemies. His portrait, engraved by White, is prefixed to most of his works. His place was, above all, in the pulpit. Archbishop Ussher called him 'a voluminous preacher,' and the six folio volumes published ; after his death contain 689 sermons. Lord ; Bolingbroke, writing to Swift (, Letters, ed. 1767, ii. 172), says: 'Manton taught my youth to yawn, and prepared me to be a high churchman, that I might never hear him read or read him more,' Besides the public occasions mentioned above, Manton preached the second sermon to the Sons of the Clergy, several times before the lord mayor and aldermen at St. Paul's, and took part in the morning exercises at Cripplegate and elsewhere.

Manton married Mary Morgan of Sidbury, Devonshire, who survived him twenty years. They had several children. A daughter Ann married a Mr. Terry, and died 16 March 1689. Some commemorative verses by her; nephew, Henry Cutts, are to be found in 'Advice to Mourners, &c, a Sermon long since preached by J. Manton,' published by Matthew Silvester, 1694, with a short account of the two wives of Mr. Terry. A son Thomas was baptised at Stoke Newington 7 Oct. 1645, and a son James was buried there 18 June 1656. Another son, Nathaniel, born 4 March 1657, was a bookseller at the Three Pigeons in the Poultry (see note at end of Preface to vol. iv. of the folio edition of his sermons). Another daughter, Mary, was born 9 Dec. 1658.

Dr. Manton's extremely valuable library was sold at his house in King Street, Covent Garden, 25 March following his death. The catalogue was the fourth printed. A copy, with the prices in manuscript, is in the British Museum Library.

Manton published: 1. 'Meate out of the Eater, &c.,' London, 1647. 2. 'England's Spirituall Languishing, &c.,' London, 1648, Both fast sermons preached before the commons. 3. 'A Practical Commentary, or an Exposition, with Notes, upon the Epistle of James,' London, 1651; reprinted 1653, 1657, 1840, 1842, and 1844. 4. 'The Blessed Estate of them that Die in the Lord,' London, 1656. 5. 'A Practical Commentary on the Epistle of Jude,' 1658, being weekly lectures delivered at Stoke Newington. 6. 'Smectymnuus Redivivus,' with a preface of his own, being a reprint of the 1641 edition (see Calami), 1669. He also wrote a number of prefaces or recommendatory epistles to the works of Case, Chetwynd, Clifford, Hollingworth, Gray, Strong, Sibbes, and others.

Immediately after Manton's death Bates published a volume of his sermons, with portrait, 1678, 4to. A second was published by Baxter, 1679, 8vo. 'A Practical Exposition of the Lord's Prayer' appeared in 1684, and 'Several Discourses tending to Promote Peace and Holiness among Christians,' 1686; 'Christ's Temptation and Transfiguration Practically Explained and Improved,' 1685 ; 'A Practical Exposition on Isaiah liii.,' 1703. Vol. i. of the folio complete edition of his sermons, with memoir by William Harris, D.D. [q. v.], and 190 sermons on Psalm cxix., appeared in 1681; 2nd edit., corrected, 1725; a later edition, in 3 vols. 8vo, 1842. Vol. ii. pt. L, dedicated to "William, earl of Bedford, by Bates, Collins, and Howe, 1684; pt. ii., dedicated to Lord and Lady Wharton, by Bates and Howe, 1684. Vol. iii. pt. i., containing a treatise on the Lord's Supper, 1688. Vol. iv. 1693. They are supplied with a curious but most complete index. 'The Morning Exercises at Cripplegate, St. Giles, and Southwark,' edited by Nichols, 6 vols. 1844, contains four of Manton's sermons. [Authorities mentioned above; Gardiner's Registers of Wadham, p. 129; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 1134—9; Calamy and Palmer, i. 175, 426; Harris's Memoir, 1725; Eschard's Hist. p. 936; Mitchell's Westminster Assembly, pp. xx, 124, 469; Neal's Puritans, iv. 445 n.; Robinson's Hist, and Antiquities of Stoke Newington, pp. 140-3; Lysons's Environs of London, pp. 291-2; Burnet's Hist, of his own Time, i. 259, 308; Clarendon's Rebellion, xvi. 242, ed. 1849; Marsden's Later Puritans, 1st edit. p. 418; Baxters Biographical Collections, 1768, pp. 199-226; Kennett's Hist, of England,


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Public Law 112-156

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

{{SECTION|SEC. 1|SECTION 1.}} WARREN LINDLEY POST OFFICE.
(a) Designation.—The facility of the United States Postal Service located at 1021 Pennsylvania Avenue in Hartshorne, Oklahoma, as the "Warren Lindley Post Office". (b) References.—Any reference in a law, map, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the facility referred to in subsection (a) shall be deemed to be a reference to the "Warren Lindley Post Office".

Approved August 10, 2012

title: Public Law 112-156


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Manwaring iii. 281; Wilson's Hist, of Dissenting Churches, iii. 545-66; Darling's Encyclop. Bibliograph. 1854; Administration at Somerset House; Registers of Lydeard St. Lawrence per Rev. F. L. Hughes, of Stoke Newington per Rev. L. L. Shelford, and of Covent Garden per Rev. S. T. Cumberlege.]  MANWARING or MAYNWARING, ROGER (1590–1653), bishop of St. Davids, born at Stretton in Shropshire in 1590, was educated at the King's School, Worcester, and entered as a bible-clerk at All Souls' College, Oxford, in 1602. He is stated, somewhat doubtfully, to be descended through younger sons from John Manwaring or Mainwaring (d. 1410), sheriff of Cheshire under Henry IV (see Burke, Extinct Baronetcies, p. 334). He graduated B.A. in 1608, M.A. on 6 July 1611, and accumulated the degrees of B.D. and D.D. on 2 July 1625. He was collated to the rectory of St. Giles's-in-the-Fields, London, on 3 June 1616, and about 1626 was appointed chaplain in ordinary to Charles I. In this capacity he preached before the king on 4 July 1627 at Oatlands on ' Religion,' and on the 29th following at Alderton on ' Allegiance,' In the first sermon he asserted that the king's royal command imposing taxes and loans without consent of parliament did ' so far bind the conscience of the subjects of this kingdom that they could not remse the payment without peril of damnation,' an illustration of their probable fate being supplied by the case of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram; in the second sermon he maintained that the authority of parliament was not necessary for the raising of aids and subsidies. The sermons were printed in August 1627, by I. H. for R. Badger, London, 4to, ostensibly 'by command of his majesty,' though the license and order for printing were subsequently assigned to the maleficent influence of Laud. They were reprinted in 1 667 and 1 709 (cf., Eliot, i. 387 n.; , Bibl. Man. 1469). In the following May he repeated the substance of these sermons in his parish church. Phelips, in the House of Commons, had already in memorable language protested against the absolutist tendency of Manwaring's sermons (Gardiner, vi. 237). Rouse and other more prominent members took the matter up, and on 9 June 1628 Pym carried up to the lords the charges which had been gradually collected against the preacher. He was charged with trying 'to infuse into the conscience of his majesty the persuasion of a power not bounding itself with law,' with seeking ' to blow up parliamentary powers, not much unlike Faux and his followers,' or, in the words of Pym, with 'endeavouring to destroy the king and kingdom by his divinity.' Manwaring's condemnation followed, and he was sentenced to be imprisoned during the pleasure of the house, to pay a fine of 1,000l., and to be suspended for three years. He was I also disabled from holding any ecclesiastical dignity or secular office. On 23 June Manwaring, with tears in his eyes, humbly repented and acknowledged his errors and indiscretions at the bar of the upper house, after which he was removed to the Fleet, where he remained until the dissolution. A few day 8 after the sentence the kinff, at the request of parliament, issued a proclamation for the suppression of Manwaring's book, in which, although ' the grounds were rightly laid, yet in divers passages, inferences, and applications trenching upon the law of the land ... he [Manwaring hath so far erred that he hath drawen upon himselfe the most just censure and sentence of the high court of Parliament' ('Proclamation' in British Museum, also printed in, Fœdera, xviii. 1025). Charles is said to have remarked with regard to the sentence: 'He that will preach more than he can prove, let him suffer for it; I give him no thanks for giving me my due.' He nevertheless directed Heath,the attorney-general, to prepare Manwaring's pardon as early as 6 July, and in the course of the same month he presented Manwaring to the living of Stanford Rivers, Essex, with a dispensation to hold it together with St. Giles's-in-the-Fields. He held the former living down to 1641, and in the meantime was collated rector of Muckleston, Staffordshire, in 1630, and of Mugginton, Derbyshire, in 1631. On 28 Oct. 1633 he was appointed dean of Worcester (, Fasti, iii. 71), and in December 1635 he was consecrated by Laud to the bishopric of St. Davids, a proceeding which subsequent lv found a place among the numerous charges Drought against the archbishop. No sooner did the Short parliament meet in March 1640 than the lords proceeded to question Manwaring's appointment. On 27 April the king could with difficulty prevent them from passing a fresh censure upon him, and on the following day he was deprived of his vote in the upper house (, ii. 836). Fresh charges were preferred against him concerning his conduct while dean of Worcester. He was accused of popish innovations in directing that the king's scholars, forty in number, ' usually coming tumultuously into the choir,' should come in 'bimatim,' and of exhibiting a sociability and joviality ill befitting his office. By the Long parliament he was in consequence imprisoned, losing all his preferments, and relapsing into poverty and obscurity, when he was greatly befriended


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Manwood by Sir Henry Herbert [q. v.] 'For the last two years of his life,' says Lloyd, 'not a week passed over his head without a message or an injury, which he desired God not to remember against his adversaries, and adjured all his friends to forget,' He died at Carmarthen on 1 July 1653, 'after he had endured many miseries,' and was buried by the altar in the collegiate church at Brecknock, where a long Latin inscription commemorates his virtues.

Wood says of him that he had some curiosity in learning, but greater zeal for the church of England. 'It is said,' he adds, 'that he was much resolved on three things : 1. The redemption of captives. 2. The conversion of recusants. 3. The undeceiving of seduced sectaries. . . . Mr. [William] Fulman [q. v.], who married this bishops granddaughter, used to report a remarkable story concerning a loving dog which he kept several years before he died, that after his master was dead sought for him in all the walks that he used to frequent, at length finding the church door open, went to his grave, not covered, and there he remain'd till he languished to death,'

Mainwaring's name is usually thus spelt by his contemporaries, though on the title-page of his printed sermons it is given Maynwayring. He was probably connected, but remotely, with the Maynwarings or Mainwarings' of Over Peover and Ightfield, whose name, according to Lower, assumes 131 different forms (Patronym. Brit.)  MANWOOD, JOHN (d. 1610), legal author, a relative of Sir Roger Manwood [q.v.], was a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, gamekeeper of Waltham Forest, and justice of the New Forest. He died in 1610. Manwood married Mary Crayford, of a Kentish family, by whom he had issue. His estate of Priors, part of the dissolved priory of Blackmore, in the parish of Bromfield, Essex, remained in his posterity till the last century, when the male line became extinct.

Manwood compiled and printed in 1592 (at first for private circulation) a compendium of forest law entitled ‘A Brefe Collection of the Lawes of the Forest; collected and gathered together as well out of the Statutes and Common Lawes of this Realme as also out of sundrie auncient Presidents and Records, concerning Matters of the Forest. With an Abridgment of all the principall Cases, Judgments, and Entres, contained in the Assises of the Forestes of Pickering and of Lancaster,’ 4to. The first published edition of this excellent work, much enlarged and improved, appeared in 1598, London, 4to; 2nd edit. 1599, 4to. A new and enlarged edition was published in 1615 with the title: ‘A Treatise of the Lawes of the Forest: wherein is declared not only those Lawes, as they are now in Force, but also the Originall and Beginning of Forests: And what a Forest is in his owne proper Nature, and wherein the same doth differ from a Chase, a Parke, or a Warren, with all such Things as are incident or belonging thereunto, with their severall proper Tearmes of Art. Also a Treatise of the Pourallee, declaring what Pourallee is, how the same first began, what a Pourallee man may do, how he may hunt and use his owne Pourallee, how farre he may pursue and follow after his Chase, together with the Limits and Bounds, as well of the Forest as the Pourallee. Collected as well out of the Common Lawes and Statutes of this Land, as also out of sundrie Learned Auncient Authors, and out of the Assises of Pickering and Lancaster,’ London, 4to; reprinted, London, 1665, 4to; 4th edit. London, 1717, 8vo; 5th edit. London, 1741, 8vo, both revised by William Nelson of the Middle Temple. An abridgment by N. Cox is dated 1696. Manwood is also the author of a brief ‘Project for Improving the Land Revenue by inclosing Wasts,’ submitted to Sir Julius Cæsar, 27 April 1609, first printed in John St. John's ‘Observations on the Land Revenue of the Crown,’ App. No. 1, London, 1787, 4to.  MANWOOD, PETER (d. 1625), antiquary, was eldest son of Sir Roger Manwood [q. v.] In 1583 he became a student


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Rh But you, Gentlemen, frighten me.—Should you discover faults, and faults in abundance I fear there are, be generous, as the mastiff is to the babbling lap-dog, who looks with calm dignity at the Lilliputian, passes on, and takes no notice: so that if your consciences will not permit you to give me a word of encouragement, I entreat you to be silent. On the contrary, should my child be thought in the least worthy of your approbation, I shall rejoice, and ever think myself, obliged to you. S. MURRAY, Kensington, March the 30th, 1799,


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Manwood of the Inner Temple (, Admissions, 1547–1660, p. 106). On 10 Dec. 1591 he had assigned to him, his wife Frances, and his son Roger, the lease of Lidcourt Meadows, Eastry, Kent, for their three lives (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1591-4, p. 142), and in 1595, 1596, and 1597 had other small grants arising out of lands in Kent (ib. 1598-1601, pp. 527, 528, 531). He was M.P. for Sandwich in 1588-9, 1592-3, 1597, and 1601; for Saltash, Cornwall, in March 1603-4; for Kent in 1614; and for New Romney in January 1620-1. On 12 Dec. 1598 he had license granted him to travel beyond seas for his increase in good knowledge and learning' (ib. 1598-1601, p. 132). He was appointed sheriff of Kent in 1602 (ib. 1601-1603, p. 268), and at the coronation of James I, on 25 July 1603, was made knight of the Bath (, Book of Knights, p. 150). He was also a commissioner of sewers for Kent (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1619-23, p. 281). Manwood was not only learned himself, but a patron of learned men, whom he liked to gather round him at his seat at St. Stephens, otherwise Hackington, near Canterbury. He is mentioned with great respect by Camden (Britannia, ed. 1607, p. 239), and was a member of the Society of Antiquaries in 1617, when application was made for a charter (Archæologia, i. xxi). His lavish style of living involved him in difficulties, and he had to quit the country in August 1021. Broken in health he ventured back as far as Dover in April 1624, hoping to persuade his creditors to accept some arrangement whereby he might be suffered to end his days in his own country. His lifelong friend, Lord Zouch, wrote to Secretary Conway begging him to use his influence with the king for Manwood's protection (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1623-5, p. 213).

Manwood died in 1625, and was buried in St. Stephen's Church, leaving a large family by his wife Frances (1573-1638), daughter of Sir George Hart of Lullingstone, Kent. (, County Genealogies, 'Kent,' p. 356). John Manwood (d. 1053), his second son and ultimate successor to the estates, was one of the gentlemen of the king's privy chamber, and was knighted on 3 April 1618 (, p. 173). In 1639 he was lieutenant-governor of Dover Castle, and in April 1640 was elected M.P. for Sandwich. About 1637 he sold the estate of St. Stephen's to Colonel Sir Thomas Colepeper, and, having married a Dutch lady as his second wife, resided thenceforth a good deal in Holland (, Kent, fol, ed., hi. 595). Another son, Thomas Manwood, student of the Inner Temple 1610, and B.A. Lincoln College, Oxford, 1611, was drowned in France in 1613 (, Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714, iii. 968). His premature death was gracefully commemorated by William Browne of Tavistock in the fourth eclogue of 'The Shepherd's Pipe' (1614). A daughter, Elizabeth, married Sir Thomas Walsingham [q. v.]

Part of the manuscript of Sir Roger Williams's 'The Actions of the Lowe Countries' having fallen into Manwood's hands, he gave it to Sir John Hay ward for revision, and published it in 1618, 4to, prefixing an epistle dedicatory to Sir Francis Bacon. He hoped that the publication might prove 'a meane of drawing the residue into light.'

Two of Manwood s letters to Lord Zouch, dated 1620, are in Egerton MS. 2584, ff. 98, 129. A register of documents relating to his estates, dated 1551-1619, is Additional MS. 29759.  MANWOOD, ROGER (1525–1592), judge, second son of Thomas Manwood, a substantial draper of Sandwich, Kent, by Catherine, daughter of John Galloway of Cley, Hundred of South Greenhow, Norfolk, was born at Sandwich in 1525. Educated at St. Peter's school, Sandwich, he was admitted in 1548 to the Inner Temple, where he was called to the bar in 1555. The same year he was appointed recorder of Sandwich, and entered parliament as member for Hastings. In 1557-8 he exchanged Hastings for Sandwich, which he continued to represent until 1572. He resigned the recordership of Sandwich in 1566, but acted as counsel for the town until his death. Manwood was also, for some years prior to his elevation to the bench of the common pleas, steward, i.e. judge, of the chancery and admiralty courts of Dover.

At the Inner Temple revels of Christmas 1561 Manwood played the part of lord chief baron in the masque of 'Palaphilos' [cf. , 1540–1591]. Heearly attracted the favourable notice of the queen' who in 1563 granted him the royal manor of St. Stephen's, or Hackington, Kent, which he made his principal seat, rebuilding the house in magnificent style. He was reader at the Inner Temple in Lent 1565; his reading on the statute 21 Hen. VIII, c. 3, is extant in Harleian MS. 5265 (see also, Ducat Leod. Cat. of MSS. in 4to, No. 119). He was a friend of Sir Thomas Gresham and Archbishop Parker,


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Manwood and steward of the liberties to the latter, in concert with whom he founded at Sandwich a grammar school. It took the place of St. Peter's school, which had been suppressed in 1547 with the chantry of St. Thomas, to which it was attached. The school was built on a site near Canterbury Gate, and endowed partly out of Manwood's own funds and money bequeathed him for the purpose, partly by public subscription between 1563 and 1583, and long continued to send scholars to the universities, but has been in abeyance since the middle of the present century. Manwood was called to the degree of serjeant-at-law on 23 April 1567. In parliament he supported the Treason Bill of 1571, was a member of the joint committee of lords and commons to which the case of the queen of Scots was referred in May 1572, and concurred in advising her execution. On 14 Oct. he was rewarded with a puisne judgeship of the common pleas. He was one of the original governors of Queen Elizabeth's grammar school, founded at Lewisham in 1574, and in 1575 obtained an act of parliament providing for the perpetual maintenance of Rochester bridge, which, however, did not prevent its demolition in 1856, to make way for the present iron structure. Manwood was joined with the Bishops of London and Rochester in a commission of 11 May 1575 for the examination of foreign immigrants suspected of anabaptism. The inquisition resulted in the conviction of two Flemings, John Peters and Henry Twiwert, who were burned at West Smithfield. On 23 April 1576 Manwood was placed on the high commission. As a judge he was by no means disposed to minimise his jurisdiction, advised that the Treason Act did not supersede, but merely reinforced the common law, and that a lewd fellow, whom neither the pillory nor the loss of his ears could cure of speaking evil of the queen, might be punished either with imprisonment for life 'with all extremity of irons, and other strait feeding and keeping,' or by burning in the face or tongue, or public exposure, 'with jaws gagged in painful manner,' or excision of the tongue. He also held that non-attendance at church was punishable by fine, and favoured a rigorous treatment of puritans. Nevertheless, he seems to have been popular on circuit, Southampton conferring upon him its freedom on 28 March 1577. By the influence of Walsingham and Hatton, Manwood was created lord chief baron of the exchequer on 17 Nov. 1578, having been knighted at Richmond two days before. He took his seat in the following Hilary term (Add. MS. 16169, f. 67 b). As lord chief baron Manwood was a member of the court of Star-chamber which on 15 Nov. 1581 passed sentence of fine and imprisonment upon William, lord Vaux of Harrowden [q. v.], and other suspected harbourers of the Jesuit Edmund Campion [q. v.] for refusing to be examined about the matter. His judgment, in which he limits the legal maxim, 'Nemo tenetur seipsum prodere,' to cases involving life or limb, is printed in 'Archæologia,' xxx. 108 et seq. (see also Hist. MSS. Comm. 11th Rep. App. pt. vii. pp. 163-5).

In 1582, on the death of Sir James Dyer [q. v.], chief justice of the common pleas, Manwood offered Burghley a large sum for his place, which, however, was given to Edmund Anderson [q. v.] In February 1584-5 he helped to try the intended regicide Parry, and in the following June he took part in the inquest on the death of the Earl of Northumberland in the Tower [see, eighth ], He was a member of the special commission which, on 11 Oct. 1586, assembled at Fotheringay for the examination of the queen of Scots, and concurred in the verdict afterwards found against her in the Star-chamber (25 Oct.) He also sat on the commission which, on 28 March 1587, found Secretary Davison guilty of 'misprison and contempt' for his part in bringing about her execution [see , 1541-1608].

In 1591 he was detected in the sale of one of the offices in his gift, and sharply censured by the queen. A curious letter, in which he attempts to excuse himself by quoting precedents, is extant in Harleian MS. 6995, f. 49. This was but one of several misfeasances of various degrees of gravity with which Manwood was charged during his later years. Thomas Digges [q. v.] and Richard Barry, lieutenant of Dover Castle, charged him with deliberate perversion of justice, in the chancery and admiralty courts of Dover, and the exchequer; Sir Thomas Perrott [q. v.] and Thomas Cheyne, with covinous pleading in the court of chancery; and Richard Rogers, suffragan bishop of Dover, with selling the queen's pardon in a murder case for 240l. According to Manningham (Diary, Camden Soc, p. 91), he even stooped to appropriate a gold chain which a goldsmith had placed in his hands for inspection, and on the privy council intervening by writ at the suit of the goldsmith, returned the scornful answer, 'Malas causas habentes semper fugiunt ad potentes. Ubi non valet Veritas, praevalet auctoritas. Currat lex, vivat Rex, and so fare you well my Lords.' 'But,' adds the diarist, 'he was commit.' This strange story is confirmed by extant


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Manwood letters of Manwood, from which it appears that he was arraigned before the privy council in April 1592, refused to recognise its jurisdiction in a contemptuous letter containing the words 'fugiunt ad potentes,' was thereupon confined in his own house in Great St. Bartholomew's by order of the council, and only regained his liberty by apologising for the obnoxious letter, and making humble submission (14 May). His disgrace, however, did not prevent his offering Burghley five hundred marks for the chief justiceship of the queen's bench, vacant by the death of Sir Christopher Wray [q. v.] The bribe was not taken, and on 14 Dec. 1592 Manwood died. The letters above referred to will be found in Lansdowne MS. 71, arts. 5, 6, 7, and 68; Harleian MS. 6995, art. 62; and Strype, 'Annals ' (fol.), iv. 119-28. Other of Manwood's letters are preserved in Egerton MS. 2713, f. 193, Additional MS. 12507, f. 130, Lansdowne MS. arts. 24 and 31, and the 'Manwood Papers' in the Inner Temple Library. His hand is one of the least legible ever written. A note of some of the charges against him in Burghley's handwriting is in Lansdowne MS. 104, art. 32 (see also Lansd. MSS. 24 art. 39, 26 art. 7). Some eulogistic Latin hexameters on his death are ascribed to Marlowe (cf. Works of Christopher Marlowe, ed. Dyce, iii. 308).

Manwood was buried beneath a splendid marble monument, erected during his lifetime, in the south transept of St. Stephen's Church, near Canterbury. Coke calls him a 'reverend judge of great and excellent knowledge in the law, and accompanied with a ready invention and good elocution.' Of the four high courts of justice he wittily said: 'In the common pleas there is all law and no conscience, in the queen's bench both law and conscience, in the chancery all conscience and no law, and in the exchequer neither law nor conscience.' His opinion 'as touching corporations, that they were invisible, immortal, and that they had no soul, and therefore no subpoena lieth against them, because they have no conscience nor soul,' is recorded by Bulstrode, 'Reports,' pt. ii. p. 233.

If an unscrupulous judge, Manwood was a munificent benefactor to his native county. Besides his school, he built a house of correction in Westgate, Canterbury, gave St. Stephen's Church a new peal of bells and a new transept—that under which he was buried—and procured in 1588 a substantial augmentation of the living. He also built seven almshouses in the vicinity of the church, and by his will left money to provide work and wages for the able-bodied poor of Hackington and the adjoining parishes in bad times.

Manwood married twice, in both cases a widow. By his first wife, Dorothy, daughter of John Theobald of Sheppey, he had issue three sons and two daughters; by his second wife, Elizabeth, daughter of John Copinger, of Allhallows, near Rochester, he had no issue. Of his sons one only survived him, Peter [q. v.] His posterity died out in the male line during the seventeenth century. Both Manwood's daughters married: Margaret, the elder, Sir John Leveson of Home, Kent; Ann, the younger, Sir Percival Hart of Lillingston. Fuller (Worthies, 'Kent') erroneously ascribes to the judge a treatise on 'Forrest Law' [see ]. A portrait of Manwood by an unknown hand is in the National Portrait Gallery; it is a sketch in water-colours from an ancient picture.


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Marisco MARISCO, ADAM (d. 1257 ?), Franciscan. [See ]  MARISCO, MARISCIS, MAREYS, or MARES, GEOFFREY (d. 1245), justiciar or viceroy of Ireland, is said to have been the nephew and heir of Hervey de Mount-Maurice [q. v.], and nephew of Herlewin, bishop of Leighlin (d. 1217?) (Genealogical Memoir of Montmorency, Pedigree, d. ix ;, Viceroys of Ireland, p. 78]), but these assertions seem to lack proof. He is also said to have been the brother of Richard de Marisco [q. v.], bishop of Durham and chancellor (, ut supra), which, though possible (see, Documents, No. 745), appears to be a mere assumption (see , Judges of England, ii. 400; , History of Durham, vol. i. p. xxviii). The arms used by the bishop (see Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. i. 91) are different from those carried by Geoffrey (see, Chronica Majora, vi. 475). Another theory makes him the son of a Jordan de Marisco, described as lord of Huntspill-Mareys, Somerset, and other lands, which Geoffrey is supposed to have in- herited (Genealogical Memoir, ut supra, p. vi ; Collinson, History of Somerset, ii. 392), but save that Geoffrey had a brother named Jordan {Documents, No. 2119), and is represented as having a son of that name (Genealogical Memoir, ut supra, p. x), this also seems to be unsupported by evidence, for it is impossible to assume, with the pedigree-makers, that the Geoffrey FitzJordan mentioned in a charter of Quarr Abbey in the Isle of Wight (Monasticon, v. 317) is the justiciar ; and though Geoffrey is said to have possessed large estates in England (, ut supra, p. 78), it is certain that he had no land in this country in 1238 (Documents, No. 2445). . His name, which, translated, is simply Marsh, was as common in England in the middle ages as the marshes from which it was derived (Monumenta Franciscana, vol. i. Pref. p. lxxvii), and the compilers of the pedigrees of the family of Mountmorres, or Montmorency, have caused much confusion by importing into their schemes the names of all persons of any note who were known by that common appellation, or by one at all like it [see under ]. Nothing seems certain about Geoffrey's parentage further than that he was a nephew of John Comyn (d. 1212) [q. v.], archbishop of Dublin (Documents, No. 276), a fact which may account for his rise to wealth and power in Ireland ; and that his mother was alive in 1220 (Royal Letters, Henry III, i. 128).

Geoffrey was powerful in the south of Munster and Leinster, and appears to have received large grants of land in Ireland from King John. He was with the king at Ledbury, Gloucestershire, in 1200 (Documents, No. 137), and received a grant of 'Katherain' in exchange for other lands in Ireland, together with twenty marks, to fortify a house there for himself (ib. No. 139). When war broke out among the English in Leinster, the lords and others who were discontented with the government of the justiciar Hugh de Lacy [q. v.] seem to have looked on Geoffrey as their leader. He was joined by a number of the natives, seized Limerick (Annals of Worcester, p. 396), and inflicted a severe defeat on the justiciar at Thurles in Munster (Annals of the Four Masters, iii. 15, 171 ; Annals ap. Chartularies of St. Mary's Abbey, ii. 311). For this he obtained the king's pardon (Gilbert, ut supra, p. 66), and in 1210 made successful war against the Irish of Connaught (Annals of Loch CS, i. 239, 245). When Innocent III was threatening, in or about 1211, to absolve John's subjects from their allegiance, he joined the other magnates of Ireland in making a protestation of loyalty (Documents, No. 448). In the summer of 1215 he was with the king at Marlborough, and on 6 July was appointed justiciar of Ireland, giving two of his sons as pledges for his behaviour (ib. Nos. 604, 608). On the accession of Henry III he advised that Queen Isabella, or her second son, Richard, should reside in Ireland (, ut supra, p. 80). He built a castle at Killaloe, co. Clare, in 1217, and forced the people to accept an English bishop, Robert Travers, apparently one of his own relatives (Annals of the Four Masters, iii. 90; Documents, Nos. 1026, 2119). In 1218 he was ordered to raise money to enable the king to pay Louis, the son of the French king, the sum promised to him, and to pay the papal tribute. He was ordered in 1219 to pay the revenues of the crown into the exchequer at Dublin, and to present himself before the king, leaving Ireland in the care of Henry of London, archbishop of Dublin. Having already taken the cross he received a safe-conduct to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land (Calendar of Patent Rolls, 3 Hen. Ill, n. 12), and went to England. There in March 1220 he entered into an agreement with the king at Oxford, in the presence of the council, with reference to the discharge of his office, pledging himself to pay the royal revenues into the exchequer, and to appoint faithful constables for the king's castles, and delivering one of his sons to be kept as a hostage by the king (Fœdera, i. 162). On his return to Ireland he was


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Marisco commanded to resume the demesne lands that he had alienated without warrant (Documents, No. 949). Complaints were made against him to the king by the citizens of Dublin, and in July 1221 the king wrote to the council in Ireland, declaring that he had received no money from that country since he came to the throne, and that Geoffrey, who had while in England made a fine with him to satisfy defaults, had not obeyed his wishes. Henry therefore desired that he should give up his office (ib. No. 1001). Geoffrey resigned the justiciarship on 4 Oct., was thanked for his faithful services, quit-claimed of 1,080 marks, part of the fine made with the king, and received a letter of protection during the king's minority, and the wardship of the heir of John de Clahull (ib. Nos. 1015 sqq.)

During the absence of the justiciar, William, the earl-marshal, in 1224, Geoffrey had charge of the country, and carried on war with Aedh O'Neill. He was reappointed justiciar on 25 June 1226, and, being then in England, received on 4 July a grant of 580l. a year, to be paid out of the Irish exchequer as salary (ib. Nos. 1383, 1413; Fœdera, i. 182). This seems to be the first time that a salary was appointed for the viceroy of Ire- land. On his return to Ireland he wrote to the king informing him that Theobald FitzWalter, who had married Geoffrey's daughter, was refractory, and had garrisoned Dublin Castle against the king. He advised that Theobald should be deprived of the castle of Roscray, and promised that he would use every effort to punish the king's enemies (Royal Letters, i. 290 sqq.) He endeavoured to detain the person of Hugh, or Cathal, O'Conor, king of Connaught; but Hugh was delivered by the intervention of William, the earl-marshal. In revenge, his son Aedh surprised William, the justiciar's son, near Athlone, and made him prisoner; nor could his father obtain his release, except on terms that were highly advantageous to the Connaught people (Annals of the Four Masters, iii. 245). Geoffrey built the castle of Ballyleague, in the barony of South Ballintober, co. Roscommon, about this time. While Hugh O'Conor was at the justiciar's house, one of Geoffrey's men slew him, on account of a private quarrel, and Geoffrey hanged the murderer (ib. p. 247). He resigned the justiciarship at his own wish in February 1228 (Documents, No. 1572). He was reappointed justiciar in 1230, and in July inflicted, with the help of Walter de Lacy and Richard de Burgh [q. v.], a severe defeat on the Connaught men, under their king, Aedh, who was taken prisoner (, iv. 213). He resigned the justiciarship in 1232 (Royal Letters, i. 407).

In common with Maurice FitzGerald, then justiciar, and other lords, Geoffrey in 1234 received a letter written by the king's evil counsellors, and sealed by him, directing that should Richard, the earl-marshal, come to Ireland he should be taken alive or dead. Geoffrey accordingly joined the magnates of Ireland in their conspiracy against the marshal, who went to Ireland on hearing that his lands there had been ravaged. As soon as he landed Geoffrey joined him, and treacherously urged him to march against his enemies, promising him his aid. Acting by his advice, the earl, at a conference with the magnates at the Curragh, Kildare, refused to grant them the truce that they demanded. When they set the battle against him Geoffrey deserted the earl, who was wounded, taken prisoner, and soon afterwards died (Paris, iii. 273–9). Geoffrey fell into temporary disgrace with the king for his share in the business, but on 3 Aug. 1235 Henry restored him his lands (Documents, No. 2280). In this year his son William, it is said, slew, at London, a clerk named Henry Clement, a messenger from one of the Irish magnates, and was consequently outlawed (ib. No. 2386). A man who was accused of an intent to assassinate the king at Woodstock in 1238 was said to have been instigated by William de Marisco; his father, Geoffrey, was suspected of being privy to the scheme, and his lands in Ireland being distrained upon, he fled to Scotland, where he was, with the connivance of Alexander II, sheltered by Walter Comyn, no doubt his kinsman. Henry was indignant with the king of Scots for harbouring him, and made it a special ground of complaint. After the treaty of July 1244 Alexander sent Geoffrey out of his dominions. He fled to France, where he died friendless and poor in 1245, at an advanced age, for he is described as old in 1234.

Meanwhile his son had taken refuge on Lundy Island, which he fortified. There he was joined by a number of broken men, and adopted piracy as a means of sustaining life, specially plundering ships laden with wine and provisions. Strict watch was kept, in the hope of taking him, and in 1242 he was taken by craft, carried to London, and there drawn, handed, and quartered, sixteen of his companions being also hanged. In his dying confession he protested his innocence of the death of Clement, and of the attempt on the king's life (, iv. 196). He had married Matilda, niece of Henry, archbishop of Dublin, who gave her land on her marriage (Documents, Nos. 2528, 2853). William had


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Marisco also received a grant of land from the king for his support in 1228 (ib. No. 1640). Geoffrey appears to have been vigorous and able, a successful commander, and on the whole a just and skilful ruler. Like most of the great men of Ireland at the time, he did not scruple to act treacherously. To the king, however, he seems to have been a faithful servant. The accusation of treason brought against him and his son William is extremely improbable, and their ruin must be considered as a result, of the indignation excited by the fate of the earl-marshal. Geoffrey founded an Augustinian monastery at Killagh, co. Kerry, called Beaulieu (Monasticon Hibernicum, p. 304), and commanderies of knights hospitallers at Any and Adair, co. Limerick. An engraving of a tomb in the church of Any, which is said to be Geoffrey's, is in the 'Genealogical Memoir of Montmorency.'

Geoffrey married Eva de Bermingham (Documents, Nos. 817, 1112), and apparently, for his second wife, a sister of Hugh de Lacy (, iv. 304;, iii. 277), named Matilda (Documents, No. 2853). Geoffrey told Richard, the earl-marshal, that his wife was Hugh de Lacy's sister, but the genealogists assert that his second wife was Christiania, daughter of Walter de Riddlesford, baron of Bray, and sister of Hugh de Lacy's wife, Emmeline (Genealogical Memoir, Pedigree, p. ix). This is an error, for Christiania de Riddlesford married Geoffrey's son Robert (d. 1243), by whom she was the mother of Christiania de Marisco, an heiress of great wealth (Documents, No. 2645 and other numbers; comp. also Calendarium Genealogicum, i. 171). Of Geoffrey's many sons, William, Robert, Walter, Thomas, Henry, John, and Richard appear in various public records (see Documents passim). He is also said to have had an eldest son Geoffrey, who settled in Tipperary and died without issue; William was reckoned as his second son; a third and eldest surviving son, named Jordan, married the daughter of the lord of Lateragh, and continued his line; his youngest son was named Stephen (Genealogical Memoir, Pedigree, pp. x, xi, App. p. xl); a daughter is assigned to him named Emmeline, who is said to have married Maurice FitzGerald, 'earl of Desmond' (ib. and App. p. clxvii). The first Earl of Desmond, however, lived much later [see under, d. 1356], and the genealogist seems to take for a daughter of Geoffrey de Marisco, Emmeline, daughter and heiress of Emmeline de Riddlesford, wife of Hugh de Lacy, and Stephen Longespee, who married Maurice FitzMaurice (see under , 1238?–1277; , Earls of Kildare, p. 17). Geoffrey had a daughter who married Theobald Fitz Walter. The assertion (Genealogical Memoir, Pedigree, p. x) that his son John was viceroy of Ireland in 1206 is erroneous. The father of the viceroy was Geoffrey FitzPeter. Geoffrey the justiciar had nephews named Richard, John Travers, and William FitzJordan (Documents, No. 2119).

 MARISCO, HERVEY (fl. 1169), Anglo-Norman invader of Ireland. [See ]

 MARISCO or MARSH, RICHARD (d. 1226), bishop of Durham and chancellor, was perhaps a native of Somerset; we know that Adam Marsh or de Marisco [see under ] was his nephew (Cal. Rot. Claus. ii. 136; Chron. Lanercost, p. 24). The first mention of Richard de Marisco is as an officer of the exchequer in 1197 (, Hist. Exch. ii. 714), and as one of the clerks of the exchequer he was in constant attendance on the king after 1207 (Cal. Rot Pat. i. 89–100). In 1209 he received a prebend at Exeter, which he soon after exchanged for the rectory of Bampton, Oxfordshire (ib. i. 80, 87). In the following year he was John's adviser in the persecution of the Cistercians, the beginning of a long course of action which made him exceedingly unpopular with the clergy and monastic orders. He was archdeacon of Northumberland before 4 May 1212 (Cal. Rot. Chart. p. 186). On 20 July 1212 he was presented to the vicarage of Kempsey, Worcestershire (Cal. Rot. Pat. i. 93), and in November of the same year was sheriff of Dorset and Somerset. As one of the clergy who had officiated for the king during the interdict, he was in this year suspended, and


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Marisco sent to Rome (Ann. Mon. iii. 40); while at Rome he took part in the negotiations for the relaxation of the interdict. In the following February he appears as archdeacon of Richmond, and on 16 Aug. received a prebend at York (Cal. Rot. Pat. i. 93, 95, 102, 103, 105; Cal. Rot. Chart, p. 190). He was also in 1213 and 1214 one of the justiciars before whom fines were levied. He was abroad with John in the spring of 1214, but in May was sent home. John at the same time recommended him to the monks of Winchester for election as bishop, and on 28 June notified the legate that he had given his consent to the election (Cal. Rot. Pat. i. 139); the election was not, however, confirmed. During 1213 he is spoken of as 'residens ad scaccarium;' Dugdale says he was chancellor, but Foss considers this an error, and the real date of his appointment to that office was 28 or 29 Oct. 1214 (cf. Cal. Rot Chart, p. 202); Matthew Paris (ii. 633), however, calls him 'regis cancellarius,' in 1211, but this is probably a mistake.

As chancellor he signed the charter granting freedom of election to the churches on 15 Jan. 1215. During the end of 1214 and spring of 1215 he was engaged with the dispute as to the election of Abbot Hugh at Bury St. Edmunds (Mem. St. Edmund's Abbey, ii. 105–12, Rolls Ser.) In September 1215 he was sent abroad by John to raise forces for his service, and on a mission to the pope (Cal. Rot. Pat. p. 182). Marisco continued to be chancellor after John's death, and in accordance with a recommendation made by Pope Honorius (Royal Letters, i. 532) he was, as a reward for his fidelity, promoted to the bishopric of Durham through the influence of the legate Gualo (Ann. Mon. ii. 288). His election took place on. 29 June 1217, and he was consecrated at St. Oswald's, Gloucester, by Walter de Gray, archbishop of York, on 2 July (ib. iv. 408). In December 1217 he absolved Alexander of Scotland and his mother from their excommunication at Berwick (Chron. Melrose, p. 132). In 1219 he was a justice itinerant for Yorkshire and Northumberland. At Durham, Bishop Richard was soon involved in a quarrel with his monks, on whose privileges he is alleged to have encroached. The monks appealed in 1220 to the pope, who issued letters of inquiry to the Bishops of Salisbury and Ely. The prelates discovered 'strange and abominable things' at Durham. Richard de Marisco, who had already gone to Rome in his turn, by prayers and bribery obtained absolution; but the pope, when he learnt the truth, declared he had been shamefully deceived, though he could not quash his decision (Ann. Mon. iii. 67). Matthew Paris says that the pope did refer the dispute back to the Bishops of Ely and Salisbury. In any case, the quarrel was not ended, and Richard was on his way to London to plead his suit, when he died suddenly at Peterborough on 1 May 1226. He had suffered from ophthalmia. His body was taken back for burial at Durham. The dispute with the monks was so costly that it long burdened the bishopric of Durham, and so it was said that Richard was bishop for fifteen years after his death.

As a harsh superior, Richard de Marisco found no favour in the eyes of monastic chroniclers; their statements must therefore be accepted with caution. Nevertheless they are unanimous in their condemnation of him as the worst of John's evil advisers. Matthew Paris says he was of John's household and manners, and a courtier from his earliest years (iii. 43, 1 11); he also relates a story, that in 1224 John appeared in a dream to a monk at St. Albans, and declared that he had suffered many torments for his evil deeds at the advice of Richard de Marisco (iii. 111—113). The Waverley annalist complains of Richard's tyranny as John's minister, and says that, after employing him as proctor for various sees during their vacancy, John intended to make him a bishop ; but the clergy cried out for free election, that 'an ape in the court might not become a priest in the church' (Ann. Mon. ii. 288). In another place it is asserted that John called Richard de Marisco his god, when speaking to the regular and secular clergy (, Chron. Steph. Henry II, ii. 512). He bequeathed his library to Adam de Marisco (Cal. Rot. Claus. ii. 136).

 MARKAUNT, THOMAS (d. 1439), antiquary, was the son of John Markaunt and his wife Cassandra. He became bachelor of divinity at Cambridge and fellow of Corpus Christi College, not of Peterhouse, as erroneously stated by Fuller (Hist. of Cambridge, p. 65). From his being styled 'confrater' as well as 'consocius' of the college, Masters (Hist. of Corpus Christi) concludes that the Corpus gild was still in existence and perhaps independent of the college.

In 1417 Markaunt was proctor of the university. He is said to have been one of the most eminent antiquaries of his time, and to have first collected the privileges, statutes, and laws of the university. He left


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Markham by his will, dated 4 Nov. 1439, seventy-six books, valued at 104l. 12s. 3d., to the college library, to be placed in a chest for the use of the master and fellows. The books, chiefly theological or Aristotelian, seem to have been lost before the time of Archbishop Parker, in spite of the oath administered to every fellow on admission to take every possible care of them. But a copy of Markaunt's will, with lists of his books and their values and a register of borrowers and the books borrowed between 1440 and 1516, is extant in MS. 232 of the Corpus library. It was printed by Mr. J. O. Halliwell in the 'Publications of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society,' vol. ii. pt. xiv. pp. 15–20. Markaunt died on 19 Nov. 1439 (, p. 49;, p. 512; , p. 20, prints 16).

 MARKHAM, ., writer for children. [See, 1781?–1837.]

 MARKHAM, FRANCIS (1565–1627), soldier and author, was a brother of Gervase Markham [q. v.] and the second son of Robert Markham of Cottam in Nottinghamshire, by Mary, daughter of Sir Francis Leake. Francis was born on 5 July 1565. After passing his early years in the household of the Earl of Pembroke, he was sent to Winchester School, and was afterwards under the famous scholar, Adrian de Saravia. In 1582 he was entered of Trinity College, Cambridge, but remained only a short time, going as a volunteer to the wars in the Low Countries without permission. Having made submission to his father, he was properly fitted out as a volunteer under Sir William Pelham [q. v.], and he served at the siege of Sluys. When Pelham died, young Francis returned to England, and in 1588 he was studying law at Gray's Inn. But he soon tired of the law, and crossed over to Flushing in the hope of getting a captain's company from Sir Robert Sidney, who was then governor. Disappointed in that quarter, he went to serve under the Prince of Anhalt in the war caused by a disputed succession to the bishopric of Strasburg, and in 1593 he was studying law at Heidelberg. He had a captaincy under the Earl of Essex in France and in Ireland, and was again in the Low Countries for a short time with Sir Francis Vere. He travelled in France with Lord Roos, and eventually obtained the appointment of muster-master, which gave him a fixed salary with residence at Nottingham. In 1608 he married a lady named Mary Lovel, and had children, but none survived him. He was still muster-master of Nottingham in 1622, and died in 1627, aged 62.

Markham published: 1. 'Five Decades of Epistles of War,' fol. 1622, in which he gives an account of the duties of the officers in the army of every rank in the days of Elizabeth. 2. 'The Booke of Honour,' fol. 1626; an antiquarian treatise on the origin and status of the various ranks of nobility and knighthood. He also wrote a 'Genealogy or Petigree of Markham,' still in manuscript, and dated 27 July 1601 (it belongs to the present writer); and a glossary of Anglo-Saxon words, with derivations of christian names.

 MARKHAM, FREDERICK (1806–1855), lieutenant-general, youngest son of Admiral John Markham [q. v.], and grandson of William Markham [q. v.], archbishop of York, was born at his father's house, Ades, in Chailey parish, near Lewes, Sussex, 16 Aug. 1805. He was sent to Westminster School, where he was an active cricketer and oarsman, and acted Syrus in the 'Adelphi,' the Westminster play of 1823. He was expelled for a boating scrape in 1824, and on 13 May of that year obtained an ensigncy by purchase in the 32nd foot, in which regiment he became lieutenant in 1825, captain in 1829, major in 1839, and lieutenant-colonel in 1842, buying all his steps. When the 32nd was in Dublin in 1830, Markham was second to Captain Smyth, then of the regiment (afterwards General Sir John Rowland Smyth, K.C.B., d. 1873), in a fatal duel with Standish O'Grady, a barrister, arising out of a fracas in Nassau Street, Dublin, on 17 March. Smyth and Markham were tried for their lives, and sentenced each to a year's imprisonment in Kilmainham gaol. Judge Vandeleur was careful to assure them that the sentence implied no reflection on their conduct in the affair. Markham served with his regiment in Canada, and received three wounds when in command of the light company covering the advance in the unsuccessful attack on the rebels at St. Denis in November 1837, during the insurrection in Lower Canada. He went out in command of the regiment to India; commanded the 2nd infantry brigade at the first and second sieges of Mooltan during the Punjab campaign of 1848–9 (he was wounded 10 Sept. 1848); commanded the division at Soorajkhoond, when the enemy's position was stormed and seven guns taken; commanded the Bengal column at the storming of Mooltan, 2 Jan. 1849, and was present at the


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  of the city on 22 Jan. and the capture of the fort of Cheniote on 2 Feb., and, joining Lord Gough's army with his brigade on 20 Feb., was present with it at the crowning victory of Goojerat (C.B., medal and clasps), He was afterwards made aide-de-camp to the queen.

Markham, who was a wiry, active man, was all his life an ardent sportsman. When at Peshawur in April 1852 he made a long shooting excursion in the Himalayas in company with Sir Edward Campbell, bart., an officer of the 60th rifles on the governor-general's staff. They visited Cashmere and Tibet, penetrating as far as Ladak, and bringing back trophies of the skulls and bones of the great Oms Ammort the burrell, gerow, ibex, and musk-deer. Markham published a narrative of the journey, entitled' Shooting in the Himalayas— a Journal of Sporting Adventures in Ladak, Tibet, and Cashmere … with Illustrations by Sir Edward Campbell, Bart.,' London, 1854. Markham returned home on leave, and in March 1854 was sent back to India as adjutant-general of the queen's troops. In November he was promoted major-general and appointed to the Peshawur division, but when within two days' journey of his command was recalled for a command in the Crimea. On 30 July 1855 he was appointed to the 2nd division of the army before Sebastopol, with the local rank of lieutenant-general. He commanded the division at the attack on the Redan, 8 Sept. 1855. He was just able to witness the fall of Sebastopol, when his health, which had suffered greatly by his hurried journey from India, broke down. He returned home, and died in London, at Limmer's Hotel, 21 Dec. 1855. He was buried in the family vault, Morland, near Penrith, beside a small oak-tree he had planted before leaving for the Crimea. A monument to him was put up in Morland parish church by the officers of the 32nd foot, now 1st Cornwall light infantry.

MARKHAM, GERVASE or JERVIS (1568?–1637), author, brother of [q. v.], and third son of Robert Markham of Cottam, Nottinghamshire, was born about 1568. In his early years he followed the career of arms in the Low Countries, and had a captaincy under the Earl of Essex in Ireland. Sir [q. v.] and [q. v.] were first cousins of the father. A letter of Harington in the 'Nugæ Antiquæ'(i. 260) mentions that when in Ireland he received many kindnesses from his cousin Markham's three sons. The eldest brother, Robert, was, according to Thoroton, 'a fatal unthrift and destrover of this eminent family,' and is possibly identical with the Captain Robert Markham who published in verse 'The Description of … Sir John Bvrgh … with his last Seruice at the Isle of Reer (London, 1628, 4to; reissued as ' Memoirs of … Sir John Burroughs or Burgh, Knt.,' in 1758).

Apparently Gervase turned to literature in search of the means of subsistence. He was well equipped for his calling. He was at once a scholar, acquainted with Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, and probably Dutch; a mediocre poet and dramatist, not afraid of dealing at times with sacred topics; a practical student of agriculture; and a champion of improved methods of horse-breeding and of horse-racing. He was himself the owner of valuable horses, and is said to have imported the first Arab. In a list of Sir Henry Sidney's horses in 1589 'Pied Markham' is entered as having been sold to the French ambassador, and Gervase sold an Arabian horse to James I for 500l. His services to agriculture were long remembered. In 1649 Walter Blith, in his 'English Improver, or a new Survey of Husbandry,' wrote that divers of his pieces, containing much both for profit and recreation, 'have been advantageous to the kingdom' and 'worthy much honour,' He treats, Blith writes, 'of all things at large that either concerns the husbandman with the good housewife' (, Centura Lit. ii. 169-170). His industry was prodigious, and as a compiler for the booksellers on an exceptionally large scale he has been called ' the earliest English hackney writer,' His books shamelessly repeat themselves. He was in the habit of writing several works on the same subject, giving each a different title. He also reissued unsold copies of old books under new titles, and thus gives endless trouble to the conscientious bibliographer. On 24 July 1617 the booksellers, for their own protection, obtained the signature of Gervase Markham, 'of London, Gent.,' to a paper in which he promised to write no more books on the treatment of the diseases of horses and cattle. Ben Jonson scorned him, declaring that 'he was not of the number of the Faithfull, and but a base fellow' (Conversations with Drummond, p. 11). He appears to have collected a library, and one ot the first examples of an English plate, in a copy of Thomas à Kempis of 1584, is his.

As early as 1593 he revised for the press 'Thyrsis and Daphne,' a poem not known to be extant (cf. Stationers' keg. 23 April 1593).


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Markham Two years later he published a poem on the fight of the Revenge, entitled 'The most Honorable Tragedie of Sir Richard Grinvile, Knight,' 1595, dedicated to Lord Mountjoy ; it also includes a sonnet addressed to Henry Wriothesley, earl of Southampton, whence Mr. Fleay awkwardly deduces a very strained argument to prove that Markham and Shakespeare were rivals for Southampton's favour, and that Shakespeare reflected on Markham in his sonnets. The original edition is a work of extreme rarity ; only two copies, in the British Museum and Bodleian respectively, are known. It was reprinted by Professor Arber in 1871. Gervase tells the thrilling story of Grenville's fight in 174 stanzas of eight lines each. Tennyson told the same tale in fifteen, and some of his expressions were doubtless suggested by Markham. Where Markham has ' Sweet maister gunner, split our keele in twaine,' Tennyson reads, 'Sink me the ship, master gunner; sink her — split her in twain,'

Markham's 'Poem of Poems, or Sion's Muse, contaynynge the Divine Song of Salomon in Eight Eclogues,' appeared in 1595, 12mo (Bodleian), 2nd edit. 1596 ; it is dedicated to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Philip Sidney. Meres refers to it approvingly in his 'Palladia Tamia,' 1598. His Devoreux, or Verities Tears,' 1597, 4to, was a lament for the loss of Henry III of France and of Walter Deve- reux, the Earl of Essex's brother, who was slain before Rouen. It is a paraphrase from the French of Madame Genevieve Petau Maulette, and is dedicated to Dorothy, countess of Northumberland, and Penelope, lady Rich, Devereux's sisters. Two sonnets prefixed are by R. Allot and E. Guilpin respectively. In 1600 appeared Markhani's 'Tears of the Be- loved, or Lamentations of St. John concern- ing the Death and Passion of Christ Jesus our Saviour' (4to), and in 1601 ' Marie Mag- dalene's Lamentations for the Loss of her Master, Jesus,' The two last poems were reprinted and edited by Dr. Grosart in 1871. In 1600 John Bodenham mentioned Mark- ham among the poets whom he quoted in his 'Belvidere.'

Markham published in 1607' The English Arcadia alluding his beginning from Sir Philip Sydney's ending,' 4to. On the same subject he issued in 1613 ' The Second and Last Part of the First Book of the English Arcadia, making a Compleate End of the First History,' 4to ; a unique copy is in the Huth Library. Ben Jonson wrote that Markham 'added Arcadia.'

In 1608 appeared the English version of the ' Satires of Ariosto,' which is sometimes assigned to Markham, although it is almost certainly by Robert Tofte [q. v.] Tofte undoubtedly claimed the work in his ' Blazon of Jealousy,' 1615, and complained that it had been printed without his knowledge in another man's name. But Markham is clearly responsible for 'Ariosto's Conclusions of the Marriage of Rogero and Rodomontho,' 1598 , which was reissued in 1608 as' Rodmouth's Infernall, or the Divell Conquered : paraphrastically translated from the Trench' of Philippe des Portes]. Another curious translation of his is 'The Famous Whore, or Noble Curtizan, conteining the Lamentable Complaint of Paulina, the famous Roman CurUzan, sometime Mrs. unto the great Cardinall Hypolito of Est,' translated into verse from the Italian, London (by N. B. for John Budge), 1609, 4to (, Bibl. Cat. i. 516).

Markham collaborated with other writers in at least two dramatic pieces. Lewis Machin was his coadjutor in 'The Dumbe Knight,' published in 1608 (4to),and founded on a novel by Bandello [see under ]. 'Herod and Antipater,' printed in 1622, but played by the company of the Revels at the Red Bull Theatre long before, was by Markham and William Sampson Markham's practical prose treatises were more numerous and popular than his essays in pure literature. Of those treatingof horses the earliest, ' Discourse on Horseinanshippe,' London, 1593, 4to, was written when he was twenty-five, and dedicated to his father. It was licensed for the press 29 Jan. 1592-3, and much of it was reissued in 1596 as ' How to Chuse, Ride, Traine and Dyet both Hunting and Running Horses,' 4to (1599 and 1606), and 'How to Trayne and Teach Horses to Amble,' London, 1605, 4to. His next work on equine topics was ' Cavelarice, or the English Horseman,' in seven books, each dedicated to a distinguished personage, including the king and the Prince of Wales (1607, 2nd edit. 1616-17, 4to, 1625 with an eighth book on the tricks of Banks's horse). There followed four works on farriery, all practically identical, although differing in title: 'The Methode, or Epitome' (1616, :3rd edit. 1623), on the diseases of horses, cattle, swine, dogs, and fowls; 'The Faithfull Farrier, discovering some secrets not in print before,' 1635, 4to; 'The Masterpiece of Farriery,' 1636; and 'The Complete Farrier,' 1639. Finally, 'Le Marescale, or the Horse Marshall, containing those secrets which practice, but never imparted to any man,' is still in manuscript, and belongs to the writer of this article.

His sporting works include 'Country Con-