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 Rh turbine wheel which is to run some of the machinery and assist in irrigation. The grounds all around are filled with carts and other agricultural implements, exposed to sun and rain, and a great part of the work done on the buildings and ditch, &c., has been wasted, because not half done,—a set of incompetent theoretical European engineers, having botched everything from the start. The proprietor, Señor Huarte, now sees how he has been imposed upon, and when we were there, was endeavoring to secure the services of a clear-headed practical American, then at Colima, to take charge of the work and carry it on to completion. He has already expended $200,000 on improvements on his estate and from appearances, it will cost fully half as much more before he will derive an income from it. The fields are rudely fenced with round poles, and cultivated in a very primitive manner with clumsy agricultural implements. When in full operation with proper management, the estate ought to pay interest on a million dollars.

Señor Huarte is a native of old Spain, short, dark, rotund, polished in manner, courteous and hospitable, and fond of doing everything on a princely scale. His grand house is at Colima, where his children reside—he is a widower—and this is only his country residence. During our stay, he entertained us on a scale of magnificence which puts the hospitalities showered on our visitors to California completely to shame. His kitchen swarms with domestics, male and female, and at his table, course after course of meats, fowls, vegetables and fruits follow each other with rapidity, for hours at a time, and are washed down with wines from every grape growing country from Ay and Malaga, to Sonoma.


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 There was no time to be lost if the Commission was to continue in existence, and a Conference accordingly met at London on 8th February, 1883. It consisted of representatives of the signatories of the Treaty of Berlin, and declined to receive representatives of Roumania and Servia, except with a merely consultative voice. The Servian delegate remained upon these terms, but the delegate of Roumania withdrew altogether, as did the delegate of Bulgaria, who would have been allowed to be merely present, without any voice in the deliberations.

The Treaty, which was signed on 10th March, prolongs the duration of the Commission to 24th April, 1904, for certain, and extends its direct authority as far as Ibraila, i.e. to the point beyond which sea-going vessels cannot ascend the river. It makes large concessions to Russia, with reference to the Kilia mouth, and adopts the Barrère règlement, modified by certain concessions to the objections of the Riverain States. Thus it is arranged that neither Austria nor Roumania is to be represented on the mixed Commission by their delegates on the European Commission, and the sub-inspectors are to be appointed in accordance with the wishes of Roumania.

A period of six months was assigned for the exchange of the ratifications of the Treaty, within which time it was hoped that the adhesion of all the Riverain Powers would be received. The ratification of all the signatory Powers, except the Porte (whose ratification arrived on 8th October), were exchanged in London on 24th April, 1884, the very day on which the mandate of the European Commission would have expired. Roumania still remains obstinate in refusing to accept the decision of the Powers.

VII. .—Wallachia in 1396, and Moldavia in 1511, submitted to the Porte, under capitulations as to the precise nature of which there is some doubt, but which, according to Roumanian historians, secured to each Principality

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Author:Henry Neville Hutchinson

Works

 * Extinct monsters; a popular account of some of the larger forms of ancient animal life

title: Author:Henry Neville Hutchinson


text: Author:Thomas Fairman Ordish

title: Author:Thomas Fairman Ordish


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46 When we arose on Sunday morning we, found a fat, round-bellied, jolly-looking priest, in black, sitting in the door-way, while his assistants were hanging a bright, large-patterned chintz curtain up along the wall under the lower verandah, and preparing for mass. Donning his rich embroidered white satin robes, he opened the service. The native women and children came stealing quietly in, and knelt on the pavement, in the great walled area by themselves, while the men in lesser numbers came in, and knelt or sat carelessly about in the verandah. The priest read his prayers in an inaudible voice in Latin, then, seated in a chair, read indifferently a very good, sound, practical, moral sermon in Spanish, then concluded the services "with bell and candle," and then proceeded to pack up his traps. I observed that Señor Huarte stood by as "patron" during the services, but the congregation, consisting of perhaps one hundred, all told, contained no other men of intelligence or education. Gov. Cueva, Señor Rendon, and the other educated men who were with the Seward party, regarded the priest and his proceedings with apparent indifference. When the service was over the priest packed up his things, mounted his little mule, took his umbrella in his hand, and galloped away to hold service somewhere else. His figure as he galloped off was so strikingly Spanish and picturesque that it might answer for an illustration of Gil Blas or one of Cervantes works.

All that morning mounted men were galloping back and forth, receiving orders from Señor Huarte, hat in hand, or detailing: the latest news from the river. At 2 the stages arrived, and the baggage, which had come up meantime, was packed and started off. Having


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Author:Charles Samuel Myers

Works

 * Text-Book of Experimental Psychology (1909)
 * Introduction to Experimental Psychology (1911)
 * Present-day applications of Psychology (1919).
 * Mind and work, the psychological factors in industry and commerce (1920)
 * Mind and work (1921)
 * Industrial Psychology in Great Britain (1926)
 * Industrial Psychology (1929)
 * Psychological conceptions in other sciences (1929)
 * Ten Years of Industrial Psychology, with H. J. Welch (1932)
 * The absurdity of any mind-body relation (1932)
 * A Psychologist's Point of View (1933)
 * In the Realm of Mind (1937)

title: Author:Charles Samuel Myers


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 the election of its own 'voyvode,' and much freedom of administration. At a later date the Porte superseded the elected 'voyvodes' by 'hospodars' appointed by itself. Russia, on the other hand, obtained by the Treaty of Kainardji in 1774, and by subsequent conventions, certain rights of interference on behalf of the two countries; and by the Peace of Bucharest, 1812, acquired the Moldavian province of Bessarabia, thus advancing its frontier to the Pruth and lower Danube. The occupation by Russia of the two principalities was the step which immediately produced the Crimean War, and much pains were taken in the Treaty of Paris to define their position as being 'under the suzerainty of the Porte and under the guarantee of the contracting Powers,' no one of which was to exercise any 'exclusive right of protection over them .' By the same Treaty, a portion of Bessarabia on the left bank of the Danube was restored to Moldavia. In accordance with Article 24 of the Treaty, representative Divans were consulted, in September 1857, as to the definite organization of the Principalities. The nearly unanimous wish of both Divans for union under a single governor was considered by a Conference of the Powers, held at Paris from 22nd May to 19th August, 1858, which refused to sanction this proposal, but, by a Convention of the latter date, approved of a joint Commission at Fokshany, a joint High Court, and a joint Militia; the hospodars to be elected for life for 'the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia .' The 'double election' in January and February 1859, of Colonel Couza as hospodar was the next step taken by the Principalities towards realising their union. The Porte appealed to the Powers; who however, at a Conference at Paris, on 6th September, decided to sanction the election, and in October the


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 Sultan sent to Colonel Couza a firman of investiture in the two hospodarships.

In 1861 the Powers and the Porte, by a firman of 2nd December, recognised the union of the two Principalities for the life of Prince Couza, allowing, for the same period, a common Ministry and a common Assembly, and suspending the meetings of the Central Commission at Fokshany.

On 28th June, 1864, the Porte submitted to a Conference of representatives of the Powers at Constantinople an 'Additional Act' to the Convention of 19th August, 1858, with an 'Annexe.' The two documents, making large changes in the constitutional law of the United Principalities, and acknowledging the right of the Principalities themselves to make similar changes hereafter without the assent of the Powers, were approved by the representatives of all the Powers, with certain reservations.

In February, 1866, Prince Couza was obliged to abdicate, and the Count of Flanders declining the hospodarship. Prince Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was elected in April by a plébiscite to the post.

A Conference of the Powers sat at Paris from 10th March to 4th June, without being able to agree upon a course of action, and on 23rd October Prince Charles received from the Sultan at Constantinople investiture as hereditary Prince of the United Provinces , which henceforth affected to describe themselves as 'Roumania' a name which did not, however, receive diplomatic recognition.


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 On 16th April, 1877, Roumania concluded a Convention with Russia granting passage to the armies of the latter for the invasion of Turkey. On May 22nd the Assembly proclaimed the independence of the Principality, which was recognised by the Treaty of San Stefano , and finally, though upon conditions, by the Treaty of Berlin. On March 26th, 1881, Roumania, without objection on the part of any of the Powers, assumed the style of a kingdom.

VIII. —After several blows had been struck by the Turks at the power of Servia, which was ruled by a 'despotes' of its own, it was finally conquered by Mohammed II, after his capture of Constantinople; but Belgrade was not taken from the Hungarians till 1522, by Soleiman the Great. Thenceforth Servia was a Turkish province, with occasional interludes of Austrian occupation (1717-1739, 1788-1791). Its partial independence dates from the insurrection under Kara George in 1804. The liberator was expelled in 1813; after which date the struggle was intermittently carried on by Milosch Obrenovitch till 1829, when the administrative independence of Servia, which had been promised in the Treaty of Ackerman, was finally secured to it by Russia in the Treaty of Adrianople. A firman of 15th August, 1830, made the princely dignity hereditary in the family of Milosch.

By the Treaty of Paris, Servia was left under the suzerainty of the Porte, but its immunities were placed under the collective guarantee of the Powers, whose consent was made necessary to any armed intervention in the country.

In 1862 disturbances took place, and Belgrade was bombarded by the Turks. Further conflict was prevented by a Conference of the Powers, which sat at Constantinople from 23rd July, and on 4th September signed a protocol which thenceforth restricted the Turkish garrisons to Belgrade and four other fortresses. On 10th April, 1867, it was


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 arranged that the Turkish troops should be altogether withdrawn.

Servia declared war against the Porte on 20th June, 1876, but was obliged to sue for peace on 28th February, 1877. She declared war again on 14th December of the same year, and was rewarded by a stipulation in the Treaty of San Stefano that the Porte should recognise her independence. The Principality was recognised as independent, on certain conditions, by the Treaty of Berlin. A proclamation was issued to this effect on 21st August, 1878, and on 6th March, 1882, Servia assumed the rank of a kingdom.

IX. —The 'Black Mountain,' originally a dependency of Servia, after the fall of that State, maintained a long and generally successful struggle against the Ottoman power. It was not till 1623 that Turkish troops penetrated to Cetinge. The government was in the hands of the Bishop, who was styled 'Vladika,' from 1516 to 1852, when Danilo I broke through the family tradition by becoming a lay Prince, 'Knas.' In 1706 the Montenegrins placed themselves under the protection of Russia, but by the Treaty of Sistova, 1791, Austria acknowledged the Porte as their 'proper sovereign.' This claim was repeated by the Porte at the Conference of Paris in 1856, and protested against by Prince Danilo.

In November, 1858, with a view to putting an end to the perpetual hostilities between the Principality and the Turks, a Conference of the representatives of Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and the Porte was held at Constantinople, and traced anew the boundaries of the Principality, leaving details to be settled on the spot by a Commission of Engineers, which reported upon the result of their labours two years later.


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 In 1862 the Turks invaded Montenegro and dictated terms of peace at Scutari, reserving to themselves the right to make a military road through the country and to protect it by block-houses.

Montenegro declared war against Turkey on 2nd July, 1876. Its independence was recognised by the Porte in the Treaty of San Stefano. At the Congress of Berlin it appeared that, formally or informally, all the Powers except England and Turkey had at that date recognised the independence of the Principality ; and the Treaty declares that, subject to certain conditions, 'the independence of Montenegro is recognised by the Sublime Porte and by all those of the High Contracting Parties who had not hitherto admitted it .'

X, XI. .—The Bulgarian kingdom became a Turkish province after the battle of Kossovo, 1389, and many of its great families adopted Mohammedanism in order to preserve their estates. The 'atrocities' of which this province was the scene in May, 1876, had much influence upon the policy of the Powers during the events which resulted in the Treaty of San Stefano. The 'great Bulgaria' created by that Treaty, stretching from the Danube to the Ægean, was severed by the Treaty of Berlin into three portions, of which, that north of the Balkans became the autonomous tributary province of 'Bulgaria ;' that immediately south of that range became the Province of 'Eastern Roumelia,' under the direct political and military authority of the Sultan, though with 'administrative autonomy ;' while the most southerly portion was unreservedly restored to Turkey.

Even omitting provisions of a purely temporary character, no less than forty-three of the sixty-four articles of the Treaty of Berlin are devoted to Roumania, Servia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Eastern Roumelia.


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  from $183,784,587 in 1900 to $304,595,000 in 1914; and the value of all manufactured products from $184,074,378 in 1900 to $346,962,500 in 1916. Wages paid to factory employees in 1914 totalled $58,784,000; value added to products by manufacture, $116,030,000. Children under 16 years employed in factories numbered, in 1920, 7,243, of whom nearly 5,000 were in textile mills. The effect of the World War upon child labour in Rhode Island may be seen from the following statistics: in 1915 children under 16 years constituted 3.16% of all the factory operatives; in 1918, 4.44%; in 1919, 3.96%; in 1920, 3.69%. Textiles still held in 1920 the first place among the manufactures of the state, employing 83,204 persons. From 1910 to 1920, woollen and worsted mills increased in number from 88 to 103 (with 463,342 spindles and 9,304 looms); in employees, from 24,924 to 29,500; in value of products, from $74,600,000 to $90,000,000. Cotton mills increased in number from 106 to 130 (with 2,595,395 spindles); in employees, from 28,786 to 37,382; and in value of products, from $50,313,000 to $67,500,000. Over 7,000 were persons employed in bleaching and finishing, 6,000 in the manufacture of silk and silk goods, and nearly 3,000 in the manufacture of hosiery and knit goods. The combined value of the products of these factories exceeded $20,000,000. Webbing and braid were also produced in large quantities; and in recent years tire fabrics have become an increasingly important article of manufacture. Third among the industries of Rhode Island in 1920 were the machinery and metal trades, with 25,197 employees, and products valued at $45,000,000. In the manufacture of jewelry and silverware Rhode Island ranked first among the states. In 1914 the value of the jewelry produced was more than one-fourth of the total for the whole United States. The number of persons employed in making jewelry, silversmithing, reducing and refining gold and silver in 1920 was 14,052, in 322 establishments; and the value of the product was estimated at $37,500,000.

Transportation.—The railway mileage within the state in 1920 was 209.49 m., electric and street railways, 351.5 miles. The construction of a branch of the Grand Trunk Railway system from Palmer, Mass., to Providence was projected in 1910; but work was suspended in Nov. 1912, and has not been resumed. Considerable sums have been spent by the Federal Government for the deepening of the channel of Narragansett Bay, for harbour improvement at Providence, Newport, Westerly and Pawtucket, and for the construction of harbours of refuge at Block I. and Pt. Judith. The foreign imports of the customs district of Rhode Island amounted in 1920 to $8,252,046. Foreign and domestic commerce passing through Narragansett Bay in 1914 amounted to $320,195,277.

Finance.—The position of the state, Dec. 31 1920, was: assessed valuation, $988,061,741; rateable wealth, $1,745,715,365 (about $2,890 per capita); receipts, $6,909,172; expenditures, $6,187,173; bonded debt, $10,832,000; sinking fund, $1,631,917. June 30 1920 there were in Rhode Island three state banks, 17 national banks, 13 trust companies, 15 savings banks, and 10 other institutions for savings and loans; with total resources of $416,339,951. From June 30 1918 to June 30 1920 the assets of the state banks increased 47%; of the trust companies, 21%; of the savings banks, 20%; and of the national banks, 11%. Deposits in the savings banks, June 30 1920, were $113,200,366, an average of $630 per account. The average savings deposit in 1918 ($582.95) was the largest in any state.

Charitable and Penal Institutions.—In 1917 the Board of Control and Supply and the Board of Charities and Corrections were superseded by a State Penal and Charitable Commission. The number of the inmates in the institutions under the supervision of the Commission was, in 1919, 3,241 (468 less than in 1918); and the amount expended was $1,189,956. The budget for 1921 called for $1,562,394, to which should be added about 821,000 in aid of various private charitable organizations.

Education.—The total school population (age 5 to 15) in 1920 was 123,705, of whom 106,142, or 85.5%, were in school. There were 83,525 in public schools; 20,690 in parochial schools; and 1,927 in private schools. The total expenditure for education in 1920 was $4,493,772, of which $999,850 was contributed by the state, the remainder by the towns. In addition to its expenditure for primary and secondary instruction and for normal training, the state annually votes modest subsidies for the R.I. State College; the R.I. School of Design; the R.I. College of Pharmacy; the R.I. Historical Society; the Newport Historical Society; and about 70 public libraries, with over 700,000 volumes. In April 1920 the name of the State Normal school was changed to the R.I. College of Education. The enrolment of the institution in 1920–1 was 774 students and 57 instructors; state appropriation, $86,000. The state also maintains observation and training courses in various schools, and likewise makes an annual grant of $5,000 to Brown University in support of graduate courses in education. The R.I. State College at Kingston had, in 192O–1, 345 students and 55 instructors, an income of $168,000, and buildings valued at $500,000. The R.I. School of Design, Providence, has doubled in size since 1910; the number of students has increased from 923 to 1,856; instructors from 50 to 108; funds from $186,310 to $2,849,322; buildings from $220,000 to $650,000. Its museum is considered the most valuable in New England, outside of Boston. Providence College (Roman Catholic) was chartered in 1917, and opened for instruction in 1919, under the direction of the Dominican Order, In 1920, $200,000 was raised for buildings. The enrolment in 1920–1 (two classes) was 163 students; faculty, fourteen. Brown University, the oldest (founded 1764) and largest academic institution in the state, from 1911 to 1921 increased its faculty from 85 to 107; its students from 944 to 1,367 (plus 881 in extension courses); funds from $3,758,926 to $6,600,000, with about $1,750,000 of endowment subscriptions still to be paid in; volumes in the library from 180,000 to 270,000. The Arnold Biological Laboratory and Metcalf Hall have been added to the buildings; and a new Chemical Laboratory and a Hall of Modern Languages were in 1921 about to be erected. Providence is unusually rich in libraries. Among the most important collections are those of the Providence Public Library, 230,000 vol.; the Providence Athenaeum, 95,000; the R.I. Historical Society, 50,000; the Annmary Brown Memorial (founded by Gen. Rush C. Hawkins), containing a rare collection of incunabula; and the Shepley collection on R.I. history, 25,000 volumes.

History.—The political history of the state from 1910 to 1920 was comparatively uneventful. In 1911 an amendment to the constitution provided for biennial election of the state officers and Legislature. In 1909 the number of representatives in the Lower House was fixed at 100; but repeated attempts to reform the Senate and institute representation according to population have uniformly been defeated. The city of Providence, with 40% of the population of the state, has but one member in a Senate of thirty-nine. The property qualification for the full municipal franchise is still in force. In 1912 the number of Congressional districts was increased from two to three. But under a new apportionment on the basis of the census of 1920 the state would stand to lose a seat, unless the National House of Representatives is enlarged. The presidential vote of the state was cast in 1912 for Wilson, Democrat; in 1916 for Hughes, Republican (though at the same time a Democratic U.S. Senator was elected); in 1920 for Harding, Republican. Rhode Island ratified the Nineteenth (Woman Suffrage) Amendment to the Federal Constitution; but, with Connecticut and New Jersey, failed to ratify the Eighteenth (Prohibition) Amendment. In 1920 the state brought suit in the U.S. Supreme Court to test the validity of the Amendment and of the Volstead Act. The suit was dismissed. For the service in the World War Rhode Island furnished 28,817 men. The National Guard in 1918 numbered 4,625 officers and men. Subscriptions to Liberty and Victory loans amounted to $209,444,110.

The governors since 1910, all Republicans, were: Aram J. Pothier, 1909–14; R. Livingston Beeckman, 1915–20; Emery J. San Souci, 1921–.

 RHODES, JAMES FORD (1848– ), American historian (see 23.257), was awarded in 1910 the gold medal of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. He published in 1913 Lectures on the American Civil War (delivered at Oxford in 1912); in 1917 History of the Civil War; and in 1919 History of the United States from Hayes to McKinley, being the eighth volume of his History of the United States, of which the first appeared in 1893 and the seventh in 1906.  RHODESIA (see 23.259).—The three divisions of which this territory had consisted were reduced in 1911 to two by the amalgamation of North-Eastern and North-Western Rhodesia, thenceforward known as Northern Rhodesia simply. The Zambezi is the line of division between Southern and Northern Rhodesia, and whereas geographically and in its political developments Southern Rhodesia is part of South Africa, Northern Rhodesia belongs geographically to Central Africa, it is not “a white man’s country” and its political future is not necessarily the same as that of Southern Rhodesia. The administration of the two regions was kept distinct, and in the present article this distinction is preserved wherever necessary. In 1921 Rhodesia was still governed by the British South Africa (Chartered) Co., but measures were in progress to terminate its rule.

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 These articles may be classified, as relating to—

i. The conditional recognition of the three old Principalities as fully independent (Arts. 26, 27; 34, 35; 43, 44, 45).

ii. The constitutional organization of the new Tributary Principality and the autonomous Province (Arts. 3, 4, 7; 13, 17, 18).

iii. The territorial delimitation of the four Principalities and the Province (Arts. 3, 4, 7, 18).

iv. Certain provisions with reference to the Principalities and the autonomous Province, which, though they exhibit some slight variations, are in the main matters of common form. These relate to twelve topics, viz.

(1) Religious equality. This is stipulated for in the case of Bulgaria (5), as it is with reference to the Ottoman Empire generally (62). It is made a condition precedent to the recognition of Montenegro (27), Servia (34), and Roumania (44).

(2) Treaties of commerce and navigation, made by the Porte, are to remain applicable to Bulgaria (8), and to Servia (37), till further arrangements are made. All Treaties made, or to be made, by the Porte are to apply to Eastern Roumelia as well as to the rest of the Empire. The Treaty relations of Roumania and Montenegro are passed over in silence.

(3) With reference only to Bulgaria (8) and Roumania (44), it is provided that the subjects and citizens of all the Powers shall be treated on a footing of strict equality within those Principalities.

(4) With reference to Bulgaria (8), Servia (37), and Roumania (48), it is declared that no transit dues are to be levied on goods passing through these countries.

(5) Consular jurisdiction and the privileges of foreigners are maintained, till modified by consent, in Bulgaria (8), Eastern Roumelia (20), Servia (37), and Roumania (49); but it is expressly stated that 'Roumania shall have power to make conventions to determine the privileges and attributes of consuls in regard to protection within the Principality.' Nothing is said as to consuls in Montenegro.


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 (6) Bulgaria (10), Servia (58), and Roumania (51) take the place of the Porte in railway undertakings affecting those countries respectively; but in Eastern Roumelia the rights and obligations of the Porte continue (21). As to Montenegro, see Art. 29.

(7) Special provision is made for the rights of Mussulman landed proprietors in Bulgaria (12) and in the territory ceded to Montenegro (30), and to Servia (39).

(8) Provision is also made as to property belonging to the State and to religious foundations (Vakoufs) in Bulgaria (12), Montenegro (30), and Servia (39).

(9) The relation of Bulgarians (12), Montenegrins (31), Servians (40), and Roumanians (50), when within the Ottoman dominions, to Ottoman law, are specially regulated.

(10) It is provided that Montenegro may have agents at Constantinople and elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire (31).

(11) Provision is made as to the share of the Ottoman debt to be borne by Bulgaria (9), and, in respect of the territory newly annexed to them, by Montenegro (33) and Servia (42).

(12) Lastly, provision is made for the payment of tribute by Bulgaria (9).

Detailed information upon these points will be found in the notes to the relative articles of the Treaty.

XII. .—The Bosnians were tributary to Hungary or Servia, till in 1376 they proclaimed a king of their own; after whose defeat at the battle of Kossovo, in 1389, Bosnia became a vassal of Turkey, and was incorporated with it in 1463. It became one of the eight European 'eyalets,' in which the Herzegovina is a 'sandjak.' The adoption of Mohammedanism by the feudal nobles led to an estrangement between them and the mainly Christian peasantry. It was in the Herzegovina that the disturbances first began in 1875 which resulted in the Russo-Turkish war. By the Treaty of San Stefano the administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina was to be reformed in accordance with the scheme


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Rh Inhabitants.—At the census of May 3 1921 the white inhabitants of Southern Rhodesia numbered 33,621, compared with 23,606 in 1911 and 12,596 in 1904. In 1921 males numbered 18,987 and females 14,634. The increase per cent, in the male pop. in the 10 years was 21.87, that of the female pop. 82.23. The natives in 1921 numbered 845,593, compared with 744,559 in 1911 and 591,493 in 1904. Asiatics in 1921 numbered 1,250 and the coloured pop. 1,997. Salisbury and Bulawayo, the chief towns, had in 1921 a white pop. of 5,654 and 6,830 respectively. Gwelo (white pop. 1,148) and Umtali (white pop. 1,874) were made municipalities in 1914, and Gatooma was made a municipality in 1917. All these places have most of the amenities of European towns.

In Northern Rhodesia the white in 1911 numbered about 1,500, and in May 1921 3,585, of whom 2,223 were males and 1,326 females. A considerable proportion of the white residents are officials and missionaries and their families. The native pop. in 1920 was estimated at 928,000.

Communication.—Little was done during 1910–21 to extend communication in Rhodesia itself, but from Sakania on the Rhodesian-Belgian Congo frontier the railway was continued through Katanga with the result that the valuable mineral output of that region was carried over the Rhodesian lines. The completion of the line from Zeerust (Transvaal) to Mafeking (Cape province) shortened the distance between Rhodesian stations and Johannesburg by 250 miles and enabled Durban to compete for the Rhodesian trade. On the completion in 1913 of the line through the northern Transvaal to the Limpopo at Messina, proposals were made to bridge the gap left—some 130 m.—between the Union railways and the West Nicholson branch of the Rhodesian system. As the bridging of the gap would place Lourenço Marques as closely in touch with Bulawayo as is Beira (its existing port), there was much opposition from interested parties to the building of the line and construction had not begun in 1921. Among other projects the most important was the so-called Sinoia-Kafue cut-off, to give Salisbury and Beira a much shorter line to Northern Rhodesia and Katanga. The line in 1921 had been built as far as Sinoia only. In south-eastern Rhodesia the branch line from Gwelo had been extended to Victoria.

There was a good deal of road-making, the largest piece of work being the cutting of a road—400 m. long—through the bush from Broken Hill to Lake Tanganyika. This was done for military reasons during the campaign in German East Africa. In 1919 aerodromes were made at Bulawayo and other stations on the Cairo-Cape route.

For the year ended Sept. 30 1919 the report of the Rhodesian Railways Ltd. showed that the gross revenue was £1,058,000; expenditure £568,000 and net earnings £490,000. For the year ended Sept. 30 1910 the corresponding figures were £789,990, £362,000 and £427,000 respectively. The gross revenue of the Beira-Salisbury and Kalomo-Broken Hill sections of the Mashonaland Railway Co. for 1918–9 was £647,000; expenditure £367,000 and net earnings £280,000, compared with £502,000, £184,000 and £317,000 respectively in the year ended Sept. 30 1910.

Agriculture.—At the end of 1919 the area under crops, excluding vegetable gardens and land cultivated by the natives for their own benefit, in Southern Rhodesia was 215,276 ac.,of which 177,470 ac. were under maize. In 1911 the area under crops was 132,105 acres. The production of wheat increased in Mashonaland, the quantity produced in 1919 (13,432 bags) being double the amount of the output five years previously. Tobacco became one of the principal crops, the production of leaf in 1919–20 being about 2,500,000 pounds. Cotton-growing had not got beyond the experimental stage in 1921. The citrus industry made headway and considerable quantities of oranges, etc., are now exported. Over 6,000 boxes were shipped to the United Kingdom in 1920.

The Mazoe dam, which has an effective storage capacity in a normal season, after allowing for evaporation, of 4,000,000,000 gal., was completed in March 1920. This dam enables sufficient water to be stored for the irrigation of 6,000 ac. with 2½ ft. per annum.

Cattle-breeding in the decade 1911–21 became one of the leading industries of Rhodesia. By the importation of pedigree bulls the native breed was steadily improved. In 1919 29,510 head of cattle was exported by rail or on the hoof to the cold-storage works in the Union or to Portuguese East Africa and the Belgian Congo. By the end of 1919 the number of cattle owned by Europeans (673,431) exceeded the number belonging to the natives. In 1910 the total (European and native owned) was 371,000. The Liebig Co. acquired extensive ranching areas.

In Northern Rhodesia maize and tobacco are the principal crops; wheat was grown under irrigation. Experimental work in the cultivation of wheat and other cereals, fodder plants, fruit and forest trees, fibres and in the investigation of plant diseases was carried on at the Chilanga estate of the B. S. A. Company. Orange-growing was started and a small quantity of cotton grown in the Fort Jameson district adjoining Nyasaland. Large areas of wild rubber exist. Cattle ranching became popular, a good market being found in Katanga for slaughter beasts. Except for the settlement at Fort Jameson, the white residents are mostly concentrated along the railway line from the Victoria Falls to Katanga.

Mining.—Gold is now found in a large variety of formations, including quartz, schists, granite, sandstones, banded ironstones, conglomerates and dolorite. The value of the output steadily increased from £2,566,000 in 1910 to £3,895,000 in 1916, when the yield in ounces was 930,356. The effects of the World War, increased working costs and labour difficulties then brought about a decline and the value of the output had fallen in 1919 to £2,499,000. In 1920 the value of the output went up to £3,056,000, though the yield measured by weight (552,497 oz.) was 40,725 oz. less than in 1919, the rise in value being due to the premiums obtained on sales of gold in 1920. The silver output reached its highest level (211,989 oz.) in 1917 and this was also the case with coal (584,954 tons) and copper (3,911 tons). The largest output of chrome iron ore (88,871 tons) was in 1916. After the end of the World War production was considerably reduced. Asbestos is becoming an important industry, the chief mines being in the Bulawayo and Victoria districts. The output rose from 55 tons in 1908 to 18,823 tons in 1920. Valuable mica deposits are being worked in the Sinoia district, the output in 1920 being 97 tons. Small shipments realized up to 6co per ton. Arsenic (1920, 437 tons) and tungsten (1920, 17 tons) are worked. The output and value of the principal minerals of Southern Rhodesia in 1920 were as follows:—Gold 552,497 oz. (£3,056,549); silver 158,982 oz. (£58,178); copper 3,109 tons (£333,111); chrome iron 60,269 tons (£245,378); coal 578,492 tons (£252,000); asbestos 18,823 tons (£459,572). The total value of mineral production in Southern Rhodesia up to the end of 1920 was £56,164,325.

Northern Rhodesia.—The chief mining centres in Northern Rhodesia are Broken Hill (lead and zinc) and Bwana Mkubwa, near the Congo border (copper). The mineral production in 1920 was as follows, the figures for 1916 being given in parentheses for purposes of comparison:—Gold 569 oz. (719 oz.), value £2,998 (£2,980) ; silver 5,583 oz. (8,777 oz), value £706 (£877); copper 145 tons (1,298 tons), value £7,601 (39,362); lead 16,345 tons (1,392 tons), value £335,000 (£25,121). Up to Dec. 31 1913 13,156 tons of zinc ore, valued at £84,577, had been produced. Mining for this ore then ceased. The total value of the mineral production of the northern territory to Dec. 31 1920 was £1,534,000.

Commerce.—Bacon-making, oil-crushing and soap-making, cheese-making and meat-canning, in addition to creameries and tobacco factories and flour-mills, are established. The following table shows the value of the imports and exports of Southern Rhodesia (exclusive of specie and goods reëxported) in 1910, 1915 and 1919.

In Northern Rhodesia the value of imports increased from £168,000 in 1911 to £424,000 in 1919. Exports in 1911 were valued at £107,000 and in 1919 at £452,000.

Revenue.—For the year ended March 31 1911 the revenue of Southern Rhodesia was £773,000 and expenditure £752,000. In 1918–9 the revenue amounted to £961,000 and the expenditure was £858,000. The chief items on the revenue side of the account were: customs duty £298,000; native tax £238,000; posts and telegraphs £100,000; stamps and licences £59,000; income-tax and excess-profits tax £60,000. For the year ending March 31 1920 the revenue was £1,031,000, the expenditure £1,061,000.

The revenue of Northern Rhodesia for the year ended March 31 1912 was £116,000, expenditure being £190,000. In 1919–20 the revenue was £169,000 and expenditure £260,000. Native tax produced (1918–9) £83,000 and customs duty £36,000.

Education.—In Southern Rhodesia in 1919 public expenditure on education was £125,000, the sum of £39,000 being received from fees. At the end of that year there were 77 public schools open, with 4,775 pupils. There are schools of domestic science at Bulawayo and Salisbury. There were 670 native schools, with 38,284 pupils, conducted by missionary bodies, receiving grants in aid.

In Northern Rhodesia in March 1920 European children attending Government schools numbered 222. The Administration established boarding-houses at three centres.

Native Affairs.—No radical change was made in the system of native administration in Southern Rhodesia during 1910–21. The office of Secretary of Native Affairs was filled by the administrator and in each district a commissioner was appointed to direct and protect the natives. The conduct of the white settlers and of the Chartered Co. towards the natives was the subject of strict scrutiny.

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title: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhodesia


text: Author talk:Jessie Kinmond Craigie

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 which had been laid before the Conference of Constantinople in 1876, subject to modifications to be agreed upon by Turkey, Russia, and Austria. The Treaty of Berlin provided a more drastic remedy for the grievances of these provinces, by arranging that they should be 'occupied and administered' by Austria. One incidental result of this arrangement was to put an end to the controversy, long carried on between the Porte and Austria, as to the right of the former to communicate freely from the sea with the Herzegovina, through the two enclaves of that province, Klek and Sutorina, which jut out into Dalmatia.

For the subsequent history of these districts, see the note to Article 25 of the Treaty of Berlin.

The remaining topics, XIII-XVII, are probably explained in sufficient detail in the notes to the relative articles of the Treaty of Berlin, together with, in the case of XV, the notes to the Convention of 1881.

General Treaty between Her Majesty, the Emperor of Austria, the Emperor of the French, the King of Prussia, the Emperor of Russia, the


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dearth of household furniture and conveniences already mentioned, put ingenuity and will force to their utmost tension, and I felt as if transported to antediluvian days. I have a candid conviction that Mother Noah never had cooking utensils more crude, or a larder more scant, than were mine. It may be, however, that the "old man" was "good to help around the house."

This was before the time of railways in Mexico, the "Nacionai Mexicano" having only penetrated a few leagues west of the Rio Grande. With the primitive modes of transportation which served in lieu of the railway it was not advisable to attempt bringing household goods so far over a trackless country. The inconveniences that followed were not peculiar to ourselves, but common to all strangers, who like us could neither anticipate nor realize the scarcity of every household appurtenance.

The natives who enjoyed the luxury of furniture—and there was a large number who had everything in elegance—had also the romantic recollection, that great old two-wheeled carts, towering almost above the house-tops, had brought it from the capital, nearly a thousand miles, or it was manufactured by the carpenters of the town.

In the division of the apartments of the house, one half was allotted to us, while our friends distributed themselves among the remaining rooms, on the opposite side of the court-yard, the drawing


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 room being used in common. Mr. and Mrs. R—— employed a cook and had their own cuisine, the others flitted about from fonda to fonda (restaurant) in search of sustenance. In the evening of each day we would meet and compare notes on the varied and amusing experiences of the day. However, I am not relating the adventures of our friends, but will generously leave that happy task to them.

Progress in furnishing our quarters in this great massive structure was slow indeed. How I longed for the delightful furnishings of my own home, which remained just as I had left it.

Fortunately for us, a druggist had two spare, pine single bedsteads, which he kindly sold to us for the sum of forty dollars. At an American factory they would have been worth about four dollars each. One was painted a bright red, the other an uncompromising orange. They were cot-like and had flat wire springs, while Mexican blankets constituted the entire bedding, mattresses and all. Pillows were improvised from bundles of wearing apparel. Fancy how they looked, the only furniture in a gorgeously frescoed room twenty-five by thirty-five feet, and of proportionate height!

Mr. and Mrs. R—— were much less fortunate than ourselves in procuring their household comforts, or rather discomforts. They ordered two cots, which were covered with a gayly striped stuff. The brilliant dyes having impaired the strength of the material, at the first attempt to lie upon these treacherous beds, both individuals found themselves suddenly precipitated upon the stone floor. No one in the house had anything in the way of bedding to lend them, and in the darkness they betook themselves to the hotel, to occupy beds of iron, proof against collapse.

A friend lent us six hair-cloth chairs, and a table which had many years before been the operating table of his brother, a surgeon. It was long, green, and sagged in the middle. A carpenter was employed to make the remaining necessary articles of furniture. He labored on the customary mañana system, and while his calculations as to time ranged all the way from eight to fifteen days, I found he actually meant from six weeks to three months. He showed samples of his


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62 workmanship, rocking-chairs with and without arms, made of pine, stained or painted or varnished, and upright chairs with cane seats. I ventured to ask when he could complete for us a dozen chairs, four rockers, and some tables. Utterly amazed, he looked at me with a smile of incredulity, as if to say, "What can you do with so much furniture?" He disapproved of my wish to have oblong and round tables, so I yielded acquiescence to the customary triangular ones which grace the corners of every parlor of respectability.

It now becomes necessary to introduce what proved to me the most peculiar and interesting feature of home-life in Mexico. This is not an article of furniture, a fresco, a pounded earthen floor, or a burro or barred casement, but the indispensable, all-pervading, and incomparable man-servant, known, as the mozo. According to the prevailing idea, he is far more important than any of the things enumerated in my household ménage, for from first to last he played a conspicuous róle.

Forewarned—forearmed! The respectability of the household depending on his presence; one was engaged, the strongest character in his line—the never-to-be-forgotten Pancho.

It was perhaps not a just sentence to pronounce upon this individual, but circumstances seemed to warrant the comparison I involuntarily made between our watchful Pancho and a sleepless bloodhound. At night he curled himself up on a simple petate with no pillow and only a blanket, and was as ready to respond to our beck and call as in the day.

In this house were two kitchens, representative of that part of the country. In the center of one was a miniature circus-ring about three feet in circumference, consisting simply of a raised circle of clay


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Rh about one foot high. This constituted the range. Little fires were built within this ring, one under each of the pottery vessels used in the operations. After this uncomfortable fashion the cooking was done, the smoke circling about at its own sweet will and at length finding vent through a small door at one side, the only opening in the room.

The sole piece of furniture was a worm-eaten table supported on two legs, the inner side braced against the wall. Its decayed condition indicated that it was at least a hundred years old.

Mrs. R—— amused herself by experimenting on the circus-ring— minus the aid of horses, however—a docile native woman executing what "ground and lofty tumbling" might be required in the culinary preparations.

The second kitchen contained another style of range equally primitive in its design.

Along the wall was built a solid breastwork of adobe, about two feet high, two feet deep, and extending the entire length of the room. An opening was left in the roof over this structure for the escape of smoke, but the grimy walls proved that it failed to answer its purpose. Upon this ledge, projection, or whatever it may be termed, the cook places her various pottery vessels with fires made of charcoal or small bits of wood under each, and there the stewing, boiling, frying, and crying go on all day. This cook, unlike the one in kitchen No. I, stands up in the performance of her duties. When I inspected these kitchens, it may be imagined that the sight was rather depressing, coupled with the certainty that I could


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 effect no improvement. But we had the luxury of one tiny fire-place, to which in my despair I fled for refuge. In this little treasure our scheme of housekeeping was inaugurated with results both brave and gay.

Among the latter experiences I may class my first coffee-roasting, not realizing till then that the essential feature of a mill was lacking, and that I was at least five hundred miles from any possible purchase of one.

Pancho, however, was equal to the emergency, and, going off, soon returned with a metate. (See upon the floor of kitchen No. 2, a portrait of this important culinary utensil.)

It was a decidedly primitive affair, and, like the mills of the gods, it ground slowly, but like them, it also ground to powder.

The metate is cut from a porous, volcanic rock, and is about eighteen inches long by a foot in width and eight inches in thickness. The upper surface, which is generally a little concave, is roughened with indentures; upon this the article is placed and beaten with another stone called a mano, resembling a rolling-pin. Almost every article of food is passed between these stones—meat, vegetables, corn, coffee, spices, chocolate—even the salt, after being washed and sun-dried, is crushed upon it. Such a luxury as "table salt" was not to be had. Previous to use these stones are hardened by being placed in the fire. The rough points become as firm as steel, and one metate will last through a generation.

This necessity of every-day life was a revelation to me. The color of an elephant, it was quite as unwieldy and graceless, but its importance in the homely details of the ménage was undeniable. It had but two competitors to divide the honors with—the maguey plant and the donkey. They were all three necessary to each other and to the commonwealth at large.

Equipped with an inconceivable amount of pottery of every shape and kind, maguey brushes, fans of plaited palm—the national bellows wooden forks, spoons, and many other nameless primitive articles, my collection of household gods was complete.


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1896. 3. This Act may be cited as the Diseases of Animals Act, 1896, and shall be construed as one with the Diseases of Animals Act, 1894, and that Act and this Act may be cited together as the Diseases of Animals Acts, 1894 and 1896.

An Act to amend the Law with respect to the Rating of Occupiers of Agricultural Land in England, and for other purposes connected therewith. [20th July 1896.] E it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows :

1.—(1.) During the continuance of this Act, that is to say, the period of five years after the thirty-first day of March next after the passing of this Act, the occupier of agricultural land in England shall be liable, in the case of every rate to which this Act applies, which this Act to pay one half only of the rate in the pound payable in respect of applies, buildings and other hereditaments.

(2.) This Act shall apply to every rate as defined by this Act, except a rate—

(a) which the occupier of agricultural land is liable, as compared with the occupier of buildings or other hereditaments, to be assessed to or to pay in the proportion of one half or less than one half, or

(b) which is assessed under any commission of sewers or in respect of any drainage, wall, embankment, or other work for the benefit of the land.

2.—(1.) In respect of the deficiency which will arise from the provisions of this Act in the produce of rates made by the spending authorities in England, as herein-after defined, there shall during the continuance of this Act (a) be paid to the Local Taxation Account an annual sum (in this Act referred to as the annual grant) of such amount as is certified under the provisions herein -after contained ; and (b) be issued from the local Taxation Account by half-yearly payments out of the annual grant to each such spending authority a share of that grant of such amount as is certified under the provisions herein-after contained.

(2.) The Commissioners of Inland Revenue, in such manner, by such payments, and under such regulations, as the Treasury direct, shall pay to the Local Taxation Account, out of the proceeds of the estate duty derived in England from personal property, the annual sum required by this section to be paid to that account.

(3.) The first of those payments shall be made during the six months ending on the thirty-first day of March next after the passing of this Act, so as to make up a half-yearly payment to meet the issues to spending authorities on account of the six ensuing months.


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1896.

 * 50 & 51 Vict. c 40.
 * So much of the as relates to Trustee Savings Banks.
 * So much of the as relates to Trustee Savings Banks.

 * }


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 The first meal cooked in that dainty little fire-place was more delicious than any that could be furnished at Delmonico's. In his quaint efforts to assist, Pancho perambulated around with an air as all-important as though he were chef of that famous café. But the climax of all was reached in Pancho's estimation when I put a pure white linen cloth on my green, historic table and arranged for the meal. He said over and over: "Muy bonita cena!" ("Very pretty supper"). But I discovered it was the attractions of my silver knives and forks

and other natty table ware from home that constituted the novelty. In his experience fingers were made before knives and forks.

I found my major domo knew everything and everybody; the name of every street, the price of every article to be bought or sold. My curiosity, I presume, only stimulated his imagination, and the more pleased I appeared at his recitals the more marvelous were his tales.

He gave the lineage of every family of the "jente decente," for generations, his unique style adding pith and point to his narrations. He told me the story of Hidalgo and Morelos and Iturbide; the coming of the Americans, the French intervention, and all the late revolutions, until my head rang with the boom of cannon and the beat


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 of drum. But invariably these poetic narratives were rudely interrupted by some over-practical intrusion. In the same breath in which he completed the recital of the Emperor Iturbide, he suggested that wood was better and cheaper than charcoal for cooking.

With my approbation he went to the plaza, returning in a little while with a man who brought ten donkeys, all laden with wood packed on like saddle-bags. I asked the wood-vender to drive his vicious-looking dog out, when he complied by saying: "Hist! hist! Sal!" Of course I then thought the dog's name was Sal, but soon found the word meant "get out" As the dog howled on being railed at, the man of importance again yelled at him, "Callate! callate el ocico, cuele!" ("Shut up—shut your mouth, and get out!")

Constant surprises were developed before my eyes every hour in the day. The yolks of the first eggs I bought were white—indeed, this was often the case,—which for a moment dazed me, as I had never expected to find my old friend, the hen, so different in her habits from her sisters in the States. But the qualities of the egg were identical with those familiar to me; however, yielding to prejudice, I rejoiced that eggs were not numbered among my favorite edibles.

The difficulties of all strangers not familiar with the language and idioms of the country were a part of my daily experience. Pancho was by that time master of the situation, and although evidently often amused, his thoughtfulness in relieving me of all embarrassment never failed. Though grave, he had a sense of humor. This was made evident, on one occasion, when I had been using a hot flat-iron. Having finished, I told Pancho to put it in the cocinera, meaning the kitchen. I heard a low chattering and smothered laughter between him and the cook. Pancho then returned to my room, and half quizzically, half serio-comically said: "Please come to the kitchen." I went, when he placed himself in front of the cook, with his left hand on her shoulder, waved his right arm around the room and said: "Señora, look; this is the cocinera"—{cook)—"and this," again waving the right hand around the room, "is the cocina! Do you want


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 Cases of grave injustice had occurred in the earlier history of the territory and in the period under review further charges were brought against the Company in connexion with the rearrangement of the reserves. Settlers complained that certain lands in native reserves were not being beneficially used by them; the natives made similar complaints. In 1914 a commission under the chairmanship of Mr. (afterward Sir) R. T. Coryndon, then resident commissioner of Swaziland, was appointed by the Colonial Office to inspect and report upon the reserves. The commission concluded its sittings at the end of 1915. It recommended that 5,610,595 ac. should be assigned as additional reserves or extensions to existing reserves, but that 6,673,055 ac. then included within the reserves were not required for that purpose. The total reserve area recommended was 19,428,691 ac., a net reduction of 1,062,460 acres. The Imperial Government decided to accept these recommendations in their entirety in 1917. There was, however, owing to war conditions, delay in adopting the commission’s recommendations and attacks were made on the Company’s native administration during the greater part of 1919. A Parliamentary White Paper issued in Feb. 1920 contained correspondence between the Aborigines’ Protection Society and the Colonial Office on the subject. The charges against the Company were replied to by Lord Buxton (then high commissioner) at Salisbury in Aug. 1919, and by Col. Amery (Under Secretary for the Colonies) in the House of Commons in March 1920. Col. Amery said:—“I believe this House can with confidence endorse the very high testimony of Lord Buxton to the native administration of Rhodesia and the attitude of the civil population generally towards the natives. It is a model, not only in Africa, but for any part of the world where you have the very difficult problem of the white settler living side by side with the native.” An Order in Council was passed giving sanction to the Coryndon commission’s recommendations. The changes it recommended were gradually carried out and gave rise to little friction. Lord Milner (then Colonial Secretary) set forth in an official despatch that the settlement reached was regarded as final, not only as to the present, but also the future requirements of the natives. To ensure them security of tenure the reserves were vested in the high commissioner for South Africa and would be inalienable save for certain limited purposes and only in exchange for other land.

In Aug. 1921 Prince Arthur of Connaught (the new high commissioner) visited Rhodesia and received a deputation of Matabele. He told them that the decision as to the reserves must stand and that their desire to have a son of Lobenguela recognized as paramount chief could not be granted. “You cannot go back,” said the Prince; “you must go forward.”

The general condition of the natives of Southern Rhodesia had distinctly improved between 1910 and 1920, and their value as an asset of the country became generally recognized. They were not only producers on their own account, but considerable purchasers of European goods. They paid an annual poll-tax of £1—the only levy made upon them by the administration. In 1911 several ordinances designed to secure better housing, feeding and medical supervision of native labourers outside the reserves came into effect. Steps were also taken to provide agricultural and industrial training, and to cope with cattle disease in the native reserves.

Vaccination and medical examination of natives applying for domestic service was made compulsory and the Bulawayo municipality introduced by-laws providing for a standard of housing accommodation for native servants.

Sleeping sickness along the Congo border of Northern Rhodesia necessitated precautions being taken to prevent its southward extension. Some cases of the disease occurred in the Loangwa valley, but they appeared to be sporadic.

History.—The outstanding feature of the history of the territory in the period 1910–21 was the steady growth of political consciousness on the part of the white residents of Southern Rhodesia. The framers of the constitution of the Union of South Africa left open the door for the adhesion to it of Rhodesia. The ultimate joining of Rhodesia to the Union was taken for granted by most South Africans, but the actual formation of the Union in 1910 seemed to have a contrary effect. It appeared to give a distinct stimulus to the already nascent desire of the Southern Rhodesians for independent self-government. A distinct advance in that direction was made in May 1911, when, by Order in Council, the elected members were given a majority of the seats in the Legislative Council, provision being made for safeguarding the interests of the British South Africa Company.

The legal position at that time was that the British South Africa Co. exercised under its charter sovereign rights subject only to such control as was exercised by the Colonial Office through the high commissioner for South Africa and a Resident in Rhodesia. While the Company’s administrative expenditure was by this time slightly exceeded by the revenue, there was no means of making good the heavy losses incurred in opening up the country save by the sale of unalienated lands. Of their ownership of the land and of their rights of disposal the Company entertained no doubt and this fact had much influence upon the attitude of the directors. Sir Starr Jameson, on resigning towards the close of 1912 his leadership of the Unionist party in the South African Parliament, became president of the Chartered Co. and retained that position until his death in Nov. 1917. The administrator in Southern Rhodesia was Sir William H. Milton, a man of great experience and tact in his dealings both with the white residents and the natives. After over 16 years’ service in the territory Sir W. H. Milton resigned in Oct. 1914 and was succeeded by Mr. (afterwards Sir) Drummond Chaplin. But while the administrator and his executive could do much to make the machinery of government work smoothly, there was no power, locally, to shape policy. Disputes arose between the Company and the settlers, who desired a still larger share in the administration. The controversy became acute in view of the fact that in Oct. 1914, under the terms upon which the charter was originally granted, the Crown would have the right to revise its terms with regard to administration. Sir Starr Jameson, Mr. Rochfort Maguire and other representatives of the Chartered Co. visited Rhodesia in 1913, when a further increase was announced in the numbers of elected members of the Legislative Council. As to the financial position the directors said that, as “the land and minerals belonged to the Company,” no debt in respect to past deficits would be placed on the country when the Company relinquished its administration. Mr. Maguire described the Company’s proposals as a means for bridging the period antecedent to self-government, the ideal towards which, he claimed, the Company was working. In accordance with the promise given, a redistribution ordinance was passed, the elected members being increased to 12, while the number nominated by the Company was fixed at six. At the general election in March 1914 1 of the 12 elected members returned were pledged to support the maintenance—for the time being—of the Company’s administration, but, the Council declared, its continuance should not affect the right “at any time” thereafter to the institution of self-government.

The Council in April 1914 definitely challenged the right of the Chartered Co. to the ownership of unalienated lands. The question had been raised in 1908, but was then allowed to drop. It was now recognized as essential that the matter should be settled before the political status of Rhodesia was altered. On behalf of the Rhodesians (i.e. the white settlers) it was claimed that the Chartered Co.’s power to deal with the land was only a delegated right granted by the Crown, and secondly, that if the Company had acquired ownership rights such rights were vested in it “as an administrative and public asset only”; that as a trading body the Company had no title to the land or its revenues. Consequently it was contended that, on the Company ceasing to exercise administrative rights, all unalienated lands should go as public domain to the Government which succeeded it. In July 1914 the claim of the Legislative Council was referred to the judicial committee of the Privy Council for adjudication.

In the meantime it was decided that the Crown should not exercise its right to vary the terms of the charter, which therefore, in virtue of the original provisions, would legally continue unaltered for ten years from Oct. 20 1914. The directors of the Company intimated, however, that they would offer no objection to the earlier establishment of responsible (i.e. self) government should it be deemed necessary and had the concurrence of the British Government. A supplemental charter giving effect to this agreement was issued on March 13 1915.

Meanwhile the outbreak of the World War for a time forced the constitutional question into the background. But the war itself had an important bearing on the political question. The party which desired the indefinite continuance of Chartered Co. rule had nearly disappeared, but an influential party had advocated, as the alternative to self-government, joining the Union of South Africa. This party lost ground as Rhodesians

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 me to put the plancha caliente (hot iron) in the cook, or in the kitchen?" Then with the forefinger of his right hand moving hastily before his nose, and a waggish smile on his face, the pantomime closed with, "No usamos asi" ("We don't use them this way").

Another ridiculous mistake I made when I wanted Pancho to buy me some cake, and told him to get four gáteaux, forgetting that biscocho and not gateau was the Spanish for cake. Folding his arms, he quietly answered without a smile, if he might presume to ask the Señora what she wanted with cuatro gatos—(four cats!) As the house was already overrun with these animals that had flocked in from all quarters, Pancho naturally wondered why I wanted to add to my feline tenants.

Itinerant venders of every imaginable commodity were constantly passing, and nothing pleased me better than to hold conversations with them, which they too evidently enjoyed.

Soon after the episode of the flat-iron, I heard the long drawn intonation of a vender and paid little heed to him, supposing he was running off a list of his stock in trade, such as pins, needles, tape, thread and other things too numerous to mention. Wanting none of these, I replied:

"Tenemos bastante adentro" ("We have plenty in the house").

A roar of laughter near by, and a familiar voice interpreted the man's question humorously enough: he was only asking if I wanted a chichi (wet nurse).

The common people of all ages were always bringing me regalitos (tokens of good will), and these were of every conceivable variety. A little girl whom I had often fed through the window, came into the house with her rebozo drawn closely about her, saying she had a regalito for me. I supposed it to be fruit or flowers, and so motioned to her to put it on the table in the dining-room.

In a moment she was at my side, saying:

"No quedarse alli" ("It will not stay there"), and going out I found a young chicken running around.

To pay fifty cents for every donkey load of wood, as I had done,


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Rh saw what was happening in the Union. The growth of separatist and republican sentiment among the Dutch population, evidenced by the increasing support gained by Gen. Hertzog and particularly the rebellion of 1914, inevitably influenced the political orientation of the almost solid British population of Rhodesia. Disinclination to be swallowed up in the Union and dislike of the introduction of bi-lingualism—a necessary result of Rhodesia becoming a province of the Union—were strongly reinforced by real if perhaps exaggerated fears as to the strength of the Dutch nationalist movement. It was possibly due in part to these developments that a proposal put forward by the Company in 1915 for the amalgamation of Northern and Southern Rhodesia secured (in 1917) a majority in the Legislative Council, though it was not proceeded with.

After an exhaustive inquiry the judicial committee of the Privy Council gave its decision as to the ownership of unalienated lands on July 29 1918. It had had before it not only the claims of the Crown and of the Chartered Co. but those of the natives, whose case was put forward without much evidence that it was being pressed by the natives themselves. The judicial committee reported in favour of the Crown. While, however, it decided that the Company could not claim ownership of unalienated land in Southern Rhodesia, it held that it was entitled to be reimbursed for expenses and outlays of administration in current or past years, and that while it continued to administer Southern Rhodesia it was entitled to apply the proceeds of any sale of land towards the reduction of such expenditure. The Company’s exclusive rights to all minerals in the country were confirmed and grants or sales of land made by it were finally legalized.

The next step was to ascertain the amount which would be due to the Company in accordance with the judicial committee’s report should the administration of Southern Rhodesia by the Company cease. At the request of the Chartered Co. a royal commission, of which Lord Cave was chairman, was appointed in July 1919 to ascertain the amount which would have been due to it for its administrative expenses if its governing powers had ceased on March 31 1918. The claim filed by the Company was in round figures for £8,000,000 plus interest on the accumulated deficits. The Cave commission took evidence in Rhodesia and its award was issued in Jan. 1920. The commission rejected the Company’s claim for interest and fixed the amount due to the Company at £4,435,000, subject to deductions (i) in respect of the value of lands appropriated by the Company for commercial purposes, and (2) the proceeds or value of lands and rights alienated by the Company for considerations other than cash, but plus the value of the public works which might be taken over by its administrative successor, estimated at £830,000.

In the interval the campaign for the grant of self-government had been renewed vigorously in Southern Rhodesia. In view of a coming general election the Legislative Council in May 1919 passed a resolution asking the Colonial office publicly to state what proof of fitness “financially and in other respects” would be considered sufficient to justify the grant of responsible government. Lord Milner (then Colonial Secretary) replied in Aug. that he could not regard the territory in its then stage of development as equal to the financial burden of responsible government, and as there appeared to be no great desire for the inclusion of the territory in the Union he advised that matters should be left as they were until the situation became clearer. This reply caused a good deal of dissatisfaction amongst the advocates of responsible government in Rhodesia. The strength of the movement was shown at the general election in May 1920, when the responsible government party secured 12 of the 13 elective seats in the Legislative Council. The I3th member advocated representative government, a half-measure which Lord Milner had considered impracticable. Owing to the successes gained by the Dutch Nationalists at the general election in the Union a few months earlier, opinion in Rhodesia, which, in view of the discouraging attitude of the Colonial Office towards responsible government, had tended to consider more favourably entry into the Union, swung round completely.

The new Legislative Council, at its first meeting in May 1920, passed a resolution praying the Imperial Government to establish responsible government and affirming that—

“The record of the people of Southern Rhodesia establishes that they are capable of fulfilling in the interests of all the inhabitants thereof, irrespective of race, the duties of self-government, and are equally as able to bear the responsibility thereof as other peoples of the Empire to whom the rights of self-government have been granted in the past.”

Lord Milner, in a despatch dated Dec. 22 1920, again urged delay. “In principle” he favoured the Rhodesian demand and the Chartered Co. was willing, he said, to be relieved of its responsibilities, but, chiefly on the ground of finance, he proposed that the Company’s rule should continue till after the next general election, which in the ordinary course would be held early in 1923. If Rhodesia was then still in the same mind, responsible government could be brought into force not later than Oct. 1924. The elected members of the Legislative Council strongly traversed Lord Milner’s arguments and in the end the Colonial Office sought the advice of still another committee.

This committee, of which Lord Buxton, lately governor-general of the Union and high commissioner, was chairman, was appointed on March 7 1921. It acted with promptitude and reported on April 12 following. The electors having so recently expressed their views in favour of the abstract principle of self-government, no advantage would be gained (the committee stated) by another vote on the principle. It recommended therefore that a scheme for responsible government should be drawn up in detail and that by means of a referendum the opinion of the electors on such a definite scheme should be ascertained. If the electors accepted the scheme a proclamation or Order in Council should issue annexing Southern Rhodesia to the dominions of the British Crown and that annexation should be followed by letters patent setting up responsible government. The draft of the constitution, it was suggested, should be drawn up by the Colonial Office in consultation with the elected members of the Legislative Council. Two special provisions were proposed:—

(1) That with regard to the natives the existing authority and control by the high commissioner should be retained; and (2) that control of unalienated land should lie exercised through the high commissioner on the advice of a specially created land board. This unalienated land would be charged with the payment of the sums to which the Chartered Co. was entitled under the Cave award.

Many objections might be and were raised to the proposed manner of dealing with the land question, but the elected members of the Legislative Council, under the leadership of Sir Charles Coghlan, accepted the recommendations of the Buxton committee, and Rhodesian delegates were appointed to confer with the Colonial Office.

Meanwhile the general election in the Union in Feb. 1921 had resulted in the defeat of the Dutch Nationalists (though not in any diminution of their voting strength), and it was arranged that, before any irrevocable step was taken, the Rhodesian delegates should consult with Gen. Smuts, the Prime Minister of the Union, as to the alternative plan of Rhodesia becoming a province of the Union. The conference with Gen. Smuts was held at Cape Town in Sept. 1921, before the delegation left for England. It was made clear that if the Rhodesians had changed their minds and desired admission to the Union they would be welcomed, but that the Union would require the ownership of the unalienated lands.

The influenza epidemic of 1918 took a heavy toll of the natives of Rhodesia; the death-roll was estimated at fully 30,000.

A national tribute was paid to Sir Starr Jameson on May 22 1920, when his body, brought from England, where it had been temporarily interred, was given a last resting-place close to the grave of Cecil Rhodes at the World’s View in the Matoppo Hills.

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518  Provisions respecting. See  (c 25).

See (c. 24); (c, 23).

See (c. 32).


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68 seemed preposterous; and, as Pancho knew everything, I asked him to suggest some more economical system of purchase. He recommended watching for the carretas at five o'clock in the morning.

Promptly at the hour indicated, I was before the barred window, when I heard the awful screech, thump, bump, and rumble of the lumbering carretas. About a dozen in a line, they advanced slowly—their great old wooden wheels wabbling from side to side—drawn by oxen with rawhide trappings; their sturdy drivers sandal-footed and clothed in cotton cloth, with an iron-tipped goad in hand, punching and pushing the beasts at every step. Here was the wood—the entire tree, roots and all—ghosts of the forest hauled twenty-five miles, rolling down the street on an antiquated vehicle. In response to Pancho's hand-clap, the manager of the caravan demanded fifteen dollars a load, the dollars being the only part of the transaction that belonged to our age. But the wood was duly bought.

Pancho had so far held the reins as to all household purchases, but in accordance with my ideas of independence and careful management, I announced that I was going to market. He kindly told me it was not customary for ladies to go to market—"the niozo did that"—throwing in so many other arguments, also of a traditional nature, that I was somewhat awed by them, though not deterred. Having been accustomed to superintend personally all domestic duties, to be bolted and barred up in a house, without recreation and outdoor exercise, induced an insupportable sense of oppression.

Walking leisurely along the street, absorbed in thought, with Pancho near at hand carrying a basket, I was attracted by the sound of voices and the tramp of feet. Glancing backward, I saw a motley


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490Class 10.— Improvements in Towns, Municipal and County and Local Government Matters, Markets, &c.—continued. *Sheffield Corporation Water. Ch. cxc.
 * South Shields Corporation. Ch. l.
 * Stafford Corporation. Ch. lxiii.
 * Strand Improvement. Ch. ccviii.
 * Wallasey Urban District Council Promenade. Ch. ccix.
 * Waterford Corporation. Ch. czzv.
 * Waterford Infirmary. Ch. xxii.
 * Weston-super-Mare Urban District Council. Ch. ccli.
 * Willesden Sewerage. Ch. ccxlvii.
 * Yeovil Corporation Waterworks. Ch. clii.
 * Ystradyfodwg Urban District Council (Gas and Water). Ch. lxxi.

[For Acts confirming Provisional Orders under Acts relating subjects embraced in this Class, see Class 19.]

Class 11—Parks, Commons, and Open Spaces.

 * Brighton Corporation. Ch. ccxxi. (Part iii.).
 * Leamington Corporation. Ch. cxlii. (Part ii.).
 * London County Council (General Powers). Ch. clxxxviii.
 * Saint Anne's-on-the-Sea Improvement. Ch. ccxlviii.
 * South Shields Corporation. Ch. l. (Part viii.).
 * Wallasey Urban District Council Promenade. Ch. ccix.
 * Weston-super-Mare Urban District Council, Ch. ccli.

[For Act confirming Provisional Order under Inclosure Acts 1845-1882, see Class 19 (8).]

Class 12.—Parish Affairs.

[For Acts confirming Provisional Orders under the Elementary Education Act, 1870, and Poor Law Acts, see Class 19 (4), (10 (b)(c)).]

Class 13.—Personal Affairs.

 * Griffin's Divorce.
 * Scovell's Divorce.
 * Todd's Divorce.

Abensur, Isaac Aaron.


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A.D. 1896.] Class 14.—Railways.

 * Alexandra (Newport and South Wales) Docks and Railway. Ch. cxcii.
 * Baker Street and Waterloo. Ch. ccxxvii.
 * Barry. Ch. cxciii.
 * Bideford Westward Ho! and Appledore. Ch. xviii.
 * Birmingham North Warwickshire and Stratford-upon-Avon. Ch. ccxlii.
 * Brading Harbour and Railway. Ch. ccxliii.
 * Buenos Ayres and Ensenada Port Railway Company's. Ch. xxxi.
 * Caledonian. Ch. clx.
 * Callander and Oban. Ch, cxci.
 * Cambrian. Ch. lxx.
 * Cawood, Wistow, and Selby Light. Ch. xlvi.
 * Central Ireland. Ch. xvi.
 * Cheadle Railway Company, Limited. Ch. cexvi.
 * City and South London. Ch. cclii.
 * City of Glasgow Union Railway Partition. Ch. clxxxv.
 * Cork, Blackrock and Pafisage. Ch. cxcvii.
 * Cornwall Minerals. Ch. cxeviii.
 * Donegal. Ch. ccxxii.
 * Dundee Suburban. Ch. ccxv.
 * East and West Yorkshire Union (South Leeds Junction Railway Transfer). Ch. xlii.
 * Easton and Church Hope (Extension of Time). Ch. cxciv.
 * Freshwater, Yarmouth, and Newport. Ch. cxliii.
 * Glasgow and South Western. Ch. cxvii.
 * Great Eastern (General Powers). Ch. xxiv.
 * Great Northern. Ch. cxxxviii.
 * Great Southern and Western. Ch. lxix.
 * Great Western (Additional Powers). Ch. ccxxxii.
 * Great Western (Denbighshire Railways). Ch. cxliv.
 * Great Western (South Wales and Bristol Direct Railway). Ch. ccxviii.
 * Highland. Ch. ccv.
 * Invergarry and Fort Augustus. Ch. ccxl.
 * Lancashire and Yorkshire. Ch. cxxxix.
 * Lancashire and Yorkshire and London and North Western. Ch. cxxxiv.
 * Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast. Ch. ccvi.
 * London and North Western. Ch. cxlix.
 * London, Brighton, and South Coast. Ch. cxxviii.
 * London, Chatham, and Dover (Capital). Ch. cxcv.
 * London, Chatham, and Dover (Further Powers). Ch. cc.
 * Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire. Ch. ccvii.
 * Manchester Ship Canal (Construction of Railway at Salford). Ch. clxxxii.
 * Marlborough and Grafton. Ch. ccxxx.
 * Mersey. Ch. lvi.
 * Metropolitan. Ch. ccxxv.
 * Metropolitan District. Ch. clvii.
 * Metropolitan District (Extension of Time). Ch. i.
 * Midland. Ch. clxxxiii.
 * Muirkirk, Mauchline, and Dalmellington. Ch. xxxvii.
 * Neath, Pontardawe, and Brynaman, Ch. ccxliv.
 * Newport. Godshill, and St. Lawrence. Ch. xlvii.
 * North British. Ch. cxl.
 * North Cornwall. Ch. clvi.
 * North Eastern. Ch. dix.
 * North Metropolitan Railway and Canal. Ch. clxxxiv.


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 Survivors of the pioneers Jameson had led into Mashonaland in 1890 were present, and Matabele and Mashona indunas.

Rhodesia's Part in the World War.—The Rhodesian frontiers in 1914 touched German protectorates both on the west and east. The Caprivi “Finger” of German S.W. Africa came up to the Zambezi, west of the Victoria Falls. It was occupied by the Rhodesian forces with little difficulty. On the east a more serious situation was presented, as the Germans, in comparatively strong force, entered Rhodesian territory between Lakes Tanganyika and Nyasa. Aided by and giving aid to the troops of the Belgian Congo, Rhodesian volunteers and the British South Africa police rendered excellent service and held their own against the Germans. Subsequently Rhodesians played a notable part in Gen. Northey’s offensive. A small Matabele contingent took part in the fighting, and a combatant battalion was raised from the natives of Northern Rhodesia.

From the first the Rhodesians were not content with the defence of their own territory. A regiment (1st Rhodesian) was raised for service in the 1914 rebellion and in the campaign in S.W. Africa, and early in 1915 another regiment (2nd Rhodesian) was sent to British East Africa, where it gained a deservedly great reputation. Many Rhodesians also enlisted in the British army. Altogether 6,859 Rhodesians (Europeans) were on active service during the war, a number much more than half the adult male population. Rhodesian natives engaged as combatants in E. Africa numbered 2,721, and in addition there were 40,732 “first-line” carriers. Some 152,000 other carriers were engaged on war service in Northern Rhodesia alone.

In the last days of the war (Nov. 2 1918) Gen. von Lettow Vorbeck, with all that was left of the German forces, turning westwards from his pursuers, entered Northern Rhodesia and had reached the Chambezi near Kasama on the day the Armistice was signed in Europe. It was in Rhodesia, therefore, that the last act in the war was played, von Lettow surrendering to the magistrate at Kasama on Nov. 14.

Northern Rhodesia.—The amalgamation of North-Eastern and North-Western Rhodesia was carried into effect on Aug. 17 1911, when Mr. (afterwards Sir) Lawrence Wallace was appointed administrator, a post he held for nearly ten years. The defence of the territory, which had been shared with Nyasaland, had been taken over entirely by the Rhodesian authorities a short time before the amalgamation was carried through. The number of British settlers gradually increased and missionaries did valuable work in training the natives and introducing higher standards among them. The proposal of the Chartered Co. to amalgamate Northern and Southern Rhodesia has already been referred to; the project was dropped. The war, which deeply affected Northern Rhodesia, at first caused marked depression, which was removed by the military expenditure in 1916–7, while the building of the Katanga railway and the mining activity in Katanga brought about a revival. An elective, but purely advisory, council was established in July 1913.

The Chartered Co. was faced with much the same difficulties in Northern as in Southern Rhodesia, nor in the north did revenue meet administrative expenditure. Up to March 31 1919 the deficit was placed at over £1,250,000. As in Southern Rhodesia, the Company claimed the land and minerals and the repayment of administrative deficits, and, equally, the white settlers claimed a greater share in the government, notably control of finance. The consideration of these questions was remitted to the Buxton committee, which in its second report, dated April 29 1921, advised that the legality or otherwise of the Company’s claims should be settled by the Privy Council before the future status of Northern Rhodesia was decided. Meanwhile the immediate creation of a legislative council was recommended.

Barotseland (see 3.424). Barotseland, the S.W. part of Northern Rhodesia, continued to be a native reserve in which Europeans, other than the officials of the Chartered Co. and missionaries and traders approved by the paramount chief, were not allowed to settle. The paramount chief in the exercise of his authority is aided by a ngambella (prime minister) and a kotla (council); he has no jurisdiction over Europeans. Relations between the Barotse and the Company were satisfactory and missionary enterprise prospered. Distinct interest in education was shown; in 1912 there were 413 scholars at the Barotse national school, 251 being boarders. Lewanika (see 16.519), who had placed his country under British protection and who won and retained the reputation of an enlightened ruler, died in 1916. He was succeeded by his eldest son Yeta III. (formerly known as Litia). Lealui, the native capital, and Mongu, the residence of the chief British officials, are both on the Zambezi and seven miles distant from one another.

 RHONDDA, DAVID ALFRED THOMAS, (1856–1918), British colliery owner and Food Controller in the World War, was a Welshman, born March 26 1856 in Aberdare, grandson of a Monmouthshire yeoman farmer, and son of a Merthyr grocer. His father had prospered in his trade, and in later life enriched himself by speculations in coal. Young Thomas was sent to Clifton College, and afterwards to Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated as a senior optime in the mathematical tripos in 1880, and immediately joined his father in the coal business. He threw himself with great energy and ability both into that and into local Liberal politics; and was so successful in both spheres that he was returned to Parliament for Merthyr in 1888. His extraordinary commercial gifts, his insight, his foresight, and the sympathy which he brought to bear on the conditions of life in the mining industry, soon made him a prominent, and eventually the leading, figure in the industrial world of S. Wales. “D.A.,” as he was always called, by his initials, in his own part of the country, endeared himself to the miners by becoming their champion in the ’nineties against the undercutting of prices by middlemen, and by the generous wages which he paid in the collieries under his control; and though in subsequent years he sometimes had differences with the men, he always retained their respect. His business combinations brought him great wealth and culminated in the Cambrian super-combine, which produced some six million tons of steam coal a year. Other important undertakings in which he took a leading share were the Ebbw Vale Steel, Iron and Coal Co., the Rhymney Iron Co., and the Taff Vale Railway Company. So extensive were the ramifications of his interests that, when he accepted office in 1916, the number of directorships from which he retired was no fewer than forty. He had much longer to wait for success in the political than in the commercial field. Though he sat in the House of Commons for Merthyr for 22 years and afterwards for some months for Cardiff, no use was made by the political chiefs of his party of his great capacities for public service, and he therefore retired from Parliament in 1910.

The outbreak of the World War gave him his opportunity. He rendered substantial help to Mr. Lloyd George both at the Exchequer and in the office of munitions, by organizing British industrial resources for war. He took a lead in “capturing German trade,” carrying through, for instance, the acquisition of the Sanatogen business. He went to America to complete important war contracts for the Government, and on his return was saved, with his daughter, Lady Mackworth, from the sinking of the “Lusitania.” He went back to America almost immediately, and spent seven months there at his own expense, expediting the output of munitions, and regulating and systematizing the prices charged. He was created a baron, as Lord Rhondda, for his services in Jan. 1916; and it was natural that, when Mr. Lloyd George, in forming his ministry in the following Dec., made up his mind to introduce captains of industry into office, he should turn at once to his old ally, who became president of the Local Government Board. His principal business in this post was to prepare for the establishment of the Ministry of Health. Before this was effected he accepted, in June 1917, at the Prime Minister’s pressing request, the onerous burden of the Food Controllership, vacated by Lord Devonport. He was no respecter of persons, and immediately took strong steps to put an end to the speculation in the necessities of life which was becoming a public scandal. Then he

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Rh procession of idlers of the lower classes following, which increased at every corner, reminding; me of good old circus days, though without the blare of brass instruments, the small boys bringing up the rear. The very unusual occurrence of a lady going to market had excited their curiosity.

The market was a large, pavilion-like building, occupying the center of a spacious plaza. Little tables and bits of straw matting were distributed on all sides; and upon these the trades-people, chiefly women, displayed their wares, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and other commodities.

On seeing me, every vender began shouting the prices and names of articles, entreating the señora estrangera to buy. But the strange medley, together with their earnestness, took my breath away, and I could only stand and watch the crowd. In the fantastic scene before me, it would be impossible to tell which of the many unaccustomed features took precedence of the others in point of novelty.

Notwithstanding the crowd, there was no disorder, no loud laughter or unseemly conduct. The courteous meetings between acquaintances, the quiet hand-shakings, the tender inquiry as to the health of each other, the many forms of polite greeting, were strangely at variance with their dilapidated and tattered condition, their soiled garments, half-faded blankets, and time-stained sombreros.


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492 Class 14.— Railways—continued *Port Talbot Railway and Docks (Ogmore Valleys Extension). Ch. cxlv.
 * Port Talbot Railway and Docks (South Wales Mineral Railway Junction). Ch. ccxii.
 * Rother Valley (Light). Ch. lxvi.
 * Sheffield District. Ch. ccl.
 * South Eastern. Ch. cxxvi.
 * Stroud and Paluswick (Light). Ch lxii.
 * Swansea Harbour (Construction of Railway), Ch. cxli.
 * Taff Vale. Ch. ccxxxiii.
 * Uxbridge and Bickmansworth. Ch. x.
 * Vale of Glamorgan. Ch. ccx.
 * West Highland. Ch. ccxix.

[For Acts confirming Provisional Orders under Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1888, see Class 19 (16).]

Class 15.— Trading and other Companies.

 * Buenos Ayres and Ensenada Port Bailway Company's. Ch. xxxi.
 * Cheadle Bailway Company, Limited. Ch. ccxvi.
 * Dover Undercliff Reclamation. Ch. ccxiii.
 * English, Scottish and Australian Bank, Limited. Ch. xv.
 * Great Northern London Cemetery. Ch. xxxix.
 * Kensington (James Street Area) Improvements. Ch. clxxxi.
 * Kent and Surrey Permanent Benefit Building Society's. Ch. viii.
 * Leeds Hydraulic Power. Ch. xlviii.
 * Liverpool Cattle Market Ch. xxi.
 * Liverpool Warehousing Company, Limited (Delivery Warrants). Ch. xi.
 * National Mutual Life Assurance Society's. Ch. xliii.
 * Realisation and Debenture Corporation of Scotland, Limited. Ch. cci.
 * Strand Improvement. Ch. ccviii.
 * William Hancock and Company, Limited (Further Capital). Ch. xlv.

Class 16.— Tramways and Tramroads.

 * Belfast Street Tramways. Ch. cxlvi.
 * Blackpool and Fleetwood Tramroad. Ch. cxlvii.
 * Blackpool Improvement (Power to Corporation to work tramways) Ch. cxxx.
 * Blackpool, St. Anne's, and Lytham Tramways. Ch. cxxix
 * Brighton and Rottingdean Seashore Electric Tramroad. Ch. xxxiii.
 * Dublin United Tramways. Ch. ccxxiii.
 * Edinburgh Improvement and Tramways. Ch ccxxiv.
 * Edinburgh Street Tramways. Ch. cciv.
 * Kidderminster and Stourport Electric Tramway. Ch. ccxxviii.
 * Leeds Corporation Tramways. Ch. lxv.
 * London County Council (Vauxhall Bridge Tramways). Ch. ccxi.
 * London County Tramways. Ch. li.
 * London Tramways Company, Limited. Ch. clxxxix.
 * Portsmouth Street Tramways. Ch. cli.


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[A.D. 1896.] Classified List of the Local and Private Acts. Class 16. — Tramways and Tramroads—continued *Sheffield Corporation Tramways. Ch. cxxxvi.
 * Sheffield Tramways. Ch. liii.
 * South Shields Corporation. Ch. 1. (Part iv ).

[For Acts confirming Provisional Orders under Tramways Act, 1870, see Class 19 (17).]

Class 17.—Turnpike and other Roads. Nil.

Class 18.— Water Companies and Undertakings.

 * Aldershot Gas and Water. Ch. clxxviii.
 * Barnsley Corporation. Ch. lii.
 * Barry Urban District Council. Ch. ccxlv.
 * Bexhill Water and Gas. Ch. lvii.
 * Bilston Improvement. Ch. ccxxxix.
 * Birmingham Corporation. Ch. xxxii.
 * Borough of Portsmouth. Ch. cxxxv.
 * Bournemouth Gas and Water. Ch. cxcvi.
 * Brighton Corporation. Ch. cxxxvii.
 * Chelsea. Ch. lxxiii.
 * Dewsbury and Heckmondwike. Ch. xx.
 * Drogheda Corporation. Ch. ccxx.
 * East Surrey. Ch. cxxvii.
 * Eastbourne. Ch. clxxxvii.
 * Edinburgh Extension (Extension of limits of compulsory supply). Ch. cciii.
 * Falkirk and District (Additional Supply). Ch. lxi.
 * Fylde. Ch. xxrii.
 * Huddersfisld. Ch. lxvii.
 * Kilmarnock Corporation. Ch. clxxix.
 * Kirkcaldy and Dysart. Ch. cxxxiii.
 * Lambeth. Ch. liv.
 * Lanarkshire (Middle Ward District). Ch. lxviii.
 * Leamington Corporation. Ch. cxlii. (Part ix.).
 * London Sea Water Supply. Ch. clviii.
 * Malvern Link (Extension and Water). Ch, lxxii.
 * Manchester Corporation. Ch. lxiv.
 * New River Company's. Ch. ccxxix.
 * North Wales Counties Lunatic Asylum (Water Supply). Ch, cl.
 * Padiham Urban District Council. Ch. xlix.
 * Rotherham Corporation. Ch. xxvi.
 * Roxburgh, Berwick and Selkirk District Board of Lunacy (Water Supply). Ch. lix.
 * Sheffield Corporation. Ch. cxc.
 * Staines Reservoirs, &c. Ch. ccxli.
 * Yeovil Corporation. Ch. clii.
 * Ystradyfodwg Urban District Council (Gas and Water). Ch. lxxi.

[For Acts confirming Provisional Orders relating to Water Undertakings, see Class 19 (5), (11), (15).]


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70 Whole families seemed to have their abiding places in the market. Babies! babies! everywhere; under the tables, on mats, hanging on their mothers' backs, cuddled up in heaps among the beets, turnips, and lettuces, peeping over pumpkins larger than they; rollicking, crying, crowing, and laughing, their dancing black eyes the only clean, clear spots about them—with and without clothes—until my head and the air were vocalizing the old-time ditty of "One little, two little, three little Injuns." But instead of stopping at "ten," they bade fair to run up into the thousands.

Parrots were there by the dozen. On seeing me, some began screaming and calling in idiomatic Spanish: "Look at the señora estrangera! look! look! Señorita, tell me your name!" The rest joined in chorus, and soon an interested crowd surrounded me. They kept close at my heels, inspecting every article I bought, even commenting on my dress, the women lightly stroking it and asking me a thousand questions as to where I came from, how I liked their country, and if I was not afraid of the Mexicans, and invariably closing by saying, "She is far from her home. It is sad for her here."

Here and there the amusing spectacle presented itself of men intently engaged in the occupation among us assigned to women, that of knitting and crocheting baby hoods and stockings of bright wool, and of the funniest shapes I ever beheld! Vegetables, fruits, and nuts of all kinds were counted out carefully in little heaps, and could only be bought in that way, by retail, wholesale rates being universally rejected. I could buy as many of these piles as I wanted, but each one was counted separately, and paid for in the same way. I offered to buy out the entire outfit of a woman