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276 which, while he showed me his prints and drawings, he began to talk about Philadelphia and its beauty. It was unusual for Philadelphians to talk about their town at all; if they did, it was more unusual for them to talk with enthusiasm; and the interest in it forced upon them by the Centennial had been for every quality rather than its beauty. Even my Uncle—though later, in his Memoirs, he wrote charmingly of the charm of Philadelphia—at that time affected to admire nothing in it except the unsightly arches of the Pennsylvania Railroad, bridging the streets between the Schuylkill and the Station, and if he made the exception in their favour, it was because they reminded him of London. Thanks to the Centennial and the stimulus of hard work, I was not as ignorant of Philadelphia as I had been, but I was not rid of the old popular fallacy that the American in search of beauty must cross the Atlantic and go to Europe. And here was J., in five minutes telling me more about Philadelphia than I had learned in a lifetime, revealing to me in his drawings the beauty of streets and houses I had not had the wit to find out for myself, firing me with sudden enthusiasm in my turn, convincing me that nothing in the world counted but Philadelphia, opening my eyes to its unsuspected resources, so that after this I could walk nowhere without visions of romance where all before had been everyday commonplace, leaving me eager and impatient to start on my next journey of discovery which was to be in his company.


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Rh II

To illustrate our article—for ours it had become—J. passed over the obvious picturesqueness of Philadelphia—the venerable Pennsylvania Hospital, the beautiful State House, Christ Church, the Old Swedes, St. Peter's—buildings for which Philadelphia, after years of indifference, had at last been exalted by the Centennial into historic monuments, the show places of the town, labelled and catalogued—buildings of which J. had already made records, having begun his work by drawing them, his plate of the State House among the first he ever etched. He now went in preference to the obscure by-ways, to the unpretending survivals of the past, so merged, so swallowed up in the present, that it needed keen eyes to detect them: old buildings stamped with age, but too humble in origin for the Centennial to have resurrected; busy docks, grimy river banks, crazy old rookeries abandoned to the business and poverty that claimed them: to the strange, neglected, never-visited corners of a great town where beauty springs from the rich soil of labour and chance, neglect and decay.

How little I had known of Philadelphia up till then! One of the very first places to which he took me was the old Second Street Market that, when I lived within a stone's throw of it, I had never set my eyes on—the old market that, south of Pine, forces Second Street to widen and make space for it and that turns the gable of the little old

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278 Court House directly north, breaking the long vista of the street as St. Clement's and St. Mary's in London break the vista of the Strand—the old market that I believe the city proposes to pull down, very likely will have pulled down before these lines are in print, though there is not a Philadelphian who would not go into ecstasies over as shabby and down-at-the-heel Eighteenth Century building if stumbled upon in an English country town. And as close to his old family home and mine J. led me into inn yards that might have come straight from the Borough on the Surrey side of the Thames, and in and out of dark mysterious courts which he declared as "good" as the exploited French and Italian courts every etcher has at one time or another made a plate of—curious nooks and byways I had never stopped to look at during my Third Street days and would have seen nothing in if I had.

And I remember going with him along Front Street, where I should have thought myself contaminated at a time when it might have varied the dull round of my daily walks, so unlike was it to the spick and span streets I knew,—glimpses at every crossing of the Delaware, Philadelphia's river of commerce that Philadelphians never went near unless to take the boat for Torresdale or, in summers of economy, the steamer for Liverpool; for several blocks, groups of seafaring men mending sails on the side-walk, Mariners' Boarding-Houses, a Mariners' Church, and Philadelphia here the seaport town it is and always has been; and then, successive odours of the


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Rh, fish, spice, coffee, Philadelphia smelling as strong of the romance of trade as any Eastern bazaar.

And I remember J. and I crossing the forbidden line into "up town" to find beauty, interest, picturesqueness in "Market, Arch, Race and Vine"—old houses everywhere, the old Meeting-House, Betsy Ross' house, Provost Smith's, the Christ Church Burial Ground at Fifth and Arch where Franklin is buried, narrow rambling alleys, red and black brick, and there, up on a house at the corner of Front, where it is to this day, a sign going back to the years when Race was still Sassafras Street, and so part of the original scheme of Philadelphia, to which, with Philadelphia docility, I had all my life believed South of Market alone could claim the right.

And I remember our wandering to the Schuylkill, not by the neat and well-kept roads and paths of the Park, but where tumbled-down houses faced it near Callowhill Street Bridge and works of one kind or another rose from its banks near Gray's Ferry, and Philadelphia was a town of industry, of machines, of railroads connecting it with all parts of the world,—for already to J. "the Wonder of Work" had made its irresistible appeal. And I remember our wandering farther, north and south, east and west—interest, beauty, picturesqueness never failing us—in the end Philadelphia transformed into a vast Wonderland, where in one little section people might spend their lives dancing, paying calls at noon, eating chicken salad and croquettes from Augustine's, but where in every other they


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282 were striving, struggling, toiling, to carry on Penn's traditions and to give to his town the greatness, power and beauty he planned for it.

In these walks I had followed J. into streets and quarters of the town I had not known. But I would be leaving out half the story if I did not say how much he showed me in the streets and quarters I did know. It is with a town, I suppose, as with life out of which, philosophers say, we get just as much, or as little, as we bring to it. I had brought no curiosity, no interest, no sympathy, to Philadelphia, and Philadelphia therefore had given me nothing save a monotony of red brick and green shade. But now I came keen with curiosity, full of interest, aflame with sympathy, and Philadelphia overwhelmed me with its gifts. Oh, the difference when, having eyes, one sees! I was as surprised to learn that I had been living in the midst of beauty all my life as M. Jourdain was to find he had been talking prose.

Down in lower Spruce and all the neighbouring streets, where I had walked in loneliness longing for something to happen, something happened at every step—beautiful Colonial houses, stately doorways, decorative ironwork, dormer windows, great gables facing each other at street corners, harmonious proportions—not merely a bit here and a bit there, but the old Colonial town almost intact, preserved by Philadelphia through many generations only to be abandoned now to the Russian Jew and the squalor


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Rh and the dirt that the Russian Jew takes with him wherever he goes. In not another American town had the old streets then changed so little since Colonial days, in not another were they so well worth keeping unchanged. I had not to dive into musty archives to unearth the self-evident fact that the early Friends, when they left England, packed up with their liberty of conscience the love of beauty in architecture and, what was more practical, the money to pay for it; that, in a fine period of English architecture, they got good English architects,—Wren said to have been of the number—to design not merely their public buildings, but their private houses; that, their Founder setting the example, they carried over in their personal baggage panelling, carvings, ironwork, red and black brick, furniture, and the various details they were not likely to procure in Philadelphia until Philadelphians had moved from their caves and the primeval forest had been cut down; that when Philadelphia could contribute its share of the work, they modified the design to suit climate, circumstances, and material, and bequeathed to us a Philadelphia with so much local character that it never could be mistaken for an English town.

This used to strike the intelligent foreigner as long as Philadelphia was content to have a character of its own and did not bother to be in architectural or any other movements. "Not a distressingly new-looking city, for the Queen Anne style in vogue when its prosperity began


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284 is in the main adhered to with Quaker-like precision; good red brick; numerous rather narrow windows with white outside shutters, a block cornice along the top of the façades and the added American feature of marble steps and entry,"—this, in a letter to William Michael Rossetti, was Mrs. Gilchrist's description of Philadelphia in the late Eighteen-Seventies, and it is an appreciative description though most authorities would probably describe Philadelphia as Georgian rather than Queen Anne. Philadelphia did more to let the old character go to rack and ruin during the years I was away from it than during the two centuries before, and is to-day repenting in miles upon miles of sham Colonial. But repentance cannot wipe away the traces of sin—cannot bring back the old Philadelphia I knew.

I do not want to attribute too much to my new and only partially developed power of observing. Had the measuring worm not retreated before the sparrow, I might perhaps have been less prepared during my walks with J. to admit the beauty of the trees lining every street, as well as of the houses they shaded. But what is the use of troubling about the might-have-been? The important thing is that, with him I did for the first time see how beautiful are our green, well-shaded streets. With him too I first saw how beautiful is their symmetry as they run in their long straight lines and cross each other at right angles. It was a symmetry I had confused with monotony, with which most Philadelphians, foolishly misled, still confuse it. They would rather, for the sake of variety, that


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 du Gouvernement Impérial et s'ils ne sont pas contraires aux principes qui régissent les lois et Règlements Ottomans.

Si, dans la suite, il y avait à faire des modifications de nature a suppléer a l'insuffisance des Règlements en vigueur et réclamés par les besoins d'un intérêt purement local, l'Assemblée Générale aura le droit de soumettre à I'approbation de la Sublime Porte les modifications qu'elle aura arrêtées à la majority des deux tiers des voix.

Le vote à la majorite de deux tiers ne sera applicable que dans le cas prévu par le paragraphe precedent.

V. Le nombre des Caïmacams Chrétiens dépassera celui des Caimacams Musulmans suivant les exigences des localités.

. VI. La formation des Conseils d'Administration aura lieu comme par le passé. Toutefois, à l'avenir, aucun employé du Gouvernement n'en fera partie, à l'exception du Gouverneur-General, des Gouverneurs, et des Caimacams, qui les president de droit.

VII. Le pouvoir judiciaire sera distinct et indépendant da pouvoir exécutif.

La composition des Tribunaux aura lieu comme par le passé. Néanmoins, l'Assembléée pourra soumettre à l'approbation de la Sublime Porte un projet de réorganisation qui, tout en etant plus economique, assurerait une meilleure distribution de la justice.

VIII. Le Gouverneur-General aura dorenavant un Conseiller qui sera Chretien, si le Vali est Musulman, et Musulman si le Vali est Chrétien.

IX. La correspondance général du vilayet, ainsi que les proces-verbaux et mazbatas des Tribunaux et Conseils, se feront en deux langues. Mais, comme les habitants Musulmans et Chretiens de l'ile parlent en general le Grec, les deliberations de I'Assemblee Generale et des Tribunaux auront lieu dans cette langue.

. X. Tous les employés autres que le Vali seront également nommés conformement aux lois et Règlements en vigueur. Toutefois les indigènes ayant les qualités requises auront la préférence.

. XI. Dans le cas ou l'Assemblee Generale aurait à Tithes.


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 etablir pour la perception des dimes un mode nouveau de nature à sauvegarder d'une manière plus complete les intérêts du fisc et en même temps ceux de la population, elle devra le soumettre à la sanction du Gouvernement.

. XII. Le Gouvemement Impérial acceptera, conformément aux Reglements, les indigenes, Musulmans ou Chretiens, qui s'offriront pour la formation de la gendarmerie de l'île, et n'aura recours à d'autres habitants de l'Empire que dans le cas de l'insuffisance des candidats indigenes. Le Chef de la Gendarmerie (Alaï Béyi) sera désigné par la Sublime Porte. Quant aux autres officiers, ils seront choisis par l'autorité locale parmi les Musulmans et les Chretiens, conformément à la loi, et leur nomination sera soumise à la sanction du Gouvernement Impérial.

Une caisse de retraite sera etablie pour les oflGiciers et soldats de la gendarmerie, et un R^glement special sera elabore à ce sujet.

XIII. Il y aura économie dans les dépenses. Ne seront pas portes au budget de l'île : —

Les frais de l'armée reguliere, les droits de Douane, les taxes sur le sel et le tabac, ainsi que les recettes et depenses des terrains vacoufs qui, inscrites au budget du vilayet, sont aujourd'hui administrées par l'autorité locale, et qui seront dorénavant gérées séparément.

Après prélèvement sur le restant des revenus, des frais de l'administration locale, I'excedant sera partagé à moitié entre le Trésor Impérial et les travaux d'utilité publique qui seront arrêtés par l'Assemblée Générale dans l'ordre suivant : — 1. Maisons de détention. 2. Ecoles. 3. Hôpitaux. 4. Ports et routes.

L'Assemblée aura le droit d'examiner si les recettes et les dépenses ont été disposees selon la prescription budgétaire de l'année. Dans le cas ou ces revenus ne couvriraient pas les dépenses, et qu'après avoir use de toutes les mesures administratives on n'aurait pas encore réussi a augmenter les recettes et à payer les appointements, le Gouvernement Impérial donnera à l'administration de I'île et jusqu'à concurrence


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Massachusetts Agricultural College


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 de la moitié des revenus de la Douane de l’exercice courant, une somme d’argent qui servira à combler le déficit des appointements.

XIV. Le papier-monnaie n’aura pas cours dans l’île. Les appointements des employés seront payés en métallique.

XV. Il sera per mis aux habitants de l’île de fonder des sociétés littéraires, des imprimeries, et de publier des journaux conformément aux lois et règlements de l’Empire.

XVI. Si des Ordonnances Ministérielles sont transmises contrairement à l’indépendance des Tribunaux, aux lois en vigueur et au Réglement de l’îile, ces Ordonnances ne tion of seront pas mises à exécution.

Une amnistie générale sera proclamée.

Les impôts arriérés ne seront pas exigés des agriculteurs. Quant aux fermiers et aux agents de l’Administration qui sont débiteurs envers le fisc, il sera precédé à leur égard suivant les dispositions de l’Iradé précédemment transmis à cet effet.

II sera permis aux habitants de garder leurs armes, mais personne n’aura le droit de les porter sans la permission de l’autorité.

Un arrangement définitif sera adopté pour les dettes antérieures aux événements de 1866, afin de faciliter aux débiteurs insolvables l’exécution de leurs obligations. Indépendamment des immeubles qui ont été saisis provisoirement à la suite des événements de 1866, s’il y a des propriétés de cette catégoric vendues, l’autorité locale s’adressera à la Sublime Porte pour faire ce qui est requis.

Le Règlement relatif aux caisses des orphelins Chrètiens présenté par les cinq Démogéronties de l’île, après avoir été examiné ici, sera soumis à la sanction de la Sublime Porte.

Des bureaux spéciaux seront créés dans l’île pour les conventions et pour tous actes de vente d’immeubles autres que les actes de transfer ‘firaghet,’ ainsi que pour l’inscription des hypothèques et des dépôts.


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 Ces Articles et dispositions ont été discutés dans le Conseil des Ministres, qui a adopté les modifications ci-dessus comme conformes aux besoins locaux et aux exigences de la situation.

L'affaire ayant été soumise a ma sanction Imperiale, j'ordonne que le present Firman, revêtu de mon ecriture Impériale, soit promulgué et publié, et qu'il soit fait en conséquence.

Le 29 Chevval 1295.


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Massachusetts Bay


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Massachusetts Historical Society


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SECOND

1. This is the truth : the sacrificial works which they (the poets) saw in the hymns (of the Veda) have been performed in many ways in the Tretâ age. Practise them diligently, ye lovers of truth, this is your path that leads to the world of good works ! 2. When the fire is lighted and the flame flickers, let a man offer his oblations between the two portions of melted butter, as an offering with faith. 3. If a man's Agnihotra sacrifice is not followed


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 by the new-moon and full-moon sacrifices, by the four-months' sacrifices, and by the harvest sacrifice, if it is unattended by guests, not offered at all, or without the Vaisvadeva ceremony, or not offered according to rule, then it destroys his seven worlds. 4. Kâlî (black), Karâlî (terrific), Manogavâ (swift as thought), Sulohitâ (very red), Sudhûmravarnâ (purple), Sphulinginî (sparkling), and the brilliant Visvarûtpî (having all forms), all these playing about are called the seven tongues (of fire). 5. If a man performs his sacred works when these flames are shining, and the oblations follow at the right time, then they lead him as sun-rays to where the one Lord of the Devas dwells. 6. Come hither, come hither! the brilliant oblations say to him, and carry the sacrificer on the rays of the sun, while they utter pleasant speech and praise him, saying: "This is thy holy Brahma-world (Svarga), gained by thy good works." 7. But frail, in truth, are those boats, the sacrifices, the eighteen, in which this lower ceremonial has been told. Fools who praise this as the highest good, are subject again and again to old age and death.


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. A school of industrial science in Boston, Mass., established in 1861 through the efforts of W. B. Rogers and others, “for the purpose of instituting and maintaining a society of arts, a museum of arts, and a school of industrial science, and aiding generally by suitable means the advancement, development, and practical application of science in connection with arts, agriculture, manufacture, and commerce.” The society of arts was the first section of the institute to be established, holding its first meeting in 1862, and has done much valuable work. The museum of arts has not yet been established, mainly owing to the extraordinary growth of the school of industrial science, which has

the other departments. Owing to the disturbed state of the country during the Civil War, the regular courses of instruction were not opened until 1865. The development has recently been so rapid that more than half of the total of about 3000 graduates of the school belong in the last nine classes. The institute was a pioneer in the introduction of laboratory methods, which are a distinguishing characteristic of its work. In addition to instruction in the sciences and their application to the arts, general studies essential for a liberal education are required. Thirteen distinct courses are offered, each of four years' duration: Civil engineering, mechanical engineering, mining engineering and metallurgy, architecture, chemistry, electrical engineering, biology, physics, general studies, chemical engineering, sanitary engineering, geology, and naval architecture. Each of these courses leads to the degree of Bachelor of Science. Within most of the regular courses a considerable latitude is permitted in the selection of branches, a partial choice of professional course being made at the middle of the first year, while in the fourth year nearly the entire time is devoted to professional subjects. The school in 1902 had 183 instructors and a total attendance of 1608 students. The library contained 60,727 volumes and 16,682 pamphlets. The institute publishes the Technology Quarterly and Proceedings of the Society of Arts, and a graduate magazine, the Technology Review. It occupies nine buildings in the Back Bay district of Boston, comprising the Rogers, Walker, and Pierce buildings, engineering buildings, mechanical laboratories, boiler and power house, and gymnasium, valued with the grounds at $1,605,222. Plans are in preparation (1903) for additional buildings. The endowment is relatively small, $1,845,139. The income in 1902 was $403,137. Of this amount, more than half is derived from students' fees, the remainder largely from interest on various funds and gifts from the State of Massachusetts and the United States. The total value of the Institute's property was $9,552,623. The presidents have been: William B. Rogers (1862-70, 1878-81), John D. Runkle (1870-78), Francis A, Walker (1881-97). James M. Crafts (1897-1900), Henry S. Pritchett (1900—).


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Massachusetts Medical Society

MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOCIETY. An association with headquarters in Boston, established in November, 1771, and incorporated November 1, 1781, making it the oldest State organization of the kind that has met regularly from the date of founding. Its charter was signed by Samuel Adams as president of the Senate, and John Hancock as Governor of the Commonwealth. Its fellows may include all respectable physicians and surgeons of the State, and in 1884 the motion was carried to admit women to membership. Its charter gave it authority to examine all candidates for the practice of medicine and surgery. The society has issued a number of valuable publications, including The Medical Communications, and The Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society, a Pharmacopœia, and many reports and essays.


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 8. Fools dwelling in darkness, wise in their own conceit, and puffed up with vain knowledge, go round and round staggering to and fro, like blind men led by the blind. 9. Children, when they have long lived in ignorance, consider themselves happy. Because those who depend on their good works are, owing to their passions, improvident, they fall and become miserable when their life (in the world which they had gained by their good works) is finished. 10. Considering sacrifice and good works as the best, these fools know no higher good, and having enjoyed (their reward) on the height of heaven, gained by good works, they enter again this world or a lower one. 11. But those who practise penance and faith in the forest, tranquil, wise, and living on alms, depart free from passion through the sun to where that immortal Person dwells whose nature is imperishable. 12. Let a Brâhmana, after he has examined all these worlds which are gained by works, acquire freedom from all desires. Nothing that is eternal (not made) can be gained by what is not eternal (made). Let him, in order to understand this, take


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 fuel in his hand and approach a Guru who is learned and dwells entirely in Brahman. 13. To that pupil who has approached him respectfully, whose thoughts are not troubled by any desires, and who has obtained perfect peace, the wise teacher truly told that knowledge of Brahman through which he knows the eternal and true Person.


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FIRST

1. This is the truth. As from a blazing fire sparks, being like unto fire, fly forth a thousandfold, thus are various beings brought forth from the Imperishable, my friend, and return thither also. 2. That heavenly Person is without body, he is both without and within, not produced, without breath and without mind, pure, higher than the high Imperishable. 3. From him (when entering on creation) is born breath, mind, and all organs of sense, ether, air, light, water, and the earth, the support of all. 4. Fire (the sky) is his head, his eyes the sun and the moon, the quarters his ears, his speech the Vedas disclosed, the wind his breath, his heart the universe; from his feet came the earth; he is indeed the inner Self of all things. 5. From him comes Agni (fire), the sun being the fuel; from the moon (Soma) comes rain (Parganya); from the earth herbs; and man gives seed unto the woman. Thus many beings are begotten from the Person (purusha). 6. From him come the Rik, the Sâman, the


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 an oblation the one Rishi (Agni), full of faith, and by whom the rite of (carrying fire on) the head has been performed, according to the rule (of the Âtharvanas)." 11. The Rishi Angiras formerly told this true (science ); a man who has not performed the (proper) rites, does not read it. Adoration to the highest Rishis! Adoration to the highest Rishis!


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3, v, .Sw, eighteenth letter; used as numeral 90 in posh B.Hellrew.

[.1333], .1333, [wig] v. m.

1 1:431; n.m.pl. a kind oflotua(Rhamuus (more exactly Zizyphm), Lotus [Linn], thorny lotus (not sacred Emmi; Lam); Sud. JD, cﬁAW Do’w“,syi.l‘ll$,v.mwv-m);4b 4am.

]N3 (/of loll; DIM“ m op. Amelia, adj., good, docile ; The: (of. Lag‘m”) up. NE [as irpéﬂm'av from npoﬂnl’vm] ; As. génuzBH 1242, and 30 NH 121., Ml" In; Ar. 5}; I'Aid TelAm gzmm is Cumunitish mm. to Zim“"‘“"“"”; mm. «all. and perhaps Palm. luv).

1R2 n :1. con. 1. “m” (puss. m. v’“+, K6”""""‘, but duh, V'" c.vb.pr, lls usually; in I s :5" join agar will. $ip ; v. further Albr ZAW mummy.) man “ma, sheep “d mm, ﬂock. ﬂocks;i'¥ abs. Gn 4’+, cstr. 29'+ ; sf. int! (4.; 1123!): Ex 10", ugllllr 4, 144“; as pl. WEN! Ne lo" van (1. H. Gi (not Bner ; very late, si Vern. 1.), etc.;—1. lit. a. mall cattle, usu. of sheep and goats in one ﬂock (ll/all“E ""7) Gn 30"” +; sheep speciﬁed also 2 1’1"“? hwy), 3 I“(’1' '5‘SH; sheep only I st’(+ D'n’); 30m speciﬁed Gn :7“ Je 50“; ’y as yielding (1) animals for food Am 6‘ (WE), I S l4“ 2 S 12‘ Ne 51-4. ; '2 4. 44m (in aim.)' (2) wool Gn31"+ (v.93). rs); (slum/x =3 Dt32" (fl goats’ milk, cf. Pl' :7”); (4) sown . victims (hi 4‘ (J), an 3° Nu i5=(ill P), “w (E), De 12"" "+oﬂ.; so WW}? 133 E1 36’“, cf. “.153? “‘2le “‘32? Ne 10”; in gen as property (oft. +12% etc.) On 12“ 13‘ 24” J1) l" 42“+uft. (v. 3‘50 "- Wham); lzift 0n 20" 21'“ 38‘7 (swat). Di. I5" 2 Ch 17“; booty x S 15"“+. b. ’3 ﬁts. of a. deﬁnite number of animals (i. e. as pl. of om); No Is 7", four Ex 2:” (larger numbers v. I S 2 5”“l Nu 3 1"“ Na 5“ J b l‘ 42" impel—viii. also 1;: 7 b;  n',>::u_2, my, "lull; :22, mg“, m5. 2. aim. of multitude E2 36”“, cf. 4’ 107"; of children Jb 2]“; of dead, with death as shepherd 4:49“; of (shep- herdlesli) Iar. Nu 21'7 l K 22”=2 Ch [8“, Zn In“ 137, wandering in sin Is 53‘; of Int. led by " W77" 78“ 80“, of. Z: 9“ (on text. v. We Now); Ez 34“; oi In. in distress,

\lr 44”, cf. (of wicked) ’3 Je 12'; of wish tel-ed Bab. In x 3". s. mempll. of multitude, In)" ’3’ E2 36”; of Isr. 2 S 24‘7=l Ch 21“, Je 23‘“ E2 34‘, and esp. sustained ﬁg. 34" + l 7 t. 34, also 74: “7'”; n‘l‘g‘s ’3 ([5 50" Emma ’1’ 13’"; of Ian under "’5 clue, $5 ‘7) ﬂ _ l 70' 79" mo” E2 34“, also "Z ’5' ‘J' 95’(ll ‘1’ 5mm; rd.perh.‘|l'ﬂy1l_9 'x, 51; :12, so Che 9.1.); m5 '2 Miy"; also in combinations: 'ch "Ml Je 25"“, “911': W zc "*7 @4me _ W“ (9.1! on“); orEzlom'vu Je 49*“ 50“.

mag n.pt.loc. Mi I" leaap [v], perh.= I}! in the Shephelah 0f J udah J as l 5", 2evvn(p). [343533] v. mp.

1‘[N33] vb. wage war, nerve (Salli. “ﬂ wage uni; with, also 11. army, campaign HDmChnnJi-‘lCISILM,LQDHMVDH.E‘ Run an: (>ﬁ-ﬂ’r.) wage war; As. 9M1», man, soldier; Nan,“ ""‘m‘ 7“ nl. cp. (on amount of Sub. Eth. §) Ar. conceal mlﬁ hence lie in wait; this is phonetically suitable, but better in lung. would be ll; gn ur cm forth (against one), etc, so Thes Lagn'”; I‘ll-3im up. ymmg man) ;-—-in Pf. 3 mpl. #33 Ex 38‘ Zo u“; Impﬂ 3 mp1. Nu 3 if; Inf. cm. tray? 1531‘; Nu 4” 8"; PL. pl. D‘ 5' Nu 3x“ Is 29"; sf. we? Is mass“; 1m); tpL 11ng Ex 38'; his?! I S 2“;-—1. wage war. ﬁght, 2. 5y ayainst, Nu 317(1)) 1929” 31‘21: i412, o. sf. 132970); abs. Nu 3:"(P). 2. mm at sacred tent, Leviies, c. MC. R?! Nu 4” s” (P); women Ex 38“ (P) is 2". mph. Pt. um um mm) 2 K 25'“=Js 52" "mater.

N23 n.m.”""" (poss. I. 1840‘ Du 8", but

i i a. v. Albr“""“"""‘; Bev'”) army, war, war-

time ;——~al:a.'¥ Nu13+ Z: 9" v. p. 663 a); cstr.  Nu lc“+; sf.  Jb 14“, J11 8" 9”; N59? w [03" 148’ (Kt may; 50 read prob. in both), eta; pl. hi“?! Nu 20‘+ 278 t; cstl'. hing: Ex 12"“ L; or. 7‘; Doing: 6"+, elm—1. army, haat: a. organized for war .lu 8‘ 9”(J) 1534’ Jesx' 2 Ch 28‘; his but Nu 2%. io t. a (P), waxy} iw a“+ n t. 2, lo, 33‘ (P); ’3?! ‘9?! 31“(P); haw"? z 011 2 51; urn) 5‘5 x Ch 20' 2 all 26"; ﬁt "1“;

I, u. :13 v. I, [L :23.


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jameson, Sir Leander Starr

JAMESON, SIR LEANDER STARR, (1853-1917), British South African statesman (see ). The union of the South African colonies in 1909 accomplished the main object which Jameson had set before himself as a political leader. He wished to carry the spirit of union further by forming a combination of political parties to support a non-racial Government for the new Union, regarded Gen. Botha as the natural leader of such a combination, and was completely ready to serve under him. This project of a “best man” Government, however, was not accepted by Botha, who thought that the Dutch-speaking people of South Africa were not ready for it. The alternative, to which Jameson then set himself, was the formation of a new party representing the majority of the English-speaking people in the Cape, the Transvaal, the Orange Free State and Natal. At a conference in Bloemfontein in 1910, before the first general election for the new South African Parliament took place, this project was carried out. Jameson presided over the conference with a patience, a tact and an insight which exhibited once more his remarkable gift for the ruling of men. The programme of the party thus formed — known as the Unionist party of South Africa — showed his influence in every clause. It repudiated opposition to the Botha Government for the mere sake of opposition, and promised the Prime Minister support in all measures designed to promote racial peace and material prosperity in South Africa. At the first South African general election in Sept. 1910 the Unionists fought on this programme with a considerable measure of success, especially in the Cape and Transvaal provinces. Natal, where the English-speaking people were in a great majority, withheld from Jameson and the Unionists the general support which it might have been expected to give, though the Unionists won a number of seats in that province. For two years Jameson led the Unionists in the South African House of Assembly with great moderation and self-restraint, but was compelled by ill health to retire from the leadership of the party in 1912. He returned to England and settled in London, devoting himself, when his health took a turn for the better, to business interests. He had an intimate knowledge of the affairs of the De Beers Corp. and of the British South African Co., commonly known as the Chartered Co. In June 1913 he became chairman of the Chartered Co., whose general meetings gave him, year by year, till his death in 1917, opportunities of proving in a new sphere his power of exercising a dominating influence over assemblies of men. When the war came in 1914 Jameson devoted himself to public work, leaving to members of the Government the choice of the sphere in which they thought he could be most useful. Meanwhile he had made more than one visit to Rhodesia as chairman of the Chartered Co., and the work which he did on behalf of the territory that he had helped to establish was recognized even by opponents of the policy of the Chartered Co. The war work which the Government chose for him was that of chairman of the Central Prisoners-of-War Committee, to which he devoted himself with all his remaining strength, organizing at the same time more than one private hospital overseas. Jameson's health had been precarious for years, and on Nov. 26 1917 he succumbed to a short illness. His name will stand very high among those of the men who did service to South Africa and Rhodesia. Diffident and utterly free from self-seeking, he was of those who make the least of their service to their country. But his labours for racial reconciliation and material prosperity in South Africa were conspicuous, and the close friendship of Botha was a final proof of the quality of his patriotism. It was, too, the measure of his stature as a man able beyond the recognition of most of his contemporaries, honest and plain-speaking, with a deep devotion to the most lofty ideals of public service. Jameson was created a K.C.M.G. on the inauguration of the Union in 1910 and a baronet in 1911. (B. K. L.)


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Janeway, Theodore Caldwell

JANEWAY, THEODORE CALDWELL (1872-1917), American physician, was born in New York City Nov. 2 1872, the son of Dr. Edward Gamaliel Janeway, a distinguished physician. He

was educated at the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University (Ph.B. 1892) and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University (M.D. 1895). From 1898 to 1906 he taught medical diagnosis in New York University. In 1907 he became associate in medicine in Columbia and two years later professor of medicine. He was attending physician at St. Luke's Hospital and in 1911 became senior attending physician at the Presbyterian Hospital and head of the medical staff. In 1914 he was called to Johns Hopkins University to succeed Dr. William Osier as professor of medicine, and became physician-in-chief to Johns Hopkins Hospital. After America's entrance into the World War he became major in the Medical Officers' Reserve Corps and was engaged in research in Washington, D.C. He died at Baltimore, Md., Dec. 27 1917. He was secretary of the Russell Sage Institute of Pathology, a member of the board of scientific directors of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, and of the editorial board of the Archives of Internal Medicine. He was the author of The Clinical Study of Blood Pressure (1904).


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mercier, Désiré


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Page:EB1911 - Volume 17.djvu/106

 Equations (5) and (6) are the general equations for the stresses at the boundaries at x, z, when h is a continuous function of x and z, and  being constant.

For the integration of equations (6) to get the resultant stresses and moments on the solid boundaries, so as to obtain the conditions of their equilibrium, it is necessary to know how x and z at any point on the boundary enter into h, as well as the equation ƒ(x, z) = 0, which determines the limits of the lubricating film. If y, the normal to one of the surfaces, has not the same direction for all points of this surface, in other words, if the surface is not plane, x and z become curvilinear co-ordinates, at all points perpendicular to y. Since, for lubrication, one of the surfaces must be plane, cylindrical, or a surface of revolution, we may put x = R, y = r − R, and z perpendicular to the plane of motion. Then, if the data are sufficient, the resultant stresses and moments between the surfaces are obtained by integrating the intensity of the stress and moments of intensity of stress over the surface.

This, however, is not the usual problem that arises. What is generally wanted is to find the thickness of the film where least (h0) and its angular position with respect to direction of load, to resist a definite load with a particular surface velocity. If the surfaces are plane, the general solution involves only one arbitrary constant, the least thickness (h0); since in any particular case the variation of h with x is necessarily fixed, as in this case lubrication affords no automatic adjustment of this slope. When both surfaces are curved in the plane of motion there are at least two arbitrary constants, h0, and the angular position of h0 with respect to direction of load; while if the surfaces are both curved in a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion as well as in the plane of motion, there are three arbitrary constants, h0, 0, z0. The only constraint necessary is to prevent rotation in the plane of motion of one of the surfaces, leaving this surface free to move in any direction and to adjust its position so as to be in equilibrium under the load.

The integrations necessary for the solutions of these problems are practicable—complete or approximate—and have been effected for circumstances which include the chief cases of practical lubrication, the results having been verified by reference to Tower’s experiments. In this way the verified theory is available for guidance outside the limits of experience as well as for determining the limiting conditions. But it is necessary to take into account certain subsidiary theories. These limits depend on the coefficient of viscosity, which diminishes as the temperature increases. The total work in overcoming the resistance is spent in generating heat in the lubricant, the volume of which is very small. Were it not for the escape of heat by conduction through the lubricant and the metal, lubrication would be impossible. Hence a knowledge of the empirical law of the variation of the viscosity of the lubricant with temperature, the coefficients of conduction of heat in the lubricant and in the metal, and the application of the theory of the flow of heat in the particular circumstances, are necessary adjuncts to the theory of lubrication for determining the limits of lubrication. Nor is this all, for the shapes of the solid surfaces vary with the pressure, and more particularly with the temperature.

The theory of lubrication has been applied to the explanation of the slipperiness of ice (Mem. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1899).

 LUCAN [], ( 39–65), Roman poet of the Silver Age, grandson of the rhetorician Seneca and nephew of the philosopher, was born at Corduba. His mother was Acilia; his father, Marcus Annaeus Mela, had amassed great wealth as imperial procurator for the provinces. From a memoir which is generally attributed to Suetonius we learn that Lucan was taken to Rome at the age of eight months and displayed remarkable precocity. One of his instructors was the Stoic philosopher, Cornutus, the friend and teacher of Persius. He was studying at Athens when Nero recalled him to Rome and made him quaestor. These friendly relations did not last long. Lucan is said to have defeated Nero in a public poetical contest; Nero forbade him to recite in public, and the poet’s indignation made him an accomplice in the conspiracy of Piso. Upon the discovery of the plot he is said to have been tempted by the hope of pardon to denounce his own mother. Failing to obtain a reprieve, he caused his veins to be opened, and expired repeating a passage from one of his poems descriptive of the death of a wounded soldier. His father was involved in the proscription, his mother escaped, and his widow Polla Argentaria survived to receive the homage of Statius under Domitian. The birthday of Lucan was kept as a festival after his death, and a poem addressed to his widow upon one of these occasions and containing information on the poet’s work and career is still extant (Statius’s Silvae, ii. 7, entitled Genethliacon Lucani).

Besides his principal performance, Lucan’s works included poems on the ransom of Hector, the nether world, the fate of Orpheus, a eulogy of Nero, the burning of Rome, and one in honour of his wife (all mentioned by Statius), letters, epigrams, an unfinished tragedy on the subject of Medea and numerous miscellaneous pieces. His minor works have perished except for a few fragments, but all that the author wrote of the Pharsalia has come down to us. It would probably have concluded with the battle of Philippi, but breaks off abruptly as Caesar is about to plunge into the harbour of Alexandria. The Pharsalia opens with a panegyric of Nero, sketches the causes of the war and the characters of Caesar and Pompey, the crossing of the Rubicon by Caesar, the flight of the tribunes to his camp, and the panic and confusion in Rome, which Pompey has abandoned. The second book describes the visit of Brutus to Cato, who is persuaded to join the side of the senate, and his marriage a second time to his former wife Marcia, Ahenobarbus’s capitulation at Corfinium and the retirement of Pompey to Greece. In the third book Caesar, after settling affairs in Rome, crosses the Alps for Spain. Massilia is besieged and falls. The fourth book describes the victories of Caesar in Spain over Afranius and Petreius, and the defeat of Curio by Juba in Africa. In the fifth Caesar and Antony land in Greece, and Pompey’s wife Cornelia is placed in security at Lesbos. The sixth book describes the repulses of Caesar round Dyrrhachium, the seventh the defeat of Pompey at Pharsalia, the eighth his flight and assassination in Egypt, the ninth the operations of Cato in Africa and his march through the desert, and the landing of Caesar in Egypt, the tenth the opening incidents of the Alexandrian war. The incompleteness of the work should not be left out of account in the estimate of its merits, for, with two capital exceptions, the faults of the Pharsalia are such as revision might have mitigated or rendered. No such pains, certainly, could have amended the deficiency of unity of action, or supplied the want of a legitimate protagonist. The Pharsalia is not true to history, but it cannot shake off its shackles, and is rather a metrical chronicle than a true epic. If it had been completed according to the author’s design, Pompey, Cato and Brutus must have successively enacted the part of nominal hero, while the real hero is the arch-enemy of liberty and Lucan, Caesar. Yet these defects, though glaring, are not fatal or peculiar to Lucan. The false taste, the strained rhetoric, the ostentatious erudition, the tedious harangues and far-fetched or commonplace reflections so frequent in this singularly unequal poem, are faults much more irritating, but they are also faults capable of amendment, which the writer might not improbably have removed. Great allowance should also be made in the case of one who is emulating predecessors who have already carried art to its last perfection. Lucan’s temper could never have brooked mere imitation; his versification, no less than his subject, is entirely his own; he avoids the appearance of outward resemblance to his great predecessor with a persistency which can only have resulted from deliberate purpose, but he is largely influenced by the declamatory school of his grandfather and uncle. Hence his partiality for finished antithesis, contrasting strongly with his generally breathless style and turbid diction. Quintilian sums up both aspects of his genius with pregnant brevity, “Ardens et concitatus et sententiis clarissimus,” adding with equal justice, “Magis oratoribus quam poetis annumerandus.” Lucan’s oratory, however, frequently approaches the regions of poetry, e.g. the apotheosis of Pompey at the beginning of the ninth book, and the passage in the same book where Cato, in the truest spirit of the Stoic philosophy, refuses to consult the oracle of Jupiter Ammon. Though in many cases Lucan’s rhetoric is frigid, hyperbolical, and out of keeping with the character of the speaker, yet his theme has a genuine hold upon him; in the age of Nero he celebrates the republic as a poet with the same energy with which in the age of Cicero he might have defended it as an orator.

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 17.djvu/106


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Merriman, John Xavier


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kitchener, Horatio Herbert Kitchener, Earl

KITCHENER, HORATIO HERBERT KITCHENER, (1850-1916), British field-marshal (see ). In the autumn of 1910 Lord Kitchener accepted a seat on the Committee of Imperial Defence, and he spent the following winter in the Sudan and E. Africa. In the summer of 1911 he commanded the troops in London during King George's coronation, and he was a few days later appointed British agent and consul-general in Egypt. This modest title concealed a position tantamount to that of supreme authority, and during his tenure of office he introduced many reforms designed to develop the resources of the country and to ameliorate the condition of its people, a task in which he had made great progress when in June 1914, immediately after an earldom had been conferred on him, he proceeded to England on his annual leave. Thus it came about that he was in England when war was declared against Germany. He was asked by Mr. Asquith to accept the Secretaryship of State for War, and he took up his new duties in Whitehall on Aug. 6, the day after mobilization.

In view of the circumstances under which he was assuming this post, Kitchener laboured under certain disadvantages, coming as he did to the War Office for the first time. There was no precedent for a great soldier occupying the position at a moment of supreme national emergency. He possessed no previous experience of the central administration of the army. He was not familiar with the various ramifications of the existing military organization. He had made no close study of strategical problems involved in a campaign in Belgium and northeastern France, nor could he lay claim to intimate acquaintance with the martial resources of the various belligerents. Owing to a misapprehension of the scope of the contest on which the country was embarking, arrangements had moreover been made in advance under which the general staff at headquarters was being seriously depleted in the interests of the Expeditionary Force that was proceeding to the front. But on the other hand his countrymen trusted him and were roused to enthusiasm by the magic of his name, his Cabinet colleagues placed their confidence in him as they would have done in no other conceivable War Minister, and these factors more than compensated for the disabilities from which he suffered. For Kitchener realized from the very outset that the struggle was practically certain to be much more prolonged than those in authority anticipated, and that a far more strenuous effort than had been prepared for would have to be made by the British Empire if it was to conquer. His remark on reaching his office the first day, “There is no army,” was scarcely an exaggeration; for the admirably trained and well-equipped Expeditionary Force stood for no more than an insignificant fraction of the numbers that must be placed in the field, whereas existing means of expansion were totally inadequate.

He perceived that entirely new forces composed of personnel enrolled for the duration of the war must be created, and he straightway issued a stirring appeal to the nation asking for

100,000 men. It was followed by analogous appeals at short intervals, and the response was wonderful. He has been criticised for not making greater use of the existing Territorial organization in the earlier days — the numbers at the front might conceivably have, within narrow limits, been increased more rapidly had he done so. But he was looking far ahead. Realizing that the war would last long enough for his daring and original plan to bear fruit, he was resolved to transform the United Kingdom into a great military Power while the struggle was actually in progress, and complete success eventually crowned his efforts. If clothing and equipping the swarms of new levies presented obstacles at first, the skilfully tapped textile wealth of the country overcame them within a short space of time. But armament from the outset presented a much more perplexing problem. Plants admitting of a vastly increased output did not exist and had to be created, while expenditure of ammunition in the field speedily proved to be far in excess of the estimates which European experts had made in peace-time. Although steps were taken at once to expand munitions manufacture on a great scale, months were bound to elapse before these could possibly produce satisfactory results, industrial troubles indeed aggravating the difficulty.

While this swelling of the national fighting resources constituted Kitchener's greatest and most urgent preoccupation, the Secretary of State for War was also closely concerned in the general disposition of the military forces, and in superintending the plans that were being adopted to achieve victory in the field. India and the colonies were practically drained of regular British troops so as to strengthen the Expeditionary Force. His relations with the French were from the start most cordial, and that the western front represented the vital theatre of war he never doubted; but he found difficulty in restraining the ardour for ventures in the Near East that was displayed by certain Cabinet colleagues who were impatient at the slow progress of the Allies in France and Flanders. He was, no doubt, largely responsible for committing the country to the Dardanelles operations; but in the first instance he agreed to them under the influence of non-professional Admiralty optimism, and a special interest in Egypt perhaps weakened his soldierly reluctance to dissipate fighting forces. As member of a Government whose objections had been over-ruled by French insistence, he was obliged to assent to Macedonian projects in the autumn of 1915. Unwarranted confidence entertained by his fellow countrymen — it was reflected by the attitude of the military authorities in pre-war days — tended however to make his position difficult. Victory had been expected within a few months, whereas a situation of stalemate succeeded the dramatic opening weeks of the conflict. The public as a whole, it is true, never lost their trust in Kitchener, but doubts made themselves heard in some quarters, and these found expression in scarcely veiled attacks upon him in connexion with the shell shortage from which the British armies suffered during the first half of 1915. They helped to focus attention upon an all-important subject, and to bring about the setting up of the Ministry of Munitions, which made such effective use of the foundations laid by Kitchener and his subordinates.

When in the late autumn of 1915 evacuation of the Gallipoli Peninsula was in contemplation he dreaded the effect which withdrawal might exert in the East, and he proceeded to the Aegean. But there he satisfied himself that no other course was admissible; his proposal to divert the forces that would be made available to Alexandretta was opposed by naval and military experts at home, whose view the Government accepted. He visited Salonika and Athens, where he saw King Constantine, and on his way home spent a few hours at Italian headquarters. Shortly after his reaching England, work in connexion with operations, previously kept largely in his own hands, was transferred to the chief of the general staff, and he thenceforward concerned himself almost entirely with administration. There were already 45 British infantry divisions, produced by voluntary enlistment, in the field on Jan. 1 1916; but some of them were short of training, and it was only after the death of the creator of the “new armies” that they proved their real worth.

Amidst his multitudinous labours Lord Kitchener had accepted heavy responsibilities in 1915 in connexion with rearming the Tsar's forces, and it was now arranged that he should visit Russia to discuss matters on the spot. On June 5 1916 he sailed from Scapa Flow in H.M.S. “Hampshire.” The cruiser struck a mine off the Orkneys, and the great War Minister and most of his staff were drowned.

One of the foremost figures of his time, Kitchener inspired multitudes to a singular extent by his personality. Although a soldier by profession, with victorious campaigns to his credit, his title to fame rests upon statesmanship even more than upon martial prowess. He proved a resolute, capable commander on the Nile, at Paardeberg, and during the later stages of the S. African contest. His recovery of the Sudan was a masterpiece of military organization. To him was it due that India in 1914 possessed nine divisions fit to take the field. But his most conspicuous services to his country are to be traced to his grasp of political conditions and to his comprehensive and prescient outlook over public affairs. In the S. African War other generals might have worn down the Boer guerillas as he did, none would have stood so firm for reconciliation as opposed to insistence upon unconditional surrender. His record while virtual ruler of Egypt for four years was worthy of the traditions laid down by Lord Cromer. The crowning triumph of his career — the creation of the “new armies” and the raising of the United Kingdom to the status of a great military Power within the period of a few months — resulted from his instinctive realization of the gravity of an emergency which others, better situated to form conclusions than he was, had failed to appreciate. Thanks to diplomatic gifts of no mean order, he handled delicate international problems with unfailing tact. An accomplished linguist, he understood Oriental susceptibilities and aspirations to an extent given to few. Never sparing himself, he exacted a high standard of application and efficiency from subordinates. He thus achieved far-reaching administrative successes both in peace and in war, and as War Minister in 1914-6 he not only enjoyed public confidence as no other man could have done, but paved the way for the ultimate victory. (C. E. C.)


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 Yagush, the Dîkshâ (initiatory rites), all sacrifices and offerings of animals, and the fees bestowed on priests, the year too, the sacrificer, and the worlds, in which the moon shines brightly and the sun. 7. From him the many Devas too are begotten, the Sâdhyas (genii), men, cattle, birds, the up and down breathings, rice and corn (for sacrifices), penance, faith, truth, abstinence, and law. 8. The seven senses (prâna) also spring from him, the seven lights (acts of sensation), the seven kinds of fuel (objects by which the senses are lighted), the seven sacrifices (results of sensation), these seven worlds (the places of the senses, the worlds determined by the senses) in which the senses move, which rest in the cave (of the heart), and are placed there seven and seven. 9. Hence come the seas and all the mountains, from him flow the rivers of every kind; hence come all herbs and the juice through which the inner Self subsists with the elements. 10. The Person is all this, sacrifice, penance, Brahman, the highest immortal; he who knows this hidden in the cave (of the heart), he, O friend, scatters the knot of ignorance here on earth.


text:
Author:Charles Edward Callwell

Works

 * Small Wars. Their Principles & Practice (1896)

title: Author:Charles Edward Callwell


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SECOND

1. Manifest, near, moving in the cave (of the heart) is the great Being. In it everything is centred which ye know as moving, breathing, and blinking, as being and not-being, as adorable, as the best, that is beyond the understanding of creatures. 2. That which is brilliant, smaller than small, that on which the worlds are founded and their inhabitants, that is the indestructible Brahman, that is the breath, speech, mind; that is the true, that is the immortal. That is to be hit. Hit it, O friend! 3. Having taken the Upanishad as the bow, as the great weapon, let him place on it the arrow, sharpened by devotion! Then having drawn it with a thought directed to that which is, hit the mark, O friend, viz. that which is the Indestructible! 4. Om is the bow, the Self is the arrow. Brahman is called its aim. It is to be hit by a man who is not thoughtless; and then, as the arrow (becomes one with the target), he will become one with Brahman. 5. In him the heaven, the earth, and the sky are woven, the mind also with all the senses. Know him alone as the Self, and leave off other words! He is the bridge of the Immortal. 6. He moves about becoming manifold within the heart where the arteries meet, like spokes fastened to the nave. Meditate on the Self as Om! Hail to you, that you may cross beyond (the sea of) darkness! 7. He who understands all and who knows all, he to whom all this glory in the world belongs, the


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 Self, is placed in the ether, in the heavenly city of Brahman (the heart). He assumes the nature of mind, and becomes the guide of the body of the senses. He subsists in food, in close proximity to the heart. The wise who understand this, behold the Immortal which shines forth full of bliss. 8. The fetter of the heart is broken, all doubts are solved, all his works (and their effects) perish when He has been beheld who is high and low (cause and effect). 9. In the highest golden sheath there is the Brahman without passions and without parts. That is pure, that is the light of light, that is it which they know who know the Self. 10. The sun does not shine there, nor the moon and the stars, nor these lightnings, and much less this fire. When he shines, everything shines after him; by his light all this is lighted. 11. That immortal Brahman is before, that Brahman is behind, that Brahman is right and left. It has gone forth below and above; Brahman alone is all this, it is the best.


text: Sacred Books of the East/Volume 15/Mundaka-upanishad


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Rh done the honors of his country house to the party Señor Huarte announced his intention of accompanying us to Colima, and acting the host there. As we left La Calera, the party consisted of Mr. Seward, Fred Seward and wife, Abijah Fitch, Señor Don Francisco, Javier Cueva, Governor of Colima, Senor Francisco Gomez Palencia, his Secretary, who is also "Diputado Suplente al Congreso de la Union" from Colima, Señor Damiar Garcia, "Capitan de buque y Director Politico de Manzanillo" Señor don Luis Rendon. "Administrador del Aduana Maritima del Departamento de Colima;" Señor Jacinto Cañedo, "Oficial 2º de la Aduana Maritima del Manzanillo;" Dr. Augustus Morrill, Consul of the United Sates at Colima, the writer, and about fifty followers of all classes, not forgetting to mention Mr. Seward's colored servant, John Butler, who condescendingly taught our language to the Mexican servitors down stairs, while Mr. Fitch did the same to our host above. If "Pigeon-English" did not break out as an epidemic at La Calera immediately after our departure. I can only account for the fact by assigning it to a special interposition of an All-Merciful Providence, in behalf of an afflicted people.

To each coach, four little mules were harnessed abreast at the lead, and two a trifle larger at the wheel. Half a dozen men held the six mules until ready to run, then we "cast off;" the "cochero yelled," the "postillion" cursed, and cracked his whip, and we went off like a railroad train. When we came to a particularly heavy place in the road the cochero hissed, "ist, i-s-a-h, i-i-i-s-s-s-t-a-a-a!" and shouted, "Aha, ha-ha-ha-ha, ha, h-a-a-a-a!" incessantly, while the postillion lashed the poor little panting mules furiously, and occasionally jumped off and varied


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FIRST

1. Two birds, inseparable friends, cling to the same tree. One of them eats the sweet fruit, the other looks on without eating. 2. On the same tree man sits grieving, immersed, bewildered by his own impotence (an-îsâ). But when he sees the other lord (îsa) contented and knows his glory, then his grief passes away. 3. When the seer sees the brilliant maker and lord (of the world) as the Person who has his source in Brahman, then he is wise, and shaking off good and evil, he reaches the highest oneness, free from passions; 4. For he is the Breath shining forth in all beings, and he who understands this becomes truly wise, not a talker only. He revels in the Self, he delights in the Self, and having performed his works (truthfulness, penance, meditation, &c.) he rests, firmly established in Brahman, the best of those who know Brahman.


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 5. By truthfulness, indeed, by penance, right knowledge, and abstinence must that Self be gained; the Self whom spotless anchorites gain is pure, and like a light within the body. 6. The true prevails, not the untrue; by the true the path is laid out, the way of the gods (devayânah), on which the old sages, satisfied in their desires, proceed to where there is that highest place of the True One. 7. That (true Brahman) shines forth grand, divine, inconceivable, smaller than small; it is far beyond what is far and yet near here, it is hidden in the cave (of the heart) among those who see it even here. 8. He is not apprehended by the eye, nor by speech, nor by the other senses, not by penance or good works. When a man's nature has become purified by the serene light of knowledge, then he sees him, meditating on him as without parts. 9. That subtle Self is to be known by thought (ketas) there where breath has entered fivefold; for every thought of men is interwoven with the senses, and when thought is purified, then the Self arises. 10. Whatever state a man whose nature is purified imagines, and whatever desires he desires (for himself or for others), that state he conquers and


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 those desires he obtains. Therefore let every man who desires happiness worship the man who knows the Self.

SECOND

1. He (the knower of the Self) knows that highest home of Brahman, in which all is contained and shines brightly. The wise who, without desiring happiness, worship that Person, transcend this seed, (they are not born again.) 2. He who forms desires in his mind, is born again through his desires here and there. But to him whose desires are fulfilled and who is conscious of the true Self (within himself) all desires vanish, even here on earth. 3. That Self cannot be gained by the Veda, nor by understanding, nor by much learning. He whom the Self chooses, by him the Self can be gained. The Self chooses him (his body) as his own. 4. Nor is that Self to be gained by one who is destitute of strength, or without earnestness, or without right meditation. But if a wise man strives after it by those means (by strength, earnestness, and right meditation), then his Self enters the home of Brahman. 5. When they have reached him (the Self), the sages become satisfied through knowledge, they are conscious of their Self, their passions have passed


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T was 2 o'clock in the morning,on Monday, October 11th, when we entered Colima. We swallowed a hasty lunch, and retired to bed just as the watchmen, whom we had noticed sitting along the sidewalk, with muskets in their hands, and great oil-fed lanterns by their sides, blew all their whistles, and, as with one voice, drawled out the hour, "3 o'clock in the morning, and all quiet," (in Spanish,) a proceeding totally unnecessary, as the Cathedral and different church bells all strike the hours, and in fact give the cue to the watchmen, none of whom have anything like a time-piece of their own. It seemed as if we had just closed our eyes in welcome sleep, when the air was filled with shrill and piercing music, the sharp rattle of the kettle-drum, and the blare of trumpets.

Awake in an instant, I listened in doubt, and for some minutes I tried vainly, to decide where I was and to what I listened. The music was such as enlivened the march of Cortez and Pizarro, and their companions, when they came to spread desolation and the religion of the cross, through peaceful and unoffending lands, but the air must have been centuries older: if it resembled anything originating since the flood, it was "The White Cockade."

I looked down at the bed, with its crimson and fringed


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54 The servants receive $5 to $8 per month, in extreme cases $10, and are exceedingly respectful and attentive. They come at the clapping of the hands instead of the bell-call, as with us, and always stand bare-headed when addressed, even though the rain be pouring, or the sun scorching hot.

At the invitation of Señor Huarte, the party one evening rode out to the suburbs, and went through his private garden, one of many such in the vicinity. The grounds, enclosed with a high stone wall in front, and a stake and pole fence elsewhere, probably comprise, all told, about ten acres. Trees and plants fill the whole inclosure, the paths only excepted, and the variety and richness of the fruit and foliage are beyond description. Tall cocoa palms, covered with fruit, tower high in air in all parts of the grounds, and the bananas, of which there are four varieties, fill in beneath as an undergrowth, though fifteen to twenty feet in height. Then there are red-berried coffee trees, with bright green leaves; aguacates, or alligator pears; zapotes; cacao, or the chocolate tree; oranges, lemons, peaches, sweet lemons, limes, mangoes, cheremoyas, pineapples, citrons, and an almost endless variety of minor tropical fruits. It would require the space of a full page to name them all. Of flowers, there are many, large and brillianthued, but generally devoid of pleasant odor. It was curious to see the common "lady's-slipper" of the North, here cultivated beside the gaudy flowers of the tropics, and regarded as something very rare and choice. Of creeping plants, there are hundreds. One of these has foliage like the cypress tree, as delicate as lace, and beautiful red blossoms.

In the corner of the garden stands a large brick house


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 away, and they are tranquil. The wise, having reached Him who is omnipresent everywhere, devoted to the Self, enter into him wholly. 6. Having well ascertained the object of the knowledge of the Vedânta, and having purified their nature by the Yoga of renunciation , all anchorites, enjoying the highest immortality, become free at the time of the great end (death) in the worlds of Brahmâ. 7. Their fifteen parts enter into their elements, their Devas (the senses) into their (corresponding) Devas. Their deeds and their Self with all his knowledge become all one in the highest Imperishable. 8. As the flowing rivers disappear in the sea, losing their name and their form, thus a wise man, freed from name and form, goes to the divine Person, who is greater than the great. 9. He who knows that highest Brahman, becomes even Brahman. In his race no one is born ignorant of Brahman. He overcomes grief, he overcomes evil; free from the fetters of the heart, he becomes immortal. 10. And this is declared by the following Rik-verse: "Let a man tell this science of Brahman to those only who have performed all (necessary) acts, who are versed in the Vedas, and firmly established in (the lower) Brahman, who themselves offer as


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A.D. 1896.] cii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board relating to the Chorley Epsom -(Rural)-Sutton-Carshalton-and-Leatherhead Evesham Guildford-Godalming-and-Woking Havant Lanchester Liversedge-and-Mirfield and Luddenden Joint Hospital Districts. (''Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 77).'')

ciii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board relating to the Church-and-Clayton-le-Moors Clayton-le-Moors-and-Great-Harwood Conway-and-Colwyn-Bay Stourbridge Upper-Stour-Valley Whitchurch and Ystradyfodwg-and-Pontypridd United Districts. (''Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 8).'')

civ. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board relating to the Bromley-and-Beckenham Calverley Dewsbury North Bierley Pontefract Rochester-and-Chatham Tamworth Thornton Warwick and Wirral Joint Hospital Districts. (''Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 9).'')

cv. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board Relating to Barnstaple Bournemouth (two) Devonport Oxford Prestwich Southport and Stapleton. (Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No.10).)

cvi. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board relating to the Oakwell Sandown-and-Shanklin Tiverton and Uxbridge Joint Hospital Districts. (''Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 11).'')

cvii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board relating to the Accrington and Church Birmingham Tame and Rea Darenth Valley and Richmond (Surrey) United Districts. (''Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 12).'')

cviii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board relating to Aberavon Ashton-under-Lyne Derby Hexham and Stalybridge and to the Braintree and Keighley-and-Bingley Joint Hospital Districts. (''Local Government Boards Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 14).'')

cix. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board relating to the County of Hertford and the City of Liverpool (two). (''Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 17).'')

cx. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board relating to Batley Darlington Haverfordwest Lancaster Manchester and Mountain Ash. (''Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 18).'')

cxi. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board relating to Burnley Leicester Oldham


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Rh with a wide brick-paved verandah: this is the lounging place. Adjoining is a brick- walled tank, thirty-five feet long and fifteen broad, filled with water kept fresh by constant running; this is the proprietor's bathing place. It is shaded by the palm trees and banana plants, and the coolness makes it a delightful resort at morning and evening in this fervid climate. There is no "fruit season" here; it is fruit all the year around. The cocoanut is never eaten here as with us. The nuts are picked when just two-thirds grown and while the fluid inside is as clear and limpid as the finest spring water. This is called "Agua de Cocoa" and is a favorite and very healthy and palatable beverage. The Indian servants who attend to the garden, had many of the cocoanuts already prepared with one end chipped off with a machete, to allow the water to be turned out as from a jug, and as we took seats in the verandah they served it around in large glasses. When the water is turned out there remains a white mucilaginous substance like thin custard, which is scraped out and eaten with a slip of the green husk for a spoon. It is highly flavored but not agreeable to the uninitiated.

From these gardens, fruit is sold to all who desire it. Cocoanuts are sold for twenty-five cents per dozen at retail, bananas for twelve and a half to fifteen cents a bunch of one hundred or more, and other fruit in proportion. One hundred square yards of ground in bananas, will afford sustenance for an entire family the year round; why then should people kill themselves with hard work? Señor Huarte paid $2,000 for the garden, and expended $2,000 more in building the house and bath, or $4,000 in all. He thinks that the income from this garden may be two per cent per month


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56 on the money invested, but as he has no guard upon the Indian servants he cannot tell how much they receive, and is probably cheated out of four-fifths of the actual proceeds of the sales.

Señor Canedo, who has traveled in the United States, and has some excellent practical ideas, coupled with a degree of patriotism which led him to fight valiantly against the French, coming out of the war with numerous honorable wounds, accompanied us, and gave us much valuable information in regard to the country and its products. He told us that the coffee we saw was of the finest variety grown in Colima. This coffee readily finds sale at home, and except as a curiosity, is seldom sent abroad. The choicest berries picked out by hand, sell at the fancy price of one dollar and twenty-five cents in coin, and the ordinary berries, really quite as good for family use, at twenty-five cents. If he could be sure of getting even twenty cents per pound net, in San Francisco, he would undertake to furnish any amount in a few years. The berry is round and white, and the flavor equal if not actually superior to that of Mocha. Only about 40,000 or 50,000 pounds are produced in Colima annually, but the amount could be increased indefinitely. Cocoa-nut oil, produced from the small round cocoa-nut, called "Cochita" about the size of a hickory-nut, not the ordinary cocoa-nut, is also produced in considerable quantity. At Manzanillo it is worth about seventeen dollars, coin, per barrel.

Of tropical fruit, Colima—the State at large—is able to raise unlimited amounts, and with good roads to Manzanillo, and a foreign market, an immense trade might soon be built up. Cacao—pronounced ka-kow, not cocoa—or the chocolate bean is produced all over


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Rh the Tierra Caliente of Mexico, and its product could be increased indefinitely. The chocolate made from this, in Mexican style, is the most delicious warm drink I have ever tasted. It is no more like the coarse compound made and sold under that name in the United States and Europe, than champagne is like lager-beer. If our people knew how to prepare it in the manner in which it come upon the table in Mexico, I think that it would supersede coffee and tea to a very great extent.

There is a bright yellow wood called "linoloe" growing all over these mountains, which, for cabinet-work, the lining of bureau-drawers, etc., would be invaluable. It is similar in color to the California laurel, but somewhat softer, and exceedingly fragrant, the odor being like that of the nutmeg and moss-rose combined, and where it is desired to keep furs or other articles free from moths, it has no equal. A delightfully fragrant oil for toilet purposes, superior to sandal-wood oil, is obtained from the berry which the tree produces. Samples of this were shown me at the extensive drug store of Mr. Augustus Morrill, the American Consul in the city. This article ought to become of commercial importance. There are other equally valuable woods in abundance here. Nature has done more for Colima, and man less, than for any other country on earth I think.

The people of Colima had heard of the hospitalities showered upon Mr. Seward in California, and the other Pacific States and Territories of the "United States of the North," and they were determined not to be behind hand for a moment; to do them justice I must here admit, in spite of my pride as a Californian, that they were very far ahead. Upon Mr. Seward's arrival, the officials


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58 called at once and offered the hospitalities of the city and State, as Señor Huarte did those of his house.

We had hardly time to finish breakfast on the morning after our arrival, when two elegantly-dressed gentlemen, Señors Firmin Gonzalez Castro, and Francisco Santa Cruz, were introduced; they informed Mr. Seward that they came in behalf of the officers Aduana Maritima and the Governor and people of Colima, to invite the party to attend a ball and banquet at the palace, on the evening of the 12th of October, to be given in honor of his visit. The address being duly translated, Mr. Seward replied as follows:

When evening came, the party entered the carriages in attendance at 10 o'clock, and were driven to the palace. Arriving there, all were surprised beyond measure at the oriental magnificence of the decorations and preparations for the occasion. Outside, the building, which is of pure Moorish style, was one blaze of light A crowd of the common people standing in respectful silence blocked the way, and were kept back from the portal by the bayonets of a company of regular troops, under command of Capt. Reyes. The sidewalks on either side were lined with rows of feathery palm-leaves fastened upright and decorated with lamps, and the whole front of the building was similarly decorated. Entering the portal, the soldiers presenting arms as we


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xii Wigan and Wolverhampton. (Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No 19).)

cxii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board under the Gas and Water Works Facilities Act 1870 and the Public Health Act 1875 relating to Great Driffield Sandwich South Molton and Tiverton. (Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (Gas).)

cxiii. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order of the Local Government Board relating to Warrington. (Local Government Board's Provisional Order Confirmation (Warrington).)

cxiv. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order under the Public Health (Scotland) Act 1867 and Acts amending the same relating to Culter Water. (Culter Water Order Confirmation.)

cxv. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order under the Public Health (Scotland) Act 1867 and any Acts amending the same relating to Dalmeny and Kirkliston Water. (Dalmeny and Kirkliston Water Order Confirmation.)

cxvi. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order made by the Local Government Board for Ireland under the Public Health (Ireland) Act 1878 relating to the Rural Sanitary District of Larne. (''Local Government Board (Ireland) Provisional Order Confirmation (No. 9).'')

cxvii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the Electric Lighting Acts 1882 and 1888 relating to Bray Cork Liverpool Queenstown Rathmines and Rathgar and Sale. (''Electric Lighting Orders Confirmation (No. 3).'')

cxviii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the Electric Lighting Acts 1882 and 1888 relating to Great Berkhamsted and Northchurch Great Crosby and Waterloo Margate and Pembroke Township. (''Electric Lighting Orders Confirmation (No. 4).'')

cxix. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the Electric Lighting Acts 1882 and 1888 relating to Battersea Camberwell and St. Saviour's District. (''Electric Lighting Orders Confirmation (No. 5).'')

cxx. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the Tramways Act 1870 relating to Aberdeen District Tramways Blackpool Corporation Tramways Bristol Tramways Dover Corporation Tramways Hull Corporation Tramways Manchester Corporation Tramways and Plymouth Corporation Tramways. (''Tramways Orders Confirmation (No. 1).'')

cxxi. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the General Pier and Harbour Act 1861 relating to Dunoon Helensburgh and Killybegs. (''Pier and Harbour Orders Confirmation (No. 4).'').)


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Rh passed, we found a numerous and brilliant company in attendance, and arranged near the door to allow the party to pass through into the main saloon.

The scene presented as the party entered was brilliant, and wonderfully beautiful. The main hall is in the form of a square, surrounded by wide corridors, separated by pillars and Moorish arches, with wide galleries corresponding above. The floors were covered with cloth, and sprinkled with gilt paper-clippings. The pillars, the arches, the walls, and the ceilings were loaded with the richest vegetation of the tropics; palm-leaves in all their varieties; the rich, cream-colored blossoms of the cocoa, looking like gigantic heads of wheat done in wax-work, the green fruit and flowers of the banana, and all the indescribable wealth of the tropical flora, in variety and brilliance beyond description. Mr. Seward exclaimed, "It is a tropical forest", with an oriental illumination." Rich Chinese lamps and glasses, filled with perfume and brilliant colored cocoa oil, with burning tapers, were on all sides.

The roof was hidden by a canopy of green, white and red gauze, and all around the hall were the flags of Mexico and the United States side by side. At one end of the hall, "Don Benito Juarez, Salvator de la Patria," looked down in grim silence from the canvas, and at the other, a handsome portrait of Mr. Seward, painted within two days by a native artist, was enwreathed with laurel and the flags of the two Republics. Around the corridor hung the portraits of Gen. Ramon Corona, commander of the Army of the West, and his compatriots, and the heroes of the Mexican War of Independence. On one side of the gallery was the illuminated legend "Al. H. W. H. Seward,"


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60 formed from glasses of red, green, and blue cocoa-nut oil, with tapers hanging against a bank of tropical verdure. The committee of arrangements must have expended a very large sum in the preparations, and all to the best advantage. Better taste was never exhibited in any ball-room in America.

Introductions, over, the band seated in an alcove struck up a lively air and the dance commenced, Gov. Cueva leading off with Mrs. Frederick Seward, and Mr. F. Seward with the beautiful and accomplished wife of Mr. Oetling, the Consul of the North German Confederation, the most perfect type of the pure Spanish beauty I had seen thus far in Mexico. The ladies, wore little jewelry, but were dressed richly and in excellent taste, and the gentlemen were all in black, with white vests and white kid gloves.

After midnight the banquet was served in the gallery; the tables which were loaded with every fruit, fowl and vegetable of this wonderfully prolific tropical clime, and with flowers and wines ad libitum, extended entirely around the gallery. After the substantials of the feast were disposed of, Acting Gov. Cueva arose and addressed the assembled guests and Mr. Seward in the following language, as nearly as I am able to translate it: The State of Colima, of which I have the honor to be the representative, in order to celebrate the brief visit to this city, of this illustrious guest, who humbled the proud diplomats of the Cabinet of Napoleon III., desires through me to manifest its appreciation of his friendship and admiration of his conduct. Undoubtedly thou (apostrophetic) art the Genius of that Democracy who marked the line "Thus far!" to the aggressions of Monarchy! The wrinkled forehead, and wintry hair of Europe, cannot marry with the tropical ardor of Young


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Rh

America. The world has contemplated with awe-struck astonishment this struggle of giants; the darkness of the Past wrestling furiously with the light of the Future, whose lesson has been taught us by Progress, and once more the crowned heads have trembled before the irresistible power of Fraternity, which, invoked by all people must become universal. Mexico, whose misfortunes have been such as to place her within the reach of French intervention, has, before all free and independent nations, demonstrated that she is worthy to be ranked in their catalogues, and now, feeling the proud consciousness of sovereign power, celebrates, full of joy, and the enthusiasm inspired by patriotic sentiments, the fact of the presence among us, of the eminent statesman, who from the Casa Blanca at Washington, presented a barrier to the irruption of the barbarians who presumed to sow in our fertile fields the noxious and rotten weeds which have paralyzed the sons of the Old Continent. The prouder world of Colon, which was imprudently attacked and wounded, answered unanimously with defiance to the piratical threat promulgated to her, and then shone with redoubled effulgence the sun of the Cinco de Mayo, and blinded with its radiance the eyes of the enemies of Republican institutions. Señor: The glories of my country fraternized with yours in the struggle of the past. I salute thee in the name of the Mexican people, and offer you its friendship as sincerely as thou hast been a true and sincere friend to the Government and people of this nation, who applaud and bless thee!

When he concluded his address, the company applauded loudly, by the clapping of hands and a "hurrah" a la Americano, in special compliment to the guests. Don Firmin Gonzales Castro, and Don Francisco E Trejo, followed in short but fervent addresses, in similar spirit, and Mr. Seward then arose and addressed the audience, amid profound silence, as follows:

I thank you with a full heart for these most undeserved hospitalities and honors. The


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62

experience of the eighteenth century indicated to mankind two important changes of society and government on the Continent of America. First, that all American States must thereafter be not dependent European colonies, but independent American nations. Second, that all independent American nations must thereafter have, not imperial or monarchical governments, but republican governments, constituted and carried on by the voluntary agency of the people themselves. During a large part of my own political life, these great changes of society and government have been, more or less, in logical debate contested in Europe, and on the battle-field throughout America. While they have often involved the American States in civil and international wars, they have more than once provoked European intervention. A third improvement was easily found necessary to guarantee full success to the two principal changes which I have already mentioned. This third improvement consists in the continuation of the many, or several contiguous nations or States, which are weak of themselves, into United States distinct nations. My own country, the United States, has taken the lead in these changes, so essential in the American hemisphere. The Mexican Republic has early, and bravely and persistently, adopted a similar system. Central America, and nearly all the South American States, have followed the example thus set by the United States and the Mexican Republic. One additional principle remains to be adopted, to secure the success of the republican system throughout the continent. If it shall become universal on the American continent, we have reason to expect that the same great system may be accepted by other nations throughout the world. That additional principle is simply this: That the several American Republics, just as they constitute themselves, while mutually abstaining from intervention with each other, shall become more, than over heretofore, political friends through the force of moral alliance. This, in short is the policy which I have inculcated at home, and which, with your leave, and the leave of others interested, I shall commend, as far as possible, to the Republics of Mexico, Central America and South America. I sincerely trust that


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A.D. 1896.] cxxii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Secretary of State under the Military Lands Act 1892. (Military Lands Provisional Orders Confirmation.)

clxi. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the Gas and Water Works Facilities Act 1870 relating to Amersham Beaconsfield and District Water Buinham and District Water East Huntingdonshire Water Hemel Hempstead Water Maidstone Water and Tilehurst Pangbourne and District Water. (Water Orders Confirmation.)

clxii. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order made by the Local Government Board for Ireland under the Public Health (Ireland) Act 1878 relating to the Urban Sanitary District of Armagh. (''Local Government Board (Ireland) Provisional Order Confirmation (No. 2).'')

clxiii. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order made by the Local Government Board for Ireland under the Public Health (Ireland) Act 1878 relating to the Rural Sanitary District of Listowel. (''Local Government Board (Ireland) Provisional Order Confirmation (No. 11).'')

clxiv. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Education Department under the Elementary Education Acts 1870 to 1893 to enable the School Boards for Acton Brighton- and-Preston United District Chiswick Linthwaite Swansea United District and Willesden to put in force the Lands Clauses Acts. (Education Department Provisional Orders Confirmation (Acton &c.).)

clxv. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order made by the Board of Trade under the Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1888 relating to the Classification of Merchandise Traffic and the Schedule of Maximum Bates and Charges of the Lee-on-the-Solent Light Railway Company the Liverpool St. Helens and South Lancashire Railway Company the Wrexham and Ellesmere Railway Company and the Donoughmore Extension Light Railway Company Limited. (Railway Rates and Charges (Lee-on-the-Solent Light Railway &c.) Order Confirmation.)

clxvi. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the Tramways Act 1870 relating to Blyth and Cowpen Tramways Oldham Ashton-under-Lyne Hyde and District Electric Tramways Potteries Extension Tramways and Swansea (Constitution Hill) Tramway. (''Tramways Orders Confirmation (No. 2).'')

clxvii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board relating to Abergele and Pensarn Bridgnorth Caerphilly Knighton Litherland Swansea and Teignmouth. (''Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 2).'')

clxviii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board relating to the Urban District of Blackpool and the Rural Districts of Chelmsford


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xiv South Mimms. (''Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 16).'')

clxix. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board relating, to Cheltenham Shrewsbury and Warrington. (''Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 20).'')

clxx. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order of the Local Government Board relating to Wolverhampton (''Local Government Board's Provisional Order Confirmation (No. 21).'')

clxxi. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order of the Local Government Board relating to Nottingham. (Local Government Board's Provisional Order Confirmation (No, 22.).)

clxxii. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order of the Local Government Board relating to the Borough of Longton. (''Local Government Board's Provisional Order Confirmation (No. 24).'')

clxxiii. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order made by the Education Department under the Elementary Education Act 1870 to enable the School Board for London to put in force the Lands Clauses Acts. (Education Department Provisional Order Confirmation (London).)

clxxiv. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order of the Board of Agriculture relating to the Regulation of Darwen Moor in the Borough of Darwen. (Commons Regulation (Darwen) Provisional Order Confirmation.)

clxxv. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the Electric Lighting Acts 1882 and 1888 relating to Allerton Little Woolton Much Woolton Childwall and Garston Bath and Merthyr Tydfil. (''Electric Lighting Orders Confirmation (No. 7).'')

clxxvi. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the General Pier and Harbour Act 1861 relating to New Ross and Weston-super-Mare. (''Pier and Harbour Orders Confirmation (No. 3).'')

clxxvii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the General Pier and Harbour Act 1861 relating to Emsworth and Oban, (''Pier and Harbour Orders Confirmation (No. 5).'')

clxxxv. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order made by the Local Government Board for Ireland under the Public Health (Ireland) Act 1878 relating to the Urban Sanitary District of Armagh. (''Local Government Board (Ireland) Provisional Order Confirmation (No. 1).'')

cvxxxvi. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board relating to the counties of Bedford Chester Essex Flint Gloucester Hertford Huntingdon Middlesex West Suffolk and Wilts. (''Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 13).'')


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A.D. 1896.] ccxxxvii. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order of the Local Government Board relating to Plymouth. (''Local Government Board's Provisional Order Confirmation (No. 15).'')

ccxxxviii. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders of the Local Government Board under the Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890 relating to Birkenhead and Leeds. (Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation Housing of Working Classes).)


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10  An Act to amend certain Provisions of the Local Government Act, 1888, with respect to the Determination of Differences by the Local Government Board.[21st May 1896.] E it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows :

1. The Local Government Act, 1888, shall have effect, as if in sub-sections three and four of section eleven of that Act for the words "be determined by arbitration of the Local Government Board," and in sub-section nine of the same section for the words "be referred to the arbitration of the Local Government Board," were substituted the words "be determined by the Local Government Board either as arbitrators or otherwise at the option of the Board," and as if in section sixty-three of that Act for the words are required in pursuance of this Act to decide," were inserted the words "determine as arbitrators."

2. An order of the Local Government Board made before the passing of this Act and purporting to have been made for the determination of any matter under section eleven of the Local Government Act, 1888, shall not be invalid by reason only of the Board having determined the matter as arbitrators or otherwise, instead of appointing an arbitrator to determine it.

3. This Act may be cited as the Local Government (Determination of Differences) Act, 1896.

  An Act to amend the Law relating to the Appointment of Members of Dispensary Committees in Ireland. [2nd July 1896.] E it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows :

1. From and after the passing of this Act the Local Government Board for Ireland shall have power to fix the rating qualification of members of dispensary committees in Ireland.

2. Section seven of the Poor Relief (Ireland) Act, 1851, is hereby repealed in so far as it relates to the rating qualification of members of dispensary committees.

3. This Act may be cited as the Dispensary Committees (Ireland) Act, 1896.


text:
Page:Public General Statutes 1896.djvu/31

1896.

An Act to remove certain Doubts with respect to the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890, so far as it applies to Ireland.[2nd July 1896.] E it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows :

1.—(1.) It is hereby declared that where the town commissioners of any town in Ireland, not being an urban sanitary district, have adopted Part Three of the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890, they shall have the same powers under Part Three of that Act of acquiring land and otherwise as any other local authority, and the said Part Three and the sections of the Public Health (Ireland) Act, 1878, applied for the purpose of that Part, shall apply accordingly as if such town commissioners were a sanitary authority ; and if such town commissioners are not already a body corporate, they shall, for the purpose of holding such land, and of suing and being sued in respect thereof, be nevertheless deemed a body corporate with perpetual succession.

(2.) Any instrument relating to such land shall be duly executed by such town commissioners if executed in manner provided by section fifty-nine of the Commissioners Clauses Act, 1847, with respect to conveyances by commissioners who are not a body corporate

2. It is hereby declared that the forms in the Fourth Schedule to the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890, may be altered in Ireland so as to be in conformity with the forms ordinarily used in Ireland under the Petty Sessions (Ireland) Act, 1851, and need not be under seal.

3. This Act may be cited as the Housing of the Working Classes Short title and (Ireland) Act, 1896, and shall be construed as one with the Housing Working Classes Acts, 1890, 1893, and 1894, and this Act may be cited collectively as the Housing of the Working Classes (Ireland) Acts, 1890 to 1896.

  An Act for the better reporting of Floating Derelicts. [2nd July 1896.] E it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows :

1. This Act may be cited as the Derelict Vessels (Report) Act,


text: Fragments of Xenophanes

title: Fragments of Xenophanes