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 and bandages of tarred cloth placed round the stem in spring will prevent the female from crawling up.

The codlin moth (Carpocapsa pomonana) lays its eggs in May in the calyx of the flowers. The young caterpillar, which is white with black head and neck, gnaws its way through the fruit, and pierces the rind. When nearly full grown it attacks the core, and the fruit soon drops. The insect emerges and spins its cocoon in a crack of the bark.

To check this disease the apples which fall before ripening should be promptly removed. A loosely made hay-band twisted round the stem about a foot from the ground is of use. The grubs will generally choose the bands in which to make their cocoon; at the end of the season the bands are collected and burned.

The following are a few of the most approved varieties of the apple tree, arranged in order of their ripening, with the months in which they are in use:—

Apples for table use should have a sweet juicy pulp and rich aromatic flavour, while those suitable for cooking should possess the property of forming a uniform soft pulpy mass when boiled or baked. In their uncooked state they are not very digestible, but when cooked they form a very safe and useful food, exercising a gentle laxative influence.

According to Hutchison their composition is as follows:—

Many exotic fruits, having nothing in common with the apple; are known by that name, e.g. the Balsam apple, Momordica Balsamina; the (q.v.), Anona reticulata; the egg apple, Solanum esculentum; the rose apple, various species of Eugenia; the  (q.v.), Ananas sativus; the star apple, Chrysophyllum Cainito; and the apples of Sodom, Solanum sodomeum. APPLEBY, a market town and municipal borough, and the county town of Westmorland, England, in the Appleby parliamentary division, 276 m. N.N.W. from London, on the Midland and a branch of the North Eastern railways. Pop. (1901) 1764. It is picturesquely placed in the valley of the Eden, which is richly wooded, and flanked on the north-east by spurs of Milburn Forest and Dufton and other fells, which rise up to 2600 ft. On a hill above the town stands the castle, retaining a fine Norman keep and surrounded by a double moat, now partly laid out as gardens. The remainder of the castle was rebuilt as a mansion in the 17th century. It was held for the royalists in the civil wars by Sir Philip Musgrave, and was the residence of Anne, countess of Pembroke, the last of the family of Clifford, which had great estates in this part of England. St Ann’s hospital for thirteen poor women (1654) was of her foundation. The grammar school (1453) was refounded by Queen Elizabeth. The modern incorporation dates from 1885, with a mayor, four aldermen and twelve councillors. Area, 1876 acres.

Appleby is not mentioned in any Saxon records, but after the Conquest it rose to importance as the head of the barony of Appleby which extended over the eastern portion of the present county of Westmorland. This barony formed part of the province of Carlisle granted by Henry I. to Ranulf Meschin, who erected the castle at Appleby and made it his place of residence. Appleby is a borough by prescription, and the old charter of incorporation, granted in the first year of James II., was very shortly abandoned. In 1292 we find the mayor and commonalty claiming the right to elect a coroner and to have tolls of markets and fairs. In 1685 the governing body comprised a mayor, aldermen, a town clerk, burgesses of the common council, a coroner and subordinate officers. An undated charter from Henry II. conceding to the burgesses the customs of York, was confirmed in 1 John, 16 Henry III., 14 Edward I., and 5 Edward III. John granted the borough to the burgesses for a fee-farm rent. The impoverishment caused by the Scottish raids led to its seizure by Edward II. for arrears of payment, but Edward III. restored it on the same terms as before. Henry VIII. reduced the fee-farm rent from 20 marks to 2 marks, after an inquisition which found that Appleby was burnt by the Scots in 1388 and that part of it still lay in ruins. The town, however, never seems to have regained its prosperity, and 16th and 17th century writers speak of it as a poor and insignificant village. Appleby returned two members to parliament from 1295 until disfranchised by the Reform Act of 1832. The market and the St Lawrence fair are held by prescription. James I. granted an additional fair on the second Thursday in April. In the early 18th century Appleby was celebrated for the best corn-market in the country.

APPLETON, NATHAN (1770–1861) American merchant and politician, was born in New Ipswich, New Hampshire, on the 6th of October 1779. He was educated in the New Ipswich Academy, and in 1794 entered mercantile life in Boston, in the employment of his brother, Samuel (1766–1853), a successful and benevolent man of business, with whom he was in partnership

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 been fourteen years in this street, taking in boarders; everybody knows her; everybody knows Mrs. Jones; her poor husband died six years ago (God rest his soul); she finds it hard to get a living these times; work, work, morning, noon and night (talk, talk, talk, more likely). 'Do you know Mr. Duff of the Labour Bureau?' He has known her family for years; a very nice gentleman―a very nice gentleman indeed; he often stops at the gate to have a yarn with her on his way to the office (he must be hard up for a yarn). She doesn't know hardly nobody in this street; she never gossips; it takes her all her time to get a living; she can't be bothered with neighbours; it's always best to keep to yourself and keep neighbours at a distance. Would you believe it, Mr. Careless, she has been two years in this house and hasn't said above a dozen words to the woman next door; she'd just know her by sight if she saw her; as for the other woman she wouldn't know her from a crow. Mr. Blank and Mrs. Blank could tell you the same.…She always had gentlemen staying with her; she never had no cause to complain of one of them except once; they always treated her fair and honest. Here follows story about the exception; he, I gathered, was a journalist, and she could never depend on him. He seemed, from her statements, to have been decidedly erratic in his movements, mode of life and choice of climes. He evidently caused her a great deal of trouble and anxiety, and I felt a kind of sneaking sympathy for his memory. One young fellow stayed with her five years; he was &c. She couldn't be hard on any young

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 fellow that gets out of work; of course if he can't get it he can't pay; she can't get blood out of a stone; she couldn't turn them out in the street. 'I've got sons of my own, Mr. Careless, I've got sons of my own.'…She is sure she always does her best to make her boarders comfortable, and if they want anything they've only got to ask for it. The kettle is always on the stove if you want a cup of tea, and if you come home late at night and want a bit of supper you've only got to go to the safe (which of us would dare?) She never locks it, she never did.…And then she begins about her wonderful kids, and it goes on hour after hour. Lord! it's enough to drive a man mad.

We were recommended to this place on the day of our arrival by a young dealer in the furniture line, whose name was Moses―and he looked like it, but we didn't think of that at the time. He had Mrs. Jones's card in his window, and he left the shop in charge of his missus and came round with us at once. He assured us that we couldn't do better than stay with her. He said she was a most respectable lady, and all her boarders were decent young fellows―gentlemen; she kept everything scrupulously clean, and kept the best table in town, and she'd do for us (washing included) for eighteen shillings per week; she generally took the first week in advance. We asked him to have a beer―for the want of somebody else to ask―and after that he said that Mrs. Jones was a kind, motherly body, and understood young fellows; and that we'd be even more comfortable than


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Appleby

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Appleby


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Rh or Satya, the true, the real. It alone exists in the beginning and for ever; it has no second. Whatever else is said to exist, derives its real being from the Sat. How the one Sat became many, how what we call the creation, what they call emanation, constantly proceeds and returns to it, has been explained in various more or less fanciful ways by ancient prophets and poets. But what they all agree in is this, that the whole creation, the visible and invisible world, all plants, all animals, all men are due to the one Sat, are upheld by it, and will return to it.

If we translate Âtman by soul, mind, or spirit, we commit, first of all, that fundamental mistake of using words which may be predicated, in place of a word which is a subject only, and can never become a predicate. We may say in English that man possesses a soul, that a man is out of his mind, that man has or even that man is a spirit, but we could never predicate âtman, or self, of anything else. Spirit, if it means breath or life; mind, if it means the organ of perception and conception; soul, if, like kaitanya, it means intelligence in general, all these may be predicated of the Âtman, as manifested in the phenomenal world. But they are never subjects in the sense in which the Âtman is; they have no independent being, apart from Âtman. Thus to translate the beginning of the Aitareya-upanishad, Âtmâ vâ idam eka evâgra âsît, by 'This (world) verily was before (the creation of the world) soul alone' (Röer); or, 'Originally this (universe) was indeed soul only' (Colebrooke), would give us a totally false idea. M. Regnaud in his 'Matériaux pour servir à l'histoire de la


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1536.] great matter deliberately sanctioned by Parliament. The criminality of the Queen was considered to have been proved; the sentence upon her to have been just. The King was thanked in the name of the nation for having made haste with the marriage which has been regarded as the temptation to his crime. It is wholly impossible to dismiss facts like these with a few contemptuous phrases; and when I remember that the purity of Elizabeth is an open question among our historians, although the foulest kennels must be swept to find the filth with which to defile it; while Anne Boleyn is ruled to have been a saint, notwithstanding the solemn verdict of the Lords and Commons, the clergy, the council, judges, and juries, pronounced against her,—I feel that with such a judgment caprice has had more to do than a just appreciation of evidence.

The Parliament had not yet, however, completed their work. It was possible, as the lord chancellor had said, that the last marriage might prove unfruitful, and this contingency was still unprovided for. The King had desired the Lords and Commons to name his successor; they replied with an act which showed the highest confidence in his patriotism; they conferred a privilege upon him unknown to the constitution, yet a power which, if honestly exercised, offered by far the happiest solution of the difficulty.

Henry had three children. The Duke of Richmond was illegitimate in the strictest sense, but he had been


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412 bred as a prince; and I have shown that, in default of a legitimate heir, the King had thought of him as his possible successor. Mary and Elizabeth were illegitimate also, according to law and form; but the illegitimacy of neither the one nor the other could be pressed to its literal consequences. They were the children, each of them, of connections which were held legal at the period of their birth. They had each received the rank of a princess; and the instincts of justice demanded that they should be allowed a place in the line of inheritance. Yet, while this feeling was distinctly entertained, it was difficult to give effect to it by statute, without a further complication of questions already too complicated, and without provoking intrigue and jealousy in other quarters. The Princess Mary also had not yet receded from the defiant attitude which she had assumed. She had lent herself to conspiracy, she had broken her allegiance, and had as yet made no submission. To her no favour could be shown while she remained in this position; and it was equally undesirable to give Elizabeth, under the altered circumstances, a permanent preference to her sister.

The Parliament, therefore, with as much boldness as good sense, cut the knot, by granting Henry the power to bequeath the crown by will. He could thus advance the Duke of Richmond, if Richmond's character as a man fulfilled the promise of his youth; and he could rescue his daughters from the consequences of their mother's misfortunes or their mother's faults. It was an expression of confidence, as honourable to the


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1536.] as to the King; and if we may believe, as the records say, that the tragedy of the past month had indeed grieved and saddened Henry, the generous language in which the legislature committed the future of the nation into his hands, may have something soothed his wounds.

Forasmuch as it standeth,' they said, 'in the only pleasure and will of Almighty God, whether your Majesty shall have heirs begotten and procreated from this (late) marriage, or else any lawful heirs or issues hereafter of your own body, begotten by any other lawful wife; and if such heirs should fail (as God defend), and no provision be made in your life who should rule and govern this realm, then this realm, after your transitory life, shall be destitute of a governor, or else percase [be] encumbered with a person that would count to aspire to the same, whom the subjects of this realm shall not find in their hearts to love, dread, and obediently serve as their sovereign lord; and if your Grace, before it be certainly known whether ye shall have heirs or not, should suddenly name and declare any person or persons to succeed after your decease, then it is to be doubted that such person so named might happen to take great heart and courage, and by presumption fall to inobedience and rebellion; by occasion of which premises, divisions and dissensions are likely to arise and spring in this realm, to the great peril and destruction of us, your most humble and obedient servants, and all our posterities: For reformation and remedy hereof, we,


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414 your most bounden and loving subjects, most obediently acknowledging that your Majesty, prudently, victoriously, politicly, and indifferently, hath maintained this realm in peace and quietness during all the time of your most gracious reign, putting our trust and confidence in your Highness, and nothing doubting but that your Majesty, if you should fail of heirs lawfully begotten, for the love and affection that ye bear to this realm, and for avoiding all the occasions of divisions afore rehearsed, so earnestly mindeth the wealth of the same, that ye can best and most prudently provide such a governour for us and this your realm, as will succeed and follow in the just and right tract of all your proceedings, and maintain, keep, and defend the same and all the laws and ordinances established in your Grace's time for the wealth of the realm, which we all desire, do therefore most humbly beseech your Highness, that it may be enacted, for avoiding all ambiguities, doubts, and divisions, that your Highness shall have full and plenary power and authority to dispose, by your letters patent under your great seal, or else by your last will made in writing, and signed with your hand, the imperial crown of this realm, and all other the premises thereunto belonging, to such person or persons as shall please your Highness.

'And we, your humble and obedient subjects, do faithfully promise to your Majesty, by one common assent, that after your decease, we, our heirs and successors, shall accept and take, love, dread, and only


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1536.] obey such person or persons, male or female, as your Majesty shall give your imperial crown unto; and wholly to stick to them as true and faithful subjects ought to do.'


text: History of England (Froude)/Chapter 11

title: History of England (Froude)/Chapter 11


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N the sensitive condition of Europe the effect of events was not limited to their natural consequences. The death of Catherine of Arragon led to the renewal of the war between France and the Empire. Paul III., in real or pretended reluctance to proceed to the last extremity, had for a time suspended the Bull of Deposition which he had drawn against the King of England. It was idle to menace while he was unable to strike; and the two great Catholic powers had declined, when his intention was first made known to them, to furnish him with the necessary support. Francis I., who trifled, as it suited his convenience, with the Court of London, the See of Rome, the Smalcaldic League, and the Divan at Constantinople, had protested against a step which would have compelled


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 in our own home; that we'd be allowed to do as we liked―she wasn't particular; she wouldn't mind it a bit if we came home late once in a way―she was used to that, in fact; she liked to see young fellows enjoying themselves. We afterwards found out that he got so much on every boarder he captured. We also found out―after paying in advance―that her gentlemen generally sent out their white things to be done; she only did the coloured things, so we had to pay a couple of bob extra a week to have our biled rags and collars sent out and done; and after the first week they bore sad evidence of having been done on the premises by one of the frowsy daughters. But we paid all the same. And, good Lord! if she keeps the best table in town, we are curious to see the worst. When you go down to breakfast you find on the table in front of your chair a cold plate, with a black something―God knows what it looks like―in the centre of it. It eats like something scraped off the inside of a hide and burnt; and with this you have a cup of warm grey slush called a 'cup of tea.' Dinner: A slice of alleged roast beef or boiled mutton, of no particular colour or taste; three new spuds, of which the largest is about the size of an ordinary hen's egg, the smallest that of a bantam, and the middle one in between, and which eat soggy and have no taste to speak of, save that they are a trifle bitter; a dab of unhealthy-looking green something, which might be either cabbage leaves or turnip-tops, and a glass of water. The whole mess is luke-warm, including the water―it would all be better cold. Tea: A thin slice of the aforesaid alleged roast or mutton,


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Rh him to a definite course of action. The Emperor, so long as Solyman was unchecked upon the Danube, and Moorish corsairs swept the Mediterranean and ravaged the coasts of Italy, had shrunk from the cost and peril of a new contest.

A declaration of war, in revenge for the injuries of the divorced Queen, would indeed have been welcomed with enthusiasm by the gentlemen of Spain. A London merchant residing at Cadiz, furnished his Government with unwelcome evidence of the spirit which was abroad in the Peninsula.

'I have perceived,' wrote Mr Ebbes to Cromwell, 'the views and manners of these countries, and the favour that these Spaniards do bear towards the King's Grace and his subjects, which is very tedious in their hearts both in word and deed, with their great Popish naughty slanderous words in all parts. And truly the King's Grace hath little or no favour now. We be all taken in derision and hated as Turks, and called heretics, and Luterians, and other spiteful words; and they say here plainly they trust shortly to have war with England, and to set in the Bishop of Rome with all his disciples again in England.'

The affront to a Castilian princess had wounded the national honour; the bigotry of a people to whom alone in Europe their creed remained a passion, was shocked by the religious revolution with which that affront had been attended; and the English and Irish


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418 refugees, who flocked to their harbours, found willing listeners when they presented themselves as the missionaries of a crusade. Charles himself was withheld only by prudence from indulging the inclination of his subjects. He shared to the full their haughty sensitiveness; again and again in his private consultations with the Pope he had spoken of the revenge which he would one day exact against his uncle; and one of the best informed statesmen of the age, whose memoirs have descended to us, declares that every person who understood anything of the condition of Europe, believed assuredly that he would at last execute his threat.

But as yet no favourable opportunity had offered itself. His arms were occupied with other enemies; the Irish rebellion had collapsed; the disaffection in England seemed unable to coalesce with sufficient firmness to encourage an invasion in its support. It was not till the close of the year 1535, when Charles returned to Naples covered with glory from his first expedition into Africa, that means and leisure for


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1535.] his larger object at length offered themselves. His power and his fame were now at their zenith. He had destroyed the Moslem fleet; he had wrested Tunis from the dreaded Barbarossa; he had earned the gratitude of the Catholic world by the delivery of twenty thousand Christian slaves. The last ornament might now be added to his wreath of glory, if he would hush down the tumults of heresy as he had restored peace to the waters of the Mediterranean.

With this intention Charles remained in Italy for the winter. The Pope again meditated the publication of the Bull of Deposition; a circular was issued from the Vatican, copies of which were sent even, to the Lutheran princes, inviting a crusade against England, and Cardinal Granvelle was instructed to sound the disposition of Francis, and persuade his co-operation. The Emperor would be moderate in his demands; an active participation would not be required of him; it would be sufficient if he would forget his engagement with an excommunicated sovereign to whom promises were no longer binding, and would remain passive.

There was reason to believe that Granvelle's mission would be successful. The year preceding Charles had played off a hope of Milan as a bribe to disunite the French from England; he was ready now to make a definite promise. With the first slight inducement Francis had wavered; while again, in point of religion


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420 his conduct was more satisfactory than had been expected. He adhered in appearance to the English alliance, but he had deceived Henry's hopes that he would unite in a rupture with Rome; he had resisted all entreaties to declare the independence of the Gallican Church; he had laboured to win back the Germans out of schism, partly to consolidate the French influence in Europe as opposed to the Imperial, but partly also, as he had taken pains to prove, that no doubt might be entertained of the position of France in the great question of the Reformation. He had allowed himself, indeed, as a convenience, to open negotiations for a treaty with Solyman; but the Turks, in the eyes of devout Catholics, were less obnoxious than heretics; and the scandal was obscured by an open repentance for past short-comings, and a declaration that for the future he would eschew the crime of toleration, and show no mercy to any Protestant who might fall within his grasp. An English stranger saw Francis of France march through the streets of Paris with the princes of the blood, the Queen, the princesses, the bishops, cardinals, dukes, lords, counts, the 'blue blood' of the nobility.


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 and the pick of about six thin slices of stale bread―evidently cut the day before yesterday. This is the way Mrs. Jones 'does' for us for eighteen shillings a week. The bread gave out at tea time this evening, and a mild financial boarder tapped his plate with his knife, and sent the bread plate out to be replenished. It came back with one slice on it.

The mild financial boarder, with desperate courage, is telling the landlady that he'll have to shift next week―it is too far to go to work, he cannot always get down in time; he is very sorry he has to go, he says; he is very comfortable here, but it can't be helped; anyway, as soon as he can get work nearer, he'll come back at once; also (oh, what cowards men are when women are concerned), he says he wishes she could shift and take a house down at the other end of the town. She says (at least here are some fragments of her gabble which we caught and shorthanded): 'Well, I'm very sorry to lose you, Mr. Sampson, very sorry indeed; but of course if you must go you must. Of course you can't be expected to walk that distance every morning, and you mustn't be getting to work late, and losing your place…Of course we could get breakfast an hour earlier if…well, as I said before, I'm sorry to lose you and, indeed…You won't forget to come and see us…glad to see you at any time…Well, anyway, if you ever want to come back, you know, your bed will be always ready for you, and you'll be treated just the same, and made just as comfortable―you won't forget that' (he says he won't); 'and you won't forget to come to dinner sometimes' (he says he won't); and, N


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met an old schoolmate of mine up-country. He was much changed. He was tall and lank, and had the most hideous bristly red beard I ever saw. He was working on his father's farm. He shook hands, looked anywhere but in my face―and said nothing. Presently I remarked at a venture:

'So poor old Mr. B., the schoolmaster, is dead.'

'My oath!' he replied.

'He was a good old sort.'

'My oath!'

'Time goes by pretty quick, doesn't it?'

His oath (colonial).

'Poor old Mr. B. died awfully sudden, didn't he?'

He looked up the hill, and said: 'My oath!'

Then he added: 'My blooming oath!'

I thought, perhaps, my city rig or manner embarrassed him, so I stuck my hands in my pockets, spat, and said, to set him at his ease: 'It's blanky hot to-day. I don't know how you blanky blanks stand such blank weather! It's blanky well hot enough to roast a crimson carnal bullock; ain't it?' Then I took out a cake of tobacco, bit off a quarter, and pretended to chew. He replied:

203


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 not employ my time better than in directing my countrymen to that part of the world where there is abundance of good land, a salubrious climate, where their faith will not be in danger, and where they can enjoy peace and prosperity after a few years, if it be not their own fault. As soon as I see the priests and the people standing together, and firm in the resolve to demand justice and protection for the farmers and labouring classes of Ireland, I will become the most strenuous advocate to keep the people at home. But I must say with all sincerity, I see no other hope at present for the poor downtrodden people of this country but to fly to the most distant part of the world, where there is perfect equality, civil and religious liberty, no poor-houses to demoralise the people, and no landlords to exterminate them."

Since Father Dunne penned these indignant words, the condition of the Irish peasant has been somewhat improved by remedial legislation, but it is susceptible of further improvement still. Though Irish families may no longer be under the dire necessity of flying for refuge to the most distant part of the world, they have yet many evils to encounter and many trials to endure in the land of their birth. But they are consoled by the hope and the expectation, that the day is not far distant when a domestic Parliament will sit in Dublin, and pass the requisite laws for the rectification of the long-standing evils and abuses of arbitrary power.

To say that one of these poor and friendless Irish emigrants to Queensland rose in a few years to be the chief guide and exponent of the public opinion of his adopted country, seems at first sight a somewhat extravagant statement; but it is nevertheless perfectly true of the late William O'Carroll, in his time the premier journalist of Queensland. A native of Cork, he

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 'My oath!'

The conversation flagged here. But presently, to my great surprise, he came to the rescue with:

'He finished me, yer know.'

'Finished? How? Who?''

He looked down towards the river, thought (if he did think) and said: 'Finished me edyercation, yer know.'

'Oh! you mean Mr. B.?'

'My oath―he finished me first-rate.'

'He turned out a good many scholars, didn't he?'

'My oath! I'm thinkin' about going down to the trainin'-school,'

'You ought to―I would if I were you.'

'My oath!'

'Those were good old times,' I hazarded, 'you remember the old bark school?'

He looked away across the siding, and was evidently getting uneasy. He shifted about, and said:

'Well, I must be goin'.'

'I suppose you're pretty busy now?'

'My oath! So long.'

'Well, good-bye. We must have a yarn some day.'

'My oath!'

He got away as quickly as he could.

I wonder whether he was changed after all―or, was it I? A man does seem to get out of touch with the bush after living in cities for eight or ten years.


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11 CHAPTER III.

for our knowledge of Conchology, collectors content themselves too frequently with gathering the dead and empty shells washed up by the 'tide, as if they, fractured, waterworn, and colourless, could give any idea of the glorious creatures which had inhabited them;—as well might they judge of a man's habits and character by walking through his house;—and it is the mere formation of cabinets for the beauty of the shells which has led to this being considered a frivolous study, and so, without knowing the habits of the animal, and its conformation, affecting the form of the shell so very materially, it is. Still collectors often hunt up objects which had escaped the eye of those more educated in scientific pursuits, so instead of criticising the past, we will rather give a brief digest of the peculiarities which characterise this division of the Natural Kingdom, as well as some few hints for the guidance of the Amateur Naturalist in his researches for the future.

Shell-fish then, be it known, belong to that division of the Natural World called "Mollusca" from the Latin word mollis (soft), their bodies consisting universally of a soft consistence and generally


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12 protected by a hard shell, Univalve or Bivalve. Taking first now the Univalves, which have a distinct head, eyes, and tentacles, the mouth being armed with jaws, we find that Cuvier has arranged them into three classes, the animals belonging to the first of which are termed Cephalopoda (from Cephale the head, and poda feet), because their feet, or rather arms, which are attached to the head form a circle around the mouth; the Cuttle fish is a familiar example, and its shell, which is internal, as in almost all comprised in this class, is constantly thrown upon our shores;—the beautiful little discoidal chambered shell of the Spirula, is not uncommon on the Warrnambool and other of our coasts, the animal itself would indeed be a prize, for although an inhabitant of all the warm seas, it is not often met with.

The animals of the second class, or Gasteropoda, of which the common garden snail is a good type, creep by the successive expansion and contraction of their broad muscular foot, which is formed by the under side of the body, and thus the name of the class is obtained from gaster, the belly, and as before poda, feet. Some breathe air, (pulmonifera), others water (branchifera.) Many of the individuals of the latter division close their habitations with a horny or calcareous covering called an operculum, and it presents strange modifications of structure; we find it in some spiral, in others concentric, and occasionally claw-shaped; that of a Natica found on the Western Coast, is commonly used as card counters, and we have seen them polished and tastefully mounted as wrist studs and shawl pins.


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 seems to gleam with a kindly welcome to the returning wanderer.

Now we near the Heads. Dear me! How I remember the clustered rigging, thick with immigrants, as we clung to the shrouds and gazed on the land we had come so far to see. What changes since then! How many have gone down in life's fight and been trampled into the dust of forgetfulness. How many are scattered far and wide over the earth's circumference, for I have met shipmates in far-apart places. How very few have weathered all the storms and reached the quiet haven of cosy opulence and middle-aged leisure. Ah, well! it is the way of the world, and my fight is not by any means over yet.

The changes in Port Lyttelton are little short of phenomenal. What was but a bare harbour, with a shingly beach, on which we had to step from watermen's boats, which plied between ship and shore, is now a magnificent port, with an enormous embracing breakwater, with stately wharves on massive piles, reticulated with a network of rails, along which the busy locomotives snort and steam. Trucks laden with produce are propelled merrily along. Great sheds line the shores. A big terminal railway-station skirts the sea-face, where once the waves lapped the strand. A noble observatory crowns the promontory above. The quarantine-station is bright and gay with houses and gardens. The town runs its open streets up the steep hill and the houses overflow into every nook on the hillsides and jostle each other almost into the water.

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 A great area has been reclaimed. Old stone warehouses have been pulled down to make way for the railway and locomotive sheds, and a blackened, smoky archway, low down near the great graving dock, shows me the sea-end of the famous tunnel through the towering mountain, which Moorhouse projected, and which had not long been begun when I arrived in the colony.

Then, Lyttelton was but a little village of weather-board huts. Now it is a crowded town of gable-ends peeping up in serried rows all over the hills. Alas! the cemetery on the hill is more densely peopled now, too, than it was then.

The tunnel is 2870 yards long, and brings all the Canterbury plains into direct touch with the sea. The magnificent back-country of New South Wales is as yet in a worse plight than the plains of this little province. The railway system of Sydney practically stops short of the sea by a weary gap of two or three miles; so far at any rate as passengers are concerned. What a bitter satire on the vaunted wealth and energy and enterprise of Sydney blood!

The Graving Dock is another achievement of which the Canterbury people may well be proud. It is over 400 feet in length. In fact we saw the fine steamer Kaikora berthed high and dry in the dock, getting a new blade put on to her screw. The Kaikora is 420 feet on the keel, and the dock could have taken a much larger vessel than that.

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 Dashing through the tunnel, we emerge into Heathcote Valley, after five long minutes of Cimmerian darkness. For once in my colonial life I ride in a clean smoking carriage. It is worthy of record, that fact. The spittoons in the floor are burnished as bright as a new shilling, and the cushions are spick and span. There are tablets for striking matches; the atmosphere is sweet. The saloon is more like a club smoke-room than a railway-carriage. What a contrast to the piggeries on N.S.W. railways!

Through the valley, the Avon winds amid its drooping willows, and on the great plain the city spreads its symmetrical streets, and its houses embosomed in gardens.

Christchurch is par excellence the city of gardens, groves, seminaries, churches, and artesian wells.

Climb the Cathedral spire, by all means, and enjoy the view. The Avon winds through the town. An outing in one of the dainty pleasure skiffs, on its limpid waters, is one of the pleasant experiences of the place. From the spire you look down on busy streets stretching from a common centre, and each one as it nears the circular town belt loses itself amid villas and gardens and poplar groves. Such a rus in urbe is surely unique. Over the Avon are groups of quaint old-world-looking buildings. Some are built of a dark-blue stone—some of a warm red brick; but all seem fragrant with old memories and hallowed with the sanctities of studious life. They

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 joined one of the first emigrant bands to the new Australian colony, where he soon found scope for the exercise of his vigorous brain-power and his innate literary talent in the leading journals of Brisbane. For many years, and up to the day of his death, O'Carroll was universally recognised as the ruling literary force in the Northern colony—a lofty altitude for an erstwhile unknown Irish emigrant to attain in a mixed community. "What characterised him above all," said the Brisbane Courier, the principal journal of Queensland, whose pages he brightened with his best work and his noblest thoughts, "was the conscience he put into his work. He was never the sort of man who would take up a subject—like a lawyer his brief—and make the best of it without much thought or care concerning the truth of the matter at issue. Truth was the keynote of his nature. The same love of truth made him the most loyal and trusty of comrades to his press colleagues. And there was a strong strain of chivalry in his nature, which found vent in a devotion to his paper similar to that which a soldier bestows upon his regiment. Neither in himself, nor in anyone under his orders, would he tolerate half-hearted service, or anything less than the very best work that could be done. There are men holding high positions in his profession in other countries, who will testify to the value of the sometimes sharp, but always kindly, lessons they received from him when they were among 'O'Carroll's boys.'"

Another brilliant journalist, who was carried away in the very prime of life, was Robert Atkin, a kinsman of Thomas Davis and a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The monument over his grave by the sea at Sandgate, thirteen miles from the capital, bears the following fraternal inscription: "Erected by the members of the Hibernian

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 suggest cloisters, quadrangles, libraries, groups of grey professors, and throngs of grave-lipped students.

There are old ivy-covered churches, too, that seem to have been picked out of old English towns and dropped down here. Yonder is an old belfry tower, weather grey and lichen-covered. Surely it has been transported bodily from some corner of Lichfield or York.

The schools and colleges are thickly scattered over the flat beyond the river. I remember when it was a wilderness of marshy sedge tussocks and flax-bushes. Now the architectural triumphs would do credit to any cathedral city at home.

The Museum, under the able curatorship of Dr. Julius von Haast, ranks as the finest in all Australia. Indeed, the collection in some respects is not inferior to that of any European capital.

The Botanic Gardens and Park are exquisitely laid out, and set off by the silvery, ribbon-like Avon, which purls gently along, meandering through the groves and ornamental lawns.

The ocean bounds the view on one side, and far away, verging the plain, the snowy Alps fringe the picture with their glistening crests of spotless white on the other.

It is a beautiful panorama. One could easily fancy himself back in the old country. But the sights are soon exhausted, and the flatness is apt to become "just a leetle monotonous."

Warner's Commercial Hotel, in the Cathedral

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 Square, was our caravanserai. No home could have been more comfortable and no host more hospitable. Warner is a host in himself, and his gentle-mannered nieces do the honours of his house with a grace and geniality that makes one feel sorry to leave the home-like atmosphere of the place.

The autumn winds, too, had swept the leaves from the deciduous trees, of which there are more here than in any New Zealand town; and the bare branches added to the English look of the place. Altogether Christchurch is the most English-looking town we have yet seen at the Antipodes; and, as it was the object of the fathers who founded the settlement, to transplant a slice of England bodily into their new garden ground, they are to be congratulated on having so successfully accomplished their purpose.

Notwithstanding the prevailing cry of dull times, the streets were thronged with cosily-clad and well-fed crowds; the shops were full of customers; the theatre was well patronized; and a general well-to-do air was apparent everywhere.

I only found one croaker. He complained bitterly of the bad times; but when I asked him where lay the blame, he was rather hazy as to how to allocate it.

"Was it the Government?"

"Well, no! He believed they were doing their best. Of course there used to be more public works going on; but then these were finished, and no Government could always be putting up public buildings."

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13 Our shores give us many Carnivorous Gasteropods, for example, Murex; Fusus, or Spindle shell; Nassa, or Dog-whelk; Purpura, or Purple shell, (some species of which afford a dye); Conus or Cone shell; Voluta; Mitra or Mitre shell; Cypræa, (Cowrie), &c., &c. LivnigstoneLivingstone [sic], in his entertaining travels tells us that the chief Shinte, as a last proof of his friendship came into his tent, which he closed to prevent the possibility of there being any witnesses to his extravagance, and then presented him with the conical end of a Cone shell, adding as he did so, "There now you have a proof of my friendship." So high a price was set on these shells, that five of them would be a handsome sum for an Elephant's tusk worth £10.

In brackish water we may find many of the Seasnails, the pretty little mottled Natica, the long spiral Cerithium, and on the rocks at Lady Bay we have seen specimens of the Siliquaria or Pod shell, which is longitudinally slit all along its twisted spire; the Litorina or Periwinkle, is always found within the action of the tide, as it feeds on sea-weed, and the brackish lagoons afford us the pretty minute Looping snail (Truncatella) in abundance, and it has one recommendation that it can survive for a considerable time in the mud, when the water has been dried up by the Summer's sun.

The richly-colored Pheasant shell (Phasianella) should be sought after eagerly on the Warrnambool and other shores, since it forms so lovely an object for the Cabinet; its generic name has its origin in the resemblance of the markings of the shell to the plumage of the Pheasant (Phasianus): the hoop shells


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 "Was it the banks?"

"No, he didn't know much about banks, but he believed they was pretty liberal, too."

"Was it employers?"

"Well, no. They were just as bad off as any one else."

"Would he like to go back to the old country?"

"No fear," very energetically. "Times was bad, no doubt; but, Lor' bless ye, they wasn't anything like as bad as they was at home."

And so, boiled down, it all came to this—Times were bad. That must be true, because everybody said so. But how bad were they? Men had fair wages, comfortable homes, were well clad, well fed, could afford tobacco, and other little luxuries, and yet—and yet, they were not happy.

The fact is, as it seems to me, just about this. People were too extravagant while the good times lasted. Fat contracts and big public works cannot last for ever. Even big reckless loans must have an end. The period for payment of interest comes round with unerring regularity. The time must come when steady industry must apply itself to reproductive works. Lands must be tilled, and ploughing is not so showy as tunnelling and bridge-building. Grasses and cereals must be sown, but returns are slower than from big contracts. "While the dollars roll in let us spend them. Sufficient for the day is the evil thereof." Such seems to me to be the general philosophy of these recurring hard times. When wages are high and work plentiful, the fat kine are slaughtered and eaten

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 right off, rump and stump; and not even a scrap is salted down to eke out the scanty fare that must inevitably follow, when the evil days of the lean kine come upon us.

I believe that while there is a certain amount of depression in New Zealand at present, it is but temporary. The resources of the country are only in the birth throes of their exploitation. Well for all concerned if the lessons of thrift, self-denial, frugality, and the necessity for hard continuous effort, be learned now, from a temporary depression, than from the dry rot and stagnation of a widespread national deterioration and exhaustion.

Christchurch has stirring times, and a bright busy future before it yet, beyond a doubt, else the Anglo-Saxon is played out, and there is no more virtue in beef, wool, and grain. So long as grass grows and water flows, and industry merits success, so long will Canterbury flourish, and the cry of bad times from lazy croakers will have as much effect as the idle wind that wastes its energies on the sands of the desert.

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14 Trochi, are found attached to rocks on all our coasts; of the Ear shells (Halotis), and Boat shells (Chiton), we shall have much to say hereafter when we meet with them.

Of the Pulmonifera or air-breathing Mollusca, some are terrestrial, others fresh-water, and many inhabit damp places near the sea; their respiratory organ is so simple a form of lung, that this order is called by Gray, "concealed lunged," as the orifice is small and valve—like to guard against the entry of water in the aquatic tribes, and to prevent the rapid desiccation in the land snails.

The latter do not abound in Australia, but we find abundant interest in the beautiful shells which exist in the Yarra, the Moorabool, the Merri, and other of our rivers, lurking on the large, ovate, floating leaves of the Nymphæa-like Damasonium, or the broad paler Potamogiton (Pond-weed), which is always so gay and refreshing an object, but these we must needs put into an Aquarium to watch with the aid of a pocket lens their structure and habits. We place along with them some of the green scum which covers the surface of the water (we say scum, but it is in reality a beautiful freshwater Alga,) a Zygnema in conjugation, and a few plants, such as Chara, the velvety Azolla rubra or pinnata, one or the other of which is to be met with on the Merri, at Warrnambool; the Moorabool, at Geelong; on the lagoon in the Botanical Gardens, Melbourne, and such like situations. The flat many-whorled shell, so brittle,—is a Planorbis, this other, ovate-shaped and also very thin with a large aperture, is a Physa, so called from its resemblance to a pouch;


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 Society of Queensland to the memory of their late vice-president, Robert Travers Atkin. Born at Fern Hill, County Cork, Ireland, November 29th, 1841. Died at Sandgate, Queensland, May 2oth, 1872. His days were few, but his labours and attainments bore the stamp of a wise maturity. This broken column symbolises the irreparable loss of a man who well represented some of the finest characteristics in the Celtic race—its rich humour and subtle wit, its fervid passion and genial warmth of heart. Distinguished alike in the press and parliament of Queensland by large and elevated views, remarkable powers of organisation, and unswerving advocacy of the popular cause, his rare abilities were especially devoted to the promotion of a patriotic union amongst his countrymen, irrespective of class or creed, combined with a loyal allegiance to the land of their adoption."

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 CHAPTER IX.

THE MOTHER OF THE AUSTRALIAS.

this year of grace 1887, Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, the mother colony of the Australias, has for its municipal governor an active and enterprising Irish-Australian in the person of Alderman A. J. Riley, M.P. And it is only in accordance with the fitness of things, that the honour of the mayoralty of Sydney should be frequently conferred on leading Irish citizens, as a merited recognition of the prominent and laborious part they and their countrymen have played, in building up the greatness of the most historic city of the south. Sydney is now approaching the close of the first century of its existence, and it may be aptly described as a fully-developed antipodean city of great commerce and industrial activity. Situated on the southern shores of Port Jackson, most lovely and capacious of harbours, Sydney is able to welcome the mercantile marine of the world, and to

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The two travellers had yarned late in their camp, and the moon was getting low down through the mulga. Mitchell's mate had just finished a rather 'racy' yarn, but it seemed to fall flat on Mitchell; he was in a sentimental mood. He smoked a while, and thought, and then said:

'Ah! there was one little girl that I was properly struck on. She came to our place on a visit to my sister. I think she was the best little girl that ever lived, and about the prettiest. She was just eighteen, and didn't come up to my shoulder; the biggest blue eyes you ever saw, and she had hair that reached down to her knees, and so thick you couldn't span it with your two hands―brown and glossy―and her skin was like lilies and roses. Of course, I never thought she'd look at a rough, ugly, ignorant brute like me, and I used to keep out of her way and act a little stiff towards her; I didn't want the others to think I was gone on her, because I knew they'd laugh at me, and maybe she'd laugh at me more than all. She would come and talk to me, and sit near me at table; but I thought that that was on account of her good nature, and she pitied me because I was such a 205


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15 and the one, with the aperture on the right, which distinguishes it from the former is an allied genus, Limnæa, or Pond-snail. All these are widely distributed throughout the world. Now then let us watch how industriously they are cleaning off the dark coating of Conferva, which has already commenced growing on the sides of our Aquarium, and with this lens see how they use their tongue; the upper lip with its mandible is raised, the lower lip which is horse-shoe shaped, expands, the tongue is protruded and applied to the surface for an instant, and then withdrawn; its teeth glitter like glass paper, and in Limnæa it is so flexible that frequently it will catch against projecting points, and be drawn out of shape slightly as it vibrates over the surface.

Both these last species crawl beneath the surface of the water with their shells downwards, the Limnæa depositing its eggs, some fifty or sixty in number, in small sacs, and Mr. Hogg, in his valuable work on the Microscope, (Edition 4, p. 423,) gives us some interesting information on their subsequent development, " When examined soon after they are deposited, the vesicles appear to be filled with a perfectly clear fluid; at the end of twenty-four hours a very minute yellow spot, the nucleus or germ, may be seen near the side of the cell-wall. In about forty-eight hours afterwards, this small germ has a smaller central spot, rather deeper in color, which is the nucleolus. On the fourth day the nucleus has changed its position, and is enlarged to double the size upon viewing it more closely a depression or fissure is seen,—this on the


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16 eight day most distinctly divides the small mass into the shell and soft part of the future animal. It is then detached from the side of the cell, and moves with a rotatory motion around the cell interior; the direction of this motion is from the right to the left, and is always increased when the sunlight falls on it. The increase is gradual up to the sixteenth day, when the spiral axis can he made out, and it presents a striking difference to the soft parts in appearance. On the eighteenth day these changes are more distinctly visible, and the ova crowd down to the mouth of the ova-sac; by using a higher magnifying power, a minute black speck, the future eye, is seen protruded with the tentacles. Upon closely observing it, a fringe of cilia is noticed in motion near the edge of the shell. It is now apparent that the rotatory motion first observed must have been in a great measure due to this, and the current kept up in the fluid contents of the cell by the ciliary fringes. For days after the young animal has escaped from the egg, this ciliary motion is carried on, not alone by the fringe surrounding the mouth, but by cilia entirely surrounding the tentacles themselves, which whips up the supply of nourishment, and at the same time the proper aeration of the blood is effected. Whilst in the ova it probably is by this motion that the cell contents are converted into tissues and shell. From the twenty-sixth to the twenty-eight day, it appears actively engaged near the side of the cell, using all its force to break through the cell wall, which at length it succeeds in doing, leaving the shell in the ova sac, and immediately attaching itself to the side of the glass vase to


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 rough, awkward chap. I was gone on that girl, and no joking; and I felt quite proud to think she was a countrywoman of mine. But I wouldn't let her know that, for I felt sure she'd only laugh.

'Well, things went on till I got the offer of two or three years' work on a station up near the border, and I had to go, for I was hard up; besides, I wanted to get away. Stopping round where she was only made me miserable.

'The night I left they were all down at the station to see me off―including the girl I was gone on. When the train was ready to start she was standing away by herself on the dark end of the platform, and my sister kept nudging me and winking, and fooling about, but I didn't know what she was driving at. At last she said:

"Go and speak to her, you noodle; go and say good-bye to Edie."

'So I went up to where she was, and, when the others turned their backs―

"Well, good-bye, Miss Brown," I said, holding out my hand; "I don't suppose I'll ever see you again, for Lord knows when I'll be back. Thank you for coming to see me off."

'Just then she turned her face to the light, and I saw she was crying. She was trembling all over. Suddenly she said, "Jack! Jack!" just like that, and held up her arms like this.'

Mitchell was speaking in a tone of voice that didn't belong to him, and his mate looked up. Mitchell's face was solemn, and his eyes were fixed on the fire.

'I suppose you gave her a good hug then, and a kiss?' asked the mate.


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 receive trading representatives of all nations at her very doors. As the oldest city of the colonies, Sydney presents a variety of quaint aspects that differentiate it from all its younger rivals. It is not, for example, laid out on strict mathematical lines, as are all the recent cities of Australasian growth, but rather rejoices in those narrow, irregular thoroughfares that characterise primitive cities of the northern hemisphere. This circumstance necessarily detracts somewhat from its architectural appearance. Nevertheless, the churches, public buildings, and business establishments of Sydney are quite as elegant, as substantial, and as imposing as those of its great rival Melbourne, despite the fact that they cannot be seen to equal advantage. St. Mary's Cathedral, like St. Patrick's, of Melbourne, is an immense, unfinished memorial of Irish Catholic piety, destined one day to be the noblest ecclesiastical edifice in the mother colony of the Australian group. St. Vincent's Hospital, which is under the kind and Christian management of the Sisters of Charity, is perhaps the institution that reflects the highest credit on Catholic Sydney. "Of all our institutions of charity," says the foremost Irish-Australian statesman, the Right Hon. W. B. Dalley, "this is the one of which we have the most reason to be proud. For nearly thirty years it has been silently and unobtrusively doing a great work. It has received during that period tens of thousands of patients suffering from all kinds of diseases, and it has relieved hundreds of thousands of out-patients. Its doors are open to those of all religions or of none. Though served by holy women who have consecrated their lives to the care of the sick and the relief of the suffering, it is supported by the entire community. The Catholic Church has the merit of its foundation, and so far as the nurses are concerned, the

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17 recommence its ciliary play, and appear in a still more advanced stage. It is still some months before it grows to its perfect form. One of these snails may deposit from two to three of these ova-sacs a week, producing in the course of six weeks or two months from 900 to 1,000 young,"

It is to the Microscope then we owe this pithy description of the progress ab ovo, of a species allied to the common IAmnaa of our rivers.

We now turn to the Sea-slugs, whose shell, where it exists, is small and thin, slightly rolled and pearly white, and partially concealed by the animal; in Bullæa (Bubble shell,) we find an organ resembling the gizzard of a fowl, paved with calcareous plates capable of crushing the shell-fish on which it feeds. Many specimens of this shell we have obtained on the shore at Geelong. The Pteropoda our readers are seldom likely to meet with;—the Lamp-shell (Waldheimia) is not uncommon, attached by its pedicel to the oysters from Western Port, and its structure is worthy of examination; it belongs to Cuvier's 4th class, Brachiopoda, commencing the bivalve section, the animals comprised in which take their name from the ciliated arms on the side of the mouth, wherewith their food is obtained.

The well known bivalve shells of the Oyster and the Cockle are good types of the Conchifera, the animals of which are, with few exceptions, aquatic, and range at all depths on almost every coast and every clime. There are amongst them some burrowing shells, as the large white oblong Anatina (Lantern shell?) such splendid specimens of which are found in Corio Bay, a species of Solen, or Razor shell, and the


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 'I s'pose so,' snapped Mitchell. 'There is some things a man doesn't want to joke about.…Well, I think we'll shove on one of the billies, and have a drink of tea before we turn in.'

'I suppose,' said Mitchell's mate, as they drank their tea, 'I suppose you'll go back and marry her some day?'

'Some day! That's it; it looks like it, doesn't it? We all say 'Some day.' I used to say it ten years ago, and look at me now. I've been knocking round for five years, and the last two years constant on the track, and no show of getting off it unless I go for good, and what have I got for it? I look like going home and getting married, without a penny in my pocket or a rag to my back scarcely, and no show of getting them. I swore I'd never go back home without a cheque, and, what's more, I never will; but the cheque days are past. Look at that boot! If we were down among the settled districts we'd be called tramps and beggars; and what's the difference? I've been a fool, I know, but I've paid for it; and now there's nothing for it but to tramp, tramp, tramp for your tucker, and keep tramping till you get old and careless and dirty, and older, and more careless and dirtier, and you get used to the dust and sand, and heat, and flies, and mosquitoes, just as a bullock does, and lose ambition and hope, and get contented with this animal life, like a dog, and till your swag seems part of yourself, and you'd be lost and uneasy and light-shouldered without it, and you don't care a damn if you'll ever get work again, or live like a Christian; and you go on like this till the spirit of


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 glory of its service; but it has no exclusive claim to its maintenance. I believe its most generous benefactors are not of our communion. Amongst its life-subscribers, I find that some who have purchased that honour and privilege by contributions, are not of the faith of those who serve it. It is thus a standing memorial of that liberality which it is so desirable to cultivate in all the relations of life."

St. John's College, affiliated to the University of Sydney; St. Ignatius' College, Riverview, conducted by the Jesuit Fathers; and St. Joseph's College, Hunter Hill, under the management of the Marist Fathers, are three educational institutions that reflect the highest credit on the Catholic population of the parent colony.

At the beginning of the century the name "New South Wales" was synonymous with Australia, for no other settlement existed, and its governor exercised jurisdiction over the whole continent. At present, however, its area is restricted to that eastern portion of the continent lying north of Victoria, south of Queensland, and east of South Australia. New South Wales was avowedly founded for the express purpose of relieving the overcrowded gaols of England of their most refractory inmates. The successful effort of the American colonists to assert their independence put an effectual stop to the deportation of English criminals across the Atlantic, and it became necessary to find some other receptacle for them. Eight years previously, Captain James Cook had been sent on a voyage of discovery to the southern seas. He landed on the eastern shores of the Australian continent, at a place whose name has since gained a world-wide notoriety—Botany Bay, so called by Sir Joseph Banks, the botanist of the expedition, on account of the luxuriant vegetation all round it. Landing

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18 borers are well represented by a Teredo which abounds on the piles at Williamstown.

The ability of many molluscs, especially the freshwater, to sustain life for a considerable time, is recorded in some remarkable instances; indeed it is probable that they become torpid in warm climates during the hottest and driest part of the year. Mr. Gray, of the British Museum, received from this country a Pond mussel which had been more than a year out of water, and it still lived; some pond snails have been found alive after five years, although in the warm climate of Jamaica, and an individual of the Desert snail which had been affixed to a tablet in the British Museum in 1846, was found, on some suspicion having arisen as to his having made determined efforts to escape from confinement, still flourishing after being immersed in tepid water.

A Cabinet of Shells is necessary for those who desire to study Conchology, and we may therefore hint, that to obtain specimens, perfect in shape and colour, dredging is the only good plan; but this may not be feasible, if so, the collector should wade amidst the rocks, examining the heaps of seaweed thrown on the sand after a storm, or carefully grope about all dark fissures, where many good species congregate, or are driven, nolens volens. Chitons and Limpets are only detached from the rocks by the aid of a strong bladed knife, as the former especially repel the air and water on all sides to produce a vacuum and so obtain a firmer hold, and they will sooner part with a portion of their shells than leave their places of attachment. Bivalves, and all live shells should be boiled


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 here he took possession of the continent in the name and on behalf of the then reigning monarch, George the Third. After an extensive voyage, Cook returned to England in June, 1771, and reported his discoveries in Australia. No action, however, was taken in reference to his report, until the loss of the American colonies necessitated the formation of other penal settlements. Then, and not till then, was Captain Cook's report taken from its dusty pigeon-hole and perused with far greater interest than when it was first submitted. To British statesmen it seemed a merciful interposition of Providence, that a new continent in the south was thus rendered available for the occupation of their felonry, so soon after they had forfeited their American possessions by a pigheaded policy and tyrannical dictation. It was immediately decided to found a penal settlement on the delightful shores of Botany Bay. In pursuance of this object Viscount Sydney, then principal Secretary of State for the Colonies in Pitt's administration, recommended the establishment of the colony of New South Wales, and this recommendation was subsequently confirmed by an Order of Council, dated December 6th, 1785. On May 13, 1787, what has come to be historically known as the "First Fleet," consisting of eleven ships, with supplies for two years, sailed from England for the antipodes under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip. The first consignment of prisoners numbered 696—504 males and 192 females—who were guarded by 212 officers and marines. Captain Phillip, with his living freight of exiles, arrived in Botany Bay on January 20, 1788. But, strange to say, though the name of Botany Bay has ever since been associated with crime and criminals, as a matter of fact the place never was a permanent penal settlement. Two days after landing, Captain Phillip,

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 a bullock takes the place of the heart of a man. Who cares? If we hadn't found the track yesterday we might have lain and rotted in that lignum, and no one been any the wiser―or sorrier―who knows? Somebody might have found us in the end, but it mightn't have been worth his while to go out of his way and report us. Damn the world, say I!'

He smoked for awhile in savage silence; then he knocked the ashes out of his pipe, felt for his tobacco with a sigh, and said:

'Well, I am a bit out of sorts to-night. I've been thinking.…I think we'd best turn in, old man; we've got a long, dry stretch before us to-morrow.'

They rolled out their swags on the sand, lay down, and wrapped themselves in their blankets. Mitchell covered his face with a piece of calico, because the moonlight and wind kept him awake.


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' Arvie live here, old woman?'

'Why?'

'Strike me dead! carn't yer answer a civil queschin?'

'How dare you talk to me like that, you young larrikin? Be off! or I'll send for a policeman.'

'Blarst the cops! D'yer think I cares for 'em? Fur two pins I'd fetch a push an' smash yer ole shanty about yer ears―y'ole cow! I only arsked if Arvie lived here! Holy Mosis! carn't a feller ask a civil queschin?'

'What do you want with Arvie? Do you know him?'

'My oath! Don't he work at Grinder Brothers? I only come out of my way to do him a good turn; an' now I'm sorry I come―damned if I ain't―to be barracked like this, an j shoved down my own throat. (Pause). I want to tell Arvie that if he don't come ter work termorrer, another bloke '11 collar his job. I wouldn't like to see a cove collar a cove's job an' not tell a bloke about it. What's up with Arvie, anyhow? Is he sick?'

'Arvie is dead!'

209


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19 and the soft parts removed when the valves separate or gape, but in doing this care should be taken not to injure the hinge, as it is often of material importance in the determination of genera; to preserve it therefore it is well to tie the shell round with some light thread. The operculum of Univalves must also be preserved, and should the contents of the shell at any time emit an unpleasant smell, a small quantity of chloride of lime will quickly and effectually remove it.

The arrangement of a collection of Shells is a mere matter of taste, much depending on the space that can be afforded to it. We who lead a somewhat nomadic life, prefer keeping the smaller species in small pill boxes, which can be purchased in nests at a trifling cost, the name of each species being carefully recorded on the lid; but a pair of each shell arranged on a cardboard, with the operculum glued down alongside, facilitates easy classification and subsequent examination.

We have not deemed it necessary to enter into a technical description of the columella, the hinge, and other portions of the shell, as this may be found in any elementary Work on the subject; to the amateur, Miss Catlow's little Manual will be of interest, but to the working Conchologist, we recommend Woodward's "Manual of the Mollusca," of which we need only say, that it is one of Weale's series, a sufficient testimony to its excellence.


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 accompanied by several officers, set out in boats to examine the coast to the north. This boating expedition resulted in the discovery of a harbour, whose praises have since been sounded in every land, and which continues to be the pride and the joy of the Australian native-born population. Entering between two rocky headlands a vision of surpassing beauty burst upon the gaze of the astonished mariners. A noble harbour, dotted with islands, and encompassed by verdant hills, expanded before them, its waters basking in the delights of southern sunshine. As they advanced, each succeeding stroke of the oar opened up new scenes of loveliness and fresh successions of charming inlets all around them. On the shores of this delightful bay they determined to build their little town, which they christened Sydney, in honour of the nobleman already mentioned. The picturesque harbour they called Port Jackson.

For many years the place suffered all the horrors inseparable from a penal settlement under an irresponsible régime. Military rule was paramount, and the early annals of the colony literally reek with vice, debauchery and immorality of every conceivable kind. The infant settlement, relying on receiving supplies from the mother country, was once almost annihilated by famine, and an infamous system of traffic in rum, which soon became the recognised currency, was inaugurated. The wholesale saturnalia and indiscriminate intoxication that followed on this miserable state of affairs may be easily imagined. But in process of time these terrible diseases in the body politic found a remedy. As the resources of the colony became generally and better known in the Old World, a gradually increasing stream of immigration began to flow towards the settlement, and this

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 naturally had the effect of purifying to an appreciable extent the moral atmosphere of the colony.

The extraordinary facilities offered by the Australian soil for the rearing of sheep and the production of wool were speedily discovered. John Macarthur, one of the earliest free settlers, imported from the Cape Colony three rams and five ewes—the precursors of the immense flocks of sheep that now roam over the plains of Australia. In 1803 Macarthur brought to England the first sample of Australian wool. In 1834, the year of his death, the quantity of wool, annually exported from Australia, had reached four and a half million pounds. The latest returns show that Australia is now exporting wool to the extent of 410 million pounds annually.

The appointment of a Legislative Council in 1824 did away, to some extent, with irresponsible military rule and its attendant evils, and paved the way for a better state of things in the body politic. The free settlers, becoming emboldened by increasing numbers, and perceiving the horrors inflicted on their adopted country, as well as the evil example placed before their young families, by the transportation system, raised their voices against its further continuance. They organised an agitation and established a league with the object of achieving that desirable result, but the ex-prisoners, many of whom had by this time become wealthy landed proprietors, formed themselves into a counter-organisation called the "Emancipists," and agitated for the perpetuation of the system, so that they might have a constant supply of convict labour. With undeniable truth they urged and contended that the colony was originally founded expressly as a penal settlement, and that therefore the free settlers had come out with a full knowledge of the circumstances, and had no right to object to the conditions of life

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20 CHAPTER IV.

Now then having progressed so far that we have some knowledge of the shells with which we are likely to meet, let us again wander this bright morning to the Hopkins River, where we left our readers awhile since; but an hour ago as we peeped from our chamber window the rain mizzled thickly down, and we had well nigh given up all hope of a country ramble; but this was only what the Irish peasantry call the "pride of the morning," and any anxiety we might have felt was soon dispelled by the bright gleams of sunshine, pouting out at first, but soon bursting forth in full splendour; so having made a hasty toilet let us start before the heat becomes oppressive. Well supplied with all that is needful for any thing that may turn up, we are soon away, shaking the dewdrops off the grass, the pink flowering Convolvulus, and the pale blue Veronica, or Speedwell. The Hopkins River is about a mile and a-half to the eastward of the town, and the walk to it is full of interest, but as the day is young yet, we may even linger on our way. Let us visit the little spring exuding from the rock near the tunnel, and gather, "en passant," specimens of the Colobanthus Billardierii, which though an uncommon plant, abounds here, and then descend towards the Pertrobe Lagoon, noticing on the embankment of the hill cutting the shining-leaved Trachycaryon Klotschii. We stay on the water's edge for a time to note the elegant little


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 'Christ!! (Pause). Garn! What-yer-giv'n-us? Tell Arvie Bill Anderson wants-ter see him.'

'My God! haven't I got enough trouble without a young wretch like you coming to torment me? For God's sake go away and leave me alone! I'm telling you the truth, my poor boy died of influenza last night.'

'My oath!!'

The ragged young rip gave a long, low whistle, glanced up and down Jones's Alley, spat out some tobacco-juice, and said:

'Swelp me Gord! I'm sorry, mum. I didn't know. How was I to know you wasn't havin' me?'

He withdrew one hand from his pocket and scratched the back of his head, tilting his hat as far forward as it had previously been to the rear, and just then the dilapidated side of his right boot attracted his attention. He turned the foot on one side, and squinted at the sole; then he raised the foot to his left knee, caught the ankle in a very dirty hand, and regarded the sole-leather critically, as though calculating how long it would last. After which he spat desperately at the pavement, and said:

'Kin I see him?'

He followed her up the crooked little staircase with a who's-afraid kind of swagger, but he took his hat off on entering the room.

He glanced round, and seemed to take stock of the signs of poverty―so familiar to his class―and then directed his gaze to where the body lay on the sofa with its pauper coffin already by its side. He looked at the coffin with the critical eye of a tradesman, then


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 in which they had found themselves on arrival. The agitation on both sides was vigorously maintained for many years, and it was not until the various colonies had banded themselves together as an "Anti-Transportation League," that the home government was compelled to surrender and find some criminal depot nearer home. In November, 1849, the colonists at the Cape of Good Hope refused to permit the landing of a cargo of convicts from the "Neptune." John Mitchel gives a lengthy and humorous account of the "boycotting" that ensued, in his "Jail Journal." In June of the same year the "Harkaway," with another cargo of convicts, was refused permission to land them in Sydney. The excitement in Sydney on that occasion was unprecedented. An immense public meeting was held, at which the Ven. Archdeacon McEncroe (a popular Irish priest) declared amidst general applause that, rather than submit to the treatment they were then receiving from the Imperial Government, they would follow the example of the American colonists of 1776 and proclaim their independence. As an evidence of the reluctance with which the Imperial authorities abandoned the transportation system, it may be stated that it was not until the beginning of January, 1868, that the last convict ship quitted the shores of Australia.

In 1843 a liberal concession was made in the matter of representative institutions by the supplementing of the. nominee Legislative Council with representatives elected by the various districts of the colony. Twenty-four members were chosen in this manner and twelve were nominated by the Crown. As years rolled on and the colony settled down into a compact community, a still further extension if of political privileges was demanded, and eventually this also was conceded in the shape of a full measure of

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21 Triglochin decipiens, (Arrow-grass,) the blue Mimulus or Monkey flower, and other plants which choose such moist situations; nor can we resist the pleasant shrill chirp which issues ever and again from the dense cover of the rushes; it is that of an old friend, which from its habit of flitting through the reeds and low grasses is only imperfectly known, and it cost us, we remember, some years since, many hours of patience before we could ascertain from what source the Grasshopper-like chirp emanated. With us it is an especial favorite, like the Blackcap, more frequently heard than seen, so retiring indeed that it seldom emerges from the concealment afforded by the plants common to low lying wet lands, but occasionally may be seen clinging gracefully to the heads of the rushes, where probably it obtains its food. Its wings are remarkably short and ill adapted for flight, still it appears to flit from place to place with marvellous rapidity; the beak is nearly black, with strong bristles at its base; crown of the head ferruginous; back and wings of dark olive with black markings; a streak of very pale blue extends from the base of the bill over the eye on each side. Throat, pale blue in the male, but rufous in the female; the tail, which is three inches in length, nearly as long again as the whole body, consists of six feathers with slender black shafts webbed on each side with minute hairy filaments at equal distances; and so like are these feathers to those of the Emu, that this bird has received the name of the Emu Wren. Its nest is of grass lined with feathers, and is in fact a perfect ball concealed in tufts at the trunks of trees


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 he looked at Arvie, and then at the coffin again, as if calculating whether the body would fit.

The mother uncovered the white, pinched face of the dead boy, and Bill came and stood by the sofa. He carelessly drew his right hand from his pocket, and laid the palm on Arvie's ice-cold forehead.

'Poor little cove!' Bill muttered, half to himself; and then, as though ashamed of his weakness, he said:

'There wasn't no post-mortem, was there?'

'No,' she answered; 'a doctor saw him the day before there was no post-mortem.'

'I thought there wasn't none,' said Bill, 'because a man that's been post-mortemed always looks as if he'd been hurt. My father looked right enough at first―just as if he was restin'―but after they'd had him opened he looked as if he'd been hurt. No one else could see it, but I could. How old was Arvie?'

'Eleven.'

'I'm twelve―goin' on for thirteen. Arvie's father's dead, ain't he?'

'Yes.'

'So's mine. Died at his work, didn't he?'

'Yes.'

'So'd mine. Arvie told me his father died of something with his heart!'

'Yes.'

'So'd mine; ain't it rum? You scrub offices an' wash, don't yer?'

'Yes.'

'So does my mother. You find it pretty hard to get a livin', don't yer, these times?'


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22 Walking around the Lagoon, which is now nearly dried up, we collect shells of the Cyclas, Nassa, and Truncatella, and we also discover here a rare Diatom, Meloseira nummuloides; towards the Merri River we find Ruppia maritima, (Tassel grass,) and the Brookweed, Samolus littoralis, a small white flower ever so slightly tinted with pink on a slender rigid stem. Passing near the Jetty, where are dense beds of the beautiful spathulate-leaved blue flowered Scævola suaveolens, we wander over the low sand hummocks which are so conspicuous a feature here; keeping all the way in sight of the sea, we observe the shrubby Pimelea serpyllifolia flourishing all along their ridge, and the gay scarlet flowering Kennedya, forming a gorgeous carpet, with here and there the flesh-tinted Caladenia, with its long lance-shaped leaf. Resting awhile to inhale the exhilarating breezes so tantalisingly appetising, which are wafted in from the ocean, we remember that we must take the track over the hill, to obtain two plants of interest, which we saw blooming there many seasons back without at the time gathering specimens,—the one is the blue, leafless, waxy-looking Lobelia gibbosa, the other (and its abundance in this spot will prevent any doubt in identifying it) the Gentiana montana, which has delicate white or straw colored, corollas, beautifully veined with blue of the palest imaginable tint. These secured, we clamber over the steep hill, passing by numerous deep holes, concealed almost by the thick bushes of the wild Raspberry, the Forget-me-not, and other of our indigenous plants;—they are the burrows of that uncouth creature, the Wombat, which is very


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 'My God, yes! God only knows what I'll do now my poor boy's gone. I generally get up at half-past five to scrub out some offices, and when that's done I've got to start my day's work, washing. And then I find it hard to make both ends meet.'

'So does my mother. I suppose you took on bad when yer husband was brought home?'

'Ah, my God! Yes. I'll never forget it till my dying day. My poor husband had been out of work for weeks, and he only got the job two days before he died. I suppose it gave your mother a great shock?'

'My oath! One of the fellows that carried father home said: "Yer husband's dead, mum," he says; "he dropped off all of a suddint," and mother said, "My God! my God!" just like that, and went off.'

'Poor soul! poor soul! And―now my Arvie's gone. Whatever will me and the children do? Whatever will I do? Whatever will I do? My God! I wish I was under the turf.'

'Cheer up, mum!' said Bill. 'It's no use frettin' over what's done.'

He wiped some tobacco-juice off his lips with the back of his hand, and regarded the stains reflectively for a minute or so. Then he looked at Arvie again.

'You should ha' tried cod liver oil,' said Bill.

'No. He needed rest and plenty of good food.'

'He wasn't very strong.'

'No, he was not, poor boy.'

'I thought he wasn't. They treated him bad at Grinder Brothers; they didn't give him a show to learn nothing; kept him at the same work all the time, and he didn't have cheek enough to arsk the boss for a


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 Government. The first fully-endowed Parliament of New South Wales was opened on May 22nd, 1856.

Reference has already been made to the discovery of gold in New South Wales by Hargreaves. As in the case of Victoria, it resulted in a considerable accession of population. At first the eyes of all adventurers were turned towards New South Wales, but when the astonishing yields of the Victorian gold-fields became known, the auriferous regions of the parent colony became comparatively deserted. But in time they again received the attention to which they were justly entitled, and a large area of auriferous country in the south of New South Wales has since been profitably opened up.

Sydney will ever possess an affectionate interest for the Irish heart by reason of its having been the place of banishment of thousands of Irishmen during the early years of the century. These Celtic pioneers, it should be remembered, were transported in convict-ships to Australia for alleged offences that were not crimes at all in the legitimate sense of the word, and now-a-days are never regarded as such. Bishop Ullathorne puts the case very clearly when he remarks:

"The political circumstances of the British Empire were originally to a great degree responsible for the fact of the presence of a large proportion of the natives of Ireland amongst the first inhabitants of Australia. Ignorance or violation of religious principle, the knowledge or habits of a criminal life, were scarcely to any extent recognisable features in this unhappy class of Irish political prisoners. On the contrary, the deepest and purest sentiments of piety, a thorough comprehension of religious responsibility, and an almost impregnable simplicity of

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23 numerous along the coast. A worthy friend in the town has taken much pains in endeavouring to rear the young of this and others of the Marsupialia. Great, indeed, was the grief of the townsfolk, when his first protegé, "Peter" died; a general mourning when the second of the same name drowned himself in some soup; but now to console him, he has successfully brought up two young Wombats, taken from the pouch of the mother which he had shot, and these "puir mitherless bairns" follow him about in his peregrinations, without exhibiting any of that timidity which, in their wild state appears natural to them.

The summit of the hill being gained, we have a pretty peep of the river through the clusters of Casuarinæ (She-Oaks), Cherry trees, (Exocarpi,) and Boxwood (Bursaria), which are left to ornament and protect the Botanical Gardens in course of formation on the bank higher up. Breaking through a thick low scrub of Beyera viscosa, we approach the Hopkins River, through whose mouth the stream rushes by a narrow channel into the sea, but, ye stars! Look upon the heap of fine silvery bream and yellow speckled salmon trout, our companion, who was to join us here, has secured!!; "its the early bird," says he, still we had not been idle, and these made us look forward to breakfast hour with some eagerness, and an appetite which many would envy. We try our luck; but not a nibble can we get, and we verily believe these cannibals of fish are finishing their morning meal elsewhere, so we stow away our fishing tackle, form our rods into handles for landing nets,


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 manner, were their distinctive virtues on their first consignment to the guardianship of the law. In many illustrious cases, a long and dangerous residence in the most depraved penal settlements was unable to extinguish those noble characteristics."

And the testimony of Sir Roger Therry, who, being an eminent Australian judge of the Supreme Court, is entitled to speak with authority on such a question, is equally explicit and conclusive:

"Very many Irishmen were transported for the infringement of severe laws, some of which are not now in force, and for offences for which a few months' imprisonment would at present be deemed an adequate expiation. In a country where abundant means rewarded industrious habits, I these men became prosperous."

As an example of the truth of this latter remark. Sir Roger mentions the case of Edmund Cane, who had been a snug farmer in Ireland, but was transported for complicity in an agrarian disturbance. Cane was assigned to a settler, and became invaluable as superintendent of his master's estate. "From his skill in agriculture, and his good temper in the management of the men. Cane, after having served his seven years' sentence in the settler's employment, became manager of the whole property and received a liberal salary, which was not paid in money, but in cattle and horses. After twenty years of service he thus became a wealthy man. Shortly before his death, his old master had born unto him a son, and Cane was complimented by being appointed godfather to the boy. The old man made a will bequeathing the whole of his property, the accumulated earnings of twenty years and upwards of arduous toil, to the lucky little bantling, who is now the leading gentleman in

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 rise, lest he'd be sacked. He couldn't fight, an' the boys used to tease him; they'd wait outside the shop to have a lark with Arvie. I'd like to see 'em do it to me. He couldn't fight; but then, of course, he wasn't strong. They don't bother me while I'm strong enough to heave a rock; but then, of course, it wasn't Arvie's fault. I s'pose he had pluck enough, if he hadn't the strength.' And Bill regarded the corpse with a fatherly and lenient eye.

'My God!' she cried, 'if I'd known this, I'd sooner have starved than have my poor boy's life tormented out of him in such a place. He never complained. My poor, brave-hearted child! He never complained! Poor little Arvie! poor little Arvie!'

'He never told yer?'

'No―never a word.'

'My oath! You don't say so! P'raps he didn't want to let you know he couldn't hold his own; but that wasn't his fault, I s'pose. Y'see, he wasn't strong.'

An old print hanging over the bed attracted his attention, and he regarded it with critical interest for awhile:

'We've got a pickcher like that at home. We lived in Jones's Alley wunst―in that house over there. How d'yer like livin' in Jones's Alley?'

'I don't like it at all. I don't like having to bring my children up where there are so many bad houses; but I can't afford to go somewhere else and pay higher rent.'

'Well, there is a good many night-shops round here. But then/ he added, reflectively, 'you'll find them


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24 and as the morning air is still chilly, light our pipes and roam away amidst the deep holes, startling myriads of crabs and small fry of all kinds. Our friend hears with amazement that the Actinæ (Sea Anemones) are unknown to us in this locality, so we hasten to where the waves are dashing in over low flat rocks, glittering with the tasselly bead-like Conferva Darwinnii, and the dark green Codium tomentosum, of which there is also an attenuated form in the same or similar situations. We endeavour to reach one, in fact the spot, but are driven back by the heavy waves, yet by perseverance it is at last attained, and oh! the charms which a hasty glance revealed to our wondering eyes, so rapid, indeed, that any attempt at describing species would be entirely out of the question,—there were—

And well has the Poet Southey described this habit of these beautiful creatures; seeing them hanging either like deep-red gelatinous masses from some dark rocky recess, or concealed entirely under every ledge where they may lie unharmed, it would be nearly impossible to recognise any affinity to the lovely tinted forms expanded here before us, crimson, green, pink and white striped, olive spotted with dark brown, white with yellow tentacles, all eager to clutch any small Mollusca or Annelida, which the returning tide may bring within their reach; for delicate as they appear,


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 everywheres. An', besides, the kids git sharp, an' pick up a good deal in an alley like this; 'twon't do 'em no harm; it's no use kids bein' green if they wanter get on in a city. You ain't been in Sydney all yer life, have yer?'

'No. We came from the bush, about five years ago. My poor husband thought he could do better in the city. I was brought up in the bush.'

'I thought yer was. Well, men are sich fools. I'm thinking about gittin' a billet up-country, myself, soon. Where's he goin' ter be buried?'

'At Rookwood, to-morrow?'

'I carn't come. I've got ter work. Is the Guvmint goin' to bury him?'

'Yes.'

Bill looked at the body with increased respect. 'Kin I do anythin' for you? Now, don't be frightened to arsk!'

'No. Thank you very much, all the same.'

'Well, I must be goin'; thank yer fur yer trouble, mum.'

'No trouble, my boy―mind the step.'

'It is gone. I'll bring a piece of board round some night and mend it for you, if you like; I'm learnin' the carpenterin'; I kin nearly make a door. Tell yer what, I'll send the old woman round to-night to fix up Arvie and lend yer a hand.'

'No, thank you. I suppose your mother's got work and trouble enough; I'll manage.'

'I'll send her round, anyway; she's a bit rough, but she's got a soft gizzard; an' there's nothin' she enjoys better' than fixin' up a body. Good-bye, mum.'


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 his district. The stock bequeathed to him greatly increased during his long minority, and, on coming of age, the fortunate godson found himself one of the most extensive stock-owners in New South Wales."

Sir Roger further states that in 1829, many of the men exiled from Ireland for the troubles of 1798 were still living. Amongst them some truly good men were to be found, whose lives were unstained by the commission of any of the ordinary felonies and baser crimes for which convicts were usually transported. On the term of their transportation being completed, they found themselves in the possession of competent means—the saving of wages from indulgent masters during their period of assignment, and their earnings on obtaining tickets-of-leave. Many of these men testified their attachment to their native country in the best practical shape, by sending to their families at home a portion of the fruits of their industry, and frequently defraying the expense of the voyage of other relatives, whom they invited to join them and share their prosperity in the colony. As an illustration Sir Roger cites the case of D———, who was expatriated from Ireland for making pikes in 1798. D——— was a first-rate blacksmith. About the time he became free, the charge for shoeing a horse was from fifteen shillings to a pound. He was an adept in this, as in all other branches of his business, and in the course of a long life of industry, he acquired property to the estimated extent of from £20,000 to £30,000. This was not, of course, the sole result of manual labour. He had, at an early period, made some judicious purchases of land, which in time had greatly increased in value. About two-thirds of this amount, at his death, in 1843, he devoted by will to religious and educational

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 'Good-bye, my child.'

He paused at the door, and said:

'I'm sorry, mum. Swelp me God! I'm sorry. S'long, an' thank yer.'

An awe-stricken child stood on the step, staring at Bill with great brimming eyes. He patted it on the head and said: 'Keep yer pecker up, young 'un!'


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25 they are voracious enough, take our word for it, and Johnston in his "History of British Zoophytes," relates, that a specimen of Actinia crassicornis which had been originally two inches in diameter, had somehow contrived to swallow a valve of Pecten maxmimus, (Scollop Shell) of the size of an ordinary saucer. The shell, fixed within the stomach, was so placed as to divide it completely into two halves, so that the body stretched tensely over had become thin and flattened like a pancake. All communication between the inferior portion of the stomach and the mouth was of course prevented, yet instead of emaciating and dying of an atrophy, the animal had availed itself of what undoubtedly had been a very untoward accident, to increase its enjoyments and its chances of double fare. A new mouth, furnished with two rows of numerous tentacula, was opened up on what had been the base, and led to the under stomach; the individual had indeed become a sort of Siamese twin, but with greater intimacy and extent in its unions!! Let our lady readers, who are so enthusiastic about pets of this kind, have a care of their crockery, more particularly as Lewes also informs us, that "anything and everything is carried straightway into its stomach to be there tried, and rejected only on proved incompatibility. "

It is from Gosse, Rymer Jones, and others, whose beautiful Works on all the objects of the Sea-side display evidence of such untiring research into their habits and economy, that we place the utmost reliance in